Pages

D.H. Lawrence and Carl Jung's Writings on American Literature and Psyche.

Phtograph of a Pawnee Indian
and Apache. Bureau of American Ethnology. (Reproduced in 'The American Indian' byClark Wissler, 1917).

Although there are
some obvious resemblances between Lawrence and Jung's writings on
America, it's not clear weather Jung had read Lawrence, whose writings
had preceeded his own. Both made trips to America: Jung as a
European (Swiss-German) visitor, and Lawrence as a British immigrant in search of 'The
Spirit of Place'. Some of these similarities are probably owing to an idea
which had become popular amongst anthropologists and ethnographers in the late 19th and early 20th century, first through the statistical analysis of American soldiers (after the civil war) by Gould and Baxter, and then by the work of Franz Boas (The Influence of Environment upon Development, 1920 [see Appendix for a brief selection]); namely, that when a people settle
a foreign land their constitution changes, even without the admixture of blood, owing to the influence of the land itself. It was said that these
changes in the physique and physiognomy of the new arrivals made them resemble the aboriginal inhabitants, and that these differences were even noticeable in the first progeny of the immigrants, and could be measured empirically (such as changes in the size
and shape of the scull and hip bone). The mysterious mechanism by means of which this physical transformation was wrought wereattributed to the influence of the particular 'soil and climate' on the development of the organism. After all, didn't each landscape have its own unique flora? It was as if the land somehow contained an image of its own aboriginal
type and made its distinct mark upon the life planted within it; as if 'constitution' (individual) and 'soil and climate' ('environment', milieu) where indistinct, the former being a constellation of the elements of the latter. So that against the top-down process of 'colonization' we see a bottom-up process of 'aboriginization' whereby the arrangement of parts of the organism are broken down and reassembled according to the 'lay of the land'.

Nicolaus Lenau, who, like Lawrence, fled Europe to go to America in search of freedom, in a book he wrote about his experiences there (which provided Ferdinand's Kurnberger with the basis for his famous satirical novel Picture of American Culture), observed that "there are no nightingales, indeed there are no real songbirds at all." He described the nature of the land as 'so monotonous that it destroyed the personalities of those dwelling there' (paraphrased in Hating Ameria: A History). "Nature is terribly languid [here]", he wrote, and after describing the people and their habits as slovenly, added "the nightingale is right when he does not want to come to these louts." Regic Michaud, a Frenchman who taught French Literature in American Universities, wrote a book about the country in which he described it as "a geographic mass without harmony, a country of contrasts and disparities on a grand scale with a violent climate." W.H. Auden, who, again like Lawrence, was born in England but later immigrated to America, reflected this sentiment about the inhospitable nature of the landscape:

The truth is, Nature never intended human beings to live here, and her hostility, which confined the Indian to a nomad life and forbids the white man to relax his vigilance and his will, for one instant, must be an important factor in determining the American character.

Faced
with this immeasurably vast landscape, the culture transplanted there seeks a retreat into its
own forms and falls into caricature, hedged about by the fear of its
'influence', until the land, at length, 'conquers the conqueror' and rebuilds them after its own fashion.

Certainly, both writers were familiar with Oswald Spengler's writings on the isomorphism of 'Land' and 'Race' contained in his Decline of the West (written at the end of the first World War), as they both refer to it.

A
race has roots. Race and landscape belong together. Where a plant takes
root, there it dies also. There is certainly a sense in which we can...
work backwards from a race to its 'home'... . If in that home the race
cannot now be found, this means that the race has ceased to exist. A
race does not migrate. Men migrate, and their successive generations are
born in ever-changing landscapes; but the landscape exercises a secret
force upon the plant-nature in them, and eventually the race-expression
is completely transformed by the extinction of the old and the
appearance of a new one. Englishmen and Germans did not migrate to
America, but human beings migrated thither as Englishmen and Germans,
and their descendants are there as Americans. It has long been obvious
that the soil of the Indians has made its mark upon them- generation by
generation they become more and more like the people they eradicated. (Spengler, Decline of the West, Vol. 1, 1919).

(I will reproduce a selection from this section of Spengler's book in the Epilogue, even if only because it formed
an essential part of the intellectual background in Europe after the
first world war, although fell into obscurity after the second world war,
only to resurface quite recently. See here for a selection from the first volume, and here for a selection from the second volume).

"The World is divided into Old and New; the name of New having originated in the fact that America and Australia have only lately become known to us. But these parts of the world are not only relatively new, but intrinsically so in respect of their entire physical and psychical constitution. Their geological antiquity we have nothing to do with." (Hegel, Introduction to the Philosophy of History).

