Main Labour Force Statistics by Province

Analytical Framework, Concepts, Definitions, and Classifications

• Objective:

Household labour force survey sample size was increased in order to produce regional estimations on Statistical Region Units (SRE) level 2 (26 regions) from the beginning of 2004. With the increase in sample size, survey results have been published annually by SRE level 2 besides the periodic estimates given in total and urban/rural detail starting from 2004. However, in the recent years, province based labour force indicators are needed both for the projects and plans that are to be realized by public authorities and also for the academical studies.

The main reason of having been determined the labour force survey estimation level as SRE level 2 by Eurostat is, producing statistics for sub geographical areas requires quite high sampling sizes and this is not prefered considering both the infrastructure facilities and cost limits. Producing estimates for sub regions especially requires very high sample size for the countries having excessive population, large area and too many and widely scattered settlements like Turkey. So, many countries practice different kinds of methods and mainly use econometric models to produce estimates for sub geographical areas by using administrative registers and different data sources besides the results obtained from the studies based on sampling.

The aim of this study is to produce province level estimations.

• Concepts:

Non-institutional population: Comprises all the population, the residents of schools, dormitories, kindergartens, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, military barracks and recreation quarters for officers.

Non-institutional working age population: Indicates the population 15 years of age and over within the non-institutional civilian population.

Labour force: Comprises all employed persons and all unemployed.

Labour force participation rate: Indicates the ratio of the labour force to non-institutional working age population.

Employment: Comprises all the non-institutional working age population who are included in the “persons at work” and “not at work” described below.

• Persons at work: Persons economically active during the reference period for at least one hour as a regular employee, casual employee, employer, self employed or unpaid family worker.• Persons not at work: All self-employed and employers who have a job but not at work in the reference week for various reasons are considered as employed.

Regular employees with a job but did not work during the reference period for various reasons are considered as employed only if they have an assurance of return to work within a period of 3 months or if they receive at least 50% of their wage or salary from their employer during their absence. Unpaid family workers and casual workers, who did not work in the reference week even 1 hour, are not considered as employed.

The members of producer cooperatives and apprentices or stagers who are working to gain any kind of benefit (income in cash or in kind, social security, travelling cost, pocket money etc.) are considered to be employed.

Employment Rate: Employment rate is the ratio of employed persons to the non-institutional working age population.

Persons Unemployed: The unemployed comprises all persons 15 years of age and over who were not employed during the reference period had used at least one channel for seeking a job during the last three months and were available to start work within two weeks.

Persons who have already found a job and will start to work within 3 months, or established his/her own job but were waiting to complete necessary documents to start work were also considered to be unemployed.

Unemployment Rate: Is the ratio of unemployed persons to the labour force.

Persons not in labour force: Includes persons who are neither unemployed nor employed and 15 years of age and over. The persons not in labour force consist of the following sub-groups;

• International and regional directive: Household labour force survey, where international standards have been followed in terms of definitions and concepts from the beginning of its first application, norms and standards of the European Union Statistical Office (Eurostat) and International Labour Organization (ILO) are being used.

Scope of the Data

• Coverage persons: All private households who are living in the territory of Republic of Turkey are covered in the labour force survey. Residents of schools, dormitories, kinder-gartens, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, military barracks and recreation quarters for officers are not covered.

• Geographical area covered: All settlements in Turkey have been covered in sample selection.• Urban areas: Settlements with a population of 20 001 and over are defined as URBAN.• Rural areas: Settlements with a population of 20 000 or less are defined as RURAL.

Accounting Conventions

The study was implemented mainly in three stages:1. Direct estimation and related standard errors in province level by using LFS data.2. The determination of the variables for the model by using external data sources. 3. The calculation of the composite estimates.

. Direct estimation in province level by using LFS data: Direct estimates and their standard errors were constructed in province level by using weighted LFS data. The results were used for obtaining the final estimations.

. Determining the variables of the model using the external source information: The province level information that takes place in the population census of 2010, business statistics, Social Security Instutions and Tukish Employment Office is used as external data in the study. The variables that exist in these registers, those which are statisticially significant have been used in the estimation model

. Calculation of the composite estimates: The estimates of labour force, employment and unemployment ratios and their standard errors were calculated by using model based “Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor” (EBLUP) for each province.

In this study, two components were considered in the model. While the first one is defined as the direct estimates from the LFS data, the latter is gathered from external variables selected by stepwise regression model.

Characteristics of Basic Data Sources

• Data sources: This study depends on using selected external variables (province populations and other demographic indicators, Social Security Institution data, Turkish Employment Office data etc.) mostly based on administrative registers and determined by the econometrics studies together with the original variables obtained from the LFS survey.

Compilation Practices

• The system of data collection: Questionnaire of Household labour force survey, which is the main sources of the study, was designed considering many factors together. The international standards determined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) were taken into consideration and adapted to the country circumstances. Modifications on questionnaire were made in order to reflect possible changes occurred in time in the labour force status in Turkey and to produce both nationally and internationally comparable data. In this way norms and standards of Eurostat have also been followed from 2004. External source of this study is administrative registers.

• Reference and application period: The first week of each month starting with Monday and ending with Sunday was used as the reference period of labour force. The field application starts after the reference week and is completed within 15 days. For the administrative registers, current year data has been used.

Other subjects

• Data availability: Main labour force indicators by province has been calculated since 2008.

• Geographical detail: Province level

• Timeliness: Results of the study are announced in June of related year at 10.00 o'clock in the morning with a press release and at the same time disseminated through the web site both in TR and EN.

