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Bo

from China, also called naobo and jingbo, a round convex gong played by striking or scraping with a beater

when he graduated from Trinity College in 1799, Thomas Moore made a year long trip to America, Bermuda and the West Indies. The 'Canadian Boat Song' was published in 1805. Moore based it on a popular Canadian air Et en revenant du boulanger

Mingulay is a small island in the Outer Hebrides near Barra. Although the tune and the words are similar to many sea shanties, the words commonly used today were written by Sir Hugh Roberton in 1938 for the Glasgow Orpheus Choir. The 'Mingulay Boat Song' was originally recorded by the Francis McPeake family of Ulster

(English, German m.) a knot or bunch of hair, hence, a bunch or cluster of leaves, flowers, fruit, etc.

Bobada

(Spanish f.) silly thing

bobalición

(Spanish) stupid

Bob and wheel

a metrical devise in some alliterative-verse poetry, especially that of the Pearl Poet and that of fourteenth-century poems like Sir Tristrem. The first short line of a group of rhyming lines is known as the "bob" and the subsequent four are a quatraine called the "wheel." The bob contains one stress preceded by either one or occasionally two unstressed syllables (i.e., the bob is only two or three syllables long). Each line of the wheel contains three stresses. Together, the bob-and-wheel constitutes five lines rhyming in an ABABA pattern. Since it matches the alliterative pattern of the first part of the stanza, but also fits the rhyme scheme of the last five lines, the "bob" serves as a structural bridge between the alliterative sections and the rhyming sections of the poem

(Bob is an acronym for 'Best of the Best') the on-air brand of several FM radio stations in Canada and the United States. Bob FM stations in Canada are all owned by CHUM Limited; those in the United States are owned by a variety of companies. Bob FM stations follow much the same format as the more famous (although newer) Jack FM brand, and are officially classified as variety hits or adult hits by radio research companies

(English, German f.) or bocedisation, a system of solmisation, whose invention is attributed variously to the composer Hubert Waelrunt (c.1515-1595) who was said to have introduced this technique at the music school he founded in Antwerp in 1547, and to David Mostart (c.1550-1615). It is based on the Flemish syllables bo-ce-di-ga-lo-ma-ni

it substituted for the six Guidonian the following seven syllables:

Guidonian syllables

ut

re

mi

fa

so

la

ti

Bobisation syllables

bo

ce

di

ga

lo

ma

ni

Bobo

(French m.) sore, cut

(Spanish m.) idiot, fool

(German m.) a bourgeois bohemian

Chinese double reed pipe

pegged drum with antelope skin from Ghana played with hands or hand and stick

bobo

(Spanish) silly, stupid

Boboobo

the most popular social music and dance of the Central and Northern Ewe of Ghana and Togo. This music and dance, also known as agbeyeye [New Life], or akpese [Music of Joy], emerged from a village, called Kpando in the Volta Region of Ghana during the independence struggle between 1947 and 1957. Boboobo is derived from an older circular dance called konkoma. Although this music was initially confined to a few towns and villages in central and northern Eweland, it has now spread to all Ewe speaking territories in Ghana and Togo

(Reunion) a musical bow struck with a bamboo stick (ticouti) and held at the same time as a rattle (kaskavel). Also called zezylava (Madagascar), bonm (Seychelles and Rodrigues Islands), and chitende (Mozambique)

Bobrennen

(German n.) bobsled race

Bobschlitten

(German m.) bobsled

Bobtail

(German m.) Old English sheepdog

Boca

(Spanish f., Portuguese) mouth

(Spanish f., Portuguese) the sound hole, for example, on a guitar or violin

Boca

(Spanish f.) entrance (figurative), muzzle (gun), hole

boca abajo

(Spanish) face down

boca arribo

(Spanish) face up

Bocacalle

(Spanish f.) (road) junction

Bocadillo

(Spanish m.) sandwich, snack

Bocado

(Spanish m.) mouthful, bite

Bocage

(French m.) grove, thicket, woodland

(French m.) a background of foliage and flowers supporting the figures in a pottery set-piece

bocajarro

(Spanish) point-blank

Bocal

(French m.) also called a crook, a curved metal tube that connects the double reed to the body of the bassoon (if which case the bocal forms part of the acoustic length of the instrument) or the mouthpiece of a large recorder to the head section, for example on bass and greater recorders (in which case the bocal does not form part of the acoustic length of the instrument)

(Italian f.) smiling mouth, the term used in singing that is applied to the elongation of the mouth, approaching a smile, and designed to produce a particular conformation of the throat, mouth and lips, which is believed to be most conducive to the production of a pure, even tone and perfect intonation

a diagram in which the phase shift or the gain of an amplifier, a servomechanism, or other device is plotted against frequency to show frequency response (logarithmic scales are customarily used for gain and frequency)

Bode-Diagramm

(German n.) a plot showing the frequency-response characteristics of an amplifier, servomechanism, etc.

originally, a travelling merchant or chapman - later an itinerant wood-turner, in particular, one who cut timber and converted it into chair legs by turning it on a pole lathe, an very simple tool that could be moved close to the stand of timber and used the spring of a bent sapling to help run it - today, a pejorative term for someone who produces poor-quality work

Bodhisattva

(English, German m.) an enlightened being who, out of compassion, forgoes nirvana in order to save others

Bodhrán

(English, German f., from the Irish) Irish frame drum made out of goat skin, generally played with a double-ended beater or tipper, approximately 45 cms. (18 inches) in diameter and 7.5- 10 cms. deep, with a circular rim

(English, German m.) or, in colloquial English, 'minder', a person or group of persons, usually armed, responsible for the safety of one or more other

Bodylotion

(German f.) body lotion

Body lotion

lotion applied to the body after bathing

Body mass index

or BMI a formula used to expresses body weight in relation to height. BMI equals weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared

Body-Mass-Index

(German m.) body mass index

Bodypainting

(German n.) body painting

Body painting

body painting with clay and other natural pigments existed in most, if not all, tribalist cultures, often worn during ceremonies; it still survives in this ancient form among the indigenous people of Australia, the Pacific islands and parts of Africa. A semi-permanent form of body painting known as Mehndi, using dyes made of henna (hence also known rather erroneously as "henna tattoo"), was and is still practised in India and the Middle East, especially on brides. Since the late 1990s, Mehndi has become popular amongst young women in the Western world. Actors and clowns around the world have painted their faces and sometimes bodies for centuries, and continue to do so today. More subdued form of face paints for everyday occasions evolve into the cosmetics we know today

the systematic key mechanism invented by German flautist Theobald Boehm to replace the earlier arrangements of keys and finger holes on woodwind instruments

Boehm, Theobald(1794-1881)

German flautist and composer, remembered principally for the system whereby he replaced the clumsily-placed holes of his instrument by keys enabling the cutting of the holes in their proper acoustical positions, yet leaving them in easy control of the fingers. He made his first 'ring key' flute in 1832, while a player in Munich court orchestra, and in 1847 brought out an improved metal flute with 15 holes and 23 levers and keys. This system has been adapted for oboe, clarinet, and bassoon. Boehm was also a goldsmith and ironmaster. From 1833 to 1846, he directed the reorganization of the Bavarian steel industry

Boehm's experimental tube with movable toneholes survives at the Dayton C. Miller Collection in Washington. With this simple device, Boehm was able to tweak the positions of the holes until he thought the flute worked as well as it could[information supplied by Robert Bigio]

or Beotia, an ancient region of Greece north of Attica and the Gulf of Corinth

Boeotian

see 'Beotian'

Boer

(Afrikaans) a South African farmer of Dutch origin, particularly one living in the Transvaal

