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The People Behind This Book
EDITORIAL
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Published by Maulik Jasubhai on behalf of Jasubhai Digital Media.
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November 2006
Free with Digit. Not to be sold separately. If you have paid
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purchase, for appropriate action.

Introduction

Democracy In Software

F

or those of you new to the concept, open source software is that
which is open to modification by the user, as opposed to closed
source, where you only get an executable file and cannot modify it in
any way. What model will prevail in this century is the subject of
much analysis, and opinions abound.
So why would you want to modify the code of a program? It could
be for testing one's programming skills, for enhancing the functionality of the software, just for the sheer fun of it, or — which is most
often the case — to get involved in the community effort. You see,
open source programs are usually ongoing projects; unlike a company coming out with a finished product, in the open source world,
people collaborate and share. They listen to user requests. They listen
to comments and reviews. In short, the entire computing experience
is like one group effort.
In this book, we present the best and most popular open source
programs available across various categories. The first chapter walks
you through the basics of what the open source movement is all
about. Then come chapters each devoted to a specific software segment — audio, video, and graphics manipulation programs, system
and office tools, Internet-related software, security-related programs,
and educational software. At the end, as is customary, we throw in a
chapter on Internet resources — places on the Web to visit after having gone through the book.
Remember that the code of every program mentioned in this
book is freely available for download. You can modify them and redistribute the software — subject to terms you'll learn about in the first
chapter. For that, of course, you'll need some programming skills: if
you already do, we encourage you to play around with the software
and get back to us about it! And if you don't have programming experience, do look forward to future books in this series that could focus
on programming.
Oh, did we forget to mention that all the software mentioned
here are free of cost?
Enjoy!

Contents

6

Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

About Open Source
The Indian PC Landscape
The Open Source Movement
History
The Future
Concluding Remarks
SourceForge

typical Indian scenario: Munna’s dad brings home a PC. He
impatiently boots it up and is happy to see the OS load and
present him with the Desktop. He quickly looks up the programs list
and see the familiar office and graphics package and half a dozen
games. He is thrilled.
Chances are you imagined the OS to be XP and the packages to
be MS Office and Adobe Photoshop. All for free. And you wouldn’t
be alone.

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1.1 The Indian PC Landscape
Officially, the percentage of Indians paying money for the software
they use is about 25 per cent (www.thehindubusinessline.com/
2006/03/30/stries/2006033003470400.htm). It is “normal” for Indians
to pay for the PC hardware and expect it to come with all the
required software. Either deliberately or due to ignorance, PC
buyers pirate software and are for the most part unaware of the
illegal nature of their actions.
While many argue that the price of licensed software is the main
reason for piracy in India, this excuse cannot be used as a fig leaf by
any self-respecting Indian. There are two ways to redeem ourselves:
either pay for the software on the PC—and this could total up to almost
the cost of the hardware—or turn to Open Source Software (OSS).

1.1.1 Why Is OSS Of Special Importance To India?
With a PC penetration of 1.4 per cent (www.zdnetindia.com/news/
national/stories/366,121093.html), considering our population, thouSome Common Terms
Paid Software: Software that is bought for a fee
Free Software: Software that is available free of cost—also called freeware.
Source Code: The human readable text that is written in the syntax of the programming language and consists of the logic and commands of the program.
Compiler: A program that prepares a source code and converts it into machinereadable form.
Binary/Executable: This is created from the source code by compiling it. In this
form, the program cannot be read by humans.
Open Source: Software whose source code is available
Closed Source: Software whose source code is not available
Proprietary Software: This would obviously mean a software that has a proprietor. But the term is usually used for paid, closed-source software. We shall continue in the same vein. The opposite would be free open source software or
FOSS.
Commercial Software: Commercial Software, for the purpose of this chapter as
well as logically, means software used in commercial enterprises. But the term
is also used for closed source, paid software. Non-commercial software usually
applies to software used for not-for-profit purposes and personal use.
Vendor: For brevity, vendor refers to the software creator/owner and seller.
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sands of Indians are being introduced to the PC every day. By
exposing first-time users to OSS, they can be free from the monetary hassles of Proprietary Software (PS)—or the legal implications
of pirating it, as we said. Additionally, besides reducing the total
cost of the PC, OSS also allows customisation to suit the needs of
every linguistic group in every state of India. Altering the user interface to the local language will greatly increase acceptance of the PC.
While OSS can be modified using local expertise (with or without
government funding, since it is for social benefit), PS alterations
need to be done by the vendor, which is usually influenced by economic considerations, like the size of the market. If a native of
Assam needs to appreciate the power of the PC, the interface needs
to be in Assamese. Given the small size of that population, the
chances that PS will be available in the local language are very slim.
But an OSS can be modified by locals to suit their needs.
Before we continue further, the following terms need to be clarified.

1.2 The Open Source Movement
1.2.1 What Is OSS ?
OSS literally means software whose source is open. Stretching this
definition, to be termed OSS, the software should also not restrict
the user from freely using it, modifying it and distributing it. The
most significant differences between OSS and Proprietary Software
(PS) are immediately apparent. PS is usually distributed as a binary
without the source code. So it is almost impossible to dissect the
program to learn about its structure and logic, and make corrections or modifications if necessary. PSS is normally sold with a lot
of conditions that restrict the usage and distribution of the program.

1.2.2 What OSS Isn’t
There is a general opinion that all OSS is also free of cost. That isn’t
the case. Proponents of OSS do not restrict the sale of the OSS.
People are free to package and sell OSS at a price they consider fit.

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But given the fact that the OSS is freely available to the next person
as well, it is easy to conclude that it would not be possible for an
arbitrarily high price to sustain. If the price is too high, other vendors will enter the market and sell the same product cheaper. Thus,
market forces will ensure that only a fair price is charged.

1.2.3 A Look At Both Types Of Software
1. Longevity
OSS, since it allows modification by all, can survive in its current
form for a long time. Users need not worry about the lack of vendor
support or feel compelled to upgrade. PS is supported and maintained only by the vendor, so the life of a software is linked to that
of its vendor. Commercial organisations, while choosing a PS,
cannot consider the performance of the program in isolation: they
also have to consider the financial foundations and long-term business viability of the vendor. A user would be left in the lurch if the
vendor were to close down in the near future.
2 Quality
Peer review, an excellent mechanism for identifying and resolving
shortcomings in a product, can be implemented in OSS since
anyone can see the code. The greater the number of people scrutinising the code, the greater the chances of bugs being discovered.
In contrast, PS code is usually offered for review only to a select
group, so peer review is not as rigorous. The resulting code, therefore is not as bug free as OSS. For example, experts have found that
Linux has fewer bugs than Windows. (http://news.com.com/Security+
research+suggests+Linux+has+fewer+flaws/2100-1002_3-5489804.html)
3. Portability
While the PC is the dominant computing platform, other computing devices are becoming popular. It is easy for an OSS to be
ported to other platforms, since contributors with the relevant
expertise can make necessary modifications. A PS vendorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expertise
is limited to the platform it is currently serving; porting to other
platforms would be influenced by many factors such as profitability.

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4. Compatibility
The contributory nature of OSS requires that standards and specifications be open so that additions and/or modifications can be
easily made. Business sense dictates that product differentiation is
a good strategy leading to incompatible products from different PS
vendors. A user planning to switch between different PS vendors
needs to consider the cost of converting existing data from the older
format to the newer one. This forces users to ignore better software,
and acts as an artificial barrier to competition.
5. Impact of Negative Business Practices
OSS products can be supported by any person with required
expertise; this can be from any service provider. PS can be supported
only by a single entity. This allows the vendor to indulge in practices
that could harm the user in the long term—like offering a PS for free
to drive out competition, and later increasing prices.
6. Response time
Only the PS vendor can modify the code in response to an attack or
to add a feature; users have to wait till such an event. OSS is enriched
by newer features contributed by many programmers. The decentralised nature of the OSS development allows for faster incremental
changes to OSS. Users with specific needs can customise the software
either personally or with the aid of any knowledgeable person.

1.2.4 The forces behind the Open Source movement
Three entities are central to this movement : Richard Stallman, Linus
Torvalds, and the Open Source Initiative. Richard Stallman is the
original ideologue of the movement who started off to create an
entire free OS—GNU. He also founded the Free Software Foundation.
Linus Torvalds is the programmer who created the kernel—a central
part of an operating system—that completed Stallman’s GNU. And
the Open Source Initiative, formed by Eric Raymond and Bruce
Perens after having disagreed with Stallman’s strict interpretation
of free software, is responsible for having taken the movement to the
masses, albeit by diluting the original ideology. How these three
entities changed the software landscape is a gripping tale.

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1.3 History
1.3.1 Richard Stallman
The 1960s were a time when computers were too expensive to be
afforded by individuals, and computer users had to be programmers.
In those days, computer manufacturers bundled along the code for the
operating system because this
allowed users to solve most of the
problems that arose due to the
lacunae in the OS, thus saving the manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the bother.
It was normal for users to modify code to extend the capabilities of
the OS, like in response to newer situations or requirements. And
such modifications were passed on to other users who were in similar situations. The concept of open source did not originate then
because it was a given, and sharing and distributing code was natural.
By the 1970s, OS manufacturers had started de-bundling the
code from the software. Moreover, users were subject to conditions
that prevented the sharing of the program. Programmers themselves were subject to non-disclosure agreements so that they would
not reveal the source code publicly.
Richard Stallman, then working at the AI lab at MIT, confronted a peculiar situation (which is common now). A printer
that was given to the MIT lab by Xerox frequently jammed. He
intended to modify the printer driver so that rather than continue to accept print jobs, it would send a message to the connected computer that it had jammed. Xerox refused to provide
the driverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s source code. A person who had worked at Xerox creating the driver refused to reveal the source code since he had
signed a non-disclosure agreement.
In many ways, the incident with the printer and the driver can
be seen as the starting point of the OSS movement.
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Stallman, who had considered software merely as a source of
information to be shared between people, was worried that the
measures put up by vendors would make the life of users difficult,
by depriving them of the freedom of usage.

1.3.2 GNU, GPL and Free Software Foundation
Stallman’s response to PS was the GNU (a recursive abbreviation for
“GNU’s Not UNIX”). It was intended to be a free operating system,
which came with the source code. Since most programmers were
comfortable with Unix, GNU set out to be a Unix clone. Stallman
received the collaboration of other volunteer programmers for the
project. That was in 1983. While Stallman referred to GNU as a
“free” OS intending it to mean “freedom of choice (use, modify and
distribute)” to the user, people mistook “free” to be “free of cost.”
This confusion proved disastrous to the movement, leading to the
branching out of the OSI.
The GPL or General Public License was a licensing scheme
devised by Stallman to ensure that programs released under that
license remained free perpetually. Copyrighted software was the
property of the copyright holder. If a copyright expired, the software would be placed in the public domain for anyone to use. Here
the program can be included in other proprietary software and be
lost to the public. A software licensed under the GPL (also called
“copyleft”) remained free because not only was the software free,
but also every program that utilised a GPL software in turn was
automatically copylefted.
The Free Software Foundation (FSF) was created in 1984 to
ensure a source of funding for the GNU project. The Indian Affiliate of FSF, FSF India, was set up in Kerala in 2001 and inaugurated by Stallman.

1.3.3 Linus Torvalds
Torvalds was a computer science student at the University of
Helsinki when he came across the Minix operating system. Minix
was open source in that the 12,000 lines of code were given in a

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textbook by the creator and author of
the book Prof Andy Tanenbaum. Linus
intended to improve on Minix, but he
was denied permission by the Professor. So, as a hobby, Linus decided to
create a free OS. Like Stallman before
him, Torvalds sought volunteers for
the project by using the Net. The term
Linux arose because that was the
name of the folder in which the
source code of the kernel was made
available on the Net, Linus’ own preferred name for the kernel was
“Freax”. Linus’ MSc Thesis was titled “Linux : A Portable OS”.

1.3.4 GNU/LINUX
By 1990, the GNU project had most of the
parts of the OS ready—the libraries, the compiler, the shell, text editors etc. The critical
component missing was a kernel. Their
attempts to create a kernel, called the HURD,
were facing delays. By 1991, the kernel Torvalds and other members were working on
was ready. Seeing that the GNU OS was complete in all respects except for the kernel,
Torvalds ported his kernel to work with the rest of the GNU system.
The result was GNU/Linux. Of course, that was not what it was called.
The complete OS took on the name of the kernel and quickly spread
as “Linux.” It is therefore incorrect to call the entire OS “Linux,”
especially since the kernel constitutes merely eight per cent of the
entire OS, while the GNU components account for about 25 per cent.
Ever since the complete OS became ready, due to its “Unix-ness,”
it found acceptance in commercial applications where proprietary
Unix was being used. Very soon, GNU/Linux became the most popular Unix flavour, surpassing other proprietary flavours such as AIX
from IBM and HP-UX from HP.
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The usage of only the term “Linux” for the OS led to significant
diversions from the GNU ideology of freedom. As GNU remained
segregated from Linux, the founding force behind the OS remained
obscure. This led to some disturbing trends. While Stallman
intended the OS to be completely free, many GNU/Linux distributions overlooked this criterion.

1.3.5 The Open Source Initiative (OSI)
The OSI was created in 1998 by Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens, since they did not
agree to the restrictions imposed by
Stallman’s ideology of free (“free” as in
freedom) software. While Stallman’s GPL
required that every application bundled
with a GPL software be GPL-ed, the OSI felt this would decrease the
practicality of the product. The OSI allowed a more liberal form of
licensing called the OSL or Open Source License, which assuaged the
fears that proprietary software vendors had with the GPL. This
allowed a hybrid mix of open source and closed source software to
power most present GNU/Linux distros. Needless to say, that move
has greatly increased the spread of the OS.
For example, the original GNU/Linux OS was text-based and
worked off the command line. To be able to add a GUI to the OS it
was necessary to include a windowing system. Such a system, called
X Windows (or X11) was being developed by an organisation called
the X Consortium. Being a closed source program, it was not possible to use it under the GPL. But being more liberal, the OSI license
allowed the usage of the X Windows program with the other GPL
programs in the GNU/Linux package. The direct result has been
the greater acceptability of GNU/Linux on the Desktop, since most
distros came bundled with a GUI. This has greatly contributed to
the popularity of GNU/Linux among non-commercial users. While
the original X11 was closed source, it was later on made open
source and renamed Xfree86.

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1.4 The Future
1.4.1 Proprietary Software
According to Stallman, fixing a software should not be seen as different from fixing a water tap. Ordinary people should be able to
do it with little effort. The OSS movement has ensured that users
will be more aware of the pitfalls of using proprietary software,
whether free or not. With OSS, ordinary people can collaborate and
share software with others without feeling guilty or being labelled
a pirate or being paranoid about being penalised. Using OSS will
ensure that the general awareness among users will increase, since
they will be able to identify and debug code without waiting to be
spoon-fed by a vendor.

1.4.2 GNU/LINUX
The GNU Project is continuing to work on the HURD kernel to complete the GNU OS. But whether it will gain the wide acceptance that
GNU/Linux has is anybodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s guess. Nevertheless, given the inherent
advantages of an OSS, compatibility and price will not be issues.

1.4.3 The personal Desktop arena
Unlike commercial usage, where stability is more important than
a slick GUI, the non-commercial PC requires greater user-friendliness and a greater variety of entertainment software like games.
OSS games are presently few and far between. Many OSS programs
have been made available for proprietary OSes. The first step to
accepting OSS is to switch to these applications.

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1.5 Concluding Remarks
For a country like India, where on the one hand many are turning
to PCs for the first time, and on the other hand many programmers
are raking in a lot of foreign exchange, the decision to go either
way can be difficult. Since most programmers are working on proprietary software, the decision to go with OSS will impact their
long-term prospects. Delaying the acceptance of OSS by continuing
to rely on proprietary software, pirated or otherwise, will negatively
impact our ability to remain independent of the whims of a vendor.
Comparable OSS programs
Application Area
Office Applications
Graphics Editing
Desktop Publishing
SVG Editor
Media Players
Video Editors, Encoders

The OSS movement views software as a mundane item like a
car: in real life, users can freely share information about the car, its
engine specs, etc. In much the same vein, the role of the software
is relegated as an accessory a to the hardware. Users pay for the
hardware and get the required software for free. Any additional
tweaking or troubleshooting should be carried out by the user, or
by an expert who is paid by the user.

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1.6 SourceForge
What is SourceForge?
For those uninitiated or new to the open source movement,
SourceForge (http://www.sourceforge.net) is one of largest open
source development site on the net. It claims to host more than
100,000 projects and has over 1,000,000 users registered with it. Its
growing popularity is testament to the success of the Open Source
Movement and the site itself carries forward the definition by providing an open, collaborative environment. Users here can pitch in
with their efforts, and more importantly, share their technological know-how to make advanced, useful and bug free code.
This site is owned by OSTG (the Open Source Technology Group),
Inc which also owns other popular sites like linux.com, ThinkGeek
and DevChannel.

1.6.1 The First Step
1.6.1.1 Getting started
The site itself is uncomplicated and manages be informative and
feature filled, yet at the same time simple and easy to navigate.
Things, however, start to get just a little complicated as soon as
you click on the create account link.

1.6.1.2 Registering your account
The first page itself is very simple and all you need to do is fill in
your email address and password. Make sure that you fill in the
correct email address as you will require it later.
Now starts the nagging-nanny routine and youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re asked to verify
your email. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s better to get used to this treatment because it does
tend to get a little irritating as you move further into the process.
Next you have to enter details like your account name and your
public display name along with certain other details. On clicking
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next, be prepared to see the nagging nanny screen again!
And again…(don’t say we didn’t warn you!)
Now that your account is ready, you can start off with the
project creation.

1.6.2 Project Creation
1.6.2.1 The First Step
Logging in for the first time, you might be a little surprised to see
what you think is the registration process starting all over again.
It’s basically a formality that needs to be completed before you can
move on.
The next step involves the ~Open Source Definition~. You have
to agree to its terms before you’re allowed to go forward. Make sure
that you read it properly and understand all its terms. It might be
a good idea to take a printout and keep it for later reference.
You are then greeted by a screen which asks you to select the Project Type. It gives you various options which you can select based on
the type of project that you plan to create on the site.
After selecting your project type you have to again agree to a
separate ‘terms and conditions of use’. It’s again a good idea to read
the agreement carefully and scrutinize all the terms carefully, due
to its legal nature. Make sure you are well aware of the conditions
before clicking ‘I Agree’.
Which brings us now to the hosting requirements. This is basically a guideline that you, as the user, are supposed to adhere to. The
last few paragraphs regarding the open source/rights to code make
for an interesting read.
The next page is the Trove Categorization page. This means that
this page is meant mainly to categorize the project properly so as

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to ensure that it can be easily accessible to users searching for it and
other similar projects. Various fields with comprehensive lists are
also provided. These fields include license, intended audience,
database environment, programming language, user interface,
translations, topics and operating system.
If you are making any custom exception/modifications to the
license agreement it is important to add others in the license field
and then mentioning the new clauses in the resulting field as you
are allowed to do so only here.
The next step involves filling in a small textual description of
the project which will be seen by other users. Since this is what the
user will see initially, make sure that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catchy as well as informative. Think of it as an advertisement and let your creative juices flow!
Now comes the serious part. In this page you are supposed to
type in the full textual, technical description of your project. Read
the text carefully as it mentions a few important points. The first is
that this is not a text that would be available to the public so donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t
be afraid that your ideas will be stolen (at least not from here!). Secondly this description along with your initial trove categorization
will be the basis for approval or rejection of permission for hosting
on Sourceforge.net.
The next and penultimate step (finally!) is the project descriptive name which is what it would be popularly know as and what
the people would know it by.
The last step involves the formalities of checking the accuracy
and corrections that are needed as per your requirements.

1.6.3 Project Maintenance and Services
SourceForge provides an assortment of very useful services to the
users using its site for project development. Some of these are listed below.

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1.6.3.1 Compile Farm
The Compile Farm gives developers access to a number of different
hosts that may be used for the compiling and testing of the code.
These hosts all use different operating systems and hardware platforms. Currently there are 12 hosts running 6 different operating
systems and 5 different hardware profiles. More information can
be found on https://sourceforge.net/docs/compile_farm

1.6.3.2 CVS (Concurrent Versioning System)
The site also provides a CVS (Concurrent Versioning System) which
allows you to centrally store your code. You are also provided with
your own CVS space called a Repository. This helps users retrieve
the latest source code and at the same time provides the developers a space to upload their modified code. The advantage is that it
prevents developers from overwriting changes made by others.
The CVS also keeps track of all the changes that are made to the
code and by whom. On the same lines, you can also use
~Subversion~.

1.6.3.3 Publicity
Another huge advantage of hosting a project on this site is the
publicity and exposure that it is bound to get. The searchable database as well as the monthly showcase of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Software Of The
Monthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; goes a long way in highlighting certain projects. News
items regarding some projects are also displayed on the front page
through RSS feeds.

1.6.3.4 The Extras
Various other services and tools like trackers, forums, file release
system, a donation system and a decent 100MB of space for web
content and scripts make it an excellent choice for all you developers out there.

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Open Audio

F

or a lot of us, Audio is a very important aspect of
computing窶馬ot just listening, but also editing or creating
it. The open source community has developed applications
with the same enthusiasm that we exhibit when listening to or
creating music. This chapter will try and identify all the coolest
audio-related projects out there.
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2.1 Formats/Codecs
The very first thing we come across when dealing with digital
audio (or even video) are formats and codecs. The open source community, as one might expect, has its own fair share of lossless and
lossy audio codecs and formats for audio. And frankly speaking,
they’re pretty good alternatives to the more popular and closed
source MP3 and WMA formats.

2.1.1 Ogg Vorbis
www.vorbis.com
Perhaps the most popular open source audio container, Ogg
Vorbis files have the .ogg extension. Most media players today can
play this format, and it being open source, even if your media
player does not natively support this format, you can still download the requisite codecs and play .ogg files.
Unlike other patented formats such as MP3 or AAC, Ogg
Vorbis is completely free. First we should tell you that Ogg is a
container format, such as MP3 or AAC, and was developed by
Xiph.org. Vorbis is the compression algorithm, and Xiph.org is
the open source community/project that developed and now
maintains the Ogg Vorbis format.
Xiph is short for Xiphophorus helleri, a tiny aquarium fish
that is also known as a swordtail. There’s no particular connection to the fish, except that the founder liked the name. The
name was shortened to Xiph (pronounced zif).
The Ogg project was originally called “Squish,” as in “a bug
hit my windscreen and was squished.” Until Xiph was informed
that a mail transport company owned the trademark. At the
time, a network game called Netrek was popular, and Xiph borrowed the name for a tactical manoeuvre—Og!
From an archived Internet page: “In the multi-player space
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enemy ships which are carrying armies or occupying strategic
positions. Named during a game in which one of the players
repeatedly used the tactic while playing Orion ship G, showing
up in the player list as ‘Og’.” So basically, the term Og, or Ogg,
means to force an action, without worrying much about the
future or the losses suffered.
What does Ogg have to do with audio compression? Well,
quite simply, the encoding process was so taxing on the computers of those days that if you started Ogging a song, you could pretty much forget about doing anything else, because the processor
was too bogged down.
Vorbis is Xiph’s “audio compression scheme” (read: algorithm),
which is contained in an Ogg container. If the word “container”
confuses you, think of it as a box in which packaged goods are
sent. So, the Ogg container can contain audio in the FLAC or the
Speex formats, apart from Vorbis, obviously.
Ogg Vorbis is generally considered a much better compression format than MP3, and is comparable (if not better in some
cases) to WMA or AAC. Files compressed using Vorbis are smaller
than their MP3 counterparts of comparable audio quality, which
translates to better distribution in the streaming form over the
Net. Also, because it is completely open source and free, artists
who use this format to sell music never have to pay any royalties
to anyone for using the format. For example, if you sell music in
the MP3 format, you have to pay a small percentage of your earnings to Fraunhofer, who own the patents to much of the technology underlying that format.
Also, for those with large collections of 192 or 320 Kbps MP3s,
a huge disk space saving lies in store if you convert all your files to
128 Kbps Ogg Vorbis files. Everyone claims better quality of sound
for 128 Kbps Oggs than 192 Kbps MP3s!

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2.1.2 FLAC
flac.sourceforge.net
FLAC, or Free Lossless Audio Codec, is another open source audio
codec, but unlike MP3, Vorbis or others, it’s lossless compression.
This means you can rip CD audio without losing any data or
quality whatsoever.
Let’s quickly explain the term lossless compression: the simplest example is when you use WinZip or WinRAR to compress a
file or multiple files: you can get back the original files when you
decompress the archive, without losing any data whatsoever.
Similarly, when you use lossless codecs such as FLAC, none of the
digital data is lost—it’s like zipping a CD audio file and then unzipping it during playback.
FLAC is an open source project that can be found at
SourceForge.net. It can be used to compress (in a lossless way)
audio, and used with the Ogg container to give you Ogg FLAC—or
FLAC-encoded Ogg files.
In order to illustrate this, think of an audio file as consisting of
two layers: the inner layer is the uncompressed digital audio data
(FLAC-encoded audio), while the outer layer is the holder or “container” of this data. The container is what holds the audio data,
broken and arranged into smaller parts, which allows you to seek
(move the slider) through the song, or even for editing.
The advantage of using FLAC to encode your collection is that
it is quite fast, both when encoding and decoding, and is natively
seekable and streamable, so you don’t really need a container like
Ogg (unless you want to use your files with a portable music player that supports Ogg).
Overall, FLAC is good for audiophiles who want CD-quality data
wherever they go. For most of us though, lossy formats such as
MP3 and Ogg should do just fine. After all, most of us want compressed music to fit onto our portable media devices or cell

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phones, so that we can listen to audio on the move, which is hardly optimum listening—the sights and sounds of the environment
will cause you to never know the difference between the audio
quality of your Discman and MP3 player.

2.1.3 LAME
lame.sourceforge.net / www.mp3dev.org
LAME, a recursive acronym for “LAME Ain’t an MP3 Encoder,” is
perhaps the most popular of audio codecs. It is used with the MP3
container, and is what the majority of software applications use for
ripping CDs. If you’ve ever taken some of your CDs, popped them
into the PC and used the “Rip” option that’s available in players
such as Winamp, or conversion software such as dBpowerAMP, you
have used the LAME encoder!
LAME uses a lossy algorithm to compress audio, mainly for
streaming purposes and portable music players. With MP3s
becoming the de-facto standard of compressed digital audio,
and portable music players being renamed “MP3” players, LAME
has gained even more popularity. This can also be attributed to
the fact that it’s open source, as compared to Fraunhofer’s l3enc
MP3 encoder patent.
If you’ve read this far, and are a little confused about MP3 and
all the mentions of patented and open source MP3 encoders, join
the club! There’s so much grey area in this weird battle, no-one
seems to know what about MP3 is patented, and what isn’t. Let’s
digress for a bit to tell you a little story of patent stupidity.
In September 2006, at the IFA trade fair in Berlin, SanDisk’s
booth was raided by the German police, and all their MP3 players
were confiscated: a case filed by the firm Sisvel, which sells MP3
playability licenses (which, in turn, it licensed from Philips) to
companies that make MP3 players, claimed that SanDisk owed it
money for failure to buy a license to incorporate the MP3 playback
feature in their devices. On the same day that SanDisk filed an
appeal, and won, Sisvel got the public prosecutor to file a case in
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the same court (different judge) and won! So, while German officials go bald from scratching their heads wondering which ruling
to uphold, you can stop worrying about being confused about this
patent thing! Quite apparently, the lawmakers themselves are just
as confused—if not more so!
Want some good news? Fraunhofer’s patents will expire in
April 2010, after which all MP3 algorithms become public domain!
So all you need to do is deal with all the confusion for a little over
three years more...
Now, back to LAME! As far as comparisons to Ogg Vorbis, AAC
and WMA go, the LAME encoder is found to be seriously lacking.
However, because of the popularity of the MP3 format, and the
wide acceptance with a majority of audio players (from your TVtop DVD player to your cell phone and even your car audio systems), most of us gladly overlook the compromise on quality and
file sizes. Microsoft, meanwhile, has been aggressively pushing
its own Windows Media format (WMA/WMV), which has resulted in a lot of devices being both WMA- and MP3-capable. Though
Windows Media is free from MP3’s patent woes, it isn’t open
source like LAME.

