Parallel Path Magnetic Technology (PPMT)
is an advanced magnetic
force
control technology that is applicable to motors, rotary actuators,
linear
actuators, magnetic latches, and generators. PPMT uses permanent
magnets controlled with a field coil in parallel magnetic
circuits.
PPMT is a revolutionary concept that has been demonstrated in a wide
variety
of devices. Flynn Research Inc. is the patent holder on basic and
specific PPMT patents.

All PPMT devices use two or more
permanent magnets placed in
parallel
with steering coils between the magnets. We will illustrate PPMT
basics in the form of a simple magnetic latching actuator:

The basic magnetic circuit consists of a
flux steering coil on
each
flux path as shown in figure 1. If there is no current in
the
coils the magnetic circuit then acts as if the coils do not exist.

Figure 1. Basic PPMT actuator
(flux steering coils off)

However if current flows in the flux
steering coils to produce a
magnetic
polarity, as shown in figure 2, the magnetic flux produced by the coils
couples with the permanent magnet?s flux and the result is four units
of force at one pole of the device (four units, not two, is due to the
squared force law of the combined permanent magnet flux). Once
the
flux has switched and the actuation elements have moved to create an
air
gap on the zero force side, the steering coils can be turned off and
the
actuator or motor will remain in this new state at four units of
permanent
force with no power required. A momentary coil pulse with the
opposite
polarity, will switch the actuator in the opposite direction.

In the actuation of the PPMT device, the
steering coil only needs
to
have sufficient current to equal the flux of one permanent
magnet.
Thus, in PPMT devices a given amount of magnetic flux can be controlled
with only half the field coil power required by conventional
devices.
Furthermore, the force generated by the PPMT device will continue, with
no power required, as long as the geometric arrangement of the elements
allow for it.

This same basic magnification of the
mechanical/magnetic/electric
coupling
relationship exists for generators and motors in a similar manner as it
does for the actuator used in this simple example. Compared to an
equivalent conventional motor/generator, or actuator a PPMT device has:
Higher power density, Higher power efficiency, Lighter weight, Smaller
physical size, Wider torque zone with high efficiency, Wider power zone
with high efficiency, and Cooler operating temperatures. Figure
3.
Shows a simplied cross section of one type of PPMT rotary motor.

Figure 3. PPMT motor cross
section

Flynn Research offers a variety of
standard and custom PPMT
products
to meet your industrial, aerospace, automotive, marine, and energy
production
needs. Flynn Research has built more than 50 prototypes and
production
models for various PPMT applications. Prototypes have been
constructed
with power ratings as low as 5 watts and as high as 10,000 watts.
There is no inherent power or size limit to PPMT devices, they can be
scaled
to whatever power or size your application requires.

Flynn Research is both the patent
holder and worlds leading
research
and development company in Parallel Path Magnetic Technology
(PPMT).
PPMT is an advanced magnetic force control technology that is
applicable
to motors, rotary actuators, linear actuators, magnetic latches, and
generators.
PPMT uses permanent magnets controlled with a field coil in parallel
magnetic
circuits. PPMT is a revolutionary concept that has been
demonstrated
in a wide variety of devices.

"[The paper below explains] how Joe
Flynn's Parallel Path device
works
and where the energy comes from. I think you will like it.
I tried to write it so that someone who is less than a nuclear physics
or IEEE type can understand what is going on. Believe me, he is
really
on to something.

"I was playing with
magnets and pretty much
knew
his principles already. I just hadn't quite gotten to the process
to do this. I knew one had to find a way to switch a permanent
magnet
and he has done it. Once that was done with leverage (higher than
1:1 ratio) the whole game was up. It is!"

-- Paul Noel (March 7, 2006) PES
Network, Inc. ]

Parallel Path motors and devices like
those supplied by Joe Flynn
are
able to achieve efficiencies above 100% of input energy. This
fact
is experimentally determined. No functional part of the process
operates
over 100% efficiency so how can this be? The answer is really
pretty
simple.

The magnetic field we use to generate
electricity in a normal
modern
generator is not the result of the inducing electrical current. The
magnetic
field is present in the cores of the metal in the generator at all
times.
All we do with the electrical induction current in a generator is to
steer
the field into a stable directed field. This field is then
reacted
in time and space against the motion of the coils in the generator to
produce
electricity.

The same is true for electricity
coming out of a
transformer.
It isn?t the same electricity that came in. The current in one
of the windings of the transformer directs a magnetic field. The
magnetic field then steers an electric current already present in
windings
of the secondary coil of the transformer. To understand Parallel
Path technology you must understand this.

Here is an experiment that illustrates
fields and currents. It is
a
lot of fun. My 3-year-old daughter loves to do it -- it?s that
simple. I take a 3/8-inch-by-3/8-inch rod NbFe magnet (N-35) and
drop it into a vertical 2-foot length of 1/2-inch-diameter, bare,
copper
pipe. The magnet takes about 5 seconds to float down the 2-foot
pipe.
Here is why. The magnet steers the electrical currents in the
copper
pipe. These run circularly to the magnet. The electrical
current
makes a magnetic field exactly opposite to that in the magnet. As
such the magnet floats. As the resistance in the pipe degrades
the
current, it lets the magnet drop. If the pipe were
super-conducting,
the magnet would not drop at all. It would just sit there
floating
in mid air!

So let's summarize: A magnetic
field exists in matter and is
steered
by electrical currents. Electrical currents don?t cause the
field;
it's already there and just aligns with the electrical current.

I know some people are going to get bent
out of shape about this,
but
to be specific, this effect proves that the ether exists. The ether (or
?aether? as some like to spell it) is the universal medium of all
matter
and energy. It is why James Maxwell said that ?We can scarcely
avoid the conclusion that light consists in the transverse undulations
of the same medium which is the cause of electric and magnetic
phenomena.?

This ether has been the subject of much
serious attack by modern
physics,
which supposedly disposed of this medium in the Michelson-Morley
experiment.
Unfortunate, those who claim this do not understand that the experiment
depends upon reflected light being independent of the mirror -- and it
is not. (I will not go into this deeply here.) The Sagnac
Effect,
which is used in modern GPS devices, brings the ether into full proof
status.
It exists! You can bet your life on it. It is used every day.

With the ether fully in place, this
gives us a way to understand
magnets.
A magnet is to the waves in the ether what a diode is to
electricity.
It is a one-way gate. As such we get on one side a build-up of
one
phase of the energy, and on the other side the opposite phase building
up. Matching phases causes repulsion because the waves add to
each
other. Opposite phases result in energy cancellation and matter
is
pulled together.

This all relates to a funny little thing
in electro-optics called
Phase
Conjugate Reflection. Without getting in too deep here either,
this
is the light field that holds matter together into solid or liquid or
whatever.
If it is in phase, everything stays put and no energy appears or
disappears.
When it is out of phase, all sorts of actions start happening. Of
course a whole lot of people are not going to like this
explanation.
It is weird, but it is reality.

Now that everyone is properly up to
speed with what is going on
right
down there in the nuclear structure of matter in a magnet, it must also
be noted that this relates to spin pairs in the atomic
nucleus.
This gets right down into what matter is and that sort of thing real
fast.
Lest one spend one?s entire life arguing deep nuclear physics, let?s
move on.

In any case, if the matter is spinning
correctly and the light is
bouncing around correctly, and this of course directs the electrons
correctly
and when all of this is locked down correctly ? we get a permanent
magnet. We could also spin the atoms correctly, and all of this with an
electrical current, or with a light beam. Remember though, the field we
get from
the magnet isn?t from our input energy. It is from the switching of the
ether. That?s right, folks! When a magnetic field is induced, it is not
made by the induction current. That current just pushes the alignment
?correctly?? and the rest follows like clockwork. [Editor's note: the
word "right"
was used instead of "correctly" in the above paragraph in the original,
and has been changed so as to not be confused with right v. left.]

Archimedes, a really bright Greek, is
quoted as saying, ?Give me a
lever long enough and a place to rest it and I will lift the
world.?
Leverage is a standard technology from ancient times. We
routinely
use leverage in all sorts of ways. We even use it to amplify electrical
signals. We use the gate flux control on crystals powered by a
small
current to open the way for a really big current. This is called a
transistor.
This cute little device is a one-way device. The process does not
work in reverse. It leverages electricity. Similar devices exist
for light. Up until now our scientific models have not described
such a device for a magnetic field. But they do exist. The
processes of switching Light, Electricity and Magnetism exist.

Shockingly, the devices proposed in the
link (they do exist) above
probably
infringe on Joe Flynn?s patent. They are nothing more nor less
than microscopic examples of his parallel path process! (Joe, are
you reading this?)

What Joe Flynn has is a transistor
(actually a pair of
transistors)
for a magnetic circuit. It is one-half of a full-wave bridge with
gate control. This is pretty simple if you look at his web site
and
see how the magnetic field is being controlled. Since we know
that
the magnetic field for the device is not sourced in the control field,
and we know that all he is doing is steering the controlled field, we
can
recognize that he hasn?t done any funny physics.

Flynn has just proved what men like Tom
Bearden have been saying
for
a long time. That is, that the magnetic field we get out isn?t
the energy we put in. But that is nothing new to our circuitry
for
electricity or for light. How could it be any different with our
magnets?

How do we get efficiency over one?
Simple. The two
ends
are not connected. The person who argues that you cannot get out more
than
you put in is still correct ? when doing it his way. He is extracting
his control current?s effect at a loss. He is steering a magnetic
arrangement
that is native to matter at leverage. He gets its energy out but it
isn?t
the same circuit as the induction current. He isn?t even 100%
efficient
at using it. He just gets part of its energy. He
pushes
in the output of 2 magnets and one control current. The flux drives the
matter to induce a magnetic field equal to about 3 ? magnets after the
losses are counted in. It?s all leverage and nothing else.
The leverage says the output should be 4:1 and he gets about 3.5:
1.
He isn?t even doing a perfect job.

Any wise person has to ask what happens
to the area where the
energy
comes from. To be plain, it is rather like a heat pump in your
house.
As it extracts energy from the outside, it cools that area. It
warms
the house. In time all the energy returns to where it came from
and
the net effect is zero. So Joe Flynn doesn?t hurt anything and
we get to have fun. The laws of conservation of matter and energy
are maintained.

Though Tom Bearden pursued the
extraction of energy at Phase
Conjugation,
he eventually gave it up. Now Joe Flynn has achieved it.
Tom
was right; he just didn?t get the method down. Tom Bearden is
proud
of Joe?s success and as we all should be.

A final note must be added: Why
doesn?t Joe Flynn remark on
this and exploit it for all to see that it is ?over unity??
First,
because it really is just leverage and steering of existing energy
fields.
Second, the reader needs only to imagine how hard it must be to sell a
motor that cranks out torque at 2.5 times that which the electric
company
provided. That has to be very nearly impossible given the prejudice
against
such being possible. He might be wise to build the motors just to
get 99.9% of the line current input just to keep the ?Physics Police?
off his back. Even that level of efficiency would be fantastic
and
valuable.

One can rest assured that if he sells a
motor that gets over 2.5
times
the line current value out as torque, some bright person will hook a
generator
to it and divide the current putting some back in to run the motor and
the rest to use for whatever he sees fit. It will happen.
At
that point all hell will break loose, given the absolute unwillingness
of the ?Educated? people to believe what is actually happening.
Even if the device is built, they won't want to admit that it
works.
Joe has to be very careful with this device and he must know it. People
get put in jail for making claims like this even if they can prove it!

There is another reason Joe must be very
careful. There is a
terrifying
amount of investment that has been made, and is still being made in our
existing fuel-based economy. If anyone hooks a generator to his
motors
and gets more out than he puts in, the fuel-supply networks, mines and
such will be very upset. So don?t heckle Joe if he keeps
a bit quiet on this. If he is a bit subtle and understates his
results,
he is just being prudent with this technology.

History is in the making for sure.
This technology will have
far
reaching consequences if it comes into use. The consequences will
include the complete alteration of the world balance of power, and
strategic
considerations. It will completely remake how we use our
world.
Such changes are most unsettling to a lot of people.

A magnetic storm is brewing at this
website over "parallel path
electromagnetism",
described as a new technology from Flynn Research.

This is explained as a method of
controlling and directing
magnetic
flux within the core of a motor to provide an exponentially greater
motive
force than conventional motors.

The promotors of this technology claim
it will lead to powerful
and
highly-efficient electric motors.

