مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
The Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP) was established at Esfahan ostensibly for the production of cladding and grid spacer materials for nuclear reactors as part of Iran's drive for complete fuel cycle independance.
The main products as of July 2008 were nuclear grade Zirconium sponge (50 tones per year), nuclear grade Zirconium alloys tube (10 tones per year), and nuclear grade Zirconium alloys strip and bar (2 tones per year).
Magnesium (100 tones per year) and Hafnium Oxide (5 tones per year) were produced at the ZPP as byproducts of the Zirconium production process.
The production facilities at the ZPP were also to be used for the production of pure Magnesium, Zirconium alloys, Titanium and its alloys, the casting of Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals, and the forming of Stainless Steel, Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals.
63 percent pure Zircon was said to be the plant's primary raw resource product.
To this end a variety of facilities were constructed within the ZPP including: a forging and machining workshop, and facilities for carburization, Magnesium electrolysis, extrusion, primary chlorination, cold rolling, Magnesium distillation, ingot casting and sponge crushing.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

published:02 May 2017

views:518

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
ArchimedesChannelhttp://www.goldextractionprocess.com
We are told how The processes used to refine gold methods of refining gold are refining use of chemicals. ebook gold refining process. e book gold recovery. aqua regia refine gold refining recovery 24k pure 99.99% Aqua regia chalcogenides.
Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
Aqua regia (Latin, lit. "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. Aqua regia was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. However, aqua regia does not dissolve or corrode silver, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, osmium, or rhodium.
Applications
Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid, the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process. This process is used for refining the highest quality (99.999%) gold.
Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.
Due to the reaction between its components resulting in its decomposition, aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains a strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use.
While local regulations may vary, aqua regia may be disposed of by careful neutralization, before being poured down the sink. If there is contamination by dissolved metals, the neutralized solution should be collected for disposal.
Chemistry
Dissolving gold.
Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process
Aqua regia dissolves gold, though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a different task. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will actually dissolve a virtually undetectable amount of gold, forming gold ions (Au3+). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (Cl−), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions, also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction which favors formation of chloroaurate anions (AuCl4−). This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid. In addition, gold may be dissolved by the free chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate equations are.

published:28 Dec 2016

views:28951

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

published:31 Jan 2018

views:95

published:07 Dec 2014

views:52

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl4 (Cl=green) and H2O (O=red). ALD allows a uniform coating to be applied to complex objects - such as the inside of the fibre optic cable shown here.

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered rhenium was identified two years later Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered34
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45nm and smaller feature lengths Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten
Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors
Contents
1 Characteristics
11 Physical characteristics
12 Hafnium
Click for more; https://www.turkaramamotoru.com/en/hafnium-5871.html
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video

published:28 Aug 2017

views:39

The SafetyChallenges of Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy plays a key role by providing 13% of the world's energy, but is one of the more controversial energy sources out there. Although the carbon footprint of nuclear energy is virtually zero, the political and safety risks associated with it cause people to have strong opinions on whether or not it should be used. A major part of the materials challenge of nuclear energy is improving safety through focusing on material degradation issues. Because the materials in nuclear power plants are exposed to extreme conditions, corrosion and cracking of structural parts is a large safety problem. Austentic stainless steels are the primary structural material used, while nickel-based alloys are used for higher-strength needs such as springs, tubes, and fasteners. The reason such materials are used is that they have good aqueous corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Finding alloys that are better suited for such conditions and alloys that are suited to the specific conditions in the new generation of power plants being created seems to be an important piece of improving the safety of nuclear power.
Not only is it important for materials to be noncorrosive and capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures, but they must also have low friction and be radiation insulating. To ensure resistance to high pressures the grain boundaries are carefully planned in the metal, and metals with strong intermolecular forces are used to keep them from breaking. Any friction can create air cavities, cause the wearing away of the pipes and decrease the flow rate through the system. All of this leads to less profitability, as pipes must be changed more frequently and a less efficient transfer of energy
With some power plants having several decades of operation, even the best materials develop irregularities and require part replacements from time to time. To determine which pipes are at risk of bursting or developing cracks, 'eddy current testing' is performed, whereby an electromagnetic force is measured through the pipe and any irregularities in the lattice structure are detected by a weakening of the magnetic force. The lifetime of a nuclear power plant comes down to how long its materials will last and so materials improvements will provide economic benefits in addition to safety ones.
Sources:
Dexter, Stephen C., "Materials for containment of low-level nuclear waste in the deep ocean", US Office of Radiation Programs, pages 1-5, 1983Gentry, Robert V., "Differential LeadRetention in Zircons: Implications for nuclear waste containment", Science, Vol. 216, p.296-299, 1982
Hrma, P. R., "Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration on Settling of Solids in Continuous Melters Processing Radioactive WasteGlass", US Department of Energy, 2008
Schaible, Micah J. & Matyas, Josef, "Physical Modeling of Spinel Crystals Settling at Low ReynoldsNumbers", 2009

published:06 May 2014

views:806

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services to semiconductor manufacturers, semiconductor equipment and chemical suppliers, as well as high-tech start-up companies that provide key products and services to the semiconductor industry.
For additional information or to contact us visit: http://thresholdsystems.com/

