Ranked as the largest Confederate military prison in Texas, Camp Ford was established in August 1863, four miles northwest of the
town of Tyler. Black slaves constructed the open stockade, leaving the inmates, as in many other Southern prison camps, to build
their own shelters. Captured Union officers and enlisted men used materials at hand to assemble a ragtag mix of log houses, sod
huts, and even rough holes in the ground with canvas roofs. Yet by late 1864, when the prison population peaked at 4,900 during
the Red River campaign, new arrivals reported that adequate housing was available.

Camp Ford inmates were fortunate to have a plentiful water supply, with a stream running right through the camp into wooden
reservoirs. Although prisoners were supplied with a diet of fresh beef, cornmeal, bacon, and baked beans, some food shortages
were reported. Authorities alleviated the problem in 1864 by allowing local farmers to sell produce to the prisoners, as well as
sanctioning a few sutlers' stores, supposedly managed by officers of the 42nd Massachusetts.

Those with money could buy flour for $1 per pound. Most inmates earned money by selling homemade items, mostly crafts carved from
bits of wood or bone, to the townspeople. A camp newspaper, The Old Flag, was published by Captain William H. May, who offered
subscriptions at $5 per year, payable in advance; he also gratefully accepted "seegars" in lieu of cash.

Camp Ford's 21 months of existence were relatively uneventful. Given the miles of desolate terrain, not to mention the hostile
Indians, that separated the camp from friendly Union forces, most of the 50 participants in the three escape attempts were
recaptured. Despite a few reports of guard brutality, health conditions were considered so good that no hospital was ever
constructed. "Only" 250 to 300 men had died of disease by the time the last prisoners were released on May 17, 1865.

The 43rd Indiana Volunteer Infantry was captured at the Battle of Mark's Mill, Arkansas. This unit was started by a school
teacher in Greene County, Captain Elijah EDINGTON. It appears a large majority of the men enlisted on the same exact day in
September and many were from Greene County.

Book on the 43rd - THE FORTY-THIRD REGIMENT OF INDIANA VOLUNTEERS. AN HISTORIC SKETCH OF ITS CAREER AND SERVICES. By William E.
McLean. Terre Haute, Indiana, 1903. 152 Pages. Portraits

The Confederacy captured 2,000 other federal troops in April 1864. They were taken to Camp Ford Prison in Smith County, near Tyler,
Texas; which was transformed from a traing camp to a prison about July 1863.

DISASTER AT MARK'S MILLS

Union forces of nearly 1600 were engaged against about 2500 Confederates. At least 1300 of these were casualties, most captured and
marched to the notorious Confederate prison camp, Camp Ford at Tyler, Texas. Many died enroute or while in prison. The entire train
of nearly 300 wagons was captured by the Confederates. Thus tragically ended the disaster at Marks’ Mills, Arkansas.
From the history of the 36th Iowa:

A 200-wagon supply train arrived at Camden from the federal base at Pine Bluff on 20 April, but it only carried half-rations for
ten days. With supplies short, Steele ordered Lt. Colonel Francis Drake, Commanding Officer of the 36th Iowa, to take temporary
command of the 2nd brigade to escort these wagons back to Pine Bluff. At Pine Bluff, Drake was to refill the wagons and escort the
train back to Camden.

The train would be heavily escorted by the 36th Iowa, Major A.H. Hamilton in temporary command, the 1st Indiana Cavalry and
elements of the 5th Missouri Cavalry, the 43rd Indiana and 77th Ohio Infantry Regiments and a four-gun light battery from Captain
Peetz's 2nd Missouri Light Artillery...

