Service number (United States Coast Guard)

United States Coast Guard service numbers were first created in the later half of 1921. In 2004 the Coast Guard began using Employee Identification Numbers, or EMPLIDs, to replace the Social Security Number on official forms.

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Coast Guard officer service numbers were unique amongst the military branches in that the entire range of officer numbers was declared upon the initial creation of the service numbers, the officer range extended from #1 to 100,000 and these numbers had yet to be exhausted by the discontinuation of Coast Guard service numbers in 1974.

Like the Navy and Marine Corps, the Coast Guard set aside the early service numbers for retroactive presentations; however, for various reasons, the Coast Guard never enacted this project and never issued retroactive officer service numbers. Thus, officer numbers 1 through 999 remained un-issued with the first Coast Guard officer service number being #1000 which was issued to Joseph F. Farley. The next range of Coast Guard officer numbers, 1001 through 20,000 were reserved for issuance to officers of the Regular Coast Guard, these numbers were typically issued to graduates of the United States Coast Guard Academy and other Regular Guard appointees. The Regular Coast Guard officer service number range had yet to be reached in 1974 when service numbers were discontinued.

Coast Guard officer numbers above 20,001 were reserved for members of the United States Coast Guard Reserve as well as Coast Guard warrant officers and other "non-regular" Coast Guardsmen. Officer numbers from 20,001 to 60,000 were used into the 1950s and, by February 1957, non-regular officer service numbers had reached #60,393, the 1960s and early 1970s saw the issuance of service numbers into the 70,000 and 80,000 range while 80 and 90 thousand service numbers had been used since 1948 for special uses such as cadets at the Coast Guard Academy.

The first Coast Guard enlisted service numbers began at #100,000 with a range to 200,000, the purpose of beginning Coast Guard enlisted numbers in this range was to ensure that no enlisted Coast Guardsman would have a number previously assigned to an officer.

The first enlisted service number was assigned to Mason B. Herring. Service numbers were issued to enlisted personnel, based on date of entry, through the 1920s and early 1930s; in the mid 30's, the Coast Guard also began a project to retroactively assign service numbers to former members of the Revenue Cutter Service and Lifesaving Service. These numbers would eventually range from 149,237 through 200,000, it was also at this point that the Coast Guard began to write enlisted service numbers using the format "123-456" with an alternate method of replacing the dash with a significant space.

At the start of World War II, the Coast Guard expanded the enlisted service numbers into a new range from 200,001 to 250,000, these numbers were used between 1941 and 1945; however, in addition to these basic service numbers, the Coast Guard also activated several "special duty" service number series between one and eight million. These numbers were written in the format "1234-567" and were issued as follows:

The one million series (1000 000 – 1999 999) was never issued

The two million series (2000 000 – 2999 999) was not issued during World War, but the Coast Guard began using this series in 1948 and continued to issue these numbers until the discontinuation of service numbers in 1974.

The three million series (3000 000 – 3999 999) was used for special duty enlisted personnel during World War II. The issued numbers of these series were between 3000 000 and 3081 999.

The four million series (4000 000 – 4999 999) was used by female Coast Guard members between 1942 and 1945. Forty one thousand of these numbers were issued, ranging from 4000 000 to 4040 999.

The five million series (5000 000 – 5999 999) was used for special duty enlisted personnel for one year in 1942. In all, issued numbers ranged from 5000 000 to 5801 499.

The six million series (6000 000 – 6999 999) was also reserved for special duty personnel during World War II. Issued numbers ranged from 6000 000 to 6207 999.

The seven million series (7000 000 – 7999 999) was used during the later half of World War II which the first numbers issued in the fall of 1943. In all, twenty eight thousand of these numbers were issued ranging from 7000 000 to 7027 999, the final number of the seven million service number series was the highest (but not the last) enlisted service number of the United States Coast Guard.

In addition to the special duty service numbers, regular enlisted service numbers continued to be issued during World War II in the 200,000 to 254,999 range, the Coast Guard also activated a 500,000 range and issued these numbers throughout World War II as well. With a theoretically limit of 999,999, these numbers had reached 708,000 by the end of World War II.

After the end of the Second World War, the Coast Guard began a new enlisted service number range from 255,000 to 349,999, these numbers were issued between 1945 and 1962 while also, beginning in 1948, the Coast Guard activated the two million service number series and issued these numbers from 1948 until the discontinuation of service numbers in 1974. The highest two million number authorized was 2199 999 although the highest number issued was most likely well below this number.

A final range of Coast Guard enlisted service numbers were between 350,000 and 499,999, these numbers were begun for issuance in 1962 and were issued until 1974. This number series was designed to "fit in" between the lower service numbers, which had been used prior to 1962, and the higher 500,000 numbers which had been used during World War II.

Final distribution of Coast Guard enlisted service numbers

Coast Guard enlisted service numbers were completely discontinued in 1974 with the Coast Guard being the last of the military service branches to convert to Social Security numbers as the primary identification means for military personnel, the Coast Guard was also the only branch of the military to never use any form of a service number prefix or suffix code.

In June 2004, the Coast Guard completed a program to have only an Employee Identification number (EMPLID) appear on Coast Guard Leave and Earnings Statements and other documents not requiring a Social Security number, the format for all EMPLID numbers is a seven digit number where the first digit is 1 and there are no alpha characters used. The numbers are issued without regard to officer or enlisted status and active and reserve components are in the same sequencing, the purpose of the program was to remove the Social Security number from records for identity theft reasons and to provide each service member with a unique identifier on Coast Guard Intranet programs.[1]

1.
United States Coast Guard
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The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the countrys seven uniformed services. This has happened twice, in 1917, during World War I, created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine, it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine, by the 1860s, the service was known as the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse, the modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U. S. Department of the Treasury. As one of the five armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every U. S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War. As of 2014 the Coast Guard had over 36,000 men and women on duty,7,350 reservists,29,620 auxiliarists. In terms of size, the U. S. Coast Guard by itself is the worlds 12th largest naval force. Because of its authority, the Coast Guard can conduct military operations under the U. S. Department of Defense or directly for the President in accordance with Title 14 USC 1–3. The Coast Guards enduring roles are maritime safety, security, to carry out those roles, it has 11 statutory missions as defined in 6 U. S. C. §468, which include enforcing U. S. law in the worlds largest exclusive economic zone of 3.4 million square miles, the Coast Guards motto is the Latin phrase, Semper Paratus. In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina, the author wrote, the Coast Guards most valuable contribution to may be as a model of flexibility, and most of all, spirit. Wil Milam, a swimmer from Alaska told the magazine, In the Navy. Practicing for war, training for war, in the Coast Guard, it was, take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself. The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are subdivided into eleven statutory missions. Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort, and have responsibility for military and civilian search and rescue. The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators, previously located on Governors Island, New York, the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports, details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution, the five uniformed services that make up the U. S

2.
Social Security number
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The number is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration, an independent agency of the United States government. Although its primary purpose is to individuals for Social Security purposes. A Social Security number may be obtained by applying on Form SS-5, Social Security numbers were first issued by the Social Security Administration in November 1935 as part of the New Deal Social Security program. Within three months,25 million numbers were issued, on November 24,1936,1,074 of the nations 45,000 post offices were designated typing centers to type up Social Security cards that were then sent to Washington, D. C. On December 1,1936, as part of the publicity campaign for the new program, Joseph L. of New Rochelle, New York. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 required parents to list Social Security numbers for each dependent over the age of 5 for whom the parent wanted to claim a tax deduction. Before this act, parents claiming tax deductions were on the system not to lie about the number of children they supported. During the first year of the Tax Reform Act, this change resulted in seven million fewer minor dependents being claimed. The disappearance of these dependents is believed to have involved either children who never existed or tax deductions improperly claimed by non-custodial parents, in 1988, the threshold was lowered to 2 years old, and in 1990, the threshold was lowered yet again to 1 year old. Today, an SSN is required regardless of the age to receive an exemption. Since then, parents have often applied for Social Security numbers for their children soon after birth, today, the original purpose of this number was to track individuals accounts within the Social Security program. It has since come to be used as an identifier for individuals within the United States, as numbers are now assigned by the central issuing office of the SSA, it is unlikely that duplication will ever occur again. A few duplications did occur when prenumbered cards were sent out to regional SSA offices, employee, patient, student, and credit records are sometimes indexed by Social Security number. The U. S. Previously, the United States military used a more complicated system of service numbers that varied by service. Beginning in June 2011, DOD began removing the Social Security number from military identification cards and it is replaced by a unique DOD identification number, formerly known as the EDIPI. Social Security was originally a tax, but when Medicare was passed in 1965. Because of this, not every American is part of the Social Security program, the Old Order Amish have fought to prevent universal Social Security by overturning rules such as a requirement to provide a Social Security number for a hunting license. Social Security cards printed from January 1946 until January 1972 expressly stated that people should not use the number, since nearly everyone in the United States now has an SSN, it became convenient to use it anyway and the message was removed

