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Date of payment: Date dividend checks are mailed. Date of record: Date on which holders of record in a firm's stock ledger are designated as the recipients of either dividends or stock rights.

Dates convention: Treating cash flows as being received on exact dates - date 0, date 1, and so forth - as opposed to the end-of-year convention. Day order: An order to buy or sell stock that automatically expires if it can't be executed on the day it is entered. Day trading: Refers to establishing and liquidating the same position or positions within one day's trading. Days in receivables: Average collection period. Days' sales in inventory ratio: The average number of days' worth of sales that is held in inventory.

Days' sales outstanding: Average collection period.De facto: Existing in actual fact although not by official recognition.Dead cat bounce: A small move in a bear market.

Dealer: An entity that stands ready and willing to buy a security for its own account (at its bid price) or sell from its own account (at its ask price).

Dealer loan: Overnight, the collateralized loan made to a dealer financing his position by borrowing from a money market bank.Dealer market: A market where traders specializing in particular commodities buy and sell assets for their own accounts.

Dealer options: Over-the-counter options, such as those offered by government and mortgage-backed securities dealers. Debenture: A certificate of indebtedness of a government or company backed only by the general credit of the issuer and unsecured by property or assets.

Debenture bond: An unsecured bond whose holder has the claim of a general creditor on all assets of the issuer not pledged specifically to secure other debt. Compare subordinated debenture bond, and collateral trust bonds.

Debit card: A plastic card that, when used in conjunction with a personal identification number (PIN), allows you to electronically access your bank accounts from automated banking machines or at retailers offering the Interac Direct Payment service.

Debt: Money borrowed.

Debt capacity: Ability to borrow. The amount a firm can borrow up to the point where the firm value no longer increases.

Debt displacement: The amount of borrowing that leasing displaces. Firms that do a lot of leasing will be forced to cut back on borrowing.

Debt instrument: An asset requiring fixed dollar payments, such as a government or corporate bond. Debt leverage: The amplification of the return earned on equity when an investment or firm is financed partially with borrowed money. Debt limitation: A bond covenant that restricts in some way the firm's ability to incur additional indebtedness. Debt market: The market for trading debt instruments. Debt ratio: Total debt divided by total assets.Debt relief: Reducing the principal and/or interest payments on LDC loans.

Debt securities: IOUs created through loan-type transactions - commercial paper, bank CDs, bills, bonds, and other instruments. Debt service: Interest payment plus repayments of principal to creditors, that is, a retirement of debt. Debt service parity approach: An analysis wherein the alternatives under consideration will provide the firm with the exact same schedule of after-tax debt payments (including both interest and principal). Debt-service coverage ratio: Earnings before interest and income taxes plus one-third rental charges, divided by interest expense plus one-third rental charges plus the quantity of principal repayments divided by one minus the tax rate.

Debt swap: A set of transactions (also called a debt-equity swap) in which a firm buys a country's dollar bank debt at a discount and swaps this debt with the central bank for local currency that it can use to acquire local equity. Debtor in possession: A firm that is continuing to operate under Chapter 11 bankruptcy process. Debtor-in-possession financing: New debt obtained by a firm during the Chapter 11 bankruptcy process.

Decile rank: Performance over time, rated on a scale of 1-10.1 indicates that a mutual fund's return was in the top 10% of funds being compared, while 3 means the return was in the top 30%. Objective Rank compares all funds in the same investment strategy category. All Rank compares all funds. Decision tree: Method of representing alternative sequential decisions and the possible outcomes from these decisions. Declaration date: The date on which a firm's directors meet and announce the date and amount of the next dividend. Dedicated capital: Total par value (number of shares issued, multiplied by the par value of each share). Also called dedicated value.

Dedication strategy: Refers to multi-period cash flow matching.

Deductible: A set amount that you must pay before an insurance company provides any benefit payments to you under an insurance policy.

Deductive reasoning: The use of general fact to provide accurate information about a specific situation.Deed of trust: Indenture.Deemed Disposition: Under certain circumstances, taxation rules state that a transfer of property has occurred, even without a purchase or sale. For example, there is a deemed disposition on death or emigration from Canada.Deep-discount bond: A bond issued with a very low coupon or no coupon and selling at a price far below par value. When the bond has no coupon, it's called a zero coupon bond.

