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--Boundary_(ID_7LLzTZ0uaG9/r5D1fIKJNA)
Content-type: text/plain; name="Livestock Care Con Bulletin.txt"
Content-disposition: attachment; filename="Livestock Care Con Bulletin.txt"
Content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable
livestock care conference
Animal Welfare in Europe, North America and Alberta
The pressures, the legislation, the realities .....
that impact producers, processors and marketers.
Wednesday, January 12, 2000
Delta South, Edmonton
9:30am to 4:00pm
The EU Situation: Limping or Leaping Forward?=20
Dr. John Webster, Professor of Animal Husbandry, University of Bristol, =
originally proposed the five freedoms so often quoted by animal welfare =
advocates. He authored Animal Welfare - A Cool Eye Towards Eden. He was =
a Prof. in Animal Physiology at the University of Alberta. He is a =
strong voice in the UK for a constructive approach to animal welfare =
improvements. He is well aware of how the Alberta situation compares =
with that in Europe. He will provide insight into how EU emotions, =
science and political pressures impact livestock, producers, and =
consumer branded products.
Alberta's Strategy: What Direction? What Impact?
What can we learn from the European situation and from McDonald's to =
help set the course for development in Alberta? Will we follow a low =
cost of production strategy or be competitive in other ways? Jerry =
Bouma, noted for his innovative work on value chain strategies for =
Alberta's agriculture industry, will address ethics, economics and how =
we will move forward.
McDonald's Tackles Animal Welfare Head On
McDonald's is under pressure from animal rights groups. This is despite =
the company's innovative approach to include animal welfare as part of =
its quality assurance programs; a first in North America. Find out from =
Dr. Temple Grandin why McDonald's contracted her, how she set up animal =
welfare audits, how the company and its suppliers have responded to her =
recommendations. Ron Usborne from Caravelle Foods, the Canadian beef =
supplier for McDonald's, will be on hand as well.=20
'Harvesting the Stars': How Teenagers Deliver the Animal Welfare and =
Biotech Message
Learn how a group of creative high school students, with no background =
in agriculture expect eating, are helping the livestock industry =
communicate with the urban public. Betty Gabert, head of Agriculture in =
the Classroom, will tell us about this project and entertain us with =
some scenes of the musical 'Harvesting the Stars.'
Brought to you by: ( AFAC ( Alberta SPCA ( AAFRD
BOOK NOW to hear and meet these four dynamic speakers.
$80.00 registration includes GST, conference and lunch.*
Contact AFAC: email info@afac.ab.ca or phone 403-932-8050
*Student Rates Available
--Boundary_(ID_7LLzTZ0uaG9/r5D1fIKJNA)--
--Boundary_(ID_eSQTCx9wRwth/aKUI57YCw)--
From: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed" 16-OCT-1999 19:51:41.43
To: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk", IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Hello all.
Thinking about all the comments that have been made about wheels and bars as
the only best of poor substitutes for what a rat wants, it occurs to me that
perhaps the only way to really enrich a rat's environment is to set it free.
After all, these animals are confined in cages, so artificiality in their
enviroment is a given. That makes running on wheels and climbing on bars
look like pallative past-times. Rather like putting a television in a
hospital patient's room.
Brenda Reed
>From: Charlotte Nevison
>To: Jeff Rushen
>CC: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca, C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk,
>chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk
>Subject: Re: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
>Date: Thu, 14 Oct 1999 15:35:11 +0100 (GMT Daylight Time)
>
>Hi Jeff, and fellow list members,
>
> > The problem with stereotypies is not the performance of the
> > behaviour itself but the underlying conditions that lead animals
> > to perform stereotypies.
>
>Agreed.
>
> > Preventing animals from performing
> > stereotypies but leaving them with the underlying problem
> > will not solve anything. Likewise, allowing animals to
> > perform the stereotypies doesn't solve the problem either.
>
>Again agreed.
>
> > Similarly for mice, the question as to whether or
> > not mice should be encouraged to wheel run depends on
> > why they want to wheel run.
>
>Perhaps rehashing my last mail here, but imagine the
>scenario - you put a wheel in the cage of a mouse - it runs
>on it. Similarly, put bars on the top of the cage - it
>climbs on them. Both behaviours usually performed at high
>frequency. Are both fulfilling the 'want' for activity? If
>so, why is one outlet (ie. provision of a wheel) more
>acceptable to us than the other? Why bother providing
>running wheels in addition to the bars that are already
>features of most rodent cages?
>These are the sort
>of arguments that we have to counter, and our
>arguments have to be convincing as there are many people
>using lab animals that fight against enrichment for many
>reasons (eg. costs and the increase in variability).
>
>Alternatively, is the motivation behind these activities
>more 'sinister'? Evidence I gathered supports earlier
>suggestions that bar-related stereotypy in mice is
>motivated by a desire to leave the cage (escape?). So wheel
>running is not an obvious means of leaving the cage, but as
>bar-related behaviour can be substituted by
>wheel running, is this performed when repetitive behaviour
>is ingrained and functional motivation is lost, and hence
>fulfills the criteria for a stereotypy? (NB. not sure about
>the importance of the switch here).
>
>Say wheel running and / or bar behaviour is found to be
>something that an animal 'wants', eg. through tests where
>they have to work to gain access to these resources. Does
>this mean that they are acceptable to the animal, or just
>the best choice in a world of poor choices?
>
>I'm being deliberately provocative here. We need a
>sound basis for advocating certain types of enrichment. I'm
>not yet convinced about the evidence for running wheels,
>and I don't like being so negative towards people who are
>desperately keen to improve the environments of their
>animals.
>
>Regards,
>Charlotte.
>
>
>----------------------
>C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk
>
>Animal Behaviour Research Group
>Division of Animal Husbandry
>Leahurst Veterinary Teaching Hospital,
>University of Liverpool,
>Chester High Road, Neston,
>South Wirral L64 7TE
>UK
>Tel: 0151 794 6101
>Fax: 0151 794 6107
>
______________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
From: IN%"robin@coape.win-uk.net" "Robin Walker" 17-OCT-1999 01:40:30.72
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology Network (E-mail)"
CC:
Subj: Summum bonum Brenda!
This is provocative!
" ... perhaps the only way to really enrich a rat's environment is to set it free."
Thank you Brenda. You have spun my wheel and I have reached for the book
which I detest above all, "Happiness and the Limits of Satisfaction" by Deal W.
Hudson. This is 183 pages of logorrhoea about the iniquity of expecting
to be happy. In its march toward persuading us that we should wait until we
go to heaven the book must deal with "the pursuit of happiness" , hedony,
eudaemonia and all the pleasure cats that have escaped the bag of Catholic
theopolitical control.
This is a debating table at which cattle, pigs, dogs, chickens and trout should
"sit".
I as a veterinarian believe that the time-table of our studies of diarrhoea should be slightly
tweaked to admit some examination of eurrhoea (biou) or good life flow.
I will be brief (one man's eurrhoea is another's loggorrhoea).
Just what, Brenda, is the optimum for a given species and how do we measure it?
The success of a species seems to be measured mostly by its proliferation which
is largely a matter of producing and raising young. Need this be accompanied by
full exercise of all the capacities for hedonic satisfaction possessed by that species?
What is Eden for the rat?
We have sailed into the sea of "enrichment" by navigating away from the stern
bearings of a specie's apparent attempts to achieve a budget of contentment or
fulfilment in its daily round. Is this course the "dead reckoning" for the optimal
life-style for an animal?
For example trout survive in the environment in which Celts say they are not
happy. The trout grow to 2 or 3 pounds weight and the Celts go to England.
In a farm the trout get huge and in England the Celts get wealthy. (Don't argue
all my Partners were Scots :-)
If the horse had evolved amid vegetation that could retract itself below ground
on perceiving a hoof-fall the equids would be great pouncers and diggers.
So does the "equiball" enrich the horse's life or does it elicit rage and frustration?
From the barrio
Robin
Robin E Walker B.Vet.Med. M.R.C.V.S.
The Veterinary Clinic
78 Bromyard Road
Worcester
WR2 5DA
Tel (++44 (0)1905 421296
Fax ++44 (0)1905 422287
Centre of Applied Pet Ethology
Association of Pet Behaviour Counsellors
From: IN%"taylora@ican.net" 17-OCT-1999 07:48:56.64
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology List"
CC:
Subj: Upcoming Conference
Sorry - it has been brought to my attention that the attachment I sent
yesterday wasn't readable by all - here is an excerted text version. I
have no involvement in this eent, so if you want more info, please
contact the groups indicated.
Allison
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Livestock care conference
Animal Welfare in Europe, North America and Alberta
The pressures, the legislation, the realities .....
that impact producers, processors and marketers.
Wednesday, January 12, 2000
Delta South, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
9:30am to 4:00pm
The EU Situation: Limping or Leaping Forward?
Dr. John Webster, Professor of Animal Husbandry, University of Bristol,
originally proposed the five freedoms so often quoted by animal welfare
advocates. He authored Animal Welfare - A Cool Eye Towards Eden. He was
a Prof. in Animal Physiology at the University of Alberta. He is a
strong voice in the UK for a constructive approach to animal welfare
improvements. He is well aware of how the Alberta situation compares
with that in Europe. He will provide insight into how EU emotions,
science and political pressures impact livestock, producers, and
consumer branded products.
Alberta's Strategy: What Direction? What Impact?
What can we learn from the European situation and from McDonald's to
help set the course for development in Alberta? Will we follow a low
cost of production strategy or be competitive in other ways? Jerry
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Alberta's agriculture industry, will address ethics, economics and how
we will move forward.
McDonald's Tackles Animal Welfare Head On
McDonald's is under pressure from animal rights groups. This is despite
the company's innovative approach to include animal welfare as part of
its quality assurance programs; a first in North America. Find out from
Dr. Temple Grandin why McDonald's contracted her, how she set up animal
welfare audits, how the company and its suppliers have responded to her
recommendations. Ron Usborne from Caravelle Foods, the Canadian beef
supplier for McDonald's, will be on hand as well.
'Harvesting the Stars': How Teenagers Deliver the Animal Welfare and
Biotech Message
Learn how a group of creative high school students, with no background
in agriculture expect eating, are helping the livestock industry
communicate with the urban public. Betty Gabert, head of Agriculture in
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Brought to you by: ( AFAC ( Alberta SPCA ( AAFRD
BOOK NOW to hear and meet these four dynamic speakers.
$80.00 registration includes GST, conference and lunch.*
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--
Allison Taylor, PhD
taylora@ican.net
Animal Behaviourist
Freelance Journalist & Desktop Publisher
List-Sitter: Longears Email List (Donkeys, Mules, & Hinnies)
From: IN%"margory@dnai.com" "margory cohen" 17-OCT-1999 17:16:52.27
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
> >From: Charlotte Nevison, Date: Thu, 14 Oct 1999:
> >Say wheel running and / or bar behaviour is found to be
> >something that an animal 'wants', eg. through tests where
> >they have to work to gain access to these resources. Does
> >this mean that they are acceptable to the animal, or just
> >the best choice in a world of poor choices?
and then Brenda Reed sent: Saturday, October 16, 1999:
>> Thinking about all the comments that have been made about wheels and bars
as the only best of poor substitutes for what a rat wants, it occurs to me
that perhaps the only way to really enrich a rat's environment is to set it
free.<<
and then Robin Walker, Sunday, October 17, 1999, just knocked me over with:
>>>Thank you Brenda. You have spun my wheel and I have reached for the book
which I detest above all, "Happiness and the Limits of Satisfaction" by Deal
W. Hudson. This is 183 pages of logorrhoea about the iniquity of expecting
to be happy. In its march toward persuading us that we should wait until we
go to heaven the book must deal with "the pursuit of happiness" , hedony,
eudaemonia and all the pleasure cats that have escaped the bag of Catholic
theopolitical control.<<
isn't this just human rationale for ill-treatment of animals? a conscience
palliative.
as more and more country sport events are denied, in the u.k and the
states -- (this, after hunting bans --it's illegal to hunt deer with my
dogs, tho my friends in the country hear automatic weapon fire and the next
day see fewer deer in their areas,) sighthound owners gradually turned to a
new dog field sport event: llure coursing (actually -- chasing): loosing
sighthounds on a bit of plastic moving along a length of fishing wire run
round a field by an electric pulley - rather than slipping them on hare (or
jack rabbits here in the states).
then the debate begin that this independent hunting dog was fufilling his
prey drive by chasing plastic instead of chasing what's in his heart to
chase.
i must say i missed some of this wheel-running exchange but sincere thanks
to you Brenda and Robin for making it more clear to me what is really the
question.
even the breeding of some animals is not as they would.
margory
From: IN%"lepape@univ-tours.fr" "LE PAPE" 18-OCT-1999 03:24:33.99
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Introducing myself and two questions
Hi,
New subscriber to the network, I am interrested :
- in farm animals behavior, especially pigs
- in dogs behavior
- in zoo animals welfare
- in Human-Animal relationship in behavioral, ethical and historical points
of view.
