Dove pan

The dove pan is a classic magic effect in which a magician produces a dove from an empty pan. The illusion continues to be performed by professional and amateur magicians.

The effect consists of a shallow pan made of brass or aluminium and a matching lid which has a very deep rim or shoulder all around that fits inside the pan when closed. The pan is usually no more than ten inches in diameter and roughly 2-3 inches deep. Dove pans are a common item at magicians' supply stores.

In presentation, the magician demonstrates that the pan is empty and then fills it with a small quantity of a volatile liquid which is ignited. Often, the magician will place other items in the pan (e.g. cracking an egg into it) before setting the fuel on fire. To extinguish the fire, the magician slams the lid onto the pan. When the magician removes the lid, a dove flies from the pan which is shown to be otherwise empty.

The gimmick of the dove pan lies in the design of the lid. The deep shouldered rim of the lid conceals an additional pan (or liner) that fits snugly into the main pan. When the lid is placed on the pan the liner is deposited inside it, resembling the main pan when it was displayed empty. The liner, when fitted into the lid, may be loaded with birds (or anything else the magician wishes to produce) before the trick begins. The magician must not show the underside of the lid to the audience while performing the trick.

1.
Magic (illusion)
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Magic is one of the oldest performing arts in the world in which audiences are entertained by staged tricks or illusions of seemingly impossible or supernatural feats using natural means. These feats are called magic tricks, effects, or illusions, the term magic etymologically derives from the Greek word mageia. In ancient times, Greeks and Persians had been at war for centuries, ritual acts of Persian priests came to be known as mageia, and then magika—which eventually came to mean any foreign, unorthodox, or illegitimate ritual practice. The first book containing explanations of magic tricks appeared in 1584, during the 17th century, many similar books were published that described magic tricks. Until the 18th century, magic shows were a source of entertainment at fairs. A founding figure of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London in the 1840s. Towards the end of the 19th century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm, as a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television magic specials. Performances that modern observers would recognize as conjuring have been practiced throughout history, for many recorded centuries, magicians were associated with the devil and the occult. During the 19th and 20th centuries, many stage magicians even capitalized on this notion in their advertisements. The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the Trojan Horse would also have used for entertainment. They were also used by the practitioners of various religions and cults from ancient times onwards to frighten uneducated people into obedience or turn them into adherents, however, the profession of the illusionist gained strength only in the 18th century, and has enjoyed several popular vogues since. Opinions vary among magicians on how to categorize a given effect, Magicians may pull a rabbit from an empty hat, make something seem to disappear, or transform a red silk handkerchief into a green silk handkerchief. Magicians may also destroy something, like cutting a head off, other illusions include making something appear to defy gravity, making a solid object appear to pass through another object, or appearing to predict the choice of a spectator. Many magical routines use combinations of effects, one of the earliest books on the subject is Gantzionys work of 1489, Natural and Unnatural Magic, which describes and explains old-time tricks. Among the tricks discussed were sleight-of-hand manipulations with rope, paper, at the time, fear and belief in witchcraft was widespread and the book tried to demonstrate that these fears were misplaced. All obtainable copies were burned on the accession of James I in 1603 and it began to reappear in print in 1651. In the early 18th century, as belief in witchcraft was waning, a notable figure in this transition was the English showman, Isaac Fawkes, who began to promote his act in advertisements from the 1720s – he even claimed to have performed for King George II. He throws up a Pack of Cards, and causes them to be living birds flying about the room and he causes living Beasts, Birds, and other Creatures to appear upon the Table

2.
Columbidae
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Pigeons and doves constitute the bird family Columbidae, which includes about 310 species. Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks, and short slender bills and they primarily feed on seeds, fruits, and plants. This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya, in general, the terms dove and pigeon are used somewhat interchangeably. Pigeon is a French word that derives from the Latin pipio, for a peeping chick, the species most commonly referred to as pigeon is the rock dove, one subspecies of which, the domestic pigeon, is common in many cities as the feral pigeon. Pigeons and doves are likely the most common birds in the world, doves and pigeons build relatively flimsy nests – often using sticks and other debris – which may be placed in trees, on ledges, or on the ground, depending on species. They lay one or two eggs at a time, and both parents care for the young, which leave the nest after seven to 28 days. Unlike most birds, both sexes of doves and pigeons produce crop milk to feed to their young, secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop, young doves and pigeons are called squabs. The adjective columbine refers to pigeons and doves, recent phylogenomic studies support the grouping of these pigeons and sandgrouse together, along with mesites, forming the sister taxon to Mirandornithes. The Columbidae are usually divided into five subfamilies, probably inaccurately, for example, the American ground and quail doves, which are usually placed in the Columbinae, seem to be two distinct subfamilies. The order presented here follows Baptista et al. with some updates, osteology and DNA sequence analyses indicate the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire are better considered as a subfamily Raphinae in the Columbidae pending availability of further information. The dodo and Rodrigues solitaire are in all part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the three small subfamilies mentioned above, with the fruit-doves and pigeons. Therefore, they are included as a subfamily Raphinae, pending better material evidence of their exact relationships. Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the fossil record, no truly primitive forms have been found to date. The genus Gerandia has been described from Early Miocene deposits of France, apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the number of more recently extinct prehistoric species. Phylogeny based on the work by John H. Boyd III, Pigeons and doves exhibit considerable variations in size. Overall, the Columbidae tend to have short bills and legs, the wings are large and have low wing loadings, pigeons have strong wing muscles and are among the strongest fliers of all birds. They are also highly manoeuvrable in flight, the plumage of the family is variable

3.
Brass
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Brass is a metal alloy made of copper and zinc, the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties. It is an alloy, atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. By comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin, however, bronze and brass may also include small proportions of a range of other elements including arsenic, phosphorus, aluminium, manganese, and silicon. The term is applied to a variety of brasses. Modern practice in museums and archaeology increasingly avoids both terms for objects in favour of the all-embracing copper alloy. It is also used in zippers, Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that sparks not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials. Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc, the relatively low melting point of brass and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard, the density of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 grams per cubic centimetre. Today, almost 90% of all alloys are recycled. Because brass is not ferromagnetic, it can be separated from ferrous scrap by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet, Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry where it is melted and recast into billets. Billets are heated and extruded into the form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of cutting fluid, aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of oxide to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent. Tin has an effect and finds its use especially in seawater applications. Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and tear resistant, to enhance the machinability of brass, lead is often added in concentrations of around 2%. Since lead has a melting point than the other constituents of the brass. The pattern the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available surface area which in turn affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface and these effects can lead to significant lead leaching from brasses of comparatively low lead content

4.
Aluminium
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Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal, Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building facades. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium, despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts abundance, the potential for a role for them is of continuing interest. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite, a fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel and it is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a cubic structure. Aluminium has an energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Aluminium is a thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin. Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium

5.
Volatility (chemistry)
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In chemistry and physics, volatility is quantified by the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a vapor pressure. At a given temperature, a substance with higher vapor pressure vaporizes more readily than a substance with a vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure at which its gas phase is in equilibrium with its condensed phases and it is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. The higher the pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the higher the volatility. The vapor pressure chart displays the vapor pressures dependency for a variety of liquids as a function of temperature, for example, at any given temperature, chloromethane has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point, which is where the pressure curve intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere of absolute vapor pressure

6.
Egg as food
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Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years. Bird and reptile eggs consist of an eggshell, albumen. The most popular choice for egg consumption are chicken eggs, other popular choices for egg consumption are duck, quail, roe, and caviar. Egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of protein and choline, due to their protein content, the United States Department of Agriculture categorizes eggs as Meats within the Food Guide Pyramid. Despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are potential health issues arising from egg quality, storage. Chickens and other egg-laying creatures are widely kept throughout the world, in 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. There are issues of variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2012, the European Union banned battery husbandry of chickens, bird eggs have been valuable foodstuffs since prehistory, in both hunting societies and more recent cultures where birds were domesticated. The chicken was probably domesticated for its eggs before 7500 BCE, chickens were brought to Sumer and Egypt by 1500 BCE, and arrived in Greece around 800 BCE, where the quail had been the primary source of eggs. In Thebes, Egypt, the tomb of Haremhab, built about 1420 BCE, shows a depiction of a man carrying bowls of ostrich eggs and other large eggs, presumably those of the pelican, as offerings. In ancient Rome, eggs were preserved using a number of methods, the Romans crushed the shells in their plates to prevent evil spirits from hiding there. In the Middle Ages, eggs were forbidden during Lent because of their richness, the word mayonnaise possibly was derived from moyeu, the medieval French word for the yolk, meaning center or hub. Egg scrambled with acidic fruit juices were popular in France in the 17th century, the dried egg industry developed in the 19th century, before the rise of the frozen egg industry. In 1878, a company in St. Louis, Missouri started to transform egg yolk and white into a light-brown, the production of dried eggs significantly expanded during World War II, for use by the United States Armed Forces and its allies. In 1911, the egg carton was invented by Joseph Coyle in Smithers, British Columbia, early egg cartons were made of paper. Bird eggs are a food and one of the most versatile ingredients used in cooking. They are important in many branches of the food industry. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the chicken, duck and goose eggs, and smaller eggs, such as quail eggs, are occasionally used as a gourmet ingredient in western countries

7.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

8.
Magician's assistant
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A magicians assistant is a performer in a magic act who is not billed as the magician or principal name in the act. Other aspects of the role can include dancing or acting as visual ornamentation, the figure of the glamorous female assistant has become a stereotype or icon in art, popular media and fiction. Assistants have been part of shows for most of the recorded history of magic as a performance art. Despite their often crucial role in magic acts they, and the work they do, have suffered from negative public perceptions, the assistants role has often been stereotyped as consisting of menial tasks and having the primary purpose of adding a visually aesthetic element to an act. This is associated with the perception that assistants are usually female, the glamorous female assistant has become an iconic image that continues in modern media and literature. Examples include Aztec Lady, Devils Torture Chamber, Mismade Girl, Radium Girl, Zig Zag Girl and it is generally agreed that a sawing type illusion was first performed publicly by P. T. Selbit in January 1921. His presentations of what he titled Sawing through a woman made an enormous impact, Steinmeyer has explained, Before Selbits illusion, it was not a cliche that pretty ladies were teased and tortured by magicians. Since the days of Robert-Houdin, both men and women were used as the subjects for magic illusions, victorian gowns often made it unrealistic for a lady to take part in an illusion or be pressed into a tight space. One female magician Dorothy Dietrich has turned the tables and used men as assistants, changes in fashion and great social upheavals during the first decades of the 20th century made Selbits choice of victim both practical and popular. Steinmeyer notes, During the 1900s, as a shapely leg became not only acceptable on the stage but admired and that was only part of the story, however. The trauma of war had helped to desensitize the public to violence, audiences were also tiring of the gentler forms of magic represented by the likes of John Nevil Maskelyne. It took something shocking, such as the horrific productions of the Grand Guignol theatre. Steinmeyer concludes that. beyond practical concerns, the image of the woman in peril became a fashion in entertainment. In contrast to the publicity given to Selbit, the names of the assistants who made this influential act work have received almost no publicity, there were actually two premieres of the illusion. Selbit first presented it to an audience in December 1920, however, on occasion the spectators were a small group of invited theatrical agents. The public premiere then occurred on 17 January 1921 at the Finsbury Park Empire music hall after Selbit was hired by the Moss Empire group, according to Steinmeyer, the assistant at the 1920 preview was Jan Glenrose, Selbits main assistant at that time. The public performances featured principal assistant Betty Barker, many of these illusions, together with others that involve appearances, disappearances or escapes, involve assistants being shut in boxes of one sort or another. This has led to the nickname box jumper which, although it could be applied to an assistant, is usually inferred to be a female assistant

9.
Magic club
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A magic club is any group of local magicians who meet together on a regular basis. Also sometimes known as a magic circle, a club can be open to all with an interest in magic or it may be only possible to join by invite or by meeting some sort of notability criteria. Some clubs may specialize in types of magic, or be primarily youth oriented, most magic clubs will charge a fee for membership. Fees will vary from club to club, depending on what services are offered, many local clubs are affiliated with these and require membership in one of them as a prerequisite

10.
Magic convention
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A magic convention is a gathering of professional magicians, magical hobbyists, dealers, collectors of magical apparatus, books and ephemera, and other students of the art of magic. It provides a place for lectures of subjects related to the craft, the largest magic convention is The Blackpool Magicians Convention which is attended by over 3,500 magicians. Fellowship of Christian Magicians, annual convention held in Marion Indiana at Indiana Wesleyan University in the month of July. The International Brotherhood of Magicians Annual Convention, the British Ring Annual Convention September 22 - September 25th 2011, Southport, UK The International Magic Convention, London http, //www. internationalmagic. com. The Southern England Magic Convention, Every January, http, //www. semagicconvention. com The Blackpool Magic Convention, Blackpool, England. FISM - It is hosted every three years in a different city in the world Magic Valongo, Valongo, Portugal, held annually in September, since 1992. World Magic Seminar February 28 - March 3,2010, Las Vegas, NV, USA VISMAYAM2008 May 1–4,2008, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, INDIA Society of American Magicians Convention. Held annually in early July, ATLANTA June 30 - July 3,2010, PITTSBURGH July 13–16,2011, LAS VEGAS2012, PCAM - Pacific Coast Association of Magicians. Held annually for 75 years in the Summer, achambha 2008 Jadu Sansthan Agra August 28–30,2008, Agra Uttar Pradeh, India MAGIC Live has been presented four times, once each in 2001,2004,2007 and 2009. Past events produced by MAGIC Magazine, with the event being in 2014. The Northern Magic Circle Convention http, //www. northernmagic. co. uk C. U. M. C. I. S - Close-up Magic Convention in Sussex http, lectures, stage & close up shows, dealers, panel discussion. Metro-Magic, annual October convention run by Bill Wisch, Bob Solari, Magic Convention, Atlanta, GA Hosted every summer in a different southeastern city. Abbotts Get Together, a gathering in Colon, Michigan, founded in 1937 by Percy Abbott. Midwest Magic Jubilee, founded in 1956 in Missouri Magi-Fest, begun in 1931, one of the most historic and longest-running annual conventions, currently held in Columbus, portland Magic Jam, Annual 3-day magic convention in Oregon. Lectures, stage & close up shows, dealers, panel discussion, the MAGIC Magazine Convention Guide provides a comprehensive list of upcoming magic conventions and allows events to be compared to each other based on dates, price, location, number of events, etc. They also provide guides to some conventions, listing places to stay, eat, some conventions are hosted by specific magician associations or societies. For example, the two oldest and largest magic organizations in the United States, are the Society of American Magicians and the International Brotherhood of Magicians. The Home Counties Magical Society ran the Junior Days, a convention specifically aimed at younger magicians, the College of Magic is a unique society in magic - offering a 6-year specialist diploma course in magic to students aged 10 and over. co. uk/

11.
Exposure (magic)
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Exposure in magic refers to the practice of revealing the methods of magic tricks. The practice is frowned upon amongst magicians, who believe that it ruins the experience of magical performances for audiences. Exposure is uniquely impactful to magicians, as magic relies heavily on the nature of secrets. Magic effects have been exposed by both professional and amateur magicians, some magic effects have been exposed in stage shows, and in other public media including television, the Internet, certain video sharing interfaces, discussion forums, and blogs. Penn & Teller have often exposed their own tricks for the purposes of entertainment, penn Jillette has stated that while the duo show the audience how a trick is done, it is often done so quickly or with different mechanics that the audience is unable to follow. This highlights the need to distinguish apparent exposures performed by magicians during an act, intellectual rights to magic methods List of magic tricks

12.
Bizarre magic
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Bizarre Magic, or Bizarre Magick, is a branch of stage magic, or conjuring, like stage illusions, sleight of hand, or childrens magic. The experience is intended to be akin to small, intimate theater than a conventional magic show. Bizarre Magicians often use authentic antique or simulated artifacts to enhance their presentations, storytelling is also employed for a greater sense of theatrical authenticity. Techniques such as these distinguish Bizarre from other types of magic performance, max Maven has said of Bizarre Magic that it references a larger magical world beyond the boundaries of the performance. Bizarre magic often uses horror and supernatural imagery in addition to the standard commercial magic approaches of comedy, Bizarre magic deliberately utilizes discomfort for theatrical effect. Another methodology employed in performance is the integration of storytelling enhanced by magic, the movement of the art of Bizarre Magic began in the late 1960s with Charles Cameron and Tony Doc Shiels. Some of the significant artists since that time have been Tony Andruzzi, Eugene Burger, Christian Chelman, Robert Neale, most of the material on the subject is published privately within the Bizarre Magic community and is not readily available through normal distribution. And many of the important works were either hand-made or published on a limited basis. So despite being relatively recent publications, many have significant collectible value, there are a few annual events focused on Bizarre Magic. The first event was the now defunct Invocational which started a tradition of annual gatherings in honor of the Bizarre, in Edinburgh, Scotland the annual Charles Cameron Gathering is held in October. Also in October is the Magic and Meaning Conference in Las Vegas, Burger, Eugene - Eugene Goes Bizarre Society for Unusual Manifestations The Odd Gathering presented by The Society for Unusual Manifestations which is held in the Spring. Inner Circle of Bizarre Magick Annual Gathering in Connecticut which is held in November, Bizarre Magick UK Annual UK Gathering which is held in May. PSYCRETS, British Society of Mystery Entertainers Tabula Mentis Bi annual UK event dedicated to mentalism, Bizarre Magic, The Weird Adventures of Daniel Rumanos Performer Daniel Rumanos interviewed on Other Side podcast

