The history of the development of mathematics is a long one. No single person is given credit for the "discovery" of mathematics. As man lived in caves before any written language existed, he understood the nature of the first few numbers, the counting numbers. He could make simple comparisons and could tell that, say, 9 were more than 6. He would be able to see that if he had, say, 8 apples and there were 7 people in his group, each would get one and there would be one left over. This is the beginning of mathematics. It evolved into more abstract forms later and through the work of many dedicated investigators and problem solvers. Whether we look at the Babylonian or Egyptian mathematical systems (which were, in turn, furthered by Greeks and Romans) or skip over to the early (and independently arising) works in the Americas (the Incas), we see man's intuitive grasp of the nature of numbers. We also see him extend the ideas to broader areas in structure and construction. A link is provided below, and a cursory reading is strongly encouraged.

MATHEMAICS IN ANCIENT INDIA“Highly intellectual and given to abstract thinking as they were, one would expect the ancient Indians to excel in mathematics. Europe got its early arithmetic and algebra from the Arabs -- hence the ‘Arabic numerals’ -- but the Arabs themselves had previously taken them from India. The astonishing progress that the Indians had made in mathematics is now well known and it is recognized that the foundations of modern arithmetic and algebra were laid long ago in India. The clumsy method of using a counting frame and the use of Roman and such like numerals had long retarded progress when the ten Indian numerals, including the zero sign, liberated the human mind from these restrictions and threw a flood of light on the behavior of numbers. These number symbols were unique and entirely different from all other symbols that had been in use in other countries. They are...

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...﻿CommunicationFacilities for DisasterManagement
Ham Radio
Ham Radio is also know as Amateur radio.It is a community of people that use radio transmitters and receivers to communicate with other Amateur radio operators. If you were to ask a dozen different amateurs what ham radio meant to them chances are you would get 12 different answers. Amateur radio operators are often called ham radio operators or simply “hams” and frequently the public is more familiar with this term than with the legal term Radio Amateur. The source of this nickname is for all practical purposes lost from the beginning. read more
Communication is a major bottleneck in case of any major disaster particularly when the traditional network system already in force brake down. In order to strengthen communications, it has been decided that police network (POLNET) will also be used for disastermanagement. For this purpose POLNET communicationfacility will be extended to District Magistrates, Sub Divisional Magistrates as well as the Control Rooms.
For emergency communication, mobile satellite based units which can be transported to the site of the disaster are being procured. A group was constituted to draw a comprehensive communication plan for disastermanagement and the...

...Communicationfacilities for disastermanagement System
[pic]
Over the last few decades, a numbers of countries have set up disastermanagement information systems according to their own specific needs. Disasters are unpredictable and occur suddenly like earthquake, floods, drought and cyclone etc. Communicationfacilities for disastermanagement system is most important act as it convey at the right time communication in disaster,it may handle disaster and helping to decrease it.
Two type of information needs in disastermanagement
Pre disaster information: Question arise that how to get pre disaster information? It is getting from the research and analysis department of the geography in the country.
Post disaster information: After the disaster, our first job is to find out where and where it was occurs. What is the next step to help people?
Now a days Satellite communication play a major role in disastermanagementcommunication. Communicationfacilities can be set up for rescue and relief operation purposes. That type of early warning system developed at the different area’s by itself.
Here...

...Develop for yourself a working definition of disasters from a community perspective.
According to the DisasterManagement Act 2003,
A disaster is a serious disruption in a community, caused by the impact of an event that requires a significant coordinated response by the State and other entities to help the community recover from the disruption.
Serious disruption means—
(a) loss of human life, or illness or injury to humans; or
(b) widespread or severe property loss or damage; or
(c) widespread or severe damage to the environment. (DisasterManagement Act , 2003)
Disaster from a community perspective in my understanding is a severe distraction to the community which causes or intimidate loss or injury in the society, and damage to possessions and environment which is beyond the limit of everyday capability which requires extraordinary coordinated response and mobilisation by state / federal government and other community organisation of resources to help recover from distraction or disturbance.
Expressed as Hazard + Vulnerability / Capacity = Disaster. (DisasterManagement)
It can be understood and studied on a wide perceptive, focus multidisciplinary responses which focus on health related issues and consequences of disaster. It involves three essential areas:
risk management and emergency;...

