Contents

OPG was established in April 1999 under the Ontario Progressive Conservative government of premier Mike Harris as a precursor to deregulation of the province's electricity market, as part of government plans to privatize the assets of Ontario Hydro, the utility was split into five separate corporations. OPG was created as the owner and operator of all of Ontario Hydro's electricity generating stations.

The financial situation at Ontario Power Generation has improved significantly since 2003, its profits for 2005 were $366 million, and its credit rating was upgraded. In July 2006, Liberal Energy Minister Dwight Duncan described OPG's turnaround as "[o]ne of the untold stories of the last two years"[6]

On the local public relations side, OPG has won many awards for its performance as a "good corporate citizen".[7] Most recently, OPG was named for the fourth year in a row to the Corporate Knights Top 50 Best Corporate Citizens in Canada.[8] OPG regularly sponsors community events across the province and houses wildlife trails in the exclusion zones around its nuclear stations in Durham Region, the company's annual employee charity campaign has raised millions of dollars for charities across Ontario. In October 2008, OPG was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's newsmagazine. Later that month, OPG was also named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers, which was announced by the Toronto Star newspaper.[9]

OPG regularly reports on its operational, safety and environmental record, the company publishes quarterly Performance Reports summarizing its performance in these areas.

OPG purchased 9 million shares (1.5%) of former Crown corporation Hydro One, another Ontario Hydro successor company, in April 2016.[10]

OPG also operates three facilities for the interim management of nuclear waste generated by OPG’s 10 nuclear reactors and Bruce Power’s eight nuclear reactors,[12] the company is proposing to construct and operate a deep geologic repository (DGR) on the Bruce Nuclear site, adjacent to its present Western Waste Management Facility. The repository would provide permanent storage of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste produced from the operation of the Bruce, Pickering, and Darlington nuclear generating stations; in 2005, OPG initiated the regulatory approval process.

Following a comprehensive Environmental Assessment (EA) process and two rounds of public hearings in front of a federal joint review panel (JRP), on May 6, 2015 the JRP issued the EA Report and recommended the approval of OPG's DGR to the federal government.

In February 2016, the Federal Minister of the Environment and Climate Change delayed a decision on OPG's DGR, causing a pause in the timeline for the EA decision to be issued. While the JRP had recommended to the federal government the project move forward based on the strong technical safety case, the Minister requested OPG provide further information. OPG has committed to provide the requested studies and additional information by the end of 2016.

New Build

OPG has also begun the process of building up to four new nuclear units at the site of its Darlington Nuclear Generating Station but in October 2013, the Province of Ontario declared that the Darlington new build project would not be part of Ontario's long-term energy plan,[13] citing the high capital cost estimates and energy surplus in the province at the time of the announcement.

Pickering End of Commercial Operations

In January 2016, the Province of Ontario approved plans[14] to pursue continued operation of the Pickering Nuclear Generating Station to 2024.

OPG will work with the Ministry of Energy, the Independent Electricity System Operator and the Ontario Energy Board to pursue continued operation of the Pickering Station to 2024. All six units would operate until 2022; two units would then shut down and four units would operate to 2024. Extending Pickering’s operation will ensure a reliable, clean source of base load electricity during refurbishment of the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station and the initial Bruce Nuclear refurbishments.

Any plan to extend Pickering’s life requires approval from the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC). OPG is currently working on a licence application to the CNSC for approval in 2018.

Thermal electricity-generating stations were traditionally coal-fired, creating problems caused by pollution. While the Nanticoke Generating Station, on Lake Erie in Haldimand County, Ontario, and the Lambton Generating Station were shutdown, OPG did convert two other coal fueled power plants. Atikokan Generating Station in Atikokan, Ontario was converted in 2012 to burning steam-treated wood pellets or "biomass" as OPG refers to it. "Biomass wood pellets are a sustainable fuel recognized as beneficial to climate change mitigation, as identified in the Biomass Sustainability Analysis Report by the Pembina Institute," according to OPG.[16] The company says that this generating station is "North America's largest 100 per cent biomass-fueled power plant".[17]Thunder Bay Generating Station in Thunder Bay, Ontario, was converted to using "advanced" biomass in 2014. "It is a solid biomass fuel ... has higher energy density and is hydrophobic (repels water) allowing it withstand the elements while being stored outside," according to OPG.[18]

The company is proud of its achievements in reducing pollution. "Now, together with a diverse fleet that includes 65 hydroelectric stations and two nuclear stations, OPG’s power is more than 99 per cent free of smog and greenhouse gas emissions."[19]

Prior to shutting down its coal fueled generating stations, OPG attracted considerable controversy for the operation of coal-fired generating stations, which ranked among Canada's largest individual air pollution sources.[citation needed] This was mostly because Nanticoke housed a massive 3,900 MW of generation capacity in one site: it produced "the most pollution in one site" despite being a reasonably clean plant per megawatt of power.[20]Nanticoke Generating Station was North America's largest coal-fired generating station and the single largest air pollution source for southern Ontario and northern New York state, attracting considerable criticism from environmentalists and legislators in both jurisdictions. OPG's Lambton Generating Station was the second largest air polluter in the province, the Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty came to power in 2003 with a promise to phase out coal generation by 2007.[21] However, for various operational and demand reasons this was not possible until 2014, when the last coal was burned in OPG's stations.

The company also endured significant criticism concerning the slow return to operation of some of its nuclear generating stations which had been shut down by the 2003 North America blackout, the problem was that all but one of the reactors were tripped and allowed to poison out, preventing an early reconnection to the electricity grid. Once shut down, all nuclear reactors take several days to return to service.

Another source of criticism was the extended and expensive refit to the reactor Unit 4 at the Pickering A Nuclear Station; in late 2003, the incoming Liberal government fired the three most senior executives at OPG on the heels of a report that the retrofit of a single reactor at the Pickering nuclear plant had come in significantly over budget and three years behind schedule. The government also accepted the resignation of all remaining Board members. Management underestimated the amount of work and complexity of the Unit 4 refurbishment project and failed to do a complete scope analysis before starting on the project.[citation needed] Due to the uproar over the large cost overruns and delays, an independent review committee was commissioned to examine the future role of OPG in the electricity sector; the future structure of OPG; the appropriate corporate governance and senior management structure; and the potential refurbishing of Pickering A Units 1, 2, and 3. Former federal Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister John Manley chaired the review committee. Peter Godsoe, Chairman of the Bank of Nova Scotia, and Jake Epp, a former federal Cabinet Minister, Chair of the Pickering A Review Panel, and interim Chairman of OPG, also sat on the committee.[22]

The experience of refurbishing Pickering A Unit 1 was significantly different with a much tighter adherence to schedule and budget. Unit 1 was returned to service in November 2005 providing 542 MW of generating capacity for Ontario's electricity system, it was decided that Pickering Units 2 and 3 would not be restarted as the business case could not be made.

In early December 2015, Ontario's Auditor General pointed out that OPG was importing wood products from Europe to burn at the Thunder Bay station "pushing the cost of the electricity it generates to 25 times higher than other biomass generators",[23] or $1,600 per MWh. Subsequently, Ontario's Development and Mines Minister Michael Gravelle stated that OPG was seeking a local company to produce the biomass fuel.[24]

Considering the ever-increasing cost of electricity to Ontario consumers, the hiring of CEO Jeffrey Lyash in the summer of 2015 created some criticism when it was revealed that Lyash would earn $775,000 per annum and that could increase to $1.55 million with bonuses if performance targets are met.[25]

OPG owns and operates generating plants that draw from nuclear, hydro-electric, combined gas, biomass and some wind; in 2015, it generated about half of the electricity in Ontario or 78.0 terawatt hours (TWh).

1.
Crown corporations of Canada
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Canadian Crown corporations are enterprises owned by the Sovereign of Canada. Crown corporations have a long standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in the formation of the state. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be viable as a private enterprise. Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organisations, while others are non-commercial, further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agents or non-agent of the Queen in Right of Canada. One with agent status is entitled to the same prerogatives, privileges. The Crown is thus responsible for the actions of these organisations. Prior to the formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a type of entity called a chartered company. These companies were established by a charter by the Scottish, English, or French crown. They fulfilled the roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders. The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, Canadas most famous, and influential chartered company, was the Hudsons Bay Company, founded on May 2,1670, by royal charter of King Charles II. The HBC thus often being the point of first contact between the government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Ruperts Land, the first major Canadian experience with directly state-owned enterprises came during the early growth of the railways. When four British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, as well, the construction of the Intercolonial Railway between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872, western Canadas early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans. By the early century, however, many of these had become bankrupt. Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the twentieth century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point, the largest of these government liquor businesses, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario, was by 2008 one of the worlds largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility companies also emerged at this time, notably Ontario Hydro in 1906, Alberta Government Telephones in 1906, provincial governments also re-entered the railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became BC Rail in 1918

2.
Bernard Lord
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Bernard Lord, ONB, QC, is a Canadian politician and business executive. Lord served as the 30th Premier of New Brunswick from 1999 to 2006, Lord was appointed chair of Ontario Power Generation in 2014. Lord was born in Roberval, Quebec, the youngest of four children of Marie-Émilie, a teacher, and Ralph Frank Lord. His father was anglophone and his mother was francophone, and he was raised in a household in Moncton, New Brunswick. After graduating from school, he earned a bachelors degree in social science with a major in economics as well as a bachelors degree in common law from the Université de Moncton. While Lord attended the Université de Moncton, he had some success being elected the president of the Université de Moncton student union. Lord married his wife Diane in 1990, they have two children, one of his brothers, Roger Lord, is an internationally acclaimed concert pianist. In 1997, Lord was elected leader of the PC Party of New Brunswick, Lord defeated Norman Betts, who was the perceived frontrunner, as well as Margaret-Ann Blaney, who, with Betts, would go on to serve in Lords cabinet and Cleveland Allaby. On June 7,1999, Lords PC party overcame a deficit in the polls to pull out a landslide victory in the provincial general election. At just 33 years of age, Lord became one of the youngest Premiers in Canadian history, a short time later, Lord shot down any notions that that might happen, choosing instead to remain focused on provincial politics and the 2003 New Brunswick election. That election was not kind to Lord, with the Liberals using the issue of rising car insurance to catch the PC Party off guard. The Party wasnt able to regain its footing until relatively late in the campaign, Lord was again courted for federal politics in late 2003 when the PC Party of Canada and the Canadian Alliance merged into the Conservative Party of Canada. In the end, Lord opted to stay in New Brunswick due to his young family, in 2004, Lords government came under fire over a variety of unpopular stances, most notably changes to health care. These included closures of beds at hospitals in Miramichi and Dalhousie, on August 10,2006, Lord announced that on August 19 he would be calling an election for September 18. This election call was in response to the loss of a member, Peter Mesheau. The resignation would have caused Lord to slip into a minority government, Lord decided that instead of a by-election deciding the fate of his government, he would let the people choose. Some observers saw Lords election call as a bold move considering his popularity numbers had recently started to surpass the Liberal Leader. In the head to head campaign that followed, Lord lost the government to the Liberals who took 29 seats to 26 for the Conservatives, the Tories did manage to win the popular vote besting the Liberals 47. 5% to 47. 2%

Bernard Lord
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Bernard Lord

3.
Canadian dollar
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The Canadian dollar is the currency of Canada. It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $, or sometimes Can$ or C$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and it is divided into 100 cents. Canadas dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world, accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves, behind only the U. S. dollar, the euro, the yen and the pound sterling. In 1841, the Province of Canada adopted a new system based on the Halifax rating, the new Canadian pound was equal to four US dollars, making one pound sterling equal to 1 pound,4 shillings, and 4 pence Canadian. Thus, the new Canadian pound was worth 16 shillings and 5.3 pence sterling, the 1850s was a decade of wrangling over whether to adopt a sterling monetary system or a decimal monetary system based on the US dollar. In 1851, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly passed an act for the purposes of introducing a sterling unit in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. The idea was that the coins would correspond to exact amounts in relation to the U. S. dollar fractional coinage. This gold standard was introduced with the gold sovereign being legal tender at £1 = US$ 4.86 2⁄3, no coinage was provided for under the 1853 act. Sterling coinage was legal tender and all other silver coins were demonetized. The British government in principle allowed for a decimal coinage but nevertheless held out the hope that a unit would be chosen under the name of royal. However, in 1857, the decision was made to introduce a decimal coinage into the Province of Canada in conjunction with the U. S. dollar unit, in 1859, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with decimal denominations for the first time. In 1860, the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia followed the colony of Canada in adopting a system based on the U. S. dollar unit. In the following year, Canadian colonial postage stamps were issued with the shown in dollars. The U. S. dollar was created in 1792 on the basis of the weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. As such, the Spanish dollar was slightly more than the U. S. dollar, and likewise. In 1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were united in a called the Dominion of Canada. In 1871, Prince Edward Island went decimal within the U. S. dollar unit, however, the currency of Prince Edward Island was absorbed into the Canadian system shortly afterwards, when Prince Edward island joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873. The Canadian Parliament passed the Uniform Currency Act in April 1871, tying up loose ends as to the currencies of the various provinces, the gold standard was temporarily abandoned during the First World War and definitively abolished on April 10,1933

Canadian dollar
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$5 gold Canadian coin from 1914. Reverse side shown depicting a shield with the arms of the Dominion of Canada. The coin weighs 8.36 grams and is 90% gold giving it 7.524 grams of gold. It has a diameter of 21.59 mm and a thickness of 1.82 mm at the rim.
Canadian dollar
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2011 Polymer notes (Frontier Series)
Canadian dollar
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$1 Dominion of Canada note issued in 1898.
Canadian dollar
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Bank of Montreal, 10 dollars (1935) First note printed for the series.

4.
Mitsubishi i-MiEV
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The Mitsubishi i-MiEV is a five-door hatchback electric car produced by Mitsubishi Motors, and is the electric version of the Mitsubishi i. Rebadged variants of the i-MiEV are also sold in Europe by PSA Peugeot Citroën as the Peugeot iOn, the i-MiEV is the worlds first modern highway-capable mass production electric car. The i-MiEV was launched for customers in Japan in July 2009. International sales to Asia, Australia and Europe started in 2010, with markers in 2011 including Central. Fleet and retail deliveries in the U. S. The American-only version, called i, is larger than the Japanese version and has additional features. According to the manufacturer, the i-MiEV all-electric range is 160 kilometres on the Japanese test cycle, the range for the 2012 model year American version is 62 miles on the United States Environmental Protection Agencys cycle. As of June 2016, about 37,600 i-MiEV family passenger cars have been sold worldwide since 2009. As of early March 2015, and accounting for all variants of the i-MiEV, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, based on the Mitsubishi i kei car, was first exhibited at the 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exposition in Yokohama. Mitsubishi eschews the in-wheel motors in favour of a more conventional array of batteries, motor and inverter to replace the rear midship engine and fuel tank of the conventional car. Mitsubishi Motors provided three companies with vehicles in 2006 and 2007 in order to conduct joint research to evaluate how fast-charge infrastructure may be developed for EVs. Fleet testing by five companies was conducted in 2007. The car had a range of 130 kilometres for the 16 kW•h lithium-ion battery pack and 160 kilometres for the 20 kW•h pack, top speed was 130 kilometres per hour. Plans were announced in 2008 to sell the i-MiEV in European markets as the Peugeot iOn, Mitsubishi began supplying the electric cars to PSA Peugeot Citroën since 2010, and PSA has a contractual commitment to buy 100,000 i-MiEVs over a period that remained confidential. The production version of the 2009 i-MiEV has a permanent magnet synchronous motor mounted on the rear axle with a power output of 47 kW. The motor is cooled, there is a conventional automobile radiator in the front of the car with an electric fan. The coolant level is monitored via a tank under the rear load platform on the hand side of the vehicle. The vehicle uses a reduction gear transmission driving the rear wheels and has a 16 kWh lithium-ion battery pack

5.
Montreal International Auto Show
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The Montreal International Auto Show is an annual auto show held in for 10 days in mid-to-late January in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It usually takes place at the Palais des congrès de Montréal, the Montréal International Auto Show is produced by the Montréal Automobile Dealers Corporation. When it was first launched in 1969, the aim was to beef up car sales during a time of the year when business was known to be relatively slow for car dealerships. This event is, after all these years, an annual rite among Montréalers. The auto show features over 650 vehicles on 375,000 square feet, the 2014 edition of the MIAS was held at Palais de Congrés from January 17 to January 26 inclusively

6.
Nuclear power
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Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion, since all electricity supplying technologies use cement, etc. during construction, emissions are yet to be brought to zero. Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g CO2 eq/kWh, there is a social debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, there have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution. In 2015, Ten new reactors were connected to the grid, seven reactors were permanently shut down. 441 reactors had a net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity. 67 new nuclear reactors were under construction, Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants. In October 2016, Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996. The same year, his doctoral student James Chadwick discovered the neutron, further work by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s focused on using slow neutrons to increase the effectiveness of induced radioactivity. Experiments bombarding uranium with neutrons led Fermi to believe he had created a new, transuranic element and they determined that the relatively tiny neutron split the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equal pieces, contradicting Fermi. Numerous scientists, including Leó Szilárd, who was one of the first, recognized that if fission reactions released additional neutrons, a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could result. In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, this led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2,1942. In 1945, the pocketbook The Atomic Age heralded the untapped atomic power in everyday objects and depicted a future where fossil fuels would go unused. One science writer, David Dietz, wrote that instead of filling the gas tank of a car two or three times a week, people travel for a year on a pellet of atomic energy the size of a vitamin pill. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the USSR proceeded over the course of the late 1940s, electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20,1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW. Work was also researched in the US on nuclear marine propulsion