Our products are widely used in machinery, petroleum, textile, construction, electronics, aerospace, metal ceramics, carbide and high-tech fields. The products have been sold to more than more than 300 customers in 30 countries and regions. Langfeng Metallic’s optimized solutions have been developed to cater to the demands of the industry. Langfeng Metallic’s professional technical people go one step further by providing customized technical consulting support to its customers. These approaches ensure that Langfeng Metallic faces a very promising future by giving customers tailored solution that meet their specification demand.
Carbide powder includes: ZrC-Zirconium carbide powder, HfC-Hafnium carbide powder,VC-Vanadium carbide powder,Cr3C2-Chromium carbide powder,NbC-Niobium carbide powder,TaC-Tantalum carbide powder, Mo2C-Molybdenum carbide,TiC-Titanium carbide powder.
If you want to know more, please contact: postmaster@langfengmetallic.com, please click: http://www.langfengmetallic.com/powder/

Applications

Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.

Vanadium carbide

Vanadium carbide is the inorganic compound with the formula VC. It is an extremely hardrefractoryceramic material. WIth a hardness of 9-9.5 Mohs, it is possibly the hardest metal-carbide known. It is of interest because it is prevalent in vanadium metal and alloys.

Structure and preparation

Being isomorphous with vanadium monoxide, it crystallizes in the rock salt structure. Because VC and VO are miscible, samples of VC typically contain an impurity of the oxide. It is produced by heating vanadium oxides with carbon at around 1000°C. Vanadium carbide can be formed in the (111) orientation, when formed by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Although VC is thermodynamically stable, it converts to V2C at higher temperatures.

Vanadium carbide is used as an additive to tungsten carbide to refine the carbide crystals to improve the property of the cermet.

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
The Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP) was established at Esfahan ostensibly for the production of cladding and grid spacer materials for nuclear reactors as part of Iran's drive for complete fuel cycle independance.
The main products as of July 2008 were nuclear grade Zirconium sponge (50 tones per year), nuclear grade Zirconium alloys tube (10 tones per year), and nuclear grade Zirconium alloys strip and bar (2 tones per year).
Magnesium (100 tones per year) and Hafnium Oxide (5 tones per year) were produced at the ZPP as byproducts of the Zirconium production process.
The production facilities at the ZPP were also to be used for the production of pure Magnesium, Zirconium alloys, Titanium and its alloys, the casting of Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals, and the forming of Stainless Steel, Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals.
63 percent pure Zircon was said to be the plant's primary raw resource product.
To this end a variety of facilities were constructed within the ZPP including: a forging and machining workshop, and facilities for carburization, Magnesium electrolysis, extrusion, primary chlorination, cold rolling, Magnesium distillation, ingot casting and sponge crushing.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
ArchimedesChannelhttp://www.goldextractionprocess.com
We are told how The processes used to refine gold methods of refining gold are refining use of chemicals. ebook gold refining process. e book gold recovery. aqua regia refine gold refining recovery 24k pure 99.99% Aqua regia chalcogenides.
Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
Aqua regia (Latin, lit. "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. Aqua regia was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. However, aqua regia does not dissolve or corrode silver, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, osmium, or rhodium.
Applications
Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid, the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process. This process is used for refining the highest quality (99.999%) gold.
Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.
Due to the reaction between its components resulting in its decomposition, aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains a strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use.
While local regulations may vary, aqua regia may be disposed of by careful neutralization, before being poured down the sink. If there is contamination by dissolved metals, the neutralized solution should be collected for disposal.
Chemistry
Dissolving gold.
Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process
Aqua regia dissolves gold, though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a different task. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will actually dissolve a virtually undetectable amount of gold, forming gold ions (Au3+). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (Cl−), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions, also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction which favors formation of chloroaurate anions (AuCl4−). This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid. In addition, gold may be dissolved by the free chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate equations are.

0:48

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

5:27

Companion Hafnium Chloride Production

Companion Hafnium Chloride Production

Companion Hafnium Chloride Production

1:58

Animation of atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide

Animation of atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide

Animation of atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl4 (Cl=green) and H2O (O=red). ALD allows a uniform coating to be applied to complex objects - such as the inside of the fibre optic cable shown here.

