Unrestricted Warfare

Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui

(Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, February 1999)

Unrestricted Warfare, by Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui (Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, February 1999) [FBIS Editor's Note: The following selections are taken from "Unrestricted Warfare," a book published in China in February 1999 which proposes tactics for developing countries, in particular China, to compensate for their military inferiority vis-à-vis the United States during a high-tech war. The selections include the table of contents, preface, afterword, and biographical information about the authors printed on the cover. The book was written by two PLA senior colonels from the younger generation of Chinese military officers and was published by the PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House in Beijing, suggesting that its release was endorsed by at least some elements of the PLA leadership. This impression was reinforced by an interview with Qiao and laudatory review of the book carried by the party youth league's official daily Zhongguo Qingnian Bao on 28 June. Published prior to the bombing of China's embassy in Belgrade, the book has recently drawn the attention of both the Chinese and Western press for its advocacy of a multitude of means, both military and particularly non-military, to strike at the United States during times of conflict. Hacking into websites, targeting financial institutions, terrorism, using the media, and conducting urban warfare are among the methods proposed. In the Zhongguo Qingnian Bao interview, Qiao was quoted as stating that "the first rule of unrestricted warfare is that there are no rules, with nothing forbidden." Elaborating on this idea, he asserted that strong countries would not use the same approach against weak countries because "strong countries make the rules while rising ones break them and exploit loopholes . . .The United States breaks [UN rules] and makes new ones when these rules don't suit [its purposes], but it has to observe its own rules or the whole world will not trust it." (see FBIS translation of the interview, OW2807114599) [End FBIS Editor's Note] THIS REPORT MAY CONTAIN COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. COPYING AND DISSEMINATION IS PROHIBITED WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNERS.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Part One: On New Warfare Chapter 1: The Weapons Revolution Which Invariably Comes First Chapter 2: The War God's Face Has Become Indistinct Chapter 3: A Classic That Deviates From the Classics Chapter 4: What Do Americans Gain By Touching the Elephant? Part Two: A Discussion of New Methods of Operation Chapter 5: New Methodology of War Games

Preface [pp 1-5 in original] [FBIS Translated Text] Everyone who has lived through the last decade of the 20th century will have a profound sense of the changes in the world. We don't believe that there is anyone who would claim that there has been any decade in history in which the changes have been greater than those of this decade. Naturally, the causes behind the enormous changes are too numerous to mention, but there are only a few reasons that people bring up repeatedly. One of those is the Gulf War. One war changed the world. Linking such a conclusion to a war which occurred one time in a limited area and which only lasted 42 days seems like something of an exaggeration. However, that is indeed what the facts are, and there is no need to enumerate one by one all the new words that began to appear after 17 January 1991. It is only necessary to cite the former Soviet Union, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, cloning, Microsoft, hackers, the Internet, the Southeast Asian financial crisis, the euro, as well as the world's final and only superpower -- the United States. These are sufficient. They pretty much constitute the main subjects on this planet for the past decade. However, what we want to say is that all these are related to that war, either directly or indirectly. However, we definitely do not intend to mythicize war, particularly not a lopsided war in which there was such a great difference in the actual power of the opposing parties. Precisely the contrary. In our in-depth consideration of this war, which changed the entire world in merely half a month, we have also noted another fact, which is that war itself has now been changed. We discovered that, from those wars which could be described in glorious and dominating terms, to the aftermath of the acme of what it has been possible to achieve to date in the history of warfare, that war, which people originally felt was one of the more important roles to be played out on the world stage, has at one stroke taken the seat of a B actor.

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Whether it was in Somalia or Bosnia-Herzegovina. it was the same stage. nor will it cause war to vanish from this world. this has invariably been the case. the modes of war. the same method. at least not a central role in which he alone occupies center stage. Faced with political. Who could imagine that an insufferably arrogant actor. and an emissary of peace. cultural. Furthermore. whose appearance has changed the entire plot. However. in the age of "might makes right" . suddenly became apparent. yet it also causes people to ponder deeply. In particular.S. In the aftermath of "Desert Storm. without waiting for him to leave the stage. who probably should be counted as among the few who want to play all the roles. etc. At present it is still hard to see if this age will lead to the unemployment of large numbers of military personnel.. fireman. or the forms of war.-led multinational forces brought this period to a close in the desert region of Kuwait. but there was no way to successfully perform the magnificent drama that had made such a profound impression eight years earlier. diplomatic. and religious issues. What kind of feeling would this be? Perhaps those who feel this most deeply are the Americans. The only point which is certain is that. world policeman. from this point on. What we are referring to is the function of warfare. the limitations of the military means. in the most recent action in which the United States and Britain teamed up to carry out air attacks on Iraq. etc. which had heretofore always been successful. All these are still undetermined." Uncle Sam has not been able to again achieve a commendable victory. suddenly finds that he himself is actually the last person to play this unique role. ethnic. The problem is that the U. war will no longer be
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. that are more complex than they are in the minds of most of the military men in the world. and the same actors. This is truly fantastic. he has already been told that there is no great likelihood that he will again handle an A role.A war which changed the world ultimately changed war itself.these were issues which did not constitute a problem. economic. thus beginning a new period. No.and most of the history of this century falls into this period -. what we are referring to are not changes in the instruments of war. including savior. the technology of war.

and more subtle manner. that is. This is because the reduction of the functions of warfare in a pure sense does not mean at all that war has ended. and sub-warfare. at the same time we definitely are seeing an increase in political.S. more extensive. there is reason for us to maintain that the financial attack by George Soros on East Asia. the gas attack on the Tokyo subway by the disciples of the Aum Shinri Kyo. It is as Byron said in his poem mourning Shelley." War which has undergone the changes of modern technology and the market system will be launched even more in atypical forms. represent semi-warfare. they cannot make us more optimistic than in the past. he has only undergone a sea change. it can no longer be carried out in the ways with which we are familiar. "Nothing has happened. more concealed. the embryonic form of another kind of warfare. embassy by Usama Bin Laden. However. and a change in the external appearance does not keep any war from abiding by the principles of war. Even in the so-called post-modern. the immortal bird of warfare will not be able to attain nirvana when it is on the verge of decline: When people begin to lean toward and rejoice in the reduced use of military force to resolve conflicts. in which the degree of destruction is by no means second to that of a war. quasi-warfare. We have no reason for optimism. war is war. but it is certain that the metamorphosis of warfare will have a more complex backdrop. economic. It is impossible for us to deny the impact on human society and its soul of the new motivations represented by economic freedom. war will be reborn in another form and in another arena. and the havoc wreaked by the likes of Morris Jr. In other words. the terrorist attack on the U. post-industrial age. But whatever you call them. In this sense. while we are seeing a relative reduction in military violence. the concept of human rights. and the awareness of environmental protection.what it was originally. Otherwise. warfare will not be totally dismantled.
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. on the Internet. Which is to say that. regardless of the form the violence takes. if in the days to come mankind has no choice but to engage in war. and technological violence. It has only re-invaded human society in a more complex. becoming an instrument of enormous power in the hands of all those who harbor intentions of controlling other countries or regions.

and lethal and non-lethal means to compel the enemy to accept one's interests." but rather are "using all means. including armed force or nonarmed force. the 8th anniversary of the outbreak of the Gulf War]
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." This represents change. just what has led to the change? What kind of changes are they? Where are the changes headed? How does one face these changes? This is the topic that this book attempts to touch on and shed light on. military and non-military. So. [Written on 17 January 1999. and it is also our motivation in deciding to write this book.If we acknowledge that the new principles of war are no longer "using armed force to compel the enemy to submit to one's will. A change in war and a change in the mode of war occasioned by this.

whirling rapidly in time to the beat that they set. but whether or not. The age of great scientific discoveries had already been left behind before Einstein's time.Part One: On New Warfare [pp. to prostrate himself and expect wonders from technology through a 1000-power concave lens. we proudly term this technological progress. Bill Gates opens new "Windows" each year. Technology is like "magic shoes" on the feet of mankind. and already the SU-35 has emerged to strike a pose [3]. The fearsome Russian-built SU-27 fighter has not been put to use on any battlefield. and this has resulted in innumerable benefits for mankind. when betting on his own future. However. However. In this way. the SU-35 will be able to retire having rendered meritorious service is still a matter of considerable doubt. proves that mankind is now planning to take the place of God the Creator. people can only dance along with the shoes. once it has exhausted its time in the limelight. This causes him. and after the spring has been wound tightly by commercial interests. they inevitably perished when they were fond of war" -Sima Rangju
Technology is the Totem of Modern Man [1] Stirred by the warm breeze of utilitarianism. which is anxious for quick success and instant rewards. modern man is increasingly inclined to seeing all his dreams come true during his lifetime.
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." the cloned sheep. it is not surprising that technology is more in favor with people than science is. and "Dolly. 1-9 in original] "Although ancient states were great. technology has achieved startling and explosive developments in a rather short period of time. Technology today is becoming increasingly dazzling and uncontrollable. Bell Labs and Sony continue to put out novel toys. not realizing that at this time we have already consigned ourselves to a benighted technological age in which we have lost our hearts [2].

there is still a question of who in turn will have a magic charm with which to control it [information technology]. if one calls the current era the "nuclear age" or the "information age. and who use its name to label the entire age. This is because it is the only thing to date that is capable of infusing greater energy into the technological "plague" that has been released from Pandora's box. It is just that. although this is still not sufficient to make us like those futurists who cannot see the forest for the trees. There is absolutely no doubt that the appearance of information technology has been good news for human civilization. While it may be said that the formulations of "the age of the steam engine" and "the age of electrification" can be said to be names which reflect the realities of the time. However. at present. and using these great technological masters to name their age may be said to be reasonable. The optimistic prospects that it displays itself are intensely seductive for mankind. After all. that
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. However. The pessimistic viewpoint is that. if this technology develops in a direction which cannot be controlled by man." it will still give people the impression that you are using one aspect to typify the whole situation. and at the same time it also provides a magic charm as a means of controlling it [technology]. Its characteristics are precisely what keep it from being able to replace the various technologies that we already have in great quantity. its unique features of exchanging and sharing represent the light of intelligence which we can hope will lead mankind out of the barbarism of technology. This is the reason why. the age in which an era could be named for a single new technology or a single inventor has become a thing of the past. ultimately it will turn mankind into its victim [4]. this frightening conclusion is totally incapable of reducing people's ardor for it.The names Watt and Edison are nearly synonymous with great technical inventions. with all kinds of new technology continuously beating against the banks of the age so that people scarcely have the time to accord them brief acclaim while being overwhelmed by an even higher and newer wave of technology. today. from then on. the situation changed. which has a thirst for technical progress. and the countless and varied technological discoveries of the past 100 years or so makes it difficult for the appearance of any new technology to take on any selfimportance in the realm of human life.

but more in that it is a kind of bonding agent which can lightly penetrate the layers of barriers between technologies and link various technologies which appear to be totally unrelated. taking over farmland. We may as well dub this phenomenon the "ramification effect. and nanotechnology. but a long string of problems followed closely on the heels of the automobile -. We can say with certainty that this is the most important revolution in the history of technology. In this way. and road-building. rubber refining. Over the past 300 years. Infatuated with it.mining and smelting. and a host of thornier problems. materials technology.. to solve one difficult problem people do not hesitate to bring ten more on themselves [5]. which in turn required a long string of technical means to solve. not only is it possible to derive numerous new technologies which are neither one thing nor the other while they also represent this and that. until ultimately it led to pollution of the environment. Through its bonding. people have long since become accustomed to blindly falling in love with the new and discarding the old in the realm of technology. Just as one will often commit ten other mistakes to cover up one. people have gradually gone astray. Its revolutionary significance is not merely in that it is a brand new technology itself. and the endless pursuit of new technology has become a panacea to resolve all the difficult questions of existence. In the long run. Only from the perspective of mankind can mankind clearly perceive the essence of technology as
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. particularly those such as biotechnology. losing his way and forgetting how to get back. mechanical processing. modern information technology made its appearance." Fortunately. the irrational expansion of technology causes mankind to continually lose his goals in the complex ramifications of the tree of technology. destroying resources. or which are about to be born. at this time. etc. For example. and furthermore it also provides a kind of brand new approach to the relationship between man and technology.are just emerging. comparing the original goal of using cars for transportation with these derivative problems. oil extraction. it almost seems unimportant. traffic accidents. for a more convenient means of transportation. these technologies which have a symbiotic relationship with information technology in which they rely on and promote one another. people invented cars.

while in fact it involved numerous weapons deployed over more than half the globe: After a DSP satellite identified a target. when each technology is used its potential is exhausted. only able to continually use new technology to replace the old. The situation of loud solo parts is in the process of being replaced by a multi-part chorus. Today. while the globalization trend in turn is accelerating the process of the general fusion of technology. The emergence of information technology has presented endless possibilities for match-ups involving various old and new technologies and among new and advanced technologies. an alarm was sent to a ground station in Australia. the independent use of individual technologies is now becoming more and more unimaginable. No military force that thirsts for modernization can get by without nurturing new technology. However. after which the "Patriot" operators were ordered to take their battle stations. The general fusion of technology is irreversibly guiding the rising globalization trend. Countless facts have demonstrated that the integrated use of technology is able to promote social progress more than even the discovery of the technology [6]. and only then can he avoid becoming a slave to technology -. all of
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. and this is the basic characteristic of our age. and naturally the realm of war will be no exception. making the war simply seem like a demonstration site for new weaponry.to the tool -. and not being like a bear breaking off corncobs. the thing that left a profound impression on people was not the new weaponry per se. more than 500 kinds of new and advanced technology of the 80s ascended the stage to strike a pose.S. Cheyenne Mountain command post.a tool. Like the "Patriots" intercepting the "Scuds. Mankind is completely capable of fully developing his own powers of imagination so that. which was then sent to the central command post in Riyadh through the U. This characteristic will inevitably project its features on every direction of the age. but was rather the trend of systemization in the development and use of the weapons.during the process of resolving the difficult problems he faces in his existence. while the demands of war have always been the midwife of new technology. During the Gulf War." it seemed as simple as shooting birds with a shotgun.

it means that all the boundaries lying between the two worlds of war and non-war. this kind of war means that all means will be in readiness. proceeding with the traditional definition of war in mind. has realigned the relationship of weapons to war. and particularly new concepts of weapons. there is no longer any way to answer the above questions. Does a single "hacker" attack count as a hostile act or not? Can using financial instruments to destroy a country's economy be seen as a battle? Did CNN's broadcast of an exposed corpse of a U. will be totally destroyed.
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. while the appearance of weapons of new concepts. and this was precisely something that was unimaginable prior to the emergence of information technology. and even that the rules of war may need to be rewritten. War in the age of technological integration and globalization has eliminated the right of weapons to label war and. we have to come up with a new name for this new form of war: Warfare which transcends all boundaries and limits. thereby altering the world's strategic situation? And should an assessment of wartime actions look at the means or the results? Obviously. relying on numerous relays and coordination of space-based systems and C3I systems.which took place in the mere 90-second alarm stage. in short: unrestricted warfare. and the battlefield will be everywhere. that information will be omnipresent. When we suddenly realize that all these non-war actions may be the new factors constituting future warfare. of military and non-military. and it also means that many of the current principles of combat will be modified. It means that all weapons and technology can be superimposed at will. with regard to the new starting point. soldier in the streets of Mogadishu shake the determination of the Americans to act as the world's policeman. has gradually blurred the face of war.S. truly a "shot heard 'round the world. today no-one is capable of dominating the scene alone." The real-time coordination of numerous weapons over great distances created an unprecedented combat capability. While it may be said that the emergence of individual weapons prior to World War II was still able to trigger a military revolution. If this name becomes established.

carefully feeling the pulse of the God of War today. the French philosopher and scientist Jean Ladrihre has a unique viewpoint.
Footnotes [1] In Man and Technology. [3] Although the improvement of beyond visual range (BVR) weapons has already brought about enormous changes in the basic concepts of air combat. If you want to discuss war. Bracing oneself to read through his The Challenge Presented to Cultures by Science and Technology. it shines upon us. and that is to determine its nature with bated breath. in which the writing is abstruse but the thinking recondite. He believes that science and technology have a destructive effect as well as a guiding effect on culture. our father. [2] In this regard. there is only one way. G. it will save mankind. the pulse of the God of War is hard to take. Spengler stated that "like God. may be helpful in observing the impact of technology on the many aspects of human society from a broader perspective. and we are constantly oscillating between the two extremes of technical fanaticism and "anti-science" movements. was nothing but a manifestation of another type of ignorance as man entered the great age of industrialism. As early as 1939.However." The philosopher Spengler's worship for technology. technology is eternal and unchanging. which is capable of "hook" moves. which is capable of "cobra" maneuvers and the SU-35. The SU-27. Ronge [as published 1715 2706 1396 2706] is the sharpest of the technological pessimists. which was just like that of a theologian for God. and like the Holy Spirit. O. are the most outstanding fighter aircraft to date. it is very difficult for mankind to maintain a clear-headed assessment of technology. after all is said and done it has not completely eliminated short-range combat. like the son of God. particularly the war that will break out tomorrow evening or the morning of the day after tomorrow. [4] F. Ronge had recognized the series of problems that modern
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. which increasingly flourished in the post-industrial age. Under the combined effects of these two.

diabolical force."
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. Martin Heidegger termed technology an "outstanding absurdity. Shulman points out that "during the dynamic development of modern culture. Schwartz states that "the resolution of one problem may generate a group of new problems. including the growth of technological control and the threat of environmental problems. In Too Clever. God and Robots.. [6] In The Age of Science and the Future of Mankind.technology brings with it. and these problems may ultimately preclude that kind of resolution. Rene Dibo [as published 3583 0355 6611 0590] also discusses a similar phenomenon. [5] In David Ehrenfeld's book." In Rational Consciousness. he cites numerous examples of this. E." calling for man to return to nature in order to avoid technology. It has not only taken over nature. In Wiener's Cybernetics. and The Human Use of Human Beings" and Steinbuch's The Information Society. The most famous technological optimists were [Norbert] Wiener and Steinbuch. which is based on the explosive development of modern technology. driven by technology.. The Arrogance of Humanism. which posed the greatest threat. we are increasingly faced with the fact of multidisciplinary cooperation.it is impossible for one special branch of science to guide our practice in a sufficiently scientific manner. and other such works. In his view. In Being and Time. technology has already become an unmatched. we can see the bright prospects that they describe for human society. Philosophy and Cybernetics. it has also stripped away man's freedom.

" and "information warfare." Coasting along in their mental orbit.Engels
The weapons revolution invariably precedes the revolution in military affairs by one step. 10-33 in original] "As soon as technological advances may be applied to military goals. launching the "age of battleships. The history of warfare is continually providing this kind of proof: bronze or iron spears resulted in the infantry phalanx. so that weapons have solemnly become the chief representative of war. up until the atomic bomb was born." then its brother the "tank" ruled land warfare.
No One Has the Right to Label Warfare
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. calling it "electronic warfare. they are already quite accustomed to using certain weapons or certain technologies to describe it.Chapter 1: The Weapons Revolution Which Invariably Comes First [pp. announcing the approach of the "nuclear age. a multitude of new and advanced technology weapons continues to pour forth. it was the enormous steel-clad naval vessels that ruled the seas. after which the airplane dominated the skies. and bows and arrows and stirrups provided new tactics for cavalry [1]... people have not yet noticed that a certain inconspicuous yet very important change is stealthily approaching. and furthermore are already used for military purposes." Today.from the time when conical bullets and rifles [2] took to the battlefield as the vanguard of the age of technology. the arrival of the revolution in military affairs is just a matter of time. When people discuss future warfare. they almost immediately seem obligatory. weapons straightaway stamped their names on the chest of warfare. First. and following the arrival of a revolutionary weapon." "precision-weapons warfare. Black powder cannons gave rise to a full complement of modern warfare modes.. and also often go against the will of the commanders in triggering changes or even revolutions in the modes of combat" -.

Perhaps it is precisely because people recognize this point that we then have formulations such as "high-tech warfare" and "information warfare" [4]. the smaller an individual weapon's role in war becomes. and that was sufficient to alter the form of war. in today's technological explosion. all that was needed was the invention of a few weapons or pieces of equipment. and this is a paradox that is inherent in the relationship between weapons and war. the more weapons are invented. When one delves deeply into this. What is different than in the past is that the revolution in military affairs that is coming will no longer by driven by one or two individual weapons. whose intent is to use the broad concept of technology to replace the concept of specific weapons. the numerous technological inventions have also quickly eradicated the mysteries of each kind of weapon. However. it seems that this still is not the way to resolve the problem. using a fuzzy-learning approach to resolve this knotty problem. none of the other weapons. even those that are extremely revolutionary in nature. Speaking in that sense. such as the stirrup and the Maxim machine gun [3]. In addition to continuing to stimulate people to yearn for and be charmed by new weapons. What constitutes high technology? What does it refer to? Logically speaking. a situation which is more and more unlikely and which may be termed nuclear war. possesses the right to label future warfare. However. In the past. which first appeared in the architectural industry in the United States. is in fact a bit vague. high and low are only relative concepts. When one generation's high technology becomes low technology with the passage of time. However.The weapons revolution is a prelude to a revolution in military affairs. which is evolving endlessly. whereas today upwards of 100 kinds of weapons are needed to make up a certain weapons system before it can have an overall effect on war. the term "high-technology"[5]. other than the all-out use of nuclear weapons. in itself constitutes a considerable problem. this may result in confusion and trouble for us in naming and using each
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. using an extremely mutable concept in this irrational manner to name warfare. are we still prepared to again dub the new toys that continue to appear as being high tech? Or is it possible that.

" Compared to the M-60 tank. each weapon can go from high to low and from new to old at any time and any place.sufficient to name a war. as spoken of in generalities. For example. and the "J-Stars" joint-surveillance target-attack radar system. Since this is the case. and one cannot lump them all together as information weapons. nor can war which is conducted using these weapons
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. nor can any weapon occupy the throne of high technology for long. the "Apache" helicopter gunship." Then. It is as if to say there is the concept of high-tech weapons. However. which is a variable throughout. nor is information technology -. but the people change. Yesterday's "high" is very possibly today's "low. faced with the B-2. which already fully embodies information technology. and the "Tomahawk" cruise missiles are high tech. it cannot completely supplant the functions and roles of each technology per se.which is one of the high technologies of the present age and which seems to occupy an important position in the makeup of all modern weapons -. and at most we can just call it computerized warfare [6]. we can still not term such war information warfare. the main battle weapons of the 60s-70s." Then. which is continually placed on the head of the girl who is becoming the next "bride.new technology that appears? Not to mention the question of just what should be the standard to determine whether something is high or not? With regard to technology itself. Even if in future wars all the weapons have information components embedded in them and are fully computerized. the "Abrams" tank. the "Patriot" missiles." while today's "new" will in turn become tomorrow's "old. just what kind of high technology does this so-called high-tech warfare refer to? High technology. which therefore means that each has its time limits." all that is left is the empty shell of a name. the "Cobra" helicopter. each technology has specific aspects. cannot become a synonym for future warfare. is still a fighter. regardless of how important information technology is. and the B-52. This is because. with time's arrow being unwilling to stop at any point. the F-22 fighter. as the "flowers bloom each year. in the chain of warfare with its continuous links. and which naturally becomes the title of the "bride. the "Comanche" helicopter. they in turn seem outmoded. and the "Tomahawk" missile is still a missile. the F-117. the F22.

We are by no means denying that. Speaking of bio-information technology.
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. The former refers to the various forms of warfare which are enhanced and accompanied by information technology. Which is also to say that there is no one who can unblushingly stamp his own name on a given modern war. this characteristic may leave its typical imprint on each modern weapon. In addition. and they are part of it. the development of biotechnology will determine the future fate of information technology [8]. as for determining the outcome of war. It may be leading. in future warfare. we may as well return to a previous topic and again make a small assumption: If people use information-guided bio-weapons to attack a bio-computer. For example. Computerized warfare in the broad sense and information warfare in the narrow sense are two completely different things. and this is precisely the most fundamental characteristic of the age of technological integration and globalization. but this is something which is perfectly capable of happening. and its first appearance and every step forward are all a process of blending with other technologies. Naturally. However. should this be counted as bio-warfare or information warfare? I fear that no one will be able to answer that in one sentence. but it cannot alter the fact that the development of information technology similarly relies on the development of other technology.be termed information warfare [7]. much less never-changing. so that it is part of them. it is basically not necessary for people to wrack their brains over whether or not information technology will grow strong and unruly today. because it itself is a synthesis of other technologies. while the latter primarily refers to war in which information technology is used to obtain or suppress information. Actually. it is now very difficult for anyone to occupy an unmatched position. the contemporary myth created by information worship has people mistakenly believing that it is the only rising technology. like the figures from a steel seal. but it will not be alone. while the sun has already set on all the others. certain advanced weapons may play a leading role. and the development of related materials technology is a direct constraint on information technology breakthroughs. This kind of myth may put more money in the pockets of Bill Gates.

we have no intention of belittling the positive meaning that it has today. Even though she is the richest in the world. "fight the fight that fits one's weapons" and "build the weapons to fit the fight" show the clear demarcation line between traditional warfare and future warfare. It is just that people still wrongfully believe that this is the only initiative that can be taken by backward countries in their helplessness. Perhaps this is one of the factors why a weapons revolution invariably precedes a revolution in military affairs. those engaged in warfare have now either consciously or unconsciously completed the transition of this rule from the negative to the positive. but neither can we say that there is no relationship between this and the linear thinking in which each generation of weapons making specialists only thinks about whether or not the performance of the weapon itself is advanced. the foremost power in the world. there are limiting factors here involving the age and the technology. the general unwritten rule that people have adhered to all along is to "fight the fight that fits one's weapons. Today. as well as pointing out the relationship between weapons and tactics in the two kinds of war. and this positive meaning is seeking the optimum tactics for the weapons one has. Naturally. In other words. The former reflects the involuntary or passive adaptation of the relationship of man to weapons and tactics in war which takes place under natural conditions. followed by tactics."Fighting the Fight that Fits One's Weapons" and "Making the Weapons to Fit the Fight" These two sentences." Very often it is the case that only after one first has a weapon does one begin to formulate tactics to match it. seeking the combat mode which represents the best match for the given weapons. With weapons coming first. while the latter suggests the conscious or active choice that people make regarding the same proposition when they have entered a free state. it is not necessarily possible for her to
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. In the history of war. the evolution of weapons has a decisive constraining effect on the evolution of tactics. thereby seeing that they perform up to their peak values. must similarly face this kind of helplessness. They hardly realize that the United States. Although the expression "fight the fight that fits one's weapons" is essentially negative in nature because what it leaves unsaid reflects a kind of helplessness. and does not consider other aspects.

If one can find a good point of agreement. has once again become resplendent after being coupled with cruise missiles and other precision guided weapons. they complement each other nicely. the A-10 aircraft now has night-attack capabilities that it originally lacked. but what we can say for sure is that. By the use of external infrared guided missiles. which people have predicted on many occasions is long since ready to pass away peacefully. "fight the fight that fits one's weapons" by no means represents passive inaction. the most appropriate tactics. We find ourselves in a stage where a revolutionary leap forward is taking place in weapons. If one thinks that one must rely on advanced weapons to fight a modern war. today's increasingly open weapons market and multiple supply channels have provided a great deal of leeway with regard to weapons selection. which is to say. For example. and combinations as being fixed to be able to turn something that is rotten into something miraculous. and this may be a relatively prolonged period of alternating weapons. Obviously. as long as this alternation has not come to an end. and the massive coexistence of weapons which span multiple generations has provided a broader and more functional foundation for trans-generation weapons combinations than at any age in the past. so that it is only necessary to break with our mental habit of treating the weapons' generations.use up her uniform new and advanced technology weapons to fight an expensive modern war [9]. so that this weapons platform which appeared in the mid-70s is very imposing. uses. being blindly superstitious about the miraculous effects of such weapons. fighting the kind of battle that fits one's
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. going from weapons systems symbolized by gunpowder to those symbolized by information. the pairing up and use of new and older generation weapons not only makes it possible to eliminate the weakness of uniform weaponry. and when paired with the Apache helicopter. It is just that she has more freedom when it comes to the selection and pairing up of new and old weapons. and its wings have not yet rested to date. it may also become a "multiplier" to increase the weapons' effectiveness. The B-52 bomber. At present we have no way of predicting how long this period may last. it may actually result in turning something miraculous into something rotten.

may not only be viewed as a kind of active choice. and by no means constitutes an eternal rule." while the currently popular "digitized battlefield" and "digitized units" [10] which have given rise to much discussion represent their most recent attempt. and now tactics come first and weapons follow. At the same time. so all they could do was shelve it. it can also be taken as coping with shifting events by sticking to a fundamental principle. In man's hands. weapons themselves have produced changes with epoch-making significance. and their development no longer looks only to improvements in the performance of individual weapons. This approach indicates that the position of weapons in invariably preceding a revolution in military affairs has now been shaken.weapons will be the most basic approach for any country in handling the relationship between weapons and combat. there was no way to pair it up with other weapons. and the thinking that tries to rely on one or two new and advanced technology weapons to serve as "killer weapons" which can put an end to the enemy is now outmoded. and this includes the United States. "Building the weapons to fit the fight. with advancement in a push-pull manner becoming the new relationship between them. or the two encourage one another. because it was too advanced. Aggressive initiatives under negative preconditions is only a specific approach for a specific time. scientific progress has long since gone from passive discovery to active invention. it also implies the
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. That lesson has now been absorbed. What must be pointed out is that. then develop the weapons. and in addition to being a major breakthrough in the history of preparing for war. the most basic thing is not the thing with the greatest future. the first stab that the Americans took at this was "Air-Land battle. but rather to whether or not the weapons have good characteristics for linking and matching them with other weapons. which was in a class by itself at the time." it triggered the greatest single change in the relationship between weapons and tactics since the advent of war. and when the Americans proposed the concept of "building the weapons to fit the fight." an approach which has the distinctive features of the age and the characteristics of the laboratory. As with the F-111. First determine the mode of combat. and in this regard. the country which has the most advanced weapons.

and perhaps there is a rule here.
Weapons of New Concepts and New Concepts of Weapons Compared to new-concept weapons. or at least it is an interesting phenomenon which is worth studying[12]. The reason they are called old is because the basic functions of these weapons were their mobility and lethal power. their control throughout by professional soldiers and their use on certain battlefields. nearly all the weapons that we have known so far may be termed old-concept weapons.S. On the battlefields of the future. that is. the most modern military force does not have the ability to control public clamor. where the slightest error can lead one far astray. and it may reach the point where no one can wipe out the other. while the more the gap opens. Viewed from the performance of the U. the digitized forces may very possibly be like a great cook who is good at cooking lobsters sprinkled with butter. where they were at a loss when they encountered Aidid's forces. military in Somalia. it is difficult for high-tech troops to deal with unconventional warfare and low-tech warfare. the less each party is capable of dealing with the other. and cannot deal with an opponent who does things in an unconventional manner. Even things like precision-guided bombs and other such high-tech weapons really involve nothing more than the addition of the two elements of intelligence and structural capabilities. All these weapons and weapons platforms that have been produced in line with traditional thinking have without exception come to a dead end in their efforts to adapt to modern warfare and future
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. Looking at the specific examples of battles that we have. From the perspective of practical applications. The "generation gap"[11] in weapons and military forces is perhaps an issue that requires exceptional attention. they can only sigh in despair. no change in appearance can alter their nature as traditional weapons. the more pronounced are the battle successes of the more senior generation.potential crisis in modern warfare: Customizing weapons systems to tactics which are still being explored and studied is like preparing food for a great banquet without knowing who is coming. The closer the generation gap is. when faced with guerrillas who resolutely gnaw corncobs.

" and when. Those desires of using the magic of high-technology to work some alchemy on traditional weapons so that they are completely remade have ultimately fallen into the high-tech trap involving the endless waste of limited funds and an arms race. providing fresh proof of the paradox of weapons development that we have proposed. vividly corroborating the lines of the famous poem by Kipling. As soon as this concept -. but a snicker. while the development of the B-2 in the 80s cost over $10 billion. A powerful empire collapsed without a single shot being fired. Its ultimate result is that the weapons to defend the country actually become a cause of national bankruptcy. and the cost of the weapons is getting higher and higher." Not only was this true for the former Soviet Union.warfare.was proposed. "When empires perish. This is the paradox that must inevitably be faced in the process of the development of traditional weapons: To ensure that the weapons are in the lead. the result of this continued raising of the stakes is that no one has enough money to maintain the lead. and the
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. it further intensified the arms race which had been going on for some time between the United States and the Soviet Union.which against the backdrop of the Cold War was seen by his colleagues as setting the pace for the time -. at an opportune time. But being ahead of time in his thinking hardly brought his country happiness." his thinking was clearly ahead of those of his generation. Perhaps the most recent examples are the most convincing. he proposed the brand-new concept of the "revolution in military technology. Marshal Orgakov. today the Americans seem to be following in the footsteps of their old adversary. at that time no one could predict that it would actually result in the breakup of the Soviet Union and its complete elimination from the superpower contest. the former chief of the Soviet general staff. It was just that. As the outlines of the age of technology integration become increasingly clear. it is not with a rumble. one must continue to up the ante in development costs. they are investing more and more in the development of new weapons. The development of the F-14 and F-15 in the 60s-70s cost one billion dollars. and actually brought about disastrous results [13]. was acutely aware of the trend of weapons development in the "nuclear age.

such as the F-117A bomber. As early as the Vietnam war. The cost of each of these weapons exceeds or approaches $100 million. Expensive weapons like that abound in the U. However. new-concept weapons have emerged to fill the bill. the Americans are not necessarily in the sole lead in everything. Therefore. However. and the Comanche helicopter gunship. tsunamis. this is not a strong point of the Americans. what seems unfair to people is that it is again the Americans who are in the lead in this trend. Thirty years later. which came after the weapons of new concepts and which cover a wider area. The Americans invariably halt their thinking at the boundary where technology has not yet reached. the way to extricate oneself from this predicament is to develop a different approach. who are short of money.S. is some three times more expensive than an equivalent weight of gold [15]. However. Naturally. with the dual advantages of money and technology. weather disasters. the silver iodide powder released over the "Ho Chi Minh trail" that resulted in torrential rains and the defoliants scattered over the subtropical forests put the "American devils" in the sole lead with regard to both the methods and ruthlessness of new-concept weapons. This is because proposing a new concept of weapons does not require relying on the springboard of new technology. military with increasingly heavy armor. pushing them step by step toward the high-tech weapons trap where the cost stakes continue to be raised. It cannot be denied that man-made earthquakes.S. which runs $13-$15 billion each. If this is still true for the rich and brash United States. continue down this path? Obviously. Based on weight. were a natural extension of this. others are unable to hold a candle to them in this area. who are slaves to technology in their thinking. the Americans have not been able to get their act together in this area.development of the F-22 in the 90s has exceeded $13 billion. the B-2 [14]. The new concepts of weapons. it just demands lucid and incisive thinking. the F-22 main combat aircraft. then how far can the other countries. or subsonic wave and new
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. arsenal. it will be difficult for anyone to keep going. and this massive amount of weapons with unreasonable cost-effectiveness has covered the U. However.

which can be controlled and manipulated at a technical level. With technological developments being in the process of striving to increase the types of weapons. technology is no longer the main factor. they are nothing more than nontraditional weapons whose mechanisms have been altered and whose lethal power and destructive capabilities have been magnified several times over. Speaking in this sense. a single man-made stock-market crash. While it may be said that new-concept weapons are weapons which transcend the domain of traditional weapons. However. and which are capable of inflicting material or psychological casualties on an enemy.biological and chemical weapons all constitute new concept weapons [16]. a breakthrough in our thinking can open up the domain of the weapons kingdom at one stroke. and this requires that our understanding of weapons must have an awareness that breaks through all boundaries. everything that can benefit mankind can also harm him. or a single rumor or scandal that results in a fluctuation in the enemy country's exchange rates or exposes the leaders of an enemy country on the Internet. As we see it. a single computer virus invasion. This and what people call new-concept weapons are two entirely different things. and munitions. and the true underlying factor is a new concept regarding weapons. in the face of the new concept of weapons. such weapons are still weapons in a narrow sense. With regard to the flood of new-concept weapons. and that they have tremendous differences with what we normally speak of as weapons. This is because the new concept of weapons is a view of weapons in the broad sense. soldiers. which views as weapons all means which transcend the military realm but which can still be used in combat operations. while the new-concept weapons give fixed forms to the new concept of weapons.
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. A new concept of weapons provides direction for newconcept weapons. In its eyes. all can be included in the ranks of new-concept weapons. a new concept of weapons is different. but they are still all weapons whose immediate goal is to kill and destroy. and which are still related to military affairs. This is to say that there is nothing in the world today that cannot become a weapon.

whenever something reaches an ultimate point. has plunged mankind into an existential trap of its own making. Then the second thing we have to say should be: The new concept of weapons will cause ordinary people and military men alike to be greatly astonished at the fact that commonplace things that are close to them can also become weapons with which to engage in war. the history of the development of weapons has almost always been a process of continuing to boost the lethal power of weapons.
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.What must be made clear is that the new concept of weapons is in the process of creating weapons that are closely linked to the lives of the common people. We believe that some morning people will awake to discover with surprise that quite a few gentle and kind things have begun to have offensive and lethal characteristics. warfare was always in a "shortage age" with respect to lethal power. Philosophical principles tell us that. Prolonged shortages resulted in a thirst among military men for weapons of even greater lethal power that was difficult to satisfy. it could kill them 100 or 1000 times over. and from the "light-kill weapons" represented by cold steel weapons and single-shot firearms to the "heavy-kill weapons" represented by various automatic firearms. military men were finally able to obtain a weapon of mass destruction that fulfilled their wishes. Let us assume that the first thing we say is: The appearance of new-concept weapons will definitely elevate future warfare to a level which is hard for the common people -.
The Trend to "Kinder" Weapons Before the appearance of the atom bomb. With a single red cloud that arose over the wasteland of New Mexico in the United States.or even military men -. The invention of nuclear weapons. as this could not only completely wipe out the enemy. and for the first time there was some room to spare with regard to lethal power in war. it will turn in the opposite direction.to imagine. Efforts to improve weapons have primarily been to boost their lethal power. this "ultra-lethal weapon" [17] which can wipe out all mankind. This gave mankind lethal capabilities that exceeded the demand.

with people trying to find a new approach to weapons development which would not only be effective but which could also exercise control over the lethal power of the weapons. At the same time. so that the development of weapons was no longer careening crazily down the light-kill weapons -.ultra-lethal weapons expressway. and particularly the value of human life.is a serious violation of the "right to life" and represents a "crime against mankind. giving us numerous new options for achieving victory. the proposal of the concept of "ultimate concern" for the ecological environment. forming a new value concept for war and new ethics for warfare. but its by-product was to provide a braking mechanism for the runaway express of improving the lethal capabilities of weapons. not to kill.Nuclear weapons have become a sword of Damocles hanging over the head of mankind which forces it to ponder: Do we really need "ultra-lethal weapons"? What is the difference between killing an enemy once and killing him 100 times? What is the point of defeating the enemy if it means risking the destruction of the world? How do we avoid warfare that results in ruin for all? A "balance of terror" involving "mutually-assured destruction" was the immediate product of this thinking.heavykill weapons -. technological progress has given us the means to strike at the enemy's nerve center directly without harming other things. The "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" passed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 and the more than 50 subsequent pacts related to it have established a set of international rules for human rights in which it is recognized that the use of weapons of mass destruction -.particularly nuclear weapons -. plus the integration trend in international economics. There
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. Any major technological invention will have a profound human background. which was continually picking up speed. The trend to "kinder" [18] weapons is nothing other than a reflection in the production and development of weapons of this great change in man's cultural background. the interlocking demands and political positions involving the interests of various social and political forces." Influenced by human rights and other new political concepts. and all these make people believe that the best way to achieve victory is to control. have resulted in misgivings about killing and destruction.

In the massive bombing that lasted more than a month during the Gulf War. so that inconspicuous combat actions can achieve extremely notable strategic results. beginning to learn to control the lethal power that it already has but which is increasingly excessive. someone who is injured requires more care than someone who is killed. However. and like a gamma knife which can excise a tumor with hardly any bleeding. the loss of life among civilians in Iraq only numbered in the thousands [20]. Warfare has now taken leave of the meat-grinder age of Verdun-like campaigns. a kinder weapon is still a weapon. On the battlefield. who was a headache. thereby giving warfare an unprecedented kind-hearted hue. the Russians were able to still forever the tough mouth of Dudayev. after the weapons are infused with the element of new technology. The trend that is embodied in these weapons shows that mankind is in the process of overcoming its own extreme thinking.
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. Non-lethal weapons can effectively eliminate the combat capabilities of personnel and equipment without loss of life [19].have been changes in the concept of war and the concept of weapons. Kinder weapons represent the latest conscious choice of mankind among various options in the weapons arena by which. For example. or a laser beam can be used to destroy its optical equipment or blind its crew. Precision-kill weapons can hit a target precisely." not a "stronger" direction. and it does not mean that the demands of being kinder will reduce the battlefield effectiveness of the weapon. reducing collateral casualties. far less than in the massive bombing of Dresden during World War II. The appearance of precision-kill (accurate) weapons and non-lethal (non-fatal) weapons is a turning point in the development of weapons. by merely using one missile to track a mobile telephone signal. it has led to "surgical" strikes and other such new tactics. showing for the first time that weapons are developing in a "kinder. and at the same time eased the enormous trouble that had been stirred up by tiny Chechnya. the human component is then added. To take away a tank's combat capabilities one can use cannons or missiles to destroy it. and the approach of using uncontrolled slaughter to force the enemy into unconditional surrender has now become the relic of a bygone age.

which would be sufficient to frighten those soldiers who are devoutly religious. Whether it involves electromagnetic energy weapons for hard destruction or soft-strikes by computer logic bombs. Kinder weapons represent a derivative of the new concept of weapons. Today. believing that from this point on war will become a confrontation like an electronic game. and at the same time they will bring about forms of war or revolutions in military affairs which we cannot imagine or predict today. causing him to panic and lose the will to fight. and are the watershed between the old and the new forms of war. not personnel casualties. we already have enough technology. which could only be born in an age of technical integration. it will still not be sufficient to deter an enemy who is more powerful with regard to actual strength. There are no longer any obstacles to building this kind of weapon. Casualties can strip away an enemy's combat capabilities. while information weapons are a prominent example of kinder weapons. Kinder weapons. such as using a laser beam to project the image of injured followers against the sky. or media weapons. Even if some day all the weapons have been made
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.and unmanned weapons can eliminate increasingly expensive protective facilities. it just requires that some additional imagination be added to the technical element. network viruses. the path of survival and destruction. Certainly those developing kinder weapons have already done cold cost-effectiveness calculations of this. and even simulated warfare in a computer room similarly must be premised upon a country's actual overall capabilities. so this may be considered an extremely worthwhile way to achieve victory. all are focused on paralyzing and undermining. may very well be the most promising development trend for weapons. Nonetheless. we still cannot indulge in romantic fantasies about technology. and we can create many methods of causing fear which are more effective. War is still the ground of death and life. They represent a change with the most profound implications in the history of human warfare to date. This is because their appearance has been sufficient to put all the wars in the age of cold and hot weapons into the "old" era. and even the slightest innocence is not tolerated. and if a colossus with feet of clay comes up with ten plans for simulated warfare.

" "Stirrups resulted in a series of military and social revolutions in Europe. People's Press." For details. but there is no way to change the essence of war. and Dispersed Formations... section 21. It may alter the cruel process of war....completely humane. mass formation charges gradually began to retreat from the battlefield. part 3. p.Does Technology Create History?" "Stirrups. we can refer to the translation and commentary by Gu Zhun [7357 0402] of an article entitled "Stirrups and Feudalism -. 1972." (Collected Works of Marx and Engels. 19) With regard to how stirrups altered the mode of combat. pp 238-250). and tanks. the bow and arrow was still a decisive weapon. "Rifles.very seldom had there been an invention as simple as the stirrup.The impact on their age of high-explosive bombs. and therefore it cannot alter its cruel outcome. a kinder war in which bloodshed may be avoided is still war. either. resulting in 60." (Military Science Publishing House. Guizhou People's Press. which were in a tight formation. Dupuy's The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. see T. airplanes.. pp 293-309). [3] In the engagement of the Somme river in World War I.immediately made hand-to-hand combat possible. 1985. and this was a revolutionary new mode of combat. and the Germans used Maxim machine guns to strafe the English troops.. 4. certainly does not compare to that of the rifle at the time. From that point." (Collected Works of Gu Zhun. the same as the iron sword in an uncivilized age and firearms in the age of civilization. which is one of compulsion.. "In the age of barbarism. Conical Bullets. the invention of the rifle and the conical bullet between 1850-1860 had the most profound and immediate revolutionary impact.000 casualties in one day.
Footnotes: [1] Engels said. 1994. on 1 July 1916 the English forces launched an offensive against the Germans. N. which appeared in the 20th century.
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. Vol. [2] "Compared to the development of any advanced new weapons technology. but very seldom did it play the kind of catalytic role in history that this did.