I am teacher and researcher in animal behavior and in statistics at the
university of Tours (France).
Because I am planing an historical study on scientific research on animal
behavior (especially farm animals and pets), I am interrested in lists of
references of papers SINCE 1970. Could you let me know how it is possible to
find that (on electronic material)?
One of my students have some references from a journal call "DEER". I am
enable to find this journal. Could anybody help me ?
Many thanks in advance
Gilles LE PAPE
From: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk" "Miss C.M. Nevison" 18-OCT-1999 03:44:51.34
To: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed"
CC: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk", IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Hello,
On Sat, 16 Oct 1999, Brenda Reed wrote:
>Thinking about all the comments that have been made about wheels and bars as
>the only best of poor substitutes for what a rat wants, it occurs to me that
>perhaps the only way to really enrich a rat's environment is to set it free.
Perhaps Brenda is right. In an natural environment an animal gets to
make its own decisions. However, in doing so it lives and dies by the
sword, so to speak. Make the wrong decision (eg. don't gather enough
food / nesting material, run into the path of a predator) and it
probably hastens its exit out of the world. Sometimes making the right
decision (from an evolutionary perspective, hence these behaviours are
probably exhibited by most individuals) may also hasten their end. For
example a male mouse fights for dominance in a territory, for this
secures most reproductive opportunities. However, this may be at the expense of
injuries which may become infected, and/or high testosterone /
corticosterone associated with such a response may be immunosupressive
leading to increased levels of
naturally occurring parasites. As a result the dominant may 'live fast,
die young'.
My point is that an animal may not make decisions that _seem_ to be
good for its own welfare. However it may be highly motivated to act in
this way. At least with wild animals we can appease ourselves by saying
it made its own choices, even though the condition of wild animals may
lead us to speculate that they are suffering (though this may depend on
your personal definition of when suffering occurs!).
As Brenda rightly says, we cannot have nature in the lab. But for the
foreseeable future we are destined to have animals in the lab whether we
agree with it or not. Given some of
the responses of animals in the wild, we should be careful what natural
behaviours we encourage with enrichment as they may be inappropriate for
the animal in the captive environment and also from the animal keepers
perspective, but we DO need to encourage the improvement of this environment.
There are pros and cons to every situation. The difficulty is learning
to accept the cons on some other living creatures behalf.
Charlotte.
From: IN%"C.M.E.Ryan@exeter.ac.uk" "Catriona Ryan" 18-OCT-1999 06:11:18.08
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Rat heaven - thanks
Hi all,
Many thanks to all who responded to my posting last week on
the above topic. The response has been amazing and
extremely helpful - and I'm glad to have sparked such an
interesting discussion!
Catriona
----------------------
Catriona Ryan
University of Exeter
School of Psychology
E-mail: c.m.e.ryan@exeter.ac.uk
From: IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "VIVIAN BREGMAN" 18-OCT-1999 06:24:56.06
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
At 10:44 AM 10/18/1999 +0100, you wrote:
>
>
>Hello,
>
>On Sat, 16 Oct 1999, Brenda Reed wrote:
>
>>Thinking about all the comments that have been made about wheels and bars
as
>>the only best of poor substitutes for what a rat wants, it occurs to me
that
>>perhaps the only way to really enrich a rat's environment is to set it free.
>
>Perhaps Brenda is right. In an natural environment an animal gets to
>make its own decisions. However, in doing so it lives and dies by the
>sword, so to speak. Make the wrong decision (eg. don't gather enough
>food / nesting material, run into the path of a predator) and it
>probably hastens its exit out of the world. Sometimes making the right
>decision (from an evolutionary perspective, hence these behaviours are
>probably exhibited by most individuals) may also hasten their end. For
>example a male mouse fights for dominance in a territory, for this
>secures most reproductive opportunities. However, this may be at the
expense of
>injuries which may become infected, and/or high testosterone /
>corticosterone associated with such a response may be immunosupressive
>leading to increased levels of
>naturally occurring parasites. As a result the dominant may 'live fast,
>die young'.
As you said, the animal may make decisions that are not in his best
interests, however, he passes on his genes.
That's more important in the long run, or so I've been told by the Selfish
Gene theory.
If he dies young, but has offspring, that's all that Nature wanted.
At least, that's my opinion.
Vivian
Vivian Bregman -- dog trainer for forty years --
interested in everything to do with science,
especially Biology --- vbregman@interactive.net
From: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk" "Miss C.M. Nevison" 18-OCT-1999 07:02:21.05
To: IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "VIVIAN BREGMAN"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Hello,
Vivian said:
>As you said, the animal may make decisions that are not in his best
>interests, however, he passes on his genes.
>That's more important in the long run, or so I've been told by the Selfish
>Gene theory.
>
>If he dies young, but has offspring, that's all that Nature wanted.
Precisely. And what we have to realise is that animals will put
themselves in situations which may result in behaviour or
physiology which may seem to us to be detrimental to their welfare, and
may be so, but the animal has put himself in that situation as it is a
naturally selected response. This may occur in the wild or captivity.
However the same measurable response (eg. raised glucocorticoids) may
arise as a consequence of being placed in an
environment in which an animal is not able to respond appropriately. We
have to decipher whether such responses are 'chosen' or 'enforced',
because this has everything to do with their welfare. It may reflect the
difference between positive and negative subjective mental states.
Charlotte.
From: IN%"margory@dnai.com" "margory cohen" 18-OCT-1999 07:14:28.75
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: Sport
From: David Morton, Sent: Monday, October 18, 1999 12:54 AM:
[re as more and more country sport events are denied, in the u.k and the
states -- (this, after hunting bans --it's illegal to hunt deer with my
dogs, tho my friends in the country hear automatic weapon fire and the next
day see fewer deer in their areas,) sighthound owners gradually turned to a
new dog field sport event: ...]
> Not sure who wrote this - must have missed it.
>
> Nor am I sure it was not tongue in cheek?
>
> I just wondered how a 'sport' was being defined?
>
> It seems to change. Roman arenas, animal fighting and baiting etc all
were
> regarded as sports at some time, and, to some, still are.
hello.
i did actually. not meant tongue in cheek, nor in any way to be
disrespectful. i appreciate your mention of the historical reach of the
word, but i was thinking of it in modern time and usage when i've heard and
read it in the context of country sports in England. i know there's a whole
industry of hunts (which i also understand have passionate and heated
supporters on both sides) but i was mostly thinking of chasing hare with
hounds which i understand falls in the same category. (b/c that will go too
if these activities are banned; it's already gone a lot of places here, in
the states.)
in this instance i definitely connected the word "country" to "sport." i
appreciate sincerely the attention that you give it and my thoughts as well.
all the best,
margory cohen
From: IN%"joseph.stookey@usask.ca" 18-OCT-1999 08:23:52.95
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Experimental Design and Analysis
Dear All,
The following information was sent to me and it may be of interest to
many of you.
Sincerely,
Joe Stookey
=======================================================
From:
Amy Tucker
Dear Dr Stookey
Please find details of a new title from CABI Publishing which I think
may be
of interest to the International Society of Applied Ethology. For full
details and a table of contents please see our online books catalogue at
http://www.cabi.org/catalog/BOOKS/Books.asp
Experimental Design and Analysis in Animal Sciences
T R Morris, Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, UK
September 1999 224 pages PB
ISBN 0 85199 349 4
£22.50 (US$40.00)
Readership: Advanced undergraduate and graduate students of animal
science.
Many students and even researchers often make the mistake of using too
few
or too many animals in their experiments. This can lead to misleading
results or waste of animal resources. Drawing on examples from animal
experiments this book illustrates the general principles of
experimentation
and analysis.
Unlike other textbooks on statistics, this title will enable the student
to
better judge which tool might be appropriate to particular
circumstances:
* An essential textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduate
students
* A user-friendly guide for the design and analysis of experiment
in
animal science
* The only textbook of its kind.
Yours sincerely
Amy Tucker
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Amy Tucker, Product Manager
CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, OXON, OX10 8DE, UK
Tel: +44 (0) 1491 829196 Fax: +44 (0) 1491 829198. EMail:
a.tucker@cabi.org
View our Products and services at WWW: http://www.cabi.org &
http://www.cabweb.org
From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" 18-OCT-1999 10:40:37.82
To: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk" "Miss C.M. Nevison"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "VIVIAN BREGMAN"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Dear All,
I agree with what Charlotte says. In consumer demand studies, we assess
the strength of motivation for various commodities or types of
commodity, and presume that by providing the one for which the animal
has demonstrated the highest motivation, we will be providing the
commodity/type most likely to improve welfare. Where this method can
give misleading information is when we create an artificial construct,
e.g. the reinforcement is an addictive drug, supernormal stimulus,
sacharrine solution, etc. The animal will appear highly motivated, but
this is because it has evolved to respond to sweet tasting solutions
(sacharrine) as if it has a high sugar content (which it does not). The
animal has not had time/sufficient exposure to evolve an appropriate
response or perception mechanism to determine which sweet tasting
solutions are energetically worthwhile to drink, and which are not.
Similarly, other 'bad' choices will be made because most animals
base their decision-making on short-term considerations rather than
long-term; most dogs after their first vaccination would probably
choose to avoid the vet in future if they could, although we know that
repeated visits for vaccinations are in the dog's best welfare
interests.
Chris
>
> Precisely. And what we have to realise is that animals will put
> themselves in situations which may result in behaviour or physiology
> which may seem to us to be detrimental to their welfare, and may be so,
> but the animal has put himself in that situation as it is a naturally
> selected response. This may occur in the wild or captivity. However the
> same measurable response (eg. raised glucocorticoids) may arise as a
> consequence of being placed in an environment in which an animal is not
> able to respond appropriately. We have to decipher whether such
> responses are 'chosen' or 'enforced', because this has everything to do
> with their welfare. It may reflect the difference between positive and
> negative subjective mental states.
>
> Charlotte.
>
>
From: IN%"rondog@btinternet.com" "JB" 18-OCT-1999 13:17:12.08
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Chris is right to point out the weaknesses of demand theory...
The use of demand theory in welfare is interesting, but it is a highly
distorted version of the economic model.
Too many of the assumptions of true demand economics have been abandoned,
and too many of the implications of the overall model still held to be true.
the economic model assumes aggregate demand within a truly diverse market
where the consumer is in control of many decisions.
It is measured across a very large total population and looks at existing
patterns of choice within that pool.
In animal welfare it applies the result of artificial experiments where a
small number of choices are made by a small population of individuals
subject to the same constraints.
The two models are not equivalent.
Some of Chris's criticisms come directly from these defects, but there are
many others.
Personally I don't believe that the two models are sufficiently similar to
warrant the use of the same terminology
Jon
From: IN%"orion1432@juno.com" "D. B. Cameron" 18-OCT-1999 14:00:50.63
To: IN%"bregman@interactive.net"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
> As you said, the animal may make decisions that are not in his best
> interests, however, he passes on his genes.
> That's more important in the long run, or so I've been told by the
> Selfish
> Gene theory.
>
> If he dies young, but has offspring, that's all that Nature wanted.
>
Please try to remember that evolution and all the rest are not volitional
events; i.e., there is no "because" or "Nature WANTED" part of it. Only
relatively sophisticated humans know what a gene is, and even then they
are not always trying to pass on genes when they participate in the
ecstasy of sex.
Put another way: The sex happens to pass along the genes. The gene
passage is not a target event.
Can't some of you highly situated academic types come up with a more
intuitively clear way to express the phrase, "Pass on his/her genes"?
>
> Vivian
>
>
>
> Vivian Bregman -- dog trainer for forty years --
> interested in everything to do with science,
> especially Biology --- vbregman@interactive.net
^ ^ D. B. Cameron, DVM
< \ / > Animal Behavior Clinic Good judgement comes
from experience.
! ! Middleburg Hts., Ohio Experience comes
from bad judgement.
.. 440.826.0013
From: IN%"donlay@iastate.edu" "Donald C Lay Jr." 18-OCT-1999 14:39:22.47
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Pet Q.: A Mental Case??
Dear Companion Animal Experts:
I just recieved a call from a man who owns a Dachshund which he believes
may be mentally challenged (a polite way to say "whacky"). The dog is a
six month old, male that is usually very affectionate. He and his wife
noticed a change in the dog that seemed to occur overnight. The dog was
"normal" and then became very hyperactive. It shows compulsive behavior
and is now chasing shadows for hours at a time, barking and carrying on in
the process. When a bird flys over the yard the dog will take off after
the shadow, running a very long distance until he looses it. The owner
also has another older dachshund that acts normal.
The dog is hyperactive enough that the owners are questioning whether they
can live with the guy for his normal lifetime.
So, the question - Any ideas if this behavior will persist? Any
information on a dog that may be mentally handicapped (challenged,
whatever) that would act like this? Suggestions?