Household Labour Force Statistics

Analytical Framework, Concepts, Definitions, and Classifications

Objective:

Household Labour Force Survey being implemented regularly since 1988 by Turkish Statistical Institute, is the main data source which provides information about those employed; economic activity, occupation, employment status and working hours, while the unemployed; search for your job search time and is being implemented in order to compile information about their work in our country with the supply side of the labor market.

Concepts:

Non-institutional population: Comprises all the population excluding the residents of dormitories of universities, orphanage, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, prisons and military barracks etc.

Non-institutional working age population: Indicates the population 15 years old and over within the non-institutional civilian population.

Labour force: Comprises all employed persons and all unemployed.

Labour force participation rate: Indicates the ratio of the labour force to non-institutional working age population.

Employment: Comprises all the non-institutional working age population who are included in the persons “at work” and “not at work” described below.

· Persons at work: Persons economically active during the reference period for at least one hour as a regular employee, casual employee, employer, self employed or unpaid family worker.

· Persons not at work: All self-employed and employers who have a job but not at work in the reference week for various reasons are considered as employed.

Regular employees with a job but did not work during the reference period for various reasons are considered as employed only if they have an assurance of return to work within a period of 3 months or if they receive at least 50% and more of their wage or salary from their employer during their absence. Unpaid family workers and casual workers, who did not work in the reference week even 1 hour, are not considered as employed.

The members of producer cooperatives, apprentices or stagers traniees who are working to gain knowledge or skills for any kind of benefit (income in cash or in kind, social security, travelling cost, pocket money etc.) are considered to be employed.

Employment Rate: Employment rate is the ratio of employed persons within the non-institutional working age population.

Underemployment: In the Sixteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians, organized by ILO, the existing definition of underemployment was revised considering the measuring problems and new concepts called as “time-related underemployment” and “inadequate employment” were introduced in order to measure underemployment more accurately. Therefore, essential arrangements have been made in household labour force survey questionnaire in 2009. Results on “time-related underemployment” and “inadequate employment” are published starting from February 2009 period instead of “underemployment” concept that had been calculated and published until that time.

Time-related underemployment: Persons employed in the reference week who worked less than 40 hours as total (in main job and additional job/s) were willing to work additional hours and were available to do so.

Inadequate employment: In case persons are not covered in the “time-related underemployment” concept; persons employed in the reference week but were also looking for a job to replace present job or as an additional job within last 4 weeks and were available to start work within 2 weeks if they could find another job.

Unregistered Employment: Persons who are not registered to any social security institution due to main job worked in reference week.

Persons Unemployed: The unemployed comprises all persons 15 years of age and over who were not employed during the reference period had used at least one channel for seeking a job during the last 4 weeks and were available to start work within two weeks. Before 2014, the reference period of job search was "last three months".

Additionally, persons who have already found a job and will start to work within 3 months, or established his/her own job but were waiting to complete necessary documents to start work were also considered to be unemployed.

Unemployment Rate: It is the ratio of unemployed persons within the labour force.

Persons not in labour force: They include 15 years old and over non-institutional working age population who are neither unemployed nor employed. The persons not in labour force consist of the following sub-groups:

[1] Not seeking a job but available to start a job: These are the persons who did not look for a job with different reasons, but were available for work within 2 weeks. This group consists of two sub-groups:

1.1. Discouraged workers: These are the persons not seeking a job because they had looked for before or did not believe to find a job with his/her qualifications but they were ready to start to work.

1.2. Other: These were the persons who were not seeking a job for reasons such as being seasonal workers, busy with household chores, student, property income earner, retired or disabled, but available to start to work.

[2] Seasonal workers: Persons were not seeking a job and were not available for work because of being seasonal workers.

[3] Household chores: Persons not seeking a job and were not available for work because of doing household chores.

[4] In education or training: Persons not seeking a job and were not available for work because of attending regular school or training.

[5] Retired persons: Persons not seeking a job and were not available for work because of being retired.

[6] Disabled, old or ill: Persons not seeking a job and were not available for work because of being disabled, ill or elderly.

[7] Other: Persons not seeking a job and were not available for work because of family and personal reasons or other reasons.

Classifications:

In the survey, both those in employment and the persons who were previously employed are classified by their economic activity, occupation, employment status and educational level.

Economic activities: All economic activities (until 2009) are coded at four digit level according to the International Standard of Economic Activities in the European Union (NACE Rev.1). Results are published by 9 or 14 main group given for Turkey, urban and rural and by 4 main sectors for regional breakdown. Tables given in TurkStat web page under the “Statistical Tables and Dynamic Search” title are given by the 9 groups, but in the data base and annual publication results are also given in 14 groups detail from 2004.

A, B Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing

C Mining and quarrying

D Manufacturing

E Electricity, gas and water supply

F Construction

G,H Wholesale and retail trade , hotels and restaurants

I Transportation, communication and storage

J,K Finance, insurance, real estate and business services

L-Q Community services, social and personal activities

In year 2009, economic activities in labour force survey were coded by International Classification of Economic Activities in the European Union (NACE) both by Revision 1 and by Revision 2. From 2010, the use of the Revision 2 was entirely adopted. Starting from the period of January 2010, economic activities have been published by NACE Revision 2 and in order to provide comparability with the same period of previous year, the results of 2009 have also been published by Revision 2.

A Agriculture, forestry and fishing

B Mining and quarrying

C Manufacturing

D-E Electricity, gas, steam, water supply, sewerage etc.

F Construction

G Wholesale and retail trade

H Transportation and storage

I Accommodation and food service activities

J Information and communication

K Financial and insurance activities

L Real estate activities

M Professional, scientific and technical activities

N Administrative and support service activities

O Public administration and defence

P Education

Q Human health and social work activities

R Arts, entertainment and recreation

S-U Other social, community and personal service activities

Occupation: All occupations were coded at the four-digit level according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO, 88) and the results were given by 9 main group until 2012.