If we seeNew Holland sitting alongside America in the European New World, as one of its continents, then these writtings take on a re-newed significance
for us in Australia. Lawrence saw the island of Australian looming in the distantfuture, behind the emergence, upon the stage of world history, of the American continent, and Jung saw a simple truth expressed in the Australian aboriginal lore that says a land cannot be conquered, as such, because in it there dwell ancestral spirits that will re-incarnate themselves inthe new arrivals, until the land, at length, 'conquers the conqueror.'

Note: see essay by Australian author P.R. Stephenson Genius of the Place [a reference to Lawrence's 'Spirit of the Place'] and published in the paper The Australian Mercury in 1935.

(I haveincluded a selection from an essay by Nicholas Rothwell written for the Australian in 2008 called 'Dust and Fragments' in the Epilogue.)

The
following selection is from the chapter The Spirit of Place in Studies in Classic American Literature written in 1923 by D.H.
Lawrence.

As a preface to this selection I will quote the introduction that Leslie Fielder wrote for
it in an anthology he helped put together in 1971 called 'The Cosmos Reader':

"Prophecy...
has always flourished in this country [America], which began by
thinking of itself as a model for things to come and has not ceased to
project new Utopian fantasies just because it has conspicuously failed
to achieve the older ones. Yet we have seemed to need in the twentieth
century new immigrants to dream our new dreams- recent refugees from
worlds with a longer history of failure and a tradition of cynicism or
stoicism to which we remain somehow profoundly alien.

D.H.
Lawrence came to the United States just after World War I, in quest of
what he had already called 'The Spirit of Place,'... . [H]e headed
directly for the Southwest, where he could live among the Indians whom
he thought of as providing a model for the new kind of men that
Americans might, under favorable circumstances, become. At the close of
the 1960's, when the Indian has returned to the centre of our
imagination and has become once more a central character in [the]
American [mythic imagination], Lawrence seems a prophet justified. Had
he lived long enough to see young people returning to the land,
organizing themselves into 'tribes,' and dressing themselves in the garb
of the red man, he would surely have believed that the total
transformation of the European in the New World, which he foresaw five
decades ago, is now an accomplished fact."

And here is Lawrence's text:

"It
is natural that we should regard American literature as a small branch
or province of English literature. None the less there is another view
to be taken. The American art-speech contains a quality that... is not
inherent in the English race. This alien quality belongs to the American
continent itself.All art partakes of the Spirit of Place in which it is
produced."

"America, the new continent,... has produced
us the familiar American classics, of Hawthorne, Poe, Whitman, or
Fenimore Cooper, for example. We read the English utterance without
getting the alien American implication. We listen to our own speech in
American mouths, but our ears have been shut to the strange
reverberation of that speech."

"It is time now, for us [the
English], who have always looked with indulgence on the decadent or
uncouth or provincial American literature, to open new eyes... . It is
time for us now to see that our great race experience is surpassed and
exceeded."

"There is a stranger on the face of the earth,
and it is no use our trying any further to gull ourselves that he is one
of us, and just as we are. There is an unthinkable gulf between us and
America, and across the space we see, not our own folk signalling to us,
but strangers, incomprehensible beings, simulacra perhaps of ourselves,
but other, creatures of an other-world. The connection [between the old
world and the new] holds good historically, for the past. In the pure
present and in futurity it is not valid. [...] The oneness is historical
only.The knowledge that we are no longer one, that there is this
inconceivable difference in being between us, the difference of an
epoch, is difficult and painful to acquiesce in."

"[T]here
is always a dual import in... works of art: first, the didactic import
given by the author from his own moral consciousness; and then the
profound symbolic import which proceeds from his unconscious or
subconscious soul, as he works in a state of creation which is
something like somnambulism or dreaming. Also we must wake and sharpen
in ourselves the subtle faculty for perceiving the greater inhuman
forces that control us. It is our fatal limitation, at the present time,
that we can only understand in terms of personal and conscious choice.
We cannot see that great motions carry us and bring us to our place
before we can even begin to know. We cannot see that invisible great
winds carry us unwitting, as they carry the locust swarms, and direct us
before our knowledge, as they direct the migrating birds."

"[E]very
great era of civilization seems to be the expression of a particular
continent or continent region, as well as of the people concerned. There
is, no doubt, some peculiar potentiality attaching to every distinct
region of the earth's surface, over and above the indisputable facts of
climate and geological condition. There is some subtle magnetic or vital
influence inherent in every specific locality, and it is this influence
which keeps the inhabitant stable. Thus race is ultimately as much a
question of place as of heredity. It is the island of Great Britain
which has really determined the English race... . [...] The place
attracts its own human element, and the race drifts inevitably to its
own psychic geographical pole.We see this in Roman history. We see the
city of Rome gradually losing its psychic-magnetic polarity, the Roman
individuals gradually loosed from the old stay, and drifting like
particles absolved from the original influence, falling imperceptibly
into two currents- one setting northwards towards Milan and Gaul, one
setting east towards Constantinople and Asia. Africa has always been
connected with Rome herself- Rome and Carthage were the positive and
negative poles of a stable, vital current... . After the removal of the
Empire to the east [to Constantinople] a new circuit began, the circuit
of... Italy and Germany. There is, and has been, since the break of the
old Roman-African circuit, a natural and inevitable balance between Rome
and Germany."

