19 August - Llanelli riots: During demonstrations in support of a national railway strike (17–20 August), two men are shot dead by soldiers of the Worcestershire Regiment in Llanelli. Magistrates' homes are attacked and four more of the crowd are killed outright when explosive material stored on railway property ignites.[2]

1.
Wales
–
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh

2.
1911 in Ireland
–
Events from the year 1911 in Ireland. 5 January – Protestant church leaders condemn the Ne Temere Papal decree on mixed marriages,2 April – the national census is taken. 16 May – Cunarder SS Ivernia strikes a rock on entering Queenstown harbour,27 May – the first issue of the Irish Worker is published. The paper is the organ of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union and is edited by James Larkin. 31 May – the RMS Titanics hull is launched at the Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast and it is the largest ship afloat. Her sister RMS Olympic sails for Liverpool the same day to take up transatlantic service,22 June – as George V is crowned in London a Sinn Féin meeting at the Customs House in Dublin condemns Irish participation in the coronation ceremonies. 8–12 July – George V and Queen Mary make a 5-day royal visit to Dublin which will be the last to the city this century, on 8 July they officially open the College of Science in Merrion Square and on 10 July they visit St Patricks College, Maynooth. 9 August – a statue of Charles Stewart Parnell is hoisted onto its pedestal in Sackville Street,17 August – Dublin County Council votes in favour of using Greenwich Mean Time. The councillors hear that Irish time, being 25 minutes behind Greenwich, is a handicap for trade. 18 August – the Parliament Act removes the House of Lords power regarding budgets and restricts their power over other bills to a two-year suspensive veto and this makes Irish Home Rule a possibility in the future. 21 August – Irish Womens Suffrage Federation founded,26 August – Wexford foundry workers locked out for attempting to join the I. T. G. W. U. The lockout continues until February 1912,23 September –70,000 unionists and Orangemen march from Belfast to Craigavon House to protest against Home Rule. 1 October – the monument to Parnell is officially unveiled in Upper Sackville Street, full date unknown Strike of women workers at Jacobs biscuit factory in Dublin organised by Rosie Hackett. Royal Arch Purple is formed, the organisation is separate but closely linked to the Orange Institution, bellevue Pleasure Gardens, a public park and recreational area, is opened on the slopes of Cavehill, Belfast. 16 April – St. John Greer Ervines Mixed Marriage premieres at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. 16 December – the Imperial Copyright Act confirms the library of Trinity College, Dublin, the Kalem Company of New York shoots a film based on the play The Colleen Bawn on location in Ireland with Canadian Irish director Sidney Olcott. Publication of Patrick MacGills Songs of a Navvy, publication of Adam Lynns Ulster Scots dialect Random Rhymes frae Cullybackey. Publication of W. F. Marshalls poems Ulster Sails West, publication of Ave, the first of novelist George Moores three-volume autobiographical Hail and Farewell in the same year that he leaves Dublin to settle in London

3.
Welsh people
–
The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL

4.
Prince of Wales
–
Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university

5.
Edward VIII
–
Edward VIII was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year. Edward was the eldest son of George V and Mary of Teck and he was named Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday, nine weeks after his father succeeded as king. As a young man, he served in the British Army during the First World War, Edward became king on his fathers death in early 1936. However, he showed impatience with court protocol, and caused concern among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Only months into his reign, he caused a crisis by proposing marriage to Wallis Simpson. When it became apparent that he could not marry Wallis and remain on the throne and he was succeeded by his younger brother, George VI. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the monarchs in British history. After his abdication, he was created Duke of Windsor and he married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany, after the war, Edward spent the rest of his life in retirement in France. Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park and he was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York. His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and his mother was the eldest daughter of Francis and Mary Adelaide, Duke and Duchess of Teck. At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne and he was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury. The names were chosen in honour of Edwards late uncle, who was known to his family as Eddy or Edward and he was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David. As was common practice with children of the time, Edward. One of Edwards early nannies often abused him by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents and his subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send him and the nanny away. The nanny was discharged after her mistreatment of the children was discovered, Edwards father, though a harsh disciplinarian, was demonstrably affectionate, and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making tadpoles on toast for their French master, initially Edward was tutored at home by Helen Bricka. Upon his parents return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who brought up Edward and his brothers

6.
Princess of Wales
–
Princess of Wales is a British courtesy title held by the wife of the Prince of Wales, who is, since the 14th century, the heir apparent of the English or British monarch. The first acknowledged title holder was Eleanor de Montfort, wife of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and it has subsequently been used by wives of post-conquest princes of Wales. The title is held by Camilla, second wife of Charles. She does not, however, use the title, as it has remained associated with the previous holder. Instead, she uses the title Duchess of Cornwall, the Princess of Wales is not a princess in her own right. For most of her childhood, Mary was her fathers only legitimate heir, for example, Spanish scholar Juan Luis Vives dedicated his Satellitium Animi to Dominæ Mariæ Cambriæ Principi, Henrici Octavi Angliæ Regis Filiæ. When a title was discussed for the future Elizabeth II, the possibility of investing her as Princess of Wales in her own right was raised, but proved problematical. If it were used by Princess Elizabeth, it would have degraded her right as a Princess of the United Kingdom unless Letters Patent or legislation were introduced to the contrary. Furthermore, if the then-Princess Elizabeth had been given the title of Princess of Wales, therefore, King George VI decided not to grant his elder daughter the title. The Princess of Wales, by virtue of her marriage to the Prince of Wales, takes on the equivalent of her husbands titles. Of all these titles, Princess of Wales has been used officially, however, as with the example of the current holder, a subsidiary title may just as easily and lawfully be used. The Princess of Wales also holds the titles of Duchess of Cornwall and Countess of Chester, as the wife of the Prince of Wales who is also Duke of Cornwall, several consorts of Welsh princes of Wales were theoretically princesses of Wales while their husbands were in power. The only consort of a Welsh prince definitively shown to have used the title was Eleanor de Montfort, the English bride of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, the last native Prince of Wales. Their only child was Gwenllian of Wales, who was taken prisoner as an infant following her fathers death. herein is kept the Princess of Wales, whom we have to maintain. This is a list of Princesses of Wales who held the title by their marriage to the Prince of Wales The Green Howards, tystiolaeth Garth Celyn Y Traethodydd 1998 ISSN 0969-8930 Fryer, M. Mary Beacock Fryer, Arthur Bousfield, Garry Toffoli. Lives of the Princesses of Wales

7.
National Eisteddfod of Wales
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The National Eisteddfod of Wales is the most important of several eisteddfodau that are held annually, mostly in Wales. Its eight days of competitions and performances are considered the largest music, competitors typically number 6,000 or more, and overall attendance generally exceeds 150,000 visitors. The National Eisteddfod is traditionally held in the first week of August, the venue is officially proclaimed a year in advance, at which time the themes and texts for the competitions are published. The organisation for the location will have begun a year or more earlier, the Eisteddfod Act of 1959 allowed local authorities to give financial support to the event. Occasionally the Eisteddfod has been held in England, this is noted in italics in the table of past locations. Hundreds of tents, pavilions and booths are erected in a space to create the maes. The space required for this means that it is rare for the Eisteddfod to be in a city or town, car parking for day visitors alone requires several large fields, and many people camp on the site for the whole week. However, the Gorsedd is not an ancient institution or a pagan ceremony but rather a romantic creation by Iolo Morganwg in the 1790s, nevertheless, it is taken very seriously, and an award of a crown or a chair for poetry is a great honour. The Chairing and Crowning ceremonies are the highlights of the week, other important awards include the Prose Medal. If no stone circle is already, one is created out of Gorsedd stones. These stone circles are all across Wales and signify the Eisteddfod having visited a community. As a cost-saving measure, the 2005 Eisteddfod was the first to use a temporary fibre-glass stone circle for the druidic ceremonies instead of a permanent stone circle. This also has the benefit of bringing the Gorsedd ceremonies onto the maes, previously they were held many miles away. The ceremonies may still be held if the weather at the maes is not considered suitable. As well as the pavilion with the main stage, there are other venues through the week. Some are fixtures every year, hosting gigs, some eisteddfod-goers never go near the main pavilion, but spend their time wandering the maes and meeting friends. Since 2004, alcohol has been sold on the maes, previously there was a no-alcohol policy, local theatres are likely to time Welsh-language productions for around the time of the Eisteddfod, hoping to benefit from the influx of visitors. One of the most dramatic events in Eisteddfod history was the award of the 1917 chair to the poet Ellis Humphrey Evans, bardic name Hedd Wyn, for the poem Yr Arwr

