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Palaeohydrology

Palaeohydrology originated with and continues to have a strong focus on palaeofluvial processes, especially palaeoflooding, and this is reflected in eight sections:

Channel Patterns and Regime commences with Davis’s 1913 paper on underfit rivers, classics by Dury (1954, 1965) and Schumm (1968), and an important Polish contribution, Korzarski and Rotnicki (1977).

River Floodplains and Terraces illustrates how mapping and quantitative description became the basis for palaeo¬hydrological interpretation of the landscape.

Alluvial Chronology considers how the development of dating aided studies that identified major changes driven by climate.

Sediment Transport shows how engineering/geomorphologic under¬standing of sediment processes was initially used to back-calculate the flows associated with fluvial events.

Megafloods are high-discharge (>106 m3/s) flood flows now known to have been especially important at the end of the Pleistocene, but in 1923, Bretz’s hypothesis of such “cataclysmic flows” was controversial.

Palaeoflood Hydrology brings together the papers that mark the development from geological investigation of flood-scarred landscapes to a broader, global science rooted in environmental change studies.

Palaeobotanical evidence to aid palaeohydrological work originated in the 1960s, and Sigafoos (1964) is a significant contribution.

Palaeolakes were found to afford information central to understanding past climate in the 1960s and three seminal papers are included.

An excellent resource for graduate and post-graduate level courses in hydrology and hydro-geomorphology, reproducing many important papers that are otherwise difficult to access.

Victor R. Baker is Regents Professor in Hydrology and Water Resources at the University of Arizona, USA, and holds joint chairs in the departments of Geosciences and Planetary Sciences there. His research interests broadly concern palaeohydrology and related aspects of geomorphology, with a particular focus on flood processes. He also works in the area of planetary geomorphology and on issues that involve Earth science in relation to public policy, the environment and philosophy of science.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Isotope Hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes of water and its dissolved constituents to trace hydrological processes, including the pathways of rainfall and snowmelt to, and interactions between, aquifers, lakes and rivers. The potential of using stable isotopes of water was recognized in the 1930s, but not fully explored until the 1950s, since when the scope and nature of isotope applications in hydrology have blossomed. Improvements in measureÂ¬ment techniques have facilitated use of isotopes in many contexts, and isotope hydrology has become mainstream, as documented in this volume of reprinted papers and accompanying commentaries. Section A. Fundamentals includes the first papers on deuterium, 18O and tritium contents in natural waters (Friedman, 1953; Epstein & Mayeda, 1953; Libby, 1953), and Craigâas (1961) seminal paper which defined the global meteoric water line used to understand the source of natural waters. The papers that shaped our understanding of isotopes in precipitation and global circulation, e.g. Dansgaard (1964) and Craig & Gordon (1965), come in B. Atmospheric Water Cycle. The early interpretation of isotope sequences in rock and ice, including the iconic Greenland ice sheet core (Dansgaard et al., 1969), are included in C. Palaeoclimates. D. River and Lake Hydrology contains influential papers on the use of isotopes to determine the origin of stream and lake waters. E. Groundwater deals with the origin of groundwaters, the earliest use of tritium, 14C, 81Kr and 36Cl to date them, and isotope applications in pollution and groundwater remediation. An excellent resource for graduate and post-graduate level courses in hydrology, reproducing many important papers which are otherwise difficult to access.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Forest Hydrology

Forest Hydrology emphasizes the influence of forests and their management on the regime, quantity and quality of water. The volume provides an overview of the development of the discipline, with the early review by Zon (1927) and seminal contributions such as the Wagon Wheel Gap paired catchment study (Bates & Henry, 1928), and Kittredge (1948) on interception and stem flow, among the 29 Benchmark papers.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

In the short term, hydrology responds to the topography, soils and vegetation of the landscape, but over longer time spans the entire landscape is moulded by the flow of water. The process scale ranges from the splash erosion by individual raindrops to the accumulation of sediment as alluvial fans, to the evolution of drainage networks. Kirkby presents a systematic analysis of the relationships between hydrology and geomorphology with commentaries on the papers which have been most influential in the development of research at the hydrology/geomorphology interface. Thirty-seven papers are reprinted in full or in part, the majority published pre-1970, including early contributions by Fisher (1866), Davison (1889) and Gilbert (1909), and seminal papers by Hack, Strahler, Wolman & Miller, and Melton, among others. An excellent resource for graduate and post-graduate level courses in geomorphology and hydrology, reproducing many important papers which are otherwise difficult to access.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Contents for Hydro-Geomorphology, Erosion and Sedimentation

