In the context of the world economy, explain what you understand by ‘globalisation’ and discuss the broad impact of globalisation on one country of your choice.

Support your answer with empirical evidence relating to your chosen country While your essay might consider a number of definitions of globalisation, it should focus particularly on the impact of globalisation on the country of your choice referring to the range of issues explored such as economic development, international trade , multinational enterprise and foreign direct investment, international finance system and crisis, exchange rate and regional economic integration.

You are encouraged to write concisely and to make use of graphs and tables to depict change in key variables over time (i.e. variables relating to imports, exports and trade openness, to foreign direct investment and other international financial flows, to international migration, and so forth) Empirical evidence might also include descriptive data, institutional arrangements and changes in them (e.g. regional integration arrangements, exchange rate systems, membership of international agencies, and so forth), government actions and policy measures (e.g. government strategy and policy associated with economic growth, industry and immigration, and so forth), and more. easy basic english please

SWOT Analysis of Costco

SWOT analysis of Costco is among the best methods used by the company in evaluating itself and making decisions for sustainability in the market. Costco Wholesale is considered one of the largest retailers in the world today. Based in Seattle, Washington, Costco operates membership warehouses in the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Spain and Australia. Besides, it also has several subsidiaries in Korea and Taiwan.

What is SWOT Analysis of Costco?

SWOT analysis of Costco refers to the evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company. Considering the majority of players and shifting trends in the retail warehousing industry, it is always advisable that a company conducts a SWOT analysis in order to determine areas of weakness that require fixing and potentialities that should be fully exploited.

By conducting a SWOT analysis, Costco Wholesale will be able to know how to package itself for continuous growth and development in the market. Below is a comprehensive SWOT analysis of Costco.

Strengths

These are the outstanding features of Costco that makes it unique and different from other retailers in the sector. One of the strengths of Costco is its pricing authority. The company mainly focusses on offering its customers quality products at the most competitive prices. The fact that it does not emphasize on maximizing profits in the short term gives many customers the confidence of always obtaining high quality products.

Brand loyalty is another strength of the company, which it has been able to attain through its constant pursuit of high quality and great value. This has enabled it to attract customer loyalty too.

Costco often records high sales volumes, which contributes to increased revenues. As a result of this, the company is able to make high revenues even if its prices are than other retailers.

Weaknesses

Although Costco is a renowned profitable retailer, it still suffers certain defects that if not solved on time, might negatively impact operations. One of them is the company’s business model which allows only the members of the club to use the warehouses. As much as this may encourage customers to buy at the company’s stores, it also limits the number since non-club members might not feel welcome.

Another weakness of Costco is that the stores do not offer a wide variety of goods and services like other retailers. This tends to send away many customers who will opt to shop from stores where they can easily find all the products they need at once.

Opportunities

One of the opportunities that Costco can exploit is the increasing number of younger customers. The recent months have seen the company’s management take measures aimed at attracting young customers, a move that can significantly help in driving long-term sales to the company.

The going numbers of people using e-commerce is yet another opportunity that Costco should look into tapping. Intensive online marketing could also be a great way of venturing into new markets and attracting more customers.

Costco has plans to continue growing its reach on the international map. There several foreign markets with better prospects like China, France among others.

Threats

The warehouse services industry is one which is quite competitive, considering the high number of players involved offering similar process, quality and selection. In the domestic market, Costco is facing stiff competition from companies like BJ’s Wholesale Club, Sam’s Club among others. Internationally, there are several other competitors like internet retailers and even others that do not require membership.

The intensive marketing by other retailers dealing in similar products as Costco is yet another threat that the company needs to challenge in order to avoid being edged out.

Conclusion on SWOT Analysis of Costco

Costco Wholesale is a business with high viability, the reason it has continued to expand even poor economic times. Its competitive prices is a key strength that has kept the business afloat for long. The above SWOT analysis of Costco also reveals that the company has several opportunities it can exploit in order to tame the threats in the market. Through the firm’s website, intensive internet marketing and network of suppliers, it can effectively reach out to a wider customer base and scare away competitors.

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How to Write a Scientific Research Paper

It is always recommended that you know how to write a scientific research paper in order to enhance your performance in science assignments and term papers. Science is a discipline that is quite vast and writing standard research reports or papers is one of the best ways through which you can be able to effectively understand its various elements. Contrary to what some students may think, you can easily know how to write a scientific research paper by just following the simple guidelines and steps discussed herein. Besides, you will also find sample scientific research papers for motivation in writing good reports.

A scientific research paper is just like other academic papers when it comes to writing, despite a few key aspects that should be highlighted therein. A scientific research paper is mainly used to explore and identify issues regarding science. This means you are required to clearly explain a particular study, focusing on materials used, processes involved, results, suggestions, challenges and relevance to the subject of the paper.