Toffler gave information warfare a global look. Shen Weiguang [3088 0251 0342].. published Information Warfare. University of Science and Technology for National Defense Publishing House. and Impact of Information Warfare").. 1992. 1993)." to date opinions still vary. Foreign Military Research Dept. (For details. and computer networks to achieve information superiority over the enemy.The Historical Evolution of Military Technology. computer technology. The definition by the U. "Implications. information processing. [6] Regarding the definition of "information warfare. Through independent research. each military high technology is made up of various technologies to form a technology group. in another best-seller entitled Power Shift. biotechnology. [4] If Wiener's views on war game machines are not taken as the earliest discussion of information weapons. see "Foreign Military Data. with different countries emphasizing high technology differently. a young scholar in China who has over ten years of military service.e. and directed-energy technology. optoelectric technology. pp 172-173). Liu Jifeng [0491 2060 6912]. in 1990. Characteristics. Douglas Dearth. Then. while the Gulf War happened along to become the most splendid advertisement for this new concept of combat.S. The most important characteristic of military high technology is "integration. new materials technology.S. stealth technology. 1997. At that point. On the strength of his Third Wave. aerospace technology. while protecting one's own
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. discussing "information warfare" became fashionable." i.(Weapons and War -.." Academy of Military Sciences. Military Intelligence magazine. [5] Foreign experts hold that "high technology" is not a completely fixed concept and that it is also a dynamic concept. 69. Jan-Mar issue. No. which is probably the earliest monograph on information warfare. a comment by Tom Luona [as published 5012 6719] in 1976 to the effect that information warfare is a "struggle among decision-making systems" makes him the first to come up with the term "information warfare" (U. Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff is: Actions taken to interfere with the enemy's information. Military high technology mainly includes military microelectronic device technology. information systems.

Events magazine. a professor at the U. Brian Fredericks proposed that "information warfare is a national issue that goes beyond the scope of national defense. Marines magazine . Chinese translation.S.S.. (3) overestimating one's own strength." Questions about information warfare are definitely not limited to individuals. April. (2) exaggerating the threat. [7] Running precisely counter to the situation in which the implications of the concept of "information warfare" are getting broader and broader. (6) totally unfounded assumptions. as the U.information." while the Army's understanding is that "information has already permeated every aspect. and computer networks.. "the DOD's understanding of information warfare leans toward the effects of information in actual conflicts. 1997). Air Force Major Yulin Whitehead wrote in the fall 1997 issue of Airpower Journal that information is not all-powerful.S. Navy Lieutenant Robert Guerli [as published 0657 1422 0448] proposed that "the seven areas of misunderstanding with regard to information warfare are: (1) the overuse of analogous methods. information warfare constitutes actions which use information to achieve national goals. and (7) nonstandard definitions. (5) avoiding criticism of anomalous attempts. reflecting a somewhat broader vision than that of the Army. "In a broad sense." That is the definition given to information warfare by George Stein.whether or not those who assert that information warfare techniques and strategies will inevitably replace 'armed warfare' are a bit too self-confident. Air University. pp 24-25). and that information weapons are not "magic weapons. In an article in the 1997 summer edition of "Joint Force Quarterly. Col." Air Force Lt." (U. from peacetime to military actions in global warfare" (Military Science Publishing House. (4) historical relevance and accuracy. military are increasingly questioning the concept of "information warfare." and perhaps this is the most accurate description of information warfare in the broad sense..S. James Rogers points out that "information warfare really isn't anything new. Sep 97 issue). According to U." Col.S. Air Force document "The Foundations of Information Warfare" makes a strict distinction between "warfare in the information age" and
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.S. information processing. Army Field Manual FM100-6. some of the smart young officers in the U. information systems." (U.

protein molecule computers have computation speeds and memory capabilities hundreds of millions of times greater than our current computers. there were quite a few old weapons and conventional munitions which played important roles. Similarly. such as using a cruise missile to attack a target." [8] Macromolecular systems designed and produced using biotechnology represent the production materials for even higher order electronic components. 7 April. Army's Materiel Command. proof of concept. military has mainly been divided into five stages: Propose requirements.S.S. see "The Gulf War -.
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. 1997. (U. which has been termed a testing ground for the new weapons. draft a plan. In March.U. [9] Even in the Gulf War.S.S." weapons development by the U. Army conducted a brigade-size high-level combat test. whereas "information warfare" treats information as an independent realm and a powerful weapon. the U. thinking up and developing bold and novel advanced technology equipment for them which meets their needs. Army magazine.S. engineering development and production.S. According to John E. Army Times. and outfitting the units. or weapons of mass destruction. the information revolution will not eliminate guerilla tactics. Department of Defense Final Report to Congress -Appendix") [10] Starting with "Air-Land Battle. Wilson. 31 March. Army magazine. Military Science Publishing House. terrorism. testing a total of 58 kinds of digitized equipment. (U. (U. 1997 edition. pp 142-145). Johns Hopkins University professor Eliot Cohen reminds us that "just as nuclear weapons did not result in the elimination of conventional forces."information warfare." It holds that "warfare in the information age" is warfare which uses computerized weapons. (New Military Perspectives for the Next Century. his mission is to cooperate with the Training and Doctrine Command. commander of the U. Development regarding the equipping of digitized units is following this same path. some well-known scholars have also issued their own opinions. (For details.. 28 April 1997).S. Oct 1995). For example. October 1997).

This was the fate of Russia during the czarist and Soviet eras: the Soviet Union undertook military burdens that were difficult to bear. of Scientific Research at the Russian General Staff Academy. Based on its
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.[11] Slipchenko [si li pu qin ke 2448 0448 2528 3830 4430].S. the only outcome can be that they will fall further behind with regard to the military forces that they can use. the U. Air Force estimated that it could produce 132 B-2s with an investment of $22 billion. the thing that will still be most difficult to deal with will be a 'people's war.S. 11. Steven Blank. this money had only produced one B-2. spring 1996. (Zhu Xiaoli. believing that this is a new threat to the United States. believes that war and weapons have already gone through five ages. chairman of the Dept." (See U.S. "Preparing for the Next War: Some Views on the Revolution in Military Affairs"). p 6). The New U. Antulio Echevarria published an article in Parameters magazine in which he proposed that "in the post-industrial age. "If. National Defense Panel. [14] In 1981. while in turn the military was unwilling to accept the need for strategic retrenchment. 1998. and that they would replace nuclear weapons with respect to their effects. eight years later. 1996 edition. Orgakov's foresight and wisdom with regard to the issue of a revolution in military affairs ran aground because of structural problems. defense specialists believe that Orgakov already saw that electronic technology would result in a revolution in conventional weapons. and Russian Military Revolution. but it keeps engaging in military power contests with its opponents. [12] The Journal of the National Defense University. and we are now heading toward the sixth. chairman of the U. in keeping up with the extremely high costs of the revolution in military affairs.S. carried an article on Chen Bojiang's interview of Philip Odeen. Odeen mentioned "asymmetrical warfare" several times. No.S. Strategic Review magazine. a country exceeds the limits that can be borne by its system and material conditions. However.. However.'" [13] U. Zhao Xiaozhuo. Military Science Publishing House.

value per unit weight. p 33. the U.S.S. subsonic weapons.S. 26 March 1993. and use of such weapons. and gene weapons. 1997 edition. Dept. according to the 1997 World Military Yearbook (pp 521-522). including optical weapons. Aviation Week and Space Technology. [17] The point in substituting the concept of "ultra-lethal weapons" for the concept of "weapons of mass destruction" is to stress that the lethal power of such weapons exceeds the needs of warfare and represents a product of man's extremist thinking. [20] See Military Science Publishing House Foreign Military Data. Dept. of Defense has established a "non-lethal weapons research leading group. acoustic beam weapons. geophysical weapons. of Defense had formulated a policy regulating the development. etc. and that the effect of the combined effect bombs was at times better than that of precision bombs. The 6 March 1993 issue of Jane's Defense Weekly reported that a high-level non-lethal weapons steering committee at the Dept. (U. p 3. Stealth Technology Policy. directed-energy weapons.) [15] The U. 1998. procurement. [18] The "kind" in "kinder weapons" mainly refers to the fact that it reduces slaughter and collateral casualties. high-energy microwave weapons. p 3). (New Military Perspectives for the Next Century. 27. Military Science Publishing House.. and pulsed chemical lasers. one B-2 is worth three times its weight in gold. of Defense conducted an analysis of the 13 January 1993 air attack on Iraq and believes that there are numerous limitations to high-tech weapons. (See Modern Military.
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." whose goal is to see that non-lethal weapons appear on the weapons inventory as soon as possible. meteorological weapons. No. 8.S. [19] The April 1993 issue of the British journal International Defense Review revealed that the United States was energetically researching a variety of non-lethal weapons. solar energy weapons. No. and Zhu Zhihao's Analysis of U. In addition. [16] New-concept weapons primarily include kinetic-energy weapons. 25 January 93).

with no complexity to speak of. This was because our ancestors had limited horizons. Just so. Running through them all has been the "software" element of warfare: its purposefulness." Our ancestors would fight perhaps for the orthodox status of a religious sect." --Andre Beaufre Ever since early man went from hunting animals to slaughtering his own kind. For several thousand years. They would not even have
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. which seemingly were hard and fast. When that day comes. 34-59 in original]
"Throughout the Entire Course of History. Clausewitz wrote his famous saying. is the war god's face still distinct?
Why Fight and for Whom? In regard to the ancient Greeks. which has been an article of faith for several generations of soldiers and statesmen: "War is a continuation of politics. if the account in Homer's epic is really trustworthy. It has become universally accepted that warfare is a matter for soldiers.Chapter 2: The War God's Face Has Become Indistinct [pp. and their weapons were not lethal enough. The problem comes when people discover that all of these basic elements. people have been equipping the giant war beast for action. the purpose of the Trojan War was clear and simple: it was worth fighting a ten-year war for the beautiful Helen. weapons and a battlefield. nobody has ever questioned that these are the basic elements of warfare. the wars prosecuted by our ancestors were relatively simple in terms of the goals to be achieved. Before now. or perhaps for an expanse of pastureland with plenty of water and lush grass. and the desire to attain various goals has prompted soldiers to become locked in bloody conflict. have changed so that it is impossible to get a firm grip on them. the three indispensable "hardware" elements of any war have been soldiers. Warfare is Always Changing. their spheres of activity were narrow. and then without the least hesitation. they had modest requirements for existence. Only if something could not be obtained by normal means would our ancestors generally resort to extraordinary measures to obtain it. As far as their aims.

S. itself became the target of a fierce attack by the U. spices. military in the next year (see Endnote 1). which one year was still fiercely attacking Iran on behalf of the U. Who are our enemies? Who are our friends? These used to be the paramount questions in regard to revolution and counterrevolution. Furthermore. liquor or a love affair between a king and queen. and rebellions over things like rum. confusing and hard to get hold of. In former times. An Afghan guerilla trained by the CIA becomes the latest target for an attack by U. Iraq. in the Iran-Iraq War.S. while a country that once was an ally will perhaps be met on the battlefield at the next outbreak of war. say. This was national drug trafficking activity on probably the grandest scale in recorded history. NATO members
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." and the Japanese expounded their slogan of building the so called "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. But especially after the conclusion of the Cold War. there was just one kind of warfare in terms of the kind of motive and the kind of subsequent actions taken. nevertheless the substance behind the slogans was simply that the new great powers intended to once again carve up the spheres of influence of the old great powers and to reap the benefits of seizing their colonies. Hitler expounded his slogan of "obtaining living space for the German people. A country that yesterday was an adversary is in the process of becoming a current partner today. the ideal of "exporting revolution" and the slogan of "checking the expansion of communism" were calls to action that elicited countless responses. cruise missiles overnight. however. prior to recent times. Moving to later times. are recorded in the pages of history--stories that leave us not knowing whether to laugh or cry. Suddenly the answers have become complicated. To assess why people fight is not so easy today. The stories of wars over spices and sweethearts.S. It is clear from these examples that. when the Iron Curtain running all along the divide between the two great camps suddenly collapsed. Then there is the war that the English launched against the Qing monarchy for the sake of the opium trade. these calls have lost their effectiveness.scruples about going to war over. The times of clearly drawn sides are over." While a cursory look at these slogans would suggest that the goals must have been somewhat more complex than the goals of any previous wars.

have come just short of an open break as a result of their dispute over a tiny island. In reality. finally
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. to a dispute over market share. presenting constantly shifting images to the observer." The kaleidoscope of war is turned by the hands of self-interest. self-interest is the only constant. Throughout the whole course of the war. a dispute over trade sanctions. they need not fear facing the light directly. Every young lad that participated in the Gulf War will tell you right up front that he fought to restore justice in tiny. hatred stemming from tribal differences. The reason for starting a war can be anything from a dispute over territory and resources. it is more and more difficult for people to say clearly just why they are fighting (see Endnote 2). or a dispute stemming from financial unrest. Astonishing advances in modern advanced technology serve to promote globalization. further intensifying the uncertainty associated with the dissolution of some perceived self-interests and the emergence of others. a dispute over the distribution of power and authority. the Americans added the aspiration of building a new world order with "USA" stamped on it. the British reacted enthusiastically to President Bush's every move.Greece and Turkey have nearly come to blows several times in their dispute over Cyprus. weak Kuwait. and Japan and South Korea. all of the Western powers were fighting for their oil lifeline. in order to repay Uncle Sam for the trouble he took on their behalf in the Malvinas Islands War. or a dispute over ideology. a dispute over religious beliefs. To this primary goal. The French. However. in order to prevent the complete evaporation of their traditional influence in the Middle East. Perhaps there was also a bit of missionary zeal to uphold justice. the real reason for the war was perhaps far different from the high-sounding reason that was given. Hiding under the umbrella furnished by this high-sounding reason. In order to eliminate a threat that was close at hand." From start to finish. All of this serves to again confirm that old saying: "all friendship is in flux. Thus. who have concluded a treaty of alliance. The goals of warfare have become blurred due to the pursuit of a variety of agendas. the Saudi Arabians were willing to smash Muslim taboos and "dance with wolves. every country that participated in the Gulf War decided to join "Desert Storm" only after carefully thinking over its own intentions and goals.

or as having been fought to drive out the invaders. in a mountain pass. Since different countries will certainly be pursuing different agendas in a war. or as having been fought for the new world order. Whether the young lad is leaving on a horse. so-called "common interest" has become merely the war equation's largest common denominator that can be accepted by every allied party participating in the war effort. Naturally. In the eyes of today's soldier. Where to Fight? "To the battlefield!" The young lad with a pack on his back takes leave of his family as his daughters and other relatives see him off with tears in their eyes. a train. a steamship or a plane is not so important. it is necessary to take the self-interest of every allied party into consideration if the war is to be prosecuted jointly. Only a handful of soldiers are likely to grasp a principle that every statesman already knows: that the biggest difference between contemporary wars and the wars of the past is that. the overt goal and the covert goal are often two different matters . A face-off at close quarters between two armies might unfold on a small expanse of level ground. Even if we consider a given country's domestic situation. Thus. there is no way that a war prosecuted under these kinds of conditions can be a contest fought over a single objective. each of the various domestic interest groups will also be pursuing its own agenda in a war.sent troops to the Gulf at the last moment. in contemporary wars. The complex interrelationships among self-interests make it impossible to pigeonhole the Gulf War as having been fought for oil. During the long period of time before firearms. This is a classic scene in war movies. The important thing is that the destination never changes: it is the battlefield bathed in the flames of war. battlefields were small and compact. the battlefield that
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. or within the confines of a city. The aggregate of the self-interests of all the numerous countries participating in the war serves to transform a modern war like "Desert Storm" into a race to further various self-interests under the banner of a common interest.

The transition from the "point" type battlefield to the "line" type battlefield.so enraptured the ancients is a "point" target on the military map that is not particularly noteworthy. the latter stage came virtually on the heels of the former. When tanks began roaring over military trenches. They called war on this type of battlefield. Erich Ludendorff was another individual who attempted to radically change the nature of the battlefield. automatically usher in changes in the nature of the battlefield." The explosive development of military technology is constantly setting the stage for further explosive expansion of the battlespace. He put forth the theory of "total war" and tried to combine battlefield and non-battlefield elements into one organic whole. in each case. any significant advance has always depended in part on active innovating by military strategists. The battlefield. it transformed the battlefield into an "area" ["mian" 7240] type battlefield which was several dozens of miles deep. pillboxes. was suddenly lifted into three dimensional space. The development of weapons cannot. prop airplanes were already equipped with machine guns and it was already possible to drop bombs from zeppelins. in and of itself. served to bring the "point" and "line" ["xian" 4775] type battlefield to its acme. While he was not successful.C. which had been earthbound for several thousand years. Such a battlefield is fundamentally incapable of accommodating the spectacle of war as it has unfolded in recent times on such a grand scale. The trench warfare of the First World War. The advent of firearms led to dispersed formations. the new battlefield meant trenches. One could say that. Tukhachevsky. This was due in part to General J.F. Fuller's Tanks in the Great War of 1914-1918 and Giulio Douhet's The Command of the Air. with lines extending hundreds of miles. In the history of warfare. machine guns and shell craters. where heavy casualties were inflicted. At the same time. he
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. a "slaughterhouse" and a "meat grinder. For those who went to war during those times. and the "point" ["dian" 7820] type battlefield was gradually drawn out into a line of skirmishers. as well as the extremely deep operations that were proposed and demonstrated under the command of Marshall Mikhail N. wire entanglements. and the transition from the two-dimensional battlefield to the threedimensional battlefield did not take as long as people generally think.

but he never really understood the revolutionary significance of breaking through the partition separating battlefield elements from non-battlefield elements. Even the last refuge of the human race--the inner world of the heart--cannot avoid the attacks of psychological warfare. who was neither a strategist nor a tactician. technology is doing its utmost to extend the contemporary battlefield to a degree that is virtually infinite: there are satellites in space. While no military thinker has yet put forth an extremely wide-ranging concept of the battlefield. and electronic countermeasures are even now being carried out in the invisible electromagnetic spectrum space. relied on his intuition and made the line of demarcation between the front and rear less prominent in the war. 20 years later. so that a person has no place to flee. Ludendorff was destined only to fight at battlefields like Verdun and the Masurian Lakes. there are ballistic missiles that can reach anyplace on the globe. He utilized bombers powered by Mercedes engines and V-1 and V-2 guided missiles and broke the British Isles' record of never having been encroached upon by an invader. the battlespace is being stretched to its limits. This revolution. Naturally. In the wake of the expansion of mankind's imaginative powers and his ability to master technology. will be upon us in full force soon enough. All of the prevailing concepts about the breadth. There are nets above and snares below. depth and height of the operational space already appear to be old-fashioned and obsolete. technology is again running ahead of the military thinking. This time. Hitler. it was impossible to fire a shell that would pass through the front and rear areas on its parabolic path. he had long range weapons at his disposal. At that time. the wingspan of the war god could not extend any farther than the range of a Krupp artillery piece. however. then. there are submarines under the water. A soldier's fate is determined by the era in which he lives.
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. Perhaps this concept was beyond the ken of an out-andout war maniac and half-baked military strategist. Hitler was more fortunate than Ludendorff.nevertheless was the harbinger of similar military thought that has outlived him for more than half a century.

or of land. The opinion that "the future battlefield expansion trend will be reflected in wars that are prosecuted in deeper parts of the oceans and at higher elevations in outer space" is merely a superficial point of view and conclusion that restricts itself to the level of general physics. It is already clear that mechanical enlargement of the existing battlefield will not be the modus operandi for future battlefield change. in military thinking. there is still an unwillingness to simply stand still. The really revolutionary battlefield change stems from the expansion of the "non-natural space" ["feiziran kongjian" 7236 5261 3544 4500 7035].. between macroscopic and microscopic] space. In this type of "man-made space. then the "nanometer space" which is emerging hard on the heals of the network space. the concepts of length. width and height. air and outer space. This is because of the special properties of electromagnetic signals whereby they can permeate and control conventional space without occupying any of this space. sea. have all lost their significance. which is being drawn along by technology. The electromagnetic spectrum space is a different kind of battlespace that stems from technological creativity and depends on technology. or a number of technologies in combination. Network space is a technological space that is formed by a distinctive combination of electronics technology. bodes well for the realization of mankind's dream--a war without the direct involvement of people." or "technological space" [see Endnote 3]. There is no way that the electromagnetic spectrum space can be regarded as a battlespace in the former conventional sense. can create a brand new technological space. information technology and the application of specific designs. The "network space" is now drawing widespread attention among modern soldiers. it is certainly not sufficient to simply expand the area of the battlefield in conventional "mesoscopic" [i. Since technology has already served to open up more promising prospects for military thought. If one maintains that a war prosecuted in this space is still a war in which people control the outcome.In spite of the situation described above. We can anticipate that every major alteration or extension of the battlespace of the future will depend on whether a certain kind of technological invention.e. Some extremely imaginative and creative soldiers are just now attempting to introduce
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.

Nevertheless. Thus. All that is needed is the ability to launch an attack in a certain place. warfare will simultaneously evolve in the macroscopic. in order to achieve a certain goal. this type of warfare will go along hand-in-hand with traditional warfare. a network war or a nanometer war might become a reality right in our midst. the battlefield is omnipresent. as well as in various other spheres defined by their physical properties. In more and more situations. "mesoscopic. Before very long." and microscopic spheres. into the warfare of the future. which will all ultimately serve to make up a marvelous battlefield unprecedented in the annals of human warfare. a type of war that nobody even imagined in the past. and between the professional soldier and the non-professional warrior. serving also to make the line between these two entities less and less clear."
Who Fights?
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. then is there non-battlespace anywhere? If that young lad setting out with his orders should ask today: "Where is the battlefield?" The answer would be: "Everywhere. with the progressive breaking down of the distinction between military technology and civilian technology. It is likely to be very intense. Fields that were formerly isolated from each other are being connected. Mankind is endowing virtually every space with battlefield significance.these battlespaces. if it's even possible to start a war in a computer room or a stock exchange that will send an enemy country to its doom. but with practically no bloodshed. the battlespace will overlap more and more with the non-battlespace. At the same time. Thus. using certain means. The time for a fundamental change in the battlefield--the arena of war--is not far off. comprised of new technologies. and will be mutually complementary as each develops in its own way. Just think. it is likely to determine who is the victor and who the vanquished in an overall war. The two types of battlespaces--the conventional space and the technological space--will overlap and intersect with each other.

rather than primarily having personnel cuts in mind. and updating military thought and warfighting theory [see Endnote 4]. increasing the amount of high technology and midlevel technology in weaponry. The era of "strong and brave soldiers who are heroic defenders of the nation" has already passed. cast and formed on the assembly lines of big industry and established according to the demands of mechanized warfare. In a world where even "nuclear warfare" will perhaps become obsolete military jargon. discos. This is because modern soldiers have gone through the severe test of an uninterrupted technological explosion throughout the entire 100 years of the twentieth century. during these force reductions. every major nation in the world carried out round after round of force reductions over the next dozen or so years. the main factor behind the general worldwide force reductions is that. and perhaps also because of the salutary influence of the worldwide pop culture. viz. A deeper reason for the force reductions is that. Precisely for this reason. The factors leading to armed forces reductions are by no means limited to this point. Little do these commentators realize that this factor is just the tip of the iceberg. The best evidence of this is perhaps a story that is circulating in Western military circles regarding a lieutenant who used a modem to bring a naval division to its knees [see Endnote 5]. countries that formerly were pitted against each other are now anxious to enjoy the peace dividend.In 1985. China implemented a "Massive Million Troop Drawdown" in its armed forces. some farsighted countries.
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. are instead putting more emphasis on raising the quality of military personnel. with the conclusion of the Cold War. it would require too much of an effort and would be too grandiose to set up a large-scale professional military. According to many commentators on military affairs. With this as a prelude. as the wave of information technology (IT) warfare ["xinxihua zhanzheng" 0207 1873 0553 2069 3630] grows and grows. The contrast between today's soldiers and the soldiers of earlier generations is as plain to see as the contrast which we have already noted between modern weapons and their precursors. it is likely that a pasty-faced scholar wearing thick eyeglasses is better suited to be a modern soldier than is a strong young lowbrow with bulging biceps. the World Cup. rock and roll.. the NBA and Hollywood.

The digital fighter is taking over the role formerly played by the "blood and iron" warrior--a role that. A tendency towards civilianization has begun to become evident [see Endnote 6].S. making it impossible for professional soldiers with their concepts of professionalized warfare to ignore challenges that are somewhat embarrassing. for thousands of years. He also hacked into more than 100 other
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. popularized by West Point Military Academy. The contrast is stark whether we are talking about physical ability or intellectual ability. warfare no longer is an exclusive imperial garden where professional soldiers alone can mingle. modern weapons systems have made it possible for them to be far removed from any conventional battlefield. it is difficult for them to shed their gentle and frail natures rooted in the soil of contemporary society. and the most famous. All of this has turned each and every soldier into a self-effacing gentleman who would just as soon avoid the sight of blood. Who is most likely to become the leading protagonist on the terra incognita of the next war? The first challenger to have appeared. FM100-6 Information Operations regulations. has not been challenged.etc. it merely indicates that a technological elite among the citizenry have broken down the door and barged in uninvited. In addition. is the computer "hacker. military's Rome Air Development Center in New York State. Now that it has come on the stage of action and has rendered obsolete the traditional divisions of labor prevailing in a society characterized by big industry. who generally has not received any military training or been engaged in any military profession. etc. and they can attack the enemy from a place beyond his range of vision where they need not come face to face with the dripping blood that comes with killing. Quite the contrary. In 1994.. a computer hacker in England attacked the U. Mao Zedong's theory concerning "every citizen a soldier" has certainly not been in any way responsible for this tendency. can easily impair the security of an army or a nation in a major way by simply relying on his personal technical expertise. The current trend does not demand extensive mobilization of the people. Even though the new generation of soldiers born in the 70's and 80's has been trained using the "beast barracks" style of training.S." This chap. compromising the security of 30 systems. A classic example is given in the U.

How many of these were organized destructive acts by non-professional warriors? Perhaps there will never be any way of knowing [see Endnote 7]. For these reasons. so hackers come in all shapes and colors. but also the fact that the hacker was actually a teenager who was merely 16 years old. the whole world was utterly shocked and the Indonesian government and military were pushed before the
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. Just as there are all kinds of people in society. an intrusion by a teenager playing a game cannot be regarded as an act of war. They may delete someone else's precious data. Using computers. and network mercenaries. these kinds of people are poles apart from each other. on-line gold diggers.S. The Suharto government imposed a strict blockade on news about the organized aggressive actions against the ethnic Chinese living in Indonesia. but they gather together in the same network world. like the legendary lone knight-errant. Or. with varying backgrounds and values. In their ideas and in their actions.systems.000 security-related intrusions into U. They go about their business in accordance with their own distinctive value judgments and their own ideas of what makes sense. as a practical joke. What astounded people was not only the scale of those affected by the attack and the magnitude of the damage. whether they are doing good or doing ill. dyed-in-the-wool network terrorists. are hiding in the camouflage provided by networks: curious middle school students. they may obtain information by hook or by crook from other people's accounts. The problem is. how does one know for certain which damage is the result of games and which damage is the result of warfare? Which acts are individual acts by citizens and which acts represent hostile actions by non-professional warriors. The aggressive actions were first made public on the Internet by witnesses with a sense of justice. among others. while some are simply confused and aimless. or perhaps even organized hacker warfare launched by a state? In 1994. they do not feel bound by the rules of the game that prevail in the society at large. corporate staff members nursing a grudge. that was obtained with such difficulty. they may use their outstanding on-line technical skills to take on the evil powers that be. DOD networks. The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and NASA suffered damage. Naturally. As a result. All types of hackers. there were 230.

(which adheres to certain rules and will only use limited force to obtain a limited goal). another group of hackers calling themselves "Milworm" put on another fine performance on the Internet. the Caucasian militias in the U. More murderous than hackers--and more of a threat in the real world--are the non-state organizations. The various and sundry monstrous and virtually insane destructive acts by these kinds of groups are undoubtedly more likely to be the new breeding ground for contemporary wars than is the behavior of the lone ranger hacker. are generally driven by some extreme creed or cause. (which never observe any rules and which are not afraid to fight an unlimited war using unlimited means). Moreover. such as: the Islamic organizations pursuing a holy war. They went only to a certain point and no further. In order to protest India's nuclear tests. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.S. During the 1990's. most recently. faces off with one of these types of organizations.S. This person is not a hacker in the general sense of the term. and downloaded 5 MB of data. and did not give their adversary too much trouble.. Prior to this. and concurrent with the series of military actions launched by nonprofessional warriors and non-state organizations. or a financier with a
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. and. These organizations. the Japanese Aum Shinrikyo cult.bar of morality and justice. they penetrated the firewall of the network belonging to India's [Bhabha] Atomic Research Center (BARC). altered the home page. whose very mention causes the Western world to shake in its boots. which blew up the U. we began to get an inkling of a non-military type of war which is prosecuted by yet another type of non-professional warrior. These hackers could actually be considered polite. it will often prove very difficult for the nation state or national armed force to gain the upper hand. the influence exerted by a nuclear bomb is perhaps less than the influence exerted by a hacker. and also is not a member of a quasi-military organization. it also has a great deal of symbolic significance: in the information age. when a nation state or national armed force. Perhaps he or she is a systems analyst or a software engineer. terrorist groups like Osama bin Ladin's. Aside from the direct results of this kind of action. which all have a certain military flavor to a greater or lesser degree.

are rodents with great powers of survival. he or she does not lack the motivation or courage to enter a fight as necessary. This is not simply because the U. Judging by this kind of standard. It is more because the opinions of the Americans on this question really are superior compared to the prevailing opinions among the military people of other nations.large amount of mobile capital or a stock speculator. Frequently. The Americans have summed up the four main forms that warfighting will take in the future as: 1) Information warfare. He or she might even perhaps be a media mogul who controls a wide variety of media. From now on. 3) Joint operations [see Endnote 9]. Global terrorist activity is one of the by-products of the globalization trend that has been ushered in by technological integration.S. Moreover.
What Means and Methods Are Used to Fight? There's no getting around the opinions of the Americans when it comes to discussing what means and methods will be used to fight future wars. then. and 4) Military operations other than war (MOOTW) [see Endnote 10]. which can use their sharp teeth to torment the better part of the world. is the latest lord of the mountain in the world. This
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. His or her philosophy of life is different from that of certain blind and inhuman terrorists. it is also at the same time blurring the concept of who the war participants are. a famous columnist or the host of a TV program. 2) Precision warfare [see Endnote 8]. Their adversaries. soldiers no longer have a monopoly on war. making these warriors and organizations more and more serious adversaries for every professional army. who can say that George Soros is not a financial terrorist? Precisely in the same way that modern technology is changing weapons and the battlefield. he or she has a firmly held philosophy of life and his or her faith is by no means inferior to Osama bin Ladin's in terms of its fanaticism. Non-professional warriors and non-state organizations are posing a greater and greater threat to sovereign nations. professional armies are like gigantic dinosaurs which lack strength commensurate to their size in this new age. Compared to these adversaries.

last sentence is a mouthful. From this sentence alone we can see the highly imaginative, and yet highly practical, approach of the Americans, and we can also gain a sound understanding of the warfare of the future as seen through the eyes of the Americans. Aside from joint operations, which evolved from traditional cooperative operations and coordinated operations, and even AirLand operations, the other three of the four forms of warfighting can all be considered products of new military thinking. General Gordon R. Sullivan, the former Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, maintained that information warfare will be the basic form of warfighting in future warfare. For this reason, he set up the best digitized force in the U.S. military, and in the world. Moreover, he proposed the concept of precision warfare, based on the perception that "there will be an overall swing towards information processing and stealthy long-range attacks as the main foundations of future warfare." For the Americans, the advent of new, high-tech weaponry, such as precision-guided weapons, the Global Positioning System (GPS), C4I systems and stealth airplanes, will possibly allow soldiers to dispense with the nightmare of attrition warfare. Precision warfare, which has been dubbed "non-contact attack" by the Americans, and "remote combat" by the Russians [see Endnote 11], is characterized by concealment, speed, accuracy, a high degree of effectiveness, and few collateral casualties. In wars of the future, where the outcome will perhaps be decided not long after the war starts, this type of tactic, which has already showed some of its effectiveness in the Gulf War, will probably be the method of choice that will be embraced most gladly by U.S. generals. However, the phrase that really demonstrates some creative wording is not "information warfare" or "precision warfare," but rather the phrase "military operations other than war." This particular concept is clearly based on the "world's interest," which the Americans are constantly invoking, and the concept implies a rash overstepping of its authority by the U.S.--a classic case of the American attitude that "I am responsible for every place under the sun." Nevertheless, such an assessment does not by any means stifle our praise of this concept because, after all, for the first time it permits a variety of measures that are needed to deal comprehensively with the problems of the 20th and 21st

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centuries to be put into this MOOTW box, so that soldiers are not likely to be in the dark and at a loss in the world that lies beyond the battlefield. Thus, the somewhat inferior "thought antennae" of the soldiers will be allowed to bump up against the edges of a broader concept of war. Such needed measures include peacekeeping, efforts to suppress illicit drugs, riot suppression, military aid, arms control, disaster relief, the evacuation of Chinese nationals residing abroad, and striking at terrorist activities. Contact with this broader concept of war cannot but lessen the soldiers' attachment to the MOOTW box itself. Ultimately, they will not be able to put the brand new concept of "non-military war operations" into the box. When this occurs, it will represent an understanding that has genuine revolutionary significance in terms of mankind's perception of war. The difference between the concepts of "non-military war operations" and "military operations other than war" is far greater than a surface reading would indicate and is by no means simply a matter of changing the order of some words in a kind of word game. The latter concept, MOOTW, may be considered simply an explicit label for missions and operations by armed forces that are carried out when there is no state of war. The former concept, "non-military war operations," extends our understanding of exactly what constitutes a state of war to each and every field of human endeavor, far beyond what can be embraced by the term "military operations." This type of extension is the natural result of the fact that human beings will use every conceivable means to achieve their goals. While it seems that the Americans are in the lead in every field of military theory, they were not able to take the lead in proposing this new concept of war. However, we cannot fail to recognize that the flood of U.S.-style pragmatism around the world, and the unlimited possibilities offered by new, high technology, were nevertheless powerful forces behind the emergence of this concept. So, which [of many kinds of unconventional] means, which seem totally unrelated to war, will ultimately become the favored minions of this new type of war--"the non-military war operation"--which is being waged with greater and greater frequency all around the world?

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Trade War: If one should note that, about a dozen years ago, "trade war" was still simply a descriptive phrase, today it has really become a tool in the hands of many countries for waging non-military warfare. It can be used with particularly great skill in the hands of the Americans, who have perfected it to a fine art. Some of the means used include: the use of domestic trade law on the international stage; the arbitrary erection and dismantling of tariff barriers; the use of hastily written trade sanctions; the imposition of embargoes on exports of critical technologies; the use of the Special Section 301 law; and the application of most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment, etc., etc. Any one of these means can have a destructive effect that is equal to that of a military operation. The comprehensive eight-year embargo against Iraq that was initiated by the U.S. is the most classic textbook example in this regard. Financial War: Now that Asians have experienced the financial crisis in Southeast Asia, no one could be more affected by "financial war" than they have been. No, they have not just been affected; they have simply been cut to the very quick! A surprise financial war attack that was deliberately planned and initiated by the owners of international mobile capital ultimately served to pin one nation after another to the ground--nations that not long ago were hailed as "little tigers" and "little dragons." Economic prosperity that once excited the constant admiration of the Western world changed to a depression, like the leaves of a tree that are blown away in a single night by the autumn wind. After just one round of fighting, the economies of a number of countries had fallen back ten years. What is more, such a defeat on the economic front precipitates a near collapse of the social and political order. The casualties resulting from the constant chaos are no less than those resulting from a regional war, and the injury done to the living social organism even exceeds the injury inflicted by a regional war. Non-state organizations, in this their first war without the use of military force, are using non-military means to engage sovereign nations. Thus, financial war is a form of non-military warfare which is just as terribly destructive as a bloody war, but in which no blood is actually shed. Financial warfare has now officially come to war's center stage--a stage that for thousands of years has

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been occupied only by soldiers and weapons, with blood and death everywhere. We believe that before long, "financial warfare" will undoubtedly be an entry in the various types of dictionaries of official military jargon. Moreover, when people revise the history books on twentieth-century warfare in the early 21st century, the section on financial warfare will command the reader's utmost attention [see Endnote 12]. The main protagonist in this section of the history book will not be a statesman or a military strategist; rather, it will be George Soros. Of course, Soros does not have an exclusive monopoly on using the financial weapon for fighting wars. Before Soros, Helmut Kohl used the deutsche mark to breach the Berlin Wall--a wall that no one had ever been able to knock down using artillery shells [see Endnote 13]. After Soros began his activities, Li Denghui [Li Teng-hui 2621 4098 6540] used the financial crisis in Southeast Asia to devalue the New Taiwan dollar, so as to launch an attack on the Hong Kong dollar and Hong Kong stocks, especially the "red-chip stocks." [Translator's note: "red-chip stocks" refers to stocks of companies listed on the Hong Kong stock market but controlled by mainland interests.] In addition, we have yet to mention the crowd of large and small speculators who have come en masse to this huge dinner party for money gluttons, including Morgan Stanley and Moody's, which are famous for the credit rating reports that they issue, and which point out promising targets of attack for the benefit of the big fish in the financial world [see Endnote 14]. These two companies are typical of those entities that participate indirectly in the great feast and reap the benefits. In the summer of 1998, after the fighting in the financial war had been going on for a full year, the war's second round of battles began to unfold on an even more extensive battlefield, and this round of battles continues to this day. This time, it was not just the countries of Southeast Asia, (which had suffered such a crushing defeat during the previous year), that were drawn into the war. Two titans were also drawn in--Japan and Russia. This resulted in making the global economic situation even more grim and difficult to control. The blinding flames even set alight the fighting duds of those who ventured to play with fire in the first place. It is reported that

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control subsidies to political organizations.S. Moreover. Today. in terms of its operations. Perhaps we could dub this type of war "foundation-style" financial war. financial war has become a "hyperstrategic" weapon that is attracting the attention of the world. and is also highly destructive. and limit any resistance from the authorities. From a military standpoint. then. Nevertheless. its casualties might well be fewer than the casualties resulting from a conventional war or campaign. This is because financial war is easily manipulated and allows for concealed actions. This characteristic invariably puts national forces in an extremely unfavorable position even before war breaks out. Thus we can get at least an inkling of the magnitude of financial war's destructive power. a traditional terror war carries a stronger flavor of violence.Soros and his "Quantum Fund" lost not less than several billion dollars in Russia and Hong Kong alone [see Endnote 15]. and the fact that more and more countries and non-state organizations are deliberately using it. a traditional terror war is never bound by any of the traditional rules of the society at large. New Terror War in Contrast to Traditional Terror War: Due to the limited scale of a traditional terror war. These foundations control the media. resulting in a collapse of national order and the downfall of the legally authorized government. By analyzing the chaos in Albania not long ago. the traditional terror war is characterized by the use of limited resources to fight an unlimited war. since national forces must always conduct themselves according to certain rules and therefore are only able to use their unlimited resources to fight a limited war. The most recent proof is the case of the two explosions
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. are causes for concern and are facts that we must face squarely. we can clearly see the role played by various types of foundations that were set up by transnational groups and millionaires with riches rivaling the wealth of nation states. The greater and greater frequency and intensity of this type of war. headaches. and also why "using a sledgehammer to kill an ant" often proves ineffective. when nuclear weapons have already become frightening mantlepiece decorations that are losing their real operational value with each passing day. This explains how a terrorist organization made up of just a few inexperienced members who are still wet behind the ears can nevertheless give a mighty country like the U.

high technologies that possibly will evolve into new superweapons. the "Falange Armed Forces" [Changqiangdang Wuzhuang 7022 2847 7825 2976 5944] group in Italy is a completely different class of high-tech terrorist organization. this would represent less than the maximum degree of terror. will find it difficult to gain the upper hand in a game that has no rules. When Aum Shinrikyo followers discharged "Sarin" poison gas in a Tokyo subway. and sets itself against humanity as a whole. assassinations. We might well call this type of operation "new terror war. the crust of the earth. deleting programs. Even if a country turns itself into a terrorist element. It specializes in breaking into the computer networks of banks and news organizations. oceans. kidnappings. the air circulating in the atmosphere. We already have a hint of what the future may hold--a hint that may well cause concern. Its goals are explicit and the means that it employs are extraordinary. By methods such as
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. it will not necessarily be able to achieve success." Ecological War: Ecological war refers to a new type of non-military warfare in which modern technology is employed to influence the natural state of rivers. and plane hijackings. What really strikes terror into people's hearts is the rendezvous of terrorists with various types of new.S.that occurred simultaneously at the U. These are classic terrorist operations directed against networks and the media. the polar ice sheets. This affair put people on notice that modern biochemical technology had already forged a lethal weapon for those terrorists who would try to carry out the mass destruction of humanity [see Endnote 16]. as the Americans are now in the process of doing. if all terrorists confined their operations simply to the traditional approach of bombings. Be that as it may. This type of terrorist operation uses the latest technology in the most current fields of study. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. and disseminating disinformation. The advent of bin Ladin-style terrorism has deepened the impression that a national force. no matter how powerful. and the ozone layer. In contradistinction to masked killers that rely on the indiscriminate slaughter of innocent people to produce terror. the casualties resulting from the poison gas accounted for just a small portion of the terror. stealing stored data.

media warfare (manipulating what people see and hear in order to lead public opinion along). there is a real danger that the slightest increase or decrease in any variable would be enough to touch off an ecological holocaust. smuggling warfare (throwing markets into confusion and attacking economic order). etc In addition. and sunshine patterns. there are other types
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. and because non-state organizations have consistently demonstrated that they unwilling to play by the rules of the game. resources warfare (grabbing riches by plundering stores of resources). Moreover. Perhaps before very long. etc. the composition of the atmosphere. Aside from what we have discussed above. a man-made El Nino or La Nina effect will become yet another kind of superweapon in the hands of certain nations and/or non-state organizations. drug warfare (obtaining sudden and huge illicit profits by spreading disaster in other countries). fabrication warfare (presenting a counterfeit appearance of real strength before the eyes of the enemy).. because of its terrorist nature. economic aid warfare (bestowing favor in the open and contriving to control matters in secret). the atmospheric temperature. since the global ecological environment will frequently be on the borderline of catastrophe as nations strive for the most rapid development possible. technological warfare (creating monopolies by setting standards independently). cultural warfare (leading cultural trends along in order to assimilate those with different views).causing earthquakes and altering precipitation patterns. some of which already exist and some of which may exist in the future. network warfare (venturing out in secret and concealing one's identity in a type of warfare that is virtually impossible to guard against). we can point out a number of other means and methods used to fight a non-military war. sea level height. It is more likely that a non-state organization will become the prime initiator of ecological war. the earth's physical environment is damaged or an alternate local ecology is created. because it feels it has no responsibility to the people or to the society at large. and international law warfare (seizing the earliest opportunity to set up regulations). Such means and methods include psychological warfare (spreading rumors to intimidate the enemy and break down his will).

or will enter. if not more so. means that involve military power and means that do not involve military power. nor even by the presence of casualties and bloodshed. along with their corresponding applications. it is precisely the diversity of the means employed that has enlarged the concept of warfare. have already begun to quietly change the view of warfare held by all of mankind. why do people want to enmesh themselves in a web of their own making and select and use means of warfare that are limited to the realm of the force of arms and military power? Methods that are not characterized by the use of the force of arms. Faced with a nearly infinitely diverse array of options to choose from. it will very difficult for us to regain our foothold in the future." Rather. As a matter of course. What is significant is that all of these warfighting means. Moreover. that have entered. when the plethora of new technologies can in turn give rise to a plethora of new means and methods of fighting war. Any war that breaks out tomorrow or further down the road will be characterized by warfare in the broad sense--a cocktail mixture of warfare prosecuted through the force of arms and warfare that is prosecuted by means other than the force of arms. it would simply be senseless and a waste of effort to list all of the means and methods one by one. (not to mention the cross-combining and creative use of these means and methods). this prospect has led to revision of the statement that "war is politics with bloodshed." and in turn has also led to a change in the hitherto set view that warfare prosecuted through force of arms is the ultimate means of resolving conflict. the ranks of warfighting means in the service of war. The goal of this kind of warfare will encompass more than merely "using means that involve the force of arms to force the enemy to accept one's own will.of non-military warfare which are too numerous to mention. nor by the use of military power. are entering. If we confine ourselves to warfare in the narrow sense on the traditional battlefield now. In this age. Clearly. means
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. the goal should be "to use all means whatsoever--means that involve the force of arms and means that do not involve the force of arms. are just as likely to facilitate the successful realization of the war's goals. in turn. resulted in enlargement of the realm of war-related activities. the enlargement of the concept of warfare has.

OLD SECURITY ENVIRONMENT NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Single (Soviet) Diverse Threat to U.N. For more on the close relationship between Iraq and the U.S. A dynamic U. survival Threat to U. Secretary of Defense Les Aspin entitled "On the Sea Change in the Security Environment" was published in the February. p.S. only the number one military power Permanent alliances Temporary alliances A paralyzed U.. 1993. Iraq had received weapons and valuable intelligence regarding Iranian movements from the U. military support for attacks on Iran's navy. "Iraq had established extremely close relations with the United States.S.S. 2. the number one Western power U.): A Comparison of The New and the Old Security Environments 1. In Regard to Threats Faced by the U. (published in the U.S.S.S.S. the reader may refer to Desert Warrior: A Personal View of the Gulf War by the Joint Forces Commander.S. In Regard to the Geopolitical Environment OLD SECURITY ENVIRONMENT NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Bipolar (rigid) Multipolar (complex) Predictable Uncertain Communism Nationalism and religious extremism U. interests Clear Unclear
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. 212.S. Junshi Yiwen [6511 0057 6146 2429] Publishing House." 2."
ENDNOTES 1.. An article by the then-U. issue of The Officer magazine.N.that entail casualties and means that do not entail casualties--to force the enemy to serve one's own interests. as well as U.

