Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials

Material Matters2008, 3.1, 17.

Mespoporous materials, also known as mesoporous molecular sieves, are a class of 3D-nanostructures with well-defined mesoscale (2–50 nm diameter) pores and surface areas up to 1000 m2/g.1 In terms of characteristic ordered feature size, they occupy a unique place between crystalline zeolites and other types of 3Dstructured materials described in this issue, e.g. 3DOM and direct-write materials with features > 100 nm. Mesoporous materials are formed by a self-assembly process from combined solutions of sol-gel precursors (e.g. metal alkoxides) and structure-directing amphiphiles, usually block-copolymers or surfactants (Figure 1).2,3Flexible, “one-pot synthesis” employing self-assembling templates enables the simultaneous control of size and 3D geometry (mesophase) of the pores. Furthermore, surface functionality of the pores can be modified by adding organically modified precursors, for example organosiloxanes RSi(OR’)3 or bis(organosiloxanes) (R’O)3Si- R-Si(OR’)3, to the initial reaction mix.4 On the other hand, it is relatively difficult to control long-range order and orientation of self-assembled structures and they typically have more defects and less structural precision compared to 3DOM or direct-write materials.

Relative advantages of a given 3D-structure preparation route govern the resulting material applications. Ordered mesoporous materials templated by “soft” amphiphilic templates overcome pore size constraints of zeolites to allow more facile diffusion of bulky molecules. This lends them to applications in catalysis and absorption technologies where requirements for long-range material order can be less important. For example, acidic aluminosilicates are investigated for uses in fluid catalytic cracking and condensed-media chemical conversion processes.5 Surfacefunctionalized mesoporous sieves can be used in active elements of sensors.6 Large, optically active molecules, such as dyes7 (e.g. rhodamine 6G 252433) and conjugated polymers8 (MEH-PPV 541443) can be incorporated into mesoscale pores to make hybrid materials with unique optoelectronic properties.

Sigma-Aldrich® offers a number of mesoporous materials for your research, a selection of which is presented in the following Mesoporous Materials product tables. In addition to the ready-made materials, we offer reagents for your own unique synthesis of mesoporous structures. The Structure-Directing Amphiphiles product table gives a short list of reagents commonly used as templates. Cationic quaternary ammonium surfactants are often used to prepare mesoporous silicates under basic hydrothermal conditions. Anionic surfactants are employed for aqueous synthesis of mesoporous alumina and for basic syntheses with added positively charged counterions or co-structure directing agents.9,10 Nonioninc surfactants can be used to prepare disordered wormhole silicas (HMS, MSU) or ordered silicas under acidic conditions.3 Highly ordered mesoporous materials with uniform pore sizes larger than 5 nm can be made with PEG-PPG-PEG11 (Pluronic) triblock copolymers as templates in acidic aqueous media.12 A broad choice of structure-directing surfactants and amphiphilic block-copolymers can be accessed using the Sigma-Aldrich online product catalog at www.sigmaaldrich.com/matsci. Sol-gel precursors can be selected using the Sol-Gel Precursors Table of this issue, or browsed online at www.sigmaaldrich.com/solgel.