Uranium enrichment has been in the headlines lately - but what does it mean exactly?
More links in description below ↓↓↓
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Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
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published:02 May 2015

views:531870

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope uranium-235 than found in natural uranium, which is mostly uranium-238. He outlines the key difficulty in separating the two isotope: They have nearly identical properties. He explains the two key methods for separation: Gas diffusion and centrifuges.

published:19 Jun 2012

views:852522

What IsEnriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found naturally in three different forms, all of which are radioactive. Find out about enriched uranium, which has a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium, with help from a science teacher in this free video on physical science. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/video_4756358_what-enriched-uranium.html

published:21 May 2015

views:2333

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

published:16 Feb 2017

views:11920

Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The source of the substance, which is typically used in nuclear fuel and bombs, is still unclear.
The mysterious substance “containing a very small amount of enriched uranium” was found at an altitude of 7km (4.3 miles) above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, according to a report issued by the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
Learn More:
https://www.rt.com/usa/418997-radioactive-uranium-particle-alaska/
Your Support of Independent Media Is Appreciated:
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published:16 Feb 2018

views:2292

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historically based on plutonium, but in 2010 the regime disclosed to visiting US scientists it was operating a uranium enrichment plant. A successful test with highly enriched uranium would alarm North Korea's adversaries as it is much easier to conceal work with uranium than with plutonium.VIDEOGRAPHIC

published:11 Feb 2013

views:58737

UraniumEnrichment from YellowCake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of UsedNuclear Fuel - Educational 3D Animated VideoEnriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
For more information and to request a FREE estimate, contact us today:
Website: http://www.imaker.ca
Email: info@imaker.ca
United StatesCall: +1-800-212-8840
InternationalClients: +1-604-675-6999

published:08 Jul 2016

views:3506

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please remember to take proper precautions when working with a radioactive heavy metal such as uranium and its salts. Gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask are necessary.
For processing, uranium ore is dissolved into hydrochloric acid, oxidized with bleach, precipitated with ammonia, filtered, leached with carbonate, filtered, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, precipitated with hydrogen peroxide, and filtered.
The uranium produced by this procedure could in no way be considered weapons-grade or enriched. The enrichment process requires millions of dollars in investment and is impossible for any entity short of a national government to produce. This uranium maintains the isotopic ratio found within the earth's crust and is actually less radioactive than the ore from which it was processed due to the absence of more radioactive decay products of uranium, such as radium, protactinium, and other unstable nuclei produced by the spontaneous fission of U238.
Though ore chemistry varies by locality, this process is generalized for any uranium on an acid-soluble matrix.
This process was inspired by and based off of: http://carlwillis.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/uranium-chemistry/

published:23 Dec 2010

views:99754

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.
The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered 235U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb),[3] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8") in diameter. The required material must be 85% or more of 235U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage,[4][5] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy
A piece of U-235 (uranium-235, a rare form of uranium) the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil.
http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/president-pranab-mukherjee-throws-open-mughal-gardens-to-the-public/

published:25 Mar 2016

views:16867

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blogspot.ie/2013/05/silex-process-top-secret-laser.htmlInformation of SILEX Systems' Laser Enrichment of Uranium projects is scarce, even online. But with some work more information will come to the surface.

During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridgealloy, after the location of the plants where the uranium was enriched. The term oralloy is still occasionally used to refer to enriched uranium. There are about 2,000 tonnes (t, Mg) of highly enriched uranium in the world, produced mostly for nuclear weapons, naval propulsion, and smaller quantities for research reactors.

Nuclear fuel cycle

The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages. It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel. If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is converted into mechanical energy via a heat engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy. Hydrocarbons and related oxygen-containing molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized.

How to enrich Uranium - Periodic Table of Videos

Uranium enrichment has been in the headlines lately - but what does it mean exactly?
More links in description below ↓↓↓
SupportPeriodic Videos on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/periodicvideos
A video on every element: http://bit.ly/118elements
More at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Follow us on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/periodicvideos
And on Twitter at http://twitter.com/periodicvideos
From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/NottChem
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: http://www.bradyharanblog.com
JoinBrady's mailing list for updates and extra stuff --- http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
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4:39

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope uranium-235 than found in natural uranium, which is mostly uranium-238. He outlines the key difficulty in separating the two isotope: They have nearly identical properties. He explains the two key methods for separation: Gas diffusion and centrifuges.

5:18

What Is Enriched Uranium?

What Is Enriched Uranium?

What Is Enriched Uranium?

What IsEnriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found naturally in three different forms, all of which are radioactive. Find out about enriched uranium, which has a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium, with help from a science teacher in this free video on physical science. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/video_4756358_what-enriched-uranium.html

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

2:43

Mysterious Enriched Uranium Particle Detected In Skies Over Alaska

Mysterious Enriched Uranium Particle Detected In Skies Over Alaska

Mysterious Enriched Uranium Particle Detected In Skies Over Alaska

Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The source of the substance, which is typically used in nuclear fuel and bombs, is still unclear.
The mysterious substance “containing a very small amount of enriched uranium” was found at an altitude of 7km (4.3 miles) above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, according to a report issued by the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
Learn More:
https://www.rt.com/usa/418997-radioactive-uranium-particle-alaska/
Your Support of Independent Media Is Appreciated:
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Get Free Crypto CoinsDaily, No strings Attached!
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1:24

Making a nuclear weapon

Making a nuclear weapon

Making a nuclear weapon

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historically based on plutonium, but in 2010 the regime disclosed to visiting US scientists it was operating a uranium enrichment plant. A successful test with highly enriched uranium would alarm North Korea's adversaries as it is much easier to conceal work with uranium than with plutonium.VIDEOGRAPHIC

1:50

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

UraniumEnrichment from YellowCake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of UsedNuclear Fuel - Educational 3D Animated VideoEnriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
For more information and to request a FREE estimate, contact us today:
Website: http://www.imaker.ca
Email: info@imaker.ca
United StatesCall: +1-800-212-8840
InternationalClients: +1-604-675-6999

6:43

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please remember to take proper precautions when working with a radioactive heavy metal such as uranium and its salts. Gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask are necessary.
For processing, uranium ore is dissolved into hydrochloric acid, oxidized with bleach, precipitated with ammonia, filtered, leached with carbonate, filtered, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, precipitated with hydrogen peroxide, and filtered.
The uranium produced by this procedure could in no way be considered weapons-grade or enriched. The enrichment process requires millions of dollars in investment and is impossible for any entity short of a national government to produce. This uranium maintains the isotopic ratio found within the earth's crust and is actually less radioactive than the ore from which it was processed due to the absence of more radioactive decay products of uranium, such as radium, protactinium, and other unstable nuclei produced by the spontaneous fission of U238.
Though ore chemistry varies by locality, this process is generalized for any uranium on an acid-soluble matrix.
This process was inspired by and based off of: http://carlwillis.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/uranium-chemistry/

1:47

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.
The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered 235U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb),[3] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8") in diameter. The required material must be 85% or more of 235U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage,[4][5] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy
A piece of U-235 (uranium-235, a rare form of uranium) the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil.
http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/president-pranab-mukherjee-throws-open-mughal-gardens-to-the-public/

6:59

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blogspot.ie/2013/05/silex-process-top-secret-laser.htmlInformation of SILEX Systems' Laser Enrichment of Uranium projects is scarce, even online. But with some work more information will come to the surface.

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning - ENRICHED URANIUM definition - ENRICHED URANIUM explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy, after the location of the plants where the uranium was enriched. The term oralloy is still occasionally used to refer to enriched uranium. There are about 2,000 tonnes (t, Mg) of highly enriched uranium in the world, produced mostly for nuclear weapons, naval propulsion, and smaller quantities for research reactors.
The 238U remaining after enrichment is known as depleted uranium (DU), and is considerably less radioactive than even natural uranium, though still very dense and extremely hazardous in granulated form – such granules are a natural by-product of the shearing action that makes it useful for armor-penetrating weapons and radiation shielding. At present, 95 percent of the world's stocks of depleted uranium remain in secure storage.

4:44

Natanz Enrichment Complex - Iran

Natanz Enrichment Complex - Iran

Natanz Enrichment Complex - Iran

For more information, visit the Nuclear Threat Initiative's NatanzEnrichmentComplex page: http://www.nti.org/facilities/170/
Media inquiries:
NTI: www.nti.org/newsroom
CNS: Jason Warburg (jwarburg@miis.edu, 831.647.3516)
CNS: Eva Gudbergsdottir (evag@miis.edu, 831.647.6606)
Natanz is Iran's primary enrichment facility and houses both the commercial Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP). The facility consists of three underground buildings, two of which are designed to hold fifty thousand centrifuges, and six buildings built aboveground. Two of the aboveground buildings are twin 2,500 meter halls used for gas centrifuge assembly. The nuclear material and enrichment equipment located at the FEP and PFEP are under IAEA safeguards.
FACILITY STATUS: Operational

1:30

How much highly enriched uranium (HEU) exists in the world?

How much highly enriched uranium (HEU) exists in the world?

How much highly enriched uranium (HEU) exists in the world?

Using BBs and a trash can, Dr. Richard Duda illustrates how countries all over the world store gigantic quantities of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that if stolen by terrorists could be turned in a nuclear weapon the size of a Hiroshima.

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
German physicists and members of the military conducted three nuclear weapons tests shortly before the end of World War II, one on the German island of Ruegen in the fall of 1944 and two in the eastern German state of Thuringia in March 1945. The tests, writes Karlsch, claimed up to 700 lives.
It was in January of 1939, nine months before the outbreak of the Second World War, that German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann published the results of an historic experiment about nuclear fission.
The German 'uranium project' began in earnest shortly after Germany's invasion of Poland in September.
Army physicist Kurt Diebner led a team tasked to investigate the military applications of fission. By the end of the year the physicist Werner Heisenberg had calculated that nuclear fission chain reactions might be possible.
Although the war hampered their work, by the fall of the Third Reich in 1945Nazi scientists had achieved a significant enrichment in samples of uranium.
Mark Walker, a US expert on the Nazi programme said: 'Because we still don't know about these projects, which remain cloaked in WW2 secrecy, it isn't safe to say the Nazis fell short of enriching enough uranium for a bomb. Some documents remain top secret to this day.
'Claims that a nuclear weapon was tested at Ruegen in October 1944 and again at Ohrdruf in March 1945 leave open a question, did they or didn't they?'
Ruegen is a Baltic island and Ohrdruf a top-secret bunker complex in Thuringia where local legend has it that an A-bomb was tested by the Nazis in the dying days of the war.
Nazi nuclear waste from Hitler's secret A-bomb programme found in mine
By Allan Hall UPDATED: 09:36, 13 July 2011
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material that Hitler planned to use in an atom bomb programme now lies rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine
German nuclear experts believe they have found nuclear waste from Hitler's secret atom bomb programme in a crumbling mine near Hanover.
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material lie rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine.
Rumour has it that the remains of nuclear scientists who worked on the Nazi programme are also there, their irradiated bodies burned in secret by S.S. men sworn to secrecy.
A statement by a boss of the Asse II nuclear fuel dump, just discovered in an archive, said how in 1967 'our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb.'
This has sent shock waves through historians who thought that the German atomic programme was nowhere near advanced enough in WW2 to have produced nuclear waste in any quantities.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014146/Nazi-nuclear-waste-Hitlers-secret-A-bomb-programme-mine.html

How to enrich Uranium - Periodic Table of Videos

Uranium enrichment has been in the headlines lately - but what does it mean exactly?
More links in description below ↓↓↓
SupportPeriodic Videos on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/periodicvideos
A video on every element: http://bit.ly/118elements
More at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Follow us on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/periodicvideos
And on Twitter at http://twitter.com/periodicvideos
From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/NottChem
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: http://www.bradyharanblog.com
JoinBrady's mailing list for updates and extra stuff --- http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metal...

published: 02 May 2015

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope uranium-235 than found in natural uranium, which is mostly uranium-238. He outlines the key difficulty in separating the two isotope: They have nearly identical properties. He explains the two key methods for separation: Gas diffusion and centrifuges.

published: 19 Jun 2012

What Is Enriched Uranium?

What IsEnriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found naturally in three different forms, all of which are radioactive. Find out about enriched uranium, which has a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium, with help from a science teacher in this free video on physical science. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/video_4756358_what-enriched-uranium.html

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous D...

published: 16 Feb 2017

Mysterious Enriched Uranium Particle Detected In Skies Over Alaska

Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The source of the substance, which is typically used in nuclear fuel and bombs, is still unclear.
The mysterious substance “containing a very small amount of enriched uranium” was found at an altitude of 7km (4.3 miles) above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, according to a report issued by the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
Learn More:
https://www.rt.com/usa/418997-radioactive-uranium-particle-alaska/
Your Support of Independent Media Is Appreciated:
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published: 16 Feb 2018

Making a nuclear weapon

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historically based on plutonium, but in 2010 the regime disclosed to visiting US scientists it was operating a uranium enrichment plant. A successful test with highly enriched uranium would alarm North Korea's adversaries as it is much easier to conceal work with uranium than with plutonium.VIDEOGRAPHIC

published: 11 Feb 2013

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

UraniumEnrichment from YellowCake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of UsedNuclear Fuel - Educational 3D Animated VideoEnriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons prolif...

published: 08 Jul 2016

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please remember to take proper precautions when working with a radioactive heavy metal such as uranium and its salts. Gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask are necessary.
For processing, uranium ore is dissolved into hydrochloric acid, oxidized with bleach, precipitated with ammonia, filtered, leached with carbonate, filtered, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, precipitated with hydrogen peroxide, and filtered.
The uranium produced by this procedure could in no way be considered weapons-grade or enriched. The enrichment process requires millions of dollars in investment and is impossible for any entity short of a national governmen...

published: 23 Dec 2010

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.
The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched...

published: 25 Mar 2016

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blogspot.ie/2013/05/silex-process-top-secret-laser.htmlInformation of SILEX Systems' Laser Enrichment of Uranium projects is scarce, even online. But with some work more information will come to the surface.

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of t...

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning - ENRICHED URANIUM definition - ENRICHED URANIUM explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched ur...

published: 22 Aug 2016

Natanz Enrichment Complex - Iran

For more information, visit the Nuclear Threat Initiative's NatanzEnrichmentComplex page: http://www.nti.org/facilities/170/
Media inquiries:
NTI: www.nti.org/newsroom
CNS: Jason Warburg (jwarburg@miis.edu, 831.647.3516)
CNS: Eva Gudbergsdottir (evag@miis.edu, 831.647.6606)
Natanz is Iran's primary enrichment facility and houses both the commercial Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP). The facility consists of three underground buildings, two of which are designed to hold fifty thousand centrifuges, and six buildings built aboveground. Two of the aboveground buildings are twin 2,500 meter halls used for gas centrifuge assembly. The nuclear material and enrichment equipment located at the FEP and PFEP are under IAEA safeguards.
FACILITY STATUS: Operat...

published: 25 Sep 2013

How much highly enriched uranium (HEU) exists in the world?

Using BBs and a trash can, Dr. Richard Duda illustrates how countries all over the world store gigantic quantities of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that if stolen by terrorists could be turned in a nuclear weapon the size of a Hiroshima.

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
Germa...

Uranium enrichment has been in the headlines lately - but what does it mean exactly?
More links in description below ↓↓↓
SupportPeriodic Videos on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/periodicvideos
A video on every element: http://bit.ly/118elements
More at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Follow us on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/periodicvideos
And on Twitter at http://twitter.com/periodicvideos
From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/NottChem
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: http://www.bradyharanblog.com
JoinBrady's mailing list for updates and extra stuff --- http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Uranium enrichment has been in the headlines lately - but what does it mean exactly?
More links in description below ↓↓↓
SupportPeriodic Videos on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/periodicvideos
A video on every element: http://bit.ly/118elements
More at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Follow us on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/periodicvideos
And on Twitter at http://twitter.com/periodicvideos
From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/NottChem
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: http://www.bradyharanblog.com
JoinBrady's mailing list for updates and extra stuff --- http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
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Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

published:02 May 2015

views:531870

back

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope...

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope uranium-235 than found in natural uranium, which is mostly uranium-238. He outlines the key difficulty in separating the two isotope: They have nearly identical properties. He explains the two key methods for separation: Gas diffusion and centrifuges.

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope uranium-235 than found in natural uranium, which is mostly uranium-238. He outlines the key difficulty in separating the two isotope: They have nearly identical properties. He explains the two key methods for separation: Gas diffusion and centrifuges.

What IsEnriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found naturally in three different forms, all of which are radioactive. Find out about enriched uranium, which has a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium, with help from a science teacher in this free video on physical science. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/video_4756358_what-enriched-uranium.html

What IsEnriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found naturally in three different forms, all of which are radioactive. Find out about enriched uranium, which has a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium, with help from a science teacher in this free video on physical science. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/video_4756358_what-enriched-uranium.html

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The source of the substance, which is typically used in nuclear fuel and bombs, is still unclear.
The mysterious substance “containing a very small amount of enriched uranium” was found at an altitude of 7km (4.3 miles) above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, according to a report issued by the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
Learn More:
https://www.rt.com/usa/418997-radioactive-uranium-particle-alaska/
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Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The source of the substance, which is typically used in nuclear fuel and bombs, is still unclear.
The mysterious substance “containing a very small amount of enriched uranium” was found at an altitude of 7km (4.3 miles) above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, according to a report issued by the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
Learn More:
https://www.rt.com/usa/418997-radioactive-uranium-particle-alaska/
Your Support of Independent Media Is Appreciated:
Bitcoin Address- 1PxukfsHv13DbTPMwbRrXQ6wqsKQmgwQqD
Ether- 0x6cf70890e7188dac057cb0284de0f9104ed07a52
Lite Coin - Lhiaz85TyiNmCGDMaQ8DGRGETXfAvYDkTG
https://www.paypal.me/dahboo7
CryptoKings Telegram- https://t.me/CryptoKings7
Get Free Crypto CoinsDaily, No strings Attached!
https://qoinpro.com/8620aa802b989cb4fbd962c0aecf284c
Official Gear- https://teespring.com/stores/dahboo7
www.undergroundworldnews.com
https://www.minds.com/DAHBOO7
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Making a nuclear weapon

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historical...

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historically based on plutonium, but in 2010 the regime disclosed to visiting US scientists it was operating a uranium enrichment plant. A successful test with highly enriched uranium would alarm North Korea's adversaries as it is much easier to conceal work with uranium than with plutonium.VIDEOGRAPHIC

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historically based on plutonium, but in 2010 the regime disclosed to visiting US scientists it was operating a uranium enrichment plant. A successful test with highly enriched uranium would alarm North Korea's adversaries as it is much easier to conceal work with uranium than with plutonium.VIDEOGRAPHIC

published:11 Feb 2013

views:58737

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Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

UraniumEnrichment from YellowCake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of UsedNuclear Fuel - Educational 3D Animated VideoEnriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
For more information and to request a FREE estimate, contact us today:
Website: http://www.imaker.ca
Email: info@imaker.ca
United StatesCall: +1-800-212-8840
InternationalClients: +1-604-675-6999

UraniumEnrichment from YellowCake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of UsedNuclear Fuel - Educational 3D Animated VideoEnriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
For more information and to request a FREE estimate, contact us today:
Website: http://www.imaker.ca
Email: info@imaker.ca
United StatesCall: +1-800-212-8840
InternationalClients: +1-604-675-6999

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please re...

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please remember to take proper precautions when working with a radioactive heavy metal such as uranium and its salts. Gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask are necessary.
For processing, uranium ore is dissolved into hydrochloric acid, oxidized with bleach, precipitated with ammonia, filtered, leached with carbonate, filtered, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, precipitated with hydrogen peroxide, and filtered.
The uranium produced by this procedure could in no way be considered weapons-grade or enriched. The enrichment process requires millions of dollars in investment and is impossible for any entity short of a national government to produce. This uranium maintains the isotopic ratio found within the earth's crust and is actually less radioactive than the ore from which it was processed due to the absence of more radioactive decay products of uranium, such as radium, protactinium, and other unstable nuclei produced by the spontaneous fission of U238.
Though ore chemistry varies by locality, this process is generalized for any uranium on an acid-soluble matrix.
This process was inspired by and based off of: http://carlwillis.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/uranium-chemistry/

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please remember to take proper precautions when working with a radioactive heavy metal such as uranium and its salts. Gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask are necessary.
For processing, uranium ore is dissolved into hydrochloric acid, oxidized with bleach, precipitated with ammonia, filtered, leached with carbonate, filtered, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, precipitated with hydrogen peroxide, and filtered.
The uranium produced by this procedure could in no way be considered weapons-grade or enriched. The enrichment process requires millions of dollars in investment and is impossible for any entity short of a national government to produce. This uranium maintains the isotopic ratio found within the earth's crust and is actually less radioactive than the ore from which it was processed due to the absence of more radioactive decay products of uranium, such as radium, protactinium, and other unstable nuclei produced by the spontaneous fission of U238.
Though ore chemistry varies by locality, this process is generalized for any uranium on an acid-soluble matrix.
This process was inspired by and based off of: http://carlwillis.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/uranium-chemistry/

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.
The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered 235U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb),[3] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8") in diameter. The required material must be 85% or more of 235U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage,[4][5] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy
A piece of U-235 (uranium-235, a rare form of uranium) the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil.
http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/president-pranab-mukherjee-throws-open-mughal-gardens-to-the-public/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.
The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered 235U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb),[3] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8") in diameter. The required material must be 85% or more of 235U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage,[4][5] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy
A piece of U-235 (uranium-235, a rare form of uranium) the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil.
http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/president-pranab-mukherjee-throws-open-mughal-gardens-to-the-public/

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blo...

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blogspot.ie/2013/05/silex-process-top-secret-laser.htmlInformation of SILEX Systems' Laser Enrichment of Uranium projects is scarce, even online. But with some work more information will come to the surface.

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blogspot.ie/2013/05/silex-process-top-secret-laser.htmlInformation of SILEX Systems' Laser Enrichment of Uranium projects is scarce, even online. But with some work more information will come to the surface.

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning - ENRICHED URANIUM definition - ENRICHED URANIUM explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy, after the location of the plants where the uranium was enriched. The term oralloy is still occasionally used to refer to enriched uranium. There are about 2,000 tonnes (t, Mg) of highly enriched uranium in the world, produced mostly for nuclear weapons, naval propulsion, and smaller quantities for research reactors.
The 238U remaining after enrichment is known as depleted uranium (DU), and is considerably less radioactive than even natural uranium, though still very dense and extremely hazardous in granulated form – such granules are a natural by-product of the shearing action that makes it useful for armor-penetrating weapons and radiation shielding. At present, 95 percent of the world's stocks of depleted uranium remain in secure storage.

What is ENRICHED URANIUM? What does ENRICHED URANIUM mean? ENRICHED URANIUM meaning - ENRICHED URANIUM definition - ENRICHED URANIUM explanation.
Source: Wikipedia.org article, adapted under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ license.
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
During the Manhattan Project enriched uranium was given the codename oralloy, a shortened version of Oak Ridge alloy, after the location of the plants where the uranium was enriched. The term oralloy is still occasionally used to refer to enriched uranium. There are about 2,000 tonnes (t, Mg) of highly enriched uranium in the world, produced mostly for nuclear weapons, naval propulsion, and smaller quantities for research reactors.
The 238U remaining after enrichment is known as depleted uranium (DU), and is considerably less radioactive than even natural uranium, though still very dense and extremely hazardous in granulated form – such granules are a natural by-product of the shearing action that makes it useful for armor-penetrating weapons and radiation shielding. At present, 95 percent of the world's stocks of depleted uranium remain in secure storage.

For more information, visit the Nuclear Threat Initiative's NatanzEnrichmentComplex page: http://www.nti.org/facilities/170/
Media inquiries:
NTI: www.nti.org/newsroom
CNS: Jason Warburg (jwarburg@miis.edu, 831.647.3516)
CNS: Eva Gudbergsdottir (evag@miis.edu, 831.647.6606)
Natanz is Iran's primary enrichment facility and houses both the commercial Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP). The facility consists of three underground buildings, two of which are designed to hold fifty thousand centrifuges, and six buildings built aboveground. Two of the aboveground buildings are twin 2,500 meter halls used for gas centrifuge assembly. The nuclear material and enrichment equipment located at the FEP and PFEP are under IAEA safeguards.
FACILITY STATUS: Operational

For more information, visit the Nuclear Threat Initiative's NatanzEnrichmentComplex page: http://www.nti.org/facilities/170/
Media inquiries:
NTI: www.nti.org/newsroom
CNS: Jason Warburg (jwarburg@miis.edu, 831.647.3516)
CNS: Eva Gudbergsdottir (evag@miis.edu, 831.647.6606)
Natanz is Iran's primary enrichment facility and houses both the commercial Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP). The facility consists of three underground buildings, two of which are designed to hold fifty thousand centrifuges, and six buildings built aboveground. Two of the aboveground buildings are twin 2,500 meter halls used for gas centrifuge assembly. The nuclear material and enrichment equipment located at the FEP and PFEP are under IAEA safeguards.
FACILITY STATUS: Operational

How much highly enriched uranium (HEU) exists in the world?