S. thus actually increasing combat strength to some degree even while large reductions in U. medium and low technology Forward deployed Power projection Forward based Home based Host nation support Reliance on own strength From the table above.S. In addition. "Technological space" is a new concept that we are proposing in order to distinguish this type of space from physical space. military. In Regard to the Use of Military Force OLD SECURITY ENVIRONMENT NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT Attrition warfare Decisive attacks on key targets War by proxy Direct reinforcement Reliance primarily on high technology Integrated use of high.Deterrable Non-deterrable Europe-centered Other regions High risk of escalation Little risk of escalation Use of strategic nuclear weapons Terrorists using nuclear weapons Overt Covert 3. According to the U.S. and also the various types of forces and factors that are constraining and influencing the formation of the world's new setup since the conclusion of the Cold War. military personnel were being carried out. The U. military personnel has been cut by 32% since 1989.S. retired a large amount of obsolete equipment.S. one can see the sensitivity of the Americans to the changes in their security environment.S. 3." It advocated continued
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. the U. 4. Department of Defense National Defense Report for fiscal year 1998. The QDR emphasized "taking the future into consideration and reforming the U. DOD issued its Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) in May of 1997. the number of U.

Precision warfare is a new form of warfighting. Joint Chiefs of Staff/Joint Staff. See Joint Force Quarterly. Many hackers are adopting a new tactic which might be styled "network guerrilla warfare. Hainan Publishing House. Summer 1996. 1995. military carried out a "Joint Warrior" exercise from Sep 18 until Sep 25. (see The Network is King by Hu Yong [5170 3144] and Fan Haiyan [5400 3189 3601].S. pp.) 9." 8. However. quoted in World Military Affairs Yearbook for 1997. 5. (See "From Gettysburg to the Gulf and Beyond. military in accordance with new military affairs theories. but rather computer viruses and microrobots. in order to test the security of its national defense electronics systems. According to this report." a Colonel in the Japanese Self-Defense Forces by the name of Shoichi Takama has noted that the civilianization of war will be an important characteristic of 21st century warfare. In their book War and Anti-War. [1997 Nian Shijie Junshi Nianjian]. During the exercise." In his article entitled "What the Revolution in Military Affairs is Bringing--The Form War Will Take in 2020. 1992].S." a document prepared by the [Chairman of the] U. pp. Alvin and Heidi Toffler wrote: "If the tools of warfare are no longer tanks and artillery. "Joint Vision 2010.personnel cuts and building the U. 7. but there also are some military experts who believe that these are cases of "throwing up a confusing mist before someone's eyes. it also advocated comparatively greater expenditures for the purchase of equipment.) There are many similar stories. the U. 258-259. This story first appeared in the British Sunday Telegraph. It came about as a result of combining increased weapons accuracy with increased battlefield transparency.S. then we can no longer say that nations are the only armed groups or that soldiers are the only ones in possession of the tools of war. an Air Force officer successfully hacked into the naval command system. Dunn III [McNair Paper 13." 6. published by the PLA in Chinese." by Colonel Richard J.
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. 294-295.

An article entitled "A New York Corporation that Affects Economies" in the July 29. (Military Thought. 1993]. Some security experts in the U. 14. 1998. "Operations. The Crisis of Global Capitalism.S. #11. Consult ARMY Magazine (U. 1997. September 7. issue of the Los Angeles Times." (See Reference News [Cankao Xiaoxi 0639 5072 3194 1873]. See the U. not terrorist training camps. [translator's note: this probably refers to FM 100-5. The article noted: "At present. the Russian tactical expert I. have suggested to the government that it lay up large stores of antidotes.) 12. 1998. South Korea. Soros analyzes the lessons to be learned from this economic crisis.). issue of The Christian Science Monitor disclosed how Moody's credit rating reports influence and even manipulate economic trends in Italy. 1993. August 20. China Broadcasting Publishing House [in Chinese]. 15. After his research on the Gulf War. in order to guard against a surprise chemical attack by a terrorist organization. Vorobyev pointed out that remote combat is a warfighting method that has great potential.S. by Wang Jiannan [3769 0494 0589]. On the basis of a ghastly account of his investments in 1998. 16.) 13. Beijing. 1992. 1998. June. 357.N.S. 1998." Department of the Army. pp. Army's 1993 edition of Operations Essentials.10. Who Has Joined the Fray?--Helmut Kohl. 232. in Russian. Soros pours out all his bitterness in his book. 275. There was an article entitled "Financial Markets are the Biggest Threat to Peace" in the August 23. See Reference News. Japan and Malaysia. 11. June.
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. financial markets constitute the biggest threat to world peace.

S. 4. and only those who were fettered by the old conventions could not see its classic significance for future warfare. 38 days were air strikes. Cordesman.. "Desert Storm" was not a classic war in the typical sense but [since it was a war conducted just as the greatest revolution in military affairs in the history of man to date was arriving it cannot be measured with traditional or even outmoded standards.000 casualties and 80. but incurred the enormous cost of $61 billion.most of whom were commentators and generals unable to take part in "Desert Storm" in a complex and subtle frame of mind -. At a time when new warfare required a new classic. 60-86 in original] "Did the special nature of the Gulf War.S.450 armored vehicles.000 armored vehicles. More than 300 warships from six carrier groups. to this day there are very few people in Uncle Sam's wildly jubilant group that have accurately evaluated the significance of the war.000 prisoners.. viewed from a traditional perspective. Some hotheads used this to ceaselessly fabricate the myth that the United States was invincible. This is because the classics for future warfare can only be born by departing from traditional models. while the U.000 tanks and 12.917 artillery pieces were destroyed. We have no intention
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. the Gulf War can be considered a major war. and 2. 3.trigger 'a revolution in military affairs' or not? This is ultimately a question of perspective. Of the 42-day war.-led multinational force crushed 42 Iraqi divisions. and nearly two million soldiers from more than 30 nations took part in the war. 1. Wagner.-led allied forces created it right on time in the Gulf.Chapter 3: A Classic That Deviates From the Classics [pp. and the Iraqi forces suffered 30.847 tanks. while some who could still be considered cool-headed -.Anthony H.S.believed that "Desert Storm" was not a typical war [2] and that a war conducted under such ideal conditions cannot serve as a model. the U. When one listens to such talk it smacks somewhat of sour grapes. Actually. while the ground war lasted only 100 hours.
Compared to any war in history. The U. [1] Perhaps because victory was achieved so easily. Abraham R. 12.000 aircraft. forces only lost 184 people." -.

and besides.S. annexing Kuwait seemed more like a household matter in the extended Arab family compared to the taking of American hostages during the Iranian revolution. who could say that a classic war heralding the arrival of warfare in the age of technical integration-globalization had not opened wide the main front door to the mysterious and strange history of warfare . what most of the Arab countries had in mind was rooting out the Islamic heresy represented by Saddam to keep him from damaging their own interests were he to grow stronger unopposed. and therefore it is the only apple that is worthy of our close analysis [the author returns to the analysis of analyzing an apple later in the chapter]. technology and the U. The Western powers are already thoroughly familiar with modern international political skills. and the anti-Iraq alliance was assembled under the United Nations
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. it was certainly a slap in the Americans' face. and glorious results startling the whole world. small number of casualties. At present. only "Desert Storm" can provide ready-made examples.of helping the Americans create a myth. with its many combatant countries.S.
The "Overnight" Alliance From Saddam's perspective. but the classic [example]. In their alliance with the United States. he overlooked the differences between the two. in any sense it is still not just the only [example]. When Iran took the hostages. and the United States had no choice but to take it seriously. Lifelines are naturally more important than face. and it is very difficult to really say that they wanted to extend justice to Kuwait. [3] The common concerns about their interests enabled the United States to weave an allied network to catch Iraq very quickly. However. style of fighting? When we attempt to use wars that have already occurred to discuss what constitutes war in the age of technical integration-globalization.even though it was still just a classic created by U. but Iraq had seized the entire West by the throat. he had given notice ahead of time. but when "Desert Storm" unfolded and concluded for all to see. while other countries which felt threatened by Iraq also had to take it seriously. short duration. enormous scale.

Egypt persuaded Libya and Jordan to be neutral in the war and no longer support Iraq. and this further demonstrated the increasing reliance of the United States on its allies. Even powers such as the United States must similarly rely on the support of its allies. military equipment. Numerous countries volunteered to be responsible nodes in this alliance network. who wanted to get the Americans' support for his weak position domestically. thereby taking a stealthy and symbolic step toward again becoming global powers. Although they were unwilling. not in adding so many troops. so that Saddam became thoroughly isolated. and this support was primarily manifested in providing legitimacy for its actions and in logistical support. Even Gorbachev. "going it alone" is not only unwise. mobilizing 465 trains. international society broadly identified itself with the alliance which was temporarily cobbled together. Germany and Japan finally seemed actually happy to open their purses. thereby getting the people to believe that this was not a case of pulling someone else's chestnuts out of the fire. [4] For example. The halo of justice successfully dispelled the Arab people's religious complex. They went so far as to send the VII Corps from Germany to Saudi Arabia.banner. At the same time.
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. The reason that President Bush's policies were able to get widespread approval from the American public was to a great extent due to the fact that he had established an international alliance. and what was more important than providing money was that neither of them lost the opportunity to send their own military personnel. and it was not just the Americans who were funding the war and preparing to have their blood spilled. and more than 30 countries took part in the use of force. 312 barges. it is also not a realistic option. the alliance formed a kind of common need. Japan also provided the electronics parts urgently needed by U. From the Security Council's Resolution 660 calling for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait to Resolution 678 which authorized the member countries to take any actions. One hundred and ten countries took part in the embargo against Iraq. and 119 fleets from four NATO countries. whose plan to launch a "holy war" against the Christians fell through. so that Saddam was playing the role of a modern-day Saladin. ultimately tacitly recognized the military strikes of the multinational forces against his old ally.S. In the new age.

are involved. not interests. the alliance was only a single high-level meeting following a careful weighing of interests. this is the characteristic feature of modern alliances.S. Increasingly pragmatic and unconstrained by any moral fetters. while the approach in which alliances are built on interests rose to primacy. It can be said that. the appearance of the "overnight" alliance brought an era to a close. any alliance can only be focused more nakedly on interests. More profoundly. the alliance phenomenon will continue to exist. taking great pains to look after the alliance network. to easily withstand the impact of a war. or even a verbal promise via a hot-line. in addition to stipulating that they must abide strictly by the customs of the country in which they were stationed. Without a doubt. To prevent the Israelis from retaliating against the "Scud" missile attacks and throwing the camp which was assaulting Iraq into disorder.including numerous Arab countries! Obviously. Under the general banner of realpolitik. The full-scale intervention of the United Nations was not sufficient to make it possible for this fragile and dew-laden spider-web like alliance. and that will be what determines whether there are alliances or not. for the troops carrying out the allied warfare. and at times they don't even feel like raising the banner of morality. which was formed in a very short period of time. Different periods have different interests and goals. no detail could be overlooked. military even leased a "Cunard Princess" yacht and anchored it at sea to provide Western-style amusements for the U. All forces are united by a
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.S. soldiers violate Muslim commandments. every country had fully estimated where its interests were prior to this action. the U. To avoid having U. the age of fixed-form alliances which had begun with the signing of the military alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. That is. the period in which alliances were formed on the basis of ideology faded away. a single contract signing. However. as far as the politicians were concerned. but in more cases they will be loose and short-term interest coalitions. in which national interests are paramount. Which is also to say that there will no longer be any alliances where only morality. the United States made a tremendous effort to provide the Israelis with air support. Following the Cold War.S troops.

At the same time it also enables the Americans to time and again reap considerable benefits. and this had disastrous
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. Another thing that demonstrates this point is that the U. has given rise to certain tacit alliances which are by no means fortuitous. which is truly hard to believe. The competition by the various armed services in the U. to emphasize the roles of their own service arms. MacArthur and Nimitz each came up with a Pacific strategy. In this regard.network of interests.S. aircraft which bombed Vietnam 30 years ago actually had to listen to commands from four different headquarters at the same time. As the rock and roll singer Cui Jian sings. and this is so in every country. Therefore. which would seem to be a contradiction. and they may be very short-lived but extremely effective. and this disposition." Today's mode of ever-changing combinations of force. who was circumspect and farsighted. Up until about 15 years ago. had trouble balancing between the two. It truly seems as if the Americans are always able to find the key to open the door of the next military action among the lessons of each military action. Struggles between the views and interests of factions in the armed services have been around for a long time.
Timely "Reorganization Act" The supercilious Americans often engage in actions which cause them to reflect on their mistakes. what leaves a particular deep impression is that sixty years ago in combat with Japan. it is that this world is rapidly changing. and they are not equaled in this respect. the "overnight" alliance that was formed by the Gulf War formally opened the curtain to a new alliance era.S. there were separate and independent command systems and it was not clear who was in authority. military to protect their own interests and strive for glory is well known to all. Even President Roosevelt. The interest relationships of modern states. "It's not that I don't understand. along with the age of ever-changing technological integration and globalization. as well as among trans-national organizations and even among regional forces have thus begun to be increasingly transitory. time and again amazes those who want to witness the presumptuous Americans suffering.

As the battlefield commander." the problem that was exposed in Grenada was still fresh in the memory of General Norman Schwarzkopf. even after he was made commander-in-chief of the allied forces during "Desert Storm. each of the service arms of the U. which had troubled the U. which enabled him to take orders directly from the President and the Secretary of Defense. When he was deputy commander of the joint task force during the "Grenada" action. Powell for the first time had clearly attained the position of the President's chief military adviser. as it led directly to approximately 200 Marines losing their lives. In that sense. As for the incessant
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. forces taking part in the action went its own way. The question [raised by this action] was.consequences for U. However. troops stationed in Beirut. just who listens to whose commands? It is somewhat ironic that this problem. during joint operations. As the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). used the legislative approach to resolve the problem of unified command of the various armed services during joint combat. and he no longer had to serve as the coordinator for the endless wrangling that took place among the chiefs of staff of the armed services. Next. Schwarzkopf was spared the nagging and held the real power in his hands.S. rather than saying that the "Reorganization Act" was timely. as well as issue orders to the three services based on that. but was resolved by two congressmen named Goldwater and Nichols. there were issues left over which required a war. Neither too soon nor too late but just at this time. Powell and Schwarzkopf were the lucky earliest beneficiaries of the "Reorganization Act" and at the same time they also became the two most powerful generals in the history of American warfare.S. The "DOD Reorganization Act" [5] proposed by these two which was passed by Congress in 1986. it would be better to say that the arrival of the Gulf War was timely. Saddam foolishly launched his invasion of Kuwait and this was simply a heaven-sent opportunity for the Americans who were anxious to test whether or not the "Reorganization Act" would work.S military for several decades. was not overcome by generals who had experienced extensive combat or experts who were steeped in statecraft.

had to submit to his orders.S. military was by no means a chance coincidence. then on that basis generating a super-authority that overrode the authority of all the service arms and which was concentrated on certain temporary goals. he looked at the overall situation and resolutely exercised his veto power. The emergence of the "Reorganization Act" in the United States and the effects it produced in the U.S.chatter coming from the Pentagon." the well thought-out plan he had from the start. continuing to concentrate on operation "Left Hook. Its direct result was to reduce the levels of command. it is not difficult to discover that this reorganization of the U. Furthermore. For example. That a law which had not been in effect for five years could be implemented so thoroughly in a war that came along at the same time must be attributed to the contractual mentality of the people in the legal society represented by the United States. implementing true entrusted command and causing the old deeply-rooted treestructure command system to start to evolve toward a network structure. when the front line Marine commanders urgently requested to carry out an amphibious landing on the shores of Kuwait. he was free to choose what to listen to and to do what he wanted to do with the air of a general who is outside the country and somewhat beyond the command of the monarch. but was timely and in conformity with the natural demands the new age posed for the old military command relations. while the great army swarming over the Gulf. military are
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. as well as the satellites in space and the frogmen under the water. This made it possible for him to exercise the trans-service authority granted to the commander of the joint headquarters by the "DOD Reorganization Act" without any hesitation when necessary. and a side effect of this evolution was to enable more combat units to share first-time battlefield information. all the way to each roll-on roll-off ship. the new pattern of command which was derived from this became the most successful and fitting application of military command since the services were divided. that is. it became possible to be more than equal to the task in any battlefield contest. by recombining the service arm authority which was originally dispersed. If the "Reorganization Act" is considered against the wider backdrop of the age.

including that beautiful "left hook. such as reconnaissance. the Americans who proposed the "Air-land battle" concept have already gone quite a bit further than Douhet. but the actual battlefield conditions were quite a bit different from what people had envisioned beforehand. [6] Douhet's prediction that "the battlefield in the air will be the decisive one" seems to have achieved belated confirmation. There is no other way. The Gulf War provided a stage for a full performance by those in the U." no-"ground" campaign that lasted several dozen days. they will still have to wait several years before they understand that. and any country which hopes to win a war in the 21st century must inevitably face the option of either "reorganizing" or being defeated. but represented an integrated air campaign that blended all the combat operations. the scope will go far beyond what they initially envisioned. bombing. who were full of creativity and bloodlust. but the military suffered from never having a chance to show what it could do. "Desert Storm" was basically an "all-air. extending over a broad and all-inclusive range
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. The ground war did not become the next-tolast item on the program as hoped for by the Army. but even so. Whether in Kuwait or Iraq. none of the air combat involved gallant duels for air supremacy. but was like a concerto which winds up hastily after the first movement is played. etc. and it also included the struggle for and occupation of outer space and cyberspace. and command and control. At this point. However.
Going Further Than Air-Land Battle "Air-land battle" was originally a strategy devised by the U.food for thought. military." for only 100 hours before wrapping things up in a huff. electronic strikes. early-warning..S. communications. together.S. once they resort to the theory of integrated operations in real combat. dogfights." which was displayed at the last moment. military to stymie the enemy when dealing with the masses of Warsaw Pact tanks that could come pouring out like a flood at any time onto the plains of Europe. everything that happened in the air over the Gulf far exceeded the imagination of this proponent of achieving victory through the air. and they barely got to use "Desert Sword.

Although it will still require some time to assimilate the results of the Gulf War. Spain. In this respect alone. One "order" represented an optimal scheme for combining the combat forces among the service arms.that covers the ground." which ran up to 300 pages every day. sea. the Navy." [7] The "air tasking order. and cyber realms. soldiers unintentionally ushered the God of War into an open area in which she had never set foot. The interesting thing is that. air. and the Air Force and enabled Schwarzkopf. this actually had no effect on their early acquisition of the key to "omni-dimensional combat. Everyday upwards of 1000 aircraft took off from the Arabian Peninsula. it was already far beyond the range of what was envisioned by the architects of the "Air-land battle" theory. and Turkey and.and because of this they even took the petty approach of stealthily keeping behind some of their aircraft so they could be put to good use when an opportunity for the Navy to shine presented itself (even though it never came) -ultimately this program successfully organized the most massive and most complex air campaign in the history of warfare. in keeping with the computer-processed "air tasking order. space.
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. and the complexity and success of its trans-national combinations was where it really shone. It was the soul of the air campaign.S. This is to say that the U. it is already destined to become the starting point for the theory of "omni-dimensional" combat proposed by the elite of the U." This is the famous "air tasking order. and every day selected the optimum strike targets for all the aircraft in keeping with the overall operational strike plan. precise and coordinated air strikes. to issue commands to the entire allied air force. Not only that. trans-border. Although in the eyes of the Navy this command program was overly "Air Force-oriented" -. the supreme commander of the allied forces who was from the Army himself. while one may believe that the Americans' insight came somewhat late. but the "air tasking order" also provided a model for a kind of organizational command for all subsequent combat operations. England. was drafted jointly by the Army.S Army when they suddenly woke up." launched trans-service.

once again throwing the key that would open the door to victory and that was already in his grasp back into the vast waves of the Pacific ocean.Who is the King of Land Warfare? Isoroku Yamamoto was doubtless the most innovative and "extraordinarily talented" military man of his age. who had clearly already used helicopters to inaugurate a new age in ground warfare. helicopters had begun to display their abilities in the hands of the Americans. although the U. shunting aside the helicopters which by all rights should have been the new favorites in the war. the Americans. Army used helicopters to smash the Iraqi armored and mechanized units. Just as with Isoroku Yamamoto at that time. VII Corps. [8] Actually. once the gunsmoke in the Gulf cleared it inexplicably reverted to its pre-war level of thinking. and soon afterward. Navy.S. including tanks.S. It is said that during the entire ground war. What is hard to understand is that the same Yamamoto actually was unable to grasp the epoch-making significance of his own creative tactics. What is regrettable is that in the history of war there are frequent examples like this in which thinking lags behind acting. the second person to make the same mistake is simply incredibly stupid. as early as the Vietnam war. particularly those people who make mistakes which have already been made but which they are just unable to anticipate. While the first person to make a mistake can still be an object of pity. other than one desperate fight put up by the "Medina" armored division of the Republican Guard when it was surrounded south of Basra by the U. the Soviet Union let helicopters show their
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. and the use of aircraft carriers in the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and the great victory he achieved represent the stroke of genius he left on the history of naval combat. After commanding the combined fleet in dealing a severe blow to the U. they are still treating tanks as the decisive weapon in future ground warfare. [proceeded to] increase development outlays for other weapons. However. he still held to the belief that only battleships were the main decisive force at sea. Sticking to their outmoded ways. while appropriations for helicopters was the only thing cut back. there was hardly any tank warfare worthy of the name.S.

did not allow this to mask their royal demeanor. as did the British in the Falkland Islands. they had the helicopters serve as a force attached to the armored and mechanized units and other troops. the helicopters were unfairly given the cold shoulder (with just the "Apache.. The Gulf War finally gave helicopters an opportunity to show what they could do. at this time the Americans. battlefield reconnaissance." which was a favorite. they also undertook a large number of the supply transport. and other battlefield stars to the skies via CNN. military alone deployed 1. who had all along boasted of their innovative spirit. it delayed the challenge that helicopters would pose to tanks a full 20 years. because their opponents were mainly guerrillas and non-armored infantry. search and rescue.exceptional skills in the hilly regions of Afghanistan.S. and electronic countermeasures missions. the U. However. Other than the "Final Report to Congress" written by the Department of Defense after the war. etc. and during the battle of Khafji. medical evacuation. the MH-53J and AH-64 helicopters used "Hellfire" missiles to carry out advance destruction of Iraqi early-warning radar. which were destined to establish their name in this war. but just like the French who in World War II dispersed their tanks and assigned them to the infantry. very few people still recall that it was the helicopters. not some of the other favorite new weapons. opening a safe passage for the bomber groups and showing the incomparable penetration capabilities of helicopters. and this enormous group of helicopters was sufficient to form one complete helicopter army. the thing which truly left a deep impression and demonstrated the deep potential of the helicopters was "Operation Cobra. that performed first-rate service in "Desert Storm." In the 20 minutes preceding the start of the continuous bombing. following a ground-hugging flight of several hours. This time. which lasted more than a month. Just as the Americans were praising the "Patriot". the "Tomahawk" missiles. showed no originality at all. the F-117." The 101st [Airborne]
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. As the most flexible flying platform on the battlefield.600 helicopters of various models to the Gulf. During the war. not counting the helicopter units of the allied forces. the main force which rapidly checked the Iraqi offensive and finally drove back the Iraqi military was again helicopters. Fortunately. However. getting passing marks). the helicopters.

To this day. helicopters were perfectly capable of conducting large-scale operations independently. and the view that "only the infantry can ultimately resolve a battle" has now been radically shaken by these American "flying cowboys. there has still been no example of combat which has demonstrated that any kind of tanks can keep up with the combat pace of helicopters. [9] In reality. one step at a time. as well as intercepting the Iraqi troops fleeing along the Hamal [as published] dike road. This was definitely the most deeply significant tactical operation of the ground war during the war. however. neither the critics nor those who refuted them had grasped the essence of the problem.Division used more than 300 helicopters to perform the single most far-reaching "leapfrog" operation in the history of war. they were in turn herded into a group by the helicopters just like a cattle drive on the Western plains.
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. he [Franks] did not win the good "blitzkrieg" reputation that the previous generation did. General Franks refuted the criticism that came from the allied headquarters in Riyadh. the initial intent of the leapfrog operation by the helicopters was just to provide support for the armored units that were to handle the main offensive. The reason that the mobility of the tanks under General Franks' command was criticized was precisely because of the comparison with the helicopters. Because of this. and although under the command of General Franks the speed of the advance of the VII Corps through the desert was far faster than that of Gudarian." Originally. Subsequently they relied on the base in cutting off the only escape route for the Iraqi military scattered behind the Euphrates River valley. When the throngs of Iraqi soldiers ran from the fortifications destroyed by the helicopters and knelt to beg to surrender. from this point. It proclaimed that. establishing the "Cobra" forward operations base more than 100 kilometers inside Iraq. like an old lady. Schwarzkopf had to order the VII Corps to attack 15 hours ahead of time. based on the reason that the Iraqi military still had fighting capabilities. however. who became famous at the time for launching tank blitzkriegs." Following the war. but the unexpected success of the helicopter units caused the plan to fall far behind the developments in the battle situation. but actually was rebuked for "moving forward slowly.

Actually." the tanks are being challenged by the helicopters on all fronts. and more and more ground force commanders are reaching a consensus on this point. is in the process of achieving its own coronation through the illustrious battle achievements during the Gulf War. the new concepts of a "flying army" and "flying ground warfare" in which the helicopter is the main battle weapon may become standard military jargon and appear in every military dictionary. this did not just involve mobility. who can still maintain that "the best weapon to deal with tanks are tanks?" [10] We can now say that helicopters are the true tank terminators. In fact. which are good at dispersed deployment and concentrated strikes. as mobile weapons platforms. destroyed upwards of 100 tanks during the Gulf War while sustaining no casualties at all of their own. not to mention the AH-64 "tank-killer" helicopters. and this represents the greatest crisis encountered by tanks since they ascended the stage of warfare with the nickname of "tanks. but the former is far from a match for the latter. and there is no doubt that it is just a question of time before it drives the tank from the battlefield. their firepower is by no means inferior to that of the tanks. As the former "kings of land warfare. It may not take very long before "winning a land battle from the air" is no longer an over-dramatized slogan. Faced with the powerful strike capabilities of the helicopters. Similarly. which rose gradually over the waves of the Gulf. the helicopters' battlespace is at treetop level. tanks and helicopters are natural enemies. and which can be massed to engage in conventional warfare or dispersed to fight guerrilla warfare. so they are totally unaffected by any surface obstacles and their excellent mobility is sufficient to cancel out the flaw of not having heavy armor. they are extremely vulnerable to preemptive strikes by the enemy). so they really have no advantages to speak of when compared to helicopters. and even the outmoded AH-1 "Cobra" helicopters." What is even tougher for the tanks is the energy required to organize a sizable tank group assault (transporting a given number of tanks to a staging area alone is a massive headache) and the risks one runs (when tanks are massed. Compared to the tanks.
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. Furthermore. This new star. which have to constantly labor to overcome the coefficient of friction of the earth's surface.

military circles and the media had both learned the lesson during the Vietnam war when the discord between the two was so great. so each person in his own mind exercised restraint about what could and could not be reported).S. only five were sent to Washington for review. and no longer merely provides information coming from the battlefield. other than that which was first limited by the subjective perspective of the television reporters (the 1300 reporters sent to the front lines were all aware of the "Revised Regulations Regarding Gulf War News Reports" that had just been issued by the Pentagon. There is one figure that perhaps can illustrate this issue very well. when viewed simply in terms of the CNN television broadcasts. with real-time or near real-time reports turning warfare into a new program that ordinary people can monitor directly via the media.S. In the information-sharing age. Unlike a direct broadcast of a World Cup soccer match. Of the more than 1300 news items released throughout the entire period of the war.S. With the concerted assistance of the news reporters. while no one was able to see anything that they did not want people to know. while the remaining item was canceled by the press unit itself. the battlefield commanders successfully influenced the eyes and ears of the entire world. president in that they saw at the same time the soulstirring start of the war. everything that people saw.Another Player Hidden Behind the Victory Leaving aside the point that as commander in chief of the three services Bush certainly knew the time the attack was to begin. the whole world was the same as the U. This is where modern warfare differs from any wars of the past. and of these four received approval within several hours. Perhaps U. The U. but this time the news agencies and the military got along very well. press uniformly abandoned its vaunted
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. also had to go through the security reviews at the joint news offices set up in Dhahran and Riyadh. getting people to see everything that the military wanted them to see. a president doesn't really have much more in the way of special privileges than an ordinary citizen. and thus the media has become an immediate and integral part of warfare.

force was streaming into Saudi Arabia. carrier fleet passing through the Suez Canal. reports quickly appeared in the various media that a massive U. [11] Not long after Iraq invaded Kuwait. causing the Iraqi military on the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia border to flinch and quietly creating the momentum for a "hobbling" operation. people saw images of how the precision-guided missiles could penetrate the air vents in a building and explode. and the U.S.S.S. the media helped the Americans enormously. All these things represented an intense visual shock to the entire world. with the force of the media and that of the allied army forming a joint force regarding the attack on Iraq. intentionally or otherwise.neutrality. In the "Operational Outline" that was revised after the war. We might as well say that.S. the U. with disaster looming.S.S. In the upwards of 98 press conferences held throughout the entire course of the war. including the Iraqis. forces had still not completed their deployment." the Western media again trumpeted the news of a U. none of the so-called high-tech weapons sent to be used in the Gulf War would have been as awesome as people believed. of "Patriots" intercepting "Scuds." while the newly-drafted field manual FM100-6 (Information Operations) goes even farther in using the example of the media war during the Gulf War. in all future wars. which served to confuse Saddam and have him believe that. military and the Western media joined hands to form a noose to hang Saddam's Iraq from the gallows. in addition to the basic method of military
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. It would appear that. and it was here that the belief was formed that "Iraq would inevitably lose." and numerous other shots that left a profound impression. and it was from this that the myth about the unusual powers of the U. The day before the start of "Desert Storm. enthusiastically joining the anti-Iraq camp and coordinating with the U.-made weapons was born. the Americans took pains to suggest that "the force of the media reports was able to have a dramatic effect on the strategic direction and the scope of the military operations. military just like an outstanding two-man comic act.S. quite tacitly and energetically arriving at the same script for the war. was bound to win. without the support of the embellishment by the media. Similarly." Obviously. the U.

Saddam. the image of Saddam as a war-crazed aggressor was played up in a much more convincing fashion. and this sealed Saddam's defeat. This means that. The impact of the media on warfare is becoming increasingly widespread and increasingly direct.strikes. It was precisely the lopsided media force together with the lopsided military force that dealt a vicious one-two blow to Iraq on the battlefield and morally. at the same time on another front it can similarly be a sharp sword directed at oneself. the powerful Western media deprived it politically of its right to speak. while it is directed at the enemy. who came to power later. escaped certain death. to defend itself. which were ultimately duds. influenced by a hasty assessment of the course of the war that was issued on television by a battlefield news release officer. the reason that the ground war abruptly came to a halt after 100 hours was actually because Bush. In the Gulf. which portrayed Bush as the "great Satan" who was wicked beyond redemption. and compared to the weak voice of Iraqi propaganda. later came to a similarly hasty decision of his own. "dramatically shortening the time from strategic decision-making to concluding the war. the effects of the media have always been a two-edged sword. because it is cleverly cloaked as objective reporting the media has a quiet impact that is hard to gauge. and even of its right to sympathy and support.-led allied forces deprived Iraq of its right to speak militarily. the force of the media will increasingly be another player in the war and will play a role comparable to that of military strikes in promoting the course of the war. which has an excessively subjective tinge and is easily rejected by an opponent or neutral individuals. to the point where even major decisions by the president of a superpower such as this one involving the cessation of hostilities are to a very great extent rooted in the reaction to a single television program. and it also left a string of "desert thunder" operations." [12] As a result. Based on information that was disclosed following the war. for Clinton. one can perceive a bit of the significance that the media carries in social life today. However. in the same manner that the U. whose days were numbered. From this.S. Unlike battlefield propaganda. One can say entirely without exaggeration that an uncrowned king has now become the
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.

An Apple With Numerous Sections As a war characterized by the integration of technology that concluded the old era and inaugurated the new one.fighting together and splitting the bill. and it is only necessary for one to approach it with a well-honed intellect to have an unexpected sectional view appear before one's eyes at any moment: When President Bush spoke with righteous indignation to the United States and the whole world about the moral responsibility being undertaken for Kuwait. no responsible economist could have predicted that. "Desert Storm" is a classic war that can provide all-encompassing inspiration to those in the military in every country. you have to admire this kind of Wall Street spirit. In the prisoner of war camp. Furthermore. the sectional views of this apple are far from being limited to those that we have already discussed. a multi-section apple. [13] Psychological warfare is really not a new tactic.major force to win any battle. we are terming this war. After "Desert Storm" swept over the Gulf. which has multiple meanings with regard to its experiences and lessons. regardless of which corner of the war one focuses on. After dropping an extremely powerful bomb. but what was novel about the psychological warfare in "Desert Storm" was its creativity. one Iraqi division commander admitted that
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. Based on that. to provide for the military outlays of this war. Any person who enjoys delving into military issues can invariably draw some enlightenment or lessons from this war. Even if you aren't a businessman. thereby launching a new form for sharing the costs of international war -. the United States would propose a typical A-A "shared responsibility" program. they would then have the airplanes drop propaganda leaflets. warning the Iraqi soldiers several kilometers away who were quaking in their boots from the bombing that the next bomb would be their turn! This move alone was sufficient to cause the Iraqi units which were organized in divisions to collapse. no longer would it be possible to rely on military force alone without the involvement of the media to achieve victory in a war.

its flaws and questionable aspects are nearly as numerous as its strengths. material and intelligence commands. If we pursue this to the limit. et cetera. By matching a weapon that was far from advanced with other weapons. but nonetheless this cannot cause us to treat it with the slightest contempt. [15] It is hard to imagine how General McPeak's colleagues would have taken such a bold innovation had there been no Gulf War. and the design and use of these weapons can be an inspiration that is hard to express in a few words. but not all of them are by any means things that can be pointed out or circled everywhere. That is. we will see that there are even more aspects to this apple. the A-10 was viewed by the Americans as an outmoded ground attack aircraft.the impact of the psychological war on Iraqi morale was second only to the bombing by the allied forces. [14] When the war began. tactical. including the strategic. they actually achieved miraculous results like this. by eliminating Iraqi tanks on a large scale it staved off its own elimination. et cetera. at least it does
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. who was hastily given the job of the Air Force chief of staff not long before the war started. With regard to General McPeak. as well as his use of the "subtract seven and add four" approach following the war to bring about the most richly original reform of the Air Force command structure in its history. [16] However. when he was able to achieve his dream of breaking down the barriers between the strategic and tactical air forces and establish mixed air force wings. communications. Although this was a war that is rich with implications. transport. systems. logistics. those of us who were outsiders during the Gulf War have no way of achieving enlightenment and lessons from it. the toothmarks he left in "this apple" were during the war. mobility. reaching the point where it became one of the myriad dazzling stars in the air over the Gulf. following the elimination of seven Air Force commands. and security commands. it still cannot be treated as the encyclopedia of modern warfare. but after forming what was dubbed a "lethal union" with the "Apache" helicopter. he organized them into the four air combat. To tell the truth.

as well as providing a completely new hotbed for our budding thoughts. who had been shaken intensely. According to General Khalid." "Defense in the New Age: Experiences and Lessons from the Gulf War. Egypt." (see Desert Warrior. long-term experiences and lessons can be drawn from the Gulf War is a major issue. from the very beginning accepted the views of Western military circles almost completely. p 227)
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. and Syria. the uniqueness of the Gulf War to a very great extent keeps us from being able to draw lessons and experiences from it. [2] The first chapter ("A Unique War") in the research report Military Experiences and Lessons of the Gulf War put out by the U. Military Translations Publishing House." (The Gulf War. it does represent the first and most concentrated use of a large number of new and advanced weapons since their appearance. Vol 2. and this point is sufficient to earn it the position of a classic in the history of warfare. p 155) Following the Gulf War.Final Report of the Department of Defense to Congress." and other research reports.not provide us with any completely ready-made answers regarding future warfare. just how much in the way of important. However. (Conmilit. Military Science Publishing House.. so "we have no other choice but to ask for the assistance of friendly forces..in fact. 1992 internal publication. people in the Chinese military." Iraq posed an enormous threat to them. after all. Center for Strategic and International Studies holds that "Actually.
Footnotes [1] See "The Gulf War -. particularly the United States. No 262) [3] The anti-Saddam alliance in the Arab world was centered around Saudi Arabia.S. Nov 1998. as well as a testing ground for the revolution in military affairs triggered by this. and at this point there are quite a few of them who are beginning to rethink the lessons and experiences of the Gulf War. who was a commander of the allied forces in "Desert Storm.

" writing that "the Goldwater . pp 46-47. who was formerly vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff terming the "Goldwater . the fight would be conducted using a joint force.S." The report also quoted Secretary of Defense Cheney.The Americans also took the alliance very seriously. who was Air Force chief of staff during the Gulf War.). Aspin and W." (Journal of the National Defense University. [5] In the research report on the Gulf War done for the House of Representatives by L. and multinational air force units. [6] General Merrill McPeak. there is high praise for the "Goldwater . Conmilit.Nichols DOD Reorganization Act ensured that the three military services would pull together to fight the same war. Other than in small operations. The combat commanders are the five theater commanders in chief. and Combat".'" The generals in the military also had high praise for it.Nichols DOD Reorganization Act" "one of the three great revolutions in military affairs in the United States. Without the considerable help of other countries.S." No 9. Dickinson. No 12. Coordination. the U. the United States has no way to carry out any major emergency operation. saying that the said act "is the legislation with the most far-reaching impact on the Department of Defense since the 'National Security Act. Military Reliance") of the research report Military Experiences and Lessons of the Gulf War put out by the U.Nichols DOD Reorganization Act. No 11. and all diplomatic and defense policy decisions must be based on this understanding. 1998.S." (Ibid. p 24). "Alliance Construction. the option of 'going it alone' is basically unworkable." and "it was also the first war in history in which air power was
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. stated that this was "a war which involved the massive use of air power and a victory achieved by the U. [4] Chapter 2 ("U. 1998. see "Attachments to the Final Report of the Department of Defense to Congress. whether with regard to politics or logistical support. and it also clarified that chiefs of staff of the services are no longer combat commanders.S. Center for Strategic and International Studies points out that "this war demonstrated without a doubt that. with Navy Admiral Owens. For details." and "this act stipulated that in all conflicts. military must rely on friendly states and allies.

we believe that attack helicopters can complement armored vehicles. [9] Into the Storm: A Study in Command is the book that General Franks wrote after retiring. but when one considers the rational use of fuel and the physical and psychological factors during battle.). (See Army Times (U. In an article entitled "The Future of Armored Warfare. and its lifespan in the open as part of a battalion/company formation is 30-50 minutes." (Parameters. Dugan noted that "the only way to avoid much bloodshed in a ground war is to use the Air Force. his predecessor Michael J. discloses the details of this dramatic event (See pp 68-69).S.S. most countries still have tanks serving as a main weapon (Soldier (Russia). Fall. May 1991). Aspin's report to the House of Representatives. 18 August 1997)." holding that "the air tasking order orchestrated a precisely-planned. his views were not at all mistaken. In a statement prior to the war. integrated air battle. "News Reports." This kind of estimate by the experts notwithstanding." Section 19." [12] U. No 2." [8] According to predictions by Russian and Western military specialists. [11] See "Appendix to the Final Report of the Department of Defense to Congress." Although Dugan was seen to have overstepped his authority and was removed from his post. and that the criticism from Riyadh was unreasonable. Army Field Manual FM100-6.). [7] Whether it is the report from the DOD or L. Seeing that attack helicopters are already a concentration of the various features that we envisioned for flying tanks. but cannot replace them. In it he mentions that the speed with which the VII Corps crossed the desert was not a mistake." Ralph Peter states that "'Flying tanks' are something that people have wanted for a long time." p 522.S. Information Operations. The television news reports on the "expressway of death" also
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. the future need is still for ground systems. 1996).used to defeat ground forces" (Air Force Journal (U. the lifespan of a tank as an individual target on the battlefield does not exceed 2-3 minutes. "today. both give a high assessment of the "air tasking order. [10] See "Appendix to the Final Report of the Department of Defense to Congress. 1997).

Fall-Winter edition. In 21st Century Rivalries. jamming aircraft flying outside the air defense zone.." Contrary to the general belief. 1997-98)." [14] In the magazine Special Operations. [15] Air Force chief of staff McPeak advocated the use of "mixed wings" made up of several kinds of aircraft to replace the wings made up of just one kind of aircraft." General Michael Lowe [as published]. air defense fighters. the main reason for the U. journal). to get their allies to share the costs of the war was not the economic factor. etc. but rather a wing made up of some attack airplanes. but rather political considerations.had an effect on the overly-early conclusion of the war. this expense was hardly worth mentioning. Major Jake Sam [as published] reviews the circumstances of the psychological warfare conducted by the 4th Psyops Group during the Gulf War.S. [16] Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice held that "the Gulf War explained this point (experience) very thoroughly: Air power can make the greatest contribution during the unified and integrated planning and implementation of combat operations.S. [13] Section 16 of the "Appendix to the Final Report of the Department of Defense to Congress" has a special discussion of the issue of "shared responsibility. pointed out that "using various
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. public that the war was not America's alone.S. February 1991. October 1992). commander of the Tactical Air Command. In the December 1991 issue of the U." and refueling aircraft. "Wild Weasels.. we would no longer use wings outfitted with 72 F-16s. The reason that they wanted those countries which did not send combat personnel to the war to provide fiscal assistance was entirely to convince the U." (Air Force (U. He said that "if we were to do something else in Saudi Arabia today. "compared to its annual GDP of six trillion dollars. but was a joint operation. with regard to the $61 billion that the war cost. This tactic may be of use when an armed conflict breaks out in some region of the world.S. (Joint Force Quarterly.. Lester Thurow notes that. military's Journal of Eastern Europe and Middle Eastern Military Affairs there is also an article devoted to psychological warfare during the Gulf War. (See Special Operations.

Air Force.S. p 329." (See Air Force Manual AFM1-1 Basic Aerospace Theories of the U. our combat regulations. Adams [as published] believes that the lesson to be drawn from the Gulf War is "to modify. and at this point. 9 March 1991.
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. not review.terminology such as 'strategy' and 'tactics' to limit the types and missions of aircraft is impeding the efforts to develop air power." USAF Deputy Chief of Staff for logistics and engineering Henry Weiqiliao [as published] also approves of carrying out reforms to reduce the weak links in the support area. we must carry out organizational and structural reforms. Deputy Chief of Staff for programs and operations Jenny V. See Jane's Defense Weekly. footnote 8).

-. theoretical blind spots and thought errors are bound to occur in the research. to the extent that a grand warfare investigation has been turned into a blind person trying to size up an elephant. This is a topic that requires our clear re-examination and should not be treated as an excuse to deny its value. that Americans want to feel on this big beast? Let's first take a look at it. But what is it. moreover. 87-120 in original] "Aerial combat was the decisive factor for victory in the war against Iraq.. It became the historical chronic disease giving
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. From each of the reports submitted by them and each of the steps subsequently taken by the American military. the American military. it instead became the fence separating the three branches of the military. Because the nationalistic instincts of the Americans I especially admire are particularly prominent in the long-standing sectarianism that exists among the military services.Chapter 4: What Do Americans Gain By Touching the Elephant? [pp.S. Aspen
The Gulf War has been the United States military's biggest war catch in the past few decades. High technology weapons were effectively used. Army and the Navy since the time of the Civil War not only could not be eliminated after the birth of the U. When the war had just ended. the tremendous achievements of this examination can be seen. Air Force. members of Congress. they also were the key reason United Nations forces were able keep their casualties and fatalities so low.
The Hand Extended Under the Military Fence [Each Armed Service Views War Differently] The fence erected between the U.S.. and not only were they the key reason that air and ground troops demonstrated remarkably in combat. and various civic organizations began to carry out a detailed examination of this catch from different points of view. These achievements. after all. are all extremely valuable to armies and military personnel throughout the world. and there must be no delay in looking at them.L.

military were three different Gulf Wars. In this war.headaches to the President and the Pentagon. each of the three branches stuck to its own arguments and made every effort to find the evidence most advantageous to its respective branch. it was not so much a clever way for getting to the root of the problem as it was an expedient measure for bringing about a temporary solution in light of this invisible obstacle. The dumbfounded feelings of having lost an adversary that came as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union along with the renewed motivation to establish the United States at the forefront of the new world order made these leaders clearly realize the urgency with which they must reform the armed forces even though they still had no intention of abandoning their prejudices. General Sullivan felt what may have been an inflexible elephant's leg.S. the U. Nevertheless." what unfolded in the eyes of the three branches of the U. In view of each of the successive military combat regulations in the 1990s. four
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. Just as "in the eyes of a thousand people. the high ranking officers at the head of each of the three military branches are certainly not a mediocre generation of stupidly unchanging leaders. its starting points have without exception been established on the basis of the many fresh experiences and lessons gained in the Gulf War. The course and outcome expected from the Gulf War at the time when it shocked the whole world also deeply shook these "Desert Storm" policymakers. Though in the eyes of this officer. the doors were closed as before and everyone went their own way." but it certainly could not be called outstanding. Especially when compared with the 38 days of wanton and indiscriminate bombing by the Air Force. Even though there was an effective "reorganization method" during the Gulf War.S. hardly realizing that the hand outstretched from behind the military wall could not possibly make heads or tails of such a big elephant as the Gulf War. Army's show was not unremarkable during "Desert Storm. but also the inaugural war of modern times. who at the time of the Gulf War was Assistant Army Chief of Staff and became Chief of Staff only after the war had been over for a few months. which not only was the last war of old times. there are a thousand views. As soon as things had settled down and all the troops had returned home.