2.1.4Speex
www.speex.org
Another product of Xiph.org, Speex is sort of the Ogg Vorbis answer
to speech compression. Unlike music, speech is a lot simpler, and
requires much lower bitrates to be aurally readable. As a result, it
is only natural that a different set of algorithms than the ones used
for music can compress speech a lot better.
Speex is open source, and can be added to the Ogg container.
It uses a variable bitrate encoding process to provide the best possible quality in combination with the best compression ratio. It
was developed mainly for VoIP, and uses a unique packet loss concealment technology that masks dropped UDP packets, to prevent
crackling and breaking of voice data.

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Though there are a few more open source audio compression
technologies out there, the ones mentioned above are the most
popular. It’s time now to look at some software audio players.

2.2 Players
Though a lot of us are quite happy with players such as Winamp or Windows Media Player, some of us prefer the flexibility that accompanies
the use of open source players. If you know your coding, you could
actually customise and improve some of the players we will list below.

2.2.1 MPlayer
www.mplayerhq.hu
From the site: “MPlayer is a movie player which runs on many systems. It plays most MPEG/VOB, AVI, Ogg/OGM, VIVO,
ASF/WMA/WMV, QT/MOV/MP4, RealMedia, Matroska, NUT, NuppelVideo, FLI, YUV4MPEG, FILM, RoQ, PVA files, supported by many
native, XAnim, and Win32 DLL codecs. You can watch VideoCD,
SVCD, DVD, 3ivx, DivX 3/4/5 and even WMV movies.”
That pretty much says it all as far as MPlayer’s capabilities go.
Now let’s look at the actual experience. You can download a beta
GUI version from the site, unless you just want to be the ultimate
geek and use the command line version!
We’re going to talk about the “experimental Windows GUI build”
here, because, honestly, if we expect you to stop using players such as
Winamp and WMP, which are known for their ease of use, and try out
MPlayer, we’d rather you didn’t struggle at a command prompt!
You can get various skins from the MPlayer site, and also from
http://themes.freshmeat.net/search/?q=mplayer&section=projects.
Overall, MPlayer is a decent open source media player, with all
the basic functionality that’s expected of it. You can read more
about its video capabilities in the chapter that’s coming up next.
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MPlayer starts up with a nice blue GUI that rivals any other player

MPlayer playing out a test VCD, with the display equaliser

2.2.2Zinf
www.zinf.org
Zinf is an open source audio player that is built for both Linux and
Windows. The player has a good-looking interface and is really easy
to use. It was a project that was based on FreeAMP, the open source
answer to Winamp. You can get a whole range of themes from
www.zinf.org/themes.php. It also supports SHOUTcast or Icecast
streaming audio, Ogg Vorbis, MP3, WAV, Audio CDs, PLS or M3U

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MPlayer configurations

MPlayer has a playlist and commandline debug option as well

playlists, a skinnable interface, and more. It does not play video, so
forget about it if you’re looking for a complete media player.
One of its best features is the fact that it can save SHOUTcast/Icecast streams to your hard drive. Of course you need to make sure
you’re not breaking any laws by doing so, but you can save free
streams with no license limitations—and with SHOUTcast, you’re
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MPlayer right-click options will give you all the info you needl

not going to have any trouble finding such streams.
One bad thing is that it does not have an equaliser, which is
good for those who really want to hear their music as-is, but terrible
for those who like to tweak the output settings.
Overall, if youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re looking for a no-frills player, which uses as little
of your system resources as
possible, and gives you all
the basic functionality you
need when playing back
audio, this is your best bet.
The minimum system
requirements should make
those with older computers
very happy:
Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP,
Linux 2.x, Pentium 100
MHz, 32 MB RAM
One of Zinfâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s best features is the ability to
record from SHOUTcast streams

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2.2.3 VLC Media Player
www.videolan.org
VLC Media Player (earlier called VideoLAN Client) is one of the
most popular open source media players. Though more popular
for its video playing capabilities, it’s also a very good audio player,
with tons of options and features. It natively supports MPEG 1 and
2, MP3, AAC, Ogg Vorbis, WMA, FLAC, Real Audio (RA), Speex,
QuickTime, and more.
Apart from playlists and other standard player functionality,
it also offers a whole range of additional audio features and
options. As far as we’re concerned, it’s an essential tool that
everyone should have, so we’ll just let you install it from the Essentials section in our CD, and then have a look at the features it
offers for yourself. You can also read more about VLC Media Player
in the Video section of this book.

VLC Media Player has a tonne of audio options to help you get that perfect sound

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2.3 Editors
Not a lot of us need to edit audio, but those of us that do are in desperate need of audio editing software. Let’s look at open source
editing software.

2.2.1 Audacity
http://audacity.sourceforge.net
Audacity is perhaps the most popular free music editor, and the
fact that it’s open source means that there’s a ton of support available in the form of forums and developers.
You can use Audacity to record audio from any input source,
edit MP3/WAV/Ogg Vorbis files, split and splice audio clips together,
change the speed or pitch of audio, mix tracks, record multichannel (up to 16 channels—with the right hardware), normalise
and edit loudness, and much more.
You can undo / redo your changes an unlimited amount of steps;
it’s fast, low on system resources, and has a very easy-to-use interface. Effects include pitch changing without altering tempo, or
changing tempo without altering
pitch, static removal, bass boost,
equalisers, echo, Wahwah, Phasers,
and more.
If there’s an audio file you
want to change, or a mix you
want to create, forget about
paying for software, or even the
other freeware options you may
find—just use Audacity. Everyone
but the most professional editors
should find that there’s nothing
they need to do (in terms of audio
Use Audacity to change pitch without
editing) that Audacity cannot do changing tempo — to illustrate, it’s like
for you, either natively or using the speed control settings in Windows
Media Player

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The Audacity interface is easy to use and get used to

one of the many plugins that are developed by the Audacity community.
We’re not even going to look at the other open source attempts
at audio editors, only because none are even half as good as Audacity!

2.4 dyne:bolic
www.dynebolic.org
This is actually an entire Linux distro that’s targeted at the multimedia enthusiast. You will soon see why this distro has a mention of its own.
“dyne:bolic is shaped on the needs of media activists, artists and
creatives as a practical tool for multimedia production: you can
manipulate and broadcast both sound and video with tools to
record, edit, encode and stream, having automatically recognized
most device and peripherals: audio, video, TV, network cards,
FireWire, USB and more; all using only free software!”
Basically, it’s a Live CD of a distro that bundles in a lot of open
source multimedia software. The reason we haven’t mentioned any
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Linux-based audio software thus far in this chapter is solely because
of dyne:bolic. Actually, some of the software mentioned above come
bundled with this distro, but since there are Windows versions of
those, we decided to mention them anyway.
The good news for those of you who did not really want to switch
operating systems, just to use the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Linux-onlyâ&#x20AC;? open source audio
packages that are freely available, is that you no longer need to do
so. All you have to do is download the ISO for this distro, burn it to
a CD, and then get started using your favourite open source audio
(video, image and 3D as well) software.
Take a look at the audio software bundled along with dyne:bolic
(as published on their site).

Play Audio
Xmms: An audio player with a minimal and intuitive playlist manager that can play Internet streams and local files and can be
skinned or customised with plugins.
Amarok: A fully-featured personal jukebox that can handle your
audio collection, automatically download labels and lyrics, search
your collection by keywords, remember your preferences, automatically create favourite playlists, and more.
Timidity: A midi synthesizer that uses GUS patches to render your
MIDI files into audio files, as well as make you listen to MIDI partitures.

Perform
Hydrogen: A drum-machine that lets you load sample kits of instruments and compose a partiture for them to play on a specific
rhythm. You can download more drum kits for it from
www.hydrogen-music.org.
Jamin: The Jack audio mastering interface can perform professional
audio mastering of any stereo input stream, equalising signals with an
intuitive and advanced interface to shape all frequencies in real-time.

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Jack Rack: A powerful effect rack that can apply chains of audio
plugins (LADSPA) on the sound currently being played by other programs. Using Jack, you can interface it with all other performance
tools and add one of the more than 200 effects available in
dyne:bolic.
FreeWheeling: A funky application that lets you record and play
multiple samples in real-time, so that they loop, and can be overlayed one after the other. You can manipulate, sum and create
recorded sounds, but make sure you read the manual before you
start using it, because itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s all controlled via keyboard (or midi).

Editing
Ardour: The fully-featured multi-track studio that offers the most
advanced interface for your music recording studio. Combined with
other applications (such as Jack), it can really solve all your needs
for audio mastering and music production.
Audacity: Read about Audacity earlier in this chapter.
Rezound: A sample editor that lets you manipulate (with precision)
your music samples, record, loop and apply effects using an intuitive and complete interface.
TimeMachine: A simple tool for recording audio, requiring Jack
as a sound engine. It is, quite simply, a big red button: press it, and
it starts recording from 10 seconds ago! This is so that you can
record what you find interesting in an audio input, just by listening,
without needing to rewind to start recording again.

Stream
MuSE: A software that lets you stream audio on the Internet over
various servers (Icecast, Darwin, and Shoutcast) in MP3 or OGG
format, so that listeners will be able to listen to your voice and
music using the most commonly available sound players around.
Visit http://muse.dyne.org, or http://flossmanuals.org/muse for a lot
more documentation on how to use this cool software.
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Here’s a list of other bundled apps:
❍ Mp4Live lets you stream mpeg4 audio and video on a Darwin
server
❍ HasciiCam, to have a cool (h)ascii webcam, also on low bandwidth
❍ TerminatorX, GDam, SoundTracker and PD, to perform with
live audio
❍ Kino, Cinelerra and LiVES, to edit video and publish clips
❍ GIMP, the GNU image manipulation program
❍ Blender, a powerful 3D modelling and rendering tools
❍ AbiWord and Ted, to read, edit, and save any kind of word files
❍ GCombust, to easily burn data on CDs
…And much more, including games, e-mail clients, html editors, etc.
We really can’t list out every feature and bundled app, because,
after all, it’s an entire operating system / Linux distro. However, we
found that it’s really easy to run on even older systems, as it’s light
on system resources, and it saves you tons of hard disk space,
because you never need to install it. Of course, if you want to run the
OS from your hard drive, just copy a single folder to a partition on
your hard drive and you’re all set. See http://dynebolic.org/manual/
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Video

N

othing consumes as much hard disk space as videos. While
there are many free proprietary tools available for viewing
videos, there are hardly any free proprietary video converters
and editors. The most capable of these tools are from the Open
source domain. Read on to find out why Open source video tools
should find a place on your PC.
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What follows is a review of the most popular of OSS
toolsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;viewers, editors, encoders etc. Before we begin, it is
able to get all the codecs installed, either individually
installing any of the all-in-one packs like the K-lite Mega
pack. Get it from the essentials section in the Digit CD.

video
advisor by
codec

3.1 Players
Formats, Codecs And Other Undecipherable Stuff
FPS: for Frames per second. The number of movie frames displayed per
second.
RESOLUTION: The number of horizontal and vertical dots that make up
a display.
CODEC: Algorithm that is used to COmpress and DECompress a
video/audio stream. Needless to say, a stream compressed using a
codec needs the same codec to decompress it. Open source codec
examples: Mpeg 1, Mpeg 2, Xvid, X264, etc. Other popular codecs
include MOV, DivX, WMV, WMA, QT, RM
CONTAINER FORMAT: The file format used to pack data. Data (Audio,
video, Text) can be compressed using any codec but should be packed
in one of the many container formats. This would explain why it is possible to hear the audio even when the video codec is unavailable. Some
containers are not compatible with certain codecs. Open Source container formats: Matroska, Ogg, etc.
ASPECT RATIO: The ratio of the width and height of a display. Most
monitors use a 4:3 aspect ratio, whereas widescreen displays use the
16:9 aspect ratio.
AVI: Stands for Audio Video Interleave. So called because Audio and
Video data are alternately arranged in the data stream. AVI is a container format.
DVD: Digital Versatile Disk. For the purposes of this article all DVD
refers to Video DVD only. By default uses MPEG 2 for video compression
and offers resolution of 720 X 576 (PAL) and 720 X 480 (NTSC). Audio
can be compressed using other codecs.

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3.1.1 Media Player Classic
Platforms: All Windows versions.
Home Page: http://sourceforge.net/projects/guliverkli/
Media Player Classic (MPC) is a no-nonsense media player that
reminds us of the Media Player bundled with Windows 98. Albeit,
this one is open source and loaded to the hilt.

MPEG: Motion Picture Expert Group. Default compression format for VCD.
Resolution : 352 X 288 (PAL), 352 X 240 (NTSC).
MPEG2: Motion Picture Expert Group 2. Default compression format for
Video DVD. Allows significantly more features than MPEG1 in the form
of menus, customisable angles, customisable audio output, customisable subtitles and languages.
PAL: Phase Alteration Line, a format of Video display used in India. This
is made up of 600 lines refreshed at 25fps.
NTSC: National Television Standards Committee, a format of video
display mostly used in US. This is made up of 525 lines refreshed at
29.97 fps. Since most DVD players available at present can play PAL
and NTSC DVDs the distinction between these formats is not significant.
VOB: Files used to store data on DVD movies.VOB files use MPEG2 compresison.
DAT: Video CDs use DAT files store data. These are normal MPEG 1 files
with additional information.
INTERLACED VS PROGRESSIVE: These relate to how information is displayed on a screen. Progressive display shows the entire screen in one
go. Interlaced display causes data to be divided into two fieldsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;odd
and even, each one consisting of the alternate lines on the display. So
a PAL screen with 576 lines is made up of 288 lines of each field. Rather
than display all 576 lines of a PAL display, Interlacing causes 288 lines
to be shown in one go. Since these liines are closely packed and the display is refreshed at 25 fps, the difference is barely noticeable. But it
usually shows up as jagged edges when fast movement is displayed.
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Features
MPC comes as a simple stand alone executableâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;no installation
files, no registry entries or other bloat. The interface is Spartan:
unlike most other players that load up on the menus and
decrease the viewing area, MPCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s menus are modular, so unwanted components can be hidden. The full screen mode can be configured to include or exclude aids like the control bar and seek
bar. One can change different properties of the video such as
contrast, brightness, colour staturation, etc., provided the video
codec allows it. The playback rate can be altered (fast forward or
rewind) and audio is supported, up to 2X speed. MPC also allows
capturing from Web cam or TV tuner. It also can encode files to
DSM format. It has an inbuilt HTTP server which makes it easier
to host your streaming, captured video, and the player can be
remotely controlled through the Web interface.
Playing a video source (file or disk) is easy. Just go to File >
Quick Open and browse for the video file. If it is a DVD or VCD
that you intend to play, choose File > Open DVD/VCD. The control bar allows you to increase or decrease the play rate. At 2X
speed, the audio takes a comic, high pitch turn; while at 0.5x
speeds you can get everyone to speak like Elvis. To capture
images of the movie, use the File > Save Image option.
Unfortunately, the image will be in the resolution of the movie
and not the window. The File > Save thumbnail option will give
you a single file containing many screen grabs the size and layout of which can be configured. To customise the interface, play
around in the View menu. Enable or Disable toolbars according
to your choice. Alternatively, you can also use the preset styles
under View > Presets. If the video appears too dim, increase its
brightness. To do this, use the Play > Filters > MPEG 1 (or corresponding Video Codec) Video Renderer option. You can also
increase contrast, colour and hue similarly.
If the basic walkthroughs are boring, then you can try using
the advanced features of MPC.

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Capturing Video
Before you can use MPC to
capture video, ensure that
you have plugged in the
capture
device—webcam
and TV tuner are popular
capturers. First select the
device, by the File > Open
Device option.
Next use the View >
Capture menu (it will
Capture
remain greyed till the Selecting Webcam and
options
device is selected) to choose Audio source
the location and name of the resulting video file. You can also set
the compression options here. When all is set, click on “Record”.
Once you have all you need, you can stop the recording. Watch out
for the statistics spewing pop up that comes on when the capturing begins. This varies with the codec you are using to compress
the video. If it is a bother it can be closed.

Streaming Video
MPC allows you to create a streaming
video site, since it bundles an HTTP server.
First enable the Web interface under View
> Options > Web interface. Here enable
Setting the web interface
the “listen on port” option and add a port
number. If you want to prevent others from seeing the results let
the “Allow Access from Local host only” option remain enabled.
This will only accept requests from the PC you are on. Once you are
satisfied with the results you can disable
this option, so that others from the network can also watch the stream.
Now, any time you play a video or view
your webcam in MPC, any person can connect to http://yourip:<port no> to watch it.

The streamer and webview
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Viewers can also control MPC through the interface by clicking
on the relevant link.

Converting To DSM (Direct Show Media) Format
You can convert any file that MPC can play into DSM format. For
this access the File > Utils menu. Right-click on the DSM converter
window and add the file you want to convert. Then click on save
as to provide a location and name to the converted file. To start
encoding, click on start.

Concluding Remarks
For: An excellent video player which will play anything as long
as the relevant codec is installed. Being able to hear audio when
the movie rate is altered is also a nice touch. Add-ons like inbuilt
capturing capability and HTTP server set it apart from other free
media players.
Against: In the attempt to reduce bloat, MPC even did away
with a help file, though for routine use the intuitive interface is
childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play. The user manual, if needed, can be downloaded from
the home page. Those interested in viewing their movies embossed
or inverted, etc., will be disappointed, since MPC does not allow
this easily. Encoding to DSM may not find many takers, so that feature is not of much practical use.
Overall, it is a must for all PCs, and it is automatically installed
when you install the K-Lite Mega Codec Pack.

3.1.2 Video LAN Client (VLC) Media Player
Platforms: Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, BeOS, etc.
Home page: www.videolan.org
As the name implies, this started off as a project to create a video
streaming server and playback client. Originally, there was a Video
Lan Server and a Video Lan Client for each of the functions. But
the crossplatform media player gained popularity and soon the
server was reduced to a component of the Media player. This is a

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highly capable media player that comes with a lot of features,
some of which most people don’t know exist.

Features
VLC’s basic features are similar to
those of its ilk. Playback rate can
be increased or decreased, but,
audio is disabled during altered
rate of playback. Contrast, brightness, colour staturation, etc., of
the video can be changed easily.
Adding effects to the movie, like
blurring, cloning, etc., is an easy
task since the menu is easily accesOpen a webcam in VLC
sible. VLC packs a streaming server
which allows streaming any video from any source, like a tuner
card or DVD, over the network. A wizard that makes setting this up
easier is a life saver. A stream capture client allows you to save any
video streamed over a network, including the Net. An inbuilt video
editor and transcoder allows saving part of a file in a format of
your choice. On the flip side, its menu system is bulkier than MPC,
and the seek bar doesn’t work as well. It has this annoying tendency to skip to predefined parts in a clip, and you have to carefully drag the slider to the desired position.
Playing a file or disk or viewing a webcam or TV-tuner output is
fairly straight forward. Select the relevant entry under File Menu.
File > Open Directory will add
every file in that directory to the
Playlist, which can be accessed
from View > Playlist. To alter display settings like contrast, brightness etc., go to Settings >
Extended GUI > Video. Enable the
settings for the changes to have an
effect on the movie.

Alter Video Settings in VLC
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Under the Extended GUI window you can also find the Audio
Equalizer. Here also the equalizer needs to be enabled for the alterations to have an effect. A slicker, but less functional, GUI can be
used by switching interfaces from the Settings menu. For routine
use, the skins2 GUI is recommended, but it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t remember the
setting, so youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll need to apply it every time you start VLC.
VLC offers a lot more functionality than any other media player,
that puts it in a class of its own. Its
inbuilt video encoder lets you crop
those parts of a movie that you
like. To do this: while playing the
file, go to Settings > Bookmarks
option. Add bookmarks at the Slicker skins
start and end points of the range you would like to save. You can
create sets of start and end points that you want to extract. Once
all ranges have been identified, select each start and end bookmark pair and click on Extract.
This will cause the transcoding
wizard will pop up. You can
choose to compress the audio and
video or keep the original format.
Depending on the audio video
codecs chosen, the container format options change. Finally select
a location and a filename (an
extension is not automatically Bookmark to extract
appended) and then click on save.
The only way to know the progress of the
transcoding is to look at the movie progress
bar. And there is no pop up informing you that
the process has ended, so once the progress bar
stops, wait a few seconds more and then
assume that the process has completed.

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VLC includes a Wizard to ease the transcoding and streaming
bother. Unleash the wizard from the File > Wizard menu. In the
Streaming/Transcoding Wizard dialog box that opens, select
“Stream to network”, after selecting the relevant option, click on
Next and choose the relevant video file.
Next, select the protocol to be
used for the stream. RTP (Real Time
Transport Protocol) can utilize bandwidth better than HTTP. Select the IP
address of the machine you want to
stream to. If you want to stream to
more than one PC, use RTP Multicast
and set the IP range accordingly. if
you would rather people connect to
your IP and see the stream, you can do
that by choosing the HTTP protocol.
In this case, the stream is available at Streaming in VLC
http://your ip:8080 by default. The
port number can be changed, if necessary, in the destination address box.
For streaming, you need not
modify any other parameters, just
click on “Next” till the Wizard finishes. You can monitor the streamStreaming options in VLC
ing progress from the progress bar.
Any person wanting to view the
stream can use VLC for the purpose. Using the File > Open
Network Stream option, the stream
can be viewed.
Much like streaming, the Wizard Viewing in MPC streaming in VLC
also helps you through the transcoding process. After selecting a
file to transcode, most of the steps are similar to the ones
described above while transcoding a part of a file.
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Concluding Remarks
For: VLC packs in more features
than any other media player. By
incorporating an editor and
transcoder the need to have discrete
applications for these jobs is minimised. Altering display properties
is easy. The extensive audio settings
and playlist functions also make it a Hot Key settings in VLC
formidable audio player.
Against: This true Open Source proponent shoots itself in the
foot by insisting on using Open Source codecs only. VLC also does
not use codecs installed in the system, rather uses those that it
comes bundled with. So while it will play almost all video and
audio files, out of the box, some files, such as Real Media audio
and video cannot be played because their codecs are not Open
Source. Also, the bundled encoding and cutting tool, though
handy, is restricted. Glaringly, the full screen video mode does not
have any controls (but the exhaustive hot key configuration helps)
VLC leaves out the all important Help file. But this would be
needed only in case you wonder what the advanced settings were
for. The manual can be downloaded from their site. Alternate
skins need to be reapplied every session.
Overall, while it offers more than Media Player Classic, minor
irritants mar the experience. It is definitely not the right solution
for those who are looking for just a simple media player. However,
people who are digitally adventurous will find that VLC hides a lot
more than it reveals. Those who want to get their hands dirty will
find that VLC Media Player is the Swiss army knife of their PCs.

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3.2 Video Encoders
Encoding is the process of changing compression formats of the
video stream. The most popular forms of video data available on the
net are DivX, XviD, WMV, MOV. Unless you have a standalone player
that supports these formats or intend to watch the movie on your
PC, you need to encode these files into the VCD or DVD format.
The reverse process would be necessitated to save storage
space. A DVD video would take upto 3.5 GB of space, while the
same can be compressed to a 700 MB XviD/DivX file with minimal loss in quality.
If you are wondering, what are the minimum specs required to
encode video; the best answer is, it depends on your patience. The
faster the system, the less you have to wait for the process to complete. Also the more you intend to compress a video the longer the
process will take.

3.2.1 Media Coder
Media Coder (MC) is a very capable but difficult to handle
encoder. This is a front end that uses other Open Source video
tools like FFmpeg and Mplayer in the background. Since it is in its
infancy, the bugs have to be forgiven. The latest version (0.5) is
buggier than older ones like 0.3.9 (at least in our case). This review
refers to the latter.
Use: Convert MPEG2/MPEG1/AVI (DivX,Xvid)/3GP/MOV/Real
Audio/etc., to MPEG2/MPEG/AVI (DivX)/etc.
Platforms: Windows
Home Page: mediacoder.sourceforge.net

Features
No other encoder boasts of such a range of encoding capabilities
as MC. MC can convert into formats used in portable viewers like
PSP, Mobile Phones, etc.
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Simple encoding from one format to another is relatively easy.
Use the Add file button to add the source file. Set the required
encoding options in the boxes at the bottom. Compression can be
set depending on the final file size or quality considerations. A
three pass encoding process will give better results, but will take
more time. Audio encoding options can be further tweaked in the
window to the right.
Besides choosing the codec, the video can be further processed
to remove noise (white dots that usually show up in amateur
videos shot in poor light), or to crop the video or resize it. Keep in
mind that additional options will increase the process time.
If you are interested in only a part of the movie, you can set the
time range in milliseconds, here. Since MC does not have an easy
way to mark out the ranges, you will need to view the file on
another player to set the exact interval. Ensure you have done the
math properly to avoid cutting out irrelevant parts. A millisecond
is one thousandth of a second.
Once all settings are satisfactorily chosen, click on the start
button on the top to let the encoding begin.

Concluding Remarks
For: Converts anything to anything, well almost. The project holds
a lot of promise.
Against: MC doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t come with a
help file. A decent user manual is
not available even on the site, you
need to wade through the forum.
Users should expect a few rough
edges. Nevertheless, the full potential of the program could have been
tapped if a meaningful help file
were provided.
DVDx is a well-designed encoder

Features
DVDx is a nifty tool to encode DVD disks and VOB files copied to
hard disk (without IFOs, it is more time consuming, so copy the
entire Video_TS folder). You will find this handy if you want to
save a DVD movie without having to spare the 4 to 9 GB that it will
consume. Thankfully, DVDx comes with an extensive help file

The input bar in DVDx

offering step by step instructions for getting the job done perfectly. (So we need not replicate their hard work). This single objective
tool has an intuitive and user friendly interface (there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t much
to do anyway). Novices can use the encoding option of specifying
final file size, while experts can individually tweak quality
options. And to help you decide what to do while the encoding
occurs, it informs the expected time for the total job. One major
drawback is the inability to save a part of the movie.
Encoding a movie is fairly
straight forward, and the included
help file offers step by step instructions. One probable area where questions could arise is the resolution
and fps to be given when encoding
to Xvid or DivX. If the original
videoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resolution and fps are needed, check the input bar when the file
is loaded. Altering these parameters
will increase encoding time.
Output settings in dvdx

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To encode, first Open the file or DVD from the File menu. Then
set the encoding options in the Settings > Output Settings menu.
Here you can specify the output file format and resolution. The
final file size can be set under “Volume don’t exceed” option, this
will influence the quality of the output and the time of processing. Since compression usually involves some loss in quality, compressing excessively will degrade quality conspicuously. The
“Check Standard” button will inform you whether the resulting
file will comply with VCD or SVCD standards, and hence be
playable on a stand alone player.

Features
The interface is quite Intuitive and
user friendly, with extreme dearth of
menus and buttons you just can’t do
anything wrong! The Doctor supports encoding options like ability to
specify final file size, cropping video,
de-interlacing, etc. You can also prepare multiple files for batch processing. During installation, the soft- Dr Divx Main windows
ware also copies a help file, though finding it was a wild goose
chase. Alas, Dr DivX doesn’t allow encoding part of a movie.

