joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Since the focus of all genetics is the gene, the fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and manipulate gene...

trade name of recombinant human antithrombin, an anticoagulant agent used to prevent thrombosis—the formation of a clot in a blood vessel that may block or impede the flow of blood, causing a potentially life-threatening condition. Atryn was developed by U.S.-based GTC Biotherapeutics and was the first therapeutic a...

...on the semiconductor. The short lifetime is due to the preference for the electron to reenter a covalent bond state, thereby eliminating both the hole and the conduction electron. This recombination of electron and hole is easily accomplished from the exciton state, since the two particles are spatially nearby. If the electron and hole escape the exciton state by thermal......

in genetics, regrouping of the maternal and paternal genes during the formation of gametes (sex cells). Recombination occurs randomly in nature as a normal event of meiosis, the process by which gametes are produced. Recombination is enhanced by the phenomenon of crossing over, in which gene sequences called linkage groups are disrupted, re...

...such as eggs and sperm), the alleles in each pair of genes segregate randomly, so that one-half of the gametes carry one allele and the other half carry the other allele. The second rule, called the law of independent assortment, states that for any one gamete, the distribution of inherited alleles is random....

Alternatively, the ionic abundances can be determined from the very faint emission lines that follow recombination, the process by which the higher stage of ionization captures an electron (usually at low energies) into a high level of the ion. Following recombination, there is a cascade from the high energy levels to the ground state, with photons in the observed emission line being emitted at......

...epoch, bonds of personal dependence, present in both Roman and Germanic institutions, competed with weakened governmental institutions. In the 7th century these bonds took one of two forms: commendation (a freeman placed himself under the protection of a more powerful lord for the duration of his life) and precarious contract (a powerful lord received certain services in return for the......

...by the body and therefore must be taken regularly are essential amino acids, water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. The U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), one of many sets of recommendations put out by various countries and organizations, have been established for these essential nutrients by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy......

The colonization of the territory began in the Recôncavo, where sugarcane and tobacco were grown for export and other crops raised for the settlers’ food. In the semiarid interior, cattle raising was considerably stimulated in the 18th century, when the discovery of gold and gems in the Diamantina Upland attracted more settlers....

in the Christian religion, a pronouncement of remission (forgiveness) of sins to the penitent. In Roman Catholicism, penance is a sacrament and the power to absolve lies with the priest, who can grant release from the guilt of sin to the sinner who is truly contrite, confesses his sin, and promises to perform satisfaction to God. In the New Testament the grace of forgiveness is seen as......

...bill, proposing “fixes” to the Senate bill, was then passed and sent to the Senate, where Democrats hoped to obtain passage through the use of a relatively seldom-used procedure known as reconciliation, which requires a simple majority for passage. With the outcome of reconciliation still in the balance, on March 23 Obama signed into law the historic legislation, the Patient......

The observation balloon was an important technological advance. First used in warfare by the French in the late 18th century, primarily for offensive reconnaissance on the battlefield, its defensive possibilities were demonstrated in the American Civil War; in May 1863 a balloon of the army of the Potomac detected Lee’s army moving from its camp across the Rappahannock to commence the......

In order to systematically document and interpret the material remains of past societies, archaeologists have developed a common set of methods and procedures. These include archaeological survey (reconnaissance), excavation, and detailed analysis of recovered artifacts. Survey, or the discovery and recording of archaeological sites or other human-created features, such as roads and irrigation......

At the outbreak of World War I, heavier-than-air craft were used only for visual reconnaissance, since their feeble engines could carry little more than a pilot and, in some cases, an observer aloft. They soon proved their worth in this mission, however, and RFC aviators provided reconnaissance that enabled the British and French armies to counterattack in the decisive Battle of the Marne on......

...hours an enormous amount of energy—several billion megajoules, which is roughly equivalent to the yearly electricity production of many smaller countries). This occurs through a process called reconnection, in which the Sun’s magnetic field, dragged into interplanetary space by the solar wind, becomes linked with the magnetic field in Earth’s magnetosphere. The energy is re...

In many ways no less unusual a book than his Confessions, the Retractationes (426–427; Reconsiderations), written in the last years of his life, offers a retrospective rereading of Augustine’s career. In form, the book is a catalog of his writings with comments on the circumstances of their composition and with the retractions or......

in U.S. history, the period (1865–77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. Long portrayed by many historians as a time...