Thanks for any advice that you can give. Don Lay
Dr. Donald C. Lay Jr.
Applied Ethologist
Iowa State University
2356 Kildee Hall
Ames, IA 50011
donlay@iastate.edu
515-294-2088
From: IN%"margory@dnai.com" "margory cohen" 18-OCT-1999 14:41:47.81
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: ny times today has review on sheldrake book
hello -
following up to Sheldrake posts, the ny times today has a review on his
book:
www.nytimes.com
margory
From: IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "VIVIAN BREGMAN" 18-OCT-1999 15:05:41.10
To: IN%"orion1432@juno.com" "D. B. Cameron", IN%"bregman@interactive.net"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
At 03:57 PM 10/18/1999 -0400, D. B. Cameron wrote:
> >Can't some of you highly situated academic types come up with a more
>intuitively clear way to express the phrase, "Pass on his/her genes"?
>
>
>>
>> Vivian
I'm not a highly situated academic type, as all I have is a BS in Biology
from 1957 and forty years of teaching behavior modification to people and
their dogs.
At least I didn't say that the animal *wants* to pass on his/her genes.
There should be a better way to say it.
How about God says: pass on your genes?? (grin)
Vivian
Vivian Bregman -- dog trainer for forty years --
interested in everything to do with science,
especially Biology --- vbregman@interactive.net
From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" 19-OCT-1999 02:44:40.73
To: IN%"rondog@btinternet.com" "JB"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Dear Jon and Others,
Firstly, may I respectfully ask who JB is...? Your e-mail
address and lack of signature give no clue.
I think my criticisms of consumer demand theory might have
been taken up too strongly by JB.
I agree we must be very careful about applying the same
principles to humans and non-human animals in this respect.
Consider the strength of motivation that some people have
to impress the neighbours by getting 'this year's model of
car' every single year and how this might (not) relate to
non-human behaviour. But, when a researcher is thinking of
trying to improve a HIGHLY simplistic environment (which
many lab cages and farm environments are) it is in fact
EASIER to account for all the variables which might impinge
on the decision-making processes of a captive animal
compared to one in the wild-state, or the decision-making
of humans in their highly diverse physical and
psychological environments. So, the principle of
determining the strength of motivation as an assessment of
what is perceived as important or not by the animal, still
holds. I think we need to be very careful we don't throw
out the baby with the bathwater.
Chris
On Mon, 18 Oct 1999 20:13:06 +0100 JB
wrote:
> Chris is right to point out the weaknesses of demand
> theory...
>
> The use of demand theory in welfare is interesting, but it
> is a highly distorted version of the economic model.
> Too many of the assumptions of true demand economics have
> been abandoned, and too many of the implications of the
> overall model still held to be true.
>
> the economic model assumes aggregate demand within a truly
> diverse market where the consumer is in control of many
> decisions. It is measured across a very large total
> population and looks at existing patterns of choice within
> that pool.
>
> In animal welfare it applies the result of artificial
> experiments where a small number of choices are made by a
> small population of individuals subject to the same
> constraints.
>
> The two models are not equivalent.
>
> Some of Chris's criticisms come directly from these
> defects, but there are many others.
>
> Personally I don't believe that the two models are
> sufficiently similar to warrant the use of the same
> terminology
>
> Jon
>
>
>
----------------------
Dr Chris Sherwin Ph.D.
Division of Animal Health and Husbandry
University of Bristol
Langford House
Langford
Bristol
BS40 5DU
Phone: (0117) 928 9486
Fax: (0117) 928 9582
E-mail chris.sherwin@bris.ac.uk
From: IN%"myriad@ksu.edu" "Jeanne Saddler" 19-OCT-1999 07:03:00.96
To: IN%"donlay@iastate.edu" "Donald C Lay Jr."
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Pet Q.: A Mental Case??
On Mon, 18 Oct 1999, Donald C Lay Jr. wrote:
> I just recieved a call from a man who owns a Dachshund which he believes
> may be mentally challenged (a polite way to say "whacky"). The dog is a
> six month old, male that is usually very affectionate. He and his wife
> noticed a change in the dog that seemed to occur overnight.
SNIP
> It shows compulsive behavior
> and is now chasing shadows for hours at a time, barking and carrying on in
> the process. When a bird flys over the yard the dog will take off after
> the shadow, running a very long distance until he looses it. The owner
> also has another older dachshund that acts normal.
>
How much exercise does this puppy get? Could he have been inadvertantly
reinforced during an early episode? Many people find such behavior amusing
the first few times it is observed and tend to laugh at it and show it off
to friends, often eliciting the behavior for its entertainment value.
If he's been in competition for attention with the older dog (his
perspective not the owners) then a behavior sure to garner that attention
would be expected to increase as the owners continue to respond to it.
It might also satiate some need to chase while the nature of the target, a
shadow, becomes a source of considerable frustration. Or it could simply
be fun. Perhaps the behavior could be redirected to a toy. I would teach
the multi-fetch game or the "Come N Get It" a la Dawn Jecs. The value of
the latter being that at least they could call the dog back if it took off
after a shadow. In any case I'd encourage a drop-line on this dog, a lot
of directed high energy games, some obedience training using +R
techniques, and reinforcing for calmness when he sees shadows.
This sounds like a high prey-drive little guy. What is his coat
type? Dachsies were origionally bred to go to ground for badger. They were
crossed with spaniels to achieve the long hair variety and with terriers
to acquire the rough coat. Along with the coats came some temperament
differences.
H.U.G. Your dog!
Jeanne Saddler, Manhattan Ks.
From: IN%"donlay@iastate.edu" "Donald C Lay Jr." 19-OCT-1999 10:47:10.73
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: Thanks!. Pet Q.: A Mental Case??
Thank you to all that responded to my query. You all have provided
important information and insight. I have forwarded your responses on to
the owner and hopefully everything will work out for the best.
To those that inquired, the dog was not yet castrated. Don
Dr. Donald C. Lay Jr.
Applied Ethologist
Iowa State University
2356 Kildee Hall
Ames, IA 50011
donlay@iastate.edu
515-294-2088
From: IN%"scrowell@calc.vet.uga.edu" "Sharon Crowell-Davis" 19-OCT-1999 11:24:12.75
To: IN%"donlay@iastate.edu" "Donald C Lay Jr."
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Pet Q.: A Mental Case??
Donald
There are a variety of medical problems, most of them neurological,
that could be causing this sudden behavior change. I would recommend
a visit to the dog's regular veterinarian, with possible subsequent
referral to a neurologist if a basic physical and blood chemistries
are unremarkable, as the very first thing to do.
Sharon Crowell-Davis
> Date: Mon, 18 Oct 1999 15:38:34 -0500
> From: "Donald C Lay Jr."
> Subject: Pet Q.: A Mental Case??
> To: applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca
> Dear Companion Animal Experts:
>
> I just recieved a call from a man who owns a Dachshund which he believes
> may be mentally challenged (a polite way to say "whacky"). The dog is a
> six month old, male that is usually very affectionate. He and his wife
> noticed a change in the dog that seemed to occur overnight. The dog was
> "normal" and then became very hyperactive. It shows compulsive behavior
> and is now chasing shadows for hours at a time, barking and carrying on in
> the process. When a bird flys over the yard the dog will take off after
> the shadow, running a very long distance until he looses it. The owner
> also has another older dachshund that acts normal.
>
> The dog is hyperactive enough that the owners are questioning whether they
> can live with the guy for his normal lifetime.
>
> So, the question - Any ideas if this behavior will persist? Any
> information on a dog that may be mentally handicapped (challenged,
> whatever) that would act like this? Suggestions?
>
> Thanks for any advice that you can give. Don Lay
>
>
>
>
> Dr. Donald C. Lay Jr.
> Applied Ethologist
> Iowa State University
> 2356 Kildee Hall
> Ames, IA 50011
> donlay@iastate.edu
> 515-294-2088
>
**********************************************
Sharon L. Crowell-Davis DVM, PhD
Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Behaviorists
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602
scrowell@calc.vet.uga.edu
If a little knowledge is dangerous,
where is the man who has so much
as to be out of danger?
T.H. Huxley
On Elementary Instruction in Physiology
From: IN%"rondog@btinternet.com" "Jon Bowen" 19-OCT-1999 15:48:18.64
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied ethology"
CC:
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Sorry I didn't sign the last message properly, but I updated my email a
while ago and hadn't realised my email didn't automatically have my full
name on it anymore.
This is now corrected (I think).
I wanted to stir up some discussion about demand theory, which I find
interesting.
This message goes on a bit, but here are some comments (all opinion!) to see
what people think...
Demonstrating motivation to seek out or avoid certain conditions is
worthwhile, but is this likely to translate into better welfare?
Who can tell?; all it tells us is that in this limited experimental
situation the animal expresses a gradient of preference that favours one
thing.
OK, by using a simplified environment then you might assume that the results
you get are more preictable or explicable, but do they mean anything for
welfare?
The pattern of choice between types of bedding substrate, for instance, does
not really tell us much about the impact that the type of substrate has on
welfare, especially in an environment where so many other elements are
wrong.
If the results of many similar experiments looking at cage design are
combined, can we assume that the combination of ...
ideal bedding + ideal litter + ideal cage, etc. = ideal environment?
I cannot see that we can. We can assume this to be the case, but is it
correct to do so when each of the bits of information was gathered pretty
much in
isolation?
If the intention was to provide the animal with an optimal environment then
at least that would be positive.
However, in many cases the animal is merely being provided with the 'least
bad'; a combination of the easiest met inelastic demands that allow them to
be kept easily and economically.
It also seems to me, and I am probably wrong, that demand theory is good at
answering the easy questions that involve inelastic demands, such as 'do
animals need food or water?' ;-)
Unfortunately it becomes progressively less useful as the demands become
more elastic, and it is only here that the true quality of an environment
emerges.
The last reason thing I have against demand theory is that its proponents
ally it to the economic model.
Aggregate demand and demand theory in welfare are entirely different in
terms of methodology and the assumptions that underlie them.
Here are a few other points...
1. The gift of the ability to make a choice within a system that has
previously been devoid of choice
must affect the value of the decision. In other words, the ability to choose
may be of much greater importance than what you choose if your environment
is so barren that all other choice is non-existent. Measuring sigle
decisions gives those decisions a significance that may not be relevant in a
more complex and rewarding environment.
2. In the former Soviet Union the analysis of aggregate demand was applied
to create a planned economy in which all products were supplied as
commodities and production engineered to reflect demand.
It was assumed that choice was not necessary if individuals could be
provided with what the population had shown a need and preference for.
After all, their known demands had been met, and they should be satisfied?
Wrong!
That's what happens when you treat (aggregate) demand as a fixed entity that
can be applied to all members of a species.
If we apply demand theory to welfare then we could end up with the same
result.
The fundamental error is to assume that because 'jeans' are the most poular
trouser then everyone will be happiest if they get to wear them all the
time.
They are only the most popular because people have the choice to wear other
things too!
This indicates that the pleasure is opportunity to choose and not the final
choice.
3. Perhaps 'choice' is the most important factor in welfare. Perhaps the
five freedoms could be modified to add the word 'choice' to each of the
freedoms?
Jon Bowen BVetMed DipAS(CABC) MRCVS
From: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed" 20-OCT-1999 08:48:03.34
To: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk", IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com"
CC: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Hi everyone!
I wrote a long letter last night and it was, of course, eaten by the
computer ether. Perhaps it's better for you all not to have to read it
anyway. So here are the highlights.
As long as there are people, there will be animals in cages. Efforts to
relieve the boredom of the caged environment are kindly and laudable.
My interest in caged rats is that they must after some generations become
markedly different in their outlook from rats that live in the wild.
Compare people who have been raised in a large urban environment, or who
have lived in one for many years, with other people. The city dwellers seem
to be more attached to novelty, to quick and passing expressions of opinion
on matters of immediate interest, more addicted to "news" as a source of
novelty, and pass THROUGH their environment as an encapsulated entity rather
than being attentive to the physical world around them. These people are
certainly people still, and the differences between them and rural people
are hard to put into worlds, but still do add up to a significantly
different outlook.
Aren't long-term caged rats in a lab going to undergo a similar sea change
in their natures? In other words, are experiments telling us about the
capacities of rats as animals, or as rats as lab dwellers?
Similarly, is a sighthound who chases lures the same as one who goes
hunting? No. The lure-chaser is given an activity in a controlled
environment. The hunter has an unplanned day full of surprises and
unexpected events.
I think a well-fed sighthound would choose the hunting day. Now, a hungry
hound might well choose the lure if it was edible!
As for the Selfish Gene theory, it's always to me to have a human agenda
underlying its apparent scientific neutrality.
Given the right enviromental cues, animals want to have sex because having
sex fulfills the desire to have sex. Am I to believe that a crow flying
through the blue sky is wondering how he can best pass on his genetic legacy
to the flock?
