HUMANITARIAN VISAS: OPTION OR OBLIGATION?

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3 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY HUMANITARIAN VISAS: OPTION OR OBLIGATION? STUDY Abstract Upon request by the LIBE committee, this study analyses existing EU legislation and practice on the issuing of humanitarian visas. Since third-country nationals seeking protection currently have no EU-wide legal channels for entering EU territory and triggering protection mechanisms under the Common European Asylum System, many embark on hazardous journeys, with concomitant risks and loss of human life. The absence of protection-sensitive mechanisms for accessing EU territory, against a background of EU extraterritorial border/migration management and control, undermines Member States' refugee and human rights obligations. Humanitarian visas may offer a remedy by enabling third-country nationals to apply in situ for entry to EU territory on humanitarian grounds and thereby ensuring that Member States meet their international obligations. This study asks whether the existing Visa Code actually obliges Member States to issue humanitarian visas. It also examines past implementation of humanitarian visa schemes by Member States and considers whether more could be done to encourage increased use of existing provisions in EU law. Finally, with a Commission proposal for Visa Code reform on the table, it asks whether there is now an opportunity to lay down clear rules for humanitarian visa schemes. PE EN

4 DOCUMENT REQUESTED BY THE COMMITTEE ON CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS AUTHOR Ms Ulla Iben Jensen The author would like to express her thanks to Prof Elspeth Guild, Dr Sergio Carrera and Mr Nicholas Hernanz (Justice and Home Affairs Section, Centre for European Policy Studies) for the coordination of the work on this study and for their comments on an earlier draft. RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Mr Darren Neville Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B-1047 Brussels LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR Policy Departments provide in-house and external expertise to support EP committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny. To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: European Parliament, manuscript completed in September European Union, Brussels, This document is available on the Internet at: DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.

5 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF FIGURES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1. EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK: A POSSIBILITY TO ISSUE HUMANITARIAN VISAS? 1.1. Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement Visa List Regulation and Visa Code EU POLICY: TOWARDS A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR THE ISSUING OF HUMANITARIAN VISAS? From the Tampere Conclusions to the post-stockholm Guidelines Commission proposal for a Visa Code NATIONAL PRACTICE: HAVE HUMANITARIAN LTV SCHENGEN VISAS BEEN USED IN THE PAST? 3.1. National long-stay visas issued for humanitarian reasons Schengen short-stay visas issued on humanitarian grounds Description of national practice on humanitarian visas Conclusions on national practice on humanitarian visas CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions: are Member States making sufficient use of the existing provisions on humanitarian visas? 4.2. Policy recommendations 51 REFERENCES Literature and studies Official documents

7 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 Visa requirements for the Schengen Area 11 FIGURE 2 Migration flows in the Mediterranean region 13 FIGURE 3 Schengen Area as of 1 July FIGURE 4 LTV visa procedure when a third-country national submits an application for a uniform visa (unclear obligations and elements are illustrated with dotted lines; crucial steps in terms of the granting of LTV visas are highlighted in red) 24 FIGURE 5 The 16 EU Member States that have or have had humanitarian visa schemes 49 5

8 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Key question The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights applies to the institutions and bodies of the EU and the Member States when implementing EU law, regardless of territory, as do the jurisdictional obligations of, for example, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The key question is, therefore: how will the EU ensure compliance with its refugee and human rights obligations given the extraterritorial measures it is implementing? EU legal framework Articles 19 and 25 of the Visa Code provide for the possibility to issue humanitarian visas with limited territorial validity (LTV), which may be valid in one or more, but not all Schengen states. While Article 19 (4) governs derogations from admissibility requirements for visa applications, Article 25 (1) provides for derogations from the fulfilment of Schengen visa requirements. There is no separate procedure established for the lodging and processing of an application for a humanitarian LTV visa in the Visa Code. Potential protection needs and human rights issues are therefore examined in ordinary visa applications, with refusals of Schengen visas being explicitly without prejudice to Article 25 (1). However, it is unclear whether there is a mandatory assessment of protection needs and human rights issues under Articles 19 (4) and 25 (1) when admissibility requirements and entry conditions are not met. It is also unclear whether there is a right of appeal if LTV visas are refused. Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code obliges Member States to issue Schengen LTV visas either on humanitarian grounds, for reasons of national interest or because of international obligations. At the same time, under Article 19 (4 ) of the Visa Code, it is possible to derogate from the admissibility requirements for visa applications on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest. Despite the obvious inconsistency between the wording of the provisions, there is clearly interplay between Articles 19 (4) and 25 (1). However, there is no automatic link in the Visa Code between derogating from admissibility requirements and issuing an LTV visa on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds. Nevertheless, if a Member State recognises the humanitarian situation to be sufficiently serious as to warrant derogation from admissibility requirements, it seems logical that the humanitarian situation would be considered sufficiently serious for the Member State to issue an LTV visa. Crucially, the Visa Code does not provide for a right of appeal in cases of nonadmissibility. EU policy framework Since 2000, the Commission has repeatedly explored avenues of legal access and protected entry into EU territory for third-country nationals seeking protection. Most recently, in its March 2014 Communication, the Commission recommended that the EU seek to ensure a more orderly arrival of persons with well-founded protection needs and that a coordinated approach to humanitarian visas and common guidelines be pursued. The European Council s approach has gradually become more security-centred and focused on cooperation with countries of origin and transit. Most recently, in its June 2014 post- 6

9 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Stockholm Guidelines, the European Council recommended, inter alia, that the actions identified by the Task Force Mediterranean be fully implemented, one of which includes reinforcing legal avenues to Europe. The European Parliament has generally endorsed the need for the well-organised and managed arrival of persons in need of protection. It has advocated the use of Protected Entry Procedures (PEPs) and called for a more holistic and human-rights-based approach to migration. Most recently, in its Resolution of April 2014 on the mid-term review of the Stockholm Programme, the European Parliament called on the Member States to make use of the current EU law provisions allowing the issuing of humanitarian visas and reiterated its position on the need for a coordinated approach. The 2014 Commission proposal for a Visa Code extends the possibility for Member States to cooperate with external service providers. External service providers may be entrusted, for example, with assessing the admissibility requirements for a visa application laid down in Article 19 (1). For protection seekers, it is of paramount importance that the use of external service providers does not mean that applications that do not meet the admissibility requirements are automatically rejected without a proper assessment of the humanitarian and human rights situation. In addition, the proposal introduces the notion of mandatory representation, whereby any other Member State present in the relevant third country would be obliged to process visa applications on behalf of the competent Member State if it is neither present nor represented under a representation arrangement in that country. Consulates of representing Member States would no longer be obliged, as a rule, to forward the application to the relevant authorities of the represented Member State in order for them to take the final decision on potential refusal of a visa. National practice The lack of any monitoring mechanism for the issuing of humanitarian Schengen visas makes it difficult to ascertain the extent to which Member States are making use of the provisions on humanitarian visas. However, data available in various studies suggest that a total of 16 EU Member States currently have or have previously had schemes for issuing humanitarian visas - be they national ( for just that Member State), uniform Schengen (valid across the Schengen area) or LTV Schengen visas. Conclusions and policy recommendations The study concludes that EU Member States have an obligation to make use of the existing provisions on humanitarian visas in the Visa Code. Moreover, the reform of the Visa Code offers an opportunity to inject some much-needed clarity and to remedy the Code's current shortcomings. It is of particular importance to ensure consistency between the reasons in Article 19 (4) for waiving admissibility requirements and the reasons in Article 25 (1) for derogating from the Schengen visa conditions and issuing humanitarian visas. It is equally essential to create a clear link between the two articles and thus to establish an independent formal procedure for the lodging and processing of applications for humanitarian Schengen visas. Finally, with new proposals on the table for the use of external service providers for handling visa applications and new representation arrangements when the competent Member State has no consulate in the relevant third country, it will be vital to ensure that the Visa Code contains robust safeguards for vulnerable protection seekers applying for a visa. 7

10 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs INTRODUCTION Key question and thesis The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights applies to the institutions and bodies of the EU and the Member States when implementing EU law, regardless of territory, 1 as do the jurisdictional obligations of, for example, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). 2 Yet, due to the extraterritorial measures being implemented, and to the lack of protection-sensitive mechanisms for facilitating entry into the EU territory, potential asylum seekers, refugees and other vulnerable persons with protection needs (hereafter referred to as protection seekers) are currently being prevented from entering EU territory. The key question is, therefore: how will the EU ensure compliance with its refugee and human rights obligations in light of the extraterritorial measures it is implementing? The core thesis of the present study is that humanitarian visas may offer an alternative to irregular entry routes by providing for the safe and legal entry of third-country nationals. Humanitarian visas should be regarded as an instrument that complements other Protected Entry Procedures (PEPs) and protection practices, as well as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), and are by no means a substitute for them. The concept of humanitarian visas Humanitarian visas fall within the category of so-called Protected Entry Procedures, which, [ ] from the platform of diplomatic representations, [allow] a non-national to approach the potential host state outside its territory with a claim for asylum or other form of international protection, and to be granted an entry permit in case of a positive response to that claim, be it preliminary or final. 3 There are other PEPs and protection practices that meet individual or collective protection needs outside the territory of the Member States, such as humanitarian admission, temporary protection, diplomatic asylum, extraterritorial processing of asylum applications, humanitarian evacuation, resettlement and Regional Protection Programmes. However, humanitarian visas are distinct insofar as: 1 Guild, E. and Carrera, S. et al (2011), Implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and its Impact on EU Home Affairs Agencies, Study EP PE , para See, e.g., the European Parliament Resolution on the mid-term review of the Stockholm Programme (2013/2024(INI)), P7_TA(2014)0276, 2 April 2014, para. 103; Mole, N. and Meredith, C. (2010), Asylum and the European Convention on Human Rights, Human Rights Files, Vol. 9, Council of Europe; Vandvik, B. (2008), Extraterritorial border controls and responsibility to protect: a view from ECRE, Amsterdam Law Forum, Vol. 1, No. 1; Guild, E. and Moreno-Lax, V. (December 2013), Current challenges for international refugee law, with a focus on EU policies and EU co-operation with the UNHCR, Briefing paper, EP; den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum; Moreno-Lax, V. (2008), Must EU Borders have Doors for Refugees? On the Compatibility of Visas and Carrier Sanctions with Member States Obligations to Provide International Protection to Refugees, CRIDHO Working Paper 2008/03; Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp. 40ff; and Noll, G. (2005), Seeking asylum at Embassies: A Right to Entry under International Law?, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 17, No Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p. 3. 8

11 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? the individual autonomy of the protection seeker is accorded a central role: the third-country national directly approaches the diplomatic representation of the potential host state outside its territory with a claim for a humanitarian visa; the eligibility assessment procedure may be conducted extraterritorially: the diplomatic representation of the potential host Member State may process a humanitarian visa application in-country to identify, inter alia, protection needs (pre-screening) before the third-country national reaches the border of the Member State concerned. Humanitarian visas thus aim to complement other extraterritorial migration control measures; humanitarian visas are designed to provide safe and legal access to territory: the granting of a humanitarian visa aims to secure the physical transfer and legal protection (orderly entry) of bona fide third-country-national protection seekers and thus constitutes a legal alternative to irregular migration channels; the final determination procedure is conducted territorially: once a humanitarian visa has been issued and the third-country national has entered the territory of the destination state, he/she may lodge an application for asylum or for other residence permits (e.g. a humanitarian residence permit). The individual asylum procedure or other procedure for a residence permit is therefore conducted within the territory of that state. The humanitarian visa thus complements the CEAS, rather than substitutes it. 4 The Schengen acquis and the common EU visa policy provide the legal basis for the Member States to issue national long-stay visas at the Member States discretion, as well as Schengen short-stay visas with limited territorial validity (LTV) on humanitarian grounds, for reasons of national interest or because of international obligations. Since the concept of humanitarian grounds remains undefined in binding EU legal instruments and may include human rights-related issues, 5 the term humanitarian visas is used in the present study to refer to the issuing of visas on humanitarian grounds, as well as because of international obligations, unless otherwise stated. The categories of third-country nationals for whom humanitarian visas are of relevance: potential asylum seekers, refugees and other vulnerable persons with protection needs (protection seekers) In 2006, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) launched its 10- Point Plan of Action on Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration, revised in 2007, with the purpose of setting out key areas where protection interventions are called for. This approach, along with the UN High Commissioner s Dialogue on Protection Challenges launched in 2007, 6 includes not only refugees, but also other vulnerable persons with protection needs, recognising that the latter suffer from protection gaps. 7 According to the 4 Developed on the basis of Noll, G. et al (April 2002), Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, UNHCR, p. 3 and pp The responsibility for possible inconsistencies with Noll et al obviously rests with the present author. 5 See para below. 6 See 7 For a detailed analysis, see Betts, A. (August 2008), New Issues in Refugee Research: Towards a soft law framework for the protection of vulnerable migrants, Research Paper No. 162, UNHCR. 9

12 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs UNHCR, mixed migration movements are of concern mainly in the Mediterranean basin, the Gulf of Aden, Central America and the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and the Balkans. Mixed flows of migration are defined by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) as irregular movements constituting complex population movements including refugees, asylum seekers, economic migrants and other migrants. Mixed flows thus comprise not only potential asylum seekers and refugees, but also diverse groups of other migrants, such as economic migrants and those who may be particularly vulnerable, including victims of trafficking, smuggled migrants, stranded migrants, unaccompanied (and separated) minors, those subject to violence (including gender-based violence), psychological distress and trauma during the migration process, vulnerable individuals, such as pregnant women, children and the elderly, and migrants detained in transit or upon arrival. 8 While all persons, irrespective of their immigration status, are covered by human rights instruments, refugees have a distinct legal status under the 1951 UN Convention relating to the status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (the Refugee Convention). Key issues: no protection-sensitive mechanisms or legal routes of entry for protection purposes Migrants who put their lives at risk by crossing the sea in unseaworthy boats to reach the shores of southern Europe highlight an alarming and unresolved chink in the European Union s protection of core rights of individuals. 9 A prerequisite for seeking asylum in the EU under the CEAS is that the potential asylum seeker arrives on the territory of a Member State, including at the border or in the transit zones of that Member State. As EU law does not provide for [...] ways to facilitate the arrival of asylum seekers [...], and as potential asylum seekers are primarily nationals of countries requiring a visa to enter the EU and [...] often do not qualify for an ordinary visa, they may have to cross the border in an irregular manner. 10 In terms of visa requirements, in 2013 more than 100 nationalities needed a visa to enter the EU, covering more than 80% of the global non-eu population. 11 No protection-sensitive mechanisms for facilitating entry into the EU territory are established for potential asylum seekers, refugees and other vulnerable persons with protection needs (protection seekers) that are not covered by the usual schemes facilitating entry into EU territory (namely family reunification, study or work). Crucially, no EU-wide legal routes of entry are available for asylum purposes, 12 meaning that it is impossible to trigger the protection mechanisms of the CEAS. Estimates suggest that 90% of asylum seekers enter Europe in an irregular manner IOM, Irregular migration and mixed flows: IOM s approach, MC/INF/297, International Organisation for Migration, 19 October 2009, paras. 3 and 4, cf. para FRA (2013), Fundamental rights at Europe s southern sea borders, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, pp. 3 and FRA (2013), Handbook on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, para Frontex (2013), Annual Risk Analysis 2013, European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, pp Guild, E. and Moreno-Lax, V. (December 2013), Current challenges for international refugee law, with a focus on EU policies and EU co-operation with the UNHCR, Briefing paper, EP, pp. 5 and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p

