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\/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-jnl-genetics-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup article-page-highwire\u0022 \u003E\n \n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\u0022highwire_reflinks_tooltip\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAbstract\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThe double-strand break repair (DSBR) model of recombination predicts that heteroduplexes will be formed in regions that flank the double-strand break (DSB) site and that the resulting intermediate is resolved to generate either crossovers or noncrossovers for flanking markers. Previous studies in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E, however, failed to detect heteroduplexes on both sides of the DSB site. Recent physical studies suggest that some recombination events involve heterodupex formation by a mechanism, synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA), that is inherently asymmetric with respect to the DSB site and that leads exclusively to noncrossovers of flanking markers. Below, we demonstrate that many of the recombination events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E recombination hotspot are consistent with a variant of the DSBR model in which the extent of heteroduplex on one side of the DSB site is much greater than that on the other. Events that include only one flanking marker in the heteroduplex (unidirectional events) are usually resolved as noncrossovers, whereas events that include both flanking markers (bidirectional events) are usually resolved as crossovers. The unidirectional events may represent SDSA, consistent with the conclusions of others, although other possibilities are not excluded. We also show that the level of recombination reflects the integration of events initiated at several different DSB sites, and we identify a subset of gene conversion events that may involve break-induced replication (BIR) or repair of a double-stranded DNA gap.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003EMEIOTIC recombination events in the yeast \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E are initiated by double-stranded DNA breaks (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-42-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-42\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ezostak\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1983\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-39-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-39\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eun\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1989\u003C\/a\u003E) catalyzed by the protein Spo11 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003EB\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eergerat\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1997\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-20-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-20\u0022\u003EK\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eeeney\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1997\u003C\/a\u003E). Until recently, in the most widely accepted version of the double-strand break repair (DSBR) model, the DNA ends resulting from the break are resected 5\u2032 to 3\u2032, and one of the resected \u201ctails\u201d invades the homologous chromatid, forming a region of heteroduplex (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E). DNA synthesis primed from this 3\u2032 end results in a second heteroduplex, involving the second tail. The two regions of heteroduplex, one on each chromatid, are flanked by two Holliday junctions. Cleavage of these junctions can result in the flanking chromosomal regions in either crossover or noncrossover configurations. In this model, both crossovers and noncrossovers have the same molecular precursor.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E, we illustrate a recombination event initiated between two heterozygous genes with alleles \u003Cem\u003EA\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ea\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EB\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eb\u003C\/em\u003E. If the heteroduplexes include the region of the gene with the mutation (as shown), then two DNA mismatches on two different chromatids would be formed. If these mismatches are not repaired, one of the four spores will have a postmeiotic segregation (PMS) event at the \u003Cem\u003EA\u003C\/em\u003E locus, and a different spore in the same tetrad would have a PMS event at the \u003Cem\u003EB\u003C\/em\u003E locus; PMS events are defined as the segregation of two alleles from a single meiotic product at the first mitotic division following meiosis (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-32-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-32\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). For some loci, these events can be detected by replica plating the spore colonies to diagnostic omission medium. Alternatively, one can detect such events using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E). Repair of the mismatches will result in gene conversion tetrads, tetrads that have either three wild-type spores and one mutant spore or one wild-type spore and three mutant spores (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-32-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-32\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). For example, repair of the mismatch shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E could result in a tetrad with 3\u003Cem\u003EA\u003C\/em\u003E:1\u003Cem\u003Ea\u003C\/em\u003E segregation pattern.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EAlthough both physical and genetic evidence supports the existence of several of the intermediates shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E [for example, the double Holliday junction (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-34-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-34\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Echwacha\u003C\/span\u003E and K\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eleckner\u003C\/span\u003E 1995\u003C\/a\u003E)], there are also genetic and physical data that support the argument that all recombination events do not occur through the canonical form of the DSBR model. The genetic experiments used strains that were heterozygous for markers closely flanking a recombination hotspot (a site of frequent meiosis-specific DSB formation). These markers were designed to yield DNA mismatches that were inefficiently repaired if involved in heteroduplex formation, leading primarily to PMS tetrads. As discussed above, the DSBR model predicts a high frequency of tetrads in which one spore has a PMS event for one of the flanking markers and another spore in the same tetrad has a PMS event for the other marker. In two studies involving different loci, coevents of this type were very rare (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E 1996\u003C\/a\u003E), although events involving only one of the two markers were very common (unidirectional events).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Canonical DSBR model (Szostak et al. 1983; Sun et al. 1991). In this diagram, the DSB (indicated by the vertical arrow) occurs between two heterozygous markers on one of the chromatids with the mutant a and b alleles. The solid and open circles represent wild-type and mutant substitutions, respectively. The broken ends are processed 5\u0026#x2032; to 3\u0026#x2032;, leaving protruding 3\u0026#x2032; ends (step 1). Step 2 shows the left end of the broken chromatid invading one of the unbroken chromatids (forming a heteroduplex with a mismatch). In step 3, DNA synthesis occurs (represented by a stippled red strand), resulting in displacement of the red strand. The displaced strand pairs with the broken right end, resulting in a second region of heteroduplex with a mismatch. DNA synthesis primed from the 3\u0026#x2032; end of the blue chromatid also occurs. Steps 4 and 5 represent alternative ways of cutting the strands connecting the two chromatids, resulting in chromatids without (step 4) or with (step 5) an associated crossover. Failure to correct the mismatches would result in a tetrad that had 5:3 segregation for both flanking markers. Correction of the mismatch would generate a 3:1 segregation event, if the correction were in the direction of the wild-type substitution, or would restore 2:2 segregation, if the correction was in the direction of the mutant substitution.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Canonical DSBR model (Szostak \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;et al.\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; 1983; Sun \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;et al.\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; 1991). In this diagram, the DSB (indicated by the vertical arrow) occurs between two heterozygous markers on one of the chromatids with the mutant \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;a\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;b\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; alleles. The solid and open circles represent wild-type and mutant substitutions, respectively. The broken ends are processed 5\u0026#x2032; to 3\u0026#x2032;, leaving protruding 3\u0026#x2032; ends (step 1). Step 2 shows the left end of the broken chromatid invading one of the unbroken chromatids (forming a heteroduplex with a mismatch). In step 3, DNA synthesis occurs (represented by a stippled red strand), resulting in displacement of the red strand. The displaced strand pairs with the broken right end, resulting in a second region of heteroduplex with a mismatch. DNA synthesis primed from the 3\u0026#x2032; end of the blue chromatid also occurs. Steps 4 and 5 represent alternative ways of cutting the strands connecting the two chromatids, resulting in chromatids without (step 4) or with (step 5) an associated crossover. Failure to correct the mismatches would result in a tetrad that had 5:3 segregation for both flanking markers. Correction of the mismatch would generate a 3:1 segregation event, if the correction were in the direction of the wild-type substitution, or would restore 2:2 segregation, if the correction was in the direction of the mutant substitution.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 1.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 1.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F1.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 1.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363797\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Canonical DSBR model (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-42-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-42\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ezostak\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1983\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-40-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-40\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eun\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). In this diagram, the DSB (indicated by the vertical arrow) occurs between two heterozygous markers on one of the chromatids with the mutant \u003Cem\u003Ea\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eb\u003C\/em\u003E alleles. The solid and open circles represent wild-type and mutant substitutions, respectively. The broken ends are processed 5\u2032 to 3\u2032, leaving protruding 3\u2032 ends (step 1). Step 2 shows the left end of the broken chromatid invading one of the unbroken chromatids (forming a heteroduplex with a mismatch). In step 3, DNA synthesis occurs (represented by a stippled red strand), resulting in displacement of the red strand. The displaced strand pairs with the broken right end, resulting in a second region of heteroduplex with a mismatch. DNA synthesis primed from the 3\u2032 end of the blue chromatid also occurs. Steps 4 and 5 represent alternative ways of cutting the strands connecting the two chromatids, resulting in chromatids without (step 4) or with (step 5) an associated crossover. Failure to correct the mismatches would result in a tetrad that had 5:3 segregation for both flanking markers. Correction of the mismatch would generate a 3:1 segregation event, if the correction were in the direction of the wild-type substitution, or would restore 2:2 segregation, if the correction was in the direction of the mutant substitution.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EA\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ellers\u003C\/span\u003E and L\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eichten\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-4\u0022\u003E2001a\u003C\/a\u003E,\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003Eb\u003C\/a\u003E) found physical data in conflict with the canonical DSBR model. In an ectopic recombination system, they showed that noncrossover heteroduplex products were completed before crossover heteroduplex products. Furthermore, they found that a mutation of \u003Cem\u003ENDT80\u003C\/em\u003E, a meiosis-specific transcription factor, resulted in normal levels of noncrossover heteroduplexes, but greatly reduced crossovers. On the basis of these results, Allers and Lichten proposed that the heteroduplex intermediates for crossovers and noncrossovers were different: crossovers involving resolution of intermediates as shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E and noncrossovers occurring by a different pathway [synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA)]. The SDSA pathway was originally suggested as a way of explaining mitotic gene conversion events that were unassociated with crossing over (reviewed by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-29-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-29\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaques\u003C\/span\u003E and H\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaber\u003C\/span\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E). In this model, following initial strand invasion and repair synthesis, the invading strand containing newly synthesized DNA is displaced and reannealed to the other 3\u2032 end. The net result of this event is heteroduplex formation on one side of the DSB in one chromatid with a noncrossover configuration of the flanking sequences.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EIn our previous study of heteroduplex formation (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E), we used heterozygous markers that were \u223c1 kb from the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot DSB site. Below, we describe experiments performed with a strain that has markers \u0026lt;250 bp from this DSB site and includes markers located \u223c5 kb from the site. Using this new system, we identified bidirectional events with the configuration of heteroduplex predicted by the DSBR model. These events are primarily crossovers, but a significant fraction are noncrossovers. We also observed unidirectional events similar to those previously observed; most, but not all, of these events represent noncrossovers. We interpret these data as indicating that recombination in \u003Cem\u003ES. cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E proceeds by both the canonical DSBR and the SDSA pathways.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section materials-methods\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2\u003EMATERIALS AND METHODS\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EYeast strains:\u003C\/strong\u003E All strains used were derived by transformation from the haploid strains AS4 (\u03b1 \u003Cem\u003Etrp1 arg4 tyr7 ade6 ura3\u003C\/em\u003E) and AS13 (\u003Cem\u003Ea leu2 ura3 ade6\u003C\/em\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-37-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-37\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etapleton\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). In the descriptions of the genotypes, we note only deviations from the two parental genotypes.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EWe constructed JDM173 (\u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E) by two-step transplacement of AS4 using \u003Cem\u003EKpn\u003C\/em\u003EI-digested pMW30 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-44-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-44\u0022\u003EW\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ehite\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1994\u003C\/a\u003E). All constructions, unless noted otherwise, were checked by PCR. JDM179 (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop his4u-lopc ycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E) was constructed in two steps. First, PD57 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E), an AS13 derivative with a deletion of a portion of the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E upstream activating sequences (UAS), was transformed with a DNA fragment containing the wild-type UAS of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E and two palindromic insertions (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E) to generate JDM148 (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop his4u-lop\u003C\/em\u003E). This DNA fragment was generated using PCR of genomic DNA derived from AS13 cells and the primers (with the palindromic sequences underlined) his4u + lopF1 (5\u2032-GATTCCTCATCGGAAGAGGTGGCATCCTTAACGAAAAAAC\u003Cspan class=\u0022underline\u0022\u003EGAGTACTGTATGTACATACAGTACTC\u003C\/span\u003ETTGAAGAGGCTAATGAAAAA) and his4u + lopcR1(5\u2032-AGTTGTGCTATGA TATTTTTATGTATGTACAACACACATC\u003Cspan class=\u0022underline\u0022\u003EGACTAGTCTAAGTACTTAGACTAGTC\u003C\/span\u003EGGAGGTGAATATAACGTTCC). Correct transplacement of the PCR fragment results in restoration of histidine prototrophy, and histidine prototrophs were sequenced to confirm the construction. Second, the \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E mutation was inserted into JDM148 using a two-step transplacement of \u003Cem\u003ESna\u003C\/em\u003EBI-digested pJDM4 (described below) to generate JDM179.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EThe plasmid pJDM4 was derived from pMW25, a plasmid with a \u003Cem\u003EBgl\u003C\/em\u003EII fragment containing \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E from pC1G-17 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E) inserted into the \u003Cem\u003EBam\u003C\/em\u003EHI site of YIp5 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-38-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-38\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etruhl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1979\u003C\/a\u003E). pJDM4 was made by \u201cfilling in\u201d (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-41-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-41\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eymington\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1988\u003C\/a\u003E) the \u003Cem\u003ESpe\u003C\/em\u003EI site in \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E, resulting in the allele \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EMD229 (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E) was constructed by inserting the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E mutation into JDM179 using a two-step transplacement of \u003Cem\u003ESna\u003C\/em\u003EBI-digested pDN22 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-25-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-25\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). MD248 (\u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E) and MD249 (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E) were constructed by inserting the \u003Cem\u003EhphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E cassette (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eoldstein\u003C\/span\u003E and M\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ec\u003C\/span\u003EC\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eusker\u003C\/span\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E), which contains a gene that confers hygromycin resistance, into the middle of \u003Cem\u003ECHA1\u003C\/em\u003E in JDM173 and MD229, respectively. The PCR synthesis of the cassette and subsequent transformation were performed as described by W\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Each\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-43-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-43\u0022\u003E1994\u003C\/a\u003E), using the plasmid pAG32 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eoldstein\u003C\/span\u003E and M\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ec\u003C\/span\u003EC\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eusker\u003C\/span\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E) and the primers CHA-F (5\u2032-TCCC TTCGATAATCCGGATATTTGGGAAGGACATTCATCTATGATAGATGCGTACGCTGCAGGTCGAC) and CHA-R (5\u2032-TTT AACCTTATTCACGGAAATATGTTGCGATTTCAAATCTTGTACTATTTATCGATGAATTCGAGCTCG).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EPG118 (\u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX rad50S\u003C\/em\u003E) and PG119 (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop his4u-lopc ycl034W-SX rad50S\u003C\/em\u003E) are \u003Cem\u003Erad50S\u003C\/em\u003E derivatives of JDM173 and JDM179, respectively, and were constructed as described by A\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Elani\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003E1990\u003C\/a\u003E). PG138 (\u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9 ycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E) was constructed by inserting the \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E mutation into DNY47 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-25-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-25\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E), using pJDM4 as described above.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EWe made the diploid strains by mating the following haploid strains (given in parentheses after the name of the diploid): JDM1080 (JDM173 \u00d7 JDM179), JDM1081 (PG118 \u00d7 PG119), JDM1086 (JDM173 \u00d7 MD229), JDM1091 (JDM173 \u00d7 PG138), MD250 (MD248 \u00d7 MD229), MD251 (JDM173 \u00d7 MD249), and QF105 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-11-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-11\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ean\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1995\u003C\/a\u003E). The genotypes of these strains (not including the AS4-and AS13-derived markers common to all of the strains) are: JDM1080 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\/fus1-BX bik1-lop\/BIK1 his4u-lopc\/HIS4U ycl034W-SX\/YCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E), JDM1081 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\/fus1-BX bik1-lop\/BIK1 his4u-lopc\/HIS4U ycl034W-SX\/YCL034W rad50S\/rad50S\u003C\/em\u003E), JDM1086 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\/fus1-BX bik1-lop\/BIK1 his4u-lopc\/HIS4U his4-IR9\/HIS4 ycl034W-SX\/YCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E), JDM1091 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\/fus1-BX his4-IR9\/HIS4 ycl034W-SX\/YCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E), MD250 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\/fus1-BX bik1-lop\/BIK1 his4u-lopc\/HIS4U his4-IR9\/HIS4 ycl034W-SX\/YCL034W CHA1\/cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E), MD251 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\/fus1-BX bik1-lop\/BIK1 his4u-lopc\/HIS4U his4-IR9\/HIS4 ycl034W-SX\/YCL034W cha1::hphMX4\/CHA1\u003C\/em\u003E), and QF105 (\u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\/HIS4 rad50S\/rad50S\u003C\/em\u003E). The designation \u003Cem\u003EHIS4U\u003C\/em\u003E signifies that the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E promoter region is wild type.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EGenetic analysis:\u003C\/strong\u003E Standard materials and methods were used (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-35-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-35\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eherman\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1983\u003C\/a\u003E) except where noted. Diploids were sporulated on plates at 25\u00b0, rather than 18\u00b0 (the temperature used for most of our previous studies), to reduce the frequency of multiple recombination events at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-27-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-27\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1989\u003C\/a\u003E). Following tetrad dissection on plates with rich growth medium (YPD), the spore colonies were replica plated to various omission media; spore colonies on medium lacking histidine were examined microscopically to detect small sectors.