in Kyriazopoulos, G.; Petropoulos, D. (Eds.) 1st International Conference of Development and Economy (ICODECON) 2-4 October 2015: The advantages and disadvantages of Economic Crises: Conference proceedings (2016)

A new Common Agricultural Policy was defined in 2013, with a new structure for direct payment. In Wallonia, the government implemented the following scheme: 30% for the green payment, 29.9% for the basic ... [more ▼]

A new Common Agricultural Policy was defined in 2013, with a new structure for direct payment. In Wallonia, the government implemented the following scheme: 30% for the green payment, 29.9% for the basic payment, 17% for the additional payment for the first 30 ha, 1.8% for young farmers and 21.3% for couple payments. Due to convergence, the mean support through direct payments will decline from 21,900 € in 2014 to 19,283 € in 2019. The number of losers will be equivalent to the number of gainers. Regions where cereals and sugar beet are produced will lose the most, where the region suitable for cattle raising will gain somewhat. There will be a better distribution of direct payments among farmers: the Gini index will decline from 0.55 to 0.49. The highest negative impact on income will occur for the specialties “green crops”, “crops and dairy cattle” and “crops and non-dairy cattle”: the least negative impact will be observed within the specialties “dairy cattle”, “meat cattle” and “dairy and meat cattle”. The reform will be more profitable for the farms from 30 to 50 ha and will mainly impact the largest farms. Finally, the CAP reform implemented in Wallonia guarantees a smooth evolution to 2020. [less ▲]

in Petropoulos, D.; Kyriazopoulos, G. (Eds.) 1st International Conference of Development and Economy (ICODECON) 2-4 October 2015: The advantages and disadvantages of Economic Crises: Conference proceedings (2016)

In 2012, the Walloon Government ordered the Walloon Institute for Prospective, Evaluation and Statistics (IWEPS) to calculate five indexes in order to guide and evaluate the public actions, together with ... [more ▼]

In 2012, the Walloon Government ordered the Walloon Institute for Prospective, Evaluation and Statistics (IWEPS) to calculate five indexes in order to guide and evaluate the public actions, together with the GDP. The index for the conditions of human well-being (CWBI) is presently the first step in the elaboration of the wellbeing index. The methodology is the one used by the Council of Europe. Actually, the CWBI is calculated by using 60 basic indicators, gathered into 8 families. After normalisation, the CWBI is the arithmetic mean of the 60 basic indicators, each of them having the same weight. The CWBI was calculated for the 262 communes of Wallonia and varies from 0.428 to 0.674, with a regional mean of 0.572. An opposition between urban and rural communes clearly appears, the last ones having the best scores. Communes along the borders of Germany and Luxemburg have the highest indexes, while communes in the old industrial areas have the lowest scores. Employment, income, family relations and security are the factors which are the most narrowly linked to the CWBI. At the communal level, social and security expenses per capita have a significant and negative correlation coefficient with the CWBI. In the future, in order to elaborate a finer index, new data, up to now not directly available, will be collected at the communal level, about quantitative and qualitative aspects. [less ▲]

The study was conducted in two famous traditional rice noodle production handicraft villages in Bac Giang province: Dinh Ke commune (Ke rice noodle production) and Thu Duong com- mune (Chu rice noodle production). The survey was carried out with 196 households, of which 118 involved directly in the value chain including rice traders, 30 noodle consumer households, and 46 are income control households. ln addition, the study gathered information and data through group discussions and consultation with local authorities who were involved in rice noodle production in the villages. The results indicated that the value chain of noodle created a high added value (approximately 19 million VND per ton of products) and among value chain actors, rice noodle processors gained more profit that encouraged these actors to increase investment into production and selling of noodle products. The recommendations include improving product quality, reducing environmental pollution, dealing with issues such as gen- der inequality in terms of income, and strengthening information sharing among actors of the value chain. [less ▲]

The new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) defined in 2013 is implemented since 2015. It offers several options to the Member States/Regions. This paper describes the choices which have been made in ... [more ▼]

The new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) defined in 2013 is implemented since 2015. It offers several options to the Member States/Regions. This paper describes the choices which have been made in Wallonia and their consequences on direct payments. It appears that 42% of the farmers will lose between 2014 and 2019, while 44% will gain and a quasi-status quo is observed for the remaining 14%. Finally, the new situation is politically acceptable and gives more support to small farms, young farmers and cattle breeders, though the global envelope for direct payments will decline in Wallonia. [less ▲]

The general goal of the research was to integrate organic food consumer behavior into the topic of the management of environmental security. The detailed objectives were to determine Romanian consumers’ ... [more ▼]

The general goal of the research was to integrate organic food consumer behavior into the topic of the management of environmental security. The detailed objectives were to determine Romanian consumers’ beliefs about organic food and its role for environmental security, to identify consumers’ judgement of environmental problems, to establish the influence that demographic and social variables have on consumers’ beliefs and to emphasize the relationship between these. A random survey on 413 organic food consumers from North-Western Development Region of Romania was developed. A set of positive beliefs of organic food consumers regarding organic food and its contribution to environmental security are displayed by the present research: organic food is consumed because it is healthy (80% of tested consumers believe so) and it helps to protect the environment (75% of consumers). The study reveals there is a statistically significant difference between consumers who believe humanity faces threatening environmental problems and those who do not, concerning the strength of belief that organic food helps protecting the environment more than conventional food (p<0.05). An original aspect of the paper is the investigation of the Romanian organic food consumers’ beliefs from the perspective of environmental security. The set of variables selected to characterize consumers’ beliefs from the environmental security point of view may be considered the novelty of the paper. [less ▲]

This study analysed the costs, the added value and its components in the marketing of charcoal in Bujumbura to identify areas in which interventions could improve efficiency in the charcoal marketing ... [more ▼]

