Venezuela undone: A Family's Desperate Quest

It was just a scraped knee. So 3-year-old Ashley Pacheco's parents did what parents do: They gave her a hug, cleaned the wound twice with rubbing alcohol and thought no more of it.

Two weeks later, the little girl writhed screaming in a hospital bed. Her breathing came in ragged gasps as she begged passing patients for a sip of water.

Her mother stayed day and night in the trauma unit. She kept Ashley on an empty stomach in case she might cut in front of hundreds of other patients for emergency surgery in one of the hospital's few functioning operating rooms.

In this Aug. 16, 2016 photo, Ashley Pacheco sits in a chair on a balcony at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Two weeks after the 3-year-old scraped her knee, she was screaming in a hospital, fighting for her life as her family scoured Caracas for scarce antibiotics. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

Her father scoured Caracas for scarce antibiotics to fight the infection spreading through his daughter's body.

They had no idea how much worse it was going to get.

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If Venezuela has become dangerous for the healthy, it is now deadly for those who fall ill.

One in three people admitted to public hospitals last year died, the government reports. The number of operational hospital beds has fallen by 40 percent since just 2014. And as the economy fails, the country is running short on 85 percent of medicines, according to the national drugstore trade group.

"I really don't know of any other country where things have deteriorated so quickly, to such an incredible extent," said Rafael Perez-Escamilla, a Yale University School of Public Health professor who has worked in Latin America and Africa. "Venezuela's health system was a model for Latin America. Now you are seeing an implosion where people cannot get basic care."

With so little room for error, the tiniest slips, like a little girl's tumble while chasing her brother, can lead to life-or-death crises.

Ashley's parents had been determined to shield her from the chaos engulfing their country. As the public school system collapsed , they sent her to a private Catholic preschool. As food grew harder to find, they made sure she had protein at every meal. When water began coming out of the taps with a foul smell, they boiled it before her daily bath.

But a week after her fall in mid-July, Ashley started to run a fever.

At the local clinic, doctors said she would soon be on the mend. Yet the fever kept rising, and her knee was swelling. So Maykol and Oriana Pacheco loaded her between them on their motorcycle and took off, determined to find a hospital that would take their case more seriously.

In this Aug. 16, 2016 photo, 3-year-old Ashley sits on her hospital bed as her mother Oriana Pacheco reads a prescription, at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Ashley’s parents not only maxed out their credit cards and borrowed as much money as they could from family to pay for scarce antibiotics, but they were eating just one meal a day, sold their fridge, television, Oriana’s cellphone and their children’s Play Station. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

They went first to the public children's hospital nearest their home, which had been hit with a wave of poisoning cases. As shortages worsen, parents are giving their kids homemade medicines and food such as bitter yuca that can be toxic if not prepared correctly. With few supplies, doctors can do little but ease some of these children into death as painlessly as possible. They didn't have medicine for Ashley.

Next, the family tried the country's main pediatric hospital.

There, the smell of religious incense hung thick in rooms of children with milky eyes and swollen heads. Doctors were waiting for parents to bring in shunts to drain the extra fluid from their children's brains. There were no beds for Ashley.

As their little girl grew warmer between them, Maykol and Oriana went to the city's largest hospital. Men were lying mostly naked on the floor in the emergency room, IV lines snaking down from poles above them. There was no room for a sick 3-year-old.

By the next morning, Ashley's temperature had spiked to 103 degrees (39.4 degrees Celsius). Maykol was growing desperate. Out of options, he turned his motorcycle toward University Hospital, once one of the best hospitals in South America but lately better known for gang shootings in the operating rooms and stickups in the stairways.

In this Aug. 16, 2016 photo, 3-year-old Ashley Pacheco sucks on her thumb as she rests in a hospital bed during her two-month stay at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. As the health care system collapses, the tiniest slips, like Ashley’s tumble while chasing her brother in mid-July, turned into a life-or-death crisis when her scraped knee led to a staph infection. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

They arrived around noon on a Saturday. Ashley's left leg had swollen from the tip of her toe to the top of her thigh.

All at once, she was whisked into emergency care.

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Venezuela used to be Latin America's richest country, but it is now falling apart as a plunge in the price of oil caps off years of economic mismanagement. Local production of almost everything has stalled, and there is little money to import medicine.

