19th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified August 18, 1920: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.”

Hiram Johnson’s prospects were limited because the “Old Guard” blamed him for defecting in 1912 to become Roosevelt’s Progressive Party running mate, and for undermining Charles Hughes in California, which Wilson won so narrowly in 1916.

Woodrow Wilson’s health problems deterred him from a presumed third term run. He wanted the election to be a “solemn referendum” on the League of Nations and hoped the convention would draft him.

Primaries Quotations:

“Kill it as you would a rattlesnake and smash those who follow it, speak for it, or support it.” General Leonard Wood’s hard-line on Communism

“I have such a sure understanding of my own inefficiency that I should really be ashamed to presume myself fitted to reach out for a place of such responsibility.” Warren Harding

“I don’t expect Senator Harding to be nominated on the first, second, or third ballots, but I think we can afford to take chances that about 11 minutes after two, Friday morning of the convention, when 15 or 12 weary men are sitting around a table, someone will say: ‘Who will we nominate?’ At that decisive time, the friends of Harding will suggest him and we can well afford to abide by the result.” Harry M. Daugherty,Harding’s campaign manager before the Republican Convention

Coolidge known for ending the 1919 Boston police strike, saying: “There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, any time.”

Democratic National Convention:

Twenty-four candidates for the first ballot.

Four leading candidates; William Gibbs McAdoo, Wilson’s son-in-law and former treasury secretary; Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer; Gov. Alfred E. Smith of New York; and Gov. James M. Cox of Ohio.

William Gibbs McAdoo was the front-runner. Wilson prevented his nomination, and refused to endorse any candidate, hoping to be drafted when the convention deadlocked.

Instead, the Democrats nominatedGovernor James M. Cox, a newspaper editorand for Vice President nominated 38 year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, a fifth cousin of the late Theodore Roosevelt

Convention Quotations:

“I feel like a man who goes in on a pair of eights and comes out with aces full.” Warren Harding after his nomination

“There ain’t any first-raters this year…. we got a lot of second-raters and Warren Harding is the best of the second-raters.” Connecticut Senator Frank Brandegee

Number of Ballots to Choose Nominees:

Republican Party Nomination

Presidential 10th ballot after shifts

Warren G. Harding 65.5 59 58.5 61.5 78 89 105 133 374.5 644.7 692.2

Leonard Wood 287.5 289.5 303 314.5 299 311.5 312 299 249 181.5 156

Frank Lowden 211.5 259.5 282.5 289 303 311.5 311.5 307 121.5 28 11

Hiram Johnson 133.5 146 148 140.5 133.5 110 99.5 87 82 80.8 80.8

William C. Sproul 84 78.5 79.5 79.5 82.5 77 76 76 78 0 0

Nicholas Murray Butler 69.5 41 25 20 4 4 2 2 2 2 2

Calvin Coolidge 34 32 27 25 29 28 28 30 28 5 5

Robert M. La Follette 24 24 24 22 24 24 24 24 24 24 24

Jeter C. Pritchard 21 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Miles Poindexter 20 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 2 0

Howard Sutherland 17 15 9 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Herbert C. Hoover 5.5 5.5 5.5 5 6 5 4 5 6 10.5 9.5

Scattering 11 9 7 9 9 9 6 6 5 5.5 3.5

Vice Presidential 1st ballot

Calvin Coolidge 674.5

Irvine L. Lenroot 146.5

Henry J. Allen 68.5

Henry Anderson 28

Asle J. Gronna 24

Hiram Johnson 22.5

Jeter C. Pritchard 11

Abstaining 9

Democratic Party nomination

Presidential 44th ballot

James Middleton Cox 700 (35.73%)

William Gibbs McAdoo 467 (23.84%)

A Mitchell Palmer 268 (13.68%)

Alfred E. Smith 109 (5.56%)

John W. Davis 76 (3.88%)

Edward I. Edwards 42 (2.14%)

Robert Latham Owen 41 (2.09%)

Thomas R. Marshall 37 (1.89%)

Edwin Thomas Meredith 28 (1.43%)

Homer Stille Cummings 27 (1.38%)

Carter Glass 27 (1.38%)

Furnifold M. Simmons 25 (1.28%)

James Watson Gerard 21 (1.07%)

John Sharp Williams 20 (1.02%)

Sen. Gilbert M. Hitchcock 18 (0.92%)

Scattering: Remainder

Third Party candidates & nominations:

Socialist Party: Eugene V. Debs (913,664, 3.4%): Largest amount of actual votes, not percentage, due to the 19th amendment; fifth and last attempt to become president; serving prison sentence (advocating non-compliance with the draft, anti-war speeches); issued weekly statements

Farmer-Labor Party: Parley P. Christensen (265,411, 1.0%)

Prohibition Party: Aaron S. Watkins came in fifth with 189,339 votes (0.7%), the Prohibitionists’ poorest showing since 1884. The Eighteenth Amendment imposing Prohibition had been ratified January 16, 1919, making this single-issue party less relevant.