Sunday night passed without incident and, having received no reports of the enemy from his scouts on Monday morning, Drake ordered
the march resumed. The 43rd Indiana Infantry Regiment was deployed to lead the way, while the 36th Iowa marched on the flank of the
wagons. Drake ordered the 77th Ohio to form the rear-guard and that regiment lagged almost 3 miles to the rear. As the column
crossed the Moro Bottom with difficulty and headed to higher ground, federal scouts informed Colonel Norris in command of the 43rd
Indiana that they had discovered signs of large, hastily abandoned cavalry encampments to their immediate front. Norris sent that
report back to Drake, who dismissed it rather curtly and sent forward orders for the 43rd to pick up the pace. A short distance
further, in a clearing at a fork in the road occupied by a few log cabins, the 43rd Indiana was fired on by dismounted rebel
cavalry from General Fagan's command. Fagan had evaded Union scouts the previous night by crossing the Ouachita River below Camden
and making a forced march of 52 miles to get into position ahead of Drake’s train between the Moro and Pine Bluff. That morning
they were lying in ambush near the crossroad clearing, known locally as Mark's Mills, just east of present-day Fordyce in Cleveland
County.

Forming line of battle, the 43rd's Norris ordered his command to charge Fagan's dismounted cavalry. As the charge commenced,
Confederate General William Cabell's mounted cavalry revealed itself from concealed positions in the trees on the south, or right
flank. What began as a skirmish at around 8:30 am quickly developed into a very hot firefight with the federals firing in two
directions to beat off the assault. The well-aimed fire from the veteran federal infantry was devastatingly effective and
temporarily slowed Fagan’s advance. Drake ordered the train to pull off the road into an empty field and then ordered Major
Hamilton to deploy the first battalion of the 36th Iowa Infantry up and onto the firing line on the 43rd Indiana’s left flank.
Just as Companies A, B and C came on line, the Confederates charged the center and took another devastating musket volley from the
federals. Drake then ordered up Peetz's 2nd Missouri Battery at the double-quick. As Peetz’s gun crews swung their cannon into
position, the federal infantry was ordered to move to both flanks to open a hole in the center. This was done with alacrity and
Peetz's gun crews opened fire on the rebels with grapeshot at less than 200 yards. This stunned the Confederates, resulting in a
momentary lull in the battle, but musket fire quickly resumed. As the Iowa and Indiana infantrymen were concentrating on the rebels to their front and right flank. General Joe Shelby's cavalry brigade swooped down on them from the left flank. Three companies of the 36th Iowa, the entire 43rd Indiana and Peetz’s battery were now pressed on three sides and were in danger of being encircled. Drake ordered the remainder of the 36th Iowa Infantry, still positioned near the wagons, to charge into Cabell's troopers on the right to push them back, prevent encirclement and attempt a link-up with the 77th Ohio, which was now moving forward to
join the battle. Before this charge could be accomplished however, the rebels closed the trap. As the federal troops were
surrounded, it quickly became a confused entanglement of small units fighting small units and then it became, according to Captain
Seth Swiggett, "Every man for himself."

The federals fought bravely but were now surrounded and receiving fire from all sides. The fight was hotly contested and veterans
reported that it lasted fully 5 hours. Some men of the 36th Iowa’s first battalion took cover in the log cabins and kept up a
withering and deadly fire, holding out from those protected positions until long after the others had surrendered, and until they
exhausted their ammunition. When the insurgents threatened to burn the cabins down, the Iowans surrendered. In his after-action
report, Cabell stated that 17 prisoners were taken from the larger of the two cabins. According to Captain Swiggett, when capture
became certain, most of the Iowa men smashed their rifles against trees rather than hand them over to their captors.

As the men of the 36th and 43rd Indiana were being rounded up and disarmed, a last ditch effort to break into the Confederate ring
by some brave federal cavalrymen created enough confusion and a diversion for some of the Iowa soldiers to bolt. Several disappeared
into the nearby woods and a few headed to the rear to warn the 77th Ohio of the overwhelming size of the enemy force to the front.
Reaching the 77th a mile to the rear, the 36th Iowa men were accused of being deserters and their report was not believed. The
Commanding Officer of the 77th ordered his regiment forward at the double quick into the melee and soon that regiment was also
overwhelmed by the three rebel cavalry divisions and surrendered.