7.
Hydroelectric
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Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015 hydropower generated 16. 6% of the total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013, China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 920 TWh of production in 2013, representing 16.9 percent of domestic electricity use. The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a source of renewable electricity. The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants, the average cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U. S. cents per kilowatt-hour. With a dam and reservoir it is also a source of electricity since the amount produced by the station can be changed up or down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical-, by the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well, in 1878 the worlds first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power an arc lamp in his art gallery. The old Schoelkopf Power Station No.1 near Niagara Falls in the U. S. side began to produce electricity in 1881. The first Edison hydroelectric power station, the Vulcan Street Plant, began operating September 30,1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, by 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power stations in the U. S. and Canada. By 1889 there were 200 in the U. S. alone, at the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power stations were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. Grenoble, France held the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism with over one million visitors, by 1920 as 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the Federal Power Act was enacted into law. The Act created the Federal Power Commission to regulate hydroelectric power stations on federal land, as the power stations became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation. Federal funding became necessary for development and federally owned corporations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. Hydroelectric power stations continued to become larger throughout the 20th century, Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty. Hoover Dams initial 1,345 MW power station was the worlds largest hydroelectric station in 1936

Hydroelectric
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The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power producing facilitiy of any kind.
Hydroelectric
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Museum Hydroelectric power plant ″Under the Town″ in Serbia, built in 1900.
Hydroelectric
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Turbine row at Los Nihuiles Power Station in Mendoza, Argentina

8.
Wind power
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Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of power sources. Wind farms consist of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is a source of electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations. Wind power gives variable power which is consistent from year to year. It is therefore used in conjunction with other power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid. In addition, weather forecasting permits the power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur. As of 2015, Denmark generates 40% of its power from wind. In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW, yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4% of worldwide electric power usage,11. 4% in the EU. Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind, for more than two millennia wind-powered machines have ground grain and pumped water. Wind power was available and not confined to the banks of fast-flowing streams, or later. Wind-powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands, and in regions such as the American mid-west or the Australian outback, wind pumps provided water for live stock. The first windmill used for the production of power was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Andersons College. Blyth offered the surplus power to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street, however. The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 metres in diameter and was mounted on an 18 metres tower, although large by todays standards, the machine was only rated at 12 kW. The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs, with the development of electric power, wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally-generated power

Wind power
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Wind power stations in Xinjiang, China
Wind power
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Charles Brush's windmill of 1888, used for generating electricity.
Wind power
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The world's second full-scale floating wind turbine (and first to be installed without the use of heavy-lift vessels), WindFloat, operating at rated capacity (2 MW) approximately 5 km offshore of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal

9.
Natural gas
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It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of bonds in the gas. Natural gas is a fuel used as a source of energy for heating, cooking. It is also used as fuel for vehicles and as a feedstock in the manufacture of plastics. Natural gas is found in underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds. Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found in proximity to. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms, biogenic and thermogenic, biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material. In petroleum production gas is burnt as flare gas. The World Bank estimates that over 150 cubic kilometers of gas are flared or vented annually. Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, most, Natural gas is often informally referred to simply as gas, especially when compared to other energy sources such as oil or coal. However, it is not to be confused with gasoline, especially in North America, Natural gas was used by the Chinese in about 500 BCE. They discovered a way to transport gas seeping from the ground in crude pipelines of bamboo to where it was used to salt water to extract the salt. The worlds first industrial extraction of gas started at Fredonia, New York. By 2009,66000 km³ had been used out of the total 850000 km³ of estimated remaining reserves of natural gas. An annual increase in usage of 2–3% could result in currently recoverable reserves lasting significantly less, unwanted natural gas was a disposal problem in the active oil fields. If there was not a market for natural gas near the wellhead it was expensive to pipe to the end user. In the 19th century and early 20th century, unwanted gas was burned off at oil fields

10.
Ontario Energy Board
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The Ontario Energy Board regulates natural gas and electricity utilities in the province of Ontario, Canada. The Board also provides a range of information to energy consumers about electricity. The Board oversees the electricity market and ensures regulated gas and electricity monopoly utilities comply with Board decisions and this includes conducting audits, performing compliance monitoring activities and monitoring various aspects of the gas and electricity utilities’ financial operating performance. In the electricity sector, the Board sets transmission and distribution rates, the Board also sets the regulated price of electricity for residential and small business consumers on the Regulated Price Plan. Consumers who have signed contracts with an electricity retailer will pay the price set out in their contract, the Board licenses all electricity retailers who sell electricity to residential and small commercial consumers. The Board may also be asked to review the IESO market rules, in the natural gas sector, utilities are required to submit the rates they propose to charge their customers to the Board for review. The Board approves rates associated with the cost to transport, store, the Board also approves the price utilities can charge consumers for the natural gas they use. Natural gas utilities do not make a profit on the sale of natural gas and it is sold to consumers with no mark-up. Consumers who have signed contracts with a natural gas marketer will pay the price set out in their contract, the Board licenses all natural gas marketers who sell natural gas to residential and small commercial consumers. Each municipality may grant a gas utility the right to deliver gas service, the specific terms and conditions of these franchise agreements between the municipality and the utility are subject to Board approval. The Board also reviews applications by gas distributors to create and operate underground gas storage areas, Board approval is also required before a natural gas utility can sell its distribution system or amalgamate with another distributor. There are currently two default service providers of gas in Ontario, Enbridge and Union Gas. These two entities are regulated by the Board, the Board does not regulate competitive services in the natural gas sector. These include the sale of gas, water heater rentals. These products and services are services and can be obtained from various companies. Independent Electricity System Operator Ontario electricity policy OEB Website Independent Electricity System Operator Ontario Energy Board Act,1998

Ontario Energy Board
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Ministries

11.
Mike Harris
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Michael Deane Mike Harris was the 22nd Premier of Ontario from June 26,1995 to April 14,2002. He is most noted for the Common Sense Revolution, his Progressive Conservative governments program of deficit reduction in combination with lower taxes, Harris was born in Toronto, Ontario, the son of Hope Gooding and Sidney Deane Harris. He grew up in North Bay, where his father operated the Wasi Falls Resort fishing camp, Harris attended Waterloo Lutheran University but left after a year. At the age of 21, following his fathers purchase of a ski-hill, Harris moved to Sainte-Adèle, after the end of his first marriage, he enrolled at Laurentian University and North Bay Teachers College where he received his teaching certificate. He continued in his previous occupation as a ski-instructor at Nipissing Ridge on weekends as well as working at his fathers fishing camp during the summer season and he eventually left the teaching profession as the success of the ski resort escalated. After his father sold his own operation, Harris was hired to manage North Bays Pinewood Golf Club. Harris was elected to office as a school board trustee in 1974. He entered provincial politics in the 1981 election, and defeated the incumbent Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament in Nipissing, Harris later suggested that he was motivated to enter politics by an opposition to the policies of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. He sat as a backbencher in Bill Daviss Progressive Conservative government from 1981 to 1985 and he supported Frank Millers successful bid to succeed Davis as party leader in 1985, and took the role of rival candidate Dennis Timbrell to prepare Miller for the partys all-candidate debates. Miller was sworn in as Premier of Ontario on February 8,1985, the Tories were reduced to a minority government in the 1985 provincial election, although Harris was personally re-elected without difficulty. He kept the Natural Resources portfolio after the election, and was also named Minister of Energy on May 17,1985, an agreement between the Liberals and the NDP allowed a Liberal minority government to govern for two years in exchange for the implementation of certain NDP policies. This decision consigned the Tories to opposition for the first time in 42 years, Miller resigned and was replaced by Larry Grossman, who led the party to a disastrous showing in the 1987 election and announced his resignation shortly thereafter. Harris was again re-elected in Nipissing without difficulty, the party was not ready to hold a leadership convention in 1987. Grossman, who had lost his seat, remained the official leader of the party until 1990 while Sarnia MPP Andy Brandt served as interim leader in the legislature. Harris was chosen as PC house leader, and had become the dominant voice in the legislature by 1989. Harris entered the 1990 leadership race, and defeated Dianne Cunningham in a vote to replace Grossman as the partys official leader. The 1990 provincial election was called soon after Harris became party leader, with help from past leader Larry Grossman, Harris managed to rally his partys core supporters with pledges of tax cuts and spending reductions. Due to his background, Harris was personally endorsed by several local members of the Ontario Secondary School Teachers Federation

Mike Harris
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Mike Harris

12.
Ontario Hydro
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Ontario Hydro, established in 1906 as the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, was a publicly owned electricity utility in the Province of Ontario. As most of the readily developed hydroelectric sites became exploited, the corporation expanded into building coal-fired generation, renamed as Ontario Hydro in 1974, by the 1990s it had become one of the largest, fully integrated electricity corporations in North America. The Niagara Falls Park & River Railway was granted the privilege in 1892, in June 1902, an informal convention was held at Berlin, which commissioned a report by Daniel B. Detweiler, Elias W. B. Snider and F. S, the provincial government of George William Ross refused to allow this, and it was only after its loss in the 1905 election that work began on creating a public utility. Smith, HEPCO was a hybrid of a government department, crown corporation. It was a politically rational rather than a technically efficient solution that depended on the election of 1905. The victories in Toronto were in part due to the leadership and commitment of Adam Becks ally. The first transmission lines began providing power to southwestern Ontario in 1910, in 1921 and 1924, legislative amendments authorized grant-in-aid programs that encouraged rural electrification in Ontario by reducing unit rates in the areas to be served. The development was encouraged through secret commitments for long-term purchases of electricity, questions were asked at the time as to how the additional 100,000 horsepower in capacity would be used, as there were virtually no customers for it. When Abitibi was placed in receivership in 1932, legislation was passed over the years to allow Ontario Hydro to take control of several Abitibi power developments. In 1939, the commission was given authority to regulate all other electricity generators and it also received authority to acquire any utility that was not producing at its capacity. In 1948, HEPCO changed most of its system from 25 Hz to 60 Hz, however, the Fort Erie area south of Niagara Falls stayed on the remaining 25 Hz generators until 1966, and this area had electricity throughout the 1965 Eastern Seaboard Blackout. By the 1950s the commission was operating as an integrated system. As demand rose in the period, Ontario Hydro started expanding its generation system bringing on line many new hydroelectric stations. This line was constructed at 120,000 volts and was later upgraded to 230,000 volts in 1973. Shortly thereafter, other interconnections with New York State were built, the first coal-fired generating stations in the system were also built in this period. The expansion of coal continued during the 1960s and 1970s but was overtaken by the development of nuclear power, changes in government policy and public sentiment in the 1920s restricted their development, and all such operations ceased in the 1930s. In the 1960s, HEPCO was the first utility in North America to utilize ultra-high voltage transmission lines, by 1970 all but the most remote municipal power systems in Ontario were organized into a single grid

13.
Regional Municipality of Durham
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It has an area of approximately 2,500 square kilometres. The regional government is headquartered in Whitby, the southern portion of the region, on Lake Ontario is primarily suburban in nature, forming the eastern end of the 905 belt of suburbs around Toronto. The northern area comprises rural areas and small towns, west Rouge was transferred from Pickering over to Scarborough, Ontario prior to creation of Durham Region in 1974 and now part of Toronto. See Durham Regional Council The Region of Durham was established in 1974 as one of new regional governments in the Province of Ontario. In addition, the region was proposed to further east to include Hope Township and the town of Port Hope. Under the Köppen climate classification, the Durham Region has a continental climate. The regional government, within its area, has sole responsibility for the following. Durham Region is a centre of the Canadian automobile industry. Oshawa is the Canadian headquarters of General Motors and home of GMs largest plant in North America, in addition, the Canadian headquarters of Volkswagen is located in the region, BMW was located in the region until moving to Richmond Hill in 2010. The worldwide recession and spike in oil prices resulted in layoffs at GM beginning in 2008. This dramatically reduced employment levels at GM, and also resulted in significant employment losses and closures in the parts industry. While a number of models are produced in Oshawa, concerns remain about GMs long-term future as a manufacturer in Canada as no production is currently slated for Oshawa beyond 2016. Ontario Power Generation is also an employer in the region. Highway 407, a privately owned toll freeway, enters the south of Highway 7. This route travels generally parallel to Highway 7, ending at Durham Regional Road 33, Highway 412, part of the Highway 407E project, connects south to Highway 401 parallel and east of Durham Regional Road 23. By 2020 Highway 407 will run all the way to Highway 35/115 in the east, Highway 7 Highway 7A Highway 12 Highway 35 Highway 48 Highway 115 Highway 2 Highway 47 Note, This is the only region of the Greater Toronto Area where the Trans Canada Highway passes through. This is a holdover from the structure in which the area now forming Clarington was part of Durham County. Neither school board is a division of the regional government

14.
Hydro One
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Hydro One Limited is an electricity transmission and distribution utility serving the Canadian province of Ontario. Hydro One traces its history to the early 20th century and the establishment of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Hydro One was established at this time as a corporation under the Business Corporations Act with the Government of Ontario as sole shareholder, making it a Crown corporation. The estimated cost of repairs was $4.472 billion. Hydro One is a company with four subsidiaries, the largest being Hydro One Networks. It operates 97% of the high voltage transmission grid throughout Ontario, Hydro Ones transmission line voltages are 500,000 volts,230,000 volts and 115,000 volts. Hydro One has interconnections with Manitoba Hydro, Hydro-Québec, Minnesota Power, DTE Energy/ITC, Niagara Mohawk Power, Hydro One works with the transmission and distribution network by connecting generating facilities operated by Ontario Power Generation and a number of privately owned companies, to it. The generators deliver the electricity they generate at hydroelectric, natural gas, wind, solar and nuclear facilities to businesses, the generators have different responsibilities than Hydro One. The power from generators connected to Hydro One’s high voltage system is transformed to more than 50 kV, the transmission-connected generators are registered with the Independent Electricity System Operator. Transmission lines, strung between towers or concrete poles, are not as plentiful as their distribution lines, which are most commonly strung between wooden poles. The distribution system is connected to Hydro One’s generating facilities and it delivers the electricity generated at hydroelectric, wind and other facilities to businesses and people across Ontario. These distribution facilities work at voltages of 50 kV or less.3 million end use customers mainly in service areas. More than 75 percent of the applications to connect small generators are in Hydro Ones rural service territory along the distribution system. While Hydro One has connected thousands of projects to the grid it is approaching their technical limits of the wires. In these areas there are two issues that limit the number of projects that Hydro One can safely connect without putting the grid in jeopardy, the first issue is the physical limits of the power lines and the second is a phenomenon called islanding. In larger areas that are populated, Hydro Ones wires are thicker. In some areas where the program is popular, many generators want to connect to the same thin line. The second issue is about islanding, Hydro Ones distribution system knows how to protect itself under certain conditions. For instance, during a storm if a tree falls on a line, in addition, when there is a fault, the line must be dead

15.
Clarington
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Clarington is a lower-tier municipality in the Regional Municipality of Durham in Ontario, Canada. It was incorporated in 1973 as the town of Newcastle with the merging of the town of Bowmanville, in 1994, the town was renamed Clarington, a portmanteau of the names of the two former townships. Bowmanville is the largest community in the municipality and is the home of the municipal offices, Clarington is the eastern end of the Greater Toronto Area and its census metropolitan area is part of neighbouring Oshawa. Major employers in Clarington include the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station, General Motors Canada, most residents commute for work in Durham Region or Toronto. Clarington was a location to host ITER in 2001. Clarington is governed by a municipal council consisting of a mayor. In addition, two councillors each represent a pair of wards. The mayor and the regional councillors sit on both Clarington Council and Durham Region Council, the current council was elected on October 27,2014, for a four-year term. 6%. The 2011 Census counted 30,797 housing units and 29,880 being occupied,2011 Census data show that Clarington has one of the highest proportions of residents that have English as their mother tongue within the GTA. French is the language for 1. 8% of the population of Clarington. No other language has more than 1% of native speakers, environment Canada operates a weather station in Bowmanville. Under the Köppen climate classification Bowmanville has a continental climate with warm summers. In spite of this the low is around −10 °C in January. It is also a former host of the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One before the event was moved to a circuit in Montreal in the 1970s, Canadian Tire Motorsport Park was also the location of three major music festivals held between 1970 and 1980. The Strawberry Fields Festival held August 7–9,1970 featured Alice Cooper, Jethro Tull, Grand Funk Railroad, Procol Harum, Ten Years After, Lighthouse, Crowbar and Sly and the Family Stone. John Lennon was to be the act, bidding to gain exposure for his peace campaign. However, the event still used the title of The Beatles 1967 single of the same name, led Zeppelin were booked to play but also backed out. Canada Jam was held August 26,1978 and the Heatwave Festival was held August 23,1980, CTMP was home to Republic Lives Boots & Hearts Music Festival (first opened summer of 2012-2014 but was abruptly moved to a new location in Barrie in 2015

16.
Pickering Nuclear Generating Station
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Pickering Nuclear Generating Station is a Canadian nuclear power station located on the north shore of Lake Ontario in Pickering, Ontario. The facility derives its name from the City of Pickering in which it is located and it produces about 14% of Ontarios power and employs 3,000 workers. Co-located at the Pickering station is a single 1.8 MWe wind turbine named the OPG7 commemorative turbine, in April 1999, Ontario Hydro was split into five component Crown corporations with Ontario Power Generation taking over all electricity generating stations. OPG continues to operate the Pickering station, the facility is connected to the North American power grid via numerous 230,000 and 500, 000-volt transmission lines. The facility was operated as two stations, Pickering A and Pickering B until 2011. While primarily administrative in nature, the division was not wholly artificial, there are, however, a number of systems and structures in common between the two stations, the most notable of these is the shared vacuum building, a negative pressure containment system. The operation of Pickering A and B was unified in order to reduce costs now that Pickering A Units 2 and 3 are shut down in safe storage. On December 31,1997 the four Pickering A reactors were shut down by Ontario Hydro and placed in lay up, Ontario Hydro committed to restarting the units, but the project underwent long delays and large cost over-runs. Premier Mike Harris asked former federal energy Minister Jake Epp to study, mr. Epp acknowledged the large cost over-runs and delays attributing blame to bad management. The Epp Review estimated the cost of restarting the reactors at $3 –4 billion. The election of the Ontario Liberal Party in 2003 delayed action on the Epp report, the report recommended proceeding with the restart Pickering “A” reactors 1,2, and 3, sequentially. The report argued that the restart of units 2 and 3 would be contingent on whether “OPG will be able to succeed at the Unit 1 project. The McGuinty government accepted the OPG Review Committees recommendation and allowed the restart of reactor 1, in August 2005, the OPG Board of Directors announced that Units 2 and 3 would not be refurbished due to specific technical and cost risks surrounding the material condition of these two units. Numerous changes in staff and project management strategy were made for the follow-on project to refurbish Unit 1. The experience of refurbishing Pickering A Unit 1 was significantly different from Unit 4, with a much tighter adherence to schedule, Unit 1 was returned to service in November 2005, providing 542 MW of generating capacity for Ontarios electricity system. In August 2005, the OPG Board of Directors announced that Units 2 and 3 would not be refurbished due to specific technical, the used nuclear fuel and some refurbishment waste generated by the plant sits on-site at the Pickering Waste Management Facility. All operational low and intermediate-level waste is transported to OPGs Western Waste Management Facility at the Bruce nuclear site near Kincardine, Ontario. OPG has proposed the construction and operation of a geologic repository for the long-term storage of low

Pickering Nuclear Generating Station
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A unit at the Pickering plant
Pickering Nuclear Generating Station
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The Pickering Nuclear Generating Station, viewed from the west. All eight reactors are visible, from 2.5km to 3.25km away.

