In an experiment, 240 students were presented with fake newspaper clippings of a police report either about an attack on a person, or on a dog.

In the fake report, the victim was attacked "with a baseball bat by an unknown assailant," and was left unconscious "with one broken leg" and "multiple lacerations."

Participants were each given the same report with the victim being either a one-year-old baby, a 30-year-old adult, a puppy,or a six-year-old dog. Then they were asked about how they felt using questions to measure their levels of empathy.

The team hypothesized that the vulnerability of the victims — determined by age, rather than species — would be the most important factor in participants' levels of distress and concern. In fact, empathy levels for the puppy, older dog, and baby human were on similar levels, while the adult person came last. The adult dog only received lower scores of empathy when compared to the infant human victim.

"Subjects did not view their dogs as animals, but rather as 'fur babies,' or family members alongside human children," the researchers concluded, showing how people often think of their pets as part of the family.

The researchers used a video camera to record the facial movements of 24 dogs when there was either a human facing the animal, or facing away, with or without a treat.

It was previously thought that animal facial expressions were purely unconscious, but the study found that dogs raise their eyebrows and even make their eyes bigger when they are looking for attention from a person.

The presence of treats had no impact on the expressions the dogs made, suggesting it wasn't about them turning on the charm to get extra snacks.

Instead, the researchers concluded it could be a route of communication between owner and pet.

"[The research] tells us that their facial expressions are probably responsive to humans — not just to other dogs," Bridget Waller, professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Portsmouth, and author of the study, told The Guardian.

"[That] tells us something about how domestication has shaped [dogs], and that it has changed them in order to be more communicative with humans, in a sense."