8.
Caernarfonshire
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Caernarfonshire, historically spelled as Caernarvonshire or Carnarvonshire in English, is one of the thirteen historic counties, a vice-county and a former administrative county of Wales. The county has a largely mountainous surface, a large part of the Snowdonian Range lies in the centre and south-east of the county, including Snowdon itself, the highest mountain in Wales at 1,085 m. The south-west of the county is formed by the Llŷn peninsula, the north of the county, between the mountains and Menai Strait, is a nearly level plain. The east of the county is part of Vale of Conwy, Llandudno and Creuddyn forms a small peninsula to the north-east across the Conwy estuary. The principal towns of the county are Bangor, Betws-y-Coed, Caernarfon, Conwy, Llandudno, Porthmadog, during the 19th century the population increased steadily, from 46,000 in the 1801 census to 137,000 in the 1901 census. Under the Local Government Act 1888, an elected Carnarvonshire County Council taking over functions from the quarter sessions. The administrative county covered by the county council had identical borders to the geographic county, the administrative county was formally renamed Caernarvonshire on 1 July 1926. The county contained five ancient boroughs, three of these were reformed in 1835 by the Municipal Corporations Act. Criccieth established a body of commissioners in 1873. The remaining borough, the City of Bangor was not reformed until 1883, other towns became Improvement Commissioners Districts by private act of parliament. In 1875 these, along with the boroughs, became urban sanitary districts. At the same time the remainder of the county was divided into rural sanitary districts, the Local Government Act 1894 redesignated these as urban and rural districts. A county review order in 1934 made changes to the countys districts, the civil parish of Llysfaen was a detached exclave of the county. On 1 April 1923 Llysfaen was transferred to the county of Denbighshire, under the Local Government Act 1972 the administrative county of Caernarvonshire was abolished on 1 April 1974. It was largely split between the three districts of Aberconwy, Arfon and Dwyfor of Gwynedd, the administrative entity of Caernarfonshire was very briefly revived in 1996, when the unitary area of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshire was created. It was, however, renamed Gwynedd almost immediately, since then Caernarfonshire has been divided between the unitary authorities of Gwynedd to the west and Conwy to the east. Caernarvonshire County Council received a grant of armorial bearings from the College of Arms in 1949, the shield was a combination of the arms of two great native Princes of Wales. The gold and red quarters bearing lions were the arms of Llewelyn the Last - now used as the arms of the Principality of Wales, across this was placed a green fess or horizontal band, on which were three gold eagles, from the arms of Owain Gwynedd

9.
Welsh independence
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This ideology is promoted mainly by the Welsh nationalist party, Plaid Cymru and the non-party YesCymru campaign. Wales became distinct culturally and politically from other Brythonic groups during the Early Middle Ages, following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the Normans penetrated into Wales and gradually established control over parts of the country. The death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1282 led to the conquest of the last independent Welsh kingdom by Edward I of England, the Welsh revolted against English rule several times over the next years, with the last significant attempt being the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–15. In the 16th century Henry VIII, himself of Welsh extraction, according to the Encyclopaedia of Wales, the belief that Wales should form an independent nation state originated in the mid 19th century. The Sunday Closing Act of 1881 was the first legislation to acknowledge that Wales had a separate character from the rest of the English state. In 1886 Joseph Chamberlain proposed Home Rule All Round the United Kingdom, there was little mainstream political interest in Home Rule following the First World War. The focus of Welsh nationalist politics moved to the newly founded Plaid Cymru from 1925, a succession of non-Welsh Conservative Secretaries of State after 1987 was portrayed by opponents as colonial and indicative of a democratic deficit. The proposed assembly won a majority in the 1997 referendum. The political climate was different from that of 1979, with a new generation of Welsh MPs in Westminster. However, political commentator Denis Balsom notes public sentiment that devolution may have been following the election of a progressive Labour Government. These conflicting sentiments were reflected in the low turnout at the referendum. Since 1997, there is evidence of increased support for, and trust in, following the the announcement of plans to hold a second referendum on Scottish independence, Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood said there needed to be a national debate on Welsh independence. Surveys regarding support for independence have yielded different results, though often find that between 10 and 15% of Welsh desire independence from the United Kingdom. A2001 survey for the Institute of Welsh Affairs found that 11% of people polled favoured independence, a 2007 survey by the Institute of Welsh Politics at the University of Wales found that 12% of those questioned supported independence, down slightly from 14% in 1997. A poll taken by BBC Wales Newsnight in 2007 found that 20% of Welsh questioned favoured independence, a 2006 poll taken by Wales on Sunday found the number to be as high as 52%, although the poll mostly interviewed people in North Wales where support for independence is strongest. However, a Yougov/ITV Wales Poll in September 2014, showed an increase in support for Welsh independence having risen to 17%. In February 2014, an ICM poll for BBC Wales found that 5% of people wanted to see an independent Wales, the same poll found that there had been a significant increase in support for more powers for the Welsh Government. It had been suggested before the UKs referendum on EU membership that Wales might vote by a majority for Remain while the UK as a whole voted for Leave, which would increase support for independence

10.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary

11.
Strike action
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Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010

12.
Cardiff
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Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is the chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media. The unitary authority areas mid-2011 population was estimated to be 346,100, the Cardiff metropolitan area makes up over a third of the total population of Wales, with a mid-2011 population estimate of about 1,100,000 people. Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographics alternative tourist destinations, the city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan. Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities, the Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955, since the 1980s, Cardiff has seen significant development. A new waterfront area at Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building, home to the Welsh Assembly, sporting venues in the city include the Millennium Stadium, SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff International Sports Stadium and Cardiff Arms Park. The city was awarded the title of European City of Sport twice, due to its role in hosting major sporting events, first in 2009. The Millennium Stadium hosted 11 football matches as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics, including the opening event. Caerdydd derives from the earlier Welsh form Caerdyf, the change from -dyf to -dydd shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh f and dd, and was perhaps also driven by folk etymology. This sound change had probably first occurred in the Middle Ages, Caerdyf has its origins in post-Roman Brythonic words meaning the fort of the Taff. The fort probably refers to that established by the Romans, the anglicised form Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f borrowed as ff /f/, as also happens in Taff and Llandaff. As English does not have the vowel the final vowel has been borrowed as /ɪ/, although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce. A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of The Garth, four Iron Age hill fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiffs present-day county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an enclosed area of 5.1 hectares. The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta that acted as border defences, the fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a settlement, or vicus, was established

13.
Caernarfon Castle
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Caernarfon Castle, often anglicized as Carnarvon Castle, is a medieval fortress in Caernarfon, Gwynedd, north-west Wales cared for by Cadw, the Welsh Governments historic environment service. There was a castle in the town of Caernarfon from the late 11th century until 1283 when King Edward I of England began replacing it with the current stone structure. The Edwardian town and castle acted as the centre of north Wales. There was a link with Caernarfons Roman past and the Roman fort of Segontium is nearby. While the castle was under construction, town walls were built around Caernarfon, the work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the end of work in 1330. Despite Caernarfon Castles external appearance of being complete, the interior buildings no longer survive. The town and castle were sacked in 1294 when Madog ap Llywelyn led a rebellion against the English, Caernarfon was recaptured the following year. During the Glyndŵr Rising of 1400–1415, the castle was besieged, when the Tudor dynasty ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair, despite its dilapidated condition, during the English Civil War Caernarfon Castle was held by Royalists, and was besieged three times by Parliamentarian forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war, Caernarfon Castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. In 1911, Caernarfon Castle was used for the investiture of the Prince of Wales and it is part of the World Heritage Site Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd. The first fortifications at Caernarfon were built by the Romans and their fort, which they named Segontium, is on the outskirts of the modern town. The fort sat near the bank of the River Seiont, it is likely that the fort was positioned here due to the sheltered nature, Caernarfon derives its name from the Roman fortifications. In Welsh, the place was called y gaer yn Arfon, little is known about the fate of Segontium and its associated civilian settlement after the Romans departed from Britain in the early 5th century. Following the Norman Conquest of England, William the Conqueror turned his attention to Wales, according to the Domesday Survey of 1086, the Norman Robert of Rhuddlan was nominally in command of the whole of northern Wales. He was killed by the Welsh in 1088 and this early castle was built on a peninsula, bounded by the River Seiont, the Menai Strait, it would have been a motte and bailey, defended by a timber palisade and earthworks. While the motte, or mound, was integrated into the later Edwardian castle, excavations on top of the motte in 1969 revealed no traces of medieval occupation, suggesting any evidence had been removed. It is likely that the motte was surmounted by a tower known as a keep

