Traffic control and safety in the work zone.

The National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration reports that on- the-job
traffic accidents cost $ 43 billion
each year, averaging $ 22,000 per
crash and $ 110,000 per injury. But
another cost is greater than money—
the loss of life.
Traffic Control
and Safety
Planning is the most
important element of street or highway
worksite safety. Hazards at worksites
must be identified based on an evalu-ation
of the processes, and the worksite
overall, before a plan can be developed.
Planning makes the difference
between the success or failure of any
job. Proper and adequate placement
of traffic control devices is the critical
responsibility of those who are in
charge over the particular roadway
where the work area is located. The
pre- job planning responsibility may
require initial and periodic inspection
of existing devices and conditions for
the safety of the workers and
motorists. Before roadside hazards can
be reduced or eliminated, employers
and employees must become familiar
with the possible hazards.
When it comes to road work, planning
means designing a traffic control plan
that meets the current Part VI of the
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices ( MUTCD) standards. Laying
the design out on paper helps take the
competent person, and the traffic
control crew, through the work step
by step and identifies significant factors
that could affect traffic control and
thereby safety at the worksite. Get an
overhead view of the roadway that
you will be working on. List the types
of processes, their locations within
the roadway, and the locations of
access and egress needs from con-struction-
related traffic. Identify sig-nificant
intersections and access
points that may intersect within the
traffic control zone. Identify and con-tact
businesses and residents whose
access points fall within the traffic
control zone or would otherwise be
affected by the worksite, and assess
their needs. Devise a written traffic
control plan.
Part VI of the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices provides the
design and application specifications to
meet the special demand for uniform
standards for traffic control during
construction and maintenance opera-tions
on streets and highways in the
United States. Temporary traffic con-trol
devices ( cones and other chan-nelization
devices) and advanced
warning signs ( flagger ahead and lane
closure) are used to direct traffic
around construction zones. The criteria
for design will vary based on
environmental conditions such as illu-mination,
weather, traffic speed and
other factors of consideration.
Although each work zone will have
individual traffic control plans based
on the type of worksite processes in
progress, all traffic control plans will
have similarities that are
inherent to every work
zone.
Fundamental
Principles for
Planning
• Safety is primary. Use whatever con-trols
are necessary to be sure traffic
and workers will be safe.
Identifying
Safety Needs
The N. C. Department
of Labor recognizes that
the safety and health of workers, per-forming
the many varied tasks during
a temporary traffic control situation,
should always be analyzed before
work begins. Employers are responsible
for assessing the workplace to deter-mine
if hazards are present or likely to
be present that necessitate the use of
protective equipment, including per-sonal
protective equipment.
Construction workers, public- safety
workers, including fire fighters,
parole/ probation officers and correc-tions
officers, as well as others that
may be in a position of directing traffic,
are all at risk from the hazards posed
by traffic. Short duration temporary
traffic control situations, such as those
involving garbage collectors or funeral
directors, should not be overlooked.
Temporary conditions that are unex-pected
to drivers can be the most
dangerous to the roadway worker.
The costs ( in money, time, physical
problems and mental distress) associ-ated
with vehicle- related accidents
and injuries can be extremely high.
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Inside this edition …
• Identifying Safety Needs
• Traffic Control and Safety
• Planning Principles
• Worker Safety
Considerations
�� Worker Safety Principles
Traffic Control and Safety in the Work Zone
Continued on page 2
• Be credible. Don’t advise motorists
of a condition that doesn’t exist.
Remove or cover all signs or devices
that are not in use.
There are five parts of a work zone:
1. All traffic control zones should
have an advance warning area. The
advance warning area is important to
alert drivers to potentially unusual or
hazardous conditions so that driving
speeds and driving practices can be
adjusted in preparation for such con-ditions.
The advance warning area
contains the warning signs.
2. A transition area is required when
lanes are to be closed, the travel path
shifted, or both, to accommodate the
work space.
3. Buffer space provides an additional
element of safety before the actual
work space. It provides a recovery
space for errant vehicles and separates
traffic flow from the work activity.
