beliefs and practices, particularly the central role of sign language in

everyday life of the community

•

DEAF IS NOT A LABEL – DOES NOT MEAN WITHOUT HEARING – BUT SPECIFIC AND PARTICULAR WAY OF

BEING AND SHARED HISTORIES

Little "d" deaf

refers to condition of deafness or a larger group of individuals with hearing loss without a reference to particular language

Two Authors

1. Carol Padden

CODA and Hard of Hearing

ASL primary language

Family members in Deaf community

2. Tom Humphries

lost his hearing at age 6

only deaf person in a small town

later joined Deaf culture

First book together Deaf in American: Voices from Culture

First School for Deaf
When/Where

1817

Hartford, Connecticut

American School for the Deaf

How many in US & Canada use ASL

100,000-300,000

1950- how many deaf children attended residential schools for the deaf?

85%

2002- how many deaf children attended residential schools for the deaf?

27%

Key problems in Deaf schools

had to relocate

separate from family

rules/strict

harsh punishment

bullying

By the end of the 19th Century how many schools for the deaf were there?

87

Mason Cogswell

Father of Deaf child named Alice.

Hired Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to travel to Europe to learn how to educate deaf children

Alice Cogswell

Deaf child of Mason Cogswell and reason he hired Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn how to educate deaf children

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet

Hired by Mason Cogswell to travel to Europe to learn how to educate deaf children.

Developed ASL with Laurent Clerc who he met in France and brought back to America.

Started American School for the Deaf in 1817 in Hartford, CT

Abbe Sicard

Director of the national school for the deaf in France

Invited Thomas Gallaudetto observe at the French national school for the deaf in Paris

Laurent Clerc

Thomas Gallaudet met in France a deaf former student and current teacher at the national school for the deaf in France

came back to America with Gallaudet and helped create ASL and start American School for the Deaf

In comparison to other states when did Ohio get a school for the Deaf?

5th, 1829

How did deaf schools philosophy with philanthropists
similar to that of asylums and prisons

City leaders believed the "afflicted" should be removed from society and different classes of disabled and deviant should be kept separate from one another.

They had the belief that there should be a "social distance between the confined and the outside world"

As many city leaders were on Boards of numerous of different institutions (ie prisons, orphanages, mental asylums) often plans and ideas were exchanged between them, leading them to end up feeling similar to one another. Deaf children were then to not only be educated but feed and housed in order to turn them into "a being intelligence and proper conduct"

* wasn't so pre-nineteenth century

Robert Vaux

Was on Board of Directors for Penn Institute for the Deaf and Dumb (1820)/ head of the board's education committee

a Quaker and Active Reformer

wrote about beliefs and motives for education for Deaf children- pushed for all deaf children to have access to education regardless of ability to pay and got the state to contribute to the cost

David Seixas

Jewish Merchant and inventor

Studied Abbe Sicard's methods for teaching the deaf he met deaf students on the streets and set up a classroom in his house to teach them

became Principal The Pennsylvania Institution For The Deaf And Dumb who was inappropriate with female students/ kissing them/ending their quarters at night

He was let go and later began another school- Philadelphia Asylum for Deaf and Dumb (only lasted a few years)

Explain imbalance of power in Deaf schools

caretakers have the power to watch and the patients do not

Board members couldn't sign so Deaf students couldn't even be understood in order to defend themselves or tell about abuses- leaving them voiceless both literally and figuratively

"perpetual judgement" constant reminder of the nature of their condition

Schools for the Deaf were segregated until...

1978- last segregated school in Baton Rouge closed

When/What was Brown vs Board of Education

1954- US Supreme Court said that separate schools for black and white students was unconstitutional

Justus Jillson

South Carolina Superintendent of Education that wanted integrated schools in 1873

wrote a letter "Principal of Equal and not Seperate Education for Deaf Child"

ordered South Carolina Institute of Deaf and Blind to admit black students

all the teachers resigned

accounting books turned over to the state

school closed

Why were Deaf schools separated into 4 categories and what were they?

oral

manual

white

black

It was believed that each had to be separated from the others or they couldn't learn properly- became costly

Alexander Graham Bell

had deaf wife and mother

felt manual was backwards

compared it to gestures and pantomime

heavily pushed oralism

Didn't want Deaf people to form a community and intermarry

By end of 19th Century how many schools were oral?

40%

By 1920 how many schools were oral?

80%

Clarke School for the Deaf

Still an oral only school today

Ernest Hairston

wrote Black and Deaf in America

attended West Virginia School for the Colored Deaf and Blind.

In 1954, following the Supreme Court’s landmark anti-segregation ruling, he transferred to West Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind in Romney,

He earned his Master’s in Administration

working in the Captioned Films and Media Services Branch, U.S. Office of Education’s Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (now OSEP),

He received his Ph.D. in Special Education Administration from Gallaudet University in 1994.

1902 Film featured who doing what?

A deaf woman reciting the "Star Spangled Banner" in sign language

Vitascope

very early (1895) film projector invented by Edison

What did the NAD undertake in 1913?

Producing films for other deaf people in sign language as an attempt to fight back the oralism movement.

The films were shipped around the country to deaf clubs and organizations. They made about 18 they were 8-9 minutes long.

Prominent members of the Deaf community participated.

When was the pivotal time in oralism and what state solidified it and how?

1911-1913

Nebraska State required use of oralism for ALL deaf students

What famous person was a powerful advocate for oralism and how did he further the cause?

Alexander Graham Bell

He bankrolled the oral proponents

George Vedist

President of the NAD

Gave Lecture on film "Preservations of the Sign Language"

It was the deaf community of the time's "I Have a Dream" Speech

said sign language was "noblest gift that God has given deaf people"

"first,last and for all time, people of the eye"

Editor of Silent Courier a Deaf Newsletter

Edward Minor Gallaudet

son of Thomas Gallaudet

filmed "The Lorna Doone Narrative"

Why are the NAD films so important today.

Having a visual record of early sign allows sign linguists can study how sign has changed

- no mouth movements

-finger spelling was slower

Roy Stewart

Chair of the NAD's Moving Pictures Committee

he began to charge to have films shipped around the country so new ones could be made and old ones reprinted

his grandnephew had letter with typewritten copy of speech "Preservations of the Sign Language"

By 1920 what percentage of deaf schools were oral?

80%

1970's- 1980's ASL had a resurgence it was evident how?

ASL was being taught on college campuses

second most popular language after Spanish

What impact did Deaf clubs have during the world wars?

They were primary gathering place for Deaf community. Used to pass along information, for fellowship, sports, entertainment, help find jobs...they were the hub of Deaf communities

Were deaf clubs all inclusive?

No, they were segregated. There were black deaf clubs and white deaf clubs.

Why is Ohio an important place when discussing Deaf clubs?

Akron, during the wars, had the largest concentration of Deaf community in the country because the rubber companies, Goodyear and Firestone were huge employers of the deaf at the time.

How were ex-oralists viewed in the deaf community at the time of the wars?

They were not easily accepted

called "hippopotamus" because of mouth movement

What were Deaf peddlers?
How did they fare financially?
How did the general deaf community view deaf peddlers?

a form of panhandling where deaf exploited their deafness and sold small cheap items to people

highly profitable

deaf community were ashamed of deaf peddlers

What deaf technology began to appear?

TTY telephone system

Closed captioning

Why did Deaf clubs disappear?

People moved out of cities to the suburbs

Technology made it easier to communicate over a long distance

Professionals replaced the informal networking and mentoring that the clubs previous provided