{{Announce|To help us translate this documentation, {{CreateAccount}}, log in to the wiki, and click the "Translate this page" link, above. You will be able to select small parts of the install docs and translate these parts to your native language.}}

{{Note|If you'd like to connect remotely from an existing Microsoft Windows system, you'll need to download an SSH client for Windows, such as [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY].}}

+

+

After you've logged in via SSH, you're now connected remotely to System Rescue CD and can perform the installation steps.

+

+

=== Подготовка жесткого диска ===

+

+

In this section, we'll learn about the different ways that Funtoo Linux can boot from a hard disk. By "boot", we mean the process by which Linux starts after you press the power button on your desktop, laptop or server. You can think of "booting" as a process that starts with your computer's firmware (built-in software) running, and then "finding" the Linux kernel and running it. The Linux kernel then takes over, identifies all your hardware, and starts.

+

+

==== Background ====

+

+

{{Note|If you are an absolute beginner to Linux, you may be less confused if you skip to the next section, [[#Which to Use?|Which to Use?]]}}

+

+

In earlier times, there was only one way to boot a PC-compatible computer. All of our desktops and servers had standard firmware called the "PC BIOS," all our hard drives used Master Boot Records at the beginning of the disk, where the PC BIOS would "look" to find boot loader code which would in turn load Linux, and our hard drives were partitioned into different regions using the standard MBR partition scheme. That was just how it was done. And we liked it that way!

+

+

Then, along came EFI and UEFI, which are new-style firmware designed to boot systems, along with GPT partition tables to define disk partitions on disks larger than 2.2TB. All of the sudden, we had a variety of options for installing and booting Linux systems, turning what once was a one-method-fits-all approach into something a lot more complex.

+

+

Let's take a moment to review the options available to you for configuring a hard drive to boot Funtoo Linux. This Install Guide uses, and recommends, the old-school method of BIOS booting and using an MBR. It works and (except for rare cases) is universally supported. There's nothing wrong with it. If your system disk is 2TB or smaller in size, it won't prevent you from using all of your disk's capacity, either.

+

+

But, there are some situations where the old-school method isn't optimal. If you have a system disk >2TB in size, then MBR partitions won't allow you to access all your storage. So that's one reason. Another reason is that there are some so-called "PC" systems out there that don't support BIOS booting anymore, and force you to use UEFI to boot. So, out of compassion for people who fall into this predicament, this Install Guide documents UEFI booting too.

+

+

Our recommendation is still to go old-school unless you have reason not to. The boot loader we will be using to load the Linux kernel in this guide is called GRUB, so we call this method the '''BIOS + GRUB (MBR)''' method. It's the traditional method of setting up a PC-compatible system to boot Linux.

+

+

If you need to use UEFI to boot, we recommend not using the MBR at all for booting, as some systems support this, but others don't. Instead, we recommend using UEFI to boot GRUB, which in turn will load Linux. We refer to this method as the '''UEFI + GRUB (GPT)''' method.

+

+

And yes, there are even more methods, some of which are documented on the [[Boot Methods]] page. We used to recommend a '''BIOS + GRUB (GPT)''' method but it is not consistently supported across a wide variety of hardware.

;Principle 1 - Old School: If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial light blue menu, you are booting the CD using the BIOS, and it's likely that you can thus boot Funtoo Linux using the BIOS. So, go old-school and use BIOS booting, ''unless'' you have some reason to use UEFI, such as having a >2.2TB system disk. In that case, see Principle 2, as your system may also support UEFI booting.

+

+

;Principle 2 - New School: If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial black and white menu -- congratulations, your system is configured to support UEFI booting. This means that you are ready to install Funtoo Linux to boot via UEFI. Your system may still support BIOS booting, but just be trying UEFI first. You can poke around in your BIOS boot configuration and play with this.

+

+

{{Note|'''Advanced Users May Wonder:''' What's the Big Difference between Old School and New School?: Here's the deal. If you go with old-school MBR partitions, your {{f|/boot}} partition will be an ext2 filesystem, and you'll use {{c|fdisk}} to create your MBR partitions. If you go with new-school GPT partitions and UEFI booting, your {{f|/boot}} partition will be a vfat filesystem, because this is what UEFI is able to read, and you will use {{c|gdisk}} to create your GPT partitions. And you'll install GRUB a bit differently. That's about all it comes down to, in case you were curious.}}

+

+

To install Funtoo Linux to boot via the New School UEFI method, you must boot System Rescue CD using UEFI. If you successfully boot sysresccd with UEFI, you will see an initial black and white screen to select the mode in which you will boot system rescue cd. Otherwise, if you see a blue screen with black text, UEFI will not be active and you will not be able to set up UEFI booting later in the install process!

+

+

{{Note|'''Some motherboards may appear to support UEFI, but don't.''' Do your research. For example, the Award BIOS in my Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD7 rev 1.1 has an option to enable UEFI boot for CD/DVD. '''This is not sufficient for enabling UEFI boot for hard drives and installing Funtoo Linux.''' UEFI must be supported for both removable media (so you can boot System Rescue CD using UEFI) as well as fixed media (so you can boot your new Funtoo Linux installation.) It turns out that later revisions of this board (rev 3.0) have a new BIOS that fully supports UEFI boot. This may point to a third principle -- know thy hardware.}}

+

+

==== Old-School (BIOS/MBR) Method ====

+

+

{{Note|Use this method if you are booting using your BIOS, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was light blue. If you're going to use the new-school method, [[#New-School (UEFI/GPT) Method|click here to jump down to UEFI/GPT.]]}}

+

+

First, it's a good idea to make sure that you've found the correct hard disk to partition. Try this command and verify that {[f|/dev/sda}} is the disk that you want to partition:

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## fdisk -l /dev/sda

+

+

Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors

+

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

+

Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

+

I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

+

Disk label type: gpt

+

+

# Start End Size Type Name

+

1 2048 1250263694 596.2G Linux filesyste Linux filesystem

+

}}

+

Now, it is recommended that you erase any existing MBR or GPT partition tables on the disk, which could confuse the system's BIOS at boot time. We accomplish this using {{c|sgdisk}}:

+

{{Warning|This will make any existing partitions inaccessible! You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}

+

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda

+

+

Creating new GPT entries.

+

GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or

+

other utilities.

+

}}

+

This output is also nothing to worry about, as the command still succeded:

+

+

{{console|body=

+

***************************************************************

+

Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format

+

in memory.

+

***************************************************************

+

}}Now we will use {{c|fdisk}} to create the MBR partition table and partitions:

{{Note|Use this method if you are interested in booting using UEFI, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was black and white. If it was light blue, this method will not work.}}

+

+

The {{c|gdisk}} commands to create a GPT partition table are as follows. Adapt sizes as necessary, although these defaults will work for most users. Start {{c|gdisk}}:

+

{{console|body=###i## gdisk /dev/sda}}

+

Within {{c|gdisk}}, follow these steps:

+

+

'''Create a new empty partition table''' (This ''will'' erase all data on the disk when saved):

+

{{console|body=

+

Command: ##i##o ↵

+

This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.