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With very few buttons to play with,
finding the right one is really easy.
Open the file you intend to encode by
using the Open button in the Input
File field.
Next you can set the quality/file
size options. The DivX certified settings correspond to the following resolutions: High Definition—1280 x 720 at
30 fps, Home Theater—720 x 480 at 30
fps, Portable—352 x 240 at 30 fps or 352
x 288 at 25 fps, Handheld: 176 x 144 at
Advanced settings in Dr DivX
15 fps. Quality settings impact on the
method of compression and the algorithms used to achieve this.
Constraining the output file to a fixed size frees you from further
tweaks. You can save the settings you have made under a profile
with the Save Settings button, and recall these to be used for the
next job by using the Custom Profile option. If you are not interested in tweaking individual settings, you can click on the Encode
button and be on your way.
The Advanced tab allows further refinement of the encoding
output. Under the Preprocessing Tab, you can specify additional
options like the cropping range, or choose automatic crop in
which case the program will cut black borders (noticed on wide
screen movies when seen in normal displays) automatically. Doing
this decreases file size without
losing quality. You can also
change resolution and aspect
ratio here.
Noise Reduction is useful in
cases where there are too many
“grains” in the movie, especially
in Home videos. Choose settings
accordingly. Progressive output

Wait while the doctor operates
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will ensure better results. If “Psychovisual Enhancements” are
applied, the Doctor promises to increase the quality of the output
by using advanced techniques to detect and improve those areas
of the film which will be most noticed by the human eye. Better
quality equals more encoding time. Once all settings are made,
click on the encode button. This sends the job to the job queue, but
the process doesn’t start immediately. You need to click on the start
button to let the Doctor operate.

Concluding Remarks
For: Simplicity
Against: No help file, but it isn’t needed.
A recommended program for those who seek simplicity and
effectiveness foremost.

Features
Like Dr. DivX and DVDx, DVD
Flick is a single track application.
The well organised interface and
lack of menus means users will
not waste time navigating. DVD
Flick is simple to use and can create DVD5 (3.5 GB) and DVD 9 (8
GB) DVDs with all the bells and
whistles—like subtitles, multiple
Add a title to your DVD Flick
audio tracks, etc. The included
user guide offers all the instruction needed create a perfect DVD.
You start off by adding an input file by using the Add Title button on the right hand column. Right-clicking on the title will offer

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options about chapters, subtitles etc. Once all titles have been
added, click on Project Settings to set the output file parameters
like size, format and Audio settings. If all settings are to your satisfaction, click on Create DVD button to start.

Concluding Remarks
For: Simple to use
Against : None.

3.3 Video Editors
3.3.1 VirtualDub
VirtualDub (VD) is an advanced video editor (only for AVI files)
and packs in a lot of tweaks to satisfy the needs of users of all
skill levels.
Use: AVI editing. Convert AVI/MPEG to AVI
Platform: All Windows
Home Page: www.virtualdub.org

Features
VD excels in handling AVI files. Cut, join, filter, encode, capture,
etc., are some of the processes it can put an AVI file through. It
bundles along a host of features and add-ons to customise every
aspect of processing AVIs. Various monitoring tools are also available which can make VD an AVI connoisseurs pet. VD doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t pack
an installer, just unzip and it is ready to go. The extensive help file
which describes all the options of VD is quite useful. One drawback of VD is its intolerance of VBR (Variable Bit Rate) encoded
Audio streams. When presented with such video files, VD will personally re-encode the entire audio to CBR before moving ahead.

Edit
Editing an AVI file is childâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play. Open the relevant file in Virtual
Dub by using the File > Open Video menu. Select the start and end
of the clip you want to edit. It is highly recommended to use the
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Key frame button to mark these
points. Since an AVI file has
audio and video data interleaved,
random cutting could lead to
orphan audio or video data
chunks causing the resulting file
to be out of sync or difficult to
seek. Cutting at a key frame preUse keyframe selector for fast results
cludes these problems.
If this clip is to be removed from the rest of the movie, Choose
Delete from the Edit Menu. If this clip needs to be placed elsewhere, do a cut and paste after positioning the marker at the
place where the clip needs to be inserted (again position marker
at Key frame). After all necessary manipulations are over, set
“direct stream copy” in the Audio and Video Menu. Then choose
Save As AVI in the file menu and select a destination.

Join
If you would like to join two AVIs, VD will play ball on one condition: the two AVI files must have the same resolution and frame
rate and have been encoded with the same codec. OK, three conditions. First open the first file, then select the File > Append file
segment option and add all segments you want to merge. Then
Select File > Save as AVI and choose a destination file.

Synchronise Audio and Video
Sometimes encoded audio and video are
not in sync. VD offers a painless way to
correct this. Load the video file. Set
“direct stream copy” in the Audio and
Video Menu. In the Audio menu, under
Interleaving, set the required audio
delay—positive if the audio precedes the
video and negative if the audio follows.
Since the figure is in milliseconds, you
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get the relevant value. After entering the required figure, save the
AVI from the File menu.
Direct Stream Copy Mode is the
fastest working mode since the
data is not passed through the
codec. Most functions of Virtual
Dub require the use of other Sync audio and video in VirtualDub
Processing Modes (especially when
dealing with non-AVIs since VD will not output in any other format). This means that the source file is decompressed, and the
processing is done to the uncompressed audio/video and then the
audio/video is recompressed. Undoubtedly, this takes more time.

Create a Compressed AVI
Uncompressed AVIs take up a lot of
space. If, while trying any of the
procedures mentioned here, you
see that the final file size is too
large, you can assume that you
have not applied any compression.
To apply compression, select the
Video > Compression option (will
remain grayed-out if Direct Stream
Copy mode is selected).
Here you can see all the codecs Choose a compression mode
installed in your system and can choose which codec to use. The
selected codec can be configured to suit your needs. The requirements of each codec are also specified. Unless the movie meets
these specifications, the encoding will not take place. The Audio
stream also can be compressed by using similar options under the
Audio menu. If you would like to compress an MPEG file, open the
file then apply the relevant codec from Video > Compression and
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Capture Video
To begin a capture select File
> Capture AVI. In the capture window, select a device
to capture from, this can be
a webcam or TV tuner.
Assign a file name for the Get your codec specs right
captured file under File > Set Capture File. Under Video > Capture
Filter, you can further tweak the settings for the device output
like brightness, contrast, etc.
If the video has a lot of noise,
use the Video > Noise Reduction
menu to improve the image. You
can also crop the video from the
Video > Cropping menu. You can How not to do it
choose to compress the file by
using the Video > Compression menu. Compression on the fly
may cause some frames to be dropped, unless your PC is fast.
Under Capture menu you can set the capture frame rate (Capture
> Settings) and the conditions under which you want to stop capturing (Capture > Stop conditions) like time or file size.
If the settings are satisfactory, use the Capture > Capture
Video menu to start, and the Capture > Stop Capture option to
manually stop capturing.

Adding filters
VD offers advanced tools to manipulate the video screen in the
form of Filters. This is another name for special effects like blurring, embossing etc. You need to be in Full processing mode to
manipulate the movie.
To add a filter, first load a movie, then select Video > Filter. Here
you can see the various effects at your disposal and a preview of the
effect of each filter can be seen. One point to bear in mind is that
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cation of filter will influence the
final results. So if you have a logo
filter first (adds a logo to the
movie) and a blur filter next
(blurs the movie), if carelessly
done, you would end up blurring
the logo you just applied. So, in
this instance, the logo would be
the last filter to add.
After all filters have been Input and Output with filter applied
added, choose File > Save As AVI
for the job to begin.
Audio Filters can also be applied similarly. They can be
accessed under Audio > Filters when in full processing mode.
Virtual Dub offers a lot more advanced features than just
application of filters. The included help file is extensive in describing how to exploit these.

Concluding Remarks
For: Advanced editor catering to novice as well as experts.
Formidable array of features which are well documented making
it easier to use advanced features.
Against: None.

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3.4 Miscellaneous Utilities
3.3.1 Movecapture
Movecapture is a movement detection and recording system. You
need a webcam to use Movecapture, since it is basically a video
capture application with a twist.

Features
Movecapture is built for one job, and does it well. With the
Webcam plugged in, Movecapture first captures a base image and
then continuously compares present image with the base imageâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;
at the rate of once per second. If any changes are detected then the
images are saved at the rate of 10 per second. The threshold of
what is to be considered a change can be altered. By using this simple logic Movecapture poses as an effective movement capture
application. Of course, it may not be suitable for professional uses,
but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effective.
To use it, just plug in webcam and run the program.

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2D and 3D Graphics

I

f you’re doing the “struggling digital artist” bit right, you need
to go get yourself the cream of the open source brigade for your
2D and 3D graphic needs—whether it’s vector illustrators a la
CorelDraw, Flash animation or even powerful 3D tools. Keep in
mind though, that a tool is only as good as the person using it.
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4.1 2D Graphics
4.1.1 Inkscape
If you’re looking for an alternative
to Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw,
chances are you’ll find it in
Inkscape. It comes for Windows,
Linux and Mac OS X, and setting it
up on any of them is a no-brainer.
Inkscape’s primary function is
as an editor for the SVG (Scalable
Vector Graphics) format—the
W3C’s standard XML format for
vector graphics on the Web.
Because SVG is nothing but plain
text that is rendered to an image An example of Inkscape’s abilities
by the browser, it is very bandwitdh-friendly, and when used right
can create some very impressive graphics. Writing XML code to
create graphics is something that only the gifted can do without
assistance, however, so such graphical editors are much appreciated by the community at large.
Inkscape’s features will always be restricted to the offerings of
the SVG standard, so they’re bound to hit a ceiling sometime. In
the meanwhile, you can create graphics with complex shapes and
paths, transparency effects, gradients and patterns. You can also
import and export files in the Adobe Illustrator (.ai) format.
You can also trace simple raster graphics (JPEG, PNG and the
like) to convert them to the vector format, though this feature isn’t
as evolved as Corel’s or Illustrator’s bitmap-tracing capabilities.
Another shortcoming is the limited freedom that one has in terms
of brushes—you can’t set your drawings to look like they were
scratched out with a piece of charcoal (not without some difficulty, at least).

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Overall, Inkscape is
light, easy to learn, and
an undoubted essential
if you want to create SVG
images for your Web
site. And with the three
major browsers supporting SVG, it might just be
time to consider that.

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The Inkscape interface

Site: www.inkscape.org

4.1.2 Dia
The open source
alternative to the
popular flowcharting tool Visio, Dia is a
simple tool to create
flowcharts in a quick
and painless manner.
It lets you create various shapes, connect
them in the flowchart, and even create custom shapes.
Dia is excellent for flowcharts and diagrams
Dia can be your tool of choice no matter who you are—it comes
with a ton of preset shapes, ranging from simple polygons to electrical and electronic components to network elements for the meticulous sysadmin. There is even a set for making UML (Unified
Modelling Language) diagrams for software developers. To expand
Dia’s capabilities, you will need to use one of the many programs
available—Dia2SQL, for example, turns your Dia diagrams into SQL
databases—very handy if you’re structuring your Web site.
Site: www.gnome.org/projects/dia

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4.1.3 Sodipodi
The
inexplicablynamed Sodipodi is
another alternative
for vector illustration, and apart from
the way it looks, is
much like Inkscape
itself—Inkscape, in
fact, is a spin-off of
the Sodipodi project.
Its primary graphics
format is also SVG, Don’t let the silly name fool you, Sodipodi is quite capable
making it another
must-have for web
designers.
It runs a bit slower than Inkscape, but
its output looks excellent, justifying that
extra overhead to
some extent. Its onestop toolbox makes it Sodipodi’s interface starts out quite basic
easy to use, though Inkscape ultimately has better SVG support.
Site: www.sodipodi.com

4.1.4 The GIMP
(http://gimp-win.sourceforge.net/stable.html)
The GIMP, or GNU Image Manipulation Program, was first released
by two Berkeley students in 1996. It has since evolved into a powerful little program; the latest build, GIMP 2.0, has completely
revamped its look, and this makes it a legitimate player amongst
the mainstream image editors. Installation in Windows is a
breeze. The GIMP opens in a smattering of windows littered all

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over the screen. One box contains all the usual toolsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;crop, zoom,
filter, resize, perspectives, fill, draw, paintbrushes, etc.; another
has a list of layers, paths, and colour channels. An image opens
in a new window, so with the potential of having dozens of open
windows and boxes, the higher the resolution the better. The
GIMP is not only an image editor, but also a full-fledged drawing
and painting program. It offers a wide spectrum of features like
a full set of painting tools, anti-aliasing (the technique of minimising jagged or blocky patterns), full alpha channel support,
and transparencies and layering. A cool transformation tool is
rotation, which allows you to rotate an image to any scale or
angle. The usual image formats are supported.
Once an image is loaded, right-clicking on it brings up a menu
offering many tools and special effects. Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s layer control and
a full spectrum of filters for adding distortions such as engrave,
emboss, scratches, etc., artistic tools such as canvases, oil painting, and many more. Bump mapping is supported. (This is a computer graphics technique where at each pixel, a perturbation to
the surface normal of the object being rendered is looked at in a
height map and applied before the illumination calculation is
done; the result is a richer, more detailed surface representation
that more closely resembles the details inherent in the natural
world. Also supported is control of lighting effects. You basically
have full control over all effects. Animation and video editing
tools are also included.
The GIMP is definitely not aimed at beginners, and one is
advised to read the help files (which are not very detailed) and the
user manuals before jumping right in, so as to avoid being overwhelmed by the sheer power of this software.
Note: The GIMP requires the GTK 2 (GIMP Toolkit) and above
runtime environment to run. Also, when uninstalling The GIMP,
remove The GIMP before the runtime environment, otherwise
your system will always assume that The GIMP is the default program for all images.
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4.2 2D Animation Tools
4.2.1 UIRA
Increasing frustration over the lack of a Flash authoring tool for
Linux eventually led to the starting of the Flash4Linux (F4L)
project, which (predictably) got itself embroiled in legal issues
regarding the name. The project shut down, and in its place rose
UIRA (UIRA Isn’t a Recursive Acronym), which also took some
cues from the another project called QFlash. The project is still
in beta, and ActionScript (Flash’s native programming language) support is a little shaky, so as long as you stick to making
basic SWF animations without programming, you shouldn’t run
into much unpleasantness. The interface is built to be similar to
Flash to make the transition easy, and it lets you import SVG files
(the ones you create in Inkscape, perhaps?) for your animations.
Site: www.uira.org

4.2.2 Synfig
Once an in-house solution for professional 2D animators, Synfig
went open source when Voria Studios, its parent company, went
bankrupt. While they were in business, however, they did manage
to churn out some compelling-looking work, so the release of their
tool to the general public was a
considerably wellreceived idea.
Using Synfig is
quite like using any
vector
drawing
tool, only you can
animate your drawings once you’re
done with them.
All you need to do,
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starting and ending position for your drawing, and the program calculates the intermediate frames for you. You will, naturally, be able to customise these intermediate frames as you please. Oddly enough (or is
it?), the Windows version of Synfig was a snap to set up, as opposed
to the twenty-odd minutes it took us to get it started on Ubuntu 6.06
(Dapper Drake)—they only have unstable releases for the still-indevelopment Edgy release and not the current Dapper.
Site: www.synfig.com

4.2.3 KToon
KToon was created by Colombian animators Toonka Productions to
spark off an interest in animation in the youth of Latin America.
The product is still in beta, but it’s already received more than a
few appreciative nods. As of right now, it’s only available for Linux,
but a Windows version is expected soon. You can even download a
KToon Live CD if you don’t want to install it right away.
KToon can create vector drawings and animations, and export
them to both the SVG and SWF formats, making it a somewhat
acceptable solution for basic Flash animations. It lacks

KToon: By animators, for animators

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ActionScript support, though, so it’s still not a complete replacement for Flash.
The program is composed of two major modules right now—
Illustration and Animation. No points for guessing what each
does. We’ll be seeing more modules in future releases.

4.3 3D Graphics
4.3.1 Blender
Few open source tools have ever made such a mark as Blender—
and for good reason. Blender is an excellent 3D modelling and
editing program, and in our experience one of the best open
source tools ever. One thing that has always been considered
Blender’s shortcoming is its unconventional interface—anyone
used to any other 3D graphics tool invariably ends up feeling like
a fish out of water. As it turns out, with a little patience, the
interface is a very easy one to master—read more about that in
this month’s magazine.
You can get Blender for both Windows and Linux, and both versions are quite stable and relatively bug-free. To effectively use it,

Blender is often unfairly accused of having a difficult interface

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you’ll need to change the way you use the keyboard and mouse—
working with Blender is a dream when you use both together. You
don’t even need an exceptional machine to run it—it works
smoothly even on mid-range PCs, stuttering a bit only when you
load too many objects into your scene (as expected, of course).
Apart from letting budding 3D artists explore their skills,
Blender comes well-loaded for professionals as well. It has a competent database system built into it, which lets you share objects
across different projects, skeletal animation for creating realistic
characters, and Python scripting to create your own custom effects
and animations.
Finally, you can even create your own games in Blender,
though not without some programming knowledge.
Site: www.blender.org

4.3.2 Wings 3D
Wings 3D is a tool for creating 3D models, and doesn’t pretend to be
anything else. The very simple interface lets you get straight down
to your box-modelling business without any real learning curve. All
you need to know is that the mouse’s middle-click puts you in the
“orbit” mode, left-clicking selects objects or their elements and the
right-click brings up the context-sensitive menu, and you’re set.
Wings is built on the Erlang programming language, and lets you
key in Erlang code while the program is running.
If you’re looking to build models with high levels of detail and
tremendous complexity, though, Wings shouldn’t be your first
choice. While it excels with low-polygon models (best used if
you’re making or modding a game), Wings does tend to get sluggish with more intricate models.
Wings has only a basic renderer, so you’ll need to pair it with
something more powerful like POV-Ray (read about it later in this
chapter). It also has no support for animation, so once you’ve built
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Wings 3D is deceptively plain

a model in Wings, make sure you have a good 3D animation tool
waiting in line to animate it.
Site: www.wings3d.com

4.3.3 FREE!Ship
Ever wanted to build your own pirate ship but were too lazy to get
started? Or was it that you werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t yet skilled enough in the ways of
3D graphics programs? FREE!ship comes to the rescue, built specifically to let you design and modify ship hulls. It uses subdivision sur-

The FREE! that launched a thousand ships

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faces rather than the more popular NURBS modelling technique,
which lets you make very nuanced changes to your hull easily.
It offers you the features you’ll need to work with hulls in
other 3D programs—you import and export parts of or complete
models in popular formats like .3ds. It also comes bundled with
Wizards to construct the rest of your ship—keels and rudders, for
example. It isn’t all about silly boats though—FREE!ship also comes
with features that calculate the performance of the hulls if actually submerged in water, so if daddy gives you enough money to
build a real boat someday, and if you have the skill, you’ll know the
best hull design well in advance.
FREE!ship comes as an executable for the Windows platform,
but works just as well with Wine in Linux.
Site: www.freeship.org

4.3.4 POV-Ray
POV-Ray (the Persistence of Vision Raytracer) is essentially a program for raytracing 3D scenes rather than modelling them.
While it is open source in that you’re free to download and modify the source code, it isn’t licensed under the GNU-GPL. The gist
of the matter is that you can modify it all you want, as long as
you’re doing it for yourself—the restrictions come in when distributing this modified code.
To create scenes in POV-Ray, you need to use its Scene
Description Language (SDL). The language is then translated into
your 3D scene. It’s hardly the most convenient way of going about
things, but once you get the hang of it, it works brilliantly.
Professional graphics artists swear by POV-Ray, and as you see here,
they know what they’re talking about.
If you’re interested in using POV-Ray, you should definitely
learn the SDL. However, there are a lot of front-ends for it, which
can export your 3D scene to SDL. Good examples are PoseRay
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An excellent example of POV-Ray’s raytracing abilities

(http://mysite.verizon.net/sfg0000/) and Yet Another POV-Ray
Modeller (http://sourceforge.net/projects/yaprm).
Inconsequential Trivia: POV-Ray was the first raytracer in
space—billionaire Mark Shuttleworth used it to render an image
during his trip to the International Space Station.
Site: www.povray.org

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T

here are a host of open source tools that cater to almost all
aspects of the system. Many among them are even better than
their commercially-available counterparts. We will look at
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5.1 Disk/Partition Management
The Internet plays host to many tools that cater to almost all conceivable disk-related issues. Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s take a look at how to manage
hard disks and create partitions.
5.1.1 TestDisk (www.cgsecurity.org/testdisk.html)
TestDisk is a powerful data recovery software, and was primarily
designed to help recover lost partitions and/or make non-booting
disks bootable. These may be caused by faulty software, viruses, or
human error. With TestDisk, even partition table (a filesystem
table that contains information about how many and which types
of partitions are on the disk) recovery becomes really easy.
When a hard disk drive crashes, the first thing to do is to
make sure no more data is written to the drive. If we have a situation where the partition table is all right, but critical operating
system files have been damaged, Windows will not boot. In such
a case, if there is another OS installed on the system under consideration, the HDD may still be read. So, you can gain access to
the files on your hard drive with a crashed OS by booting the computer with a DOS boot disk and then use a DOS-compatible file
recovery program such as TestDisk.
In addition, we should
mention that transferring
the HDD to another computer prevents the drive from
being written to accidentally, and could allow you to
retrieve information from
the disk. At times, all that is
required is to use Windows
Explorer (on the system to
which the drive has been
transferred) to look through
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TestDisk is capable of restoring lost information in a matter of
minutes. It supports all major operating systems, and also RAIDconfigured drives. It has Linux versions as well.
TestDisk queries the BIOS or the OS in order to find the hard
disks and their characteristics. It does a quick check of the disk’s
structure and compares it with the Partition Table for entry errors.
If the Partition Table does have entry errors, TestDisk can
repair them. If there are missing partitions or a completely
empty Partition Table, TestDisk can search for partitions and
create a new table or even a new Master Boot Record (MBR) if
necessary. Now, a master boot record (MBR) is the first sector
(“sector zero”) of a partitioned hard disk, and is responsible for
retaining vital system information such as the partition table,
and the Bootstrap loader.
TestDisk has features for both novices and experts. For amateurs, TestDisk can be used to collect detailed information about a
non-booting drive, which can then be sent to data recovery professionals for analysis. Those more familiar with such procedures
should find TestDisk a handy tool in performing on-site recovery.
1. Upon starting
TestDisk, you get a
screen at the top
that lists your available physical drives.
2. Highlight the
drive you wish to
recover and select
the Analyze option.

TestDisk’s recovery console

3. This will show the current partition structure, and upon hitting
[Enter], will start searching the drive to see whether the actual
partitions match. Make a point to take this information down.
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4. Once this search is complete, hit [Enter] again. It’s a good idea
to run the “Search!” option to do a more comprehensive search
of the drives.
5. If you initially had no partitions shown because of a damaged or
wiped partition table, TestDisk will now hopefully have rediscovered the partitions.
5. Verify the information and select Write to save the new information onto the disk. If removing your partitions was the only
damage you did, you should now be up and running again.
7. If you have erased or damaged your Partition Table, nothing will
be displayed under the listings, as above. In this case, you should
select the “Advanced” option. The tool will assist you in revamping
your HDD in the same manner, as above.
TestDisk will compare the boot sector to the backup boot sector. If they are identical, it can do nothing more, but if they are different, it will ask you if you wish to overwrite the boot sector with
the information from the backup.
5.1.2 Partition Logic (http://partitionlogic.org.uk)
Partition Logic is a free hard disk partitioning and data management tool. It can mirror entire hard disks to another as in Norton
Ghost, and it can manipulate partitions—create, delete, format, etc.
Partition Logic boots from a CD or floppy and runs as a standalone system, independent of the regular operating system.
Therefore, it is very light (in terms of size) and supports most basic
PC hardware without the need for any additional work or configuration. It has certain hardware limitations (like no support for SATA
hard disks), which are promised to be rectified in future updates.

Installation
Partition Logic comes as a self-contained CD image with its own operating system (Visopsys) included on the disc. It is not installed as a

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Windows/Mac/Linux program. It is written to a blank CD from which
your computer can be booted to perform the desired operation.
Partition Logic is distributed as a compressed Zip file. The Zip file
contains just the CD image, with the .iso file extension. The installation process consists of unzipping the ISO file and burning it to a CD.
However, the burning application must typically be instructed to
burn from a disc image. It does not burn like a regular data disc.

How to Use It
The menu bar contains three menus:
File,
Disk,
and
Partition. Operating
around is fairly simple, since the mostused commands are
in the form of action
buttons. The com- Manage partitions with Partition Logic
mands under the Disk
menu are not found as action buttons.
The disk list shows the physical hard disks detected on the system, and displays the size and other details of each. Clicking on a
disk selects it, and it will subsequently change to show the partitions on the new disk. The partition list is a clickable list of partitions on the current disk. In order to do an operation on a partition or empty space, it must first be selected.
Among the action buttons (that is, the commands), there are
two that are very interesting:
1. Undoâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;This is used to discard any pending changes that have not
been committed to disk using the write changes function.
Examples of the various operations that can be undone are partition creation and deletion, setting or un-setting the active partition, and hiding or un-hiding a partition.
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2. Write Changes—The write changes function is used to commit
any pending changes to the disk.
Carrying out operations in Partition Logic is fairly simple. For
example, to make a new partition, you use the Create function. The
user must first select some empty space in either the partition diagram or the partition list. Clicking this button or menu item raises a
dialog window to prompt the user for information (location, size,
etc.) about the partition to be created. No changes are made on disk
until the user commits them using the Write Changes button.
5.1.3 GParted (http://gparted.sourceforge.net)
GParted translates to Gnome Partition Editor. It is used for manipulating filesystems, that is, create, resize, etc. The stand-out feature is that it is used for creating space for new operating systems,
and for disk imaging.
The
purpose
of
GParted is to allow the
individual to take a hard
disk and change the partition organisation therein, while preserving the
partition contents.

The GParted Live CD is light and simple

GParted maintains a very simple GUI. It is downloaded as a
“live CD” .iso image, from which a bootable CD can be created
for the system.
There are some Linux distributions that are Debian-based, and
use a software called apt. Certain others are Red Hat based, and
use a software called yum (yumex, kyum). To download and
install GParted, use:
# yum install gparted
or
#apt-get install gparted

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The Interface
The first window that opens when GParted is started is as shown.
Upon clicking the GParted menu, a pop-down menu is presented. The user can select to refresh the display of the drives on
the system. The second choice, Devices, allows to choose the hard
drive whose partitions are to be modified. This is useful if there is
more than one hard drive. The third option under the Gparted
menu is used to obtain more information.
The Edit menu shows two greyed-out functions that are quite
useful: Undo and Apply. These options may also be seen in the
toolbar. To activate them, you have to choose the partition to be
modified.
Then, under the View menu, the Hard Disk Information Panel
displays details about the hard disk, such as model, size, etc. This
panel is most useful in a multi-hard-disk system, where the information is used to confirm that the hard disk being examined is
the one that is wanted. The most important menu is the Partition
menu. It allows you to do many operations.

How to use it
Delete is selected if you want to delete a partition. To perform the
delete, you must first select the partition. You may also format any
partition to a filesystem that is supported in the menu under
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Format Toâ&#x20AC;?.
The user may also format any partition to a filesystem that is
supported in the menu.

Creating a new partition
The New button on the toolbar allows you to create a new partition, if you have already selected an unallocated area. A new window appears and lets you choose the size you want, and also specify the kind of partition: Primary, Extended, or Logical. It also
allows you to specify the filesystem.
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5.2 Benchmarking Tools
Benchmarking is the process of determining who or what is the
best, who sets the standard, and what that standard is. Once we
decide what to benchmark, and how to measure it, the object is to
figure out how the winner got to be the best, and determine what
we have to do to get there. For example, the Australian cricket team,
for most fans, sets the benchmark. In the same manner, we pitch
one computer system against set standards to assess performance.
5.2.1 Memtest86 (www.memtest85.com)
Memtest86 is a RAM reliability tester. The underlying thesis is that
a correctly-functioning computer should be able to store data in
the RAM with 100 per cent accuracy. If it does not, then it will be
unstable and prone to crashes.
Memtest86 is designed to stress-test the computerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s RAM for
errors. It is designed to run from a bootable floppy disk or CDROM, or from a suitable bootstrap loader, without an operating
system being present. The tests are sufficiently harsh for it to find
otherwise unrecognised problems on machines that appear to
work normally.