Using BBs and a trash can, Dr. Richard Duda illustrates how countries all over the world store gigantic quantities of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that if stol...

Using BBs and a trash can, Dr. Richard Duda illustrates how countries all over the world store gigantic quantities of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that if stolen by terrorists could be turned in a nuclear weapon the size of a Hiroshima.

Using BBs and a trash can, Dr. Richard Duda illustrates how countries all over the world store gigantic quantities of highly enriched uranium (HEU) that if stolen by terrorists could be turned in a nuclear weapon the size of a Hiroshima.

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
German physicists and members of the military conducted three nuclear weapons tests shortly before the end of World War II, one on the German island of Ruegen in the fall of 1944 and two in the eastern German state of Thuringia in March 1945. The tests, writes Karlsch, claimed up to 700 lives.
It was in January of 1939, nine months before the outbreak of the Second World War, that German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann published the results of an historic experiment about nuclear fission.
The German 'uranium project' began in earnest shortly after Germany's invasion of Poland in September.
Army physicist Kurt Diebner led a team tasked to investigate the military applications of fission. By the end of the year the physicist Werner Heisenberg had calculated that nuclear fission chain reactions might be possible.
Although the war hampered their work, by the fall of the Third Reich in 1945Nazi scientists had achieved a significant enrichment in samples of uranium.
Mark Walker, a US expert on the Nazi programme said: 'Because we still don't know about these projects, which remain cloaked in WW2 secrecy, it isn't safe to say the Nazis fell short of enriching enough uranium for a bomb. Some documents remain top secret to this day.
'Claims that a nuclear weapon was tested at Ruegen in October 1944 and again at Ohrdruf in March 1945 leave open a question, did they or didn't they?'
Ruegen is a Baltic island and Ohrdruf a top-secret bunker complex in Thuringia where local legend has it that an A-bomb was tested by the Nazis in the dying days of the war.
Nazi nuclear waste from Hitler's secret A-bomb programme found in mine
By Allan Hall UPDATED: 09:36, 13 July 2011
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material that Hitler planned to use in an atom bomb programme now lies rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine
German nuclear experts believe they have found nuclear waste from Hitler's secret atom bomb programme in a crumbling mine near Hanover.
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material lie rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine.
Rumour has it that the remains of nuclear scientists who worked on the Nazi programme are also there, their irradiated bodies burned in secret by S.S. men sworn to secrecy.
A statement by a boss of the Asse II nuclear fuel dump, just discovered in an archive, said how in 1967 'our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb.'
This has sent shock waves through historians who thought that the German atomic programme was nowhere near advanced enough in WW2 to have produced nuclear waste in any quantities.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014146/Nazi-nuclear-waste-Hitlers-secret-A-bomb-programme-mine.html

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
German physicists and members of the military conducted three nuclear weapons tests shortly before the end of World War II, one on the German island of Ruegen in the fall of 1944 and two in the eastern German state of Thuringia in March 1945. The tests, writes Karlsch, claimed up to 700 lives.
It was in January of 1939, nine months before the outbreak of the Second World War, that German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann published the results of an historic experiment about nuclear fission.
The German 'uranium project' began in earnest shortly after Germany's invasion of Poland in September.
Army physicist Kurt Diebner led a team tasked to investigate the military applications of fission. By the end of the year the physicist Werner Heisenberg had calculated that nuclear fission chain reactions might be possible.
Although the war hampered their work, by the fall of the Third Reich in 1945Nazi scientists had achieved a significant enrichment in samples of uranium.
Mark Walker, a US expert on the Nazi programme said: 'Because we still don't know about these projects, which remain cloaked in WW2 secrecy, it isn't safe to say the Nazis fell short of enriching enough uranium for a bomb. Some documents remain top secret to this day.
'Claims that a nuclear weapon was tested at Ruegen in October 1944 and again at Ohrdruf in March 1945 leave open a question, did they or didn't they?'
Ruegen is a Baltic island and Ohrdruf a top-secret bunker complex in Thuringia where local legend has it that an A-bomb was tested by the Nazis in the dying days of the war.
Nazi nuclear waste from Hitler's secret A-bomb programme found in mine
By Allan Hall UPDATED: 09:36, 13 July 2011
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material that Hitler planned to use in an atom bomb programme now lies rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine
German nuclear experts believe they have found nuclear waste from Hitler's secret atom bomb programme in a crumbling mine near Hanover.
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material lie rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine.
Rumour has it that the remains of nuclear scientists who worked on the Nazi programme are also there, their irradiated bodies burned in secret by S.S. men sworn to secrecy.
A statement by a boss of the Asse II nuclear fuel dump, just discovered in an archive, said how in 1967 'our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb.'
This has sent shock waves through historians who thought that the German atomic programme was nowhere near advanced enough in WW2 to have produced nuclear waste in any quantities.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014146/Nazi-nuclear-waste-Hitlers-secret-A-bomb-programme-mine.html

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous D...

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
Germa...

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of t...

India's Nuclear Riddle - People & Power

People and Power investigates whether India is about to escalate its nuclear arms race with rivals Pakistan and China.
- Subscribe to our channel: http://aje.io/AJSubscribe
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- Check our website: http://www.aljazeera.com/

published: 01 Sep 2016

Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation.Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight.235U is the only nuclide existing in nature that is fissile with thermal neutrons.Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
About the author(s): Fastfission
License: Public domainAuthor(s): Fastfission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fastfission~commonswiki)
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Arti...

This video is a raw rundown, where we learn the korean war has never reached a peace treaty.
Also that the US armed the korean peninsula illegally against the armistice agreement.
In addition simultaneously we taught the world how to enrich uranium while exporting 30 tons of highly enriched uranium to 30 countries the same year.
How did NK obtain Uranium?

Port Hope: Cameco's plans to import enriched uranium

At a public meeting in Port Hope, Ontario, on July 16 2004, Gordon Edwards addressed local townspeople about the implications of handling enriched uranium instead of natural, unenriched uranium, at Cameco's uranium conversion facility located just one block from the downtown Port Hope, on a site adjacent to Lake Ontario, the Kamaraska River, and the town's harbour and marina. Public opposition to this plan grew to such an extent that Cameco was forced to abandon its proposal to import enriched uranium.

published: 17 Oct 2015

Documentary Uranium And The Origins Of Nuclear BBC Documentary National Geographic D

Factorio - The Manhattan Project
In this series, we will explore the wild and wonderful world of nuclear power. We will first construct a "mini" starter base, where we will set up basic science research (red and green).
Next, we will use the starter base to launch a "middle-base" in the second phase of the series. In this next-level base, we will improve our science research, and fully automate all of the necessary components required for founding the final megabase. Using the final megabase, we will scale up production as much as possible, with a focus on nuclear power and rockets.
This series has a focus on scaling up and then scaling up some more. The map settings were chosen with this in mind. All resource deposits are at the maximum size, richness, and frequency. Pollution is off,...

Thorium 2017

Thorium is an abundant material currently disposed of as waste. It is found in coal ash piles and mine tailings. A single Rare Earths mine could produce enough Thorium byproduct to power the entire planet.
To do so requires a very different nuclear reactor than the kinds we use today. Not one that uses solid fuel rods, but a reactor in which the fuel is kept in a liquid state. Not one that uses pressurized water as a coolant, but a reactor that uses extremely stable molten salts.
The full description of one such reactor is: 2-Fluid, Thermal-Spectrum, Molten-Salt Breeder Reactor equipped with a chemical fuel salt treatment module. Such a reactor was conceived of decades ago, as documented in the book "FluidFuel Reactors" [1958].
Or, simply "LFTR" (Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor) as pro...

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
German physicists and members of the military conducted three nuclear weapons tests shortly before the end of World War II, one on the German island of Ruegen in the fall of 1944 and two in the eastern German state of Thuringia in March 1945. The tests, writes Karlsch, claimed up to 700 lives.
It was in January of 1939, nine months before the outbreak of the Second World War, that German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann published the results of an historic experiment about nuclear fission.
The German 'uranium project' began in earnest shortly after Germany's invasion of Poland in September.
Army physicist Kurt Diebner led a team tasked to investigate the military applications of fission. By the end of the year the physicist Werner Heisenberg had calculated that nuclear fission chain reactions might be possible.
Although the war hampered their work, by the fall of the Third Reich in 1945Nazi scientists had achieved a significant enrichment in samples of uranium.
Mark Walker, a US expert on the Nazi programme said: 'Because we still don't know about these projects, which remain cloaked in WW2 secrecy, it isn't safe to say the Nazis fell short of enriching enough uranium for a bomb. Some documents remain top secret to this day.
'Claims that a nuclear weapon was tested at Ruegen in October 1944 and again at Ohrdruf in March 1945 leave open a question, did they or didn't they?'
Ruegen is a Baltic island and Ohrdruf a top-secret bunker complex in Thuringia where local legend has it that an A-bomb was tested by the Nazis in the dying days of the war.
Nazi nuclear waste from Hitler's secret A-bomb programme found in mine
By Allan Hall UPDATED: 09:36, 13 July 2011
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material that Hitler planned to use in an atom bomb programme now lies rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine
German nuclear experts believe they have found nuclear waste from Hitler's secret atom bomb programme in a crumbling mine near Hanover.
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material lie rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine.
Rumour has it that the remains of nuclear scientists who worked on the Nazi programme are also there, their irradiated bodies burned in secret by S.S. men sworn to secrecy.
A statement by a boss of the Asse II nuclear fuel dump, just discovered in an archive, said how in 1967 'our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb.'
This has sent shock waves through historians who thought that the German atomic programme was nowhere near advanced enough in WW2 to have produced nuclear waste in any quantities.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014146/Nazi-nuclear-waste-Hitlers-secret-A-bomb-programme-mine.html

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
German physicists and members of the military conducted three nuclear weapons tests shortly before the end of World War II, one on the German island of Ruegen in the fall of 1944 and two in the eastern German state of Thuringia in March 1945. The tests, writes Karlsch, claimed up to 700 lives.
It was in January of 1939, nine months before the outbreak of the Second World War, that German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann published the results of an historic experiment about nuclear fission.
The German 'uranium project' began in earnest shortly after Germany's invasion of Poland in September.
Army physicist Kurt Diebner led a team tasked to investigate the military applications of fission. By the end of the year the physicist Werner Heisenberg had calculated that nuclear fission chain reactions might be possible.
Although the war hampered their work, by the fall of the Third Reich in 1945Nazi scientists had achieved a significant enrichment in samples of uranium.
Mark Walker, a US expert on the Nazi programme said: 'Because we still don't know about these projects, which remain cloaked in WW2 secrecy, it isn't safe to say the Nazis fell short of enriching enough uranium for a bomb. Some documents remain top secret to this day.
'Claims that a nuclear weapon was tested at Ruegen in October 1944 and again at Ohrdruf in March 1945 leave open a question, did they or didn't they?'
Ruegen is a Baltic island and Ohrdruf a top-secret bunker complex in Thuringia where local legend has it that an A-bomb was tested by the Nazis in the dying days of the war.
Nazi nuclear waste from Hitler's secret A-bomb programme found in mine
By Allan Hall UPDATED: 09:36, 13 July 2011
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material that Hitler planned to use in an atom bomb programme now lies rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine
German nuclear experts believe they have found nuclear waste from Hitler's secret atom bomb programme in a crumbling mine near Hanover.
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material lie rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine.
Rumour has it that the remains of nuclear scientists who worked on the Nazi programme are also there, their irradiated bodies burned in secret by S.S. men sworn to secrecy.
A statement by a boss of the Asse II nuclear fuel dump, just discovered in an archive, said how in 1967 'our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb.'
This has sent shock waves through historians who thought that the German atomic programme was nowhere near advanced enough in WW2 to have produced nuclear waste in any quantities.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014146/Nazi-nuclear-waste-Hitlers-secret-A-bomb-programme-mine.html