"[T]he main polarity of Europe, from the
time of Diocletian [early 4th century A.D.] to the Renaissance, lay
between Italy and Germany. About the time of the Renaissance, however,
this circuit exhausted itself, as the Italian-African circuit had been
exhausted a thousand years before. Italy suddenly scintillated, and was
finished in her polar potentiality. The old stability of Europe was
gone, the old circle of vital flow was broken. It was then that Europe fell directly into polar unison with America. Europe and America became the great poles of negative and positive vitalism."

"When
the great magnetic sway of the medieval polarity broke, then those
units which were liberated fell under the sway of new vital currents in
the air, and they were borne helplessly as birds migrate, without
knowing or willing, down the great magnetic wind towards America,
towards the centrality in the New World. So the first individuals were
caught up and swept overseas in the setting of the great current. They
had no choice, because the influence which was upon them was prior to
all knowledge and all option."

"Legend is supposed to be
race-memory. But surely it is just as likely to be a kind of
race-clairvoyance. Montezuma [the ruler of the Aztec capitol at the time
of the Conquistador Cortez's arrival] was filled with mystic
apprehension [the Aztecs apparently had a legend that white men would
one day come and reclaim the land as their own, and it was in terms
of this legend that the Aztec ruler is said to have interpreted the
arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors]. The Aztecs, subject to the fine
vibrations in the ether, given off by vital Europe, highly religious and
mystical in their natures, only expressed in their legend of the coming
of the white stranger that which their innermost, sensitized souls knew
beforehand as a fact. If we can understand the sending of wireless
messages from continent to continent, can we not much more readily
understand that the unthinkably sensitive substance of the human
intelligence could receive the fine waves of vital effluence transmitted
across the intervening space, could receive, and, as in a dream,
plainly comprehend? [...] They knew the white, bearded strangers
hundreds of years before they could see them. And they knew so perfectly
because, in their semi-barbaric state, their consciousness was fluid,
not mechanically fixed, and the

rarest impressions upon the
physical soul, from the invisible ether, could pass on occasionally into
uninterrupted consciousness.Prophecy, the mystery of prophecy, is no
absurdity. It is no more absurd than the sending of a wireless message.
A people, or an individual, need only most delicately submit to the
message which is being received all the time upon its own finest tissue,
and it will be able to prophesy. But it is easier for us to invent
sensitive machines than to avail ourselves of our own extreme and
marvellous sensibilities.We may see, then, how Spain was called across
the Atlantic, in the spell of the positive magnetism of the great
western continent. And we may understand better the departure of the
Pilgrim Fathers. It is not enough, it is never enough, upon an important
occasion to accept the plausible explanation offered by the
protagonist. The protagonist will always assert that he moves of his own
intention. The Pilgrim Fathers sailed off in an enthusiastic, stern
vigor of desire for religious freedom. They sailed to find freedom of
worship- so they say. But it is a palpable fiction. Because at once they
instigated the most cruel religious tyranny in America, equivalent to
the Spanish-American Inquisition."

"[I]nto Puritanism and
Calvinism had... entered the dangerous negative religious passion of
repression, this passion which so easily becomes a lust, a deep lust for
vindictive power over the life-issue. It was on the hard recoil of this
destructive religious passion that the Pilgrim Fathers left Europe.
America, dark, violent, aboriginal, would lend them force to satisfy
their lust of anti-life. It is absolutely necessary to realize...
that... enthusiasm... has a dual motion: first a motion of liberation,
of setting free; and secondly a motion of vindictive repression of the
living impulse, the utter subjection of the living, spontaneous being to
the fixed, mechanical, ultimately insane will."

"It is
the will of man rising frenzied against the mystery of life itself, and
struggling insanely to dominate, to have the life-issue in... control,
to squeeze the mystic thing, life, within the violent hands of
possession, grasp it, squeeze it, have it, have... power over it.
Whereas, if we have one spark of sanity, we know that we can never
possess and direct the life mystery. [...] The life-mystery precedes us.
Our simplest spontaneous movement precedes all knowing and willing.
[...] Our knowing is always secondary and subsequent to our being, which
is an issue of the creative unknown. And our volition is always
subsidiary to our spontaneous arrival.But there lies latent in the
soul... the desire to reverse this order... [a] latent passion to
control and compel the issue of creation, by force of the self-conscious
will. We have a latent craving to control from our deliberate will the
very springing and welling-up of the life-impulse itself. This
craving... carries mankind to unthinkable lengths in the frenzied,
insane purpose of having the life-issue utterly under human compulsion.The Jew of old became established in this lust: hence their
endless purifications, their assertion of control over the natural
functions; hence also the rite of circumcision, the setting of the seal
of self-conscious will upon the very quick of bodily impulse. The
frenzied, self-mutilating Christians... do but assert the utter tyranny
of deliberate will over every spontaneous, uncontrollable motion."