13.
Card manipulation
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Card manipulation is the branch of magical illusion that deals with creating effects using sleight of hand techniques involving playing cards. Card manipulation is used in magical performances, especially in close-up, parlor. Some of the most recognized names in this field include Dai Vernon, Tony Slydini, Ed Marlo, erdnase, Richard Turner and Ricky Jay. Before becoming world-famous for his escapes, Houdini billed himself as The King of Cards, playing cards became popular with magicians in the last century or so as they were props which were inexpensive, versatile, and easily available. Presentation and context account for many of the variations, compared to sleight of hand magic in general and to cups and balls, it is a relatively new form of magic. However, due to its versatility as a prop it has very popular amongst modern magicians. Illusions performed with playing cards are constructed using basic card manipulation techniques and it is the intention of the performer that such sleights are performed in a manner which is undetectable to the audience—however that result takes practice and a thorough understanding of method. Manipulation techniques include, Lifts are techniques which extract one or more cards from a deck, the produced card are normally known to the audience, for example having previously been selected or identified as part of the illusion. In sleight of hand, a double lift can be made to extract two cards from the deck, but held together to appear as one card, dealing cards is considered a fair means of distributing cards. False deals are techniques which appear to deliver cards fairly, when actually the cards delivered are predetermined or known to the performer, false dealing techniques include, second dealing, bottom dealing, middle dealing, false counts, and double dealing. A technique generally used to bring a predetermined card to the top of a deck, depth-perception plays a key role, since it is obvious where card placement happens otherwise. A card manipulator or magician may achieve this by sticking his pinky below the top card in a known as the pinky break. Following, he would appear to place the card within the middle of the deck. Also known as the marlo tilt, the effect of the card pass is that an identified card is inserted somewhere into a deck. However, following rapid and concealed manipulation by the performer, it is revealed to be on the top of the deck. A pass is achieved by swapping the portion of the deck from the identified card downwards, with the portion of the deck above the identified card. Pass techniques include, the invisible turn-over pass, the Zingone Perfect Table pass, the flesh grip pass, the jog pass, the Braue pass, the Charlier pass, the finger palm pass, simply, a card pass is a secret cut of the deck. Palming is a technique for holding or concealing one or more cards, Cards palmed from a deck are typically held in reserve until production is required for the illusion being performed

14.
Cardistry
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Cardistry is a name given to the performance art of card flourishing. The term is a portmanteau of card and artistry, unlike card magic, cardistry is meant to be visually impressive and appear very hard to execute. People who engage in cardistry are nicknamed cardists, conjuring tricks with playing cards became popular around the 19th century. At that time, simple card flourishes—such as the Charlier Cut, Riffle Shuffle, cardistry is a portmanteau of “card” and “artistry. ”It involves the use of hands to create cuts, displays, fans, patterns and sequences through the use of playing cards. Various armspreads, cuts, shuffles and springs can be used, the intent is to create a captivating motion and beautiful display. The effects are limited only by the types of cards used, the imagination, the presentation is typically neither “illusionary” nor purportedly “magic”, rather, it is more like juggling, mime, or similar entertaining activities. American magician Chris Kenner published Totally Out of Control in 1992, on page 125 was a two-handed flourish he called The Five Faces of Sybil. Making use of all fingers, the face of Sybil displays five distinct packets. Kenner referred to Sybil in his book as a quick cut flourish to demonstrate skill, the cut became the most notable creation from Totally Out of Control and would eventually form the nucleus of what is now known as cardistry. Kevin Pang of Vanity Fair magazine remarked that every cardist can deftly perform Sybil the way guitarists can run through a blues progression, los Angeles-based magician Brian Tudor released an instructional VHS tape in 1997 dubbed Show Off which featured only flourishes, including numerous variations of Sybil. The tape was received by critics and resulted in growing attention to card flourishing as a performance art. Sybil enthusiast and twin brothers Dan and Dave released in 2001 Pasteboard Animations, another VHS tape explaining advanced cuts and it sold hundreds of copies and was critically praised in a Genii magazine review that same year. In 2004, the released the instructional DVD The Dan. Three years later in 2007, Dan and Dave released The Trilogy, retailing at $85 per unit, The Trilogy is the best-selling cardistry release of all time having sold more than 25,000 copies. Virtually every cardist mention either the System or The Trilogy as the source of their inspiration, straddle grip – A grip similar to the mechanics grip but having the fourth finger on the opposite end to the first. Used for springs and dribbles for more control over the cards, Z grip – A grip used as the base of many card flourishes. This grip is used as a starter. Split grip – A type of grip used for flourishes like hot shot, the Charlier Cut is a method of splitting a deck of cards into two parts using one hand

15.
Children's magic
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Childrens magic is a specialized aspect of parlor magic and is meant to entertain children. It is typically performed at parties, churches, preschools, elementary schools. It is often the type of magic most Westerners experience other than that seen on television. This type of magic is usually comedic in nature, a distinction should be made between Childrens magic and young magicians. The former is meant for audiences made up of children while the latter refers to performers who are under-aged. The later has organizations dedicated to them including Society of Young Magicians, Magic Youth International, not every magician is interested in performing for children both artistically and in terms of patience. Audiences are more apt to believe what they hear than what they see, on the other hand, children are hard to fool, because they watch closely and dont listen. Since children do not have the social filters adults have in such situations and this makes performing for children exceedingly difficult. Childrens magicians often use certain gambits while performing for children, some performers use their knowledge to intentionally misdirect the children in a given audience. One form of type of misdirection is referred to as Magician-in-Trouble wherein a performer pretends to have made a mistake. The style used for magic is often comical and frequently uses props that are large. It is not uncommon for magicians to dress as clowns or in wild, generally, childrens magicians are reluctant to use tricks that focus on the use of playing cards, however magic with coins or paper money are frequently popular with children. Movement and action are preferable to patter, buffoonery is a better vehicle than mystery for children. These performers commonly use as many members as impromptu assistants as possible. Common Childrens Magic Props include, Run Rabbit Run, Hip Hop Rabbits, Change Bag Routines, Breakaway Wand, Tipsy Turvy Bottles, older children tend to have a far greater logic and less traditional and more innovative magic effects can be performed. Children of Magic Moon Magics Child The Young Magicians

