Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (Hypothyroidism)

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

Hashimoto’s disease, also called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis, is a form of chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. The inflammation results in damage to the thyroid gland and reduced thyroid function or hypothyroidism, meaning the gland doesn’t make enough thyroid hormone for the needs of the body. Hashimoto’s disease is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in the United States.

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck below the larynx, or voice box. The thyroid gland makes two thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thyroid hormones circulate throughout the body in the bloodstream and act on virtually every tissue and cell in the body. These hormones affect metabolism, brain development, breathing, heart rate, nervous system functions, body temperature, muscle strength, skin moisture levels, menstrual cycles, weight, cholesterol levels, and more.

Thyroid hormone production is regulated by another hormone called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid-stimulating hormone is made by the pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located in the brain. When thyroid hormone levels in the blood are low, the pituitary releases more TSH. When thyroid hormone levels are high, the pituitary responds by dropping thyroid-stimulating hormone production.

Hashimoto’s disease is an autoimmune disorder, meaning the body’s immune system attacks its own healthy cells and tissues. In Hashimoto’s disease, the immune system makes antibodies that attack cells in the thyroid and interfere with their ability to produce thyroid hormone. Large numbers of white blood cells called lymphocytes accumulate in the thyroid. Lymphocytes make the antibodies that drive the autoimmune process.

What are the symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease?

Many people with Hashimoto’s disease have no symptoms at first. As the disease slowly progresses, the thyroid usually enlarges and may cause the front of the neck to look swollen. The enlarged gland, called a goiter, may create a feeling of fullness in the throat but is usually not painful. After years, or even decades, the damage to the thyroid causes it to shrink and the goiter to disappear.

Not everyone with Hashimoto’s disease develops hypothyroidism. For those who do, the hypothyroidism may be subclinical—mild and without symptoms. Other people have one or more of these common symptoms of hypothyroidism:

fatigue

weight gain

cold intolerance

joint and muscle pain

constipation

dry, thinning hair

heavy or irregular menstrual periods and impaired fertility

depression

a slowed heart rate

Who is likely to develop Hashimoto’s disease?

Hashimoto’s disease is about seven times more common in women than men. Although it often occurs in adolescent or young women, the disease more commonly appears between 40 and 60 years of age. Hashimoto’s disease tends to run in families. Scientists are working to identify the gene or genes that cause the disease to be passed from one generation to the next. Possible environmental influences are also being studied. For example, researchers have found that excess iodine consumption may inhibit thyroid hormone production in susceptible individuals. Certain drugs or viral infections may also contribute to autoimmune thyroid diseases.

People with other autoimmune disorders are more likely to develop Hashimoto’s disease and vice versa. These disorders include:

vitiligo, a condition in which some areas of the skin lose their natural color

rheumatoid arthritis

Addison’s disease, in which the adrenal glands are damaged and cannot produce enough of certain critical hormones

type 1 diabetes

pernicious anemia, a type of anemia caused by inadequate vitamin B12 in the body

How is Hashimoto’s disease diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with a physical examination and medical history. An enlarged thyroid gland may be detectable during a physical exam and symptoms may suggest hypothyroidism. Doctors will then do several thyroid function tests to confirm the diagnosis.

The ultrasensitive TSH test is usually the first test performed. This blood test is the most accurate measure of thyroid activity available. Generally, a TSH reading above normal means a person has hypothyroidism. In people who produce too little thyroid hormone, the pituitary makes TSH continuously, trying to get the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone.

The T4 test measures the actual amount of circulating thyroid hormone in the blood. In subclinical hypothyroidism, the level of T4 in the blood is normal, but as the disease progresses, T4 levels drop below normal.

The antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody test looks for the presence of thyroid autoantibodies. Most people with Hashimoto’s disease have these antibodies, but people whose hypothyroidism is caused by other conditions do not.

How is Hashimoto’s disease treated?

Treatment generally depends on whether the thyroid is damaged enough to cause hypothyroidism. In the absence of hypothyroidism, some doctors treat Hashimoto’s disease to reduce the size of the goiter. Others choose not to treat the disease and simply monitor their patients for disease progression.

Hashimoto’s disease, with or without hypothyroidism, is treated with synthetic thyroid hormone. Doctors prefer to use synthetic T4 such as Synthroid rather than synthetic T3 because T4 stays in the body longer, ensuring a steady supply of thyroid hormone throughout the day. The so-called “natural” thyroid preparations made with desiccated animal thyroid are rarely prescribed today.

The exact dose of synthetic thyroid hormone depends on a person’s age and weight; the severity of the hypothyroidism, if present; the presence of other health problems; and the use of other medications such as cholesterol-lowering drugs that could interfere with the action of synthetic thyroid hormone.

Doctors routinely test the blood of patients taking synthetic thyroid hormone and make dosage adjustments as necessary. A normal, healthy thyroid and metabolic state can be restored with the use of synthetic thyroid hormone.

Reference: National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service

Related Topics

Helpful Resources

En español

This information is for general educational uses only. It may not apply to you and your personal medical needs. This information should not be used in place of a visit, call, consultation with or the advice of your physician or health care professional.

Communicate promptly with your physician or other health care professional with any health-related questions or concerns.

Be sure to follow specific instructions given to you by your physician or health care professional.

All rights reserved. Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited. You may not, except with our express written permission, distribute, reproduce, or commercially exploit the content.