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In November 1952 while at Downing College, Cambridge University, Philip Hobsbaum along with two friends—Tony Davis and Neil Morris—dissatisfied with the way poetry was read aloud in the university, decided to place a notice in the undergraduate newspaper Varsity for people interested in forming a poetry discussion group. Five others, including Peter Redgrove, came along to the first meeting. This poetry discussion group met once a week during term.

When Hobsbaum moved to London, the discussion group reconstituted itself there. It is this London group that is now referred to as The Group.

The London meetings started in 1955 once a week, on Friday evenings, at first at Hobsbaum's flat and later at the house of Edward Lucie-Smith. The poets gathered to discuss each other's work, putting into practice the sort of analysis and objective comment in keeping with the principles of Hobsbaum's Cambridge tutor F. R. Leavis and of the New Criticism in general. Before each meeting about six or seven poems by one poet would be typed, duplicated and distributed to the dozen or so participants.

There was no manifesto as such. Lucie-Smith wrote, in a letter to Hobsbaum dated November 1961: 'This is a group of poets who find it possible to meet and discuss each other's work helpfully and without backbiting or backscratching…we have no axe to grind — this isn't a gang and there's no monolithic body of doctrine to which everyone must subscribe'.

Lucie-Smith and Hobsbaum edited A Group Anthology (London: Oxford University Press, 1963); in the foreword the aim is described of writing 'frank autobiographical poems' and a 'poetry of direct experience'. In the anthology's epilogue Hobsbaum writes of the importance of discussion, and the writer's need for 'community to keep him in touch with his audience.'

After the publication and publicity associated with the publication of the anthology, numbers attending the weekly meetings increased, and the meetings became unworkable. In 1965 the Group was restructured, and the more formal The Poets' Workshop was established under the influence of Martin Bell.

1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area

2.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination

3.
1952 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. August 12 — Night of the Murdered Poets, the execution of thirteen Soviet Jews in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, Soviet Union, five others, including Peter Redgrove came along to the first meeting. This poetry discussion group met once a week during term, the group was later moved to London. E. E. Cummings is appointed to a Charles Eliot Norton Professorship at Harvard, Contact, a mimeographed poetry magazine, founded by Ramond Souster (ceases publication in 1954, Contact Press, an important publisher of Canadian poetry, also founded. Lines Review, a Scottish poetry magazine, is founded by Callum Macdonald in Edinburgh, louis Dudek, Raymond Souster and Irving Layton. Jay Macpherson, Nineteen Poems E. J. Pratt, Towards the Last Spike, Toronto, Macmillan

4.
Downing College
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Downing College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, and currently has around 650 students. Founded in 1800, it was the college to be added to Cambridge University between 1596 and 1869, and is often described as the oldest of the new colleges. The current Master of the college is Geoffrey Grimmett, Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University. Under this will, as he had no issue, the family fortune was left to his cousin, Sir Jacob Downing. If they all died without issue, the estates were to be used to found a college at Cambridge called Downing, the estate was much reduced by the suit in Chancery, and the grand plans failed. Much of the side of what was then the Pembroke Leys was sold to the University and is now home to scientific buildings. In fact, only limited East and West ranges were built, with the plans for a library. The third side of the square was completed in 1951 with the building of the college chapel. Where the fourth side would have been is now a large paddock, though not fully enclosed, the court formed before the Downing College is perhaps largest in Cambridge or Oxford. The most recent building additions are the Howard Lodge accommodation, the Howard Building and these were sponsored by the Howard family and are located behind the main court around their own small garden. These facilities are used for conference and businesses gatherings outside of the student term, Downing students remain prominent in the University world, in the past few years Cambridge Union Presidents, Blues captains, Law and Economic Society Presidents and more have hailed from the college. It is also a politically active college, with active members and alumni occupying different parts of the British political spectrum. In this sense, it is different from other colleges. Downing has a reputation for medicine and law, and a secret society is rumoured to exist in respect of the latter. The Griffin has been the student magazine for over 100 years. The college fields teams in a range of sports including, mens football, mens and womens rugby, tennis and Ultimate Frisbee. Downing College Boat Club is successful too, with the Womens first boat gaining Lents Headship of the river in the 1994 Lent Bumps and they both currently hold positions at or near the top in both University bumps races. The college is renowned for its legal and medical tradition, the former subject being built up by Clive Parry, his pupil and successor John Hopkins

