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1 Knowledge for Change- Data and research to inform policy making and strengthen children s protection from violence Satra Bruk, 19 June 2012 Evidence from Studies on Violence against Children Clara Sommarin, Child Protection Specialist Exploitation & Violence UNICEF Headquarters 1

2 VAC Evidence Base has Grown 2006 UNSVAC spurred multiple VAC studies leading up to the study and in response to the UNSVAC recommendations UNICEF has supported Member States and civil society partners in undertaking a number of VAC studies: in 2011 alone, more than 25 countries Either in collaboration with/led by national stakeholders, UNICEF alone or in collaboration with external partners As child protection has become more established national household surveys (DHS and MICS) incorporated child protection/vac issues Research and evaluation partnerships have increased, and leveraging academic research and programmatic innovation to break new ground on measurement Formative research projects are informing programming, e.g. on community-based mechanisms, reporting of grave violations, prevention of conflict related sexual violence by state and non-state actors, etc.

3 VAC Evidence Base has Grown Broad spectrum of VAC studies: Quantitative and qualitative studies Nationally representative or focused on specific regions, groups of children Either broad focus on different forms of violence against children, or specific focus on a particular form of violence Different survey tools and methodologies promoted in different regions Assessment of VAC studies: Methodologies and survey tools Informal lessons learned activity: How have the studies been disseminated/used? What actions have the studies triggered at national level? Lessons learned if study would be repeated? Based on studies undertaken by UNICEF in collaboration with partners in Africa, CEE/CIS, Asia, Latin America

4 Evidence from VAC Studies: Positive outcomes Important contribution to better understand the magnitude and nature of different forms of VAC: magnitude, nature, context, risk and protective factors, services sought and received, gaps and challenges Critical tool for advocacy: evidence spurred important policy and programme response in a number of countries Spurred a multi-sectorial approach: mobilizing different ministries for an integrated systems approach engaging different sectors and actors in society Served to strengthen national capacity for prevention and response: in particular child protection systems and case management practices but also prevention efforts Brought national, regional, international attention to the issue and raising awareness about different forms of violence

5 Evidence from VAC studies: Most useful data? What was the most useful data collected: Data in regards to physical and sexual violence in the home Nature and context of violence: what form of violence do children experience, who are the victims, who are the perpetrators, where does it happen? What services were sought and received, and what services would the children have liked to have but did not receive Data on under-reporting of violence: level of under-reporting and reasons why

6 Evidence Needed to Better Inform Programmes 1) Nature and Magnitude of VAC Capture all forms of VAC: sexual, physical, emotional (and neglect) Experiences of multiple forms of abuse and links between different forms of VAC Capture all forms of sexual violence including different forms of sexual abuse/exploitation (exchange of money/goods for sex, child abuse images, grooming, live stream abuse) Disaggregate by severity of violence, particularly physical violence Physical and emotional violence as a result of discipline Existence of culturally accepted forms of VAC More specific data on perpetrators for the different types of violence: Peer violence in relation to all forms of VAC including sibling violence Intimate partner violence Perpetrators met through ICTs etc

7 Evidence Needed to Better Inform Programmes 2) Risk and Protective Factors Correlation between violence and different types of family structure: (nuclear family, single parent, extended family, living away from parent for work/school) Extent of parental/caretaker monitoring: Do parents know what their children do in their free time? Who their friends are? Relationship with non-biological parent/caretaker Presence of domestic violence and/or substance abuse in the home Protective social practices and norms: Attitudes towards to reporting VAC Who do children seek advice from with personal problems? Children s and families awareness of legal frameworks, policies, programmes and existing services Children s access to information: Where do children get information?

8 Evidence Needed to Better Inform Programmes 3) Health and Social Consequences Consequences of violence: Not only look at health consequences but important to also look at social consequences Relation with school drop out Early motherhood/fatherhood Better understand attitudes and social norms: Perceptions of who is responsible/ blamed for the violence (victim/perpetrator) Issues of stigma/discrimination, culture of silence Children s perceptions/attitudes toward violent discipline: reasons why parents/authority figures use violence; if it is considered normal and effective Strengthen focus on protective factors and social norms

9 Evidence Needed to Better Inform Programmes 4) Help seeking, access and utilization of services Important to look at service seeking and utilization for all forms of violence Level of under-reporting and reasons behind: Who do children tell? Why do they not tell? Children s preferred reporting method? More information about official reporting to authorities: To which authority? Who reported? What was the follow up? Reasons for not reporting? Awareness about the mechanisms for reporting and investigating violence Better understand access and utilization of services: demand vs not receiving services, geographic availability, ability/willingness to pay Need for data, monitoring and reporting on the quality of care: qualified staff ready to treat and support More focused attention on children s stated needs/recommendations around preventive measures and services Capture informal, community and self-care: traditional services

10 Conclusions: Lessons learned Positive research experience: agreed it is important to address the different vulnerabilities children face, including both boys and girls More disaggregated data needed by province/regional data, but also age, sex, specifi groups of children, particularly for programming How to capture out of household populations and displaced groups? Many different definitions of VAC used: Not always capturing all forms of violence Information not comparable across countries Trigger limited policy and programme response Definitions should be based on international standards i.e. the CRC, OPSC, Council of Europe Convention, CRC Committee General Comments

11 Conclusions: Lessons learned National ownership key: Government ownership, buy in and participation from onset critical for how evidence and recommendations will be disseminated and used Ethics around research/data collection on VAC: Critical to strengthen capacity of national authorities and actors on how to conduct research with children on sensitive topics and ensure protective services are available Resource intensive work essential for good programme practice but costly; will not necessarily replicate surveys but find other ways to routinely monitor/follow up results: Develop core set of indicators to include in MICS/DHS and other surveys Use of administrative data and proxy indicators for progress More targeted qualitative research needed to complement information by surveys Need to strengthen the link between data collection and programme response prevention and protection of children from VAC: Are we collecting the right data? Often not enough strong link and/or existing data is not used to develop evidenced based programme response that will actually address VAC

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