The skills on how to write a scientific research paper can be applied in various areas where writing is involved, apart from just assignments and term papers. In fact, knowing how to craft a good scientific research report will also enhance your general writing skills.

Tips on How to Write a Scientific Research Paper

In high school, college and university, writing scientific research papers is a common assignment for students. Therefore, you should know how to create a unique and high quality paper in order to attain the best results. Besides, writing a good scientific report also entails focus on the study, proper organization and planning. The following tips will guide you on how to write a scientific research paper.

Choose a topic

In some cases students are often given topics to discuss in science papers. However, there are also others whereby you are given the freedom of choosing one for yourself. If asked to pick a topic or subject, always go for something that you can easily discuss into detail.

A good topic should be one that others can also research on and get information. Besides, it would also be advisable to go for a subject that you and your readers are interested in. Writing about something that you love would be enjoyable and also much easier. In case you are unable to pick an ideal topic, try seeking suggestions from others.

Do your research

Having settled on a topic for the paper, you can now get into finding information about it. There are various sources that you can obtain information from including website pages, articles, interviews, blog posts among others. In fact, you can do the research from both primary and secondary sources.

It is advisable that you research from a wide range of sources in order to get various views or perspectives of the research topic. Try to find sources that are reliable and can offer valid insights into your study. Scientific journals, articles or papers written by experts in the field could offer great ideas for writing research reports.

Note down the basic elements of the research

In writing a scientific research paper, there are certain key aspects that you will be required to clearly bring out in every report. Therefore, it would be ideal if you highlighted them while doing the research for easy reference. Some of the main points to be noted include:

A description of the study, including statistics, facts and figures

Methods used in conducting the research

Results

Interpretation of the outcomes

The ideas that you have identified for the above aspects should not be generated from just one source, instead, developed through a proper analysis of information from various sources. However, you can also add your own comments or opinions for use in writing the paper. Also remember to mark the sources of your information for easy reference.

Identify the goal of the report

A scientific research paper can either be argumentative or analytical depending on the given instructions. Knowing the particular type of research paper that you will be writing is important in determining the approach to take. It is also important that you consider the audience or target readers in order to come up with an argument and points that they can easily understand and relate to.

Create a thesis

Also known as hypothesis, a thesis statement is the basis of the report that tells readers about the specific focus of the paper and what they should expect. It is the key argument that your study will be looking towards proving. Made up of just about two to three sentences, an ideal thesis should highlight a unique view about the topic. However, it must be an argument or claim that you are able to effectively prove with evidence, in the paper.

Pick your main points

The thesis is to set the stage, so you can easily identify the key points to be mentioned and discussed in the body and conclusion paragraphs. Go through the information obtained from the research, and choose the outstanding points to support the thesis.

When determining the key ideas for the paper, you should also mark the evidences that will be used to further explain the given point. These can include facts, figures, and quotations among others.

Develop an outline

An outline is important in organizing your points for every section of the paper. Creating one will give you an easy time in writing since all the references can be made from it. The outline should clearly show your main points for the introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion in brief.

Steps on How to Write a Scientific Research Paper

Generally, a scientific research paper has three main sections; introduction, body and conclusion. The following procedures will direct you on how to write a scientific research paper.

Title

Include a short and clear title that describes the discussion of the study as will be presented in your report.

Introduction

Start writing the paper by giving a general overview of the topic of study so readers can know where your discussion is coming from. This should only be a bout two or three sentences long. Towards the end of the first paragraph, you should also write the thesis and give readers a plan on how the paper will be handled in the next paragraphs.

Body Paragraphs

This is the ‘meat’ of the report and should comprehensively discuss the research in a way that your audience can read and understand. It is the point whereby you are required present a logical explanation of the study with regards to the main argument.

Use a new paragraph for a fresh idea or point to support the thesis. Besides, you should also give examples to back up every argument presented in each paragraph. Always make sure that every remark made in the paper is supported by facts from the study.

A good body paragraph should not simply give points or facts but proceed into fully explaining each and making a commentary. Try to be creative in writing the body paragraphs so the paper does not sound blunt and boring.

Conclusion

The last paragraph of a scientific research paper should summarize the study and bring the discussion to a close. The three basic elements of the conclusion include restatement of the thesis, a recap of the key points covered in the paper and emphasis on the implications of the results of the study.

For clarity, you can choose to use sub-titles to highlight the different aspects of the study in the paper. This implies after introduction, you can include sub-headings highlighting the methods of the study, materials used, outcomes and discussion.

Examples of Scientific Research Papers

Reading well written sample scientific research papers can also offer you more ideas on how to write a scientific research paper. Below are some examples to refer to:

Example 1

Sample Research Paper, ‘’Running on Empty: The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance’’

‘’Many things interrupt people’s ability to focus on a task: distractions, headaches, noisy environments, and even psychological disorders. To some extent, people can control the environmental factors that make it difficult to focus…’’ Read the rest of the sample paper here.