Looking forward to comments --
Brenda
>From: "Miss C.M. Nevison"
>To: Brenda Reed
>CC: C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk, rushenj@EM.AGR.CA,
>applied-ethology@skyway.usask.ca, chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk
>Subject: Re: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
>Date: Mon, 18 Oct 1999 10:44:27 +0100 (BST)
>
>
>
>Hello,
>
>On Sat, 16 Oct 1999, Brenda Reed wrote:
>
> >Thinking about all the comments that have been made about wheels and bars
>as
> >the only best of poor substitutes for what a rat wants, it occurs to me
>that
> >perhaps the only way to really enrich a rat's environment is to set it
>free.
>
>Perhaps Brenda is right. In an natural environment an animal gets to
>make its own decisions. However, in doing so it lives and dies by the
>sword, so to speak. Make the wrong decision (eg. don't gather enough
>food / nesting material, run into the path of a predator) and it
>probably hastens its exit out of the world. Sometimes making the right
>decision (from an evolutionary perspective, hence these behaviours are
>probably exhibited by most individuals) may also hasten their end. For
>example a male mouse fights for dominance in a territory, for this
>secures most reproductive opportunities. However, this may be at the
>expense of
>injuries which may become infected, and/or high testosterone /
>corticosterone associated with such a response may be immunosupressive
>leading to increased levels of
>naturally occurring parasites. As a result the dominant may 'live fast,
>die young'.
>
>My point is that an animal may not make decisions that _seem_ to be
>good for its own welfare. However it may be highly motivated to act in
>this way. At least with wild animals we can appease ourselves by saying
>it made its own choices, even though the condition of wild animals may
>lead us to speculate that they are suffering (though this may depend on
>your personal definition of when suffering occurs!).
>
>As Brenda rightly says, we cannot have nature in the lab. But for the
>foreseeable future we are destined to have animals in the lab whether we
>agree with it or not. Given some of
>the responses of animals in the wild, we should be careful what natural
>behaviours we encourage with enrichment as they may be inappropriate for
>the animal in the captive environment and also from the animal keepers
>perspective, but we DO need to encourage the improvement of this
>environment.
>
>There are pros and cons to every situation. The difficulty is learning
>to accept the cons on some other living creatures behalf.
>
>Charlotte.
>
______________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
From: IN%"JNM@dmu.ac.uk" "Jeremy Marchant" 20-OCT-1999 09:08:15.14
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Dirk Lebelt's e-mail address
Dear All,
Does anyone have a current e-mail address for Dirk Lebelt. I have one at
Muenchen that doesn't seem to work anymore.
Even better, are you out there yourself Dirk?
Jeremy
----------------------------------------------------
Dr. Jeremy Marchant,
ISAE Treasurer,
School of Agriculture,
De Montfort University,
Caythorpe,
Grantham,
Lincs., NG32 3 EP, UK.
+44 1400 275682
jnm@dmu.ac.uk
-----------------------------------------------------------------
From: IN%"emilypk@bumail.bradley.edu" "Emily Patterson-Kane" 20-OCT-1999 10:20:26.89
To:
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
> Aren't long-term caged rats in a lab going to undergo a similar sea change
>
> in their natures? In other words, are experiments telling us about the
> capacities of rats as animals, or as rats as lab dwellers?
>
>
The main problem with the analogy is the degree to which rats behavior is
inherited. They are certainly a lot less effected by their environment than
a human would be. If anything they become much more placid and calm, not
your average city dweller. Their cognitive abilities are effected very
little.
Emily
From: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk" "Miss C.M. Nevison" 20-OCT-1999 10:29:16.51
To: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed"
CC: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk", IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Hi,
Brenda wrote:
>My interest in caged rats is that they must after some generations become
>markedly different in their outlook from rats that live in the wild.
Indeed animals (including humans) can become acclimatized to different
environments and artificial selection processes may influence their
responses. But, after accounting for this (which to evaluate may warrant
research),
comparing their responses to the responses of their wild
counterparts is a good basis for evaluating their perception
of their circumstances and hence their welfare. We can find out how they
differ, and consider whether the difference is context based, and
whether the response is a suitable acclimatisation to the new
environment, the effect of artificial selection, or
reflects frustration of a naturally-selected response which may impinge
on their welfare.
>Similarly, is a sighthound who chases lures the same as one who goes
>hunting? No. The lure-chaser is given an activity in a controlled
>environment. The hunter has an unplanned day full of surprises and
>unexpected events.
The lure may fulfill its motivation to chase. But not its motivation
to sniff, socialise etc. which (I think) you imply is the difference
between the
life quality of the two types of sighthound. These strong motivations
should be fulfilled another way for the lure-chaser (and may be!). As Jon Bowen
said earlier, an animals needs and wants are multi-dimensional,
satisfying one does not equate to paradise!
>As for the Selfish Gene theory, it's always to me to have a human agenda
>underlying its apparent scientific neutrality.
>
>Given the right enviromental cues, animals want to have sex because having
>sex fulfills the desire to have sex. Am I to believe that a crow flying
>through the blue sky is wondering how he can best pass on his genetic legacy
>to the flock?
I may be misinterpreting what you say, but the Selfish Gene theory
(and I'm talking loosely about 'selfish genes' here, things have come
on a bit since Dawkins 1976) never intimated that there was any concious
processes involved, and all animals thought about was sex (I'm trying
to maintain a good scientific argument here and trying hard to
avoid smutty, non-PC comments!)!
Any behavioural or physiological
process that a phenotype expresses that directly OR INDIRECTLY leads to
its increased reproductive success will increase the frequency of alleles
coding for that response in the population. So such responses will be
sustained. Sex comes into the equation because it is the only route by
which the frequency of genes can be adjusted in a population of
phenotypes.
I hope I'm not confusing the issue. Its hard not to trip up on
terminology when trying to explain such points.
Charlotte.
From: IN%"meredith@farmline.com" "Michael Meredith" 20-OCT-1999 11:04:29.99
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Ethology Posting"
CC:
Subj: Dog & Cat bites: the risks
List members may be interested in these reports of the infection risks from
canine & feline bite wounds.
Human bites are not only more common, but apparently much more hazardous
too!!
LOTS OF BUGS IN DOG AND CAT BITES
===============================
Jan. 14/99, AP, JANET McCONNAUGHEY
A bite from Fido is, according to this story, still much "cleaner" than
one from a human being. Cultures from 107 infected dog and cat bites
turned up 152 kinds of bacteria, including 10 not previously known to
infect people, according to a study in today's New England Journal of
Medicine.
There were, according to this story, an average of five kinds of germs per
bite. It's the best study of the topic so far and should persuade doctors
not to
try the cheap route when treating infected bites, emergency physicians
were cited as saying.
BACTERIOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF INFECTED DOG AND CAT BITES
Jan. 14/99
The New England Journal of Medicine
Volume 340, Number 2
David A. Talan, Diane M. Citron, Fredrick M. Abrahamian, Gregory J. Moran,
Ellie J.C. Goldstein, for the Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study
Group
Abstract Background and Methods. To define better the bacteria responsible
for infections of dog and cat bites, we conducted a prospective study at
18 emergency departments. To be eligible for enrollment, patients had to
meet
one of three major criteria for infection of a bite wound (fever, abscess,
and lymphangitis) or four of five minor criteria (wound-associated
erythema, tenderness at the wound site, swelling at the site, purulent
drainage, and leukocytosis). Wound specimens were cultured for aerobic and
anaerobic bacteria at a research microbiology laboratory and, in some
cases, at local hospital laboratories.
Results. The infected wounds of 50 patients with dog bites and 57 patients
with cat bites yielded a median of 5 bacterial isolates per culture
(range, 0 to 16) at the reference laboratory. Significantly more isolates
grew at the reference laboratory than at the local laboratories (median,
1; range, 0 to 5; P<0.001). Aerobes and anaerobes were isolated from 56
percent of the wounds, aerobes alone from 36 percent, and anaerobes alone
from 1 percent; 7 percent of cultures had no growth. Pasteurella species
were the most
frequent isolates from both dog bites (50 percent) and cat bites (75
percent). Pasteurelld not previously recognized as bite-wound pathogens. (N
Engl J Med
1999;340:85-92.)
Source Information
>From the Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases,
Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center and UCLA School of
Medicine, Los Angeles (D.A.T., G.J.M.); R.M. Alden Research Laboratory,
Santa Monica-UCLA Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles
(D.M.C., E.J.C.G.); and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Maricopa
Integrated Health Systems, and the Universie later time because of concern
about local
erythema and swelling or, less commonly, fever. In each of these
situations, physicians must make a series of decisions about management
that require a thorough understanding of the risks associated with both
trauma and infection.
Animals can inflict serious, even fatal, injuries by biting. Each year
attacks by dogs cause 10 to 20 deaths in the United States, predominantly
among children. In attending to patients who have been bitten, physicians
must focusweighing the cosmetic
benefits against the increased risk of infection. As a general rule, such
wounds should be treated and left open initially if they are punctures
rather than lacerations, are not potentially disfiguring, are inflicted by
humans, involve the legs and arms (particularly the hands) as opposed to
the face, or occurred more than 6 to 12 hours earlier in the case of bites
to the arms and legs and 12 to 24 hours earlier in the case of bites to
the face. Facial lacerations from dog bitestermine whether delayed primary
closure
would be appropriate.
Even when they receive prompt attention, about 85 percent of bites harbor
potential pathogens. Adherence to standard principles of wound management
provides the best defense against purulent bacterial infections. Copious
irrigation at high pressure markedly decreases the concentration of
bacteria in contaminated wounds. Debridement of devitalized tissue further
decreases the likelihood of infection; however, debridement must be
performed cautiously on the face, particularly near landmarks such as the
vermilion border of the lip and the eyebrows. Cultures obtained at the
time of injury are of little value because they cannot be used to predict
whether infection will develop or, if it does, the causative pathogens.
Whether antibiotics prevent infection after bites remains controversial.
Although early studies reported rates of infection as high as 45 percent
after dog bites or cat bites, in subsequent studies the incidence was
closer to 2 to 3 percent among patients who were not selected on the basis
of the presence of risk factors for infection. In five of eight randomized
trials, (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8) prophylactic antibiotics reduced the rate of
infection, but in only one of these studies, (7) which used
amoxicillin-clavulanate, was the difference statistically significant. In
a meta-analysis of these eight studies, Cummings (9) found that the
relative risk of infection after prophylactic antibiotic treatment was
0.56 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.82). Currently,
antibiotics are not given routinely, but they are almost always
recommended for high-risk wounds, such as deep punctures (particularly if
inflicted by cats), those that require surgical repair, and those
involving the hands.
In this issue of the Journal, Talan and colleagues (10) have exquisitely
documented the microbiologic makeup of dog bites and cat bites.
Pasteurella species were the most common isolates, anaerobic organisms
were recovered frequently but were seldom present alone, and
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which are the usual
pathogens in cutaneous infections not caused by bites, were relatively
uncommon. Their findings and those of earlier studies of both canine oral
flora and isolates from bites suggest that if an antibiotic is prescribed,
in most cases a (beta)-lactam antibiotic such as amoxicillin combined with
a (beta)-lactamase inhibitor would be the appropriate choice.
In the case of older, apparently infected bites, physicians must
distinguish the normal inflammatory response from the erythema and
swelling of infection. If a wound is overtly infected, some or all of the
sutures should be removed if the wound was sutured, and fluctuant
collections of pus should be drained. In the majority of cases antibiotics
should be administered intravenously.
Occasionally, severe infections develop after bites as a result of either
hematogenous spread (e.g., sepsis, endocarditis, and meningitis) or
undetected penetration of deeper structures (e.g., brain abscesses and
septic arthritis). When fever occurs in immunosuppressed patients after a
dog bite, the possibility of an infection with Capnocytophaga canimorsus,
an invasive organism, should be considered. Capnocytophaga species were
recovered from 4.7 percent of the wounds cultured by Talan et al. (10)
Other uncommon pathogens that merit consideration include Eikenella
corrodens (a cause of infection in human bites), Bartonella henselae (the
cause of cat scratch disease), Francisella tularensis (the cause of
tularemia), leptospira species (which cause leptospirosis), and
Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus (which cause rat-bite
fever).
Given the risk of tetanus after bites of all kinds, tetanus immune
globulin and tetanus toxoid should be administered to patients who have
had two or fewer primary immunizations. Tetanus toxoid alone can be given
to those who have completed a primary immunization series but who have not
received a booster for more than five years.
Although the bite of any mammal can transmit rabies, the bites of some
species (e.g., those of rats) pose a minimal risk, whereas the bites of
others (e.g., those of bats) should prompt a higher level of concern.