His greatest concern was that after the tension of the Cold War had suddenly relaxed. he used its successfully clever maneuverings to take the Army to the edge of informational warfare. Army's prestige was at its apex when he took his position in "Desert Storm. Its only way of reviving was to swallow some very strong medicine and carry out a complete remolding of itself. [2] Everyone knows that there was great
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. he initially established a "Louisiana Drill Task Force" of only 1.S.days of a ground warfare clean sweep were unable to bring long expected glory to his armed forces. and the politicians who were eager to take part in the dividends of peace would render his Army unable to cross the threshold of the 21st century and preserve its leading position among the armies of the world at the start of the new millennium. As someone who intimately knows each key link of the Army. Even though the U. the Army structure would exhibit signs of aging. he understood better than anyone wherein lay the crux of these age-old armed services in this landmark war. prophetic concern for the common people. To this end. During the entire process." [1] In order to reduce to the greatest possible extent the spread of the effect of bad bureaucratic practices at the various organizational levels. Sullivan's successor. he advanced tentative plans for building a completely new "21st century Army" in which the U. however. what he did not make clear was that in carrying out such a completely attractive reform there still were the selfish motives of the armed forces hidden within -. striding to the forefront of the armed forces in one step. thus taking the Army down a road of bold innovation as well as difficult future expectations. Additionally.100 people under his direct command which used the experience and lessons drawn from the Gulf War to mold this special force often referred to as the "digitized force".the size of the military expenditure pie had shrunk during the past few decades and the piece cut out for the Army was bigger than that of the other military branches. He still farsightedly conveyed. also knew this path well and furthered these reforms on the basis of the blueprints drawn up by his predecessor." from the foxholes to the factories. General Reimer." it turned into an even stronger military force with no one to battle because the Soviet Army had declined and the facts were known.S. Army would be redesigned at every segment.

the two rhythms that cannot work together . no matter how much hubbub the "digitized force" caused. In the tired course of dealing with these things. the straightforward General Dugan was relieved of his post. Regarding those politicians who were totally ignorant of military issues and who could not necessarily draw new conclusions and methods for victory in the face of the generals. they mostly feared making fools of themselves. From the "21st century Army" to the "post-2010 Army" and then to the "Army of the future. who now dares state with certainty that in future wars this heavy spending will not result in an electronic Maginot line that is weak because of its excessive dependence on a single technology? [4] Regarding the Air Force. a bold plan with leading characteristics. like a new weaponry purchase that goes from a proposed requirement of the military to manufacture by the industrial sector and then back to the military for testing. Using a rather convincing development objective as bait. a process than can take as long as 10 years. [3] On this point alone. the time when anyone will make a final conclusion on the validity of this plan is still far off. linking an armed force's fate to the popularity of a certain type of technology.make it very difficult for the "digitized force" to finalize a technology design and establish a military force. However." it took two steps to make three flights. and so none dared make irresponsible remarks to a man who might well be the next president.S. and the Air Force troops under the command of an Army general during the entire "Desert Storm" operation
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.the "18 month rule" for computer development and the "60 day rule" for network technology . What others do not say it that it is just a standard method according to the U. Actually.expense in establishing a digitized force. Army. nothing is attempted and nothing is accomplished. they attracted the support of Capitol Hill and even more military expenditure to build up the Army. but what made this more shrewd on the part of Sullivan and Reimer was that spending more money was precisely in the interest of acquiring more money. not only is it not known what course to take. Moreover. makes it difficult truly to become the only road marker guiding the Army's future development. thereby turning it into a top spun by the continually changing new technology.

" the founding principle of the military. is no longer ignorant ." [7] The reason is very simple .they reorganized all the air combat troops into mixed wings in accordance with effective models that had already been proven.it had suddenly grown wings when it touched the elephant in the Gulf. One need only look at the successive compendia and regulations issued by the Air Force and Army following the end of the war to understand this point. The Air Force. one would discover that it was a completely unbeneficial military struggle with the result that each meeting of military leaders to study joint operations became a mere formality and none of the new experience obtained from the Gulf War was fully and effectively shared between them. its position having never been as illustrious as it is now. were willing to hand over the right to control operational command to the other. but upon surmounting it. global power. whose wings were growing increasingly strong. Those keeping to each respective stand were seemingly justified. [5] "Global presence. They then used a method of subtracting seven and
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. what the Air Force did was of course not limited to scrambling for power and profit with the other branches of the military. having gone through the Gulf War. nor the Army. has for the first time withstood the test of war. "relations between the Army and the Air Force became strained when the two branches tried to work out details and uses for the lessons gained from the Gulf War.were not prevented from becoming the big winners in the Gulf War. Even though Air Force Chief of Staff Fogleman and Army Chief of Staff Reimer were of the same mind and. They feel that one victory is enough to allow them to take the leading role within the armed forces from this point on. which regarded itself as the number one authority under heaven. What needs to be pointed out is that after the war.neither the Air Force. [6] This has made the smug General McPeak and his successor determined to go even further. which was molded 50 years ago from an appendage of the Army. The main component of "Desert Storm" was the response to the successful experience of the air attack campaigns -. "the two branches of the military both had deep understanding of military wartime operations for the 21st century". and the Air Force has been a force which could by itself succeed in strategy and battle attack missions on any battle front.

and two presidents later it still has not developed true combat capability. [9] Relying on this enthusiasm. These actions clearly are directly related to the results of the Gulf War. which all along has demonstrated tremendous enthusiasm for electronic warfare and even information warfare. "What space flight troops demonstrated in the Gulf War proved that they had the potential for independent service. A stagnant military with no fresh plans is one that could not steal a good portion from the pockets of the congressmen who administer military funds appropriation. Probably only heaven knows whether American space flight power will be as General Estes said. Navy's historically most
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. The Air Force. space flight weapons systems are a powerful trump card held by the Air Force.adding four to completely reorganize the entire Air Force command mechanism." If the Gulf War is really seen as a big elephant. then it can be said that the U. the Air Force has its own multiplication table [xiaojiujiu 1420 0046 0046] [8]. Even though the "Star Wars" system advanced by President Reagan appeared to be a bluff at the very beginning. Perhaps it is precisely because of this that the U. Navy's front fin is hardly touching the fur of the elephant. In this regard. They are currently in the middle of testing the formation of an Air Force expeditionary force that can reach any war zone in the world within 48 hours and maintain combat capability during the entire course of any crisis and conflict. Air Force from following the example of their Army colleagues and using the positive changes within the armed forces and the positive struggle outside the armed forces as the two wheels that would advance their own branch's interests. had taken the lead in establishing an Air Force information warfare center even before Sullivan established the digitized force.S. But then all of this did not prevent the generals of the U. In the military's intensifying budgetary struggle.S. What is regrettable is that such a good attempt was unable to break free of the military's boundaries with the result that the old cry for "joint military operations" was still just a slogan as before. many Air Force Chiefs of Staff have striven for the most possible military funding for their own armed forces.S. the enthusiasm of Americans for establishing space combat power has never cooled. which is just the same as saying it is not touching the elephant at all.

. support of coastal and land based combat would rank as its chief responsibility. Therefore. ." Sudden bold strategic changes have provided an important turn for the better to this force which has been in search of a regenerative road against the backdrop of great change in world structure. a White Paper called "From Sea to Land" put forward by several lieutenant colonels and colonels was placed on the desk of the Naval Commander. of course wants to kill two birds with one stone in the areas of transforming itself and vying for military funding." "Deployment of the Forward Position. Navy's spiritual mentor. must put forward a very attractive plan and carry out the most thorough reforms if it wants to be sure to get a fixed piece of post-war benefit pie as well as ambitiously attempt to get a bigger piece. This document clearly deviated from the creed and altogether old regulations of the U." This suffering has fully tormented for a year and a half those servicemen growing gills.. Although the objectives that the Navy has established for itself are not as radical as those of the Army nor as ambitious as the Air Force. Another two
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. An armed force that did not play any significant role in a major war.painful transformation of strategic theory has begun from the homebound voyage of the proud and arrogant seamen who slid down from the cold bench of the "Gulf War. two years after putting forward "From Sea to Land". After that. its transformation is obviously more fundamental and more complete. however. This is as good as turning the long tailed sharks cruising on the deep oceans into short mouthed crocodiles rolling about in the mire. the Navy again issued a new White Paper. Decisive battles on the ocean striving for command of the seas must never again be treated as the Navy's eternally unchanging sacred mission. and poured new hormones such as the more vigorous "Existence of the Forward Position. rather.S. "Forward Position. which is not one bit inferior to the Army and the Air Force.. In doing its calculations. From Sea to Land" [10]. battle commanders.." "Combat of the Forward Position" into the Navy's strategy. Mahan. and Marine Corps commanders to become the most significant naval document since Mahan's "The Effect of Naval Power on History. For the first time. the Navy. What is even more surprising is that unorthodox opinions like these have gone so far as to obtain the joint signatures of the heads of the Navy.

The Naval commanders have always gotten what they wanted. national defense budget. military shoulders. military since the end of the Gulf War and the current situation of fracture between the branches of the armed services. Navy battle commander Admiral Boorda put forward "Naval Concepts for the Year 2020. With consensus for his theory from the three military commanders and the Department of Defense. and winning victory in wartime" as the three major responsibilities of the U. you may also have deep sympathy that so many outstanding soldiers and remarkable minds went so far as to be separated inside the military fence.years later. military to summarize this war.S. The thinking of this admiral is extremely clear. the Navy and the Marine Corps are the two areas in the whole military that have had the least reduction in spending. Only the Navy possesses cruise freedom in any maritime space. [11] What is analyzed and outlined above is the general direction of the U. his successor.S. followed established rules and promoted the reforms begun by all his predecessors.S. His reasoning this time is that among the many foreign combat tasks that the U. followed by logical thought. military spending reductions.S." After Boorda killed himself to redeem his soldiers' honor which he had ruined. and perhaps you will be influenced by the various methods adopted by the U. Perhaps you will be moved by all the hard work done by the U. however. and the Air Force is exceedingly dependent on the bases of other countries. military to defend the interests of the armed services. Admiral Johnson. What never changed was that he was also the same as his predecessors in that all of the plans he proposed treated the Navy as the axis without exception. He classified "deterrence and prevention of conflict in peacetime. According to what has been divulged about the 1998 U. Navy in the 21st century. the probable outcome would be the preference of his branch in getting budgetary allocations. Using the capability of multiple means for penetrating battle. At the same time.S. the Army needs to draw support from many areas to launch a deployment. during the past ten years in the course of a steady trend of U.S. the result naturally is that the Navy should become the core of a joint combat force. pinning each other down and counteracting each other to the point that
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.S.

probably only the Americans would consider this a necessary extravagance in order to win one war.each of these armed services with strong outlooks in the end still formed an American military that had its entire pace disrupted by uncertain bugle calls.000 personnel and over 8. during the long duration of 161 days. this is analogous to having moved all of the living facilities of Mississippi's capital city.. Jackson. calls such large-scale chaotic and extravagant safeguarding activities "possibly historically unheard of" naval operations. even if the American generals knew as soon as they began that they need not spend so much on this unrestrained battle banquet costing US$61 billion. dollars. their overextravagance would still not have been prevented.000 wanton and indiscriminate bombings in a 42 day period. Airplanes which cost an average of US$25 million each carried out 11. Shouldn't hitting a quite possibly insignificant target with tons of American dollars arouse people's suspicions? Aside from this. and Zero Casualties Large-scale use of costly weapons in order to realize objectives and reduce casualties without counting costs -. using such an ostentatious battle style of "attacking birds with golden bullets".. Department of Defense.
The Illness of Extravagance. according to the vivid statements of the U. taking aim at foxholes with precision guided bombs worth tens of thousands of U.S. An American-made bomber is like a flying mountain of gold.S. the commanding officer in charge of logistic support.000 tons of goods and materials were brought over day and night to the front line from America and all over Europe. [12]
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. "Desert Storm" manifested once again the Americans' unlimited extravagance in war and has already become an addiction. destroying the general headquarters of the renewed Socialist Party with each US$1. However.3 million Tomahawk guided missile. to Saudi Arabia.this kind of warfare which can only be waged by men of wealth is a game that the American military is good at. more than 52. including thousands of sun hats long since scrapped in some warehouse and crates of American fruit rotting on Riyadh. more costly than many of its targets. Of all the soldiers in the world.000. Major General Pagonis.

[13] Even the Armed Services Committee of the House of Representatives. almost to the point of morbidity. an organization that frequently conducts verbal warfare with four star generals over money. has always vied for victory at all costs.if you have no way of defeating this force. Secretary of Defense Cheney said "we lead fully one generation in the area of weapon technology. taken from the U. All of the opponents who have engaged in battle with the American military have probably mastered the secret of success . there were only 148 fatalities and 458 wounded. [14] This point. The appearance of high technology weaponry can now satisfy these extravagant hopes of the American people. like precious china bowls that people are afraid to break. which was completely remolded by McNamara in the spirit of commerce. These common American soldiers who should be on the battlefield have now become the most costly security in war. However. of 500. What you must know is that this is a nationality that has never been willing to pay the price of life and. In the respective investigation reports done on the Gulf War. the Pentagon.S.000 troops. and you also are not yet fully aware of the meaning of American style warfare. Reducing casualties and achieving war objectives have become the two equal weights on the American military scale." Ever since the Vietnam War." and Congressman Aspen responded "the benefits demonstrated by high tech weaponry have exceeded our most optimistic estimates. moreover. both the military and American society have been sensitized to human casualties during military operations. did not even utter a word regarding the astonishing expenditures of this war. then you may think that this however is the typical nonsense spoken by two who have different opinions regarding the ability of technology to bring success. all along could only estimate the innumerable costs of luxury style war. you should kill its rank and file soldiers. the key effect of high technology weaponry was given almost all equally high appraisals. During the Gulf War. Goals that they long since only dreamt were almost realized -."no casualties.It is just this point that strikes people strangely." If you cannot make out the overtones of my praises and only think they are proud of the American military for having fully realized their war objectives by defeating Iraq with the aid of high technology weapons.
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precision ammunition.Congressional report's emphasis on "reducing casualties is the highest objective in formulating the plan.there must be victory without casualties. "Pursuit of zero casualties. Perhaps it is precisely because of this that this war was unable to become a masterpiece of military skill. At the same time as huge amounts of U. began the spread of the disease of American style war extravagance on a global scale. to a great extent. unchecked use of stealth aircraft. for a long time after the war people could not understand the main threads of this complicated affair and believed that modern warfare is fought in just this
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. As the world's leading arms dealers. Americans naturally are overjoyed. so that there are no dual objectives that at the same time carry contradictions . there is not one outstanding battle that is laudable. In the face of this typical war with its advanced technology. we are not sure how much of a disparity exists between the military thought revealed in this war by Americans and other countries. high investment. Compared with the advanced technology that they possess. and high payback feature. Warfare framed on this basis can only be like killing a chicken with a bull knife. weapons are okay as are tricks. dollars were trampling Iraq. just as with a Hollywood movie. make its requirements for military strategy and combat skill far lower than its requirements for the technological performance of weaponry. as a result. dull warfare. new tanks.S. has actually become the principal motivating factor in creating American style extravagant warfare." this completely compassionate simple slogan. with its simple plot. high expenditure. Aside from effective use of advanced technological weaponry. Therefore. and huge spending. Instead it became. it also muddled soldiers all over the world for a time. the American military clearly is technologically stagnant and it is not good at seizing opportunities provided by new technology for new military tactics. along with long distance attack and blanket bombing for all of these. and identical patterns. a sumptuous international fair of high technology weapons with the United States as the representative and. The difference at least cannot be any bigger than that between their weaponry. and helicopters." can be unequivocally confirmed. Its high technology. complex special effects. Even in successful wars of this dimension.

This inclination also makes them anxious at any given time that their own leading position in the realm of weaponry is wavering. Whether you wear Adidas or Nike cannot guarantee you will become the winner. This inclination makes them rigidly infatuated with and therefore have blind faith in technology and weapons. "We. ." Americans have a strong inborn penchant for these two things as well as a tendency to turn their pursuit of the highest technology and its perfection into a luxury. They believe that as long as the Edisons of today do not sink into sleep. however.it is not so much that war follows the fixed race course of rivalry of technology and weaponry as it is a game field with continually changing direction and many irregular factors. who liked to carry ivory handled pistols. do not plan to pay attention to this.way. leaving those who cannot fight such an extravagant war feeling inadequate. Even though the many difficulties with funding have brought them up against the embarrassment of having difficulty continuing. the gate to victory will always be open to Americans. poet Jeffers writes. they have not been
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. This is why the military forums in every country since the Gulf War are full of a faction yearning for high technology weapons and calling for high technology wars. when the weapons systems which are daily becoming heavier and more complicated come into conflict with the terse principles required of actual combat. and they continually alleviate these concerns by manufacturing more. In discussing the talented American inventor.. Thomas Edison. They would rather treat war as the opponent in the marathon race of military technology and are not willing to look at it more as a test of morale and courage. Self confidence such as this has made them forget one simple fact . are skilled in machinery and are infatuated with luxuries. always thinking that the road to getting the upper hand with war can be found with technology and weapons.. they always stand on the side of the weapons. It appears that Americans. wisdom and strategy. newer.. They drew the benefit of the Gulf War's technological victory and obviously have resolutely spared no cost to safeguard their leading position in high technology. and more complex weapons. is typical of this. General Patton. As a result of this attitude. even including weapons and machinery..

there was a change of heart between the conservatives and the reformists and the Army made the Fourth Mechanized Unit the foundation in January 1996 to organize a new experimental brigade of 15.S. The detailed list of extravagant weapons constantly being drawn up by the U. have been handed over to General Sullivan.S." he has still not been able to persuade the majority of generals to accept it. but the list of American soldier casualties in future wars may not necessarily be "zero" because of wishful thinking. Expeditionary Force. "What kind of army does the U.S. however. [17] The position of the "divisional faction" clearly prevailed. Integrated Force. after he was relieved of his office. which all along has been more conservative than the Navy and the Air Force." these three programs. The members of the "brigade faction". They staunchly believed that a "military force that is excessively massive and cumbersome will be difficult to suit to the combat requirements of the 21st century. What is interesting is that the role of resistance in this instance was not the Army's upper echelon.able to change their passion for new technology and new weapons. Army need in the 21st century?" This is a question that has puzzled the U. Group." The military force which began to be implemented
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." "model troops. are in complete contradiction. it was the new division commanders who had just climbed up to higher positions from command levels and the new commanders who replaced them. Army. military and approved by Congress will certainly get longer and longer [15]. The U." and "primary brigade. were not willing to just let the matter drop. The result has been that. finally became conscious of the need to work out a system for carrying out reforms. The views of those of the "brigade faction" wearing the eagle insignia and the sign of the maple leaf. Rather. however. the effect of the Army's mediocre show along with the high technology weapons on the rhythm of battle formed a clear contrast.S.800 men. The "crack troops. Army for the last 10 years of the 20th century. Even though this Army Chief of Staff has admiringly embodied the third program's "new thinking for future operations. [16] During the Gulf War. They believe that it is the Army troops that have been unable to pass the test of war and therefore must undergo a major operation.

The reverberations that his viewpoint has brought in the Army has somewhat exceeded expectations. If it is said that the birth of the "group" 30 years ago was unlucky. Army Battle Command Laboratory. Army Lieutenant Colonel Maigeleige [transliteration as printed 7796 2706 7191 2047] sounded another new call. Its new position is determined by the ousted establishment's set pattern of large and small. The reform of the "five group atomic troops" [20] in the 1950s and 1960s was generally considered to be an unsuccessful attempt and even criticized as having been an indirect cause leading to the U. [19] Perhaps the current Army Chief of Staff has exceptional insight and recognizes that even though the lieutenant colonels' key points may not find miracle cures for the difficult issues. then today it can be said that it is a good time.S. In his book. however. the concept of a "group" was certainly not new to the Army. In order to relieve the generals' feelings of disgust. Modernized weaponry has been enough to make any relatively small scale force not be inferior to previously much larger armed forces in the areas of fire power and mobility. they can yet be regarded as the magical cure for sloughing off the thought-cocoons of those old soldiers in general's clothes. Originally. and the human numbers of many and few. [18] At just the critical moment of the incessant debate between the "divisional" and "brigade" factions. he advocated simultaneously abandoning the systems of divisions and brigades and replacing them with 12 battle groups of about 5. In the eyes of Maigeleige. military's poor show in the Vietnam War.S. and five to six thousand new-type combat troops should be substituted to form the new Army type for basic combat. It could adopt building-block methods according to wartime needs and put into practice mission-style group organization. the director of the U. they displayed experience in the ways of the world and retained equally high-ranking military positions as the old-style Army in the new program. to the point that General Reimer has required all generals to read this book. The appearance of the C4I has especially brought armed
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.000 men each. a prematurely delivered child may be unable to grow to manhood.during the period of short range to complex guns must be completely rescinded. "Break the Factional Position".

forces which have a mutual superiority advantage to unite in battle. In this regard. and they took advantage of the opportunity to change all of the combat flight wings into integrated wings and took the lead in achieving the first round of system establishment reforms. After "global arrival. it can be said that the actions of the U. and air-to-air refueling. However. the so-called "Air Force Expeditionary Force" is a capable and vigorous force of 1. They currently have established three "Air Force
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. even if military technological development is the emergence of new high technology.S. etc. the Air Force and the Navy do not have deep-rooted "positional" traditions. becoming the new growing point in fighting power. The pace of their adjustments clearly are comparatively light. suppressing enemy air defense power. One good feature hides one hundred bad -. Army since the Gulf War and has represented the new thought wave of the U.S. that can reach a theatre of operations within 48 hours of having received the order. it continued to flap the wings of reform and began testing the plan for establishing an "Air Force Expeditionary Force" advanced by Air Force Wing Commander John Jiangpo [transliteration as printed 3068 3789].175 men and 34 aircraft put together to aim at striving for superiority in the air. According to this commander's idea. and is clearly behind the advanced military technology it possesses. In this sense.. Unlike the Army. it also is a turning point and certainly will not automatically bring on advanced military thought and institutional establishments. and that can maintain air combat capability throughout the entire course of a conflict.S. Air Force are supersonic. If this time still embraces the 18-type weapons ready divisional system or brigade system. military system establishment reform. using the "group" to destroy the position formed by the divisions and the brigades is the most damaging concept in the institutional establishment of the U. military is no different in the institutional establishment as in military ideology. then it can truly be said that it is incompatible with present needs.the leading position with military technology and weaponry has hidden from view this fact: The U.S. carrying out air attacks. The Air Force particularly made opportune use of the momentum of Desert Storm to completely eliminate the divisional system in one blow. global power" was defined as the new objective for Air Force strategy.

Unlike the Army. of the "Silent Killer" of the Pacific Ocean general headquarters. [23] The partiality that the American politicians have towards the Navy caused the Navy and especially the Marines to be treated with coldness upon their return from the Gulf War. but also gave impetus to changes in weapons development and tactics. as well as the "Hope Renewal" in Somalia. military. to the establishment of the "Southern Watch" no-fly zone in southern Iraq. the "Vigilant Warrior" to deter Iraq. its three predecessor "Air Force Expeditionary Forces" were already outstanding in such military operations as the "Southern Watch" and "Desert Thunder. From Sea to Land. after establishing the new Naval system establishment. one amphibious guard force. The institutional reforms that began after the Gulf War not only adjusted the internal structure of the U.Expeditionary Forces" and also have completed real troop deployment. What amazes and pleasantly surprises the Navy most is that the amphibious landing equipment needed by this expeditionary force actually obtained Congressional budgetary approval. of the "Double Assault" of the European general headquarters. Bohei's [3134 7815] "Capable Guard".. which is taking strides to protect against difficulties. and Haiti's "Preservation of Democracy" -. they were fully confident of occupying the number one position in the American armed forces. [22] The mission that they stipulate for this "Naval Expeditionary Force" of one battleship group. and of the ground force's "Sea Dragon" maneuver since May of 1992. since there already has been a new strategy of "Forward Position. which is like a charging hurricane.S. and the Air Force.." formation of an expeditionary force from a combination of the Naval fleet and ground forces is logical. Moreover. and Marine Corps task forces is rapid control of the seas along with combat in coastal regions.in each of these operations the Navy has been diligently testing its new organization. When the fourth and fifth of these forces began to be set up. and
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." [21] Regarding the Navy." From [the advent] of the "Ocean Risk" of the Atlantic Ocean general headquarters. the Navy is more willing to go through repeated maneuvers and actual combat in order to polish the concept of the "Naval Expeditionary Force.

Currently.S. [24] It is still difficult to foresee whether this completely integrated force will drag the U. Compared to the servicemen of other countries. and quick "Expeditionary Force. makes moves more quickly.S. military and politics.One Step to Thorough Understanding When we say that American military theory is behind. Department of Defense is trying to set about organizing the ground. it is only behind relative to its advanced military technology. air. in handling international affairs the U. and seeks revenge for the smallest grievances. These mutual moves between the armed forces and the government. the U. government. the fully technological aspect of Americans' military thinking naturally occupies an insurmountable leading position on the scale of high-tech war in hypothetical future wars. The small-scale." This is the newest move in this change.
From Joint Campaigns to Total Dimensional War ." not only used for military attacks but also able to carry out nonwarfare tasks. Not only with the American military but also with servicemen of the whole world. military and even the United States using the same special characteristics into a troublesome mire while nimbly achieving the global mission bestowed on the U.S. flexible. is causing the U. military to begin undergoing a deep yet quite possibly disastrous change from system establishment to strategic thinking. Perhaps the Soviet Arjakov [Ao'er jiakefu 1159 1422 0502 4430 1133] school of thought which was the first to advance the "new military revolution" is the only example that has come to light.S. these words have become a blindly ludicrous and popular slogan. has become the new style of establishment striven for by each military branch as well as a convenient and effective tool in the hands of the U. government has become increasingly fond of using force. We have discovered that. and sea expeditionary forces into an integrated "Allied Task Force.even had a far-reaching effect on America's national strategy. The "new military revolution" is vividly portrayed by the anvil forged in the Gulf War. government.S. It is not a matter requiring great effort due to
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.S. because there are these highly proficient "killer mace" [sha shou jian 3010 2087 9505] forces and a dangerous. worrisome trend has even been brought about.

after military technological reforms are initiated. It has made clear for the first time the command control authority of the battle zone unified commander. Even though in the final analysis they are also unable to completely break away from their penchant for technology. they will not be able to be make up missed lessons of synchronized follow-up for military thought reform. it has stipulated that any one military branch can take the leading battle role based on different situations. second is forging "total dimensional warfare" thinking. and even surpassed the "air/ground integrated battle" theory seen by Americans as the magic weapon.S. Formulation of the "joint campaign" originally came from the Number One Joint Publication in November 1991 of the "United States Armed Forces Joint Operations" regulations issued by the U. military thinking and military technology. sea. military has not yet completed troop withdrawal from the Persian Gulf and has already begun top-to-bottom "thought exchange transfusion. This is clearly brimming with new concepts of the Gulf War and has broken through the confines of the popular "cooperative war" and "contractual war" which are already dated. The only ones using a great effort are the Americans. it has expanded "air/ground integrated battle" into ground.S." This means that. They have achieved certain results that are equally beneficial for American servicemen as well as servicemen all over the world -. then the first thing that must be resolved is to eliminate the lag that exists between U.centralized command. Actually. This regulation exposes the four key elements of the "joint campaign" .first is formation of the "joint campaign" concept. Americans still are in this unusual encirclement from which they are unable to break free. and total depth while doing battle. If they want to guarantee their own leading position in a field of military reforms that has already begun and will be completed right away.S. air. and it has emphasized implementation of total depth while doing battle on all fronts. complete unification. equality of the armed forces. and space integrated battle. Under the strong impetus of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff
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. Military Joint Conference. The U. the war dust has only settled [zhan chen fu ding 2069 1057 3940 1353].yearning for the technology of others and following certain slogans.

The Marine Corps believes that they "must not worship the 'joint [plan]' and stifle relevant future discussions on troop organization. laws. each military branch is successively setting about formulating and unifying mutually matching military regulations in order to make public this new tactic representative of the direction of future wars. and they especially hope to carry out a unification that is clearly demarcated -. Even though it is in the United States. the situation is still far more difficult than Shalikashvili thought. As onlookers. and stride along the difficult path of really bringing about integrated unified operations in the midst of a twilight which brings doubt.S." and that this is mutually contrary to the American spirit of "emphasizing competition and diversification. and the differentiation among each other's military honors. "The Plan for a Joint Force in 2010. he resolutely plays the part of a modern Moses.that is a unification that makes clear each domain and authority." that "the uniformity of the joint [plan] will lead to the loss of the distinctiveness of the armed forces. including regulations. a country which easily propagates and accepts new things. criticism of the "joint plan" for the U. in private they still constantly bear in mind the prominent core functions of their branches. military to dismantle the fences separating the branches of the military." The Air Force tactfully expressed the opinion that the "2010 unification plan must develop in practice and encourage mutual emulation between the armed services. leading the U. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Shalikashvili feels that this does not intend to indicate a compromise between each of the Chiefs of Staff. military has gradually increased. In the wake of his retirement.S. and skepticism has again gained ground." that "in this era of change and experimentation our thinking must be flexible and cannot become rigid. Adopting the publication called." The "Model" for Leading the United States Military to Joint Operations [25]. we of
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. [While the services have formally accepted this new concept]." [26] The views of the Navy and the Army in this regard are similar and have plenty of power to destroy Shalikashvili's painstaking efforts in an instant.meeting. It is thus evident that it is not only in Eastern reforms that the situation occurs where policies shift with a change of the person in charge.

Although General Franks and the officers who compiled
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. It was because of this concept that people saw the possibility of carrying out total positional warfare. the man who was criticized by people as an operational conservative when the Navy commanded the Seventh Fleet.S. this commander of the US Army Training and Doctrine Headquarters who first took his post after the war would have brought the history of American military thinking to a historical breakthrough. there was a penetrating insight into the various challenges that the U. Army's 1993 publication of The Essentials of War and who displayed a fiercely innovative spirit was General Franks. military might face in the following years and for the first time a completely new concept of "non-combat military operations" was advanced.course can simply sacrifice a valuable ideology for the narrow benefit of a group. If not for later circumstances that changed the direction of thinking of Americans. and it brought the American Army to find an extremely lofty new name for its war theory -"total dimensional warfare. Because the essence of "joint campaigns" and "joint plans" certainly is not in the confirmation or expropriation of military advantage. The limitation of this valuable thinking. a time when an inkling of the broad sense of war has already emerged. Following the 13th revision of this programmatic document.S.S. military thinking.S. we would be simply astounded at the "anemic" realm of U. lies in that its starting point and ending point have both fallen onto the level of armed force and have been unable to expand the field of vision of "joint" to all of the realms in which humans can produce confrontational behavior. rather its intention is to enable each branch of the military to achieve unification of operations within a centralized battleground space. The Essentials of War. The drawback of this thinking at the very end of the 20th century. is that it appears to attract attention to such an extent that if the concept of "total dimensional warfare" had not been set forth in the 1993 U. Army publication. however. this is obviously a conceivable tactic of high order. and reduce to the greatest possible extent the negative effects of each branch going its own way." What is interesting is that the person in charge of revising the U. Before a way is found to truly integrate the forces.

his military regulations were unable to reconcile the tremendous discrepancy between the two sentences. and multiple methods". ground and sea operations supported by the entire theatre of operations" and "mobilization of all mastered methods in each possible operation. General Franks' revolution ended in an unavoidable miscarriage. apart from war as a military operation. With the situation going in this direction. In one case of dissension. discontinued this revolution too early. or more specifically the American Army. it will weaken the armed forces' trait of emphasis on military affairs and also could lead to confusion in armed forces operations. Holder. However." After Holder's death. both combat and non-combat. total height. General Hartzog. total frontage. one-time regimental commander under General Franks who later held the post of Combined Arms Commander of the Army Training and Doctrine Headquarters." They believe that if "non-combat military operations" are written into the basic regulations. Under the inspiration of the next commander of the Army Training and Doctrine Headquarters. total frequency. General Holder and the editorial group for the 1998 publication of The Essentials of
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. This time he was playing the part of the Army mouthpiece for conservative tradition. and this precisely is the most revolutionary feature of this form of battle that has never been seen in the history of war. there still exists the possibility for far vaster non-military war operations. [27] It is too bad that the Americans. His view was that "the belief that non-combat operations has its own set of principles is not welcomed among combat troops and many commanding officers are opposed to differentiating between non-combat operations and the original meaning of military operations. it at least pointed out that "total dimensional warfare" should possess the special characteristics of "total depth. so as to resolutely complete any mission assigned at the least price" in this publication The Essentials of War. "the Army had formed a common consensus to handle differentiation of non-combat operations as a wrong practice. they were even less able to discover that. total time. strongly cross-examined his superior officer's idea. The thenLieutenant General Holder already was not the out-and-out vigorous Colonel Holder on the battlefield. "implementation of centralized air.

This is to say. Indeed. which also has not in the end reconciled how many dimensional spaces are referred to.S. the rather valuable ideological fruits that they had accidentally picked were also abandoned on account of the newly-revised compendium. Army. but to differentiate battle operations into four types -. and support -. Quite the opposite. all nationalities are self-taught.War finally made a major amendment to the new compendium with "a single principle covering all types of the Army's military operations" as the fundamental key. it still has not escaped the "military" category. the "non-military combat operations" concept we raised above is much broader in meaning than military combat operations and can at least be placed along with comparable war realms and patterns outside the field of vision of American servicemen -. pointing out the U. Their practice is to no longer distinguish between non-combat operations and general military operations. For example.attack. At the same time as the theoretical confusion brought by the unripe concept of "non-combat military operations" was eliminated." Not to mention the phrase "total dimensional" in the U. whether it is that each [space] is an interrelated element of war or it is that there are two simultaneously. It appears that in doing the one step forward. two steps back dance. this is an American edition of poor judgment.S.it is precisely this large domain that is the area for future servicemen and politicians to develop imagination and creativity -. stabilization. it still has not
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. "total dimensional war's" understanding of battle is already much broader than any previous military theory. Army's lack of foresight is not equivalent to saying that the "total dimensional warfare" theory cannot be criticized." [28] At face value. defense. however. this is a move of radical reform and simplification by simply cutting out the superfluous. In reality.and return the original manuscript to such responsibilities of non-combat operations as rescue and protection and reassembling the old set of combat operations in order to enable it to put centralized combat principles on the right course and altogether discard the concept of "total dimensional warfare. there are clear flaws in this theory from both its conceptual denotation and connotation.with the result that it also cannot count as truly meaning "total dimensional. Nevertheless. but as far as its innate character is concerned.

however. they still cannot leave all the tortoises behind. it can be said that it has already arrived under the last precipice on the rugged mountain path. the Americans have stopped. then the nature of the relationship between each dimension. military operations will never again be the entire war. this original concept with its rich potential. [29] Even though these concepts of "non-combat military operations" and "total dimensional warfare" are full of original ideas and are already fairly close to a military ideological revolution that started from the military technology revolution. military since the Gulf War. What needs to be pointed out is that this ideology has never emerged in all of the theoretical research of the U. No matter that Sullivan or Franks let out "running hare" breaths in so many military theses after the Gulf War. Here. what total dimension is referring to cannot be reconciled. Only by adding all "non-military combat operations" aside from military operations can total dimensional war's complete significance be realized. Perhaps now this is the time when Lieutenant Colonel Lonnie Henley [30] and these Americans who have called into question the capability of other countries' military revolutions should examine their consciences: Why has there not been a revolution?
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. can of course not be fully launched. The only difference is that in the predictable future.S. Actually. Even adding "non-combat military operations" as proposed by General Franks cannot count as total dimensionality. and the American hares who have always been ahead of every other country in the world in military technology and military ideology have begun to gasp for breath. and any particular war will always have its particular emphasis and is always launched within a limited dimension as well as terminated within a limited dimension. there is no one who can launch a war in 360-degree three-dimensional space with time and other non-physical elements of total dimensionality added. and the mountain peak of the great revelation is still far away. however.been elaborated on and is in a state of chaos. rather they are one dimension within the total dimension. If.

system of organization. and equipment purchasing plans. etc. he has always been unabatedly enthusiastic about this issue. "'The 2010 Army Concept' is also the theoretical link between 'The 21st Century Army' and 'The Army of Tomorrow'." "Integration of a 21st century includes such aspects as battle theory. Colonel Robert Jilibuer [transliteration as printed 1015 0448 1580 1422]. commanding officer development. and base facilities. Sullivan certainly does not see it this way." (United States Military Theory. Even though many people within the U. training. May-June. October 1996) [2] General Dennis J." (Army Training and Doctrine Headquarters Assistant Chief of Staff. Army should continually promote "integration" reforms. to enable the ground combat troops to handle preparations for carrying out missions from now until 2010. so as to guarantee that the Army can develop along a methodical direction. 'The Army of Tomorrow' is the Army's long-range plan that is currently under deliberation. hiding deeper disparities: "It is easier for forerunners to fall behind. Armed Forces Journal.S.. Army.S. 'The 21st Century Army' is the plan that the Army is carrying out right now. From the time he took his post until after he left it.Footnotes [1] The 21st Century Army is written by Sullivan.S." (This point can be verified from the development of the telecommunications industry and changes in computers. Reimer said. mutual coordination between the three has determined a complete set of continuous and orderly changes. military and the forces of other countries have equated The 21st Century Army with The Digitized Force." (See The 2010 Army Concept report.. "The 21st century force is the current Army force carrying out information-age field operations experiments. theoretical research.. 1995) According to the general view currently held by the U. 1997) [3] Technological renewal is a far faster phenomenon than weaponry. He believes that the U.. and that The 21st Century Army should be treated more as "an attitude and a direction" rather than an "ultimate plan. equipment and soldier issues.) This perhaps is the single most difficult disparity to bring into line for the professional military and information technology
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.

Colonel Allen Campen believes that "hastily adopting new tactics that people do not fully understand and that have not been tested is risky" and "quite possibly will turn a beneficial military revolution into a gamble with national security. then to remold it into an air and space force.The Plan for the United States Air Force in the 21st Century) [9] Even though President Clinton announced the elimination of the "Star Wars" plan. [7] See United States Army Magazine." The sequence of these changes has obviously embodied the core revisions. Global Power was the strategic plan of the U. "Army and Air Force Joint War.." (See Global Participation -. It is for this reason that Americans have a morbid sensitivity to the spread of all new military high technology and even new civilian technology. the basic principle of this plan was tested and verified in the Gulf War." [8] In 1997. in reality the United States military has never relaxed the pace of space militarization. December 1996. in the final analysis he received the most publicity during the Gulf War." (United States Signal Magazine. it will be a global force enabling the United States to show itself everywhere'. the United States again proposed a new development strategy. published in June 1990 in White Paper format. Global Participation .The Plan for the United States Air Force in the 21st Century. Six months later. [4] There are also many people within the United States who are questioning this.established along the lines of big industry. July 1995) [5] Even though the Joint Force Air Squadron Headquarters commanded by Air Force General Charles Horner had to take orders from Schwarzkopf.. Air Force into an air and space force.S. The space flight headquarters is putting even more emphasis on the function of space flight troops (specifically see United States Military Space Flight Troops and Unified Space
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. [6] Global arrival. "Our strategic plan can be summarized in one sentence: 'the United States Air Force will become the outstanding air and space force in the world. Air Force after the Cold War. Global Participation --21st Century United States Air Force Concept especially points out that "the first step of this revolutionary change is to turn the U.S.

Boorda. 10-11.. keep watch over space. emphasis on naval implementation of forward deployment. issued in 1992 by the Navy and Navy ground forces. (See Modern Military Affairs. By 2020.Final Report of the U.." and advanced four war concepts for military space flight -. In April 1998.space control. Marine Corps Magazine.. and. From Sea to Land' and 'From Sea to Land'. March 1995) This admiral also bluntly demanded the "Navy's preference in budgetary matters.) [10] "The White Paper.S." (McNamara. Looking Back on the Tragedy and the Lessons of the Vietnam War..Flight Theory). least amount of expenditure. global war.. 27-29) [14] Colonel Xiaochaersi Denglapu [transliteration as printed 1420 2686 1422 2448 6772 2139 2528] points out that "casualties are an effective way to weaken America's strength.. pp. marks changes in the core and emphasis of strategy. 1998. "The Department of Defense must achieve the following objective: exchange our country's security for the least amount of risk. For this
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. "Tentative Plan For 2020. 'From Sea to Land'. and stop enemies from utilizing space systems." (Navy Admiral J. prevent enemies from utilizing the space systems of the United States and its allies. protect the space systems of the United States and its allies. Department of Defense to Congress and Appendix 6. who went from president of the Ford Motor Company to head of the Department of Defense. this is the most essential difference reflected between 'Forward Position. in the event of a entering a war.S. but they have other standards for how to fight. the least number of casualties. and global cooperation. No. the U. total force consolidation. [12] See The Gulf War -. space flight headquarters issued a long-range plan. He has made the forces learn how to spend less money when purchasing weapons.S." [11] See the U.M. [13] McNamara. Department of Defense's National Defense Report for the fiscal year 1998. introduced the business accounting system of private enterprise and the concept of "cost comparison" to the United States military. 10. pp. space control must have achieved the following five objectives: ensure entry into space.

Navy plans to wait until 2001 to apply for allocation for this ship. Jimu Taisiwen [transliteration as printed 0679 1191 3141 2448 2429].S. March 1995. June 22.S. the U. Army reorganized the atomic divisions with the group divisions.S. [20] In order to suit the needs of nuclear war and to try to enable troops to carry out combat in the nuclear battlefield as well as enable survivability. in 1957 the U. making the Navy very happy. [22] Just as the Head of the Naval War Office.The U. the Navy originally decided to put off requesting allocation to build the first LPD17 amphibious dock transport until the 1998 fiscal year rather than 1996. However. However. Winter 1997." (See Army Times.600 men.as a relatively conservative establishment. and Army Commander Wangdi [transliteration as printed 5345 6611] said. divided into five combat groups with strong motorization. this division's attack capability on a non-nuclear battlefield was relatively low. June 9 1997. What
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.S." see Marine Corps Magazine. Because of budgetary limitations.000 and 14. [21] For the U. Air Force expeditionary force concept. "the United States needs a unified combat force that is relatively small in scale but rapidly deployed and easy to assemble and train.) [18] See John R Brinkerhoff. Naval Institute Journal) For the "Naval Expeditionary Force. 1998. see the article by Xiao'en Neile in the United States Army Times.. "From Over the Horizon to Over the Beach": "More Than Expected Budget Funds -. and all with tactical nuclear weapons. "The Brigade-based New Army. see the article by Air Force Brigadier General William Looney in Air Power Journal. The entire division was between 11. [19] For the detailed viewpoint of the book Break Localized Fronts.. [23] See November 1995. Winter 1996. Congress recently agreed to allocate funds in the fiscal year 1996 to build the seventh multi-use amphibious attack vessel. Sea Power. under the circumstances of the continual cutting of military spending and fewer and fewer bases abroad." (May 1993." Parameter Quarterly. Kaiersuo [transliteration as printed 0418 1422 4792].

exceeded expectations was that Congress voted to approve allocation of US $974 million for this warship. the United States Report on the Complete Investigation of Defense proposed. other than this." Army Chief of Staff Reimer also immediately put forward the "Army Concept for 2010" in response to the "Joint Doctrine for 2010. [27] There is a detailed introduction to "Total Dimensional Warfare" in the 1997 World Military Almanac. see Joint Force Quarterly. "Changes to the Newly Published Draft of 'Essentials of War'. 100 Air Force heavy bombers. and special type combat troops and Navy troops. that has pointed out that the "various dimensions"
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. we have proposed a new concept for troops abroad . August 18. four to five ground force expeditionary units." [25] For the "Joint Doctrine for 2010" put forward in 1996 by the United States joint military meeting. (pp 291-294) [28] According to the article. "The following troop 'package' is enough to handle a large-scale regional conflict: four to five Army units. ground troops." by Commander Huofuman [transliteration as printed 7202 1133 2581] in the United States Naval Institute Journal. it is organized from specially designated Air Force troops. 10 Air Force combat mechanized forces. special combat forces." by Xiaoen Neile in the United States Army Times.'self-adapted special establishment unified troops'.. Naval War Commander Johnson and Air Force Chief of Staff Fogleman both expressed support for the "Joint Doctrine for 2010. Summer 1996. January 1998. "A Military Theoretical Revolution: The Various Mutually Active Dimensions of War." [24] In 1993. According to the requirements of the battle zone command. "Reform Will Not Be Smooth Sailing. four to five Naval warship combat troops." [26] See the article. [29] There probably is only the article. 1997." by Antuli'ao Aiqieweiliya [transliteration as printed 1344 0956 0448 1159 1002 0434 4850 6849 0068].. In the Winter 1996 edition of Joint Force Quarterly.

