Version Control by Example

Transcription

1 Version Control by Example Eric Sink

2 Version Control by Example Copyright 2011 Eric Sink All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America First edition: July Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Editor: Brody Finney Illustration, layout, and design: John Woolley Pyrenean Gold Press 115 North Neil Street, Suite 408 Champaign, Illinois Ordering information: For details, contact the publisher at the address above. The information in this book is distributed on an as is basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor the publisher shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.

3 Version Control by Example Acknowledgments iii Acknowledgments I appreciate and want to acknowledge the efforts of those who helped me during the production of this book. Two of my coworkers at SourceGear have been involved in this project in very substantial ways. Everything about this book that looks good is a credit to John Woolley. And if there is anything about this book that does not look good, that was probably an area where I got in his way. John did the design, the layout, the illustrations, the cover, the font choices, everything. Personally, I think the book looks fantastic. My thanks to John Woolley. The back of the title page lists Brody Finney as the Editor of this book, but that does not fully describe his contributions. While it is true that Brody s pedantry and red ink were critical, he and I also spent much time talking through issues of structure and content. He has been my sounding board on everything from British slang to the explanations of version control concepts. My thanks to Brody Finney for the many and varied ways that he made the content of this book better. I received all kinds of helpful comments and constructive feedback from folks who read early drafts of this book. My thanks to the following reviewers: Tom Alderman, Linda Bauer, Jonathan Blocksom, Rick Borup, Anthony Bova, Chris Bradley, Mark Brents, Brian Brewder, Andy Brice, Eli Carter, Fletcher Chambers, Michael Chermside, Steven Cherry, Zian Choy, Jeff Clausius, Jason Cohen, Ben Collins-Sussman, John Cook, Pascal Cuoq, Justin Davis, Sybren Dijkstra, Augie Fackler, Emeric Fermas, Wez Furlong, Reggie Gardner, Rafał Grembowski, Fawad Halim, Michael Haren, Guy Harwood, Mark Heath, Kevin Horn, Jeff Hostetler, Kerry Jenkins, Joel Jirak, Zafiris Keramidas, Beth Kieler, Anthony Kirwan, Kristian Kristensen, Robert Lauer, Sasha Matijasic, Pierre Mengal, Gordon J Milne, Eamonn Murray, Dirkjan Ochtman, Ian Olsen, John O Neill, Alex Papadimoulis, Dobrica Pavlinušić, Eric Peterson, Mike Pettypiece, C. Michael Pilato, Pavel Puchkarev, Sunil Puri, Joe Ream, Mike Reedell, Alvaro Rodriguez, Paul Roub, Michael Schoneman, Matt Schouten, J. Maximilian Spurk, Corey Steffen, Greg Stein, Scott Stocker, Jared Stofflett, Michael Third, Dixie Thornhill, Andy Tidball, Ben Tsai, Chuck Tuffli, Greg Vaughn, Wilbert van Dolleweerd, Stephen Ward, Rob Warner, Cullen Waters, Jason Webb, Robin Wilson My original plan was to keep this section of the acknowledgments very simple, like the alphabetical list above, with no attempt to describe how much feedback each person provided me. This plan was utterly ruined by Jakub Narębski, whose feedback during the editing process was extraordinary. He found errors no one else found. He gave me pages of background commentary. He wrote drafts of content he felt was too important not to cover. I appreciate the comments I received from every person who reviewed my book, but trust me on this one Jakub s feedback was in a class by itself. It takes a lot of focus to write a book. Several people supported me in the writing of this book by covering for my absence and offering me their patience. My thanks to: Ian Olsen, leader of the Veracity development team.

4 Version Control by Example Acknowledgments iv Corey Steffen, my business partner. Lisa Sink, my wife; and Kellie and Lydia Sink, my daughters. Finally, and above all, I express my gratitude to the Creator. I have been blessed. And I am thankful.