3.
Joseph F. Farley
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Joseph Francis Farley served as the ninth Commandant of the United States Coast Guard from 1946 to 1949. He was also the first Coast Guard officer to be issued a service number, Joseph Francis Farley was born in Oxford, Ohio and was the son of Joseph Francis and Sarah Foot Farley. After attended high schools in Trumansburg, New York and Ithaca, New York, Farleys serious demeanor and habit of smoking a pipe as a cadet earned him the nickname of Uncle Joe at the school and he was known by that the rest of his career. He graduated and was commissioned as a lieutenant on 10 June 1912. Farleys initial assignment after graduation from the School of Instruction was aboard USRC Mohawk where he served until June 1913 and his next assignment was USRC Seminole which patrolled the Caribbean enforcing neutrality laws prior to the United States involvement in World War I. In July 1916 he was transferred to USCGC Onondaga for a tour before reporting aboard USCGC Yamacraw in October. Farley was promoted 31 May 1917 to second lieutenant, Yamacraw sailed for Europe in August 1917 and assumed convoy escort duties in the Mediterranean as well as between Gibraltar and Great Britain. After the end of the war Yamacraw returned to patrol duties homeported out of Savannah, Georgia. He was assigned in January 1920 to the USCGC Scally and was transferred yet again in September, Farley was assigned a short tour aboard USCGC Gresham, leaving in June 1922 to serve on USCGC Morrill. Farley was promoted to lieutenant 12 January 1923 and assigned to USCGC Mojave homeported at Honolulu and his next assignment took him to Coast Guard Headquarters where he was ordnance officer for three years. During his command of Wilkes, the ship attained the highest score during annual target practice in the Destroyer Force for 1928-29, during this tour of duty, Farley was promoted to commander. In January 1933, Farley was placed in command of USCGC Pontchartrain homeported at Norfolk, in July 1934 he assumed command of USCGC Modoc stationed out of Wilmington, North Carolina. Farley returned to Coast Guard Headquarters in March 1937 and was assigned duties as chief communications officer and he also served as a member of the coordinating committee of the Defense Communications Board. On 1 December 1941 Farley was promoted to the rank of captain, from June 1942 to December 1943 he served as District Coast Guard Officer of the Eighth Coast Guard District based at New Orleans, Louisiana. He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service as District Officer, Farley was reassigned to Coast Guard Headquarters in December 1943 as Assistant Chief Operations Officer until December 1944 when he assumed the assignment of Chief Personnel Officer. He was nominated by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the Senate to be Commandant of the Coast Guard succeeding Admiral Russell R. Waesche, Farley assumed the duties of the office 1 January 1946, the same day he was promoted to admiral. Because Farley had been assigned to Coast Guard Headquarters in a position in both operations and personnel, Admiral Waesche suggested him as a candidate to succeed him as Commandant. Farleys first nomination was rejected by President Harry S. Waesche realized that the Coast Guard would have problems associated with personnel

4.
United States Coast Guard Academy
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Founded in 1876, the United States Coast Guard Academy is the service academy of the United States Coast Guard. Located in New London, Connecticut, it is the smallest of the five service academies. The academy provides education to future Coast Guard officers in one of eight major fields of study, unlike the other service academies, admission to the academy does not require a congressional nomination. Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as cadets, tuition for cadets is fully funded by the Coast Guard in exchange for an obligation of five years active duty service upon graduation. This obligation increases if the cadet chooses to go to school or graduate school. Approximately 250 cadets enter the academy each summer with about 200 cadets graduating, Cadets are required to adhere to the academys Honor Concept, Who lives here reveres honor, honors duty, which is emblazoned in the halls of the academys entrance. The academys motto is Scientiæ cedit mare, which is Latin for the sea yields to knowledge, established near New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1876, the School of Instruction used the USRC Dobbin for its exercises. Captain John Henriques served as superintendent from founding until 1883, the School was, in essence, a two-year apprenticeship, supplemented by minimal classroom work. The student body averaged five to ten cadets per class, with changes to new training vessels, the school moved to Curtis Bay, Maryland, in 1900 and again in 1910 to Fort Trumbull, a Revolutionary War–era Army installation near New London, Connecticut. In 1914 the school became the Revenue Cutter Academy, and with the 1915 merger of the Revenue Cutter Service, the land for the construction of the new Coast Guard Academy in New London was purchased in 1930. The 40-acre site, made up of two parcels from the Allyn and Payne estates, was purchased for $100,000 on 31 July 1930. The $100,000 was raised not through an issue as originally planned. On 15 May 1931, Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon visited New London to lay the cornerstone of Hamilton Hall, construction proceeded relatively on schedule and cadets moved into the new buildings on 20 September 1932. In 1946, the received, as a war reparation from Germany, the barque Horst Wessel. It remains the main training vessel for cadets at the academy as well as for officer candidates as the Coast Guards Officer Candidate School, the academy was racially integrated in 1962, at the request of President Kennedy. The academy began admitting women in 1976 at the request of Congress, while Superintendent of the academy, in 1929 Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet composed the academys mission statement. All entering cadets must memorize the mission during their first few days of Swab Summer, unlike the other service academies, admission to the USCGA does not require a congressional nomination. This is due to the fervent objections of Captain John A. Henriques and his objection stemmed from years of poor political appointments in the U. S

5.
United States Coast Guard Reserve
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The United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve component of the United States Coast Guard. It is organized, trained, administered, and supplied under the direction of the Commandant of the Coast Guard through the Director of Reserve, the Coast Guard Reserve is an accessible pool of talent that enhances the depth and breadth of our readiness for these 21st-century challenges. Foremost, the Coast Guard Reserve must be ready for call-up at any time to provide surge capacity during such contingencies, Training, including normal drill periods and two-week annual active duty, will focus on building and honing the skills and knowledge required for these mobilization duties. Secondly, by virtue of full integration into shore-based units, reservists are available as a force for the continuum of traditional Coast Guard missions. Their employment in day-to-day operations should be structured to complement mobilization readiness requirements, individual reservists have an equal stake in acquiring and keeping current the competencies they must bring to contingency duties. Through unity of effort, we ensure that the Coast Guard Reserve is a relevant, strong force multiplier, available to deploy at a moment’s notice to secure. The United States Coast Guard Reserve was originally established on 23 June 1939 as a civilian reserve, persons joining the Coast Guard after 1 February 1942 were signed on as Regular Reservists and were obligated to serve for the duration plus six months. These Reservists served in every type of job that the Coast Guard had been tasked, the Womens Reserve was authorized by act of Congress on 23 November 1942 and soon became known as SPARS, derived from the Coast Guards Motto, Semper Paratus, Always Ready. SPARS served in administrative, maintenance and training functions in the United States, lieutenant Commander Dorothy C. Stratton was selected to head the SPAR Program and is credited with naming the group. Because all of the personnel inducted in the Coast Guard after the start of the war were Reservists, an additional 125,000 Temporary Reservists also contributed to the war effort. At the end of the war most Reservists were released to inactive duty or discharged, the SPARS were disbanded in July 1947. Due to increased tensions during the Korean War period, the SPARS were re-established in 1949, the first units were known as ORTUPS and consisted of reserve officers and enlisted training in port security operations. Meetings were generally held once a week for 4 hours on a week night, four hours paid the reservist the equivalent of one days pay for active duty Coast Guardsmen. There were 35 ORTUPS Units and 8300 Reservists serving by July 1951, during the Vietnam War period and shortly thereafter, the Coast Guard considered abandoning the Reserve program, but the force was instead reoriented into force augmentation. The Coast Guard Reserve reached its peak strength of 17,815 in 1969, in 1973 the Reserve exercised its first involuntary recall in support of flood operations in the Midwest. The next involuntary recall was in support of the Mariel Boat Lift exodus from Cuba in 1980, Reserve Units were increasingly used to augment regular Coast Guard operations during the 1980s but the mission of the Reserves was still training for mobilization. Most of the enlisted reservists in a PSU are in the Maritime Enforcement Specialist rating, the ME rating was the old Port Security Specialist rating, a reserve only rating that was integrated into the ME rating. Other rates assigned to the PSUs include Boatswains Mate, Machinery Technician, Gunners Mate, Yeoman, Storekeeper, in 1990, the first PSU was called up to active duty to support Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm

6.
Revenue Cutter Service
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As time passed, the service gradually gained missions either voluntarily or by legislation, including those of a military nature. It was generally referred to as the Revenue-Marine until July 1894, the Revenue Cutter Service operated under the authority of the U. S. Department of the Treasury. On 28 January 1915, the service was merged by an act of Congress with the United States Life-Saving Service to form the United States Coast Guard, immediately after the American Revolutionary War the new United States was struggling to stay afloat financially. National income was desperately needed, and the government determined that a deal of this income would come from import tariffs. Under the enabling legislation that authorized the Revenue-Marine, the System of Cutters, on 21 March 1791 the first seven masters were commissioned by President George Washington. William Cooke of North Carolina was commissioned on 25 April 1791, Robert Cochrane of South Carolina on 8 May 1791, and 20 May 1791 John Howell of Georgia. Each cutter was constructed where it was to be assigned, a move by Hamilton to satisfy members of Congress and gain their votes for the establishment of the service. Hamiltons cost restrictions proved unrealistic for three of the new cutters, Massachusetts cost US$2,050, Scammel cost US$1,255, the same legislation that established the ten original cutters also provided for the complement and pay scales of the crew of each vessel. Each vessel was provided with a master with pay set at $30 per month, in addition each cutter was allowed four mariners at $8 apiece and two boys at $4. Between 1790 and 1798, the Revenue-Marine was the only armed service of the United States. Each cutter master was answerable to and received his orders directly from the Collector of Customs of the port to which his ship was assigned. All crew pay, requests for supplies, arrangements for repairs to the cutter, after the Slave Trade Act of 1794 was enacted, the Revenue-Marine began intercepting slave ships illegally importing slaves into the United States. This was the case from 1791 to 1871, except for the period 1843-49, standing orders for individual cutters were stated in general terms, allowing captains to exercise their discretion and judgment to the fullest. They will endeavor to overcome difficulties, if any are experienced, by a cool and temperate perseverance in their duty – by address and moderation, rather than by vehemence or violence. During the Quasi-War with France from 1798 to 1801, the U. S. Navy was formed, ten of these were captured by the USRC Pickering. Revenue cutters were assigned to enforce the very unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, the Act was enforced until it was repealed in 1808. In wartime, the Revenue Marine was placed under the command of the U. S. Navy, USRC Jefferson made the first American capture of an enemy ship in the War of 1812, the brig Patriot, in June 1812. Then on 22 August 1812, HMS Barbadoes, under the command of Captain Thomas Huskisson, the cutter was pierced for fourteen guns but had only ten mounted, two of which she threw overboard to lighten her during the chase