Default: Failure to make timely payment of interest or principal on a debt security or to otherwise comply with the provisions of a bond indenture.Default premium: A differential in promised yield that compensates the investor for the risk inherent in purchasing a corporate bond that entails some risk of default.

Default risk: Also referred to as credit risk (as gauged by commercial rating companies), the risk that an issuer of a bond may be unable to make timely principal and interest payments.

Defeasance: Practice whereby the borrower sets aside cash or bonds sufficient to service the borrower's debt. Both the borrower's debt and the offsetting cash or bonds are removed from the balance sheet.

Defensive Stock: Stock of a company with continuous dividend payments, which has demonstrated relatively stable earnings despite poor economic conditions.

Deferred annuities: Tax-advantaged life insurance product. Deferred annuities offer deferral of taxes with the option of withdrawing one's funds in the form of the life annuity.

Deferred call: A provision that prohibits the company from calling the bond before a certain date. During this period the bond is said to be call protected.Deferred equity: A common term for convertible bonds because of their equity component and the expectation that the bond will ultimately be converted into shares of common stock.

Deferred futures: The most distant months of a futures contract. A bond that sells at a discount and does not pay interest for an initial period, typically from three to seven years. Compare step-up bond and payment-in-kind bond.

Deferred Income Taxes: Income tax that would otherwise be payable currently, but which is not paid immediately. This is because larger allowable deductions are made when calculating taxable income than when calculating net income in the financial statements. An acceptable practice, it is usually the result of timing differences and represents differences in accounting reporting guidelines and tax reporting guidelines.

Deferred nominal life annuity: A monthly fixed-dollar payment beginning at retirement age. It is nominal because the payment is fixed in dollar amount at any particular time, up to and including retirement.

Deferred Profit Sharing Plan (DPSP): In a DPSP an employer makes cash contributions to an employee's retirement plans out of business profits. The contributions and earnings accumulate tax-free until withdrawn.Deficiency Letter: A securities commission letter sent to a company that has submitted a preliminary prospectus on a planned new issue of the company's securities. The letter poses any questions the commission wants to be answered and outlines any recommendations for changes to the prospectus. When all points raised in the letter are resolved, the issue's final prospectus may be filed.

Deficit: An excess of liabilities over assets, of losses over profits, or of expenditure over income.

Defined benefit plan: A pension plan in which the sponsor agrees to make specified dollar payments to qualifying employees. The pension obligations are effectively the debt obligation of the plan sponsor. Defined contribution plan: A pension plan in which the sponsor is responsible only for making specified contributions into the plan on behalf of qualifying participants.

Delayed issuance pool: Refers to MBSs that at the time of issuance were collateralized by seasoned loans originated prior to the MBS pool issue date. Delist: The removal of a security's listing on a stock exchange. This is done when the security no longer exists, the company is bankrupt, the public distribution of the security has dropped to an unacceptably low level, or the company has failed to comply with the terms of its listing agreement.Deliverable instrument: The asset in a forward contract that will be delivered in the future at an agreed-upon price. Delivery: The tender and receipt of an actual commodity or financial instrument in settlement of a futures contract.

Delivery notice: The written notice is given by the seller of his intention to make delivery against an open, short futures position on a particular date.

Delivery options: The options available to the seller of an interest rate futures contract, including the quality option, the timing option, and the wild card option. Delivery options make the buyer uncertain of which Treasury Bond will be delivered or when it will be delivered. Delivery points: Those points designated by futures exchanges at which the financial instrument or commodity covered by a futures contract may be delivered in fulfillment of such contract. Delivery price: The price fixed by the Clearing house at which deliveries on futures are in invoiced; also the price at which the futures contract is settled when deliveries are made.

