On December 18, President Obama signed into law the bipartisan Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015 (the PATH Act). We all have lived through numerous, last-minute extender packages in the past, but this one is significant and should be pretty exciting for taxpayers.

Last year Congress passed a tax bill in December that really only gave us two weeks of tax certainty. Extensions of popular tax provisions were made retroactive for the 2014 tax year without addressing what we could plan for in 2015. This year is different. Not only does the PATH Act address 2015, but it extends certain provisions to 2016, 2019 and some are even made permanent.

While tax reform is much needed and still likely on the horizon, the PATH Act is a definite win for taxpayers, giving us all a solid planning ground to start from. And don’t worry, if you can’t take advantage of a certain provision this year, we can start planning now to take advantage of the provision next year. Be sure to reach out to your tax team ASAP, if you aren’t already in discussions with them.

Below is an overview of some of the major provisions.

Section 179 Expensing Election

Sec. 179 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) allows businesses to elect to immediately deduct — or expense — the cost of certain tangible personal property acquired and placed in service during the tax year, instead of recovering the costs more slowly through depreciation deductions. However, the election can only offset net income; it can’t reduce it below $0 to create a net operating loss.

The election is also subject to annual dollar limits. For 2014, businesses could expense up to $500,000 in qualified new or used assets, subject to a dollar-for-dollar phaseout once the cost of all qualifying property placed in service during the tax year exceeded $2 million. Without the PATH Act, the expensing limit and the phaseout amounts for 2015 would have sunk to $25,000 and $200,000, respectively.

The new law makes the 2014 limits permanent, indexing them for inflation beginning in 2016. It also makes permanent the ability to apply Sec. 179 expensing to qualified real property, reviving the 2014 limit of $250,000 on such property for 2015 but raising it to the full Sec. 179 limit beginning in 2016. Qualified real property includes qualified leasehold-improvement, restaurant and retail-improvement property.

Finally, the new law permanently includes off-the-shelf computer software on the list of qualified property. And, beginning in 2016, it adds air conditioning and heating units to the list.

If your business is eligible for full Sec. 179 expensing, you might obtain a greater benefit from it than from bonus depreciation (discussed below) because the expensing provision can allow you to deduct 100% of an asset acquisition’s cost. Moreover, you can use Sec. 179 expensing for both new and used property.

Bonus Depreciation

The news is mixed on bonus depreciation, which allows businesses to recover the costs of depreciable property more quickly by claiming bonus first-year depreciation for qualified assets. It’s been extended, but only through 2019 and with declining benefits in the later years. For property placed in service during 2015, 2016 and 2017, the bonus depreciation percentage is 50%. It drops to 40% for 2018 and 30% for 2019.

The provision continues to allow businesses to claim unused AMT credits in lieu of bonus depreciation. Beginning in 2016, the amount of unused AMT credits that may be claimed increases.

Qualified assets include new tangible property with a recovery period of 20 years or less (such as office furniture and equipment), off-the-shelf computer software, water utility property and qualified leasehold-improvement property. Beginning in 2016, qualified improvement property doesn’t have to be leased to be eligible for bonus depreciation.

Note that, if you qualify for Sec. 179 expensing, it could provide a greater tax benefit than bonus depreciation. (See above.) But bonus depreciation could benefit more taxpayers than Sec. 179 expensing, because it isn’t subject to any asset purchase limit or net income requirement.

Accelerated Depreciation of Certain Qualified Real Property

The PATH Act permanently extends the 15-year straight-line cost recovery period for qualified leasehold improvements (alterations in a building to suit the needs of a particular tenant), qualified restaurant property and qualified retail-improvement property. The provision exempts these expenditures from the normal 39-year depreciation period.

This is especially welcome news for restaurants and retailers, which typically remodel every five to seven years. If eligible, they may first apply Sec. 179 expensing and then enjoy this accelerated depreciation on qualified expenses in excess of the applicable Sec. 179 limit.