7.
United States Life-Saving Service
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The United States Life-Saving Service was a United States government agency that grew out of private and local humanitarian efforts to save the lives of shipwrecked mariners and passengers. It began in 1848 and ultimately merged with the Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard in 1915, the concept of assistance to shipwrecked mariners from shore based stations began with volunteer lifesaving services, spearheaded by the Massachusetts Humane Society. It was recognized that only small boats stood a chance in assisting those close to the beach, a sailing ship trying to help near to the shore stood a good chance of also running aground, especially if there were heavy onshore winds. The Massachusetts Humane Society founded the first lifeboat station at Cohasset, the stations were small shed-like structures, holding rescue equipment that was to be used by volunteers in case of a wreck. The stations, however, were only near the approaches to ports and, thus. That same year the Massachusetts Humane Society also received funds from Congress for life saving stations on the Massachusetts coastline, between 1848 and 1854 other stations were built and loosely managed. The stations were administered by the United States Revenue Marine and they were run with volunteer crews, much like a volunteer fire department. In September 1854, a Category 4 hurricane, the Great Carolina Hurricane of 1854, swept through the East Coast of the United States, causing the deaths of many sailors. This storm highlighted the poor condition of the equipment in the life saving stations, the training of the crews. Additional funds were appropriated by Congress, including funds to employ a full-time keeper at each station, still not officially recognized as a service, the system of stations languished until 1871 when Sumner Increase Kimball was appointed chief of the Treasury Departments Revenue Marine Division. One of his first acts was to send Captain John Faunce of the Revenue Marine Service on an tour of the life saving stations. Captain Faunces report noted that apparatus was rusty for want of care, Kimball convinced Congress to appropriate $200,000 to operate the stations and to allow the Secretary of the Treasury to employ full-time crews for the stations. Kimball instituted six-man boat crews at all stations, built new stations, by 1874, stations were added along the coast of Maine, Cape Cod, the Outer Banks of North Carolina, and Port Aransas, Texas. The next year, more stations were added to serve the Great Lakes, in 1878, the network of life saving stations were formally organized as a separate agency of the United States Department of the Treasury, called the Live-Saving Service. The stations of the Service fell into three categories, lifesaving, lifeboat, and houses of refuge, lifesaving stations were manned by full-time crews during the period when wrecks were most likely. On the East Coast, this was usually from November to April, by 1900, the active season was year-round. Most stations were in isolated areas and crewmen had to perform open beach launchings and that is, they were required to launch their boats from the beach into the surf. That section gave rise to the rescue crews unofficial motto, You have to go out, before 1900, there were very few recreational boaters and most assistance cases came from ships engaged in commerce

8.
Robert E. Kramek
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Robert Edward Kramek was a United States Coast Guard admiral who served as the 20th Commandant of the United States Coast Guard from 1994 to 1998. He graduated from school in the Bayside neighborhood of Queens. Furthermore, he graduated with distinction from the Naval War College in Newport. In 1998, he was honored with the Naval War College Distinguished Graduate Leadership Award, upon graduation from the Coast Guard Academy in 1961, he was commissioned as an Ensign. Kramer died on October 20,2016

9.
Alex Haley
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Alexander Murray Palmer Alex Haley was an American writer and the author of the 1976 book Roots, The Saga of an American Family. ABC adapted the book as a miniseries of the same name. In the United States the book and miniseries raised the awareness of African American history and inspired a broad interest in genealogy. Haleys first book was The Autobiography of Malcolm X, published in 1965, a collaboration through numerous interviews with the subject. He was working on a family history novel at his death. Haley had requested that David Stevens, a screenwriter, complete it and it was adapted as a film of the same name released in 1992. Alex Haley was born in Ithaca, New York, on August 11,1921, Haley lived with his family in Henning, Tennessee, before returning to Ithaca with his family when he was five years old. Haleys father was Simon Haley, a professor of agriculture at Alabama A&M University, and his mother was Bertha George Haley, the family had African American, Mandinka, Cherokee, Scottish, and Scots-Irish roots. The younger Haley always spoke proudly of his father and the obstacles of racism he had overcome, the following year he returned to his father and stepmother to tell them he had withdrawn from college. His father felt that Alex needed discipline and growth, and convinced him to enlist in the military when he turned 18, on May 24,1939, Alex Haley began what became a 20-year career in the United States Coast Guard. Haley traced back his maternal ancestry, through research, to Jufureh. Haley enlisted as a mess attendant, later he was promoted to the rate of petty officer third-class in the rating of steward, one of the few ratings open to African Americans at that time. It was during his service in the Pacific theater of operations that Haley taught himself the craft of writing stories, during his enlistment other sailors often paid him to write love letters to their girlfriends. He said that the greatest enemy he and his crew faced during their long voyages was not the Japanese forces, after World War II, Haley petitioned the U. S. Coast Guard to allow him to transfer into the field of journalism. By 1949 he had become a petty officer first-class in the rating of journalist and he later advanced to chief petty officer and held this grade until his retirement from the Coast Guard in 1959. He was the first chief journalist in the Coast Guard, the rating having been created for him in recognition of his literary ability. Further, the Republic of Korea awarded him the War Service Medal 10 years after he died, after retiring from the U. S. Coast Guard, Haley began another phase of his journalism career. He eventually became an editor for Readers Digest magazine

10.
Beau Bridges
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Lloyd Vernet Beau Bridges III is an American actor and director. He is a three-time Emmy, two-time Golden Globe and one-time Grammy Award winner and he is also a two-time Screen Actors Guild Award nominee. Bridges was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on April 7,2003 at 7065 Hollywood Boulevard for his contributions to the television industry and he is the elder brother of fellow actor Jeff Bridges. Bridges was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors Lloyd and he was nicknamed Beau by his parents after Ashley Wilkes son in Gone with the Wind. His younger brother is actor Jeff Bridges, and he has a younger sister, another brother, Garrett, died in 1948 of sudden infant death syndrome. Beau has shared a relationship with Jeff, for whom he acted as a surrogate father during childhood. He and his siblings were raised in the Holmby Hills section of Los Angeles, in 1959, he enlisted in the United States Coast Guard Reserve and served for eight years. In 1948, Bridges had a juvenile role in the iconic film Force of Evil. In the 1962–1963 television season, Bridges, along with his brother, Jeff, appeared on their fathers CBS anthology series. He appeared in television series too, including National Velvet, The Fugitive, Bonanza, Mr. Novak. In 1965, he guest-starred as Corporal Corbett in Then Came the Mighty Hunter, Season 2, Episode 3 of the military series and he found steady work in television and film throughout the 1970s and 1980s. He appeared in feature films during that time as The Other Side of the Mountain, Greased Lightning, Norma Rae, Heart Like a Wheel. In 1989, in perhaps his best known role, he starred opposite his brother Jeff as one of The Fabulous Baker Boys. In the 1993–94 television season, Bridges appeared with his father in the 15-episode CBS comedy/western series, Harts of the West, set at a dude ranch in Nevada. In 1995, Bridges starred with his father and his son Dylan in The Sandkings, in 1998, he starred as Judge Bob Gibbs in the one-season Maximum Bob on ABC. He had a role in the Showtime series Beggars and Choosers. In 2001, he guest-starred as Daniel McFarland, the stepfather of Jack McFarland and he played a single father and college professor in the fantasy adventure film, Voyage of the Unicorn, based on the novel by James C. From 2002 to 2003, he took on the role of Senator Tom Gage, newly appointed Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, in January 2005, he was cast as Major General Hank Landry, the new commander of Stargate Command in Stargate SG-1

11.
Military Personnel Records Center
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The Military Personnel Records Center located at 1 Archives Dr in St. S. armed forces. The earliest records on file at MPRC are enlisted Navy records from 1885, Coast Guard records from 1898, army records date from 1917, and Air Force records from 1947. Older military records, from the Spanish–American War, Civil War, in May 2011, the Military Personnel Records Center began its relocation to a new modern facility in the CDP of Spanish Lake, Missouri. A complete move from the Overland location to Spanish Lake was concluded fall of 2012, the Military Personnel Records Center was designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki, and opened in 1955 after three years of construction. From 1955 to 1964, the Military Personnel Records Center was used mainly by government agencies requiring information from military service records, Veterans during this time period normally could not obtain service record information, except by way of personally visiting the facility. This had changed in 1965, when machines became widespread at the Military Personnel Records Center making it easier to reproduce service records upon request from all interested parties. Its sister organization, the Civilian Personnel Records Center was established in Overland, Veterans would typically wait anywhere from six months to two years to obtain records, and in many cases the records provided were incomplete or not the correct records which were requested. There was also no recourse or quality assurance during this time period, on July 12,1973, the entire sixth floor of the Military Personnel Records Center at 9700 Page, was destroyed along with over sixteen million military service records. Shortly after the fire, a discussion was held within the General Services Administration to close down the Military Personnel Records Center in lieu of a new facility. This did not come to pass, however, and instead a large Reconstruction Project was begun to restore the destroyed in the fire. The reconstruction effort of the Military Personnel Records continues to this day with daily accessions of Recon Records which are created to replace a service record destroyed in the 1973 fire. Reconstruction Records are created through use of alternate records sources such as pay records and records from the Department of Veterans Affairs, from 1975 to 1996, the Military Personnel Records Center operated through a complex system of paperwork forms with little computer automation. In 1985, control of the Military Personnel Records Center was handed over from the General Services Administration to the National Archives and Records Administration. By the 1990s, efforts were underway to correct problems which had resulted in complaints against the facility, in 1999, a one million-plus dollar computer system, known as Siebel was introduced at the Military Personnel Records Center, thus changing the agency into a paperless system. MPRs internet request site came online in 2000 allowing veterans or other parties to request military service records over the Internet, the general public may request records information under the Freedom of Information Act, but not copies of entire records or personal information regarding former military service members. Requests for information to the Military Personnel Records Center number approximately 4000 letters per day, in the fall of 2004, an Internet hoax stated that the Military Personnel Records Center was destroying paper copies of all records in lieu of computer scanning. National Archives officials stressed that all records are archived, meaning that they will never be destroyed. Despite this statement, the number of requests to NPRC-MPR rose considerably, after 1995, the Department of the Navy began retaining personnel records of Navy and Marine Corps personnel and ceased retiring these records to NPRC

12.
United States Secretary of Homeland Security
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The United States Secretary of Homeland Security is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the body concerned with protecting the U. S. and the safety of U. S. citizens. The secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, the position was created by the Homeland Security Act following the attacks of September 11,2001. It did not, however, include the FBI or the CIA, on January 20,2009, the Senate confirmed Barack Obamas appointment of Janet Napolitano to be the third Secretary of Homeland Security, effective January 21,2009. Napolitano resigned effective August 2013 to head the University of California, on October 17, President Obama announced his intention to nominate former General Counsel of the Department of Defense Jeh Johnson, and on December 16 the US Senate confirmed the nomination. The current Secretary, sworn in on January 20,2017, is retired United States Marine Corps general John F. Kelly, on March 9,2006, 43rd President George W. Bush signed H. R.3199 as Pub. L. As of April 2017, there are four living former Secretaries of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection Director of U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director of U. S. Bush nominated Bernard Kerik for the position in 2004. However a week later, Kerik withdrew his nomination, explaining that he had employed an illegal immigrant as a nanny, by July 2013, Raymond Kelly had served as Commissioner of the New York City Police Department for nearly 12 straight years. They are largely the lives of men of color

13.
Commandant of the Coast Guard
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The Commandant of the United States Coast Guard is the service chief and highest-ranking member of the U. S. Coast Guard. The Commandant is an admiral, appointed for a term by the President of the United States upon confirmation by the United States Senate. The Commandant is assisted by a Vice Commandant, who is also an admiral, the Commandant is also the only service chief who maintains operational command over their service. The Commandant reports to the President, via the Secretary of Homeland Security, the title of Commandant dates to a 1923 act that distributed the commissioned line and engineer officers of the U. S. Coast Guard in grades. Before 1923, the rank and title of the head of the Coast Guard was captain-commandant, the rank captain-commandant originated in the Revenue Cutter Service in 1908. The original holder of that rank was the Chief of the Revenue Cutter Service, the Coast Guard traces the lineage of Commandants back to Captain Leonard G. Shepard, chief of the Revenue Marine Bureau, even though he never officially received the title of Captain-Commandant. The Captain-Commandant position was created in 1908 when Captain Worth G. Ross was the first to hold the position. Although he was retired, Rosss predecessor, Captain Charles F. Shoemaker, was elevated to the rank of Captain-Commandant, shoemakers predecessor, Captain Shepard, had already died and was not elevated to the rank. Chiefs exercised centralized control over the Revenue Marine Bureau, Captain Alexander V. N. Broughton Devereux, 1869–1871 Sumner I. This includes Admiral Paul F. Zukunft, the current Commandant, Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Footnotes Citations References cited Commandants official website

14.
Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard
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The Vice Commandant serves as the second-in-command of the United States Coast Guard. Since 1929,28 officers have served as Vice Commandant, or, as the position was referred to before 1972, the title of the position was changed effective October 2,1972, pursuant to Pub. L. This position has been held by a vice admiral until the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 elevated the statutory rank for the position to admiral. Commandant of the Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Vice Commandants of the Coast Guard Vice Commandants official website

15.
Organization of the United States Coast Guard
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This article covers the organization of the United States Coast Guard. The headquarters of the Coast Guard is located at 2703 Martin Luther King Jr Avenue SE in Washington, the Coast Guard relocated to the grounds of the former St. Elizabeths Hospital in 2013. The Commandant of the Coast Guard is the Coast Guards most senior officer, the commandant is selected for a four-year term, which may be renewed for additional four-year periods. The current incumbent is Admiral Paul F. Zukunft, who replaced Admiral Robert J. Papp, the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard is Admiral Charles D. Michel. The Deputy Commandant for Operations is Vice Admiral Charles W. Ray, the Deputy Commandant for Mission Support is Vice Admiral Sandra Stosz. The Commander of the Atlantic Area and Maritime Homeland Defense area Atlantic is Vice Admiral Karl L. Schultz, the Commander of the Pacific Area and Coast Guard Defense Forces West is Vice Admiral Fred M. Midgette. There are approximately 38 rear admirals in the Coast Guard, positions held by rear admirals include the commanders of each of the nine Coast Guard Districts, the nine assistant commandants, and the deputies to each of the vice admirals. They are also located at Coast Guard Headquarters, Department of Defense commands, the Superintendent of the United States Coast Guard Academy is Rear Admiral James E. Rendon. The Coast Guard also utilizes members of the civilian Senior Executive Service to serve as executives within the organization, there are approximately 16 SES officials in the Coast Guard. The rank of commodore is no longer used in the Coast Guard, the equivalent rank used today is rear admiral. The chief elected officers of the Coast Guard Auxiliary are referred to as commodores, signifying their senior elected office, the title of commodore is occasionally granted to senior officers who are placed in command of a group or squadron of cutters. It is not a rank, but rather a title used to signify command of multiple units afloat. Coast Guard captains, like their Navy counterparts, rank immediately below rear admiral, Coast Guard captains command most large operational units—sectors, large cutters, large air stations, integrated support commands, training centers and large headquarters units. Captains also direct most headquarters, area and district staff elements, most captains have served in the Coast Guard for 21 to 30 years. By maritime tradition, the officer of a ship is also called captain. Thus, a junior officer commanding a patrol boat is properly called captain even if his or her actual rank is lieutenant. This tradition has carried over to many shore units. Occasionally, terms like old man and skipper are also used, however, in current usage, the person in charge of a Coast Guard or Coast Guard Auxiliary small boat is the coxswain

16.
Missions of the United States Coast Guard
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The United States Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are further subdivided into eleven statutory missions. A given unit within the Coast Guard may be carrying out several missions at once, for example, a 25-foot RHIB assigned to maritime security may also watch for out-of-place or missing aids to navigation, pollution, and unsafe boating practices. See National Search and Rescue Committee Search and Rescue is one of the Coast Guards oldest missions, both agencies maintain Rescue Coordination Centers to coordinate this effort. Inshore rescues are performed by 25-foot, 27-foot, and 41-foot boats. HH-60 and HH-65 helicopters serve on both the high seas and inshore, Search and rescue operations are numerous and varied. A helicopter rescued two recreational snowmobilers in Anchor Bay, Michigan, whose vehicle crashed through the ice, boats from CGS Point Allerton in Hull came to the assistance of the fishing vessel Lady Lorraine, which was on fire off Scituate, Massachusetts. Aircraft from Coast Guard Air Station Humboldt Bay, California, searched waters off Oregon for a light aircraft. Large-scale search and rescue operations occur less frequently, but often involve many Coast Guard vessels, two rescue swimmers were awarded the Coast Guard Medal for their extraordinary efforts to keep the rescued mariners alive. Another large-scale operation took place in December 2004 in the Aleutian Islands, the Selendang Ayu carried soybeans,424,000 gallons of fuel oil, and 18,000 gallons of diesel. The operation saved 12 of the ships 18 crew members and prevented harm to nearby wildlife, six of the ships crew members died when a Coast Guard HH-60 Jayhawk helicopter crashed during the rescue. Occasionally, Coast Guard rescuers are used in non-maritime situations, on January 11,2007, the Toledo Blade reported that a worker who was dangling from a 110-foot grain elevator in Ottawa Lake, Michigan, was rescued by a Coast Guard helicopter. Coast Guard personnel inspect commercial vessels, respond to pollution, investigate marine casualties and merchant mariners, manage waterways, Coast Guard officials also draft recommendations for the transit of hazardous cargo by ship, such as liquid natural gas. The Coast Guard carries out investigations to determine the cause of accidents on American-flagged ships or foreign ships in American waters, among the activities of the Coast Guard is inspection of commercial boats carrying passengers for hire. The two main components are Flag State responsibility and Port State responsibility, the four basic categories of vessels subject to inspection are Passenger, Tanker, Cargo and Special use vessels. There are two kinds of inspections, Safety and Security, Marine investigation, Marine casualty investigation and personnel actions. Waterways Management, Provides marine safety information to the public, and conducts marine event permitting, bridge administration, Port safety, Prevent accidental damage to ports. Merchant mariner credentialing, The Coast Guard is responsible for evaluating, certifying, the Coast Guard, through the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, along with the United States Power Squadrons, perform Vessel Safety Checks on recreational boaters throughout the country. See National Ice Center See International Ice Patrol Icebergs off the Grand Banks have always posed a problem for shipping, in 1833, the Lady of the Lake struck an iceberg and sank with the loss of 70 lives

