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was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

Born into a prominent Virginia planting family, Madison served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War.

In the late 1780s, he helped organize the Constitutional Convention, which produced a new constitution to supplant the ineffective Articles of Confederation.

After the Convention, Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution, and his collaboration with Alexander Hamilton produced The Federalist Papers, among the most important treatises in support of the Constitution.

After the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, Madison won election to the United States House of Representatives.

While simultaneously serving as a close adviser to President George Washington, Madison emerged as one of the most prominent members of the 1st Congress, helping to pass several bills establishing the new government.

After Jefferson won the 1800 presidential election, Madison served as Jefferson's Secretary of State from 1801 to 1809.

In this role, Madison supervised the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the nation's size.

Madison succeeded Jefferson with a victory in the 1808 presidential election, and he won re-election in 1812. The war was an administrative morass, as the United States had neither a strong army nor financial system.

After the failure of diplomatic protests and a trade embargo against the United Kingdom, he led the U. As a result, Madison came to support a stronger national government and military, as well as the national bank, which he had long opposed.

Historians have generally ranked Madison as an above-average president. was born on March 16, 1751, (March 5, 1751, Old Style, Julian calendar) at Belle Grove Plantation near Port Conway, Virginia, to James Madison Sr. He grew up as the oldest of twelve children, His father was a tobacco planter who grew up on a plantation, then called Mount Pleasant, which he had inherited upon reaching adulthood.