Sudbury, city, seat of Sudbury district, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It is situated on the western shore of Ramsey Lake, about 40 miles (65 km) north of Georgian Bay of Lake Huron. The site was the location of a temporary workers’ camp in 1883–84 during the construction of the Canadian Pacific

Asia: The subequatorial and equatorial regions: …zone (southern Malaysia and the Greater Sunda Islands), typical tropical rainforests have developed. In southwestern Sri Lanka and on the Indonesian island of Java, they have been almost entirely replaced by an agricultural landscape in which mountain slopes and hills are covered with plantations of tea, coconut palms, and rubber…

Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area, metropolitan complex—commonly called Greater Tokyo—along the northern and western shores of Tokyo Bay, on the Pacific coast of the island of Honshu, central Japan. At its centre is the metropolitan prefecture, or metropolis (to), of Tokyo, Japan’s capital and

Raʾs al-Khaymah: …over the small islands of Greater and Lesser Ṭunb (Ṭunb al-Kubrā and Ṭunb al-Ṣughrā), in the Gulf about 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Raʾs al-Khaymah town; these islands had long been claimed by both Raʾs al-Khaymah and Iran. On Nov. 30, 1971, Iranian troops landed on Greater Ṭunb and…

submarine: Postwar developments: …52 war-built submarines to the Guppy configuration (an acronym for “greater underwater propulsive power,” with the “y” added for phonetics). These submarines had their deck guns removed and streamlined conning towers fitted; larger batteries and a snorkel were installed; four torpedoes and, in some craft, one of the four diesel…

Mahayana, (Sanskrit: “Greater Vehicle”) movement that arose within Indian Buddhism around the beginning of the Common Era and became by the 9th century the dominant influence on the Buddhist cultures of Central and East Asia, which it remains today. It spread at one point also to Southeast Asia,

pyralid moth: Other interesting pyralids include the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), also known as bee-moth, or honeycomb moth. The larvae usually live in beehives and feed on wax and young bees and fill the tunnels of the hive with silken threads. The larvae are particularly destructive to old or unguarded colonies…

yellow cress: Great yellow cress (R. amphibia) and creeping yellow cress (R. sylvestris) are invasive species in North America. Lakecress (R. aquatica) is a slow-growing perennial often used in aquariums.

yellowlegs: The greater yellowlegs (T. melanoleuca), about 35 cm (14 inches) long, with a proportionately longer and stouter (and slightly upturned) bill, has similar breeding and wintering ranges but is everywhere less common and more wary than the lesser yellowlegs. Individuals of the two species may be…

arithmetic: Fundamental theory: …of these numbers, called their greatest common divisor (GCD). If the GCD = 1, the numbers are said to be relatively prime. There also exists a smallest positive integer that is a multiple of each of the numbers, called their least common multiple (LCM).

Tom Brokaw: …American history and culture, including The Greatest Generation (1998), Boom!: Voices of the Sixties (2007), The Time of Our Lives: A Conversation About America (2011), and The Fall of Richard Nixon: A Reporter Remembers Watergate (2019). A Long Way from Home: Growing Up in the American Heartland (2002) and A…

Frank Capra: The 1940s: …material for the film, “The Greatest Gift”—a short story that was originally sent to friends as a Christmas card by Philip Van Doren Stern and later published in Good Housekeeping magazine—was purchased from RKO by Capra and developed with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett. (Jo Swerling also worked…

Ingrid Bergman: Scandal and later films: …and French films such as Europa ’51 (1952; The Greatest Love) and Viaggio in Italia (1954; Journey to Italy). During this time she married (1950–57) Rossellini, and the couple had two more children, including Isabella Rossellini, who became a noted model and actress.

election: Party-list proportional representation: The greatest-remainder method first establishes a quota that is necessary for a party to receive representation. Formulas vary, but they are generally some variation of dividing the total vote in the district by the number of seats. The total popular vote won by each party is…

circus: History: …was billed as the “Greatest Show on Earth.” It offered several attractions borrowed from Barnum’s museum, from which evolved the sideshow (see below), a feature unique to American circuses.

Cecil B. DeMille: Films of the 1940s and 1950s: North West Mounted Police to The Ten Commandments: Sunset Boulevard, he made The Greatest Show on Earth (1952), a salute to the circus starring Charlton Heston and James Stewart. It received the Academy Award for best picture, and DeMille received his only Oscar nomination for best director.

