Heat acclimation—the subtle hormonal and metabolic changes that make it easier for the body to cope with heat—is a gradual process that occurs over a few weeks of exposure to progressively higher temperatures.

For nearly two weeks, many areas in India faced temperatures that were 5.5 degrees Celsius (10 degrees Fahrenheit) above normal. May is generally the hottest month in India, but even by local standards May 2015 was unusual. By June 4, the extreme weather had claimed the lives of more than 2,500 people, according to news reports.

It has been pointed out the deathly effect that abrupt onset of heat waves can have over human populations (e.g. in India) when people have little time to acclimate to the heat.

Similarly, heat waves and abrupt changes in temperature exert a huge amount of pressure on all other biological systems, affecting species distributions and ecosystem structure. The alteration of habitats is directly linked with potential changes in their synergistic feedbacks. Species of plants covering an area have an interconnection with atmospheric humidity and adiabatic processes throughout evapotranspiration. Different species of plants have different evapotranspiration rates and changing their location will change the stability of regional feedbacks. Also the radicular configuration of plants differ between species and with it, their interconnectivity with the retention of water in the soil, also related with evaporation processes and atmospheric circulation at tropospheric level. The type of plants covering an area is also linked with the properties of albedo as part of the microclimate of the region which would be altered by having a change or loss in plant species.

These are just some examples of how abrupt changes in temperature may affect synergistic feedbacks between species distributions, ecosystem structure and atmospheric stratification and circulation.

This post complements others published previously in this blog trying to highlight the increasing relevance of understanding connecting patterns between non-biotic and biotic systems involved in atmospheric developments. The weakening of the Polar Jet Stream (as consequence of seen reduced the thermal contrast between subtropical and polar masses of air) would potentially allow “out of season” exchanges of masses of air between both sides, triggering abrupt changes of temperature wherever they move.

These synergistic feedbacks seem to not be of much part of the research available in the literature. Most studies are addressing the survival of species and mechanisms of adaptation against changes in climate or atmospheric behaviour. And yet, I believe that the stability of an ecosystem, biotic and nonbiotic parts altogether, has to be considered as the result of receiving and absorbing perturbations by all sides, atmosphere, biotope and ecotope. When a region losses the capacity to absorb perturbations and regenerate itself to its previous state, the whole balance between land cover and atmospheric behaviour above it will change. And thus, the climatic parameters defining the region. Only by changing the species of vegetation covering land surfaces the albedo will change, inducing changes in convective circulation as well as the chemistry of the soil and its structure.

From regional to a global change only takes to have enough regional changes to coalescence.

Some literature published addressing changes in species distributions and ecosystem structure.

The redistribution of life on Earth has emerged as one of the most significant biological responses to anthropogenic climate warming1, 2, 3. Despite being one of the most long-standing puzzles in ecology4, we still have little understanding of how temperature sets geographic range boundaries5. Here we show that marine and terrestrial ectotherms differ in the degree to which they fill their potential latitudinal ranges, as predicted from their thermal tolerance limits. Marine ectotherms more fully occupy the extent of latitudes tolerable within their thermal tolerance limits, and are consequently predicted to expand at their poleward range boundaries and contract at their equatorward boundaries with climate warming. In contrast, terrestrial ectotherms are excluded from the warmest regions of their latitudinal range; thus, the equatorward, or ‘trailing’ range boundaries, may not shift consistently towards the poles with climate warming. Using global observations of climate-induced range shifts, we test this prediction and show that in the ocean, shifts at both range boundaries have been equally responsive, whereas on land, equatorward range boundaries have lagged in response to climate warming. These results indicate that marine species’ ranges conform more closely to their limits of thermal tolerance, and thus range shifts will be more predictable and coherent. However, on land, warmer range boundaries are not at equilibrium with heat tolerance. Understanding the relative contribution of factors other than temperature in controlling equatorward range limits is critical for predicting distribution changes, with implications for population and community viability.

Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a ‘systematic trend’. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles (or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial ‘sign-switching’ responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates ‘very high confidence’ that climate change is already affecting living systems.