Example 2

Sample Scientific Research Paper

‘’Just as animals around the world have evolved to better survive in their environments, botanical life everywhere has also been forced to grow and adapt to their habitats. Every plant, from the smallest strain of seaweed to the tallest redwood is the result of billions of years of competition for optimal growth conditions…’’

Example 3

Sample Research Paper for a Science Fair Project, ‘’Which Battery Is Better?’’

‘’Batteries come in many shapes and sizes. Some are no longer than a pill while others are too heavy to lift, but most batteries have one thing in common-they store energy and change it into electrical energy. The cell is the basic unit that produces electricity…’’

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation refers to a metabolic pathway where cells’ mitochondria use their enzymes, structure and energy that is released by nutrients’ oxidation in reforming ATP. Oxidation phosphorylation is simplified as OXPHOS. Despite different life forms in the planet earth using different types of nutrients, ATP is the sole molecule that offers energy to the metabolism process. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in almost every aerobic organism.

As a pathway, oxidative phosphorylation is perhaps, so pervasive since it allows for a highly efficient way via which energy is released as compared to the alternative processes of fermentation such as the anaerobic glycolysis. Electrons transfer takes place during the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Electrons transfer occurs when electrons are moved from the electron donors to the electron acceptors such as redox reactions and oxygen. Redox reactions that take place during oxidative phosphorylation release energy. This energy is used in the formation of ATP. Redox reactions in the eukaryotes are performed by several protein complexes in the intermembrane wall mitochondria of the cell. In the prokaryotes, the proteins are situated in the inter-membrane space of the cells. The linked protein sets are known as the electron transport chains. In the eukaryotes, there are five major protein complexes that are involved. On the other hand, prokaryotes have various enzymes that use different electron donors as well as acceptors.

Energy that is released when the electrons flow via this process of electron transport chain is basically used in the transport of protons across inner membrane of mitochondria in a process known as the electron transport. This process also produces potential energy in pH gradient form. It also generates electrical potential across the membrane. This creates a store for energy that is tapped by letting proteins flow back across mitochondrial membrane downing this gradient via large enzyme known as ATP synthase. This process is called chemiosmosis.

The energy is used by the enzyme in generating ATP from the adenosine diphosphate in the phosphorylation reaction. Proton flow drives this reaction which in turn forces rotation forces of the part of enzyme. ATP synthase acts as the rotary mechanical motor of the process.

Despite being an important metabolism part, oxidative phosphorylation produces reactive species of oxygen including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide which then leads to the propagation of the free radicals which damage cells and facilitating diseases and senescence or aging. Many poisons and drugs that inhibit activities of the enzymes that carry out oxidative phosphorylation target them.

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Multidrug Resistance Associated Protein 1

Multidrug resistance associated protein 1refers to a protein that is encoded by ABCC1 gene in humans. The protein that is encoded by ABCC1 gene is part of the genes that belong to a super-family of the ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters. ABC proteins are responsible for the transportation of different molecules across the intra and extra-cellular membranes.

There are seven divisions or distinct subfamilies of the ABC genes. These are the ABC1, MRP, MDR/TAP, OABP, ALD, GCN20 and White. Multidrug resistance associated protein 1is a full transporter belonging to the MRP subfamily that is involved in the multi-drug resistance activities. The function of this protein is to act as multi-specific organic anion transporter with the oxidized glutathione, activated aflatoxin B, and cysteinly leukotrienes as the substrates.

The protein is also responsible for transporting sulfate conjugates and glucuronides of the steroid hormones as well as bile salts. Different splice variants result from alternative splicing of the exon deletion but original reading of the open frame in all the forms is maintained.

Multidrug resistance associated protein 1is among the major obstacles when it comes to treatment of cancer. This is because it not only hinders treatment, but also proper prognosis of cancer patients. It transport different therapeutic agents and a wide range of physiological substances and it can also play a significant role in development of resistance to drug in different forms of cancer including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and childhood neuroblastoma.

Many patients of neuroblastoma in the current world disseminated this disease during diagnosis. Despite undergoing intensive treatment, prognosis of such patients remains dismal. Evidence that shows that multidrug resistance associated protein 1targets the genes that are involved in multidrug resistance in the neuroblastoma is increasing rapidly. Considering the significance of multidrug resistance associated protein 1overexpression in the neuroblastoma, its inhibition can be an important approach clinically in improving the patient outcome in the disease.

Developing a resistance to different cytotoxic drugs is the main cause of failure for treatment in different types of infections and malignant diseases. Thu, despite making significant advancement in the treatment of cancer, multidrug resistance associated protein 1is still a major problem in the medical or clinical field.

