Male underwear models photoshoot

This article is about the role a person may take as a model. For other uses, see .

A model is a person with a either to , display or commercial (notably clothing in ), or to serve as a visual aid for people who are creating or to pose for photography.

Modelling ("modeling" in ) is considered to be different from other types of public , such as acting or dancing. Although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be "modelling".

, including actors, singers, and reality TV stars, frequently take modelling contracts in addition to their regular work.

Contents

History[]

Early years[]

Modelling as a profession was first established in 1853 by , the "father of ", when he asked his wife, Marie Vernet Worth, to model the clothes he designed. The term "" was coined to describe this type of work. Eventually, this became common practice for . There were no standard physical measurement requirements for a model, and most designers would use women of varying sizes to demonstrate variety in their .

With the development of , the modelling profession expanded to photo modelling. Models remained fairly anonymous, and relatively poorly paid, until the late 1950s. One of the first well-known models was , who was very popular in the 1930s. Fonssagrives appeared on over 200 covers, and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping the careers of fashion models. In 1946, was established by and in New York; it is one of the oldest model agencies in the world. One of the most popular models during the 1940s was who was paid per hour, a large sum at the time. During the 1940s and 1950s, , , , , , , , and dominated fashion. was among the first black models in the industry to gain notoriety in Paris. However, these models were unknown outside the fashion community. Compared to today's models, the models of the 1950s were more voluptuous. 's measurements were 38"-24"-36" whereas 's measurements are 32"-23"-33".

The 1960s and the beginning of the industry[]

In the 1960s, the modelling world began to establish . Throughout Europe, secretarial services acted as models' agents charging them weekly rates for their messages and bookings. For the most part, models were responsible for their own billing. In Germany, agents were not allowed to work for a percentage of a person's earnings, so referred to themselves as secretaries. With the exception of a few models travelling to Paris or New York, travelling was relatively unheard of for a model. Most models only worked in one market due to different labor laws governing modelling in various countries. In the 1960s, Italy had many fashion houses and but was in dire need of models. Italian agencies would often coerce models to return to Italy without work visas by withholding their pay. They would also pay their models in cash, which models would have to hide from agents. It was not uncommon for models staying in hotels such as La Louisiana in or the Arena in to have their hotel rooms raided by the police looking for their work visas. It was rumoured that competing agencies were behind the raids. This led many agencies to form worldwide chains; for example, the has branches in Paris and New York.

By the late 1960s, was considered the best market in Europe due to its more organised and innovative approach to modelling. It was during this period that models began to become household names. Models such as , , , , , and dominated the London fashion scene and were well paid, unlike their predecessors. Twiggy became The Face of '66 at the age of 16. At this time, model agencies were not as restrictive about the models they represented, although it was uncommon for them to sign shorter models. Twiggy, who stood at 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) with a 32" bust and had a boy's haircut, is credited with changing model ideals. At that time, she earned £80 an hour, while the average wage was £15 a week.

In 1967, seven of the top model agents in London formed the Association of London Model Agents. The formation of this association helped legitimize modelling and changed the fashion industry. Even with a more professional attitude towards modelling, models were still expected to have their hair and makeup done before they arrived at a shoot. Meanwhile, agencies took responsibility for a model's promotional materials and branding. That same year, former top fashion model opened up her own fashion agency with her husband called . By 1968, FM Agency and were established and represented models in a similar way that agencies do today. By the late 1960s, models were treated better and were making better wages. One of the innovators, Ford Models, was the first agency to advance models money they were owed and would often allow teen models, who did not live locally, to reside in their house, a precursor to model housing.

The 1970s and 1980s[]

The innovations of the 1960s flowed into the 1970s fashion scene. As a result of model industry associations and standards, model agencies became more business minded, and more thought went into a model's promotional materials. By this time, agencies were starting to pay for a model's publicity. In the early 1970s, had many tall, leggy, -haired, blue-eyed models and not enough clients. It was during this time that Ford Models pioneered scouting. They would spend time working with agencies holding modelling contests. This was the precursor to the competition which was established in 1980. Ford also focused their attentions on Brazil which had a wide array of seemingly "exotic" models, which eventually led to establishment of Ford Models Brazil. It was also during this time that the debuted. The magazine set a trend by photographing "bigger and healthier" California models, and printing their names by their photos, thus turning many of them into household names and establishing the issue as a hallmark of status.