...approved in November, provided some $155 billion, the bulk of the funds earmarked for reconstruction in devastated areas. In addition, in February 2012 the government established a cabinet-level Reconstruction Agency to coordinate rebuilding efforts in the Tōhoku area. The agency was scheduled to be in operation for 10 years, the length of time it was projected to completely restore......

U.S. government agency established by Congress on January 22, 1932, to provide financial aid to railroads, financial institutions, and business corporations. With the passage of the Emergency Relief Act in July 1932, its scope was broadened to include aid to agriculture and financing for state and local public works....

...in his later work, and (following him) developed in differing directions by Ryle, J.L. Austin, John Wisdom, and others, and (2) the ideology, essentially that of Carnap, usually designated as logical reconstruction, which builds up an artificial language. In the procedures of ordinary-language analysis, an attempt is made to trace the ways in which people commonly express themselves. In......

His philosophical position was articulated in The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam (1934), a volume based on six lectures delivered at Madras (now Chennai), Hyderabad, and Aligarh in 1928–29. He argued that a rightly focused man should unceasingly generate vitality through interaction with the purposes of the living God. The Prophet Muhammad had returned from his......

in American Judaism, movement and ideology founded in 1922 that holds that Judaism is in essence a religious civilization the religious elements of which are purely human, naturalistic expressions of a specific culture. Because Reconstructionism rejects the notion of a transcendent God who made a covenant with his chosen people, it does not accept the Bible as the inspired word of God....

...works such as The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion (1937), Judaism Without Supernaturalism (1958), and The Religion of Ethical Nationhood (1970). In 1935 the Reconstructionist, a biweekly periodical under Kaplan’s editorship, appeared and adopted the following credo: “Dedicated to the advancement of Judaism as a religious civilization, to the......

Reconstructive dentistry involves any major rebuilding of the mouth, typically with porcelain and metal. Reconstructive dentistry may be needed by individuals who have many severe cavities, have generalized severe gum disease, or have been in an accident. Reconstructive dentistry frequently involves a combination of all the dental specialties; patients may need multiple crowns (caps), gum......

Reconstructive surgery is employed when a significant amount of tissue is missing as a result of trauma or surgical removal. A skin graft may be required if the wound cannot be closed directly. If a large surface area is involved, a thin split-thickness skin graft, consisting of epidermis only, is used. Unfortunately, although these grafts survive transplantation more successfully and heal more......

...its kingdoms (colonies) outside Europe, chiefly in the Americas; more specifically, a series of collections of decrees (cedulas) compiled and published by royal authorization, culminating in the Recopilación de las leyes de los reinos de Indias (1680). From the beginning of the colonization of the Americas, Castilian law constituted the basic private law in the colonies, but,......

Juan de Yciar was the first in Spain to publish a copybook, the Recopilacion subtilissima (1548; “Most Delicate Compilation”). Two years later he published his Arte subtilissima (1550; “The Most Delicate Art”), in which he acknowledged his debt to the printed books of Arrighi, Tagliente, and Palatino. Like them he showed a variety o...

COBOL uses an English-like notation—novel when introduced. Business computations organize and manipulate large quantities of data, and COBOL introduced the record data structure for such tasks. A record clusters heterogeneous data such as a name, ID number, age, and address into a single unit. This contrasts with scientific languages, in which homogeneous arrays of numbers are common.......

From 1946 to 1958 the American music business was turned upside down by a group of mavericks who knew little about music but were fast learners about business. What they discovered was an expanding “market” of clubs and bars in each of which stood a jukebox that needed stocking with an ever-changing stack of 78-rpm records. These records had to have either a beat heavy enough to cut....

From 1946 to 1958 the American music business was turned upside down by a group of mavericks who knew little about music but were fast learners about business. What they discovered was an expanding “market” of clubs and bars in each of which stood a jukebox that needed stocking with an ever-changing stack of 78-rpm records. These records had to have either a beat heavy enough to cut....

Ikimono no kiroku (1955; I Live in Fear, or Record of a Living Being) is a deeply honest film portraying a Japanese foundry owner’s terror of the atomic tests conducted by the United States and the Soviet Union. Its pessimistic conclusion, however, made it a commercial failure....

