The majority of Scotland's population speak English, a consequence of England's political and cultural domination during 3-400 years. But there are two other - lesser known - languages that have been there far longer, and they are still there. That's Gaelic and Scots.

Gaelic

A thousand years ago the majority of the Scottish population spoke Gaelic. Nowadays the language has largely been reduced to the Highlands and Islands. By the latest census in 1991 the language was brought down to 66.000, a poor 1,5% of a population of 5+ million. And it is still falling, since the 66.000 are mainly elderlies.

Gaelic is a very endangered language. But during the last 20 years it has experienced a revival which is part of the rising awareness - or creation of - a separate Scottish identity. Pop and rock stars sing in Gaelic, all the political parties want to protect Gaelic. There is a growing movement for Scottish Kindergartens/Pre-schools. Many schools now teach what was once a proscribed language and TV and radio broadcast in Gaelic. Together with tartan and whisky and bagpipes Gaelic is part of the romantic Scottish myth, and most Scots believe it is Scotland's aboriginal language. They also believe it is impossibly difficult.

Gaelic thus enjoys a high cultural status. But it is of limited practical value.
The largest problem for Gaelic is the emigration from the Highlands and Islands where the language still survives. Young people move from central Gaelic speaking areas for education and work. And they don't return. Therefore the Gaelic organisations try to develop opportunities for work and education, where command of Gaelic is an asset, and not - as it is now - a trifle or even a disadvantage.

LITERATURE about Languages in Scotland

You can find several books to learn Gaelic from, but the first one for Scots is L. C. Wilson Stertin oot in Scots. Language of Lowland & Eastern Scotland. A Course for Beginners. (Glasgow 1999)

A fine description of the language situation is Scotland - a Linguistic Double Helix (European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, 1995)

After Gaelic, it was Scots' turn to become the main language of Scotland. For 400 years, Scots was the spoken and written language of the Scottish
state. When Great Britain came to be established in 1707, Scotland's government moved to London, and Scots lost its political status to English. And even when Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns, was writing in Scots - "Should auld acquaintance be forgot" among other things - the language was being rapidly reduced to a purely spoken one, to the status of an everyday colloquial language, not something one could use in school, e.g.

For several centuries - until the beginning of the 1980s - Scottish children
were under threat of corporal punishment for talking Scots in school. From
having been an independent language used by people on all social levels Scots had descended to the status of being considered a dialect of English, a dialect used by ignorant peasants, fishing folk and laborers, not by genteel people. As recently as in 1993 a man was arrested for having spoken Scots in court proceedings, for contempt of court.

Confusion between Scots and English

The most recent British census asked if people spoke Gaelic but not if they
spoke Scots. In the meantime, a government study conducted in 1996 has shown that it may be as much as 30% of the population, i.e., 1.5 million people.

Furthermore, Scots has far more speakers than has Gaelic -- in excess of 20
times more -- but in a funny way be much harder to recognize, indeed even among Scottish people themselves, who tend to confuse it with English with a Scottish accent.

Scots has virtually none of the resources that are now channeled in the
direction of Gaelic. There is no radio or TV broadcasting in Scots, it is,
generally speaking, not taught in school, and it is not at all used as an
educational medium. There is a Scots renaissance underway too, led by singers, poets, movie and theater people. But Scots, the language with many speakers and low status, enjoys nowhere near the public support and awareness that is afforded Gaelic, which has far fewer speakers but at the same time carries far greater symbolic weight.

Danish, Scots, English and Gaelic

Danish

Jeg kender ham ikke

Scots

A dinna ken him

English

I don't know him

Gaelic

Chan eil iólas agam air

Danish, Scots and English are different, but alike. All three belong to the same language family - the Germanic. They have lots of vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation in common. In fact, Scots even has many word that are not intelligible for Englishmen, but which are immediately recognisable to Danes, e.g. bearn (child, Da barn), flit (move, Da flytte), big (build, Da bygge) .....

In the Gaelic sentence there is not much to be recognised. Gaelic belongs to another family of languages, Celtic, and is very closely related to Irish.

The RadioDocumentary relates how Scots and Gaelic have been suppressed by the British authorities and the Scottish elite, about the loss of functional domains they have suffered from the pressure of English and about the flowering they both live through these years.

Ole Stig AndersenEMIL, Weekend-Avisen, June 24, 1999
Thank you to Reinhard Hahn for most of the translation.

(EMIL is Danish Radio's Programme 1's monthly magazine, issued as a supplement to the newspaper Weekend-Avisen.)