Others say phooey. It's just another
perpetual motion machine
based
on poor science. Sadly, this is more likely explanation.

The so-called "new" technology was
patented by Flynn Research in
1998,
and their website looks like it was abandoned shortly afterwards.

Oh well. Back to the drawing board.

Posted by: Robert Melodia | October
16, 2006 05:29 AM

Completely wrong. Boeing publicly
endorsed the technology in 2006
as one that works, and it was described at one of the most prestigious
scientific conferences in America - STAIF. The physics is validated,
replicated at the PESWIKI site, and already in mass production for
select OEM customers. The simplest of internet searches reveals this
information.

Posted by: Tim Harwood | October 17,
2006 05:55 PM

Well that's interesting. They seem to be
quite skeptical here. And
a search for "parallel path" on the Boeing website turns up zilch. In
fact teh only reference to to Boeing and parallel path seems to come
from dubious sites like this. Mass production for which OEM customers?
Making what? Bah

Posted by: Physics student | November
3, 2006 10:00 AM

I would just like to confirm the science
behind the Parallel Path
technology. I have built and tested numerous versions of this motor.
The clamed made on Flynn's Web site are very accurate and repeatable.
The claims to over unity were not made by Flynn and you will not see
any on His Web site. The truth regarding Parallel Path Technology is
this: The technology works and works extremely well. Boing and numerous
other companies are now designing and building the next generation of
motors and generators using this technology.

Joe Flynn also along with Boing
presented papers at STAIF
conference in February of this year. The proof to this technology has
already long been established.

So I ask this: If there is nothing to it
why are numerous large
corporations building prototype parallel path motors and generators and
why are the ARMY, AIRFORCE, and NAVY also involved in research of this
technology????

I think you should do so more digging
and you will find what I say
here to be true.

INDIANA, USA -- New Energy Congress
member, Mike Schuckel, has
been following Joseph Flynn's Parallel Path technology both as an
observer as well as a researcher, having built several replicas of the
technology, proving that it does work.

A motor built according to this design
methodology is potentially
much more efficient than conventional motors. Design offers
excellent torque, high power to weight ratios, and low manufacturing
cost in volume production.

An electric vehicle using such motor
technology, for example,
could have as much as two times the range on the same battery system,
and at a comparable cost.

Existing motors could use have the
amount of energy they do at
present, if traded out for a Flynn motor.

The reverse process is also applicable
in using the Flynn
technology for generator applications, helping the alt. energy
generation costs come down yet further with the increased efficiencies
the Flynn motor technology can bring to bear.

The Flynn technology is still in
research and development, to find
optimal configurations. Commercialization of the first motors
available for purchase is expected within a year.

All motor and generator companies should
evaluate this
breakthrough technology for possible licensing.

http://www.opensourceenergy.orgPRWeb Press Release Newswire v5

Parallel Path Electromagnetic Motors -- A
Revolution in Motion?

OSEN (PRWEB via PRWebDirect) February
21, 2006 -- Joe Flynn
from Flynn Research is working on a new technology called "Parallel
Path" with Boeing Phantom Works. The technology claims to be able to
increase magnet motor efficiency substantially, even over the 100%
barrier. They have received a US Patent.

At Flynn Research, Parallel Path
electromagnetism is explained as
a method of controlling and directing magnetic flux within the core of
a motor to provide an exponentially greater motive force than
conventional motors. From their technical brief about the technology,
Parallel Path could very well usher in a new age of powerful and
highly-efficient electric motors.

The venerable electric motor operates on
well-understood
principles. A stator contains a coil that when energized with
alternating current, generates a magnetic force which in turn acts on a
rotor to produce motive force. Electric motors can turn the blades of a
desk fan, the wheels of an electric or hybrid car, or the even the
propeller of a massive cruise ship. Motors come in widely different
sizes, though they share one characteristic -- for each unit of
electrical power consumed, contemporary motors generate a smaller unit
of motive force. According to the laws of conservation, this makes
sense. You should not be able to get more out of a system than you put
into it and when someone claims to have invented something which does
otherwise, skeptics are quick to challenge the validity of any claim
that appears to violate conservation.

According to the technical brief at the
Flynn Research website,
Parallel Path is a quantum leap in electromagnetic motor technology
that requires no exotic materials or questionable science. A Parallel
Path motor uses a pair of permanent magnets in addition to the familiar
stator-coil-rotor arrangement of current motors. The magnets, along
with an air gap, allow all of the magnetic flux within the core to be
manipulated and directed--this ability to manipulate the magnetic flux
in the core of a motor is what provides the exponential increase in
efficiency with Parallel Path technology. Best of all, the Parallel
Path technology can be used with linear as well as rotary electric
motors.

Independent replications of the Parallel
Path technology appear to
support Flynn Research?s claims. Testing and Finite Element Analysis
show that the Parallel Path system indeed manages to not only increase
the magnetic flux in the core by a factor of four over conventional
electric motors, but manipulate the flux to act in the direction of
motion, generating considerably more motive power than conventional
motors.

While this is still a new technology,
motors built with Parallel
Path technology could provide a much-needed boost to the electric
vehicle industry by providing motors that generate a lot of motive
power while using considerable less electrical power.

What lends even more credibility to
Parallel Path is that Boeing
Phantom Works is apparently backing the technology and has recently
presented with Flynn Research on the technology at the latest STAIF
conference held Albuquerque, NM this Feb 2006.

Flynn Research also has a patent that is
certainly worth checking
out its number is US Patent No. 6,246,561

Instructions for building a device to illustrate the
principle
of Flynn's Parallel Path technology.

The device described here is by no means
optimized!! I threw this
together with what was available in the shop. Devices of this type,
built by Mr. Flynn are far more efficient then this device. This device
is great demo unit that will show the Parallel Path effect at a minimal
investment. I will be working on a motor assembly project on this site
as well, soon. -- Michael Schuckel (Feb. 20, 2006)

Finished Device

Diagram

Assembly Instructions

...

Start with a laminant. The laminates shown came from a
transformer I
had lying around the shop. Only using straight portion, not E portion.
The laminates can also be purchased from several companies. One company
I found is Industries International
http://members.aol.com/indintl/prdidx.htm.
Make sure that you specify that you are looking for ?I? shaped
laminates.
The laminates may be any size that is close to the size shown here. The
size I used here were .715? X 4.25? X .013? You will need 180 laminates
to build this device. Four stacks of 45 each.

Place 45 laminants in vice

I used ?? strapping tape for this device. Cut a 12? long piece
and start near the base. Make sure that you leave the holes in the
laminates
open. Also make sure to pull the tape fairly tight and keep it as
straight
as you can.

Place other end of laminants bar in vice

Flip the laminate stack over and mount in the vise again. Cut
another
12? long piece and start near the base and apply just like the other
sid

Tape middle of laminants bar

Find the center of the bar and mark it. To keep it simple I use
12"
pieces of tape. This keeps things from getting out of hand. Apply 3-12"
pieces of tape to each side of the centerline. Make sure to take you
time
and rap the tape as straight as you can.

Then apply 3 more 12? pieces of tape to the other side of the
centerline.
Keep it butt up against the tape you just applied on the other side of
the centerline.

The raised tape area will form an insulated base for the wire
winding.

Wind bar

The winding will use 82? of #26 gage magnet wire. Start the
winding
using a ?? X 1? piece of strapping tape to hold the wire in place.
Leave 12 inches of wire for the winding lead wire. Start the winding
with
light pressure until you have several turns in place then increase the
pressure a bit. Keep the winding as snug and neat as you can.

Stop winding the first layer about 1/32" from the end of the
winding
area. This finishes first layer.

Glue both winding ends to bar

The glue keeps the wires from slipping as you apply the next
layer

Wind second layer

Beginning of second layer. The winding will be 4 layers deep.
Make sure
to use thin super glue at both ends of the winding on each layer. Allow
time for the super glue to cure. You can buy instant cure agent for
super
glue at hobby shops. The instant cure is a pump spray and makes the
gluing
process much faster. Super glue is important, it holds the previous
layers
together and allows the next layer to wind over without having the
previous
layer fall in. The glue also holds every thing together when you?re
finished.

Winding finished

Winding finished, close-up. Notice multiple layers. The winding
should
be 4 layers deep if all is well. Note: if the winding is more or less
then
this amout by a bit, it's ok. Just make sure you use 80 of the 82 feet
of wire in the winding. The winding is also coated entirely with super
glue for strength.

Magnet Between Wound Bars

Magnets wrapped with tape to keep them together. Target Gauss of
one
combined magnet unit: 4,000 Gauss. These were magnets I had available
in
the shop. I suggest that you shop for ceramic VIII - ?? cube magnets
for you devices. The magnet size is not critical. Anything close to
this
size will work. What is critical is the strength of the magnets. The
magnets
must be no more then 4500 gauss and no less 1000 gauss. The closer you
can get to 4500 gauss the stronger the device will be.

Magnet with North Up

Make sure that the magnets are placed in the device with the
North poles
up. If the magnets are polarized wrong the device will not work

Tape End Laminant Stack

Photo Feb. 20. Note that this laminant stack is being placed at
the
end, in place of the darker colored stack from photos taken Feb. 18
below

Laminant stack across ends

The two stacks are held in place magnetically. Ideally, the
length of
the end laminants should be such that it does not go short of the width
of the two wound laminant bars separated by magnets. (Note that in the
Feb. 20 photos the end laminant stacks, lighter in color, below, are of
the proper length.) Once you have the magnets in place you can measure
the length that the end bar stacks will need to be. You will need tin
snips
to cut the remaining 90 laminates to length. Cutting the laminates will
warp them a bit, that?s ok just clamp then in a vice to straighten then
out. Each end bar stack uses 45 laminates. Tape the end stack with 2
-12?
pieces of strapping tape one on each end of the end bars.

Completed device

Feb 18 -- The finished device should look like the
pictures. you
are now ready to wire up the windings. The windings are wired up in
parallel
and MUST!!! be reverse polarity. The polarity is critical, if the
windings
are not reversed in polarity, the device will not work.

With the windings wired properly and the end bars in place.
Connect
the windings to 2 c size batteries (a variable 3,6,9,12v household PSUs
rated at 2 amps can also be used). The device should show the parallel
path effect at 3 volts. The parallel path effect is simply this: all of
the magnetic force will focus to one side of the device and no force
will
be on the other side of the device. Simply said the bar will fall off
one
side and the other bar will be held in place with extreme force. When I
say extreme I mean it will take all your mite to remove the second bar
while power is applied. I strongly suggest that you mount the device to
a board before attempting to pull the bar off to prevent damage to the
device.

Important: If you use a variable Household PSU make sure that it
is
not a stepped voltage type unit. The supply must be linearly adjustable
with an adjustment knob.

When you test the device start with the voltage set to 1 volt.
Slowly
adjust the voltage up to the 3-volt mark checking the end bars as you
do
so. When the Parallel Path effect takes place one of the end
bars
will have no force holding it to the device, and will drop off, while
the
other bar will lock into place. You will notice that as you
approach
this point that the bar that is loose will have a decreasing force
holding
it in place until you reach the Parallel Path effect point. Either side
of this point you will see force start to build on the loose side of
the
device.

One thing to note: The end bar on the active side of the devcice
must
be in place or the parallel path effect will not take place. In other
words
if a flux path is not provided on the active side of the device when
you
apply power. You will not see the flux focus to one side. So make sure
you have both end bars in place when you test the device.

The polarity that is connected to the device will cause the
parallel
path effect to switch sides.

Results

Mike Schuckel's demonstration device in the photographs
above
creates such a strong force on the one end that it cannot be removed by
hand -- and this with just the input of two C-size batteries.

This demonstrates the Flynn Parallel Path magnet effect.

1) The dropping off of the one end signals loss of magnetism
there.

2) The strengthening of the magnetic pull on the other end
demonstrates
the focusing of the magnetic flux to that side.

It is this redirecting of the flux, which could be thought
of
as multiplying the magnetic field, that enables the Flynn Parallel Path
motors to give 3.5x more power out per the same amount of energy put in
and the same size of motor as a traditional motor design.

Parts List

Laminants

You can either get these through canibalizing a transformer, or you can
order the laminants new.

The laminates come in ?E? and ?I? shapes. The ?I? shaped
laminates are what we need to build this device, so be sure to specify
that you want the ?I? shaped laminates.

The exact size I used was .75? X 4.125? X .013?. Any laminate
close to this size will work. This device requires 180 of these
laminates
divided in to 4 stacks of 45 each.

