According to Chapter 59 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica;

1.There shall be a Prime Minister of Dominica, who shall be appointed by the President.

2.Whenever the President has occasion to appoint a Prime Minister he shall appoint an elected member of the House who appears to him likely to command the support of the majority of the elected members of the House.

The President, acting in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister, appoints the Cabinet of Minister. The Prime Minister supervises Cabinet meetings and in the spirit of the Westminster system is nominally 'Primus Inter Pares' or first among equals. However Prime Ministers of Dominica, like most Prime Ministers in Small-Island States, have generally governed in a presidential manner.

1.
Dominica
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Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is a sovereign island country. The capital, Roseau, is located on the side of the island. It is part of the Windward islands in the Lesser Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean Sea, the island lies south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique. Its area is 750 square kilometres and the highest point is Morne Diablotins, the population was 72,301 at the 2014 census. Great Britain took it over in 1763 after the Seven Years War, the island republic gained independence in 1978. Its name is pronounced with emphasis on the syllable, related to its French name of Dominique. Dominica has been nicknamed the Nature Isle of the Caribbean for its natural beauty. It is the youngest island in the Lesser Antilles, still being formed by geothermal-volcanic activity, the island has lush mountainous rainforests, and is the home of many rare plants, animals, and bird species. There are xeric areas in some of the coastal regions. The Sisserou parrot, also known as the amazon and found only on Dominica, is the islands national bird. Dominicas economy depends on tourism and agriculture, the precolonial inhabitants were the Island Caribs. The name comes from the Latin word dies Dominica for Sunday and its pre-Columbian name by the Caribs was Wai‘tu kubuli, which means Tall is her body. Spain had little success in colonising Dominica, in 1632, the French Compagnie des Îles de lAmérique claimed it and other Petite Antilles for France, but no physical occupation took place. Between 1642 and 1650, French missionary Raymond Breton became the first regular European visitor to the island, in 1660, the French and English agreed that Dominica and St. Vincent should not be settled, but left to the Caribs as neutral territory. But its natural resources attracted expeditions of English and French foresters, in 1690, the French established their first permanent settlements. French woodcutters from Martinique and Guadeloupe began to set up camps to supply the French islands with wood. They brought the first enslaved people from West Africa to Dominique, in 1715, a revolt of poor white smallholders in the north of Martinique, known as La Gaoulé, caused many to migrate to southern Dominique where they set up smallholdings. Meanwhile, French families and others from Guadeloupe settled in the north, already installed in Martinique and Guadeloupe and cultivating sugarcane, the French gradually developed plantations in Dominique for coffee

2.
Politics of Dominica
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Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the House of Assembly, the Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. A president and prime minister make up the executive branch, nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the leader of the opposition party, the president is elected for a 5-year term by the parliament. The prime minister and cabinet are responsible to the parliament and can be removed on a no-confidence vote, the House of Assembly has 32 members. Twenty-one members are elected for a term in single-seat constituencies. Nine members are appointed by the President,5 on the advice of the Prime Minister and 4 on the advice of the leader of the opposition. The Speaker is elected by the members after an election. There is also 1 ex-official member, the clerk of the house, the head of state - the president -is elected by the House of Assembly. The regional representatives decide whether senators are to be elected or appointed, if appointed, five are chosen by the president with the advice of the prime minister and four with the advice of the opposition leader. If elected, it is by vote of the regional representatives, elections for representatives and senators must be held at least every 5 years, although the prime minister can call elections any time. Dominica has a two-party system, which means there are two dominant political parties, with extreme difficulty for anybody to achieve electoral success under the banner of any other party. Dominica was once a three-party system, but in the past few years the Dominica Labour Party, dominicas legal system is based on English common law. There are three courts and a High Court of Justice. Appeals can be made to the Eastern Caribbean Court of Appeal and, ultimately, dominicas current High Court judges are The Hon. Brian Cottle and The Hon. M. E. Birnie Stephenson-Brooks. Councils elected by universal suffrage govern most towns, supported largely by property taxation, the councils are responsible for the regulation of markets and sanitation and the maintenance of secondary roads and other municipal amenities. Oxford University Press, Oxford,2005, pp. 223–237 ISBN 0-19-928357-5

3.
Roosevelt Skerrit
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Roosevelt Skerrit is a Dominican politician who has been Prime Minister of Dominica since 2004, he has also been the Member of Parliament for the Vieille Case constituency since 2000. Regionally, he has served as the chairman of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, Roosevelt Skerrit became Prime Minister after the death of Pierre Charles in January 2004. At the time of Pierre Charles’ death, Skerrit was Member of Parliament for the Vieille Case constituency, upon taking office Skerrit became the worlds youngest head of government, surpassing Joseph Kabila of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With his partys May 2005 election victory, Skerrit became the worlds first democratically elected national leader born in the 1970s, in 2015 the Chinese billionaire Ng Lap Seng was arrested by the FBI. This was due to an ongoing UN bribery investigation, Skerrit was photographed with Ng shortly before the arrest. The Wall Street Journal stated that Ng told associates that he helped persuade Dominica to switch recognition to China from Taiwan. The opposition party scrutinized Skerrit on the matter, Skerrit informed them that the FBI was not interested in him. Media related to Roosevelt Skerrit at Wikimedia Commons

4.
House of Assembly of Dominica
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The House of Assembly is the legislature of Dominica. It is established by Chapter III of the Constitution of Dominica, the House is unicameral, and consists of twenty-one Representatives, nine Senators, and the Attorney General is an ex officio member. The Speaker of the House becomes the thirty-second member if chosen from outside the membership of the House, Representatives are directly elected in single member constituencies using the simple-majority system for a term of five years. The Representatives in turn decide whether the Senators are to be elected by their vote, if appointed, five are chosen by the president with the advice of the prime minister and four with the advice of the opposition leader. Alix Boyd Knights is the current Speaker of the House of Assembly, first elected on April 17,2000, Knights is the longest to serve in that position. The Cabinet of Dominica is appointed from members of the House of Assembly, however, no more than three Senators may be members of the Cabinet. Since the election held on 8 December 2014, the Dominica Labour Party has held 15 of the 21 directly elected seats, the next election is not yet scheduled. List of members of the House of Assembly of Dominica List of Speakers of the House of Assembly of Dominica History of Dominica List of legislatures by country