The 1970s marked numerous milestones in fashion. was the first to appear on the cover of U.S. in 1974.Models, including , , , , , , , and were some of the top black fashion models who paved the way for black women in fashion. In 1975, landed a then-unprecedented million-dollar contract as the face of 's Babe perfume and the same year appeared on the cover of Time magazine, labelled one of the "New Beauties," giving further name recognition to fashion models.

Many of the world's most prominent modelling agencies were established in the 1970s and early 1980s. These agencies created the standard by which agencies now run. In 1974, Nevs Models was established in London with only a men's board, the first of its kind. Elite Models was founded in Paris in 1975 as well as Friday's Models in . The next year Cal-Carries was established in , the first of a chain of agencies in Asia. In 1977, Select Model Management opened its doors as well as Why Not Models in Milan. By the 1980s, agencies such as Premier Model Management, Storm Models, Mikas, Marilyn, and Metropolitan Models had been established.

In October 1981, cited , Lauren Hutton and Iman for , Margaux Hemingway for , for , for , and Cheryl Tiegs for by proclaiming them the "million dollar faces" of the beauty industry. These models negotiated previously unheard of lucrative and exclusive deals with giant cosmetics companies, were instantly recognizable, and their names became well known to the public.

By the 1980s, most models were able to make modelling a full-time career. It was common for models to travel abroad and work throughout Europe. As modelling became global, numerous agencies began to think globally. In 1980, Ford Models, the innovator of scouting, introduced the contest. That same year, John Casablancas opened in New York. In 1981, cosmetics companies began contracting top models to lucrative . By 1983, Elite developed its own contest titled the Elite Model Look competition. In New York during the 1980s there were so-called "model wars" in which the Ford and Elite agencies fought over models and campaigns. Models were jumping back and forth between agencies such Elite, Wilhelmina, and Ford. In New York, the late 1980s trend was the boyish look in which models had short cropped hair and looked . In Europe, the trend was the exact opposite. During this time, a lot of American models who were considered more feminine looking moved abroad. By the mid-1980s, big hair was made popular by some musical groups, and the boyish look was out. The curvaceous models who had been popular in the 1950s and early 1970s were in style again. Models like earned 0 an hour for print and ,000 for television plus . It was estimated that Hansen earned about 0,000 a year during the 1980s.[]

The 1990s to present[]

The early 1990s were dominated by the high fashion models of the late 1980s. In 1990, famously said to Vogue, "we don't wake up for less than ,000 a day". Evangelista and her contemporaries, , , , and , became arguably the most recognizable models in the world, earning the moniker of "", and were boosted to global recognition and new heights of wealth for the industry. In 1991, Turlington signed a contract with that paid her 0,000 for twelve days' work each year.

By the mid‑1990s, the new "" movement became popular amongst New York and London editorial clients. became its poster child through her ads for . In spite of the heroin chic movement, model earned million. With the popularity of lingerie retailer , and the , there was a need for healthier-looking[] supermodels such as and to meet commercial modelling demand. The mid‑1990s also saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies.

By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen was on the rise, and artists such as , and popularized and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful , the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following 's breakthrough, a wave of models including and rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied this increase in Brazilian models to the trend of magazines featuring celebrities instead of models on their covers.

In the late 2000s, the Brazilians fell out of favour on the runways. Editorial clients were favouring models with a china-doll or alien look to them, such as and . During the 2000s, Ford Models and were engaged in a legal battle, with each agency alleging that the other was stealing its models.

