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1 III. RHETORICAL TEXTS [Aelius Aristides], Τεχνων Ρητορικων α 109, 111, 113, 116, 119, 134 5, 136 7, B.29/J(1 3)c fr. A cm Late second or early third century Plates IV V This text comprises three fragments of leaves of a papyrus codex, none of which is conjugate. These leaves contain sections of the 1st Treatise on Rhetoric attributed to Aelius Aristides, but the material is placed in a different order. In frr. B and C and there is further material of the same genre that does not survive in the mediaeval tradition. The text is written in black carbon ink, on papyrus that has apparently been treated in antiquity with cedrium to protect it against bookworms (see W. E. H. Cockle, BICS 30 (1983) 157 and nn ). Fr. A has a top margin of 2.9 cm and a surviving outside margin of c.2 cm; the written width can be reconstructed as c.12 cm, and the page-width as very approximately 16 cm. For comparable widths, see Turner, Typology 18. Some codices of this width show page-heights ranging around 28 cm; if our codex belonged to this group, the written height could be estimated at c.22 cm or 45 lines. The script is an informal round hand, 2 mm high and largely bilinear. ι extends well above the line when following τ. β extends above the line, ρ below the line, and φ both above and below. The lettering may be compared with that of BKT IV (P. Berol. 9780) Hierocles, Ἠθικὴ ϲτοιχείωϲιϲ (republished as CPF I.1** no. 60, with photographs in CPF IV.2 pll ). This manuscript, which also uses abbreviations like those in 4854, has been assigned to the later second century. However, such small upright hands are not confined to the second century; see for example LXIII 4352 (hexameters that refer to the accession of Diocletian). On this basis, 4854 could perhaps be dated to the later second century AD, but a date in the first half of the third century is entirely possible. The copyist uses abbreviations on the system familiar from P. Lond. Lit. 108 (GMAW 2 60), Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, written on the back of estate accounts from near Hermopolis, which date from AD It is also found in P. Lond. Lit. 138, Rhetorical Exercises of the first century AD, and quite commonly in scholia; see Bilabel in RE II.2 (1923) ; K. McNamee, Abbreviations in Greek Literary Papyri and Ostraca (Ann Arbor 1981); CPF I.1** pp It is interesting that the same style of abbreviation is found in the Petitions and Grammarian s Complaint of published as P. Coll. Youtie II 66 (text reprinted as XLVII 3366). It seems that this system was particularly favoured for schoolmasters texts.

2 30 RHETORICAL TEXTS The abbreviations used are κ = καί; κ` = κατά: δ = δέ as a particle and in composition (τοδ ); γ = γάρ; τ` = τ(ήν); τ` = τ(ων); μ = μέν as a particle and in composition (λεγομ οιϲ); ϲ = ϲύν in composition (ϲ πληρωϲει, ϲ τομια); π` = παρά as a preposition and in composition (π`ϲκευην). However, γίνεται and πρόϲ are sometimes written in full. ϟ = αὐτά, αὐτόϲ, = γίνεται, / = ἐϲτι, and \ = εἶναι are required by the supplements. A suprascript bar may represent ν at line-end (A 7 γνωμ3η ). Iota adscript is occasionally written. There are no breathings or accents, and no punctuation except paragraphus at B 2 (end of section) and C 6. A diaeresis is found on ϋπερ. The extensive use of abbreviations in this papyrus makes it particularly hazardous to propose supplements if there is no parallel from the mediaeval text, since the variation in the number of letters per line is considerable. Two treatises on rhetoric, ῥητορικαὶ τέχναι, are attributed in the mediaeval manuscripts to Aristides, i.e. the famous rhetor Aelius Aristides (117 c.187). The manuscripts all descend from P (Parisinus Graecus 1741, a vellum codex of the tenth century); the only independent witness is a mutilated codex (Pc + S) now divided between Paris and Sofia, which includes extracts from these treatises, added in the margins by a hand of the thirteenth/fourteenth century. The first treatise is περὶ τοῦ πολιτικοῦ λόγου, the second περὶ τοῦ ἀφελοῦϲ λόγου. It has been generally agreed, since the arguments of Wilhelm Schmid (RhM n.f. 72 ( ) , ), that the two treatises are by different authors, and neither by Aelius Aristides. See for an overview M. Patillon, Pseudo-Aelius Aristide: Arts rhétoriques Livre I (Budé series, 2002) pp. vii xxii. The first treatise itself seems to combines more than one source. After a brief introduction we have (1) a systematic discussion of the qualities of style (ἰδέαι), with examples (virtually all from Demosthenes); (2) a shorter systematic discussion, with no examples (therefore an abridgement of a fuller text?); (3) miscellaneous appendices. Schmid