The use of support materials on the nanoparticle synthesis and applications has advantages in many aspects; resisting the aggregation and gelation of nanoparticles, providing more active sites by dispersing over the supports, and facilitating a filtering process. In order to elucidate the influence of the supports on the nitrate reduction reactivity, the supported iron nanoparticles were prepared by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of supports such as activated carbon, silica and polyethylene. The reactivity for nitrate reduction decreased in the order of unsupported Fe(0) > activated carbon(AC) supported Fe(0) > polyethylene(PE) supported Fe(0) silica supported Fe(0). Rate constants decrease with increasing initial nitrate concentration implying that the reaction is limited by the surface reaction kinetics.

The total number of flies collected was 4,864 with sex ratio of 32.8% from Suseungdae area, Geochang-gun, Gyeongnam, Korea. The fauna of fly was 35 species consisting of 13 Calliphoridae, 12 Muscidae, 8 Sarcophagidae, 1 Dryomyzidae and 1 Anthomyiidae. The number of genus and species of Calliphoridae and Muscidae of Suseungdae area were similarly found in the mountain and residential areas, however, those of Sarcophagidae was similar with that of residential area. Calliphoridae was the most dominant family at the survey sites with 60.4% of the total collected flies, and followed Muscidae 33.3% and Sarcophagidae 6.2%. The dominant species were constituted of 83.6% of the total flies and the order of collected flies was Chrysomyia pinguis (42.2%), Limnophora sp. (10.8%), Muscina angustifrons (8.6%), Calliphora lata (8.1%), Fannia scalaris (5.5%), Lucilia caesar (3.9%), and Boettcherisca peregrina (4.2%). The seasonal prevalence of flies was from the middle of March to the end of November, and the peak time of appearance was the middle of June, middle of September and middle of October. The highest peak of prevalence was the middle of October. The similarity index of the flies was above 80%, compared to Mt. Geonheung and landfill in Geochang-gun. The number of fly species was more affected by the mean air temperature. In the comparison of the seasonal prevalence and relative abundance of 7 predominant species among 35 species, each species was found to exhibit its specific characteristics and showed the pattern of species.

The object of this study is the safety insurance of the dam to provide for the extraordinary flood. The safety insurance of the reservoir was taken by the preparatory discharge using the temporary division tunnel used during the reservoir construction. In this study, the Sungju reservoir was simulated. The existing discharge facilities of the intake tower of the Sungju reservoir could nat have influence on the flood control. When the Sungju reservoir operated to begin preparatory discharge for 48 hrs by the temporary diversion tunnel that have discharge of an 20-years frequency, the water level was lowered about 20 cm. When the Sungju reservoir operated to begin the continuous discharge after the preparatory discharge, the water level was lowered over 1m but the downstream at risk was caused by the resulted. If it is possible to operate to begin the preparatory discharge of the reservoir for 24 hrs by the temporary diversion tunnel, that will improve the flood control faculty of the reservoir without other hydraulic structure and safety of the Sungju reservoir will be higher.

Gwangyang Bay is often severely confronted by photochemical pollutants due to its location and dense emissions. It is located in a basin on the south coast of the Korean peninsula and is crossed by a remarkable cluster of hills and mountains of a small horizontal scale that forms a channel. Clearly, the air flow field has a great influence on the dispersion of air pollutants. The characteristics of the wind flow patterns have an important effect on the dispersion of pollutants emitted. In these situations, the distribution of the ozone concentration is extremely complicated because of the superposition of circulations of the air flow fields, especially in complex coastal region. In this study, we examined the distribution of the high level ozone on Gwangyang Bay particularly during the episode day (for 5 years). Among these days, A high level ozone was induced by the development of a sea/land breeze local circulation system, as well as by an anabatic/catabatic flow from the mountains and valley with weakening of the synoptic wind. High level ozone distribution pattern(6 types) on Gwangyang bay is analyzed and the comparison of each pattern reveals substantial localized differences in intensity and distribution of ozone concentration from the site coherence and UPA analysis of ozone concentration. The observed VOC concentration had much difference in concentrations and daily variations between Jungdong and Samil.

