Every party in Germany had its own paramilitary force- this is the SPD's marching in front of the Gebsattelbrücke on July 3, 1932 before the national elections. In the centre with the raised fist is the Landtag deputy Rosa
Aschenbrenner (SPD). Aschenbrenner was in the USPD from 1920 to 1922 and
then for the KPD from 1924 to 1928 and finally from 1930 to 1932 and
from 1946 to 1948 a member of the SPD. The Iron Front (Eiserne Front) was an anti-Nazi, anti-monarchist, and anti-communist paramilitary organisation formed from a union of the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold, the General German Trade
Union Confederation (ADGB), the General Free Workers 'Union (Afa-Bund),
the SPD and the Workers' Gymnastics and Sports Federation (ATSB) in
opposition to national socialism . Their political opponents included
the KPD. The KPD chairman, Ernst Thälmann, characterised the Iron Front
as a "terror organisation of social fascism." In his call for the founding of the Iron Front, Reichsbanner chairman Karl Höltermann stated:

The year 1932 will be our year, the year of the final victory of the Republic over its opponents. Not a day, not an hour more, we want to remain on the defensive - we are attacking! Attack down the line! Our deployment already has to be part of the general offensive. Today we call - tomorrow we will beat!

The symbol of the union were three arrows, which were interpreted differently. They stood for the opponents of the Iron Front, the three enemies of democracy: Communists, monarchists and national socialists, but also for the three pillars of the workers' movement: the party, the union and the Reichsbanner as symbols of the political, economic and physical power of the Iron Front. The three arrows of Carlo Mierendorff and Sergei Tschachotin were developed. The Iron Front ceased to exist with the suppression of the workers' movement and the destruction of the trade unions on 2 May 1933.

On Fürstenrieder Strasse 46 was a located small grocery store run during the Nazi period by Margot and Ludwig Linsert. They belonged to the "Internationale Sozialistische Kampfbund" (ISK), a group of the workers' movement, which had to go underground in 1933. The Linserts opted for active resistance and distributed anti-Nazi leaflets. When the South German branch of the ISK flew up in the summer of 1938, Margot Linsert was able to present herself before the Gestapo as a seemingly ignorant young mother. Her husband also survived his term of imprisonment and later became Bavarian President of the DGB. The grocery business served Margot Linsert as a starting point to help the persecuted genes through the use of certain codewords - if someone asked for a hatter for example, it referred to a member of the resistance.

Platz der Opfer des Nationalsozialismus

Square for the Victims of National Socialism

The site after the war with the monument to Schiller dating from 1863 which had been moved to the northeastern end of Maximiliansplatz for traffic reasons in 1959. A temporary memorial was placed on the site in 1965. After Andreas Sobeck’s memorial had been erected in 1985 the granite stone was given a new inscription and moved to Platz der Freiheit (Freedom Square) in the district of Neuhausen, where it serves as a memorial to the members of the resistance who fell victim to the Nazi regime.

Looking as if it was set up as a mere afterthought, an eternal flame burns in memory of victims of the Nazis. When it was first erected, it was shut off each night until enough of a protest had been made. By October 2012 it was missing altogether.

During the National Socialist era and today. This was the site
of the Nazi's "People's Court." Members of the White Rose (Weiße
Rose) were tried here on February 22, 1943.

After the war

Comparison of the building after the war and today

Nazi
judge Roland Freisler presiding over the 1944 trial for the July
Plotters. Nicknamed "Raving Roland", Freisler was infamous for his
bombastic courtroom behaviour. He mostly issued death or lifetime prison
sentences, having reached his verdict before the trial actually began.According to Norman Davies in his book No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945
(p. 308), Freisler was killed by a British bomb that came through the
ceiling of his courtroom as he was trying two women, both of whom
survived the explosion.

Commemorative plaque in the Palace of Justice for Jewish lawyers persecuted by the Nazis, unveiled on 30 November 1998. The unveiling marked the sixtieth anniversary of the day when Jewish lawyers were forbidden to practice their profession, thus excluding them from the legal profession and robbing them of their livelihood. A directive issued by the Bavarian Minister of Justice Hans Frank in April 1933 had already required Jewish lawyers to present a special pass to gain entry to the court building. The plaque, initiated by the Munich Chamber of Lawyers, commemorates by name those Munich lawyers who were persecuted, driven out and murdered on account of their Jewish background.

