Hacking Photosynthesis

There is an enzyme known as RuBisCo that is involved in carbon fixation, the process plants use to convert carbon dioxide into sugar molecules. The RuBisCo molecule is inside the leaves of most plants and is probably the most abundant protein in the world.

RuBisCo picks up carbon dioxide from the air and uses energy from the
sun to turn the carbon into sugar molecules.
This process of photosynthesis is pretty much the foundation of life on
Earth.

Wonderful as it is, the process is not perfect. RuBisCo is not very selective in grabbing molecules
from the air. It picks up oxygen as well
as CO2 and it produces a toxic compound when it does that.

Plants operate a whole other complicated chemical process to deal with
this toxic byproduct and uses up a lot of energy along the way, leaving less
energy for making leaves or food that we can eat.

A research program at the University of Illinois called Realizing
Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (or RIPE) has been trying to correct this
problem; they have been trying to hack photosynthesis. And they may well have succeeded.

Using genetic modification on tobacco plants, they have shut down the
existing detoxification process and set up a much more efficient new one. The result is super plants that grow faster
and up to 40% bigger.

The next step is to get it to work on plants that people actually rely
upon for food, like tomatoes, soybeans and black-eyed peas (which are a staple
food crop in sub-Saharan Africa where food is scarce.)

It will be years before we know if the process can really produce more
food and be safe, but it may end up leading to a major increase in crop
productivity.