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Contents - BM6Michael J. Kirkby

v-vii

Rainfall-Runoff Modelling

This volume reprints 30 papers that exemplify the best in rainfall-runoff modelling. It charts developments from Mulvany's (1851) rational method for estimating peak flow, probably the first rainfall-runoff model, up to 1989. Benchmark papers on other empirical approaches, such as Sherman (1932) and Mockus (1949), are reprinted, as are Richards (1931) and Smith & Parlange (1978), the innovative contributions of Alan Freeze, and later Keith Beven, and the seminal papers of Moore & Clarke (1981) and Abbott et al. (1986).

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Study specifically of riparian zones is relatively new in hydrology, and while the oldest benchmark paper selected for this volume dates to 1936, several of the others were published in the 1970s and 1980s. Burt, Pinay and Sabater introduce them with a review of the role of the riparian zone. Its services as a buffer for nitrates and other agricultural and industrial pollutants has focused the attention of ecologists and hydrologists. It is an ecological boundary between terrestrial and aquatic environments, but also a distinct ecotone because of the intimate connection between the two. The 36 benchmark papers are grouped under the topics Landscape Ecology, Hydrology of the Riparian Zone, Linking Riparian Zone Hydrology to Solute Transport, Biogeochemical Processes and Methods, Riparian Buffering of Surface and Subsurface Flows, and In-stream Processes. Together, the reprinted papers and the commentaries by the editors chart the breakthroughs in the development of this important.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Contents for Riparian Zone Hydrology and Biogeochemistry

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Contents - BM5T. P. Burt, G. Pinay and S. Sabater

v-viii

Groundwater

Mary Anderson's selection and the commentaries that she has prepared to accompany the 35 reprinted papers, detail the development of groundwater hydrology during the 20th century. The fundamentals are introduced with a translation of Darcy's (1856) experimental results that led to Darcy's law, as well as classic papers by Meinzer, Theis and Hubbert, among others. The development of pumping test theory and practice, approaches to estimating aquifer parameters in the field, and flow system analysis are dealt with. Papers reflecting early concerns regarding quantification of uncertainty, how recognition of groundwater interaction with surface water grew, and early research on contaminant occurrence and transport, are included. Slichter's (1905) seminal contribution that identified dispersion in the field, and Skibitzke & Robinson's (1963) laboratory findings, are linked with more recent attempts to represent dispersion and heterogeneity with models.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

The development of evaporation measurement techniques are documented first, commencing with the Wagon Wheel Gap catchment water balance (1921), through mass budget to water transfer methods, and use of scintillometry. Dalton's seminal essay On Evaporation (1802) starts the selection of papers on evaporation estimation, which then covers atmospheric controls on the evaporation process (the original Penman and Thornthwaite papers are reproduced), vegetation controls via transpiration and interception, and finally evaporation as a component of the global climate system. The Commentaries explain the context and significance of each paper.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Contents for Evaporation

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Contents - BM2John H. C. Gash & W. James Shuttleworth

Streamflow Generation Processes

Keith Beven's selection of 31 papers on the theme of Streamflow Generation Processes span the period from 1933 to 1984, commencing with Hortons' early papers on infiltration and on maximum groundwater levels. With the aid of the Introduction and Commentaries, they provide a stimulating insight to developments in this part of the field of hydrology.

IAHS arranged for copyright permission to reproduce the papers included in this volume as print copy. We are unable to provide digital versions.

Contents for Streamflow Generation Processes

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Contents - BM1Keith J. Beven

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Red Books

Earth Observation for Integrated Water and Basin Management: New possibilities and challenges for adaptation to a changing environment

The contributions selected for this volume from ICCE2014 present the latest progress on research covering topics from hillslope and channel erosion to riverine sediment transport, sediment-associated contamination and pollution, catchment and river basin sediment yield, integrated erosion-sediment modelling, and sediment dynamics in coastal systems. The New Orleans symposium on Sediment Dynamics from the Summit to the Sea continued the successful, ongoing series of International Commission on Continental Erosion (ICCE) of IAHS symposia but was unique in being held on a large river delta; and highlighting the beneficial sides of erosion and sedimentation in connection with coastal and delta building processes.

