...was overflowing with confidence on the clay after winning three tournaments in a row en route to Paris. She lifted her season winning streak to 24 straight matches by easily dispatching a jittery Mary Pierce of France 6–1, 6–1. Pierce, the 2000 French Open winner, was thoroughly outclassed by an unerring adversary who was primed for the occasion. Henin-Hardenne’s sternest t...

...in 1914, he became its director. There he did work that led to the practical application of a variety of experimental discoveries in piezoelectricity and magnetostriction. He developed the Pierce oscillator, which utilizes quartz crystal to keep radio transmissions precisely on the assigned frequency and to provide similar accuracy for frequency meters....

...in the conference finals. When the most important game of the season began against the Lakers in game seven of the Finals, however, the Celtics had to play without injured centre Kendrick Perkins. Paul Pierce scored 18 points and grabbed 10 rebounds, and Kevin Garnett scored 17 points and Rasheed Wallace chipped in with 11 points....

Pierce Penilesse His Supplication to the Divell (1592), a satire focused on the seven deadly sins, was Nashe’s first distinctive work. Using a free and extemporaneous prose style, full of colloquialisms, newly coined words, and fantastic idiosyncrasies, Nashe buttonholes the reader with a story in which a need for immediate entertainment seems to predominate over any narrative struct...

case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 1, 1925, ruled (9–0) that an Oregon law requiring children to attend public schools was unconstitutional. In its decision, the court upheld the right of parents to make educational decisions on behalf of their children while acknowledging the states’ right to regulate education, even in nonpublic schools....

Other motorcars of this type included the Hispano-Suiza of Spain and France; the Bugatti, Delage, Delahaye, Hotchkiss, Talbot (Darracq), and Voisin of France; the Duesenberg, Cadillac, Packard, and Pierce-Arrow of the United States; the Horch, Maybach, and Mercedes-Benz of Germany; the Belgian Minerva; and the Italian Isotta-Fraschini. These were costly machines, priced roughly from $7,500 to......

...1534 by Jacques Cartier, it has been the site of a Roman Catholic mission since 1670. Percé is now a fishing port and summer resort. Offshore, but connected by a sandbar at low tide, is famed Rocher-Percé (“Pierced Rock”)—a rocky island 290 feet (88 metres) high that is pierced by a 60-foot- (18-metre-) high arch; it and another nearby tourist attraction,......

in metalwork, perforations created for decorative or functional effect or both; the French term for such work is ajouré. Both hand-operated and mechanical tools such as saws, drills, chisels, and punches are used. The principal present-day exponents of this ancient technique are perhaps Asiatic Indian craftsmen. In European metalwork—apart from its functional and decorative use on h...

...(1973; “The Burned Shirt”), which returns to the theme of a woman’s insistence on personal freedoms. In 1981 she published Un grido lacerante (A Piercing Cry), in which a woman must determine her real vocation as it relates to her life....

The four butterfly families are: Pieridae, the whites and sulfurs, known for their mass migrations; Papilionidae, the swallowtails and parnassians (the latter sometimes considered a separate family, Parnassiidae); Lycaenidae, including the blues, coppers, hairstreaks, gossamer-winged butterflies, and metalmarks (the latter found chiefly in the American tropics and sometimes classified as family......

any of a group of butterflies in the family Pieridae (order Lepidoptera) that are named for their white wings with black marginal markings. The family Pieridae also includes the orange-tip and sulfur butterflies and consists of approximately 1,100 species. The adult white butterflies have a wingspan of 37 to 63 mm (1.5 to 2.5 inches). Sexual seasonal dimorphism in pattern and colour occur in many ...

...of the most common white butterfly species in North America. P. rapae has white or cream-coloured wings with small black dots and lays its eggs singly on leaves. The large cabbage white (P. brassicae) is found throughout Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It features large black spots with a black band on the tip of its white wings and lays its eggs in characteristic clusters. Both.....

One of the most common whites in North America is the European cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae), whose larva is an important economic pest of cabbage and related plants. It was introduced into North America about 1860....

...tradition was maintained by several remarkable disciples. Two of these whose works have been entirely lost but who are reported to have been polished writers were Theognostus (fl. 250–280) and Pierius (fl. 280–300), both heads of the catechetical school and apparently propagators of Origen’s ideas. But there are two others of note, Dionysius of Alexandria (c.......