Recent studies suggest that cleaning a bite with soap is as effective as
cleaning with quaternary ammonium compounds in lowering the risk of
transmission. Since rabies is endemic in most of the world, all domestic
animalsas well as all wild animals, if they can be caughtthat behave
wildly or erratically after biting a person should be killed so that their
brains can be evaluated for rabies. Healthy-appearing dogs, cats, and
ferrets, however, can be quarantined for 10 days and killed only if signs
of illness appear. When rabies prophylaxis is indicated because the
laboratory evaluation found that the animal was rabid or because the
animal was not captured, the regimen for patients who have not been
vaccinated previously should include both human rabies vaccine (a series
of five doses administered intramuscularly in the deltoid area) and rabies
immune globulin (20 IU per kilogram of body weight, with as much as
possible infiltrated in and around the wound and the remainder
administered intramuscularly at a site distant from that used for vaccine
administration). Rabies prophylaxis is now recommended after exposure to
bats in a confined setting, particularly for children, even when no bites
are visible.
Finally, human bites arouse special concern because they can transmit
organisms such as the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and
even syphilis. Physicians may want to consider prophylactic therapy for
persons who are bitten by those at high risk for infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis B virus.
Gary R. Fleisher, M.D.
Children's Hospital
Boston, MA 02115
CAT SCRATCH DISEASE
Jan. 14/99
The New England Journal of Medicine
Volume 340, Number 2
A 17-year-old boy presented with a two-week history of a painful mass on
the right side of the neck, fever, malaise, headache, and night sweats.
The fever and other systemic symptoms gradually abated during the first 10
days of his illness, but the cervical mass increased in size. The patient
owned a kitten, which often scratched him. On examination, a hard,
immobile mass measuring 3.5 by 3 cm that was tender to the touch was
palpable (Panel A). Serum enzyme immunoassay was positive for IgG
antibodies to Bartonella henselae, and the patient was given a 14-day
course of oral ciprofloxacin. Two weeks later, the mass became fluctuant
and 6 ml of pus was aspirated (Panel B). Cultures for bacteria (including
B. henselae and Afipia felis), mycobacteria, and fungi were negative. The
pus was subjected to a polymerase-chain-reaction assay with primers
specific for the B. henselae citrate synthase gene, followed by digestion
with TaqI restriction enzyme. The resulting fragments showed the
characteristic DNA-band pattern of B. henselae on electrophoresis (Panel
C): lanes 2 (1 l) and 3 (2 l) show pus specimens from the patient; lanes
1, 5, 7, and 8 show pus specimens from patients without cat scratch
disease; lane 4 shows B. henselae DNA; lane 6 shows pus specimens from
another patient with cat scratch disease; and lane 9 shows the
molecular-size marker. The mass slowly decreased in size during the next
seven months, but recurrent aspirations of pus were required. Twelve
months after the onset of illness, the patient was asymptomatic, with no
palpable neck mass.
Michael Giladi, M.D.
Boaz Avidor, Ph.D.
Tel Aviv Medical Center
Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
==============================
Dr. Michael Meredith
Pig Disease Information Centre Ltd
4, New Close Farm Business Park
Bar Road, Lolworth, Cambridgeshire
CB3 8DS, United Kingdom
Food safety, Pigs & Animal Welfare Website: http://www.PIGHEALTH.COM
Email: pdic@btinternet.com, M.D.: meredith@farmline.com
Member of AHIS (Animal Health Information Specialists)
===========================================
From: IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk" 21-OCT-1999 11:20:44.86
To: IN%"rondog@btinternet.com" "Jon Bowen"
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied ethology"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Dear Jon and Others,
Jon raises some very interesting points.
The strength of consumer demand theory as a tool in understanding=20
animal welfare depends on how you view animal welfare. It has been=20
suggested that animal welfare is largely, perhaps solely, to do with=20
the animal=D5s subjective state...it=D5s feelings. Welfare is compromised=
=20
only when the animal enters a chronic or intense negative mental state.=20
So, when a vet amputates the leg of a dog under anaesthetic, there is=20
no compromise of welfare. But, when the dog begins to regain=20
consciousness and feels the pain or perhaps the frustration of not=20
being able to walk properly, her welfare is compromised. This is not=20
necessarily related to fitness. Consider a rutting stag. For several=20
weeks he stops feeding, he loses a considerable amount of weight, he=20
sustains injuries from fighting, his physiological status indicates=20
extreme stress, but, if he is not in a negative mental state, there is=20
no welfare compromise. If he does enter a negative mental state,=20
perhaps because of the pain from his injuries, then his welfare IS=20
compromised, even though he has gone on to reproduce successfully. =20
This might be the point at which Charlotte Nevison and I disagree,=20
(sorry if I have misrepresented your views Charlotte).
How do we measure this mental state to try tu understand welfare? =20
Unfortunately we can=D5t - at least not directly. What we can do though,=20
is assume animals will behave in a similar way to us - that they will=20
work to gain positive mental states and work to avoid negative mental=20
states, and they will work harder to gain/avoid greater intensities of=20
these. So, if we provide them with the opportunity to work for=20
different resources which offer them the opportunity for different=20
intensities of these states, by observing their demand for these=20
resources and the costs they are willing to pay, we gain an insight=20
into the animal=D5s motivations. I doubt that CDT will ever help us=20
achieve the perfect environment for animals, and I would certainly not=20
suggest that simply by providing a running-wheel, all the woes=20
of a captive animal will disappear. Where the strength of CDT lies is=20
that if we give an animal a choice of several resources which=20
ostensibly allow it to express the same motivation,then it overcomes=20
our anthropomorphic and anthropocentric views of which of the resources=20
we humans think is best. I think the best example so far of how CDT has=20
helped is in the design of cages for layer hens. CDT has shown us that=20
hens are highly motivated for nests, dustbaths, perches and arguably,=20
more space. New cages, termed modified cages, now contain these=20
elements. This does not mean the modified environment is ideal, but it=20
is likely to be better than it was in a way which is meaningful for the=20
animals (what would have been the answer if we asked a cage designer=20
how motivated he was for a nest!).
I agree that these studies are usually conducted under highly contrived=20
conditions - this is the nature of the reductionist approach that=20
rigorous scientific method demands. But don=D5t forget that for all (I=20
think!) the published studies on CDT, the species investigated is =20
normally kept under similarly contrived conditions. I think therefore=20
that the results will be applicable to their welfare. However, I do=20
share Jon's concern on how we interpret varying degrees of elastic=20
demand for resources. It will be interesting to see how the argument=20
over breaking point of demand curves, or area under the curves, as the=20
best measure, progresses.
Regards,
Chris Sherwin
On Tue, 19 Oct 1999 22:43:24 +0100 Jon Bowen =20
wrote:
> Sorry I didn't sign the last message properly, but I updated my email a
> while ago and hadn't realised my email didn't automatically have my full
> name on it anymore.
> This is now corrected (I think).
>=20
> I wanted to stir up some discussion about demand theory, which I find
> interesting.
>=20
> This message goes on a bit, but here are some comments (all opinion!)=20
> to see what people think...
>=20
> Demonstrating motivation to seek out or avoid certain conditions is
> worthwhile, but is this likely to translate into better welfare? Who=20
> can tell?; all it tells us is that in this limited=20
> experimental situation the animal expresses a gradient of preference=20
> that favours one thing.
> OK, by using a simplified environment then you might assume that the=20
> results you get are more preictable or explicable, but do they mean=20
> anything for welfare?
>=20
> The pattern of choice between types of bedding substrate, for instance,=
=20
> does not really tell us much about the impact that the type of=20
> substrate has on welfare, especially in an environment where so many=20
> other elements are wrong.
> If the results of many similar experiments looking at cage design=20
> are combined, can we assume that the combination of ...
> ideal bedding + ideal litter + ideal cage, etc. =3D ideal environment?
>=20
> I cannot see that we can. We can assume this to be the case, but is it
> correct to do so when each of the bits of information was gathered=20
> pretty much in
> isolation?
>=20
> If the intention was to provide the animal with an optimal environment=20
> then at least that would be positive.
> However, in many cases the animal is merely being provided with the=20
> 'least bad'; a combination of the easiest met inelastic demands that=20
> allow them to be kept easily and economically.
>=20
> It also seems to me, and I am probably wrong, that demand theory is=20
> good at answering the easy questions that involve inelastic demands,=20
> such as 'do animals need food or water?' ;-)
> Unfortunately it becomes progressively less useful as the demands become
> more elastic, and it is only here that the true quality of an=20
> environment emerges.
>=20
> The last reason thing I have against demand theory is that its=20
> proponents ally it to the economic model.
> Aggregate demand and demand theory in welfare are entirely different=20
> in terms of methodology and the assumptions that underlie them.
>=20
> Here are a few other points...
>=20
> 1. The gift of the ability to make a choice within a system that has
> previously been devoid of choice must affect the value of the decision.=
=20
> In other words, the ability to choose may be of much greater importance=
=20
> than what you choose if your environment is so barren that all other=20
> choice is non-existent. Measuring sigle decisions gives those decisions=
=20
> a significance that may not be relevant in a more complex and rewarding=
=20
> environment.
>=20
> 2. In the former Soviet Union the analysis of aggregate demand was=20
> applied to create a planned economy in which all products were supplied=
=20
> as commodities and production engineered to reflect demand.
> It was assumed that choice was not necessary if individuals could=20
> be provided with what the population had shown a need and preference=20
> for. After all, their known demands had been met, and they should be=20
> satisfied? Wrong!
> That's what happens when you treat (aggregate) demand as a fixed entity=
=20
> that can be applied to all members of a species.
>=20
> If we apply demand theory to welfare then we could end up with the same
> result.
>=20
> The fundamental error is to assume that because 'jeans' are the most=20
> poular trouser then everyone will be happiest if they get to wear them=20
> all the time.
> They are only the most popular because people have the choice to wear=20
> other things too!
> This indicates that the pleasure is opportunity to choose and not the=20
> final choice.
>=20
> 3. Perhaps 'choice' is the most important factor in welfare. Perhaps the
> five freedoms could be modified to add the word 'choice' to each of=20
> the freedoms?
>=20
>=20
> Jon Bowen BVetMed DipAS(CABC) MRCVS
>=20
>=20
>=20
>=20
----------------------
Chris Sherwin Ph.D.
Division of Animal Health and Husbandry
University of Bristol
Langford House
Langford
Bristol
BS40 5DU
Phone: (0117) 928 9486
Fax: (0117) 928 9582
E-mail chris.sherwin@bris.ac.uk
From: IN%"haussman@rs4703.ansc1.uni-hohenheim.de" "HANS HAUSSMANN" 21-OCT-1999 11:38:07.22
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj:
People in the world,
how can we save American children from crazy adults?
Regards
___________________ Hans Haussmann haussman@uni-hohenheim.de
,--¬_ Dept. for Animal Husbandry and Animal Breeding
,;;,_ ____/ /|/ (Institut fuer Tierhaltung und Tierzuechtung)
;; ( )___, ) ' University of Hohenheim, Germany
,' // V\__ Fax + 49 711 459 4239
_ / \ / \ Fon + 49 711 459 3011 (3006)
¬ ¬ ' Home page www.uni-hohenheim.de/aw
___________________ Mail 470/NT, Uni Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart
From: IN%"filip.mulkens@agr.kuleuven.ac.be" 22-OCT-1999 00:31:13.69
To: IN%"Applied-Ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: (Auto)immune disorders with impact on behaviour
Dear all
I'm looking for publications about (auto)immune disorders with impact on
behaviour in cats and/or dogs. Up to now, I've only found one reference:
Steigerwald, Sarter and Podell (1999) Effects of Feline Immunodeficiency virus
on cognition and behavioral function in cats. Journal of Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology, Vol 20, Iss 5, pp 411-419
Since I can imagine that not all subscribers to this list are interested in
this topic, you can mail directly to me.
Thank you very much in advance
Filip
Dr. F. Mulkens, DVM
Laboratory for Quality Care in Animal Production, K.U.Leuven
Bijzondere Weg 12, B-3360 Lovenjoel, Belgium
Tel: +32-16-46 81 35 - Fax: +32-16-46 81 59 - E-mail:
filip.mulkens@agr.kuleuven.ac.be
From: IN%"pfcarell@gw.dec.state.ny.us" "Paul Carella" 22-OCT-1999 07:04:56.78
To: IN%"haussman@rs4703.ansc1.uni-hohenheim.de", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Re:
Why only American children?
Paul
>>> HANS HAUSSMANN 10/21/99 =
04:54AM >>>
People in the world,
how can we save American children from crazy adults?
Regards
___________________ Hans Haussmann haussman@uni-hohenheim.de=20
,--=BC_ Dept. for Animal Husbandry and Animal =
Breeding
,;;,_ ____/ /|/ (Institut fuer Tierhaltung und Tierzuechtung)
;; ( )___, ) ' University of Hohenheim, Germany
,' // V\__ Fax + 49 711 459 4239
_ / \ / \ Fon + 49 711 459 3011 (3006)
=BC =BC ' Home page www.uni-hohenheim.de/aw=20
___________________ Mail 470/NT, Uni Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart
From: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA" "Jeff Rushen" 22-OCT-1999 07:29:04.54
To: IN%"pfcarell@gw.dec.state.ny.us", IN%"haussman@rs4703.ansc1.uni-hohenheim.de", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Re:
Why only children? Have I missed something here,
or is this a secret coded message?
