Although any liquid may be used as a solvent; relatively few are in general use. However, as the introduction of cleaner technologies has become a major concern throughout both industry and academia, the search for alternatives to the most damaging solvents has become a high priority. Solvents are high on the list of damaging chemicals for two simple reasons: 1.They are used in huge amounts.

2.They are usually volatile liquids (VOCs) that are difficult to contain. Solvent properties of ILs•They are good solvents for a wide range of both inorganic and organic materials, and unusual combinations of reagents can be brought into the same phase; • They are often composed of poorly coordinating ions, so they have the potential to be highly polar yet non-coordinating solvents; • They are immiscible with a number of organic solvents and provide a non-aqueous, polar alternative for two-phase systems. Hydrophobic ionic liquids can also be used as immiscible polar phases with water; •Ionic liquids are non-volatile, hence they may be used in high-vacuum systems and eliminate many containment problems. They do not evaporate. •One of the most distinct advantages of RTILs that has been the rationale for their characterization as “Green Solvents” is their negligible volatility. This characteristic renters them promising replacements to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are used in large quantities in chemical and engineering industries and are a source of major environmental problems.5 Moreover, many ILs can be recycled and reused repeatedly. Although the ionic liquids do not comply fully with green chemistry principles, they are very promising as alternatives to organic solvents.

It must be emphasized that reactions in ionic solvents are not difficult to perform and usually require no special apparatus or methodologies. The reactions are often quicker and easier to carry out than in conventional organic solvents. Applications of ionic solvents

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...SOLVENT EXTRACTION
Solvent extraction, also known as liquid extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubility in two different immiscible liquid, usually water and organic solvent. It is an extraction from one liquid phase to another liquid phrase. Liquid extraction is a basic technique in chemical laboratories, where it is performed using a separator funnel. This type of process is commonly performed after a chemical reaction as part of the work-up. Liquid–liquid extraction is possible in non-aqueous systems: In a system consisting of a molten metal in contact with molten salts, metals can be extracted from one phase to the other. This is related to a mercury electrode where a metal can be reduced, the metal will often then dissolve in the mercury to form an amalgam that modifies its electrochemistry greatly. For example, it is possible for sodium cations to be reduced at a mercury cathode to form sodium amalgam, while at an inert electrode (such as platinum) the sodium cations are not reduced. Instead, water is reduced to hydrogen. A detergent or fine solid can be used to stabilize an emulsion, or third phase.
MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS
Distribution ratio
In solvent extraction, a distribution ratio is often quoted as a measure of how well-extracted a species is. The distribution ratio is equal to the concentration of a solute in the organic phase divided by its...

...temperatures. In this experiment, a suitable solvent was first determined. Acetanilide was produced by acetylation of aniline with acetic anhydride. The crude acetanilide was dissolved in a solvent in a heating water bath. The hot solution was filtered and the filtrate, cooled slowly in an ice bath as crystals started forming out. As the compound crystallizes from the solution, molecules of other compounds were excluded from the crystals to obtain pure acetanilide.
INTRODUCTION
Recrystallization, referred to as the second crystallization, is a method in which two crystallization processes are performed. It is a process of dissolving the solid to be crystallized in a hot solvent or solvent mixture and then cooling the solution slowly. This technique can be used for large or small quantities of materials, and is usually very effective and efficient. The most important aspect of the recrystallization technique is the selection of the solvent. A large number of solvents are commonly used for recrystallization of organic compounds. Among these are water, ethanol, ethyl ether, methanol, and hexane to name just a few. A solvent, which works beautifully for one recrystallization, may be totally unsuitable for purification of a different compound - the choice for recrystallization solvent is made on a case-by-case basis. This is because of the variation of solubility...

...Lab #2 (Part A,B)
Due date: Oct 5, 2010
1 - Theory and mechanism
Epoxidation is a reaction of an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid (also called peracid) to produce an epoxide product, generally performed in inert solvents, such as dichloromethane. The epoxide product is a cyclic ether in which the ring contains three atoms. The alkene gains an oxygen from the peracid in a syn fashion. In this experiment, R-(－)-carvone is reacting with MCPBA, a peracid, to produce the epoxide product.
Balanced equation:
C10H14O + C7H5ClO3 --> C10H14O2 + C7H5ClO2
Since the rate of reaction depends on the electronic density of the double bond, and R-(－)-carvone has two double bonds, the reaction is regioselective. The more electron-riched double bond will react faster.
Mechanism:
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant and reacts readily with double bonds. In this experiment it is used to visually identify the production in the previous reaction, since it changes color from purple to yellow-brown if reacted with alkene under aqueous conditions.
Balanced equation:
C10H14O2 + KMnO4 + 2H2O --> C10H16O4
Mechanism:
2 - Table of reagents
.
|Compound |Mol Mass (g/mol) |
|Dissolution of MCPBA in CH2Cl2 |solution was clear, MCPBA dissolved |
|Dissolution of R-(－)-carvone in...

