Symbolic Math with Python

Many programming languages include libraries to do more complicated
math. You can do statistics, numerical analysis or handle big
numbers. One topic many programming languages have difficulty with is
symbolic math. If you use Python though, you have access to sympy, the symbolic
math library. Sympy is under constant development, and it's aiming to be a
full-featured computer algebra system (CAS). It also is written completely
in Python, so you won't need to install any extra requirements. You
can download a source tarball or a git repository if you want
the latest and greatest. Most distributions also provide a package for
sympy for those of you less concerned about being bleeding-edge. Once it
is installed, you will be able to access the sympy library in two ways. You
can access it like any other library with the import statement. But, sympy
also provides a binary called isympy that is modeled after ipython.

In its simplest mode, sympy can be used as a calculator. Sympy
has built-in support for three numeric types: float, rational and
integer. Float and integer are intuitive, but what is a rational? A
rational number is made of a numerator and a denominator. So,
Rational(5,2) is equivalent to 5/2. There is also support for complex
numbers. The imaginary part of a complex number is tagged with the
constant I. So, a basic complex number is:

a + b*I

You can get the imaginary part with "im", and the real part with
"re". You
need to tell functions explicitly when they need to deal with complex
numbers. For example, when doing a basic expansion, you get:

exp(I*x).expand() exp(I*x)

To get the actual expansion, you need to tell expand that it is dealing
with complex numbers. This would look like:

exp(I*x).expand(complex=True)

All of the standard arithmetic operators, like addition, multiplication
and power are available. All of the usual functions also are available,
like trigonometric functions, special functions and so on. Special
constants, like e and pi, are treated symbolically in sympy. They
won't actually evaluate to a number, so something like "1+pi" remains
"1+pi". You actually have to use evalf explicitly to get a numeric
value. There is also a class, called oo, which represents the concept
of infinity—a handy extra when doing more complicated mathematics.

Although this is useful, the real power of a CAS is the ability to do symbolic
mathematics, like calculus or solving equations. Most other CASes
automatically create symbolic variables when you use them. In sympy, these
symbolic entities exist as classes, so you need to create
them explicitly. You create them by using:

x = Symbol('x')
y = Symbol('y')

If you have more than one symbol at a time to define, you can use:

x,y = symbols('x', 'y')

Then, you can use them in other operations, like looking at equations. For
example:

(x+y)**2

You then can apply operations to these equations, like expanding it:

((x+y)**2).expand()
x**2 + 2*x*y + y**2

You also can substitute these variables for other variables, or even
numbers, using the substitution operator. For example:

((x+y)**2).subs(x,1)
(1+y)**2

You can decompose or combine more complicated equations too. For example,
let's say you have the following:

(x+1)/(x-1)

Then, you can do a partial fraction decomposition with:

apart((x+1)/(x-1),x)
1 + 2/(x-1)

You can combine things back together again with:

together(1 + 2/(x-1))
(x+1)/(x-1)

When dealing with trigonometric functions, you need to tell operators like
expand and together about it. For example, you could use:

sin(x+y).expand(trig=True)
sin(x)*cos(y) + sin(y)*cos(x)

The really big use case for a CAS is calculus. Calculus is the backbone of
scientific calculations and is used in many situations. One of the
fundamental ideas in calculus is the limit. Sympy provides a function
called limit to handle exactly that. You need to provide a function, a
variable and the value toward which the limit is being calculated. So, if
you wanted to calculate the limit of (sin(x)/x) as x goes to 0, you would
use:

limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0)
1

Because sympy provides an infinity object, you can calculate limits as they
go to infinity. So, you can calculate:

limit(1/x, x, oo)
0

Sympy also allows you to do differentiation. It can understand basic
polynomials, as well as trigonometric functions. If you wanted to
differentiate sin(x), then you could use:

x = Symbol('x')
diff(sin(x), x)
cos(x)

You can calculate higher derivatives by adding an extra parameter to the
diff function call. So, calculating the first derivative of (x**2) can be
done with:

diff(x**2, x, 1)
2*x

While the second derivative can be done with:

diff(x**2, x, 2)
2

Sympy provides for calculating solutions to differential equations. You can
define a differential equation with the diff function. For example:

f(x).diff(x,x) + f(x)

where f(x) is the function of interest, and
diff(x,x) takes the second
derivative of f(x) with respect to x. To solve this equation, you would use
the function dsolve:

Joey Bernard has a background in both physics and computer science. This serves him well in his day job as a computational research consultant at the University of New Brunswick. He also teaches computational physics and parallel programming.

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Liked the article: short, to the point and offering a useful introduction. A worthy mention regarding the pretty printing options is that there is also the MathML output option, for those wanting to publish online. But you could also load the sympy environment in the IPython notebook then and have IPython render your formulas with Mathjax.

Just wanted to point out a small typo for the integration of exp(x) too: