§ Antrodiaetus sp. #1
A very large species; MF in UWBM (sexes from different localities, but association
probable).
5915 7105

Suborder Araneomorphae

Haplogyne Families:

NOTE: use of the words "haplogyne" and "cribellate" does not constitute their
acceptance as taxa; these are convenience groupings only.

Family SEGESTRIIDAE

Segestria pacifica BanksS. pacifica of W. The only description is the essentially useless one
of Banks (1891), who cited "Washington State" as the locality. Worley (1932) clarified
the type locality as Olympia (7028) and reported specimens from Friday Harbor
(8530). My specimens may or may not be this species.
7222 7623 8029 8147[MCZ]

§ Usofila nr. oregona Chamberlin and Ivie
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1942a. These specimens do not correspond exactly to
the description of U. oregona, but appear to be distinct from U. pacifica.
5915 7303 7718

See under Agelenidae for comments on Lehtinen's (1967) expansion of this family,
rejected here. The revision of Dictynidae by Chamberlin and Gertsch (1958) was
a major accomplishment but is little help in identifying female Dictyna,
for which careful study of external and internal genitalia (epigynum, spermathecae,
and associated ducts) and somatic characters is needed.

§ Brommella monticola (Gertsch and Mulaik)
Ref.: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958 (as Pagomys monticola). This genus may
not be dictynid; it was placed next to Cicurina, here considered an Agelenid,
by Lehtinen (1967).
6122

Lathys delicatula (Gertsch and Mulaik)
Ref.: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958.
A record from "Friday Harbor, Washington" (8530) was considered doubtful by Chamberlin
and Gertsch (1958), as the species was not otherwise recorded closer than the
central Rocky Mountains. Several species not otherwise found in western Washington
have disjunct populations in the Olympic rain shadow (including Friday Harbor),
so I prefer to accept this record pending further evidence.

§ Dictyna nr.bicornis Emerton
Ref.: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958.
This species and D. terranea, with several others, were placed by Lehtinen
(1967) in Phantyna, which had been synonymized under Dictyna by
Chamberlin and Gertsch (1958). Lehtinen gave no reasons for revalidating Phantyna,
and seems to have been confused about the distinction, since he listed Dictyna
mandibularis Taczanowski under both Dictyna and Phantyna. These
species appear to me to be typical of Dictyna, and I follow Chamberlin
and Gertsch in considering Phantyna a synonym.
6688

Dictyna saepei Chamberlin and Ivie
Ref.: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958.
7099 7299 7303 7602 7623 7703 7882 7998 8182 8122
The following named Dictyna species belong to the subgenus Emblyna Chamberlin;
Lehtinen (1967) treated this as a genus, but gave no reasons for the change.

Dictyna borealis cavernosa Jones
Ref.: Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958.
Probably this form will one day be restored to full species status. The main justification
for reducing it to subspecies (an unusual category among spiders) was that "until
more information on the typical species is available, it seems logical to take
this course" (Chamberlin and Gertsch 1958).
6122 6817 8506 8706

The removal of this family from Amaurobiidae by Lehtinen (1967) appears valid
to me, despite the objections raised by Leech (1972), because members lack the
trichobothrial pattern characteristic of all Amaurobiidae and Agelenidae (q.v.).

Callobius rothi Leech
Ref.: Leech 1972.
Leech (1972): "Olympia" (7028). Leech considered this record doubtful since the
other records of C. rothi are from central California. However, even greater
range extensions have occurred. Data from this collector, Trevor Kincaid, are
generally trustworthy.

Many authors have limited this family to a group of "primitive" orbweavers
closely related to Tetragnatha. Levi (1980), however, showed that far from
being primitive as previously assumed, those genera are derived from more typical
orbweavers. He proposed a three-subfamily classification of Metinae, Tetragnathinae,
and Araneinae in the family Araneidae. Brignoli (1983), Merrett et al. (1985),
and others have made opposite use of Levi's results by raising all three to family
rank. Both classifications are invalidated by the results of Coddington (1986)
and Levi (1986), showing that the Metinae and Tetragnathinae cannot be maintained
in separate families, but that the two taken together form a group not closely
related to the Araneidae. The genus Zygiella is placed here rather than
in Araneidae following Levi (1980, 1986).

§ Metellina segmentata (Clerck) FIRST U.S. RECORD
Ref.: Levi 1980. This European species, first introduced to North America at Vancouver,
British Columbia, first record 1966 (Levi 1980), was found at the northern edge
of Washington in 1986.
8921

Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton
Ref.: Levi 1981.
Exline (1936b): "Toutle River." This record was repeated by Levi (1981), who examined
the Exline collection but did not cite Exline's other two records, from "Chase
Lake" (7723) and "Seattle"; it may be assumed that these were misidentifications.

§ Pachygnatha dorothea McCook
Ref.: Levi 1980.
7332 7518 7622 7623

Pachygnatha xanthostoma C. Koch
Ref.: Levi 1980.
Exline (1936b): "Seattle" "Tanwax Lake" (6922). These records may be incorrect,
as Exline's Pachygnatha were identified by E. Bryant who, according to
Levi (1980), confused P. xanthostoma with P. dorothea and P.
brevis Keyserling. Levi's only Washington record of P. xanthostoma
was an unverifiable map dot from the northeast corner of the state.

Hypsosinga variabilis (Emerton)Linyphia banksi of W. Ref.: Levi 1972. Levi (1975b) has synonymized
this species under Hypsosinga pygmaea (Sundevall). Based on published illustrations,
I doubt this synonymy and do not accept it here (SYNONYMY REJECTED).
8572

§ Cyclosa turbinata (Walckenaer)
Ref.: Levi 1977a. Levi's distribution map of this species shows two Washington
dots, but these are the first verifiable Washington records.
7429 7622

Larinia borealis BanksL. borealis of W. Ref.: Levi 1975a. There has been confusion concerning
the type series of this species. Banks (1894a) cited six syntypes: four from Olympia
(7028), Washington, and two from Franconia, New Hampshire. Grasshoff (1971) and
Levi (1975a) referred only to the New Hampshire syntypes, Grasshoff saying there
were two females; Levi, one female and two juveniles. But until a lectotype is
formally designated, no restriction of the syntype series or type locality is
valid [ICZN Articles 73 (b), 74 (a)]. Thus Olympia, not mentioned as a locality
by Levi or Grasshoff, is still part of the composite type locality. Levi showed
a map dot in eastern Washington.

Araneus gemmoides Chamberlin and Ivie
Ref.: Levi 1971. Levi's key and descriptions suggest that A. gemmoides
differs from A. gemma in the female by its smaller epigynum; but I have
found by image superposition that the epigyna of the two species are essentially
the same size. That of A. gemmoides appears smaller because the abdomen
is much larger. A. gemma's epigynum is less triangular and its border is
less marked; compare Levi's figures 195 and 203.
5914 6083 6694 6605 6771 7028 "Soap Lake" (ca. 7494) 7403 7405 "Seattle" "Wilbur"
(7786-7787) 7902 8410 8530

Aculepeira packardii (Thorell)Araneus aculeatus of W. Ref.: Levi 1977b.
I doubt very much that all the spiders treated under this name by Levi (1977b)
are really conspecific. Possibly as many as three species occur in Washington,
but I do not yet have enough material to separate them reliably.
6216 6496 6513 6717 6740 6814 6992 6900 6905 7009 7018 7299 7222 7319[MCZ] 7520
7696 7833 7934 8147[MCZ] 8506 8511 8818 8999 8918 8921

§ Larinioides cornutus (Clerck)
Ref.: Levi 1974b (as Nuctenea cornuta). I would not be surprised if this
name proved to conceal several sibling species. My material (all from the Washington
coast) is certainly atypical.
7643 8147 8346

See Platnick and Shadab (1978) and Coddington (1986) for information on this
relatively new family, formerly treated as part of the Symphytognathidae.

§ Trogloneta sp. #1
Close to T. paradoxa Gertsch (1960a), but with small genitalic differences.
Authors have treated this generic name as neuter, but it apparently should be
feminine.
5715 7303 7603 7730 7839

§ Steatoda washona Gertsch
Ref.: Gertsch 1960b. Levi and Randolph (1975) did not accept Gertsch's species
in the Steatoda fulva group, citing Levi (1959) in support. However, though
Levi (1959) discussed Gertsch's ideas, his paper was not a refutation of Gertsch's
subsequent one (1960b). Moreover, in my view Levi's (1959) data support Gertsch's
(1960b) contention that there are four or five species, not one, in the Steatoda
medialis series.
6293[MCZ]

Steatoda pulchra (Keyserling)Lithyphantes pulcher of W. Ref.: Gertsch 1960b. Both Levi (1957b) and
Gertsch (1960b) placed this species under the feminine name Steatoda, butneither corrected the gender of the specific name. Although Gertsch cited
the distribution of this species as "California and Oregon," the type locality
is "Washington Territory," clarified by Worley (1932) as "Camp Umatilla" (probably
ca. 5993).
8694

Dipoena "nigra" (Emerton)D. tibialis of W. Ref.: Levi 1953. Levi's description of D. nigra
clearly lumps several good species. It is possible that neither of my two species
in this group is true D. nigra, judging from Emerton's (1882) original
description. One is probably D. tibialis Banks. Species A corresponds to
Levi's figures 44-45.
Species A: 6992 7433 7604 7809 8572 8597 8505
Species B: 7009 7105 8572

§ Achaearanea "canionis" (Chamberlin and Gertsch)
Ref.: Levi 1955. Levi's description includes at least three species (Gertsch 1960b);
the original description by Chamberlin and Gertsch (1929) is of no help in deciding
which is the true A. canionis. My specimens correspond to Levi's fig. 61.
7475 8378

Theridion saanichum Chamberlin and Ivie
Ref.: Levi 1957a. Females of this species are not easy to identify using Levi's
description; his fig. 250 is apparently a posterior rather than a ventral view.
6335 7931 8029 8122 8146

There has been little agreement on the limits of this family. The species with
simpler genitalia and/or fewer leg spines have usually been grouped together in
either a subfamily or a separate family, called Erigonidae (Erigoninae) or Micryphantidae
(Micryphantinae). The latter name is now known to be invalid. Recent studies of
the respiratory system (Millidge 1984a, 1986) show that Erigoninae is a valid
grouping but that the defining character, a unique development of the tracheae,
is discordant with characters formerly used to define the group as a family. Millidge's
classification of the Linyphiidae is the best to date and is followed here, with
the exception that his "Stemonyphantes group" is included under Linyphiinae
for convenience.

Subfamily ERIGONINAE

To clarify somewhat the relationships of this complex group, I have arranged
the numerous erigonine genera according to the palpal-conformation groups of Millidge
(1977). Genera not treated by Millidge are placed only tentatively.

Group 5 (Millidge 1977)

Erigone aletris Crosby and BishopErigone labra Crosby and Bishop, 1928; E. metlakatla Crosby and
Bishop, 1928 NEW SYNONYMS
Ref.: Snazell 1980. Snazell showed that E. olympias Crosby and Bishop is
synonymous with E. aletris. Crosby and Bishop based several of their Erigone
species on the proportions of the male palp tibia and patella and the shape
of the male palp femur. My numerous material of E. aletris shows that these
characters are polymorphic; the proportions vary greatly according to the size
of the specimen. The diagnostic characters in male Erigone are the embolic
division and shape of the end of the palp tibia (Holm 1956). These remain constant
throughout the present species. Crosby and Bishop's (1928) illustrations show
that the embolic divisions of E. labra, E. metlakatla, and E. olympias
are essentially identical (their figures 55, 58, and 61). I have specimens
corresponding to all three "species" and others intermediate between them.
6028 6122 6221 "Yakima" (6504-6605) 6528 6636 6639 6817 6928 7030 7220 7223 7227
7315 7319 7403 7417 7518 7533 7622 7623 7721 7723 7730 7818 7833 7931[MCZ] 8029
8147 8241 8425 8572 8624 8921

§ Erigone arctophylacis Crosby and Bishop FIRST U.S. RECORD.
Ref.: Crosby and Bishop 1928 (M); Holm 1973 (F). My males from the Olympic
Mountains correspond closely to Crosby and Bishop's type from Arctic Canada, but
Olympic females show differences from the Siberian female illustrated by Holm.
Holm's drawing is more like, and may be, E. arcticola Chamberlin and Ivie.
7833

Erigone coloradensis KeyserlingE. coloradensis of W. Ref.: Keyserling 1886.
The identity of this species is uncertain. Crosby and Bishop (1928) treated it
as a nomen dubium and to my knowledge it has not been reinvestigated. The
types, presumably in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris),
should be examined. The record by Worley (1932) from "Olympia" (7028) is possibly
a misidentification.

§ Montilaira sp. #2
F in UWBM; resembles Emerton's (1882) figure of the female M. pertinens (O.
Pickard-Cambridge), described from Maine, but might belong to a new species.
6524

§ Collinsia clypiella (Chamberlin)
Ref.: Crosby and Bishop 1928 (M, under Catabrithorax); Levi and Levi 1955
(F). Millidge (1977) suggested, based on European species, that Collinsia might
be a synonym of Halorates. This synonymy was adopted by Merrett et al.
(1985); however, I hesitate to apply it to North American species until the latter
have been revised.
Based on the distributions of this species and its sibling C. stylifer (Chamberlin),
Washington specimens should belong to the latter (Chamberlin 1949); but I have
no males whose palps correspond exactly to Chamberlin's figures of C. stylifer,
though some are intermediate between C. stylifer and C. clypiella. Probably
these two are only subspecies; pending further study, I assign all Washington
specimens to C. clypiella, the older name. Gongylidium alascensis Banks
(1900) will possibly prove to be a senior synonym of one or both.
6121 6122 6221 6335 6639 7027 7030 7131 7315 7332 7416 7417 7518 7533 7620 7622
7623 7624 7708 7723 8029 8317 8518 8724 8872 8970 8997

§ Collinsia sp. #1
Related to C. borea (L. Koch); both species may prove to belong in Montilaira.
M in UWBM.
7416

§ Islandiana princeps Brändegaard
Ref.: Ivie 1965.
6873

Group 1 (Millidge 1977)

Tunagyna, which probably does not belong in Group 1, is listed here
because Millidge (1984b) revised it in the same paper as Tachygyna.

