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Sonia Sethi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.216-223 Optimal Selectionof Binary Codes for Pulse Compression in Surveillance Radar Sonia Sethi, M.E. Student,ThakurCollege of Engineering &Technology, MumbaiABSTRACT The papers aim to make a comparative against detection by radar detectors, significantstudy of binary phase codes in Radar pulse improvement of range resolution, relevant reductioncompression. Pulse compression allows radar to in clutter troubles and protection against jamminguse long waveforms in order to obtain high coming from spread spectrum action[1][4].energy and simultaneously achieve the resolutionof a short pulse by internal modulation of the 2. PULSE COMPRESSIONlongpulse. This technique increases signal High energy (Power * Time) Transmitbandwidth through frequency or phase coding. signal is required to improve detection threshold.This paper does a comparative analysis of binarycodes based on the simulation results of their E= Pt* T (1)autocorrelation function and identifies 13 bitBarker code as the most optimal binary code for So to detect the received echo and for long-surveillance radar. range detection application, energy should be high .This achieved by either increasing the transmittedKeywords: Pulse compression, Range resolution, power or increasing interval time. High-powerPeak side lobe level (PSL), Barker Code, Golay transmitters present problems because it requiresCode high-voltage power supplies (kV) beside reliability problems and safety issues, big size, heavier, more1. INTRODUCTION expensive. Radar provides the good range resolution RADAR is an acronym of Radio Detection aswell as long detection of thetarget.By definition,and Ranging. There was a rapid growth in radar Range Resolution is the ability to detect targetstechnology and systems during World War II. The close proximity to each other as distinct objects onlymajor areas of radar applications includes military, by measurement of their ranges (distances fromremote sensing, air traffic control, law enforcement radar) which usually expressed in terms of theand highway safety, aircraft safety and navigation, minimum distance by which two targets of equalship safety and space[1][4]. Simple pulsed radar is strength at the same azimuth and elevation angleslimited in range sensitivity by the average radiation must be spaced to be separately distinguishable.Thepower and, in range resolution by the pulse length. most common radar signal or waveform is a seriesThe pulse compression theory has been introduced of short duration, somewhatrectangular-shapedin order to get a high range resolution as well as a pulses modulating a sinewave carrier. Increasing thegood detection probability[2].Pulse compression interval time𝞽 contradicts with range resolution[3].allows the use oflong waveforms to obtain highenergy and simultaneously achieve the resolution of 𝑐𝜏 𝑐 ∆𝑅 = 2 = 2∗𝐵 𝑎𝑠 𝜏 = 1/B (2)a short pulse by internal modulation of the longpulse. The resolution is the ability of radar to Short pulses are better for range resolution,distinguish targets that are closely spaced together in but contradict with energy, long range detection,either range or bearing. The receiver matched filter carrier frequency and SNR. Long pulses are betteroutput is the autocorrelation of the signal. If for signal reception, but contradict with rangematched filter is not able to give satisfactory PSL, a resolution and minimum range.At the transmitter,mismatch filter can be used so as to reduce the side the signal has relatively small amplitude for ease tolobes further at a cost of introducing SNR mismatch generate and is large in time to ensure enoughloss. Low autocorrelation side lobes are required to energy in the signal as shown in Figure 1. At theprevent the masking of weak targets that occurs in receiver, the signal has very high amplitude to bethe range side lobe of strong target the internal detected and is small in time.modulation may be binary phase coding, polyphasecoding, frequency modulation, and frequencystepping. There are many advantages of using pulsecompression techniques in the radar field. Theyinclude reduction of peak power, relevant reductionof high voltages in radar transmitter, protection 216 | P a g e

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Sonia Sethi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.216-223 compared with nonlinear FM and phase-coded waveforms. 3. Binary Phase coding This waveform is one in which intra-pulse modulation is obtained by subdividing the pulse into sub pulses of equal duration, each having a particular phase. The phase of each sub pulse is set in accordance with a given code or code sequence..They are preferred in jamming conditions, as the coding of the transmitted signal gives an additional degree of protection against ECM.In thisFig 1Concept of Pulse Compression form of pulse compression, a long pulse of duration T is divided into N sub pulses each of width τ. TheFrequency or phase modulation can be used to code or sequence is used to describe the phases ofincrease the spectral width of a long pulse to obtain the individual sub pulses of a phase codedthe resolution of a short pulse. This is called “pulse waveform[1][4]. Each has certain desirable properties and the choice often depends on thecompression”. application. An increase in bandwidth is achieved by changing the phase of each sub-pulse. The phase of each sub-pulse is chosen to be either 0 or π radians. The output of the matched filter will be a spike of width τ with an amplitude N times greater than that of long pulse. The pulse compression ratio is N = T/τ ≈ BT, where B ≈1/τ = bandwidth. The output waveform extends a distance T to either side of the peak response, or central spike. The portions of the output waveform other than the spike arecalled time side-lobes. 