Gonçalves, DP(International Council on Systems Engineering South Africa, 2015-09)

The standard definition (ISO 15288, 2008) of the concept of a system is not complete and is the definition of a closed system. Such a definition is inadequate for systems engineering. A use-based definition is proposed ...

Despite the advances in mature engineering disciplines, some complex systems continue to fail, and sometimes catastrophically. The lack of understanding of a problem and all its constituting elements is a key determinant ...