The left-wing administration of President Nicolas Maduro calls the medical crisis an invention peddled by opponents of the country's 17-year-old socialist revolution. The week Ashley was hospitalized, Maduro went on television and called on Venezuelans to start growing medicinal herbs.

The government has refused to let in humanitarian aid. So donations of medical supplies sit in warehouses and shipping containers in countries including the U.S., Spain and Panama.

In Ashley's hospital, the janitorial staff had run out of bleach to clean the floors. Stray dogs wandered the building, and cockroaches scuttled by on the walls. The water in the bathroom sometimes came out black.

And in her emergency care room, the sink was broken, the soap dispenser was empty and there was nothing in the container marked "sterile gloves." Yet with the hospital so crowded that women in labor were sharing beds, her parents felt lucky she had been admitted at all.

Doctors diagnosed her with a staph infection. Bacteria had entered the tissue near her knee, and were burrowing into her joint.

They set up an IV drip and poured in the last of the hospital's supply of vancomycin, a widely used antibiotic. Dazed, her father watched the green line on her heart monitor loop up and down.

Maykol's own father had walked out when he was 12, and he'd had dreams of a big, stable family. He tattooed the names of his children on his arms, and stopped home every afternoon to have lunch with them.

In this Aug. 17, 2016 photo, Maykol Pacheco sits with his 3-year-old daughter Ashley, who is recovering from a staph infection, on a balcony at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Out of options, Pacheco brought his daughter to University Hospital, once one of the best hospitals in South America but lately better known for gang shootings in the operating rooms and stickups in the stairways. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

With the arrival of a third baby this summer, Maykol had quit his job as a sound technician and started driving a taxi to make more money. They had 80,000 bolivars saved — about three month's wages. What would happen to that cushion now, he wondered?

As night fell, Ashley got dramatically worse. The green heart monitor line began to zigzag wildly. Her breathing sounded strange, like hoarse hiccups. And Maykol noticed with a start that her chest was moving the wrong way with each inhalation, collapsing inward instead of puffing outward.

Doctors suspected bacteria had traveled from her knee to her lung and eaten a hole there. But the hospital's last X-ray machine had given out the month before. The only way to know for sure was to risk transporting Ashley to a private clinic, where the test would cost the family a week's wages.

Two doctors went with them in an ambulance, ready to pump air manually into Ashley's lungs if she went into respiratory arrest.

The X-ray confirmed their fears: Ashley's right lung had collapsed like a balloon. With each breath she took, air was leaking into her chest, putting pressure on her heart.

In this Aug. 17, 2016 photo, 3-year old Ashley Pacheco waits with her father Maykol to have her stitches removed from her left leg, at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Two weeks after Ashley scraped her knee, she was screaming in a hospital, fighting for her life as her family scoured Caracas for scarce antibiotics. When she arrived at the hospital Ashley's left leg had swollen from the tip of her toe to the top of her thigh. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

In this Aug. 23, 2016 photo, 3-year-old Ashley Pacheco hooks her fingers around the links of a fence as she gazes out from a hospital balcony, at University Hospital, in Caracas, Venezuela. This is the only place Ashley is able to breathe in fresh air. A scraped knee in mid-July led to a staph infection. There were not enough antibiotics to treat the infection, and so Ashley was kept in the public hospital for two months. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

In this Aug. 23, 2016 photo, 3-year-old Ashley Pacheco cries from the pain walking causes in her left leg, as she holds on to her mother’s hand, at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Ashley's parents had been determined to shield her from the chaos engulfing their country. As the public school system collapsed , they sent her to a private Catholic preschool. As food grew harder to find, they made sure she had protein at every meal. When water began coming out of the taps with a foul smell, they boiled it before her daily bath. But their real troubles began when Ashley’s scraped knee led to a staph infection. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

In this Aug. 24, 2016 photo, Ashley Pacheco, 3, cries as she receives an injection as her mother Oriana watches at the University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Two weeks after 3-year-old Ashley scraped her knee, she was screaming in a hospital, fighting for her life as her family scoured Caracas for scarce antibiotics. Venezuela is running short on 85 percent of basic medicines. As the health care system collapses, the tiniest slips, like a little girl’s tumble while chasing her brother, are turning into life-or-death crises. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

Back at the hospital, Ashley sounded like she was drowning. Her breath came in irregular gasps. Doctors looked for the apparatus that could save her: a Pleur-evac chest drainage machine that sells for $100 in the U.S. The hospital had a few, but they were locked away. Like all hospitals here, University Hospital has been pillaged, even by staff, as supplies become rare and valuable contraband.

