ORIGINAL_ARTICLEEffect of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles on Anxiety Behavior and Nociception in Adult Male RatBackground & Aims: Iron is an essential element for correct brain function. Iron deficiency changes some behaviors such as anxiety and nociception. Recently, nano-iron, Ferric or ferro oxide (nano-Fe2O3 or Fe3O4), are used in various applications in agriculture, industry and medicine, but their effects on the heath and behavior is not clear. In this study, the effects of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on animal models of anxiety and nociception were investigated. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (mean weight: 200-250 g) were used in 12 groups: 3 control groups (receiving saline 0.9%) and 9 groups received nano-Fe2O3 in doses of 0.2, 1 and 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Elevated plus maze apparatus and hot-plate and tail-flick tests were used to evaluate anxiety and nociception, respectively. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hock least significant difference (LSD) and P < 0.05 used as significant level. Results: Fe2O3 nanoparticles with dose addition increased open arm time percent (OAT%) (P<0.05). Locomotor activity, just in dose of 5 mg/kg, increased pain delay time in both hot-plate (P<0.01) and tailflick (P<0.01) tests. Conclusion: Acute administration of Fe2O3 nanoparticle decreases anxiety behaviors in elevated plus maze and increases an acute pain threshold in both hot-plate and tail-flick tests in rats.http://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16464_5a3d131c796470dded0af831868f4e53.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:20110anxietyPainFe2O3 nanoparticleRatMKesmatitrue1Associate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranAssociate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranAssociate Professor of Physiology, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranAUTHORMKHorshiditrue2MSc Student, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranMSc Student, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranMSc Student, Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, IranLEAD_AUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe Effect of an 8-Week Concurrent Training on Plasma Endothelin_1 Level and Blood Pressure of Old WomenBackground & Aims: Endothelin_1 secreted by endothelial cells has been identified as the strongest vascular constrictor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of concurrent training on plasma concentration of endothelin_1 and its relationship with blood pressure of old women. Methods: A total of 20 menopause women (Mean age: 67.47±5.92 years, mean body length: 152.92±7.52cm, mean weight: 65.83±11.83 kg, mean BMI 28.47±4.98 kg/m2 , fat percentage: 18.61±3.57, and WHR: 0.929±0.045) were selected purposefully and randomly assigned into the two groups of ten people. The experimental group did eight weeks of concurrent training in the form of three days per week each day two sessions resistance training with the intensity of 40 to 65% of one maximum repetition and with overload of 5% after each 6 sessions and aerobic training with 60 to 70% of maximum heart rate. Before and after eight weeks of exercise, the resting level of endothelin_1 and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured and recorded. Paired t-test was used for investigating the within group changes and independent t-test was used for investigating the between groups differences. Pearson correlation coefficient was used for investigating the relationship between endothelin_1 concentration and blood pressure. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant level. Results: The results of this study showed that an 8-week concurrent exercise has a significant effect on decreasing endothelin_1 concentration (p=0.003), and also decreasing systolic (p=0.002) and diastolic (p=0.000) blood pressure of old women. There was a direct correlation between endothelin_1 level and systolic blood pressure (p=0.601). Nevertheless, there was no correlation between endothelin_1 level and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.352). Conclusion: Concerning the decrease of plasma endothelin_1 concentration and decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressure following concurrent exercise, and concerning the relationship of endothelin_1 level and systolic blood pressure, it seems that one period of concurrent exercise with this intensity and volume can effect plasma endothelin_1 concentration as a risk factor for hypertension in old women.http://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16465_c8c6010a2447b15eb58fdb47399d0f29.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:201124Endothelin_1HypertensionConcurrent trainingAGHassemiyantrue1M.Sc. in Sport PhysiologyM.Sc. in Sport PhysiologyM.Sc. in Sport PhysiologyLEAD_AUTHORMSalesitrue2Assistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Physical Education Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAssistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Physical Education Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAssistant Professor of Sport Physiology, Physical Education Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranAUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLEDietary Pattern and Food Consumption among Kermanshah Households, 2011Background & Aims: Identification of dietary patterns and food groups' consumption can be beneficial in improving public health. This study aimed to evaluate the daily dietary pattern of households in Kermanshah, 2011. Methods: A total of 500 households in Kermanshah/Iran were selected through multi-stage clustersampling. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and through face to face interview. Regression and X 2 tests were applied for statistical analysis. Results: In whole, 477 households with mean family size of 4.3±1.5 person completed the study. Consumption of vegetables in 78%, fruits in 23.3%, meat in 34.7%, dairy products in 44% and grains in 25% of families were less than the recommended levels in food guide pyramid. Consumption of dairy products showed a significant positive correlation with socio-economic statues (P=0.009) and educational level of the father of family (p<0.01). Furthermore, significant correlation was seen between fruits consumption and parents educational level (p=0.002). In general, consumption of one or more food groups was less than the dietary guide line level in 40% of households, while it was acceptable in 44% and was more than the recommended level in 16% of households. Conclusion: In Spite of all efforts for modifying dietary pattern, there is still a big gap between guidelines and national dietary habits. Increasing public nutritional knowledge in regard to healthy eating is necessary and highly recommended.http://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16466_e271fd3ec10a0742f30ebdf5af24d026.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:202536CerealsDiary productsMeatsFruits & Vegtabelesdietary habitsYPasdartrue1Assistant Professor of Nutrition, Public Health School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAssistant Professor of Nutrition, Public Health School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAssistant Professor of Nutrition, Public Health School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAUTHORMRezaeitrue2Assistant Professor of Biostatistitics, Public Health School & Socical Development and Health Promotion Research Center,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAssistant Professor of Biostatistitics, Public Health School & Socical Development and Health Promotion Research Center,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAssistant Professor of Biostatistitics, Public Health School & Socical Development and Health Promotion Research Center,
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranLEAD_AUTHORMDarbanditrue3B.Sc. in Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranB.Sc. in Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranB.Sc. in Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAUTHORNMohamaditrue4B.Sc. in Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranB.Sc. in Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranB.Sc. in Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAUTHORPNiyazitrue5B.Sc. in Nutrition, Public Health School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranB.Sc. in Nutrition, Public Health School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranB.Sc. in Nutrition, Public Health School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, IranAUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLEEthnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants of Joopar Mountains of Kerman Province, IranBackground & Aims: Access to the non-documented experiences and information is one of the valuable ways for developing pharmaceutical sciences and a basis for production of new drugs. Ethnobotany is the science of recovering endangered non-documented traditions. Protection of these traditions would be a precious guide to gain access to new drug sources. The aim of this study was to identify and introduce the ethnobotany of Joopar mountain region in Kerman province, Iran. Methods: Traditional knowledge and belifes of ethnic groups were documented using a questionnaire and by interview. Documentary studies of medical and pharmaceutical sources and identification and scientific nomination of medicinal plants were done. Ethnobotanic information of the plants was recorded and some of the plants were used for phytochemical studies. Results: The presence of 65 plant species belonging to 30 plant families was proved. Laminaceae family constituted the major flora of the region (15.85%). The most use of the plants was in gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. From about 65 plant specices, a number of 35 speciea were tannin and flavonoid positive, 26 plants exhibited positive reaction to alkalods and 15 species exhibited positive reaction to saponins. Conclusion: Considering the originality of the region and non-documented information about the plants of this region, using our findings can design appropriate programs for developing the medicinal plants compatible with the ecological conditions of this regionhttp://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16467_67644eca4e985afc6a3286750be6c782.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:203751EthnobotanyJoopar mountainsIranMedicinal PlantsphytochemistryFSHarifi fartrue1Associate Professor, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranAssociate Professor, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranAssociate Professor, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranLEAD_AUTHORM.RMoharam khanitrue2PharmacistPharmacistPharmacistAUTHORFMoatartrue3Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranProfessor, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranProfessor, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, IranAUTHORPBabakhanlotrue4Associate Professor, Research Institute for Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, IranAssociate Professor, Research Institute for Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, IranAssociate Professor, Research Institute for Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, IranAUTHORMKHodamitrue5Research Assistant, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranResearch Assistant, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranResearch Assistant, Herbal and Traditional Medicines Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IranAUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLEScaphoid Fractures: A Comparison of Two Surgical Methods for Internal Fixation Using Either Herbert Screws or Multiple PinsBackground and Aims: Scaphoid fractures are the most common fractures of the wrist. This study compared the outcomes of two surgical internal fixation techniques, using either Herbert screws (HS group) or multiple pins (MP group), in the treatment of scaphoid fractures. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 41 patients (23 in HS and 18 in MP groups) with unilateral scaphoid fractures from September 2009 to September 2011. All patients were followed-up two weeks post-surgery, every month for six months, and then every year after one year. Degree of fracture healing, measured level of pain using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), range of motion, hand grip strength of affected limb vs. healthy limb, Quick DASH score (QD) and also Mayo Modified Wrist Score (MMWS) were recorded. In December 2012, all patients presented to the Orthopedic Clinic for their final follow-up visit where all data was recorded once more. Results: Mean patient follow-up time was 24.34 ± 8.70 months (range: 11-34). Mean scaphoid fracture healing times for the HS and MP group were 14.61 3.88 and 14.39 4.27 weeks, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between both groups after comparing mean levels of pain using VAS, ROM of wrist during flexion and extension, hand grip strength expressed as percentage of normal, QD, and MMWS. The level of patients' content using VAS was 9.5 for HS and 9.0 for MP groups. Conclusion: The use of multiple pins for the internal fixation of scaphoid fractures proves to be a viable treatment option compared to Herbert Screws, due to decreased cost and increased availability.http://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16468_dfb56e4207277a84cd98e69b005dae31.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:205260Scaphoid bone, Bone screw, Bone wire, Internal fixation, Closed fracture, Treatment outcomeMMardani-kivitrue1Assistant Professor, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAssistant Professor, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAssistant Professor, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranLEAD_AUTHORA.RMirboloktrue2Assistant Professor, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAssistant Professor, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAssistant Professor, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAUTHORKHSaheb-ekhtiyaritrue3General Practitioner, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranGeneral Practitioner, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranGeneral Practitioner, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAUTHORKHashemi-motlaghtrue4General Practitioner, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranGeneral Practitioner, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranGeneral Practitioner, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAUTHORM.SMosavitrue5Student of Medicine, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranStudent of Medicine, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranStudent of Medicine, Orthopedics Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IranAUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLEThe Accuracy of Cone-beam Computerized Tomography Linear Measurements in Human Dry MandibleBackground & Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Cone-beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) linear measurements in dry mandibles by comparing them with direct measurements. Methods: Two human dry mandibles were used in this study. Thirteen sites were selected on each mandible. Specimens were scanned by CBCT and linear measurements were made using Planmeca Romexis 2.3.0.R software. Mandibles were cut into sections at marked locations and the same distances were measured by a digital caliper. Differences between two methods were assessed using paired t- test. Results: The mean differences for bone height, bone width and the crest-canal distance between CBCT and digital caliper measurements were -0.47±1 mm, -0.14±0.78 mm and 0.00±0.76 mm respectively. The differences were only, significant for bone height measurements (P<0.05). There was a high carreltion between the result of CBCT and gold standard. Conclusion: The results of this in-vitro study on mandible indicate that, although there is a statistically significant difference for bone height measurements between the two methods, the difference is not significant in clinical applications. Thus, CBCT was shown to be a useful technique for preoperative dental implant planninghttp://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16469_b44ffb65ca20cd9a2a38dac004f78e91.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:206168Cone-beam computed tomography, Dimensional measurement accuracy, DentalimplantsMTofanghchihatrue1Associate Professor, Dept of Radiology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAssociate Professor, Dept of Radiology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAssociate Professor, Dept of Radiology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAUTHORJPorsamimitrue2Assistant Professor, Dept of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAssistant Professor, Dept of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAssistant Professor, Dept of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAUTHORSKafilzadehtrue3Dentistry Student, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranDentistry Student, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranDentistry Student, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, IranAUTHORMMobinitrue4Assistant professor, Dep of Radiology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranAssistant professor, Dep of Radiology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranAssistant professor, Dep of Radiology, School of Dentistry, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IranLEAD_AUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLEComparison of Bone Mineral Density in Lumbar Spine between Athletic and Non-Athletic Premenopausal WomenBackground & Aims: The purpose of the present research was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar spine between athletic and non-athletic premenopausal women. Methods: Fifteen female athletes (runner) with the mean age of 33.80 ± 4.81 years, mean height of 164.13 ± 5.31 cm, mean weight of 57.33 ± 4.22 kg, and mean body mass index (BMI) of 21.41 ± 2.21 kg/m2 and 