It causes poor outcome for patients and limitation of therapeutic options in different cancers. As such, having a better understanding of mechanisms leading to multidrug resistance associated protein 1is very important. It can help in improving the existing regime of chemotherapy in treatment of cancer and neuroblastoma.

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Electron Transport Chain

Electron transport chain refers to several compounds that are responsible for transferring electrns from the electron donors to the electron acceptors through redox reactions while coupling the electron transfer process with protons (H+ ions) transfer across the membrane. This results in the creation of the electrochemical proton gradient responsible for driving synthesis of ATP or chemical energy generation in form of ATP or adenosine triphosphate.

The electron transport chain is used in energy extraction through redox reactions during photosynthesis from the sun or such as the case of sugars’ oxidation, cellular respiration. In inner mitochondrial membrane in the eukaryotes, there is a crucial electron transport chain that serves as the main oxidative phosphorylation site via the use of the adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast in the photosynthetic eukaryotes also has an electron transport chain. Electron transport chain is also found in the cell membrane of bacteria.

Light drives water conversion into NADP+ and oxygen to NADPH with H+ ions being transferred across the chloroplast membranes in the chloroplast. Oxygen conversion into water, NADH to the NAD+ and a succinate to fumerate required for the generation of proton gradient takes place in mitochondria. Electron transport chain is a major site where leakage of premature electron to oxygen and generation of superoxide with potential result of an increase in oxidative stress occurs.

Catabolic processes have FADH2 and NADH as their byproducts. These are in reduced forms. FADH2 and NADH are used by metabolic processes in transporting electrons in form of the hydride ions (H–). The electrons are then passed from FADH2 or NADH to electron carriers that are membrane bound which then passes on to the other carriers until when they are delivered to oxygen which result in water production.

During the process of passing electrons from one carrier to the other, hydrogen ions transfer also takes place in the inter-membrane spaces at the three points in electron transport chain. Hydrogen ions transportation results in greater hydrogen concentration in inter-membrane spaces than in matrix that can be used in driving ATP synthase and production of ATP which is a high energy molecule.

Energy that is obtained via electrons transfer is used in pumping protons from the matrix of the mitochondria into inter-membrane space which creates the electrochemical proton gradient found across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The electrochemical proton gradient enhances ATP synthase to use H+ flow via enzyme back to the matrix generating ATP from the adenosine diphosphate and the inorganic phosphate.

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Instrumental Variable

Instrumental variable is a very important technique that is applied in statistics and econometrics. However, it can be a bit confusing to most people. The technique is used in the estimation of casual relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible or when a treatment is not is not delivered successfully to each unit in an experiment that is not randomized. There are various instrumental variable methods that can be applied in obtaining results. These methods allow for consistency in estimation under conditions that explanatory variables are correlated with the error terms of a relationship of regression.

How instrumental variable operates

The estimation of causal impacts is often faced with difficulties. In fact, even trials that are randomized are imperfect, partly because we can often not be able to carry out true experiments. However, it is important to note that experimental design still remains the gold standard of statistical research. Instrumental variable is among the quasi-experimental methods of impacts estimations that are too compelling. The reason for this is because the assumptions required for the justification of instrumental variable method are usually more plausible than those that are required to justify other methods like regression.

In order to estimate an instrumental variable model, one should begin by identifying a variable or certain variables that impact the key independent variable, but only affect the results through the main independent variables. For instance, you can assume that month and state of birth would have no impact of a person’s income later in life, except that state laws establish when one is able to begin and end his or her K-12 education.

It is important to note that the models of instrumental variable are often conceptualized as two different equations. One of them specifies the relationship that exists between the main independent variable and the result. The other equation specifies the relationship between the instrumental variables and the result. Despite linear regression being considered to generally produce biased and inconsistent estimates, accurate results (consistent estimates) can still be obtained if an instrument is available. An instrument refers to a variable that does not itself belong in the explanatory equation, and has got a correlation with the endogenous variables.

There are two main requirements for using instrumental variable in linear regression. One is that the instrument must be correlated with the endogenous explanatory variables, limited to other covariates. Besides, the instrument cannot be correlated with the error term in the explanatory equation; the instrument cannot be left to face the same problem as the original predicting variable.

Instrumental variable methods are mostly used in the estimation of causal effects in contexts whereby controlled experiments are not available. However, the credibility of the resulting estimates is based on the choice of suitable instruments to use. Good instruments are often developed from policy changes. For instance, when a federal student aid scholarship program is cancelled, it may give a revelation of the effects of aid on the outcomes of some students.

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The Future Privatization of the UAE

Abstract

Privatization is considered as the most viable solution to dealing with the existing problems that currently face the UAE. This platform is founded on the important roles that this institution has played in spearheading wealth generation amongst different peoples in different parts of the world. One of the key solutions articulated by management frameworks is total overhaul of organizations. The harsh reality that has been brought forth by economic problems in the UAE have led organizations to initiate designs of privatization to deal with these economic issues.