5.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s

6.
Varsity (Cambridge)
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Varsity is the oldest of Cambridge Universitys main student newspapers. It has been published continuously since 1947, and is one of three fully independent student newspapers in the UK. It moved back to being a publication in Michaelmas 2015. Varsity is one of Britains oldest student newspapers and its first edition was published on 17 January 1931, as Varsity, the Cambridge University Illustrated. However, the first few years saw Varsity get off to a shaky start, in 1932, a controversy about some of its stories resulted in the editor being challenged to a duel, and the following year the paper went bankrupt. With the post-war rationing of newsprint, only publications that had existed before the War could be allocated paper and it was truly an international effort, British, Canadian, American, Hungarian, and Indian. Varsitys headquarters in 1947 was above the Scotch Hoose, a restaurant at the corner of the Market and Market Street, newman goes on to note that Geoffrey Neame, a leading light among the Nightclimbers of Cambridge and the Gentlemen of Caius, was the first post-1947 layout editor. The first Managing Editor was the Scotsman Wee Willie Watson, a fighter pilot. On 19 April 1947, Varsity reappeared, its first issue headlining the coming visit of the then Princess Elizabeth to the University and its first print run was of 5,000 copies. In the 1950s, Varsitys offices were in a shop in St. Edwards Passage. The second Editor was David Widdicombe, a Queens student who was also Chairman of the Labour Club, in 1955, a one-off Oxford edition of the paper was produced by the then editor Michael Winner. Since then the paper has concentrated on the Cambridge audience, in 1956, the current staff, worried about debts, questioned Varsitys legal status. Solicitors were consulted, who advised that any debts arising from its considerable turnover or damages awarded for libel etc. would be the responsibility of the current Editor. Varsity was promptly converted into a liability company - Varsity Publications Ltd. 50% of the shares were taken by the printers, 20% by the Don who was the senior Treasurer, in the mid-1970s, Varsity merged with the radical campaigning student paper Stop Press. Thereafter, it was known as Stop Press with Varsity for several years, Varsity moved back to being a weekly publication in Michaelmas 2015, after having been a fortnightly publication since Michaelmas 2012. As of this date, the Varsity is published every Friday during the University of Cambridges term time. As of this date, the Lent term editor also edits a single edition at the start of Easter term, many of those who wrote for the paper during their student days have since gone on to achieve distinction in later life

7.
1955 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. April – Wallace Stevens is baptized a Catholic by the chaplain of St. Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut, after a brief release from the hospital, Stevens is readmitted and dies on August 2 at the age of 76. July 30 – Philip Larkin makes a journey in England from Hull to Grantham which inspires his poem The Whitsun Weddings. His collection The Less Deceived is published in November, before each meeting about six or seven poems by one poet are typed, duplicated and distributed to the dozen or so participants. The Movement poets as a group in Britain come to notice this year in Robert Conquests anthology New Lines. The core of the consists of Philip Larkin, Elizabeth Jennings, D. J. Enright, Kingsley Amis, Thom Gunn. They are identified with a hostility to modernism and internationalism, however, both Davie and Gunn later move away from this position. Henry Rago becomes editor of Poetry magazine in the United States, july 19 – Beat poet Weldon Keess Plymouth Savoy is found on the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco with the keys in the ignition. When his friends go to search his apartment, all they find are the cat he had named Lonesome and his sleeping bag and savings account book are missing. No one is sure if Kees,41, jumped off the bridge that day or if he went to Mexico, before his disappearance, Kees quoted Rilke to friend Michael Grieg, ominously saying that sometimes a person needs to change his life completely. October 7 – The Six Gallery reading takes place in San Francisco with Kenneth Rexroth acting as M. C, in the audience a totally drunken Jack Kerouac refuses to read his own work but cheers on the others, shouting Yeah. Irving Layton, The Cold Green Element, sir Charles G. D. Roberts, Selected Poems, edited by Desmond Pacey, posthumously published Raymond Souster, For What Time Slays. 1928-1953, what he considers his best poems, selected and revised, iain Crichton Smith, The Long River R. S. Thomas, Song at the Years Turning, introduction by John Betjeman Charles Tomlinson, Elizabeth Bishop, Poems, North & South — A Cold Spring, among eight books of poetry included in A List of 250 Outstanding Books of the Year in the New York Times Book Review. D. Hope, The Wandering Islands D. Stewart and N. R. M. E. Holthusen and F. M. C. A

8.
Edward Lucie-Smith
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John Edward McKenzie Lucie-Smith, known as Edward Lucie-Smith, is an English writer, poet, art critic, curator and broadcaster. Lucie-Smith was born in Kingston, Jamaica, moving to the United Kingdom in 1946 and he was educated at The Kings School, Canterbury, and, after a little time in Paris, he read History at Merton College, Oxford from 1951 to 1954. After serving in the Royal Air Force as an Education Officer and working as a copywriter and he succeeded Philip Hobsbaum in organising The Group, a London-centred poets group. At the beginning of the 1980s he conducted several series of interviews, Conversations with Artists and he is also a regular contributor to The London Magazine, in which he writes art reviews. A prolific writer, he has more than one hundred books in total on a variety of subjects, chiefly art history as well as biographies. He is a curator of the Bermondsey Project Space, a Tropical Childhood and Other Poems Confessions & Histories Penguin Modern Poets 6 A Game of French and English poems Jazz for the N. U. F. Art Tomorrow Roberto Marquez David Remfry, Dancers Color of Time, The Photographs of Sean Scully Censoring the Body Byzantium & Beyond, The Paintings of Dave Pearson Lucie-Smith, cS1 maint, Date format Biography LibraryThing author profile

