Abilities

The absolute value of CE for
each subject; a
measure of amount of bias without respect to direction (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Absolute Error (AE)

The average absolute
deviation of a set of scores
from a target value; a measure of overall error (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Absolute Frequency of Knowledge of Results

The
absolute number of KRs
given in a sequence of trials
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Absolute Retention

A measure of retention based
on the level of
performance on the retention test (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Absolute Strength

Maximum
involuntary strength (Siff, 2003)

Acceleration

Change in
velocity per unit time (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Acceleration of Specific Adaptation

Idea that specific
adaptation should be accelerated
by advancing the stage when maximum sports proficiency is expected to
be
produced by the current training regime (Siff, 2003)

Acceleration Strength

The
ability over time to quickly
achieve maximal external force while developing muscle tension
isometrically or
at the beginning of a dynamic action (Siff, 2003)

Accelerated Powermetrics

The use of elastic bands or
other means to provide
added resistance during the eccentric and/or concentric phases of a
movement
(Siff, 2003)

Acclimation

Short-term
changes that
occur within the body which lessen the physiological strain that
develops in
response to changes in climate (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Acclimatization

Certain
physiological
adjustments brought forth through continued exposure to a different
climate
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Accommodating
Resistance

The
presence of a
counterforce which controls the speed of contraction during isokinetic
testing (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Accumulated
Feedback

Information
presented
after a series of movements that represents a summary of those
performances
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Acetyl
Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA)

The
compound that forms
the common entry point into the Krebs cycle for the oxidation of
carbohydrate and
fat (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Acetylcholine
(ACh)

A
chemical found in the
body which is involved in several important physiological functions
such as
nerve impulse transmission from one nerve fiber to another across a
synapse
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Achievement Motivation

Relates
to the athlete’s wish to
engage in competition or social comparison (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Acidosis

A
condition of low alkali reserve (bicarbonate) in the blood and other
body
fluids, which is sometimes associated with an increase in H-ion
concentration
(acid) and a decrease in blood pH below normal levels (Foss &
Keteyian,
1998)

Actin

A
muscle protein involved in contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Action-Centered Interference

A view of attention that
localizes interference
effects at the response-selection stage (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Action Potential

Electrical
activity developed in a muscle or nerve cell during depolarization
(activity)
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Active Stabilizers

See
Stabilizers (Siff, 2003)

Active Transport

The movement
of substances against their concentration gradients by utilizing
metabolic
energy (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Actomyosin

A protein
complex formed from actin and myosin when myosin cross-bridges bond
chemically
with actin filaments (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Acute Muscle Soreness

Pain
occurring during or immediately following performance of high-intensity
exercise; associated with inadequate flow of blood (Foss &
Keteyian, 1998)

Acute Response

A
physiological response to a single bout of exercise (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Adams’s
Theory

Adaptive Reconstruction

The phenomenon in which the
body adapts to stress,
such as that imposed by training loads; similar to supercompensation
(Siff,
2003)

Adaptogens

Natural substances used to facilitate adaptation to
stress (Siff, 2003)

Adduct, Adduction

To
move toward the midline of the body (Marieb, 1998)

Adenine

One of
the two major purines
found in both RNA and DNA; also
used as an aromatic base that when linked to ribose forms adenosine,
the
foundation for ATP, ADP, and AMP (Foss & Keteyian, 1998),
(Marieb, 1998)

Adenohypophysis

The anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland which
secretes six major hormones (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb,
1998)

An
organic molecule formed by the hydrolysis of the two phosphate groups
found in
Adenosine Triphophate
(ATP) (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Adenosine Triphosphatase
(ATPase)

An enzyme that splits the
last phosphate group off
ATP, releasing a large amount of energy and reducing the ATP to ADP and
P
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP)

An organic
molecule formed with the energy released from flood and stored in all
body
cells, particularly the muscles; the breakdown of ATP provides the
cells with
their sole source of energy for work (Foss & Keteyian, 1998),
(Marieb,
1998)

Adipocyte

A
fat cell; a cell that provides the storage of fat (Foss
& Keteyian, 1998)

Adipose Tissue

Fat
tissue (Marieb, 1998)

Adjacent-Trial Effect

With intertrial correlation
matrices, the tendency
for the correlations between adjacent trials to increase with practice
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Adolescence

The period
between childhood and adulthood (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Adrenal Cortex

The outer
part of the adrenal gland that secretes over forty different hormones
known as
steroids (categorized as mineralocorticordoids,
glucocorticoids, and
androgens) (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Adrenal Medulla

The inner
part of the adrenal gland that serves as an extension of the
sympathetic
nervous system; secretes epinephrine and norephinephrine
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH or Corticotropin)

An andrenohypophysis
hormone that stimulates the production
and release of glucocorticoid
hormone from the
adrenal cortex (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Aerobic Endurance

The
amount of time a muscle can continue to remain active using aerobic
pathways
(Marieb, 1998)

Aerobic Respiration (Aerobic Metabolism)

Respiration
in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is completely broken down;
water,
carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products
(Marieb, 1998)

Aerobic Power

The
maximal rate at which a person can consume oxygen during the
performance of a
maximum effort, exhaustive exercise; an indicator of cardiovascular
fitness
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Aerobic System

Denotes the entire series of
biochemical reactions
and pathways where ATP can be synthesized from food only in the
presence of
oxygen; includes aerobic glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle,
and Electron Transport Chain (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Afferent

Carrying to or toward a center (Marieb, 1998)

Afferent
(Sensory) Nerve

A nerve that contains the
processes of sensory
neurons and carries nerve impulses to the central nervous system
(Marieb, 1998)

Amortization

In plyometrics, the phase
occurring when the
kinetic energy from a prior movement produces a powerful myotatic
stretch reflex which leads to eccentric muscle action accompanied by
explosive
isometric contraction and stretching of the series elastic component of
the
muscle complex (Siff, 2003)

Ammonia (NH3)

Common
waste product of protein
breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluable
in water and capable of forming a weak base; a protein acceptor
(Marieb, 1998)

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly
movable joint (Marieb, 1998)

Amphetamine

A
synthetically structured drug
closely related to epinephrine; it produces stimulation of the central
nervous
system (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid

A
compound that promotes
tissue-building and male-like bodily characteristics; it is conducive
to the
constructive (building up) process of metabolism (Foss &
Keteyian, 1998)

Anabolism (Anabolic)

Energy-requiring
building phase of
metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more
complex
substances; protein building (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb,
1998)

Anaerobic

Anaerobic Glycolysis

The
incomplete chemical breakdown
of carbohydrate; the anaerobic reactions in this breakdown release
energy for
the manufacture of ATP as they produce lactic acid (anaerobic
glycolysis is
known as the lactic acid system); energy-yielding conversion of glucose
to
lactic acid in various tissues, notably muscle, when sufficient oxygen
is not
available (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Anaerobic Power

The
development of maximal or peak
power during exertion; measured as work (force in kg x distance in
meters)
expressed per unit of time (min) (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Anaerobic Threshold

That
intensity of work load or
oxygen consumption at which anaerobic metabolism is accelerated; the
point at
which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis (Foss
& Keteyian,
1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Analytical-Synthetic Method

The qualities of performance
should be developed
separately with the appropriate means and then integrated into the
special
exercises; the breaking down of performance into its respective parts
for
training purposes, then assembling the components into an integrated
whole
(Siff, 2003)

Anatomical Dead Space (Vd)

That
volume of fresh air that
remains in the respiratory passages (nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx,
bronchi, and
bronchioles) and does not participate in gaseous exchange (Foss
& Keteyian,
1998)

Anatomical Position

The body is erect, the arms
are down at the sides,
and the palms face forward (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Anatomy

Encompasses the study of
components that make up
the musculoskeletal “machine” (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Associative System

Ataxia

Atherosclerosis

A disease of the arteries in
which lipid (fat)
material and cholesterol accumulate on the inside walls of the
arteries;
changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on
the
artery walls; the early stage of arteriosclerosis (Foss &
Keteyian, 1998),
(Marieb, 1998)

Athlete’s Heart

A nonpathological
enlarged heart, often found in endurance athletes, that
results primarily from left ventricular hypertrophy in
response to
training (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

ATP

See
Adenosine Triphosphate

ATPase

An enzyme
that facilitates the breakdown of ATP (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

ATP-PC System

An
anaerobic energy system in which
ATP is manufactured when phosphocreatine (PC) is broken down; this
system
represents the most rapidly available source of ATP for use by muscle;
activities performed at maximum intensity for a period of 10 seconds or
less
derive energy (ATP) from this system (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle

Part
of the heart conduction system
that conducts the impulse to the ventricles (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Part
of the heart conduction system
that delays the impulse slightly before it passes into the ventricles
(Baechle
& Earle, 2000)

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Prevent the flow of blood
from the ventricles back
into the atria during ventricular contraction (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Atria

Two superior chambers of the
heart; function primarily
as blood reservoirs, delivering blood into the right and left
ventricles
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Atrophy

A
reduction in the cross-sectional
area of muscle, muscle fibers, or other tissues due to injury, disuse,
disease,
immobilization, or similar factors; reduction in size or wasting away
of an
organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use (Foss &
Keteyian,
1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Attention

The athlete’s
ability to focus; the processing of
those environmental cues that come to awareness; a concept that
describes
limitations in the processing of information (Baechle & Earle,
2000) (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Augmented
Feedback

Feedback that is added to
the feedback typically received in the task (also called extrinsic
feedback)
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Autogenic Inhibition

Reflex
inhibition of a motor neuron
in response to excessive tension in the muscle fibers it supplies, as
monitored
by the Golgi tendon organs (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Autogenic Training

An athlete visualizes him or
herself in action,
feeling all of the muscular tensions and movements, as well as the
physiological and emotional changes actually occurring in competition;
Refers
to shifting autonomic neural processes from sympathetic to
parasympathetic
dominance (Baechle & Earle, 2000) (Siff, 2003)

Automatic
Processing

Information processing that
is relatively fast,
that is done in parallel with other processes, and that requires
minimal effort
(compare with controlled processing )(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)

A
self-controlled system that helps
to control activities such as those involving movement and secretion by
the
visceral organs, urinary output, body temperature, heart rate, adrenal
secretion, and blood pressure; efferent division of the peripheral
nervous
system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands; also
called the
involuntary or visceral motor system (Foss & Keteyian, 1998),
(Marieb,
1998)

Autonomous Phase

The
third of three phases of
learned proposed by Fitts,
in which learners have
greatly reduced the attention demands of the task (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Autoregulation

Local
control of blood distribution
(through vasodilation) in response to a tissue’s changing
needs (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

Axon

Axon Hillock

A
part of the neuron, between the
cell body and the axon, that controls traffic down the axon through
summation
of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Axon Terminal

One
of numerous branched endings of
an axon; also known as a terminal fibril (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Balance

The ability
of an individual to assume and maintain a stable position (Hamill
& Knutzen
2003)

Ballistic

Bursts of muscular activity
followed by phases of
relaxation during which the motion continues due to stored limb
momentum (Siff,
2003)

Ballistic
Stretching

Imposes passive momentum to
exceed static range of
motion on the relaxed or contracted muscle complex; may be done slowly
or
rapidly (Siff, 2003)

Bandwidth
Knowledge of
Results

Tolerance limits on errors
that define when to
provide qualitative or quantitative knowledge of results (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Baroreceptor

Receptors
primarily located in the
walls of the carotid arteries and the aortic arch that are sensitive to
transluminal stretch;
when activated, they increase the
afferent firing rate to the cardiorespiratory
center
of the medulla; pressoreceptor
that is stimulated by
pressure changes (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Rate at which energy is
expended (heat produced) by
the body per unit time under controlled (basal) conditions (12 hours
after a
meal at rest) (Marieb, 1998)

Basal Ganglia (Nuclei)

Subcortical
portion of
the brain that, along with the thalamus, provides an information loop
back to
the premotor cortex to
assist in the selection and
initiation of chosen movements; gray matter areas located deep within
the white
matter of the cerebral hemispheres (Foss & Keteyian, 1998),
(Marieb, 1998)

Base

A
substance capable of binding with hydrogen ions; a proton acceptor
(Marieb,
1998)

Beta-Blockers (b-Blockers)

A
class of drugs that block
transmission of neural impulses from the sympathetic nervous system,
proposed
to have Ergogenic properties (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Beta-Cells (b-Cells)

Cells in
the islets of Langerhans
in the pancreas that secrete
insulin (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

Beta-Oxidation (b-Oxidation)

The series of reactions by
which fat is broken down
from long carbon chains to two carbon units in preparation for entry
into the
Krebs Cycle (Foss
& Keteyian, 1998)

Biaxial
Joint

Joints that allow movement
about two perpendicular
axes; the ankle and wrist are examples (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-)

A
by-product of the dissociation (ionizing) of carbonic acid (Foss
&
Keteyian, 1998)

Biceps

Bicuspid Valve

Prevent the flow of blood
from the ventricles back
into the atria during ventricular contraction; also known as the mitral
valve
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Bilateral
Deficit

The force produced with
bilateral contractions is
usually less that the sum of the forces produced individually by the
left and
right limbs (Siff, 2003)

Binge Eating Disorder

An
eating disorder in which a
person will ingest a large amount of food without purging (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Bioelectric Impedance

A
procedure for assessing body
composition in which an electrical current is passed through the body;
the
resistance to current flow through the tissues reflects the relative
amount of
fat present (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Bioenergetics

The study
of energy transformation in living organisms (Foss & Keteyian,
1998)

Biofeedback

Training that provides an
awareness of visceral
activities; enables an element of voluntary control over autonomic body
functions (Marieb, 1998)

Biogenic Amines

Class of
neurotransmitters, including catecholamines
and indolamines
(Marieb, 1998)

Biological Age

Biologically Active Substances

See Adaptogens(Siff, 2003)

Biomechanics

Study of the mechanisms
through which the
components of the anatomy interact to create movement (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Biomechanical
Efficiency

Relates to the genetic
factors such as the leverage
characteristics of the body, the relative strengths of the different
muscle
groups controlling the movement of each limb, and the neuromuscular
efficiency
which orchestrates all movement patterns of the body (Siff, 2003)

Biopsy

The removal
and examination of tissue from the living body (Marieb, 1998).

Bit

The
amount of information required
to reduce the original amount of uncertainty by half (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Black Globe Thermometer

An ordinary thermometer
placed in a black globe;
the black bulb temperature measures radiant energy or solar radiation
and is
one of three temperatures used to compute the WBGT index (Foss
& Keteyian,
1998)

Blocked
Practice

A practice sequence in which
all of the trials on
one tasks are done together, uninterrupted by practice on any of the
other
tasks; low contextual interference (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

The force per unit area
exerted by the blood
against the inside walls of an artery; the driving force that moves
blood
through the circulatory system; differences in blood pressure between
different
areas of the circulation provide the driving force for blood
circulation (Foss
& Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Body
Composition

The chemical composition of the body (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Body
Density

Body weight divided by body volume (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Body
Mass Index (BMI)

The preferred body compostion
assessment for obese individuals, as skinfold assessment becomes
inaccurate
because of the size of the skinfold and the lack of standardized
formulas for
obese adults; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height
squared in
meters (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Bone
Matrix

Proteins, including collagen
molecules, which form
a meshwork between bone
cells (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Bone
Mineral Density

The quantity of mineral deposited in a given
area of
bone (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Bone
Modeling

The process initiated by
mechanical loading in
which osteoblasts migrate to the bone surface and produce the bone
matrix
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Borg Rate of Perceived Exertion Scale (Borg RPE scale)

Boyle’s Law

The
volume occupied by a gas (at
constant temperature) is reduced or expanded in direct proportion to
the
pressure placed around it; very important to underwater diving; states
that
when the temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas varies
inversely with
its volume (Foss & Keteyian 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Bracketing Technique

An athlete performs the
sport movement with
lighter-than-normal and heavier-than-normal implements; it is another
form of
acceleration training (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Bradycardia

A heart
rate less than 60 beats per minute (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Branched-Chain Amino Acid

Brief Maximal Tension Method

Method that develops the
ability to concentrate
neuromuscular effort and yields a larger training effect than the
progressive
resistance method for developing maximum strength and the ability to
display it
quickly (Siff, 2003)

Bronchioles

The
branching air passageways inside the lungs (Marieb, 1998)

Bronchus

One of the
two large branches of the trachea that leads to the lungs (Marieb, 1998)

Buffer

Any substance in a fluid
that lessens the change in
hydrogen ion (H+) concentration which otherwise would occur by adding
acids or
bases; chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by
releasing
or binding hydrogen ions (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Bulimia Nervosa

Bursa

A
fibrous sac lined with synovial
membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between bones and muscle
tendons
(or other structures), where it acts to decrease friction during
movement
(Marieb, 1998)

Bursitis

Inflammation
of the bursa (Marieb, 1998)

Caffeine

A
central nervous system stimulant
believed by some athletes to have ergogenic properties (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Calcaneal
tendon

Tendon that attaches the
calf muscles to the heelbone
(calcaneus); also called
the Achilles tendon (Marieb, 1998)

Calcitonin

A
hormone secreted by the thyroid
gland that causes a decrease in the blood calcium level; it is thought
that calcitonin may
also be secreted from the parathyroid
glands; also called thyrocalcitonin
(Foss &
Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Callus

Localized thickening of skin
epidermis resulting
from physical trauma; repair tissue (fibrous or bony) formed at a
fracture site
(Marieb, 1998)

Calorie

A
unit of work or energy equal to
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of
water 1º C;
energy exchanges associated with biochemical reactions are usually
reported in
kilocalories (1 kcal = 1000 cal) or large calories (Cal) (Foss
& Keteyian,
1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Calorimeter

Measures heat production
from oxidized food stuffs
(bomb-type) or heat production from the human body (line-in-type) (Foss
&
Keteyian, 1998)

A carbamino
compound
formed in the red blood cells when CO2 reacts with Hgb
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Carbohydrate

Any of a group of chemical
compounds, including
sugars, starches, and cellulose; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
only;
organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen including
sugars,
starches, and cellulose (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Carbohydrate
Loading