"The
great field for the lust of control in the modern world is America.
Whether we read the history of Spanish America or of English-speaking
America, it is the same, a disheartening, painful record of the lusting
triumph of the deliberate will. On the one hand, the Spaniards in
America, following the Spaniards of the Inquisition, lusted in the
overweening sensual desire for repression of freedom in the spiritual
self, whereas the North Americans lusted spiritually for utter
repression in the sensual or passional self. The New Englanders....
struck down the primal impulsive being in every man, leaving only a
mechanical, automatic unit. [...] The spontaneous passion of social
union once destroyed, then it was possible to establish the perfect
mechanical concord, the concord of a number of parts to a vast whole, a
stupendous productive mechanism. And this, this vast mechanical concord
of innumerable machine-parts, each performing its own motion in the
intricate complexity of material production, this is the clue to the
western democracy.It has taken more than three hundred years to build
this vast living machine."

"After only two generations in
New England the fist Yankees noticed that their stock had changed. The
sturdy, ruddy, lusty English yeoman had disappeared, the long-jawed,
sallow American took his place, with a pale, nervous women-folk such as
England has only lately begun to reckon with. Uprooted from the native
soil, planted in strong aboriginal earth, this thing happened to the
English stock. The natural impulsive being withered, the deliberate,
self-determined being appeared in his place. There was soon no more need
to militate directly against the impulsive body. This once dispatched,
man could attend to the deliberate perfection in mechanized existence.
This is what makes good business men. And in this the American is like
the Jew: in that, having conquered and destroyed the instinctive,
impulsive being in himself, he is free to be always deliberate, always
calculated, rapid, swift, and single in practical execution as a
machine. The perfection of machine triumph, of deliberate self-determined
motion, is to be found in the Americans and the Jews. Hence the race
talent for acting. [...] Only, Americans and Jews suffer from a
torturing frictional unease, an incapacity to rest. They must run on,
like machines, or go mad. The only difference between a human machine
and an iron machine is that the latter can come to an utter state of
rest, the former cannot. No living thing can lapse into static inertia,
as a machine at rest lapses. And this is where life is indomitable. It
will be mechanized, but it will never allow mechanical inertia. Hence
the Orestes-like flight of unrest of Americans and Jews.

And yet
it cannot be for this alone that the millions have crossed the Ocean.
This thing, this mechanical democracy, new and monstrous on the face of
the earth, cannot be an end in itself."

"This sheer and
monstrous reflection of Europe, Europe in negative reality, reflected
to enormity on the American continent, will surely vanish swiftly, like
one of the horrifying dreams. This is not the reality of America. It is
only the reality of our own negation that the vast aboriginal continent
reflects back at us. There will come an America which we cannot
foretell, a new creation on the face of the earth, a world beyond us.
The early Christianity produced monstrous growths, monstrous reflections
of the world then dying, distorted and made huge by the new spirit.
These monstrosities, like enormous horrifying phantoms that men do not
care to remember, disappeared, leaving the new era to roll slowly on to
the European summer. So the mechanical monstrosity of the west will
presently disappear. It was not for this that myriads crossed the seas,
magnetically carried like birds in migration, without knowing why or
whither, yet conducted along lines of pure magnetic attraction, to a
goal. Spaniards, Puritans, Jews,... went in recoil of negation from
Europe.

They went in the lust for deliberate control of the living
issues: lust for sensual gratification in pride or power or
slave-tyranny on the part of the Spaniards... ; lust for spiritual
gratification on the ethical control of all life on the part of the Jews
and Puritans. But this was not the final motive for departure. This was
the negative [reactionary] impulse. The positive is more unsearchable
[as unsearchable as destiny itself]. They went like birds down the great
electric direction of the west, lifted like migrating birds on a
magnetic current. They went in subtle vibration of response to the new
earth, as animals travel far distances vibrating to the salt-licks
[harsh weather exposes salty mineral deposits, called salt-licks, that
draw animals from miles away for a taste of needed nutrients]. They
walked a new earth, were seized by a new electricity, and laid in line
differently. Their bones, their nerves, their sinews took on a new
molecular disposition in the new vibration.They breathed a savage air,
and their blood was suffused and burnt. A new fierce salt of the earth,
in their mouths, penetrated and altered the substance of their bones.
Meat of wild creatures, corn of the aboriginal earth, filled and
impregnated them with the unknown America. Their subtlest plasm was
changed under the radiation of new skies, new influence of light, their
first and rarest life-stuff transformed.Thus, through hundreds of years,
new races are made, people slowly smelted down and re-cast.

