Mental Health Status Among Children in Home Confinement During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in Hubei Province, China

1Department of Maternal and Child Health and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic progressed in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, the Chinese government ordered a nationwide school closure. More than 180 million students in China were restricted to their homes (http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2020/02-17/9094648.shtml). The COVID-19 infection has become a global pandemic. As of April 9, 2020, the infection has caused 188 countrywide closures around the world and has affected 1 576 021 818 learners (https://zh.unesco.org/themes/education-emergencies/coronavirus-school-closures). The caution about protecting the mental health of children in home confinement is warranted. This study investigated depressive and anxiety symptoms among students in Hubei province, China, which can help optimize interventions on the mental health of children for stakeholders in all countries affected by COVID-19.

Methods

In Hubei province, students in Wuhan were restricted to home from January 23, 2020, and those in Huangshi (a city about 52 mi [85 km] from Wuhan) started observing the restrictions on January 24, 2020. The students in the city of Huangshi remained at home until March 23, 2020, and those in Wuhan until April 8, 2020. A total of 2330 students in grades 2 through 6 in 2 primary schools in Hubei province, of whom 845 were from Wuhan and 1485 were from Huangshi, were invited to complete a survey between February 28 and March 5, 2020. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Students completed the investigation through an online crowdsourcing platform (https://www.wjx.cn/). The survey link was sent to the guardian’s cellular telephone, and the statement “I permit my child to participate in the survey” was presented to the guardian before the survey. The students proceeded to the survey after their guardian had consented. All questionnaires were included in the analysis after a quality audit, with an effective rate of 100.0%.

Information included sex, school grade, optimism about the epidemic, whether they worried about being infected by COVID-19, and depressive and anxiety symptoms measured by the Children’s Depression Inventory–Short Form (CDI-S) and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, respectively. Both measures were validated for use in Chinese.1-3 Generalized linear regressions were applied for continuous variables and logistic regressions for binary variables. Results were statistically analyzed with SPSS for Windows 22.0 (IBM) . Statistical significance was defined by P values less than .05.

Results

Among 2330 students, 1784 participants (1012 boys [56.7%]; 1109 children [62.2%] residing in Huangshi) completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 76.6% (Table 1). Students had been restricted to home for a mean (SD) of 33.7 (2.1) days when they completed this survey. A total of 403 students (22.6%) and 337 students (18.9%) reported depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Students in Wuhan had significantly higher CDI-S scores than those in Huangshi (β, 0.092 [95% CI, 0.014-0.170]), with a greater risk of depressive symptoms (odds ratio, 1.426 [95% CI, 1.138-1.786]). Students who were slightly or not worried about being affected by COVID-19 had significantly lower CDI-S scores than those who were quite worried (β, −0.184 [95% CI, −0.273 to −0.095]), with a decreased risk of depressive symptoms (odds ratio, 0.521 [95% CI, 0.400-0.679]). Those who were not optimistic about the epidemic, compared with those who were quite optimistic, had significantly higher CDI-S scores (β, 0.367 [95% CI, 0.250-0.485]), with an increased risk of depressive symptoms (odds ratio 2.262 [95% CI, 1.642-3.117]). There was no significant association between demographic characteristics and anxiety symptoms (Table 2).

Discussion

In this study, 22.6% of students reported having depressive symptoms, which is higher than other investigations in primary schools of China (17.2%).4 During the outbreak of COVID-19, the reduction of outdoor activities and social interaction may have been associated with an increase in children’s depressive symptoms. Our study found that 18.9% of students reported anxiety symptoms, which is higher than the prevalence in other surveys.5 Severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003 was also associated with several psychological symptoms among students in China.6 These findings suggest that serious infectious diseases may influence the mental health of children as other traumatic experiences do. A limitation is that our current study could not evaluate whether these outcomes will be long-lasting after the COVID-19 outbreak. We will continue to follow up with these participants to improve our understanding about how long those outcomes will last. A better understanding of how the epidemic affects students’ mental health can help guide future interventions.

Author Contributions: Dr Song had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Mss Xie and Xue contributed equally.

Concept and design: Xie, Xue, Song.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors.

Drafting of the manuscript: Xie, Xue, Zhou, Zhu, Liu.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Zhang, Song.

Statistical analysis: Xie, Xue, Zhou, Zhu, Liu, Zhang.

Obtained funding: Song.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Song.

Supervision: Song.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Funding/Support: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 81673194 [Dr Song]).

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Additional Contributions: We thank the families and the children that participated in this study. They were in the first epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, but they were willing to complete the investigation.