A technique used to enhance
muscle glycogen prior
to long-term aerobic endurance exercise; the most effective regiment
with the
fewest side effects is three days of a high-carbohydrate diet in
concert with
tapering exercise the week before the competition and complete rest the
day
before the event (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Carbonic
Acid-Bicarbonate System

Chemical buffer system that helps maintain pH homeostasis
of the blood (Marieb, 1998)

Carbonic
Anhydrase

An enzyme that speeds up the
reaction of carbon
dioxide (CO2) with water (H2O) (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cardiac Cycle

Contraction
(systole) and
relaxation (distole) of
the heart; sequence of events
encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and
ventricles of the heart (Foss & Keteyian, 1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Enlargement
of the heart by
increases in muscle wall thickness or chamber size or both (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Cardiac Muscle

Specialized
muscle of the heart (Marieb, 1998)

Cardiac Output (Q)

The
amount of blood pumped by the
heart in one minute; the product of the stroke volume and the heart
rate;
Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute (Foss &
Keteyian,
1998), (Marieb, 1998)

Cardiac Reserve

The
difference between resting and maximal cardiac output (Marieb, 1998)

Cardiogenic
Shock

Pump
failure; the heart is so
inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation (Marieb, 1998)

Cardiorespiratory
Endurance

The
ability of the lungs and heart
to take in and transport adequate amounts of oxygen to the working
muscles,
allowing activities that involve large muscle masses (e.g., running,
swimming,
bicycling) to be performed over long periods of time (Foss &
Keteyian,
1998)

Cardiovascular Deconditioning

Cardiovascular Drift

A compensatory
increase in heart rate that usually occurs during prolonged endurance
exercise
in response to a decrease in stroke volume; cardiac output is
maintained as a
result (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cardiovascular System

Organ system which
distributes the blood to deliver
nutrients and remove wastes (Marieb, 1998)

Carotid Body

A
receptor in the common carotid
artery sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of
the blood
(Marieb, 1998)

Carotid Sinus

A dialation
of a common carotid artery; involved in regulation of systemic blood
pressure
(Marieb, 1998)

Cartilage

White, semiopaque
connective tissue (Marieb, 1998)

Cartilage Bone (Endochondral
Bone)

Bone formed
by the calcification of hyaline cartilage structures (Marieb, 1998)

Cartilage Matrix

The internal environment of
the cartilage tissue,
within which the collagen fibers traverse (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Cartilaginous Joints

Catabolic Hormone

Catabolism (Catabolic)

Process in which living
cells break down substances
into simpler substances (Marieb, 1998)

Catalyst

Substance that increases the
rate of a chemical
reaction without itself becoming chemically changes or part of the
product
(Marieb, 1998)

Catastrophe Hypothesis

A nonlinear description of
the nonlinear
relationship between arousal and performance (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Catastrophic Theory

The
theory that holds that
increases in physiological arousal occur in the presence of cognitive
anxiety
until a point at which a sudden drop in performance occurs (Baechle
&
Earle, 2000)

Catecholamines

Epinephrine
and norepinephrine (Marieb, 1998)

Caudal

Literally,
toward the tail; in humans, the inferior portion of the anatomy
(Marieb, 1998)

Ceiling Effect

A
limitation, imposed either by the
scoring system or by physiological-psychological sources, that places a
maximum
on the score that a performer can achieve in a task (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Cell Turnover

The
constant breakdown and regeneration of cells in the body (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Cellular Respiration

Metabolic
processes in which ATP is produced (Marieb, 1998)

Center of Gravity

The point at which all of
the body’s mass seems to
be concentrated; the balance point of the body; the point about which
the sum
of the torques equals zero (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Center of Mass

A balance point of a body;
the point about which
all of the mass particles of the body are evenly distributed (Hamill
&
Knutzen 2003)

Central (Haversian)
Canal

The canal
in the center of each osteon
that contains minute
blood vessels and nerve fibers that
serve the needs of
the osteocytes (Marieb,
1998)

Central Command

Neurons
originating in the motor
cortex that influence the cardiorespiratory
(ventilation and cardiovascular) center of the medulla on their way to
initiate
skeletal muscle action (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

That
portion of the brain
responsible for mental functions, movements, visceral functions,
perception,
and behavioral reactions, and for the association and integration of
these
functions; the outer gray
matter region of the
cerebral hemispheres (Foss & Keteyian, 1998),
(Marieb, 1998)

Cerebral Infarction

Death
of brain tissue that results
from insufficient blood supply attributable to blockage or damage of a
cerebral
vessel (also known as a stroke) (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Cholesterol

Cholinergic Fibers

Cholinesterase

A
chemical that deactivates or
breaks down acetylcholine (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Chondroblast

Actively
mitotic cell form of cartilage (Marieb, 1998)

Chondrocyte

Mature
cell form of cartilage (Marieb, 1998)

Chronic Adaptation

A physiological change that
occurs when the body is
exposed to repeated exercise bouts over weeks or months; these changes
generally improve the body’s efficiency at rest and during
exercise (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

A syndrome that appears to
involve immune system
dysfunction; patients have incapacitating fatigue, sore throat, muscle
tenderness or pain, and cognitive dysfunction; the symptoms may vary in
severity over time but generally last for months or years (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Chronotropic

Chunking

Circa-Maximal Methods

A type of
training in which all of the loads utilized are close to
one’s 1RM (90% to 97%)
(Siff, 2003)

Circumduction

Movement
of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space (Marieb, 1998)

Cirrhosis

Chronic
disease of the liver, characterized by an overgrowth of connective
tissue or
fibrosis (Marieb, 1998)

Cisterns

The
terminal ends of the
longitudinal tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which store Ca++;
also
called outer cisterns, outer vesicles, and terminal cisternae
(Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Classic Formula

A
method of comparing lifts by
dividing a lift by body weight to the two-thirds power thus accounting
for the
relationship of cross-sectional area versus volume (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Closed-Loop System

A control system employing
feedback, a reference of
correctness, a computation of error, and subsequent correction in order
to
maintain a desired state; sometimes called a servomechanism or servo
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Closed Skills

Skills that
are performed in stable or predictable environmental settings (Schmidt
&
Lee, 1999)

Cluster Training

A form of interval training
that requires one to
perform one or more repetitions with a 10-20 second interval between
each
repetition or cluster of
repetitions in an extended
set (Siff, 2003)

Coagulation

Process
in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting
(Marieb,
1998)

Cocaine

A
so-called recreational drug that
is a central nervous system stimulant which mimics the action of the
sympathetic nervous system; it is generally ergolytic (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Coccygeal
Vertebra

3 to 5
vertebrae which form a kind of vestigial internal tail extending
downward from
the pelvis (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Cocktail Party Problem

The phenomenon, described by
Cherry, whereby humans
can attend to a single conversation at a noisy gathering, neglecting
other
inputs (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Cocontraction

Agonist and antagonist
muscles contracting simulataneously,
with a dominance of the former producing
external movement (Siff, 2003)

Coenzyme

Nonprotein
substance
associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin (Marieb,
1998)

Cognitive Anxiety

Cognitive Phase

The first of three phases of
learning proposed by Fitts,
in which learners’ performances are heavily based on
cognitive or verbal processes (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Cognitive Plyometrics

A plyometric action produced
under conditions in
which the athlete anticipates a particular course of action (Siff, 2003)

Cognitive
Psychology

A psychological tradition in
which the nature of
unobservable mental processes in human behavior is studied by indirect
methods
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Collagen Fiber

The most
abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue
(Marieb,
1998)

Combination Training

Adding
aerobic training to the training of anaerobic athletes with the goal of
enhancing recovery; may reduce anaerobic performance capabilities as a
result
(particularly high-strength/high-power performance) (Baechle
&
Earle, 2000)

Commutative System

A
system in which
the order of the operators does not matter: A*B = B*A (Siff, 2003)

Compensatory Acceleration Training

During a lift,
proprioceptive feedback makes the athlete aware that the load is
changing and
enables him or her to intervene voluntarily in the loading process by
accelerating or decelerating the bar to increase or decrease the force
involved; can be useful in alternating muscle tension or movement
velocity to
achieve a specific training goal (Siff, 2003)

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Clinical
test that includes a hematocrit, counts all formed elements and
clotting
factors, and other indicators of normal blood function (Marieb, 1998)

Complementary Proteins

Proteins
that do not contain all of
the essential amino acids in and of themselves, but when combined with
other
incomplete proteins with the missing needed amino acids, can still
provide all
of the essential amino acids required by the body (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Complex Training

Involves concurrent (during
one workout) and
parallel (prolonged stages of training) use of several training tasks
and loads
of different primary emphasis; one of the most effective forms of
training
construction (Siff, 2003)

Component
Interaction

A characteristic of some
tasks in which the
adjustment on one component of the task requires an adjustment of some
other
component (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Compound

Substance
composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are
chemically
united (Marieb, 1998)

Concentrated Loading

A
training method associated with highly qualified athletes in which
loads are
concentrated during specific stages of preparation; a block of training
is
designed to emphasis one particular quality, such as strength, and all
loads
are prescribed to specifically address that quality (Siff,
2003)

Concentric Muscle Action

Muscle
action in which the ends of
the muscle are drawn closer (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Concurrent Feedback

Feedback
that is presented simultaneously with the action (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Concurrent System of Training

The parallel training of
several motor abilities,
such as strength, speed and endurance, over the same period, with the
intention
of producing multi-faceted development of physical fitness (Siff, 2003)

Conditioning

Augmentation of
the energy capacity of muscle through a physical exercise program.Conditioning is not
primarily concerned with
the skill of performance, as would be the case in training (Foss
&
Keteyian, 1998)

Conducting Zone

Includes
all respiratory passageways that provide conduits for air to reach the
sites of
gas exchange (the respiratory zone) (Marieb, 1998)

Conduction

The
transfer of heat between
objects of different temperatures in direct contact with each other
(Foss &
Keteyian, 1998)

Congenital Heart Disease

A heat defect present at
birth that occurs from
abnormal prenatal development of the heart or associated blood vessels;
also
known as congenital heart defect (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Condition
in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that
circulation
is inadequate to meet tissue needs (Marieb, 1998)

Conjugate Sequence System of Training

A
training system involving the successive introduction of separate,
specific
means, each of which has a progressively stronger training effect, and
coupling
them sequentially to create favorable conditions for eliciting the
cumulative
effect of all the training loads (Siff, 2003)

Connective Tissues

A primary
tissue; form and function vary extensively; functions include support,
storage,
and protection (Marieb, 1998)

Consciousness

The
mechanism or process by which humans are aware of sensations, elements
in
memory, or internal events (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Conservation of Angular Momentum

The
concept that angular momentum is constant unless the object is acted on
by an
external force (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Constant Error (CE)

With respect to sign, the
average error of a set of
scores form a target value (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Contextual Interference

The
interference effects in performance and learning that arise from
practicing one
task in the context of other tasks (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Contingency

Refers
to a conditional consequence
of the behavior that is being punished, such as being allowed to
compete
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Continuous Skills

Skills
that appear to have no recognizable beginning or end (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Continuous Tension Sets

Any set in which each
repetition is done smoothly
without ballistic bounce, cheating or significant pause at either end
of the
motion (Siff, 2003)

Contractile Velocity

Contractility

Contraction

To
shorten or develop tension, an ability
highly
developed in muscle cells (Marieb, 1998)

Contraction Failure

Inability
of the muscle to shorten or lengthen under control (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Contralateral

Relating
to the opposite side (Marieb, 1998)

Control Dynamics

The
mechanical characteristics of the levers, handwheels,
and the like in control systems; affected by variable such as spring
tension
and inertia that change the “feel” of control (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Controlled Processing

Information
processing that is relatively slow, that is done serially with other
processes,
and that requires effort (compare with automatic processing) (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Convection

The
transfer of heat from one place
to another by the motion of a heated substance- e.g., air or water
(Foss &
Keteyian, 1998)

Converging Strength Training Means

A form of long-term
organization of strength
training; the convergence of all the different partial training effects
to
enhance specific performance (Siff, 2003)

Coordination

Behavior of two or more
degrees of freedom in relation to each other to produce skilled
activity (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Core Temperature

Temperature
of deep body tissues
such as head, thorax, and digestive system (Foss & Keteyian,
1998)

Cori Cycle

A process where
lactic acid from muscle metabolism diffuses into the blood and is
carried to the
liver for conversion to glucose where it can be used, stored, or
released into
the blood (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Covalent Cross-Linking

Creatine Kinase

Enzyme
that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP,
forming creatine and
ATP; important in muscle contraction (Marieb,
1998)

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

Compound
that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue (Marieb,
1998)

Creatinine

A
nitrogenous waste molecule which is not reabsorbed by the kidney; this
characteristic makes it useful for measurement of the GFR and
glomerular
function (Marieb, 1998)

Cristae

A
series of inward membrane folds
and convolutions within mitochondria that contain the enzyme systems
required
for aerobic metabolism (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Criterion Variable

In studies of prediction,
the variable or score
that is predicted from the predictor variables; the
“best” obtaninable
measure of the construct that is to be predicted (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Cross-Bridges

Extensions
of myosin (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cross-Innervate

A
surgical procedure in
experimental animals where the nerve fibers to Type I and Type II
muscle fibers
are crossed over and reattached (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cross-Reactivity

A
receptor partially interacts with
hormones that are not specifically designed for it (i.e., allosteric
binding) (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Cross-Section

A cut
running horizontally form right to left, dividing the body into
superior and
inferior parts (Marieb, 1998)

Cross-Training or Transfer of Training

A
theory that developing one region
or quality of the body will result in improvement of other region or
quality;
also used to describe potential benefits of combined running, biking,
swimming,
and/or weight training (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A flexor reflex in one limb
produces an extensor
reflex in the contralateral limb approximately 0.2 to 0.5 seconds later
(Siff,
2003)

Crossman-Goodeve Theory

A theory of the Fitts
relationship that assumed a series of constant-duration movements, each
interspersed with feedback-based corrections; an intermittent control
theory of
rapid movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Cryogenic

Pertaining
to the production of low temperatures (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cuff Technique

A method
of temporary deafferentation in which blood flow to the limb is
eliminated by a
blood pressure cuff, rendering the afferent neurons anoxic so that they
cannot
deliver sensory information (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Current or Contemporary Control

Woodworth’s
idea that the latter portions of a movement were controlled by a
feedback-based
“homing-in” process that allowed a target to be
achieved (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Cutaneous

Pertaining
to the skin (Marieb, 1998)

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (Cyclic AMP)

Important
intracellular second
messenger that mediates hormonal effects; formed from ATP by the action
of
adenylate cyclase, an enzyme associated with the plasma membrane
(Marieb, 1998)

Cyclic AMP Amplification

Impact
of a hormone on a membrane
causing cyclic AMP to form on the inside surface; has effect of
multiplying the
hormone effect (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cyclic AMP Mechanism

The
most common mechanism for the
action of hormones on their target cells; hormones arrive at receptors
and activate
adenyl cyclase to speed
cyclic AMP formation from ATP
resulting in numerous specific actions (Foss & Keteyian, 1998)

Cytokines

Cytoplasm

Cell
fluid that makes up the inside
of cells; in muscle cells it is called sarcoplasm (Foss &
Keteyian, 1998)

Dalton’s
Law

The partial pressures of
gases in a mixture remain
constant and will act independently of each other (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Damping
Efficiency

The ability of the body to
absorb and dissipate
shock or vibration; plays a major role in the storage and use of
elastic
energy, as well as the prevention of injury during activities involving
rapid
acceleration and deceleration (Siff, 2003)

Dehydration

Muscle
soreness that develops a day or two after a heavy bout of exercise and
that is
associated with actual injury within the muscle (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Deliberate Practice

Identified
by Ericsson as practice that is not inherently enjoyable and is
undertaken for
the sole purpose of improving performance (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

DeLorme Method

Training
in which a weight 50% of
one’s 10RM is lifted 10 times for the first set, followed by
a set of 10
repetitions at 75% of the 10RM, and finally a set of 10 reps at the
10RM weight
(Siff, 2003)

Dendrites

Short
extensions
from the body of a nerve cell (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Densitometry

The
measurement of body density (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Density

The
mass per unit volume of an object (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Depolarization

Loss
of a state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane
potential
(Marieb, 1998)

Depth Jumps

A type of
plyometric training requiring an athlete to drop off of a raised
surface (such
as a box) onto another surface where upon the athlete jumps
energetically; the
optimal depth of the jump is determined by the athlete’s
strength fitness and
should ensure that significant dynamic force is developed without
slowing down
the transition from eccentric to concentric work by the muscles
involved (Siff,
2003)

Depth Landings (Depth Drops)

A type of
plyometric training requiring an athlete to drop off a raised surface
(such as
a box) and land on another surface without a rebounding jump; can have
a
significant effect on concentric and eccentric strength (Siff,
2003)

Detraining

Changes in body structure or
function caused by
reduction or cessation of regular physical training (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Development

Changes that occur in the
body starting at
conception and continuing through adulthood; differentiation along
specialized
lines of function, reflecting changes that accompany growth (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Diabetes Insipidus

Disease
characterized by passage of a large quantity of dilute urine plus
intense
thirst and dehydration caused by inadequate release of antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) (Marieb, 1998)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Disease caused by deficient
insulin release,
leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates (Marieb,
1998)

Diaphragm

Any partition or wall
separating one area from
another; a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the lower
abdominopelvic cavity (Marieb, 1998)

Diaphragmatic
Breathing

Referred to as
“belly breathing”, this form of
breathing is a basic stress management technique and a precursor to all
other
mental training techniques; it focuses thought on breathing to clear
the mind
and therefore increase attentional capacity (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Diaphysis

Elongated shaft of a long bone (Marieb, 1998)

Diarthrosis

Freely movable joint (Marieb, 1998)

Diastole

Period of the cardiac cycle
when either the
ventricles or the atria are relaxing (Marieb, 1998)

Diastolic
Pressure

Arterial blood pressure
reached during or as a
result of diastole; lowest level of any given ventricular cycle
(Marieb, 1998)