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003EExperiments to determine whether the transcribed or nontranscribed strand of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E was transferred were performed as described by N\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-24-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-24\u0022\u003E1990\u003C\/a\u003E) with the following modifications. Tetrads were dissected onto plates containing histidine omission medium (SD \u2013 his) and incubated at 30\u00b0 for 10\u201312 hr. The spores were then examined microscopically and scored as His\u003Csup\u003E+\u003C\/sup\u003E (5 or more cells) or His\u003Csup\u003E\u2013\u003C\/sup\u003E (1 or 2 cells). The SD \u2013 his agar slab containing the spores was transferred to a YPD plate with 0.4 ml of a 0.5% histidine solution. After incubation at 30\u00b0 for 3\u20134 days, the colonies were replica plated to SD \u2013 his medium (as well as other omission media) to determine the pattern of sectoring. Only tetrads with a 5:3 or 3:5 pattern of aberrant segregation were scored for the remaining markers by PCR. The pattern of sectoring was then correlated with the phenotype of the spore to determine whether the transcribed or nontranscribed strand of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E had been donated (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-24-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-24\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1990\u003C\/a\u003E). This analysis allows us to determine whether the DSB in a given recombination event occurred upstream (nontranscribed strand donated) or downstream (transcribed strand donated) of our markers in \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EPCR analysis of spore colonies:\u003C\/strong\u003E We performed PCR analysis to score the \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX, bik1-lop, his4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E, and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers. All PCRs were performed in 96-well trays using the Gene-Amp PCR System 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). PCR conditions were those suggested by the manufacturer of AmpliTaq polymerase (Applied Biosystems) with the following modifications. The reaction conditions contained 1.5 m\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E MgCl\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\/sub\u003E for the PCR to score \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and 2.5 m\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E MgCl\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\/sub\u003E for all other PCRs. All four dNTPs were added to a final concentration of 400 \u03bc\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E for the PCR to score \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E and 200 \u03bc\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E for the other PCRs. All PCRs contained 0.8 \u03bc\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E of each primer. The reactions used to score \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E contained 2.5 units of AmpliTaq, and all other reactions contained 1.75 units of AmpliTaq.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022\u003EA toothpick was used to mix the cells of the spore colony on a YPD replica of the dissection plate. The cells were then transferred to 6 \u03bcl of sterile, distilled water in the 96-well tray. Each tray included three control reactions where the cells were wild type, mutant, or sectored for the marker of interest. The samples were heated to 94\u00b0 for 6 min and subsequently placed at \u201380\u00b0 for 10 min. The samples were thawed at room temperature, and the remaining 19 \u03bcl of the reaction components was added. Samples were exposed to the following conditions for 40 cycles: 94\u00b0 for 1 min, 57\u00b0 for 1 min, and 72\u00b0 for 3 min.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-18\u0022\u003EThe primers BIK1 + 1021F (5\u2032-ACGATTCGCTCAGTAAAGAATAC) and BIK1 + 1228R (5\u2032-GCCGTGGTATCGACTGGTGC) produce a 208-bp product if the wild-type sequence is present and a 234-bp product if the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E sequence is present. The PCR products were digested with \u003Cem\u003EBsr\u003C\/em\u003EGI (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA), which cuts within the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E sequence. Subsequently, the digested PCRs were resolved on a 3.5% MetaPhor agarose (BioWhittaker Molecular Applications, Walkersville, MD) gel. Three patterns of bands were observed: a 208-bp fragment if only the wild-type \u003Cem\u003EBIK1\u003C\/em\u003E sequence was present in the spore colony, a pair of 115- and 119-bp fragments if only the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E sequence was present in the spore colony, and a set of 115-, 119-, 208-, and apparently 240-bp fragments if both wild-type and \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E sequences were present in the spore colony (a PMS event). The fragment with the apparent size of 240 bp is likely an \u003Cem\u003Ein vitro\u003C\/em\u003E-generated heteroduplex fragment containing one wild-type and one \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E strand.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003EThe primers HIS4-210F (5\u2032-CCCATGCACAGTGACTCACG) and HIS4 + 42R (5\u2032-ATGAGGCCAGATCATCAATTAACGG) produce a 253-bp product if the wild-type sequence is present and a 279-bp product if the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E sequence is present. The PCR products were digested with \u003Cem\u003ESca\u003C\/em\u003EI (New England Biolabs), which cuts within \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc.\u003C\/em\u003E Upon gel analysis, three patterns (similar to those observed for \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E) were seen: a 253-bp fragment if only the wild-type \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E sequence was present in the spore colony, a pair of 134- and 145-bp fragments if only the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E sequence was present in the spore colony, and a set of 134-, 145-, 253-, and apparently 300-bp fragments if both wild-type and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E sequences were present in the spore colony. Using this method to score \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E or \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E, we always (10 of 10 times) detected mutant or wild-type sequences, even when they represented \u0026lt;10% of the DNA sample.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EFor most of the spores that had PMS for more than one marker, we determined whether the configuration of the markers was \u003Cem\u003Ein cis\u003C\/em\u003E (palindromes on the same DNA strand in the heteroduplex) or \u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E (palindromes on different DNA strands). Cells from the relevant spore colony were streaked onto YPD. When single colonies had formed, two independent colonies were examined by PCR or replica plating (as described above) for the relevant markers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-21\u0022\u003EWe scored both flanking markers, \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E, using a single PCR. The PCRs were digested simultaneously with \u003Cem\u003ESpe\u003C\/em\u003EI and \u003Cem\u003EBcl\u003C\/em\u003EI (New England Biolabs) and resolved on 1.5% agarose gels. The primers SpeI-508F (5\u2032-ACGCTAGAAG TGGAGTTAGC) and SpeI + 276R (5\u2032-AACGCAGCCACCAGT TCATC) produce a fragment of \u223c800 bp. A fragment containing wild-type sequence (\u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E) produces fragments of \u223c300 and 500 bp when digested with \u003Cem\u003ESpe\u003C\/em\u003EI, while a fragment with the \u003Cem\u003ESpe\u003C\/em\u003EI \u201cfill in\u201d (\u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E) remains 800 bp. The primers FUS1 + 517(I)F (5\u2032-CCGCAGCATATACTGACACC) and FUS1 + 1514(I)R (5\u2032-AGTCACCAGGCACAATGCCT) produce a fragment of \u223c1 kb. A fragment containing wild-type sequence (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\u003C\/em\u003E) produces fragments of \u223c400 and 600 bp when digested with \u003Cem\u003EBcl\u003C\/em\u003EI, while a fragment with the \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E mutation remains 1 kb. The \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers generally did not exhibit sectoring, which is typical for 4-bp insertions (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-27-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-27\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1989\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESouthern analysis:\u003C\/strong\u003E Cells were harvested from \u003Cem\u003Erad50S\u003C\/em\u003E diploid strains just prior to being placed on a sporulation plate (0 hr) or after 24 hr on sporulation medium. Cells were washed with 0.5 ml 10 m\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E Tris (pH 8.0), 1 m\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Em\u003C\/span\u003E EDTA, and stored at \u201380\u00b0. DNA isolation and Southern blot procedures were performed as described by N\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-26-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-26\u0022\u003E1993\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-23\u0022\u003EThis procedure was used to map DSBs occurring in a 15-kb interval centered on \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E. Probes were prepared from genomic DNA by PCR; 20-bp primers were derived from the sequence intervals described below. The \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E-\u003Cem\u003EBIK1\u003C\/em\u003E region [\u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces\u003C\/em\u003E Genome Database (\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/genome-www.stanford.edu\/Saccharomyces\/\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/genome-www.stanford.edu\/Saccharomyces\/\u003C\/a\u003E) chromosome III coordinates 66,644\u201369,621] was examined using a \u003Cem\u003EBgl\u003C\/em\u003EII digest and a \u003Cem\u003EBgl\u003C\/em\u003EII-\u003Cem\u003EXho\u003C\/em\u003EI fragment of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E as a hybridization probe (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-26-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-26\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E). The \u003Cem\u003EYCL036W-YCL031C\u003C\/em\u003E region (60,396\u201365,125) was examined with an \u003Cem\u003ESph\u003C\/em\u003EI digest and a hybridization probe covering the coordinates 60,410\u201361,152. The \u003Cem\u003EYCL031C\u003C\/em\u003E-\u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region (64,542\u201368,093) was examined with an \u003Cem\u003ENhe\u003C\/em\u003EI digest and a hybridization probe covering coordinates 66,175\u201367,276. The \u003Cem\u003EBIK1\u003C\/em\u003E-\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\u003C\/em\u003E region (69,019\u201373,467) was examined using a \u003Cem\u003EBan\u003C\/em\u003EI digest and a hybridization probe covering coordinates 69,073\u201369,817. The \u003Cem\u003EFUS1-YCL025C\u003C\/em\u003E region (72,688\u201377,018) was examined using an \u003Cem\u003ENci\u003C\/em\u003EI digest and a hybridization probe covering coordinates 72,768\u201373,341. Hybridization was quantitated using a PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA), and the percentage of molecules with a DSB was calculated as described (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-22-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-22\u0022\u003EK\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eirkpatrick\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E). All levels of DSBs were normalized to the DSB associated with the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-24\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EData analysis:\u003C\/strong\u003E Statistical analysis was performed using Instat 1.12 (GraphPad Software) for the Macintosh. The Fisher\u0027s exact test with a two-tailed \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E value or chi-square analysis (for comparisons that involve more than two experimental measures) was used for all comparisons, and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section results\u0022 id=\u0022sec-2\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2\u003ERESULTS\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-25\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EExperimental system:\u003C\/strong\u003E We designed related diploid strains, JDM1086 and JDM1080 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F2\u0022\u003EFigure 2\u003C\/a\u003E), to examine the arrangement of heteroduplex DNA close to the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB site and the association of heteroduplex DNA with a crossover or noncrossover configuration of flanking sequences. Both strains were heterozygous for short palindromic insertions (\u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E) closely flanking the DSB site, and JDM1086 was also heterozygous for \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, a short palindromic insertion within the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E coding sequence. The strains were sporulated and tetrads derived from the strains were dissected. A mismatch resulting from a heteroduplex with one wild-type DNA strand and one strand with a short palindromic insertion is inefficiently repaired to generate a gene conversion, resulting in frequent PMS events (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-27-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-27\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1989\u003C\/a\u003E). For the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E markers, such events can be detected by PCR (details in \u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ematerials and methods\u003C\/span\u003E); a PMS event involving \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E can be detected by replica plating the spore colony to medium lacking histidine. The segregation of the flanking heterozygous restriction site markers \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E was also analyzed by PCR.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F2\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Arrangement of genetic markers in strains JDM1080 and JDM1086. The position of the DSB associated with the HIS4 recombination hotspot is indicated by the arrow. The \u0026#x201C;lollipops\u0026#x201D; indicate short palindromic insertions, markers that result in inefficiently repaired mismatches. JDM-1080 lacks the his4-IR9 marker; otherwise, the strains are identical.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Arrangement of genetic markers in strains JDM1080 and JDM1086. The position of the DSB associated with the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; recombination hotspot is indicated by the arrow. The \u0026#x201C;lollipops\u0026#x201D; indicate short palindromic insertions, markers that result in inefficiently repaired mismatches. JDM-1080 lacks the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;his4-IR9\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; marker; otherwise, the strains are identical.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 2.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F2.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 2.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F2.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F2.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 2.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F2.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363801\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 2.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-26\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Arrangement of genetic markers in strains JDM1080 and JDM1086. The position of the DSB associated with the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E recombination hotspot is indicated by the arrow. The \u201clollipops\u201d indicate short palindromic insertions, markers that result in inefficiently repaired mismatches. JDM-1080 lacks the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E marker; otherwise, the strains are identical.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-27\u0022\u003EA summary of the segregation of markers in the two strains is in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E. Since (as described in the Introduction) heteroduplex formation can result in spores that have genes in which one DNA strand has wild-type and one strand has mutant information, it is convenient to describe the patterns of aberrant segregation using the nomenclature derived from eight-spored fungi. We classify gene conversion tetrads with three wild-type and one mutant or one wild-type and three mutant spore colonies as 6:2 and 2:6, respectively. Tetrads with two wild-type, one mutant, and one wild-type\/mutant PMS spore colonies and those with one wild-type, two mutant, and one wild-type\/mutant PMS spore colonies were classified as 5:3 and 3:5, respectively. Aberrant 4:4 tetrads have one wild-type, one mutant, and two wild-type\/mutant PMS spore colonies. Several different methods of analysis were done in the JDM1086 strain. For the data designated \u201cunselected,\u201d we examined the segregation of all markers in every spore colony in tetrads with four viable spores. The other methods of analysis are discussed further below.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-28\u0022\u003EUnselected tetrads of JDM1086 and JDM1080 had\n\nsimilar frequencies of aberrant segregation for the same markers. The frequencies of aberrant segregation of the \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX, his4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers in JDM1086 were similar to those observed in strain JDM1091. JDM-1091 is identical to JDM1086 except that it lacks the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E markers. The frequencies of crossovers between \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E and the linked \u003Cem\u003ELEU2\u003C\/em\u003E gene in the two strains were also very similar (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E). If a mutation generates a recombination hotspot in a strain heterozygous for the mutation, one finds an excess of tetrads of the 6:2 and 5:3 classes over the 2:6 and 3:5 classes (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-32-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-32\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). No such disparity is observed for the palindromic markers in JDM1086 or JDM1080 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E), indicating that these palindromes neither stimulate nor repress recombination. We confirmed this result by mapping DSBs associated with the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot in the strains JDM1081 (a \u003Cem\u003Erad50S\u003C\/em\u003E derivative of JDM1080) and QF105 (a \u003Cem\u003Erad50S\u003C\/em\u003E strain without the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E markers). The positions and levels of DSBs in the two strains were the same (data not shown).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022 id=\u0022T1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline table-callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-inline first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022##\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/363829\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/363829\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETABLE 1\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-29\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EAberrant segregation and \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\/LEU2\u003C\/em\u003E map distances for strains used in this study\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-40\u0022\u003EIn addition to examining unselected tetrads in JDM-1080 and JDM1086, we used several other methods of analysis for JDM1086. For tetrad data classified as \u201cselected-1\u201d (S1), we screened for tetrads in which the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E marker (which can be scored by replica plating to medium lacking histidine) segregated 6:2, 2:6, 5:3, or 3:5 (indicative of a single recombination event involving the marker), and we subsequently examined the other markers (\u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX, bik1-lop, his4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E, and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E) by PCR. For tetrad data classified \u201cselected-2\u201d (S2), we screened for tetrads that segregated 5:3 or 3:5 at the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E locus and did not have a cosector for the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E marker in the same spore. If the pattern was consistent with a single event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, we examined all of the other markers. As described below, this procedure selects against tetrads in which the recombination event is initiated at a DSB that is different from the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot DSB. The \u201cstrand transfer\u201d method of analysis is described below.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-41\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClassification of recombination events:\u003C\/strong\u003E As in previous experiments involving multiple markers located near a recombination hotspot (for example, \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E), we find many classes of tetrads. All the data are on the website (\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/\u003C\/a\u003E). The data are divided into five supplementary tables: Table I (single unidirectional recombination events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot), Table II (single bidirectional recombination events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot), Table III (single recombination events initiated at a site other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot), Table IV (unambiguous multiple recombination events), and Table V (events in which the classification as single or multiple events is model dependent).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-42\u0022\u003EThe tetrads that are most useful in exploring the nature of DSB-mediated recombination are those with a single initiating DNA lesion occurring at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot (between the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E markers). Determination of where the events were initiated and whether the recombination events were initiated by one or multiple DSBs was based on several assumptions. First, all recombination events are initiated by a DSB, occurring at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot or one of the other hotspots mapped (as described below) within an 11-kb region that includes the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. Second, recombination events involve the continuous asymmetric transfer of a single strand from one chromosome to another, resulting in the formation of heteroduplex on one side of the DSB in one chromatid, but (potentially) heteroduplex formation on the other side of the DSB in a different chromatid (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E). Third, the initiating DSB occurs at one end of a heteroduplex tract. If an event is unidirectional and both ends of the heteroduplex tract correspond to meiotic DSB sites, the initiating DSB is assumed to occur at the stronger DSB site. If an event is bidirectional (involves two regions of heteroduplex on different chromatids), the DSB is assumed to occur between the two regions of heteroduplex. Fourth, Holliday junctions are resolved at the ends of the heteroduplex tracts. This last assumption will lead to some degree of underestimation of the frequency of associated crossovers, since a mismatch repair event that leads to restoration of Mendelian segregation (reviewed in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-32-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-32\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E) would separate the detectable heteroduplex tract from the position of the crossover. We note, however, that the three palindromic insertions occur near the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB site, where restoration repair occurs infrequently (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-43\u0022\u003EOf 1603 tetrads derived from strains JDM1086 and JDM1080, there were 217 tetrads with an aberrant segregation event for one or more of the five heterozygous markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region; 56 are explicable as resulting from a single DSB located at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot and 77 are explicable as resulting from a single DSB located at a site other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. In addition, 50 tetrads had undergone multiple initiation events, and 34 can be classified as either single- or multiple-event tetrads, depending on details of the models of recombination.