+

Proceed? (Y/N): ##i##y ↵

+

}}

+

'''Create Partition 1''' (boot):

+

+

{{console|body=

+

Command: ##i##n ↵

+

Partition Number: ##i##1 ↵

+

First sector: ##i##↵

+

Last sector: ##i##+500M ↵

+

Hex Code: ##i##EF00 ↵

+

}}

+

'''Create Partition 2''' (swap):

+

+

{{console|body=

+

Command: ##i##n ↵

+

Partition Number: ##i##2 ↵

+

First sector: ##i##↵

+

Last sector: ##i##+4G ↵

+

Hex Code: ##i##8200 ↵

+

}}

+

'''Create Partition 3''' (root):

+

+

{{console|body=

+

Command: ##i##n ↵

+

Partition Number: ##i##3 ↵

+

First sector: ##i##↵

+

Last sector: ##i##↵##!i## (for rest of disk)

+

Hex Code: ##i##↵

+

}}

+

Along the way, you can type "{{c|p}}" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "{{c|d}}" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "{{c|w}}" to write your configuration to disk:

+

+

'''Write Partition Table To Disk''':

+

{{console|body=

+

Command: ##i##w ↵

+

Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): ##i##Y ↵

+

}}The partition table will now be written to the disk and {{c|gdisk}} will close.

+

+

Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following ''block devices'' under Linux:

+

+

* {{c|/dev/sda1}}, which will be used to hold the {{c|/boot}} filesystem,

+

+

* {{c|/dev/sda2}}, which will be used for swap space, and

+

+

* {{c|/dev/sda3}}, which will hold your root filesystem.

+

+

{{Tip|You can verify that the block devices above were correctly created by running the command {{c|lsblk}}.}}

Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices that were created in the previous step need to be initialized with filesystem ''metadata''. This process is known as ''creating a filesystem'' on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.

+

+

Let's keep this simple. Are you using old-school MBR partitions? If so, let's create an ext2 filesystem on {{f|/dev/sda1}}:

+

{{console|body=###i## mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1}}

+

If you're using new-school GPT partitions for UEFI, you'll want to create a vfat filesystem on {{c|/dev/sda1}}, because this is what UEFI is able to read:

+

{{console|body=###i## mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1}}

+

Now, let's create a swap partition. This partition will be used as disk-based virtual memory for your Funtoo Linux system.

+

+

You will not create a filesystem on your swap partition, since it is not used to store files. But it is necessary to initialize it using the {{c|mkswap}} command. Then we'll run the {{c|swapon}} command to make your newly-initialized swap space immediately active within the live CD environment, in case it is needed during the rest of the install process:

+

{{console|body=

+

# ##i##mkswap /dev/sda2

+

# ##i##swapon /dev/sda2

+

}}Now, we need to create a root filesystem. This is where Funtoo Linux will live. We generally recommend ext4 or XFS root filesystems. If you're not sure, choose ext4. Here's how to create a root ext4 filesystem:

+

+

{{console|body=###i## mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3}}

+

...and here's how to create an XFS root filesystem, if you prefer to use XFS instead of ext4:

+

+

{{console|body=###i## mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3}}

+

Your filesystems (and swap) have all now been initialized, so that that can be mounted (attached to your existing directory heirarchy) and used to store files. We are ready to begin installing Funtoo Linux on these brand-new filesystems.

+

+

{{Warning|When deploying an OpenVZ host, please use ext4 exclusively. The Parallels development team tests extensively with ext4, and modern versions of {{c|openvz-rhel6-stable}} are '''not''' compatible with XFS, and you may experience kernel bugs.}}

+

+

==== Mounting filesystems ====

+

+

Mount the newly-created filesystems as follows, creating {{c|/mnt/funtoo}} as the installation mount point:

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo

+

###i## mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo

+

###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot

+

###i## mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot

+

}}

+

Optionally, if you have a separate filesystem for {{f|/home}} or anything else:

+

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home

+

###i## mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo/home

+

}}

+

If you have {{f|/tmp}} or {{f|/var/tmp}} on a separate filesystem, be sure to change the permissions of the mount point to be globally-writeable after mounting, as follows:

+

{{console|body=###i## chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp}}

+

==== Setting the Date ====

+

+

{{Important|If your system's date and time are too far off (typically by months or years,) then it may prevent Portage from properly downloading source tarballs. This is because some of our sources are downloaded via HTTPS, which use SSL certificates and are marked with an activation and expiration date. However, if your system time is relatively close to correct, you can probably skip this step for now.}}

+

+

Now is a good time to verify the date and time are correctly set to UTC. Use the {{c|date}} command to verify the date and time:

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## date

+

Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011

+

}}

+

If the date and/or time need to be corrected, do so using {{c|date MMDDhhmmYYYY}}, keeping in mind {{c|hhmm}} are in 24-hour format. The example below changes the date and time to "July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:

+

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## date 071620002011

+

Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011

+

}}

+

Once you have set the system clock, it's a very good idea to copy the time to the hardware clock, so it persists across reboots:

+

+

{{console|body=###i## hwclock --systohc}}

+

=== Установка Stage 3 -- архива ===

+

+

Now that filesystems are created and your hardware and system clock are set, the next step is downloading the initial Stage 3 tarball. The Stage 3 is a pre-compiled system used as a starting point to install Funtoo Linux. Notice: if you're using virtual machines (like Vbox) generic stage3 images are preferred rather than cpu-optimized ones.

+

+

To download the correct build of Funtoo Linux for your system, head over to the [[Subarches]] page. Subarches are builds of Funtoo Linux that are designed to run on a particular type of CPU, to offer the best possible performance. They also take advantage of the instruction sets available for each CPU.

+

+

The [[Subarches]] page lists all CPU-optimized versions of Funtoo Linux. Find the one that is appropriate for the type of CPU that your system has, and then click on its name in the first column (such as {{c|corei7}}, for example.) You will then go to a page dedicated to that subarch, and the available stage3's available for download will be listed.

+

+

For most subarches, you will have several stage3's available to choose from. This next section will help you understand which one to pick.

<tr><td>{{c|hardened}}</td><td>Includes PIE/SSP toolchain for enhanced security. PIE does require the use of PaX in the kernel, while SSP works with any kernel, and provides enhanced security in user-space to avoid stack-based exploits. For expert users.</td></tr>

+

{{TableEnd}}

+

+

==== Download the Stage3 ====

+

+

Once you have found the stage3 that you would like to download, use {{c|wget}} to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the {{f|/mnt/funtoo}} directory as follows:

Note that 64-bit systems can run 32-bit or 64-bit stages, but 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit stages. Make sure that you select a Stage 3 build that is appropriate for your CPU. If you are not certain, it is a safe bet to choose the {{c|generic_64}} or {{c|generic_32}} stage. Consult the [[Subarches]] page for more information.

