Tax planning strategies that exploit loopholes in the international tax system to artificially shift profits to places where there is little or no economic activity or taxation, resulting in little or no overall corporate tax being paid.

Beneficial owner

The ultimate beneficial owner of a company or other legal entity, which can be hidden behind a string of shell companies. This can mean a lack of transparency as it is not clear who is earning profits or dictating the company’s moves.

A common set of rules that companies operating in the EU could use to calculate their taxable profits instead of having to follow different rules for each EU country they are located in. They would also be able to consolidate all their profits and losses across the EU. However, national governments would maintain the right to set their own corporate tax rate.

In February 2018, Parliament supported the proposal for the establishment of a common consolidated corporate tax base. Firms would be taxed where they earn their profits. In addition their digital assets would be taken into account: personal data is an intangible but highly valuable asset mined by firms such as Facebook, Amazon and Google to create their wealth, but it is currently not considered when calculating their tax liabilities.

Patent box regime

A special tax regime for intellectual property rights. In order to boost innovation and attract tech companies some European countries offer tax exemption for income from patents. This means that products such as patents or sales of intellectual property licences qualify for a lower tax rate. Some companies have been accused of incorporating irrelevant patents in their products in order to qualify for the patent box regime and pay lower taxes.

According to Parliament’s second tax rulings committee, the link between patent box regime and research and development can be artificial as companies use the offered exemption for aggressive tax planning. In its final report, the committee calls on the Commission to ban the misuse of patent boxes and produce new legislation to regulate it.

Tax avoidance

Using legal instruments in order to pay as little tax as possible, for example by shifting profits to a low-tax country or deducting interest payments for loans with artificially-inflated interest rates.

Using illegal practices to avoid paying taxes, for example by not declaring profits or using various ways to avoid paying VAT.

In October 2017, the European Commission proposed legislation to tackle VAT fraud.

Tax havens

Countries or jurisdictions allowing foreign companies and individuals who register there to pay little or no taxes. Tax havens also guarantee not to divulge the identity of individuals and real owners of companies established in their jurisdictions.

In its report on measures against tax avoidance in the wake of the Panama Papers scandal, Parliament called for a blacklist of tax havens or “uncooperative jurisdictions”. After the blacklist was finally established by the Council in the beginning of 2018, Parliament strongly criticised member states for not including eight jurisdictions, including Panama.

Tax ruling

A written statement issued by a tax authority, setting out in advance how a corporation’s tax will be calculated and which tax provisions will be used. They are legal but could, under EU rules, involve state aid and thus be subject to scrutiny from the European Commission. Tax rulings have sometimes been criticised when multinationals are found to pay less in taxes than ordinary tax payers.