Water Security is “the capacity of a population to safeguard access to adequate quantities of water of acceptable quality for sustaining human and ecosystem health on a watershed basis, and to ensure efficient protection of life and property against water related hazards – floods, landslides, land subsidence and droughts” (UNESCO-IHP 2012). Thus, Water Security addresses the threats posed by floods, droughts and pollution spills to human societies, and also the impacts of inadequate supplies of water, both in quantity and quality, for food and energy production, for domestic and industrial purposes, and for sustaining ecosystem productivity.

The contributions arise from the 2014 Kovacs Colloquium held at UNESCO in Paris, which addressed the emergence and development of water security concepts. The invited keynote papers are accompanied by extended abstracts summarizing the posters presented.

The hydrosphere is dynamic across the major compartments of the Earth system: the atmosphere, the oceans and seas, the land surface water, and the groundwater within the strata below the two last compartments. The global geography of the hydrosphere essentially depends on thermodynamic and mechanical processes that develop within this structure. Water-related processes at the interfaces between the compartments are complex, depending both on the interface itself, and on the characteristics of the interfaced compartments. Various aspects of global change directly or indirectly impact these interfaces and interfaced compartments and processes. Climate, sea-level, oceanographic currents and hydrological processes are all affected, while anthropogenic changes are often intense in the geographic settings corresponding to such interfaces.

This volume combines selected papers from two symposia, HP2 and HP3, held during the 2013 IAHS-IAPSO-IASPEI Assembly in Gothenburg, Sweden: HP2: Land–Ocean Interaction – Hydrodynamics and Biogeochemistry, andHP3: Implications of Sea Level Change for the Coastal Zone.

A selection of 89 peer-reviewed papers by research groups active in 31 different countries in five continents addressing topics associated with water resources assessment and management in a changing environment, and particularly the two-way interaction between water and society, the focus of the Panta Rhei IAHS research initiative (https://iahs.info/pantarhei). Water resources systems, catchment hydrology, eco-hydrology, groundwater hydrology, water security and socio-hydrology are driving scientific areas, which are covered. This collection provides knowledge for advancing our understanding of water–society interactions, improving integrated water resources systems management and governance, and addressing the water problems for the next generations.

The FRIEND-Water (Flow Regimes from International and Experimental Network Data) programme is an international collaborative research initiative under the umbrella of UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme (IHP); it facilitates understanding about how climate, river basin and human factors influence the spatial and temporal distribution of water. This publication is the reviewed proceedings papers of the 7th World FRIEND Conference held in France in October 2014. The 75 contributions share knowledge on changes in hydrological processes and their impacts, including ecological flows, erosion and sedimentation, and the development of adaptable water management and water policies to account for these impacts, as well as changes in the frequency and variability of floods and droughts due to a variety of factors.

Contents for Hydrology in a Changing World: Environmental and Human Dimensions

Considering Hydrological Change in Reservoir Planning and Management

This book provides an excellent overview of contemporary problems in reservoir management, from planning aspects of large multi-objective reservoirs and regarding small farm dams in Africa, to governmental matters, to sedimentation issues, to climate change impacts. Given the stochastic nature of hydrological conditions, the limited information available to characterize it and the multi-faceted targets of reservoir management, reservoir planning and operation are ambitious challenges for hydrologists and water managers. Reservoir management considers supply and demand. Demand includes the objectives of water management, but also the expectations of society, which develop with time; ecological targets for reservoir operation are now more important, social aspects and requirements are relevant and there are new constraints and objectives for operation of even older dams. The supply side has become more uncertain with increasing awareness of climate change causing growing concern about its impacts on the performance and reliability of existing and planned water management systems.

Land-cover on two great basins in Algeria and Morocco, sediment transport and damsMahe, G, et al

115-124

Using caesium-137 measurements to establish a sediment budget for the catchment of a small reservoir in southern ItalyPaolo Porto, Desmond E. Walling & Carmelo la Spada

125-133

Effects of land use and climate changes on small reservoir siltation in the agricultural belt of European RussiaVladimir R. Belyaev, Valentin N. Golosov, Maxim V. Markelov, Nadezda N. Ivanova, Eugenia N

Understanding Freshwater Quality Problems in a Changing World

Contributions are included from each continent providing a review of water quality problems worldwide, with articles describing present regional/local freshwater quality status and highlighting research needs. How the situation may develop into the future, given on-going changes in environment and society, is discussed. Questions addressed are: How to understand the behaviours of changing hydrological systems and impacts on freshwater quality? How to effectively bring together theoretical and experimental hydrology, and new measurement techniques to advance knowledge of water quality processes for the future? How can the typical timescales of change be identified? How to estimate and predict the behaviours and patterns of freshwater quality with uncertainty assessment to support risk evaluation?