Hafnium

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered rhenium was identified two years later Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered34
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45nm and smaller feature lengths Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten
Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors
Contents
1 Characteristics
11 Physical characteristics
12 Hafnium
Click for more; https://www.turkaramamotoru.com/en/hafnium-5871.html
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video

7:04

Hafnium MCV The Safety Challenges of Nuclear Waste Containment

Hafnium MCV The Safety Challenges of Nuclear Waste Containment

Hafnium MCV The Safety Challenges of Nuclear Waste Containment

The SafetyChallenges of Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy plays a key role by providing 13% of the world's energy, but is one of the more controversial energy sources out there. Although the carbon footprint of nuclear energy is virtually zero, the political and safety risks associated with it cause people to have strong opinions on whether or not it should be used. A major part of the materials challenge of nuclear energy is improving safety through focusing on material degradation issues. Because the materials in nuclear power plants are exposed to extreme conditions, corrosion and cracking of structural parts is a large safety problem. Austentic stainless steels are the primary structural material used, while nickel-based alloys are used for higher-strength needs such as springs, tubes, and fasteners. The reason such materials are used is that they have good aqueous corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Finding alloys that are better suited for such conditions and alloys that are suited to the specific conditions in the new generation of power plants being created seems to be an important piece of improving the safety of nuclear power.
Not only is it important for materials to be noncorrosive and capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures, but they must also have low friction and be radiation insulating. To ensure resistance to high pressures the grain boundaries are carefully planned in the metal, and metals with strong intermolecular forces are used to keep them from breaking. Any friction can create air cavities, cause the wearing away of the pipes and decrease the flow rate through the system. All of this leads to less profitability, as pipes must be changed more frequently and a less efficient transfer of energy
With some power plants having several decades of operation, even the best materials develop irregularities and require part replacements from time to time. To determine which pipes are at risk of bursting or developing cracks, 'eddy current testing' is performed, whereby an electromagnetic force is measured through the pipe and any irregularities in the lattice structure are detected by a weakening of the magnetic force. The lifetime of a nuclear power plant comes down to how long its materials will last and so materials improvements will provide economic benefits in addition to safety ones.
Sources:
Dexter, Stephen C., "Materials for containment of low-level nuclear waste in the deep ocean", US Office of Radiation Programs, pages 1-5, 1983Gentry, Robert V., "Differential LeadRetention in Zircons: Implications for nuclear waste containment", Science, Vol. 216, p.296-299, 1982
Hrma, P. R., "Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration on Settling of Solids in Continuous Melters Processing Radioactive WasteGlass", US Department of Energy, 2008
Schaible, Micah J. & Matyas, Josef, "Physical Modeling of Spinel Crystals Settling at Low ReynoldsNumbers", 2009

3:38

The FinFet Semiconductor Process

The FinFet Semiconductor Process

The FinFet Semiconductor Process

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services to semiconductor manufacturers, semiconductor equipment and chemical suppliers, as well as high-tech start-up companies that provide key products and services to the semiconductor industry.
For additional information or to contact us visit: http://thresholdsystems.com/

Our products are widely used in machinery, petroleum, textile, construction, electronics, aerospace, metal ceramics, carbide and high-tech fields. The products have been sold to more than more than 300 customers in 30 countries and regions. Langfeng Metallic’s optimized solutions have been developed to cater to the demands of the industry. Langfeng Metallic’s professional technical people go one step further by providing customized technical consulting support to its customers. These approaches ensure that Langfeng Metallic faces a very promising future by giving customers tailored solution that meet their specification demand.
Carbide powder includes: ZrC-Zirconium carbide powder, HfC-Hafnium carbide powder,VC-Vanadium carbide powder,Cr3C2-Chromium carbide powder,NbC-Niobium carbide powder,TaC-Tantalum carbide powder, Mo2C-Molybdenum carbide,TiC-Titanium carbide powder.
If you want to know more, please contact: postmaster@langfengmetallic.com, please click: http://www.langfengmetallic.com/powder/

3:15

Lam Research - Engineering at the Atomic Scale

Lam Research - Engineering at the Atomic Scale

Lam Research - Engineering at the Atomic Scale

Can you imagine building semiconductor chips with atoms? To learn how atomic layer deposition (ALD) and atomic layer etch (ALE) processes work, watch our new video.