...Anacletus II. He was elected to succeed Celestine II on March 12, 1144. When King Roger II of Sicily invaded papal lands and forced Lucius to accept his truce, Anacletus’ brother, the patrician Giordano Pierleoni, led the Romans to proclaim a constitutional republic free from papal civil rule. Lucius opposed this bid for Roman independence, led an unsuccessful assault against the rebels,...

antipope from 1130 to 1138 whose claims to the papacy against Pope Innocent II are still supported by some scholars. After study in Paris, he became a monk at Cluny and was made cardinal at Rome in 1116 by Pope Paschal II. In 1118 he accompanied Pope Gelasius II, who fled to France from the persecuting Frangipani, an influential Roman family....

Milan’s Teatro alla Scala (“Theatre at the Stairway”; popularly called La Scala), constructed in 1776–78 and designed by the leading Neoclassical architect Giuseppe Piermarini, is one of the great opera houses of the world. Damaged by bombing during World War II, La Scala was quickly reconstructed and reopened with a concert by Arturo Toscanini in 1946. Extensive renova...

painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. The fresco cycle “The Legend of the True Cross” (1452–66) and the diptych portrait of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, and his consort (1465) are among his best known wo...

painter whose serene, disciplined exploration of perspective had little influence on his contemporaries but came to be recognized in the 20th century as a major contribution to the Italian Renaissance. The fresco cycle “The Legend of the True Cross” (1452–66) and the diptych portrait of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, and his consort (1465) are among his best known wo...

...education, and economic nationalism, but his insistence on reducing the power of the military left the nation unprepared when the War of the Pacific (1879–83) broke out. In 1879 Nicolás de Piérola, another military man, succeeded in seizing control of the government from the Civilistas, but he was turned out by the Chileans in 1881. Piérola began a......

...popular vote. They also elected delegates to a constitutional convention, which took place in November. In April 1862 the voters approved the new constitution, again by a huge margin. The governor, Francis H. Pierpont, secured federal recognition and maintained civil jurisdiction over the region until Congress consented to the admission of West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. A......

novel by Herman Melville, published in 1852. An intensely personal work, it reveals the somber mythology of Melville’s private life framed in terms of a story of an artist alienated from his society. The artist, Pierre Glendinning, is a wealthy young man. When he discovers that he has an illegitimate half sister, he tries to provide for her by taking her to live in New Yo...

...about his life. According to Carel van Mander’s Het Schilderboeck (Book of Painters), published in Amsterdam in 1604 (35 years after Bruegel’s death), Bruegel was apprenticed to Pieter Coecke van Aelst, a leading Antwerp artist who had located in Brussels. The head of a large workshop, Coecke was a sculptor, architect, and designer of tapestry and stained glass who h...

Cistercian martyr, apostolic legate, and inquisitor against the Albigenses, most particularly the Cathari (heretical Christians who held unorthodox views on the nature of good and evil), whose assassination led to the Albigensian Crusade....

...(“The Art of Measured Song”) served to organize and codify the newly formed mensural system (a more precise system of rhythmic notation, the direct ancestor of modern notation); and Pierre de la Croix (flourished last half of 13th century), whose works anticipate the Ars Nova style by virtue of their rhythmic fluency....

Maupassant’s most important full-length novels are Une Vie, Bel-Ami (1885; “Good Friend”), and Pierre et Jean (1888). Bel-Ami is drawn from the author’s observation of the world of sharp businessmen and cynical journalists in Paris, and it is a scathing satire on a societ...

...recreation, and flood-control project 5 miles (8 km) north of Pierre—has impounded the 231-mile (372-km) Lake Oahe along the Missouri River between Pierre and Bismarck, North Dakota. Fort Pierre, across the river, was the fur-trade capital of the Northwest from 1832 to 1855; a monument there marks the place where Louis-Joseph and François Vérendrye buried a lead......

...cities such as Basel, Zürich, and Geneva but also in small towns such as Winterthur and Schaffhausen, which are cultural bastions far beyond the usual provincial standards. One example is the Pierre Gianadda Foundation, built over Roman ruins in Martigny. Opened in 1978, it has become renowned for the quality of its exhibitions of international artists, including Pablo Picasso, Marc......

