4. Libroshttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/2791
Sun, 02 Aug 2015 22:35:45 GMT2015-08-02T22:35:45ZImpacto de las floraciones algales nocivas en Uruguay: origen, dispersión, monitoreo, control y mitigaciónhttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/3245
Impacto de las floraciones algales nocivas en Uruguay: origen, dispersión, monitoreo, control y mitigación
Méndez, S.M.
Las floraciones algales nocivas (FANs) afectan la salud humana, la economía pesquera, el turismo y los ecosistemas acuáticos. Dado que el problema de las FANs es mundial, para minimizar sus efectos se han implementado programas de monitoreo en más de 50
países. El registro de especies de fitoplancton tóxico ha ido creciendo y cada vez se conoce más diversidad de toxinas producidas por estos microorganismos. En Uruguay, la Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos
(DINARA) dependiente del Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) lleva a cabo el monitoreo simultáneo de las FANs y la toxicidad en los moluscos. Esta modalidad de monitoreo y la confirmación de la toxicidad
de algunas especies de microalgas, permite establecer la relación de causalidad entre la floración de éstas y la toxicidad en los moluscos en la costa uruguaya. Existen mecanismos para combatir las FANs aunque presentan
algunas limitaciones en su aplicabilidad. La dispersión geográfica de las especies de microalgas nocivas y tóxicas puede producirse por factores naturales como las corrientes oceánicas o por actividades humanas como
el tránsito marítimo y en especial barcos de carga que trasiegan aguas de lastre. Para disminuir el riesgo de introducción de éstas y otras especies nocivas por actividades
humanas, varios países están implementando protocolos de control. El manejo adecuado de los episodios de floraciones algales nocivas involucra a varias instituciones
y organizaciones a escala nacional y el seguimiento de normativas y compromisos internacionales.; Harmful algal blooms (HABs) affect human health,
fishery’s economy, tourism and aquatic ecosystems.
Since HABs are a worldwide problem, monitoring
programs have been implemented in more than 50
countries in order to minimize their effects. The reports
of toxic phytoplankton species and the diversity of
toxins produced by these microorganisms have
increased. The National Directorate of Aquatic
Resources (DINARA), Ministry of Livestock,
Agriculture and Fishery (MGAP) carries on the
simultaneous monitoring of HABs and mollusc
toxicity. This monitoring approach and the
confirmation of toxic microalgae species allows the
DINARA to establish the causality between the bloom
and the toxicity of molluscs along the Uruguayan
coast. There exist some mechanisms for HABs control,
although their applicability presents limitations. The
geographic dispersion of harmful and toxic microalgae
can be produced by natural factors like oceanic
currents or human activities like maritime transit,
particularly the discharge of ballast water by ships.
To reduce the introduction of these or other noxious
species by human activities, several countries are
implementing control protocols. The suitable
management of the harmful algal blooms events
involves several national institutions and
organizations and the follow up of international
regulations and commitments.
Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/32452006-01-01T00:00:00ZHacia un manejo ecosistémico de pesquerías. Áreas marinas protegidas en Uruguayhttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/3208
Hacia un manejo ecosistémico de pesquerías. Áreas marinas protegidas en Uruguay
Defeo, O.; Horta, S.; Carranza, A.; Lercari, D.; de Álava, A.; Gómez, J.; Martínez, G.; Lozoya, J.P.; Celentano, E.
El análisis de largo plazo de las pesquerías costeras de Uruguay sugiere que el estado de los principales recursos es preocupante. Esto puede deberse a múltiples causas (sobrepesca, polución, causas naturales), a lo cual se suman fallas en el diseño (e.g. información de base insuficiente) o en la implementación de las normativas vigentes (e.g. fiscalización), así como a la ausencia de un enfoque integrado. Este libro plantea estrategias para el desarrollo e implementación del Manejo Ecosistémico de Pesquerías (MEP) costeras de Uruguay. En este contexto, se hace especial énfasis en la identificación de Áreas Marinas Protegidas (AMPs) como herramientas de manejo pesquero y conservación de la biodiversidad de la costa uruguaya. Se recabó información de los últimos 30 años, referida a descriptores ecológicos (número de especies, abundancia, biomasa, áreas de crías y desove, tipos de hábitats), pesqueros (captura, esfuerzo de pesca), socio-económicos (urbanización, turismo) y legales, la cual fue integrada y analizada en un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Se identificaron tres ecorregiones en la zona costera entre San José y Rocha, con diferencias en sus características ambientales y ecológicas, así como en cuanto a la naturaleza e intensidad de los usos humanos. En éstas, se identificaron y categorizaron 10 sitios como potenciales AMPs, cuya implementación sería de utilidad como herramienta para el MEP en la costa uruguaya. Dada la heterogénea distribución espacio-temporal de los recursos, así como de varios procesos pesqueros y ecosistémicos, se sugiere además la definición de ventanas espacio-temporales de manejo. Esto permitiría maximizar el uso de los recursos económicos y humanos para el manejo de una red de AMPs, optimizando los esfuerzos de monitoreo y/o fiscalización en áreas o períodos críticos. Se propone asimismo el empleo de indicadores de desempeño, puntos de referencia y