16.
Close-up magic
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Micromagic is magic performed in an intimate setting usually no more than ten feet from ones audience and is usually performed while sitting at a table. Micromagic can combine sleight-of-hand manipulations with flourishes, and is called Cardistry, sleight-of-hand, also known as prestidigitation or léger de main, is the set of techniques used by a micromagician to manipulate objects such as cards and coins secretly. Flourishes are an example of rather than of illusion or deceit. It is the equivalent of juggling to a juggler and its not uncommon for micromagicians to combine several of these objects in a single trick. Famous micromagician, Johnny Ace Palmer produces baby chicks in his cups-and-balls routine, micromentalism is mentalism performed in an intimate session. Inevitably, this form of mentalism involves examples of telekinesis, ESP, precognition, most cold reading takes place in such an intimate session as are most Theatrical Séances

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Escapology
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Escapology is the practice of escaping from restraints or other traps. Escapologists escape from handcuffs, straitjackets, cages, coffins, steel boxes, barrels, bags, burning buildings, fish-tanks, the art of escaping from restraints and confined spaces has been a skill employed by performers for a very long time. It was not originally displayed as an act in itself but was instead used secretly to create illusions such as a disappearance or transmutation. In the 1860s, the Davenport Brothers, who were skilled at releasing themselves from rope ties, other illusionists, including John Nevil Maskelyne, worked out how the Davenports did their act and re-created the tricks to debunk the brothers claims of psychic power. However, the re-creations did not involve overt escape, merely a replication of tricks with the statement that they were accomplished by secret magicians skills rather than spirits and it took another thirty years before the pure skill of escape began to be displayed as an act in itself. Houdinis feats helped to define the basic repertoire of escapology, including escapes from handcuffs, padlocks, straitjackets, mail bags, beer barrels, the actual term escapology is reputed to have been coined originally by Australian escapologist and illusionist Murray, a Houdini contemporary. A succession of performers have added new ideas and created variations on old stunts, along with St. John Don Bosco, the two are considered the primary patrons of Catholic Gospel Magicians. Its members are made up of professional escapologists, restraint collectors, master locksmiths, the UKEA meet once a year for their AGM. The International Escapologists Society is a society with its own monthly newsletter that is dedicated to the art of escape on an international level. This style of performance was popular with the majority of escape artists until the end of the 20th Century and is still preferred by many performers today. Its disadvantage is that audiences may wrongly believe a concealed assistant to have released the escapologist, Full View is a form of escape performance that was popularised by Norman Bigelow Sr. during the 1970s. He presented his escapes as pure tests of skill and endurance. His signature escape, The Doors Of Death, inspired many artists to adopt this style of performance in their own shows. Mark Nelson, The Great Markini also performed Full View with his Electrified Mummy Lid Torture Board Escape, Escape Or Die, the form of escape performance originated by Houdini, is the standard for top-of-the-line escapologists. There are at least three ways for an escapologists life to be at risk from the possible failure of this escape. UK escape artist Alan Alan took this further by hanging from a burning rope hundreds of feet in the air and this type of escapology does fail, and its failures have resulted in escape artists getting hurt or losing their lives. Escape was required in under 60 seconds or a charge of electricity would be passed through the chains holding him to the board. The Grim Game, a 1919 film, stars Harry Houdini as a man who is bound

18.
Mathemagician
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A mathemagician is a mathematician who is also a magician. Diaconis has suggested that the reason so many mathematicians are magicians is that inventing a magic trick, a great number of self-working mentalism tricks rely on mathematical principles. Max Maven often utilizes this type of magic in his performance and this character is king of a magical realm of numbers. His brother and arch-enemy is king of the realm of words, in the Simpsons episode Grade School Confidential, a Mathemagician performs mathematical tricks at Martin Princes birthday party. He is exposed by Lisa Simpson as doing at least one trick by cheating, mathematics, Magic and Mystery Dover, ISBN 0-486-20335-2. Magic Numbers of Dr Matrix, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-282-3, Martin Gardners Table Magic, Dover, ISBN 0-486-40403-X. Mental Math and Mentalism Download PDF Juster, Norton, the Phantom Tollbooth, Random House, ISBN 0-394-81500-9

19.
Mentalism
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Mentalism is a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. Performances may appear to include hypnosis, telepathy, clairvoyance, divination, precognition, psychokinesis, mediumship, mind control, memory feats, deduction, Mentalists are sometimes categorized as psychic entertainers, although that category also contains non-mentalist performers such as psychic readers and bizzarists. Much of what modern mentalists perform in their acts can be traced directly to tests of supernatural power that were carried out by mediums, spiritualists. However, the history of mentalism goes back even further, accounts of seers and oracles can be found in works by the ancient Greeks and in the Old Testament of the Bible. Among magicians, the mentalism performance generally cited as one of the earliest on record was by diplomat, the performance of mentalism may utilize these principles along with sleights, feints, misdirection and other skills of street or stage magic. Styles of presentation can vary greatly, traditional performers such as Dunninger and Annemann attributed their results to supernatural or psychic skills. Others, including Chan Canasta and David Berglas would make no specific claims, contemporary mentalists often take their shows onto the streets and perform tricks to a live, unsuspecting audience. They do this by approaching random members of the public and ask to demonstrate their supernatural powers, Mentalists generally do not mix standard magic tricks with their mental feats. Doing so associates mentalism too closely with the trickery employed by stage magicians. Many mentalists claim not to be magicians at all, arguing that it is a different art form altogether, mentalism plays on the senses and a spectators perception of tricks. Magicians ask the audience to suspend their belief and allow their imagination to play with the tricks they present. However, many magicians mix mentally-themed performance with magic illusions, for example, a mind-reading stunt might also involve the magical transposition of two different objects. Such hybrid feats of magic are called mental magic by performers. Magicians who routinely mix magic with mental magic include David Copperfield, David Blaine, The Amazing Kreskin, mentalism techniques have, on occasion, been allegedly used outside the entertainment industry to influence the actions of prominent people for personal and/or political gain. Eric Dittelman, a reader, performed on Season 7 of the NBC talent competition Americas Got Talent. He made it to the semifinals, and was the first mentalist to be featured on the show, cristian Gog, a mentalist, won the big prize on Romanias Got Talent. Psych, an American criminal comedy television series in which the character, Shawn Spencer. Though he purports to be a psychic, the truth is that his observational skills, amazing vision