Work activities should not take place
and equipment and materials should
not be stored within the buffer area.
4. The work area is where the main-tenance
or construction work is taking
place, including space for equipment
and materials.
5. The termination area is used at
worksites to allow traffic to clear the
activity area and return to normal
traffic operations. It is the final por-tion
of the traffic control zone that
extends from the end of the activity
area to the sign denoting the end of the
work zone. ( If tapers are used in the
transition area for lane closures, they
will be required in the termination
area.)
Worker Safety Considerations
Work areas present temporary and
constantly changing conditions that
are unexpected by the traveler.
Further, these work area conditions
almost always present situations that
are more confusing for the driver.
This creates an even higher degree of
vulnerability for the personnel on or
near the roadway. Of particular
importance is maintaining work areas
with traffic flow inhibited as little as
possible, providing standard and clear
traffic control devices that get the dri-ver’s
attention and provide positive
direction.
Following are key elements of traffic
control management that should be
considered in any procedure for
ensuring worker safety:
Training: All workers should be
trained in how to work next to traffic in
a way that minimizes their vulnerabil-ity.
In addition, workers with specific
traffic control responsibilities should
be trained in traffic control tech-niques,
device usage and placement.
• Signs need to be seen to be obeyed.
Increase the size or height of the signs
to make them more visible.
• Increase the length of the warning
area when traffic is backed up, when
there is a curve, hill or other obstruc-tion,
and on high- speed, high- volume
roads.
• Allow room for the buffer space for
additional protection of traffic and
workers.
• Additional safety and warning are
needed when traffic is diverted into
lanes normally used by opposing traffic.
• Channeling devices should break or
collapse when hit. Do not use con-crete
or other materials that may be
hazardous on devices. Do not use
rigid bracing for barricades.
• All devices used at night should be
reflectorized or illuminated.
• Remove confusing pavement mark-ings
as soon as practical. Use tempo-rary
markings that can be easily
removed to outline a new path.
• If warning lights are to be used, use
steady burning lights for channelization
and flashing lights for warning.
• Periodically inspect the devices.
Repair or replace any damaged or
missing devices. All devices should be
clean.
Continued on page 3
Cherie K. Berry
Commissioner
Editor .................................. Sydney Sutton
Layout and Design .................. Jeff Wilson
N. C. Department of Labor
4 W. Edenton St.
Raleigh, NC 27601- 1092
Direct all questions, comments and suggestions to:
Bureau of Education, Training
and Technical Assistance
( 919) 807- 2875
1- 800- NC- LABOR • www. nclabor. com
John Johnson
Deputy Commissioner
OSH
Les Kafel
Bureau Chief
ETTA
5.
Termination
Area
4.
Work Area
3.
Buffer
Space
2.
Transition
Area
1.
Advance
Warning Area
Worker Clothing: Workers exposed
to traffic should be attired in bright,
highly visible clothing similar to that
of flaggers.
Barriers: Barriers should be placed
along the work space depending on
such factors as lateral clearance of
workers from adjacent traffic,
speed of traffic, duration of
operations, time of day and
volume of traffic.
Speed Reduction: In highly vulnera-ble
situations, consider reducing the
speed of traffic through regulatory
speed zoning, funneling, and use of
police, lane reduction or flaggers.
Lighting: For nighttime work, lighting
the work area and approaches may
allow the driver better comprehension
of the requirements being imposed.
Care should be taken to ensure that
the lighting does not cause blinding.
Special Devices: Judicious use of spe-cial
warning and control devices may
be helpful for certain difficult work
area situations. These include rumble
stripes, changeable message signs, haz-ard
identification beacons,
flags and warning lights.
Road Closure: If alternate
routes are available to handle
detoured traffic, the road
may be closed temporarily
during times of greatest worker haz-ard—
which, in addition to offering
maximum worker safety, may facilitate
quicker project completion and thus
further reduce worker vulnerability.
Like other provisions of work area
safety set forth in this part of the
MUTCD, the various traffic control
techniques must be applied by a quali-fied
person after appropriate engineer-ing
studies and with sound engineering
judgment and common sense.