Diastolic
Volume

The amount of blood that fills the ventricle
during
diastole (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Dietary
Reference
Intakes (DRIs)

Recommendations of the Food
and Nutrition Board of
the National Academy of Sciences for the intake of vitamins and
minerals to be
used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Differential
Approach

That approach to the study
of behavior that focuses
on individual differences, abilities, and prediction (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Difficulty

Depending on the particular
paradigm, either the
ratio of the amplitude to the target widths or the ratio of the
movement
amplitude to movement time (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Diffusion

The spreading of particles
in a gas or solution
with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles (Marieb, 1998)

Digestion

Chemical
or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into substances that
can be
absorbed (Marieb, 1998)

Diminishing Sets

A method
of training in which an athlete tries to perform a very large number of
repetitions (usually 100) in as few sets as possible with the same
load, with a
minimal rest period between sets; when one is capable of executing the
100
repetitions in 4 to 5 sets, the load should be increased for the next
workout (Siff,
2003)

Dipeptide

A
combination of two amino acids united by means of a peptide bond
(Marieb, 1998)

Diploe

The
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones (Marieb, 1998)

Direct Calorimetry

A
method that gauges the body’s
rate and quantity of energy production by direct measurement of the
body’s heat
production (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Direct Gene Activation

The method of action of
steroid hormones; they bind
to receptors in the cell, and then the hormone-receptor complex enters
the
nucleus and activates certain genes (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Disaccharide

Literally,
double sugar; sucrose, lactose (Marieb, 1998)

Discrete Skills

Skills
that have a
definite beginning and end (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Discrimination Reaction Time

Reaction
time for a task in which a number of stimuli can be presented, with a
response
being made only if a given stimulus occurs (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Dislocation (Luxation)

Occurs
when bones are foced
out of their normal alignment at
a joint (Marieb, 1998)

Disordered Eating

Abnormal
eating behavior that
ranges from excessive restriction of food intake to pathological
behaviors,
such as self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse; disordered eating can
lead to
clinical eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Displacement Reaction

Chemical
reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined
with
different atoms (Marieb, 1998)

Dissociation

A
strategy in which an athlete will
distract him or herself from their performance and perceived
physiological
state while engaged in activity to try and reduce pain and fatigue
(Baechle
& Earle, 2000)

Distal

Away
from the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure (Marieb,
1998)

A calculation of the forces
and moments when there
are significant linear and/or angular accelerations (Hamill &
Knutzen 2003)

Dynamic
Correspondence

A principle of training that
emphasizes that the
means and methods of strength training for specific sports should be
chosen to
enhance the required motor qualities in terms of the amplitude and
direction of
movement, the accentuated region of force production, the dynamics of
the
effort, the rate and time of maximum force production, and the regime
of
muscular work (Siff, 2003)

Dynamic Equilibrium

Sense that
reports on angular or rotary movements of the head in space (Marieb,
1998)

Dynamic Flexibility

The
opposition or resistance of a
joint to motion; forces opposing movement rather than the range of
movement
itself, which is static flexibility (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Dynamic
Pattern Theory

A view that describes
coordination as a
self-organizing process of pattern formation (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Dynamic
Stabilization

Muscles contract
continuously to stabilize a body
segment during a movement while simultaneously carrying out a
mobilizing role
(Siff, 2003)

The branch of mechanics in
which the system being
studied undergoes acceleration (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Dynamometric
Profile

Characterizes the strength
topography of
representative muscle groups of athletes of different specialization,
as well
as the changes in the general profile with growth of sports mastery;
reflects
the characteristics of the strength fitness of athletes in a given
sport and
can serve to some extent as a standard for controlling the training
process
(Siff, 2003)

Dyskinesia

Dysmenorrhea

Painful
menstruation
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Dyspnea

Labored
breathing (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Eating
Disorders

Psychological
problems that manifest in disturbed eating patterns; malnutrition is
secondary
to the disease; the root of eating disorders is complex and
multifactorial,
with the etiology of the problem linked to self-esteem, family
dynamics,
stress, sense of loss of control, sexual abuse, and other sources (Baechle
& Earle, 2000)

Early Responding

Processing all of the
aspects of a movement in
advance so that the movement can occur at or before the stimulus
(Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Eccentric Force

A
force that is not
applied through the center of mass of an object (Hamill
& Knutzen
2003)

Eccentric Muscle Action

Muscle action in which a
force external to the
muscle overcomes the muscle force and the ends of the muscle are drawn
further
apart (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Eccrine Glands

Sweat
glands abundant on the palms, soles of feet, and the forehead (Marieb,
1998)

Ecological Viewpoint

A
point of view emphasizing the
study of movement in natural environments (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Ectoderm

Embryonic
germ layer; forms the epidermis of the skin and its derivatives, and
nervous
tissues (Marieb, 1998)

Ectomorphy

A body type component
characterized by linearity,
fragility, and delicacy of body (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Elastic Cartilage

Elastic Fiber

Fiber
formed from the protein elastin,
which gives a rubbery
and resilient quality to the matrix of connective tissue (Marieb, 1998)

Elastin

An
extensible protein (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Electrical Potential

The capacity for producing
electrical effects, such
as an electric current, between two bodies (e.g., between the inside
and
outside of a cell) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Electrical Stimulation Training

Stimulation
of a muscle by passing an electrical current through it (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Graphic
record of the electrical activity of the heart (Marieb, 1998)

Electrochemical Gradient

The distribution of ions
involving both a chemical
and an electrical gradient interacting to determine the direction of
diffusion
(Marieb, 1998)

Electromechanical
Delay
Phase

Occurs when some event such
as contact with a
surface prevents a limb from moving further and provokes the muscles to
contract; the delay refers to the time elapsing between the onset of
the action
potential in the motor nerves and the onset of the muscle contraction
(Siff,
2003)

Electromyography
(EMG)

A recording of the electrical activity from muscles
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Electrolyte

Chemical
substances, such as salts,
acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable
of
conducting an electrical current (Marieb, 1998)

Electrolyte Balance

Refers
to the balance between input
and output of salts (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) in the body
(Marieb, 1998)

Electron

A
negatively charged particle (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Electron Micrographs

Photographs
of tissues as magnified
thousands of times in an electron microscope (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A
series of chemical reactions that
convert the hydrogen ion generated by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
into water
and produce energy for oxidative phosphorylation (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

Embolism

Obstruction
of a blood vessel by an
embolus (blood clot, fatty mass, bubble of air, or other debris)
floating in
the blood (Marieb, 1998)

Emergency Muscles

A special class of assistant
movers which come into
play only when maximal force must be generated during a particular
movement
(Siff, 2003)

Emergency
Stabilizers

Muscles which are recruited
in addition to the
primary stabilizers to help stabilize a body segment during very
intensive
efforts by the prime and assistant movers (Siff, 2003)

Empirical
Equation

An equation describing the
outcome of an experiment
in which the functional mathematical relationship is estimated from the
empirical observations (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

End Branches

Branches
coming off the ends of the
axons leading to the axon terminals (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

End-Diastolic Volume

The
volume of blood available to be
pumped by the ventricle at the end of the filling phase, or diastole
(Baechle
& Earle, 2000)

End-Systolic Volume

The volume of blood
remaining in the left ventricle
at the end of systole, just after contraction (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

Endergonic
Reaction

Chemical
reaction that absorbs
energy, otherwise known as an anabolic reaction (Marieb, 1998)

Endocardium

Endothelia
membrane that lines the interior of the heart (Marieb, 1998)

Endochondral
Ossification

Embryonic
formation of bone by the
replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones formed by the
process
(Marieb, 1998)

Endocrine Glands

Ductless
glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood
(Marieb,
1998)

Endocrine System

Body system
that includes internal organs that secrete hormones (Marieb, 1998)

Endomysium

Thin
connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell (Marieb, 1998)

Endomorphy

A
body type component characterized
by roundness and softness of the body (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Endorphins

One
of several substances in the
general category of endogenous opioid
peptides that
may provide mood altering, pain-reduction, and relaxing benefits;
implicated in
phenomena known as “runner’s high” and
“exercise addiction” (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Endosteum

Endothelium

Single
layer of simple squamous
cells that line the walls of the heart, blood
vessels, and lymphatic vessels (Marieb, 1998)

Endurance

The
time limit of a person’s
ability to maintain either an isometric force or a power level
involving
combinations of concentric and/or eccentric muscle actions (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Energy

The
capacity to do work, may be
stored (potential energy) or in action (kinetic energy) (Marieb, 1998)

Energy Capacity

The
maximal amount of energy that
can be liberated by a metabolic system; independent of time but using
all
available stores of fuel substrate (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Energy Continuum

A
conceptual model whereby the
energy required for mostly anaerobic, mixed, and mostly aerobic
activities is
provided via a greater or lesser use of the same metabolic pathways (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Energy Density

Refers to
the calories per weight or volume of food (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Epidural Space

Epimysium

Epinephrine

Chief
hormone produced by the
adrenal medulla; also called adrenaline; a hormone secreted by the
medulla of
the adrenal gland that has effects on the heart, the blood vessels,
metabolism,
and the CNS (Marieb, 1998), (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Epiphyseal
Plate

Plate
of hyaline cartilage at the
junction of the diaphysis
and epiphysis that provides
for growth in length of a long bone (Marieb, 1998)

Epiphysis

The end of
a long bone, attached to the shaft (Marieb, 1998)

Epithelium

Pertaining
to a primary tissue that
covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands
(Marieb,
1998)

Equilibrium

The state
of a system whose acceleration is unchanged (Hamill & Knutzen
2003)

Equilibrium Point

For a given level of muscle
activation, the
hypothetical joint angle at which the torques from the two opposing
muscle
groups are equal and opposite (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Equilibrium Point Models (aand l)

Limb
control models in which a
movement endpoint is produced through the specification of an
equilibrium point between the agonist and the antagonist
muscle groups
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Ergogenic

Able to
improve work or performance (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Ergogenic Aid

Any
factor that improves work performance (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Ergolytic

Able
to impair work
or performance (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Ergometer

An
apparatus or device, such as a
treadmill or stationary cycle, used for measuring the physiological
effects of
exercise (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Ergonomics

The
study of human beings in work environments (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Error in Execution

An
error in which the planned spatial-temporal
goal of a movement is appropriate, but the movement deviates from the
desired
path because of factors occurring during execution (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Error in Selection

An error in which the
planned spatial-temporal goal
is inappropriate given the nature of the environment (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Eumenorrhea

Eustress

Evaporation

The
loss of heat resulting from changing a liquid to a vapor (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Excess Postexercise
Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

The
oxygen uptake above resting
values used to restore the body to the preexercise
condition (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Excitation

A
response to a stimulus (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Sequence
of events by which
transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the
sliding
of myofilaments (Marieb, 1998)

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A
transient increase in electrical
potential (depolarization) from its resting membrane potential in a
postsynaptic neuron (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Exercise

Any
and all activity involving the
generation of force by the activated muscles; exercise can be
quantified
mechanically as force, torque, work, power, or velocity of progression (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Exercise Electrocardiogram

A recording
of the heart’s electrical activity during exercise (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia

Exercise Intensity

A
specific level of muscular
activity that can be quantified in term s of power (energy expenditure
or work
performed per unit of time), the opposing force (e.g., free weights),
isometric
force sustained, or velocity of progression (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Exercise Physiology

Scientific study of how the
body, from a functional
standpoint, responds, adjusts, and adapts to acute exercise and chronic
training (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Exons

A theory which states that
it is not merely a
specific goal, but rather the individual perception of that goal which
motivates
people; motivation depends upon the perceived attractiveness of the
goal and
the perceived probability of achieving that goal (Siff, 2003)

Expected
Sensory
Consequences

A construct in schema
theory; the anticipated
feedback sensations that should be received if the movement is correct
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Expiration

The process by which air is
force out of the lungs
through relaxation of the inspiratory muscles and elastic recoil of the
lung
tissue, which increases the pressure in the thorax (Wilmore &
Costill,
2004)

Expiratory Reserve Volume
(ERV)

Maximal
volume of air expired from end-expiration (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Explosive Ballistic Muscle Tension

Tension
characteristic of movements in which maximal force is applied against a
relatively small resistance (such as a shot put); the motive force
reaches a
maximum quickly in the beginning and middle ranges of the movement, then begins to diminish (Siff,
2003)

Explosive Isometric Muscle Tension

Inherent
to movements in which
significant resistance is overcome such as when snatching or cleaning a
barbell; a basic characteristic of these movements is the need to
develop a
large working force whose maximum is achieved isometrically at the end
of the
movement (Siff, 2003)

Explosive Reactive Ballistic Muscle Tension

Has similar characteristics
to that of explosive
ballistic muscle tension except for the regime of muscular
work; the
preliminary stretch phase is sharp and pronounced, after which there is
an
immediate change to concentric work (Siff, 2003)

Explosive Strength

The ability
to produce maximal force in a minimal amount of time (Siff, 2003)

Extension

Movement
that increases the angle of a joint, straightening a flexed knee
(Marieb, 1998)

Extensive Methods

Training
methods involving large training volume (Siff, 2003)

External Respiration

The
process of brining air into the
lungs and the resulting exchange of gas between the alveoli and the
capillary
blood (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

External Work

The work
done by a body on another body (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Exteroceptor

Sensory end
organ that responds to stimuli from the external world (Marieb, 1998)

Extracellular

Outside
the cell (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Extracellular Fluid

The 35%
to 40% of the water in the body that is outside the cells, including
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and other
fluids (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Extrafusal Fiber

A
typical or normal muscle cell or fiber (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Extrasystole

Premature
heart contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Extrinsic Neural Control

Redistribution of blood at
the system or body level
through neural mechanisms (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Facilitated
Diffusion

Diffusion
that takes place with the help of a carrier substance (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Factor Analysis

A complex
statistical procedure wherein a large number of separate tests are
grouped into
a smaller number of factors, each of which is thought to represent an
underlying ability (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Factor Loading

In factor
analysis, the statistical values indicating the extent to which the
tests
measure the various factors (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Fartlek Training (Speed Play)

An informal
interval-training-type method for
endurance performance that involves alternating a fast and a slow
training pace
over natural terrain; neither the work nor relief intervals are
precisely
timed; it is the forerunner of the interval training system (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

A muscle fiber characterized
by fast contraction
time, high anaerobic capacity, and low aerobic capacity, all making the
fiber
suited for high-power output activities; also known as Type II fiber
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

The mass (weight) of the
body that is not fat,
including muscle, bone, skin, and organs (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Fat-Soluble
Vitamins

A category of vitamins that
are fat soluble and
consequently are stored in the body in the liver and fatty tissues;
need not be
supplied each day but excessive accumulations can cause toxic effects;
vitamins
A, D, E, and K (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Fatigue

A state of
discomfort and decreased efficiency resulting from prolonged or
excessive
exertion (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Fatty Acids

Linear
chains of carbon and
hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one
end; a
constituent of fat (Marieb, 1998)

Feedback

Sensory
information that results from movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Feedfoward
Control

The sending of information
ahead in time to ready a
part of the system for incoming sensory feedback or for a future motor
command
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Fiber

A
slender, threadlike structure or filament (Marieb, 1998)

Fiber-Nerve Ratio (F:N)

The number of muscle fibers
in a motor unit in
relationship to the motor neuron axon that is innervating it (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Fick Equation

First-Class Lever

A lever for which the muscle
force and resistive
force act on opposite sides of the fulcrum; a lever in which the
fulcrum is
between the effort force and the resistance force (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)
(Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Fitness

The ability of the body to cope with a specific task
under specific conditions (Siff, 2003)

Fitt’s
Law

Mathematical description of
the speed-accuracy
trade-off in which the average movement time is linearly related to Log2(2A/W)
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Fixator

Muscle that immobilizes one
or more bones; allowing
other muscles to act from a stable base (Marieb, 1998)

Flaccid

Lacking muscular tonus (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Flavin
Adenine Dinucleotide

An acceptor and carrier of
hydrogen from the Krebs
cycle to the electron transport system (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Fleshy Attachment

Muscle
fibers are directly affixed
to the bone; usually over a wide area so that force is distributed
rather than
localized (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Flexibility

Refers to the range of
movement of a specific joint
with respect to a particular degree of freedom; each joint exhibits
statically
or dynamically some or many degrees of freedom (Siff, 2003)

Flexion

Movement
that decreases the angle
of the joint, e.g., bending the knee from a straight to an angled
position
(Marieb, 1998)

Flexor Reflex

Reflex initiated by a
painful stimulus (actual or
perceived); causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part
from the
stimulus (Marieb, 1998)

Floor
Effect

A limitation, imposed either
by the scoring system
or by physiological-psychological limits, that places a minimum on the
score
that a performer can achieve in a task (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Fluid
Resistance

The resistive force
encountered by an object moving
through a fluid (liquid or gas) or by a fluid moving past or around an
object
or through an orifice; encountered by swimmers, sprinters, throwers,
etc
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
(FSH)

Hormone
produced by the anterior
pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and
sperm
production in males (Marieb, 1998)

Food Guide Pyramid

A tool designed to provide
guidance for evaluating
nutrient adequacy of the diet; developed by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Foot-Pound (ft-lb)

A work unit; that is,
application of a one-pound
force through a distance of one foot (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Foramen

Hole or
opening in a bone or between body cavities (Marieb, 1998)

Force

That which changes or tends
to change the state of
rest or motion in matter (SI unit: Newton);
a muscle generates force in a muscle action (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Force Couple

Two
forces that are equal in
magnitude, act in opposite directions at a distance from an axis of
rotation,
and produces rotation with no translation (Hamill & Knutzen
2003)

Force Variability

The within-subject
variability in a series of
forces produced either in static or in dynamic contractions (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Foreperiod

The
interval between a warning signal and the stimulus to respond (Schmidt
&
Lee, 1999)

Forgetting

The loss of memory, or the
loss of the acquired capability for responding (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Forgetting and Reconstruction Hypothesis