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

Check out also BBC Horizon's 1992 documentary Hitler's Bombhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt2373189/
Critical MassThe Real Story Of The Birth Of The Atomic Bomb And The Nuclear Age
by Carter P. Hydrick, 1998ISBN: 0975985310
Crates being loaded onto the submarine were marked U-235WolfgangHirschfeld reportedly watched the loading into the boat's cylindrical mine shafts of about 50 lead cubes with nine inch (230 mm) sides, with "U-235" painted on each.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-234#Cargo
09:20 - mentions some of the cargo - military blueprints and crated ME-262 jet fighter
16:50 Plutonium gets a mention
42:00 - Later in the documentary the cargo is on the manifest as 560kg (half a ton) of Uranium Oxide
So which was it? Uranium Oxide (mixed U-238 & U-235) or U-235?
The traditional history of the atomic bomb accepts as an unimportant footnote the arrival of U-234 on United States shores, and admits the U-boat carried uranium oxide.
The traditional history denies, however, that the uranium on board U-234 was enriched and therefore easily usable in an atomic bomb. The accepted history asserts there is no evidence that the uranium stocks of U-234 were transferred into the Manhattan Project, although recent suggestions have hinted that this may have occurred. And the traditional history asserts that the bomb components on board U-234 arrived too late to be included in the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan. The documentation indicates quite differently on all accounts.
Before U-234 had landed at Portsmouth - before it even left Europe - United States and British intelligence knew U-234 was on a mission to Japan and that it carried important passengers and cargo.iv A portion of the cargo, especially, was of a singular nature. According to U-234's chief radio operator, Wolfgang Hirschfeld, who witnessed the loading of the U-boat: 'At the time I didn't see how many containers there were, but the Loading Manifest showed ten. Each case was a cube, possibly steel and lead, nine inches along each side and enormously heavy. Once the inscription U235 had been painted on the wrapping of a package, it would then be carried over to the knot of crewmen under the supervision of Sub-Lt Pfaff and the boatswain, Peter Scholch, and stowed in one of the six vertical mineshafts.'
Hirschfeld's straightforward account of the uranium being "highly radioactive" - he later witnessed the storage tubes being tested with Geiger counters,vi - and labeled "U235" provides profoundly important information about this cargo. U235 is the scientific designation of enriched uranium - the type of uranium required to fuel an atomic bomb. On the second page of U-234's cargo manifest, halfway down the page, was the entry "10 cases, 560 kilograms, uranium oxide."
Whoever first read the entry and understood the frightening capabilities and potential purpose of uranium must have been stunned by the entry.
The identification that the uranium was stowed in gold-lined cylinders and that it would become "sensitive and dangerous" when unpacked provides clear substantiation of radio officer Hirschfeld's assertion that the uranium was labeled with the title U235. Uranium that has had its proportion of the isotope U235 increased compared to the more common isotope of uranium, U238, is known as enriched uranium. When that enrichment becomes 70 percent or above, it is bomb-grade uranium. The process of enriching uranium during the war was highly technical and very expensive - it still is.
Upon first reading that the uranium on board U-234 was stored in gold-lined cylinders, this author tracked down Clarence Larsen, former director of the leading uranium enrichment process at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities were housed. In a telephone conversation, I asked Mr. Larsen what, if anything, would be the purpose of shipping uranium in gold-lined containers.
Mr. Larsen remembered that the Oak Ridge program used gold trays when working with enriched uranium. He explained that, because uranium enrichment was a very costly process, enriched uranium needed to be protected jealously, but because it is very corrosive, it is easily invaded by any but the most stable materials, and would then become contaminated. To prevent the loss to contamination of the invaluable enriched uranium, gold was used. Gold is one of the most stable substances on earth. While expensive, Mr. Larsen explained, the cost of gold was a drop in the bucket compared to the value of enriched uranium. Would raw uranium, rather than enriched uranium, be stored in gold containers, I asked? Not likely, Mr. Larsen responded. The value of raw uranium is, and was at the time, inconsequential compared to the cost of gold.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/atomicbomb/chap01.htm

Check out also BBC Horizon's 1992 documentary Hitler's Bombhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt2373189/
Critical MassThe Real Story Of The Birth Of The Atomic Bomb And The Nuclear Age
by Carter P. Hydrick, 1998ISBN: 0975985310
Crates being loaded onto the submarine were marked U-235WolfgangHirschfeld reportedly watched the loading into the boat's cylindrical mine shafts of about 50 lead cubes with nine inch (230 mm) sides, with "U-235" painted on each.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-234#Cargo
09:20 - mentions some of the cargo - military blueprints and crated ME-262 jet fighter
16:50 Plutonium gets a mention
42:00 - Later in the documentary the cargo is on the manifest as 560kg (half a ton) of Uranium Oxide
So which was it? Uranium Oxide (mixed U-238 & U-235) or U-235?
The traditional history of the atomic bomb accepts as an unimportant footnote the arrival of U-234 on United States shores, and admits the U-boat carried uranium oxide.
The traditional history denies, however, that the uranium on board U-234 was enriched and therefore easily usable in an atomic bomb. The accepted history asserts there is no evidence that the uranium stocks of U-234 were transferred into the Manhattan Project, although recent suggestions have hinted that this may have occurred. And the traditional history asserts that the bomb components on board U-234 arrived too late to be included in the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan. The documentation indicates quite differently on all accounts.
Before U-234 had landed at Portsmouth - before it even left Europe - United States and British intelligence knew U-234 was on a mission to Japan and that it carried important passengers and cargo.iv A portion of the cargo, especially, was of a singular nature. According to U-234's chief radio operator, Wolfgang Hirschfeld, who witnessed the loading of the U-boat: 'At the time I didn't see how many containers there were, but the Loading Manifest showed ten. Each case was a cube, possibly steel and lead, nine inches along each side and enormously heavy. Once the inscription U235 had been painted on the wrapping of a package, it would then be carried over to the knot of crewmen under the supervision of Sub-Lt Pfaff and the boatswain, Peter Scholch, and stowed in one of the six vertical mineshafts.'
Hirschfeld's straightforward account of the uranium being "highly radioactive" - he later witnessed the storage tubes being tested with Geiger counters,vi - and labeled "U235" provides profoundly important information about this cargo. U235 is the scientific designation of enriched uranium - the type of uranium required to fuel an atomic bomb. On the second page of U-234's cargo manifest, halfway down the page, was the entry "10 cases, 560 kilograms, uranium oxide."
Whoever first read the entry and understood the frightening capabilities and potential purpose of uranium must have been stunned by the entry.
The identification that the uranium was stowed in gold-lined cylinders and that it would become "sensitive and dangerous" when unpacked provides clear substantiation of radio officer Hirschfeld's assertion that the uranium was labeled with the title U235. Uranium that has had its proportion of the isotope U235 increased compared to the more common isotope of uranium, U238, is known as enriched uranium. When that enrichment becomes 70 percent or above, it is bomb-grade uranium. The process of enriching uranium during the war was highly technical and very expensive - it still is.
Upon first reading that the uranium on board U-234 was stored in gold-lined cylinders, this author tracked down Clarence Larsen, former director of the leading uranium enrichment process at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities were housed. In a telephone conversation, I asked Mr. Larsen what, if anything, would be the purpose of shipping uranium in gold-lined containers.
Mr. Larsen remembered that the Oak Ridge program used gold trays when working with enriched uranium. He explained that, because uranium enrichment was a very costly process, enriched uranium needed to be protected jealously, but because it is very corrosive, it is easily invaded by any but the most stable materials, and would then become contaminated. To prevent the loss to contamination of the invaluable enriched uranium, gold was used. Gold is one of the most stable substances on earth. While expensive, Mr. Larsen explained, the cost of gold was a drop in the bucket compared to the value of enriched uranium. Would raw uranium, rather than enriched uranium, be stored in gold containers, I asked? Not likely, Mr. Larsen responded. The value of raw uranium is, and was at the time, inconsequential compared to the cost of gold.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/atomicbomb/chap01.htm

published:07 Jul 2013

views:60736

back

Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the US Atomic Bomb

Critical Mass
How Nazi GermanySurrenderedEnriched Uranium for the United StatesAtomic Bomb
Dr. DelmarBergen, retired director of the Nuclear WeaponsProgram at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the world’s first atom bombs were designed, has gone on record stating the Manhattan Project, counter to what has been believed for the past 70 years, did not alone create the first nuclear weapons dropped on Japan to end World War Two. United States forces received enriched uranium surrendered from Nazi Germany to help make the bombs, according to Dr. Bergen.
“It is my view as a physicist…, that the effort the Germans put into preparing and shipping the 560 kilograms of uranium oxide surrendered on board the German submarine U-234, shows it was enriched in the isotope U235. In other words, it was enriched to create a nuclear weapon,” said Bergen. “This runs counter to the traditional history of these events but I am confident in my conclusion…. My belief is that the German scientists associated with this cache believed the amount of U235 carried by U-234 was sufficient to create a nuclear bomb.”
The assertion comes on the heels of an historical conflict broiling in Germany where, in July 2011, 126,000 barrels of spent uranium from the Nazi atomic bomb program was reported to have been discovered (see: Daily Mail Online 13 July, 2011).
“Our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb,” reports a 1967 document from Germany’s ASSE II nuclear waste dump. The 126,000-barrel total would be well over 300,000 tons, a massive volume of uranium waste.
Historians have contested the claim of the document on Nazi spent uranium based on the assertion the Nazis never successfully enriched uranium. Their evidence has been the total lack of any spent uranium stores that would certainly exist if uranium had been enriched; and the argument the Germans never had a uranium enrichment production plant to begin with. The find of over 300,000 tons hidden in “crumbling” mines outside Hamburg, if true, eliminates one leg of their argument.
Anthony N. Stranges, a history of science professor at Texas A&M University, is a proponent for considering the new evidence and adjusting the history as appropriate when evidence proves valid.
Stranges says researcher Carter Hydrick has been waiting 15 years for the uranium waste to be found. A decade-and-a-half ago Hydrick, in his book Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States’ Atomic Bomb, predicted the store of uranium existed. His confidence was based not only on his assessment, with the help of Dr. Bergen and other physicists, of the evidence relating to the uranium surrendered on U-234 but on facts he discovered about an alleged “synthetic rubber plant” at Auschwitz that devoured more electricity than the city of Berlin but never produced any synthetic rubber.
“The electrical consumption (at the Auschwitz plant)… was preposterously high for making buna,” the synthetic rubber in question, according to Dr. Bergen. “The power expenditure was in line, however, with uranium enrichment requirements of an atomic weapon, based on my personal knowledge of its U.S. counterpart,” Bergen said.
The discovery of a Nazi uranium enrichment plant would eliminate the remaining argument against the Germans having a well-developed atomic bomb program, and add verification to Dr. Bergen’s conclusion the surrendered uranium was enriched.

Critical Mass
How Nazi GermanySurrenderedEnriched Uranium for the United StatesAtomic Bomb
Dr. DelmarBergen, retired director of the Nuclear WeaponsProgram at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the world’s first atom bombs were designed, has gone on record stating the Manhattan Project, counter to what has been believed for the past 70 years, did not alone create the first nuclear weapons dropped on Japan to end World War Two. United States forces received enriched uranium surrendered from Nazi Germany to help make the bombs, according to Dr. Bergen.
“It is my view as a physicist…, that the effort the Germans put into preparing and shipping the 560 kilograms of uranium oxide surrendered on board the German submarine U-234, shows it was enriched in the isotope U235. In other words, it was enriched to create a nuclear weapon,” said Bergen. “This runs counter to the traditional history of these events but I am confident in my conclusion…. My belief is that the German scientists associated with this cache believed the amount of U235 carried by U-234 was sufficient to create a nuclear bomb.”
The assertion comes on the heels of an historical conflict broiling in Germany where, in July 2011, 126,000 barrels of spent uranium from the Nazi atomic bomb program was reported to have been discovered (see: Daily Mail Online 13 July, 2011).
“Our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb,” reports a 1967 document from Germany’s ASSE II nuclear waste dump. The 126,000-barrel total would be well over 300,000 tons, a massive volume of uranium waste.
Historians have contested the claim of the document on Nazi spent uranium based on the assertion the Nazis never successfully enriched uranium. Their evidence has been the total lack of any spent uranium stores that would certainly exist if uranium had been enriched; and the argument the Germans never had a uranium enrichment production plant to begin with. The find of over 300,000 tons hidden in “crumbling” mines outside Hamburg, if true, eliminates one leg of their argument.
Anthony N. Stranges, a history of science professor at Texas A&M University, is a proponent for considering the new evidence and adjusting the history as appropriate when evidence proves valid.
Stranges says researcher Carter Hydrick has been waiting 15 years for the uranium waste to be found. A decade-and-a-half ago Hydrick, in his book Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States’ Atomic Bomb, predicted the store of uranium existed. His confidence was based not only on his assessment, with the help of Dr. Bergen and other physicists, of the evidence relating to the uranium surrendered on U-234 but on facts he discovered about an alleged “synthetic rubber plant” at Auschwitz that devoured more electricity than the city of Berlin but never produced any synthetic rubber.
“The electrical consumption (at the Auschwitz plant)… was preposterously high for making buna,” the synthetic rubber in question, according to Dr. Bergen. “The power expenditure was in line, however, with uranium enrichment requirements of an atomic weapon, based on my personal knowledge of its U.S. counterpart,” Bergen said.
The discovery of a Nazi uranium enrichment plant would eliminate the remaining argument against the Germans having a well-developed atomic bomb program, and add verification to Dr. Bergen’s conclusion the surrendered uranium was enriched.