Jeff
>>> Paul Carella 10/22 9:02 am >>>
Why only American children?
Paul
>>> HANS HAUSSMANN 10/21/99 =
04:54AM >>>
People in the world,
how can we save American children from crazy adults?
Regards
___________________ Hans Haussmann haussman@uni-hohenheim.de=20
,--=BC_ Dept. for Animal Husbandry and Animal =
Breeding
,;;,_ ____/ /|/ (Institut fuer Tierhaltung und Tierzuechtung)
;; ( )___, ) ' University of Hohenheim, Germany
,' // V\__ Fax + 49 711 459 4239
_ / \ / \ Fon + 49 711 459 3011 (3006)
=BC =BC ' Home page www.uni-hohenheim.de/aw=20
___________________ Mail 470/NT, Uni Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart
From: IN%"pajor@purdue.edu" "Edmond Pajor" 22-OCT-1999 15:23:02.26
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: sheep question
Dear all
A Ph.D. student in Agronomy approached me with the following problem
involving sheep behavior.
The student's project involves looking at the impact of rotational versus
continuous grazing by sheep in a black walnut grove. The project may be
cut short because of potential damage being done by the sheep to the bark
of the trees (due to the sheep rubbing on it) and to the base of the trees
(due to sheep lying on the ground against the tree. The problem is further
compounded by the fact that many of the trees are near the perimeter of the
plots where sheep spend a great deal of time in close proximity to animals
in the adjacent plot. Within each plot there is a middle area, without
trees, that the student would like to encourage the sheep to use rather
than the perimeter. The student has placed a water source in this area.
The plots are approx. 70x70 feet with 3 sheep per plot.
One further complication is that the technology used to solve this problem
should be easily accessible and affordable for a poor farmer in a central
american country.. For example in order to minimize the rubbing on trees
the student has put wooden stakes into the ground to be used as scratching
posts.This has been somewhat successful. In addition, to discourage the
sheep from lying at the base of the trees he has placed fallen branches
around the base. This has been less successful as the sheep tend to pull
the branches away from the tree's base.
Does anyone in the list have any suggestion on how to encourage the sheep
to use the area away from the fence perimeter and most of the trees?
The student has not provided shelter, salt or bedding in this area. Would
this work? or is the tendency of sheep to flock together too strong to be
influence by an enriched environment away from sheep in the adjacent plot.
Thanks
Ed
P.S. my new email address is pajor@purdue.edu
Ed Pajor, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Department of Animal Sciences
Purdue University
1026 Poultry Science Bldg.
West Lafayette, Indiana
47907-1026
U.S.A.
Tel: 765-496-6665
Fax: 765-494-9347
Email: pajor@purdue.edu
From: IN%"jwillard@turbonet.com" "Janice Willard" 22-OCT-1999 19:54:08.90
To: IN%"pajor@purdue.edu" "Edmond Pajor"
CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: RE: sheep question
Dr. Pajor,
Just a few quick thoughts. I raise sheep and they like to lie in the
shade. This is fairly typical ruminant behavior and I suspect gives them
some protection from predators as well. I'm not sure it is really all that
reasonable to expect them to lie out in the middle with no cover when there
is protection and shade and company on the perimeter. Placing shelter in
the middle may be of some benefit, but I suspect the combination of other
animals and shelter will make the area by the trees pretty attractive.
As far as low tech ways to protect the trees, this first depends on how big
the trees are. I had some very nice 5 year old fruit trees killed by my
sheep when a farm helper let them in to graze and they stripped the bark.
:-( If they are small trees, they will need a lot of protection as they
can have the bark stripped and be knocked over by the sheep. Larger trees,
you only need to worry about harming the bark. I would use burlap or even
old carpet to wrap around the bark of the trees. If you are really low
tech, you could take some poor quality wool and make felted bark
protectors. I have used plastic tree protectors on small trees, but this
is more problematic. They need to be solidly staked or they get rubbed
over. You may need to simply fence the immediate area under the trees away
from the sheep. Also, if you control for external parasites, this will
reduce but not eliminate the rubbing. I'm not sure why it is a problem for
the sheep to lie under the trees. I don't see how this would hurt them.
You may give the student my e-mail address if he wants to write to me. I
have been trying to do some stream bank restoration and have been planting
trees on my property, so I've figured out a lot of things the hard way.
Janice Willard DVM, MS
Moscow, Idaho
At 04:28 PM 10/22/99 -0500, you wrote:
>Dear all
>
>A Ph.D. student in Agronomy approached me with the following problem
>involving sheep behavior.
>
>The student's project involves looking at the impact of rotational versus
>continuous grazing by sheep in a black walnut grove. The project may be
>cut short because of potential damage being done by the sheep to the bark
>of the trees (due to the sheep rubbing on it) and to the base of the trees
>(due to sheep lying on the ground against the tree. The problem is further
>compounded by the fact that many of the trees are near the perimeter of the
>plots where sheep spend a great deal of time in close proximity to animals
>in the adjacent plot. Within each plot there is a middle area, without
>trees, that the student would like to encourage the sheep to use rather
>than the perimeter. The student has placed a water source in this area.
>The plots are approx. 70x70 feet with 3 sheep per plot.
>
>One further complication is that the technology used to solve this problem
>should be easily accessible and affordable for a poor farmer in a central
>american country.. For example in order to minimize the rubbing on trees
>the student has put wooden stakes into the ground to be used as scratching
>posts.This has been somewhat successful. In addition, to discourage the
>sheep from lying at the base of the trees he has placed fallen branches
>around the base. This has been less successful as the sheep tend to pull
>the branches away from the tree's base.
>
>Does anyone in the list have any suggestion on how to encourage the sheep
>to use the area away from the fence perimeter and most of the trees?
>
>The student has not provided shelter, salt or bedding in this area. Would
>this work? or is the tendency of sheep to flock together too strong to be
>influence by an enriched environment away from sheep in the adjacent plot.
>
>Thanks
>
>Ed
>
> P.S. my new email address is pajor@purdue.edu
>
>
>Ed Pajor, Ph.D.
>Assistant Professor
>Department of Animal Sciences
>Purdue University
>1026 Poultry Science Bldg.
>West Lafayette, Indiana
>47907-1026
>U.S.A.
>
>Tel: 765-496-6665
>Fax: 765-494-9347
>Email: pajor@purdue.edu
>
From: IN%"bsimpson@pinehurst.net" 24-OCT-1999 07:58:25.33
To: IN%"pajor@purdue.edu" "Edmond Pajor"
CC: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology"
Subj: sheep question
Dr. Pajor;
Just a few thoughts regarding the sheep problem:
Are sheep sensitive to the toxin Juglone, present in the wood of the
black walnut tree? It can poison horses that injest or are bedded on
black walnut shaving. Clinical signs in horses include depression,
laminitis, and reluctance to move.
You may know Dr. Andrew Luescher, a veterinary behaviorist in the
Department of Clinicial Sciences at Purdue. He has studied behavior of
production animals and might be a good resource for your student.
Best wishes,
Barbara Simpson
Barbara S. Simpson, PhD, DVM, DACVB
The Veterinary Behavior Clinic
6045 U.S. Hwy 1 North
Southern Pines, NC 28387
Ph 910-692-2801
Fx 910-692-1860
From: IN%"serpell@vet.upenn.edu" "James Serpell" 25-OCT-1999 10:12:40.11
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Conference reminder
If you haven't already done so, don't forget to register now for the
upcoming conference on "Food Animal Husbandry and the New Millenium:
Ethical, Environmental, and Societal Impacts". Full details of the
conference, including summaries of the main presentations, are now
available on the CIAS website at: http://www.vet.upenn.edu/cias/
10: 15 am - 4:30 pm, Friday, November 5, 1999
The Auditorium, Wistar Institute, 36th & Spruce Sts., Philadelphia, PA 19104
PROGRAM
10:15 am: Registration & refreshments
Chair: James A. Serpell (CIAS, UPenn)
10:45: Contentious Issues in Animal Production: The Broader Context of
Environmental and Social Concerns. Paul B. Thompson Ph.D., Joyce and Edward
E. Brewer Distinguished Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, Purdue University.
11:30: Questions and General Discussion
12:00-1:00 pm: Lunch
1:00: The Culture and Agriculture of Animal Production. David Fraser
Ph.D., Professor of Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and
Centre of Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia, Canada.
1:40: Questions and General Discussion
Chair: Thomas D. Parsons (CAHP, UPenn).
2:00: Animal Welfare Issues in the Poultry Industry: Is There a Lesson to
be Learned? Ian J.H. Duncan Ph.D., Professor of Ethology and Chair in
Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
2:40: Questions and General Discussion
3:00-3:30 pm: Break for Refreshments
3:30: Animal Welfare Issues in the Dairy and Swine Industries.
Jeffrey Rushen Ph.D., Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre,
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Quebec, Canada.
4:10: Questions and General Discussion.
4:30 pm: Conference ends
________________________________
James A. Serpell, PhD
___________________________________________________________________
Assoc. Prof. of Humane Ethics & Animal Welfare,
Director, Center for the Interaction of Animals & Society,
Dept. of Clinical Studies,
School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Tel: (215) 898-1004
3900 Delancey Street, Fax: (215) 573-6050
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA serpell@vet.upenn.edu
http://www.vet.upenn.edu/cias/
From: IN%"bsimpson@pinehurst.net" 25-OCT-1999 20:15:39.06
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology"
CC:
Subj: avsab
Dear Applied Ethology:
Some may not be aware of the American Veterinary Society of Animal
Behavior. Membership is open to veterinarians and other individuals
interested in applied behavior of companion animals. Membership includes
a quarterly newsletter and an annual meeting, which coincides with the
American Veterinary Medical Association Meeting in the US. For more
information, check www.avma.org/avsab/
Member Veterinarians and Affiliates may join a closed listserve, where
specifics regarding cases and the approach to treatment are discussed.
Thus, although there is some overlap with Applied Ethology, the emphasis
of AVSAB is on diagnosis and treatment of small animal behavior
problems.
Best wishes,
Barbara Simpson
Barbara S. Simpson, PhD, DVM, DACVB
The Veterinary Behavior Clinic
6045 U.S. Hwy 1 North
Southern Pines, NC 28387
Ph 910-692-2801
Fx 910-692-1860
From: IN%"DMills@dmu.ac.uk" "Daniel Mills" 26-OCT-1999 03:12:46.76
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology (E-mail)"
CC:
Subj: Treating firework phobias
In the UK the time is rapidly approaching when many vets are being asked to
dish out the tablets for fireworks night (here we celebrate on an annual
basis the fact that someone tried to blow up all our politicians).
A number of practices have asked me for some top tips to help and whilst the
ideal solution is to train the dog at another time of year when you have
more control over the situation, I would like to put together a handout.
This would deal with the usual things like loud tvs to distract, ear plugs
etc. but often people have there own imaginaitve and useful solutions. So if
you have any hints or tricks to add, no matter how obvious or routine it
appears to you, please send them to me directly (or the network if you
prefer) and I will compile a summary sheet to be posted on the network next
week in time for fireworks night
Thanks for your attention to this
Daniel
Daniel S. Mills BVSc MRCVS
Senior Lecturer in Behavioural Studies & Animal Welfare
School of Agriculture
Faculty of Applied Sciences
De Montfort University Lincoln
Caythorpe Campus
Caythorpe
Lincs
NG32 3EP
UK
Tel 01400 275629 Fax 01400 275686
e-mail dmills@dmu.ac.uk
From: IN%"Jon.Day@adas.co.uk" "Jon Day" 26-OCT-1999 03:35:57.29
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: ISAE (UK AND EIRE) WINTER MEETING - deadline extension
Winter Meeting of the UK and Eire Regional Branch of the ISAE
'Funding priorities for Applied Ethology in the new millennium' and 'Open C=
ommunications'
Wednesday 1st December, 1999
Royal Veterinary College, London
LAST CALL FOR SUBMISSIONS.
The closing date for submissions for the above meeting has been extended to=
29/10/1999. Would all authors who wish to make use of this extension plea=
se contact the UK Secretary by e-mail indicating their intention to submit =
a summary?
Jon.Day@adas.co.uk=20
GENERAL INFORMATION...
The theme of the 1999 Winter Meeting aims to investigate the funding priori=
ties for Applied Ethology in the new millennium. It is anticipated that th=
e morning session will comprise presentations from the major UK funding bod=
ies which commission research in Applied Ethology. The morning session wil=
l conclude with an open discussion of research priorities.
The afternoon session will be devoted to open communications.