20.
Platform magic
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Platform magic is magic that is done for larger audiences than close-up magic and for smaller audiences than stage magic. It is more intimate than stage magic because it doesnt require expensive, large-scale stage equipment and can thus be performed closer to the audience, many of the tricks performed by platform magicians are sufficiently angle-sensitive as to make them impossible to perform as micromagic. Most working magicians are parlor/platform magicians, many magicians consider the term parlor to be old-fashioned and limiting, since this type of magic is often done in rooms much larger than the traditional parlor, or even outdoors. According to the Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians by T. A. Waters, Parlor, or club, magicians generally work without assistants and within a few miles of their homes. This is because payment is less for parlor magicians, performances of this category of magic include civic and fraternal organizations, business groups, private parties, youth groups, church societies, public dinners, and similar venues. Common platform magic tricks include the Misers Dream, sucker tricks, audience participation tricks, production effects, there are countless effects that could be considered as fitting into this classification. Platform magicians are not as known to the general public as stage magicians such as David Copperfield. Some better-known ones include, What is Parlor Magic

21.
Stage illusions
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Stage illusions are large-scale magic tricks. Examples of stage illusions include sawing a woman in half and Lady-to-Tiger, stage illusions usually use large props and may involve the use of assistants or large animals. As this form of performance is very common on television. In actuality, only a percentage of professional magicians are stage illusionists. Most choose to specialize in magic and perform in more intimate settings. Grand illusions are usually costly and, due to their size, are difficult to ship. Criss Angel Harry Blackstone, Sr. Harry Blackstone, Jr. C

22.
Street magic
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Street magic falls into two genres, traditional street performance and guerrilla magic. The first definition of street magic refers to a form of magic performance - that of busking. In this, the magician draws an audience from passers by, in exchange, the magician seeks remuneration either by having a receptacle for tips available throughout the act or by passing the hat at the end of the performance. The Mango Tree Trick The famous Indian Mango Tree Trick is the stock in trade of many of street magic. While it is a very old performing style, its history is not particularly well documented in print, in his diary, Samuel Pepys mentions seeing magicians performing in this fashion and one can see street magicians in depictions by Hieronymous Bosch, William Hogarth, and Pieter Brueghel. Book XIII of Reginald Scots Discoverie of Witchcraft describes magic tricks of the performed by buskers in the 16th century. New York based artist and magician Jeff Sheridan is regarded as one of the pre-eminent U. S. street magicians to emerge from the surge in street performance artistry which began in the late 60s. He authored the 1977 book, Street Magic and allegedly was one of the performers who inspired, more recently, other performers have garnered accolades from the magic community for their contributions to the art. Jim Cellini has been a street performer since the 1970s and has published a book. Gazzo Macee has been a street performer since the 1980s and has published a booklet. Eric Evans has been a professional since the 1990s and has published a book on the subject. Cyril Takayama has produced and starred in three TV shows on street magic and produced one street-magic DVD, the desired effect of this hit and run style of magic is to give the audience a feeling that what they are seeing is impromptu, unrehearsed, and experimental. This style of magic is associated with David Blaine and more recently, Criss Angel, Derren Brown. The format was developed to play well on television beginning with the 1997 ABC television special David Blaine, eugene Burger opined to Jamy Ian Swiss On one level its the ultimate trivialization of magic, accosting strangers on the street

23.
Misdirection (magic)
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Misdirection is a form of deception in which the attention of an audience is focused on one thing in order to distract its attention from another. Managing the audiences attention is the aim of all theater, it is the foremost requirement of theatrical magic, whether the magic is of a pocket trick variety, or, a large stage production, misdirection is the central secret of all magic. The term is used to either the effect or the sleight of hand or patter that creates it. Around the same time, magician, artist and author Harlan Tarbell noted, henry Hay describes the central act of conjuring as being a manipulation of interest. There are two ways to misdirect an audience. One is to encourage the audience to look away for a fleeting moment, dariel Fitzkee notes that The true skill of the magician is in the skill he exhibits in influencing the spectators mind. In The Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians, author T. A. Misdirection takes advantage of the limits of the mind in order to give the wrong picture. The mind of an audience member can only concentrate on one thing at a time. The magician uses this to manipulate the audiences ideas, or, perceptions of sensory input, the audiences attention may be directed in various ways. In the book, The Secret Art of Magic, authors Eric Evans and Nowlin Craver posit the theorem that magic is directly related to warfare, sun Tzus Art of War is referenced in showing how deception is essential to any successful campaign. Craver goes on to illustrate, through the 36 strategies, how they form a blueprint for every method of misdirection. Among the magicians who have researched and evolved misdirection techniques are John Ramsay, Tommy Wonder, Derren Brown, Juan Tamariz, Tom Stone, Tony Slydini, in his 1948 book Principles and Deceptions, Arthur Buckley questions the accuracy of the term. Since that time, magicians have debated the use of the term misdirection, creating a great deal of discussion about what it is, Buckley drew the distinction between misdirection and direction. One being a term, and the other a positive one. He writes that Misdirection implies wrong direction and it suggests that attention is directed away from something. By constantly using this term, it becomes so ingrained in our minds that we might start to perceive misdirection as directing attention away from rather than toward something. Magic Optical illusion Secrecy Principles of Misdirection Learn Misdirection Misdirection Resource Center Misdirection methods

