﻿TOK ESSAY
By: Amer Hazwani“A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of the world. In what ways may models help or hinder the search of knowledge?” Models are needed to help people, models make or lives “easier”. People believe in models because we like to choice an easy ways. Now we use models for everything, models are being used by geographists, scientists, soldiers, businessmen, engineers, and many other people. There are models that are being used to build a building, maps, models for business (to increase revenue, to increase demand, to increase supply). So in every job there is an easy way. However this models are not always correct, and because people get more and more depended on them on day or another the model will not work and full process of work might fail just because of dependence on the models. There are two examples of the models: law demand in economics, and geographic maps in geography. Maps are being used in a lot of different ways, people use them to get from one place to another, to understand where they are, and what way they have to move during the trips. Soldiers use maps, geographists use maps. However are they so useful? If they are then why? Maps is a smaller version of a place, maps can represent give and idea of how city, country or continent might look like, there are also maps such as globe that represent the full world:

There is a map of Uzbekistan, globe of the world and map of Tashkent. Map of Uzbekistan shows the shape of the county, it also represents where cities are placed, by looking at the text (names of the cities (names of some cities are written different to another (larger))) it is clear that some cities are more popular then another, larger, and Tashkent if the largest there that represents that Tashkent is a capital city. So this map is useful for people to know where cities are placed, which city larger or smaller. That might help to understand how far one city from another...

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...What is it about theories in natural and human sciences that make them so convincing?
During the course of my Biology HL syllabus, I came across the theory of the fluid mosaic model. I instantly considered this theory to be absolute and accurate. This level of certainty was created with the first reading of the theory, and evoked the question as to what makes the theories formulated in natural and human sciences as convincing as they are. Both Natural and Human scientists take pride in the fact that their work is the result of long, precise and experimental research and the fact that their theories are able to overcome the skeptical approach of human nature and produce enough certainty in people to accept their work without further questioning. I will attempt to state and explain the reasons for this creation of such certainty by incorporating three areas of knowledge. Firstly, natural sciences and how they are so convincing despite the lack of certainty. Then I will elaborate on the human sciences and how its theories are debatable and the difference between the two sciences. Lastly I will intrude into the ethical aspect of the knowledge issue, as conflicting emotions and reason are essential in creating the faith and belief in the theories formulated by these explicit and evidence rich areas of knowledge.
We as humans are generally skeptical about various sources of information, but this skeptic...

...Science does not as yet have a full understanding of the universe. However, it is suggested that with increased technology and theoretical advance, it may be only decades before this is achieved. Do you agree this is possible? What might be the consequences?
Science is, at its heart, a quest; a quest whose goal is to create an understanding of the universe. In effect, science attempts to quantify reality. It does this in many ways; through experimentation and observation, through theorizing and testing. This quest has been undergoing since the birth of mankind and yet the further we go the further away the end of the quest seems to be. Despite this, it has been theorized that man will eventually understand the universe through science and its relentless quest for knowledge. Not only has it been said that this is likely, but it has been said that this understanding lies mere decades away from the present. Is this possible, not only mere decades from the present, but is it possible, at all, to achieve an understanding of the universe? In short, no. The extended answer, however, takes a little more time.
First, to begin the answer to this question, it is necessary to understand what is meant by understanding the universe. First of all, the word "understanding", according to Funk and Wagnalls standard desk dictionary (Deluxe edition, 1964), means "the act of one who comes to know the meaning or import of; who...

...﻿TOK Human SciencesEssay:
When compared to the natural science, it is difficult to consider the human science scientific. Defend or refute this statement.
Introduction:
There have always been debates on whether human science is considered scientific, especially when it is compared to natural sciences. In order to answer this question, I should first define the terms –science, natural science and human science. I define science as a systematic enterprise that organizes knowledge in testable explanations and predictions that proves that a certain thing is true about the universe. Natural science can be defined as organized knowledge that are measured by quantitative data towards the natural world using scientific methods. Human science can be defined as the study of the society and the relationships between individuals. It is the study of a human being’s knowledge and its interrelationships with other species, studying human phenomenon.
The essay will compare using two areas of knowing which are natural sciences and the human sciences and analyze using the three ways of knowing, Perception, Reasoning and Language.
Human science: no clear answer, quantitative, human error.
Main body:
‘If it's social it can't be...

