2 Properties of Matter—SubstancesMatter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Properties of Matter—SubstancesSeawater, on the other hand, is not a substance because samples taken from different locations will probably have differing compositions.That is, they will contain differing amounts of water, salts, and other dissolved substances.

3 Physical Properties of Matter Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Physical Properties of MatterA physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s composition. Physical properties describe pure substances, too.Because substances have uniform and unchanging compositions, they have consistent and unchanging physical properties as well.

4 Physical Properties of MatterMatter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Physical Properties of Matterdensity,taste,color,hardness,odor,melting point,and boiling point are common physical properties that scientists record as identifying characteristics of a substance.

5 Extensive and Intensive Properties Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Extensive and Intensive Properties Physical properties can be further described as being one of two types.Extensive properties are dependent upon the amount of substance present. For example, mass, which depends on the amount of substance there is, is an extensive property.Length and volume are also extensive properties.

6 Extensive and Intensive Properties Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Extensive and Intensive Properties Density, on the other hand, is an example of an intensive property of matter.Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance present.For example, density of a substance (at constant temperature and pressure) is the same no matter how much substance is present.

7 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Physical ChangesWhile the foil goes from a smooth, flat, mirrorlike sheet to a round, compact ball, the actual composition of the foil is unchanged—it is still aluminumChanges such as this, which alter a substance without changing its composition, are known as physical changes.

8 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4States of MatterIn fact, all matter that exists on Earth can be classified as one of these physical forms called states of matter.Scientists recognize a fourth state of matter called plasma, but it does not occur naturally on Earth except in the form of lightning bolts.

9 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4States of MatterThe physical state of a substance is a physical property of that substance.Each of the three common states of matter can be distinguished by the way it fills a container.

10 Wood, iron, paper, and sugar are examples of solids.Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4SolidsA solid is a form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume.Wood, iron, paper, and sugar are examples of solids.

11 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4SolidsThe particles of matter in a solid are very tightly packed; when heated, a solid expands, but only slightly.Because its shape is definite, a solid may not conform to the shape of the container in which it is placed.

12 Common examples of liquids include water, blood, and mercury.Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Liquids A liquid is a form of matter that flows, has constant volume, and takes the shape of its container.Common examples of liquids include water, blood, and mercury.The particles in a liquid are not rigidly held in place and are less closely packed than are the particles in a solid: liquid particles are able to move past each other.

13 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Liquids This allows a liquid to flow and take the shape of its container, although it may not completely fill the container.

14 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Liquids Because of the way the particles of a liquid are packed, liquids are virtually incompressible. Like solids, liquids tend to expand when heated.

15 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4GasesA gas is a form of matter that flows to conform to the shape of its container and fills the entire volume of its container.Compared to solids and liquids, the particles of gases are very far apart.Because of the significant amount of space between particles, gases are easily compressed.

16 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4GasesThe word gas refers to a substance that is naturally in the gaseous state at room temperature.The word vapor refers to the gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or a liquid at room temperature.For example, steam is a vapor because at room temperature water exists as a liquid.

17 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4GasesThe fact that substances can change form, as in the example of water changing to steam, is another important concept in chemistryIf you review what you just learned about physical properties of substances, you can see that because the particular form of a substance is a physical property, changing the form introduces or adds another physical property to its list of characteristics.

18 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4GasesIn fact, resources that provide tables of physical and chemical properties of substances, such as the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, generally include the physical properties of substances in all of the states in which they can exist.

19 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Physical ChangesAs with other physical properties, the state of matter depends on the temperature and pressure of the surroundings.As temperature and pressure change, most substances undergo a change from one state (or phase) to another.

20 Matter—Properties and Change: Basic ConceptsTopic4Physical ChangesMelting and formation of a gas are both physical changes and phase changes.When you encounter terms such as boil, freeze, condense, vaporize, or melt in your study of chemistry, the meaning generally refers to a phase change in matter.

21 Basic Assessment QuestionsTopic4Question 1Identify each of the following as a property of a solid, liquid, or gas. Some answers will include more that one state of matter.

22 A. flows and takes the shape of a container B. compressible Basic Assessment QuestionsTopic4A. flows and takes the shape of a containerB. compressibleC. made of particles held in a specificarrangementD. has definite volumeE. always occupies the entire space of itscontainerF. has a definite volume but flows

23 Answers A. flows and takes the liquid, gas shape of a containerBasic Assessment QuestionsTopic4AnswersA. flows and takes theshape of a containerliquid, gasB. compressiblegasC. made of particlesheld in a specificarrangementsolid

25 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesA mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances in which each pure substance retains its individual chemical properties.The composition of mixtures is variable, and the number of mixtures that can be created by combining substances is infinite.