14.
David Lloyd George
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David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George was a key figure in the introduction of reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state. His most important role came as the highly energetic Prime Minister of the Wartime Coalition Government, during and he was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the defeat of the Central Powers. He made an impact on British public life than any other 20th-century leader. Furthermore, in foreign affairs he played a role in winning the First World War, redrawing the map of Europe at the peace conference. His main political problem was that he was not loyal to his Liberal party—he was always a political maverick, while he was Prime Minister he favoured the Conservatives in his coalition in the 1918 elections, leaving the Liberal party as a hopeless minority. He became leader of the Liberal Party in the late 1920s, by the 1930s he was a marginalised and widely mistrusted figure. He gave weak support to the Second World War amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany, Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and his father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and Liverpool. He also taught in the Hope Street Sunday Schools, which were administered by the Unitarians, in March of the same year, on account of his failing health, William George returned with his family to his native Pembrokeshire. He took up farming but died in June 1864 of pneumonia, Lloyd George was educated at the local Anglican school Llanystumdwy National School and later under tutors. He added his uncles surname to become Lloyd George and his surname is usually given as Lloyd George and sometimes as George. The influence of his childhood showed through in his entire career, brought up a devout evangelical, as a young man he suddenly lost his religious faith. Biographer Don Cregier says he became a Deist and perhaps an agnostic, though he remained a chapel-goer and he kept quiet about that, however, and was hailed as one of the foremost fighting leaders of a fanatical Welsh Nonconformity. It was also during this period of his life that Lloyd George first became interested in the issue of land ownership, by the age of twenty-one, he had already read and taken notes on Henry Georges Progress and Poverty. This strongly influenced Lloyd Georges politics later in life through the Peoples Budget which heavily drew on the georgist tax reform ideas, the practice flourished, and he established branch offices in surrounding towns, taking his brother William into partnership in 1887. Although many Prime Ministers have been barristers, Lloyd George is to date the only solicitor to have held that office, by then he was politically active, having campaigned for the Liberal Party in the 1885 election, attracted by Joseph Chamberlains unauthorised programme of reforms. The election resulted firstly in a stalemate with neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives having a majority, William Gladstones proposal to bring about Irish Home Rule split the party, with Chamberlain eventually leading the breakaway Liberal Unionists

15.
Bangor University
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Bangor University is a Welsh university in the city of Bangor in the county of Gwynedd in North Wales. It received its Royal Charter in 1885 and was one of the member institutions of the former federal University of Wales. It was officially known for most of its history as the University College of North Wales, from September 2007 it became known as Bangor University, having become independent from the federal University of Wales. In 2012 Bangor was ranked 251st among the top universities. According to the Sunday Times University Guide 2012, it is rated top in Wales for teaching excellence and is among the top 15 universities in the UK in this category. The university was founded as the University College of North Wales on 18 October 1884, with an address by the Earl of Powis. There was then a procession to the college including 3,000 quarrymen, the college was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1885. Its students received degrees from the University of London until 1893, during the Second World War paintings from national art galleries were stored in the Prichard-Jones Hall at UCNW to protect them from enemy bombing. They were later moved to mines at Blaenau Ffestiniog. Students from University College, London, were evacuated to continue their studies in an environment at Bangor. During the 1960s the university shared in the expansion of higher education in the UK following the Robbins Report, with a number of new departments. On 22 November 1965, during construction of an extension to the Department of Electronic Engineering in Dean Street, the three-ton counterweight hit the second-floor lecture theatre in the original building about thirty minutes before it would have been occupied by about 80 first-year students. The counterweight went through to the ground floor, Student protests at UCNW in the 1970s focused mainly on calls to expand the role of the Welsh language. The merger of St Marys into UCNW was concluded in 1977, the university occupies a substantial proportion of Bangor and also has some departments in Wrexham. The university was based in an old coaching inn, the Penrhyn Arms Hotel. In 1911 it moved to a larger new building, which is now the old part of the Main Arts Building. This building, designed by Henry Hare, had its foundation laid by King Edward VII on 9 July 1907. The iconic building, which occupies a highly visible position overlooking Bangor, the building became a Grade I listed building in 1949

16.
Mary of Teck
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Mary of Teck was Queen of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Empress of India as the wife of King-Emperor George V. Although technically a princess of Teck, in the Kingdom of Württemberg, she was born and her parents were Francis, Duke of Teck, who was of German extraction, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, a granddaughter of King George III. She was informally known as May, after her birth month, the following year, she became engaged to Albert Victors next surviving brother, George, who subsequently became king. Before her husbands accession, she was successively Duchess of York, Duchess of Cornwall and she supported her second son, Albert, who succeeded to the throne as George VI, until his death in 1952. She died the year, during the reign of her granddaughter Queen Elizabeth II. Princess Victoria Mary of Teck was born on 26 May 1867 at Kensington Palace and her father was Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, the son of Duke Alexander of Württemberg by his morganatic wife, Countess Claudine Rhédey von Kis-Rhéde. Her mother was Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, the child and younger daughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. She was baptised in the Chapel Royal of Kensington Palace on 27 July 1867 by Charles Thomas Longley, before she became queen, she was known to her family, friends and the public by the diminutive name of May, after her birth month. Mays upbringing was merry but fairly strict and she was the eldest of four children, the only girl, and learned to exercise her native discretion, firmness, and tact by resolving her three younger brothers petty boyhood squabbles. They played with their cousins, the children of the Prince of Wales, may was educated at home by her mother and governess. Although her mother was a grandchild of King George III, May was only a member of the British Royal Family. Her father, the Duke of Teck, had no inheritance or wealth, however, the Duchess of Teck was granted a parliamentary annuity of £5,000 and received about £4,000 a year from her mother, the Duchess of Cambridge. Despite this, the family was deeply in debt and lived abroad from 1883, the Tecks travelled throughout Europe, visiting their various relations. They stayed in Florence, Italy, for a time, where May enjoyed visiting the art galleries, churches, in 1885, the Tecks returned to London, and took up residence at White Lodge, in Richmond Park. May was close to her mother, and acted as an secretary, helping to organise parties. She was also close to her aunt, the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, during the First World War, the Crown Princess of Sweden helped pass letters from May to her aunt, who lived in enemy territory in Germany until her death in 1916. In December 1891, May was engaged to her second cousin once removed, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. The choice of May as bride for the Duke owed much to Queen Victorias fondness for her, as well as to her strong character, however, Albert Victor died six weeks later, in a recurrence of the worldwide 1889–90 influenza pandemic