Changes in Flood Risk

Floods are the most prevalent natural hazard in Europe. But, has flood risk increased in the continent? How, where, and why? Are climate change impacts apparent? How do socio-economic trends and associated land-use change impact flood risk? This interdisciplinary book, authored by an international team, offers: • A comprehensive overview of flood risk in Europe, past and present, and future • National/regional chapters covering Central Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe and Northern Europe, the Alpine region and the Iberian Peninsula. • A focus on detection and attribution of change with respect to climate change and its impacts, water resources and flood risk, the re-insurer’s view point, and future projections of flood risk • Rectification of common-place judgements, e.g.: “climate is warming so floods should become more frequent and intense”; observations do not always confirm this expectation

Leonardo Da Vinci's Water Theory: On the origin and fate of water

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) was not only one of the greatest artists of his time, he was also a great engineer and scientist. A large part of his scientific work was dedicated to understanding the movement, circulation and physical characteristics of water in its different forms. This book aims to make Leonardo Da Vinci's contributions to the science of water accessible to a wider public and to compare his ideas with our present knowledge.
Fascinating, revealing and inspiring, Leonardo Da Vinci's Water Theory opens up a new history to the study of water. Two hundred years before Newton, Perrault and Halley, Leonardo Da Vinci was doing hypothesis-driven science and describing and classifying hydrological processes. For example, he came close to the modern definition of the hydrological cycle, recognising that water passes through the major river systems countless times, summing up to volumes much greater than those contained in the world's oceans.

Contents for Leonardo Da Vinci's Water Theory: On the origin and fate of water

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Contents for SP9Laurent Pfister & Hubert H. G. Savenije

v-vi

Foreword-Preface for SP9Laurent Pfister & Hubert H. G. Savenije

vii-x

Climate and the Hydrological Cycle

An in-depth overview of the role of the hydrological cycle within the climate system, including climate change impacts on hydrological reserves and fluxes, and the controls of terrestrial hydrology on regional and global climatology. This book, composed of self-contained chapters by specialists in hydrology and climate science, is intended to serve as a text for graduate and postgraduate courses in climate hydrology and hydroclimatology. It will also be of interest to scientists and engineers/practioners interested in the water cycle, weather prediction and climate change.

HYDROLOGY : A question of balance

Hydrology: A Question of Balance is a unique hydrology text. It brings hydrological analysis to life by means of examples in which the author has been involved: numerous practical problems that had to be tackled (often despite limited data, resources and time) are described and the methods that were used to find a solution are explained. The application of a water balance is an essential component of solving these applied problems. John Sutcliffe offers the experience of a hydrologist with extraordinary practical expertise, assembled in areas with different climates, topographies, levels of development, and cultures. Projects in many countries, including Sudan, Iran, Senegal, Botswana, India, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Bosnia, Poland and the UK, are detailed to illustrate how hydrologists can, and need to, use all the available information to understand the hydrological context of their studies. Practising hydrologists and engineers, as well as students, will learn from this volume which complements standard hydrology textbooks.

Contents for HYDROLOGY : A question of balance

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Hydrology : A Question of BalanceJ.V. Sutcliffe

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Contents - SP5J. V. Sutcliffe