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
The Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP) was established at Esfahan ostensibly for the production of cladding and grid spacer materials for nuclear reactors as part of Iran's drive for complete fuel cycle independance.
The main products as of July 2008 were nuclear grade Zirconium sponge (50 tones per year), nuclear grade Zirconium alloys tube (10 tones per year), and nuclear grade Zirconium alloys strip and bar (2 tones per year).
Magnesium (100 tones per year) and Hafnium Oxide (5 tones per year) were produced at the ZPP as byproducts of the Zirconium production process.
The production facilities at the ZPP were also to be used for the production of pure Magnesium, Zirconium allo...

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
ArchimedesChannelhttp://www.goldextractionprocess.com
We are told how The processes used to refine gold methods of refining gold are refining use of chemicals. ebook gold refining process. e book gold recovery. aqua regia refine gold refining recovery 24k pure 99.99% Aqua regia chalcogenides.
Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
Aqua regia (Latin, lit. "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. Aqua regia was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals g...

published: 28 Dec 2016

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

hafnium carbide powder sintering in carbon tube furnace

published: 31 Jan 2018

Companion Hafnium Chloride Production

published: 07 Dec 2014

Animation of atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl4 (Cl=green) and H2O (O=red). ALD allows a uniform coating to be applied to complex objects - such as the inside of the fibre optic cable shown here.

Hafnium

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered rhenium was identified two years later Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered34
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45nm and smaller feature lengths Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten
Hafniums large neutron capture cross-sec...

published: 28 Aug 2017

Hafnium MCV The Safety Challenges of Nuclear Waste Containment

The SafetyChallenges of Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy plays a key role by providing 13% of the world's energy, but is one of the more controversial energy sources out there. Although the carbon footprint of nuclear energy is virtually zero, the political and safety risks associated with it cause people to have strong opinions on whether or not it should be used. A major part of the materials challenge of nuclear energy is improving safety through focusing on material degradation issues. Because the materials in nuclear power plants are exposed to extreme conditions, corrosion and cracking of structural parts is a large safety problem. Austentic stainless steels are the primary structural material used, while nickel-based alloys are used for higher-strength needs such as springs, tub...

published: 06 May 2014

The FinFet Semiconductor Process

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services to semiconductor manufacturers, semiconductor equipment and chemical suppliers, as well as high-tech start-up companies that provide key products and services to the semiconductor industry.
For additional information or to contact us visit: http://thresholdsystems.com/

Our products are widely used in machinery, petroleum, textile, construction, electronics, aerospace, metal ceramics, carbide and high-tech fields. The products have been sold to more than more than 300 customers in 30 countries and regions. Langfeng Metallic’s optimized solutions have been developed to cater to the demands of the industry. Langfeng Metallic’s professional technical people go one step further by providing customized technical consulting support to its customers. These approaches ensure that Langfeng Metallic faces a very promising future by giving customers tailored solution that meet their specification demand.
Carbide powder includes: ZrC-Zirconium carbide powder, HfC-Hafnium carbide powder,VC-Vanadium carbide powder,Cr3C2-Chromium carbide powder,NbC-Niobium carbide powde...

published: 05 Aug 2015

Lam Research - Engineering at the Atomic Scale

Can you imagine building semiconductor chips with atoms? To learn how atomic layer deposition (ALD) and atomic layer etch (ALE) processes work, watch our new video.

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
The Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP) was established at Esfahan ostensibly for the production of cladding and grid spacer materials for nuclear reactors as part of Iran's drive for complete fuel cycle independance.
The main products as of July 2008 were nuclear grade Zirconium sponge (50 tones per year), nuclear grade Zirconium alloys tube (10 tones per year), and nuclear grade Zirconium alloys strip and bar (2 tones per year).
Magnesium (100 tones per year) and Hafnium Oxide (5 tones per year) were produced at the ZPP as byproducts of the Zirconium production process.
The production facilities at the ZPP were also to be used for the production of pure Magnesium, Zirconium alloys, Titanium and its alloys, the casting of Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals, and the forming of Stainless Steel, Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals.
63 percent pure Zircon was said to be the plant's primary raw resource product.
To this end a variety of facilities were constructed within the ZPP including: a forging and machining workshop, and facilities for carburization, Magnesium electrolysis, extrusion, primary chlorination, cold rolling, Magnesium distillation, ingot casting and sponge crushing.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
The Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP) was established at Esfahan ostensibly for the production of cladding and grid spacer materials for nuclear reactors as part of Iran's drive for complete fuel cycle independance.
The main products as of July 2008 were nuclear grade Zirconium sponge (50 tones per year), nuclear grade Zirconium alloys tube (10 tones per year), and nuclear grade Zirconium alloys strip and bar (2 tones per year).
Magnesium (100 tones per year) and Hafnium Oxide (5 tones per year) were produced at the ZPP as byproducts of the Zirconium production process.
The production facilities at the ZPP were also to be used for the production of pure Magnesium, Zirconium alloys, Titanium and its alloys, the casting of Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals, and the forming of Stainless Steel, Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals.
63 percent pure Zircon was said to be the plant's primary raw resource product.
To this end a variety of facilities were constructed within the ZPP including: a forging and machining workshop, and facilities for carburization, Magnesium electrolysis, extrusion, primary chlorination, cold rolling, Magnesium distillation, ingot casting and sponge crushing.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK...