17.
National Library of Wales
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The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, is the national legal deposit library of Wales and is one of the Welsh Government sponsored bodies. It is the biggest library in Wales, holding over 6.5 million books and periodicals, Welsh is the Librarys main medium of communication but it does, however, aim to deliver all public services in Welsh and English. In 1873, a committee was set up to collect Welsh material and house it at University College, Sir John Williams, physician and book collector, had also said he would present his collection to the library if it were established in Aberystwyth. He also eventually gave £20,000 to build and establish the library, cardiff was eventually selected as the location of the National Museum of Wales. Funds for both the National Library and the National Museum were contributed by the subscriptions of the working classes, in a Prefatory Note to A List of Subscribers to the Building Fund, the first librarian, John Ballinger, estimates that there were almost 110,000 contributors. The Library and Museum were established by Royal Charter on 19 March 1907, the Charter stipulated that if the National Library of Wales should be removed from Aberystwyth then the manuscripts donated by Sir John Williams will become the property of the University College. A new Royal Charter was granted in 2006, the National Library of Wales was granted the privilege of legal deposit under the 1911 Copyright Act. Initially, however, the Library could only claim material deemed to be of Welsh, the first use of the Library of Congress Classification by a library in Britain was at the National Library of Wales in 1913. On 15 July 1911 King George V and Queen Mary laid the stone of the National Library of Wales. The central block, or corps de logis, was added by Charles Holden to a version of Greenslades design. It was completed in 1937 and is a Grade II* listed building, the Library is faced with Portland stone on the upper storeys which contrasts with the Cornish granite below it. Restoration work was necessary in 1969 and 1983 due to the effects of weathering on the Portland stone, in recent years many changes have been made to the front part of the building. The large North Reading Room, where printed books are consulted, has the proportions of a Gothic Cathedral, there are galleries at three levels above the floor. The feasibility of installing a mezzanine floor to better use of the space has been considered on two occasions. The South Reading Room is used for consulting archives, manuscripts, maps, carved above the entrance is the rooms original name the Print and Maps Room. Above it on the floor of the south wing is the Gregynog Gallery where temporary. A six-storey bookstack, which was completed in 1931, was built to increase space for the rapidly expanding book collection. A second bookstack was officially opened in March 1982, in 1996, the Third Library Building was opened, doubling the storage capacity of the Library

18.
Aberystwyth
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Aberystwyth is a historic market town, administrative centre, and holiday resort within Ceredigion, West Wales, often colloquially known as Aber. It is located near the confluence of the rivers Ystwyth and Rheidol, historically part of Cardiganshire, since the late 19th century, Aberystwyth has also been a major Welsh educational centre, with the establishment of a university college there in 1872. At the 2001 census, the population was 15,935. During nine months of the year, there is an influx of students—to a total number of 10,400 as of September 2012, including the suburbs of Llanbadarn Fawr, the population is 16,420. The town is situated near the confluence of the rivers Ystwyth and Rheidol, although the name may seem to suggest otherwise, only the River Rheidol passes through the town, following the reconstruction of the harbour, the River Ystwyth skirts the town. Today, it comprises a number of different areas, Aberystwyth town, Llanbadarn Fawr, Waunfawr, Llanbadarn, Trefechan. Aberystwyth is a town, considering the population density of the United Kingdom. The Welsh capital, Cardiff, is over 100 miles away, London is 210 miles distant from Aberystwyth. Aberystwyth experiences a climate similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. This is particularly pronounced due to its west coast location facing the Irish Sea, air undergoes little land moderation and so temperatures closely reflect the sea temperature when winds are coming from the predominant onshore direction. The nearest Met Office weather station is Gogerddan,3 miles to the northeast, the absolute maximum temperature is 34.6 °C, set during July 2006. Typically the warmest day will average 28.0 °C and 5.6 days will achieve a maximum of 25.1 °C or above, the absolute minimum temperature is −13.5 °C, set in January 2010. Typically 39.8 days will register an air frost, rainfall averages 1,112 mm a year, with over 1mm recorded on 161 days. All averages refer to the 1971–2000 period, Aberystwyth is a tourist destination, and forms a cultural link between North Wales and South Wales. Constitution Hill, scaled by the Aberystwyth Cliff Railway, gives access to views and to other attractions at the summit. Scenic Mid Wales landscape within easy reach of the town includes the wilderness of the Cambrian Mountains, whose valleys contain forests, a convenient way to access the interior is by the preserved narrow-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway. Although the town is modern, there are a number of historic buildings, including the remains of the castle. The Old College was originally built and opened in 1865 as a hotel, the new university campus overlooks Aberystwyth from Penglais Hill to the east of the town centre

19.
Bargoed
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Bargoed is a town in the Rhymney Valley, Wales, one of the South Wales Valleys. Greater Bargoed, as defined by the local authority Caerphilly County Borough Council, consists of the towns of Bargoed, Aberbargoed, the combined population of these settlements is approximately 13,000. The English meaning of the towns Welsh language name, Bargod, is border, pronunciation of the towns name varies depending on street. There are many variations, from the standard Welsh Barr-god and English Bar-goyd to the informal Baa-Gud, originally a market town, Bargoed grew into a substantial town following the opening of a colliery in 1903. By 1921 Bargoed had a population of 17,901, this has been declining since that time. The colliery, which was the subject of a painting by L. S. Lowry, closed during the 1980s, an electoral ward with the same name exists. At the 2011 census this ward had a population of 6,196, there are ongoing issues with plans for a state of the art Odeon Cinema and the site remains undeveloped. At the rear of the library a new park has been created using 40ft flower sculptures. The sites of the collieries of Bargoed, Gilfach. The A469 by-pass road connects with the A465 Heads of the Valleys road to the north, Bargoed Grammar Technical School existed as the local grammar school before Heolddu Comprehensive School was formed. Primary Schools include St Gwladys Bargoed School, Park Primary School, Aberbargoed Primary School, Gilfach Fargoed Primary School, Welsh singer-songwriter and British Eurovision contestant James Fox grew up in Gilfach. Ivor Powell, former footballer and manager, was born in Gilfach-Bargoed on July 5,1916. Alun Hoddinott, a composer of music, one of the first Welsh composers to receive international recognition. John Davies, Air Force mechanic, United Church minister and NDP of Canada candidate Justin Edwards - jazz musician, dafydd Williams - Space Shuttle astronaut, whose father Bill was born in Bargoed but moved to Canada when he was 30, displayed the Welsh flag in space. Gerwyn Williams - maker of films and composer of film scores - went to Heolddu Comprehensive School Nathan Cleverly - Boxer - Grew up in Bargoed. Only Boys Aloud - Welsh Group - Some boys attended Heolddu Comprehensive School, howard Smith - British Olympic Bobsleigher, from John St, educated at Bargoed Grammar School and Heolddu Comprehensive. Competed at the 1984 Winter Olympics at Sarajevo in the 4 Man Bobsleigh, morgan Phillips - General Secretary of the Labour Party 1944-1961. Www. geography. co. uk, photos of Bargoed, Volume 1, The History of Bargoed and Gilfach in Photographs

20.
Brynamman
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Brynamman is a village sitting on the south facing side of the Black Mountain, part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. The village is split in two into Upper Brynamman and Lower Brynamman by the River Amman which also acts as the boundary between the counties of Carmarthenshire and Neath Port Talbot. Ruins of stone dwellings, a type of lime kiln. The Welsh language was at the fore and the participation in local and national eisteddfodau by numerous village people, choirs. It was once a village, with three bank branches on Station Road in Upper Brynamman alone. Today there are no industries in or around the village, its inhabitants having to commute to Ammanford, the whole area has become more attractive to live in especially for those who love the countryside and the wild open areas available for walking on the Black Mountain. It is still a stronghold for the Welsh language and children are taught it in school, Brynamman was previously known as Y Gwter Fawr, the name was changed when the railway from Ammanford reached the village. The traveller and writer George Borrow describes aspects of Gwter Fawr in the century in his book Wild Wales which was published in 1862. Brynamman Golf Club first appeared in the mid 1920s, treftadaeth Brynaman Heritage is a well-established local history group based in the library of the Community Centre in Upper Brynamman. The group are very enthusiastic and have undertaken a number of local history projects. The group has a membership of twenty-nine although only ten of these are active within the group. Bryn Rovers football club was founded in 1985 in Upper Brynamman by Doug Davies who had previously coached Gwaun Cae Gurwens junior team, the majority of the players made their way up to Brynamman to form the new club. Situated adjacent to the west of Brynamman, Ynys Dawela Nature Park nestles in the reaches of the Amman Valley. Its northern boundary is the Brecon Beacons National Park with the backdrop of the Black Mountain whilst the river Amman, with its fringe of ancient oak woodland. The park covers an area of 39 acres and was once a working farm, the meadows dating from this period now support a rich assortment of flowers, some of which are scarce, like the Whorled Caraway and Meadow Thistle. The meadows are at their most beautiful in summer when most of the flowers are in bloom. The park has a range of important habitats supporting a diverse assemblage of plant, the wet grasslands, marshy ground and ponds are particularly important to amphibians, like newts, frogs and toads whose numbers are in decline throughout the world. The site narrowly escaped opencast mining, before Dinefwr Borough Council secured its future by purchasing it from British Coal, since then the park has been developed for quiet recreation and educational use

