Shortening the first cycle in higher education studies is one of the most controversial aspects of the Bologna reforms. Recent research suggests students are voting-with-their-feet in support of this reform as study programs adopting the Bologna principles have seen a rise in demand.

I have found that I avoided the problem Judson has run into with .pdfs with a very lo-tech but trusty procedure — I always rename a .pdf of an article when I save it to my hard drive. So, rather than “456330a.pdf,” I would have, say, “Lektzian and Sprecher on sanctions and war.” And though there’s been some duplication, this system has worked pretty well for the last five years.