Tag: linux

Usually I prefer to do thing directly from the Linux terminal but sometimes there is a need for remote graphical tools and X11 forwarding. Linux supports X Forwarding with no extra software, on OS X you need e.g. XQuartz and on Windows you need two pieces of software: a secure shell program (ssh) to establish the remote connection and an X Server to handle the local display. Here we concentrate on Windows and use Xming and PuTTY for those tasks.

Using Xming for X11 forwarding on Windows

There are different tools to do X11 forwarding on Windows but Xming is small, fast and simple software for X Window System Server for Microsoft Windows. You also need program like PuTTY or FuTTY to create the remote connection.

After you have Xming installed and started check what the icon says on the taskbar. Mine says “Xming Server:0.0” so for PuTTY settings we get “0.0”. It might also be “0:0”.

Next open Putty and in the Category list go to

Connection > SSH > X11

Check X11 forwarding: [x] Enable X11 forwarding

Add to the “X display location” field: localhost:0.0

Choose Session in the Category list and add your Linux hostname and select SSH. Click Save and then Open the SSH connection to your remote host.

On the remote machine check that the X11 forwarding works with e.g. -bash-3.2$ xeyes &

X11 forwarding as other user

That’s the typical use case but if you change to another user and try the same command you get error “MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 data did not match”. Go back to previous user and check what the xauth list says. Take note of that line as you need it later.

Optical drives are nowadays less common on laptops which makes making bootable install medias a little easier. Yes, easier by requiring you to use USB thumb drives. There are different ways to achieve what you want and here is couple of examples how to transfer Linux install media to USB thumb drive on Windows and Mac OS X.

First you need to download the install media of your choice as ISO image which you want to transfer to your USB thumb drive. In theory you need a media which is meant for USB thumb drive or is a Hybrid ISO image but practically all modern distributions’ media are Hybrid ISO images.

Windows

Select Diskimage and click the “. . .” button to find and open the ISO file. Make sure Type is USB drive and the Drive letter is what your Windows detect and click OK. Your ISO content will be copied to USB thumb drive.

Next you also need to copy the ISO file that you used with UNetbootin to the root of the USB thumb drive, e.g. the ISO file should be F:\linuxmint-16-cinnamon-dvd-64bit.iso

Now you can proceed to boot up the machine that you want to install with e.g. Linux Mint 16.

Linux

Creating bootable USB thumb drive in Linux is much simpler. You just need install media which is meant for USB thumb drive or is a Hybrid ISO image. With hybrid images, you can simply write the content of the ISO and make a bootable USB stick which can install Linux by using the ‘dd’ command.

You just need to have the ISO image and one command:

$ sudo dd bs=4M if=linux-image.iso of=/dev/sdX oflag=direct

$ sudo dd bs=4M if=linux-image.iso of=/dev/sdX oflag=direct

Where sdX is the device where your USB thumb drive is, e.g. sdb. If your system doesn’t support ‘oflag=direct’, you can just leave it out as it is simply intended to speed up the process a bit. If you leave the bs-option off the default will be 512 bytes and takes forever.

Mac OS X

OS X’s DiskUtil can’t burn ISO images to USB and gives “Invalid argument” but fortunately just like with Linux also Mac OS X makes things easy for you. You just need the install media which is meant for USB thumb drive or is a Hybrid ISO image. With hybrid images, you can simply write the content of the ISO and make a bootable USB stick which can install Linux by using the ‘dd’ command.

$ dd if=linux-image.iso of=/dev/rdiskX bs=8192

$ dd if=linux-image.iso of=/dev/rdiskX bs=8192

Where rdiskX is the device where your USB thumb drive is, e.g. rdisk1. You can see the device (disk identifier) from DiskUtility.app by selecting your USB stick and checking the Device section.

It’s useful to notice that on OS X you can use the ‘/dev/rdiskX’ device which stands for raw disk and is much faster than the block level device ‘/dev/diskX’ which is buffered and where data undergoes extra processing. For example rdiskX gives “823132160 bytes transferred in 625.470137 secs (1316022 bytes/sec)” and diskX gives “823132160 bytes transferred in 1296.675998 secs (634802 bytes/sec)”.

If you get an error e.g. “dd: /dev/rdisk2: Resource busy” then you have to make sure the Mac OS X isn’t using it and thus unmount it’s partitions. Open the DiskUtility.app, and on your USB hard drive, unmount any of it’s partitions. Do not eject the USB hard drive.