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2 .. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WO mews WASHINGT0N.D.C WO RELEASE NO: FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY October 6, 1968 FIRST MANNED APOLLO Apollo 7, the first manned flight in the lunar landing program, will be launched into an Earth orbit Oct. 11 (1) at Cape Kennedy, Fla. Walter M. Apollo 7 is an engineering test flight with crewmen Schirra, Jr., commander; Donn F. Eisele, command module pilot; and Walter Cunningham, lunar module pilot. (The LM will not be flown on Apollo 7.) Launch will be made on a Saturn IB rocket from Launch Complex 34 at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Kennedy Space Center. 9/27/68

3 -2 - A T.V. camera will be carried on Apollo 7 and live TV pictures will be transmitted to two U.S. ground stations at various times during the mission. An open-ended mission up to 11 days is planned, but success can be achieved with less than a full-duration flight. Mission sequences are planned to gather the most important data early in the flight. In addition, spacecraft instrumentation is designed to identify systems problems so that they can be analyzed and, if necessary, fixed before subsequent flights. 0 Combined operation of the Saturn IB launch vehicle, the Apollo command and service modules, atxi the Manned Space Plight Network during a manned orbital mission will be examined. Unmanned operation in space has been demonstrated. The Apollo program's forerunners, Mercury and Gemini, provided invaluable operational experience, especially development of rendezvous techniques and knowledge of human and spacecraft performance in space up to two weeks. Apollo is much more complex than its predecessor Gemini, and is capable of operating at lunar distance.

4 Apollo 7 is the first of several manned flights aimed at qualifying the spacecraft for the half-million-mile round trip to the Moon. Earlier flights have yielded all the spacecraft information possible without a crew aboard. The Apollo 7 spacecraft Is the product of extensive redesign in the past year and a half. For example, the original two-piece side hatch has been replaced by a quick- opening, one-piece hatch. Extensive materials substitution has reduced flammability within the command module, and systems redundancy has been expanded to reduce single failure points. 0 This Saturn IB launch vehicle is different from the four unmanned rockets that have preceded it: a * The amount of telemetry and instrumentation equipment has been reduced. This lowers vehicle weight and increases its payload capability; * New propellant lines to the augmented spark igniter (ASI) on the 5-2 engine of the second stage have been installed to prevent early shutdown as occurred on Apollo 6; * One important event scheduled for the flight is the launch vehicle propellant dump that begins about 1 hour 34 minutes after launch. Dumping all remaining propellants will make the stage safe for rendezvous with the Apollo command service module later in the mission. -more -

5 -4- * About 2.5 hours after launch, the astronauts will begin a 25-minute period of manual control of the vehicle from the spacecraft. Then the spacecraft will be separated from the second stage. The flight of Apollo 7 is the culmination of exacting structural and systems testing on the ground and in space. A spacecraft is flown unmanned in the first few development missions, but the real test of its capability comes when it is checked out in space with men at the controls--the condition for which it was designed and built. a Apollo 7 will be inserted into a 123-by-153 nauticalmile (142 by 176 statute miles, 228 by 284 kilometers) orbit by the launch vehicle's second stage (S-NB). Spacecraft systems checkout will be the principal activity in the first two revolutions. Near the end of the second revolution, the crew will separate the spacecraft from the second stage and perform a simulated transposition and docking maneuver, using the spacecraft lunar module adapter attached to the second stage as a target.

6 -5 - Extensive operational checkouts of the environmental control, guidance and navigation, and service propulsion systems will occupy the crew for the next several revolutions. Included will be one of the mission's secondary objectives, rendezvous with the S-IVB approximately 30 hours after liftoff. Crew activities, systems performance, and ground support facilities will be evaluated in the remainder of the mission. Five additional burns of the service propulsion system are scheduled in that period to further evaluate the service propulsion system and spacecraft guidance modes. Ten days 21 hours after liftoff, the crew will fire the service propulsion system to deorbit the spacecraft, using the commandmodule guidance and navigation system for control. They will control the spacecraft manually during entry after spearatlon from the service module, using the guidance system as a reference. Landing is planned in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 nautical miles (230 statute miles, 370 kilometers) southsouthwest of Bermuda at the end of the 164th revolution. aircraftcarrier U.S.S. Essex will be the prime recovery The Ship -end-