...Grand Prix (prize to study art in Rome) of the academy in 1754, committed suicide in Venice in 1767. And then too, the public’s taste had changed. The new director of the academy, the all-powerful Jean-Baptiste-Marie Pierre, in his desire to restore historical painting to the first rank, humiliated the old artist by reducing his pension and gradually divesting him of his duties at the ac...

ascetic and monastic founder, considered one of the most important preachers of the First Crusade. He was also, with Walter Sansavoir, one of the leaders of the so-called People’s Crusade, which arrived in the East before the main armies of the First Crusade....

novel by Herman Melville, published in 1852. An intensely personal work, it reveals the somber mythology of Melville’s private life framed in terms of a story of an artist alienated from his society. The artist, Pierre Glendinning, is a wealthy young man. When he discovers that he has an illegitimate half sister, he tries to provide for her by taking her to live in New Yo...

...different types of karst terrain. In the south the Pyrenees exhibit spectacular alpine karst on both the Spanish and French sides. The high-altitude pavement karst contains many deep shafts. The Pierre Saint-Martin System, for example, is 1,342 metres deep and drains a large area of the mountain range. Southern France, notably the Grande Causse, has some of the most spectacular karst in......

division of Upper Cretaceous rocks in the United States (the Cretaceous Period lasted from about 146 million to 65.5 million years ago). Named for exposures studied near old Fort Pierre, S.D., the Pierre Shale occurs in South Dakota, Montana, Colorado, Minnesota, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Nebraska. The Pierre consists of about 600 m (about 2,000 feet) of dark gray shale, some san...

...small, and parapets were often crenellated to resist attack. Architectural forms were freely borrowed from medieval bastions. A representative example of this type of fortified château is the Château de Pierrefonds (1390–1400). Eight monumental towers, machicolations (i.e., openings from which missiles could be hurled or shot at attackers below), and battlemented wal...

stock character of the Italian commedia dell’arte, a simpleminded and honest servant, usually a young and personable valet. One of the comic servants, or zanni, Pedrolino functioned in the commedia as an unsuccessful lover and a victim of the pranks of his fellow comedians. His costume consisted of a white jacket with a neck ruff and large buttons down the front, loose trousers, and ...

Fuller had come to be appreciated by younger directors. He appeared as himself in a cameo in Jean-Luc Godard’s Pierrot le Fou (1965). In that movie, when asked by Jean-Paul Belmondo to define cinema, Fuller’s reply—which came to epitomize his movies—was: “A film is like a battleground. It’s love. Hate. Action. Violence. Death. In o...

...style. From then on the pileup of dissonance in Schoenberg’s music became so pronounced as to make the concept of dissonance itself meaningless. In such a seminal work as the chamber cantata Pierrot Lunaire (1912), tonality has been put aside. In this work it is no longer possible to discuss consonance and dissonance, for these concepts relate to the structure of a composition......

Having achieved critical acclaim as a performer, Tetley shifted his attention to choreography. In 1962 he formed his own company and created Pierrot Lunaire, a work focusing on the interaction of three commedia dell’arte characters and set to the atonal song cycle of the same name by the experimental composer Arnold Schoenberg. Its success gained Tetley a position...

British composer. He began as a clarinetist, shifting to composition in his 20s. He cofounded the Pierrot Players with Peter Maxwell Davies (1967) but felt limited by the group’s size. He concentrated on exploring large-scale time structures; his music’s form is controlled by complex cyclical principles that he declined to discuss. His works include the theatre pieces ......

Middle English alliterative poem presumed to have been written by William Langland. Three versions of Piers Plowman are extant: A, the poem’s short early form, dating from the 1360s; B, a major revision and extension of A made in the late 1370s; and C, a less “literary” version of B dating from the 1380s and apparently intended to f...

...career after having a leg amputated), and The Jackie Robinson Story (1950; with Robinson playing himself). Somewhat of an anomaly for the time is the biography of outfielder Jimmy Piersall, Fear Strikes Out (1957), which is an unsentimental account of Piersall’s struggle with mental illness. More in keeping with the period are entertainin...

May 12, 1925Chappaqua, N.Y.July 22, 2012Los Angeles, Calif.American screenwriter, director, and producer who garnered an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material from another medium for his first film, Cat Ballou (1965), and another for his third, Cool Hand L...