Delivery versus payment: A transaction in which the buyer's payment for securities is due at the time of delivery (usually to a bank acting as agent for the buyer) upon receipt of the securities. The payment may be made by bank wire, check, or direct credit to an account. Delta: Also called the hedge ratio, the ratio of the change in the price of a call option to the change in the price of the underlying stock. Delta: The ratio of the change in the price of the option to the change in the price of the underlying.Delta hedge: A dynamic hedging strategy using options with continuous adjustment of the number of options used, as a function of the delta of the option.

Delta neutral: The value of the portfolio is not affected by changes in the value of the asset on which the options are written.

Demand deposits: Checking accounts that pay no interest and can be withdrawn upon demand. Demand line of credit: A bank line of credit that enables a customer to borrow on a daily or on-demand basis. Demand master notes: Short-term securities that are repayable immediately upon the holder's demand. Demand shock: An event that affects the demand for goods in services in the economy.

Demutualization: The process of converting from a mutual company to a stock company. A mutual company is owned by its voting policyholders, while a stock company is owned by its shareholders.

Dependent: Acceptance of a capital budgeting project contingent on the acceptance of another project.

Depletion: Refers to the consumption of natural resources which are part of a company's assets. Since oil, mining and gas companies deal in products that cannot be replenished, depletion reduces the company's natural assets over a specified time period. The recording of depletion is a bookkeeping entry similar to depreciation and does not involve the expenditure of cash.

Deposit: Money put into an account at a financial institution, such as a bank. The deposit may be in the form of cash, cheque or electronic transaction.Deposit account: An account in which money is deposited. Examples include chequing and savings accounts.

Deposit insurance: Certain types of deposits with a financial institution are insured up to a maximum amount, in the event that the financial institution fails (i.e., goes bankrupt). For more information, visit the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Web site.

Deposit-taking institution: A bank, trust company, credit union / Caisse Populaire or other financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and provides regular banking services, such as chequing and savings accounts.

Depository transfer check (DTC): Check made out directly by a local bank to a particular firm or person.Depository Trust Company (DTC): DTC is a user-owned securities depository which accepts deposits of eligible securities for custody, executes book-entry deliveries and records book-entry pledges of securities in its custody, and provides for withdrawals of securities from its custody.

Depreciate: To allocate the purchase cost of an asset over its life. Depreciation: A non-cash expense that provides a source of free cash flow. The amount allocated during the period to amortize the cost of acquiring Long-term assets over the useful life of the assets. Depreciation tax shield: The value of the tax write-off on depreciation of plant and equipment.

Derivative: A generic term often used to categorize a wide variety of financial instruments whose value “depends on” or is “derived from” the value of an underlying asset, reference rate or index.

Derivative instruments: Contracts such as options and futures whose price is derived from the price of the underlying financial asset.

Derivative markets: Markets for derivative instruments.

Derivative security: A financial security, such as an option, or future, whose value is derived in part from the value and characteristics of another security, the underlying security.

Detachable warrant: A warrant entitles the holder to buy a given number of shares of stock at a stipulated price. A detachable warrant is one that may be sold separately from the package it may have originally been issued with (usually a bond).

Deterministic models: Liability-matching models that assume that the liability payments and the asset cash flows are known with certainty.

Detrend: To remove the general drift, tendency or bent of a set of statistical data as related to time.

Devaluation: A decrease in the spot price of the currency.

Difference from S&P: A mutual fund's return minus the change in the Standard & Poors 500 Index for the same time period. A notation of -5.00 means the fund return was 5 percentage points less than the gain in the S&P, while 0.00 means that the fund and the S&P had the same return. Differential disclosure: The practice of reporting conflicting or markedly different information in official corporate statements including annual and quarterly reports and the 10-Ks and 10-Qs.

Differential swap: Swap between two LIBO rates of interest, e.g. yen LIBOR for dollar LIBOR. Payments are in one currency.

Diffusion process: A conception of the way a stock's price changes that assume that the price takes on all intermediate values. Dirty price.

Dilution: Diminution in the proportion of income to which each share is entitled. Reducing the actual or potential earnings per share by issuing more shares or giving options to obtain more.

Dilutive effect: Result of a transaction that decreases earnings per common share.

Direct estimate method: A method of cash budgeting based on detailed estimates of cash receipts and cash disbursements category by category.