8 Version Control by Example Version Control by Example viii Chapter 13. Best Practices Run diff just before you commit, every time Read the diffs from other developers too Keep your repositories as small as possible Group your commits logically Explain your commits completely Only store the canonical stuff Don t break the tree Use tags Always review the merge before you commit Never obliterate anything Don t comment out code Use locks sparingly Build and test your code after every commit Appendix A. Comparison Table Glossary Index

9 Version Control by Example Introduction 1 Chapter 1. Introduction A version control system is a piece of software that helps the developers on a software team work together and also archives a complete history of their work. There are three basic goals of a version control system (VCS): 1. We want people to be able to work simultaneously, not serially. Think of your team as a multi-threaded piece of software with each developer running in his own thread. The key to high performance in a multi-threaded system is to maximize concurrency. Our goal is to never have a thread which is blocked on some other thread. 2. When people are working at the same time, we want their changes to not conflict with each other. Multi-threaded programming requires great care on the part of the developer and special features such as critical sections, locks, and a test-and-set instruction on the CPU. Without these kinds of things, the threads would overwrite each other s data. A multi-threaded software team needs things too, so that developers can work without messing each other up. That is what the version control system provides. 3. We want to archive every version of everything that has ever existed ever. And who did it. And when. And why. 1. A History of Version Control Broadly speaking, the history of version control tools can be divided into three generations. 1 Table 1.1. Three Generations of Version Control Generation Networking Operations Concurrency Examples First None One file at a time Locks RCS, SCCS Second Centralized Multi-file Third Distributed Changesets Merge before commit Commit before merge CVS, SourceSafe, Subversion, Team Foundation Server Bazaar, Git, Mercurial The forty year history of version control tools shows a steady movement toward more concurrency. In first generation tools, concurrent development was handled solely with locks. Only one person could be working on a file at a time. The second generation tools are a fair bit more permissive about simultaneous modifications, with one notable restriction. Users must merge the current revisions into their work before they are allowed to commit. The third generation tools allow merge and commit to be separated. As I write this in mid-2011, the world of version control is in a time of transition. The vast majority of professional programmers are using second generation tools but the third generation is growing very quickly 1 I don t remember for sure. I may have gotten this notion of three generations from Eric Raymond s Understanding Version-Control Systems. Either way, it s a good read.

10 Version Control by Example Introduction 2 in popularity. The most popular VCS on Earth is Apache Subversion 2, an open source second generation tool. The high-end of the commercial market is dominated by IBM and Microsoft, both of which are firmly entrenched in second generation tools. But at the community level, where developers around the world talk about what s new and cool, the buzz is all about Distributed Version Control Systems (DVCS). The three most popular DVCS tools are Bazaar 3, Git 4 and Mercurial My Background I am a software developer and entrepreneur. In 1997, I founded SourceGear, a software company which produces version control tools. I write occasionally on my blog at Version control tools have been an interest of mine for a very long time: RCS was the first version control tool I used. When I was at Spyglass, we had a team of 50 or so developers across three platforms using RCS on a shared code base. Since RCS never had support for networking, people on Windows and Mac had to log in to the Sun workstation that hosted RCS, FTP their code changes up there, and then check them in from the Unix shell. It was an interesting experience just trying to get all that to work. We Mac developers ended up writing a tool that sat on top of RCS to help us cope we created a Mac application that shelled into a different server and did RCS stuff for us. We called that thing Norad. Don t ask me why we chose that name because I don t remember. At SourceGear, our first flagship product, SourceOffSite, was basically Norad for SourceSafe. SourceSafe was kind of a generation 1.5 VCS. It was created by One Tree Software 6, a company that was acquired by Microsoft in SourceSafe had multiple-file operations, but no networking. We created SourceOffSite partially because our own team needed remote access to our SourceSafe repository. We released it as a product in 1998 and it became rather popular. And that brought us to our next endeavor, which was to build a version control system of our own. In 2003 we released Vault, a second generation tool designed specifically to be a replacement for SourceSafe. It provides SourceSafe users with a familiar experience and a seamless transition to a VCS with full support for networking, atomic commits, and other second generation niceties. Vault has been our flagship product for most of the last decade and has been very successful. In 2005, we created a division of SourceGear called Teamprise, focused on building Eclipse plugins for Microsoft Team Foundation Server. This business was acquired by Microsoft in Our latest version control effort is a third generation tool called Veracity 7. Veracity is open source. 3. Reading this book First generation tools are mostly history at this point, so I won t be discussing them much. I will cover the basics of version control with second generation tools in Part The proper name is Apache Subversion, but in the interest of saving space, I'll be referring to it as simply Subversion throughout this book One Tree s founders included Brian Harry, who now leads the development of Microsoft Team Foundation Server. 7