People and Power investigates whether India is about to escalate its nuclear arms race with rivals Pakistan and China.
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People and Power investigates whether India is about to escalate its nuclear arms race with rivals Pakistan and China.
- Subscribe to our channel: http://aje.io/AJSubscribe
- Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/AJEnglish
- Find us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/aljazeera
- Check our website: http://www.aljazeera.com/

Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation.Natural urani...

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation.Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight.235U is the only nuclide existing in nature that is fissile with thermal neutrons.Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
About the author(s): Fastfission
License: Public domainAuthor(s): Fastfission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fastfission~commonswiki)
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Article available under a Creative Commons licenseImage source in video

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation.Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight.235U is the only nuclide existing in nature that is fissile with thermal neutrons.Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
About the author(s): Fastfission
License: Public domainAuthor(s): Fastfission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fastfission~commonswiki)
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Article available under a Creative Commons licenseImage source in video

This video is a raw rundown, where we learn the korean war has never reached a peace treaty.
Also that the US armed the korean peninsula illegally against the a...

This video is a raw rundown, where we learn the korean war has never reached a peace treaty.
Also that the US armed the korean peninsula illegally against the armistice agreement.
In addition simultaneously we taught the world how to enrich uranium while exporting 30 tons of highly enriched uranium to 30 countries the same year.
How did NK obtain Uranium?

This video is a raw rundown, where we learn the korean war has never reached a peace treaty.
Also that the US armed the korean peninsula illegally against the armistice agreement.
In addition simultaneously we taught the world how to enrich uranium while exporting 30 tons of highly enriched uranium to 30 countries the same year.
How did NK obtain Uranium?

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
The FuelManufacturing Plant (FMP) is the primary center for nuclear fuel production in Iran. On 9 April 2009, PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad محمود احمدي نژاد officially inaugurated the FMP, although the IAEA reported that the plant had been making fuel prior to Iran's formal declaration.
The FMP produces natural uranium fuel rods for the IR-40 research reactor at Arak, and could potentially manufacture fuel for the low enriched uranium-fueled Bushehr reactor, although Iran has agreed to accept Russian fuel for Bushehr.
In a letter dated 5 May 2003, Iran informed the IAEA for the first time of its intention to construct the FMP at Isfahan (Esfahan). By November 2008, then-head of the Atomic Energy Organization of IranGholam Reza Aghazadeh غلامرضا آقازاده announced that Iran had produced the first nuclear fuel pellets for use in the IR-40 reactor.
The UraniumConversionFacility at Esfahan provides the feedstock, and the core fuel assemblies are made from natural UO2, requiring no enrichment before engineers turn the uranium into fuel rods.
On 23 May 2009 the IAEA concluded that the FMP, with the exception of the final quality control testing area, had been completed, and that one fuel assembly had been assembled. On 11 August 2009, the Agency conducted both a physical inventory verification (PIV) and design information verification (DIV) at the FMP, and concluded that the final quality control equipment had been installed.
According to a November 2010 IAEA report, results of the PIV and DIV indicated that the inventory of nuclear material at the FMP is consistent with Iranian declarations.
As of May 2013, Iran is still conducting fuel manufacturing activities at the FMP in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions. Notably, Iran has constructed 37 prototype natural uranium fuel assemblies at the FMP for initial testing and eventual integration into the IR-40 reactor.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
The FuelManufacturing Plant (FMP) is the primary center for nuclear fuel production in Iran. On 9 April 2009, PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad محمود احمدي نژاد officially inaugurated the FMP, although the IAEA reported that the plant had been making fuel prior to Iran's formal declaration.
The FMP produces natural uranium fuel rods for the IR-40 research reactor at Arak, and could potentially manufacture fuel for the low enriched uranium-fueled Bushehr reactor, although Iran has agreed to accept Russian fuel for Bushehr.
In a letter dated 5 May 2003, Iran informed the IAEA for the first time of its intention to construct the FMP at Isfahan (Esfahan). By November 2008, then-head of the Atomic Energy Organization of IranGholam Reza Aghazadeh غلامرضا آقازاده announced that Iran had produced the first nuclear fuel pellets for use in the IR-40 reactor.
The UraniumConversionFacility at Esfahan provides the feedstock, and the core fuel assemblies are made from natural UO2, requiring no enrichment before engineers turn the uranium into fuel rods.
On 23 May 2009 the IAEA concluded that the FMP, with the exception of the final quality control testing area, had been completed, and that one fuel assembly had been assembled. On 11 August 2009, the Agency conducted both a physical inventory verification (PIV) and design information verification (DIV) at the FMP, and concluded that the final quality control equipment had been installed.
According to a November 2010 IAEA report, results of the PIV and DIV indicated that the inventory of nuclear material at the FMP is consistent with Iranian declarations.
As of May 2013, Iran is still conducting fuel manufacturing activities at the FMP in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions. Notably, Iran has constructed 37 prototype natural uranium fuel assemblies at the FMP for initial testing and eventual integration into the IR-40 reactor.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

At a public meeting in Port Hope, Ontario, on July 16 2004, Gordon Edwards addressed local townspeople about the implications of handling enriched uranium instead of natural, unenriched uranium, at Cameco's uranium conversion facility located just one block from the downtown Port Hope, on a site adjacent to Lake Ontario, the Kamaraska River, and the town's harbour and marina. Public opposition to this plan grew to such an extent that Cameco was forced to abandon its proposal to import enriched uranium.

At a public meeting in Port Hope, Ontario, on July 16 2004, Gordon Edwards addressed local townspeople about the implications of handling enriched uranium instead of natural, unenriched uranium, at Cameco's uranium conversion facility located just one block from the downtown Port Hope, on a site adjacent to Lake Ontario, the Kamaraska River, and the town's harbour and marina. Public opposition to this plan grew to such an extent that Cameco was forced to abandon its proposal to import enriched uranium.

published:17 Oct 2015

views:150

back

Documentary Uranium And The Origins Of Nuclear BBC Documentary National Geographic D

Factorio - The Manhattan Project
In this series, we will explore the wild and wonderful world of nuclear power. We will first construct a "mini" starter base, ...

Factorio - The Manhattan Project
In this series, we will explore the wild and wonderful world of nuclear power. We will first construct a "mini" starter base, where we will set up basic science research (red and green).
Next, we will use the starter base to launch a "middle-base" in the second phase of the series. In this next-level base, we will improve our science research, and fully automate all of the necessary components required for founding the final megabase. Using the final megabase, we will scale up production as much as possible, with a focus on nuclear power and rockets.
This series has a focus on scaling up and then scaling up some more. The map settings were chosen with this in mind. All resource deposits are at the maximum size, richness, and frequency. Pollution is off, biters are peaceful, and biters will not repopulate.
Factorio 0.15

Factorio - The Manhattan Project
In this series, we will explore the wild and wonderful world of nuclear power. We will first construct a "mini" starter base, where we will set up basic science research (red and green).
Next, we will use the starter base to launch a "middle-base" in the second phase of the series. In this next-level base, we will improve our science research, and fully automate all of the necessary components required for founding the final megabase. Using the final megabase, we will scale up production as much as possible, with a focus on nuclear power and rockets.
This series has a focus on scaling up and then scaling up some more. The map settings were chosen with this in mind. All resource deposits are at the maximum size, richness, and frequency. Pollution is off, biters are peaceful, and biters will not repopulate.
Factorio 0.15

Critical Mass
How Nazi GermanySurrenderedEnriched Uranium for the United StatesAtomic Bomb
Dr. DelmarBergen, retired director of the Nuclear WeaponsProgram at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the world’s first atom bombs were designed, has gone on record stating the Manhattan Project, counter to what has been believed for the past 70 years, did not alone create the first nuclear weapons dropped on Japan to end World War Two. United States forces received enriched uranium surrendered from Nazi Germany to help make the bombs, according to Dr. Bergen.
“It is my view as a physicist…, that the effort the Germans put into preparing and shipping the 560 kilograms of uranium oxide surrendered on board the German submarine U-234, shows it was enriched in the isotope U235. In other words, it was enriched to create a nuclear weapon,” said Bergen. “This runs counter to the traditional history of these events but I am confident in my conclusion…. My belief is that the German scientists associated with this cache believed the amount of U235 carried by U-234 was sufficient to create a nuclear bomb.”
The assertion comes on the heels of an historical conflict broiling in Germany where, in July 2011, 126,000 barrels of spent uranium from the Nazi atomic bomb program was reported to have been discovered (see: Daily Mail Online 13 July, 2011).
“Our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb,” reports a 1967 document from Germany’s ASSE II nuclear waste dump. The 126,000-barrel total would be well over 300,000 tons, a massive volume of uranium waste.
Historians have contested the claim of the document on Nazi spent uranium based on the assertion the Nazis never successfully enriched uranium. Their evidence has been the total lack of any spent uranium stores that would certainly exist if uranium had been enriched; and the argument the Germans never had a uranium enrichment production plant to begin with. The find of over 300,000 tons hidden in “crumbling” mines outside Hamburg, if true, eliminates one leg of their argument.
Anthony N. Stranges, a history of science professor at Texas A&M University, is a proponent for considering the new evidence and adjusting the history as appropriate when evidence proves valid.
Stranges says researcher Carter Hydrick has been waiting 15 years for the uranium waste to be found. A decade-and-a-half ago Hydrick, in his book Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States’ Atomic Bomb, predicted the store of uranium existed. His confidence was based not only on his assessment, with the help of Dr. Bergen and other physicists, of the evidence relating to the uranium surrendered on U-234 but on facts he discovered about an alleged “synthetic rubber plant” at Auschwitz that devoured more electricity than the city of Berlin but never produced any synthetic rubber.
“The electrical consumption (at the Auschwitz plant)… was preposterously high for making buna,” the synthetic rubber in question, according to Dr. Bergen. “The power expenditure was in line, however, with uranium enrichment requirements of an atomic weapon, based on my personal knowledge of its U.S. counterpart,” Bergen said.
The discovery of a Nazi uranium enrichment plant would eliminate the remaining argument against the Germans having a well-developed atomic bomb program, and add verification to Dr. Bergen’s conclusion the surrendered uranium was enriched.

Critical Mass
How Nazi GermanySurrenderedEnriched Uranium for the United StatesAtomic Bomb
Dr. DelmarBergen, retired director of the Nuclear WeaponsProgram at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the world’s first atom bombs were designed, has gone on record stating the Manhattan Project, counter to what has been believed for the past 70 years, did not alone create the first nuclear weapons dropped on Japan to end World War Two. United States forces received enriched uranium surrendered from Nazi Germany to help make the bombs, according to Dr. Bergen.
“It is my view as a physicist…, that the effort the Germans put into preparing and shipping the 560 kilograms of uranium oxide surrendered on board the German submarine U-234, shows it was enriched in the isotope U235. In other words, it was enriched to create a nuclear weapon,” said Bergen. “This runs counter to the traditional history of these events but I am confident in my conclusion…. My belief is that the German scientists associated with this cache believed the amount of U235 carried by U-234 was sufficient to create a nuclear bomb.”
The assertion comes on the heels of an historical conflict broiling in Germany where, in July 2011, 126,000 barrels of spent uranium from the Nazi atomic bomb program was reported to have been discovered (see: Daily Mail Online 13 July, 2011).
“Our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb,” reports a 1967 document from Germany’s ASSE II nuclear waste dump. The 126,000-barrel total would be well over 300,000 tons, a massive volume of uranium waste.
Historians have contested the claim of the document on Nazi spent uranium based on the assertion the Nazis never successfully enriched uranium. Their evidence has been the total lack of any spent uranium stores that would certainly exist if uranium had been enriched; and the argument the Germans never had a uranium enrichment production plant to begin with. The find of over 300,000 tons hidden in “crumbling” mines outside Hamburg, if true, eliminates one leg of their argument.
Anthony N. Stranges, a history of science professor at Texas A&M University, is a proponent for considering the new evidence and adjusting the history as appropriate when evidence proves valid.
Stranges says researcher Carter Hydrick has been waiting 15 years for the uranium waste to be found. A decade-and-a-half ago Hydrick, in his book Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States’ Atomic Bomb, predicted the store of uranium existed. His confidence was based not only on his assessment, with the help of Dr. Bergen and other physicists, of the evidence relating to the uranium surrendered on U-234 but on facts he discovered about an alleged “synthetic rubber plant” at Auschwitz that devoured more electricity than the city of Berlin but never produced any synthetic rubber.
“The electrical consumption (at the Auschwitz plant)… was preposterously high for making buna,” the synthetic rubber in question, according to Dr. Bergen. “The power expenditure was in line, however, with uranium enrichment requirements of an atomic weapon, based on my personal knowledge of its U.S. counterpart,” Bergen said.
The discovery of a Nazi uranium enrichment plant would eliminate the remaining argument against the Germans having a well-developed atomic bomb program, and add verification to Dr. Bergen’s conclusion the surrendered uranium was enriched.