+

+

Once the stage is downloaded, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your stage 3 tarball:

+

{{console|body=

+

###i## tar xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz

+

}}{{Important|It is very important to use {{c|tar's}} "{{c|'''p'''}}" option when extracting the Stage 3 tarball - it tells {{c|tar}} to ''preserve'' any permissions and ownership that exist within the archive. Without this option, your Funtoo Linux filesystem permissions will be incorrect.}}

+

+

=== Chroot into Funtoo ===

+

To install Funtoo Linux, the {{c|chroot}} command is first used. The chroot command will "switch into" the new Funtoo Linux system, so the commands you execute after running "chroot" will run within your newly-extracted Funtoo Linux system.

+

+

Before chrooting, there are a few things that need to be done to set up the chroot environment. You will need to mount {{f|/proc}}, {{f|/sys}} and {{f|/dev}} inside your new system. Use the following commands to do so:

+

{{console|body=

+

# ##i##cd /mnt/funtoo

+

# ##i##mount -t proc none proc

+

# ##i##mount --rbind /sys sys

+

# ##i##mount --rbind /dev dev

+

}}You'll also want to copy over {{f|resolv.conf}} in order to have proper resolution of Internet hostnames from inside the chroot:

+

{{console|body=

+

# ##i##cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/funtoo/etc/

+

}}Now you can chroot into your new system. Use <code>env</code> before <code>chroot</code> to ensure that no environment settings from the installation media are pulled in to your new system:

+

+

{{console|body=###i## env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM chroot . bash -l}}

+

{{Note|For users of live CDs with 64-bit kernels installing 32-bit systems: Some software may use {{c|uname -r}} to check whether the system is 32 or 64-bit. You may want append linux32 to the chroot command as a workaround, but it's generally not needed.}}

+

{{Important|If you receive the error "{{c|chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error}}", it is most likely because you are running a 32-bit kernel and trying to execute 64-bit code. Make sure that you have selected the proper type of kernel when booting SystemRescueCD.}}

+

+

It's also a good idea to change the default command prompt while inside the chroot. This will avoid confusion if you have to change terminals. Use this command:

+

{{console|body=# ##i##export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"}}

+

Test internet name resolution from within the chroot:

+

{{console|body=###i## ping -c 5 google.com}}

+

If you can't ping, make sure {{f|/etc/resolv.conf}} doesn't contain things like {{c|127.0.x.x}} addresses, if it does, change the {{c|127.0.x.x}} entry to {{c|8.8.8.8}} -- Google's public dns address. Make sure to replace this with your dns of choice once the system is installed.

+

+

+

Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will start successfully, without any manual assistance, when your system is restarted.

+

=== Downloading the Portage tree ===

+

+

{{note|For an alternative way to do this, see [[Installing Portage From Snapshot]].}}

+

Now it's time to install a copy of the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run <code>emerge --sync</code> from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from [https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012 GitHub]:

+

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) ###i## emerge --sync

+

}}

+

{{important|If you receive the error with initial {{c|emerge --sync}} due to git protocol restrictions, set the {{c|SYNC}} variable in {{c|/etc/portage/make.conf}} to

+

{{c|"https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012.git"}}

+

}}

+

+

=== Configuring your system ===

+

As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is {{f|/etc/fstab}}. The others are optional.

+

+

==== С использованием Nano ====

+

+

The default editor included in the chroot environment is called {{c|nano}}. To edit one of the files below, run nano as follows:

+

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) ###i## nano /etc/fstab

+

}}

+

When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer {{c|y}} when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.

+

+

==== Конфигурационные файлы ====

+

+

Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:

+

{{TableStart}}

+

{{3ColHead|File|Do I need to change it?|Description}}

+

<tr class="danger">

+

<td>{{c|/etc/fstab}}</td>

+

<td>'''YES - required'''</td>

+

<td>Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/localtime}}</td>

+

<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>

+

<td>Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal) </td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/make.conf}} (symlink) - also known as:<br/>{{c|/etc/portage/make.conf}}</td>

+

<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>

+

<td>Parameters used by gcc (compiler), portage, and make. It's a good idea to set MAKEOPTS. This is covered later in this document.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/hostname}}</td>

+

<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>

+

<td>Used to set system hostname. Set the {{c|hostname}} variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. {{c|foo.funtoo.org}}) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. {{c|foo}}). Defaults to {{c|localhost}} if not set.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/hosts}}</td>

+

<td>''No''</td>

+

<td> You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by {{c|/etc/init.d/hostname}}.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/keymaps}}</td>

+

<td>Optional</td>

+

<td>Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See [[Funtoo Linux Localization]].</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/hwclock}}</td>

+

<td>Optional</td>

+

<td>How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/modules}}</td>

+

<td>Optional</td>

+

<td>Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See [[Additional Kernel Resources]] for more info.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/consolefont}}</td>

+

<td>Optional</td>

+

<td>Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.</td>

+

</tr><tr>

+

<td>{{c|profiles}}</td>

+

<td>Optional</td>

+

<td>Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.</td>

+

</tr>

+

{{TableEnd}}

+

+

If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck, as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the [[Funtoo Linux Localization]] page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support available. (See [[#Community portal|Community]])

+

+

Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use {{c|nano -w <name_of_file>}} to edit files -- the "{{c|-w}}" argument disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.

+

+

{{Warning|It's important to edit your {{c|/etc/fstab}} file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with {{c|gdisk}} or {{c|fdisk}}. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.}}

+

+

==== /etc/fstab ====

+

+

{{f|/etc/fstab}} is used by the {{c|mount}} command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform {{c|mount}} about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit {{f|/etc/fstab}} and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier, the {{c|lsblk}} command may be of help to you:

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) ###i## nano -w /etc/fstab

+

}}

+

{{file|name=/etc/fstab|desc=An example fstab file|body=

+

# The root filesystem should have a pass number of either 0 or 1.

+

# All other filesystems should have a pass number of 0 or greater than 1.

{{Note|Currently, our default {{f|/etc/fstab}}file has the root filesystem as {{c|/dev/sda4}} and the swap partition as {{c|/dev/sda3}}. These will need to be changed to {{c|/dev/sda3}} and {{c|/dev/sda2}}, respectively.}}

+

+

{{Note|If you're using UEFI to boot, change the {{f|/dev/sda1}} line so that it says {{c|vfat}} instead of {{c|ext2}}. Similarly, make sure that the {{f|/dev/sda3}} line specifies either {{c|xfs}} or {{c|ext4}}, depending on which filesystem you chose earlier on in the installation process when you created filesystems.}}

+

+

==== /etc/localtime ====

+

+

{{f|/etc/localtime}} is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace {{f|/etc/localtime}} with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.

+

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) ###i## ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime

+

}}

+

The above sets the timezone to Mountain Standard Time (with daylight savings). Type {{c|ls /usr/share/zoneinfo}} to list available timezones. There are also sub-directories containing timezones described by location.