§ "Eulaira" arctoa Holm
Ref.: Holm 1960. Millidge (1984a) found that the type species of Eulaira is
not erigonine; however, I believe that this and some other species described in
Eulaira are true erigonines of uncertain generic placement.
6122 7332 7518 7520 7708

§ Eboria sp. #1 GENUS REVALIDATED
F in UWBM, does not match any species in Holm's (1963) revision of the genus.
The correct name for the genus Eboria Falconer, 1910, has been needlessly
obscured; the placing of this name in synonymy under Semljicola Strand,
1906, by Brignoli (1983: 321) was incorrect. The error originated when Holm (1973)
redescribed the holotype of Erigone barbigera L. Koch, type species of
Semljicola Strand, and transferred the species to Eboria. This placement
was necessarily tentative because the specimen lacked genitalia. Holm very properly
(ICZN Art. 23b) maintained usage of the junior, but well-established, name Eboria.
However, Brignoli (1983) rejected the argument of usage and substituted the older
name Semljicola; he has been followed by Merrett et al. (1985) and others.
The situation is clarified by my discovery that the well-described Typhochrestus
jeniseicus Eskov (1981) is a synonym of E. barbigera(NEW SYNONYM);
Eskov's and Holm's descriptions match very closely on every character. The
intact genitalia of Eskov's material emphatically exclude that species from both
Eboria and Typhochrestus (it, and thus the genus Semljicola,
now monotypic, belong to palpal Group 5 of Millidge 1977). The generic synonymy
of Eboria with Semljicola, now invalidated, should never have been
made on such dubious grounds.
8997

§ Tapinocyba sp. #1
This will probably prove to be the species figured as "Ceratinella sp."
by Banks (1900, fig. 5). Specimens do have the general appearance of Ceratinella.
Crosby (1905) proposed the name Ceraticelus innominabilis for Banks's
figure. This constitutes a valid indication [ICZN Art. 12 (b) (7)], but status
of the name will have to be checked by examination of the type [the specimen Banks
illustrated; see ICZN Art. 72 (c) (v)]. MF in UWBM.
7730 7934

§ Phlattothrata parva (Kulczynski) NEW COMBINATION
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1947 (as Tapinocyba matanuskae). Holm (1950)
made the Alaskan T. matanuskae a synonym of the Siberian Typhochrestus
parvus Kulczynski. Thaler (1980) pointed out that this species does not belong
in Typhochrestus. Chamberlin and Ivie (1947) considered Phlattothrata
Crosby and Bishop, 1933, with its type species P. flagellata (Emerton)
and the new matanuskae, a subgenus of Tapinocyba. These species
do not belong in Tapinocyba as now restricted (Millidge 1977), so Phlattothrata
(GENUS REVALIDATED) must be used.
8372

§ Savignia sp. #1
M in UWBM. See Locket and Millidge (1953) and Millidge (1977) for characteristics
of this genus. The name has been spelled Savignya by Bonnet (1958), Merrett
et al. (1985), and others; but Savignia is the correct original spelling
(ICZN Art. 32) and must be used.
7518

§ Savignia sp. #2
M in UWBM.
7416

§ Scylaceus selma (Chamberlin)
Ref.: Chamberlin 1949 (F, under Cornicularia). F in UWBM. Ivie (1967) transferred
this species to Scylaceus. I am not certain that it is really congeneric
with S. pallidus (Emerton), the type species, but in any case it is not
a Cornicularia (=Walckenaeria). Millidge (1983) could not trace the type
specimens.
7006

Group 9 (Millidge 1977)

Males of this and succeeding groups have a long, tubular, often twisted or
spiral embolus. The first two species below belong to a NEW GENUS which
has the somatic characters of Lessertia (see Locket and Millidge 1953)
but very different genitalia.

Pelecopsis sculpta (Emerton)
Ref.: Crosby and Bishop 1931. This and related species have occasionally been
placed in Trichopterna because of their fourth metatarsal trichobothrium.
But as these genera were relimited by Millidge (1977), the species involved belong
in Pelecopsis. This genus name has often been treated as neuter or masculine,
but by ICZN Art. 30a, all names ending in -opsis are feminine. Pelecopsis
sculpta digna Chamberlin and Ivie (1939), NEW STATUS, is not specifically
distinct from P. sculpta as shown by examination of Oregon material (UWBM)
intermediate between them.
7227 7235 8201 8214 8517 8525

Sisis rotundus (Emerton)
Ref.: Bishop and Crosby 1938. Differs from Sisis plesius (Chamberlin),
NEW COMBINATION, by shorter tibial apophysis and absence of a cephalic
pit. Chamberlin (1949) tentatively ascribed the latter species to Minyriolus.
Chamberlin's figures 88-92, representing plesius, were mislabelled
Minyriolus plenus. The female described by Chamberlin does not belong with
the male and is apparently a Pocadicnemis.
8997 8921

§ Mythoplastoides erectus (Emerton)
Ref.: Crosby and Bishop 1933. Hackman (1954), misled by Chamberlin and Ivie's
(1947) description of an Entelecara species under Mythoplastoides, synonymized
the two genera. The palpal conformation (Millidge 1977) of Entelecara shows
this to be incorrect, and this is confirmed by A. F. Millidge (in litt.).GENUS
REVALIDATED.
6122 6717 6915 7710 7730 7934 8512 8618 8970

§ Dismodicus sp. #1
MF in UWBM. The synonymy of this genus has been chaotic. Hackman (1954), on having
"much trouble" identifying Dismodicus species, synonymized D. decemoculatus
(Emerton), D. modicus Chamberlin and Ivie, and D. variegatus Jackson
under the "polytypic" D. bifrons (Blackwall). But comparison of D. decemoculatus
as described by Crosby and Bishop (1933) with D. bifrons as described
by Wiehle (1960) shows the palps to be quite dissimilar. Synonymy of D. modicus
under D. bifrons is also hard to justify since it (with my two numbered
species) is closer to D. elevatus (C. Koch) and was placed in synonymy
there by Tullgren (1955) and Wiehle (1960). Holm (1967) treated D. decemoculatus
as a subspecies of D. bifrons, but his description and records show
that he in fact had D. variegatus. It is evident from recent work by Millidge
(1980, 1981a, 1983) that erigonine genera contain many sibling species. Having
found minute but consistent differences between my two Washington species, I feel
that all the above names represent valid species (SYNONYMY REJECTED).
7328 7332 8029

§ Sisicottus montanus (Emerton)
Ref.: Emerton 1882 (MF, as Tmeticus montanus); Chamberlin and Ivie 1939
(M); Crawford and Edwards in press (F). Bishop and Crosby (1938) confused three
or more species under this name. Their record from "Seattle" and several of their
figures undoubtedly refer to S. nesides. As noted by Chamberlin and Ivie
(1939), S. orites (Chamberlin), S. nesides (Chamberlin), and S.
montanus are distinct species. Holm (1960) treated S. nesides as a
subspecies of S. montanus, based probably on the similarity of males. But
females are very different and the two are often sympatric (Crawford and Edwards
in press).
6513 6717 7018 7414 7833 7934 8317 8511 8699 8618 8970 8997

§ Ceraticelus sp. #1
MF in UWBM. This and the following species are closely related to C. atriceps,
differing particularly in minor palpal details but also in the vulva, scutum,
and carapace.
7131 7330

Scotinotylus formicarius (Dondale and Redner)
Ref.: Millidge 1981a. The list of 22 Washington localities (repeated below) given
for this myrmecophilous spider by Dondale and Redner (1972) graphically demonstrates
how seldom this form of locality citation permits 0.1° accuracy:
"8 miles south of Woodland" (5727) "Asotin" (6370) "Naselle" (6337-6338) "Yakima"
"Randle" (6519) "3 miles north of Morton" (6522-6622) "Pullman" (6771) "20 miles
north of Elbe" (probably an error) "14 miles north of Hoquiam" (7138) "Seattle"
"Spokane" (ca. 7673-7674) "Waterville" (7600) "13 miles south of Newport" (7970-8070)
"5 miles north of Deer Park" (ca. 8074) "Keller" (8086) "5 miles east of Sequim"
(8029-8030) "10 miles west of Port Angeles" (8136) "Oak Harbor" (8226-8326) "5
miles west of Omak" (8395-8496) "Winthrop" (8401) "10 miles east of Colville"
(8576-8577) "Bellingham" (ca. 8724).

