The Cancun Agreements constituted a significant achievement for the UN climate process.

They form the pillars of the largest collective effort the world
has ever seen to reduce emissions, in a mutually accountable way, with national plans captured formally
at international level under the banner of the UNFCCC.

The Cancun Agreements also included the most comprehensive
package ever agreed by governments to help developing nations deal with climate change. It
encompassed finance, technology and capacity-building support to help such countries meet urgent needs
to adapt to climate change, and to speed up their plans to adopt sustainable paths to low emission
economies that could also resist the negative impacts of climate change.

What are the Cancun Agreements, in real terms?

The Cancun Agreements were a set of significant decisions by the international community to address
the long-term challenge of climate change collectively and comprehensively over time, and to take
concrete action immediately to speed up the global response to it.

The agreements, reached on December 11 in Cancun, Mexico, at the 2010 United Nations Climate Change
Conference, represented key steps forward in capturing plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and
to help developing nations protect themselves from climate impacts and build their own sustainable
futures.

Put simply, the Cancun Agreements' main objectives cover:

Mitigation

Establish clear goals and a timely schedule for reducing human-generated greenhouse gas
emissions over time to keep the global average temperature rise below two degrees;

Encourage the participation of all countries in reducing these emissions, in accordance
with each country's different responsibilities and capabilities to do so.

Review progress made towards two-degree objective, and a review by 2015 on whether the
objective needs to be strengthened in future, including the consideration of a 1.5C goal, on
the basis of the best scientific knowledge available.

Transparency of actions

Ensure international transparency of the actions which are taken by countries, and ensure
that global progress towards the 2C goal is reviewed in a timely way.

Technology

Mobilize the development and transfer of clean technology to boost efforts to address
climate change, getting it to the right place at the right time and for the best effect on
both adaptation and mitigation.

Finance

Mobilize and provide scaled-up funds in the short and long term to enable developing
countries to take greater and effective action.

Set up the Green Climate Fund to provide support to developing countries to assist them
in mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts

Adaptation

Assist the particularly vulnerable people in the world to adapt to the inevitable impacts of
climate change by taking a coordinated approach to adaptation.

Forests

Protect the world's forests, which are a major repository of carbon. Governments
agreed to launch concrete action on forests in developing nations, which will increase going
forward. The full financing options for the implementation of such mitigation actions in the
forest area will be addressed during 2011.

Capacity building

Build up global capacity, especially in developing countries, to meet the overall
challenge;

Establish effective institutions and systems which will ensure these objectives are
implemented successfully.

All industrialized countries and more than 40 developing countries had submitted official emission
reduction targets and actions by COP17. But, in the big picture, the international response was
still lacking in a critical area.

The sum total of official emission reduction pledges from all countriesamounted to only around 60 percent of what was needed to limit the temperature increase to 2
degrees Celsius, the temperature ceiling that would give us a reasonable chance of avoiding
the worst impacts of climate change.

Note: The following year, in Durban, countries launched a work plan on deepening mitigation ambition,
as part of the path they charted towards a new future climate agreement.

The big picture

The Cancun Agreements also included a timely schedule for nations under the Climate Change Convention
to review the progress they make towards their expressed objective of keeping the average
global temperature rise below two degrees Celsius. Governments agreed to review whether the
objective needed to be strengthened in future, on the basis of the best scientific knowledge available.
This was fleshed out further at COP17 the following year in Durban.