21.
Ebbw Vale
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Ebbw Vale is a town at the head of the valley formed by the Ebbw Fawr tributary of the Ebbw River in Wales. It is the largest town and the centre of Blaenau Gwent county borough. The Ebbw Vale and Brynmawr conurbation has a population of roughly 33,000 and it has direct access to the dualled A465T Heads of the Valleys trunk road and borders the Brecon Beacons National Park. There is evidence of early human activity in the area. Y Domen Fawr is a Bronze Age burial cairn above the town, in relatively modern times the area was a quiet uplands spot in rural Monmouthshire. With only about 120 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century, Ebbw Vale, Ebbw Vale Iron Works, later to become the Ebbw Vale Steelworks, opened in 1778, followed by the opening of a number of coal mines around 1790. Rails for the Stockton and Darlington Railway were manufactured at Ebbw Vale in 1829, at its height the steel works in Ebbw Vale was the largest in Europe, although attracting very little attention from German bombers during World War II. By the 1960s around 14,500 people were employed, the end of the century witnessed a massive collapse of the UK steel industry. A strike in 1980 was followed by closures and redundancies which resulted in the dismantling of many of the old plants, in 2002 only 450 were employed in the old industries, and by July of that year the final works closed. Today there are no steelworks or mines left in the area, Ebbw Vale is still recognised for its innovation and contribution to the development of Britain as an industrial nation. Ebbw Vale is recovering from a period of one of the highest unemployment rates in the United Kingdom, largely as a result of the decline of the mining, there are several industrial estates with some significant manufacturing facilities. In 2003 work began on demolishing and redeveloping the steelworks site, by 2015 the site was completely changed with a new hospital, college campus, school and leisure centre. Ebbw Vale first hosted the National Eisteddfod in 1958, the Welsh language was dominant in the area until the last quarter of the 19th century and remnants of the language persisted into the 1970s. The National Eisteddfod returned to Ebbw Vale in 2010, Aneurin Bevan, the father of the National Health Service, represented Ebbw Vale as a Labour Party Member of Parliament in Parliament from the 1929 general election. When he died in 1960, he was succeeded as MP by Michael Foot, the seat joined with the neighbouring Abertillery constituency to form Blaenau Gwent. The Ebbw Vale conurbation today runs in an almost unbroken housing street plan 3 miles or so from Beaufort in the North to Cwm in the South, there are significant areas of modern housing to the north and south of the town. In 1992 the Ebbw Vale Garden Festival was the last National Garden Festival and it was sited on the south side of the recently demolished steel works. The festival ran for five months between May and October 1992 attracting over 2 million visitors, the development cost around £18 million

22.
Tredegar
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Tredegar is a town and community situated on the Sirhowy River in the county borough of Blaenau Gwent, in southeast Wales. Located within the boundaries of Monmouthshire, it became an early centre of the Industrial Revolution in South Wales. The historic Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia, United States was named in honour of the town, deg erw is Welsh for ten acres, tre in newer place names in the industrialised valleys means town, and equates to English names with town or ville. Historically tref / tre was approximately a homestead, farmstead, hamlet, in this respect we can compare the sense development of Old English tūn to modern English town. So tre deg erw is plausible morphologically, but is not the origin of the name Tredegar, another erroneous explanation, which was also around in the 1800s, is that Tredegar is tri deg erw, which means thirty acres. In the case of ten acres and thirty acres there is no indication of what this land area might refer to. In the second case, tri deg erw could not have resulted in Tredegar, in both of the above interpretations it is supposed that erw has been reduced to er through the loss of the final vowel w, and the resulting final syllable er has become final ar. This would be consistent with features of south-eastern Welsh, or Gwentian, south-eastern field names show this reduction – Dwyar, a field name in Penderyn. The resulting form would be Tredegar, but this supposes that this is a form of tri-deg-ar. Tri-deg is thirty, but as a numeral is a recent innovation in Welsh, in addition, tri-deg would hardly change to tre-deg. The company’s buildings appeared on an 1832 Ordnance Survey map as Tredegar Iron Works, the Tredegar in the name of the company and its ironworks referred to the original Tredegar, which is in Coedcernyw by Newport, and is nowadays more usually known in English as Tredegar House. Older forms of the show it to be Tredegyr. Tredegyr is farmstead of Tegyr + soft mutation + Tegyr, a Brythonic form *Tecorix might be supposed, as such a form would have resulted in Welsh Tegyr following normal processes in the development of Welsh from Brythonic. There is a name in Denbighshire – Botegyr, meaning Tegyr’s dwelling. The local form of the name was in fact Tredecar and this feature, typical of south-eastern Welsh, or Gwentian, is known as “provection” and involves the devoicing of stops. In this way “b > p”, “d > t” and “g > c”, the form is to be found in the title of the folk song “Ar Ben Waun Tredecar” by the group Yr Hwntws. There was also a shortened form Decar – the loss of a syllable is not unusual in Welsh. Examples in spoken Welsh are ceffyle > ffyle, afale > fale, ysgubor > sgubor, ystafell > stafell, the first recorded iron works in the Sirhowy Valley was Pont Gwaith Yr Hearn, developed by two Bretons and worked by men from Penydarren, Merthyr Tydfil

23.
Llanelli riots of 1911
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The Llanelli riots of 1911 were a series of events precipitated by the National Railway Strike of 1911. Mass picketing action at Llanelli railway station was brutally suppressed by the police, rioting followed and magistrates homes were attacked and railway trucks were set on fire, resulting in an explosion which killed a further four people. The incident was politically sensitive, as the Great Western Railway through Carmarthenshire. The Llanelli industrial action was part of the first national railway strike, a joint committee of trade unions was created to co-ordinate industrial action in the town, chaired by Richard Squance. It organised a picket in Llanelli due to the ease with which strikers could blockade the Great Western Railway at Llanelli railway station. The strike itself lasted only two days, it started on Thursday evening, and by Saturday evening a negotiated settlement had been reached, however, by this time a series of clashes with strikers had led to the deployment of a detachment from the Worcestershire Regiment. The involvement of the army was approved by the then Home Secretary, on 19 August, during the negotiations, a train containing strikebreaking workers was held up. The commanding officer of the troops, Major Brownlow Stuart, ordered his men to use bayonets to disperse the crowd, the train passed slowly, but was pursued by strikers who boarded it and put out the engine fire, immobilising it. Troops followed, but found themselves boxed in a cutting, as miners approached, Stuart asked the local Justice of the Peace to read the strikers the Riot Act, which he apparently mumbled reluctantly. Stuart then ordered his men to fire shots towards the crowd, two young men were shot dead. One was a 21-year-old tinplate worker named John Jac John, who had joined the line to support his less fortunate townsmen. The other was a 19-year-old youth named Leonard Worsell, who was not involved in the conflict, in his report Major Stuart claimed his soldiers were firing warning shots, and were unaware of the men when they did so, but other witnesses claim they were deliberately targeted. One man was killed when he attempted to use dynamite to open an armoured freight carriage, unaware that the cargo was munitions, on the following day three more innocent people died from injuries sustained in the blast. After the disorder was over, the people of Llanelli were very remorseful and ashamed of the widespread looting, as such the riots were rarely spoken of in the town, such that most of its later residents were unaware of one of the more significant events in its history. 1911 in Wales Timeline of Llanelli history National coal strike of 1912 Tonypandy Riots, 1910–11 Edwards, remembrance of a Riot, The Story of the Llanelli Railway Strike Riots of 1911. The Enemy Without, Policing and Class Consciousness in the Miners Strike