Spirembolus spirotubus (Banks)Tiso spirotubus of W. Ref.: Millidge 1980. Banks (1895b), in describing
this species from Colorado, mentioned "an allied species from Washington." Crosby
(in Chamberlin 1925) examined this specimen (from Olympia, 7028, in MCZ) and referred
it to S. synopticus Crosby. Millidge (1980) examined MCZ material, and
his map dots imply that he has referred this record back to S. spirotubus.
6397

§ Satilatlas nr. insolens Millidge
Ref.: Millidge 1981c. Millidge distinguished S. insolens by one character
only, presence of the fourth metatarsal trichobothrium; that is true of this species
and a second from Alaska. Possibly neither is the true S. insolens. M in
UWBM.
6992

§ Walckenaeria oregona Millidge
Ref.: Millidge 1983. Millidge stated that female W. oregona are distinguished
from W. directa by wider spacing of the cheliceral file, but I have females
(taken with males) in which this is not the case. To be useful in diagnosis this
character should be stated quantitatively (e.g., as striae per 0.1 mm).
6528

§ Walckenaeria monoceras (Chamberlin and Ivie)
Ref.: Millidge 1983. Chamberlin and Ivie (1947) reported this species from Washington
and Alaska as well as the type locality in Oregon, but Millidge (1983) seems to
have assigned those records to W. cornuella.
6022 6122 7227

§ Entelecara acuminata (Wider)
Ref.: Locket and Millidge 1953, Wiehle 1960. FIRST AMERICAN RECORD. The
palp of my one male matches European illustrations very closely; the palp tibia
is slightly different and the carapace somewhat higher. This could represent either
a Holarctic species or an introduced population.
7519

§ Centromerita bicolor (Blackwall) FIRST U.S. RECORD
Ref.: Locket and Millidge 1953, emended by Locket et al. 1974; Wiehle 1956. Possibly
introduced from Europe; previous North American records are from Newfoundland
by Hackman (1954) and British Columbia by West et al. (1984).
7622 7624 8921

Meioneta brevipes (Keyserling)
Ref.: Keyserling 1886 (F), under Linyphia; transferred to Meioneta by
Chamberlin and Ivie (1947). I cannot recognize this species from the original
description; the type, probably at the British Museum, will have to be examined
to show which of the many similar Meioneta species this name applies to.
Keyserling (1886): "Washington Territory."

§ Meioneta fillmorana (Chamberlin)
Ref.: Chamberlin 1919 (under Bathyphantes; transferred by Ivie 1969; F
only). MF in UWBM. M is very close to Meioneta ferosa (Chamberlin and Ivie,
1943), NEW COMBINATION.Meioneta fillmorana is smaller (carapace
0.9-1.1 mm long vs. 1.65), the eyes are relatively larger and occupy a wider area.
Meioneta ferosa is the type species of Gnathantes Chamberlin and
Ivie, which must fall as a NEW SYNONYM of Meioneta.
5712 6121 6221 6335 6771 7234 7530 8122 8125

§ Oreonetides vaginatus (Thorell)
Ref.: Helsdingen 1981; Locket and Millidge 1953. This species has a remarkable
number of synonyms, of which some, such as Labuella prosaica Chamberlin
and Ivie, are still used occasionally.
8699 8970 8997

§ Poeciloneta aggressa (Chamberlin and Ivie)
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1943. NEW COMB.
The epigynum is atypical of Poeciloneta, but the chaetotaxy clearly removes
it from Lepthyphantes, where it was described.
8699

Lepthyphantes groups: Using a simple key, Locket and Millidge
(1953) divided this genus into five groups which, though artificial, greatly assist
in identifying species and matching sexes. They are listed for each species below.

Lepthyphantes arcticus (Keyserling)Bathyphantes arcticus of W. Ref.: Keyserling 1886 (F, sub Linyphia).
This species was known to Emerton and Banks, but Zorsch (1937) omitted it from
her study because only the female was described, and subsequent workers have not
recognized it. Keyserling's figure of the epigynum does not appear to match any
species known to me. Examination of the types (which should be in the Marx collection,
U.S. National Museum) may show L. arcticus to be a senior synonym of another
species in this list.
Worley (1932): "Olympia" (7028).

Saaristoa sammamish (Levi and Levi) NEW COMB.
Ref.: Levi and Levi 1955 (sub Lepthyphantes). Resembles the European S.
abnormis (Blackwall). For description of the latter, see Wiehle (1956) under
Oreonetides, where it was placed until recently (Millidge 1978).
6740 7220 7517 7622

§ Aphileta sp. #1
Placed here with some uncertainty; the embolic division is somewhat more complex
than that depicted by Millidge (1977) (for generic characters see Locket and Millidge
1953, under Hillhousia). M in UWBM.
7524 8624

The first six genera below were placed by Millidge (1984a) in his informal
"Stemonyphantes group," not formally named because it is "almost certainly
paraphyletic." In my view, paraphyletic taxa are perfectly acceptable. Taxonomic
research must produce a usable classification, not merely a set of phylogenetic
hypotheses. All named taxa must be classified, even if only provisionally. In
any case, several genera seem transitional between the Stemonyphantes group
and Linyphiinae.

Ostearius melanopygius (O. Pickard-Cambridge)
Ref.: Locket and Millidge 1953, emended by Locket et al. 1974. This species was
recorded from "Seattle" (Exline collection) by Bishop and Crosby (1938) under
the synonym Scolopembolus melacrus (Chamberlin), synonymy by Ivie (1967).

§ Eulaira sp. #1
MF in UWBM; close to E. microtarsus (Emerton), for which see Chamberlin
and Ivie (1945). Ivie (1967) transferred that species to Hillhousia (=Aphileta),
but according to Millidge (1984b: 161) it probably does not belong there; I provisionally
return it to Eulaira, where it fits fairly well.
7305 7934 8699 8970 8997

Linyphantes pacificus (Banks)Bathyphantes pacifica of W. Ref.: Banks 1906; transferred to Linyphantes
by Ivie (1967). This will probably prove to be a senior synonym of L. natches.Linyphantes pacificus Chamberlin and Ivie (1942a) is a different species
whose name is preoccupied by L. pacificus Banks; a revision of the genus
would be the best place to propose a replacement name for the former.
Banks (1906): "Olympia" (7028), type locality.