Abstract

Species distributions have shifted in response to global warming in all major ecosystems on the Earth. Despite cogent evidence for these changes, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and currently imply gradual shifts. Yet there is an increasing appreciation of the role of discrete events in driving ecological change. We show how a marine heat wave (HW) eliminated a prominent habitat-forming seaweed, Scytothalia dorycarpa, at its warm distribution limit, causing a range contraction of approximately 100 km (approx. 5% of its global distribution). Seawater temperatures during the HW exceeded the seaweed’s physiological threshold and caused extirpation of marginal populations, which are unlikely to recover owing to life-history traits and oceanographic processes. Scytothalia dorycarpa is an important canopy-forming seaweed in temperate Australia, and loss of the species at its range edge has caused structural changes at the community level and is likely to have ecosystem-level implications. We show that extreme warming events, which are increasing in magnitude and frequency, can force step-wise changes in species distributions in marine ecosystems. As such, return times of these events have major implications for projections of species distributions and ecosystem structure, which have typically been based on gradual warming trends.

From introduction:

Global warming has caused many species to shift their geographical range towards cooler environments [1,2]. As such, the poleward redistribution of species is emerging as a significant biological response to increased global temperatures in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems [3–5]. While range shifts have been detected across decadal time-scales, by comparing historical and contemporary data, there have been few direct observations of the processes that drive population change at the range edge. Moreover, there have been far fewer observations of climate-driven range contractions compared with expansions, and, as such, the mechanisms and velocities of change at the ‘trailing edge’ are poorly understood [6]. These issues have major implications for understanding and predicting the dynamics of range shifts [2].

The current paradigm implies that species ranges change continuously with warming [7], yet this perception cannot be reconciled with recent observations of no [8,9] or abrupt [10,11] ecological change in response to gradual warming. Alternatively, range shifts are incremental, being driven by discrete extreme events. In nature, it is likely that species exhibit a combination of both gradual and sudden, and extensive distribution shifts in response to climate when physiological thresholds are exceeded. The distinction between gradual and abrupt range dynamics has important implications for climate change mitigation because of the implied threshold dynamics and the difficulties of predicting (as well as reversing) any undesirable changes. Event-driven changes also prevent accurate estimation of the velocity of range contractions, leading to errors in projections of future impacts. Extreme climatic events are increasing in frequency and intensity as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change [12,13]. These events are likely to have major implications for natural resources, and understanding and predicting biological responses to ‘events’, rather than to ‘trends’, have become increasingly important [14]. Evidence for species range shifts in terrestrial ecosystems, in response to both gradual warming and discrete warming events, far exceeds evidence from marine ecosystems [15,16]. As the velocity of warming in the sea is similar to that on land [17] and most coastal ecosystems have warmed significantly in recent decades [18], it is very likely that the poleward redistribution of marine biota has been severely under-reported.

Why is it important what happens to our habitats?

In October 2014 I used the following thought to introduce my posture on climate: “The introduction of the biotic component in our planet is responsible for the active transformation suffered in the chemistry of our oceans and atmosphere and, therefore, our climate.”

Recently, a new publication has stated that “The connection between oxygen levels and climate has never been considered. It turns out that it’s an important factor over geological timescales“. I cannot believe that this phrase can represent the state of knowledge in climatic research.

Sometimes I have been writing on issues of actual relevance applying intentionally fundamental knowledge and principles. My intention is to highlight the lack of perspective from the point of view of integrating “old” settled science into the “new” uncertainty uncovered with the incorporation of new techniques and data in the state of knowledge.

Following the words from George Orwell “Sometimes the first duty of intelligent men is the restatement of the obvious.”

In a fast paced environment full of new gadgets, instruments and enormous quantities of data, we face the challenge of not forgetting what we already knew, and the applications that all this knowledge have in today’s questions.

What we consider trivial, one day, it might actually become the hidden answer everybody was looking for.

The chemistry of the Atmosphere and our Oceans is directly linked with our climate and atmospheric behaviour. The obvious is to understand that such chemistry is the result of millenniums combining forces between thermodynamic and biochemical processes. But, can the obvious get forgotten and ignored so easily? Or is it its triviality?

It is because of biological systems that Oxygen increased in the Oceans. That changed the chemistry of the oceans and reduced acidification. It is water soluble and functions as an oxidator: O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e– -> 4 OH–

It is because of biological systems dry land became covered by plants, reducing albedo and thermal contrasts as well as retaining water in the soil.

Those processes are consequence of photosynthetic reactions, being the only force in our planet moving against the natural tendency for our system to increase its entropy. The human species have met the system in an equilibrium state between both forces. That has allowed life to evolve in a single genetic configuration we call DNA. When the opposing force to entropy weakens all we get is entropy, thermodynamics and uncertainty.