May 12, 1925Chappaqua, N.Y.July 22, 2012Los Angeles, Calif.American screenwriter, director, and producer who garnered an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material from another medium for his first film, Cat Ballou (1965), and another for his third, Cool Hand L...

...the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, whom the U.S. government had sentenced as Soviet spies and executed. Kruczkowski depicted them as innocent victims of a political plot. In Pierwszy dzień wolności (1960; “The First Day of Freedom”; filmed 1965), he reflected on the conflict between human freedom and historical necessity. His last play,....

...Bez końca (1985; No End), the story of a dead lawyer who watches over his family as they continue with their lives, marked the beginning of a longtime writing collaboration with Krzysztof Piesiewicz....

town, southwestern Slovakia, on the Váh River, approximately 48 miles (77 km) northeast of Bratislava. Piešt’any is a Carpathian health resort, known since the Middle Ages for its warm sulfur springs and mud baths. It has specialized since the 16th century in treating rheumatic and arthritic diseases. The State Research Institute for Rheum...

as a theme in Christian art, depiction of the Virgin Mary supporting the body of the dead Christ. Some representations of the Pietà include John the Apostle, Mary Magdalene, and sometimes other figures on either side of the Virgin, but the great majority show only Mary and her Son. The Pietà was widely represented in both paint...

...is miraculous in the Annunciation, in which Gabriel rushes in and an assembly of angels in glory hovers about the Virgin. Titian’s final word and last testament is the Pietà, intended for his own burial chapel but left unfinished and completed by Palma il Giovane. The master and his son, Orazio, appear as tiny donors on the s...

...Among the finest of his works executed during this time are the Vision of St. Bernard, the Madonna and Saints, the Pietà, and the fresco of the Crucifixion for the Florentine convent of Sta. Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi. These works are characterized by ample sculptural......

About 1515 Sebastiano came under the influence of Michelangelo and began collaborating with that artist. From drawings and cartoons by Michelangelo he executed his best-known work, the “Pietà” (c. 1517; Civic Museum, Viterbo), as well as the “Flagellation” (1516–24; Borgherini Chapel, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome) and the “Raising of......

...for Michelangelo to take umbrage when his work was misattributed. It was reported that when he discovered that another artist was receiving credit for sculpting the famous Pietà (now in St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome), Michelangelo returned with his chisel and added his signature across the centre of the sculpture, on the prominent sash across Mary...

...incipient mannerism appears in Botticelli’s late works of the 1480s and in works such as the magnificent Cestello Annunciation (1490) and the small Pietà (late 1490s) now in the Poldi-Pezzoli Museum. After the early 1490s his style changed markedly; the paintings are smaller in scale, the figures in them are now slender to th...

The work that demonstrates most clearly Bermejo’s mastery of Renaissance techniques is the Pietà of 1490 in the Barcelona Cathedral. It is widely considered his finest work. The painting lacks gold in the background (present in earlier works). Instead, a landscape under a stormy sky is painted very much in the manner of the Flemish master Rogier van der......

...exceptions this was in the court ambience only, while Spanish Baroque sculpture is almost entirely religious and of a fundamentally popular nature. Gregorio Hernández in sculptures like the “Pieta” (1617; Museo Nacional de Esculturas, Valladolid, Spain) revealed an emotional realism more Gothic than Baroque; but in the figures of Manuel Pereira there is a clear-cut......

town, western Finland, northeast of the city of Vaasa. Pietarsaari, which was formerly mainly Swedish-speaking, was founded in 1652; it became an important commercial centre because of its location on the Gulf of Bothnia. The poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg (who wrote in Swedish but is Finland’s national poet) was born there in 1804. Notable buildings includ...

in Roman religion, personification of a respectful and faithful attachment to gods, country, and relatives, especially parents. Pietas had a temple at Rome, dedicated in 181 bc, and was often represented on coins as a female figure carrying a palm branch and a sceptre or as a matron casting incense upon an altar, sometimes accompanied by a stork, the symbol of filial piety....

city, capital of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. It lies in the Msunduzi River valley, at the base of a tree-covered escarpment inland from Durban. Boers from the Cape Colony founded it in 1838 after a victory over the Zulus at Blood River and named it to honour their dead leaders Piet Retief and Gerrit Maritz. The British took control in 1843 and built Fort Napier (now a ...

city, capital of Limpopo province, South Africa. It is located about midway between Pretoria and the Zimbabwe border, at an elevation of 4,199 feet (1,280 metres). It was founded by Voortrekkers (Afrikaans: “Pioneers”) in 1886 on land purchased in 1884 from a local farmer and named Pietersb...

admiral and director of the Dutch West India Company who captured a Spanish treasure fleet (1628) with 4,000,000 ducats of gold and silver (12,000,000 gulden, or florins). That great naval and economic victory provided the Dutch Republic with money to continue its struggle against Spain for control of the southern, or Spanish, Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg)....

influential religious reform movement that began among German Lutherans in the 17th century. It emphasized personal faith against the main Lutheran church’s perceived stress on doctrine and theology over Christian living. Pietism quickly spread and later became concerned with social and educational matters. As a phenomenon of personal religious renewal, its indirect influ...

influential religious reform movement that began among German Lutherans in the 17th century. It emphasized personal faith against the main Lutheran church’s perceived stress on doctrine and theology over Christian living. Pietism quickly spread and later became concerned with social and educational matters. As a phenomenon of personal religious renewal, its indirect influ...

...more than 200 books of pulp fiction under 16 different pseudonyms, the sales of which soon made him a millionaire. The first novel to appear under his own name was Pietr-le-Letton (1929; The Strange Case of Peter the Lett), in which he introduced the imperturbable, pipe-smoking Parisian police inspector Jules Maigret to fiction. Simenon went on to write 83 more detective novels......

...who was interested in the young composer, recommended Rossini to the committee of La Scala opera house in Milan. It was under contract to them that he wrote La pietra del paragone (1812; The Touchstone), a touchstone of his budding genius. In its finale, Rossini—for the first time—made use of the crescendo effect that he was later to use and abuse indiscriminately....

...Touchstones”), a vigorous denunciation of the Spanish domination of Europe. They were widely translated, the first English version being by Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth, and called Advertisements from Parnassus; in Two Centuries with the Politick Touch-stone (1656). This and other European translations influenced Miguel de Cervantes, Joseph Addison, and......

(Italian: “hard stone”), in mosaic, any of several kinds of hard stone used in commesso mosaic work, an art that flourished in Florence particularly in the late 16th and 17th centuries and involved the fashioning of highly illusionistic pictures out of cut-to-shape pieces of coloured stone. The resulting decorative mosaics were used primarily for tabletops ...

...century bc and a Roman amphitheatre. Lecce flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries and has many examples of Apulian Baroque architecture; many of its buildings are built of the characteristic pietra leccese, a light yellow, easily worked limestone. The cathedral, the Basilica of Santa Croce, and the Church of SS. Niccolo e Cataldo are notable, all rebuilt in the Baroque s...

town, centre of a district known as Versilia, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, central Italy, at the foot of the Alpi Apuane (mountains) just southeast of Carrara. Its piazza is surrounded by fine buildings including the Cathedral of San Martino and the Church of San Agostino (a baptistery with a medieval font), both dating from the 14th century, and the remains of the Rocca, a...

“It would be no exaggeration,” declared The New York Times, to say that the finish of the marathon at the 1908 Olympics in London was “the most thrilling athletic event that has occurred since that Marathon race in ancient Greece, where the victor fell at the goal and, with a wave of triumph, died.”...

March 21, 1944Ponce, P.R.March 3, 2004in flight from Mexico to New York, N.Y.Puerto Rican poet and playwright who , inspired young Puerto Ricans living in New York City, called Nuyoricans, by composing poetry that instilled pride in their culture and heritage. His poems often reflected stro...

...portraiture. His Doge Leonardo Loredan in the National Gallery, London, has all the wise and kindly firmness of the perfect head of state, and his Portrait of a Young Man (c. 1505; thought to be a likeness of the Venetian writer and humanist Pietro Bembo) in the British royal collection portrays all the sensitivity of a poet....

inquisitor, vigorous preacher, and religious founder who, for his militant reformation, was assassinated by a neo-Manichaean sect, the Cathari (heretical Christians who held unorthodox views on the nature of good and evil)....

Italian architect, regarded as the greatest architect of 16th-century northern Italy. His designs for palaces (palazzi) and villas, notably the Villa Rotonda (1550–51) near Vicenza, and his treatise I quattro libri dell’architettura (1570; The Four Books of Architecture) made him one of the most influential figures in Western architecture....