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Comparative Method ► “One fact and one hypothesis” - Fact: Similarities between certain languages are so numerous that there must be another explanation. - Hypothesis: These languages must derive from a common ancestor.

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Consonant following Vowel *snus ‘ş’ Sanskrit Traced to an Earlier ‘s’ after ‘u’ ‘kh’ RussianSlavic Traced back to an ‘s’ ‘r’ LatinOld English Rule: ‘s’ is converted to ‘r’ after vowel No consonant GreekArmenian Drop ‘s’ Between vowels

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*snusos = ‘daughter-in-law’ ► Comparative method explains differences in forms through reconstruction of a prototype ► No single language in the Indo-European family preserves word intact from the Proto- Indo-European ► Cultural significance