The evolutionary process that brought about the domestication of the wild canid also created many other types of canids that have remained similar to dogs in genetic structure but with marked differences.

Wolves

The modern dog appears to be closely related to its most common ancestor, the wolf. The Canis lupus species is descended from the wolf (Canis lupus) and is classified as a wolf subspecies, C. lupus familiaris. Canis lupus also includes more than 30 other subspecies found in different parts of the world, some of which are now extinct. The subspecies vary greatly in size and colour, with the largest (averaging 95 to 100 pounds [43 to 45 kilograms]) found in the Arctic regions and the smallest (averaging 30 to 35 pounds) being the Texas red wolf.

The most striking similarities between the dog and the wolf are their instinctive behaviours of play, dominance and submission, scent marking, and the females’ care for their young. Wolves are much more like dogs than like either coyotes or foxes in temperament and manners. Wolves appear to be instinctively more social than any of the other wild canids, thus lending themselves to interaction with humans in relationships beneficial to both. Wolves and dogs will mate willingly, as will dogs and coyotes. There are differences, however. The wolf matures more slowly than the dog. It reaches sexual maturity at about the age of two or three, at the same time that it achieves social maturity. A male wolf will not challenge the leaders of the pack until it is both physically and behaviorally mature. The female wolf cycles annually.

Coyotes

The coyote, Canis latrans, is a wide-ranging animal similar to wolves in some ways but different in others. Coyotes are light-boned, rangier in body with longer, narrower jaws and smaller ears and feet. They are thought to be the most intelligent of the wild canids because they have been able to survive and thrive despite human efforts to exterminate them for hundreds of years. Coyotes can weigh between 25 and 60 pounds and are usually gray to light tan in colour, depending on the region. There are more than a dozen subspecies of coyotes ranging throughout North and Central America. Coyotes tend to live in smaller groups than wolves, sometimes leading solitary lives until they reach sexual maturity at about two years, and they mate for life.

Foxes

Perhaps the most distinctive feature of the fox family, as compared with wolves and coyotes, is the eyes. They are yellow with elliptical pupils. All other canids, including dogs, have round pupils. Foxes are monogamous and do not live in packs. They are among the smaller species of canids, ranging from only 10 to 15 pounds. The more common foxes include the red fox, the gray fox, and the Arctic fox, which is valued for its fur.

There are several varieties of large-eared foxes, most of which are native to Africa and all of which are in danger of extinction because they are widely hunted and their habitat is being overbuilt by human settlements.

The smallest canid is the fennec. It weighs about three pounds, and its ears are about one-fourth of its body size. This endangered species is native to the desert areas of North Africa and the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas.

Jackals

There has been some disagreement over the years about whether the jackal is a true canid, but the four known varieties are now thought to be part of the same genus. Jackals are native from southeastern Europe into southern Asia, India, and Africa. The best-known variety is the golden jackal, which is a shimmery rust-gold in colour. Jackals are fleet-footed hunters, but they also eat insects and are best known as scavengers after larger animals, such as lions. The other varieties are the crafty black-backed jackal, the shy side-striped jackal, and the rare Abyssinian jackal.

Other wild canids

There are several different species of wild canids in South America. They fall somewhere between the fox and the wolf but are neither. One of the most interesting is the maned wolf, found in southern South America (see photograph). The maned wolf is a fairly large animal, weighing about 50 pounds. It is very long-legged for its body length and is reddish brown in colour with a black ruff of hair around the neck. Its muzzle and feet are dark, and it has a white patch on the throat and a white plume on its tail.

In contrast to the maned wolf is the lowly Guiana bush dog. This short-legged, furry creature looks like a beaver but has longer legs and is an excellent swimmer and diver. It lives in packs of about 12 in the jungles of South America and is rarely seen by humans.

The most primitive member of the canid family is the Japanese raccoon dog. It is the only one that hibernates, moves into winter and summer ranges, and looks like a cross between a raccoon—because of its colour and markings—and a fuzzy fox. It has a heavy body (weighing a maximum of about 15 pounds) and is bred domestically for its fur, which is called tanuki.

One of the most important wild dogs is the dingo. It is believed that the dingo arrived in Australia between 9,000 and 15,000 years ago, but how it got there remains uncertain. Some scientists believe that the dingo is a small wolf, but others believe it is a true dog, much closer in behaviour to the domesticated dog than to the wolf. It has all the characteristics of a canine, with the exception that females cycle annually, like most of the other wild canids. Dingoes hunt in packs but may be found either alone or in a social group. Because dingoes are feared as livestock killers, considerable effort has been made to eliminate them, as with coyotes, although the latter have a higher survival rate. Dingoes are rarely seen in Australia now outside of zoos, and preservation efforts are being made to protect them in the wild.

Finally, the dhole, also called the Asiatic red dog, has the widest range of any of the wild canids. It is found throughout most of the Asian mainland as high as the Himalayas and as low as the tropical islands of Borneo. It is reddish brown in colour, and on certain parts of the body the hair is gray or dark-tinged. The dhole is short-haired with a sturdy body and a pointed, felinelike face. Other varieties of the dhole family resemble short-coated wolves or Siberian-type dogs. Dholes hunt in packs; they do not bark or growl but may howl or whimper as a means of communication. Several of the canid species do not bark, but all are capable of sounding alarms or signaling to each other through vocalization.

Many of the wild dog species can be found only in captivity now. Through the efforts of zoologists, humans can maintain the link between these animals and the domestic dog that has thrived under human protection.

A distinction must be made between wild dogs and feral dogs. Feral dogs are domesticated dogs that have escaped to the wild, either through accident or neglect, and have reverted in the natural state to some of the characteristics inherent in all canids. They hunt or scavenge, run in packs, and become difficult to manage and train. They may become predators without the innate fear of humans that most wild canids have. Feral dogs may be found in cities or in the country and may be a reservoir of disease and a danger to domestic animals and people.