17.
Coast Guard Intelligence
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Coast Guard Intelligence is the military intelligence branch of the United States Coast Guard, and a component of the Central Security Service of the United States Department of Defense. The United States Coast Guard is a military, multi-mission, maritime, uniformed service of the United States Department of Homeland Security, the Coast Guard provides unique benefits to the nation because of its distinctive blend of military, humanitarian, and civilian law enforcement capabilities. To assist in accomplishing the many missions of the Coast Guard, senior leadership. Coast Guard intelligence came into existence in 1915 by the assignment of a Chief Intelligence Officer in Headquarters, article 304 in the first set of Coast Guard Regulations provided for the establishment of a Chief Intelligence Officer who was to be attached to the Office of Assistant Commandant. The office was relatively unknown until the enactment of the Prohibition Act when CGI grew to a cadre of 45 investigators, CGI was extremely successful during prohibition and an Intelligence Division was established at Headquarters in 1930, followed by district intelligence offices in 1933. During World War II, CGI was concerned with internal and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence, further, Coast Guard Intelligence was charged with conducting investigations in connection with the Coast Guards regulatory functions, except Marine Inspection Regulations. These missions include port security, search and rescue, maritime safety, counter-narcotics, alien migration interdiction and this involves intelligence collection and analysis. It is currently designated as part of the CG-2 directorate of Coast Guard headquarters, the Assistant Commandant for Intelligence and Criminal Investigations is RADM Christopher J. Tomney. This mandate for an investigative service required that special agents conduct criminal, counterintelligence, the majority of these investigations involved those criminal offenses which are in violation of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The centralization of CGIS meant reorganization from the top down, Special agents now worked for a regional Special Agent-in-Charge. The SACs were located in seven offices in Boston, Portsmouth, Virginia, Miami, Cleveland, New Orleans, Alameda, California. The SACs, in turn, reported to the director of CGIS at Headquarters who reported to the Chief of Operations and the vice commandant. Field Intelligence Support Teams are a component of the Coast Guards Ports, Waterways. On December 28,2001, President George W. Bush signed legislation that amended the National Security Act of 1947 to make Coast Guard Intelligence a member of the Intelligence Community. The CGCIS protects the Coast Guard from foreign agents who attempt to penetrate their ranks or compromise their operations. This involves investigations, operations, collection and analysis, the current Director is Rob Irvine. CGCIS is charged with shielding Coast Guard operations, personnel, systems, facilities and information from foreign intelligence and security services, non-state actors, and the insider threat. CGCIS confronts these various threats by leveraging investigations, operations, collections, analysis, cyber support, and appropriate partnerships in the intelligence and law enforcement communities

18.
Coast Guard Investigative Service
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The Coast Guard Investigative Service is a division of the United States Coast Guard that investigates crimes where the U. S. Coast Guard has an interest. It is composed of civilian, active duty, reserve enlisted, the Coast Guard Investigative Service is a federal law enforcement agency whose law enforcement authority is derived from 14 U. S. C. This authority provides for Coast Guard special agents to conduct investigations of actual, alleged or suspected criminal activity, carry firearms, execute and serve warrants, and make arrests. The Coast Guard Investigative Service is a centralized directorship managed by a criminal investigator who reports directly to the Coast Guards Assistant Commandant for Intelligence. It is located outside the Coast Guards operational chain of command, felony violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice United States Code violations related to or within the maritime jurisdiction of the U. S. S. All CGIS Special Agents have full arrest powers under Title 14 section 95 of the United States Code, the active duty military component is composed of Enlisted Personnel, Chief Warrant Officer and Commissioned Officer investigator positions. The civilian component is composed of GS-1811-11 to SES criminal investigator positions, the Coast Guard Investigative Services standard issue firearm is the SIG Sauer P229R DAK or SIG Sauer P239 DAK in.40 S&W. In March 2010, the character of Abigail Borin, a fictional CGIS Special Agent portrayed by actress Diane Neal, the story illustrates CGISs law enforcement responsibilities along the United States rivers, coastlines, and inland waterways in support of the Coast Guard. Borin also appeared in the 2012 episode Lost at Sea, the 2013 episode Oil and Water, and she returned in the subsequent episode The Walking Dead, and again at the conclusion of the first season, bringing Borins total appearances to 9. List of United States federal law enforcement agencies U. S. Coast Guard Intelligence United States Coast Guard Police U. S. S. Department of State U. S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations U. S. Army Criminal Investigation Command United States Army Counterintelligence Official website

19.
United States Coast Guard Police
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The United States Coast Guard Police provides law enforcement services, physical security, and force protection at certain shore facilities of the United States Coast Guard. Coast Guardsmen assigned to a CGPD receive either unit Job Qualification Requirement Training or have attended the Army Civilian Military Police Officer Academy, selected officers may attend advanced training for, active shooter situations, DUI, RADAR / LIDAR, A-RIDE, among others. CGPD officers wear a uniform including CGPD patches on their Operational Dress Uniform. CGPD patches and collar devices are worn by officers instead of their rank, officers carry the same firearms as other Coast Guard units and utilize various vehicles to patrol facilities. Structure CGPDs are overseen by a Command Security Officer, who is responsible for physical security aboard shoreside facilities, the position of Chief of Police is usually held by a Chief Warrant Officer or Chief Petty Officer, who oversees the day-to-day activities of a CGPD. A Petty Officer First Class usually holds the position of Deputy Chief of Police, shift supervisors are usually assigned by seniority. Police officers usually consist of Coast Guardsmen with the rank of E-3 to E-7, maritime Law Enforcement Academy U. S. Coast Guard Intelligence U. S

20.
Deployable Operations Group
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Upon decommissioning, the units previously assigned to the DOG were split between Coast Guard Pacific and Atlantic Area commands. From 2007-2013, the DOG and DSF deployed throughout the world in support of interests and requirements as tailored and integrated force packages. The DOG managed Coast Guard personnel assigned to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command and it was also involved in the selection of Coast Guard candidates to attend United States Naval Special Warfare training and serve with Navy SEAL Teams. While the program is currently suspended there are still several Coast Guardsmen serving on SEAL Teams, DOG deployable specialized forces was composed of approximately 3,000 Coast Guard personnel, including the following unit types, Port Security Units are deployable expeditionary force protection. They can be deployed domestically, or abroad in support of various Department of Defense operations, Tactical Law Enforcement Teams provide specialized Law Enforcement Detachments to conduct counter-narcotics law enforcement and maritime interdiction operations from U. S. and allied naval vessels. There are currently two units, Tactical Law Enforcement Team South based in Opa-locka, Florida and the Pacific Area Tactical Law Enforcement Team based in San Diego, California. Maritime Safety and Security Teams are Anti-terrorism units created under the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002 in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001. The eleven MSSTs provide waterborne anti-terrorism and shoreside Anti-terrorism, force protection for shipping, high interest vessels. Multi-mission capability facilitates augmentation for other selected Coast Guard missions, other federal agencies that MSSTs train with are U. S. Navy VBSS Teams, FBI, and their local SWAT Teams. Although the MSRTs focus is primarily on the safety and security of homeland defense, it is capable of rapidly deploying worldwide in response to incidents. Other specialized units and federal agencies that MSRT routinely train with are U. S. Navy SEAL teams, U. S. Navy HSC Squadrons, Navy EOD, Special Mission Units, Border Patrols BORTAC, and US Customs and Border Protection SRT. Their motto, as seen on their unit patch, is Nox Noctis est Nostri and these assault force teams train extensively in advanced close quarters combat and advanced combat marksmanship. The Tactical Delivery Team, boat assault force, are trained in advanced vessel delivery tactics, the National Strike Force was established in 1973 as a direct result of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. The National Strike Force includes five units with over 200 active duty, civilian, reserve and it is commanded by a captain. The National Strike Force Coordination Center provides support and standardization guidance to the three strike teams, each Strike Team is a highly trained cadre of Coast Guardsmen who maintain and rapidly deploy with specialized equipment and incident management skills wherever needed. There are three teams within the NSF. The Public Information Assistance Team provides emergency public information services to Federal On-Scene Coordinators primarily during oil spills and it is located at the National Strike Force Coordination Center. Regional Dive Locker East is located at Portsmouth, Virginia, and Regional Dive Locker West is located at San Diego, helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron Joint Maritime Training Center Naval Expeditionary Combat Command Patrol Forces Southwest Asia U. S

21.
United States Coast Guard Sector
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A Sector is a shore-based operational unit of the United States Coast Guard. Each Sector is responsible for the execution of all Coast Guard missions within its Area of Responsibility, with support from Coast Guard Cutters. Subordinate commands within a Sector typically include Stations and Aids-to-Navigation Teams, some Sector commands also have subordinate units such as Sector Field Offices and Marine Safety Units that are responsible for mission execution in parts of the Sectors AOR. There are 36 sectors within the Coast Guard, Sectors replaced Coast Guard Groups, Marine Safety Offices, Activities, and Vessel Traffic Services. Previously, a Group and its units provided Search and Rescue, maritime law enforcement, recreational boating safety, mSOs enforced federal laws and regulations related to the safety and security of vessels, port facilities, and the marine environment, and assisted other law enforcement agencies. The new Sector organizations are based on the Activities prototype commands established in 1996 in New York and Baltimore, the Activities units were praised for their efficiency and unity of effort in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The attacks of September 11 called for a new Coast Guard unity of effort that was cumbersome to achieve using the previous multiple command port-level structure. The Sector Command combines responsibilities and authorities previously shared by two or more commands into an operational unit with a command and senior staff of highly competent experts. Coast Guard Sectors serve as one-stop-shops for marine safety, security and they bring multi-mission capabilities to life on the front lines of the maritime environment, where Sector Commanders are afforded broad authority. It focuses the coordinated efforts of all assigned operational capabilities to accomplish Coast Guard mission objectives, the commanding officer of a Sector is called the Sector Commander and is usually the rank of Captain. The Sector Commander holds the positions of Captain of the Port, unless otherwise assigned, the Sector Commander is also the Officer in Charge Marine Inspections, Search and Rescue Mission Coordinator, and Federal On-Scene Coordinator. The Sector Commander reports to the appropriate District Commander, the Sector Commanders second-in-command is the Deputy Sector Commander. Also reporting directly to the Sector Commander are the, Command Master Chief Senior Reserve Officer Auxiliary Coordinator The Sector Command Center is the center of Sector Operations and it provides 24-hour command, control, coordination, communications, intelligence, sensor analysis, and data mining. The SCC coordinates with federal, state, and local operations centers, and issues Notices to Mariners, Situation Reports. The Contingency Planning and Force Readiness Staff develops and maintains plans covering readiness, logistics and it coordinates with the three departments in plan development and execution, and plans and executes readiness exercises to test contingency plans. The Contingency branch also monitors the training and readiness of Sector Reserve Forces and manages their mobilization and demobilization, the Contingency Planning and Force Readiness staff also manages the federally mandated Area and Area Maritime Security Committees around the nation. The Intelligence Staff is envisioned to collect, evaluate, report and this staff will serve as the primary intelligence support element for all operations within the Sector. The Response Department contains two Divisions, Incident Management Division, Addresses SAR, pollution, and all hazards and this division works closely with federal, state, and local law enforcement and sister agencies within the DHS to respond to and mitigate the impact of maritime threats