A view of contextual
interference that emphasizes
the role of the construction of previously forgotten action plans as a
basis of
learning (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Form Drag

Resistance that results from
the way in which a
fluid presses against the front or rear of an object passing through it
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Formed Elements

Cellular
portion of blood (Marieb, 1998)

Fossa

A
depression, often an articular surface (Marieb, 1998)

Fovea

A
pit (Marieb, 1998)

Fracture

A
break in a bone (Marieb, 1998)

Frank-Starling Mechanism

A change in cardiac
performance (i.e., stroke work)
as a function of preload or stretch of the cardiac muscle prior to
contraction
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Free Fatty Acids

The
components of fat that are used by the body for metabolism (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Free Radicals

Highly
reactive chemicals with
unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids,
and
nucleic acids (Marieb, 1998)

Free Weight

An object of known mass, not
attached to a
supporting or guiding structure, which is used for physical
conditioning and
competitive lifting (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Glucocorticoids

Gluconeogenesis

Formation
of glucose from noncarbohydrate
molecules (Marieb,
1998)

Glucose

Principal
blood sugar; a hexose
(Marieb, 1998)

Glucose-Alanine
Cycle

Glucose made in the liver
from pyruvic
acid that is carried there in the form of alanine;
the alanine being
originally formed in muscle by combining
–NH2 radicals from metabolized amino acids with pyruvate
(Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Glycemic Index
(GI)

Classifies
a food by how high and
how long it raises blood glucose (i.e., the food’s glycemic
response) (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Glycerol

A
modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol) (Marieb, 1998)

Glycine

A simple amino acid, thought
to be the main
inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Glycoaminoglycan

Glycogen

Main
carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide (Marieb, 1998)

Glycogen-Loading (Supercompensation)

A diet or exercise-diet
procedure that elevates
muscle glycogen stores to concentrations two to three times normal
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Glycogen
Sparing

The diminished utilization
of glycogen that results
when other fuels are available(and
are
used) for activity; if, for instance, fat is used to a greater extent
than
usual, glycogen is “spared”; glycogen will thus be
available longer before
ultimately being depleted (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Glygogenesis

Formation
of glycogen from glucose (Marieb, 1998)

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown
of glycogen from glucose (Marieb, 1998)

Glycolipid

A
lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars (Marieb, 1998)

Glycolysis

Goal Setting

Described
as a process whereby
progressively challenging standards of performance are pursued with a
defined
criterion of task performance that increases the likelihood of
perceived
success (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Golgi Tendon Organs

Proprioceptors
located in tendons,
close to the point of skeletal muscle insertion; important to smooth
onset and
termination of muscle contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Habit

Haldane Transformation

An
equation allowing you to
calculate the inspired air volume from expired air volume, or expired
air
volume from inspired air volume (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Half-Reaction Time

Method of estimating speed
at which a chemical or
physiological reaction or change occurs (e.g., in 30 seconds one-half
of fast
oxygen recovery component is completed) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

HDL Cholesterol

That portion of total plasma
cholesterol that is
transported or carried by high-density lipoproteins, higher levels of
which
carry an inverse relationship to the development of atherosclerosis
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Heart Attack

The
blocking of blood flow to a
portion of the heart muscle; also called myocardial infarction
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Heart Block

Impaired transmission of
impulses from atrium to
ventricle resulting in dysrhythmia
(Marieb, 1998)

A condition of fatigue
caused by prolonged exposure
to environmental heat; may be associated with headache, nausea, and
vomiting
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Heat
Stroke

A disorder caused by
overexposure to heat and
characterized by high body (rectal) temperature, hot dry skin (usually
flushed), and unconsciousness; it can be fatal (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Heavy-Chain
Myosin
Proteins

Heavy polypeptide chains
composed of a head (motor
domain) which contains ATP and actin binding sites and a tail region to
which
the light chains are attached (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Helper
T Cell

Type of T lymphocyte that
orchestrates cellular
immunity by direct contact with other immune cells and by releasing
chemicals
called lymphokines;
also helps to mediate the humoral
response by interacting with B cells (Marieb, 1998)

Hematocrit

The percentage of erythrocytes to total blood
volume
(Marieb, 1998)

Hematoma

Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured
site
(Marieb, 1998)

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell formation; hemopoiesis
(Marieb, 1998)

Hematuria

Discharge of blood into urine (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Heme

Iron-containing pigment that is essential to
oxygen
transport by hemoglobin (Marieb, 1998)

Hemoconcentration

A relative (not absolute)
increase in the cellular
content per unit of blood volume, resulting from a reduction in plasma
volume
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Hemocytoblast

Bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the
formed
elements of blood (Marieb, 1998)

Hemodilution

An increase in blood plasma
resulting in a dilution
of the blood’s cellular contents (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Hemodynamics

The study of the physical laws governing blood
flow
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-transporting component of erythrocytes (Marieb,
1998)

Hemoglobin
Saturation

The amount of oxygen bound by each molecule of
hemoglobin (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Hemolysis

Rupture of erythrocytes (Marieb, 1998)

Hemorrhage

Loss of blood from the vessels by flow through
ruptured walls; bleeding (Marieb, 1998)

Hemostasis

Stoppage of bleeding (Marieb, 1998)

Henry’s
Law

The amount of gas that a
fluid will absorb under
pressure varies in direct proportion to the partial pressure of the gas
(Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Hernia

Abnormal protrusion of an
organ or a body part
through the containing wall of its cavity (Marieb, 1998)

Heterochronicity

The process in which
specific events do not occur
simultaneously or asynchronously, but rather in a complex sequence of
distinct
steps or actions, each of which lays the foundation for the next one
(Siff,
2003)

Hick’s
Law

A mathematical statement
that choice reaction time
is linearly related to the Log2 of the number of
stimulus-response
alternatives, or to the amount of information that must be processed in
order
to choose a response (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Hierarchal
Control Model

The idea that with practice,
the control of the
response shifts systematically from attention-demanding higher levels
to less
attention-demanding motor program levels (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

High-Density
Lipoprotein
(HDL)

A cholesterol carrier
regarded as a scavenger;
theorized to remove cholesterol from the arterial wall and transport it
to the
liver to be metabolized (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

High-Energy
Phosphogens

Includes ATP, ADP, and CP
– all of which contain one
or two high-energy phosphate bonds that can be split to liberate usable
energy
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Hill’s
Equation for
Muscle Contraction

Establishes the functional
connection between the
force being exerted (F) and the maximal speed of muscular contraction
(V) under
isotonic conditions, in which case the speed of muscular contraction
diminishes
hyperbolically as the load increases; (Fo)
is maximal
strength, a and b are constants; (F
+ a)(V +b) = (Fo + a)
(Siff, 2003)

Hilton’s
Law

Any nerve serving a muscle
producing movement at a
joint also innervates the joint itself and the skin over the joint
(Marieb,
1998)

Homeostasis

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal
environment of the body (Marieb, 1998)

Hooke’s
Law

Elongation of an elastic tissue is directly
proportional to applied force (Siff, 2003)

Hormones

Steroidal or amino
acid-based molecules released to
the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body
functions
(Marieb, 1998)

Hormone
Receptor

A region of the membranes of
target cells that is
specific to and can react with only one hormone; analogous to a lock
and key
mechanism (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Hormone
Receptor Complex

Formed when a hormone binds
with its receptor; this
unit undergoes a conformational shift and it activates whereupon it
binds to
the cell’s nucleus to expose transcriptional units that code
for the synthesis
of specific proteins (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Refers to molecules, or
portions of molecules, that
interact with water and charged particles (Marieb, 1998)

Hydrophobic

Refers to molecules, or
portions of molecules, that
interact only with nonpolar
molecules (Marieb, 1998)

Hydrostatic
Pressure

Pressure of fluid in a system (Marieb, 1998)

Hydrostatic
Weighing

A method of measuring body
volume in which a person
is weighed while submerged underwater; the difference between the scale
weight
on land and the underwater weight (corrected for water density) equals
body
volume; this value must be further corrected to account for any air
tapped in
the lungs and other parts of the body (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

A solution that has a higher
concentration of nonpenetrating
solutes than the references cell; having
greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution (blood plasma or
interstitial fluid) (Marieb, 1998)

Hypertrophy

Increase in size of a tissue
or organ independent
of the body’s general growth (Marieb, 1998)

A type of plyometric
training in which the
concentric rebound is stimulated by contact with a surface or an object
(such
as depth jumps) (Siff, 2003)

Impaired
Fasting Glucose

A plasma glucose level of
between 110 and 125 mg/dl
following an 8-hour fast (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Imperfection
Training

Training to give an athlete
the ability to cope
with unexpected and sub-optimal conditions; training in imperfect
conditions so
as to prepare the athlete to prevent injury during unexpected
conditions within
sport (Siff, 2003)

Impulse

The product of the magnitude of a torque and its
time
of application (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Impulse-Momentum
Relationship

The relationship stating
that the impulse is equal
to the change in momentum (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Impulse-Timing
Model

A model of motor programming
in which movement
trajectory is controlled by impulses that determine the amount and
timing of
applied forces (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Impulse-Variability
Theory

A theory of rapid actions in
which the variability
in the muscular impulses leads directly to the variations or errors in
movement
control (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Stable differences among individuals on some
variable
or task (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Individual
Differences
of Learning

Differences between or among
individuals in the
amount or rate of acquisition of skills (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Individualization
Principle of Training

Training which suits one
athlete may not
necessarily suit another; training programs must be designed for
individual
athletes based upon individual peculiarities and requirements (Siff,
2003)

Inert

Having no action (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Inertial
Force

Additional force outside of
gravity, such as a
barbell or weight stack, that when accelerated exerts force upon the
lifter
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Inertial
Training

Training in which strength
is directed against the
inertia of a load; two means of inertial training include the
application of
force against a horizontal wheel or suspended load or by spinning a
heavy
flywheel ergometer (Siff, 2003)

Pertaining to a position near the tail end of the long
axis of the body

Inflammation

A nonspecific defensive
response of the body to
tissue injury; includes dilation of blood vessels and an increase in
vessel
permeability; indicated by redness, heat, swelling, and pain (Marieb,
1998)

Information

The content of a message that serves to reduce
uncertainty (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Information-Processing
Viewpoint

The study of movement in
which the human is viewed
as a processor of information, focusing on storage, coding, retrieval,
and
transformation of information (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Inguinal

Pertaining to the groin region (Marieb, 1998)

Inherent
Feedback

That feedback normally
received in the conduct of a
particular task (also called intrinsic feedback) (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Inhibiting
Factors

Hormones transmitted from
the hypothalamus to the
anterior pituitary that inhibit release of some other hormones (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Inhibitory
Postsynaptic
Potential (IPSP)

A transient decrease in
electrical potential
(hyperpolarization) in a postsynaptic neuron from its resting membrane
potential (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Initial
Adjustment

Woodworth’s term
for the initial open-loop portion
of an aiming movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Initial
Conditions

A construct in schema
theory; the nature of the
task and environment prior to the production of a movement (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Innervation

Supply of nerves to a body part (Marieb, 1998)

Inorganic
Compound

Chemical substances that do
not contain carbon,
including water, salts, and many acids and bases (Marieb, 1998)

Inorganic
Phosphate (Pi)

Simple form of phosphorus
not in association with
carbon, which would make it organic; a by product of ATP when it is
split to
ADP and Pi and used in resynthesizing
ATP in the
process of oxidative-phosphorylation (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Inotropic

Force of myocardial
contraction; a shift in the
Frank-Starling curve to the right or to the left (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

The active process involving
the diaphragm and the
external intercostal muscles that expands the thoracic dimensions and
thus the
lungs; the expansion decreases pressure in the lungs, allowing outside
air to
rush in (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Inspiratory
Capacity
(IC)

Maximal volume of air inspired from resting
expiratory level (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Inspiratory
Reserve
Volume (IRV)

Maximal volume of air inspired from
end-inspiration
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

One of two major categories
of diabetes mellitus
that is caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient
insulin
as a result of failure of the beta-cells in the pancreas; this is also
known as
type-I diabetes (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Insulin
Resistance

A deficient target cell response to insulin
(Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Insulin
Sensitivity

An index of the
effectiveness of a given insulin
concentration on the disposal of glucose (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Integration

The process by which the
nervous system processes
and interprets sensory input and makes decisions about what should be
done at
each moment (Marieb, 1998)

One of the constants for
linear empirical
equations; the value on the Y-axis when X is zero (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Interference
Theory

A theory that forgetting is
caused by interference
from other learned materials (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Intermittent
Work

Exercises performed with
alternate periods of
relief, as opposed to continuous work (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Intermuscular
Coordination

Involves the synchronization
or sequencing of
actions between different muscle groups wihc
are
producing any given joint movements (Siff, 2003)

Internal
Respiration

Exchange of gases between
blood and tissue fluid
and between tissue fluid and cells (Marieb, 1998)

Internal
Work

The total work done
resulting from the motion of
all of the body’s segments (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Interneuron
(Internuncial Neuron)

A nerve cell located between
afferent (sensory) and
efferent (motor) nerve cells; it acts as a
“go-between” between incoming and
outgoing impulses; neurons originating and terminating wholly within
the spinal
cord that connect various segments of it; some are thought to be
involved in
the spinal generators (Foss and Keteyian, 1998) (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Interstitial
Cells (Leydig Cells)

Cells located in the loose
connective tissue
surrounding the seminiferous
tubules; they produce
androgens (most importantly testosterone), which are secreted into the
surrounding interstitial fluid (Marieb, 1998)

Interstitial
Fluid

Fluid between the cells (Marieb, 1998)

Interstitial
Lamellae

Incomplete lamellae that lie
between intact osteons,
filling the gaps between forming osteons,
or representing the
remnants of an osteon
that has been cut through by
bone remodeling (Marieb, 1998)

Intertrial
Interval

The interval of time between
one movement and the
next in the knowledge of results paradigm (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

A system of physical
conditioning in which the body
is subjected to short but regularly repeated periods of work stress
interspersed with adequate periods of relief (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Intervertebral
Discs

Discs of fibrocartilage
between vertebrae (Marieb, 1998)

Intracapsular
Ligament

Ligament located within and
separate from the
articular capsule of a synovial joint (Marieb, 1998)

Intracellular
Fluid

Fluid within a cell (Marieb, 1998)

Intrafusal
Fibers

Muscle cells (fibers) that house the muscle
spindles
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Intramuscular
Coordination

The control of muscle
tension by activating or
deactivating certain numbers of fibers (number encoding), modifying the
firing
rate of active fibers (rate encoding), and the synchronization or
sequencing of
firing of the different types of muscle fibers (pattern encoding)
(Siff, 2003)

Intramuscular
Glycogen

Complex carbohydrate stored
within muscle cells;
the glucose subunits are used as a ready source of energy for muscle
metabolism
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Intrinsic
Motivation

A desire to be competent and
self-determining; the
athlete is a self-starter and does not require external motivation to
have a
desire to compete (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Invariant
Characteristic

The relationship between
joint position and joint
torque established by the central nervous system (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Inverse
Dynamics

An analytical approach
calculating forces and
moments based on the accelerations of the object (Hamill &
Knutzen 2003)

Inverted-U
Theory

Arousal facilitates
performance up to an optimal
level, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with
reduced
performance; a description of the relationship between arousal and
performance
that resembles an inverted U when graphed (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Involuntary
Muscle

Muscles not ordinarily under control of will
(Marieb,
1998)

Involuntary
Nervous
System

The autonomic nervous system (Marieb, 1998)

Ion

Atom with a positive or negative electric charge
(Marieb, 1998)

Ionic
Bond

Chemical bond formed by electron transfer
between
atoms (Marieb, 1998)

Ipsilateral

Situated on the same side (Marieb, 1998)

Iron

A mineral found in the heme
groups of red blood cells and tin the cytochromes
of
the mitochondrion; very important to oxygen transport, metabolism, and
energy
levels (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Irritability

Ability to respond to stimuli (Marieb, 1998)

Ischemia

Local decrease in blood supply (Marieb, 1998)

Isoforms

Proteins that have the same
basic make-up but also
slight modifications that alter their function (e.g., in muscle both
heavy- and
light-chain myosin exist) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Isokinetic
Muscle Action

Muscle action in which the
tension developed by the
muscle while shortening at a constant speed is theoretically maximal
over the
full range of motion (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Isometric
Muscle Action

Muscle action in which the
muscle does not shorten
(the load is too heavy) but internal tension increases (Marieb, 1998)

Isotonic
Contraction

Contraction in which muscle
tension remains
constant and the muscle shortens (Marieb, 1998)

Isotonic
Solution

A solution with a
concentration of nonpenetrating
solutes equal to that found in the reference
cell (Marieb, 1998)

Joint
(articulation)

The junction of two or more bones (Marieb, 1998)

Joint
Kinesthetic
Receptor

Receptor that provides information on joint
position
and motion (Marieb, 1998)

Karvonen
Method

The calculation of training
heart rate by adding a
given percentage of the maximal heart rate by adding a given percentage
of the
maximal heart rate reserve to the resting heart rate; this method gives
an adjusted
heart rate that is approximately equivalent to the desired percentage
of VO2
max (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Ketones
(Ketone Bodies)

Fatty acid metabolites; strong organic acids (Marieb,
1998)

Ketosis

Abnormal condition during which an excess of ketone bodies is produced
(Marieb, 1998)

Killer
T Cell

Cytotoxic T
cell (Marieb, 1998)

Kilocalories
(kcal)

See Calorie

Kilogram-Meters
(kg-m)

A unit of work (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Kilojoules
(kJ)

A unit of energy (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Kinematic
Feedback

Feedback about the movement
characteristics or
movement pattern produced (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Kinesiology

Scientific study of human
movement; includes such
aspects of study as exercise physiology, motor learning/control, and
biomechanics (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Kinesthesis
(Kinesthetic Sense)

Awareness of where the body and its components
are in
space and time (Siff, 2003)

Kinetic
Energy

The energy of motion or
movement, e.g., the
constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that
sets it
into motion (Marieb, 1998)

