“Depending on prey densities, wolf packs patrol territories from 50 to 100 square miles. Usually the pack hierarchy starts with the alpha wolf of each sex. Beta is the next in a line that continues to the bottom...omega wolf. When wolves meet, they change their postures to reflect their standing in the pack. Most dominant wolves stand tall, with tails up and ears forward, staring directly at lower ranking members. Submissive wolves crouch, tuck their tails, fold their ears, back down and often curl their upper lips to bare their teeth. This signals that they are frightened and defensive, but also warns...If you keep pushing, I will fight!” - John Banovich