Thorium 2017

Thorium is an abundant material currently disposed of as waste. It is found in coal ash piles and mine tailings. A single Rare Earths mine could produce enough ...

Thorium is an abundant material currently disposed of as waste. It is found in coal ash piles and mine tailings. A single Rare Earths mine could produce enough Thorium byproduct to power the entire planet.
To do so requires a very different nuclear reactor than the kinds we use today. Not one that uses solid fuel rods, but a reactor in which the fuel is kept in a liquid state. Not one that uses pressurized water as a coolant, but a reactor that uses extremely stable molten salts.
The full description of one such reactor is: 2-Fluid, Thermal-Spectrum, Molten-Salt Breeder Reactor equipped with a chemical fuel salt treatment module. Such a reactor was conceived of decades ago, as documented in the book "FluidFuel Reactors" [1958].
Or, simply "LFTR" (Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor) as proposed by Flibe Energy's Kirk Sorensen... a modern redesign of the 2-Fluid, thermal-spectrum, MSBR concept.
http://Flibe-Energy.com/
Since 2011 (the year Flibe Energy was founded), legislators asking questions about Thorium have had their queries answered as if such a reactor design did not exist.
NNL [UK] and OECD [NEA] reports on the Thorium Fuel Cycle did not explore the implications of this reactor, and dismiss thorium based on challenges and mediocre performance found in other reactor designs.
For example, other options include a "Fast-Spectrum Molten-Salt Reactor". Worth pursuing, certainly, but requires more fissile inventory than LFTR... approximately 5x as much. (Fissile inventory is specifically mentioned as a concern by OECD's thorium report.) And assuming the challenges of a fast-spectrum MSR can be met... both natural Uranium and natural Thorium can both be fully consumed as fuel in a fast-spectrum reactor. That is where Thorium is dismissed as only "4x as common as Uranium" (fast-spectrum usage) rather than "400x as common as U-235" (thermal-spectrum usage).
Thorium's advantages: both thermal-spectrum breeding and unique chemical properties, are taken full advantage of only by LFTR style reactors.
When evaluated in any other reactor, depending on that reactor, Uranium can be as attractive, more attractive, or Uranium can be the only viable option.
For example: Shippingport. Cited as an example of a "Thorium Reactor" by Dr. Lyons, it was NEVER intended to be economical, and features no advantages of LFTR. It was a solid-fuel reactor, and so operated at low-temperature, had no on-line chemical reprocessing, used high-pressure water coolant, used fuel as inefficiently as every other solid-fuel reactor, and had to be shut down every time it was refueled. 2 of its 3 fuel loads were Enriched Uranium. It was -a- Reactor capable of consuming Thorium and demonstrated only that it was possible... it was not -THE- Thorium Reactor.
If you'd like to watch a mini-series length (6.5h) documentary on this topic, please check out "Thorium." https://youtu.be/2oK6Rs6yFsM ...it goes into some technical detail on Thorium and Molten Salt Reactors, as well as nuclear power itself.
This video exists thanks to support pledged via Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thorium
Other videos I've edited on Thorium & Molten Salt Reactors can be found here: http://ThoriumRemix.com/
Music (at 28:29) created by Kilowatts: http://kilowattsmusic.com/
00:00 LWR: 0.05% of Uranium's Energy Potential
00:54 LWR: ChemicalInstability
01:38 LWR: High Pressure
02:48 Alvin Weinberg
03:05 HighTemperature not High Pressure
03:40 MSRE Achievement
03:51 Graphite
04:08 MoveHeatNo Pressure
04:45 Salt: IonicBonds
05:33 Fluoride vs Fluorine
06:16 Cesium & Iodine
06:33 DrainTank
07:53 Disperse Heat
08:36 Solid Fuel: Candles
09:24 Online Chemical Reprocessing
10:15 Legislators ask about Thorium
10:46 OECD NEA Thorium Report
11:23 Fast-Spectrum Dodge
12:08 Spent Fuel
12:34 Efficient
13:49 Concentrated
14:10 Rare Earth Elements
15:41 China'sAcademy of Science
16:34 CO2Raw Material
17:07 Recycling
18:05 Sorting
18:52 NASA, Recycling & Energy
20:57 Molten Salt Research Halted
21:28 World Set Free
21:55 Documents
22:28 CD-ROMs and Internet
23:15 Obama Administration
24:33 Regulations vs Liquid Fuel
25:12 Stymied in USA
26:08 Flibe Energy
26:41 MSRE Researchers
27:14 Export of MSR Expertise
27:41 China vs Global Warming
28:29 1969-2017 Timeline
33:08 Thousands of years of Slavery
33:32 Energy Density of Thorium
Other Video Sources
02:46 https://youtu.be/EviEN0ScOwg Pandora's Box
03:08 https://youtu.be/ofs6-K7UCSU Weinberg 2011
03:41 https://youtu.be/pGzKuhY50v4 Weinberg 2004
03:41 https://youtu.be/tyDbq5HRs0o Found MSRE Doc
05:34 https://youtu.be/vtWp45Eewtw Fluorine (PToV)
05:54 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoK41_2JS4E_ZZyJSH7g-AhiiwMoCoFCB (MSBR3.0-ORNL-4528)
30:51 http://www.citizen-films.fr/en/thorium/ (T:TFSoN)

Thorium is an abundant material currently disposed of as waste. It is found in coal ash piles and mine tailings. A single Rare Earths mine could produce enough Thorium byproduct to power the entire planet.
To do so requires a very different nuclear reactor than the kinds we use today. Not one that uses solid fuel rods, but a reactor in which the fuel is kept in a liquid state. Not one that uses pressurized water as a coolant, but a reactor that uses extremely stable molten salts.
The full description of one such reactor is: 2-Fluid, Thermal-Spectrum, Molten-Salt Breeder Reactor equipped with a chemical fuel salt treatment module. Such a reactor was conceived of decades ago, as documented in the book "FluidFuel Reactors" [1958].
Or, simply "LFTR" (Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor) as proposed by Flibe Energy's Kirk Sorensen... a modern redesign of the 2-Fluid, thermal-spectrum, MSBR concept.
http://Flibe-Energy.com/
Since 2011 (the year Flibe Energy was founded), legislators asking questions about Thorium have had their queries answered as if such a reactor design did not exist.
NNL [UK] and OECD [NEA] reports on the Thorium Fuel Cycle did not explore the implications of this reactor, and dismiss thorium based on challenges and mediocre performance found in other reactor designs.
For example, other options include a "Fast-Spectrum Molten-Salt Reactor". Worth pursuing, certainly, but requires more fissile inventory than LFTR... approximately 5x as much. (Fissile inventory is specifically mentioned as a concern by OECD's thorium report.) And assuming the challenges of a fast-spectrum MSR can be met... both natural Uranium and natural Thorium can both be fully consumed as fuel in a fast-spectrum reactor. That is where Thorium is dismissed as only "4x as common as Uranium" (fast-spectrum usage) rather than "400x as common as U-235" (thermal-spectrum usage).
Thorium's advantages: both thermal-spectrum breeding and unique chemical properties, are taken full advantage of only by LFTR style reactors.
When evaluated in any other reactor, depending on that reactor, Uranium can be as attractive, more attractive, or Uranium can be the only viable option.
For example: Shippingport. Cited as an example of a "Thorium Reactor" by Dr. Lyons, it was NEVER intended to be economical, and features no advantages of LFTR. It was a solid-fuel reactor, and so operated at low-temperature, had no on-line chemical reprocessing, used high-pressure water coolant, used fuel as inefficiently as every other solid-fuel reactor, and had to be shut down every time it was refueled. 2 of its 3 fuel loads were Enriched Uranium. It was -a- Reactor capable of consuming Thorium and demonstrated only that it was possible... it was not -THE- Thorium Reactor.
If you'd like to watch a mini-series length (6.5h) documentary on this topic, please check out "Thorium." https://youtu.be/2oK6Rs6yFsM ...it goes into some technical detail on Thorium and Molten Salt Reactors, as well as nuclear power itself.
This video exists thanks to support pledged via Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/thorium
Other videos I've edited on Thorium & Molten Salt Reactors can be found here: http://ThoriumRemix.com/
Music (at 28:29) created by Kilowatts: http://kilowattsmusic.com/
00:00 LWR: 0.05% of Uranium's Energy Potential
00:54 LWR: ChemicalInstability
01:38 LWR: High Pressure
02:48 Alvin Weinberg
03:05 HighTemperature not High Pressure
03:40 MSRE Achievement
03:51 Graphite
04:08 MoveHeatNo Pressure
04:45 Salt: IonicBonds
05:33 Fluoride vs Fluorine
06:16 Cesium & Iodine
06:33 DrainTank
07:53 Disperse Heat
08:36 Solid Fuel: Candles
09:24 Online Chemical Reprocessing
10:15 Legislators ask about Thorium
10:46 OECD NEA Thorium Report
11:23 Fast-Spectrum Dodge
12:08 Spent Fuel
12:34 Efficient
13:49 Concentrated
14:10 Rare Earth Elements
15:41 China'sAcademy of Science
16:34 CO2Raw Material
17:07 Recycling
18:05 Sorting
18:52 NASA, Recycling & Energy
20:57 Molten Salt Research Halted
21:28 World Set Free
21:55 Documents
22:28 CD-ROMs and Internet
23:15 Obama Administration
24:33 Regulations vs Liquid Fuel
25:12 Stymied in USA
26:08 Flibe Energy
26:41 MSRE Researchers
27:14 Export of MSR Expertise
27:41 China vs Global Warming
28:29 1969-2017 Timeline
33:08 Thousands of years of Slavery
33:32 Energy Density of Thorium
Other Video Sources
02:46 https://youtu.be/EviEN0ScOwg Pandora's Box
03:08 https://youtu.be/ofs6-K7UCSU Weinberg 2011
03:41 https://youtu.be/pGzKuhY50v4 Weinberg 2004
03:41 https://youtu.be/tyDbq5HRs0o Found MSRE Doc
05:34 https://youtu.be/vtWp45Eewtw Fluorine (PToV)
05:54 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoK41_2JS4E_ZZyJSH7g-AhiiwMoCoFCB (MSBR3.0-ORNL-4528)
30:51 http://www.citizen-films.fr/en/thorium/ (T:TFSoN)

How to enrich Uranium - Periodic Table of Videos

Uranium enrichment has been in the headlines lately - but what does it mean exactly?
More links in description below ↓↓↓
SupportPeriodic Videos on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/periodicvideos
A video on every element: http://bit.ly/118elements
More at http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Follow us on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/periodicvideos
And on Twitter at http://twitter.com/periodicvideos
From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: http://bit.ly/NottChem
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: http://www.bradyharanblog.com
JoinBrady's mailing list for updates and extra stuff --- http://eepurl.com/YdjL9

1:16

Uranium enrichment explained

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Sunday called on US President Barack Obama to...

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
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4:39

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and powe...

What Keeps Nuclear Weapons from Proliferating: The hardest step in making a nuclear bomb

Bill explains that the hardest step is making the proper type of uranium. Weapons and power plants require uranium that contains a greater amount of the isotope uranium-235 than found in natural uranium, which is mostly uranium-238. He outlines the key difficulty in separating the two isotope: They have nearly identical properties. He explains the two key methods for separation: Gas diffusion and centrifuges.

5:18

What Is Enriched Uranium?

What Is Enriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found n...

What Is Enriched Uranium?

What IsEnriched Uranium?. Part of the series: Physical & Life Science. Uranium is found naturally in three different forms, all of which are radioactive. Find out about enriched uranium, which has a higher percentage of uranium 235 than natural uranium, with help from a science teacher in this free video on physical science. Read more: http://www.ehow.com/video_4756358_what-enriched-uranium.html

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

2:43

Mysterious Enriched Uranium Particle Detected In Skies Over Alaska

Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over ...