+

+

==== /etc/portage/make.conf ====

+

+

{{c|MAKEOPTS}} can be used to define how many parallel compilations should occur when you compile a package, which can speed up compilation significantly. A rule of thumb is the number of CPUs (or CPU threads) in your system plus one. If, for example, you have a dual core processor without [[wikipedia:Hyper-threading|hyper-threading]], then you would set {{c|MAKEOPTS}} to 3:

+

+

<pre>

+

MAKEOPTS="-j3"

+

</pre>

+

+

If you are unsure about how many processors/threads you have, then use {{c|nproc}} to help you.

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) ###i## nproc

+

16

+

}}

+

Set {{c|MAKEOPTS}} to this number plus one:

+

+

<pre>

+

MAKEOPTS="-j17"

+

</pre>

+

+

{{c|USE}} flags define what functionality is enabled when packages are built. It is not recommended to add a lot of USE flags during installation; you should wait until you have a working, bootable system before changing your USE flags. A USE flag prefixed with a minus ("{{c|-}}") sign tells Portage not to use the flag when compiling. A Funtoo guide to USE flags will be available in the future. For now, you can find out more information about USE flags in the [http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?part=2&chap=2 Gentoo Handbook].

+

+

{{c|LINGUAS}} tells Portage which local language to compile the system and applications in (those who use LINGUAS variable like OpenOffice). It is not usually necessary to set this if you use English. If you want another language such as French (fr) or German (de), set LINGUAS appropriately:

+

+

<pre>

+

LINGUAS="fr"

+

</pre>

+

+

==== /etc/conf.d/hwclock ====

+

If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change the value of '''clock''' from '''UTC''' to '''local''', because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) ###i## nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock

+

}}

+

==== Localization ====

+

+

By default, Funtoo Linux is configured with Unicode (UTF-8) enabled, and for the US English locale and keyboard. If you would like to configure your system to use a non-English locale or keyboard, see [[Funtoo Linux Localization]].

+

+

=== Введение в Portage ===

+

+

Portage, the Funtoo Linux package manager has a command called <code>emerge</code> which is used to build and install packages from source. It also takes care of installing all of the package's dependencies. You call emerge like this:

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge packagename

+

</console>

+

+

When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the <code>/var/lib/portage/world</code> file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the <code>world</code> set, we can update our entire system by typing:

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge --sync

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge -auDN @world

+

</console>

+

+

This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the <code>world</code> set of packages. The options specified tell <code>emerge</code> to:

+

+

* '''<code>a</code>''' - show us what will be emerged, and '''ask''' us if we want to proceed

+

* '''<code>u</code>''' - '''update''' the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.

+

* '''<code>D</code>''' - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a '''deep''' update.

+

* '''<code>N</code>''' - Update any packages that have changed ('''new''') USE settings.

+

+

You should also consider passing <code>--with-bdeps=y</code> when emerging @world, at least once in a while. This will update build dependencies as well.

+

+

Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the <code>world</code> file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependnecy of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge -1 packagename

+

</console>

+

+

Advanced users may be interested in the [[Emerge]] wiki page.

+

+

==== Updating World ====

+

+

Now is actually a very good time to update the entire system and it can be a good idea to do so prior to first boot.

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge --sync

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge -auDN @world

+

</console>

+

+

{{fancyimportant|1=

+

Make sure you read any post emerge messages and follow their instructions. This is especially true if you have upgraded perl or python.}}

+

+

=== Ядро ===

+

+

Starting mid-May 2015, Funtoo Linux stage3's include a pre-built {{c|debian-sources}} kernel to make installation faster and easier. To see if debian-sources is installed, type:

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge -s debian-sources

+

Searching...

+

[ Results for search key : ##b##debian-sources##!b## ]

+

[ Applications found : ##b##1##!b## ]

+

+

* ##b##sys-kernel/debian-sources##!b##

+

##g##Latest version available:##!g## 3.19.3

+

##g##Latest version installed:##!g## 3.19.3

+

##g##Size of files:##!g## 81,292 kB

+

##g##Homepage:##!g## http://www.debian.org

+

##g##Description:##!g## Debian Sources (and optional binary kernel)

+

##g##License:##!g## GPL-2

+

}}

+

If a version is listed under {{c|Latest version installed}}, then debian-sources is already pre-built for you and you can skip the rest of the Kernel section, and proceed to the [[#Installing a Bootloader|Installing a Bootloader section]].

+

+

==== Сборка ядра ====

+

+

If you need to build a kernel for Funtoo Linux, please follow these steps:

+

+

{{Fancynote|1=

+

See [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]] for a full list of kernels supported in Funtoo Linux. We recommend <code>debian-sources</code> for new users.}}

+

+

{{fancyimportant|1=

+

<code>debian-sources</code> with <code>binary</code> USE flag requires at least 14GB free in <code>/var/tmp</code> and takes around 1 hour to build on a Intel Core i7 Processor.}}

+

+

Let's emerge our kernel:

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge debian-sources

+

</console>

+

+

Once <code>emerge</code> completes, you'll have a brand new kernel and initramfs installed to <code>/boot</code>, plus kernel headers installed in <code>/usr/src/linux</code>, and you'll be ready to configure the boot loader to load these to boot your Funtoo Linux system.

+

+

{{warning|If you have a RAID in your machine, the kernel installation will pull in the <code>mdadm</code> tool as a dependency. It is important to edit the <code>/etc/mdadm.conf</code> file prior to rebooting the machine so the RAID is properly recognised and set up before the kernel attempts to mount it in the tree. Failing to do so can result in an unusable or even unbootable system! For specific details, consult the mdadm man page <code>man mdadm</code> or the [[Package:Mdadm|mdadm]] ebuild page.}}

+

+

{{fancynote|NVIDIA card users: the <code>binary</code> USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code>.}}

+

+

{{fancynote|For an overview of other kernel options for Funtoo Linux, see [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]]. There may be modules that the Debian kernel doesn't include, a situation where [http://www.funtoo.org/wiki/Funtoo_Linux_Kernels#Using_Debian-Sources_with_Genkernel genkernel] would be useful. Also be sure to see [[:Category:Hardware Compatibility|hardware compatibility]] information.}}

+

+

=== Установка загрузчика ===

+

+

These install instructions show you how to use GRUB to boot using BIOS (old-school) or UEFI (new-school). As of boot-update-1.7.2, now in Portage, the steps are very similar.

+

+

First, emerge <code>boot-update</code>. This will also cause <code>grub-2</code> and {{c|efibootmgr}} to be merged, since they are dependencies:

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##emerge boot-update

+

</console>

+

+

Then, edit <code>/etc/boot.conf</code> using {{c|nano}} and specify "<code>Funtoo Linux genkernel</code>" as the <code>default</code> setting at the top of the file, replacing <code>"Funtoo Linux"</code>.