17.
Pickering, Ontario
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Pickering is a city located in Southern Ontario, Canada, immediately east of Toronto in Durham Region. It was settled by primarily ethnic British colonists, starting in the 1770s, most of its growth has come since the end of World War II, and it has received immigrants from around the globe. This was Aboriginal territory for thousands of years, the Wyandot, who spoke an Iroquoian language, were the historic people living here in the 15th century. Archeological remains of a village have been found here, known as the Draper Site. Later, the Wyandot moved northwest to Georgian Bay, where they established their historic homeland, there they encountered French explorers in the early 17th century, followed by missionaries and fur traders. The Onondaga were among the Five Tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy, the British took over Canada following defeat of the French in the Seven Years War, known in the North American front as the French and Indian War. They likely completed survey of the township about 1776, British colonial settlers were steadily migrating into the area from areas of Canada. The town was named after Pickering, North Yorkshire, in the 1813 census, Pickering had 180 residents —40 more than neighbouring Scarborough. A large influx of Quaker immigrants from the eastern United States arrived in the early 1810s, the main thoroughfare at this time was the Kingston Road, which cut through the south of the township on its way from York east to Kingston. Pickering was represented in the Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837, one of the leaders, Peter Matthews, had formerly been one of the most prominent members of the community. In 1941, the portion of the township became the independent town of Ajax. Ontario County, Ontario became Durham Region in 1974, and some of the lines were modified. As a result, one of the centres of the original township, Pickering Village, became part of Ajax. Pickering has planned a downtown intensification program which includes new condominium developments around the Pickering GO station, Toronto, Markham, and Rouge Park border Pickering on the west, Ajax borders Pickering on the east, and Lake Ontario forms Pickerings southern boundary. Pickering has experienced growth in the post-war period in the second half of the twentieth century. Torontos continuing growth led to people moving into Pickering. Between 1996 and 2001, the municipality experienced a growth rate of 10.3 percent, population growth has slowed considerably in recent years, growing only slightly between the 2001 and 2011 census. The low population growth is due to the citys development restrictions on land in the northern portion of its area

Pickering, Ontario
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Nautical Village on Lake Ontario
Pickering, Ontario
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Traffic congestion on Highway 401 in Pickering.
Pickering, Ontario
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Boats and benches by Frenchman's Bay by Millennium Square
Pickering, Ontario
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Trees in blossom in the springtime in the Nautical Village

18.
Bruce Power
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Bruce Power Limited Partnership is a Canadian business partnership composed of several corporations. It exists as a partnership between TransCanada Corporation, BPC Generation Infrastructure Trust, Power Workers Union and The Society of Energy Professionals and this is the largest operating nuclear plant in the world by output. Bruce power owns eight nuclear reactors on Lake Huron where it leases the Bruce site from Ontario Power Generation. With those eight units in operation, the facility supplies 6,300 megawatts of electricity to Ontarios power grid, Bruce Power became the worlds largest operating nuclear facility in 2012, when Units 1 and 2 returned to operation after a multibillion-dollar refurbishment project. This achievement returned the site to full operating capacity for the first time in 17 years. According to the Company, Bruce Power set a record for production in 2015. Current members of the board of directors of Bruce Power are, Dennis Fry, Duncan Hawthorne, Michael Rolland, Bernard Michel, Alexander Pourbaix, Sean McMaster, Sean Quinn, and Preston Swafford. Following the initial Bruce A Restart project to return to service of Units 3 and 4, to facilitate this, on Oct.17,2005, Bruce Power announced a revision to its structure. TransCanada Corporation, BPC Generation Infrastructure Trust, the PWU and the Society formed a new partnership, Bruce Power A Limited Partnership, Cameco Corporation is not an investor in BALP. TransCanada and BPC will each own a 47. 4% interest in BALP, safety was also a key component of the Restart initiative for both Bruce Power and its contractors. The project marked an astounding 24 million hours worked without a single acute lost-time injury, for a project this significant, this was a remarkable landmark for the entire industry. In October,2012, Bruce Power returned Units 1 and 2 to commercial operation just weeks after synchronizing to Ontarios electricity grid for the first time since 1997 and 1995 respectively. On 3 December 2015, Bruce Power president/CEO Duncan Hawthorne announced that it would spend $13 billion for an overhaul of six of its Lake Huron reactors. This is a postponement of an initially planned for 2016. Bruce Power will assume any risk of financial overruns, the Ontario government was pleased with that news because the province would not be assuming any financial risk. However, the agreement will require Ontario to pay a price for electricity produced by Bruce Power. Naturally, the project will provide other benefits. The agreement makes 23,000 jobs possible and supports an estimated $6.3 billion in annual, local economic development, in 2008, Bruce Power applied for a license to build a nuclear power plant at Cardinal Lake

Bruce Power
Bruce Power
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Bruce A Turbine Hall during the 2002-04 restart project

19.
Deep geological repository
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A deep geological repository is a nuclear waste repository excavated deep within a stable geologic environment. It entails a combination of form, waste package, engineered seals and geology that is suited to provide a high level of long-term isolation. The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, under construction in the USA, is the one which actually contains nuclear waste. But the facility suffered an explosion which led to a serious radiological accident in 2014. The most long-lived radioactive wastes, including spent nuclear fuel, must be contained and isolated from humans, Disposal of these wastes in engineered facilities, or repositories, located deep underground in suitable geologic formations is seen as the reference solution. Safeguards are also required to ensure that neither plutonium nor highly enriched uranium is diverted to weapon use, there is general agreement that placing spent nuclear fuel in repositories hundreds of meters below the surface would be safer than indefinite storage of spent fuel on the surface. The ability of natural barriers to isolate radioactive waste is demonstrated by the natural nuclear fission reactors at Oklo. During their long reaction period about 5.4 tonnes of products as well as 1.5 tonnes of plutonium together with other transuranic elements were generated in the uranium ore body. This plutonium and the other transuranics remained immobile until the present day and this is quite remarkable in view of the fact that ground water had ready access to the deposits and they were not in a chemically inert form, such as glass. Nuclear reprocessing does not eliminate the need for a repository, but reduces the volume, the radiation hazard. Reprocessing does not eliminate the political and community challenges to repository siting, major underground test facilities are listed below. The pit Asse II is a salt mine in the mountain range of Asse in Lower Saxony/Germany. Between 1967 and 1978 radioactive waste was placed in storage, since 2003480,000 m3 of salt-concrete has been pumped into the pit to temporarily stabilize the upper levels. The salt dome is in the state of collapse, the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in the United States went into service in 1999 by putting the first cubic metres of transuranic radioactive waste in a deep layer of salt near Carlsbad, New Mexico. There was a proposal for a high level waste repository in Australia and Russia. However, since the proposal for a repository in Australia was raised, domestic political objections have been loud and sustained. This project faced significant opposition and suffered due to litigation by The Agency for Nuclear Projects for the State of Nevada. On March 5,2009, Energy Secretary Steven Chu told a Senate hearing the Yucca Mountain site is no longer viewed as an option for storing reactor waste

20.
Bruce Nuclear Generating Station
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Bruce Nuclear Generating Station is a nuclear power station located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, in the communities of Inverhuron and Tiverton, Ontario in Canada. It occupies 932 ha of land, the facility derives its name from Bruce County in which it is located, in the former Bruce Township. It is the largest nuclear generating station in the world by total reactor count, the number of operational reactors. Formerly known as the Bruce Nuclear Power Development, the facility was constructed in stages between 1970 and 1987 by the provincial Crown corporation, Ontario Hydro, in April 1999 Ontario Hydro was split into 5 component Crown corporations with Ontario Power Generation taking over all electrical generating stations. In June 2000, OPG entered into a long term agreement with private sector consortium Bruce Power to take over operation of the Bruce station. In May 2001, Bruce Power began operations, the lease is for 18 years with an option to extend a further 25 years. The station is the largest employer in Bruce County, with 3800 workers, in November 2009, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission renewed Bruce Power’s operating licences for 5 years, as well as giving permission to refuel units 1 and 2. In May 2014, the CNSC extended the licence to May 2015, public hearings are tentatively schedule for early 2015 in Ottawa and Kincardine. A new operating licence has been granted for June 1,2015, the eight reactors are arranged into two plants with four reactors to a plant. Each reactor is within a concrete containment, with eight steam generators. The steam generators are 12 m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes each, each group of four reactors shares a single set of fueling machines which travel in a duct traversing the entire plant. The duct is cut through solid rock beneath the reactors, and doubles as part of the relief system. Each reactor has its own turbine generator set, with one high-pressure turbine, the turbine hall at each plant houses the four turbine generator sets. Cooling water is taken from Lake Huron, there is one control room per 4 reactors. Bruce A units were rated at 750 MWe net /805 MWe gross. This was later increased to 769 MWe net /825 MWe gross, as of 2017 the Bruce A units were capable of producing up to 779 MWe net according to IESO generator data. Each reactor requires 6240 fuel bundles that weigh 22.5 kg each, there are 480 fuel channels per reactor, containing 13 bundles each. There is storage capacity for about 23,000 bundles, about 16 bundles are discharged per reactor per day

21.
Radioactive waste
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Radioactive waste is waste that contains radioactive material. Radioactive waste is usually a by-product of nuclear generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research. Radioactive waste is hazardous to most forms of life and the environment, and is regulated by government agencies in order to protect human health and the environment. Radioactivity naturally decays over time, so radioactive waste has to be isolated and confined in appropriate facilities for a sufficient period until it no longer poses a threat. The time radioactive waste must be stored for depends on the type of waste, Radioactive waste typically comprises a number of radionuclides, unstable configurations of elements that decay, emitting ionizing radiation which can be harmful to humans and the environment. These isotopes emit different types and levels of radiation, which last for different periods of time, the radioactivity of all radioactive waste diminishes with time. Certain radioactive elements will remain hazardous to humans and other creatures for hundreds or thousands of years, other radionuclides remain radioactive for millions of years. Thus, these wastes must be shielded for centuries and isolated from the environment for millennia. Since radioactive decay follows the rule, the rate of decay is inversely proportional to the duration of decay. In other words, the radiation from a long-lived isotope like iodine-129 will be less intense than that of a short-lived isotope like iodine-131. The two tables show some of the radioisotopes, their half-lives, and their radiation yield as a proportion of the yield of fission of uranium-235. The energy and the type of the radiation emitted by a radioactive substance are also important factors in determining its threat to humans. The chemical properties of the element will determine how mobile the substance is and how likely it is to spread into the environment. Exposure to radioactive waste may cause harm or death. In humans, a dose of 1 sievert carries a 5. 5% risk of developing cancer, ionizing radiation causes deletions in chromosomes. If a developing organism such as a child is irradiated, it is possible a birth defect may be induced. The incidence of radiation-induced mutations in humans is small, as in most mammals, because of natural cellular-repair mechanisms, Radioactive waste comes from a number of sources. Waste from the front end of the fuel cycle is usually alpha-emitting waste from the extraction of uranium

Radioactive waste
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Activity of U-233 for three fuel types
Radioactive waste
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Total activity for three fuel types
Radioactive waste
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Removal of very low-level waste
Radioactive waste
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Spent fuel flasks are transported by railway in the United Kingdom. Each flask is constructed of 14 in (360 mm) thick solid steel and weighs in excess of 50 tons

22.
Nanticoke Generating Station
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The Nanticoke Generating Station was the largest coal-fired power plant in North America. At full capacity, it could provide 3,964 MW of power into the southern Ontario power grid from its base in Nanticoke, Ontario and it is owned by Ontario Power Generation. It was decommissioned in 2013 as part of the Government of Ontarios commitment to coal power. Prior to the commencement of decommissioning, Nanticoke was one of Canadas top ten sources of greenhouse gases. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1924, Ontario Hydro revealed plans to build a 4,000 MW fossil-fuel generating station near Long Point, Ontario in 1967. Its current site was selected in Nanticoke, Ontario, because of the harbour, the proximity of United States coal supplies. The construction of the plant cost CAN$800 million and operations started in 1972, eight pulverized coal-fired steam generators were built in phases between 1973 and 1978. By 1981, the plant was consuming 35,000 tonnes of coal per day, over the years, another $900 million has been invested in making the plant more energy efficient, robust, and improving its emissions. Although the plant houses eight generating units, four of those units have since been retired, the remaining four units are not in operation. Rather, they are being held in standby for potential use with alternative fuels. Previously, power generation at this plant was on a basis, only operating during peak levels of energy consumption. At other times the plant would remain idle, when demand for electricity was high, the remaining four active generating units were put into service, with the maximum potential to produce approximately 5% of Ontarios total generating capacity. The plant is connected to the grid by numerous 230, 000- and 500. Cooling water for the plant is drawn from Lake Erie using two pipes that are 6.5 m in diameter, stretch 550 m offshore, the plant has two multi-flue smokestacks which are both 198 m tall. A dock on the shore of the site allows ships to deliver coal to a stock pile. At its peak, Nanticoke employed approximately 634 staff from the area, the Nanticoke station used to be one of Canadas largest greenhouse gas emitters and polluters. In 2001, it was the largest single source of greenhouse gases according to Environment Canada, due to major reductions in output since 2009, it was eventually surpassed by facilities in Alberta. The province could not replace Nanticokes energy output by the deadline, the province was examining replacing this output using nuclear power by refurbishing its existing fleet, and building two additional reactors at the Darlington Nuclear Generating Station

Nanticoke Generating Station
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Nanticoke Generating Station

23.
Atikokan
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Atikokan is a township in the Rainy River District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The population was 2,753 as of the 2016 census, the town is one of the main entry points into Quetico Provincial Park and promotes itself as the Canoeing Capital of Canada. Atikokan was originally established as a stop for the Canadian Northern Railway. The town of Atikokan is an enclave within the Unorganized Rainy River District and it is in the Central Time Zone but observes Eastern Standard Time year-round. The original settlers to the Atikokan area were the Oschekamega Wenenewak Ojibwa / Chippewa and they lived by themselves until the arrival of Jacques de Noyon in 1688. His journey was critical for the expansion and exploration of the Atikokan area, the government, ignoring both plans, decided to build a road west of Lac des Mille Lacs, down the Seine River and finally into Rainy Lake. In 1859, Simon James Dawson was hired to begin the route, in 1867, after Confederation, there became an increased need for communication to the west. Construction of the Dawson Trail began in Prince Arthurs Landing in 1868, Construction was sped up in 1869 as the Riel Rebellion resulted in the need to transport troops. Tom Rawn and his wife were the first residents of Atikokan, Rawn was lured to Atikokan by both the allure of gold in the area and because of plans by the Canadian Northern Railway to build a divisional point. Tom moved here because he had heard there was need of shelter for the workers on the railway. Within a year of moving to Atikokan, Tom Rawn built the Pioneer Hotel, in 1900, he was the first to strike a claim for iron ore in the Steep Rock area. In 1937, when Julian Cross discovered ore, it seemed like Atikokan had some potential for becoming a real town, the first real showing was the construction of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce on Clark Street. Pitt Construction arrived later to construct roads and their new way of making roads with machines amazed old-timers, who were used to making them using a pick, shovel and wheelbarrow. In 1950, the population had grown to 3,000 people, the first businesses in Atikokan could buy lots on Main Street for only $10 an acre, but the prices soon skyrocketed to $100 per square foot. Even with the costs, stores, restaurants, banks. The second bank to open was the Toronto-Dominion, the third, during the fur trade era, major fur transportation and trading routes used by the voyageurs passed through the waters and portages south of what would later be Atikokan. The potential for the Steep Rock iron mine was revealed in 1897 by a non-resident geologist named William McInnis, nothing was done until the winter of 1929–1930, when Julian Cross started interviewing iron and steel companies to try to unlock Steep Rock’s potential. He finally convinced a company from Duluth, Minnesota, led by Robert Whiteside to take the job, in 1932, Dr. McKenzie and Tom Rawn staked out the entire South East bay of Steep Rock

Atikokan
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Atikokan
Atikokan
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A bike rack in Atikokan, Ontario. Because the town is considered the "Canoeing Capital of Canada", many canoe symbols are seen around town.
Atikokan
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Little Falls, a scenic water body within the town limits.
Atikokan
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Partial view of Atikokan as seen from above.