However, the biggest controversy of the 2000s was the health of high-fashion models participating in fashion week. While the health of models had been a concern since the 1970s, there were several high-profile news stories surrounding the deaths of young fashion models due to and . The subsequently asked designers to sign a contract stating they would not use models under the age of sixteen. On March 3, 2012, Vogue banned models under the age of sixteen as well as models who appeared to have an eating disorder. Similarly, other countries placed bans on unhealthy, and underage models, including , , and , which all enacted a minimum (BMI) requirement.

In 2013, New York toughened its child labor law protections for models under the age of eighteen by passing New York Senate Bill No. 5486, which gives underage models the same labor protections afforded to child actors. Key new protections included the following: underage models are not to work before 5:00 pm or after 10:00 pm on school nights, nor were they to work later than 12:30 am on non-school nights; the models may not return to work less than twelve hours after they leave; a pediatric nurse must be on site; models under sixteen must be accompanied by an adult chaperone; parents or guardians of underage models must create a trust fund account into which employers will transfer a minimum of 15% of the 's gross earnings; and employers must set aside time and a dedicated space for educational instruction.

Fashion modelling[]

"Fashion model" redirects here. For the 1945 film, see .

Runway modelling[]

Main articles: , , and

See also: and

A fashion model looking at the camera during a photoshoot

Runway models showcase clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and are self-employed. They are wanted to be over the height of 5'8" for men and 5'6" for women. Runway models work in different locations, constantly travelling between those cities where fashion is well known—, , , and . Second-tier international fashion center cities include: , , , , , , , and . Cities where catalog work comprises the bulk of fashion packaging, merchandising and marketing work are: , , , , , , , , , and [].

The criteria for runway models include certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. Models walk, turn, and stand in order to demonstrate a garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called "go and sees") to present their portfolios. The more experience a model has, the more likely she/he is to be hired for a fashion show. A runway model can also work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, and the most successful models sometimes create their own product lines or go into acting.:191–192

The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34"-24"-34" and between 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) and 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) tall. The average model is very slender. Those who do not meet the size requirement may try to become a . According to the New York Better Business Career Services website, the preferred dimensions for a male model are a height of 5 ft 11 in (180 cm) to 6 ft 2 in (189 cm), a waist of 29–32 in (73.66–81.28 cm) and a chest measurement of 39–40 in (99.06–101.60 cm).Male runway models are notably skinny and well toned.

Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. Stringent weight and body proportion guidelines form the selection criteria by which established, and would‑be, models are judged for their placement suitability, on an ongoing basis. There can be some variation regionally, and by market tier, subject to current prevailing trends at any point, in any era, by agents, agencies and end-clients.

Formerly, the required measurements for models were 35"-23.5"-35" in (90-60-90 cm), the alleged measurements of .[] Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA-recommended shape, but some - such as model - still have 35"-23.5"-35" measurements. Although in some fashion centres, a size 00 is more desirable than a size 0.

The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' and encouraging . Organisers of a fashion show in in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be by medical personnel who were on hand. In February 2007, six months after her sister, , also a model, died, model became the third fashion model to die of in six months. The second victim was . died of caused by just after stepping off the . In 2015, passed a law requiring models to be declared healthy by a doctor in order to participate in fashion shows. The law also requires re-touched images to be marked as such in magazines.

Plus-size models[]

Main article:

, one of the top plus size models in the world, has appeared in many editorials, on runways, and in advertising for top retailers.[40]

Plus-size models are models who generally have larger measurements than editorial fashion models. The primary use of plus-size models is to appear in advertising and runway shows for plus-size labels. Plus-size models are also engaged in work that is not strictly related to selling large-sized clothing, e.g., and advertising photography for cosmetics, household and pharmaceutical products and sunglasses, footwear and watches. Therefore, plus-size models do not exclusively wear garments marketed as plus-size clothing. This is especially true when participating in fashion editorials for mainstream fashion magazines. Some plus-size models have appeared in runway shows and campaigns for mainstream retailers and designers such as Gucci, Guess, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Levi's and Versace Jeans.

Fit models[]

Main article:

A fit model works as a sort of live mannequin to give designers and pattern makers feedback on the fit, feel, movement, and drape of a garment to be produced in a given size.