Commemorative
plaque for Father Rupert Mayer, a Jesuit priest and leading figure of
the Catholic Widerstand in the Third Reich in Munich where he spoke out
against the persecution of Christian groups from the pulpit of St.
Michael's in the town centre. On 16 May 1937, the Gestapo ordered him to
stop speaking in public which he obeyed whilst continuing to preach in
church, speaking out against anti-Catholic baiting campaigns and fought
against Nazi church policy. He preached that Man must obey God more than
men. His protests against the Nazis landed him several times in
Landsberg prison (the same gaol in which Hitler spent almost 9 months
after the Beer Hall Putsch in 1924), and in Sachsenhausen concentration
camp under the Kanzelparagraphen, a series of 19th-century laws that
forbade the clergy to engage in political activities. From late 1940, he
was interned in Ettal Monastery, mainly because the Nazis were afraid
that he would die in the concentration camp, and thereby become a
martyr. In 1987 he was beatified by Pope John Paul II.

The
permanent exhibition in the historic courtroom 216 (now 253) of the
Palace of Justice with portraits of Willi Graf, Prof. Kurt Huber,
Alexander Schmorell, Hans Scholl, Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst.
It was in this room that the death sentences for Professor Kurt Huber,
Willi Graf and Alexander Schmorell were pronounced on 19 April 1943.
During the opening ceremony Munich’s former Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel said
the most important thing about this exhibition was not that it provided
an- other memorial to the White Rose – ten years after the opening of
the DenkStätte Weiße Rose (White Rose Commemorative Site) at Munich
University – but rather “that it is being staged in this room”. The
documentation of the trial also signals an increasing willingness on the
part of the German judiciary to critically examine its own past,
including the fact that many members of the Nazi judiciary remained in
their posts even after 1945.Bürgersaalkirche

The Bürgersaal Church in the middle of the pedestrian zone in the centre of Munich focusses on Father Rupert Mayer.

The prayer and assembly hall of the Marian Men’s Congregation was one of the places where Mayer preached and is also where he is buried. For some it has become a place of pilgrimage and remembrance. After several trials and detention in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp the unyielding priest was held under arrest at the Ettal Monastery in Upper Bavaria until the end of the war. After the war he returned to Munich, where he died on All Saints’ Day 1945 after suffering a stroke whilst giving a sermon. He was initially buried at the Jesuit Cemetery in Pullach, but three years later his remains were transferred to the crypt of the Bürgersaal Church in a ceremony attended by 120,000 people.

The museum at the back of the church documenting the life and work of the pastor, who was widely respected and became a symbol of Catholic resistance to the Nazi regime, was opened in 2008.

The Schutzengel (Guardian Angel) by Ignaz Günther, 1763

Munich University

After the Great War in the early Summer of 1919, Hitler

became
active in the Bavarian army persuading German troops that Communism was
wrong. Part of his training consisted in attending a course at Munich
University. At this point he became acquainted with the völkisch (i.e.
radical nationalist and racialist) thinker, Gottfried Feder, who was
helping to organise the event. The lectures Hitler attended there
included titles such as: ‘Socialism in Theory and Practice’, ‘Russia and
the Bolshevik Dictatorship’, ‘German History since the Reformation’,
‘Germany 1870–1900’, ‘The Meaning of the Armed Forces’, ‘The Connection
between Domestic and Foreign Policy’, ‘Foreign Policy since the End of
the War’, ‘Price Policy in the National Economy’, ‘The Forced Economy in
Bread and Grain’ and ‘Bavaria and the Unity of the Reich’. Many of
these topics could have served as headings for the talks Hitler himself
gave in the early 1920s. They must have made a massive impression on a
man who unquestionably absorbed information like a sponge.

This
was also the site of the apprehension of Hans and Sophie Scholl of the
White Rose (Weiße Rose), a non-violent resistance group in Nazi
Germany, consisting of a number of students from the University of
Munich and their philosophy professor. The group became known for an
anonymous leaflet campaign, lasting from June 1942 until February 1943,
that called for active opposition to Hitler's regime. The core of the
group comprised of students from this university- Sophie Scholl, her
brother Hans Scholl, Alex Schmorell, Willi Graf, Christoph Probst,
Traute Lafrenz, Katharina Schueddekopf, Lieselotte (Lilo) Berndl, and
Falk Harnack. Most were in their early twenties. A professor of
philosophy and musicology, Kurt Huber, was also an associate with their
cause.The Scholls and Probst were the first to stand trial before the Volksgerichtshof-the People's Court that tried political offences against the Nazi German state-on 22nd February 1943.

