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Friday, 7 September 2012

Researching Australian Soccer History: A Lecture

Having been suspected of writing impenetrable academic treatises, I thought I'd let readers see something of what I do as a university lecturer so they could make up their own minds. Usually I teach poetry and Australian literature but once every year I lecture to sports history students on the history of soccer in Australia. I'm giving the following lecture today. It's very long (over 5000 words) so bail out now if you're after something brief!

I'd be delighted to get feedback.

Soccer in Australia

When Matthew Klugman asked me to give this lecture a few years
back, he asked me to give a history of the “round ball” game in
Australia.

It’s an interesting expression “the round ball game”
because we have many games played with round, or more accurately roughly
spherical, balls – netball, cricket, hockey, basketball, baseball,
softball and so on. But he knew and I knew exactly what he meant. And I
suspect you would have immediately known what he meant as well.

He certainly didn't mean the round ball game referred to in the following Argus report from 1865.

The football contest on Saturday afternoon for the Athletic Sports Committee's Challenge Cap was between the South Yarra and Carlton Club, who met on the ground of the former club. South Yarra, who were the holders of the cup, succeeded in winning the match by obtaining two goals, one of which was kicked by Budd, and the other by Greene. These were the only goals got during the afternoon. O'Mullane was captain of the winning, and Chadwick of the losing side. The Carlton Club ascribe their defeat to the fact that they were obliged to play with the oval, or Rugby ball, while they had always been accustomed to a round ball; and they complain that their opponents would not allow a round ball to be introduced even after they had won the first goal. The South Yarra Club have now won the cup twice, being the only club standing in that position. If they win it a third time, they will, according to the rules, be entitled to retain possession of the trophy.

Or did he?
Just what game was Carlton FC playing in the early 1860s?

Why didn’t Matthew just name the game?

Well he is a sensitive guy and I know he’s aware that
for some people the name of the game is an issue of great significance,
one that is capable of creating a degree of debate and sometimes
rancour. If that was his reason then he needn’t have been so
thoughtful, I’m happy with the term soccer, something which puts me at
odds with many Australian supporters of the game.

In recent years many proponents of soccer in Australia have
begun to call the game football. In 2004, Football Federation Australia
(FFA) replaced Soccer Australia as a part of sweeping reforms to the
game’s management, effectively ‘taking back’ the name football – a move
that received a deal of support in the soccer community but one which
generated a great degree of opposition and disagreement from supporters
of Australian rules football and the Rugby codes.

This is understandable. ‘Football’ is a very powerful term.
Whenever it is used it also represents an incidental assertion of the
hegemony of the game it is describing. Australian rules proponent,
Martin Flanagan believes the

football naming-rights argument is a small matter of
large consequence. Politics is largely decided by headlines that
transfer the meaning of a mere handful of words. In sport, in this part
of the world, one of those words is football. Whoever owns that word
to some extent owns the future.

Prior to 2004, in most of Victoria, Tasmania,
South Australia and Western Australia ‘football’ denoted Australian
rules; in Queensland and New South Wales it usually meant Rugby League.
And while generally these conventions still hold they have been
destabilised by the re-naming of soccer.

Significantly, the intense
branding of terms like NRL (National Rugby League) and AFL
(Australian Football League, the peak Australian rules body) has allowed
soccer some space and leverage in adopting the term football. But we
need to be careful to draw a cultural distinction between what the PR
agents denote and that which the general public connotes.

This new policy of soccer ‘taking back’ the name of football is based on a few fallacies:

That the use of the term soccer was forced upon the game.
This is only partly true. In Australia the name soccer was adopted
to in order to both domesticate the game and internationalise
its image. The term British Association football was seen as tying the
game too tightly to British roots. The preferred option,
Association football, was unavailable, already taken by the
second-string Australia rules competition in Victoria. Soccer was
the only term available that referenced Association football
unambiguously.

Soccer is an American abomination.
This is not true. The term was invented in English public schools
– though not necessarily without a pejorative aspect. Pet oxford name

Soccer is a diminutive that belittles the game. This is a matter of emphasis and manner of articulation. Any diminution is in the manner of expression (soccer is a word that lends itself to sarcastic inflection) and not the semantic content.