1 Legislators, senior officials and managers

2 Professionals

3 Technicians and market sales workers

4 Clerks

5 Service workers and shop and market sales workers

6 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers

7 Craft and related trade workers

8 Plant and machine operators and assemblers

9 Elementary occupations

All occupations were coded together by using ISCO 88 and ISCO 08 in 2012, while ISCO 08 from 2013 was put into use. Starting from January 2013, according to the classification of occupations ISCO 08 began to be published. To ensure comparability with the same period of the previous year terms in 2012, according to the results of ISCO 08 have also been released.

1 Managers

2 Professionals

3 Technicians and associate professionals

4 Clerical support workers

5 Service and sales workers

6 Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers

7 Craft and related trades workers

8 Plant and machine operators and assemblers

9 Elemantary occupations

Employment status: All persons who are currently employed and persons employed in the past are classified according to International Classification on Status in Employment (ICSE, 1993) and the results are published by this classification.

1. Regular employee

2. Employer

3. Self employed

4. Unpaid family worker

Educational status: The educational attainment level for all persons 6 years old and over is coded according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED, 1997).

1. Illiterate

2. Less than high school

Literate withour any diploma

Primary school

Primary education

Secondary school or vocational secondary school

3. High school and vocational school at high school level

High school

Vocational school at high school level

4. Higher education

Higher education

University

Master or doctorate

International and regional directive: Household labour force survey, where international standards have been followed in terms of definitions and concepts from the beginning of its first application, norms and standards of the European Union Statistical Office (Eurostat) and International Labour Organization (ILO) are being used.

Scope of the Data

Coverage of persons: All private households who are living in the territory of Republic of Turkey are covered. Residents of schools, dormitories, kindergartens, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, military barracks and recreation quarters for officers are not covered.

Geographical coverage: All settlements in Turkey have been covered in sample selection.

Accounting Conventions

Method of Sampling: For Household Labour Force Survey, two-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. Based on adress, a rotation pattern is formed to ensure a 50% of overlap between two consecutive periods and in the same periods of the two consecutive years and 8 sub samples have been used at each period. In design of the study, sample size has been equally distributed to the weeks, which will be applied in each term. As of 2014, the quarterly survey sample size is 44.000 households. In determining sample volume size Eurostat regulation numbered 577/98 is based on. In design of the study, administrative division of the year 2014 is based on. The estimate size of the study is periodically the whole Turkey, annualy is the NUTS Level 2.

Weighing: Weighting is a method used to obtain parameters from the data set resulting from sampling so as to represent the universe. In the study, while reaching the final weight, the design weights have been calculated depending on the selection criteria; have been controlled for external distribution and corrected for non-responses. In weightning, age group, gender, NUTS Level 2, urban-rural and household size are based on as external control.

Characteristics of Basic Data Sources

Data sources: Data were collected from the households which were selected by defined sampling method. Statistical unit used is “household” in labour force surveys. Demographic information (age, sex, educational status, relationship to household head) is asked to all members of the household. But, questions on labour force status are asked for persons 15 years old and over.

Data collection method: All information was collected by interviewers on a face-to-face basis with the help of portable computers (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing-CAPI).

Compilation Practices

·

Revisions

The Revision Information Form regarding the revisions to be carried out in the current year for the statistics produced in the scope of this press release can be accessed from the link below.

Other subjects

Data availability: Survey has been applied since 1988. Between 1988-1999 term the survey was applied twice a year using the last weeks of April and October as reference week. Since 2000 it has been applied on monthly basis.

The results of the survey were announced on quarterly basis between 2000-2003 periods. Starting with January 2005, Household Labour Force Survey results are announced in every month based on the moving averages of three months. The weighting coefficients are calculated based on the mid-month population projections and results are called with the name of the middle month in order to simplify expression. In this context, the disclosed press releases of February, May, August and November are completely comparable with the results published periodically since 2000.

With the continuous survey application, the 13 weeks covered along with the corresponding month in each period are considered.

Geographical detail: Results of the survey were published by Turkey, urban and rural between 1988-1999 terms. The estimations have been given again for Turkey, urban and rural areas on quarterly basis and annually for seven geographical regions and selected nine province centers (Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, Erzurum, Gaziantep, İstanbul, İzmir, Samsun) besides the Turkey, urban and rural between 2000-2003. The quarterly results of the survey are provided for Turkey, urban and rural level as in previous applications and annual results are supplied for Classification of Region Units Level 1 (in urban/rural distinction) and for whole by Level 2 since 2004.

Timeliness: The results of the survey are announced in the 45th day following the end of the related term (3 month periods) in the 15th day of each month (in case of the 15th falls on a weekend the following working day) at 10.00 o'clock with a press release and at the same time disseminated through the web site both in Turkish and in English.

Seasonal adjustment: Seasonal effects prevent observing the general tendency of data because of their temporary characteristics. Therefore, identification of seasonal patterns of short term indicators plays crucial role in order to make reliable comparisons between consecutive periods.

1. Method Used: Currently, Turkstat carries out the seasonal adjustment of Labour Force Statistics, using TRAMO-SEATS methodology based on ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model estimation developed by the Banco de Espana and also suggested by Eurostat. The software that is used for the application of this method is TRAMO-SEATS for Windows (TSW).

2. Seasonal Adjustment Process: The seasonal adjustment process of Labour Force Statistics begins at the end of each year with determination of the specification of models of the next year. This specified model structure is kept fixed throughout the year to adjust seasonal effects. At the end of the year, just like the previous year, specification of econometric estimation models for the following year is determined. The identified process repeats itself in a cyclical manner each year.