They
were found guilty of treason and Roland Freisler, head judge of the
court, sentenced them to death. The three were beheaded. All three were
noted for the courage with which they faced their deaths, particularly
Sophie, who remained firm despite intense interrogation (however,
reports that she arrived at the trial with a broken leg from torture are
false), and said to Freisler during the trial, "You know as well as we
do that the war is lost. Why are you so cowardly that you won't admit
it?"

On the right is the trailer for the multi-award winning drama Sophie Scholl: The Final Days. Academy
Award Nominee for Best Foreign Language Film, Sophie Scholl is played
by Julia Jentsch in a luminous performance as the young
coed-turned-fearless activist. Armed with long-buried historical records
of her incarceration, director Marc Rothemund accurately recreated the
last six days of Sophie Scholls life from arrest to interrogation,
trial and sentence.

Denkmal Flugblätter Weiße Rose

Just
in front of the entrance on Geschwister-Scholl- Platz is this memorial
to the Weiße Rose showing biographies and reproductions of the last
leaflets. The pamphlets, portrait photos and historical texts reproduced on ceramic tiles are made to look as if they had been dropped accidentally and
trodden into the ground. They invite passers-by to pause for a moment
and follow the traces of the White Rose.The memorial was conceived by the Berlin sculptor Robert Schmidt-Matt in 1988 as an entry for the third “RischArt Prize”, an art competition staged by a large Munich bakery. Originally intended as a temporary installation, in 1990 it was purchased by the City of Munich and the university thanks to the initiative of the Weiße Rose Stiftung e.V. (White Rose Foundation) and a petition started by the medical student Gregor van Scherpenberg and has remained on show to the public ever since. The pavement memorial is not the only one keeping alive the memory of the White Rose near the main university building. As early as November 1945 and hence before the university forecourt on the western side of Ludwigstraße was renamed Geschwister- Scholl-Platz, the then Minister of Culture Franz Fendt announced the city’s intention to erect a memorial to the resistance group at this location. The plain plaque made of Jura marble and designed by Theodor Georgii was mounted the following year next to the entrance to the main assembly hall. The Latin inscription commemorates the seven members of the White Rose who were executed as martyrs and who had had to die an inhumane death because of their humanity. However, only the date reveals that they died under the Nazi regime. The text ends with a quotation from the “Epistulae morales” of the Roman philosopher Seneca: “It is only in this way that the true spirit can be tested, – the spirit that will never consent to come under the jurisdiction of things external to our- selves.” In 1957 the plaque was moved to the wall of the northern upper gallery – the place from which Hans and Sophie Scholl dropped their pamphlets into the inner courtyard and where another memorial was unveiled during the celebrations to mark the restoration of the courtyard the following year.

On February 18, nearly two thousand copies of this flyer were
distributed by Hans and Sophie Scholl in broad daylight throughout the
university building on Ludwigstrasse and were thrown over the balcony of
the inner, glass-covered light well. They were observed by a caretaker,
who immediately took them to the university rector, Professor Walther
Wüst, a Colonel in the ϟϟ and an intimate of Himmler’s. Wüst held the
two in his office until the Gestapo came to take them away. Hans and
Sophie Scholl together with Christoph Probst were tried before the
People’s Court on February 22. Graf, Schmorell, and Huber followed a few
months later. (Schmorell had tried to flee to Switzerland, but had been
hindered by deep snow. A former girlfriend, Gisela Schertling,
allegedly betrayed him after recognizing him in a Munich air raid
shelter. The sentence for all was death by guillotine. When Hans put his
head on the block, he shouted: “Long live freedom!” Sophie said to her
parents, who had come to say good-bye from Ulm: “This will make waves.”
But as courageous as her remarks were at the time, they were not
prescient.