attempted to allot different sections to particular authors from among those now lost who are said to have written περὶ ἰδεῶν before Hermogenes. This enterprise rests on slender grounds, even if the sections could each be treated as self-contained. If, as Patillon argues, some material within his first section ( 108, ) derives from the second, we need to imagine a more complex redaction. This is now confirmed by 4854, which shows a variant assemblage of materials circulating at about the same date as that at which the mediaeval version is thought to have been constructed comprises three fragments of a codex; the original order of the fragments and their respective sides is uncertain. The fragments contain the material in the following array: fr. A 134, 135, 109, 111, 113, and 116 fr. A 119, 165 fr. B 136, 137

3 4854. [AELIUS ARISTIDES], ΤΕΧΝΩΝ ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ Α 31 fr. B not in the mediaeval text fr. C not in the mediaeval text fr. C not in the mediaeval text Apart from frequent variations in wording, two things are notable. First, A combines, in reverse order, material from Patillon s first and second sections; A combines material from the first section and the appendix (an appendix that Patillon guesses to have been added in the fifth century). Second, 4854 omits many of the illustrative quotations (primarily from Demosthenes) that in the mediaeval text characterize the first section as against the second; this makes it necessary to ask whether the examples are all original to the author (in which case 4854 offers an abridgement) or are material added at will by teachers of rhetoric who used this work. What we seem to have is an elementary work on the art of composition used in the rhetorical schools of the period, whose contents could, to some extent, be transposed and illustrated to suit the need of the individual teacher. The copying of this codex was probably done within the life-time of Aelius Aristides or a generation or so after. That in turn suggests that the original material that appears in both redactions derives from a date substantially earlier than is normally thought. The content has been compared with the Budé text of M. Patillon (2002), and the Teubner text of Wilhelm Schmid, Rhetores Graeci v (1926); references are to the paragraph-numbering introduced by Schmid and adopted by Patillon. I have consulted also Leonard Spengel s Rhetores Graeci ii (1854); Christian Walz s Rhetores Graeci ix (1836); and Wilhelm Dindorf s edition of Aristides ii (1829). Patillon s apparatus reports the readings of P (and where available those of the independent Pc), but only eclectically divergent readings in the apographa of P; Schmid gives a fuller account. We are indebted for expert advice to Professor D. A. F. M. Russell, Dr D. C. Innes, and Professor M. F. Heath. Dr Cockle s draft was prepared for publication by Parsons, who takes responsibility for any errors and omissions. Fr. A (134) ὅταν τιϲ μεταβαίνων ἀφ ἑτέρου ἐ]φ ἕτερον π [ρ]ᾶ γμα τοῦ μ(ὲν) ϲ (υμ)πληρώϲει, τοῦ δ(ὲ) ἐπαγγελίᾳ χρῆται, κ(αὶ) ὅταν τιϲ c.3] αϲεϲιν χρῆται, κ(αὶ) ὅταν τιϲ ἀφηγηματικοῖϲ ϲχήμαϲι χρῆται. (135) κ(ατὰ) δ(ὲ) ἀπαγγελί]α ν γίνεται ὅταν τιϲ κοινοτ έροιϲ ὀνόμαϲιν χρῆται κ(αὶ) τοῖϲ ϲημαντικοῖϲ τοῖϲ] ϲφόδρα κ(α ὶ ) ἐ ν αργῶϲ δηλοῦϲιν τὰ πράγματα 5 κ(αὶ) ὅταν τοῖϲ ἰϲοδυναμοῦϲιν ἥκιϲτ]ά τιϲ χρῆται κ(αὶ) ὅταν τοῖϲ πραοτέροιϲ ἀντὶ τ(ῶν) τραχέων. (109) περὶ ϲφοδρό]τ ητοϲ ϲφοδρότηϲ δ(ὲ) γίνεται τριχῶϲ, κ(ατὰ) γν]ώ μην κ(αὶ) κ(ατὰ) ϲχῆμα κ(αὶ) κ(ατὰ) λέξιν. κ(ατὰ) μ(ὲν) γνώμη(ν)

4 32 RHETORICAL TEXTS οὕτωϲ, ὅταν τιϲ c.14 ]ϲ επι c.4 κ(αὶ) ἀνθίϲτητ αι, ἢ ὅταν τιϲ ἐνδόξ[ο]ι ϲ προϲώποιϲ ἐπιτιμᾶι ἢ ὑπεραγ]ανακτῆ ι κ(αὶ) ὑπερϲχετλιάζηι τοῖϲ ὀλίγου 10 ἀξίοιϲ, κ(αὶ) (111) ὅταν δ(ὲ) ἀτόπωϲ τιϲ εἰκά]ζηι κ(αὶ) π (αρα)β ά λληι. (113) τ [ὸ] δ (ὲ) μέγιϲτον εἰδέναι χρή, ὅτι ὅταν ἦι μὴ ἰϲχυρὰ ζητήμ]α τα τὰ ἐξ ἑτέρω ν τ ῶν μερῶν, ὑπάρχη [ι δ(ὲ) θατέροιϲ μὴ πρόδηλα (αὐτὰ) (εἶναι), ὁ δ(ὲ) ὡϲ ἐπὶ ὁμολογουμ(έν)ο]ιϲ ϲχεδὸν τοῖϲ ζητήμαϲιν ϲυνάγε [ι τὸν λόγον, οἷόϲ ἐϲτιν ὁ κ(ατὰ) Μειδίου. (116) κ(ατὰ) δ(ὲ)] ϲ χήματα γ ί νεται ϲφο[δρότ]ηϲ οὕτω [ϲ, ὅταν τιϲ ἐπιφορικοῖϲ χρῆται ϲχήμαϲι. κ(ατὰ) δ(ὲ)] λέξιν γίνεται ϲφ[οδρότηϲ ὅταν c c.24 ϲχ]ή μαϲίν τιϲ χρῆτα [ι c.26 ]τ α [ ] [ μ ϲ πληρωϲει, δ 2 κ 4 κ 9 κ 10 κ π `β α λληι τ [ ]δ 5 κ, τ 7 κ κ`, κ κ`, κ`μ γνωμ3η 8 κ [(From the section On Clarity and Purity)... By figure, clarity and purity are achieved thus... when someone, in passing from one topic] to another, completes one [and gives indication] of the other, [and when someone] uses... x..., and when someone [uses] narrative [figures. By dict]ion, clarity is achieved when someone [uses] more ordinary language [and language that is significant,] which brings out the