DSI4MTF, in its fourth year, has achieved important milestones. It has introduced new irrigation technologies, new cropping systems and facilitated collective farmers groups to implement the interventions. DSI4MTF adopts ethical community engagement (ECE) perspective in its implementation. The ethical community engagement perspective considers farmers as collaborators and partners and not as recipients of benefits.

The implementation processes, impacts and outcome of the project are systematically monitored, analyzed and documented. It uses both quantitative and qualitative methods and tools to capture and analyze the processes and outcome. One of the important tools, being used, is case studies covering household, technology and engagement. In order to have uniformity in its approach DSI4MTF organized training, on case studies, for the project partners last (2017) summer hosted by CDHI, a partner in the DSI4MTF and SIAGI, another sister project. This helped partners develop conceptual and theoretical understanding on case study as a method.

The annual meeting 2017-presentation of cases

The annual meeting (2017) was organized in Cooch Behar during December 11-14, 2017. The annual meeting is an opportunity for the partners to share their progress and findings of various studies. Case study was used to present the progress in designated areas of household, technology and engagement. This was an interesting session which offered great insight and helped mutual learning. The session also helped to reflect on the application of training while preparing cases.

Validation by the community

Following the ethical community engagement perspective all the information gained from the community need to be shared with community before finally making the same public. This holds true for case study. The annual meeting offered opportunity to demonstrate how this could possibly be done. The CDHI team prepared two cases (presented using vernacular Bengali) from the project villages of Dhoulaguri and Uttar Chakuakheti. The case studies were released in the two villages by Chaitali (the ACIAR representative) and Erik, Ram and Fraser in the two villages. Subsequently, Mitali read out the cases before the community. Hard copies of cases were distributed among the community members and participants for reference.

The community was quite enthused to hear stories from their own villages. They identified areas, in the respective cases, where some additional information was needed. With their inputs the community approved the cases for public sharing.

Impact created by the presentation of cases

The community found their own stories interesting and relished the same with some sense of pride,

The cases mentioned some names as actors in the stories. It created a sense of comparison and willingness to be part of future stories which meant that they would get involved in the activities

The community was seen as alert as some of them offered some suggestion to include additional information to make the stories more representative.

Some questions were also asked regarding events and processes as discussed in the stories.

Observation by the participants

Chaitali (Assistant Manager ACIAR, Delhi) found the cases really interesting and tried to engage with the women on the activities. Mike (USQ) did not see much expression on the faces of the community. Erik Schmidt (USQ) considered the event and the process very relevant and reminded others of the importance of sharing data and information with the community as part of engagement process. Mainuddin (CSIRO) took interest and interacted with the community on the subjects/aspects of the cases.

Conclusion

Getting the knowledge validated by the community is an essential element of ethical community engagement. The exercise further consolidated/substantiated the need. It created positive feelings among the community. A lack of visible expression among the community, as observed by some of the participants, can be attributed to a sense of disbelief –‘they are being taken into confidence and being valued’- being the first experience in their life. Over all, the exercise of taking the knowledge back to the community who are the repertoire and source of knowledge, was invaluable to place the community as the focal point of reference .

1 Thanks are acknowledged to Prof. Rajeshwar Mishra for his continuous support and his commitment to the perspective of ethical community engagement (ECE) as also to Mr. Erik Schimdt for encouragement and adherence to the ECE. Michael Scobie (USQ),as a technology expert, has shown great appreciation for the ECE and has invariably used the perspective in technical knowledge transaction. Dr. Biplab Mitra, Rupak Sarkar, Soumen and Kaushik (all UBKV) have diligently adopted ECE in the project-thanks to them.2 President UBTMS and vice-president CDHI, Jalpaiguri (India)

Crop planning for Rabi (Winter) season in West Bengal

The crop planning is an important activity of DSI4MTF project to get optimum level of market price. The series of farmers training as well as exposure to government departments helped the Dhaloguri (DH) and Uttar Chakowakheti ( UC ) farmers to think and cultivate differently. For successful Rabi cultivation in this season, planning meeting with lead farmers from each collectives sites (7 ) organized in both villages and CDHI campus since 19th August 2017. It was open discussion among the farmers and logical sharing and reflection between UBKV scientists and farmers about the crops choice. Finally the crop choices of farmers are appreciated by CDHI-UBKV.