As early as November 1945 and hence
before the university forecourt on the western side of Ludwigstraße
was renamed Geschwister- Scholl-Platz, the then Minister of Culture
Franz Fendt announced the city’s intention to erect a memorial to the
resistance group at this location. The plain plaque made of Jura marble
and designed by Theodor Georgii was mounted the following year next to
the entrance to the main assembly hall. The Latin inscription
commemorates the seven members of the White Rose who were executed as
martyrs and who had had to die an inhumane death because of their
humanity. However, only the date reveals that they died under the Nazi
regime. The text ends with a quotation from the “Epistulae morales” of
the Roman philosopher Seneca: “It is only in this way that the true
spirit can be tested, – the spirit that will never consent to come under
the jurisdiction of things external to ourselves.” In 1957 the plaque
was moved to the wall of the northern upper gallery – the place from
which Hans and Sophie Scholl dropped their pamphlets into the inner
courtyard and where another memorial was unveiled during the
celebrations to mark the restoration of the courtyard the following
year.

In
the atrium upon which the leaflets had been dropped is a permanent
exhibition to them- “The DenkStätte Weiße Rose” was opened in a room below the inner courtyard on 28 June 1997. The site documents in an impressive way the life and work of the resistance group as well as the intellectual environment in which it operated. The memorial site receives several thousand visitors every year, including many students (including my own, shown here during the ISTA 2012 tour, from Germany and abroad. Around the atrium one will find a single bronze relief by Lothar Dietz on the
western side of the courtyard showing the seven resistance fighters as
stylised figures portrayed as a silent procession of sacrificial
victims, and a bronze bust of Sophie
Scholl alone in the northwestern corner of the courtyard, made by Nicolai Tregor. The bust was likewise initiated and financed by the Weiße Rose Stiftung e.V. and was unveiled on 22 February 2005, the anniversary of the execution of Hans and Sophie Scholl and Christoph Probst. The unveiling was done by the actress Julia Jentsch, who played Sophie Scholl in Marc Rothemund’s prize-winning film Sophie Scholl – Die letzten Tage (Sophie Scholl – The Final Days).Two of my students wrote their IBDP internal assessments on Sophie Scholl and the White Rose.

Residence of the SchollsNear
Munich University at Franz-Joseph-Strasse 13 is where the Scholls had
lived, with only a plaque on the wall serving to remind people. When
Drake Winston and I visited, a white rose had been stuck under it: The
members of the White Rose, particularly Hans and Sophie Scholl, have
become the most famous and most admired members of the German
resistance. Munich alone now has almost thirty sites to keep their
memory alive, whether in the form of memorials and street names or
institutions named after them. Since 1980 the Bavarian branch of the
German Booksellers’ and Publishers’ Association and the city’s
Department of Art and Culture have awarded an annual “Geschwister-Scholl
Prize” whose prize-giving ceremony is held in the main assembly hall of
the Ludwig Maximilian University.

Directly in front of the Staatskanzlei is the Memorial for the Resistance

Leo Kronbrust’s memorial was unveiled on 24 July 1996 by the Bavarian Minister president Dr. Edmund Stoiber. It is engraved on one side with a line of block letters reading "Zum erinnern zum gedenken" ("To Recall and to Commemorate") under which is a reproduction of a handwritten letter by Generalfeldmarschall Erwin von Witzleben who was arrested the day after the attempted July plot.

(We will notpass judgement on thevarious possibleforms of government as only onewillbe raisedclear and unambiguously: every person has a right toa useful and juststatethat guarantees thefreedomof the individual andto he general welfare. Freedom of speech,freedomofreligion, the protectionof individual citizens fromthearbitrary will of criminalregimes of violence. These are thefoundations of the newEurope.)During
his trial he was forced to appear in court without his belt and false
teeth. On August 8, 1944 he was executed by being hanged by piano
wire from a meat hook.Although defined as the central Bavarian memorial for all the resistance fighters who fell victim to the Nazi regime, the memorial conveys an in- complete picture. It fails, for example, to mention the Social Democratic and Communist resistance fighters or individuals like Georg Elser. Since the 1990s the memories of these resistance fighters have been kept alive above all by citizens’ initiatives. Site of the Bürgerbräukeller

The Bürgerbräukeller in 1923 and after the 1939 assassination attempt.

The Bürgerbräukeller was one of the large Munich beer halls located on Rosenheimer Street. Today, the Hilton Munich City Hotel is on the site. From 1920 to 1923 it was one of the Nazis' preferred gathering places and it was there, on 8 November 1923, that Hitler launched the so-called Beer Hall Putsch.