Boethian

of or pertaining to the philosophy of Boethius, that is, a philosophy of predestination suggesting all events appearing evil, misfortunate, disastrous, or accidental are none of these things. In actuality, such events serve a higher beneficial purpose that must remain unknown to us as long as we are trapped by the limits of the physical universe

or Buchstabennotation (German), although it is not known whether or not Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (480-524 or 525) invented this system, the term refers to the use of the first fifteen letters of the alphabet to signify the notes in a two octave range[clarified by Michael Zapf]

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (480-524 or 525)

a Christian philosopher of the sixth century. He was born in Rome to an ancient and important family which included the emperor Olybrius and many consuls. His father Fl. Manlius Boethius held that position in 487 after Odoacer deposed the last Western Roman Emperor. He held the same position in 510 in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. In 522 he also saw his two sons become consuls, but he was later executed by King Theodoric the Great (known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, king of the Ostrogoths (488-526), ruler of Italy (493-526), and regent of the Visigoths (511-526)) on suspicion of having conspired with the Byzantine Empire. Boethius translated the standard Greek texts for the topics of the quadrivium, with additions of his own in the fields of mathematics and music

(German n.) also Bogenflügel, Bogenklavier or Geigenwerk, a keyboard instrument strung with gut strings, the tone of which is produced by a steadily revolving well rosined cylinder (powered by a foot pedal), a mechanism not dissimilar to that found in the hurdy-gurdy[clarified by Michael Zapf]

Bogen des Tonnengewölbes

(German m.) barrel vault arch

Bogenecke

(German f.) corner of the sheet, sheet corner

Bogen einer Brücke

(German m.) arch of a bridge

Bogenfeder

(German f.) bow spring

Bogenfenster

(German n.) arched window, paladin window

Bogenflügel

(German m.) Bogenclavier

bogenförmig

(German) arch-shaped, bow-shaped, bowed, arcuate (curved), arched

bogenförmige Verzierung

(German f.) scallop

Bogenfries

(German m.) corble table (a row or course of corbels used for decoration or to provide support, as for a parapet)

(German), bow change, when bowing, the change from Aufstrich (upstroke) to Abstrich (downstroke), or the reverse

Bogenwendung

(German f.) sheet turning device (used in printing)

Bogenzähler

(German m.) sheet counter (used in printing)

Bogenzähnung

(German f.) sheet perforation

Bogenzirkel (s./pl.)

(German m.) wing divider

Bogenzwickel

(German m.) spandrel (the triangular space between the springing and centre of an arch)

Bogey

(German n.) bogey (in golf, a score of one over par)

Boghandel

(Danish) bookshop

Boghandler

(Danish) bookseller

Bogomilen

(German pl.) Bogomils

Bogomils

a reference to follows of Bogomil, a leader of a sect in the Balkans with very similar Manichaean teachings to that adopted by the Cathars of Languedoc. This term was used extensively by Bulgarian writers and sometimes by Byzantine writers

a religious society organized in the fifteenth century by the Hussites

Bohemianism

originally, the alternative lifestyle of the avant-garde creative community of the Romantic movement during the nineteenth century, especially characterized by anti-bourgeois and anti-intellectual attitude. This way of life was thought to have been similar to that of apparently rootless Gypsies from the Bohemian region of Czechoslovakia

(Irish, bóthairín) or boreen, a minor road, a country lane, a cart-track

Bohle (s.), Bohlen (pl.)

(German f.) (thick) plank, board, deal, slab, square plank

Bohlenbelag

(German m.) planking, decking

Bohlenbrücke

(German f.) plank bridge

Bohlen-Pierce scale

or BP scale, a musical scale that offers an alternative to the 12-tone equal temperament typical in Western music. It was independently discovered by Heinz Bohlen, Kees van Prooijen, and also John R. Pierce. Pierce, who, with Max V. Mathews and others, published his discovery in 1984, renamed the scale the Bohlen-Pierce scale after learning of Bohlen's earlier publication. While most scales have octave-equivalence, the BP scale instead has tritave equivalence. This means that its pitch classes are based on the interval 3:1 (tritave, or "perfect 12th" in diatonic nomenclature) rather than the 2:1 (octave). Thus the scale contains many consonant harmonies. A tritave is equivalent to a full octave plus a perfect fifth

a just-intonation tuning discovered in 1972 and published in 1978 by Heinz Bohlen, and discovered independently and published in 1984 by John Robinson Pierce, in which the 3/1 ratio (the Pythagorean 'perfect-12th', i.e., 'perfect-5th' plus '8ve') is divided into 13 unequal steps. The equal-tempered version was published in 1978 by Kees van Prooijen

the child appointed to play the part of king on twelfth-night. In France it was at one time customary to hide a bean in a large cake, and he to whom the bean fell, when the cake was distributed, was, for the present, the bean king, to whom all the other guests showed playful reverence

Bohnenkrankheit

(German f.) favism (disease caused by inhaling the pollen of the fava bean Vicia fava or after eating the beans themselves)

an important part of Indian rhythm, the word bol is derived from the word bolna, literally 'to speak'. It is a series of syllables which match the various strokes of the tabla and are used to define the tal. In the north (Hindustani sangeet) the tal is actually defined by the bol while in the south (Carnatic sangeet) it is merely a mnemonic aid to the musician

(in gilding) clay mixed with rabbit skin glue for application to the surface of an object being prepared for water-gilded. Usually the clay is applied to a gesso surface. It is the clay surface that receives the gold leaf. The clay and rabbit skin glue content dictate the reflective quality of the gold finish. Clay is finer than gesso and when burnished with a tool of hounds tooth, agate or hematite stone its surface becomes more dense and thereby more reflective

Bolera

(Spanish f.) bowling alley

Bolerito

a diminutive of bolero, the bolerito is a triple meter dance but includes only one or two sections or movements as compared with the standard three in a bolero

Bolero

(Spanish m.) a high-kick, liar (figurative)

(English, German m., from Spanish m.) a short jacket that reaches barely to the waist

(from the verb volar meaning 'to fly') a Spanish dance in triple time, often having a triplet on the second beat of each bar (measure)

Cuban dance derived from the Spanish bolero, initially into 2/4 time then eventually into 4/4, but always slow. The music is frequently arranged with Spanish vocals and a subtle percussion effect, usually implemented with maracas, conga or bongos - Pepe Sanchez has been credited with creating the Cuban bolero in 1885 with a composition called Tristeza. The Cuban bolero developed out of previously existing genres such as the danzón and the contradanza, from which it received its characteristic 4/4 time. In the late nineteenth century, a wave of Cubans fleeing the Wars of Independence (1895-98) migrated to the Dominican Republic, particularly the Cibao region, where they introduced Cuban music, the guaracha, rumba, son and bolero. In the early twentieth century, the Cuban bolero spread all over Latin America, where it was typically played by guitar-based duos, trios, and quartets. Over the course of the thirties, forties, and fifties, however, the Cuban bolero was elaborated into an international Latin style, orchestrated with pianos and stringed and wind instruments, over time bearing less and less resemblance to its guitar-based antecedents

the Cuban bolero also took root in Mexico, where it developed into two styles: the more international variety was called romántico, danceable tunes played in the urban music hall; the bolero ranchero, on the other hand, was typically played by mariachi conjuntos, was sung only, and was associated with the rural segments of the population

an American Style ballroom dance, employing rumba patterns and some features of the waltz and the foxtrot, danced to music that is slow and in 4/4 time

a one-act ballet with music by Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky (1890-1950) in 1928 for the Russian dancer Ida Lvovna Rubinstein (1880-1960)

Bolero ballad

(Santiago, Cuba) a ballad form usually on the subjects of love, loss and happiness