24.
Liberal Party of Ontario
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The Ontario Liberal Party is a provincial political party in the province of Ontario, Canada. It has formed the Government of Ontario since the election of 2003. The party is aligned with the Liberal Party of Canada. The party is led by Kathleen Wynne, who was sworn in as Premier of Ontario on February 11,2013 after winning the Ontario Liberal leadership election on January 26,2013. The modern Liberals were founded by George Brown, who sought to rebuild the Reform Party after its collapse in 1854, the party adopted a position in favour of uniting Upper and Lower Canada into the United Province of Canada, a concept that eventually led to Canadian confederation. After 1867, Edward Blake became leader of the Ontario Liberal Party, the party sat in opposition to the Conservative government led by John Sandfield Macdonald. Blakes Liberals defeated the Tories in 1871, but Blake left Queens Park for Ottawa the next year, Mowat served as Premier of Ontario until 1896. The Liberals were defeated in 1905 after over thirty years in power, the party had grown tired and arrogant in government and became increasingly cautious. As well, a growing anti-Catholic sectarian sentiment hurt the Liberals, the party was so disorganized that it was led for seven years by an interim leader, W. E. N. Sinclair, as there was not enough money or a sufficient level of organization, by 1930, the Liberals were reduced to a small, rural and prohibitionist rump with a base in south western Ontario. After a series of leaders, the Liberals turned to Mitchell Hepburn. Hepburn was able to build a coalition with Liberal-Progressives and attract reformers. The Liberal-Progressives had previously supported the UFO and the Progressive Party of Canada, a wet, Hepburn was able to end the divisions in the party around the issue of temperance which had reduced it to a narrow sect. The revitalized party was able to win votes from farmers, particularly in southwestern Ontario, urban Ontario, Catholics. It also had the advantage of not being in power at the onset of the Great Depression, with the economy in crisis, Ontarians looked for a new government, and Hepburns populism was able to excite the province. In government, Hepburns Liberals warred with organized labour led by the Congress of Industrial Organizations, later, he battled with the federal Liberal Party of Canada government of William Lyon Mackenzie King, which, Hepburn argued, was insufficiently supportive of the war effort. The battle between Hepburn and King split the Ontario Liberal Party and led to Hepburns ouster as leader and it also contributed to the partys defeat in the 1943 election, which was followed by the partys long stint in opposition. The Liberals declined to a wing, rural rump

Liberal Party of Ontario
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Logo of the Ontario Liberal Party from 1995 to 2002
Liberal Party of Ontario
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Ontario Liberal Party Parti libéral de l'Ontario

25.
Electricity grid
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An electrical grid is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from suppliers to consumers. Power stations may be located near a source, at a dam site, or to take advantage of renewable energy sources. They are usually large to take advantage of the economies of scale. The electric power which is generated is stepped up to a voltage at which it connects to the electric power transmission network. The bulk power transmission network will move the power long distances, sometimes across international boundaries, on arrival at a substation, the power will be stepped down from a transmission level voltage to a distribution level voltage. As it exits the substation, it enters the distribution wiring, finally, upon arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again from the distribution voltage to the required service voltage. Electrical grids vary in size covering an single building through national grids which cover whole countries. Early electric energy was produced near the device or service requiring that energy, in the 1880s, electricity competed with steam, hydraulics, and especially coal gas. Coal gas was first produced on premises but later evolved into gasification plants that enjoyed economies of scale. In the industrialized world, cities had networks of piped gas, but gas lamps produced poor light, wasted heat, made rooms hot and smoky, and gave off hydrogen and carbon monoxide. In the 1880s electric lighting soon became advantageous compared to gas lighting, Electric utility companies took advantage of economies of scale and moved to centralized power generation, distribution, and system management. With long distance power transmission it became possible to interconnect stations to balance load, merz was appointed head of a Parliamentary Committee and his findings led to the Williamson Report of 1918, which in turn created the Electricity Supply Bill of 1919. The bill was the first step towards an integrated electricity system, the Electricity Act of 1926 led to the setting up of the National Grid. The Central Electricity Board standardized the nations electricity supply and established the first synchronized AC grid and this started operating as a national system, the National Grid, in 1938. In the United States in the 1920s, utilities formed joint-operations to share peak load coverage, no longer were electric utilities built as vertical monopolies, where generation, transmission and distribution were handled by a single company. Now, the three stages could be split among various companies, in an effort to provide accessibility to high voltage transmission. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 allowed incentives and loan guarantees for energy production. In France, electrification began in the 1900s, with 700 communes in 1919, and 36,528 in 1938

Electricity grid
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The Continental U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km of lines operated by approximately 500 companies. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) oversees all of them.
Electricity grid
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General layout of electricity networks. Voltages and depictions of electrical lines are typical for Germany and other European systems.

26.
John Manley
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John Paul Manley PC OC is a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician. He served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Ottawa South from 1988 to 2004 and he is now President and CEO of the Business Council of Canada. Manley was born in Ottawa, Ontario and attended Bell High School and he received a BA from Carleton University in 1971 and an LL. B. from the University of Ottawa in 1976. He also studied at the University of Lausanne, after law school Manley clerked under Bora Laskin, the Chief Justice of Canada. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1978, manleys early career was in tax law at the firm Perley-Robertson Hill & McDougall LLP. He is married to Judith Manley with whom he has three children, Rebecca, David and Sarah, Manley is also an accomplished marathoner. He was first elected as an MP in the 1988 election, when the Liberals came to power under Jean Chrétien following the 1993 election he became Minister of Industry. During his time in Industry, Manley was a supporter of Canada-based research and development. In particular, he felt that the so-called wired classroom would help to equalize the gap between urban and smaller, rural schools, Manley supported Dalton McGuintys successful bid to lead the Ontario Liberal Party in 1996. He was shuffled to Minister of Foreign Affairs on the eve of the 2000 election and he was widely applauded for his work in foreign affairs, particularly for helping to ease strained Canada-U. S. relations. He was seen as able to communicate with the U. S. administration, David Rudd, then director of Torontos Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies said, Under Manley, the government of Canada talks to Washington, not at it. In January 2002 he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and given responsibility for security in response to 9/11. For his performance in roles, he was named Time Magazines Canadian newsmaker of the year in 2001. In May 2002, Chrétien appointed Manley as Minister of Finance and his 2003 federal budget laid out billions of dollars in new spending, primarily in health-care, child-care, and for First Nations. It also introduced new accountability features to limit federal waste. When Jean Chrétien announced his decision to retire, Manley announced his intention to run for the Liberal leadership and his primary competition was Martin, although Industry Minister Allan Rock and Heritage Minister and former Deputy Prime Minister Sheila Copps also ran, while Brian Tobin briefly contemplated running. Manleys polling numbers and fundraising were slightly behind that of Rocks, while ahead of Copps. From the beginning, it was apparent that Martin had a significant head start on his rivals, Martins record as Minister of Finance was impressive and he also controlled much of the party machinery by 2002

27.
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario. The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903, across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls, New York. The city is dominated by the Niagara Falls, a set of three large waterfalls on the Niagara River. The American and Horseshoe falls can be best seen from the Canadian side of the river, the natural spectacle attracts millions of tourists yearly. This area, which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and tourist promenade, is concentrated at the brink of the falls. Further to the north or south, golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 and this area was long part of the Iroquois Confederacy territory, five powerful First Nations mostly along the southern edge of the Great Lakes. The Niagara Falls area has had some European settlement since the 17th century, louis Hennepin, a French priest and missionary, is regarded as the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, loyalist Robert Land received 200 acres and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years due to the relentless noise of falls. Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt. Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed, in addition, Niagara Falls markets itself as a honeymoon destination, it is the self-proclaimed honeymoon capital of the world. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated, the name of the town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls, the village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls, in 1882, Irish author Oscar Wilde visited Niagara Falls after lecturing in Buffalo during a lecture tour of North America. He stayed at the Prospect House in Niagara Falls, New York, an Internment camp was set up at The Armoury in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918. In 1953, the American actress Marilyn Monroe filmed Niagara here and this was a major event for the city

Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Skyline of Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Skyline of Niagara Falls, Canada, as seen from Niagara Falls State Park across the river in the United States
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Looking north on the Niagara River towards Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Niagara Falls, Ontario. The Fallsview area is in the background.

28.
Abitibi Canyon Generating Station
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Abitibi Canyon Generating Station is a hydroelectric power plant owned by Ontario Power Generation on the Abitibi River. The station is located 80 km north of Smooth Rock Falls, within Pitt Township in Northern Unorganized Cochrane District, in Ontario and this facility is the fifth downstream hydroelectric plant of six on the Abitibi River. Designed by George F. Hardy Company, the construction of this 349 MW facility began in 1930 and became fully operational in 1936. Hydro One has a 500 kV transmission line along with a 230 kV line that runs south to Sudbury, in 1930, a colony was established to house the employees of the plant and their families. About 130 people lived in the community which contained 30 homes, by 1982, the community had expanded to about 300 residents. List of generating stations in Canada List of generating stations in Ontario

29.
Mattagami River
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The Mattagami River is a river in Northern Ontario. Here the Mattagamis confluence with the Missinaibi River forms the Moose River, the Mattagami River flows through the city of Timmins as well as the town of Smooth Rock Falls and its drainage basin encompasses 37,000 square kilometres. The Mattagamis name comes from the Ojibwe and means either the start of water or turbulent water, according to the Mattagami First Nation, Mattagami means Meeting of the Waters. For a map showing the course, see this reference. Where the Groundhog and Kapuskasing Rivers flow into the Mattagami, Ontario Power Generation operates the Little Long Generating Station, with a dam just over 5 km in length

Mattagami River
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Mattagami River at Smooth Rock Falls

30.
Montreal River (Timiskaming District)
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The Montreal River is a river in Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada. It travels 220 kilometres from its source at Smoothwater Lake to its mouth at Lake Timiskaming on the Ottawa River, the river is a significant source of hydroelectricity. The Montreal River has a check mark shape, first flowing 70 kilometres north east. It begins at Smoothwater Lake in Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park, the river heads north, takes in several tributaries and reaches Inlet Bay on Gowganda Lake and the community of Gowganda. The river exits the lake at Outlet Bay, passes under Ontario Highway 560 and it reaches The Forks at Matachewan and takes in the major left tributary West Montreal River. The river continues southeast to the community of Elk Lake, takes in the right tributary Makobe River, the river is paralleled by Highway 65 for the stretch Matachewan to Latchford. The river heads over the Latchford Dam and under the Sgt, the river flows over Fountain Falls and the Paugan Rapids, and enters the reservoir of the OPG Lower Notch Generating Station and dam. It then passes over the dam and under Ontario Highway 567 to reach its mouth at Lake Timiskaming, two bird banding stations are located in the Montreal River drainage basin. One is at Mountain Chutes southeast of Elk Lake, and a second at Gillies Lake just northeast of Latchford

31.
Nipigon River
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The Nipigon River is a river in Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is about 48 km long and 50 to 200 m wide, the Nipigon River was a thing of legend for the size and quantity of the brook trout that were to be found there. However, four dams built on the Nipigon led to a decline in their population. The river is also a fishing destination. In 1915 Dr Cook caught the world record for the largest brook trout, aka speckled trout, or coaster trout. Four years later, Prince Edward, Prince of Wales, spent time fishing on the Nipigon, the river also has a run of lake trout, rainbow trout and salmon during various times of the year. Fish that migrate up the river are able to get to the first dam which is located approximately 15 miles from the mouth of the river system, the reservoir between the dams are good fishery, especially for large speckled trout and lake trout. Fishing starts the first of May until freeze up at the end of November, the river can be accessed from boat, or fished by shore from various strategic locations. List of Ontario rivers Ontario Power Generation Nipigon River Bridge Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources – Nipigon River Ontario Power Generation – Nipigon River

Nipigon River
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Prince Edward, Prince of Wales talks with river guide Neil McDougall at their camp on the Nipigon River, 1919.
Nipigon River
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Main lakes

32.
English River (Ontario)
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The English River is a river in Kenora District and Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It flows through Lac Seul to join the Winnipeg River as a right tributary, the river is in the Hudson Bay drainage basin, is 615 kilometres long and has a drainage basin of 52,300 square kilometres. There are several plants on this river. For a map showing the course, see this reference. The English River flows through Lac Seul to its mouth at the Winnipeg River, vermilion River Wabigoon River Caribou Falls Ear Falls Kejick Bay / Lac Seul First Nation Sioux Lookout English River List of longest rivers of Canada List of Ontario rivers Ontario Minamata disease

English River (Ontario)
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The English River was on the canoe route James Bay, Albany River, English River, Lake Winnipeg

33.
Kaministiquia River
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The Kaministiquia River /ˌkæmᵻˈnɪstᵻkwɑː/ is a river which empties into western Lake Superior at the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario. Kaministiquia is an Ojibwe word meaning with islands due to two islands at the mouth of the river. Residents of the region refer to the river as the Kam River. Water flow in the Kaministiquia River system is regulated at the Dog Lake dams 1 and 2 and at the Greenwater, Kashabowie and Shebandowan dams. Two generating stations, one at Kakabeka Falls and another at Silver Falls, are operated by Ontario Power Generation, Kakabeka Falls, located on this river, is the largest waterfall in the Lake Superior watershed at a height of 47 metres. Below these falls, the flows through an extensive floodplain created by an ancient predecessor that flowed through this region following the last ice age. The unnamed river is depicted on the 1671 Carte des Jésuites as R. par où lon va aux Assinipoualacs à120 lieues vers le Nord-Ouest, like the Pigeon River, this river was an important part of the water route into western Canada. Both are now referred to as ) because of the large number of variant spellings used during the French regime, such as Kamanistigouian, Camanistigoyan, Kaministigoyan. The two rival British posts were amalgamated in 1821, the river has had many spellings since 1681, finally being spelled as Kaministiquia, although for a time Kaministikwia was also an official spelling. Following the opening of the United States canal and locks at Sault Ste Marie, Michigan in 1855, silt had created a sand bar at its principal mouth, such that dredging was required as early as 1873 to enable larger boats to venture farther upstream. The double-deck Jackknife Bascule Bridge was built by the CPR in 1913 to allow trains, the Thunder Bay Generating Station is located on Mission Island in the rivers delta. The three branches of the river at the delta were extensively dredged and widened by the federal Department of Public Works in the twentieth century to facilitate navigation. The river has been depicted by many prominent Canadian artists such as William Armstrong, Frances Anne Hopkins, since the Grand Portage route was better, the Kaministiquia route was soon forgotten. The problem was that it was on the US side, in 1784 the North West Company sent Edward Umfreville to find a route on the British side. In the summer of 1798 Roderick McKenzie, the cousin of Alexander Mackenzie, met a group of Indians on the Height of Land Portage, the new route was approved by Simon McTavish in 1799. This section covers the route from Fort William 135 miles west to the juncture of the Grand Portage route at Lac La Croix. For the other route see Grand Portage, for the whole route to Lake Winnipeg see Winnipeg River and for all routes see Canadian canoe routes. The Kaministiquia and Grand Portage were the two routes used by Canadian fur traders to travel to western Canada from the Great Lakes

Kaministiquia River
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The Red River Expedition at Kakabeka Falls by Frances Anne Hopkins, 1877
Kaministiquia River
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Fort William on the Kaministiquia River in 1811

34.
Winnipeg River
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The Winnipeg River is a Canadian river which flows from Lake of the Woods in the province of Ontario to Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba. This river is 235 kilometres long from the Norman Dam in Kenora to its mouth at Lake Winnipeg and its watershed is 106,500 square kilometres in area, mainly in Canada. About 29,000 square kilometres of area is in northern Minnesota. The watershed stretches to the height of land about 100 kilometres west of Lake Superior, the Winnipeg River watershed was the southeastern-most portion of the land granted to the Hudsons Bay Company in 1670. The rivers name means water in Cree. This river route was used by natives for thousands of years and it is the only major water route between what is now southern Manitoba and Ontario that allowed natives to easily canoe back and forth. The Red River route was much farther south and with a longer portage, La Vérendrye was one of the first explorers to establish fur trade forts near the native camps in the area. The Winnipeg River system through Whiteshell Provincial Park has many petroforms near the Whiteshell River forks where the two rivers meet and these petroforms are an ancient reminder of the importance of the area for native travel, trade, ceremonies, harvesting, and settlements. Major modern communities along the banks of the Winnipeg River include Lac du Bonnet, Pinawa, Powerview, and Pine Falls, all in Manitoba, Whitedog is the home of the Wabaseemoong First Nation. In Ontario there are dams at Kenora and Whitedog Falls, there are also many lakes along the Winnipeg River where the river widens, including Nutimik, Eleanor, Dorothy, Margaret, Natalie, and Lac du Bonnet, all in Manitoba. Nutimik, Dorothy, and Margaret lakes are all entirely within the Whiteshell Provincial Park, lakes in the Ontario portion of the river include Gun, Roughrock and Sand. Tributaries include the Rainy River, Black Sturgeon River, English River, Bird River, Lee River, Whiteshell River, Whitemouth River, and the Macfarlane River. Flows on the Winnipeg River are controlled by the Lake of the Woods Control Board which maintains a website with detailed descriptions of the river basin, once on Lake Winnipeg one could go by canoe as far as the Rocky Mountains, Arctic Ocean or Hudson Bay. This section covers the route from Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg via Rainy Lake, the Rainy River, Lake of the Woods, for the route in general see Canadian canoe routes#Nelson River basin. The area was too rocky to be good beaver country, grand Portage was the second longest portage in Canada after Methye Portage. Once over the height of land rivers led west to Rainy Lake, duncan MGillivray called the Rainy the most beautiful river in the north. George Simpson and many others made similar comments, the route then went up the east side of Lake of the Woods and over the Rat Portage to the Winnipeg. The Winnipeg was notorious for its many portages and décharges, three were the Dales, Portage de lIsle and La Rivière Blanche named for its white water

35.
Ottawa River
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The Ottawa River, is a river in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. For most of its length, it defines the border between two provinces. It is a tributary of the St. Lawrence River. The river rises from its source in Lake Capimitchigama, in the Laurentian Mountains of central Quebec, from there its route has been used to define the interprovincial border with Ontario. From Lake Timiskaming, the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau, the Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The river is 1,271 kilometres long, it drains an area of 146,300 square kilometres,65 percent in Quebec and the rest in Ontario, with a mean discharge of 1,950 cubic metres per second. The average annual mean waterflow measured at Carillon dam, near the Lake of Two Mountains, is 1,939 cubic metres per second, with average annual extremes of 749 to 5,351 cubic metres per second. Record historic levels since 1964 are a low of 529 cubic metres per second in 2005, the river flows through large areas of deciduous and coniferous forest formed over thousands of years as trees recolonized the Ottawa Valley after the ice age. Generally, the coniferous forests occur on old sand plains left by retreating glaciers, the deciduous forests, dominated by maple, beech, oak and ash occur in more mesic areas with better soil. The vast areas of pine were exploited by early loggers, later generations of logging removed hemlock for use in tanning leather, leaving a permanent deficit of hemlock in most forests. Associated with the logging and early settlement were vast wild fires which not only removed the forests, consequently, nearly all the forests show varying degrees of human disturbance. Tracts of older forest are uncommon, and hence they are considered of importance for conservation. The Ottawa River has large areas of wetlands, the Westmeath sand dune/wetland complex is significant for its relatively pristine sand dunes, few of which remain along the Ottawa River, and the many associated rare plants. Shirleys Bay has a biologically diverse shoreline alvar, as well as one of the largest silver maple swamps along the river, like all wetlands, these depend upon the seasonal fluctuations in the water level. High water levels help create and maintain silver maple swamps, while low water periods allow many rare plants to grow on the emerged sand. There are five principal vegetation types. One is swamp, mostly silver maple, there are four herbaceous vegetation types, named for the dominant plant species in them, Scirpus, Eleocharis, Sparganium and Typha. Which type occurs in a location depends upon factors such as substrate type, water depth, ice-scour

Ottawa River
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The Ottawa River in the autumn
Ottawa River
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Map of the Ottawa River drainage basin
Ottawa River
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Ottawa River Stromatolite Bed, near the Champlain Bridge (Ottawa), with downtown Ottawa on the background
Ottawa River
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In this false-colour satellite image, the Ottawa River flows southeast, joining the St. Lawrence River which flows northeast. Heavily forested areas appear differing shades of orange/red, while farmland is tan shades.

