1. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for your
answers.
(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.
(ii) There are an infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct points.
(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.
(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
(v) In Fig. 5.9, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.

Answer

(i) False. There can be infinite line drawn passing through a single point.

(ii) False. Only one line can be drawn which passes through two distinct points.

(iii) True. A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.
In geometry, a line can be extended in both direction. A line means infinite long length.

(iv) True. If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
By superposition, we will find that the centre and circumference of the both circles coincide. Hence, their radius must be equal.

(v) True. By Euclid’s first axiom things which are equal to the same thing, are equal to one another.

2. Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be defined first? What are they, and how might you define them?
(i) parallel lines (ii) perpendicular lines (iii) line segment
(iv) radius of a circle (v) square

Yes, other terms need to be defined first which are:
Plane: A plane is flat surface on which geometric figures are drawn.
Point: A point is a dot drawn on a plane surface and is dimensionless.
Line: A line is collection of points which can extends in both direction and has only length not breadth.

(i) Parallel lines: When two or more never intersect each other in a plane and perpendicular distance between them is always constant then they are said to be parallel lines.

(ii) Perpendicular lines: When two lines intersect each other at right angle in a plane then they are said to be perpendicular to each other.

(iii) Line segment: A line segment is a part of a line with two end points and cannot be extended further.

(iv) Radius of circle: The fixed distance between the centre and the circumference of the circle is called the radius of the circle.

(v) Square: A square is a quadrilateral in which all the four sides are equal and each internal angle is a right angle.

3. Consider two ‘postulates’ given below:
(i) Given any two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point C which is in between A and B.
(ii) There exist at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent? Do they follow from Euclid’s postulates? Explain.

Answer

Undefined terms in the postulates:
→ Many points lie in a plane. But here it is not given about the position of the point C whether it lies on the line segment joining AB or not.
→ Also, there is no information about the plane whether the points are in same plane or not.
Yes, these postulates are consistent when we deal with these two situation:
(i) Point C is lying in between and on the line segment joining A and B.
(ii) Point C not lies on the line segment joining A and B.

5. In Question 4, point C is called a mid-point of line segment AB. Prove that every line segment has one and only one mid-point.

Answer

Let A and B be the line segment and points P and Q be two different mid points of AB.
Now,
∴ P and Q are midpoints of AB.
Therefore AP=PB and also AQ = QB.
also, PB + AP = AB (as it coincides with line segment AB)
Similarly, QB + AQ = AB.
Now,
AP + AP = PB + AP (If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.)
⇒ 2 AP = AB — (i)
Similarly,
2 AQ = AB — (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
2 AP = 2 AQ (Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.)
⇒ AP = AQ (Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.)
Thus, P and Q are the same points. This contradicts the fact that P and Q are two different mid points of AB. Thus, it is proved hat every line segment has one and only one mid-point.

Axiom 5 : The whole is always greater than the part.
Take an example of a cake. When it is whole it will measures 2 pound but when we took out a part from it and measures its weigh it will came out lower than the previous one. So, the fifth axiom of Euclid is true for all the universal things. That is why it is considered a ‘universal truth’.

Page No: 88

Exercise 5.2

1. How would you rewrite Euclid’s fifth postulate so that it would be easier to understand?

Answer

The fifth postulates is about parallel lines.
When two or more never intersect each other in a plane and perpendicular distance between them is always constant then they are said to be parallel lines.
Two facts of the postulates:
(i) If P doesn’t lie on l then we can draw a line through P which will be parallel to the line l.
(ii) There will be only one line can be drawn through P which is parallel to the line l.

Yes, Euclid’s fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines.
If the sum of the interior angles will be equal to sum of the two right angles then two lines will not meet each other on either sides and therefore they will be parallel to each other.

m and n will be parallel if
∠1 + ∠3 = 180°
Or ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°

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