Bolerojäckchen

(German n.) (little) bolero jacket

Bolero-Jacke

(German f.) bolero jacket

Bolero jacket

a loose, waist-length jacket open at the front

Bolero ranchero

(Spanish m.) see bolero

Bolero romántico

(Spanish m.) see bolero

Bolero viejo o parado

(Spanish m.) a style derived from the seguidilla, the Valldemosa (Majorca, Spain) bolero is the most popular in the Balearic Islands. The name parado (stopped) comes from the abrupt end of the dance. It is normally accompanied by violins, guitars, castanets and triangle

Boletín

(Spanish m.) newsletter, bulletin, journal, report

Boletín de noticias

(Spanish m.) news bulletin, news report

Boletín de precios

(Spanish m.) price list

Boletín informativo

(Spanish m.) news bulletin, news report

Boletín meteorológico

(Spanish m.) weather forecast, weather report

Bolgia

(Italian f.) bedlam

Boli

(Spanish m.) ball-point pen

Bolid

(German m.) bolide

Bolide

a meteor, asteroid or comet that hits the Earth (or other planet) and explodes

Boline

a white handled knife, used in magick and ritual purposes

Bolin goxo

the Basque name for dulzaina, the bolin goxo comes from a diversified family of instruments from the province of Nafarroa

Bolivarische Revolution

(German f.) Bolivarian Revolution

Bolivarian Revolution

mass social movement and political process in Venezuela. Its most prominent leader is Hugo Chávez, the founder of the Fifth Republic Movement and the current President of Venezuela. The "Bolivarian Revolution" seeks the implementation of Bolivarianism in Venezuela. Proponents of Bolivarianism trace its roots to an avowedly socialist interpretation of some ideals of Simón Bolívar, an early 19th century Venezuelan and Latin American revolutionary leader, prominent in the South American Wars of Independence

harp from West Africa with four gut strings over a gourd resonator and an attached tin rattle

Bolon

(Guinea) an arched three string bass harp with a resonating gourd that can be used as a drum

Boloye

one-string bass from the Ivory Coast

Bols

Asian vocal percussion

Bolsa

(Spanish f.) bag, purse, sotck exchange, cavity

Bolsa de agua caliente

(Spanish f.) hot-water bottle

Bolschewismus

(German m.) Bolshevism

bolschewistisch

(German) bolshevist

Bolschoi-Ballett

(German n.) Bolshoi Ballet

Bolshevik

(Russian) the majority party at the Second Congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Party, 1903

Bolshevism

Soviet communism

Bolshoi Ballet

Russian ballet company, formed by English entrepreneur Michael Maddox and Prince Urusov, a patron of the arts, founded in 1776 and based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Its dancers were recruited from the Moscow Orphanage where the first classes were conducted 1773. It provided dancers for the Petrovsky Theatre, established 1780, on the site of the present Bolshoi Theatre, which was opened 1825. With their mixed repertory of classics and new works, the Bolshoi is noted for its grand scale productions and the dancers' dramatic and eloquent technique. From 1964 to 1994 its artistic director was the choreographer Yuri Grigorovich (b.1927)

in Indian classical music, musical phrases interlinked with bols (words)

Bolt-on Neck

(German m.) bolt-on neck (electric guitar)

Bolt on (neck)

a means of attaching the neck of a guitar to the body using screws or bolts and a neck plate

Bolukuluku

nose flute from Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DROC

Bolus (s.), Boli (pl.)

(English, German m., Latin, from the Greek) a large pill

Bolzen (s./pl.)

(German m.) pin, bolt, stud, bolt nut

bolzen

(German) to slam (ball)

Bolzenabschneider

(German m.) bolt cutter, bolt clipper

bolzengerade

(German, dated) bolt upright

Bolzengewinde

(German f.) bolt thread

Bolzenloch

(German n.) bolt hole, stud hole

Bolzenschneider

(German m.) bolt cutter, bolt clipper, bolt cropper

Bolzplatz

(German m.) football ground

Bom.

abbreviation of 'Bombay'

b.o.m.

abbreviation of 'bill of materials' (in manufacturing)

Bomaa

see fontomfrom

Bomb.

abbreviation of 'Bombay'

Bomb

in jazz and particularly in bop, an unexpectedly loud beat from the drummer on a 'backbeat', 'upbeat' or irregular quaver (eighth note) beat

Bomba

a barrel-shaped drum of Afro-Puerto Rican origin covered with goatskin

(Puerto Rico) Afro-Puerto Rican dance and songs traditionally associated with plantation workers. One or two large wooden drum(s) covered with goatskin called the bomba, which accompanied this music, explain the dance's name. The first drum maintains a constant rhythm, while the second changes the rhythm to follow that of the dancer(s). In the bomba, the female dancer makes lively use of her long skirts, while the male uses his body to perform the intricate and rhythmic gestures. The bomba songs are improvised and have a call and response style. Bomba is divided into different rhythmic backgrounds and variations, such as the euba, cocobale, leró, yubá, cunyá, babú, belén and sica. The dance and the most purely African version of this music may come from the northeastern coast town of Loíza Aldea

(Ecuador) an African derived musical form from the Chota Rivera area of Ecuador. Its origins can be traced back to Africa and the use of African slave labour during the country's colonial period. African slaves in Ecuador brought with them this form heavily influenced by the Bantu culture of the Congo. It is played with barrel-shaped drums similar to those found in the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Santiago, Cuba and Southern Angola. The people dance to the drums in pairs and used improvisation to build a relationship between the dancer and lead drummer

from the 1820s onward, numerous bass instruments of similar construction but with different names were built. In 1829, for instance, W. Riedl made a valved instrument in Vienna which was modeled on the ophicleide and became known as the bombardon. This wide-bored instrument had a powerful tone and was still used in military bands after the advent of the tuba

a large early nineteenth-century musical instrument of the saxhorn family, the lowest of the saxhorns, in tone resembling the ophicleide

(Italian m.) the largest member of the bombard family, Bombardon (German n,), bombardon (English, French m.)

(Italian m.) Basstuba (German f.)

Bombardon pipe

found in some band organs, a bright-sounding bass reed stop or sometime a mellower rank of brass reed stops. In a pipe organ, a reed rank that is brighter than a Fagotto but not as brassy as a trombone

Bombast

padding made of cotton and rags used to stuff in the linings of sixteenth-century garments

a tremolo, the quick and continuous reiteration of a single pitch which, on stringed instruments, is produced by a rapid up-and-down movement of the bow. This effect is called for in violin music of the early seventeenth century, and is a feature of Monteverdi's stile conciato. In the eighteenth century, this effect is known in German by the term Schwärmer or Rauscher[corrected by Michael Zapf]

Bombo criollo

an adaptation of the Spanish military bass drum, used in Cuba for carnival

Bombo huilliche

Chilean bass drum

Bombola

(Italian f.) cylinder

Bombo legüero

(South American) traditionally made of a hollowed tree trunk and covered with cured animal skins such as goat, sheep, or cow, this instrument is used to set the tempo and pulse in a piece of music. It is a particular feature of zamba, the national dance of Argentina

(Latin) of gracious memory (said of a person who one is happy to call to mind)

Bonaerense

(Spanish m.) native of Buenos Aires

bonaerense

(Spanish) from Buenos Aires

Bona fide

(English, German, from Latin) in good faith, well-intentioned, with sincerity, honest, sincere

a bona fide agreement is one entered into genuinely without attempt to fraud

bona-fide-Käufer

(German m.) bona fide purchaser

bona-fide-Klausel

(German f.) bona fide clause

Bonang barung

(Javanese) the bonang barung and bonang panerus are each formed of a double row of tuned bronze kettle drums resting on a horizontal frame, played with two long sticks, called tabuh, bound with red cord at the striking end. The bonang panerus are similar to the bonang barung but sound one octave higher

Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (1221-1274), born John of Fidanza (Giovanni di Fidanza), was the eighth Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called the Franciscans. He was a medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher, a contemporary of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and a Cardinal Bishop of Albano

(English, Italian m., German n./f., German f., French m.) bongo drums, smaller and shallower than conga drums, come in pairs: one drum is slightly larger and lower in pitch than the other. The larger drum is about 7" in diameter, and the smaller is about 5". The contrast between the higher and lower pitch gives the bongos their distinctive sound. A bongo player holds the drums between his/her knees and strikes the drums with his or her hands. The bodies of the bongos are made of wood, and a small piece of wood connects the two drums. Bongos were originally created around 1900 in Cuba to be used in dance bands. When playing just a rhythm part, the bongo player almost always sticks to a rhythm called martillo ('the hammer') which drives the music with its sharp steady pulse. In an orchestral context, bongo drums are usually played with medium mallets or sticks[entry clarified by Michael Zapf]

(English, Boogie-Woogie (German m.)) a blues style of piano playing very popular in the thirties which evolved in the Mississippi basin of the Deep South of the U.S.A. characterised by a strong bass, formed on a sequence of I-IV-I-V-I chords, with an ostinato (continuous) upper line forming the melodic figure

a form of swing dance. The name 'boogie-woogie' is used mostly in Europe; the closest thing in the US is probably East Coast Swing. In parts of Europe, boogie-woogie is mostly danced as a social dance. In others, it is mostly a competition form

a collection of sheets of paper, parchment or other material with a piece of text written on them, bound together along one edge within covers. Each side of a sheet is called a page and a single sheet within a book may be called a leaf. A book is also a literary work or a main division of such a work. A book produced in electronic format is known as an e-book. In library and information science, a book is called a monograph to distinguish it from serial publications such as magazines, journals or newspapers. Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-proof editions known as galleys or 'bound proofs' for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale. A lover of books is usually referred to as a bibliophile, a bibliophilist, or a philobiblist, or, more informally, a bookworm

the process of physically assembling a book from a number of folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. It also usually involves attaching covers to the resulting text-block

Booklet

(English, German n.) a small bound book or pamphlet, usually having a paper cover

Booklet postcards

a series of postcards bound together in booklet form. They had one serrated edge so they could be torn out and mailed

Bookmark

(English, German n.) a strip of material, as of ribbon or leather, or a metal clamp, that is placed between the pages of a book to mark the reader's place

Bookmark card

or 'book post card', a postcard that was manufactured for use as a bookmark. This type of novelty card was printed in England between 1903 and 1904, with some being printed in Canada about 1910. Their most common size is 5 1/4" by 1 3/4". They are also refered to as 'panel cards'

Bookmarklet

(English, German n.) an applet or a small computer application, stored as the URL of a bookmark in a web browser or as a hyperlink on a web page

Bookmatched

a term applied to the way the back of a stringed instrument is constructed. Most acoustic and many archtop guitars have tops and backs that are two pieces of wood glued together to form one large panel. By cutting the timber from the same piece of wood and then laying the timbers so that the figure on one is the mirror of that on the other, an attractive figure-pattern is created, which can be found also on the backs of fine violins, etc.

Book music

a long strip of stiff cards glued together in staggered layers and folded in a zig-zag pattern to form a compact 'book'. The information required to operate the player is coded as rectangular or round perforations punched in the cards. This system is derived from that invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752-1834), who invented an automatic loom that used punch cards for the control of patterns within fabrics

a prayer book used by laymen for private devotion, containing prayers or meditations appropriate to certain hours of the day, days of the week, months or seasons. They became so popular in the fifteenth century that the Book of Hours outnumbers all other categories of illuminated manuscripts; from the late fifteenth century there were also printed versions illustrated by woodcuts. The most famous Book of Hours and one of the most beautiful of all illuminated manuscripts is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Musée Condé, Chantilly), illuminated by the Limburg Brothers for Jean de Berry

the common name, invented in the nineteenth century by the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius (1810-1884), for the ancient Egyptian funerary text known as Spells of Coming (or Going) Forth By Day. The book of the dead was a description of the ancient Egyptian conception of the afterlife and a collection of hymns, spells, and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife and included images, or vignettes to illustrate the text. The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll and placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased. Because the Egyptian texts changed over time Lepsius' Book of the Dead is the product of a long process of evolution from the Pyramid texts of the Old Kingdom to the Coffin Texts of the Middle Kingdom

Book organ

Gavioli-orgel (German), a barrel organ where the traditional cylinder has been replaced with a pneumatic reader, a system invented in 1892 by the French organ builder Anselme Gavioli[entry clarified by Michael Zapf]

or publishing paper, a paper which is designed specifically for the publication of printed books

Book peddlers

travelling vendors of books

Book review

or book report, a form of literary criticism in which a book is analyzed based on content, style, and merit. It is often carried out in periodicals, as school work, or online. Its length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial essay. Such a review often contains evaluations of the book on the basis of personal taste. Reviewers, in literary periodicals, often use the occasion of a book review for a display of learning or to promulgate their own ideas on the topic of a fiction or non-fiction work. At the other end of the spectrum, some book reviews resemble simple plot summaries

in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, the diversity of the bookseller's trade may be demonstrated by examining the trade cards of the period. In addition to every conceivable element of stationery, the bookseller might sell hair and nail brushes, the camera lucida, compasses, scales and mathematical instruments, paper hangings, etc. Booksellers traditionally sold musical instruments, together with their accessories: hair for violin bows, violin and violoncello strings, bridges and pegs, violins and bows

Boom

(English, German m.) a period of rapid economic expansion

term from the film industry, short for 'boom microphone', an overhead microphone used to record actors' voices

boomen

(German) to boom

boomend

(German) booming, burgeoning (industry, market)

boomender Markt

(German m.) booming market

Boomerang

(Australian) a curved missile that, when thrown, follows a path back to the thrower

Boomjahr

(German n.) boom year

Boomland

(German n.) boom country

Boom microphone

an overhead microphone used to record actors' voices

Boom pipe

large bamboo tubes open at one end that, that when one end is struck on the ground or on a mat lying on the ground, emit deep notes

Boomzeit

(German f.) boom time

Boo-sasara

a long, notched stick that is scraped with a smaller stick

Boot (s.), Boote (pl.)