36.
Otonabee River
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The Otonabee River is a river in Peterborough County in Central Ontario, Canada. The river flows from Katchewanooka Lake, at the end of the community of Lakefield. It is in the Great Lakes Basin and forms part of the Trent-Severn Waterway, the river is called Odoonabii-ziibi in the Ojibwe language. Otonabee comes from the words ode which means heart and odemgat that comes from boiling water and it translates into the river that beats like a heart in reference to the bubbling and boiling water of the rapids along the river. The river begins at Katchewanooka Lake on the side of the community of Lakefield in the municipality of Selwyn. After leaving the community to the Peterborough city limits, the forms the border between Selwyn and the municipality of Douro–Dummer. The river continues south, passing through the associated with four more locks, enters the city of Peterborough. Just south of the university, the Trent-Severn departs via a canal to the Peterborough Lift Lock east of the river. It passes over several hydroelectricity dams and generating stations, and passes into the centre of the city of Peterborough, as close as 150 metres to downtown, the Trent-Severn waterway rejoins the river there, exiting from Ashburnham Lock. The total length of the river is 55 kilometres, and the distance from Little Lake to Rice Lake about 30 kilometres, the drainage basin, not including Katchewanooka Lake or other lakes further upstream, is 806 square kilometres. Some areas of Peterborough along the Otonabee are prone to flooding following heavy rains, both Susanna Moodie and Catharine Parr Traill lived on farms near Katchewanooka Lake. Trent University operates its own plant on the river. Cow Island is located to the west of the mouth of the Otonabee River

Otonabee River
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The Otonabee River in Peterborough, Ontario
Otonabee River
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A view across the Otonobee river in Peterborough, Ontario, showing a part of the campus of Trent University. The Faryon bridge is to the right.
Otonabee River
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Another view of the Faryon Bridge (reverse angle from previous), connecting the east and west banks of the Otonabee River.

37.
Wanapitei River
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The Wanapitei River is a river in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Great Lakes Basin and is a tributary of the French River. The rivers source is Scotia Lake, a small lake 20 kilometres east of Halfway Lake Provincial Park in Sudbury District. From there, it flows north and east, taking in two tributaries and continuing to a point 20 kilometres southwest of the Ishpatina Ridge, where it turns south. After approximately 60 kilometres, the flows into Lake Wanapitei in the northeastern portion of Greater Sudbury. At the south end of the lake, the river continues, the river is approximately 120 kilometres in length and is a popular wilderness canoeing route. Ontario Power Generation operates three hydroelectric generating stations on the river as well as one control dam, at Wanapitei Lake, the rivers name comes from the Ojibwa word waanabidebiing, or concave-tooth water, which describes the shape of Lake Wanapitei. A community which takes its name from the river is spelled Wahnapitae, however, the Wanapitei spelling is correct for both the lake and the river. On June 2,2013, a bridge crossing the Wanapitei River at Wanup collapsed

38.
Sturgeon River (Lake Nipissing)
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The Sturgeon River is a 177 km-long river that springs near Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park in the Timiskaming District in Ontario, Canada. It flows in a direction through Sudbury and Nipissing Districts before it empties into Lake Nipissing on the north shore. The town of Sturgeon Falls is located on the river about 3 km north of its mouth, the northerly region of the river is surrounded by the Sturgeon River Provincial Park. Ontario Power Generation operates a plant on the river at Crystal Falls. From 1848 to 1879, the Hudsons Bay Company operated a fur trading post called Sturgeon River House on this river, up until the middle of the 20th century, the river was used to transport logs to sawmills on Lake Nipissing. Portions of the upper Sturgeon River are part of the Sturgeon River Waterway Provincial Park and this park consists of 33.5 km2 of protected wilderness stretched out along the river banks without any visitors facilities present. It is managed by Ontario Parks, obabika River Chiniguchi River Temagami River List of rivers of Ontario Ontario Parks official website - Sturgeon River Friends of Temagami

39.
Lennox Generating Station
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Lennox Generating Station is a natural gas-fired station in Lennox and Addington County, Ontario, Canada. Owned and operated by Ontario Power Generation, it is situated on Highway 33 on the shore of Lake Ontario,2 miles west of Bath. In the 1970s, Lennox was a solely oil-fired plant in an era of rising oil prices, oil is delivered by tanker cars via a spur of the Montreal-Kingston-Toronto CN Rail line. From 1982 to 1987 the plant was placed in reserve to power in Ontario. In 1997, the plant was converted to operate with either oil or natural gas. In 2008, the plant obtained regulatory approval for a generation system to control zebra mussel fouling of service water intake pipes. As of 2007, Lennox represented 50% of Ontario installed generation capacity east of the Toronto zone, when operating at full capacity, the plant claims to be the largest user of natural gas in Ontario. It is common to operate on natural gas during the season and switch to oil in the winter. The Lennox Generating Station consists of,4 -535 MW units 2 smokestacks - each 650 feet tall, the relocation of this proposed plant, and another proposed for Mississauga but displaced to Sarnias Lambton Generating Station, were key political issues in 2011 and 2014 Ontario elections. As of 2012, the site employed 160 people, an additional 25 permanent jobs will be added as a result of the 900MW expansion, *Calculated figures for CO2e are rounded to the nearest tonne

Lennox Generating Station
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Lennox Generating Station

40.
Greater Napanee
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Greater Napanee is a town in Southeastern Ontario, Canada, approximately 40 kilometres west of Kingston and the county seat of Lennox and Addington County. It is located on the end of the Bay of Quinte. The Greater Napanee municipality was created by amalgamating the old Town of Napanee with the townships of Adolphustown, North and South Fredericksburgh, Greater Napanee is co-extensive with the original Lennox County. The town is home to the Allan Macpherson House, an historic 1826 property, Macpherson was major of the Lennox Militia, operated the towns grist and saw mills as well as the distillery and general store. He served as post master and land agent, operated the first local printing press and helped fund the establishment of local schools. The home sits on the banks of the Napanee River, which runs through the town, the largest employer is a Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company plant. Napanee was formerly the headquarters of Dixie Lee Fried Chicken, the main streets are Dundas Street and Centre Street. Dundas Street is part of former Provincial Highway Number Two, also known as Kingston Road, Centre Street travels through the centre of the town from the modern commercial area close to Highway 401 to the downtown and onwards to Lake Ontario. The first recorded settlement in the area of Greater Napanee is Ganneious an Iroquois village, the village was located on or near the Hay Bay area and is one of seven Iroquois villages settled on the northern shores of Lake Ontario in the 17th century. The exact location of the village has not been determined, the area was settled by Loyalists in 1784 and Napanee was first incorporated in 1854. The first Loyalists settlers arrived at Adolphustown on June 15,1784 and their landing spot and site of the first Loyalist cemetery in the area has been preserved by the Loyalists. The original hamlet of Napanee was located at the site of a waterfall on the Napanee River, and was first known as Clarksville after Robert Clark, Sir John A. Macdonald, Canadas first prime minister, practised law in Napanee. Allan Macpherson House, • Built for Allan Macpherson, agent for the influential Cartwright family, the house exhibits a balanced Georgian design with neo-classical elements. The Lennox and Addington Historical Society restored the house to its early 19th century elegance and it now operates as a museum. The upper floor housed the Independent Order of Oddfellows and the Napanee Mechanics Institute. A bus also takes students to Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute for the International Baccalaureate program, speaker of the House of Commons, founder of the Canadian branch of the World Wildlife Fund and Officer of the Order of Canada. Born in Napanee on July 30,1903, the Senator was the grandson of a former mayor of Napanee, Jehiel Aylesworth. Albert Schultz, Gemini Award winning actor, he starred in the CBC Television hit drama Street Legal and his theatre career includes leading roles at the Stratford Festival and as Founding Artistic Director of the Soulpepper Theatre Company

Greater Napanee
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Dundas street

41.
St. Clair, Ontario
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St. Clair is a township in southwestern Ontario, Canada, immediately south of Sarnia in Lambton County, along the eastern shores of the St. Clair River. In 1823, Lord Hicks surveyed the site of Corunna. He chose to name the site after the town A Coruña in Spain because he had spent considerable time there during the Napoleonic Wars. The towns name owes itself to one of Beresfords commanders, Sir John Moore. Beresford had been sent on a mission to find a suitable capital for a union between the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Today, a stone cairn stands along Baird Street, near the CSX north-south train track that divides the town. The cairn marks the spot where survey crews planned to build St. Georges Square, today, most of Corunnas streets in the downtown bear the name of British military officials that served with Lord Beresford. The streets follow some of the specifications that Beresfords survey crew set out as part of its plans to create a capital. The Corunna area was settled by French farmers, who rented land near the river from the Chippewa First Nation. As the French presence faded, Corunna was settled by a wave of British settlers, one early settler was James Cruickshank, who settled south of Corunna on the Eighth Line near Kimball Side Road, in 1834. A plaque to commemorate his contribution to the township can be seen in the village of Corunna in a park on Beresford Street. The town saw an influx of grist mills, saw mills, there were attempts to build a canal through Corunna early in its history, but the canal was abandoned soon after it was dug, since it could not maintain consistent water levels. The early history of the town is spotty, but some accounts suggest a brewery was briefly in business in the town, in the 1920s and 30s, there were some village stores. A popular general store was on the west side of Lyndock, north of Hill, billy Locke, brother of Jack, ran Billys Bunnery. Billy Garoch had another store on the Lyndoch and Hill corner where the liquor store is now. It later became MacRaes store and closed in the early 1960s, billy Garoch also had an ice house to the east of his store, in the old school that had been moved from Lyndoch near the present Roses Variety Store. Many of Corunnas historic relics have been torn down over the years, the towns Catholic church, St. Josephs, was built in 1862 and still stands. Its wooden structure is bolstered by enormous trunks of the original trees

42.
Mississauga
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Mississauga /ˌmɪsɪˈsɒɡə/ is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. Situated in Southern Ontario, it lies on the shores of Lake Ontario in the Regional Municipality of Peel and it is part of the Greater Toronto Area, to the west of Toronto. The city has a population of 721,599 as of the Canada 2016 Census, a suburb of Toronto, Mississaugas growth is attributed to its proximity to that city. It is the largest suburb in Anglo-America by population, in recent decades, the city has attracted a multicultural population and has plans for developing its downtown core. Residents of the city are called Mississaugans or Saugans, Toronto Pearson International Airport, Canadas busiest airport, is located in the city, and it is the location of many major corporate headquarters for Canada. At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the 1600s, One of the First Nations groups the French traders found around the Credit River area were the Algonquian Mississaugas, a tribe originally from the Georgian Bay area. The name Mississauga comes from the Anishinaabe word Misi-zaagiing, meaning Great River-mouth, by 1700 the Mississaugas had driven away the Iroquois, yet during the Beaver Wars they played a neutral or post-emptive role. Toronto Township, consisting of most of present-day Mississauga, was formed on 2 August 1805 when officials from York purchased 84,000 acres of land from the Mississaugas. In January 2010, the Mississaugas and the government settled a land claim, in which the band of aboriginal people received $145,000,000, as just compensation for their land. The original villages settled included, Lakeview, Clarkson, Cooksville, Dixie, Erindale, Lorne Park, Port Credit, Sheridan and this region would become known as Toronto Township. Part of northeast Mississauga, including the Airport lands and Malton were part of Toronto Gore Township, a group of settlers from New York City arrived in the 1830s. The government wanted to compensate the Loyalists for property lost in the colonies, in 1820, the government purchased additional land from the Mississaugas. Additional settlements were established, including, Barbertown, Britannia, Burnhamthorpe, Derry West, Elmbank, Malton, Meadowvale Village, Mount Charles, european-Canadian growth led to the eventual displacement of the Mississaugas. In 1847, the government relocated them to a reserve in the Grand River Valley, in 1873, in light of the continued growth seen in this area much as a result of the many railway lines passing through the township which spurred on industry. The Toronto Township Council was formed to oversee the affairs of the villages that were unincorporated at that time. The Councils responsibilities included road maintenance, and the constitution of a police force, in the 1920s, cottages were constructed along the shores of Lake Ontario as weekend getaway houses for city dwellers. 17 years later in 1937,1,410.8 acres of land was sold to build the Malton Airport and it became Canadas busiest airport which also put the end to the community of Elmbank. The first prototypical suburban developments occurred around the time, in the area south of the Dixie Road/QEW interchange

Mississauga
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Clockwise from top: Skyline of Mississauga, University of Toronto Mississauga, Absolute World Condos, Downtown Skyline, Mississauga Civic Centre, Condominium Skyline.
Mississauga
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Mississauga Civic Centre seen from the south-east. This design was supposed to reflect the influence of farmsteads which once occupied much of Mississauga, the architecture is based on a "futuristic farm" (the clock tower is the windmill, the main building on the top-right corner is the farmhouse, the cylindrical council chamber is the silo, and the building on the bottom left represents a barn)
Mississauga
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Port Credit Light house
Mississauga
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Highway 403 in Mississauga, showing HOV lanes adjacent to the median.

43.
Hearn Generating Station
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The Richard L. Hearn Generating Station is a decommissioned electrical generating station in Toronto. The plant was fired by coal, but later converted to burn oil. It was never converted to run natural gas, rather it was replaced by a much smaller natural gas plant. It is still owned by Ontario Power Generation, a publicly owned electrical generation company, the plant has been described as Pharaonic in scale, and encompasses 650 thousand cubic metres of space—large enough to fit 12 Parthenons inside. The plant is located at 440 Unwin Avenue in Torontos Port Lands area, directly south of the foot of Carlaw Avenue, across the shipping channel, the R. L. Hearn Generating Station was the site of Canadas first 100 MW steam turbo-generator set. The station sits in what was once Ashbridges Bay, a marsh that was filled in with rubble from downtown construction sites from 1911 to 1950s. The station was opened on October 26,1951 by Leslie Frost, Premier of Ontario. Four units were in operation by 1953, the plant originally burned coal which was transported on ships through the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The station was designed by Stone & Webster, the turbine generators were built by Parsons in England and the boilers were made in Canada by Babcock & Wilcox and Combustion Engineering. Construction on the station was not even finished in the 1950s when Hydro officials, the early years were marked by difficult labour relations and several near strikes. Several unions were involved in conflicts with management and each other during the life of the station, the R. L. Hearn station was one of the founding locals of the Canadian Union of Operating Engineers and General Workers in 1960. The Richard L. Hearn plant reached full capacity of 1200 MW for the first time on March 22,1961. At full load the boilers burned about 400 tonnes of coal per hour, total construction cost was CA$156 million. The turbine hall was almost 300 metres long and was an impressive sight, units 1–4 had one turbine-generator each. The 200 MW units had two turbine-generators per unit—an arrangement called tandem cross-compound—so there were a total of 12 turbine-generator sets in the turbine hall, at the peak of the R. L. Hearns operation in the 1960s the station employed up to 600 people. The station at first had four chimneys, one for each of the four boilers. The construction of the four 200 MW units added four more chimneys, the last three were a bit taller than the first five. The eight short chimneys were a source of air pollution in local neighborhoods and downtown Toronto and also fly ash, the station contributed to Torontos smog problem

Hearn Generating Station
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Richard L.Hearn Generating Station
Hearn Generating Station
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Turbine hall of Hearn Generating Station, circa 1983
Hearn Generating Station
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Turbomachinery removed from the station and left to rust in 2007. On the left is a turbine casing (high-pressure and intermediate-pressure?), a section of turbine (double-flow low-pressure) behind it in the middle, and to the right is a rotor (a.k.a. field) from one of the generators. Some indication of the power generated by the turbines can be seen in the size of the power shaft.