9 -8- MISSION DESCRIPTION (Times given are ground elapse time and are for a nominal mission. Late changes may be made before launch or while the mission is in progress.) Launch Phase Apollo 7 will lift off Eastern Test Range Launch Complex 34 at 11 a.m. EM!, and roll to an azimuth of 72 degrees. The launch window will remain open until about 3 p.m. Em. Lighting conditions both for launch and recovery are considered in establishing the window. At insertion, the spacecraft and S-IVB stage will be in a 123-by-153-nautical miles (142 x 176 statute miles, 228 x 284 kilometers) orbit at an inclination of degrees to the Equator. Orbital Phase The vehicle will maintain an orbital pitch rate to keep the spacecraft longitudinal axis parallel with the local horizontal until just prior to separation from the S-IVB late in the second revolution. Remaining S-IVB propellants and cold gases will be dumped through the 5-2 engine near the end of the first revolution, and the added velocity from propellant dumping will be about 30 feet-per-second, raising apogee to 171 nm (197 statute miles, 316 kilometers). If the propellant dump cannot be accomplished, the Apollo 7 spacecraft will separate from the launch vehicle immediately and maneuver to a safe distance. There will be a small amount of residual propellants remaining in the tanks and it is highly improbable that a tank overpressure will exist. However, this remote situation must be considered in the mission planning to ensure the maximum safety for the crew. At 2 hr. 55 min. GET, the spacecraft will separate from the S-NB stage with a one-foot-per-second velocity from firing of the service module reaction control thrusters.

10 a * -9- At a distance of 50 feet the differential velocity between the spacecraft and the S-IVB will be reduced to 0.5 feet-per-second while the crew pitches the spacecraft 180 degrees. The remaining.5 feet-per-second velocity will then be damped out and the spacecraft will station keep with the S-IVB while the crew photographs the opened spacecraft/iel adapter panels. A phasing maneuver of 7.6 feet-per-second retrograde to set up rendezvous with the S-IVB stage at 29 hours (GET) will be made over the Antigua station at 3 hr. 20 min. GET. The maneuver will compensate for the greater drag of the S-IVB, and at the time of the first service propulsion system burn at 26 hr. 25 min. QET, the spacecraft will be an estimated 72 nm (83 sm, 133 km) ahead of the S-IVB. The first corrective combination service propulsion system burn at 26 hr. 24 min. GF2 will be a 209 feet-per-second burn with a 72-degree pitch-down attitude. This is the first of two maneuvers to set up a phase a le of 1.32 degrees and a distance of 8.0 nm (9.2 sm, 14.8 km 7 below the S-IVB in a co-elliptic orbit. A corrective maneuver to cancel out cumulative errors may be performed over Ascension Island, depending on tracking data gathered since the first SPS burn. If the corrective maneuver is less than 15 feet-per-second, the service module reaction control system thrusters will be used. The second service propulsion system burn, co-elliptic maneuver, nominally will be made at 28 hr. 00 min. GET when the spacecraft is 82 nm (94 sm, 152 km) behind and 8.0 nm below the S-IVB stage. The burn will be 186 feet-per-second retrograde with a 59-degree pitch-up attitude. The Apollo 7 crew will then begin optical tracking of the S-IVB stage to compute terminal phase burns. Maneuvers performed up to this time will be based on ground computed data. When the line-of-sight angle to the S-IVB reaches degrees, a 17 feet-per-second terminal phase initiation burn will be made. The maneuver nominally will be made over Ascension Island at 29 hr. 22 min. GET at a range of about 15 nm (17.3 sm, 27.8 km). The burn will be made with the service module reaction control system thrusters at a pitch-up attitude of 32 degrees. Two small mid-course corrections three feet per second and 0.3 feet-per-second will be made in a radially upward direction at 14 min. and 21 min. after terminal phase initiation. These small burns will be calculated in real time to compensate for cumulative errors in onboard guidance targeting for terminal phase initiation.