The end bars are the same ?I? shaped laminates but will need to
be cut to length later. Cannibalize an Old
Transformer
You will need to find an old transformer, a good size for the
transformer
would be 5 ? X 5 ? X 5 ?. The size is not critical, but the size
mentioned here is what I had in the shop to work with.

The transformers can be purchased as surplus.

If a transformer is found you want to look it over before you
buy. Do
not buy a transformer that is WELDED, you need to find a transformer
that
is just potted and pressed together. You will need to slowly use a
carpet
knife and a hacksaw blade to separate the laminates and remove them
from
the transformer. This will take a lot of time, so if time is not on
your
side, then buy the laminates from Industries International. Purchase
Laminantes You can purchase the laminates from Industries
International.
The web link is http://members.aol.com/indintl/prdidx.htm
.

Magnets

The magnets can be any type that measures 4500 gauss or less. I
used
samarium cobalt magnets in the model I built because I had them in the
shop. These magnets are right at 4000 gauss each. I suggest you get ??
cube ceramic VIII magnetsCheap ceramic
magnets (http://www.magnetsource.com/Consumer%20Pages/Ceramic_Mags.html)

Magnet Wire

I used 80?of #26 gage magnet wire for each of two windings.

170 foot of 26 gauge magnet wire. This will provide you with
enough
wire for 2 ? 80? windings. Strapping Tape I
used
3/4? wide strapping tape to rap the laminates. Super
Glue
2 tubes of thin Super glue. WiresTwo 18-gauge
wires
to connect to the magnet wires. One red and one black wire would be
preferable. EquipmentBatteries
Two C size batteries.

Or you can go with a power supply. Power Supply
You can use two C-size batteries, or you can use a power supply.

Try these Sources:

http://www.adleraudio.com/web/mdl/PS32LAB/detail.asp
- That's about the best price I have been able to find. A decent supply
is going to cost ~$100..

http://www.sportcraftcars.com/prof.power.htm

http://shop.store.yahoo.com/webtronics/3002a.html

http://www.lafayetteradio.com/Power_Supplies/PS32LAB.htm
- a decent 5 amp bench supply. Solder Solder
and soldering
gun. Voltage Regulator You need to be able to
increase
and decrease the input voltage to find the place where the effect kicks
in.

I did notice that you used N42 NIB magnets for your device. You
need
to get much weaker magnets to optimize your device. If you use ceramic
VIII magnets you will still reach saturation in the core material, but
at a much lower voltage and current. Say around 2 or 3 volts at roughly
half the current. I know that Joe Flynn has had some of his devices
saturate
at below 1 volt.

Just thought I would give you something to shoot for.

Thanks for your comment on the magnets
Mike,

The device on the pictures is built using things I had in
stock in my
workshop.

Now in the process of finding magnets of the type indicated and
building
stuff around the device to be able to measure the forces in a more
accurate
way.

Jan Vink

Build a Proof-of-Concept Flynn Parallel Path
Magnet
Device

By aligning two magnetic fields to one side of a flux core,
you can
deliver 3.5x more units of magnetic force than the electrical input
alone
could supply.

Introduction

A motor built with this technology is at least 3.5 times more
efficient
than conventional motors, offers excellent torque, and high power to
weight
ratios. It's not true perpetual motion, because it doesn't violate laws
of physics, and can be modelled in industry standard flux software. It
does add a new rule that is sure to become a chapter in future
electronics
textbooks, and to become standard fare in many electric motors.

Micheal Schuckel has successfully replicated several variations
of Flynn's
Parallel Path technology, and has worked with Joseph Flynn. He has
agreed
to provide a clear set of instructions on how to build the simple
static
device, to illustrate the Parallel Path concept, as well as additional
content describing how to build a Flynn PP motor with 3.5x the output
of
a normal motor design. Basic Concept. The
following
diagram represents the principle that this proof of concept device is
designed
to illustrate.

The third of the four scenarios in the above diagram represents
the
Flynn Parallel Path scenario.

This next diagram provides a diagram of the aparatus.

Experimental
Set-up - Sets for the objective and procedure for demonstrating
the phenomenon of focusing the four poles of two magnets in one
direction.Simple
Flux Experiment - By Tim Harwood. Basic apparatus can be as
little
as $10.Discussion Group -- http://groups.yahoo.com/group/pes_flynn_pp/
- Yahoo!Groups forum to supplement these projects.

US6246561Methods for Controlling the Path of Magnetic
Flux from a Permanent Magnet and Devices Incorporating the Same

Inventor: FLYNN CHARLES JApplicant: MAGNETIC REVOLUTIONS LTD

2001-06-12

Also published as: WO0007285

Abstract -- A permanent magnet device includes a
permanent magnet having north and south pole faces with a first pole
piece positioned adjacent one pole face thereof and a second pole piece
positioned adjacent the other pole face thereof so as to create at
least two potential magnetic flux paths. A first control coil is
positioned along one flux path and a second control coil is positioned
along the other flux path, each coil being connected to a control
circuit for controlling the energization thereof. The control coils may
be energized in a variety of ways to achieved desirable motive and
static devices, including linear reciprocating devices, linear motion
devices, rotary motion devices and power conversion.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to permanent magnet devices and
more particularly, to a permanent magnet control component in which the
flow of flux from a permanent magnet is controlled between two or more
flux paths by utilizing timed delivery of electrical signals through
one or more coils placed along at least one of the flux paths. Such
permanent magnet control components may take on a variety of
configurations facilitating use of such components in a variety of
applications including applications involving the production of
reciprocating, linear, and rotary motion and power conversion. Several
novel permanent magnet rotary motion devices of motor constructions
which operate by controlling the path of magnetic flux from one or more
permanent magnets are described, such permanent magnet rotary motor
constructions having increased efficiency and more desirable torque
characteristics as compared to many currently used motors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Magnetic force of attraction is commonly used in a variety of
types of permanent magnet devices including both linear and rotary
motors. In the field of such permanent magnet devices there is a
continuous pursuit of increased efficiency and reduced complexity.

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a
permanent magnet control component in which the path of a given level
of permanent magnet flux can be controlled by a lesser level of
electromagnetic flux.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a
permanent magnet control component in which substantially all of the
flux from a permanent magnet can be switched between at least two
different flux paths of the permanent magnet control component so as to
enable useful work in the form of linear, reciprocating, and rotary
motion.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide
permanent magnet control components and motor constructions in which
flux path control is provided by energizing an 10 electromagnet to
oppose the magnetic flux of one or more permanent magnets.

Another object of the present invention is to provide permanent
magnet control components and motor constructions in which flux path
control is provided by energizing an electromagnet to aid the magnetic
flux of one or more permanent magnets.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide
permanent magnet motor 15 constructions with improved operating
characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other objects of the invention are attained by an
apparatus which, in one aspect, is a permanent magnet device,
comprising a permanent magnet having north and south pole faces, a
first pole piece, a second pole piece, a first control coil, a second
control coil, and circuit means, the first pole piece positioned
adjacent the north pole face of the permanent magnet and including a
first path portion, a second path portion and a third portion, the
first path portion extending beyond a perimeter of the north pole face
and the second path portion extending beyond the perimeter of the north
pole face to define first and second flux paths for magnetic flux
emanating from the north pole face of the permanent magnet, the first
path portion of the first pole piece connected to the second path
portion of the first pole piece by the third portion which extends
across the north pole face of the permanent magnet, the second pole
piece positioned adjacent the south pole face and including a first
path portion and a second path portion, the first path portion
extending beyond a perimeter of the south pole face and substantially
aligned with the first path portion of the first pole piece, the second
path portion extending beyond the perimeter of the south pole face and
substantially aligned with the second path portion of the first pole
piece, the first control coil positioned around the first path portion
of the first pole piece, the second control coil positioned around the
second path portion of the first pole piece, the circuit means
connected to each of the first control coil and the second control coil
to alternatingly energize the first coil and the second coil in a timed
sequential manner.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method for
controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet which
involves placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the
permanent magnet so as to have at least first and second path portions
extending beyond a perimeter of the first pole face. A second pole
piece is placed adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so
as to include at least one portion which substantially aligns with the
first and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control
coil is placed along and around the first path portion of the first
pole piece and a second control coil is placed along and around the
second path portion of the first pole piece. The first control coil is
repeatedly energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing
manner so as to prevent magnetic flux of the permanent magnet from
traversing the first path portion of the first pole piece, and the
second control coil is repeatedly energized in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux opposing manner so as to prevent magnetic flux of the
permanent magnet from traversing the second path portion of the first
pole piece.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method
for controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet by
placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the permanent
magnet so as to have at least first and second path portions extending
beyond a perimeter of the first pole face. A second pole piece is
placed adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to
include at least one portion which substantially aligns with the first
and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control coil
is placed along and around the first path portion of the first pole
piece, and a second control coil is placed along and around the second
path portion of the first pole piece. The following steps are
alternatingly performed in a repeated manner:

(i) energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with substantially all
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that substantially no
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet traverses the second path portion
of the first pole piece when the first control coil is so energized;
and

(ii) energizing the second control coil in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux opposing manner so as to couple with substantially all
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that substantially no
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet traverses the first path portion
of the first pole piece when the second control coil is so energized.

A further aspect of the present invention provides method for
controlling the path of magnetic flux from a permanent magnet by
placing a first pole piece adjacent a first pole face of the permanent
magnet so as to have at least first and second path portions extending
beyond a perimeter of the first pole face, and placing a second pole
piece adjacent a second pole face of the permanent magnet so as to
include at least one portion which substantially aligns with the first
and second path portions of the first pole piece. A first control coil
is placed along and around the first path portion of the first pole
piece, and a second control coil is placed along and around the second
path portion of the first pole piece. The following steps are
alternatingly performed in a repeated manner:

(i) energizing the first control coil in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with substantially all
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that substantially no
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet traverses the second path portion
of the first pole piece when the first control coil is so energized;
and

(ii) energizing the second control coil in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux opposing manner so as to couple with substantially all
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet such that substantially no
magnetic flux of the permanent magnet traverses the first path portion
of the first pole piece when the second control coil is so energized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For a better understanding of the present invention reference
may be made to the accompanying drawings in which:

[ PATENT
FIGURES ]

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a magnetic device in
which the magnetic flux from a magnetic member traverse a single path
to produce a coupling force;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a magnetic device in
which the magnetic flux from a magnetic member splits between two
paths;

FIG. 3 is a side view of two magnetic members arrange in
parallel between pole pieces;

FIG. 4 is a side view of two magnetic members arranged in
series between pole pieces;

FIGS. 5-6 are side views of a permanent magnet device
including a permanent magnet having pole pieces positioned against the
pole faces thereof and including a movable armature;

FIGS. 7-9 are side views of a permanent magnet device
including a permanent magnet having pole pieces positioned against the
pole faces thereof to provide two magnetic flux paths and including a
movable armature positionable along each magnetic flux path;

FIGS. 10, 10A-10H are perspective views of various
embodiments of permanent magnet 5 control components which include two
or more magnetic flux paths;

FIGS. 11, 11A-11F are side views of a permanent magnet
device including a permanent magnet having pole pieces positioned
against the pole faces thereof and including a movable armature and a
permanent bypass extending between the pole pieces;

FIGS. 12, 12A-12E are side views of a two path permanent
magnet device including two bypasses;

FIGS. 13A-13C are side views of a permanent magnet linear
reciprocating device;

FIG. 14 is a side view of an electromagnetic linear
reciprocating device;

FIG. 15 is a side view of a two path permanent magnet
device showing control coils energized in an exceeding manner;

FIGS. 16A-E are a side view of a linear reciprocating
device with control coils energized in an exceeding manner;

FIGS. 17A-17D depict another embodiment of a linear
reciprocating device;

FIGS. 18A-18E show a linear motion device;

FIG. 19 is an exploded perspective view of a rotary
motion device;

FIG. 20 is a partial assembled and cut away view of the
rotary motion device of FIG. 19;

FIGS. 21A-21E are top views of the partial assembly of
FIG. 20, which views depict rotational motion thereof,

FIG. 22 is an assembled, cut-away view of the rotary
motion device of FIG. 19 including a housing;

FIG. 23 is an exploded perspective view of another
embodiment of a rotary motion device;

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the rotary motion device
of FIG. 23 as assembled;

FIGS. 25A-25B are end views of the rotary motion device
of FIG. 24 with the end cap removed to expose the rotor member;