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-44\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESingle recombination events initiated at the\u003C\/strong\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHIS4\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003EDSB:\u003C\/strong\u003E The tetrads that we classify as single recombination events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB share several properties: (1) tracts of aberrant segregation are uninterrupted by markers undergoing normal Mendelian segregation, (2) markers on each side of the DSB site have aberrant segregation properties indicating involvement of a single donated DNA strand, and (3) markers on opposite sides of the DSB site involve different chromatids. In 116 unselected tetrads of JDM1086 and JDM1080, 22 (19%) had these properties. Of all tetrads examined for these strains, we classified 56 as representing single events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-45\u0022\u003EA total of 70% of these tetrads (40 of 56) were classified as unidirectional events (Table I, classes 1\u201325). Unidirectional events exhibit continuous tracts of aberrant segregation on one side of the DSB (toward either \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E or \u003Cem\u003EBIK1\u003C\/em\u003E) that are confined to a single chromatid. About 30% (10 of 34 tetrads in which the configuration of the flanking sequences could be unambiguously assigned) of these events are associated with crossovers. Examples of segregation patterns consistent with unidirectional events without and with associated crossovers are shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3, a and b,\u003C\/a\u003E respectively.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F3\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F3.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Examples of segregation patterns representing different types of recombination. We illustrate segregation patterns for five markers heterozygous in JDM1086. As in Tables I\u0026#x2013;V at http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/, each row of circles represents a spore colony. For the markers bik1-lop, his4u-lopc, his4-IR9, and ycl034W-SX, solid circles represent colonies with the wild-type genotype and open circles represent the mutant genotype. For fus1-BX, solid and open circles represent mutant and wild-type genotypes, respectively. Thus, a tetrad with two rows of open circles and two rows of solid circles would indicate a nonrecombinant tetrad. Solid\/open sectored circles represent PMS events. The class numbers indicated below are those used in Tables I\u0026#x2013;V, available at http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/. (a) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the HIS4 hotspot unassociated with crossover (Table I, class 12). (b) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the HIS4 hotspot associated with crossover between bik1-lop and his4u-lopc (Table I, class 13). (c) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the HIS4 hotspot associated with crossover between bik1-lop and his4u-lopc and an incidental crossover involving two other chromatids (Table IV, class 111). (d) Tetrad with bidirectional event initiated at the HIS4 hotspot unassociated with crossover (Table II, class 30). (e) Tetrad with bidirectional event initiated at the HIS4 hotspot associated with crossover either between fus1-BX and bik1-lop or between his4-IR9 and ycl034W-SX (Table II, class 31). (f) Tetrad with single recombination event initiated at a DSB other than the HIS4 hotspot (Table III, class 64).\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Examples of segregation patterns representing different types of recombination. We illustrate segregation patterns for five markers heterozygous in JDM1086. As in Tables I\u0026#x2013;V at http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/, each row of circles represents a spore colony. For the markers \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;bik1-lop, his4u-lopc, his4-IR9\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;ycl034W-SX\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, solid circles represent colonies with the wild-type genotype and open circles represent the mutant genotype. For \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;fus1-BX\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;, solid and open circles represent mutant and wild-type genotypes, respectively. Thus, a tetrad with two rows of open circles and two rows of solid circles would indicate a nonrecombinant tetrad. Solid\/open sectored circles represent PMS events. The class numbers indicated below are those used in Tables I\u0026#x2013;V, available at http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/. (a) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot unassociated with crossover (Table I, class 12). (b) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot associated with crossover between \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;bik1-lop\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;his4u-lopc\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; (Table I, class 13). (c) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot associated with crossover between \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;bik1-lop\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;his4u-lopc\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; and an incidental crossover involving two other chromatids (Table IV, class 111). (d) Tetrad with bidirectional event initiated at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot unassociated with crossover (Table II, class 30). (e) Tetrad with bidirectional event initiated at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot associated with crossover either between \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;fus1-BX\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;bik1-lop\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; or between \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;his4-IR9\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;ycl034W-SX\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; (Table II, class 31). (f) Tetrad with single recombination event initiated at a DSB other than the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot (Table III, class 64).\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 3.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F3.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 3.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F3.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F3.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 3.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F3.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363806\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 3.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-46\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Examples of segregation patterns representing different types of recombination. We illustrate segregation patterns for five markers heterozygous in JDM1086. As in Tables I\u2013V at\n\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/\u003C\/a\u003E, each row of circles represents a spore colony. For the markers \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop, his4u-lopc, his4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E, solid circles represent colonies with the wild-type genotype and open circles represent the mutant genotype. For \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E, solid and open circles represent mutant and wild-type genotypes, respectively. Thus, a tetrad with two rows of open circles and two rows of solid circles would indicate a nonrecombinant tetrad. Solid\/open sectored circles represent PMS events. The class numbers indicated below are those used in Tables I\u2013V, available at\n\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/www.genetics.org\/supplemental\/\u003C\/a\u003E. (a) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot unassociated with crossover (Table I, class 12). (b) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot associated with crossover between \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E (Table I, class 13). (c) Tetrad with unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot associated with crossover between \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and an incidental crossover involving two other chromatids (Table IV, class 111). (d) Tetrad with bidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot unassociated with crossover (Table II, class 30). (e) Tetrad with bidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot associated with crossover either between \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E or between \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E (Table II, class 31). (f) Tetrad with single recombination event initiated at a DSB other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot (Table III, class 64).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-47\u0022\u003EThis number of undirectional events with associated crossovers is larger than can be explained by incidental crossovers. On the basis of data from the 116 unselected tetrads, 10% (12) of the tetrads contained an incidental crossover; incidental crossovers are defined as those in which the crossover involved is not located at the end of a tract of gene conversion\/PMS. The likelihood of an incidental crossover involving the chromatid containing the aberrant segregation events is, therefore, 5% (0.10 \u00d7 0.50). Since the incidental crossover must also occur adjacent to the tract of aberrant segregation to be considered an associated crossover, the likelihood would be reduced to \u0026lt;5%. Given 34 unidirectional events in which the crossover could be unambiguously mapped, \u0026lt;2 would be expected to be scored as containing a crossover configuration of the flanking markers due to incidental crossovers.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-48\u0022\u003EOf the eight crossover events that could be mapped to a single interval, five involved the 380-bp interval II, one involved the 4.5-kb interval I, and two involved the 6-kb interval III. On the basis of the relative sizes of these intervals, these results suggest a strong preference for resolution of the unidirectional events as crossovers at a position near the initiating DSB. In a study similar in design to ours, L. J\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eessop\u003C\/span\u003E and M. L\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eichten\u003C\/span\u003E (personal communication) found that \u223c85% of the aberrant segregation events were unidirectional, and there was an even stronger bias in favor of crossover resolution near the initiating DSB.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-49\u0022\u003EIn addition to the 40 tetrads that had a single recombination event consistent with a unidirectional heteroduplex initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, there were an additional 6 tetrads consistent with a unidirectional heteroduplex initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot plus an incidental exchange (Table IV, classes 87, 88, 110, and 111 and Table V, classes 148 and 149). An example of such a tetrad is shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3c\u003C\/a\u003E. These tetrads are included in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T2\u0022\u003ETable 2\u003C\/a\u003E, which summarizes the number of uni- and bidirectional tetrads obtained in JDM1080 and JDM1086 with different methods of analysis. Patterns of the unidirectional events are shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4a\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-50\u0022\u003EEvents were classified as bidirectional if they involved two tracts of aberrant segregation, one continuous tract involving markers on one side of the DSB in one spore and a second continuous tract involving markers on the other side of the DSB in a different spore (Table II, classes 26\u201336). To classify a tetrad as a bidirectional event, we required that at least one of the markers on each side of the DSB site had undergone a PMS event. This requirement was imposed because coconversion events involving \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E could represent a recombination event initiated at a DSB site other than that located between \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E. This issue is discussed further in a separate section of \u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eresults\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-51\u0022\u003EThe bidirectional events are predicted by the DSB model in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-7\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E, but have been observed only very rarely in previous studies (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E 1996\u003C\/a\u003E). About 30% (16 of 56) of the single recombination events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB are bidirectional and 64% (9 of 14 tetrads in which\n\nthe configuration of the flanking sequences could be unambiguously assigned) of the bidirectional events are associated with crossovers. Examples of single bidirectional events without and with associated crossovers are shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3, d and e\u003C\/a\u003E, respectively. In 8 of the 9 tetrads (Table II, classes 26, 28, and 31\u201333), Holliday junction resolution involved cleavage of the strands that the DSBR model (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-8\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E) predicts would contain newly synthesized DNA. Similar biases have been observed previously and are explicable as targeted cleavage of the Holliday junctions directed by the nicked strand (reviewed by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-13-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-13\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eoss\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022 id=\u0022T2\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline table-callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-inline first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022##\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/363833\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/363833\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETABLE 2\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-52\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EClassification of recombination events initiated at \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-55\u0022\u003EIn addition to those tetrads shown in Table II, we found seven additional tetrads in which a bidirectional event occurred in a tetrad with an incidental exchange (Table IV, classes 89, 90, and 112\u2013116). These tetrads are included in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-2-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T2\u0022\u003ETable 2\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4\u003C\/a\u003E. In tetrads in which crossovers could be unambiguously mapped, 13 of 39 unidirectional events were associated with a crossover, and 13 of 19 bidirectional events were crossover associated. These levels of association are significantly different (\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.02, Fisher\u0027s exact test). If tetrads in which all of the aberrantly segregating markers representing conversion rather than PMS events are excluded from the analysis of the unidirectional events, then 11 of 32 unidirectional events are crossover associated, compared to 13 of 19 bidirectional events (\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.02, Fisher\u0027s exact test).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-56\u0022\u003ESince the number of bidirectional events is relatively small, one issue to consider is whether such events could reflect two independent unidirectional events. In 116 unselected tetrads, if we include the bidirectional events as representing two unidirectional events, there were 14 (12%) tetrads with aberrant segregation patterns of \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E consistent with a unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot and 14 tetrads with aberrant segregation patterns of \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E consistent with a unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. The predicted fraction of tetrads in which two such unidirectional events would mimic a bidirectional event is (1\/2) (1\/2)(0.12)(0.12) or 0.0036. The two factors of one-half reflect the probabilities that both events will be in the same direction (both 5:3\/6:2 or 3:5\/2:6) and that the events will involve different chromatids. The observed frequency of bidirectional events (23\/1603) is at least fourfold higher than this value.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-57\u0022\u003EA similar conclusion can be made on the basis of a somewhat different type of argument. In 712 tetrads of JDM1086 examined by the selected-1 method, we found 10 in which the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E markers both segregated 5:3 or 3:5 in different spores as expected for bidirectional DSBR events. Only 1 tetrad had a 5:3 segregation at \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and a 3:5 segregation at \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E in a different spore, and none had a 3:5 at \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and 5:3 at \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E. Thus, the patterns expected for the bidirectional DSBR events are more common than those expected for two unidirectional events.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-58\u0022\u003EOn the basis of the orientation of the direction of transcription of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E and the 5\u2032 to 3\u2032 resection of the broken ends, recombination events initiated by a DSB at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot will involve a heteroduplex in which the nontranscribed strand of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E is the donor and the transcribed strand (derived from the chromosome that received the DSB) is the recipient (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-24-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-24\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1990\u003C\/a\u003E). This prediction can be tested using a specialized type of tetrad analysis in which the tetrads are dissected onto plates containing medium lacking histidine (details in \u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ematerials and methods\u003C\/span\u003E). After \u223c11 hr, the spores are scored as His\u003Csup\u003E\u2013\u003C\/sup\u003E or His\u003Csup\u003E+\u003C\/sup\u003E. The medium containing the dissected spores is then transferred to plates containing excess histidine, and the histidine diffuses into the medium lacking histidine, allowing nonselective growth of the spores. When spore colonies have formed, they are replica-plated to medium lacking histidine to score His\u003Csup\u003E+\u003C\/sup\u003E\/His\u003Csup\u003E\u2013\u003C\/sup\u003E sectored colonies. By correlating the aberrant segregation pattern with the scoring of the spore phenotypes on the histidine omission medium, we can determine for tetrads with a single PMS event involving \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E which strand was transferred (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-24-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-24\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1990\u003C\/a\u003E, \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-2-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F2\u0022\u003EFigure 2\u003C\/a\u003E). For example, if the sectored colony from a 5\u003Csup\u003E+\u003C\/sup\u003E:3\u003Csup\u003E\u2013\u003C\/sup\u003E segregation event was derived from a His\u003Csup\u003E\u2013\u003C\/sup\u003E spore, we can infer that the donor wild-type strand was nontranscribed. It should be pointed out that any recombination event initiated centromereproximal to \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E that includes this marker in a heteroduplex event will result in donation of the nontranscribed strand (according to the canonical DSBR model), whereas events initiated by a DSB centromeredistal to the marker will result in donation of the transcribed strand.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-59\u0022\u003EStrand transfer analysis of a limited number of tetrads confirmed our interpretation of most of the single events initiated between the palindromes. Of six events, three unidirectional and three bidirectional, initially assigned as being initiated by the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB, all of the bidirectional events and two of the three unidirectional events involved transfer of the nontranscribed strand. The one unidirectional event resulting from the transfer of the transcribed strand involved postmeiotic segregation of \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E with coconversion of \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E. An alternative interpretation of this event is that it initiated centromere-distal to the \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E marker and terminated between \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-60\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESingle recombination events that include markers in the\u003C\/strong\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHIS4\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003Eregion that are initiated at a site different from\u003C\/strong\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003Ethe\u003C\/strong\u003E \u003Cem\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHIS4\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cstrong\u003EDSB:\u003C\/strong\u003E From previous studies analyzing meiosisspecific DSBs on chromosome III (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-6-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-6\u0022\u003EB\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaudat\u003C\/span\u003E and N\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eicolas\u003C\/span\u003E 1997\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-14-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-14\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eerton\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2000\u003C\/a\u003E), it is clear that there are a number of strong DSB sites near \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E other than the one located immediately upstream of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E. We mapped DSBs in the region around \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E in strains JDM1081 and QF105 (details in \u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ematerials and methods\u003C\/span\u003E). The patterns of DSBs were the same in the two strains, indicating that the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E markers do not affect DSBs. In \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E, the sizes of the arrows indicate the approximate strength of the DSBs. Many of the tetrads examined in our study (77 of 1603) have patterns of aberrant segregation consistent with single initiation events at one of the DSBs that is not associated with the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot (Table III, classes 37\u201386; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3f\u003C\/a\u003E). We define this type of tetrad as (1) those that have aberrant segregation for \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX, fus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E,or \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, but not for either \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E or \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and (2) those with coevents that span the \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E markers. One particularly interesting type of tetrad (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E; Table III, classes 50\u201352) represents coconversion events that include all markers in the 10.5-kb region that includes \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E; this type of tetrad is discussed in a separate section. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E also includes an additional 7 tetrads that were interpretable as events initiated at a site different from the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot and that had an incidental exchange (Table IV, classes 91\u201393 and 117; Table V, classes 150\u2013152).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F4\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F4.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Numbers of tetrads with various patterns of aberrant segregation interpretable as unidirectional (a) and bidirectional (b) events initiated at the DSB associated with the HIS4 hotspot. In this diagram, solid circles indicate a gene conversion event, and solid\/open sectored circles show a PMS event. The unidirectional events involve a single chromatid (circles connected by horizontal lines show aberrant segregation events in the same direction), whereas the bidirectional events involve different chromatids on each side of the DSB (indicated by a short vertical line connecting horizontal lines). In a, the tetrad classes (derived from Tables I\u0026#x2013;V) used for each line of data (line 1 indicating the top line) are as follows: line 1, classes 1\u0026#x2013;4; line 2, classes 5 and 87; line 3, classes 6\u0026#x2013;8 and 110; line 4, classes 9\u0026#x2013;11; line 5, classes 12\u0026#x2013;16, 111, 148, and 149; line 6, classes 17, 18, and 88; line 7, classes 19\u0026#x2013;21; line 8, classes 22 and 23; line 9, class 24; and line 10, class 25. In b, the comparable information is as follows: line 1, class 26; line 2, classes 27\u0026#x2013;31, 89, and 112\u0026#x2013;114; line 3, classes 32 and 33; line 4, classes 34 and 115; line 5, classes 35 and 90; line 6, class 116; and line 7, class 36.