(German n.) boat

Boot auf Strand laufen lassen

(German) to beach a vessel

booten

(German) to boot up (a computer)

Bootfahren

(German n.) boating

Boot fahren gehen

(German) to go boating

Bootfahrt

(German f.) boating

Böotien

(German n.) Boeotia

Bootleg

also called 'boot' or 'underground' record, is a newly created item - LP, EP, 45, or CD (and also includes record sleeves) that has never existed in this form as an official, original item, indeed, any item that was never legitimately released in its present form. These are illegal materials, usually pressed by fans themselves from material otherwise not available on commercial recordings. Castleman and Podrazik (1975) state that "bootlegs generally fall into one of three categories: recordings of live concerts, recordings of radio / television / film appearances, or studio outtakes"

(Italian m., although the original meaning is a person, not a place) brothel, bedlam (figurative)

Bordellwirtin

(German f.) bawd, procuress

Bördeln

(German n.) crimping

bördeln

(German) to crimp

Bördelscheibe

(German m.) flared disk

Bördelwerkzeug

(German n.) bordering tool

Borden-Insel

(German f.) Borden Island

Border

in medieval manuscripts, a type of book decoration placed around one to four sides of the justification [writing space] in order to distinguish and decorate main divisions of the text; usually more elaborate on the first page and/or Table of Contents page; also used around miniature frames[quoted from Kathleen Scott]

Border Ballad

(German f.) border ballad

Border ballads

a subgenre of folk ballads collected in the area along the Anglo-Scottish border, especially those concerned with border 'reivers' and outlaws, or with historical events in the area

Border Collie

(English, German m.) a British sheepdog that has a wavy, usually black coat with white markings and is used for herding

Bordereau

(French m.) note, list, slip, invoice, memorandum, a scrap of paper

Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung

(German f.) borderline personality disorder

Border Pipe

(German f.) border pipe (lowland pipe)

Border pipes

see 'lowland pipes'

Border Terrier

(English, German m.) small rough-coated terrier of British origin

Bordfunk

(German m.) ship's radio, (aircraft) radio equipment

Bordfunker

(German m.) radio operator

Bordicor

(English, German m., late nineteenth century, invented by P. J. Bordier) a large violin, two octaves lower, and is tuned, like the violin, to G-D-A-E, in the double bass register. The instrument can, on the one hand, play a fourth lower than the cello, while on the other hand, its four and a half octaves give it the compass of the violin. With the E string it gains an incomparable "chanterelle". Due to the high tension, this string creates a sound with an extraordinary carrying power which can measure up in the orchestra against the heavy brass

the diameter of the tube of a woodwind or brass instrument the shape of which in part dictitates the timbre or tone color of the instrument; thus, a conical bore instrument, in which the bore grows larger throughout, such as the cornet, produces a mellow timbre while a cylindrical bore instrument, such as the trumpet, which has a constant bore until the flare of the bell, produces a brighter, more brilliant timbre

(English, German f.) tidal bore

Borea

(Italian) bourrée

Boreads

in Greek mythology, Calais and Zetes (also Zethes). They were the sons of Boreas and Oreithyia, daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens, and because they were the sons of the north wind they were able to fly, having wings either on their feet or backs

(German m.) bark crêpe (a crêpe fabric textured to simulate the appearance of tree.), crépon (a thin stuff made of the finest wool or silk, or of wool and silk)

borkig

(German) barky

Borla

(Spanish f.) tassel

Born

(German m.) spring (water source)

Borne

(French f.) boundary marker

borné (m.), bornée (f.)

(French) narrow, narrow-minded (person)

Borne kilométrique

(French f.) metric 'milestone'

borner

(French) to confine

borniert

(German) narrow-minded, blinkered

bornierte Ansichten

(German pl.) narrow views

Borniertheit

(German f.) localism, narrow-mindedness

boro.

abbreviation of 'borough'

Borotalco

(Italian m.) talcum powder

Borra

(Spanish f.) flock, fluff (down), sediment

Borraccia

(Italian f.) flask

Borrachera

(Spanish f.) drunkenness

Borrachin

(Spanish m.) drunkard

Borracho

(Spanish m.) drunkard, drunk

borracho

(Spanish) drunk

Borrador

(Spanish m.) rough copy, rough notebook

Borradura

(Spanish f.) crossing-out

borrajear

(Spanish) to scribble

borrar

(Spanish) to rub out, to cross out

Borrasca

(Spanish f.) storm

borrascoso

(Spanish) stormy

Borre

(English) bourrée

Borree

(English) bourrée

Borrego

(Spanish m.) year-old lamb, simpleton (figurative), hoax

borreguil

(Spanish) meek

Borreliose

(German f.) Lyme disease (caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is carried by ticks and transmitted to humans through a tick bite)

Borretsch

(German m.) borage (Borago officinalis, Echium amoenum)

Borretschöl

(German n.) borage oil

Borretschsamen

(German m.) borage seed

Borretschsamenöl

(German n.) borage seed oil

Borrey

(Italian) bourrée

Borricada

(Spanish f.) silly thing

Borrico

(Spanish m.) donkey, ass (figurative)

Borromäerinnen

(German pl.) Borromeans (Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo)

Borromäische Inseln

(German pl.) Borromean Islands

Borromean Islands

Isole Borromee (Italian), a group of three small islands and two islets in the Italian part of Lago Maggiore

Borrón

(Spanish m.) smudge, blemish, sketch

borroso

(Spanish) blurred, vague (figurative)

Borrowed chord

use of a chord in a key in which it is not diatonic, or the substitution of a chord from a different key into a work

Borrowed division

a term used to describe when a note is divided into an unusual number of smaller notes, for example, when three crotchets (quarter notes) are to be played in the time of a minim (a half note), i.e. as a triplet

Borrowed stops

or borrows, organ pipes that can be played by more than one stop control. They duplicate other stops elsewhere in the organ, and permit a single rank of pipes to sound in more than one division. Borrows usually involve softer accompanimental ranks and reed ranks, and are provided to increase the flexibility of smaller organs

Borrowing

the exclusive right of the artist to the benefits that accrue from his or her intellectual property is a characteristic of modern culture. Borrowing is a common phenomenon, and exists in three types:

self-borrowing, or use of themes from one piece in another

borrowing which is done as an obvious tribute or burlesque of the original

unacknowledged borrowing. Modern sensitivities consider this latter type of borrowing to be outright theft. The eighteenth century acknowledged but did not condemn this type of borrowing

terms that might be applied in such cases are:

parody

restricted to literal or almost literal reuses of material with a different text, where structure and musical substance remains intact

(English, German m.) Bosphorus (generally, a strait or narrow sea between two seas, or a lake and a seas)

Bosquecillo

(Spanish m.) copse

bosquejar

(Spanish) to sketch

Bosquejo

(Spanish m.) sketch

Bosquet

(French m., Spanish m.) grove, wood, forest

Boss

a circular bulge or knoblike form, as a round mound protrudes from a flatter area surrounding it

(English, German m.) gaffer, honcho (slang), top dog (colloquial), the person in charge

Bossage

an uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, projecting outward from the building, to later be carved into mouldings, capitals, arms, etc

Bossa Nova

(German m.) bossa nova

Bossa nova

(English, Boosa Nova (German m.), from the Portuguese, literally 'new bump') bossa nova officially started in August 1958, when Odeon released a João Gilberto single that featured Chega de Saudade (Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes) and Bim Bom (João Gilberto). The influence of impressionist composers like Debussy and Ravel, the dissatisfaction with restrictive local music formats and the overwhelming power of American culture in the Post-War period enabled the emergence of clever, controversial artists like guitarists Garoto, Luís Bonfá, João Donato and specially composer/pianist Johnny Alf

(English, German n.) using a 'bottleneck' or 'tube slide', for example when playing a guitar

Bottleneck Slide

(German m.) bottleneck slide

Bottleneck slide

or 'tube slide', usually worn over the ring (3rd) or little (4th) finger when playing a slide guitar. Wearing on the 4th finger has the advantage of leaving one more finger free to fret notes if desired. However some players feel that they get better control using the ring finger. Most instructors recommend letting one or more of the fingers in back of the slide rest lightly on the strings to help mute unwanted vibrations

the concept of the 'bottle organ' with a keyboard developed in the 1800s. Modern 'beer bottle organs' are being made by Peterson Tuners. The sound is produced by blowing air over the tops of real beer bottles. The bottles are filled or "tuned" using mineral oil, which will not evaporate or change tunings if the weather changes

(German m.) Gulf of Bothnia (a northern arm of the Baltic Sea; between Sweden and Finland)

