Gendering Urban Development - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Gendering Urban Development. Darshini Mahadevia School of Planning CEPT University, Ahmedabad d_mahadevia@yahoo.com. Urban Development Status - 1. 285 million or 27.75% of India’s population living in urban areas in 2001. In 2005, 28.3% or 306 million population living in urban areas.

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285 million or 27.75% of India’s population living in urban areas in 2001. In 2005, 28.3% or 306 million population living in urban areas.

In 2001, there were 5,161 urban centres in India, of which 37 were metropolitan cities

Of the total urban population, 47.37% are females. Urban sex ratio is therefore 900, when overall sex ratio is 933 in India in 2001.

In 27 million plus cities in India, where 26% of urban population lives, the overall sex ratio is only 861. This indicates that there is a strong male selectivity in migration to large cities as compared to other urban areas.

The juvenile sex ratio in urban areas is 905, when the overall juvenile sex ratio in India is 927. There is thus higher sex selective abortions in urban areas as compared to rural areas.

There are 67.01 million poor in urban areas (23.62%), in 1999-00, as per the official figures.

Urban poverty is largely concentrated in the small and medium towns. In 2000, just 15% of the population in million plus cities was below poverty line, whereas in small towns it was 33% and medium sized towns and cities it was 23%. (Mahadevia & Sarkar 2004)

Sex ratios in large cities are low, and here poverty is low. Small and medium towns would therefore have relatively higher sex ratios and where poverty is high. Thus, more females suffer from consequneces of urban poverty than males

There are a few centrally supported urban programmes. But, by and large urban development is funded through the efforts of state government.

State government delegates some functions to the city governments. In some states, all functions are delegated to the city governments, such as Maharashtra and Gujarat and in some states only some functions are delegated. For example, Karnataka, AP, TN, water supply and sanitation, urban transport are not delegated to the city governments.

We need to look at budgets of each of the urban centres.

In most states, there are state government supported parastatals are there to finance the urban function which is their mandate and hence, the expenditure pattern and cost recovery mechanisms need to be looked at.

National Urban Renewal Mission – 60 cities including 7 mega cities. For infrastructure upgradation. Rs. 10,000 crores p.a. over five years. Fund in support of urban reforms. Largely metro cities (million plus), capital city in all states and other cities of historical importance. Central grant or assistance to leverage more funds on its own. Cost receovery to the extent possible and even privatisation of basic services form an important component of the NURM

Mega City Scheme – only seven cities (Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad). 50% government contribution, (25% central & 25% state) and 50% of ULB raised through financial institutions or market. Government share to be given to the nodal agency as revolving fund, of which 75% to be recovered from the ULB. Only 12.5% comes to the ULB as grant.

12th Finance Commission grant of Rs. 5,000 crores of which 50% to be spent on Solid Waste Management that is in dismal situation now.

In first year, NURM allocation of Rs. 5,500 crores of which Rs. 2,000 crores (36%) for urban poverty programmes and remaining for other infrastructural programmes