reglas de decisión a efectos de evaluar la eficiencia de las AMPs. Se destaca también la necesidad de reconocer la heterogeneidad espacial y dinámica de las comunidades faunísticas, de sus componentes y procesos claves, así como del proceso pesquero en su conjunto, a efectos de desarrollar un MEP en Uruguay. Finalmente, se propone la implementación de procesos participativos de co-manejo pesquero que se adapten a las condiciones de cada sitio, de manera de proveer incentivos a los usuarios que permitan aumentar las probabilidades de éxito de los planes de manejo. La implementación de un sistema participativo de gobernanza de estas características, nuevo para el sector pesquero uruguayo, implicará focalizarse en procesos socio-ecológicos que no solamente consideren medidas de manejo tradicionales (e.g. captura máxima sostenible, control del esfuerzo pesquero y del poder de pesca), sino que reconozcan la legitimidad de la participación de los usuarios en este proceso. Esto potenciará sinergias entre los esfuerzos de manejo y conservación, reconociendo a la integridad de los ecosistemas como base para la sostenibilidad de los recursos y el crecimiento socio-económico. Solo la consideración simultánea de aspectos ecológicos y sociales permitirá augurar un futuro promisorio en la conservación y el uso sostenible de lo recursos pesqueros de la zona costera uruguaya.; Long-term analysis of Uruguayan coastal fisheries suggests that the status of the main stocks is worrisome. This can be due to multiple factors, including: overfishing, pollution, natural variability of stocks, failures in the design (e.g. lack of basic information) and implementation of current regulations (e.g. control) and a lack of an integrated approach to their management. This book addresses the development and implementation of strategies for an Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management (EBFM) approach for Uruguayan coastal fisheries. Special emphasis is placed on the identification of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as fishery management and biodiversity conservation tools. Three ecoregions were identified in the Uruguay’s coastal zone between San José and Rocha, characterized by contrasting environmental and ecological characteristics and a diversity in nature and intensity of human uses. Information from the last 30 years was gathered and analyzed covering ecological aspects (species number, abundance, biomass, nursery and spawning areas, types of habitats), fishery indicators (catch, fishing effort), socioeconomic data (urbanization, tourism) and legal issues. This information was integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS), which allowed the identification and categorization of 10 potential MPAs sites, whose implementation would be a useful tool in applying an EBFM approach along the Uruguayan coast. The use of spatio-temporal management windows is suggested to address the heterogeneous distribution of the resources and of several fishery and ecosystem-level processes. These would maximize the efficiency of economic and human resources needed to manage an MPA network as well as optimizing monitoring and control efforts in critical areas or periods. Performance indicators, reference points and decision rules are also proposed to evaluate MPA efficiency. The development of an EBFM approach in coastal Uruguayan fisheries would need to recognize the spatial heterogeneity and dynamics of faunal communities, their components and key processes, and the fishing process. Finally, the implementation of fisheries co-management initiatives, adapted to local conditions and specific situations, is proposed in order to provide incentives to the stakeholders and increasing the probability of achieving management plan objectives. This innovative strategy for Uruguayan fisheries should focus on socio-ecological processes that consider not only traditional management measures (e.g., regulation of catch, fishing effort and fishing power), but also the legitimacy of users’ participation in the management process. This approach would boost synergies between management and conservation efforts, recognizing ecosystems integrity as a basis for the sustainable use of fishery resources and socioeconomic growth. Only the simultaneous consideration of ecological and social aspects holds any promise for the future in promoting conservation and the sustainable use of the fishing resources of the Uruguayan coastal zone. As this socio-ecological process matures it will also need to increase the inclusiveness of resource management goals to include non-use factors, such as biodiversity and other ecosystem services, which are still poorly understood and managed in artisanal fisheries.
Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/32082009-01-01T00:00:00ZThe impact generated on Sea Turtles by Fisheries in the Southwestern Atlantic Oceanhttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/3207
The impact generated on Sea Turtles by Fisheries in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Domingo, A.; Bugoni, L.; Prosdocimi, L.; Miller, P.; Laporta, M.; Monteiro, D.; Estrades, A.; Albareda, D.
This document, which is directed at the fishing sector, researchers, conservationists and fishery administrators, was developed by researchers who are members of the Specialists
Group for Marine Turtle Research and conservation in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) in response to the urgent
need to evaluate the impact generated on sea turtles by fisheries. Historically, sea turtle conservation efforts have focused almost exclusively on the protection of nesting beaches.