13 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Figure 1: Visa requirements for the Schengen Area Source: European Commission ( The general position of the Member States is that their protection obligations are territorial by nature, notwithstanding the fact that human rights and refugee law obligations may be engaged through extraterritorial actions. 14 Indeed, in the development and enhancement of EU external and extraterritorial migration and border measures, such as EU visa policy, carrier liability, Immigration Liaison Officers and Frontex, strong emphasis has been placed on security and migration control issues, and little attention has been paid to the mixed flows of migration and the refugee and human rights responsibilities of the Member States flowing from the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the Refugee Convention and the ECHR. In this context, the practical constraints of issuing humanitarian visas must be given due consideration. These include fears, although apparently unfounded, of [...] massively boosted caseloads, 15 the potential pull factor effect, issues regarding embassy capacity and resources, and burden-sharing. The need for a coordinated approach to burden-sharing is clearly illustrated by statements made by the Austrian government in It stated that it [...] would be interested in cooperating with other Member States on a harmonised scheme for externalised processing, on condition that applicants are equitably distributed amongst Member States, and that all Member States would engage in the scheme. 16 And the argument for abolishing the Austrian PEP for Convention refugees in 2004 was that it [...] was too burdensome for Austria considering that other EU Member States did not offer such a possibility. 17 Equally, although being issued with a humanitarian visa enables third-country nationals to start a journey, what would happen, for example, to those 14 Guild, E. and Moreno-Lax, V. (December 2013), Current challenges for international refugee law, with a focus on EU policies and EU co-operation with the UNHCR, Briefing paper, EP, p. 23, cf. pp. 13 and Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p Supra, p Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p

14 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs persons in a transit country such as Libya where there have been allegations of torture against would-be asylum seekers? To sum up, while the scope of the Member States powers has been extended beyond their territories, this has not been balanced by the acknowledgement of an equal extension of the scope of the Member States refugee and human rights responsibilities. This has the potential to undermine Member States refugee and human rights obligations, and to render the right to asylum an illusion. As a result, protection seekers are left with very few options but to embark upon dangerous, irregular and undignified journeys at high human risk and cost. The four Member States most affected by migrant boat arrivals are Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain, 18 as illustrated in Figure 2 below. Irregular entries, of course, are not confined to sea borders, but also occur at land borders. However, the tragic loss of life at sea has obviously focused public attention on irregular arrival by sea. In reality, many of those persons heading for Sicily do not intend to seek asylum in Italy; they move on towards northern Europe. Most Syrians head for Germany, which grants protection to Syrian refugees, or Sweden, where Syrian refugees are being granted asylum and offered reunification with their families. 19 Indeed, as things stood in July 2013, Germany and Sweden received nearly two-thirds of the Syrian protection seekers in Europe. 20 Given the burden on the Member States affected by migratory flows, and the high human risks and costs of irregular migration routes by sea, the UN has repeatedly called for more solidarity and responsibility-sharing measures, as well as the creation of legal migration alternatives in the form of humanitarian visas, PEPs and enhanced family reunification. 21 By way of comparison, in 2013, the UNHCR welcomed Brazil s announcement that its embassies neighbouring Syria would be providing humanitarian visas, including to family members, to Syrians and other nationals affected by the Syrian conflict and who wished to seek refuge in Brazil. Under this scheme, asylum applications need to be lodged upon arrival in Brazil FRA (2013), Fundamental rights at Europe s southern sea borders, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, pp. 7, 9 and 19ff. 19 See e.g. articles at and 20 See 21 UNHCR, Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative (CMSI), EU solidarity for rescue-at-sea and protection of refugees and migrants, CMSI Action Plan, UNHCR, 13 May See 12

15 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Figure 2: Migration flows in the Mediterranean region Source: Debating Europe; Image credits: European Commission ( The current state of affairs has been graphically illustrated by a succession of devastating tragedies at sea, of which the Lampedusa tragedy marked a particular nadir. The UNHCR estimates that more than 600 people died in the Mediterranean in 2013 and that more than 59,600 people arrived by sea in In addition, since October 2013 the Italian Navy-led operation Mare Nostrum has rescued almost 43,000 asylum seekers and migrants. 23 Irregular routes of entry and their dangers are not only a grave concern from a humane 23 UNHCR, Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative (CMSI), EU solidarity for rescue-at-sea and protection of refugees and migrants, CMSI Action Plan, UNHCR, 13 May

16 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs and refugee and human rights perspective; they also have the unfortunate and undesired effect of increasing the role of human smugglers, while diminishing the impact of EU extraterritorial measures. Ensuring the orderly entry of protection seekers to the EU should therefore be a priority. Opportunity for change: Commission proposal for a Visa Code (recast) and calls from the international community to create legal migration alternatives There have been repeated calls by the UNHCR, European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) and other actors for Member States to create legal migration alternatives and to enhance family reunification, 24 not least owing to the high human risks and costs of irregular migration. With a Commission proposal for a recast of the Visa Code on the table, the scene is set to place humanitarian visas high on the agenda of the European Parliament. Humanitarian visas may offer an alternative to the situation by providing for the safe and legal entry of protection seekers. At the same time, the procedure potentially enhances Member States external and extraterritorial migration control by enabling them to conduct protection-sensitive pre-screening before third-country nationals reach EU Member State borders. Aim and methodology The aim of this study is to provide the LIBE Committee with an assessment of the possibility to issue humanitarian visas as provided for in Articles 19 and 25 of the Visa Code, and to ascertain whether this possibility has been used in the past and whether Member States should be encouraged to make use of these provisions. The study concludes with recommendations for the European Parliament s position on this important issue. The specific objectives and methodology of this study are: to provide an outline of the EU policy and legal framework on the issuing of humanitarian visas by EU Member States, for which desk research has been conducted; to examine and analyse the possibilities under EU law for Member States to issue humanitarian visas, for which an analysis of relevant legislation, policy, guidelines and case-law has been carried out; to provide a description of national practices of EU Member States on the issuing of humanitarian visas. To this end, reference has been made to data from, principally, the following studies: o EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, with annex, European Migration Network; 24 See, e.g. UNHCR, Central Mediterranean Sea Initiative (CMSI), EU solidarity for rescue-at-sea and protection of refugees and migrants, CMSI Action Plan, UNHCR, 13 May 2014; ECRE, Europe ACT NOW - Our Recommendations, (http://www.ecre.org/component/content/article/56-ecre-actions/620-europe-act-now-ourrecommendations.html); ECRE (January 2014), An Open and Safe Europe - What Next?, ECRE submission to the European Commission Consultation on the Future of Home Affairs Policies; ECRE (December 2007), Defending Refugees Access to Protection in Europe; The Red Cross (2013), Legal Avenues to Access International Protection in the EU: Recommendations of the National Red Cross Societies of the Member States of the European Union and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Position Paper; and PERCO (November 2012), Position on the Need to Create Legal Avenues to Access International Protection within the European Union, Position Paper, Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants. 14

17 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? o EMN (October 2012), Visa Policy as Migration Channel, European Migration Network; o Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees; o Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham; and o Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission; to draw conclusions on the extent to which Member States should be encouraged to make use of the provisions on humanitarian visas. 15

18 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs 1. EU LEGAL FRAMEWORK: A POSSIBILITY TO ISSUE HUMANITARIAN VISAS? KEY FINDINGS After analysis of the wording of the Visa Code and the application by analogy of the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment in the Koushkaki case, it is concluded that Article 25 (1) obliges Member States to issue LTV visas when this follows from the Member States refugee and human rights obligations. There is no automatic link between waiving admissibility requirements on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds under Article 19 (4) and issuing an LTV visa on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds under Article 25 (1) in the Visa Code. Nevertheless, if a Member State recognises the humanitarian situation to be sufficiently serious as to warrant derogation from admissibility requirements, it seems logical that the humanitarian situation would be sufficiently serious for the Member State to issue an LTV visa. Since Article 19 in practice serves as a filter for applications to be processed pursuant to Article 25 (1), the discretion left to the Member States under this article is limited by the Member States refugee and human rights obligations to the same extent as under Article 25. There is no separate procedure established for the lodging and processing of an application for an LTV visa in the Visa Code. Therefore, possible protection needs and human rights issues are examined in ordinary visa applications and refusals of Schengen visas should explicitly be without prejudice to Article 25 (1). However, it is unclear whether there is a mandatory assessment of protection needs and human rights issues under Article 19 (4) and 25 (1) of the Visa Code; and also whether there is a right of appeal in cases of refusal of LTV visas. Crucially, the Visa Code provides for no right of appeal in cases of non-admissibility. The concept of humanitarian grounds remains undefined in binding EU instruments Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement Common visa policy The common EU visa policy is derived from the Schengen acquis. The Schengen acquis is founded on the 1990 Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June (Schengen Convention), providing for the abolition of checks at internal borders and a common policy on external border management, and pursuing the adoption of a common visa policy. 26 The 1997 Protocol to the Treaty of Amsterdam incorporated the Schengen acquis into the EU framework in Henceforth, the EU had exclusive competence in the 25 Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders 19 June 1990, [2000] OJ L 239/19 (as amended). Europa, Summaries of EU legislation, Justice, freedom and security, Free movement of persons, asylum and immigration, The Schengen area and cooperation at on/l33020_en.htm. 26 Chapter 3 of the Schengen Convention. 16

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20 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs National long-stay visas and Schengen short-stay LTV visas: discretion and derogations Issuing of national and Schengen visas Article 18, first indent of the Schengen Convention renders possible the issuing of visas to protection seekers by according Member States the freedom to issue long-stay visas (type D) for stays exceeding 90 days. As observed by den Heijer, this provision thus implies that Member States may issue humanitarian or other protection visas to persons in need of international protection in accordance with their national laws (or Union law). 31 In addition, provisions of the Schengen Convention made it possible to issue short-stay visas to protection seekers by providing for derogations from the Schengen visa requirements. Article 15 of the Schengen Convention (since repealed and succeeded by Regulation (EC) No. 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 1 3 July establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code) ) 32 provided that, in principle, shortstay visas may only be issued when a third-country national fulfils the entry conditions laid down in the (now repealed) Article 5 (1). By way of derogation, Article 16 of the Schengen Convention (since repealed and incorporated into the Visa Code), provided that, if a Contracting Party considers it necessary to derogate from the principle laid down in Article 15 on humanitarian grounds, on grounds of national interest or because of international obligations, the visa issued must be of limited territorial validity. 33 The wording of the (since repealed) Common Consular Instructions (CCI) implies that the Schengen Convention merely provided the option to issue LTV visas: A visa whose validity is limited to the national territory of one or several Contracting Parties may be issued [ ]. 34 Moreover, the CCI explicitly stated that LTV visas are issued by way of exception and that [ ] the Schengen Contracting Parties will not use and abuse the possibility to issue LTVs; this would not be in keeping with the principles and objectives of Schengen. 35 The CCI further foresaw [ ] that the number of LTVs being issued will most probably be small [ ]. 36 Accordingly, the discretion left to the then Contracting Parties must be considered to have been limited by the objectives of Schengen, as well as (explicitly) by those international obligations the Contracting Parties were bound by. The concept of humanitarian grounds remains undefined As observed by Noll et al in 2002, humanitarian grounds [ ] remain undefined in the Schengen Convention [as well as in the Schengen Borders Code and the Visa Code], but it is contextually clear that the granting of visas to alleviate threats to the applicant s human rights is covered by the term den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum, pp [2009] OJ L 243/1 (as amended). Article 56 (1) of the Visa Code. 33 Article 56 (1) of the Visa Code. This Article has been succeeded by Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code, see below para Common Consular Instructions on visas for the diplomatic missions and consular posts, [2002] OJ C 313/1, Part V.3 (emphasis added). Repealed by Article 56 (2) (a) of the Visa Code. 35 Cf. Moreno-Lax, V. (2008), Must EU Borders have Doors for Refugees? On the Compatibility of Visas and Carrier Sanctions with Member States Obligations to Provide International Protection to Refugees, CRIDHO Working Paper 2008/03, p Annex 14, 1.1.a-b of the CCI. 37 Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p. 235 (emphasis added). 18

21 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? The guidelines laid down in the non-binding Visa Handbook 38 issued after those observations were made provide an example of humanitarian grounds that may exceptionally lead to an examination of an otherwise inadmissible application, as well as examples of humanitarian reasons that must lead to the extension of visas. In this context, the meaning of the terms humanitarian grounds and humanitarian reasons appears to be identical. Accordingly, examples of humanitarian grounds are: [a] Philippine national urgently needs to travel to Spain where a relative has been victim of a serious accident. His travel document is only valid for one month beyond the intended date of return. 39 And examples of humanitarian reasons are: sudden serious illness of the person concerned (meaning that the person is unable to travel) or sudden serious illness or death of a close relative living in a Member State. 40 In the guidelines laid down in the Schengen Handbook, humanitarian grounds are likewise explained by way of examples in the context of visas issued at the border: [s]udden serious illness of a close relative or of other close persons; [d]eath of a close relative or of other close persons; [e]ntry required so that initial medical and/or psychological care and, by way of exception, follow-up treatment can be provided in the Schengen State concerned, in particular following an accident such as shipwreck in waters close to a Schengen State, or other rescue and disaster situations. 41 Consequently, the Handbooks focus on health-related issues rather than protectionrelated issues when defining the concepts of humanitarian grounds and reasons. By way of comparison, examples of the concept of international obligations are not provided in the Visa Handbook, though they are in the Schengen Handbook: for example, if a person asks for asylum or is otherwise in need of international protection. 42 Consequently, the Schengen Handbook focuses on protection-related issues to define international obligations Visa List Regulation and Visa Code Visa requirements: procedures and conditions for issuing Schengen shortstay visas The common EU visa policy requires nationals of certain non-eu countries to be issued with a Schengen visa when seeking to cross the external borders of Member States and travelling to the Schengen area for short stays. This common list of non-eu countries whose nationals are subject to a visa requirement is a further development of the 38 Part II, para of the Consolidated version of the Handbook for the processing of visa applications and the modification of issued visas based on Commission Decision C(2010) 1620 of 19 March 2010 and Commission Implementing Decision C(2011) 5501 of 4 August Visa Handbook, Part II, para. 4.7, p Visa Handbook, Part III, para. 1.1, p Section I, Para. 7.5, p. 48 of Commission Recommendation: establishing a common Practical Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook) to be used by the Member States competent authorities when carrying out the border control of persons C(2006) 5186, 6 November Section I, Para. 6.2, p