Kinetic
Feedback

Feedback about the force characteristics of a
movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Knowledge
of Performance
(KP)

Augmented feedback related
to the nature of the
movement produced (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Knowledge
of Results
(KR)

Augmented feedback related
to the nature of the
result produced in terms of the environmental goal (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

KR
Delay

The interval between the
production of a movement
and the presentation of KR (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Krebs
Cycle

Aerobic metabolic pathway
occurring within
mitochondria, in which food metabolites are oxidized and CO2 is
liberated, and
coenzymes are reduced (Marieb, 1998)

Kyphotic

A rounded spine, as seen in the thoracic spine
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

L-Carnitine

A substance important for
fatty acid metabolism
because it assists in the transfer of fatty acids from the cytosol
(the fluid portion of the cytoplasm, exclusive organelles) across the
inner
mitochondrial membrane for beta-oxidation (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

L-Tryptophan

An essential amino acid that
has been proposed to
increase aerobic endurance performance through its effects on the
central
nervous system; it theoretically acts as an analgesic and delays
fatigue
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Lactacid
Oxygen Debt

That portion of the recovery
oxygen used to remove
accumulated lactic acid from the blood following exercise; the slow
recovery
phase (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Lactate

The salt of lactic acid (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Lactate
Dehydrogenase (LDH)

A key glycolytic enzyme
involved in the conversion
of pyruvate to lactate (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Lactate
Threshold

The point during exercise
where a nonlinear
increase in blood lactate occurs (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Lactic
Acid

Product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in
muscle
(Marieb, 1998)

Lactic
Acid System (LA
System)

An anaerobic energy system
in which ATP is
manufactured when glucose (sugar) is broken down to lactic acid;
high-intensity
efforts requiring 1 to 3 minutes before energy (ATP) is primarily drawn
from
this system; more commonly referred to as anaerobic glycolysis
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Lacunae

A small space, cavity, or
depression; lacunae in
bone or cartilage are occupied by cells (Marieb, 1998)

Lamella

A layer, such as of bone matrix in Haversian
Systems of compact bones (Marieb, 1998)

Lamina

A thin layer or flat plate;
the portion of a
vertebra between the transverse process and the spinous process
(Marieb, 1998)

Latent
Period

Period of time between stimulation and the onset
of
muscle contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (Marieb, 1998)

Law
of Practice

The common finding that the
log of the performance
measure tends to change linearly with the log of the amount of practice
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

LDL
Cholesterol

That portion of total plasma
cholesterol that is
transported or carried by low-density lipoproteins, higher levels of
which
carry a direct relationship to the development of atherosclerosis (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Lead-Up
Tasks

Certain tasks or activities
that are typically
presented to prepare learners for a more important or more complex task
or
activity (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Lean
Body Mass (Weight)

The body weight minus the weight of the body fat
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Learning

A set of internal processes
associated with
practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the
capability for skill (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Learning
Curve

A label sometimes applied to
the performance curve,
in the belief that the changes in performance mirror changes in
learning
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Learning
Score

A difference score, computed
as the difference
between the initial and final levels of performance; sometimes used in
computing the changes in performance as a result of practice (Schmidt
&
Lee, 1999)

Learning
Variable

An independent variable that affects learning
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Left
Bundle Branch

Part of the conduction
system of the heart;
receives the impulse from the AV bundle and passes it along into the
Purkinje
Fibers (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Length-Tension
Relationship

The amount of force that a
muscle can exert is
related to its length; peak force production is usually seen at resting
length
or slightly greater than resting length (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Leukocytes

White blood cells; formed
elements involved in body
protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses (Marieb,
1998)

Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of
leukocytes (white
blood cells); usually the result of a microbiological attack on the
body (Marieb,
1998)

Leukopenia

Abnormally low white blood cell count (Marieb, 1998)

Leukopoiesis

The production of white blood cells (Marieb,
1998)

Lever

A rigid or semirigid body
that, when subjected to a force whose line of action does not pass
through its pivot
point, exerts force on any object impeding its tendency to rotate; a
mechanism
for doing work that consists of a fulcrum and two eccentric forces
(Baechle
& Earle, 2000) (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Lever
System

Consists of a lever (bone),
effort (muscle action),
resistance (weight of object to be moved) and fulcrum (joint) (Marieb,
1998)

Ligament

Band of regular fibrous tissue that connects bones
(Marieb, 1998)

Linear

Pertaining to a straight line (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Lipid

Organic compound formed of
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol (Marieb, 1998)

Lymph

Lymphatic System

System
consisting of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs
and
tissues; drains excess tissue fluid from the extracellular space and
provides a
site for immune surveillance (Marieb, 1998)

Lymphocyte

Agranular white
blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature
in the
lymphoid organs of the body (Marieb, 1998)

Masking Agent

Such
as diuretics, dilute urine
specimens and make it difficult to obtain a positive test for another
banned
substance, such as anabolic steroids; labs can now test for masking
agents as
well as concentrate the effected urine specimens and adjust the pH so a
proper
drug screen can be performed (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A
model of human needs developed by
Abraham Maslow; the most basic human needs (such as physiological and
survival
needs) need to be satisfied before subsequent needs (such as social
needs)
begin to exert influence on a person (Siff, 2003)

Mass

The
quantity of matter of an object that is reflected in its inertia (SI
unit:
kilogram) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Massed Practice

A sequence of practice and
rest periods in which
the rest time is much less than the practice time (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Maturation

The
process by which the body takes
on the adult form and becomes fully functional; it is often defined by
the
system or function being considered (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Maximal Aerobic Power

See
Maximal
Oxygen Consumption

Maximal Expiratory
Ventilation

The highest ventilation that
can be achieved during
exhaustive exercise (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Maximal Heart Rate Reserve

The maximal rate at which
oxygen can be consumed
per minute; the power or capacity of the aerobic or oxygen system (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Maximal
Oxygen Uptake

The greatest amount of
oxygen that can be used at
the cellular level for the entire body (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Maximal
Plyometrics

A type of plyometric
training in which
low-repetition activities are done where the intensity of the depth
jump or
rebound exercise is such that maximal or near-maximal rebound tension
is
produced in the relevant muscles (Siff, 2003)

Maximum
Heart Rate

The highest heart rate value
attainable during an
all-out effort to the point of exhaustion (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Maximum
Strength

A measure of maximal
voluntary isometric muscular
force which can be produced without a time limit or a limit to the
amount of
weight lifted (Siff, 2003)

Maximum Voluntary Contraction
(MVC)

The
greatest force output that an individual can generate from a muscle
group
through only volitional control (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

McCloy Method
of Training

The use
of a weight 50% of one’s 10RM for 10 repetitions, followed by
a weight equal to
one’s 10RM for 10 reps, and finally a load 75% of
one’s 10RM for 10 reps (Siff,
2003)

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

The
average blood
pressure throughout the cardiac cycle (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Mechanical Advantage (Power
Lever)

Condition that occurs when
the load is close to the
fulcrum and the effort is applied far from the fulcrum; allows a small
effort
exerted over a relatively large distance to move a large load over a
small
distance; the ratio of the effort arm to the resistance arm of a lever
(Marieb,
1998) (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Mechanical Disadvantage (Speed
Lever)

Condition
that occurs when the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is
applied
near the fulcrum; the effort applied must be greater than the load to
be moved
(Marieb, 1998)

Mechanical Energy

The energy directly involved
in moving matter;
e.g., in bicycle riding, the legs provide the mechanical energy that
moves the
pedals (Marieb, 1998)

Mechanical Load

Stimulates
bone and muscle growth;
dependent upon the magnitude of the load (intensity, the rate (speed)
of
loading, the direction of the forces, and the volume of loading
(repetitions)
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Mechanoreceptor

Receptor
sensitive to mechanical pressure such as touch, sound, or exerted by
muscle
contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Medial

Toward
the midline of the body (Marieb, 1998)

Medial Lemniscal System

The pathway to the cerebral
cortex for
discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception
(Marieb, 1998)

Menstrual Dysfunction

Menstruation

The
process or an
instance of discharging the meses(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Mental Imagery

A
cognitive psychological skill in
which the athlete uses all the senses to create a mental experience of
an
athletic performance (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Mental Practice

A practice method in which
performance on the task
is imagined or visualized without overt physical practice (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Mesencephalic
Preparation

A surgical preparation in
which the spinal cord is
cut at the mid-brain, essentially separating higher centers from the
spinal
cord (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Mesocycle

Refers to a number of
microcycles which serve as a
recurring unit over a period of several weeks or months within a
macrocycle
(Siff, 2003)

Mesomorphy

A
body type component characterized
by a square body with hard, rugged, and prominent musculature (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

MET (Metabolic Equivalent)

The amount of oxygen
required per minute under
resting, sitting conditions; it is approximately 3.5 mL
of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Metabolic Rate

Energy
expended by the body per unit time (Marieb, 1998)

Metabolic Syndrome

A
term that has been used to link
coronary artery disease, hypertension, type II diabetes, and upper body
obesity
to insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia; this syndrome has also been
referred to as syndrome X and the civilization syndrome (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Metabolic System

A system
of biochemical reactions that cause the formation of waste products
(metabolites) and the manufacture of ATP; for example, the ATP-PC,
anaerobic
glycolysis, and oxygen systems (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Metabolism

Sum
total of the
chemical reactions occurring in the body cells (Marieb, 1998)

Metabolite

Any
substance
produced by a metabolic reaction (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Monokines

Monosaccharide

Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex

A segmental
reflex produced by stretch of a muscle and its spindles connecting monosynaptically with the alpha motorneurons
of the same muscle; it has a latency of about 30 to 50 milliseconds in
humans (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Monounsaturated

Morphology

Motivation

An
internal state that tends to
direct or energize the system toward a goal (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Motive To
Achieve Success (MAS)

The
desire to attain victory or
success; an athlete with MAS tends to heighten effort in response to
the
challenge and not perceive any threat; playing to win (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Motive To Avoid Failure (MAF)

The
desire to protect one’s ego and
self-esteem; an athlete with MAF may reduce effort because he or she
fears
failure and the threat to self-esteem, playing not to lose (Baechle
&
Earle, 2000)

Motor Areas

Functional
areas in the cerebral cortex that control voluntary motor functions
(Marieb,
1998)

Motor Behavior

An area
of study stressing primarily the principles of human skilled movement
generated
at a behavior level of analysis (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Motor Control

An area
of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, and
behavioral
aspects of movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Motor Development

A
field of study concerning the
changes in motor behavior occurring as a result of growth, maturation,
and
experience (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Motor End Plates

Troughlike
part of a
muscle fiber’s sarcolemma that helps form the neuromuscular
junction (Marieb,
1998)

Motor
Engrams

Memorized motor patterns
that are stored in the motor
area of the brain (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Motor
Learning

The process of programming
the brain/central
nervous system to be able to carry out specific movement tasks; a set
of
internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to
relatively
permanent changes in the capability for motor skill (Siff, 2003)
(Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Motor
Memory

The memory for movement or motor information
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Motor Nerves

Nerves
that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for
effectors (Marieb, 1998)

Motorneuron
Pools

Collections
of alpha motorneuron
cell bodies in the gray matter
of the spinal cord that serve motor units in the same or
anatomically-related
muscles (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Motor Program

An
abstract representation that, when initiated, results in the production
of a
coordinated movement sequence (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Motor Reaction Time

The
interval between the first change in EMG and the movement’s
initiation (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Motor Unit

A
motor neuron and
all the muscle cells it stimulates (Marieb, 1998)

Movement

Changes
in joint
angles, the position of the entire body, or both (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Movement Outcome

A
construct in schema theory; the result of the movement in the
environment,
usually signaled by intrinsic feedback or KR (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Movement Time (MT)

The
interval between
the initiation of a movement and its termination (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Multiaxial
Joint

A
joint which allows movement about
all three perpendicular axes that define space; as seen in the shoulder
and hip
ball-and-socket joints (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Multiple Correlation

A statistical procedure in
which the weightings of
predictor variables are adjusted so that their sum correlates maximally
with
some criterion variable (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Multiple Motor Unit Summation

The
varying of the number of motor units contracting within a muscle at any
given
time (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Multistability

A
system that can exhibit stability in not one, but a variety of
different states
(Siff, 2003)

Muscle Bundle

A
fasciculus (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Muscle Buffering Capacity

The
muscles’ ability to tolerate
the acid that accumulates in them during anaerobic glycolysis (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Muscle Fiber

A
muscle cell (Marieb, 1998)

Muscle Force

Force
generated by biochemical
activity, or the stretching of noncontractile
tissue
that tends to draw the opposite ends of a muscle toward each other
(Baechle
& Earle, 2000)

Muscle Power

The product of the net
muscle moment and the
angular velocity of the joint (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Muscle Spindle (Neuromuscular Spindle)

Encapsulated
receptor found in skeletal muscle that is sensitive to stretch (Marieb,
1998)

Muscle Spindle Reflex

Discharge
of impulses from muscle spindles due to stretch, which results in CNS
reflex
maintenance of active muscle tonus in the same muscles (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Muscle Strength

The force
or tension that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a
resistance in
one maximal effort (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Muscle Tension

The
force exerted by
a contracting muscle on some object (Marieb, 1998)

Muscle Tone

Sustained
partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch receptor inputs;
keeps
the muscle healthy and ready to act (Marieb, 1998)

Muscle Twitch

The
response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus (Marieb, 1998)

Muscle Wisdom

The
process in which the activation discharge rate of alpha motor neurons
is
modulated by the central nervous system to optimize force production by
skeletal muscle during sustained muscle action (Siff,
2003)

Muscular Dystrophy

A
group of inherited
muscle-destroying diseases (Marieb, 1998)

Muscular Endurance

The
ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions
against a
light load for an extended period of time (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Muscular System

The organ system consisting
of the skeletal muscles
of the body and their connective tissue attachments (Marieb, 1998)

Myelin Sheath

Fatty
insulating sheath that surrounds all but the smallest nerve fibers
(Marieb,
1998)

Myelination

The
process of
acquiring a myelin sheath (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Condition
characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by
interruption of
blood supply to the area (Marieb, 1998)

Myocardium

Myofibril

Myofilament

Filament
that constitutes myofibrils consisting of two types: actin and myosin
(Marieb,
1998)

Myogenic
Factors

Substances
found within muscle
fibers that regulate the properties specific to the fiber type, such as
contractile speed and power production during contraction (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Myoglobin

Oxygen-binding
pigment in muscle (Marieb, 1998)

Myogram

A graphic
recording of mechanical contractile activity produced by an apparatus
that
measures muscle contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Myokinase (MK)

Enzyme found in muscle cells
that catalyzes
(speeds) the reformation of ATP in the presence of ADP

Myosin

One of
the principle contractile proteins found in muscle (Marieb, 1998)

Myosin-ATPase

Myofibrillar
adenosine triphosphatase;
an enzyme found in myosin
that catalyzes ATP degradation to ADP and Pi; a marker for muscle fiber
contraction speed (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC)

A component of myosin that
determines its
contractile characteristics; occurs in three isoforms
(type I, IIa, and IIx)
(Siff, 2003)

Natural
Killer (NK) Cells

Defensive cells that can lyse
and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the immune
system is
activated (Marieb, 1998)

Nebulin

A giant protein that
coextends with actin and
appears to play a regulatory role in mediating actin and myosin
interactions
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Necrosis

Death of a cell or group of cells in contact
with
living tissue (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Needs
Analysis

An assessment of factors
that determine the
specific training program appropriate for an individual (Wilmore
& Costill,
2004)

Negative
Energy Balance

A condition in which less
energy (food) is taken in
than is given off; body weight decreases as a result (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Negative
Feedback
Mechanism

A system of regulatory
control where a change from
normal is detected and an adjustment is effected until normal levels
are
reestablished (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Negative
Transfer

The loss in capability for
one task as a result of
practice or experience in some other task (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Negative
Work

Force times distance applied
in the same direction
as the pull of gravity assisted by gravity; the work done on a system
when the
loading torque is greater than the torque exerted by the muscle (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998) (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Nerve Cell

A
neuron (Marieb,
1998)

Nerve Conduction Velocity

The speed
of travel of nerve impulses along nerve axons or fibers; faster for
large
fibers and faster still for myelinated (insulated) ones (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Nerve Fiber

Axon
of a neuron
(Marieb, 1998)

Nerve Impulse

A
self-propagating
wave of depolarization; also called an action potential (Marieb, 1198)

Nerve Plexuses

Interlacing
nerve networks that occur in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
regions
and primarily serve the limbs (Marieb, 1998)

Nervous System

Fast-acting
control system that triggers muscle contraction or gland secretion
(Marieb,
1998)

Net Oxygen Cost

The
amount of oxygen, above resting values, required to perform a given
amount of
work; also referred to as net cost of exercise (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Neuroendocrinology

Describes the close
relationship of chemical
substances that have both neural and hormone functions; some
neurotransmitters
have endocrine functions (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Neurohypophysis

The posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland; so called because of its direct connection
with
the hypothalamus of the brain; secretes ADH and oxytocin (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Neuromuscular Efficiency

Refers
to the skill with which one
executes a given movement and relates to how efficiently and
intensively one
recruits muscle fibers in the appropriate muscle groups to produce the
movement
pattern accurately and powerfully (Siff, 2003)

Neuromuscular Junction

Region
where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle
cell
(Marieb, 1998)

Neuron

Cell of
the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit nerve impulses
(Marieb,
1998)

Neuron Cell Body

The
biosynthetic
center of a neuron; also called the perikaryon,
or
soma (Marieb, 1998)

Nicotinic Receptors

A monitor of daily protein
balance; a positive
nitrogen balance means that nitrogen intake from protein is equal to or
slightly greater than nitrogen loss (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Nitrogen
Narcosis

A condition caused by
breathing air underwater at
depths where the partial pressure of nitrogen is elevated, causing the
central
nervous system to experience a narcotic-like effect and leading to
distortions
in judgment and sometimes to serious injury or death; also known as
rapture of
the deep (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Nodes
of Ranvier

Those areas on a myelinated
nerve that are devoid of
a myelin sheath (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Non-Functional
Resistance Machines

