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3.
What's the Ecological Footprint (EF)‏ <ul><li>The Ecological Footprint “represents the critical natural capital and services requirements of a defined economy or population in terms of the corresponding biologically productive areas.” (Wackernagel et al. 1999) </li></ul><ul><li>A country’s footprint is the total area required to produce, in a sustainable way, the goods and services it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, using prevailing technology. </li></ul><ul><li>It is a consumption-based indicator because it includes all (and only) the natural capital directly or indirectly used for the supply of the goods and services consumed by the local population, independently of where the production area is located. </li></ul><ul><li>Complementarily to the domestic demand for natural capital provided by the ecological footprint, EFA estimates biocapacity that represents the supply of natural capital calculated from the total area of ecologically productive land. </li></ul>Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte

4.
EF: the basic idea <ul><li>The ecological footprint measures the amount of biologically productive land and water that the human activity requests to the biosphere in order to provide the resources that uses and receive the waste that produces. </li></ul><ul><li>The basic idea is: every unit of material or used energy is related to a defined land extension belonging to one or more ecosystems, that, providing natural services, assures to provide resources or receive wastes as much as needed by the economic system. </li></ul>Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte

5.
Types of land Around 10,3 Mld ha, 68% of the total land (15 Mld ha), are bioproductive lands. Immagine da: Manuale delle Impronte Ecologiche , Edizioni Ambiente, 2002 <ul><li>Crop land </li></ul><ul><li>Grazing land </li></ul><ul><li>Forrest </li></ul><ul><li>Energy land: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>Used to measure the equivalent production of wood needed </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Used to measure the land needed to adsorb the produced CO2 </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Fisheries </li></ul><ul><li>Degraded land (non productive area: house, cave, etc…) ‏ </li></ul>Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte

7.
The input output analysis (2) X is the total output z ij are the sectorial exchanges Y is the final demand (C+E) Technical coefficients representing the amount of good from sector i needed to produce directly one unit of good from sector j The Leontiev inverse Matrix, represent the total direct and indirect requirements of any industry j supplied by other industries i within the region in order for industry j to be able to deliver €1 worth of output to final demand Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte …… …… …… … … …

8.
The Impact generalized model (The environmental extension of IO analysis) <ul><li>First teoretycal basis by Leontief 1970. </li></ul><ul><li>Introduces a way to incorporate the “externatlities” (use of resources, or pollution generation in production) into a conventional input-output picture. </li></ul><ul><li>Wants to demonstrate that “the conventional input-output can yield complete replies to some of the fundamental factual question that should be asked and answered before a practical solution can be found to problem raised by the undesirable environmental effect of the modern technology and uncontrolled economic growth”. </li></ul>Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte

9.
The Impact generalized model (The environmental extension of IO analysis) Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte <ul><li>The vector that describe the level of produced impact is defined considering the amount of produced good for each sector (X) : </li></ul><ul><li>So that: </li></ul><ul><li>when we substitute it with the standard formulation: </li></ul>Matrix of the coefficients of Total Impact <ul><li>If we consider the matrix of use of resources (or pollution emission) as a matrix of technical coefficients of direct impact: </li></ul>

15.
Portion of footprint for different household Food Electricity Vehicle fuel Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte  Averaged per capita Ecological footprint for the Italian inhabitant: using the ecological footprint related to a sector product  We can obtain the coefficients related to 1€ of production that makes us able to estimate the amount of the products produced by that sector bought in any subregional area where expenditure data are available

16.
The Piedmont case study (2001) Vehicles fuel Methane Electricity Centrally heated Maintenance Purchase of vehicles Pancrazio Bertaccini, IRES Piemonte Using the coefficients for 1€ of sector production we can obtain a detailed break-down of the Piedmont inhabitant consumption based on the real expenditure Food

18.
Conclusions <ul><li>It’s a rigorous way to analyze an economic system environmental impact, allowing a quite deep level of detail </li></ul><ul><li>Provide results that are generally comparable because the wide production of NFA and IO Tables. </li></ul><ul><li>Allow to analyze sub-regions even where detailed data are not available </li></ul><ul><li>Allow to estimate direct and indirect ecological footprint assigned to consumer activity </li></ul>

19.
Limits <ul><li>Aggregates different product that could have far different environmental impact </li></ul><ul><li>Do not consider (so far) import and export of real land </li></ul><ul><li>The use of 27 industrial sectors reduce the separation between the different goods </li></ul>