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Numbers of tetrads with various patterns of aberrant segregation interpretable as unidirectional (a) and bidirectional (b) events initiated at the DSB associated with the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot. In this diagram, solid circles indicate a gene conversion event, and solid\/open sectored circles show a PMS event. The unidirectional events involve a single chromatid (circles connected by horizontal lines show aberrant segregation events in the same direction), whereas the bidirectional events involve different chromatids on each side of the DSB (indicated by a short vertical line connecting horizontal lines). In a, the tetrad classes (derived from Tables I\u0026#x2013;V) used for each line of data (line 1 indicating the top line) are as follows: line 1, classes 1\u0026#x2013;4; line 2, classes 5 and 87; line 3, classes 6\u0026#x2013;8 and 110; line 4, classes 9\u0026#x2013;11; line 5, classes 12\u0026#x2013;16, 111, 148, and 149; line 6, classes 17, 18, and 88; line 7, classes 19\u0026#x2013;21; line 8, classes 22 and 23; line 9, class 24; and line 10, class 25. In b, the comparable information is as follows: line 1, class 26; line 2, classes 27\u0026#x2013;31, 89, and 112\u0026#x2013;114; line 3, classes 32 and 33; line 4, classes 34 and 115; line 5, classes 35 and 90; line 6, class 116; and line 7, class 36.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 4.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F4.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 4.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F4.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F4.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 4.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F4.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363809\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 4.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-61\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Numbers of tetrads with various patterns of aberrant segregation interpretable as unidirectional (a) and bidirectional (b) events initiated at the DSB associated with the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. In this diagram, solid circles indicate a gene conversion event, and solid\/open sectored circles show a PMS event. The unidirectional events involve a single chromatid (circles connected by horizontal lines show aberrant segregation events in the same direction), whereas the bidirectional events involve different chromatids on each side of the DSB (indicated by a short vertical line connecting horizontal lines). In a, the tetrad classes (derived from Tables I\u2013V) used for each line of data (line 1 indicating the top line) are as follows: line 1, classes 1\u20134; line 2, classes 5 and 87; line 3, classes 6\u20138 and 110; line 4, classes 9\u201311; line 5, classes 12\u201316, 111, 148, and 149; line 6, classes 17, 18, and 88; line 7, classes 19\u201321; line 8, classes 22 and 23; line 9, class 24; and line 10, class 25. In b, the comparable information is as follows: line 1, class 26; line 2, classes 27\u201331, 89, and 112\u2013114; line 3, classes 32 and 33; line 4, classes 34 and 115; line 5, classes 35 and 90; line 6, class 116; and line 7, class 36.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-62\u0022\u003ESupport for these classifications was provided by strand transfer experiments. Of 11 events classified as initiating from a DSB other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, 4 were events in which the transcribed strand of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E was donated. As discussed above, such events are likely to reflect DSBs that are centromere-distal to the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot DSB. Most of the other events are likely to represent events initiated from centromere-proximal DSBs. Two tetrads, however, yielded an unexpected pattern. In these two tetrads, the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E marker, but not the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E marker, showed aberrant segregation. We expected these two tetrads to reflect a DSB located centromeredistal to the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot and, therefore, to involve donation of the transcribed strand. Both, however, involved transfer of the nontranscribed strand. The segregation patterns of these tetrads could be generated by a DSB at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, heteroduplex formation that includes both \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, and with restoration repair of the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E mismatch. Alternatively, these patterns could reflect recombination initiated by a DSB between \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-63\u0022\u003EWe also found one tetrad (class 43, Table III) that was a coevent involving the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc, his4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers, similar to one class of unidirectional events shown in Table I. This tetrad was not considered a unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, however, because a strand transfer experiment indicated that the donated strand was the transcribed strand of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-64\u0022\u003EIn summary, we conclude that \u223c56% of the recombination events that involve \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E initiate at DSBs at sites different from the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. Our data demonstrate that the recombination activity at a specific site in the genome represents the integration of recombination activities initiated at multiple DSB sites. This conclusion, although somewhat surprising, is consistent with our previous observations that mutational changes (for example, elimination of the Rap1p binding site in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E promoter) that block DSB formation at \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E reduce aberrant segregation of \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E by only twofold (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-11-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-11\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ean\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1995\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-65\u0022\u003EAt many loci, the frequency of gene conversion of a mutant site is a linear function of its position within the gene (reviewed by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-28-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-28\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eicolas\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1994\u003C\/a\u003E). Such gradients of gene conversion are termed \u201cpolarity gradients.\u201d At both the \u003Cem\u003EARG4\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E loci, the frequency of conversion declines from the 5\u2032 end to the 3\u2032 end, although the extent of this decline is quite different. At the \u003Cem\u003EARG4\u003C\/em\u003E locus, the rates of conversion differ by about a factor of 10, whereas at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E locus, the difference is only a factor of 2.5 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-28-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-28\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eicolas\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1994\u003C\/a\u003E). Several types of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the formation of polarity gradients: (1) the extent of resection of DNA from the DSB site (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-40-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-40\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eun\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E), (2) a distance-dependent alteration in the ratio of conversion-type to restoration-type repair (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E) perhaps directed by the resolution of Holliday junctions (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-13-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-13\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eoss\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E), and (3) distance-dependent abortion of heteroduplexes directed by the mismatch repair system (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003EA\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Elani\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1994\u003C\/a\u003E). Our results argue that the shape of the polarity gradient may also reflect differential contributions of heteroduplexes initiated at multiple DSB sites.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F5\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F5.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Summary of aberrant segregation events interpretable as initiating at sites other than the HIS4 hotspot-associated DSB in JDM1080 and JDM1086 tetrads. Arrows show the position and intensity of DSBs in this region. The HIS4 hotspot-associated DSB (occurring near the 3\u0026#x2032; end of BIK1) represents \u0026#x223C;5% of the DNA molecules. Normalizing this DSB to a value of 1, the other DSBs had approximate intensities of 0.5 (FUS1-associated DSB), 0.5 (DSB near YCL034W on HIS4 side), and 0.25 (doublet on other side of YCL034W). The horizontal lines show the extent of coevents (continuous tracts of conversion and\/or PMS). Solid circles indicate conversion and sectored circles indicate PMS. In all cases, the events were in the same direction. The tetrad class marked with an asterisk shows a pattern of aberrant segregation that would be consistent with a unidirectional event initiated at the HIS4 hotspot, except for the observation that it involved transfer of the transcribed strand of HIS4.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Summary of aberrant segregation events interpretable as initiating at sites other than the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot-associated DSB in JDM1080 and JDM1086 tetrads. Arrows show the position and intensity of DSBs in this region. The \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot-associated DSB (occurring near the 3\u0026#x2032; end of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;BIK1\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;) represents \u0026#x223C;5% of the DNA molecules. Normalizing this DSB to a value of 1, the other DSBs had approximate intensities of 0.5 (\u0026lt;em\u0026gt;FUS1\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;-associated DSB), 0.5 (DSB near \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;YCL034W\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; on \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; side), and 0.25 (doublet on other side of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;YCL034W\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;). The horizontal lines show the extent of coevents (continuous tracts of conversion and\/or PMS). Solid circles indicate conversion and sectored circles indicate PMS. In all cases, the events were in the same direction. The tetrad class marked with an asterisk shows a pattern of aberrant segregation that would be consistent with a unidirectional event initiated at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot, except for the observation that it involved transfer of the transcribed strand of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 5.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F5.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 5.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F5.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F5.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 5.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F5.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363813\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 5.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-66\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Summary of aberrant segregation events interpretable as initiating at sites other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot-associated DSB in JDM1080 and JDM1086 tetrads. Arrows show the position and intensity of DSBs in this region. The \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot-associated DSB (occurring near the 3\u2032 end of \u003Cem\u003EBIK1\u003C\/em\u003E) represents \u223c5% of the DNA molecules. Normalizing this DSB to a value of 1, the other DSBs had approximate intensities of 0.5 (\u003Cem\u003EFUS1\u003C\/em\u003E-associated DSB), 0.5 (DSB near \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E on \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E side), and 0.25 (doublet on other side of \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E). The horizontal lines show the extent of coevents (continuous tracts of conversion and\/or PMS). Solid circles indicate conversion and sectored circles indicate PMS. In all cases, the events were in the same direction. The tetrad class marked with an asterisk shows a pattern of aberrant segregation that would be consistent with a unidirectional event initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, except for the observation that it involved transfer of the transcribed strand of \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-67\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMeiotic recombination events that may reflect break-induced replication or gap repair:\u003C\/strong\u003E In 9 of 1603 tetrads (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E), all five markers underwent conversion, either all 6:2 or all 2:6 (Table III, classes 50\u201352). These events are unusual in two ways. First, the conversion tracts were unusually long, minimally 10.5 kb. Second, the palindromic markers, which usually exhibited postmeiotic segregation, instead underwent conversion. In 9 of 10 tetrads in our study in which the flanking \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers coconverted, the intervening palindromic insertions also coconverted. In 20 of 22 tetrads in which the palindromic insertions, but not the flanking \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers, underwent coaberrant segregation (Table III, classes 64\u201378; Table IV, classes 92 and 93), one or more of the palindromic insertions had a PMS event. This difference is very significant (\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.0001).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-68\u0022\u003EOne interpretation of this result is that such tetrads reflect a very long heteroduplex that covers all five markers. Excision tracts extending from the mismatches involving the \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E markers could result in the corepair of the mismatches resulting from the palindromic insertions. This interpretation is unlikely, however, since two-thirds of meiotic excision repair tracts are \u0026lt;1 kb, and none \u0026gt;1.8 kb were detected (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-9-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-9\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E). In addition, of 22 tetrads (Table III, classes 41\u201349, 53\u201360, and 91) that include either \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX\u003C\/em\u003E or \u003Cem\u003Eycl034W-SX\u003C\/em\u003E (but not both markers) and one or more of the palindromic sites in a coaberrant segregation event, 16 had PMS events at one or more of the palindromic insertions.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-69\u0022\u003EWe favor the alternative possibility that the class 50\u201352 tetrads are gene conversion events that do not involve heteroduplex formation followed by DNA mismatch repair. We suggest two possibilities. The first is that these conversion events reflect meiotic break-induced replication (BIR) events. In BIR events, which have been invoked as a model to explain very long mitotic gene conversion tracts (reviewed by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-29-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-29\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaques\u003C\/span\u003E and H\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaber\u003C\/span\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E), a broken end of one chromosome invades a second, setting up a unidirectional replication process that proceeds to the end of the chromosome (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-6-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F6\u0022\u003EFigure 6a\u003C\/a\u003E). A second possibility is that the class 50\u201352 tetrads are a consequence of a chromatid with two closely spaced DSBs. If the broken ends derived from different DSBs are used to set up the double Holliday junctions with loss of the DNA fragment between the breaks, a gene conversion event that does not involve DNA mismatch repair would occur (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-6-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F6\u0022\u003EFigure 6b\u003C\/a\u003E). This model is essentially that proposed originally for the DSBR model (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-42-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-42\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ezostak\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1983\u003C\/a\u003E) except that the gap is a consequence of two DSBs rather than a single DSB that is processed by degradation of both DNA strands.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-70\u0022\u003EThe \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E gene is \u223c67 kb from the left telomere of chromosome III. We constructed two strains that were isogenic with JDM1086 except for the inclusion of a heterozygous insertion of the \u003Cem\u003EHYG\u003Csup\u003ER\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E gene into \u003Cem\u003ECHA1\u003C\/em\u003E, a gene located \u223c16 kb from the telomere. In strains MD250 and MD251, the insertions were on the opposite homolog or the same homolog, respectively, as the palindromic insertions. In all tetrads derived from these diploids, we scored segregation of the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E and the \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E markers. In those tetrads in which the \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E marker underwent gene conversion, we examined the segregation of the palindromic insertions and the flanking markers. The data from this experiment are shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F6\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F6.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Mechanisms leading to coconversion without mismatch repair within a heteroduplex. (a) BIR. In this mechanism (reviewed by Paques and Haber 1999), one broken end invades a chromosome and replication proceeds to the end of the intact DNA molecule. Subsequently, the resulting junction is cleaved. (b) Gap repair. One chromatid receives two DSBs, with loss of the DNA fragment located between the two DSB sites. The resulting gap is filled in by repair synthesis, and the junctions are cleaved. Although we show the cleavage pattern that would generate a noncrossover configuration of flanking markers, the intermediate could also be resolved to generate a crossover.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Mechanisms leading to coconversion without mismatch repair within a heteroduplex. (a) BIR. In this mechanism (reviewed by Paques and Haber 1999), one broken end invades a chromosome and replication proceeds to the end of the intact DNA molecule. Subsequently, the resulting junction is cleaved. (b) Gap repair. One chromatid receives two DSBs, with loss of the DNA fragment located between the two DSB sites. The resulting gap is filled in by repair synthesis, and the junctions are cleaved. Although we show the cleavage pattern that would generate a noncrossover configuration of flanking markers, the intermediate could also be resolved to generate a crossover.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 6.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F6.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 6.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F6.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F6.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 6.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F6.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363817\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 6.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-71\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Mechanisms leading to coconversion without mismatch repair within a heteroduplex. (a) BIR. In this mechanism (reviewed by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-29-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-29\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaques\u003C\/span\u003E and H\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eaber\u003C\/span\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E), one broken end invades a chromosome and replication proceeds to the end of the intact DNA molecule. Subsequently, the resulting junction is cleaved. (b) Gap repair. One chromatid receives two DSBs, with loss of the DNA fragment located between the two DSB sites. The resulting gap is filled in by repair synthesis, and the junctions are cleaved. Although we show the cleavage pattern that would generate a noncrossover configuration of flanking markers, the intermediate could also be resolved to generate a crossover.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-72\u0022\u003EOf 1429 total tetrads, we found 6 in which all five markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region were coconverted (frequency of 0.4%). The \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker underwent gene conversion in 3 of these tetrads (all derived from MD251) and segregated 2:2 in 3. Although this number of these tetrads is low, since the rate of aberrant segregation of the \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker is only 2.1% (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E), it is statistically significant (\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E = 0.0002); in all such tetrads, four other heterozygous markers segregated 2:2, indicating that these exceptional tetrads are not likely to be false. Of these 3 tetrads, however, only 1 had the pattern shown in Figures \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-6-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F6\u0022\u003E6a\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-7-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F7\u0022\u003E7a\u003C\/a\u003E. In this tetrad, three spores were \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX BIK1 HIS4U HIS4 YCL034W CHA1\u003C\/em\u003E and one was \u003Cem\u003EFUS1 bik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E, as expected for a single BIR event. In a second tetrad, one spore was \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX BIK1 HIS4U HIS4\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E, two were \u003Cem\u003EFUS1 bik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E, and one was \u003Cem\u003EFUS1 bik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX CHA1\u003C\/em\u003E. The pattern of segregation observed in this tetrad is consistent with a single BIR event, followed by a crossover between the \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003ECHA1\u003C\/em\u003E genes (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-7-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F7\u0022\u003EFigure 7b\u003C\/a\u003E). In the third tetrad, we found one spore was \u003Cem\u003Efus1-BX BIK1 HIS4U HIS4 YCL034W CHA1\u003C\/em\u003E, two were \u003Cem\u003EFUS1 bik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX CHA1\u003C\/em\u003E, and one was \u003Cem\u003EFUS1 bik1-lop his4u-lopc his4-IR9 ycl034W-SX cha1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E. This pattern of segregation can be explained by a crossover between the \u003Cem\u003EYCL034W\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003ECHA1\u003C\/em\u003E genes that preceded a BIR event (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-7-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F7\u0022\u003EFigure 7c\u003C\/a\u003E). It should be pointed out that all 3 of the diagnostic tetrads can also be explained as gap repair events in which one DSB occurs centromere-proximal to the markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region and the other occurs centromere-distal to the \u003Cem\u003Echa1:: hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker. Because of the limited distance between the \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker and the telomere, we prefer the hypothesis that they represent BIR events.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-73\u0022\u003EIn three of the six tetrads with coconversion of markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region, the \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker segregated 2:2. We suggest that these events represent the repair of a double-strand gap, as discussed above (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-6-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F6\u0022\u003EFigure 6b\u003C\/a\u003E). We cannot exclude the possibility that these events reflect very long heteroduplexes in which the resulting DNA mismatches are repaired by a process involving very long excision repair tracts, although no experimental evidence supports such a mechanism.