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Paper One – Possible topics Saxon and Norman Justice  How did the Saxons prevent crime?  How did they catch lawbreakers?  How were criminals punished?  How harsh and superstitious was Saxon Justice?

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Saxon Justice Saxons used a group approach-the Tithing Criminals would be chased by the Hue and Cry Common assaults and theft would be dealt with by forcing the accused to pay compensation or Wergild to the victim Sometimes criminals were executed Guilt was decided by juries who knew both accused and accuser Sometimes God would decide through trial by ordeal Juries would swear an oath of COMPURGATION as to an accused’s innocence

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Norman Justice Regime changed in 1066 following Norman victory at Hastings Was there much change in how law and order was kept? Was Norman justice more cruel and harsher than Saxon justice?

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Norman Justice Continuity/Change Kept Trial by Ordeal Introduced Forest Laws Crime now seen as against King Wergild abolished Fines now paid to the King Much of Saxon system kept by William Trial by Combat

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Late Middle Ages Still no police force Tithings still used to keep law and order Criminals pursued by the Hue and Cry Deaths investigated by the Coroner Sheriffs responsible for Law and Order Trial by ordeal ended in 1215 Serious cases heard by Royal judges who travelled the country Juries deciding guilt or innocence Wergild no longer applied Serious crimes punished by death or mutilation Non attendees at court could be declared OUTLAW Local manor courts dealt with minor crimes

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What can we learn from Robin Hood? Myth or legend? Symbol of freedom against harsh Forest Laws? Many people were outlaws! Folvilles more typical of outlaw gangs

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Protest 1300-1700 Rebellions against the king by nobles were quite common Rebels & heretics savagely and publicly executed Rebellions by ordinary people were rarer but again were savagely punished

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1) The Peasant’s Revolt 1381 Demands were for more freedom and higher wages Rebels marched on London – killed 2 of king’s advisers Leader Wat Tyler was killed Richard II promised justice but many peasants were hanged

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2) Pilgrimage of Grace 1549 Protesters led by Robert Aske Wanted to undo religious changes made by Henry VIII & cut in taxes Protest peaceful but Aske hanged, drawn and quartered 200 others also executed

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4) The Gunpowder Plot 1605 Plot by Catholic gentry to kill James I and to replace him with his daughter Plan was to blow up Parliament 5 th November Plot discovered – Fawkes arrested along with many others Survivors hanged, drawn & quartered

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1500-1750 Era of the ‘ Bloody Code ’ By 1750 there were over 200 capital crimes Old punishments still remained e.g. pillory, stocks, fines New punishments included ‘Bridewells’ (Houses of Correction) & Transportation Prison was only used for debtors

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Poverty & lack of work created Vagrants New Crimes? More travel by road encouraged Highway Robbery High level of tax on Many imports led to Smuggling Many people in countryside Hunting deer & rabbits. Punishable by Death Still no Police!

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1750-1900: Change in attitude? 1750 severe punishments for large number of crimes seen as deterrent Realisation that public executions causing more problems than solutions Juries failing to convict Mixed views on the effectiveness of transportation Capital punishment should be replaced by prison & hard labour

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Public ExecutionsSeen by many as chance for a day out – crowds laughed and drank – good opportunities for fighting and stealing! “All the aims of public justice are defeated. All the effects of example, the terrors of death, the shame of punishment, are lost” (London magistrates, 1783) Calls for reform “ … a man who has picked the pocket of a handkerchief worth 13 pence is punished with the same severity as if he had murdered a whole family. None should be punished with death except in cases of murder.” (Sir William Meredith, MP 1770)

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Was transportation a success? YES Used often by courts Succeeded in reforming convicts Very few returned to England Cost too much - £½ million per year by 1850 More prisons – cheaper to run Crime rate had not fallen Seen by many as opportunity rather than punishment

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Metropolitan Police Act, 1829 Sir Robert Peel (Home Secretary) had already reduced number of capital crimes Persuaded Parliament to pass act Deliberate move away from image of the Army

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Changing attitudes towards the police? Police seen as? NB the dates are 50 years apart – Does this mean that there was still a lot of opposition to the police?

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There had been opposition to the idea of a national police force for many years. The fear was that the government would use it to cut down on people’s freedom, as well as the cost of such a scheme! Peel was careful to avoid any link with the Army with his ‘Peelers’ Gradually the new police gained support and acceptance