Dodecaglotta is my polyglot Bible typography project, working towards a biblio­phile edition of holy Scripture, in twelve classical lan­guages (Greek, Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Ethiopic, Armenian, Georgian, Church-Slavonic, German, English, Dutch, French), designed to the highest standards in multi­­lingual parallel type­setting. ¶ This broad­sheet of the Prologue to the Gospel of John is Dodecaglotta’s first edition. It serves both as a type specimen of the fonts that are in the make, and as a proof-of-concept for the twenty-first century oecumenical evangeliary codex I envision.

Typography is the art of designing the shapes of words to illuminate the ideas they carry, and to conserve our valued texts for pos­terity. Sacred scripture is written in many scripts, read in more languages, and the typographer’s ultimate challenge is to orchestrate the communion of this manifold multi­lingual magni­ficence within the constraints of the printed page. The polyglot Bible is typo­graphy’s crown jewel.

Dodecaglotta is a neologism, coined from the Greek, modeled on ‘biblia poly­glotta’, and is equivalent to something like ‘duodecilingual’, or twelve-tongued: the same text in twelve languages. The languages of Dodecaglotta are the classical voices of the chris­tian Oecumene, from the Orient to the Occident: the community of liturgies in the East and the West. Twelve ecclesiastical traditions in eight different scripts and writing sys­tems, each of which feature there own calligraphic particularities and typographical chal­lenges. In celebration of the Incarnate Word, and with the help of linguistics, statis­tics, high-tech soft­ware & computer algo­rithms, we may try to seek conciliation with the craft of ancient scrip­toria and this great typographic tradition that is the polyglot Bible.

Twelve Languages

The Holy Bible is the most published book of all times and scripture has been translated in over 2,500 languages throughout the world. Many of those languages may even delight in a wealth of many different translations to choose from. The English-reading world alone has access to over hundred (>100!) different complete translations, both Old and New Testament. To make the number even larger, these translations are multiplied by the factor of text editions: with or without sectioning and verse numbers, with or without apparatus, cross-references and concordances. These editions, in turn, have been printed in several different form factors and page layouts: cloth-bound or in leather, portable pocket edition or desktop reference edition, &c. &c.

To further complicate matters – but not without treasuring, at once, mankind’s diversiform virtuosity – the vowels and consonants of the spoken word can be written (and printed) in many different scripts. Originally, almost all languages have been written in their own particular scribal hand, but most have converged to the same letter shapes. While the Luther Bible was first printed in Schwabacher letter, and later editions have been typeset in Fraktur, today, German is written in Latin ‘Antiqua’. Likewise, the baroque gothic blackletter of the 1611 English King James Bible and that of the 1637 Dutch Statenvertaling have nowadays been replaced with the ‘roman’ type style. Some languages, like Greek, however stand strong and are still written in their own endogenic alphabet. Then again, some others, like Syriac-Aramaic, are written in up to five variant scripts or writing systems. The Slavonic Bible, too, is still being printed in both Glagolitic and Cyrillic, while the Cyrillic alphabet itself is rich with alternate shapes for the same letters, depending on local typographic tradition, as is the case with Bulgarian and Serbian.

The eight sacred liturgical languages of the Eastern and Western Churches, plus the four key translations of the Reformation

The Gospel in twelve classical translations, representing together all Churches and denominations of Christianity, from the East to the West: the eight sacred liturgical voices of the Eastern and Western liturgies in the Christian Oecumene (the Textus Receptus in Greek [grc-Grek], the Syriac-Aramaic Peshitta typeset in Serto script [syc-Syrj], Boharic Coptic [cop-bhc], the Ethiopic text in classical Ge’ez (gez-Ethi), the Latin Clementine Vulgate [la-Latn], Old-Georgian typeset in Khutsuri script [oce-Geok], classical Armenian [xcl-Armn], and the original Slavonic Bible in old-Bulgarian [cu-Cyrs]), plus four key translations of the Reformation (the 1522 Lutherbibel in German [de-Latn], the 1611 English King James Authorized Version [en-Latn], the 1637 Dutch Statenvertaling [nl-Latn], and the 1667 French translation of Port-Royal [fr-Latn], which was acceptible to both catholics and huguenots.)

For the sake of the christian Oecumene, I choose to make a polyglot edition with four major global languages, and eight less widespread, but highly important classical languages: the eight sacred liturgical voices of Christianity, alongside the four historically most significant translations of the Reformation. For each of them I have selected the canonical text editions of their respective traditions from the best sources available in the public domain.

Type design

Language cannot be woven into text without the weaving threads of the alphabet. Letters come in all shape and form, and it are the tiniest of details (like stem weight and proportion, spacing and placement of serifs, usage of ligatures and contextual alternate sorts) that make the quality of a typeface, and consequently the grade of the textile that is fabricated with it. I have furnished my already elaborate private workhorse typeface with the letter forms of exceptional scripts, which are rarely found in digital fonts.