Hitler decided to
mobilise his forces for the night of 10–11 November 1923 with the aim of marching
on the government in Munich and then on to Berlin. When
Commissioner Kahr called a meeting in the Bürgerbräukeller for 8 November, Hitler
and his entourage feared they would be upstaged. While Kahr was in the middle of
a rambling speech denouncing Marxism, Hitler and a handful of followers burst in.

Jumping onto the podium, he fired a shot at the ceiling and announced that the
building was surrounded by 600 heavily armed men. He said the national revolution
was under way. In due course Field Marshal Ludendorff, a German hero from the
First World War and the darling of the nation’s radical right, turned up wearing full
dress uniform in order to lend support to Hitler.
This was the logical culmination of Hitler’s beer hall politics. It was also the action
of a man who believed passionately in the German nation and wanted to hold it
together at all costs. It was a step his audiences expected him to take.

Housden (54-55) Hitler- Study of a Revolutionary?

After Hitler seized power in 1933, he commemorated each anniversary of the failed rebellion by giving a speech in the Bürgerbräukeller to the surviving veterans of the Putsch.

Hitler speaking at the Bürgerbräukeller on November 9, 1938- night of Reichskristallnacht.

In 1939, an anti-Nazi workman, Georg Elser, concealed a time bomb in the Bürgerbräukeller, set to go off during Hitler's speech on 8 November. The bomb exploded, killing seven people and injuring sixty-three, but Hitler escaped unharmed; he had cut his speech short and left about half an hour early. Elser was arrested, imprisoned for 5 ½ years and executed shortly before the end of the war. The building suffered severe structural damage from Elser's bomb and was never rebuilt. In subsequent years, Hitler held his annual Pustch commemoration gatherings at the Löwenbräukeller.

Few now accept Bullock's original claims in Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (567-8) of collusion which he himself disavowed in his later book Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives, that

Elser, who had been given the photograph of the Biirgerbraukeller and released a quarter of a milefrom the Swiss border, was arrested as soon as he tried to cross it. The German Press seized on his Communist connexions, and a lurid picture was drawn of a conspiracy in which Otto Strasser as well as the British Secret Service figured prominently. At one time a big trial was to have been staged, with the two kidnapped British agents in the dock, and Elser as the chief witness carefully coached to prove that the assassination had been organized by the British. The fact that the trial was never held suggests that, in some way, the Gestapo gambit had failed. The timing had been a little too perfect, and the German people remained stolidly sceptical of their Fuehrer's providential escape.

The building was eventually demolished in 1979 and today there is a memorial plaque dedicated to Elser. It reads: "An dieser Stelle, im ehemaligen Bürgerbräukeller, versuchte der Schreiner Johann Georg Elser am 8. November 1939 ein Attentat auf Adolf Hitler. Er wollte damit dem Terror-Regime der Nationalsozialisten ein Ende setzen. Das Vorhaben scheiterte. Johann Georg Elser wurde nach 5 1/2 Jahren Haft am 9. April 1945 im Konzentrationslager Dachau ermordet." (Here, in the former Bürgerbräukeller, the carpenter Johann Georg Elser made an assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler 8 November 1939. He wanted to set thereby an end to the terror regime of the National Socialists. The project failed. Johann Georg Elser was murdered after 5 1/2 years detention on 9 April 1945 in the concentration camp Dachau.

Elser's apartment

The non-descript address here at #94 Turkenstr. was where, in 1939, Georg Elser rented a room before attempting to blow up Hitler at the Burgerbraukeller in November, 1939. Nearby a square is named in his honour.

Between 1933 and 1945 tens of thousands of Germans were actively involved in various forms of resistance to the Nazi regime and many thousands suffered death or long periods of incarceration in prison or concentration camp as a result. Among these actions were a series of concerted efforts to overthrow the regime between 1938 and 1944. They were undertaken by a number of partially inter-linked circles, consisting mainly of army officers, senior civil servants, clergy and individuals formerly associated with the labour movement. Their actions culminated in the unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Hitler by planting a bomb in his military headquarters in East Prussia on 20 July 1944. Though the bomb went off, Hitler survived. It is these efforts and the people associated with them that have been the main focus of interest, both for historians and the wider public, because they represented the form of resistance most likely to succeed in destroying Nazism; these men had thought longest and hardest about the alternatives to Hitler and it is they who form the subject of this book. However, we should not forget that there were many other resisters, unconnected with these conspiracies, such as the simple Württemberg carpenter, Georg Elser, who very nearly killed Hitler with a bomb in a Munich beer hall in November 1939. They showed equal courage and commitment in their resistance.