The emergency room doctors made do with a trick from battlefield medicine instead.

As night fell, they gathered around the crying girl and slid a large needle into her chest. Air came whooshing out. Normally, medics would then insert a one-way valve, but there was none to be found. Still, little by little, Ashley's hiccupping breaths grew less frantic.

Doctors then called her parents out into the hall. The hospital's supply of the intravenous antibiotic was nearly gone. And without a chest drainage machine, Ashley wouldn't live to see the next evening.

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When they heard the news, Maykol and Oriana hugged each other and cried.

Then, in the hospital waiting room, they assembled a search team. They pulled in siblings, grandparents, aunts and cousins. Everyone was on their phones, calling people who might know where to find medical supplies on a Saturday night.

Oriana's sister went to hospital after hospital, tearfully begging administrators to donate their machines. Some accused her of looking to resell medical equipment. No one was willing to help.

In this Aug. 25, 2016 photo, Oriana Pacheco stands in line to get an appointment for an ultrasound test for her daughter at one of the few public hospitals with a functioning machine, in Caracas, Venezuela. Doctors would not discharge her 3-year-old daughter until she had the test. When Oriana reached the front of the line, the clerk told her the first slot was in November, two months away. (AP Photo/Ariana Cubillos)

After midnight, a friend of Maykol's aunt found a doctor at a private clinic who agreed to donate a Pleur-evac. Oriana's sister headed to the clinic through empty streets at 1:30 in the morning, long past the crime-ridden city's unofficial curfew.

He was thinking of quitting medicine. In the spring, a father had drawn a gun on him, frustrated that the hospital didn't have even acetaminophen or ibuprofen for his 8-year-old son. A thug had robbed him at knife-point in the hospital stairwell. And he had watched five children die of sepsis within a week because there was no way to treat them.

Sprouting tubes and wires, Ashley looked like another desperate case. Her leg had swollen to the diameter of a dinner plate and taken on an ugly purple tone.

Rangel told her parents that if they could not stop the infection, surgeons would have to amputate.

So her father joined the thousands of Venezuelans racing against personal clocks to save loved ones. He stood in hours-long lines outside pharmacies just to ask if they had what Rangel needed: saline solution, blood thinners, electrolyte solution, diapers, IV bags, rubbing alcohol, sheets, bottled water. He couldn't find soap, so he bought shampoo instead.

The antibiotic vancomycin was the hardest to find. Doctors wrote out prescriptions on the back of bank statements and hospital bills because they had no paper.

The first requests were formal and typed, thanking the recipient for their help. Later, they were quickly scribbled. One, scrawled on the corner of an employment contract, simply stated Ashley's name and then, "3 years, vancomycin."

Maykol heard that a public hospital across town might have a supply. When he arrived, the pediatric unit had flooded. He waded through shin-high water to ask the pharmacist. No luck.

In wet jeans, he rode to another hospital. Again, the pharmacist told him no. But as he was leaving, a man in a white coat pulled him aside and produced three vials from his pocket. Maykol wrapped them in the prescription and took off for University Hospital, worried police might stop him, accuse him of trafficking and take the precious medicine away.

As he combed the city's pharmacies, Oriana sat silently in a plastic lawn chair beside Ashley's bed, her face swollen from crying. Her daughter's leg was growing hotter, the skin turning dark and shiny. She knew that once a limb turns black, it's lost.

In addition to medicine, Ashley now required surgery to drain her infected knee. Only two of the hospital's 27 operating rooms were fully functional, and 150 children were waiting for a spot.

Ashley needed an empty stomach for the operation. For two days she kept pleading for food and water. By Tuesday morning, she was begging to drink from the pouch of saline solution dripping into her arm.

In the meantime, a 4-year-old boy weighing just 13 pounds came into the emergency room. Children's rights groups estimate 30 percent of Venezuelan kids are suffering from malnutrition. His family could not find rehydration solution, and the boy died 12 hours later.

In this Sept. 19, 2016 photo, Marvin Osuna sits near a sunlit window in a passageway at University Hospital, in Caracas, Venezuela. If Venezuela has become dangerous for the healthy, it is now deadly for those who fall ill. One in three people admitted to public hospitals last year died, the government reports. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

Maykol was out on his motorcycle when he got the call that Ashley had been booked for surgery. He began speeding down the highway and crashed into another biker, falling and bruising his shin. Bleeding, he continued to the hospital.