A solid typeface must provide the elements from which text is to be set. Above are but a few of the glyphs in my new font family. Besides these base characters, there are of course all the indispensable diacritical marks, accented letters, and many more special sorts. Much of it is still in the works, so that the multilingual scripture in Dodecaglotta may shine in all its glory.

With support for over 185 languages, hundreds of ligatures and special sorts, the Textus Plantijn font family is quickly growing into one of the world’s most complete digital type faces.

Especially for the Dodecaglotta I have designed a unique rendering of the Greek alphabet, inspired by Byzantine scribal tradition, in contrast with and in addition to the nowadays more conventional cursive form. The Greek uncial surely is closer to the Coptic script (which I have, of course, added as well) and better matches the colour of the Latin and Cyrillic.

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.The design of the Greek and Coptic alphabets has been especially laborious, going through dozens of iterations in search for that sweet spot between modern tradition and antique elegance.

Tradition has it that Saint Mesrop not only translated the entire Bible into both Armenian and Georgian, but also devised two completely new alphabets in order to be able write down his translations. The Textus Plantijn typeface covers both scripts. Moreover, especially for Dodecaglotta, the original, ancient version of the Georgian alphabet was drawn. While modern Georgian is written and typed in Mkhedruli script, tradition requires that liturgical texts in Old-Georgian – and Holy Scripture by excellence – are set in Khutsuri. Hence, I have designed complete sets of Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri, in addition to the secular script, thereby honoring the wishes of Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia.

Traditionally, the second verse of Solomon’s Book of Proverbs is said to be the first phrase which St Mesrop Mashtots translated from the Hebrew Bible and wrote down in his newly devised Armenian alphabet: ‘To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding.’

The Syriac text has a similar demand: Neo-Aramaic can be written in Hebrew letters, Arabic, or in three different styles of the Syriac script. Thus I engaged in yet another scholarly adventure and have added Serto and Estrangello to my fonts. (Since Eastern Syriac nowadays is commonly written in Arabic script and has a far less important typographical tradition, I have decided – for now – to leave out Madnhaya.) It’s my first thorough experience with right-to-left typography, too…

The text of the Syriac Peshitta in (right to left) Arabic, Hebrew, Madnhaya, Serto, and Estrangello

The text in classical Ge’ez (an extinct language, Abyssinia’s equivalent to what is Latin in Europe, today used only in liturgy) is a real tooth biter: the Ethiopic syllabary requires some six hundred ‘fidäls’, glyphs, with cheirographical features that are difficult to tame into a well-belanced typeface. In order to do so, I have been geeking out with paleotypographic research, so as to make sure not to distort the script’s underlying ductus and stroke build-up. Meanwhile, I have drawn almost all graphmes that are to be used in Dodecaglotta, but the set still needs a lot of work before it will be completed.

The design of the Ethiopic script is inspired by the earliest printed models, and thereby is the first digital interpretation of the Ge’ez script which leaves behind the nineteenth-century model that till now has been the only available choice when it comes to East-African typography.

Microtypography

At the atomic level of the letter shapes I can now rely on my typeface and its built-in typographic software. On the molecular level, all these languages also require the application of proper hyphenation, complying with orthography and morphological rules. Hyphenation and language-specific justification settings are of paramount importance, especially when the measure of text columns is narrow, which compels us to pay special attention to word spacing and line breaks.

Hyphenation and language statistics

We must deal with eight different scripts, which each have their own particular typographic ‘couleur locale’. Even the five languages in Latin alphabet vary in color because of their different orthographies, average word lengths, and distinct use of ascender and descender letters. And yet we must manage to retain our page, over-all, as even and measured as possible.

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.For justification of text in Hebrew script we may rely on an age-old tradition of fine calligraphy and typesetting, wherein some letters are widened to fill unsightly gaps of whitespace.

Therewithal, for the sake of the polyglot, we need to secure that the verses of the different translations remain parallel, and lined-up with each other, as well.

In spite of the many languages’s various set widths, I have managed to keep the verses in the different translations as close to each other as possible, while at once keeping the columns neatly aligned.

This is no trivial sinecure, for some languages, like Georgian, run considerably more lengthy, while other scripts, like Hebrew, have an extremely frugal set width. With the help of linguistics and statistics, we can do wonders indeed…

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.The sequence above gives away the algorithm I have devised to resolve the widely divergent set widths of different languages and shows the importance of proper hyphenation.

Mission

It is my goal to print a modern evangeliary, containing all four gospels, in twelve lan­guages, as a biblio­phile fine press edition – a true codex of the third mil­len­nium.