5.
Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)
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The Leader of the Opposition of the Commonwealth of Dominica is the Member of Parliament who leads the Official Opposition in the House of Assembly of Dominica. The current Leader of the Opposition is Hector John of the United Workers Party, sworn in 19 July 2010, chapter IV Section 66 of The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica provides,1. There shall be a Leader of the Opposition who shall be appointed by the President, the House of Assembly did not have a Leader of the Opposition in early 2010, following the results of the 2009 general election. The leader of the opposition United Workers Party, Ronald Green, lost his seat, and this ended with the swearing in of Hector John as Leader of the Opposition on 19 July 2010

6.
Elections in Dominica
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Elections in Dominica have been taking place since 1832. Dominica elects on national level a legislature, the House of Assembly has 32 members,21 members elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies,9 appointed senators, the Speaker and 1 ex officio member. A head of state - the president - is elected by the House of Assembly, Dominica has a two-party system, which means that there are two dominant political parties, with extreme difficulty for anybody to achieve electoral success under the banner of any other party. Dominica was once a three-party system until the Dominica Labour Party, the DFP has failed to acquire any seats for two elections straight, leaving the United Workers Party as the only opposition to the DLP. Electoral calendar Electoral system Matthias Catón, Dominica in, Elections in the Americas, Oxford University Press, Oxford,2005, pp. 223–237 ISBN 0-19-928357-5 Adam Carrs Election Archive

7.
Dominican general election, 2000
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The DLP won 10 seats, the UWP9 seats and the Dominica Freedom Party took 2 seats. The Dominica Labour Party formed a government in coalition with the Dominica Freedom Party, voter turnout was 60. 2%, the lowest since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1951. The ruling United Workers Party campaigned on their economic record while the Dominica Labour Party focused on charges of corruption against the government

8.
Dominican general election, 2005
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General elections were held in Dominica on 5 May 2005. The result was a victory for the ruling Dominica Labour Party, the opposition United Workers Party unsuccessfully made legal challenges to several of the constituency results. In the previous 2000 elections the ruling United Workers Party won one fewer seats than the Dominica Labour Party, as a result, the Dominica Labour Party with 10 seats was able to form a coalition government with the Dominica Freedom Party, which had won two seats. In 2004 Prime Minister Pierre Charles died and was succeeded by Minister of Education Roosevelt Skerrit, on 7 April Skerrit announced that the elections would take place on 5 May. Just under 66,000 voters were registered to vote in the election at 249 polling stations spread over the 21 constituencies, on the Monday before the election, there was an incident when motorcades for the two main parties collided with each other. No major injuries resulted and rallies for each party were held afterwards, the police then refused either party permission to hold motorcades on the day before the election. The campaign was judged as being long and divisive, with the election seen as very close. A poll in February predicted that the United Workers Party would win 12 seats, however another poll in March had the Dominica Labour Party winning 12 seats, the United Workers Party 7 seats and the Dominica Freedom Party 2 seats. The Dominica Labour Party increased their number of seats from 10 to 12, the United Workers Party lost one seat, one independent candidate was elected, whilst the Dominica Freedom Party lost both its seats. It was the first election in 35 years where the Dominica Freedom Party—the governing party of Eugenia Charles from 1980 to 1995—did not win any seats. Prime Minister Skerrit announced that the day after the election would be a national holiday, initial counts in the Castle Bruce constituency had the United Workers Party candidate ahead but the final result saw the Dominica Labour Party win by one vote. Opposition supporters protested the results outside of the government headquarters in Roseau, on the 28 October 2005 the legal challenges were dismissed by a High Court Justice, Hugh Rawlins. The appeals court rejected the lawsuit in April 2006 and the United Workers Party then dropped the challenges. 2005 General Election results Election Office Election results IFES Dominica House of Assembly, Elections held in 2005 IPU Dominica Legislative Election of 5 May 2005 Adam Carr

9.
Dominican general election, 2014
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General elections were held in Dominica on 8 December 2014 to elect the 21 members of the House of Assembly. Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit announced the date on 5 November 2014. Under Dominicas electoral system, the Prime Minister has the authority to call elections at any time and is required to give a minimum of twenty-five days notice. The result was a victory for the social democratic Dominica Labour Party. The 21 elected members of the House of Assembly are elected in single-member constituencies, a further nine members are appointed by the Assembly after it convenes. Forty-four candidates contested the twenty-one constituencies, with the two dominant parties running candidates in each of the constituencies as well as two independent candidates. The opposition gained three seats, winning all three constituencies in the capital Roseau, and three constituencies in a belt across the lower part of northern Dominica

10.
Foreign relations of Dominica
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Like its Eastern Caribbean neighbors, the main priority of Dominicas foreign relations is economic development. The country maintains missions in Washington, New York, London, Dominica is also a member of the Caribbean Development Bank, and the Commonwealth of Nations. It became a member of the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund in 1978 and of the World Bank, the country agreed to contribute personnel to the multinational force, which restored the democratically elected government of Haiti in October 1994. In May 1997, Prime Minister James joined 14 other Caribbean leaders, the summit strengthened the basis for regional cooperation on justice and counternarcotics issues, finance and development, and trade. Dominica is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military, Dominica claims Venezuelan controlled Isla Aves. Dominica has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1978, Dominicas highest court of appeal is the Caribbean Court of Justice, in effect from 6 March 2015. Previously, the ultimate court of appeal was Londons Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index. htm. The United States Department of State - The Commonwealth of Dominica

