Intermittent Fasting For Weight Loss (And Its Other Health Benefits)

In recent years, interest in intermittent fasting—that is, not eating at all for a certain number of days per week—has been increasing. Intermittent fasting (IF) has been practiced worldwide based mostly on traditional, cultural, or religious grounds, but recent experimental data suggest it’s not only safe but also effective for achieving weight loss. What’s more, evidence is accumulating that it can produce a myriad of other health benefits. In this article, I summarize the data supporting the use of IF and include my recommendations for who might want to try it and how they should do it.

For Weight Loss

One concern about reducing calorie intake on a daily basis (that is, dieting) to lose weight is that it lowers the basal metabolic rate (in one study as much as 504 cal/day!), making weight loss harder to achieve. Some studies have suggested this effect continues for a full four years after beginning a diet, and may continue longer or even indefinitely, explaining one of the reasons why it’s so easy to regain any weight that’s lost, as opposed to maintaining the weight you’ve always been.

In one study of IF, however, basal metabolic rate was actually found to increase after both 36 and 60 hours of fasting, likely due to an increase of norepinephrine (which was likely caused by lower blood sugar induced by the fast). Fat metabolism also increased (meaning fat was preferentially burned for energy over glycogen, or carbohydrate), likely caused by the increase in norepinephrine levels (rather than a decrease in insulin levels, which wasn’t seen). Muscle breakdown wasn’t seen until the end of the third day of fasting. Other studies have shown that prolonged fasting—that is, beyond three days or more—can reduce the basal metabolic rate by 20%.

After a 36-hour fast, when you start eating again you continue to burn fat in excess of glycogen (carbohydrate) for energy. Long-term use of IF may, in fact, shift the substrate the body uses for energy preferentially to fat, though it’s not clear how often you need to fast to bring about this shift. One concern about every-other-day fasting, however, is that it might represent too great a metabolic challenge: in the long-term it seems to decrease glucose tolerance, which might lead to or predispose to the development of diabetes. More work needs to be done to sort out the ideal frequency with which you should fast to lose weight.

Interestingly, IF doesn’t appear to make you hungrier on days you eat. In fact, studies show people actually eat 20% less on eating days. This may be because eating less itself seems to reduce the amount of food that makes you feel full.

Studies suggest you’ll lose muscle if you only eat 0.9 g of protein/kg of body weight on non-fasting days when you’re intermittently fasting. It seems you need to eat 1.2 g of protein/kg of body weight on non-fasting days to preserve fat-free mass. That is to say, IF can cause muscle loss if you don’t eat enough protein and exercise.

In comparing the weight-loss effects of IF to continuous calorie restriction (a standard diet) multiple studies (admittedly all small) testing multiple different IF regimens demonstrated comparable reductions in body weight (with perhaps a slight advantage seen in IF). A longer-term, larger study called the HELENA trial will conclude in May of 2017. It will compare IF, continuous calorie restriction, and control groups for a year and look not only at effects on weight loss, BP, quality of life, and self-image, but also 82 pre-defined genes that encode proteins involved in energy metabolism, inflammation, immune function, aging, and neurological function. I’ll report back on the results later this year once they’re published, which should help guide us more definitively in how to make IF work for weight loss.

Time restricted feeding (TRF), in which all food is consumed in a narrower window than what’s traditional (8 hours instead of 10 or 12) may mimic the positive effects of a longer fast. In one study, TRF was found to increase fat loss without compromising muscle mass in men who lifted weights (though it reduced anabolic hormones like testosterone and IGF-1) compared to men who lifted weights but ate on a normal schedule (the same total number of calories were consumed by both groups). The notion that the timing and interval of eating affects weight loss finds evidence in another study of women who ate their largest meal in the morning rather than in the evening and had greater weight loss than women who ate their largest meal in the evening (same number of total calories consumed per day in both groups). This was thought to be due to decreased insulin sensitivity at the end of the day, leading to higher levels of insulin around the evening meal. Higher levels of insulin may contribute to weight gain because insulin works to promote fat storage, decrease fat burning, and increase glycogen (carbohydrate) burning.

My recommendations for using IF for weight loss:

You should always make sure that whatever strategy you use to lose weight is a strategy you use to maintain weight loss, that you can maintain indefinitely. Otherwise, you’ll almost certainly regain any lost weight once you change your eating lifestyle after achieving your weight-loss goals. That is, if you’re going to use IF, make sure you can continue some form of IF (albeit perhaps fewer days per week or fasting on individual days for a shorter duration) indefinitely.