24.
Sleight of hand
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Sleight of hand refers to fine motor skills when used by performing artists in different art forms to entertain or manipulate. It is closely associated with magic, card cheating, card flourishing and stealing. Sleight of hand pioneers with worldwide acclaim include Dan and Dave, Ricky Jay, David Copperfield, Yann Frisch, Dai Vernon, the word sleight, meaning the use of dexterity or cunning, especially so as to deceive, comes from the Old Norse. The phrase sleight of hand means quick fingers or trickster fingers, common synonyms from the Latin language include prestidigitation and legerdemain. Seneca the Younger, philosopher of the Silver Age of Latin literature, famously compared rhetoric techniques, sleight of hand is often used in close-up magic, where the sleights are performed with the audience close to the magician, usually in physical contact or within 3 to 4 m. This close contact eliminate theories of fake audience members and the use of gimmicks and it makes use of everyday items as props, such as cards, coins, rubber bands, paper, phones and even saltshakers. A well-performed sleight looks like an ordinary, natural and completely innocent gesture, in addition to manual dexterity, sleight of hand in close-up magic depends on the use of psychology, timing, misdirection, and natural choreography in accomplishing a magical effect. Worldwide acclaimed stage magician David Copperfield often include illusions featuring sleight of hand in his stage shows, although being mostly used for entertainment and comedy purposes, sleight of hand is also notoriously used to cheat at casinos and gambling facilities throughout the world. Common ways to cheat at card games using sleight of hand include palming, switching, ditching. Such techniques include extreme misdirection and years of practice, cardistry, or card flourishes, are always intended to be visually impressive and appear extremely difficult to perform. Card flourishing is associated with card tricks, but many sleight of hand artists perform flourishing without considering themselves magicians or having any real interest in card tricks. The art of card throwing generally consist of throwing standard playing cards with high speed and accuracy, powerful enough to slice fruits like carrots. Like flourishing, throwing cards are meant to be visibly impressive, magician Ricky Jay popularized throwing cards within the sleight of hand industry with the release of his 1977 book entitled Cards as Weapons, which was met with large sales and critical acclaim. Some magic tricks, both close-up and on stage, are connected to throwing cards. Cups and Balls Invisible Turnover Pass Tenkai palm Henry, Hay, the Royal Road to Card Magic. The Art of Cheating, A Nasty Little Book for Tricky Little Schemers, magical Transformations on the Early Modern English Stage. Now You See It, Now You Dont

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Glossary of magic (illusion)
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This is a glossary of conjuring terms used by magicians. Angles - the lines of vision of sitting at certain position in the audience which enable a secret to be spotted* usually extreme left or right or behind. If a trick is angly it can only be done with limited audience viewpoints, back Palm - to palm in the back of the hand. Bevel - to slide the top portion of a deck of cards back so that the back of the deck is at an angle, Bicycle Deck - Bicycle Playing Cards. Black art - the use of a stage fitted with a velvet curtain background, using assistants. Careful lighting helps keep the secret a mystery to the audience, blind Shuffle/Blind Cut - A cut or apparent shuffle in which the cards appear mixed but all of the cards are left completely undisturbed after the shuffle or cut. Burn - a subject staring at the hands without averting the gaze. Bentz Production- a term used for the production of things from an empty bag, c/S - see Copper and Silver. Cardician - a magician who only performs card magic, Cardini Single Production - a technique, invented by Cardini, that is used in card manipulation. Centre tear - a special way of tearing up paper billets used in mentalism, Change - changing one card for another. Charlier Cut - One handed flourish cut or pass, Classic force - a force performed by fanning the cards and timing the force card to land under their fingers. Classic palm - to palm with the centre of the hand, clean - a hand which is empty or the condition achieved at the end of an effect where the magician has no supposedly vanished objects or gimmicked items in her hands. Cold - A deck secretly switched in during play, cold because it hasnt been warmed up by handling. Colour Change - Changing the colour of an object, confederate - an audience member planted to act in a cooperative manner. Cooler - a card deck brought into play, normally at the end of a slight of hand routine, the term is implying that you are swapping out a hot deck with a pre-arranged deck for your finale. Copper and Silver - Effect using two coins of contrasting metals which change place, crimp - a gamblers move which can be used in magic, there are many different types* used for card location. Cut and Restored - see Torn and Restored, deal - to take cards off the top of the deck. Dealing seconds, middles, or bottoms, refers to a sleight in which the second, middle, or bottom card is secretly dealt in lieu of the top card

26.
Timeline of magic
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This time-line of magic is a history of the performing art from B. C. to the present. - The reputed first known performance of an effect by the magician Dedi in ancient Egypt. Dedi had done other effects, such as decapitating a bird, - The Acetabularii performed the Cups and balls in ancient Rome using stones and small vinegar cups. The Acetabularii are a group of magicians specializing on the cups, 400-1000 - The Dark Ages, little is known about the history of magic, but much of it was associated with the occult and magic as entertainment is not prominent. 1000-1500 - The Middle Ages where much magic was associated with the occult. 1584 - Reginald Scot publishes The Discoverie of Witchcraft a book designed in part to counter the activities of persecutionists, Magic and witchcraft were still linked, and many copies of Scots book were burnt in the early 17th century. 1720- Isaac Fawkes, English Magician retires and his performances at fairs left him with a fortune of nearly ten thousand pounds. Among his tricks were a card on the ceiling with any card called for and his booth is featured in Bartholomew Fair by Hogarth with a sign that says Dexterity of Hand. He also presented impressionists and contortionists as part of his shows,1750 - Joseph Pinetti, considered to be the major figure of 18th century magic, is born. Pinetti is said to be the first recorded performer to do the thumb tie effect and he also performed second sight, exhibited automata,1805 - Year of birth of Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin. The father of magic, who brought it from the street. 1874 - Year of birth of Harry Houdini A. K. A, King of Cards and King of Handcuffs. Real name Ehrich Weiss, he achieved fame as an escapologist,1876 - The first publication of Modern Magic. Written by Professor Louis Hoffmann, it was a work on the state of the art of that time. 1877 - Martinka and Co. was founded by Francis and Antonio Martinka,1894 - Year of birth of Dai Vernon. The Professor and The Man That Fooled Houdini, he was born as David Frederick Wingfield Verner in Ottawa,1902 - The Expert at the Card Table is published by The Charles T. Powner Co. was written by S. W. Erdnase. Considered by serious card workers as one of the most important books written on the subject,1902 - May 10, The Society of American Magicians is founded at Martinkas Magic Shop in New York City, New York. It is the oldest magic society in the world,1905 - July - The Magic Circle was formed