I believe that we are looking too much at how climatic events might harm our ecosystems, when at the same time, we should be looking at how much, harming our ecosystems, might loosen the mechanisms controlling our climate.

Oxigen

Oxygen currently comprises about 21 percent of Earth’s atmosphere by volume but has varied between 10 percent and 35 percent over the past 541 million years.

In periods when oxygen levels declined, the resulting drop in atmospheric density led to increased surface evaporation, which in turn led to precipitation increases and warmer temperatures, according to University of Michigan paleoclimatologist Christopher Poulsen.

“The connection between oxygen levels and climate has never been considered. It turns out that it’s an important factor over geological timescales,” said Poulsen, a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. While not as critical to climate as levels of heat-trapping carbon dioxide gas, oxygen plays a key role, he said.

“Oxygen concentration can help explain features in the paleoclimate record not accounted for by variations in carbon dioxide levels, and it must considered if we are to fully understand past climates,” Poulsen said. “However, variations in oxygen levels are not an important factor in present-day climate change.”

CO2

Abstract

A key part of the uncertainty in terrestrial feedbacks on climate change is related to how and to what extent nitrogen (N) availability constrains the stimulation of terrestrial productivity by elevated CO2 (eCO2), and whether or not this constraint will become stronger over time. We explored the ecosystem-scale relationship between responses of plant productivity and N acquisition to eCO2 in free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments in grassland, cropland and forest ecosystems and found that: (i) in all three ecosystem types, this relationship was positive, linear and strong (r2 = 0.68), but exhibited a negative intercept such that plant N acquisition was decreased by 10% when eCO2 caused neutral or modest changes in productivity. As the ecosystems were markedly N limited, plants with minimal productivity responses to eCO2 likely acquired less N than ambient CO2-grown counterparts because access was decreased, and not because demand was lower. (ii) Plant N concentration was lower under eCO2, and this decrease was independent of the presence or magnitude of eCO2-induced productivity enhancement, refuting the long-held hypothesis that this effect results from growth dilution. (iii) Effects of eCO2 on productivity and N acquisition did not diminish over time, while the typical eCO2-induced decrease in plant N concentration did. Our results suggest that, at the decennial timescale covered by FACE studies, N limitation of eCO2-induced terrestrial productivity enhancement is associated with negative effects of eCO2 on plant N acquisition rather than with growth dilution of plant N or processes leading to progressive N limitation.

—- xxx —-

(This post is part of a more complex piece of independent research. I don´t have founding, political agenda or publishing revenues from visits. Any scientist working in disciplines related with the topics that I treat in my blog knows how to judge the contribution that my work could potentially add to the state of knowledge. Since I am in transition looking for a position in research, if you are one of those scientists, by just acknowledging any value you might see from my contribution, would not only make justice to my effort as independent researcher, but ultimately, it will help me to enhance my chances to find a position with resources to further develop my work.

I believe that the hypothesis that I have presented in previous posts in this blog (here,here and here) could help to understand present and possible future scenarios in atmospheric circulation. However, this is an assessment based on observation which needs to be validated throughout open discussion and data gathering. So please feel free to incorporate your thoughts and comments in a constructive manner.

If you feel like sharing this post I would appreciate to have a reference about the place or platform, by private or public message, in order for me to have the opportunity to join the debate and be aware of the repercussion which might generate d.fdezsevilla(at)gmail.com)

Share this:

Like this:

LikeLoading...

Related

About Diego Fdez-Sevilla, PhD.

