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This bears a direct correspondence to the classic confusion between subjuntive and conditional, for hypothetical situations:
Si pidieras ayuda, tus cosas marcharían mejor. (If you
asked for help, things would go better) (Present Unreal Conditional)
This is the correct form for the present case (subjuntive/conditional). It would be clearly wrong to ...

A good general pattern that you'd probably want to use, might be:
Sería bueno si pudieras Y. => It would be great, if you could Y.
...where Y is the requested action. (Note: In some cases, the Sería bueno could come
after the si clause, but both are equivalent.)
Examples:
Sería bueno si pudieras ir a la tienda despues del trabajo. => If you ...

They are different. Podría ser is could be, whereas sería is would be:
Si fuera rico, podría comer ostras a diario = If I were rich, I could eat oysters every day.
Si fuera rico, comería ostras a diario = If I were rich, I would eat oysters every day.

Si (yo/él/usted) hubiera sido rico, hubiera/habría comprado un carro.
This means that if you would have been rich at that time you would have bought the car. This can imply that the situation might have changed. For example you may no longer interested in buying the car. But if at that time the condition would have been true you would have done it. The ...

The question "Who built Stonehenge?" refers to something that is fixed in the past. If we stick to that fact, in spanish the same question would be "¿Quién construyó Stonehenge?" (singular) or "¿Quiénes construyeron Stonehenge?" (plural). Simple past.
Now if you're debating about alternative outcomes of events that would have caused Stonehenge to not being ...

In spanish the first tends to be used when the speaker you are reffering is decided to do it, while the second one is conditioned and he/she won't do it due to something.
Maybe with the verb comprar in this example we cannot apply the general rule from Presente to Pretérito Imperfecto del indicativo except if we specify when because the verb itself only ...

First things first:
By "pero" you mean "perro" , am i right?. :-)
1) Means he was doing that while talking. Sound to me like: Dijo que estaba comprando... (He/she said he was buying the dog). At the same moment of talking.
2) Means that he/she would buy the dog in the future from the moment of the conversation, but... we still don't know if he really did ...

You will never go wrong using either of these standard forms:
Si tu hermana me llamase, te lo diría.
Si tu hermana me llamara, te lo diría.
That pair are completely interchangeable: no meaning changes when you switch between –se and –ra in the protasis. However, there are other, rarer scenarios.
The –se forms are always imperfect subjunctives. The –ra ...

The difference is quite subtle. In the first case, you are pretty confident that the person will do as she said, while in the second case you are not so confident. The conditional always expresses a possibility and not a certainty.
María dijo que compraba el perro --> María said that she was buying the dog and you have no reason to believe that she did not ...

If you want to use future subjunctive here (recall it's not used in anything but the most formal of documents), then the pattern is Si fut. subj., fut. ind.. In your example
Si él charlare conmigo de nuevo, seré distante.
That usage is pretty much entirely extinct in Spanish, though it is preserved in Portuguese: Se ele conversar comigo de novo, serei ...