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
ArchimedesChannelhttp://www.goldextractionprocess.com
We are told how The processes used to refine gold methods of refining gold are refining use of chemicals. ebook gold refining process. e book gold recovery. aqua regia refine gold refining recovery 24k pure 99.99% Aqua regia chalcogenides.
Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
Aqua regia (Latin, lit. "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. Aqua regia was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. However, aqua regia does not dissolve or corrode silver, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, osmium, or rhodium.
Applications
Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid, the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process. This process is used for refining the highest quality (99.999%) gold.
Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.
Due to the reaction between its components resulting in its decomposition, aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains a strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use.
While local regulations may vary, aqua regia may be disposed of by careful neutralization, before being poured down the sink. If there is contamination by dissolved metals, the neutralized solution should be collected for disposal.
Chemistry
Dissolving gold.
Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process
Aqua regia dissolves gold, though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a different task. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will actually dissolve a virtually undetectable amount of gold, forming gold ions (Au3+). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (Cl−), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions, also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction which favors formation of chloroaurate anions (AuCl4−). This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid. In addition, gold may be dissolved by the free chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate equations are.

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
ArchimedesChannelhttp://www.goldextractionprocess.com
We are told how The processes used to refine gold methods of refining gold are refining use of chemicals. ebook gold refining process. e book gold recovery. aqua regia refine gold refining recovery 24k pure 99.99% Aqua regia chalcogenides.
Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
Aqua regia (Latin, lit. "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. Aqua regia was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. However, aqua regia does not dissolve or corrode silver, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, osmium, or rhodium.
Applications
Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid, the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process. This process is used for refining the highest quality (99.999%) gold.
Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.
Due to the reaction between its components resulting in its decomposition, aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains a strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use.
While local regulations may vary, aqua regia may be disposed of by careful neutralization, before being poured down the sink. If there is contamination by dissolved metals, the neutralized solution should be collected for disposal.
Chemistry
Dissolving gold.
Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process
Aqua regia dissolves gold, though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a different task. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will actually dissolve a virtually undetectable amount of gold, forming gold ions (Au3+). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (Cl−), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions, also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction which favors formation of chloroaurate anions (AuCl4−). This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid. In addition, gold may be dissolved by the free chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate equations are.

Animation of atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl...

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl4 (Cl=green) and H2O (O=red). ALD allows a uniform coating to be applied to complex objects - such as the inside of the fibre optic cable shown here.

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl4 (Cl=green) and H2O (O=red). ALD allows a uniform coating to be applied to complex objects - such as the inside of the fibre optic cable shown here.

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered rhenium was identified two years later Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered34
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45nm and smaller feature lengths Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten
Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors
Contents
1 Characteristics
11 Physical characteristics
12 Hafnium
Click for more; https://www.turkaramamotoru.com/en/hafnium-5871.html
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered rhenium was identified two years later Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered34
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45nm and smaller feature lengths Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten
Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors
Contents
1 Characteristics
11 Physical characteristics
12 Hafnium
Click for more; https://www.turkaramamotoru.com/en/hafnium-5871.html
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video

The SafetyChallenges of Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy plays a key role by providing 13% of the world's energy, but is one of the more controversial energy sources out there. Although the carbon footprint of nuclear energy is virtually zero, the political and safety risks associated with it cause people to have strong opinions on whether or not it should be used. A major part of the materials challenge of nuclear energy is improving safety through focusing on material degradation issues. Because the materials in nuclear power plants are exposed to extreme conditions, corrosion and cracking of structural parts is a large safety problem. Austentic stainless steels are the primary structural material used, while nickel-based alloys are used for higher-strength needs such as springs, tubes, and fasteners. The reason such materials are used is that they have good aqueous corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Finding alloys that are better suited for such conditions and alloys that are suited to the specific conditions in the new generation of power plants being created seems to be an important piece of improving the safety of nuclear power.
Not only is it important for materials to be noncorrosive and capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures, but they must also have low friction and be radiation insulating. To ensure resistance to high pressures the grain boundaries are carefully planned in the metal, and metals with strong intermolecular forces are used to keep them from breaking. Any friction can create air cavities, cause the wearing away of the pipes and decrease the flow rate through the system. All of this leads to less profitability, as pipes must be changed more frequently and a less efficient transfer of energy
With some power plants having several decades of operation, even the best materials develop irregularities and require part replacements from time to time. To determine which pipes are at risk of bursting or developing cracks, 'eddy current testing' is performed, whereby an electromagnetic force is measured through the pipe and any irregularities in the lattice structure are detected by a weakening of the magnetic force. The lifetime of a nuclear power plant comes down to how long its materials will last and so materials improvements will provide economic benefits in addition to safety ones.
Sources:
Dexter, Stephen C., "Materials for containment of low-level nuclear waste in the deep ocean", US Office of Radiation Programs, pages 1-5, 1983Gentry, Robert V., "Differential LeadRetention in Zircons: Implications for nuclear waste containment", Science, Vol. 216, p.296-299, 1982
Hrma, P. R., "Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration on Settling of Solids in Continuous Melters Processing Radioactive WasteGlass", US Department of Energy, 2008
Schaible, Micah J. & Matyas, Josef, "Physical Modeling of Spinel Crystals Settling at Low ReynoldsNumbers", 2009