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Magic in India
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Stage or street magic has a long history in India. Popular tricks include the rope trick, Indian basket, and Indian cups, the Latin term Magi was used to refer to Zorastrians during ancient times. The performance of magic and its practice is historical and very ancient, there would be definite yet varied purposes for the practice of magic which evolved where entertainment, tricks, deception, illusion, cheating in games, and fun may have been aimed. Sometimes, in context and purpose, it meant to offer social education along with some kind of preaching and healing too. The practice of Magic started to become evident around the beginning of the 18th century in India, west Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka, Gujarat, Delhi, Mumbai, Andhra Pradesh and some other parts of India have produced few great magicians so far. Sorcar is known as the father of modern Indian magic, some of his specialties included, Sawing a woman in half and Aerial Suspension illusion. He was an author of books on magic in Hindi, Bengali. In ancient times, Indian magicians were often considered to be workers of legitimate mystical miracles, the general reputation of Mohammed Chhel, born in 1850 in Ningala, Bhavnagar, Gujarat is notable in the magic world. Very popular regionally, he was considered a Mystic, Chhel did not generally venture into stage shows and commercial performances. His target audience remained peasants, simple - ordinary people, villagers, train passengers, with his performance/acts he often intended to convey some message of life to people, and he would strive to extend with his acts/magic for the benefit of deprived people. There are also other popular magicians and their groups in Gujarat, such as one more big name of K Lal. The grandfather of Keralas magic is Vazhakunnam Neelakandan Namboothiri and he played an important role in bringing magic as an art. Born in 1903, he learned magic after having watched some tricks shown in his Illam by one Mundaya Eachara Varier, vaazhakunnam later became famous for Kayyothukkam, although occasionally he performed also Cheppum Panthum to small family gatherings. After 1940 he started real stage performances with his troupe, apart from magic, the shows included short dance programmes, comedy skits, etc. There is some evidence that the Aerial suspension illusion originated with an Indian Brahmin, sorcar, Jr. D. K. Bharat List of magic tricks Indian Magicians Web Site Maximum Magician Performed in a Single Day set New World Records in India

28.
The Discoverie of Witchcraft
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The Discoverie of Witchcraft is a partially sceptical book published by the English gentleman Reginald Scot in 1584, intended as an exposé of early Modern witchcraft. It contains a small section intended to show how the public was fooled by charlatans, Scot believed that the prosecution of those accused of witchcraft was irrational and un-Christian, and he held the Roman Church responsible. Popular belief held that all copies were burned on the accession of James I in 1603. Scots book appeared entitled The Discoverie of Witchcraft, wherein the Lewde dealing of Witches and Witchmongers is notablie detected, whereunto is added a Treatise upon the Nature and Substance of Spirits and Devils,1584. At the end of the volume the printer gives his name as William Brome, Scott enumerates 212 authors whose works in Latin he had consulted, and twenty-three authors who wrote in English. But Scots information was not only from books and his aim was to prevent the persecution of poor, aged, and simple persons, who were popularly credited with being witches. Of Cornelius Agrippa and Johann Weyer, author of De Præstigiis Demonum, whose views he adopted, Scot did adopt contemporary superstition, in his references to medicine and astrology. He believed in the value of the unicorns horn. The book also narrates stories of strange phenomena in the context of religious convictions, the devil is related with such stories and his ability to absorb peoples souls. The book also gives stories of magicians with supernatural powers performing in front of courts of kings. William Shakespeare drew from his study of Scots book hints for his picture of the witches in Macbeth, through bibliographies, one may trace modern grimoires to this work. The chapter on magic tricks in Scots Discoverie was later plagiarised heavily, it was the basis of The Art of Juggling by S. R. Scots early writings constituted a substantial portion of the text in English-language stage magic books of the 17th and 18th centuries. Within a few years the debate became heated. Many writers, particularly Protestant clergy, then defended the contemporary beliefs on witches, keith Thomas considers that Scots statement of the sceptical position remained authoritative for this debate. It was employed by others, such as Samuel Harsnet and the astrologer-physician John Harvey, in their own writings, a translation into Dutch, edited by Thomas Basson, an English stationer living at Leiden, appeared there in 1609. It was undertaken on the recommendation of the professors, and was dedicated to the university curators, a second edition, published by G. Basson, the first editors son, was printed at Leyden in 1637. In 1651 the book was reissued in London in quarto by Richard Cotes. A third edition in folio, dated 1665, included nine new chapters, the third edition was published with two imprints in 1665, one being the Turk Head edition, the scarcer variant was at the Golden-Ball

29.
Modern Magic
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Modern Magic by Professor Hoffmann is a treatise in book form, first published in 1876, detailing the apparatus, methods and tricks used by the magicians and conjurors of that era. Hoffmann was considered to be one of the greatest authorities on the theory and practice of magic, the book contains advice on the appearance, the dress and the staging of a magician. The penultimate chapter describes large stage illusions, and the final chapter contains advice on routining a magic show and its popularity is due in part to the scarcity of teaching materials available to would-be magicians in the late 19th Century. Modern Magic was the first book in the English language to explain how to perform magical feats

Magic (sometimes referred to as stage magic or street magic to distinguish it from paranormal or ritual magic) is a …

''The Conjurer'', 1475–1480, by Hieronymus Bosch or his workshop. Notice how the man in the back row steals another man's purse while applying misdirection by looking at the sky. The artist even misdirects the viewer from the thief by drawing the viewer to the magician.