Leading figures and commentators in the
Australian game like Johnny Warren and Les Murray always used the
word ‘football’ when talking about soccer. They did not. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yB0wrU2tWOA (1.43)

Confusion over names is part of the complex history of all
football codes in this country. Australian rules and soccer have
undergone significant name changes in the course of their development,
as have their many organising and controlling bodies – often for
interesting cultural-political reasons.

As the rules of the Melbourne Football Club started their
expansion out of Melbourne into the suburbs and other towns and colonies
(including NZ) the name of the game became Melbourne rules. This
subsequently transformed into Victorian rules and then Australian rules
(with a brief digression into Australasian rules). Today Australian
rules is officially known as Australian Football and also has made
claims on the title of the ‘National Game’.

The game that is initially known in Victoria as
Anglo-Australian football, or British Association rules, or English
Association rules, or (rarely) Scottish Association rules, officially
becomes Soccer football in the 1920s and just plain soccer after that –
though it starts to be described as soccer in the Argus
newspaper from 1908 on. In Queensland, the first organising body was the
Anglo-Queensland Football Association while the game in New South
Wales was initially administered by the Southern British Football
Union. In the Perth press the game is described as Socker for a few brief years around the turn of the century!

This represents a methodological problem for the historian –
if the names of the games and the organising bodies are not consistent
over time or across the various colonies at any given time, we need to
be very careful when we read an historical newspaper article that
refers to football.

For example, an article in a Maitland newspaper in 1883
reviews a match of Association football played by a team named
Northumberland. A present day reader would be forgiven for the immediate
assumption was that it was a soccer team comprised of miners from the
north east of England. Closer reading showed that it was actually a
game of Victorian rules being played by a local team against South
Melbourne FC. In 1894 a game of Association Rules in “was played on the
Albion Ground, West Maitland, under Association rules, between the
Northumberland and Redfern (Sydney) teams. The match was won by the
former by 2 points to nil.”

This match also seems to have been played under Victorian
rules even while the name “Association rules” would have signified
soccer in other parts of Australia.

This changeability of names points to a very different
conception of football from the ones held today – the idea that soccer
and rugby and Australian rules were differing strains of the same game
of football. For much of the first part of the 20th century, newspaper
soccer reports were made under the heading of football. Typically, the Argus
would list under the heading of football: VFL, VFA, rugby and soccer.
And while they gave greater weight to Australian rules there was not
the same sense of separation that the media deploys today.

'Football' match listings, Argus 20 Aug 1910

In some papers, the football results were given in such an
order that we can only discern from the actual scores the games that
were being played. And even then sometimes the scores are given
incorrectly. Soccer matches represetented as 6 points to 1 for example.

This too represents a methodological problem. Soccer
reports are often there in newspapers but they are sometimes buried at
the end of or hidden within a general football report. Historians have
overlooked vital pieces of information because of this.

From 1850 onward until about 1870 we get many reports of
football games across Australia where virtually all we know is that
between zero and 3 goals were scored, mostly kicked but occasionally
taken across the line in or by a scrimmage. Many journalists thought
little of posterity when they filed their reports. We know that
different kinds of football were being played but sometimes we have no
idea what kinds.

The FFA’s rebranding of soccer as ‘football’ threatens to
introduce the same kind of lack of clarity for historians of the
future. Therefore I am an advocate for the use of soccer in public
discourse for the time being — at least until history and common sense
determines otherwise.

I will use the terms Australian rules, rugby union, rugby league. When I use the term football I mean it generically.

Football Research

Recent developments in digitised newspaper
archives have forever changed the way history is investigated. Simple
term searches in the National Library of Australia's digital archive
can now reveal in minutes articles and stories that would previously
have taken months, or even years, of painstaking research to uncover.

One impact has been in the realm of sports history. Sport
cultures based on founding myths and narratives of domination and
permanence are starting to appear more unstable. Sporting history's
white lies and their more pernicious cousins are being exposed. My own
field of research – the history of Australian soccer – is being
drastically reshaped by archival discoveries.

