Examining ships that have made an impact on Naval Warfare and Naval History.

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Hello out there! The purpose of this blog is to spread the word that Naval History is interesting and worth knowing. After searching the net, I couldn't find a single place that dealt solely with the subject of Naval Warfare, so I decided to create one. I will be posting pictures and text of various ships and will then describe what part those ships played in Naval Warfare and Naval History. For anyone interested in these subjects, I hope this will be your new home. Every Tuesday a new ship will be posted and each month I'll have a "Ship of the Month" displayed at the bottom of the blog. Both famous and not-so-famous ships will be highlighted. But what they all have in common is that, in some small way, they made an impact on Naval Warfare and Naval History. I think it's a historical lesson worth reading. I also hope you like what you see and I look forward to hearing from you. Thanks for dropping by.

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This blog was created by Remo. I have been forced to close my "Comments" section due to the enormous amount of spam that is being sent to it. I just can't keep up with it anymore, so I decided to end the comments. People who flood blogs with spam are jerks and should be ashamed of themselves. Anyway, if you want to contact me, e-mail me at Libertyship46@aol.com. On balance, I get less spam via my e-mail account than in the "Comments" section of the blog. So if you want to make a comment, send me an e-mail. Other readers on the blog will not be able to see it, but at least I'll have some contact with the outside world! Thank you.

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Tuesday, May 25, 2010

Figure 1: Corsair (American Steam Yacht, 1899) photographed prior to her World War I naval service. This yacht was chartered from her owner, financier J.P. Morgan, and placed in commission on 15 May 1917 as USS Corsair (SP-159). Returned to Mr. Morgan on 9 June 1919, she again served in the Navy during World War II as USS Oceanographer (AGS-3). Courtesy of J.P. Morgan, 1930. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 2: Corsair (American Steam Yacht, 1899) photographed by Edwin Levick of New York City, prior to her World War I Naval service. Built in 1899 for financier J.P. Morgan, this yacht served as USS Corsair (SP-159) during World War I and as USS Oceanographer (AGS-3) during World War II. The original print is in National Archives' Record Group 19-LCM. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 3: USS Corsair (SP-159) fine screen halftone reproduction of a photograph taken while she was fitting out for World War I service, circa May 1917. Next ship outboard is USS Harvard (SP-209). Courtesy of Alfred Cellier, 1977. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 5: USS Californian sinking in the Bay of Biscay on 22 June 1918, after hitting a mine. Photographed from USS Corsair (SP-159). Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 6: One of the ship's lifeboats from USS Californian comes alongside USS Corsair (SP-159), as Californian was being abandoned in the Bay of Biscay on 22 June 1918. She sank after hitting a mine. The original print bears the hand-written note: "S.S. Californian last boat." Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 7: Survivors of USS Californian on USS Corsair's quarterdeck, 22 June 1918, after being rescued from their sinking ship. Note the cork life vests worn by many of these men. Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 8: S.S. Dagfin (Norwegian Freighter, 1902) broken down several hundred miles off the French coast on 12 September 1918. Photographed from USS Corsair (SP-159), which towed her to port. She is flying distress signal flags: "N-I". Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 9: S.S. Dagfin (Norwegian Freighter, 1902) broken down several hundred miles off the French coast on 12 September 1918. Photographed from USS Corsair (SP-159), which towed her to port. The original print bears the hand-written note: "Norwegian tramp picked up by Paul (Wangerin, one of Corsair's officers) about 600 miles West of France, disabled 6 days, during War." Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 10: USS Corsair (SP-159) depth charge exploding astern of the ship, during operations at sea in 1918. Another depth charge is visible in the foreground. Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 11: Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels (standing to left of the ship's after conning station) talking with a group of officers while USS Corsair was at Plymouth, England, in May 1919. Standing at right are the ship's Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Commander William B. Porter, USNRF, and Rear Admiral Ralph Earle, USN. Note depth charge stowage racks in the foreground. Courtesy of Lieutenant C.C. Moore, USN, 1930. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 13: Members of USS Corsair’s crew posed on the after deckhouse in mid-1917, soon after she entered Navy service. These men are spelling out Corsair's name in semaphore ("wig-wag") code. Note the ship's after conning station in the center foreground, speaking tubes at the end of the deckhouse, and the after pair of 3-inch guns. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 14: Chief Petty Officer and another crew member on USS Corsair’s bridge, while at Brest, France, in 1918. Another US Navy converted yacht is in the background with a kite balloon overhead. Collection of Paul F. Wangerin, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 15: Corsair (American Steam Yacht, 1899) photographed circa the 1920s. Built in 1899 for financier J.P. Morgan, this yacht served as USS Corsair (SP-159) during World War I and as USS Oceanographer (AGS-3) during World War II. Courtesy of Donald M. McPherson, 1975. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 18: USS Oceanographer (AGS-3) moored to a pier at San Pedro, California, 1944. US Navy photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 19: USS Oceanographer (AGS-3) moored to a pier at San Pedro, California, 1944. US Navy photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

