{-# OPTIONS -fno-warn-unused-imports #-}-- | Repa arrays are wrappers around a linear structure that holds the element-- data. -- -- The representation tag determines what structure holds the data.---- Delayed Representations (functions that compute elements)---- * `D` -- Functions from indices to elements.---- * `C` -- Cursor functions.---- Manifest Representations (real data)---- * `U` -- Adaptive unboxed vectors.---- * `V` -- Boxed vectors.---- * `B` -- Strict ByteStrings.---- * `F` -- Foreign memory buffers.---- Meta Representations---- * `P` -- Arrays that are partitioned into several representations.---- * `S` -- Hints that computing this array is a small amount of work,-- so computation should be sequential rather than parallel to avoid-- scheduling overheads.-- -- * `I` -- Hints that computing this array will be an unbalanced workload,-- so computation of successive elements should be interleaved between-- the processors---- * `X` -- Arrays whose elements are all undefined.---- Array fusion is achieved via the delayed (`D`) and cursored (`C`)-- representations. At compile time, the GHC simplifier combines the functions-- contained within `D` and `C` arrays without needing to create manifest-- intermediate arrays. ------ /Advice for writing fast code:/---- 1. Repa does not support nested parallellism. -- This means that you cannot `map` a parallel worker function across-- an array and then call `computeP` to evaluate it, or pass a parallel-- worker to parallel reductions such as `foldP`. If you do then you will-- get a run-time warning and the code will run very slowly.---- 2. Arrays of type @(Array D sh a)@ or @(Array C sh a)@ are /not real arrays/.-- They are represented as functions that compute each element on demand.-- You need to use `computeS`, `computeP`, `computeUnboxedP`-- and so on to actually evaluate the elements.-- -- 3. Add @INLINE@ pragmas to all leaf-functions in your code, expecially ones-- that compute numeric results. Non-inlined lazy function calls can cost-- upwards of 50 cycles each, while each numeric operator only costs one (or less).-- Inlining leaf functions also ensures they are specialised at the appropriate-- numeric types.-- -- 4. Add bang patterns to all function arguments, and all fields of your data-- types. In a high-performance Haskell program, the cost of lazy evaluation-- can easily dominate the run time if not handled correctly. You don't want-- to rely on the strictness analyser in numeric code because if it does not-- return a perfect result then the performance of your program will be awful.-- This is less of a problem for general Haskell code, and in a different-- context relying on strictness analysis is fine.---- 5. Scheduling an 8-thread parallel computation can take 50us on a Linux machine. -- You should switch to sequential evaluation functions like `computeS` and-- `foldS` for small arrays in inner loops, and at the bottom of a -- divide-and-conquer algorithm. Consider using a `computeP` that evaluates-- an array defined using `computeS` or `foldS` for each element.---- 6. Compile the modules that use Repa with the following flags:-- @-Odph -rtsopts -threaded@-- @-fno-liberate-case -funfolding-use-threshold1000 -funfolding-keeness-factor1000@-- @-fllvm -optlo-O3@-- You don't want the liberate-case transform because it tends to duplicate-- too much intermediate code, and is not needed if you use bang patterns-- as per point 4. The unfolding flags tell the inliner to not to fool around with -- heuristics, and just inline everything. If the binaries become too big then -- split the array part of your program into separate modules and only compile-- those with the unfolding flags.---- 7. Repa writes to the GHC eventlog at the start and end of each parallel computation.-- Use threadscope to see what your program is doing.---- 8. When you're sure your program works, switch to the unsafe versions-- of functions like `traverse`. These don't do bounds checks.---- /Changes for Repa 3.2:/---- 1. Renamed some Repa 3.1 type classes to have more intuitive names: -- `Repr` -> `Source`, `Fill` -> `Load`, `Fillable` -> `Target`, `Combine` -> `Structured`.---- 2. Also renamed `MArray` -> `MVec` to emphasise its linear structure.---- 3. Made `Array` and `MVec` associated types of `Source` and `Target` respectively.---- 4. Added the `S` (Smallness) and `I` (Interleave) hints.--moduleData.Array.Repa(-- * Abstract array representationmoduleData.Array.Repa.Shape,moduleData.Array.Repa.Index,Array(..),Source(..),(!),toList,deepSeqArrays-- * Computation,computeP,computeS,copyP,copyS-- * Concrete array representations-- ** Delayed representation,D,fromFunction,toFunction,delay-- ** Unboxed vector representation,U,computeUnboxedP,computeUnboxedS,fromListUnboxed,fromUnboxed,toUnboxed-- from Data.Array.Repa.Operators.IndexSpace ------------------ * Operators-- ** Index space transformations,reshape,append,(++),extract,transpose,backpermute,backpermuteDft-- ** Slice transformations,moduleData.Array.Repa.Slice,slice,extend-- from Data.Array.Repa.Operators.Mapping --------------------- ** Structure preserving operations,map,zipWith,(+^),(-^),(*^),(/^),Structured(..)-- from Data.Array.Repa.Operators.Traversal -------------------- ** Generic traversal,traverse,traverse2,traverse3,traverse4-- from Data.Array.Repa.Operators.Interleave ------------------- ** Interleaving,interleave2,interleave3,interleave4-- from Data.Array.Repa.Operators.Reduction -------------------- ** Reduction,foldP,foldS,foldAllP,foldAllS,sumP,sumS,sumAllP,sumAllS,equalsP,equalsS-- from Data.Array.Repa.Operators.Selection -------------------- ** Selection,selectP)whereimportData.Array.Repa.BaseimportData.Array.Repa.ShapeimportData.Array.Repa.IndeximportData.Array.Repa.SliceimportData.Array.Repa.EvalimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.DelayedimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.VectorimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.UnboxedimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.ByteStringimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.ForeignPtrimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.HintSmallimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.HintInterleaveimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.CursoredimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.PartitionedimportData.Array.Repa.Repr.Undefined()importData.Array.Repa.Operators.MappingimportData.Array.Repa.Operators.TraversalimportData.Array.Repa.Operators.IndexSpaceimportData.Array.Repa.Operators.InterleaveimportData.Array.Repa.Operators.ReductionimportData.Array.Repa.Operators.SelectionimportPrelude()