3.1 Auto/Cross Correlation in Pulse Compression: The performance of range resolution radar depends on the autocorrelation pattern of the coded waveform which is the matched filter compressedFig 2: Increase in Resolution due to Pulse output. The binary sequences having ±1 as elementscompression find more importance in pulse compression as they This technique can increase signal have good aperiodic autocorrelation function andbandwidth through frequency or phase coding. ideal energy efficiency. The Energy efficiency isAlthough, amplitude modulation is not forbidden defined as the ratio of energy in the actual energy inbut usually is not used. The received echo is the sequence to the energy if every element in theprocessed in the receiver matched filter to produce a sequence had the maximum amplitude. The Binaryshort pulse with duration 1/B, where B is bandwidth sequences can be easily generated, processed andof compressed pulse. This technique is of interest stored in digital circuitry. But the limitation comeswhen the radar is not able to generate enough when longer length sequences with lower Peak Siderequired power. So, a concise summary for pulse Lobe Ratio (PSLR) are needed. The Peak Side Lobecompression is gathering two opposite benefits Ratio is defined from the autocorrelation pattern as“High Range Resolution” and “high detection the ratio of the peak side lobe amplitude to the mainprobability” concurrently. A long pulse is modulated lobe peak amplitude and is expressed in decibels.or coded to increase its bandwidth .On reception the The aperiodic autocorrelation r(k) of a sequence ofmodulated long –pulse echo signal is passed through length N which is nothing but the output of thethe matched filter which performs the cross- matchedfilter or the matched filter compressedcorrelation between transmit reference and received output is given asecho. However, the limitation is that it has rangedoppler cross coupling, resulting in measurement N 1 kerrors unless one of the coordinates (range ordoppler) is determined. Range side lobes are high, r (k )  y y i 0 i ik , k  0,1,2.... N  1 (3) 217 | P a g e

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Sonia Sethi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.216-223For best performance, the autocorrelation pattern of noise (PN) sequence, or binary shift-registerthe optimum coded waveform must have a large sequence. They are linear since they obey thepeak value for zero shift (main lobe) and zero value superposition theorem. When applied to phase-for non-zero shifts. coded pulse compression, the zeros correspond to zero phase of the sub pulse and the ones correspond to 𝞹 radians phase.There can be more than one maximal length sequence, depending on the feedback connection. Withthe proper code, the highest (power) side lobe can be about l/2N that of the maximum compressed-pulse power. Linear recursive sequences have an advantage that they can be long, giving high compression ratios and there are many of them allowing secure enciphering of waveforms. Their disadvantage is that their auto Side Lobes correlation functions contain partial sums with values greater than one so that windowing must be used to reduce range leakage. N pulse longFig 3 Auto-correlation of the binary phase code.3.2 Types of Binarycodes3.2.1 Linear Recursive Sequences, or Shift-Register Codes One method for obtaining a set of random-like phase codes is to employ a shift register withfeedback and modulo 2 addition that generates apseudorandom sequence of zeros and ones of length2n- 1, where n is the number of stages in the shiftregister. An n-stage shift register consists of nconsecutive two-state memory units controlled by asingle clock. The two states considered here are 0and 1. At each clock pulse, the state of each stage is Fig 5: Simulation of 7 bitLinear Recursive Sequenceshifted to the next stage in line. 3.2.2Complementary Codes Golay complementary codes have properties that are useful in radar and communications systems. The sum of autocorrelations of each of a Golay complementary code pair is a delta function. This property can be used for the complete removal of side lobes from radar signals, by transmitting each code, match–filtering the returns and combining them[4]. Table 1: Side/Main Lobe ratio of Binary Phase Codes[3]Fig4: Three Stage PN Sequence Generator Type of code Ratio In dB(Side An n-stage binary device has a total of 2n lobe / Main Lobe)different possible states.Thus an n-stage shiftregister can generate a binary sequence of length no 13 bit Barker code -22.27greater than 2n- 1 before repeating. The actualsequence obtained depends on both the feedback 16 bit Complimentary -24.08Connection and the initial loading of the shift 32 bit Complimentary -30.10register. When the output sequence of an n-stageshift register is of period 2n- 1, it is called a 64 bit Complimentary -36.12maximal length sequence, or m-sequence.This type 128 bit Complimentary -42.14of waveform is also known as a linear recursivesequence (LRS), pseudorandom sequence, pseudo 218 | P a g e