FIGS. 26-28 show end views of various configurations for
skewing the direction of rotation in the rotary motion device of FIG.
24;

FIGS. 29A-29D are end views of the rotary motion device
of FIG. 24 illustrating a sequence of rotational movement thereof;

FIG. 30 is an exploded partial perspective view of
another embodiment of a rotary motion device;

FIG. 31 is a perspective view of the rotary motion device
of FIG. 30 as assembled

FIG. 33 is a side view of the rotary motion device of
FIG. 31 as assembled and including a housing;

FIG. 34 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a
rotary motion device;

FIG. 35 is a top view of the rotary motion device of FIG.
34;

FIG. 36 is a perspective view of the permanent magnet
rotor member of the rotary motion device of FIG. 34;

FIGS. 37 and 38 show alternative configurations for the
control component incorporated into the rotary motion device of FIG.
34;

FIGS. 39A-39D are top views of the rotary motion device
of FIG. 34 and depict rotational movement thereof;

FIGS. 40-44 are alternative variations of circuit means
for controlling the timed energization of control coils in the various
devices of the present invention;

FIGS. 45A-45C and 45X-45Z are side views of two path
power conversion devices;

FIG. 46 is a schematic view of the permanent magnet
portion of a rotor for use in some embodiments of the present device;

FIGS. 47 and 48 show other embodiments of a linear motion
device;

FIG. 49 is a top view of another embodiment of a rotating
motor like construction; and

FIG. 50 is a schematic view of one of the three stator
portions of the device shown in FIG. 49.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 1-4 are provided to
facilitate an understanding of various aspects or features of the
technology utilized in the present invention. FIG. 1 depicts a device
10 having a magnetic flux producing member 12 which may be a permanent
magnet or electromagnet with magnetic poles 14 and 16 as shown. Pole
pieces 18 and 20 are positioned adjacent respective poles 14 and 16 to
provide a path for the magnetic flux of member 12. Each pole piece 18
and 20 includes a respective pole piece end face 22 and 24. As used
throughout this specification it is understood that a pole piece,
regardless of its shape or size, is preferably formed of soft iron,
steel or some other magnetic material, with the preferred material
being one which provides low reluctance, exhibits low hysterisis, and
has a high magnetic flux density capability. Accordingly, the various
pole pieces disclosed and described herein could likewise be of
laminate type construction. Referring again to FIG. 1 an armature 26,
also formed of magnetic material, is shown with end faces 28 and 30
which are positioned and sized for being placed adjacent pole piece end
faces 22 and 24, such that when so positioned a substantially
continuous low reluctance path 32 is provided for magnetic flux from
north pole 14, through pole piece 18, through armature 26, through pole
piece 16, and to south pole 16. The magnetic flux traveling along such
path 32 results in a force which tends to hold armature 26 in position
adjacent pole piece end faces 22 and 24. The resulting magnetic
coupling or holding force F provided between adjacent pole piece end
face 22 and armature end face 28, and between adjacent pole piece end
face 24 and armature end face 30, can be approximated by the following
equation:

where B is the magnetic flux density passing through the
adjacent end faces and where A is the surface area of the adjacent end
faces. Assuming B uniform throughout flux path 32 and the area A of all
end faces 22, 24, 28, and 30 to be the same, the total holding force
F.sub.T26 of armature 26 against pole pieces 18 and 20 will be:

In FIG. 2 a device 40 having the same magnetic flux producing
member 12 with magnetic poles 14 and 16 is shown. Pole pieces 42 and 44
are positioned adjacent respective pole faces 14 and 16 to provide two
paths, as opposed to one above, for the magnetic flux of member 12. In
particular, pole piece 42 includes a first path portion 46 extending
beyond a perimeter of north pole face 14 in one direction and a second
path portion 48 extending beyond the perimeter of north pole face 14 in
another direction. Similarly, pole piece 44 includes a first path
portion 50 extending beyond the perimeter of south pole face 16 in one
direction and a second path portion 52 extending beyond the perimeter
of south pole face 16 in another direction. Each pole piece path
portion 46, 48, 50, 52 includes a respective end face. A first armature
54 is positionable adjacent the end faces of pole piece path portions
48 and 52 to provide a first magnetic flux path 56 and a second
armature 58 is positionable adjacent the end faces of pole piece path
portions 46 and 50 to provide a second magnetic flux path 60. If the
flux carrying area along flux paths 56 and 60 is the same as the flux
carrying area along flux path 32 of FIG. 1, the magnetic flux density
along each flux path 56 and 60 will be one-half the magnetic flux
density along flux path 32 of FIG. 1 because the same amount of flux is
split between two like paths. The effect of dividing a given amount of
magnetic flux along two like flux paths instead of along one flux path
can be seen by examining the holding force on armature 54 as compared
to the holding force on armature 26 of FIG. 1. As already noted the
magnetic flux density along path 56 will be one-half that along flux
path 32 and thus the total holding force F.sub.T54 can be determined
as:

F.sub.T54 =(B/2)2A/,.mu..sub.0 =B.sup.2 A/4.mu..sub.0 =F.sub.T26
/4.

It is therefore seen that dividing the same amount of magnetic
flux along two flux paths rather than along one flux path reduces the
magnetic holding or coupling force on an armature by one-fourth rather
than one-half as might have been expected. This unexpected magnetic
holding or coupling force differential, resulting from multiple flux
paths, can provide advantageous properties in linear, reciprocating,
and rotary motion devices.

Referring now to FIGS. 3-4, the behavior of multiple magnetic
flux sources arranged in parallel and series is described as compared
to a single flux source. When identical flux sources or magnetic flux
producing members 70 and 72 are positioned in parallel as shown in FIG.
3 with pole pieces 74 and 76 positioned adjacent the poles thereof to
provide a flux path through armature 78, the flux density B through
armature 78 is double what the flux density would be if only one
magnetic flux producing member were present. However, the field
intensity H resulting from the two members 70 and 72 remains unchanged.
This result holds true regardless of whether members 70 and 72 are both
permanent magnets, are both electromagnets, or are a combination of one
permanent magnet and one electromagnet. On the other hand, the
properties resulting from magnetic flux producing members 80 and 82
arranged pole-to-pole in series between pole pieces 84 and 86, with
armature 88, as shown in FIG. 4, will vary depending on the nature of
the members 80 and 82.

In a first case, if both members 80 and 82 are permanent
magnets, the magnetic field intensity H resulting from the two
permanent magnets will be double that of one permanent magnet and the
flux density B through armature 88 will be the same as what the flux
density would be if only one permanent magnet type member were present.

In a second case, if both members 80 and 82 are electromagnets,
the field intensity H again doubles and the flux density B increases
according to the B/H curve or relationship of the pole piece 84, 86 and
armature 88 materials.

In a third case, if member 80 is a permanent magnet and member
82 is an electromagnet, the field intensity H again doubles, but, since
the permanent magnet is near flux density saturation B.sub.r the flux
density can only be increased from B.sub.r to B.sub.max of the
permanent magnet. At the point where electromagnet-type member 82
contacts permanent magnet-type member 80 the flux from the
electromagnet-type member 82 couples with the flux of the permanent
magnet-type member 82 until the flux density through permanent
magnet-type member 80 reaches B.sub.max. At that point additional flux
from electromagnet-type member 82 does not contribute to the flux
density along the flux path unless a bypass path around the permanent
magnet-type member is provided. Use of such bypass paths will be
described hereinbelow.

Controlling the flow of flux along both one and multiple flux
paths is best described with reference to FIGS. 5-9. In FIGS. 5 and 6 a
permanent magnet device 90 including a permanent magnet 92 having pole
pieces 94 and 96 positioned adjacent the pole faces thereof and an
armature 98 completing a low reluctance path 104 from pole to pole is
shown. Control coils 100, 102 are positioned along path 104. When
control coils 100, 102 are not energized, the magnetic flux of
permanent magnet 92 follows path 104 as shown and armature 98 is held
in place against pole pieces 94, 96 due to the resulting magnetic
coupling forces. However, if coils 100, 102 are energized to provide an
equal but opposing magnetic flux to that of permanent magnet 92, the
result is that the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 92 is blocked and
no magnetic flux traverses the path which includes armature 98 and
therefore no magnetic coupling forces act on armature 98 allowing it to
fall away as shown in FIG. 6. The permanent magnet device 90 is useful,
although as will become apparent below, it is more advantageous to
provide multiple flux paths rather than one.

In this regard, in FIG. 7 a permanent magnet device 110 includes
a permanent magnet 112 having pole pieces 114, 116 positioned adjacent
the pole faces thereof with armatures 118, 120 completing two low
reluctance paths 130, 132 from pole to pole thereof. Control coils 122,
124 are positioned along path 130 and control coils 126, 128 are
positioned along path 132. The two paths provided are assumed to be of
equal reluctance. With no coils energized, the magnetic flux of
permanent magnet 112 divides equally along flux path 130 and along flux
path 132 such that both armatures 118, 120 are subjected to a magnetic
coupling force which holds them in place against pole pieces 114, 116.

If coils 122, 124 are energized to provide a magnetic flux equal
to but opposing the magnetic flux which travels along flux path 130
from permanent magnet 112 when no coils are energized, the result is
that the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 is blocked and no
magnetic flux traverses the path which includes armature 118 and
therefore no magnetic coupling forces act on armature 118 allowing it
to fall away as shown in FIG. 8. Further, the magnetic flux traversing
path 132 will be double that of when no coils are energized and
therefore the magnetic coupling force on armature 120 will be about
four (4) times that of when no coils are energized. By energizing coils
126, 128 in an opposing manner a similar result would be achieved such
that armature 120 would fall away and such that the magnetic coupling
force on armature 118 would be increased.

If coils 122, 124 are energized to provide a magnetic flux equal
to and aiding the magnetic flux which travels along flux path 130 when
no coils are energized, the result is that the control coils couple
completely with the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 and no
magnetic flux traverses the path which includes armature 120 and
therefore no magnetic coupling forces act on armature 120 allowing it
to fall away as shown in FIG. 9. Further, the magnetic flux traversing
path 130 will be double that of when no coils are energized and
therefore the magnetic coupling force on armature 118 will be about
four (4) times that when no coils are energized. By energizing coils
126, 128 in an aiding manner a similar result would be achieved such
that armature 118 would fall away and the magnetic coupling force on
armature 120 would be increased.

Based on the foregoing it is seen that the full magnetic
coupling force available from the permanent magnet 112 can be switched
from one path to another path by the application of one half the power
it would require for a coil alone to produce the same magnetic flux
along one path. The ability to easily switch the full magnetic coupling
force from one path to another allows for efficient reciprocating,
linear, and rotary motion and power conversion to be achieved.

The basic device utilized to achieve permanent magnet flux
division and to control such permanent magnet flux division is defined
herein as a "permanent magnet control component," various
configurations of which are shown by way of example only, and not by
way of limitation, in FIGS. 10A-10F. FIG. 10A depicts a permanent
magnet control component 150 in which pole pieces 152 and 154 are
positioned adjacent the pole faces of permanent magnet 156 to provide
two magnetic flux paths extending from opposite sides of permanent
magnet. Control coils 158 are positioned along each path. FIG. 10B
depicts a permanent magnet control component 160 in which pole pieces
162 and 164 are positioned against the pole faces of permanent magnet
166 to provide two spaced, adjacent magnetic flux paths extending from
the same side of permanent magnet 166. Control coils 168 are positioned
along each path. FIG. 10C depicts a permanent magnet control component
170 in which pole pieces 172 and 174 are configured so as to be
positioned adjacent the pole faces of permanent magnet 176 so as to
provide four flux paths, each flux path extending in a respective
direction from permanent magnet 176. Control coils 178 are also
positioned along each path. FIG. 10D depicts another four path
configuration of a permanent magnet control component 180 in which pole
pieces 182, 184 are configured and positioned to provide four flux
paths for permanent magnet 186, with a pair of spaced, adjacent flux
paths extending from each side of permanent magnet 186. Control coils
188 are positioned along each path. FIG. 10E depicts another four path
configuration of a permanent magnet control component 190 in which all
four flux paths formed by pole pieces 192, 194 extend from one side of
permanent magnet 196. Again, control coils 198 are positioned along
each flux path. FIG. 10F still further depicts a four path
configuration of a permanent magnet control component 200 in which pole
pieces 202, 204 extend to one side of permanent magnet 206, with pole
piece 202 defining four flux paths and with pole piece 204 including a
continuous return path. Control coils 208 are positioned along each
path of pole piece 202. Many other variations are possible.