There
is the slow and terrible process of transubstantiation. [...] [W]ho can
tell what will come when the new world sets in?For every great locality
has its own pure daimon [presiding spirit], and is conveyed at last
into perfected life. We have seen Asia, and North Africa, and a good
deal of Europe. We know the white abstraction of the Arctic and Antartic
continents, the unspeakable immortality of the ice... . There remains
America, and, beyond, the even farther-off Australia.Every great
locality expresses itself perfectly, in its own flowers, its own birds
and beasts, lastly its own men... . [...] The very strata of the earth
come to a point of perfect, unutterable concentration in the inherent
sapphires and emeralds. It is so with all worlds and all places of the
world. We may take it as a law. So now we wait for the fulfilment of
the law in the west, the inception of a new era of living. At present
there is a vast myriad-branched human engine, the very thought of which
is death. But in the winter even a tree looks like iron. Seeing the
great trunk of dark iron and the swaying steel flails of boughs, we
cannot help being afraid. What we see of buds looks like sharp bronze
stud-points. The whole thing hums elastic and sinister and fatally
metallic, like some confused scourge of swinging steel thongs. Yet the
lovely cloud of green and summer luster is within it.We wait for the
miracle, for the new soft wind. Even the buds of iron break into soft
little flames of issue. So will people change. So will the machine-parts
open like buds and the great machines break into leaf. Even we can
expect our iron ships to put forth vine and tendril and bunches of
grapes."

"It only wants the miracle, the new, soft,
creative wind: which does not blow yet. Meanwhile we can only stand and
wait, knowing that what is, is not. And we can listen to the sad, weired
utterance of this classic America, watch the transmutation from men
into machines and ghosts, hear the last metallic sounds. Perhaps we can
see as well glimpse of the mystic transubstantiation."

The following
selection is from an essay called 'The Complications of American
Psychology' (Originally titled 'Your Negroid and Indian Behavior') by
Carl Jung (1930):

"In 1909 I paid my first short visit to
the United States. [...] I remember, when walking through the streets
of Buffalo, I came across hundreds of workmen leaving a factory. The
naïve European traveller I was then could not help remarking to his
American companion: “I really had no idea there was such an amazing
amount of Indian blood in your people.” “What,” said he, “Indian blood? I
bet there is not one drop of it in this whole crowd.” I replied: “But
don’t you see their faces? They are more Indian than European.”
Whereupon I was informed that probably most of these workmen were of
Irish, Scottish, and German extraction without a trace of Indian blood
in their veins. I was puzzled and half incredulous. Subsequently I
learned to see how ridiculous my hypothesis had been. Nevertheless, the
impression of facial similarity remained and later years only enhanced
it. As Professor Boas maintains, there are even

measurable anatomical changes in many American immigrants, changes which are already noticeable in the second generation."

"To
a keen European eye there is an indefinable yet undeniable something in
the whole makeup of the born American that distinguishes him from the
born European."

"Slang means a language in the making, a
thing fully alive. Its images are not worn-out and moth-eaten metaphors,
pale reflections hallowed by immemorial age, smooth, correct, and
concise conventions, but figures full of life, carrying all the stamina
of their earthly origin, and the incomparable flavour of local
conditions peculiar to the strange and unprejudiced soil of a new
country. One feels a new current of strange life in the flow of the old
English language, and one wonders where it comes from."

"All American life seems to be the life of the big settlement- real town-life."

"The
country is wonderful, nay, just divine, still with the faint perfume of
unhistorical eternity in the air... . [O]ne feels peculiarly at ease
[with the Red Indians] because they are obviously under the spell of
their country and not on top of it [as the Europeans are]."

"I
know the mother-nations of North America pretty well, but I would be
completely at a loss to explain, if I relied solely on the theory of
heredity, how the Americans descended from them acquired their striking
peculiarities. One might suppose that some of them were the product of
the old pioneer and colonist attitude. [...] There is a much better
hypothesis to explain the peculiarities of the American temperament. It
is the fact that the States are pervaded by the Negro... . Some States
are particularly black, a fact that may astonish the naive European, who
thinks of America as a white nation."

