14 December 2005

Patent speak is constantly enriched. By now we know what “Patent Trolls” or Patent Vultures are, don’t we? In fairytales of Hans Christian Andersen these ugly creatures are portrayed as friendly or mischievous dwarfs or as giants, that live in caves, or under bridges and scare and threaten innocent by passers. In patent world we use the term for owners of patents that have no business other than ownership of patents for the sole purpose of going after parties whom they believe use the patented technology. They threaten to sue unless licenses are paid. Intel called them once 'Patent Extortionists' and had to fight off a libel suit.

In the meantime patent terminology becomes more and more belligerent. What to think of “patent ambushing” ? Pretty hefty, don’t you think? A “patent ambush” involves the ability of a company to turn its patented technologies into (technical) standards by withholding information on their patent claims with respect to a proposed standard from competitors (as well as the standard setting bodies and their participants). The idea is to do whatever you can to make your proprietary technology the “standard”. That helps when you have to go after those who (must) use the standard to collect license fees. The “ambush” is that parties who are discussing which standard to select are “lured” into accepting a technology that is held (via patents) by one party, who actively takes part in the standard discussions, remaining silent on his own proprietary position.An example. Intel recently called for the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE) to drop its Ultra Wide Band (UWB) wireless networking standard and adopt Intel's own Wi-Media standard. As part of the campaign for adoption, the chip giant has taken its own standard to the more commercially friendly European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), whose members are manufacturers rather than engineers, which has just rubber-stamped the proposal. Under rules of some Standard Organizations (SSOs), parties, like in this example Intel, have to declare their patents that cover the Intel Wi-Media technology. Would they not do that while having a proprietary IPR on this technology, one would call such a practice “patent ambushing”. Clearly – no interest to be involved in a libel suit – this is just an example. Intel knows the rules of the game.A party that had to learn the lesson the hard way, is Rambus. They failed to declare IPRs that were essential to the JDEC standard setting procedure.In June 2005 the European Commission announced it would investigate the IPR policy of ETSI, the standard setting body for the telecommunications sector. Since then the Commission shows an increasing interest in IPR policies of standard setting bodies. Recently ETSI announced it would amend their existing IPR policy. On December 12 the EU Commission announced that they welcomed the ETSI policy change (to be published on the ETSI website by the end of January 2006). I am not sure whether the EU Commission have already found out about Sisvel’s actions trying to squeeze out MP3 license fees (see my November 22/23 blogs), while their principal, Philips, was part of the standard setting process that led to the Audio MP3 standard (ISO/IEC 11172-3 part 3: Audio of March 1993). Little doubt that the last word on this has not yet been said. Let's see.

08 December 2005

European and US IP practitioners have eagerly awaited the Advocate General’s opinion in the Roche-Primus case. Today the AG, Philippe Léger, published his opinion in this important case (not yet available in English).

The case was referred by the Netherlands Supreme Court to the ECJ on December 19, 2003. Two years later we now have the opinion of the ECJ’s Advocate General.

The Dutch courts have long been favoured by patent owners for their willingness to provide judgments with EU cross-border effect. Plaintiffs confronted with multinational com­panies infringing their European patent could sue multiple defendants in one place - The Netherlands – to get an injunction against the defendants in each countries for which the European patent was granted.

Although the AG’s opinion is not binding on the Court, in most cases the ECJ will follow this. He summarises his conclusion as follows:

“145. Taking account of all these considerations, I therefore propose to the Court to respond to the preliminary questions referred by the Hoge Raad as follows:

Article 6(1) of the Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, as modified by the Convention of 9 October 1978 on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Convention of 25 October 1982 on the accession of the Hellenic Republic, the Convention of 26 May 1989 on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic and the Convention of 29 November 1996 on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden, should be interpreted so as not to apply in the case of proceedings for infringement of a European patent involving several companies, incorporated in different Contracting States, for acts committed on the territory of each of these States, even where these companies, belonging to the same group, acted in an identical or similar way, in accordance with a common policy conceived by one of these companies”

If the AG’s opinion is endorsed by the Court, than there is little doubt that the cross-border practice by the Dutch Courts is dead. All hopes would be then focused on the future of EPLA, the very promising initiative by some countries to come up with a workable enforcement alternative to the Community Patent, which is currently in an ailing condition too.