9.
Peter Porter (poet)
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Peter Neville Frederick Porter OAM was a British-based Australian poet. Porter was born in Brisbane, Australia, in 1929 and his mother, Marion, died of a burst gall-bladder in 1938. He was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School and left school at eighteen to work as a trainee journalist at The Courier-Mail, however, he only lasted a year with the paper before he was dismissed. He emigrated to England in 1951, on the boat he met the future novelist Jill Neville. Porter was portrayed in Nevilles first book, The Fall Girl, after two suicide attempts, he returned to Brisbane. Ten months later he was back in England, in 1955 he began attending meetings of The Group. It was his association with The Group that allowed him to publish his first collection in 1961 and he married in 1961 and had two daughters. Porters wife, Shirley Jannice Henry, committed suicide in 1974 and was dead in her parents house in Marlow. In 1991 Porter married Christine Berg, a child psychologist, in 2001, he was named Poet in Residence at the Royal Albert Hall. In 2004 he was a candidate for the position of Professor of Poetry at Oxford University, in 2007, he was made a Royal Society of Literature Companion of Literature, an honour bestowed on a maximum of ten living writers. Porter died on 23 April 2010, aged 81, after suffering from cancer for a year. After news of Porters death in 2010, the Australian Book Review announced it would rename its ABR Poetry Prize the Peter Porter Poetry Prize in honour of Porter and his poems first appeared in the Summer 1958 and October 1959 issues of Delta. The publication of his poem Metamorphosis in The Times Literary Supplement in January 1960 brought his work to a wider audience and his first collection Once Bitten Twice Bitten was published by Scorpion Press in 1961. Influences on his work include, W. H. Auden, John Ashbery and it seems that what is very important is to get the best of the old authority, the best of the old discipline along with the best of the new freedom of expression. In 1983 Porter was a judge in the Booker–McConnell Prize, steele, Peter, Peter Porter, Oxford Australian Writers Oxford University Press, Melbourne,1992. 24 May,2010, Issue 12.3 memorial essay

10.
Ted Hughes
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Edward James Ted Hughes OM was an English poet and childrens writer. Critics frequently rank him as one of the best poets of his generation and he served as Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death. Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30 and his part in the relationship became controversial to some feminists and some American admirers of Plath. His last poetic work, Birthday Letters, explored their complex relationship and these poems make reference to Plaths suicide, but none addresses directly the circumstances of her death. A poem discovered in October 2010, Last letter, describes what happened during the three days before her death, in 2008 The Times ranked Hughes fourth on their list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Hughess sister Olwyn was two years older and his brother Gerald was ten years older and his mother could trace her ancestry back to William de Ferrières, who came to England with William the Conqueror in the 11th century. One of her ancestors had founded the community of Little Gidding in Cambridgeshire. Most of the recent generations of his family had worked in the clothing and milling industries in the area. Hughess father, William, a joiner, was of Irish descent and had enlisted with the Lancashire Fusiliers and he narrowly escaped being killed when a bullet lodged in a pay book in his breast pocket. He was one of just 17 men of his regiment to return from the Dardanelles Campaign, the stories of Flanders fields filled Hughess childhood imagination. Hughes noted, my first six years shaped everything, Hughes loved hunting and fishing, swimming and picnicking with his family. He attended the Burnley Road School until he was seven, when his family moved to Mexborough and his parents ran a newsagents and tobacconists shop. In Poetry in Making he recalled that he was fascinated by animals and he acted as retriever when his elder brother gamekeeper shot magpies, owls, rats and curlews, growing up surrounded by the harsh realities of working farms in the valleys and on the moors. During his time in Mexborough he explored Manor Farm at Old Denaby and his earliest poem The Thought Fox, and earliest story The Rain Horse were recollections of the area. A close friend at the time, John Wholly, took Hughes to the Crookhill estate above Conisbrough where the boys spent great swathes of time, Hughes became close to the family and learnt a lot about wildlife from Whollys father, a game keeper. He came to view fishing as an almost religious experience, Hughes attended Mexborough Grammar School, where a succession of teachers encouraged him to write, and develop his interest in poetry. Teachers Miss McLeod and Pauline Mayne introduced him to the poets Hopkins, Hughes was mentored by his sister Olwyn, who was well versed in poetry, and another teacher, John Fisher. Poet Harold Massingham also attended school and was also mentored by Fisher

11.
1959 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. The terrible things of human life, trilling is severely criticized at the time, but his view will become widely accepted in the following decades. May 18–24 – Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet Union, head of state, in a speech at the Congress of Soviet Writers. A liberalizing trend in the treatment of its writers is evident. Surkov, the subject of intense criticism himself, resigned from the congress, december – The Poetry Society episode of Hancocks Half Hour is broadcast on BBC radio, satirizing artistic pretensions. Hayford, a professor of American Literature at Northwestern University, meanwhile back on the campus, the square poets were turning more and more to a controlled verse, much of it good enough to survive the pointed charge of academicism. Non-beat, off-campus poets almost routinely displayed simple competence in the handling of complex forms, he wrote in Encyclopædia Britannicas Britannica Book of the Year 1960, which covered 1959. Literary critic M. L. Rosenthal coins the term confessional as used in Confessional poetry in Poetry as Confession, rosenthals article reviewed the poetry collection Life Studies by Robert Lowell. Carl Sandburg, poet and historian, lectures at the U. S. fair, after twenty years, John Crowe Ransom steps down as editor of The Kenyon Review, which he founded. The journal Canadian Literature is founded by George Woodcock at the University of British Columbia, the British poetry magazine Agenda is founded by William Cookson and Ezra Pound. Aldous Huxley turns down the offer of a knighthood, in France, the centenary of the death of Marceline Desbordes-Valmore is commemorated. George Johnston, The Cruising Auk Irving Layton, A Red Carpet for the Sun, laughter in the Mind Jay Macpherson, * A Dry Light & The Dark Air. Bialostotsky, a book of poetry M. Daych, a book of poetry E. Korman, a book of poetry H. Leyvik, Lider tsum eybikn Efrayim Oyerbakh, a book of poetry Y. Death years link to the corresponding in poetry article, July 23 – Carl Phillips, American writer and poet October 1 – Brian P

