↑/a/ is relaxed to [ɐ] in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions (inang bayan[iˈnɐŋ ˈbɐjən]).

↑The Tagalog /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of ray (for most English dialects) and the vowel of send. The Tagalog vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.

↑The Tagalog /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of code (for most English dialects) and the vowel of talk. The Tagalog vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.