Training machines that
provide a useful
supplementary role to free weight and functional machine training, but
in
general are unable to provide the same degree of multi-dimensional,
full range
neuromuscular and musculoskeletal training as free weights and
functional
machines (Siff, 2003)

Non-Impact
Plyometrics

A type of plyometric
training in which the
concentric rebound is not stimulated by contact with a surface or
object, but
rather by the eccentric action of the muscles that produce a movement
(such as
a rapidly-retracted blow in boxing or martial arts) (Siff, 2003)

Non-Insulin-Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

One of two major categories
of diabetes mellitus
that is caused by the ineffectiveness of insulin to facilitate the
transport of
glucose into the cells and is a result of insulin resistance; this is
also
known as type-II diabetes (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Osteoid

Osteomalacia

Osteon

System of
interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact
bone; unit
of bone; also called Haversion
system (Marieb, 1998)

Osteopenia

A
conditioned defined by having a
bone mineral density between –1 and –2.5 standard
deviations (SD) of the young
adult mean (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Osteoporosis

Increased
softening of the bone resulting from a gradual decrease in rate of bone
formation; a bone mineral density below –2.5 SD of the young
adult mean (Baechle
& Earle, 2000)
(Marieb, 1998)

Outer Vesicles

The
terminal ends of the longitudinal tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
which
store Ca++; also called the outer cisterns and terminal cisternae(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Overcoming Muscle Action

See Concentric
Muscle Action (Siff, 2003)

Overflow

The
phenomenon of assistant movers
being recruited due to significant increases in loading (Siff, 2003)

Overload Principle

Progressively
increasing the volume and/or intensity of exercise during workouts over
the
course of the training program as fitness capacity improves (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Overreaching

Overtraining
on a short-term basis
where recovery is easily achieved within a few days; often a planned
phase of
many training programs (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Overtraining

Imbalance
between high volume and/or high intensity training and adequate
recovery,
resulting in disturbances in physical performance, biologic function,
and mood
state (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Overweight

Body
weight that exceeds the normal
or standard weight for a particular individual based on sex, height,
and frame
size; a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Oxford
Method of Training

A
strength training method in which exercises are executed in the reverse
order;
after a warm up, a few repetitions of maximal loads are attempted
followed by a
progressive shift towards lighter weights with more repetitions (Siff,
2003)

Oxidases

Enzymes
that catalyze the transfer of oxygen in oxidation-reduction reactions
(Marieb,
1998)

Oxidation

Process
of
substances combining with oxygen or the removal of hydrogen (Marieb,
1998)

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Reaction

A reaction that couples the
oxidation (loss of
electrons) of one substance with the reduction (gain of elections) of
another
substance (Marieb, 1998)

Oxidative Capacity of Muscle

A measure
of the muscle’s maximal capacity to use oxygen (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process of ATP synthesis
during which an inorganic
phosphate group is attached to ADP; occurs via the electron transport
chain
within the mitochondria (Marieb, 1998)

Oxidative
State
Regulation

A mechanism of control of
cellular metabolism that
is closely linked to the relative availability of oxygen and subsequent
activation of the electron transport system enzyme, cytochromeoxidase (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Oxygen
Consumption

The amount or rate at which
oxygen can be consumed
per minute (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Oxygen Debt

The volume of oxygen
required after exercise to
oxidize the lactic acid formed during the exercise (Marieb, 1998)

Oxygen
Deficit

The time period during
exercise in which the level
of oxygen consumption is below that necessary to supply all the ATP
required
for the exercise; the time period during which an oxygen debt is
contracted
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Oxygen
Diffusion
Capacity

The rate at which oxygen diffuses from one place
to
another (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Oxygen
Poisoning
(Toxicity)

A condition caused by
breathing oxygen under high
pressure; symptoms include tingling of fingers and toes, visual
disturbances,
auditory hallucinations, confusion, muscle and lip twitching, nausea,
vertigo,
and convulsions (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Oxygen Supplementation

The
breathing of supplemental
oxygen, which is proposed to have ergogenic
effects
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Oxygen System

An
aerobic energy system in which
ATP is manufactured when food (principally sugar and fat) is broken
down; this
system produces ATP most abundantly and is the prime energy source
during
long-lasting (endurance) activities (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Oxygen Transport System (VO2)

Composed of the stroke
volume (SV), the heart rate
(HR), and the arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Oxygen
Uptake

A measure of a
person’s ability to take in and use
oxygen; also known as oxygen consumption (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Oxyhemoglobin

Oxygen-bound
form of
hemoglobin (Marieb, 1998)

Pain
of Effort

Not
necessarily a result of injury, but refers to one’s personal
interpretation of
the intensity of a given effort and is sometimes assessed on a
subjective scale
called the rating of perceived effort (RPE) (Siff, 2003)

Pain of Injury

A
protective response to any activity which is causing or has caused
damage to
some system of the body (Siff, 2003)

Pancreas

Endocrine
gland responsible for the synthesis and secretion of two hormones
important to
blood glucose regulation; insulin and its beta cells and glucagons from
its
alpha cells (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Parallel Axis Theorem

A
theorem stating the relationship
between the moment of inertia about an axis through the
body’s center of mass (Icm)
and any other parallel axis (Iaxis)
such that:

(Iaxis
= Icm
+ mr2 )
where m is the mass of the body and r is the perpendicular distance
between the
axes (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Parallel Elastic Component
(PEC)

Consists
of sarcolemma, rest-state
cross bridges, and tissues such as sheaths around the muscle and its
sub-units;
responsible for the force exerted by a relaxed muscle when it is
stretched
beyond its resting length(Siff, 2003)

Parallel Processing

A value
specified to the generalized motor program that defines the particular
expression of the pattern of activity (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Parasagittal Planes

All
sagittal planes offset
from the midline (Marieb, 1998)

Parasympathetic Nervous System

The division
of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination,
and
glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision (Marieb, 1998)

Parasympathetic Overtraining Syndrome

A
type of overtraining syndrome
that includes increased parasympathetic activity at rest and with
exercise
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Parkinson’s Disease

Part-Whole Methods

The
learning technique in which the task is broken down into its parts for
separate
practice (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Partial Pressure

The
pressure exerted
by a single component of a mixture of gases (Marieb, 1998)

Passive (Resting) Recovery

A period
following exercise when no cool-down movement or less intense activity
is
practiced, i.e., the subject remains sedentary during recovery from
exercise (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Passive Stabilizers

Ligaments
which help
to stabilize body segments during a movement (Siff, 2003)

Passive Stretching

An
external load is
imposed on relaxed or isometrically contracted muscles (Siff,
2003)

Passive Transport

Membrane transport processes
that do not require
cellular energy (ATP), e.g., diffusion, which is driven by kinetic
energy
(Marieb, 1998)

Pathophysiology

The
physiology of a specific disease or disorder (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

Peak Bone Mass

The maximum
bone mass achieved (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Peak Height Velocity

A
critical period of pubertal
growth in which young athletes may be at increased risk for injury;
usually
occurs about age 12 in females and age 14 in males; relative weakening
of the
bone during this stage of growth, muscle imbalances between flexors and
extensors around joints, and the relative tightening of the
muscle-tendon units
spanning rapidly growing bones (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Pectoral

Pertaining
to the
chest (Marieb, 1998)

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Bones that attach the upper
limbs to the axial
skeleton; includes the clavicle and the scapula (Marieb, 1998)

Pelvic (Hip) Girdle

Consists
of the paired coxal
bones that attach the lower limbs
to the axial skeleton (Marieb, 1998)

Pelvis

Pennate

A pennate
muscle has muscle fibers that align obliquely with
the tendon and the angle of the pennation
with the
tendon can affect the number of sarcomeres per cross-sectional area and
thus
the maximal force capabilities (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Peptide Bond

Bond joining the amine group
of one amino acid to
the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water
molecule (Marieb, 1998)

Perceptual Anticipation

Anticipation
of the arrival of a
signal through internal mechanisms or processes (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Perceptual Narrowing

The
focusing of attention so that
specific sources of information are more likely to be received but rare
events
are more likely to be missed (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Perceptual Trace

A construct in Adams’s
closed-loop theory; a reference of correctness in memory that has been
learned
from feedback at the correct target position (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Perforating Canals

Canals that run at right
angles to the long axis of
the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve supplies of the periosteum
to those
of the central canals and medullary cavity; also called
Volkmann’s canals
(Marieb, 1998)

Performance
Curve

A plot of the average
performance of a group of
subjects for each of a number of practice trials or blocks of trials
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Perichondrium

Perimysium

Connective
tissue
enveloping bundles of muscle fibers (Marieb, 1998)

Periodization

The
structured, sequential development of athletic skill or a physiologic
capacity
brought about by organizing training regimens into blocks of time (macrocycles, mesocycles, etc) (Foss
and Keteyian,
1998)

Phasic

Phasic Tension

Refers to dynamic muscular
work in exercises
requiring production of a driving force of a given magnitude (Siff,
2003)

Phasing

The
temporal structure of a
sequence, usually measured by the ratios of element durations and the
overall
movement duration (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Phosphate Loading

The
practice of ingesting sodium
phosphate, which has been proposed to have ergogenic properties
(Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Phosphogen

A
group of compounds; collectively refers to ATP and PC (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Phosphagen
System

Provides ATP primarily for
short-term,
high-intensity activities such as resistance training and sprinting; is
active
at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity; relies on the
chemical
reactions of ATP and creatine
phosphate as well as
the enzymes myosinATPase
and creatine
kinase (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Phosphocreatine (PC)

A chemical compound stored
in muscle, which when broken
down aids in manufacturing ATP (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Plasma Membrane

The shrinking of a cell such as the red blood
cell
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Plateau
Method of
Training

A type of training involving
the use of a constant
load for 3 to 4 sets; this method is commonly used during the early
stages of
training novices or for transitional active rest phases after weeks of
heavy
training (Siff, 2003)

Platelet-Derived
Growth
Factor (PDGF)

A substance released by
blood platelets that
promotes the migration of smooth muscle cells from the media of an
artery into
the intima (Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Plexus

A method of strength and
power training that
involves an eccentric loading of muscles and tendons followed by a
quickly
timed concentric contraction; stimulating the muscles by means of a
sudden
stretch preceding any voluntary effort (Foss and Keteyian, 1998) (Siff,
2003)

Point-To-Point Computation

Models
of limb control in which the
coordinates of each point in a limb’s trajectory are achieved
sequentially by
the motor system at the time of response execution (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Polysaccharide

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A
long chain of carbon atoms bonded
to hydrogen atoms, which includes two or more double bonds between
carbon atoms
in place of hydrogen atoms; tends to lower cholesterol in the body
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998), (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Ponderal Index

Positive Energy Balance

A condition in which more
energy (food) is taken in
than is given off; body weight increases as a result (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Positive Feedback Mechanisms

Feedback the tends to cause
the level of a variable
to change in the same direction as an initial change (Marieb, 1998)

Positive/Negative
Punishment

The presentation (positive)
or removal (negative)
of an act, object, or event following a behavior that could decrease
the
behaviors occurrence; An
example of positive
punishment would be reprimanding a player after a mistake; An example
of
negative punishment would be to remove playing time from a player after
a
mistake.

Positive/Negative
Reinforcement

The act of increasing the
probability of occurrence
of a given behavior by following it with an action, object, or event
(positive)
or by removing an act, object, or event (negative); An example of
positive
reinforcement is to award an athlete for success with a trophy; An
example of
negative reinforcement is to award an athlete for success by removing a
difficult conditioning session from practice (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Positive
Transfer

The gain in capability on
one task as a result of
practice or experience on some other task (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Positive
Work

Force times distance applied
in opposition to the
pull of gravity; the work done by a system when the torque exerted by a
muscle
is greater than the torque of the external load (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)
(Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Post-KR
Delay

The interval of time between
the presentation of KR
and the next movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Post-TetanicPotentiation

Any stimulus, whether
momentary or not, leaves
traces in the nervous system; the after-effect of muscular activity
persists
for some time following the cessation of the stimulus (Siff, 2003)

Posterior
Lobe

The portion of the pituitary
gland located closest
to the spinal cord (posterior position); also called the neurohypophysis
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Postganglionic Neuron

Autonomic
motor neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion and
projects its
axon to an effector (Marieb, 1998)

Postsynaptic Neuron

A
nerve cell located
distal to a synapse (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Potential

Stored
or inactive
energy (Marieb, 1998)

Power

The rate
of performing work; the product of force and velocity; the rate of
transformation of metabolic potential energy to work or heat (SI unit:
watt) (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Power Stroke

The
tilting of the myosin head,
caused by a strong intermolecular attraction between the myosin cross
bridge
and the myosin head, which causes the actin and myosin filaments to
slide
across each other (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Preadolescence

Refers
to a period of life before
the development of secondary sex characteristics (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Precision of KR

The level of accuracy with
which KR describes the
movement outcome produced (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Prediction

The process in which the
score on a criterion
variable is estimated from one or more predictor variables based on the
association between them (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Predictor Variable

The
variable(s) from which a criterion variable is predicted (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Pre-Exhaustion Training

A method of training
involving the performance of a
single-joint exercise which preferentially exhausts one of the muscle
groups
that will be used in the following multi-joint exercise (Siff, 2003)

Preganglionic Neuron

Autonomic motor neuron that
has its cell body in
the central nervous system and projects its axon to a peripheral
ganglion
(Marieb, 1998)

Pregnancy

The state of carrying an embryo or fetus in the
body
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Preload

Stretch placed on muscle
fibers just prior to
contraction (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Premature
Ventricular
Contraction (PVC)

A common cardiac arrhythmia
that results in the
feeling of skipped or extra beats caused by impulses originating
outside the SA
node (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Premotor
Area

The area of the brain just forward of the
primary
motor cortex (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Premotor
Reaction Time

The interval from the
stimulus presentation to the
initial change in EMG (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Preparation

Reorganization of attention
and information
processing so that a signal can be received and responded to quickly
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Preparedness

The resultant of the
interaction of the body’s
long-term fitness increase stimulated by training and the opposing
short-term
fatigue after-effects of training, excluding the effects of any other
modifying
factors such as exaggerated mental state or illness (Siff, 2003)

Preprogramming

The process of preparing the motor program for
initiation (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Preselection
Effect

In short-term motor memory
work, the phenomenon
that the memory for subject-selected movements is stronger than for
experimenter-selected movements (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Pressure

Force per unit area (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Pressoreceptor

A
nerve ending in the wall of the
carotid sinus and aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching (Marieb,
1998)

Pressure Gradient

Primary Active Transport

A
type of active transport in which
the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly
by
hydrolysis of ATP (Marieb, 1998)

Primary Amenorrhea

The
absence of menarche (the
beginning of menstruation) beyond age 18 (Wilmore & Costill,
2004)

Primary Motor Cortex

That
area of the brain (cortex)
containing groups of motor neurons other than Betz cells (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Primary Risk Factors

Risk
factors that have been
conclusively shown to have a strong association with a certain disease
(Wilmore
& Costill, 2004)

Prime Mover

Muscle that bears the major
responsibility for
effecting a particular movement; an agonist (Marieb, 1998)

Principle of Disuse

The
theory that a training program
must include a maintenance plan to ensure that the gains from training
are not
lost (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Principle of Hard/Easy

The
theory that a training program
must alternate high-intensity workouts with low-intensity workouts to
help the
body recover and achieve optimal training adaptation (Wilmore &
Costill,
2004)

Principle of Individuality

See
Individualization Principle
of Training

Principle of Orderly Recruitment

The
theory that motor units
generally are activated on the basis of a fixed order of recruitment,
in which
the motor units within a given muscle appear to be ranked according to
the size
of the motor neuron (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Proactive Interference

In
the interference theory, a
source of forgetting caused by learning imposed before the original
learning of
some to-be-remembered task (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Probe Technique

A secondary-task method that
uses reaction time to
assess the attention demands of a primary task (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Process

Prominence
or projection; series of actions for a specific purpose (Marieb, 1998)

Procollagen

A
protein synthesized and secreted
by fibroblasts; cleavage of procollagen
extensions
result in the formation of active/mature collagen molecules (Baechle
&
Earle, 2000)

Progesterone

Hormone
partly responsible for preparing the uterus for the fertilized ovum
(Marieb,
1998)

Progression-Regression Hypothesis

The idea that learning
produces a progression to
more complex control strategies and that stress or forgetting produces
a
regression to more simple levels (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Progressive Muscle
Relaxation (PMR)

A somatopsychic
technique
by which psychological and physical arousal are self-regulated through
the
control of skeletal muscle tension’ by going through a series
of alternate
muscular tensioning and relaxing phases, the athlete learns to become
aware of
somatic tension and thereby to control it (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Progressive Overload

Progressively placing
greater-than-normal demands
on the exercising musculature; the use of progressively greater
resistance over
a given period, as well as the progressive increase in muscle tension
produced
by involuntary or voluntary processes (Baechle & Earle, 2000)
(Siff, 2003)

Progressive-Resistance
Exercise (PRE)

Comprehensive term to cover
a wide variety of
muscular strength or endurance training practices where progressive
overload is
emphasized (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Pronation

Inward
rotation of the forearm
causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna – palms
face posteriorly
(Marieb, 1998)

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular
Facilitation (PNF)

A system for
promoting the response of neuromuscular mechanisms by stimulating the
proprioceptors; a method for improving joint flexibility by contracting
against
opposition, then relaxing and stretching further (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Proprioceptor

Receptor
located in a joint,
muscle, or tendon; concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone
(Marieb,
1998)

Prostaglandins

A class of hormones found in
nearly all cellular
membranes; have a fatty acid as their molecular base; may regulate
resting
blood flow through vasodilation; numerous other effects suggested (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Proteoglycan

Proton

Subatomic
particle that bears a
positive charge; located in the atomic nucleus (Marieb, 1998)

Proton Acceptor

A substance that takes up
hydrogen ions in
detectable amounts; commonly referred to as a base (Marieb, 1998)

Proton Donor

A
substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid
(Marieb,
1998)