The 1,600-ton steam yacht Corsair was built in 1899 for the famous financier J.P. Morgan by W. & A. Fletcher Company, at Hoboken, New Jersey. Since a “corsair” was a pirate or privateer, the name seemed extremely suitable for a man like J.P. Morgan. After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, the US Navy quickly needed escort ships for convoy duty. Believing Corsair could be converted into a suitable patrol boat or ocean escort, the Navy chartered Morgan’s yacht in early May 1917 and commissioned the ship as USS Corsair (SP-159) on 15 May. The ship quickly was converted into a patrol boat and given four 3-inch guns and depth charges. Corsair was approximately 304 feet long and 33 feet wide, had a top speed of 19 knots, and had a crew of 146 officers and men.

Corsair left New York for France on 14 June 1917 as part of the escort group for the first contingent of American Expeditionary Force troops to be sent to Europe. The convoy arrived at St. Nazaire, France, on 27 June. Corsair quickly was assigned to anti-submarine and escort duties off the west coast of France. She escorted numerous vessels and rescued people from torpedoed or disabled merchant ships. On 17 October 1917, Corsair rescued a large number of survivors from the torpedoed US Army transport Antilles and then searched the area for the German submarine that attacked her. On 22 June 1918, Corsair rescued survivors from the American merchant ship Californian, which had struck an enemy mine. Both Antilles and Californian sank after Corsair rescued their survivors. But on 12 September 1918, Corsair assisted the disabled Norwegian steamer Dagfin and towed her to safety to a French port.

After the war ended on 11 November 1918, Corsair steamed to England and occasionally was used as the flagship for the Commander, US Naval Forces in European Waters. In May 1919, Corsair carried Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and his staff from England to France and the ship returned to the United States later that month. After her arrival, USS Corsair was decommissioned and on 9 June 1919 the ship was returned to her original owner, J.P. Morgan.

After several more years of use as a private yacht, Corsair was purchased by the US Coast and Geodetic Survey and renamed Oceanographer. The ship was used as a scientific research vessel during the 1930s and into the early 1940s. But a few months after America entered World War II on 7 December 1941, the US Navy came calling once again. The Navy re-acquired the former yacht in April 1942, re-named her Natchez, and briefly re-classified her as a gunboat (PG-85). But something caused the Navy to change its mind about the elderly ship because her name and classification were changed once again. In August 1942, she was re-classified as a survey ship, was re-commissioned back into the Navy, but assumed an old name, USS Oceanographer (AGS-3).

Initially sent to Alaskan waters to perform surveys, Oceanographer seemed unable to cope with the harsh weather conditions in that part of the world. Therefore, she was sent to the south Pacific in March 1943. The ship remained there conducting extensive surveys until June 1944, when she returned to the United States for urgently needed repairs. But soon after arriving at San Pedro, California, the US Navy determined that the battered and now extremely elderly ex-yacht was not worth repairing. USS Oceanographer was decommissioned in September 1944 and was scrapped soon after that. Although she started her life as the expensive plaything for one of the world’s richest men, this tough ship proved to be a useful warship in one war and an excellent survey vessel in another. Few ships have had a career like that.