§ Linyphantes aeronauticus (Petrunkevitch)
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1942a, under L. ephedrus; synonymy by Helsdingen
(1973). Chamberlin and Ivie's figure 107 is atypical and possibly belongs to another
species; the scape should be wider and is usually wrinkled. The ventral views
of epigyna given by Chamberlin and Ivie are not always sufficient for diagnosis
of females in this genus. Posterior views, at high magnification, are very helpful.
5906 6335 7502

Neriene radiata (Walckenaer)
Ref.: Helsdingen 1969. Usually called Linyphia or Prolinyphia marginata
(C. Koch), a name that is preoccupied in Neriene. These are the first
Washington records since Emerton (1920).
5716 6072 6022 7003 7809 8214 8372 8572 8694 8873 8973

Kaestneria pullata (O. Pickard-Cambridge)
Ref.: Ivie 1969 (under Bathyphantes). I follow Wiehle (1956), Millidge
(1977), and Merrett et al. (1985) in considering Kaestneria a full genus
(the genitalic pattern is quite different from Bathyphantes), and the latter
two works in placing K. pullata in Kaestneria. The subgenus Coniphantes
Ivie, 1969, with pullatus as type species, accordingly falls as a
NEW SYNONYM of Kaestneria Wiehle, 1956, and the other species
listed there by Ivie (1969) must be transferred: Kaestneria rufula (Hackman),
NEW COMBINATION and Kaestneria anceps (Kulczynski), combination
used by Eskov (1984).
6740 6828 7520 7622 7714 8122

§ Kaestneria sp. #1
The epigynum shows clear relation to K. pullata and K. rufula but
the chaetotaxy is very different, with tibial ventral and metatarsal spines. F
in UWBM.
7603 8873 8997

§ Porrhomma convexum (Westring)
Ref.: Locket and Millidge 1953; Wiehle 1956. The only previous North American
records of this Holarctic species are those of Holm (1960) from Alaska.
6122 6221 8624 8921

§ Porrhomma nr. terrestre (Emerton)
Ref.: Bishop and Crosby (1938), as Sciastes terrestris; transferred to
Porrhomma by Ivie (1967). While more likely to be this species, my specimen
also resembles the illustrations by Wiehle (1956) of Porrhomma egeria Simon.
8821

Bathyphantes magnificus Chamberlin and Ivie
Ref.: Ivie 1969 (F). This species may belong in a separate genus, for which the
subgenus name Magniphantes Ivie is available, but I hesitate to make this
change without seeing specimens.
Ivie (1969): "Five miles east of McCleary" (7031).

Bathyphantes concolor (Wider)
Ref.: Ivie 1969. Sole member of the subgenus Diplostyla Emerton, which
recent European papers treat as a full genus. However highly modified, the genitalia
of Diplostyla follow the pattern of Bathyphantes, where B. concolor
is placed here.
6504 7622 7623

Pityohyphantes rubrofasciatus (Keyserling)Pityohyphantes vancouveranus Chamberlin and Ivie (1942a), NEW SYNONYM.
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1942a (M); Keyserling 1886 (MF, sub Linyphia).
Keyserling's description of the distinctive color characters and figure of the
epigynum make this synonymy reasonably certain, but it should be confirmed by
examination of types. The name Linyphia rubrofasciata Keyserling has previously
been misapplied. Specimens of Pityohyphantes tacoma at Oregon State University
have been so identified; Worley's (1932) description indicates that his Washington
records may apply to a Microlinyphia species; Schenkel (1950) treated this
taxon as a subspecies of P. phrygianus (C. Koch).
A ventral view of the epigynum is not usually sufficient to identify female Pityohyphantes;
posterior, lateral, and internal views are needed, and the abdomen color pattern
is often helpful.
6122 6221 6817 6822 6827 6928 7028 7041 7133 7234 7330 7332 7418 7433 7521 "Seattle"
7533 7730 7931 7936 8029 8122 8214 8241 8317 8530

The synonymy and relationships of the genus Pimoa are problematic. Fage
(1946) suggested that the several American species placed first in Labulla,
then in Pimoa, actually belonged in his genus Metella with
M. breuili Fage, 1931, from southern Europe, and M. crispa Fage,
1946, from India. However, Metella is preoccupied, so if this synonymy
is accepted then Pimoa Chamberlin and Ivie, 1943, becomes a senior synonym
of the replacement name Louisfagea Brignoli, 1971. Whether that is accepted
or not, Pimoa is the correct name for the American species. Wunderlich
(1979) placed both Pimoa and Louisfagea=Metella under the fossil
genus Acrometa Petrunkevitch, 1942, but neither synonymy was accepted by
Brignoli (1983); I, too, find the synonymy under Acrometa dubious. Nonetheless,
Pimoa and Louisfagea have so much in common that it may be better
to unite them in one genus.
Brignoli (1983) has also removed Pimoa from the Linyphiidae, where it was
described, and placed it in the orbweaver subfamily (family, in his system) Metinae,
where Louisfagea and Acrometa were previously listed. There is much
to be said for this placement. The somatic characters are close to those of Meta;
the conformation of the male palp is nearly identical to that of Chrysometa,
including the distinctive cymbial apophysis (see Levi 1986). However, several
other characters make such a placement impossible. Most importantly, the spiders
make a typical linyphiid-type sheet web rather than an orbweb; they move on the
undersurface of a consolidated sheet above which are tangled threads. The presence
of a retreat lateral to the web suggests affinities with Theridiidae or the orbweaver
families. Males of both Pimoa altioculata and Louisfagea breuili
have lateral cheliceral stridulating files, heretofore found only in Linyphiidae
and Mimetidae. The epigynum has a prominent scape. The relictual distribution
implies great age for this group of genera, and they may prove to be derived from
Chrysometa—like ancestors of modern linyphiids. Further study of this
group should prove illuminating to phylogenetic studies, and it is probable that
separate family status will prove justified. The tribal name Acrometini Wunderlich,
1979, is available.

§ Tarentula aculeata (Clerck)
Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1979 (under Alopecosa). Dondale and Redner argued
that the generic name Tarentula Sundevall, 1832, is an incorrect subsequent
spelling of Tarantula Fabricius, 1793, and thus unavailable (ICZN Art.
33). However, since the Sundevall name was proposed for a different nominal taxon,
it was in intention a homonym (ICZN glossary; use of the glossary is mandatory
by Art. 87a) rather than a subsequent spelling of any sort. Sundevall evidently
believed (see Dondale and Redner 1979:1034) that his homonymous name would be
available because the senior homonym was unavailable. Sundevall was incorrect,
but since his name Tarentula is not actually a homonym (ICZN Art. 56b),
it is the correct name for the genus to which it has traditionally been applied.
This will remain the case unless the ICZN is petitioned to stabilize the junior
synonym Alopecosa. Perhaps that is the only way to achieve general agreement
on this question. If such application is made, "existing usage" (the most common
current usage, whatever that is determined to be) will have to be maintained pending
the commission's decision (ICZN Art. 80). Unless and until such application is
made, the senior name Tarentula will remain correct.
6704 6928 7475 7575 8083 8572 8698 8873

Schizocosa mccooki (Montgomery)Lycosa avida of W. Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1978a. Dondale and Redner
have treated under the two names S. mccooki and S. communis a taxonomic
situation which I believe is more complex. Along the eastern edge of Washington,
some specimens match the characters of S. communis (and are cited as such
above), others match S. mccooki, and a number of specimens from the same
localities are difficult to place. The discovery of Schizocosa species
in Illinois indistinguishable by genitalia (Uetz and Dondale 1979, Uetz and Denterlein
1979) leads me to wonder if a similar situation exists here. Maturation dates
of reared specimens fall into distinct groups. Also, I suspect that further study
will lead to resurrection of the name Schizocosa wasatchensis Chamberlin
and Ivie for occasional very large specimens.
5716 6072 6709 6873 7004 7103 7385 7475 7403 7693 7696 7602 7603 8182 8895