Accordingly, it is seen that a variety of different
configurations of permanent magnet control components in accordance
with the present invention are possible. The important considerations
for division of permanent magnet flux in such permanent magnet control
components include extending each pole piece to or beyond the outer
perimeter of the pole face of the permanent magnet in each region where
a flux path is intended and assuring that the pole face of the
permanent magnet intersects each of the flux paths. It is not necessary
for each pole piece to include the same number of path portions
extending beyond the perimeter of the respective permanent magnet pole
face as noted with reference to permanent magnet control component 200.
Although two control coils are shown along each of the flux paths in
FIGS. 10A-10E it is apparent from component 200 in FIG. 10F that one
control coil positioned along a flux path is generally sufficient for
purposes of the present invention. Further, although in the illustrated
configurations each pole piece is positioned to contact a respective
pole face of the permanent magnet, a small spacing between a pole piece
and its adjacent permanent magnet pole face could be provided,
particularly in applications where relative movement between the
subject pole piece and the permanent magnet will occur.

In its simplest form a two path permanent magnet control
component only requires one control coil positioned along one of the
control paths to permit the magnetic flux of a permanent magnet to be
switched between the two paths. In particular, a side view of such a
two path component 210 is shown in FIG. 10G and includes a permanent
magnet 211 pole pieces 212 and 213, and control coil 214 which may be
connected to a suitable control circuit. By alternating energizing
control coil 214 in an opposing manner and an aiding manner the
magnetic flux of permanent magnet can be switched between the path
including armature 215 and the path including armature 216. When
control coil 214 is energized in an opposing manner the magnetic flux
will traverse the path including armature 215 and when control coil 214
is energized in an aiding manner the magnetic flux will traverse the
path including armature 216. Control coil 214 could also be placed at
anyone of positions 217, 218, or 219 to achieve the flux path
switching. Further, in the two coils embodiment shown in FIG. 10H
control coil 217 is added. In such a device flux switching can be
achieved by simultaneously energizing control coil 214 in a flux aiding
manner and control coil 217 in a flux opposing manner, and by then
simultaneously reversing the energization of the respective control
coils 214 and 217.

Reference is made to FIGS. 11A-11F which depict devices similar
to that of FIGS. 5-6 except that a bypass, formed of magnetic material,
is provided in each case. In device 220 of FIGS. 11A-11C a bypass 222
is provided from pole piece 224 to pole piece 226 and is located
between permanent magnet 228 and control coils 230, 232, with armature
234 located adjacent the ends of pole pieces 224, 226. In FIG. 11A with
no coil energization, magnet flux components 236 and 237 travel as
shown. When coils 230 and 232 are energized in an aiding or adding
manner as in FIG. 11B, the result is permanent magnet magnetic flux
components 236 and 237 traveling as shown, and with the added magnetic
flux component 238 from coils 230 and 232 also traveling as shown.
Thus, in device 220 energizing the coils in an aiding manner results in
an increased magnetic coupling force on armature 234. In FIG. 11C coils
230, 232 are energized in an opposing exceeding manner which results in
permanent magnetic flux components 236 and 237 traveling as shown and
excess magnetic flux component 238 traveling as shown. Thus, in device
220 energizing the coils in an opposing exceeding manner results in
magnetic coupling force on armature 234, albeit smaller than that in
the aiding exceeding case.

In device 240 of FIGS. 11D-11F a bypass 242 is provided between
pole piece 244 and pole piece 246 but is located on an opposite side of
permanent magnet 248 as compared to control coils 250, 252 and armature
254. Permanent magnet flux components 256 and 257 are shown for no coil
energization in FIG. 11D. In FIG. 11E the paths of permanent magnet
flux components 256 and 257, as well as excess coil magnetic flux 258,
are shown when coils 250, 252 are energized in an aiding exceeding
manner. In FIG. 11F the path of each magnetic flux component 256, 257,
and 258 is shown when coils 230, 232 are energized in an opposed
exceeding manner.

FIGS. 12A-12E depict a device 270 similar to that shown in FIGS.
7-9 except that bypasses 272 and 274 are provided from pole piece 276
to pole piece 278. Bypass 272 is located between permanent magnet 280
and control coils 282, 284 and bypass 274 is located between permanent
magnet 280 and control coils 286, 288. Armatures 290 and 292 are also
provided. When no coils are energized permanent magnet magnetic flux
components 294, 296, 298, and 300 travel as shown in FIG. 12A.

If coils 282, 284 are energized in an opposing manner permanent
magnet flux components 295, 297, and 299 travel as shown, with no flux
component traversing the path which includes armature 290 and therefore
no magnetic coupling force acting thereon. This would be the case for
when coils 282, 284 are energized to the level where the coils magnetic
flux just blocks, but does not exceed, the magnetic flux component 294
(FIG. 12A) from permanent magnet 280. If, however, coils 282, 284 are
energized in an opposed exceeding manner an excess coil magnetic flux
component 301 is produced which travels a path including armature 290
and bypass 272 results as shown in FIG. 12C.

Coils 286, 288 may be energized in an aiding manner such that
all permanent magnet magnetic flux travels along the path which
includes armature 292 as shown in FIG. 12D. If coils 286, 288 are
energized in excess of the level of FIG. 12D then the excess magnetic
flux component 304 traverses the path which includes armature 292 and
bypass 274 as shown in FIG. 12E, thereby increasing the magnetic
coupling force on armature 292 as compared to FIG. 12D. The advantage
of incorporating such bypasses into permanent magnet control components
in certain applications will become apparent below.

Reciprocating Motion

As mentioned above, controlling the path of magnetic flux from a
permanent magnet can be useful in a variety of applications such as
achieving reciprocating motion. In this regard, if the device 110 of
FIGS. 7-9 is modified such that armatures 118 and 120 are fixed to a
sliding shaft 320 as shown in FIGS. 13A-13C, and if the distance
between the armatures is greater than the end to end length of pole
pieces 114, 116, limited linear motion in two directions (left and
right in FIGS. 13A-13C), and therefore linear reciprocating motion, can
be achieved by the timed, alternate delivery of electrical signals to
control coils 122, 124 and control coils 126, 128. By way of example,
FIG. 13A represents the position of shaft connected armatures 118, 120
when coils 122, 124 are energized in an opposing manner to block the
flux of permanent magnet 112 such that all magnetic flux traverses path
132 as shown and such that the resulting magnetic coupling force acts
to the left as indicated by arrow 322. As shown in FIG. 13B when coils
122, 124 are de-energized the magnetic flux from permanent magnet 112
can again travel along path 130 through armature 118. However, due to
the air gap 324 between armature 118 and pole pieces 114, 116 the
reluctance along path 130 will be significantly greater than the
reluctance along path 132. Accordingly, the amount of magnetic flux
which flows along path 130 will be less than the amount of magnetic
flux which flows along path 132 such that the magnetic coupling force
on armature 118 acting to the right will be significantly less than the
magnetic coupling force on armature 120 acting to the left as shown by
arrows 326 and 328, which arrows are sized to represent the strength of
the respective directional force. FIG. 13C represents the position of
shaft connected armatures 118, 120 after coils 126, 128 are energized
in a manner to oppose the flux of permanent magnet 112 such that all
flux traverses path 130 and the resulting magnetic coupling force on
armature 118, depicted by arrow 330, moves the shaft 10 connected
armatures 118, 120 to the right.

Control coils 122, 124 and 126, 128 could also be energized in a
flux aiding manner to achieve the same result. In such a device, FIG.
13A would represent coils 126, 128 energized to aid magnetic flux along
path 132, FIG. 13B would again represent no coils energized, and FIG.
13C would represent coils 122, 124 energized to aid magnetic flux along
path 130.

Thus, by alternatingly energizing and de-energizing control
coils 122, 124 and 126, 128 a linear reciprocating motion of shaft
connected armatures 118, 120 may be achieved. Further, such
reciprocating motion may be achieved by energizing the coils in either
an opposing or aiding manner. The magnetic coupling force exerted on a
given armature when 20 the control coils are energized to establish all
magnetic flux along a single path which includes that armature is
significantly greater than the magnetic coupling force which would be
exerted on such armature by an identical energization of the control
coils in the absence of the permanent magnet. This is demonstrated with
reference to FIG. 14 which depicts a reciprocating device 340 in which
only coils or electromagnets are utilized. As shown armatures 342 and
344 are connected by shaft 346, and each armature 342, 344 includes a
respective U-shaped pole path piece 348, 350 which pole path pieces are
mechanically connected by a non-magnetic material 352. Each pole path
piece 348 and 350 has respective control coils 354, 356 and 358, 360
positioned therealong. By comparison with the device of FIGS. 13A-13C,
if coils 358, 360 of device 340 are energized to cause magnetic flux
flow in either direction, clockwise or counterclockwise, along path
362, the amount of electrical energy which would be required in order
to achieve the same magnetic coupling force on armature 344 as achieved
on armature 120 above in FIG. 13A would be twice that delivered to
coils 122, 124 or 126, 128 in FIG. 13A. It is therefore demonstrated
that by controlling or switching the flow of magnetic flux from a
permanent magnet between at least two different paths results in
greater coupling forces per unit of input electrical energy, and
therefore that such control or switching will enable more work to be
achieved per unit of input electrical energy.

As described above, if a coil is energized beyond the point
where the magnetic flux produced by the coil aiding the amount of the
permanent magnet's flux that is either opposed or aided, the extra
magnetic flux needs a low reluctance path between the poles of the coil
that produces the excess magnetic flux. If a complete low reluctance
path is not provided for the excess magnetic flux there is little
potential for taking advantage of the excess magnetic flux in terms of
producing additional magnetic coupling forces. The path for such excess
flux cannot be through a permanent magnet member. In assemblies which
include an armature on each path, the armature will provide the
necessary low reluctance path. Referring to FIG. 15, various components
of the magnetic flux in device 110 (FIGS. 7-9) are depicted by numerals
380, 382, and 384 for the case when coils 122, 124 are energized to
oppose the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 in an amount which
exceeds the level of magnetic flux which permanent magnet 112 would
cause to flow through armature 118 when no coils are energized. FIG. 15
is likewise representative of the case when coils 126, 128 are
energized to aid the magnetic flux of permanent magnet 112 in an amount
which exceeds the level of magnetic flux which permanent magnet 112
would cause to flow through armature 118 when no coils are energized.
In particular, magnetic flux component 380 represents the magnetic flux
of permanent magnet 112 which normally flows through the path including
armature 120; magnetic flux component 382 represents the magnetic flux
of permanent magnet 112 which is diverted by the opposing field of
coils 122, 124 so as to traverse the path which includes armature 120;
and magnetic flux component 384 represents the magnetic flux produced
by coils 122, 124 which is in excess of the diverted magnetic flux 382.
As shown, the excess magnetic flux 384 produced by coils 122, 124
traverses the path which includes armature 120 and bypasses permanent
magnet 112 so as to also traverse the path which includes armature 118.
Thus, the excess magnetic flux produced by coils 122, 124 adds to the
permanent magnet flux traversing the path which includes armature 120,
thus increasing the magnetic coupling force on armature 120, while at
the same time providing a magnetic coupling force on armature 118.

In a reciprocating device where armatures 118 and 120 are
connected by shaft 320 as shown in FIGS. 13A-13C and again in FIG. 16,
excess magnetic flux 384 will increase magnetic coupling force 390 on
armature 120 acting to the left. However, because such excess flux 384
also traverses the path which includes armature 118, such excess
magnetic flux 384 also results in a magnetic coupling force 392 on
armature 118 which acts to the right. Even though excess magnetic flux
384 traversing the path which includes an armature 118 has an opposite
polarity to that which would traverse the path due to permanent magnet
112, the magnetic coupling force on armature 118 still acts to the
right because armature 118 is not polarity sensitive, that is, armature
118 will be attracted regardless of the direction of the magnetic flux
traversing the path. The overall effect is that a resultant force which
is the difference between force 390 and force 392 will act on the
shaft-connected armatures 118, 120. However, if armatures 118 and 120
were formed by permanent magnets having polarities as shown at the top
and bottom of such armatures, the force acting on each armature would
be in the same direction and therefore additive.