12.
Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible

13.
Zulfikar Ghose
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Zulfikar Ghose is a novelist, poet and essayist. A native of Pakistan and current resident of Texas, his works are primarily magical realism, blending fantasy, born in Sialkot, India, Ghose grew up as a Muslim. His father, Khwaja Mohammed Ghose, was a businessman, in 1942, during the Second World War, the family moved to Bombay. After the partition of British India into Pakistan and India, Ghose and he graduated from Keele University in 1959, going on to teach at Ealing Mead School in London. He became a friend of Anthony Smith, and of British experimental writer B. S. Johnson. The three writers met when they served as joint editors of an anthology of student poets called Universities Poetry. Ghose also met English poet Ted Hughes and his wife, the American poet and novelist Sylvia Plath, while teaching and writing in London from 1963 to 1969, Ghose also freelanced as a sports journalist, reporting on cricket for The Observer newspaper. In 1964, Ghose married Helena de la Fontaine, an artist from Brazil and he moved from London to the United States in 1969 to teach at the University of Texas in Austin, where he has lived since. In the 1970s, Ghose gained international repute with his trilogy The Incredible Brazilian, American travel writer and novelist Paul Theroux called the work a considerable feat of imagination. Ghose has written both poetic and prosaic, fictional and non-fictional works and his books of poetry include The Violent West, A Memory of Asia and Selected Poems. He has written stories, novels and five books of literary criticism. Ghoses correspondence with Berger, spanning 40 years, is housed for research at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, the letters cover topics such as their writing projects, books they were reading and personal concerns. Bergers dystopic 1973 novel Regiment of Women was dedicated to Ghose, statement Against Corpses, short stories, with B. S. Society for Critical Exchange interview on YouTube, at the University of Houston in May 2009, milan Kundera/Zulfikar Ghose Number, The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Volume IX, Summer 1989. The B. S. Johnson / Zulfikar Ghose Correspondence, newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing,2015. ISBN 978-1443872669 A search for self, an article about Ghose in Dawn newspaper of Pakistan, to The University Students Of Pakistan, text of a lecture published by Dawn in December 2008. Inventory of His Papers, Addition to His Papers at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, a Conversation with Zulfikar Ghose, by Reed Way Dasenbrock and Feroza Jussawalla, an interview with the author at his Austin home in 1985. From The Review of Contemporary Fiction, Summer 1989, Vol.9.2

14.
Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast played a key role in the Industrial Revolution, and was an industrial centre until the latter half of the 20th century. It has sustained a major aerospace and missiles industry since the mid 1930s, industrialisation and the inward migration it brought made Belfast Irelands biggest city at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, Belfast remains a centre for industry, as well as the arts, higher education, business, and law, additionally, Belfast city centre has undergone considerable expansion and regeneration in recent years, notably around Victoria Square. Belfast is served by two airports, George Best Belfast City Airport in the city, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles west of the city. Although the county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888, the site of Belfast has been occupied since the Bronze Age. The Giants Ring, a 5, 000-year-old henge, is located near the city, Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages. The ONeill clan had a presence in the area, in the 14th century, Cloinne Aodha Buidhe, descendants of Aodh Buidhe ONeill built Grey Castle at Castlereagh, now in the east of the city. Conn ONeill of the Clannaboy ONeills owned vast lands in the area and was the last inhabitant of Grey Castle, evidence of this period of Belfasts growth can still be seen in the oldest areas of the city, known as the Entries. Belfast blossomed as a commercial and industrial centre in the 18th and 19th centuries, industries thrived, including linen, rope-making, tobacco, heavy engineering and shipbuilding, and at the end of the 19th century, Belfast briefly overtook Dublin as the largest city in Ireland. The Harland and Wolff shipyards became one of the largest shipbuilders in the world, in 1886 the city suffered intense riots over the issue of home rule, which had divided the city. In 1920–22, Belfast became the capital of the new entity of Northern Ireland as the island of Ireland was partitioned, the accompanying conflict cost up to 500 lives in Belfast, the bloodiest sectarian strife in the city until the Troubles of the late 1960s onwards. Belfast was heavily bombed during World War II, in one raid, in 1941, German bombers killed around one thousand people and left tens of thousands homeless. Apart from London, this was the greatest loss of life in a raid during the Blitz. Belfast has been the capital of Northern Ireland since its establishment in 1921 following the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and it had been the scene of various episodes of sectarian conflict between its Catholic and Protestant populations. These opposing groups in conflict are now often termed republican and loyalist respectively. The most recent example of conflict was known as the Troubles – a civil conflict that raged from around 1969 to 1998

