Economic methods of protection environment (168517)

Thinking
about the environment, we can not say about the environmental
standards. The distinction that separates this from-being of our
planet from environmental disaster on so thin that it should not be
an "ecology in the public, but the extent of deviation of
environmental characteristics of the habitat values of the minimum
non-essential to living life planet. Today, these values are elevated
to the rank of mandatory environmental standards.

Environmental
quality standards set legally binding limits on pollution or adverse
effects, which should not be exceeded in the environment or its
components. These standards were first used in the U.S. in the early
70-ies in the federal laws on air quality and water quality. In
accordance with Act 1970 of the number of air standards that are
imposed at the state level to plan activities tries to comply with
national air quality standards (NSKV) and subject to the of existing
and new sources of air pollution. In an amendment paper in 1977 on
the law NSKV divided into primary and secondary. Primary set the
maximum permissible amount (MAC) chemicals-substances in the
atmosphere in order to protect the health of the population,
secondary impose the maximum permissible levels of pollution,
(remote), sufficient to protect the environment and "public
welfare" from the real and potential effects of pollution .
Standards of quality of the environment there and in the countries of
Eastern Europe, but not observed due to the lack of the relevant
legislative frameworks. From countries outside Western Europe in the
last few years they have been introduced, deny in Germany and
Denmark. Traditional environmental quality standards are the
standards of air quality and water, noise and vibration, unpleasant
smells.

Commercial
standards - standards for products normally but nationwide, that can
be specified:

-
Limiting the levels of pollutants or adverse effects in the product;

-
Properties and characteristics of construction products;

-
How to use.

Commercial
standards used to ban or curtail the production of environmentally
harmful output. If necessary, they also include the rules of testing,
packaging and labeling products.

Technological
standards are a professional tsifikatsii ecological nature of media
Technology and equipment of technological processes etc. They may be
the construction and maintenance.

Industry
in many countries, dissatisfied with the fact that strict economic
laws and regulations place them at a disadvantage in competition with
foreign firms, which face a more lenient regulation. Such an argument
is given in respect of environmental taxes and charges.

These
statements, however, does not fully correspond to the reality.
Long-term benefits are often re-reveshivaet short-term lack of
competitiveness.

The
original practice was formed in Japan, where the controls are
oriented on the development of primarily health standards,
supplemented by restrictions of emissions for certain industries and
types of production. Environmental standards are developed in the
so-called public negotiations between industrial firms and local
authorities. In Finland, there is also no uniform system of
environmental standards for emissions. Instead, each region has the
right to negotiate with the builders and to reach agreement on an
acceptable environmental impact.

There
is another kind of standards - standards "interregional
diffusion, which determine the amount of pollutants emanating from
the region for a certain period of time.

Firms
in Japan, Germany, Sweden and other countries are already responding
to higher energy prices, the existing environmental standards and
their future more stringent manufacturing processes more efficient
and more environmentally friendly products.

Monitoring of environmental environment

To
provide objective information of the creation, implementation and
evaluation of environmental policy requires environmental monitoring
system. Moreover, in some countries such as Japan, each governing law
requires Administrative bodies to oversee the permanent-pollution.

Environmental
monitoring can be used in the following phases of environmental
policy:

1)
Evaluation of a strategy to test the possibility of unintended
consequences in the future.

-
Monitoring compliance with emission standards and the quality of the
environment;

-
Monitoring in the integrated assessment of environmental impacts.

3)
Identify emerging issues and creating policies to address them.

The
distribution of roles in environmental monitoring of the national
government, state (regional) and local authorities depends on the
structure of institutes in each country. Typically, monitoring is
carried out by local authorities. They have to monitor on-vat
emissions and respond to the excess of the limits and other permit
conditions, and if the activity is carried out without the required
permit. If permission is not provided, but local authorities must
verify whether the activities in accordance with the special
requirements of legislation in this field.

Private
agencies and companies are also involved in many cases, the
monitoring scheme. This is mainly as part of the "polluter pays"
principle. It is obvious that the first step in controlling pollution
is the knowledge of the type and amount of pollutant emissions.
Therefore, firms engaged in monitoring their own emissions in order
to assess compliance with their permits or licenses and regulatory
(standard) state of the environment in the vicinity of the object.

Economic regulation of protection environment

Many
professionals, including lawyers, in developed countries consider
environmental issues as a matter of fact the economic problems. This
position is consistent with that currently in many countries and
particularly in the U.S. there is the weakening of the administrative
re-gulirovaniya economy. Economic methods of targeted, clearly define
the requirements for managed objects that, but in contrast to the
administrative commands are being taken into account that the
facilities management deliberately set themselves goals and just as
consciously strive to achieve. Such goals - an important feature
otlichitel loss management in the social and economic-based systems.
Therefore, the essence of economic methods of organization of the
managed objects through the creation of the benefits of consumption.
These methods of economic management is different from the stimulate
that provides encouragement and sanction of the non-economic nature.

The
role of economic instruments is to establish governance arrangements
that promote sredoohrannuyu activities and seek ways to minimize the
economic costs incurred by society to achieve same-Laem state of the
environment and its individual components ponentov.

Among
the economic instruments of environmental management include:

Payments
or taxes for the use of natural resources;

-
Compensation payments for disposal of natural resources from the
purposeful use of or deterioration of quality due to industrial
activities;

-
Charges or taxes on emissions of polluting ve-societies to the
environment;

-
An additional tax on business profits, you are allowed to
environmentally-harmful products, or apply-ing ecologically dangerous
technology.

All
of these purely economic instruments are used by Observing
environmental standards, the most effective way.