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Sonia Sethi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.216-223Theoretically, there are no side lobes on the time 3.2.3 Barker codesaxis when complementary codes are employed. The binary choice of 0 or π phase for each sub-pulseComplementary codes can be obtained with either may be made at random. However, some randombinary or polyphase sequences[1]. selections may be better suited than others for radar application. The binary phase-coded sequence of 0, There are two problems, however, that π values that result in equal side-lobes after passeslimit the use of complementary codes.The first is through the matched filter is called a Barker code.that the two codes have to be transmitted on two The barker codes are listed in Table 2.separate pulses, detected separately, and then Autocorrelation simulation results are shown in fig8.subtracted. Any movement of the target or These simulation results match with the calculatedinstability in the system that occurs during the time PSL shown in table 2. It can also be observed thatbetween the two pulses can result in incomplete with increase in bit length, the PSL improves.cancellation of the side lobes. Transmitting the twocodes simultaneously at two different frequencies . Table 2 Side / Main Lobe ratio in Barker codes[1]does not solve the problem since the target response Code Code Elements Side lobecan vary with frequency. The second problem is that Length level, dBthe side lobes are not zero after cancellation when 2 + −, + + −6.0there is a doppler frequency shift so that the 3 ++− −9.5ambiguity diagram will contain other regions with 4 + + − +, + + + − −12.0high side lobes. Thus this method of obtaining zero 5 +++−+ −14.0side lobes has serious practical difficulties and is not 7 +++−−+− −16.9as attractive as it might seem at first glance.In a 11 +++−−−+−−+− −20.8practical application, the two sequences must beseparated in time, frequency, or polarization, which 13 + + + + + − − + + − + − + −22.3results in de-correlationof radar returns so thatcomplete side lobe cancellation may not occur.Hence they have not been widely used in pulsecompression radars.Fig 6: Simulation of 16 bit complimentary code 219 | P a g e

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Sonia Sethi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.216-2235. Comparative Analysis and OptimalSelection of Binary Phase Codes REFERENCESThere are two criteria for the selection of optimal [1] Merrill I. Skolnik, Introduction to radarphase codes: systems, McGraw Hill Book Companya) Auto-correlation function of the phase Inc.,1962.codes should have uniform side-lobes. [2] Carpentier, Michel H., "Evolution of Pulseb) They should have high peak to side lobe Compression in the Radar Field,"ratio (PSL). Microwave Conference, 1979. 9th European, vol., no., pp.45-53, 17-20 Sept.Fig 10. Shows a scenario where a strong target & 1979weak target are in the nearby vicinity. If the selected [3] Prasad, N.N.S.S.R.K.; Shameem, V.;binary phase code does not have high PSL & Desai, U.B.; Merchant, S.N.; ,uniform side lobes then the weak target will be "Improvement in target detectionmasked under side lobes of strong target and thereby performance of pulse coded Doppler radargoes undetected. based on multicarrier modulation with fastBased on the simulation results in Table 1, we can Fourier transform (FFT)," Radar, Sonarconclude that although higher length of linear and Navigation, IEEE Proceedings - ,sequence code will yield higher PSL unlike barker vol.151, no.1, pp. 11- 17, Feb 2004doi:codes they do not possess uniform side lobes. 10.1049/ip-rsn:20040119Although Complementary Codes provide a very [4] Bassem R. Mahafza,”Radar Signalhigh PSLR, it requires two separate sequences and Analysis and processing using MATLAB”, -thereby two different echoes must be received CRC Press 2009before any target information can be obtained.Based on empirical data of surveillance radar, the Sonia Sethireceived her bachelor’s degree inradar cross section (RCS) for heavy vehicle is 20 & Electronics and Telecommunication fromcrawling man is 0.05. Thus, range side lobes of ShramSadhna Trust College of Engineering &strong target should be below Technology, Bambhori-Jalgaon. She has been 0.05 teaching at L&T Institute of Technology, Mumbai10 log( )  26dB to detect weak target. This as a Lecturer since 2005. She is currently pursuing 20 Masters in Electronics & Telecommunication fromis an extreme case wherein it is assumed that a Thakur College of Engineering & Technology,crawling man and a heavy vehicle are co-located Mumbai.(within same antenna beam). Practically, 22dB PSLmay be sufficient which is obtained using 13 bitbarker code. Results from section 4 also show thatwhen passed through Modulator- Demodulator ofPulse Doppler Radar under presence of noise, 13 Bitbarker code provides the required PSLR with fairlyuniform sidelobes.5. Conclusion: The need for pulse compression isestablished in section 1 and section 2. Differenttypes of binary phase codes used for pulsecompression are introduced and simulated results ofautocorrelation function of each of the binary phasecodes are presented and compared. In section 4, areal life scenario is simulated by passing the binarycodes modulated carrier signal through Modulator –Demodulator Scheme of Pulse Doppler Radar. Thereceived echo is degraded using Additive WhiteGaussian Noise of -27dB. Based on the comparativeanalysis in section 3, section 4 and PSLRrequirements in Surveillance Radar, it wasconcluded that 13 bit barker code is the mostoptimal binary phase code for surveillance radar . 223 | P a g e