24.
Worcestershire Regiment
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The Worcestershire Regiment was a line infantry regiment in the British Army, formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 29th Regiment of Foot and the 36th Regiment of Foot. In September 2007, the regiment amalgamated with the Cheshire Regiment, the regiment was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 29th Regiment of Foot and the 36th Regiment of Foot. The 1st Battalion was initially deployed to India, while the 2nd Battalion was initially deployed to Ireland, the 1st Battalion was based at Ladybrand during the Second Boer War, while the 2nd Battalion saw heavy fighting near the Modder River. As the war dragged on, a number of regiments containing large centres of population formed additional regular battalions, the Worcestershire regiment formed 3rd and 4th regular Battalions in February 1900, when the existing militia battalions were relabeled as the 5th and 6th battalions. Troops from the regiment shot dead two men during the Llanelli railway strike in August 1911, during the First World War, members of the Regiment won nine Victoria Crosses,70 Distinguished Service Orders,288 Military Crosses,227 Distinguished Conduct Medals. The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 24th Brigade in the 8th Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 1st Battalion placed an important role at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle in March 1915 but lost their commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel E. C. F. Wodehouse, who was killed-in-action. The 2nd Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 5th Brigade in the 2nd Division August 1914 also for service on the Western Front. The 3rd Battalion landed at Rouen as part of the 7th Brigade in the 3rd Division in August 1914 also for service on the Western Front, the 3rd Battalion saw action at the Battle of Messines in June 1917. The 4th Battalion then took part in the Battle of Le Transloy in October 1916, the 2/7th and 2/8th Battalions landed in France as part of the 2nd Gloucester & Worcester Brigade in the 2nd South Midland Division in May 1916 for service on the Western Front. The 10th Battalion landed in France as part of the 57th Brigade in the 19th Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 11th Battalion landed in France as part of the 78th Brigade in the 26th Division in September 1915 for service on the Western Front, in December 1918, the regiment was used to suppress the Taranto Revolt, executing one of the rebels by firing squad. During the Second World War,994 officers and other ranks of the Worcestershire Regiment were killed in action or died of their wounds, however, the regiment was awarded 36 battle honours. The battalion was destined to see service in the Western Desert, in July 1940, the battalion was assigned to the 21st Infantry Brigade, serving alongside the 2nd Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment and the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment. The brigade was assigned to the 5th Indian Infantry Division and saw service in the East African Campaign. On 22 June 1942, the battalion, still fighting in North Africa, surrendered, along with 30,000 other British Commonwealth troops, of the men of the original battalion, only 68 officers and men remained. The battalion was reformed in England by the redesignation of the 11th Battalion, the 2nd Battalion was also a Regular Army unit. On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, it was stationed in British India, the brigade was part of the 19th Indian Infantry Division, the Dagger Division

25.
Llanelli
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The town is famous for its proud rugby tradition and is a centre of tinplate production. Llanelli is surrounded by a number of villages and communities in the Llanelli Rural district, some of these communities, especially ones that immediately surround the town, are often unofficially referred to as Llanelli. In many respects, Llanelli represents a continuation of the Newport-Cardiff-Swansea metropolitan belt into the more rural West of Wales, the spelling Llanelly is an anglicised form which was used until 1966, after which it was changed following a local public campaign. This is evident in the name of the historic building. It can also lead to confusion with the village and parish, Llanelly, the town lies on the River Lliedi, although much of the river is not visible, especially in the town centre, where the river is underneath the town. Historically a mining town, Llanelli grew significantly in the 18th century and 19th century with the mining of coal and later the tinplate industry, many of these industries were served by the Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway which opened in 1803. Llanelli became such a significant regional producer of tin that it was referred to as Tinopolis by the half of the 19th century. The closure of mines and competition from overseas steel plants meant that Llanelli, like many other towns in southern Wales, saw significant. People from Llanelli are sometimes nicknamed Turks, the origin of this name is uncertain. One theory is that many Turkish sailors once called at the port of Llanelli during their voyages, Llanelli has hosted the National Eisteddfod six times, in 1895,1903,1930,1962,2000 and 2014. In the mid-20th century, Llanelli was the largest town in the world more than half the population spoke a Celtic language. It is ranked the 7th largest urban area in Wales, according to the 2011 UK Census returns,23. 7% of Llanelli town residents could speak the Welsh language. During the 1950s, Trefor and Eileen Beasley campaigned to get Llanelli Rural Council to distribute tax papers in Welsh by refusing to pay taxes until their demand was met, the council reacted by sending in the bailiffs and selling their furniture to recover the money owed. The Beasleys neighbours bought the furniture and returned it to them, the council finally reversed this policy during the 1960s when they accepted that the Welsh language should be equal with the English language. In 1991 Llanelli was a distinct Travel to Work Area, the area around Llanelli in eastern Carmarthenshire is home to a number of manufacturing companies, many of which service the automotive industry. The Technium Performance Engineering Centre was developed at Llanelli Gate as an incubator for businesses in the automotive, motorsport. The core shopping area has now relocated from the town centre to the Trostre/Pemberton area. Llanelli has a tradition, with the Felinfoel Brewery in Felinfoel

26.
Tonypandy riots
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The riots were the culmination of an industrial dispute between workers and the mine owners. Home Secretary Winston Churchills decision to allow the British Army to be sent to the area to reinforce the police shortly after 8 November riot caused much ill feeling towards him in South Wales and his responsibility remains a strongly disputed topic. The conflict arose when the Naval Colliery Company opened a new coal seam at the Ely Pit in Penygraig, after a short test period to determine what would be the future rate of extraction, owners claimed that the miners deliberately worked more slowly than they could. The roughly 70 miners at the seam argued that the new seam was more difficult to work than others, also, since the miners were paid by the ton of coal removed, not by hours of work, working slowly would gain them no advantage. On 1 September 1910, the posted a lock-out notice at the mine, closing the site to all 950 workers. The Ely pit miners reacted by going on strike, the Cambrian Combine then called in strikebreakers from outside the area, to which the miners responded by picketing the work site. A Conciliation Board was formed to reach an agreement, with William Abraham acting on behalf of the miners, although an agreed wage of 2s 3d per ton was arrived at, the Cambrian Combine workmen rejected the agreement. On 2 November, the authorities in south Wales were enquiring about the procedure for requesting military aid, by this time, strikers had successfully shut down all local pits, except Llwynypia colliery. On 6 November, miners became aware of the intention to deploy strikebreakers, to keep pumps. On Monday 7 November, strikers surrounded and picketed the Glamorgan Colliery and this resulted in sharp skirmishes with police officers posted inside the site. Although miner leaders called for calm, a group of strikers began stoning the pump-house. A portion of the fence surrounding the site was torn down. Hand-to-hand fighting ensued between miners and police, after repeated baton charges, police drove strikers back towards Tonypandy Square, just after midnight. Between one and two a. m. of 8 November, a demonstration at Tonypandy Square was dispersed by Cardiff police using truncheons, resulting in casualties on both sides. This led Glamorgans chief constable, Lionel Lindsay, supported by the manager of the Cambrian Combine. Home Secretary Winston Churchill learned of this development and, after discussions with the War Office, Churchill felt that the local authorities were over-reacting, and believed that the Liberal government could calm matters down. He instead despatched Metropolitan police officers, both on foot and mounted, and sent some troops to Cardiff. He did not specifically deploy cavalry, but authorised their use by civil authorities, Churchills personal message to strikers was, We are holding back the soldiers for the present and sending only police

