In their experiments, they allowed bluegill sunfish to attack virtual prey in an aquarium setting. The virtual prey were 16 tiny red dots projected on the back wall of the aquarium and these tiny dots were programmed to move in certain ways relative to their neighbors. At times the dots were programmed to stick close together and at others they were programmed to swim individually around the tank. Varying degrees of "stick-togetherness" and directionality were evaluated in order to understand the problem.

Ioannou's group found there was a happy medium when it came to schooling. Too far apart and individuals became easy prey and were just picked off one-by-one. Too close together and the speed of the swimming school significantly dropped to the point that a predator could pick off an individual from the group without too much difficulty. The researchers found there was a "sweet spot" for packing within a school which minimized predatory attack. At the optimum schooling direction, packing, and speed, predators spent significantly longer times studying a group of fish before attacking.

Interestingly, natural selection optimizes this behavior as fish not following the optimum speed, packing density, or direction are targeted by predators and are weeded out. A fish does not even need to know a predator is out there so long as it is conforming.

Watch the video below to learn how the predatory fish attack mechanisms were studied: