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Wednesday, May 24, 2017

The quest for the perfect tomato

Tomatoes have come a
long way from their origins as pea-sized berries due to humans breeding tomato
plants to produce bigger fruit.

However, favorable
mutations that went along with increased fruit size and other beneficial traits
do not always play well together.

A study published in Cell on
May 18 found that natural mutations in two important tomato genes that were
selected for different purposes in breeding can cause extreme branching and
reduce fruit yield when they occur in the same plant.

However, the
researchers have found a way to use those genes to create an improved tomato
plant that grows a larger number of tomatoes.

One of the two genes
is ancient, dating back to when Native Americans in South and Central America
domesticated the tomato plant more than 8,000 years ago.

That gene causes the
green leafy "cap" on top of tomato fruits to grow larger, the
researchers found. The other gene, called Jointless2, is a 20th-century mutant,
which results in a smoother stem connected to the fruit and a firmer attachment
to the plant.

Jointless2 is
particularly sought after because it makes tomatoes easier to harvest, but the
presence of both mutations in one plant causes the branches that make the
flowers (and later, fruit) -- known botanically as "inflorescences"
-- to branch wildly into patterns that look "a bit like a broom."

"On the surface,
you would think that's great because more branches on each infloresence means
more flowers, which would mean more fruits; but in fact, more branches and
flowers doesn't always translate to more fruits," says senior author
Zachary Lippman, a plant geneticist at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.

"In order to make
those fruits, the plant has to pump a lot of resources into the young fruits as
they start to grow. But plant can't handle that imbalance of having too many
fruits, so the fertility is quite low." In other words, highly branched
tomato plants end up producing fewer tomatoes.

However, Lippman and
his colleagues thought that there might be advantages to having low levels of
branching, such that the "weak branching" plant would have more
flowers than a non-branching plant but not so many that the tomatoes fail to
grow.

They decided to
investigate the genes behind flower-bearing branches and their growth patterns.

First, the team
discovered genes that caused "strong branching" mutants. They found
mutations in two closely related genes, both of which play a role in initiating
flower growth by turning genes on and off in plant stem cells.

One of the
genes, Jointless2, was already well known in tomato genetics circles, but the
second gene's function was unknown.

To find out what the
gene did without Jointless2 around, the researchers used CRISPR "gene
editing" to create a tomato with a mutation in the mystery gene. Those
mutants grew larger sepals, the small leaves at the base of a flower that
become a part of the little green cap on the fruits.

It's unclear what the
benefit of larger sepals and a larger green cap would be, Lippman says, but the
mutation is present in more than 85% of modern tomatoes, meaning that it's hard
to breed a jointless tomato without running the risk of extreme branching.

"In the 1970s,
breeders wanted to use Jointless2 so much that they said, 'We're going to find
a way to use the genetics to our advantage, and we're going to find other genes
to suppress the branching.' So they knew they had this extreme branching, but
they didn't know which gene was mutated," says Lippman.

"Their goal was
to suppress the branching, to bring it back to the unbranched state, which is
what you see in the grocery store with tomatoes on the vine. And they achieved
it. They achieved it in many cases, but not all. In so doing, we feel that they
have missed an opportunity to achieve weak branching, to tune the architecture
in such a way that you can get a benefit."

With the newly
identified branch-driving genes in hand, the researchers were able to use
natural mutations and CRISPR to engineer several different tomato plants with
varying degrees of inflorescence branching, including one with "weak
branching" but high fruit yield.

Lippman hopes that the
results from this study can be useful not only for tomato breeders, but for
other crops, as well.

Tomatoes are in the
same genus as potatoes and eggplants (as well as poisonous Nightshades).

They are also in the
same family as tobacco and bell peppers. Some of these genes may also be
important for those crops, and the principles behind the experiment may be
applicable to distantly related plants, too.

"The more we
understand about basic plant biology, basic mechanisms of plant growth, and
plant development, the more we have at our fingertips the knowledge and tools
to rework the system or tune the system and exploit the system," says
Lippman.

"Even when we
find negative mutations, we can exploit that knowledge and turn them into a
positive."

Thought for the day

Nothing funny about tired Saturday Night Live on Fake News NBC! Question is, how do the Networks get away with these total Republican hit jobs without retribution? Likewise for many other shows? Very unfair and should be looked into. This is the real Collusion!

Individual One’s tweet at 4:52 AM - 17 Feb 2019 after a long, hard day of playing golf at Mar-A-Lago on Day Two of our “national emergency.”

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