In this regard reference is made to FIG. 16B in which a two path
device 371 having four control coils 373, 375, 377 and 379 is shown
with the illustrated armatures being formed by permanent magnets 381
and 383 having polarities as shown. With no coils energized both
permanent magnet armatures 381 and 383 are attracted to the ends of
pole pieces 385 and 387. With coils 373375 energized in an opposing
manner and coils 377, 379 energized in an aiding manner, the attractive
force on permanent magnet armature 383 will generally increase and the
attractive force on permanent magnet armature 381 will generally
decrease. This is demonstrated with reference to the graph of FIG. 16C
which depicts a graph of the current flowing in the control coils on
the x-axis verses the magnetic flux in gauss on the y-axis with line
389 representing the flux along the aiding side of device 371 and line
391 representing the flux along the opposing side of device 371. As
shown the magnetic flux on the coil opposing side decreases as the coil
current increases and passed through zero at point 393. After point 393
reverse magnetic flux begins to be produced and would result in a
repelling force on permanent magnet armature 381. In some applications
particularly those where permanent magnet armatures and rotors are not
utilized, it will be critical to recognize point 393 so that reverse
magnetic flux is not produced. In this regard reference is made to
FIGS. 16D and 16E in which use of Hall Effect switches 401 and 403 is
incorporated to enable controlling the coil energizing current in
situations where it is desirable to prevent reverse magnetic flux. As
shown small bypasses 405 and 407 are provided with Hall Effect switches
401 and 403 disposed in gaps therealong, the switches being connected
to control circuit 409. As the flux traveling along the bypass path
falls to zero the Hall Effect switch can be utilized to prevent further
energization of the control coils so that no reverse flux is created.

Another embodiment of a device 400 which would provide
reciprocating motion is shown in FIGS. 17A-17D in which a permanent
magnet control component 402 having two flux paths may is provided. A
first pole piece 404 has two spaced, adjacent path portions 406 and 408
extending beyond the perimeter of the pole face of permanent magnet
410, and a second pole piece 412 includes only one continuous portion
414 extending beyond the perimeter of the pole face of permanent magnet
410, each path portion 406 and 408 of pole piece 404 being
substantially aligned with at least a part of portion 414 of pole piece
412. Control coil 416 is positioned along pole piece path portion 406
and control coil 418 is positioned along pole piece portion 408. An
armature 420 is positioned in the region between pole piece path
portions 404, 406 and pole piece portion 414 and is free to slide from
side to side as shown by arrows 422 and 424. A front view of component
device 400 with no coils energized and armature 420 at a mid-point
depicts flux flowing from the north pole face of permanent magnet 410,
through each of pole piece path portions 406 and 408, through armature
420, and returning to the south pole face through pole piece portion
414. Thus, the magnetic flux divides equally along two paths. If coil
416 is energized in an aiding manner, or if coil 418 is energized in an
opposing manner, all or a majority of the permanent magnets'magnetic
flux can be made to flow through pole piece portion 406 such that a
resulting magnetic coupling force on armature 420 causes it to move to
the left as shown in FIG. 17C.

Likewise, if control coil 416 is energized in an opposing
manner, or if control coil 418 is energized in an aiding manner, all or
a majority of the permanent magnet flux can be made to flow through
pole piece path portion 408 such that a resulting magnetic coupling
force on armature 420 causes it to move to the right as shown in FIG.
17D. Accordingly, by alternately energizing and de-energizing coils 416
and 418 a reciprocating motion of armature 420 may be achieved.

Linear Motion

Referring now to FIGS. 18A-18E, linear motion in accordance with
the present invention is described. In particular, a permanent magnet
control component 440 including a permanent magnet 442 with a pole
piece 444 positioned against the north pole face thereof and a pole
piece 446 positioned against the south pole face thereof is shown in an
exploded view in FIG. 18A and assembled in FIG. 18B. Pole piece 444
includes five path portions 448A-448E which extend beyond the perimeter
of the north pole face of permanent magnet 442 to one side thereof and
at respective positions along the length thereof, each path portion
448A-448E including a respective control coil 450A-450E positioned
therearound. Pole piece 446 includes one portion 452 extending beyond
the perimeter of the south pole face of permanent magnet 442 to the one
side thereof, which portion 452 extends along the entire length of
permanent magnet 442. A plurality of armatures 454 define a path of
relative movement between permanent magnet control component 440 and
such armatures 454, and by providing timed energization of given
control coils 450A-450E such relative movement can be achieved. The
sequence of side views depicted in FIGS. 18C-18E illustrate such
relative movement, with coils 450A, 450C and 450E being energized in an
opposing manner simultaneously in FIG. 18C, with coils 450A and 450D
being energized simultaneously in an opposing manner in FIG. 18D, and
with coils 450B and 450D being energized simultaneously in an opposing
manner in FIG. 18E. In FIG. 18C, magnetic flux will only flow along
path portions 448B and 448C of pole piece 444 causing resultant
magnetic coupling forces depicted by arrows 456, 458 which act to move
permanent magnet control component 440 to the left, assuming armatures
454 are fixed. Similarly, due to the timing of subsequent coil
energization resultant magnetic forces depicted by arrows 460, 462 in
FIG. 18D and arrows 464, 466 in FIG. 18E act to continue movement of
permanent magnet control component 440 to the left. Thus, if permanent
magnet control component 440 were fixed to a device or structure,
controlled movement of the device or structure along the path defined
by armatures 454 could be achieved. Conversely, if permanent magnet
control component 440 were fixed and armatures 454 were located on a
device or structure, controlled movement of the device or structure
could also be achieved. It is also easily recognized that by varying
the coil energization sequence and timing relative movement in the
opposite direction can be achieved. Further, if the permanent magnet
was doughnut shaped and the armatures were arranged in a
circumferential pattern, rotary motion would likewise be achievable.

Rotary Motion

One embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 500 which
incorporates various permanent magnet flux control aspects of the
present invention is shown in the exploded view of FIG. 19 and in the
partial assembled view of FIG. 20. Motor 500 includes a rotor assembly
which includes a shaft 502 and associated upper bearing 504, a
non-magnetic disk member 506 mounted for rotation with shaft 502, and a
rotor pole piece 508 which is mounted for rotation with disk member 506
such as by the use of screws 510. Rotor pole piece 508 includes a
ring-shaped portion having two inwardly extending magnetic flux path
portions 512A and 512B. A stator assembly of motor 500 includes a
doughnut or ring-shaped permanent magnet 514 having an upwardly
directed north pole face positioned adjacent and in close proximity to
rotor pole piece 508, and a downwardly directed south pole face
positioned adjacent and in contact with a stator pole piece 516. Stator
pole piece includes a ring-shaped portion having five inwardly
projecting path portions 518A-518E. Each path portion includes a
respective winding post 520A-520E extending therefrom and having a
respective control coil 522A-522E wound thereon. Stator pole piece
faces 524A-524E are positionable on respective winding posts 518A-518B
and, as shown in the partial assembly of FIG. 20, are substantially
aligned with the top surface of permanent magnet 514 so as to be
positionable adjacent rotor path portions 512A and 512B when aligned
therewith. Each of winding posts 518A-518E and stator pole piece faces
are formed of magnetic material, and although shown as separate pieces,
an integral, one piece stator could be formed with similar winding
posts and pole piece faces machined thereon. Lower bearing 526 is also
shown.

FIGS. 21A-21E illustrate top views of the partial assembly of
FIG. 20 with magnetic flux shown. In FIG. 21A magnetic flux travel when
none of coils 522A-522E are energized is depicted. Disregarding leakage
flux, due to the low reluctance path provided by rotor pole piece path
portions 512A and 512B, the majority of magnetic flux from the north
pole face of permanent magnet 514 will travel radially inward along one
of such path portions before passing downward through the stator
assembly and returning to the south pole face of permanent magnet 514.
It is noted that rotor pole piece 508 includes two path portions and
stator pole piece 516 includes five path portions such that rotor pole
piece path portions 512A and 512B will always be skewed relative to the
stator pole piece faces 524A-524E. Only one rotor pole piece path
portion can directly align with a stator pole piece face at a given
time. By alternatingly energizing the control coils of each of the
stator pole piece paths, rotary motion of the rotor may be achieved.

In FIG. 21D, just after rotor pole piece path portion 512A is no
longer aligned with stator pole piece face 524B, control coil 522A is
de-energized and control coil 522B is energized in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux opposing manner such that the permanent magnet magnetic
flux traveling along rotor pole piece path 512A tends to traverse to
stator pole piece face 524C such that a magnetic coupling force
indicated by arrow 536 results. Control coil 522D remains energized
such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by arrow 538 results, and
clockwise rotation of rotor pole piece 508 is continued.

As shown in FIG. 21E, just after rotor pole piece path portion
512B is no longer aligned with stator pole piece face 524E, control
coil 522D is de-energized and control coil 522E is energized in a
permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner such that the permanent
magnet magnetic flux traveling along rotor pole piece path 512B tends
to traverse to stator pole piece face 524A such that a magnetic
coupling force indicated by arrow 540 results. Control coil 522B
remains energized such that a magnetic coupling force indicated by
arrow 542 results, and clockwise rotation of rotor pole piece 508 is
continued.

Thus, by alternating energizing and de-energizing control coils
522A-522E, in a predetermined timed sequence based upon rotation of the
rotor assembly, continued rotation movement of rotor pole piece 508 may
be achieved. Such an energization/de-energization scheme can be
achieved utilizing circuitry common in the art, such as the control
circuitry described in Applicant's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,263 and
5,455,474, as well as various of the circuit configurations described
herein below. Referring now to FIG. 22, an assembled view of rotary
motor 500 is shown including a housing or cover formed by an upper
housing member 544 and a lower housing member 546, with portions of
each housing member cut away to expose motor structure described above.
It is recognized that such housing members 544 and 546 should be formed
of a non-magnetic material, and likewise that motor shaft 502 and
bearings 504, 526 should be formed of a non-magnetic material.

In another embodiment, a rotary motion device or motor 580 in
accordance with the present invention is shown in an exploded
perspective view in FIG. 23 and in an assembled perspective view in
FIG. 24. Two spaced permanent magnets 582 and 584 are positionable
between stator pole pieces 586 and 588. Stator pole piece 586 includes
two path portions 590A and 590B extending away from permanent magnets
582, 584 in opposite directions. Likewise, stator pole piece 588
includes two path portions 592A and 592B extending away from permanent
magnets 582, 584 in opposite directions and alignable respectively with
stator pole piece path portions 590A and 590B. Control coils 594, 596,
598, and 600 are each positioned along a respective stator pole piece
path portion as shown. A non-magnetic shaft 602 includes a pair of like
elongated rotor members 604 and 606, formed of magnetic material,
mounted at spaced locations thereon and being angularly oriented with
respect to each other, shaft 602 passing between spaced permanent
magnets 582 and 584. Non-magnetic end cap members 608 and 610 are
attachable to the ends of stator pole pieces 586 and 588 and are
configured for receiving shaft 602 and respective bearings 612 and 614.

The ends of respective stator pole pieces 506 and 508 are
configured for a given desired coupling relationship with rotor members
604 and 606. For example, as shown in the exemplary end views of FIGS.
25A and 25B, with end cap 608 removed, the end of stator pole piece 586
may include an arcuate portion 616 which is configured to create a
variable reluctance air gap 618 with elongate rotor member 604. The end
of stator pole piece 588 includes an arcuate portion 620 which is
likewise configured to create a variable reluctance air gap 622 with
rotor member 604. In particular, portion 618 includes a circumferential
curvature which has a center point offset below the axis of rotation of
shaft 602 and rotor member 604 as indicated by circle 624 shown in
shadow. Similarly, portion 620 includes a circumferential radius of
curvature which has a center point offset above the axis of rotation of
shaft 602 and rotor member 604. When magnetic flux is passing along the
path which includes a given end of the assembly, maximum coupling
between the rotor member and stator pole pieces occurs when the rotor
is positioned as shown in FIG. 25B. Accordingly, the illustrated rotor
member and stator pole piece configurations in and of themselves do not
provide any skewing to the direction of rotation of the rotor assembly.

In this regard, various configurations for the rotor and ends of
the stator pole pieces are shown in the end views of FIGS. 26-28, which
configurations provide skewing the direction of rotation. In
particular, in device 620 of FIG. 26 a rotor member 622 having notches
624 and 626, which notches provide for greater magnetic coupling with
the stator pole pieces 628 and 630 at corners 632 and 634 such that
rotation is skewed in the clockwise direction. If notches were instead
located at corners 632 and 634, skewed rotation in the counterclockwise
direction would be the result. In device 620 such counterclockwise
rotation could also be achieved by removing rotor 622 from shaft 636,
flipping it end to end, and replacing it on shaft 636.

