HIV infection leads to B cell dysregulations that disrupt efficient immune responses. Detected early after infection, these dysregulations are lasting, are not totally resolved by therapy and often lead to auto-immune defects. We have shown that excess BLyS in plasma and on the surface of blood dendritic cells (DC) of HIV-infected progressors coincides with B cell dysregulation and increased frequency of “precursor” innate marginal zone (MZ)-like B cells. In contrast, BLyS levels were normal in elite-controllers and frequency of precursor MZ-like B cells was unaltered. Instead, percentages of MZ-like B-cells presenting a more “mature” profile were decreased in the blood of these individuals, suggesting peripheral recruitment of these cells could be beneficial to the control of disease progression. Based on this, we hypothesize that control of BLyS status and innate B cells could be relevant to the understanding of natural immunity to HIV.
We previously established an ongoing cohort of heavily HIV-exposed female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Cotonou (Benin) and identified individuals who remain HIV-uninfected after several years of active prostitution. Herein, we have measured BLyS levels in the blood and cervico-vaginal lavages (CVLs) of HIV-uninfected CSWs and have compared them to those of HIV-infected CSWs and control uninfected non-CSWs. We found that BLyS levels in the blood and CVLs of HIV-uninfected CSWs were lower when compared to HIV-infected CSWs and even to controls. BLyS surface expression on T-cells, monocytes, and DC of HIV-uninfected CSWs was increased, but to a significantly lower extent than those measured in HIV-infected CSWs, albeit higher than controls. In HIV-infected CSWs, high BLyS levels were concomitant with a dysregulated blood B-cell compartment, characterized by hyperglobulinemia, increased frequency of populations presenting immature and/or innate profiles and a higher proportion of IgG+ than IgA+ plasmablasts. In contrast, contained BLyS levels in the blood of HIV-uninfected CSWs coincided with a rather preserved B-cell compartment, which reveals that “mature” MZ-like B-cells could be involved in natural immunity against HIV. These results highlight the importance of a better understanding of B cell populations and BLyS in the context of HIV resistance.