Direct lease: Lease in which the lessor purchases new equipment from the manufacturer and leases it to the lessee.

Direct or Indirect Holdings: These are the holdings of an individual or company in other companies. For example, company A owns 500,000 shares of company B's 1,000,000 outstanding shares. Company A, therefore, has a 50% direct interest in company B. Company B, in turn, owns 300,000 of company C's outstanding 500,000 shares. Company B, therefore, has a 60% direct interest in company C. Company A (by virtue of its 50% direct interest in company B) has a 30% indirect interest in company C.

Direct paper: Commercial paper sold directly by the issuer to investors.

Direct placement: Selling a new issue not by offering it for sale publicly, but by placing it with one of the several institutional investors.

Direct quote: For foreign exchange, the number of U.S. dollars needed to buy one unit of a foreign currency. Direct search market: Buyers and sellers seek each other directly and transact directly. Direct stock-purchase programs: The purchase by investors of securities directly from the issuer. Director: Person elected by voting common shareholders at the annual meeting to direct company policies.Dirty float: A system of floating exchange rates in which the government occasionally intervenes to change the direction of the value of the country's currency.

Disaster out clause: A clause in an underwriting agreement allowing the underwriter to cancel the agreement, should a law, event or major financial occurrence transpire that adversely affects financial markets in general or the issuer in particular.Disbursement float: A decrease in book cash but no immediate change in bank cash, generated by checks written by the firm.

Disclaimer Clause: Securities commissions require that all prospectuses carry a disclaimer on the front page stating that the securities commission itself has in no way approved the merits of the securities being offered for sale.Disclaimer of opinion: An auditor's statement disclaiming any opinion regarding the company's financial condition.

Discount: Referring to the selling price of a bond, a price below its par value.

Discount bond: Debt sold for less than its principal value. If a discount bond pays no interest, it is called a zero coupon bond. Discount brokerage: A firm that buys and sells investments for the public without giving any advice (in contrast with a full-service brokerage, which executes trades and provides advice). A discount brokerage typically charges lower commissions or trading fees than a full-service brokerage.

Discount factor: Present value of $1 received at a stated future date. Discount period: The period during which a customer can deduct the discount from the net amount of the bill when making payment.Discount rate: The interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges a bank to borrow funds when a bank is temporarily short of funds. Collateral is necessary to borrow, and such borrowing is quite limited because the Fed views it as a privilege to be used to meet short-term liquidity needs, and not a device to increase earnings.

Discount securities: Non-interest-bearing money market instruments that are issued at a discount and redeemed at maturity for full face value, e.g. U.S. Treasury bills.

Discount window: Facility provided by the Fed enabling member banks to borrow reserves against collateral in the form of governments or other acceptable paper.

Discounted: When some anticipated event such as increased dividends or lower earnings has already been reflected in the market price of a stock, it is said to be "already discounted" by the market.

Discounted basis: Selling something on a discounted basis is selling below what its value will be at maturity so that the difference makes up all or part of the interest.

Discounted dividend model (DDM): A formula to estimate the intrinsic value of a firm by figuring the present value of all expected future dividends.

Discounted payback period rule: An investment decision rule in which the cash flows are discounted at an interest rate and the payback rule is applied on these discounted cash flows.

Discounting: Calculating the present value of a future amount. The process is opposite to compounding.

Discrete compounding M: Compounding the time value of money for discrete time intervals.Discrete random variable: A random variable that can take only a certain specified set of discrete possible values - for example, the positive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . Discretionary account: Accounts over which an individual or organization, other than the person in whose name the account is carried, exercises trading authority or control. A securities account where the client has given specific written authorization to a partner, director or qualified portfolio manager of an investment dealer to select securities and execute trades on behalf of that investor. These are opened up as a matter of convenience to clients who are unable to attend to their own accounts through illness or absence from the country.

Discretionary cash flow: Cash flow that is available after the funding of all positive NPV capital investment projects; it is available for paying cash dividends, repurchasing common stock, retiring debt, and so on.

Discriminant analysis: A statistical process that links the probability of default to a specified set of financial ratios.