Proximal

Toward
the attached end of a limb or the origin of a structure (Marieb, 1998)

Pseudounipolar
Neuron

Another
term for unipolar
neuron (Marieb, 1998)

Psychrometer

An
instrument used for measuring the relative humidity (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Puberty

Refers
to a period of time in which
secondary sex characteristics develop and a child is transformed into a
young
adult (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Pulmonary

Pertaining
to the lungs (Marieb, 1998)

Pulmonary Arteries

Vessels
that deliver blood to the lungs to be oxygenated (Marieb, 1998)

Pulmonary Circuit

System
of blood vessels that serves
gas exchange in the lungs, i.e., pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and
veins
(Marieb, 1998)

Pulmonary Diffusion

The
exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood (Wilmore &
Costill, 2004)

Pulmonary Valve

Heart
valve located between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents backflow from the
pulmonary
arteries into the ventricles during relaxation (diastole) (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Pulmonary Veins

Vessels that deliver freshly
oxygenated blood from
the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart (Marieb, 1998)

Pulmonary Ventilation

Breathing;
consists of inspiration and expiration (Marieb, 1998)

Pulse

Rhythmic
expansion and recoil of
arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the
body
(Marieb, 1998)

Purkinje Fibers

Modified
cardiac muscle fibers of the conduction system of the heart (Marieb,
1998)

Pyramid Method of Training

A
training method involving the
performance of 4 to 5 sets of an exercise where the load is
progressively
increased and the number of repetitions decreased with each set (Siff,
2003)

Pyramidal (Corticospinal)
Tracts

Major motor pathways
concerned with voluntary
movement; descend from the frontal lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
(Marieb,
1998)

Pyruvate

The end product of
glycolysis; converted to lactic
acid or is transported to the mitochondria (Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Pyruvic
Acid

A three-carbon by-product
resulting from the
metabolism of glucose within the cytoplasm of the cell; enters Krebs
Cycle for
further breakdown (oxygen available) or is converted to lactic acid
(oxygen
lacking) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Psychological
Refractoriness

The delay in the response to the second of two
closely spaced stimuli (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Q10
Effect

An increase in the speed of
cellular metabolic
reactions as a result of an increase in body temperature; the 10 is
from
culture studies indicating that reaction speeds double with a
10º C increase in
temperature (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Describes rapid movement
involving little
resistance or muscular effort; the ability of the central nervous
system to
contract, relax, or control muscle function without involvement of any
preliminary stretch; high speed movement which does not encounter large
external resistance or require great strength, power, or energy
consumption
(Siff, 2003)

Radiation

The transfer of heat between
two objects through
electromagnetic waves (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Radius
of Gyration

A measure of the
distribution of a body’s mass
about an axis of rotation (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Ramus

Branch
of a nerve, artery, vein, or bone (Marieb, 1998)

Random Practice

A practice sequence in which
the tasks being
practiced are ordered (quasi-) randomly across trials; high contextual
interference (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Rate Coding

The rate at
which the motor units are fired (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Rate of Force Development
(RFD)

A measurement of how much
force is developed in a
specific amount of time; a measurement of explosive strength (Siff,
2003)

Rate of Perceived Exertion
(RPE)

Developed
by Borg to enable one to
estimate the intensity of cardiovascular exer4cise on a scale running
originally from 6 to 22; the range was chosen because the average adult
pulse
rate varies from approximately 60 at rest to a maximum of 220 beats per
minute
(Siff, 2003)

Rate-Limiting Enzymes

A few enzymes that serve as
“gate-keepers” – i.e.,
they control the rate at which glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolic
reactions
are allowed to proceed (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Rate-Limiting Step

The slowest
reaction in a series of reactions (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Rate-Pressure Product

The product of heart rate
and systolic blood pressure,
which provides a noninvasive estimate of myocardial oxygen consumption
(Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Reach/Grasp
Action

An action that coordinates
the limb-transport
component with the opening and closing of the grasp component (Schmidt
&
Lee, 1999)

Reactant

A
substance taking part in a chemical reaction (Marieb, 1998)

Reaction Time

The
time interval between stimulus and response (or initiation of movement)
(Siff,
2003)

Reactive Ability

The switch from stretching
to active contraction
using the elastic energy of the stretch to increase the power of the
subsequent
contraction, a process that is central to the so-called
stretch-shortening
cycle and plyometric action (Siff, 2003)

Reactivity Coefficient

The explosive strength index
relative to body
weight or the weight of the object being moved (Siff, 2003)

Recall Schema

A
construct in schema theory; the
relationship between past parameters, past initial conditions, and the
movement
outcomes produced by these combinations (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Receptor

A cell or nerve ending of a
sensory neuron
specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli; molecule that
binds
specifically with other molecules, e.g., neurotransmitters, hormones,
antigens
(Marieb, 1998)

Receptor
Anticipation

Anticipation of the arrival
of a stimulus due to
sensory information about its time of arrival (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Receptor
Inhibition

Basic reflex that causes
antagonist muscle group to
relax while agonist group is undergoing concentric contraction (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Receptor Potential

A
graded potential that occurs at a sensory receptor membrane (Marieb,
1998)

Reciprocal Inhibition

A
relaxed body will promote a
relaxed mind; a positive side effect of the reduced muscle tension may
be an
increase in smooth, fluid, or efficient movement as well as an
increased range
of motion around the joint (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Recognition Schema

A construct in schema
theory; the relationship
between past initial conditions, past movement outcomes, and the
sensory
consequences produced by these combinations (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Recompression

Increasing
the pressure exerted on
the body, usually in a recompression chamber, to cause nitrogen bubbles
to go
back into solution (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Recovery Oxygen

Net amount of oxygen
consumed during recovery from
exercise; oxygen consumed in excess of the amount consumed at rest over
the
same time period (reported in liters )
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Reduced

In a
chemical reaction, the state of having an added hydrogen (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Reduction

Chemical
reaction in which
electrons and energy are gained by a molecule (often accompanied by
gain of
hydrogen ions) or oxygen is lost (Marieb, 1998)

Reflex

Autonomic
reaction to stimuli (Marieb, 1998)

Reflex-Reversal Phenomenon

The phenomenon by which a
given stimulus can
produce two different reflexive responses depending on the function of
the limb
in a movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Refractory Period

Period
during which an excitable
cell is not responsive to a threshold stimulus (Marieb, 1998)

Regeneration

Replacement
of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue (Marieb, 1998)

Regression Line

The line of best fit between
two variables, whose
slope and intercept are determined by regression analysis (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Relative Body Fat

The ratio
of fat mass to total body mass, expressed as a percentage (Wilmore
&
Costill, 2004)

Relative Force

An
invariant feature of the motor
program that defines the relationships between the forces produced in
the
various actions in a movement (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Relative Frequency of Knowledge of Results

The percentage of trials for
which knowledge of
results is provided; the absolute frequency divided by the number of
trials
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Relative Humidity

Raito of water vapor in the
atmosphere to the
amount of water vapor required to saturate the atmosphere at the same
temperature (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Relative
Phase

A measure of temporal
coordination that expresses
the position of one limb within its cycle relative to the other limb
within its
cycle (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Relative Refractory Period

Follows the absolute
refractory period; interval
when a threshold stimulus is unable to trigger an action potential
(Marieb,
1998)

Relative
Retention

Measures of retention in
which the performance on
the retention test is evaluated in relation to the level of performance
reached
in original learning (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Relative
Weight

The percentage by which an
individual is either
overweight or underweight, generally determined by dividing the
person’s weight
by the mean weight for the medium frame category for his or her height
(from
standard weight tables) (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Releasing
Factor

A group of specific
substances produced by the
hypothalamus that can stimulate or inhibit the release of all hormones
produced
by the adenohypophysis
with the exception of the
endorphins (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Reliability

The aspect of measurement related to the
repeatability of a score (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Relief
Interval

In an interval-training
program, the time between
work intervals as well as between sets (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Remote
Angular Momentum

The angular momentum of a
segment about the total
body center of mass (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Remoteness
Effect

In intertrial correlation
matrices, the tendency
for trials that are progressively more separated in the practice
sequence to
correlate systematically lower with each other (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Renin

An enzyme formed by the
kidneys to convert a plasma
protein called angiotensinogen into angiotensin II

A training method which
entails taking a short rest
break during the execution of a set to facilitate recovery, diminish
the pain
of effort, or overcome any loss of motivation before competing the
remaining
repetitions (Siff, 2003)

Repetitions
(Reps)

In an interval-training
program; the number of work
intervals within one set (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Repetition
Maximum (RM)

The maximal load that a
muscle group can lift over
a given number of repetitions before fatiguing; for example, a 10RM
load is the
maximal load that can be lifted over ten repetitions (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Repetition
Principle

Consistent repetition
diminishes spurious
neuromuscular activity and enables one to concentrate predominantly on
the task
being learned; expertise is established and the movement becomes
automatic only
after further and consistent repetitions (Siff, 2003)

Repetition
To Failure Method

A training method that
involves continuing the
exercise until it is impossible to execute another repetition without
assistance; often used for muscle endurance and definition training
(Siff,
2003)

5
vertebrae of the lower back; fused together and make up the rear part
of the
pelvis (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Sagittal Plane

A
longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts
into
right and left portions (Marieb, 1998)

Saline

A
0.9% salt solution
that is isotonic to the blood (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Saltatory
Conduction

The
propagation of a nerve impulse form one node of Ranvier
to another along a myelinated fiber (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Sarcolemma

The
plasma membrane
surface of a muscle fiber (Marieb, 1998)

Sarcomere

The
smallest
contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next
(Marieb, 1998)

Sarcomere Hypertrophy

An
increase in the size and number of the sarcomeres which comprise the
myofibrils; these may be added in series or parallel with the existing
myofibrils, although only the parallel growth with contribute to an
increased
ability to produce muscle tension (Siff, 2003)

Sarcopenia

Sarcoplasm

Muscle
protoplasm (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Sarcoplasmic Hyperplasia

Involves an
increase in the number of sarcoplasmic organelles (Siff, 2003)

Sarcoplasmic Hypertrophy

The
volume of non-contractile protein and semifluid
plasma between the muscle fibers increases; although the
cross-sectional area
of the muscle increases, the density of muscle fibers per unit area
decreases
and there is no corresponding increase in muscle strength (Siff,
2003)

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

Specialized
endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells (Marieb, 1998)

Saturated Fatty Acids

A fatty acid where all
carbon atoms of the chain
structure are filled with hydrogen atoms (i.e., there is no double
bonding);
often found in animal fats, eggs, and dairy products; tends to raise
cholesterol in the body (Foss and Keteyian, 1998), (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Savings Score

A
statistic used in transfer
experiments, representing the “savings’ in practice
time resulting from
experience on some other task (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Scattergram

A graph on which
subjects’ scores on two tests are
jointly represented as data points (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Schema

The basis for schema theory;
a rule, concept, or
relationship formed on the basis of experience (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Second-Class Lever

A lever for which the muscle
force and resistive
force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting
through
a moment arm longer than that through which the resistive force acts,
as when
the calf muscles work to raise the body onto the balls of the feet; due
to its
mechanical advantage (i.e., its long moment arm) the required muscle
force is
smaller than the resistive force (body weight); a lever in which the
resistance
force acts between the fulcrum and the effort force (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)
(Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Second Messenger

Intracellular molecule
generated by the binding of
a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor;
mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messenger (Marieb,
1998)

Second
Wind

A phenomenon characterized
by a sudden transition
from an ill-defined feeling of distress or fatigue during the early
portion of
prolonged exercise to a more comfortable, less stressful feeling later
in the
exercise (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Secondary
Amenorrhea

The cessation of
menstruation in a woman with
previously normal menstrual function (Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Secondary-Task
Method

A collection of experimental
methods whereby
learning on a main task can be estimated by use of simultaneous
secondary
measures of performance (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Segmental
Method

A method of calculating the
total body center of
mass of a multi-segment body by summing the product of the locations of
the
centers of mass of the segments and the mass of the respective segment
and
dividing by the total body mass (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Selective Attention

The
ability to inhibit awareness of
some stimuli in order to process others; suppression of task-irrelevant
cues in
order to process the task-relevant cues in the limited attentional
space
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A
membrane that allows certain
substances to pass while restricting the movement of others; also
called
differentially permeable membrane (Marieb, 1998)

Self-Efficacy

Perceived
self-confidence about a
given task in a specific situation; it is the sense of success that an
athlete
feels he or she embodies or can control; someone of high self-efficacy
does not
doubt his or her ability to succeed at a given task, even when failure
is
experienced (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Self-Organization

From dynamic pattern theory;
a view that describes
motor control as emerging from the interaction of the components of the
movement system (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Semilunar Valves

Valves
that prevent blood return to the ventricles after contraction (Marieb,
1998)

Semipermeable Membrane

A membrane permeable to some
but not all particles
or substances (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Sensitivity

That
aspect of measurement dealing
with the possibility of detecting changes in a dependent measure in
relation to
varying experimental conditions (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Sensory (Afferent) Nerves

Nerves that contain
processes of sensory neurons
and carry impulses to the central nervous system (Marieb, 1998)

Sensory Areas

Functional areas of the
cerebral cortex that
provide for conscious awareness of sensation (Marieb, 1998)

Sensory Receptor

Dendritic
end organs, or
parts of other cell types, specialized to respond to a stimulus
(Marieb, 1998)

Sequencing

An invariant feature of
motor programs in which the
order of elements is fixed (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Serial
Processing

A style of information
processing in which stages
of processing are arranged sequentially in time (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Serial
Tasks

Movements in which a series
of discrete elements
are combined, with the order of elements being important (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Series
Elastic Component
(SEC)

Includes the tendon, the
cross-bridges,
myofilaments, titin filaments and the Z-discs; stores elastic energy
when put
under tension by the force developed in actively contracted muscle
(Siff, 2003)

Serotonin

An excitatory neurotransmitter chemical (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Sesamoid Bones

Short
bones embedded in tendons, variable in size and number, many of which
influence
the action of muscles; largest is the patella (kneecap) (Marieb, 1998)

Set

In an
interval training program, a group of work and relief intervals (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Shivering

Shock Training

See Plyometrics
(Siff, 2003)

Short-Term Memory

A memory store with a
capacity of about seven
elements, capable of holding moderately abstract information for up to
30
seconds; analogous to consciousness; a “work space”
for processing (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Shtanga
Functional Pressure Test

A test used to ascertain if
an athlete is
overtrained; requires the athlete to breathe in relaxed fashion for a
few
minutes, then inhaling maximally and holding the breath for 15 to 20
seconds
before stopping the nose and exhaling as forcibly as possible for 2
seconds;
blood pressure is measured before the test and immediate afterwards and
after 2
minutes of relaxed breathing; changes in blood pressure are analyzed
(Siff, 2003)

Similarity

A
construct in most theories of
transfer, indicating the extent to which certain aspects of two tasks
are the
same (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Simon Effect

A type of stimulus-response
compatibility effect in
which irrelevant directional or locational information interferes with
the
action (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Simple Reaction Time

Reaction time from a task in
which a single known
response is produced when a single stimulus is presented (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Simplification Hypothesis

The idea that the factor
structure of a skill
becomes progressively simpler with practice (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Simulator

A training device in which
certain features of a
task are duplicated, allowing for practice that resembles the transfer
task
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Single-Channel Hypothesis

A theory of attention
suggesting that the system
can process only a single stimulus leading to a response at any given
time
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Sinoatrial
(SA) Node

Specialized myocardial cells
in the wall of the
right atrium, pacemaker of the heart (Marieb, 1998)

Size
Principle

Recruitment of motor units
within muscle on the
basis of the size of their motorneurons;
small ones
recruited first, then intermediate, then large ones (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Skeletal Cartilage

Comprises most of the
skeleton in early fetal life;
articular cartilage, nasal cartilage in the adult skeleton (Marieb,
1998)

Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal System

System of
protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage
(Marieb, 1998)

Skills

Movements
that are dependent on practice and experience for their execution, as
opposed
to being genetically defined (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Skinfold Fat Thickness

The
most widely applied field
technique used to estimate body density, relative body fat, and
fat-free mass;
it involves measurement with calipers of the skinfold fat at one or
more sites
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Sliding Filament Theory

A
proposed mechanism for muscle action where shortening and elongation
are the
result of actin protein filaments sliding inward and outward over
myosin
protein filaments (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Slope (b)

One
of the constants
of a linear equation; the inclination of the line (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Slow Glycolysis

If
oxygen is present in sufficient
quantities in the mitochondria, the end product of glycolysis
(pyruvate) enters
the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl CoA
prior
to entering into the Krebs Cycle
(Baechle & Earle,
2000)

Slow Twitch (ST) Fiber

A muscle
fiber characterized by slow contraction time, low anaerobic capacity,
and high
aerobic capacity, all making the fiber suited for low-power output
activities;
also known as Type I fiber (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Smooth Muscle

Spindle-shaped cells with
one centrally located
nucleus and no externally visible striations (bands); found mainly in
the walls
of hollow organs (Marieb, 1998)

Sodium-Potassium (Na+ - K+) Pump

A primary active transport
system that
simultaneously drives Na+ out of the cell against a steep gradient and
pumps K+
back in (Marieb, 1998)

Solute

The
substance that
is dissolved in a solution (Marieb, 1998)

Solute Pump

Enzyme-like
protein carrier that mediates active transport of solutes such as amino
acids
and ions uphill against their concentration gradients (Marieb, 1998)

Somatic

Somatic Anxiety

Somatic Nervous System

Division of the peripheral
nervous system that
provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles; also called the
voluntary
nervous system (Marieb, 1998)

Somatic Reflexes

Reflexes
that activate skeletal muscle (Marieb, 1998)

Somatomedins

A class of substances
produced by the liver and
several other tissues as a result of growth hormone influence; composed
of
amino acid chains; stimulate the growth of muscle and cartilage by
turning on
phases of protein synthesis (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Somatostatin

A substance produced by the
hypothalamus that on
release can inhibit the secretion of growth hormone from the adenohypophysis; also called
growth hormone release
inhibiting hormone (GHRIH) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Somatosensory System

