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Scientific interest in providing suitable habitat for bottom-dwelling animals such as river clams arises not because they are important sources of human food but from their role as an integral link in the aquatic food chain.

Answer Choices :

(A) not because they are important sources of human food
(B) although they are not an important sources of human food
(C) not in that they are important has human sources of food
(D) not from their importance as a source of human food
(E) not from being important sources of food for human beings

Many elderly Black people, being restricted to low-paying work during their productive years by discriminatory practices, now receive the lowest of wage-related retirement benefits.

Answer Choices :

(A) Many elderly Black people, being restricted to low-paying work during their productive years by discriminatory practices,
(B) Being restricted by discriminatory practices during their productive years to low-paying work, many elderly Black people
(C) Because of being restricted by discriminatory practices during their productive years to low-paying work, many elderly Black people
(D) Because they had been restricted by discriminatory practices during their productive years to low-paying work, many elderly Black people
(E) Because they were restricted to low-paying work during their productive years by discriminatory practices, many elderly Black people

First of all we have the classic "not X but Y" parallelism. The second part is fixed as "from their role", so we need a "from" phrase in the first part. (A) & (B) & (C) are out. That leaves (D) & (E).

New, we need parallelism. (D) has "from their importance" in parallel with "from their role" --- noun to noun, a perfect parallel construction.

(E) has "from being important sources ..." in parallel with "from their role" ---- a verb-form, a gerund, set up in parallel with a noun --- in GMAT SC terms, this is an abysmal failure of parallelism. Parallel structure might be the single most tested concept on the GMAT SC, and they are sticklers for having exactly two of the same thing in parallel. That's why (E) is a trainwreck failure and incorrect.

Answer = D. _________________

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