Hawaii Volcanoes National Parknational park encompassing a active volcanic area along the southeastern shore of the island of HawaiiIsland, Hawaii state, U.S., located southwest of Hilo. Established in 1961 and formerly a part of Hawaii National Park (established 1916), it occupies an area of 359 505 square miles (930 1,308 square km) and includes two active volcanoes—Mauna Loa and Kilauea—25 miles (40 km) apart. It The park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987.

Mauna Loa, located in the south-central part of the island, is the Earth’s largest volcano. Its bulk extends upward about 3 miles (5 km) from the ocean bottom, then rises an additional 2.6 miles (4.2 km) to an elevation of 13,677 feet (4,169 metres) above sea level. Covering half of the island, Mauna Loa is a shield volcano that has erupted 33 some three dozen times since 1843, its first well-documented eruption in 1843. Its summit caldera is approximately 2 by 3 miles (3 by 5 km) in diameter and 600 feet (183 180 metres) deep. The volcano has been intermittently active, displaying eruptions both in its caldera and from fissures in its flanks. In 1881 a flank lava flow from the northeastern side of the volcano entered the outskirts of the city of Hilo. In 1950 a lava flow from the volcano’s southwestern rift zone reached the ocean in less than 3 three hours, covering the distance at a speed of 5.8 miles (9.3 km) per hour. Mauna Loa’s most recent eruption was in 1984, following earthquake activity beneath the volcano.

Kilauea lies east of Mauna Loa and is considered to be the Earth’s most active volcano; it is also Hawaii’s youngest. It covers about one-seventh of the island of Hawaii (southeast) and rises to about 4,078 090 feet (1,243 250 metres) above sea level. It also is a shield volcano, with a summit caldera about the same size as Mauna Loa’s but not quite as deep. Halemaumau craterHalema‘uma‘u Crater, located within Kalauea’s Kilauea’s caldera, is the volcano’s most active vent. In 1924 a series of steam explosions ejecting ash and blocks of lava followed the abrupt draining away of Halemaumau’s Halema‘uma‘u’s active lava lake. Sporadic eruptions at Halemaumau crater Halema‘uma‘u Crater followed, including a four-month eruption in 1952. Subsequent eruptions of Kilauea have occurred primarily in the volcano’s east rift zone; these became continuous beginning in 1983. First the Puu Oo Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent, located southeast of Kilauea’s caldera on the national park’s boundary, produced lava fountains reaching heights of 1,540 feet (470 metres) into the air. Then in 1986 the eruption shifted 2 miles (3 km) to the northeast of Puu Oo Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō to the new Kupaianaha vent, from which a quiet effusion of lava continued to flow and eventually reached the ocean; in 1990 lava buried the entire historic community of Kalapana. In 1992 the flow of lava shifted back to the Puu Oo Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō vent, where a cinder cone had previously formed. After the collapse of the cone, lava from Puu OoPu‘u ‘Ō‘ō, flowing through a 7-mile- (11-km-) long lava tube system, reached the ocean in 1997. This eruption continued into 1998the early 21st century, by which time more than 570 some 500 acres (230 200 hectares) of new land had been added to Hawaii’s southern shore.

Other highlights of the national park are Kau Ka‘ū Desert, a region of unusual lava formations in the rain shadow of Kilauea; Mauna Loa Trail, which wends its way to that volcano’s peak from Kilauea; a tree - fern forest, a dense tropical area watered by nearly 100 inches (2,500 mm) of rainfall annually; and the museum at the park headquarters. The area Northwest of Kilauea is Kipuka Puaulu (also called Bird Park), where a nature trail leads from a grassy meadow dotted with clumps of koa, ohia, soapberry, kolea, and mamani trees to an open forest with many varieties of native trees. The park abounds with tropical birds. Introduced wildlife species include the mongoosemongooses, wild goat goats and pigpigs, and pheasant and quail.