points strongly and vividly, [and when someone makes the minim]um use [of synonyms], and when he uses milder language instead of [harsh.] [On Vehem]ence. [Vehemence is achieved in three ways, by] thought and by figure and by diction. By thought [thus, when someone... ]... and opposes, or when someone [censures persons] held in high repute, or when he [is exceedingly] angry or indignant at people of little [worth, or when someone uses out-of-the-way imag]es and comparisons. But, as the most important point, one must know: [that when the claims] of the other parties [are not strong,] but it is possible [that the claims were not made clear to the other party beforehand, he (Demosthenes) organizes [his speech as if on the basis of ] claims [that are almost agre]ed, as in the speech Against Meidias. [By] figures, vehemence is achieved thus: [when a speaker makes use of impetuous figures.] [By] diction. vehemence is achieved [when... ] a speaker uses... figures... Fr. A begins in the middle of 134 περὶ ϲαφηνείαϲ καὶ καθαρότητοϲ. 2 ] αϲεϲιν χρῆται: not in MSS. Before α a median horizontal descending slightly to the right, compatible with the right hand of λ, μ, ϲ, or τ. In the break after ἐπαγγελίᾳ χρῆται the words κ(αὶ) ὅταν τιϲ (μή) are probably required. There is space for a dative plural third-declension feminine noun ending in -αϲιϲ, whose nominative singular is of three syllables, or if μὴ is present of two. κ(αὶ) ὅταν τιϲ μὴ π]λ άϲεϲιν χρῆται and whenever a speaker does not use fictions would fit the space, but other supplements may better suit the context: Professor Heath suggests κ(ατα)ϲ]τ άϲεϲιν or ἐπα(να)]λ ήψεϲιν, the former associated by Hermogenes (e.g. Id. p Rabe) with εὐκρίνεια. 2 3 κ(αὶ) ὅταν τιϲ ἀφηγηματικοῖϲ [ϲχήμαϲι χρῆται comes after δηλοῦϲι τὰ πράγματα in MSS (cf. pap. line 4). This continues into 135, where the mediaeval text has a string of καὶ ὅταν clauses, each of which is not dependent on the preceding: 4854 presents these in a different order without affecting the sense of the paragraph.

5 4854. [AELIUS ARISTIDES], ΤΕΧΝΩΝ ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ Α 33 3 κ(ατὰ) δ(ὲ) ἀπαγγελί]α ν γίνεται: κατὰ δὲ ἀπαγγελίαν οὕτωϲ MSS. ὅταν: ο was begun as α and was then overwritten. κοινοτ έροιϲ ὀνόμαϲιν: κοινοτέροιϲ τοῖϲ ὀνόμαϲι MSS. 4 ἐ ν αργῶϲ: ἐνεργεϲτέρωϲ P: ἐναργεϲτέροιϲ G Vb: ἐναργεϲτέρωϲ Norrmann and later editors. 5 ἥκιϲτ]ά τιϲ χρῆται: τιϲ before ἰϲοδυναμοῦϲιν MSS. After χρῆται MSS have the gloss τὰ τροπικὰ λέγει καὶ μεταφορικὰ ἰϲοδυναμοῦντα τοῖϲ κυρίοιϲ δηλονότι, deleted by Finckh, Spengel, and most later editors. 6 ff. 136, which follows 135 in the mediaeval text, is found in fr. B. Here the papyrus moves to 109, with the heading περὶ ϲφοδρό]τ ητοϲ. It is strange that τραχέων should be run over into line 6. We should expect the heading, which is centred in mid-line, to stand by itself; compare B 3. 7 κ(ατὰ) γν]ώ μην κ(αὶ) κ(ατὰ) ϲχῆμα κ(αὶ) κ(ατὰ) λέξιν: κατὰ γνώμην, κατὰ ϲχῆμα, κατὰ λέξιν MSS. κ(ατὰ) μ(ὲν) γνώμη(ν): καὶ κατὰ μὲν γνώμην MSS. 8 ]ϲ επι c.4 κ(αὶ) ἀνθίϲτητ αι, ἤ: not in MSS. There is stray ink above the left hand vertical of π in επι. After επι a blank space with shadows of ink (since the surface seems undamaged, apparently an erasure rather than accidental damage), where the last element may be a high acute representing abbreviation. 9 After ἐπιτιμᾶι the mediaeval MSS continue with quotations from Demosthenes and Thucydides 1.69 followed by [Aristides] The papyrus omits these but adds ἢ ὑπεραγ]- ανακτῆ ι κ(αὶ) ὑπερϲχετλιάζηι τοῖϲ ὀλίγου [ἀξίοιϲ, absent from the mediaeval text. ἢ ὑπεραγ]ανακτῆ ι: 112 ϲφοδρότηϲ δέ ἐϲτι καὶ ὅταν τιϲ ὑπεραγανακτῇ. ὑπερϲχετλιάζηι is hapax legomenon τοῖϲ ὀλίγου [ἀξίοιϲ, or perhaps τοῖϲ ὀλίγου ἀ [ξίοιϲ. This reconstruction, suggested by Dr Innes and Professor Collard, offers a suitable contrast with ἐνδόξοιϲ. The ink at the end of 9 is vestigial, and might allow τοῖϲ ὀλίγοι ϲ, but that, in the normal sense of the few (oligarchs), seems alien to the context. 10 The papyrus apparently continues with the beginning of 111 καὶ ὅταν δὲ ἀτόπωϲ τιϲ εἰκάζῃ, adding κ(αὶ) π (αρα)β ά λληι, which is not in the mediaeval text. It then skips to the latter part of 113. The intervening area in the mediaeval text is largely quotation from Demosthenes and Thucydides. 11 ὅταν ἦι μὴ ἰϲχυρὰ ζητήμ]α τα τὰ ἐξ ἑτέρω ν τ ῶν μερῶν: ὅταν ᾖ μὴ ἰϲχυρὰ ζητήματα ἐξ ἑκατέρων τῶν μερῶν MSS. The reconstruction of the papyrus is not certain (but it seems that the first trace does not allow ιϲχ]υρα τα or ιϲχυρ]οτατα): the second τα may be a dittograph. ὑπάρχη [ι δ(έ): ἀλλ ὑπάρχῃ MSS. 12 The supplement at the line-beginning from the mediaeval text of 34 characters is too long for the available space of c.26. Possibly θατέροιϲ was abbreviated at the end of line 11, and ἐπὶ contracted to ε (compare McNamee, Abbreviations 32). However ἐπί is usually written in full in this papyrus. 