Botto

(Italian m.) bang

Bottom

the lowest surface of the harpsichord case. In Italian historical harpsichords and all clavichords it is the primary structural member. In these instruments the bottom is made first and all the other parts are attached to it. In Flemish and French historical instruments the bottom is not structural. The case sides and framework were built first and the bottom was attached last, apparently after the instrument was strung and playing. In some cases it seems that the bottom is held on only by wooden nails or pegs, not glued, perhaps for subsequent repair access? On many revival instruments (Hertz, Ammer, etc.) the bottom is omitted entirely

Sockel (German), as the name implies, this is the bottom of the piano. On it are located the pedals, springs and bearing-blocks which are the means of activating the damper lift-rod, bass sustaining or "soft-pedal" mechanisms[clarified by Michael Zapf]

Bottom frame

Unterrahmen (German), on the piano, actually a misnomer, the bottom "frame" is really the finished panel on the front of the piano which extends from just above the pedals to the bottom of the key bed[clarified by Michael Zapf]

Bottomry

or bottomage, a contract by which a shipowner borrows money for equipment, repairs, or a voyage, pledging the ship as security

Bottone

(Italian m.) endpin, Knopf (German), bouton (French)

(Italian m.) button, stud, bud

(Italian m.) Endknopf (German m.) Saitenhalterknopf (German m.), bouton (French m.), endbutton, a small projection at the bottom of a stringed instrument (violin, cello, etc.) to which the tailpiece may be attached or through which an endpin may be fitted (for example, on a cello)

a rare but serious illness caused by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum

Botulismo

(Spanish m.) botulism

Botulismus

(German m.) botulism

Bouc

(French m.) billy-goat, goatee (beard)

Boucan

(French m.) din

Bouc émissaire

(French m.) scapegoat

Boucharde

(French f.) a sculptor's hammer, one face of which is surfaced with small pyrimidal points

Bouche

(French f.) mouth

bouché

(French) a direction usually reserved for players of the French horn, to stop the sound of or mute their instrument with a hand placed into the bell

bouché (m.), bouchée (f.)

(French) blocked, stopped up

Bouche-à-bouche

(French f.) mouth-to-mouth resuscitation

Bouche bée (s.), Bouches bées (pl.)

(French) open-mouthed, singing with the mouth open, humming

Bouche d'égout

(French) manhole

Bouche de metro

(French) underground railway entrance

Bouche d'incendie

(French) fire hydrant

Bouchée (s.), Bouchées (pl.)

(French f.) a mouthful, a small patty, a small pastry, a small puff pastry case

bouchées, sons

see sons bouchées

bouchée, Trompette

(French f.) muted trumpet

Bouche fermée (s.), Bouches fermées (pl.)

(French f., literally 'mouth closed') bocca chiusa, wordless humming

Boucher (m.), Bouchère (f.)

(French) butcher

boucher

(French) to block, to cork

Boucherie

(French, literally 'butcher's shop') a community gathering in South Louisiana where food (usually hog meat) is provided and which may also involve musical traditions such as Cajun music and zydeco

Bouch-trou

(French m.) stopgap

Bouchon

(French m.) stopper, cap, cork, float (fishing), hold-up (figurative)

Boucicault, Dion(ysus) Larner (1822-1890)

Irish dramatist and actor who enjoyed considerable success before he was 20 with his comedy London Assurance (1841) and then went on to write successful plays on both sides of the Atlantic. He is famous also for his article Opera published in 1887 in The North American Review (Volume 144 Issue 365: Pages 340-348) which attacked opera as an art-form. This led to an impassioned reply from Edgar J. Levey entitled Boucicault and Wagner also published in 1887 in The North American Review (Volume 144 Issue 367; Pages 650-653)

(French) to fasten, to finish off, to shut up, to seal off, to balance (budget), to curl

Bouclier

(French m.) shield

Bouddhiste

(French m./f.) Buddhist

bouddhiste

(French) Buddhist

bouder

(French) to sulk, to steer clear of

Bouderie

(French f.) sulkiness

Boudeur (m.), Boudeuse (f.)

(French) sulky person (a sulk)

Boudoir

(German n., from French m., literally 'a sulking-place') a small room where a lady can receive intimate friends or be alone

Boue

(French f.) mud

Bouée de sauvetage

(French f.) lifebuoy

Boueux (m.), Boueuse (f.)

(French) dustman, garbage collector

boueux (m.), boueuse (f.)

(French) muddy

bouffant

(French) puffed out (for example, a reference to a style of hair-dressing)

Bouffe

(French f.) food, grub

bouffe

(French, meaning 'comic') as in opèra bouffe, meaning comic opera

bouffée

(French) puff, whiff, flush (medicine), fit (of pride)

bouffer

(French) to eat, to gobble

Bouffons

old sword dance performed by men in cardboard armour, also called Mattachins or Matassins

Bougainvillea

(English, German f.) or, in English, bougainvilla, any of several South American ornamental woody vines of the genus Bougainvillea having brilliant red or purple flower bracts

Bougarobou

(West Africa) or bugarabu, a rhythm adopted by the Mandinka from the Jola; also one of several sizes of drums that can be attached together

Bouge

(French m.) hovel, dive (bar)

Bougeoir

(French m.) candlestick

Bougeotte, la

(French f.) the fidgets

bouger

(French) to move, to stir

Bougie

(French f.) candle, spark(ing)-plug (of a petrol engine)

(French f., German f.) a thin, flexible medical instrument for probing or dilating passages in the body

bougieren

(German) to dilate with a bougie

bougon (m.), bougonne (f.)

(French) grumpy

bougonner

(French) to grumble

Bouillabaisse

(French f.) from Provence, a dish of fish stewed in wine or water

bouillant (m.), bouillante (f.)

(French) boiling, boiling hot

bouillé

(French) boiled

Bouilli

(French m.) boiled or stewed meat (usually beef)

Bouillie

(French f.) porridge, baby food, mush (prejorative)

bouillir

(French) to boil

Bouilloire

(French f.) kettle

Bouillon

(English, German f., from French m.) unclarified stock (from the French meaning 'to bubble', as when liquid boils)

bouillonner

(French f.) to bubble

Bouillonwürfel

(English, German m.) soup-tablet, stock cube

Bouillote

(French f.) hot-water bottle

boul.

abbreviation of boulevard (French)

Boula

(Grenada) a drum made from rum barrels, often used in pairs supporting a single higher-pitched 'cut drum', used, for example, in Guadeloupan gwo ka, Carriacouan bele and Dominican bèlè

the smallest supporting drum of a Haitian vodoun ensemble

in Cuba, one of the drums used in tumba francesa is called bulá

Boula djel

vocalized percussion songs (i.e. mizik djel or 'mouth music') from Martinique and Guadeloupe which, while associated with traditional wakes, are not considered sacred music. The term boula refers to the use of the traditional boula rhythm

Boulanger (m.), Boulangère (f.)

(French) baker

Boulangere, La

see La Boulangere

Boulangerie

(French f.) bakery

Boulangerie-pâtisserie

(French f.) bakery and confectioner's shop

Boule

(French f.) ball, golf-ball (for a type-writer), a game similar to roulette

Bouleau

(French m.) silver birch (tree)

boule dans la gorge, une

(French) lump in one's throat

Boule de neige

(French f.) snowball

Boule Lyonnaise

(French f.) also Sport-boules or le jeu Lyonnaise, a popular form of bowls, and may be the oldest form of the French form of this sport

Boulet

(French m.) cannon ball, ball and chain (figurative)

Boulette

(French m.) pellet (of paper), meat ball

Boulevard (s.), Boulevards (pl.)