Disintermediation: Withdrawal of funds from a financial institution in order to invest them directly.

Distributed: After a Treasury auction, there will be many new issues in dealer's hands. As those issues are sold, it is said that they are distributed.

Distributions: Payments from a fund or corporate cash flow. May include dividends from earnings, capital gains from a sale of portfolio holdings and a return of capital. Fund distributions can be made by check or by investing in additional shares. Funds are required to distribute capital gains (if any) to shareholders at least once per year. Some Corporations offer Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRP). Divergence: When two or more averages or indices fail to show confirming trends.

Diversification: Dividing investment funds among a variety of securities with different risk, reward, and correlation statistics so as to minimize unsystematic risk.

Dividend: A dividend is a portion of a company's profit paid to common and preferred shareholders. A stock selling for $20 a share with an annual dividend of $1 a share yields the investor 5%. Dividend clawback: With respect to a project financing, an arrangement under which the sponsors of a project agree to contribute as equity any prior dividends received from the project to the extent necessary to cover any cash deficiencies.

Dividend clientele: A group of shareholders who prefer that the firm follow a particular dividend policy. For example, such a preference is often based on comparable tax situations. Dividend discount model (DDM): A model for valuing the common stock of a company, based on the present value of the expected cash flows. Dividend growth model: A model wherein dividends are assumed to be at a constant rate in perpetuity.

Dividend limitation: A bond covenant that restricts in some way the firm's ability to pay cash dividends.

Dividend mutual funds: Investment pools that invest primarily in preferred shares or higher yielding common shares, with the objective of maximizing dividend income and the resulting dividend tax credit. Dividend payout ratio: Percentage of earnings paid out as dividends.Dividends per share: Amount of cash paid to shareholders expressed as dollars per share. Dividend policy: An established guide for the firm to determine the amount of money it will pay dividends.

Dividend rate: The fixed or floating rate paid on preferred stock based on par value. Dividend reinvestment plan (DRP): Automatic reinvestment of shareholder dividends in more shares of a company's stock, often without commissions. Some plans provide for the purchase of additional shares at a discount to market price. Dividend reinvestment plans allow shareholders to accumulate stock over the Long term using dollar cost averaging. The DRP is usually administered by the company without charges to the holder. Dividend rights: A shareholders' rights to receive per-share dividends identical to those other shareholders receive. Dividend tax credit: The reduction in federal and provincial tax on dividend income, which is the income an investor receives from owning shares of corporations. This credit is to offset the fact that the company paid tax on profits before distributing dividends.

Dividend yield (Funds): Indicated yield represents the return on a share of a mutual fund held over the past 12 months. Assumes fund was purchased 1 year ago. Reflects effect of sales charges (at current rates), but not redemption charges. Dividend yield (Stocks): Indicated yield represents annual dividends divided by current stock price.

Dividends per share: Dividends paid for the past 12 months divided by the number of common shares outstanding, as reported by a company. The number of shares often is determined by a weighted average of shares outstanding over the reporting term.

Doctrine of sovereign immunity: Doctrine that says a nation may not be tried in the courts of another country without its consent. Documentation Risk: The risk that the legal agreements between two institutions are insufficient or incomplete.Documented discount notes: Commercial paper backed by normal bank lines plus a letter of credit from a bank stating that it will pay off the paper at maturity if the borrower does not. Such paper is also referred to as LOC (letter of credit) paper.

Dollar bonds: Municipal revenue bonds for which quotes are given in dollar prices. Not to be confused with "U.S. Dollar" bonds, a common term of reference in the Eurobond market.

Dollar Cost Averaging: Investing a fixed amount of dollars in a specific security at regular set intervals over a period of time, thereby averaging the cost paid per share.

Dollar duration: The product of modified duration and the initial price. Dollar price of a bond: Percentage of face value at which a bond is quoted.Dollar return: The return realized on a portfolio for any evaluation period, including (1) the change in market value of the portfolio and (2) any distributions made from the portfolio during that period.

Dollar roll: Similar to the reverse repurchase agreement - a simultaneous agreement to sell a security held in a portfolio with the purchase of a similar security at a future date at an agreed-upon price. Dollar safety margin: The dollar equivalent of the safety cushion for a portfolio in a contingent immunization strategy.