Richard Dawkins: Further publications include The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution (2009), a tribute to, and vehement defense of, the theory of evolution by natural selection, and The Magic of Reality: How We Know What’s Really True (2011), a book for young readers that juxtaposed the scientific…

Los Angeles Rams: …that was later nicknamed “The Greatest Show on Turf,” featuring running back Marshall Faulk as well as wide receivers Isaac Bruce and Torry Holt, the Rams went 13–3 in the 1999 regular season and advanced to the second Super Bowl in franchise history. There the team won a thrilling…

Hugh Jackman: Barnum in the musical The Greatest Showman. He then starred in The Front Runner (2018), the true story of former U.S. senator Gary Hart, whose 1988 presidential bid ended amid news reports alleging that he was having an extramarital affair. In 2019 Jackman voiced a British adventurer in the…

Christology: Film: …Pilate, as in George Stevens’s The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), Cecil B. DeMille’s King of Kings (1927), and Franco Zeffirelli’s Jesus of Nazareth (1977). The obvious difficulty with that approach is that those additions are either completely invented or, at best, highly speculative.

James Henry Greathead: Barlow designed a smaller shield, circular in cross section, which Greathead modified to complete the Tower Subway (1869) under the River Thames near the Tower of London. As the shield was pushed forward by screw jacks, the tunnel behind it was lined with cast-iron rings.

James Henry Greathead, British civil engineer who improved the tunneling shield, the basic tool of underwater tunneling, essentially to its modern form. Greathead arrived in 1859 in England, where he studied with the noted civil engineer Peter W. Barlow between 1864 and 1867. The tunneling shield

Sweden: The Age of Greatness:
The early Vasa kings created the Swedish state. Its chief characteristic was a strong monarchy in a rather rustic and backward economy (with the mining industry a noteworthy exception). Its chief weaknesses were opposition from the high nobility and a thirst for…

armour: Premodern armour: …consisting of a cuirass, long greaves (armour for the leg below the knee), and a deep helmet—all of bronze. The Roman legionary wore a cylindrical cuirass made of four to seven horizontal hoops of steel with openings at the front and back, where they were laced together. The cuirass was…

John Greaves, English mathematician, astronomer, and antiquary. Greaves was the eldest son of John Greaves, rector of Colemore, and was educated at Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1621) and Merton College, Oxford (M.A., 1628). In 1630 he was chosen professor of geometry in Gresham College, London.

Harry Greb, American professional boxer who was one of the cleverest and most colourful performers in the ring. His ring name refers to his nonstop punching style of boxing. Greb trained very little and was legendary for his carousing and womanizing before fights. Presumably he managed to stay in

Harry Greb, American professional boxer who was one of the cleverest and most colourful performers in the ring. His ring name refers to his nonstop punching style of boxing. Greb trained very little and was legendary for his carousing and womanizing before fights. Presumably he managed to stay in

Arnoul Gréban, French author of an important 15th-century religious drama known as Mystère de la Passion (1453/54), dramatizing the events of Jesus’ life. In 1507 a performance of his Passion play, revised by Jean Michel to 65,000 lines, occupied six days. Gréban also collaborated with his brother

French literature: Religious drama: …at Notre-Dame, and his brother Simon; and Jehan Michel. Arnoul Gréban’s monumental Mystère de la Passion (c. 1450, reworked by Michel in 1486; The True Mistery of the Passion) took four days to perform. Other plays took up to eight days. Biblical material was supplemented with legend, theology, and elements…

Grebe, (order Podicipediformes), any member of an order of foot-propelled diving birds containing a single family, Podicipedidae, with about 20 species. They are best known for the striking courtship displays of some species and for the silky plumage of the underparts, which formerly was much used

Konrad Grebel, chief founder of the Swiss Brethren, an Anabaptist movement centred on Zürich. His humanist education at Basel, Vienna, and Paris led him gradually to oppose the conservative Swiss Reformer Huldrych Zwingli, whom he had earlier supported. The slowness of reform and Grebel’s

Ottawa: History: Mackenzie King brought architect Jacques Gréber from France to begin the redevelopment of the national capital district. The plan was to “beautify” Ottawa and bring its appearance and amenities more into line with those expected of a capital city. It included the provision of large areas of parkland in…

Liberia: Ethnic groups and languages: …in Monrovia; the Kru and Grebo, who were among the earliest converts to Christianity; the De; Belleh (Belle); and Krahn. The Kwa-speaking group occupies the southern half of the country. The Mel group includes the Gola and Kisi, who are also found in Sierra Leone and are known to be…