Introduction

The United Arabs Emirates future trends are centered within the needs to secure bright future for the country. The UAE is currently going through tough economic conditions and this has brought about the need to use privatization as one of the solutions to the financial woes. This is attributed to the massive wealth and control that the UAE as an institution holds over the globe. According to some studies, the UAE has control over most of the oil reserves and energy resources, in addition to economic infrastructure and this wealth has come with many responsibilities. Over time political and social hiccups have led many to believe that privatization of the UAE is the most feasible solution to its problems. One of the major problems involves leadership and managerial lapses that are being experienced within the top structure of the organization. In fact, according to the experts the social and economic problems being currently experienced by the United Arab Emirates need some form of immediate realistic redress (Celâsun, 2001, p.67). Some have attributed the weakness of this organization to the low overseas debts and other economic problems currently being faced by major economies around the world. Through privatization as a platform, there is hope of breaking down bureaucratic processes being experienced in the management of UAE and helping the country retain its importance in the world economic and social affairs.

Background Information

The past century has experienced a variety of social and economic activities that have had an effect on the UAE. Tremendous social and economic pillars have been integrated within the United Arabs Emirates as whole. This has been received with mixed reactions with some criticizing the management diseconomies that have taken place based on the wide variety of activities undertaken by the institution. The UAE operates a multifaceted economic set up that encompasses different operational and trading platforms with research showing that the country controls different economic and trading activities within the business sector. Its main operations are within the the exploration of oil and energy resources as well as infrastructural investments. Despite this control and having majored in investments as well as other forms of trade, the UAE has had many management and leadership problems and especially with regard to the conduct of some of its officials and administrators. If allowed to persist, these management problems have the potential to place the viability of the organization under questionable and doubtful circumstances in future hence the dire need for privatization as a solution. Privatization measures will first embark on structurally reforming Abu Dhabi. The manifesto of this organization spells out some social attributes of this organization as good service delivery, and maximum social responsibility for all its members, as well as the society at large (Gonzales, 2008, p.123). Ultimately, the management problems of the UAE can be resolved through restructuring.

Discussion

There have been difficulties in predicting the future leadership of the UAE because of the current managerial problems. Even though its vested interests are viable and stable, its management casts doubt in its leadership structures. Privatization is the process through which private firms or individuals get the permit to lease an organization’s social and business interests for an agreed period of time. It is one of the major undertakings in restructuring viable organizations taken up to save many public institutions (Schwartz, 2010, p. 62). By allowing for privatization to take place, the UAE will salvage its image and future because there will be intrusion of new management and this will help to curb vices perpetrated through managerial and administrative officials. One of the main challenges caused by management problems in the UAE is the increased gap in social and economic structures of shareholders which has been created by the strata put in place by the management. The huge gap between the rich and poor will inevitably create tensions amongst shareholders of the UAE. This can be resolved through privatization. Currently the Emirates is undertaking privatization processes to resolve these problems. Abu Dhabi has embraced the privatization frameworks as the solution to social and economic gaps as well as diseconomies. In fact, privatization is deemed as a viable solution because it will create more wealth and reduce managerial diseconomies.

The taking up of privatization by Abu Dhabi has somewhat increased tensions because of the rise in the gap between the rich and the poor. Nevertheless Abu Dhabi has made great strides to reduce through the UAE privatization under which subsidies to the northern emirates have been reduced. Such moves have generated some amount of success even though poverty margins have still been seen to increase. The future success of the privatization process lies in the stipulated programs and changes in leadership structures. In fact, the leadership structure has remained firm and reinforced the support for the privatization project and the United Arab Emirates foresees a brighter future because of this project (Delener, 1999, p.95). It is expected that a firm leadership will be generated through this privatization project.

The financial and social burden experienced in the UAE remain strongly linked to the leadership structure in place. The solutions to these pertinent administrative problems are anchored in the confines of privatization. Currently, the future of UAE seems bright under the capable leadership ofShaykh Khalifa. In addition, privatization also permits majority of the reprieves offered under UAE’s membership. The service sector which is of high importance to UAE has been largely affected by the privatization process because of conditional factors that encourage domination of experts in service delivery to many of UAE’s organs. most reprieves to the UAE’s membership. Privatization has not come without its own share of problems. For instance analysts state that an institution like UAE is supposed to have the mandate and capabilities for solving social and economic problems. An institution like UAE has the mandate of solving most social and economic problems in the society. Leadership and integrity are viewed as pertinent social aspects that form the basic elements of the organization (Ramamurti& Hashai, 2011,p.78). To this effect, building a viable and sound leadership structure is seen as the responsibility of the UAE.