Women farmers from UC presenting crop planning

Rabi Crop planning meeting in Aug 2017 at CDHI

CDHI-UBKV meeting about the Rabi crops plan evolved from community at UBKV

It was great that crop planning for Rabi started from monsoon / kharif season so that timing of seed bed preparation, transplanting etc does not disturb the Rabi cultivation. The farmers and project team members had sufficient time to discuss their experience, potentialities of different crop varieties, use of technologies and probable risks factors. The following table shows the village and site wise selected crops by the farmers and land coverage for each crop.

Site No and Name of the CFGs

Crops

Land area

Comments

UC site-I

Zero tillage Mustard

12 bigha / 1.6 ha

All sites of UC emphasising on mustard due to good experience from last Rabi season as well as planned to setting up mini oil mill in the village by the collective groups in 2018-19.

Zero tillage Wheat

1 bigha / 0.13 ha

UC site-II

Zero tillage Mustard

5 bigha / 0.67 ha

Zero tillage Wheat

2 bigha / 0.27 ha

UC site-III

Mustard

5 bigha / 0.67 ha

Wheat

3 bigha / 0.40 ha

Potato

2 bigha / 0.27 ha

Radish

8 katha / 0.053 ha

Cabbage

5 katha / 0.033 ha

Cauliflower

5 katha / 0.033 ha

UC site-IV ( Replicated )

Mustard / Wheat

3 bigha / 0.40 ha

Poly house

Capsicum

1.2 katha / 0.008 ha

DH site-I

Tomato

Farmers will decide collectively very soon

Rich farmer is having limited land and hesitant for collectivization

Cauliflower

Cabbage

DH site-II

Broccoli

5 katha /0.033 ha

Garlic cultivation depends on availability of seeds.

Cabbage

10 katha / 0.067 ha

Cauliflower

10 katha / 0.067 ha

Garlic

15 katha / 0.10 ha

Beans and pumpkin

Surrounding the plots

DH site-III

Potato

6 bigha / 0.8 ha

Mustard will protect the pests and insects.

Garlic

1 bigha / 0.13 ha

Beans and mustard

Surrounding the plots

Poly house

Capsicum

5 katha / 0.033 ha

Cultivating diversity: Scientists help nurture the roots

CDHI and UBKV have been leading a dynamic process of engagement with the communities of Uttar Chakwakheti (UC) West Bengal. The attached article demonstrates the importance of the engagement process, and how technological improvements are now building confidence in marginal and small farmer collectives. The process of engagement at UC, facilitated by CDHI and UBKV gives a powerful message on the benefits, when research teams and communities work together, for a common goal. The intervention although in its infancy sends a strong policy message.

The power of the marginal: Institutions and technology as the game changers

The CDHI team have been working closely with marginal farmers from Dholaguri and Uttar Chakoakheti to improve our understanding of the role of institutions, innovation, technology and collectivization as communities adapt to sustainable dry season agriculture. A posting to the web site in January 2017 outlined an engagement process that is providing useful insights into the evolution of these collectives.

This note provides an update (see link below) and shares learnings from a workshop held at Jalpaiguri in February 2017 which obtained farmer insights into institutional development, training requirements and management of technological innovation. The article outlines implications for DSI4MTF and our sister project SIAGI, which is promoting socially inclusive and sustainable agricultural intensification in West Bengal and southern Bangladesh. .

The discussions highlight some of the myths and realities of marginal farming communities and reconfirms the importance of the researcher-farmer engagement process.

Uttar Chakowakheti, West Bengal (Case Study)

Technical, social and economic constraints are limiting the effective use of groundwater and ponds for irrigation in many parts of the EGP. Large areas of land remain fallow during the dry months. Access to year-round water for irrigation would significantly improve the productivity of agriculture, improving incomes and food security.

Marginal and tenant farmers, youth and women are particularly vulnerable and could benefit from a new approach to irrigation provision. This project is researching and demonstrating improved collective farming systems for marginal farmers and improved water management and irrigation practices using efficient systems appropriate to the needs of the marginal farmer communities.

A project funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is working with communities across Nepal (Saptari), India (Cooch Behar and Madhubani) and North West Bangladesh, to research and demonstrate sustainable social and biophysical interventions.

Village:

Uttar Chakowakheti (UC) village is a forest fringe village which is now slowly developing into an agriculture based village though farmers developing knowledge in agricultural practices and irrigation. Farmers are still seeking support from agricultural scientists to develop strategies to repel wild elephants which are destroying their crops. There are just 11 shallow tube wells of 30 feet to 80 feet depth and 10 ponds of 7 feet to 15 feet depth among the 243 households though ponds are not used for any irrigation purpose.