The SafetyChallenges of Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy plays a key role by providing 13% of the world's energy, but is one of the more controversial energy sources out there. Although the carbon footprint of nuclear energy is virtually zero, the political and safety risks associated with it cause people to have strong opinions on whether or not it should be used. A major part of the materials challenge of nuclear energy is improving safety through focusing on material degradation issues. Because the materials in nuclear power plants are exposed to extreme conditions, corrosion and cracking of structural parts is a large safety problem. Austentic stainless steels are the primary structural material used, while nickel-based alloys are used for higher-strength needs such as springs, tubes, and fasteners. The reason such materials are used is that they have good aqueous corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Finding alloys that are better suited for such conditions and alloys that are suited to the specific conditions in the new generation of power plants being created seems to be an important piece of improving the safety of nuclear power.
Not only is it important for materials to be noncorrosive and capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures, but they must also have low friction and be radiation insulating. To ensure resistance to high pressures the grain boundaries are carefully planned in the metal, and metals with strong intermolecular forces are used to keep them from breaking. Any friction can create air cavities, cause the wearing away of the pipes and decrease the flow rate through the system. All of this leads to less profitability, as pipes must be changed more frequently and a less efficient transfer of energy
With some power plants having several decades of operation, even the best materials develop irregularities and require part replacements from time to time. To determine which pipes are at risk of bursting or developing cracks, 'eddy current testing' is performed, whereby an electromagnetic force is measured through the pipe and any irregularities in the lattice structure are detected by a weakening of the magnetic force. The lifetime of a nuclear power plant comes down to how long its materials will last and so materials improvements will provide economic benefits in addition to safety ones.
Sources:
Dexter, Stephen C., "Materials for containment of low-level nuclear waste in the deep ocean", US Office of Radiation Programs, pages 1-5, 1983Gentry, Robert V., "Differential LeadRetention in Zircons: Implications for nuclear waste containment", Science, Vol. 216, p.296-299, 1982
Hrma, P. R., "Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration on Settling of Solids in Continuous Melters Processing Radioactive WasteGlass", US Department of Energy, 2008
Schaible, Micah J. & Matyas, Josef, "Physical Modeling of Spinel Crystals Settling at Low ReynoldsNumbers", 2009

The FinFet Semiconductor Process

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services ...

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services to semiconductor manufacturers, semiconductor equipment and chemical suppliers, as well as high-tech start-up companies that provide key products and services to the semiconductor industry.
For additional information or to contact us visit: http://thresholdsystems.com/

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services to semiconductor manufacturers, semiconductor equipment and chemical suppliers, as well as high-tech start-up companies that provide key products and services to the semiconductor industry.
For additional information or to contact us visit: http://thresholdsystems.com/

Our products are widely used in machinery, petroleum, textile, construction, electronics, aerospace, metal ceramics, carbide and high-tech fields. The products have been sold to more than more than 300 customers in 30 countries and regions. Langfeng Metallic’s optimized solutions have been developed to cater to the demands of the industry. Langfeng Metallic’s professional technical people go one step further by providing customized technical consulting support to its customers. These approaches ensure that Langfeng Metallic faces a very promising future by giving customers tailored solution that meet their specification demand.
Carbide powder includes: ZrC-Zirconium carbide powder, HfC-Hafnium carbide powder,VC-Vanadium carbide powder,Cr3C2-Chromium carbide powder,NbC-Niobium carbide powder,TaC-Tantalum carbide powder, Mo2C-Molybdenum carbide,TiC-Titanium carbide powder.
If you want to know more, please contact: postmaster@langfengmetallic.com, please click: http://www.langfengmetallic.com/powder/