The current status and trend of theUAE leadership has caused huge social and economic problems that need to be addressed immediately. Through privatization, social pillars are being created for this organization with an aim of building strong leadership that can propel viable economic solutions for the institution. The platform also offers economic integration and institution that will create social justice and eliminate barriers to economic success for different social classes.

Conclusion

The privatization platform has created firm and socially vigilant frameworks for administration and leadership hence brightening and stabilizing the future prospects of UAE. The operational platform of this organization has prioritized leadership transparency and effectiveness in its stature. In addition, it has taken up social responsibility activities and good service delivery which the society at large heavily depend on. These pertinent restructuring activities form fundamental solutions to reducing poverty margins and conflicts that exist within the UAE as an organization.

References

Celâsun, M. (2001).State-owned enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa: Privatization, performance and reform. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.

Toys R US Marketing Plan

The Company

General Motors Company is a global vehicle manufacturing based in Detroit, USA. It boasts of its operations in more than 150 countries and more than 10 vehicle brand models in 35 countries across the globe. These features make the company rich in income and in asset. Currently, General Motors employs 212,000 people in its operations in its branches across the globe.

Besides motor vehicle manufacturing, the company offers consumer banking and vehicle financing services as well as housing mortgages. These services helps he company to supplement a great deal on its revenue in its effort to complete in international business arena. General Motors has also been growing since the year 2010 and it has registered high revenue returns based on high vehicle brand sales and more specifically the Chevrolet vehicle brand.

The success rate of the company is attributed to its mission to produce high quality products. It also has competent professionals and high profitability to the company’s stakeholders. The General Motors 2010 annual report says

‘‘The new General Motors has one clear vision: to design, build and sell the world’s best vehicles. Our new business model revolves around this vision, focusing on fewer brands, compelling vehicle design, innovative technology, and improved manufacturing productivity and streamlined, more efficient inventory processes. The end result is products that delight customers and generate higher volumes and margins- and ultimately deliver more cash to invest in our future vehicles.’’ (General Motors, 2010 Annual Report, 2010).

General Motors focuses on technology as a way of satisfying tastes and preferences of its clients to become a leading motor vehicle company with high brand visibility or coverage in the global market based on its annual income of $9.2 billion annually.

Competitors

General Motors has three major competitors in the market and they are Honda, Nissan and Ford motor companies. These are companies with a wide range of motor brands selling greatly across the global market.

Nissan Company

Nissan Company is a major automobile manufacturing company based in Japan and it competes globally with General Motors. The main goal of the company is to produce automobiles that are environmentally friendly for example its latest Nissan leaf electric car. It has more than 156,000 staff members in its branches across the globe.

It is also a global company that generates revenue of $116.16 billion per year and profit of $4.13 billion (Nissan, 2012). The company’s mission statement indicates a clear determination to enrich the lives of its clients through innovative and valuable products. This is in connection with a price strategy that is not under estimated for their global automobile brands.

The company also has high market share and it aims at increasing it to 8 percent across the glove as well as its global profits. The company’s global strategy is also diverse with that of its competitor General Motors because Nissan is more focused on customer service and is also sensitive on environmental impact of its products. General Motors however engages in other financial businesses including housing mortgages unlike Nissan which is into automotive (Nissan, 2012).

Ford Company

Ford Company is located in Michigan, USA and has more than 171, 000 staff. Besides automobiles, the company deals with automotive financing. Over the years it has been in the industry, profits and income of the company had been declining but still high at $5.664 billion income. It operates on a one team; one goal and one plan that generally give raise to ‘one Ford built for the road ahead’, a slogan that drives the company to generate high revenues.

Through the company’s one strategy, Ford has continued to leverage its stock globally as its key springboard to compete efficiently in the global market. It focuses more on team work and not so much into other forms of investment outside automotive business as it is with the General Motors. Ford also boasts of high market shares in USA (19.5%) and in Europe (7.5%). The company’s strategy is to expand its Asian market and other parts of the world (Ford, 2013).

Honda Company

Honda is a Japanese company automotive company that also manufactures motorbikes. Motorbikes has earned the company great sales in the market compared to other motor companies. It has a wide coverage in automobiles including power generators, garden machines and water engines. This is one of the factors that make the company highly competitive in the global market because of wide range of products.

More than 180,000 employees work in the company that has a global market share of 6.7% and generates $5.00billion (Honda, 2012).

From the analysis above, it is clear that Nissan commands a high global market share in automobiles then Honda followed by the General Motors. General Motors ranks low in market share because of financial crisis the company suffered in 2009, as the other companies remained strong in the market.