Unlike those of the White Rose, the resistance efforts of Georg Elser,
who attempted to assassinate Hitler by planting a bomb in Munich’s
Bürgerbräukeller on 8 November 1939 and was shot in Dachau
concentration camp on 9 April 1945, for a long time went unacknowledged;
nor was he himself commemorated. Starting in the late 1960s several
attempts were made to have a street named after Elser. It was not until
January 1997, however, that a small square off Türkenstraße that Elser
had passed every day on his way to the Bürgerbräukeller was named
Georg-Elser-Platz, chiefly thanks to the unflagging efforts of the
Munich Georg Elser Initiative.

To
mark the seventieth anniversary of the assassination attempt in 2009,
moreover, a permanent art installation mounted on the façade of the
school building on Türkenstraße adjacent to the square was also
dedicated to Georg Elser. The neon lettering reading “8 November 1939”
by Silke Wagner was the winning entry in a competition held by the
city’s Department of Art and Culture. “Georg Elser,” says Silke Wagner,
“earned himself a place in the history of resistance to the Nazi
dictatorship. The object of the memorial can only be to remind people of
this. The work directs the viewer’s gaze to the most important thing –
the assassination attempt.” Each day at exactly 9.20 p.m., the time of
the explosion, the red neon tubes light up one after another, writing
the historic date 8 November 1939 in lights. At exactly 9.21 p.m. the
lights go out again and the work “disappears” from public view. The
abstract monument thus confines itself to the central message and
through this deliberate reduction interrupts our habitual view of the
square, alerting us to that single moment when the history of the
twentieth century might have taken a different course. An earlier
memorial to Georg Elser was installed in the pavement in front of the
building housing the GEMA – the fascist music performing rights and
copyright authority that prevents any form of music from being enjoyed
in Germany unless being paid for the privilege first– in 1989. Located
in the district of Haidhausen, the semi-fascist organisation GEMA now
occupies the site of the former Bürgerbräukeller which was demolished
in 1979.

Just across the street is Alter Simpl:

At #57 the name and bulldog logo of which provides a link to the Private Eye-type satirical magazine Simplissimus, banned in 1944 by the Nazis for being critical of them.

The
street leading off Ludwigstraße next to the Bavarian State Library is
called Walter-Klingenbeck-Weg 31 in memory of the young resistance
fighter Walter Klingenbeck. He got together with a group of other young
people in the late 1930s to listen to forbidden radio stations. They
also experimented with their own radio station with the intention of
broadcasting anti-fascist propaganda. The friends painted large V (for
victory) signs on the walls of Munich houses to herald the approaching
victory of the Allies. The street was renamed in his honour in 1998 due
to its proximity to the Catholic church of St. Ludwig to which
Klingenbeck belonged.

In
January 1942 eighteen-year-old Walter Klingenbeck was denounced to the
Gestapo and sentenced to death for “helping the enemy and preparing to
commit high treason”. He was executed on 5 August 1943 in Munich’s
Stadelheim prison.

Over
the radio he had heard about the massive
destruction of Rotterdam at the hands of German troops invading Holland.
By 1941, he had gathered around him a number of equally outraged young
Catholics, formerly from Catholic youth groups like his own, St. Ludwig.
At first they listened to enemy radio stations, which could have cost
them their lives even then, but later they printed and duplicated flyers
with slogans such as “Down with Hitler,” and they painted the British
victory symbol “V” on Munich residences. In 1941 and 1942, they
assembled three radio transmitters and did a trial broadcasting of
anti-Nazi propaganda. The police got to Klingenbeck and two of his
friends in early 1942. The friends were sent to the penitentiary, but
Klingenbeck was beheaded in Munich’s Stadelheim prison in August of
1943.