...DisasterManagement
A Disaster can be
defined as:
A sudden accident or
natural event that
causes loss of life.
The biggest problem
with the disasters is the
suddenness and
swiftness with which
they arrive.
Disasters whether natural or
man-made can strike at any time.
The general response to a
disaster is in terms of relief and
rescue operations.
If we are adequately prepared, its
possible to severely reduce the
impact of a disaster.
The impact can be reduced
through a good understanding of
preventive actions.
Types of Natural Disasters
Hurricane
Tornado
Lightning
Tsunami
Avalanche
DisasterManagement Cycle
 Response:
Actions taken to
save lives or property damage.
Recovery: Actions that assist
a community to return to a
sense of normalcy after a
disaster.
 Mitigation: Reduces the
chance of a hazard taking place.
 Preparedness: Plans made to
save lives or property.
...

...﻿ManagementCommunication
UNDERSTANDING THE IMPORTANCE OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN MANAGEMENT
Effective communication will help us to understand a person or situation and lets us resolve differences, gain respect and trust, help create an environment where problem solving and caring can show through. Communication should be simple, the way we communicate to others and the way they communicate with us can often be misunderstood, which can cause problems and frustrations in a professional relationship. By learning effective communication skills you can work better and connect to your working colleagues.
Good communications skills include listening, verbal and non-verbal communication and to be able to recognise and deal with a potentially stressful situation and also to be able to understand the person you are dealing with.
The importance of effective communication for managers cannot be emphasized strongly enough, everything a manager does involves communicating. Good communication is important for managers to organise their staff, their staff must be able to understand them to be able to perform well and also to know that they can also communicate back to them with problems and comments.
More often a manager’s communication time is spent on a face to face basis with employees. This provides...

...﻿DISASTERMANAGEMENT CYCLE
The disaster cycle or the disaster life cycle consists of the steps that emergency managers take in planning for and responding to disasters. Each step in the disaster cycle correlates to part of the ongoing cycle that is emergency management. This disaster cycle is used throughout the emergency management community, from the local to the national and international levels.
Preparedness
The first step of the disaster cycle is usually considered to be preparedness although one could start at any point in the cycle and return to that point before, during, or after a disaster. For the sake of understanding, we will start with preparedness. Prior to a disaster’s occurrence, emergency manager will plan for various disasters which could strike within the area of responsibility. For instance, a typical city located along a river would need to plan for not only flooding but also hazardous material accidents, large fires, extreme weather (perhaps tornadoes, hurricanes, and/or snowstorms), geologic hazards (perhaps earthquakes, tsunamis, and/or volcanoes), and other applicable hazards. The emergency manager learns about past disasters and current potential hazards and then begins to collaborate with other officials to write a disaster plan for the jurisdiction...

...Significant Principles of ManagementCommunications
Mia A. Rapier
BUS 600: ManagementCommunication with Technology Tools
Instructor Cheryl Moore
July 27, 2014
It’s been understood that “communication in business involves a complex set of unwritten rules governing speech, written correspondence and body language that varies in different parts of the world” (Ingram, 2014). Communication is the essential component of business, “from the entry-level manager to the seasoned venture capitalist, can benefit from paying attention to communication etiquette in business” (Ingram, 2014). Both verbal and nonverbal communication in the business world allows for a more fluid transmission of information and policy. It is the intent of this paper to provide a comprehensive research review of the significant principles of managementcommunications used to successfully achieve organizational objectives. Utilizing both personal corporate experience and research on communication and communication in the workplace, this paper will explore, describe, and explain the various components of business communication.
A great, yet simplistic quote on communication from Dr. John Lund states, “Don`t communicate to be understood; rather, communicate so as not to be misunderstood” (Anderson, 2013)....