Comparison of financial ratios

Key

EPS- earnings per share

ROA-return on assets

ROE-return on equity

Profit margin and

Current ratio

Companies’ quarterly financial ratios

Financial Ratios

General Motors

Honda

Nissan Ford

EPS

$0.75

$2.16

$0.24 $0.45

ROA

3.63%

7.29%

2.72% 3.21%

ROE

19.69%

2.76%

10.10% 34.27%

Profit Margin

3.62%

4.32%

3.673% 3.24 %

When it comes to the global, Honda Company is a major threat. This is because it is the largest motorcycle manufacturing company and it offers a wide range of automobiles compared to the General Motors, who focuses more on motor vehicles. The other companies make the most of high financial returns from their strategies and diverse production.

Ford Company for example has a one team, one goal and one company strategy that drive it to perform even better in the global market (Ford, 2013). The company also needs to venture in a wide range of automobiles and diversify its products alongside a market strategy that will give it a competitive edge.

Genetic Drift

The term genetic drift is applied in the genetics of population and it refers to statistical drift that is noted with time of gene frequencies within a population which is as a result of random sample effects in successive generations’ formation. This evolution mechanism occurs as a result of random chance and not natural selection.

In the case of genetic drift, the population experiences changes in frequency of a specified allele which is triggered by arbitrary luck instead of adaptation need. Consequently, it is different from natural selection through which allelic frequency gets altered on the basis of the fittest genes which survive while the weaker genes die off. The phenomenon of genetic drift usually occurs among small populations while larger populations are often subjected to natural selection.

A genetic variant or allele is the gene component that produces a particular trait. A good example is the existence of both white and red worms within the same population. If these two worms mate, each passes an allele to the offspring white or red forming a gene. The strong or dominant allele determines which traits the new born worm is going to have. In the event the white one is dominant, then the new worm is going to be white as well and vice versa.

During instances when the worm gets two similar recessive alleles, then it exhibits recessive features. Note that while genetics is complex compared to this example, it provides the general concept of what genetic drift is all about. Often, genetic drift causes gene variants to completely disappear and can also cause genetic variation. Whenever there are a few allele copies, genetic drift effect is larger and whenever the copies are more the effect is less. Debate has always been rife on the comparative importance of natural selection versus that of neutral processes such as genetic drift.

The view held by Ronald Fisher was that genetic drift plays a crucial role in evolution and for decades, this view was held as the dominant one. The debate was however rekindled by Motoo Kimura when he came up with the neutral molecular evolution theory which states in most cases where there is a change in genetics spread across the population, the cause if genetic drift.

Genetic drift also occurs as a result of random sample errors. An error arises when the sample exhibits results that are different from what the entire population exhibits. For instance in the case where scientists have 50 red and white forms then they select 10 randomly, the sample is small and hence, the alleles that are passed in the group does not even out as would be the case in a group consisting of 100 worms.

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Genetic Divergence

Genetic divergence refers to the process through which 2 or more populations of the same ancestral species amass genetic changes or mutation over time. This often occurs once the populations are reproductively secluded for certain duration. There are instances when subpopulations living in environments that are ecologically distinct show signs of genetic divergence from the rest of the population especially in cases where the population is very immense.

Some of these genetic differences among populations might include silent mutations which don’t have any effects on phenotypes or lead to significant changes whether physiological and/or morphological. At all times, genetic divergence is accompanied by reproductive isolation which can be as a result of novel adaptations through selection and/or as a result of genetic drift. This is in essence the major principal that underlies speciation.

The technique of detecting and directing two or more desirable genetic traits artificially is known as genetic divergence technology. Genetic divergences that occur naturally are often seen in high character levels of function and structure that can be observed readily in different species. For instance the limb of the vertebrate is a classic example of genetic divergence that occurs naturally. In numerous varying species, the limb can be traced back to an origin that is common.

While this is the case, it has diverged not only in its overall function but the structure as well. The technology of genetic divergence is applicable in the biology of molecular characteristics. Ideally, this is applicable to the pathway of two or additional cell types of organisms for instance, it is applicable to proteins and genes like nucleotide sequences or those of protein sequences which are derived from two or additional homologous genes.

Orthologous genes which result from speciation event as well as paralogue genes which result from the duplication of genes within the population are said to showcase natural divergence. This is attributed to the fact that the paralogous genes are likely to undergo genetic divergence when there are 2 genes within that species.

There are different factors that contribute to genetic divergence and some of these are as highlighted below:

Meiosis

These are genetic changes which occur as a result of two processes which include mutations and sexual recombination. Chromosomes carry genes and each cell body has identical pairs of chromosomes known as diploid state. Sexual production requires gametes pairing from 2 individuals hence each gamete should have one pair of chromosome each known as haploid state.

Genetic mutations

This is yet another contributor of genetic divergence. Genes are comprised of DNA while DNA is comprised of nucleotides. Whenever there is a change in nucleotides sequence, there is also a change in the DNA and this leads to genes changes.

Other factors that lead to genetic divergence include allopatric speciation, sympatic speciation and natural selection.