In the device 640 of FIG. 27, a portion 642 of the arcuate end
portion of stator pole piece 644 is removed and a portion 646 of the
arcuate end portion of stator pole piece 648 is removed. This
configuration results in greater magnetic coupling between rotor member
650 and stator pole piece 644 at corner 652, and greater magnetic
coupling between rotor member 650 and stator pole piece 648 at corner
654, such that rotation is skewed in the counterclockwise direction.
Clockwise rotation could be achieved by instead modifying the opposite
side of stator pole pieces 644 and 648.

FIG. 28 depicts an end view of a device 660 in which the axis
662 of the arcuate end portion of upper stator pole piece 664 and lower
stator pole piece 666 is placed at an angle A as shown. This
configuration creates an unequal variable reluctance air gap where
opposite corners of rotor member 668 are closer to stator pole pieces
664 and 666. Further, the angle at which maximum magnetic coupling
between rotor member 668 and stator pole pieces 664 and 666 occurs is
retarded by angle A. Rotation would be in the counterclockwise
direction for the illustrated configuration.

Referring again to motor 580 of FIGS. 23-25, rotary motion of
such device is depicted in the end views of FIG. 29A-29D. In each end
view the end cap has been removed to show rotation of the rotor members
and in each of FIGS. 29A-29D an end view depicting rotor member 604 and
an end view depicting rotor member 606 are shown side-by-side. In FIG.
29A, rotor member 604 is defined as being at zero degrees and rotor
member 606 is defined as being at ninety degrees. Control coils 594,
598 are energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner
such that no magnetic flux passes through stator pole piece path
portions 590B and 592B. This allows rotor member 606 to move out of its
ninety degree position and the magnetic coupling between rotor member
604 and stator pole piece path portions 590A and 592A will cause
rotation to the position shown in FIG. 29B and then FIG. 29C. When
rotor member 604 reaches the ninety degree position shown in FIG. 29D
control coils 594, 598 are de-energized and control coils 596, 600 are
energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner causing
rotation to continue due to the magnetic coupling between rotor member
606 and stator pole piece path portions 590B and 592B. Thus, by
alternatingly energizing the control coils of each path with every
ninety degree rotation of rotor members 604 and 606, continuous rotary
motion is achieved.

The initial direction of rotation can be controlled by the
circuit means used to energize control coils 594, 598 and 596, 600,
which circuit means includes circuitry for detecting the angular
position of the rotor members. In particular, if rotor members 604 and
606 are at rest in the position shown in FIG. 29A, and coils 594, 598
are energized in an aiding manner, rotation may be clockwise or
counterclockwise. If the desired direction is clockwise but upon
energization of coils 594, 598 the rotor members begin to move
counterclockwise, the detection circuitry will immediately de-energize
coils 594, 598 and energize coils 596, 600 so that the counterclockwise
direction is achieved.

Further, bypasses around permanent magnets 582 and 584 could be
provided in rotary motion device 580, such as those shown in FIG. 12,
and rotor members 604 and 606 could be formed by permanent magnets so
as to take advantage of energizing the control coils in an exceeding
manner.

A third embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 650 is
shown in the exploded partial perspective view of FIG. 30 and in the
assembled partial perspective view of FIG. 31. In motor 650 the stator
assembly includes a control component 651 including a permanent magnet
652 having a stator pole piece 654 positioned adjacent one pole face
thereof and a stator pole piece 656 positioned adjacent the opposite
pole face thereof. Stator pole piece 654 includes a path portion 658A
extending to one side of permanent magnet 652 and a path portion 658B
extending to the one side thereof and spaced from first path portion
658A. Control coils 660 and 662 are positioned along respective stator
pole piece path portions 658A and 658B. Likewise, stator pole piece 656
includes path portions 664A and 664B which extend in a similar manner
therefrom so as to be aligned with stator path portions 658A and 658B
respectively. Control coils 666 and 668 are positioned along respective
stator pole piece path portions 664A and 664B. Positioned opposite and
facing control component 651 is a like control component 670 including
permanent magnet 672, stator pole piece 674 with path portions 676A and
676B having respective control coils 678 and 680, and stator pole piece
682 with path portions 684A and 684B having respective control coils
686 and 688. The end of each of the pole piece path portions 658A,
658B, 664A, 664B, 676A, 676B, 684A, and 684B is of a generally arcuate
configuration.

A rotor assembly of motor 650 includes a non-magnetic shaft 700
having a permanent magnet rotor member 702 mounted thereon for rotation
therewith. Permanent magnet rotor member 702 is generally ring-shaped
and segmented to include distinct north and south pole faces which
reverse about every ninety degrees therearound. When assembled the top
and bottom surfaces of permanent magnet rotor member 702 align with
pole pieces 654, 656, 674, and 682 of the stator assembly and are
preferably configured such that a minimal gap between the outer surface
of permanent magnet rotor member 702 and the arcuate surfaces of the
pole piece path portions is provided.

Rotation of device 650 can be achieved by controlled, timed
energizing and de-energizing of control coils 660, 662, 666, 668, 678,
680, 686, and 688. Exemplary rotation is demonstrated with reference to
the top views of FIGS. 32A-32B which depict counterclockwise rotation
of permanent magnet rotor member 702 through one-hundred eighty
degrees. In FIG. 32A stator pole piece path portion 658A of component
651 is active and stator pole piece path portion 658B is not active,
which may be achieved by energizing control coil 660 in a permanent
magnet magnetic flux aiding manner or by energizing control coil 662 in
a permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner. Stator pole piece
path portion 676B of component 670 is active and stator pole piece path
portion 676A is not active, which may be achieved by energizing control
coil 680 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux aiding manner or by
energizing control coil 678 in a permanent magnet magnetic flux
opposing manner. Thus, portions 690 and 692 of permanent magnet rotor
member 702, which both have a north magnetic polarity, will be repelled
by the north polarity of stator pole piece path portions 658A and 676B
aligned therewith. Portions 694 and 696 of permanent magnet rotor
member 702, both of which have a south magnetic polarity, will be
attracted to the active path portions 658A and 676B. At the instant
that rotor member portion 694 becomes aligned with stator pole piece
path portion 658A, as shown in FIG. 32B, all coils are de-energized
such that all pole piece path portions will be active as shown. Pole
piece path portions 658B and 676A are then kept active while pole piece
path portions 658A and 676B are made inactive. This is achieved by
energizing control coils 662 and 678 in a permanent magnet magnetic
flux aiding manner or by energizing control coils 660 and 680 in a
permanent magnet magnetic flux opposing manner. Rotor member portions
690 and 692 will again be repelled by the north polarity of path
portions 658B and 676A aligned therewith such that rotation of
permanent magnet rotor 702 is continued. In FIG. 32D all coils are
shown de-energized when rotor portion 692 aligns with pole piece path
portion 658A. By continuing this timed sequence of energization and
de-energization of the control coils, continued rotary movement is
achieved. As explained above, the initial direction of rotation can be
controlled by circuit means which detects the initial direction of
permanent magnet rotor 702 and immediately alters the coil energization
scheme if the initial direction is incorrect.

A side view of assembled motor 650 is shown in FIG. 33 and
includes an upper housing or enclosure portion 710, a bottom housing
portion 712, upper bearing 714, and a lower bearing 716.

A fourth embodiment of a rotary motion device or motor 740 is
illustrated in FIGS. 34-39. Motor 740 includes five stator control
components 742A-742E positioned around a ring shaped permanent magnet
rotor member 744 (FIG. 36). As shown with reference to component 742A
in FIG. 37 each stator component 742A includes a permanent magnet 746A
with an upper pole piece 748A positioned adjacent one pole face thereof
and a lower pole piece 750A positioned adjacent the opposite pole face
thereof. Control coils 752A, 754A are positioned along respective pole
pieces 748A, 750A. A bypass 756A extends from pole piece 748A to pole
piece 750A and is positioned between permanent magnet 746A and control
coils 752A, 754A. Alternatively, bypass 756A could be provided on the
opposite side of permanent magnet 746A as shown in FIG. 38. Although
not shown, it is anticipated that permanent magnet rotor member 744
would be mounted on an axis for rotation therewith and that a motor
housing or enclosure could be provided, such as shown in relation to
motor 650 of FIG. 33.

Referring to the top views of FIGS. 39A-39D, rotary motion of
rotor member 744 is depicted by the sequence of views. Regions 770 and
772 in FIGS. 39A-39D represent the magnetic north regions of the top of
permanent magnet rotor 744. In FIG. 39A control coils 752E and 752C are
energized in a permanent magnet aiding and exceeding manner such that
regions 770 and 772 of permanent magnet rotor 744 are repulsed by
components 742E and 742C while permanent magnet motor regions 774 and
776 are attracted by components 742E and 742C. The resultant coupling
forces act to move permanent magnet rotor in a counterclockwise
direction to the location shown in FIG. 39B. Just after permanent
magnet rotor region 772 passes the point shown in FIG. 39C, control
coil 752B is energized in a permanent magnet aiding and exceeding
manner, while control coils 752E and 752C also remain energized, and
counterclockwise rotation of permanent magnet rotor 744 is continued.
Just after permanent magnet rotor region 772 passes by control
component 742C control coil 752C is de-energized, while control coils
752E and 752B remain energized, so as to continue counterclockwise
rotation. Then, just after permanent magnet rotor region 770 reaches
the location shown in FIG. 39D control coil 752D is energized in a
permanent magnet flux aiding and exceeding manner, while coils 752E and
752B remain energized, so as to continue counterclockwise rotation.
Thus, as in the other embodiments, repeated and timed energization and
de-energization of the control coils produces the desired rotational
movement.

In terms of controlling the energization of coils in the devices
described above, various electronic control circuit/switching means and
electromechanical control circuit/switching machines are depicted in
FIGS. 40-44. In circuit 800 of FIG. 40 a given coil 802 is placed in
series between an electrical energy source 804 and a power mosfet 806.
An LED 808 is connected to electrical energy source 804 through
resistor 810 and is positioned to impinge upon a phototransistor 812
which is connected in series with resistor 814. A control input of
mosfet 806 is connected between phototransistor 812 and resistor.
Accordingly, when LED 808 activates phototransistor 812 the voltage
drop across resistor 814 activates, or turns ON, mosfet 806 and coil
802 is energized. Timed energization of coil 802 is provided by
mounting an interrupter 816, such as shown in FIG. 42, to the shaft 816
of the motor device to be controlled, such that as interrupter 814
rotates with shaft 816 coil 802 is alternately energized and
de-energized. In a device with a plurality of coils a corresponding
plurality of LED/photoresistor pairs may be provided.

In circuit 820 of FIG. 41 a coil 822 is positioned between
electrical energy source 824 and power mosfet 826. A hall switch 828 is
connected in series with resistor 830. Hall switch 828 is also
connected to the control input of mosfet 826 through resistor 832. In a
given device hall switch 828 would be positioned to react to a change
in magnetic flux so as to control the ON/OFF switching of mosfet 826,
and thus the alternate energization and de-energization of coil 822.

In FIG. 43 a circuit 840 for controlling two coils in an
opposite manner is provided such that when coil 842 is energized coil
844 is de-energized, and such that when coil 842 is de-energized coil
844 is energized. Both coils 842 and 844 are connected in series
between electrical energy source 846 and respective power mosfets 848
and 850. An LED 852 and phototransistor 854 arrangement is provided,
LED connected in series with resistor 856 and phototransistor connected
in series with resistor 858. When LED 852 turns phototransistor 854 ON
the voltage drop across resistor 858 turns mosfet 848 ON and coil 842
is energized. At that time the voltage applied at the control input of
mosfet 850 will be low and therefore mosfet 850 will be OFF and coil
844 will be de-energized. When interrupter 814 blocks LED 852,
phototransistor 854 is turned OFF and mosfet 848 is likewise turned
OFF. The control input of mosfet 850 is therefore pulled high through
resistor 860 and mosfet 850 is turned ON such that coil 844 is
energized.

In a FIG. 44 a system 870 including member 872 mounted on
rotating shaft 874 is provided, with the left side of member 872 being
alternately conductive at 876 and non-conductive at 878. Coils 880 and
882 are connected to respective brushes 884 and 886 which are
positioned to contact member 872 during rotation thereof. Member 872 is
connected through brush 890 to power supply 888. Thus, coils 880 and
882 will alternatingly be energized and de-energized as the respective
brushes thereof contact the conductive and non-conductive portions of
member 872.

