Children's books are 'sexist and enforce gender inequality'

Kids' books are almost twice as likely to feature a male hero than a female
heroine and could be reinforcing gender inequality, new research warns.

Children's animated books like AA Milne's Winnie the Pooh are even less likely to feature female characters

10:30AM BST 04 May 2011

large-scale study of children's books published between 1900 and 2000 revealed that they were almost twice as likely to feature a male central character than a female one.

The gender bias was even worse when it came to books with animal characters - often favoured by publishers as 'gender neutral' -with male animal heros featuring in three times more books than female animal heroines.

And female characters were even overlooked when it came to star billing - kids' books were twice as likely to include a male character's name in their title as a female name.

Researchers from Florida State University, USA, also discovered that while books printed during the 1990s came close to equal representation of male and female human characters, animal characters were twice as likely to be male as female.

In a conclusion that will baffle fans of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Anne of Green Gables and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, researchers said their findings indicated a 'symbolic annihilation of women'.

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They warned that the role of kids' fiction as a 'dominant blueprint of shared cultural values, meanings and expectations' could send a message that 'women and girls occupy a less important role in society than men or boys.'

Evidence of this inequality was noted in how readers 'interpret even gender neutral characters as male' and in the way mums 'frequently label gender-neutral animal characters as male when reading with their children.'

And in books where the characters are animals - such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Fantastic Mr Fox and Winnie-the-Pooh - leading and positive female roles are scarcer.

The likes of Jemima Puddle-Duck and Mrs Tiggy-Winkle had key roles in just 7.5 per cent of children's books. Male rabbits, bears, owls, dogs, foxes and toads were more prevalent - they were the lead char-acters in 23 per cent of books.

The study, results of which are published in Gender and Society journal, looked at almost 6,000 children's books published between 1900 and 2000.

Books were chosen from three different sources, including those which had won the prestigious Caldecott Medal, awarded annually to American kids' fiction.

Study author Professor Janice McCabe, professor of sociology at Florida State University said: "We looked at a full century of books.

"One thing that surprised us is that females' representations did not consistently improve from 1900 to 2000; in the mid part of the century it was actually more unequal. Books became more male dominated."

And on the problem of animal characters, Prof McCabe added: "Together with research on reader interpretations, our findings regarding imbalanced representations among animal characters suggests that these characters could be particularly powerful, and potentially overlooked, conduits for gendered messages.

"The persistent pattern of disparity among animal characters may even reveal a subtle kind of symbolic annihilation of women disguised through animal imagery."

The study found that the imbalance has worsened since the turn of the 20th century, when the split was even.

In the early 1900s there was a move away from books about fairytales based on heroines such as Cinderella. But there were numerous strong female characters. Nancy was the captain of the Amazon in Swallows and Amazons, and What Katy Did was a major series. Male characters such as Harry Potter and Alex Rider now dominate.