11 -10- e The braking approach should begin about 29 hr. 36 min. when the spacecraft is about one mile (1.9 km) from the S-IVB, using the service module RCS thrusters. Velocity match (about 18 feet-per-second) and station-keeping at 100 to 200 feet range will continue until revolution 19 state-side pass, when at 30 hr. 20 min. GET, a small service module RCS posigrade burn will break off the rendezvous. The service propulsion system will not be fired again until revolution 58 over Carnarvon, Australia at three days 19 hr. 43 min. GET. The 116 feet-per-second third SPS burn will be made with a spacecraft attitude of 17.7 degrees pitch up and 122 degrees aw right, and will lower perigee to 96 nm, (110 sm, 178 km 5 raise apogee to 155 nm (178 sm, 287 km), provide orbital lifetime to complete the mission, and provide the capability of de-orbit with the RCS thrusters. In the 77th revolution at a ground elapsed time of five days 00 hr. 52 min., the first of two minimum-impulse SPS burns will be performed. The fourth SPS burn will be inplane posigrade with a velocity of 15 feet-per-second. The fifth SPS burn, primarily a test of SPS performance and the propellant utilization and guaging system, will take place at six days 21 hr. 08 min. in the 105th revolution. The 1469-feet-per-second burn will begin under guidance and navigation control system direction, and after 30 seconds will switch over to manual thrust vector control. Spacecraft attitudes during the burn will be set up to target for a 97 by 242 nm orbit (112 x 277 sm, 180 x 406 km). The second minimum-impulse burn SPS burn no. 6 will nominally take place during the l32nd revolution at eight days 19 hr. 42 min. OW, under guidance and navigation control system, and will impart a velocity of 17 feet-per-second inplane retrograde. SPS burn no. 7 at nine days 21 hr. 25 min. in the 150th revolution, will "tune up" the orbit to adjust the location of perigee and to assure landing in the primary recovery zone in the Atlantic at 67 degrees W. longitude. The burn will be controlled by the stabilization and control system and will be calculated to maintain a 91 by 225 m (105 x 255 sm, 169 x 407 km) orbit through the end of the mission. The eighth and final SPS burn will be a 279 feet-persecond retrograde de-orbit maneuver at 10 days 21 hr. 08 min. GET in revolution 163. The spacecraft will be pitched down 49.3 degrees during the de-orbit burn to permit the flight crew toverify de-orbit attitude visually and to take over manual control if the guidance and navigation system malfunctions.

12 0 Entry Phase -11- Approximately 90 seconds after SPS shutdown, the command module will be separated from the service module and placed into entry attitude. Entry will take place about 14 minutes after SPS de-orbit burn at degrees N. latitude by degrees W. longitude at 400,000 feet. Spacecraft splashdown should take place about 200 nm (230 sm, 370 krn) south-southwest of Bermuda at 10 days 21 hr. 40 min. GET at 29.80degrees N. latitude by degrees W. longitude. Recovery Operations The primary recovery zone for Apollo 7 is in the West Atlantic, centered at 28 degrees N. latitude by 63 degrees W. longitude, where the primary recovery vessel, the aircraft carrier USS Essex will be on station. Expected splashdown for a full 10-day 164-revolution mission will be at 29.8 degrees N. latitude by 67.0 degrees W. longitude, about 200 NU (230 sm, 370 km) south-southwest of Bermuda and 600 nm (690 sm, 1,112 km) east of Cape Kennedy. Other planned recovery zones and their center coordinates are east Atlantic (23 degrees N. by 27 de pees W), west Pacific (28 degrees N. by degrees,e 7, and mid-pacific (28 degrees N. by 162 degrees W.). In addition to the Essex, three other vessels will be stationed in the launch abort area. After launch the LSD Rushmore will take up station in the southern part of the west Atlantic recovery zone, while the minesweeper countermeasure ship Ozark will move into the east Atlantic zone. me tracking ship USNS Vanguard will not be committed to recovering Apollo 7 unless a landing should occur in its vicinity following a launch abort. The USS Essex will be on station in the northern sector of the west Atlantic zone at splashdown. In addition to surface vessels deployed in the four recovery zones 18 HC-130 aircraft will be on standby at nine staging bases around the Earth: Perth, Australia; Tachikawa, Japan; Pago Pago, Samoa; Hawaii; Lima, Peru; Bermuda; Lajes, Azores; Ascension Island and Mauritius.