...through writing, principally her First Steps to the Study of History (1832), and through private tutoring, when she helped Bronson Alcott establish his radical Temple School in Boston. Her Record of a School, based on her journal of Alcott’s methods and daily interactions with the children, was published anonymously in 1835 and did much to establish Alcott as a leading and....

Ozu made no films from 1942 to 1947. In 1947 Nagaya shinshi roku (The Record of a Tenement Gentleman) initiated a series of pictures in which a further refinement of style was combined with a concern for postwar conditions. Plot was almost eliminated, while atmosphere and detailed character studies became preeminent. He almost totally abandoned such devices as camera movement in......

repository for an organized body of records produced or received by a public, semipublic, institutional, or business entity in the transaction of its affairs and preserved by it or its successors. The term archives, which also designates the body of records themselves, derives from the French, and it, or a cognate, is used in most continental European countries and in the Americas. The terms recor...

A monaural phonograph record makes use of a spiral 90° V-shaped groove impressed into a plastic disc. As the record revolves at 33 13 rotations per minute, a tiny “needle,” or stylus, simultaneously moves along the groove and vibrates back and forth parallel to the surface of the disc and perpendicular to the groove, tracing out the sound wav...

instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc. A phonograph disc, or record, stores a replica of sound waves as a series of undulations in a sinuous groove inscribed on its rotating surface by the stylus. When the record is played back, another stylus responds to the undulations, and i...

From 1946 to 1958 the American music business was turned upside down by a group of mavericks who knew little about music but were fast learners about business. What they discovered was an expanding “market” of clubs and bars in each of which stood a jukebox that needed stocking with an ever-changing stack of 78-rpm records. These records had to have either a beat heavy enough to cut....

Baseball records have long provided benchmarks of individual achievements. No individual accomplishment possesses more drama for fans than the tally of home runs. Babe Ruth’s single-season record for home runs (60 in 1927) stood for 33 seasons until it was broken by Roger Maris (with 61 home runs in 1961). (It should be noted that, although Josh Gibson is credited with hitting 89 home runs ...

The earliest large-scale commercial use of greatly reduced-size copying onto narrow rolls of film (microfilm) resulted from the introduction of the Recordak system by the Eastman Kodak Company in 1928. Continuous, automatic cameras photographed documents on 16-millimetre film, and the first use was for copying checks in bank transit or clearing work. But it soon spread to a great variety of......

In the example of the watch, the distinction between contract and conveyance became important as soon as the rights of a third person became involved. But from the point of view of the third party, any one of the three suggested rules about conveyance might be unsatisfactory, because it may be difficult for the third party to know whether a contract has been formed, whether a payment under it......

Though Friends have no ordination, they have always given a special place to Recorded Ministers (or Public Friends). Recorded Ministers are those whose testimony in local meetings has been officially recognized; they are free to “travel in the ministry” by visiting other meetings, should they be led to do so. Pastoral meetings maintain their Recorded Ministers, who also do much of......

in Anglo-American judicial systems, an officer appointed by a city, county, or other administrative unit to keep legal records. In England and Wales the recorder, in the course of time, came to be a locality’s chief legal officer and sole judge at quarter sessions. When the quarter sessions courts were abolished by the Courts Act of 1971, the recorder’s jurisdicti...

in music, wind instrument of the fipple, or whistle, flute class, closely related to the flageolet. Most recorders made since their revival in 1919 by the English instrument maker Arnold Dolmetsch follow the early 18th-century Baroque design: the cylindrical head joint is partly plugged to direct the wind against the sharp edge below, the plug being known as the block, or fipple; the body tapers, ...

transcription of vibrations in air that are perceptible as sound onto a storage medium, such as a compact disc. In sound reproduction the process is reversed so that the variations stored on the medium are converted back into sound waves. The three principal media that have been developed for sound recording and reproduction are the mechanical (phonograph disc), optical (motion-picture sound track...

any of a series of awards presented annually in the United States by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (NARAS; commonly called the Recording Academy) or the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences (LARAS; commonly called the Latin Recording Academy) to recognize achievement in the music industry. Winners are selected from more than 25 fields, which cover such genre...

earliest form of phonograph record, invented by Thomas A. Edison in 1877. The sound to be recorded was focused by a horn onto a diaphragm, causing it to vibrate; the vibrations were transmitted to a stylus and modulated its motion as it followed a helical path along the surface of a yielding material (such as wax) that coated a cylinder rotating under the sty...

