Definition of Nail dysgenesis and hypodontia

Nail dysgenesis and hypodontia: A genetic disorder characterized by abnormalities of the nails (nail dysgenesis) and the absence of several teeth (hypodontia) at birth. The disorder is also known as Witkop syndrome or as the tooth and nail syndrome (TNS).

The tooth and nail defects in the syndrome are highly variable. The number and type of congenitally missing permanent and/or primary teeth vary. The nails are thin, slow-growing, brittle and spoon-shaped (koilonychia). Toenails are usually more severely affected than the fingernails. In rare cases, the nails spontaneously separate from the nail beds or are absent at birth.

About 1 in 1,000 people has TNS. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait capable of affecting males and females and multiple generations. The syndrome was first described by Dr. Carl Witkop in 1965.

The gene responsible for TNS was identified in 2001 and is termed MSX1. A nonsense mutation in this gene in TNS appears to encode a protein that is completely nonfunctional. Another nonsense mutation in MSX1 has been associated with oral clefting in addition to tooth agenesis (absence of teeth).