Kater (118) Hitler Youth

Amalienstraße 44, where Klingenbeck lived and the street in 1931 during a battle between Nazis and police

Stadelheim GaolStadelheim
Prison, in Munich's Giesing district, is one of the largest prisons in
Germany. Stadelheim Prison Founded in 1894, it was the site of many
executions, particularly by guillotine during the Nazi period.
Contents 1 Notable inmates 2 Statistics about the prison 3
References 4 External links Notable inmates Ludwig Thoma, in
1906 served a six-week prison sentence for insulting the morality
associations. Kurt Eisner, after the January strike, imprisoned from
summer until 14 October 1918; Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley, the
assassin of Kurt Eisner 'Minister President' of Bavaria. He served his
sentence in cell 70, and in 1924 was evicted from his cell to make way
for Adolf Hitler. Gustav Landauer, killed on 2 May 1919. Eugen
Leviné, killed on 5 July 1919. Ernst Toller, imprisoned,
1919-1924. Ernst Röhm was imprisoned before his execution by Hitler
during Night of the Long Knives. A former SA-Stabschef (Chief of Staff),
he was shot on 1 July 1934 in cell 70.[1] Peter von Heydebreck, a
career Nazi, during the Röhm-Putsch in 1934 he was imprisoned and killed
by the SS. Leo Katzenberger, guillotined on 2 June 1942 for
violating the Nazi Rassenschutzgesetz, or Racial Protection Law. The
judge at the infamous Katzenberger Trial, Oswald Rothaug condemned him
despite a lack of evidence. Hans Scholl, a member of the White Rose
resistance movement was executed on 22 February 1943. Sophie Scholl,
a member of the 'White Rose resistance movement', was executed 22
February 1943.[2] Christoph Probst, a member of the 'White Rose
resistance movement', was executed on 22 February 1943. Alexander
Schmorell, a member of the 'White Rose resistance movement', was
executed on 13 July 1943. Kurt Huber, a member of the 'White Rose
resistance movement', was executed on July 13, 1943. Willi Graf, a
member of the 'White Rose resistance movement', was executed on 12
October 1943. Friedrich Ritter von Lama, known Catholic journalist,
listening in on Vatican Radio. Murdered in February 1944. Hans
Conrad Leipelt, was a member of the 'White Rose resistance movement',
was executed on January 29, 1945. Dieter Zlof, the kidnapper of
Richard Oetker was here (circa 1977) until his transfer to
Straubing. Konstantin Wecker, musician, 1995 pre-trial detention for
cocaine use. Karl-Heinz Wildmoser Sr., former president of the TSV
1860 Munich football team. Imprisoned circa 2002. MOK, Berliner
Rapper, imprisoned 2003-04. Oliver Shanti, imprisoned since
2008. John Demjanjuk, suspected war criminal. Imprisoned 2009.
Gerhard Gribkowsky, chief risk officer of Munich-based bank BayernLB,
the former chairman of SLEC. Imprisoned 2010. Breno Borges, Well
known footballer and former Bayern Munich Player. Imprisoned 2012.
Beate Zschäpe, accused member of National Socialist Underground (NSU),
awaiting trial in Munich between 2013 and 2014, March 2013.

During the NSDAP era, 1,200 died within these walls, perhaps most notably Ernst Roehm on June 30, 1934:

Hitler,
in a final act of what he apparently thought was grace, gave orders
that a pistol be left on the table of his old comrade. Roehm refused to
make use of it. ”If I am to be killed, let Adolf do it himself,” he
is reported to have said. Thereupon two S.A. officers, according to
the testimony of an eyewitness, a police lieutenant, given
twenty-three years later in a postwar trial at Munich in May 1957,
entered the cell and fired their revolvers at Roehm point-blank.
”Roehm wanted to say something,” said this witness, ”but the S.S.
officer motioned him to shut up. Then Roehm stood at attention – he
was stripped to the waist – with his face full of contempt.”

Shirer, 197

Also
executed at Stadelheim were Hans and Sophie Scholl, who lie together
in a grave with their comrade Christoph Probst, executed with them.
The graves are to be found within Neu-Perlach cemetery nearby. The
execution chamber at Stadelheim apparently was converted into an
automobile repair shop (right) before being destroyed in 1968.

In 1943, the outer camp of Allach-Karlsfeld, a subcamp of tthe Dachau concentration camp, was built east of the Dachauer Strasse at Karlsfelder Strasse, where people were imprisoned under gruesome conditions. On April 30, 1945 the forced labourers were liberated by American soldiers. On May 2, 1997, a memorial placard for the victims was unveiled at the last existing barrack on Garnetstraße.

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