Doctors said the bacteria had damaged the membrane that lubricates Ashley's knee, and could have affected the growth plate. She might walk with a limp, and one leg might grow to be shorter than the other. But if the operation went well, she could still be a mostly healthy little girl.

As she was wheeled to the operating room Tuesday night, Ashley asked her father for a hamburger. Full of hope, he promised her they would go to McDonald's as soon as she was released.

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A whiteboard on the wall above the operating table listed the supplies missing that day: endoscopy tubes, gauze, gloves, masks and surgical robes.

Two surgical residents sterilized a used needle and injected Ashley with anesthetic. It took them half an hour to clean and drain her knee. They had become experts in the procedure over the summer, as more children come in with complications from simple injuries. The only thing unique about Ashley was how well-fed she seemed; healthy enough to fight to save.

The family celebrated a week later as Ashley was able to breathe without her oxygen mask. Her fever was running below 100 degrees (37.8 degrees Celsius). With any luck, she would soon be back to dancing on her bed to music videos.

But the next day, the fever was inexplicably worse again, 102 degrees. By the end of the week, she was quaking under her Dora the Explorer sheets, drenched in sweat, with a fever of 106 (41 Celsius).

Rangel felt a wave of disappointment as he recognized the telltale sign of a heart infection. There hadn't been enough antibiotics to stop the staph from quietly spreading all this time. Disgusted, Rangel thought of the two months he'd spent working with an aid group in Sierra Leone, where at least he'd had basic supplies.

A heart infection is such a rare complication in a healthy child that no one had thought to warn Ashley's family about it. Maykol took the news stoically. But he was devastated. He'd done all he could to protect his child, and now, just as she seemed out of danger, the doctors said she was sicker than ever.

Rangel said she would need more vancomycin — three doses daily for three weeks, without fail — to stop the infection before it ruined her heart or spread to her brain.

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Maykol stopped going to his job as a taxi driver. Oriana spent each night curled around Ashley in a room with eight other patients. Relatives looked after her siblings.

The two maxed out their credit cards and borrowed as much money as they could from family. They were eating just one meal a day, and had sold their fridge, television, Oriana's cellphone and the children's PlayStation.

One day, Maykol rode to a depot near Caracas where the government provides free medicine. The line outside was four hours long. As darkness fell, a pharmacist gave him 15 vials of vancomycin; almost enough for the week.

The next time he went to the depot, there were no antibiotics in stock. He thought of going to the black market in the city's largest slum, but Oriana worried the pills would be fakes.

A half dozen resellers had set up shop directly outside the hospital, displaying goods at more than 50 times the regulated prices. Asked if she also sold antibiotics, one reseller eyed the soldiers stationed a few feet away and shook her head.

"If a person can't find it at the pharmacy, they'll just have to die," she said.

Rangel convinced the mother of a departing patient to donate her supply of vancomycin, and got a few more vials from a patient in intensive care. He found the medicine on Amazon.com for $70, but with the country's foreign exchange controls, neither he nor the family could afford it.

Six other children died in August on the pediatric surgery ward due to the lack of proper antibiotics. To Maykol, crisscrossing the city, it felt like there was no medicine at all to be found.

Finally, in mid-August, nearly a month after she was hospitalized, Ashley's fever subsided. She giggled during an echocardiogram when the technician let her hear the rhythm of her heart. But Oriana watched, worried, as the technician went back again and again to look at the same spot from different angles. That couldn't be good.

The bacteria had receded, but Ashley's heart was scarred. And as she grew, her tricuspid valve would likely begin to leak. Eventually, this could lead to congestive heart failure, and she would need to get the valve replaced. Exhausted, her mother filed that information away to think over later.

With few laboratory supplies available in the hospital, Maykol took vials of Ashley's blood all around the city looking for clinics to do basic tests. Worried about hospital-acquired infections, he wanted to get her home as soon as possible.

Oriana heard that a boy in the next room was brain dead after he came down with a fungal infection in his lungs. This summer, 40 percent of general medicine patients came down with hospital-acquired infections, according to Gherzon Casanova, president of the hospital's resident and physician organization.

One afternoon, Ashley surprised her father.

"Come on, papi, let's walk," she said.