Niger: Relief: …south these are Tazerzaït, where Mount Gréboun reaches an altitude of 6,379 feet (1,944 metres); Tamgak; Takolokouzet; Angornakouer; Bagzane; and Tarouadji. To the northeast is a series of high plateaus, which form a bridge between the Ahaggar Mountains of Algeria and the Tibesti Mountains of Chad. From west to east…

Moldova: Independent Moldova: …country’s first female prime minister, Zinaida Greceanii, of the Communist Party, took office. In parliamentary elections in April 2009 the Communist Party demonstrated its continued strength by winning 50 percent of the vote; however, upon hearing of the Communist victory, crowds of protestors—many of them young people desiring a break…

Aleksandr Grechaninov, Russian composer notable for his religious works and children’s music. Grechaninov studied piano and composition at the Moscow Conservatory, and from 1890 to 1893 he worked at composition and orchestration with Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. He

Aleksandr Grechaninov, Russian composer notable for his religious works and children’s music. Grechaninov studied piano and composition at the Moscow Conservatory, and from 1890 to 1893 he worked at composition and orchestration with Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. He

Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, Italian painter and one of the most important technical innovators in the history of printmaking. Beginning in the highly artificial style of Mannerism, Castiglione was a productive painter who left portraits (though very few survived from what had been a large

El Greco, master of Spanish painting, whose highly individual dramatic and expressionistic style met with the puzzlement of his contemporaries but gained newfound appreciation in the 20th century. He also worked as a sculptor and as an architect. El Greco never forgot that he was of Greek descent

Emilio Greco, Italian sculptor of bronze and marble figurative works, primarily female nudes and portraits. At the age of 13, Greco was apprenticed to a stonemason, and he later studied at the Academy of Art in Palermo. Though he began exhibiting in Rome in 1943, he was not well-established until

chess: Philidor and the birth of chess theory: About 1620 an Italian master, Gioacchino Greco, wrote an analysis of a series of composed games that illustrated two contrasting approaches to chess. Those games pit a material-minded player, who attempts to win as many of the opponent’s pieces as possible, against an opponent who sacrifices material in pursuit of…

Greco-Persian Wars, (492–449 bce), a series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century. The fighting was most intense during two invasions that Persia launched against mainland Greece between 490 and 479. Although the Persian empire was at the peak of its

Alexandria Municipal Museum, museum of Greek and Roman antiquities founded in 1892 and housed in Alexandria, Egypt, in a Greek Revival-style building opened in 1895. The museum contains material found in Alexandria itself, as well as Ptolemaic and Roman objects from the Nile River delta, the

Greco-Roman wrestling, style of wrestling practiced in Olympic and international amateur competition. In Greco-Roman wrestling the legs may not be used in any way to obtain a fall, and no holds may be taken below the waist. Other rules and procedures for Greco-Roman wrestling are the same as those

Greco-Turkish wars: The second war occurred after World War I, when the Greeks attempted to extend their territory beyond eastern Thrace (in Europe) and the district of Smyrna (İzmir; in Anatolia). These territories had been assigned to them by the Treaty of Sèvres, August 10, 1920, which was…

Greco-Turkish wars: The first war, also called the Thirty Days’ War, took place against a background of growing Greek concern over conditions in Crete, which was under Turkish domination and where relations between the Christians and their Muslim rulers had been deteriorating steadily. The outbreak in 1896 of…

Greco-Turkish wars, (1897 and 1921–22), two military conflicts between the Greeks and the Turks. The first war, also called the Thirty Days’ War, took place against a background of growing Greek concern over conditions in Crete, which was under Turkish domination and where relations between the

Greece, the southernmost of the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. Geography has greatly influenced the country’s development. Mountains historically restricted internal communications, but the sea opened up wider horizons. The total land area of Greece (one-fifth of which is made up of the Greek

Ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 bce, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 bce. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western

Church of Greece, the established church of Greece, and one of the most important autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches of the Eastern Orthodox communion. During the Byzantine Empire and the subsequent Turkish occupation of Greece, the Christian church in Greece was under the

national flag consisting of nine horizontal stripes of blue and white with a blue canton bearing a white cross. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 2 to 3.In the 19th century Greece was under Ottoman rule, but the desire for religious freedom and cultural development led to a nationalist revolt

Greed, American silent film drama, released in 1924, that was director Erich von Stroheim’s big-budget masterpiece. Hours were cut from the film and are presumed lost forever. Greed is an adaptation of Frank Norris’s novel McTeague (1899). Trina (played by Zasu Pitts) is a simple woman who wins a

Greece: Ethnic groups: …Greece are, or should be, Greek. As a result, the existence of ethnic and national diversity in the country has remained a sensitive issue. The Greek government’s official position is that there are no ethnic or national minorities in the country and that virtually the entire population is Greek. The…

Academy, in ancient Greece, the academy, or college, of philosophy in the northwestern outskirts of Athens where Plato acquired property about 387 bce and used to teach. At the site there had been an olive grove, a park, and a gymnasium sacred to the legendary Attic hero Academus (or Hecademus).