...and the like. Among the measuring devices used are a staff gauge, which is a graduated scale anchored in the water and read by observing the level of the water surface in contact with it; and a recording gauge, which continuously monitors water level, sensed by a probe or a float and recorded by a pen or printer on a moving sheet of paper....

...and the like. Among the measuring devices used are a staff gauge, which is a graduated scale anchored in the water and read by observing the level of the water surface in contact with it; and a recording gauge, which continuously monitors water level, sensed by a probe or a float and recorded by a pen or printer on a moving sheet of paper....

...backing coated with a thin layer of tiny particles of magnetic powder, usually ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and to a lesser extent chromium dioxide (CrO2). The recording head of the tape deck consists of a tiny C-shaped magnet with its gap adjacent to the moving tape. The incoming sound wave, having been converted by a microphone into an electrical signal, produces a......

From 1946 to 1958 the American music business was turned upside down by a group of mavericks who knew little about music but were fast learners about business. What they discovered was an expanding “market” of clubs and bars in each of which stood a jukebox that needed stocking with an ever-changing stack of 78-rpm records. These records had to have either a beat heavy enough to cut....

Online music piracy continued unabated, even though the Russian Web site AllofMP3.com—a particularly egregious offender in the view of the music industry—was shut down. The Web site had sold albums for as little as $1, about one-tenth the standard online price, and had claimed to be the second largest seller of online music, after iTunes. AllofMP3.com had been accused of piracy in a....

repository for an organized body of records produced or received by a public, semipublic, institutional, or business entity in the transaction of its affairs and preserved by it or its successors. The term archives, which also designates the body of records themselves, derives from the French, and it, or a cognate, is used in most continental European countries and in the Americas. The terms recor...

The thought of the first outstanding Ming Confucian scholar, Xue Xuan (1389–1464), already revealed the turn toward moral subjectivity. Although a devoted follower of Zhu Xi, Xue’s Records of Reading clearly shows that he considered the cultivation of “mind and nature” to be particularly important. Two other early Ming scholars, Wu Yubi (1391–1469) and Che...

early history of China written about 85 bce by Sima Qian. A two-volume English translation, Records of the Grand Historian of China, was published in 1961. A masterpiece that took 18 years to produce, the Shiji deals with major events and personalities of about 2,000 years (down to the author’s time), comprising 130 chapters and totaling ...

Compiled by the Chinese Buddhist monk Daoyun in 1004, Records of the Transmission of the Lamp (Chingde chongdeng lu) offers an authoritative introduction to the origins and nature of Zen Buddhism. The work describes the Zen school as consisting of the authentic Buddhism practiced by monks and nuns who belong to a large religious family with five......

...as British politician Alan Clark in the BBC miniseries The Alan Clark Diaries. He later portrayed former U.S. secretary of state Warren Christopher in Recount (2008), a TV movie about the aftermath of the 2000 U.S. presidential election, and he reprised his revered characterization of Crisp in the TV movie An Englishman in.....

the experience, usually in the context of adult psychotherapy, of seeming to remember events that never actually occurred. These pseudomemories are often quite vivid and emotionally charged, especially those representing acts of abuse or violence committed against the subject during childhood....

...best rap album, and Eminem shared the Grammy for best rap duo or group with Dr. Dre and 50 Cent for the single Crack a Bottle. Eminem’s 2010 release Recovery was a response to the criticisms leveled at Relapse, and it was his sixth album to top the Neilsen SoundScan chart for weekly sales. At the 2011 Gr...

Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth’s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the compression of atmospheric air in front of the rapidly moving spacecraft. Initially, heat shields were made of ablative mater...

...in addition to expressing his own prickly opinions. Among his works are Guide to Philosophy (1936) and Guide to the Philosophy of Morals and Politics (1938). In his last work, The Recovery of Belief (1952), he outlined his new-found faith in a theistic system....

Dance is the most popular form of recreation in Africa. In towns, men and women of all ages meet informally in dance clubs to dance to the rhythms of popular musicians. In villages there may be opportunities in the evenings for informal dancing, but relations between the sexes there are more tightly controlled....

use of recreation by qualified professionals (recreation therapists) to promote independent functioning and to enhance the health and well-being of people with illnesses and disabling conditions. Recreation therapy often occurs in hospitals and other treatment facilities and is based on the simple premise that recreation has therapeutic value. Various researchers have found that recreation can ass...