The NLA database is searchable
-- so we can discover evidence that was once nearly impossible to find.
Previously, this data could only be found accidentally or through an
awful lot of hard slog using the old-fashioned techniques of trawling
through microfilm and hard copy newspapers.

Already we can see the potential the database has in disrupting and correcting conventional narratives.

Without having to leave Melbourne, I have made a number of
discoveries in the archive that question some of the established
narratives of sport history in Australia.

Three general examples:

From the Hobart Mercury in 1867 we learn of a group of Aboriginal footballers near Hamilton in Victoria.

An 1880 regional news report in the Argus records the suppression of a Ladies' Football Club which had been proposed at Sandhurst.

The Maitland Mercury reveals a form of football being played in Darwin in 1879.

In each example, factual evidence gleaned from displaced sources troubles established narratives.
Discoveries of this kind have led me to the conclusion that
every narrative, every story is wrong in some way . . . including my
own.

Soccer history

A major suspicion I have confirmed over the past 4 years is
that Soccer has a much deeper and broader Australian history than has
been recorded by sports historians. The game is more ‘embedded' or
domesticated or naturalised than is usually assumed.

The archive reveals that soccer reports are there in
newspapers but they are sometimes buried at the end of, or hidden
within, a general football report, as in the example given earlier. As
is often the case footnotes are particularly revealing.Historians have overlooked vital pieces of information
because of this.

Also many have been guided by master-narratives that
already structure and limit their narrative possibilities. If you read a
local or club history of a Victorian footy club there will usually be a
preliminary section that says something like "football in the region
goes back to the 1850s or 1860s but Victorian rules weren't formalised
here until the early 1860s". Nonetheless the history reclaims that early
football history for footy. What are the other possibilities?

(My own master narrative? Iconoclastic rather than hagiographic)

Consequently I've tried to adopt a sceptical and
open-minded approach. Trust no established narrative; question all
arguments about origins.

Three reasons:

Established histories have been compiled with access to only a fraction of the available data and are necessarily limited.

There are no origins only moments of confluence. Or, there are no fathers of the game (any game) – though there may be godfathers.

Inscription is not origination.
Because something is written down for the first time does not mean that
it is the first time that it happened. The fetishistic emphasis on
written rules and codes (of our own or someone else's) distorts the
historical process.

Discoveries

Trying to find early examples of soccer in Australia, I had
scoured the NLA archive for references to football, soccer, british
association football and had exhausted those searches.

Reading the articles had taught me aspects of the
terminology used at the time and so I was able to make informed
experiments with search terms. Making a search using the term ‘English
association rules' I found reference to a game played between New Town
fc and the Cricketers fc in Hobart on 7 June 1879 .

These clubs met for the return match on Marsh's
ground, New Town, on Saturday afternoon, playing the English Association
Rules. The result was a draw, no goals being kicked by either side.

Yet for many years Australian soccer had had an assumed
origin point. The received narrative was that the first game was played
in 1880 between the Wanderers and the King's School in Sydney. That
game's originary status was undermined by the discovery of the 1879
Hobart game.
Evidence suggests that even earlier games were played.

1878 a one-half soccer/one-half rugby game in Sydney

1876 the new Petrie Terrace club in Brisbane initially adopts London Association rules

The earliest 'first-game of soccer' I have confirmed
occurred on Saturday 7 August 1875 in Woogaroo (now Goodna) just outside
of Brisbane. The Queenslander of 14 August reported that the
Brisbane Football Club met the inmates and warders of the Woogaroo
Lunatic Asylum on the football field in the grounds of the Asylum:

play commenced at half-past 2, after arranging the rules
and appointing umpires; Mr. Sheehan acting as such for Brisbane, and
Mr. Jaap for Woogaroo. One rule provided that the ball should not be
handled nor carried.

In itself this description is not enough to justify the
claim that the game is soccer (or British Association Football as it was
then known). The clinching evidence comes from the Victorian
publication The Footballer in 1875 which notes in its section
on ‘Football in Queensland' that the “match was played without handling
the ball under any circumstances whatever (Association rules).” (p. 80)

Wolston Park Hospital Cricket Ground. Likely site of
the first recorded game of soccer in Australia

But this is still not the very first game of soccer in
Australia. There is little doubt in my mind that there were earlier
games. A rather tantalising history is suggested by the following list -
all discovered via the NLA database:

The
inmates at Woogaroo played an earlier game of football in 1873, and
while the code is not specified it is probable that it was soccer, given
that the superintendent John Jaap was a graduate of Glasgow University.