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-74\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETetrads with unambiguous multiple recombination initiation events:\u003C\/strong\u003E Although the classification of tetrads as representing single or multiple events depends, to some extent, on what assumptions are allowed concerning heteroduplex formation (symmetric or asymmetric) and the patterns of DNA mismatch repair, tetrads with more than two recombinant chromatids (for example, \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFigure 3c\u003C\/a\u003E) or that have markers on the same chromatid that segregate in opposite directions (for example, 5:3 for \u003Cem\u003Ebik1-lop\u003C\/em\u003E and 3:5 for \u003Cem\u003Ehis4u-lopc\u003C\/em\u003E) must represent multiple initiation events (Table IV). We also include in this table tetrads that have two recombinant chromatids and two chromatids with one parental configuration of markers, but no chromatids with the other parental configuration. A total of 50 tetrads involving these classes of multiple events were observed (Table IV). In 23 tetrads, three chromatids were recombinant (classes 87\u2013109); in 13, four were recombinant (classes 110\u2013122); 5 tetrads involved either three or four chromatids (classes 123\u2013127). We expect an \u223c2:1 ratio of threechromatid to four-chromatid events for double recombination events, since there are two ways of involving three chromatids, but only one way of involving four.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-75\u0022\u003EIn addition to the 41 tetrads that have involvement of more than two chromatids in 1 tetrad, there were 9 tetrads with two recombinant chromatids, but markers that segregated in opposite directions. These tetrads represent classes 128\u2013136 in Table IV. It should be pointed out that when tetrads could be classified as a multiple event by more than one criterion, we assigned them into one of the classes arbitrarily.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F7\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F7.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Expected patterns of aberrant segregation after BIR alone and BIR with a crossover. Open and solid circles indicate the five heterozygous markers in the HIS4 region and the open and solid rectangles indicate the presence or absence of the cha1::hphMX4 allele. The cha1:: hphMX4 marker is \u0026#x223C;50 kb from the markers in the HIS4 region. The arrow shows the position of the initiating DSB, and we assume that the centromere-distal fragment is lost. (a) Pattern expected for BIR without a crossover between the HIS4 markers and the cha1::hphMX4 marker. (b) Pattern expected for a BIR event and single crossover between the HIS4 markers and cha1::hphMX4 after the completion of BIR. (c) Pattern expected for a crossover between the HIS4 markers and cha1::hphMX4 before BIR.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Expected patterns of aberrant segregation after BIR alone and BIR with a crossover. Open and solid circles indicate the five heterozygous markers in the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; region and the open and solid rectangles indicate the presence or absence of the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;cha1::hphMX4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; allele. The \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;cha1:: hphMX4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; marker is \u0026#x223C;50 kb from the markers in the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; region. The arrow shows the position of the initiating DSB, and we assume that the centromere-distal fragment is lost. (a) Pattern expected for BIR without a crossover between the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; markers and the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;cha1::hphMX4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; marker. (b) Pattern expected for a BIR event and single crossover between the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; markers and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;cha1::hphMX4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; after the completion of BIR. (c) Pattern expected for a crossover between the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; markers and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;cha1::hphMX4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; before BIR.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 7.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F7.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 7.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F7.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F7.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 7.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F7.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363821\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 7.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-76\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Expected patterns of aberrant segregation after BIR alone and BIR with a crossover. Open and solid circles indicate the five heterozygous markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region and the open and solid rectangles indicate the presence or absence of the \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E allele. The \u003Cem\u003Echa1:: hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker is \u223c50 kb from the markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region. The arrow shows the position of the initiating DSB, and we assume that the centromere-distal fragment is lost. (a) Pattern expected for BIR without a crossover between the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E markers and the \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E marker. (b) Pattern expected for a BIR event and single crossover between the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E markers and \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E after the completion of BIR. (c) Pattern expected for a crossover between the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E markers and \u003Cem\u003Echa1::hphMX4\u003C\/em\u003E before BIR.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-77\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETetrads that represent either single or multiple recombination initiation events, depending on the assumptions about the mechanism of recombination:\u003C\/strong\u003E Thirty-four tetrads could be classified as representing either single or multiple recombination events (Table V). All tetrads in this category had no more than two recombinant chromatids and, if more than one marker underwent aberrant segregation, the markers segregated in the same direction. The different types of tetrads in this group included: (1) tetrads in which the continuity of a conversion\/PMS tract was disrupted by a marker that undergoes Mendelian segregation (classes 137\u2013147), (2) tetrads in which the crossover was separated from the aberrant segregation tract by at least one other marker that undergoes Mendelian segregation (classes 148\u2013152), (3) tetrads that had spores with two PMS events in which the palindromes were in different DNA strands (\u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E events; classes 153\u2013160), (4) tetrads with more than one PMS event for a single marker (classes 161\u2013164), and (5) tetrads with a crossover between two markers showing aberrant segregation in the same direction (classes 165\u2013167). Although all of these tetrads can be explained as representing multiple initiation events, all are also consistent with events initiated by a single DSB, as described below.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-78\u0022\u003ENoncontiguous tracts of aberrant segregation (for example, one marker segregating 2:2 with flanking markers segregating 5:3) can be explained as two DSBs giving rise to two heteroduplex regions or as a single heteroduplex in which the middle marker undergoes restoration-type repair; this type of repair of mismatches in heteroduplexes results in Mendelian segregation instead of gene conversion (conversion-type repair) or PMS (failure to repair). Although restoration-type repair events near the site of the DSB are infrequent (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E), such events occur at mismatches that are displaced from the initiating lesion (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-21-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-21\u0022\u003EK\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eirkpatrick\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1998\u003C\/a\u003E). Restoration-type repair can also explain tetrads in which the crossover is separated from the tract of gene conversion\/PMS by a marker exhibiting Mendelian segregation.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-79\u0022\u003EWe found many tetrads in which more than one marker underwent PMS in the same direction (both 5:3 or both 3:5). For most such tetrads, we determined whether the event involved transfer of the same DNA strand (as described in \u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ematerials and methods\u003C\/span\u003E); this analysis was done on all of the unselected tetrads and tetrads examined by the strand transfer method of analysis and more than half of the tetrads examined by the S-1 method. Although most of these co-PMS events involved transfer of the same DNA strand (\u003Cem\u003Ecis\u003C\/em\u003E), we found 12 tetrads in which the palindromic insertions were in different strands (\u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E); 2 of these tetrads were classified as representing double events for other reasons (classes 94 and 95, Table IV), whereas 10 were classified as double events solely as a consequence of the \u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E configuration (classes 153\u2013160, Table V). Such \u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E events were found previously (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-7\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E 1996\u003C\/a\u003E). The \u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E events could represent a double SDSA event. In such double events, we suggest that one end invades and is used as a primer for DNA synthesis. The invading strand is then displaced. The second end then invades, is used as a primer for DNA synthesis, and is removed. Alternatively, these events could represent single events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot in which only one Holliday junction is cut and the other junction branch migrates (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E 1996\u003C\/a\u003E). Four of the 10 tetrads with the \u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E configuration had an associated crossover, indicating that whatever intermediates are involved in producing the \u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E configuration, they must have the option of resolution as a crossover.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-80\u0022\u003EIn some tetrads, one or more markers exhibited aberrant 4:4 segregation (one wild-type spore colony, one mutant spore colony, and two sectored spore colonies). This pattern of segregation can be a consequence of formation of symmetric heteroduplexes, in which a single initiating event generates heteroduplexes at the same site on two different chromatids (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-18-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-18\u0022\u003EH\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eolliday\u003C\/span\u003E 1964\u003C\/a\u003E), or can reflect two independent initiation events, each involving asymmetric formation of heteroduplexes. Since the frequency of aberrant 4:4 tetrads in \u003Cem\u003ES. cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E is roughly that expected for two independent events, it has been argued that symmetric heteroduplex formation is infrequent (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-12-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-12\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eogel\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1981\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-32-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-32\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). This conclusion was supported by investigations of the frequency of aberrant 4:4 tetrads in strains with different levels of hotspot activity at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E locus (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-11-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-11\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ean\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1995\u003C\/a\u003E). G\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003E1996\u003C\/a\u003E) and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E and H\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eillers\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-36-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-36\u0022\u003E2000\u003C\/a\u003E), however, pointed out that the mechanism by which a recombination intermediate was resolved would influence the ability to detect symmetric heteroduplexes. For example, a symmetric heteroduplex intermediate that was resolved by topoisomerase, rather than cleavage of Holliday junctions, would not be detectable as an aberrant 4:4 segregation. In addition, H\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eillers\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-17-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-17\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/a\u003E) found that some classes of aberrant 4:4 tetrads had patterns of associated crossovers consistent with symmetric heteroduplex formation, whereas others did not. In our view, the most likely interpretation of the existing data is that most observable aberrant 4:4 segregation events represent two initiation events associated with asymmetric heteroduplexes, although some reflect symmetric heteroduplexes. It should be pointed out that, of the 17 tetrads with markers that had double PMS or double gene conversion events, 13 were tetrads in which there were more than two recombinant chromosomes, strongly suggesting that they represent double initiation events.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-81\u0022\u003EWe also classified tetrads in which a crossover occurred within a tract of aberrant segregation as representing ambiguous multiple events. Such events could also be explained as a single recombination intermediate in which branch migration moved the Holliday junction into the tract of aberrant segregation (following DNA mismatch repair). On the basis of the low frequency of aberrant 4:4 tetrads, which argues against extensive branch migration (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-12-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-12\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eogel\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1981\u003C\/a\u003E), we expect this class to be infrequent.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-82\u0022\u003EAlthough the tetrads depicted in Table V could represent either single or double events, it is likely that the majority of these tetrads represent single initiation events. This conclusion is based on the fraction of these tetrads in which there is involvement of two, three, or four chromatids. Assuming that there is no positive or negative chromatid interference for the initiation of recombination events, one would expect that double events would involve two, three, or four chromatids in an approximate ratio of 1:2:1. Thus, three-quarters of the double events would be expected to be three- or four-chromatid events. If we consider all 84 tetrads in Tables IV and V, we find that 41 represent three- and four-chromatid events, and 43 are two-chromatid events. The simplest way of explaining the excess of two-chromatid events is that many of the ambiguous \u201cmultiple\u201d events in Table V represent single initiations.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-83\u0022\u003EBecause of the ambiguities involved in the interpretation of these tetrads and others that may represent multiple initiation events, our discussion of models of recombination emphasizes those tetrads that can be easily explained as resulting from a single initiating DNA lesion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-84\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECrossovers unassociated with aberrant segregation:\u003C\/strong\u003E Although most of our analysis was done with tetrads that were screened for aberrant segregation of \u003Cem\u003Ehis4-IR9\u003C\/em\u003E, we also nonselectively examined 116 tetrads. Seven of these tetrads had crossovers without aberrant segregation of any of the five markers in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region. In tetrads derived from JDM1086, we found 2, 1, and 1 tetrad with crossovers in regions I, II, and IIIb, respectively. We also found 3 tetrads in strain JDM1080 with a crossover in the interval IIIa\/IIIb.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section discussion\u0022 id=\u0022sec-3\u0022\u003E\n\u003Ch2\u003EDISCUSSION\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-85\u0022\u003EOur results, as well as those of others, indicate the difficulty and, perhaps, the futility of explaining all meiotic recombination activities on the basis of a single model. At the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E recombination hotspot, we suggest that there are at least three types of recombination events, all initiated by DSBs: (1) events that occur through the canonical DSBR pathway, (2) SDSA events, and (3) BIR and\/or gap repair events. Each of these classes is discussed separately below.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-86\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECanonical DSBR pathway of recombination:\u003C\/strong\u003E Some events represent formation and resolution of double Holliday junctions as predicted by a slightly modified form of the canonical DSBR model shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-9\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFigure 1\u003C\/a\u003E. Since very few of these events were observed in our previous study in which the flanking markers were 700\u20131000 bp from the DSB site (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-8\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E), we suggest that the initial strand invasion produces a region of heteroduplex that is variable, but often \u0026lt;200 bp. Since preliminary studies indicate that the resection of the DSB at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot is usually \u0026gt;400 bases, we argue that the size of the heteroduplex is not determined solely by the extent of resection. The heteroduplex resulting from primed synthesis of the invading strand results in a second, and much more extensive, region of heteroduplex (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-8-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F8\u0022\u003EFigure 8\u003C\/a\u003E). We previously proposed that the unidirectional events resulted from asymmetric resection of the DNA ends produced by the DSB (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-33-9\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-33\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorter\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E). Although we cannot exclude this model, on the basis of preliminary observations of symmetrically resected ends at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot (data not shown), we suggest that the extent of heteroduplex is not directly related to the extent of resection.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-87\u0022\u003EThe observed asymmetry in heteroduplexes flanking the DSB site can also be explained by other versions of the DSBR model. For example, it is possible that an extensive heteroduplex region is formed by the strand invasion, and the limited heteroduplex region results from limited DNA synthesis primed by the invading strand. Although we cannot rule out this model, we favor the first model for two reasons: (1) physical data argue that \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSBs are resected by \u223c600 bp (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-26-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-26\u0022\u003EN\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1993\u003C\/a\u003E; our unpublished data), an amount too limited to account for the very long (2.7 kb) heteroduplexes observed at \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E), and (2) large (\u0026gt;1 kb) heterozygous insertions within the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E gene are readily incorporated into heteroduplexes, an observation more compatible with DNA replication-driven heteroduplex formation than with passive DNA strand invasion or DNA branch migration.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F8\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F8.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022\u0026#x2014;Two mechanisms that generate the unidirectional recombination events observed at the HIS4 hotspot. We suggest that the unidirectional events have two sources. Both types of events involve the same early steps: DSB formation, followed by DSB processing (step 1), and single-ended invasion, followed by primed DNA synthesis (step 2). On the left part of the diagram, the second broken end forms a heteroduplex (step 3), and the resulting intermediate is processed to yield either a noncrossover (step 5) or a crossover (step 6). On the right part of the diagram, the single-ended invasion is reversed without crossing over (step 4).\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-424394346\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026#x2014;Two mechanisms that generate the unidirectional recombination events observed at the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;HIS4\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt; hotspot. We suggest that the unidirectional events have two sources. Both types of events involve the same early steps: DSB formation, followed by DSB processing (step 1), and single-ended invasion, followed by primed DNA synthesis (step 2). On the left part of the diagram, the second broken end forms a heteroduplex (step 3), and the resulting intermediate is processed to yield either a noncrossover (step 5) or a crossover (step 6). On the right part of the diagram, the single-ended invasion is reversed without crossing over (step 4).\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 8.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F8.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Figure 8.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F8.medium.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F8.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Figure 8.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/genetics\/165\/1\/47\/F8.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/363825\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eigure\u003C\/span\u003E 8.\u003C\/span\u003E \n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-88\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E\u2014Two mechanisms that generate the unidirectional recombination events observed at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. We suggest that the unidirectional events have two sources. Both types of events involve the same early steps: DSB formation, followed by DSB processing (step 1), and single-ended invasion, followed by primed DNA synthesis (step 2). On the left part of the diagram, the second broken end forms a heteroduplex (step 3), and the resulting intermediate is processed to yield either a noncrossover (step 5) or a crossover (step 6). On the right part of the diagram, the single-ended invasion is reversed without crossing over (step 4).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-89\u0022\u003EA\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ellers\u003C\/span\u003E and L\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eichten\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E2001b\u003C\/a\u003E) physically demonstrated the existence of DNA molecules with heteroduplexes flanked by double Holliday junctions (\u201cJM1\u201d intermediates) as predicted by the DSBR model. In addition, they observed a recombination intermediate in which the double Holliday junctions were located on one side of the DSB, and the marker at the DSB site was not in a heteroduplex (\u201cJM2\u201d intermediates). They explained this intermediate by a model [the strand-displacement model; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4c\u003C\/a\u003E of A\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ellers\u003C\/span\u003E and L\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eichten\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E2001b\u003C\/a\u003E)] in which strand invasion and DNA synthesis occur on only one side of the DSB. The invading strand is partially displaced and pairs with the other end of the broken chromosome. The net result of these events is that the double Holliday junction is located to one side of the DSB and no heteroduplex is observed on that side of the DSB. There is, however, a region of heteroduplex on the opposite side of the DSB. Although we found a few tetrads with the segregation pattern expected for this type of event (classes 148 and 149), such tetrads were rare. Many of the crossovers observed in our experiments were located downstream of the marker showing aberrant segregation, as expected from the canonical DSBR model. In addition, many crossovers occurred near the DSB site. This class can be explained by the standard DSBR model, assuming one of the heteroduplexes is very small. Alternatively, this class is consistent with the strand-displacement model if the region of DNA that is displaced is very small.