Few recreations require architecture until they become institutionalized and must provide for both active and passive participation (athletic events, dramatic, musical performances, etc.) or for communal participation in essentially private luxuries (baths, museums, libraries). Throughout history, recreational architecture has been the most consistent in form of any type. Diversions may change,......

use of recreation by qualified professionals (recreation therapists) to promote independent functioning and to enhance the health and well-being of people with illnesses and disabling conditions. Recreation therapy often occurs in hospitals and other treatment facilities and is based on the simple premise that recreation has therapeutic value. Various researchers have found that recreation can ass...

...from primitive to motorized, continue to grow in popularity, particularly in the United States, Canada, and western Europe. Much of this growth is the result of the proliferation of campsites for recreational vehicles (RVs). In particular, many public and commercial campsites cater to RVs by setting aside paved parking regions in picturesque locations. Camping on public land is especially......

...etc. (1769, 1786). But by far the outstanding work was that of Jacques Ozanam, the precursor of books to follow for the next 200 years. First published in four volumes in 1694, his Récréations mathématique et physiques went through many editions; based on the works of Bachet, Mydorge, Leurechon, and Schwenter, it was later revised and enlarged by......

In 1624 a French Jesuit, Jean Leurechon, writing under the pen name of van Etten, published Récréations mathématiques. This volume struck the popular fancy, passing through at least 30 editions before 1700, despite the fact that it was based largely on the work of Bachet, from whom he took the simpler problems, disregarding the more significant portions. Yet it did......

...For his offenses against the “dignity of history” he was attacked in an Invective by Bartolomeo Facio, another humanist in Alfonso’s service. Valla responded with his “Recriminations Against Facio,” written in dialogue form and recalling the debates among the court humanists, to which the king loved to listen. This work also contains Valla’s cele...

...young, sexually immature males. Frequently in these animals the testes are drawn back into the body cavity except in the breeding season, when they again descend and mature; this process is known as recrudescence....

A delayed complication of epidemic typhus is Brill-Zinsser disease, or recrudescent typhus, in which mild symptoms of epidemic louse-borne typhus reappear after a latent period, sometimes of many years, in persons who at one time had contracted epidemic typhus. The disease was first noted when cases of typhus occurred in communities that were free of lice. If treated early with chloramphenicol......

...obtained the passage of a new national sales tax. In April 1988 he publicly disclosed that he and several aides had been among those politicians who had received stocks, donations, and loans from Recruit, a Japanese telecommunications firm that had made large financial contributions to many politicians in the hope of obtaining governmental favours. Deepening public dissatisfaction with......

...humane portraiture. The pressures brought upon society at home by continental wars against the French also began to make themselves felt, the key text here being Farquhar’s The Recruiting Officer (1706), in which the worlds of soldier and civilian are placed in suggestive proximity....

Although a reflex response is said to be rapid and immediate, some reflexes, called recruiting reflexes, can hardly be evoked by a single stimulus. Instead, they require increasing stimulation to induce a response. The reflex contraction of the bladder, for example, requires an increasing amount of urine to stretch the muscle and to obtain muscular contraction....

Such are the vicissitudes of guerrilla warfare that outstanding leadership is necessary at all levels if a guerrilla force is to survive and prosper. A leader must not only be endowed with intelligence and courage but must be buttressed by an almost fanatical belief in himself and his cause. Lawrence, Tito, Mao, Ho, Castro, the Soviet leaders Vladimir Ilich Lenin and Leon Trotsky, the Filipino......

...not be heard at all by the ear with a sensorineural impairment, more intense sounds may be as loud as they are to a healthy ear. This rapid increase in loudness above the threshold level is called recruitment. When the opposite ear has normal hearing, recruitment can be measured by the alternate binaural loudness balance test. The subject is asked to set the controls so that the loudness of......

The word metamorphism is taken from the Greek for “change of form”; metamorphic rocks are derived from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have altered their form (recrystallized) as a result of changes in their physical environment. Metamorphism comprises changes both in mineralogy and in the fabric of the original rock. In general, these alterations are brought about either by the......