13 -12- Apollo 7 recovery operations will be directed from the Recovery Operations Control Room in Mission Control Center, Houston, and will be supported by the Atlantic Recovery Control Center, Norfolk, Va.; Pacific Recovery Control Center, Kunia, Hawaii; and control centers at Ramstein, Germany, and Albrook AF B, Canal Zone. The Apollo 7 crew will be flown from the primary recovery vessel to Kennedy Space Center after recovery. The spacecraft will receive a preliminary examination, safing and power-down aboard the Essex prior to offloading at Mayport, Fla., where the spacecraft will undergo a more complete deactivation. It is anticipated that the spacecraft will be flown from Mayport to Long Beach, Calif., within 24 hours, thence trucked to the North American Rockwell Plant in Downey, Calif., for postflight analysis. -more -

20 * Apollo e 0 7 Rendezvous -14- While Earth orbit rendezvous of a spacecraft with a target vehicle was accomplished many times in the Gemini program, the Apollo 7 rendezvous with the s-inb stage has further Implications for future lunar landing missions. The main purpose of Apollo 7 rendezvous is to demonstrate the capability to rendezvous with and rescue a lunar module after an aborted lunar landing, or after the lunar module has staged from the lunar surface into lunar orbit. The rendezvous trajectory techniques are essentially the same as those developed in Gemini phasing, corrective combination and co-elliptic maneuvers followed by the terminal phase maneuver when the spacecraft is 15 nm (17.3 sm, 27.8 loo) behlnd and at a constant differential height of about 8 nm (9.2 sm, 14.8 h) below the target. Also significant is the fact that during a LM rescue the CSM must be flown by one crewman a situation that requires ground control to bring the CSM up to the terminal phase while the crewman performs the rest of the rendezvous using onboard computer and line-of-sight control to the LM. Apollo 7 Guidance Techniques Many of the Apollo 7 principal test mission objectives are concerned with a thorough checkout of navigation and guidance equipment for this third generation of manned spacecraft. Primary guidance is obtained by a cornbination of computer programs and inertial platform and optics inputs. Backup control, in case of primary guidance failure, is furnished by the stabilization and control system which uses body-mounted attitude gyros. As a precursor to navigation in a trans-earth trajectory In later lunar landing flights, the Apollo 7 crew will conduct mia-course navigation sextant sightings using combinations of stars and Earth horizon. Later missions will use the starlunar landmark-horizon technique. The S-IVB stage will serve as a sextant tracking target during the rendezvous phase. Optical tracking and rendezvous navigation techniques will be emphasized to gain experience and confidence In these systems. In the Gemini flights, the primary target tracking mode was with rendezvous radar. Inputs from the Inertial Measurement Unit (IN) and the optical navigation devices are processed by the command module computer.

21 FLIGHT PLAN a w The Apolio 7 flight plan Calls for at least one crew member to be awake at all times. The normal cycle will be 16 hours of work followed by eight hours of rest. The command pilot and lunar module pilot sleep periods are scheduled simultaneously. Early in the flight, the crew may doff pressure suits and don the inflight coveralls. Two full night passes are needed to orient the inertial measurement unit (IMU) and to ready other systems before any crew activity involving the guidance and navigation system. When the IMU orientation is known but is determined to be inaccurate, the flight plan calls for one full night pass for realignment of the IMU platform. Crew work-rest cycles have been planned so that all three crewmen are awake for at least a half-hour before IMU orientations that precede a maneuver using - the service propulsion system. The flight plan schedules an hour for each meal period with all three crewmen eating together whenever possible. Other mission activities, such as experiments, status reports and maneuvers will be kept to a minimum during meal periods. Spacecraft systems checkouts will be scheduled periodically by the crew to coincide with planned check list procedures. Lithium hydroxide canisters for removal of carbon dioxide from the cabin atmosphere will be changed each 12 hours, with the first canister removed 10 hours after liftoff. Air-to-ground voice communications will be on the VHF frequency, although the unified S-band equipment will be powered throughout the mission for testing and as a VHF backup. During a state-side pass once each day, the crew will report to Mission Control Center such information as times of accomplishing flight plan ta8k8, film type and quantity used and lithium hydroxide canister changes. The spacecraft communicator in Mission Control Center in turn will provide flight plan updates on a daily basis. nore-