Mysterious Enriched Uranium Particle Detected In Skies Over Alaska

Scientists have found a “highly unusual” particle enriched with uranium in the skies over Alaska’s Aleutian Islands. The source of the substance, which is typically used in nuclear fuel and bombs, is still unclear.
The mysterious substance “containing a very small amount of enriched uranium” was found at an altitude of 7km (4.3 miles) above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, according to a report issued by the Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.
Learn More:
https://www.rt.com/usa/418997-radioactive-uranium-particle-alaska/
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1:24

Making a nuclear weapon

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of tryi...

Making a nuclear weapon

Experts speculate that North Korea may soon carry out a third nuclear test in hope of trying out its uranium program. Pyongyang's nuclear program was historically based on plutonium, but in 2010 the regime disclosed to visiting US scientists it was operating a uranium enrichment plant. A successful test with highly enriched uranium would alarm North Korea's adversaries as it is much easier to conceal work with uranium than with plutonium.VIDEOGRAPHIC

1:50

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of Used Nu...

Uranium Enrichment from Yellow Cake to Enriched Fuel Grade Material and Storage of Used Nuclear Fuel

UraniumEnrichment from YellowCake to Enriched Fuel grade material and Storage of UsedNuclear Fuel - Educational 3D Animated VideoEnriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons. The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency attempts to monitor and control enriched uranium supplies and processes in its efforts to ensure nuclear power generation safety and curb nuclear weapons proliferation.
For more information and to request a FREE estimate, contact us today:
Website: http://www.imaker.ca
Email: info@imaker.ca
United StatesCall: +1-800-212-8840
InternationalClients: +1-604-675-6999

6:43

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, wh...

Isolation of Uranium Yellowcake from Ore

In this video, uranium is concentrated from its ore through a series of precipitations, which eventually yields a form of yellowcake, uranyl peroxide. Please remember to take proper precautions when working with a radioactive heavy metal such as uranium and its salts. Gloves, eye protection, and a dust mask are necessary.
For processing, uranium ore is dissolved into hydrochloric acid, oxidized with bleach, precipitated with ammonia, filtered, leached with carbonate, filtered, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, precipitated with hydrogen peroxide, and filtered.
The uranium produced by this procedure could in no way be considered weapons-grade or enriched. The enrichment process requires millions of dollars in investment and is impossible for any entity short of a national government to produce. This uranium maintains the isotopic ratio found within the earth's crust and is actually less radioactive than the ore from which it was processed due to the absence of more radioactive decay products of uranium, such as radium, protactinium, and other unstable nuclei produced by the spontaneous fission of U238.
Though ore chemistry varies by locality, this process is generalized for any uranium on an acid-soluble matrix.
This process was inspired by and based off of: http://carlwillis.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/uranium-chemistry/

1:47

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium mak...

The Uranium 235 Chain Reaction*Physics Made Fun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn.[1] Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.
The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered 235U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb),[3] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8") in diameter. The required material must be 85% or more of 235U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage,[4][5] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boy
A piece of U-235 (uranium-235, a rare form of uranium) the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil.
http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/president-pranab-mukherjee-throws-open-mughal-gardens-to-the-public/

6:59

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uraniu...

SILEX - Top Secret Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology

SILEX is a top secret laser technology being developed to create a highly efficient uranium enrichment process. For a detailed analysis visit http://muonray.blogspot.ie/2013/05/silex-process-top-secret-laser.htmlInformation of SILEX Systems' Laser Enrichment of Uranium projects is scarce, even online. But with some work more information will come to the surface.

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

Nuclear Weapons & War, Atomic Reactors & Radiation playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4CD7F0970A5F16AB
more at http://quickfound.net
"The PortsmouthStory", Project 90-2C-52 by the United States Air ForceLookout Mountain Laboratory.
Public domain film from the US National Archives, slightly cropped to remove uneven edges, with the aspect ratio corrected, and one-pass brightness-contrast-color correction & mild video noise reduction applied.
The soundtrack was also processed with volume normalization, noise reduction, clipping reduction, and/or equalization (the resulting sound, though not perfect, is far less noisy than the original).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Gaseous_Diffusion_Plant
The Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant is a facility located in Scioto Township, Pike County, Ohio, just south of Piketon, Ohio that previously produced enriched uranium, including weapons-grade uranium, for the United StatesAtomic Energy program and U.S. nuclear weapons program. The plant is in shutdown status and is in preparation for decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), with some facilities overseen by the United States Enrichment Corporation, a subsidiary of USECIncorporated, a publicly traded corporation (NYSE: USU). The D&D work on the older facilities to prepare the site for future use is expected to continue through 2024 and is being conducted by Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLC.
The Portsmouth plant, so named because of its proximity to the city of Portsmouth, Ohio, was one of three gaseous diffusion plants in the United States, alongside the K-25 plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee and the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Kentucky. The plant was constructed from 1952–1956, with the first enrichment cells going online in 1954. The plant was operated by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company from its startup to 1986, when the contract was taken over by Martin MariettaEnergySystems. In 1993, the USEC took overall responsibility for the Paducah and Portsmouth enrichment plants, continuing the operating contract with Martin Marietta. In 1995, the operator became Lockheed Martin with the merger of Martin Marietta and Lockheed. In May 2001, the Piketon plant ceased operations and was placed in cold standby. In 2006, the site work shifted into cold shutdown transition in preparation for future D&D.
The former gaseous diffusion plant covers 640 acres (260 ha) of the 3,777-acre (1,528 ha) site. The largest buildings, the process buildings, have a combined length of approximately one and a half miles (2.4 km), and cover about 93 acres (38 ha) and contain 10 million square feet (0.93 km2) of space. In use, the plant consumed a peak electrical demand of 2,100 megawatts.
A commercial centrifuge Plant at the Portsmouth site began construction in May 2007 for the production of commercial nuclear fuel for power reactors. Once completed, the commercial plant will use approximately 11,500 centrifuge machines to generate 3.8 million separative work units (SWU) a year...
In August 1952, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) selected Scioto Township, a rural area occupied by family-owned farms, as the site for a new gaseous diffusion plant to produce highly enriched uranium, U235, for use in military reactors and nuclear weapons production...
The original estimate for construction was four years at a cost of $1.2 billion. Construction was carried out by Peter Kiewit and Sons of Nebraska at a cost of $750 million. The site was completed several months ahead of schedule at 34 percent below the original cost estimate at a $400 million savings...
The primary mode of enrichment was the gaseous diffusion of uranium hexaflouride to separate the lighter fissile isotope, U-235, from the heavier non-fissile isotope, U-238. The plant initially produced material for the U.S. nuclear weapons program. In the mid-1960s, the plant converted to fuel production for commercial nuclear power plants...

Do you remember the pre- 9/11BBC which used to make public service programmes? Around this time that al ended with Allan FrancovichTimewatchGladio series and Tim Tate's 'Conspiracy of Silence'? Since then hours of flicking screens ... but silence indeed.
In December 1938, in Berlin, a simple chemical experiment showed for the first time that the atom can be split, releasing immense power. Within months, the Wehrmacht had started research into nuclear weapons. The Germns were the first to start work on the atom bomb. The programme investigates the reasons why Hitler was not the first leader to use it, drawing on new evidence gathered by historian Mark Walker. Dramatised scenes, eyewitness accounts from Allied and German scientists, interviews and archive footage are all employed.
German physicists and members of the military conducted three nuclear weapons tests shortly before the end of World War II, one on the German island of Ruegen in the fall of 1944 and two in the eastern German state of Thuringia in March 1945. The tests, writes Karlsch, claimed up to 700 lives.
It was in January of 1939, nine months before the outbreak of the Second World War, that German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann published the results of an historic experiment about nuclear fission.
The German 'uranium project' began in earnest shortly after Germany's invasion of Poland in September.
Army physicist Kurt Diebner led a team tasked to investigate the military applications of fission. By the end of the year the physicist Werner Heisenberg had calculated that nuclear fission chain reactions might be possible.
Although the war hampered their work, by the fall of the Third Reich in 1945Nazi scientists had achieved a significant enrichment in samples of uranium.
Mark Walker, a US expert on the Nazi programme said: 'Because we still don't know about these projects, which remain cloaked in WW2 secrecy, it isn't safe to say the Nazis fell short of enriching enough uranium for a bomb. Some documents remain top secret to this day.
'Claims that a nuclear weapon was tested at Ruegen in October 1944 and again at Ohrdruf in March 1945 leave open a question, did they or didn't they?'
Ruegen is a Baltic island and Ohrdruf a top-secret bunker complex in Thuringia where local legend has it that an A-bomb was tested by the Nazis in the dying days of the war.
Nazi nuclear waste from Hitler's secret A-bomb programme found in mine
By Allan Hall UPDATED: 09:36, 13 July 2011
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material that Hitler planned to use in an atom bomb programme now lies rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine
German nuclear experts believe they have found nuclear waste from Hitler's secret atom bomb programme in a crumbling mine near Hanover.
More than 126,000 barrels of nuclear material lie rotting over 2,000 feet below ground in an old salt mine.
Rumour has it that the remains of nuclear scientists who worked on the Nazi programme are also there, their irradiated bodies burned in secret by S.S. men sworn to secrecy.
A statement by a boss of the Asse II nuclear fuel dump, just discovered in an archive, said how in 1967 'our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb.'
This has sent shock waves through historians who thought that the German atomic programme was nowhere near advanced enough in WW2 to have produced nuclear waste in any quantities.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2014146/Nazi-nuclear-waste-Hitlers-secret-A-bomb-programme-mine.html

April 29, 2017 (Persian calendar 1396/2/9)
Isfahan province (استان اصفهان)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province
Natanz county (شهرستان نطنز)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County
Natanz nuclear center (مركز هسته اي نطنز) Geo coordinate
33°43′24.43″N, 51°43′37.55″E
Natanz is a hardened FuelEnrichment Plant (FEP) covering 100,000 square meters that is built 8 meters underground and protected by a concrete wall 2.5 meters thick, itself protected by another concrete wall.
It is located at Natanz, the capital city of Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Iran. In 2004, the roof was hardened with reinforced concrete and covered with 22 meters of earth. The complex consists of two 25,000 square meter halls and a number of administrative buildings. This once secret site was one of the two exposed by Alireza Jafarzadeh in August, 2002.
IAEADirector GeneralMohamed ElBaradei visited the site on 21 February2003 and reported that 160 centrifuges were complete and ready for operation, with 1,000 more under construction at the site.
In accordance with Code 3.1 of the Subsidiary Arrangements to Iran's safeguards agreement that were in force up to that time, Iran was not obligated to declare the Natanz enrichment facility until six months before nuclear material was introduced into the facility.
According to the IAEA, in 2009 there were approximately 7,000 centrifuges installed at Natanz, of which 5,000 were producing low enriched uranium.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.
**********
See all "Iran's NuclearFuel Cycle" in these videos:
Saghand Mining Department (SMD), UraniumMine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pog1GjoDZ7o
Uranium ConcentratePowder (YellowCake) production
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dcpYSrx4Yg
Uranium ConversionFacility (UCF)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPH4KSmT-Po
UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fjY_3yLO3M
Uranium dioxide production & Zirconium Production Plant (ZPP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMS80g6laCs
Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturing Plant (FMP)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIzDMuKwy1A