...of the sigmoid colon, begins in front of the midsacrum (the sacrum is the triangular bone near the base of the spine and between the two hipbones). It ends in a dilated portion called the rectal ampulla, which in front is in contact with the rear surface of the prostate in the male and with the posterior vaginal wall in the female. Posteriorly, the rectal ampulla is in front of the......

Two to three large crescentlike folds known as rectal valves are located in the rectal ampulla. These valves are caused by an invagination, or infolding, of the circular muscle and submucosa. The columnar epithelium of the rectal mucosa, innervated by the autonomic nervous system, changes to the stratified squamous (scalelike) type, innervated by the peripheral nerves, in the lower rectum a few......

...between the values a and b, Cauchy went back to the primitive idea of the integral as the measure of the area under the graph of the function. He approximated this area by rectangles and said that, if the sum of the areas of the rectangles tends to a limit as their number increases indefinitely (see the figure, right) and if this limiting......

...The position of a point moving parallel to a plane (plane motion) can be described by two numbers: (1) either the distances of the point from two lines at right angles to one another on the plane (rectangular coordinates), or (2) the length of a line with one end fixed at the origin and the other end at the moving point and the angle that the line makes with a fixed axis (polar coordinates).......

...the limit (as the divisions become ever finer) of the sum of these areas. When this process is performed with solid figures to find volume, the process is called cubature. A similar process called rectification is used in determining the length of a curve. The curve is divided into a sequence of straight line segments of known length. Because the definite integral of a function determines the.....

device that converts alternating electric current into direct current. It may be an electron tube (either a vacuum or a gaseous type), vibrator, solid-state device, or mechanical device. Direct current is necessary for the operation of many devices such as radio and television receivers and certain power tools....

...of them enjoyed. He could and did claim, however, to know and understand China. The differences between him and the Soviet-oriented faction in the party came to a head at the time of the so-called Rectification Campaign of 1942–43. This program aimed at giving a basic grounding in Marxist theory and Leninist principles of party organization to the many thousands of new members who had......

...philosophy and ethics, as evidenced by the content of his essays: 18 of the 32 fall solely within these areas, and the remainder fall partly so. Even the technical, linguistically oriented “Rectification of Names” is liberally sprinkled with comments about the adverse social consequences attending the abuse and misuse of language. Among his other famous essays, “A Discussio...

The social vision, contained in the Liji, shows society not as an adversarial system based on contractual relationships but as a community of trust with emphasis on communication. Society organized by the four functional occupations—the scholar, farmer, artisan, and merchant—is, in the true sense of the word, a cooperation. As a contributing member of the cooperation each......

Rectification is the process of purifying alcohol by repeatedly or fractionally distilling it to remove water and undesirable compounds. As mentioned above, a fermentation mixture primarily contains water and ethyl alcohol and distillation involves increasing the percentage of ethyl alcohol in the mixture. Water vaporizes very easily, however, and, unless care is taken, the distillate of a......

device that converts alternating electric current into direct current. It may be an electron tube (either a vacuum or a gaseous type), vibrator, solid-state device, or mechanical device. Direct current is necessary for the operation of many devices such as radio and television receivers and certain power tools....

...solids—known as the Platonic solids—in a given sphere (compare the constructions of plane figures in Book IV). The measurement of curved figures in Book XII is inferred from that of rectilinear figures; for a particular curved figure, a sequence of rectilinear figures is considered in which succeeding figures in the sequence become continually closer to the curved figure; the......

Unlike the three preceding patterns of movement, in which the body is thrown into a series of curves, in rectilinear locomotion in snakes the body is held relatively straight and glides forward in a manner analogous to the pedal locomotion of snails. The ventral (belly) surface of snakes is covered by scales elongated crosswise that overlap like roof shingles, with the opening of the overlap......

disorder in which the rectum bulges into the back wall of the vagina. It is caused when the muscles and connective tissues supporting the rectum and back wall of the vagina are weakened, usually due to repeated childbirth or to aging, and the rectum sags until it abuts the vagina. A rectocele often occurs together with an enterocele, which is a bulge of the ...

Several of his best novels, including The House of Five Talents (1960) and Portrait in Brownstone (1962), examine family relationships over a period of decades. Others, notably The Rector of Justin (1964) and Diary of a Yuppie (1987), are studies of a single character, often from many points of view. Auchincloss frequently linked the stories in his collections by......