RISKS in Test Standards — A 900,000-mile Oldsmobile?

<acg@hermes.dlogics.com>Tue, 03 Mar 1992 08:34:59 CST

Here in northern Illinois, we must have our cars tested periodically (usually
once a year) for exhaust emissions. The test operator has to enter the current
mileage of the vehicle into the computer, which then sets the proper standards
that the vehicle must meet. High-mileage cars are permitted to spew out
slightly more pollutants (within reason) than low-mileage ones. Up until this
year, the operator could only enter five digits, so any car exceeding 100,000
miles on the odometer was listed at 99,000. This year, they've revised the
system to handle six digits, and things got interesting.
Last week I brought my 90,000-mile 1982 Oldsmobile in for its test. The
test operator said, "What's the first two digits on your mileage?"
"Nine, Zero", I replied. He punched it in and the test proceeded.
I wondered at the time how they deal with cars having SEVEN digit
odometers. Seems like the operator would have to know whether to punch
in a leading zero, but from the wording of the question, it sounded like
he could only enter two digits no matter what. The owner of a 90,000-mile
Honda (whose odometer reads "090,000.0") might have answered "Zero, Nine"
to that question, and get stuck trying to meet a 9,000-mile emission
standard instead of a 90,000-mile setting. On the other hand, maybe I
would be the lucky recipient of a 900,000-mile testing standard? If my
car fails THAT, I thought, I'm definitely getting a tuneup.
Well, the car passed with flying colors, and as I drove off, I glanced at the
printout of results given to me with my new 1-year emissions sticker. Sure
enough, the indicated test mileage read "900,000", complete with the comma in
the middle.
Other than the obvious RISK, that of flunking the test because of a goofed-up
mileage entry, I wonder if the odometer reading for emissions testing is
tracked from year to year. Data on the printout shows that the computer is
indeed tied into the registration information for the car. The mileage IS
listed on the car's Title of Ownership to catch rollbacks between purchase and
later sale, but I don't know if any discrepancies are flagged automatically.
Hope not, anyway. I wonder if the operator who gets the test mileage correct
next year, say at 99,000 miles, will get a message from the computer asking
what happened to the other 801,000?
Andrew C. Green, Datalogics, Inc., 441 W. Huron, Chicago, IL 60610
(312) 266-4431 Internet: acg@dlogics.com UUCP: ..!uunet!dlogics!acg

ATMs gobble bankcards in Colorado

Source: Denver Post, 19 Feb 1992
About 1,000 Colorado ATM users had their Visas and Mastercards abruptly
terminated in February by an out-of-control computer system.
For 90 minutes during the President's Day weekend, the Rocky Mountain Bankcard
System software told ATMS around the state to eat the cards instead of dishing
out cash or taking deposits. The "once-in-a-decade" glitch went unnoticed
because it occurred as programmers were patching in a correction to a different
problem.
The company is rushing new plastic and letters of apology to customers who got
terminated.

Re: Virus news-bite omits crucial information

risks@csl.sri.com writes:
> AT NO TIME DURING THE PIECE DID ANYONE MENTION THAT THE VIRUS
> AFFECTS MS-DOS CLONE MACHINES ONLY.
Sigh... Sorry, but this is FALSE! The Michelangelo virus attacks any IBM PC
compatible computers. There is no need that they are MS-DOS machines. You can
get a 80386 and install only Xenix on it, without any MS-DOS partitions. The
virus will still infect it and will destroy the information on the hard disk on
March 6. Of course, Xenix won't be able to boot after the infection, but this
is another story...
Vesselin Vladimirov Bontchev Virus Test Center, University of Hamburg
Bontchev@Informatik.Uni-Hamburg.De Fachbereich Informatik - AGN, rm. 107 C
Tel.:+49-40-54715-224, Fax: -226 Vogt-Koelln-Strasse 30, D-2000, Hamburg 54