11.
Independence
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Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. The opposite of independence is a dependent territory, Independence does not necessarily mean freedom. Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, nation-states have been granted independence without any revolutionary acts. The Russian October Revolution, for example, was not intended to seek national independence, however, the American Revolutionary War was intended to achieve independence from the beginning. Causes for a country or province wishing to seek independence are many, the means can extend from peaceful demonstrations, like in the case of the Indian independence movement, to a violent civil war. Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory. A protectorate refers to a region that depends upon a larger government for its protection as an autonomous region. Declaring independence and attaining it however, are quite different, a well-known successful example is the U. S. Declaration of Independence issued in 1776, the dates of established independence, are typically celebrated as a national holiday known as an independence day

12.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

13.
Westminster system
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The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government modelled after that which developed in the United Kingdom. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British parliament, the system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. However, some colonies have since adopted either the presidential system or a hybrid system as their form of government. Examples include Queen Elizabeth II, the governors-general in Commonwealth realms, or the presidents of many countries, exceptions to this are Ireland and Israel, whose presidents are de jure and de facto ceremonial, and the latter possesses no reserve powers whatsoever. A head of government, known as the minister, premier. While the head of state appoints the head of government, constitutional convention suggests that a majority of elected Members of Parliament must support the person appointed. If more than half of elected parliamentarians belong to the political party. An exception to this was Israel, in which direct prime-ministerial elections were made in 1996,1999 and 2001, an independent, non-partisan civil service which advises on, and implements, decisions of those ministers. Civil servants hold permanent appointments and can expect merit-based selection processes, a parliamentary opposition with an official Leader of the Opposition. A legislature, often bicameral, with at least one elected house – although unicameral systems also exist, a lower house of parliament with an ability to dismiss a government by withholding Supply, passing a motion of no confidence, or defeating a confidence motion. The Westminster system enables a government to be defeated or forced into a general election independently, a parliament which can be dissolved and snap elections called at any time. Another parallel system of principles also exists known as equity. Exceptions to this include India, Quebec in Canada, and Scotland in the UK amongst others which mix common law with legal systems. Unlike the uncodified British constitution, most countries use the Westminster system have codified the system, at least in part. The pattern of executive functions within a Westminster System is quite complex, in essence, the head of state, usually a monarch or president, is a ceremonial figurehead who is the theoretical, nominal or de jure source of executive power within the system. In practice, such a figure does not actively exercise executive powers, in the United Kingdom, the sovereign theoretically holds executive authority, even though the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the Cabinet effectively implement executive powers. In a parliamentary republic like India, the President is the de jure executive, even though executive powers are essentially instituted by the Prime Minister of India and the Council of Ministers. In Israel, however, executive power is vested de jure and de facto in the cabinet, as an example, the Prime Minister and Cabinet generally must seek the permission of the head of state when carrying out executive functions

14.
Head of state
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A head of state is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In some countries, the head of state is a figurehead with limited or no executive power, while in others. Former French president Charles de Gaulle, while developing the current Constitution of France, some academic writers discuss states and governments in terms of models. An independent nation state normally has a head of state, the non-executive model, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature and it also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system, usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament. For example, under the 1848 constitution of the Kingdom of Italy, the Statuto Albertino—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, so, Italy had a de facto parliamentarian system, but a de jure presidential system. These officials are excluded completely from the executive, they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, hence their states governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state styles of His/Her Majestys Government or His/Her Excellencys Government. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist, the constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the Cabinet, who is chaired by the prime minister and responsible to the Diet. The emperor is defined in the constitution as the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people and he is a ceremonial figurehead with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan. Today, the Speaker of the Riksdag appoints the prime minister, Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. In contrast, the contact the President of Ireland has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the taoiseach to the president. However, he or she has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the Department of the Taoiseach. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the court to test its constitutionality. The most extreme non-executive republican Head of State is the President of Israel, semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The constitution of the Fifth French Republic provides for a minister who is chosen by the president

15.
Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda
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Antigua and Barbuda is a constitutional monarchy and a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its reigning monarch since 1 November 1981. As such she is Antigua and Barbudas sovereign and officially called Queen of Antigua, most of the Queens powers in Antigua and Barbuda are exercised by the Governor-General, presently Rodney Williams, though the Monarch does hold several powers that are hers alone. Parts of the territories that today comprise Antigua and Barbuda were claimed under King Charles I in 1632, the country was proclaimed fully independent, via constitutional patriation, by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. Sixteen states within the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations are known as Commonwealth realms and Antigua, despite sharing the same person as their respective national monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms is sovereign and independent of the others. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since for reasons historical, legal, and of convenience. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act,1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. On all matters of the Antiguan and Barbudian state, the Monarch is advised solely by Antiguan and Barbudian ministers, effective with the patriation of Antigua and Barbudas Constitution, no British or other realm government can advise the Monarch on any matters pertinent to Antigua and Barbuda. In Antigua and Barbuda, the Queens official title is, Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of Antigua and Barbuda, antiguans and Barbudians do not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside of Antigua and Barbuda. Only when the Queen is in Antigua and Barbuda, or acting abroad as Queen of Antigua and Barbuda and this rule applies equally to other members of the Royal Family. The heir apparent is Elizabeth IIs eldest son, Charles, the Governor-General is expected to proclaim him King of Antigua and Barbuda upon his accession to the Throne upon the demise of the Crown. Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement and these documents, though originally passed by the Parliament of England, are now part of Antiguan and Barbudian constitutional law, under control of the Antiguan and Barbudian parliament only. As such, the rules for succession are not fixed, as Antigua and Barbudas laws governing succession are currently identical to those of the United Kingdom see Succession to the British Throne for more information. Upon a demise in the Crown his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds, nevertheless, it is customary for the accession of the Sovereign to be publicly proclaimed. After an appropriate period of mourning has passed, the Sovereign is also crowned in Westminster Abbey, a coronation is not necessary for a Sovereign to rule, for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet was undoubtedly King during his short reign. After an individual ascends the Throne, he or she continues to reign until death, Monarchs are not allowed to unilaterally abdicate, no Antiguan and Barbudian monarch has abdicated. The new constitution for Antigua and Barbuda was made by Order in Council under the West Indies Act 1967 and it came into operation on 31st October 1981. It is important to note that the Royal Prerogative belongs to the Crown, although the Royal Prerogative is extensive, it is not unlimited