Convention Keynote Speaker:

Nominating Speech Speakers (President):

Convention Chairmen:

Democratic:Joseph T. Robinson (Arkansas)

Party Platform/Issues:

Democratic Party: Endorsed: U.S. membership in the League of Nations (“surest, if not the only, practicable means of maintaining the permanent peace of the world”); women’s suffrage; prohibition, the Volstead Act; progressive reforms, labor; government regulation of industry, transportation, conservation; natural resources and immigration. Praise for Wilson’s leadership, legislative record

Republican Party: placated pro-League Republicans “the Republican party stands for agreement among nations to preserve the peace.” End to lynching; women’s suffrage amendment ratification; foreign policy, “that after a period of unexampled sacrifice, our motives are suspected, our moral influence impaired and our Government stands discredited and friendless among the nations of the world.”

General Election Controversies/Issues:

League of Nations;

Republicans’ prodigious fundraising;

The Nation mocked the two major nominees saying the choice was between “Debs and dubs.”

Republican Party concealed Harding’s “weakness for women.” Senator Boies Penrose, a Harding supporter, said: “No worries about that! We’ll just throw a halo around his handsome head and everything will be all right.”

Campaign Innovations (General Election):

Republican Party:The use of national advertisements (extended ad campaign)

Campaign Tactics:

Republican Party:

Front porch campaign in Marion, Ohio, received widespread coverage in the newspapers; otherwise Harding did very little campaigning/stumping, gave some ghostwritten speeches.

Fundraising, organized by Will Hays, the Republican National chairman.

Emphasis on nostalgia, the “good old times” of the late 19th century, small towns, piety and patriotism

With Republicans divided about the League of Nations, Harding, ambiguously, supported an “association of nations.”

Democratic Party:

Both Cox and Roosevelt stumped. Cox traveled 22,000 miles, addressed two million people, emphasizing his support for Wilson’s League and disgust at Republican fundraising.

Nationalistic images “absolute control of the United States by the United States”; “Independence means independence, now as in 1776”; “This country will remain American. Its next President will remain in our own country”; “We decided long ago that we objected to foreign government of our people.”

“America’s present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration . . . not surgery, but serenity.” Warren Harding, original text had the word as normality, Harding pronounced it normalty, the press altered it to normalcy

Cincinnati Inquirer Reporter asked Harding: “Do you have any Negro blood?” “How do I know, Jim? One of my ancestors may have jumped the fence.” Warren Harding’s response in jest

“I have such a sure understanding of my own inefficiency that I should really be ashamed to presume myself fitted to reach out for a place of such responsibility.” Warren G. Harding in a letter to a friend about the Republican nomination

Defining Quotation (Losing Candidate):

“Mr. President, we are going to be a million percent with you, and your administration, and that means the League of Nations.” James Coxto Woodrow Wilson

Campaign Quotations:

“The people, indeed, do not know what ideas Harding or Cox represents; neither do Harding or Cox. Great is democracy.” Brand Whitlock, reporter

“It wasn’t a landslide, it was an earthquake.” Wilson’s adviser Joseph Tumulty

First time election returns were broadcast live on radio. KDKA-AM, Pittsburgh read telegraph ticker results over the air. Broadcast throughout Eastern United States, but available only to a small percentage of the population with radio receivers.

Landslide and record breaking victory for Harding/Republicans

Tennessee was the first of 11 formerly Confederate states to vote Republican, since Reconstruction ended.

Low voter turnout, because a Harding/Republican was predicted; low turnout of women voters outside the west, in the first election they were eligible to vote, striking lack of interest among Southern women.

CHRONOLOGY

April 4-6, 1917: “Congress debates and votes on a declaration of war against Germany. The Senate approves the declaration on April 4 by a vote of 82-6; on April 6, the House of Representatives passes the resolution by a vote of 373-50. Wilson signs the declaration on April 6.”

June 26, 1917: First U.S. troops arrive in France at St. Nazaire.