...everything. It is less time
consuming, more systematic and is found to be a very effective way of dealing with things. Right
now everything can be done on the internet which has given a ​
major leap towards the
transformation of the world and has hence become dominant over the other areas of knowledge.
COUNTER ARGUMENT:
Even though technology has lead to a rapid transformation in development, it is the culture and
the art that has helped them to reach such a position. Art is something which touches the
emotions compared to technology. When we take a painting, different people interpret it in
different ways and this leads to the transformation in moral science. Every technology goes
through the art and that is how it becomes famous. If the public didn’t like the art of
communication, he/she would have never used it. Art and culture runs along with technology.
They both help define each other.
ARGUMENT 2:
Can we interpret that the areas of knowledge that seek to transform the world are more important
than the areas of knowledge that seek to describe it, when seen in our day to day life ?
MAIN EXAMPLE:
When we take the area of robotics and electronics, it has developed drastically in the past decade.
It has transformed the world and it is because of one important subject and that is mathematics.
Mathematics ...

...knowledge in science certain?”
People usually become certain of things after they have been proven to be true. The question we ask ourselves is: “To what extent is our knowledge in science certain?”. Well we may not be a hundred percent sure that what we know is true, yet when it comes to facts that have been proven by scientists, people do believe them, as they are perceived to be a worthy source of information, especially when experiments come along the observation with a thesis that we can assume is true due to the reliable sources. When it comes to science though, the information we may be certain of at some time, may change within a few years, as science is connected with nature, thus we may not predict what may occur in the future, that may undermine our knowledge due to the change of factors that may have led to a disruption of the thesis.
As science is divided into a few types, we are talking about certainty in each of them. When it comes to physics, it has a plentiful of laws that are a base to any sort of experiments, as if such experiment is not checked to be following the laws of physics, we may not know to what extent it may me true, as if it shows contradictory information to any of those laws, we may not be certain that it has a good thesis.
Biology on the other hand is mostly based on observations, upon which experiments are made later on, to see whether the hypothesis may be...

...﻿TOK-SCIENCE
What is science?
-A body of knowledge
Natural sciences (physics, chemistry, biology) + human sciences
-A way of thinking
Science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge
This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain certain phenomena.
Observation: Science starts with the observable sense perception
Hypothesis: reason (sources)
Experiment: all WOKs
Results
Doctrine of science (NS)
All properties and events in the physical universe are governed by laws.
These laws a true at every time and place in the universe.
Assumes continuity of nature
Laws of gravity
Laws of thermodynamics
Laws of genetics
Difference that distinguish NS from HS to a large extent.
Distinguishable process in NS
The idea of testing these doctrines/theories (valuing skepticism)
Scientific inquiry cycle
Hypothesis (deduction)  prediction (observation)  test of prediction (induction)  hypothesis
The premise provides evidential support for the conclusion, but does not guaranteed its truth.
It is compatible with the premise that there is an unobserved black swan.
Problem of induction
Simple induction lead to absurd conclusions“sound right”
Validity of the arguments are loaded with many logical fallacies.
Occam’s razor
“When faced with competing hypothesis, select the one that makes the fewest/simplest assumptions.”...

...﻿Problems Faced by Women at Workplace
Women excel in all fields including space exploration and rocket science. Women play a vital role in economic development of the country and their contribution is nothing short of their male counterparts. However there are still several issues and problems that women face today.
Sexual Harassment
It is a major issue that women face at their workplace and many women fall victim of sexual harassment at workplace. At times employers try to take sexual favors from women employee in return of other benefits and promotions. It can be classified into various categories like
Physical contact
Showing pornography
A demand or request for sexual favors
Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal activities (like whistling, obscene jokes, comments about physical appearances and gender based derogatory remarks.)
Unequal Pay
It is another issue that women face at their workplace. Even though, women prove to be more efficient than male employees most of the time, they are not paid equally.
Lack of Family Support
Lack of proper family support is another issue that working women suffer from. At times, the family doesn't support women to leave the household work and go to the office. They also resist for women working till late in office which also hampers the performance of the women and this also affects their promotion. From a feminist perspective, women are working two jobs, both at the office and at home....

...for certainty. However, individually we are more likely to be interested in gaining new knowledge purely out of curiosity. With particular reference to the Human and Natural Sciences, there are many examples as to why our personal understanding varies due to the influences around us and how we can choose to reject or accept these ideas. Thereby, within this essay I intend to critically analyse the question of whether or not knowledge is discarded from one day to the next, whilst finding evidence for my claims and ideas on the subject through my two areas of knowledge and examples within them.
The same piece of knowledge gained by a number of people will always be interpreted differently. The way in which a piece of knowledge is expressed and received can alter your perception and understanding. The way in which it is expressed is based upon where it originally came from, potentially through a friend, newspaper or radio, all of which have different ways of communicating. A friend or radio may be more casual, whereas a newspaper is much more formal and can be hyperbolic. Your interpretation of this knowledge may be perceived differently depending on where you live in the world, what you witnessed growing up and so on. These influences will contrast our opinions on matters. When focussing on the Human Sciences, there has been on numerous occasions discarding of information particularly in Economics. For example, a frequent and...