Installation
For a Windows installation, you need to
download either the
Pre-Compiled
Windows package,
for
building
a
bootable floppy disk,
or an ISO (Zip version)
to create a bootable
CD. After the file
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extract, right-click on the downloaded file and select the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Extract
Allâ&#x20AC;? option. The extract option will let you choose where the files
will be extracted to.
To build a bootable floppy, insert a floppy in the drive, then go
to the folder where the files were extracted and click on the Install
icon. Once the install is complete, the floppy disk will appear to be
unformatted by Windows.
To build a bootable CD, use your CD burning software to create
an image from the unzipped ISO file.
Since Memtest86 is a standalone program, it does not require
any operating system support for execution. It can be used with
any PC regardless of what operating system, if any, is installed.

Features
Memory Sizing
This is one of the major features of MemTest85. The BIOS in modern PCs often reserves several sections of memory for its use, and
also to communicate information to the OS. It is just as important
to test these reserved memory blocks as it is for the remainder of
the memory. For proper operation, all the memory needs to function properly regardless of what the eventual use is. Memtest86
tests these reserved areas of memory.

Testing Algorithms
The algorithms resort to a set of nine different tests that have
been arranged in an order to detect the maximum errors in the
minimum time.

How to use it
Memtest86 needs to be run for several hours to fully evaluate the
RAM. The best way to use the system is to set it up to run
overnight, for a fully rigorous test. This will allow Memtest86 to
run long enough to achieve full (read: 100 per cent) coverage, and
identify RAM that frequently corrupts the data written to it.
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If Memtest86 finds an error, it will stop and report it. If there
is an error, you should consider replacing you RAM, or at the very
least, verifying that your machine is correctly configured.
5.2.2 Prime95 (www.mersenne.org/freesoft.htm)
Prime95 has been designed as a part of GIMPS, a distributed computing project dedicated to finding new Mersenne prime numbers. As of September 2006, ten new Mersenne prime numbers
have been found. The Linux-based version is called MPrime.
Over the years, Prime95 has become extremely popular among
PC enthusiasts and overclockers as a stability testing utility. It
includes a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Torture Testâ&#x20AC;? mode designed specifically for testing PC
subsystems for errors in order to help ensure the correct operation
of Prime95 on that system. Now, the functional running of
Prime95 is such that it effectively stress-tests a PC.
The stress-test in Prime95 can be configured to better test various components of the computer by changing the Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT) size. Small and In-Place modes primarily test specific components of the CPU, whereas the Blend mode tests
everything, including the memory. Then, for the more advanced
and willing user, there is the Custom mode that allows you to
customise the system.
Prime 95 is designed to subject the CPU to an incredibly
intense workload, and to halt when it encounters even one minor
error. Unlike other
benchmarking software, it does not
continue operations
with errors.
Since the original purpose behind
the software has
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has been designed as
a distributed program (that is, it
spreads the work
among large numbers of computers to
find the prime numbers). For stress-testing the system, the
user needs to click
on the “Just Stress
Testing”
button
when running the
program for the first
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It’s even called the Torture Test!

Who’s the biggest prime of all?

To test the computer, run Prime95 and click the Options menu and then select
“Torture Test”. Then select a test and click OK. Run the test for a few
hours.
If you want to be thorough, then let it run for 24 hours. To stop
the test, click the Test menu and then click Stop.
Prime95 checks its calculations against known results, so if something goes wrong it will stop automatically. It’s also been known on
certain occasions to crash unstable machines. If it crashes or finishes with an error, then there is a problem with your hardware.
5.2.3 SystemTap GUI (http://sourceware.org/systemtap)
SystemTap simplifies the gathering of information about the running Linux kernel, and therefore, assists in the diagnosis of performance or functional problems. It eliminates the otherwise
tedious and detailed sequence of work to collect data.
SystemTap comes with a simple command line interface and
scripting language. SystemTap in its current state of development
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is a useful tool for developers. The latest SystemTap GUI makes it
more user-friendly for Linux.
SystemTap GUI is a fully-featured IDE, including many tools
intended to ease in the development of SystemTap Scripts. This
application requires GTK+ version 2.2.x and Systemtap JRE (these
are available from the Web site for download).
5.2.3.1 SystemTap Browsers:
The SystemTap GUI
has three browsers:
Probe
Alias,
Function,
and
Kernel Source. The
Probe Alias and the
Function browsers
allow the user to Deconstruct your Linux kernel with SystemTap
view Tapset code. (A
Tapset is a set of functions in a given kernel subsystem that
exports data about that system.)
The Kernel Source Browser allows the user to navigate and
view kernel source files, and click on a specific line of code in the
kernel source file that they wish to probe. The IDE will generate a
skeleton probe for the requested line of kernel source.
5.2.3.2 The Editor
The SystemTap GUIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s IDE has a full-featured editor for the
SystemTap language. This editor includes context-assistance, suggesting completions for probe aliases and functions as the user
types. The editor also provides syntax highlighting for the scripting language.
5.2.3.3 Graphing
SystemTap GUI also has visualisation tools, allowing you to see your
data. The program can generate multiple types of graphs from arbitrary SystemTap scripts, including line charts and histograms.

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5.2.4 IO meter
(http://www.iometer.org)

IOmeter checks how fast your devices talk to the OS

IO meter evaluates the performance of the I/O subsystem and acts
as a characterisation tool for single and clustered systems. It was
originally developed by Intel; now, Intel has discontinued to work
on IOmeter, and it is being maintained by the Open Source
Development Lab (OSDL).
IOmeter consists of two programs, IOmeter and Dynamo.
1. IOmeter is the controlling program. It has a GUI and it tells
Dynamo what to do, collects the resulting data, and summarises the results in output files. Only one instance of IOmeter
should be running at a time, and therefore, it is typically run on
the server machine.
2. Dynamo is the workload generator. It has no user interface. At
IOmeterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s command, Dynamo performs I/O operations and
records performance information, then returns the data to
IOmeter. There can be more than one copy of Dynamo running at
a time. Typically, one copy runs on the server machine, and one
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additional copy runs on each client machine.

Installing IOmeter
After downloading the package, uncompress the files, and place
the files IOmeter.exe and Dynamo.exe in the same directory. If you
want to run Dynamo on multiple machines, Dynamo.exe must be
available on each machine (on either a local or networked disk).
In such cases, a properly-configured TCP/IP network must be
provided between the systems on which IOmeter and Dynamo are
to be run. No network is needed if IOmeter and Dynamo are run
on a single system.

Running IOmeter
To run IOmeter, double-click on IOmeter.exe. The GUI appears, and
IOmeter starts one copy of Dynamo on the same machine. IOMeter
undertakes tests to assess:
1. Disk performance

Configuring IOmeter

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2. Network performance between two computers (A and B)

The interface
It provides a tabbed interface to control the various parameters of
the test. The different tabs to control the parameters of the test:
1. Disk Targets tab: Specifies the disks used by each disk worker.
2. Network Targets tab: Specifies the network interfaces used by
each network worker.
3. Access Specifications tab: Specifies the type of I/O operation
each worker performs to its targets.
4. Results Display tab: Displays performance data during the test.
5. Test Setup tab: Specifies the tests to be performed in a test series.
The IOMeter Web site is very informative, and well-designed to
assist the user.

5.3 Compression
Claim back disk space and reorder your files with the various compression tools reviewed here!
5.3.1 BZip2
(http://gnuwin32.sourceforge.net/packages/ bzip2.htm)
bzip2 is a freely available, patent-free, high-quality data compressor. It claims to compress files to within 10% to 15% of the best
available techniques (the PPM family of statistical compressors),
while being around twice as fast at compression and six times
faster at decompression.
It compresses most files more effectively than the traditional
gzip or Zip, but is slower. This does not come with archiving functions, as bzip2 is only a data compressor. The program itself has no
facilities for multiple files, encryption or archive-splitting. It instead
relies on separate external utilities such as tar for these tasks.

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bzip2 uses transforms and Huffman coding to encode data. The
blocks are all the same size in plaintext, which can be selected by a
command-line argument, and are marked in compress text by a bit
sequence derived from the decimal value of pi.

Features
The interface is
very simple, and
almost
selfexplanatory. This
version is simply
for compression
and decompression
of *.bz2 files and
does away with
many functionalities of the command line version.
The newer version
is expected to
implement all the Bzip is one of the best compression tools out there
features found in
the command line version.
5.3.2 ZipGenius (www.zipgenius.it)
ZipGenius lets you compress files to almost any kind of archive. It
supports more than 20 compressed archive formats, including
CD/DVD-ROM image files, RAR, ARJ, ACE, CAB, SQX,
OpenOffice.org documents and 7-zip. It can also pre-compress executable files going to be added to a ZIP archive.

Installation
The download is in the form of an .exe file. Click on the file to start
the basic installer, and follow the prompts. The program links to
the file managers by default, and will associate itself with compression files on the system. This can be adjusted in the program
via the Tools / Options.

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The interface
The
layout
of
ZipGenius has the XP
look. There are quite
a few options to
change the look such
as large icons, grid
separation, filters,
folders split view, and
more.
The display is very
orderly and has been
designed in a system- ZipGenius comes with the XP look
atic fashion. The
Options area is found in the Tools menu, and gives plenty of options
to customise it.
A great feature of ZipGenius is the window showing the statistics of the files you might be working with. The display features
pie charts listing the least and most compressed file in the archive,
as well as medium compression, folders and required disk space.
ZipGenius places a small icon in the task bar, associates itself
with your compression files on your computer, and places menu
choices when you right-click in your file manager.

Features
ZipGenius is loaded with lots of great features that make working
with compression files a breeze. It comes complete with the â&#x20AC;&#x153;First
Stepâ&#x20AC;? feature, which can be accessed easily by using the [F1] key.
From here you can pick exactly which process you wish to perform, and the Wizard will guide you through the whole process.
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sion. The Expert Layout feature gives added choices, auto signature and commenting. Then there is Cryptozip—a tool to
encrypt compression files.
Another feature is the presets for actually making backups of
your most important directories and files on your system. Clicking
the Backup menu area shows choices like Windows Registry files,
etc., and it has a small, simple and effective inbuilt FTP program.
5.3.3 7-Zip
(www.7-zip.org)
7-Zip is a file archiver with a
very high compression ratio.
The compression ratio is
claimed to be 2—10% better
than the ratio provided by
PKZip and WinZip. It integrates
fully with the Windows environment. Its 7z format files
have self-extracting capability.
7-Zip works in Windows You need 7-zip to open RAR files in Linux
98/ME/NT/2000/XP. There is
port of the command line version for Linux/Unix. 7-Zip (except
for the file Rar29.dll) is free software distributed under the GNU
Lesser General Public License. The file Rar29.dll is under a mixed
license, as it is used to re-create the RAR compression algorithm,
which is proprietary.
The interface gives a very comfortable feel. It is well-laid out,
and almost explanatory about its usage. Excellent for novices.
Compression ratio results are dependent upon the data used
for the tests. Usually 7-Zip compresses to 7z format 30—70 % better
than the Zip format. And 7-Zip compresses to Zip format 2—10 %
better than most other Zip-compatible programs.

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5.3.4 KGB Archiver
KGB Archiver stands
true to its name. The
compression tool has
an unbelievably high
compression rate. It
surpasses even such
efficient compression
tool like 7-Zip and
UHARC in terms of
the
abilities.
Unfortunately, it has
high
hardware KGB Archiver can take ages, but compresses well
requirements (a processor with 1.5 GHz clock, and 256MB of RAM as
an essential minimum).
One of the advantages of KGB Archiver is the AES-256 encryption standard that it uses. This is one of the strongest encryptions
known, and archive contents are additionally encrypted using this.
The installation of KGB Archiver is easy and intuitive. Place the
program files where you want them, and begin the process. The
final part of the install lets you customise the KGB Archiver settings. This lets the user set the file associations; besides, one can
add KGB Archiver to the Explorer context menu.
KGB Archiver can make self-extracting, AES protected, compressed files.

5.4 CD/DVD Writing
There are many commercial tools for CD/DVD writing, and prominent among them are Nero and Roxio. Certain operating systems
come with in-built CD-Writer software. Yet, the open source software enjoy an unparalleled base because of the features and ease
they offer across multiple platforms.
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5.4.1 burnatonce
(http://burnatonce.net)
BurnAtOnce claims to be
the first freeware CD/DVD
authoring tool on the
Win32 platform. Actually,
itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is a front-end to various
high quality components:
cdrdao, ddump, mad
(mpeg audio decoder), etc.

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

BurnAtOnceâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;first on the block

BurnAtOnce has a slick interface and good basic features. The
user can create audio and data discs, read discs to image files,
burn image files (.bin/.cue., .iso), and erase CD-RW discs. It can
also handle DVD discs, which requires the installing of a free but
time-limited third-party software. The software supports multisession burning, bootable discs, and most prevalent file formats.
It comes with an audio file converter for MP3 to Audio CD etc.
It is an interesting project in its early stages of development.
Even in its current state, it is a very snappy tool for doing some
basic CD-R tasks, and most importantly, it is free.
5.4.2 Burrrn
(www.burrrn.net)
Burrrn is a little tool for creating audio CDs with the content
from various audio files. The
supported formats are wav,
mp3, mpc, ogg, aac, mp4, ape,
flac, ofr, wv, tta, m3u, pls and
fpl playlists and cue sheets.
Burrrn can read all types of tags
from all these formats.
Burrrn uses cdrdao.exe for
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have the corresponding decoding executables and cdrdao.exe to
be in the same directory as Burrrn. All the necessary files are
included in the installation set and are installed as required by
default.
To “burrrn” a CD, just drop the audio files, playlists or cue sheets
on the list, select the writing speed, and press Burrrn. A window will
pop up, where one monitor progress.
The user can customise the burning, coding and decoding
processes from the Settings.
5.4.3 K3b—The CD Creator for KDE
K3b is a free CD and
DVD authoring application for GNU/Linux
and other Unix-like
operating
systems
designed for the K
D e s k t o p
Environment.
It provides a GUI K3b has a good GUI for the command-line utilities
for creating data and
audio discs from sets
of files. It can also perform direct disc-to-disc copies. The program has many default settings which can be customised by
more experienced users.
The disc recording in K3b is done by the command line utilities
cdrecord, cdrdao, and growisofs. GNU VCDImager is required to prepare video discs (VCD and DVD) from MPEG video files.

Usage
The interface is really cool, and well laid out.
1. When you start K3b you see a window with various options to
choose.
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2. To make an audio CD, click on “New Audio CD Project”.
The files at the top part of K3b can be dropped with the mouse
to the bottom widget. Another way is to right-click on a file and
select Add to Project. In order to rearrange the order of the audiotracks you can simply move the tracks with the left mouse-button.
The properties of the tracks can be changed by clicking with the
right mouse button and choosing Properties.
3. As soon as the arrangement of the tracks is done, click on
“Burn...” in the right-bottom corner. A new window pops up. Here,
you can control the settings of the burning itself.
4. You can give the CD a title by choosing CD-Text and selecting
Write CD-Text, for example, Title and Performer. As soon as you are
content with the settings, click on Burn.
5.4.4 ISOBurn for Windows
IsoBurn provides a lightweight, easy-to-use interface for the burning tools
found in the Windows
Resource Kit.

Features
The user drags and drops
ISOBurn—nice and simple
ISO images and burns
CD/DVD from them. Before burning, it gives users the option to
Erase as well. The interface is quick and clean. It is a very light
utility, and easy to manipulate.

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5.5 Password Management
Security and authenticity are gaining increasing importance
across the spectrum of life—personal and business, alike. With this
the focus naturally has to be on the tools that make it possible for
us to protect our critical and vital information and documents.
Here, we look at some of the most prominent players in the password segment of open source movement.
5.5.1 KeePass Password Safe
(http:// keepass.sourceforge.net)
KeePass databases are encrypted using the much-respected AES
and Twofish symmetric ciphers. Passwords are hashed using SHA256, and kept in an encrypted form in the KeePass process memory. The rationale is that even if Windows caches the KeePass
process to disk, the user’s passwords wouldn’t be revealed.
The tool is the first
password management
utility that uses security-enhanced password
edit controls. None of
the available password
spies work against the
controls
used
in
KeePass. The passwords You can even carry KeePass on a USB disk
entered in these controls aren’t even visible in the process memory of KeePass.
The working scheme of KeePass is really novel. One master
password decrypts the complete database. Alternatively, you can
use key-disks, as they provide better security than master passwords in most cases. For even more security one can combine the
above two methods: the database then requires the key-disk and
the password in order to be unlocked. Even if you lose your keydisk, the database would remain secure.

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Portability
The application doesn’t need to be installed. KeePass provides
an installer that automates the creating of links in the Start
Menu. There is also a binary zip package which contains only
the main executable. This executable runs without installing
anything.
KeePass doesn’t store anything on your system. The program
doesn’t create any new Registry keys, and it doesn’t create any
initialisation files (.ini) in your Windows directory. Deleting
the KeePass directory (in case you downloaded the binary zip
package) or using the uninstaller (in case you downloaded the
installer package) leaves no trace of KeePass on your system.
KeePass runs without downloading any additional libraries, on
Windows 95, 98, 98SE, ME, NT, 2000, XP, 2003 and Vista.

Features
1. Import/Export
The password list can be exported to various formats like TXT,
HTML, XML and CSV. It can import TXT files created by Bruce
Schneier’s Password Safe v2.
2. Password Management
The user can create, modify and delete the groups in which passwords are sorted into. The groups can be arranged as a tree, the
tree can have sub-groups, and so on.
3. Auto-Type, Global Hot Key, Drag-n-Drop
When KeePass is running in the background (with an open database) and the user presses the hotkey, it looks up the correct entry
and executes its auto-type sequence.
4. Built-In Password Generator
KeePass features a built-in password generator that generates
strong random passwords for you. The user can define the possible
output characters of the generator.

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5. Plugins
KeePass has a plugin architecture. However, the plugins may compromise the security of Keepass.
5.5.2 Password Safe (www.schneier.com/passsafe.html)
Password Safe is a program for storing passwords under Windows.
The program is now maintained by a group of volunteers.
Password Safe features a simple, intuitive interface that lets
users set up their password database in minutes. After filling in
the master password the user has access to all account data
entered and saved previously. The data can be organised by categories, and can be sorted and searched.
The key combination [Ctrl] + [C] copies the password of a selected account into the clipboard, [Ctrl] + [U] copies the user ID. The
program can be set to minimise automatically after a period of
idle time and clears the clipboard.
5.5.3 Universal Password Manager
(http://sourceforge.net/projects/upm)
Universal
Password
Manager allows you to
store usernames, passwords, URLs and generic
notes in an encrypted
database protected by one
master password.
Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main features are
simplicity and cross platform
support
(Java/
SWING).
Universal
Password
enforces uniform password
policy across multiple

Manage anything with UPM
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authentication systems (such as Native File Access). Universal password also manages multiple types of password authentication methods from disparate systems. This is done by creating a common password that can be used by all protocols to authenticate users.
5.5.4 KeePassX
(http://keepassx.sourceforge.net)
KeePassX is an application for people with extremely high
demands on secure personal data management. It has a light
interface, and is crossplatform.
KeePassX saves many
different information,
for
example,
user
names,
passwords,
URLs, attachments, and
comments in one single
database. The user can
define titles and icons
for each single entry, or
sort the entries into
groups, which are cus- KeePassXâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;perfect for the paranoid
tomisable as well. The
integrated search function allows to search in a single group or
the complete database.
KeePassX comes with a utility for secure password generation. The generator is very customisable, fast, and easy to use.
People who require or like to have their password change frequently will appreciate this feature.
The complete database is always encrypted either with AES or
Twofish encryption algorithm using a 256 bit key. Therefore, the
saved information can be considered secure. KeePassX uses a database format that is compatible with KeePass Password Safe.

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Features
1. Customisable management of data and passwords
2. Search function to search either in specific groups or in complete database
3. Database security with password/key-file/both access only
4. Automatic generation of secure passwords and a quality indicator for chosen passwords
5. Upcoming features are network support with multi-user capabilities and also browser integration.
5.5.5 PasswordMaker
(http://passwordmaker.org)
The makers of this tool have come up with an interesting take on The
Lord of the Rings. They say, “One password to rule them all.”
This is a small,
lightweight,
free,
extension for Internet
Explorer,
Firefox,
Mozilla,
Netscape,
Flock, and Yahoo!
Widgets (a widget is
an interface element
that a computer user
interacts with, such
as a window). It cre- PasswordMaker generates an untraceable password
ates unique, secure
passwords that are very easy for the user to retrieve, but for no-one
else. Since nothing is stored anywhere, anytime, there’s nothing to
be hacked, lost, or stolen.

How It Works
The user provides PasswordMaker two pieces of information: a
master password, and the URL of the site requiring a password.
Then using one-way hash algorithms, PasswordMaker calculates a
message digest (a.k.a. digital fingerprint), which can be used as the
user’s password for the Web site.
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PasswordMaker claims that the resulting fingerprint (password)
does not reveal anything about the input that was used to generate
it. This means that if somebody has one of your passwords, even
then it is infeasible for him to derive your master password.

Portability
The online version works in all browsers, and it requires no downloads or installations. Standalone versions for desktops, mobile
phones, and PDAs are under development.

Installation and start
For Netscape, Mozilla Suite and Mozilla Firefox users, the install is
done automatically from the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s site when the user clicks on
Downloads in the menu (on the right) and then clicks on Browser
Extensions. Others need to download the files, and then install it.
For Mozilla and Netscape users, the toolbar icon is installed by
default. For Firefox users, the toolbar icon must be manually
added by using the View > Toolbars > Customize menu, and then
dragging the golden ring icon on to the toolbar.
Once youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve opened the extension using one of these methods,
you are presented with the Basic Options screen. From here on,
the usage is really simple.

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Office Tools

T

he open source movement today is in full flow and users have
never had it better. Not so long ago, the only option that
seemed to be available was labeled Microsoft and used to cost
a bomb. Things however are changing now all thanks to the Open
Source movement. Office suites form one of the largest markets
today and we were more than happy to look for alternatives to the
ever popular Microsoft Office. We tested some of the more popular
applications out and were pleasantly surprised to see how far the
Open Source movement has progressed
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6.1 Word Processors
There’s no doubt that word processors are among the most popular and widely used software in the world. Most people unfortunately haven’t gone beyond notepad, Wordpad and the ever popular MS Word. In our travels across and around the Web we came up
with some really good alternatives.

6.1.1 Abiword
http://www.abisource.com/
Abiword is one of the more well known word processors available
on the Net. It has an impressive feature list that contains most
tools and functions that you would require from a word processor.
Not only is the
standard feature list
impressive but some
of the additional features like cross-platform support and
multiple format support are undeniably
useful. Documents
here are saved in plain
readable text format
with XML markup
Abiword is a cross platform word processor
making them readable by most text editors. The good part though is that you can load
and save files in multiple formats using what are called ‘importers’
and ‘exporters’ which are basically plug-ins which give the program
a lot of flexibility. Abiword currently supports MS-Word, RTF (Rich
Text Format) and also HTML along with a couple of Abiword’s own
formats. Being an Open Source project new plug-ins are bound to be
under development so be sure to keep checking for additional plugins. System requirements are minimal and the loading time miniscule. Altogether, Abiword is a very useful piece of software and
deserves the many awards that it has got over the years.

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6.1.2 Lyx
http://www.lyx.org/
Lyx is an interesting concept that distances itself from the more
generic ‘word processors’ by calling itself a ‘document processor’.
The subtle difference of course is because Lyx is a WYSIWYM word
processor—What You See Is What You Mean. While the standard set of
word processor features already exist it’s the extended set that is
really interesting. It features various text classes for articles, slides,
books, etc., and also for different scientific societies like IEEE.
Multilingual support and a large number of templates which can
also be added as plug-ins also exist. Lyx also features an inbuilt formula editor for all those scientific equations. Automatic formatting and a large number of other automated tasks complete the
already impressive package.

6.2 Spreadsheets
There is no doubt that Excel and spreadsheets have become synonymous so much so that they were actually being used in place
of each other. Gnumeric, though, is one program that plans to
change that trend.

6.2.1 Gnumeric
http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/
Gnumeric is part of the GNOME desktop project. The GNOME project
aims to develop a desktop environment that
is free, intuitive and at
the same time attractive. The developers
claim, rather bravely,
that Gnumeric has all
the features that Excel
offers plus 154 more!
Though we didn’t
count the exact numbers we do agree that Gnumeric - more features than Excel?
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there are a lot of features on offer. Gnumeric also has the ability to
import and export data and a variety of different formats that
include Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, Quattro Pro, OpenOffice.org and its very
own Gnumeric file format among others.
Mainly meant for the Linux/Unix platform ver 1.6.0 is also available for Windows and it’s definitely an alternative worth trying out.

6.3 PDF Tools
The Portable Digital Format has gained enormous popularity in
recent years. Its inherent properties of being device independent
and usable across multiple platforms have been the main reasons
behind its success. The following are some tools which are used for
creating and manipulating PDF files.

6.3.1 PDFCreator
http://www.pdfforge.org/
PDFCreator is a tool that can be used for creating PDFs from any
Windows application with a simple “print” command. Security features such as encryption are also provided for your documents. Other
than PDFs you also have the ability to create other file types including PNGs, JPEGs, TIFFs among others. Overall, a very handy tool.

6.3.2 Doc2pdf
http://doc2pdf.sourceforge.net/
Doc2pdf is a very interesting piece of software. It was created
mainly due to one man’s frustration caused by people sending
him Microsoft Office attachments on his Linux machine. What
this little piece of code does is convert every MS Office attachment
in your Inbox into a PDF file. Behaving much like an e-mail robot,
it goes about its task in a very systematic manner. A useful tool for
all you frustrated Linux/Unix users!

ments into PDFs. It works on the same principle as the PDFCreator
and has a similar set of features.

6.4 Personal Information Managers
Personal Information Managers (PIMs) are tools that help you
organize various different types of personal data and therefore are
actually quite handy. The usual standard feature set includes an
address book, calendar, diary and reminder. Different PIMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s usually provide variations and additions to these features.

6.4.1 Nomad PIM
http://www.nomadpim.org/
Nomad PIM is an impressive application which though still in its
development stages impresses with its wealth of features.
The
latest
build that we tested was R6 and it
has all that you
would
expect
from
a
PIM
including notes,
schedules, contacts, events, etc.
Though certain
features are limited, development Nomad PIM is still being developed
is still on. This is
definitely an application you should keep your eyes on.

6.4.2 Mozilla Sunbird
http://www.mozilla.org/projects/calendar/sunbird/
Sunbird is a standalone application created by Mozillaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the makers of the ever popular Firefox. The first thing that you would
probably notice is the beautiful logo that represents the Sunbird.
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The developers had actually asked for suggestions for the logo
from its users and it looks like it worked. Sunbird is basically a
calendar and scheduling program with the ability to add different tasks and event as well as alarms based on these events. You
also have the capability to modify the views according to your personal preference.
Sunbird is a cross platform application which is based on the XUL
user interface language. You should however be aware that right
now there is no integration capability between Sunbird, Firefox
and Thunderbird.

6.4.3 Aethera
http://www.thekompany.com/projects/aethera/
Aethera is a PIM
application
which also handles e-mails. It
starts off with a
simple setup for
the first time user
and you’ll have to
enter various setting for accessing
your
e-mail.
Aethera supports The refreshingly nice interface of Aethera
POP3 and IMAP
among others and provides for easy synchronization. You’ll be
pleasantly surprised by the clean and lively interface. The icons are
big and functions easily accessible. The software also provides
groupware capabilities through the Kolab server. It also features
an instant messaging client using Jabber with the ability to share
different types of documents. Different plug-ins with varying
functionality can also be applied to Aethera. Unfortunately
though, some of these plug-ins aren’t free and you have to buy
them if you want to use them. Overall, this is one of the most complete PIM applications that we have come across.

