In this course, learners will become familiar with principles and theories of global health problems, and major challenges and controversies in improving global population health as well as practical applications of quantitative methods to analyze and interpret issues and challenges for policy. Topics will include health and foreign policy, health governance, acute disease surveillance, non-communicable diseases, burden of disease, universal health coverage, health systems strengthening, health financing, and human resources for health and ageing.

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Global Health Policy and Governance

There are four modules in this lecture series. We will start with key issues in current global health policy and governance. The year 2015 reminded political leaders and the public that people’s safety is a genuine challenge at a time of disease epidemics, terrorism, refugee and migration crises, and climate change among others. The recent Ebola virus outbreaks in west Africa exposed weaknesses in core global functions, such as the provision of global public goods, management of cross-boarder externalities and fostering of leadership and stewardship. This module describes major challenges and issues in global health policy and proposes actions in global health, in particular for Japan at the G7 Ise-Shima Summit.

Conheça os instrutores

Hiroshi Nishiura

Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University(Former Affiliation) Associate Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo

Stuart Gilmour

Professor, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, St. Luke's International University(Former Affiliation) Associate Professor, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo

Kenji Shibuya

Professor and ChairDepartment of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine

Now let's talk about the evolution of global health

with respect to global health policy and governance.

The term global health is not so old.

So some similar terms include public health and hygiene.

Which is a classic entity of social medicine.

And tropical medicine, which the diseases control in tropics.

And international health, which was very popular in the 1980s.

It is literally international between countries' corporations.

Basically, it's a technical transfer from rich countries to the poor.

And global health includes many of the element about the terminologies.

For example, Jeff Koplan and others define global health in the Lancet literature,

and contrast the public health, international health, and global health.

In terms of geographic reach, global health deals with issues that directly or

indirectly affect health, but that can transcend national boundaries.

And in terms of every corporation, global health focusing on development and

implementation of solutions that often requires global cooperation.

In terms of individual or population target,

global health embraces both prevention in populations and

in clinical care of individuals.

In terms of access to health, in global health,

health equity among nations and for all people is a major objective.

Health equity is a very big thing and

in terms of range of disciplines in global health, it is highly interdisciplinary and

multidisciplinary within and beyond health sciences.

So it's quite a big area in terms of global health.

So to summarize, global health as recently defined by Jeff Koplan and others.

Global health cannot simply viewed

as resource transfer from rich to poor countries.

Instead, global health defined as issues that directly and

indirectly affect health but can transcend national boundaries.

Now it needs real mutual partnership.

Pooling of experience and knowledge,

and a two-way flow between developed and developing countries.

These needs are especially relevant if we are to successfully

progress toward, for example, for many of us is college.

Which will need the adoption of what Julio Frenk calls,

a process of shared learning among countries.

There are several reasons for global health to emerge in the past decade.

The first thing is obviously the adoption of the Millennium Developement Goals.

MDGs.

Among the eight goals listed here, three of them are directly related to health.

Behind this MDG,

there is the strong notion that health is a strong driver of development.

This is because first,

there is accumulating evidence that poverty is a cause of poor health.

But also poor health is a cause of poverty.

And Jeffery Sachs in his WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health,

he proposes that improvement in health can accelerate economic development.

And like education,

health is a key requirement for socio-economic development.

After these findings,

there seems to be a massive increases in resource flows sine the MDGs Declaration.

So that's the one reason why health is becoming a big agenda in development.

The second is a new player.

Notably this is Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Since 2000, the private philanthropists

moving ahead to investing global health extensively.

The third, likewise investment from, for

example, the National Institutes of Health in the United States.

NIH is a very big research funding agency.

And NIH has promoting the global patency and

collaborated research in developing countries.

Finally, the national security issue, Center for

Disease Control and Prevention is working extensively, for

example, to tackle the outbreaks and other health security issues.

Therefore, global health is becoming a very,

very important part of national security policy.

For example, Mrs. Clinton, when she was a state secretary,

argue that when she was asked,

what exactly does maternal health, or immunizations, or

the fight against HIV and AIDS have to do with the foreign policy?

And she said, her answer was, everything.

Global health is becoming a very, very important part of foreign policy.

So in her speech at sites, she listed several reasons for

the US to invest global health initiative.

The first it is strengthen fragile or failing states.

Second is to promote social and

economic progress and to support the rise of capable partners.

And third to protect US national security.

And finally, as a tool of public diplomacy and

obviously the direct expression of US compassion.

But a point here is that it is not only for development but

also economic incentive and national security matters.

So to summarize, the evolution of global health is

not only building up on the classic public health in terms of social justice or

equity, but it is mixture of different national interest.

And global health includes 3Ds in health care.

Health care consist basically of 3Ds.

One discovery, second development, and finally delivery.

Traditionally, international health was dealing with delivery of existing