Monday, July 24, 2017

The international market for U.S. dairy is extremely important. The swings can be significant and the markets can be changed overnight by political events and exchange rates, but the international market does offer strong demand for the excellent dairy products that the U.S. can produce. This post will provide an overview of the international market through the analytics of the big three exporters, the EU28, the U.S., and New Zealand. These three represent about two-thirds of the global milk production. The data used in this post is based on 2016 production and international markets.

Chart I shows milk production from the three biggest global milk producers that dominate the international market. While New Zealand's milk production looks small compared to the EU28 and the U.S., they export around 95% of their milk and are a very key international exporter.

Chart I - Milk Production

Europe has been active in dairy for centuries and continues to dominate the global dairy category. The EU represents 28 different countries, but in economic terms they are viewed as one, with a common currency, the Euro.

The U.S. has a smaller population and a smaller milk supply than the EU28. The population of the U.S is 323 million while the population of the EU28 is 510 million. The ratio of population to milk production are nearly identical.

By contrast, the population of New Zealand is shy of 5 million. So the typical question is how and why should New Zealand has such a significant milk production. The answer is in exports.

Depending on the year, the EU28 and the U.S. export 14 to 15% of their dairy production. New Zealand exports nearly 95% of its milk production.

There are three dairy products that make up about two-thirds of the dairy products traded in the international markets. They are cheese, nonfat dry milk (NDM)/skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whole milk powder (WMP). (See this prior post for the definitions and difference between NDM and SMP.)

Cheese exports are dominated by Europe with 55% of the volume. European cheeses are prevalent around the world. Some are specialty cheeses and some are commodity cheeses. Their exports are well recognized and carry strong brand names. Perhaps surprisingly, New Zealand holds second place with 25% of cheese exports. Their processing and marketing arm, Fonterra, had done an excellent job in developing brands and promoting cheese sales in Asia and the Pacific rim.

Chart II - Cheese Exports

There is obviously a great opportunity for the U.S. to develop additional cheese exports globally. The U.S. in 2016 exported only 2.5% of their milk production in cheese. The EU28 exported 4.5% of their milk production in cheese and New Zealand exported 14.3% of their milk production in cheese.

The U.S. is the leader in exports NDM/SMP as shown in Chart III. U.S. NDM/SMP exports has doubled in the last seven years. A doubling in 7 years requires a compounded growth rate of 10% annually. Exports of U.S. NDM/SMP are on track to hit another major high in 2017. Part of this growth is driven by the need for additional butterfat as U.S. domestic consumption of butter grows. Also, production and export of NDM/SMP is forecast by AMS for major growth in 2018 if California becomes a Federal Milk Marketing Order. It appears that the U.S. will continue rapid growth in this category.

Chart III - NDM/SMP Exports

Finally comes a category rarely discussed in the U.S., whole milk powder (WMP). This category is dominated by New Zealand as shown in Chart IV. Of the 21 million metric tons of milk produced in New Zealand in 2016, nearly half went to the production of WMP. About 30% of that WMP volume went to China.

Chart IV - WMP Exports

There is no domestic market for WMP in the U.S., so producers are skeptical about producing a product that only has an export market. There has been growth in WMP production in the U.S., but it is still minuscule compared to NDM/SMP.

Chart V - U.S. Production of WMP

What can be concluded from this brief view of the international dairy market?

Growth in exports of cheese would greatly benefit U.S. dairy producers. More exports make increased demand and increased demand reduces inventories, and lower inventories make for higher prices. There is a 96% correlation between the price of cheese and the price of Class III milk, so with higher cheeses prices, producer milk prices will increase. This presents a significant opportunity for U.S. producers, processors, and exporters. There is room to grow this market as is demonstrated by the volume of milk exported by the EU28 and New Zealand.

The growth of WMP is more difficult. Because of the butterfat in WMP, it must be protected from the air. In the presence of air, the butter will oxidize and become rancid. The traditional approach is to keep WMP fresh is to seal it in an oxygen proof barrier like a can and nitrogen flush the "air space" to eliminate the oxygen. Few companies are willing to commit to the equipment and packaging that is necessary to compete in this arena.

The "bottom line" of this whole post, is that emphasis needs to be placed on further expansion of U.S. cheese exports. The U.S. has not taken its share of this market. Cheese is a significant growth market for U.S. consumption which reduces the risk of expansion. Exports of cheese are already increasing as analyzed in the prior post, and continued export momentum is key to the economics of the U.S. dairy industry.