Eventually, Dodecaglotta may behold the entirity of the Good Book…

Dodecaglotta is not a corporate business venture. It is the pet peeve side project of a passionate individual. I cannot make a living from paleotypographic geekery and alcove text exegesis. But I am a classical scholar and passionate typophile in heart and soul, time and again drawn towards letters in all form and shape. The history and manu­facture of the polyglot Bible is my years-old fascination. When I can entertain (maybe even instruct and delight) my fellow human beings with the scribal makings of my digits, I find myself incited to further pursue this happiness that is in the enduring soli­tary study of the word and its inexhaustible shapes. So, with your help and en­cour­age­ment, I may step-up this little side project and expand Dodecaglotta to comprise the complete New Testament, adding to the gospels the Acts of the Apostles, the Epistles, and the Book of Reve­la­tion. Eventually, and if Providence permits, I might even aspire to typeset the entire, twelvefold Bible…

You can help Dodecaglotta succeed, anyhow. The broadsheet poster of St John’s Prologue is a proof-of-concept, showing what Dodecaglotta is all about. If you want to support the Polyglot Bible Typography project, then do order your copy today!

My pledge

The famous French typographer (and inventor of the eponymous typeface classification system) Maximilien Vox (1894–1974) wrote the following vow for the purpose of the ‘Compagnons de Lure’, his fraternity of typophiles:

Such a noble, platonic command! (Typographers are of a peculiar kind ;-) To despise the Mammon, to renounce vanity: the typographer shall be a servant of the Idea, his letters shall be devoid of idle garnish, so help him the Word Incarnate… Thus, I too shall take this Hippocratic oath of our craft as my vow, and commit to the following pledges:

Despise avarice, renounce vanity: the typographer shall be a servant of the Word.

Research — I will regularly post full write-ups of my research, sharing a knowledge trove on multilingual typography, non-Latin type design, text encoding standards, and the cultural history of the Bible.

Publish — If demand permits, I plan to design, print and issue incremental editions of Dodecaglotta, and offer them for purchase at affordable price points. At a previous call, I had hoped to find enough interested people to procure for the production of a Nativity edition on the occasion of Christmas 2016. The design is done, and I will publish the edition next year, anyhow. Special installments for Easter (pericopes of the Passion) and Pentecost are considered too, as is a multilingual edition of Our Lord’s Prayer in the good old printer’s tradition of the Oratio Dominica.

Design — Typeface design is an ongoing effort: fonts become better with age, by using them in challenging typesetting projects. Only then those tiny flaws become apparent, which would be overlooked in gloriole graphic design wannahaves. Often­times slight adjustements must be made, new ligatures are to be devised, and alternate glyphs for contextual replacements in pairs of letters that would otherwise form awkward combinations of unevenly distributed space. Nudging and perfecting fonts is a thankless and tedious work of labor. Nevertheless, I promise never to be satisfied with good-enough quality and always strive towards a worthy carrier for the Word only.

Code — The modern-day typesetter must be a software programmer as well. Fre­quent­ly I write programs to edit and batch convert a million words of electronic Scripture, scripts that for example convert Mekhdruli to Khutsuri encoding, or that grad­u­ally strip off Greek diacritical marks, or fix punctuation and copy-editing errors. I promise to pub­lish such tools as command line utilities and npm modules, for everyone free to use.

Opensource — I have been preparing and formatting thousands of files, containing the text of the Bible in its many translations, to bring them up to the current state of the art in electronic text editions, following best practices in computer standards: UnicodeUTF-8 character encoding, using CommonMark markup, tagged with BCP-47 com­pli­ant language and script identifiers, and put them under Git version control. Soon, I will start opensourcing the files and publish the repositories to Github, under the most permissive Creative Commons license (PD).

Your support

Your support is very appreciated. Purchasing one or more copies of the letterpress broad­sheet is the most immediate way to encourage me in further pursuing my mission to publish a complete polyglot Bible. Revenue from poster sales helps me paying bills for font development software, lithographic film, proof impressions, specialized reference books, critical text editions and research. Besides buying the posters, there are many other ways you can help with Dodecaglotta:

Spread the Word — Tell your friends and professional relations about Dodeca­glotta, especially people who love letters, languages and typography, or who have a keen interest in religion or history.

Make someone happy — Surely, the Prologue poster would make for a suitable gift, or a Christmas present, too. Your graphic designer friends, bibliophiles, philologists and language enthusiasts. Your colleagues from Palestine, Lebanon, and Syria, Greece, Ethiopia, Egypt, Georgia and Armenia. The pastor of your local church, your confreres or fellow clergymen, your Farbenbrüder and commilitones. They will all regard Dodecaglotta as a gesture of good taste and a select testimony of faith.