Glamour models[]

Main article:

Glamour models posing on the red carpet — Hollywood, California

Glamour modelling focuses on sexuality and thus general requirements are often unclear, being dependent more on each individual case. Glamour models can be any size or shape. There is no industry standard for glamour modelling and it varies greatly by country. For the most part, glamour models are limited to modelling in , , such as , modelling, modelling, fetish modelling, music videos, and extra work in films. However, some extremely popular glamour models transition into commercial print modelling, appearing in , and campaigns.

It is widely considered[] that England created the market for glamour modelling when established in 1969, a section in their newspaper which featured sexually suggestive images of Penthouse and Playboymodels. From 1970 models appeared topless. In the 1980s, The Sun's competitors followed suit and produced their own Page 3 sections. It was during this time that glamour models first came to prominence with the likes of . As a result, the United Kingdom has a very large glamour market and has numerous glamour modelling agencies to this day.

It was not until the 1990s that modern glamour modelling was established. During this time, the fashion industry was promoting models with waif bodies and androgynous looking women, which left a void. Several fashion models, who were deemed too commercial, and too curvaceous, were frustrated with industry standards, and took a different approach. Models such as left the fashion world and began modelling for men's magazines. In the previous decades, posing nude for Playboy resulted in models losing their agencies and endorsements.Playboy was a stepping stone which catapulted the careers of Victoria Silvstedt, , and . Pamela Anderson became so popular from her Playboy spreads that she was able to land roles on and .

In the mid-1990s, a series of men's magazines were established such as , , and . At the same time, magazines including Sweden's re-branded themselves as men's magazines. Pre-internet, these magazines were popular among men in their late teens and early twenties because they were considered to be more tasteful than their predecessors. With the glamour market growing, fashion moved away from the waifs and onto Brazilian bombshells. The glamour market, which consisted mostly of commercial fashion models and commercial print models, became its own genre due to its popularity. Even in a large market like the United Kingdom, however, glamour models are not usually signed exclusively to one agency as they can not rely financially on one agency to provide them with enough work. It was, and still is, a common practice for glamour models to partake in kiss-and-tell interviews about their dalliances with famous men. The notoriety of their alleged bed-hopping often propels their popularity and they are often promoted by their current or former fling. With Page 3 models becoming fixtures in the British tabloids, glamour models such as Jordan, now known as , became household names. By 2004, Page 3 regulars earned anywhere from £30,000 to 40,000, where the average salary of a non-Page 3 model, as of 2011, was between £10,000 and 20,000. In the early 2000s, glamour models, and aspiring glamour models, appeared on reality television shows such as to gain fame. Several Big Brother alumni parlayed their fifteen minutes of fame into successful glamour modelling careers. However, the glamour market became saturated by the mid-2000s, and numerous men's magazines including , Stuff and FHM in the United States went under. During this time, there was a growing trend of glamour models, including Kellie Acreman and Lauren Pope, becoming DJs to supplement their income. In a 2012 interview, Keeley Hazell said that going topless is not the best way to achieve success and that "[she] was lucky to be in that 1% of people that get that, and become really successful."

Alternative models[]

An is any model who does not fit into the conventional model types and may include , , , and models or models with distinctive attributes. This type of modeling is usually a cross between glamour modeling and art modeling. Publishers such as in Germany introduced alternative models and punk photography to larger audiences. , then known as Wilbert Anthony Gordon, was[] the top greeting card model in the world and inspired a cottage industry, including greeting cards, T-shirts, fans, stationery, gift bags, etc.

Parts models[]

Some models are employed for their body parts. For example, may be used to promote products held in the hand and -related products. (e.g. rings, other jewelry or ). They are frequently part of television commercials. Many parts models have exceptionally attractive body parts, but there is also demand for unattractive or unusual looking body parts for particular campaigns.