The risk is not so much that the logs are made, but more that the service
is presented as "anonymous", leading people to believe that it actually is.
Not convinced. It is standard operating procedure to ask users of anonymous
ftp to specify their E-mail address when prompted for a password. In fact,
pretty much every document I've seen that describes anonymous ftp mentions this
practice, and explains that the purpose of it is to allow system administrators
to monitor the usage of anonymous ftp.
Given such a widespread, accepted convention, it seems clear to me that users
of anonymous ftp have no reason to expect their usage to be completely
anonymous. Furthermore, if the provide a fake or bogus E-mail address when
prompted for an ftp password, they are doing something considered anti-social
on the Internet, and I think it is completely reasonable for the addresses of
connecting sites to be logged in case it becomes necessary to follow up on such
anti-social behavior.
I don't see any risk here. I see a system that worked the way it was designed
to work, and the users who were caught allegedly doing something wrong had no
"right" to expect otherwise.
Jonathan Kamens jik@MIT.Edu

FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL on A320's VOR...

Robert Dorsett <rdd@cactus.org>Mon, 2 Mar 92 15:32:34 CST

Since the Air Inter A320 crashed January 20, there have been a number of
comments on shifted map displays, and that Lufthansa had banned the use of
VOR/DME approaches for the previous year.
Obligatory technolingo:
A VOR is a ground-based electronic broadcasting station, which transmits
radial "spokes." These range from 0 to 359 degrees. An airplane can check
to see which "spoke" it's on; this data can then be used for navigation
purposes. This is contrasted with an NDB (non-directional station), which,
like an AM radio station, simply broadcasts in all directions; direction-
finding equipment on board the airplane can then be used to find it. VOR's
are generally more reliable over longer ranges, and less susceptible to
interference. The operational difference is that airplane instrumentation
points TO an NTB, but shows what radial the airplane is ON with a VOR.
Comments in brackets []. Some are sarcastic, some are technical clar-
ifications; there are a few mistakes in this.
>From FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL, "New VOR antenna will solve A320 problem",
Feb. 19, 1992, p. 10:
"Airbus Industrie, workin with Lufthansa, has developed a new VOR (VHF
omnirange) antenna for its A320s.
"The resulting modification programme will overcome the occasional poor air-
craft reception of VOR beacon signals, which had caused Lufthansa, in Sept-
ember 1991, to suspend VOR/DME (distance measuring equipment) airfield ap-
proaches in its A320s.
"On 8 February Air France and Air Inter took a voluntary decision to suspend
VOR/DME approaches in their A320s because of an incident in an Air Inter
A320 on approach to Bordeaux airport three days earlier.
"The symptom for the Lufthansa problem was oscillation of the VOR indicator
in the A320 cockpit displays. Also, the Bendix DME equipment in Boeing 747-
400s--the same as in the A320s--had once shown a fault which had been re-
produced on the test bench.
"Work at Bendix has not yet produced a modificaiton, but the fault has not
recurred in the 747 or occurred ever in Lufthansa's A320s. Air France uses
Bendix VOR/DME, Air Inter has Collins.
"Airbus senior vice-president of engineering, Bernard Ziegler, says that the
antenna problem was related to the position of metal lightning-protection
strips in the composite aerial.
"In the Air Inter incident on 5 February, the A320 captain, carrying out a VOR/
DME procedure for Bordeaux, but flying manually in perfect visual conditions,
noticed that the flight management system (FMS)-produced map on his navigation
display was displaced. Ziegler confirms it was displaced by 2.2 cm (1.2 nm),
pointing out that such a degree of displacement, while unsatisfactory, was
within the published system accuracy. [!!!] [!]
"Lufthansa emphasizes that it had not experienced map displacement, only VOR
indicator oscillation.
"Lufthansa's letdown procedure involves one pilot flying to the compass arc/
map display, the other to the VOR compass rose display, to enable cross-check-
ing. The raw VOR/DME data on both displays is correct even if the map is
displaced. [but does anyone use the raw data when the map is so much more
convenient?]
"Ziegler says the Bordeaux map display displacement was caused partly by an
Air Inter database error entered in the aircraft's FMS, which produces the
display map from its integral inertial navigation system (INS) [actually,
ADIRS]. The INS [FMS] depends on VOR/DME for its accuracy updating. If
fewer than two DMEs are in range (and during descent this often occurs),
then the INS [FMS] updates using a co-located VOR/DME. The Air Inter
database says the Bordeaux VOR and DME are co-located when they are not [!],
so the FMS was cleared to updated, using incorrect information and affecting
the map. [GIGO rules!]
"The navigation display, Ziegler says, displays the FMS update sources at all
times: 'If you see that the source is VOR/DME and your VOR needle is oscil-
lating, obviously you know you can expect map shift.' [obviously.]
"The French Direction Generale de l'Aviation Civile (DGAC) will not ban
A320 VOR/DME letdowns, but empahsises the need to crosscheck the map displays
with the raw navigation data available.
"The DGAC also points out that there is no evidence of any connection between
the Bordeaux event and the Air Inter A320 crash near Starsbourg on 20 January.
The authority has, however, warned all A320 crews to be careful when they sel-
ect the autopilot descent mode, because there is a possibility that the
Strasbourg crew may have selected a steep 3300 fpm (16.7 m/s) rate of descent
when they meant to select the shallower 3.3 degree angle of descent.
Robert Dorsett Internet: rdd@cactus.org UUCP: ...cs.utexas.edu!cactus.org!rdd

