Coriolis effect- deflection of free-moving objects (air, water, air planes) due to the Earth's spin.

Latent heat- "hidden heat"-heat energy that is either gained or loss during a change in physical state-breaking or formation of atomic bonds.

Tropical Wave/Disturbance

"t wave" moving thunderstorms in tropics

Tropical depression

cyclonic movements, winds up to 38mph

T storms

winds 39-73mph, named storms

Hurricane

winds greater than or equal to 74mph

Storm surge

the rise in sea levels as Hurricanes makes landfall. Caused by low pressure and high winds that "pile" water up at shore.

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale

Cat 1-74-95mph, surge 4-5, damage minimal

Cat 2-96-110mph, surge 6-8, moderate

Cat 3-111-130mph, surge 9-12, extensive

Cat 4-131-155mph, surge 13-18, extreme

Cat 5-greater than 155mph, surge greater than 18, catastrophic

Thunderstorm formation

1. Cumulus Stage-low pressure, warm, moist air rising usually for afternoon or evening (rising air-updrafts). As warm air rises, it expands (in lower pressure air/atmosphere)&cods(adibotic cooling).-cooling results in condensation to form tiny raindroplets or ice crystals.

2. Mature stage- accumulaton of water and/or ice crystals can no longer be supported by the warm updrafts-so precipitation begins-rain does not begin because warm updrafts support the water & ice release of latent heat fuels updrafts cloud sometimes called a thunderstorm.
b. rain is preceded by cool downdrafts
c. as rain begins, warm updrafts increase rapidly, increading the height of the cloud.
d.dominated by both warm updrafts &cool downdrafts
e. lightening and thunder produced

1.Source of sal a. cations (Na,Ca, Mg, K)-derived primarily by the erosion of rocks on Halite land b. anion (cl-,so-4)-derived primarily from volcanic emissions
2. salts are mixed in ocean Mixing time-1,000-1600years
3. Salts get concentrated in the ocean overtime
4. Ocean stays constant salinity
5. So, salts are being removed from ocean as fast as they are delivered to ocean "steady state ocean."

What causes lightning and thunder

by both warm updrafts and cool down drafts. Thunder is caused by the rapid heating of the air.

% volume of water of hydrosphere in ocean

97.5%

The ocean covers how much of the Earth's surface?

71%

Average depth of the ocean (in miles)

2.3 miles

Name four types of ocean sediments

Terrigenous or sillicicate, authigenic, biogenic, volcanic

Terrigenous

Also known as sillicicate.

little settlements of silicon, land originated from land erosion. Includes: quartz sand. It is delivered to the ocean by rives, wind, turbidity currents (generated by Earthquakes) ice-from galaciers (break off into icebergs)

Authigenic

Known as hydrogenous.

sediment that precipitates out of sea water. lime stone (some types), salts (evaporite minerals)-halite (NaCL) and gypsum (CaSO4), phosphorite-used in a lot of common household items.

Biogenic

shells (tests) of marine plankton. Corals and mollusk-shells.
-plantoxic ooze-made of the shells of plankton
-fossil fuels which consists of petroleum and natural gas-forms from sappropel-burned-heated to ~120degree-210degrees F.
-gas hydrates-natural gas in permafrost

Gyres flow clockwise in the N. hempisphere & counterclockwise in the S. Hempisphere=due to the coriolis effect. and due to the confining influence of the continents, also Ekman Transport.

Deep sea circulation:also called what?

density-driven circulation

Deep sea currents

heavy water sinks, horixontal & vertical, also called thermahaline circulation (temperature and salinity)
-begins in high latitude waters (polar waters), seawater freezes, only ~15% of salt is incorporated into the ice.

What is upwelling?

The rising of cold water from deeper layers to replace warmer surface water, is a common wind-induced vertical movement.

Cause of tsunamis?

tidal waves, seismic sea waves. Long-wavelength waves (up to 125 miles), wave periods of 10-20 minutes, move up to greater than or equal to 400mph. Waves up to 100ft high caused primarily by:Earthquakes.

Tidal currents

Flood tides-rising currents
Ebb tide-receding time
Slack water-in between high and low

lowest tidal range, occurring near the times of the first and third quarter phases of the moon.

Spring tide

highest tidal range that occurs near the times of the new and full moons.

Wave-cut platform

a bench or shelf in the bedrock at sea level, cut by wave erosion

Sea arch

an arch formed by wave erosion when caves on opposite sides of a headland unite

Sea stack

an isolated mass of rock standing just offshore, produced by wave erosion of a headland.

Fjord

A steep-sided inlet of the sea formed when a glacial trough was partilly submerged

Beach

unconsolidated sand, an accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of the ocean or a lake.

Centrifugal

solar bulge

Centripital

lunar bulge

Continental Margins

That portion of the seafloor adjacent to the continents. It may include the continental shelf (average depth to shelf edge is 140 meters), continental slope(submarine canyons, turbidity currents, and continental rise.

Ocean Basins

Area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental margin and the mid-ocean ridge.

An elongate ridge of sand that projects from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay.

Baymouth Bar

A sandbar tat completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean

Barrier island

A low, elongate ridge of sand that parallels the coast.

Dunes

A hill or ridge of wind-deposited sand.

Coastal Submergent Coast

common drown river valleys, fjords, estuaries

Emergent Coast

common terraces, stair stepping look

Wave refraction

bending of waves as they approach the shore.

Longshore drift

the movement of sand along the shore.

2 Processes a. Long shore current-shore parallel current that results in waves stricking the shore in a slight angle.

b. beach drift, zig zag movement of sand along the beach face, that results from the swash & backwash of the breakers.

Cell circulation

a coastal circulation system created by a balance btw:

a. mass transport-mounding, piling up of water near the beach due to incoming waves.
b. longshore current-caused by lateral water flow from mass transport
c. rip currents-shore perp current created by the convergence of two longshore currents (rip tide or undertow)