Labour force, unemployed persons and employed persons according to economic activities; employment, unemployment, non-agricultural and youth unemployment rates have been seasonally adjusted within the context of labour force statistics. Because of the calendar related effects are not statistically significant, labour force statistics are published as only seasonally adjusted.

3. Direct or Indirect Approach: Seasonally adjusted figures of labour force statistics have been produced by indirect approach. Namely, labour force, employed persons according to economic activities and unemployed persons are firstly seasonally adjusted and then aggregated to derive seasonally adjusted employment and unemployment rates.

4. Publication: Labour Force statistics have been published as seasonally adjusted. “Seasonally adjusted” data is derived from unadjusted data by removing effects originating from seasonal effects. Seasonally adjusted data should be used in comparisons regarding the previous month/period.

Online or database: Household labour force survey database includes time series data since 1988. The tables related to “1988 and January 2014 period” and “February 2014 and later” are in TurkStat web page under the “Statistical Tables and Dynamic Search” in sub section “Dynamic Search”.

Child Labour Force Statistics

Analytical Framework, Concepts, Definitions, and Classifications

Coverage:In addition to labour force surveys which make it possible to collect detailed data relating to labour market regularly, modular surveys based on additional questionnaires target obtaining information about some different areas and aspects of labour market conducted in specific periods

In 1991, the International Labour Organisation identified child labour as an issue of international relevance and launched the “International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour” (IPEC) in 1992 with the participation of six countries including Turkey. The long term target of the IPEC is to fully eliminate child labour while it seeks to protect working children and improve their working conditions in shorter and medium term.

As a problem relevant for all developing countries including Turkey, child labour is closely associated with such factors as demography, education, economic growth and social development. For diversifying and enriching data related to child labour, the first child labour survey in Turkey was carried out in 1994 under a joint project launched by the ILO and TURKSTAT. The second child labour survey in October 1999 was carried out within the framework of “Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour” (SIMPOC).

Because of the need for current data about child labour, survey was implemented in 2006 within the coverage of a new project covered by the IPEC and signed between ILO and TURKSTAT. This survey was applied in the fourth quarter of 2006 covering October, November and December together with Household Labour Force Survey as in previous applications.

The fourth child labour survey was implemented in 2012 by TURKSTAT. This survey was applied in the fourth quarter of 2012 covering October, November and December together with Household Labour Force Survey as in previous applications.

Geographical area covered:In Turkey all individual settlements were considered as universe. Of these settlements those with population 20,001 or more are classified as URBAN and settlements with population 20,000 or less are classified as RURAL.

Persons covered: The universe of the survey consists of all households in Turkey and, at individual level, all household members in the age group 6-17. Children in boarding schools, dormitories, childcare centres, reformatories, hospitals and prisons.

Since child labour survey was conducted with households who were selected as sample under household labour force survey, the sampling design is naturally based on the sampling design relevant to the latter.

Definitions

Child:Under international instruments relating to “worst forms of child labour” and “child rights” any person under age 18 is a child. Hence, persons in the age group 6-17 covered in this survey are defined as “children.”

Non-institutional population: Comprises all the population excluding the residents of dormitories of universities, orphanage, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, prisons and military barracks etc.

Engaged in economic activity (employed):This category comprises persons who, during the reference week, work at least 1 hour on any day for wage, profit or as unpaid in family enterprises as well as others who maintain their jobs although may not have been at work for various reasons during the reference week.

Employment rate: This is the ratio of employed persons to non-institutional working age population. For the age group 6-17, the rate of employment is the ratio of employed persons in the age group 6-17 to total non-institutional population in the same age group.

Household chores:These are activities which are carried out at home by household members and which remain out of the scope of economic activity. These activities consist of work performed by household members (including children) without any pay. Such activities as cooking, washing, ironing, shopping, caring for siblings or ill household members, cleaning, repairing household items, etc. all fall in this category.

Those engaged in household work: Persons not engaged in any economic activity but helping their family in above stated works within the reference period regardless the duration of work.

Not-working : Persons neither engaged in any economic activity nor domestic works during the reference period are classified under the heading “not-working” in tabulations.

The first Child Labour Force Survey was applied in October 1994, second one was applied in October 1999, third one was applied in October, November and December 2006 and fourth one was applied in October, November and December 2012.

Economic activities: All economic activities were coded with four digits according to EU Statistical Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev. 2) and published in three major sectors. (Table 1)

1. Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE Rev.2)

Sector

Section

Description

Agriculture

A

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

B

Mining and quarrying

C

Manufacturing

Industry

D

Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

E

Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities

F

Construction

G

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

I

Accommodation and food service activities

H

Transport and storage

J

Information and communication

Services

K

Financial and insurance activities

L

Real estate activities

M

Professional, scientific and technical activities

N

Administrative and support service activities

O

Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

P

Education

Q

Human health and social work activities

R

Arts, entertainment and recreation

S

Other service activities

T

Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods-and services-producing activities of households for own use

U

Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies

Status in Employment: Employed persons were classified in line with International Classification of Status in Employment (ICSE, 1993) and given in 3 groups:

1. Regular and casual employee

2. Self employed or employers3. Unpaid family workers

Regular and casual employee: Persons who work permanently, temporarily, seasonally or casually for an employer in return for remuneration in-kind (goods) or cash (money). Those who work in order to acquire information or experience in a specific job or occupation in return for some benefits (i.e. in kind or cash earnings, social security, transportation cost, pocket money, tips, etc.) are also considered as employed (for example apprentices or interns).

Employer: A person who employs at least one paid worker in his enterprise. In a given enterprise there may be owning partners in which case each should be considered as employer.