RSA Laboratories announces RSAREF free cryptographic toolkit

Burt Kaliski <burt@RSA.COM>Mon, 2 Mar 92 16:27:21 PST

RSAREF(TM):
A Cryptographic Toolkit for Privacy-Enhanced Mail
RSA Laboratories
(A division of RSA Data Security, Inc.)
March 2, 1992
This document copyright (C) 1992 RSA Laboratories, a division of RSA Data
Security, Inc. License is granted to reproduce, copy, post, or distribute in
any manner, provided this document is kept intact and no modifications,
deletions, or additions are made.
WHAT IS IT?
RSAREF is a cryptographic toolkit designed to facilitate rapid deployment of
Internet Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) implementations. RSAREF represents the
fruits of RSA Data Security's commitment to the U.S. Department of Defense's
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to provide free cryptographic source
code in support of a PEM standard. RSA Laboratories offers RSAREF in
expectation of PEM's forthcoming publication as an Internet standard.
Part of RSA's commitment to DARPA was to authorize Trusted Information Systems
of Glenwood, MD, to distribute a full PEM implementation based on RSAREF. That
implementation will be available this spring.
RSAREF supports the following PEM-specified algorithms:
o RSA encryption and key generation, as defined by RSA
Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS)
o MD2 and MD5 message digests
o DES (Data Encryption Standard) in cipher-block chaining mode
RSAREF is written in the C programming language as a library that can be called
from an application program. A simple PEM implementation can be built directly
on top of RSAREF, together with message parsing and formatting routines and
certificate-management routines. RSAREF is distributed with a demonstration
program that shows how one might build such an implementation.
The name "RSAREF" means "RSA reference." RSA Laboratories intends RSAREF to
serve as a portable, educational, reference implementation of cryptography.
WHAT YOU CAN (AND CANNOT) DO WITH RSAREF
The license at the end of this note gives legal terms and conditions.
Here's the layman's interpretation, for information only and with no
legal weight:
1. You can use RSAREF in personal, noncommercial applications,
as long as you follow the interface described in the RSAREF
documentation. You can't use RSAREF in any commercial
(moneymaking) manner of any type, nor can you use it to
provide services of any kind to any other party. For
information on commercial licenses of RSAREF-compatible
products, please contact RSA Data Security.
2. You can distribute programs that interface to RSAREF,
but you can't distribute RSAREF itself. Everyone must
obtain his or her own copy of RSAREF. (However, free
licenses to redistribute RSAREF are available. For
information, please send electronic mail to
<rsaref-administrator@rsa.com>.)
3. You can modify RSAREF as required to port it to other
operating systems and compilers, as long as you give a copy
of the results to RSA Laboratories. You can't otherwise
change RSAREF.
4. You can't send RSAREF outside the United States, or give it
to anyone who is not a United States citizen and doesn't
have a "green card." (These are U.S. State and Commerce
Department requirements, because RSA and DES are
export-controlled technologies.)
The restrictions on the distribution of RSAREF are the consequence of
export-control law. Similar constraints are placed on those redistributing
RSAREF under free license from RSA Laboratories. Without the export-control
law, RSAREF would be available by anonymous FTP.
HOW TO GET IT
To obtain RSAREF, read the license at the end of the note and return a copy of
the "acknowledgement and acceptance" paragraph by electronic mail to
<rsaref-administrator@rsa.com>.
RSAREF is distributed by electronic mail in a UNIX(TM) "uuencoded" TAR format.
When you receive it, store the contents of the message in a file, and run your
operating system's "uudecode" and TAR programs.
For example, suppose you store the contents of your message in the file
'contents'. You would run the commands:
uudecode contents # produces rsaref.tar
tar xvf rsaref.tar
RSAREF includes about 60 files organized into the following
subdirectories:
doc documentation on RSAREF and RDEMO
install makefiles for various operating systems
rdemo RDEMO demonstration program
source RSAREF source code and include files
test test scripts for RDEMO
USERS' GROUP
RSA Laboratories maintains the electronic-mail users' group
<rsaref-users@rsa.com> for discussion of RSAREF applications, bug fixes, etc.
To join the user's group, send electronic mail to
<rsaref-users-request@rsa.com>.
REGISTRATION
RSAREF users who register with RSA Laboratories are entitled to free RSAREF
upgrades and bug fixes as soon as they become available and a 50% discount on
selected RSA Data Security products. To register, send your name, address, and
telephone number to <rsaref-registration@rsa.com>.
INNOVATION PRIZES
RSA Laboratories will award cash prizes for the best applications built on
RSAREF. If you'd like to submit an application, or want to be on the review
panel, please send electronic mail to <rsaref-administrator@rsa.com>.
PUBLIC-KEY CERTIFICATION
RSA Data Security offers public-key certification services conforming to
forthcoming PEM standards. For more information, please send electronic mail to
<pem-info@rsa.com>.
OTHER QUESTIONS
If you have questions on RSAREF software, licenses, export restrictions, or
other RSA Laboratories offerings, send electronic mail to
<rsaref-administrator@rsa.com>.
AUTHORS
RSAREF was written by the staff of RSA Laboratories with assistance from RSA
Data Security's software engineers. The DES code is based on an implementation
that Justin Reyneri did at Stanford University. Jim Hwang of Stanford wrote
parts of the arithmetic code under contract to RSA Laboratories.
ABOUT RSA LABORATORIES
RSA Laboratories is the research and development division of RSA Data Security,
Inc., the company founded by the inventors of the RSA public-key cryptosystem.
RSA Laboratories reviews, designs and implements secure and efficient
cryptosystems of all kinds. Its clients include government agencies,
telecommunications companies, computer manufacturers, software developers,
cable TV broadcasters, interactive video manufacturers, and satellite broadcast
companies, among others.
RSA Laboratories draws upon the talents of the following people:
Len Adleman, distinguished associate - Ph.D., University of
California, Berkeley; Henry Salvatori professor of computer
science at University of Southern California; co-inventor of
RSA public-key cryptosystem; co-founder of RSA Data Security, Inc.
Taher Elgamal, senior associate - Ph.D., Stanford University;
director of engineering at RSA Data Security, Inc.; inventor of
Elgamal public-key cryptosystem based on discrete logarithms
Marty Hellman, distinguished associate - Ph.D., Stanford University;
professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University;
co-inventor of public-key cryptography, exponential key exchange;
IEEE fellow; IEEE Centennial Medal recipient
Burt Kaliski, chief scientist - Ph.D., MIT; former visiting assistant
professor at Rochester Institute of Technology; author, Public-Key
Cryptography Standards; general chair, CRYPTO '91
Cetin Koc, associate - Ph.D., University of California, Santa
Barbara; assistant professor at University of Houston
Ron Rivest, distinguished associate - Ph.D., Stanford University;
professor of computer science, MIT; co-inventor, RSA public-key
cryptosystem; co-founder, RSA Data Security, Inc.; member, National
Academy of Engineering; director, International Association for
Cryptologic Research; program co-chair, ASIACRYPT '91
ADDRESSES
RSA Laboratories RSA Data Security, Inc.
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USA USA
(415) 595-7703 (415) 595-8782
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