11 Version Control by Example Introduction 3 I will spend most of my pages talking about DVCS, the third generation tools. In Part 2, I will cover the same basics as before, but from a DVCS perspective. I also include some pros and cons for people who are making decisions about centralized vs. decentralized VCS solutions. Note that the following four chapters are all very similar. Chapter 3: Basics with Subversion Chapter 7: Basics with Mercurial Chapter 8: Basics with Git Chapter 10: Basics with Veracity These chapters walk through the same fictitious scenario using detailed examples, each with a different open source version control tool. Feel free to read the chapters corresponding to the tools that interest you most. Alternatively, you may want to read all four so that you can see how the various tools compare. Finally, in Part 3, I will go a bit deeper. Learning about version control happens in two phases. In the first phase, the basics, we talk about what. What can we do with a VCS? What commands are available? As we go deeper, we talk more about how. How do we use a VCS? How should our development process work with a VCS? How does a VCS work? Be advised that this book is written primarily for the command-line user. Topics like graphical user interfaces and integrated development environments are not covered here in this first edition. I did all the examples on a Mac, but all four of the version control tools covered in this book work well on Windows and Linux systems also. The home page for this book is

12 Part 1. Centralized Version Control

13 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics 5 Chapter 2. Basics There are 18 basic operations you can do with a version control system. 1 In this chapter, I will introduce each of these operations as an abstract notion which can be implemented by the actual commands of a specific version control tool. Usually, the name of my abstract operation is the most common name for the command that implements the operation. For example, since the action of committing changes to the repository is called commit by Subversion, Veracity, Git, Mercurial, and Bazaar, it seemed like a good idea to use that term here as well. For the details of how these operations map to the concrete commands of specific version control tools, see later chapters, such as Chapter 3: Basics with Subversion. 1. Create Create a new, empty repository. A repository is the official place where you store all your work. It keeps track of your tree, by which I mean all your files, as well as the layout of the directories in which they are stored. But there has to be more. If the definition in the previous paragraph were the whole story, then a version control repository would be no more than a network filesystem. A repository is much more than that. A repository contains history. repository = filesystem * time A filesystem is two-dimensional: Its space is defined by directories and files. In contrast, a repository is threedimensional: It exists in a continuum defined by directories, files, and time. A version control repository contains every version of your source code that has ever existed. A consequence of this idea is that nothing is ever really destroyed. Every time you make some kind of change to your repository, even if that change is to delete something, the repository gets larger because the history is longer. Each change adds to the history of the repository. We never subtract anything from that history. The create operation is used to create a new repository. This is one of the first operations you will use, and after that, it gets used a lot less often. When you create a new repository, your VCS will expect you to say something to identify it, such as where you want it to be created, or what its name should be. 1 Most version control systems have more than 18 commands, including lots of useful stuff I am not describing here. This chapter is about the 18 common operations which could be considered the core concepts of version control.