Fundamental Principles for
Worker Safety
Inspect as necessary, depending upon
the complexity and length of the pro-ject.
Inspect at least twice a day, and
whenever you observe significant traffic
pattern changes. Inspections, at a
minimum, should be done before
work begins and midday.
Each person whose actions affect
work zone safety should receive training
relative to the required duties. Don’t
assign untrained workers the
responsibility for setting up
and maintaining the system.
Be credible. Don’t advise
motorists of a condition that
doesn’t exist. Remove or cover all
signs or devices that are not in use.
Treat traffic control as a priority equal
to the job being performed.
Design a temporary traffic control sys-tem
that doesn’t create confusion and is
easy to navigate. Traffic movement
should be restricted as little as
practicable.
Have a plan suitable to the project.
Don’t bother traffic any more than
necessary. Work during off peak
hours. Park and work off the travel
way when possible.
Don’t expect drivers to slow down
until they see some kind of
activity. Drivers should be
guided in a clear and obvious
manner throughout the
work zone.
Don’t make drivers think, respond,
brake or maneuver rapidly.
Develop a plan for work and emer-gency
vehicles before it is needed.
Reduce the time workers are exposed
to traffic to minimize danger.
Traffic control’s goal is to guide drivers
in a definite, clear manner.
Give plenty of advanced notice so
that drivers have time to process the
warning and respond appropriately to
the changes.
Use flaggers, wearing high visibility
red or orange warning garments, to
supplement the other traffic control
measures to improve safety. Workers
exposed to traffic must be seen by
motorists.
Changing weather and traffic condi-tions
may make it necessary to modify
the traffic control system so that it
remains effective.
Additional Resources
This publication was prepared incor-porating
information specified in Part
VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices ( MUTCD) and OR-OSHA
publications. Copies of the
MUTCD publication may be
obtained from the American Traffic
Safety Services Association
( ATSSA), 15 Riverside Parkway,
Suite 100, Fredericksburg VA 22406-
1022. Phone: ( 540) 368- 1701. Fax
( 540) 368- 1722. The latest edition of
the MUTCD is also available on the
Federal Highway Administration’s
Web site http:// mutcd. fhwa. dot. gov/.
Disclaimer
This fact sheet provides only general
information for traffic control require-ments
and should not be considered a
complete summary of the North
Carolina Occupational Safety and
Health Standards or MUTCD.
Photocopying and wide dissemination of this
publication is encouraged.
500 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of
$ 83 or $. 16 per copy.
Applicable NC Standards
29 CFR 1926.20, General safety
and health provisions
29 CFR 1926.21, Safety training
and education
29 CFR 1926.95, Criteria for per-sonal
protective equipment
29 CFR 1926.200( g), Traffic signs
29 CFR 1926.201, Signaling
29 CFR 1926.202, Barricades
N. C. Department of Labor
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance
4 W. Edenton St.
Raleigh, NC 27601- 1092
High- Visibility Clothing
All workers exposed to traffic must be attired in bright, highly visible clothing, similar to flaggers. Greater visibility of
workers wearing the appropriate garments in traffic control zones ( such as retroreflective garments at night), will help
prevent the hazards associated with struck by and struck against hazards.
• For daytime work, a vest, shirt or jacket that is bright orange, yellow, strong yellow- green or fluorescent versions of
these colors is acceptable.
• For nighttime work, or work in low visibility light conditions, the garments must also be retroreflective. The color
must be orange, yellow, white, silver or strong yellow- green and must be visible at a minimum of 1,000 feet.
• The retroreflective clothing must be designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person and be visible through a wide
range of body motions.
• Public safety personnel, as well as construction workers, may be used as flaggers in some locations, including urban
intersections, where enforcement of traffic movements is important. High visibility red or orange warning garments
must be provided and worn. Warning garments worn at night must be of reflectorized materials.
• Public- safety personnel may also be used on freeways where traffic is channeled around work sites and it is necessary
to ensure that advisory and regulatory speeds are being enforced. Bright, highly visible clothing, appropriate for
flaggers, should be worn.