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6.5 Collaboration
Collaboration software has of recent gained vast popularity. The
ability of people, located at physically distinct locations, to collaborate on a common platform and perform tasks as if they were
actually physically present at the same location is made possible
only through collaboration software. These applications provide
the means to share data, perform tasks and track projects from
different locations.
Some of the collaboration software available are Zimbra,
Netoffice, Egroupware and phpcollab.

6.5.1 Zimbra
http://www.zimbra.com/
Zimbra Collaboration Suite is one the more popular Open Source
collaboration tools available on the Net, providing solutions for
the Mac and Linux platforms. Developed around AJAX-based collaboration, it integrates a powerful web client, e-mail, contacts,
calendar, VoIP as well as online document authoring and sharing.

6.5.2 Egroupware
http://www.egroupware.org/
Egroupware is a platform independent, enterprise ready groupware software/sever. Its features include the ability to manage contacts, appointments and more for the whole business. It comes
with a web interface which allows you to access your data from
anywhere in the world. You also have the choice of using your own
client, be it Evolution, Kontact or Outlook and even your mobile
phone/PDA.

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6.6 Project Management
Project management tools are essential tools that are required for
various Industries. The resource management tools which are a
part of the package provide an easy means of displaying required
data and therefore helps the user come up with decisions faster.
Some of these applications also provide project scheduling functionalities that keep you informed on progress and deadlines.

6.6.1 Open Workbench
http://www.openworkbench.org/
Open Workbench
is an advanced
project management tool. It
shares a lot of
functions with
Microsoft Project
but with some
fundamental differences. Some of
the shared features include the
ability to create a
The very advanced and feature filled Open Workbench
number of levels
for the Work Breakdown Functions.
You can also create interdependencies between projects as as
well as interdependencies between tasks within a project. Actuals,
ETCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Estimated time of completion), task status and %
completion are some the ways to judge the progress of various
projects. You also have the option of creating different views
according to your managerial style. The fundamental difference
though is that while Open Workbench is driven by resources MS
Project is a task driven application. Open Workbench also schedules tasks based on resource availability. Overall, an excellent
package with immense usability.

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6.6.2 Achievo
http://www.achievo.org/
Achievo is a web based project management tool meant mainly for
small and medium size businesses. Though you probably wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t
find many of the features available in Open Workbench here, you
might actually discover that you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t really need them either. It
does though have features like project planning which includes
planning from the initial to the current stage. It also includes
notes, charts and templates. CRM as well as Human Resource
Management features are also present. A calendar and useful PIM
features complete the whole package.

6.6.3 GanttPV
http://www.pureviolet.net/ganttpv/
GanttPV is another simple, Open
Source, project
management
tool. Though simple it features a
number of useful
tools for project
management.
Here too you can
define interdependencies
as
well as tasks and
their duration.

GanttPV is a good project management tool

Based on the data that is entered it generates Gantt charts
which gives a graphical overview of the whole data. GanttPV can
also be used to monitor productivity as well as expenses.

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6.7 Accounting
Gone are the days of ledgers and registers. The new age of accounting is done on the PC. And a good way to balance those accounts
is by using one of the following Open Source alternatives.

6.6.1Grisbi
http://www.grisbi.org/
Grisbi is basically
a
personal
accounts manager. It is a simple
and easy to use
application and
has features for
all types of users.
It has the ability
to handle multiple accounts and
currencies and
transactions can Grisbi is a simple and easy to use application
also be scheduled.
Budgetary lines and reports are also supported.
Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a decent package with enough useful features for the individual user.

6.6.2 TurboCash
http://www.turbocashuk.com/
TurboCash is one the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s foremost Open Source accounting
packages. It has a huge set of features with a number of wizards to
ease the process. Mainly meant for handling accounts of small and
medium size businesses it goes about its tasks very well. It can
handle around 999 sets of books, accounts and sub accounts and
up to 40000 debtor and creditor accounts as well. It can also handle stock items with the ability to create your own invoices. It also
has a number of security features which allows you to specify dif-

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TurboCash is a very popular accounting software

ferent levels of access. You also have the ability to export your
books onto the net through the software.

6.8 OpenOffice.org
OpenOffice.org is an office suite application and one of the biggest
threats to the Microsoft Office Suite. A conservative estimate suggests that it holds around 10 per cent of the office suite market
(the rest of course held by MS Office) with over 30 million downloads. The project started off using the code base provided by
StarOffice and really took off from there.
Now though the tables have turned and many of the features
present in StarOffice have been borrowed from OpenOffice.org.
The OpenOffice.org Suite consists of mainly 6 components i.e.
Base (database manipulator), Calc (spreadsheets), Draw (graphics), Impress (presentations), Math (for mathematical equations)
and Writer (the word processor). Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s take a look at each one
individually.
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6.8.1 Writer
Writer is the word processor of the OpenOffice.org Suite. The first
thing that you would notice when you start the word processor is
the similarity in the look and feel of Writer to MS Word. It’s clear
that the developers have based this, and as you’ll see, the whole
Suite on Microsoft’s bestselling Office which actually isn’t such a
bad thing. It has all the features that you have come to expect
from a word processor and more. The wizards provided, which are
basically templates and other commonly used tasks, are useful
and you also have the ability to create your own templates.
Document converter and Euro converter are nice touches too.
Other features include the ability to publish your work directly
into the PDF format or export it to the web in HTML. You can also
create tables and other objects. The list doesn’t end here and there
are truckloads of features which you’ll discover as you use the
Writer more. Compatibility issues are not issues anymore thanks
to Writer’s ability to open and save documents in Word’s format.
You also have the ability to save your work in the OpenDocument
Format which means that your document can be opened by any
program that supports the OpenDocument format.

6.8.2 Calc
Calc is the spreadsheet program of the suite. Again if you’ve used
Excel you’ll feel right at home using Calc and you’ll also probably
end up sticking to it. As expected the standard feature set is all
there without exception. The extra features though are the ones to
check out. The DataPilot function allows you to summarize and
rearrange large amounts of data into meaningful tables. The ability to use natural language formulas makes understanding various functions easy. Scenario is another very interesting tool. These
basically are aids which help you show various calculations on
numbers that are dependent on each other. Templates are present
here too and end up being quite useful due to their inbuilt functions. You also have the option of saving your work in the
OpenDocument format and also in the PDF format. You can again
open and save your documents in Excel format.

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6.8.3 Impress
Impress is the program that you would use for making presentations and slideshows and boy would you love it! Again present are
all the features you would need and some fascinating ones too.
Here you have five different views through which you can see your
work including notes and handouts. Also present is an impressive
range of animation that you can use for you slideshow. The ever
popular Wordart from PowerPoint is also present here under the
alias Fontwork. Various drawing tools are also at your disposal and
they’re pretty simple to use. One feature that stands out is the ability to export presentations to the Adobe Flash format (SWF) so that
it can be viewed in any computer with Flash Player installed on it.
There is, however, a lack of readymade presentation designs but
we have the Internet to tackle that problem.

6.8.4 Draw
Draw is the graphics editor of the package. It’s really simple to use
and you’ll have fun trying out all it has to offer. Draw also provides
the ability to use 3D objects and manipulate them through the
controller. Rendering capabilities and various effects like texture,
lighting, transparency and perspective are sure to excite the
advanced user. Even though it is no Photoshop, it is a useful
enough application to make flowcharts and other diagrams with
enough features in there to keep you occupied.

6.8.5 Base
Base is the OpenOffice.org answer to Microsoft Access. Using Base
you can manipulate all your databases. You can also create and
modify tables, forms, queries and reports using the HSQL database
engine inbuilt into Base. You can also perform simple and complex
sorts as also simple and complex queries on your data. Reports in
various different formats can also be printed using the Autopilot.

6.8.6 Math
The Math tool is used for creating and modifying complex mathematical formulae. It can be used inside Write or as a standalone.
You can also insert it into Calc and Impress as objects.
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Along with the features above, you would discover tons of new, useful and advanced tools at your disposal. The reason of course is the
Open Source movement which allows lots of minds to work on the
same project and thus you would see some really good and fascinating ideas as the outcome. OpenOffice.org is the one of the best
software suites available on the net, not only as an Open Source
software but also as a software in general. It rivals Microsoft Office
in many aspects and almost ends up coming on top in a few
departments. The best part of the whole deal is that itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s free!

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Networking And The
Internet

O

pen source finds a place everywhere in the software world,
and browsers with their add-ons, as well as IM clients, are no
exception. We take a look at open source applications in
these categories. Several of these are considerably better and more
functional than their proprietary counterparts.
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7.1 Browsers
Browsers are the face of the Internet to most people, and so the primary way of classifying browsers is based on their graphics engine
(more appropriately, a layout engine—software that takes Web content and the formatting information and displays the formatted
content on the screen). Thus, you have a huge variety of browser
engines, and based on them, an amazing variety of browsers.

7.1.1 Mozilla Firefox
(www.mozilla.com/firefox)
Firefox was developed
by
the
Mozilla
Foundation and many
developers
around
the world. It is in
many ways the true
pioneer of the open
source browser movement. It has been
responsible for bringing about some of the Mozilla’s Firefox Browser
most radical design
and feature changes. As a matter of fact, Firefox has been hailed as
the best alternative to other browsers such as Internet Explorer
and Apple’s Safari.
Firefox’s integrated pop-up blocker, live
bookmarks, and support for open standards makes life easy.
The tabbed interface
makes surfing multiple sites much less
cumbersome
than
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ple windows. The user can customise the browser with downloadable extensions, a variety of themes and skins, and many preferences (for the advanced user).
Firefox uses SSL/TLS to protect communications with Web
servers using strong cryptography. It also supports smart cards for
secure login to Web servers. Firefox is considered by many to be
safer than Microsoft’s Internet Explorer.
How To Use It
Firefox comes with a number of excellent features and extensions.
1. The most useful feature is probably tabbed browsing. It enables
the user to open multiple Web pages at the same time in a single
browser window. There is also the group bookmarking feature,
which enables all bookmarked tabs to be re-opened at one time.
To open a new tab, right-click on a link and select “Open Link
in New Tab”. Or, type in [Ctrl] + [T]. To customise tabs, on the Menu
Toolbar, select Edit > Preferences > Navigator > Tabbed Browsing,
and then choose your preferred settings.
2. The sidebar is a re-sizeable vertical panel at the left of the
browser window. It may contain numerous tabs that you click on
to reveal different content in the sidebar panel. It can be customised to add frequently-used items.
Standard sidebars in Mozilla include bookmarks, search, and
history. Sidebars provide a very handy way to access these functions. And, with tabbed browsing, the user can middle-click a sidebar link and open it in a new tab rather the overwriting the existing browser window.
3. Themes give Firefox a look suited to the user’s personal preferences. The theme selection determines the style of the browser
menus, buttons, and other features. The user can obtain new and
classic themes from the following sites:
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https://addons.mozilla.org/mozilla/themes/
http://themes.mozdev.org/
http://themes.freshmeat.net
All that is required is to download the theme, and then install
it as per the instructions.
4. The Form Manager is a very useful feature which allows the user
to save information typed into a Web page form, so that it can be
used again later without having to re-type the same information.
To access the Form Manager select Tools on the Menu Bar.
5. Custom Keywords enable the user to create personal keywords that
can be typed into the location bar for quick access to favourite sites.
Select
Bookmarks
>
Manage Bookmarks. Here, on
the Bookmark Manager, select
the required bookmark by
right-clicking on it, and then
select Properties in the dropdown menu to access the
Properties Menu.
Here, type a keyword of
choice into the Keyword box
in the Properties Menu.
Managing Bookmarks in FireFox

Firefox provides the user
with consummate ease of handling and functionality. It is highly
customisable, and therefore, fast becoming the browser of choice
for many.
6. Extensions give Firefox much of its armoury. Some of the most
popular and powerful extensions are:
(a) IE Tab: This is a great tool for Web developers as it allows the

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user to see the page displayed in Internet Explorer and then switch
back to Firefox. All this at one click. Users will find this useful
because some sites are still IE-only, and you wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to open IE
separately to view those pages.
(b) Adblock is a content filtering plug-in. It is more robust and precise than the inbuilt image blocker in Firefox. Adblock allows the
user to specify filters, which remove unwanted content based on
the source-address. Once the filters are declared, every time a Web
page loads, Adblock intercepts and disables all the elements
matching the filters.
(c) Flashblock is an extension for filtering Macromedia Flash content on a page. It blocks all Flash content from loading, and leaves
placeholders on the Web page that allow the user to click and
access the Flash content.
(d) SessionSaver keeps track of the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s browser windows and
tabs. It can then restore them exactly as they were during the
browser sessions. It saves all details: window positions, tab histories etc. It can also save individual sessions for future recall.

7.1.2 Amaya
(www.w3.org/Amaya)
Amaya is essentially a Web editor, that is, a tool used to create and
update documents directly on the Web. However, the browsing
features are so seamlessly
integrated into the environment that it qualifies as a
browser, too.
Amaya is a browser as
well as an editor. It has been
designed as an active client,
that is, the user can use it to
create, edit and publish Web
sites, as well as retrieve Web

Amaya lets you edit as well as browse
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content for viewing. It can also work on a number of files at one
time.
Browsing with Amaya is similar to browsing with other Web
browsers. For example, the Amaya button bar includes stop, back,
next, refresh, home, save, and print buttons, with the only difference that you double-click a link to activate it.

Activating A Link
Since Amaya combines an editor and a browser, the manner of
activating a link is slightly different.
A single-click on the link only displays the URL of the link. The
link is actually retrieved with a double-click, and if the user wants
the link to open in a new window, then it requires a right-click.
If required, this behaviour can be changed through the
Browsing Preferences dialog under the Edit > Preferences menu.
For example, the user can disable double-click link activation
option to a single-click operation. Other browsing preferences like
the loading of images and the application of CSS can also be controlled in the Browsing Preferences menu.

Moving Backward And Forward
Amaya maintains a history list to keep track of the pages the user
has been viewing in the current session. To move backward or forward through pages in the history the user can do so either from
the File menu and then Back or Forward, or use keyboard shortcuts [Alt] + [Left Arrow] to view the previous page, and [Alt] +
[Right Arrow] to view the next page.

7.1.3 Ghostzilla
(www.ghostzilla.com)
Ghostzilla is a Web browser like Firefox, but shows up and disappears instantly, blending discreetly with the currently running
application. The result: Web pages look like part of the application.

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Why?
The user gets a browser that is
discreet and washed out from
ads and unnecessary pictures.
The Ghostzilla CD has an
additional feature: it runs
directly from CD, without
installation. While the browsing session is on, the program
creates temporary files in the Ghostzilla in action
Windows Temp directory. By
removing all files on exit it leaves no trace of activity. Only the personal settings (preferences, bookmarks, passwords, history), are
stored in an encrypted archive, at the user-specified folder.
When the user runs Ghostzilla from the CD, it restores/creates a user profile and loads in memory. All that a user can see
once it is loaded are its menu bar, address bar, and the
Welcome page. To surf, click on the address bar (or press [F6]), type
in the address of the Web site, and press [Enter]. Ghostzilla works
out the networkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proxy settings, therefore there is no need to do
any setup. If required, the proxies can be set up by choosing Setup
> Network Proxies menu option.
The appearance of the page will be grey on white. It does away
with pictures.
Hiding
The browser disappears if the user moves the mouse away. The
mere act of moving the mouse away lets the original application
resume its normal position. This sends Ghostzilla into hidingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;an
inactive, but listening stage.
Showing
To call the browser back all that is required is a left-right-left movement of the mouse.

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Exiting
For this, choose the Exit option, or press [Ctrl] + [Q]. This will completely unload Ghostzilla from memory. Here, it will offer to store
the personal settings in an archive, and then remove all the files of
the browsing session.
Menu Options
Ghostzilla has a few menu options that are not found in others
since it doesn’t have a toolbar. For example, Setup allows the user
to change the hiding level and network proxies.
Multiple Pages
Ghostzilla
enables
tabbed browsing. For a
new tab, clicking on
the New menu option
brings up a new tab. To
go back to the earlier
page, the user needs to
click on its tab. To close
a tab, the little “x” icon
at the right-most corner needs a click.

Tabbed browsing with Ghostzilla

The other way to open multiple pages is to right-click on a link,
and select Open in the New Tab option. In Ghostzilla, pop-up windows are disabled.
Ghostzilla promises to add new dimensions to the Web experience. What it does quite simply is to remove all frills—images etc.—
from the interface, and then merges the browser interface within
the interface of the currently running application.

7.1.4 Konqueror
(www.konqueror.org)
Konqueror is a multi-utility software. It combines a file manager,
a Web browser, and a file viewer.

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The User Interface
Konquerorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s user interface looks
similar to that of Internet
Explorer, but is more customisable. It works extensively with
panels, which can be rearranged
or added. For example, one click
on the Bookmarks panel opens
the bookmarked Web page on a
larger pane. Panels present an
alternate layout for the interface and allow the user to view
Web content on different panes.

The Konqueror browser

Konqueror allows browsing the local directory, that is, the
userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s root directory. This can be done either by entering locations
in the address bar, or by selecting items in the file browser window. It allows browsing in different views. These views are
arranged similar to Windows Explorer as the views differ in their
usage of icons and layout. Files can also be executed, viewed,
copied, moved, and deleted.

7.1.5 K-Meleon
(http://kmeleon.sourceforge.net)
K-Meleon is the bantam-weight champion of the browsers. It is
extremely fast, highly customisable, and amazingly light Web
browser.
K-Meleon is distributed as a
single executable installer
which extracts all the files. The
download link is http://kmeleon
.sourceforge.net/download.php
The program keeps a persession history stack. To see a
list of visited URLs, the History

Get help from the K-meleon site
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plugin needs to be enabled. The history list may also be viewed
by clicking-and-holding or right-clicking on the Back and
Forward buttons.
K-Meleon uses Layers for opening multiple Web pages in a single browser window. At any given time, only one page is visible in
the window. The other pages are on layers that are conceptually
either “under” or “over” the visible page. The user can change the
page by clicking on the desired layer in the Layers Menu, or by
using the Layers Toolbar if it is activated. The various plugins can
be activated or deactivated as required.
The browser allows the user to modify the interface by adding
and removing menu items from the menu bar. This ability is built
right into the browser preferences.

7.2 Browser Add-Ons
Web browser add-ons are designed to enhance the functionality of
the browser to make browsing more effective and entertaining—
for example, extra toolbars.

7.2.1 McAfee SiteAdvisor Plug-in for Firefox
(www.siteadvisor.com/download/ff_preinstall.html)
The
greatest
hazard to information privacy
is the ignorance
of the user, espe- McAfee’s SiteAdvisor plug-in
cially in case of spyware. Inadvertently, any person may run across
the privacy-compromising software. To help keep such online nuisances at bay, McAfee has come out with this tool. This tests the
safety of different Web sites, then ranks them as safe, questionable, or potentially dangerous.

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Once the tool has been installed, the user will have access to
the McAfee safety ratings via a small icon at the bottom of the
browser. The button will turn red if the user is visiting a potentially hazardous site. It also displays its ratings next to Google
and Yahoo! search results, so that people can avoid unsafe Web
destinations.
The SiteAdvisor Web site explains it all, and it is very easy to
install the plugin.
To configure the plugin to allow particular Web sites, click on
the Edit Options button. An “Allowed Sites” window will appear.
You then type the address of the site (such as www.siteadvisor.com)
into the address box. Then, click on the Allow button, followed by
Close. Thereafter, you will need to close all browser windows, and
start over.

7.2.2 Stumble Upon
(www.stumbleupon.com)
StumbleUpon allows the user to
surf through the best-reviewed
sites on the Web. It is a collaborative surfing tool for browsing,
reviewing, and sharing information about Web sites with likeminded people. This brings up
some really interesting Web site
surprises.

The StumbleUpon plug-in

StumbleUpon works like this: the first time it is launched, the
user specifies his areas of interest thereby setting the search criteria of the software. Every time the user makes a search,
StumbleUpon returns relevant results according to the user’s
focus area. The user has the option of ranking the Web content
that he comes across through the tool. As this happens,
StumbleUpon keeps on updating it’s search parameters. This
ensures that the user always gets what interests him.
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7.2.3 Mouse Gestures
(https://addons.mozilla.org/firefox/39/)
This software is like a piece of art. It allows the user to execute
common commands (like page forward / backward, close tab, new
tab) by mouse gestures drawn over the Web page. Yes, all this without using the toolbar or the keyboard a single time.
The user can also use click-only “rocker” gestures, which are
even faster than drawn gestures. This is something similar to setting a set sequence of mouse clicks to which the browser responds.
For example, the user can set three repeated mouse clicks as a
command to refresh the page.

7.3 Instant Messaging
7.3.1 Miranda Instant Messenger
(www.miranda-im.org)
Miranda is a multi-protocol instant messaging application for
Windows which scores through its simplicity. It supports plugins
to enhance its functionality. In fact, plugins are responsible for
supporting the IM protocols and additional features. There some
plugins that come bundled by default while the user can download the others from the Miranda IM Web site. This keeps Miranda
lean and fast. There are currently over 500 plugins for Miranda!
Miranda can be customised in its look and function according
to the individual’s preferences. This is due to its flexible design.
Buddy management is convenient because of the inbuilt features
such as contact renaming as well as plugins such as QuickSearch,
which simplify the organisation of contacts. The buddies may even
be on different networks.
It maintains a record of all instant messages, and can recover
them at a later time. Besides, they can be deleted automatically or
manually with either the DB Tool or the History Sweeper plugin.
Miranda can be configured to display photos or contact details

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when the mouse cursor is placed over a contact in the contact list.
Miranda is free of advertising and free of charge.
Miranda attracts people who like to tweak their software
because of its flexible nature. An advanced user may wish to dig
deeper into the Miranda IM database files with one of the available
database plugins.

7.3.2 Gaim
(http://gaim.sourceforge.net)
Gaim is the real all-in-one pro. It is a multi-protocol IM client for Linux, BSD, MacOS X, and
Windows. And, it enjoys compatibility with
AIM, ICQ (Oscar protocol), MSN Messenger,
Yahoo!, IRC, Jabber, and many more.
Gaim users are given the facility to log in
to multiple accounts on multiple IM networks simultaneously. Therefore, a user may
be chatting to a friend on MSN Messenger,
and be talking to a friend on Yahoo!
Messenger at the same time.
Besides support for features such as file
transfer, away messages, and typing notification, it provides many unique features, such Gaim in action
as Buddy Pounces which give the ability to
notify the user. It also comes with plugins
such as ones for spell checking, tabbed conversations, and more.
Gaim integrates well with GNOME 2 and KDE 3.1â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s system tray,
as well as with Windowsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; system tray. Gaim is under constant
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7.4 FTP Clients
7.4.1 FileZilla
(http://filezilla.sourceforge.net)
FileZilla is a really powerful software. It is designed for Windows
with support for FTP, SFTP, and FTPS (secure FTP i.e. FTP over
SSL/TLS). Some of the standout features are the site manager and
the message log.
The site manager is
like a database of FTP
Web sites. It allows the
user to create a list of
FTP sites. For each Web
site it also maintains
their connection data:
the port number and
the protocol to use, and
whether to use anonymous or normal logon.

Copying files in FileZilla

The message log displays the commands sent by FileZilla and
the remote serverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s responses (for the interested, this feature lets
you keep track of the communication between the client and the
server). It is placed along the top of the window.
The file and folder view are displayed under the message log. It
provides a graphical interface for FTP. Users can navigate through
folders, and view and alter their contents. This facility is extended
to both local and remote machines. The tool for this is similar to
Windows Explorer.
The transfer queue shows the real-time status of each requested / transferring file. The queue is displayed along the bottom of
the program window. FileZilla is available at http://sourceforge.
net/project/showfiles. php?group_id=21558

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7.4.2 gFTP
(http://gftp.seul.org)
gFTP is a multithreaded FTP client, that is, it allows simultaneous
downloads from multiple sites. It has been designed for Linux;
however, it can also be used on Windows and Mac OS X.
For the user interface, it has two options: a GUI and a command-line interface. It supports almost all prevalent file transfer protocols.
The layout is double-paned. On the left is the local file system
and on the right, the remote file system. Immediately below the
panes, the transfer queue shows the real-time status of each file
transfer (queued or active). Thereafter, there is a message log,
which displays the text commands and responses between gFTP
and the remote server.
How do I install gFTP?
To compile gFTP, extract the files from the distribution with
“tar -zxvf gftp-<version>.tar.gz” Then, go to the gftp-<version>
directory and type in
./configure
Make
The “configure” script will generate a Makefile for your
machine, and “Make” will compile a binary. If the compile succeeds without any errors, then the user will be required to type in:
make install
This will install the necessary files.
gFTP is recommended for those who wish to be in the know of
everything that takes place during the transfer of files.

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7.4.3 Secure FTP
http://secureftp.glub.com
Secure FTP provides a secure
medium for transferring files.
It allows for a 128-bit encrypted secure connection to be
made to a FTPS server i.e. FTP
over SSL.
The application comes in
two versions: a graphical user
interface (GUI) and a com- SecureFTP on a Mac
mand-line interface. This
makes Secure FTP a great option for both novice and advanced
users.
The client is supported on Windows, Mac OS X, and any Linux
distribution where the Java 2 runtime environment (version 1.4+)
is present.

Installation
Installation in Windows and Mac OS X is straightforward with the
only requirement being that Java 2 should be installed.
For Linux:
1. If the system does not have Java 2, it must first be downloaded
and installed. (www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp)
2. The latest version of Secure FTP can be downloaded from its Web
site.
3. Since, the installer is an executable shell script, you run the
download as if it were an executable, i.e.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;sh ./<installer>.binâ&#x20AC;?
Thereafter, the installation wizard takes over.

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Using It
Windows
Choose Secure FTP 2.5 to run the version with the graphical user
interface (GUI) or Secure FTP 2.5 [CLI] to run the text-based command-line interface.
Mac OS X
The GUI can be accessed from the Secure FTP 2.5 lock icon.
However, to run the command-line interface, you launch the
Terminal program and type “ftps” at the prompt.
*nix
For the GUI, you go to the install location and run
“sh ./secureftp.sh” at the prompt. To access the command-line
interface, you go to the install location and run “sh ./ftps.sh” at the
prompt.

7.4.4 CyberDuck
(http://cyberduck.ch)
This is an FTP and SFTP client for Mac OS X that supports FTP/TLS
(FTP secured over SSL/TLS). It provides the user with the ability to
upload and download via drag and drop.
Cyberduck provides support for multiple languages.

7.5 Mail Clients
7.5.1 Mozilla Thunderbird
(www.mozilla.com/thunderbird)
Thunderbird is a cross-platform e-mail and news client developed
by the Mozilla Foundation. It has been modelled after Mozilla
Firefox. Thunderbird is not a personal information manager.
Extensions allow additional functionality as and when required.
Message Management
Thunderbird manages multiple e-mail and newsgroup accounts.
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And, it can also support multiple identities within accounts.
Some of the features are quick
search, advanced message filtering, and message grouping.
Junk Filtering
Thunderbird comes with an
inbuilt spam filter, and can also ThunderBirdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s startup screen
understand classifications provided by filters such as SpamAssassin.
Extensions
Extensions allow the addition of features through the installation
of XPInstall modules (known as XPI or zippy installation). For
example, Enigmail uses OpenPGP for message encryption.
Extensions are available on the Mozilla Update site, and may be
upgraded through the client. Thunderbird also has an inbuilt RSS
reader.
Junk Mail Filters
Thunderbirdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s advanced mail filtering keeps on updating its
process to more rigorous levels over a period of time. It also protects the user from phishing.
Customising Thunderbird
You can change the entire look, feel and functionality of
Thunderbird through the themes and extensions available at the
Mozilla Update site.

The user interface and functionality are similar to that of
Microsoft Outlook. However, the distinguishing features are really
good. They include iCalendar support and full-text indexing of all
incoming mail. The e-mail filters are really powerful, and can be
configured according to your preference. Then there is the
“Virtual Folders” feature, which are basically saved searches that
look like normal mail folders.
Evolution can be connected
to a Microsoft Exchange Server
using its Web interface and an
Evolution
add-on
called
Connector. The Multisync feature enables it to be synchronized with mobile phones and
PDAs.

