By J. Dana StusterJ. Dana Stuster is an assistant editor at Foreign Policy. He has studied at the American University of Beirut and graduated in 2010 with degrees in English and International Relations from the University of California, Davis. Before coming to FP, his work appeared in the Atlantic and the National Interest, among other publications.

June 25, 2013 - 11:10 pm

In camping out at a Moscow airport, Edward Snowden is joining a long line of Americans who have fled to Russia. Suffice it to say, it’s not the most flattering group of individuals with which to be associated.

The most notable, of course, are the spies. There were the agents, like George Koval, who provided the Soviet Union with information about the Manhattan Project in the 1940s before absconding to Moscow. In 1960, two NSA cryptologists — William Martin and Bernon Mitchell — defected to the Soviet Union with intelligence on U.S. monitoring of Soviet communications. Like many defectors, Martin and Mitchell built lives in the Soviet Union, marrying and receiving well-compensated jobs. But like many defectors, they also had difficulty adjusting. According to the NSA’s in-house report on the incident, both men asked to leave Russia within a year of their defection, "but no country would accept them." Mitchell died in Moscow, but in time Martin made it as far as Tijuana, where he died in 1987. They were not alone in their discontent. "He put on a good act," Igor Prelin, a former public relations official for the KGB told the New York Times after the death of defected CIA agent Edward Lee Howard, who eventually came to own a small insurance firm in Moscow, "but life was not sweet for him here."

There have also been political dissidents — many of them communists or socialists hounded in the United States during the Red Scare and, later, the Cold War. There was Bill Haywood, a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World (the "Wobblies"), who, during World War I, was convicted of efforts to interfere with the U.S. war effort under provisions of the 1917 Espionage Act — the same law used to charge Snowden. While free and appealing his conviction, Haywood fled to Russia in 1921 for the last seven years of his life. There were also several instances of disillusioned U.S. soldiers, who, burnt out and alienated by their time in service, defected to the Soviet Union. Among them was Lee Harvey Oswald, whose alienation only worsened during his three years in the USSR. He eventually decided the move was a mistake, and the United States allowed him to return in June 1962.

After Oswald assassinated President John F. Kennedy, the U.S. government commissioned a study of U.S. defectors to the Soviet Union. The report cited other disillusioned soldiers, and even a couple incidents involving people who defected for love. There was Robert Webster, a contractor working for the Rand Development Company who tried to defect to follow his mistress but struggled with the process. The Soviet officials ushering Webster through the repatriation procedures got him liquored up before presenting him with the paperwork to apply for Soviet repatriation, according to the defector study:

Subsequently when Webster submitted the data sheet, he stated that his dissatisfaction with the United States was due to the tendency of American employers to hire a man and then fire him when he had learned the job. This reason was not acceptable because Webster had not personally experienced this. He rewrote the form to state that in the United States, Government controlled big business…. Although he stated he wished to cooperate in every way with the Soviet Union, the Soviet authorities tried to dissuade Webster from defecting.

Of course, Snowden hasn’t yet defected to Russia. And despite Vladimir Putin’s pledge to not hand him over to the United States, the NSA leaker probably won’t remain in Moscow (the smart money now is on Ecuador). "The sooner he chooses his final destination, the better it will be for us and him," Putin told reporters this morning.