A study claiming female breadwinners constitute 40 percent of U.S. households with young children is coming under fire.

Though statistics can be a source of clarity and hard evidence, they also can cause quite a fight. For evidence, look no further than conservative groups who have taken aim at a recent report about the changing role of American women at home and in the workplace.

"This 41 percent number is at best misleading, and at worst, it's probably really sloppy research," said Sabrina Schaeffer, executive director of conservative advocacy group the Independent Women's Forum, at a Tuesday panel hosted by the conservative think tank Heritage Foundation. "Having come from the opinion research world, it is concerning ... that Pew is increasingly releasing things that are not as academically rigorous as they should be."

The 40 percent statistic, Schaeffer pointed out, largely consists of single mothers. Nearly two-thirds of homes where women are the primary or sole breadwinners are homes headed by single moms, while just over one-third percent are homes where a woman earns more than her husband. Both of these groups have grown dramatically over time. In 1960, just 3.5 percent of homes with children under 18 were headed by a married couple where the woman out-earned the man, and 7.3 percent of households with children under 18 were headed by single mothers.

"In this case, and I fear in an increasing number of cases, the organization really did us a disservice by shaping the discussion for us as breadwinner moms, when the story is really as much about single moms as it is about women earning more," said Kay Hymowitz, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank.

Pew has responded that the report did nothing more than dispassionately present the findings on breadwinner moms.

"We're pleased that our report was the basis for a thoughtful conversation about an important trend," says Vidya Krishnamurthy, communications director of the Pew Research Center, in an email to U.S. News, adding that the center never takes positions on whether the trends in its reports are good or bad.

Krishnamurthy adds, "We made it crystal clear that our report looks at single mothers and mothers who earn more than their husbands, and that society has differing views about this trend."

Indeed, Pew acknowledged in the third sentence of its study that breadwinner moms "are made up of two very different groups," noting that single-mom families earn a median of $23,000 per year, compared to $80,000 per year earned by families where both mothers and fathers work.

The Pew study also paints a picture of a nation not only where family dynamics are changing but where attitudes are as well. In 1997, 40 percent of respondents said it is better for a marriage if a husband out-earns his wife. Now, only 28 percent of respondents say so.

It may seem like a meaningless tiff over numbers, but differing points of view on if and how to encourage workplace equality can have real policy implications. Many conservatives argued against the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, passed in 2009, which makes it easier for victims of pay discrimination to file lawsuits, as well as against the proposed Paycheck Fairness Act, which would strengthen penalties for firms that engage in wage discrimination and would prohibit firms from retaliating against employees who disclose their own earnings to each other.

While many feminist groups have applauded those bills as steps forward for women's equality in American society, the groups at today's discussion disagreed. Schaeffer said she fears studies like the "breadwinner moms" report could encourage that kind of legislation.

"As you institutionalize more legislation, things like Lilly Ledbetter, things like the Paycheck Fairness Act, you are going to strip the workplace of the kind of flexibility that benefits all of us," said Schaeffer, who added that she thinks those sorts of bills would create a "victim class in need of special government protections."

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Independent Women’s Forum’s mission is to improve the lives of Americans by increasing the number of women who value free markets and personal liberty. Sister organization of Independent Women’s Voice.