22.
United States Coast Guard Air Stations
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A Coast Guard Air Station provides aviation support for the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard operates approximately 210 aircraft from 24 Coast Guard Air Stations in the United States, fixed-wing aircraft, such as the HC130 Hercules, are built for long range missions and operate from air stations. The HH-65 Dolphin and Sikorsky HH-60 Jayhawk helicopters also operate from Air Stations, Air Facilities, the USCG & the Los Angeles County Fire Department ocean lifeguards are involved in Helo Operations training on the coast of Los Angeles County, California. It is scheduled to close, and relocate to Naval Base Ventura County, in the summer of 2016

23.
United States Coast Guard Yard
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It is the Coast Guards sole shipbuilding and major repair facility, and part of the Coast Guards core industrial base and fleet support operations. Its annual budget is $88 million, for over a century, the United States Coast Guard Yard has built, repaired and renovated ships in Baltimore, Maryland, for the U. S. Coast Guard. It is the services sole shipbuilding and major repair facility, the Coast Guard Yard celebrated its centennial in 1999 and recognized the shipyards outstanding Service to the Fleet since being founded on the shores of south Baltimore in April,1899. In April,1899, the Revenue Cutter Service leased 36 acres of farmland surrounding Arundel Cove, two months later, Lieutenant John C. Moore, USRCS, arrived aboard the side-wheeler USRC Colfax to begin establishment a shipyard, Lieutenant Moore set up four small buildings including a lumber mill. The following year saw the arrival of the USRC Chase, a ship for the RCS. The crew set up permanent quarters, marking the beginning of the Coast Guard Academy, in 1905, Congress authorized the purchase of the depots and additional land. Throughout its first decade, the depot repaired many lifesaving boats, constructed a variety of boats, conducted overhauls. The depots facilities were improved upon during the 1910s. The engine school was housed in a shed along the west depot boundary, during the 1920s, production of boats, canvas work and numerous other articles for the needs of the service were stepped up. Extensive overhauls and repairs were performed on the then-modern vessels Yamacraw, Seneca, Seminole and many 100,125 patrol boats, the 500 workers of the depot included civilian employees along with enlisted men. In 1928, there were 245 wage board and 2 classified employees on the civilian payrolls, the work load was flexible, increasing considerably in the summer months and decreasing in the winter months. Its small boats were famed throughout the world, wherever lifesaving stations were located or cutters patrolled the seas, by the 1930s, many of the original buildings and equipment at the depot had become outdated. A new boat, gas engine and machine shops were built, with the transfer of the United States Lighthouse Service of the Department of Commerce to the coast guard in 1939, buoy construction became another major depot function. With the advent of World War II, the depot underwent extensive expansion, improvements included a 3000-ton floating drydock,2 shipways and a 320 x 60 concrete pier with tower crane. The depot, now comparable in size and functions to a navy shipyard, was officially designated the U. S. Coast Guard Yard. Work involved repair of vessels including submarines, buoy manufacturing, production of work for the coast guard. Additional work included the construction of the largest cutters ever built at the yard - the 255 cutters Mendota, the yard employed 3100 civilian workers during World War II

24.
National Ice Center
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It is represented by the United States Navy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the United States Coast Guard. The National Ice Center is a command of the Naval Oceanographic Office. The National Ice Center produces global sea ice charts and various cryospheric GIS products and they also name and track Antarctic icebergs if greater than 10 nautical miles on its longest axis. Icebergs must be a minimum of 19 kilometers in length to be tracked by the NIC, international Ice Patrol National Ice Center website

25.
United States Coast Guard Auxiliary
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The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed auxiliary component of the United States Coast Guard. Congress established the USCG Aux on June 23,1939, as the United States Coast Guard Reserve, on February 19,1941, it was re-designated the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary. The Auxiliary exists to support all USCG missions except roles that require law enforcement or military engagement. As of 2015, there were approximately 32,000 members of the U. S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, collectively the Auxiliary contributes over 4.5 million hours of service each year and completed nearly 500,000 missions in service to support the Coast Guard. In total the Coast Guard Auxiliary saves taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars each year, the development of the single-operator motorboat, and later the outboard engine, during the early 20th century increased the number of recreational boaters operating on federal waters. By 1939 there were more than 300,000 personal watercraft in operation, the previous year the Coast Guard had received 14,000 calls for assistance and had responded to 8,600 in-peril cases. On June 23,1939, the U. S, boat Owners organized into flotillas within Coast Guard districts around the United States. These volunteers conducted safety and security patrols and helped enforce the 1940 Federal Boating, in February 1941, congress created the United States Coast Guard Reserve and renamed the volunteer reserve as the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary. As newly constructed warships took over the load, the Coast Guard abandoned the concept, none of the two thousand civilian craft, armed with depth charges stowed awkwardly on their decks, ever sank a submarine, though they did rescue several hundred survivors of torpedoed merchant ships. Early in 1973, budget cuts forced the closing of seven Coast Guard stations on the Great Lakes, at the request of the affected communities, Congress ordered the stations to be re-opened and operated by the Auxiliary. The local division captains took responsibility for manning them and ensuring that Auxiliarists boats were available to assist distressed vessels. The Auxiliary later took over seven more stations on the Mississippi, in 1976 the Coast Guard commissioned a study of the Auxiliary by a private research firm, University Sciences Forum of Washington. In summary, they wrote, we consider the Auxiliary the greatest economical resource readily available to the COGARD and it performs in an outstanding manner and its personnel are among the most professional group of volunteers in the nation. Under legislation passed in 1996, the Auxiliarys role was expanded to members to assist in any Coast Guard mission, except direct law enforcement. As of 2004, the Coast Guard Auxiliary had 35,000 members who collectively provided 2 million man hours of service annually, on the 75th anniversary of the USCG Auxiliary, June 23,2014, the Commandant awarded another Coast Guard Unit Commendation ribbon to all Auxiliarists. A complete timeline of events for the Coast Guard Auxiliary can be found at this link The Auxiliary University Programs is a Coast Guard Auxiliary-managed initiative established in 2007. Today AUP now has nearly 200 students in 20 units representing over 30 colleges and universities across the United States, AUP prepares undergraduate and graduate students for future public service inside and outside of the Coast Guard Auxiliary. AUP provides opportunities for students to gain boating education, to learn about homeland security, Operational Auxiliary Program, is an advanced training program available to Auxiliarists

26.
United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May
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United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May is the home of the Coast Guard enlisted corps and is the Coast Guards only enlisted accession point and recruit training center. It is located on 1 Munro Avenue, Cape May, New Jersey, Sewell Point, the area occupied by the Training Center, has a long history of naval presence. During the American Revolutionary War and throughout the century, Cape May Sound was used as a harbor of refuge. In 1917, the Navy established a base in Cape May, to provide training, vessel support. Initially, the Navy converted an abandoned amusement center, built along the oceanfront, the old skating rink became the mess hall and sleeping quarters, the stage was made into a galley, the human roulette wheel -- a scrub table and the barrel of fun became a brig. When the old wooden structure burned down in 1918, the Navy built standard military facilities along the harbor front, after World War I, the base was adapted to accommodate dirigibles. The largest hangar in the world,700 feet long and over 100 feet tall, was built to accommodate an airship under construction in Britain, unfortunately, the R38 crashed on its test flight and lighter-than-air craft were never fully adopted for Navy use. In 1924, the U. S. Coast Guard occupied the base, during the Prohibition era, several cutters were assigned to Cape May to foil rumrunners operating off the New Jersey coast. After Prohibition, the Coast Guard all but abandoned Cape May leaving a small air/sea rescue contingent, for a short period of time, part of the base was used as a civilian airport. With the advent of World War II, an airstrip was constructed. The over the water approach simulated carrier landings at sea, the Coast Guard also increased its Cape May forces for coastal patrol, anti-submarine warfare, air/sea rescue and buoy service. In 1946, the Navy relinquished the base to the Coast Guard, in 1948, all entry level training on the east coast was moved to the U. S. Coast Guard Recruit Receiving Station in Cape May. The Coast Guard consolidated all recruit training functions in Cape May in 1982, for over fifty years, Coast Guard Training Center Cape May has fulfilled its mission by building the enlisted corps. It provides seaman apprentices, fireman apprentices, seamen, and firemen to the Coast Guard Fleet -- generally en route to A schools -- as well as sending some personnel directly to A schools. Although modern training facilities have replaced most of the original Naval Base buildings, in addition to its role as the sole accession point for the Coast Guard’s enlisted corps, TRACENCM contains the Coast Guards recruiter and company commander programs. TRACENCM is also home for and provides support to over a dozen tenant commands. Members of the United States Coast Guard Reserve drill at USCG Station Cape May, delaware Military Academy has their Basic Leadership Training at the center. Earlier in the year, state Assemblyman Bob Andrzejczak and Senator Jeff Van Drew drafted a resolution proclaiming the first week of each August as “Coast Guard Week. ”Training Center Petaluma Training Center Yorktown Training Center Cape May official website Virtual tour Recruit Training Tours, graduation, sunset parades