1873 a football association formed in Adelaide which initially adopts English association rules.

Throughout the early 1870s we see frequent advocacy of soccer in letters to the editor across the colonies.

During the 1870s
games were played in which carrying and handling the ball were
outlawed in a number of places around Australia – Richmond in Tasmania.
Can we describe these games as soccer? If not, how can we describe them?

E. 1870s – recollections in the Mercury in the 1920s of soccer being played in the Hobart Domain.

It is possible that the 1870 game in Melbourne
between the Melbourne Football Club and the Police was played under
British Association rules – though more research is needed to nail down
this particular game. 12

An amusing game of football will be played on the Metropolitan ground, Yarra-park, this afternoon, between the local club and a team chosen from the ranks of the Victorian police force, who will play under the guidance of Mr. J. Conway, of the Carlton Club. The game will be played something after the home style, and holding or running with the ball will not be allowed.

Letter to Bell's Life in 1867 advocating the adoption of soccer in Sydney.

A game of Harrow football in Adelaide in 1854 - in which the round ball was not allowed to be touched by hand.

It is my suspicion that as more research is done we will
find many more games of soccer (or soccer-like games) played well back in
Australian history.

A radical challenge to the conventional narrative is
involved in the speculation that when the Melbourne rules of football
were laid down in 1858, 1859 or whenever, soccer was close at hand as an
influence.

Even though soccer was not codified until 1863, games which
had a strong influence on the codification of soccer had been codified
much earlier: Cambridge, Harrow, Sheffield rules. And they had been
brought to Melbourne in informal ways.

My article in Meanjin.

Indeed ‘a game resembling soccer' is a way to describe
the very first example of the Melbourne Rules laid down in 1859, as
‘Free Kick' attests:

The [English] Football Association was accordingly
formed, and set of rules drawn up, which by a very curious coincidence,
are very nearly similar to those which were decided on at a meeting of
representatives of football clubs, held at the Parade Hotel, near
Melbourne, some 5 years ago … Whether a stray copy (for the rules were
neatly printed and got up) ever found its way home I do not know, but if
not it is a strong argument in favour of our own code, that the
football parliaments assembled on opposite sides of the globe, should
bring the identical same result of their labours.
(‘Free Kick', letter to Bell's Life in Victoria, 14 May 1864, p. 2.)

As far as ‘Free Kick' is concerned, the similarities
between soccer and Australian football in 1864 were far more significant
than the differences. Indeed, games resembling soccer have been played
in Australia for as long as any other code of football.
There we have it: soccer was in the vicinity at the
beginning of organised football in Australia. It has been a part of the
sporting fabric of the whole nation ever since. And it remains a
significant part of our sporting landscape. Its ongoing struggle for
legitimacy then is surely an object of bafflement.

Soccer's struggle for legitimacy

Organised soccer is at least 140 years old in Australia.
500,000 Australians are registered soccer players, higher participation
levels than any other team sport. The ABS estimates another 800,000
playing at less formal levels. At its elite level, soccer is capable of
generating massive television viewing statistics. A Socceroo game at
the World Cup, for example, is arguably the high-water mark in
Australian sports viewing (even in the middle of the night), surpassing
the AFL and NRL Grand Finals and the Melbourne Cup. While soccer tends
to be the second football code wherever it is played, it nonetheless
has the kind of demographic Australian coverage that the other football
codes would envy. Soccer’s numerical strengths (and some of it
cultural weaknesses) are indicated by its status as the ‘go to’ game
for Australia-wide advertising narratives that represent children at
energetic play.

The ad appeals to kids and parents across all Australia in a
way that Australian rules or Rugby League could not. Yet it also
invokes the idea of the soccer mum and the 'weaknesses' that notion
implies.