44.
Portlands Energy Centre
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The Portlands Energy Centre is a 550-megawatt natural gas electrical generating station on the Toronto waterfront at 470 Unwin Avenue, next to the site of the decommissioned Hearn Generating Station. The Portlands Energy Centre is owned and operated as a 50/50 joint partnership between Ontario Power Generation and TransCanada Energy, the technical specifications of the plant in the original submission of the environmental review report to the Ministry of the Environment in November 2003 have been significantly altered. This was due to the government instructing Ontario Power Generation to stop participating in projects which use more environmentally acceptable generations systems, such as co-generation. Originally, the plant was described as two identical 275 MW power train systems, each comprising a 175 MW GE 7FA gas turbine generator and this proposed configuration was capable of producing over 272,000 kilograms per hour of steam for district heating. These groups called for a full Environmental Assessment as a way to some of the technical. The Ontario Liberal Government denied a full EA, over time, the plan was altered significantly in a way that reduced the efficiency and aesthetic virtues of the plant. It was also noted that the attempts to make the exterior of the plant aesthetically pleasing had been dropped in favour of a type design. The Ontario Liberal Government decided that, despite significant opposition, the project would be allowed to move forward without a full Environmental Assessment, the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation played a more neutral role, offering criticism of the plant but falling short of calling for a change of plans. The plant started delivering 340 MW of power to the City of Toronto in June 2008 in single-cycle operation and was operational with an output of 550 MW by the second-quarter 2009. Total capital costs are expected to reach $730MM

Portlands Energy Centre
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Portlands Energy Centre

45.
Renewable energy in Canada
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Canada generates a significant majority of its electricity from hydroelectric dams. Wind power is growing quickly with Canada in 2011 being the 6th largest producer of power in the world. Canada has built a number of power plants, mainly in Ontario. A15 megawatt tidal plant sits at Annapolis, Nova Scotia, politicians have expressed interest in increasing the percentage of Canadas electricity generated by renewable methods. Ontario has created a subsidy to assist wind and solar power producers, Canada has about 75 GW of installed hydroelectric capacity, producing 392 TWh of electricity in 2013. Manitoba, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon and Quebec produce over 90% of their power from hydroelectricity, Quebec generates half of Canadas hydroelectric power. Canada has plentiful solar energy resources, with the most extensive resources being found in southern Ontario, Quebec, the territories have a smaller potential, and less direct sunlight, because of their higher latitude. With 1210 MWp of installed photovoltaics in 2013, Canada ranked 15th among the worlds countries, Ontario has a program of moving away from coal and promoting renewable resources which has led to a number of industrial-scale photovoltaic plants being built. Located in Sarnia, Ontario, the 97 megawatt Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant was briefly the largest solar farm in the world, other plants include the 23.4 MW Arnprior Solar Generating Station and a 68 MW solar farm is in Sault Ste. Until recently, the applications of solar energy technologies in Canada have been for non-electric active solar system applications for space heating, water heating and drying crops. In 2001, there were more than 12,000 residential solar water heating systems and 300 commercial/ industrial solar hot water systems in use, Canada has many regions that are sparsely populated and difficult to access. The Canadian PV market has grown quickly and Canadian companies make solar modules, controls, specialized water pumps, high efficiency refrigerators, one of the most important uses for PV cells is in northern communities, many of which depend on high-cost diesel fuel to generate electricity. Since the 1970s, the government and industry has encouraged the development of solar technologies for these communities. Some of these efforts have focused on the use of systems that provide power 24 hours a day, using solar power when sunlight is available. As of June 2015, wind power generating capacity was 10,204 megawatts, Ontario, Quebec and Alberta each had more than 1000 MW of nameplate capacity. All provinces and territories, except Nunavut, had some commercial power in 2012. Ontarios Green Energy and Green Economy Act,2009, now in force and effect, the first is to bring more renewable energy sources to the province and the second is the creation of more energy efficiency measures to help conserve energy. The bill also appoints a Renewable Energy Facilitator to provide one-window assistance, the approvals process for transmission projects are also streamlined and for the first time in Ontario, the bill enacts standards for renewable energy projects

46.
Hydro Ottawa
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Hydro Ottawa is a regulated electricity distribution company operating in the City of Ottawa and the Village of Casselman in Ontario, Canada. Hydro Ottawa was formed in 1834 when the fire was born, in 1882, Electric lighting in Ottawa started in at Youngs mill in Lebreton Flats. A year later, the House of Commons and the Senate were illuminated, the first electric street lighting in Canada occurred on Victoria Day,1884 when the Peterborough Light and Power Company lit 17 arc lights on George Street in Peterborough Ontario. In 1885, the Royal Electric Company set up street lighting systems in Charlottetown and St. Johns, Ottawa had originally intended on using this company to light the citys streets, however, council contracted Ottawa Electric Light Company to install 165 arc lamps on the citys streets. That company, which had as a one of its founders Francis Clemow. Pattee, had built a station which used a water-powered generator. In May 1885, the streets of Ottawa were lit by electricity, in 1887, the Chaudière Electric Light and Power Company was formed by Thomas Ahearn, a local man and partner of Ahearn & Soper, formed in the early 1880s. In 1890, there were two electrical providers, Ottawa Electric Light Company, and Ahearns company, Chaudière Electric Light, the following decades would see a continuous struggle between the City of Ottawa and Thomas Ahearn regarding the supplying of electricity to the city. In 1899, a charter was granted by the city to Consumers Electric, in 1905, The City purchased Consumers Electric for $200,000, ending Ahearns ongoing attempts at acquiring the company. They renamed it Municipal Electric Department which was the public electricity provider. In 1908 Ahearn & Soper bought the Ottawa Gas Company, and with the Ottawa Electric Company formed the Ottawa Light, Heat and this parent holding company wholly owned the two previous companies and would refer to Ottawa Electric as its Ottawa Electric division well into the new century. This meant that there were no longer outside shareholders to Ottawa Electric, in 1920 Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company Limited acquired the assets of The Ottawa Power Company, Limited which included the power plant at Victoria Island erected in 1900. In 1950 Ottawa Hydro acquired the Ottawa Light, Heat and Power Company, Limited, Hydro Ottawa was formed in 2000 when five municipal local distribution companies were merged, Gloucester Hydro, Goulbourn Hydro, Kanata Hydro, Nepean Hydro and Ottawa Hydro. In May 2002, Casselman Hydro also became a part of Hydro Ottawa, Ottawa Hydro Electric Company Building is a Heritage building in Ottawa located at 109 Bank Street, on the south-east corner of Albert Street. It was designated as under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act in 1992, beattie to design this Art Deco style office building in 1934. It was Ottawa Hydros headquarters until 1957, Hydro Ottawa provides electricity supply to its customers, by taking electricity from the provincial grid and distributing it to homes and businesses. Hydro Ottawa also offers programs to help customers conserve electricity

Hydro Ottawa
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Ottawa Hydro Electric Substation No. 4
Hydro Ottawa
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1882 image demonstrating the new power lines in front of the Russell House Hotel (Ottawa's foremost hotel at the time) located at the corner of Sparks Street and Elgin Street
Hydro Ottawa
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The building at Bank Street

47.
Cabinet Office (Ontario)
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The Ontario Cabinet Office is a ministry of the Government of Ontario. Its role is to serve as the Premiers ministry, and as such its employees are not political appointees, Cabinet Office is headed by the Secretary of the Cabinet, currently Steve Orsini, who is also head of the public service. In past years, the size of Cabinet Office has grown considerably and this mirrors growth in the central agencies of other governments in the Western world, including the Canadian federal government

Cabinet Office (Ontario)
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Ministries

48.
Ministry of Children and Youth Services (Ontario)
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The Ministry of Children and Youth Services is responsible for services to children and youth in the Canadian province of Ontario. The ministry was created in 2003 to coordinate services for families with children and it manages and monitors Childrens Aid Societies throughout the province. It also assists young adults in making the transition to adulthood, the agency is headquartered in the Macdonald Block in Toronto. The current Minister of Children and Youth Services in the Executive Council of Ontario is Michael Coteau with Sophie Kiwala is Parliamentary Assistant to the Minister, the ministry operates correctional facilities for juveniles who are convicted of crimes

Ministry of Children and Youth Services (Ontario)
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Ministries

49.
Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
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This includes administration of government programs, such as Ontarios Drive Clean and Clean Water Act. The ministry headquarters are located inside the Ontario Government Buildings, the current Minister is Glen Murray. The Ministry of the Environment was originally established as a portfolio in the Executive Council of Ontario in 1972. The ministry was merged with the Ministry of Energy to form the Ministry of Environment and Energy from 1993 to 1997, following the 2014 Ontario election, the addition of climate change to the ministrys portfolio was announced on June 24,2014. The MOECC works to improve air quality through legislation, targeted programs and this includes using a network of air quality stations that provide real-time air pollution data. MOECC is responsible for administering Ontario Regulation 153/04 which requires, under specific circumstances, a RSC contains Environmental Site Assessments that ascertain the current condition of a site, including whether contamination exists on-site. The ministry released a climate action plan in 2007, setting greenhouse gas reduction targets for the province. It is the aim of the government to reduce its emissions to, 6% below 1990 levels by 2014, 15% below 1990 levels by 2020. The ministry released an update on its progress towards targets in 2014. It also indicated that current trends and policies would result in 170 megatonnes of emissions, in 2011, the ministry published Climate Ready, its first climate change adaptation strategy and action plan for 2011 to 2014. The report acknowledges that Ontario has experienced a 1. 4°C increase in temperatures. The report outlines how the province should prepare for and minimize the impacts of a changing climate. Under Ontario Regulation 452/09, any facility in Ontario that emits more than 25,000 tonnes of greenhouse gases annually is required to report their emissions, the reports must be verified by an accredited third party, to ensure it meets the requirements of ISO 14064-3. Reports are then submitted through Environment Canadas single window system, Ontario municipalities have responsibility for building and maintaining drinking water systems, but the ministry regulates these systems to achieve acceptable standards in water quality and safety. The ministry is responsible for administering Ontarios Drive Clean program, certain cars, vans, trucks, motorhomes and buses must be evaluated under the Drive Clean program to check that they meet Ontario emissions standards before being licensed to drive on Ontario roads

Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
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Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change

50.
Ministry of Finance (Ontario)
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The Ministry of Finance is a portfolio in the Executive Council of Ontario commonly known as the cabinet. The Finance Minister is responsible for managing the fiscal, financial, the cabinet posted used to be called the Treasurer of Ontario and was changed to be in line with other post in other Canadian provinces. For most of the period from 1867 until 1993, the minister was called the treasurer or provincial treasurer, the ministry were renamed the Ministry of Economics in 1956 and the minister became known as Minister in charge of Economics instead of treasurer. From January to December 1961, the became the Ministry of Economics. The title of treasurer was revived in December 1961 with the minister also often holding the title of minister of economics or some variation after 1968. Frank Miller had the title of minister of economics from 1978 until 1981 when he was given the additional title of treasuruer. At various times in the 1960s and 1970s the minister also held the titles of chairman of the management board of cabinet and this practice was revived in recent years with Greg Sorbara acting as finance minister and chair of both the management board and the treasury board. In 1993, the positions of treasurer and minister of economics were formally combined and renamed the minister of finance, following the 2011 Ontario general election, the Ministry of Revenue was merged back into the Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Finance (Ontario)
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Ministries

51.
Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
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The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care is the Government of Ontario ministry responsible for administering the health care system and providing services to the province of Ontario. The current minister is Eric Hoskins, the Ministry once operated ambulance services outside of major cities in Ontario, but the services were off-loaded to municipalities circa 1998. The Public Health Act of 1882 created the Provincial Board of Health of Ontario, as it was known. In 1925 it became the Department of Health, in 1930, the Department of Hospitals was established under the direction of the first Minister of Health, that Department became a division of the Department of Health in 1934. Insured hospital services and insured physicians services, introduced in 1959 and 1966 respectively, were combined under the Ontario Health Insurance Plan in 1972, the Department of Health became the Ministry of Health in 1971, and then the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in June,1999

Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
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Ministries

52.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry
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Its offices are divided into Northwestern, Northeastern and Southern Ontario regions with the main headquarters in Peterborough, Ontario. The current Ontario Minister of Natural Resources and Forestry is Kathryn McGarry, the first government office was the Office of the Surveyor-General of the Northern District of North America, created in 1763 and initially headed by Samuel Holland. In 1827, this function was taken over by the newly created Commissioner of Crown Lands, the Department of Lands and Forests became the Ministry of Natural Resources in 1972. From 1995 to 1997 Natural Resources and Northern Development and Mines were under a single super ministry, in 2014 the ministry was renamed Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, but responsibilities did not change. MNRF is organized into divisions, within each division are branches/regions, sections, land & Waters Management – leading the management of Ontarios Crown lands, water, oil, gas, salt and aggregates resources, including making Crown land available for renewable energy projects. Forest Management – ensuring the management of Ontarios Crown forests. Ontario Parks – guiding the management of Ontarios parks and protected areas, Forest Fire, Flood and Drought Protection - protecting people, property and communities from related emergencies. Geographic Information – developing and applying geographic information to manage the provinces natural resources. The ministry also has responsibility for the Office of the Mining & Lands Commissioner, Ontario Parks protects significant natural and cultural resources in a system of parks and protected areas. The Ministry’s Aviation, Forest Fire and Emergency Services program coordinates forest fire detection, monitoring, suppression, the OPAS was an early pioneer in the use of aircraft for the discovery and extinguishing of forest fires. The first water bomber was an OPAS DHC Beaver with a tank mounted on the designed to dump the water out quickly. This had followed unsuccessful experiments with bags of water

53.
Ministry of Northern Development and Mines
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The Ministry of Northern Development and Mines is responsible for assisting economic development in the Northern Ontario region and for mining in the Canadian province of Ontario. The ministrys head office is located in Sudbury, the current Minister of Northern Development and Mines is Michael Gravelle. 1842 - Geological Survey of Canada formed by the Province of Canada 1846 - Commissioner of Crown Lands assumed control for mines,1867 - Responsibility for mines and mining transferred to the Ontario Commissioner of Crown Lands. The Montreal-based Geological Survey of Canada became part of the new federal government,1890 - Royal Commission on Ontarios Mineral Resources 1891 - Ontario Bureau of Mines established with Alexander Blue as its first director. 1905 – The first cabinet minister from Northern Ontario, Sudburys Frank Cochrane, is appointed, Cochrane serves as minister of the new Department of Lands, Forests and Mines until 1911. 1912 – The Department creates a Northern Development Branch to further growth in the North. In 1926, this becomes the Department of Northern Development. 1930s – The Department of Northern Development merges with the Department of Highways and its purpose, to build and maintain roads and bridges in Northern Ontario. 1970 – The government creates a new Department of Mines and Northern Affairs in response to concerns about the lack of access to provincial government information. Twenty-four Northern Affairs offices in the region bring the Ontario government to northerners and this department changes name and responsibilities throughout the 1970s and early 1980s due to government restructuring. 1985 – The government creates a new Ministry of Northern Affairs, later that year, the name becomes the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. The change emphasizes the provinces commitment to social and economic development in the north. 1990 – The ministry headquarters are re-located to two new buildings in Sudbury,2011 – Forestry is once again allocated back to the Ministry of Natural Resources and the name shortened to its original Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Honourable Minister Rick Bartolucci, former Minister of Community Safety and Correctional services, is appointed Minister of Northern Development,2013 - Premier Kathleen Wynne appoints Michael Gravelle as Minister of Northern Development and Mines, on February 11. The OBM Progress Medal was given out by the Ontario Bureau of Mines, featuring a Trillium grandiflorum laid over a Pickaxe, the Medal weighs 17 grams. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines website History of Ontario Mining - http, //www. republicofmining. com/2010/07/23/brief-history-of-ontario-mining

Ministry of Northern Development and Mines
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Ministry of Northern Development and Mines head office in Sudbury.

54.
Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport
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The Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport was created on January 18,2010 when the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Tourism were combined under one ministry. Sport was added to the portfolio in 2011 and it is responsible for the development of policies and programs and the operation of programs related to tourism, arts, cultural industries, heritage sectors and libraries, in Ontario. Eleanor McMahon was appointed minister on June 13,2016 and her Parliamentary Assistant is Sophie Kiwala. Tourism Planning and Operations Division Tourism Agencies Branch - responsible for policy, financial and program liaison with the tourism agencies. In addition, it establishes and maintains an effective accountability relationship between each agency and the ministry within its scope of government policy. Tourism Policy and Development Division Investment and Development Office - works to increase Ontarios competitiveness by supporting destination, in addition, IDO administers the Sport, Culture and Tourism Partnership Program. Tourism Policy and Research Branch Resource-Based Tourism - works to protect, diversify and enhance resource-based tourism business potential on Ontarios Crown lands, the unit provides strategic policy planning advice, analysis, and facilities alliances with key stakeholders to stimulate tourism business opportunities. The unit works with staff to develop policy submissions and coordinate their passage through the government decision-making process. Tourism Research Unit - guides marketing, policy and product development decisions by providing strategic information, lawrence Parks Commission Ontario Heritage Act Official website

Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport
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Ministries

55.
Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
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The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario is the provincial ministry of the government of Ontario which is responsible for transport infrastructure and related law in Ontario. The ministry traces its roots back over a century to the 1890s, in 1916, the Department of Highways was formed and tasked with establishing a network of provincial highways. The first was designated on 1918, and by the summer of 1925, in the mid-1920s, a new Department of Northern Development was created to manage infrastructure improvements in northern Ontario, it merged with the DOH on April 1,1937. In 1972, the Department of Highways was reorganized as the Ministry of Transportation and Communications, the MTO is responsible for,10.4 million registered vehicles 8. These instructors worked to establish specifications for the almost 90,000 kilometres of county- and that same year, the Ontario Good Roads Association was formed. The DOH assumed its first highway, the Provincial Highway on August 21,1917, on February 20,1920, the DOH assumed several hundred kilometres of new highways, formally establishing the Provincial Highway System. In Area Maintenance Contract areas, where one contractor is awarded an area and performs all maintenance work except for rehabilitation. Ministry of Transportation Enforcement Officers enforce a variety of highway safety legislation specific to operators of commercial vehicles. Driver hours of service, cargo securement, dangerous goods transportation, weights and dimensions, tEOs conduct commercial vehicle inspections using a standardized procedure established by the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance. Transportation Enforcement Officers inspect commercial vehicles, their loads, and driver’s qualifications and they collect evidence, issue provincial offence notices or summons to court for violations, and testify in court. Blitz-style joint force operations are conducted in concert with provincial and municipal police. Although many Transportation Enforcement Officers are licensed vehicle mechanics, most are not, tEOs hail from various backgrounds including driver licensing examination, automobile repair, commercial truck driving and other law enforcement agencies. MTOs headquarters are located on three campuses, Garden City Tower, St. Catharines, Ontario -301 St, Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee. Ontario Ministry of Transportation website DriveTest website Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance website MTO Locations in Greater Toronto Area

Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
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Ministry of Transportation Headquarters in St. Catharines
Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
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Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO)