This study analysed the costs, the added value and its components in the marketing of charcoal in Bujumbura to identify areas in which interventions could improve efficiency in the charcoal marketing system. The study surveyed 100 retailers and 30 wholesale traders of charcoal. The information on their business was collected using a standardized questionnaire. The structure of marketing costs shows that transport and rental to civil servants are the main items in which significant efficiency gains could be achieved. Charcoal marketing is a wealth-creating activity as it generates positive added value. Our results suggest that any improvement in transport infrastructure in rural areas will benefit market efficiency. ___________________________________________________________________________ [less ▲]

The marketing of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) leaves was studied in southern Benin, in order to seek out opportunities for increased financial returns in smallholder tree growing. A survey was carried out ... [more ▼]

The marketing of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) leaves was studied in southern Benin, in order to seek out opportunities for increased financial returns in smallholder tree growing. A survey was carried out across the commercialization system. Seventy-six traders were interviewed in nine markets purposely selected, based on their functions in the commercialization system. Respondents provided information on their marketing functions, the costs borne, and their revenues. The marketing system was led by women who controlled the main functions. Three categories of traders were identified, namely collectors-wholesalers-retailers, collectors-retailers, and retailers. The commercialization of teak leaves increases the return from tree growing. Traders' monthly revenue was XOF 4,659-15,927 (USD 9.3-31.9) during the rainy season and XOF 6,621-21,655 (USD 13.2-43.3) during the dry season. As substitute for polyethylene bags in food packaging, teak leaves offer a potential to tackle environmental pollution in southern Benin. The study shows the necessity to consult beneficiaries to ensure the proper selection of tree species in farm forestry programmes. [less ▲]

This paper examines some indicators regarding performance of the economy, agriculture, employment, wealth, education and quality of life, during the period 2003-2013 (when data are available), comparing ... [more ▼]

This paper examines some indicators regarding performance of the economy, agriculture, employment, wealth, education and quality of life, during the period 2003-2013 (when data are available), comparing the situation for the Warmia and Mazury voivodship, Eastern Poland and Poland's average as a reference. It is observed that the situation in the poorest Polish regions improved in absolute terms, though the gap with the rest of the country is still remaining. So, the development programmes, including the EU policies dealing with Eastern Poland, can be considered a half-success. [less ▲]

In this work, the authors brief the story of the beginnings of the CAP and achievements and shortcomings of former reforms to deal with present day debate, the need of some changes in the overall approach ... [more ▼]

In this work, the authors brief the story of the beginnings of the CAP and achievements and shortcomings of former reforms to deal with present day debate, the need of some changes in the overall approach and the perspectives of further reforms [less ▲]

For realization of the new uniform agricultural policy coordinated in 2013, the government of Wallonia made some decisions left for coordination to EU member states or regions in them as in Belgium. In ... [more ▼]

For realization of the new uniform agricultural policy coordinated in 2013, the government of Wallonia made some decisions left for coordination to EU member states or regions in them as in Belgium. In July 2014, the decision on introduction of the obligatory “green” payment proportional to the main payment, obligatory payment to young farmers (1,8% of the total amount of direct payments), additional payment for the first 30 hectares was made (the size is established by the member state or the region), the connected payment (21,3% of the total amount of direct payments), and obligatory main payment (29,9 % of the total amount of regional direct payments only in Wallonia). [less ▲]

This study was intended : - to analyse PEI over time as reflected in EU, international and national documents (Romanian and Belgian) : x-raying the nature and the legal dimension of this principle ; - to ... [more ▼]

This study was intended : - to analyse PEI over time as reflected in EU, international and national documents (Romanian and Belgian) : x-raying the nature and the legal dimension of this principle ; - to provide a literature review of PEI in order to offer a conceptual clarification and, in view of its shortcomings, the paper highlights selected conclusions/suggestions to enhance the importance of the concept ; - the paper aims at providing inspiration of environmental considerations in agricultural policy and legislation, and also in EU transport and energy policies ; - to explore the extent to which policy learning over the time has brought us closer to consumption patterns which integrate environment into energy policy in a compatible way with the sustainable development vision and aspirations of EU Stakeholders. [less ▲]

Ornamental fish were kept in captivity from ancient times. Gradually, the ornamental fish industry became a profitable enterprise. Color, size and shape are important traits when we describe a fish as a ... [more ▼]

Ornamental fish were kept in captivity from ancient times. Gradually, the ornamental fish industry became a profitable enterprise. Color, size and shape are important traits when we describe a fish as a phenotypically uniform line, strain or breed. Numerous varieties of aquarium fish have been artificially modified regarding their body shape or coloration. Several varieties of fish are being artificially colored by painting and tattooing to improve their marketability. All these practices cause many health problems for fish. Education of the customers is a very important thing, because artificially modified fish continue to exist because of demand. [less ▲]

Humans kept ornamental fish in their homes from ancient times. During time, the ornamental fish industry became a profitable enterprise. Color, size and shape are important traits when we describe a fish ... [more ▼]

Humans kept ornamental fish in their homes from ancient times. During time, the ornamental fish industry became a profitable enterprise. Color, size and shape are important traits when we describe a fish as a phenotypically uniform line, strain or breed; a standardized color, shape and size describe better a fish population and thus it is promoted better on the market. Several varieties of fish are being artificially colored to improve marketability. Painted, dyed or tattooed fish are terms for a new variety of pet fish whose scales have been transformed from monochrome silver into vivid pigmentations using artificial colors or lasers. These practices produce many health problems for fish. We should not to put money above the life and welfare of any living thing. Education of the customers is a very important thing, because artificially colored fish continue to exist because of demand. [less ▲]