Any of such circuit means, variations thereof, or other circuit
means may be used to provide the timed energization of the control
coils in the various embodiments of the present invention.

From the preceding description of the illustrated embodiments,
it is evident that the objects of the invention are attained. Although
the invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be
clearly understood that the same is intended by way of illustration and
example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation.

For example, although the magnetic flux control techniques of
the present invention have been discussed as applicable mainly to
various motive applications, such magnetic flux control techniques are
also useful in static applications.

Power Conversion

Referring to FIGS. 45A-45C there is shown the permanent magnet
device 900 of FIGS. 45A-45C that has two magnetic flux paths provided
by rectangular pole piece 902 which includes upper portion 904 and
lower portion 906 each positioned against a respective pole face of
permanent magnet 910. Unlike the device of FIGS. 7-9, fall away
armatures are not provided. Rather, fixed armatures in the form of
integral pole piece portions 912 and 914 extend from upper portion 904
to lower portion 906 completing the two flux paths in a permanent
manner. Control coils 916, 918 are provided along one flux path and
control coils 920, 922 are provided along the other flux path, such
control coils acting as primary windings in device 900. One coil 924 is
positioned around pole piece portion 912 and another coil 926 is
positioned around pole piece portion 914, such coils 924, 926 acting as
secondary windings in device 900.

In FIG. 45A coils 916, 918 are energized in a permanent magnet
magnetic flux aiding manner so as to couple with all the magnetic flux
of permanent magnet 910. All magnetic flux flows along path 930 as
shown and thus couples with coil 924. In FIG. 45B no coils are
energized and the permanent magnet magnetic flux splits evenly between
paths 930 and 932, coupling with both coil 924 and coil 926. In FIG.
45C coils 920, 922 are energized in a permanent magnet magnetic flux
aiding manner such that all magnetic flux traverses path 932 and
couples with coil 926. In FIG. 45D no coils are energized as in FIG.
45B. By continuously alternatingly energizing and de-energizing coils
916, 918 and 920, 922 in such a manner energy conversion is achieved
due to the coupling with coils 924 and 926. The magnetic flux in the
integral pole piece portions 912 and 914, and thus the flux coupling
with respective coils 924 and 926, varies by a factor of twice the
amount of magnetic flux generated by energizing coils 916, 918 and 920,
922.

The construction shown in FIGS. 45A and 45X are similar to the
construction shown in FIGS. 7 and 47. The difference in both cases
relates to replacing the two flux paths and armatures with one
continues flux path. The arrangement in FIG. 7 has one permanent magnet
and four coils and the arrangement in FIG. 47 has two permanent magnets
and two coils. Although the physical aspects of the two arrangements
and the details of the flux control vary, the control method for
varying the permanent magnets flux are similar and will be described
simultaneously and only differences will be pointed out.

With continuous flux paths the static flux from the permanent
magnet or magnets is useless. However, if the static flux of the
permanent magnet confined to the flux paths were modified to be time
varying it would have utility for electromagnetic induction devices for
power conversion like transformers and power inverters. However, the
same basic method for controlling the flux of a permanent magnet to
provide linear and rotary motion can also be applied to time varying
the static flux from the permanent magnetic. The construction shown in
FIG. 45X utilizes four control coils and a single permanent magnet and
the construction shown in FIG. 45A uses two control coils and two
permanent magnets. The flux that would normally be supplied by a
primary winding is supplied by the static flux of the permanent magnet
or magnets and the control coils convert this static flux into a time
varying flux in a novel way. Both arrangements use two secondary coils,
the secondary coils are placed in the region of the continuous flux
path that would be occupied by an armature or rotor in the linear or
rotary arrangements. The regions of the flux paths that perform work
are the same in all cases.

In all cases the control coils can either be wired in series or
parallel and the secondary coils can be either wound in series or
parallel. More than one secondary coil or secondary coils with multiple
taps can be placed in the working regions and further multiple flux
paths can be utilized with one or more secondary coils placed in each
of the working regions. This is made obvious by the disclosures of the
linear and rotary devices herein and based on the fact that the working
regions of the flux paths are identical.

FIGS. 45X and 45A also show the paths of the static flux of the
permanent magnet or magnets when no current is flowing in the control
coils. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 45X the flux from the single
permanent magnet divides between the two working areas of the flux
path. In the arrangement of FIG. 45A all of the flux of one of the
permanent magnets passes through one of the working regions and all of
the flux of the second permanent magnet passes through the other
working region. Each of the working regions in both cases are occupied
by secondary coils.

FIGS. 45Y and 45B show the control coils energized with the
polarity shown with respect to the polarity of the permanent magnet or
magnets included. In FIG. 45Y the opposing coil blocks the passage of
flux from the permanent magnet and the aiding coil couples with the
flux of the permanent magnet and therefore all of the flux of the
permanent magnet passes through one working region as shown. In FIG.
45A the opposing side of the coil blocks the passage of flux from the
permanent magnet on the opposing side of the coil and the aiding side
of the coil couples with the flux of the other permanent magnet and
therefore all of the flux of both the permanent magnets passes through
the working region as shown.

FIGS. 45Z and 45C show the control coils energized with a
polarity opposite of that shown in FIGS. 45Y and 45B. The same action
occurs and results in all of the permanent magnet or magnets path flux
passing through the opposite working regions.

By alternating the polarity of the control coils during one
cycle, one working region experiences an increasing flux and the
opposite region experiences a decreasing flux and during the next cycle
the opposite occurs. This results in the induction of a voltage in the
secondary coils that is decided by the magnitude of the change in flux
in the working region and the time in which this change occurs. The
novelty of this discovery is that the primary flux inducing the voltage
in the secondary coils is supplied by the permanent magnet or magnets
and is far greater than the flux supplied by the control coils.

Further, in the rotary motion devices of FIGS. 31 and 34, it is
not necessary that respective rotor members 702 and 744 be formed of
permanent magnets. Each could take the form shown in FIG. 46 where
sections 950 and 952 are formed of magnetic material such as soft iron
and sections 954 and 956 are formed by a non-magnetic filler material.

FIGS. 47 and 48 show another embodiment 1000 of the subject
device. The embodiment 1000 includes two spaced permanent magnets 1002
and 1004 each of which has its north pole adjacent the upper surface
and its south pole adjacent the lower surface. A magnetizable bridging
member 1006 extends across and makes contact with the north magnetic
poles of the magnets 1002 and 1004 and another magnetizable bridging
member 1008 makes contact with the south magnetic poles of the two
permanent magnets 1002 and 1004. The members 1006 and 1008 extend
slightly beyond the opposite sides of the respective permanent magnets
1002 and 1004 and a pair of spaced armature members 1010 and 1012 are
positioned to move into and out of engagement with the ends of the
members 1006 and 1008. Coils 1014 and 1016 are mounted respectively on
the members 1006 and 1008 in the space between the permanent magnets
1002 and 1004, and the armatures 1010 and 1012 are shown connected
together by a rod 1018 which enables them to move backwards and
forwards into engagement with the respective members 1006 and 1008 when
different voltages are applied to the respective coils 1014 and 1016.
In FIGS. 47, the coils 1014 and 1016 are energized as shown with the
coil 1014 having its north magnetic end to the left and its south
magnetic end to the right and the opposite is true of the coil 1016. In
FIG. 48, the voltage applied to the respective coils 1014 and 1016 is
reversed so that the polarity of the left end of coil 1014 is south and
the polarity of the opposite end of the same coil 1014 is a north
magnetic pole. The reverse is true of the coil 1016. It is to be noted
in FIGS. 47 and 48 that the relationship of aiding and opposing is
indicated on the figures to indicate the relationship when the coils
are energized. For example, in FIG. 47 when the coils are energized as
shown the relationship is opposing for the permanent magnet 1002 and is
aiding with respect to the permanent magnet 1004. The reverse is true
when the voltage on the coils is reversed as shown in FIG. 48. By
properly timing the voltage on the respective coils the movement of the
armature is controlled. The same principles can be applied to produce
rotating movement as shown in FIG. 42.

FIG. 49 shows another embodiment 1030 of the subject invention
using principles similar to those described in connection with FIGS. 47
and 48. The embodiment 1030 includes a plurality, three being shown, of
stationary members 1032, 1034 and 1036. The details of these members
are better shown in FIG. 50 which shows the details of the member 1036.
This member includes a pair of permanent magnets 1038 and 1040, each of
which has magnetizable members mounted adjacent opposite sides thereof
as in the previous construction. The members 1042 and 1044 also have
coils 1046 and 1048, respectively, and the coils are energized as
described in connection with FIGS. 47 and 48 to produce aiding and
opposing magnetism. The construction shown in FIG. 49 may have three
stator portions as shown or it may have more stator portions as
desired. The rotor 1050 is positioned in the space between the members
1032, 1034 and 1036 and includes a permanent magnet portion part of
which has its north magnetic pole on the surface as shown and the other
parts has its south magnetic pole in the same surface as shown. The
permanent magnets 1038 and 1040 on the stators interact with the
permanent magnets on the rotor to produce the rotating motion and is
controlled by the energizing of the coils.

Other applications and advantages of the devices and methods of
the present invention exist and various modifications are possible, and
therefore the present invention is not intended to be limited to the
specific examples disclosed herein. Accordingly, the spirit and scope
of the invention are to be limited only by the terms of the appended
claims.

Abstract -- A motion producing device using
permanent magnets as the source of energy including one or more
permanent magnets at least one having a coil mounted on it, and an
electric circuit for connecting the coil to a source of electric energy
whereby application of the energy to the coil changes or modifies the
magnetic characteristics of the permanent magnet on which it is mounted
in such a manner that when another permanent magnet is in the field of
the controlled permanent magnet, the interaction between the permanent
magnets will be modified so as to change the coupling force
therebetween. The present device can be used to produce rotational
motion, linear motion, oscillating motion, and combinations of these.

US 5304881

Means for Producing Rotary Motion

Also published as:US5753990

Abstract -- A device for converting magnetic
force to mechanical force including a member having an axis about which
it is rotatable, the member having a peripheral edge portion formed of
a material that is effected by the presence of a magnetic force
adjacent thereto, at least one magnetic member positioned adjacent the
peripheral portion of the rotatable member to produce a magnetic
coupling force therebetween, the peripheral portion of the rotatable
member having a shape such that the magnetic coupling between the
magnetic member and the peripheral portion of the rotatable member
varies continuously as the rotatable member rotates.

US5455474

Magnetic Motor
Construction

Abstract -- The present invention relates
to an apparatus having spaced permanent magnets positioned so that
there is magnetic interaction between them, and controlling the
interaction by having a coil in the space between the permanent magnets
connected to a source of electric potential and a controllable switch
in series such that closing the switch places a voltage across the coil
and predeterminately affects the magnetic interaction between the
spaced permanent magnets. The invention also teaches mounting one of
the permanent magnets on a rotatable structure so that the spaced
permanent magnets can move relative to each other, the controllable
switch operating to control the application of electric potential
across the coil in such a manner as to produce relative rotational
movement between the spaced permanent magnets.

US 5710493

Circuit and Method
for Alternating Current Motor Constructions

Abstract -- The present invention relates
to a control circuit for a motor, the motor including a rotor having a
non-magnetic body portion and a peripheral portion, the peripheral
portion being formed on permanently magnetized material, one arcuate
portion thereof having north magnetic pole and another arcuate portion
having south magnetic pole, a pair of motor coils, a diode bridge
circuit having opposed input connections and opposed output
connections, a circuit for connecting the respective opposed input
connections of the bridge circuit in series with the pair of coils
across an alternating current source, a first circuit portion connected
across the opposed output connections of the diode bridge circuit
including a controllable switch device having a control gate,;
circuitry to control the voltage applied to the control gate to control
the conducting condition thereof and hence current flow through the
pair of coils, circuit means including first and second parallel
circuits each having a resistor in series with a diode, the first
parallel circuit being connected between one of the opposed input
connections of the diode bridge rectifier circuit and the second
parallel circuit being connected to the other of the opposed input
connections of the diode bridge circuit, the outputs of the first and
second parallel circuits being connected to the control gate of the
controllable switch device, and a Hall Effect device having a
connection to the first circuit portion and a connection between the
second circuit portion which is controlled by the condition of the Hall
Effect device.