"What is more
contagious than to live side by side with a rather primitive people? Go
to Africa and see what happens. When it is so obvious that you stumble
over it, you call it 'going black'. But if it is not so obvious it is
explained as 'the sun.' [...] In reality it is a mitigated going black,
counterbalanced by a particularly stiffnecked conventionality (with its
subdivisions of righteousness and conspicuous respectability). Under the
pressure of all this conventionality people simply dry up, though they
make the sun responsible. It is much easier for us Europeans to be a
trifle immoral, or at least a bit lax, because we do not have to
maintain the moral standard against the heavy downward pull of primitive
life."

"Just as the coloured man lives in your cities and
even within your houses, so also he lives under your skin,
subconsciously. Naturally it works both ways. Just as every Jew has a
Christ complex, so every Negro has a white complex and every American a
Negro complex."

"American music is most obviously
pervaded by the African rhythm and the African melody. It would be
difficult not to see that the coloured man... has infected the American
'behaviour.'"

"The white man is a most terrific problem to
the Negro, and whenever you affect somebody so profoundly, then, in a
mysterious way, something comes back from him to yourself. The Negro by
his mere presence is a course of temperamental and mimetic infection...
."

"I am quite convinced that some American peculiarities
can be traced back directly to the coloured man, while others result
from a compensatory defence against his laxity."

"Man can
be assimilated by a country. There is an x and a y in the air and in
the soil of a country, which slowly permeate and assimilate him to the
type of the aboriginal inhabitant, even to the point of slightly
remodelling his physical features."

"The foreign country
somehow gets under the skin of those born in it. Certain very primitive
tribes are convinced that it is not possible to usurp foreign territory,
because the children born there would inherit the wrong ancestor
spirits who dwell in the trees, the rocks, and the water of that
country. There seems to be some subtle truth in this primitive
intuition. That would mean that the spirit of the Indian gets at the
American from within and without. Indeed, there is often an astonishing
likeness in the cast of the American face to that of the Red Indian...
."

"The external assimilation to the peculiarities of a
country is a thing one could almost expect. There is nothing astonishing
in it. But the external similarity is feeble in comparison with the
less visible but all the more intense influence on the mind. It is just
as though the mind were an infinitely more sensitive and suggestible
medium than the body. It is probable that long before the body reacts
the mind has already undergone considerable changes, changes that are
not obvious to the individual himself or to his immediate circle, but
only to an outsider. Thus I would not expect the average American, who
has not lived for some years in Europe, to realize how different his
mental attitude is from the European's, just as I would not expect the
average European to be able to discern his difference from the American.
That is the reason why so many things that are really characteristic of
a country seem to be merely odd or ridiculous: the condition from which
they arise are either not known or not understood. They wouldn't be odd
or ridiculous if one could feel the local atmosphere to which they
belong and which makes them perfectly comprehensible and logical.

Almost
every great country has [what] one might call its genius or spiritus
loci. Sometimes you can catch it in a formula, sometimes it is more
elusive, yet nonetheless it is indescribably present as a sort of
atmosphere that permeates everything. [...] In a well-defined
civilizaiton with a solid historical background, such as for instance
the French, you can easily discover the keynote of the French espirit:
it is a 'la glorie,' a most marked prestige psychology in its noblest as
well as its most ridiculous forms."

"America is... one of
those countries that are not settled by one shot. European prejudice
would say: Money. [...] But America is not as simple as that. Of course
there is any amount of ordinary materialism in America as everywhere
else, but also a most admirable idealism which hardly finds its equal
anywhere else. [...] The American, unhampered by the burden of
historical conditions, can make and spend money for what it is worth."

"America
has a principle or idea or attitude, but it is surely not money. Often,
when I was searching through the conscious and unconscious mind of my
American patients and pupils, I found something which I can only
describe as a sort of Heroic Ideal. [...] The moving pictures abound
with heroes of every description. American applause holds the world's
record. The 'great' and 'famous' man gets mobbed by enthusiastic crowds,
whatever he may be 'great' in.... [...] America is perhaps the only
country where 'greatness' is unrestricted... ."

"There are
many Europeans who are infected by feelings of inferiority when they
contact America and meet her[? their?] heroic ideal. As a rule they
don't admit it, and so they boast of Europe all the louder or begin to
ridicule the many things in America which are open to criticism, such as
roughness, brutality and primitivity."

"The old European
inheritance looks rather pale beside these vigorous primitive
influences. Have you ever compared teh sky-line of New York or any great
American city with that of a pueblo like Taos? And did you see how the
houses pile up to towers towards the centre? Without conscious imitation the American unconsciously fills out the spectral outline of the Red Man's mind and temperament.

There
is nothing miraculous about this. It has always been so: the conqueror
overcomes the old inhabitants in the body but succumbs to his spirit.
Rome at the zenith of her power contained within her walls all the
mystery cults of the East; yet the spirit of the humblest among them, a
Jewish mystery society, transformed the greatest of all cities from top
to bottom. The conqueror gets the wrong ancestor spirits, the primitives
would say: I like this picturesque way of putting it. It is pithy and
expresses every conceivable implication."