Two page summaries of presentations should be submitted by OCTOBER 29th, 19=
99 to the above e-mail address to by surface mail to:
Dr. J. Day
ISAE: UK and Eire Regional Secretary
ADAS Terrington
Terrington St. Clement
King's Lynn
Norfolk
PE34 4BW
Instructions to authors:
1. Summaries should be no longer than two sides of A4
2. A Times Roman font should be used.
3. Single line spacing should be used.
4. The title should be typed in 12pt, bold font.
5. Authors names and affiliations should be typed in 12pt, italic font
6. Wherever possible the text should be organised within the following sub-=
headings. 'Introduction', 'Materials and Methods', 'Results', 'Discussion'=
, 'Conclusions', and 'References'. Sub-headings should be types in 11pt, b=
old font. =20
Dr. Jon E. L. Day
ADAS Terrington
Terrington St. Clement
Kings Lynn
Norfolk
PE34 4PW
Tel: +44 (0)1553 828621
Fax: +44 (0)1553 827229
e_mail: Jon.Day@adas.co.uk
The information transmitted is intended only for the addressee and may cont=
ain confidential and/or privileged material.
Any use of, or taking of any action in reliance upon, this information by p=
arties other than the intended recipient is prohibited.
If you receive this in error, please contact the sender and delete the mate=
rial from any computer.
Opinions and other information in this message that do not relate to the of=
ficial business of ADAS are neither given nor endorsed by it.
From: IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "VIVIAN BREGMAN" 26-OCT-1999 06:08:19.84
To: IN%"DMills@dmu.ac.uk" "Daniel Mills", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology (E-mail)"
CC:
Subj: RE: Treating firework phobias
At 10:07 AM 10/26/1999 +0100, Daniel Mills wrote:
>In the UK the time is rapidly approaching when many vets are being asked to
>dish out the tablets for fireworks night (here we celebrate on an annual
>basis the fact that someone tried to blow up all our politicians).
I would be interested in any answers that you get.
Here in the US we celebrate in July something similar --- when we tried to
destroy all your politicians who were here. (grin)
Vivian
Vivian Bregman -- dog trainer for forty years --
interested in everything to do with science,
especially Biology --- vbregman@interactive.net
From: IN%"margory@dnai.com" "margory cohen" 27-OCT-1999 07:19:38.95
To: IN%"bregman@interactive.net" "VIVIAN BREGMAN", IN%"DMills@dmu.ac.uk" "Daniel Mills", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology (E-mail)"
CC:
Subj: RE: Treating firework phobias
----- Original Message -----
From: VIVIAN BREGMAN, Sent: Tuesday, October 26, 1999 5:04 AM
> I would be interested in any answers that you get.
> Here in the US we celebrate in July something similar --- when we tried to
> destroy all your politicians who were here. (grin)
>
> At 10:07 AM 10/26/1999 +0100, Daniel Mills wrote:
> >In the UK the time is rapidly approaching when many vets are being asked
to dish out the tablets for fireworks night (here we celebrate on an annual
basis the fact that someone tried to blow up all our politicians).
hello,
my own deerhounds have no problem with this and i seem to live in san
francisco at a location that is ground zero for huge displays. i stay with
the hounds and even with the building rattles from the explosions (it's
heavier than a quake which happens here too), they may look up but it's not
fear.
i know sighthound people who uses ace promazine or valium with their hounds;
i don't. wouldn't.
i also know of people using homeopathic formulations, rescue remedy notably.
perhaps i could nose thru some archives and see what else has turned up
from discussions, if you like?
it's a heart-break, i know. i think it was the morning after the 4th of
july this year i heard radio news reports of lost dogs who must have just
boalted during fireworks. i so blame people who don't keep the dogs secure
during these kinds of festivals.
margory
From: IN%"ilsmith@utkux.utcc.utk.edu" "Ione Smith" 27-OCT-1999 09:09:50.74
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: Press release (fwd)
I thought y'all would appreciate this. ;-)
Diseases Laud Kansas Decision
(AP) The Ebola Virus, speaking from its headquarters somewhere in Africa,
today thanked the Kansas Board of Education for its recent decision to
remove evolution from the state's science curriculum. The virus pointed out
that the resulting eventual loss of evolutionary biologists would make life
easier for it and other emerging diseases, as health workers would not be
able to distinguish lethal and nonlethal strains that had evolved from one
other.
In its two recent visits to the U.S., the Ebola strains involved were those
that had evolved from the deadly human strains into strains that kill
monkeys, not people. "If they hadn't known, we could really have inspired
hysteria" commented Ebola. "More fun next time".
Meanwhile, Hanta Virus, Cholera, AIDS and Influenza announced that they had
no intention of stopping their own evolution and looked forward to even
more successful world tours in the future. Although none of them expressed
much interest in visiting Kansas, they denied they had plans to boycott the
state.
Finally, stock futures for a variety of "old fashioned" diseases (such as
diphtheria and streptococcus, malaria, and tuberculosis) went up, as it
appears that humans now are increasingly prepared to ignore the evolution
of antibiotic resistance for diseases that have long been held in check by
modern medicines. Diphtheria, speaking from its exile in poorer parts of
the former U.S.S.R., commented "The lack of new antibiotics seems to
reflect a human arrogance that assumes we can't evolve and come back." It
pointed out that malaria and TB had already evolved forms that were immune
to all known antibiotics. "Without understanding how we evolve, humans are
turning themselves into fodder." Asked to comment on the Kansas decision,
Diphtheria smiled and said: "Thanks, Kansas, we'll be seeing you..."
From: IN%"JSWANSON@oz.oznet.ksu.edu" 27-OCT-1999 09:31:25.05
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: Press release
Funny - - but they ought to think twice. The Kansas Board of Ed
decision is on the brink of extinction thanks to very smart Kansas
scientists, biology teachers, concerned citizens and national science
organizations. Believe it or not we actually produce Rhodes, Truman,
and Goldwater scholars from some of these Kansas institutions of
higher education! The veterinary dynamic duo who snuffed out the
Reston strain of Ebola (read "The Hot Zone")are now in residence at
KSU (both Kansas natives). Ebola watch out.. Oz may not be what it
appears...:-)
Janice Swanson
Reporting From the Trenches
I thought y'all would appreciate this. ;-)
Diseases Laud Kansas Decision
(AP) The Ebola Virus, speaking from its headquarters somewhere in
Africa,
today thanked the Kansas Board of Education for its recent decision to
remove evolution from the state's science curriculum. The virus
pointed
out that the resulting eventual loss of evolutionary biologists would
make
life easier for it and other emerging diseases, as health workers
would
not be able to distinguish lethal and nonlethal strains that had
evolved
from one other.
In its two recent visits to the U.S., the Ebola strains involved were
those that had evolved from the deadly human strains into strains that
kill monkeys, not people. "If they hadn't known, we could really have
inspired hysteria" commented Ebola. "More fun next time".
Meanwhile, Hanta Virus, Cholera, AIDS and Influenza announced that they
had no intention of stopping their own evolution and looked forward to
even more successful world tours in the future. Although none of them
expressed much interest in visiting Kansas, they denied they had plans to
boycott the state.
Finally, stock futures for a variety of "old fashioned" diseases (such as
diphtheria and streptococcus, malaria, and tuberculosis) went up, as it
appears that humans now are increasingly prepared to ignore the evolution
of antibiotic resistance for diseases that have long been held in check by
modern medicines. Diphtheria, speaking from its exile in poorer parts of
the former U.S.S.R., commented "The lack of new antibiotics seems to
reflect a human arrogance that assumes we can't evolve and come back." It
pointed out that malaria and TB had already evolved forms that were immune
to all known antibiotics. "Without understanding how we evolve, humans
are turning themselves into fodder." Asked to comment on the Kansas
decision, Diphtheria smiled and said: "Thanks, Kansas, we'll be seeing
you..."
From: IN%"DMills@dmu.ac.uk" "Daniel Mills" 28-OCT-1999 06:44:09.85
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology (E-mail)"
CC:
Subj: Dealing with firework phobias
Thank you to all who sent your ideas.
I thought because many vets etc are dishing out the tablets already, the
sooner this gets posted the better.
If I get any more tips in response to this then I will add them accordingly
in a new message next week.
thankyou and I hope there are a few less stressed dogs in future
Daniel S. Mills BVSc MRCVS
Senior Lecturer in Behavioural Studies & Animal Welfare
School of Agriculture
Faculty of Applied Sciences
De Montfort University Lincoln
Caythorpe Campus
Caythorpe
Lincs
NG32 3EP
UK
Tel 01400 275629 Fax 01400 275686
e-mail dmills@dmu.ac.uk
Treatment of thunderstorm phobias in dogs:
A guide to good practice.
The best approach to this problem is to treat the dog through a controlled
programme of systematic desensitisation and counterconditioning. This
should be done at a time of year when fireworks are not likely to be used,
so that you have control over the situation. A brief outline to this
programme is given below followed by some tips for the emergency situation
where you have not managed to get your dog trained in time.
A Systematic Desensitisation and Counterconditioning Programme:
The dog is trained to sit and relax on command with gentle reassuring tones.
When this has become established, the training can be tested in the face of
some distraction.
Once this is reliable then desensitisation may begin. Either a variety of
recordings of the noise or a cap gun can be used, either of which must have
been shown previously to elicit the fear response.
The secret is to start with the noise at a volume that does not elicit any
fear response. If using a gun then muffling can be done with cardboard boxes
and towels.
The dog is put on the relax command and reassured by an assistant for
staying calm. If your dog reacts then the behaviour should be ignored until
it settles after which it can again be given a treat. If this happens, you
must also start again with a much lower intensity stimulus. After every few
"bangs" your dog should be given a special treat and a break taken. This is
the end of the first session. Make sure you always end a session on a high
note with a good response.
A new session is started with the same level of noise but this is soon
increased slightly, bearing in mind that it is important not to go beyond
the point when your dog may notice the sound but not react aversively. The
process is then repeated.
It is important not to expect too much too soon. As a general rule, you
should not try to do more than three or four sessions in a block.
This programme will take days if not weeks but eventually your dog should
remain relaxed to full intensity noises. Once you have got to this point it
is important to reinforce the response on an occasional basis. Initially
this should be quite frequent but with time this can be less often.
Reinforcement should be done shortly before the festive season. Do not
expect your dog to remember everything till the next big party!
If you seem to be having any problems then consult your vet for further
advice or help as sound sensitivity may be associated with both medical and
more general psychological problems.
Do's and Don't's for when the noise starts:
1. Drugs may be useful in some cases, but should only be used under
veterinary supervision. If using any such remedies, they should be given so
they take effect BEFORE any noise starts or panic sets in.
2. Don't punish you dog when he is scared, it only confirms that there
was something to be afraid of.
3. Don't fuss or try to reassure your dog when he is scared, as this
rewards the behaviour.
4. Ignore any fearful behaviour that occurs for no good reason.
5. Feed your dog a good meal rich in carbohydrate with added vitamin B6
mid to late afternoon so he has a full stomach over the evening (don't try
this if your dog is prone to diarrhoea when it is scared or at other times).
If necessary don't feed him at any other time in the day to ensure a good
appetite.
6. Make sure your dog is kept in a safe and secure environment at all
times so that it doesn't bolt and escape if a sudden noise occurs.
7. When the season begins try to move your dog to a blacked out room at
sundown with toys etc for him and preferably things for you to do as well,
so he is not abandoned in the room. Blacking out the room removes the
potentially additional problems of flashing lights etc.
8. Put some music on, if your dog (and you) can tolerate it rap or
something with a lot of constant drumbeats is best. It doesn't have to be
obnoxiously loud as long as there is a constant distracting beat to the
music.
9. Ignore the noises yourself and try to engage your pet in some form
of active game.
10. If you know of a dog that is not scared by the noises and which gets
on with your own dog then keeping the two together during the evenings may
help. Playing with the non-fearful dog if your own dog becomes scared may
help to encourage the fearful dog that all is not so bad after all.
11. Ear plugs can be made, by taking a piece of cotton wool, dampening
it and squeezing out any excess water. It is then rolled into a long thin
cylinder and twisted into the dog's ear so as to pack the canal. Care must
be taken that the cylinder is not so thin that it goes too deep into the ear
canal or so fat that it can't be secured. The plug should be secure and firm
but not so tight that it irritates your dog. Remember to remove it later
that day and don't reuse ear plugs from one day to the next
12. Don't just ignore the problem just because it only happens once or
twice a year. Instigate a desensitisation programme once the season is over
and you have control over the environment again.
From: IN%"DMills@dmu.ac.uk" "Daniel Mills" 28-OCT-1999 06:56:15.45
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "'Applied Ethology (E-mail)'"
CC:
Subj: Dealing with firework phobias - correction
OOPs
Apologies I've put the wrong title to the sheet. should read firework fears
not thunderstorm phobias
Thank you to all who sent your ideas.
I thought because many vets etc are dishing out the tablets already, the
sooner this gets posted the better.