.. and depth indicated in geometric and space theory. breadth. [30] At the Strategy Conference held by the United States Army War College in April 1996.)
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." (See the Foreign Military Data of the Military Science Academy Foreign Military Research Department. society. The conclusion was: "In at least the first 25 years of the next century. or Opponent. it is such factors that are intimately related to war as politics. technology. China will be unable to carry out a military revolution. that he still centers on the military axis to look at war and has not formed a breakthrough in war denotation. however. combat. It is too bad.of war should not be such things as length. Instead. and logistics. Army Lieutenant Colonel Lonnie Henley wrote a paper for a report entitled 21st Century China: Strategic Partner. June 1997.

and to be able to attain victory in response to the changes of the enemy is called miraculous.the military revolution is the revolution in military technology. Because Perry. The Americans who have always liked to hold a leading position in the world in terms of various questions are very good at putting pretty packaging on each perspective thing and then afterwards dumping it on the whole world. Aside from the appearance of each new thing having its factors of necessity. considering. Its
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. "what have been the important achievements and theoretical breakthroughs in the military revolution of the United States" that was posed by a visiting scholar from China. "it is naturally stealth and information technology. yet most have followed suit and completely imitated their views in terms of the issue of the military revolution. emphasized stealth technology and was renowned as the "father of the stealth. I am afraid that even more essential is that it is related to Americans being adept at creating fashions. From the view of those like Perry." Perry's answer represented the mainstream view of American military circles -. he answered without thinking. -Fu Le
The expression of "military revolution" is as fashionable as Jordan's NBA fans. the entire world sneezes. 121-131 in original] Therefore. it is only necessary to resolve the problem from the technical standpoint of allowing the soldiers in front of the mountain to know "what was in back of the mountain" and then this is equivalent to accomplishing this military revolution." when answering the question. and so when the Americans catch a cold. The results are not difficult to predict. the former Secretary of the Department of Defense of the United States. Even though many nations have been anxious about and resisted the invasion of American culture. and resolving problems from the point of view of technology is typical American thinking. -Sun Zi The direction of warfare is an art similar to a physician seeing a patient. soldiers do not have a constant position. water does not have a constant shape. [1] Observing.PartTwo: A Discussion of New Methods of Operation [pp.

also appears to have splashed up a reverberation during the same period. in the final analysis. [3] If the revolution of military technology is called the first stage of the military revolution. then we are now in the essentially important second stage of this revolution. wherein it lands in more and more countries [2]. The slogan of "building the military with high technology" is like a typhoon of the Pacific Ocean. and naturally there could also not be any people who discovered that the misunderstanding begun by the Americans is now causing a misunderstanding by the entire world of a widespread global revolution. The highest embodiment and final completion of the military revolution is summed up in the revolution of military thought. and yet it is unable to be viewed as the entirety of the military revolution. It cannot be denied that the military technology revolution is the cornerstone of the military revolution. for it cannot stay on this mundane level of the transformation of military technology and system formulation. Only the completion of this change will be able to signify the maturation of the military revolution. it has also made it so that one is threatened by these measures within the same range (this is because the
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. for at best it is the first step of this wild whirlwind entering the course. which also to a very great extent presents problems in carrying out ideological work in the first stage: while the revolution of military technology has allowed one to be able to select measures within a larger range.advantages and disadvantages are both very apparent. This type of idea which equates the technology revolution with the military revolution was displayed through the form of the Gulf War and had a powerful impact and effect on the militaries throughout the world. which is on the western coast of the Pacific. The revolution in military thought is. but their final results are based upon changes in fighting forms and methods. The revolution of military technology is fine as is the reform of the formulated system. a revolution in fighting forms and methods. just like the characters of Americans. and even China. Approaching the completion of the revolution of military technology is to a very large degree a foreshadowing of the beginning of the new stage. There were hardly any people who were able to maintain sufficient calm and clarity within this situation.

and are still the several major agents of people waging war from opposite directions. and thus they have been called by certain observers "secondary wars" or "analogous wars. but Japan's Shinrikyo. and aside from being able to clearly sense the existence of the threat. to the extent that they are even becoming secondary to these factors. it is very difficult for one to be clear about the direction from which the threat is coming. Any direction. and other economic factors. This pattern possibly does not have the slightest military hue viewed from the outside. However. these traditional factors are increasingly becoming more intertwined with grabbing resources. In this area. that is. They comprise a new pattern which threatens the political. trade sanctions. For a long time both military people and politicians have become accustomed to employing a certain mode of thinking. the destruction which they do in the areas attacked are absolutely not secondary to pure military wars. measure. controlling capital. Even though they are the same ancient territorial disputes. and this really gives one a feeling of seeing the enemy behind every tree. Perhaps people already have no way of accurately pointing out when it first began that the principal actors starting wars were no longer only those sovereign states. and Kevin Mitnick [5]. These threats have never been like they are today because the measures are diverse and infinitely changing. contending for markets.monopolizing of one type of technology is far more difficult than inventing a type of technology). and the delineation of spheres of power in human history. underground
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. [Chizuo] Matsumoto. bin Laden. economic and military security of a nation or nations. we only need mention the names of lunatics such as George Soros. the major factor posing a threat to national security is the military power of an enemy state or potential enemy state. religious clashes. nationality conflicts. Escobar. or person always possibly becomes a potential threat to the security of a nation. the Columbian or "Golden New Moon" drug cartel. the Italian Mafia. extremist Muslim terrorist organizations. the wars and major incidents which have occurred during the last ten years of the 20th century have provided to us in a calm and composed fashion proof that the opposite is true: military threats are already often no longer the major factors affecting national security." [4] However.

illegal drug trade. aside from listing "the strong regional nations hostile to American interests" in order of ten major threats. which suffered the double containment of military attacks and economic boycott.figures with malicious intent. cannons. wherein we will be able to see that national security based upon regionalism is already outmoded. and financial derivative tools. biochemical agents. have obstinate personalities. poison gas. with Iraq. network attacks. media attacks. which is the only superpower which has survived after the Cold War. when we compare Thailand and Indonesia. The major threat to national security is already far from being limited to the military aggression of hostile forces against the natural space of one's country. In terms of the extent of the drop in the national security index. Even the United States. net browsers. all of whom can possibly become the creators of a military or non-military war. The weapons used by them can be airplanes. it is only necessary to broaden the view slightly. they also consider "terrorism. threats to American prosperity and economic growth. subversive activities and anarchistic conditions which threaten the stability of the federal government. In a word. bombs. and international
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. all of the new warfare methods and strategic measures which can be provided by all of the new technology may be utilized by these fanatics to carry out all forms of financial attacks. In the National Defense Reports of the United States for several consecutive fiscal years. and they have already produced serious threats different from the past and in many directions for our comprehensible national security. These have the same and even greater destructive force than military warfare. as well as psychologically unbalanced individuals who are fixed on a certain target. financiers who control large amounts of powerful funds. as well as computer viruses. which for several months had currency devaluations of several tens of percentage points and economies near bankruptcy. I fear there was not much difference. has also realized that the strongest nation is often the one with the most enemies and the one threatened the most. Given this situation. and yet they can be completely viewed as or equal to warfare actions which force other nations to satisfy their own interests and demands. Most of these attacks are not military actions. or terrorist attacks. and stubborn characters.

and cohesion) and military factors on the economy. they have expanded the multi-spatial search range of possible threats to security. nationalities. culture. and at the least is quite insufficient. also necessitates carrying out adjustments which go beyond military strategies and even political strategies. This is a "large security view" which raises the traditional territorial domain concept to the view of the interest domain of the nation. and outer space. and information security of the nation into one's own target range. foreign relations. etc. As a result. technology. [6] Actually. economic security. material resources. it is not only the United States but all nations which worship the view of modern sovereignty that have already unconsciously expanded the borders of security to a multiplicity of domains. namely. [7] This type of "extended domain view" is a premise for the survival and development of modern sovereign nations as well as for their striving to have influence in the world. culture.crimes" as threats to the United States. Such a strategy takes all things into consideration that are involved in each aspect of the security index of the interests of the entire nation. As a result. economics. networks. including politics. environment. and other parameters before one can draw out a complete "extended domain" which superposes both national interests and national security . geography. environment. values. What it focuses on is certainly not limited to the issue of national security but rather brings the security needs in many areas including the political security. Corresponding to the "extended domain view" should be the new security concept of omnibearing inclusion of national interests.
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. the national strategy for ensuring the realization of national security targets. cultural security. By contrast. as well as superimposes political (national will. the view of using national defense as the main target of security for a nation actually seems a bit outmoded. natural resources. religion. nationalities. The increased load of this type of large security view brings with it complications of the target as well as the means and methods for realizing the target.a large strategic situation map. what is generally called grand strategy.

with combination there are a myriad of changes. and such intricate and even mutually repelling targets? For example. With combination there is abundance. the two produced the three. and the three produced the ten thousand things. and it has basically changed the definition of modern warfare bestowed by those in the past: warfare carried out using modern weapons and means of operation. Combination has nearly increased the means of modern warfare to the infinite. Moreover. One log cannot prop up a tottering building. the one produced the two. However. This means that while the increase of
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. This should be a "grand warfare method" which combines all of the dimensions and methods in the two major areas of military and non-military affairs so as to carry out warfare. it is also necessary to have this type of composite force to become the means which can be utilized for actual operations. As soon as this type of grand warfare method emerged. The security vault of a modern national building is far from being able to be supported by the singular power of one pillar. "The Way produced the one.Anyone who stands in front of this situation map will suddenly have a feeling of lamenting one's smallness before the vast ocean: how can one type of uniform and singular means and method possibly be used to realize such a voluminous and expansive area. The key to its standing erect and not collapsing lies in whether it can to a large extent form composite force in all aspects related to national interest. how can the military means of "blood letting politics" spoken of by Clausewitz be used to resolve the financial crisis of Southeast Asia? Or else how can hackers who come and go like shadows on the Internet be dealt with using the same type of method? The conclusion is quite evident that only possessing a sword to deal with national security on a large visible level of security is no longer sufficient. This is opposite of the formula for warfare methods brought forth in past wars. when we analyze its principle. such complex and even selfconflicting interests. given this type of composite force. it is not complex and is merely a simple matter of combination. it is always the result of combination. and with combination there is diversity. it was then necessary to bring forth a totally new form of warfare which both includes and surpasses all of the dimensions influencing national security." Whether it is the two or the three or the ten thousand things.

the measures shrinks the effects of weapons, it also amplifies the concept of modern warfare. I am afraid that most of the old aspirations of gaining victory through military means when confronted with a war, wherein the selection of means to the range of the battlefield is greatly extended, will fall into emptiness and "be marginally within the mountain" [zhi yuan shen zai ci shan zhong 0662 4878 6500 0961 2974 1472 0022]. What all those military people and politicians harboring wild ambitions of victory must do is to expand their field of vision, judge the hour and size up the situation, rely upon adopting the major warfare method, and clear away the miasma of the traditional view of war -Go to the mountain and welcome the sunrise.

Footnotes [1] When Senior Colonel Chen Bojiang, a research fellow at the Institute of Military Science, was visiting scholars in the United States, he visited a group of very important persons in the American military. Chen Bojiang asked Perry: "What are the most important achievements and breakthroughs that have been brought on by the American military revolution?" Perry answered: "The most important breakthrough is of course the stealth technology. It is a tremendous breakthrough. However, I want to say that in a completely different area something of equal importance is the invention of information technology. Information technology has resolved the problem which has needed to be resolved by soldiers for several centuries, namely: what is behind the next mountain? The progress on solving this problem has been very slow for several centuries. The progress of technology has been extremely rapid over the last ten years, wherein there have been revolutionary methods for resolving this problem." (National Defense University Journal, 1998, No. 11, p. 44) As a professor in the College of Engineering of Stanford University, Perry is naturally more willing to observe and understand the military revolution from the technical viewpoint. He is no doubt a proponent of technology in the military revolution.

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[2] It was pointed out in the "Summary of the Military Situation" in the 1997 World Military Yearbook that: "A special breakthrough point in the military situation in 1995-1996 was that some major nations began to stress "using high technology to build the military" within the framework of the quality building of the military. The United States used the realization of battlefield digitization as the goal to establish the policy of using high technology to build the military. Japan formulated the new self-defense troop reorganization and outfitting program and required the establishment of a "highly technological crack military force." Germany brought forth the De'erpei [transliteration as printed 1795 1422 5952] Report seeking to realize breakthroughs in eight sophisticated techniques. France proposed a new reform plan so as to raise the "technical quality" of military troops. England and Russia have also taken actions; some medium and small nations have also actually purchased advanced weapons attempting to have the technical level of the military "get in position in one step." (1997 World Military Affairs Yearbook, People's Liberation Army Press, 1997, p. 2) [3] Aside from the view which equates the military technology revolution with the military revolution, many people are even more willing to view the military revolution as the combined product of new technology, the new establishment of the military, and new military thought. For example, Steven Maizi [transliteration as printed 7796 5417] and Thomas Kaiweite [transliteration as printed 0418 4850 3676] said in their report entitled Strategy and the Military Revolution: From Theory to Policy: "The so-called military revolution is composed of the simultaneous and mutually promoting changes in the areas of military technology, weapon systems, combat methods and the troop organization system, wherein there is a leap (or sudden change) of the fighting efficiency of the military." (Research report of the Strategic Institute of the American Army Military College entitled Strategy and the Military Revolution: From Theory to Policy) It is also considered in a research report of the American Research Center for Strategy and International Issues related to the military revolution that the military revolution is the

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combined result of many factors. Toffler equates the military revolution with the substitution of civilization being somewhat large and impractical. [4] See Zhao Ying's The New View of National Security. [5] George Soros is a financial speculator; bin Laden is an Islamic terrorist; Escobar is a notorious distant drug smuggler; [Chizuo] Matsumoto is the founder of the heterodox "Aum Shinrikyo" in Japan; and Kevin Mitnick is the renowned computer hacker. [6] The Secretary of Defense of the United States mentioned the various threats confronting the United States in each National Defense Report for the 1996, 1997, and 1998 fiscal years. However, this type of wide angle view is actually not a standard of observation which Americans can self-consciously maintain. In May of 1997, it was pointed out in "The Global Security Environment," the first section of the Four Year Defense Investigation Report published by the Department of Defense of the United States, that the security of the United States will be facing a series of challenges. First will be the threats coming from Iraq, Iran, the Middle East, and the Korean Peninsula; second is the spread of sensory technology such as nuclear, biological and chemical weapons as well as projection technology, information warfare technology, stealth technology, etc.; third is terrorist activity, illegal drug trade, crimes by international organizations, and out-of-control immigration; fourth is the threat of large-scale antipersonnel weapons. "Nations which will be able to rival the United States will not possibly appear prior to the year 2015, and yet after 2015, there will possibly appear a regionally strong nation or a global enemy well-matched in strength. Some consider that even if the prospects of Russia and China are unforeseeable, yet it is possible that they could become this type of enemy." This report, which is a joint effort by the office of the Secretary of the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is naturally still wallowing in the so-called military threat which is half-real and half-imaginary. In analyzing the threats of the 1997 United States' National Military Strategy formed from this report, there is a special section which mentions "unknown factors" and shows that the Americans are anxious and fearful of future threats.

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[7] Xiaomohan Malike [transliteration as printed 1420 5459 3352 7456 0448 0344] of Australia pointed out that the seven tendencies which will influence national security during the 21st century are: globalized economy; the globalized spread of technology; the globalized tide of democracy; polarized international politics; changes in the nature of international systems; changes in security concepts; and changes in the focal points of conflicts. The combined effects of these tendencies form the sources of the two categories of conflict threatening security in the Asian-Pacific Region. The first category is the source of traditional conflicts: the struggle for hegemony by large nations; the expansion of nationalism by successful nations; disputes over territorial and maritime rights and interests; economic competition; and the proliferation of largescale destructive weapons. The second category is the new sources of future conflicts: nationalism (racism) in declining nations; conflicts in cultural religious beliefs; the spread of lethal light weapons; disputes over petroleum, fishing, and water resources; the tide of refugees and population flows; ecological disasters; and terrorism. All of these pose multiple threats to nations in the 21st century. The view of this Australian regarding national security is slightly higher than that of the American officials. (See the United States' Comparative Strategies, 1997, No. 16, for details.)

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Chapter 5 New Methodology of War Games [pp. finding a new methodology which uses one method to deal with the myriad changes of future wars. the replacement of weapons. . and the expansion of the scope and scale of non-military means and non-military personnel involved in warfare are focused on one point. campaign and strategic goals. its various scenes have already passed through the mouths of many prophets and have been frozen on the our mental screens like a vulgar cartoon. [1]
Flicking Away the Cover of the Clouds of War Who has seen tomorrow's war? No one. In other words. has already arrived. they cover the heavens and the earth.Yier Tierfude
Everything is changing. from the precision bombs released by stealth bombers to the cruise missiles fired from a Zeus Shield Cruiser." the computer was continuously inputting and processing information transmitted from satellites and "Joint Star"
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. the development of security concepts. 132-163 in original] The great masters of warfare techniques during the 21st century will be those who employ innovative methods to recombine various capabilities so as to attain tactical. the obscurity of the boundaries of the battlefield. This revolution is not seeking operating methods which coordinate with each type of change. wherein all of the changes involved in the explosion of technology. the adjustment of strategic targets. and they can be said to be too numerous to enumerate. From the strangling warfare of satellites in space orbits to the angular pursuits of nuclear submarines in the deep areas of the oceans. We believe that the age of a revolution in operating methods. but rather is finding a common operating method for all of these changes. However. The most representative of them is the description of a field maneuver exercise with troops carried out by a digitized unit of the American military at the Fort Irwin National Training Center: With the command center's digitized units acting as the "blue troops.

the early warning planes monitored the entire air space.aircraft. one draw. the infantry soldiers used laptop computers to receive commands and used automatic weapons fired with sighting devices carried on helmets. Like the French military which relied upon climbing out of the trenches at Verdun to win World War One and hoped that the next war would be carried out the same at the Maginot Line. but the "21st Century Army" and "blue troops" lost to the traditionally equipped "red troops. . and six losses. the armored forces and armored helicopters alternated initiating three-dimensional attacks against the enemy. Although each calculation won glory like that of Schwartzkopf. The winner always likes to coast on the path of victory. all of the American generals understand that it is not possible for wars in the next century to be simple replays of the Gulf War. . . Called the "21st Century Army" and "blue troops" with fully digitized equipment and conducted in the Mojave Desert." However. [2] It is obvious that the military revolution referred to by Cohen is identical to the warfare understood by those prophets that we previously mentioned. the fighter bombers guided by satellites and early warning planes used precision missiles to attack targets. the American military which won a victory in the Gulf War also hopes to continue the "Desert Storm" type addiction during the 21st century. the final result of this exercise was one win. and the most splendid scene was actually one soldier who successively attacked five mice and led the strong fire power of his own artillery and airmen towards a group of enemy tanks on another side of the ridge. this did not prevent Secretary of Defense Cohen from announcing in a news release after the conclusion of the exercise that: I consider that you are all witnessing a military revolution here. His computer screen displayed [the results]: the enemy tanks had already been hit. and they also made adjustments to the original combat theories and organizational system. Military people throughout the world saw the framework of the future American military and the concept of American style warfare from
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. It was for this reason that they began to carry out replacements of the weaponry of the United States' military even before the smoke cleared.

who so clearly recognized that the United States was focusing most of its energies in again fighting a "cold type war which would never come again" and was very possibly using its own strength in the wrong direction? [4] This is because the international trend at the end of the 20th century is clearly displayed. and at the same time it has also resulted in the
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. but as a concept it has already begun to noticeably fall behind. like the former Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Bower. and they have done a great deal of preparation for this. the superiority of the American military force. then this is quite out of the ordinary [that is. Given this premise. As practically existing. the trends of the development of the weaponry of the United States military. the evolution of combat theories. the American military is requiring itself to nearly simultaneously win wars in two battle areas. the United Nations and regional international organizations have enlarged their intervention power in local wars and regional conflicts and relatively decreased the military threat to national security. the springing up of large amounts of new high technology will actually greatly increase the possibility of nonmilitary measures threatening national security. on the contrary. To date. Taking into consideration the loftiness of the hall. It was little imagined that the blind spot in the visual field of the Americans would just appear here. and the views of high-level commanders are all following along quickly on one path. the age of wars being a matter of moving weapons and soldiers has still not been translated into history. and the international community which is at a loss of what to do upon being confronted with non-military threats with such destruction no less than that of a war at the least lacks necessary and effective limitations. is overwhelming]. the changes in defense policies.The Concept of Joint Forces in the Year 2010 to The Army of the Future. and the disputes between all nations will ultimately end up with two large armies meeting on the battlefield. This has objectively accelerated the occurrence of non-military wars. [3] The problem is who is there in the Pentagon. Following the increase in the number of international treaties limiting the arms race and the proliferation of weapons. like a majestic hall. the renewal of ordinances and regulations. They affirm that military means are the final means for resolving future conflicts.

They have tightened up more and more so that they have shrunk into a watching tree hung full with various types of sophisticated weapon fruits waiting alone for a muddle-headed and idiotic rabbit to come and knock into it. and other new views. financial wars and computer virus wars which will dominate the future. American military
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. from major strategies to minor methods of operation. from the spear of attack to the shield of defense. It is not the case that American military circles have not noticed this advantage of eliminating the enemy against military and non-military threats (we have already referred above to several National Defense Reports for several fiscal years by the Defense Department of the United States). even if it is a tiny area such as Kosovo." This is because from the generals to the common soldiers." the American soldiers who had lost their opponent due to the collapse of the former Soviet Union are vehemently searching for a reason not to allow themselves to be "unemployed. The result was that without an enemy. who else is there who would become the second type of this rabbit? Given their state of mind of "looking around in the dark with daggers drawn. and yet they have pushed the resolution of the latter problem on to the politicians and the Central Intelligence Agency so that they have retreated from the existing all dimensional wars. as well as the hacker wars. there are also the present various types of "new concept wars" to which it is difficult to fix a name and are already sufficient to have the security view of "resisting the enemy outside of one's national gate" become something of the past in the space of an evening. Aside from the increasingly intense terrorist attacks. they cannot pass up an opportunity to try out their frosty blades. However. one still had to be created. after Saddam knocked himself dizzy at the bottom of this tree. non-combatant military operations. Therefore.old concepts and systems of national security being on the brink of collapse. everything that the American military does is done in preparation of gaining victory in a major war. It should not be said that as soon as there were no longer two armies facing off against each other that American military circles and even the American Congress would produce an empty feeling at having lost their goal.

circles. Even though the United States bears the brunt of being faced with the threat of this type of nonmilitary war and has been the injured party time after time. yet what is surprising is that such a large nation unexpectedly does not have a unified strategy and command structure to deal with the threat. Even those golden rules and precious precepts which we have always upheld also begin to reveal a contrary tendency and become a means for some nations to be able to launch attacks against other nations or certain organizations and individuals
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. but there are few and pitiful investments in other directions. Again using the United States as an example. but there is very little coordination and cooperation among them. This is possibly owing to a lack of sensitivity to new things and also possibly a result of work habit. Regardless of how each nation turns a deaf ear to the pressing threat of non-military warfare. The allocations and basic investment directions of various nations for security needs are still only limited to the military and intelligence and political departments. expanding and spreading based on its own pattern and speed. What makes one even more so wonder whether to laugh or cry is that unexpectedly they have 49 departments and offices responsible for anti-terrorist activities. the American soldier always locks his own field of vision in the range covered by war clouds. and this is an indisputable fact. and are now in the realm of forming non-military warfare. after stretching their own tentacles from war regions to the realm of non-combat military actions. to no longer be willing to extend themselves to a far distance. Regardless of the reason. It is not necessary to point it out as people will discover that when mankind focuses more attention on calling for peace and limiting wars. it uses seven billion dollars in funds for anti-terrorism which is only 1/25 of the US$250 billion military expenditure. seems. and even more so possibly due to limitations in thinking. Other nations are not that much better than the United States in this area. which are digging deeper and deeper into the insoluble problem of either using force or not using any at all. this objective fact is encroaching upon the existence of mankind one step at a time. many of the origins are the things in our peaceful lives which all begin one after another to change into lethal weapons which destroy peace.

It is very obvious that none of the soldiers in any one nation possesses sufficient mental preparation against this type of new war which completely goes beyond military space. it is also the directly-formed threat facing the survival of mankind. information liberalization and information boundaries. during the intervals between the fires of war. This is a matter of wiping away the long narrow cloud covering of war cast over one's eyes. it is the street cleaner of the ecological chain of society. It is possible for each field that at any moment tomorrow there will break out a war where different groups of people are fighting at close quarters. and new security views then necessitate soldiers who first expand their fields of vision prior to expanding their victories. national enterprises versus transnational corporations. war has always been the beast truly tamed by mankind. and the sharing of knowledge and the monopoly of technology.
The Destruction of Rules and the Domain of Losing Effectiveness As an extreme means for resolving conflicts of survival and interests. because it accords with the definition of modern warfare: forcing the enemy to satisfy one's own interests. Only there is no smell of gunpowder or the odor of blood. From the famous Geneva
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. It is similar to [the following scenarios]: when there is a computer then there is a computer virus. However.to do so against the entire society. national autonomy and global unification. it is war as before. common human rights and national sovereignty. It is for this reason that people have formulated innumerable treaties and rules. On the one hand. and especially in the 20th century. and when there is currency there is monetary speculation. How can we order it about without being harmed by it? Over the last several thousand years. free economics and trade protection. this is actually a severe reality which all soldiers must face. freedom of faith and religious extremism and heretical religions. However. and on the other hand. The new threats require new national security views. The battlefield is next to you and the enemy is on the network. there has always been one matter pursued: making efforts to lock the beast in the cage.

not allowing the indiscriminate killing of civilians. neither was able to bring about the promises of politicians to the world and the new international order anticipated by all of mankind. while large nations attempt to utilize
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. the banning of nuclear testing. The collapse of the polarized world resulted in the beasts of local wars roaring out of their cages one by one drenching the nations and regions of Rwanda." What was the result? Like Chamberlain. and have wanted to utilize international laws and regulations to control the harm of war to mankind to the lowest level. [5] Regardless of whether it is the end of the Cold War or the Gulf War. and limiting the use of land mines. bilateral and multilateral reduction of nuclear weapons. etc. he also boasted too early. Whether or not each nation acknowledges the rules often depends on whether or not they are beneficial to themselves. from specifically not allowing the use biochemical weapons. After Schwartzkopf used a "storm" fist to down Saddam on the Gulf fighting stage." He was like Chamberlain returning from Munich announcing that mankind will "get together in a world having the hope of peace. Chechen. the entire world was overjoyed and considered that a "fearful peace" was being entered from this. The most commendable of these is a series of treaties on nuclear non-proliferation. Congo and Kosovo in pools of blood. they have begun to continuously make various resolutions concerning war.Convention to the United Nations and to the present. President Bush was elated with success: "The new order of the world has already withstood its first test. All of these regulations are gradually becoming accepted by each nation. Small nations hope to use the rules to protect their own interests. to the widespread opposition to the use of military force or the threat of the use of force in handling national relations issues. erected one railing after another on the roads of crazy and bloody wars. not allowing the mistreatment of prisoners. At the conclusion of the Cold War. Bohei. etc. which have to date resulted in mankind avoiding entrance into a nuclear winter. Somalia. People had again discovered by this time how the efforts for peace over several thousand years could collapse at one single blow! The appearance of this type of situation is related to the practical attitude embraced by each nation concerning the establishment of international rules.

for example the United States enforcing supranational laws in Panama. and especially large nations. generally speaking. there were the warning intrusions of nameless hackers [7] to the web site of the National Defense Ministry of India after it carried out nuclear tests and the terrorist act by the rich Moslem Osama bin Laden because of his dissatisfaction with the presence of the United States in the Middle East. For example. wherein it swallowed up the Himalayan nation of Sikkim. and one thing always overcomes another. in any matter. Another example is India's disregard of the nuclear test ban treaty. yet it can be determined that all of these actions carry irresponsible and destructive characteristics which disregard rules. which was a similar action to Iraq swallowing up Kuwait. being at a loss of what to do. while they threaten the survival of mankind. Even though it is still difficult for us now to delineate the positive and negative effects of these actions. However. when facing the weak and powerless. there is always its unbeatable rival and natural enemy which is aptly reflected in the Chinese popular saying: brine forms the bean curd. form a fresh contrast with the springing up of those non-state forces who do not acknowledge any rules and specialize in taking the existing national order as their goal of destruction.the rules to control other nations. in the formulation and the utilization of rules as well as the disregard and even destruction of rules when the rules are not advantageous to them. When the rules are not in accord with the interests of one's own nation. [6] However. these non-state forces serve as a type of socially destructive force which both destroys the normal international order and restrains the destruction of the international community by those large nations. As the natural enemy of the international community. the breaking of the rules by small nations can be corrected by large nations in the name of enforcers of the law.
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. they also produce minute effects on the balance of society and the ecology. when large nations break the rules. The international community time and again only sighed in despair. In other words. the participation by large nations. wherein it grabbed the head of another nation and brought him to be tried in their own nation. In the international community.

However. They are not responsible to anyone. regions and measures. and especially the formation of the internet. Owing to the surreptitious nature of their movements. During a short period of over ten years. with the chief among them being computer hackers. the destruction and injuries encountered by the international community are in no way less than those of a military war. When carrying out war with these people. Visible national boundaries. invisible internet space. and destroy programs on the network. The popularization of personal computers. Following the gradual fading out of the old terrorists who specialized in kidnapping. they have very strong concealment. assassination. and appear unusually cruel as a result of their indiscriminate attacks on civilians. we should perhaps call the former "network bandits" or "network tyrants" which would be much more accurate. they transformed from being persons of nameless origins to world public nuisances. have absolutely no restraining effects on them. transfer capital. release viruses. and in the majority of situations. there is no declaration of war. This is because all principals without national power who employ non-military warfare actions to declare war against the international community all use means that go beyond nations. international law. In order to differentiate them from the non-malicious hackers. no fixed battlefield. All of this is also broadcast through real time via continuous coverage by the modern media which very much strengthens the effects of terrorism. create widespread damage because of their extreme behavior. nor are there any means which are not used. and hijacking. behavioral norms. there will be no gunpowder smoke. nor limited by any rules. national law. has resulted in the malicious acts of hackers increasingly endangering the existing social order. and ethical principles. gun fire.The direct result of the destruction of rules is that the domains delineated by visible or invisible boundaries which are acknowledged by the international community lose effectiveness. and there is no disgrace when it comes to the selection of targets. delete and change files. Their powers of
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. new forces of terrorism quickly appeared and very rapidly filled in the vacuum left by their predecessors. The hackers we speak of here refer to those network killers who steal information. no faceto-face fighting and killing. and spilling of blood.

this does not prevent us from considering him to be within the ranks of new terrorism. Since the United States government began to seriously attack network crimes in 1990. including the "Long-Range Planning Office" of the United States' Department of Defense. terrorists. even J.these network terrorist hackers -. the very small "worm" designed by Robert Morris completely paralyzed 6000 computers of the military and civilian computer systems throughout the United States.destroying the present world are shocking. This is because aside
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. not only have hacker activities not witnessed any decrease." When compared with "network bandits" -. the Research Center of the Rand Corporation. which placed enemy nation armies or world opponents on a par with non-approved users. and it becoming increasingly difficult to predict and guard against. Saiteerdou [as printed 1049 3676 1422 6757]. However. said with both self-confidence and worry: "Give me ten carefully chosen hackers. hackers with national or military backgrounds had already begun to reveal clues. Afterwards. it also resulted in the increasing enlargement of the internet threat faced by all nations (including those nations with national or military hackers). this type of event began to appear one after another in the internet connections of nations and regions. It is worth noting that following the "Information Warfare" ordinance of the American military. in 1988. and Harvard University. The only thing which could be predicted was that the damage of this type of threat to the large network nation of the United States would certainly be greater than for other nations. who is responsible for the investigation of computer crimes in the FBI of the United States. [8] This not only greatly strengthened the battle formations of the hackers so that the actions of the disbanded and straggling hackers quickly escalated into national (network tyrant) actions. Early. and within 90 days I would then be able to have this nation lay down its arms and surrender. Faced with theses prospects. inside personnel. non-national organizations. and foreign intelligence organizations as the six sources of network threats. they have spread globally and have the great force of a forest fire.the terror of the bombs of bin Laden are closer to the traditional terrorism in legacy. when the hackers were first beginning their activities and people did not know anything about their danger. but on the contrary.

and even though earlier he already had many murder cases attributed to him. setting up anti-government militia organizations. the printing of large amounts of forged currency. the tentacles of these new terrorist organizations extend to even wider areas. they set up management-type companies and banks and engage in large-scale drug trafficking and smuggling. Prior to the major bombings at the American embassies in Nairobi and Dares Salaam which shocked the world. Even after the Americans had already launched cruise missiles at him and issued an arrest warrant. and the means are also diversified. In addition. the destruction of commonly acknowledged rules. and make use of light weapons and a single method. "Concealing oneself and shielding. but in other areas they cannot be spoken of in the same breath. It can be seen from known
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. [9] On this basis. etc. and to the international community." having weightier results. are so fond of the limelight. the name of bin Laden was still not listed in the name list of the 30 terrorist organizations published by the International Anti-Terrorist Organization. we can see the shadows of those old fighters who make loud and empty boasts. especially the large nations which have the capability to control other nations. the resale of munitions. such as widely using religious and heretical organizations to develop their own media for propaganda. and unexpectedly gaining an undeserved reputation are perhaps the first major characteristics of the new bin Laden type terrorist organizations. from the person of bin Laden himself. he still repeatedly denied that he was personally connected with the bombing cases. Even though the vast majority of the attacks they have launched to date have been aimed at the rich nations and Western nations. and rely on the contributions of religious followers to attain stable capital resources. The easy accomplishment of raising funds guarantees that they will be able to attain and master large amounts of high technology means so that they will be able to kill even more people with great ease. having learned how to use economic means and taking advantage of the loopholes in the free economics initiated by the West. yet they are a common threat to the existing order. owing to his having not boasted of them.from the religious or even heterodox teaching background and tendency to oppose control by large nations. he was only a "nameless hero" in the Islamic world.

Mexico and Southeast Asia. concealed. so that the existing world financial system and economic order were fundamentally shaken and it had already become another new disaster threatening human society and international security. which were watching from the sidelines and were also unable to escape by sheer luck. he used financial derivative methods as well as free economic regulations to repeatedly change his attitude and play tricks to foment trouble. so as to bring about one financial upheaval after another. The creed of bin Laden is "If I die. but in fact there is not one country which dares to look at them lightly. the area of harmed nations gradually enlarged from Southeast Asia to Russia and then to Japan. without rules. Although there is still no one at present listing these immaculately dressed and dapper fellows in the ranks of terrorists." and therefore. Before the tremendous state apparatus. he would then stop at nothing. A terrorist organization which possesses nuclear weapons is definitely much more dangerous than a nation with the same nuclear weapons. yet in terms of their actions and the calamitous consequences they have caused in England. terrorists and their organizations are perhaps not worth mentioning in terms of numbers of peoples and methods. It can be confirmed that there are even greater turbid currents which we do not know about surging under the water surface. can even hold a candle to them. Newly converging into this counter current are the international financial speculators. As a result. The reason is that this is a group of maniacs which does not act according to the rules. none of those types. then I will also not let others live. so that in order to kill over ten Americans he would also drench several thousand innocent people in a pool of blood. and finally to Europe and the United States. Soros's logic is "I entered the room to steal money because your door was not
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. have given us reason to call it financial terrorism. [10] The typical characteristics of terrorism including being transnational. on the strength of a daily business volume exceeding US$120 billion in floating capital. such as the "bandits" and bin Laden. Taking the big financial crocodiles as represented by Soros. and tremendously destructive.conditions that these new developing terrorist organizations are merely several black waves turning over within the new global terrorist activities.

In an age when an old order is about to be removed." In this way. These new terrorist forces have formed an unprecedented serious challenge to the existing world order. the Americans have utilized cruise missiles. However. It is said that the Americans have already decided to employ hacking methods to search for and seal up the bank accounts of bin Laden in various nations. What they want to do is carry out wanton destruction within a regulated sphere and act wildly and run amuck within an unregulated sphere. This is no doubt a breakthrough in method of operation which goes beyond the military domain. However. the new terrorists have already walked to the head of the international community. and borders also are ineffective. and the computer hackers who hide themselves in the green curtains of networks. those in the lead are frequently those who are the first to destroy the rules or those who are the earliest to adapt to this situation. in coming to grips with enemies which appear and disappear in the domain of non-military warfare. so as to basically cut off his source of capital. and in turn they have made us doubt to a certain degree the logical production of a fixed order. in this respect. Perhaps those who check the destruction of rules and those who revise the rules are both necessary. This reveals an updating of the rules and a changing of the methods of operation. Soros who conceals himself within the forests of free economics. Recently. he does not have to be responsible for destroying the economies of other nations and throwing the political order of others into disarray. the Hong Kong government has used foreign currency reserves and administrative measures. This is because any destruction of rules always brings on new problems which need to be rigorously dealt with. we must also say that in this area. The most ideal method of operation for dealing with an enemy who pays no regard to the rules is certainly just being able to break through the rules. Naturally. For bin Laden who hides under the hills of Islamic fundamentalism. no national boundaries exist. and the British government has broken conventions so as to allow their secret service organizations to "legally" assassinate the leaders of foreign nations who they consider to be terrorists.locked. the new and old terrorists who
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. it also reveals the weaknesses of dullness in thinking and singleness in method.

Long spears and round shields can prepare a soldier for both attack and defense and give a basis for advancing and retreating. From cold weapons to hot weapons and then on to nuclear weapons and up to the combination of the so-called high technology weapons of today. like mixing a cocktail. and then form the smallest tactical unit. and gaining victories. 3.000 armored soldiers which was far less than the several hundred thousand foot soldiers of King Zhuo of the Shang Dynasty. and thus the team could set off on a long journey to dispel evil for the imaginary princess. and yet they were both masters of mixing "cocktails" on the battlefield.
Cocktail in the Great Master's Cup King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty three thousand years ago and Alexander the Great over two thousand years ago definitely would not have known what a cocktail was.120 years later. Such a simple combination embodies the profound theory of infinite changes on the battlefield.000 brave warriors. and 45. they were adept at ingeniously combining two or more battlefield factors together." a pair of soldiers coordinate with each other. two people comprise a unit.consistently uphold the principle of resorting to every conceivable means are still the best teachers of each nation's government. the musical instrument in the victorious magical hand has always accompanied the entire history of warfare secretly influencing the outcome of each war. wherein "soldiers with long weapons are used for defense and those with short weapons are used for holding positions. However. 1+1 is the most elementary and also the most ancient combination method. Given that this was the case in the East. this small army composed of both vehicles and soldiers became the cornerstone of the Zhou kingdom. King Wu attacked Zhuo with 300 military vehicles. throwing them into battle. the West was no exception. This is because. The reason why
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. [11] The knight Don Quixote and his attendant Sancho signify that the separation of work of the general and the light soldier had already been formed. because the proper combination greatly strengthened the combat strength in the wilderness war and became the evidence of the earliest combination war which we were able to find 3.

Alexander was able to defeat a large army during one decisive battle at Abeila was because he made adaptations just before going into battle, wherein a linear pushing square matrix changed so that the opponent was taken by surprise. His method was very simple. The position of the cavalry shifted back and obliquely along the two flanks of the square matrix forming a "hollow large square matrix," so that the flexibility of the cavalry and the stability of the foot soldiers achieved the ideal combination in a unique battle array wherein each developed their individual strengths most incisively. The result was naturally that Alexander, whose military force was at a comparative disadvantage, ultimately drank heartily the cup of victory. [12] When perusing the military history of both East and West, we never find the expression "combination" in any of the descriptions related to methods of operation. However, all of the great masters of warfare throughout the ages seem to have instinctively known this principle well. The King of Sweden Gustav was the most highly praised military reformer at the beginning of the firearms period. All of the reforms that he carried out in terms of battle array and weapons deployment used the combination method. He very early realized that the falling behind of the lancers and arranging them together in battle array with the firearm soldiers allowed the former to be able to provide cover for the later between shootings. This developed the strengths of each to the greatest limits. He also often had mixed groupings of light cavalry, heavy cavalry and firearm soldiers who took turns initiating charges against the enemy's skirmish line under the heavy smoke of artillery fire. This king was later called the "first great field artillery expert," and he understood even better the functions and effects of artillery as the basis for engaging in battles. He took the light artillery as a combination of "regimental artillery" and infantry allowing the heavy artillery to independently form an army, and the seemingly separately deployed light and heavy artillery actually formed a perfectly integrated combination within the entire range of the battlefield. It can truly be said that the effects of the artillery were developed to the ultimate during that period. [13]

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However, all of this occurred prior to the appearance of the expert of artillery technique Napoleon. When compared with the short Corsican who pushed over 20,000 cannons on to the battlefield, the 200 guns in the hands of Gustav can only be seen as "a small sorcerer in the presence of a great one." During the period from 1793 to 1814, a total of 20 years, no one understood cannons as completely as did Napoleon. No one was able to understand those under his command more precisely than this commander, and naturally there was no one who could fully combine the lethal force of artillery and the maneuverability of cavalry, as well as the loyalty and bravery of Commander Davout and the fierceness of Commander Murat to forge an offensive force which would make all of their enemies flee at the very sight of them, and change the French army into a fighting machine with which none in all of Europe could compete. This machine was used from Austerlitz to Borodino to formulate the myth that Napoleon won nearly every battle. [14] General Schwartzkopf who created the miracle of a major battle in which only over one hundred soldiers were lost cannot be considered to be on the great master level. However, his luck appears to have been as good as all of the masters of military techniques. Actually, what was really important was not luck, but rather that this commander led a large modern army which, like his predecessors, even more so gave importance to the combination of the important elements of warfare. This is because during the 1990's the cards which he held in his hand were many more than those held by his predecessors. For him, the key to driving the Iraqi army out of Kuwait, restoring the life line of oil to the West, and regenerating America's influence in the Middle East, depended on how to ingenuously use the alliance, manipulate the media, use economic blockades, and other methods, along with developing and bringing together various armed services of the army, navy, air force, space, electronics, etc. comprised by the militaries of over 30 nations, and thus jointly becoming an iron fist to pound Saddam. He accomplished this and yet his opponent quite shockingly was not at all aware of this. A great army of several hundred thousand, several thousand tanks, and several hundred aircraft were like unmixed

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cement, sand and reinforcing steel dispersed on the battle line, penetrating several hundred kilometers and being basically unable to bear the bitter attacks of the American style "fists" [as printed loaquan 5071 2164], which fully combined the rear solid structural components to become as hard as reinforced concrete. In addition, there was first detainment and then release of Western hostages, followed by one mistake after another, and there was poor response in the areas of breaking political isolation and economic blockades. Regardless of whether the war was 3,000 years ago or at the end of the 20th century, it seems that all of the victories display one common phenomenon: the winner is the one who combined well. While being able to ever increase the means used for warfare, as well as make continuous improvements today so that the denotation of warfare is quickly being amplified, the connotation of this has also begun to deepen. More factors which had never appeared in the warfare of the past have entered the world of warfare through the combination of various different methods. The addition of each new element possibly causes changes in the modality and type of warfare up until the outbreak of military revolution. Looking back upon the history of warfare, regardless of whether it is stirrups, rifles, breechloaders, smokeless gunpowder, field telephones, wireless telegrams, submarines, tanks, aircraft, missiles, atomic bombs, computers, non-lethal weapons, or division troop system, staff systems, "wolf pack tactics," [15] blitz, carpet bombing, electronic countermeasures, and air-land battles, the appearance of all of these elements all combine with earlier key battlefield elements to display hybrid advantages and enrich the present world of warfare to different degrees. Over the last 20 years, information technology, computer viruses, internet, financial derivation tools, and other sources, as well as the technology of non-military means even more so reveal the difficulties of predicting the prospect for the outcome of tomorrow's wars. However, to date, for the vast majority of soldiers or high-ranking military officers utilizing the element combination method to carry out warfare is often a non-conscious action. Therefore, their combinations often

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remain on the level of weapons, deployment methods and the battlefield, and the drawn-up war prospects are also mostly only limited to the military domain and revel in it. Only those trailblazing military geniuses are able to stand alone in breaking convention, breaking through limitations and consciously combining all of the means available at the time to play the ageless masterpiece by changing the tonality of the war. If it is said that combination was only a winning secret formula of a few geniuses, then consciously making combination the trend of a method of operations now is already becoming clearer day after day, and warfare is now being taken into an even broader and even more farreaching domain; however, all of that provided by the age of technological integration leaves combination with more seemingly infinite possible space. It can be affirmed that whoever is able to mix a tasty and unique cocktail for the future banquet of war will ultimately be able to wear the laurels of success on his own head.

Using Addition to Win the Game All of the cards have now been shown. We already know that war will not again be displayed in its original form. To a very great extent, war is no longer even war but rather coming to grips on the internet, and matching the mass media, assault and defense in forward exchange transactions, along with other things which we had never viewed as war, now all possibly causing us to drop our eyeglasses. That is to say, the enemy will possibly not be the originally significant enemy, the weapons will possibly not be the original weapons, and the battlefield will also possibly not be the original battlefield. Nothing is definite. What can be ascertained is not definite. The game has already changed, and what we need to continue is ascertaining a new type of fighting method within various uncertainties. It should not be that type of single prescription for treating the symptoms and not the disease, but rather a hybrid type of learning widely from the strong points of others and gathering advantages so as to allow a pear tree to bear both peaches and apples. This then is combination. We had actually shown this card already above.

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financial wars and terrorist attacks.What we have still not spoken of is another term: addition. This has been done from Alexander to Napoleon and even up to Schwartzkopf. They do not know that their ability to understand or not understand combinations is not the key to the problem. Some of the
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. Only when blood or cruelty are added in is the situation able to become severe and begin to be shocking. both are but empty frames. a person who from start to finish uses only one type of boxing method to fight with an opponent is naturally not one who can combine straight punches. swings and hooks to attack his opponent like a storm. Moreover. This then is our real hand of cards. Lastly. The problem is that such a simple principle which even a preschooler can understand has been surprisingly unclear to many persons responsible for the success and failure of the security and warfare of nations. jabs. tactics with tactics. but certainly not the most important point. The principle of this can be said to be extremely simple: one plus one is greater than one. In a boxing arena. combining nuclear deterrence. they can also contemptuously come to conclusions and combinations which cannot be considered to be anything new. there is no doubt that the impression of war to which people have already become accustomed will be shaken. They have never forgotten the addition of technology with technology. weapons with weapons. These people can excuse themselves saying they are using the method of combination boxing to attack opponents. and measures with measures. warfare and non-warfare. military and non-military which is more specifically combining stealth aircraft and cruise missiles with network killers. or simply combining Schwartzkopf + Soros + Xiaomolisi [transliteraton 1420 5459 6849 2448] + bin Laden. What is truly important is whether or not one understands what goes with what to implement combinations and how to combine. Addition is the method of combination. Being confronted with this completely new concept of warfare. is whether or not one has thought of combining the battlefield and non-battlefield. Whether it is combination or addition.