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The National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration reports that on- the-job
traffic accidents cost $ 43 billion
each year, averaging $ 22,000 per
crash and $ 110,000 per injury. But
another cost is greater than money—
the loss of life.
Traffic Control
and Safety
Planning is the most
important element of street or highway
worksite safety. Hazards at worksites
must be identified based on an evalu-ation
of the processes, and the worksite
overall, before a plan can be developed.
Planning makes the difference
between the success or failure of any
job. Proper and adequate placement
of traffic control devices is the critical
responsibility of those who are in
charge over the particular roadway
where the work area is located. The
pre- job planning responsibility may
require initial and periodic inspection
of existing devices and conditions for
the safety of the workers and
motorists. Before roadside hazards can
be reduced or eliminated, employers
and employees must become familiar
with the possible hazards.
When it comes to road work, planning
means designing a traffic control plan
that meets the current Part VI of the
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control
Devices ( MUTCD) standards. Laying
the design out on paper helps take the
competent person, and the traffic
control crew, through the work step
by step and identifies significant factors
that could affect traffic control and
thereby safety at the worksite. Get an
overhead view of the roadway that
you will be working on. List the types
of processes, their locations within
the roadway, and the locations of
access and egress needs from con-struction-
related traffic. Identify sig-nificant
intersections and access
points that may intersect within the
traffic control zone. Identify and con-tact
businesses and residents whose
access points fall within the traffic
control zone or would otherwise be
affected by the worksite, and assess
their needs. Devise a written traffic
control plan.
Part VI of the Manual on Uniform
Traffic Control Devices provides the
design and application specifications to
meet the special demand for uniform
standards for traffic control during
construction and maintenance opera-tions
on streets and highways in the
United States. Temporary traffic con-trol
devices ( cones and other chan-nelization
devices) and advanced
warning signs ( flagger ahead and lane
closure) are used to direct traffic
around construction zones. The criteria
for design will vary based on
environmental conditions such as illu-mination,
weather, traffic speed and
other factors of consideration.
Although each work zone will have
individual traffic control plans based
on the type of worksite processes in
progress, all traffic control plans will
have similarities that are
inherent to every work
zone.
Fundamental
Principles for
Planning
• Safety is primary. Use whatever con-trols
are necessary to be sure traffic
and workers will be safe.
Identifying
Safety Needs
The N. C. Department
of Labor recognizes that
the safety and health of workers, per-forming
the many varied tasks during
a temporary traffic control situation,
should always be analyzed before
work begins. Employers are responsible
for assessing the workplace to deter-mine
if hazards are present or likely to
be present that necessitate the use of
protective equipment, including per-sonal
protective equipment.
Construction workers, public- safety
workers, including fire fighters,
parole/ probation officers and correc-tions
officers, as well as others that
may be in a position of directing traffic,
are all at risk from the hazards posed
by traffic. Short duration temporary
traffic control situations, such as those
involving garbage collectors or funeral
directors, should not be overlooked.
Temporary conditions that are unex-pected
to drivers can be the most
dangerous to the roadway worker.
The costs ( in money, time, physical
problems and mental distress) associ-ated
with vehicle- related accidents
and injuries can be extremely high.
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Inside this edition …
• Identifying Safety Needs
• Traffic Control and Safety
• Planning Principles
• Worker Safety
Considerations
�� Worker Safety Principles
Traffic Control and Safety in the Work Zone
Continued on page 2
• Be credible. Don’t advise motorists
of a condition that doesn’t exist.
Remove or cover all signs or devices
that are not in use.
There are five parts of a work zone:
1. All traffic control zones should
have an advance warning area. The
advance warning area is important to
alert drivers to potentially unusual or
hazardous conditions so that driving
speeds and driving practices can be
adjusted in preparation for such con-ditions.
The advance warning area
contains the warning signs.
2. A transition area is required when
lanes are to be closed, the travel path
shifted, or both, to accommodate the
work space.
3. Buffer space provides an additional
element of safety before the actual
work space. It provides a recovery
space for errant vehicles and separates
traffic flow from the work activity.
Work activities should not take place
and equipment and materials should
not be stored within the buffer area.