Check out also BBC Horizon's 1992 documentary Hitler's Bombhttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt2373189/
Critical MassThe Real Story Of The Birth Of The Atomic Bomb And The Nuclear Age
by Carter P. Hydrick, 1998ISBN: 0975985310
Crates being loaded onto the submarine were marked U-235WolfgangHirschfeld reportedly watched the loading into the boat's cylindrical mine shafts of about 50 lead cubes with nine inch (230 mm) sides, with "U-235" painted on each.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-234#Cargo
09:20 - mentions some of the cargo - military blueprints and crated ME-262 jet fighter
16:50 Plutonium gets a mention
42:00 - Later in the documentary the cargo is on the manifest as 560kg (half a ton) of Uranium Oxide
So which was it? Uranium Oxide (mixed U-238 & U-235) or U-235?
The traditional history of the atomic bomb accepts as an unimportant footnote the arrival of U-234 on United States shores, and admits the U-boat carried uranium oxide.
The traditional history denies, however, that the uranium on board U-234 was enriched and therefore easily usable in an atomic bomb. The accepted history asserts there is no evidence that the uranium stocks of U-234 were transferred into the Manhattan Project, although recent suggestions have hinted that this may have occurred. And the traditional history asserts that the bomb components on board U-234 arrived too late to be included in the atomic bombs that were dropped on Japan. The documentation indicates quite differently on all accounts.
Before U-234 had landed at Portsmouth - before it even left Europe - United States and British intelligence knew U-234 was on a mission to Japan and that it carried important passengers and cargo.iv A portion of the cargo, especially, was of a singular nature. According to U-234's chief radio operator, Wolfgang Hirschfeld, who witnessed the loading of the U-boat: 'At the time I didn't see how many containers there were, but the Loading Manifest showed ten. Each case was a cube, possibly steel and lead, nine inches along each side and enormously heavy. Once the inscription U235 had been painted on the wrapping of a package, it would then be carried over to the knot of crewmen under the supervision of Sub-Lt Pfaff and the boatswain, Peter Scholch, and stowed in one of the six vertical mineshafts.'
Hirschfeld's straightforward account of the uranium being "highly radioactive" - he later witnessed the storage tubes being tested with Geiger counters,vi - and labeled "U235" provides profoundly important information about this cargo. U235 is the scientific designation of enriched uranium - the type of uranium required to fuel an atomic bomb. On the second page of U-234's cargo manifest, halfway down the page, was the entry "10 cases, 560 kilograms, uranium oxide."
Whoever first read the entry and understood the frightening capabilities and potential purpose of uranium must have been stunned by the entry.
The identification that the uranium was stowed in gold-lined cylinders and that it would become "sensitive and dangerous" when unpacked provides clear substantiation of radio officer Hirschfeld's assertion that the uranium was labeled with the title U235. Uranium that has had its proportion of the isotope U235 increased compared to the more common isotope of uranium, U238, is known as enriched uranium. When that enrichment becomes 70 percent or above, it is bomb-grade uranium. The process of enriching uranium during the war was highly technical and very expensive - it still is.
Upon first reading that the uranium on board U-234 was stored in gold-lined cylinders, this author tracked down Clarence Larsen, former director of the leading uranium enrichment process at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where the Manhattan Project's uranium enrichment facilities were housed. In a telephone conversation, I asked Mr. Larsen what, if anything, would be the purpose of shipping uranium in gold-lined containers.
Mr. Larsen remembered that the Oak Ridge program used gold trays when working with enriched uranium. He explained that, because uranium enrichment was a very costly process, enriched uranium needed to be protected jealously, but because it is very corrosive, it is easily invaded by any but the most stable materials, and would then become contaminated. To prevent the loss to contamination of the invaluable enriched uranium, gold was used. Gold is one of the most stable substances on earth. While expensive, Mr. Larsen explained, the cost of gold was a drop in the bucket compared to the value of enriched uranium. Would raw uranium, rather than enriched uranium, be stored in gold containers, I asked? Not likely, Mr. Larsen responded. The value of raw uranium is, and was at the time, inconsequential compared to the cost of gold.
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/atomicbomb/chap01.htm

1:59:24

Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the US Atomic Bomb

Critical Mass
How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States Atomic B...

Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the US Atomic Bomb

Critical Mass
How Nazi GermanySurrenderedEnriched Uranium for the United StatesAtomic Bomb
Dr. DelmarBergen, retired director of the Nuclear WeaponsProgram at Los Alamos National Laboratory, where the world’s first atom bombs were designed, has gone on record stating the Manhattan Project, counter to what has been believed for the past 70 years, did not alone create the first nuclear weapons dropped on Japan to end World War Two. United States forces received enriched uranium surrendered from Nazi Germany to help make the bombs, according to Dr. Bergen.
“It is my view as a physicist…, that the effort the Germans put into preparing and shipping the 560 kilograms of uranium oxide surrendered on board the German submarine U-234, shows it was enriched in the isotope U235. In other words, it was enriched to create a nuclear weapon,” said Bergen. “This runs counter to the traditional history of these events but I am confident in my conclusion…. My belief is that the German scientists associated with this cache believed the amount of U235 carried by U-234 was sufficient to create a nuclear bomb.”
The assertion comes on the heels of an historical conflict broiling in Germany where, in July 2011, 126,000 barrels of spent uranium from the Nazi atomic bomb program was reported to have been discovered (see: Daily Mail Online 13 July, 2011).
“Our association sank radioactive wastes from the last war, uranium waste, from the preparation of the German atom bomb,” reports a 1967 document from Germany’s ASSE II nuclear waste dump. The 126,000-barrel total would be well over 300,000 tons, a massive volume of uranium waste.
Historians have contested the claim of the document on Nazi spent uranium based on the assertion the Nazis never successfully enriched uranium. Their evidence has been the total lack of any spent uranium stores that would certainly exist if uranium had been enriched; and the argument the Germans never had a uranium enrichment production plant to begin with. The find of over 300,000 tons hidden in “crumbling” mines outside Hamburg, if true, eliminates one leg of their argument.
Anthony N. Stranges, a history of science professor at Texas A&M University, is a proponent for considering the new evidence and adjusting the history as appropriate when evidence proves valid.
Stranges says researcher Carter Hydrick has been waiting 15 years for the uranium waste to be found. A decade-and-a-half ago Hydrick, in his book Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enriched Uranium for the United States’ Atomic Bomb, predicted the store of uranium existed. His confidence was based not only on his assessment, with the help of Dr. Bergen and other physicists, of the evidence relating to the uranium surrendered on U-234 but on facts he discovered about an alleged “synthetic rubber plant” at Auschwitz that devoured more electricity than the city of Berlin but never produced any synthetic rubber.
“The electrical consumption (at the Auschwitz plant)… was preposterously high for making buna,” the synthetic rubber in question, according to Dr. Bergen. “The power expenditure was in line, however, with uranium enrichment requirements of an atomic weapon, based on my personal knowledge of its U.S. counterpart,” Bergen said.
The discovery of a Nazi uranium enrichment plant would eliminate the remaining argument against the Germans having a well-developed atomic bomb program, and add verification to Dr. Bergen’s conclusion the surrendered uranium was enriched.

25:01

India's Nuclear Riddle - People & Power

People and Power investigates whether India is about to escalate its nuclear arms race wit...

India's Nuclear Riddle - People & Power

People and Power investigates whether India is about to escalate its nuclear arms race with rivals Pakistan and China.
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28:25

Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has ...

Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation.Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight.235U is the only nuclide existing in nature that is fissile with thermal neutrons.Enriched uranium is a critical component for both civil nuclear power generation and military nuclear weapons.
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About the author(s): Fastfission
License: Public domainAuthor(s): Fastfission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Fastfission~commonswiki)
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Article available under a Creative Commons licenseImage source in video

This video is a raw rundown, where we learn the korean war has never reached a peace treaty.
Also that the US armed the korean peninsula illegally against the armistice agreement.
In addition simultaneously we taught the world how to enrich uranium while exporting 30 tons of highly enriched uranium to 30 countries the same year.
How did NK obtain Uranium?

مستند افتاب نهان انرژی هسته ای
The FuelManufacturing Plant (FMP) is the primary center for nuclear fuel production in Iran. On 9 April 2009, PresidentMahmoud Ahmadinejad محمود احمدي نژاد officially inaugurated the FMP, although the IAEA reported that the plant had been making fuel prior to Iran's formal declaration.
The FMP produces natural uranium fuel rods for the IR-40 research reactor at Arak, and could potentially manufacture fuel for the low enriched uranium-fueled Bushehr reactor, although Iran has agreed to accept Russian fuel for Bushehr.
In a letter dated 5 May 2003, Iran informed the IAEA for the first time of its intention to construct the FMP at Isfahan (Esfahan). By November 2008, then-head of the Atomic Energy Organization of IranGholam Reza Aghazadeh غلامرضا آقازاده announced that Iran had produced the first nuclear fuel pellets for use in the IR-40 reactor.
The UraniumConversionFacility at Esfahan provides the feedstock, and the core fuel assemblies are made from natural UO2, requiring no enrichment before engineers turn the uranium into fuel rods.
On 23 May 2009 the IAEA concluded that the FMP, with the exception of the final quality control testing area, had been completed, and that one fuel assembly had been assembled. On 11 August 2009, the Agency conducted both a physical inventory verification (PIV) and design information verification (DIV) at the FMP, and concluded that the final quality control equipment had been installed.
According to a November 2010 IAEA report, results of the PIV and DIV indicated that the inventory of nuclear material at the FMP is consistent with Iranian declarations.
As of May 2013, Iran is still conducting fuel manufacturing activities at the FMP in violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions. Notably, Iran has constructed 37 prototype natural uranium fuel assemblies at the FMP for initial testing and eventual integration into the IR-40 reactor.
**********
The nuclear fuel cycle چرخه سوخت هسته اي, also called nuclear fuel chain زنجيره سوخت هسته اي, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel.
If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

43:10

Port Hope: Cameco's plans to import enriched uranium

At a public meeting in Port Hope, Ontario, on July 16 2004, Gordon Edwards addressed local...

Port Hope: Cameco's plans to import enriched uranium

At a public meeting in Port Hope, Ontario, on July 16 2004, Gordon Edwards addressed local townspeople about the implications of handling enriched uranium instead of natural, unenriched uranium, at Cameco's uranium conversion facility located just one block from the downtown Port Hope, on a site adjacent to Lake Ontario, the Kamaraska River, and the town's harbour and marina. Public opposition to this plan grew to such an extent that Cameco was forced to abandon its proposal to import enriched uranium.

1:25:23

Documentary Uranium And The Origins Of Nuclear BBC Documentary National Geographic D

Factorio - The Manhattan Project
In this series, we will explore the wild and wonderful world of nuclear power. We will first construct a "mini" starter base, where we will set up basic science research (red and green).
Next, we will use the starter base to launch a "middle-base" in the second phase of the series. In this next-level base, we will improve our science research, and fully automate all of the necessary components required for founding the final megabase. Using the final megabase, we will scale up production as much as possible, with a focus on nuclear power and rockets.
This series has a focus on scaling up and then scaling up some more. The map settings were chosen with this in mind. All resource deposits are at the maximum size, richness, and frequency. Pollution is off, biters are peaceful, and biters will not repopulate.
Factorio 0.15

Weapons-Grade Uranium: The Portsmouth Gaseous Diff...

Mining, Milling, Conversion, and Enrichment of Ura...

Horizon - Hitlers Atomic Bomb (1992) Enriched Uran...

Iran UF6 process & Uranium enrichment centrifuges ...

Nazi Uranium for the Manhattan Project: 1945 WWII:...

Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enric...

India's Nuclear Riddle - People & Power...

Enriched uranium...

FEB 4 How Did NK Obtain Uranium? United Nations, K...

Iran Nuclear Fuel Rod & Pellets, Fuel Manufacturin...

Port Hope: Cameco's plans to import enriched urani...

Documentary Uranium And The Origins Of Nuclear ...

Nuclear 101: How Nuclear Bombs Work" Part 2/2...

Factorio - Manhattan Project - Ep. 95: Kovarex Enr...

Summer Enrichment Series #3: Enriching Uranium wit...

Iran Has Secretly Stocked Enough Enriched Uranium ...

North Korea's Nuclear Program: From an Intelligenc...

Critical Mass: How Nazi Germany Surrendered Enrich...

CLINTON ORDERED FBI MUELLER TO GIVE HIGHLY ENRICHE...

Thorium 2017...

Gizmodo reported on Wednesday that a former Google engineer is suing the company for discrimination, harassment, retaliation, and wrongful termination ...Chevalier's posts had been quoting in Damore's lawsuit against Google, who is also suing the company for alleged discrimination against conservative white men ... “Firing the employee who pushed back against the bullies was exactly the wrong step to take.” ... But the effect is the same....

OSLO. Sea levels will rise between 0.7 and 1.2 metres in the next two centuries even if governments end the fossil fuel era as promised under the Paris climate agreement, scientists said on Tuesday ...Ocean levels will rise inexorably because heat-trapping industrial gases already em­­itted will linger in the atmosphere, melting more ice, it said. In addition, water naturally expands as it warms above four degrees Celsius (39.2F) ... ....

The woman tasked with caring for accused Florida shooter Nikolas Cruz and his brother have moved quickly to file court papers seeking control of their inheritance the day after the massacre at Majory Stoneman Douglas High School, Newsweek reported. When the mother of Nikolas and Zachary Cruz died from flu-related pneumonia last November, their lives were entrusted to Roxanne Deschamps, the report said....

Special CounselRobert Mueller's probe is prepared to accept a guilty plea from the London-based son-in-law of a Russian businessman after he made false statements during the investigation into alleged Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, according to the Washington Post... Tymoshenko was later imprisoned by former president Viktor Yanukovych after signing a controversial deal with Russia for natural gas ... U.S ... U.S....