R&D Credit

The research and development (R&D) credit (also known as the research and development or research and experimentation credit) provides an incentive for businesses to increase their investments in research. But businesses have long complained that the annual threat of extinction to the credit deterred them from pursuing critical research into new products and technologies.

The PATH Act permanently extends the credit. Additionally, beginning in 2016, businesses with $50 million or less in gross receipts can claim the credit against alternative minimum tax (AMT) liability, and certain start-ups (in general, those with less than $5 million in gross receipts) that haven’t yet incurred any income tax liability can use the credit against their payroll tax.

While the credit is complicated to compute, the tax savings can prove significant.

Work Opportunity Credit

The Work Opportunity credit for employers that hire individuals who are members of a “target group” has been extended through 2019. The PATH Act also expands the credit beginning in 2016 to apply to employers that hire qualified individuals who have been unemployed for 27 weeks or more.

The amount of the tax credit depends on the target group of the individual hired, the wages paid to that individual and the number of hours that individual worked during the first year of employment. The maximum tax credit that can be earned for each member of a target group is generally $2,400 per adult employee. The credit can be as high as $9,600 per qualified veteran. Employers aren’t subject to a limit on the number of eligible individuals they can hire. In other words, if there are 10 individuals that qualify, the credit can be 10 times the amount listed.

Bear in mind that you must obtain certification that an employee is a member of a target group from the appropriate State Workforce Agency before you can claim the credit. The certification must be requested within 28 days after the employee begins work. For 2015, the IRS may extend the deadline as it did for 2014, when legislation reviving the Work Opportunity credit for that year wasn’t passed until late in the year — meaning that the 28-day period had already expired for many of the covered employees hired in 2014.

Donations of Food Inventory

The PATH Act makes permanent the enhanced deduction for contributions of food inventory for noncorporate business taxpayers. Under the enhanced deduction (which is already permanently available to C corporations), the lesser of basis plus one-half of the item’s appreciation or two times basis can be deducted, rather than only the lesser of basis or fair market value.

Beginning in 2016, the limit on deductible contributions of such inventory increases from 10% to 15% of the business’s adjusted gross income per year.

S Corporation Recognition Period for Built-In Gains Tax

S corporation income generally is passed through to its shareholders, who pay tax on their pro-rata shares. If a C corporation elects to become an S corporation, the newly created S corporation is taxed at the highest corporate rate (currently 35%) on all gains that were built-in at the time of the election and recognized during the “recognition period.”

Generally this period is 10 years, but, under the PATH Act, it’s only five years, beginning on the first day of the first tax year for which the corporation was an S corporation.

Transit Benefit Parity

The PATH Act makes permanent the provision that established equal limits for the amounts that can be excluded from an employee’s wages for income and payroll tax purposes for parking fringe benefits and van-pooling / mass transit benefits. The limits for both types of benefits are now $250 per month for 2015. Without the extension of parity, the limit for van-pooling / mass transit would be only $130.

ACA Delays

The new tax legislation has also gained attention for delaying some divisive provisions in the ACA. For example, it puts off the start of the so-called “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-provided health insurance from 2018 to 2020. The 40% tax would be applied to health coverage that costs more than $10,200 for individuals and $27,500 for families, with annual threshold increases based on inflation. The tax would be assessed on the difference between the total cost of health benefits for an employee in a year and the applicable threshold amount.

Additionally, the PATH Act halts the 2.3% excise tax on the sale of medical devices in 2016 and 2017.

Plan Ahead

The PATH Act’s temporary and permanent extensions of numerous valuable tax breaks for businesses provide significant tax planning opportunities. We’ve only touched on some of the most popular here; the new law may include other extensions and enhancements that can benefit your business. We can help you identify the ones that will minimize your taxes for 2015 and chart the best course in future years. Please reach out to your tax team to discuss your opportunities before year-end!

Contact Tracy Monroe at tmonroe@cohencpa.com or a member of your service team for further discussion.

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