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-90\u0022\u003EOur analysis almost certainly underestimates the frequency of bidirectional events for two reasons. First, we classified tetrads as bidirectional only if at least one marker on each side of the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB site underwent PMS in the same direction. Tetrads that had conversion on one side of the DSB site and PMS on the other (for example, Table III, class 68) or conversion on both sides of the DSB site (for example, Table III, class 78), which were usually classified as recombination events initiated at sites other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, could represent bidirectional events initiated at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot. Since we cannot unambiguously identify the spore involved in heteroduplex formation at a site that manifests gene conversion, we chose the most conservative interpretation of the tetrads. Second, the patterns of aberrant segregation of some tetrads (for example, Table V, class 166) are consistent with bidirectional events initiated at sites other than the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-91\u0022\u003EOne issue that is still unclear is why we detected bidirectional events at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, and a similar study, using markers placed at similar distances from the \u003Cem\u003EARG4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, found such events very rarely (4 in 4147 tetrads; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003EG\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E and S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Etahl\u003C\/span\u003E 1996\u003C\/a\u003E). The obvious possibility is that the ratio of various types of recombination events varies in a locus- and\/or strain-dependent manner. One relevant difference may be the extent of heteroduplex formation. At the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, heteroduplexes often extend \u0026gt;2.5 kb from the initiating DSB (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E); at the \u003Cem\u003EARG4\u003C\/em\u003E locus, heteroduplexes usually extend \u0026lt;1 kb (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-40-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-40\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eun\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1991\u003C\/a\u003E). As discussed below, mismatch repair events directed by nicks formed during resolution of the Holliday junction may result in restoration-type repair of mismatches (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003EA\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Elani\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1994\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-13-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-13\u0022\u003EF\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eoss\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E). If the efficiency of this process is related to the distance between the mismatch and the nick, bidirectional events would be easier to detect at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot than at the \u003Cem\u003EARG4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-92\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESDSA events:\u003C\/strong\u003E A substantial fraction of the recombination events were unidirectional, involving only one of the flanking markers. Some of these events are likely to resemble that shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-8-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F8\u0022\u003EFigure 8\u003C\/a\u003E, but in which the heteroduplex formed by strand invasion did not include the flanking marker. Since the unidirectional events were significantly less associated with crossing over than were the bidirectional events (one-third and two-thirds, respectively), it is likely that some of these events reflect SDSA (A\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Ellers\u003C\/span\u003E and L\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eichten\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-4-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-4\u0022\u003E2001a\u003C\/a\u003E,\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003Eb\u003C\/a\u003E). If none of the SDSA events are associated with crossovers, we calculate that about one-half of the unidirectional events represent SDSA events. In addition, we observed nine tetrads in which one spore had PMS events for the palindromic markers flanking the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB site and in which different strands were involved in heteroduplex formation (\u003Cem\u003Etrans\u003C\/em\u003E events). As described previously, such tetrads could result from two consecutive SDSA events, one involving each DNA end, although other interpretations are also possible.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-93\u0022\u003EAn alternative explanation of the observation that unidirectional events are less frequently associated with crossovers than are bidirectional events is that DSBR intermediates with long heteroduplexes (detected as bidirectional events) are more likely to be resolved as crossovers than are DSBR intermediates in which at least one of the heteroduplexes is short (detected as unidirectional events). Although we cannot rule out this model, we prefer the interpretation that some of the unidirectional events reflect SDSA, since there is no obvious mechanism that would restrict SDSA to ectopic exchanges.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-94\u0022\u003EA third explanation of unidirectional events has been recently presented by F\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eoss\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-13-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-13\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/a\u003E). In this model, most recombination proceeds by the canonical DSBR intermediate (heteroduplexes in different chromatids on both sides of the DSB site). Foss \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E suggested that efficiently repaired mismatches located near the DSB site are repaired \u201cearly,\u201d directed by the nick present in the recombination intermediate (leading to conversion). Efficiently repaired mismatches located far from the DSB site are repaired \u201clate,\u201d directed by a nick associated with resolution of Holliday junctions, leading to restoration of Mendelian segregation. They suggested that this type of mechanism explains the observation that markers located near the DSB site at \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E preferentially undergo conversion-type repair rather than restoration-type repair (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-7\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ED\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetloff\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1992\u003C\/a\u003E). Foss \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E further suggested that markers (such as small palindromic insertions) that result in inefficiently repaired mismatches are not corrected by early mismatch repair (MMR). If the mismatches are located on opposite sides of the DSB, one of the two mismatches will be corrected by late MMR, leading to a tetrad with a unidirectional event.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-95\u0022\u003EAlthough the resolution-directed repair events represent a straightforward explanation of the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E polarity gradient, in our view, this model is a less satisfactory explanation of the unidirectional events for several reasons. First, the model predicts that markers that lead to inefficiently repaired mismatches and that are located near the initiating DSB will undergo restoration-type repair. The frequency of aberrant segregation of such markers should be elevated in strains with MMR defects. N\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eag\u003C\/span\u003E and K\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eurst\u003C\/span\u003E (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-23-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-23\u0022\u003E1997\u003C\/a\u003E) found that elimination of MMR had little effect on the aberrant segregation frequency of a palindromic marker located near the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E DSB site. Second, the model proposed by Foss \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E requires that mismatches resulting from palindromic insertions be immune to correction early, but susceptible to correction late. In \u003Cem\u003Ein vitro\u003C\/em\u003E studies, mismatches involving palindromic insertions appear to uncouple DNA binding of the Msh2p-Msh6p complex from the ATPase activity required for subsequent steps in MMR (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003EA\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Elani\u003C\/span\u003E 1996\u003C\/a\u003E). Thus, one would expect that these mismatches would be immune to any correction by the canonical MMR system. Third, our finding that bidirectional events at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E locus are more frequently observed when the markers are located very near the site of the DSB argues that some of the unidirectional events reflect the small size of the heteroduplex formed by the invading strand. Although none of these arguments is conclusive, we suggest that restoration repair contributes to unidirectional events less than the other mechanisms discussed above (small regions of heteroduplex to one side of the DSB and SDSA events).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-96\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBIR\/gap repair events:\u003C\/strong\u003E For both the uni- and bidirectional recombination events discussed above, gene conversion reflects the repair of mismatches in heteroduplexes. From our findings of tetrads with concerted repair of mismatches that are usually inefficiently repaired, we suggest that a minority of gene conversion events are not a consequence of the repair of mismatches within a heteroduplex, but reflect either BIR events or repair of a gap resulting from two adjacent DSBs. Such events, although rare, may help explain why mutations in genes involved in DNA mismatch repair reduce, but do not eliminate gene conversion. In addition, our conclusions are consistent with previous observations of continuous gene conversion tracts extending \u0026gt;12 kb (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-41-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-41\u0022\u003ES\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eymington\u003C\/span\u003E and P\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E 1988\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-97\u0022\u003EOne puzzle is how tightly paired chromosomes in the synaptonemal complex could engage in BIR. It is possible that these events occur after meiotic DNA synthesis, but before chromosome pairing. Alternatively (or in addition), the events could be initiated at the same time as \u201cnormal\u201d recombination, but resolved by DNA synthesis after dissolution of the synaptonemal complex.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-98\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMultiple recombination events:\u003C\/strong\u003E In addition to the multiple pathways for recombination, our analysis demonstrates that multiple initiation events contribute to the recombination activity of the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E locus. Some of these events appear to result from multiple initiations at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E hotspot, whereas others have the patterns expected for initiations at different DSB sites in the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E region. As discussed above, these observations demonstrate that the recombination activity of a specific genomic site will be affected by regional, as well as local, hotspot activity. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that the recombination activity of insertions is affected by chromosome context (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-8-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-8\u0022\u003EB\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eorde\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 1999\u003C\/a\u003E); this effect, in part, is related to regional base composition (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-31-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-31\u0022\u003EP\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eetes\u003C\/span\u003E and M\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eerker\u003C\/span\u003E 2002\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-99\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EConclusions:\u003C\/strong\u003E Our results, and those of others, suggest that there are multiple pathways of meiotic recombination. The initiating step is likely to be the same for all pathways, an invasion of one chromatid by a processed end derived from the second chromatid. Physical evidence for this intermediate exists (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-19-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-19\u0022\u003EH\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eunter\u003C\/span\u003E and K\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eleckner\u003C\/span\u003E 2001\u003C\/a\u003E). Our results suggest that the region of heteroduplex associated with the initial invasion is often limited (250 bp or less), and extensive heteroduplex formation requires DNA synthesis primed from the invading strand (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-8-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F8\u0022\u003EFigure 8\u003C\/a\u003E). Following DNA synthesis, in about two-thirds of the tetrads, the canonical DSBR intermediate is formed with heteroduplexes on both sides of the DSB site. Most, but not all of these intermediates, are resolved as crossovers. In most of the tetrads in which the second end is not \u201ccaptured,\u201d the heteroduplex intermediate is reversed and rejoined to the other DNA end. In a small subset of the events, however, the invaded end is used as a primer to replicate to the terminus of the chromosome. We also suggest that two DSBs occurring on the same chromatid will sometimes result in a gap repair type of gene conversion.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ack\u0022 id=\u0022ack-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAcknowledgments\u003C\/h2\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-101\u0022\u003EWe thank P. Greenwell for assistance with the Southern analysis and M. Lichten, L. Jessop, H. M. Kearney, F. Stahl, and H. Foss for useful comments on the manuscript and\/or communicating unpublished data. The research was supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM-24110.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section fn-group\u0022 id=\u0022fn-group-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EFootnotes\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022fn-11\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-100\u0022\u003ECommunicating editor: L. S. S\u003Cspan class=\u0022sc\u0022\u003Eymington\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022history-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli xmlns:hwp=\u0022http:\/\/schema.highwire.org\/Journal\u0022 class=\u0022received\u0022 hwp:start=\u00222003-01-29\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022received-label\u0022\u003EReceived \u003C\/span\u003EJanuary 29, 2003.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli xmlns:hwp=\u0022http:\/\/schema.highwire.org\/Journal\u0022 class=\u0022accepted\u0022 hwp:start=\u00222003-05-06\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022accepted-label\u0022\u003EAccepted \u003C\/span\u003EMay 6, 2003.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003ECopyright \u00a9 2003 by the Genetics Society of America\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ref-list\u0022 id=\u0022ref-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ELITERATURE CITED\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-list ref-use-labels\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-1-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAlani\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1996\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThe \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisae\u003C\/em\u003E Msh2 and Msh6 proteins form a complex that specifically binds to duplex oligonucleotides containing mismatched DNA base pairs\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell. Biol.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E16\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E5604\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E5615\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Band%2BCellular%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BCell.%2BBiol.%26rft.aulast%253DAlani%26rft.auinit1%253DE.%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.issue%253D10%26rft.spage%253D5604%26rft.epage%253D5615%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%2BMsh2%2Band%2BMsh6%2Bproteins%2Bform%2Ba%2Bcomplex%2Bthat%2Bspecifically%2Bbinds%2Bto%2Bduplex%2Boligonucleotides%2Bcontaining%2Bmismatched%2BDNA%2Bbase%2Bpairs%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8816473%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca 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text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-2\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.2\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/0092-8674(90)90524-I\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAlani\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPadmore\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKleckner\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1990\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAnalysis of wild-type and \u003Cem\u003Erad50\u003C\/em\u003E mutants of yeast suggests an intimate relationship between meiotic chromosome synapsis and recombination\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E61\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E419\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E436\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DAlani%26rft.auinit1%253DE.%26rft.volume%253D61%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D419%26rft.epage%253D436%26rft.atitle%253DAnalysis%2Bof%2Bwild-type%2Band%2Brad50%2Bmutants%2Bof%2Byeast%2Bsuggests%2Ban%2Bintimate%2Brelationship%2Bbetween%2Bmeiotic%2Bchromosome%2Bsynapsis%2Band%2Brecombination.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252890%252990524-I%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2185891%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90524-I\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=2185891\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1990DC93400006\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-3-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-3\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.3\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAlani\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EReenan\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKolodner\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1994\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EInteraction between mismatch repair and genetic recombination in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E137\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E19\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E39\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DAlani%26rft.auinit1%253DE.%26rft.volume%253D137%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D19%26rft.epage%253D39%26rft.atitle%253DInteraction%2Bbetween%2Bmismatch%2Brepair%2Band%2Bgenetic%2Brecombination%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8056309%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiMTM3LzEvMTkiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-4-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-4\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.4\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00416-0\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAllers\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELichten\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2001a\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDifferential timing and control of noncrossover and crossover recombination during meiosis\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E106\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E47\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E57\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DAllers%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%26rft.volume%253D106%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D47%26rft.epage%253D57%26rft.atitle%253DDifferential%2Btiming%2Band%2Bcontrol%2Bof%2Bnoncrossover%2Band%2Bcrossover%2Brecombination%2Bduring%2Bmeiosis.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252801%252900416-0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11461701%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00416-0\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=11461701\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=000169870300008\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-5-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-5\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.5\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00280-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAllers\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELichten\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2001b\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EIntermediates of yeast meiotic recombination contain heteroduplex DNA\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E8\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E225\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E231\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Bcell%26rft.stitle%253DMol%2BCell%26rft.aulast%253DAllers%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D225%26rft.epage%253D231%26rft.atitle%253DIntermediates%2Bof%2Byeast%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bcontain%2Bheteroduplex%2BDNA.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS1097-2765%252801%252900280-5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11511375%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00280-5\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=11511375\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=000170081900024\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-6-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-6\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.6\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1073\/pnas.94.10.5213\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBaudat\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENicolas\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1997\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EClustering of meiotic doublestrand breaks on yeast chromosome III\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E94\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E5213\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E5218\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPNAS%26rft.stitle%253DProc.%2BNatl.%2BAcad.%2BSci.%2BUSA%26rft.aulast%253DBaudat%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%26rft.volume%253D94%26rft.issue%253D10%26rft.spage%253D5213%26rft.epage%253D5218%26rft.atitle%253DClustering%2Bof%2Bmeiotic%2Bdouble-strand%2Bbreaks%2Bon%2Byeast%2Bchromosome%2BIII%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.94.10.5213%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9144217%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMDoiOTQvMTAvNTIxMyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-7-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-7\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.7\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1038\/386414a0\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBergerat\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EDe Massey\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EB.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGadelle\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EVaroutas\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.C.