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Planet formation could lie in stellar storms rather than
gravitational instability

Research by San Francisco State University professor
challenges prevailing planet formation theory

SAN FRANCISCO, December 12, 2008 -- New research suggests that turbulence
plays a critical role in creating ripe conditions for the birth of planets.
The study, to be published in The Astrophysical Journal, challenges the prevailing
theory of planet formation.

Using three-dimensional simulations of the dust and gas that orbits young
stars, the study demonstrates that turbulence is a significant obstacle to
gravitational instability, the process that scientists have used since the
1970s to explain the early stage of planet formation.

Gravitational instability proposes that dust will settle into the middle
of the protoplanetary disk around a newly-formed star. It is thought that
the dust will gradually become denser and thinner until it reaches a critical
point and collapses into kilometer-size clumps, which later collide to form
planets. But new research by San Francisco State University professor Joseph
Barranco shows that turbulent forces keep the dust and gas swirling and prevent
it from forming a dense and thin enough layer for gravitational instability
to occur.

"These results defy the proposed solution of how planets are formed," Barranco
said. "Scientists have long been using gravitational instability theory
to explain how millimeter-size particles grow to kilometer-size, but these
new simulations open new avenues of investigation. Perhaps massive storms,
similar to hurricanes found on the Earth or Jupiter, provide clues about
how tiny dust grains clump together to become kilometer-size boulders."

While previous studies have used two-dimensional models to simulate the
orbiting dust and gas around young stars, these failed to take account of
a crucial force that causes turbulence: the Coriolis Effect. The first to
use three-dimensional models, Barranco investigated the Coriolis Effect,
the same mechanism that produces cyclones and tornadoes on earth, and vertical
shear. Vertical shear occurs because the faster-moving dust settles into
the middle of the orbiting plane with the slower-moving gas above and below
it. The velocity difference between the dust and gas causes waves to form,
similar to when wind blows over the surface of water.

"What happens to the dust and gas after a period of turbulence is still
an open question," Barranco said. "But it could be that in the
quiet center of a hurricane-like storm, dust can collect and get trapped,
seeding the beginnings of planet formation."

Joseph A. Barranco is assistant professor of physics at San Francisco State
University.

"Three-Dimensional Simulations of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in Settled
Dust Layers in Protoplanetary Disks" will be published in the Jan. 20
issue of The Astrophysical Journal.

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A high-resolution JPG image and a short animation (Quick Time Movie) from
Barranco's three-dimensional simulations are available on request.