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Percent observed 0 20 40

Elephants on the edge: The
use and abuse of individuals and societies ElephantVoices Joyce Poole & Petter Granli ElephantVoices Compassionate Conservation: Animal Welfare in Conservation Practice Symposium, University of Oxford, 1-3 september 2010

A pillar of her society
ElephantVoices Echo - 1945-2009 - died from drought & old age successfully led her family for over 38 years

Some elephant attributes • Very
long-lived • respond to the bones of elephants with special contemplation. • Unusually large social network • appear to have rudimentary • Close and enduring cooperative social understanding of death relationships • development includes social learning • large and complex brains and behavioral innovation • accumulate and retain social and • Capable of use and modiﬁcation of ecological knowledge rudimentary tools • remember scents and voices of other • Capable of vocal learning individuals for decades • Show empathetic behavior • ability to make subtle discriminations between predators is age related • Self-aware • behavior in the wild and in captivity • long-life, memory, intelligence, and suggests ability to use long-term sociality, may make elephants more memories to "keep score" and to vulnerable to trauma and its longer- retaliate for wrongs done term psychological consequences • show reconciliatory behaviour

Individuals: building blocks of society
• When a mother dies her orphaned calves die, too • families likely to split after matriarch death • smaller families have lower reproductive success • families with young leaders less able to make appropriate decisions in times of crisis ElephantVoices

longevity is key to male
reproductive success • average male life expectancy is 24 years, including illness, accident, predation, drought & human-induced deaths • only 1/2 of males born survive to peak competitive ages of musth, whatever their cause of death • Males begin to reproduce successfully by age 40, when 3/4 of males will have already died Cynthia Moss • Dionysus lived to age 65 - becoming one of Amboseli’s Dionysus most successful males

longevity is key to male
reproductive success • average male life expectancy is 24 years, including illness, accident, predation, drought & human-induced deaths • only 1/2 of males born survive to peak competitive ages of musth, whatever their cause of death • Males begin to reproduce successfully by age 40, when 3/4 of males will have already died • Dionysus lived to age 65 - becoming one of Amboseli’s most successful males ElephantVoices Dionysus

Deprivation in captivity • 25%
of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Terezita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo

Deprivation in captivity • 25%
of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo

Deprivation in captivity • 25%
of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo

Deprivation in captivity • 25%
of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo

Deprivation in captivity • 25%
of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo

Deprivation in captivity • 25%
of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo

Conclusions • individual building blocks
of societies are often forgotten, purposefully ignored and disposed of as organizations and nations barter away lives in the name of economics, sustainable utilization and politics. • Higher priority needs to be given to the consequences of consumptive utilisation. these practices inﬂict enormous impact on individuals and societies. • Compassionate conservation means accounting for the well being of individuals - acknowledging that they have value in their own right and realizing the full impact of our actions on their societies. • Compassion for the interests and lives of other beings must be incorporated into conservation in order to secure the health of our planet, its web of species and our own survival. www.elephantvoices.org