Self employed: This category covers those who work on their own jobs, farms, orchards, shops, offices, workshops, repair shops, etc. on their own or together with unpaid family members (without employing any employee) in order to have in kind or cash returns. In any workplace there may be partners working together without employing anyone; in such cases each partner is considered as self employed.

Unpaid family worker: These are persons who work in enterprises run (owned) by one of the members of the same household, who have no partnership status in the enterprise and who are not paid in return for their work.

Scope of the Data

Geographical area covered:In Turkey all individual settlements were considered as universe. Of these settlements those with population 20,001 or more are classified as URBAN and settlements with population 20,000 or less are classified as RURAL.

Accounting Conventions

Sampling MethodThe method involves two stages. It is based on a two stages stratified clustered probability sample involving eight sub-samples.Table below gives information about sample sizes in surveys conducted in 1994, 1999, 2006 and 2012.

Sample size of the child labour surveys is given below;

Years

Turkey

Urban

Rural

October, 1994

13 537

9 194

4 343

October, 1999

23 189

17 978

5 211

October, November and December 2006

38 039

26 566

11 473

October, November and December 2012

42 360

30 600

11 760

Results of the 2006 Child Labour Surveys were revised according to 2008 based population projection.

Characteristics of Basic Data Sources

Application period: The survey was implemented in months October, November and December within the 2nd and 3rd week following the reference week.Data collection method: All information related to household members in the survey was collected through face to face interviews in the field, which is called “computer assisted personal interview” (CAPI).

Compilation Practices

Reference period: First week of October, November and December starting with Monday is taken as reference period.

Implementation months

Period of reference

October

1-7 October 2012

November

5-11 November 2012

December

3-9 December 2012

Other subjects

Geographical area covered:In Turkey all individual settlements were considered as universe. Of these settlements those with population 20,001 or more are classified as URBAN and settlements with population 20,000 or less are classified as RURAL. The results of October-November and December 2012 were announced in April 2, 2013 at 10.00 o’clock through news bulletin and at the same time it is released on the web site both in Turkish and English.

Publications

Publications concerning the implemantations of October 1994 and October 1999 are published both in Turkish and English. Except of the publication concerning the implementation of October 1999 there has also been a report prepared and published both in Turkish and English seperately. The results of October-November-December 2006 Child Labour Force Survey were printed as seperate publications.

More information about publications:

All the publications are prepared in both Turkish and English;and are also disseminated as CD.

Footnotes

Child Labour Force Survey news bulletin (in Turkish and English)

Publications

Publications concerning the implemantations of October 1994 and October 1999 are published both in Turkish and English. Except of the publication concerning the implementation of October 1999 there has also been a report prepared and published both in Turkish and English seperately. The results of October-November-December 2006 Child Labour Force Survey were printed as seperate publications.

More information about publications:

All the publications are prepared in both Turkish and English;and are also disseminated as CD.

The Entry of Young People into the Labour Market

Analytical Framework, Concepts, Definitions, and Classifications

Objective

Ad hoc module “Entry Of Young People Into The Labour Market” was conducted in the framework of the European Union harmonization studies. Eurostat (The Statistical Office of the European Union) envisages the application of different modular surveys (ad hoc modules) in each year together with the household labour force survey (LFS) in order to gather detailed information on various aspects of the labour market including the variables to be determined by Eurostat in advance with regulations. 2016 module is the fifth ad hoc module applied within the LFS framework in Turkey. The first one is in 2007 called "The Research On Accidents at Work and Work-related Health Problems", then "The Research On Entry of Young People into The Labour Market " in 2009, " The Research On The Labour Force Status of Disabled People" in 2011. And finally, the second of the modular questionnaire named "Work Accidents and Work-Related Health Problems" was applied in 2013.

The objective of the module can be formulated as; the module on young people on the labour market aims to provide more detail on the educational background of young people and their efforts to find work and assistance received in finding work. Together with this study, the provided statistical data is very important either for our country or at EU level to be needed for the policy recommendations in order to ensure the transition to the labour market for the young people.

Concepts

The concepts and definitions are in parallel with the definitions used in the labour force survey.
Non-institutional population within 15-34 age: Population within 15-34 age group excluding the residents of dormitories of universities, orphanage, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, prisons and military barracks etc.

Labour force: Comprises all employed and unemployed.

Persons employed: Comprises all the non-institutional working age population who are included in the “persons at work” and “not at work” described below.

Persons at work: Persons engaged in any economic activity during the reference period for at least one hour as a regular employee, casual employee, employer, self employed or unpaid family worker.

Persons not at work: All self-employed and employers who have a job but not at work in the reference week for various reasons are considered as employed.

Regular employees with a job who did not work during the reference period for various reasons are considered as employed only if they have an assurance of return to work within a period of 3 months or if they receive at least 50% or more of their wage or salary from their employer during their absence. Nonetheless unpaid family workers and casual workers who did not work in the reference week even 1 hour, are not considered as employed.

Apprentices or stajyers who are working to gain any kind of benefit (income in cash or in kind, social security, travelling cost, pocket money etc.) are considered to be employed.

Persons unemployed: The unemployed comprises all persons 15 years of age and over who were not employed (neither worked for profit, payment in kind or family gain at any job even for one hour, who have no job attachment) during the reference period who have used at least one channel for seeking a job during the last 4 weeks and were available to start work within two weeks. Before 2014, the reference period of job search was “last 3 months”.

Persons who have already found a job beginning within three months or established his/her own job but were waiting to complete necessary documents to start work were also considered to be unemployed.

Labour force participation rate: Indicates the ratio of the labour force to non-institutional working age population.

Unemployment rate: It is the ratio of unemployed persons within the labour force.