4. The work area is where the main-tenance
or construction work is taking
place, including space for equipment
and materials.
5. The termination area is used at
worksites to allow traffic to clear the
activity area and return to normal
traffic operations. It is the final por-tion
of the traffic control zone that
extends from the end of the activity
area to the sign denoting the end of the
work zone. ( If tapers are used in the
transition area for lane closures, they
will be required in the termination
area.)
Worker Safety Considerations
Work areas present temporary and
constantly changing conditions that
are unexpected by the traveler.
Further, these work area conditions
almost always present situations that
are more confusing for the driver.
This creates an even higher degree of
vulnerability for the personnel on or
near the roadway. Of particular
importance is maintaining work areas
with traffic flow inhibited as little as
possible, providing standard and clear
traffic control devices that get the dri-ver’s
attention and provide positive
direction.
Following are key elements of traffic
control management that should be
considered in any procedure for
ensuring worker safety:
Training: All workers should be
trained in how to work next to traffic in
a way that minimizes their vulnerabil-ity.
In addition, workers with specific
traffic control responsibilities should
be trained in traffic control tech-niques,
device usage and placement.
• Signs need to be seen to be obeyed.
Increase the size or height of the signs
to make them more visible.
• Increase the length of the warning
area when traffic is backed up, when
there is a curve, hill or other obstruc-tion,
and on high- speed, high- volume
roads.
• Allow room for the buffer space for
additional protection of traffic and
workers.
• Additional safety and warning are
needed when traffic is diverted into
lanes normally used by opposing traffic.
• Channeling devices should break or
collapse when hit. Do not use con-crete
or other materials that may be
hazardous on devices. Do not use
rigid bracing for barricades.
• All devices used at night should be
reflectorized or illuminated.
• Remove confusing pavement mark-ings
as soon as practical. Use tempo-rary
markings that can be easily
removed to outline a new path.
• If warning lights are to be used, use
steady burning lights for channelization
and flashing lights for warning.
• Periodically inspect the devices.
Repair or replace any damaged or
missing devices. All devices should be
clean.
Continued on page 3
Cherie K. Berry
Commissioner
Editor .................................. Sydney Sutton
Layout and Design .................. Jeff Wilson
N. C. Department of Labor
4 W. Edenton St.
Raleigh, NC 27601- 1092
Direct all questions, comments and suggestions to:
Bureau of Education, Training
and Technical Assistance
( 919) 807- 2875
1- 800- NC- LABOR • www. nclabor. com
John Johnson
Deputy Commissioner
OSH
Les Kafel
Bureau Chief
ETTA
5.
Termination
Area
4.
Work Area
3.
Buffer
Space
2.
Transition
Area
1.
Advance
Warning Area
Worker Clothing: Workers exposed
to traffic should be attired in bright,
highly visible clothing similar to that
of flaggers.
Barriers: Barriers should be placed
along the work space depending on
such factors as lateral clearance of
workers from adjacent traffic,
speed of traffic, duration of
operations, time of day and
volume of traffic.
Speed Reduction: In highly vulnera-ble
situations, consider reducing the
speed of traffic through regulatory
speed zoning, funneling, and use of
police, lane reduction or flaggers.
Lighting: For nighttime work, lighting
the work area and approaches may
allow the driver better comprehension
of the requirements being imposed.
Care should be taken to ensure that
the lighting does not cause blinding.
Special Devices: Judicious use of spe-cial
warning and control devices may
be helpful for certain difficult work
area situations. These include rumble
stripes, changeable message signs, haz-ard
identification beacons,
flags and warning lights.
Road Closure: If alternate
routes are available to handle
detoured traffic, the road
may be closed temporarily
during times of greatest worker haz-ard—
which, in addition to offering
maximum worker safety, may facilitate
quicker project completion and thus
further reduce worker vulnerability.
Like other provisions of work area
safety set forth in this part of the
MUTCD, the various traffic control
techniques must be applied by a quali-fied
person after appropriate engineer-ing
studies and with sound engineering
judgment and common sense.