§ Schizocosa sp. #1
Distinctive species with long embolus. M in UWBM.
6221

Trochosa pratensis (Emerton) SYNONYMY REJECTEDLycosa pratensis of W. Ref.: Kaston 1948; Brady 1980 (under T. terricola).
Gertsch (1934b) first mentioned the close similarity of T. pratensis with
T. terricola Thorell, but kept T. pratensis separate because of
minor differences. Hackman (1954) confusingly stated that "following Gertsch (1934)
I have considered pratensis Emerton as an eastern North American subspecies
of Trochosa terricola...." Brady (1980) was the first to provide supporting
evidence for synonymy of pratensis under terricola. He stated that
he had examined 38 European specimens of T. terricola and 1300 American
specimens of T. pratensis and could not distinguish them. I have examined
only one-tenth as much material and thus my observations may be open to question,
but for what they are worth they support separation of the two species.
Full species of Trochosa in Europe are distinguished by very subtle characters
(Locket and Millidge 1951; Locket et al. 1974; Engelhardt 1964). I have compared
T. pratensis from Washington and Alaska (UWBM), Connecticut, and Montana
(B. R. Vogel collection) with T. terricola from England and Scotland (UWBM)
and found at least two consistent differences: 1) in pratensis the male
first leg tarsus is dark, in terricola a contrasting light color (this
is used as a decisive key character by Locket and Millidge); 2) the male palp
cymbium length/depth in pratensis is 3.1-3.9, in terricola 2.6-2.8
(the narrow distal part of the cymbium is proportionally longer in pratensis).
I suspect there are other distinguishing meristic characters, some applying
to females, but have insufficient European material to test this idea. Considerable
genitalic variation in North American populations of this species is shown in
Brady's (1980) illustrations. The problem merits further intensive study.
6504 6704 6894 6992 7006 "Grand Coulee" (7593-7694) "Spokane" (7673-7674) 7773
8272

Pirata sedentarius Montgomery
Ref.: Wallace and Exline 1978; Kaston 1948 (as P. maculatus). Wallace and
Exline cited the sole Washington record of this species as "Pierce County, Washington,"
referring the reader for more complete data to a card file at the Florida State
Collection of Arthropods. G. B. Edwards (in litt.) has kindly transcribed
the full data from this card file as follows: "Ft. Lewis, Pierce County, September
9, 1936, Holloway" [Exline-Peck Collection, California Academy of Sciences].

Pardosa mackenziana (Keyserling)P. mackenziana (in part) of W. Ref.: Lowrie and Dondale 1981 (under
P. mackenziana and P. dorsalis). In addition to redescribing P.
mackenziana, Lowrie and Dondale resurrected two former synonyms, P. dorsalis
Banks and P. uncata (Thorell) for closely allied species. Most Washington
specimens in this complex apparently were ascribed by them to P. dorsalis,
said to differ from P. mackenziana by the pointed (vs. truncate) tegular
apophysis (males), untoothed terminal apophysis (males), and smaller lateral epigynal
swellings (females). In addition to the numerous Washington specimens cited
below, I have reexamined a portion of the material used by Lowrie and Dondale
(B.R.Vogel collection), chiefly from Montana, Utah, and Colorado, with the following
results:
All the Rocky Mountains males identified by Lowrie as P. dorsalis are much
closer to Rocky Mountains P. mackenziana than they are to typical Washington
specimens (in UWBM). Males from Colorado (where the holotype female of P. dorsalis
was collected) have a toothed terminal apophysis. Most have the tegular apophysis
less truncate than in typical P. mackenziana, but intermediates are numerous
and there is no clear gap between the two. Females are so variable that I was
unable to separate them into distinct groups with regard to lateral swellings
or any other character. Most males from Washington have the tegular apophysis
far more pointed than any Rocky Mountains specimen; but larger population samples
sometimes include truncate and intermediate forms of tegular apophysis. In Washington,
even males with a strongly truncate tegular apophysis have an untoothed terminal
apophysis.
My conclusion: the characters used by Lowrie and Dondale to distinguish P.
dorsalis from P. mackenziana represent geographic variation. The far
western populations merit subspecies status, but that subspecies cannot be called
dorsalis since the latter's type is from Colorado. Individuals resembling
the Rocky Mountains and Washington forms do occur in each other's range. This
is not, however, species sympatry, but shows instead that the character states
involved are present in both forms but in differing and sometimes discordant frequencies.
I have not studied specimens of P. uncata, but suspect that a similar situation
may exist there. In any case, the traditional synonymy of P. dorsalis under
P. mackenziana is confirmed.
5916 6016 6017 6018 6121 6122 6216 6221 6223 6717 6719 6817 6916 7003 7004 7009
7013 7018 7103 7105 7108 7110 7211 7303 7305 7411 7414 7531 7604 7605 7730 7733
7806 7809 7833 7903 7934 7936 8111 8399 8317 8497 8410 8572 8699 8786 8872 8873
8970 8973 8974 8997 8999

Pardosa wyuta Gertsch
Ref.: Chamberlin 1908 (F, as P. atra Banks); Levi and Levi 1955 (M). The
name Pardosa wyuta was proposed by Gertsch (1934a) as a replacement name
for Pardosa atra Banks, 1894, which he considered preoccupied by Lycosa
atra Giebel, 1869, published for the first and only time in combination with
Pardosa by Gertsch (1934a), no reasons given. Apparently Lycosa atra
Giebel is not now recognized as a valid species of Pardosa, and as
stated by Bonnet (1957), the replacement name was probably not necessary. However,
by ICZN Art. 59b, Pardosa wyuta must stand as the valid name for this species.
6072 6122 6221 6240 6806 6814[MCZ] 6815 6973 6999 6900 6902 6905 7002 7004 7008
7009 7103 7105 7108 7303 7330 7403 7405 7417 7418 7429 7504 7505 7518 7696 7602
7604 7623 7809 7934 8000 8013 8317 8572 8587 8595 8596 8506 8699 8970 8918

§ Pardosa concinna (Thorell)
Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1986; Emerton 1911 (as P. muscicola). Dondale
and Redner presented Washington map dots for this and several other species, but
these are the first verifiable records from the state.
7932 8699 8999

§ Pardosa sp. #3
Some specimens closely resemble P. fuscula (Thorell), but the internal
genitalia and proportions of the atrium are different (cf. Dondale and Redner
1987). F in UWBM.
8506 8997

§ Pardosa sp. #4
Related to P. pauxilla Montgomery. M in UWBM.
6905

Family PISAURIDAE

Lehtinen (1967) kept Dolomedes in a family Dolomedidae under Lycosoidea
while establishing a separate superfamily Pisauroidea for typical Pisauridae,
the superfamily characters being "presence of feathery hairs, the largely different
basic abdominal pattern, and the lack of a secondary conductor." Since none of
these constitutes a clear synapomorphy (feathery hairs are almost certainly plesiomorphic),
it seems better to leave Pisauridae in its classical form and position pending
further study.

Dolomedes triton scapularis C. Koch NEW STATUS
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1946; Carico 1973. Chamberlin and Ivie (1946) elevated
D. scapularis (misspelled by them as scopularis), formerly
listed as a synonym of D. triton (Walckenaer), to full species status together
with two similar species, D. sexpunctatus Hentz and D. spatulatus Chamberlin
and Ivie (all based on the male tibial apophysis). Carico (1973) placed all three
back under D. triton, citing a series of fourteen males (which he illustrated)
from Tennessee, showing a wide range of form in the tibial apophysis, but not
including the D. scapularis form. Examination of Carico's illustrations
suggests to me that two sympatric species are represented, one combining smaller
size with a narrower tibial apophysis. Carico stated that Dolomedes genitalia
show "extreme variation" in size. I have found that in most spider species, genitalic
size is nearly constant; thus, Carico might have combined similar species differing
in genitalic size. All males from Washington have the D. scapularis form
of tibial apophysis, and as Chamberlin and Ivie stated that most northern records
pertain to D. scapularis, this taxon probably deserves at least subspecific
rank.
7027 7028 7520 7719 7722 7723 7822 8000 8790

Family HAHNIIDAE

See under Agelenidae for comments on Lehtinen's (1967) expansion of this family,
rejected here.

