Schelling, Thomas. "Arms and Influence". New Haven: Yale University
Press. 1966.
Jervis, Robert; Lebow, Richard Ned; Stein, Janice Gross. "Psychology
and Deterrence". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 1985.
Tanter, Raymond. Class Lecture. 6/5/96
Jervis, et al p. 211
Dawisha, Adeed. International Security. Winter 1980/81. p. 134-153
ibid
ibid
Jentelson, Bruce. "With Friends Like These". New York: W.W. Norton. 1994
ibid p. 40-43
ibid p. 62-63
Friedman, Alan. "Spider's Web"
NSD 26 reads:
Access to Persian Gulf oil and the security of key friendly
states in the area are vital U.S. national security. The United States
remains committed to defend its vital interests in the region, if
necessary and appropriate through the use of U.S. military force,
against the Soviet Union or any other regional power with interests
inimical to our own. The United States also remains committed to support
the individual and collective self-defense of friendly countries in the
area to enable them to play a more active role in their own defense and
thereby reduce the necessity for unilateral U.S. military intervention.
The United States also will encourage the effective support and
participation of our western allies and Japan to promote our mutual
interests in the Persian Gulf Region.
NSD 26 continues on to an Iraq-specific tome:
Normal relations between the United States and Iraq would serve
our longer-term interests and promote stability in both the Gulf and the
Middle East. The United States Government should propose economic and
political incentives for Iraq to moderate its behavior and to increase
our influence with Iraq. At the same time, the Iraqi leadership must
understand that any illegal use of chemical and/or biological weapons
will lead to economic and political sanctions, for which we would seek
the broadest possible support from our allies and friends. Any breach by
Iraq of IAEA safeguards in its nuclear program will result in a similar
response. Human rights considerations should continue to be an important
element in our policy towards Iraq. In addition, Iraq should be urged to
cease its meddling in external affairs, such as Lebanon, and be
encouraged to play a constructive role in negotiating a settlement with
Iran and cooperating in the Middle East peace process.
We should pursue, and seek to facilitate, opportunities for
U.S. firms to participate in the reconstruction of the Iraqi economy,
particularly in the energy area, where they do not conflict with our
non-proliferation and other significant objectives. Also, as a means of
developing access to and influence with the Iraqi defense establishment,
The United States should consider sales of non-lethal forms of military
assistance, e.g., training courses and medial exchanges , on a case by
case basis.
Tanter, Raymond. Prospectus: Rogue Regimes. forthcoming. URL found at
http://wwwpersonal.umich.edu~rtanter/prospect/.html
George, Alexander. Bridging the Gap. Wahington. D.C.: United States
Institute of Peace Press. 1993..p46
ibid .p.47
ibid. p48
http://www.nd.edu:80/~aleyden/documents.html/
The full order read:
Executive Order 12722-Blocking Iraqi Government Property
and Prohibiting Transactions with Iraqi. August 2, 1990
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the
laws of the United States of America, including the International
Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National
Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.), section 301 of title 3 of the
United States Code. I, George Bush, President of the United States of
America, find that the policies and actions of the Government of Iraq
constitute an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security
and foreign policy of the United States and hereby declare a national
emergency to deal with that threat.
Section 1. All property and interests in property of the Government of
Iraq, its agencies,
instrumentalities and controlled entities and the Central Bank of Iraq
that are in the United States, that hereafter come within the United
States or that are or hereafter come within the possession or control of
United States persons, including their overseas branches, are hereby blocked.
Section 2. The following are prohibited, except to the extent provided in
regulations that may
hereafter be issued pursuant to this order:
(a) The importation into the United States of any goods or services of
Iraqi origin, other than
publications and other informational materials;
(b) The exportation to Iraq of any goods, technology (including technical
data or other information controlled for export pursuant to Section 5 of
the Export Administration Act (50 U.S.C. App. 2404) ), or services from
the United States, except publications and other informational materials,
and donations of articles intended to relieve human suffering such as
food, clothing, medicine and medical supplies intended strictly for
medical purposes.
(c) Any transaction by a United States person relating to transportation
to or from Iraq; the
provision of transportation to or from the United States by any Iraqi
person or any vessel or
aircraft of Iraqi registration: or the sale in the United States by any
person holding authority under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, as
amended (49 U.S.C. 1514), of any transportation by air which includes any
stop in Iraq.
(d) The purchase by any United States person of goods for export from
Iraq to any country; (e) The performance by any United States person of
any contract in support of an industrial or other commercial or
governmental project in Iraq;
(f) The grant or extension of credits or loans by any United States
person to the Government of Iraq, its instrumentalities and controlled
entities;
(g) Any transaction by a United States person relating to travel by any
United States citizen or permanent resident alien to Iraq, or to
activities by any such person with Iraq, after the date of this order,
other than transactions necessary to effect such person's departure from
Kuwait, or travel for journalistic activity by persons regularly employed
in such capacity by a news-gathering organization; and
(h) Any transaction by any United States person which evades or avoids,
or has the purpose of evading or avoiding, any of the prohibitions set
for in this Order.
For purposes of this Order, the term "United States person" means any
United States citizen, permanent resident alien, juridical person
organized under the laws of the United States or any person in the
United States.
Section 3. This order is effective immediately.
Section 4. The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the
Secretary of State, is hereby authorized to take such actions, including
the promulgation of rules and regulations, as may be necessary to carry
out the purposes of this order Such actions may include prohibiting or
regulating payments or transfers of any property or any transactions
involving the transfer of anything of economic value by any United States
person to the Government of Iraq, its instrumentalities and controlled
entities, or to any Iraqi national or entity owned or controlled,
directly or indirectly, by Iraq or Iraqi nationals. The Secretary may
redelegate any of these functions to other officers and agencies of the
Federal Government. All Agencies of the Federal Government are directed
to take all appropriate measures within their authority to carry out the
provisions of this Order, including the suspension or termination of
licenses or other authorizations in effect as of the date of this Order.
This Order shall be transmitted to the Congress and published in the
Federal Register.
ibid
The full statement read:
United Nation's Security Council
Resolutions on Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait
Resolution 660
August 2, 1990--
The Security Council, alarmed by the invasion of Kuwait of 2 August 1990
by the military forces of Iraq, determining that there exists a breach of
international peace and security as regards the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait,
acting under Articles 39 and 40 of the Charter of the United Nations,
1) Condemns the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait;
2) Demands that Iraq withdraw immediately and unconditionally all
its forces to the positions in which they were located on 1 August 1990.
3) Calls upon Iraq and Kuwait to begin immediately intensive
negotiations for the resolution of their differences and supports
all efforts in this regard, and especially those of the League of
Arab States;
4) Decides to meet again as necessary to consider further steps to
ensure compliance with the present resolution.
VOTE: 14 for, 0 against, 1 abstention (Yemen)
Klare, Michael. "Rogue States and Nuclear Outlaws". New York: Hill and
Wang. 1995. p. 38.
George. p. 84.
Jentelson. p.205.