26 Substances tend naturally to mix; it is difficult to keep things pure.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesAlthough much of the focus of chemistry is the behavior of substances, it is important to remember that most everyday matter occurs as mixtures.Substances tend naturally to mix; it is difficult to keep things pure.

27 Two mixtures, sand and water, and table salt and water, are shown.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesTwo mixtures, sand and water, and table salt and water, are shown.You know water to be a colorless liquid.

28 Sand is a grainy solid that does not dissolve in water.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesSand is a grainy solid that does not dissolve in water.When sand and water are mixed, the two substances are in contact, yet each substance retains its properties.

29 The sand and water have not reacted.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesThe sand and water have not reacted.Just by looking at the sand–water mixture in beaker A, it is easy to see each separate substance.

30 Some mixtures, however, may not look like mixtures at all.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesSome mixtures, however, may not look like mixtures at all.The mixture of table salt and water in the beaker labeled B is colorless and appears the same as pure water.How can you determine if it is a mixture?

31 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesIf you were to boil away the water, you would see a white residue. That residue is the salt. Thus, the colorless mixture actually contained two separate substances.

32 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4MixturesThe salt and the water physically mixed but did not react and were separated by the physical method of boiling.

33 The sand and water mixture is an example of a heterogeneous mixture.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesMixtures themselves are classified as either heterogeneous or homogeneous.A heterogeneous mixture is one that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain distinct.The sand and water mixture is an example of a heterogeneous mixture.

34 The drop would be almost completely water.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesSuppose you draw a drop from the top of the mixture using an eyedropper.The drop would be almost completely water.

35 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesIf you draw a second drop from the bottom of the mixture, that drop would contain mostly sand.Thus the composition of the sand–water mixture is not uniform—the substances have not blended smoothly and the two substances of the mixture (sand on the bottom and water on the top) remain distinct.

36 Let’s examine the salt–water mixture using the eyedropper.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesA homogeneous mixture has constant composition throughout; it always has a single phase.Let’s examine the salt–water mixture using the eyedropper.A drop of the mixture from the top of the beaker has the same composition as a drop from the bottom of the beaker. In fact, every drop of the mixture contains the same relative amounts of salt and water.

37 Homogeneous mixtures are also referred to as solutions.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesHomogeneous mixtures are also referred to as solutions.

38 You are probably most familiar with solutions in a liquid form,Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesYou are probably most familiar with solutions in a liquid form,such as cough suppressant medicine and lemonade, but solutions may contain solids, liquids, or gases.

39 The solid–solid solution known as steel is called an alloy.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Types of MixturesThe solid–solid solution known as steel is called an alloy.An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of metals, or a mixture of a metal and a nonmetal in which the metal substance is the major component.

40 Most matter exists naturally as mixtures.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Separating MixturesMost matter exists naturally as mixtures.Because the substances in a mixture are physically combined, the processes used to separate a mixture are physical processes that are based on the difference in physical properties of the substances.Sometimes it is very easy to separate a mixture; separating a mixture of pennies and nickels is not a difficult task.

41 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Separating MixturesHeterogeneous mixtures composed of solids and liquids are easily separated by filtration.Filtration is a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid.

42 Most homogeneous mixtures can be separated by distillationMatter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Separating MixturesMost homogeneous mixtures can be separated by distillationDistillation is a separation technique that is based on differences in the boiling points of the substances involved.

43 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4Separating MixturesWhen precisely controlled, distillation can separate substances having boiling points that differ by only a few degrees.

44 You know that matter is classified as pure substances and mixtures.Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4CompoundsYou know that matter is classified as pure substances and mixtures.You also know that elements are pure substances that cannot be separated into simpler substances.There is yet another classification of pure substances—compounds.

45 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4CompoundsA compound is a combination of two or more different elements that are combined chemically.Most of the substances that you are familiar with and, in fact, much of the matter of the universe are compounds.Water, table salt, table sugar, and aspirin are examples of common compounds.

46 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4CompoundsToday, there are approximately 10 million known compounds, and new compounds continue to be developed and discovered at the rate of about per year.

47 Matter—Properties and Change: Additional ConceptsTopic4CompoundsThere appears to be no limit to the number of compounds that can be made or that will be discovered.Considering this virtually limitless potential, several organizations have assumed the task of collecting data and indexing the known chemical compounds.