v-x

Foreword for SP7J. V. Sutcliffe

xi-xiv

Preface for SP7J. V. Sutcliffe

xv-xvi

Chapter 1: Need for Hydrological InformationJ. V. Sutcliffe

1-6

Chapter 2: Network Design and AppraisalJ. V. Sutcliffe

7-14

Chapter 3: RainfallJ. V. Sutcliffe

15-32

Chapter 4: Evaporation and TranspirationJ. V. Sutcliffe

33-42

Chapter 5: Soil Moisture StorageJ. V. Sutcliffe

43-54

Chapter 6: Groundwater RechargeJ. V. Sutcliffe

55-74

Chapter 7: River FlowJ. V. Sutcliffe

75-90

Chapter 8: Water BalanceJ. V. Sutcliffe

91-128

Chapter 9: Surface Water Resource AssessmentJ. V. Sutcliffe

129-146

Chapter 10: Flood EstimationJ. V. Sutcliffe

147-166

Chapter 11: Sedimentation and Environmental IssuesJ. V. Sutcliffe

167-186

Chapter 12: PostscriptJ. V. Sutcliffe

187-188

ReferencesJ. V. Sutcliffe

189-196

The Ecohydrology of South American Rivers and Wetlands

An overview of ecohydrological processes operating in South Americaâ€™s most important aquatic systems.
River reaches ranging from pristine to heavily impacted and processes operating in channels, wetlands, and riparian environments are considered. The Amazon, Orinoco, and ParanÃ¡, receive the greatest attention, but the condition of the Piracicaba (SÃ£o Paulo) and the ParaÃ­ba do Sul (Rio de Janeiro) are also evaluated.
There is an urgent need for actionâ€” many spectacular ecosystems remain to be preserved. The natural attenuation processes in these ecosystems stand to aid South America in achieving its goal for sustainable use of its resources
Ecohydrological processes serve to regulate environmental conditions within aquatic systems, maintaining energy levels, water quantity and water quality, within ranges suitable to native flora and fauna. South America, the wettest and most ecologically diverse continent on Earth with an unrivalled waterscape of giant rivers and wetlands, has great opportunities to capitalize on the natural attenuation effects of ecohydrological processes. South Americans have greatly benefited from the resources derived from their rivers and wetlands, but these aquatic systems have not generally benefited from their association with humans. Dam building, dredging, and canalization are expanding across the continent, eliminating the natural flow regimes of many river reaches and draining wetlands. Much riparian vegetation lying along river margins has been removed. Disturbance of riparian zones has changed the rates of material exchanges from land to aquatic systems, generally increasing erosion and contaminant fluxes. Uncontrolled waste discharges have also degraded water quality in many urban rivers and wetlands, with consequent negative impacts on the health of many urban and downstream rural poor

Contents for The Ecohydrology of South American Rivers and Wetlands

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The Ecohydrology of South American Rivers and WetlandsMichael McClain, Editor

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PrefaceMichael E. McClain

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Processing of Bioactive Elements in the Amazon River SystemEmilio Mayorga & Anthony Aufdenkampe

The Hydrology of the Nile

This book presents an account of the hydrology of the whole Nile basin, dealing with each tributary in turn but drawing attention to links between reaches. The Nile is shown to be a set of very different tributaries which came together by geological accident. Nevertheless, evidence from one part of the basin often throws light on a different area. Recent changes are discussed, in particular the dramatic change of regime of Lake Victoria and other lakes which occurred after 1961. The relationship between hydrology and vegetation affects the important wetlands of the White Nile basin, and discussion of this relationship includes the effect of increased lake outflows. The authors draw on the extensive records collected throughout the basin to paint a detailed hydrological picture of the regime of the Nile. The book is illustrated by over 100 diagrams and photographs, and its scope is indicated by the list of contents overleaf. J. V. Sutcliffe has worked on all the major Nile tributaries over a period of 50 years and has been the author of many papers and reports on the different hydrological problems. Y. P. Parks has worked on hydrological models of the Sudd and on water resources problems of several Nile tributaries

The Use of Suspended Sediment and Associated Trace Elements in Water Quality Studies

Suspended sediment plays a key role in the biological and geochemical cycling of trace elements in aquatic systems. As such, suspended sediment can be and is used in a variety of environ­mental and water quality studies. Anyone attempting to design a study involving the collection, processing and subsequent analysis of suspended sediment must develop a clear understanding of the problems associated with using this sample medium. Of particular concern are the short- and long-term spatial and temporal variations in the distribution and concentration of suspend­ed sediment and associated trace elements that commonly occur in fluvial systems.

Since 1987, the U.S. Geological Survey’s Office of Water Quality has sponsored a number of studies designed specifically to address many of the problems associated with using suspended sedi­ment in water quality programmes. The results of these studies are summarized in this IAHS Special Publication.

Contents for The Use of Suspended Sediment and Associated Trace Elements in Water Quality Studies

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The Use of Suspended Sediment and Associated Trace Elements in Water Quality StudiesArthur J. Horowitz