Nevertheless, over the last decade, research has proved incidental mortality as a result of fishing activities to be one of the greatest threats to these animals. This type of interaction
is not only problematic for turtles, but also generates financial losses for fishermen and businesses. In spite of the efforts that are currently underway, researchers still do not have a detailed understanding of the impact that bycatch produces on sea turtle populations in the SWA. We have a long way to go before its effects can be minimized. Further research is needed regarding the biology and ecology of the various turtle species as well as the effective
application of mitigation measures. The life cycles of sea turtles are long and complex.
Turtles occupy various ecosystems (nesting beaches, coastal, neritic and oceanic zones, as well as pelagic and demersal areas) throughout their lifetimes, transcending various Exclusive Economic Zones and International Waters. The five species that inhabit the SWA region perform vast feeding and reproductive migrations, traveling through areas where many different fishing fleets operate. Therefore, sea turtles in
the SWA interact with virtually all fisheries. These circumstances make it necessary to carry out biological, fishing related and conservation studies on a regional level. The efficiency of the existing international and national legal instruments has yet to be determined, in terms of their effectiveness in protecting sea turtles. In some cases, legislation that is specifically related to the interaction between fisheries
and turtles does exist, such as those laws requiring the mandatory use of turtle excluding devices (TEDs). There are also explicit bans on sea turtle capture. Nevertheless, none of
these regulations prevent sea turtle bycatch. Although some regional legal instruments are needed, these and the existing legislation will only be effective if they are accompanied by a
broader range of permanent education and control measures, to achieve the commitment of all the parties involved. The ecosystem approach is gaining popularity among fishery administration organizations. Research and conservation efforts should also be moving in that direction. A regional and international effort is required in order to compile information regarding the bycatch produced by the various
types of fisheries and fleets operating in the area. The enormous increase in fishing pressure that these fleets are exerting in this area has not been accompanied by an increase in
information regarding the bycatch of species that have no commercial value. Pelagic longlining is one of the fishing methods, which
must be most closely monitored, due to the high levels of bycatch that it produces, as well its ample distribution throughout the region, and the high level of fishing effort that it accounts for. Coastal trawlers and gillnetters must also
be considered critical players, because they too produce a large rate of bycatch. These are the three types of fisheries that are most broadly distributed throughout the region, accounting
for the majority of the fishing effort. Most of the institutions that work toward sea turtle
conservation in the area have only begun to address the issue of bycatch over the last decade. This timeframe is reflected in the scope and quantity of the available publications, as well as the progress of activities directed at mitigating this problem. All of the institutions that have been mentioned in this report have made the gathering of information regarding interaction between sea turtles and fisheries one
of their top priorities. Some institutions are even developing working programs for monitoring fisheries and testing mitigation measures. Many of these institutions have managed to develop adequate relationships with fishermen, ship owners and administrators. Nevertheless, limited access to funding is an obstacle to the development and testing of mitigation measures.
The SWA network, which is a very valuable instrument that was created in 2003, has allowed the region’s institutions and researchers to exchange information and share their experience, in addition to lending each other support in carrying out joint activities, thus strengthening sea turtle conservation efforts. The capacity demonstrated so far by the
region’s researchers and institutions, testifies to their ability to continue to make progress in knowledge generation and tests of bycatch mitigation measures.
Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/32072006-01-01T00:00:00ZEl impacto generado por las pesquerías en las tortugas marinas en el Océano Atlántico Sud Occidentalhttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/3206
El impacto generado por las pesquerías en las tortugas marinas en el Océano Atlántico Sud Occidental
Domingo, A.; Bugoni, L.; Prosdocimi, L.; Miller, P.; Laporta, M.; Monteiro, D.; Estrades, A.; Albareda, D.
Este documento, dirigido al sector pesquero, investigadores, conservacionistas y administradores de las pesquerías, surge como respuesta de investigadores pertenecientes
al Grupo de Especialistas en Investigación y Conservación de Tortugas Marinas en el Atlántico Sud Occidental (ASO) a la
urgente necesidad de evaluar el impacto de las pesquerías
sobre las tortugas marinas. Históricamente, los esfuerzos referidos
a la conservación de las tortugas marinas se han dirigido
casi exclusivamente a proteger las playas de anidación.
Sin embargo en la última década se ha podido comprobar
que una de las mayores amenazas es la mortalidad incidental
causada por las pesquerías. Esta interacción no implica únicamente
un problema para las tortugas, sino que también
genera pérdidas económicas para los pescadores y las empresas.; This document, which is directed at the fishing sector, researchers, conservationists and fishery administrators, was developed by researchers who are members of the Specialists
Group for Marine Turtle Research and Conservation in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean (SWA) in response to the urgent
need to evaluate the impact generated on sea turtles by fisheries. Historically, sea turtle conservation efforts have focused almost exclusively on the protection of nesting beaches.
Nevertheless, over the last decade, research has proved incidental mortality as a result of fishing activities to be one
of the greatest threats to these animals. This type of interaction is not only problematic for turtles, but also generates financial losses for fishermen and businesses.
Sun, 01 Jan 2006 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/1834/32062006-01-01T00:00:00Z