..Advanced imaging techniques aim to complement our understanding of MS disease pathophysiology, which may facilitate the identification of markers that could be used to predict the clinical outcomes of agents in development. ..

..Future network-based research might enable indentification of different stages of disorders, subtypes for cognitive impairment, and connectivity profiles associated with different clinical outcomes. ..

Functional network connectivity in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia

..These results support the role of the action observation-execution matching system in social cognition, which enables us to interact not only with our conspecifics but also with species in phylogenetic proximity to humans. ..

..This review summarizes the main findings from studies using both conventional and modern quantitative magnetic resonance-based techniques for the assessment of cortical damage and dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis...

The brain functional networks associated to human and animal suffering differ among omnivores, vegetarians and vegans

Massimo FilippiNeuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Hospital San Raffaele, Milan, ItalyPLoS ONE 5:e10847. 2010

..These results suggest that empathy toward non conspecifics has different neural representation among individuals with different feeding habits, perhaps reflecting different motivational factors and beliefs...

..This study assessed whether two doses of glatiramer acetate given orally could improve clinical and MRI measures of inflammation and neurodegeneration in a large cohort of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis...

..More recently, it has been suggested that the different forms of headache/migraine might have specific functional and structural MRI correlates, which, in the future, is likely to result in new therapeutic scenarios...

MRI-clinical correlations in the primary progressive course of MS: new insights into the disease pathophysiology from the application of magnetization transfer, diffusion tensor, and functional MRI

..Future improvements, including the development of new sequences and post-processing methods as well as the use of high-field MRI, despite being a major technical challenge, hold new and exciting promise...

In vivo assessment of the brain and cervical cord pathology of patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis

..These data suggest that the more sophisticated MR probes of tissue disruption and cellular integrity are no more sensitive than current conventional imaging for detecting basal ganglia abnormalities in patients with MS...

In-vivo tissue characterization of multiple sclerosis and other white matter diseases using magnetic resonance based techniques

..Movement-associated cortical reorganisation is known to occur in multiple sclerosis (MS). We aimed to define the development of such cortical reorganisation by comparing data from patients with different disease phenotypes...

..WM abnormalities beyond the nigrostriatal system accumulate with increasing PD severity. WM damage is likely to contribute to the more severe motor and nonmotor dysfunctions occurring in patients at the later stages...

Evidence for axonal pathology and adaptive cortical reorganization in patients at presentation with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis

Maria A RoccaDepartment of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, ItalyNeuroimage 18:847-55. 2003

..This suggests that the increased functional recruitment of the cortex in these patients might have an adaptive role in limiting the clinical impact of irreversible tissue damage...

Determinants of disability in multiple sclerosis at various disease stages: a multiparametric magnetic resonance study

Maria A RoccaNeuroimaging Research Unit, Scientific Institute and University Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, ItalyNeuroimage 23:141-7. 2004

..This study shows that, in patients with MS, following injury of the motor pathways, there is an increased recruitment of a widespread sensorimotor network, which is likely to contribute to limit the appearance of overt clinical deficits...

..001). This study shows that MT MRI-detectable damage to NAWM and NAGM may not be an important feature of all patients at presentation with a CIS highly suggestive of MS and that such a damage may develop with subsequent disease evolution...

..56. This study shows that more severe CST DT MRI abnormalities predict a poorer long-term clinical outcome in ALS patients. DT MRI of the brain has the potential to offer in vivo markers of disease severity...

Gray matter damage predicts the accumulation of disability 13 years later in MS

..Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to measure in vivo whole-brain N-acetylaspartate (WBNAA) concentrations, the decrease of whose levels is considered a marker of neuronal-axonal injury...

..This multiparametric magnetic resonance study of a patient with an early diagnosis of subacute combined degeneration suggests that demyelination alone does not necessarily induce adaptive functional changes of the cerebral cortex...

..22, p=0.04) as independent correlates of age (r2=0.76). Cervical cord is vulnerable to aging. The decrease of FA, in the absence of atrophy and MD changes, suggests gliosis as the most likely pathological feature of the aging cord...

..The steady correlation observed between conventional and MT MRI measures over time supports the hypothesis of axonal degeneration of fibres passing through focal lesions as one of the factors contributing to the overall MS burden...

..To generate and validate a composite (clinical and MRI-based) score able to identify individual patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) with a high risk of experiencing relapses in the short term...

The use of modern magnetic resonance techniques to monitor disease evolution in multiple sclerosis

..In addition, the results of correlative MRI/neuropsychology studies underpin the need for a new definition of BMS, which should consider the maintenance of a normal cognitive profile as an additional criterion...

..Our objective was to evaluate the presence and extent of tissue damage in the brain normalappearing white matter (NAWM) and gray matter (GM) from a larger population of patients with earlyonset MS...