Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, these prevent blood from pooling in the limbs and assist blood moving back to the heart

One way valve in veins

Describe the "skeletal muscle pump" process

Venous return is assisted by what two processes?

The Skeletal Muscle Pump and the Respiratory Pump

78

When a person inhales, the diaphragm contracts and increases the pressure in the abdominal cavity, which helps propel blood into the thoracic cavity. When a person exhales, the diaphragm relaxes and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity, which increases the intrathoracic pressure, moving blood from the thoracic cavity into the heart. In addition, intra-abdominal pressure decreases, allowing more blood to move from the lower limbs into the abdominal vessels. What is this process known as?

The respiratory pump

79

How does activity level affect blood flow through veins?

Blood flows well through veins when persons are active and blood has a tendency to pool in the leg veins when persons are inactive or bedridden.

80

Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle of the heart and enters the:

ascending aorta

81

These emerge immediately from the wall of the ascending aorta (just superior to aortic semilunar valve) and supply the heart.

left and right coronary arteries

82

The ascending aorta curves towards the left side of the body and becomes the:

aortic arch

83

3 main arterial branches emerge from the aortic arch

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery

84

The brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into the:

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

85

Supplies arterial blood to the right side of the head and neck

Right common carotid artery

86

Supplies arterial blood to the right upper limb and some thoracic structures

Right subclavian artery

87

Supplies arterial blood to the left side of the head and neck

Left common carotid artery

88

Supply arterial blood to the left upper limb and some thoracic structures

Left subclavian artery

89

sudden decelerations can damage the aortic arch or descending thoracic aorta in what ways?

The external carotid artery extended upward along the side of the neck and head and branches to form this artery that pulsates vigorously when persons have a headache

Superficial temporal artery

Name 4 vessels that supply blood to the cranium

These arteries emerge from the subclavian artery and traveled through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae before entering the skull through the foramen magnum, where they merge to form the:

Vertebral arteries merge to form the basilar artery

100

An important anastomosis of arteries around the sella turcica. Name its function.

The circle of Willis equalize blood pressure in the brain and can provide collateral channels should one vessel become blocked

101

Blood flow to the circle of Willis is contributed by the inflow of blood from branches of what 2 arteries?

Vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries

102

The aortic arch curves and project inferiorly as this artery that extends several branches to supply thoracic organs and the thoracic wall. Name three organs that it supplies blood to.

The descending thoracic aorta branches to supply blood the lungs, esophagus, and diaphragm.

103

The bronchi, bronchioles, and connective tissue of the lungs are supplied by three or four small arteries that emerge as tiny branches from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta

Bronchial arteries (part of systemic circulation)

104

Several small arteries emerge from the anterior wall of the descending thoracic aorta and supply the esophagus

esophageal arteries

105

Supplies arterial blood to the abdominal portion of the esophagus

Left gastric artery

106

Arterial blood is supplied to the diaphragm by which three paired vessels and where do they arise/emerge from?

Name the three UNPAIRED arteries that you emerge from the anterior wall of the descending abdominal aorta to supply the G.I. tract

Which branch of the descending abdominal aorta is surrounded by the largest autonomic nerve plexus. Name the three branches that emerge from this arterial trunk.

The celiac trunk, located immediately inferior to the aortic opening through the diaphragm, is surrounded by the celiac plexus, or solar plexus. The left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery all emerge from this arterial trunk.

110

Supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach and extends some branches to the esophagus

Left gastric artery

111

Supplies the spleen, part of the stomach, And the pancreas

Splenic artery

112

Supplies the liver, gallbladder, part of the stomach, the duodenum, And the pancreas

Common hepatic artery

113

Name the sources of arterial blood to the pancreas

Splenic artery, Common hepatic artery, And superior mesenteric artery

114

Located immediately inferior to the celiac trunk. Supplies most of the small intestine (excluding duodenum), the pancreas, and the proximal portion of the large intestine

Superior mesenteric artery

115

The most inferior of the three unpaired arteries that arise from the descending abdominal aorta. Emerges from the aorta at about the level of the L3 and supplies part of the transverse colon, part of the descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

Interior mesenteric artery

116

Name the three PAIRED arterial branches that emerge from the sides of the descending abdominal aorta.

Middle suprarenal arteries, Renal arteries, and gonadal arteries

117

Supplies each adrenal gland with arterial blood

Middle suprarenal arteries

118

Supplies arterial blood to each kidney

Renal arteries

119

Supplies arterial blood to each gonad (testes in males, ovaries in females)

Gonadal arteries

120

At the level of L4 the descending abdominal aorta bifurcates into:

The left common iliac artery and right common iliac artery

121

Each common iliac artery further divides into what? What did they supply?

Where does the diameter of the descending abdominal aorta diminish and contain lesser amounts of elastin than the thoracic aorta?

As it nears the bifurcation to form the iliac arteries

123

How is blood flow through the upper limb and lower limb similar?

Supplied by a main arterial vessel which bifurcates at the elbow/knee, arterial and venous arches in hand/Foot, superficial and deep networks of veins

124

Main arterial vessels of the upper limb. Where did they emerge?

Left subclavian artery (directly from aortic arch) and right subclavian artery (division of brachiocephalic trunk)

125

After the subclavian artery passes over the lateral border of this landmark, what is it renamed?

First rib, axillary artery

126

When the axillary artery passes the inferior border of this muscle what is it renamed?

Teres major muscle, brachial artery

127

This artery travel along the medial side of humerus, and is often use to monitor blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Branches of this artery supply blood to most of the brachial muscles

Brachial artery

128

At this landmark, the brachial artery divides into what two arteries? Where did they travel?

Cubital fossa, ulnar artery (medial side of forearm) and radial artery (lateral side of forearm)

129

Hospital workers often use this artery in the lateral wrist for collecting arterial blood for blood gas analysis in hospitalized patients

Radial artery

130

Both the ulnar and radial arteries supply the muscles and structures the forearm and wrist before they do what?

Anastomose and form two arches in the palm

131

Name the two arches in the palm and which artery primarily formed them