Abstract Background: Obesity and metabolic syndrome are related to systemic functional microvascular alterations, including a significant reduction in microvessel density. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on functional capillary density in the skeletal muscle and skin of obese rats with metabolic syndrome. Methods: ...

High blood glucose levels increase the ratio of phosphorylated to non-phosphorylated connexin-43 amounts, which leads to the decomposition of the hyperphosphorylated connexin-43. This can cause heart arrhythmia in diabetic patients. Considering the effective role of exercise in diabetic patients, and because there are few studies regarding the effect of exercise ...

We compared the effect of relatively low doses (15 g) of highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) with that of maltodextrin during endurance exercise on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in a crossover, double-blind study of healthy volunteers. The RPE increased during exercise and its increase was significantly less at 30 ...

Exercise training is effective for improving physical fitness and physical function in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, limited research has been conducted on the optimal exercise training intensity for this population. Investigate the effect of moderate versus high intensity exercise training on physical fitness and physical function in people ...

Family history of diabetes (FH) is associated with impaired cardiometabolic function. Aerobic exercise improves insulin sensitivity, though resistance training studies on fasting glucose (FG) in FH are lacking. This study examined the effects of 7-weeks of high-intensity-resistance-focused training (HIRFT), including circuit, core, and plyometric resistance training on FG in FH ...

Few studies have examined the differential effects of weight management by exercise mode on subclinical atherosclerosis. We hypothesized that 3 modes of aerobic, resistance, and combination exercises have differential effects on the flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) as well as cardiometabolic profile ...

Prediabetes and prehypertension are conditions that reflect higher-than-normal blood glucose level and elevated blood pressure. The use of the term "pre" helps highlight the potentially slippery slope toward fully realized diabetes or hypertension. In both situations, recommended lifestyle modifications include a focus on regular exercise, including cardiorespiratory (aerobic) activity and ...

Physical exercise induces gene expression changes that trigger glucose metabolism pathways in organisms. In the present study, we monitored the expression levels of LDHA (lactate dehydrogenase) and GYS1 (glycogen synthase 1) in blood, to confirm the roles of these genes in exercise physiology. LDHA and GYS1 are related to glucose ...

Takada Shingo S Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of - - 2014

We have reported that exercise capacity is reduced in high fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice, and that this reduction is associated with impaired mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (SKM). However, it remains to be clarified whether the treatment of diabetes ameliorates the reduced exercise capacity. Therefore, we examined whether an ...

Context : The ingestion of carbohydrate (CHO) before and during exercise and at halftime is commonly recommended to soccer players for maintaining blood glucose concentrations throughout match play. However, an exercise-induced rebound glycemic response has been observed in the early stages of the second half of simulated soccer-specific exercise when ...

Objective. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the evidence for the effectiveness of aerobic exercise interventions on reducing insulin resistance markers in obese children and/or adolescents. A secondary outcome was change in percentage of body fat. Methods. A computerized search was made of seven databases: CINAHL, Cochrane Central ...

Karstoft Kristian K The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and The Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of - - 2014

Supplementation with green tea extract (GTE) in animals has been reported to induce numerous metabolic adaptations including increased fat oxidation during exercise and improved performance. However, data regarding the metabolic and physiological effects of GTE during exercise in humans are limited and equivocal. To examine the effects of short-term GTE ...

Neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) are important regulators of energy balance. Recent studies suggest that neurogenesis in the ARC is an important regulator of body mass in response to pharmacological stressors. Regular exercise training improves insulin action and is a primary treatment modality for obesity and type 2 ...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), and mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed following varying intensities of exercise training. The animals were randomly assigned to receive either low- (LIT, n=7) or high intensity training (HIT, n=7), or were assigned to a control group (n=7). Over 5 weeks, the animals in ...

Background: Phosphorylation of AS160 and TBC1D1 plays an important role for GLUT4 mobilization to the cell surface. The phosphorylation of AS160 and TBC1D1 in humans in response to acute exercise is not fully characterized. Objective: To study AS160 and TBC1D1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle after aerobic exercise followed by ...

Albiglutide (Eperzan® [EU]; Tanzeum™ [US]), a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, has been developed by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Albiglutide has received its first global approval in this indication in the EU, for use in combination with other antihyperglycaemic agents, including basal insulin, when ...

Levinger Itamar I Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science, NorthWest Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, Western - - 2014

Acute exercise improves insulin sensitivity for hours after the exercise is ceased. The skeleton contributes to glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity via osteocalcin (OC) in its undercarboxylated (ucOC) form in mice. We tested the hypothesis that insulin sensitivity over the hours following exercise is associated with circulating levels of ucOC. ...

McDonald Matthew W MW School of Kinesiology; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Western Ontario; London, ON - - 2014

Regular exercise has been shown to improve many complications of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) including enhanced glucose tolerance and increased cardiac function. While exercise training has been shown to increase insulin content in pancreatic islets of rats with T1DM, experimental models were severely hyperglycemic and not undergoing insulin treatment. ...

Metformin (MET) therapy exerts positive effects improving glucose tolerance and preventing the evolution toward diabetes in insulin resistant patients. It has been shown that adding MET to exercise training does not improve insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of MET and exercise training alone ...