Sunday, July 9, 2017

Export and import data for dairy products was updated through May 2017, this past week. Export increases were far above expectations. The most needed increase was for cheese exports. U.S. cheese inventories are high and as a result, prices have been low (see prior post). In May, cheese exports increased by 26.9% vs. the prior month. The volume of cheese exported was the second highest ever. Currently U.S. cheese is the lowest priced cheese in the international markets. This will clearly have a major impact on reducing the U.S. cheese inventories. With lower domestic inventories, cheese prices should recover and with that, Class III milk prices will recover.

Chart I - Dashboard of Dairy Exports used to Calculate Producer Milk Prices

Chart II below shows the volume of cheese exports since the year 2000. May's export volume of cheese was the second highest ever and just short of a record! It was not just a nice increase over the prior month, or a big percentage on a small base, or an unusual month. It was a continuation of the trend started at the beginning of 2017. The May exports accounted for 7.4% of U.S. cheese production.

Chart II - Cheese Exports, 2000 to Present

Where did all this cheese go? Chart III below shows the YTD metric tons of exports. The biggest gains in exports came from Mexico, South Korea, and Australia. Japan also has a nice increase.

Chart III - Cheese Exports by Country

How is this happening? U.S. cheese is now the cheapest cheese on the international market. It is priced below Oceania and European cheese and below the most recent NASS price of U.S. cheese.

Can this continue? That's a tough call. As will be covered later in this post, the USD is still very strong vs. other cheese exporting countries and vs. the major U.S. export customer, Mexico. So, the question is, was this just a one month bleep or the beginning of a new trend? As shown in Chart II, there is a trend of gains over the last six months. If these gains continue, they will certainly not be linear. Gains, as always, do not happen is a straight line. There are always ups and downs in the path of growth.

Because this change in cheese exports is so significant, the export/import data is also reviewed below in three charts, which show exports, imports, and net exports on a year by year basis.

Chart IV shows 2017 cheese exports relative to the prior four years. May 2017 was an all-time record for this month. It is only slightly below the all-time record month of March 2014.

Chart IV - Cheese Exports

Imports of cheese have been flat for the last three months. While there has been no decrease in imports, there have been no significant increase. Cheese imports are currently running at the level of the prior two years.

Chart V - Cheese Imports

As a result, cheese net exports were near a record level for May.

Chart VI - Cheese Net Exports (Exports-Imports)

Nonfat Dry Milk (NDM) set an all-time export record in May. The exports represented 59% of NDM production for May. NDM is by far the largest U.S. dairy export product.

Chart VII - NDM Exports

Where did all this NDM go? The vast majority of this went to Mexico, with a mixture of other countries making up the balance.

Chart VIII - NDM Exports by Country

The U.S. struggles for enough butterfat to meet the domestic demand for butter. As a result, an increasing amount of NDM is available. Prices are not great, but the international markets do present a selling opportunity.

Exchange rates were covered in detail in last month's post. The good news reviewed at that time continues in June. The USD has again weakened against the three major currencies important to U.S. dairy exports.

The USD/Euro showed continued progress as the ratio is currently at 1.14. At the beginning of 2017 the ratio was 1.08 and last month it was at 1.12. As the USD weakens against other currencies, competitive pricing and exports will benefit. The EU is the biggest dairy exporter and a strong competitor especially in the NDM and Skimmed Milk Powder market.

The second biggest dairy exporter is New Zealand. In the prior months analysis of exchange rates, the USD was continuing to strengthen against the NZD. At the current time, there has been a major turn around and the NZD is now strengthening against the USD.

The biggest customer for U.S. dairy products is Mexico. After a three-year decline, the Mexican Peso is currently strengthening. This makes U.S. produced dairy products lower priced for Mexican buyers.

In all, the current increase in exports and especially the current increase in cheese exports is extremely encouraging. The trend to a weaker USD are also very encouraging. After many months of difficulty with the volume of dairy exports, May was extremely positive and hopefully expresses a change in trends to further increasing dairy exports.

Tuesday, July 4, 2017

Class III milk and component prices for June were announced on June 28. Most all prices were up. The biggest increases were for butter and therefore butterfat. Cheese and NDM prices were also up appreciably. Dry whey prices which are used calculate the value of Other Solids was down. Milk protein was down slightly only because butter prices went up in value more than cheese prices. Milk protein pricing is calculated with the value of two commodities, cheese and butter. When cheese goes up, milk protein goes up and when butter goes up, milk protein goes down. See this prior post for a more in-depth analysis of this relationship.

Chart I - Dashboard of Price Changes

The big increase in the value of butter created a lopsided split of the component values that make up the Class III price (Chart II). Butterfat is now accounting for 58% of the Class III milk price when the standardized proportions of components are used. The Class III price announced is based on rounded component levels of 3% milk protein, 3.5% butterfat, and 5.7% other solids.