Citing This Site
"Title", published online "Month"+"Year", retrieved on "Month""Day", "Year" from http://www.diegofdezsevilla.wordpress.com. By Diego Fdez-Sevilla, PhD.
More guidance on citing this web as a source can be found at NASA webpage: http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/bibliography/citations#!
DOIs can be generated on demand by request at email: d.fdezsevilla(at)gmail.com for those publications missing at the ResearchGate profile vinculated with this project.
**Author´s profile: Born in 1974. Bachelor in General Biology, Masters degree "Licenciado" in Environmental Sciences (2001, Spain). PhD in Aerobiology (2007, UK). Lived, acquired training and worked in Spain, UK, Germany and Poland. I have shared the outcome from my work previous to 2013 as scientific speaker in events held in those countries as well as in Switzerland and Finland.
After 12 years performing research and working in institutions linked with environmental research and management, in 2013 I found myself in a period of transition searching for a new position or funding to support my own line of research. In the current competitive scenario, in order to demonstrate my capacities instead of just moving my cv waiting for my next opportunity to arrive, I decided to invest my energy and time in opening my own line of research sharing it in this blog.
In March 2017 the budget reserved for this project has ended and its weekly basis time frame discontinued until new forms of economic and/or institutional support are incorporated into the project.
The value of the data and the original nature of the research presented in this platform and at LinkedIn has proved to be worthy of consideration by the scientific community as well as for publication in scientific journals. However, without a position as member of an institution, it becomes very challenging to be published. I hope that this handicap do not overshadow the value of my achievements and that the Intellectual Property Rights generated with the license of attribution attached are respected and considered by the scientist involved in similar lines of research. **Any comment and feedback aimed to be constructive is welcome as well as any approach exploring professional opportunities to be part of.**
In this blog I publish pieces of research focused on addressing relevant environmental questions. Furthermore, I try to break the barrier that academic publications very often offer isolating scientific findings from the general public. In that way I address those topics which I am familiar with, thanks to my training in environmental research, making them available throughout my posts. (see "Framework and Timeline" for a complete index).
At this moment, 2018, I am living in Spain with no affiliation attachments. Free to relocate geographically worldwide. If you feel that I could be a contribution to your institution, team and projects don´t hesitate in contact me at d.fdezsevilla (at) gmail.com or consult my profile at LinkedIn, ResearchGate and Academia.edu. Also, I'd appreciate information about any opportunity that you might know and believe it could match with my aptitudes. The conclusions and ideas expressed in each post as part of my own creativity are part of my Intellectual Portfolio and are protected by Intellectual Property Laws. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial conditions. In citing my work from this website, be sure to include the date of access.
(c)Diego Fdez-Sevilla, PhD, 2018. Filling in or Finding Out the gaps around. Publication accessed 20YY-MM-DD at https://diegofdezsevilla.wordpress.com/

Follow Blog via Email

Meta

Feedback

Your feedback is much appreciated.
I want to use this blog to increase the level of exposure of my research and enhance discussion in a multidisciplinary and open review in order to scrutinise its validity throughout the interaction between proactive thinkers.
The only way to overcome limitations is by joining the potential of different mind sets, knowledge and points of view. So I treat every contribution as positive as long as it is constructive.
Comments only require a name and an email address. There is no need to be a blogger or manage a web site. Comments are not published immediately since all comments follow moderation in order to check genuicity and avoid spam. Mastering sarcasm is not a skill I would appreciate. You can also contact me: d.fdezsevilla(at)gmail.com Diego Fdez-Sevilla.

Welcome.

Let's introduce ourselves to each other. You know that I am Diego Fdez-Sevilla, PhD. author of this blog, and I know where you are, your location and institution/organization.
I keep constantly looking into new developments and info in related topics. Since we both are interested in the same subjects, I would appreciate that you leave a comment or use attribution to my work when you find it influencing yours. Either through inspiration, data or methodology. It is sad seeing work being produced in locations by institutions tracked from your visits mimicking parts of my own work without recognition. So please, get involved in my effort and join me, don´t exclude me from what it should be a team's effort. Each one of us choose what we want to be recognised for. And I will expose to the community any misuse of any part of my work.
Profile at ResearchGate
-/#/-
CV at SlideShare

Attribution (copyright)

NOW THAT WE KNOW EACH OTHER, REMEMBER, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.

High Definition Earth Viewing (HDEV). International Space Station (ISS) on the Columbus External Facility.