13 κ(ατὰ) δ(ὲ)] ϲ χήματα γ ί νεται ϲφο [δρότ]ηϲ οὕτω [ϲ: κατὰ ϲχῆμα δὲ οὕτω γίνεται ϲφοδρό τηϲ MSS ὅταν τιϲ ἐπιφορικοῖϲ χρῆται τοῖϲ ϲχήμαϲιν MSS: in the supplement I have omitted τοῖϲ for the space. The papyrus omits the examples that follow in the mediaeval text and moves to the beginning of 116, which the MSS present as κατὰ δὲ ἀπαγγελίαν [τουτέϲτι κατὰ λέξιν secl. Schmid] ϲφοδρότηϲ γίνεται, ὅταν ὑπερβολὰϲ ποιῇϲ ἐν τῷ λόγῳ οἷον κτλ A possible supplement is... ὅταν ἐν τῷ λόγῳ ὑπερβολικοῖϲ ϲχ]ή μαϲίν τιϲ χρῆτα [ι, but more is required to fill the available space. 16 ] [. Tops of letters: the second trace is the high rising oblique of a contraction.

11 4854. [AELIUS ARISTIDES], ΤΕΧΝΩΝ ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΩΝ Α 39 κ(ατ)ηγορήϲαντα τουί. ἐγὼ δ[ c.38 5 ἢ ὥϲτε αὐτὸ τοὐναντίον [ c.38 ἐμοί φημι πρὸϲ τοῦτον ου [ c.38 τοῦ π αρόντοϲ ἀγῶνοϲ [ c.41 ἢ ἑτέρωϲ κ(αὶ) αὐτοὶ ἐν τω [ c.41 ]μ ε ι τ ο [ κ`, ϊ or ί 8 κ The material is not present in the mediaeval text. On the evidence of fr. A c. 38 letters are missing at the ends of lines 2 6. The author of [Aristides], τεχνῶν ῥητορικῶν α, very rarely uses the first person singular in his own exposition. Exceptions are λέγω in 2 and φημί in 149. So ὁρῶ (2), ἐγώ and ἐμοί (4 and 6), φημί (6) are probably in quoted speech, and that is confirmed by τοῦ π αρόντοϲ ἀγῶνοϲ (7) and by the absence of technical terms. No quotation from Attic oratory has been firmly identified, even allowing for the minor variants that citations of the classics often exhibit in [Aristides]. We may then be dealing with an exemplary composition: the material suggests a model proem. The paragraphos below 7 could mark the end of one continuous passage; then ἢ ἑτέρωϲ, or alternatively, could introduce a second model. 1 ] [: foot of vertical below line, as of ι, ρ, or φ. 2 ορωμ [ ]ειϲ: the traces are difficult: ὁρῶμεν (ὁρῶ μὲν) εἰϲ, ὁρῶμαι εἰϲ, ὁρῶ μη δ είϲ (μηδ εἰϲ) seem not to fit. Then e.g. δικαϲτή [ϲ, δικαϲτή [ριον. The overall structure may contrast the behaviour of the speaker with that of others (ἑτέρουϲ... (4) ἐγὼ δ[έ). 3 αδι [: the foot of a vertical. E.g. τοιαύτην ἀδικ [ίαν; cf. Isocrates τουί : the interpretation is uncertain. Above the apparent ι two traces that most suggest an acute accent bisected by a patch of damage. Such a stroke might indicate a numeral, or a contraction (although we would expect it to stand further to the right); if the latter, it might be possible to take the ι as a damaged τ, i.e. τουτ for τούτ(ων). Alternatively, the two traces may represent an asymmetrical diaeresis. In that case we may have a haplography τουϊ for του του ϊ. Compare Dem (the speech quoted in C 2 3) μηδεὶϲ ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρεϲ Ἀθηναῖοι, νομίϲῃ μήτ ἰδίαϲ ἔχθραϲ ἐμὲ μηδεμιᾶϲ ἕνεχ ἥκειν Ἀριϲτοκράτουϲ κατηγορήϲοντα τουτουὶ κτλ. 5 αὐτὸ τοὐναντίον: cf. Demosthenes 22.5 ἐγὼ δ αὐτὸ τοὐναντίον οἴομαι, Dem [: horizontal or rising ink at mid-line, compatible with ψ. 6 [: low left-hand descending curve, as of ε, θ, ο, ϲ, ω; or possibly, if a further small upright trace level with letter-tops is not delusory, φ. 7 τοῦ π αρόντοϲ ἀγῶνοϲ : a phrase from Attic oratory (e.g. Dem. 57.1, in a proem), taken up by rhetoricians of the Roman period (Ael. Arist. Πρὸϲ Πλάτωνα p Jebb; Maximus Rhet. p Rabe; Lib. Decl. 13.1, in a proem). τω [: or το [. W. E. H. COCKLE

12 40 RHETORICAL TEXTS Τεχνη Ρητορικη 112/114 (a) + 115/24 (a) Fr cm Mid third century Fr cm Plates VI VII Two fragments containing a column each, written across the fibres. Although these two fragments come from different boxes, there is clear evidence that they belong to the same roll. On one side, we have documentary texts written along the fibres, joined in a τόμοϲ ϲυγκολλήϲιμοϲ: on fr. 1, line-beginnings from a sale of land; on fr. 2, line-ends, then a heavy kollesis and line-beginnings from another sale of land, written in a different hand. The line-ends on fr. 2 can be seen to belong to the same document as fr. 1: the hand is similar, the wide upper margin of 8 cm is the same, and the name of the same seller, Dioskoros son of Anoubion, occurs in both. The formulas point to a Hermopolite provenance. The date-formula (see P. Bureth, Les Titulatures impérials dans les papyrus, les ostraca et les inscriptions d Égypte (30 a.c. 284 p.c.) (Bru xelles 1964) 104, third form) in lines can be reconstructed across the fragment as follows: ἡ πρᾶϲιϲ κυρία. (ἔτουϲ) κβ [Αὐτοκράτοροϲ Καίϲαροϲ Μάρκου Αὐρηλίου Ϲεουήρου Ἀν]τωνίνου Παρθικ οῦ μ [εγίϲ]του Β ρεταν[νικοῦ] μεγίϲτου Γερμανικοῦ μεγίϲτου [Εὐϲεβοῦϲ Ϲεβαϲτοῦ (month, day), i.e. 22nd year of Caracalla = 213/14. Thus 45 letters are lost between the right-hand edge of fr. 1 and the left-hand edge of fr. 2. Given that in the preserved beginning of line 17, 26 letters (plus word-spaces) occupy just over 8 cm, we can calculate that the missing 45 letters would require approximately 14 cm of papyrus. The second document has the same distinctive deep upper margin (but in this case filled with writing by a third hand). Each fragment of the literary text contains one column, and the lacuna of c.14 cm in between has precisely enough room for one column plus side-margin. This means that fr. 1 preserves col. i, and fr. 2 col. iii, of the same sequence, while col. ii is lost. Col. iii contains the end of the work and gives the title τέχνη ῥητορική, written in a slightly bigger size. Col. i contains 27 lines, while col. iii contains 20 lines. Col. i has lost a few letters of the beginning and end of individual lines, but it preserves the upper and the lower margin, which are respectively 1.8 cm and 3 cm wide. Col. iii is damaged just at the beginning of individual lines, apart from lines 3 6, but from 2 to 8 its left-hand outside margin is partially preserved and is about 2 cm wide. Its right-hand outside margin is about 1.5 cm wide. Its upper margin is about 1.8 cm wide. After the final title, the rest of the column is blank to a depth of about 6.8 cm. The interlinear space is about 4 mm. The script, to be assigned to the Formal Mixed type, is upright, basically bilinear (apart from ι, ρ, τ, υ, and φ, whose uprights protrude below the baseline), with occasional ligatures (especially between λ and the following letter and in the

13 4855. ΤΕΧΝΗ ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΗ 41 diphthong ει) and a remarkable contrast between square and rounded letters. Individual letter-shapes to be noted are: α, usually in three strokes at a sharp angle, with right-hand diagonal tending to be shorter because of the rapidity of the writing (a feature that may be observed in δ and λ also); β, with triangular lower loop protruding below the baseline (iii 15); μ with broad curve; ν, with shorter right-hand diagonal, rapidly written from the lower extremity of the left-hand diagonal without lifting the pen; ο, rather small and lying in the middle or in the upper part of the writing space; φ, with rather flat body; ω, with no separation into two lobes and lying in the upper part of the writing space. The scribe is able to keep an even right edge to the column by enlarging the last letter of the line (see, for instance, the large ν in iii, at the end of 3 and 6, and the protrusion of the central stroke of ε at the end of 10 in the same column). Although the hand is certainly skilful and competent, the general graphic impression reveals rapidity and irregularity. Occasionally individual words seem to be separated by small blank spaces (see, for instance, i 10, between διάθεϲιν and κἂν; 11, between διαιρεῖται and εἰϲ; iii 6, between γα μεῖν and εἰ; 8, within the sequence ἁπλαῖ μὲν αἱ ζήτηϲιν; 14, between 0ζ and κατὰ φύϲιν; 15, between βίῳ and βίοϲ). At the same time, there are ligatures between groups of letters belonging to two different words (iii 17, δ έ and κατηγορία) and, vice versa, small spaces within a single word (iii 4, within πραγμ ατικαί, where the three final letters are separated from the rest of the word by a slightly wider space; 17, between the two first letters and rest of the word ἐναντίων). Given that the recto provides as a terminus post quem the year 213/14, this literary script might be reasonably assigned to the middle of the third century. This is based on the assumption of a minimum time interval of 5 10 years for the reuse of the papyrus; cf. GMAW 2 19, and M. Lama, Aspetti di tecnica libraria ad Ossirinco: copie letterarie su rotoli documentari, Aegyptus 71 (1991) , esp Parallels for this script are: II 223 (pl. I, GLH 21a), early iii AD (on the recto: petition of AD 186); I 23 (pl. VI), iii AD (date on the verso: AD 295) + P. Berol (= BKT ), from the same roll and written in an almost identical hand. Cf. also XXII 2341, a document dated to 202 (GLH pl. 19c), which presents however more cursive elements. Inorganic diaeresis occurs in i 7 ϊ διωτηϲ, 17 ϊδιαϲ. No accents. Punctuation is marked by means of paragraphus below the beginning of the line and dicolon within the line (cf. GMAW 2 8 9). In iii 6, where the end of the sentence coincides with the end of the line, no dicolon occurs. In i 21 a superfluous dicolon occurs. Paragraphus appears not to be marked in i 6 and 27, and iii 8 and 14, whether by a slip or because the ink has completely faded; in iii 10 it is missing probably because of fibre damage. Scriptio plena occurs in i 4 δεαρρην; 5 ταπανταη; 25 παν τααϲαφη; 27 δεοτα ν ; iii 1 2 δεο ϲ αι; 4 5 δε οϲαι; δε [αι]. Elision occurs in: i 17 επαγοραϲ, επϊδιαϲ. Itacistic spelling occurs in i 6 μιρακ ιο [ν. Corrections occur in: i 3, deletion of