Our products are widely used in machinery, petroleum, textile, construction, electronics, aerospace, metal ceramics, carbide and high-tech fields. The products have been sold to more than more than 300 customers in 30 countries and regions. Langfeng Metallic’s optimized solutions have been developed to cater to the demands of the industry. Langfeng Metallic’s professional technical people go one step further by providing customized technical consulting support to its customers. These approaches ensure that Langfeng Metallic faces a very promising future by giving customers tailored solution that meet their specification demand.
Carbide powder includes: ZrC-Zirconium carbide powder, HfC-Hafnium carbide powder,VC-Vanadium carbide powder,Cr3C2-Chromium carbide powder,NbC-Niobium carbide powder,TaC-Tantalum carbide powder, Mo2C-Molybdenum carbide,TiC-Titanium carbide powder.
If you want to know more, please contact: postmaster@langfengmetallic.com, please click: http://www.langfengmetallic.com/powder/

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
The Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP) was established at Esfahan ostensibly for the production of cladding and grid spacer materials for nuclear reactors as part of Iran's drive for complete fuel cycle independance.
The main products as of July 2008 were nuclear grade Zirconium sponge (50 tones per year), nuclear grade Zirconium alloys tube (10 tones per year), and nuclear grade Zirconium alloys strip and bar (2 tones per year).
Magnesium (100 tones per year) and Hafnium Oxide (5 tones per year) were produced at the ZPP as byproducts of the Zirconium production process.
The production facilities at the ZPP were also to be used for the production of pure Magnesium, Zirconium alloys, Titanium and its alloys, the casting of Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals, and the forming of Stainless Steel, Ferrous and non-Ferrous metals.
63 percent pure Zircon was said to be the plant's primary raw resource product.
To this end a variety of facilities were constructed within the ZPP including: a forging and machining workshop, and facilities for carburization, Magnesium electrolysis, extrusion, primary chlorination, cold rolling, Magnesium distillation, ingot casting and sponge crushing.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

Hope you like our compilation, please share it and SUBSCRIBE! Watch also our other videos!
youtube Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
ArchimedesChannelhttp://www.goldextractionprocess.com
We are told how The processes used to refine gold methods of refining gold are refining use of chemicals. ebook gold refining process. e book gold recovery. aqua regia refine gold refining recovery 24k pure 99.99% Aqua regia chalcogenides.
Subscribe to this ►► Subscribe https://goo.gl/93XuWY
✔️ THANK YOU ✔️
Aqua regia (Latin, lit. "royal water" or "king's water") is a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,optimally in a molar ratio of 1:3. Aqua regia is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. Aqua regia was so named by alchemists because it can dissolve the noble metals gold and platinum. However, aqua regia does not dissolve or corrode silver, titanium, iridium, ruthenium, rhenium, tantalum, niobium, hafnium, osmium, or rhodium.
Applications
Aqua regia is primarily used to produce chloroauric acid, the electrolyte in the Wohlwill process. This process is used for refining the highest quality (99.999%) gold.
Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.
Due to the reaction between its components resulting in its decomposition, aqua regia quickly loses its effectiveness (yet remains a strong acid), so its components are usually only mixed immediately before use.
While local regulations may vary, aqua regia may be disposed of by careful neutralization, before being poured down the sink. If there is contamination by dissolved metals, the neutralized solution should be collected for disposal.
Chemistry
Dissolving gold.
Pure gold precipitate produced by the aqua regia chemical refining process
Aqua regia dissolves gold, though neither constituent acid will do so alone, because, in combination, each acid performs a different task. Nitric acid is a powerful oxidizer, which will actually dissolve a virtually undetectable amount of gold, forming gold ions (Au3+). The hydrochloric acid provides a ready supply of chloride ions (Cl−), which react with the gold ions to produce tetrachloroaurate(III) anions, also in solution. The reaction with hydrochloric acid is an equilibrium reaction which favors formation of chloroaurate anions (AuCl4−). This results in a removal of gold ions from solution and allows further oxidation of gold to take place. The gold dissolves to become chloroauric acid. In addition, gold may be dissolved by the free chlorine present in aqua regia. Appropriate equations are.

Animation of atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide

Nanometre-thin films can be deposited using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). This example shows the ALD chemistry for producing HfO2 from gaseous precursors HfCl4 (Cl=green) and H2O (O=red). ALD allows a uniform coating to be applied to complex objects - such as the inside of the fibre optic cable shown here.