Spanish Metereorological Agency

Centers visiting diegofdezsevilla.wordpress.com

From Academia__________
International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)/Texas A&M University
Academic Computer Centre CYFRONET AGH
American University
Arizona State University
Binghamton University
Boston University
Brown University
California State University, Long Beach
California State University, Northridge
California State University, Office of the Chancel
Canterbury Christ Church University
Central Methodist University
Central Queensland University/CQU
Charite - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin
Charles University
CITI2 - Universite Rene DESCARTES
CKPOLSL - Silesian University of Technology, Compu
Columbia University
Comenius University Bratislava
Consortium GARR
Cornell University
CSU Monterey Bay
Czech Academy of Sciences
Dalhousie University
Danmarks Tekniske Universitet
Dartmouth College
Duke University
Eastern Washington University
Ecole des Mines de Douai
Edinburgh University
Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR)
Fairleigh Dickinson University
Federal University Oye-EKiti
Florida State University
Georgia Department of Education
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universitaet Hannover
Hanyang University
Harper Adams University College
Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf
Humboldt State University
Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin
Indiana State University
Iowa State University
IUFM Université de Nantes
Jawaharlal Nehru University
Kangnung National UNIV.
Karolinska Institutet
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz
KENET-University of Nairobi
Kennesaw State University
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Informat
Korea University
Kyoto University
Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory
LAN University of Vienna
Lancaster University Campus Network
Lancaster University Network Services Limited
Landmark-university
Leeds University
Liepajas Universitate
Loughborough University
Louisiana State University
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
Lulea technical university
Maharishi Dayanand University Rohtak
Mahidol University, Thailand
McGill University
McMaster University
Michigan Technological University
Middle East Technical University / Orta Dogu Tekni
Middle East Technical University(METU)
Mississippi State University
Moulton College
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology/MOEC
Navy Network Information Center (NNIC)
Niagara University
Northeastern Hill University
NYU Hospitals Center
Oregon State University
Oxford University
Portland State University
Pptik - Universitas Gadjah Mada
Purdue University
Queensland University of Technology
Reseau de l'Universite de langues, lettres et comm
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn
Royal College of Art
Sacramento County Office of Education
Saginaw ISD
Saint John's University - College of Saint Benedic
San Diego State University
Slovak University of Agriculture
Southwestern University
Staffordshire University
State College of Florida, Manatee-Sarasota
State University of New York at Buffalo
Studierendenwerk Bonn AoeR
SUNY Geneseo Computer Center/ State University of New York at Geneseo
Swansea University
Swinburne University of Technology/SUT
Taiwan Academic Network
Technische Universitaet Darmstadt
Texas A&M University
Texas Tech University
The registrar Annamalai University
The University of Texas Health Science Center at H
Tohoku University
TU Berlin, campus network
Universi School
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Universidad de Alicante
Universidad de Cadiz
Universidad de Sevilla
Universidad de Valencia
Universidad de Vigo
Universidad de Zaragoza
Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Uniber
Universidad del Valle
Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires
Universidad Politecnica de Cartagena
Universidade de Aveiro
Universidade do Porto
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Universita' degli Studi di Firenze
Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata
Universita di Napoli Federico II
Universitaet Bayreuth
Universitaet Hohenheim
Universitaet Kassel
Universitaet zu Koeln
Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Universitat de Barcelona
Universitat Jaume I
Universite Blaise Pascal
Universite de Bordeaux - DSI
Universite de Liege (ULg)
Universite de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - URCA
Universite Paris XII Val-de-Marne
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
Universiteit Twente
Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)
University at Albany, State University of New York
University College Dublin
University College Falmouth
University of British Columbia
University of California, Irvine
University of California, Riverside
University of California, San Diego
University of California, Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Cincinnati
University of East Anglia
University of Eastern Finland
University of Education, Winneba
University of Exeter
University of Illinois
University of Innsbruck
University of Leicester
University of Maryland
University of Michigan
University of Mississippi Medical Center
University of New Hampshire
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
University of Oklahoma
University of Oregon
University of Ottawa
University of Portsmouth
University of Reading
University Of South Florida
University of South Wales
University of Southern California
University of Stirling
University of Tartu/Hariduse Infotehnoloogia Sihtasutus
University of Technology, Sydney
University of Texas at Arlington
University of the South Pacific
University of the Western Cape
University of Toronto
University of Victoria
University of Virginia
University of Wisconsin Madison
University of York
Universtitaet Bern
Univerza v Ljubljani
Univision
USTANOVA-STUDENTSKI-STANDARD-NET
Utah Education Network
Valdosta State University
Virginia Community College System
Wageningen Universiteit
Western State College
Westfaelische Wilhelms-Universitaet, ZIV
William De Ferrers School
Worcester State University