14 42 RHETORICAL TEXTS a superfluous letter by means of two diagonal strokes, π ρ οτερον; i 20, addition of κακωϲ in the interlinear space in a slightly smaller script, seemingly by the same hand; in the same line correction currente calamo in the sequence ηπρου [, where the π has been written on a previous erroneous η. The bibliological and palaeographical features of 4855 handbook script equipped with some punctuation and reading marks, the presence of corrections by the scribe himself, and the fact that it is written on reused papyrus allow us to classify it as a not particularly expensive but still decent copy of a literary text. Therefore it represents a new interesting piece of evidence to contribute to the picture of Oxyrhynchus book production based on the recycling of documentary rolls drawn by Lama, Aegyptus 71 (1991) , 112. The content of the two preserved columns offers the classification of πρόϲωπον and πρᾶγμα applied to a law (col. i) and the classification of θέϲειϲ (col. iii). In spite of the title τέχνη ῥητορική, the matter in this treatment is presented in a rather summary form. The closest parallel is found in the textbooks called Progymnasmata, especially that of Theon on νόμοϲ and θέϲιϲ, who, however, presents them in reverse order; see pp Patillon Bolognesi (for editions see the list at the end of this introduction), and concluding remarks after iii n. Cic. Inv offers an earlier detailed treatment (cf. M. C. Leff, The Topics of Argumentative Invention in Latin Rhetorical Theory from Cicero to Boethius, Rhetorica 1 (1983) 23 44, esp ). The πρόϲωπον (the agent) and the πρᾶγμα (the action) are the two basic components of every argument, and play an important role in the theory of τόποι/loci in Greek and Latin Rhetoric as two of the six elements of the so-called circumstance (περίϲταϲιϲ), the other being χρόνοϲ, τόποϲ, τρόποϲ, and αἰτία, as theorized in Herm. Stas. pp and [Herm.] Inv. pp According to Herm. Stas. p , πρόϲωπον/agent and πρᾶγμα/action are the two essentials of ϲτάϲιϲ theory, a theory that sought to classify the different kinds of dispute with which speakers have to deal, and to develop effective strategies of argument for handling each kind (M. Heath, Hermogenes: On Issues (Oxford 1995) 2). An account of this treatment is to be found in B. Schouler, La Classification des personnes et des faits chez Hermogène et ses commentateurs, Rhetorica 8 (1990) , esp ; cf. also Heath, Hermogenes, esp and Our text considers and analyses πρόϲωπον before πρᾶγμα, as recommended by Sopater, RG 5, p , in particular 5 7: καὶ λέγομεν, ὅτι προϋφέϲτηκε τὸ ποιοῦν τοῦ ποιουμένου, καὶ φύϲει τὰ πρόϲωπα τῶν πραγμάτων ἐϲτίν οὐ γὰρ πραχθείη πρᾶγμα μὴ προϋφεϲτῶτοϲ προϲώπου. Each division is subdivided into eight parts. Each part is illustrated by reference to a fictional law: the father-beater should be punished by having his hand cut off. The θέϲιϲ represents a progymnasma that consists of arguing for or against a general proposition, different from the ὑπόθεϲιϲ (= technical term for the sub-

15 4855. ΤΕΧΝΗ ΡΗΤΟΡΙΚΗ 43 ject of a declamation or a speech) because it does not have the περίϲταϲιϲ, i.e. πρόϲωπον, πρᾶγμα, αἰτία, etc., according to Theon, p (= ), [Herm.] pp , Aphth. pp , Nicolaus Sophista pp (cf. Quint ). In 4855 θέϲειϲ are classified on the basis of two different criteria. The first subdivision is based on their content and includes three groups: θέϲειϲ θεωρητικαί (e.g. nature of universe), ἠθικαί, a group unique to 4855 (e.g. how to treat friends), and πραγματικαί (e.g. should one sail? should one marry? should one farm?). The other authors of Progymnasmata offer a subdivision into two groups: θέϲειϲ of a theoretical nature named θεωρητικαὶ by Theon, [Herm.], and Aphth., and inspectivae sive intellectivae by Prisc. Praeexercitamina (pp Passalacqua = p Halm), φυϲικαί by Nic. Soph. (p ) and θέϲειϲ related to an action, a practical activity, named πρακτικαί by Theon, πολιτικαί by [Herm.] (who also uses as synonym πρακτικαί), Aphth., and Nic. Soph., and activae by Prisc. (p Passalacqua = p Halm). The second subdivision in 4855 is based on the structure of θέϲειϲ and includes two groups, ἁπλαῖ and ϲυγκριτικαί. This corresponds to the subdivision into ἁπλαῖ and διπλαῖ found in [Herm.] p A θέϲιϲ ἁπλῆ concerns the question whether the implementation of an action should be recommended, while a θέϲιϲ διπλῆ concerns the question whether the implementation of an action should be