Employment rate: Employment rate is the ratio of employed persons to the non-institutional working age population.

Persons not in labour force: Includes persons who are neither unemployed nor employed and 15 years of age and over.

Educational process: The period of education that starts in primary school and ends the end of higher education or faculty.

Those who do not attend school: Those who have completed their education at any educational level, either by graduation or by leaving.

First job: first job (more than 3 months) after completing last education level.

Time period of starting first job: The period between the first job (more than 3 months) that started working after completed his/her education or after he/she left the school, and the time he/she left or completed the education.

The highest level of education completed; the highest school completed within the Turkish National Education System.

Working experience; All practical work activities (for example, including helping a job) during the highest level completed formal education and school holidays covered by this level of education. Practical work within the curriculum of the classroom was not included.

Contribution of education to the respondent's job: respondent's perceptions as to whether or not their education matches of their current job. It gives a measure of mismatches between existing level of education and the necessaries in the current main job. The conclusion helps to do their current affairs.

Reasons of not completing education: consist of the following sub-groups; his/her education is enough, failed exam, not interested in school/ study, the cost of studying too high/cannot afford schooling, a wish to working, family or spouse not allow schooling, mariage or other family reason, disability and health reason and other.

1. Illiterate
2. Less than high school
· Literate without any diploma
· Primary school
· Primary education
· Junior high school or vocational school at high school level
3. High school
4. Vocational school at high school level
5. Higher education
· Institutions of higher education
· University
· Master or doctorate

International and regional directive: Household labour force survey, where international standards have been followed in terms of definitions and concepts from the beginning of its first application, norms and standards of the European Union Statistical Office (Eurostat) and International Labour Organization (ILO) are being used.

Scope of the Data

Coverage

Coverage of persons: All private households who are living in the territory of Republic of Turkey are covered. Residents of schools, dormitories, kindergartens, rest homes for elderly persons, special hospitals, military barracks and recreation quarters for officers are not covered.

Geographical coverage: All settlements in Turkey have been covered in sample selection. Of these settlements those with population 20,001 or more are classified as URBAN and settlements with population 20,000 or less are classified as RURAL.

The target population: The target population for this research is determined as 15-34 age groups. This refers to a wider group than the existing definition of young population referring to 15-24 ages.

Accounting Conventions

Method of Sampling

For Household Labour Force Survey, two-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. Based on address, a rotation pattern is formed to ensure a 50% of overlap between two consecutive periods and in the same periods of the two consecutive years and 8 sub samples have been used at each period. In design of the study, sample size has been equally distributed to the weeks, which will be applied in each term. As of 2014, the quarterly survey sample size is 44.000 households. In determining sample volume size Eurostat regulation numbered 577/98 is based on. In design of the study, administrative division of the year 2014 is based on. The estimate size of the study is periodically the whole Turkey, annually is the NUTS Level 2.

Weighing

Weighting is a method used to obtain parameters from the data set resulting from sampling so as to represent the universe. In the study, while reaching the final weight, the design weights have been calculated depending on the selection criteria; have been controlled for external distribution and corrected for non-responses. In weighting, age group, gender, NUTS Level 2, urban-rural and household size are based on as external control.

The results of this research were weighted using the coefficients calculated for the household labour force survey of related quarter, for these coefficients mid-term population projections (May 15, 2016) were used.

Characteristics of Basic Data Sources

Data sources

Data were collected from the households which were selected by defined sampling method. Statistical unit used is “household” in labour force surveys. Demographic information (age, sex, educational status, relationship to household head) is asked to all members of the household. But, questions on labour force status are asked for persons 15 years old and over.

Data collection method

All information was collected by interviewers on a face-to-face basis with the help of portable computers (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing-CAPI).

Other subjects

Periodicity

Reference period: This modular survey on “the entry of young people into the labour market” was applied together with Household Labour Force Survey in the second quarter of 2016 (April, May and June). The first week of each month starting with Monday and ending with Sunday is used as the reference period for LFS. Nevertheless, the reference period for the questions on employment asked in the modular survey was defined larger and respondents were asked whether they employed in a job with duration of more than 3 months after leaving formal education for the last time.

Application period: The survey was implemented in months April, May and June of 2016.

Advance dissemination of release calendar

The results of the survey were announced in December 7, 2016 at 10.00 o’clock through news bulletin and at the same time it is released on the web site both in Turkish and English.

Reconciliation Between Work and Family Life

Analytical Framework, Concepts, Definitions, and Classifications

Ad hoc module “Reconciliation Between Work and Family Life” was conducted in the framework of the European Union harmonization studies. Eurostat (The Statistical Office of the European Union) envisages the application of different modular surveys in each year together with the household labour force survey (LFS) in order to gather detailed information on various aspects of the labour market. "The Research On Accidents at Work and Work-related Health Problems" were applied in 2007 and in 2013, "The Research On Entry of Young People into The Labour Market " in 2009 and 2016, "The Research On The Labour Force Status of Disabled People" in 2011. "Self Employment " was the sixth one applied in 2017.

The objective of the module on "Reconciliation between work and family life" is to investigate the impact of care responsibilities on labour market participation and to identify problem areas on working life and care responsibilities. The aim of this survey was to determine the individuals participating in the labour market whether or not having care responsibility, what methods they use for the maintenance and the effects of care responsibility on work and family life balance. In this context, information on compliance has been compiled not only in the context of a couple or household but also at the individual level. This survey was the first modular survey conducted on this issue.