The following is from an essay called 'Mind and Earth' by Carl Jung (1931):

"[I]
must go... into the nature... of the unconscious if I am to deal
adequately with the conditioning of the mind by the earth. [...] [T]he
psyche... is a much more comprehensive and darker field of experience
than the narrow, brightly lit area of consciousness, for the psyche also
includes the unconscious."

"Its contents, the archetypes,
are as it were the hidden foundations of the conscious mind,... the
roots which the psyche has sunk not only in the earth in the narrower
sense but in the world in general."

"Perhaps I may be
allowed a comparison: it is as though we had to describe and explain a
building whose upper storey was erected in the nineteenth century, the
ground floor dates back to the sixteenth century, and careful
examination of the masonry reveals that it was reconstructed from a
tower built in the eleventh century. In the cellar we come upon Roman
foundations, and under the cellar a choked-up cave with neo-lithic tools
in the upper layer and remnants of fauna from the same period in the
lower layers. That would be the picture of our psychic structure. We
live on the upper storey and are only aware that the lower storey is
slightly old-fashioned. As to what lies beneath the earth's surface, of
that we remain totally unconscious.This is a lame analogy.. for in the
psyche there is nothing that is just a dead relic. Everything is alive,
and our upper story, consciousness, is continually influenced by its
living and active foundations. Like the building, it is sustained and
supported by them."

"Just as, in the process of
evolution, the mind has been moulded by earthly conditions, so the same
process repeats itself under our eyes today. Imagine a large section of
some European nation transplanted to a strange soil and another climate.
We can confidently expect this human group to undergo certain psychic
and perhaps also physical changes in the course of a few generations,
even without the admixture of foreign blood. We can observe in the Jews
of the various European countries marked differences which can only be
explained by the peculiarities of the people they live amongst. It is not
difficult to tell a Spanish Jew from a North African Jew, a German Jew
from a Russian Jew. One can even distinguish the various types of
Russian Jew, the Polish from the North Russian and Cossack type."

"The
greatest experiment in the transplantation of a race in modern times
was the colonization of the North American continent by a predominately
Germanic population. As the climatic conditions vary very widely, we
would expect all sorts of variations of the original racial type. The
admixture of Indian blood is increasingly small, so it plays no role.
Boas has shown that anatomical changes begin already in the second
generation of immigrants, chiefly in the measurements of the skull. At
all events the 'Yankee' type is formed, and this is so similar to the
Indian type that on my first visit to the Middle West, while watching a
stream of workers coming out of a factory, I remarked to my companion
that I should never have thought there was such a percentage of Indian
blood. He answered, laughing, there would not be found a single drop of
Indian blood. That was many years ago when I had no notion of the
mysterious indianization of the American people."

"Another
thing that struck me was the great influence of the Negro, a
psychological influence naturally, not due to the mixing of blood. [...]
The peculiar walk with loose joints, or the swinging of the hips so
frequently observed in Americans, also comes from the Negro. American
music draws its main inspiration from the Negro, and so does the dance."

"America is still a pioneering nation on virgin soil."

"In
africa... the white man is a diminishing minority and must therefore
protect himself from the Negro by observing the most rigorous social
forms, otherwise he risks 'going black.'"

"[T]he American
presents a strange picture: a European with Negro behaviour and an
Indian soul. He shares the fate of all usurpers of foreign soil. Certain
Australian primitives assert that one cannot conquer foreign soil,
because in it there dwell strange ancestor-spirits who reincarnate
themselves in the new-born. There is a great psychological truth in
this. The foreign land assimilates its conqueror. But unlike the Latin
conquerors of Central and South America, the North Americans preserved
their European standards with the most rigid puritanism, though they
could not prevent the souls of their Indian foes from becoming theirs.
Everywhere the virgin earth causes at least the unconscious of the
conqueror to sink to the level of its indigenous inhabitants. Thus, in
the American, there is a discrepancy between conscious and unconscious
that is not found in the European, a tension between an extremely high
conscious level of culture and an unconscious primitivity. This tension
forms a psychic potential which endows the American with an indomitable
spirit of enterprise and an enviable enthusiasm which we in Europe do
not know. The very fact that we still have our ancestral spirits, and
that for us everything is steeped in history, keeps us in contact with
our unconscious, but we are so caught in this contact and held so fast
in the historical vice that the greatest catastrophes are needed in
order to wrench us loose and to change our political behaviour from what
it was five hundred years ago. Our contact with the unconscious chains
us to the earth and makes it hard for us to move, and this is certainly
no advantage when it comes to progressiveness... . [...] Plurimi pertransibunt-
but he who is rooted in the soil endures. Alienation from the
unconscious and from its historical conditions spells rootlessness. That
is the danger that lies in wait for the conqueror of foreign lands, and
for every individual who, through one-sided allegiance to any kind of
-ism, loses touch with the dark, maternal, earthly ground of his being."