Don’t fast longer than 3 days in a row (to preserve muscle mass and prevent a reduction in basal metabolic rate).

I suggest fasting for 36 hours at a time (e.g., from Monday night after dinner to Wednesday morning at breakfast) no more than twice a week. Alternatively, you could eat your first meal of the day around noon and your last meal no later than 8 pm every day. You will, of course, get hungry on days you fast, but you won’t feel hungry all day long. Your hunger will come and go, typically around the times you would normally eat. If you distract yourself by becoming engaged in the tasks of your day when you feel that hunger, it will tend to fade within 10-30 minutes. Make sure to drink adequate amounts of water during fasting so you don’t become dehydrated.

Make sure to exercise and take in adequate levels of protein on non-fasting days to maintain your muscle mass.

Combine IF with a low-carb diet on days you eat. I’d also include a cheat day as I described in a previous article.

If you have diabetes, make sure to embark on IF only under the close supervision of your doctor.

If you have or have had an eating disorder, IF is not for you.

Other benefits of IF might include:

Cardiovascular: Levels of adiponectin, which has anti plaque-forming and insulin-sensitizing properties, are increased through IF. Leptin, a pro plaque-forming adipokine, is reduced. No studies have yet looked at cardiovascular outcomes, however,with IF (e.g., risk reduction in heart attacks).

Neurological: Calorie restriction increases the transcription of genes coding proteins involved in neuroplasticity and neuron survival. In rats and mice on an alternate-day fasting regimen, proteins that function to prevent protein damage in neurons are elevated. Calorie restriction in general up-regulates autophagy (which enhances removal of damaged proteins in cells). Energy restriction of 30% below what subjects typically consumed improved glucose metabolism, suppressed oxidative damage and inflammation, and protected against cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and muscle wasting in a study of non-human primates. It also preserves volumes of brain structures involved in emotional control. In animal models of reduced calorie intake, outcomes from stroke and traumatic brain injury are improved. Animals with experimentally induced strokes recover function better on restricted diets. Alternate day fasting protects rats from cognitive impairment in Alzheimer models. Calorie restriction protects dopaminergic neurons in rodent Parkinson’s disease models. Fasting improves memory in human subjects who reduce their caloric intake by 30%. It’s important to note that while many studies strongly suggest there very well could be multiple benefits to our brains from IF, no definitive study has been done in humans that proves IF has a significant impact on the risk of getting a neurologic disease or effect on reducing the impact of a neurologic disease.

Extended lifespan: We don’t actually know if the extension of lifespan reported in animal studies of calorie restriction are due to the effects of calorie restriction itself or to the effects of intermittent fasting as in all of them the subjects ended up intermittently fasting as well as eating a lower calorie diet. It’s certainly exciting to imagine that we could extend our lifespan simply by fasting a certain number of days a week, but currently we have no definitive proof that IF provides this benefit. More work in this area is needed.

Cancer risk reduction: A retrospective study of 7000 women with a history of anorexia nervosa showed a 50% reduction in the incidence of breast cancer, suggesting that severe calorie restriction may protect against breast cancer. This doesn’t mean that if you’re worried about cancer or have cancer that you should restrict your calories as severely as patients with anorexia do. While there is evidence that IF both immediately before and after receiving chemotherapy can reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and possibly enhance its effectiveness, IF alone without chemotherapy hasn’t been shown to improve survival if you have cancer. On the other hand, calorie restriction has been shown to decrease cellular proliferation and angiogenesis (the creation of new blood vessels that feed cancer cells). Calorie restriction is also associated with a significant anti-inflammatory response in humans, which may inhibit cancer progression and malignant conversion. Calorie restriction in combination with radiation therapy aids in tumor regression and may delay metastasis. Also, in mice, calorie restriction caused a 55% decrease in the incidence of breast cancer. Its effect on cancer rates in humans, however, remains unknown.

Diabetes control: The dramatic improvement rates of resolution of diabetes (83%) in patients undergoing gastric bypass are likely due not to the surgery itself but to the dramatic restriction in calories that results. IF may mimic this result.

In conclusion, current evidence suggests—though doesn’t yet prove—that IF may have a multitude of health benefits in humans. The HELENA trial will more definitively answer many of the questions that remain and hopefully provide even clearer proof that long-term use of IF is safe. If you’re interested in losing weight, in maintaining weight loss, or gaining some of the other possible benefits of IF, IF may indeed be something you want to try. It may take a strong determination, but it’s something most people can do.