16.
Monarchy of the Bahamas
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The monarchy of the Bahamas is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since the country became independent on 10 July 1973, the Bahamas share the Sovereign with the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen does not personally reside in the islands, and most of her roles are therefore delegated to her representative in the country. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, the Bahamas are one of sixteen independent nations, known as Commonwealth realms, which separately recognise the Queen as their individual monarch and head of state. Despite sharing the same person as their monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms — including the Bahamas — is sovereign. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, legal. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act,1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. On all matters of the Bahamian State, the Monarch is advised solely by Bahamian ministers. In the Bahamas, the Queens official title is, Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of the Bahamas, and is addressed as such when in the Bahamas, the Monarch is informed of the Prime Ministers decision before the Governor General gives Royal Assent. The current constitution for the Commonwealth of the Bahamas is part of the Schedule to the Bahamas Independence Order of 1973, the Order came into operation on 10 July 1973. The first section declares, The Commonwealth of The Bahamas shall be a sovereign democratic State, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by the Governor-General. The Governor-General represents the Queen on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of Parliament, under the Constitution, he or she is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament. It has been said since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British cabinet, in exceptional circumstances, however, the Monarch or vice-regal can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers. There are also a few duties which must be performed by. These include, signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of honours, and approving any change in her title. Succession to the throne is by absolute primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013, as well as the Act of Settlement and English Bill of Rights. These documents, though passed by the Parliament of England

17.
Monarchy of Barbados
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The Monarchy of Barbados is the core of the countrys Westminster style parliamentary democracy, being the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government. The current Barbadian monarch, since 6 February 1952, is Queen Elizabeth II, as the sovereign, she is the personal embodiment of the Barbadian Crown. Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 15 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each countrys monarchy is separate. However, the Queen is the member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. Some of the powers of the Crown are exercisable by the monarch, further, the royal sign-manual is required for letters patent and orders in council. The Crown today primarily functions as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance, the historical roots of the Barbadian monarchy date back to approximately the early 17th century, when King James IV of Scotland and I of England made the first claims to Barbados. Monarchical governance thenceforth evolved under a succession of British sovereigns. This arrangement emerged among the older realms after the end of the First World War and is governed by the Statute of Westminster 1931, only Barbadian ministers of the Crown may advise the sovereign on matters of the Barbadian state. The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and in Barbados became a Barbadian, or domesticated and this applies equally to other members of the Royal Family. Normally, tax dollars pay only for the associated with the governor-general in the exercise of the powers of the Crown, including travel, security, residences, offices. Such a situation has not arisen, however, it may have helped if the Operation Red Dog-invasion plot, by convention, succession in Barbados is deferred to the laws of the United Kingdom, whoever is monarch of the UK is automatically also monarch of Barbados. This situation that applies symmetrically in all the realms and has been likened to a treaty among these countries. Upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony, all incumbent viceroys, judges, civil servants, legislators, military officers, etc. are not affected by the death of the monarch. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. Today the sovereign is regarded as the personification, or legal personality, therefore, the state is referred to as Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Barbados, the state is referred to as such, or simply Regina, if a lawsuit is filed against the government. Government staff are employed by the monarch, as are the governor-general, judges, members of the Barbados Defence Force, police officers. According to their laws and customs. The constitution requires most of the Queens domestic duties to be performed by the governor-general, all institutions of government are said to act under the sovereigns authority, the vast powers that belong to the Crown are collectively known as the Royal Prerogative

18.
Monarchy of Belize
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The monarch of Belize is the head of state of Belize. The incumbent is Queen Elizabeth II, officially called Queen of Belize, the heir apparent is Elizabeths eldest son, Prince Charles, though the Queen is the only member of the royal family with any constitutional role. Most of the Queens powers in Belize are exercised by the Governor-General, Colville Young, the Belizean monarch, besides reigning in Belize, separately serves as head of state for each of fifteen other Commonwealth countries. This developed from the colonial relationship of these countries to Britain, but they are now independent. Throughout the 19th century, colonial settlement increased, and Belize was made the Crown colony of British Honduras by Queen Victoria in 1871, the country was granted its independence from the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981 to form Belize as a kingdom in its own right. Sixteen states within the 53-member Commonwealth of Nations are known as Commonwealth realms, despite sharing the same person as their respective national monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms is sovereign and independent of the others. The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, political. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the United Kingdom, a situation that has been likened to a treaty amongst these countries. On all matters of the Belizean state, the monarch is advised solely by Belizean Ministers of the Crown, effective with the Belize Act 1981, no British or other realm government can advise the monarch on any matters pertinent to Belize. In Belize, the Queens official title is, Elizabeth The Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Belize and of Her Other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the sovereign is styled Queen of Belize, and is addressed as such when in Belize, the heir apparent is Elizabeth IIs eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Upon the demise of the Crown, the Executive Council of Belize is expected to proclaim him King of Belize upon his accession to the throne. Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement,1701, nevertheless, it is customary for the accession of the sovereign to be publicly proclaimed by the Governor-General. After an appropriate period of mourning has passed, the sovereign is also crowned in Westminster Abbey, a coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign, for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet undoubtedly king during his short reign. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death, monarchs are not allowed to unilaterally abdicate. All powers of state are constitutionally reposed in the monarch, who is represented by the Governor General of Belize – appointed by the monarch upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Belize, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by this vice-regal representative. To a large extent the new constitution included the institutions and procedures with which Belizeans had been familiar for the past eighteen years of self-government under the constitution of 1963. The Form of Oath of Allegiance and Office prescribed in Schedule 3 is a declaration of allegiance to Belize and to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors

19.
Monarchy of Canada
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The Monarchy of Canada is at the very core of both Canadas federal structure and Westminster-style of parliamentary and constitutional democracy. The monarchy is the foundation of the executive, legislature, and judiciary in the federal, the Canadian sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and, as a matter of constitutional law, is Canada. The current Canadian monarch, since 6 February 1952, is Queen Elizabeth II, as such, Elizabeths son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent. Although the person of the sovereign is shared with 15 other independent countries within the Commonwealth of Nations, each countrys monarchy is separate. However, the Queen is the member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. While some powers are only by the sovereign, most of the monarchs operational and ceremonial duties are exercised by his or her representative. In each of Canadas provinces, the monarch is represented by a lieutenant governor, as the territories are not sovereign, they do not have a viceroy. As all executive authority is vested in the sovereign, their assent is required to allow for bills to become law and for letters patent, Canada is one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world. The emergence of this arrangement paralleled the fruition of Canadian nationalism following the end of the First World War and culminated in the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony, hence arises the phrase The King is dead. It is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the governor general on behalf of the Privy Council. Following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual. This is because, in law, the Crown never dies. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the rules of succession to their respective crowns requires the consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701, in 1936, King Edward VIII abdicated and any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession. As the Statute of Westminster 1931 disallowed the UK from legislating for Canada, including in relation to succession, the latter was deemed by the Cabinet in 1947 to be part of Canadian law, as is the Bill of Rights 1689, according to the Supreme Court of Canada. The Department of External Affairs included all succession-related laws in its list of acts within Canadian law, certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts

20.
President of Costa Rica
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The President of Costa Rica is the head of state and head of government of Costa Rica. The President is currently elected in elections for a period of four years. Two Vice Presidents are elected in the ticket with the President. The President appoints the Council of Ministers, due to the abolition of the military of Costa Rica in 1948, the president is not a Commander-in-chief, unlike the norm in most other countries. From 1969 to 2005, the president was barred from seeking reelection, after the amendment banning reelection was overturned by the Supreme Court in 2005, an incumbent president became eligible to run again after waiting for at least eight years after leaving office. The following table contains a list of the chairmen, presidents. From 1824 to 1838 Costa Rica was a state within the Federal Republic of Central America, Liberal Conservative Liberal Conservative Military Republican PRN PLN PUN/PUSC PAC Living former Presidents Politics of Costa Rica List of political parties in Costa Rica History of Costa Rica

21.
President of Cuba
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The President of Cuba, officially called from 1976 President of the Council of State, is the head of the Council of State of Cuba. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1976, the President of the Council of State is, at the same time, the President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba, the head of government. In cases of the absence, illness or death of the President of the Council of State, list of Presidents of Cuba Presidency of Fidel Castro 2006–08 Cuban transfer of presidential duties

22.
Monarchy of Grenada
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The monarch of Grenada is the head of state of Grenada. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, who is also Sovereign of a number of the other Commonwealth realms, the Queens constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Grenada. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, one of the most complicated features of the Grenadian Monarchy is that it is a shared monarchy. Fifty-four states are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, sixteen of these states are specifically Commonwealth realms who recognise the same person as their separate Monarch and Head of State. Despite sharing the same person as their monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms, including Grenada, is sovereign. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, legal. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. On all matters of the Grenadian State, the Monarch is advised solely by Grenadian ministers and this style communicates Grenadas status as an independent monarchy, highlighting the Monarchs role specifically as Queen of Grenada, as well as the shared aspect of the Crown throughout the realms. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of Grenada, and is addressed as such when in Grenada, the role of the Sovereigns representative, the Governor-general, is determined by the Constitution of Grenada and the constitutional conventions of the Westminster system of parliamentary government. The Governor-general is appointed by the Monarch upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Grenada, the Monarch is informed of the Prime Ministers decision before the Governor General gives Royal Assent. The power to appoint the Prime Minister and other powers are exclusively vested in the Governor General. As such, the Queen herself does not exercise reserve powers, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by the Governor General. The Governor-General represents the Queen on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of Parliament, under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament. It has been said since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British cabinet, in exceptional circumstances, however, the Monarch or vice-regal can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers. There are also a few duties which must be performed by. These include, signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of honours, Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement, as well as the English Bill of Rights. These documents, though passed by the Parliament of England, are now part of the Grenadian constitutional law. This legislation lays out the rules that the Monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, nor married to one, as Grenadas laws governing succession are currently identical to those of the United Kingdom see Succession to the British Throne for more information

23.
President of Haiti
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The President of the Republic of Haiti is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti, the current President is Jovenel Moïse, who took office on February 7,2017. The qualifications for the presidency are specified by Chapter III Section A of the 1987 Constitution of Haiti, the President is elected to a five-year term by popular vote. The President is not to be elected twice in a row, he may serve a term only after an interval of five years. Elections are held on the last Sunday in November in the year of the current presidents term. However, the time is not fixed according to the election held in 2015. If no candidate receives a majority, an election is held between those two candidates. Runoff candidate who have not withdrawn before the runoff, who have the highest number of votes will become the next president, each presidential term in office begins and ends on the first February 7 after presidential elections are held. However this is also altered after Michel Martelly became the president on May 11 of 2011, the qualifications for the presidency are specified by Articles 136 to 147, part of Chapter III Section B of the 1987 Constitution of Haiti. The President has no powers except those accorded to him in the Constitution, when there is a majority in Parliament, the President must choose a Prime Minister from the majority party, otherwise, he chooses one after consultation with the two houses of Parliament. In either case, the choice must then be ratified by Parliament, the President terminates the duties of the Prime Minister when the Government resigns. The President accredits ambassadors and special envoys to foreign powers, receives letters of accreditation from ambassadors of foreign powers, with the approval of the senate, the president appoints the Commander-in-chief of Haitian armed forces, Haitian police forces, ambassadors and consuls to foreign states. With the approval of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Republic appoints the directors general of the civil service, the President is also the head of Haitian armed forces. The President ratifies laws and has the right to choose between ratifying a law or not, the President could perform or commune sentences in all res judica cases, except ones carried by Supreme Court judges. The president, however, cannot grant amnesty to non-political prisoners, the National Palace in the capital Port-au-Prince served as the official residence of the President of Haiti, but it was severely damaged in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and demolished in 2012. List of heads of state of Haiti Prime Minister of Haiti ^ citations are Article numbers of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of Haiti, miami, Florida, Librairie Au Service de la Culture

24.
President of Honduras
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The President of the Republic of Honduras, is the head of state and head of government of Honduras, as well as the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. According to the 1982 Constitution of Honduras, the primary function is to Execute and enforce the Constitution, treaties and conventions, laws. The constitution also dictates that the president is elected directly by the people to a single four-year term, after the Central America Declaration of Independence publication in Honduras, the Constitution of Honduras in 1825 created three powers, Executive, Legislative and Judicial. The Government of Honduras consists of three branches, Executive, Legislative and Judicial, the President of the Republic is both the head of state and the head of the government. The president is elected by a vote for a four-year term. The National Congress of Honduras consists of 128 Deputies elected to four-year terms, Deputies are elected to office under the proportional representation of elections, each political party appoints office holders in proportion to the number of votes won in a general election. The judiciary includes a Supreme Court of Justice, the Supreme Court of Honduras, a Court of Appeal, the judges of the Supreme Court of Justice are chosen for a period of seven years by the National Congress. Section V, Chapter 6 of the Constitution of Honduras of 1982 establishes the President as the branch of government and sets forth the powers. Qualifications are extremely stringent, designed to prevent a dictatorship by political, military, to be eligible to run for president, the candidate is required to, Be a natural-born Honduran. Be more than 30 years old at the time of the election, be able to enjoy the full rights of Honduran citizenship. Not be an official of any church or religious denomination, not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election. Not be an officer of the forces or law enforcement. Not be the spouse or relative of the President or any military leader, the President of Honduras serves one four-year term and is not eligible for re-election. The Constitution ascribes 45 specific rights and powers to the office of the Presidency, To execute and enforce the Constitution, treaties and conventions, laws, to direct the general policy of the State and represent it. To maintain the independence, honor, integrity, and inviolability of Honduras, to maintain the peace and security of the Republic and repel any attack or foreign aggression. To freely appoint and remove the secretaries of his cabinet, to call the National Congress into special session, or propose an extension of the ordinary session. To restrict or suspend the exercise of rights of the Council of Ministers, to address the National Congress at any time, and to adjourn each ordinary legislative session. To participate in the introduction of legislation to Congress by the cabinet secretaries, to provide implement the resolutions of the legislature, judiciary, and National Electoral Court

25.
Monarchy of Jamaica
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The monarchy of Jamaica is a constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of Jamaica. The terms Crown in Right of Jamaica, Her Majesty in Right of Jamaica, though the Jamaican Crown has its roots in the British Crown, it has evolved to become a distinctly Jamaican institution, represented by its own unique symbols. The present monarch is Queen Elizabeth II—officially titled Queen of Jamaica—who has reigned since 6 August 1962 and she, her consort, and other members of the Royal Family undertake various public and private functions across Jamaica and on behalf of the country abroad. While several powers are the sovereigns alone, most of the constitutional and ceremonial duties in Jamaica are carried out by the Queens representative. The Jamaican monarch, besides reigning in Jamaica, separately serves as monarch for each of fifteen other Commonwealth countries known as Commonwealth realms and this developed from the former colonial relationship of these countries to Britain, but they are now independent and the monarchy of each is legally distinct. Jamaica has the person as their monarch as other Commonwealth realms. On all matters of the Jamaican state, the monarch is advised solely by Jamaican Ministers of the Crown, and, effective with the Jamaica Independence Act,1962, no British or other realm government can advise the monarch on matters pertinent to Jamaica. Instead, the practice of sending High Commissioners developed, wherein an individual is sent to be a representative in one realm of the government in another. The sovereigns role specifically as Queen of Jamaica, as well as her status as monarch of other nations, is communicated by mentioning Jamaica separately from, but along with, the Queens other lands. Typically, the sovereign is styled Queen of Jamaica, and is addressed as such when in Jamaica or performing duties on behalf of Jamaica abroad and this applies equally to other members of the royal family. Succession is by male-preference primogeniture governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement,1701, thus, Jamaicas line of succession remains identical to that of the United Kingdom. Upon a demise of the Crown it is customary for the accession of the new monarch to be proclaimed by the Governor-General. All incumbent viceroys, judges, civil servants, legislators, military officers, after an individual ascends the throne, he or she typically continues to reign until death. Since the independence of Jamaica, the role as monarch of Jamaica has been recognised and promoted as separate to his or her position as monarch of the United Kingdom. Today the sovereign is regarded as the personification, or legal personality, according to their respective laws and customs. Save for that taken by senators, the oaths of allegiance were altered in 2002, all institutions of government are said to act under the sovereigns authority, the vast powers that belong to the Crown are collectively known as the Royal Prerogative. The government of Jamaica is also formally referred to as Her Majestys Government. The Form of Oath of Allegiance set out in the First Schedule of the Order in Council, is a declaration of allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Her Heirs and Successors

26.
President of Mexico
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The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces, the current President is Enrique Peña Nieto, who took office on December 1,2012. Currently, the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary, another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single term, called a sexenio. No one who has held the post, even on a basis, is allowed to run or serve again. The constitution and the office of the President closely follow the system of government. Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president. He is vested with the executive power of the Union. Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years, be thirty-five years of age or older at the time of the election. Be a resident of Mexico for the year prior to the election. Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination, not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election. Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity, the ban on any sort of presidential re-election, dating back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the end of the Mexican Revolution, has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices. In 2014, the constitution was amended to allow Deputies and Senators to run for a consecutive term. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election, however, the restriction on presidential re-election, even if it is nonsuccessive, remained in place. The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1934, the president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. Whoever wins a plurality of the national vote is elected. The most recent former President, Felipe Calderón, won with 36. 38% of the votes in the 2006 general election, finishing only 0.56 percent above his nearest rival, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the vote, Ernesto Zedillo won 48% of the vote

27.
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Saint Kitts and Nevis is a constitutional monarchy in which a monarch is head of state. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, who is also Sovereign of the other Commonwealth realms, the Queens constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, one of the most complicated features of the Saint Kitts and Nevis Monarchy is that it is a shared monarchy. 53 states are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, sixteen of these countries are specifically Commonwealth realms who recognise, individually, the same person as their Monarch and Head of State, Saint Kitts and Nevis is one of these. Despite sharing the same person as their respective monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms – including Saint Kitts and Nevis – is sovereign. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, legal. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. On all matters of the Saint Kitts and Nevis State, the Monarch is advised solely by Saint Kitts and Nevis ministers. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis, the order was made under the West Indies Act 1967 and came into operation on 23 June 1983. The Form of Oath of Allegiance set out in the Fourth Schedule of the Order in Council is a declaration of allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by the Governor General. The Governor-General represents the Queen on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of Parliament, under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament. It has been said since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British cabinet, in exceptional circumstances, however, the Monarch or vice-regal can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers. There are also a few duties which must be performed by. These include, signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of honours, Succession to the throne is by absolute primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Succession to the Crown Bill that was passed 8 July 2013 in accordance with the Perth Agreement. Previously succession had been governed by the Act of Settlement and English Bill of Rights, originally passed by the Parliament of England. This legislation lays out the rules that the Monarch cannot be a Roman Catholic, as Saint Kitts and Neviss laws governing succession are currently identical to those of the United Kingdom see Succession to the British Throne for more information. The heir apparent is Elizabeth IIs eldest son, Charles, who has no official title outside of the UK, all laws in Saint Kitts and Nevis are enacted with the sovereigns, or the vice-regals signature. The granting of a signature to a bill is known as Royal Assent, it and proclamation are required for all acts of Parliament, usually granted or withheld by the Governor General

28.
Monarchy of Saint Lucia
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The monarchy of Saint Lucia is a system of government in which a hereditary, constitutional monarch is the sovereign of Saint Lucia. The present monarch of Saint Lucia is Elizabeth II, who is also the Sovereign of the Commonwealth realms, the Queens constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Saint Lucia. Royal succession is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, the present queen Elizabeth II has reigned over the separate Saint Lucian monarchy since 22 February 1979. She along with her husband and other members of the Royal Family undertake various official, ceremonial and representational duties, fifty-three states are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Sixteen of these countries are specifically Commonwealth realms who recognise, individually, despite sharing the same person as their respective national monarch, each of the Commonwealth realms – including Saint Lucia – is sovereign and independent of the others. As a constitutional monarch Queen Elizabeth II entirely on the advice of her Saint Lucian ministers, the monarch is briefed by regular communication for her Saint Lucian government. Most of the Queens daily constitutional roles are mostly delegated to the Governor-General of Saint Lucia, the governor general is appointed entirely upon the advice of her Saint Lucian government. The monarch maintains direct contact with the governor general, the present Governor-General is Her Excellency Dame Pearlette Louisy GCMG. Control of St Lucia was disputed between the British and French from 1659 until 1814 when it was ceded to the British. The Monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it has often been called British since this time for historical, legal. The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act,1927 was the first indication of this shift in law and this situation applies symmetrically in all the other realms, including the UK. The island became self-governing in 1967 and achieved independence in 1979, in Saint Lucia, the Queens official title is, Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the Sovereign is styled Queen of Saint Lucia, and is addressed as such when in Saint Lucia, most of the Queens domestic duties are performed by the Governor General. The Governor-General represents the Queen on ceremonial occasions such as the opening of Parliament, under the Constitution, he is given authority to act in some matters, for example in appointing and disciplining officers of the civil service, in proroguing Parliament. It has been said since the death of Queen Anne in 1714, the last monarch to head the British cabinet, in exceptional circumstances, however, the Monarch or vice-regal can act against such advice based upon his or her reserve powers. There are also a few duties which must be performed by. These include, signing the appointment papers of Governors General, the confirmation of awards of honours, Succession to the throne is by male-preference primogeniture, and governed by the provisions of the Act of Settlement, as well as the English Bill of Rights. These documents, though passed by the Parliament of England, are now part of the Saint Lucian constitutional law

29.
Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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The Crown is thus is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Vincentian government. The Vincentian monarchy has its roots in the French and British crowns, however, the Queen is the only member of the Royal Family with any constitutional role. The Saint Vincent Constitution Order 1979 was made under the West Indies Act 1967, under the new constitution the Oath of Allegiance to the sovereign was to continue. Upon a demise of the Crown, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, following an appropriate period of mourning, the monarch is also crowned in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual, but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. Though her authority stems from the people, all Vincentians live under the authority of the monarch, the Crown also sits at the pinnacle of the Royal Saint Vincent Police Force. The monarch and viceroy do not, however, participate in the process, save for the granting of Royal Assent. The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, however, she does not personally rule in judicial cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust and in the Queens name by Officers of Her Majestys Court. Extending from this is the notion in common law that the sovereign can do no wrong, civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity are permitted, however, lawsuits against the monarch personally are not cognizable. An image of the Queen and/or the Arms of Her Majesty in Right of Saint Vincent, members of the Royal Family undertake official royal tours. Despite heavy campaigning by the Ministers of the Crown, the referendum was defeated with only 43. 13% of voters supporting the idea, prime Ministers of Queen Elizabeth II List of Commonwealth visits made by Queen Elizabeth II Monarchies in the Americas List of monarchies

30.
President of Trinidad and Tobago
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The President of Trinidad and Tobago is the head of state of Trinidad and Tobago and the commander-in-chief of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force. The office was established when the became a republic in 1976. The last Governor-General, Sir Ellis Clarke, was sworn in as the first President on August 1,1976, under a transitional arrangement. He was formally chosen as President by a college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament on September 24,1976, which is now celebrated as Republic Day. Under the 1976 Constitution, the President is the source of executive power. Like the British Sovereign, he or she reigns but does not rule, in practice, executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet, on behalf of the President. The President must be at least 35 years old, a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, the current President of Trinidad and Tobago is Anthony Carmona. The official residence of the President is Presidents House, previously used by the Governors-General of the islands

31.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

32.
Head of government
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The term head of government is often differentiated from the term head of state, as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto leader of the government. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister advises the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept. On the other hand, the Queens long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queens advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister, in presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, in semi-presidential systems, the head of government may answer to both the head of state and the legislature, with the specifics provided by each countrys constitution. A modern example is the present French government, which originated as the French Fifth Republic in 1958, in France, the president, the head of state, appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government. In some cases, the head of state may represent one political party, in this case, known as cohabitation, the prime minister, along with the cabinet, controls domestic policy, with the presidents influence is largely restricted to foreign affairs. In directorial systems, the executive responsibilities of the head of government are spread among a group of people, a prominent example is the Swiss Federal Council, where each member of the council heads a department and also votes on proposals relating to all departments. A common title for many heads of government is prime minister, various constitutions use different titles, and even the same title can have various multiple meanings, depending on the constitutional order and political system of the state in question. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, some of these titles relate to governments below the national level. Have been used by various Empires, Kingdoms and Princely States of India as a title for the Prime Minister, maltese, In Malta, the head of government is Prim Ministru. In this case, the prime minister serves at the pleasure of the monarch, some such titles are diwan, mahamantri, pradhan, wasir or vizier. However, just because the head of state is the de jure dominant position does not mean that he/she will not always be the de facto political leader, in some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion, the ability to vote down legislative proposals of the government. Control over or ability to vote down fiscal measures and the budget, all of these requirements directly impact the Head of governments role. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament, heads of government are typically removed from power in a parliamentary system by Resignation, following, Defeat in a general election

33.
Prime Minister of Barbados
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The Prime Minister of Barbados is the head of government of Barbados. The Prime Minister is appointed by Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados under the terms of the 1966 Constitution, as the nominal holder of executive authority, the Governor-General holds responsibility for conducting parliamentary elections and for proclaiming one of the candidates as Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General, if the Prime Minister dies, as has happened on three occasions, the Governor-General will appoint a replacement from Parliament to serve the remainder of the five-year term of Parliament. The Prime Minister must also be supported, or at least accepted, if at any time the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the House, he must resign, along with the entire Cabinet. In practice, this reduces the Prime Ministers appointment to a formality. If, however, no majority party or coalition exists, whether due to electoral fragmentation or to party realignments after an election. Should the incumbent Prime Minister lose his or her seat in an election he or she also may not be Prime Minister. The Prime Minister of Barbados is technically the first among equals, in practice, the Prime Minister dominates the government. Other Ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, but on the Prime Ministers advice, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams was appointed Barbadoss first Premier on 1 February 1953 when Barbados attained full self-government. When Barbados negotiated full political independence from Britain on 30 November 1966, despite the renaming, the functions of the office were not significantly changed, and the table below therefore counts Sir Grantleys term as Premier as part of the Prime Ministerial overview. There have been 3 premiers and 8 post-independence Prime Ministers, the current living former Prime Ministers of Barbados are the Rt Hon. Lloyd Erskine Sandiford and the Rt Hon. Owen Arthur. The Prime Minister advises the crown, appoints ministers, controls a majority in the House of Assembly, although the Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor-General of Barbados, they are almost always the leader of the majority party

34.
Prime Minister of Canada
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Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada

35.
Prime Minister of Cuba
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The Prime Minister of Cuba, officially called from 1976 President of the Council of Ministers, is the head of the Council of Ministers of Cuba. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1976, fidel Castro assumed the position of Prime Minister in 1959, replacing José Miró Cardona. The office was changed on December 2,1976 following a restructuring of the government. Castro became president of the Council of State and president of the Council of ministers, the Prime Minister of Cuba was also referred to as the Premier. The role of President of the Council of Ministers is sometimes referred to as the prime minister. The role of the Prime Minister was first assigned in 1940 in accordance with the amended Constitution of Cuba, the first Prime Minister of Cuba was Carlos Saladrigas Zayas, the nephew of former President Alfredo Zayas. From 1976, the Prime Ministers office is ruled by the President of Cuba, President of Cuba List of Prime Ministers of Cuba Council of Ministers of Cuba

36.
Prime Minister of Haiti
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The Prime Minister of Haiti is the head of government of Haiti. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President and ratified by the National Assembly, the Prime Minister appoints the Ministers and Secretaries of State and goes before the National Assembly to obtain a vote of confidence for his declaration of general policy. The Prime Minister enforces the laws and, along with the President, is responsible for national defense, in addition, the Prime Minister oversees the National Commission on Government Procurement, a decentralized body. President of Haiti List of heads of state of Haiti List of Prime Ministers of Haiti Notes Footnotes

37.
Prime Minister of Jamaica
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The Prime Minister of Jamaica is Jamaicas head of government, currently Andrew Holness. Holness, as leader of the governing Jamaica Labour Party, was sworn in as Prime Minister on 3 March 2016 and this was a result of the JLPs victory in Jamaicas 25 February 2016 general election. The Prime Minister is formally appointed into office by the Governor General of Jamaica, who represents Elizabeth II, the Prime Minister of Jamaicas official residence is Vale Royal. The property was constructed in 1694 by the planter Sir William Taylor, Taylor was one of the richest men in Jamaica at the time, in 1928 the property was sold to the government and became the official residence of the British Colonial Secretary. Vale Royal has subsequently become the residence of the Prime Minister. Vale Royal is not open to the public, note, Died in office Governor-General of Jamaica Government of Jamaica - Office of the Prime Minister - Official website