The tribal based Uttar Chakowakheti village of Alipurduar district and land boundary of Coochbehar district is surrounded by the River Kaljani which flows from the mountains toward Bangladesh. The village is also divided in two parts – one habitation at the east embankment and one habitation at the west embankment of Kaljani River. The larger area of the west embankment of Kaljan River was selected as a project location for the DSI4MTF research project. There are around 243 households in the project village with caste composition of 30% Scheduled Caste (SC), 63% Scheduled Tribe (ST), 4% minority and 3% general. The households are mainly dependent on agriculture and other activities including sand mining/lifting, livestock, vegetable business and daily labour etc. for their livelihoods.

Figure 1 – Uncropped land / fallow at Uttar Chakowakheti during dry season (4th June 2016)

Community and interventions:

The Majority of households of Uttar Chakowakheti (UC) belong to schedule tribe (ST) community and were traditionally involved in selling their labour to local tea estates and the forest department. . Despite limited knowledge and skill in agricultural production, some villagers have shifted to agriculture as a means of income production. The average landholding of the households is 1.5 acre which is higher than other farmers living in West Bengal. But still they are facing extreme vulnerability and struggling very hard to manage three meals a day. The DSI4MTF project has been working with the farming community of UC for the past two years selling their labour.

Like Dhaloguri village, initially the farmers were confused about the aims and objectives about this action research project. It has taken time but slowly CDHI has mobilised the farmers through walk around, personnel interview, FGDs, formal and informal meeting / training, exposure etc and still creating ownership towards project. Now the project participants are aware about the project. Farmers are involved in collective actions by forming and strengthening the Collective Farming Group CFG consisting of 8 to 11 members of landless, tenant, marginal, rich and women farmers). Traditionally they were mainly cultivating monsoon paddy, leafy vegetables during rainy and winter season. 90% of the agriculture land at UC remained uncropped during the dry period and 65% during winter. After a series of community engagement programmes and technical interventions including installation of irrigation tube wells, the CFGs are cultivating jute and new crops including chili and other vegetable during this pre-kharif season. The physical interventions through the project started with the installation of one shallow tube well and commissioning of one 4 HP diesel pump at the site. With assured irrigation water the farmers started growing crops even during the dry seasons. After due consideration of soil health and land situation, the project scientists proposed a wide variety of feasible crops to the farmers. They were provided technical trainings and practical demonstrations on different aspects of crop production technologies like sowing/planting, crop management, water management, and disease and pest management.

Figure 2 – New crop cultivation by the collective farming group at Bholaghat, UC.

Impact:

The farmers from different economic background are working together without any conflicts. The rich and tenant farmers are equally contributing their time and labour. They are now slowly getting confidence to work together in the agriculture land for collective actions. The growth of crops is encouraging during this season and actual financial benefit will be calculated after harvesting within one month.

Future:

The project is working on training modules for collective farming system, water management, improve crop management. The project will also be emphasising on empowering the CFGs through manual / guide book of different crops, development of IEC materials, farmers skill development, farmers fair, community research by the farmers, exposure, meeting with market chain participants, linkage building etc. CDHI is also planning to access support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST) through Vivekananda Institute of Technology, West Bengal to promote tuber crops.

Dhaloguri, West Bengal (Case Study)

Technical, social and economic constraints are limiting the effective use of groundwater and ponds for irrigation in many parts of the EGP. Large areas of land remain fallow during the dry months. Access to year-round water for irrigation would significantly improve the productivity of agriculture, improving incomes and food security.

Marginal and tenant farmers, youth and women are particularly vulnerable and could benefit from a new approach to irrigation provision. This project is researching and demonstrating improved collective farming systems for marginal farmers and improved water management and irrigation practices using efficient systems appropriate to the needs of the marginal farmer communities.

A project funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is working with communities across Nepal (Saptari), India (Cooch Behar and Madhubani) and North West Bangladesh, to research and demonstrate sustainable social and biophysical interventions.

Village:

Dhaloguri of Ambari Gram Panchayat in Coochbehar-II block is an agriculture based, remote village and surrounded by Ghorghoria River. The village is divided in two parts – Dholguri 4 and Dholguri 5 of two Gram Sangsads. There are around 750 households in the village with caste composition of 65% Scheduled Caste (SC), 1% Scheduled Tribe (ST), 5% minority and 29% general in the village. The action research based project “DSI4MTF”, has selected an area encompassing 264 households.