+

+

<code>/etc/boot.conf</code> should now look like this:

+

{{file|name=/etc/boot.conf|body=

+

boot {

+

generate grub

+

default "Funtoo Linux genkernel"

+

timeout 3

+

}

+

+

"Funtoo Linux" {

+

kernel bzImage[-v]

+

}

+

+

"Funtoo Linux genkernel" {

+

kernel kernel[-v]

+

initrd initramfs[-v]

+

params += real_root=auto

+

}

+

+

"Funtoo Linux better-initramfs" {

+

kernel vmlinuz[-v]

+

initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz

+

}

+

}}

+

If you are booting a custom or non-default kernel, please read <code>man boot.conf</code> for information on the various options available to you.

+

+

==== Old School (BIOS) MBR ====

+

+

When using "old school" BIOS booting, run the following command to install GRUB to your MBR, and generate the {{c|/boot/grub/grub.cfg}} configuration file that GRUB will use for booting:

+

+

<console>

+

(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=i386-pc --no-floppy /dev/sda

+

(chroot) # ##i##boot-update

+

</console>

+

+

==== New School (UEFI) Boot Entry ====

+

+

If you're using "new school" UEFI booting, run of the following sets of commands, depending on whether you are installing a 64-bit or 32-bit system. This will add GRUB as a UEFI boot entry.

You only need to run <code>grub-install</code> when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run <code>boot-update</code> every time you modify your <code>/etc/boot.conf</code> file or add new kernels to your system. This will regenerate {{c|/boot/grub/grub.cfg}} so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu, the next time you reboot.

+

+

=== Настройка сети ===

+

+

It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.

+

+

==== Wi-Fi ====

+

+

For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks NetworkManager is strongly recommended.

+

Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild:

+

+

{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##emerge linux-firmware networkmanager

+

(chroot) ###i## rc-update add NetworkManager default

+

}}

+

The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the {{c|addwifi}} command to connect to a Wi-Fi access point:

For more information about NetworkManager, see the [[Package:NetworkManager|NetworkManager package page]].

+

+

{{Note|wpa_supplicant is also a good choice for wireless network connections. See the {{package|net-wireless/wpa_supplicant}} package for steps involved in setting up wpa_supplicant.}}

+

+

==== Настольный ПК (проводной DHCP) ====

+

+

For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add {{c|dhcpcd}} to the default runlevel:

+

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) # ##i##rc-update add dhcpcd default}}

+

When you reboot, {{c|dhcpcd}} will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.

+

+

If your upstream DHCP server is dnsmasq, it can be configured to assign addresses via mac address to make servers on DHCP feasible.

+

+

==== Сервер (статический IP) ====

+

+

For servers, the [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] scripts are recommended. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.

+

+

==== Hostname ====

+

By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit

+

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) # ##i##nano /etc/conf.d/hostname

+

}}

+

+

Look for the line starting with hostname and change the entry between the quotes. Save the file, on the next boot Funtoo will use the new hostname.

+

+

{{warning|Do not use special characters in the hostname, as the shell may interpret these, leading to unpredictable results. Use the Latin alphabet: a-z, A-Z, 0-9}}

+

{{tip|Use short hostnames (up to 8 or 10 characters) to prevent the terminal screen being filled with the hostname, leaving little space for the command itself. This become particularly poignant when coding long command strings in various programming languages like Bash, Python, SQL and Perl}}

Now is the time to leave chroot, to unmount Funtoo Linux partitions and files and to restart your computer. When you restart, the GRUB boot loader will start, load the Linux kernel and initramfs, and your system will begin booting.

{{fancynote|System Rescue CD will gracefully unmount your new Funtoo filesystems as part of its normal shutdown sequence.}}

+

+

You should now see your system reboot, the GRUB boot loader appear for a few seconds, and then see the Linux kernel and initramfs loading. After this, you should see Funtoo Linux itself start to boot, and you should be greeted with a <code>login:</code> prompt. Funtoo Linux has been successfully installed!

+

+

=== Профили ===

+

+

Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using [[Funtoo Profiles]]. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the [[Funtoo Profiles]] page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:

+

+

{{TableStart}}

+

{{2ColHead|Sub-Profile Type|Description}}

+

{{2Col|{{c|arch}}|Typically {{c|x86-32bit}} or {{c|x86-64bit}}, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.}}

+

{{2Col|{{c|build}}|Defines whether your system is a {{c|current}}, {{c|stable}} or {{c|experimental}} build. {{c|current}} systems will have newer packages unmasked than {{c|stable}} systems. This is defined when your stage is built and is typically not changed.}}

+

{{2Col|{{c|subarch}}|Defines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.}}

+

{{2Col|{{c|flavor}}|Defines the general type of system, such as {{c|server}} or {{c|desktop}}, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.}}

+

{{2Col|{{c|mix-ins}}|Defines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.}}

+

{{TableEnd}}

+

+

One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use {{c|epro show}} to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information:

+

{{console|body=

+

(chroot) # ##i## epro show

+

+

=== ##g##Enabled Profiles##!g##: ===

+

+

arch: ##c## x86-64bit

+

build: ##c## current

+

subarch: ##c## intel64-haswell

+

flavor: ##c## desktop

+

mix-ins: ##c## gnome

+

+

+

=== ##g##All inherited flavors from desktop flavor##!g##: ===

+

+

##c##workstation##!c## (from desktop flavor)

+

##c##core##!c## (from workstation flavor)

+

##c##minimal##!c## (from core flavor)

+

+

=== ##g##All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor##!g##: ===

+

+

##c##X##!c## (from workstation flavor)

+

##c##audio##!c## (from workstation flavor)

+

##c##dvd##!c## (from workstation flavor)

+

##c##media##!c## (from workstation flavor)

+

##c##mediadevice-audio-consumer##!c## (from media mix-in)

+

##c##mediadevice-base##!c## (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)

+

##c##mediadevice-video-consumer##!c## (from media mix-in)

+

##c##mediadevice-base##!c## (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)

+

##c##mediaformat-audio-common##!c## (from media mix-in)

+

##c##mediaformat-gfx-common##!c## (from media mix-in)

+

##c##mediaformat-video-common##!c## (from media mix-in)

+

##c##console-extras##!c## (from workstation flavor)

+

##c##print##!c## (from desktop flavor)

+

}}

+

Here are some basic examples of {{c|epro}} usage:

+

{{TableStart}}

+

{{2ColHead|Description|Command}}

+

{{2Col|View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a {{c|*}} appended.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro list}}}}

If you are brand new to Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux, please check out [[Funtoo Linux First Steps]], which will help get you acquainted with your new system. We also have a category for our [[:Category:Official Documentation|official documentation]], which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.

+

+

We also have a number of pages dedicated to setting up your system. See [[:Category:First Steps|First Steps]] for a list of these pages.

+

+

If your system did not boot correctly, see [[Installation Troubleshooting]] for steps you can take to resolve the problem.