The calendar in Evolution

7.5.3 PhpGmailDrive
(http://pgd.sourceforge.net)
PhpGmailDrive is also known as PGD. It is written in PHP to share
Gmail file attachments on the Web, and therefore is a really useful online file sharing utility.
It uses Gmail as a file hosting
service and uses all of the 2.7 GB
space file hosting. Once it has been
installed, PGD automatically connects to the Gmail server. From
there, it fetches a list of attached
files and arranges them. Since PGD
follows the GmailFS standard it can
handle Gmail attachments uploaded
by any GmailFS client.

All your Gmail attachments

Features
❍ It supports multiple Gmail accounts in the same instance of the
program.
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It is supported by all major browsers, including Mozilla Firefox
and Internet Explorer.
❍ The total size of the script is around 100 KB.
❍

7.5.4 Daffodil Organizer
(www.daffodildb.com/daffodil-organizer.html)
Daffodil Organizer is a cross-platform standalone e-mail client.
The only requirement is to have JVM installed. The Organizer
affords good accessibility and high flexibility to customise the
application.
It uses an RDBMS (a Relational Database Management System) to
store all e-mails and user details. The use of the database gives flexibility in organising e-mails. Plus, the database is also encrypted.
Though Daffodil Organizer uses its parent company’s database, Daffodil DB, it is also compatible with other popular RDBMS
like SQL Server, MySQL, etc.
Daffodil Organizer provides the user with the feature of
importing mails from Outlook Express and Outlook.

7.6 RSS Readers
7.6.1 RSS Bandit
(www.rssbandit.org)
RSS Bandit is an RSS/Atom RSS
Reader. This one allows the user with
the functionality of a desktop client
and a Web-based RSS Reader (such as
Newsgator Online), synchronizing
the state of their subscribed feeds.
For this, the user must have an
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The user can synchronize particular sessions of RSS Bandit
using FTP or a file share utility. The data is transferred in a ZIP file
that contains information about the current state of the feeds
such as flagged items, read/unread messages etc. This is extremely useful for people who use RSS Bandit on different computers
like from home and work.
The User Interface
The toolbar has all the operational tools. It is placed at the top of
the interface window.
The list of the feeds to which the user is subscribed is on the
left side. The feeds are organised into category folders created by
the user. To create a new category, the user needs to right click on
any existing category folder. This will bring up a context menu,
with ‘New Category’ as its second option.
The Feed Details panel is on the right side and is divided into
two panes. The first pane contains the list of headlines for the
selected feed or feed category. Right-clicking on a headline item
brings up a menu that allows the user to post a reply, flag it, copy
it, etc.
The second pane contains the actual content of a selected
headline. The look and feel of the reading pane can be customised
by choosing a format stylesheet via the Options menu.
RSS Bandit allows the user to customise the layout of the reading pane and headlines list by going to the View menu and selecting “Reading Pane Position”.
Configuring Newsgroups
For configuring RSS Bandit, the user has to specify a public NNTP
(Network News Transfer Protocol) server—for example, news.
microsoft.com—and subscribe to newsgroups on that server.
Under the Tools menu, select the Newsgroups > Menu item.
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This will bring up the Manage Newsgroups dialog. Here, you click
on the Add News Server button to add a newsgroup server. In the
field labelled News Account, you enter in a username for the news
server. For the Default Identity, you select an identity to associate
with the desired newsgroup postings. Then you click on the Server
Settings option to enter the server connection information. In the
Server Name field you enter the DNS entry (or IP address).
To display a list of all the newsgroups on the server, you click
on the news server within the tree view, and then on the Refresh
List button. After a brief moment, the list view will be populated
with the available newsgroups.
To subscribe to a newsgroup, you either double-click the newsgroup in the list or select the newsgroup and click the Subscribe
button. This will bring up the Add New Subscription dialog.
Hereon, the procedure is similar to subscribing to a Feed. Once the
Wizard is done, the newsgroup shows up in the list of feed subscriptions.

7.6.2 RSSOwl
(www.rssowl.org)
RSSOwl is a news aggregator for RSS and Atom News feeds. It gathers data from RSS-compliant sites. It also allows to organise,
update, and store information from any compliant source. Apart
from this, it also saves selected information in various formats for
offline viewing and sharing.
RSSOwl generates PDF / RTF / HTML documents from any news
source, and has a powerful search engine for searching for particular news feeds.
The software allows to send mail NewsTip to friends about
shared areas of interest. It can also display secure news feeds from
HTTPS servers.

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7.7 RSS Feed Generators
7.7.1 ListGarden
(www.softwaregarden.com/products/listgarden)
ListGarden is a tool for
manually creating and
maintaining RSS feeds. It is
an authoring tool with a
browser interface, and be
run locally on a computer
running Windows, Mac OS
X, or Linux. It can also be
accessed remotely through
a Web server.
ListGarden feeds

The remote access feature is useful for RSS feeds that need to
be updated on a regular basis—for example, change logs, event lists
etc. The program does not require the user to have any knowledge
of XML or the RSS data format. The entire process of editing and
addition of new items has been made very simple.
ListGarden can also act as a simple list manager with its listmaintenance functions.
The program requires the Perl language system on computers
running Windows. Therefore, a version of ListGarden has been
bundled together in a single file with a Perl system. Once installed,
it sits as an icon in the system tray, and interacts with the user
through a browser.

How To Use It
To interact with the program, you open a Web browser, and type
in “http://127.0.0.1:6555” in the address bar. It can also be accessed
by double-clicking on the tray icon.
To exit the program, you use the Quit button in the interface
of ListGarden in the browser.
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To create an RSS feed, you first assign a local name for the feed.
This is used to create a local data file, and thereafter, you fill in the
title and description of the RSS feed and the URL of the Web site it
refers to.
Next, you add new items to the RSS feed. And then, you enter
the destination information and publish the RSS feed.
The result of all that you have done is an XML file in RSS format. Along with it an optional companion HTML file can also be
generated, and this file can be read in a browser.
The user can maintain multiple RSS feeds with ListGarden.
An important and useful aspect of ListGarden is that it stores
information about the RSS feed on the same machine even if the
operation was done on a remote access server. This enables the
user to continue from where he left off. When the user publishes an update to the RSS feed, ListGarden connects to the Web
server to upload an updated copy of the XML file that makes up
the RSS feed.

7.7.2 AgileRss
(www.agilerss.com)
AgileRss is a desktop aggregator. It has the ability to display any
RSS, ATOM, and XML news feed, and therefore, allows the user to
remain updated with the preferred sources of information that
support RSS.
The RSS News Ticker is headline displayer. It stays at the top of
the screen. The user can customise the news ticker from the preferences panel.
AgileRss makes life simple: it reduces the time and effort needed to check for updates, is able to subscribe to a new feed. Also, it
can be configured to check for new content at user decided intervals, and retrieve the content.

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7.8 Network Analysis Tools
7.7.1 Ethereal
(www.ethereal.com)
Ethereal is a network packet analyser—it captures network packets
and then displays that packet data in as much detail as possible. It
operates on the Network layer.
The tool is used by network engineers for troubleshooting and analysis. It
is also used as a test bed for
software and protocol development. Ethereal runs on all
popular computing platforms, including Linux and
Windows.
Ethereal in action

Ethereal captures traffic
from various network media apart from Ethernet. The support for
a media type is determined by factors such as the operating system
being used. Ethereal can open/save packets captured from/to a
large number of other capture programs.
Windows Installation
The user can install directly from the Ethereal installer.
However, to install the tool through the command line, certain
parameters are:
(i) /NCRC disables the CRC check
(ii) /S runs the installer or uninstaller with default values.
(iii) /desktopicon installation of the desktop icon, where “=yes”
amounts to force installation, and “=no” to deny installation.
(iv) /quicklaunchicon is for the installation of quick launch icon,
where “=yes” and “=no” mean the same as above.
(v) /D sets the default installation directory ($INSTDIR).
Example: ethereal-setup-0.10.13.exe /NCRC /S /desktopicon=yes
/quicklaunchicon=no /D=C:\Program Files\Foo
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7.7.2 SNMPstat
(http://snmpstat.sourceforge.net)
SNMPstat is a monitoring system to monitor network devices.
Since it includes HTTP service and a user directory, it is a core component of a monitoring server.
Some important components of the tool are:
❍ A monitoring daemon, snmpstatd, which maintains the status
files and the accounting journals
❍ A system daemon, mon_daemon, generates dynamic Web pages,
sends alarm messages, etc.
❍ Daily script aggregates performance data and then prepares
daily, weekly and monthly reports
❍ WWW scripts creates HTML views and shows statistics
How It Works
System collects performance data for most objects, and stores this
data. Data are recorded at a fixed interval on a regular basis. This
data may be used for graphs, reports or seen in raw format.
The Interface
The System menu brings together different components of monitoring system. The ADMIN button allows to create / modify / delete
users of this system.
The snmpstat menu and snmpstat status line have a few buttons, and the status line shows summary status of the system.
SNMPSTAT presents data in different table formats with a list
of objects aligned along statistic bars. These can be configured and
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7.9 Web Authoring
7.9.1 Nvu
(www.nvu.com)
Nvu from the stables of Mozilla.org follows the standard set by
Mozilla Firefox and Mozilla Thunderbird. It is a standalone tool,
and therefore provides a Web Authoring System for Linux,
Windows and Macintosh users. The new Web editing environment
is based on the Mozilla platform.
FTP Site Manager
Nvu provides the user with the facility to browse certain Web sites in
a sidebar. These Web sites need to be specified in the Publishing
Settings. The sidebar offers a variety of View options. For example, a
tree view, or a one-dir-only view. It also makes it possible to filter files,
that is, only HTML documents or image files too. The browsing area
also shows the size of each file and the date of last modification.
Tabs
Mozilla Firefox’s killer feature—the tabs—is available in Nvu, too.
What this means is that the user can work on several documents
at one time all within a single window. And, each document has
an independent Undo/Redo stack.
CSS Editor
Nvu incorporates CaScadeS, the CSS editor add-on (originally in
Mozilla Composer). It allows the user to create stylesheets and also
to manage them. Besides, the user can see the style settings
applied live to the document being edited.
Customizable Toolbars
The user can customise the toolbars. And, if there is a requirement
for more buttons then a new toolbar can be created.
Table/Cell Resizing Rulers
On the left and top side of the opened tab, convenient table
resizing rulers are provided, which will help in adjusting the
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size of rows and columns in any table in the Web page being
designed.
Automated Spellchecker
The integrated in-line spellchecker underlines all misspelled words as
they are typed to ensure correct spelling throughout the Web page.

7.9.2 Bluefish
(http://bluefish.openoffice.nl)
Bluefish is a powerful editor meant for experienced Web designers
and programmers. Although Bluefish supports many programming and markup languages, the focus is one editing Web sites
with dynamic and interactive content. It is designed for Linux,
FreeBSD, Mac OS X, OpenBSD, Solaris, and Tru64.
Features
Bluefish is a lightweight editor taking much less memory to load
and exit when compared to other editors. It loads Web sites really
fast, and has a highly customisable interface. In fact, the user can
specify the layout of the interface. Besides, Bluefish supports a feature known as Multiple document interface (MDI), which enables
it to open simultaneously documents in excess of 500!
It can handle and support remote files using prominent transport protocols such as FTP and HTTP. The number of languages
that it supports is amazing. From C to HTML, PHP to Java—if it’s a
development or markup language, the editor will support it.
Bluefish has support for multiple encodings—it supports universal character sets such as Unicode, thereby allowing developers
to target their Web site at Asian countries.
For the newbies, all HTML tags have been given dialogs that
details all their attributes. The user can define a toolbar for quick
access to all the frequently-used functions.Bluefish has a thumbnail
creation feature. This feature makes thumbnail creation a very easy
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tates making screenshot pages (i.e., a number of thumbnails are
shown together as in a album).

7.10.1 Apache Web Server
(www.apache.org)
The Apache HTTP Server Project is one of the most popular
servers. The effort is to have an open-source HTTP server for
most operating systems including UNIX and Windows NT. And,
the result is a secure, and efficient server that provides HTTP
services in sync with current HTTP standards. As a matter of fact
surveys have indicated that close to 70 per cent of Web sites use
Apache.
How To Run It
Apache is run as a service on Windows NT/2000/XP, or as a console
application on Windows 9x/ME. On Unix, the httpd program is run
as a daemon that executes continuously in the background.
Operating System Requirements
TCP/IP networking must be installed on the system. On Windows
NT 4.0, installing Service Pack 6 is strongly recommended.
Downloading Apache for Windows
The latest versions of Apache are found at http://httpd.apache.org
/download.cgi.
For Windows installations, the user should download the version with the .msi extension. This is a single Microsoft Installer
file, which contains a ready-to-run version of Apache.
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Installing Apache for Windows
The user needs to have Microsoft Installer 2.0 or above for the
installation to work. Then all that needs to be done is to run the
Apache .msi file. The installation will ask for certain things which
you will configure as follows:
(a) Network Domain—you will enter the DNS domain in which the
server is or will be registered in. For example, if the server’s full
DNS name is server.domain.net, you type domain.net here.
(b) Server Name—the server’s full DNS name.
(c) Administrator’s e-mail Address—you enter the server administrator’s or Webmaster’s email address here.
(d) For whom to install Apache: you select for All Users, on Port 80,
as a Service. This is recommended if Apache is required for personal experimenting or if there is already another WWW server
running on port 80.
(e) The installation type—you select Typical for everything except
the source code and libraries for module development.
(iv) Where to install—the default path is C:\Program Files\Apache
Software Foundation, under which a directory called Apache2.2
will be created by default.

Running Apache as a Console Application
Apache is sometimes easier to work from the command line as a
console application. For this, you use the command “apache”.
Apache will execute, and will remain running until it is stopped
by pressing [Ctrl] + [C].

7.10.2 Cherokee Web Server (www.0x50.org)
Cherokee is a very fast and flexible Web Server. It has support for
all the current technologies: FastCGI, PHP, and more. Along with
strong security features, it also allows Virtual Hosts, on-the-fly
encoding, and Apache-compatible log files.
The following requirements exist for building Cherokee:
1. The system must have some basic system programs like a sh
shell, make, and a ANSI C compiler.
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the server, the system will require a Python interpreter installed.
3. To compile Cherokee with secure connections support, the system
will require at least one of the two libraries, OpenSSL and GNUTLS.
The build process is easy, and allows the user to customise the
server according to his needs.
Secure connections: TLS / SSL
The configuration script detects if there is a suitable installation
of GNUTLS or OpenSSL libraries installed on the system. If it finds
one of them, it will compile the server with SSL/TLS support. The
user can specify which of the two files should compile:
(a) GNU TLS library:
--enable-tls=gnutls
(b) OpenSSL:
--enable-tls=openssl
To disable the SSL/TLS support, the user needs to provide the
following parameter:
--disable-tls
IPv6 support
Cherokee supports IPv6. It can support both the IPv4 and the IPv6
stack at the same time. There is a configuration option that will
allow the user to disable the IPv6 support on run time. For this,
you use:
--disable-ipv6
Unlike other Web server programs, Cherokee needs to be
installed. The reason is that it uses libraries and extension modules that do not work if the user tries to execute it directly from
the installation directory.
In order to install all the required files, just execute
make install
Once the installation is done, the user is required to restart the
system, and the server is ready for use.
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7.11 Wiki Engines
A wiki is a modifiable Web page. It is a form of Web site presentation that allows people to share knowledge, and to edit Web site
content. The same control is extended to the people reviewing or
viewing the Web site. Wikis emphasis on simplicity, speed, and collaboration has fuelled the growth of wiki communities.

7.11.1 MoinMoin
(http://moinmoin.wikiwikiWeb.de)
MoinMoin is an advanced, easy to use and extensible Wiki
Engine. Unlike other wiki engines, MoinMoinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s back end is flat
files and folders, rather than a database. This makes it easy to
manipulate the content in a text editor on the server. The use
of flat files does have its limitations as it does not allow scalability and limits the ability of the software to relate data as a
database does.
MoinMoin supports plugins and therefore, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s functionality
can be substantially enhanced. An extreme example of the power
of MoinMoin is that it is able to receive the output of different
wiki engines, and then able to translate them into its own.
MoinMoin has a desktop version as well.

Features
1. Markup
It has all the functionalities of a standard word editor with different font and heading settings. MoinMoin allows several links interwiki links, URLs, etc.
2. Wiki base features
The base creates backups of all page revisions. It offers simple
page storage i.e. the page gets stored in a directory exactly as it
was intended.
3. Navigation
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TitleIndex, WordIndex etc. The search function is also very elaborate based on different criterion.
4. Extensibility
MoinMoin can be easily extended, without changing the code.
5. Environment
Since MoinMoin has been written in Python (www.python.org), it
runs on all major operating systems—Linux, Windows, Mac OS X.
It does not require external support like PHP, SQL or any database.
It runs with standard CGI (Apache, IIS etc.).
7.11.2 WikiWikiWeb
(www.c2.com/cgi/wiki)
Also know as WikiWiki or Wiki, this is the first ever wiki, written
in Perl. As a matter of fact, the term wiki as used in association
with Wikipedia came from this original wiki.
This wiki’s primary focus is people, projects and patterns in
Software Development. All Wiki content is work in progress. It
changes as people come and go.
7.11.3 Zwiki
(www.zwiki.org)
Zwiki is a powerful wiki engine. It is able to automatically generate a page hierarchy and supports a variety of text markups. It
enables the user to do editing through a external tool, and provides good security features. And yes, it can include RSS Feeds, too.
7.11.4 FlexWiki
(www.flexwiki.com)
FlexWiki is a part of Microsoft’s shared source initiative. It uses
.NET technology and has an integrated, scripting language called
WikiTalk. WikiTalk is in turn based on the SmallTalk programming language. Therefore, it is an object-oriented language, and
allows users to add dynamic behaviours to their topics.

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Security

W

e’ve heard from many that open source platforms and
operating systems are more secure than those of the
rivals. On the other hand, the free and open source tools
are dismissed by the others as being “no good.” What is the reality?
We shall let you decide as you get to evaluate some of the best
security solutions the community effort has to offer.

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8.1 Anti-Virus
Why is it that the “anti” prefix has failed to gain the limelight in
the domain of open source? We quote from the Web site of
OpenAntiVirus (OpenAV), one of the pioneers in the field:
“OpenAntiVirus is not just another virus scanner to put on a computer! OpenAntiVirus is a platform for people seriously interested
in anti-virus research, network security and computer security to
communicate with each other, to develop solutions for various
security problems, and to develop new security technologies. “

8.1.1 The Movement Today
That statement does the job for potential white hats who intend to
stop the baddies in their tracks. Unfortunately for home users, it
sounds discouraging. It is true that the research is in a nascent
stage, with many such tools in their alphas, but there have been
some surprise discoveries. Perhaps the most active and widespread
tool in use today is ClamAV, a creation of Tomasz Kojm. As the project leader, he looks back to his childhood days and explains how
he had raised a clam hoping to find a big shiny pearl inside its
shell. Unfortunately the clam died closed, but down a few years,
Kojm had found his pearl, and named it ClamAV. The 2006
SourceForge.net Community Awards declared ClamAV the runnerup in the security arena.
While most proprietary “anti” utilities seem to have bagged one
award or the other, ClamAV is a successor to the now almost-defunct
OpenAV project. ClamAV was earlier an add-on to the latter, which
was coded in an interpreted language, Java. The immense popularity of the OpenAV edition inspired Kojm to make his own daemon
application that was free from the overheads associated with Java.
The resulting version of ClamAV sported both a command-line scanner and a virus database auto-updater, unlike its predecessor.

8.1.2 The Comparison
The obvious question is, where exactly do ClamAV and its clones
stand in the real world?
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The efficacy of an anti-virus solution is estimated by testing
against viruses in the wild and those historically called zoo viruses. In-the-wild ones are responsible for wreaking havoc as we read
in the newspapers, while the zoo viruses are either outdated or
are captive in the databases of virus researchers. The open source
model allows for faster response time to new outbreaks. Yes, even
faster than your favourite commercial anti-virus solution. But
most of the open source anti-virus tools fail to detect as many zoo
viruses and often generate false positives unlike their proprietary
counterparts. This could be attributed to the fact that they
arrived at a later date and missed out the early threats posed by
those zoo viruses.
On the other hand, many people can look into the detection
engines, fix bugs and provide quicker solutions. Caveat emptor! In
July 2004, a test was conducted by University of Hamburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Virus
Test Center. You may have already guessed: ClamAV, celebrating
its first birthday at the time, fared pathetically in the tests. It
detected fewer than 50 per cent of in-the-wild and zoo viruses
compared to the 90 per cent accuracy of commercial rivals.
Though itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s been a long time since such a test has been conducted, the general belief is that false positive rates and misses are
more frequent in ClamAV. Coming to the point, the open source
virus database has signatures of over 71,000 viruses till date,
which could just be a third of the actual number. Still, it is not
that bad a number, noting that many viruses that are not detected comprise zoo ones, which cease to cause any harm today.
Moreover, as soon as a newer strain is released, the ClamAV community is one of the first few to respond.

8.1.3 The Clam package for Windows
MS Windows has long been a favourite target of viruses. While
cross-platform viruses may just be lurking around, a huge percent
of viruses is confined to that OS. Luckily, the Clam pack has a
release for Windows, called ClamWin. ClamWin can be obtained
from www.clamwin.com/content/view/18/46/

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8.1.3.1 Installation and setting up
1. Run the ClamWin setup after downloading.
2. Click Start > Programs > ClamWin Antivirus > Virus Scanner.
3. You will need to have an Internet connection in order to download the virus database before you can use it.
Some features
you can select by
clicking
the
Preferences button:
1. Delete/quarantine
infected
files: You can
choose one of
these
2.
Schedule
scans: Any time
can be chosen
3. E-mail alert:
Alert on e-mail
when a new
threat / infected
file is found
4. Set scan fre
quency:
How
often to scan
5. File filter pat
terns: Describes
which files to
scan

ClamWin preferences

Scanning for viruses

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8.1.3.2 Scanning for viruses
1. The main screen
shows a list of
drives, and doubleclicking each drive
reveals the underlying folders.
2. Select as many as
you like while
holding
the
[Shift] key.
3. Click Scan For
Viruses from the
menu bar.
After scanning,
you will be presented with a report giving out the details
and actions taken.
Note that any other
anti-virus should be
disabled
while
ClamWin is running, else it will
bring up a â&#x20AC;&#x153;file
access deniedâ&#x20AC;? error
as alongside.

Virus(es) Found!

File Access Denied Error

8.1.3.3 How you can contribute
Tweaking and tuning the engines may be limited to the developers or intermediate to advanced level programmers, but any user
can contribute by submitting undetected virus and spyware samples. The community welcomes Python and C++ coders. For intermediates, documentation, testing, and bug reporting are some
challenges. And if you have the money and appreciate the effort,
you can contribute by donating to the community!

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8.1.4 The Clam Package for Linux clones
The package for Linux is called ClamAV. It can be downloaded
from www.clamav.net.

8.1.4.1 Installing
A separate group called clamav is required to set up the system.
Follow these commands:
1. #tar -xzvf clamav-0.65.tar.gz (in the directory where the source
is stored)
2. #cd clamav-0.***version***
3. #groupadd clamav
4. #useradd clamav -g clamav -c â&#x20AC;&#x153;Clam AVâ&#x20AC;? -s /nonexistent .
5. #./configure
6. #make
7. #make install
If some error crops up, you can use various flags to disable an
option, as usual. (example: --disable-zlib-vcheck)

8.1.4.2 Command-line scanning
For recursively scanning the home directory, issue the following
command:
$ clamscan --recursive --include=/home
Again, you may set any flags as and when required. For example, the --remove flag permanently deletes the file. Issue a $clamscan --help to view all the options.

8.1.4.3 The GUI front-end
Some of us are mere novices as far as command liners are concerned,
while many others still yearn for the GUI. Despair no more! Visit
http://klamav.sourceforge.net/klamavwiki/index.php/ Main_Page.
The eponymous KlamAV, an anti-virus manager for the KDE
Desktop, awaits you. The Web site has several instructions and even
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tion suggests several
references for the
same. In case you’re
the
Gnome
fan,
GClamAV does the
trick.
Researching viruses in GUI mode

8.1.5 On-accessscanning
As compared to commercial solutions, ClamAV lacked on-access
scanning, that is, the ability to scan for viruses whenever a file is
opened/referenced. However, the support for Dazuko has changed
things to a good extent: the clamd daemon implements on-access
scanning based on the Dazuko module, available at
http://dazuko.org/ . Clamuko is a special thread in clamd that communicates with Dazuko. The latter can be installed without recompiling the kernel, in the form of a module. If you aren’t
already laughing at the ludicrous names, you may use www.clamav.net/doc/0.80/html/node18.html as a guide to proceed.
For Windows users, Clam Real-time (http://sourceforge.net
/projects/clamrt) offers a workable solution. We shall discuss
another such software in the anti-spyware section.

8.1.6 Mail Scanners and other add-on utilities
❍ ClamMail,

a POP3 email proxy for Windows, works with the
underlying ClamAV anti-virus engine. It shields one from viruses transferred via e-mail. It is compatible with Outlook,
Thunderbird, Eudora, and other mail clients that use the POP3
protocol.
❍ remoteClam is a Windows-Service. It allows remote activation of
virus scans with ClamAV.
❍ PHP ClamAV Lib is a PHP extension allowing you to incorporate
virus-scanning features in PHP scripts. It uses the ClamAV API
(libclamav) for virus scanning and supports two functions as of
now, one for file scanning and the other for buffer scanning.

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There is a popular myth that anti-virus companies hire virus
writers in order to stay in business. The issue of whether virus
writers themselves prepare anti-virus solutions for personal profit
is open to debate. It is also worth nothing that the open source
community derives no such gains and might just break this myth
in the days to come. If you wish to be one of the anti-virus community zealots, then the best way to start is by contributing newly
detected virus samples to the cause.

8.2 Anti-Spyware
As you may already know, spyware is a broad class of programs
that maliciously takes control of a computer, sometimes partially,
without alerting the owner or user. It eavesdrops, collecting vital
information from the computer such as credit card numbers and
passwords, and often is a source of adware, occasionally throwing
a pop-up banner. These might track the sites you’ve visited and
cookies exchanged, and even transmit data across the Internet.
Let’s explore some of the ways of obliterating these nasties!

8.2.1 Windows
While you may go
gaga over the motley collection of
freeware anti-spyware software available for Windows, it
might be worthwhile checking out
the source code of
some open source
tools. We’ll narrow
down our search to Downloading and Updating Databases
W i n p o o c h
Watchdog. A quick search on sourceforge.net will give you the idea
of its popularity and admirable project activity.
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You can visit the project homepage at http://winpooch. free.fr
/page/home.php?lang=en&page=home .
Winpooch is ClamWin-based, and is cited as an efficient antispyware and anti-Trojan package. Its strength lies in providing protection by scanning in real-time, what we earlier called on-access
scanning. For the nerds, it is coded in C and extensively uses API
hooking. Winpooch provides a powerful control mechanism to the
user so that any suspicious activity can be tracked. You may catch
a rodent trying to nibble at your Registry bits or making attempts
at quaffing your Internet bandwidth. On the downside, it is limited to the 32-bit architecture and so Poochy, the lively spyware
buster, will not be able to use his firearms on other maps.

8.2.1.1 How does it differ?
Winpooch differs from “just another anti-spyware software”: it
sniffs like a watchdog. While others rely heavily on spyware signatures, often limited to a database, our candidate watches programs for suspicious actions using a set of filters. ClamWin and
Winpooch can provide a perfect open source security combo. Also,
solutions from Kaspersky and BitDefender AV are compatible with
it. This might save you good bucks if you are crying over how AdAware SE could have solved the needs of mankind with its paid
“plus” package. As most security software do, Winpooch slows
down your computer to some extent. However, care has been taken
to forgo time-critical functions, that is, those functions that need
immediate servicing from the OS and cannot wait for a prolonged
period of time. This ensures that the system runs smoothly.