15.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

16.
Angry Penguins
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Angry Penguins was an Australian literary and artistic avant-garde movement of the 1940s. The movement was stimulated by a modernist magazine of the same name published by the surrealist poet Max Harris, Angry Penguins was first published in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. The title is derived from a phrase in Harris poem Mithridatum of Despair, as drunks, the penguins of the night. The magazines main Adelaide rivals were the Jindyworobaks, a nationalist and anti-modernist literary movement inspired by Indigenous Australian culture, according to Angry Penguins poet Geoffrey Dutton, we stayed with Yeats, Eliot and Auden. and left Lawson and Paterson to the Jindys. In 1942, Harris gained the patronage of John and Sunday Reed in Melbourne, the Angry Penguins were early Australian exponents of surrealism and expressionism. Members of the group included John Perceval, Arthur Boyd, Sidney Nolan, Danila Vassilieff, Albert Tucker. The Angry Penguins movement was surveyed in the 1988 exhibition Angry Penguins and Realist Painting in Melbourne in the 1940s, the Ern Malley hoax is the publication’s most famous event. These poems were actually constructed as a pastiche of fragments pasted together nonsensically, McAuley and Stewart were critical of Modernism, the poems were received and published with great enthusiasm of the creators and patrons of the magazine. When it was revealed to be a hoax, the publication received negative backlash, in Richard Flanagans Booker Prize-winning novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North, the main character, Dorrigo Evans, meets the love of his life at the launch of Angry Penguins. Ern Malley Alfred Tipper cultureandrecreation. gov. au Ernmalley The Angry Penguins

17.
Beat Generation
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The Beat Generation is a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-World War II era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s, Allen Ginsbergs Howl, William S. Burroughss Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouacs On the Road are among the best known examples of Beat literature. Both Howl and Naked Lunch were the focus of obscenity trials that helped to liberalize publishing in the United States. The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, later, in the mid-1950s, the central figures ended up together in San Francisco where they met and became friends of figures associated with the San Francisco Renaissance. In the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement were incorporated into the hippie, Neal Cassady, the driver for Ken Keseys bus Further, was the primary bridge between these two generations. Allen Ginsbergs work also became an element of early 1960s hippie culture. Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, the name arose in a conversation with writer John Clellon Holmes. Kerouac allows that it was street hustler Herbert Huncke who originally used the phrase beat, the origins of the Beat Generation can be traced to Columbia University and the meeting of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, Hal Chase and others. Jack Kerouac attended Columbia on a football scholarship, though the beats are usually regarded as anti-academic, many of their ideas were formed in response to professors like Lionel Trilling and Mark Van Doren. Classmates Carr and Ginsberg discussed the need for a New Vision, to counteract what they perceived as their teachers conservative, Burroughs had an interest in criminal behavior and got involved in dealing stolen goods and narcotics. He was soon addicted to opiates, Burroughs guide to the criminal underworld was small-time criminal and drug-addict Herbert Huncke. The Beats were drawn to Huncke, who started to write himself. The police attempted to pull Ginsberg over while he was driving with Huncke, Ginsberg crashed the car while trying to flee and escaped on foot, but left incriminating notebooks behind. He was given the option to plead insanity to avoid a term, and was committed for 90 days to Bellevue Hospital. Carl Solomon was arguably more eccentric than psychotic, a fan of Antonin Artaud, he indulged in self-consciously crazy behavior, like throwing potato salad at a college lecturer on Dadaism. Solomon was given shock treatments at Bellevue, this one of the main themes of Ginsbergs Howl. Solomon later became the contact who agreed to publish Burroughs first novel Junky in 1953. Beat writers and artists flocked to Greenwich Village in New York City in the late 1950s because of low rent, folksongs, readings and discussions often took place in Washington Square Park

18.
Castalian Band
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Its name is derived from the classical term Castalian Spring, a symbol for poetic inspiration. It was H. However, apart from this verse, no scholar has produced any evidence for any such self-aware grouping. Nevertheless, other writers have seized on the concept, in a celebrated article from 2001, the reputed literary scholar Priscilla Bawcutt examined the claims closely, and - in the opinion of most modern authorities - demolished them. However, the persistence of the idea of the Castalian Band has its own interest - as Bawcutt noted, whether or not there ever was such a Court grouping as the Castalian Band, it seems likely that there were cultivated circles of educated gentlemen in Scotland at the time. The King wrote a detailed treatise intended to establish a standard of practice in Scots poetry - his Reulis and Cautelis -, activities of some the poets recognized to be working in Scotland at the time is known to a limited extent. The principal literary figure to be associated with the court was Alexander Montgomerie. Music may also played an important part in performances, some of the poems of Montgomerie, french influences were particularly important for the King. James himself made translations of work by the Gascon soldier-poet du Bartas, du Bartas himself visited the Scottish Court on a diplomatic mission in 1587 during which time James unsuccessfully attempted to persuade him to stay. Other Castalian makars produced translation as well as original works, many Scots translations predated first translations of the same works in England. Chief among the circle was arguably the soldier, courtier and makar Alexander Montgomerie and he had achieved celebrity after victory over Patrick Hume in The Flyting Betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart. Sonnets on various themes include a sequence that deftly charts frustration with the laws delay. Even when Montgomerie came to be excluded from the court sometime in the mid 1590s as a result of his Catholic sympathies. The court also attracted figures from furth of Scotland, thomas produced translations as well as original work. Under James patronage he was translator of du Bartas. Names on the fringes of court literary circles include, William Alexander, Earl of Stirling Robert Aytoun Alexander and they came to prominence more properly after the Union of the Crowns. Its well-developed structure and language as theatre may suggest that our picture of activity in the Scottish court of James is not complete. The exact identity of the dramatist is open to speculation and it is arguable that the existence of the Castalians was passed over in general literary histories. Scottish Jacobean writers have largely overshadowed by the contemporaneous literary scene in London in the age of Shakespeare