Martins Catia C 1Obesity Research Group, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; 2Center for Obesity, Department of Surgery, St. Olav Hospital - Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; 3K.G. Jebsen Center for Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Trondheim, Norway; 4BioPsychology Group, Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; 5Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 6Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom; 7Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, - - 2014

The impact of acute exercise, and exercise intensity, on appetite control in obese requires further study. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acute isocaloric bouts (250kcal) of high-intensity intermittent cycling (HIIC) and moderate-intensity continuous cycling (MICC), or short-duration HIIC (S-HIIC) (125kcal), and a resting control ...

The aim of this study was to investigate whether small doses of intense exercise before each main meal ('exercise snacks') would result in better blood glucose control than a single bout of prolonged, continuous, moderate-intensity exercise in individuals with insulin resistance. Nine individuals completed three exercise interventions in randomised order. ...

Abstract Aims: This study determined the test-retest reliability of a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) (iPro™2; Medtronic, Northridge, CA) under standardized conditions in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Subjects and Methods: Fourteen individuals with T2D spent two nonconsecutive days in a calorimetry unit. On both days, meals, medication, and ...

There have been significant changes in the understanding of the role of carbohydrates during endurance exercise in recent years, which allows for more specific and more personalized advice with regard to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. The new proposed guidelines take into account the duration (and intensity) of exercise and advice ...

Fat and carbohydrate are important fuels for aerobic exercise and there can be reciprocal shifts in the proportions of carbohydrate and fat that are oxidized. The interaction between carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation is dependent on the intracellular and extracellular metabolic environments. The availability of substrate, both from inside and ...

Repeated bouts of physical exercise, i.e., training, induce mitochondrial biogenesis and result in improved physical performance and attenuation of glycogen breakdown during submaximal exercise. It has been suggested that as a consequence of the increased mitochondrial volume, a smaller degree of metabolic stress (e.g., smaller increases in ADP and Pi) ...

The aim of the present study was to determine which of the available glucose tolerance tests (oral (OGTT) vs. intravenous (IVGTT)) could more readily detect the insulin sensitizing effects of a bout of continuous exercise. Ten healthy moderately fit young men (V̇O2peak of 45.4 ± 1.8 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1); age 27.5 ± ...

Abstract Background: We present a clinical trial establishing the feasibility of a control-to-range (CTR) closed-loop system informed by heart rate (HR) and assess the effect of HR information added to CTR on the risk for hypoglycemia during and after exercise. Subjects and Methods: Twelve subjects with type 1 diabetes (five ...

Wong Alexander A The Discipline of Pharmacology, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, 2006, - - 2014

Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, accumulates in fat tissue where it can remain for prolonged periods. Under conditions of increased fat utilisation, blood cannabinoid concentrations can increase. However, it is unclear whether this has behavioural consequences. Here, we examined whether rats pre-treated with multiple or single doses ...

The study investigated the effect of supplementation with maltodextrin (CHO) alone or associated to caffeine during exercise in T2DM subjects. Pilot study, using eight subjects with T2DM, aged 55±10 years, received CHO (1 g/kg) or caffeine (1.5 mg/kg) alone or associated before exercise protocol. The exercise was executed at 40% ...

Combining metformin and exercise is recommended for the treatment of insulin resistance. However, it has been suggested that metformin blunts the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise. We evaluated in a group of insulin-resistant patients the interactions between exercise and their daily dose of metformin. Ten insulin-resistant patients underwent insulin sensitivity assessment ...

The benefits of exercise and behavioural recommendations in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are controversial. In a randomized trial with a 2x2 factorial design, we examined the effect of exercise and behavioural recommendations on metabolic variables, and maternal/neonatal outcomes in 200 GDM patients. All women were given the same diet: group ...

Insulin resistance and obesity are associated with a reduction of mitochondrial content in various tissues of mammals. Moreover, a reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability impairs several cellular functions including mitochondrial biogenesis and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, two important mechanisms of body adaptation in response to physical exercise. Although these mechanisms have ...

Fructose is a major diet component directly related to severe damages to the microcirculation and to diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension to which physical activity is pointed out as an important non-pharmacological treatment since its positive effects precedes anthropometric improvements. In this study we have investigated effects of ...

Objective : To investigate the effects of different intensities of acute exercise on insulin sensitivity and protein kinase B/Akt activity in skeletal muscle of obese mice. Methods : Swiss mice were randomly divided into four groups, and fed either a standard diet (control group) or high fat diet (obese sedentary ...

After food ingestion, the incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are secreted by the intestines into circulation where they act on the pancreas to promote insulin secretion. We evaluated the hypothesis that low postprandial plasma insulin levels in lean exercise-trained individuals are associated with low concentrations ...

Kim Il-Young IY The Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, - - 2014

The postprandial elevation of triglycerides in the blood (PPTG) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Although acute exercise typically attenuates PPTG, the effect of exercise intensity on PPTG is less well-established, particularly in well-controlled conditions for physical activities and diet. We sought to determine the efficacy of exercise at ...