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Miltenyi Biotec distribution:

As a global market leader with numerous subsidiaries and distributors, Miltenyi Biotec is
committed to providing our customers around the world with the highest quality products.
In addition to direct selling in more than 20 countries in North America, Europe and
Asia/Pacific, Miltenyi Biotec also provides support for our customers through an
extensive distributor network covering dozens of additional countries.

As a global market leader with numerous subsidiaries and distributors, Miltenyi Biotec is
committed to providing our customers around the world with the highest quality products.
In addition to direct selling in more than 20 countries in North America, Europe and
Asia/Pacific, Miltenyi Biotec also provides support for our customers through an
extensive distributor network covering dozens of additional countries.

Background information

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) belongs to a family of homologous, disulfide-linked, homodimeric proteins. These highly pleiotropic cytokines inhibit proliferation of most cells, but can promote the growth of mesenchymal cells and enhance extracellular matrix formation. The pivotal function of TGF-β1 in the immune system is to mediate immunosuppression and maintain tolerance by regulating lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In addition, TGF-β1 controls inflammatory responses through chemotactic attraction and activation of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. TGF-β1 is produced by many cell types, but is reported to be most abundant in mammalian platelets and bone. All three TGF-β members are synthesized as an homodimeric precursor of 390 residues, which is intracellularly processed by proteolysis into a 112 aa form. The resulting N-terminal latency-associated peptide (LAP) remains non-covalently associated with the TGF-β dimer, and the complex binds to another protein called Latent TGF-β-Binding Protein (LTBP), forming a larger complex called Large Latent Complex (LLC). The LLC is secreted into the extracellular matrix, and prevents the binding of TGF-b to its specific cell surface receptor. Several extracellular factors such as matrix metalloproteases, low pH, reactive oxigen species and thrombospondin-1 can induce release of the active mature TGF-b dimer from the inactive complex. This sophisticated mechanism of activation is important for a fine-tuning of TGF-β signaling. Human TGF-b1 is a recombinant homodimer corresponding to the fully mature form of TGF-β1 without LAP. The amino acid sequence of human TGF-β1 shares 99% identity with TGF-β1 from mouse and rat, therefore human TGF-b1 is commonly used also for mouse cell culture.

Quality description

Premium-grade

cytokines offer the convenience of high and well-defined biological activities and allow exact unit dosing for demanding applications. The biological activity is determined after lyophilization and reconstitution, and normalized to WHO/NIBSC standards whenever available. In general, endotoxin levels are <0.01 ng/μg (<0.1 EU/μg), and purities are >97%. Lot-specific certificates of analysis are available on request (macstec@miltenyibiotec.de).