The replacement amplifier in position on the Compton Melotone at
the Curzon Cinema,
Clevedon

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This unit is a combined double pre-amplifier and double power
amplifier which is intended as a replacement for the Compton
P.A. 352 amplifier in Compton Melotone organs. Two amplifiers are
mounted on a common chassis, one handling the bass and the other the
treble frequencies. The crossover from one amplifier to the other
takes place at about Middle-C (approx 460 c/s).

COMPATIBILITY WITH COMPTON AMPLIFIERS

Inputs

The pre-amplifiers and power amplifiers are electrically
interchangeable with the Compton P.A. 352, however, as the original
connectors between the generators and the pre-amps are now
unobtainable, Belling Lee type 75-ohm television coaxial connectors
have been used for the high impedance inputs. Because of this, the
original plugs on the leads from the generators will need to be
replaced by 75-ohm coaxial types.

Pre-amp Outputs

The gain of the pre-amp is similar to the gain of the P.A. 352
pre-amp; so additional Compton amplifiers may be run from the pre-amp
output signals in exactly the same way as if the original amplifier
were in use.

Loudspeaker Outputs

Because of the transformerless output stage, this amplifier is
only suitable for 15-ohm treble loudspeakers and 6-ohm bass
loudspeakers. Unlike the original P.A. 352 power amplifier, this unit
can power two loudspeakers in parallel from each output; in many
circumstances where two loudspeaker cabinets are needed, this will
avoid the necessity to use an additional power amplifier.

Mains supplies

The amplifier is suitable for A.C. mains supplies in the range
200v - 240v. It has a maximum power consumption of approximately 250
watts.

Muting

This unit posseses an additional muting feature which was not
present in the original P.A. 352 amplifier. When the mains power is
removed, the amplifier promptly mutes itself so that the sound of the
generators running down is not audible. The muting facility can also
be wired to a remote switch so as to allow it to be manually
controlled. In the event of gross overheating of the amplifier (such
as may be caused by prolonged operation with short-circuited
loudspeaker wiring), the muting circuit operates automatically to
protect the amplifier from damage; it automatically resets itself
once the temperature has returned to normal.

The colour of the pilot light changes from green to red when
muting is in operation.

CONNECTIONS

Input connections are made through 75-ohm Belling Lee type coaxial
connectors which must be fitted to the screened cables from the
generators. The treble and bass generators must be connected to their
correct inputs.

If signals from the pre-amlifiers are required, so as to operate
auxilliary power amplifiers, these can be taken from the 'hot' ends
of the gain controls which are accessible by removing the cover of
the pre-amplifier box. The wiring can be brought out through one of
the grommetted holes in the back of the box. Care should be taken to
ensure that all the boards are firmly seated in their correct slots
before replacing the lid.

The loudspeakers are connected by soldering their leads to the
appropriate tags of the fuseholders and earthing points shown in Fig
2.

The power supply transformer will normally be permanently
connected to the amplifier, but in the event of having to remove and
replace it, the connections are as shown in Fig 3. The centre tap of
the transformer must only be connected to the tag provided and not to
any other earthed metalwork or tags.

Provision has been made for connection of an external switch to
remotely control the muting circuit. The terminals for this are on
the opposite side of the panel from the loudspeaker connections. They
are normally linked by a yellow wire when external muting is not
required. To allow remote muting, remove the yellow wire link and
substitute one of the circuits b to d below.

Almost any type of switch will be satisfactory as it only need be
capable of switching 24 volts at 10 mA. A spare set of stop tab
contacts could be used, provided they are isolated from any other
circuit connections.

The manual muting circuit will not prevent operation of the
automatic muting system in the event of the amplifier overheating.

Ensure that all fuses are in place and intact before switching on.

CIRCUIT OPERATION

Power Supply (Fig.5.)

A bi-phase 25-volt supply from the mains transformer is full-wave
rectified by the bridge of diodes D1 - D4 and smoothed by C1 and C2
to give respectively positive and negative supplies of approximately
30 volts off load. Two slow-blow 6.3-amp fuses, F1 and F2 protect the
transformer from excessive current in the event of a fault in any of
the circuit components.

Stabilised supplies of + and - 15 volts are derived from the 30v
rails by regulators Ic72 and Ic73 which are stabilised against
oscillation by capacitors C71 - C74.

Muting (Fig.5.)

An additional 25-volt full-wave rectified supply is derived from
the mains transformer by means of diodes D5 and D6. When the muting
link is in place (or the remote muting switch, if fitted, is closed)
an unsmoothed 100c/s waveform is developed across R71. This waveform
is integrated by a time constant of 10mSec formed by R72 and C75
which is sufficient to ensure that the voltage at the inverting input
of Ic73a always remains positive, despite a small current drain to
the negative rail through R73. Under normal circumstances, the output
of Ic73a will remain negative and D77 will prevent Ic73a from having
any influence on the thermal sensing circuit surrounding Ic73b. When
the mains voltage is removed or the remote muting switch(es) operated
to either remove the unsmoothed supply or short-circuit it to earth,
the voltage at the inverting input of Ic73a promptly falls below 0
volts and the output of Ic73a switches from -15 volts to + 15 volts.

The thermal sensing circuit uses Ic73b to compare the voltages at
the centre points of two potentiometers. One potentiometer consists
of R75 and the sensing diodes D71 - D76. When a current of
approximately 1.5 mA is fed into the sensing diode network by R75 and
R79, the voltage drop across each diode will be approximately 550mV
at room temperature, this voltage exhibits a temperature coefficient
of -2mV per C°. The six sensing diodes are mounted in intimate
thermal contact with the six output transistors of the power
amplifiers. Whichever diode happens to be the warmest will have the
lowest voltage drop and will determine the voltage drop of the whole
parallel network which is applied to the non-inverting terminal of
Ic73b. The second potentiometer comprises R76 and R77 + R78 and is
arranged to apply approximately 470 mV to the inverting input of
Ic73b.