19.
Cavalier poet
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Cavalier Poets is a broad description of a school of English poets of the 17th century, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. Charles, a connoisseur of the arts, supported poets who created the art he craved. These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service, a cavalier was traditionally a mounted soldier or knight, but when the term was applied to those who supported Charles it was meant to portray them as roistering gallants. The term was meant to belittle and insult. However, it became the term applied to those who supported Charles and they were separate in their lifestyle and divided on religion from the Roundheads, who supported Parliament, consisting often of Puritans. The best known of the Cavalier poets are Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Thomas Carew, most of the Cavalier poets were courtiers, with notable exceptions. For example, Robert Herrick was not a courtier, but his style marks him as a Cavalier poet, Cavalier poetry is different from traditional poetry in its subject matter. The intent of their works was often to promote the crown, most Cavalier works had allegorical and/or classical references. They drew upon the knowledge of Horace, Cicero, and Ovid, by using these resources they were able to produce poetry that impressed King Charles I. The Cavalier Poets strove to create poetry where both pleasure and virtue thrived and they were rich in reference to the ancients as well as pleasing. Commonly held traits certainly exist in Cavalier poetry in that most poems “celebrate beauty, love, nature, sensuality, drinking, good fellowship, honor, and social life. ”In many ways, this poetry embodies an attitude that mirrors “carpe diem. ”Cavalier poets certainly wrote to promote Loyalist principles in favor of the crown, but their themes ran deeper than that. Cavalier poets wrote in a way that promoted seizing the day and they wanted to revel in society and come to be the best that they possibly could within the bounds of that society. This endorsement of living life to the fullest, for Cavalier writers, often included gaining material wealth and these themes contributed to the triumphant and boisterous tone and attitude of the poetry. Platonic Love was also characteristic of Cavalier poetry, where the man would show his divine love to a woman. As such it was common to hear praise of womanly virtues as though they were divine, Cavalier poetry is closely linked to the Royalist cause in that the main intent of their poetry was to glorify the crown. In this way, Cavalier poetry is often grouped in a category of poetry. Cavalier poetry began to be recognized as its own genre with the beginning of the English Civil War in 1642 when men began to write in defense of the crown. However, authors like Thomas Carew and Sir John Suckling died years before the war began, once the conflict began between the monarchy and the rebellious parliament, the content of the poetry became much more specifically aimed at upholding Royalist ideals

20.
Graveyard poets
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Moving beyond the elegy lamenting a single death, their purpose was rarely sensationalist. As the century progressed, graveyard poetry increasingly expressed a feeling for the sublime and uncanny, the graveyard poets are often recognized as precursors of the Gothic literary genre, as well as the Romantic movement. The Graveyard School is an indefinite literary grouping that binds together a variety of authors. At its broadest it can describe a host of poetry and prose works popular in the early, the term itself was not used as a brand for the poets and their poetry until William Macneile Dixon did so in 1898. Some literary critics have emphasized Miltons minor poetry as the influence of the meditative verse written by the Graveyard Poets. These subjects were, however, interesting to earlier poets as well, the characteristics and style of Graveyard poetry is not unique to them, and the same themes and tone are found in ballads and odes. Many of the Graveyard School poets were, like Thomas Parnell, Christian clergymen and they were also inclined toward contemplating subjects related to life after death, which is reflected in how their writings focus on human mortality and man’s relation to the divine. The religious culture of the century included an emphasis on private devotion. Each of these conditions demanded a new kind of text with which people could meditate on life, the Graveyard School met that need, and the poems were thus quite popular, especially with the middle class. For instance Elizabeth Rowes Friendship in Death, In Twenty Letters from the Dead to the Living and this popularity, as Parisot says, confirms the fashionable mid-century taste for mournful piety. They are also considered pre-Romanticists, ushering in the Romantic literary movement by their reflection on emotional states and this emotional reflection is seen in Coleridge’s “Dejection, An Ode” and Keats’ “Ode on Melancholy. Many critics of Graveyard poetry had very positive feedback for the poets. Critic Amy Louise Reed called Graveyard poetry a disease, while other critics called many poems unoriginal, and said that the poets were better than their poetry. Although the majority of criticism about Graveyard poetry is negative, other critics thought differently, especially about poet Edward Young. Critic Isabell St. John Bliss also celebrates Edward Young’s ability to write his poetry in the style of the Graveyard School and at the time include Christian themes. Wicker called Young a forerunner in the Romantic movement and called his work original, however a more contemplative and mellow mood is achieved in the celebrated opening verse of Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard in which The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. The lowing herd winds slowly oer the lea, The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me

