Friday, August 7, 2015

IRS Determines Year Taxpayer Had Theft loss From Ponzi Scheme

IRS Determines Year Taxpayer Had Theft loss From Ponzi Scheme
The IRS Chief Counsel’s office released a legal memorandum - ILM 201511018 - which sets forth the proper year a taxpayer can claim a theft loss deduction when victim of a Ponzi scheme.
I.R.C. §165(a) permits a deduction for losses sustained during the tax year (and not compensated by insurance or otherwise). A loss arising from criminal fraud or embezzlement in a transaction entered into for profit is a theft loss, not a capital loss, under §165.
Pursuant to §165(e) any loss arising from a theft is deemed sustained in the tax year a taxpayer discovers the loss. But the Regulations state that if, in the year of discovery, there exists a claim for reimbursement with respect to which there is a reasonable prospect of recovery, no portion of the loss for which reimbursement may be received is sustained until the tax year in which it can be ascertained with reasonable certainty whether or not the reimbursement will be received. Whether a reasonable prospect of recovery exists is a question of fact to be determined upon examination of all facts and circumstances. Treas. Reg. §1.165-8(a)(2) and 1.165-1(d).
Rev. Proc. 2009-20 provides a safe harbor under these schemes for the timing and amount of the theft loss in Ponzi schemes which are defined as a fraudulent arrangement in which a party (the lead figure) receives cash or property from investors; purports to earn income for the investors; reports income amounts to the investors that are partially or wholly fictitious; makes payments, if any, of purported income or principal to some investors from amounts that other investors invested in the fraudulent arrangement; and appropriates some or all of the investors' cash or property.
Where the lead figure is indicted, Rev. Proc. 2009-20 states that a taxpayer's discovery year is the tax year of the investor in which the indictment, information, or complaint is filed. And if the lead figure died, then Rev. Proc. 2011-58 provides the discovery year as the later of the civil claim becoming public, a receiver appointed or funds frozen or the death of the lead figure.
In ILM 201511018, the Internal Revenue Service determined that the year of discovery was the year when: (1) the civil complaint was filed by the Agency that alleged facts that comprise substantially all of the elements of a specified fraudulent arrangement conducted by the lead figures; (2) one of the lead figures died before being criminally charged; and (3) a receiver was appointed with respect to the arrangement.
While these Ponzi schemes are becoming all too frequent, at least the Government is easing the path for taking the loss as a deductible theft.