The concepts and definitions are in parallel with the definitions used in the labour force survey.
Explanations on "new concepts" are summarized below;

Care responsibilities; are defined people regularly interested as for all respondents' or spouses' or cohabiting partners' children younger than 15 years of age or 15 years and older sick or disabled children or elderly parents or relatives in need of care who live inside or outside the household. Examples of care tasks comprise personal care, homework, playing games, reading, taking out, walking, supervision, housework, shopping can be given.

Those who have responsibility for care are handled under two separate headings; caring for own children younger than 15 years and caring for own children from the age of 15 years who are ill or disabled or elderly relatives.

1. Child care responsibility; Care responsibilities should be related to "own children", which are usually shared in a family or in/outside the household.

Own children means natural, adopted, foster and step-children. Legally reared, protective children are not relatives; but taking over care responsibilities for them is binding and has a significant effect. Whether a child is counted as living inside or outside the household is derived from its categorization in the LFS core and if it is counted as household member there. Grandparents, who are legal guardians should also be considered as having care responsibilities. As care responsibilities are often shared in a family or household, questions include the ones of the spouse or cohabiting partner. If the mother or father has remarried and left their older child to the grandmother or grandfather to care for them, the grandmother or grandfather does not have legal responsibility for their grandchildren.
In the study, disabled children younger than 15 years old should be counted as children. Disabled children from the age of 15 should be counted as "relatives" in need of care.

2. Care for incapacitated relatives (from the age of 15); are defined as people who look after or provide help to relatives in need of care because they are sick, elderly or disabled. This also includes the relatives of the spouse/cohabiting partner, whether or not they live in the same household.

Regular care: The care for children living outside the household should only be considered if it is regular, meaning at least some hours per week. Care can only be a day or even a few hours a week. It is important whether it is regular or not. For example, it can be biweekly, alternately, or 2 days every 4 weeks. In this case, on average it will be at least a few hours per week. It is only in the reference week whether or not child care is available for persons who are responsible for care at certain times of the year. If the responder regularly takes care of the children of the spouse who live outside of this household, it is included, but this is not covered if the spouse is not interested in the children living outside of this household, or only occasionally.

If care for disabled children living outside the household or care for relatives in need is only a few hours a week, they are regularly assessed. Every two weeks, it could be alternating. Only persons who are responsible for maintenance during certain periods of the year will be referred to the situation in the reference week.

Examples of caring tasks; comprise personal care, homework, playing games, reading, taking out, giving a ride, and supervision, among others. If care consists of only in financial support, this is not included in care responsibility.

Corresponding examples of caring tasks for relatives: are personal care (e.g. dressing, washing, feeding), physical help (e.g. walking), taking out, helping with paperwork or financial matters, domestic help (e.g. housework, laundry, groceries). They may be living inside or outside the household.

Professional childcare services: comprise all forms of care organized by private or public structures like the so called centre based pre-schools, nursery schools (which normally are assigned to ISCED level 0), day care centre, nursery school or post-school study centre. Also they include organized family care or care by professional child minders arranged with an intermediate service or directly employed by the family. The care can take place in the household, in the care worker's home or at a institution. Organized services are included irrespective of direct payments by the parents (could e. g. be subsidized by the state or the employer). Child minders that are engaged directly by the parents have to be paid to be seen as a professional service and counted for this variable. Professional means that the child minder is undertaking his/her job as a real profession (with an own registered business) not as side-activity that provides some extra money.

The place where the care service takes place: There may be paid care at home or institutional care centres. It can be both for children.

1. Paid care at home: the maintenance service is made to someone else for a fee. Care activities performed by care workers at the household of the respondent or in the care worker's home for a fee. Direct payments are paid by the family to the service person employed by the family. The care workers sees this as a profession and does not consider it as an extra activity. The maintenance service can be part-time or full-time. It doesn't matter if the care workers has a SGK record. In recent years, the EU and Turkey funded and implemented by the management of the Ministry of Social Security "Home Child Care Services Through Support of Registered Employment of Women" child care services provided under the project entitled are also included. Within the scope of the home care allowance par payment for the relatives of elderly, disabled and sick people who are in need of home care by the Ministry of Family and Social Policies, those who receive home care fee / home care support are evaluated within this scope.

2. Institutional care centres: the person may be able to provide care services from institutional care centres. These can be for the child, private or publicly run kindergarten, nursery and day care centre, kindergarten or private children's club. Development, care, protection and nutrition services of children are carried out in these enterprises. They may be full-time, part-time or boarding. 15 or more patients are considered as institutional care centres for the elderly parents or relatives who are in need of care, as well as for the disabled parents, day or boarding, state or private nursing homes and nursing homes. 7 days / 24 hours care homes with special care issues such as Parkinson, Paralysis, Stroke, Alzheimer, Dementia, Post Hospital Care, Geriatric Care are also evaluated within this scope.

Flexibility to change the start / end time of the working day due to the maintenance responsibility of paid employees with care responsibilities: It includes persons with regular or casual employee, and those with child and/or relatives care. With this variable, in terms of maintenance responsibilities and the agreement with the employer, the actual degree of flexibility of the actual work is to evaluate as usual and exceptional mean. This variable focuses on the possible variation of the start and/or end of a working day by at least one hour.

Generally possible: the person can generally start later and/or finish earlier either in general or to full fill their care responsibilities.

Rarely possible: the person may start and / or end the working hours later when performing the maintenance responsibilities. Generally, it is not possible to generalize these changes at the beginning or end of working hours if the person rarely or occasionally does. This change is only available in emergencies.

Not possible: the person cannot change the working hours in general or in special cases related to care, even if they start late and/or cannot finish early.

Don't know: respondents who are not familiar with the possibility of determining the start and end time of working times are included in the "Don't know" option instead of "not possible".