56.
Ontario Film Review Board
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The Ontario Film Review Board is an agency of the government of the Canadian province of Ontario that is responsible for that provinces motion picture rating system. Until recently the board reported to the Minister of Consumer Services but as of 1 October 2015, the boards activities are based on the Film Classification Act,2005. A three-person Board of Censors was established on 27 June 1911 following passage of the Theatres, the initial members were Chair George E. Armstrong, Robert Wilson and Otter Elliott. From that point, films to be shown in Ontario legally required review, the Boards censorship authority included newsreels, for example footage from a 1937 General Motors strike was banned to avoid propaganda by either side. The Board of Censors began to provide basic film classifications from 1 June 1946, theatre operators were required to identify such films as adult entertainment on marquees and advertising. The Blue Dahlia and Her Kind of Man were among the first films to be identified as adult entertainment in Ontario. Further changes to the Theatres Act in 1975 empowered what was now known as the Ontario Censor Board to review and censor videotapes and 8 mm film formats as well as conventional theatrical films. In 1977, the board ordered cuts from the film Je, tu, il, in 1978, it demanded a 38-second cut from a love scene in In Praise of Older Women, director Robert Lantos agreed but at the last minute substituted the uncut version of the film. The boards high profile actions against various films being screened at the festival had the effect of raising their profile. According to former festival director Helga Stephenson, “Silly old Mary Brown filled some theatres with some pretty tame stuff. The ranting and raving was a good way to get the festival into the minds of the public, but internationally it was hugely embarrassing. ”In 1985. The Board composition changed from full-time civil servants to part-time members of the public, in 1988 festival films became exempt from review by the board provided the audience was limited to those eighteen and over. In 2005 the original and much amended Theatres Act was replaced by the Film Classification Act In 2013 the Ontario Film Authority was incorporated and it entered into an agreement with the Minister of Consumer Services dated 5 May 2014. This restructuring of administrative oversight in 2015 was part of a provincial initiative to streamline more than 200 boards and commissions. The depiction of topless Samoan women in the production was cited as the cause for this censorship, the film was defended by artist Arthur Heming and others, while it was approved by film review authorities in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The newsreel was allowed in Quebec where cinemas in Hull, Quebec reported significant audience levels,1978, In Praise of Older Women - The Board requested a two-minute cut from this federally funded and Canadian made film, showing as the festival opener at the Toronto Film Festival. The cut was negotiated down to 38 seconds, but most sources claim an uncut version was shown at the festival, the offending scene was simulated sexual activity. 1978, Pretty Baby - The film was banned from Ontario as it depicted a prostitute who was a minor

Ontario Film Review Board
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Ministries

57.
Ontario Human Rights Commission
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The Ontario Human Rights Commission was established in the Canadian province of Ontario on March 29,1961 to administer the Ontario Human Rights Code. The OHRC is an arms length agency of government accountable to the legislature through the Ministry of the Attorney General of Ontario, the OHRCs mandate under the Code includes, preventing discrimination through public education and public policy, and looking into situations where discriminatory behaviour exists. Since June 30,2008, all new complaints of discrimination are filed as applications with the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario, however, OHRC has the right to be informed of applications before the HRTO, and receives copies of all applications and responses. The Commission also has the right to bring its own application to the HRTO if the Commission is of the opinion that the application is in the public interest, there is a full-time chief commissioner and a varying number of part-time commissioners, appointed by Order in Council. Staff of the OHRC is appointed under the Public Service of Ontario Act,2006, barbara Hall was chief commissioner from November 28,2005, until February 27,2015, replacing Keith Norton, who had led the Commission since 1996, Norton succeeded Rosemary Brown. The commissions first director, appointed in 1962, was Daniel G. Hill, renu Mandhane, former executive director of the University of Toronto law faculty’s international human rights program, became chief commissioner in November 2015. Section 29 of the Ontario Human Rights Code sets out the function of the Ontario Human Rights Commission, the OHRCs Vision Statement is, An Ontario in which everyone is valued, treated with dignity and respect, and where human rights are nurtured by us all. Under the Ontario Human Rights Code, the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario may dismiss a complaint per s.45.1,45. Unlike current press councils in Canada, membership to this new council would have been required by all publishers, webmasters and radio. No other steps were taken to implement the proposal, however, the council would have no authority to censor media outlets. However, she argued against a national press council, stating that, The provincial ones dont even work. And I know a lot of journalists who would take umbrage at essentially being in a regulated profession. If on the crazy off-chance that there is some momentum behind this idea of a press council. The Post further argued that nobody has the ability to judge which speech should be free and which not

Ontario Human Rights Commission
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Ministries

58.
Niagara Escarpment Commission
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The Niagara Escarpment Commission, founded in June 1973 by the Niagara Escarpment Planning and Development Act, is an agency of the Ontario government. Its mission is to conserve the UNESCO-designated Niagara Escarpment Biosphere Reserve as a natural environment and scenic. The Niagara Escarpment Commission published the first Niagara Escarpment Plan in 1985 and this plan is reviewed and updated every five years, with the most recent version of the plan published in 2005. The Niagara Escarpment Commission has essentially the same powers and responsibilities as a municipality, including control over zoning and bylaws

Niagara Escarpment Commission
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Niagara Escarpment Commission logo

59.
Niagara Parks Commission
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The Niagara Parks Commission, commonly shortened to Niagara Parks, is an agency of the Government of Ontario which maintains the Ontario shoreline of the Niagara River. The Commission was founded in 1885 and charged with preserving and enhancing the beauty of Niagara Falls. The first commissioner was Casimir Gzowski, other notable Commissioners have included Thomas McQuesten and James Allan. Current Commission Chair is Janice Thomson, in total, the Commission is in charge of about 16.19 square kilometres of parkland along the river, in addition to the Niagara Parkway which spans 56 kilometres. In this corridor, the NPC manages numerous trails, historic sites, picnic areas and these include Journey Behind the Falls, the Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory, and the Queenston Floral Clock. The Commission manages Navy Island National Historic Site under an agreement with the Parks Canada. It also owns the Chippawa Battlefield Park, and has developed an interpretive walk at this War of 1812 site. The NPC runs the Botanical Gardens and since 1997, the Butterfly Conservatory, NPC operates the Niagara Parks School of Horticulture, a world-renowned training centre for horticulturalists and gardeners. In addition, the NPC has placed dozens of green plaques marking significant sites, Niagara Parks also operated the People Mover, a shuttle bus system intended to aid transportation along the Niagara River and help reduce automobile crowding near the Falls. The buses were powered by propane and included a unit during most popular hours. In the long term, the Commission is planning for a fixed track transit system along the Niagara Parkway, in the meantime, the Commission joined forces with Niagara Falls Transit to launch the WEGO bus system in 2012, and in the process discontinued the People Mover service. NPC now attempts to protect the beauty and attract tourism along the Niagara River, Niagara Gorge. The NPC is an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism. The Niagara Heritage Trail is a historic and scenic route running the entire 35 mile Canadian coastline of the Niagara River from Fort Erie northward to Niagara-on-the-Lake, construction began in stages during the early 1980s, and was completed in 1995. The aims and objectives of The Niagara Parks Commission as set out in The R, list of botanical gardens in Canada Alfred H

60.
Ontario Agricorp
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Ontario Agricorp is a Crown agency of the Province of Ontario that delivers risk management programs and other services to Ontarios agriculture industry. Agricorp was created as a provincial Crown corporation in 1997 under the authority of the AgriCorp Act,1996 with the object of administering crop insurance under the Crop Insurance Act,1996. Agricorp currently delivers three core programs, AgriStability, Production Insurance and the suite of Risk Management Programs, as well as other smaller programs. Agricorp is governed by a board of directors appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council, in June 2002, the Government of Canada and the Government of Ontario agreed on the Agricultural Policy Framework to focus agriculture and agri-food movement into the 21st century. This agreement solidified the commitment of governments to work together on developing and adjusting programs, services. It also identified the common goals they will pursue over the five years. Under the APF, effective from April 2003 to March 2008, CAIS combined the stabilization assistance of the Net Income Stabilization Accounts program and the disaster assistance provided under the Ontario Farm Income Disaster Program into one program. In December 2004, delivery of the CAIS program was transferred from OMAF to Agricorp, at their annual meeting in Quebec City in July 2008, federal, provincial and territorial Ministers announced the completion of the Growing Forward framework, which replaced the. Under Growing Forward, the CAIS program was replaced by two new programs, AgriStability, delivered by Agricorp in Ontario, and AgriInvest, delivered by Agriculture, in 2013, Growing Forward was replaced by a new five-year agreement, Growing Forward 2, in effect until 2018. Agricorp employs over 350 staff working at the two Guelph offices, Stratford and satellite offices across the province, administrative costs are split between the federal and provincial governments and are documented in the agencys Annual Reports, which are available on its website

Ontario Agricorp
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Ministries

61.
Conservation Ontario
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Conservation Ontario is the umbrella organization which represents all of the conservation authorities in Ontario. This nonprofit organization was founded in 1980/81, Conservation Ontario is the network of 36 Conservation Authorities. There are currently 36 conservation authorities in Ontario, most management programs occur in parks known as conservation areas. Key areas of Authority activity include, Environmental protection — Conservation authorities protect local ecosystems and contribute to the quality of life in communities throughout the province

Conservation Ontario
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Conservation Ontario

62.
EHealth Ontario
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EHealth Ontario is the agency tasked with facilitating the development of Ontarios proposed public Electronic Health Record system. It has been plagued by delays and its CEO was fired over a multimillion-dollar contracts scandal in 2009, today eHealth employs approximately 700 people. The Drug Profile Viewer System tracks the prescription drug claims information of 2.5 million Ontario Drug Benefit Program and this system is in use in hospitals throughout Ontario and access is being expanded to health care providers outside of the hospital setting. One consultant earned about $192,000 in five months, additionally, nine senior eHealth employees had been fired in a four-month period, some reportedly for challenging the agencys tendering practices. Kramer was later forced to resign in June 2009, amid questions surrounding a $114,000 bonus paid to her. She received a $317,000 severance package with benefits for 10 months. ”Journalists have argued that Sarah Kramer received a “trial by media”, marcus Gee from the Globe and Mail writes, “what happened at eHealth may or may not qualify as scandalous. What happened to Ms. Kramer certainly does. A good woman and a civil servant has been hounded from public life, and all of us will suffer for it. ”He writes, “the true scandal in Ontario is the utter failure of the Ministry of Health to create electronic health records. The result is change and innovation can, seemingly, only come from independent agencies or outside consultants, two inquiries were launched, but in August 2009, the independent review of eHealth Ontario had been dropped, with Caplan saying it would duplicate the work of Ontarios auditor general. On October 6,2009, David Caplan resigned, one day before the release of the report into spending scandals

EHealth Ontario
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Ministries

63.
Ontario Northland Transportation Commission
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The Ontario Northland Transportation Commission, or simply Ontario Northland, is a Crown agency of the Government of Ontario. ONTC operates freight and passenger services in northern Ontario through its Ontario Northland Railway and it previously operated an airline, NorOntair, and a telecommunications company, Ontera. ONTC traces its history to 1902 with the passage of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Act, the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Commission would oversee the construction and operation of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway. Six years after construction started, the federal governments National Transcontinental Railway main line from Winnipeg, Manitoba to Moncton, New Brunswick crossed the T&NO at Cochrane. In 1937, the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway Act was amended, enabling the TNORC to operate buses, trucks, by 1938 the Commission had acquired 11 buses. In 1945, the Commission acquired the Temagami and the Nipissing Navigation Companies, the railway changed its name in 1946 to the present Ontario Northland Transportation Commission. The use of the word transportation instead of railway in the new name reflected an expanded mandate for the organization. Enabling legislation in 1946 allowed the ONTC to acquire, construct, and operate boats, as well as hotels, tourist resorts, in 1960 it purchased a trucking firm, Star Transfer. It formerly operated an airline named NorOntair and a telecommunications company named Ontera. On March 23,2012, the Ontario Government announced that it would begin to wind down the ONTC, passenger train service between Toronto and Cochrane was terminated and replaced with additional bus service, and all assets of the corporation were to be sold off. Northern Ontario municipal leaders had continued to express their fears regarding the divestment and they indicated that the ONR provides a fundamental link to many remote and rural communities and provides freight transport to many companies, including mining and forestry, allowing them to thrive. February 2014, the new premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne met with community leaders. They decided the union and management would present a plan to the government for consideration. In late February,2014 a report to restructure the ONTC was delivered to the Minister of Northern Development, the proposal detailed how the organization could be modernized both culturally and in job reductions through attrition. The report was received by the minister who appreciated how management. In April 2014 the provincial government concluded the company would remain in public hands, however, the telecommunications division Ontera would be sold to Bell Aliant. The government would reinvest in the company to purchase new coaches and refurbish rolling stock for the Polar Bear Express

64.
Royal Ontario Museum
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The Royal Ontario Museum is a museum of art, world culture and natural history in Toronto, Canada. The museum is north of Queens Park, in the University of Toronto district, the Museum subway station of the Toronto Transit Commission is named after the ROM, and since 2008, it is decorated to resemble the institutions collection. St. George station is close to the new entrance as well. Established on 16 April 1912 and opened on 19 March 1914, the museum was under the direct control and management of the University of Toronto until 1968, when it became an independent Crown agency of the government of Ontario. Today, the museum is Canadas largest field-research institution, with research, with more than six million items and forty galleries, the museums diverse collections of world culture and natural history contribute to its international reputation. The museum contains collections of dinosaurs, minerals and meteorites, Near Eastern and African art, Art of East Asia, European history. It houses the worlds largest collection of fossils from the Burgess Shale with more than 150,000 specimens, the museum also contains an extensive collection of design and fine arts, including clothing, interior, and product design, especially Art Deco. The Royal Ontario Museum was formally established on 16 April 1912, and was governed by the Government of Ontario. Its first assets were transferred from the University and the provincial Department of Education, coming from its predecessor the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts at the Toronto Normal School. On 19 March 1914, at 3,00 pm, the Duke of Connaught, also the Governor General of Canada, officially opened the Royal Ontario Museum to the public. The museums location at the edge of Torontos built-up area, far from the central business district, was selected mainly for its proximity to the University of Toronto. This was the first phase of a construction plan that intended on expanding the museum towards Queens Park Crescent. The first expansion to the Royal Ontario Museum publicly opened on 12 October 1933, the renovation saw the construction of the south wing fronting onto Queens Park, and required the demolition of Argyle House, a Victorian mansion once located at 100 Queens Park. As this occurred during the Great Depression, an effort was made to use primarily local building materials, teams of workers alternated weeks of service due to the physically draining nature of the job. In 1947, the ROM was dissolved as a body corporate and this would continue until 1968, when the Museum and the McLaughlin Planetarium were separated from the University to form a new corporation. On 26 October 1968, the ROM opened the McLaughlin Planetarium on the end of the property after receiving a $2 million donation from Colonel R. Samuel McLaughlin. By the 1980s, however, the audiences were dwindling. The space temporarily reopened from 1998 to 2002, after being leased to Childrens Own Museum, in 2009, the ROM sold the building to the University of Toronto for $22 million, and ensured that it would continue to be used for institutional and academic purposes

Royal Ontario Museum
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East-facing façade of the Royal Ontario Museum, built in 1933.
Royal Ontario Museum
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Location of the gallery in Toronto
Royal Ontario Museum
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Michael Lee-Chin Crystal opened in June 2007, an addition to the Royal Ontario Museum.
Royal Ontario Museum
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The mosaic ceiling of the rotunda. The middle of the dome reads, "That all men may know His work."

65.
Ontario Science Centre
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Ontario Science Centre is a science museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, near the Don Valley Parkway about 11 kilometres northeast of downtown on Don Mills Road just south of Eglinton Avenue East. It is built down the side of a ravine formed by one branch of the Don River located in Flemingdon Park. Planning for the Science Centre started in 1961 during Torontos massive expansion of the late 1950s and 1960s, in 1964, Toronto architect Raymond Moriyama was hired to design the site. The design, which consists of three buildings connected by a series of bridges and escalators, follows the natural contours of the Don River ravine. Construction started in 1966 with plans to make it a part of the citys 1967 Canadian Centennial celebrations and it was first officially named the Centennial Centre of Science and Technology. However construction was not complete in 1967, and the Science Centre did not open to the public two years later, on September 26,1969. At the time, the Science Centre was a pioneer for its approach to science, along with San Franciscos Exploratorium and Detroits Museum of Science. Unlike a traditional museum, where exhibits are for viewing only, the Communications room contained a number of computerized displays, including a very popular tic-tac-toe game run on a PDP-11 minicomputer. In 1982, the exhibition China,7,000 Years of Discovery broke all attendance records, the Centres Rainforest exhibit opened in 1993 and Ontarios only IMAX Dome theatre opened in 1996. Tourism Toronto named the Ontario Science Centre the fastest growing attraction in the Greater Toronto Area in 1997, in 2003, the Strange Matter exhibition opened, and KidSpark, a designated space for children eight and under to explore and learn through play, launched. Body Worlds 2 attracted almost half a million visitors over five months when it came to the Centre in 2005, the exhibition Facing Mars ran in 2008. The Centre hosted Harry Potter The Exhibition, a collection of props from the series in 2010. Leonardo da Vincis Workshop featured physical models of da Vincis inventions and it also included interactive touch-screen digital reproductions of his Codices, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Circus, The Exhibition ran in 2012, in June 2014, the Centre welcomed The Science of Rock N Roll, which explores how advances in science and technology have revolutionized music. The exhibition features eight areas that comprise different interactive components, historical artifacts, informational walls, documentary videos, during summer 2015, the Centre hosted the MythBusters, The Explosive Exhibition, based on the popular television series MythBusters. The Centre received $47.5 million in contributions from the government of Ontario, private sector companies, the Agents of Change transformation was completed 2007, culminating with the opening of the Weston Family Innovation Centre and the Teluscape plaza. The Ontario Science Centre Science School offers credited grade 12 University Preparation courses, Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Calculus, students from all over Ontario are encouraged to apply to spend a semester at the OSCSS. The OSCSS offers enriched learning in small and informal classes of no more than 30 students, while at the Science Centre, students earn practicum hours through volunteering and interacting with visitors

Ontario Science Centre
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A view of the Ontario Science Centre, including the Teluscape plaza in front of the building
Ontario Science Centre
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Location of the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto
Ontario Science Centre
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An alternative view of the Centre
Ontario Science Centre
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A rock from outer space displayed at Ontario Science Centre.

