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The Committee has called on the European Commission to suspend Privacy Shield until the US complies by 1 September and to keep it suspended until it does. It added that the US authorities should act swiftly to remove certified companies that have misused personal data from the Privacy Shield list.

The MEPs also claim that the US Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act (CLOUD Act) may also be incompatible with Privacy Shield and other EU data protection laws including the GDPR.

"It is therefore up to the US authorities to effectively follow the terms of the agreement and for the Commission to take measures to ensure that it will fully comply with the GDPR."

Privacy Shield was brought in to replace Safe Harbour in July 2016 after the original agreement was ruled illegal for failing to adequately protect the privacy of European citizens' data.

At the time, many lawyers doubted that the new agreement would be compatible with the incoming GDPR legislation. Data protection lawyer Sheila Fitzpatrick predicted that the deal would have to be renegotiated.

"Privacy Shield may have to be renegotiated in 2018 because the GDPR obviously puts many more obligations, responsibilities and accountabilities onto any not just US-based multinational companies but any organisation that does business in Europe," Fitzpatrick said in 2016.