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Instrumental Variable

Instrumental variable is used in estimating casual relationships when a treatment is not delivered to all units successfully or a controlled experiment is not feasible in a randomized experiment in statistics, epidemiology, econometrics and other related disciplines.

Philip G. Wright derived the instrumental variable theory for the first time in a book entitled; The Tariff on Animal and Vegetable Oils. Instrumental variables are traditionally defined as variable Z with a correlation with an independent variable X without a correlation with the error term U in an equation.

The equation is as follows:

Y= βX +U

However, this definition has concept ambiguities that include independent variable and error term. This has caused confusion regarding the meaning that this equation has and it has been labeled as “regression” wrongly.

The method of instrumental variable allows for consistent estimation in the experiments with correlated explanatory variables with error terms of regression relationships. This correlation can occur when one of the explanatory variables is caused by a dependent variable, when the explanatory variables are subjected to measurement errors or when relevant covariates or explanatory variables are omitted in the model.

In any of these situations, inconsistent and biased estimates are generally produced by linear regression. Nevertheless, if there is an instrument variable, it is still possible to obtain consistent estimates. An instrument variable refers to a variable that is not part of the explanatory equation. It is correlated to endogenous covariates that are condition to the other explanatory variables.

In a linear model, using instrumental variable has two major requirements. First, the instrument has to be correlated to the endogenous covariates that are conditional to other explanatory variables. Second, the instrument should not be correlated to the error term in covariates equation. This implies that the instrument should not suffer from a similar problem with an original, predicting variable.

The method of instrumental variable has been used in estimating policy variable of the effects of a treatment in an experimental design that is not feasible and it has been successful. Estimating the casual impacts has several difficulties. Even randomized experiments are not perfect in some parts because researchers can seldom, if possible, perform true experiments.

Instrumental variable analysis is one of the most compelling quasi-experimental methods that are used in estimating impacts since the assumptions required to provide justification for the instrumental method are more plausible that the ones required in justifying other experimental methods.

Researchers have proposed the instrumental variable method as one of the potential approaches in solving common problems of the uncontrolled confounding in the comparative studies in medical interventions. Over the years, several reviews have been done on the instrumental variable methods in biomedical and statistical literature at different technical levels and substantive emphases have been made. However, many researchers are still unfamiliar with instrumental variable and its application.

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Instrumental variable method has been used in estimating casual relationships in epidemiology, econometrics and statistics among other disciplines. However, you must conduct an extensive study to write a quality essay about this method. Nevertheless, you can order this essay with veteran writers at Essays Experts.

Retinol Binding Protein

Retinol binding protein can be simply defined as a type of protein that has a low molecular weight and transports retinol or Vitamin A from the liver to the peripheral tissues. However, it should be noted that this class of proteins can also conduct other various functions in the body. In conjunction with retinoic acid, retinol plays an important role in modulating the expression of genes as well as in the overall embryonic development. However, the supply of these substances should always be at a given level since any deficit or excess can have dire consequences that may include malformations in development or even mortality of an embryo.

The retinol binding protein helps in regulating the transportation and metabolism of retinol that is required for successful pregnancy. This class of proteins has been identified in various parts of the body including the embryo, uterus and other tissues like the porcine, ovine and bovine. This is a clear indication that retinol binding protein aids in the proper exposure of retinol to the embryo, and its transportation.

Retinol binding protein is mostly found bound to transthyretin. However, there is usually a small percentage that freely passes through the glomerular membranes. This fraction is re-absorbed by the cells of the renal proximal tubules. Under this circumstance, the small percentage of retinol binding proteins is catabolized. Due to the extensive re-absorption that takes places within the tubules, only small traces of the filtered retinol binding protein is passed out in urine. Thus, it can be said that increased excretion of retinol binding protein during the process of urination points out to an injury or impairment in the proximal tubule.

There are three types of retinol binding protein that you need to take note of when discussing this topic. One of them is called Plasma retinol binding protein that is mainly the vessel of transport in the serum. Cellular retinol binding protein is yet another type whose function is to transport retinol and factors of metabolism to retinyl esters so that they can be stored safely for future use. Besides, the factors of metabolism and retinol can also be transported to form part of retinoic acid.

Cellular retinoic acid binding proteins also fall under the three types of retinol binding proteins. Their work is to bind retinol and retinoic acid with high affinity. Besides, some studies have also indicated that this class of retinol binding proteins can also regulate and supply retinoic acid to nuclear receptors.

Retinol binding proteins are instrumental in the growth and differentiation of several body tissues. Among these, embryos are regarded as the most sensitive to changes in the concentration of retinol. The process through which retinol binding protein produces retinol is still not very clear. Retinol binding protein undergoes synthesis in the liver; however, its secretion depends on the concentrations of retinol. Secretion of RBP is usually blocked whenever there is a deficiency in retinol. This results into a rise in the Retinol binding protein levels in the liver and a fall of the same in the plasma.

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