Hands are the most in-demand body parts. Feet models are also in high demand, particularly those who fit sample size shoes.Models are also successful modelling other specific parts including abs, arms, back, bust or chest, legs, and lips. Some petite models (females who are under 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) and do not qualify as fashion models) have found success in women's body part modelling.

Parts model divisions can be found at agencies worldwide. Several agencies solely represent parts models, including Hired Hands in London, Body Parts Models in Los Angeles, Carmen Hand Model Management in New York and in New York. Parts Models is the largest parts agency, representing over 300 parts models.

Fitness models[]

See also:

Fitness model posing with

Fitness modelling focuses on displaying a healthy, toned physique. Fitness models usually have defined muscle groups. The model's body weight is greater due to muscle weighing more than fat; however, they have a lower body fat percentage because the muscles are toned and sculpted. Fitness models are often used in magazine advertising; they can also in some cases be certified personal fitness trainers. However, other fitness models are also athletes and compete as professionals in . There are several agencies in large markets such as New York, London, and Germany that have fitness modelling agencies. While there is a large market for these models, most of these agencies are a secondary agency promoting models who typically earn their primary income as commercial models. There are also magazines that gear towards specifically fitness modelling or getting fit and in shape.

Gravure idols[]

A gravure idol (グラビアアイドル, gurabia aidoru), often abbreviated to gradol (グラドル, guradoru), is a Japanese female model who primarily models on magazines, especially men's magazines, photobooks or DVDs.

"Gurabia" (グラビア) is a term derived from "", which is a type of process that was once a staple of newspaper photo features. The rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, , and product packaging.

Gravure idols appear in a wide range of photography styles and genres. Their photos are largely aimed at male audiences with poses or activities intended to be provocative or suggestive, generally accentuated by an air of playfulness and innocence rather than aggressive sexuality. Although gravure idols may sometimes wear clothing that exposes most of their body, they seldom appear fully nude. Gravure idols may be as young as pre-teen age up to early thirties. In addition to appearing in mainstream magazines, gravure idols often release their own professional photobooks and DVDs for their fans. Many popular launched their careers by starting out as gravure idols.

Commercial print and on-camera models[]

Commercial print models generally appear in print ads for non-fashion products, and in television commercials. Commercial print models can earn up to 0 an hour. Commercial print models are usually non-exclusive, and primarily work in one location.

There are several large fashion agencies that have commercial print divisions, including Ford Models in the United States.

Promotional models[]

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Two models with the logo of , a cigarette brand they are promoting, printed on the backside of their shorts in , 2004

A promotional model is a model hired to drive for a product, service, brand, or concept by directly interacting with potential consumers. The vast majority of promotional models tend to be attractive in physical appearance. They serve to provide information about the product or service and make it appealing to consumers. While the length of interaction may be short, the promotional model delivers a live experience that reflects on the product or service he or she is representing. This form of marketing touches fewer consumers for the cost than traditional (such as print, radio, and television); however, the consumer's perception of a brand, product, service, or company is often more profoundly affected by a live person-to-person experience.

that make use of promotional models may take place in or , at , special promotional events, clubs, or even at outdoor public spaces. Promotional models may also be used as TV host/anchor for interviewing celebrities such as at film awards, sports events, etc. They are often held at high traffic locations to reach as many consumers as possible, or at venues at which a particular type of target consumer is expected to be present.

Spokesmodels[]

Main article:

"Spokesmodel" is a term used for a model who is employed to be associated with a specific in . A spokesmodel may be a celebrity used only in advertisements (in contrast to a brand ambassador who is also expected to represent the company at various events), but more often the term refers to a model who is not a celebrity in their own right. A classic example of the spokesmodel are the models hired to be the between 1954 and 1999.

Trade show models[]

models work a trade show floorspace or booth, and represent a company to attendees. Trade show models are typically not regular employees of the company, but are hired by the company renting the booth space. They are hired for several reasons: trade show models can make a company's booth more visibly distinguishable from the hundreds of other booths with which it competes for attendee attention. They are articulate and quickly learn and explain or disseminate information on the company and its product(s) and service(s). And they can assist a company in handling a large number of attendees which the company might otherwise not have enough employees to accommodate, possibly increasing the number of sales or leads resulting from participation in the show.