SMS (which stands for Seiner Majestät Schiff or His Majesty's Ship) Geier was a 1,630-ton Bussard class cruiser that was built by the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Dockyard) at Wilhelmshaven, Germany, and was launched on 18 October 1894. Geier, which means vulture in German, had a steel hull and coal-fired engines, and was equipped with a barque sail rig to extend her range (this was later changed to a schooner rig). The ship was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy (Kaiserliche Marine) on 24 October 1895. Geier was approximately 254 feet long and 32 feet wide, had a top speed of 16 knots, and had a crew of 197 officers and men. Geier originally was armed by the German Navy with eight 4.1-inch guns, five 37-mm guns, and two 17-inch torpedo tubes, but was converted to carry only four 5-inch guns when the ship was commissioned into the US Navy.

Although originally built to serve in Germany’s overseas colonies, Geier remained in local German waters for roughly four years. Her extensive colonial duties began in 1898, when she steamed to Haiti to assist in suppressing an uprising there. Later that same year, she participated in the evacuation of German citizens from Havana, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War. For the next two years, Geier patrolled off the coast of South America, visiting German and foreign naval bases. In 1899, Geier was re-classified from a cruiser to a light cruiser. In 1900, Geier was sent to China to protect German troops and interests during the infamous Boxer Rebellion. The ship remained in China until 1905 and then returned to European waters. From 1911 to 1913, Geier took part in the Italo-Turkish war, protecting German citizens and property during that violent conflict. In 1913, the ship was ordered to sail to Dar es Salaam, located in what then was known as German East Africa. While in East African waters, Geier resumed her usual duties of guarding German citizens and financial interests in the area. She also was re-classified once again in May 1914 and was downgraded from a light cruiser to a gunboat.

Shortly after the start of World War I in August 1914, Geier was ordered to steam from German East Africa to Germany’s colonial base at Tsingtao, China. Once there, she was to join Admiral Maximilian Graf von Spee’s Far Eastern Squadron. However, patrolling British, French, and Japanese warships in the area prevented the small gunboat from reaching her destination. Geier, therefore, began independent commerce raiding operations while eluding Allied warships. In early September, Geier captured the British freighter Southport in the Eastern Caroline Islands. Geier’s crew attempted to disable the merchant ship’s engines and then sailed on. But the crew of the Southport was able to fix the damaged engines and sail to Australia, where her captain reported the incident to British Naval authorities. Geier then was a hunted ship, but managed to avoid being captured for roughly a month. By this time Geier also had covered a lot of ocean and was in urgent need of repairs and coal. Her captain, therefore, decided to enter a neutral port to buy some time for his ship. On 17 October 1914, Geier entered the neutral US port at Honolulu, Hawaii. Soon after her arrival, though, two Japanese warships (the battleship Hizen and the armored cruiser Asama) arrived in the area and began patrolling outside of Hawaii’s three-mile limit, waiting for Geier to leave the neutral port. But on 8 November, Geier was interned by the United States.

Once the United States entered World War I on 6 April 1917, Geier was seized by the US Navy and on 9 June were renamed Schurz, after Carl Schurz, the famous American writer, speaker, Union Army general, and politician. The ship was overhauled and officially commissioned into the US Navy as USS Schurz on 15 September 1917. On 31 October, Schurz left Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and escorted Submarine Division 8 to San Diego, California. After arriving on 12 November, Schurz continued her journey in early December by escorting four submarines south to the Panama Canal. After transiting the canal at the end of December, the small convoy proceeded north to Honduras. On 4 January 1918, Schurz was relieved of escort duty and steamed to Key West, Florida. After making a brief visit to New Orleans, Louisiana, Schurz left on 1 February for Charleston, South Carolina, to be dry docked and overhauled.

Schurz left Charleston by the end of April 1918 and was assigned to the American Patrol Detachment. For the next two months, Schurz patrolled the waters off America’s east coast and the Caribbean and was given escort and towing missions. On 19 June, she left New York for Key West. But during the early morning hours of 21 June 1918, Schurz was rammed off Cape Lookout, North Carolina, by the merchant ship Florida. Florida hit the gunboat on the starboard side, smashing part of the bridge and causing major damage below the waterline. One of Schurz’s crewmembers was killed during the collision and twelve others were injured. Seeing that the gunboat could not be saved, USS Schurz’s captain, Commander Arthur Crenshaw, gave the order to “abandon ship” and three hours later she sank.