November 3, 1917: “The first engagement involving U.S. forces in Europe takes place near the Rhine-Marne Canal in France.”

December 18, 1917: “Congress submits the Eighteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to the states for ratification. The amendment forbids the sale, manufacture, or transport of alcohol except under special circumstances.”

January 8, 1918: Wilson gives his “14 Points” to Congress outlining peace after the war, the basis of the League of Nations.

September 30, 1918: “President Wilson addresses the Senate with the message that women’s suffrage was a “vitally necessary war measure.””

November 5, 1918: Mid-Term Election: the Republican Party takes control of both houses of Congress two-seat majority in the Senate, and 50 seats majority on the House. In addition, the Republicans win many governorships and state legislatures.

November 11, 1918: “Allied and German military leaders implement an armistice. The new German government issues an appeal to President Wilson to negotiate peace along the lines he enumerated in his Fourteen Points speech.”

November 18, 1918: “Wilson announces he will attend the Paris Peace Conference.”

November 21, 1918: “President Wilson signs the Wartime Prohibition Act, banning the manufacture of alcohol for domestic sale effective from June 30, 1919, until demobilization.”

January 1919: Theodore Roosevelt dies; some Republicans hoped to nominate for the former President for a third term in 1920.

January 18, 1919: “The Paris Peace Conference opens, two weeks after President Wilson receives glowing welcomes in Rome and Paris.”

January 29, 1919: “The State Department announces the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution as of January 16, 1919, when Nebraska’s approval achieved the amendment’s required three-fourths majority. A nation-wide ban on the sale, distribution, or production of alcoholic beverages will go into effect on January 16, 1920.”

February 14, 1919: President Wilson presents his draft for the League of Nations covenant to the Paris Peace Conference.

May 19, 1919: “Congress adopts the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, giving women the franchise. The joint resolution reads: “The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.””

July 10, 1919: “After failing to secure a peace without rancorous provisions from his fellow Allied leaders, President Wilson submits the Treaty of Versailles and League of Nations to the Senate for ratification. Senatorial deliberation on the treaty will last longer than the Paris Conference itself.”

August 31, 1919: “The Communist Labor Party of America is founded in Chicago and adopts the platform of the Third International as its own.”

September 4, 1919: President Wilson embarks on a country-wide speaking tour to gain support for the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. Although Wilson’s doctor’s advise against such a strenuous trip.

October 2, 1919: “President Wilson suffers a serious stroke in Wichita, Kansas, in the middle of his national speaking tour and returns to Washington, DC.”

October 28, 1919: “Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Wilson’s veto to provide enforcement power to the Eighteenth Amendment.”

November 19, 1919: “After a lengthy national debate, the Treaty of Versailles fails to achieve ratification in the Senate by a vote of 53 to 38.”

January 10, 1920: League of Nations convenes.

February 1, 1920: Ohio governor James M. Cox announces his candidacy.

1920: New Congress moves quickly to approve a constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

February 26, 1920:Herbert Hoover announces he is not a candidate for the Republican Presidential nomination.

March 1, 1920:A. Mitchell Palmer formally announces his candidacy, and runs in the Georgia primary.

March 6, 1920:“Hoover declines to compete in the California Democrat primary.”

April 14, 1920:First timeWilson presides over his Cabinet since his stroke in 1919.

Hiram Johnson’s prospects are limited because the “Old Guard” blames him for defecting in 1912 to become Roosevelt’s Progressive Party running mate, and for undermining Charles Hughes in California, which Wilson won so narrowly in 1916.

Woodrow Wilson’s health problems deter him from a presumed third term run. He wants the election to be a “solemn referendum” on the League of Nations and hopes the convention would draft him.

May 20, 1920: “Congress passes a joint resolution declaring an end to the war with Germany. President Wilson vetoes the resolution. (Congress ends state of war by joint resolution (vetoed by Woodrow Wilson).)

May 30, 1920:(“New York Labor Party (Farmer-Labor Party) nominates Rose
Schneiderman for United States Senate and Mrs. William J. Fink for Comptroller.”)

June 5, 1920: “Literary Digest poll puts Warren G. Harding eighth among Republican presidential candidates, below even Calvin Coolidge and William Howard Taft.” Late in the campaign, the Literary Digest magazine mailed millions of postcards to conduct the first Presidential campaign poll and predicts a Republican triumph.