22 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Schengen acquis and is enshrined in Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (Visa List Regulation), which entered into force in 2001 and fully harmonises the EU s visa policy in terms of visa requirements for third-country nationals. 43 Annex I to the Visa List Regulation lists the nationalities that require a visa for a short stay in the Schengen Area, and Annex II lists those who do not. 44 The procedures and conditions for issuing Schengen visas for short stays in and transit through the territories of Member States are established in the Visa Code, which entered into force in The Visa Code is thus a further development of the Schengen acquis and declares that the establishment of a common corpus of legislation is one of the fundamental components of the further development of the common visa policy. Moreover, the Visa Code s objective is to ensure the harmonised application of the common visa policy. 45 The Visa Code applies to any third-country national listed in the Visa List Regulation who must be in possession of a visa when crossing the external borders of a Member State. The Visa Code also lists the non-eu countries whose nationals must hold an airport-transit visa. 46 Such (type C) Schengen visas may be issued as a: (a) uniform visa, meaning [ ] a visa valid for the entire territory of the Member States [ ] ; 47 (b) visa with limited territorial validity (LTV visa) meaning [ ] a visa valid for the territory of one or more Member States but not all Member States [ ] ; 48 or (c) airport transit visa, meaning [ ] a visa valid for transit through the international transit areas of one or more of the Member States [ ]. 49 Rights flowing from a Schengen visa: the right to seek entry or transit As can be seen from Article 2 (2) of the Visa Code, being issued with a visa means that a third-country national may seek entry into or transit through a Member State. Due to sanctions imposed on carriers of persons not issued with the necessary visas and/or travel documents to the territory of the EU, a visa may be regarded as a prerequisite, not only for seeking entry into or transit through the Member States, but for starting a journey. 50 Hence, although [i]n the examination of an application for a uniform visa, it shall be ascertained [inter alia] whether the applicant fulfils the entry conditions set out in Article 5 43 [2001] OJ L 81/1 (as amended). Recitals 2-3 and 12 of the Preamble. Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p Article 1 (1)-(2) of the Visa List Regulation. 45 Recitals 3 and 18 of the Preamble, cf. Recital Article 1 (2)-(3). Europa, Summaries of EU legislation, Justice, freedom and security, Free movement of persons, asylum and immigration, Visa Code at on/jl0028_en.htm. 47 Article 2 (3) of the Visa Code. 48 Article 2 (4), cf. article 25 (2), of the Visa Code. 49 Article 2 (5) of the Visa Code. 50 See ECRE (December 2007), Defending Refugees Access to Protection in Europe, p. 28f. 20

23 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? (1) (a), (c), (d) and (e) of the Schengen Borders Code[ ], 51 the mere [ ] possession of a uniform visa or a visa with limited territorial validity [does not] confer an automatic right of entry [into a Member State] 52 as [ ] the possession of a visa merely allows the holder to present himself at the external border. 53 Applications for Schengen visas: no separate procedure is established for LTV visas Although an LTV visa is one of the types of visas mentioned in the Visa Code, for example in Article 23 (4), there is no procedure in place or system established under the Visa Code for lodging or processing an application for an LTV visa on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds or because of international obligations. 54 Consequently, the Visa Code does not spell out whether the Member States are obliged to initiate an assessment under Articles 19 (4) and 25 (1). The fact that refusals of Schengen visas should explicitly be without prejudice to Article 25 (1) 55 indicates that Member States are obliged to assess possible humanitarian grounds and international obligations. Yet, the terminology of the provisions in question is rather vague, when compared to, for example, Article 21 (1), which is unambiguous in requiring Member States to ascertain and assess the fulfilment of entry conditions and risks when examining applications for uniform visas. 56 This rather complex and, in respect of some crucial aspects, unclear LTV visa procedure is illustrated below in Figure 4. An LTV visa thus appears not to be a separate and independent type of visa as such, but rather, [ ] it enshrines the discretionary power of the [ ] Member States. 57 Therefore, possible protection needs and human rights issues are examined in ordinary visa applications once it is established that the applicant does not fulfil the entry conditions required for the issuance of uniform visas. 58 Moreover, Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code is the only provision reiterating the safeguards contained in the Schengen Borders Code. 59 Since there is no separate LTV visa procedure established as such, it remains unclear whether appeal in cases of refusals of LTV visas is granted under Article 32 (3) of the Visa Code. If appeal is not granted, this seems highly problematic given that [i]mportant interests may be at stake and a lack of judicial control may facilitate arbitrariness and [t]he [CJEU] has repeatedly stressed the important principle of Community law of the right to effective judicial protection Article 21 (1) of the Visa Code and den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum, p Article 30 of the Visa Code. 53 Draft proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on Visas, COM(2006) 403 final, 19 July 2006, para. 8, comments on Article 24 (now Article 30). 54 Compare Article 14 (1) and (2) of the Visa Code: [w]hen applying for a uniform visa/an airport transit visa and Article 21 (1) and (6) [i]n the examination of an application for a uniform visa/an airport transit visa. 55 Article 32 (1) of the Visa Code. 56 See more below para on this provision which was recently subjected to an analysis by the CJEU in the Koushkaki case (C-84/12). 57 Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p Compare Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p. 226 on the passive approach of the study s fifth proposal on a flexible use of the visa regime (see below para ). 59 Compare Article 21 (1) and (6). See more below para Standing committee of experts on international immigration, refugee and criminal law (February 2007), Note on the draft proposal for a Community Code on Visas, COM (2006) 403 final; 2006/0142 (COD), Utrecht, para. b.1. 21

24 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Derogations from admissibility requirements and Schengen visa requirements: LTV visas Derogations from admissibility requirements on humanitarian grounds: Article 19 (4) Obviously, having one s application for a Schengen visa declared admissible is the first obstacle to overcome; 61 and protection seekers are often unlikely to be in a position to, for example, supply the documents required or to possess the requisite funds for Schengen visas applications. In this respect, Article 19 of the Visa Code lays down rules on the admissibility of applications for Schengen visas. An application for a Schengen visa that does not meet the admissibility requirements set out in the Visa Code (application form signed and completed on time, valid travel document, photograph, visa fee paid and biometric data collected) may be considered admissible on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest by the competent authorities pursuant to Article 19 (4) of the Visa Code, which reads: By way of derogation, an application that does not meet the requirements set out in paragraph 1 may be considered admissible on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest. (Emphasis added.) Furthermore, the visa fee may be waived or reduced, inter alia, for humanitarian reasons. 62 In cases of non-admissibility, appeal is not granted under the Visa Code, which seems highly problematic given the fact that inadmissibility is a material refusal of an application that [ ] effectively bars a person from entering a European country of destination. 63 Derogations from Schengen visa requirements on humanitarian grounds, grounds of national interest or because of international obligations: Article 25 (1) With regard to visa requirements for protection seekers, the Visa List Regulation does not explicitly allow for exemptions from the visa requirement in its exhaustive listing in Article 4. However, Recital 8 of the Preamble provides that Member States may exempt certain categories of persons from the visa requirement or impose it on them in accordance with public international law or custom in specific cases. 64 By contrast, the operational Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code explicitly provides for the issuance of short-stay visas with limited territorial validity on humanitarian grounds, for reasons of national interest or because of international obligations, which notably correspond to the three exceptional reasons for which a Member State may allow entry into its territory pursuant to Article 5 (4) (c) of the Schengen Borders Code. 65 Thus, as the safeguards provided in the Schengen Borders Code are reiterated in Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code, there is interplay between the Schengen Borders Code and the Visa Code. 61 Cf. Article 19 (2) of the Visa Code. 62 Article 16 (6) of the Visa Code. 63 Standing committee of experts on international immigration, refugee and criminal law (February 2007), Note on the draft proposal for a Community Code on Visas, COM (2006) 403 final; 2006/0142 (COD), Utrecht, para. b Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp As observed by Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p. 58, though this deals with the now repealed Article 16 of the Schengen Convention. 22

25 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code reads: 1. A visa with limited territorial validity shall be issued exceptionally, in the following cases: (a) when the Member State concerned considers it necessary on humanitarian grounds, for reasons of national interest or because of international obligations, (i) to derogate from the principle that the entry conditions laid down in Article 5 (1) (a), (c), (d) and (e) of the Schengen Borders Code must be fulfilled; (ii) to issue a visa despite an objection by the Member State consulted in accordance with Article 22 to the issuing of a uniform visa; or (iii) to issue a visa for reasons of urgency, although the prior consultation in accordance with Article 22 has not been carried out; b) when for reasons deemed justified by the consulate, a new visa is issued for a stay during the same 180-day period to an applicant who, over this 180-day period, has already used a uniform visa or a visa with limited territorial validity allowing for a stay of 90 days. 66 (Emphasis added.) In addition, an LTV visa may, in exceptional cases, be issued at the external border of a Member State in accordance with Article 25 to applicants not fulfilling the conditions laid down in the Schengen Borders Code or to applicants regarding whom prior consultation is required in accordance with Article 22 of the Visa Code. 67 Article 25 (1) was introduced into the Visa Code to consolidate in a single article all the provisions concerning the issuance of LTV visas previously contained in the Schengen Convention and the CCI. 68 According to the Commission, the fact that the provisions concerning LTV visas were scattered in various legal instruments led to [ ] uncertainty as to the conditions for issuing this type of visa and to a certain degree of misuse and varying practices among Member States. 69 As observed by Peers, [t]he important point is that an LTV visa can be issued where the usual conditions for issuing a visa are not met, for instance where there is insufficient evidence of an intention to return to the country of origin. Obviously, where a person has a genuine protection need, a reluctance to return to her country of origin is perfectly understandable; indeed, it is built into the very definition of refugee or subsidiary protection status (i.e. a well -founded fear of suffering persecution or serious harm in that country). 70 In line with this, according to the Preamble of the Visa Code, the Code [ ] respects fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the Council of Europe s Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. 71 The Code does not, however, make explicit reference to the Refugee Convention. 66 Cf. also Article 32 about grounds for refusal of visas (such as false or forged documents, lack of proof of sufficient means of subsistence etc.) which is explicitly said to apply without prejudice to Article 25 (1). 67 Article 35 (4)-(5) of the Visa Code. Cf. Article 4 (1)-(3). Cf. Article 5 (4) (b) of the Schengen Borders Code. In this context, regarding refusals of visas and the issuance of LTV visas at the external border, respectively, the guidelines laid down in respectively Part II, para. 12, and Part IV, para. 1.6, of the Visa Handbook provide that: In case the entry conditions are not fulfilled, it should be assessed whether the circumstances justify that a derogation is exceptionally made from the general rule, and a visa with limited territorial validity (LTV) can be issued [ ]. If it is not considered justified to derogate from the general rule, the visa shall be refused. And [i]n case the entry conditions are not fulfilled, it should be assessed whether the circumstances justify that derogation is exceptionally made from the general rule, and a visa with limited territorial validity may be issued [ ]. If it is not considered justified to derogate from the general rule, the visa shall be refused. 68 See above para Draft proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on Visas, COM(2006) 403 final, 19 July 2006, para. 4, cf. para. 8, comments on Article Peers, S. (2014), External processing of applications for international protection in the EU, EU Law Analysis. 71 Preamble 29 of the Visa Code. 23

26

27 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Analysis of Articles 19 (4) and 25 (1) of the Visa Code Article 19 (4): interaction with and filter for visa applications to be processed under Article 25 (1) In examining the degree of discretion afforded to the Member States under Article 19 (4), the use of the term may implies that Member States are free to decide whether to derogate from the admissibility requirements. It is, in other words, optional at least pursuant to the Visa Code. From the wording of the articles, it appears that there is interplay between Article 19 (4) and Article 25 (1) as both articles refer to humanitarian grounds and reasons of national interest as grounds for derogations. However, despite the obvious interplay, there is no automatic link in the Visa Code between declaring admissibility on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest and actually issuing an LTV visa on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest. In this regard, the guidelines laid down in the non-binding Visa Handbook state that [t]ravel documents issued more than 10 years prior to the visa application should in principle not be accepted and applications based on such travel documents not be considered admissible. However, exceptions may be made on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest If, eventually, a positive decision is taken on the [visa] application, a visa with limited territorial validity allowing the holder only to travel to the issuing Member State should be issued. 72 (Emphasis added.) Beyond travel documents issued more than ten years prior to the visa application, the Handbook addresses the issue of admissibility with regard to how to treat forged travel documents. In this respect, the Handbook states that if an applicant presents a forged travel document and the forgery is detected at the moment the application is submitted, or when the consulate establishes whether the application is admissible or not, the application should be considered admissible and the visa refused. 73 However, Article 32 (1) (a) (i) provides that a visa shall be refused if the applicant presents a travel document that is false, counterfeit or forged without prejudice to Article 25 (1). 74 Notwithstanding the fact that neither the Visa Code nor the Visa Handbook address the issue of whether exceptions made on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds to consider the application admissible should automatically lead to the issuance of LTV visas, the fact that Article 25 (1) and Article 19 (4) both refer to humanitarian grounds (and national interest) shows that the articles share the same basis for exceptions. In addition, Article 25 (1) does not lay down requirements additional to those of Article 19 (4). If a Member State has decided to waive standard admissibility requirements for the visa application on humanitarian grounds, it follows that the Member State has recognised that the visa applicant is unable to fulfil the regular requirements for humanitarian reasons (e.g. fleeing a conflict). Thus, if the Member State recognises the humanitarian situation to be sufficiently serious as to warrant a derogation from admissibility requirements, then it seems logical that the humanitarian situation would be sufficiently serious for the Member State to consider it necessary to issue an LTV visa. Yet, it would indeed be preferable to have the relationship between Article 19 (4) and 25 (1) clarified in the Visa Code; in 72 Part II, para of the Consolidated version of the Handbook for the processing of visa applications and the modification of issued visas based on Commission Decision C(2010) 1620 of 19 March 2010 and Commission Implementing Decision C(2011) 5501 of 4 August Cf. Article 12 (c) requiring travel documents to have been issued within the previous 10 years. 73 Visa Handbook Part II, section Cf. Article 31 of the Refugee Convention. 25