14 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics 6 2. Checkout Create a working copy. The checkout operation is used when you need to make a new working copy for a repository that already exists. A working copy is a copy used for, er, working. A working copy is a snapshot of the repository used by a developer as a place to make changes. The repository is shared by the whole team, but people do not modify it directly. Rather, each individual developer works by using a working copy. The working copy provides her with a private workspace where she can do her work isolated from the rest of the team. The life of a developer is an infinite loop which looks something like this: 10 Make a working copy of the contents of the repository. 20 Modify the working copy. 30 Modify the repository to incorporate those modifications. 40 GOTO 20 Let s imagine for a moment what life would be like without this distinction between working copy and repository. In a single-person team, the situation could be described as tolerable. However, for any number of developers greater than one, things can get very messy. I ve seen people try it. They store their code on a file server. Everyone uses network file sharing and edits the source files in place. When somebody wants to edit main.cpp, they shout across the hall and ask if anybody else is using that file. Their Ethernet is saturated most of the time because the developers are actually compiling on their network drives. With a version control tool, working on a multi-person team is much simpler. Each developer has a working copy to use as a private workspace. He can make changes to his own working copy without adversely affecting the rest of the team. The working copy is actually more than just a snapshot of the contents of the repository. It also contains some metadata so that it can keep careful track of the state of things. Let s suppose I have a brand new working copy. In other words, I started with nothing at all and I retrieved the latest versions from the repository. At this moment, my new working copy is completely synchronized with the contents of the repository. But that condition is not likely to last for long. I will be making changes to some of the files in this working copy so it will become newer than the repository. Other developers may be checking in their changes to the repository, thus making my working copy out of date. My working copy is going to be new and old at the same time. Things are going to get confusing. The version control tool is responsible for keeping track of everything. In fact, it must keep track of the state of each file individually. For housekeeping purposes, the version control tool usually keeps a bit of extra information with the working copy. When a file is retrieved, the VCS stores its contents in the corresponding working copy of that file, but it also records certain information. For example: Your version control tool may record the timestamp on the working file so that it can later detect if you have modified it. It may record the version number of the repository file that was retrieved so that it may later know the starting point from which you began to make your changes.

15 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics 7 It may even tuck away a complete copy of the file that was retrieved so that it can show you a diff without accessing the server. This stuff is stored in the administrative area, which is usually one or more hidden directories in the working copy. Its exact location depends on which version control tool you are using. 3. Commit Apply the modifications in the working copy to the repository as a new changeset. This is the operation that actually modifies the repository. Several others modify the working copy and add an operation to a list we call the pending changeset, a place where changes wait to be committed. The commit operation takes the pending changeset and uses it to create a new version of the tree in the repository. All modern version control tools perform this operation atomically. In other words, no matter how many individual modifications are in your pending changeset, the repository will either end up with all of them (if the operation is successful), or none of them (if the operation fails). It is impossible for the repository to end up in a state with only half of the operations done. The integrity of the repository is assured. It is typical to provide a log message (or comment) when you commit, explaining the changes you have made. This log message becomes part of the history of the repository. 4. Update Update the working copy with respect to the repository. Update brings your working copy up-to-date by applying changes from the repository, merging them with any changes you have made to your working copy if necessary. When the working copy was first created, its contents exactly reflected a specific revision of the repository. The VCS remembers that revision so that it can keep careful track of where you started making your changes. This revision is often referred to as the parent of the working copy, because if you commit changes from the working copy, that revision will be the parent of the new changeset. 2

16 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics 8 Update is sort of like the mirror image of commit. Both operations move changes between the working copy and the repository. Commit goes from the working copy to the repository. Update goes in the other direction. 5. Add Add a file or directory. Use the add operation when you have a file or directory in your working copy that is not yet under version control and you want to add it to the repository. The item is not actually added immediately. Rather, the item becomes part of the pending changeset, and is added to the repository when you commit. 6. Edit Modify a file. This is the most common operation when using a version control system. When you checkout, your working copy contains a bunch of files from the repository. You modify those files, expecting to make your changes a part of the repository. With most version control tools, the edit operation doesn t actually involve the VCS directly. You simply edit the file using your favorite text editor or development environment and the VCS will notice the change and make the modified file part of the pending changeset. On the other hand, some version control tools want you to be more explicit. Such tools usually set the filesystem read-only bit on all files in the working copy. Later, when you notify the VCS that you want to modify a file, it will make the working copy of that file writable. 2 Speaking generally, the update operation is used to change the parent of the working copy, most commonly moving it forward so that the working copy contains the most recent changes in the repository.

