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Translation - English Technical report
[Construction of SOFC power plant for the cathodic protection system of the oil and gas sector, and for other economic systems’ product lining]

Engineers and environmentalists have been exploring for a long time the opportunities of electric and thermal energy production without pollution. Solar panel batteries and wind turbines have established a reputation as alternative energy technologies. As well as it is a power efficient system there are some problems with stability of energy source, e.g. during the cloudy weather or windless day. Moreover, its exploitation is restricted with its mobility, wind turbine can’t be installed as engine in automobile or in tanker, solar panels can’t provide power during the night, etc.

Brief history of fuel cells development :
1801 - Humphry Davy demonstrated conception of operational principle of fuel cells
1839 - William Grove invented “gas voltaic batter” – the first fuel cell
1889 - Charles Langer and Ludwig Mond modified W. Grove’ invention and named it as a fuel cell
1950s – General Electric invented the first fuel cell with proton exchange membrane
1959 - Francis Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell
1960 – NASA began to use fuel cell with proton exchange membrane in a space programs. First solid-oxide fuel cells with platinum electrodes were created in Russia.
1970s – Oil crisis gave an impulse to the development of alternative energy technologies; including the phosphoric acid fuel cells (IFC designed 1MW demonstration installation). There was wide range of demo-versions of fuel cell automobiles; all of these automobiles were created to use hydrogen fuel because of zero emissions.
1980s – US Navy began to use fuel cells for submarines because of nearly zero emissions and silent engine.
1990s – Beginning of design big stationary fuel cells for commercial and industrial using. Particular attention was drawn to the technologies of fuel cells with proton exchange membrane and solid-oxide fuel cells. Germany, Japan, Great Britain financed development of the technologies of fuel cells with proton exchange membrane significantly.
2007 – Beginning of launch of fuel cells with proton exchange membrane as stationary standby capacities. It was strong development of solid-oxide fuel cells. There were fuel cell buses that shown itself to advantage, and attempt to sale it also was made. But cost of that bus was five times as much cost of diesel-generator buses, and there were difficulties with hydrogen fuel filling, after that fuel cell buses’ selling was stopped.
2008 – Honda began designing for launching of electric cars that using fuel cells
2009 –Japan began to launch mini power stations for heat and electricity. Beginning of selling portative devices based on fuel cells with proton exchange membrane.
1962 – Revolution in energetic research. Westinghouse Electric Corporation’ scholars (nowadays Siemens Westinghouse) managed to extract electricity from the device that named as “solid electrolyte fuel cells”. Since this time strong research and development had been done and numerous efforts of alternative energy technologies designing had been made. Nowadays energetic science questions are quite topical and fuel cells technology is maturing and will be appropriate for commercial using soon.
Today, the structure of global energy system changes significantly. Share of renewable energy consumption is increasing; the global energy consumption becomes more efficient and with high quality of electricity. The structure of energy demand changes from high level of energy consumption in industries to saving energy and science-based production. Consumers’ electricity requirements change sufficiently too. Advanced energetic companies guide to the complex energy market – alternative energy, smart grid, system of storage. According to Western scientists’ estimations, to the end of 2025 share of alternative power plants (including energy sources based on electrochemical generator (ECG) with solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC)) will be 30% of global energy production. New giant market of equipment for distributed power generation emerges. Nowadays electrochemical generator with solid-oxide fuel cells can work in certain yield range – from hundreds W to hundreds kW, and there aren’t other suggestions studied carefully.
At the present moment, 195 companies develop solid-oxide fuel cells. Leaders close to commercialization of SOFC power plant, such as advanced international and local companies - Acumentrics Corporation, Acumentrics Canada Ltd, Adaptive Materials Inc., Adelan Ltd., Bloom Energy, Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd., Cummins Power Generation Inc, Delphi Corporation, Fuel Cell Energy, Nextech materials, Rolls-Royce Pic, Siemens Power Generation Inc, Hexis AG, Ztek Corporation and others.
Analyze conducted by Global Industry Analysts, Inc (published in April 2008), prognosticated the increase of commercial attractiveness of SOFC power plant over the years, because conventional centralized technology of energy generation heeds in reasonable modernization, replacement/reorganization of it’s infrastructure with distributed power generation (hydrogen). That process comes along with social policy intensification concerning to environmental cleanup. In The Fuel Cell Today (Industry Review 2011) report there are data about continuously growth by 20 times of supplying of fuel cells of different types every year since 2006. And in 2010, growth of fuel cells supplying was 40% of total volume of supplied fuel cells in 2009, and that growth was 230 000 units.

Translation - EnglishTHE DISTORTION OF PRIMARY SOURCES IN HISTORY FROM THE THREE ASPECTS: SOURCE STUDY, HISTORIOGRAPHY AND STUDY OF EARLY TEXTS.

There are no reasons once again to talk about importance of primary sources’ authenticity, because it is a necessary condition of source study analysis and archive regulation. The identification of primary source’ distortion is one of the guarantees to make the historical conclusions in a correct way. In addition to this fact, it should be clear that forgery has its own value as it is a primary source too of the time its creation. In that case we have foundation to include contents of the distorted primary source into general contents of social movement when it was created. And it is possible to get something new and at times some important historical knowledge from that basis. It is understandable that only primary sources with forgery, planned and realized exactly as a forgery of primary source in history (i.e. of the way of society self-knowledge in a historical retrospective) have a great value. Because along with that part of primary source there is one more part with distortion that is naturally appeared unauthentic regulator of socially significant events of contemporaneity (e.g. forgery of civil documents or privity documents).

Deliberate distortion of primary source in history of Russia traces back at least to the end of seventeen century. “Testaments” of Peter the Great, of Catherine the Great, Church Council Act on the Monk Martin, Metropolitan Theognostus’ Book of Needs, forgeries of Bardin, Sulakadzev, Kavkasidzev, Minaev, Ivanov are well known, each of its were studied individually and in special research just recently.

Twenty century gave a new impulse to the distortion of primary sources in history. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion set the tone for the most of forgeries like that. That’s why a significant part of the distortion devoted to the historically important events and people. Family of the last Russian emperor Nicholas II and its fate, October Revolution and its leaders, Communist movement and foreign policy of USSR, events in August of 1991 and Mikhail Gorbachev house arrest – is an incomplete sheet of events and people that were distorted as a primary source in a varying degree in twenty century. In depending on aspiration of diverse social forces in twenty century there were distortions of Ancient Rus’ history. It hid search for social ideal and desire to react on a certain changes of political course of Soviet leaders.