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENicolas\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-etal\u0022\u003Eet al\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E., \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1997\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAn atypical topoisomerase II from Archaea with implications for meiotic recombination\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENature\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E386\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E414\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E417\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DBergerat%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D386%26rft.issue%253D6623%26rft.spage%253D414%26rft.epage%253D417%26rft.atitle%253DAn%2Batypical%2Btopoisomerase%2BII%2Bfrom%2BArchaea%2Bwith%2Bimplications%2Bfor%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F386414a0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9121560%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1038\/386414a0\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=9121560\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1997WQ17000069\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-8-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-8\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.8\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBorde\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EV.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWu\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET.-C.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELichten\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EUse of a recombination reporter insert to define meiotic recombination domains on chromosome III of \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell. Biol.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E19\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E4832\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E4842\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Band%2BCellular%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BCell.%2BBiol.%26rft.aulast%253DBorde%26rft.auinit1%253DV.%26rft.volume%253D19%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D4832%26rft.epage%253D4842%26rft.atitle%253DUse%2Bof%2Ba%2BRecombination%2BReporter%2BInsert%2BTo%2BDefine%2BMeiotic%2BRecombination%2BDomains%2Bon%2BChromosome%2BIII%2Bof%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10373533%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoibWNiIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjE5LzcvNDgzMiI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-9-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-9\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.9\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EDetloff\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1992\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EMeasurements of excision-repair tracts formed during meiotic recombination in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell. Biol.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E12\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1805\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1814\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Band%2BCellular%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BCell.%2BBiol.%26rft.aulast%253DDetloff%26rft.auinit1%253DP%26rft.volume%253D12%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D1805%26rft.epage%253D1814%26rft.atitle%253DMeasurements%2Bof%2Bexcision%2Brepair%2Btracts%2Bformed%2Bduring%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F1549127%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoibWNiIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjEyLzQvMTgwNSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-10-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-10\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.10\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EDetloff\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWhite\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1992\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAnalysis of a gene conversion gradient at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E locus in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E132\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E113\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E123\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.volume%253D132%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D113%26rft.epage%253D123%26rft.atitle%253DAnalysis%2Bof%2Ba%2BGene%2BConversion%2BGradient%2Bat%2Bthe%2BHIS4%2BLocus%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F1398048%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=1398048\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1992JK86900010\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-11-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-11\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.11\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFan\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EQ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EXu\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1995\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EMeiosis-specific double-strand DNA breaks at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E recombination hot spot in the yeast \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E: control in \u003Cem\u003Ecis\u003C\/em\u003E and \u003Cem\u003Etrans.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell. Biol.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E15\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1679\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1688\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Band%2BCellular%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BCell.%2BBiol.%26rft.aulast%253DFan%26rft.auinit1%253DQ.%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D1679%26rft.epage%253D1688%26rft.atitle%253DMeiosis-specific%2Bdouble-strand%2BDNA%2Bbreaks%2Bat%2Bthe%2BHIS4%2Brecombination%2Bhot%2Bspot%2Bin%2Bthe%2Byeast%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%253A%2Bcontrol%2Bin%2Bcis%2Band%2Btrans%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7862159%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoibWNiIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjE1LzMvMTY3OSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-12-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-12\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-book\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.12\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022duplicate\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStrathern\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. 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K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELusnak\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1981\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EMechanisms of meiotic gene conversion, or \u201cwandering on a foreign strand,\u201d\u003C\/span\u003E pp. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E289\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E339\u003C\/span\u003E in \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-source\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces: Life Cycle and Inheritance\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, edited by \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStrathern\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. 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R.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-publ-name\u0022\u003ECold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-publ-loc\u0022\u003ECold Spring Harbor, NY\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-13-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-13\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.13\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFoss\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH. 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A role for mismatch repair directed by biased resolution of the recombinational intermediate\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E153\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E573\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E583\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DFoss%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%2BM.%26rft.volume%253D153%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D573%26rft.epage%253D583%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BConversion%2BGradient%2Bat%2BHIS4%2Bof%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10511540%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTUzLzIvNTczIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9nZW5ldGljcy8xNjUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-14-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-14\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.14\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1073\/pnas.97.21.11383\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGerton\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EDerisi\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EShroff\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELichten\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBrown\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP. O.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-etal\u0022\u003Eet al\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E., \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2000\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EGlobal mapping of meiotic recombination hotspots and coldspots in the yeast \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E97\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E11383\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E11390\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPNAS%26rft.stitle%253DProc.%2BNatl.%2BAcad.%2BSci.%2BUSA%26rft.aulast%253DGerton%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D97%26rft.issue%253D21%26rft.spage%253D11383%26rft.epage%253D11390%26rft.atitle%253DGlobal%2Bmapping%2Bof%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bhotspots%2Band%2Bcoldspots%2Bin%2Bthe%2Byeast%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.97.21.11383%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11027339%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czoxMToiOTcvMjEvMTEzODMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-15-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-15\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.15\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGilbertson\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EL. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStahl\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1996\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EA test of the double-strand break repair model for meiotic recombination in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003Ecerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E144\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E27\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E41\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DGilbertson%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D144%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D27%26rft.epage%253D41%26rft.atitle%253DA%2BTest%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDouble-Strand%2BBreak%2BRepair%2BModel%2Bfor%2BMeiotic%2BRecombination%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8878671%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiMTQ0LzEvMjciO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-16-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-16\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.16\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1002\/(SICI)1097-0061(199910)15:14\u0026lt;1541::AID-YEA476\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-K\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGoldstein\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA. 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H.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThree new dominant drug resistance cassettes for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EYeast\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E15\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1541\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1553\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DYeast%2B%2528Chichester%252C%2BEngland%2529%26rft.stitle%253DYeast%26rft.aulast%253DGoldstein%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BL.%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.issue%253D14%26rft.spage%253D1541%26rft.epage%253D1553%26rft.atitle%253DThree%2Bnew%2Bdominant%2Bdrug%2Bresistance%2Bcassettes%2Bfor%2Bgene%2Bdisruption%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1002%252F%2528SICI%25291097-0061%2528199910%252915%253A14%253C1541%253A%253AAID-YEA476%253E3.0.CO%253B2-K%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10514571%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0061(199910)15:14\u0026lt;1541::AID-YEA476\u0026gt;3.0.CO;2-K\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10514571\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=000083104100010\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-17-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-17\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.17\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHillers\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK. J.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStahl\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThe conversion gradient at \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E of \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E. I. Heteroduplex rejection and restoration of Mendelian segregation\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E153\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E555\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E572\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DHillers%26rft.auinit1%253DK.%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D153%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D555%26rft.epage%253D572%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BConversion%2BGradient%2Bat%2BHIS4%2Bof%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%2BI.%2BHeteroduplex%2BRejection%2Band%2BRestoration%2Bof%2BMendelian%2BSegregation%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10511539%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTUzLzIvNTU1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9nZW5ldGljcy8xNjUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-18-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-18\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.18\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1017\/S0016672300001233\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHolliday\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1964\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EA mechanism for gene conversion in fungi\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenet. Res.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E282\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E304\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenet.%2BRes.%26rft.volume%253D5%26rft.spage%253D282%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1017%252FS0016672300001233%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18976517%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1017\/S0016672300001233\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=18976517\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A19641861B00004\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-19-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-19\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit 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recombination\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E106\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E59\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E70\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DHunter%26rft.auinit1%253DN.%26rft.volume%253D106%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D59%26rft.epage%253D70%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bsingle-end%2Binvasion%253A%2Ban%2Basymmetric%2Bintermediate%2Bat%2Bthe%2Bdouble-strand%2Bbreak%2Bto%2Bdouble-holliday%2Bjunction%2Btransition%2Bof%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252801%252900430-5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11461702%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00430-5\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=11461702\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=000169870300009\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-20-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-20\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.20\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81876-0\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKeeney\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGiroux\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC. N.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKleckner\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1997\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EMeiosis-specific DNA double-strand breaks are catalyzed by Spo11, a member of a widely conserved protein family\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E88\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E375\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E384\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DKeeney%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%26rft.volume%253D88%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D375%26rft.epage%253D384%26rft.atitle%253DMeiosis-specific%2BDNA%2Bdouble-strand%2Bbreaks%2Bare%2Bcatalyzed%2Bby%2BSpo11%252C%2Ba%2Bmember%2Bof%2Ba%2Bwidely%2Bconserved%2Bprotein%2Bfamily.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0092-8674%252800%252981876-0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9039264%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81876-0\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=9039264\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1997WG47900010\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-21-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-21\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.21\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKirkpatrick\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. T.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EDominska\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1998\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EConversion-type and restoration-type repair of DNA mismatches formed during meiotic recombination in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E149\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1693\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1705\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DKirkpatrick%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BT.%26rft.volume%253D149%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D1693%26rft.epage%253D1705%26rft.atitle%253DConversion-Type%2Band%2BRestoration-Type%2BRepair%2Bof%2BDNA%2BMismatches%2BFormed%2BDuring%2BMeiotic%2BRecombination%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9691029%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6MTA6IjE0OS80LzE2OTMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-22-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-22\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.22\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKirkpatrick\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. T.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFan\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EQ.-Q.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EMaximal stimulation of meiotic recombination by a yeast transcription factor requires the transcription activation domain and a DNA binding domain\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E152\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E101\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E115\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DKirkpatrick%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BT.%26rft.volume%253D152%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D101%26rft.epage%253D115%26rft.atitle%253DMaximal%2BStimulation%2Bof%2BMeiotic%2BRecombination%2Bby%2Ba%2BYeast%2BTranscription%2BFactor%2BRequires%2Bthe%2BTranscription%2BActivation%2BDomain%2Band%2Ba%2BDNA-Binding%2BDomain%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10224246%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTUyLzEvMTAxIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9nZW5ldGljcy8xNjUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-23-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-23\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.23\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENag\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKurst\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1997\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EA 140-bp-long palindromic sequence induces double-strand breaks during meiosis in the yeast \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E146\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E835\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E847\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DNag%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BK.%26rft.volume%253D146%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D835%26rft.epage%253D847%26rft.atitle%253DA%2B140-bp-Long%2BPalindromic%2BSequence%2BInduces%2BDouble-Strand%2BBreaks%2BDuring%2BMeiosis%2Bin%2Bthe%2BYeast%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9215890%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTQ2LzMvODM1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9nZW5ldGljcy8xNjUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-24-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-24\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.24\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENag\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1990\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EGenetic evidence for preferential strand transfer during meiotic recombination in yeast\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E125\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E753\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E761\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DNag%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BK.%26rft.volume%253D125%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D753%26rft.epage%253D761%26rft.atitle%253DGenetic%2Bevidence%2Bfor%2Bpreferential%2Bstrand%2Btransfer%2Bduring%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bin%2Byeast.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2204581%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTI1LzQvNzUzIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9nZW5ldGljcy8xNjUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-25-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-25\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.25\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENag\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1991\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ESeven base-pair inverted repeats in DNA form stable hairpins \u003Cem\u003Ein vivo\u003C\/em\u003E in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E129\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E669\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E673\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DNag%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BK.%26rft.volume%253D129%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D669%26rft.epage%253D673%26rft.atitle%253DSeven-base-pair%2Binverted%2Brepeats%2Bin%2BDNA%2Bform%2Bstable%2Bhairpins%2Bin%2Bvivo%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F1752412%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiMTI5LzMvNjY5IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjM6Ii9nZW5ldGljcy8xNjUvMS80Ny5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-26-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-26\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.26\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENag\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1993\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EPhysical detection of heteroduplexes during meiotic recombination in the yeast \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell. Biol.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E13\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E2324\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E2331\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Band%2BCellular%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BCell.%2BBiol.