17 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics 9 7. Delete Delete a file or directory. Use the delete operation when you want to remove a file or directory from the repository. If you try to delete a file which has been modified in your working copy, your VCS might complain. Typically, the delete operation will immediately delete the working copy of the file, but the actual deletion of the file in the repository is simply added to the pending changeset. Recall that in the repository the file is not really deleted. When you commit a changeset containing a delete, you are simply creating a new version of the tree which does not contain the deleted file. The previous version of the tree is still in the repository, and that version still contains the file. 8. Rename Rename a file or directory. Use the rename operation when you want to change the name of a file or directory. The operation is added to the pending changeset, but the item in the working copy typically gets renamed immediately. There is lot of variety in how version control tools support rename. Some of the earlier tools had no support for rename at all. Some tools (including Bazaar and Veracity) implement rename formally, requiring that they be notified explicitly when something is to be renamed. Such tools treat the name of a file or directory as simply one of its attributes, subject to change over time. Still other tools (including Git) implement rename informally, detecting renames by observing changes rather than by keeping track of the identity of a file. Rename detection usually works well in practice, but if a file has been both renamed and modified, there is a chance the VCS will do the wrong thing.

18 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics Move Move a file or directory. Use the move operation when you want to move a file or directory from one place in the tree to another. The operation is added to the pending changeset, but the item in the working copy typically gets moved immediately. Some tools treat rename and move as the same operation (in the Unix tradition of treating the file s entire path as its name), while others keep them separate (by thinking of the file s name and its containing directory as separate attributes). 10. Status List the modifications that have been made to the working copy. As you make changes in your working copy, each change is added to the pending changeset. The status operation is used to see the pending changeset. Or to put it another way, status shows you what changes would be applied to the repository if you were to commit.

19 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics Diff Show the details of the modifications that have been made to the working copy. Status provides a list of changes but no details about them. To see exactly what changes have been made to the files, you need to use the diff operation. Your VCS may implement diff in a number of different ways. For a command-line application, it may simply print out a diff to the console. Or your VCS might launch a visual diff application. 12. Revert Undo modifications that have been made to the working copy. Sometimes I make changes to my working copy that I simply don t intend to keep. Perhaps I tried to fix a bug and discovered that my fix introduced five new bugs which are worse than the one I started with. Or perhaps I just changed my mind. In any case, a very nice feature of a working copy is the ability to revert the changes I have made. A complete revert of the working copy will throw away all your pending changes and return the working copy to the way it was just after you did the checkout.

20 Version Control by Example Centralized Version Control Basics Log Show the history of changes to the repository. Your repository keeps track of every version that has ever existed. The log operation is the way to see those records. It displays each changeset along with additional data such as: Who made the change? When was the change made? What was the log message? Most version control tools present ways of slicing and dicing this information. For example, you can ask log to list all the changesets made by the user named Leonardo, or all the changesets made during April Tag Associate a meaningful name with a specific version in the repository. Version control tools provide a way to mark a specific instant in the history of the repository with a meaningful name. This is not altogether different from the descriptive and memorable names we use for variables and constants in our code. Which of the following two lines of code is easier to understand? if (-43 == e) if (ERR_FILE_NOT_FOUND == errorcode) Similarly, which of the following is the most intuitive? 378 eb1637d58b1bd8f253a2f3610e8e5a7050a434ec LAST_VERSION_BEFORE_COREY_FOULED_EVERYTHING_UP

Version Control by Example Eric Sink Version Control by Example Copyright 2011 Eric Sink All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First edition: July 2011

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