21.
Dada
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Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire, in New York, and after 1920, in Paris. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with the radical left. Others note that it suggests the first words of a child, evoking a childishness, still others speculate that the word might have been chosen to evoke a similar meaning in any language, reflecting the movements internationalism. The roots of Dada lay in pre-war avant-garde, the term anti-art, a precursor to Dada, was coined by Marcel Duchamp around 1913 to characterize works which challenge accepted definitions of art. Cubism and the development of collage and abstract art would inform the movements detachment from the constraints of reality, the work of French poets, Italian Futurists and the German Expressionists would influence Dadas rejection of the tight correlation between words and meaning. Works such as Ubu Roi by Alfred Jarry, and the ballet Parade by Erik Satie would also be characterized as proto-Dadaist works, the Dada movements principles were first collected in Hugo Balls Dada Manifesto in 1916. The movement influenced later styles like the avant-garde and downtown music movements, Dada was an informal international movement, with participants in Europe and North America. The beginnings of Dada correspond to the outbreak of World War I, avant-garde circles outside France knew of pre-war Parisian developments. Futurism developed in response to the work of various artists, many Dadaists believed that the reason and logic of bourgeois capitalist society had led people into war. They expressed their rejection of that ideology in artistic expression that appeared to reject logic and embrace chaos, for example, George Grosz later recalled that his Dadaist art was intended as a protest against this world of mutual destruction. According to Hans Richter Dada was not art, it was anti-art, Dada represented the opposite of everything which art stood for. Where art was concerned with aesthetics, Dada ignored aesthetics. If art was to appeal to sensibilities, Dada was intended to offend, as Hugo Ball expressed it, For us, art is not an end in itself. But it is an opportunity for the perception and criticism of the times we live in. A reviewer from the American Art News stated at the time that Dada philosophy is the sickest, most paralyzing and most destructive thing that has ever originated from the brain of man. Art historians have described Dada as being, in large part, a systematic work of destruction and demoralization. In the end it became nothing but an act of sacrilege, to quote Dona Budds The Language of Art Knowledge, Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of the First World War. This international movement was begun by a group of artists and poets associated with the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich, Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition

22.
Della Cruscans
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The Della Cruscans were a circle of European late-18th-century sentimental poets founded by Robert Merry. Robert Merry travelled to Florence where he edited two volumes, The Arno Miscellany and The Florence Miscellany, the latter of which could be said to have started the Della Cruscan phenomena. It was a collaboration between English and Italian poets and contained poems in English, Italian, and French, the name is taken from the Florentine Accademia della Crusca, an organization founded in 1583 to purify the Italian language. Bertie Greatheeds The Dream opens the collection with an indictment of the current deplorable state of poetry, the call to the past was made even more clear by the inclusion of translations of poems by Dante and Petrarch. William Parsons, a travelling Briton, was also of the circle, Merry returned to the UK in 1787 and published Adieu and Recall to Love in The World under the name of Della Crusca. The highly successful The Poetry of the World, a collection of the dialogue between Anna Matilda and Della Crusca, followed shortly and went through several editions. Other members of the English Della Cruscan circle were Laura Maria, Benedict, Reuben, Frederick Pilon, the previous generation was even more unforgiving, his epidemic of Della Cruscanism spread for a term from fool to fool. The school was indeed short-lived, and survived until recently as an emblem of exaggerated sensibility, some contemporary critics, however, have reevaluated these poets and present a more forgiving view. Further, While the Della Cruscans did not invent the newspaper conversation in verse, they exerted a potent influence over contributors to British, Contributors, Robert Merry, Bertie Greatheed, Hester Thrale Piozzi The Florence Miscellany. Contributors, William Parsons, Robert Merry, Hester Thrale Piozzi, Bertie Greatheed, Ippolito Pindemonte, Lorenzo Pignotti, Angelo dElci, Giuseppe Parini, Marco Lastri, Gabriel Mario Piozzi. The fourth edition was retitled The British Album Contributors, Robert Merry, Hannah Cowley Anna Matilda, To Della Crusca, lord Byron and the Della Cruscans, The Della Cruscans Anglo-Italian Poetics. The Centre for Study of Byron and Romanticism,2006, drabble, Margaret, ed. Della Cruscans, Gifford, William. The Oxford Companion to English Literature. The English Della Cruscans and Their Time, 1783-1828, international Archives of the History of Ideas #22. Labbe, Jacqueline M. Anthologised Romance of Della Crusca and Anna Matilda, the Della Cruscans and William Gifford, The History of a Minor Movement in an Age of Literary Transition. The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English, English Poetry 1579-1830, Spenser and the Tradition

London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city

1.
Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace and Central London skyline

4.
The name London may derive from the River Thames

Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Hons

1952 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. August 12 — Night of the Murdered Poets, the execution of thirteen Soviet Jews in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow, Soviet Union, five others, including Peter Redgrove came along to the first meeting. This poetry discussion group met once a week during term, the g

1.
Grave of Paul Éluard

Downing College
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Downing College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, and currently has around 650 students. Founded in 1800, it was the college to be added to Cambridge University between 1596 and 1869, and is often described as the oldest of the new colleges. The current Master of the college is Geoffrey Grimmett, Professor of Mathematical Sta

1.
Colleges of the University of Cambridge Downing College

2.
The Maitland Robinson Library by Quinlan Terry, completed in 1992.

3.
Downing College Chapel, built in 1951

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Downing College boathouse on the River Cam, it was rebuilt in 2000. Here a trailer of rowing boats is shown outside the building.