%26rft.aulast%253DNag%26rft.auinit1%253DD%2BK%26rft.volume%253D13%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D2324%26rft.epage%253D2331%26rft.atitle%253DPhysical%2Bdetection%2Bof%2Bheteroduplexes%2Bduring%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bin%2Bthe%2Byeast%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8455614%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoibWNiIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjk6IjEzLzQvMjMyNCI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-27-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-27\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.27\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1038\/340318a0\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENag\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWhite\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1989\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EPalindromic sequences in heteroduplex DNA inhibit mismatch repair in yeast\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENature\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E340\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E318\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E320\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DNag%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BK.%26rft.volume%253D340%26rft.issue%253D6231%26rft.spage%253D318%26rft.epage%253D320%26rft.atitle%253DPalindromic%2Bsequences%2Bin%2Bheteroduplex%2BDNA%2Binhibit%2Bmismatch%2Brepair%2Bin%2Byeast.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F340318a0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2546083%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1038\/340318a0\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=2546083\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-28-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-28\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.28\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1007\/BF01924007\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENicolas\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1994\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EPolarity of meiotic gene conversion in fungi: contrasting views\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EExperientia\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E50\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E242\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E252\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DExperientia%26rft.stitle%253DExperientia%26rft.aulast%253DNicolas%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D50%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D242%26rft.epage%253D252%26rft.atitle%253DPolarity%2Bof%2Bmeiotic%2Bgene%2Bconversion%2Bin%2Bfungi%253A%2Bcontrasting%2Bviews.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252FBF01924007%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8143798%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1007\/BF01924007\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=8143798\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1994NA86600008\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-29-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-29\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.29\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPaques\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHaber\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. E.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EMultiple pathways of recombination induced by double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMicrobiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E63\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E349\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E404\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMicrobiology%2Band%2BMolecular%2BBiology%2BReviews%26rft.stitle%253DMicrobiol.%2BMol.%2BBiol.%2BRev.%26rft.aulast%253DPaques%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%26rft.volume%253D63%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D349%26rft.epage%253D404%26rft.atitle%253DMultiple%2BPathways%2Bof%2BRecombination%2BInduced%2Bby%2BDouble-Strand%2BBreaks%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10357855%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoibW1iciI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiI2My8yLzM0OSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-30-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-30\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.30\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPerkins\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1949\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EBiochemical mutants in the smut fungus \u003Cem\u003EUstilago maydis\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E34\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E607\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E626\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DPerkins%26rft.auinit1%253DD.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D34%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D607%26rft.epage%253D626%26rft.atitle%253DBIOCHEMICAL%2BMUTANTS%2BIN%2BTHE%2BSMUT%2BFUNGUS%2BUSTILAGO%2BMAYDIS%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F17247336%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6MzoiUERGIjtzOjExOiJqb3VybmFsQ29kZSI7czo4OiJnZW5ldGljcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo4OiIzNC81LzYwNyI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-31-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-31\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.31\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. 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D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2002\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EContext-dependence of meiotic recombination hotspots in yeast: the relationship between recombination activity of a reporter construct and base composition\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E162\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E2049\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E2052\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DPetes%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%2BD.%26rft.volume%253D162%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D2049%26rft.epage%253D2052%26rft.atitle%253DContext%2BDependence%2Bof%2BMeiotic%2BRecombination%2BHotspots%2Bin%2BYeast%253A%2BThe%2BRelationship%2BBetween%2BRecombination%2BActivity%2Bof%2Ba%2BReporter%2BConstruct%2Band%2BBase%2BComposition%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12524370%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6MTA6IjE2Mi80LzIwNDkiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-32-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-32\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-book\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.32\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022duplicate\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBroach\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EJones\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPringle\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. 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S.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1991\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ERecombination in yeast\u003C\/span\u003E, pp. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E407\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E521\u003C\/span\u003E in \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-source\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces: Genome Dynamics, Protein Synthesis, and Energetics\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, edited by \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBroach\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EJones\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-ed\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPringle\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-publ-name\u0022\u003ECold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-publ-loc\u0022\u003ECold Spring Harbor, NY\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-33-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-33\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.33\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPorter\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES. E.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWhite\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1993\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EGenetic evidence that the meiotic recombination hotspot at the \u003Cem\u003EHIS4\u003C\/em\u003E locus of \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E does not represent a site for a symmetrically processed double-strand break\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E134\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E19\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DPorter%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%2BE.%26rft.volume%253D134%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D5%26rft.epage%253D19%26rft.atitle%253DGenetic%2Bevidence%2Bthat%2Bthe%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bhotspot%2Bat%2Bthe%2BHIS4%2Blocus%2Bof%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae%2Bdoes%2Bnot%2Brepresent%2Ba%2Bsite%2Bfor%2Ba%2Bsymmetrically%2Bprocessed%2Bdouble-strand%2Bbreak.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8514148%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6NzoiMTM0LzEvNSI7czo0OiJhdG9tIjtzOjIzOiIvZ2VuZXRpY3MvMTY1LzEvNDcuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-34-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-34\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.34\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/0092-8674(95)90191-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESchwacha\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKleckner\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1995\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EIdentification of double Holliday junctions as intermediates in meiotic recombination\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E83\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E783\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E791\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DSchwacha%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D83%26rft.issue%253D5%26rft.spage%253D783%26rft.epage%253D791%26rft.atitle%253DIdentification%2Bof%2Bdouble%2BHolliday%2Bjunctions%2Bas%2Bintermediates%2Bin%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252895%252990191-4%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8521495%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90191-4\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=8521495\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1995TH94800015\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-35-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-35\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-book\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.35\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESherman\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFink\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EG. R.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHicks\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. B.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1983\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-source\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMethods in Yeast Genetics\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-publ-name\u0022\u003ECold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-publ-loc\u0022\u003ECold Spring Harbor, NY\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-36-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-36\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.36\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStahl\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHillers\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK. J.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2000\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHeteroduplex rejection in yeast?\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E154\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1913\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1916\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DStahl%26rft.auinit1%253DF.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D154%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D1913%26rft.epage%253D1916%26rft.atitle%253DHeteroduplex%2BRejection%2Bin%2BYeast%253F%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10950640%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6MTA6IjE1NC80LzE5MTMiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-37-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-37\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.37\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStapleton\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1991\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThe Tn3 beta-lactamase gene acts as a hotspot for meiotic recombination in yeast\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EGenetics\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E127\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E39\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E51\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGenetics%26rft.stitle%253DGenetics%26rft.aulast%253DStapleton%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D127%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D39%26rft.epage%253D51%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2BTn3%2Bbeta-lactamase%2Bgene%2Bacts%2Bas%2Ba%2Bhotspot%2Bfor%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bin%2Byeast.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F1849855%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6ODoiZ2VuZXRpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiMTI3LzEvMzkiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-38-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-38\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.38\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1073\/pnas.76.3.1035\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStruhl\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStinchcomb\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. T.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EScherer\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EDavis\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1979\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHigh-frequency transformation of yeast: autonomous replication of hybrid DNA molecules\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E76\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1035\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1039\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPNAS%26rft.stitle%253DProc.%2BNatl.%2BAcad.%2BSci.%2BUSA%26rft.aulast%253DStruhl%26rft.auinit1%253DK.%26rft.volume%253D76%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D1035%26rft.epage%253D1039%26rft.atitle%253DHigh-frequency%2Btransformation%2Bof%2Byeast%253A%2Bautonomous%2Breplication%2Bof%2Bhybrid%2BDNA%2Bmolecules.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1073%252Fpnas.76.3.1035%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F375221%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6NDoicG5hcyI7czo1OiJyZXNpZCI7czo5OiI3Ni8zLzEwMzUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-39-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-39\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.39\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1038\/338087a0\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESun\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETreco\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESchultes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN.P.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESzostak\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1989\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDouble strand breaks at an initiation site for meiotic gene conversion\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENature\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E338\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E87\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E90\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%26rft.stitle%253DNature%26rft.aulast%253DSun%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D338%26rft.issue%253D6210%26rft.spage%253D87%26rft.epage%253D90%26rft.atitle%253DDouble-strand%2Bbreaks%2Bat%2Ban%2Binitiation%2Bsite%2Bfor%2Bmeiotic%2Bgene%2Bconversion.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F338087a0%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2645528%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1038\/338087a0\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=2645528\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1989T488200065\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-40-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-40\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.40\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/0092-8674(91)90270-9\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESun\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETreco\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESzostak\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1991\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EExtensive 3\u2032-overhanging, single-stranded DNA associated with the meiosis-specific double-strand breaks at the \u003Cem\u003EARG4\u003C\/em\u003E recombination initiation site\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E64\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1155\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1161\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DSun%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D64%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D1155%26rft.epage%253D1161%26rft.atitle%253DExtensive%2B3%2527-overhanging%252C%2Bsingle-stranded%2BDNA%2Bassociated%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bmeiosis-specific%2Bdouble-strand%2Bbreaks%2Bat%2Bthe%2BARG4%2Brecombination%2Binitiation%2Bsite.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252891%252990270-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2004421%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90270-9\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=2004421\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1991FD55800013\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-41-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-41\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.41\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESymington\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EL. S.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1988\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EExpansions and contractions of the genetic map relative to the physical map of yeast chromosome III\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMol. Cell. Biol.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E8\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E595\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E604\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMolecular%2Band%2BCellular%2BBiology%26rft.stitle%253DMol.%2BCell.%2BBiol.%26rft.aulast%253DSymington%26rft.auinit1%253DL%2BS%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D595%26rft.epage%253D604%26rft.atitle%253DExpansions%2Band%2Bcontractions%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bgenetic%2Bmap%2Brelative%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bphysical%2Bmap%2Bof%2Byeast%2Bchromosome%2BIII.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2832729%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MzoibWNiIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjgvMi81OTUiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2dlbmV0aWNzLzE2NS8xLzQ3LmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-42-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-42\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.42\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/0092-8674(83)90331-8\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESzostak\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EOrr-Weaver\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. L.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ERothstein\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER. J.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStahl\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1983\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThe double-strand-break repair model for recombination\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECell\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E33\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E25\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E35\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCell%26rft.stitle%253DCell%26rft.aulast%253DSzostak%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D33%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D25%26rft.epage%253D35%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bdouble-strand-break%2Brepair%2Bmodel%2Bfor%2Brecombination.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252883%252990331-8%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F6380756%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90331-8\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=6380756\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1983QS06800010\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-43-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-43\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.43\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1002\/yea.320101310\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWach\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBrachat\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPohlmann\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPhilippsen\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1994\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ENew heterologous modules for classical or PCR-based gene disruptions in \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EYeast\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E10\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1793\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1808\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DYeast%2B%2528Chichester%252C%2BEngland%2529%26rft.stitle%253DYeast%26rft.aulast%253DWach%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.issue%253D13%26rft.spage%253D1793%26rft.epage%253D1808%26rft.atitle%253DNew%2Bheterologous%2Bmodules%2Bfor%2Bclassical%2Bor%2BPCR-based%2Bgene%2Bdisruptions%2Bin%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1002%252Fyea.320101310%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7747518%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1002\/yea.320101310\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=7747518\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1994QJ42800008\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-44-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-44\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-165.1.47.44\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1007\/BF00326300\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWhite\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetes\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET. D.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1994\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAnalysis of meiotic recombination events near a recombination hotspot in the yeast \u003Cem\u003ESaccharomyces cerevisiae\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECurr. Genet.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E26\u003C\/span\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E21\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E30\u003C\/span\u003E.\n\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCurrent%2Bgenetics%26rft.stitle%253DCurr%2BGenet%26rft.aulast%253DWhite%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D26%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D21%26rft.epage%253D30%26rft.atitle%253DAnalysis%2Bof%2Bmeiotic%2Brecombination%2Bevents%2Bnear%2Ba%2Brecombination%2Bhotspot%2Bin%2Bthe%2Byeast%2BSaccharomyces%2Bcerevisiae.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252FBF00326300%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7954892%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1007\/BF00326300\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=7954892\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgenetics%2F165%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1994NT71700004\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/content\/165\/1\/47.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView Abstract\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/www.genetics.org\/sites\/default\/files\/js\/js_omcKG6qW-GuTtNXqHgk9ZqsbIm0goVjcRf6okOre1_A.js\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}