WITH THE PHOTOS
of Thomas Eakins -- a large body of which have recently
been made available to the public for the first time -- we stand on the
threshold of two new eras, one in the history of photography, the other
in the history of homosexuality.

Along with Frederic Remington and Winslow Homer, Eakins (1844-1916) was
one of the great American realist painters of the late nineteenth
century. His largely urban subject matter, however, has proven less
popular and durable than their Western or New England scenes. Today
Eakins is perhaps less known for his paintings than as a cultural icon
in America's long struggle against provincialism and prudery. This role
is epitomized in his dismissal as art instructor at the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts in 1886, for having lifted the drape worn by a
"nude" male model in a class which included women, in order to explain
the points of anatomy which the drapery concealed.

As a realist, an artist committed to precisely recording in his
paintings what he observed in reality, photography was a godsend to
Eakins. It allowed sequences of movement to be frozen and analyzed,
studied and retained, not in the mind's eye but on negatives and
prints, as a reference. This was, in fact, the earliest role granted to
photography. For the first half-century of its existence, it was not
considered an art form in itself, but merely a technique for recording
reality in the service of science or art. In Eakins's case, it was a
matter of science and art, as he believed precise depiction required
precise scientific observation. Thus the controversial lifting of the
drape, and his attachment to photography.

Many of Eakins's photographs, both static nudes and his famed motion
studies like "Standing jump to the right," were clearly created with
these technical requirements in mind. But at some point, as he was
making reference photographs for "arcadian" scenes he would later
return to his studio to paint, Eakins became one of the first artists
to cross the threshold into treating photography as an autonomous art.
He invoked the same principles he would have used in a painting to
compose photographs as aesthetic documents of their own. This can best
be seen in the photographs Eakins made in 1883 for his painting "The
Swimming Hole." Although their use as reference studies is clear, as
one figure or another is copied into the painting they modeled, they
are also among the first photographic images we have which seem
deliberately composed to also be viewed for their own sake, as
artworks, not mere records. By 1890 in Europe, Wilhelm von Gloeden
(also trained as a realist painter) would go farther down this road,
creating art photographs which had no other use than to be looked at
for their own sake. But in far-off America, Eakins had been there first.

Although Eakins by no means painted or photographed only males, his
heavy concentration on male subjects, swimming and wrestling, has long
been noted. It is a subject which is not broached by the five women
authors in Eakins and the Photograph, the recent catalogue of
Eakins's
photos from the Bregler collection which are being made public for the
first time, not even in the essay which tantalizingly promises a
discussion of his photos as "an avowal of artistic community."

One must turn back to Allen Ellenzweig's The Homoerotic Photograph
(1992), which did not have the advantage of the newly catalogued
images, for a proper insight into the homoeroticism in Eakins's work.
But the newly available images confirm Ellenzweig's contention that
Eakins's nudes of his male students reflect an age-differentiated
homosexuality, quite different from today's triumphant and nearly
ubiquitous age-consistent "gay" paradigm. Eakins's images are Grecian
not merely for their shepherd boys and panpipes, togas and Greco-Roman
wrestling, but for their avowal of a male community between an older
master and his younger pupils, in the Socratic mode. Although in Europe
Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld and others were busy developing and promoting the
new, age-consistent model of homosexuality, this was a threshold which
Eakins did not cross. As forwardlooking as his photos were
aesthetically, here his work remains a window to the past; looking
through it reminds us that homoeroticism has more strands, and older
ones, than the "gay" model which is taken for granted today.

Caption:
Eakins's images are Grecian not merely for their shepherd boys and
panpipes, togas and wrestling, but for their avowal of a mate community
between a master and his pupils