By altering their cell walls or cytoplasmic membranes; or by interfering with their metabolism and reproduction by damaging proteins and nucleic acids

Cell wall

what maintains the integrity of the cell and ,when disrupted, cannot prevent the cell from bursting due to Osmotic Effects?

Cytoplasmic membrane

What, when damaged, causes cellular contents to leak out?

Viral Envelope

What is responsible for the attachment of the virus to a target cell?

Viral Replication

Damage to the Viral Envelope interrupts what?

Nonenveloped viruses

Which have a greater tolerance of harsh conditions; Enveloped Viruses or Nonenveloped Viruses?

its 3-D shape

What does protein function depend on?

Denature proteins

Extreme heat, or certain chemicals do what to proteins?

Chemicals, Radiation, and Heat

What 3 things can alter or destroy Nucleic Acids?

Chemicals, Radiation, and Heat altering or destroying Nucleic Acids

What can produce Fatal Mutations and can halt protein synthesis through action on RNA?

humans, animals, and objects

Agents used for Microbial Control should control all microbial growth while being harmless to ______, ______, and _______.

Factors affecting the efficacy of antimicrobial methods

Includes: The nature of the site to be treated, the degree of susceptibility of microbes involved, and environmental conditions that pertain

Harsh chemicals and extreme heat

When taking into consideration the site to be treated by antimicrobial methods, one must take into account the fact that ______ ________ and ________ _____ cannot be used on humans, animals, and fragile objects.

Place these types of microorganisms in order from most susceptible to most resistant: Mycobacteria, Active stage protozoa (trophozoites), Bacterial endospores, Gram-negative bacteria, and Cysts of Protozoa

High-level germicides

kill all pathogens, including Endospores

High-level germicides

used to sterilize invasive instruments (catheters, implants, and parts of heart-lung machines)

Intermediate-level germicides

kill Fungal Spores, Protozoan cysts, viruses and pathogenic bacteria

Intermediate-level germicides

used to disinfect noninvasive instruments in contact with mucous membranes (endoscopes and respiratory equipment)

Low-level germicides

kill vegetative bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, and some Viruses

Low-level germicides

used to disinfect objects only in contact with skin (electrodes and furniture)

Acidic conditions

What enhance antimicrobial effects of heat and some chemical disinfectants?

What can reduce the effectiveness of heat, disinfectants, and some forms of radiation?

Phenol Coefficient, Use-dilution test, and In-use test

What are the 3 methods for evaluating disinfectants and antiseptics?

Phenol Coefficient

What test is used for evaluating the efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics by determining the ratio of the agent's ability to control microbes to that of Phenol?

Use-dilution test

What test involves Metal cylinders being dipped into broth cultures of bacteria and dried, immersed into dilutions of disinfectants for 10 minutes, removed, washed, and placed into a tube of medium for 48 hours?

highest

In the Use-dilution test, the most effective agent entirely prevents microbial growth at the _________ dilution.

In-Use test

What test involves swabs being taken from objects before and after the application of Disinfectant or Antiseptic and inoculated into growth medium, which is then monitored for microbial growth?

In-Use test

What test gives an accurate determination of the proper strength and application procedure for each specific situation?

Exposure to extremes of Heat, exposure to extremes of cold, desiccation, filtration, osmotic pressure, and radiation

What are the 6 physical methods of microbial control (in the order they are listed in our notes)?

Effects of high temperatures

Denaturation of proteins, interference with the integrity of cytoplasmic membranes and cell walls, and disruption of the structure and function of nucleic acids

Thermal Death Point

the lowest temperature that kills all cells in a broth in 10 minutes

Thermal Death Time

the time to sterilize a volume of liquid at a set temperature

Moist Heat

Used to disinfect, sanitize, and sterilize. Kills by denaturing proteins and destroying cytoplasmic membranes, and is more effective than dry heat.

what is the moist heat method used today for milk, ice cream, yogurt, and fruit juices that is NOT sterilization, because is allows Heat-tolerant (Thermoduric) and Heat-loving (Thermophilic) microbes to survive?

Thermoduric and Thermophilic microbes

What microbes are able to survive pasteurizatioin, do not cause spoilage prior to consumption, and are generally not pathogenic?