27.
William Abraham (trade unionist)
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William Abraham, universally known by his bardic name, Mabon, was a Welsh trade unionist and Liberal/Labour politician, and a member of parliament from 1885 to 1920. Although an MP for 35 years, it was as a trade unionist that Abraham is most well known and this drew him into conflict with younger and more militant leaders from the 1890s onwards. Abraham was noted for his speaking voice, and was a renowned orator in English and Welsh. Abraham was born in Cwmafan, Glamorgan, the son of Thomas. He was educated at Cwmafan National School but left at a young age, in 1864 Abraham, with another eleven Welsh miners, agreed to work in a copper mine in Chile for three years. Sailing to Valparaiso via the Horn, the ship had to both storms and the Spanish Navy who were attempting to block trade with their rebel colonies in South America. When they arrived at the mine there was no work and so Abraham returned to the coast, after being away for thirteen months he was fortunate to regain his old job. After a slump in 1869 he was placed on short time and it was around the 1870s that he became known as a singer and poet, adopting the eisteddfod name Gwilym Mabon, soon Mabon was the title by which he would be best known. Abraham continued working in the industry and by 1871 was working at the Caergynydd Pit in Waunarlwydd. In 1871 Abraham became a representative for the cause of his fellow miners, during the dispute, Lewis Morgan of the Abergorchy Colliery, who was the Rhondda advocate of the Amalgamated Association of Miners, travelled to Waunarlwydd to speak to the miners. Despite helping to enroll 8,000 miners into the A. A. M. for his district, funds for the union were severely stretched after a series on strikes during the early to mid-1870s. In 1875, during another strike, the Owners Association, discovering the A. A. M. was low on funds, only the anthracite district remained loyal to Mabon. The miners were forced back to work and the A. A. M. became bankrupt and was dissolved and this left Abraham as the only miners agent in the entire South Wales area, as the other agents were forced to find other forms of employment. Despite now being a prominent unionist, the spirit of the miners within the Rhondda Valley was so low, that when he first addressed a meeing in Pentre in 1877 only 30 people attended. Abraham continued speaking to the miners, and by April 1877, at a meeting in Llwynypia it was agreed that the union should be rebuilt and contributions should be made to a District Fund. During a fiercely contrasted election, it was alleged, however and these efforts were in vain, however, as Nevill won the election. Abraham was elected at the 1885 general election as the Liberal–Labour MP for the new Rhondda constituency in Wales, however, following his election, Abraham did not seek to develop a power-base beyond the Liberal association which was dominated by those who had opposed him in 1885. Although he championed the cause of labour he believed that it could be accommodated within the Liberal programme, before his re-election at the January 1910 general election, he and most other Lib–Lab MPs from the Miners Federation of Great Britain joined the Labour Party

28.
Swansea
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Swansea, officially known as the City and County of Swansea, is a coastal city and county in Wales. It is the second largest city in Wales after Cardiff, Swansea lies within the historic county boundaries of Glamorgan and the ancient Welsh commote of Gŵyr. Situated on the sandy South West Wales coast, the county includes the Gower Peninsula. According to its council, the City and County of Swansea had a population of 241,300 in 2014. During its 19th-century industrial heyday, Swansea was a key centre of the copper industry, archaeological finds are mostly confined to the Gower Peninsula, and include items from the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The Romans reached the area, as did the Norsemen, Swansea is thought to have developed as a Viking trading post. Its English name may be derived from Sveinns island – the reference to an island may refer to a bank at the mouth of the river Tawe, an alternative explanation is that the name derives from the Norse name Sweyn and ey, which can mean inlet. This explanation supports the tradition that the city was founded by the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, the name is pronounced Swans-y /ˈswɒnzi/), not Swan-sea. The charter gave Swansea the status of a borough, granting the townsmen, a second charter was granted in 1215 by King John. In this charter, the name appears as Sweyneshe, the town seal which is believed to date from this period names the town as Sweyse. Following the Norman Conquest, a marcher lordship was created under the title of Gower and it included land around Swansea Bay as far as the River Tawe, the manor of Kilvey beyond the Tawe, and the peninsula itself. Swansea was designated chief town of the lordship and received a borough charter some time between 1158 and 1184, the port of Swansea initially traded in wine, hides, wool, cloth and later in coal. Smelters were operating by 1720 and proliferated, following this, more coal mines were opened and smelters were opened and flourished. Over the next century and a half, works were established to process arsenic, zinc and tin and to create tinplate, the city expanded rapidly in the 18th and 19th centuries, and was termed Copperopolis. However, the census understated Swanseas true size, as much of the area lay outside the contemporary boundaries of the borough. Swanseas population was overtaken by Merthyr in 1821 and by Cardiff in 1881. Through the 20th century, heavy industries in the town declined, leaving the Lower Swansea Valley filled with derelict works, the Lower Swansea Valley Scheme reclaimed much of the land. The present Enterprise Zone was the result and, of the original docks, only those outside the city continue to work as docks, North Dock is now Parc Tawe

29.
Copyright Act 1911
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The Copyright Act 1911, also known as the Imperial Copyright Act of 1911, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 16 December 1911. The act established copyright law in the UK and the British Empire, the act amended existing UK copyright law, as recommended by a Royal Commission in 1878 and repealed all previous copyright legislation that had been in force in the UK. The act also implemented changes arising from the first revision of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1908. The act came into force in the UK on 1 July 1912, in the Channel Islands on 1 July 1912, in Jersey on 8 March 1913, the Copyright Act 1911 applied or extended to all parts of the British Empire. In India the act came into force on 30 October 1912, in Papua on 1 February 1931 and it was subsequently enacted on various dates in the self-governing dominions and territories under protection of the British Empire. The Copyright act 1911,1924 Ordinance covered Palestine and later Israel, the 1911 Act abolished the need for registration at the Stationers Hall and provided that copyright is established upon the creation of a work. The Act also stated that copyright arose in the act of creation, the scope of copyright was further widened and producers of sound recordings were granted the exclusive right to prevent others reproducing their recordings, or playing them in public. The act provided that the copyright in literary, dramatic and music works could be infringed by the making of a film or other mechanical performance incorporating the copyrighted works. The Copyright Act 1911 was adapted to circumstances and enacted by the then self-governing dominions of Australia, Newfoundland, such self-governing dominions were then treated as if the Copyright Act 1911 extended to the self-governing dominion. The Secretary of State certified the copyright laws of New Zealand, the Copyright Act 1911 provided the template for an approach to copyright exceptions where a specific list of exceptions carefully defines permitted uses of the copyrighted work. The 1911 Act formed the basis of UK copyright law and, as a measure, formed the basis for copyright law in most of what were then British colonies. While many of countries have had their own copyright law for a considerable number of years. Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Singapore and South Africa define the limits on and this Commonwealth approach to copyright is in contrast with that adopted in US copyright law. US copyright does contain a number of exceptions, as well as providing for a fair use defence in section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976. The Section provides a list of example of uses under this defence, such as criticism, comment. Original text, as published Hebrew text, as in force at repeal in Israel Crown copyright Copyright Act 1956

30.
Carmarthen
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Carmarthen is a community in, and the county town of, Carmarthenshire, Wales. It is on the River Towy 8 miles north of its mouth at Carmarthen Bay, in 2001, the population was 15,854. Carmarthen has a claim to being the oldest town in Wales. Carmarthen was the most populous borough in Wales between the 16th and 18th centuries and was described by William Camden as the chief citie of the country, however, population growth stagnated by the mid-19th century as more dynamic economic centres developed in the South Wales coalfield. Carmarthen is the location of Dyfed-Powys Police headquarters, the Carmarthen campus of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, when Britannia was a Roman province, Carmarthen was the civitas capital of the Demetae tribe, known as Moridunum. Carmarthen is possibly the oldest town in Wales and was recorded by Ptolemy, the Roman fort is believed to date from around AD75. A Roman coin hoard was found nearby in 2006, near the fort is one of seven surviving Roman amphitheatres in the United Kingdom and one of only two in Roman Wales. The arena itself is 50 x 30 yards, the cavea is 100 x 73 yards, veprauskas has argued for its identification as the Cair Guorthigirn listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain in his History of the Britains. In the Middle Ages, the settlement was known as Llanteulyddog, the strategic importance of Carmarthen was such that the Norman William fitz Baldwin built a castle there, probably around 1094. The current castle site is known to have used since 1105. The castle was destroyed by Llywelyn the Great in 1215, in 1223, the castle was rebuilt and permission was received to wall and crenellate the town. Carmarthen was among the first medieval walled towns in Wales, in 1405, the town was taken and the castle was sacked by Owain Glyndŵr. The Black Book of Carmarthen, written around 1250, is associated with the towns Priory of SS John the Evangelist, during the Black Death of 1347–49, the plague was brought to Carmarthen by the thriving river trade. The Black Death destroyd and devastated villages such as Llanllwch, local historians place the plague pit, the site for mass burial of the dead, in the graveyard that adjoins the Maes-yr-Ysgol and Llys Model housing at the rear of St Catherine Street. This was sited near the river, at what is now Priory Street, the site is now a scheduled monument. During the 13th century, Franciscan Friars became established in the town, in 1456 Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond died of plague in Carmarthen, three months before the birth of his son, the future King Henry VII. Edmund was buried in a prominent tomb in the centre of the choir of the Grey Friars Church, other notable burials were Rhys ap Thomas and Tudur Aled. The Friary was dissolved in 1538, and many plans were made for the building