15 female non-athletes with yhe mean age of 36.73 ± 5.02 years, mean height of 161.20 ± 4.17 cm, mean weight of 68.00 ± 10.67 kg, and mean BMI of 26.78 ± 4.34 kg/m2 at the premenopausal age (30-45 years) were participated. The BMD of lumbar spines were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The collected data were analyzed through t-test statistical methods. Results: Based on T-score and Z-score criteria, all of athletes had normal bone tissue while, 13.3 percent of non-athletes were osteopenic. Moreover, the BMD of lumbar in athletes was significantly more than nonathletes. Furthermore, in the lumbar spine region, significant differences observed between the T-score and Z-score values for both athletes and non athletes. Conclusion: It seems likely that running can increase the BMD of lumbar in premenopausal women; therefore, it can play an important role in preventing osteoporosis as an effective non-medicine method.http://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16470_47b0da33d1fb1f9fc19541da3173353c.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:206980Bone mineral densityT-scoreZ-scorePremenopausalWomenAthleteA.AGHaeinitrue1Professor, Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of
Tehran, Tehran, IranProfessor, Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of
Tehran, Tehran, IranProfessor, Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of
Tehran, Tehran, IranAUTHORMSHabanitrue2Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Kashmar Higher Education Institute, Kashmar, IranAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Kashmar Higher Education Institute, Kashmar, IranAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Kashmar Higher Education Institute, Kashmar, IranLEAD_AUTHORFSajedifartrue3Teacher of Physical Education, Khalil Abad, IranTeacher of Physical Education, Khalil Abad, IranTeacher of Physical Education, Khalil Abad, IranAUTHORORIGINAL_ARTICLESmoking Stages, Prevalence of Drug Abuse and Role of Associated Psychological and Social Factors: a Study on Male High School Students in Ilam CityBackground & Aims: There are limited information about prevalence of smoking, drug abuse and its associated factors amongst Iranian students. The present study aimed to determine prevalence of smoking and drug abuse amongst male high school students in Ilam and the role of associated psychological and social factors. Method: Overall, 1000 male high school students were recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data gathering. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used for univariate, multivariate and interactions analyses. Results: Mean age of students was 16.2 years. The prevalence of experimenter and regular smokers were 11.4% (95% CI: 9.3% -13.4%) and 1.3% (95% CI: 0.5%-2.0%) respectively. Prevalence rates of alcohol, opium, Tramadol, Hashish, Ecstasy and methamphetamine abuses were 11.1% (9.1%-13.0%), 2.8% (1.7%- 3.8%), 7.6% (5.9%-9.2%), 3.3% (2.1%-4.4%), 2.7% (1.6%-3.7%), and 2.1% (1.1%-3.0%) respectively. The logistic regression model showed a significant relationship between having a smoker friend (AOR: 1.99), self-injury (AOR: 2.35), peer pressure (AOR: 2.37) and Tramadol abuse (AOR: 3.00) and different stages of smoking. None of the considered interactions had significant effect. Conclusions: Although, prevalence of smoking in Ilam high school students was less than the corresponding reports from other provinces in Iran, drugs abuse followed the same pattern as the other provinces. In addition, psychosocial variables had an important role in adolescents smoking.http://jkmu.kmu.ac.ir/article_16471_046a9435181d684f98d360b702be4d39.pdf2014-12-01T11:23:202018-05-24T11:23:208093smokingSubstances abuseadolescentsIlamZBideltrue1Master of Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-Iran
Member of Students Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranMaster of Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-Iran
Member of Students Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranMaster of Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-Iran
Member of Students Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IranAUTHORMNazarzadehtrue2Master of Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-IranMaster of Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-IranMaster of Epidemiology, School of public health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-IranAUTHORM.SMohamaditrue3Batchlor of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranBatchlor of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranBatchlor of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranAUTHOREZareeimaneshtrue4Midwife, Department of Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranMidwife, Department of Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranMidwife, Department of Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranAUTHORJazvaltrue5Batchlor of Public Health, Department of Health Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-IranBatchlor of Public Health, Department of Health Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-IranBatchlor of Public Health, Department of Health Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-IranAUTHOREMohamaditrue6Batchlor of Occupational Health, Department of Occupational Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranBatchlor of Occupational Health, Department of Occupational Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranBatchlor of Occupational Health, Department of Occupational Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam-IranAUTHORADelpishehtrue7Associate Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Prevantion of Psychosocial Injuries
Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.Associate Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Prevantion of Psychosocial Injuries
Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.Associate Professor of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Prevantion of Psychosocial Injuries
Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.LEAD_AUTHOR