28 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs particular due to the different wording applied in the provisions ( may versus shall ) and the fact that - as opposed to Article 25 (1) Article 19 (4) does not explicitly refer to international obligations as grounds for derogating from admissibility requirements. 75 Whilst Article 25 (1) is dealt with below, at this stage it is import ant to note that since Article 19 in practice serves as a filter for applications to be processed pursuant to Article 25 (1), the discretion left to Member States may very well be limited by the Member States refugee and human rights obligations to the same extent as under Article 25. Article 25 (1): obliging Member States to issue LTV visas when this follows from their refugee and human rights obligations In examining the degree of discretion afforded to the Member States under Article 25 (1), the terms shall, considers it necessary and exceptionally warrant closer scrutiny. In this context, and as clearly articulated by Peers, the recent CJEU ruling in the Koushkaki case 76 entails that [ ] in principle an ordinary [uniform] Schengen visa must be issued when the applicant satisfies the criteria to obtain one, subject to a wide degree of discretion for Member States authorities to assess whether those criteria are satisfied. Does the same rule apply to LTV visas? At first sight, it does, due to the word shall, although that is qualified by the words considers it necessary. 77 In addition, due regard must be paid to the word exceptionally ; likewise qualifying the word shall. 78 The main question arising from the Koushkaki judgment of particular relevance to this study is thus whether that judgment applies by analogy to the issuing of LTV visas. In this context, Peers suggests that [ ] following Koushkaki it could be argued that Member States are obliged to issue a visa with limited territorial validity [ ]. 79 When applying a comparative and contextual reading of the articles of the Visa Code, the term shall in Article 25 of the Visa Code is unambiguous compared to other articles of the Code, which allow for optional exemptions by applying the term may. 80 In this regard, Article 25 (1) is aligned with other articles in the Visa Code that do not allow for optional exemptions. 81 In particular, the articles dealt with by the CJEU in the Koushkaki case likewise use the term shall, 82 and the CJEU concluded that [t]he intention of the European Union legislature to leave a wide discretion to those authorities is apparent, moreover, from the very wording of Articles 21 (1) and 32 (1) of that code, pr ovisions which oblige those authorities to [assess] whether the applicant presents a risk of illegal immigration and to give particular consideration to certain aspects of his situation and to determine whether there are reasonable doubts as regards certain factors. 83 As observed by Peers, the CJEU s ruling can thus be summarised as requiring [ ] national authorities [ ] [to] issue the visa if the conditions are satisfied, yet [ ] those authorities have a lot of discretion left when they apply those criteria See, however, Preamble 29 of the Visa Code and para above on the concept of humanitarian grounds. 76 Case C-84/12, 19 December Peers, S. (2014), External processing of applications for international protection in the EU, EU Law Analysis. 78 See para above on the repealed CCI. 79 Peers, S. (2014), Do potential asylum-seekers have the right to a Schengen visa?, EU Law Analysis. 80 See e.g. Articles 16 (5)-(6), 17 (1), 19 (4), 22 (1), 23 (2)-(3), 25 (2), 35 (1) and 35 (5), 2nd intent: may. 81 See e.g. Articles 1 (2), 3 (1), 6 (1), 7, 9 (1), 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 (1)-(4), 17 (2)-(5), 18, 19 (1)-(3), 20, 21, 22 (2)-(5), 23 (1), (4), 24, 25 (2)-(5), 32, 33 (1) and 35 (5), 1st intent: shall. 82 Articles 21 (1) and 32 (1). 83 Para. 61. Emphasis added. 84 Peers, S. (2014), Do potential asylum-seekers have the right to a Schengen visa?, EU Law Analysis. 26

29 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? As indicated above, the word exceptionally implies that the possibility to issue LTV visas should be deployed only rarely by the Member States. Moreover, the wording considers it necessary and the assessment inherent therein obviously leaves considerable discretion to the Member States. In this context, the characteristics common to both Article 33 (1) and Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code are of interest. Under Article 33 (1), it is mandatory for the Member States to extend an issued visa for, inter alia, humanitarian reasons (equivalent to humanitarian grounds 85 ) after having performed an assessment of the evidence presented by the visa holder. Accordingly, Article 33 (1) reads: The period of validity and/or the duration of stay of an issued visa shall be extended where the competent authorities of a Member State consider that a visa holder has provided proof of force majeure or humanitarian reasons preventing him from leaving the territory of the Member State before the expiry of the period of validity of or the duration of stay authorised by the visa. [ ] (Emphasis added.) Thus, the Visa Handbook specifically mentions the fact that extension for humanitarian reasons is mandatory - as opposed to under the Visa Facilitation Agreements (VFAs), where extension is mandatory only for reasons of force majeure. Yet the Handbook also provides that third-country nationals covered by VFAs [ ] also benefit from the more generous provisions of the Visa Code. 86 Moreover, Peers suggests that [a]rguably, the binding nature of the relevant international obligations, along with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the use of the word shall [in Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code], override the discretion suggested by the words consider it necessary. If this argument is correct, then the Koushkaki judgment has opened a significant crack in the wall of Fortress Europe for would-be asylum-seekers. 87 Peers line of reasoning seems convincing in light of the analysis conducted above. It is further corroborated by three facts. Firstly, an LTV visa is one of the types of short-stay visas referred to in the Visa Code. Secondly, decisive in the CJEU in the Koushkaki judgment were the objectives set out in Recitals 3 and 18 of the Preamble to the Visa Code, namely: [ ] the facilitation of legitimate travel [ ] and [ ] to ensure a harmonised application of the legislative provisions to prevent visa shopping [ ]. 88 And thirdly, the explicit reference in Article 25 (1) of the Visa Code to humanitarian grounds and international obligations must be considered explicitly to limit the degree of discretion afforded to the Member States. Consequently, it may be concluded that provided the assumptions about the application by analogy of the Koushkaki judgment hold true, the Visa Code obliges Member States to exceptionally issue LTV visas when this follows from their refugee and human rights obligations. In this respect, the Member States assessments of the necessity, as well as the exceptionality and thus their margin of appreciation are limited by their refugee and human rights obligations. 89 Yet, due to the ambiguous wording of Article 25 (1) ( shall versus consider it necessary and exceptionally ), it would indeed be preferable to have the 85 See para above. 86 Para. 1.1, p Peers, S. (2014), Do potential asylum-seekers have the right to a Schengen visa?, EU Law Analysis. 88 Paras Standing committee of experts on international immigration, refugee and criminal law (February 2007), Note on the draft proposal for a Community Code on Visas, COM (2006) 403 final; 2006/0142 (COD), Utrecht, para. c; and Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p. 58, although this deals with the now repealed Articles 5 (2), 15 and 16 of the Schengen Convention. 27

30 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs obligations of the Member States clarified in Article 25 (1). In this context, it is important to recall that the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights applies to the institutions and bodies of the EU and the Member States when implementing EU law, regardless of territory, as do the jurisdictional obligations imposed on the Member States under, for example, the ECHR. 28

31 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? 2. EU POLICY: TOWARDS A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR THE ISSUING OF HUMANITARIAN VISAS? KEY FINDINGS Since the adoption of the Tampere Conclusions in 1999, the European Commission has repeatedly encouraged Member States to develop a coordinated approach to humanitarian visas as part of its broader efforts to ensure the more orderly arrival of persons coming to the EU. However, despite support from the European Parliament, political backing for EU-wide schemes has proved hard to achieve among the Member States. The 2014 Commission proposal for a Visa Code extends the possibility for the Member States to cooperate with external service providers. For protection seekers, it is of paramount importance that the use of external service providers does not hinder the further processing of visa applications that do not meet the admissibility requirements, but which may have benefited from a waiver from the admissibility requirements had a proper assessment of possible humanitarian grounds been conducted. In addition, the proposal introduces the notion of mandatory representation, under which, if the Member State competent to process the visa application is neither present nor represented under a representation arrangement in a given third country, any other Member State present in that country is obliged to process visa applications on its behalf. Moreover, consulates of representing Member States are no longer obliged, as a rule, to present the application to the relevant authorities of the represented Member State in order for them to take the final decision on potential refusal of a visa. In the absence of a standard EU approach to the handling of humanitarian visas, these proposed provisions have the potential to undermine proper assessments of visa applications from a humanitarian and human rights perspective From the Tampere Conclusions to the post-stockholm Guidelines A comprehensive approach to an effective common immigration policy: exploring avenues of legal access to EU territory for third-country nationals in need of protection The conclusions of the Tampere European Council of 1999 already stressed the importance of striking a balance between migration/border control and protection in developing common policies on asylum and immigration: It would be in contradiction with Europe s traditions to deny such freedom [as conferred on Union citizens] to those whose circumstances lead them justifiably to seek access to our territory. This in turn requires the Union to develop common policies on asylum and immigration, while taking into account the need for a consistent control of external borders to stop illegal immigration and to combat those who organise it and commit related international crimes. These common policies must be based on principles which are both clear to our own 29

32 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs citizens and also offer guarantees to those who seek protection in or access to the European Union. 90 (Emphasis added.) And the aim of this common approach was, inter alia, to achieve [ ] an open and secure European Union, fully committed to the obligations of the Geneva Refugee Convention and other relevant human rights instruments, and able to respond to humanitarian needs on the basis of solidarity. 91 (Emphasis added.) Moreover, the Tampere Conclusions called for a further development of a common active visa policy, and, where necessary, the development of common EU visa issuing offices. 92 As mandated by the European Council in its Tampere Conclusions, 93 the Commission explored avenues of legal access to EU territory for third-country nationals seeking protection alongside the creation of the CEAS. Accordingly, the Commission Communications of November 2000 and November 2001 emphasised and reiterated the need for a comprehensive and balanced approach to the common immigration policy, ensuring sufficient refugee protection within a system of efficient countermeasures against irregular migratory flows. 94 Subsequently, and as announced in its Communication of November 2001, the Commission launched feasibility studies on those themes, and in particular a feasibility study on the processing of asylum requests made outside the EU PEPs: offering a framework for facilitating the safe and legal access of third-country nationals to EU territory In 2002, the Danish Centre for Human Rights carried out the study on behalf of the European Commission on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU against the backdrop of the common European asylum system and the goal of a common asylum procedure. 96 The study outlined and examined practice and the legal framework on the use 90 Presidency Conclusions of the Tampere European Council October 1999, Conclusion 3. Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p. 30. In fact, and as observed by den Heijer, the Tampere Conclusions confirmed the comprehensive approach to an effective Union immigration policy proposed by the Commission back in 1994, integrating the external dimension into the Union's immigration and asylum policy, European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on immigration and asylum policies, COM(1994) 23 final, 23 February1994. den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum, p Supra, Tampere Conclusions, Conclusion Supra, para Supra, para Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Towards a common asylum procedure and a uniform status, valid throughout the Union, for persons granted asylum, COM(2000) 755 final, 22 November 2000, in particular paras. 1.2, and 2.3.2; Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a common policy on illegal immigration, COM(2001) 672 final, 15 November 2001, in particular part II, para. 3.2.; Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp ; and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp ; and Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission. 30

33 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? of PEPs in a selection of European states and in three non-european states, as well as the international and European legal framework of relevance to protection seekers and PEPs. 97 The study found that [l]egal obligations under human rights instruments such as the ECHR suggest that states may find themselves obliged to allow access to their territories in exceptional situations. Where such access is denied, claimants may rely on the right to a remedy. These are further reasons supporting the conception and operation of formalised Protected Entry Procedures, which offer a framework for handling such exceptional claims. Protected Entry Procedures would be coherent with the acquis as it stands today. Nothing in the present acquis curtails the freedom of individual Member States to provide for a Protected Entry Procedure at a unilateral level. Furthermore, there is a Community competence for developing a joint normative framework. Moreover, the study suggested that [...] EU Member States consider Protected Entry Procedures as part of a comprehensive approach, complementary to existing territorial asylum systems. 98 Against this background, the study presented five proposals that Member States could consider when developing PEPs in the future, including a) the flexible use of the visa regime, b) a gradual harmonisation through a Directive based on best practices and c) the introduction of a Schengen Asylum Visa through a Regulation. 99 The proposal for a flexible use of the visa regime provides for a gradual development of EU visa policies with systematic, yet initially informal, discretion for Member States in granting short-term visas based on protection considerations, with a focus on [ ] strategic developments rather than sketching detailed legal instruments [ ]. By contrast, the proposals for a gradual harmonisation through a Directive based on best practices and for a Schengen Asylum Visa were legal in nature Commission follow-up to the feasibility study Following on from the feasibility study, the Commission adopted a Communication in March 2003 within which the term protected entry schemes was applied for the first time explicitly by the Commission as part of a comprehensive approach. The Commission proposed that the suggestions contained in the feasibility study be carefully examined and evaluated, particularly as regards the role of the Member States, which had not yet reached consensus. Moreover, given the diverse and inconsistent practice in the Member States, which diminished the impact of protected entry schemes, the Commission argued that that there was a strong case for harmonisation in this area, and recommended that [ ] more detailed serious thought be given to the question of access to the territories of Member States for persons in need of international protection and compatibility between stronger protection for these people and respect for the principle of non-refoulement on the one hand and measures to combat illegal immigration, trafficking in human beings and external border control measures on the other. 100 (Emphasis added.) 97 The feasibility study drew on information provided in an earlier study on PEPs: Noll, G. et al (April 2002), Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, UNHCR. 98 Supra, pp. 4 and Supra, pp. 5-6, proposal one, four and five, respectively. 100 Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the common asylum policy and the Agenda for protection (2nd Commission report on the implementation of Communication COM(2000) 755 final of 22/11/2000), COM(2003) 152 final, 26/ , p

