The Russian Empire (1450 - 1750)

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Transcript of The Russian Empire (1450 - 1750)

Political CharacteristicsEconomic CharacteristicsSocial CharacteristicsMost similar policallyleast similar politicallyR U S S I A (1450 - 1750)most similar economicallyLeast similar economicallyWorks Cited:In the east, modern-day Siberia, fur, timber, gold, and iron were used for trade.Instead of paid labor, extreme serfdom was used for labor.Mainly a rural, agricultural economy, but the serfs had no motivation to work harder because the landowners got all profit.Russia lacked a middle class (artisans and merchants).Little industry and marketing.Traded mostly furs.Russia attempted to diversify their economy through mining and metallurgythe money went to fund the militaryTo outfit the military, Peter created iron foundries and textile millsSet systems of state control of the purchase of raw materials and establishment of factoriesRussia expands west to Kiev and Novgorod.Cossacks - bands of people from the steppes; led conquest of Siberia.Land was given to local nobles as rewards (from tsars).Population doubles in 1700s to 36 million due to...Westernization based on European society.German influence on attire.Serf - agricultural laborer that set services for the landlord.Boyars - Russian Aristocracy Russians were very diverse as the empire expanded; Individuals consisted of farmers, hunters, builders, scribes, merchants, herders, caravan workers, and soldiers.Cultural CharacteristicsPeter the Great westernizes Russia by enforcing education and western dress, and also by setting a beard tax.due to westernization, upper class women enjoyed more freedom, but peasants' lives remained the sameNo Enlightenment Orthodox Christianity is the dominant religionNew lands cause internal tensions due to a multicultural empireNo large urban centers Peasants were legally serfsSerfdom was an inescapable hereditary statusUse of tobacco made compulsoryIvan lll: promotes centralized rule.Ivan lV: Also known as Ivan the Terrible; he continues expansion and centralization of power and crowns himself as the first czar. Commanded the oprichnina that slaughtered those disloyal to the crown.Peter the Great:Boyars were landowners who controlled serfs.To support the military, he restructured the government into a bureaucratic state with its capital in the newly built city of St. Petersburg.Creates a standing army along with a navy with a fleet of ships.By the Table of Ranks, the government had merit-based employees because it was a system of promotion based on personal ability and performance rather than on birth and genealogy.Strengthened power of the czar as an absolutist monarch.Czar - the political and religous leader (all church appointments made by the czar).Catherine the Great:Overthrown her husband, Peter the Great, with the help of several others.Created the Nakaz that stated how the country's legal system should be run; it pushed capital punishment and torture to be outlawed and declared every man to be equal.Formed the Legislative Commission from different social and economic classes. The first time Russians across the empire was able to express their opinions and concerns about their country.Gave back the land and property that Peter III took from the Church, only to take it in the future.Although she pushed for equality, later in her reign, she emphasized the upper-classes' power and forced many of her citizens into serfdom.Expanded Russian's borders, and proved to the world that Russia was a mighty power.Supported many cultural projects and called for free schools to be created in towns across Russia.Bašić, Denis. Gunpowder Empires. N.p.: n.p., n.d. PPT. http://courses.washington.edu/jsisa402/Lecture_Notes/Entries/2014/1/16_Part_I,_Ch._2_-_Gunpowder_Empires_files/Part%201-Ch02-G.pdf

Wrong, Dennis H., Ed., and William N. Deneven. "UNIT III: 1450 - 1750 C." History Haven. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2015.Most similar sociallyleast similar sociallymost similar culturallyleast similar culturallyMughal and QingPatriarchal- men were superior to women; women there for supportland grant system based on military servicehated anything related to western societygave punishments to people who went against religious valuesMughalAgricultural economy.Limited variety of traded goods.Imported western goods.QingLimited variety of traded goods.Traded extensively & over long distances (during the early Qing).Agricultural economy but also made specialized goods.Imported western goods.Qing:powerful military forcebureaucracy of scholarsQianlong continues expansion and encorages settlingOttoman:centralized governmentprofessional calvary force with heavy armor along with a strong navythe capitol at Burma was a commercial and intellectual centerabsolute ruler Ottomansmost were Sunni muslimgreat diversity of lands and many trade connectionsimportant merchant classno urgency to westernizeMinglarge and idle bureaucracymilitary weakened at expense of scholar-gentryviewed westerners as barbarians of infidelsSafavidimperial expansion seen as extension of Islam to new landsViewed Europeans as infidelscourt life had many ritualsHad Christian servant soldiers who were basically slavesQingEducation and tradition was supported by the Qing emperorprepared students for civil service examspoetry novels, encyclopedias and librariescalligraphy and artwork were much appreciatedpainters and scholars (most were religious) worked under political leaders and considered high classMingMingThe Shi- Gentry scholars (warrior class evolved to scholarly class)The Nong- Peasant farmers (produced food, sustained empire, contributed to state revenue with taxesThe Gong- Artisans and craftsmen (had skills, but no land and did not contribute to state revenueThe Shang- Merchants and traders (highly disrespected because they only transported food and were "motivated by greed")Ottomanmore sustained tradeInstanbul is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the worldNumerous trade route circuitsMuch of tax revenue pocketed by Local government officialsReligious law limited government's ability to reform tax lawsSafavidSilk production and trade was a major indusrtyChiefs of nomadic groups had little interest in building the agricultural economyBy: Sara Scales, Melody Molinaro, Lina Chung, Eliana MarcuMughalEducation took importance but known as a "private affair" (not a duty to teach, just to gain religious merit)libraries with books of religion, poetry, etc.discipline their forces of intellect and moral developmentlevels of classes in school very difficult examinations in order to move to a higher level classschools of painting (portraits and landscapes)Safavidcalligraphy like the mughalsart was influenced by the mughalspersian-hindu style poetyOttomanThe Ottoman Empire consisted of four social classes;Men of the pen: highly educated; scientists,lawyers, judges and doctors.Men of the sword: military personnel.Men of negotiation: merchants, artisans and tax collectors.Men of husbandry: farmers and herdersWomen had more freedom than the Mingmost common religious beliefs were Taoism and Buddhism there wasn't a distinction between the classes