Taking a career break from working life due to child care: During the working life, it is the time when the parents are not working for at least one month uninterrupted for child/children care until they reach the age of 15. This may also mean maternity leave, parental leave, an inter with employment agreement with the employer, termination of work, postpone of starting work immediately after completion of training. At least one month of work interruption (or delayed entry) must be in a continuous manner. Small short work cuts close to one month are not valid.

Labour force: Comprises all employed and unemployed.Persons employed: Comprises all the non-institutional working age population who are included in the “persons at work” and “not at work” described below.

Persons at work: Persons engaged in any economic activity during the reference period for at least one hour as a regular employee, casual employee, employer, self employed or unpaid family worker.

Persons not at work: All self-employed and employers who have a job but not at work in the reference week for various reasons are considered as employed.

Regular employees with a job who did not work during the reference period for various reasons are considered as employed only if they have an assurance of return to work within a period of 3 months or if they receive at least 50% or more of their wage or salary from their employer during their absence. Nonetheless unpaid family workers and casual workers who did not work in the reference week even 1 hour, are not considered as employed.
Apprentices or stajyers who are working to gain any kind of benefit (income in cash or in kind, social security, travelling cost, pocket money etc.) are considered to be employed.

Persons unemployed: The unemployed comprises all persons 15 years of age and over who were not employed (neither worked for profit, payment in kind or family gain at any job even for one hour, who have no job attachment) during the reference period who have used at least one channel for seeking a job during the last 4 weeks and were available to start work within two weeks. Before 2014, the reference period of job search was “last 3 months”.
Persons who have already found a job beginning within three months or established his/her own job but were waiting to complete necessary documents to start work were also considered to be unemployed.

Persons not in labour force: Includes persons who are neither unemployed nor employed and 15 years of age and over.

Occupation: All occupations were coded together by using ISCO 88 and ISCO 08 in 2012, while ISCO 08 from 2013 was put into use. Starting from January 2013, according to the classification of occupations ISCO 08 began to be published. To ensure comparability with the same period of the previous year terms in 2012, according to the results of ISCO 08 have also been released.
1 Managers
2 Professionals
3 Technicians and associate professionals
4 Clerical support workers
5 Service and sales workers
6 Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
7 Craft and related trades workers
8 Plant and machine operators and assemblers
9 Elemantary occupations

Educational status: The educational status of all persons six years old and over are coded according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED,2011).

Illiterate
Less than high school

Literate without any diploma

Primary school

Primary education

Junior hihg school or vocational school at high school level
High school
Vocational school at high school level
Higher education

Institutions of higher education

University

Master or doctorate

Employment status: All persons who are currently employed and persons employed in the past are classified according to International Classification on Status in Employment (ICSE, 1993) and the results are published by this classification.

Regular and casual employee: Persons who work for an employer in return for remuneration in-kind (goods) or cash (money).Employer: A person who employs at least one paid employee in his workplace. Self employed: This category covers those who work on their own jobs, farms, orchards, shops, offices, workhops, repair shops, etc. on their own or together with unpaid family members (without employing any employee) in order to have in kind or cash returns.Unpaid family worker: These are persons who work in enterprises run (owned) by one of the members of the same household, who have no partnership status in the enterprise and who are not paid in return for their work. In some cases, an unpaid family worker might have worked in a workplace owned by another relative who does not live in the same household.

Scope of the Data

The target population for this survey is determined as 18-64 age group.
The coverage of care responsibility is;

children younger than 15 years old,

children from the age of 15 who are ill or disabled or elderly or incapacitated relatives.

The coverage of the career breaks and parental leave section is;

Employed persons,

Persons who worked in the past.

Accounting Conventions

Method of Sampling

For Household Labour Force Survey, two-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. Based on address, a rotation pattern is formed to ensure a 50% of overlap between two consecutive periods and in the same periods of the two consecutive years and 8 sub samples have been used at each period. In design of the study, sample size has been equally distributed to the weeks, which will be applied in each term. As of 2014, the quarterly survey sample size is 44.000 households. In determining sample volume size Eurostat regulation numbered 577/98 is based on. In design of the study, administrative division of the year 2014 is based on. The estimate size of the study is periodically the whole Turkey, annually is the NUTS Level 2.

Weighing

Weighting is a method used to obtain parameters from the data set resulting from sampling so as to represent the universe. In the study, while reaching the final weight, the design weights have been calculated depending on the selection criteria; have been controlled for external distribution and corrected for non-responses. In weighting, age group, gender, NUTS Level 2, urban-rural and household size are based on as external control.

The results of this research were weighted using the coefficients calculated for the household labour force survey of related quarter, for these coefficients mid-term population projections (May 15, 2016) were used.

Characteristics of Basic Data Sources

Data sources

Data were collected from the households which were selected by defined sampling method. Statistical unit used is “household” in labour force surveys. Demographic information (age, sex, educational status, relationship to household head) is asked to all members of the household. But, questions on labour force status are asked for persons 15 years old and over.

Data collection method

All information was collected by interviewers on a face-to-face basis with the help of portable computers (Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing-CAPI).

Other subjects

Periodicity

Reference period: This modular survey on “Reconcilation Between Work and Family Life” was applied together with Household Labour Force Survey in the second quarter of 2018 (April, May and June). The first week of each month starting with Monday and ending with Sunday is used as the reference period for LFS. Nevertheless, the reference period for the questions on employment asked in the modular survey was defined larger and respondents were asked whether they employed in a job with duration of more than 3 months after leaving formal education for the last time.

Application period: The survey was implemented in months April, May and June of 2018.

Advance dissemination of release calendar

The results of the survey were announced in October 26, 2018 at 10.00 o’clock through news bulletin and at the same time it is released on the web site both in Turkish and English.