University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of

1.
Emmanuel College Chapel

2.
University of Cambridge coat of arms

3.
Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge

4.
Trinity Lane in the snow, with King's College Chapel (centre), Clare College Chapel (right), and the Old Schools (left)

Varsity (Cambridge)
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Varsity is the oldest of Cambridge Universitys main student newspapers. It has been published continuously since 1947, and is one of three fully independent student newspapers in the UK. It moved back to being a publication in Michaelmas 2015. Varsity is one of Britains oldest student newspapers and its first edition was published on 17 January 193

1955 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. April – Wallace Stevens is baptized a Catholic by the chaplain of St. Francis Hospital in Hartford, Connecticut, after a brief release from the hospital, Stevens is readmitted and dies on August 2 at the age of 76. July 30 – Philip Larkin makes a journey in Eng

1.
Carl Sandburg in 1955

Edward Lucie-Smith
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John Edward McKenzie Lucie-Smith, known as Edward Lucie-Smith, is an English writer, poet, art critic, curator and broadcaster. Lucie-Smith was born in Kingston, Jamaica, moving to the United Kingdom in 1946 and he was educated at The Kings School, Canterbury, and, after a little time in Paris, he read History at Merton College, Oxford from 1951 to

1.
Edward Lucie-Smith.

Peter Porter (poet)
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Peter Neville Frederick Porter OAM was a British-based Australian poet. Porter was born in Brisbane, Australia, in 1929 and his mother, Marion, died of a burst gall-bladder in 1938. He was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School and left school at eighteen to work as a trainee journalist at The Courier-Mail, however, he only lasted a year wi

1.
Peter Porter (2007)

Ted Hughes
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Edward James Ted Hughes OM was an English poet and childrens writer. Critics frequently rank him as one of the best poets of his generation and he served as Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death. Hughes was married to American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963 at the age of 30 and his part in the relationship became controvers

1959 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. The terrible things of human life, trilling is severely criticized at the time, but his view will become widely accepted in the following decades. May 18–24 – Nikita Khrushchev, Soviet Union, head of state, in a speech at the Congress of Soviet Writers. A liber

1.
Robert Frost at his 85th birthday party

Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700,

1.
Clockwise from top left: The Sheffield Town Hall; St Paul's Tower from Arundel Gate; the Wheel of Sheffield; Meadowhall shopping centre; Sheffield station and Sheaf Square. Park Hill at the bottom.

2.
Sheffield shown within South Yorkshire

3.
Sheffield Manor ruins as they appeared c1819

Zulfikar Ghose
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Zulfikar Ghose is a novelist, poet and essayist. A native of Pakistan and current resident of Texas, his works are primarily magical realism, blending fantasy, born in Sialkot, India, Ghose grew up as a Muslim. His father, Khwaja Mohammed Ghose, was a businessman, in 1942, during the Second World War, the family moved to Bombay. After the partition

1.
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2012)

Belfast
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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, the second largest on the island of Ireland, and the heart of the tenth largest Primary Urban Area in the United Kingdom. On the River Lagan, it had a population of 286,000 at the 2011 census and 333,871 after the 2015 council reform, Belfast was granted city status in 1888. Belfast playe

1.
Top: Skyline of Belfast Middle top left to right, Queen's University Belfast, Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast, The Boat, Titanic Belfast Bottom left to right: Belfast City Hall, view of Belfast with Samson and Goliath.

2.
Belfast Castle

3.
Donegall Square in the early 1900s

4.
Aftermath of the Blitz in May 1941

International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Angry Penguins
–
Angry Penguins was an Australian literary and artistic avant-garde movement of the 1940s. The movement was stimulated by a modernist magazine of the same name published by the surrealist poet Max Harris, Angry Penguins was first published in the South Australian capital of Adelaide. The title is derived from a phrase in Harris poem Mithridatum of D

1.
Cover of the December 1945 issue of Angry Penguins, designed by Albert Tucker

Beat Generation
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The Beat Generation is a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-World War II era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s, Allen Ginsbergs Howl, William S. Burroughss Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouacs On the Road are among the best kn

1.
Lawrence Ferlinghetti

2.
A section devoted to the beat generation at a bookstore in Stockholm, Sweden

3.
Carl Solomon, Patti Smith, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs at the Gotham Book Mart, New York City, 1977

Castalian Band
–
Its name is derived from the classical term Castalian Spring, a symbol for poetic inspiration. It was H. However, apart from this verse, no scholar has produced any evidence for any such self-aware grouping. Nevertheless, other writers have seized on the concept, in a celebrated article from 2001, the reputed literary scholar Priscilla Bawcutt exam

1.
Contents

2.
James VI in 1585, aged 19. The " Danish portrait".

3.
16th century Lute player. James VI saw music and court poetry as connected art-forms, employing minstrels from France, England and Italy.

Cavalier poet
–
Cavalier Poets is a broad description of a school of English poets of the 17th century, who came from the classes that supported King Charles I during the English Civil War. Charles, a connoisseur of the arts, supported poets who created the art he craved. These poets in turn grouped themselves with the King and his service, a cavalier was traditio

1.
Charles I of England

Graveyard poets
–
Moving beyond the elegy lamenting a single death, their purpose was rarely sensationalist. As the century progressed, graveyard poetry increasingly expressed a feeling for the sublime and uncanny, the graveyard poets are often recognized as precursors of the Gothic literary genre, as well as the Romantic movement. The Graveyard School is an indefin

1.
Edward Young

2.
An illustration for Young's Night Thoughts by William Blake.

Dada
–
Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland at the Cabaret Voltaire, in New York, and after 1920, in Paris. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, Dadaist artists expressed their disco

1.
Cover of the first edition of the publication Dada by Tristan Tzara; Zürich, 1917

Della Cruscans
–
The Della Cruscans were a circle of European late-18th-century sentimental poets founded by Robert Merry. Robert Merry travelled to Florence where he edited two volumes, The Arno Miscellany and The Florence Miscellany, the latter of which could be said to have started the Della Cruscan phenomena. It was a collaboration between English and Italian p