They would naturally not be able to understand that going beyond all limits and boundaries was an ideological revolution. To accomplish this. From the perspectives of human history and the history of warfare. From the perspective of law. culture. Only after signifying the appearance of this revolution of military thought with the highest achievement will the entire process of the military revolution be finalized. to date. and only Machiavelli approached the realm of this thought. that this military revolution has slowly been unable to be completed. even Sun Zi and Clauswitz locked themselves in the barrier of the military domain. and ethics and carry out thorough thought. For a very long period of time. will also be challenged.
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. it must go beyond all of the fetters of politics. they were held in contempt by the knights or rulers. Before this. In the same way. it is only necessary to be able to seek help from addition.traditional models of war. as well as the logic and laws attached to it. Without thorough thought. beginning from the appearance of "high tech" on stage. The outcome of the contest is not the collapse of the traditional mansion but rather one portion of the new construction site being in disorder. there can be no thorough revolution. history. have been unable to understand this point. It is only this one time that it needs to jump outside of the ruts made by the war spirit that has persisted for several thousand years. owing to the fact that the thought of the Prince and its author were both way ahead of their time. most of us will see collapse. Up to this point. those who only understand an imposing array of troops on the battlefield and who think that war is just killing people and methods of operation are just methods to kill people and that there is nothing worth giving attention to other than this. which included the premise of a revolution of military thought. we have already found the reason. This time is no exception so that whether or not the new military revolution brought about by high technology can bring it to a final conclusion depends on whether it can travel far upon the road of the revolution of military thought. prior to utilizing addition. However. there has never been one military revolution which was declared to have been completed merely after technology or organizational revolutions.

such as those of the army for the 21st century. or one with equivalent power at the beginning of the next century. Such ridiculous wishful thinking can only bring on one type of future prospect. However.The Americans have actually not been so dull as to not have the slightest reaction to this problem." [16] Actually. are all focused upon dealing with an enemy with conventional heavy armor. and if the United States encounters an enemy with low level technology. Whether it be the intrusions of hackers. it is necessary to break through fixed modern Western thinking to broaden the conception of future conflicts. They discovered the gap between the American military in terms of military thought and the real threat facing national security. with the next century having still not yet arrived. most of the descriptions of how the digitized troops of the 21st century will conduct war sound like an armored war using new technology to fight with the Warsaw Pact nations." It is because the American military is making war preparations guided by this type of military thinking that they naturally hope war is like running into their own muzzle which is what they expect." this can possibly result in their being attacked and defeated by another enemy outside of their field of vision. They further pointed out that "Even though official documents stress the army (we can understand it as meaning the entire American military . a major explosion at the
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. then the problem of insufficient frequency band width will possibly occur. "The vast majority of development plans of the present American military. but it is very typical of them. Steven Maizi [as printed 7796 5417] and Thomas Kaiweite [0481 4850 3676] of the Strategic Institute of the Army War College of the United States who brought forth the problem of "the frequency band width of the new military revolution" had actually become sensitive to this point. the American military has already encountered trouble from insufficient frequency band width brought on by the three above mentioned types of enemies. an intermediate level enemy. Having thought lag behind reality (much less to speak of surpassing it) is not only a shortcoming of American soldiers.note by the authors [Steven Maizi and Thomas Kaiweite]). When "a military gives excessive focus on dealing with a certain specified type of enemy. Steven Maizi and Thomas Kaiweite correctly expressed their concerns about this.

" It would be well if we were somewhat bold and completely mixed up the cards in our hand.. thus prying loose the wheel of the military revolution rusted as a result of lagging behind in terms of thinking. Their method does not go beyond satellite reconnaissance. However. then after causing a financial crisis. but rather one returns with one's own spears and feathers. and especially as regards military thinking and the methods of operation derived from this. or a bombing attack by bin Laden. it only requires broadening one's outlook a little and being uninhibited in thought to be able to avail oneself of the lever of the great volumes of new technology and new factors springing up from the age of integrated technology. This is because they have never taken into consideration and have even refused to consider means that are contrary to tradition and to select measures of operation other than military means. large-scale air attacks plus precision attacks. and three-dimensionality to launch a campaign assault against the enemy. all of these greatly exceed the frequency band widths understood by the American military.. Supposing a war broke out between two developed nations already possessing full information technology. the attacking side would generally employ the modes of great depth. air drops behind enemy lines . amphibious landings. "a stone from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one. by using the combination method. ground outflanking. We can here appreciate the deep significance of the old saying. and relying upon traditional methods of operation. high strength. The American military is naturally inadequately prepared to deal with this type of enemy psychologically. combined them again. the result is not that the enemy nation proclaims defeat. wide front. This will naturally not allow them to add and combine the two into new measures and new methods of operation. In actuality. in terms or measures. a completely different scenario and game can occur: if the attacking side secretly musters large amounts of capital without the enemy nation being aware of this at all and launches a sneak attack against its financial markets.World Trade Center. buries a computer virus and hacker detachment in the opponent's computer system in
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. and saw what the result would be. electronic countermeasures.

we need only shake the kaleidoscope of addition to be able to combine into an inexhaustible variety of methods of operation. There is finally the forceful bearing down by the army. [17] Regardless of whether it is intentional or unintentional. Based on this thought. and mass media network are completely paralyzed. this will cause the enemy nation to fall into social panic. it can be considered to be "subduing the other army through clever operations. while at the same time carrying out a network attack against the enemy so that the civilian electricity network. only a thought. street riots. however. telephone communications network. wherein "the other army is subdued without fighting.advance. This admittedly does not attain to the domain spoken of by Sun Zi. and military means are utilized in gradual stages until the enemy is forced to sign a dishonorable peace treaty. the carrying out of combined methods of operation using different methods of operation that go beyond domains and categories has already been applied
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. However. This is." It is very clear who was superior and who inferior when comparing these two methods of operation. financial transaction network." However. traffic dispatching network. and a political crisis. it is certainly a feasible thought.
Military Trans-military Non-military Atomic warfare Diplomatic warfare Financial warfare Conventional warfare Network warfare Trade warfare Bio-chemical warfare Intelligence warfare Resources warfare Ecological warfare Psychological warfare Economic aid warfare Space warfare Tactical warfare Regulatory warfare Electronic warfare Smuggling warfare Sanction warfare Guerrilla warfare Drug warfare Media warfare Terrorist warfare Virtual warfare (deterrence) Ideological warfare Any of the above types of methods of operation can be combined with another of the above methods of operation to form a completely new method of operation.

yet the results of the war were very good. Methods of operation which truly possess vitality must be an "empty basket. very easily became a warfare measure of financial warfare + smuggling warfare. and even though they paid a heavy price. etc. In addition. the methods for matters. We also noticed that the means adopted by the Hong Kong government during the financial security warfare in August of 1998 to deal with financial speculators were: financial warfare + regulatory warfare + psychological warfare + media warfare. and when the target disappeared. We can see from these examples the miraculous effects of applying addition-combination in methods of operation. another example is what the NATO nations used to deal with the Southern Alliance Kosovo crisis: deterrence with the use of force + diplomatic warfare (alliance) + regulatory warfare. there is no one who can write a guaranteed winning prescription for all future wars.by many nations in the practice of warfare. prior to this. Various types of methods of operation have appeared in the history of human warfare. the United Nations under pressure mainly from the United States adopted the methods of operation against Iraq: conventional warfare + diplomatic warfare + sanction warfare + media warfare + psychological warfare + intelligence warfare. the countermeasure used by the Americans against bin Laden is national terrorist warfare + intelligence warfare + financial warfare + network warfare + regulatory warfare. then the method of operation also lost its existing value. then today the great explosion of technology led by information technology has already provided us with this type of possibility. and most have been forgotten with the passage of history. will we then be able to arrange the cards in our hand into various types of hands based on need until finally winning the entire game. For example. those engaged in warfare in the past were still unable to freely combine all factors for winning wars. If it is said that. owing to the limitations of technical measures and conditions. However. all of these methods of operation were all determined based upon a specific target." This empty basket only relies upon its
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. When examining the reasons. such as the large quantity printing of counterfeit Renminbi in Taiwan. Only if we are willing and do not allow subjective intentions to depart from objective laws.

" it naturally and easily fails. and yet it is often not susceptible to the theories of classical games. The economic game with both cooperation and competition has begun to seep into the military sphere and influence warfare in the new era. yet it is actually the only accurate explanation of the correct application of combination. The fearful aftereffects of nuclear weapons have caused mankind to gradually find its way back to the long-lost rationality from the most irrational behavior. and based on the various conjectures of the "rational man. Only if we understand this point will we then be able to attain a method of operation which goes beyond the multitude of methods of operation.
Footnotes [1] War is the most typical game. and yet it will definitely not arise from a simple brain. the course of globalization has pushed mankind to accord with the thinking of the "rational man" while seeking national security. Moreover. It is not the same as any of the very strongly directed methods of operation of the past. The conclusion is thus so simple. the military strategist during the Song Dynasty in China. for only when the basket is filled with specific targets and contents does it begin to have directionality and aim. you have no way of imagining what other method of operation can transcend the net of combination. The combination of which we speak is just this type of empty basket. Yue Fei. The key to whether or not victory is won in a war is nowhere else but in what things you are able to pack into this basket. War is intrinsically the irrational behavior of man. This is then having the myriad methods converge into one." Although this statement sounds very abstruse. It is even the final stage of methods of operation." and no longer falling into the hegemony-type "cockfight game" of the United States and the Soviet Union. an empty basket of military thinking.
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.thinking and principle of utilizing the non-changing to deal with the myriad changes. learning how to cast off the "predicament of the convict. stated when discussing how to employ methods of operation that "the subtle excellence of application lies in one-mindedness. Aside from combining the transcendence of being unfettered.

(Reference can be made to the discussion in Zhang Weiying's [1728 4850 6601] Game Theory and Information Economics, Sanlian Bookstore of Shanghai, Shanghai People's Press, 1996) [2] Beginning on March 15, 1997, the United States' Army carried out 14 days of digitized brigade task force high level operations exercises at the Fort Irwin National Training Center in California. According to remarks by Army Chief of Staff General Rymer, the aim of this test was to determine whether or not troop technology of the 21st century would be able to instantly answer three crucial questions in actual warfare: Where am I? Where are my companions? Where is the enemy? In view of the test conditions, the troops that underwent rearrangements and used new weapons with digital technology had much faster operating speed, greater killing power, and stronger survival capabilities than the present army. See the reports in Defense News of the United States, March 17-23 of 1997, for details regarding this exercise. [3] It was again stressed in the "1997 National Army Strategy" of the United States that the task and military capability level of the United States Army was to simultaneously win two largescale regional wars. This actually still continued the military strategy and army building policy of the "Cold War" era. James R. Blacker pointed out in his article entitled "Building a Military Revolution-Type United States Army - A Troop Reform Plan Different From the 'Four Year Military Examination Report'" that this policy "was a military plan designed 20 years ago and selected during a period which ended 10 years ago." (Summer edition 1997 of the American magazine Strategy Review) [4] See the research report of the Strategic Research Institute of the United States Army War College, Strategy and the Military Revolution: From Theory to Policy, Section 8. [5] Actually this was an Iraqi problem which Bush was also unable to thoroughly resolve. Saddam increasingly became a sore point which the Americans found difficult to remove. [6] The "Desert Fox" action adopted recently by the United States and England is also an obvious serious offense of large nations in violation of the United Nations' Charter.

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[7] The original meaning of "hacker" was neutral and did not carry any derogatory sense. Early hackers used their obsession with technology and good intentions for society to form a unique hacker standard of logic which was strictly adhered to by many people over several generations of hackers. However, in the network space of today where the moral degeneration is getting worse day by day, there is no longer this gentlemanly attitude. [8] In 1996, the Information System Office of the United States Department of Defense was set up so as to strengthen the protection of military information systems. In the same year, the establishment of the President's Committee on the Protection of Key Infrastructure of the United States was also announced. This Committee is responsible for protecting the telecommunications, financial, electric power, water, pipeline, and transport systems. All of this was directed at real threats, and the FM100-6 Field Command Information Operations of the United States military clearly stated that "the threats facing the information infrastructure are real, their source is the entire globe, they are manifested in many areas of technology, and moreover these threats are growing. These threats originate from individuals and groups and what is driving them is the military, political, social, cultural, religious, or individual and trade benefits. These threats also come from information madmen." (Chinese translation [of FM1006], p. 7) [9] What is most satirical is that the construction company of the bin Laden family had been the builder of the barracks of the American army in Saudi Arabia. [10] The most unsettling aspect of finance terrorism is "hot money" which is able to launch destructive attacks upon a nation's economy within several days, and the target varies from national central banks to poor people. [11] The History of Warfare in China, Military Translations Press, Vol. 1, p. 78, Wilderness Wars Section. [12] Military History of the Western World, written by J.F.C. Fuller, translated by Niu Xianzhong [4781 0341 6988].

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[13] The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare, T.N. Dupuit, p. 169-176. [14] Biography of Napoleon by Taerli [as printed 4781 0341 6988]. Biography of Napoleon I by John Roland Ross. [15] A technique for attacking merchant vessels during World War I using submarines invented by Dengnici [as printed 6772 1441 5412], Commander of the Submarine Forces of the German Navy. The main method of operation was that after a submarine discovered a merchant vessel, it immediately notified other submarines, and after waiting for many submarines to arrive, the submarines then launched an attack like a pack of wolves against a prey. [16] Research Report of the Strategic Institute of the United States Army War College, Strategy and the Military Revolution: From Theory to Policy. [17] In our view, the three types of warfare here are all down-to-earth warfare and not allegorical or descriptive. Military-type wars are always traditional and classical wars which use weapons; the various types of wars among the non-military type are confrontational and nothing abnormal, yet they display warfare behavior and they are all novel; trans-military type wars are situated between the two wherein some have previous methods such as psychological warfare and intelligence warfare, and some are comprised of completely new methods such as network warfare and virtual warfare (this refers to the methods of electronic virtual and of Mozi [1075 1311] thwarting Gong Shu Ban [0361 6551 3803]. See the chapter entitled Gong Shu Ban Sets Up Machinery for the State of Chu to Attack the State of Song in Strategies of the Warring States, Protective Strategies of the Song).

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Chapter 6: Seeking Rules of Victory: The Force Moves Away From the Point of the Enemy's Attack [pp. 164-194 in original] "I usually make surprising moves; the enemy expects surprising moves; but I move in an unsurprising manner this time to attack the enemy. I usually make unsurprising moves; the enemy expects unsurprising moves; but I move in a surprising manner this time to attack the enemy." --Li Shimin

However much is said about combination, we still have to say that it is not enough to focus on combination. It is necessary to further sharpen the focus, to see whether there is any secret closer to the core. Without understanding the secret of how to conduct combination, it will be useless to conduct combination 100 times incompetently. In the history of war, there has never been a victory achieved in a smooth manner. Thus, in all its versions, the book Jun Yu [Military Talk] contains such terms as direction of main attack, main targets of striking, feint attack, feint move, and outflank which entail distinguishing between the main and secondary actions. What is behind such terms is not only consideration of the need to deceive the enemy or the sound use of force. There must be some other reasons. In terms of instinct, all those famous generals who have won countless victories, or obscure people, have all realized the existence of something which perhaps should be called "rules of victory." Those people have also got close to such rules tens of thousands of times. Nevertheless, to this day, no commander or philosopher has ever dared to say: I have found the rules. Not even the job of naming such rules has been completed. But, actually, the rules are hidden in the waves of military practice of mankind. It is proper to say that every classical victory has testified to the rules. However, each time, people either do not want to admit or do not dare to affirm their encounters with rules of victory, but, instead, often attribute the effects of the rules to the favor

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he found the rule of the golden section! [A mathematical formula showing the derivation of the figure 0. However. the great modern architect Le Corbusier also established his most important theory of "basic design scale" on the basis of the rule of the golden section. But. Many "belated pronouncement" works on military history offer arguments which are difficult for people to grasp because the arguments describe the rules' effects in an excessively mysterious manner.618. they accompany every war of mankind. the ancient sage Pythagoras [1] unexpectedly encountered a set of mysterious digits: 0. As convincingly testified to by the history of arts. rules of victory do exist.
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. Except those Muses with extraordinary gifts. almost no one has realized that this golden rule of aesthetics may become. Like an invisible man.
Secretly Conforming to the Rule of the Golden Section "Everything is a matter of numbers. a rule that should also be followed in other spheres. whether created in a casual manner or through intentional effort. or is.of some mysterious fate. it was found that the relationship between its vertical lines and horizontal lines were entirely in accord with the 1:0. People had long marveled at the beauty of the Parthenon Temple of ancient Greece.618 omitted] In the 2. [2] Regrettably. As a result." Along this line of thought.618 ratio. almost all artistic works considered masterpieces.500 years since then. even the victors in war have not truly seen their real faces. this formula which the Creator may have meant to use for revealing to mankind a rule for all spheres through a demonstration in one sphere has never moved beyond the realm of artistic creation. a theory which has had profound and extensive influence on architects and architecture in the world. In his book Vers Une Architecture. They are there. The party to which their golden fingers point will go through the arch of triumph by stepping on the sorrow of the vanquished. With measurement and calculation. have all been close to or in accord with this formula in their basic aesthetic features. suspecting it to be the creation of a god. this formula has been considered by formative artists as the golden rule of aesthetics.

people had repeatedly applied it to their own spheres of practice on the basis of their instincts. you will see examples of conforming to this rule everywhere in the military realm. discovered that seeking experiment points according to the rule of the golden section would make it possible to reach the optimal state the most quickly. Adopting advice made by Miao Penghuan. We mentioned above the Battle of Arbela between Alexander and
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. We can easily see the ephemeral marks of the paws of this mysterious beast in the famous amazing campaigns and battles in the history of war. and used the upper army. The point of attack selected was exactly at the point of the golden section. Chinese. and foreign wars. you will be certain to be silently amazed by the fact that 0. His discovery was refined by the Chinese mathematician Hua Luogeng and turned into the "optimum seeking method. such a popularization campaign based on the human-wave tactic produced little effect. The shadow of 0. but this episode demonstrated the prospect of applying the rule of the golden section in spheres other than the sphere of arts. modern. The Jin force had a decisive battle with the Chu force at Yanlin. The method was popularized in China for a time. used another portion to attack the middle army of the Chu force.It was not until 1953 that J. although they are included in the footnote section at the end of the chapter] In fact. before the emergence of the notion of consciously grasping the rule of the golden section.618 can be seen in such things ranging from the arc of the cavalry sword to the apex of the flying trajectory of a bullet. an American. By casually reading pages of the history of war. a defector from Chu." or the 0. can be faintly seen in ancient. Of course.618 method. In the Yanlin battle between Jin and Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period. [3] [The text does not indicate the location of footnotes 4-12. As far as we know. lower army. and forces of the lords to attack the right army of the Chu force.618. Duke Li used a portion of his middle army to attack the left army of the Chu force. the military sphere had not been left out. like a golden belt. Kieffer. new army. or ballistic missile and from the optimum bomb-release altitude and distance for an aircraft in the dive bombing mode to the relationship between the length of the supply line and the turning point in a war. Without looking afar. Duke Li of Jin led a military force in attacking Zheng. shell.

able to sweep across the Eurasian continent. It seems that. marvelously. the ratio of heavy cavalry to light cavalry was 2:3. people have found it difficult to understand why the Mongol cavalry of Gengis Khan were. the rule of the golden section showed its miraculous power again: We can see that the battle formation of the Mongol cavalry was different from the Western traditional phalanx. like a hurricane. cruelty. while highly gifted in applying the rule of the golden section to religion and arts. What he did was to have an additional 96 musket-armed soldiers in addition to the squadron composed of 216 pike-armed soldiers and 198 musket-armed soldiers. thereby becoming the watershed separating battle formations of the periods of cold weapons and hot weapons. the point was exactly the "golden point" for the entire front. The Macedonians selected the juncture of the left flank and the center of the Persian force as the point of their attack. In regard to their five-row formation. and cunningness or the mobility of the cavalry did not provide convincing explanations. This change gave immediate prominence to the use of firearms. we again saw the
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. Perhaps there were other more important reasons? As can be expected. It was natural for a force under the command of such a commander to have more striking power than the European forces that it confronted. who had been the first to transform the traditional phalanx by mixing similar numbers of musket-armed soldiers and pike-armed soldiers. The Dutch general Maurice. another example of the golden section! You have to admire the genius-level understanding achieved by that thinker on horseback. that is. thereby turning the Swedish army into an army with the strongest combat power in Europe of that time. It was King Gustavus of Sweden who adjusted this formation of a strong front and weak flanks. Such factors as the barbarians' truculence. For hundreds of years. Needless to say. failed to realize this point even in the black powder period when muskets were gradually replacing pikes. Christian Europeans were late in coming to understand the application of this rule to other spheres.Darius. with 2 for armored heavy cavalry and 3 for fast and mobile light cavalry.

In another June 130 years later. At that time. For as long as two years. Napoleon attacked Russia in June 1812. Let us see how it had stubbornly "manifested" itself to give us clear suggestions before we recognized it as something more than a rule of arts. In September. 32 percent of their 2. and that the peak and turning point of his lifelong career were approaching simultaneously. German forces maintained their offensive momentum. This was the "golden point" in the time axis encompassing 26 months during which the German forces turned from booming to declining. November 1942. he entered Moscow. Nazi Germany started the Barbarossa Plan against the Soviet Union. Let us also take a look at the Gulf War. in terms of the time sequence. To make Iraqi forces' losses reach this critical point. A month later.100 artillery
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. It seems that.S. U. Iraqi forces had lost 38 percent of their 4. Before the war.shining light of the rule of the golden section in the ratio of 198 plus 96 musket-armed soldiers to 216 pike-armed soldiers. which has been considered by all historians of war to be the turning point in the Soviet Patriotic War. happened exactly in the 17th month of the war. There were three months of victorious advance and two months of declining. and 47 percent their 3. Napoleon did not realize that his genius and luck were gradually leaving him bit by bit. the French forces withdrew from Moscow as it snowed heavily. Perhaps we also have to call the following fact a coincidence: The battle of Stalingrad. When the Desert Sword was taken out of its shield. It was in August 1943 that German forces turned into defense at the conclusion of the Castle action and would no longer be able to launch an action that can be called a campaign against the Soviet forces. that is. after failing to eliminate effective Russian forces in the Borodino battle.280 tanks. military experts estimated that the equipment and personnel of the Republican Guards would basically lose their combat effectiveness when losses resulting from aerial attacks should total or exceed 30 percent.280 armored vehicles. the French emperor was standing on the line of the golden section when looking down at the city of Moscow through the burning fire. There is still more. forces extended the bombing time repeatedly.

" apple only refers to a kind of fruit in general and is thus general in nature. you have to admit that there is a rule here. and only around 60 percent of the strength of the Iraqi forces was left. the modifier and the center word. If too many accidents demonstrate the same phenomenon. the mysterious light of 0.pieces. Put more clearly. Without the word "economic. that is. Through such cruel data. "red" plays a significant role in this phrase. can you still calmly view them as accidents? No. This structure divides a sentence or phrase into two parts. the modifier should. When modified by "economic. This structure is a basic mode in Chinese grammar: The side-principal structure. But the Creator never does anything without a reason.618 began to flicker again in the early morning of 24 January 1991.
Victory's Grammar--The Side-Principal Rule In Chinese grammar. Before being modified by "red." it acquires a special character and orientation. there is a basic sentence structure. But." special zone is only a concept of geographical division. for instance. "red" gives this apple a specificity that makes it possible to determine it to be "this one. We usually determine the difference between one person or object with another person or object not according to his (its) existence as an organism or mechanism but according to his (its) appearance and look. special economic zone.
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. to a greater extent. Such instances scattered across history have truly been something marvelous." Obviously. that the former modifies the latter and determines the tendency and features of the latter. be considered the center of a sentence or phrase. The relationship between them is that of modifying and being modified. relative to the center word. becoming the point of support for the economic lever used by Deng Xiaoping to reform China. From this perspective. For instance. The Desert Storm ground war ended 100 hours later. red apple. they do look like accidents happening one after another. at this moment. and the latter constitutes the organism. the former constitutes appearance. Also. When viewed in isolation.

precision bombs. With the body established as the premise. As shown here. armored personnel carrier. location. the sentence will lack clarity because of the absence of such elements as degree. Going along this path. but only intend to borrow the term "side-principal" to enunciate the deepest core element of our theory. we will soon see that the side-principal relationship exists in a big way not only in such phrases as "good person. while the "side" element is the soul of the "principal" element. At the same time. as one of the forms of structure of the system of symbols corresponding to the objective world. air-land war. is in the position of qualitatively determining the sentence or phrase. without directing modification." and "red flag" or such military terms as aircraft carrier. rapid response force. the role of the soul is obviously of decisive significance. then the center words will all become neutral words without specific references. that is. and mode which can be grasped in a concrete manner." "bad thing. For example. This relationship also exists everywhere in the world outside the scope of language in a myriad manner." "tall building. if the modifiers in such phrases as "good person." "tall building. the "side" element. only seen in human language systems. We do not intend to arbitrarily juxtapose war with rhetoric.This structure of having the principal element modified by a side element exists extensively in the Chinese language to the extent that a Chinese speaker will not be able to speak without using it. in a certain sense we can use the understanding that in the side-principal structure the center word is the principal entity. selfpropelled artillery. For." "red flag. In other words. The relationship of the principal entity's being subordinate to the directing element is the foundation for the existence of the side-principal structure. cruise missile." and "slow running" are all removed. For we believe this side-principal relationship
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. as compared with the "principal" element. with the modifier serving as the directing element. and joint operation. This is the significance of our borrowing--just borrowing--but not copying this rhetorical device. in the side-principal structure. that the "principal" element is the body for the "side" element." "good thing. it seems to suggest to us something lawlike which goes beyond the scope of language. in our theory. if there are only subject words in a sentence. stealth aircraft.

without the direction provided by the command headquarters.exists in a big way in the movement and development of many things. the regulating mechanisms of victim countries should have enabled them to avoid financial catastrophes. and which modifies which. As shown through discussions above. the relationship between the side element and the principal element is an unbalanced relationship. and that in such a relationship the "side" element.618. in a nuclear explosion. Without the direction provided by government. we describe this role as "modification by the side element of the principal element" (note: this is not the original meaning of the side-principal structure as a rhetorical device. if the factor of two-way interactions is put aside. soldiers will constitute a mob. in an armed force. but not the principal element. in a Southeast Asian-style financial crisis. while the command headquarters constitute the directing element of the armed force. which is the principal element. This is the
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. in a country.618 and 1 form an asymmetrical structure and an unbalanced relationship. it is self-evident which is the side element. This is also true with the rule of the golden section. while the means of bombarding them constitute the directing element for triggering chain reactions. On this point. In such a relationship. We are fully justified in regarding it as another way of stating the side-principal formula. often plays the role as the directing element. while government is the directing element of the country. the people are the principal entity. For. What is important is 0. For the time being. the victim countries are the principal entities. but not 1. without financial speculators' activity to create disturbance. For instance. but an extended meaning as used by us). the people will be a heap of loose sand. Thus. soldiers and middle. while financial speculators are the directing element generating the crisis. the situation is very similar to that regarding the rule of the golden section: 0. in this sideprincipal structure. what is important is the side element. uranium and plutonium will be a heap of minerals. this side-principal structure is an asymmetrical structure. uranium or plutonium is the principal entity.and lower-level officers constitute the principal entity. instead of the "principal" element. without means of bombardment.

thereby ensuring the two-win advantage necessary for achieving a victory. but the Lu force remained motionless. the advisor Cao Gui revealed the reason for Qi's defeat and Lu's victory in this battle: The enemy force "had a great
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. he used his side's middle and best horses to beat the opponent's worst and middle horses. The Lu force took the opportunity to launch a counterattack. This method of using the strategy of losing one and winning two (directing element) to win the overall game (principal element) can be viewed as having a typical side-principal structure.common feature of the two. The result of winning two of three games conformed entirely to the golden ratio of 2:3. resulting in an obvious decline in momentum. Finding a rule is both the end and the beginning of studying an issue. it should be the following: 0. Laws tell us that two things with similar features must follow some similar rules. After inevitably losing that race. Facts are indeed so. the Qi force was very aggressive. achieving a complete victory. In a situation of inferior overall strength. Here. the great military strategist Sun Bin made his classical move which was an adequate example of Chinese gaming wisdom. The Qi force attacked three times with three rounds of drum beating but failed to unsettle the front of the Lu force. As long as we believe that something called the side-principal rule can be seen in the functioning of all things. He started by racing Tian Ji's worst horse with the best horse of the king of Qi. like the rule of the golden section. If there is any common rule governing the golden section and the side-principal structure. After the battle. will not leave the military sphere untouched. we are seeing the perfect confluence and unity of the two rules: The golden rule = the side-principal rule.618 = deviation toward the side element The best case to illustrate this point is perhaps the story of Tian Ji's horse racing. The Changshao battle between Qi and Lu: As the two forces confronted each other on theattlefield. we should also believe that this rule.

Thus. it became a huge buffer for absorbing the attack power of the Roman forces.momentum at the first round of drum beating. As such forces were unable to withstand the attacks. quickly launched their flanking cavalry forces to complete the encirclement of the Roman forces.618 point was amid an ongoing battle. he understood the secret of declining attack power of enemy forces. From the first to third phases. As Cao Gui did. there gradually emerged a crescentshaped indentation. This is a gift common to all military geniuses. As this strong power gradually weakened because of the lengthening of the front and came to the low point of its momentum at the time of approaching the bottom part of the Carthaginian front. Furthermore. the Carthaginians. It can be certain that at that time Cao Gui could not have known Pythagoras and his theory of the golden section of 200 years later. Cao Gui adopted the strategy of avoiding the enemy's attack. by instinct. unusually. it was not possible to accurately determine where the 0. As the enemy force was exhausted. letting such weak forces to bear attacks from Roman forces.
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. and was exhausted at the third round.000 people. who were inferior in overall strength but superior in cavalry force. But. even if he had known the theory. Meanwhile the Lu force precisely selected this point as the time of counterattack. Whether this curve was created intentionally by Hannibal or accidentally. thus turning Cannae into a killing field for killing 70. he found the point of section with flickering golden light. so that the Qi force quickly passed the golden point of its attack power without achieving any results." The entire process of the battle can be divided into five phases: the Qi force's first round of drum beating--the Qi force's second round of drum beating--the Qi force's third round of drum beating--the Lu force's counterattack--the Lu force's chase. had a weaker momentum at the second round. our force prevailed. thereby fully testifying to the rule of the golden section on the battlefield 2. Hannibal thought in the exactly same way as Cao Gui during the Cannae battle.618). while our force had full vigor. he deployed the weakest force from Gaul and Spanish infantry at the center of the front where the best force should have been deployed.700 years ago (3:5 approximately equals 0.

This point has been perhaps even more prominent in modern warfare. the entire German operation of attacking France was immersed in the pith of the two rules that we discussed. which was similar to the operation of attacking France. More interestingly. who would have thought that the blueprint of this miracle would come from the hands of two relatively low-level officers--Manstein and Guderian? During the same world war. the dominant strategy was to evade enemy frontal attacks and to weaken the enemy momentum.The two battles were different but had a common way of working. there was also the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. and the point of decline of enemy attack power was properly selected as the optimal moment for the relevant forces' own counterattacks. then we will see the shining of the light of the rule of the golden section move widely in the history of war. an operation with a prominent side-principal tendency. Isoroko Yamamoto used aircraft carriers in the same way Guderian used tanks. If the two cases of warfare are not viewed as coincidental or isolated phenomena. and selecting the Ardennes mountains as the main direction of attack of the German forces. Before that time. using blitzkrieg as the main operational doctrine on the basis of discarding First World War practices. During the Second World War. but sensitively and correctly selected aircraft carriers and their carrier-borne aircraft as the principal weapons for operations against the U. an action which surprised not only the enemy but also conceptually obsolete old generals at the German high command. Conceptually. Navy. Yamamoto still viewed battleships as the main force for decisive naval battles in the future. In both. Such moves as changing tanks from being subordinate to infantry to being the main battle weapons. An operational approach of obviously deviating from frontal fighting was adopted. he did not carry
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.S. The operational method used obviously conformed to the rule of the golden section and the side-principal rule. It was this deviation character that led to the fundamental change in military thinking of the entire German military and also made Schlieffen's dream of "sweeping across the English Channel" a nightmare for the British at Dunkirk. must have seemed to be unorthodox and had a prominent character of deviation toward the side element.

out frontal attacks on the long Pacific coast of the continental United States when launching attacks on the Americans. Consequently. while using as supporting forces the army and the navy which had always been the main combat forces. As should be pointed out. during the Gulf War. Donitz changed ship-to-ship naval warfare into submarines' attacks on merchant ships. At the same time. and the precision ammunition used in Operation Gold Coast were all main weapons which were able to shift the balance in war.
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. Yamamoto's aircraft carriers. as the point of attack. Schwartzkopf used aerial bombings as the dominant means. Guderian's tanks. they represent the thousands of manifestations of the god of victory in ever-changing courses of wars. It is sometimes manifested in the selection of tactics. For instance. instead it is necessary to grasp their essence. For instance. 0. the optimal location that his fist was capable of hitting. in the first major battle bearing on the future course of the war. he won a victory with surprising moves by hitting side targets. Napoleon's artillery. and war situations. A rapidly changing battlefield will give any military leader or commander neither adequate time nor adequate information for carefully determining the point of the golden section or the degree of deviation toward the side element. Even the two core elements of the two rules." are not constants in a mathematical sense. It is sometimes manifested in the selection of means. this "Wolfpack" tactic posed a much greater threat to Britain than naval battles. while being of critical importance to controlling the entire Pacific Ocean. this believer in decisive naval battles chose a sneak attack on Pearl Harbor. we should understand that neither the rule of the golden section nor the side-principal rule should be understood literally in a narrow manner. With the analysis above.618 and "deviation toward the side element. It is sometimes manifested in the selection of weapons. Hawaii which. the Americans refused to believe to be the point of attack even after receiving intelligence before the operation. instead of a naval battle dreamed about by him all the time. that is. For instance. he fully considered the attack radius of his joint fleet. Rather. Thus he selected. battlefields.

the king of Zhao dismissed General Lian Po and appointed armchair strategist Zhao Kuo as commander. in the month of Ramadan for Muslims. For instance. which would lead to the birth of a maritime empire. the German High Command formulated the Schlieffen Plan for invading France. For instance. He used the stratagem of sowing discord. the Zhao force was defeated at Changping. first attacking Shangdang in Han to deprive Zhao of its backing. Sadat selected 6 October. It is sometimes manifested in the use of stratagem. Then he faked a willingness to negotiate a peace. [15] We should also pay focused attention to and study another phenomenon. and. In this way. and. as a result. was directed at the pupils of the Israeli's eyes. as a result. that more and more countries are looking beyond the military sphere when handling important issues such as
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. and adopted Fan Sui's advice. as the D-day for Egyptian forces' crossing of the Suez Canal. and launched the attack in the afternoon when sunlight. there was a rivalry between Qin and Zhao. during the Trafalgar naval battle. thereby producing a naval war victory. that is. [13] It is sometimes manifested in the selection of opportunities of fighting.It is sometimes manifested in the selection of the point of attack. instead of the forward portion. the sand-table exercise became the most famous war plan in history which was never implemented. Qin's victory and Zhao's defeat in this battle should be. thereby demolishing the myth of Israeli invincibility. For instance. The Zhaoxiang King of Qin was not in a hurry to have a decisive battle with the enemy. rather than to the Qin force's powerfulness. the lords stopped giving assistance to Zhao. be attributed to Fan Sui's stratagem. before the First World War. more properly. of the French fleet as the main point of attack. As a consequence. in the Fourth Middle East War. Nelson wisely selected the rear portion. planning the bold move of deploying 53 of the 72 German divisions on the right flank to be used as the main attacking force and deploying the remaining 19 divisions along the long frontlines of the left flank and the center. in 260 BC. going from west to east. [14] It is sometimes manifested in the uneven deployment of forces. For instance.

618:1 formula in some places and. When two swords are pitted against each other. They use other means to supplement. If the relationship between this element and the other elements is harmonious and perfect. so as to achieve objectives which cannot be achieved by military force alone. it will be in accord with the 0. It is very clear which is
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. advocates using the sword to cut the side. also. in accord with the side-principal rule. enrich. but. "all the elements" constitute the main body. If we call the rule of the golden section in the sphere of art the rule of aesthetics. Only by avoiding frontal collisions. instead. the "certain element" serves as the directing element and is thus the side element. economic. the swords constitute the principal element. the principal element. that is. there must be a certain element which assumes a prominent or dominant position among all the elements. At the same time. and smoothness. while the horns constitute the side element. then why do we not also call the side-principal rule--its mirror image in the military sphere--the rule of victory?
The Dominant Element and the Whole Thing: the Essence of the Side-Principal Structure Among the many internal elements comprising a thing. and national security issues." Like the rule of the golden section.political. this also indicates that in future wars there will be increasingly frequent occurrences of the sideprincipal structure formed by the military means and other means. This has been the most important episode of the side element's modifying the principal element in relation to war on the basis of a conception of war. Once an object has acquired specific purposefulness. while the edges constitute the side element. All the selections discussed above had the character of "deviation toward the side element. This is the most basic grammar of victory for the ancient article of war. balance. being all-encompassing. For. symmetry. here. the side element and the principal element will form a dominant-subordinate relationship. the bulls constitute the principal element. When two bulls fight. or even replace military means. will it be possible for your sword to cut apart things without being damaged. the side-principal rule is opposed to all forms of parallel placement.

with other means playing a supplemental role. Take again the example of the Gulf War. The dominant means was the 38 consecutive days of aerial bombardment. Grasping the relationship between the dominant element and all the elements in an object is tantamount to grasping the essence of the rule of the golden section and the side-principal rule. The dominant direction was to hit the Republican Guards as the target of focused attacks. with all other forces playing a supporting role. The dominant force was the air force. the dominant direction and all the directions. When the purpose is changed. it is not our goal to just clarify such relationships. and the dominant sphere and all the spheres. To people engaged in war. the dominant force and all the forces. the dominant means and all the means. cruise missiles. and media offensives. the dominant weapons used by the Allied forces were stealth aircraft. all countries' war resources are limited. On the basis of such an understanding. we can quickly establish five most important relationships among all the complex relationships of war: the dominant weapons and all the weapons. with all other spheres providing comprehensive support in the forms of economic sanctions. Therefore. what is the most important is not to clarify things but to grasp and apply such relationships. However.dominant and which is subordinate. As we know. The relationship between the five dominant elements and all the elements in the five areas basically represent the side-principal relationship which exists in wars in a widespread manner. The dominant sphere was the military sphere. it is very necessary for any country to use and allocate war resources in a
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. with all other battlefield targets serving as secondary targets. and precision bombs. Even such a powerful country as the United States still has to continually think about cost-effectiveness (the principal of the "least consumption of energy") and how to fight wars in a more marvelous way and to produce more splendid war results. with all other weapons playing a subordinate role. diplomatic isolation. a new dominant element will emerge and replace the old dominant element and form a new side-principal relationship with all the existing elements. In Operation Desert Storm.

This will require finding a correct method. Armed Forces have established as their new strategic objectives for the three services a "comprehensively superior" (army). many countries have already subconsciously applied this rule before now -After the dissolution of the former Soviet Union. the Russian high command has adjusted its future strategy in a timely fashion.S.S. making tactical. As can be seen in the strategic adjustments made by Russia and the United States in regard to their respective dominant weapons. which appear to be replacing contemporary trump cards like tanks of the M-1 series. Thus. Under such circumstances. so as to formulate the dominant element of a complete arms system. it has also adjusted the distribution of conventional weapons and nuclear weapons in an overall way. that is. or even strategic. Contrary to Russia. On the basis of this decision. Under conditions of modern
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. it seems that the practice of selecting the dominant weapons on the basis of the magnitude of destructive power is obsolete. [16] a (navy) "moving from sea to land. forces. and long-range stealth aircraft have been selected as a new generation of weapons. aircraft carriers. In fact." and a "globally engaged" (air force). the dominant weapons should be the most effective weapons for accomplishing the above-mentioned goals. the issue of how to consciously apply the side-principal rule. nuclear weapons the dominant weapons of first choice if a war is launched against Russia. and F-16 fighters as the dominant weapons in the U. arsenal. being the only superpower in the world." [17] On that basis.S. despite being in a difficult position. the U. digitized equipment. What is more important than technical performance is the basic consideration of the war aim. new types of amphibious attack vessels.sound and strategic manner. and security environment. operational objectives. As far as the selection of the dominant weapons is concerned. It has not only lost its superpower position of confronting the U. it is necessary to have them organically combined with other weapons. Furthermore. the destructive power of weapons is but one of many items of technical performance of weapons. but has even found it difficult to maintain national security now. Russia's military capability has declined continually.

[18] The emergence of a lot of high and new technology and the continual adjustment of war aims have provided enough space for the selection of dominant weapons and the combination of dominant weapons with other weapons. also made the dominant-subordinate relationship between dominant weapons and the other weapons even more complicated. As professional soldiers' war or quasi-war activities have increasingly become an important factor affecting national security. but "systems of weapons. and the battle fronts. This is the most
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. the issue as to which constitute the dominant force in future wars. allocation. As means have become more complicated. that is. Perhaps. dominant weapons are no longer individual weapons. but a financial suffocation war carried out on the Internet. the military means will be only one of all the available means in wars such as one of fighting terrorist organizations of the bin Laden category. For example. A more effective means that can strike at bin Laden in a destructive way is perhaps not the cruise missile. a nonwar military action. here the issue of the relationship between the dominant force and all forces under discussion here also encompasses the issue of degree of participation of the entire population in war. to determine your main orientation in view of all the factors of the war concerned. in addition to the deployment. Whether an action is a pure war action. at the same time. Therefore.technology. or a nonmilitary war action. there has emerged a consequence that is unexpected to all soldiers: the civilianization of war. It is becoming obsolete to automatically consider military action the dominant means and the other means supporting means in war.S. an issue which has never been a question. in the not too distant future. and use of military forces in combat operations. has become a question worldwide. and have. the battlefields. Defense Department and the Indian Defense Ministry were evidence in this regard. [19] The same factors are also affecting the use of the means of war." which are also components of larger systems. the incidents of attacks conducted by "web rascals" on the network centers of the U. any action of a combat nature will entail an issue of how to accurately select the main direction of operation and the main point of attack.

to be ready to carry out a war which. and psychological spheres. that is. may be conducted in a sphere not dominated by military actions. He referred to the approach of selecting the line of least resistance and the direction of action least expected by the enemy as the "indirect strategy." As the arena of war has expanded. affecting all areas of life of the countries involved. Alexander. victory always belongs to the side which correctly uses the side-principal rule to grasp the relationship between the "dominant" and the "whole. so that people's dream of winning military victories in nonmilitary spheres and winning wars with nonwar means can now become reality. that is. Nelson.difficult issue even for all those commanders who are in control of good weapons. war was not always confined to one single sphere. However. sea. It is now still unknown what weapons. In fact. Liddle Hart also noted this point. cultural. and personnel such wars will use and in what direction and sphere such wars will be conducted. but more and more signs indicate that this is the trend. and Nimitz as well as Sun Wu and Sun Bin of ancient China were good at selecting main directions of attack which would surprise enemy forces completely. means. a multitude of means. and sufficient manpower. What is known is one point. This notion sounds strange and is difficult to accept. economic. This method of resolving the problem of war through actions in multiple spheres should give insights to people today. air. Lian Xiangru's diplomatic battle of "returning the jade in an undamaged condition to Zhao" and the virtual war conducted by Mo Zi and Gongshu Ban were classical examples of winning or precluding a war with nonmilitary actions. If we want to have victory in future wars. that whatever the mode of warfare. we must be fully prepared intellectually for this scenario. and electronics spheres. Hannibal. even in ancient times. the interactions among all factors have made it difficult for the military sphere to serve as the automatic dominant sphere in every war. in addition to the land. space. The era of comprehensive use of highly developed technologies has provided us with much greater room for applying wisdom and means than ancient people. encompassing the political. diplomatic. War will be conducted in nonwar spheres."
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.

but precision can sometimes render it mechanical and rigid. As has often happened. but not a theorem. A few people have had their names listed in the roster of ever-victorious generals because they have discovered and grasped rules of victory. it needs artistic inspiration. It needs support from technology. but no one has revealed the secret. it does not mean that there are no rules regarding war. It is like smoke and is difficult to grasp. Consequently. This is no formula of war. but have seldom realized that they are hidden in bloody fighting characterized by collisions of swords and the smoke of gunpowder. For a long time--almost as long as the history of war--people have regarded them as flashes of electricity in the brains of gifted commanders. It is as constant as a shadow and accompanies every sunrise of victory. but rejects romanticism and sentimentalism. but pure thinking does not help to seize short-lived opportunities amid iron and fire. It is both simple and complicated and both fluctuating and stable. Not a Set Formula War is the most difficult to explain and understand. but technology cannot substitute for morale and stratagem. It is so complicated that you are unable to find an answer even if you are proficient in mathematics and grammar. We have taken full account of the relativity of the principle. Relative things should not be applied mechanically
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. But. In fact. it needs mathematical precision. and the door of victory opens to him immediately. No one has ever been able to use one method to win all wars. a person with a lucky finger sometimes unintentionally pokes a hole in it. and what is important is whether you are able to poke a hole in it. any rule is like a sheet of paper. it needs philosophical abstraction. The side-principal rule is just such a sheet of paper. we regard the side-principal rule as a principle. It is so simple that it can be expressed by a set of digits or a rule of grammar. No one dares to arrogantly claim to have the perfect method in the sphere of war.A Rule. Those names testify to the existence of rules of victory.

and require no precise measurement. They made troop movements and built battle formations right under the eyes of Frederick the Great. Whether the rule of the golden section or the side-principal rule is involved. battle. and there are numbers in stratagems. It is thought-provoking that the same method of operation produced entirely
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. [20] However. Relativity is not absolute whiteness. but those sticking to set practices are also unlike to win. no matter how many examples of war we can find to demonstrate that the causes of victories involved were in accord with 0. A year later. Opportunities are there. the attacking sides in both cases used the Alexander-style "diagonal attack formation. instead of making mechanical applications. the key is to grasp the essence and apply the principle. "Six multiplied by 6 is 36. as the legendary Dong Shi emulated the beauty Xi Shi. As a result.618. we have determined that the side-principal rule is a rule of victory. through study of the history of war. but how it can be used correctly will be an issue for each individual operator to determine in view of the particular circumstances. That is. Manufacturing will not work. it was thoroughly beaten by the Prussian force which made adjustments in deployment in a timely manner. In the famous Rossbach battle and the Luzern battle in European history. For the phenomenon of antimony in war has always puzzled every person pursuing victory: those acting against the laws will undoubtedly fail. the next person who plans a war. commanders of the French-Austrian force copied the history of war faithfully. The yin and the yang are coordinated." but the results were totally different. at Luzern." The "36 stratagems" constitute the revealing of the way things work. He also used the diagonal attack formation. In the Rossbach battle. There are stratagems in numbers. and thus does not fear black swans. he performed brilliantly. Frederick again encountered an Austrian force which was three times as large as Frederick's force. but managed to annihilate the Austrian force. It is not possible to manufacture opportunities. this time. The French-Austrian force attempted to use the diagonal formation to attack the left wing of the Prussian force. or engagement strictly in accordance with the rule of the golden section will almost certainly eat the bitter fruit of defeat. But.