Earlier there were limited technologies to exploit water resources to support the livelihoods of community members. There were no Shallow Tube Wells (STWs) or pumps to irrigate their land. They were totally dependent on rain water to cultivate their fields. Now in 2016 there are 31 STWs (5 though defunct). In this village six diesel powered pumps and three electric pumps are used. There are 13 ponds (medium and large size) however none of the ponds are used for irrigation as during the dry season most of the ponds are dry. Ten years ago the water holding capacity of the ponds was considered greater than in 2016. There are three large ponds used for fisheries, mainly for own consumption, one of them is 3 bigha (1 ha = 7.5 bigha) managed by 30 to 35 families for multiple purposes including fishery, bathing, washing of clothes and utensils.

Recently the DSI4MTF project has supported in forming and empowering the farmers’ institutions “Collective Farming Groups (CFGs)” for collective actions on agriculture and water management. The project has installed 3 STWs and provided 2 centrifugal pumps sets for promoting the dry season crops as well as the installation of a of solar irrigation system.

Figure 1 – Landscape of Dhaloguri village, Coochbehar (West Bengal)

Community and interventions:

Most of the households of Dhaloguri village belong to schedule caste community and they are traditionally involved agriculture including livestock, fishing etc. The average household landholding is 0.9 acres and many farmers are tenant and landless. The DSI4MTF project has been working with farming community of Dhaloguri for the last two years. Initially the farmers were confused about the aims and objectives about this action research project. It has taken time but slowly CDHI has mobilised the farmers through walk around, personnel interview, focus group discussions (FGDs), formal and informal meeting / training and exposure visits. Project participants are now informed and excited about the project. Farmers are involved in collective actions by forming and strengthening the Collective Farming Group which consists of 8 to 11 members of landless, tenant, marginal, rich and women farmers. Conventionally they were mainly cultivating monsoon paddy, jute, potato and leafy vegetables during the rainy and winter season. 75 to 80% of the agricultural land at Dhaloguri remained uncropped during the dry period. After a series of community engagement programmes and technical interventions including installation of irrigation tube wells with pumps, the CFGs are cultivating boro paddy, jute and new crops including elephant foot yam, taro and other vegetable during this pre-kharif season.

The farmers were given technical exposure through visits to the Agricultural Fair organised at UBKV. The analysis of primary and secondary agronomical data reflected the dominance of rice based cropping system at the site. Except rain fed paddy and winter potato in some patches, most of the land used to remain fallow during the dry season. Irrigation infrastructure was almost non-existent. Direct pumping from a nearby river was the only source of irrigation to grow winter potato. Pumping water through very long flexible delivery pipes was highly inefficient and uneconomic. The physical interventions through the project started with the installation of one shallow tube well and commissioning of one 4 HP diesel pump at the site. With assured irrigation water the farmers started growing crops even during the dry seasons. After due consideration of soil health and land situation, the project scientists proposed a wide variety of feasible crops to the farmers. They were provided technical trainings and practical demonstrations on different aspects of crop production technologies like sowing/planting, crop management, water management, and disease and pest management. With sound technical backup, the confidence of the farmers increased and consequently in the last dry season (winter of 2015-16) a total area of 10 bigha was brought under winter vegetables including potato, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, sweet potato, garlic, chilli, and tomato. The water management aspects like organic mulching in tomato, reduction in the length of furrows for potato, and corrugation irrigation to vegetables were piloted successfully at the site. After harvesting of the winter vegetables, in the summer of 2016 the farmers are now cultivating irrigated summer rice using SRI method and jute before going for the monsoonal paddy.

Figure 2 – Participatory gender training by CDHI and IWMI

Impact:

The farmers from different socio economic backgrounds are working together without any conflicts. The rich and tenant farmers are equally contributing their finance, time and labour. They are taking risks together in cultivating new crops and working very hard for ensuring better results. They are now confident enough to work together in the agricultural land and social field.

The growth of crops is very encouraging during this season and actual financial benefit will be calculated after harvesting within one month. The farmers are slowly and steadily owning the project and fostering the relationship with service providers to access the facilities. They are now feeling proud that they are also involved in research activities.

The initial growth of CFGs at Dhaloguri is also motivating other local institutions including women self-help groups and farmers club to explore the local resources for their livelihood.

The other farmers are closely observing the activities of CFGs and they are planning to be part of groups. The project is working on training module for collective farming system, water management, improve crop management. The project will also be emphasising on empowering the CFGs through manual/guide book of different crops, development of IEC materials, farmers skill development, farmers fair, community research by the farmers, exposure, meeting with market chain participants, linkage building etc.