34 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs In its subsequent Communication of June 2003, the Commission identified three policy objectives, including the orderly and managed arrival of persons in need of international protection into the EU. It proposed to further explore the viability of setting up an EU Regional Task Force to undertake certain functions, such as resettlement and PEPs, and gradual harmonisation through a Directive based on best practices, 101 both of which had been proposed in the feasibility study. In particular, the Commission suggested that [ ] the strategic use and the introduction of Protected Entry Procedures and Resettlement Schemes should be considered. (Emphasis added.) It went on to ask the European Parliament, Council and the European Council to endorse specific elements identified in the Communication, such as managed arrival in the EU, and a legislative instrument on PEPs. 102 At the 2003 Thessaloniki European Council, the European Council took note of the Commission Communication and invited the Commission to [ ] explore all parameters in order to ensure more orderly and managed entry in the EU of persons in need of international protection [ ]. 103 (Emphasis added.) This was followed by the EU Italian Presidency seminar: Towards more orderly and managed entry in the EU of persons in need of international protection, held in Rome on October 2003, where Member States representatives discussed the findings of the feasibility study. During this seminar, [ ] it became clear [ ] that with regard to the potential of Protected Entry Procedures, there is not the same level of common perspective and confidence among Member States as exists vis-à-vis resettlement, 104 and the study was [ ] found too radical and did not get political support amongst the Member States. 105 The European Parliament, by contrast, welcomed the notion of PEPs. 106 The Commission s response to Thessaloniki Conclusion 26 on resettlement was a Communication adopted later in June Due to the lack of common perspective and confidence among Member States with regard to PEPs, the Commission dropped the idea of suggesting an EU PEP mechanism as a stand-alone policy proposal. 108 Instead, the Commission proposed the introduction of EU Resettlement Schemes and EU Regional Protection Programmes Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Towards more accessible, equitable and managed asylum systems, COM(2003) 315 final, 3/03/2003, para , pp Supra, Part VII, pp Presidency Conclusions of the Thessaloniki European Council June 2003, Conclusion 26. Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the managed entry in the EU of persons in need of international protection and the enhancement of the protection capacity of the regions of origin: Improving access to durable solutions, COM(2004) 410 final, 4 June 2004, para Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham, part European Parliament Resolution on the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament entitled towards more accessible, equitable and managed asylum systems (COM(2003) C5-0373/ /2155(INI)), P5_TA(2004) 0260, 1 April 2004, para Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the managed entry in the EU of persons in need of international protection and the enhancement of the protection capacity of the regions of origin: Improving access to durable solutions, COM(2004) 410 final, 4 June Supra, para. 35. Cf. den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum, pp ; and ECRE (December 2007), Defending Refugees Access to Protection in Europe, p Supra, COM(2004) 410 final, paras and

35 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? The Commission did not mention PEPs again until June While reiterating the principle of a comprehensive and balanced migration policy, the Commission stated, as part of its overarching objectives, that the CEAS should ensure access for those in need of protection [...] and ensure coherence with other policies that have an impact on international protection, notably: border control, the fight against illegal immigration and return policies. 111 Moreover, while citing the 2002 feasibility study and reiterating the Tampere Conclusions as well as its previous Communications, the Commission announced that it would examine PEPs and the flexible use of the visa regime, based on protection considerations, and stated that there was room for common action in this area, which should lead to better access to protection and reduce smuggling. 112 In the Council of the European Union s European Pact on Immigration and Asylum of September 2008, the Council of the European Union responded to the Commission Communication of June 2008 and reaffirmed that [...] migration and asylum policies must comply with the norms of international law, particularly those that concern human rights, human dignity and refugees. (Emphasis added.) In addition, the Council of the European Union made the commitment to make border controls more effective and stressed that [ ] the necessary strengthening of European border controls should not prevent access to protection systems by those people entitled to benefit under them. 113 (Emphasis added.) In its Resolution of March 2009 on the Commission Communication of June 2008, the European Parliament noted [...] with great interest the idea of setting up Protected Entry Procedures and strongly encourages the Commission to give due consideration to the specific procedures for and the practical implications of such measures. 114 (Emphasis added.) The Stockholm Programme In the run-up to the adoption of the Stockholm Programme, the Commission issued another Communication in June 2009, 115 in which it emphasised the need to balance security measures with human rights and international protection considerations. Moreover, the Commission pointed to the entry into force of the Visa Code, again mentioning the issue of protected entry and for the first time explicitly referring to humanitarian visas, specifically to the need to establish procedures for PEPs and the issuing of humanitarian visas: 110 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions: Policy Plan on Asylum - an integrated approach to protection across the EU, COM(2008) 360 final, 17 June Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp Supra, COM(2008) 360 final, para. 2, pp Supra, para , pp September 2008 (07.10) (OR.fr), /08, pp. 3-4, 9 and European Parliament Resolution on the future of the Common European Asylum System (2008/2305(INI)), P6_TA(2009) 0087, 10 March 2009, para. 49. Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: An area of freedom, security and justice serving the citizen, COM(2009) 262 final, 10 June

36 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Access to protection and adherence to the principle of non refoulement must be assured. And [i]n this context new forms of responsibility for protection might be considered. Procedures for protected entry and the issuing of humanitarian visas should be facilitated, including calling on the aid of diplomatic representations or any other structure set up within the framework of a global mobility management strategy. 116 (Emphasis added.) On the basis of the Commission Communication of June 2009, the European Council adopted the Stockholm Programme in December In the Programme, the European Council reaffirmed the position expressed in the European Pact on Immigration and Asylum, called for the further development of integrated border management and greater efforts to combat illegal migration, encouraged the establishment of a common visa application procedure and invited the Commission to explore [ ] new approaches concerning access to asylum procedures targeting main countries of transit, such as protection programmes for particular groups or certain procedures for examination of applications for asylum, in which Member States could participate on a voluntary basis. 118 (Emphasis added.) Accordingly, the European Council did not explicitly endorse the Commission s notion of facilitating PEPs and humanitarian visas and [c]rucially, the reference to responsibility has disappeared, considering that Member States should participate in any resulting initiative not due to any legal obligation, but on a voluntary basis. 119 In April 2010, the Commission adopted its Action Plan to implement the Stockholm Programme. 120 As one of the actions to be taken in the field of the external dimension of asylum, the Commission stated that it aimed to adopt a Communication on new approaches concerning access to asylum procedures targeting main transit countries in In addition, and with regard to visa policy, the Commission aimed to adopt a Communication in 2014 on a new concept for a European visa policy, which would assess the possibility of establishing a common European issuing mechanism for short-term visas. The planned Communication on new approaches concerning access to asylum procedures targeting main transit countries is, however, yet to materialise, and on 30 September 2013, the EU Home Affairs Twitter profile announced that [t]here are for the time being no concrete plans for the adoption of such a Communication. 122 In its Resolution of April 2014 on the mid-term review of the Stockholm Programme, the European Parliament called on the Member States [ ] to make use of the current provisions of the Visa Code and the Schengen Borders Code allowing the issuing of humanitarian visas [ ]. (Emphasis added.) 116 Supra, paras , and 5.2.3, respectively 117 The Stockholm Programme an open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, [2010] OJ C 115/1. Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp Supra, The Stockholm Programme, paras. 5.1 and den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum, p Guild, E. and Moreno-Lax, V. (December 2013), Current challenges for international refugee law, with a focus on EU policies and EU co-operation with the UNHCR, Briefing paper, EP, part Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Delivering an area of freedom, security and justice for Europe s citizens - Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme, COM(2010) 171 final, 20 March Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham, part Response available at https://twitter.com/rickardolseke/status/ See also Commission response of 6 August 2012 to a Parliamentary question stating that the Commission Work Programme for 2013 would announce an appropriate timing for the initiative (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getallanswers.do?reference=e &language=en). However, no such initiative appears to have been included in either the 2013 or the 2014 Work Programmes. 34

37 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Moreover, the European Parliament called for [ ] a human-rights-based approach to EU migration and border management such that the rights of regular and irregular migrants and other vulnerable groups are always the first consideration; recalls the extraterritorial application of the European Convention on Human Rights in the implementation of EU migration policy, as ruled by the European Court of Human Rights. 123 (Emphasis added.) The Task Force Mediterranean: identifying areas of action on migration and asylum The tragedy off the Italian island of Lampedusa on 3 October 2013, in which more than 350 people lost their lives, put trans-mediterranean migration back at the top of the EU political agenda. 124 Following the Justice and Home Affairs Council of 7-8 October 2013, the Task Force Mediterranean was set up under the auspices of the Commission. In its Resolution of October 2013 on migratory flows in the Mediterranean, with particular attention to the tragic events off Lampedusa, the European Parliament welcomed the Commission s intention to establish a task force on the issue of migratory flows in the Mediterranean and insisted that Parliament should be involved in such a task. In addition, the European Parliament emphasised that [ ] EU legislation provides some tools, such as the Visa Code and the Schengen Borders Code, which make it possible to grant humanitarian visas. (Emphasis added.) The European Parliament, moreover, called [ ] on the Member States to take measures to enable asylum seekers to access the Union asylum system in a safe and fair manner. And noted that [ ] legal entry into the EU is preferable to a more dangerous irregular entry, which could entail human trafficking risks and loss of life. It then called for [ ] a more holistic approach to migration in order to ensure that issues interlinked with migration can be dealt with in a comprehensive manner. (Emphasis added.) And was of the opinion that [ ] Lampedusa should be a turning point for Europe and that the only way of preventing another tragedy is to adopt a coordinated approach based on solidarity and responsibility, with the support of common instruments. 125 (Emphasis added.) The main emphasis of the Task Force [Mediterranean], unfortunately, but perhaps unsurprisingly, was on preventing migrants and refugees from heading for and entering 123 European Parliament Resolution on the mid-term review of the Stockholm Programme (2013/2024(INI)), P7_TA(2014)0276, 2 April 2014, paras. 83 and 103, respectively. 124 Manrique Gil, M. et al (March 2014), Mediterranean flows into Europe: Migration and the EU's foreign policy, indepth analysis, DG EXPO, EP, p European Parliament Resolution on migratory flows in the Mediterranean, with particular attention to the tragic events off Lampedusa (2013/2827(RSP)), P7_TA-PROV(2013)0448, 23 October 2013, paras. 5, G, 21, 22, 23 and 2, respectively. 35

38 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs into the EU. The [December 2013] Commission Communication on the work of the Task Force, however, properly emphasised the need to explore creative solutions, including providing alternative avenues of entry to potential asylum seekers. 126 Indeed, in its December 2013 Communication on the work of the Task Force, the Commission argued for a holistic approach and identified five main areas of action to be fed into that integrated approach to the Mediterranean, including reinforced legal avenues to Europe. 127 Thus, 38 lines of action have been developed by the Task Force Mediterranean, including for the Commission to explore [ ] further possibilities for protected entry in the EU in the context of the reflection on the future priorities in the Home Affairs area after the expiry of the Stockholm Programme. These could include: (a) guidelines on a common approach to humanitarian permits/visas (b) feasibility study on possible joint processing of protection claims outside of the European Union without prejudice to the existing right of access to asylum procedures in the EU. EASO, FRA and Frontex and, where relevant, UNHCR, ILO or IOM, should be involved in the execution of these tasks. 128 (Emphasis added.) The European Council welcomed the actions proposed by the Commission at its 2013 summit in Brussels and called for the mobilisation of all efforts to implement the actions proposed with a clear timeframe to be indicated by the Commission, yet placed emphasis on actions other than those relating to access to EU territory. In addition, the European Council invited the Commission to regularly monitor the implementation of the operational actions and confirmed that it would return to the issue in June 2014 when strategic guidelines would be defined The post-stockholm Guidelines In March 2014, the Commission adopted a Communication aimed at identifying challenges and measures to be discussed with the European Parliament and the Council. The Communication was to be taken into account by the European Council in drafting its post- Stockholm Guidelines for the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. 130 In preparing that Communication, the Commission consulted stakeholders and interested parties and also hosted a stakeholder conference in January One of the stakeholder contributions to this conference was the 'Legal Routes to Access Asylum in Europe' workshop hosted by the Secretary-General of ECRE. 132 In respect of humanitarian visas, ECRE stated that EU guidelines on a common approach to the application of Article 25 of the EU Visa Code allowing for the issuing of short-stay visa with limited territorial validity on humanitarian grounds could further promote the use of this provision as a concrete tool to ensure legal and safe access to the EU for protection purposes. At the same time, the pooling of resources to 126 Diedring, M. (January 2014), An Open and Safe Europe What Next? Legal Routes to Access Asylum in Europe Workshop, p Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the work of the Task Force Mediterranean, COM(2013) 869 final, 4 December 2013, p Supra, COM(2013) 869 final, para. 2.4, p Conclusions of the European Council December 2013, Conclusions 41 and Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: An open and safe Europe: making it happen, COM(2014) 154 final, 11 March See 2014/index_en.htm. 132 Diedring, M. (January 2014), An Open and Safe Europe What Next? Legal Routes to Access Asylum in Europe Workshop; and ECRE (January 2014), An Open and Safe Europe - What Next?, ECRE submission to the European Commission Consultation on the Future of Home Affairs Policies. 36

39 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? enhance the capacities of Member States embassies and consular posts to process requests for humanitarian visa and/or protected entry procedures should be encouraged. 133 (Emphasis added.) In its March 2014 Communication, the Commission stated that [t]he EU should seek to ensure a more orderly arrival of persons with well-founded protection needs, reducing the scope for human smuggling and human tragedies. [ ] Protected Entry Procedures - enabling people to request protection without undertaking a potentially lethal journey to reach the EU border - could complement resettlement, starting with a coordinated approach to humanitarian visas and common guidelines. 134 (Emphasis added.) As mandated by the European Council, 135 in its May 2014 Staff Working Document, the Commission presented an overview of the main actions and initiatives identified by the Task Force Mediterranean undertaken so far. 136 At its summit in Brussels in June 2014, the European Council defined the strategic guidelines for key priorities over the next five years within the area of Freedom, Security and Justice. 137 In its conclusions, the European Council reaffirmed that a comprehensive approach to migration, asylum and borders policy is required. Moreover, the European Council stated that addressing the root causes of irregular migration flows is an essential part of EU migration policy, which, [...] together with the prevention and tackling of irregular migration, will help avoid the loss of lives of migrants undertaking hazardous journeys. 138 In addition, cooperation with countries of origin and transit must be intensified and migration policies must become [...] a much stronger integral part of the Union s external and development policies [...]. And, among other things, the focus should be put on [...] fully implementing the actions identified by the Task Force Mediterranean. (Emphasis added.) 139 The European Council called for the modernisation of Integrated Border Management, a reinforcement of Frontex s operational assistance and an increase in its reactivity and a study of the possibilities for enhancing external border control and surveillance by setting up a European system of border guards. At the same time, the European Council identified the need for the common visa policy to be modernised. 140 Accordingly, the European Council did not explicitly endorse the Commission s notion of reinforced legal avenues to Europe or a coordinated approach to humanitarian visas and common guidelines. Yet the European Council did recommend that the actions identified by 133 Supra, ECRE submission, p Supra, COM(2014) 154 final, para. 3.4, pp Conclusions of the European Council December 2013, Conclusion Commission Staff Working Document: Implementation of the Communication on the Work of the Task Force Mediterranean, SWD(2014) 173 final, Parts 1/2 and 2/2, 22 May European Council, Conclusions of the European Council June Supra, Conclusion Supra, Conclusion Supra, Conclusion 9. 37

