A New Pest of Sorghum: the Sugarcane Aphid

A New Pest of Sorghum:
the Sugarcane Aphid
R.T. Villanueva and D. Sekula
20th Annual Rio Grande Valley Cotton & Grain Pre-Plant Conference
Edcouch, Jan 17, 2014
Weslaco : Oct 24 2013
Weslaco : Mid-Dec 2013
What are sugarcane aphids?
• Soft bodied insects that
sucks sap from plant
tissues and produce
honeydew that may
hamper transpiration.
World distribution of the sugarcane aphids
Sugarcane
Sorghum
Rice
Maize
Not Present
Sugarcane aphids found on different host plants in the world. Notice that
this aphid only infested one plant host species in some countries while
other hosts were not affected (Adapted from Singh et al. 2004)
Problems with the ID of the sugarcane aphids
• Taxonomically this new pest
of sorghum was indistinct
to Melanaphis sacchari
• Using molecular tools it
matched the taxonomic ID
• However, there are several
biotypes in the world
• A host shift might occurred (It wouldn’t be the first
time for aphids) or a new biotype was introduced
HISTORICAL REPORTS ON THE PRESENCE OF
SUGARCANE APHIDS IN THE USA
2013 - TX
SORGHUM
1999 - LA
SUGARCANE
1977 - FL
SUGARCANE
Expansion of the sugarcane aphid 2013
Mid-June 2013:
1st report of
infestations in
sorghum near
Beaumont in
TX, by Dr. Way
The new aphid pest of sorghum was detected in 38 counties and parishes of Texas, Louisiana,
Oklahoma, and Mississippi in 2013. All sorghum growing counties in may be at risk. Further
expansions into other areas is a possibility. This aphid spreads rapidly across a wide geographic
range. The three red dots are the approximate locations where this aphid was reported in Rio Bravo,
San Fernando and C. Victoria in Mexico.
Effects on Yield
• Yield losses can be as
high as 78%
• In South Africa losses
had been reported
between 24 to 73% %
• In Louisiana and Mexico
losses reported between
50 to 100%
• In Weslaco seed increase
plots were completely
lost
Grain Quality
• Aphid feeding did not
affect grain color but
reduce grain hardness in
South Africa
• Softer grain may have a
significant impact in the
milling industry
• Diastatic power reduced:
production of a number
of enzymes such as
amylase which convert
starch into sugar
Sugarcane aphids: colonize lower surface of leaves
Greenhouse
colony
S. Armstrong
Weslaco Field
collected Dec-2013
R. Villanueva
Weslaco notice
winged aphids: Jan2014
R. Villanueva
Sugarcane
aphids
• All females and
live 28 days
(range 10-37 days)
• 4 nymphal
instars can be
adults in 5 days
• Nymphs can
developed on
4.3 to 12.4 days
• Born alive
(viviparous)
Life
cycle
Exponential growth of populations
Foundress
1st wk
2rd wk
3rd wk
Apteran
forms
Alate
1/16 inch
(1.6 mm)
Nymphs
Damage on under side of leaves
Symbiosis of aphids and ants
Louisiana: problems during harvest due to honeydew
Combine in Tamaulipas, MX with abundant sugarcane aphids
Corn leaf aphid
Yellow sugarcane aphid
Other
aphids
species
pests of
sorghum
Prefers
young
plants
Biotypes
are
reported
Sugarcane aphid
Greenbug aphid
Resistant cultivars
• Dr. Armstrong (USDA-Stillwater OK): cultivar TX-2783 does
provide seedling resistance.
• Many sorghum lines are being evaluated for resistance by
Drs. Peterson and Rooney, Texas AgriLfe Research.
• Commercial lines????
Natural enemies
Insects:
• Parasitoids
• Lacewings
• Ladybeettles
• Sweat flies
• Thrips
Fungus
• Lecanicillium
lecanii
Weslaco, January 2014 (R. Villanueva)
Parasitoids
Lace wings
Lady beetles
Harmonia axyridis
Cryptolaemus
Exochomus childreni
Scymnus
Cycloneda
sanguinea
Sweat Flies or
Syrphids
Fungus (?)
Lecanicillium lecanii
Chemical control
• Weslaco: Experimental seed increase plots were
heavily affected
• Louisiana: Farmer fields were heavily affected, in spite
of 2 or 3 applications of Lorsban
• Tamaulipas: Farmers and experimental fields were
heavily infested, there were up to 10 applications of
mixtures Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)m cypermethrin,
methomyil
• Success with metamidophos (Monitor, Nitofol,
Tamaron, Swipe, Nuratron, Vetaron, Filitox, Patrole,
Tamanox). Currently phased out in the U.S.
Insecticide test in China, nr Beaumont Dr. Mo Way August 2013
Field previously had been treated with Lorsban 4E: 2 or 3 times
Insecticide test in Weslaco, TX. Villanueva and Sekula Oct-Nov 2013
Field previously had been treated with 2 applications each of Warhawk®
(2 pts/A), Prevathon® (2 pts/A) and Di-Syston® 8 (1.5 pts/A)
Summary
• The new aphid pest of sorghum is taxonomically indistinct to M.
sacchari: might be a new biotype that switched hosts or a new
invasive species recently introduced into the U.S.
• There are indications that this aphid will persist in the Lower Rio
Grande Valley and nearby areas in Mexico, the Coastal Bend and
other sorghum regions in the USA and Mexico
• Management should include tolerant/resistant cultivars TX2783 (?) or commercial lines
• Dimethoate 4EC at 1 pt/ac might provide adequate control. A
Section 18 Emergency Exemption Label has been requested for
Transform WG insecticide.
• Natural enemies are abundant however, their impact is
unknown.
Acknowledgments
• Beto Garza who provided a lot of support in this
program
• Drs. S. Armstrong, M. Brewer and M. Way
collaborators in this program
• People under my program: Gabriela Esparza, Sergio
Davila, Alma Olguin, Cedric Galvan, Daniel Garcia, Joe
Zamora, Justin Wendell
• Thanks to industry for providing insecticide products.
• Many thanks to the Texas Grain Sorghum Board,
and United Sorghum Checkoff for their
encouragement to address this pest.
• Thanks to the many grain sorghum producers
who first noticed damaged fields and invited us to
their fields