This is the nature of war as art. but are an expression of an objective law. philosophy or other areas of science and technology. it is not the case that every time the point of attack should be located at the point of deviation in a 0. The side-principal principle is different. "in fighting. in actual warfare. instead of deviation in form. For instance. Similarly. the side-principal principle is unavoidably similar to the "surprisenon-suprise" principle advocated by ancient Chinese strategists. The most important distinction is the following: It is certainly true that in the history of war the cases of winning with surprise moves have all been marvelous because of their excellent execution. the "principal" element is the "side" element. but it is not the case that deviation toward the side-element will always produce a victory. we are sure that in this sense the military technological revolution cannot replace the revolution in the art of military affairs. nevertheless they are not entirely the same.different results. This art element cannot be replaced by mathematics. There are only rules which are always correct. There is endless change to the use of surprise and non-surprise moves. Deviation toward the side element means mainly deviation in terms of lines of thought and essence. [21] This incident tells us that there are no method of war which is always right. the trace of the rule of victory can be seen in every victory. this time. As should also be indicated. Thus. [22] Thus. but not all victories have been achieved through surprise moves." [23] The side element and the principal element are not two methods which can each be used without the other. It is possible that this time. whether the victory has been achieved through
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. For. with regard to the side-principal rule. the secret to victory is to correctly apply rules. There have also been many examples of achieving victories through non-surprise moves. ancient strategists advocated the use of surprise moves and non-surprise moves at different times. As Sun Zi said. the emphasis is on using the side element for modifying the principal element. Fighting entails just surprise and non-surprise moves. it is necessary to use non-suprise moves to gather strength and to use surprise moves to achieve victory. Through analysis. rules of victory call for frontal breakthroughs. It also tells us that correct rules do not guarantee that there will always be victories.618 style in order to be in accord with rules of victory.

that is. we can only proceed with the application of the rule in a fuzzy way. all existing things can be viewed. Using the golden section to demonstrate harmonious relationships in the world was only one specific application of Pythagoras thinking." That is. being fuzzy is the best way of reaching clarity. No matter how clear we state the side-principal rule or the rule of victory. Galileo was also considered an advocate of Pythagoras' theory. Such a division is called the "golden section. in the final analysis. understanding.618. Classical Language of Architecture. see Concise Encyclopedia Britannica. Copernicus recognized Pythagoras' astronomical concepts as precursors of his proposition. p 715. Vol 1. Occidental logic. looking majestic and vibrant. in a peculiar way.
Footnotes [1] Pythagoras was a philosopher and mathematician of ancient Greece whose famous axiom was. as relationships of numbers. This is the Eastern style of thinking. For only fuzziness is good for being grasped in an overall manner. reasoning. it has met Occidental wisdom at the golden point of 0. and murkiness have provided the basis for joining Eastern and Occidental military wisdom and have generated the rule of victory that we have discussed. [3] Divide a straight line of the length of L into two sections in such a way that the ratio of one section to the entire line equals the ratio of the other section to this section. It shines with glitter. From ancient
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." and the ratio is approximately 0.618.surprise or non-surprise moves: that is. that the victory is the effect of the side-principal principle demonstrated in either in a "surprise" or "non-surprise" way. but his theory still exerted profound influences on the development of ancient Greek philosophy and Medieval European thought. As a result. and precision and Eastern instinct. [2] See Summerson. has both Eastern mystery and Occidental rigor. p 90. things rational and things nonrational were mixed. In Pythagoras' theory. as if eaves at the Taihe Palace are placed on a column at the Pathernon Temple. X:L=(L-X):X. But. Sometimes. "Everything is a matter of numbers.

13. [5] See Zhongguo Lidai Zhanzheng Shi [The History of War of China] (Military Translation Press). 8. . At 5-10 km from the target. see Ci Hai [A Grand Dictionary] (Shanghai Dictionary Press). with both courage and wisdom. and 8:13 produced on the basis of the series of numbers of 2. when participating in the Qi-Lu meeting at Ke. 3. During an attack. In diving attacks. "The Soviet Union's War Against Germany. No." in Zuo Zhuan. [7] Masaier Boduo (France). In actual application.300-1. weapons' destructive precision is the highest [graph omitted]. Vol 1. see "Biographies of Assassins. rockets. Cao Gui seized Duke Heng of Qi with a knife. The book How Great Generals Win. A Military History of the Western World. Vol 1. people believed this ratio was of aesthetic value in formative art. . ." pp 684-694. [10] The battle of Cannae was the most famous battle in Western History and has been mentioned in almost all works on the history of war. changing into the combat direction. p 117. [8] See "Biographies of Sun Zi and We Qi.000 meters." in Shi Ji. 5.000-4. 1988). [6] See Fuller.000 meters from angles of 30-50 degrees. 21 . Foreign Military Reviews. [9] See "Cao Gui's Analysis of War.600 meters and 600-1. Later. written
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. This book contains a good analysis of the battle of Arbela and also illustrations graphically depicting the situations of the battlefield. the simplest method is to use as approximate values such ratios as 2:3. 1980. thereby forcing Qi to return to Lu land seized from Lu. pp 2057-2058. illustrations 1-26 of the annex. He was a good general. [4] Dive bombing is a main method used by attack aircraft to launch short-range missiles. pp 257-273. Di Er Ci Shijie Dazhan Lishi Baikequanshu [Encyclopedia of the History of World War II] (PLA Press. 5:8. 3:5. 10 (1992). it begins to dive and drops ordinance at 1. and guided and unguided bombs.Greece to the 19th century." in Shi Ji [Records of History]. see the Russian periodical. an attack aircraft flies at a low altitude to reach the combat point (40-50 km from targets) and then rises to 2.

Shiqu de Shenli [Lost Victory] (The Academy of Military Science of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. conducting focused assaults on the left flank and using armored forces in a concentrated way.by Bevin Alexander (U. Because of internal conflicts in the German Army. He submitted the plan to the Army Command repeatedly in the form of a memorandum or a draft operational plan. The main point of one plan. Obviously." indicating the intention to use frontal assaults carried out by strong right flank forces to defeat the British-French forces expected to be encountered in Belgium. pp 11-13. and persuaded Hitler who.). [11] In 1937-1938 Manstein was the first deputy chief of staff of the German Army. Guderian was commander of the 19th Armored Army and the best implementing agent of the Manstein Plan. depicts the battle of Cannae vividly with the support of illustrations. [12] After becoming commander of a joint fleet. 1981). see Mansitanyin [Manstein]. But it was rejected by high-raking generals of the Army Command each time. In 1939. the Army Command transferred Manstein to the post of commander of the 38th Army. see Tongshuai Juesheng Zhi Dao [How Great Generals Win] (Xinhua Press. formulated his own operational plan in the name of Group Army A. then chief of staff of Group Army A. Shanji Yingxiong [Blitzkrieg Heroes] (Zhanshi Press. Yamamoto rejected the Japanese Navy staff's idea of attacking the Philippines first and believed it necessary to launch a sneak attack on the
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. see Gudeli'an [Guderian].S. called the Manstein Plan by Liddle Hart after the war. while using weaker forces to cover the flanks. Manstein. and can help to understand the "side-principal rule" that we have discussed. the German Army Command issued an operational plan for the western front. was to conduct a surprise attack through the Ardennes mountains. the "Yellow Operation Plan. Annoyed at Manstein. Manstein reported to Hitler his ideas by taking advantage of his meeting with Hitler. 1996). had a high level of capacity for understanding. 1980). this plan was a refurbished version of the 1914 Schliffen Plan. entirely a layman in the area of military affairs. Manstein was expelled from the Army Command and became commander of the 18th Division.

[14] Geha'erde Kangce'erman [as printed 2706 0761 1422 1795 1660 4595 1422 2581] (Germany). so as to paralyze it. History of the Second World War. Army in its document." [17] "Global engagement" was a 21st-century air force development strategy put forward by the U. to change the traditional naval linear operational method by dividing the warships into two groups. [15] See Zhongguo Lidai Zhanzheng Shi [The History of War in China] (Military Translation Press). Qiaoen Jinqi [as printed 0829 1869 6855 1142] (U. Shijie Jindai Haizhan Shi [The History of Modern Naval Wars of the World] (Haiyang Press. separating the rear portion from the middle portion. p 197." that is. pp 143-155. Although he was killed from a battle wound. pp 276-335. Di Si Ci Zhongdong Zhanzheng [The Fourth Middle East War] (Shangwu Press.S. [13] Before the Trafalgar naval battle. see Liddle Hart. 1994).S. Pacific Fleet. greatly damaging the U. One group would attack the middle of the enemy fleet at a 90-degree angle. 1975). Nelson told his subordinate captains a "secret method. It would be too late when ships of the forward portion of the enemy fleet should try to come back to provide help. under General Nagumo's command. the British Navy achieved a complete victory. "Conception of the Army in 2010.S. vol 2.S.S. The Trafalgar naval battle proceeded almost exactly as Nelson predicted. Pacific Fleet first. On 7 December 1941.U. sinking the battleship Arizona and three other battleships of the U. Another group would separate the middle portion from the forward portion and conduct a concentrated attack on the middle portion.S. Navy and destroying 188 aircraft. 1979). 6 aircraft carriers with 423 aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor according to Yamamoto's plan. Air Force at the end of 1997 to replace the "global force for global reach" strategic doctrine
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. [16] "Comprehensive superiority" was a strategic goal advocated by the U. Zhongdong Zhanzheng [Middle East Wars] (Shanghai Translation Press. see Ding Chaobi. Then concentrated force would attack ships of the rear portion of the enemy fleet.) and others.

and his senior advisor. [21] See Fuller. and precision guided weapons systems. [20] The side-principal rule is not the kind of theorem such as the statements that "all men will die" and that "all swans are white.S. Xiandai Junshi. communication systems. According to Owens. global rapid mobility. [22] We do not reject or neglect mathematical analysis." Rather it is a rule for guiding people to victory in war. the six core areas of capability of the air force were emphasized: air and space superiority. [19] We do not support the optimistic view of the technology faction with regard to the military revolution. Air Force in the 21st Century." [18] The concept of the "system of systems" was the result of joint research conducted by Admiral Owens. We do not believe that technology can penetrate the fog of the "contingency" of war. but there has been the entry of such factors as sensor systems. especially in the era of widespread use of computers and in this country of ours where there is a tradition of advocating fuzziness and a dislike of precision. Li
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. see "Global Engagement and the Conception of the U. tanks. precision strike. but from people's minds. and flexible operational support. for contingency in war does not come from physical or geographical obstacles. p 86. In his Guoji Zhengzhi Yu Junshi Wenti Ruogan Shulianghua Fenxi Fangfa [Several Methods of Quantitative Analysis of International Political and Military Issues]. and an air force. and other weapon platforms. the former vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. A Military History of the Western World. and Shijie Junshi. global attack. In this respect. there should no longer be the division into an army. but the division into a "sensor force. see the interview of Owens by Chen Bojiang. in the future. Perhaps. A Concise History of War." "mobile striking force.used to deal with the situation after the Cold War. Guofang Daxue Xuebao. the contemporary military technological revolution is no longer a matter of revolution with regard to warships. The entry of such systems will generate a fundamental revolution in the force structure and modes of operation of the military. information superiority. aircraft. a navy. Vol 2. Black. p 201." and "smart support force".

" The Weiqing engagement was an example in this regard."
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. The "surprisenon-surprise" principle is an important concept used by ancient military strategists in relation to methods of war. to confront the enemy on the battlefield in an open manner is the "non-surprise" method. and the Arab-Israeli wars. [23] The quotation is from "Momentum." in Sun Zi Binfa [Art of War by Sun Zi]. To unpredictably make moves unexpected by the enemy is the "surprise" method. Emperor Taizong of Tang had a good understanding of the "surprise-non-surprise principle. see Guoji Zhengzhi Yu Junshi Wenti Ruogan Shulianghua Fenxi Fangfa (Military Science Press). "A Dialogue Between Emperor Taizong of Tang and Li Weigong" recorded the views of Li Shimin and Li Jing on the "surprise-nonsurprise principle. In 1993 Li Hongzhi and others made accurate forecasts of the Bosnia-Herzegovina war by using the method.Hongzhi mentioned the use by Nigula Shiweite [as printed 1441 0657 2139 2457 1218 3676] of the "Beiyete [as printed 6296 0673 3676] method" to analyze the Vietnam War. the Sino-Soviet conflict.

This is because a chasm has already appeared between traditional soldiers and what we call modern soldiers. Even more so. Not only will they. Army Chief of Staff. and increase the standard by which military arts are practiced. 195-222 in original]
Today's wars will affect the price of gasoline in pipelines. Using this specific meaning. Discovery of the rules of victory can deepen people's knowledge of the laws of warfare. or even Sullivan [U. Although this gap is not unbridgeable. They will also disrupt the ecological balance. even modern military men like Powell. The key will be which contender truly grasps the rules of victory in their essence. the struggle for victory will take place on a battlefield beyond the battlefield. Schwartzkopf. 1991-1995] or Shalikashvili cannot be considered "modern." Instead. In a possible future war. demand that one know thoroughly all the ingenious ways to contest for victory on the battlefield. --Alvin Toffler Understanding the rules by which victory is achieved [the subject of the previous chapter] certainly does not equate to having a lock on victory. the price of food in supermarkets. any more than knowing the techniques of long-distance racing equates to being able to win a marathon. or will feel as though they are in the dark: the war will be fought and won in a war beyond the battlefield.Chapter 7: Ten Thousand Methods Combined as One: Combinations That Transcend Boundaries [pp. they seem more like a group of traditional military men. and push their way into every one of our homes by way of the television screen. and the price of securities on the stock exchange. as in the past. it does require a leap in terms of a complete military rethink. the victor will certainly not have won because he has detected more of the rules of victory. they will impose demands which will mean that most of the warriors will be inadequately prepared.S. But on the battlefield. the rules of victory will make extremely harsh demands on the victor. To many professional military people this is potentially something they could not hope to achieve if they
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.

psychological. Even though Machiavelli was not the earliest source of "an ideology of going beyond limits" (China's Han Feizi preceded him[2 ]). customary. to transcend limits and boundaries when necessary. In summary. In a world where all things are interdependent. first of all. this holds for warfare also. and other sorts of boundaries. When speaking of military people in this technologically integrated era. this represented a breakthrough against romantic chivalry and the declining tradition of knighthood. between state and non-state or supra-state. ethical. or technical. Only secondarily does it mean. The expression "to exceed limits" means to go beyond things which are called or understood to be boundaries. there is always a means which can break through those limits. or if they are called "limits. to transcend ideology." Speaking in terms of war." "constraints. spiritual. some possibly comprehensive." "defined limits. it means all boundaries which restrict warfare to within a specified range. It does not mean that extreme means must be selected always and everywhere." or even "taboos. when they can be transcended. the significance of boundaries is merely relative. an abundance of usable resources (meaning all material and non-material resources). scientific. Achieve objectives by fair means or foul. It does not matter whether they fall into the category of physical. The existence of boundaries is a prerequisite for differentiating objects one from another." "maximum limits. many more means than in the
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. between what is a weapon and what is not. when taking action. theoretical." "laws. that is the most important spiritual legacy of this Italian political thinker of the Renaissance.[1 ] In the Middle Ages. he was its clearest exponent. It meant using means." "borders. The [necessary new] method is to create a complete military Machiavelli. without restraint to achieve an objective. In fact it is very simple. this could mean the boundary between the battlefield and what is not the battlefield.spent the rest of their lives on it. The real meaning of the concept of exceeding limits which we propose is. Possibly it might also include technical." "rules. there are actually more facets to consider now. and select the most appropriate means (including extreme means). between soldier and noncombatant. traditional. so that no matter what limits military people face.

because the rules of victory cannot guarantee that victory will drop like ripe fruit into a basket. But in fact. Thus. And even this will not be enough.environment from whence Machiavelli came. This narrow sense of the concept of combinations is. That is. to go beyond the intrinsic boundaries of a certain area or a certain direction." only to the expansion of "limited. Thus we obtain a complete concept. the requirements for modern military people with regard to transcending their way of thinking also involve being more thorough. We said earlier [p. International. to have victory firmly in his grasp. very inadequate for today." That is. He must combine them according to the demands of the rules of victory. or those of tomorrow. but they knew the value of the combined use of things. He who wants to win today's wars. "going beyond limits" certainly does not equate to "no limits. and stratagems was all done within the limits of the military sphere. going beyond everything. of course. must "combine" all of the resources of war which he has at his disposal and use them as means to prosecute the war. Even this will still not be enough. Any surpassing of limits can only be done within certain restrictions. That hand is the concept of "going beyond limits. "going beyond limits" should mean no restrictions of any kind.
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. It still needs a skilled hand to pluck it.] But in past wars. a completely new method of warfare called "modified combined war that goes beyond limits. 146] that combinations were the cocktails in the glasses of the great masters of warfare. [That is. unlimited surpassing of limits is impossible to achieve." surpassing all boundaries and conforming with the laws of victory when conducting warfare with combinations. the combination of weapons. means." [ "pian zheng shi chao xian zuhe zhan" 0252 2973 1709 6389 7098 4809 0678 2069]
Supra-National Combinations [Chao Guojia Zuhe] [Combining National. and Non-State Organizations] It seems we now face another paradox: in terms of theory. Alexander the Great and the martial kings of the Zhou Dynasty never heard of cocktails. battle arrays.

." We see from history that the nation-state is the highest form of the idea of security. Nowadays. The main characteristic of this era is that it is transitional: many indications of it are appearing. For example. the nation-state even equates to the great concept of all-under-heaven [tianxia 1131 0007 classical name for China]. religious organizations. etc. now the European Union]. and the final verdict on which of these
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. so as to achieve a set objective. the answer is not simply a matter of selecting the means to confront the other nation militarily. and the biggest of them all. when national security is threatened. the Olympic Committee. the significance of the word "country" in terms of nationality or geography is no more than a large or small link in the human society of the "world village. the WTO. its principle is to assemble and blend together more means to resolve a problem in a range wider than the problem itself. Besides these. such as the European Community [sic. and supra-national. OPEC. small groups of hackers. the World Bank. multinational.[3] Perhaps not many people have noticed.limits" as its major feature. ASEAN. These multinational. the United Nations. the International Monetary Fund. dart from left and right into a country's path." As a method of warfare with "beyond . National power is a main part." Modern countries are affected more and more by regional or world-wide organizations. terrorist organizations. non-state. but the factors described above are leading us into an era of transformation in which great power politics are yielding to supra-national politics. APEC.and to combine opportunities and means in more areas or in more directions. peace and environmental organizations. For Chinese people. trade associations. but rather a matter of dispelling the crisis through the employment of "supra-national combinations. and non-state power is another main part. and supra-national organizations together consitute an up and coming worldwide system of power. and many processes are just now beginning. such as multinational corporations. This is our definition of "combined war that goes beyond limits. a large number of multinational organizations and non-state organizations of all shapes and sizes.

the curtain is quietly opening on an era in which problems will be resolved and objectives achieved by using supra-national means on a stage larger than the size of a country. Only a fool like Saddam Hussein would seek to fulfill his own wild ambition by outright territorial occupation. They realize they cannot achieve their objectives by relying only on their own power. economic. we list "supra-national combinations" as being among the essential factors of warfare that exceeds limits. The recent direction and the long-range prospect are not clear-cut. and the big economic powers like Japan and Germany. In this world of mutually penetrating political. the big powers still play the dominant part. ideological. with networks. that all-round big power. Nevertheless.
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. and cultural influences. In particular. Facts make it clear that acting in this way in the closing years of the 20th Century is clearly behind the times. On the one hand. but it has just now emerged from a period of floundering. They are things which come about as a matter of course. and non-state players to redouble and expand their own influence.will play the main role on the international stage has yet to be delivered. hot girls [la mei 6584 1188 -. the curtain is now slowly falling on the era in which the final decision on victory and defeat is made by way of state vs. and the rising power China. multinational. Also pursuing its national security and national interests. as a mature great power the United States appeared much smarter than Iraq.[4 ] In view of this. Hollywood. the United States. The time when the process will conclude is still far off. there are far-sighted big powers which have clearly already begun to borrow the power of supra-national. Instead.internet pornography]. some signs of a trend are evident. it is very hard to realize hopes of assuring security and pursuing interests in a purely national sense. that is. clones. technical. and will certainly lead to defeat. and the fading power Russia. On the other hand. The most recent and most typical example is the use of the euro to unify the European Community. are all trying to exert their own influence on the overall situation. state tests of strength. and the World Cup easily bypassing territorial boundary markers. This vigorous process has continued to today.

the increased frequency of new technological eras. The more recent the event.Since the day they stepped onto the international stage. and the more frequently it becomes a means used by more and more countries. After the war. the Americans acted in collusion with others. in all its foreign actions. in order to avoid becoming a leader with no support. and dragged over 30 countries into the joint force sent against Iraq. Except for small countries like Grenada and Panama. out there all alone. all bring human society both convenience and troubles. the premier international organization in all the world. the trend toward supra-national combinations in warfare or other conflicts has been increasingly obvious. the method the Americans used a very typical supra-national combination. against which it took direct and purely military action. the United States was again successful in organizing an economic embargo of Iraq which has continued for eight years. Worldwide economic integration. This is why the great powers. The reasons cannot be explained as merely "might makes right. and it used arms inspections to maintain continuous political and military pressure on Iraq. in most situations the United States pursues and realizes its own interests by using supra-national means. and the benefits they obtained from other countries were many times greater than anyone knows than what Iraq got from Kuwait. the networking of information resources. maneuvering among various political groups. The United States got this. the Americans have been seizing things by force or by trickery. the concealment of cultural conflicts. and getting the support of practically all the countries in the United Nations. Since the Gulf War. in equal means. internationalization of domestic politics. and the strengthening of non-state organizations. In coping with the Iraq problem. the United States always tries to get as many followers as possible. This is because. In the past ten years this trend has become the backdrop for drastic international social turbulence. and even some medium
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. to issue a resolution to make trouble under a pretext provided by the United States. During the entire course of their actions. the more prominent this characteristic is. This has left Iraq in long-term political isolation and dire economic straits." and they are not just a problem of an evasion of international norms and vetoes.

[6 ] The idea has not lost its fascination to this day.C. resolving conflicts or conducting warfare not just with national power. then it is that for the ancients the idea was combinations of state with state. trans-national." If we must point out the generation gap between ancient times and today and describe the difference between them.].C]. but also with combinations of supra-national. In fact. act in concert without need of prior coordination and set their sights on supra-national combinations as the way to solve their problems. This method. As early as the Spring and Autumn period [770-476 B.and small sized countries. There can be no better means for countering such threats than the use of supra-national combinations.[7 ] These three ancient peoples could not have imagined that the principle would remain unchanged in the present.[5 ] It is for just this reason that threats to modern nations come more often from supra-national powers. and not vertical. is what we mean by the general term supra-national combinations. from technical means to actual employment. and supra-national combinations are not newly discovered territory. even changing the essential military nature of warfare which has been an unquestionable truth since ancient times. trans-national. there's nothing new under the sun. Schwartzkopf's supra-national combination in the Gulf War can be called a modern version of the classical "alliance + combined forces. successful examples it can be foreseen that from now on. and non-state power. Nor could they imagine the revolutionary changes which have occurred. supranational combinations will be a country's most powerful weapon in attempting to accomplish national security objectives and secure strategic interests within a scope larger than the country itself. and the Peloponnesian War [431-404 B. and interlocking supra-national. and not from one or two specific countries. horizontal.C]. the Warring States period [475-221 B. supra-national combinations were already the oldest and most classical of methods employed by ancient strategists in the east and in the west. and non-state combinations. the United States is the best at using
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. From an examination of some prior. The brand-new model of "state + supranational + trans-national + non-state" will bring about fundamental changes in the face and final outcome of warfare.[8 ] As the world's only world-class superpower.

What people sense as a closely guarded secret is the attitude and methods of the Americans in dealing with the Asian financial crisis. interests.S. it was with the condition that Korea must open up its markets completely and allow American capital the opportunity to
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. and manipulate it. Australian Prime Minister Hawke. Department of Defense Report put it straightforwardly. was that it would only include Asian countries. for some other region. American. The 1996 U. For example. When the storm erupted. This requires the United States to maintain its overseas involvement. or worldwide. this idea immediately encountered strong opposition from President Bush. Australia. However. so as to check the momentum of Asia-Pacific economic cooperation. by way of the International Monetary Fund.S.S. The implication was that Asian countries should be forced to accept the economic liberalization policy promoted by the United States."[9 ] For example. the United States immediately opposed a Japanese proposal to set up an Asian monetary fund. Government must have the capability to influence the policies and actions of other countries. especially in those areas in which the most important interests of the United States are endangered. At the same time. the United States advocated the implementation of a rescue plan. "To protect and achieve U. Instead. regarding the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation organization. and New Zealand. No matter whether the nature of the international organization is European. interests. Another way to put it is that the United States consistently sees the actions of all international organizations as being closely related to U. interests.supra-national combinations as a weapon.S.S. the United States always strives to get involved in it. it also dragged others out. of which it is a major shareholder. when the IMF extended a $57 billion loan to South Korea. Not only did the United States make its way in. the U. The United States never misses any opportunity to take a hand in international organizations involving U. the initial idea of its conceptualizer. Asian. It might well be said that the United States used a double-combination tactic. and it was then expanded to include the United States and Canada. the United States spared no effort in instigating some Asian countries to sign independent agreements with the North American Free Trade Area. with strings attached.

and hearing the sound of "no" during all the bustle and excitement in Asia and hearing the words "Asian Century" less frequently with each passing day.[10 ] If we completely tie together these sorts of American methods. with the United States as their leader. the sniper attacks against the finances of Asian countries' by the likes of Soros. It gives the developed countries. the opportunity to gain unrestricted access to another country's markets. But as a super-weapon. judging from the signs. or to get in and clear out some space there. the increase over ten years in the Americans' general fund total from $810 billion to $5 trillion.
Supra-Domain Combinations [Chao Lingyu Zuhe 6389 7325 1008 4809 0678] [Combinations Beyond the Domain of the Battlefield]
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. and Malaysia at the most critical or most delicate times. Standard & Poor's. is it practical? The answer is affirmative. Hong Kong. still growing at the rate of $30 billion per month[11 ]. It is little different from a disguised form of economic occupation. would not that be a successful combined action with supra-national organizations + trans-national organizations + non-state organizations? Although there is no direct evidence to prove that the United States government and the Federal Reserve have painstakingly designed and used this extremely powerful. concealed weapon. consider all this and discover how cleverly it is all seamlessly linked together. and Morgan Stanley lowering the credit ratings of Japan. the Federal Reserve Bank's exception to the rules to aid the Long-Term Capital Management (LCTM) Corporation. which lost money on speculation. Greenspan's concern over whether or not the Hong Kong government's counterattack against "fund raiders" will change the rules of the game. A demand such as this is armed robbery.buy up Korean enterprises at unreasonably low prices. at a minimum it can be said that certain actions had their prior encouragement and tacit consent. [12 ] Supposing these things were all combined and used to attack a long-coveted target. The key to the issues which we want to discuss here certainly does not lie in whether or not the Americans have intentionally used such a weapon. Moody's.

" the idea of "supra-domain combinations" which we propose is also a shortened form. Breaking the boundaries of ideology is a prerequisite for breaking the boundaries of action. this ideological spark which could have set off a revolution in military affairs very quickly. and regrettably. but the U. even in the event of a breakthrough in action being made by relying on intuition. Just as aircraft had to break the sound barrier before they could fly at supersonic speeds. As with the concept of "supra-national combinations. it will still be difficult in the end to achieve complete peace of mind.combinations" driven by beyond-limits thinking are confined to the scope of warfare and its related actions. And so. Without breaking ideological boundaries. As with its placement in our discussion. a domain of warfare is a demarcation of the scope of what is encompassed by warfare.S.. For example.. and not something built on the foundation of a line of thought which is by its nature a complete breakthrough."Domain" is a concept derived from the concept of territory and used to delineate the scope of human activities. To be precise.[13 ]
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. because ideas which are not completely thought out will certainly face all sorts of obstacles. died out. The concept of supra-domain combinations lies between the previously discussed concept of supra-national combinations and the concept of supra-means combinations [chao shouduan zuhe 6389 2087 3008 4809 0678]. those who are engaged in warfare must break out of the confines of domains if they are to be able to enter a state of freedom in thinking about warfare. the concept of supra-domain combinations is an indispensable link in the groundbreaking line of thought about going beyond limits. which will be explained below. the U. Army's "fulldimensional operations" seems more like a burst of unusual thinking by a group of smart military people. Army's doctrine of "full-dimensional operations" [see TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5] and our "supra-domain combinations" are different in approach but equally good in their effect (the term "full dimensional" means in all domains). Seen in this sense. these terms should be followed with the words "of actions in warfare" if we are to convey in full the intent of these concepts which we are constructing and employing.S. This is to make clear the point that views about "supra.

Collins. The narrowness of their field of vision and their way of thinking restricted the development of the battlefield and changes in strategy and tactics to within one domain. It is now time to correct this mistaken trend. diplomacy. From Kutuzov torching Moscow [before abandoning it in 1812]. Add to this the influence of the high tide of human rights consciousness on the morality of warfare. financial warfare. or even none at all. Mankind's understanding of this phenomenon has always lagged behind the phenomenon itself. and yet high intensity.
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. up to now most people involved in warfare considered all the non-military domains where they were as being accessories to serve military needs. new areas opened up in the domain of warfare. This is information warfare." none of these broke this mold. Although as long ago as Cao Gui [hero of the Spring and Autumn period] and as recently as Collins [John M. and there is almost no domain which does not have warfare's offensive pattern. the military. and exhibiting a trend towards low casualties. economics. The great fusion of technologies is impelling the domains of politics. without pity destroying over half the country in the strategy of strengthening defense works and laying waste to the fields as his way of dealing with Napoleon. The connection points are ready. there is now no domain which warfare cannot use. and other entirely new forms of war. author of Grand Strategy: Principles and Practices] there have been farsighted possessors of superior insight who to varying degrees pointed out the mutually restricting relationships among the various domains of warfare. and the two are intertwined. to the massive bombing of Dresden and the nuclear destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. All of these things are rendering more and more obsolete the idea of confining warfare to the military domain and of using the number of casualties as a means of the intensity of a war.The expansion of the domain of warfare is a necessary consequence of the ever-expanding scope of human activity. to the strategic propositions of "massive retaliation" and "mutually assured destruction. trade warfare. culture. Warfare is now escaping from the boundaries of bloody massacre. and the trend towards the merging of the various domains is very clear. inflicting countless civilian casualties in the pursuit of absolute military victory. In this sense. and religion to overlap each other.

checking and melting down
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. constitute the principal domain of future warfare. In the years since then. But one of the objectives of "supra-domain combinations" is to consider and select which domain will be the main battlefield." caused the loss of $560 billion in book value to the American stock market. isn't the result better? From the point of view of beyond-limits thinking. which came to be known as "Black Monday. the Taiwan stock market immediately slid downward like an avalanche touched off by a bang. like the military domain. mainland China announced that it would conduct test launches of missiles in the Taiwan Strait and that it would conduct military exercises. And without mentioning the huge non-military damage caused in Iraq by the economic blockade. U. Navy ships attacked an Iranian oil drilling platform in the Persian Gulf. which was [and example of] the United States using supra-national combinations to attack Iraq on new battlefields. From the practical experience of the conflict between the United States and Iraq we can see that the 42-day military action of Desert Storm was followed by eight continuous years of military pressure + economic blockade + weapons inspections. the attack on Iraq's military potential in the form of the United Nations Special Committee for Weapons Inspections led by Butler. 1987. This event. Although these two events are not examples of the supra-domain combinations of which we are speaking. these two especially do fall in the category of stupid acts like lifting a rock only to smash one's own foot with it. As the missile tracks etched the sky. In 1995-96. Each domain may. time after time military actions have touched off stock disasters which then led to economic panic. News of this reached the New York Stock Exchange and immediately set off the worst stock market crash in the history of Wall Street. Their unexpected outcomes nevertheless suffice to set our train of thought into motion: if one intentionally takes two or more mutually unconcerned domains and combines them into a kind of tactic one can use. This is an amount equal to the complete loss of one France. "supra-domain combinations" means the combining of battlefields.S. the one most favorable for the accomplishment of the objectives of the war.On October 19.

has already far exceeded the results of the bombing during the Gulf War." And if we are to
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. These things make it clear that warfare is no longer an activity confined only to the military sphere. only if we break through the various kinds of boundaries in the models of our line of thought. that is. is it necessary to use special means to wage psychological war aimed at soldiers' families far back in the rear area? [14 ] When protecting a country's financial security. They are also issues in what we are talking about when we say "supra-means combinations. or its outcome decided. technological factors. can there be the possibility that we will be confident of victory. another point in common among the above questions is that they all touch on the use of means in a supra-national. and thus use beyond-limits strategy and tactics to combine all the resources of war. or other nonmilitary factors. take the various domains which are so completely affected by warfare and turn them into playing cards deftly shuffled in our skilled hands. Faced with the far-reaching influence of military and non-military conflicts in every corner of the world. can assassination be used to deal with financial speculators? [15 ] Can "surgical" strikes be made without a declaration of war against areas which are sources of drugs or other smuggled goods? Can special funds be set up to exert greater influence on another country's government and legislature through lobbying? [16 ] And could buying or gaining control of stocks be used to turn another country's newspapers and television stations into the tools of media warfare? [17 ] Apart from the justifiability of the use of the means. cultural factors.
Supra-Means Combinations [Chao Shouduan Zuhe 6389 2087 3008 4809 0678] [Combination of All Available Means (Military and Non-Military) to Carry Out Operations] During a war between two countries. during the fighting and killing by two armies. supra-domain way.large numbers of casualty-producing weapons for several years. diplomatic factors. by political factors. whether or not they conform to generally recognized rules of morality. economic factors. and that the course of any war could be changed.

then the question is far from simple. and artistic methods are all used by humanity to bring benefit to itself. and the country becomes an objective. and why there should be such things. Dropping this discussion of objectives. A means at one level serves a higher objective. From the angle of methods. or diplomacy. these are all without doubt military means. armed blockades. diplomacy. The emergence
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. scientific methods. cultural infiltration. But if things as big as a country or an army and as small as a stratagem are all imprecisely called means. formulating and applying international rules. mathematical methods. economics. an armed force or another country's force is a means. they can also be used as means in war. economics. We can take any object and examine it from any angle or on any level and understand what a means is. culture. something may be a means. diplomatic mediation. statesmen use them more and more now as standard military means. media propaganda. However. while at the same time being the objective for the means at the next lower level. For example. psychology. From the angle of domains. and the media can often be seen as means. Pushing further with this reasoning. military deterrence. The relativity of means is an issue on which people have expended considerable effort. And although economic assistance. then we must first make clear the following: What are means? This question is practically not a question at all. trade sanctions. Everybody knows that a is a method or tool by which to accomplish an objective. while on another level it may be an objective. technology. military alliances. When speaking of supra-national actions. politics. military exercises. a country is a means. arms control. the complexity of what a means is still remains. technical methods. etc. using United Nations resolutions. in the military domain. means of unequal size are like a set of Chinese boxes one inside the other. strategy and tactics. And domains can be subdivided.. Take for example.make clear what supra-means combinations are. weapons embargoes. religion. right down to the use of force. belong to different domains such as politics. We can see this sort of relativity in the fact that on one level. the domains of the military. philosophical methods. but when speaking of national actions.

the form and the scope of application of means is also in a state of continuous change. can we avoid the predicament of being confronted with too many difficulties to tackle all at once and being at wit's end when we employ means. It's a pity that not many countries are aware of this. supra-means combinations are becoming extremely necessary.[18] This shows clearly that in a world of unprecedented complexity. There is nowhere in which the influence of mathematical methods is not seen in military terminology such as disposition of forces. and thus it is not an easy concept to grasp. philosophical.
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. Liddell Hart [British officer and military theorist] defined the word strategy as "the art of using military means to achieve political objectives. On the contrary. This is why people often refer to military ideology. For example. probabilities of deaths and woundings. the Russian mafia combines assassination. military theory. on numerous levels. scientific. and military practice as military philosophy. it is those non-state organizations in pursuit of various interests which are sparing no effort in search of the use of means in combination. first freezing Iran's foreign assets.and development of information technology. the crisis finally came to an end. When all these channels were used together.S. calculation of trajectories. and military art. and artistic methods are also effective in supporting military wisdom and military action. combat radii. all the United States thought of was the rash use of military means. During the crisis in 1978 when Iran occupied the U. and grasping the principle that there is nothing which cannot be considered a means. Embassy and took hostages. and a better means used alone will have no advantage over several means used in combination. space technology. then imposing an arms embargo. materials technology. Moreover. Only by expanding our field of vision and our understanding of means. and supporting Iraq in the war with Iran. Thus." From this we can see that the concept of means covers a lot of territory. and explosive yields. kidnapping for ransom. Another example is mathematics. Only after these failed did it change its tactics. base figures [used to plan consumption] of ammunition. with overlapping functions. bioengineering technology. Then it added diplomatic negotiations. military science. and all other new technologies are part of the expanding array of means. at first.

then it is the best means. and futures markets. To stir up the waters and grope for fish. they must fulfill the prerequisite that they be advantageous to achieving the objective. taking hostages. we cannot achieve objectives merely by way of ready-made means. We still need to find the optimum way to achieve objectives. in this era of economic integration. it mainly involves looking at whether or not it conforms to a certain principle. stock markets. it cannot rely completely on the use of ready-made means such as economic blockades and trade sanctions. Instead. We can only shake off taboos and enter an area of free choice of means -. or
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.and hacker attacks against the electronic systems of banks in order to get rich. Although other factors cannot be totally disregarded. or at whether or not it conforms to some moral standard. judging the effectiveness of a particular means is not mainly a matter of looking at what category it is in. Most of these means are not by their nature military (although they often have a tendency to be violent). what supra-means combinations must surpass is not other [means].the beyond-limits realm -. Also they exploit public opinion and create widespread momentum to lure and assemble the "jumbos" such as Merrill Lynch. This is because for us. For example. and Morgan Stanley and their partners [19 ]to join forces in the marketplace on a huge scale and wage hair-raising financial wars one after the other. to find out how to combine different means and create new means to achieve objectives. but the methods by which they are combined and used certainly do not fail to inspire us as to how to use military or non-military means effectively in war. a correct and effective way to employ means. but rather the moral standards or normal principles intrinsic to the means themselves. is it the best way to achieve the desired objective? So long as it conforms to this principle. That is. Some terrorist organizations pursue political objectives by combining means such as throwing bombs. and making raids on networks. namely. Fidelity. if some economically powerful company wants to attack another country's economy while simultaneously attacking its defenses. This is because nowadays. the likes of Soros combine speculation in currency markets.if we complete our picture of the concept of beyond-limits. This is much more difficult and complex than combining certain means with certain other means. In other words.

and for the employment of these sorts of combinations in warfare or quasi-war actions. In the Southeast Asian financial crisis we see a case in which the crisis led to a lowering of the temperature of the arms race in that region. This has opened the door wide for supra-means combinations. to campaigns
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. It would also have induced a cataclysm in the world's capital markets.
Supra-Tier Combinations [Chao Taijie Zuhe 6389 0669 7132 4809 0678] [Combine All Levels of Conflict Into Each Campaign] When a war becomes a phase of history. with the result that even the world's number one debtor nation. Also. weakening its overall power. Even a quasi-world power like China already has the power to jolt the world economy just by changing its own economic policies. although in this case it was not caused by some big country intentionally changing the value of its own currency. including its military strength. Instead. like the gradual cooling of molten steel. the course of the war emerges little by little. Such an outcome would certainly be better than a military strike. a country which relies on the inflow of foreign capital to support its economic prosperity. Thus we can see the possibility that this will happen. The reality of information exchanges and intertwining interests is continually broadening the meaning of warfare. If China were a selfish country. use currency revaluation or devaluation as primary. and had gone back on its word in 1998 and let the Renminbi lose value. any country which plays a decisive role has various capabilities to threaten other countries. would definitely have suffered heavy economic losses. the United States. and combine means such as getting the upper hand in public opinion and changing the rules sufficiently to make financial turbulence and economic crisis appear in the targeted country or area. it must adjust its own financial strategy. and not just with military means.military threats and arms embargoes. The advantages of the combined use of various kinds of means will become more and more evident. no doubt this would have added to the misfortunes of the economies of Asia. From the earliest small-scale local fights. The use of means singly will produce less and less effect.

in this way a war proceeds tier by tier up invisible steps. we know that one battle does not constitute a war. We believe that moment is something which can be created. accumulating until a fateful moment of destiny is reached. If we start with the last page of a war's history and go backwards chapter by chapter. To evade or break the rules requires prudence. Possibly it might also go back down. take a fight or an action on the tactical level. and so is defeat. Of course. Our issue is how to use some method to break down all the stages. or on the strategic level. In terms of the two combatant sides. as well as many plans and stratagems. We could change warfare into something like a dragon with
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. For example. The only difference is to be seen in whether one ascended the stairs and went higher or ascended the stairs and fell on them. We do not believe that all wars must gradually progress in level-by-level sequence. and link up and assemble these stages at will. But rules must be respected. and all of the outcomes resulted from this accumulation. But this is not the issue we want to talk about. the muzzles of the victor's guns raised high and the rifles of the defeated lying abandoned. to wars consisting of a few or even several campaigns. On each level are strewn moaning casualties and the bodies of the dead. and finally to the possibility that a war could spread and become a great intercontinental or worldwide war. that is the thing which we should do. we will discover that the entire process is an accumulation. any more than one soldier constitutes an army. Victory is an accumulation. and then fixing that method as a kind of strategy. Leaps and sudden changes all occur when you set foot on the final step.consisting of interrelated battles on all sides. This is practically a rule. The issue is that what we are thinking about is precisely how to evade or break such rules. and combine it directly with an action on the level of wars. they followed a single road to their outcomes. Finding a way by which we can continuously create that moment and not wait for the accumulation. either wise or stupid.

Herman Kahn divided the threshold to nuclear war into a number of stages. Stages like them exist in other forms of warfare as well. On this point.zhanshu 2069 2435 .Operational Art [zhanyi .war policy. and differ only in their wording.2069 4595] War . similar to national boundaries. All are boundaries which must be surpassed in the actual practice of supra-combinations warfare. this is military and non-military actions of warfare with supra-national as the upper limit and the nation as the lower limit. In our view.
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. and is not easy to work with. our views and those of some American military analysts are basically the same." We call it "war policy" because strategy at this level mainly involves the political stratagems for warfare." that is. a country's military stratagems or stratagems of war. torsos. and the boundaries around means.zhanlue 2069 3630 ." National level military actions include non-military actions of warfare on this level.interchangeable limbs.War Policy [dazhan .zhanyi 2069 1763 . Our specific delineation is as follows: Grand War . This is what is meant by the method "supra-tier combinations. and which could swing freely in any direction.2069 2611] The first level is "grand war . if the cuts dividing the levels of war are made based on the two aspects of the scale of war and the corresponding methods of war. and division into four levels is sufficient.strategy. which we could put together as we like. we discover that the delineation of his 44 levels is excessively fine. [20] Also." A level is also a kind of restriction.Strategy [zhanzheng . The function corresponding to it is "strategy. and heads. The function corresponding to it is "war policy. The second level is "war . because he focused more on dividing warfare into stages based on intensity.2069 5669] Battles . But if we truly follow Kahn's line of thought." In terms of scale.Tactics [zhandou . then the levels of war are greatly simplified." which is what Collins calls "grand strategy.2069 3970] Campaigns .zhance 1129 2069 . territorial boundaries. he lacked penetrating insight into the essential nature of the levels of war.

