Directions: Review Module 26 of Psychology and Your Life. Complete the matrix below and answer the questions that follow.

|Cognitive Stage |Age Range |Major Characteristics | |Sensorimotor |Birth to two years of age. |This is the stage in which children begin to | | | |recognize object permanence and start to | | | |develop motor skills. | |Preoperation |Between the ages of two and seven years of age.|This is the stage in which children begin to | | | |develop language, egocentric and symbol | | | |thinking. | |Concrete operational mastery |Between the ages of seven and twelve years of |This is the stage in which children begin to | | |age. |develop their conversational skills and the | | | |concept of reversibility. | |Formal operational stage |Between the ages of twelve and adulthood. |This is the stage in which development of | | | |logical and abstract thinking occurs. |

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...﻿Intelligence as a measure of distance
It is almost impossible to measure intelligence accurately and I will support this notion by stating logical and proven facts about the human mind and how they differ based on culture, understanding and environments.
Intelligence is measured as an estimation based on other criteria, hence the analogy “ as a measure of distance”
For example Region to region differ in understanding and identify intelligence based on either intellectual strength or physical strength depending on their cultural background, skill relevance and understanding.
IQ testing including Raven's progressive matrices test attempt to overcome biases in testing, therefore overlooking Culture and experience. Culture, experience and intellectual reasoning are deeply intertwined (Richardson, 1998; Sternberg et al,. 2001) and i'm sure anyone would agree that we were all raised differently based on the facts mentioned.
For the sole reason that intelligence is embedded in social and cultural context, certain features are more familiar to certain social groups in certain areas and therefore creates an unfair evaluation.
For Example, Parts of the world survive on being street smart and uphold that status based on what is classified relevant and useful in that specific area or from a certain kind of people who later on spread out into the world and might end up living amongst others who follow a different measurement of intelligence and progress in their world...

...﻿Chapter 11 Questions: Theories of Cognitive Development
1. What does it mean that we need to hybridize in terms of understanding cognitive development?
Taking into consideration the growing magnitude of insights from cognitive neuroscience, the future of cognitive developmental hypothesizing seems likely to follow a ‘hybrid route’. Respectively, current theories of cognitive development need to recognize the significance of knowledge construction, emphasized by Piaget, along with the social world, mainly focused on by Vygotsky. Furthermore, modern theories have to be consistent with biological limitations regarding how the brain really learns.
3. How would Piaget explain the 30 month old child who sits in his/her high chair and repeatedly drops and watches Cheerios fall to the floor?
Piaget would explain this as the third sensory-motor stage which he identified as secondary circular reactions. Likewise, secondary repetitive behaviors involve the outside world. For instance, a child may seek to recreate interesting events in their surrounding environment, such as dropping an object. Thus, the circular reaction would be to repeatedly drop the object without getting bored. In this particular case, the repeatedly dropped object would be Cheerios.
5. What did Piaget mean by the interiorization of action? What would Vygotsky say it means?
According to Piaget, the interiorization of action would refer to the final stage of sensory-motor cognition in which the child...

...Section One – 1
When psychology first began to become a science in 1860, it was more of a field of philosophy than an actual medical study. It dealt with a more abstract concept than other medical fields; the human body is something concrete that you can physically look at and study whereas, at the time, you could not physically see the mind.
In Ancient Greece thinkers such as Aristotle and Plato could only come up with theories as to how the mind works. Plato believed that some knowledge is innate while Aristotle believed that the ability to learn depended on experience, however neither were able to prove their theories with concrete evidence. As time went on and psychology became more widely known, more theoretical approaches to psychology were introduced. Freud established the psychoanalytical theory, which emphasized the importance of the unconscious and how it shaped how humans behave. While Freud did use psychoanalysis to attempt to bring unconscious thoughts and feelings to conscious awareness, it was still far from valid scientific evidence.
In the 20th century, behaviorism was introduced. Behaviorism encouraged psychologists should limit their studies to behavior that was objectively observable. The introduction of behaviorism advanced psychology as a field of scientific study because it now focused on what people do rather than their own personal experiences. Studying behavior rather than gave...