40 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs the Task Force Mediterranean be fully implemented, one of which is reinforced legal avenues to Europe Commission proposal for a Visa Code In April 2014, the Commission proposed a recast of the Visa Code; 142 a proposal focusing almost exclusively on financial and security issues. 143 Apart from the fact that the Commission did not use this opportunity to introduce substantial amendments to Articles 19 (4) and 25 (1) on humanitarian visas, two elements of the proposal are of relevance to the present study. First, the proposal extends the possibility for Member States to cooperate with external service providers in Article 38 (3) (with the arrangements for that cooperation laid down in Article 41) and, at the same time, it scraps the obligation for Member States to maintain direct access for applications to be submitted at Member State consulates by deleting Article 17 (5). In addition, the proposal introduces the notion of mandatory representation in Article 5, for the purposes of ensuring geographical coverage in visa processing. 144 Since the notion of mandatory representation and the outsourcing of tasks relating to visa applications to external service providers raise issues of relevance to the object of the present study, these elements of the Commission proposal are examined below Extension of the possibility of outsourcing tasks to external service providers According to the proposed Article 38 (3), cooperation with external service providers is no longer to be a last resort solution. In addition, Member States are no longer obliged to maintain the possibility for all applicants to lodge their applications directly at Member State consulates (deletion of Article 17 (5)). External service providers may be designated to provide general information on visa requirements and application forms; inform the applicant of the required supporting documents; collect data and applications (including biometric identifiers) and transmit the application to the consulate; collect the visa fee; 141 For a detailed analysis of the post-stockholm Guidelines, see Carrera, S. and Guild, E. (July 2014), The European Council s Guidelines for the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 2020: Subverting the Lisbonisation of Justice and Home Affairs?, CEPS Essay No. 13, arguing that the Guidelines are mainly driven by the interests and agendas of national Ministries of Interior and Justice and are only strategic insofar as they aim, first, to reinject intergovernmentalism or the old EU Third Pillar ways of working into the new EU institutional setting of the AFSJ and, second, to sideline the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and rule of law in the AFSJ. 142 Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Union Code on Visas (Visa Code) (recast) {SWD(2014) 67 final} {SWD(2014) 68 final}, COM(2014) 164 final, 1 April Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: A smarter visa policy for economic growth {SWD(2014) 101 final}, COM(2014) 165 final, 01 April See also Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Implementation and development of the common visa policy to spur growth in the EU, COM(2012) 649 final, 07 November Supra, COM(2014) 164 final, respectively pp. 8 and

41 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? manage appointments for the applicant, where applicable, at the consulate or with the external service provider; collect the travel documents, including a refusal notification if applicable, from the consulate and return them to the applicant. External service providers may, on the other hand, not be entrusted with, inter alia, the examination of applications, interviews and the decision on applications. 145 The tasks that external service providers may be entrusted with thus relate closely to the admissibility requirements for a visa application laid down in Article 19 (1) of the current Visa Code. As outlined above, it is possible to derogate from the admissibility requirements laid down in Article 19 (1) on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds pursuant to Article 19 (4). As such, the outsourcing of tasks to external service providers seems to illustrate one of the weaknesses of not having established a separate procedure for lodging and processing applications on humanitarian visas in the Visa Code (see Figure 4). Indeed, in para above, it was concluded that Article 19 in practice serves as a filter for applications to be processed under Article 25 (1). It is therefore of paramount importance to protection seekers that the use of external service providers does not hinder the further processing of visa applications that do not meet the admissibility requirements, but which may have benefited from a waiver from the admissibility requirements had a proper assessment of possible humanitarian grounds been conducted. A mechanism that may potentially ensure that such assessments are conducted has been proposed in Article 41 (12). Pursuant to this provision, Member States shall report on an annual basis to the Commission on cooperation with external service providers, including on the monitoring of external service providers Mandatory representation According to the Commission, under the notion of mandatory representation, if the Member State competent to process the visa application is neither present, nor represented under a representation arrangement, in a given third country, any other Member State present in that country is obliged to process visa applications on its behalf. The stated aim is to ensure geographical coverage in any third country where there is at least one consulate present to process visa applications. 147 The proposed Article 5 (2) provides that, in cases of mandatory representation, applicants are entitled to lodge their application at a) the consulate of one of the Member States of destination of the planned visit, b) the consulate of the Member State of first entry, if point a) is not applicable, c) in all other cases at the consulate of any of the Member States that are present in the country concerned. 145 Supra, Article 41 (3) and (5). 146 Supra, pp. 8, 17 and Supra, pp

42 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs No changes that appear to be of particular relevance to the object of this study have been proposed to Article 5 (1) (a) on the Member State competent to examine and decide on an application for a uniform visa. However, the current Article 8 governing representation arrangements has shifted to Article 39 in the Commission proposal, with some important changes. Under Article 8 (2) of the existing Visa Code the representing Member State is compelled to transmit visa applications it is considering refusing to the authorities of the represented Member States so that they may take the final decision. The Commission proposal, however, deletes Article 8 (2), as well as the related Article 8 (4) (d), meaning that consulates of representing Member States would no longer be obliged, as a rule, to present the application to the relevant authorities of the represented Member State in order for them to take the final decision on the potential refusal of a visa. In addition, Article 39 (8) takes up the substance of Article 8 (9), which provides that if the consulate of the representing Member State cooperates with external service providers or with accredited commercial intermediaries, that cooperation shall include applications covered by representation arrangements. 40

43 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? 3. NATIONAL PRACTICE: HAVE HUMANITARIAN LTV SCHENGEN VISAS BEEN USED IN THE PAST? KEY FINDINGS The absence of an EU-wide mechanism monitoring the issuing of humanitarian Schengen visas means there is no reliable and up-to-date picture of existing practice. Nine EU Member States (Belgium, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland and the United Kingdom) either currently have or have had schemes for issuing national long-stay visas for humanitarian reasons. Four EU Member States have or have had schemes for issuing LTV Schengen visas for humanitarian reasons (Finland, Italy, Malta and Portugal), including protection - related reasons (Italy, Malta and Portugal) and medical reasons (Portugal). Six EU Member States have or have had schemes for issuing either uniform or LTV Schengen visas and/or national visas for humanitarian reasons, including protectionrelated reasons (Austria, Denmark, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands), medical reasons (Poland) and for family reunification purpose s (Austria and the Netherlands). In total, 16 EU Member States have or have had some form of scheme for issuing humanitarian visas - be they national, uniform Schengen and/or LTV Schengen visas National long-stay visas issued for humanitarian reasons Although it falls outside the scope of the present study to account for national practice on the issuing of long-stay visas, in order to present the full picture, it should be noted that the possibility to issue national visas for humanitarian reasons has been deployed by nine EU Member States, including one non-schengen EU Member State. National type D visas [ ] are either a prerequisite for a subsequent residence or other permit to stay, or are considered a residence title themselves, depending on the visa legislation in a Member State, as well as provisions in EU legislation [ ]. 148 Member States that have or have had schemes for issuing national humanitarian visas From a study carried out by the European Migration Network (EMN) in 2012, it appears that Belgium, 149 Germany, 150 France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg and Poland have 148 EMN (October 2012), Visa Policy as Migration Channel, European Migration Network, p. 13, cf. pp As things stood in December 2009, such visas were delivered to very specific persons (e.g. high-profile persons, such as foreign politicians, opposition leaders) or clear-cut cases of protection needs, sometimes after Belgian authorities had been contacted by UNHCR. Apart from asylum-related cases, humanitarian visas are granted in other cases, for example to Rwandan nationals fleeing the genocide in 1994 and to Palestinian children in need of specialised medical care; BE EMN NCP (December 2009), EU and non-eu harmonised protection statuses in Belgium, Belgian National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, p. 40, cf. pp. 19 and 25. Cf. EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, European Migration Network, p. 33; Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of 41

44 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs national type D visas [ ] at their disposal for humanitarian reasons. In France, Italy and Latvia, these visas can be issued in emergency situations [ ]. In Italy, national type D visas were issued on the occasion of the recent North African flow of migration following the Arab Spring. 151 In France, [i]n the case of specific events, instructions are given to the consulates concerned to facilitate the issue [sic] of visas to some categories of applicants. This was the case for the Haiti earthquake in 2010 and after the attack on Christians in Iraq, in Baghdad Cathedral, in And, in 2001, between 80 and 90% of the approximately 25,000 Algerians who applied for asylum in France held a visa issued by French representations in Algeria. 153 In Belgium, 154 Italy 155 and Poland 156, such national type D visas may also be issued for the purposes of medical treatment. In addition, in 2002, the United Kingdom (a non-schengen EU Member State) made it possible to apply for an entry clearance (national visa) from abroad for the purpose s of seeking asylum in the UK. 157 The policy guidance on the discretionary referral to the UK Border Agency of asylum applications from abroad has, however, been withdrawn, and such applications will no longer be considered Schengen short-stay visas issued on humanitarian grounds In 2013, the Member States notifications on visas applied for and issued suggest that the total number of Schengen type C LTV visas issued by the Member States amounted to 176,948. In 2012, the figure was 298,117 LTV visas. 159 The statistics do not, however, Birmingham, part. 5.1; and Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp. 4, and Admission from abroad may be granted in exceptional cases for a) reasons of international law or for pressing humanitarian reasons and b) the safeguarding of the political interests of the Federal Republic of Germany. In addition, the German Federal Authorities have been granted the authority to admit the entry of a group of foreigners who would otherwise have no regular possibilities of arriving in Germany when special political considerations apply. This provision provided the basis for admittance of inter alia Boat People from Vietnam in the 1980s, Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s and persons under resettlement schemes, such as 2,500 refugees from Iraq who had fled to Jordan and Syria in 2008; DE EMN NCP (April 2009), The Granting of Non-EU Harmonised Protection Statuses in Germany, German National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, pp , 27-28, 51-55; DE EMN NCP (2012), Visa Policy as Migration Channel, German National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, pp ; EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, European Migration Network, p. 82; and Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham, part EMN (October 2012), Visa Policy as Migration Channel, European Migration, pp. 19 and 25. Cf. Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp. 4, and FR EMN NCP (July 2011), Visa policy as migration channel, French National Contact Point of the European Migration Network, p. 10. Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham, part Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p See note 149 above. 155 EMN (October 2012), Visa Policy as Migration Channel, European Migration Network, pp EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, European Migration Network, p. 42, note 96; p. 43, note 104; and pp Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp See https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/257377/applicationsfromabroad.p df. 159 Statistics published on 42

45 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? provide any information as regards the specific reasons for issuing LTV visas, and the Commission indicates that it does not have detailed information about those reasons. 160 With no official statistics available on the issuing of humanitarian Schengen visas, this study refers to the data available in various studies on this subject. Indeed, those studies suggest that a number of Member States have applied PEPs, such as the extraterritorial submission of asylum claims, in their national legal order, and in particular that a number of Member States have issued or may issue Schengen visas for humanitarian reasons. 161 Such visas may be granted in the form of LTV Schengen visas for humanitarian reasons (Finland, Italy, Malta and Portugal), including protection-related reasons (Italy, Malta and Portugal) and medical reasons (Portugal). They constitute a complementary channel for access to territory and are issued by and large on an exceptional basis. Unfortunately, it is not always clear from the information available which type of visa (uniform Schengen, LTV Schengen short-stay visa or national long-stay visa) has been granted by a given Member State. In addition, it must be recalled that Articles 19 and 25 of the Visa Code entered into force only in Therefore, a special paragraph is dedicated to those additional six Member States allowing access through either LTV or uniform Schengen short-stay visas and/or national long-stay visas for humanitarian reasons, including protection-related reasons (Austria, Denmark, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands), medical reasons (Poland) and family reunification purposes (Austria and the Netherlands). The data on the state of play at national level, as taken from various studies, is explained in the following sections Description of national practice on humanitarian visas Member States that have or have had schemes for issuing LTV Schengen visas For protection-related reasons or medical reasons, essentially on an exceptional basis In Finland, Section 25 of the Aliens Act rendered possible the issuing of LTV visas for humanitarian reasons by embassies until The aforementioned provision regulated the requirements for issuing LTV Schengen visas, and the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has considerable autonomy in guiding visa policy implemented by the embassies. Such LTV visas have been issued to, for instance, persons who had to travel to Finland for the purposes of being heard in international court cases - for example in the so-called Rwanda case. Such visas appear to have been issued on an exceptional basis. Section 25 was abolished in 2011 by an amendment to the Aliens Act. However, the amended Section Answer from the Commission to a Parliamentary question, 9 August 2013, available at Prior to this, a similar question was addressed to the Council (referring to the Commission) on 28 June 2013; see 161 As Switzerland is not an EU Member State, it is outside the scope of this study to account for practice in Switzerland. However, it should be noted that Switzerland applies a highly formalised system of PEP. See Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham, part. 5.1; Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp ; and Oxfam GB (2005), Foreign Territory: The Internationalisation of EU Asylum Policy, p