To investigate correlation between the distribution of marine bacteria and environmental characteristics in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay, chemical oxygen demand(COD), acid volatile sulfide(AVS), ignition loss(IL), total organic carbon(TOC), and total organic nitrogen(TON) were measured and analyzed at 7 stations in winter and summer. In winter, COD and AVS ranged from 13.45 mg/g to 30.06 mg/g(average: 23.58 mg/g) and from 0.03 mg/g to 1.04 mg/g(average: 0.63 mg/g), respectively. IL, TOC, and TON ranged from 8.03% to 11.41%(average: 9.41%), from 1.17% to 2.10%(average: 1.62%), and from 0.09% to 0.18%(average 0.15%), respectively. In summer, COD, AVS, IL, TOC, and TON ranged from 14.06 mg/g to 32.19 mg/g(average: 24.71 mg/g), from 0.03 mg/g to 1.11 mg/g(average: 0.66 mg/g), from 9.00% to 12.15%(average: 10.96%), from 1.27% to 2.12%(average 1.77%), and from 0.12% to 0.19%(average: 0.16%), respectively. These values were relatively higher than those in winter. Kamak Bay had high C/N ratio that might be resulted from the input of terrestrial sewage and industrial wastewater. The number of marine viable bacteria was in winter and in summer. The most abundant species were Pseudomonas spp., Flavobacterium spp., and Vibrio spp, in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay. It was found that the concentration of organic matters and viable bacterial cells in the inner part were relatively higher than those in the outer of Kamak Bay. The distribution of viable bacterial cells was closely influenced by environmental factors.

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and aldehydes for near a large shipyard. Most of the painting work in marine coating is performed indoor and outdoor. Most of the VOCs are emitted to the atmosphere as the paint is applied and cures. The massive scale of a ship makes it difficult to capture the emissions from outdoor painting. The VOCs are an important health and contributors to photochemical smog. The VOCs and aldehydes samples were collected using adsorbent tube and 2,4-DNPH cartridge, and were determined by an automatic thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS and HPLC-UV analysis, respectively. A total of 16 aromatic VOCs and 12 aldehydes of environmental concern were determined. At indoor coating facilities, the most abundant compound among 16 target VOCs appeared to be m,p-xylene, being followed by o-xylene. But most of the aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations. The atmospheric concentration of VOCs, m,p-xylene concentrations were the highest and the mean value were outdoor workshop 11.323 ppb, residental area 5.134 ppb, and green area 2.137 ppb, respectively. However, the most aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and non-detection such as iso-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and o-tolualdehyde.

Effects of salinity and standard toxic metals on fertilization and embryo development rates were investigated in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Spawning was induced by injecting 1ml of 0.5 M KCl into the coelomic cavity. The fertilization and embryo development rates were below 20% when salinity was 25 psu or lower, but were above 90% when salinity was between 30 and 35 psu. The fertilization and embryo development rates in the control condition (not including Cu and Cd) were greater than 90%, but decreased with a high negative correlation (r) of 0.89 and 0.91 with the increasing of Cu and Cd concentrations, respectively. These results suggest that salinity concentrations for successful fertilization and normal embryogenesis of S. nudus are between 30 and 35 psu, and the biological assays of fertilization and embryo development rates using S. nudus are useful methods for the ecological toxicity test of marine pollution elements.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of the RMA2 model parameters reflecting the flow characteristics of stream junction and thus understand the hydraulic characteristics of the channel confluence flow. This study dealt with the input parameters of the RMA-2 model, a two-dimensional numerical analysis model widely used for researches both at home and abroad. The parameters of the RMA-2 model are roughness coefficient, turbulent diffusion coefficient, Coriolis forces latitude, Density, and mesh size. This study those parameters estimated from actual heavy rainfall, and varied the parameter size by (-)30%+30% to review the characteristics of the flow characteristics of the channel section. Weobserved that when the ratio of the channel width was relatively small, the smaller the approaching angle was, the farther from the junctions became the generating place of the maximum flow velocity, however, when the ratio of the channel width was relatively large, the larger the approaching angle was, the farther the generating place of the maximum flow velocity from the junctions became. In particular, the distance between junctions and the place where the maximum flow velocity generated showed an absolute correlationover 90% of the relative channel width, but an inverse relationwas found when the distance to the place where the flow velocity generated was shortened as relative the channel width between the main channel and tributary increased.