If I get any more tips in response to this then I will add them accordingly
in a new message next week.
thankyou and I hope there are a few less stressed dogs in future
Daniel S. Mills BVSc MRCVS
Senior Lecturer in Behavioural Studies & Animal Welfare
School of Agriculture
Faculty of Applied Sciences
De Montfort University Lincoln
Caythorpe Campus
Caythorpe
Lincs
NG32 3EP
UK
Tel 01400 275629 Fax 01400 275686
e-mail dmills@dmu.ac.uk
Treatment of firework fears in dogs:
A guide to good practice.
The best approach to this problem is to treat the dog through a controlled
programme of systematic desensitisation and counterconditioning. This
should be done at a time of year when fireworks are not likely to be used,
so that you have control over the situation. A brief outline to this
programme is given below followed by some tips for the emergency situation
where you have not managed to get your dog trained in time.
A Systematic Desensitisation and Counterconditioning Programme:
The dog is trained to sit and relax on command with gentle reassuring tones.
When this has become established, the training can be tested in the face of
some distraction.
Once this is reliable then desensitisation may begin. Either a variety of
recordings of the noise or a cap gun can be used, either of which must have
been shown previously to elicit the fear response.
The secret is to start with the noise at a volume that does not elicit any
fear response. If using a gun then muffling can be done with cardboard boxes
and towels.
The dog is put on the relax command and reassured by an assistant for
staying calm. If your dog reacts then the behaviour should be ignored until
it settles after which it can again be given a treat. If this happens, you
must also start again with a much lower intensity stimulus. After every few
"bangs" your dog should be given a special treat and a break taken. This is
the end of the first session. Make sure you always end a session on a high
note with a good response.
A new session is started with the same level of noise but this is soon
increased slightly, bearing in mind that it is important not to go beyond
the point when your dog may notice the sound but not react aversively. The
process is then repeated.
It is important not to expect too much too soon. As a general rule, you
should not try to do more than three or four sessions in a block.
This programme will take days if not weeks but eventually your dog should
remain relaxed to full intensity noises. Once you have got to this point it
is important to reinforce the response on an occasional basis. Initially
this should be quite frequent but with time this can be less often.
Reinforcement should be done shortly before the festive season. Do not
expect your dog to remember everything till the next big party!
If you seem to be having any problems then consult your vet for further
advice or help as sound sensitivity may be associated with both medical and
more general psychological problems.
Do's and Don't's for when the noise starts:
1. Drugs may be useful in some cases, but should only be used under
veterinary supervision. If using any such remedies, they should be given so
they take effect BEFORE any noise starts or panic sets in.
2. Don't punish you dog when he is scared, it only confirms that there
was something to be afraid of.
3. Don't fuss or try to reassure your dog when he is scared, as this
rewards the behaviour.
4. Ignore any fearful behaviour that occurs for no good reason.
5. Feed your dog a good meal rich in carbohydrate with added vitamin B6
mid to late afternoon so he has a full stomach over the evening (don't try
this if your dog is prone to diarrhoea when it is scared or at other times).
If necessary don't feed him at any other time in the day to ensure a good
appetite.
6. Make sure your dog is kept in a safe and secure environment at all
times so that it doesn't bolt and escape if a sudden noise occurs.
7. When the season begins try to move your dog to a blacked out room at
sundown with toys etc for him and preferably things for you to do as well,
so he is not abandoned in the room. Blacking out the room removes the
potentially additional problems of flashing lights etc.
8. Put some music on, if your dog (and you) can tolerate it rap or
something with a lot of constant drumbeats is best. It doesn't have to be
obnoxiously loud as long as there is a constant distracting beat to the
music.
9. Ignore the noises yourself and try to engage your pet in some form
of active game.
10. If you know of a dog that is not scared by the noises and which gets
on with your own dog then keeping the two together during the evenings may
help. Playing with the non-fearful dog if your own dog becomes scared may
help to encourage the fearful dog that all is not so bad after all.
11. Ear plugs can be made, by taking a piece of cotton wool, dampening
it and squeezing out any excess water. It is then rolled into a long thin
cylinder and twisted into the dog's ear so as to pack the canal. Care must
be taken that the cylinder is not so thin that it goes too deep into the ear
canal or so fat that it can't be secured. The plug should be secure and firm
but not so tight that it irritates your dog. Remember to remove it later
that day and don't reuse ear plugs from one day to the next
12. Don't just ignore the problem just because it only happens once or
twice a year. Instigate a desensitisation programme once the season is over
and you have control over the environment again.
From: IN%"lcpmf@cca.ufsc.br" 29-OCT-1999 08:13:44.75
To: IN%"Applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: The cow when weaning calves
Dear all:
I am sending the msg below on behalf of Cristina. Please any help or comment is very welcome.
You may answer to the list, to me or directly to Cristina:
MCYUNES@cca.ufsc.br
Thank you,
Carlos.
------------------------------------------------------
Some months ago I read an anecdotal information that pregnant cows show
less signs of stress than non-pregnant cows, when separated from their
calves. I am a graduate student interested in the issue, and would like to
have further information and ideas on the subject.
Maria Cristina Yunes
Federal University of Santa Catarina
Brazil
--------------------------------------------
Luiz Carlos Pinheiro Machado Filho, Ph.D.
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
CCA - Depto. de Zootecnia e Des. Rural
Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, Itacorubi.
Florianópolis, SC, BRASIL. 88.034-001
FAX: +55(0)48 334-2014 Fone: +55(0)48 331-9814
E-mail: LCPMF@cca.ufsc.br
From: IN%"myriad@ksu.edu" "Jeanne Saddler" 29-OCT-1999 08:24:53.34
To:
CC: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: Littermate syndrome
Can anyone recall articles on the dynamics of raising littermate dogs. In
63 Pfaffenberger made coment on the unfavorable outcomes of placing two
guide pups with the same puppy raiser. Trainers today advise against the
acquisition of litter mates. Are there any articles written recently on
this subject? May I forward replys to the dog trainers list?
H.U.G. Your dog!
Jeanne Saddler, myriad@ksu.edu (Manhattan Kansas)
From: IN%"chris@lovebirds.netlineuk.net" "lovebirds" 30-OCT-1999 06:03:26.15
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology List"
CC:
Subj: feather picking shoulder - Trexon
I am appealing for any information list members may have on this query I
received recently.
"Trexon" is an unfamiliar name to me. Can anyone give the generic name and
provide any information or experience on its use with non-human patients,
especially birds?
Thanks and Best wishes
Chris (UK)
chris@lovebirds.netlineuk.net
> Hi,
>
> Several months ago I wrote about my male lovebird who is picking a spot on
> his shoulder. He has worn a collar to no avail. He seems completely
> healthy and the vet thinks it is a behavioural problem. He has just been
> started on a drug called Trexon that is supposed to help with behavioural
> problems. It is used in people to treat drug addiction. I just wondered
if
> you heard of this or have had a bird on it.
From: IN%"margory@dnai.com" "margory cohen" 31-OCT-1999 08:11:05.11
To: IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca" "Applied Ethology (E-mail)"
CC:
Subj: animal rights? the new terrorists
hello -
a form of this appeared in the SF Chronicle on Thursday; this is the wire
story that i found on-line.
please: be careful.
margory
Animal rights extremists suspected of targeting scientists across U.S.
ALEXIS CHIU, Associated Press Writer
Thursday, October 28, 1999
URL:
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/news/archive/1999/10/28/stat
e0100EDT0159.DTL
(10-28) 01:00 EDT CAMBRIDGE, Mass. (AP) -- Scientists across the country who
do research using primates have received letters, booby-trapped with razors,
ordering them to release their monkeys or face violence.
Six Harvard University researchers are among those who got the missives,
which authorities believe are the work of a radical group calling itself the
``Justice Department.'' The FBI is on the case, and researchers from Alabama
to Washington are being told to look out for plain white envelopes bearing
Las Vegas postmarks.
One Harvard researcher opened his envelope Tuesday but was not harmed, said
a university spokesman.
The typewritten letter inside said: ``You have been targeted and you have
until autumn of 2000 to release all your primate captives and get out of the
vivisection industry. If you do not heed our warning, your violence will be
turned back upon you.''
The intended targets are listed in a communique posted on an animal rights
Web site by the ``Justice Department'' group, which says it sent the letters
to more than 80 scientists at schools including Tulane University, Emory
University, and state universities in California, Wisconsin, Minnesota and
Oregon.
Over the weekend, an organization that monitors extremist animal rights
groups found the communique and forwarded it to the targeted schools, giving
them time to warn the researchers.
``I got my razor blade in the mail yesterday,'' said a University of
Washington pharmacy professor who did not want her name used. Having been
warned in advance, she did not open the envelope.
It was unclear Wednesday how many researchers had received the letter. No
injuries were reported.
``The razor blades were inside the top flap so that if you were to run your
finger through the envelope the way most people do, you would have been
cut,'' said Dr. Peter Gerone of the Delta Regional Primate Center in
Covington, La., whose secretary used a letter opener on a rigged envelope
Monday.
The six Harvard researchers got their letters Tuesday, but had been told
Monday of the plot. In all, there were 12 Harvard researchers on the list.
At Emory University in Atlanta, researchers have received six letters,
police said. University of Wisconsin scientists have gotten four.
``It's immoral, it's uncivilized,'' said Kevin Smith, vice chancellor of
research at the University of California, Davis, where at least three
researchers have received the letters. ``It's terrorism from people who say,
`We value life -- but if you don't stop we'll kill you.'''
The ``Justice Department'' and the international Animal Liberation Front are
among those in a databank of animal-rights extremists compiled by Scotland
Yard.
A fact sheet on an animal rights Web site says the ``Justice Department''
has carried out attacks in Britain, Canada and British Columbia, including
sending out envelopes with ``rat poison covered razor blades'' to hunting
guides. The group, which is believed to be based in Britain, is made up of
members who act anonymously.
Kent Pinkerton, who studies the respiratory effects of airborne particles at
UC-Davis, was on the list but had not received a letter by Wednesday. He
said he would not be deterred by fear.
``The type of the research we're doing is so relevant and so important to
the health and well-being of people that I don't give a second thought to
(the threats) being a problem,'' he said.
From: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed" 31-OCT-1999 18:45:57.98
To: IN%"C.M.Nevison@liverpool.ac.uk", IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com"
CC: IN%"rushenj@EM.AGR.CA", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca", IN%"chris.sherwin@bristol.ac.uk"
Subj: RE: Wheel running - to advocate or not to advocate?
Hello, all. Thank you for the very interesting comments. It has taken me so
long to reply because I've been down with the first flu of the season.
We have our Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas decorations in the stores
simultaneously right now -- a sort of holiday trimmings mudslide. I guess
the winter flu is getting into the act early, too.
Sincerely, and thanks again,
Brenda Reed
______________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
From: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed" 31-OCT-1999 20:02:31.16
To: IN%"chris@lovebirds.netlineuk.net", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
CC:
Subj: RE: feather picking shoulder - Trexon
Hello, all!
I have a problem that I would like to as advice about.
I got a very young kitten from a humane shelter. He had been dumped there
with the rest of his littermates. My guess is that he was about five weeks
old, based on his still having the nonretractable front claws that kittens
have, and his ears still had that "double-sided velvet" baby fur. He was
also very small in size.
When I got him, he came to me whenever he was hungry and tried frantically
to nurse on any part of me. I would take him to the food bowl and would have
to put a bit of wet food on his lips for him to taste before he would eat
from the bowl by himself. It was about two weeks before he went to the food
bowl by himself when he was hungry.
Now he's a beautiful orange tabby of about three or four months.
I bet you can guess the situation. He has taken me on as his cat mother and
wants to suckle my earlobes. He doesn't show interest in any other of the
usual things that cats use: wool, sleeves, etc. And his suckling behavior
comes under three categories of activity:
1. He is hungry and there is no food in his bowl.
2. He has been asleep and wakes up hungry.
3. He wants to go to sleep and uses suckling as an affection and comfort
transition to nodding off.
I'm willing to get chewed on for the next umph-teen years, but wonder if
there is a way to move him along developmentally without harming our
relationship. I don't want to drive him away as mother cats so often do to
kittens at weaning time.
Thanks for any comments --
Brenda
______________________________________________________
Get Your Private, Free Email at http://www.hotmail.com
From: IN%"myriad@ksu.edu" "Jeanne Saddler" 31-OCT-1999 21:22:14.13
To: IN%"elfhund@hotmail.com" "Brenda Reed"
CC: IN%"chris@lovebirds.netlineuk.net", IN%"applied-ethology@sask.usask.ca"
Subj: cat suckling problem
Have you tried putting some bad tasting preparation on your earlobes? You
may try mixing some alum and or red pepper into some patrolium jelly and
applying it to your ear lobes.
H.U.G. Your dog!
Jeanne Saddler, myriad@ksu.edu (Manhattan Kansas)