Correlations. Analysis of the relationship between co-variables. The difference between correlations and experiments.

Content analysis.

Case studies.

4.2.3.1 Scientific processes

Aims: stating aims, the difference between aims and hypotheses.

Hypotheses: directional and non-directional.

Sampling: the difference between population and sample; sampling techniques including: random, systematic, stratified, opportunity and volunteer; implications of sampling techniques, including bias and generalisation.