Hafnium

Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element with symbol Hf and atomic number 72 A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered rhenium was identified two years later Hafnium is named after Hafnia, the Latin name for Copenhagen, where it was discovered34
Hafnium is used in filaments and electrodes Some semiconductor fabrication processes use its oxide for integrated circuits at 45nm and smaller feature lengths Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten
Hafniums large neutron capture cross-section makes it a good material for neutron absorption in control rods in nuclear power plants, but at the same time requires that it be removed from the neutron-transparent corrosion-resistant zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors
Contents
1 Characteristics
11 Physical characteristics
12 Hafnium
Click for more; https://www.turkaramamotoru.com/en/hafnium-5871.html
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video

Hafnium MCV The Safety Challenges of Nuclear Waste Containment

The SafetyChallenges of Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy plays a key role by providing 13% of the world's energy, but is one of the more controversial energy sources out there. Although the carbon footprint of nuclear energy is virtually zero, the political and safety risks associated with it cause people to have strong opinions on whether or not it should be used. A major part of the materials challenge of nuclear energy is improving safety through focusing on material degradation issues. Because the materials in nuclear power plants are exposed to extreme conditions, corrosion and cracking of structural parts is a large safety problem. Austentic stainless steels are the primary structural material used, while nickel-based alloys are used for higher-strength needs such as springs, tubes, and fasteners. The reason such materials are used is that they have good aqueous corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Finding alloys that are better suited for such conditions and alloys that are suited to the specific conditions in the new generation of power plants being created seems to be an important piece of improving the safety of nuclear power.
Not only is it important for materials to be noncorrosive and capable of withstanding high pressures and temperatures, but they must also have low friction and be radiation insulating. To ensure resistance to high pressures the grain boundaries are carefully planned in the metal, and metals with strong intermolecular forces are used to keep them from breaking. Any friction can create air cavities, cause the wearing away of the pipes and decrease the flow rate through the system. All of this leads to less profitability, as pipes must be changed more frequently and a less efficient transfer of energy
With some power plants having several decades of operation, even the best materials develop irregularities and require part replacements from time to time. To determine which pipes are at risk of bursting or developing cracks, 'eddy current testing' is performed, whereby an electromagnetic force is measured through the pipe and any irregularities in the lattice structure are detected by a weakening of the magnetic force. The lifetime of a nuclear power plant comes down to how long its materials will last and so materials improvements will provide economic benefits in addition to safety ones.
Sources:
Dexter, Stephen C., "Materials for containment of low-level nuclear waste in the deep ocean", US Office of Radiation Programs, pages 1-5, 1983Gentry, Robert V., "Differential LeadRetention in Zircons: Implications for nuclear waste containment", Science, Vol. 216, p.296-299, 1982
Hrma, P. R., "Impact of Particle Size and Agglomeration on Settling of Solids in Continuous Melters Processing Radioactive WasteGlass", US Department of Energy, 2008
Schaible, Micah J. & Matyas, Josef, "Physical Modeling of Spinel Crystals Settling at Low ReynoldsNumbers", 2009

The FinFet Semiconductor Process

This video has been updated and the new version can be viewed at the link below.
https://youtu.be/c-3p8moNXfI
ThresholdSystems provides consulting services to semiconductor manufacturers, semiconductor equipment and chemical suppliers, as well as high-tech start-up companies that provide key products and services to the semiconductor industry.
For additional information or to contact us visit: http://thresholdsystems.com/

Our products are widely used in machinery, petroleum, textile, construction, electronics, aerospace, metal ceramics, carbide and high-tech fields. The products have been sold to more than more than 300 customers in 30 countries and regions. Langfeng Metallic’s optimized solutions have been developed to cater to the demands of the industry. Langfeng Metallic’s professional technical people go one step further by providing customized technical consulting support to its customers. These approaches ensure that Langfeng Metallic faces a very promising future by giving customers tailored solution that meet their specification demand.
Carbide powder includes: ZrC-Zirconium carbide powder, HfC-Hafnium carbide powder,VC-Vanadium carbide powder,Cr3C2-Chromium carbide powder,NbC-Niobium carbide powder,TaC-Tantalum carbide powder, Mo2C-Molybdenum carbide,TiC-Titanium carbide powder.
If you want to know more, please contact: postmaster@langfengmetallic.com, please click: http://www.langfengmetallic.com/powder/

Applications

Aqua regia is also used in etching and in specific analytic procedures. It is also used in some laboratories to clean glassware of organic compounds and metal particles. This method is preferred over the "traditional" chromic acid bath for cleaning NMR tubes, because no traces of paramagnetic chromium can remain to spoil spectra. While chromic acid baths are discouraged because of the high toxicity of chromium and the potential for explosions, aqua regia is itself very corrosive and has been implicated in several explosions due to mishandling.