Related Textbooks:

the legal or moral claims that citizens are entitled to make on the government

Advertisement

De Jure Segregation

segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy

De Facto Segregation

segregation this is not a direct result or law of government policy but is, instead, a reflection of residential patterns, income distributions, or other social factors

Bill Of Rights

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1791, and it ensures certain rights and liberties to the people.

First Amendment

Clarifies the jurisdiction of Congress, basically saying Congress cannot mix church and state, and that citizen’s freedom of speech, religion cannot change.

Second Amendment

guarantees the right to bear arms.

Fourth Amendment

The purpose of this amendment is to guarantee the security of citizens against unreasonable (that is, improper) searches and seizures.

Double Jeopardy

The Fifth Amendment right providing that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime.

Establishment Clause

The first amendment clause that says “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion.” This law means that a wall of separation exists between church and state.

Free Exercise Clause

The first amendment clause that protects a citizen’s right to believe and practice whatever religion he or she chooses.

Advertisement

Writs of Certiori

A formal request by an appellant to have the Supreme Court reviews a decision of a lower court. Certiorari is from a Latin word meaning “to make more certain.”

Amicus Curiae

"Friend of the court,” an individual or group who is not party to a lawsuit but seeks to assist the court in reaching a decision by presenting an additional brief.

Stare Decisis

Literally “Let the decisions stand.” The doctrine whereby a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled.

Rule Of Four

The rule that certiorari will be granted only if four justices vote in favor of the petition.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Permanently outlawed literacy tests in all fifty states and mandated bilingual ballots or oral assistance for those who speak various languages.

Libel

a written statement made in “reckless disregard of the truth” and considered damaging to a victim because it is “malicious, scandalous and defamatory.”

Slander

an oral statement made in “reckless disregard of the truth” and considered damaging to a victim because it is “malicious, scandalous, and defamatory."

Affirmative Action

Programs designed to overcome effects ofpast discrimination.

Appointment of Federal Judges

Must be approved by congress after being appointed by the President of the U.S.

Senatorial Courtesy

the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, finds out whether the senators from the candidates state support the nomination.

Brown V. Board of Education

Overturned the famous Plessey v. Ferguson case, and caused the Supreme Court to be more expansive about civil liberties.

Miranda V. Arizona

Codified arrest procedures, the right to remain silent, the right to a lawyer

Plessey V. Ferguson

the Supreme Court upheld the racial segregation system of Jim Crow, arguing that “separate but equal” train cars and other facilities did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment’s “equal protection” clause.

Federalists

wanted a strong, central government

Anti-Federalist

wanted stronger state governments

Articles of Confederation

America’s first written constitution, adopted in 1777

Virginia Plan

provided a system of representation based on the population of each state. Favored by the large state.

New Jersey Plan

was a system based on an equal number of representatives from each state, favored by smaller states

Central Feature of Great Compromise

Bicameral legislation with one based on population and one based on equal representation, also the bill of rights

Gate Keeping Power (Committee)

The power to make proposals and the power to block proposals from being made.

Rational ignorance

occurs when the cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the potential benefit that the knowledge would provide

Party in the Electorate

This is a group of members who see themselves loyal to the party

Selective Incorporation

One by one application of the provisions of the Bill of Rights

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare actions of the legislative and executive branches invalid or unconstitutional.

Scarcity refers to the situation in which

Unlimited wants exceed limited resources

Trade-offs force society to make choices when answering what three fundamental questions?

What goods and services to produce; how will these goods and services be produced; and who receives them?

Which of the following is a positive economic statement?

If the price of gasoline rises, a smaller quanity will be bought

Which of the following is a microeconomics question?

How will apple decide on selling price for the iPhone?

The processors used to produce goods and services describes

Technology

An _____________ is represented by a righward shift of the demand curve while an __________ is represented by a movement along a given demand curve.

Increase in demand; increase in quanity demanded.

In January, buyers expect that the price of gold will fall in February. What happens in the gold market in January, holding everything else constant?

The demand curve shifts to the left.

One would speak of a movement along a supply curve for a good, rather than a change in supply, if