Greek alphabet, writing system that was developed in Greece about 1000 bce. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all modern European alphabets. Derived from the North Semitic alphabet via that of the Phoenicians, the Greek alphabet was modified to make it more efficient and accurate for writing

Ionic alphabet, most important variety of the eastern form of the ancient Greek alphabet, developed late in the 5th century bc. In 403 the Ionic alphabet used in the Anatolian city of Miletus was adopted for use in Athens, and by the middle of the 4th century the Ionic had become the common,

Greek Anthology, collection of about 3,700 Greek epigrams, songs, epitaphs, and rhetorical exercises, mostly in elegiac couplets, that can be dated from as early as the 7th century bce to as late as 1000 ce. The nucleus of the Anthology is a collection made early in the 1st century bce by Meleager,

architecture: Places of worship: …or reserved for priests; in ancient Greece it contained an accessible cult image, but services were held outside the main facade; and in the ancient Near East and in the Mayan and Aztec architecture of ancient Mexico, where the temple was erected at the summit of pyramidal mounds, only privileged…

Greek calendar, any of a variety of dating systems used by the several city-states in the time of classical Greece and differing in the names of their months and in the times of beginning the year. Each of these calendars attempted to combine in a single system the lunar year of 12 cycles of

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, largest of the Eastern Catholic (also known as Eastern rite or Greek Catholic) churches, in communion with Rome since the Union of Brest-Litovsk (1596). Byzantine Christianity was established among the Ukrainians in 988 by St. Vladimir (Volodimir) and followed

Greek Catholic church, an Eastern Catholic church of the Byzantine rite, in communion with Rome since the mid-19th century. A small body of Greek Catholics came into existence in Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and Thrace largely through the efforts of John Hyacinth Marango, a Latin priest, and

Greek Civil War, (December 1944–January 1945 and 1946–49), two-stage conflict during which Greek communists unsuccessfully tried to gain control of Greece. The first stage of the civil war began only months before Nazi Germany’s occupation of Greece ended in October 1944. The German occupation had

number game: Geometric dissections: …dissection, such as converting the Greek cross into a square (Figure 11), may require the use of ingenious procedures, some of which have been described by H. Lindgren (see Bibliography).

EDES, nationalist guerrilla force that, bolstered by British support, constituted the only serious challenge to EAM-ELAS control of the resistance movement in occupied Greece during World War II. Led by Gen. Napoleon Zervas, EDES was originally liberal and antimonarchist, but it moved steadily to

EDES, nationalist guerrilla force that, bolstered by British support, constituted the only serious challenge to EAM-ELAS control of the resistance movement in occupied Greece during World War II. Led by Gen. Napoleon Zervas, EDES was originally liberal and antimonarchist, but it moved steadily to

Greek fire, any of several flammable compositions that were used in warfare in ancient and medieval times. More specifically, the term refers to a mixture introduced by the Byzantine Greeks in the 7th century ce. The employment of incendiary materials in war is of ancient origin; many writers of

Fret, in decorative art and architecture, any one of several types of running or repeated ornament, consisting of lengths of straight lines or narrow bands, usually connected and at right angles to each other in T, L, or square-cornered G shapes, so arranged that the spaces between the lines or

Greek Independence Day, national holiday celebrated annually in Greece on March 25, commemorating the start of the War of Greek Independence in 1821. It coincides with the Greek Orthodox Church’s celebration of the Annunciation to the Theotokos, when the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Mary and told

War of Greek Independence, (1821–32), rebellion of Greeks within the Ottoman Empire, a struggle which resulted in the establishment of an independent kingdom of Greece. The rebellion originated in the activities of the Philikí Etaireía (“Friendly Brotherhood”), a patriotic conspiracy founded in

Greece: The islands of Greece: The Ionian Islands off the western coast of Greece structurally resemble the folded mountains of Ípeiros. Of the six main islands, Corfu (Modern Greek: Kérkyra), opposite the Albanian frontier, is the northernmost; it is fertile and amply endowed with well-watered lowland. The…