Yet this game, even with such an apparent comparative
advantage, has fared badly in Australia. Since 1880, organised soccer
has sought a place in Australian society only to be rebuffed and
rejected as a foreign game, a threat, sometimes even a menace to
Australian masculinity and life in general. The game has endured
sustained media myopia offset by frequent outbursts of intense and
spiteful attention. Johnny Warren encapsulated this anti-soccer
mentality in the title of his memoir, Sheilas, Wogs and Poofters.

These were the kinds of people who played soccer in
Australia (though Warren might have added Poms and Children). The game
was seen as effeminate, foreign and for men of what was constructed as a
degenerate sexuality. While Warren’s title doesn’t quite represent
either the totality or the subtlety of opposition, it does capture the
vituperation and the spirit of a different age. He relates the story
of a tickertape parade for the Australian national team (the Socceroos)
in Sydney in 1969.

I have a daunting image, still prominent in my memory.
It was the occasion of a ticket tape parade for the Australian national
team in 1969. I had taken my allocated place in one of the sports cars
which had been organised for the event. The cavalcade was snaking its
way through the streets and turned a corner. This one particular corner,
like so many of its kind in Sydney, was adorned by a pub. Wooing the
punters to drink from its kegs were pictures on its outer wall of
rugby, cricket and horse racing. True-blue Aussie sports. Spilling out
of the pub’s doors were tank-topped, steel-cap-booted, tattooed workers
quenching their thirst after the dust of the day’s work. ‘Fuckin’
poofters,’ some hooted at us. ‘Dago bastards,’ followed others. The odd
projectile was hurled our way. Needless to say, I had, in my life,
felt much safer than I did during that parade. (ppxxi-xxii)

The recent relative successes of soccer in Australia
might tend to suggest that the bigoted attitude that confronted Warren
is a thing of the past. The way that the A League and well-attended
internationals have elbowed themselves some room in the mainstream of
Australian sport media indicates a new-found respect for the game has
been established in Australia. However, the battle may not be over.

Recent case of Moonee Valley Footy Club suggests that the fear of a soccer invasion is still present in some minds.

Even when this vulgar and coarse resentment (usually
designed to sell newspapers) is peeled away a core of repulsion,
sometimes principled, more often irrational remains.

The former comes from a writer like Martin Flanagan who
believes that any weakening of Australian rules football because of
soccer’s rise will damage our local culture, already embattled by the
manifold forces of globalisation. Flanagan respects soccer and other
codes of football but he makes his priorities clear. He believes that
Australian rules

has a unique place, not only in Australian sport, but
in Australian culture which, in my experience, is obvious to outsiders.
I can admire the Australian rugby union team and enjoy watching them
play, but at the end of the day it is a British game they’re playing.
Australian football is a marvellous sporting invention that found its
way into the hearts of people and infiltrated other aspects of their
lives so that it became something by which you knew families and
suburbs and towns and, more recently with the national competition,
different parts of Australia.

While this argument is one that deserves notice, largely
because it is true for much of Australia, it is flawed when we look at
Sydney and broad regions of the northern states. The problem is that
Australian rules is an irrelevance for many Australians, even many of
those who are interested in sport. They do not play it; they do not
watch it; they fail to understand it. Nor have they experienced the
purported social benefits of the game to which Flanagan refers.
Significantly, in one of the heartlands of Australian mythology, what
might be called the Waltzing Matilda country of outback Queensland,
Australian rules is an utterly foreign game.

Flanagan does not allow for the fact that the so-called
‘British games’ (the Rugby codes and soccer) have also given and
continue to give meaning and structure to the lives of many Australians.
And unless he is willing to say that these experiences are inferior to
or less authentic than the social meaning obtained through Australian
rules, or that these Australians aren’t true Australians, then
Flanagan is guilty of making a national generalisation out of a
regional truth. In many regions and towns soccer has a continuous
history of more than 100 years where the game has been, for generations
of Australians and waves of migrants, an important pillar of their
communities. In Flanagan’s home state of Tasmania, the South Hobart
Football Club has a 100 year history and has played at the same ground
for most of that time. The club is embedded in the community in ways
that Flanagan would admire in relation to an Australian rules club.