66.
Science North
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Science North is an interactive science museum in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The snowflake buildings are connected by a tunnel, which passes through a billion-year-old geologic fault. This fault line was not known to be under the complex during the construction of the building in the early 1980s, inside the main building, a 20-metre fin whale skeleton recovered from Anticosti Island hangs from the ceiling. The complex also features a tour, the Cortina, which offers touring cruises of the scenic Ramsey Lake. The Jim Gordon Boardwalk also extends from the facility to the citys Bell Park along the shore of the lake. The facility was designed by architect Raymond Moriyama, one of the partners of Moriyama & Teshima Architects. An agency of the government of Ontario, Science North is overseen by the provincial Ministry of Culture. IMAX 3D - Science North has a 3D IMAX theatre, the theatre opened in 1994, and was converted to 3D in February 2009. Planetarium - In June 2009 Science North added a planetarium and it has an 8-metre dome and 36 seats. Vale Cavern - Wings over the North, a 4D Bush Plane Adventure soars through the Arctic archipelago, TD Canada Trust Toddlers Treehouse - a childrens educational play area Nature Exchange - visitors collect and research natural items from the wild and are swapped for points in a database. The points can be used to other natural artifacts from around the world Lapidary Lab - Visitors learn how to cut, grind. Jean MacLeod Butterfly Gallery - This glass-enclosed gallery is home to more than 400 butterflies from 30 different tropical species, the exhibits on the third floor are divided into four main areas, Northern Forests - This area focuses on animals who live in northern forests. Some of the ambassadors for the Northern Forest include the Northern Screech Owls, the porcupine. Other notable animals include the Northern Flying Squirrels, the Grey Rat Snake, also, there is an intricate bee hive, behind a plate glass window, which allows visitors to see into the hive. A tunnel extends out of a window so the bees can go outside, rivers and Lakes - In this area, animals that live in rivers and lakes are featured. The animals ambassadors on this include the Beaver, the Common Snapping Turtle. This sections allow people to get an understanding of the aquatics systems that surround Northern Ontario. As well, the table shows people what is erosion

Science North
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The Science North main building

67.
TVOntario
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TVOntario is a Canadian publicly funded English language educational television station and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It is operated by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority, a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario and it operates two television stations, CICA in Toronto and CICO-24 in Ottawa, these two stations relay their programming across portions of Ontario through seven rebroadcast stations. It is available on pay television providers throughout Ontario, all providers in the province are required to carry it on their basic tier, TVO is governed by a volunteer Board of Directors, and supported by a network of Regional Councillors from across the province. TVO also reports to the Ontario legislature through the Minister of Education and this model was emulated by later provincial educational broadcasters Télé-Québec in Quebec and Knowledge Network in British Columbia. The majority of TVOs funding is provided by the Government of Ontario through the Ministry of Education, in 2002, the Ministry of Education transferred responsibility to TVO for the Independent Learning Centre, which provides distance education at the elementary and secondary school level. TVO used to operate TFO, a separate but similar network for Franco-Ontarian audiences, before the launch of TFO, TVO aired French-language programming on Sundays. Even after TFOs launch, TVO and TFO swapped programming on Sundays well into the 1990s, TFO was separated from TVO and was incorporated under the newly formed GroupeMédia TFO, a separate Crown corporation of the Government of Ontario, in 2007. TVO is Canadas oldest educational television service and it established the countrys first UHF television station in 1970, based in Toronto. TVO used to have the largest over-the-air coverage in Ontario, reaching 98, TVO is carried on all cable systems serving Ontario. On satellite systems in Ontario, it is available on Bell TV on channel 265 and on Shaw Direct on 353 or 55, the main transmitter in Toronto uses the call sign CICA-DT, with its rebroadcasters using CICO-DT, followed by a number to denote their status as rebroadcasters. Many analogue transmitters had used the CICA-TV and CICO-TV callsigns, and CICE-TV, in the same manner, TVOs transmitters are primarily located in Ontario, with the only exception being its Ottawa transmitter, CICO-DT-24, which is based at Camp Fortune in Chelsea, Quebec. There, it shares its site with its Quebec counterpart, Télé-Québec, channel 19 in Toronto, channel XX in. The network reached an agreement with Vidéotron, and then entered negotiations with Shaw Communications and Telus, TVO cited that. we believe that we have a responsibility to earn revenues from the sale of our service outside of our home province. TVO is willing to consent to cable and satellite distributors carrying our signal outside the province, since cable or satellite distributors receive subscriber revenues driven by having TVO as part of their offering, we feel its reasonable to be compensated. Unfortunately, we could not come to an agreement with Bell to compensate TVO for carrying our signal outside of Ontario, as a result, the only cable and satellite customers outside Ontario that can still view TVO are on the Quebec side of the Ottawa/Gatineau market. It is unknown if the dispute or carriage restrictions also apply to the few systems in the United States that carry TVO. The Ontario Educational Communications Authority was created in June 1970 by then Education Minister Bill Davis, at that time, the OECA produced childrens and educational programming which was aired on commercial television stations. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, acting on behalf of OECA, applied for, CICA, with the mandate of electronic and associated media to provide educational opportunities for all people in Ontario

68.
Ontario Trillium Foundation
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The Ontario Trillium Foundation is an agency of the Government of Ontario, and Canada’s largest granting foundation. Over $110 million is awarded annually to some 1000 nonprofit and charitable organizations across the province, each year, more than 3,000 applications are reviewed by hundreds of volunteers. Supported by professional and experienced staff, volunteers bring knowledge of local needs, in 2013, OTF celebrated its 30th anniversary as a grantmaker and thought leader. OTF grants are made across 16 catchments, which cover the province of Ontario, the Foundation awards grants in six distinct Action Areas, Active People, Inspired People, Green People, Promising Young People, Prosperous People, Connected People. The Foundation makes four different types of grants, which are described as Investment Streams, seed, grow, capital and this theory of change is rooted in the Canadian Index of Wellbeing

Ontario Trillium Foundation
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Ministries

69.
Archives of Ontario
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The Archives of Ontario is the provincial archives for the province of Ontario, Canada. Founded in 1903, the archives is located in Toronto, the Bureau of Archives, as it was originally known, was first located at the Ontario Legislature. The Archives moved to the Canadiana Building on the University of Toronto campus in 1951, relocated to 77 Grenville Street in 1972 its name was also changed to the Archives of Ontario. The reading room at the Grenville building closed on March 26,2009, the official groundbreaking ceremony for the new Archives of Ontario building on the York University grounds, which also houses the York University Research Tower, was on April 30,2007. The groundbreaking was attended by former Minister of Government Services Gerry Phillips and former York University President, the building was opened to the public on April 2,2009 and is expected to be the site of the Archives for at least the next thirty-five years. In addition to the records of the Ontario government, the Archives also acquires records of private individuals, notable private records include Eatons fonds, Conn Smythe fonds and Moriyama and Teshima Architects fonds. The head of the Archives has been known as the Archivist of Ontario since 1923, eleven people have held this position

Archives of Ontario
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York University 's Research Tower and Archives of Ontario building.

70.
Ontario Provincial Police
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The Ontario Provincial Police is the Provincial Police service for the province of Ontario, Canada. The OPP is responsible for providing policing services over one million square kilometres of land and 174,000 km2 of water to a population of 2.3 million people. As of 2010, the O. P. P. has over 6,200 uniformed,850 auxiliary and 2,700 civilian personnel. The vehicle fleet consists of 2,290 vehicles,114 marine vessels,286 snow and all-terrain vehicles, rank Structure within the OPP is paramilitary or quasi-military in nature, with several non-commissioned ranks leading to the officer ranks. The OPP is the largest deployed police force in Ontario, the service is responsible for providing policing services throughout the province in areas lacking local police forces. The OPP also works with other agencies, including the Ministry of Transportation and Ministry of Natural Resources to enforce highway safety and conservation regulations. Finally, OPP officers provide security at the Ontario Legislature at Queens Park in Toronto, the OPP is one of three provincial police forces in Canada. The others are the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary in Newfoundland and Labrador, at the First Parliament of Upper Canada on September 17,1792, at Niagara-on-the-Lake, provision was made for the formation of a police system. Initially, policing jurisdictions were limited to districts, townships, in 1845, a Mounted Police Force was created, in order to keep the peace in areas surrounding the construction of public works. It became the Ontario Mounted Police Force after Confederation, in 1877, the Constables Act extended jurisdiction and gave designated police members authorization to act throughout the province. Murray was joined by two detectives in 1897, marking the beginnings of the Criminal Investigation Branch. However, for the most part, policing outside of Ontarios cities was non-existent, with the discovery of silver in Cobalt and gold in Timmins, lawlessness was increasingly becoming a problem in northern Ontario. It consisted of 45 men under the direction of Superintendent Joseph E. Rogers, the starting salary for constables was $400 per annum, increased to $900 in 1912. The first OPP detachment was located in Bala, Ontario, in the 1920s, restructuring was undertaken with the passing of The Provincial Police Force Act,1921. The title of the officer was changed to Commissioner and given responsibility for enforcing the provisions of The Ontario Temperance Act. Major-General Harry Macintyre Cawthra-Elliot was appointed as the first Commissioner, the OPPs first line of duty death occurred in 1923 when escaped convict Leo Rogers shot and killed Sergeant John Urquhart near North Bay. Rogers, who was killed in a shootout with O. P. P. Officers, had already mortally wounded North Bay City Constable Fred Lefebvre, the first OPP motorcycle patrol was introduced in 1928, phased out in 1942 and then reintroduced in 1949

71.
ServiceOntario
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ServiceOntario continues to grow and increase its capacity to integrate and deliver services. In 2011, ServiceOntario became the face in service delivery on behalf of individuals. Any and all transactions were completed through ServiceOntario centres, website. In 2012, illegal card skimming devices were installed on some kiosks in the Greater Toronto Area, the Minister of Government Services is responsible for utilizing ServiceOntario to provide services to Ontario residents previously offered by various Ontario government agencies and services. dhs

ServiceOntario
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ServiceOntario in Markham

72.
Special Investigations Unit
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The SIUs goal is to ensure that criminal law is applied appropriately to police conduct, as determined through independent investigations, increasing public confidence in the police services. As a civilian law enforcement agency, the SIU has the power and authority to investigate, the SIU is a unique investigative provincial body, overseeing approximately 23,000 police officers from municipal, regional, and provincial services. Ontario is the first province to have such an oversight agency in place. As a result, the SIU has become a model of civilian oversight for other jurisdictions in the light of the movement towards greater civilian accountability of the police. Civilian oversight of police services has become an important accountability mechanism to police powers, the role of the SIU is not necessarily to lay charges against police officers but to investigate and to assure the community that the conduct of the police is subject to independent scrutiny. The SIU strives to maintain community confidence in Ontario’s police services by assuring the public that the actions of the police are subject to independent investigations and they are completely independent of the police and have an arms-length relationship with the government. This means that although the SIU Director reports to the Attorney General, before the SIU, police services investigated themselves or in some instances, another police service was assigned to conduct the investigation. In 1988, the Ontario government established the Task Force on Race Relations, there was a lack of public confidence in a system where police policed themselves. The Task Force’s report recommended changes in the law on the use of force by the police, as a result, the SIU was formed in 1990 under a new Ontario Police Services Act. Initially, the SIU was headquartered in Toronto, but in 2000 it moved to the current location at 5090 Commerce Boulevard, Mississauga, Ontario, there are two ways that the SIU becomes notified, by police officers or by public request. The police are obliged to notify the SIU to report any incidents that may fall within the SIU’s jurisdiction. Also, the SIU receives and acts on requests from members of the media, lawyers, coroners, medical professionals. Once the SIU is notified, an Investigative Supervisor gathers information to determine whether the complaint/incident falls within their mandate, if so, they will begin investigating. The objective of every SIU investigation is to determine there is evidence of criminal wrongdoing on the part of the police. Although the circumstances of every case are unique, the approach to most investigations is the same, the investigative process begins by assigning a lead investigator and as many investigators, forensic identification technicians, and resources as necessary. Once all of the facts are gathered, the Director then makes a decision there are reasonable grounds to lay a criminal charge against a police officer. SIU investigators come from both civilian and police backgrounds, in the 2006-07 fiscal year, the majority of the full-time investigators came from civilian backgrounds. All of the Unit’s investigators have extensive experience investigating serious incidents, such as deaths, sexual allegations, serious assaults, shootings

Special Investigations Unit
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The SIU Logo
Special Investigations Unit
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The SIU Lab.
Special Investigations Unit
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A Fingerprint
Special Investigations Unit
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The SIU Investigates a Car Crash.

73.
Agent-general
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Australia and Canadas federal governments were represented by high commissions, as are all Commonwealth national governments today. In the 18th and 19th centuries, a number of British colonies appointed agents in Great Britain. Eventually, agents-general were appointed by some colonies to represent their commercial, legal and they were appointed, and their expenses and salaries provided, by the governments of the colonies they represented. Starting in 1886, Quebec and the federal Canadian government also appointed agents-general to Paris, the first, Hector Fabre, was dispatched by the province of Quebec but was asked by the federal government to represent all of Canada. Canadian provinces have also appointed agent-generals to other countries and major cities, following a military coup in Nigeria in 1966, the federal system was abolished, and the posts of the agents-general of Nigerian regions in London were subsumed in the Nigerian High Commission. The majority of Australian states continue to have agents-general in London, the New South Wales Office in London was one of several overseas offices established to represent various states interests in London. The London Office was established after the appointment of the first Agent-General on 1 May 1787, after 1932, the Agent-Generals Office was abolished and replaced by the New South Wales Government Offices, London. The Agent-Generals Office was re-established in 1937, in September 1992, the position of NSW Agent-General in London was abolished by the Fahey government. It was replaced by the NSW Government Trade and Investment Office, London, which had no diplomatic function, Sir Peter Roylance Delamothe, 1971–1973 N C Sweeney, 1973–1974 Hon. Sir Philip Oakley Fysh, KCMG, 1899–1901 Sir Andrew Clarke,1901 Hon. Alfred Dobson, CMG, 1901–1908 Sir John McCall, KCMG, Kt. 1909–1919 Alfred Henry Ashbolt, 1919–1924 Lieut. -Colonel R. Eccles Snowden, 1924–1930 Darcy W. Addison, CMG, ISO, MVO, 1930–1931 Herbert W. Ely, ISO, 1931–1937 Hon. Sir Claude Ernest Weymouth James, Kt, 1937–1950 Sir Eric E. von Bibra, Kt, Sir Alfred J White, Kt 1959–1971 Royce R. Neville, 1971–1978 Hon. William A. Edward Horne Wittenoom,1889 -1901 Hon. Septimus Burt KC, 1891–1892 Hon. Sir Hal Colebatch, 1923–1927 Hon. William Angwin, 1927–1933 Hon, Sir Hal Colebatch, 1933–1939 Hon. Michael Troy, 1939–1947 Hon. William Kitson, 1947–1952 Hon. James Dimmitt, 1953–1957 Hon. Ernest Hoar, 1957–1965 Hon. Smart A. H. Hart Garde B, gardom Anthony John McMillan R. Frederick W. Sims G. C. Noxon vacant James S. P. Armstrong Allan Rowan-Legg Ward Cornell W, in 1936, legislation was passed by the government of Maurice Duplessis closing all Quebec government offices abroad. The government of Adélard Godbout repealed the legislation and opened an office in New York City in 1940, when Duplessis returned to power in 1944, his government retained the New York City office and its agent-general but opened no others. In 1971, the title of agent-general was officially changed to delegate-general although previous title is often used. In addition, there are the equivalent of Honorary consuls, titled antennes, in Atlanta, Berlin, Houston, Qingdao, Seoul, volume 2, Coming of Age, 1946–1968

Agent-general
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1910 Advertisement from WA Agent General

74.
Office of Francophone Affairs
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The Office of Francophone Affairs in the Canadian province of Ontario is responsible for the provision of government services to Franco-Ontarian citizens and communities. There are 25 areas of the province so designated, the Minister responsible for Francophone Affairs in the Executive Council of Ontario is Marie-France Lalonde. Past ministers included Bernard Grandmaître, Charles Beer, Gilles Pouliot, Noble Villeneuve and John Baird

Office of Francophone Affairs
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Ministries

75.
Ornge
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Its headquarters are in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. The name Ornge is not an acronym, but is based on the colour of its aircraft. According to the organization, The a was removed from the name, partly to make stop and take a second look. In 2012 Ornge and its associated companies employed more than 400 people, including paramedics, pilots, Ornge has its own aircraft and land ambulances, with 12 bases across Ontario. It also contracts some operations out to independent service providers, the air ambulance program was established in 1977 to serve remote areas, primarily in Northern Ontario, that are inaccessible to land ambulances or that land ambulances would take too long to reach. Ontario was the first Canadian province to provide an air ambulance system to transport critically ill patients to hospital. Air ambulances are used to transport medical teams and organs for transplant. A large part of the air service is involved in serving aboriginal communities, of which there are approximately 117. Until about 2005 the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care contracted with private operators to provide its air ambulance aircraft, pilots. The Ministry directly operated the air ambulance dispatch centre and was responsible for overseeing the overall effectiveness of the air ambulance program. In 2005, the Ministry announced that it was appointing a not-for-profit corporation called the Ontario Air Ambulance Corporation to be responsible for all air ambulance operations and this was done to establish clearer lines of authority among the different parts of air ambulance operations. An arm’s-length corporation was also consistent with the Ministry’s objective of moving away from service delivery. The corporations name was changed to Ornge. The Ministry operated an air ambulance dispatch centre in Toronto until Ornge took over, Today, the air ambulance program has become an integral component of the larger emergency health system in communities across the province. In 2011 Ornge was involved in a controversy regarding executives compensation, including President, Mazza went on an indefinite medical leave on 22 December 2011 at the height of the scandal. The Toronto Star uncovered that Mazza was receiving $1.4 million a year while remaining off the sunshine list of public employees earning over $100,000 and that salary made him the highest publicly paid official in the province. Ontario Health Minister Deb Matthews stated that Mazza’s salary was outrageous, shocking, as the scandal spread on 24 January 2012 Ornge fired 18 managers and closed the J Smarts charity program. The next day a new board of directors was named, including former provincial cabinet minister Charles Harnick, a complete forensic audit was also started

Ornge
Ornge
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Ornge facility in Thunder Bay
Ornge
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An early production Sikorsky S-76 A owned by Canadian Helicopters and used in the Ontario air ambulance role in August 2007. The aircraft is in an earlier Ontario Air Ambulance paint scheme
Ornge
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Ornge AgustaWestland AW139 at the Ottawa base, 3 June 2011