8.2.1.2 Installation and setting up
Start with the installer, which is a little over 1 MB. It is recommended to run Winpooch after a new OS installation, as it necessarily protects and does not destroy existing spyware.
After installation, Winpooch will offer to download the antivirus updates. Choose Update and proceed to finish the setup. It is
advisable to restart the machine. Winpooch will start on bootup,

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and upon clicking the icon in
the system tray, it pops up. You
can start by defining your own
filters. The filters help select
what kind of Registry actions
are allowed. The default filter
is applicable to all programs
and defines a set of rules.

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Poochy in action!

The terminology for defining rules is as follows:
❍ Reason: What action the rule applies to is given here.
❍ Param (No.): Additional attributes / parameters required, unique
to each reason
❍ Reactions: These specify what the required reaction should be
upon recognizing a potential threat
Ask—Ask the user what to do
Accept—Accept the action of program
Feign—Tell the spyware that everything is OK but do not
execute its intended malicious function
Reject—Discard the function completely
❍ Verbosity:

What the above rule states is, for every program that is
run/read, perform a virus scan silently, without unnecessarily
alerting the user. You may add new rules by clicking the “Add New
Rule” button.
The History section on the left toolbar provides a brief description of recent activity. It also gives out process details, reactions,
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es running on the system is
highlighted in the Processes
section. The configuration
section allows language selection, anti-virus options and
filter patterns for filenames.
Currently, Winpooch is in The Toolbar items in Winpooch
its beta release, and stability
has not been confirmed. On-read scan in real time has been active
since version 0.6, but on-write is much awaited. For optimum security, both the software and the anti-virus should be updated frequently. If the inbuilt anti-virus is used, the database gets automatically updated in three hours if there’s an Internet connection.
If you intend to contribute, the team is looking for translators,
testers, and documenters. Surprisingly, they aren’t interested in
developers!

8.2.2 POSIX flavours
Instead of raging a debate on whether any spyware targeted
towards these platforms exists or not, we’ll look at rootkits, which
in many ways, are akin to Windows spyware. Our favourite encyclopaedia—Wikipedia—defines a rootkit as “a set of software tools
intended to conceal running processes, files or system data, thereby helping an intruder to maintain access to a system whilst avoiding detection. Rootkits are known to exist for a variety of operating systems such as Linux, Solaris and versions of Microsoft
Windows. Rootkits often modify parts of the operating system or
install themselves as drivers or kernel modules.” Catch up on
rootkits and the their detection at http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Rootkits .
The quest for an auto-rootkit checker reveals an open source
tool called Rootkit Hunter. As expected, it is POSIX-compliant and
thus can be used on the BSD and *nix platforms. It can be retrieved
from http://sourceforge.net/projects/rkhunter

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8.2.2.1 Installing and using
After downloading the source,
run the installer.sh script,
which will do the needful.
Simply typing in “$rkhunter”
gives a list of all parameters.
For instance, the -c flag can be
used to check the whole system. The on-screen instructions are self-explanatory.

RkHunter battling rootkits

You may also want to check out the Linux Rootkit Detector:
http://sourceforge. net/projects/checkps

8.3 Spam and Phishing tools
Spam has been around almost ever since we’ve had email addresses.
To avoid those unneeded mortgage advantages you receive everyday
in myriads, there are several counter-measures. If you use Webbased e-mail, chances are some filters are already protecting you.
But those using the ISP’s POP3 and SMTP services are at the mercy
of spam. It always helps to use a collection of filters for guarding
your inbox, and free software is around the block once again.

8.3.1 Spamato
The punchline “Spam will have been” prepares the stage for the
show. A haven for Java folks, it is an extension for most popular email clients such as Thunderbird, MS Outlook, and Mozilla Mail,
and is also available as a stand-alone proxy component. It comes
packed with six default filters contrary to the one or two used in
many others. So instead of electing individual winners, let’s see
what it takes to get Spamato running. Start with www.spamato.net and look up the Downloads and Installation section.

8.3.1.1 Installation and setting up
From the many options,
Mozilla Thunderbird qualifies
as one of the most appreciated open source e-mail clients.
The prerequisites for Spamato
are
the
Java
Runtime
Environment (JRE 1.5) i.e. J2SE
5.0, downloadable from
www.java.com /en/download/
Installing Spamato on Thunderbird
windows_ie.jsp, and the
Thunderbird e-mail client. For MS Outlook (except Outlook 2000,
which is not supported), you will also need the .NET Framework (>
1.1) which you can get from the Microsoft Web site (no validation
required for Ver. 1.1, only the 22 MB effort!). For Macs and other email clients, Spamatoxy is available.

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JRE 1.5 is indispensable for running Spamato, and so is setting
up the appropriate environment variables to point to your JRE
directory. If you have any previous versions, uninstall them first.
To set the environment variables, go to Start > Control Panel >
Performance & Maintenance > System > Advanced > Environment
Variables tab. Now, in User Variables, Add/Edit and set the variables as follows:
1. Name: CLASSPATH; Value: ‘.’
2. Name: PATH; value: <your JRE path> e.g. C:\Program
Files\Java\jre1.5.0_06
3. Name: JAVA_HOME; value: <your JRE path>
We have just looked at an important procedure that still eludes
many users who usually seek answers at the tool’s forums .
The downloaded file for Thunderbird would be in the .xpi format (TB Extension). To install, go to Tools >Extensions > Install button. Now navigate to the directory where the extension is stored
and click Open. Next, hit Install after the usual few seconds wait,
on the next window. Restart Thunderbird.

8.3.1.2 Moving Around
There is no default toolbar for
Thunderbird, but you can use
Spamato’s buttons by following
View > Toolbars > Customize
and then dragging the buttons
to the toolbar. You can now proceed to check for Spam or to
open the configuration menu.

The toolbar in the top right corner

8.3.1.3 Configuring
Chances are you want total control of the system. And the best
part is that Spamato can learn over time. But don’t be surprised
when some important mail ends up being labelled as junk and
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ware learns about the spam you receive, you keep a tag on the
Spamato folder that is appended to the list of folders on the left
side, in Thunderbird.
To tweak Spamato, open your favourite Web browser and type
in http://localhost:8574/ . Alternatively, you can choose Tools >
Spamato > Configure Stamato4Thunderbird. Here, you can view
all spam-related statistics, and define how it should learn from
subsequent usage. Artificial Intelligence at last!
On the configuration screen,
check the boxes meant for filters
that are to be used. (e.g.
Bayesianato, Razor Filter). There
are six such filters. Clicking the
Filter History tab will allow you
to manually report mails
received as Spam. If you “revoke”
the legitimate mails and report Configuring the Tomato!
the Spam, it wouldn’t be long before the system gets trained in
recognising legitimate mails. You can save your work by hitting
Save. The Spamato Decision Maker makes the decision about
future e-mails. For example, the “Average Decision Maker” averages all the filter results, and if the result is greater or equal to 0.5,
then the mail is declared Spam, else Ham. The Decision Maker tab
will give you an overview of the decision makers in use. New plugins and other learning mechanisms can also be installed by selecting the Plugins tab.
As a final word, if one doesn’t want to blindly rely on the
Web-based filtering mechanisms but prefers the features and
convenience of the e-mail clients offering customised Spam protection, this one is a must-try. For starters, Gmail is one service
that allows free POP and SMTP access that needs to be enabled
from the Web site. It wouldn’t hurt to add your own smarter protection at home. If you’re interested, you can even contribute by
developing your own filter.

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8.3.2 Phishing in the sea
Phishing attacks involve extracting vital information from the
quarry using social engineering by masquerading as a trustworthy
entity. To stop those credit card numbers from leaking out, here is
a list of tools worth checking out:
Open Phishing Database project (http://opdb.berlios.de/): This
project maintains an open database of phishing sites and provides browser utilities for using those. FireFish for Mozilla
Firefox is one such.
❍ SpoofStick (www.spoofstick.com/): No word on whether it is open
source or not, but you can take a quick peek at the sources of
the Firefox extension.
❍ SpoofGuard (http://crypto.stanford.edu/SpoofGuard/): It is targeted towards both Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox
users. A set of weights is defined which can be changed anytime. These weights are assigned to different activities that
add up to detect spoofing attempts. The Firefox version is
available as an extension.
❍

8.4 Firewalls
A firewall is analogous to digging a deep moat around your castle
to protect yourself from foes. It can be either hardware- or software-based, and makes sure that the traffic that flows through the
network complies with the local security policy. This section will
lead you through how to use open source tools for setting up such
barriers and secure your computer to a good extent from the
Stygian realms of the Internet.

8.4.1 Affaire d’honneur
Indeed, this is the battle for honour, wherein your computer is the
artefact, the town centre to be protected. We start by securing a
typical Windows box.

8.4.1.1 WIPFW
WIPFW for Windows is based on the popular IPFW1 for the
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FreeBSD OS. The latter performs packet filtering and accounting
that allows definition and querying of rules utilised by the kernel
to make routing decisions. It consists of two sections—the firewall
section that performs filtering, and the IP accounting section dealing with the monitoring of usage and traffic flows.
To install, download the installer from http://sourceforge.net/
projects/wipfw and run the Install script. Now, you may issue an
ipfw command with the required arguments. A GUI front-end for
generating the rc.firewall configuration file is also available (QT
Firewall). If you do choose this, don’t miss a complete description
of options in the nicely-formatted online documentation at
http://wipfw.sourceforge.net/doc.html .

8.4.1.2 Firewall PAPI/FHK
Simply put, deciphering how to
set rules is child’s play in this
firewall. Nevertheless, this
could qualify as an important
educational tool, especially if
you want to learn how a basic
firewall is coded. Hats off to the
open source community.

FirewallPAPI

Download link: www.txakynetwork.com/pages/downloads.htm

8.4.1.3 iSafer Winsock Firewall
This one is highly recommended. It not only acts as a firewall, but
also protects against spyware and spam. Adding, editing and deleting rules is very simple, and the activity monitor does a good job
at showing the action (DENY/ALLOW) taken for each packet. The
resource site is http://winsockfirewall.sourceforge.net. The online
user guide should see you through in almost no time.
The compact menu bar gives the option to start or stop the firewall. To configure, click the Option tab. In the F/W Rule Set tab,
you may add either the IP or Application rules. Click the Add Rule

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Defining rules with iSafer

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The real-time mode

button and specify the range of addresses and ports for which the
rule is applicable. Access can be either allowed or denied by choosing the appropriate option. Also, new rules can be created for specific programs by clicking the Application Rule tab.
On the Security Level tab, you may select from one of the three
available levels of security. Shared folders can also be
specified/removed from the Shared Folders tab. It supports checking all / backdoor / known ports and securing them in case they
are open. After configuring, hit the Start button on the main toolbar. The real-time firewall log will intimate you about all the packet transfers across the system and will show the action taken for
individual packets (ALLOW/DENY).

8.4.2 Hardening Linux
It is assumed that you know how to tackle those rpms and have
championed unpacking and building of the sources before.
Hereafter, individual tools will be evaluated.

8.4.2.1 Firestarter
A simple, easy-to-configure firewall, Firestarter is a very small
download. You can install using the rpm or compile from source.
The official Web site is http://www.fs-security.com/ .
Setting up starts with a self-explanatory Wizard. You can later
white/black list traffic, block/allow sites and ports, make security
policies, define rules, and set up Internet Connection Sharing ,
optionally with a DHCP-enabled service for the clients.
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You can clearly see all generated traffic in real-time, and its
advanced kernel tuning feature provides protection against broadcasting, spoofing and flooding attacks. It supports both the 2.4
and the 2.6 kernels. Folks running an older version of Linux
should get the 0.8.3 version. If a port is opened under “open ports”
and closed under “close ports”, what do you think will happen?
We have here an exercise for the reader!

8.4.2.2 Bastille-Linux
Referred to as the Bastille Hardening Program, it locks down a system and makes it tougher to get compromised. It throws a questionnaire across to the administrator and explains each topic,
looking to seek the desired security settings. Later, it forms a system-wide policy and informs the admin about the fissures that
have been tightened. Thus it fulfils its main goals by educating the
novices and by helping them in making wise choices.
Download the rpm—just over 300 KB—from www.bastillelinux.org/running_bastille_on.htm. As usual, if you’re running an
antiquated Linux version, you’ll have to do the homework before
getting it to run.

8.4.2.3 Firewall Builder
www.fwbuilder.org/archives/cat_downloads.html gives you this
powerful utility. You can choose the Windows- or the Linux-based
version. Setting up can take a while and is definitely not for the
faint-hearted! The online documentation is pretty good, though,
and will see you through.

8.4.3 Heavy-duty firewalls
Having seen the lightweight PC firewalls, it’s time to pay due heed
to the 4 x 4s. If you have a medium- to large-scale network, it
makes more sense to deploy a common firewall to which the interface to the outside world is defined. For this purpose a handful of
devoted open source firewalls, though gigantic in size, are suggested. They generally require a standalone machine but in many
cases are satisfied with 386 machines.

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8.4.3.1 IPCop firewall
At a little over 43 MB, this package is worth downloading even over
dial-up! IPCop can help by
1. Securing your home network from the Internet
2. Improving performance of Web browsers (by caching frequentlyvisited sites
The prerequisites are a dedicated computer (perhaps obsolete) on which it would run, an
Internet interface (modem /
NIC), a NIC on each desktop
computer on your LAN and one
for this one, some cables, and
generally a switch or router
through which your LAN would
be connected to the IPCop fire- Traffic Monitoring with IPCop
wall machine. Note that it cannot run from a live CD, and has to be installed to the hard disk,
which erases all previous contents. So handle with discretion.
The image file, ready to be toasted, can be obtained from
www.ipcop.org , and the documentation section is exhaustive
enough to give it a shot. Again, youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll be mesmerised by the spate
of add-ons available at http://firewalladdons.sourceforge.net/ .

8.4.3.2 Endian firewall
If a 100 MB transfer is no problem, this is a must-have alternative. The Endian community aims at utilising open source software to build a complete, secure and stable firewall, and is looking for geeks who can share their ideas. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a medley of the following features:
1. A firewall that inspects each incoming and outgoing packet
2. A mail security system, wherein there is auto-protection against
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viruses and spam. (This could save you a read through the first
few sections of this chapter. Duh!)
3. Web security, content filtering by limiting access to questionable sites (Remember Net Nanny?)
4. Setting up SSL-encrypted tunnels with the help of OpenVPN.
Be sure to visit www.endian.it/en/community/about/ .

8.4.3.3 DMZS-Biatchux Bootable CD Distro (F.I.R.E)
This isn’t a firewall, but well worth the 220 MB download. It loads
off a CD and provides an environment for performing forensic
analysis, incident response, data recovery, virus scanning, and vulnerability assessment. What this distro does is, it collects some of
the best and most frequently-used tools, which go together. This
might be the ideal OS for those who want to take up security seriously and don’t know where to start. Refer to all available packages
at http://fire.dmzs.com/?section=tools .

8.4.3.4 SmoothWall Express
[DHCP with Smoothwall Express]
The SmoothWall open source project brings home yet another
firewall based on GNU/Linux. After all, Linux is often chosen for
security critical applications. Under 50 MB, it’s worth the toil, but
unfortunately there has not been an updated official release for
almost a year now. Maybe this has led to its “lost footing” at sourceforge.net. Another reason could be that many features available in
the proprietary Corporate Firewall are absent in the free Express
version as tabulated at www.smoothwall.net/products/comparison.gpl.php .

8.4.3.5 M0n0wall
If you’re looking for an embedded firewall package that has a GUI
like webmin, the tool for configuring the internals of an OS, then
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that XML may be used to store data instead of text files. The features are commendable as compared to commercial entities, and
are listed at http://m0n0.ch/wall/features.php.

8.5 The Road Aheadâ&#x20AC;Ś
In this chapter we have seen some of the most frequently-used, the
popular, and the promising security tools that the community
drive has to offer. However, these are just a handful, and by no
means vouchsafe a completely secure system. It is advisable to look
into tools like Ethereal, nmap, Nessus and the like, which have dramatically shaped security, as we see it today.
Kudos to the developers who have made the open source movement a success. The myth that most anti-virus gurus create those
bugging pests so as to stay in business may have just been broken.

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Educational Tools

T

his chapter introduces 10 educational open source programs.
These programs demonstrate the idea that researchers and
professors and such folks, while not really being part of the
â&#x20AC;&#x153;open source movementâ&#x20AC;? as it were, still devote a lot of time and
energy towards making the world a better place! Of particular note
here are the astronomy programs: children tend to have an inborn
fascination for the subject, especially when it is presented in such
an attractive manner.

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9.1 Celestia
www.shatters.net/celestia/download.html
Celestia is an excellent tool—especially for children—that allows
you to navigate the skies. It starts up in a window, and you’ll see
Earth in front of a
field of stars. When
you right-drag the
mouse, you’ll be orbiting Earth, and you
might see the Moon
and some familiar
constellations. When
you left-drag the
mouse, the “camera”
rotates about its centre instead of rotating
around
Earth. When the program starts, you see Earth
Scrolling the mouse
wheel will change
your
distance
to
Earth: you can move
light years away, then
roll the wheel back to
get back to Earth.
In the program,
you can select an
object to view. The
default object selected
is Earth. You can Navigate to any object in the provided list!
choose to “go to” a
star, moon, galaxy, etc.
One of the cool things about Celestia is the way the “camera”
zooms back and forth—it’s like a movie! In fact, in the File menu,
apart from just capturing screenshots, you can also capture movies.

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The Tour Guide contains a list of some of the more interesting
objects you can visit. In the Navigation menu, there’s a “solar system browser” and a star browser that contains many stars. The
typical Celestia experience is this—you’re at Earth, you choose a
star from the star browser, and you’ll be zooming away, with your
co-ordinates displayed on the screen, and you’ll “land” at a star—
if there’s sufficient data about the star, you’ll even be seeing what
it looks like!
There are many
features apart from
this, including, for
example, an eclipse
finder. Then, the
Render menu offers
you such options as
whether you want
more or fewer stars
visible, ambient light
settings, and even
anti-aliasing.
You’re best off
running the demo You can grip a celestial object and rotate it
from the Help menu.
And remember, all the documentation is there in the readme file
that comes with the installation.

9.2 Euler
http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/
grothmann/euler/Download/euler95i.exe
Euler features several things. Amongst them is interactive evaluation of numerical expressions with real or complex values, vectors,
and matrices. There are inbuilt functions that can take vectors as

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the input and which are then evaluated for each element of the
vector or matrix. Euler can deal with matrix functions as well. Also
featured are common statistical functions and optimisation.
The program can do 2D and 3D function plotting for you, and
there’s even an inbuilt programming language!
The interface of
Euler is rather powerful: you can edit old
commands and execute them again. In
addition, you can add
comments to every
command. The notebook-like
interface
uses a colour scheme
to distinguish between
commands,
comments, and output.

The help file in Euler is very comprehensive

So what in the real world is Euler good for? It happens to be an
ideal tool for, among other things, linear algebra and eigenvalue
computation; testing numerical algorithms; statistical evaluation;
Monte Carlo simulations; numerical solution of differential equations; computation of polynomials; and even examination and
generation of sound files!
The help file that gets installed during setup contains everything—and we mean everything—that you might want to know,
and it’s all extremely simple. If you do learn the inbuilt programming language you’re at an advantage, but even without programming experience, it’s all intuitive. For example, if you had to
define a row vector a, you’d probably say
a=[2 3 4]
Which is exactly the way it is in Euler!

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9.3 Fractint
http://spanky.triumf.ca/pub/fractals/programs/ibmpc/windows/
winf1821.zip
Unzip
the
winf1821.zip package
and run winfract.exe.
There is no installation required.
Fractint is a fractal
generating program—
the best one there is
for personal computers. Fractals are colourful patterns that get
generated from very
simple mathematical
formulas. The beauty
is that from such simple formulas, you get
incredibly
complex
patterns, which means
that these patterns are
“inherent in nature,”
in a manner of speaking. The study of fractals has filled entire
volumes.

Incredibly fascinating patterns...

...get even more fascinating when zoomed in!

If you haven’t heard about fractals thus far, an excellent introduction is available at www.cs.wisc.edu/~ergreen/honors_thesis/
fractal.html .
Using the program is dead simple: first, you choose your fractal from the menu. “Choosing a fractal” means choosing the math-

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ematical formula that will be used for the calculations. The most
interesting of these is the default that comes up when you start
the program—the Mandelbrot fractal. Now, the idea behind exploring fractals is to zoom in (using the mouse) and pressing [Enter].
You’ll see patterns the like of which you’ve never seen before!
The idea behind including fractals in this set of educational tools
is that once you get hooked, you’ll feel like exploring the mathematics behind it. The beauty of it is that the formulas are extremely
simple. Analysing them is, of course, more advanced, and we hope
that the mathematically-oriented amongst you will take out the
time to explore this fascinating branch of mathematics.
Fractal theory aims at explaining a wide range of phenomena,
from the shape of coastlines to the universe itself!

9.4 GCompris
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=6865&pack
age_id=183403&release_id=449233
GCompris is an educational software suite with numerous
activities for children between two and 9. Here’s a list of categories
with some of the activities available in that category:
1. Computer discovery: keyboard, mouse, mouse gestures, and
so on
2. Algebra: table memory, enumeration, etc.
3. Science: the canal lock, the water cycle, the submarine, ...
4. Geography: placing countries on the map
5. Reading practice

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There are several
others in addition to
these.
The interface will
appeal to kids, but
there’s not much help
available. You won’t be
able to leave your kid
alone to do the figuring out for himself—
you’ll have to figure
out stuff yourself first!

A simple kiddie game in GCompris...

What
we’ve
included here is a
Windows version of
GCompris; in order to
promote the use of
GNU/Linux,
the
Windows version has
a limited number of ...and another
activities. You can
access all the activities for a fee, which sort of defeats the purpose.

9.5 GeoGebra
www.geogebra.at/download/InstData/Windows/NoVM/
geogebra_setup.exe
GeoGebra is a great mathematics software that integrates geometry, algebra, and calculus. It is a dynamic geometry system; you can
easily do constructions with points, vectors, segments, lines, and
conic sections, as well as functions. And on the algebra side, equations and co-ordinates can be entered directly. GeoGebra thus has
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On the calculus side,
Geogebra can find derivatives and integrals of functions and offers various
commands.
The central theme of
GeoGebra is an expression
in the algebra window that Get doodling, then get serious
corresponds to an object in
the geometry window and vice versa!
Constructions are simple enough; so is the entering of formulas. A first-timer can get used to it in no time: just click on three
points in the window as shown above, and the points get defined.
Then, in the formula window, just type in A+B+C (where those
three are the points), and youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll get the summation point D displayed in the geometry part of the window!
Help, of course, is provided in the form of a PDF file thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s part
of the installation, as well as comprehensive in-program help.
GeoGebra is probably the ultimate freeware tool for learning and
visualising basic mathematics.

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9.6 Hallo Northern Sky
www.hnsky.org/software.htm#hnsky
“Hallo northern sky” or HNSKY is a
free planetarium program for
Windows. Have a go at it! You get
26,000 deep-sky objects and all stars to
magnitude 12 (a measure of brightness). You’ll be able to see all the planets, the Moon, Sun, the moons of
Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Uranus and
Neptune, and a few hundred asteroids
and comets. The program comes with HNS offers a map of your sky
255 small DSS (Digitized Sky Survey)
deep-sky images.
First enter your co-ordinates—this
is a simple matter of dragging the
mouse to where you live—and you’re
set. Then, when you’re connected to
the Internet, you can download DSS
files in the FITS format (Flexible
Image Transfer System is the most
commonly used file format in astronomy). This valuable astronomer’s
resource displays astronomical
images for anywhere in the sky you
point and click.

As in Celestia, choose a
heavenly object from a list

If you don’t own a telescope then this is the perfect way to
experience the sky! And if you do own a telescope, this is the perfect tool to assist you in locating interesting objects to observe or
photograph.
Getting around the program can be both simple and complex.
It’s simple to use the “Go To” function and visit Saturn, Uranus,
etc., but when you click “go left”, the program rotates left—just

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like in a planetarium! If you want to go, for example, a thousand
kilometres from Earth, you’ll need to do some figuring out about
how to use the program. Help, of course, is available.

9.7 KSEG
www.mit.edu/~ibaran/kseg-0.401.zip
KSEG is designed to let you
easily visualise the dynamic
properties of basic geometric
constructions, and to make
geometric exploration fast
and easy. It’s a great tool for
a variety of people—middleschool students getting used
to basic geometric shapes,
high-school students getting
familiar with somewhat KSEG is all about geometric constructions
advanced geometry, and for the rest of us who’d like to relive our
experiences with geometry in school! The author of the program
says, “Almost every time I sit down to play with KSEG, I discover a
geometric property that I didn’t know before.”
The basic idea behind
KSEG is that you create a
dynamic construction by
first placing points on the
screen and then using them
to construct other objects
such as lines or circles. You
can then drag the points you
first created and watch how
the construction responds to
your changes.

The program calculates values for you

We don’t need to explain further here, because the included
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HTML help file is comprehensive, and because you’re best off doodling and exploring on your own!
Unzip the kseg-0.401 package to any directory, then run
kseg.exe. No installation is required.
All the help you’ll need to run and use KSEG is available in the
kseg-help-en.html file. This includes a brief and easy walkthrough,
as well as a listing of more advanced features.

9.8 Logisim
http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=143273&pa
ckage_id=168171&release_id=424211
Logisim is a Java
application
for
designing and simulating logic circuits.
It has a simple toolbar interface that
simulates circuits as
you build them, and
is simple enough to
facilitate learning A feeble attempt here at circuit design!
the most basic concepts related to logic circuits. You can build larger circuits from
smaller sub-circuits, and draw bundles of wires with mouse drags.
Logisim can be—and is—used to design and simulate entire CPUs
(for educational purposes, of course)!
The interface, while not simple enough to learn for those not
in the field, should be easy enough for anyone in touch with circuits—such as engineering students. You can build hierarchical circuits and wire bundles.

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Two important features of Logisim are modularisation and
simulation. Logisim is highly modularised: there are modules for
each gate type and for each graphic output type. The program can
thus be extended very easily by simply adding new modules without the need for recompiling.
As regards simulation, there are some logic circuit simulators
that pass on the gates’ states with a clock pulse that has nothing
to do with the principle of logic—logisim, by contrast, calculates
the logic flow through all gates recursively and redraws the screen
at the end of all calculations.

9.9 Stellarium
www.stellarium.org
Stellarium is a wonderful, free program that tells you where the
planets and constellations are at your location. With Stellarium,
it’s possible to see what one can see with the naked eye, binoculars
or a small telescope.
As you can see from the
screenshot above, the program makes you feel like
you’re standing on the
ground, and you can see
where any of the wellknown celestial objects are.
You can rotate the picture
and move around—great if
you have a telescope and Stellarium gives you an earthly perspective
need to know where the
objects in the night sky are. Also great if you’ve just spotted an
object in the night sky—relative to the moon, perhaps—and want
to know what object it is.
Features include over 120,000 stars from the Hipparcos Catalogue,
all the solar system’s planets and their major moons, panorama
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9.10 TypeFaster
http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/typefaster/TypeFasterv0.4.2-install.exe?download
This is a useful program for learning touch-typing—not as slick as
some paid software, but it’s more than enough to learn the basics.
Touch typing is where you use a fixed finger for a particular key—
and there’s a resting position for all fingers. In other words, you
aren’t supposed to fumbling about all over the place to press a
key—you use the “assigned” finger for a particular key, then bring
it back to its resting position.
The program has lessons in stages, and it’s very simple to begin
with—all you need to do
is press the key highlighted on the screen, then
bring your finger back to
its resting position. It’s
all explained in the help
file. Naturally, the lessons
get tougher and faster as
they progress, but it The key to be pressed is highlighted
starts off with something
as simple as a permutation of [F], [J], and the Spacebar. ([F] and [J]
are where the little tabs for resting your index fingers are located.

