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Additional resources for Grieve's Modern Manual Therapy: The Vertebral Column

Sample text

Ex vivo mechan­ ical studies of lumbar segments have confirmed that between 25 and 70% of the vertebral compressive load could be transmitted across the zygapophysial joints between adjacent vertebrae (Adams & Hutton 1980, Yang & King 1984). Sustained or dynamic compressive loading through the zygapophysial joints can increase significantly in loaded lordotic postures (Adams et al 2002), particularly those adopted in sports such as gymnastics and cricket bowling actions. In contrast, flexion loads are passed more anteriorly through the IVD, leaving the zygapophysial joints relatively unloaded.

In the apex and lateral region of the lumbar The articular surfaces are covered in hyaline cartilage and, like most synovial joints, have small fatty or fibrous syn­ ovial meniscoid-like fringes (Fig. 3) which project between the joint surfaces from the margins (Singer et al 1990). These intra-articular synovial folds (IASF) are found at all levels of the spine (Tondury 1972, Singer et al 1990, Mercer & Bogduk 1993) and are most developed within the polar regions, acting as space fillers during joint displace­ ments and actively assisting dispersal of synovial fluid within the joint cavity.