46 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs refers directly to the Visa Code and [ ] presents those visa-related actions to which the Visa Code is applied. 162 In Italy, LTV visas were issued by Italian embassies for tourism/courtesy reasons to 150 Eritrean refugees from Libya recognised under the UNHCR mandate in 2007 and 2010 and 160 Palestinian refugees recognised under the UNHCR mandate and living in the Al Tanf camp situated at the Syrian-Iraqi border in The visas were issued as part of informal resettlement operations, and upon arrival in Italy, the refugees were admitted to the ordinary asylum procedure. Italian law does not provide for visas to be issued for asylum purposes, but Italy thus informally allows access in exceptional cases. In addition, Italy has, on numerous occasions, adopted mechanisms to allow the entry and access of protection seekers to asylum on the basis of political decisions. 163 In Malta, a number of LTV visas were issued on humanitarian grounds to persons who required evacuation from Libya due to the armed conflict in Although Maltese legislation does not clearly provide for visas to be issued for asylum purposes, LTV visas have been granted on humanitarian grounds in exceptional circumstances. 164 In Portugal, LTV visas can be granted at border posts and recognised by a dispatch issued for humanitarian reasons (or national interest) by the Portuguese Ministry for Internal Administration for the purposes of entry and temporary stay in Portugal in exceptional circumstances. This visa regime is of [ ] an instrumental nature with regard to eventually accessing any of the protection statuses envisaged in national legislation. 165 Such visas are issued to third-country nationals who do not meet the usual legal requirements, for example to [ ] those affected by sudden, severe illness and/or require [sic] medical assistance; illegal passengers on ships; shipwreck victims; and undocumented asylum seekers. 166 In addition, LTV visas in the form of Temporary Stay Visas may be issued by consulates to third-country nationals who require medical treatment and to their assisting and accompanying family members. The validity of such visas is three months, and visas may be extended whenever justified. 167 Moreover, as things stood in 2002, although Portugal did not have a formal procedure for submitting asylum applications at embassies, Portugal was - in exceptional circumstances and on a case-by-case basis - able to allow access by issuing entry visas. In 2002, Portugal had no experience with persons asking for protection at its diplomatic representations Lepola, O. (2011), Counterbalancing externalized border control for international protection needs: humanitarian visa as a model for safe access to asylum procedures, University of Birmingham, part Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp ; and Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp. 4, and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p PT EMN NCP (2009), Protection Statuses Complementing EU Legislation Regarding Immigration and Asylum in Portugal, Portugal National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, p EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, European Migration Network, pp PT EMN NCP (2009), Protection Statuses Complementing EU Legislation Regarding Immigration and Asylum in Portugal, Portugal National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, pp. 5, 18, 22-23, 26 and 29; and EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, European Migration Network, p. 42, note 96, and p Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp. 4, and

47 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Member States that have or have schemes for issuing Schengen short-stay and/or national long-stay visas for humanitarian reasons For protection-related reasons or medical reasons on the basis of formal schemes In Austria, since 1991, it has been possible for diplomatic or consular representations abroad to grant an entry visa to a) asylum seekers submitting an extraterritorial asylum application (in principle both inside and outside the country of origin) and likely to be granted asylum in the territorial asylum procedure as a Convention refugee after formally lodging an asylum application upon arrival in Austria and b) core family members requesting extension of international protection abroad. In 2003/2004, the PEP was formally limited to family reunification cases and cancelled for asylum seekers. 169 Until then, asylum applications lodged with an embassy were automatically regarded as applications for an entry authorisation, and the entry visa granted was usually a timelimited Schengen short-stay visa (type C) or a national long -stay visa (type D). Austria applied what is known as the likelihood standard, used during a pre-screening and material assessment conducted to determine whether the applicant was likely to qualify under the Convention refugee definition (and not under the principle of non-refoulement in Article 33 of the Refugee Convention). This assessment was conducted without prejudice to the outcome of the territorial proceedings. The applicant was not protected by the Austrian representation while his/her application was being processed (average time was one month). Although the Austrian system was law-based and highly formalised, practice with regard to protection seekers evolved to become more restrictive than the legislator s original intention. In practice, the Austrian procedure mainly served family reunification purposes, and entry visas on mere protection grounds i.e. to persons without family connections in Austria were granted in very few cases. 170 In France, at least until 2002, a non-law-based, yet formalised PEP was in operation. Under this system, French diplomatic and consulate representations receiving asylum applications abroad (inside and outside countries of origin) were entitled to issue asylum visas on a discretionary and exceptional basis. The asylum visa procedure was formally separate from that of the territorial asylum procedure (initiated upon the territorial lodging of an asylum application) and asylum visas were granted without prejudice to the outcome of the territorial asylum proceedings. The issuing of such visas was based on protection considerations, though links to France were considered a positive element. Unless the applicant was in need of immediate protection and thus transferred to France, the applicant was not protected during the processing of his/her application. As things stood in 2002, such visas were usually issued in the form of regular short-term (type C) or long-term visas (type D). Asylum visas did not exist officially and successful applicants were thus granted other types of visas, such as tourist, student, short-term or long-term visas. The representation could decide to forward applications for asylum visas to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in which case the Ministry conducted a preliminary investigation to assess whether the claim fell under the general criteria for being granted refugee status or territorial asylum in France. In 2002, no official statistics were available. However, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that about 120 to 160 cases were 169 Noll, G. et al. (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp ; and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp Ibid. 45

48 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs forwarded by the embassies and that two-thirds of these were subject to a positive decision. 171 In Poland, a residence visa may be issued in the form of a uniform short-stay visa or a Polish long-stay visa (see para. 3.1 above) for the purposes of arrival for humanitarian reasons or national interest. Such visas are issued mainly where a foreigner s entry into Poland is required for medical reasons, such as the need to undergo a lifesaving medical procedure. The period of stay on the basis of such a visa may not exceed three months, although visas may be extended in special circumstances. In addition, a special visa, in the form of a residence visa, may be issued to third-country nationals who apply for asylum from abroad through a consulate to allow them entry into Poland and access to the asylum procedure. Both schemes are law-based. 172 In the Netherlands, until 2003, a law-based PEP provided for visas to be granted by embassies or consulates abroad (inside and outside the country of origin) for asylum purposes. The Dutch PEP entailed a double procedure under which a protection seeker lodged an application at diplomatic representations not formally for asylum, but for a Regular Provisional Residence Permit (MVV, Machtiging tot Voorlopig Verblijf) with a validity of three months. The MVV granted entry into the Netherlands with the purpose of applying for a residence permit. 173 Until the entry into force of the Visa Code, the MVV could be issued independently, but also in combination with an entry visa (Type D + C visa). This enabled the third-country national to travel in the Schengen area for a period of three months following the date of issue during the period in which the application for the residence permit was processed. Hence, [i]n order to prevent transit problems in those days [prior to the entry into force of the Visa Code], a positive decision to an application for an MVV in practice often resulted in the issuance of a Type D + C visa; a combination of a long-stay national visa (MVV) with a short -stay Schengen Type C visa. 174 With regard to the safety of the applicant during the processing of his/her application, there were no specific procedures in place. However, it was possible to fast-track examination of the file and also to process applications almost immediately in emergency situations. 175 An application for an MVV lodged for asylum purposes enabled the authorities to verify prima facie compliance with entry and residence conditions and was thus directly related to the subsequent issuing of a residence permit. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs assumed formal responsibility for such applications in the Netherlands, and applications were examined by a special unit within the Ministry of Justice. If the assessment determined that the applicant would be eligible for asylum, an MVV was issued. Once on Dutch soil, the protection seeker would submit a formal application for asylum. This was, however, merely a formality, and applications were only very rarely rejected. 176 The procedure was based 171 Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp PL EMN NCP (2010), Granting non-eu harmonised protection statuses to foreigners in Poland, Polish National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, pp , 36 and 48; EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, European Migration Network, p. 19, note 37; and LIBE 104, Migration and asylum in Central and Eastern Europe, part 2, available at 173 Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p. 47; and Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp NL EMN NCP (March 2012), Visa policy as migration channel in The Netherlands, Dutch National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, respectively p. 47 and p Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, p NL EMN NCP (March 2012), Visa policy as migration channel in The Netherlands, Dutch National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, pp. 11, 16, 19 and 23ff; Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of 46

49 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? exclusively on protection considerations and only in exceptional circumstances was an MVV granted for humanitarian reasons (in this context meaning for reasons of civil war or trauma, for example) that the Netherlands considered outside the scope of conventions ratified by the Netherlands, such as the Refugee Convention, the ECHR and the Convention Against Torture ( CAT). Non-official statistics suggest that a very limited number of MVVs were issued for asylum purposes (9 in 1998, 8 in 1999, 5 in 2000 and 1 in 2001). 177 At least until March 2012, the MVV was still part of the Dutch migration system for family reunification in the asylum procedure, yet without a requirement for the application for an MVV to be followed by a subsequent application for a residence permit. 178 Since 2003, the possibility for protection seekers to apply for protection outside Dutch territory has, however, been limited to resettlement and diplomatic asylum. In addition, the Netherlands has used tourist visas as a safer alternative to diplomatic asylum where the latter could cause diplomatic issues. This method was deployed by the Netherlands in relation to Indonesians living under communist regimes, who were granted protection status upon arrival in the Netherlands. 179 For protection-related reasons on the basis of ad hoc or exceptional schemes In Denmark, ad hoc visa schemes were established in 2007 and 2013 on the basis of political agreements. The agreements aimed at ensuring access to Danish territory - and subsequent admittance to the asylum procedure - of a number of interpreters and other persons employed by the Danish armed forces in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as their family members. The procedure entailed a [ ] pre-screening process by an ad hoc interministerial delegation assessing connections to Denmark and potential security risks [ ]. The applicants were then invited to Denmark, and following this procedure, the immigration authorities were to process the cases under the usual rules and procedures. 180 No information is available on the types of visa issued. Following the arrival of the Iraqi interpreters and other Iraqis that had worked for the Danish forces in Iraq, approximately 400 Iraqis were granted subsidiary protection status in Denmark under the territorial asylum procedure. 181 In Spain, an asylum request from abroad has no longer been part of the ordinary asylum system since 2009 and is thus considered as an exceptional case. Asylum applications lodged at diplomatic representations abroad are therefore regarded as applications for exceptional entry permits. Ambassadors have discretionary powers to authorise transfer to processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp ; and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp. 119, 123 and The procedure has recently been succeeded by the Entry and Residence Procedure, merging the MVV and the application for a residence permit into one procedure. NL EMN NCP (March 2012), Visa policy as migration channel in The Netherlands, Dutch National Contact Point to the European Migration Network, pp. 31ff and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p. 41; Aftale om håndtering af situationen for irakiske tolke m.v., Copenhagen 27 July 2007, (The Defence Committee, the Committee on Foreign Policy, , FOU Alm. del, Bilag 143, UPN Alm. del, Bilag 173), (http://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/upn/bilag/173/ pdf); and Aftale om håndtering af situationen for tolke og andre lokalt ansatte i Afghanistan, Copenhagen 22 May 2013 (The Defence Committee, the Committee on Foreign Policy, , FOU, Alm. del, Bilag 159, UPN Alm. del, Bilag 237), p. 2 (http://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/fou/bilag/159/ /index.htm). 181 Reply from the then Ministry of Refugees, Immigration and Integration Affairs to a Parliamentary question in 2011: The Committee for Immigration and Integration policy, ), UUI, Alm. del, final reply to question 199, 25 February 2011, p. 3 (http://www.ft.dk/samling/20101/almdel/uui/spm/199/svar/783737/962190/index.htm). 47

50 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Spain where the applicant is lodging an application with a diplomatic representation located in a country of which the applicant is not a national and where the applicant s physical integrity is actually endangered. Upon arrival in Spain, a formal asylum application may be lodged. In 2012, the regulatory decree governing the more detailed conditions and procedures for such applications had not yet been adopted, and no information was available on the type of entry permit granted (uniform/ltv Schengen visa or national visa, or possibly a temporary residence permit on, for example, humanitarian grounds). 182 Under the previous procedure, allowing for asylum applications to be lodged at diplomatic or consular representations abroad, a visa was, as a rule, issued only after a positive decision on asylum from the Minister of Interior. However, in cases of immediate risk, asylum visas facilitating urgent transfer to Spain could be issued by diplomatic or consular representations. No information is available on the type of visa issued Conclusions on national practice on humanitarian visas The findings of the study suggest that nine EU Member States have or have had schemes for issuing national type D visas for humanitarian reasons (Belgium, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Poland and the non-schengen Member State, the UK), including protection-related reasons and medical reasons (Belgium, Italy and Poland, only, in the latter case). Moreover, the findings suggest that Schengen visas for humanitarian reasons may be granted or have been granted in the form of Schengen LTV visas in four EU Member States for humanitarian reasons (Finland, Italy, Malta and Portugal), including protection-related reasons (Italy, Malta and Portugal) and medical reasons (Portugal). In addition, six EU Member States have or have had schemes for issuing either uniform or LTV Schengen visas and/or national visas for humanitarian reasons, including protection-related reasons (Austria, Denmark, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands 184 ), medical reasons (Poland) and family reunification purposes (Austria and the Netherlands). The findings thus suggest that more than half of the EU Member States, including one non- Schengen EU Member State, have or have had some form of scheme for issuing humanitarian visas be they national, uniform Schengen and/or LTV Schengen as illustrated below in Figure 5. Accordingly, 16 EU Member States acknowledge the practical need for some form of humanitarian visa scheme, although most deploy their schemes primarily on an exceptional basis. 182 Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, p Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission, pp ; and Facchi, L. (ed.) (2012), Exploring avenues for protected entry in Europe, Italian Council for Refugees, pp Please note that, in this context, the Netherlands considered reasons (e.g. for reasons of civil war or trauma) outside the scope of conventions ratified by the Netherlands, such as the Refugee Convention, ECHR and CAT, as humanitarian rather than protection reasons. 48

51

52 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs 4. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 4.1. Conclusions: are Member States making sufficient use of the existing provisions on humanitarian visas? Key finding: the Visa Code remains humanitarian visa procedure unclear and provides for no separate The findings of the study suggest that the obligation under Article 25 (1) to issue LTV visas on, inter alia, humanitarian grounds or because of international refugee and human rights obligations is not sufficiently ensured through, or enshrined in, formal procedures. Provisions governing the possibility to derogate from visa admissibility requirements in Article 19 (4) do not fully tally with the provisions stipulating when humanitarian visa s are to be granted in Article 25 (1). While it is possible to waive admissibility requirements on humanitarian grounds or for reasons of national interest, limited territorial validity (LTV) Schengen visas (valid in one or more, but not all, Member States ) are to be issued - in addition to the aforementioned reasons - where Member States consider it necessary [...] because of international obligations. This inconsistency is exacerbated by the absence of any automatic link between the two articles, meaning that some applications that should ordinarily qualify for humanitarian visas under Article 25 (1) may be de facto excluded because they are simply deemed inadmissible. Furthermore, the Visa Code provides for no right of appeal in cases of non-admissibility. The lack of a clearly articulated and distinct procedure for LTV visas means that a) it is unclear whether Member States are obliged to initiate humanitarian or human rights assessments under Articles 19 (4) and 25 (1) and b) it is unclear whether appeal is granted in cases of refusal of LTV visas. Consequently, the Visa Code reform offers an opportunity to inject some much-needed clarity and remedy some of the Code's current shortcomings. Key finding: Member States have implemented a variety of humanitarian visa schemes, but are reluctant to support EU initiatives Over the past decade, the Commission has repeatedly encouraged the Member States to develop common guidelines and procedures for the issuing of humanitarian visas as a way of ensuring the more orderly arrival of persons with well-founded protection needs. Political backing for any EU-wide scheme has, however, been in short supply. Yet, the findings of the study suggest that 16 EU Member States, including one non-schengen Member State, do acknowledge the need for some type of humanitarian visa scheme since they either currently have or have previously had a national scheme for issuing some form of humanitarian visa - whether national (for just that Member State), uniform Schengen (valid across the Schengen area) or LTV Schengen visas. Admittedly, national schemes have generally been deployed on an exceptional basis. This fact, allied to the obvious lack of political support for EU initiatives to date, points to, inter alia, the existence of practical constraints in issuing humanitarian visas. It will obviously be important to give due consideration to these constraints when shaping provisions and guidelines on humanitarian visas. Conclusion: Member States should be making greater use of the existing provisions on humanitarian visas 50