Representing a very different perspective is a writer like
Michael Duffy, whose article, ‘Jig is up - give World Cup the boot’
published shortly after the 2006 World Cup, is a checklist of
predictable prejudice that masks his own failure to understand the
game: boring; not enough scoring; should be allowed to use hands; too
much play acting. He talks about an experience of watching the World
Cup that, given his attitudes and the second-person persona adopted, is
probably second hand or made up.

You rose from your bed in the early hours to spend an
hour and a half watching the ball move from one player to another
several hundred times without passing through the white posts at either
end of the field more than once or twice. It was like golf without the
excitement.

If Flanagan adopts a left-nationalist position in worrying
about soccer’s globalising effects, Duffy comes from the free-market
right and argues the very opposite. Inspired by the American academic
economist Allen Sanderson, Duffy suggests that Australians are very
much like Americans and we should see their resistance to soccer as
exemplary. He cites Sanderson who believes that those Americans who
support soccer “are uncomfortable with competitions that produce
winners and losers, and soccer appeals to their egalitarian,
risk-averse streak. The same crowd usually also can be counted on to
oppose globalisation.”

Duffy also sees soccer is also a force of political
correctness: “Lots of parents force their children to play football for
reasons of social engineering: they want to make their boys more like
girls and their girls more like boys.” For Duffy men’s sport is about
upper body strength. As a sport that disallows the use of hands, soccer
therefore runs against the spirit of unfettered competition that
characterises the true sporting contest. Anyone who has seen
Michael Duffy will note a quaint irony in his being critical of
anyone’s upper body proportions. Indeed, Duffy continues the great
right wing tradition of puny old men urging on strong young men to do
their dirty martial work for them.

Despite their having completely antagonistic perspectives
on virtually all other cultural-political matters, Flanagan and Duffy
end up on the same side in this argument. This speaks greatly of the
general antagonism to soccer in Australia, particularly from middle-aged
men (with Irish surnames) with positions of some cultural influence.

But Duffy and Flanagan did not invent their perspectives.
They inherited them. Their pronouncements on soccer have a genealogy
that extends back to before soccer was even codified in 1863. And there
are very good reasons for the resentment of soccer. The game’s
reputation has legitimately suffered through fan violence and farcical
organisational corruption around the world. Throughout history it has
been variously held responsible for the collapses of moral order and
collective political will. It has been a game of the economic colonizer,
imposing itself on or being taken up by indigenous people who have
thereby lost contact with their native customs. In ancient times its
forebear (folk football, which is arguably an important precursor of
all football codes) was even outlawed by monarchs afraid of the game’s
impact on their fighting forces.

But none of these relates directly to the main source of
contemporary vilification, which might be called ‘soccerphobia’.
Soccerphobia is the fear of one particular code of football,
Association football and its supposed potential to damage national,
regional and local cultures. The loudest bastions of soccerphobia are,
curiously, found in Anglophone countries with a long and direct colonial
connection to the British Isles – the birthplace of Association
football. Australia, the United States of America, Canada, Ireland, New
Zealand and South Africa all house strong and entrenched cultures of
soccerphobia. In three and one-half of these countries, soccer is seen
either as a threat to local and established games or as a game that
cannot assimilate because of its foreignness or unsuitability.
Ireland, Canada, the USA and southern and western
Australia have developed regional variations of football (or other
sports) that are assumed to be indigenous expressions of nationality –
assumptions that are often flawed. For example baseball’s claims to
indigenous status ignore the obvious fact that it stems directly from
games imported from Europe. Often, claims of indigeneity rest more on
politically expedient assertions of national independence than they do
on historical fact.

In New Zealand, white South Africa and the Australian
states of Queensland and New South Wales the local/imported divide is
not as relevant – or at least it has little basis to be. The dominant
football codes (Rugby Union or Rugby League) in each of these states or
countries have clear British origins. Here, the disparagement of
soccer tends to focus on questions of courage, masculinity and even
sexuality. Historically, Association football has been seen as a game
for degenerates and weaklings across the soccerphobic world.