Tuesday, May 11, 2010

Figure 1: USS Wyoming (Monitor No. 10) making 12.4 knots during trials off San Francisco, California, in October 1902. Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime Museum, 1971. The original print is in the Union Iron Works scrapbook, Volume II, page 166. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 2: USS Wyoming (Monitor No. 10) making 12.4 knots during trials near San Francisco, California, in October 1902. Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime Museum, 1971. The original print is in the Union Iron Works scrapbook, Volume II, page 166. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 3: View on board USS Wyoming (Monitor No. 10), looking forward, showing water coming over her bow while she was running trials off San Francisco, California, in October 1902. Note the ship's 12-inch gun turret at right. Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime Museum, 1971. The original print is in the Union Iron Works scrapbook, Volume II, page 166. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 4: View on board USS Wyoming (Monitor No. 10), looking forward, while she was running trials off San Francisco, California, in October 1902. Note water pouring over her bow bulwark and men sitting on the 12-inch gun at right. Courtesy of the San Francisco Maritime Museum, 1971. The original print is in the Union Iron Works scrapbook, Volume II, page 167. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 14: USS Cheyenne (Monitor No. 10), at right, with a submarine in the foreground, circa 1918-1919. The submarine is probably one of the Division 3 boats tended by Cheyenne: K-3, K-4, K-7 or K-8. Location may be Key West, Florida. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

USS Wyoming (Monitor No. 10) was a 3,225-ton Arkansas class monitor built by the Union Iron Works at San Francisco, California, and was commissioned on 8 December 1902. She was approximately 255 feet long and 50 feet wide, had a top speed of 12.5 knots, and had a crew of 220 officers and men. Wyoming was armed with two 12-inch guns, four 4-inch guns, and two 6-pounders.

After fitting out at the Mare Island Navy Yard at Vallejo, California, Wyoming completed her shakedown cruise off California and spent the bulk of her time steaming along America’s west coast. Since monitors were terrible sea boats and always ran the danger of foundering in heavy seas, Wyoming generally remained in coastal waters. A few monitors did attempt, and successfully completed, long open-ocean voyages, but these were the exceptions and not the norm. These ships generally hugged the coastline and were meant purely for coastal defense work.

In the fall of 1903, civil war threatened to divide Columbia, placing American lives and property in danger. Wyoming was ordered to steam south as part of the US Navy’s reaction to the political unrest that was tearing Columbia apart. Wyoming reached Columbian waters on 13 November 1903 and her presence, along with other ships from the US Navy, allowed Panama to declare its independence from Columbia. Wyoming remained in what were now Panamanian waters until the spring of 1904, to ensure the security of the new government in Panama. This was probably one of the most famous examples of American “gunboat diplomacy,” because independence for Panama eventually allowed the United States to build the Panama Canal. After the political situation had stabilized sufficiently within Panama, Wyoming left on 19 April 1904. Wyoming returned north and, after making a few stops in Mexico, arrived at San Diego, California, on 14 May.

Wyoming spent the rest of 1904 and part of 1905 patrolling off America’s west coast while also making occasional visits to Mexico and Central America. She was decommissioned at the Mare Island Navy Yard on 29 August 1905. Wyoming was re-commissioned on 8 October 1908 and was the first ship in the US Navy to be converted from coal-fired engines to oil. While acting as a test ship for this new technology, Wyoming was renamed Cheyenne on 1 January 1909 to free her name up for a new battleship. After undergoing more testing, Cheyenne was decommissioned once again on 13 November 1909.

Cheyenne was re-commissioned but placed in reserve on 11 July 1910. The monitor was loaned to the Washington State naval militia in 1911 and served as a training ship until February 1913, when she was converted into a submarine tender. In 1914, Cheyenne assisted in the evacuation of refugees from Mexico, which at that time was engulfed in a violent civil war. Cheyenne continued working as a submarine tender for the next few years and during World War I served in the Atlantic, tending to submarines in the Gulf of Mexico.

After the war ended, Cheyenne was transferred to Division 1 of the American Patrol Detachment. While serving with that unit, Cheyenne was sent to Tampico, Mexico, to protect American lives and property from 15 January to 9 October 1919. After that, she headed north along America’s east coast and was decommissioned at the Philadelphia Navy Yard, Pennsylvania, on 3 January 1920. While inactive at Philadelphia, Cheyenne was reclassified IX-4 as a miscellaneous auxiliary on 17 July 1920.

