Mmm! Taste of Beer Triggers Good Feelings in the Brain

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The taste of beer, without its alcoholic effects, may be enough
to trigger the release of the pleasure chemical dopamine in the
brain, a study finds.

To see how the taste of
beer affects the brain, researchers gave a group of men tiny
tastes of beer, and as the men sipped the beer, the researchers
scanned the men’s brains. After a taste of beer, the men's brains
showed a notable release of dopamine, a brain chemical associated
with the pleasurable experience of consuming alcohol and other
drugs. The effect was even greater among men who had a family
history of alcoholism.

The findings are not surprising, scientists say, but having a way
to assess predisposition to alcohol abuse could be useful.

"We believe this is the first experiment in humans to show that
the taste of an alcoholic drink alone, without any intoxicating
effect from the alcohol, can elicit this dopamine activity in the
brain's reward centers," the study's senior author,
neuroscientist David Kareken of the Indiana University School of
Medicine, said in a statement. The findings were detailed online
today (April 15) in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology.

Dopamine, a brain chemical widely associated with pleasure,
has long been linked to the consumption of alcohol and other
drugs. Sensory cues — such as tastes, smells or the sight of a
bar — can elicit cravings to drink and cause relapses in
recovering alcoholics. Dopamine may be critically involved in
such cravings, scientists believe. [ 11
Interesting Facts About Hangovers ]

In the study, researchers gave 49 male volunteers a tiny taste
(half an ounce, or 15 milliliters) of their favorite beer over
the course of 15 minutes — enough to taste the beer but not
enough to cause a change in blood-alcohol level or intoxication.
At other times, the volunteers were given a sports drink or
water, for comparison.

To study the effect of beer's taste on dopamine receptors, the
researchers scanned the volunteers' brains using Positron
Emission Tomography, which uses the radiation emitted by a
radioactive chemical to produce a 3D image of the brain.

The scans revealed higher increases in dopamine after the men
tasted beer compared with tasting the sports drink or water —
suggesting that the taste of alcohol is enough to prompt a
pleasurable response in the brain. The men also reported higher
beer cravings after tasting beer than water or the sports drink.

Furthermore, the men who had a family history of alcoholism
showed an even greater spike in dopamine levels after they tasted
the beer, so the dopamine response may be a
heritable risk factor for alcoholism.

"This paper demonstrates that taste alone impacts on the brain
functions associated with desire," Peter Anderson, a professor of
substance use, policy and practice at Newcastle University, U.K.,
said in a statement. But Anderson noted that “With regard to the
family history effect, this is quite difficult to assess and know
what it means so we can’t be too sure of an effect or how strong
it might be."

The effects of the alcohol itself on the brain, and not just the
taste, could not be ruled out, Anderson added.