Ms. K was taking two antimuscarinic drugs, tolterodine and oxybutynin; I would not have accepted CBS as a diagnosis until the role of these drugs was clarified.

One patient developed visual hallucinations when her urologist started her on imipramine for urinary incontinence. Interestingly, once she was reassured that imipramine was causing this effect, she chose to keep taking it. She preferred occasional hallucinations to incontinence.

William Braden MD Providence, RI

The authors did not adequately consider anticholinergic toxicity from a longstanding medication regimen as a possible cause of Ms. K’s visual hallucinations.

It is true that Ms. K had been taking tolterodine and oxybutynin, both anticholinergic agents, for more than 2 years without apparent adverse effects. However, that does not rule out the possibility that her advancing age and other factors increased her vulnerability to such toxicity. While her normal Mini-Mental State Examination score and clear sensorium do rule out frank delirium, anticholinergic toxicity can occur without gross cognitive impairment.

Robert L. Marcus, MD Dix Hills, NY

The author responds

Drs. Braden and Marcus raise valid concerns about the effects of tolterodine and oxybutynin on Ms. K’s visual hallucinations. Benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants, analgesics, beta-blockers, and antimuscarinics have all been linked to substance-induced psychosis, particularly in older patients.

We felt comfortable excluding these medications as playing a role in Ms. K’s visual hallucinations. She had tolerated these agents well with no changes for more than 2 years, so visual hallucinations as a sudden adverse effect seemed unlikely. Looking back, maybe anticholinergic toxicity could have been considered as a possible cause.

Drs. Braden and Marcus remind us that when evaluating apparent psychosis in older psychiatric patients, we should rule out causes such as medications and illegal substances. When alternative explanations are exhausted, however, a diagnosis of CBS may be warranted in the visually impaired patient who retains cognitive function.

Mr. G, age 73, visits your office reporting poor sleep, fatigue, and loss of appetite. His son says that Mr. G has been forgetful lately and has called to ask how to perform routine tasks or how to get to stores he often visits. Mr. G takes citalopram, 40 mg/d, for depression and atenolol, 50 mg/d, for high blood pressure. How would you begin to assess Mr. G’s symptoms?