Some of the men who escaped evaded re-capture by moving across country, carefully avoiding rebel patrols. Half starved, exhausted
and unarmed, some reached the safety of Union lines at Pine Bluff, while others managed to reach Little Rock. There they reported
the news of what had befallen their comrades at Mark's Mills. Colonel Powell Clayton, the federal commander at Pine Bluff, reported
to General Sherman a few days after the battle that 186 Union cavalry and about 90 federal infantrymen had managed to escape and
report in at Pine Bluff and at Little Rock. The 36th Iowa Infantry had ceased to exist by 3 pm on April 25, 1864...

While the majority of 36th Iowa Infantry troops were captured at the Battle of Mark's Mills, some men of the 2nd Brigade--
including 36th Iowa men who had been left behind sick in quarters at Camden-- were not present with the regiment at Mark's Mills.
When Steele abandoned Camden therefore, these 36th Iowa remnants were assigned to a Casual Detachment under the command of Captain
Marmaduke Darnall of the 43rd Indiana, and these men fought bravely with the Casual Detachment in the Battle of Jenkins' Ferry....

43rd Indiana Prisoners of Camp Ford

The following abstract was compiled from a reconstructed list of prisoners at Camp Ford. The list was built from several sources.
All of the exchange or parole lists were identified and obtained from the National Archives. Additionally an abstract of Prisoners
of War who escaped from Captivity and Returned to Union Lines was located in the Archives, and searched for Camp Ford escapees. The
Quartermaster Department prepared a number of "Rolls of Honor" of deceased Union Soldiers, and two large listings of deceased Camp
Ford Prisoners were found there. All of the dead were reinterred in 1867 to the National Cemetery in Pineville, Louisiana. The
accounting from this for the 43rd Indiana was:

Hamilton, Otha Neal, 43rd IN Infantry, Co G. He was taken prisoner at the Battle of Mark's Mill, Arkansas on April 25, 1864 and
incarcerated at Camp Ford, Tyler, Texas. On August 10, 1864, he and two comrades succeeded in escaping from the prison, and
traveling nights, they had got away about 123 miles when he was recaptured. The Lieutenant who captured him, took him to a Texas
State militia, where he was hung by the neck to a tree to make him disclose the whereabouts of his companions. They repeated this
until he became unconscious, when they sent him back to prison, where he remained until 2/26/1865. He contracted scurvy while a
prisoner of war at Tyler in the summer of 1864. He was discharged with the rank of Sergeant on June 15, 1865 in Indianapolis,
Indiana. Information submitted by Lora Devereaux. Pvt.

Livingston, Samuel Ray, Co C, 43rd IN Infantry Volunteers. Captured at the battle of Marks Mill. Being born in 1846 he joined in
as a pup. His father Hiram E. Livingston abandoned him early on in life due to a marital dispute in which someone was shot and had
to flee by stealing a horse and moved to the Missouri bad lands. Hiram E. later enlisted with the 8th Missouri Cavalry, Co E in 1862
and was transferred to the 1st Missouri Infantry. He deserted in 1863 as a chief bugler according to internet sources. Hiram E.
Livingston is buried in Comanche, Oklahoma also known as Indian Territory at the time. His son Samuel is buried the Worthington,
Indiana cemetery. Pictured are father and son. Pvt

Logan, Garrett, Company D, 43rd Indiana Infantry Regiment. Captured in April 1864 in Arkansas and sent to Camp Ford. He was
released in March 1865.

Oak, Samuel C., 43rd IN Infantry, Co F. A Wagoneer, captured in April 1864 while escorting a wagon train to Little Rock, Arkansas. Captured near Marks Mills and marched to Camp Ford in Smith County, Texas. Benjamin F. Sparks, a brother was there also but escaped capture. Samuel C. Oaks was born in 1839 in Indiana and married to Martha. They had one daughter: Melissa A. Oaks born ca December 1859. Samuel C. Oaks died in Camp Ford on July 2, 1864 and is buried in Alexandria National Cemetery in Louisiana. Grave is in Section A, Site 790. Martha Oaks moved to Illinois with her brother-in-law, Doctor Bailey Oaks.

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