Cheyenne was re-commissioned at Philadelphia on 22 September 1920 and the ship was towed to Baltimore, Maryland. Once there, Cheyenne was used as a training ship for US Navy reservists until 1925. On 21 January 1926, Cheyenne was towed to Philadelphia and was decommissioned for the last time on 1 June. The old monitor languished there for more than ten years before being struck from the Navy list on 25 January 1937. USS Cheyenne was the last of the Navy’s big-gun monitors and her stripped-down hulk was sold for scrap on 20 April 1939.

Tuesday, May 4, 2010

Figure 1: SMS Seydlitz (German battlecruiser, 1913-1919) photographed prior to World War I, circa 1913-1914, by M.L. Carstens, Hamburg. Note the photographer's distinctive mark in the lower right. The ship's anti-torpedo nets and booms were removed in 1916. This print was received from the US Office of Naval Intelligence in 1935. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 2: SMS Seydlitz underway, probably between the time she entered service on 22 May 1913 and the outbreak of World War I in August 1914. The original print was transferred from the Office of Naval Intelligence. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 5: SMS Seydlitz badly damaged but underway while en route to port after the Battle of Jutland, circa 1-2 June 1916. Note that her bows are nearly submerged due to torpedo and shell hits forward. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 6: SMS Seydlitz in port for battle damage repairs after the Battle of Jutland. Photographed on 6 June 1916, after the guns had been removed from her forward gun turret. Note her list to port and the nearly submerged condition of her bow. The inscription in the upper left is a German security warning notice. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 7: View of damage to the port bow of SMS Seydlitz, including a missing section of side armor plate, taken in dry dock in June 1916 following the Battle of Jutland. The inscription in the upper left is a German security warning notice. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 8: View of torpedo damage to the hull of SMS Seydlitz, forward, taken in dry dock in June 1916 following the Battle of Jutland. Note the effect that the armor belt (at top) had in limiting the upward extent of the hole. The inscription in the upper left is a German security warning notice. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 11: SMS Seydlitz leads the German battle cruisers toward Scapa Flow and internment, 21 November 1918. SMS Moltke is next astern, followed by the two remaining Lutzow class ships, Hindenburg and Derfflinger. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 12: German battle cruisers steaming toward Scapa Flow for internment, 21 November 1918. The British blimp N.S.8 is flying overhead. SMS Seydlitz is leading, at left, with Moltke next astern followed by the two remaining Lutzow class ships, Hindenburg and Derfflinger. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 13: SMS Seydlitz capsized at Scapa Flow, probably shortly after she was scuttled by her crew on 21 June 1919. US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

Figure 14: SMS Seydlitz capsized at Scapa Flow, after she was scuttled by her crew on 21 June 1919. Courtesy of the Naval Historical Foundation. Collection of Admiral Joseph Strauss, USN. Admiral Strauss commented (in pencil) on the original print "I saw this one sink." US Naval Historical Center Photograph. Click on photograph for larger image.

SMS (which stands for Seiner Majestät Schiff or His Majesty's Ship) Seydlitz, was a 24,988-ton battle cruiser that was built by Blohm & Voss at Hamburg, Germany, and was commissioned in May 1913. Seydlitz was the fourth battle cruiser built for the German High Seas Fleet and was named after Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, a Prussian general who served King Frederick the Great. Seydlitz was approximately 658 feet long and 94 feet wide, had a top speed of 26 knots, and had a crew of 1,068 officers and men. The ship was armed with ten 11.2-inch guns, twelve 5.9-inch guns, and twelve 3.45-inch guns.