27.
Training Center Petaluma
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Training Center Petaluma is a Coast Guard training facility in the northern California counties of Sonoma and Marin. Approximately 4,000 students train there each year and it was formerly the U. S. Army Two Rock Ranch Station. The training center is located in an area north of San Francisco at 38. 25°N122. 79°W﻿ /38.25. The facility occupies more than 800 acres of land, which include 129 family housing units and 90 other buildings and it has its own clinic, chapel, fire department, and police. C school training is offered for advanced training in each of these ratings. These specialists are usually Chief Petty Officers that are experienced in their rating. Courses developed are used in the field to help enlisted persons learn new skills in their rating, advancement is dependent in successful completion of these courses and passing grades on Service-wide Examinations in each rating. The United States Coast Guard operates the Chief Petty Officer Academy at the Training Center Petaluma and this Academy trains Chief Petty Officers for the Coast Guard and Master Sergeants for the U. S. Air Force. The U. S. Army built a communications station on this site during World War II. The Coast Guard took possession on July 1,1971 and converted it into a training facility, up until that time, the facility was one of the major radio intercept posts in the U. S. referred to by a Monitoring Station Designator. As of 2007, the site carried over 10,000 pounds of lead and 290 pounds were being released into the air each year and these releases have been ongoing since at least 2001. Training Center Cape May Training Center Yorktown Training Center Petaluma official website US Coast Guard official website

28.
Training Center Yorktown
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The US Coast Guard Training Center in Yorktown, Virginia is one of four major Coast Guard training facilities in the United States. The others are Training Center Petaluma, Training Center Cape May, TRACEN Cape May is the only US Coast Guard Base used for Basic Military Training or boot camp. TRACEN Yorktown, TRACEN Petaluma and the Aviation Technical Training Center are locations for Coast Guards apprentice level A, the US Coast Guard offers seven A school courses at TRACEN Yorktown. This training enhances military skills and advances technical understanding and this International training is 15 weeks long. In 1917, The US Navy purchased 400,000 acres of the Yorktown peninsula to serve as a fuel depot, in 1942 the US Navy housed their Mine Warfare Training School on the land. The US Coast Guard took possession of the school in 1957, the purpose of the RTC was to become the home of Coast Guard Officer Candidate School and a large summer training program for reservists. Today it serves as one of three training centers in the nation, Training at TRACEN Yorktown is extensive. The training is designed to instill a profound understanding of technical, the duration of A School training is typically 10 to 19 weeks depending on the course. Permanently assigned personnel include active duty, reserve, and civilian instructional, curriculum design, students include Coast Guard active duty, reservist, and Auxiliarist. Additionally, TRACEN Yorktown provides training to other US military services and agencies, the Coast Guard is unique in that all other military branches have large bases with many services. The Coast Guard has many stations that do not have those services. However, there are a few bases that the Coast Guard operate with all the services that other branches have on their bases, TRACEN Yorktown is one of those bases. C School students will report to Lafayette or Cain Hall, depending on their paygrade, Training Center Yorktown official website US Coast Guard official website

29.
Maritime Law Enforcement Academy
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The Maritime Law Enforcement Academy is a United States Coast Guard school located at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Charleston, South Carolina. It was created from the relocation and merger of the former Law Enforcement School at Yorktown, Virginia, and the former Boarding Team Member School at Petaluma, California. Courses offered at the MLEA include, Boarding Officer Course, The purpose of the BOC is to prepare Boarding Officers for the duties associated with enforcing laws. The course consists of twenty three training days over five weeks and is open to U. S. Coast Guard personnel and foreign naval officers. Radiation Detection Level II Operators Course, This is a course that prepares Coast Guard personnel to conduct radiation detection operations on board vessels. Training ranges from criminal law and the use of force to boarding team member certification to the use of radiation detection equipment, much of the training is live, using handguns with laser inserts or firing simulation rounds. The Academy is also home to the Maritime Enforcement Specialist A school

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Chaplain of the United States Coast Guard
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The current Chaplain of the Coast Guard is Captain Gregory N. Todd. The Chaplain of the Coast Guard serves as the Commandants senior advisor on matters pertaining to chaplains, the USCG does not have its own chaplain corps. United States Navy and Public Health Service chaplains from the United States Navy Chaplain Corps are assigned to the USCG to serve in USCG units, the USCG Chaplains Orientation Manual provides guidance for chaplains assigned to these duties. Chaplains come from different faiths and may be ordained or appointed as ministers, priests, imams. United States military chaplains Chiefs of Chaplains of the United States Chaplains Medal for Heroism Armed Forces Chaplains Board

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United States Coast Guard Cutter
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United States Coast Guard Cutter is the term used by the U. S. Coast Guard for its commissioned vessels. They are 65 feet or greater in length and have an assigned crew with accommodations aboard. They carry the ship prefix USCGC, the Revenue Marine and the Revenue Cutter Service, as it was known variously throughout the late 18th and the 19th centuries, referred to its ships as cutters. Since that time, no matter what the type, the service has referred to its vessels with permanently assigned crews as cutters. In 1790, Congress authorized the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, alternately known as the system of cutters, Revenue Service, and Revenue-Marine this service would officially be named the Revenue Cutter Service in 1863. This service was placed under the control of the Treasury Department

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Ship commissioning
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Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service, and may be regarded as a particular application of the general concepts and practices of project commissioning. The term is most commonly applied to the placing of a warship in active duty with its countrys military forces, the ceremonies involved are often rooted in centuries old naval tradition. Ship naming and launching endow a ship hull with her identity, the engineering plant, weapon and electronic systems, galley, and multitudinous other equipment required to transform the new hull into an operating and habitable warship are installed and tested. The prospective commanding officer, ships officers, the petty officers, prior to commissioning, the new ship undergoes sea trials to identify any deficiencies needing correction. USS Monitor, of American Civil War fame, was commissioned less than three weeks after launch, regardless of the type of ship in question, a vessels journey towards commissioning in its nations navy begins with process known as sea trials. Sea trials begin when the ship in question is floated out of its dry dock, after a ship has successfully cleared its sea trial period, it will officially be accepted into service with its nations navy. At this point, the ship in question will undergo a process of degaussing and/or deperming, once a ships sea trials are successfully completed plans for the actual commissioning ceremony will take shape. If the ships ceremony is an affair the Captain may make a speech to the audience. Religious ceremonies, such as blessing the ship or the singing of hymns or songs. Once a ship has been commissioned its final step toward becoming a unit of the navy it now serves is to report to its home port. To decommission a ship is to terminate its career in service in the forces of a nation. Decommissioning of the vessel may also occur due to treaty agreements or for safety reasons, vessels preserved in this manner typically do not relinquish their names to other, more modern ships that may be in the design, planning, or construction phase of the parent nations navy. Prior to its decommissioning, the ship in question will begin the process of decommissioning by going through a preliminary step called inactivation or deactivation. The removed material from a ship usually ends up either rotating to another ship in the class with similar weapons and/or capabilities, or in storage pending a decision on equipments fate. During this time a crew may be thinned out via transfers. When a ship finishes its inactivation, it is then formally decommissioned, often, but not always, ships that are decommissioned end up spending the next few years in a reserve fleet before their ultimate fate is decided. Commissioning in the early United States Navy under sail was attended by no ceremony, thus, the ship was placed in commission. Commissionings were not public affairs, and unlike christening-and-launching ceremonies, were not recorded by newspapers, the first specific reference to commissioning located in naval records is a letter of November 6,1863, from Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to all navy yards and stations

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History of the United States Coast Guard
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The history of the United States Coast Guard goes back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was founded on 4 August 1790 as part of the Department of the Treasury. In 1939, the United States Lighthouse Service was merged into the Coast Guard, the Coast Guard itself was moved to the Department of Transportation in 1967, and on 25 February 2003 it became part of the Department of Homeland Security. The Coast Guards predecessor service, the Revenue Cutter Service, was founded 4 August 1790, from 1790, when the Continental Navy was disbanded, to 1798, when the United States Navy was created, the Revenue Cutter Service provided the only armed American presence on the sea. Revenue Marine cutters were involved in the Quasi-War with France from 1798 to 1799, the War of 1812, another predecessor service, the U. S. Lighthouse Service, was organized by statute in 1910. The predecessor to the Lighthouse Service was the United States Lighthouse Board established in 1852, in 1794, the Revenue Cutter Service was given the mission of preventing trading in slaves from Africa to the United States. Between 1794 and 1865, the Service captured approximately 500 slave ships, in 1808, the Service was responsible for enforcing President Thomas Jeffersons embargo closing U. S. ports to European trade. The Coast Guards role in environmental protection dates back more than 185 years to the 1822 Timber Act that tasked the Revenue Cutter Service with protecting government timber from poachers. During the American Civil War, the Revenue Service cutter Harriet Lane fired the first shots of the war at sea at the steamer Nashville during the siege of Fort Sumter, a Confederate Revenue Marine was formed by crewmen who left the Revenue Cutter Service. Upon the order of President Lincoln to the Secretary of the Treasury on 14 June 1863, in the 1880s through the 1890s, the Revenue Cutter Service was instrumental in the development of Alaska. Captain Hell Roaring Michael A. Healy, captain of the USRC Bear, Healy had the reputation as a rough sailing master and was court-martialed several times, but was restored to rank again and again. In the winter of 1897–1898, the reindeer and lieutenants in the Revenue Cutter Service participated in the Overland Relief Expedition to help starving trapped whalers. During the Snake River gold rush of 1900, the Revenue Cutter Service returned destitute miners to Seattle from Alaska. —is such as to preclude the use of a boat. These regulations were repeated in the 1934 Coast Guard regulations, the School of Instruction of the Revenue Cutter Service was established in 1876, near New Bedford, Massachusetts. It used the USRC Dobbin for its training exercises and it moved to Curtis Bay, Maryland in 1900 and then again in 1910 to Fort Trumbull, near New London, Connecticut. The school provided a two-year premise to ship supplemented by some class work, in 1903, the third year of instruction was added. The school was oriented to line officers, as engineers were hired directly from civilian life, in 1906, an engineering program for cadets began. Nevertheless, the school remained small, with 5 to 10 cadets per class, in 1914 the School became the Revenue Cutter Academy and with the merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the Life Saving Service in 1915, it became the United States Coast Guard Academy. In February 1929, Congress appropriated $1,750,000 for construction of buildings to be used for the academy, the city of New London purchased the land on the Thames River and donated it to the government for use as a Coast Guard facility