Atmosphere models[]

Atmosphere models at a sexy costume party

Atmosphere models are hired by the producers of themed events to enhance the atmosphere or ambience of their event. They are usually dressed in costumes exemplifying the theme of the event and are often placed strategically in various locations around the venue. It is common for event guests to have their picture taken with atmosphere models. For example, if someone is throwing a "Brazilian Day" celebration, they would hire models dressed in samba costumes and headdresses to stand or walk around the party.

Podium models[]

Podium model modeling a dress by

Podium models differ from runway models in that they don't walk down a runway, but rather just stand on an elevated platform. They are kind of like live mannequins placed in various places throughout an event. Attendees can walk up to the models and inspect and even feel the clothing. Podium Modeling is a practical alternative way of presenting a fashion show when space is too limited to have a full runway fashion show.

Art models[]

Main article:

Art school model, c. 1912

Art models pose for any as part of the . Art models are often paid who provide a reference or inspiration for a that includes the human figure. The most common types of art created using models are , , and , but almost any medium may be used. Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in , its artwork commonly employs models. Models are most frequently employed for or by informal groups of experienced artists that gather to share the expense of a model.

Instagram models[]

Instagram models have become popular due to the widespread use of . They are models who gain their success as a result of the large number of followers they have on and other social media. They should not be confused with established models such as and , who use Instagram to promote their traditional modelling careers, although some models, such as model , begin their modelling careers conventionally and subsequently become Instagram models. Some models use Instagram success to develop their careers, such as who worked as a fashion model before being discovered via Instagram and gaining work as a in American boxing. In some cases, Instagram provides unsigned models with a platform to attract the attention of agencies and talent scouts. American male model entered the profession as a result of being discovered on Instagram by .

The Instagram model concept originated in the late 2000s, when the boyfriends of fashion bloggers such as and began photographing their girlfriends in various outfits. Instagram models often attempt to become social media influencers and engage in , promoting products such as fashion brands and detox teas. High-profile influencers are able to earn thousands of US dollars for promoting commercial brands. When choosing whom to employ, brands have become less concerned with the number of followers an influencer has and more focussed on their strategy. Research indicates that 89 per cent of influencers use Instagram to promote themselves compared to 20 per cent using Twitter and 16 per cent using Facebook.

Some Instagram models have gained high-profile modelling jobs and become . Fitness model had become an by 2014 with nearly 2 million Instagram followers, gaining professional work and modelling for magazine. and model had acquired over 250,000 Instagram followers by 2014, gaining success from her ability to impersonate the character . American actress had almost 300,000 Instagram followers in 2016, earning most of her social media income from endorsing products on Instagram. Australian personal trainer acquired five-and-a-half million Instagram followers allowing her to build a business in the fitness industry. Brazilian model had gained a following of 2.8 million people on Instagram by 2015 and developed a career as a lingerie model. Plus-size models and have used Instagram to demonstrate their potential as models., an Indian teenage actress rose to prominence in the Tamil film industry after gaining popularity among the public as an Instagram model with over 145,000 followers on her account.

Instagram model techniques and aesthetics have also been used in unconventional or parody profiles. Instagram model has blurred the line between reality and social media, amassing more than 200,000 followers without it being revealed whether she is real or computer-generated. Australian comedian Celeste Barber had acquired 1.8 million Instagram followers by 2017, parodying celebrity fashion photographs with real-life reenactments. In 2016, French organization Addict Aide ran a campaign to raise awareness for alcohol abuse among young people in which a model posed as Louise Delage, a fictitious 25-year-old Parisian whose Instagram photos nearly always featured alcohol. The account amassed 65,000 followers in a month, after which a reveal video posted to it had over 160,000 views.

See also[]

References[]

. modelworker.com. Archived from on 2007-10-17.

Walker, Harriet (4 May 2009). . The Independent. from the original on 2011-05-28. Retrieved 2017-09-05.