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Fun Stuff

W

here there’s a will, there’s a way. That adage has been the
guiding light of open source software development till
date. Developers are exploring the limits of the open
source movement, and it seems as if there aren’t any! And what
would a computing experience be like—open or closed source—if
there weren’t any fun stuff to do? Not that everything we’ve talked
about thus far wasn’t fun, but there’s also a lot of open source
software out there that you can use when you want to kick back and
relax. Here’s some software that’s easy on the brain…
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10.1 Games
Open source graphics sure aren’t as snazzy as your Counter Strikes
and Needs For Speed, but the games are just as fun. We take a look
at some neat open source games available on the Net.

10.1.1 TORCS—The Open Racing Car Simulator
Ever wondered what it would be like to race a Formula 1 car
against some stock cars? Or a Ferrari 360 against a rally car?
TORCS lets you do all that, and not a lot else, really. But it’s bloody
good fun!
TORCS is the open
source answer to
most closed source
racing simulators. At
first glance, you
could be reminded of
those old touring car
games. Essentially,
TORCS is the open
source touring car
dream. The game
allows you to choose
Choose your poison
from a host of cars
ranging from NASCAR to Off-Road to Buggies and even Formula 1.
Create a driver profile for yourself where you can select the car you
will drive in, the difficulty level, and adjust your controls.
The game allows you to select one of six race types ranging
from Practice to Endurance Races. There are three types of tracks
you can choose to race on—Road, Dirt and Oval (like the ones they
use in NASCAR) tracks. Within these types you can choose which
track you want to race on.
The game also allows you to choose your opponents. These
opponents can be from racing formats that are different from the

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car that you have, which means that, like we mentioned before,
you can race an F1 car against a Rally Championship car.
You can configure your race for length or laps, like 50 kilometres or four laps. It is advisable to practise a bit before you start a
race proper, as you’ll need to configure the steering sensitivity of
your keyboard to suit your driving style. The game allows you to
use the keyboard, steering wheel, or mouse.
The F1 car is the
fastest
you
can
choose, so if you’re
one of those who
don’t like to hang
around with the rest
of the pack, choose it.
The game also allows
you to play in split
screen mode for multiplayer action right
on your own comput- F1 vs Rally vs Road… what’s the world coming to!
er. It’s totally reminiscent of old 3D arcade games in video game parlours.
Graphics-wise, the game is no NFS Most Wanted. The physics are
rather elementary, with a lot of edges and hardly any curves. The
F1 car could use a lot of work. The other cars are reasonably well
defined—you can make out a Rally car from a NASCAR. They each
have fake advertising logos, which is pretty cool, and which could
have been spread over the course of the track as well. But hey, this
is open source!
Rating: 8/10
OS: Windows, Linux
Web site: http://torcs.sourceforge.net

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10.1.2 FreeCol
FreeCol is for all the
strategy buffs out
there. It is basically
the open source version of Colonization
(which is essentially
based on Civilization).
FreeCol is almost a
direct clone of the
Colonization
game,
and is pretty good
time-pass on long F1 on mud? Now that’s what we call entertainment!
office days.
The player’s objective in FreeCol is to colonise America. You
start off with one ship (a Caravel) and two colonists. You have to
find a new land and colonise it. Once you find the land, your
colonists have to build a colony which you will need to grow and
develop. Eventually, your colony has to be able to declare independence and survive an attack of the King’s forces. Simple, no?
Not quite. In the process, you will have to take into account a variety of factors like the native Americans, the other Europeans who
are also busy colonising and getting the majority of people in your
colony behind you before declaring independence. It all adds up to
hours of interesting gameplay.
At first play the game may seem a bit slow. Turns happen at the
end of every year, and if you don’t have many ships, colonists, etc.
you hardly get any turns: each character—be it a ship or an individual—gets a certain number of turns that it is allowed every year.
However, once the game progresses and you’ve got some sort of a
hang of it, you’ll wonder why the hell they give you so many turns!
The game also allows multiplayer gaming online. It really gets
interesting when you open up the map and see the progress of the
other Europeans. You will need a lot of Free Colonists. Spread your
colonies to better your chances: you’ll need to buy more ships by

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which you can send
more colonists, soldiers, etc. to your
colonies.
Graphics-wise,
the game is pretty
standard. It reminds
one of the early Age of
Empires games, but
without all the moveWelcome to Digit Land!
ment.
On the cons side,
the game doesn’t
have any background
music:
the
only
sounds are those of
money being earned.
Rating: 7.5/10
OS:
Windows,
Linux
Web
site:
More ships = more colonists
www.freecol.com

10.1.3 Super Maryo Chronicles
No, that’s not a typo. Super Mario’s open source avatar is Super
Maryo. The all-time favourite console character makes his way into
the open source world in this funky game.
The game takes you back to the old days when people said “video
game” and thought “Mario.” The game follows the 2D design and
style and is reminiscent of the old one, but it has some quirks of its
own. The maps, though they look similar, aren’t exactly like the ones
in the old game. So if you thought you’d find a mushroom when you
hit a certain brick with your head, you may not find it at the same
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place. Maryo also has to
deal with some cool
new monsters including a blue dragon and a
flying squid. The aim of
the game is still the
same though. The
Princess must be saved.
It’s just the getting
there that’s the problem! The game can get a The graphics are pretty basic
little annoying when
you get killed in the
middle of a level and
have to start over. The
Save Game option only
allows you to save the
game at the end of a
level or at the beginning of a new level.
That’s still much better
than the old games
Once you die, you start from square one
where you couldn’t save
at all! Overall, good
time-pass, and definitely worth trying.
Rating: 8/10
OS:
Windows,
Linux
Web
site:
www.secretmaryo.org
Maryo’s got some new monsters to deal with

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10.2 Spice Up Your Desktop
Tired of the same old wallpaper-screensaver combo? Here are some
cool tools to jazz up your Desktop experience.
10.2.1 Karsten SlideShow
This is an interesting
Windows-based program
that
uses
playlists to make interesting slideshows that
can be used not only as
presentations, but also
as wallpapers and
screensavers.
The cool thing Add as many files as you like to your slideshow
about KSS is that you
can add media files (only videos that can be read by Windows
Media Player) to the slideshow. So, you can add your favourite
movie clips to the playlist you create. This playlist then randomly picks up an image/media file and displays it on the window that opens for your presentation. Here is where the interesting part comes inâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;you can choose to keep your Desktop as
the presentation window itself; so whatever images are in your
playlist will get displayed on your Desktop as the wallpaper. This
wallpaper will automatically change when another image is
played by the program, that is, as the presentation image
changes, your wallpaper will also change.
The presentation can also be used for the purpose of a screensaver. The program allows for a host of options for each individual
file. You can decide the amount of zoom you want on your picture,
the amount of time it should be on screen, and also the background colour. You can also adjust the frequency with which you
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The program doesn’t support GIFs, however. And if your video
is of a non-WMP compatible format, it will
not play.
OS: Windows
Web site: http://
karsten.sourceforge.
net
Options, options everywhere

10.2.2 Vital Desktop
Vital Desktop is another cool utility that, well, vitalises your desktop! The application allows you to turn your screensaver into your
wallpaper.
Just right-click on
your Desktop and click
Configure, then select
the screensaver you
want to use. The
screensaver will be displayed in the demo
desktop. If it doesn’t
show here, the screensaver cannot be run
with Vital Desktop. Vital Desktop brings the sexy back into “Sexy
Once you’ve selected Wallpaper!”
the screensaver, click
Apply, and voila—animated screensavers as your wallpaper!
OS: Windows, Linux
Web site: http://vital-desktop.sourceforge.net

Screensaver allows you
to use any media file
that can be played with
Windows Media Player
as your screensaver.
The software allows
you to even use MP3s
and WMA files. When
audio files play, a WMP
visualisation accompanies the audio track on Pick your media files by clicking Add Files
the screen. Basically,
your favourite songs and video clips can now be your screensavers!
To access the menu, go to the Control Panel, click Display, and
select the Screen Saver tab. In the drop-down menu, select Daves
AV Screensaver. Click on the Settings button and choose which
media files you would like to add to your screensaver. We tried it
with different image formats such as JPEG, BMP, and PNG, and the
software worked fine.
OS: Windows
Web site: http://sourceforge.net/projects/daves-av-ss

10.2.4 Virtual Dimension
Virtual Dimension is a neat desktop manager for Windows that
allows you to maintain multiple virtual Desktops on your computer. Virtual Dimension allows you to use multiple applications
and keep multiple windows open on more than one Desktop. If
youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re the kind who works with several windows at the same time,
Virtual Dimension allows you to group these windows and access
them as different Desktops.
For example, if you have several Internet Explorer windows
open, you can group them in one Desktop and separate them
from, say, your MS Word windows. All you need to do to access
these windows is to select the Desktop they are on.
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The
program
allows you to create an
unlimited number of
Desktops so you can
put all your chat windows in one, all your
browser windows in
another, and so on.
Just drag and drop
windows from one to
another! You can also Group your windows in an unlimited number of
customise
each desktops
Desktop with different
wallpapers. For easy selection of a particular Desktop, you just
need to press the hotkeys youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve defined.
The program has a lot of easily-customisable features. For
example, you can use the [Alt] + [Tab] keys to access not just the
windows on your current Desktop, but all the windows on all the
different Desktops. You can also customise the preview windows
with images and fonts. The software allows you several options
with your windows. You can have certain windows always on top.
It also allows you to keep some windows partially transparent. You
can save settings for each individual window that will be loaded
every time you open the program.
OS: Windows
Web site: http://virt-dimension.sourceforge.net

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10.3 System
A nifty multi-platform
backup tool, Areca is a
backup software that
allows you to easily
back up files. The application has a very simple interface that gives
you access to the various program options. It
automatically opens up
a new workspace on Archive your files by new target folders or files
startup. Within this
workspace, you can create a number of groups for different files and
folders. Each group allows you to back up various target folders or
files. You can choose to encrypt your archives as well.
The program has several features including History support,
which lets you view all the changes youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve made to your archives.
You can also do a Backup Simulation to check whether a backup is
necessary for your files. Areca allows you to recover your files with
a few options: for example, you can choose to recover your archives
as of a specific date. You can also merge contiguous archives into
one single archive. Areca provides the option of a manifest (a
record) with the archive that contains information regarding the
archive such as title, date, author, description, etc.
OS: Windows, Linux
Web site: http://areca.sourceforge.net

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10.4 Other Fun Stuff
There’s a whole bunch of cool open source tools out there
designed to make your computing experience a whole lot more
enjoyable. Here’s a look at a few of them.

10.4.1 Launchy
Launchy is the open source answer to Google Desktop, except it’s
got a much snazzier interface. It is designed to help you find whatever program, document, image, etc. you’re looking for on your
computer, without having to open a ton of folders.
It allows you to configure its search for
various folders and file
types on your computer. By default, it will,
on first install, only
search for programs on
your
Start
Menu.
However, you can add It’s convenient—and right on your desktop
as many folders and
file types as you like, and you can even specify these settings for
each folder, that is, if you want to search for JPG files in your My
Documents folder, but not in your Program Files folder, you can
select that file type specifically for your My Documents folder.
When you hit [Alt] + [Spacebar] on your Desktop, the interface
will open in a little bar with a text input location on your Desktop.
As soon as you start typing, it will show you results for various software. You can edit the options for Launchy by right-clicking on the
interface bar. You can edit the skins here as well, and change the
hotkey for accessing the program.
OS: Windows
Web site: www.launchy.net

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10.4.2 Data Crow
If you’re the type that
likes cataloguing all
your
collections—
movies, music, books
(paper and e-books)—
Data Crow is great. It is
a database software
that retrieves information from the Web for
all your files, and saves
it in an effective inter- A cool, skinnable interface and a whole bunch of
features
face for easy access.
The software has a ton of cool features that allow you to store various kinds of information about your files.
Data Crow also allows you to create a report of your catalogue
in the PDF, HTML, and text formats. Hit [Ctrl] + [F] and search for
the files that you want a report for.
Data
Crow
retrieves information
about your files from a
variety
of
online
sources
including
Amazon, IMdB and
freeDB. For music files,
the software retrieves
information
about
files right from your
audio CDs. For books,
Create reports of your catalogues
the software searches
Amazon for book descriptions, cover art, etc. It makes a report that
can be printed out.
The books menu can be used as an efficient library tool. You
can add and view information about whom you may have lent
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your books to and
when. Just right-click
on the Book card (book
entries are stored as
book cards) and select
Loan Administration.
OS:
Windows,
Linux
Web site: www.datacrow.net

Book Defaultersâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;your book defaulting days are
over!

10.4.3 aTunes 1.1
Okay, so the name is ripped off Appleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s baby, but aTunes packs as
much, if not more of a punch than iTunes. It is a full-featured
audio player and music organiser. The software reads MP3 and
OGG files, and is a nice alternative to the regular Winamps and
MMJs. The player essentially does everything a regular player does,
with a few bonuses. Like the Mystrands support from www.musicstrands.com that retrieves information about the track you are
playing and displays it on the player interface. You can check out
information about the album (the year of release and the like) or
about the artist, and you can even get recommendations.
If the Full View is
too cumbersome for
you, you can switch to
a Simple View which is
about the size of the
Winamp player without the Playlist, and
displays just the minimum
information
about the tracks being
played.
The player
reads all information Information overload with aTunes

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from the ID3 tags of
songs
including
images that may be
stored in ID3v2 tags.
You can also view statistics such as track,
album and artist plays
for every song. Worth a
try, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d say.
OS:
Windows,
Simple View, when Full gets too much
Linux
Web site: http:// atunes.sourceforge.net

10.4.4 Album List For Winamp
Hereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a nifty little plugin for Winamp that
displays album information from your
music directories. The
plugin opens in a separate window within
your skin (both Classic
and Modern skins supported). It displays the
cover art of the album
in the window itself. Album info right in your Winamp
Essentially, it allows
you to easily navigate your albums stored on your hard drive.
The plugin has support for a variety of options like albums
with more than one disc, and enqueueing of albums in the
Winamp player.
OS: Windows
Web site: http://albumlist.sourceforge.net

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Resources

A

s always, we have a section here at the end of the book for
stuff that doesn’t fit in anywhere else—stuff that deals with
what you can do online after having gone through the
preceding chapters. Here, we’ve covered some Web sites with
descriptions and why you should visit them. We didn’t think it
necessary to mention books and such, because when you visit any of
the larger sites we’ve mentioned here and surf your way around,
you’re bound to stumble upon enough things that interest you.

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www.theopencd.org
Here’s something all nonopen-source-converts (read:
die-hard Windows addicts)
will love—a CD full of useful
open source software! You
can either purchase the CD
for a fee, or download the
ISO image and burn it onto
a CD that you can keep.
Naturally, as new software
comes in, the site (and the
CD) get updated. Currently,
‘the CD’ is in version 3.1. We’ll let the site speak for itself:
‘TheOpenCD project aims to introduce users of MS-Windows to the benefits
of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). We include only the highest quality
programs, which have been carefully tested for stability and which we consider appropriate for a broad audience. We provide a description and screen-shots
of each program, so you can get an idea of what it does before installing. All
these applications install and un-install cleanly, so you can be comfortable testing them with the knowledge that they will not adversely affect your system.
The programs on the disc are all distributed under an Open Source License (OSI
approved), which allows you to freely use and distribute them. You may even
change the programs using the source code, which we make available, and distribute your own modified versions, provided you then in turn make the source
code available, and give appropriate credit to past contributors.’
If you are interested in just one or two applications, you might
want to download those directly from the individual project sites.
You can get the whole CD, complete with applications, tutorials
and literature, by downloading it or purchasing it from CD re-sellers. The Indian CD re-seller for this CD is www.linuxbazar.com.
This site also has a minimalist forum, as well as a wiki.

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The Free / Open Source Research Community
http://opensource.mit.edu/online_papers.php
Lots and lots of papers on open source. Some obscure, some great
reads, some just a little interesting.
Here’s a snippet from a (typical) sample:
‘Technology
platforms,
such as Microsoft Windows,
are the hubs of technology
industries. We develop a
framework to characterize the
optimal two-sided pricing
strategy of a platform firm,
that is, the pricing strategy
towards the direct users of the
platform as well as towards
firms offering applications that are complementary to the platform. We
compare industry structures based on a proprietary platform (such as
Windows) with those based on an open-source platform (such as Linux)
and analyze the structure of competition and industry implications in
terms of pricing, sales, profitability, and social welfare. We find that,
when the platform is proprietary, the equilibrium prices for the platform, the applications, and the platform access fee for applications may
be below marginal cost, and we characterize demand conditions that
lead to this.’
You can, of course, submit your own paper.

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www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/to
c.html
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
(First Edition January 1999)
The text of this book has been made available for free online.
A random snippet from the introduction:
‘No one outside of Redmond really thinks that it is a good idea for
Microsoft to dictate, to the extent they do, what a computer desktop should
look like or have on it.
‘Industry can have a negative impact on innovation. The Graphical
Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) languished incomplete for a year at
beta release 0.9. Its creators, two students at Berkeley, had left school to
take jobs in industry, and left their innovation behind.’
And here is the full table of contents:
A Brief History of Hackerdom
Twenty Years of Berkeley Unix: From AT&T-Owned to Freely
Redistributable
The Internet Engineering Task Force
The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement
Future of Cygnus Solutions: An Entrepreneur’s Account
Software Engineering
The Linux Edge
Giving It Away: How Red Hat Software Stumbled Across a New
Economic Model and Helped Improve an Industry
Diligence, Patience, and Humility
Open Source as a Business Strategy
The Open Source Definition
Hardware, Software, and Infoware
Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla
The Revenge of the Hackers
A must-read—at least in parts, if you’re even remotely interested in open source!
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Why Open Software?
At the end of this book, you might just be still thinking open
source is some kind of fad or underground movement. If you are,
here’s an excellent paper for you to read, which debunks the myth
that proprietary software is ‘superior’ or a ‘safer alternative.’ Of
course, the paper is opinionated, because it has an agenda, but it’s
a good read nevertheless. Mind you, though well organised, it’s
long! We’d rather not present it here because of the sheer number
of hyperlinks that augment the article.
Find the paper Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS,
FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers! by David Wheeler at
www.dwheeler.com/oss_fs_why.html . From the page:
‘This paper provides quantitative data that, in many cases, using open
source software / free software (abbreviated as OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS) is a
reasonable or even superior approach to using their proprietary competition
according to various measures. This paper’s goal is to show that you should
consider using OSS/FS when acquiring software. This paper examines market
share, reliability, performance, scalability, security, and total cost of ownership. It also has sections on non-quantitative issues, unnecessary fears, OSS/FS
on the desktop, usage reports, governments and OSS/FS, other sites providing
related information, and ends with some conclusions. An appendix gives
more background information about OSS/FS.’

www.osdir.com
OSDir.com’s tagline is ‘Stable, open source apps,’ and it describes
itself as ‘Open Source and Linux News & Software.’ There is stuff
about open source in general and Linux in particular, but even if
you’re not interested in Linux, there’s a lot here that you might
be interested in.
The tabs at the top include News, Forums, Open Source
Software Directory, and Screenshot Gallery.

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Under the News tab, you
will, naturally, find news
about what’s going on in
the open source world.
The forum is primarily a
Linux discussion board,
with sections for all popular
distros, but there’s also a ‘General’ section—where we found such
posts as ‘Post your Desktop screenshots,’ ‘What’s your music preference,’ ‘What’s your favorite OS emulator,’ and so on.
Under the Open Source Software Directory, you’ll find, well,
open source software! Categories include (where the number is
the number of software under that category)
*nix (183), All Platforms (478), Embedded: Phone/Cellular (4),
Handhelds (9), Linux (69), Linux Distributions (20), Mac OS 9 (1),
Mac OS X (40), Operating Systems (non-Linux) (6), Programming
Languages (12), and Windows (68).
Naturally, you can contribute to the site: you can submit news
and reviews, and you can submit your own app for inclusion.

http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/
Another must-mention page. You’ll find a lot of open source stuff
at this page, and you’re best off just browsing around. For example,
you might have heard of an operating system called Darwin; from
the page above, navigate to Operating Systems > POSIX > Darwin,
and you’ll find everything Darwin you might need or want.
About DMOZ itself: The Open Directory Project is also known
as DMOZ, an acronym for ‘Directory Mozilla.’ The name reflects its
loose association with Netscape’s Mozilla project, an open source
browser initiative.
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And about the ODP: The Open Directory Project is the most
comprehensive human-edited directory of the Web, compiled by a
large global community of volunteer editors. The ODP powers core
directory services for some the most popular portals and search
engines on the Web, including Google, Lycos, DirectHit, HotBot,
and hundreds of others.

http://osswin.sourceforge.net
‘The OSSwin project: Open Source for Windows!’
Here’s free software heaven—again, for true-blue Windows users.
Yes, every software on this page—and there are a lot of them—is
downloadable as a nice .exe (no .dmh or .swa that needs to be compiled and interpreted or whatever!). There are many categories of
software—from audio editing to CD writing to compression to FTP
clients to text editors to… this is an absolute must-visit, if only to
waste your bandwidth downloading stuff!
You’ll find some cool gems at this page—including the Lynx
text-only Web browser, several powerful system utilities, some
great and infinitely more powerful alternatives to Notepad and
WordPad, and from the top of the page, ‘OSSwin now also has a
separate games page. Go check it out and please promote the
organization of an Open-Source-only LAN-party in your neighbourhood!’
For the scientifically-inclined…

Tim O’Reilly’s Articles
http://tim.oreilly.com/opensource/index.csp
A ton of articles, all to do with open source. A sampling of the
article titles:

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Open Source Paradigm Shift
Software Licenses Don’t Work
The Architecture of Participation
40 or so articles!
A sample from The Architecture of Participation:
‘In the end, open source and the right to fork is a way of restoring competition to a software industry that has, for the most part, become anticompetitive through industry consolidation and the accretion of power to
a few large players whose interest in maintaining the status quo becomes
greater than their appetite for potentially disruptive innovation. A company that does want innovation needs to take risks. Like a surfer riding a big
wave, they don’t rely on containment or tight control of the environment to
maintain their position, but rather, an exquisite balance and an ability to
respond to rapidly changing conditions. This kind of responsiveness is hard
for a large company to achieve, but not impossible, especially in the presence of the kind of competition that open source brings back to the market.’
Tim O’Reilly covers a large variety of topics, and you’d do very
well indeed to give this site a look.

For Web Authoring
www.nvu.com/index.php
We’re mentioning this one because
when we brought out our Fast Track to
Web Design, we didn’t include Nvu as a
tool. Here it is, to complete that one.
From the page:
‘Finally! A complete Web Authoring
System for Linux desktop users as well as
Microsoft Windows and Macintosh users to
rival programs like FrontPage and
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Dreamweaver. Nvu (which stands for ‘new view’) makes managing a web site
a snap. Now anyone can create web pages and manage a website with no
technical expertise or knowledge of HTML.’
There’s the author’s blog, a wiki, and a chat page as well at this
site. Then there’s a helpful link on how exactly to go about building a Web page using Nvu. This is sort of a complete guide—starting off with getting a domain name, and going all the way to getting your site noticed. Several links come along the way. There are
helpful screenshots as well.
A very user-friendly site overall—and a must-visit if you’re
thinking of building a Web site.

www.opensourcewindows.org
This one sort of completes this Fast Track, because it is ‘A simple list
of the best free and open source software for Windows.’ Included
here are several of the most popular, usual ones such as the
Thunderbird e-mail client, but there are many you’ve probably
never heard of—RSSOwl, Cabos for P2P file sharing, Juice—a podcasting client, and many more.
From the site:
‘Open Source Windows is a simple list of the best free and open source software for Windows. We aren’t trying to be a comprehensive listing of every
open-source Windows application, instead we want to showcase the best,
most important, and easiest to use. This page should be a handy reference
and a useful tool for getting more people to start using free and open-source
software. If you think we’re missing any great apps, please let us know.’

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http://osgaming.net/modules/news
Open Source Gaming
The site calls itself ‘Open source for fun!’
This site, apart from hosting some open source games, seems a
smorgasbord of various content—for example, there’s open source
news, reviews of various open source software including games,
an entire section dedicated to chess, editorials, polls, user profiles,
numerous links—very open-source-ish! You’ll want to be here not
just for the Windows downloads—you’ll probably want to explore
the site and find yourself a few gems here and there.

DesktopLinux.com
www.desktoplinux.com
From the site, ‘DesktopLinux.com is exclusively devoted to the use
of Linux as an end-user desktop operating system for personal and
business purposes. This site features news, opinions, How Tos,
FAQs, product previews/reviews, a lively discussion forum, and
links to other web resources, all focused on using—or learning to
use—Linux as a desktop operating system.
‘We believe Linux is ready now for widespread use as a desktop operating system, and we have created this website to help spread the word and
accelerate the transition to a more open desktop, one that offers greater
freedom and choice for both personal and business users.
‘Our commitment is to provide the highest possible concentration of
quality information regarding the use of Linux on the personal and business desktop. DesktopLinux.com features desktop Linux news, articles,
polls, discussion forums, and an extensive resource directory. Please check
these out. We also encourage you to use the ‘submission’ functions to add
more desktop Linux content for all to share. Or, email us URLs where we
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can gather new information of interest to those wishing to use Linux as a
desktop operating system.’
There’s so much Linux stuff here, you’re at risk of getting sick
of the L-word! Linux discussion forums, stories, breaking news, a
search feature across news and articles, Linux vs. Windows (ooh!),
Linux-Watch headlines, Linux PDAs, Linux smartphones, recommended sites, a forum, polls, a buyer’s guide… the list goes on!

http://producingoss.com
This book is for those intended to get seriously involved in the
open source movement. Producing Open Source Software is a book
about the human side of open source development. It describes
how successful projects operate, the expectations of users and
developers, and the culture of free software. It is available in bookstores (who’d want to do that?), and you can browse or download
it at this page!
You might want to know something about the author. From
oreillynet.com: Fogel co-founded Cyclic Software in 1995, a company offering commercial CVS support. In 1999 he added support
for CVS anonymous read-only repository access. From 2000-2006,
he managed the creation and development of Subversion, a open
source version control system meant to replace CVS as the de facto
standard among open source projects. He now works for Google as
an Open Source Program Specialist. He also participates in various
other open source projects as a module maintainer, patch contributor, and documentation writer.
You can download the PDF of the book, or you can read it online.

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Writings on Open Source Hardware
www.opencollector.org/Whyfree
Did you know there was such
a thing as open source hardware? Well, here’s where you
can find out—and read all
about it!
From the page: ‘Open-ness in
hardware terms can have a whole
range of meanings. In all the
cases listed below, some hardware is open and some is not—but the trend is
for open-ness to become more and more limited, restricting the freedom of
designers to create or implement their own designs, and even of programmers to write the programs they wish.’
There’s an article by Richard Stallman on how hardware can be
‘free,’ and a ton of other articles. Go forth and educate yourself!

http://freshmeat.net
No resource section on open source can be complete without a
mention of freshmeat, even if some of you already know about it.
The site maintains the Web’s largest index of Unix and cross-platform software, themes and related ‘eye-candy,’ and Palm OS software. Applications, preferably released under an open source
license, are meticulously catalogued in their database, and links
to new applications are added daily. Each entry provides a description of the software, links to download it and to obtain more information, and a history of the project’s releases.
Freshmeat is the first stop for Linux users hunting for the
software they need. It is continuously updated with the latest
developments. In addition to providing news on new releases,
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freshmeat offers a variety of original content on technical, political, and social aspects of software and programming, written by
both freshmeat readers and Free Software luminaries.
The comment board attached to each page serves as a home for
discussion, bug reports, and technical support. An essential
resource for serious developers, freshmeat makes it possible to
keep up on who’s doing what, and what everyone else thinks of it.
We found the Articles section—at http://freshmeat.net/articles—of particular interest. Apart from the software, do give this
section a look-see.