Chart II - Pie Chart of Component Values in the Class III Price

While the standardized Class III price is primarily dependent on the price of cheese (see Chart III below), and is minimally impacted by the price of butter (see post on pricing), if additional butterfat can be produced by means such as nutrition, that would be a very valuable move for a milk producer.

Chart III - Correlation Between the NASS price of Cheese and the Class III Milk Price

The remainder of this post will concentrate on the current relative pricing of the commodities used to price producer milk. The current Class III price is $16.44/cwt. Chart IV below shows the Class III price since the beginning of the current dairy pricing model in January 2000. This June price is better than the prior month by 5.6%, but it is significantly lower than the record high price and well above the lowest price. The current price is a little below the average price of the latest five years. One could say that the current price is a little on the low side of average milk prices. If a producer's cost is such that there is no profit at the current pricing, they should consider exiting the dairy business. Feed costs are currently not abnormally high and any hopes of hanging on to make profits with higher priced milk would probably occur only temporarily and sporadically. Only producers who can operate profitably at current prices can survive over the long-term.

Chart IV - Class III Milk Price - 2000 to June, 2017

In the remainder of this post, prices of the commodities used to price components will be reviewed. In general, most of these commodities are at a medium price level.

Cheese prices since 2000 are shown in the chart below. Just like the Class III pricing shown above, the current cheese price is roughly midway between the highs and lows since 2000. When reviewed over the last five years, the current pricing is well below average. This should indicate that there is room for improvement in the price of cheese. The current prices are being held back by the high inventory levels shown in Chart VI.

Chart V - NASS cheese prices, 2000 to June 2017

When excess milk is available, one convenient "parking space" is cheese. Currently cheese exports are not near prior levels (see prior post) and domestic consumption, although robust, cannot absorb all of the cheese being produced. Excess inventories always mean lower prices.

Chart VI - Inventories of Cheese

Butter prices are likely to remain well above historical levels for the remainder of 2017. Whether this is a long-term trend, or a short-term development remains controversial. Domestic consumption of butter is increasing (see post on consumption rates) and production is down. While imports are up significantly, inventory levels are still tight (see Chart VIII).

Chart VII - NASS Butter Prices

With tighter butter inventories come higher prices. The current butter inventory is below prior year levels.

Chart VIII - Inventories of Butter

The price of Other Solids is based on the NASS value of dry whey. Because dry whey is an international product, the value is established by international supply and demand. Dry whey prices, shown in Chart IX below, are above average and as a result Other Solids has reached a comfortable level of $.30/lb.

Chart IX - NASS Dry Whey Price

The price of Nonfat Dry Milk (NDM) is very dependent on the export market. NDM prices have typically been around $1/lb. or less. In the last 10 years there have been a number of spikes which have sent NDM milk prices surging. Currently, NDM carries a NASS price of. $.91/lb. Like dry whey, NDM is priced based on international supply and demand. As more milk is skimmed for butter production, more skimmed Class IV milk is available. The domestic consumer market for skimmed milk is very small. Therefore the skimmed milk must be dried and sold internationally as NDM or skimmed milk powder (SMP). There is always a market for NDM/SMP but it is very price dependent. If domestic butter consumption continues to grow, more NDM will be available for export which may reduce prices further.

Currently NDM is near the historic low point for NDM prices. NDM is the basis for pricing Class IV skim milk. There is currently no reason to expect a shortage of NDM which would increase the price of NDM or Class IV milk.

Chart X - Nonfat Dry Milk Prices

When the price of Class IV milk is above the Class III price, it becomes the basis for Class I milk pricing. Based on the chart below of Class III and IV pricing, there is no history of the Class IV being consistently above the Class III price since 2013. There is also no known international event that would drive the price of NDM to the highs seen in 2013.

Chart XI - Class III and Class IV Milk Prices

In summary, cheese and whey prices are at a middle of their historical prices. Only increased exports of cheese or reduced production will boost cheese prices. Cheese prices are the most important parameter for Class III milk prices.

Butter prices remain very high. Butter production is limited and inventories are tight. Only a decrease in domestic butter consumption or an increase in butter production will lower the price. Neither is likely. With continued high production of cheese and limited production of butter, butterfat prices will remain high and milk protein prices will remain near current levels.

Dry whey prices will float with the international market and therefore are very speculative. Therefore, Other Solids pricing will most likely remain near the current levels. Nonfat dry milk will find a market at low prices and will probably not become a factor in overall dairy prices.

The biggest mover on the horizon is the probable conversion of California to a Federal Milk Marketing Order. This will likely occur this year, but will not be implemented until early to mid 2018.