Maykol found her barely used pink slip-ons. He held her hands like he had when she was a baby, and she started moving toward the balcony, humming in concentration, dragging her left leg behind her in small steps. The whole room was watching.

"There you go," he said. "You just keep moving forward."

Ashley stood unsteadily on the balcony and pumped her arms in the air in victory.

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The day before Ashley was to be released, Oriana left the 9th floor for the first time in two weeks. Her skin was yellowish and she'd lost so much weight that she had to pull up her leggings with every few steps.

Doctors would not discharge Ashley until she had an ultrasound test of her leg. So Oriana went to try to find an appointment at the one public hospital that still had a functioning machine.

In this Sept. 19, 2016 photo, the packed belongings of Ashley Pacheco sit on top of her bed, as she waits to be discharged from University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Two months after the 3-year-old was first admitted with a staph infection in her left leg, the doctor declared Ashley infection-free. Her mother sold the medication the family had left over to other mothers on the floor, putting away some of that money for future treatment. “I could have sold the medicine for four times as much as I did, it's so precious.” said Pacheco. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

When she reached the front of the line, the clerk told her the first slot was in November, two months away. Oriana's shoulders slumped. "This is madness," she said under her breath.

After Oriana returned, a new doctor came in to talk to the family. She had more bad news: Ashley had a fungal infection in her lungs. She needed a medicine that was no longer possible to find in Venezuela. She would have to stay hospitalized as doctors looked for a workaround.

For the first time since Ashley was admitted, her father lost his temper.

"What do you mean she needs a medicine we can't find here?" he said. "At least tell me the name, so I can look for it. Don't just say we need it and it doesn't exist."

After the doctor left, Ashley's parents leaned into each other across the hospital bed, their foreheads almost touching. Their daughter sobbed between them.

Maykol spent the next days researching international foundations and ways to import the non-existent medicine. Maybe he could have a prescription filled in Miami. It would all cost more than he could earn in a month.

In the end, help came from the next room over. The mother of the boy with the lung infection donated his medicine to Ashley.

Her son was dead.

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In late September, two months after she was first admitted, Rangel declared Ashley infection-free.

Oriana sold the medication the family had left over to other mothers on the floor. She used some of the money to pay for Ashley's ultrasound in a private clinic, and put the rest away for her future treatment.

In this Sept. 19, 2016 photo, 3-year-old Ashley Pacheco waves goodbye after she was discharged from University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. "I really don't know of any other country where things have deteriorated so quickly, to such an incredible extent," said Rafael Perez-Escamilla, a Yale University School of Public Health professor who has worked in Latin America and Africa. "Venezuela's health system was a model for Latin America. Now you are seeing an implosion where people cannot get basic care." (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

In this Sept. 19, 2016 photo, Maykol Pacheco, places a helmet on his daughter Ashley as they prepare to ride away from the University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. Two weeks after 3-year-old Ashley scraped her knee, she was screaming in a hospital, fighting for her life as her family scoured Caracas for scarce antibiotics. Venezuela is running short on 85 percent of basic medicines. As the health care system collapses, the tiniest slips, like a little girl’s tumble while chasing her brother, are turning into life-or-death crises. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

In this Sept. 19, 2016 photo, Maykol Pacheco drives his daughter Ashley, and wife Oriana, away from University Hospital, after a two-month stay, in Caracas, Venezuela. In that time Maykol and Oriana joined the thousands of Venezuelans racing against personal clocks to save loved ones. They stood in hours-long lines outside pharmacies and hospitals just to ask if they had what the doctors needed to care for their child. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

In this Sept. 19, 2016 photo, Ashley Pacheco is welcomed homed after a two-month stay at University Hospital in Caracas, Venezuela. If life in Venezuela has become dangerous for the healthy, it is now deadly for those who fall ill. The government has refused to let in humanitarian aid. So donations of medical supplies sit waiting in warehouses and shipping containers in countries including the U.S., Spain and Panama. (AP Photo/Fernando Llano)

"We have nothing left," she said. "I could have sold the medicine for four times as much as I did, it's so precious."

There was something else to save for, too. After years of putting it off, Maykol and Oriana were planning to have Ashley baptized. It would be a celebration of her recovery — and a safeguard in case she fell ill again.

When she was discharged, Ashley limped down the hallway clutching a balloon and a child-sized motorcycle helmet for the trip home. Residents and nurses shouted after the departing family.