...University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy
Organic Chemistry Laboratory
RECRYSTALLIZATION OF ACETANILIDE USING WATER AS SOLVENT
Lagarteja, M.C.B.; Lim, H.G.N.; Lizo, K.J.R.; *Macalino, M.D.L.; Macapala, C.
2D-Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas
Abstract
Recrystallization is a technique used to purify organic solids. This method involves dissolving of a solute in a solvent and inciting the solute to produce a precipitate from a solution. In this experiment, acetic anhydride was added to the mixture of 2mL aniline and 20mL of distilled water. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath and filtered through filter paper resulting to the crude acetanilide. The pure acetanilide was then produced by the filtered solution of crude acetanilide and recrystallizing solvent. Choosing of the recrystallizing solvent was done by placing a small amount of pure acetanilide in three test tubes, each containing: water, 95% ethanol and hexane. The final weight produced by the pure acetanilide is 1.1g contrary to the weight of the crude of the acetanilide which is 0.5g. Quantitative analysis showed that the pure acetanilide produced 37.04% percentage yield.
Introduction
Recrystallization is a process of purifying organic compounds obtained from nature that contain soluble, insoluble and colored impurities. This is based on the premise that solubility increases on the increase of temperature while...

...effect of the organic solvents on the cell membrane of the beetroot
Objective:
To investigate the effect of different organic solvents, such as alcohol and paraffin oil, on the cell membrane of the beetroot by using the red pigments in the beetroot as indicator.
Hypothesis:
Organic solvents dissolve the organic matter in the cell membrane (such as phospholipids). This destroys the cell membrane, and the permeability of the cell membrane is disrupted casing red pigments to leak out by diffusion.
Biological principle:
The cell membrane is mainly made up of phospholipids and proteins. The phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer. And there are some proteins molecules are interspersed among the phospholipid bilayer. This structure makes the cell membrane differentially permeable. Thus, some large molecules can’t pass through the cell membrane. The cell membrane can be destroyed by physical damage and chemical. When the cells are cut, the cell membranes are mechanically ruptured. Some chemicals such as organic solvents can dissolve the organic matter in cell membrane, causing damage of the membrane and therefore increased permeability. This leads to an easier leakage of contents of the cell.
Type of variables
Representing variables in this experiment
Dependent variable
Color of the organic solvents change
Independent variable
Concentration of organic solvents and...

...Neutral Compounds by Solvent Extraction
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid (p-toulic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol), and a neutral compound (acetanilide). Extraction is the process of selectively dissolving one or more of the compounds of a mixture into an appropriate solvent, the solution that contains these dissolved compounds is called an extract (Manion, 2004).
Impurities that are present in the solution can be removed by extracting them from the original solvent into another solvent. This is done by mixing two immiscible (insoluble to one another) solvents (Manion, 2004). By mixing the solvents together rapidly the exchange of the desired product from one solvent will be transferred to the other and the impurities remain in the original solvent. The two solvent layers then completely separate from each other as they are immiscible. The process washing is the reverse process, it leaves the desired compound in the original solvent and the impurities are transferred to the second solvent (Manion, 2004).
The solvent selection generally is determined by polarity, on will be polar typically wathe while the other a non-polar solution (hydrocarbon). The...

...﻿Hydrolysis of tert-butyl Chloride in different solvents
Practical conducted on 5 March, 2013
Reported by Pham Vu Hung on 10 March, 2013

Introduction:
This practical is meant to measure the rate of reaction of the hydrolysis of tertiary-butyl chloride –a colorless, liquid organic compound at room temperature that is sparingly soluble in water - in water/acetone and water/isopropanol mixtures. Since there are many influencing factors for the rate of reaction, all are kept constant but the intended variable: the solvents. If the reactant is more stabilized by interaction with solvent molecules than is the transition state, the activation barrier for the reaction will be increased, and the rate will decrease. Conversely, if the transition state is more stabilized by solvation than is the reactant, the activation barrier for the reaction will be decreased, and the rate will increase.
In this experiment, the kinetics of a unimolecular substitution reaction — the SN1 reaction between water and tert-butyl chloride (2-chloro-2-methylpropane) in various solvents will be measured in order to explore the rate of reaction on different solvents’ effects
Materials:
Apparatus: 50.00 mL burette Chemicals: 0.04M NaOH
10.00 mL pipette t-butyl chloride
100 cm3 volumetric flask Acetone
Conical flask Isopropanol
Measuring cylinder Bromothymol blue
Procedures:
1. 150 cm3 of 0.04M NaOH(aq) is...

...The Effect of Solvent Exposure and Temperature on Beet Cell Membrane Integrity
Introduction:
• Cell membranes are vital to proper cellular function
• Cell membranes consist of a lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids
• Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules meaning they have a dual nature in that they show both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) properties
• The amphipathic nature of phospholipids causes them to spontaneously form bilayers in water based solutions
o The inner and outer surfaces of the bilayers are hydrophilic and can interact with the aqueous environment, while the core of the bilayer is hydrophobic and able to exclude water and other polar molecules
o Because of these properties, phospholipids bilayers are able to serve multiple functions including:
▪ act as barriers to protect the cell from the outside environment
▪ house proteins and carbohydrates necessary for cell to cell and extracellular communication
▪ organize and provide surface areas for metabolic reactions
• While the phospholipids bilayer is a highly organized system with multiple functions, it is also highly dynamic and can be functionally described using the fluid mosaic model (FMM)
o FMM characterizes the phospholipids bilayer of the cell membrane as highly dynamic and fluid meaning that the position (location) of any given phospholipids in the...