Rise in percentage of people living in urban areas compared to rural

Mega city

City with a population of more than ten million people

Million city

City with a population over a million

Conurbation

When 2 cities grow so much they merge together

Primate city

Dominates its economic, financial and political systems, much higher population than next biggest.

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World city

City with a disproportionate influence in the world

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Examples of mega cities

Jakarta, Delhi, Mumbai and Tokyo

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Most populous city with 38 million

Tokyo

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Features of a world city

International hub for travel and trade. Home to headquarters of many TNC’s which make global decisions. TNC’s invest. High employment in knowledge economy. High quality education attracting foreign students. Major political decisions.

Features of formal work

Features of informal work

No contract or pay if off work, direct pay of what you do, no minimum wage, no tax, flexible working hours, no working conditions laws, cash in hand

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Why’s there a high level of informal work in developing countries?

Urbanisation results in limite numbers of formal jobs and so a competitive job market, lack of industrialisation means less formal jobs, lack of government funding into services, lack of education resulting in insufficient qualifications

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Example of informal work

In Bamako, Mali there’s a lack of government funding into waste collection and so there’s much waste around the city lowering sanitation levels and biodiversity, poor earn livings by collecting trash and earning money to do this which is fed into the government, some trash is reused however and so is unsanitary

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Which model demonstrates land use in cities?

Burgess model

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Central business district

Where most commercial land is located (most expensive land, business base)

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Inner city

Streets are in grids and roads are tightly packed with terrace housing. (High density living spaces for workers in CBD)

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Inner suburbs

Residential land with semidetached housing due to decreasing land prices

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Rural urban fringe

Widely spaced roads and housing with more green belt areas and retail parks

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Site

The actual location of a settlement in relation to physical characteristics of the landscape.

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Situation

Location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places.

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Climate of Jakarta

Wet and tropical

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Which Indonesian island is Jakarta located and where on it?

Northern coast of Java on java sea north of java mountains

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Characteristics of land in Jakarta

Volcanic and fertile soil on lowlands that used to be swamps

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River in Jakarta

Ciliwung

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Jakarta’s trading

Trades with Shanghai and Beijing with raw materials

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Relation to rest of islands

Well connected by air and boat, on toll road along eastern Java

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Why’s Jakarta considered a world city?

Development in MRT, upward social mobility in healthcare/education, many international and global headquarters, skilled young people, R&D apple innovative, cultural diversity

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Population of Jakarta

10 million as of 2014

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Cultures of Jakarta

Javanese, Malay, Chinese, Arab, Indian & European

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Size of Jakarta

660km squared

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Population density of Jakarta

14,464 per km squared

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Spatial

Geographic space and how it’s used/ how things are spread across space

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How has urbanisation affected spatial growth in Jakarta?

Increase in developed areas, eradication of wetland, decrease in open space/farmland, expansion outwardly

Land issues

CBD land value increase resulting of growth in suburbs due to kampung dwellers being forced outwards

Cycle of poverty

Problems with growth of Jakarta

Limited housing and water supply, flooding and traffic

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Urbanisations effect on housing and water supply

Lack of affordable housing for large influx of migrants results in kampungs, leads to crowding and lack of sanitation (no sewage system). This means that water borne diseases are spread and QOL lessens. These are eventually bulldozed pushing people outwards

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Flooding in Jakarta

Influx of people leads to sinking of lowlands, near sea and has rainy season, poor are most vulnerable by river, waste in flood channels reduces water flow by 80%, dredging increases capacity, urbanisation results in increase of impermeable surfaces increasing surface runoff, poorly maintained drains, spreads disease and damages areas, tree loss due to urbanisation results in less interception of rain.

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Congestion in Jakarta

6% of city is roads, long commute=low QOL, malnourished as less fresh food

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without jeopardising the future.

Top down Sustainable solutions to Jakarta’s growth

Elevated road network

Government led project to reduce traffic by building elevated roads. Although v expensive

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Ciliwung River normalisation programme

Reduces risk of flooding while reducing waste in river and widening river. Access road to dredge rubbish decreases waterborne disease.Although displaces people to outskirts while making city centre inaccessible,

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Car free day

Reduces congestion and improves air quality by importing clean fuel and having one car free day a weekAlthough is hard to monitor and car numbers still growing.