Thank you for your answer but it doesn't work ... See complete answer below.
– OliOct 16 '16 at 17:53

I forgot to say : cm-unicode is installed and my texlive is updated to today.
– OliOct 16 '16 at 18:02

Sorry but why don't you say this directly instead of making the impression that you didn't see my answer on fr.c.t.t?
– Ulrike FischerOct 16 '16 at 18:09

1

Hm your log changes all the time. If the font is found but you get missing shapes warning then xetex is probably finding the type1 font instead of the otf. Then you should remove the type1-font path from fontconfig, see tex.stackexchange.com/questions/84223/….
– Ulrike FischerOct 16 '16 at 19:43

but this is not really important. What's important that after doing that setup, all fonts in the TeX Live main tree will be available to fontconfig and so also XeTeX will be able to find them by font name rather than only by file name.

@Oli: Your "rejectfont path" is wrong: The fonts are not in the cm-super folder but in cm-unicode. The setting works fine for me on windows and miktex where I had the problem too. But on windows there is no global fontconfig, so it is quite possible that on linux things work differently. I don't see why tuenc should matter, probably you didn't recreate the cache.
– Ulrike FischerOct 17 '16 at 7:35