The AG, having summarized the most important articles of both the Brussels Convention and the European Patent Convention and their correct interpretation in § 1 - 28, the facts of the case in §§ 29 – 41, the referred questions and the scope of these questions §§ 42 – 60, the AG reaches the heart of the matter in § 61 and following.

The AG recognizes that, in protecting IP, cross-border aspects always play an important role, especially in the medical and pharmaceutical field. He touches upon the differences in enforcement of European patents under national laws and expresses hope that effective patent litigation will be conducted in several different countries (idle[?], one would think, if the ECJ follows his opinion).

The AG has several arguments in favor of a restrictive interpretation of art. 6 of the 1968 Brussels Convention.

Firstly there is the interpretation of “irreconcilable” decisions in the Kalfelis decision of the ECJ. The ECJ held In Kalfelis v.Schröder that the expression “matters relating to tort, delict or quasi-delict” has an autonomous meaning, covering all actions to seek the liability of a defendant which are not related to a “contract” within the meaning of art. 5 (1). The ECJ held that, as an exception to the general rule of art. 2, art. 5 (3) of the Brussels Convention has to be interpreted in a narrow way and that the court with jurisdiction over an action, in so far as it is based on tort, does not have jurisdiction over a non-tortious action. The Kalfelis decision established that, for art. 6 (1) to apply, there must “exist between the various actions brought by the same plaintiff against different defendants a connection of such a kind that it is expedient to determine the actions together in order to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings”.

The “connection” between the infringing acts in the Roche-Primus case was allegedly the fact that it concerned one European patent in relation to one single product which was marketed in the same or similar way by all nine Roche companies. However, AG Léger is of the opinion that the requirement of “connectivity”, introduced in Kalfelis (which went further than the text of article 6, which does not require any such “connection”) underscores the importance and “useful effect” of article 2 Brussels Convention which is the “cornerstone” of the jurisdiction arrangement of the 1968 Treaty.

The effect of a broad interpretation of article 6 means that reliance on this article becomes the exception rather than the rule. Article 22 however would have not such a consequence per se. Connected claims pending before different courts in separate jurisdictions would only result in a Judge having the discretion to refer the proceedings, rather than an obligation.

The AG is of the opinion that if one follows the Court’s approach in Kalfelis – as he suggests – article 6 would not be applicable in the absence of the necessary “connectivity” in infringement cases related to European Patents. The AG follows therefore the reasoning advocated by both Roche and the UK Government.

Dutch cross-border effect may be dead, but the need for an effective and harmonized enforcement regime in Europe is greater than ever. This latest sign that EU-wide enforcement is still a long way off, is hopefully the last and most powerful sign to the EU Commission and Member States to be more supportive in finding a way to make EPLA work. This is by far the best solution for the creation of a patent enforceable across all EU Member States.

Certainly EPLA has recieved powerful support of leading EU Patent Judges. A resolution, adopted at the Judges' Forum held in San Servolo, Venice - October 14-16, 2005, strongly backs the EPLA initiative.

01 December 2005

Ask the Judge in The Hague. Heineken sued Philips over a contraption called “the beer tender”. Basically it is a small tap one can use to draft a nice glass of beer from an even smaller vat. So nothing special for heavy users so far. But….once lawyers get involved it certainly becomes a mess. What happened? Heineken developed the Home Beertender.

Quite a consumer hit.

Philips, in good Eindhoven innovative tradition launched its own version of a tap: Philips Perfect Draft, a cooperation between Philips and various breweries competing with Heineken. Heineken, not amused, did what most companies do when they loose market share, avoid competition and bring in the lawyers!

So Heineken sued Philips and Inbev. In good drinking tradition, the court case started on a Friday. Lawyers from both sides argued their case.

Today, the District Court of The Hague issued its judgement. Heineken lost. Not because their patents were no good, but because…..“these cases, for various reasons, are extremely complicated, even when considering that this court, having exclusive jurisdiction in patent cases, is not afraid of extensive patent cases in summary injunction proceedings”.

So what can be so complicated about drafting beer? It looks like the lawyers as well as the judges had one too many…….or is it just that lawyers have this one unique ability, namely to make anything simple, like drafting beer, "extremely complicated".

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