Dollar-weighted rate of return: Also called the internal rate of return, the interest rate that will make the present value of the cash flows from all the sub periods in the evaluation period plus the terminal market value of the portfolio equal to the initial market value of the portfolio.

Domestic International Sales Corporation (DISC): A U.S. corporation that receives a tax incentive for export activities.

Domestic market: Part of a nation's internal market representing the mechanisms for issuing and trading securities of entities domiciled within that nation. Compare external market and foreign market. Don't know (DK, Dked): "Don't know the trade." A Street expression used whenever one party lacks knowledge of a trade or receives conflicting instructions from the other party.Double-declining-balance depreciation: Method of accelerated depreciation.Double-dip lease: A cross-border lease in which the disparate rules of the lessor's and lessee's countries let both parties be treated as the owner of the leased equipment for tax purposes.Double-tax agreement: Agreement between two countries that taxes paid abroad can be offset against domestic taxes levied on foreign dividends.

Doubling option: A sinking fund provision that may allow repurchase of twice the required number of bonds at the sinking fund call price.

Dow Jones industrial average: This is the best-known U.S. Index of stocks. It contains 30 stocks that trade on the New York Stock Exchange. The Dow, as it is called, is a barometer of how shares of the largest U.S. companies are performing. There are thousands of investment indexes around the world for stocks, bonds, currencies, and commodities. Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA): An average made up of 30 blue chip stocks that trade daily on the New York Stock Exchange. The DJIA is used as an overall indicator of market performance although criticism is periodically raised over how it is calculated, as well as the fact that so few companies are included so that it may not be a truly representative indicator of market activity.Dow Jones Transportation Average: Similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, this average is made up of 20 transportation stocks that trade daily on the New York Stock Exchange.Dow Theory: A theory of market analysis based on the performance of the Dow Jones Industrial and Transportation Averages. The theory is that the market is in a basic upward trend if one of these averages advances above a previous important high, accompanied or followed by a similar advance in the other. When both averages dip below previous important lows, this is regarded as confirmation of a basic downward trend.

Downgrade: A classic negative change in ratings for a stock, and or other rated security.

Draft: An unconventional order in writing - signed by a person, usually the exporter, and addressed to the importer - ordering the importer or the importer's agent to pay, on demand (sight draft) or at a fixed future date (time draft), the amount specified on its face.

Draft Prospectus: A prospectus prepared for internal use and discussion by the company issuing securities and the underwriters. It is not for outside distribution and shows only basic data on the company with little final detail about the terms of the planned underwriting. It is not a legal document and does not have to be drawn up strictly to securities commission standards. It is an earlier version of a preliminary prospectus and cannot be used in offering the security.

Drop, the: With the dollar roll transaction the difference between the sale price of a mortgage-backed pass-through, and its re-purchase price on a future date at a predetermined price.

Drop lock: An arrangement whereby the interest rate on a floating rate note or preferred stock becomes fixed if it falls to a specified level.

Dual syndicate equity offering: An international equity placement where the offering is split into two tranches - domestic and foreign - and each tranche is handled by a separate lead manager. Dual-currency issues: Eurobonds that pay coupon interest in one currency but pay the principal in a different currency. Due bill: An instrument evidencing the obligation of a seller to deliver securities sold to the buyer. Occasionally used in the bill market. Dupont system of financial control: Highlights the fact that return on assets (ROA) can be expressed in terms of the profit margin and asset turnover. Duration: A common gauge of the price sensitivity of an asset or portfolio to a change in interest rates.

Dutch auction: Auction in which the lowest price necessary to sell the entire offering becomes the price at which all securities offered are sold. This technique has been used in Treasury auctions.Dynamic asset allocation: An asset allocation strategy in which the asset mix is mechanistically shifted in response to -changing market conditions, as in a portfolio insurance strategy, for example. Dynamic hedging: A strategy that involves rebalancing hedge positions as market conditions change; a strategy that seeks to insure the value of a portfolio using a synthetic put option.