+

[[Category:HOWTO]]

+

[[Category:Install]]

+

[[Category:Official Documentation]]

Revision as of 20:03, July 27, 2015

Install Funtoo Linux

To help us translate this documentation, Create a Funtoo account, log in to the wiki, and click the "Translate this page" link, above. You will be able to select small parts of the install docs and translate these parts to your native language.

If you'd like to connect remotely from an existing Microsoft Windows system, you'll need to download an SSH client for Windows, such as PuTTY.

After you've logged in via SSH, you're now connected remotely to System Rescue CD and can perform the installation steps.

Подготовка жесткого диска

In this section, we'll learn about the different ways that Funtoo Linux can boot from a hard disk. By "boot", we mean the process by which Linux starts after you press the power button on your desktop, laptop or server. You can think of "booting" as a process that starts with your computer's firmware (built-in software) running, and then "finding" the Linux kernel and running it. The Linux kernel then takes over, identifies all your hardware, and starts.

Background

Note

If you are an absolute beginner to Linux, you may be less confused if you skip to the next section, Which to Use?

In earlier times, there was only one way to boot a PC-compatible computer. All of our desktops and servers had standard firmware called the "PC BIOS," all our hard drives used Master Boot Records at the beginning of the disk, where the PC BIOS would "look" to find boot loader code which would in turn load Linux, and our hard drives were partitioned into different regions using the standard MBR partition scheme. That was just how it was done. And we liked it that way!

Then, along came EFI and UEFI, which are new-style firmware designed to boot systems, along with GPT partition tables to define disk partitions on disks larger than 2.2TB. All of the sudden, we had a variety of options for installing and booting Linux systems, turning what once was a one-method-fits-all approach into something a lot more complex.

Let's take a moment to review the options available to you for configuring a hard drive to boot Funtoo Linux. This Install Guide uses, and recommends, the old-school method of BIOS booting and using an MBR. It works and (except for rare cases) is universally supported. There's nothing wrong with it. If your system disk is 2TB or smaller in size, it won't prevent you from using all of your disk's capacity, either.

But, there are some situations where the old-school method isn't optimal. If you have a system disk >2TB in size, then MBR partitions won't allow you to access all your storage. So that's one reason. Another reason is that there are some so-called "PC" systems out there that don't support BIOS booting anymore, and force you to use UEFI to boot. So, out of compassion for people who fall into this predicament, this Install Guide documents UEFI booting too.

Our recommendation is still to go old-school unless you have reason not to. The boot loader we will be using to load the Linux kernel in this guide is called GRUB, so we call this method the BIOS + GRUB (MBR) method. It's the traditional method of setting up a PC-compatible system to boot Linux.

If you need to use UEFI to boot, we recommend not using the MBR at all for booting, as some systems support this, but others don't. Instead, we recommend using UEFI to boot GRUB, which in turn will load Linux. We refer to this method as the UEFI + GRUB (GPT) method.

And yes, there are even more methods, some of which are documented on the Boot Methods page. We used to recommend a BIOS + GRUB (GPT) method but it is not consistently supported across a wide variety of hardware.

Что выбрать?

If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial light blue menu, you are booting the CD using the BIOS, and it's likely that you can thus boot Funtoo Linux using the BIOS. So, go old-school and use BIOS booting, unless you have some reason to use UEFI, such as having a >2.2TB system disk. In that case, see Principle 2, as your system may also support UEFI booting.

Principle 2 - New School

If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial black and white menu -- congratulations, your system is configured to support UEFI booting. This means that you are ready to install Funtoo Linux to boot via UEFI. Your system may still support BIOS booting, but just be trying UEFI first. You can poke around in your BIOS boot configuration and play with this.

Note

Advanced Users May Wonder: What's the Big Difference between Old School and New School?: Here's the deal. If you go with old-school MBR partitions, your /boot partition will be an ext2 filesystem, and you'll use fdisk to create your MBR partitions. If you go with new-school GPT partitions and UEFI booting, your /boot partition will be a vfat filesystem, because this is what UEFI is able to read, and you will use gdisk to create your GPT partitions. And you'll install GRUB a bit differently. That's about all it comes down to, in case you were curious.

To install Funtoo Linux to boot via the New School UEFI method, you must boot System Rescue CD using UEFI. If you successfully boot sysresccd with UEFI, you will see an initial black and white screen to select the mode in which you will boot system rescue cd. Otherwise, if you see a blue screen with black text, UEFI will not be active and you will not be able to set up UEFI booting later in the install process!

Note

Some motherboards may appear to support UEFI, but don't. Do your research. For example, the Award BIOS in my Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD7 rev 1.1 has an option to enable UEFI boot for CD/DVD. This is not sufficient for enabling UEFI boot for hard drives and installing Funtoo Linux. UEFI must be supported for both removable media (so you can boot System Rescue CD using UEFI) as well as fixed media (so you can boot your new Funtoo Linux installation.) It turns out that later revisions of this board (rev 3.0) have a new BIOS that fully supports UEFI boot. This may point to a third principle -- know thy hardware.

Old-School (BIOS/MBR) Method

Note

Use this method if you are booting using your BIOS, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was light blue. If you're going to use the new-school method, click here to jump down to UEFI/GPT.

First, it's a good idea to make sure that you've found the correct hard disk to partition. Try this command and verify that {[f|/dev/sda}} is the disk that you want to partition:

Along the way, you can type "p" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "d" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "w" to write your configuration to disk:

Write Partition Table To Disk:

Command: w ↵
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y ↵

The partition table will now be written to the disk and gdisk will close.

Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following block devices under Linux:

/dev/sda1, which will be used to hold the /boot filesystem,

/dev/sda2, which will be used for swap space, and

/dev/sda3, which will hold your root filesystem.

Tip

You can verify that the block devices above were correctly created by running the command lsblk.

Creating filesystems

Note

This section covers both BIOS and UEFI installs. Don't skip it!

Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices that were created in the previous step need to be initialized with filesystem metadata. This process is known as creating a filesystem on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.

Let's keep this simple. Are you using old-school MBR partitions? If so, let's create an ext2 filesystem on /dev/sda1:

# mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1

If you're using new-school GPT partitions for UEFI, you'll want to create a vfat filesystem on /dev/sda1, because this is what UEFI is able to read:

# mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1

Now, let's create a swap partition. This partition will be used as disk-based virtual memory for your Funtoo Linux system.

You will not create a filesystem on your swap partition, since it is not used to store files. But it is necessary to initialize it using the mkswap command. Then we'll run the swapon command to make your newly-initialized swap space immediately active within the live CD environment, in case it is needed during the rest of the install process:

# mkswap /dev/sda2
# swapon /dev/sda2

Now, we need to create a root filesystem. This is where Funtoo Linux will live. We generally recommend ext4 or XFS root filesystems. If you're not sure, choose ext4. Here's how to create a root ext4 filesystem:

# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

...and here's how to create an XFS root filesystem, if you prefer to use XFS instead of ext4:

# mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3

Your filesystems (and swap) have all now been initialized, so that that can be mounted (attached to your existing directory heirarchy) and used to store files. We are ready to begin installing Funtoo Linux on these brand-new filesystems.