Yale University
York University
From Corporation_____
Allergan
Bayer Business Services GmbH
Buhler AG
Citigroup
GIP Messinstrumente GmbH/Grimm-Aerosol Technik GmbH & Co. KG
Infineon Technologies AG
Intel Corporation
L-OREAL HAARKOSMETIK UND PARFUEMERIEN GMBH & CO.
Marriott International, Ic
MTS Allstream
Ratcliff Consulting Ltd
Sanofi Aventis group SA
Television Internacional, S.A. de C.V.
ZON Tv Cabo
From Goverment Administration_____
Administracion Nacional de Telecomunicaciones
Administratia Nationala de Meteorologie RA
Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia
AssociaÃ§Ã£o Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa
Bureau of Sanitation- Information and Control Systems Division (ICSD)
California Technology Agency/ Teala Data Center
China Science And Technology Network
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CSIC
Corporacion Nacional De Telecomunicaciones - Cnt E/Red Interministerial
European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC)
German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR)
Gobierno de Navarra
Government Integrated Telecommunications Network Sdn Bhd (Malaysia)
Instituto Politecnico Nacional
Lepida S.p.A.
Goverment Administration
Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino. CP-ATOCHA
Ministry of Public Administration/Republika Slovenija Ministrstvo za javno upravo
National Health Service
National Research Council (Cnr)/ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
New York State Department of Health
NHS UK
NOAA
NOAA-Boulder
Nsw Department Of Health
Punjabi Univ/NKN Core Network
Scottish Borders Council
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
Swiss Federation represented by Federal Office of Information Technology, Systems and Telecommunication FOITT
The Netherlands Institute of Ecology
U.S. Department of Energy
UK Meteorological Office
United Nations Logistics Base
Washington State Board for Community & Technical C
From Institute Of Technology & Science______
“O.M.Marzeyev Institute for Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”
Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum fuer Po
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laborato
ATRIUM, l'Environnement Numérique Educatif des lycées
Birla Institute Of Technology & Science
ComClark Network & Technology Corp.
Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique
Computer Network Information Center
Ecole des Mines de Nantes
Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
ETHZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
European Space Agency (ESA)
Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH
Fortech s.r.o.
Hadara Technologies Private Shareholding Company/ Hadara
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum fuer Materia
Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZ
Institut National d'Agronomie Paris-Grignon
Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS
Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research/ Verein zur Foerderung eines Deutschen Forschungsne
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology-German Climate Computing Centre (Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum, DKRZ)
Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle
Philips Research Eindhoven- Philips Campus-ICT
Punjabi Univ/NKN Core Network
Rensselaer Hartford Graduate Center
Rothamsted Research Institute
RRM - Reseau de la Recherche a Marseille
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technol
Scientific-Production Enterprise Information Techn
The MITRE Corporation
Villefranche Oceanographic Laboratory
Weizmann Institute of Science
From Research and Education_________
Amman Baccalaureate School
Assiniboine Community College
Baptist Healthcare System
Bibb County Schools
Bonn International School e.V.
Burnley College
Canadian Department of Education
Canterbury College
Catawba County Schools
Cherry Creek School District #5
Chesterfield County Public School
Clark County School District
Clinton Public Schools
College of Eastern Utah
Contra Costa County Office of Education
Cornwall College
Covina Valley Unified School District
Des Moines Public Schools
Edmonton Public School Board, District No. 7
Fairfax County Public Schools
Forest Hills Public Schools
Hogeschool West-Vlaanderen
Houston Independent School District
Humble Independent School District
iiNet Limited
Indiana Department of Education
Isd# 625 Saint Paul Public Schools
KWR Watercycle Research Institute
Linfield College.
Los Angeles Unified School District
Macomb Intermediate School District
Madison-Oneida Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES)
Marist College
Mecklenburg County Public Schools
Middle Michigan Network for Educational Telecommunications/Merit Network
Middlebury College
Montville High School
National Research Council of Canada
Network for Learning
New York City Public Schools
Non state educational institution Educational Scientific and Experimental Center of Moscow In
Norfolk Public Schools Administration
North Carolina Research and Education Network
Nueva School
Oak Grove School District
Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education
Ontario School District
Ottawa Carleton District School Board
Peel District School Board
Piedmont Unified School District
Rectorat de l'academie de Nancy Metz
Research Organization of Information and Systems
Rhodes College
Saint Stephen’s College
Salem-Keizer Public Schools
Santa Clara County Office of Education
SCBACB - Aiken County School District - AGS LAN
Seobu District Office of Education in Seoul
Snow College
Socorro Independent School District
St Stephen's School
Suffield Public Schools
Sunderland City Council/Derwent Hill Outdoor Centre
The German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ)
The Lawrenceville School
Toronto District School Board
Township High School District 21
Tri-County Computer Services Association
Ventura County Office of Education
Wake County Public School System
Washington School Information Processing Cooperati
Wayne Township School
Wofford College
Wyke College

Advertisements

Follow Blog via Email

Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email.