recommended instead of another action (cf. [Herm.] p :... διπλῆ, δεῖ γὰρ τοῦ μὲν ἀποτρέπειν, ἐπὶ δὲ τὸ προτρέπειν). Further, Theon (p = p ) offers the distinction between θέϲειϲ ἁπλαῖ and ϲυνεζευγμέναι. The θέϲιϲ ϲυνεζευγμένη consists of a composite θέϲιϲ that debates whether the implementation of an action should be recommended to a particular type of person: for example εἰ βαϲιλεῖ γαμητέον. [Herm.] also mentions this type under a different name, θέϲιϲ πρόϲ τι, and gives the same example as Theon (p ). Not surprisingly themes and wording of individual theseis in 4855 share with the other progymnasmata texts the echo of popular wisdom and didascalic approach. Therefore they appears rather distant from an exclusively technical dimension and in a very broad perspective could be traced back to Hesiod s didactic poetry: see, for instance, iii 3 4 on children s education and care for friends, iii 5 6 on sailing, marriage, and farming, and iii 9 10 and on engagement in rhetoric and military activity. In spite of its closeness to the progymnasmatic tradition, the new text presents several features that are not exactly paralleled in the extant tradition of Rhetores Graeci et Latini. The following elements/aspects are particular interesting: the variations in the subdivision of πρόϲωπον and πρᾶγμα into eight parts (see i 1 2 and nn.), the role of the heading τὸ ϲαφέϲ in the analysis of the law (see i 24 7 and 24 5 nn., and the final remarks after iii n.), the list of headings to be applied in the θέϲιϲ-exercise (see iii 14 ff. and nn.), and especially the tripartite classification of θέϲειϲ including the hitherto unattested group of θέϲειϲ ἡθικαί, which is the most original feature of 4855 (see iii 1 6 n.), Moreover, the presentation of

16 44 RHETORICAL TEXTS the material is to be examined in relation to the sequence of the different exercises found in the extant Progymnasmata (see final remark after iii n.). In any case 4855 contributes further evidence to illustrate how large and diverse was the range of such rhetorical handbooks and their variations of doctrine within this continuously developing teaching tradition (for an updated and detailed survey see M. Heath, Theon and the History of the Progymnasmata, GRBS 43 (2003/4) ; idem, Menander: A Rhetor in Context (Oxford 2004) esp. Part III). τέχναι ῥητορικαί attributed to Rufus (later second century) and Apsines (third century) survive, of which the former as transmitted takes summary form. However, we have no way to tell whether 4855 is a copy or summary of a work that circulated widely, or a local teacher s manual. The fact that the end-title does not name the author tells against the first possibility (but see final remarks after iii n.). Other papyri transmit texts belonging to the progymnasmata category. P. Mich. inv. 6 + P. Palau Rib. inv. 155 (TAPA 53 (1922) and Aegyptus 66 (1986) ), part of a miscellaneous codex (M P3 2294, LDAB 0552, CPP 0420; cf. Heath, Theon 141), written in an unpractised and irregular majuscule of the third century, contains a definition and analysis of the fable comparable with Theon s account. PSI I 85, Appunti di retorica, latest edition by G. Bastianini, in M. S. Funghi (ed.), Aspetti di letteratura gnomica nel mondo antico ii (Firenze 2004) ; M P3 2287, LDAB 5248, CPP 0357), contains a definition of chreia followed by a now lost section on diegema (ii/iii AD); its nature as provisional notes is shown by the fact that it is written in a quite inaccurate hand on the verso of a document, and the remaining part of the verso itself has been further used to write a documentary note (see Heath, Theon 141, and Bastianini, loc. cit ). The structure question/answer of PSI I 85 has a parallel in a papyrus codex of unknown provenance, P. Vindob. G 754 (M P3 2288, LDAB 6396, vi AD), a sort of rhetorical catechism dealing with prooimion, diegesis, and staseis adds evidence for the spread of rhetoric in Oxyrhynchus (cf. J. Krüger, Oxyrhynchos in der Kaiserzeit (Frankfurt a. M. 1990) 345), where a number of texts of different levels have been found. Apart from the already mentioned PSI I 85, see: III 410, Rhetorical Treatise in Doric (2nd half of ii AD), containing rather simple and practical instructions for good writing; XVII 2086v (iii AD), remains of notes on Rhetoric (including a heading περὶ κεφαλαίων); LIII 3708 (ii/iii AD), containing a rather elaborate system of topoi; P. Thomas 15, rhetorical handbook dealing with staseis and topoi (ii AD). The reconstruction, the interpretation, and the overall assessment of the text have greatly benefited from valuable suggestions and comments by Dr R. A. Coles, Prof. M. Heath, Dr D. C. Innes, Dr T. Reinhardt, and especially Prof. D. A. Russell.