Warning

When deploying an OpenVZ host, please use ext4 exclusively. The Parallels development team tests extensively with ext4, and modern versions of openvz-rhel6-stable are not compatible with XFS, and you may experience kernel bugs.

Mounting filesystems

Mount the newly-created filesystems as follows, creating /mnt/funtoo as the installation mount point:

Optionally, if you have a separate filesystem for /home or anything else:

# mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home
# mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo/home

If you have /tmp or /var/tmp on a separate filesystem, be sure to change the permissions of the mount point to be globally-writeable after mounting, as follows:

# chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp

Setting the Date

Important

If your system's date and time are too far off (typically by months or years,) then it may prevent Portage from properly downloading source tarballs. This is because some of our sources are downloaded via HTTPS, which use SSL certificates and are marked with an activation and expiration date. However, if your system time is relatively close to correct, you can probably skip this step for now.

Now is a good time to verify the date and time are correctly set to UTC. Use the date command to verify the date and time:

# date
Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011

If the date and/or time need to be corrected, do so using date MMDDhhmmYYYY, keeping in mind hhmm are in 24-hour format. The example below changes the date and time to "July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:

# date 071620002011
Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011

Once you have set the system clock, it's a very good idea to copy the time to the hardware clock, so it persists across reboots:

# hwclock --systohc

Установка Stage 3 -- архива

Now that filesystems are created and your hardware and system clock are set, the next step is downloading the initial Stage 3 tarball. The Stage 3 is a pre-compiled system used as a starting point to install Funtoo Linux. Notice: if you're using virtual machines (like Vbox) generic stage3 images are preferred rather than cpu-optimized ones.

To download the correct build of Funtoo Linux for your system, head over to the Subarches page. Subarches are builds of Funtoo Linux that are designed to run on a particular type of CPU, to offer the best possible performance. They also take advantage of the instruction sets available for each CPU.

The Subarches page lists all CPU-optimized versions of Funtoo Linux. Find the one that is appropriate for the type of CPU that your system has, and then click on its name in the first column (such as corei7, for example.) You will then go to a page dedicated to that subarch, and the available stage3's available for download will be listed.

For most subarches, you will have several stage3's available to choose from. This next section will help you understand which one to pick.

Which Build?

If you're not sure, pick funtoo-current.

Funtoo Linux has various different 'builds':

Build

Description

funtoo-current

The most commonly-selected build of Funtoo Linux. Receives rapid updates and preferred by desktop users.

Which Variant?

Our "regular" stage3's are listed with a variant of standard. The following variant builds are available:

Variant

Description

standard

The "standard" version of Funtoo Linux

pure64

A 64-bit build that drops multilib (32-bit compatibility) support. Can be ideal for server systems.

hardened

Includes PIE/SSP toolchain for enhanced security. PIE does require the use of PaX in the kernel, while SSP works with any kernel, and provides enhanced security in user-space to avoid stack-based exploits. For expert users.

Download the Stage3

Once you have found the stage3 that you would like to download, use wget to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the /mnt/funtoo directory as follows:

Note that 64-bit systems can run 32-bit or 64-bit stages, but 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit stages. Make sure that you select a Stage 3 build that is appropriate for your CPU. If you are not certain, it is a safe bet to choose the generic_64 or generic_32 stage. Consult the Subarches page for more information.

Once the stage is downloaded, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your stage 3 tarball:

# tar xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz

Important

It is very important to use tar's "p" option when extracting the Stage 3 tarball - it tells tar to preserve any permissions and ownership that exist within the archive. Without this option, your Funtoo Linux filesystem permissions will be incorrect.

Chroot into Funtoo

To install Funtoo Linux, the chroot command is first used. The chroot command will "switch into" the new Funtoo Linux system, so the commands you execute after running "chroot" will run within your newly-extracted Funtoo Linux system.

Before chrooting, there are a few things that need to be done to set up the chroot environment. You will need to mount /proc, /sys and /dev inside your new system. Use the following commands to do so:

You'll also want to copy over resolv.conf in order to have proper resolution of Internet hostnames from inside the chroot:

# cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/funtoo/etc/

Now you can chroot into your new system. Use env before chroot to ensure that no environment settings from the installation media are pulled in to your new system:

# env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM chroot . bash -l

Note

For users of live CDs with 64-bit kernels installing 32-bit systems: Some software may use uname -r to check whether the system is 32 or 64-bit. You may want append linux32 to the chroot command as a workaround, but it's generally not needed.

Important

If you receive the error "chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error", it is most likely because you are running a 32-bit kernel and trying to execute 64-bit code. Make sure that you have selected the proper type of kernel when booting SystemRescueCD.

It's also a good idea to change the default command prompt while inside the chroot. This will avoid confusion if you have to change terminals. Use this command:

# export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

Test internet name resolution from within the chroot:

# ping -c 5 google.com

If you can't ping, make sure /etc/resolv.conf doesn't contain things like 127.0.x.x addresses, if it does, change the 127.0.x.x entry to 8.8.8.8 -- Google's public dns address. Make sure to replace this with your dns of choice once the system is installed.

Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will start successfully, without any manual assistance, when your system is restarted.

Downloading the Portage tree

Now it's time to install a copy of the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run emerge --sync from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from GitHub:

Configuring your system

As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is /etc/fstab. The others are optional.

С использованием Nano

The default editor included in the chroot environment is called nano. To edit one of the files below, run nano as follows:

(chroot) # nano /etc/fstab

When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer y when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.

Конфигурационные файлы

Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:

File

Do I need to change it?

Description

/etc/fstab

YES - required

Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.

/etc/localtime

Maybe - recommended

Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal)

/etc/make.conf (symlink) - also known as:/etc/portage/make.conf

Maybe - recommended

Parameters used by gcc (compiler), portage, and make. It's a good idea to set MAKEOPTS. This is covered later in this document.

/etc/conf.d/hostname

Maybe - recommended

Used to set system hostname. Set the hostname variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. foo.funtoo.org) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. foo). Defaults to localhost if not set.

/etc/hosts

No

You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by /etc/init.d/hostname.

/etc/conf.d/keymaps

Optional

Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See Funtoo Linux Localization.

/etc/conf.d/hwclock

Optional

How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.

Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.

profiles

Optional

Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.

If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck, as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the Funtoo Linux Localization page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support available. (See Community)

Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use nano -w <name_of_file> to edit files -- the "-w" argument disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.

Warning

It's important to edit your /etc/fstab file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with gdisk or fdisk. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.

/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used by the mount command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform mount about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit /etc/fstab and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier, the lsblk command may be of help to you:

Currently, our default /etc/fstabfile has the root filesystem as /dev/sda4 and the swap partition as /dev/sda3. These will need to be changed to /dev/sda3 and /dev/sda2, respectively.