...issues of intrusion.
To conclude from the above argument, indeed ethics are important in research for they build mutual trust and respect between the participants and the researcher, they serve normal goals and objectives of the research, and they protect the participants from psychological and physical harm. Ethics are important for both the researcher and the participant at a larger degree, although there are some problems associated with the use of ethics as some ethics will disturb the yielding of valid and reliable research results.
REFFERENCES
CARDWELL M (1996) (PSYCHOLOGY FOR AS LEVEL) THE COMPLETE A-Z OF PSYCHOLOGY HANDBOOK. HODDER AND STOUGHTON.
SHAUGHNESSY, J. ZECHMEISTER, E. B AND ZECHMEISTER, J. S (2009) RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 8TH EDITION
Koocher, GP and Keith-Spiegel, P (1998) Ethics in Psychology New York: Oxford University Press
Sales, B.D., & Folkman, S. (Eds.). (2000). Ethics in research with human participants. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist
...

...Life changing events and daily hassles
Stressors can classified into two broad categories: discrete or continuous. Most of the research on discrete stressors has focused on the study of major life events, such as divorce or job loss, that require a significant degree of adjustment on the part of the individual. Continuous stressors, such as ongoing problems of life and living, also permeate our daily reality. Psychologists look at the impact of discrete major stressors, i.e life changes, and then move on to examine the impact of continuous minor stressors, i.e daily hassles.
Life Changes - The social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
A major way of measuring the relationship between life changes and well being is the the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). This scale, developed by Holmes and Rahe in 1967, is also known as the Holmes-Rahe Life Events Rating Scale. Together with some later variations, the SRRS has been the most widely used of all method for assessing life stress.
A study of life changes as a source of stress (Rahe et al. 1970)
Aim: To find out if scores on the Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale correlated with the subsequent onset of illness.
Procedure: 2500 male American sailors were given the SRRS to asses how many life events they had experienced in the previous six months. The total score on the SRRS was recorded for each participant. Then, over the following six months whilst on tour of duty, detailed recordings were...

...﻿Research Methods of Psychology
Psychological Research is conducted to obtain factual information about human behavior and mental processes to find out the underlying cause and effect relationship. Here we will discuss two out of five methods of conducting Psychological Research named:
1. Case History Method
2. Survey Method
1. CASE HISTORY/ CASE STUDY/ CLINICAL METHOD
Definition:
A case study is an in-depth study of one person. Much of Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies.
Explanation:
It is sometimes very helpful to study one person (or a very small group of people) in great depth to learn as much information as possible. This method is particularly useful in studying rare disorders or circumstances.
Examples:
A. Studying the life history of a man who acquired schizophrenia at the age of 20.
B. Following one child from conception to adulthood to examine this lifespan development.
Types of Case Studies:
Explanatory: Used to do causal investigations.
Exploratory: A case study that is sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses.
Descriptive: Involves starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
Intrinsic: A type of case study in which the researcher has a personal interest...

...﻿TASK 1
Malaysia is well known for its diversity in race and culture which has never failed to attract thousands to millions of tourists from all around the world. The nation is represented by its multiple ethnic groups that live harmoniously in the country. According to Wikipedia, the population of Malaysia as in year 2010 is estimated to be 28, 334,000. The major ethnic groups which are Malays, Chinese and Indians enable the exposure of children to Multilanguage and bilingual environment. This will definitely leave an impact on children’s social, cognitive and linguistic development.
Children in Malaysia are exposed to Malay language generally because of its curriculum requirement. As to second language, English language has also been a focus being the International language. This type of bilingualism was put forward by some researchers thus far. Apart from these two languages children do share languages of other ethnics when come to communicate effectively. Though they may have to direct translate other language to the one they comfortable sometimes, it is undeniable that this practice will definitely enhance their linguistic skills.
Talking about profound impact on children’s social, they surely get to mingle and learning a second language will open the door for communication with people not from own ethnic group. The ability to understand two languages enable children to work along with peers and teachers and appreciate diversity. In multilingual Malaysia, children...