(English, German m., from French m.) a broad street or walk planted with trees, particularly designed for leisurely conversation

a book in which the boards of the cover have first been attached to it, the covering of leather, cloth, or other materials being then affixed to the boards. Bound books are more expensive to produce and much stronger than cased books

Bound morphene

a morpheme used exclusively as part of a larger word rather than one that can stand alone and retain independent meaning. Examples include the morpheme 'ept' in the word 'inept', or the morpheme 'gruntle' in the word 'disgruntled'. This term is the opposite of a free morpheme, which can function by itself as a word, such as the morphemes 'it' and 'self' in the word 'itself'

(German m.) bourbon (whiskey) (named after Bourbon county, Kentucky, whiskey distilled from a mash of corn and malt and rye and aged in charred oak barrels)

Bourbonen

(German pl.) Bourbons (European royal line that ruled in France (from 1589-1793) and Spain and Naples and Sicily)

bourbonische Lilie

(German f.) fleur-de-lys (stylised lily in heraldry and art)

Bourbon vanilla

the majority of the world's vanilla (named, by the Spanish, vainilla or 'little pod') is produced from the variety Vanilla planifolia, more commonly known as 'Madagascar-Bourbon' vanilla, which is produced in Indian Ocean islands such as Madagascar, the Comoros, and Réunion, formerly the Île Bourbon

(French m., literally 'bumble-bee') a low sounding large scale organ pipe, usually stopped, made of wood and generally at 16 ft. or 32 ft. pitch

the lowest string on a lute, violin, violoncello or double bass

French organs sometimes have open bourdons, at 4 ft. and 8 ft. pitch

in a Dutch street organ, the bourdon is two ranks of loudly-voiced melody flutes tuned to a strong celeste

the term bourdon is often used more generally for any stopped flute rank

a large deep-sounding bell, whether in a chime, carillon, or peal - or simply a single large church bell. However, in English change ringing, the largest bell is called the 'tenor'

the drone string of a hurdy-gurdy

a drone pipe of a bagpipe

(German m.) burden

Bourdon de cornemuse

(French m.) the drone of a bagpipe

Bourdon de musette

(French m.) the drone of a bagpipe

Bourdonnement

(French m.) buzzing

bourdonner

(French) to buzz

Bourg

(French m.) town (usually a market town)

Bourgade

(French f.) village

Bourgeois (m.), Bourgeoise (French f.)

(German m., from French) people or values or behaviours typical of the middle class. All those who are bourgeois comprise a group called the bourgeoisie. Most members of this group are executives and professionals. The upper middle-class is known as the haute bourgeoisie. These terms appear frequently in Marxist texts

an influential model village founded by the Quaker Cadbury Brothers after moving their Cocoa & Chocolate factory to a site just south of Birmingham. Started with a few cottages provided alongside the factory, it grew into a whole planned village that was turned into a charitable trust in 1900 at which time it consisted of 330 acres and 313 dwellings. Became a model for the Garden City & Suburbs movement with the First Garden City conference being held there in 1901 and George Cadbury was one of the first vice-presidents of the Garden City Association. The village is laid out with ample open space, shops, public buildings and each house has a large garden attached. Tenancies were open to anybody, not just Cadbury employees. During the 1930s the trust developed what were known as 'Ten shilling houses. The trust has continued to managed the village and be involved in housing development up to the present day. In the 1930s the trust acquired a series of farms as a 'greenbelt' on the southern side of Birmingham and now manage some 2770 acres of open or farm land

Bourrade

(French f.) prod

Bourrage de crâne

(French m.) brainwashing

Bourrasque

(French f.) squall

bourratif (m.), bourrarive (f.)

(French) filling, stodgy

Bourré

(French) bourrée

Bourreau de travail

(French m.) workaholic

Bourrée

(French f., German f.) or boree, a French dance similar to the gavotte but beginning on the fourth beat (of four) rather than the third (of four) as in the gavotte

or boustrephedon, an ancient way of writing manuscripts and other inscriptions in which, rather than going from left to right as in modern English, or right to left as in Hebrew and Arabic, alternate lines must be read in opposite directions. The name is borrowed from the Greek and means 'as the ox turns while ploughing'

(English) in the violin and guitar families, the curve in the sides of the instrument, especially the C-shaped inward curve that form the waist and the convex curve at the top and bottom of the instrument

a percussion instrument formed of a number of bottles tuned so that when struck they play a chromatic scale. The bottles are tuned by filling them with a certain amount of water. Erik Satie wrote for this instrument

(English, German f., from French f.) shop (usually one selling fashionable items are very high prices)

(German f.) millinery

Boutique de brocanteur

(French f.) junk shop

Bouton

(French m.) endpin, bottone (Italian), Knopf (German)

(French m.) button, stud

(French m.) Endknopf (German m.) Saitenhalterknopf (German m.), bottone (Italian m.), endbutton, a small projection at the bottom of a stringed instrument (violin, cello, etc.) to which the tailpiece may be attached or through which an endpin may be fitted (for example, on a cello)

(French m.) pimple, bud, knob (radio, etc.)

Bouton de manchette

(French m.) cuff-link

Bouton d'or

(French m.) buttercup

boutonné (m.), boutonnée (f.)

(French, literally 'buttoned up') reticent, unforthcoming, laconic

boutonner

(French) to button, to button up

Boutonnière

(French f.) buttonhole

boutonneux (m.), boutonneuse (f.)

(French) pimply

Bouton-pression

(French m.) press-stud

Boutons de registres

(French m. pl.) drawstops

Bouts rimés

(French m. pl., literally 'rhymed ends') a game in which a verse in composed where individual couplets are commenced and ended by different people, sometimes where the person completing one couplet also begins the following couplet

Bouture

(French) cutting (plant)

Bouvet-Insel

(German f.) Bouvet Island

Bouvet Island

an island belonging to Norway in the South Atlantic near the Antarctic Circle

Bouvier des Flandres

(German m.) bouvier des Flandres (rough-coated breed of dog used originally in Belgium for herding and guarding cattle)

Bouyon

(Dominica) a fusion of 'cadence-lypso' and traditional 'Jing ping' sound

Bouyon-muffin

a modern offshoot of bouyon that uses prominent elements of Jamaican raggamuffin music

Bouzouki (s.), Bouzoukia (pl.)

(English, German f, from Greek) a twentieth-century long-necked Greek lute, derived from the Turkish saz with a fretted neck and a pear shaped body containing 2, 3 or 4 double courses of metal strings

today there are three forms of bouzouki:

trichordo

early bouzoukis were Trichordo, with three courses (six strings in three pairs) and were generally tuned to D3/D4 A3 D4. This tuning fits in well with the music of the Middle East, as an open chord is neither major nor minor, allowing great flexibility with the melody. Trichordo bouzoukis are still being made, and are very popular with aficionados of Rembetika

tetrachordo

in 1953, Manolis Khiotis added a fourth pair of strings to the bouzoúki. This instrument has 8 metal strings, arranged in four pairs, known as courses. In the two higher-pitched (treble) courses, the two strings of the pair are tuned to the same note. These are used for playing melodies, usually with the two courses played together. In the two lower-pitched (bass) courses, the pair consists of a thick string and a thin string tuned an octave apart. These 'octave strings' add to the fullness of the sound and are used in chords and bass drones (continuous low notes that are played throughout the music). The original tuning for the four-course bouzouki is C3 F3 A3 D4 (where C4 is Middle C). This makes it the same tuning pattern as the first four strings on a guitar, but pitched down a whole tone. In recent times, some players have taken to tuning their bouzoukis up in pitch to D3 G3 B3 E4