Feedback — Human effort is fallible. I will be very happy when you would draw my attention on design flaws in my fonts, or if you would find some letterforms to stand out as unusual or rightout wrong. I look foreward to feedback especially comming from native readers of Cyrillic script, Armenian, Georgian, Syriac and Ethiopic.

Help preparing the texts — Since I will opensource the text files, used in Dodecaglotta editions, anyone interested will be able to revise the text, and maybe even help improving them by amending and making ‘pull requests’. I know Dutch, English, German, French, Latin and Greek, can read a bit of Cyrillic, and manage to decipher other scripts. But surely enough I would more than thankfully accept any rec­om­men­da­tions from byzantinists and orientalists, syriacists and ethiopianists, people knowl­edge­able in Coptic, Armenian and Georgian…

* Price for a single copy excluding packaging and shipping. Invoices are issued on request.

† Special introductory offer for the first fifty copies sold (##34–83). Subsequent sales of the letterpress broadsheet limited edition will be at € 333,00 a piece.

The offset posters are immediately available for shipping. The letterpress broadsheet is still in production and is expected to be ready for shipping about the Feast of Epiphany (January 6).

For customers from the European Union prices include 21% VAT (value added tax). For shippings to countries outside the EU, additional taxes or customs duties might incur.¶ Ap­prox­i­mate freight costs for standard shipping within the EU are € 15,00; € 20,00 overseas. Packaging is solid; sheets are rolled up and boxed in hardboard poster tubes. A single tube can con­tain up to four posters, allowing for profitable shipping of vol­ume purchases.¶ Orders are processed within one week. Standard mailing within the EU usually takes between two and ten business days. Shipping to the rest of the world may take up to eight weeks. Parcels are not insured, nor trackable. If you want faster shipping and/or insurance, please mail me.

Close-up of the printed offset poster

Motivation and Purpose

In 1573 the Antwerp printer Christopher Plantin finished his Biblia Regia, an immense scholarly and typographical undertaking, which started five years before, in 1568, when it was commissioned by the catholic king Philip II of Spain, who sent his theologian Montano to Antwerp to watch over the editorial preparation of the text. But Philip also sent the iron Duke of Alva to the Netherlands, for it were the sad days of the European wars of religion, which resulted in the schism between the catholic South and the Reformation in the North. The Low Countries, then, were the prime battle ground, and to this day my and Plantin’s Dutch homeland is on the fault line of the Occidental divide.

As were many intellectuals of his day, Plantin was a convinced christian, sincerely seeking Truth through the means of grace that were offered by his era. He was married to a devoted catholic wife, but he also had many calvinist friends and business partners. His homestead was sacked many times, and at many occasions Plantin could barely save his presses. To his even greater misfortune, the king failed to pay the promised price for his Bible, leading to the printer’s near bankruptcy. Amidst war, upheaval, unrest and violent fanaticism, Plantin overcame the ravages of politics and troubles of commerce. He evinced that faith, hope, and love, which drive the stricken souls of artists, scholars and believers, may prevail over cynicism, barbarism, and brutality.

Though Christianity remains divided to this day, what yet remains are these huge exegetical and typographical achievements of ages past, bearing witness of our common creed; works of art which through their intellectual beauty still inspire the spirit of communion through the Word they make visible to the world. Today we may stand on the shoulders of giants, rely upon their centuries-old work and, with the help of modern technology and computers, may even try to emulate the fruits of their devotion, thus tributing ourselves, in our blighted but abundant day and age, to our common heritage and tradition, persevering to bear witness of the Word in a profane world that has been feverishly changing and will keep doing so, a lot.

I begun the Dodecaglotta project to find spiritual repose and intellectual solace through the hardships of entrepreneurship. It is my hope that kindred souls, my brethren, may find a likeminded joy in the beauty of the typeset Word.

I was raised a Roman-Catholic, in my native Brabant, and trained as a student of Latin and Greek at the university of Leuven, my alma mater, where Erasmus instituted the collegium trilingue. I earned bachelor degrees in classical philology, archaeology and philosophy, magna cum laude, and a master’s and doctoral degree in art history, egregia cum laude. During my sophomore years, I was, v. ‘Ludwig’, Chargierte, mDA, der KAV Lovania zu Löwen and the fraternity’s resident typesetter. At the university of Antwerp I did post-doctoral research in com­putational linguistics, with a particular interest in mediaeval paleography. Also in Antwerp, my hometown, I graduated as a typo­grapher, summa cum laude, from the Museum Plantin-Moretus, Unesco World Heritage, after which I continued as a self-taught type designer and proprietor of Rhythmus.be, a letterpress printing office. I was a professor of graphic design and typography at various university colleges, before eventually settling down as an independent book designer. Last year, I co-founded Tex­tus.io, a Web start-up focus­ing on digitally automated high-quality typesetting, and dedicated to the preservation of mankind’s literary heritage.