Fundamental Principles for
Worker Safety
Inspect as necessary, depending upon
the complexity and length of the pro-ject.
Inspect at least twice a day, and
whenever you observe significant traffic
pattern changes. Inspections, at a
minimum, should be done before
work begins and midday.
Each person whose actions affect
work zone safety should receive training
relative to the required duties. Don’t
assign untrained workers the
responsibility for setting up
and maintaining the system.
Be credible. Don’t advise
motorists of a condition that
doesn’t exist. Remove or cover all
signs or devices that are not in use.
Treat traffic control as a priority equal
to the job being performed.
Design a temporary traffic control sys-tem
that doesn’t create confusion and is
easy to navigate. Traffic movement
should be restricted as little as
practicable.
Have a plan suitable to the project.
Don’t bother traffic any more than
necessary. Work during off peak
hours. Park and work off the travel
way when possible.
Don’t expect drivers to slow down
until they see some kind of
activity. Drivers should be
guided in a clear and obvious
manner throughout the
work zone.
Don’t make drivers think, respond,
brake or maneuver rapidly.
Develop a plan for work and emer-gency
vehicles before it is needed.
Reduce the time workers are exposed
to traffic to minimize danger.
Traffic control’s goal is to guide drivers
in a definite, clear manner.
Give plenty of advanced notice so
that drivers have time to process the
warning and respond appropriately to
the changes.
Use flaggers, wearing high visibility
red or orange warning garments, to
supplement the other traffic control
measures to improve safety. Workers
exposed to traffic must be seen by
motorists.
Changing weather and traffic condi-tions
may make it necessary to modify
the traffic control system so that it
remains effective.
Additional Resources
This publication was prepared incor-porating
information specified in Part
VI of the Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices ( MUTCD) and OR-OSHA
publications. Copies of the
MUTCD publication may be
obtained from the American Traffic
Safety Services Association
( ATSSA), 15 Riverside Parkway,
Suite 100, Fredericksburg VA 22406-
1022. Phone: ( 540) 368- 1701. Fax
( 540) 368- 1722. The latest edition of
the MUTCD is also available on the
Federal Highway Administration’s
Web site http:// mutcd. fhwa. dot. gov/.
Disclaimer
This fact sheet provides only general
information for traffic control require-ments
and should not be considered a
complete summary of the North
Carolina Occupational Safety and
Health Standards or MUTCD.
Photocopying and wide dissemination of this
publication is encouraged.
500 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of
$ 83 or $. 16 per copy.
Applicable NC Standards
29 CFR 1926.20, General safety
and health provisions
29 CFR 1926.21, Safety training
and education
29 CFR 1926.95, Criteria for per-sonal
protective equipment
29 CFR 1926.200( g), Traffic signs
29 CFR 1926.201, Signaling
29 CFR 1926.202, Barricades
N. C. Department of Labor
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
Bureau of Education, Training and Technical Assistance
4 W. Edenton St.
Raleigh, NC 27601- 1092
High- Visibility Clothing
All workers exposed to traffic must be attired in bright, highly visible clothing, similar to flaggers. Greater visibility of
workers wearing the appropriate garments in traffic control zones ( such as retroreflective garments at night), will help
prevent the hazards associated with struck by and struck against hazards.
• For daytime work, a vest, shirt or jacket that is bright orange, yellow, strong yellow- green or fluorescent versions of
these colors is acceptable.
• For nighttime work, or work in low visibility light conditions, the garments must also be retroreflective. The color
must be orange, yellow, white, silver or strong yellow- green and must be visible at a minimum of 1,000 feet.
• The retroreflective clothing must be designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person and be visible through a wide
range of body motions.
• Public safety personnel, as well as construction workers, may be used as flaggers in some locations, including urban
intersections, where enforcement of traffic movements is important. High visibility red or orange warning garments
must be provided and worn. Warning garments worn at night must be of reflectorized materials.
• Public- safety personnel may also be used on freeways where traffic is channeled around work sites and it is necessary
to ensure that advisory and regulatory speeds are being enforced. Bright, highly visible clothing, appropriate for
flaggers, should be worn.