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Bias and RMS profiles for temperature, humidity and wind for all stations

Mean BIAS and RMSE of temperature, humidity and wind speed of all available radio soundings for each station and month. The diagram on the right side of the pictures (blue horizontal bars) shows a statistic of the data, which are available for each model level.

Mean BIAS and RMSE of all soundings of all stations together for each month. To compare the stations we had to average the model data and the observations to levels with 50 m vertical spacing, because every station has a different height and the model levels are located in different heights above sea level (dependent on the geographical height).
We have created statistics of all available soundings of 12 UTC, 0 UTC and all together (0,6,12,18 UTC) for each month.
The “blue” diagram on the right side of each picture shows a statistic of the data, which are available for each 50 m level. It is the same as in the statistic above but with much more levels.

Daily maps of BIAS and RMSE [COSMO-DE and COSMO-EU IWV (grid point near each station) minus IWV of each GPS-station] of all model forecasts -0 h,-3 h,-6 h,-9 h,-12 h,-15 h,-18 h,-21 h before the measurements.

Maps of monthly averaged BIAS and RMSE [COSMO-DE and COSMO-EU IWV (grid point near each station) minus IWV of each GPS-station] for all model forecasts -0 h,-3 h,-6 h,-9 h,-12 h,-15 h,-18 h,-21 h before the measurements.

Monthly and for several specific times :
The times are not randomly chosen. The models (COSMO-DE and COSMO-EU) have changed between these times.

For the monthly statistics and the specific times you can choose between:

“all available stations and time steps for COSMO-DE and COSMO-EU” and

“the same stations and time steps for COSMO-DE and COSMO-EU”

Some GPS stations are outside of the COSMO-DE area. For comparison between the two different models the locations have to be the same.
COSMO-DE creates a model output every 15 minutes. COSMO-EU only every hour. For the statistics it is important to average about the same number of data and to compare the same timesteps.
So 1. is good for comparison between different runs of the respective model because all available data are considered and 2. is good for comparison between COSMO-DE and COSMO-EU.

The pictures show a time series of BIAS and RMSE of each model and observation, averaged over all stations every timestep. The different colors present the different forecasts of the model dependent on the starting time of the model run before each measurement of the IWV.

The pictures show the diurnal cycle of BIAS and RMSE of the respective model and observations, averaged over all stations and time of day. The different colors present the different forecasts of the model dependent on the starting time of the model run before each measurement of the IWV.

The pictures show the diurnal cycle of BIAS and RMSE of the respective model and observations, averaged over all stations and time of day. Here the different colors present the different model runs dependent on the starting time of each model run. But here for example the red line does not present the forecast of 21 hour before each measurement as in the statistics above. It presents the average chronological sequence of the Bias of model run started at 21 UTC. The model runs are compared with the corresponding measurements and so each picture describes the development of each model run.

It is the same statistic as described above but here the abscissa does not present the daytime. It describes the lead time of each model. So all averaged “BIAS-runs” start at 0 and you can compare much better.

The pictures present the same as above but it is another demonstration of the results of the BIAS. The numbers at the ordinate stand for the starting time of the model runs. The numbers at the abscissa stand for the lead time of the respective model run. Red rectangles depict a positive BIAS and blue rectangles depict a negative BIAS. The horizontal distribution represents the development of the averaged “BIAS-runs”. When you follow the rectangles diagonal you can compare the averaged BIAS of the model runs at equal day times.

The difference to the statistic above is the division by the mean IWV of the respective month. The IWV values of the summer months are much greater than the values of winter months and of course the values of BIAS and RMSE too. So the division by the mean IWV is necessary if you want to compare the results of different months.

The statistics described before allways present the BIAS and RMSE, so the comparison of model and observations. This statistic shows the diurnal cycle of the pure IWV of the different model runs and the observations separately. Note that the averaged IWV of observations and model runs were computed over a different number of data so you can hardly compare them.

Monthly time series of Bias/RMS for each station or region (depending on number of stations within regions)