Abstract [en]

This paper presents a systematic approach to compare different methods for characterizing voltage dips in a quantitative way. A prediction error is calculated between measured and synthetic dips (reproduced from single-event characteristics for the measured dips) with respect to the way they impact the performance of a generic device. The proposed approach is illustrated by comparing seven different characterization methods and their ability to predict the minimum dc-bus voltage of a three-phase adjustable-speed drive. A generic model of such a drive is used for this. Based in this comparison it is concluded that characterization method for dips in three-phase systems should include unbalance and phase-angle jump.

Bagheri, Azam

Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.

2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)

Abstract [en]

One of the important developments in the electric power system is the fast increasing amount of data. An example of such data is formed by the voltages and currents coming from power-quality measurements. Power quality disturbances like voltage dips, harmonics and voltage transient can have a serious negative impact on the performance of equipment exposed to such disturbances. Voltage dips, short duration reductions in voltage magnitude, are especially considered as important disturbances because they regularly lead to stoppages in industrial process installations and subsequently to high costs.

The overall aim of this dissertation is the development of automatic analysis methods and other methods for extracting information from large amounts of power-quality data. This includes, methods to detect and extract event characteristics from recorded data and classify the events, for instance, based on their origins or their impact on equipment. The classification facilitates further analysis steps including reasoning and interpretation. Once the data corresponding to each class is available, a proper characterization method can be used to create more semantic data useful for information extraction. The resulting information can be used to improve the performance of the whole system, e.g., updating grid-codes, or immunity requirements of sensitive installations or processes.

This dissertation proposes different methods to fulfil each one of the above-mentioned steps. It proposes particularly a space-phasor model (SPM) of the three phase-to-neutral voltages as basis for analytic methods. The SPM is especially suitable as it is a time-domain transform without loss of any information. Another important contribution of the work is that most of the developed methods have been applied to a large dataset of about 6000 real-world voltage dips measured in existing HV and MV power networks.

The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:

A complete framework has been proposed for automatic voltage quality analysis based on the SPM. The SPM has been used before, but this is the first time it has been used in a framework covering a range of voltage quality disturbances. A Gaussian-based anomaly detection method is used to detect and extract voltage quality disturbances. A principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm is used for event characterization. The obtained single-event characteristics are used to extract additional information like origin, fault type and location.

Two deep learning-based voltage dip classifier has been developed. In both classifier a 2D convolutional neural network (2D-CNN) architecture has been employed to perform automatic feature extraction task. The soft-max activation function fulfills supervised classification method in first classifier. The second classifier uses a semi-supervised classification method based on generative-discriminative model pairs in active learning context.

The same SPM was shown to enable the effective extraction of dip characteristics for multi-stage voltage dips. Applying the k-means clustering algorithm, the event is clustered into its individual stages. For each stage of the dip, a logistic regression algorithm is used to characterize that stage. The proposed method offers a new solution to the problem with transition segments that is one of the main challenges of existing methods for characterization of multi-stage dips.

It is also shown in the dissertation that the SPM is an effective method for voltage transient analysis. It is possible to extract corresponding sample data and get appropriate single-event characteristics.

A systematic way has been developed and applied for comparing different sets of voltage dip characteristics. With this method, both measured and synthetic voltage dips are applied to generic models of sensitive loads. The best set of characteristics is the one most accurately reproducing the behavior of equipment when exposed to measured voltage dips.

The dissertation further contains a number of practical applications of the before-mentioned theoretical contributions: a proposal to an international standard-setting group; energy storage for voltage-dip ride-through of microgrids; impact of different voltage dips on wind-power installations.