Epilogue:

From the chapters 'Soul of the City' and 'People, Races, Tongues' in 'The Decline of the West':Primitive
folk can loose themselves from the soil and wander, but the
intellectual nomad never. Home-sickness for the great city is keener
than any other nostalgia
[he wants to live in the middle of the city, in its densest nucleus,
for otherwise he could not feel himself to be the urban man that he
was]. Home is for him any one of these giant cities, but even the
nearest village is alien territory. He would sooner die upon the
pavement than go 'back' to the land. Even disgust at this
pretentiousness, weariness of the thousand-hued glitter, the daedium
vitae that in the end overcomes many, does not set them free. They take
the City with them into the mountains or on the sea. They have lost the
country within themselves and will never regain it outside.The intelligent visage is similar in all races- what is recessive in them is, precisely, race.A
race has roots. Race and landscape belong together. Where a plant takes
root, there it dies also. There is certainly a sense in which we can...
work backwards from a race to its 'home'... . If in that home the race
cannot now be found, this means that the race has ceased to exist. A
race does not migrate. Men migrate, and their successive generations are
born in ever-changing landscapes; but the landscape exercises a secret
force upon the plant-nature in them, and eventually the race-expression
is completely transformed by the extinction of the old and the
appearance of a new one. Englishmen and Germans did not migrate to
America, but human beings migrated thither as Englishmen and Germans,
and their descendants are there as Americans. It has long been obvious
that the soil of the Indians has made its mark upon them- generation by
generation they become more and more like the people they eradicated.[S]cience
has completely failed to note that race is not the same for rooted
plants as it is for mobile animals... . With its talk of adaptation and
of inheritance it sets up a soulless causal concatenation of superficial
characters, and blots out the fact that here the blood and there the
power of the land over the blood are expressing themselves... .But
besides the energy of the blood- which coins the same living features
('family traits) over and over again for centuries- and the power of the
soil- evidenced in its stamp of man- there is that mysterious cosmic
force of the syntony of close human connexions. [...] It is a matter of
common observation that elderly married people become strangely like one
another.[T]he
race-expression of a human head can associate itself with any
conceivable skull form, the decisive element being not the bone, but the
flesh, the look, the play of feature [physiognomy].It
cannot be too often repeated... that the little that is really
illustrative in skeletal structure is a growth of the landscape and
never a function of the blood. [...] It would be true, in a measure, to
say that 'race' has travelled as flesh over the fixed skeleton-form of
the land.

From Nicolas Rothwell essay published in the Australian in 2008 called 'On Dust and Fragements':When I left the Middle East, the sense
of things in dust and fragments seemed very strong: I went back to my
home in Darwin, and started trying to forge my thoughts into a
continuous narrative, a smooth stream of words - but soon I fell into
composing in fragments; I would write nothing more than stray snatches
of story; and it was not just that I was failing in my tasks - for what
author is not always distorting and betraying the first image that forms
in his mind's eye of his work? No: the fragment, the symbol-laden
fragment, rather than the flowing sequence, was the necessary form for
what I had to say: what I meant was in fragments, and dust; it was best
told in fragments - fragments were all that I could manage, and even
they seemed too controlled, too much a bid to reimpose order on a flux
of shimmering, glancing, barely causal connecting chains.

I
have a persisting sense that the novel sits uneasily in the Australian
context, in the Australian landscape... . My impression is that the
Australian bush has not been successfully transformed into a Western
space fit for established models of writing. It is not a landscape that
offers us easy grace, or immediate redemption: it does not have the
flavour of settled, European or New World landscapes, against which
epics of social progress and personal discovery can be straightforwardly
played out. There is always something further in the landscape. It is
more a place for tales, for deep-hidden meanings, and symbol-laden
fragments - and all this is connected to religion, and the religious
centre of gravity of the continent.

The
growth of cities bred a new culture, reflecting the social and artistic
patterns of the mother country, but fast developing individual accents;
and that helter sketler transformation continues to this day, edged,
always, by the anxiety of influences.

The Influence of Environment upon Development by Franz Boas, 1920.

During the last ten years I have carried on a number of investigations on the relative influences of heredity and environment upon human types. On the whole the results show that each hereditary type can be considered as satble only in a stable environment, and that with a change of environment, many of the characteristic features of the body undergo changes. These results have been corroborated later on by investigations on immigrants in Boston and in certain respects also by Dr. Hrdlicka's observations on Americans whose ancestors have been residents of this continent for several generations.