Note

If you're using UEFI to boot, change the /dev/sda1 line so that it says vfat instead of ext2. Similarly, make sure that the /dev/sda3 line specifies either xfs or ext4, depending on which filesystem you chose earlier on in the installation process when you created filesystems.

/etc/localtime

/etc/localtime is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace /etc/localtime with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.

(chroot) # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime

The above sets the timezone to Mountain Standard Time (with daylight savings). Type ls /usr/share/zoneinfo to list available timezones. There are also sub-directories containing timezones described by location.

/etc/portage/make.conf

MAKEOPTS can be used to define how many parallel compilations should occur when you compile a package, which can speed up compilation significantly. A rule of thumb is the number of CPUs (or CPU threads) in your system plus one. If, for example, you have a dual core processor without hyper-threading, then you would set MAKEOPTS to 3:

MAKEOPTS="-j3"

If you are unsure about how many processors/threads you have, then use nproc to help you.

(chroot) # nproc
16

Set MAKEOPTS to this number plus one:

MAKEOPTS="-j17"

USE flags define what functionality is enabled when packages are built. It is not recommended to add a lot of USE flags during installation; you should wait until you have a working, bootable system before changing your USE flags. A USE flag prefixed with a minus ("-") sign tells Portage not to use the flag when compiling. A Funtoo guide to USE flags will be available in the future. For now, you can find out more information about USE flags in the Gentoo Handbook.

LINGUAS tells Portage which local language to compile the system and applications in (those who use LINGUAS variable like OpenOffice). It is not usually necessary to set this if you use English. If you want another language such as French (fr) or German (de), set LINGUAS appropriately:

LINGUAS="fr"

/etc/conf.d/hwclock

If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change the value of clock from UTC to local, because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.

(chroot) # nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock

Localization

By default, Funtoo Linux is configured with Unicode (UTF-8) enabled, and for the US English locale and keyboard. If you would like to configure your system to use a non-English locale or keyboard, see Funtoo Linux Localization.

Введение в Portage

Portage, the Funtoo Linux package manager has a command called emerge which is used to build and install packages from source. It also takes care of installing all of the package's dependencies. You call emerge like this:

(chroot) # emerge packagename

When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the /var/lib/portage/world file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the world set, we can update our entire system by typing:

(chroot) # emerge --sync
(chroot) # emerge -auDN @world

This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the world set of packages. The options specified tell emerge to:

a - show us what will be emerged, and ask us if we want to proceed

u - update the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.

D - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a deep update.

N - Update any packages that have changed (new) USE settings.

You should also consider passing --with-bdeps=y when emerging @world, at least once in a while. This will update build dependencies as well.

Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the world file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependnecy of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:

If a version is listed under Latest version installed, then debian-sources is already pre-built for you and you can skip the rest of the Kernel section, and proceed to the Installing a Bootloader section.

Сборка ядра

If you need to build a kernel for Funtoo Linux, please follow these steps:

Note

See Funtoo Linux Kernels for a full list of kernels supported in Funtoo Linux. We recommend debian-sources for new users.

Important

debian-sources with binary USE flag requires at least 14GB free in /var/tmp and takes around 1 hour to build on a Intel Core i7 Processor.

Let's emerge our kernel:

(chroot) # emerge debian-sources

Once emerge completes, you'll have a brand new kernel and initramfs installed to /boot, plus kernel headers installed in /usr/src/linux, and you'll be ready to configure the boot loader to load these to boot your Funtoo Linux system.

Warning

If you have a RAID in your machine, the kernel installation will pull in the mdadm tool as a dependency. It is important to edit the /etc/mdadm.conf file prior to rebooting the machine so the RAID is properly recognised and set up before the kernel attempts to mount it in the tree. Failing to do so can result in an unusable or even unbootable system! For specific details, consult the mdadm man page man mdadm or the mdadm ebuild page.

Note

NVIDIA card users: the binary USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under /etc/modprobe.d/.

First Boot, and in the future...

OK -- you are ready to boot!

You only need to run grub-install when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run boot-update every time you modify your /etc/boot.conf file or add new kernels to your system. This will regenerate /boot/grub/grub.cfg so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu, the next time you reboot.

Настройка сети

It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.

Wi-Fi

For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks NetworkManager is strongly recommended.
Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild:

The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the addwifi command to connect to a Wi-Fi access point:

wpa_supplicant is also a good choice for wireless network connections. See the Package:WPA Supplicant package for steps involved in setting up wpa_supplicant.

Настольный ПК (проводной DHCP)

For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add dhcpcd to the default runlevel:

(chroot) # rc-update add dhcpcd default

When you reboot, dhcpcd will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.

If your upstream DHCP server is dnsmasq, it can be configured to assign addresses via mac address to make servers on DHCP feasible.

Сервер (статический IP)

For servers, the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts are recommended. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See Funtoo Linux Networking for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.

Hostname

By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit

(chroot) # nano /etc/conf.d/hostname

Look for the line starting with hostname and change the entry between the quotes. Save the file, on the next boot Funtoo will use the new hostname.

Warning

Do not use special characters in the hostname, as the shell may interpret these, leading to unpredictable results. Use the Latin alphabet: a-z, A-Z, 0-9

Tip

Use short hostnames (up to 8 or 10 characters) to prevent the terminal screen being filled with the hostname, leaving little space for the command itself. This become particularly poignant when coding long command strings in various programming languages like Bash, Python, SQL and Perl

Перезагрузка системы

Now is the time to leave chroot, to unmount Funtoo Linux partitions and files and to restart your computer. When you restart, the GRUB boot loader will start, load the Linux kernel and initramfs, and your system will begin booting.

System Rescue CD will gracefully unmount your new Funtoo filesystems as part of its normal shutdown sequence.

You should now see your system reboot, the GRUB boot loader appear for a few seconds, and then see the Linux kernel and initramfs loading. After this, you should see Funtoo Linux itself start to boot, and you should be greeted with a login: prompt. Funtoo Linux has been successfully installed!

Профили

Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using Funtoo Profiles. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the Funtoo Profiles page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:

Sub-Profile Type

Description

arch

Typically x86-32bit or x86-64bit, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.

build

Defines whether your system is a current, stable or experimental build. current systems will have newer packages unmasked than stable systems. This is defined when your stage is built and is typically not changed.

subarch

Defines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.

flavor

Defines the general type of system, such as server or desktop, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.

mix-ins

Defines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.

One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use epro show to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information:

View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a * appended.

(chroot) # epro list

Change the system flavor.

(chroot) # epro flavor desktop

Add a mix-in.

(chroot) # epro mix-in +gnome

Последующие действия

If you are brand new to Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux, please check out Funtoo Linux First Steps, which will help get you acquainted with your new system. We also have a category for our official documentation, which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.

We also have a number of pages dedicated to setting up your system. See First Steps for a list of these pages.