1) RH from “neurosecretory” cells in hypo enters primary plexus of portal system
2) RH are carried down the pituitary stalk by the portal system
3)RH increase or decrease the release of ANT pit hormones into the general circulation

Describe relationship between hypo and post pit.

1: OT & VP are synthesized in the PVN and SON of the hypo
2: OT & VP are carried by axonal transport down the pituitary stalk
3: OT & VP are released into general circulation from neural endings in the POST pit

Gonadal steroids interact with (or activate) fully developed brain structures to shape behavior. The brain is NOT changed here, but the way it controls behavior is.

activational effects

CNS development is influenced by gonadal steroids. This hormonal influence has a lasting effect on male and female brain organization and, hence, behavior.

organizational effects

Name 3 charactersitics of 2m females.

Interfemale aggression
Less attractive to males
Longer ovarian cycles

A chemical that when absorbed into the body either mimics or blocks hormones and disrupts the body's normal functions.

endocrine disruptor

-failure to prevent miscarriages
-health problems for many of these women's children.
1971, doctors report high rates of unusual vaginal cancers in teenage girls, traced to mothers' use of DES.
-The girls also suffered birth defects of the uterus and ovaries, and immune system suppression.
what caused all did?

DES-synthetic estrogen given to mothers to prevent miscarriages in the 50's and 60's.

What conclusions can be drawn about the role of E and T in male sexual performance? motivation?

Testosterone is important both for sexual motivation (i.e., wanting to mate) and performance (i.e., being able to mate). Estrogen (converted from testosterone) is crucial for maintaining/restoring mating ability (performance), but only if combined with testosterone.

Candidates for the second order neurons in the hypothalamic response to adiposity signaling

TRH, CRH, Oxytocin supporess eating...Orexin and MCH stimulate eating

Evidence for importance of endogenous factors: (3)

1.Animals in spacecraft maintain biological rhythms
2.Animals held in adjacent cages, without exposure to any exogenous factors, differ in their biological rhythms
3.Biological rhythm of one animal can be transferred to another animal through tissue transplants.

How Can Endogenous Rhythms be Demonstrated?

1.measure behavior(wheel running)
2.Generate a timeline of the behavior
3.Generate an actogram
4.Tinker with the light cycle and observe effects on circadian rhythms

1. puberty
2. seasons changes
3. males more than females
4. no more with castration

Steroid hormones effect social status in male red-deer in 2 ways

direct in brain and antlers

The Challenge Hypothesis John Wingfield...talk about bird experiments

Plasma T levels and aggressive behavior are positively correlated during periods of social instability or challenge...when no then no...birds had increased T after behavior..so T did not cause behavior