§ Hahnia nr. glacialis Sørensen
Ref.: Opell and Beatty 1976. Hahnia seems to be one of the groups in which
size of genitalia remains constant within a species. I therefore doubt that the
specimens recorded here are conspecific with H. glacialis, since both palp
and epigynum are considerably smaller than those illustrated from Greenland (the
type locality) by Brändegaard (1937). Further study may result in resurrection
of H. monticola Bryant, synonymized by Opell and Beatty. The two new species
recorded below also belong to this group, and others may exist.
6817

§ Hahnia sp. #1
Related to H. glacialis. MF in UWBM.
6122 7235

§ Hahnia sp. #2
Related to H. glacialis. MF in UWBM.
7833 7934

Family AGELENIDAE

Lehtinen (1967) limited Agelenidae to "typical agelenids" (including the first
five genera below) and transferred the others to other families. Brignoli (1983)
accepted these changes, but most others have ignored them. I prefer, and use here,
the broader, more traditional Agelenidae of Roth and Brame (1972). Lehtinen's
reclassification assumes that the character usually used to define Agelenidae
(uniseriate tarsal trichobothria increasing in length distally) is a basic pattern
common to several superfamilies, most of which have lost it secondarily. This
contention is supported by reference to his tables of characters of different
taxa. But since these tables are already arranged according to the relimited taxa
the data are used to support, the argument here is completely circular. I think
it far likelier that this trichobothrial pattern is a synapomorphic character
uniting Agelenidae (sensu lato) with Amaurobiidae (excluding Titanoecidae).
The traditional Agelenidae may indeed have had multiple origins, by loss of the
cribellum, from Amaurobiid-like ancestors; but in the Lehtinen classification,
the Dictynidae (properly comprising only the highly specialized Dictyna
and relatives) and Hahniidae (properly defined by the highly modified spinnerets
and respiratory system of Hahnia, Neoantistea, et al.) are made to include,
respectively, Cicurina and Cryphoeca, genera as far removed from
those families as they are similar to each other. I regard this as unworkable
(see also Forster 1970).

Calilena umatilla Chamberlin and Ivie
Ref.: Chamberlin and Ivie 1941b. The original spelling of this name, Calilena
umatila, is a lapsus calami and was emended to C. umatilla by
Roth (1956), as per ICZN Art. 32 c-d. Umatilla is a geographic name from northeastern
Oregon.
6999 7003

Haplodrassus signifer (C. Koch)H. signifer of W. Ref.: Platnick and Shadab 1975b. Platnick and Shadab
noted considerable, and possibly species-level, variation in specimens of H.
signifer from southwestern North America. The same is true of Washington material.
Female epigyna differ considerably in separation of the lateral arms; male palps
in overall size and proportions. More material and further study are needed to
determine if this is a single, variable species or a complex of siblings.
6999 6900 7006 7107 7385 7498 7601 8895

Micaria constricta EmertonM. constricta of W. Ref.: Emerton 1894-95; Platnick and Shadab 1988;
Crawford and Edwards in press. Gertsch and Jellison (1939), believing Micaria
constricta Emerton, 1894, preoccupied by M. constricta L. Koch, 1876,
proposed the new name M. hesperella for the former. However, the L. Koch
name is a nomen nudum and, being unavailable, does not enter into homonymy
(ICZN Articles 53c and 54). Thus, M. hesperella is an objective junior
synonym of M. constricta.
This species as treated here is at least polytypic and possibly conceals two or
more siblings. Most males fall into two size classes which also differ (but not
altogether consistently) in size of palp, shape of embolus base, and spination
of cymbium. Since these do not always correlate with female differences (which
are also considerable), and since both types occur in most long series, I have
provisionally considered them conspecific.
6122 6817 7018 7414 7934 8699 8706 8970 8974 8999

This strange group, sometimes listed under Clubionidae, has been treated separately
by earlier authors (e.g., Dahl and Dahl 1927) as well as by Lehtinen (1967), Kaston
(1977), and Brignoli (1983). A species-level revision is needed to explore intrafamilial
relationships.

§ Zora sp. #1
This species is closer to the European Zora nemoralis (Blackwall), as described
by Locket and Millidge (1951), than it is to the eastern North American Z.
pumila (Hentz), as described by Kaston (1948). MF in UWBM.
5712 5715 7008

Family CLUBIONIDAE

Lehtinen (1967) noted that the traditional Clubionidae is probably polyphyletic,
and this may well be correct, as different elements of the family have only negative
characters in common. However, no one has made a concrete proposal of a substitute
classification. Lehtinen proposed a family Liocranidae, containing Agroeca
(see below) and other genera, but this group still lacks a formal definition.
Phrurotimpus, Scotinella, and related genera were listed in Gnaphosidae,
subfamily Micariinae by Brignoli (1983), following a statement by Lehtinen that
"most of their characters largely agree." Since these genera lack the depressed
endites (present in Micaria) considered synapomorphic for Gnaphosidae,
they probably do not belong there. Likewise, most recent authors have separated
Anyphaenidae from Clubionidae, but I consider this inconsistent. As long as Clubionidae
is maintained in its present heterogeneous form, it is fully capable of accommodating
Anyphaena and relatives. The separation has been based on two characters:
the respiratory system and claw tufts (Platnick 1974; Dondale and Redner 1982).
It is known that closely related spiders can have distinctly different respiratory
systems (see, e.g., Millidge 1986). The peculiar claw tufts are certainly a defining
character for the group, but this is irrelevant to whether the taxon is a family
or subfamily. It seems best to me to leave all these genera in the Clubionidae
pending a carefully researched reclassification of the entire group.

Scotinella pugnata (Emerton)Phruronellus pugnatus of W. Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1982; Gertsch 1941
(under Phrurolithus). Lehtinen (1967) listed Scotinella as a synonym
of Phrurolithus without giving reasons, and has been followed by Brignoli
(1983). Dondale and Redner (1982) maintained that the two genera are distinct,
also without presenting specific evidence. I follow North American usage pending
availability of better information.
Banks (1896a): "Washington."
Worley (1932): "Olympia" (7028).

The two major North Temperate subfamilies of this family, Thomisinae and Philodrominae,
were raised to family status by Homann (1975); this has been followed by Kaston
(1977), Dondale and Redner (1978b), Brignoli (1983), and others, but is rejected
here. Dondale and Redner cited such differences as relative leg length, development
of eye tubercles, type of body hair, and habitat. But these differences in themselves
are not relevant to family or subfamily ranking of the two taxa. To support a
two-family classification, synapomorphic characters must be found that link them
more closely with other taxa than with each other. Two classes of such characters
were listed by Homann: the fine structure of the eyes in both groups, and the
relatively advanced development of early instars in Philodrominae. I feel that
both types of character are subject to convergent evolution, and against them
must be set the many similarities that support placing the two groups in the same
family. Among these are: laterigrade legs; relatively flat, broad carapace; eye
arrangement (so far as I know, the combination of very small circular eyes, widely
separated, with the posterior row much wider than the anterior is not found in
other families); eye tubercles (often absent in Philodrominae but present, e.g.,
in Philodromus rufus pacificus); clearly defined and to some extent homologous
carapace setae (Schick 1965); and many closely similar details of prey capture
and courtship behavior (particularly the "bridal veil" type of courtship). Moreover,
no new subfamilies are being proposed for the new families. The subfamily category
is too useful to discard without cause.
Nearly all the Washington Thomisidae were described and illustrated by Dondale
and Redner (1978b). The illustrations are very good, but the usefulness of the
descriptions is marred by nearly universal use of the formula "Female... general
structure and color essentially as in male," which is seldom entirely correct
and in dimorphic species (such as Misumena vatia) is quite inappropriate.
There is also little discussion of variation, or comparison with extralimital
taxa. Thus, I have also cited descriptions in other works.