53 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? Due to the shortage of legal routes of entry to EU territory, the protection and rights mechanisms of the EU acquis are rendered inaccessible to genuine refugees, potential asylum seekers and other vulnerable migrants. These persons therefore resort to irregular, dangerous and undignified journeys to gain entry to the EU. The EU and its Member States are, however, bound by refugee and human rights obligations. Given that there is a humanitarian visa scheme laid down in the Visa Code, the study concludes that Member States have an obligation to make use of the existing provisions on humanitarian visas Policy recommendations Against this background, it is recommended that the European Parliament: As regards general issues 1. maintains and demands a holistic and human-rights-based approach to EU migration and border management and control, while underscoring the extraterritorial and jurisdictional fundamental rights obligations of the Member States; 2. insists that the Member States comply with their current obligations under the Visa Code to issue humanitarian visas in accordance with refugee and human rights obligations; 3. insists that all visa applications are subject to a protection-sensitive pre-screening procedure. This should happen without prejudice to the rights of spontaneous asylum seekers since humanitarian visas constitute an instrument complementary to other Protected Entry Procedures, protection practices and the Common European Asylum System, and are by no means a substitute for them; 4. supports the Commission in its ongoing efforts to ensure the more orderly arrival of persons, to develop a coordinated approach to humanitarian visas and to draw up common guidelines as a starting point for enabling people to request protection without having to undertake a potentially fatal journey to reach the EU border. Any future approach could draw on Member States experiences with humanitarian visa schemes and tap into the experience and expertise of EASO, FRA and the UNHCR; 5. encourages the Commission to adopt its Communication on new approaches concerning access to asylum procedures targeting main transit countries, as envisaged in COM(2010) 171; As regards the Visa Code reform specifically 6. calls for more consistent provisions on humanitarian visas: the conditions on which a visa application not fulfilling the admissibility requirements may be declared admissible should correspond to the conditions on which a humanitarian visa may be issued. As such, international obligations should be added to the list of reasons for waiving admissibility requirements in Article 19; 7. calls for the Visa Code to contain an independent formal procedure for the lodging and processing of applications for humanitarian Schengen visas with a view to ensuring that Member States comply with their fundamental rights obligations and issue humanitarian LTV visas where required under Article 25 (1). A formal procedure should be unambiguous in requiring Member States to initiate an assessment under Article 25 (1) to determine whether it is justified to derogate from 51

54 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs Schengen visa requirements on humanitarian grounds or because of international obligations. Given the filtering effect of Article 19, it is essential that any such procedure should also require a mandatory assessment of whether it is justified to derogate from the admissibility requirements on humanitarian grounds or because of international obligations. Any application declared admissible should then be properly examined; 8. calls for the explicit right of appeal for visa applicants both where admissible humanitarian visa applications are refused and where visa applications are deemed inadmissible; 9. considers whether an independent and separate scheme on humanitarian visas should provide for such visas to be issued in the format of uniform visas - valid across the Schengen area - rather than as visas with limited territorial validity; 10. calls for an explicit requirement that, where the representing Member State acting under the proposed mandatory representation provisions is considering refusing a visa application, that application must reach the state authorities of the competent Member State; 11. insists that all visa applications that do not meet the admissibility requirements must reach the competent Member State authorities where there is a cooperation arrangement with an external service provider. State authorities should then assess whether it is justified to derogate from the admissibility requirements on humanitarian grounds or because of international obligations; 12. calls for a mechanism to be established to monitor Member States issuing of humanitarian Schengen visas, with an obligation for Member States to provide statistics and other relevant information. Such a monitoring mechanism may help to ensure more consistent practices and a more liberal approach to the issuing of humanitarian Schengen visas; The relevant provisions in the existing Visa Code have a clear aim - to ensure that Member States meet their humanitarian and fundamental rights obligations by issuing visas to the most vulnerable protection seekers. This study has identified inconsistencies and shortcomings that are undermining that aim. The Visa Code reform now offers the European Union an opportunity to remedy those flaws and ensure that the most vulnerable and the most in need of help are able to access EU territory legally and safely. 52

55 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? REFERENCES Literature and studies (all links provided were last accessed on 21 August 2014) BE EMN NCP (December 2009), EU and non-eu harmonised protection statuses in Belgium, Belgian National Contact Point to the European Migration Network (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/non-euharmonised-protection-status/02._belgium_national_report_noneu_harmonised_forms_of_protection_final_version_12feb10_en.pdf). Betts, A. (August 2008), New Issues in Refugee Research: Towards a soft law framework for the protection of vulnerable migrants, Research Paper No. 162, UNHCR (http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c23256b0.html). Carrera, S. and Guild, E. (July 2014), The European Council s Guidelines for the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice 2020: Subverting the Lisbonisation of Justice and Home Affairs? CEPS Essay No. 13 (http://www.ceps.be/book/european-council%e2%80%99s- guidelines-area-freedom-security-and-justice-2020-subverting- %E2%80%98lisbonisation%E2%80%99). DE EMN NCP (April 2009), The Granting of Non-EU Harmonised Protection Statuses in Germany, German National Contact Point to the European Migration Network (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/non-euharmonised-protection-status/10a._germany_national_report_noneu_harmonised_protection_statuses_final_version_23feb10_en.pdf). DE EMN NCP (2012), Visa Policy as Migration Channel, German National Contact Point to the European Migration Network (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/migrationchannel/de_ _visapolicy_en_version_final_en.pdf). den Heijer, M. (2011), Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum (https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16699/000-heijer pdf). Diedring, M. (January 2014), An Open and Safe Europe What Next? Legal Routes to Access Asylum in Europe Workshop (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we- do/policies/future-of-home-affairs/high-conference-jan- 2014/docs/diedring_speaking_en.pdf). ECRE (December 2007 ), Defending Refugees Access to Protection in Europe (http://www.ecre.org/component/downloads/downloads/60.html). ECRE (January 2014), An Open and Safe Europe - What Next?, ECRE submission to the European Commission Consultation on the Future of Home Affairs Policies (http://ecre.org/component/downloads/downloads/844.html). EMN (2010), The different national practices concerning granting of non-eu harmonised protection statuses, with annex, European Migration Network (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/non-euharmonised-protectionstatus/0_emn_synthesis_report_noneuharmonised_finalversion_january2011_en.pdf 53

57 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? NL EMN NCP (March 2012), Visa policy as migration channel in The Netherlands, Dutch National Contact Point to the European Migration Network (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/migrationchannel/nl_ _visapolicy_en_version_final_en.pdf). Noll, G. et al (April 2002), Safe Avenues to Asylum? The Actual and Potential Role of EU Diplomatic Representations in Processing Asylum Requests, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, UNHCR (http://www.unhcr.org/3cd000a52.html). Noll, G. et al (2002), Study on the feasibility of processing asylum claims outside the EU, The Danish Centre for Human Rights, European Commission (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/elibrary/docs/pdf/asylumstudy_dchr_2002_en_en.pdf). Noll, G. (2005), Seeking asylum at Embassies: A Right to Entry under International Law?, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 17, No. 3. Oxfam GB (2005), Foreign Territory: The Internationalisation of EU Asylum Policy (https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/events/events_2005/foreign%20territor y%20final%20%28english%29.pdf). Peers, S. (2014), External processing of applications for international protection in the EU, EU Law Analysis (http://www.ein.org.uk/blog/external-processing-applicationsinternational-protection-eu). Peers, S. (2014), Do potential asylum-seekers have the right to a Schengen visa?, EU Law Analysis (http://eulawanalysis.blogspot.dk/2014/01/do-potential-asylum-seekershave-right.html). PERCO (N ovember 2012), Position on the Need to Create Legal Avenues to Access International Protection within the European Union, Position Paper, Platform for European Red Cross Cooperation on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Migrants (http://www.ifrc.org/pagefiles/89645/perco%20postion%20on%20legal%20avenues %20to%20Access%20International%20Protection%20within%20the%20EU%20final%2 0adopted%20version% pdf). PL EMN NCP (2010), Granting non-eu harmonised protection statuses to foreigners in Poland, Polish National Contact Point to the European Migration Network (http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/emn-studies/non-euharmonised-protection-status/20a._poland_national_report_noneu_harmonised_forms_of_protection_final_version_12july2010_en.pdf). PT EMN NCP (2009), Protection Statuses Complementing EU Legislation Regarding Immigration and Asylum in Portugal, Portugal National Contact Point to the European Migration Network ( Standing committee of experts on international immigration, refugee and criminal law (February 2007), Note on the draft proposal for a Community Code on Visas, COM (2006) 403 final; 2006/0142 (COD), Utrecht (http://www.statewatch.org/news/2007/feb/meijers-cttee-note-community-codevisas.pdf). 55

58 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs The Red Cross (2013), Legal Avenues to Access International Protection in the EU: Recommendations of the National Red Cross Societies of the Member States of the European Union and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Position Paper (http://redcross.eu/en/upload/documents/pdf/2012/migration/position%20paper_legal %20Avenues_RCEU_ pdf). Vandvik, B. (2008), Extraterritorial border controls and responsibility to protect: a view from ECRE, Amsterdam Law Forum, Vol. 1, No. 1 (http://amsterdamlawforum.org/article/view/38/40). Official documents Contracting Parties, Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders 19 June 1990, [2000] OJ L 239/19 (as amended). Council of the EU, Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 listing the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external borders and those whose nationals are exempt from that requirement (Visa List Regulation), [2001] OJ L 81/1 (as amended). Council of the EU, Regulation (EC) No. 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), [2006] OJ L 105/1 (as amended). Council of the EU, Common Consular Instructions on visas for the diplomatic missions and consular posts, [2002] OJ C 313/1. Council of the EU, European Pact on Immigration and Asylum, 24 September 2008 (07.10) (OR.fr), /08. Council of the EU, Regulation (EC) No. 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July establishing a Community Code on Visas (Visa Code), [2009] OJ L 243/1 (as amended). Court of Justice of the EU, Case C-84/12, Koushkaki, 19 December European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on immigration and asylum policies, COM(1994) 23 final, 23 February European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Towards a common asylum procedure and a uniform status, valid throughout the Union, for persons granted asylum, COM(2000) 755 final, 22 November European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on a common policy on illegal immigration, COM(2001) 672 final, 15 November European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the common asylum policy and the Agenda for protection 56

59 Humanitarian visas: option or obligation? (Second Commission report on the implementation of Communication COM(2000) 755 final of 22 November 2000), COM(2003) 152 final, 26 March European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Towards more accessible, equitable and managed asylum systems, COM(2003) 315 final, 3 June European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the managed entry in the EU of persons in need of international protection and the enhancement of the protection capacity of the regions of origin: Improving access to durable solutions, COM(2004) 410 final, 4 June European Commission, Draft proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on Visas, COM(2006) 403 final, 19 July European Commission, Commission Recommendation: establishing a common Practical Handbook for Border Guards (Schengen Handbook) to be used by the Member States competent authorities when carrying out the border control of persons C(2006) 5186, 6 November European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions: Policy Plan on Asylum - an integrated approach to protection across the EU, COM(2008) 360 final, 17 June European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: An area of freedom, security and justice serving the citizen, COM(2009) 262 final, 10 June European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Delivering an area of freedom, security and justice for Europe s citizens - Action Plan Implementing the Stockholm Programme, COM(2010) 171 final, 20 March European Commission, Consolidated version of the Handbook for the processing of visa applications and the modification of issued visas based on Commission decision C(2010) 1620 of 19 March 2010 and Commission implementing decision C(2011) 5501 of 4 August European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament: Implementation and development of the common visa policy to spur growth in the EU, COM(2012) 649 final, 07 November European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the work of the Task Force Mediterranean, COM(2013) 869 final, 4 December European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: An open and safe Europe: making it happen, COM(2014) 154 final, 11 March European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document: Implementation of the Communication on the Work of the Task Force Mediterranean, SWD(2014) 173 final, Parts 1/2 and 2/2, 22 May

60 Policy Department C: Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Union Code on Visas (Visa Code) (recast) {SWD(2014) 67 final} {SWD(2014) 68 final}, COM(2014) 164 final, 1 April European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: A smarter visa policy for economic growth {SWD(2014) 101 final}, COM(2014) 165 final, 1 April European Council, Presidency Conclusions of the Tampere European Council October European Council, Presidency Conclusions of the Thessaloniki European Council June European Council, The Stockholm Programme - an open and secure Europe serving and protecting citizens, [2010] OJ C 115/1. European Council, Conclusions of the European Council December European Council, Conclusions of the European Council June European Parliament, European Parliament Resolution on the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament entitled towards more accessible, equitable and managed asylum systems (COM(2003) C5-0373/ /2155(INI)), P5_TA(2004) 0260, 1 April European Parliament, European Parliament Resolution on the future of the Common European Asylum System (2008/2305(INI)), P6_TA(2009) 0087, 10 March European Parliament, European Parliament Resolution on migratory flows in the Mediterranean, with particular attention to the tragic events off Lampedusa (2013/2827(RSP)), P7_TA-PROV(2013)0448, 23 October European Parliament, European Resolution on the mid-term review of the Stockholm Programme (2013/2024(INI)), P7_TA(2014)0276, 2 April FRA, Handbook on European law relating to asylum, borders and immigration, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2013 (http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/handbook-law-asylum-migrationborders_en.pdf). FRA, Fundamental rights at Europe s southern sea borders, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2013 (http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fundamental-rightseuropes-southern-sea-borders-jul-13_en.pdf). Frontex, Annual Risk Analysis 2013, European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union, 2013 (http://frontex.europa.eu/assets/publications/risk_analysis/annual_risk_analysis_201 3.pdf). IOM, Irregular migration and mixed flows: IOM s approach, MC/INF/297, International Organisation for Migration, 19 October 2009 (http://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/about_iom/en/council/98/m C_INF_297.pdf). UNHCR, 10-Point Plan of Action on Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, rev (http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a16aac66.html). 58

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