In recent times, the idea of sport-as-industry has been
clarified. While organised elite sport for the past 120 years or more,
has had the element of profit-and-loss at its heart, for much of that
history the ruling mythology of sport provided a smokescreen, placing
the economic realm into the category of a ‘necessary evil’.
Contemporary sports discourse happily brings questions of economics to
bear. This newer general consciousness of sport as business is one
which perceives any attempt to grow a sporting market necessarily
involves a diminution of another and competition between sports becomes
a legitimate subject matter for sports discussion. Soccer’s attempts
to gain ‘market share’ in those regions where historically it has been
less dominant are one more basis for soccerphobia, a position which can
dip into the toolbox of cultural soccerphobia as required.

To leave it at this would be to allow soccer to cry
victim without accepting a deal of responsibility. Soccer sometimes has
only itself to blame. While the game has risen and fallen subject to
external pressures, it has, in perhaps equal measure, been
self-sabotaged by its internecine feuds and unfathomable incompetences.

One could also point to historical factors. Soccer has
regularly collapsed under the massive weight of war and Depression and
often resurged on migrant tides. And while history has not been kind to
the game in Australia, it might be said: “In sport you make your own
history!” In a sense soccer has not been kind to its own history. It has
not often made a good fist of becoming a narrative point of Australian
history. Nor has it done a very good job of remembering the times when
it actually did.

The game that never happened

This is the problem around which my research
turns: Australian soccer has failed to rise to the level of mythology,
legend and story in Australia. Philip Mosely and Bill Murray put it
another way: “it has not entered the Australian soul”. Roy Hay claims
that “there has been a failure to make the game Australian.” It has not
managed to insert itself positively into the narratives that
Australians tell themselves about themselves. This is the basis upon
which it is possible to utter an apparent falsity – that Australian
soccer is the game that never happened.

Even though there continue to be countless moments of
individuals, teams and organisations seeming to play and organise
soccer matches and competitions, the game has never really happened in and for itself. A mythology has arisen in which soccer has been an instead game and a nearly
game, a counter-attraction or curtain-raiser to the main game wherever
and whenever it has been played. Australians have played and watched
soccer as a digression, a replacement, a substitute, a surrogate, a
next-best thing at best, when they would rather be doing something
else, somewhere else.

So games of soccer that were very much played, and won
(or drawn) did not ‘happen’ in the sense that they did not register as
having happened as significant moments of Australian behaviour.
Like mirages, they appeared on the horizon and vanished as suddenly as
they emerged not even to be consigned to the scrapheap of history but
almost to disappear, leaving little but unsettling personal memories
and a thin archival trace.

Australian soccer is a game on the edge, literally and
metaphorically. It is a foreign game and has remained so for all of the
140 years or more that Australians have been playing it in an organised
fashion. The earliest direct ref to its foreigness in 1905 though its
Britishness was usually emphasised in earlier reports. Indeed, it is
sometimes a “wicked foreign game” that menaces and threatens to overrun
Australian society, steal our land and brainwash and enfeeble our
children. Its values and practices are ‘other’ and the game has
periodically been asked to go back to where it came from.
When it does find a temporary residence here it is often
on the edge of the comfort zones of our suburbs and towns, on grounds
built on industrial wastelands and recently reclaimed rubbish tips.
(Somers St) Australian soccer has had to fight and scrap against more
permanent and established residents for every piece of land to which it
has access. Only rarely has such land become a settled home for the
game. Freud might have described the condition of Australian soccer as unheimlich, in acknowledgement of its homeless and uncanny presence in Australian sporting culture.

Australian soccer is a game on the edge of attention,
often languishing in the shadows cast by bigger edifices, silenced by
the white noise of mainstream sports trivia. Mainstream media outlets
down the years have rarely supplied good coverage of the game (peak
moments aside), usually relying on the nincompoopism of the circular
argument: “We don’t cover it because there is little interest.
Australians don’t follow soccer,” thereby simultaneously confessing and
justifying their failure to lead or create that interest or follow
whatever interest that does exist.

The 50,000 Victorian players receive no mention on a weekly basis in either of the main Melbourne newspapers.

Newspaper and other media audiences have been reminded and
reminded for the past 150 years about how little they know about this
‘brand-new’ game, soccer, leaving those who consider they do know the game feeling like uninvited guests.