20 48 RHETORICAL TEXTS following letter [, faded remains of lower half of two uprights; in between faded and blurred mark at mid-height: square letter? 6 ], first, mark in upper part of writing space in vertical alignment with extremely tiny trace at line-level; further very tiny trace in upper part of writing space in slightly diagonal alignment descending from left to right with the above mentioned mark; second, short oblique trace descending from left to right in upper part of writing space; 2 mm farther right, tiny mark at mid-height; third, extremely tiny and faded marks possibly belonging to top of round letter ρα, lower part of upright joining at mid-height short oblique descending from left to right ι [, mark at mid-height 7 χ δ, first, two faded traces in horizontal alignment, 2 mm distant from each other; second, very tiny and faded mark in upper part of writing space, in horizontal alignment with thicker blurred trace 2 mm farther on; third, two tiny marks in vertical alignment lying respectively at mid-height and at line-level χω, two uprights, 2.5 mm apart; in between two very tiny and faded traces at mid-height 8 [, top horizontal whose right-hand extremity joins short oblique slightly descending from right to left that joins at sharp angle at mid-height another oblique ascending from left to right; below, stains at line-level, first, two tiny marks in vertical alignment, respectively at mid-height and at line-level; second, traces in upper part of writing space, possibly belonging to left-hand arc; third, very scanty and scattered traces in upper part of writing space χ, two tiny marks very close to each other almost in vertical alignment at line-level ε, tiny trace below right-hand extremity of central stroke of preceding ε [, first, lower half of upright; second, two marks roughly in horizontal alignment very close to each other in upper part of writing space, of which the left-hand one is in vertical alignment with thick trace lying in lower part of writing space; third, two very tiny traces very close to each other in horizontal alignment in upper part of writing space 9 extremely scanty and faded remains of paragraphus at line-beginning ν, first, left-hand of top horizontal, whose right-hand extremity is in vertical alignment with other tiny traces in lower part of writing space, probably belonging to upright; second, two groups of very tiny traces in horizontal alignment, 1 mm distant from each other, in upper part of writing space; below, a few stains suggesting upright; third, faded and scanty remains of upright in lower part of writing space? fourth, remains of right-hand oblique, bottom stroke and right-hand angle of triangular letter 10 ϲ, first, upright whose tip joins oblique descending from left to right and only partially preserved; second, two very tiny marks very close to each other at mid-height and in vertical alignment with tiny trace in upper part of writing space 11 δ, remains of horizontal at mid-height π, lower part of upright protruding below baseline γ, first, upright followed, a few mm farther on, by lower extremity of oblique descending from left to right; second, left-hand angle of triangular letter, very faded extremity of its right-hand diagonal 12 χρ, left-hand arc τα, upright whose tip joins to right another not preserved stroke 13 τ, first, two very tiny marks in vertical alignment lying in upper part of writing space and at line-level respectively; 2 mm farther on, in upper part of writing space, two very tiny marks quite close to each other and in horizontal alignment; second, remains of ascender whose tip joins to right faded curve whose apex lies at mid-height; third, blurred remains of ascendant and bottom stroke of triangular letter τ τ[, scanty remains of obliques of triangular letter 14 faded paragraphus at line-beginning, first, tip of upright? second, remains of two uprights; in between remains of central element, apparently a curve whose apex lies at mid-height; third, descender in upper part of writing space ν, first, remains of two uprights of square letter, plus mark close to first upright, probably belonging to central element, possibly μ; second, two very tiny marks in vertical alignment, respectively in upper part of writing space and at line-level 15 very faded paragraphus at line-beginning τ, traces of arc in upper part of writing space with apex facing middle of writing space τα, tip of upright αι [, upright protruding below baseline, whose tip bears tiny confused stains; tiny marks to left in upper part of writing space 16 faded paragraphus at line-beginning ι, first, two tiny marks in diagonal alignment descending from left to right in upper part of writing space and at mid-height respectively; 2 mm farther, scanty

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