We have studied bioremediation of effective microorganisms on crude oil spill in Taean, west-coast of Korea. Oil contaminated soil samples were collected on December 14, 2007, seven days after the Hebei Spirit oil-spilled accident. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was measured to evaluate the effectiveness of effective microorganisms (EM) which were composed with yeast, photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria on oil degradation. TPH concentration before EM treatment was 323.8 mg/kg, whereas TPH concentrations on 2 days after EM treatment and that of control (without EM) was 102.1 mg/kg and 170.6 mg/kg, respectively. On six days after EM treatment TPH was 91.3 mg/kg and that of control was 127.7 mg/kg. Percentages of degraded crude oil were 47.3% without EM and 68.5% with EM, 60.6% without EM and 71.8% with EM on 2 and 6 days after EM treatment, respectively. These results clearly showed that the application of effective microorganisms toward oil-contaminated soil was quite useful to degrade crude oil spill. These results were derived from the effects of biostimulation of microbial media nutrients and bioaugmentation of effective microorganisms. If we carefully apply these effective microorganisms, it can be a useful bioremediation method to recover oil-contaminated marine ecosystems.

This study was investigated experimental condition which is able to evaluate photocatalytic activity of various commercial . The experiments were performed for three representative substances (ethanol, phenol and methylene blue) and four kinds of commercial , under the experimental conditions such as pH, reactant concentration, amount of , reaction time and UV intensity. The optimum experimental conditions to evaluate photocatalytic activity were as follows : for ethanol, the initial concentration 1000 ppm, initial pH 8, loadings 0.1 wt%, and reaction time 90 minutes: for phenol, the initial concentration 200 ppm, initial pH 8, loadings 1 wt%, and reaction time 60 minutes: for methylene blue, the initial concentration 200 ppm, initial pH 4, loadings 0.5 wt%, and reaction time 30 minutes.

The oriental ore minerals, which mainly consisted of talc, actinolite, sericite, and halloysite were developed, and then used to examine the healing effect on the skin wound in rats. Full-thickness square wounds were formed on the backs of rats after the hairs on the dorsal surface were shaved. The ore minerals were applied to examine the healing effect from day 0 to 15 after wounding. Notable wound healings in terms of congestion around the wound, wound contraction and epithelialization were found in ore mineral-treated groups. Moreover, microscopic results revealed the formation of epithelial layer, hair follicles and progressive angiogenesis in ore mineral-treated groups, while complete epithelial layer could not be found in the control. These results suggest that ore minerals from Korean indigenous ores may have wound healing effect on the skin injury in rats.

Using high voltage electric fields induced by high voltage AC (10-12 kV/cm, 20 kHz) and pulsed (20-30 kV/cm, 40 Hz) electric field generator as a semipermanent and environment-friendly disinfecting apparatus, the disinfection effect of coliform group in the effluent of sewage plant was investigated. The effects of electric field strength, treatment time, discharge area of a discharge tube, water quality factors (electric conductivity, pH and SS) on its death rate were examined. The death rate of coliform group was increased with increasing electric field strength and treatment time. For AC and pulsed electric field generator, the critical electric field strength was 6 kV/cm and 2 kV/cm, respectively, and the critical treatment time was 5 min and 2 min, respectively, regardless of electric field strength. Comparing the death rate of coliform group by AC and pulsed electric fields used in this study, its death rate was higher for the latter than the former, but did not increase linearly with increasing electric field strength. The results obtained for the effects of discharge area, electric conductivity, pH and SS on the death rate of coliform group using AC electric field (12 kV/cm, 20 kHz) were as follows: its death rate showed the trend to increase linearly with increasing discharge area; for the effect of electric conductivity, its death rate was increased with increasing electric conductivity, regardless of ionic species, increased with increasing cationic valency, but was similar between the same cationic valency; the pH used in this study did not affect its death rate; its death rate was decreased with increasing SS concentration.