§ Xysticus discursans Keyserling
Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1978b; Turnbull et al. 1965. Gertsch (1939) repeated
Worley's (1932) Washington record of this species from "Ashford," not recognizing
that this is the same specimen he elsewhere recorded under X. labradorensis
(see appendix).
6892 6992

Xysticus cunctator ThorellX. californicus of W. Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1978b; Turnbull et al.
1965; Schick 1965, discussed under X. californicus. Great care is needed
to distinguish this common species from X. californicus Keyserling, which
may occur in Washington although not yet recorded. Nearly all differences shown
in the illustrations of these two species by Turnbull et al. are submerged by
individual variation. Only the apical sclerite of the palp (their figs. 60, 63)
provides good characters, and to see this properly the palp must be expanded or
the apical sclerite teased out with a needle. X. cunctator is so variable
that additional sibling species may yet be discovered.
6083 6221 6386 6488 6597 6504 6538 6540 6685[MCZ] 6688 6873 6804 6805 6973 6999
6900 6904 7099 7006 7009 7028 7299 7475 7498 7403 "Seattle" "Spokane" (7673-7674)
7693 7696 7697 7601 7822 8029 8241 8597 8530 8687

Xysticus benefactor KeyserlingX. benefactor of W. Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1978b; Turnbull et al.
1965. Females of X. benefactor are difficult to identify from these authors'
illustrations. In most of my specimens, the central atrium of the epigynum is
deeper and more clearly defined, with the anterior arcs shorter and meeting; the
spermathecae are often longer and subrectangular.
5714 6178[MCZ] 6122 6817 7305 7604 7607 8572

Philodromus rodecki Gertsch and Jellison
Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1968, 1978b. The male from 7105 is dubiously placed in
this species, as the palp shows several differences from that illustrated by Dondale
and Redner. A female from 7623 is positively identified.
7105 7623

§ Philodromus nr. schicki Dondale and Redner
Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1968. My Washington female is similar in most respects
to the Californian type but differs notably in color from both it and P. josemitensis.
7328

§ Philodromus sp. #1
A member of the P. josemitensis complex, differing from the others in genitalia
and strikingly in color. F in UWBM.
6072 7703

Thanatus coloradensis KeyserlingT. coloradensis of W. Ref.: Dondale and Redner 1978b; Dondale et al.
1964. The second reference is much more helpful in distinguishing this species
from T. formicinus.
6894

Unfortunately, the only illustrated descriptions for many jumping spider species
are those of Peckham and Peckham (1909). The illustrations in this work (by J.H.
Emerton) were excellent for their time, but structures were often oversimplified
or misinterpreted, and some species apparently had sexes mismatched. Also, the
potential exists in this family for numerous species with similar genitalia, which
differ in color and other sexual display characters. Thus, many salticid identifications
must be considered tentative pending completion of modern revisionary work.

§ Phidippus sp. #1
A distinctive very large gray species, resembling (in the male palp) P. kaibabensis
Gertsch. Specimens have been identified as P. octopunctatus (Peckham
and Peckham) but the latter has a very different color pattern (Peckham and Peckham
1909). MF in UWBM.
6192 6292 6682[MCZ] 6999 7593

Tutelina similis (Banks)
Ref.: Peckham and Peckham 1909; Kaston 1948 (under Icius). I am not at
all certain that the foregoing descriptions apply entirely to T. similis, but
Washington specimens correspond closely to the original description by Banks (1895a),
and Olympia (7028) is part of the composite type locality.
6704[MCZ] 6992 7131 7703

Tutelina elegans (Hentz)Icius elegans of W. Ref.: Peckham and Peckham 1909; Kaston 1948 (under
Icius). Washington records of this and the following species will have
to be rechecked when a modern revision of the genus is done.
Worley (1932): "Pullman" (6771).

Talavera minuta (Banks)T. minuta of W. Ref.: Kaston 1948.
Banks (1895a): "Olympia" (7028). Although Olympia is the type locality, this species
is not otherwise known from the Northwest.

§ Synageles sp. #1
Specimen needs more study; F in MCZ.
6704[MCZ]

§ Marchena minuta (Peckham and Peckham)
Ref.: Maddison 1987. The male palps illustrated for this species and its synonym,
M. sissonii (Peckham and Peckham) by Peckham and Peckham (1909) bear remarkably
little resemblance to those illustrated by Maddison and seen by me. The specimen
cited below is the basis of Maddison's Washington map dot.
6910[MCZ]

§ Sitticus sylvestris (Emerton)
The original description of S. sylvestris by Emerton (1891, under Attus)
is not illustrated. UWBM specimens and unpublished drawings (supplied by W. Maddison)
from eastern North America closely match figs. 49-52 of Prószynski (1980),
of North American specimens tentatively referred by him to Sitticus rupicola
(C. Koch).
6072 6704[MCZ] 7783

§ Habronattus amicus (Peckham and Peckham)Pellenes mundus and P. umatillus of W. Ref.: Griswold 1987. The
genus Habronattus has been considered by Lowrie and Gertsch (1955) and
most recent authors as a subgenus of Pellenes; I concur with Griswold (1987)
in making Habronattus a full genus.
6397 6488 6597 8300

§ Habronattus superciliosus (Peckham and Peckham)
Ref.: Peckham and Peckham 1909 (F only). MF in UWBM. Females, very close to the
description of H. superciliosus (which Griswold 1987 was unable to place),
have been taken in Washington with males close to H. amicus; the male coloration
(described under Pellenes umatillus, a synonym of H. amicus, by
Exline 1936b) and details of the palp and epigynum differ from H. amicus
as described by Griswold (1987).
6893 6999 6900 7697 7601

Habronattus oregonensis (Peckham and Peckham)Pellenes oregonensis of W. Ref.: Griswold 1987; Peckham and Peckham
1909. The epigynum of Washington females differs from that illustrated by these
authors in that the central pocket is smaller and closer to the epigastric furrow.
6709 6822 7105 7211 7331 8317

§ Habronattus festus (Peckham and Peckham)
Ref.: Griswold 1987 (M); Peckham and Peckham 1909 (F, under Pellenes griseus).
The description of Habronattus brunneus (Peckham and Peckham) by Exline
(1936b) indicates that her specimens (from "Grand Coulee," 7593-7694), when examined,
will probably prove to be H. festus. The females cited below are very close
to the Peckhams' description under the synonym P. griseus.
6894 6992

§ Habronattus kubai (Griswold) NEW COMBINATION
Ref.: Griswold 1979 (under Pellenes). Griswold (1987) treated H. kubai
and other forms (presumably including my species #3) as synonymous with H.
sansoni, leaving open the question of whether this is one species or several.
Washington material sorts unequivocally into three species which differ in ornamentation
(both sexes), ecology, and distribution; SYNONYMY REJECTED.
5916 6016