25 -19- ALTERNATE MISSIONS The preceding mission description is for a nominal or prime mission. Plans may be altered at any time to meet changing conditions. In general, three alternate missions (one-day, two-day and three-day) are ready if necessary. Each of these, in turn, has variations depending on whether the S-IVB stage is available, what spacecraft system problems are encountered and the amount of service propulsion system propellants available. In addition, alternate rendezvous plan, If a one-day delay occurs, has been prepared. Alternate missions greater than three days will be planned in real time. One-Day Mission Plans Four plans are being considered for one-day alternate missions. The first two, called la and lb, terminate with a landing in the middle Pacific Recovery Zone ln the sixth revolution. Alternates lc and Id terminate in the West Atlantic near the end of the first day. In the alternate one-day missions the service propulsion system will be used only for the de-orbit burn except if needed to place the command and service module in orbit. Alternates lb and Id follow the prime mission's firstday flight plan. Two-Day Mission Plans Three two-day mission plans, alternates 2a, 2b, 2c, are being considered. Two days do not permit all test objectives to be met. The mission can have a rendezvous and two additional Service Propulsion System (SPS) maneuvers (one for de-orbit) or no rendezvous and four maneuvers (one for de-orbit). Alternate 2a. - Alternate 2a assumes the S-IVB is in an acceptable orbit and has been made safe. In this case, the rendezvous will occur as in the prime mission, the de-orbit will be under ffuidance, Navigation and Control System control, and the other maneuver will be used to evaluate Stabilization and Control System control. The latter burn would occur over Carnarvon in revolution 28. The de-orbit burn of the former would occur over Hawaii in revolution 31, with landing in the west Atlantic in revolution 32. If the Stabilization ancl Control System burn were extended to approximately 70 seconds, the system performance and gauging tests could be accomplished.

26 -20- a a Alternate 2b.- Alternate 2b assumes a burn of the Stabi lization and Control System for Contingency Orbit Insertion of less than 31 seconds. The first maneuver will be a Guidance and Navigation Control System burn in revolution 16 over Carnarvon to adjust the propellant level for the gauging system test. If the Contingency Orbit Insertion burn did not satisfy the test requirement for the Stabilization System, this first maneuver would be under control of that System. If the Insertion burn were between 28 and 31 seconds, this maneuver could be a minimum-impulse test. A 57-second burn for test of the Service Propulsion System (SPS) performance, gauging and Guidance and Navigation Control System Manual Thrust Vector Control will occur over Cape Kennedy in revolution 19. A minimum Impulse test will be performed over Carnarvon in revolution 29 and the Guidance System de-orbit burn over Hawaii occurs in revolution 32 for a west Atlantic landing in revolution 33. Because the CSM-active rendezvous objective can be traded for tests of the minimum-impulse, gauging system, and manual takeover, this plan may be preferable to the 2a plan when possible. Alternate 2c.- The third two-day plan assumes that the S-NB is not available and that a Contingency Orbit Insertion burn of more than 31 seconds has occurred. Such a burn would suffice for test of the Stabilization Control System. The first scheduled maneuver would be performed over Cape Kennedy in revolution 17. The burn objective will be a minimum Impulse test. The second maneuver would occur two revolutions later over Cape Kennedy. Eiurn objectives depend on the exact propellant level. The most desirable objective would be a Guidance and Navlgation System-Manual Thrust Vector Control maneuver. This requires a minimum maneuver time of 35 seconds. Is this time is unavailable, the maneuver will be a ffuidance System-controlled, orbit-shaping maneuver that uses available propellants. The third maneuver will be a second minim-impulse test over Carnarvon in revolution 29. The de-orbit maneuver would be over Hawail in revolution 32, landing in the west Atlantic in revolution 33. Three-Day Mission Plans There are three three-day missions which would allow all mission objectives to be scheduled.

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