To put it quite simply. national interests on the strategic level. Speaking of traditional military men. Bin Laden used a tactical level method of only two truckloads of explosives and threatened U. This is certainly not a mission which cannot be accomplished. Obviously this obscures the implications of the scope and methods of combat operations. or using a big machete to kill a chicken.S. to win wars by combining all the factors from supra-national actions to specific battles. operational art. and so we have chosen the term "operational art [ zhanyi. it is a feasible method so long as it works well. The selection of the positioning of this level. it is far from sufficient for them just to practice these functions on these four fixed levels. The function corresponding to them is "tactics. or war arts or art of warfare]." It can be seen at a glance that each of these levels has a corresponding combat function. Examples are using a strategic method which is some sort of non-military action to go along with the accomplishment of a tactical mission. perhaps throughout their lives their lessons were on how to be skilled in employing these functions and fighting well at whatever level they were on. this refers to combat actions lower than a war but higher than battles. or using a tactical method to accomplish an objective on the war policy level." In terms of scale. would require elaboration on the meaning of the art of warfare. strategy. and tactics with methods. The fourth level is "battles . The function corresponding to this level has no title.operational art. But for soldiers who are about to be in the next century. as an attempt to match up war policy. the trend of warfare shows more and more clearly this sort of indication: it is definitely not the case that the problems at one level can only be solved by the means at one level. lower than strategy and higher than tactics." This is combat actions on the most basic scale. the principle of supratier combinations is nothing more than a matter of interchangeable and easily transposed roles.tactics. They must study how to disrupt these levels. and often the concept of "campaigning" is used indiscriminately.The third level is "campaigns . No matter whether it is allocating only a fraction of the resources. whereas the Americans can only achieve the strategic
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. This is because.

In warfare and non-military warfare which is primarily national and supra-national. Because it has the breadth and secrecy of trans-level combat.. but what we mean by ten thousand methods combined as one is precisely covered by the word "beyond.) if an objective is considered to be good.objective of protecting their own safety by carrying out tactical level retaliation against him. (as Machiavelli saw it. Another example is that in past wars. Russell said of Machiavelli." This word is sufficient to mean using one to apply to ten thousand. The applicability of the actions of war to the trend of globalization is manifested in the word "beyond. But if people could shake off their hypocrisy. This is the gist and significance of supra-level combinations. and only afterwards is it a method. pp.. 115-123. this method of individual combat very easily achieves results on the strategic and even war policy levels. 1987. as he did.
FOOTNOTES [ 1] B. and sometimes he was indeed shocking.)
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. without regard for whether the objective is good or bad." (Junwang Lun (On Monarchs). then quite a few of them would think as he did. "People are always shocked by him. there is no territory which cannot be surpassed. by contrast. there is no means which cannot be used in the war. and there is no territory and method which cannot be used in combination." It must be pointed out once again that combined war that goes beyond limits is first of all a way of thinking. this can be handled with a purely scientific approach. One hacker + one modem causes an enemy damage and losses almost equal to those of a war. As for the issue of the means. and its usefulness would normally not go beyond the scale of battles. the smallest combat element was the combination of a man and a machine. then we definitely must select some means which are sufficient to accomplish it. In beyondlimits war. Hunan People's Publishing House. the man-machine combination performs multiple offensive functions which span the levels from battles to war policy.

from single countries or blocs of countries to worldwide 'wrestlers'. p. and Violence at the Edge of the 21st Century.[2 ] Born during the Warring States period [475-221 B. 221. eds. p. Alvin Toffler devotes a small section to a discussion of "new types of worldwide organizations:" "We are now seeing an extremely significant shift of power. 1957. and had within their grasp 70% of the world's direct foreign investment. a number of groups of countries will appear in the 21st Century. an East Asian group. and an Eastern European group. essay by Li Dalun titled "The Duality of Economic Globalization.
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. a South Asian group. These multinationals controlled one third of the world's production. p. large and small." By worldwide wrestlers he means non-state bodies. According to statistics from the United Nations' 1997 Investment Report. namely. two thirds of the world's trade.. a Moslem group.000 multinational parent corporations and 280. regional problem solving groups which cannot be ignored. a trend which is already evident.) [ 3] In his book Powershift : Knowledge. 616. as in "the target at which words and deeds are aimed is results." There were no other objectives or constraints. Wealth. World Knowledge Publishing House. from the European Community to multinational corporations. 3. People's Publishing House. he emphasized the actual effect. In speech and actions. the OAU. ASEAN. China Social Sciences Publishing House. 1998. a European group. a Chinese translation of Out of Control : Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century. such as a North American group. (Da Shikong yu Da Hunluan. the world then had 44.. Toward the 21st Century). and other organizations have become or are now becoming supra-national.000 foreign subsidiary companies and subordinate enterprises.) The usefulness of the United Nations will increase continually. [5 ] For example. (Source: Guangming Daily.C. (See Zhongguo Sixiang Tongshi (A Comprehensive History of Chinese Thought). Han Feizi was the great product of the Legalist school of thought. The struggle among these groups will dominate conflict in the future.]. Hou Wailu et al. 27. Dec. and over 70% of all patents and other technology transfers.") [4 ] In Brzezinski's view. (See Zouxiang 21 Shiji de Lianheguo (The United Nations.

Japan. and other countries." The center of this system is the United States. Russia. p. but not unique to him. 4) [7 ] Today. that of resolving national security problems in a larger sphere. In the Southeast Asian financial crisis we can see some countries working in combination with the International Monetary Fund. [10 ] In an essay titled "A Discussion of the New Asian Resistance to Foreigners. at least it clearly points out a line of thought identical to our own. supra-national combinations are not just among countries.
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. The Grand Chessboard : American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives." (See Guoji Guanxi Fenxi (Analysis of International Relations). (See Cankao Xiaoxi (Reference News). [8 ] In his new [1997] work. p. No" [he was a co-author of the nationalistic book The Japan That Can Say No] are somewhat extreme. 5. "International organizations are frequently seen as the optimum path by which to lead mankind out of the ethnic national era. Military Sciences Publishing House [Beijing]. p. or an alliance of a number of states to attack another) of the Warring States period are examples of alliances between countries. the establishment of a "trans-Eurasian security arrangement. Shintaro Ishihara expresses the view that these various moves by the United States make clear its strategic plot to attack Asia. Although the opinions of this "Mr. They also include combinations between countries and trans-national or even non-state organizations." and that the primary mission of integration is "to maintain peace. China. World Knowledge Publishing House. Carl Doe has said. 1990. Europe." in the August 1998 edition of the Japanese magazine Bungei Shunju. China Press.) [author's name approximated from the Chinese version] [9 ] Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense. 332. India. Fiscal Year 1996 [translated into Chinese].[6 ] The "north-south" (six states united in opposition to the Qin) and "east-west" (Qin united as one. (Zhanguo Ce Zhushi (Warring States Strategy Explained). and good cooperation against fund raiders. No matter whether Brzezinski's prescription is effective or not. Brzezinski writes out a new prescription for world security.

Economic observer Konstanin Sorochin expressed a similar opinion in an article titled "What Role does the CIS Play in the Asian Financial Crisis?". Summer 1996.S. In the opinion of General [Johnnie] E. 1998. 11. National Defense University. if some countries saw financial speculators who launch destructive attacks against their economies as war criminals or terrorists.) [Reference News is a newsletter with internal distribution only among China's Party and government officials. the "Army of the future" capable of moving throughout the entire world is a "full-dimensional force."] [14 ] The U.August 15-16. Army. 1998.S. p. September 29.S. Wilson of the U.S. 1998. would it be considered proper if those countries dealt with the speculators in the same manner? [16 ] The legislatures of countries with representative forms of government cannot evade encirclement by lobbying groups. [12 ] The number of observers who hold views similar to those of Shintaro Ishihara is certainly not small.) [13] In today's U. [15 ] Since the British government allows its secret agents to assassinate the leaders of what are designated as terrorist countries. military's information protection. For example. August 15.] [11 ] See Reference News. published on July 16 in the Russian publication Forum. (See Joint Forces Quarterly. That issue carried an article titled "Joint Vision 2010: America's Military-Preparing for Tomorrow.S. the principle of "full-dimensional protection" in Joint Vision 2010 mainly means strengthening the U. (See Reference News. and credit card numbers to attack service members. Social Security Numbers.) [Joint Forces Quarterly is a publication of the U.S. America's Jewish organizations and its Rifle
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. For example. Army Materiel Command." So it can be seen that the U. Army's thinking on the concept of "full-dimensional" discards its essence and just keeps the name. Department of Defense has tightened control over military web sites on the Internet to prevent hostile powers from using family addresses. reprinting an article from the American magazine Fortune. "full-dimensional" is a concept limited to the military sphere.

106-111. campaign. he and his company both took certain actions which pointed out the direction for speculators. pp. World Knowledge Publishing House. Guoji Guanxi Fenxi (Analysis of International Relations)." by Song Yuhua and Xu Yilin. in Zhongguo Shehui Kexue (China Social Sciences).) [20 ] Regarding Herman Kahn's Rungs of Escalation: A Conceptual (or Abstract) Explanation. [author's name approximated from the Chinese version] [19 ] Morgan Stanley Holding Company's worldwide strategic analyst Barton Biggs is considered the world's most influential investment strategist because he is the president of that $30 billion company and he holds 15% of its stock. 1992 edition.S. World Knowledge Publishing House. 272-273. who had won the fight to succeed the Qin Dynasty. (See U.C. No.] [17 ] An article revealed that Soros controls Albania's political scene through control of the country's newspapers.S. 6. Air Force Manual AFM 1-1. Military Sciences Publishing House. Meiguo Kongjun Hangkong Hangtian Jiben Lilun (Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force). p. strategic. 234. pp. Actually. [Rebel general Liu Bang ousted Xiang Yu. Guoji Guanxi Fenxi (Analysis of International Relations). military normally divides combat activities into three levels.)
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. this practice was to be seen long ago in ancient China. In the war between the Chu and the Han at the end of the Qin Dynasty [209-202 B. [author's name approximated from the Chinese version] The U.Association have well-known lobbying groups. 1998. and tactical. Before the financial storms in Thailand and Hong Kong. (See the article "A Preliminary Exploration of the Patterns of Action of Today's International Capitalism. Liu Bang gave Chen Ping a great deal of money in order to defeat Xiang Yu off the battlefield. see Carl Doe.]. [ 18] See Carl Doe.

But having been born a great man.C. and provide it to all soldiers. from the wars directed by this old enemy who elicited dread from British people both during life and after death. non-lethal weapons. Napoleon would reveal his real desire to the world famous Saint-Cyr Military Academy. Although later military regulations of quite a few countries and several military theorists proposed this or that as a principle of war. Fuller induced five principles for directing modern wars. but not an absolute one. and after he was defeated he was no longer in the mood. and non-military weapons has
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." are still articles of faith for modern strategists. To a marshal who created nearly 100 victories in his lifetime." Unfortunately. A hundred years afterwards. from the beginning of the Napoleonic wars to the time prior to the Gulf War. But in the West. [2] This is because. this should be neither too big nor too little a regret. because of all that happened during and after the Gulf War. such as "know the enemy and yourself and in a hundred battles you will never be defeated." and "avoid the solid and strike the weak. a British general by the name of J. all of those things differ only in minor ways with those originated by Fuller. it was enough for him to leave behind a brilliant record of victories for posterity to scour in search of his path to victory. [1] All of the West's principles of modern warfare are descended from these. take him by surprise. when he fought and won wars he had no time to write. The introduction of precision guided weapons. Now the situation has changed.Chapter 8: Essential Principles [pp 223-240 in original] "Principles are a code of conduct. there was no reason for an essential change in the nature of war itself." --George Kennan
In the history of warfare. which would one day emblazon his name above its main doorway: "To write a book. apart from the continual increase in lethality and destructiveness. Principles which he advocated." "strike where the enemy is not prepared.400 years later. 2. describing the principles of war precisely.F. the first person credited with using principles to regularize methods of fighting should be Sun Tzu.

as yet untested in a new round of wars. and that is. the principles are all undoubtedly the product of repeated tempering in the furnace and on the anvil of war. we want to see it incorporated into combat methods with practical application. can become road signs pointing the way to the next victory is still very hard to say. let it dance here for us. This is even more true of principles of war. nevertheless there is one constraint which must be strictly observed. if there had been no large and small military. we are resolved that "beyond-limits combined war" will not be confined to the level of theoretical speculation. quasi-military. and given rise to principles with which professional military people are unfamiliar. Instead. Regardless of which military thinker produced them.
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. But the proposal of essential principles is no doubt an indispensable theoretical process for perfecting a combat method.derailed warfare from its mad dash down the track toward increased lethality and destructiveness." And of course. Only in some exceptional situations should a principle itself be broken. then there would not be proposals for new concepts such as the Americans' "fulldimensional operations" and our "beyond-limits combined war. This has laid a new track for war in the next century. or whatever military headquarters regulations they come from. In the same way. there would be no principles of Fuller. Events have set in motion the first change of course since the dawn of history. When deep thought about the rules of warfare congeals to become some type of combat method. a principle is born along with it. No principle can rest on a flimsy platform waiting to collapse. and even non-military wars throughout the world before and after the Gulf War. Whether or not these combat methods and principles. Here's a gyroscope. If there had been no Napoleonic wars. If there had been no wars in the Spring and Autumn period there would be no principles of Sun Tzu. to abide by essential principles when carrying out combat actions. the principles of war which emerge with these concepts would be out of the question. Even though the intent of the "beyond limits" ideology which we advocate is to break through all restrictions. While we are truly sorry that "full-dimensional operations" theory died on the vine.

or it can be nonviolent. And the technological space linking these two great spaces is even more so the battlefield over which all antagonists spare no effort in contending. In terms of beyond-limits warfare." Omnidirectionality Synchrony Limited objectives Unlimited measures Asymmetry Minimal consumption Multidimensional coordination Adjustment and control of the entire process
Omnidirectionality---360ù Observation and Design. or one between newly
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. economics. the basic demands it makes on the prosecutor of a war are to give all-round consideration to all factors related to "this particular" war. but social spaces such as the military. [3] Warfare can be military. a concept unhindered by obstacles. As a general principle of war. designing plans. and when observing the battlefield or a potential battlefield. or it can be non-military.Let's have a look at the principles below and see what they can bring to "beyond-limits combined war. employing measures. It can be a confrontation between professional soldiers. It can use violence. and outer space are battlefields. to have a field of vision with no blind spots. and an orientation with no blind angles. and combining the use of all war resources which can be mobilized. Combined Use of All Related Factors "Omnidirectionality" is the starting point of "unrestricted war" ideology and is a cover [fugai mian 6010 5556 7240] for this ideology. politics. culture. there is no longer any distinction between what is or is not the battlefield. Spaces in nature including the ground. and the psyche are also battlefields. the air. the seas. or it can be quasi-military.

to execute a designated mission in a battle. At the strategic level. it applies to the combined use on a designated battlefield of various kinds of measures. At the war policy level. and combat methods. So many objectives which in the past had to be accomplished in stages through an accumulation of battles and campaigns. up to supra-national combat power.
Synchrony---Conducting Actions in Different Spaces within the Same Period of Time The technical measures employed in modern warfare. it applies to the combined use of various kinds of weapons. the increased ability to transform the battlefield. the linking together of battlefields which stretch forever. or are different by their nature. but the first principle of beyond-limits combined war is to ponder omnidirectionality and grasp the combat situation.
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. equipment. and mainly an army or force of that scale. Finally. As a very strong principle applicable to actual warfare.emerging forces consisting primarily of ordinary people or experts. in an intercontinental or worldwide confrontation. may now be accomplished quickly under conditions of simultaneous occurence. and mainly one unit or a force of that scale. to achieve campaign objectives. are scattered. These characteristics of beyond-limits war are the watershed between it and traditional warfare. it applies to the combined use in warfare of national resources which relate to military objectives. as well as the starting line for new types of warfare. it applies to the combined use of a nation's entire combat power. and in particular the spread of information technology. omnidirectionality applies to each level of beyond-limits combined war [described in Chapter 7]. and the introduction of various military and non-military forces on an equal footing into the war -. the emergence of long-range warfare technology.all these things greatly shrink the course of warfare. it must be made clear that the scope of combat operations in each specific war will not always expand over all spaces and domains. At the operational level. And at the tactical level. It must be kept in mind that all of the above combinations must also include intersecting combinations among the respective levels.

simultaneous action.
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. the principle of setting limited objectives means that objectives must always be smaller than measures. stress on "synchrony" in combat operations now exceeds the stress on "phasing. but it may be enough to decide the outcome of an entire war." In this sense. and in terms of time. military is starting to abandon the pattern of actions with a gradual push from the periphery towards the depth. In terms of space. and they have been unable to expand it to battlefields beyond the military sphere. secrecy. the Americans' line of thought in this regard so far is still confined to the scope of military action.000 targets to 1. This has led to a proposal for a "full-depth simultaneous attack" operations ideology. Thus. the U. beyond-limits war is worthy of the name "designated time warfare. These factors revolve around the objectives of the war. What we mean by "synchrony" here is not "simultaneity.S." [4] Taking as a given the requirement for thorough planning." differing by not even a second. executing a well-arranged team-effort and combined attack to achieve surprise. and simultaneous completion." Using this as a standard. Given its current equipment and technology. In addition to this is the extensive use of long-range attack weapons systems. Thus. judging from some documents openly published by the military.200 aircraft. [5]
Limited Objectives---Set a Compass to Guide Action within an Acceptable Range for the Measures [Available] Limited objectives means limited in relation to measures used. the armed force whose military capabilities most nearly reach this level is that of the Americans. However. and effectiveness. but rather "within the same time period.S. designated space of time. beyond-limits war brings key factors of warfare which are dispersed in different spaces and different domains to bear in the same. one of the U. synchronized action may be just one short beyond-limits combat operation. military's information campaign systems [xinxi zhanyi xitong] can within one minute provide data on 4. it is abandoning the obsolete combat model of sequential actions. A single full-depth.

The 1996 U. Not all of today's statesmen and strategists are clear on this point. Do not pursue objectives which are unrestricted in time and space. But this is a tendency which in the end will lead to tragedy. we have a leadership obligation. then defeat is certain. This is because every objective which is achievable is limited. setting objectives which exceed allowable limits of the measures available will only lead to disastrous consequences. A company which has limited resources but which is nevertheless keen to take on unlimited responsibilities is headed for only one possible outcome. No matter what the reason. and instead consciously pursue limited objectives and eliminate objectives which are beyond one's abilities." When he spoke those words. In addition." an ideology corresponding to "isolationism. one must overcome the mentality of craving great successes. obviously even Clinton was unaware that national interests and sense of values are strategic objectives of two completely different scales. Only with limits can they be explicit and practical. and only with limits can there be functionality. [6] When setting objectives. the latter is neither an objective that its power can achieve nor is an objective which the United States should pursue outside its own territory. "World's number one.When setting objectives. If we say that the former is an objective which American power can protect through action. and that is bankruptcy. and when our interests and sense of values are subject to great danger we will take action. after accomplishing an objective. give full consideration to the feasibility of accomplishing them. Subsequent to that are similar mistakes committed by the Americans in Vietnam and the Soviets in Afghanistan. Department of Defense Report contains this premise from President Clinton: "As the world's most powerful nation. when objectives are greater than measures. even though they may be proper. one will then have the resilience to go on and pursue the next. which prove that no matter what sort of action it is and no matter who is executing it.
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." always makes the Americans tend to pursue unlimited objectives as they expand their national power.S. The most typical illustration of expanding objectives is the mistake which MacArthur made in the Korean War.

and even less is it absolutist use of measures. It was a measure used to destroy the economy in the southern army's rear area." It only means to employ measures beyond restrictions. which can annihilate mankind. a smart general does not make his measures limited because his objectives are limited. have been viewed as absolute measures precisely because they violated the principle that a measure must serve to accomplish an objective. Measures are inseparable from objectives. but this certainly does not mean expansion of objectives "as one pleases. Beyond-limits ideology expands "as one pleases" the range of selection and the methods of use of measures. Unlimited measures to accomplish limited objectives is the ultimate boundary. or the use of absolute measures. as Confucius put it. the limited must be pursued by way of the unlimited. "as one pleases. it was to burn and plunder all along the way. beyond boundaries. [7] The trend toward no limits is a trend toward continual enlargement of the range of selection and the methods of use of measures. This is an example of the successful use of unlimited measures to achieve a limited objective. to make the southern populace and the southern army lose the ability to resist. Thus. Atomic weapons. It is not intemperate use of measures. but Restricted to the Accomplishment of Limited Objectives We speak of unlimited measures as related to limited objectives. but not beyond the rules." Here. This would very likely lead to failure on the verge of success. The employment of unrestricted measures can only be. Finally people laid them aside. to accomplish limited objectives. This is not to say that a measure can be separated from objectives and used however one likes. Conversely.
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. "rules" means objectives. one can break through restrictions and select among various measures. Sherman's advance toward Savanna in the American war between the north and south was not in search of combat.Unlimited Measures---The Trend is Toward Unrestricted Employment of Measures. For a measure to be unlimited means that to accomplish some designated objective. thus accomplishing the north's war objective.

Russia.In contrast to this example. and other
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. holy war. The results are well known. terrorist war. all the way to the allocation of weapons. in the fourth Mideast War [the Yom Kippur War. The main fighting elements of some poor countries. 1973]. [8]
Asymmetry---Seek Nodes of Action in the Opposite Direction from the Contours of the Balance of Symmetry "Asymmetry" [fei junheng 7236 0971 5899] as a principle is an important fulcrum for tipping the normal rules in beyond-limits ideology. protracted war. network war. and develop combat action on that line. the entire West. in all these things give two-way consideration to the effect of asymmetrical factors. wise refusal to confront the armed forces of the strong country head-to-head. and use asymmetry as a measure to accomplish the objective. to accomplish the combat objective designated by its front-line generals. Northern Ireland guerrillas vs. the United States. Instead. the weaker side has contended with its adversary by using guerrilla war (mainly urban guerrilla war) [9]. and non-state entities have all used "mouse toying with the cat"-type asymmetrical combat methods against much more powerful adversaries. Egypt attempted to use limited measures to achieve a limited objective. which was the occupation of the Sinai Peninsula. Its essential point is to follow the train of thought opposite to the balance of symmetry [junheng duicheng 0971 5899 1417 4468]. without exception we see the consistent. In cases such as Chechniya vs. asymmetry manifests itself to some extent in every aspect of warfare. From force disposition and employment. weak countries. and Islamic Jihad vs. No matter whether it serves as a line of thought or as a principle guiding combat operations. Egypt lost its hold on victory when victory was in its very grasp. Somalia vs. Britain. the battle plan of the Egyptian Army's Supreme Command was just to break through the Bar Lev Line and consolidate control of the Sinai. Understanding and employing the principle of asymmetry correctly allows us always to find and exploit an enemy's soft spots. selection of the main combat axis and the center of gravity for the attack.

asymmetry in itself is a rule of action suggested by the golden rule.forms of combat. Also it is an effective prescription for methodical and well-balanced medical treatment for a chronic illness of thought. Rational use of resources obviously means using the most appropriate method to accomplish an objective. Mostly the weaker side selects as its main axis of battle those areas or battlelines where its adversary does not expect to be hit. has meaning only if the prerequisites for accomplishing an objective are met. the rational designation of objectives and the rational use of resources. is often hugely effective. besides specifying objectives that fall within the circle of the measures to be used. also refers to the need to compress the objectives' load. and unable to make use of the power it has. and as much as possible make them simple and concise.
Minimal Consumption---Use the Least Amount of Combat Resources Sufficient to Accomplish the Objective The principle of minimal consumption is. Rationality involves two aspects. use "more" (more measures) to pursue "less" (lower consumption). using the minimum amount of resources. Whether or not the minimum amount of combat resources is used to accomplish an objective
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. the size of combat consumption is decided by the form of combat [11]. Apart from the effectiveness it displays when used. Of all rules. and not just imposing a singleminded requirement to economize. that is. and third. this is the only one which encourages people to break rules so as to use rules. Rational designation of objectives. The center of mass of the assault is always a place which will result in a huge psychological shock to the adversary. This use of asymmetrical measures which create power for oneself and make the situation develop as you want it to. Economizing. It often makes an adversary which uses conventional forces and conventional measures as its main combat strength look like a big elephant charging into a china shop. It is at a loss as to what to do. second. first of all that rationality is more important than thrift [10]. More important than perfect familiarity with principles is how the principles are applied.

" That is. The line of thought leading out of these difficulties is to use "more" to attain "less. to combine the superiorities of several kinds of combat resources in several kinds of areas to form up a completely new form of combat. In other words. It has nothing to do with the definition of dimensionality in the sense of mathematics or physics. and any force can be used under combat conditions.depends on what form of combat operation is selected. accomplishing the objective while at the same time minimizing consumption. since any sphere can become a battlefield. the optimum route. the introduction of non-military and non-war factors into the sphere of war directly rather than indirectly. By contrast. confronting a complex objective in just one sphere and with just one measure will definitely fall short of the mark. So it can be seen that the key to truly achieving "minimal consumption" is to find a combat method which makes rational use of combat resources. because both sides waged a senseless war of attrition. with objectives and the measures to accomplish them assuming many complex forms as never before. this definition is not at all novel. and this is a great difference. The only difference between it and similar explanations is. the reason Germany was able to sweep away the joint British-French force after crossing the Maginot Line was because it combined the shortest length of time. and the most powerful weapons in a blitzkrieg. "Multidimensional coordination" refers to coordination and cooperation among different forces in different spheres in order to accomplish an objective. On the face of it. Today. we should be more inclined to understand multidimensional coordination as the coordination of the military dimension with various other
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. Similar explanations are to be found in many combat regulations. The result of a mismatch between measures and objectives is inevitably high consumption and low effectiveness. both obsolete and newly published. The Verdun campaign is called by war historians a meat grinder.
Multidimensional Coordination---Coordinating and Allocating All the Forces which can be Mobilized in the Military and Non-Military Spheres Covering an Objective "Multidimensional" here is another way of saying multiple spheres and multiple forces.

This certainly does not imply that in each action the more measures mobilized the better. dominating and exploiting the influence of international organizations. If the set objective is to win a war at the war policy level. we cannot speak of multidimensional coordination. With warfare facing the equalization of the various dimensions. The bit of Eastern wisdom. In applying this principle we must also come up with beyond-limits action. no matter what the depth of the spheres and the quantity of forces it involves. cultural traditions. the spheres and forces needing coordination may involve the entire country. sense of ethnic identity. or may even be supra-national. paying attention to conventional. as in the past. coordination among the various dimensions is absolutely necessary. etc. "going beyond the limit is as bad as falling short. the role of history. and bring about interlocking. It is not the case that in all wars military action must be considered as the primary form of action. From this we can generalize that in any military or non-military action.dimensions in the pursuit of a specific objective. and finally the objective itself will be in jeopardy. Instead. material forces. The employment of an excessive or an insufficient amount in each dimension will only cause the action to sway between edema and shriveling. Without an objective. Besides. the limit is what is necessary. we should also pay particular attention to the employment of intangible "strategic resources" such as geographical factors. we urgently need to expand our field of vision regarding forces which can be mobilized." is helpful to our understanding and our application of this principle. and to the greatest extent possible make multidimensional coordination a commonplace move in ordinary operations. gradational combinations at every level from war policy to tactics. this concept will become a formula for addressing the questions of future wars. But the size of an objective determines the breadth and depth of the coordination of each dimension. [13] But this is still not enough. in particular non-military forces. [12] The concept of multidimensional coordination can only be established within the context of a specific objective. In addition.
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Continually Acquire Information. and new arenas. As we said before.Adjustment and Control of the Entire Process---During the Entire Course of a War. means that loss of control over any one link can be like the proverbial loss of a horseshoe nail which led to the loss of an entire war. through its Progress. [14] So. and incidentally make adjusting and controlling it much more difficult. More important than constant changes in force dispositions and continual updating of weapons is the whole set of combat rules which are the result of the shift of the battlefield to non-military spheres. with information technology welding the entire world together into a network. the time it takes to fight one battle can be sufficient to wind up a whole war. much greater than in past wars. we cannot understand the adjusted and controlled "entire course" to be a prolonged one. to its Conclusion. new measures. this process may take the blink of an eye. the number of factors involved in a war is much. and their intense influence on war. in order to keep the initiative within one's grasp. Adjust Action. The ability of these factors to cloud the issues of war." Because of the addition of the principle of synchrony. With modern. rather than mathematical deduction. high-tech measures. adjustment and control of the entire process is becoming more and more of a skill. Today. What is needed to grasp the ever-changing battlefield situation is greater use of intuition. it is necessary to have feedback and revisions throughout the entire course of a war while it is actually happening. This is what is meant by "adjustment and control of the entire process. This may make the entire course of a war extremely short. faced with modern warfare and its bursts of new technology. Any attempt to tie a war to a set of ideas within a predetermined plan is little short of absurdity or naïveté. and Control the Situation Warfare is a dynamic process full of randomness and creativity. The outcome of all this is that one will be sent to an unexplored battlefield to wage an unfamiliar war
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. Therefore. from its Start. It is not a kind of technology.

pp. Today. mobility. and the continually developing sphere of technology where space is now measured in nanometers. These are very similar to the principles of war of the Napoleonic era. outer space can be seen as a natural space. concentrate forces. concentration. completely new methods of combat to wage war. mobile action. and surprise. such as the social realm. security. surprise.against an unknown enemy. following the views of Clausewitz. In the absence of a principle that victory is certain. "Beyond-limits combined war" is this use of strange. All of the above principles are applicable to any beyond-limits combined war. Besides this. but they are not the only conditions. one must adjust and control this entire unfamiliar process if he is to win. but violating them no doubt leads to defeat. [3] The battlefield of beyond-limits war differs from those of the past in that it encompasses all natural spaces. (See "The Writings of Fuller" in Zhanzheng Zhidao (Combat Command). Liberation Army Publishing House.
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. Army's nine main military principles: objective. simplicity. Fuller also induced seven principles similar to those of the Napoleonic wars: maintain the objective. exhaust the enemy's offensive capability. Principles are always essential conditions for victory in war. concentration. and support. 38-60. and unity [of command]. For example.) [2] An example is the U. We should always remember this point. maneuver. offensive. surprise.S. economy of force. Nevertheless. security of action. and also as a technological space. Victory is certainly not in the bag just because a side adheres to the above principles.
Footnotes [1 ] The five principles which Fuller summarized from the Napoleonic wars are attack. These principles became the foundation of modern military principles. conserve forces. these spaces are interlocked with each other. there are only essential principles.

" All of these proposed new principles are for military warfare. The first step consisted of forced crossings of the Suez Canal. Measures are "restrictions" which cannot be exceeded when setting objectives. focused logistics. 626 A. in terms of space. breaking through the Bar Lev Line. [5] [Footnote not marked in original text. It was five days before it resumed its offensive. and we can only look upon it with "omnidirectionality. and in terms of time.
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. and then expand into the enemy's depth as the situation warranted. forces charging from boundary areas into depths. The second step was to attack and capture a line running from the Mitla Pass to the Giddi Pass to the Khatima Pass. see How Great Generals Win by Bevin Alexander. [6] Setting limited objectives is not a matter of whether or not one is constrained subjectively. beyond-limits war instead goes straight to the core. guarantee the security of the east bank of the canal. But in actual combat. division into phases. which are. pp. precision engagement. In the same way.S.)] was divided into two steps. military's Joint Vision 2010. By contrast. as soon as the Egyptian Army crossed the canal it went on the defensive." [4] Wars in the past involved. the Egyptian "Baierde Plan" [inaccurate Chinese phonetic for "Badr"? (the war began on the anniversary of the Battle of Badr.because each step in the militarization of outer space requires a technological breakthrough. From these things we can see that the battlefield is ubiquitous. full-dimensional protection.D. [8] Before the Fourth Mideast War. There is no more typical example of this than the effect of information technology on society. "dominant maneuver. and in terms of time it is "synchronous" and will often no longer be characterized by phases. in terms of space. [7] For details. the interdynamics between society and technology are to be seen constantly. but assumed to belong here] There is no more typical example of this than four principles in the U. but rather whether or not restricted measures are exceeded. 101-125. and taking control of a 15-20 km [deep] area of the east bank of the canal. and this gave the Israeli Army an opportunity to catch its breath.

Brussels. If these were attacked simultaneously or if guerrilla war broke out there simultaneously. fortuitous factors influence the outcome of wars just as they did in antiquity.[9] The famous researcher of the development of capitalist society. Despite its big size. and the aviators would occasionally switch it off to lower the temperature. etc. London. (The Motive Force of Capitalism." [14] In modern warfare. no history of aggression. Buluodaier [Fernand Braudel? 1580 5012 0108 1422]. If a fuse in a command center's computer were to get too hot and burn out at a critical moment. the cost of a future war depends mainly on what form of warfare is selected. central cities such as New York. Oxford Press) [ 10] Military principles have always included [the concept] "economize." mainly referring to the need to pay attention to controlling the consumption of manpower and materiel during wartime. Naturally there is a big difference between the cost of conventional military warfare and warfare in which finance plays the leading role. placed particular emphasis on the "organizational usefulness" of large cities in the capitalist world. it would leave the world in chaos. In beyond-limits warfare. [12] The most important [step toward] equality among various dimensions is to overcome the concept that "the military is supreme. A long cultural tradition. Tokyo." In future wars. the strong economic power of the Chinese people. [ 13] In this regard. peaceful ideology. all these things are important "strategic resources. "rational usage" is the only correct [way to] economize. Therefore.. Buluodaier [Fernand Braudel?]. It happened because the electrical circuit in the "friend or foe device" aboard a Blackhawk helicopter frequently overheated. It was a factor in a mistaken attack by an F-16 over the Gulf. China is richly endowed by nature. military measures will only be [considered] one of the conventional options. this could lead to a disaster. this world nevertheless has a number of fulcrums. a seat on the United Nations Security Council. (This is entirely possible.) This is perhaps the modern version of the
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. and maybe Hong Kong. [ 11] Beyond-limits war allows for a great deal of leeway in the selection of the forms of combat.

"adjustment and control" must continue "through the entire course. For this reason."
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. then.loss-of-a-horseshoe story.

Global integration is comprehensive and profound." -Bloch
At a time when man's age-old ideal of "the family of man" is used by IBM in an advertisement.[such an era] is in the process of slowly unfolding between the dusk of the 20th century and the dawn of the 21st century. economic and cultural organizations. and no longer believes that war is a potential court of appeals.E. troubled by local wars rising first here then there and by domino-like financial crises and the ozone hole over the South Pole. The emergence of large numbers of meta-national. are presenting an unprecedented challenge to national authority. the births of most of them were assisted by blood-and-iron warfare. and which causes everyone. including the futurists and visionaries. [2] At the time of the emergence of the early nation states.Conclusion [pp." -. agitated by the alternately cold and warm ocean currents from the clash and fusion of civilizations. national interests. "globalization" is no longer the prediction of futurists.have produced several thousand global enterprises and tens of thousands of international and inter-government organizations. In the same way. and national will... those things which must inevitably be altered or even dispelled are the positions of authority and interest boundaries in which nations are the principal entities. Laszlo "Mankind is making progress. during the transition of nation states to
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. and nonnational organizations. Through its ruthless enlightenment. trans-national. 241-247 in original] "Computerization and globalization. The modern concept of "nation states" which emerged from the Peace of Westphalia [1] in 1648 is no longer the sole representative occupying the top position in social. An era in which we are impelled by the great trend of technological integration that is plastered all over with information labels. to feel strange and out of place . political. along with the inherent contradictions between one nation and another.

However." However. As early as the beginning of this century. Obviously. and is increasingly becoming a matter for politicians. How to conduct war is obviously no longer a question for the consideration of military people alone. what we can and must focus on at present is how to achieve victory. military units. Clemenceau stated that "war is much too serious a matter to be entrusted to the military. and military affairs. and because of this we no longer have to be like our ancestors who invariably saw resolution by armed force as the last court of appeals. Even speaking optimistically. either. mankind's dream of peace is still as elusive as ever. Since things which should happen will ultimately come to pass. plunder. but the weapons are more advanced and the means more sophisticated. Given this reality. it is still just as brutal. so while it is somewhat less bloody. [4] As a result. What is different is that the means that we have today to untie the "Gordian Knot" [3] are not merely swords. the history of the past 100 years tells us that turning over warfare to the politicians is not the ideal way to resolve this important issue. or diplomatic means now has sufficient strength to supplant military means. and while technology has made great strides. war will not be wiped out rapidly within the foreseeable future. war still remains an unbroken mustang. warfare is in the process of transcending the domains of soldiers. scientists. But what makes people despair is that the entire century is just about gone. On this battlefield. at the same time we have turned the entire world into a battlefield in the broad sense. Faced with warfare in the broad sense that will unfold on a borderless battlefield. and even bankers. because what we have done is nothing more than substitute bloodless warfare for bloody warfare as much as possible. mankind has no reason at all to be gratified by this. hoping to find in technological developments a valve which will control war. and kill each other as before.globalization. [5] People are turning to technical civilization. people still fight. nor is it possible to protect these stratified national interests. whether it is bloody or not. Any of the political. there is no way to avoid collisions between enormous interest blocs. economic. it is no longer possible to rely on military forces and weapons alone to achieve national security in the larger strategic sense. while constricting the battlespace in the narrow sense. People still
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Although the boundaries between soldiers and non-soldiers have now been broken down. then who isn't a soldier? If the likes of Powell."
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. along with other revolutions. However. And this key must be suited to all the levels and dimensions. then. from politicians and generals to the common soldiers. globalization has made all the tough problems interconnected and interlocking. Schwartzkopf. it is a startling one. This. and the chasm between warfare and non-warfare nearly filled up. hoping that high-tech weapons and nonlethal weapons can reduce civilian and even military casualties in order to diminish the brutality of war. strategy. Dayan. Although it is but one aspect. When the soldiers standing at the crossroads of the centuries are faced with this aspect. The key should be able to open all the locks. This is warfare in the age of globalization. has altered the last decade of the 20th century. is globalization. what can we still do? If those such as Morris. then who isn't a politician? This is the conundrum that globalization and warfare in the age of globalization has left for the soldiers. perhaps each of them should ask himself. Then think about the financial crisis in East Asia. and it must also fit the hands of individuals. and we must find a key for that. and Soros can be considered soldiers in the wars of tomorrow. The only thing that is different is that this brutality has been expanded through differences in the modes in which two armies fight one other. The world is no longer what it was originally. but war is still as brutal as it has always been. and Sharon can be considered politicians in uniform. Think about the Lockerbie air disaster. bin Laden. We can think of no other more appropriate key than "unrestricted warfare. Think about the two bombs in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam. if these locks are on the front door of war. from war policy. It should not be difficult to understand what is meant by this different kind of brutality.expect wonders from the revolution in military affairs. the occurrence of the revolution in military affairs. and operational techniques to tactics.

and it is also seen as laying the foundation for all the treaties concluded up to the break up of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. (2) Anational. Anational threats are unrelated to the countries they belong to. a state is defined as the only entity that can use force legally. cultural. 15 percent believed it would be racial hatred. Regional organized crime. piracy. religious. challenging the traditional nation state environment." saying that "non-nation security threats.
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. using modern technologies that give them capabilities similar to those of nation states." 32 percent believed it would come from terrorism. (1) Subnational. This brought an end to the 80-year war between Spain and Holland. and terrorist activities comprise these threats. these can be divided into three categories.S. with nation states only coming in fourth. have become increasingly visible. is that the state's monopoly on weapons is being seriously challenged. and the thing that is most representative as well as being most worrisome. the non-nation forces are clearly listed as "future enemies. In a small pamphlet that the U. [2] The state's position as the ultimate entity is being challenged from various quarters. These entities are not part of a nation state. racial.Footnotes [1] The general term for the European agreement of 1648. and ethnic conflicts. and these conflicts challenge the defining features and authority of the nation state from within. 26 percent believed that it would be international crime and drug trafficking groups. According to a 1997 public opinion survey by Newsweek magazine in the United States regarding "where the threat to security will come from in the 21st century. nor do they desire to establish such a status. Subnational threats include political. and the Thirty Years' War in Germany. According to the views of Earnest Jierna [as published 0679 1422 4780] in Nationality and Nationalism. Based on the scope involved. but which has not been published (TRADOC PAMPHLET 525-5: FORCE XXI OPERATIONS). Army has put on the Web.

Faced with this. Metanational threats transcend the nation state borders. whose wealth rivals that of nations. From this. This also includes Clemenceau himself. it is still hard to predict how things would have turned out. or Saddam. military does not treat transnational companies which seize monopolistic profits as security threats. Truman. this is also related to the fact that they still limit threats to the military arena. They include religious movements. In the temple there was a wagon which had formerly belonged to Midas. then suddenly pulled out his sword and severed it at one stroke. See The World Map in the Information Age. Wang Xiaodong. It was secured very tightly by a jumbled cord. king of Phrygia. [3] Legend has it that after Alexander the Great led his army into the interior of Asia Minor. and can even have a serious impact on international affairs. Mussolini.
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. What would the disastrous impacts have been on the economies of Hong Kong and even China if the August 1998 battle to protect Hong Kong's finances had failed? Furthermore. operating on an interregional or even global scale. Alexander pondered for a moment. Transnational companies such as Microsoft and Standard Oil-Exxon. he went to worship in the temple of Zeus in the city of Gordium.S. and in addition to their deeply-rooted awareness of economic freedom. and it was said that no one had been able to untie it. there will be more hostilities like financial warfare. such situations are by no means impossible. [5] Regardless of whether we are talking about Hitler. Johnson. and informal economic organizations that facilitate weapons proliferation. 1997. none of them have successfully mastered war. Chinese People's University Press. may also constitute real threats to national authority. [4] In future wars. which caused the financial speculators to be under attack from the front and the rear. Think about it for a moment.(3) Metanational. and if it had not been for the collapse of the Russian financial market. p. "Gordian knot" has come to be another term for intractable and complex problems. international criminal organizations. in which a country is subjugated without spilling a drop of blood. The U. 44-46.

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all of you (including ourselves) will still be able to find many mistakes and places which are inappropriate. of the PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House for their unswerving support whereupon this book was able to be so quickly published within such a short period of time. Director of the First Book Editing Department. Xiangsui and I encountered each other in a small city in Fujian called Zhao An. both sides of the straits were all set for a showdown. We would also like to thank Xiang Xiaomi. and even the task force of two American aircraft carriers rushed a long way to add to the trouble. At the time. how much mail was sent. even though we were very conscientious and toiled painstakingly in the writing of this book.Afterword [pp 253-254 in original] [FBIS Translated Text] The motives for writing this book originated from military maneuvers which caught the attention of the world. Three years ago. the situation was becoming daily more tense on the Southeast coast. and the only thing which can serve as evidence for all of this is this small and thin book. Upon the occasion of the publication of this book. We must first apologize to readers for the fact that. a book which would be able to concentrate together the concerns and thoughts each of us had over the past several decades and especially during the last ten years concerning military issues. the storm was brewing in the mountains and the military situation was pressing so that people were suddenly moved to "think up strategies when facing a situation. we would like to here sincerely thank the Chief-of-Staff Cheng Butao and Assistant Chief-of-Staff Huang Guorong. due to participation in the maneuvers. She has carefully and rigorously proofread the
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. At that time. There is no way of relating in detail how many telephone calls we made. We shall not employ the apologetic words of "We request your kind solicitude" to seek forgiveness but shall rather only make corrections in the second edition (if there is one)." We therefore decided to write this book. yet after the written word reflecting ideas were set down much like shooting stars traveling across the sky and cooling into meteorites. and how many nights we stayed awake over the next three years.

entire book as she had done with the other four books which we have edited. The entire book was completed in manuscript form between March 2 and December 8 of 1998 in Gongzhufen . We do not know any better way of expressing our thanks aside from the deep gratitude which we feel. we would also like to thank our families for the sacrifices they made towards the completion of this book. and provided many very valuable recommendations. [Written on February 1. and this is again something which cannot be expressed in words.Baizhifang in Beijing. 1999]
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. Lastly.

Presently. He has repeatedly won national and military awards. His most important works include Gate to the Final Epoch [Mori Zhi Men 2608 2480 0037 7024]. He successively assumed the positions of political instructor. In addition to his literary creations. whose ancestors came from Hunan Province. regiment political commissar. along with being a grade one [yi ji 0001 4787] writer. and A Listing of the Rankings of Global Military Powers [Quanqiu Junli Paihang Bang 0356 3808 6511 0500 2226 5887 2831]. He joined the army at the end of 1970.AUTHORS' BACKGROUND Qiao Liang [0829 5328]. and A Record of Previous Major Global Wars [Shijie Lici Dazhan Lu 0013 3954 2980 2945 1129 2069 6922]. he has applied himself over a long period of time to the research of military theory and joined with other writers to pen A Discussion of Military Officer Quality [Junguan Suzhi Lun 6511 1351 4790 6347 6158]. Viewing the Global Military Powers. Presently. group political commissar. Spiritual Banner[Ling Qi 7227 4388]. and Great Glacial River [Da Bing He 1129 0393 3109]. section deputy head. Shanxi Province. Viewing the Global Military Big Powers [Shijie Junshi Lieqiang Bolan 0013 3954 6511 0057 0441 1730 0590 6031]. He has cooperated with other authors to write the books A Discussion of Military Officer Quality. was born in Xin [1823] County.
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. Wang Xiangsui [3769 3276 4482] was born in Guangzhou to a military family in 1954. he works in the Guangzhou Military Region Air Force Political Unit and holds the rank of senior colonel. and division deputy political commissar. He is a member of the Chinese Writers' Union. to a military family in 1955. he is assistant director of the production office of the air force's political department and holds the rank of senior colonel in the air force.