31.
Walford Davies
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Sir Henry Walford Davies KCVO OBE was an English composer, conductor and educator who held the title Master of the Kings Music from 1934 until 1941. Although a performing musician and composer, he served with the Royal Air Force during the First World War when he composed the well known Royal Air Force March Past, Davies was born in the Shropshire town of Oswestry close to the border with Wales. He was the seventh of nine children of John Whitridge Davies and Susan, née Gregory, and the youngest of four surviving sons. Two of his sons, Charlie and Harold, later held the post of organist at the church. In 1882 Walford was accepted as a chorister at St Georges Chapel, Windsor, by the organist, at this time British universities, including Cambridge, awarded non-collegiate music degrees to any applicant who could pass the necessary examinations. Davies entered for the Cambridge bachelor of music examinations in 1889, with the encouragement of Charles Villiers Stanford, professor of music at Cambridge, Davies made a second attempt, it was successful, and he graduated in 1891. In 1890 Davies was awarded a scholarship in composition at the Royal College of Music, London and his teachers there were Hubert Parry and Stanford for composition, and W. S. Rockstro, Herbert Sharpe and Haydn Inwards. While still at the RCM he was organist of St Georges Church, Campden Hill, in May 1898 Davies was appointed organist and director of the choir at the Temple Church in the City of London, a post he retained until 1923. With this appointment, in the view of his biographer, Jeremy Dibble, as an organist he became well known both as a soloist and as a teacher – the most celebrated of his pupils being Leopold Stokowski. As a conductor he directed the London Church Choir Association and succeeded Stanford at the Bach Choir, as a composer Davies achieved his most substantial success in 1904, with his cantata Everyman, based on the 15th century morality play of the same name. His friend and biographer H. C, colles wrote, he music itself was not like anything he had written before or would write again. Everyman was tumultuously received, and in the few years given by every choral society in the country which aimed at a standard of firstrateness. The work was given in Australia and the US. In 1918 he was appointed director of music of the Royal Air Force and he established the RAF School of Music and two RAF bands, and composed the Royal Air Force March Past, to which a slow trio section was later added by his successor, Major George Dyson. Since 1930 Walford Davies Solemn Melody has been one of the permanent selection of national airs and mourning music performed on Remembrance Sunday at The Cenotaph, Whitehall. Here, in the words of his biographer Henry Ley, he laboured unceasingly for the enlightenment of the principality. In 1924 he gave the Cramb lectures at the University of Glasgow, gave his first broadcast talk for the BBC, and was appointed Gresham professor of music at the University of London. In the same year, at the age of fifty-four, he married Margaret Isabel Evans, daughter of the Rev William Evans, Rector of Narberth, Pembrokeshire, she was his junior by twenty-eight years

32.
Boxing
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Boxing is a combat sport in which two people wearing protective gloves throw punches at each other for a predetermined set of time in a boxing ring. Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a fixture in most international games—it also has its own World Championships. Boxing is supervised by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds, in the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges, the fight is considered a draw. In Olympic boxing, due to the fact that a winner must be declared, in the case of a draw - the judges use technical criteria to choose the most deserving winner of the bout. While people have fought in combat since before the dawn of history. The earliest evidence for fist fighting with any kind of gloves can be found on Minoan Crete, in Ancient Greece boxing was a well developed sport and enjoyed consistent popularity. In Olympic terms, it was first introduced in the 23rd Olympiad,688 B. C, the boxers would wind leather thongs around their hands in order to protect them. There were no rounds and boxers fought until one of them acknowledged defeat or could not continue, weight categories were not used, which meant heavyweights had a tendency to dominate. It was the head of the opponent which was primarily targeted, Boxing was a popular spectator sport in Ancient Rome. In order for the fighters to protect themselves against their opponents they wrapped leather thongs around their fists, eventually harder leather was used and the thong soon became a weapon. The Romans even introduced metal studs to the thongs to make the cestus which then led to a more sinister weapon called the myrmex, Fighting events were held at Roman Amphitheatres. The Roman form of boxing was often a fight until death to please the spectators who gathered at such events, however, especially in later times, purchased slaves and trained combat performers were valuable commodities, and their lives were not given up without due consideration. Often slaves were used against one another in a circle marked on the floor and this is where the term ring came from. In AD393, during the Roman gladiator period, boxing was abolished due to excessive brutality and it was not until the late 17th century that boxing re-surfaced in London. Records of Classical boxing activity disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire when the wearing of weapons became common once again, however, there are detailed records of various fist-fighting sports that were maintained in different cities and provinces of Italy between the 12th and 17th centuries. There was also a sport in ancient Rus called Kulachniy Boy or Fist Fighting, as the wearing of swords became less common, there was renewed interest in fencing with the fists. The sport would later resurface in England during the early 16th century in the form of bare-knuckle boxing sometimes referred to as prizefighting. The first documented account of a fight in England appeared in 1681 in the London Protestant Mercury

33.
Freddie Welsh
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Freddie Welsh was a Welsh World lightweight boxing champion. Born in Pontypridd, Wales, and christened Frederick Hall Thomas, brought up in a tough mining community, Welsh left a middle-class background to make a name for himself in America. Welsh held the title until 1917 when he lost to Benny Leonard, a keen follower of Bernarr Macfadden’s physical culture, Welsh believed in exercise and healthy living and was a non-smoker and a vegetarian. In the years following the end of his career, bad business choices cost him his fortune, Freddie Welsh was born in Pontypridd on 5 March 1886, to John Thomas and his wife Elizabeth Thomas. Welshs father was one such commercial immigrant, setting up a business on Taff Street as an auctioneer and they moved into 17 Morgan Street in the town, and Welsh was born there. He had two siblings, a brother, Arthur Stanley and a sister, Edith Kate. A few months after Welsh was born, his mother persuaded her husband to buy the Bridge Inn Hotel on Berw Road, Welshs mother was the daughter of a hotelier from Merthyr, and the Bridge Inn was her responsibility, as John Thomas was often away from home. When Welsh was ten, his father died, his mother, faced with running the hotel alone, sent Kate and Stanley to an aunt in Merthyr, after a year, suffering from homesickness, Welsh returned home to Pontypridd. His mother later remarried, to Richard Williams, an innkeeper from Aberdare, when Welsh left school at the age of fourteen he took up work as a boilerman finding work with Llewellyn & Cubbitt of Pentre, Rhondda. At the age of 16 he and three friends decided to find a new life in Canada and they set sail from Liverpool to Vancouver arriving in January 1903, but although his companions were able to find work, Welsh struggled to hold down any steady jobs. It was in Canada that he took a serious interest in bodybuilding, after a year Welsh was again homesick and borrowed enough money to return to Britain, but with only $10 he was forced to travel as a worker on a cattle-boat. With his newfound physical fitness he entered the boxing ring undertaking amateur fights in Scotland, after twelve months he raised the money needed to return to the America, travelling to New York on the Baltic on her Maiden Voyage on 29 June 1904. Welsh failed to find work in the States, and although his mother thought he was earning a regular wage and living comfortably. Initially he rode the rails to the Dakotas to labour in the farm fields, when Welsh was mugged while sleeping at a cheap hotel, he was given a job as a porter by the sympathetic hotel manager. His first job in New York was as a instructor in one of Bernarr Macfadden Institutes. He was allowed to sleep in the gym, was all his meals. It was as an instructor he first met his wife, Brahna Weinstein. He then successfully applied to an advertisement for a smart, active man who can box at a down town gym

Wales ((listen); Welsh: Cymru [ˈkəmri] (listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of …

Britain in AD 500: The areas shaded pink on the map were inhabited by the CelticBritons, here labelled Welsh. The pale blue areas in the east were controlled by Germanic tribes, whilst the pale green areas to the north were inhabited by the Gaels and Picts.