Stress revision- possible 12 mark questions

STRESS Stress a biological and physiological bodily response experienced on encountering a threatthat we feel we do not have the resources to deal with. EXPOSURE TO A STRESSOR SAM (short term) HPA (long term) Hypothalamus Hypothalamus Sympathetic branch of ANS Pituitary gland Adrenal medulla ATCH Adrenaline and noradrenaline Adrenal cortex Fight or flight Cortisol and glucose Heart rate increase Immune system OUTLINE AND EVALUATE RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECTSOF STRESS AND FORMS OF PHYSICAL ILLNESS (Freidman and Rosenman) Hypothesis types A personality were more likely to develop CHD than type B personality type. SELF SELECTED sample 3200 Californian men (3959) LONGLITUDINAL study 8 ½ years STRUCTUURED INTERVIEW & OBSERVATION From responses and manor TYPE A competitive, ambitious, impatient TYPE B relaxed, noncompetitive TYPE C hard working but becomes apathetic when faced with stress 257/3200 men developed CHD over the eight and a half years 70% of those were type A personality More than DOUBLE the about than B, even taking into account obesity, smoking and HBP

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Type A had higher levels of hormones SIGNIFICANT correlation between CHD and personality types Type A experiences more stress due to personality therefore more likely to develop CHD CAUSE AND EFFECT cannot be inferred as variables cannot be controlled because it was a longitudinal study Difficult to repeat findings Findings suggest it is more to do with personality than exposure to stressOUTLINE AND EVALUATE RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM(Kiecolt Glaser et al) Hypothesis psychological stress (caring for patients with…read more

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Weak but significant in 2500 people Cause and effect cannot be inferred illness could have helped to cause life events not the other way around Study was culture and gender biased Lacks external validityOUTLINE AND EVALUATE RESEARCH INTO DAILY HASSLES (De Longis) Hypothesis daily hassles would have a larger effect on stress and physical illness than life events Used a life events scale along with daily hassles scale to compare which predicted illness better Questionnaire once a month for a yearhassles scale, uplifts scale,…read more

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OUTLINE AND EVALUATE HARDINESS (Kobasa) HARDINESS A cluster of traits possessed by those people best able to cope with stress COMMITMENT they are more involved in what they do and have direction in life find meaning in their work and personal relationships CHALLENGE they view potentially stressful situations as a challenge and an opportunity rather than a problem/ threat CONTROL they have a strange sense of control than other people feel they can influence their lives STRENGTHS Hardy individuals generally exhibit lower levels of stress…read more

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Not a long term solution as they do not target the problem just mask it OUTLINE AND EVALUATE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO STRESS MANAGEMENT (SIT) 1) CONCEPTUALISATION PHASEtherapist and client form relationship identify sources of stress Asked to keep a diary of stressful experiences Therapist challenges client's stressful situation if exaggerated 2) SKILLS ACQUISITION PHASE coping skills taught and practiced first clinic then life Skills taught and tailored to clients problems Includes positive thinking, relaxation, methods of diversion etc.…read more