Soccer sits on the edge of history in Australia. It is
never a core theme for the historian – though perhaps sometimes an
interesting sideline (or Greek chorus!) to the main story. Historians
refer habitually to its novelty, difference and foreignness. Sporting
histories are little better. While able to respect the game as a
legitimate object of research, they are still written under the sway of
the myths of soccer’s marginality. Sport historians find it harder to
see soccer as a subject of research. Even those histories that
profess to tell the story of the game from the inside can be diverted
by the all-pervading mythologies that have built up around sport and
culture in Australia. They are liable to take on board non-negotiable
truths that rule the game out of the game. Soccer is a game that arrives in Australia; other sports tend to rise or emerge.
Many soccer historians have been complicit in their own
marginalisation, happy to provide comments from the sideline rather
than fight their way into the commentary box.

Australian soccer is on the edge of Australia – again in
two senses. It is only played around the edges, in the big cities, home
to the migrants, that leaf-fringed demense despised by the architects
of bush nationalism. AD Hope’s ‘Australia’ has this biting stanza:

And her five cities, like five teeming sores,Each drains her: a vast parasite robber-stateWhere second-hand Europeans pullulateTimidly on the edge of alien shores.

While not about soccer, Hope’s poem is about
its place, the “second-hand Europeans” who live there and that place’s
relation to the spiritual centre of Australia. The rugged heart, the
heroic source of real Australia is not a place of soccer.

Yet when we look closely, soccer in rural Australia - even
in rural Victoria - goes back a long way. Mildura 1890s, Gippsland 1910s. Horsham had a competition in the 1920s. Warwick in Qld 1912.

Australian literature, legends and mythologies are
constructed as soccer-free narratives and the game’s intrusion in them
is rare and ever dissonant when it does occur. Australian soccer has no
Cazaly up there with whom its players can go – whether that be to
popular adulation or to their deaths in the field of battle. It has no
“six-foot recruit from Eaglehawk” to provide its “hope of salvation.”

There are many Australian soccer players who have “come down from the
bush” but the game has access to no mythological narratives in which to
accommodate them. The game might be able to boast Kasey Wehrman, an
Aboriginal hard man from Cloncurry, but it cannot point to any
archetypal bush heroes in its pantheon of greasy wogs and sneaky
Scotsmen alongside whom he can sit.

Nor does Wehrman have any tangible Indigenous notables to
provide fatherly mentoring. The deeds of Bondi Neal, Charles Perkins,
Gordon Briscoe, John Moriarty and Harry Williams could shine down the
ages as beacons to young Aboriginal players because they were genuine
stars of Australian soccer, a game to which Aboriginal players were
welcomed in ways other codes of football found difficult. Yet this
moment, like many others, has vanished from public perception and
Aboriginal players are largely absent in the stories of Australian
soccer.

Ultimately Australian soccer is a game on the edge of
legitimacy, a game at the edge of itself. And while we inhabit a
cultural conversation that can accommodate the perversion of logic and
sense that allows the nation’s most played team game to be figured as
un-Australian and marginal it will be ever thus.

8 comments:

very interesting. i have been researching a thesis on the role of ethnicity in the National Soccer League, it is clear that the game IS deeply 'embedded', as you have suggested. In fact, the debates around 'ethnic' involvement in the game reflect many of the wider debates regarding ethnicity and multiculturalism in Australian society. Football has been used as to explain multiculturalism by Al Grassby, Charles Perkins, Morris Iemma, Peter Costello and many other prominent Australians. Football is a very Australian story

Footbal has nothing to do with multiculturalism, it`s a global game. played all over the world by many nations, This artical clearly demonstrates that early colonial people played the game, just like AFL today is played by Migrants and there descendants.So AFL IS AS MULTICULTURAL AS football. Multicultural is a political Football

Just wanted to say how interesting, challenging and informative this article is. Again and again I'm struck by the strange conflicted position football/soccer finds itself in, in Australia and even today there seems to be a sizable and strident contingent of 'sheilas, wogs & pooftas' antagonists to the sport. Our insularity as a society, a nation and as a multicultural polity seems to continually frustrate the growth of the game, and what is posted here helps make this situation more clear.