The part of the sensory
system dealing with
reception in the body wall and limbs, receives inputs from exteroceptors,
proprioceptors, and interoceptors
(Marieb, 1998)

Somatotype

The body type or physical classification of the
human
body (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Spacing Effect

In
memory experiments, repetitions
of the criterion task that are increasingly separated in time are
remembered
more effectively (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Spatial Anticipation

The anticipation of which
stimulus (or the response
to it) will occur; also called event anticipation (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Spatial Discrimination

The
ability of neurons to identify the site or pattern of stimulation
(Marieb,
1998)

Spatial Summation

An increase in
responsiveness of a nerve resulting
from the additive effect of numerous nearby stimuli (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Spatial-Temporal
Goal

A subgoal
for the
performer in which a pattern of limb movement defined in terms of both
space
and time is selected; the major product of running a motor program
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Specific Gravity

The
ratio of the density of an object to the density of water (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Specific Heat

The heat required to change
the temperature of a
unit mass of a substance by one degree (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Specificity
of
Individual Differences

Henry’s theory of
the structure of motor abilities,
according to which motor tasks are thought to be composed of many
independent
abilities (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Specificity
of Learning

The concept that the
similarity of the
environmental conditions and processing in practice, compared to those
in
transfer, has a strong influence on transfer performance (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Specificity
Principle

Principle underlying
construction of a training
program for a specific activity or skill and the primary energy systems
involved during performance (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Speed-Accuracy
Trade Off

The general principle
describing a person’s
tendency to decrease the accuracy of a movement when the speed of it is
increased (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Speed
Strength

A quality where speed
development against
resistance is vital, but strength acquisition is somewhat less
important;
synonymous with power (Siff, 2003)

Spinal Cord

The bundle of nervous tissue
that runs from the
brain to the first to third lumbar vertebrae and provides a conduction
pathway
to and from the brain (Marieb, 1998)

Spinal Nerves

The
31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord (Marieb, 1998)

Spirometer

A device used to collect,
store, and measure either
inspired or expired gas volume (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Split
Routine

A training system involving
the division of a
routine into two distinct components, each of which trains a different
body
zone in successive workouts (Siff, 2003)

Spongy Bone

Sport Psychology

The
subdiscipline
of exercise science that seeks to understand the influence of
behavioral
processes on skilled movement; the three major goals of sport
psychology are to
measure psychological phenomena, investigate the relationships between
psychological variables and performance; and to apply theoretical
knowledge to
improve athletic performance (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Sports Medicine

Umbrella term that refers to
all aspects of sport
and exercise science, especially as used in the U.S.;
examples are Kinesiology,
cardiac rehabilitation, adult fitness, and athletic medicine (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Sprain

Ligaments
reinforcing a joint are stretch or torn (Marieb, 1998)

Stability

Resistance
to a disturbance in the body’s equilibrium (Hamill &
Knutzen 2003)

Stabilizers

Muscles stabilizing or
supporting a body segment
statically or dynamically while other muscles carry out a movement
involving
other joints (Siff, 2003)

Stable
Equilibrium

The state of a body in which
the body will return
to its original location if it is displaced (Hamill & Knutzen
2003)

Staggered
Sets

A training routine in which
supersets alternate one
set for major muscle groups with a set for minor muscles in an attempt
to
gainfully use the long rest intervals between each set of exercises for
the
major muscles (Siff, 2003)

Starting Strength

The
ability of the muscles to
develop force at the beginning of the working contraction before
external
movement occurs (Siff, 2003)

State Anxiety

A
temporary state of worry or
concern about a particular situation or activity(Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Static Dynamic Methods

A method of developing
muscular strength involving
the sequential combination in one exercise of isometric and dynamic
(auxotonic)
muscular activity, each of which can provide its own distinct
quantitative
characteristics (Siff, 2003)

Static Equilibrium

Sense
of head position in space with respect to gravity (Marieb, 1998)

Static Flexibility

The range of motion about a
joint; usually measured
with a goniometer or flexometer
as the arc in degrees at the end when there is no joint motion (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Static
Stabilization

The muscles either contract
isometrically or
quasi-isometrically to stabilize a body segment during a movement
(Siff, 2003)

Static
Stretching

Refers to flexibility
exercises which use the
weight of the body or its limbs to load the soft tissues; includes free
static
stretching and passive static stretching (Siff, 2003)

Statics

The branch of mechanics in
which the system being
studied undergoes no acceleration (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Steady State

Pertaining to the time
period during which a
physiological function (such as VO2) remains at a constant (steady)
state (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Step
Method

A training method where the
number of repetitions
remains fixed while the load is increased after each set until the
prescribed
number of repetitions can no longer be maintained (Siff, 2003)

Steroids

Group
of chemical substances
including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and
contain
little oxygen (Marieb, 1998)

Stiffness

A characteristic of muscles
and springs defined as
the change in tension divided by the change in length (Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Stimulus

An
excitant or irritant; a change in the environment that evokes a
response
(Marieb, 1998)

Stimulus-Identification Stage

A
stage of information processing
in which the stimulus is identified, and features or patterns are
abstracted;
often divided into separate encoding and identification stages (Schmidt
&
Lee, 1999)

Stimulus Onset Asynchrony
(SOA)

The interval of time between
the onsets of two
stimuli, as in the double-stimulation paradigm (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

Stimulus-Response Compatibility

The degree to
which the set of stimuli and associated responses are
“naturally” related to
each other (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Stimulus-Response Viewpoint

A tradition in psychology
and motor behavior
stressing the responses produced as a function of stimuli presented,
without
regard to the intervening mental events or processes (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Storage Problem

A problem with early notions
of motor programming
in which the number of necessary programs was so large that their
storage in
the central nervous system seemed impossible (Schmidt & Lee,
1999)

STPD

Standard temperature,
pressure, dry (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Strength

The maximal force or torque
a muscle or muscle
group can generate at a specific or determined velocity (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Strength
Deficit

The difference between
maximum strength (voluntary
effort) produced in a given action and absolute strength (involuntary
effort)
of which the athlete is capable in that same action (Siff, 2003)

Strength
Endurance

The ability to effectively
maintain muscular
function under work conditions of long duration (Siff, 2003)

Strength
Speed

A quality in which speed
development is vital, but
strength is more important; synonymous with power (Siff, 2003)

Stress

Any
disruption form homeostasis or mental and physical calm (Baechle
& Earle,
2000)

Stress Fracture

Stressor

Any stimulus that directly
or indirectly causes the
hypothalamus to initiate stress reducing responses, such as the fight
or flight
response (Marieb, 1998)

Stretch
Reflex

Contraction of muscles to
produce movement or
tension due to muscle spindle stretch via a sharp tap on tendon or pull
of
gravity on skeleton (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Stripping
Method

A method of training which
involves working
progressively with an increasing load and a decreasing number of
repetitions in
a pyramid fashion until a target load is reached with about 3 to 4
repetitions,
where a partner then removes 5 to 10 kg and the athlete exercises to
failure,
followed by another 5 to 10 kg being removed and athlete once again
exercising
to failure; used for muscle endurance and definition training (Siff,
2003)

Stroke

Interference with the blood
supply to the brain
causing necrosis; due to embolus, thrombus, or burst vessel; due to
cerebral
artery atherosclerosis or aneurysm (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount
of blood
pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction (Marieb, 1998)

Structural Exercise

Exercise
which involve force
vectors through the spine and hip and allowing for greater absolute
loads to be
used in training (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Structural Interference

Interference among tasks
caused by the simultaneous
use of the same receptors, effectors, or processing systems (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Structural (Fibrous) Proteins

Subjective Reinforcement

A
construct in Adams’s closed-loop
theory; term used to describe the subject’s self-generated
error signal, based
on comparing feedback against a reference or correctness (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)

Submaximal Endurance Capacity

The
average absolute power output a
person can maintain during affixed period of time on a cycle ergometer,
or the
average speed or velocity a person can maintain during a fixed period
of time
(Wilmore & Costill, 2004)

Successive Approximations

SuccinateDehydrogenase
(SDH)

Sudomotor

Pertaining
to
activation of the sweat glands (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Summary Knowledge of Results

Augmented
information about a set of performance trials presented after the set
is
completed (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Summation

Accumulation
of effects, especially those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli
(Marieb,
1998)

Super Sets

A
set that consists of two separate
exercises in which the athlete performs set 1 of exercise 1, moves
immediately
to set 1 of exercise 2, then performs set 2 of exercise 1, set 2 of
exercise 2
and so on until the chosen number of sets is completed (Siff,
2003)

Supercompensation

A condition in which the
body over-adapts in
anticipation of repeated exposure to the same stressor (Siff, 2003)

Superficial

Located
close to or
on the body surface (Marieb, 1998)

Superior Vena Cava

Vein
that returns
blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm (Marieb, 1998)

Supination

The
outward rotation
of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly (Marieb, 1998)

Supplemental Motor Area (SMA)

Medial
portion of cortical area 6, which is called the sports skills area;
sends axons
to directly innervate distal motor units (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

The concept of decreasing
training duration by 80
to 90% some five days to three weeks before athletic competition, which
may or
may not be accompanied by an associated increase in training intensity
(Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Target
Cell

A cell that is capable of
responding to a hormone
because it bears receptors to which the hormone can bind (Marieb, 1998)

Target
Heart Rate (THR)

A predetermined heart rate to be obtained during
exercise (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Task
Analysis

A process of determining the
underlying abilities
and structure of a task or occupation (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Tau
(t)

A view of time-to-contact
information based on the
rate of expansion of the approaching object on the retina of the eye
(Schmidt
& Lee, 1999)

Taxonomy

A system of classification (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Telodendria

The terminal branches of an axon (Marieb, 1998)

Tempo
Changing Set

A type of training involving
the changing of the
tempo (or pace) of an exercise during each set, so that either one
repetition
may be performed faster or slower than other repetitions, or the
duration of
the concentric, isometric, and eccentric phases of as ingle repetition
may be
changed relative to one another during each repetition (Siff, 2003)

Temporal
Anticipation

The anticipation of when a
given stimulus will
arrive or when a movement is to be made (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Temporal
Summation

An increase in
responsiveness of a nerve, resulting
from the additive effect of frequently occurring stimuli (Foss and
Keteyian,
1998)

Temporal
Variability

The inconsistency of some event with respect to
time
(Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Subcortical
portion of
the brain that, along with the basal ganglia, provides an information
loop back
to the premotor cortex
to assist in the selection and
initiation of chosen movements (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

The science of the transformation of heat and
energy
(Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Thermogenesis

Heat production (Marieb, 1998)

Thermoreceptor

Receptor sensitive to temperature changes
(Marieb,
1998)

Third-Class
Lever

A lever for which the muscle
force and resistive
force act on the same side of the fulcrum, with the muscle force acting
through
a moment arm shorter than that through which the resistive force acts;
the
mechanical advantage is thus less than 1.0, so the muscle force has to
be
greater than the resistive force to produce torque equal to that
produced by
the resistive force; a lever in which the effort force acts between the
fulcrum
and the line of action of the resistance force (Baechle &
Earle, 2000)
(Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Thoracic
Vertebrae

12 vertebrae in the middle to upper back
(Baechle
& Earle, 2000)

Thorax

The portion of the body trunk above the
diaphragm and
below the neck (Marieb, 1998)

Threshold
Stimulus

Weakest stimulus capable of producing a response
in
an irritable tissue (Marieb, 1998)

Volume of air inspired or expired per breath
(Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Tight
Junction

Area where plasma membranes of adjacent cells
are
fused (Marieb, 1998)

Time-To-Contact
(Tc)

Information about the time
remaining until a moving object arrives at the eye (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Tissue

A group of similar cells and
their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific
function;
primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle,
and
nervous tissue (Marieb, 1998)

Tissue
Perfusion

Blood flow through body tissues
or organs (Marieb, 1998)

Titin

A large-molecular weight protein
that interconnects the Z-disks to the myosin filaments via the M-bands
in
myofibrils; responsible for much of the resting tension in highly
stretched
fibers and plays an important role in located the thick filaments in
the center
of the sarcomere; helps comprise the series and parallel elastic
components of
muscle tissue (Siff, 2003)

A measure of the ability of a
solution to cause a change in cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic
flows of
water (Marieb, 1998)

Torque

The effectiveness of a force to
overcome the rotational inertia of an object; the product of force and
the
perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis
of
rotation (SI unit; Newton-meter); the product of the magnitude of a
force and
the perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the
axis of
rotation (Foss and Keteyian, 1998) (Hamill & Knutzen 2003)

Total
Lung Capacity
(TLC)

Volume of air in the lungs at
the end of maximal inspiration (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

A collection of nerve fibers in
the CNS having the same origin, termination, and function (Marieb, 1998)

Trainability

Refers to the potential to develop strength in response
to a specific training regime and depends largely on genetic factors
and
pre-training status (Siff, 2003)

Training

An exercise program to develop
an individual for a particular event; increasing skill of performance
and
energy capacities are of equal consideration (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Training
Age

The length of time the child has
been resistance training (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Training
Duration

The length of the training
program (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Training
Effect

Temporary or extended changes in
body structure or function caused by repeated bouts of exercise (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Training
Frequency

The number of times per week for
the training workout (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Trait
Anxiety

A personality variable or
disposition relating to the probability that one will perceive an
environment
as threatening; acts as a primer for the athlete to experience (state)
anxiety
(Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Transfer-Appropriate
Processing

The concept that practice should
be arranged so that the processing capability learned is appropriate
for some
goal criterion task or conditions (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Transfer
Design

An experimental design for
measuring learning effects, in which all treatment groups are
transferred to a
common level of the independent variable (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Transverse
(Horizontal) Plane

A plane running from right to
left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts (Marieb, 1998)

Triad

The pattern of a T-tubule spaced
between and perpendicular to two sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles
(Baechle &
Earle, 2000)

Trials-Delay
Technique

A procedure in which the
presentation of knowledge of results for a movement is delayed, during
which
the learner practices one or more other movements (Schmidt &
Lee, 1999)

Tricuspid
Valve

The right atrioventricular valve
(Marieb, 1998)

Triggered
Reaction

A coordinated response to an
environmental stimulus whose latency is shorter than reaction time yet
longer
than the long-loop reflex (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Triglycerides

Fats and oils composed of fatty
acids and glycerol; are the body’s most concentrated source
of energy fuel;
also known as neutral fats (Marieb, 1998)

Triiodothyronine
(T3)

Secretion and function similar to those of
thyroxine
(Marieb, 1998)

Tripeptide

A combination of three amino acids united by
means of
a peptide bond (Marieb, 1998)

Trophic

Pertaining to nutrition or nourishment (Foss and
Keteyian, 1998)

Tropic
Hormone

A hormone that regulates the function of another
endocrine
organ (Marieb, 1998)

Tropomyosin

A protein involved in
muscular contraction; runs
along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double
helix
(Baechle & Earle, 2000), (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Troponin

A protein involved in
muscular contraction;
situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high
affinity
for calcium ions (Baechle & Earle, 2000), (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Tumor

An abnormal growth of cells; a swelling;
cancerous at
times (Marieb, 1998)

Twitch

A brief period of
contraction followed by
relaxation in the response of a motor unit to a stimulus (nerve
impulse) (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Two-Factor
Model of
Training

A training process involving
the superimposition of
two-after-effects following the application of a training load:
long-term
fitness after-effect and short-term fatigue after-effect (Siff, 2003)

Type
I Collagen

The major collagen of bone,
tendon, and ligaments
consists of this protein (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Commonly used classification
for muscle fibers that
display characteristics of fast twitch but cannot be further
classified;
predominant early fetal type but very few present after maturity (Foss
and
Keteyian, 1998)

Uniaxial
Joint

Joints that allow rotation in only one axis;
example
is the elbow (Baechle & Earle, 2000)

Unit
of Action

A
“piece” of behavior that can be utilized
repeatedly in various actions, producing essentially the same movements
(but
scaled to the environment) each time (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

A process of disintegration
of an axon that occurs
when it is crushed or severed and cannot receive nutrients form the
cell body
(Marieb, 1998)

Warm-Up
Decrement

The decrement in performance occurring after a
rest
period (Schmidt & Lee, 1999)

Water-Soluble
Vitamins

A category of vitamins that
are water soluble and
consequently are not stored in the body and must be constantly supplied
in the
diet; examples are vitamin C and B-complex vitamins (Foss and Keteyian,
1998)

Watt

A unit of power (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Wave
Summation

Increase in force due to an
additive effect caused
by rapid stimulation of a single motor unit (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

An ordinary thermometer with
a wetted wick wrapped
around the bulb; the wet bulb’s temperature is related to the
amount of
moisture in the air; when the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures are
equal, the
air is completely saturated with water and the relative humidity is 100%

A slip of an object through
the fingertips that
triggers an increased grip force within 30 milliseconds or so (Schmidt
&
Lee, 1999)

Work

Force expressed through a
displacement but with no
limitation on time (SI unit: joule) (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Work-Energy
Theorem

The relationship between
work and energy stating
that the work done is equal to the change in energy (Hamill &
Knutzen 2003)

Work
Interval

That portion of an
interval-training program
consisting of the work effort (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Work-Relief

In an interval-training
program, a type of relief
interval involving light or mild exercise

such
as rapid walking or
jogging (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Work-Relief
Ratio

In an interval-training
program, a ratio relating
the duration of the work interval to the duration of the relief
interval (Foss
and Keteyian, 1998)

Yielding
Muscle Action

See Eccentric Muscle Action

ZLine

A protein band that defines
the distance of one
sarcomere in the myofibril (Foss and Keteyian, 1998)

Zinovieff
Method

See Oxford
Method of Training

Zone
Training

Refers to training a
specific body zone in a
particular workout session so that an entire body training regime using
this
method must be spread over several sessions or days; split routines
constitute
one variation of this method (Siff, 2003)

Zones
of Optimal
Functioning

A modification of the
inverted-U principle to
include individual, task, and environmental differences (Schmidt
& Lee,
1999)