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Hints for preparation for Aldol Condensation and Demo Experiment for Nucleophilic
Substitution
Demo Experiment for Nucleophilic Substitution (to be done after quiz for that week)
YOU WILL NEED A WATCH WITH YOU TO TIME THE EXPERIMENT.
Your lab instructors

LAB 2: RECRYSTALLIZATION
Quiz
o Describe specifically what occurs when employing the concept of
exclusion in the process of recrystallization.
That is when impurities are excluded and the crystal is thus a
single pur substance
o List the undesirable qua

Final Exam Review Sheet
Study all prelab and postlab questions - some questions will be verbatim from prelab and postlab
questions. Many others will be based on the prelab and postlab questions you answered.
Besides topics covered in prelab and postlab qu

Continuation of Esterification Lecture
TLC (not carrying out)
You could
If you took a TLC during the reaction,
The 2 reactants and product are not very conjugated
- what
If both reactants were present as impurities in the product,
Where do you expect the

Lab 1: Melting Point
1) Impure compounds will melt over a wider range of temperatures and at a lower mp than
original:
Because energy is used to overcome crystal lattice energy to melt a solid
Impurities disrupt crystal lattice, so requires less energy

Oxidation
Synthesis of p-anisaldehyde (4-methoxybenzaldehyde) from 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol
Definition of Oxidation
In Organic Chemistry, oxidation is represented as:
Example reaction:
OH
C
ox
H
Focus on the carbons where the change occurs
If the change do

LAB 4: THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Quiz
o TLC is typically used to determine the correct adsorbent and solvent for
column chromatography. Why is that possible?
TLC and column chromatography use some absorbents or TLC and
column chromatography both use sil

Esterification
How can Le Chatelier principle be used for this esterification (all methods)
- why was one used and not the other?
How water could be removed? (both methods)
-why can you only use molecular sieves instead of other drying agents in the alter

I. Study all prelab and postlab questions - some questions will be verbatim from prelab and
postlab questions. Many others will be based on the prelab and postlab questions you answered.
Besides topics covered in prelab and postlab questions,
II. Mechanis

Concepts of Recrystallization: How they are employed and what is involved
Solubility: Dissolving material to be purified in an appropriate hot solvent to yield a solution
Saturation Level: When solvent cools: Solution becomes saturated with respect to the

Additional points to consider:
Eutectic point vs. melting point of pure compound:
o Similarity: narrow melting range
o Difference: lower than the pure melting point
What to consider when determining identity of unknown:
o What is the first set of criteria

Aldol Condensation
Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone
Condensation reactions
reactions that add together two or more molecules, often with the loss of water or an alcohol
General Aldol Condensation
2 aldehydes react in the presence of base to form a -hydroxya

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)
BRING THE TLC HANDOUT (NEXT POSTING) TO THE LECTURE AS WELL
Analytical: Melting Point and TLC
Purification: Recrystallization and Distillation
WILL NEED RULER FOR THIS EXPERIMENT
Procedure: From Handout
Sketch of appar

5.4 Naming ions and Ionic Compound
A monatomic cation is named simply by adding the word ion to the name to the element
o Ex. K+: Potassium ion
Transition metals can form cations of more than one possible charge
o Add ous ending to the cation with the sm

Carbohydrates
Chapter 25
25-1
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate: A polyhydroxyaldehyde, a
polyhydroxyketone, or a compound that gives
either of these compounds after hydrolysis.
Monosaccharide: A carbohydrate that cannot be
hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate.

Chapter 6 Representing Molecules
6.1 The Octet Rule
According to the octet rule, atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a noble gas electron
configuration
o Enables us to predict formulas for compounds consisting of specific element

Hints for preparation for Oxidation Experiment
YOU WILL NEED A WATCH FOR THIS EXPERIMENT.
This experiment must be conducted in the hoods.
YOU WILL BE CARRYING OUT THIS EXPERIMENT IN PAIRS.
Turn on heating mantle to level 4 as soon as you get into lab.
YOU

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Reactions involve a molecule with a good leaving group (alkyl halides in our experiment) and a
nucleophile (describe two kinds of species that can act as nucleophiles general properties of
nucleophiles)
Alkyl halides u

Completion of Extraction Lecture Notes
ONLY AVAILABLE UNTIL 3/10/14
Sources of error in acid base extraction (aside from liquid-liquid extraction source of error)
Incomplete acid-base reactions
Not all ion formed will transfer to the aqueous layer.
The e