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Coast Guard City
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A Coast Guard City is a United States municipality designated as such by the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard on application of the local civilian government. It is an honorary designation intended to recognize communities of special importance to the U. S. Coast Guard, designation as a Coast Guard City is made by the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard on advise of a review board and upon application by a municipal government. Designation as a Coast Guard City is for a five-year period, the first city so designated was Grand Haven, Michigan. As of February 2017,21 cities have designated as Coast Guard Cities. The authorizing legislation for the Coast Guard City program provides that, The Commandant of the Coast Guard may recognize the community of Grand Haven, Michigan, as Coast Guard City, USA

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United States Revenue Cutter Service
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As time passed, the service gradually gained missions either voluntarily or by legislation, including those of a military nature. It was generally referred to as the Revenue-Marine until July 1894, the Revenue Cutter Service operated under the authority of the U. S. Department of the Treasury. On 28 January 1915, the service was merged by an act of Congress with the United States Life-Saving Service to form the United States Coast Guard, immediately after the American Revolutionary War the new United States was struggling to stay afloat financially. National income was desperately needed, and the government determined that a deal of this income would come from import tariffs. Under the enabling legislation that authorized the Revenue-Marine, the System of Cutters, on 21 March 1791 the first seven masters were commissioned by President George Washington. William Cooke of North Carolina was commissioned on 25 April 1791, Robert Cochrane of South Carolina on 8 May 1791, and 20 May 1791 John Howell of Georgia. Each cutter was constructed where it was to be assigned, a move by Hamilton to satisfy members of Congress and gain their votes for the establishment of the service. Hamiltons cost restrictions proved unrealistic for three of the new cutters, Massachusetts cost US$2,050, Scammel cost US$1,255, the same legislation that established the ten original cutters also provided for the complement and pay scales of the crew of each vessel. Each vessel was provided with a master with pay set at $30 per month, in addition each cutter was allowed four mariners at $8 apiece and two boys at $4. Between 1790 and 1798, the Revenue-Marine was the only armed service of the United States. Each cutter master was answerable to and received his orders directly from the Collector of Customs of the port to which his ship was assigned. All crew pay, requests for supplies, arrangements for repairs to the cutter, after the Slave Trade Act of 1794 was enacted, the Revenue-Marine began intercepting slave ships illegally importing slaves into the United States. This was the case from 1791 to 1871, except for the period 1843-49, standing orders for individual cutters were stated in general terms, allowing captains to exercise their discretion and judgment to the fullest. They will endeavor to overcome difficulties, if any are experienced, by a cool and temperate perseverance in their duty – by address and moderation, rather than by vehemence or violence. During the Quasi-War with France from 1798 to 1801, the U. S. Navy was formed, ten of these were captured by the USRC Pickering. Revenue cutters were assigned to enforce the very unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, the Act was enforced until it was repealed in 1808. In wartime, the Revenue Marine was placed under the command of the U. S. Navy, USRC Jefferson made the first American capture of an enemy ship in the War of 1812, the brig Patriot, in June 1812. Then on 22 August 1812, HMS Barbadoes, under the command of Captain Thomas Huskisson, the cutter was pierced for fourteen guns but had only ten mounted, two of which she threw overboard to lighten her during the chase

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United States Lighthouse Service
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It was responsible for the upkeep and maintenance of all lighthouses and lightvessels in the United States. In 1789, the United States Lighthouse Establishment was created and operated under the Department of the Treasury, all U. S. lighthouse ownership was transferred to the government which became the general lighthouse authority. In 1792, the Cape Henry Lighthouse was the first lighthouse built by the USLHE, in 1822, French physicist, Augustin Fresnel designed the Fresnel lens. In 1841 the Fresnel lens was first used in the United States, in 1852, The Lighthouse Board was created. In 1871, the Duxbury Pier Light became the first caisson lighthouse built in the United States, in 1877, kerosene became the primary fuel for lighthouses. Prior to this varies fuels included sperm oil, Colza oil, rapeseed oil, in 1884, uniforms came into use by all members of the Lighthouse Board. In 1886, the Statue of Liberty was the first lighthouse to use electricity, in 1898, all coastal lighthouses were extinguished, for the first time in U. S. history, as a precaution during the Spanish–American War. In 1904, the Lightship Nantucket became first U. S. vessel to have radio communication, in 1910, the Bureau of Lighthouses was created and operated as the United States Lighthouse Service. In 1910,11,713 aids to navigation of all types were around the country, congress abolished the U. S. Light-House Board and created the Bureau of Lighthouses under the Department of Commerce. The Board had hired a number of civilians and many of these people took over the roles that the military officers had been playing. Though initially called inspectors, the heads of the districts changed their titles to superintendent. President William Taft selected George R. Putnam to head the new bureau, for 25 years, Putnam headed the bureau and during his administration, navigational aids saw a substantial increase. New technology was incorporated into the work, particularly in the area of electric aids. This new technology permitted a reduction of over 800 employees during Putnams 25 years as head of the bureau, during World War I and the period following, several technological advances contributed to the automation of lighthouses, rendering human occupancy unnecessary. A device for automatically replacing burned-out electric lamps in lighthouses was developed and placed in several stations in 1916. A bell alarm warning keepers of fluctuations in the efficiency of oil-vapor lamps was developed in 1917. In the same year, the first experimental radiobeacon was installed in a lighthouse, the only lightvessel of the service sunk by enemy action was the LV-71 on August 6,1918. After the sinking of the SS Merak by the German submarine U-104 near Diamond Shoals, nobody was hurt in the action because the German commander allowed the Americans to evacuate the ship before firing

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Steamboat Inspection Service
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The Steamboat Inspection Service was a United States agency created in 1871 to safeguard lives and property at sea. The safety inspection of merchant vessels documented under the flag of the United States has been authorized in varying degrees by Congress, in the early days, the United States Congress hesitated to pass adequate safety laws for fear of interfering with the growing and economically important steamboat industry. As the steamboat industry grew, so did the general awareness of the need for marine safety laws. The law was enforced by the United States Department of Justice, Captain Tripp performed these duties between 1838 and 1852. At that time, the law provided a US$5.00 fee for each inspection to be paid by the vessels owner, the 1838 law proved inadequate as steamboat disasters increased in volume and severity. The period from 1847 to 1852 was marked by a series of disasters primarily caused by boiler explosions, however, many were also caused by fires. The important features of the Steamboat Act were the requirement for hydrostatic testing of boilers, the act further required that both pilots and engineers be licensed by the local inspectors. Under the Steamboat Act, the organization and form of a federal inspection service began to emerge. Nine supervisory inspectors, each responsible for a geographic region, were appointed. There were also provisions for the appointment of local inspectors by a commission consisting of the district collector of customs, the supervisory inspector. Time and further proved the Steamboat Act inadequate. Probably its most serious shortcoming was the exemption of freightboats, ferries, tugboats, and towboats, however, the Steamboat Act was the beginning of legislation that would lead a federal inspection service. Continued disasters and high loss of life prompted congressional action through the passage of the Act of February 28,1871. This new law applied to all vessels and sought to protect their crews as well as their passengers. The Act of 1871 created the Steamboat Inspection Service, on February 14,1903, congressional action transferred the Steamboat Inspection Service to the newly created United States Department of Commerce and Labor. When that department was split in 1913, the service came under the control of the new United States Department of Commerce, the merger formed the new Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection. The new organization remained within the Department of Commerce, the Morro Castle fire off the coast of New Jersey in 1934, which killed 124 people, paved the way for the Act of May 27,1936. The law, known as Public Law 622, reorganized the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection, the Bureau remained under Department of Commerce control

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Bureau of Navigation
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The bureau also investigated marine accidents and casualties, collected tonnage taxes and other navigation fees, and examined, certified, and licensed merchant mariners. When established, the Bureau of Navigation was a part of the United States Department of the Treasury, in 1903, the organization was transferred to the newly formed United States Department of Commerce and Labor. In 1913 that department was split into the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of Labor, in 1932 the bureau was combined with the Steamboat Inspection Service to form the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection. The Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection was in turn renamed the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation in 1936, the merchant vessel documentation functions were also transferred to the Coast Guard in 1946. Ships of the bureau with the director of the bureau embarked also flew the directors flag, US National Archives Records of the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation Records of the U. S. Navy Bureau of Navigation

Thomas Nast 1877 political cartoon: Death on economy. U.S. "I suppose I must spend a little on life-saving service, life-boat stations, life-boats, surf-boats, etc.; but it is too bad to be obliged to waste so much money".

Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service, and may be regarded as a particular …

In 1999 the French carrier Charles De Gaulle began her sea trial phase, which identified the need for the flight deck to be extended for the safe operation of the E2C Hawkeye.

Hundreds attend the commissioning ceremony for the nuclear-powered aircraft carrierUSS ''Ronald Reagan''. Nancy Reagan, wife of the ship's namesake, gave the ship's crew its traditional first order as an active unit of the Navy: "Man the ship and bring her to life."