Irish

introduced into Irish traditional music in the 1970s, by Johnny Moynihan and Alec Finn, and popularised by Andy Irvine and Dónal Lunny. Irish music relies less on virtuoso melodies played on double courses, and more on the bass courses, so they got rid of the octave strings which only confuse things and replaced them with pairs tuned to the same note. They used a tuning of G2 D3 A3 D4 or A2 D3 A3 D4, which ironically is closer to the original Greek instrument than modern Greek ones are

a device used on certain stringed instruments, a stick, usually made of wood, and hair, usually taken from the tail of a horse, which is used to impart energy to the strings, so that they vibrate, which vibrations act on the resonator box over which the tensioned strings are stretched, thus producing the audible sound characteristic to the instrument. The modern violin bow is usually between 27 and 30 inches in length although historically it was somewhat shorter

the Chinese yazheng and yaqin, and Korean ajaeng zithers are generally played by "bowing" with a rosined stick, which rubs against the strings without any horsehair. The hurdy-gurdy, an instrument known in medieval Europe, has strings which are bowed by a "rosin wheel," which is turned by a handle

instruction on how to use a bow when playing such an instrument, through a series of special signs printed in or added later to the score

to incline the head or body in greeting or acknowledgement, for example as part of an early dance

Bow-arm

or 'bow-hand', most commonly the right arm or hand, in which the bow of a stringed instrument is held

Bow change

Bogenwechsel (German), the change of direction when moving from up-stroke to down-stroke, or visa versa

Bowdlerization

a later editor's censorship of sexuality, profanity, and political sentiment of an earlier author's text. Editors and scholars usually use this term in a derogatory way to denote an inferior or incomplete text. A text censored in this way is said to be bowdlerized. The term comes from the name of Reverend Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825) who produced The Family Shakespeare (1815-18). He removed whatever he considered "unfit to be read by a gentleman in the company of ladies"

early violin and cello bows and bows for the viol are all outcurved, unlike the modern violin bow shown above. In the case of the viol bow, this shape makes it possible to hold it 'underarm' in the palm of the hand with one or two fingers on the bow hair to adjust the tension during the stroke

the bowed zither may seem strange, but is exactly what it appears to be - a violin for zitherists. Resting on a table, the left hand frets the fingerboard (tuned backwards from a violin) exactly like a zither, while the right hand bows the strings

short up and down bows (notes are half length) - indicated by dots placed over/under the note.There are two types:a. separate bow - notes are played separated and with separate bows for each note
b. slurred - consecutive notes are played separated, but with one bow direction

spiccato, saltando

staccato with a bounced bow, that is usually used for faster passages. There are a number of different types:a. deliberate - usually in slow passages, player bounces the bow in a deliberate manner to give an interesting effectb. spontaneous - (sautillé) where the speed of the passage causes the player to instinctively create a bouncing motion with the bow. Sometimes described as "an uncontrolled spiccato"c. slurred spiccato (staccato volante, flying staccato) - similar to slurred staccato except that the bow bounces on the string to create the separation of the pitches. Instead of reversing direction for each note as in ordinary spiccato, the bow picks up a series of short notes, usually on an up-bow

détaché

a single bow stroke per note, with successive notes played as seamlessly as possible, more legato than staccato (although some writers do use the term, when refering to non-stringed instruments, to mean separated or detached)

au talon

bowing at the frog, for a loud effect

punta d'arco

bowing at the point, for a delicate effect

louré, piqué

a succession of notes slightly separated played on the same bow, that is, it is performed with several notes in one bow direction, each note receiving a gentle "push" to separate it - indicated in the same way as détaché but with a slur

marcato

heavy, separate stroke with a pressed accent played near the heel

martelé or martellato

hammered notes, a strong staccato

jeté, ricochet

bouncing the top of the bow to create repeated notes in one bow - indicated by slurred staccato.The bouncing motion of the bow creates 2 to 6 or even more rapid notes. This is usually with a downward bow motion, but up-bows are occasionally used as well. The cello and double bass can only execute about 3 consecutive notes, maybe 4, because of the shorter bow that is used.

volante

bouncing on the string, similar to ricochet

tremolo

small but very rapid up and down bows - can sound dramatic, ethereal, or clichéed if overdone - measured (e.g. semiquavers or sixteenth notes) written with two slashes, unmeasured with three. A fingeredtremolo is similar to a trill but with an interval larger than a whole tone

col legno

using the bow upside down

ecrasé

scratchy noise achieved on bowed string instruments by the use of excess bow pressure (also called a 'scratch tone' or 'scratch note')

sul ponticello

bowing close to the bridge - a thin sound

sul tasto

bowing over the fingerboard - sounds hazy

flautando

bowing close to the fingerboard - sounds flutelike

glissando

or portamento, sliding from one note to another, indicated by a line between the notes

portamento

or glissando, sliding from one note to another, indicated by a line between the notes

sul G, etc.

this means all notes played on the G string, can apply to any other string as requested e.g. sul A

anthrenus museorum is a common destroyer of hair and anything else made of protein, such as old-fashioned woollen felt case linings, gut strings, leather, hair, parchment, etc. Mites usually only live where it is closed and dark, such as in a violin case that is not often used. Keep the case off the floor, especially away from carpets. The worst possible place to store a violin is under a bed or in a closet. Once mites infest a case, they can be difficult to get rid of. You should vacuum and air out the case thoroughly, and if possible expose it to sunlight for a few days. There are a number of suggested treatments that are not to be recommended, such as spraying the case with an insecticide or using camphor moth balls. Such products are highly aromatic and can possibly damage the varnish on your violin and bow. Never store a violin with mothballs in the case with it. Old cases with wool felt, natural silk or silk velvet linings are notorious for attracting mites. Modern cases with synthetic linings and good weather seals are less prone to infestation. If you are using the older type of case you should get rid of it immediately. Even decorative antique cases are not usually very valuable because they provide so little protection to their contents

in fact 'bow mites' aren't really mites, they are the larvae of a species of carpet beetle. The entomologist in the museum where I work has given a couple of brown bag lectures on pest that bother museum collections, and this group of beetles are among the worst. They are small (under a 1/4 inch) and it is the larvae that do the eating. The larvae do not look like beetles, more like very small elongated sow bugs (or pill bugs) and are often a bit hairy. There are different species, and the species differ in what they prefer to eat but there could be several types that would be willing to eat horsehair[comment provided by Michael Zapf]

a substyle of 'tutting', which consists of creating and manipulating box-like or rectangular shapes predominately with ones arms

Boxkamera

(German f.) box camera

Boxkampf

(German m.) boxing match

Box office

the place from which theatre, concert, etc. tickets are purchased

in the eighteenth century, only boxes could be reserved and paid for in advanced. All other seating was sold on a first-come first-served basis. The boxes were sold from an office near the stage door, hence the term 'box office'

Box pleat

pleat made of two flat folds turned inwards towards each other, creating a box like shape on the front of the garment

Boxring

(German m.) boxing ring

Boxsack

(German m.) punchbag (gym equipment)

Box set

a theatrical structure common to modern drama in which the stage consists of a single room setting in which the "fourth wall" is missing so the audience can view the events within the room. Contrast with the 'theatre in the round' and 'apron stage'

(German Buchsbaum, French Buis, Dutch Gewone palm, European Species: Buxus sempervivens: Average Weight: from 53 to 70 pounds per cubic foot) Boxwood is very hard and almost without grain. It is only available in small pieces and is used for carving and small items such as combs. Boxwood was used for inlays from at least the sixteenth century

or boy player, a common term for the adolescent males employed by Medieval and English Renaissance playing companies. Some boy players worked for the mainstream companies and performed the female roles, as women did not perform on the English stage in this period. Others worked for "children's companies," in which all roles, not just the female ones, were played by boys