Fret, in decorative art and architecture, any one of several types of running or repeated ornament, consisting of lengths of straight lines or narrow bands, usually connected and at right angles to each other in T, L, or square-cornered G shapes, so arranged that the spaces between the lines or

Greek language, Indo-European language spoken primarily in Greece. It has a long and well-documented history—the longest of any Indo-European language—spanning 34 centuries. There is an Ancient phase, subdivided into a Mycenaean period (texts in syllabic script attested from the 14th to the 13th

Greek law, legal systems of the ancient Greeks, of which the best known is the law of Athens. Although there never was a system of institutions recognized and observed by the nation as a whole as its legal order, there were a number of basic approaches to legal problems, certain methods used in

Greek literature, body of writings in the Greek language, with a continuous history extending from the 1st millennium bc to the present day. From the beginning its writers were Greeks living not only in Greece proper but also in Asia Minor, the Aegean Islands, and Magna Graecia (Sicily and southern

Compton Mackenzie: …Secrets Act for his autobiographical Greek Memories (1932); and a love of pure fun in The Monarch of the Glen (1941) and Whisky Galore (1947). Other novels included Poor Relations (1919), Rich Relatives (1921), Vestal Fire (1927), and Extraordinary Women (1928); among his plays were The Gentleman in Grey (1906),…

waterwheel: …(sometimes called a Norse or Greek mill) also required little auxiliary construction, but it was suited for grinding because the upper millstone was fixed upon the vertical shaft. The mill, however, could only be used where the current flow was suitable for grinding.

aulos: …tibia plural tibiae, in ancient Greek music, a single- or double-reed pipe played in pairs (auloi) during the Classical period. After the Classical period, it was played singly. Under a variety of names it was the principal wind instrument of most ancient Middle Eastern peoples and lasted in Europe up…

Greek mythology, body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks. That the myths contained a considerable element of fiction was recognized by the more critical Greeks, such as the philosopher Plato in the 5th–4th century bce. In general, however, in the popular piety

numerals and numeral systems: Greek numerals:
The Greeks had two important systems of numerals, besides the primitive plan of repeating single strokes, as in ||| ||| for six, and one of these was again a simple grouping system. Their predecessors in culture—the Babylonians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians—had generally repeated the…

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, second in honorific rank after the Church of Constantinople; its patriarch is considered the successor of St. Mark the Evangelist and heads the Orthodox Church in Africa. The

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, second in honorific rank after the Church of Constantinople; its patriarch is considered the successor of St. Mark the Evangelist and heads the Orthodox Church in Africa. The

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, third in honorific rank after the churches of Constantinople and Alexandria; it is the largest Arab Christian church in the Middle East. The authority of the Greek O

Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox patriarchate, fourth in honorific seniority after the churches of Constantinople, Alexandria, and Antioch. Since the beginning of Muslim rule in the 7th century, it has been the main custodian

Church of Greece, the established church of Greece, and one of the most important autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches of the Eastern Orthodox communion. During the Byzantine Empire and the subsequent Turkish occupation of Greece, the Christian church in Greece was under the

Eastern Orthodoxy, one of the three major doctrinal and jurisdictional groups of Christianity. It is characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches. Its adherents live mainly in the Balkans, the Middle East, and former Soviet countries. Eastern

Western philosophy: Cosmology and the metaphysics of matter: Because the earliest Greek philosophers focused their attention upon the origin and nature of the physical world, they are often called cosmologists, or naturalists. Although monistic views (which trace the origin of the world to a single substance) prevailed at first, they were soon followed by several pluralistic…

Greek pottery, the pottery of the ancient Greeks, important both for the intrinsic beauty of its forms and decoration and for the light it sheds on the development of Greek pictorial art. Because fired clay pottery is highly durable—and few or no Greek works in wood, textile, or wall painting have

Alexandros Papagos: …a new political party, the Greek Rally, which soon became the strongest political force in Greece. Enjoying wide popularity and modeling himself after Charles de Gaulle, Papagos led his party to a decisive victory in the elections of November 1952 and became premier. He died in office.

Greek religion, religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Hellenes. Greek religion is not the same as Greek mythology, which is concerned with traditional tales, though the two are closely interlinked. Curiously, for a people so religiously minded, the Greeks had no word for religion itself;

Greek Revival, architectural style, based on 5th-century-bc Greek temples, which spread throughout Europe and the United States during the first half of the 19th century. The main reasons for the style’s popularity seem to have been the general intellectual preoccupation with ancient Greek culture

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