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I was fasting 24 hours a week, every week, for a year or so. I found it more annoying than anything, and I was devoted to it.

Then I noticed my hair thinning out a little. That spooked me, and I quit. All my hair grew back in right away.

Do I have to choose between the benefits of fasting and a healthy head of hair? And/or is there any point to, say, fasting a day or two every few months?

Thanks!

Maureen

Maureen: Fasting is definitely a stress (though apparently a good stress), and some people do get hair loss with stress (it’s called alopecia effluvium). Usually it occurs 3 months after the stress. Once the stress has passed, the hair comes back. So that may have been what happened to you. Alternatively, there may be something about your physiology that reduced hair growth/accelerated hair loss with fasting. Or it may have been a coincidence (perhaps something else stressful had happened to you 3 months before you noted the hair loss?). It’s not at all clear if there are benefits to fasting a day or two every few months. More studies need to be done. With respect to weight control, probably not. Hope that helps!

I’ve been fasting for 36 hours one day a week. I find myself getting hungry around mealtimes but distraction works very well. I drink lots of water and feel just fine throughout the day. I then exercise first thing in the morning the next day. I’ve found I need to eat bread or some other carbohydrate first to be able to lift weights, however. Otherwise, I really struggle (almost certainly to due glycogen deprivation from the previous 36-hour fast). I find, after having done this for 5 weeks, that I feel sharper mentally on the days I fast, that my mood elevates the day after, and that I don’t overeat on non-fasting days. I’m not doing this to lose weight as I’m fairly lean (though I do think I’ll find it an effective way to maintain my weight as I age), but rather for the other possible benefits, and to be able to have an experience to discuss with my patients. I actually like the challenge of resisting hunger, strange as it may sound, because it gives me an added sense of self-control, which interestingly I’ve found lasts beyond the fasting day. I see myself continuing this indefinitely, unless subsequent studies show the other health benefits don’t accrue in humans.

Hi Alex,
As a long-time reader I always appreciate your posts. Thank you for some clarity on this hot topic. I look forward to the study results.

Is IF appropriate for those with UC, Crohn’s or chronic diarhrea and are underweight? The anti-inflammatory benefits – as well as all the rest – seem important.

Thank you,
Jane

Jane: Great questions! As far as I know, IF hasn’t been studied in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (a quick literature search just now turned up no results). If a patient is underweight because of malabsorption (due to inflammatory bowel disease or something else), I wouldn’t recommend IF. Without studies to guide us, I can’t say if the anti-inflammatory effect of IF would help control inflammatory bowel disease or not.

Delighted to have received this fascinating post, and sadly have to say I had not received any posts for several years until today. I thought you had given up and was sad….as I so like your books as well.

Marina: Thanks for your comment. Unfortunately, writing my second book and starting a new business has kept me away from post-writing! I’m hoping to ramp it back up in the next little while. I appreciate your readership!

This post is timely for me—thank you! I began IF using the 16 hour fast/8 hour eating window ten days ago. My goals are to lose weight and to improve my general health and energy levels.

I first learned about IF via Dr. Michael Mosely and the “fast diet” several years ago; however I found that I simply could not manage the 5:2 regimen for a variety of reasons, and I quickly gave up trying. However I learned about the 16:8 version just recently, and I find this easily manageable.

I would really appreciate further reports on the daily 16-hour fast; any information about how this compares to other IF strategies, how it impacts health indicators and weight, etc., would be most welcome.

Thank you,
Nicola

Nicola: Preliminary data suggest many of the benefits of longer fasts are mimicked by the 16-hour fast. More work needs to be done. I’ll report back intermittently as studies are published.

You mentioned that the HELENA study was being released in May this year. I was wondering if this has now been released and if you can give an update on this?

Ria: The study concluded in May but the data is still be analyzed. It’ll probably be the end of this year or the beginning of the next before the article appears in a journal. I’ll update everyone once it’s published!

Thank you for your thoughtful take on this subject. I am wondering if the study of the 7,000 women with anorexia nervosa took into account hormonal changes associated wit the eating disorders. not all breast cancers are hormone dependent/related, but many are, and I am wondering if this link could account for the lowered incidence as much or more than CR. I would appreciate your thoughts.

Unfortunately, the study of the 7,000 women didn’t mention measuring any hormone levels.

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