Seydlitz was commissioned slightly more than a year before the outbreak of World War I and during that time patrolled the North Sea and the Baltic with other units in the German High Seas Fleet. After hostilities began in August 1914, Seydlitz participated in two of the most famous naval battles of World War I. The first occurred on 24 January 1915, when Seydlitz served as the flagship of the German battle cruiser force in the Battle of the Dogger Bank. During that confrontation, three German battle cruisers and one large armored cruiser under the command of Admiral Franz von Hipper were intercepted by five British battle cruisers under the command of Admiral David Beatty. The ships met at the Dogger Bank in the North Sea, located roughly midway between Germany and Great Britain. During the battle, Seydlitz was hit by a 13.5-inch shell from HMS Lion. The shell went through her after turret and ignited a large fire. The fire spread rapidly and consumed a number of compartments, gradually making its way to the aft ammunition magazines. Only the quick thinking of the ship’s executive officer, who decided to flood the magazines, prevented the ship from blowing up in a massive explosion. The shell hit and resulting fire, though, killed 160 members of the crew and put both of the ship’s rear turrets out of action. One of the German battle cruisers, Blücher, was sunk by the British, but the other three German warships were able to escape back to Germany where Seydlitz was repaired after several months.

The next major confrontation involving Seydlitz was the famous Battle of Jutland, which occurred on 1 June 1916. The battle took place in the North Sea near Jutland, Denmark, where the Imperial German Navy’s High Seas Fleet under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer clashed with the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet, under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. Jutland was by far the largest naval battle of World War I and most of the major units in both the German and British fleets participated in the action. During this battle, Seydlitz and the German battle cruiser SMS Derfflinger unleashed broadsides against the British battle cruiser HMS Queen Mary, hitting her five times. The hits caused a huge explosion on board Queen Mary and the ship broke in two and sank with heavy loss of life. But then Seydlitz was pounded by several British warships. In all, Seydlitz was struck by approximately two dozen large-caliber shells, which caused extensive damage and fires and put several of the ship’s guns out of action. The German battle cruiser also was hit by a torpedo that was fired by a British destroyer. The torpedo hit Seydlitz below the forward turret, ripping a 40-foot-long by 13-foot-wide hole in her hull. More than 5,000 tons of water rushed into the forward part of the ship, which reduced her freeboard at the bow to almost nothing. In fact, the forward part of the ship was barely above water, but she remained afloat. Miraculously, Seydlitz was able to make it back to port in Germany on her own power. She lost 98 crewmembers killed and 55 wounded, although these casualties could have been much worse considering the damage sustained by the ship. Seydlitz proved that German battle cruisers could take an enormous amount of punishment and still remain afloat, unlike British battle cruisers, which had a tendency to catch fire and be ripped apart by massive explosions after being hit.

It took almost four months to repair Seydlitz. Once the repairs were completed, the ship remained active within the German fleet until the end of the war on 11 November 1918, although she never participated in another major battle. On 24 November 1918, Seydlitz (along with 73 other warships from the German High Seas Fleet) steamed into the British naval base at Scapa Flow, Scotland, to be interned. While the ships were interned at Scapa Flow, diplomats at the Versailles Treaty Conference were holding negotiations on how the ships of the German Fleet were to be divided amongst the victors. But rather than have to endure the humiliation of officially handing over their warships to the Allied Powers for distribution, the German officers and men decided to commit one final act of defiance. On 21 June 1919, the remaining German crewmembers aboard the interned ships scuttled all of them. Seydlitz was one of the 52 ships to go down, although she didn’t actually sink. Seydlitz capsized, with the bulk of her hull remaining above water. The wreck remained that way until raised in 1928. What was left of the ship was scrapped in 1930.

Ship of the Month: USS Wandank

The 795-ton USS Wandank (AT-26) was an Algorma class fleet tug that was built by the Ferguson Steel and Iron Company at Buffalo, New York, and was commissioned on 23 March 1920. The ship was approximately 156 feet long and 30 feet wide, had a top speed of 13 knots, and had a crew of 25 officers and men. For roughly 20 years after being commissioned, Wandank worked along America’s east coast, primarily near her base at Norfolk, Virginia. In 1939, she assisted with the rescue and salvage efforts for the submarine USS Squalus (SS-192), which had accidently sunk off Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Wandank then was based at Boston, Massachusetts, in October 1940 and remained there throughout World War II. Her designation was changed to ATO-26 in May of 1944. Wandank was decommissioned in September 1946 and in July 1947 was sold to a commercial firm in New Orleans, Louisiana, which operated her under the name of W.A. Bisso. The tug was scrapped in 1971 after being in service for 51 years. The photograph shows USS Wandank at Boston circa the later 1920s or early 1930s. USS Constitution is on the opposite side of the pier. US Naval Historical Center Photograph.