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Significance

Priming with classic lymphocyte cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is crucial during the complex activation process of tissue macrophages, such as microglia in the CNS, under pathological conditions. According to current biological concepts, priming permits an exaggerated macrophage immune response given a secondary inflammatory stimulus like bacterial components occurs. Here, we demonstrate that priming with IFN-γ itself induces proliferation and moderate activation of microglia, including up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Importantly, the concomitant moderate release of nitric oxide (NO) is sufficient to disturb fast neuronal network oscillations (30–70 Hz) that underlie higher brain functions, such as perception, attention, and memory. This mechanism might contribute to early cognitive impairment in chronic brain disorders, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Topology could help better connect the people and places in these chaotic communities. But some who’ve studied slums and their multifaceted origins fear that applying such mathematical approaches won’t help, and could even make the problem worse.

A study estimates 107,000 cases of premature death in the United States due to anthropogenic particulate matter PM2.5 in 2011, with a societal cost of $886 billion, highlighting the importance of modeling emissions at fine spatial scales to prioritize emissions mitigation efforts.

A study suggests a potential treatment approach for severe peanut allergies; treatment inhibited more than 80% of the allergic response to crude peanut extract in serum from 14 of 16 patients and reduced basophil activation in whole blood from three patients.

A study quantifies the drivers of public interest in more than 600 bird species in the United States by comparing summaries of online searches for each species to the species’ abundance and spatial distribution.