artistic style that arose in the mid-nineteenth century and dedicated to depicting society realistically without romantic or idealistic overtones

Kulturkampf

"culture war" Otto von Bismarck used the term to describe his fight to weaken the power of the Roman Catholic Church

Gustave Courbet

German realist painter in 1848 painted dirty grunting laborers as part of the realist style

Edouard Manet

painted a graphic realist nude called Olympia

Verdi

1. acronym for Vittorio Emmanuele Re d'Italia

2. Giuseppe Verdi was a famous Italian Opera composer; wrote operas told of the downtrodden worker struggling against the tyrannical government

Syllabus of Errors

by Pope Pius IX; found fault with progress with liberalism and with modern civilization

First Vatican Council

1870 approved the dogma of papal infallibility (the pope under certain circumstances must be regarded by Catholics as speaking divinely revealed truth on issues of morality and faith)

Leo XIII

modernized the church by encouraging up-to-date scholarship in Catholic institutes and universities and by accepting aspects of representative democracy

Organized Religion in Society

continued to have powerful popular appeal; church attendance declined among workers and artisans but many in the upper and middle classes as well as the peasantry remained faithful; women's faith values increased as well

Bernadette Soubirous

had visions of the Virgin Mary; comanded to drink from the ground in Lourdes in southern France a spring appeared and the waters were said to have healing ailments

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species (1859); challenged Judeo-Christian dogma that humanity was a unique creation of God; theory of natural selection

On the Origins of Species

(1859); life had taken shape over millions of years before human existence and human development was the result of a very slow process known as evolution

Natural Selection

only the fittest survive; primal battle for survival and sexual selection of mates

Gregor Mendel

discovered the principles of heredity from science and genetics later developed

Herbert Spencer

the "unfit" should be allowed to perish in the name of progress challenging the biblical teaching that the poor were valued;

opposed any attempt to soften the harshness of the struggle for existance; promoted racist, sexis,t and other discriminatory policies as a way of strengthening the nation the state

Social Darwinism

used their own theory of evolution to lobby against traditional Christian charity and fairness and promote racism and sexism

Auguste Compte

French social philosopher; System of Positive Politics or Treatise on Sociology (1851); developed sociology and positivism

Positivism

a theory developed in the mid-nineteenth century that the study of facts would generate accurate or "positive" laws of society and that these laws could, in turn, help in the formulation of policies and legislation

John Stuart Mill

used Compte's theories to advocate widespread reform and mass education; On Liberty (1859)

On Liberty

(1859); Mill argued for the improvement of society generally, but he also expressed concern that superior people not be brought down by the will of the masses

The Subjection of Women

(1869) showed the family as a desptic institution, lacking modern values such as rights and freedom