June 8-12, 1920: Republican National Convention convenes at the Chicago Coliseum in Chicago Illinois and nominates on 10th ballot Warren G. Harding (Ohio) for President, and nominates Calvin Coolidge (Massachusetts)for Vice President.On the first day,Senator Henry Cabot Lodge delivers keynote address. Wood, Lowden, and Johnson are deadlocked at the convention. Party leaders spend all night in the “smoke-filled room” seeking a compromise. Harding’s campaign manager, Harry Daugherty convinces party leaders to support Harding, who “looked like a President.” The delegates nominate Harding the next day on the 10th ballot. Harding is considered mediocre, a “puppet candidate”; “party hack.” Delegates rebel against the bosses and Harding’s Vice Presidential choice Senator Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin. Instead, they nominate Massachusetts Governor Calvin Coolidge.

Republican Party conceals Harding’s “weakness for women.” Senator Boies Penrose, a Harding supporter, said: “No worries about that! We’ll just throw a halo around his handsome head and everything will be all right.”

June 18, 1920:“McAdoo announces “irrevocable” decision not to seek presidency.”

June 28-July 6, 1920: Democratic National Convention convenes at the Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California. Joseph T. Robinson (Arkansas) serves as chairman. The convention nominates on the 43rd ballot, James M. Cox (Ohio) for President, Franklin D. Roosevelt (New York) for Vice President.There are twenty-four candidates vying for the nomination on the first ballot. William Gibbs McAdoo is the front-runner, however, Wilson prevents his nomination, and refuses to endorse any candidate, hoping to be drafted when the convention deadlocks. Instead, the Democrats nominateGovernor James M. Cox, a newspaper editorand for Vice President nominate 38 year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, a fifth cousin of the late Theodore Roosevelt.

July 1, 1920: End Democratic Party Primaries, Unpledged

July 1, 1920: End Republican Party Primaries, Hiram W. Johnson wins the majority of the primaries.

July 10-14, 1920: July 13, 1920: Single Tax Party Convention convenes at the Auditorium Hotel in Chicago, Illinois and nominates Robert Colvin Macauley Jr. for President.

August 20, 1920:The Harding campaign announces Lillian Russell will campaign for the Republican ticket, shows a support of women’s rights, in the first Presidential election, where women are universally allowed to vote.

Harding’s front porch campaign in Marion, Ohio, received widespread coverage in the newspapers; otherwise Harding did very little campaigning/stumping, gave some ghostwritten speeches.

August 26, 1920: The Nineteenth Amendment officially becomes law, grants women the right to vote.

August 28, 1920: “In a speech given from his front porch in Marion, Ohio, Harding denounces the League of Nations.” Republicans divided about the League of Nations, Harding, ambiguously, supports an “association of nations.”

September 7, 1920:Warren Harding begins first campaign tour.

September 8, 1920:Harding addresses 40,000 people at Minnesota State Fair.

Both Democratic candidates Cox and Roosevelt stump. Cox travels 22,000 miles, addressed two million people, emphasizing his support for Wilson’s League and disgust at Republican fundraising.

October 7, 1920: “Harding speaking in Des Moines calls not for “interpretation but rejection” of the league.”

October 1920: A week before ElectionDay250,000 copies of “An Open Letter to the Men and Women of America” by W. E. Chancellor is distributed spreading rumors that Harding was “a West Indian Negro of French stock.” Newspapers kill the story, which is spreading via word of mouth

October 31, 1920: “HARDING IGNORES ‘WHISPER’ CAMPAIGN; Will Not Authorize His Aids to Take Any Public Notice of the Stories. ADVISERS’ VIEWS DIFFER Nominee Is Said to Have Resented Published Defenses of Himself as Unnecessary. Senator Harding will not authorize his headquarters to take public notice of the “whispering campaign.”” (NYT)

November 2, 1920, Election Day, Republicans Warren G. Harding is elected President, and Calvin Coolidge is elected Vice President

January 10, 1921: Presidential Electors cast the electoral vote in their state capitols.

Election 2016

About the Editor

Bonnie K. Goodman, BA, MLIS is a journalist, librarian, editor, & historian. She has a BA in History & Art History, and a Masters in Library and Information Studies both from McGill University, and has done graduate work in Jewish history at Concordia University as part of the MA in Judaic Studies. She wrote regularly about politics, news, education, and Judaism for Examiner.com until the publication closed in July 2016. She is the editor of History Musings... History, News & Politics, which covers the Presidency, Congress, and history news. She has previously covered the 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 Presidential campaigns & 2010 and 2014 midterm elections. She was also the former Editor/Features Editor for the History News Network (HNN), and had been working for HNN from 2004-2010.... READ MORE

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