If the voltage drop of any of the sensing diodes falls below 470
mV, which corresponds to a heatsink temperature of around 65°C,
the output of Ic73b will switch from the normal running condition of
+15 volts to the muting condition of -15 volts. This action also
reverses the current flowing through R79 and reduces the voltage drop
of the diodes still further, thereby ensuring a positive switching
action with a degree of hysteresis. When the temperature of all the
sensing diodes falls below approximately 45°C, the action is
reversed and the output of Ic73b again switches to the normal running
condition.

When the output of Ic73a becomes positive, extra current is
injected into R77 & R78 via R74 and D77. This has the effect of
raising the voltage at the inverting input of Ic73b to considerably
above the sensing diode voltage and forcing Ic73b into the muting
condition

Under normal running conditions, the output of Ic73b is at +15
volts and current is applied to the Base-Emitter junction of Tr71
through R81. This allows Tr71 Collector to pass current which
switches on the power amplifiers. In the muting condition the Base of
Tr71 is driven negative, with D81 preventing excessive reverse bias;
Tr71 Collector current can no longer flow and the driver stages of
the power amplifiers are deprived of current, thereby muting the
amplifiers (see the section on power amplifiers for details).

The pilot lamp, D80, comprises two Light Emitting Diodes in a
single package, they are energised by current flowing through R80.
The diodes D78 and D79 steer the current through the LEDs so that the
green LED is illuminated in the normal running condition and the red
LED is illuminated in the muting condition.

Pre-amplifiers (Fig.6.)

These are designed to have similar input impedances, voltage gains
and frequency responses to the pre-amplifiers in the Compton P.A.352
which they replace. They are fed from +15V and -15V rails which
allows them to deliver output signals up to 25v peak-to-peak without
distortion. Any possible noise on the supply rails is reduced by the
filters formed by R15 with C9 and R16 with C10. The two circuits are
similar, so the Bass circuit will be described and any differences
between this and the treble circuit noted later.

The input impedance is determined by the value of R1 which must be
high enough that the time constant which it forms with the
capacitance of the generators does not fall within the frequency
range covered by that bank of generators. It must, however,
discriminate against the low frequency charging and discharging
transients which occur during the attack and decay of each note. The
diodes D7 and D8 prevent excessive positive or negative voltages from
reaching the Gate of Tr1; R2 serves to limit the current which can
pass through the diodes under fault conditions.

Tr1 converts the input signal voltage to a current signal through
the path R4 Tr1 and R7, which is coupled by C3 to Ic1a which acts as
a current to voltage converter. Overall the combination of Tr1 and
Ic1a acts as a voltage gain block with exceptionally low distortion
because the Collector of Ic1a is prevented, by the virtual earth
feedback arrangement through R12, from developing a signal voltage
swing. The voltage gain of the whole block is set by the ratio of R6
to R7 and is approximately 30 in the bass pre-amp (60 in the treble
pre-amp). Stability is ensured by C4 which reduces the loop gain at
high frequencies.

The bass pre-amplifier has an additional capacitor, C5, in the
feedback loop to reduce gain at higher frequencies. The treble
pre-amplifier has a network, C8 and R14, to reduce the output at low
frequencies.

Both pre-amplifiers share a common floating earth rail which is
connected to the main earthing system by R15. This allows the
floating earth rail to take its potential from the earth of the
generators, so reducing any hum which might arise due to differences
in voltage between the generator earth and the amplifier earth.

The outputs of the pre-amplifiers are applied to R16 and R17 which
act as volume controls for the subsequent stages. Connections may
conveniently be made to the tags of the variable potentiometers to
extract signals from a low impedance source, which are suitable for
driving additional external amplifiers.

Bass Power Amplifier (Fig.7.)

Circuit

To handle the output current into two 6-ohm loudspeakers in
parallel, the transistorised amplifier uses two paralleled
emitter-follower 'totem pole' output stages, each containing two
power transistors and two drivers. This arrangement is driven from a
voltage amplifier stage which is driven in turn from an input 'long
tail pair'. The amplifier is D.C. coupled throughout and a high level
of overall voltage feedback ensures low distortion. The gain of the
voltage amplifier stage is reduced by C24 at high frequencies to
ensure stability. D.C. offsets from the preceding stages are removed
by C21 and R22.

Under muted conditions, the power transistors are unbiassed and
would be vulnerable to damage from inductively or capacitively
coupled interference spikes which might be picked up on the
loudspeaker wiring. They are therefore protected from excessive
reverse base-emitter voltages by D25 & D26.

Current-limiting protects the output transistors from low
impedance faults in the load circuit. Although generous cooling is
provided by a separate heat sink for each output transistor,
overheating would result from sustained operation into a short
circuited load. Thermal protection automatically mutes the amplifier
if any heatsink exceeds 65°C, and resets itself when normal
temperatures are reached.

The amplifier is designed for optimum operation into one or two
parallel-connected 6-ohm loudspeakers. Other impedances can be driven
without damage but the efficiency and output power will be lower.

Tr21 & Tr22: Input Long-Tail Pair

The input stage is in the form of a 'long tail pair' which
operates by feeding a constant current from Tr23 and R25 into the
Emitters of Tr21 and Tr22. Small differences in the Base voltages of
these transistors will cause large variations in the current sharing
through their Collectors. This arrangement results in very sensitive
voltage comparison between the input signal and a proportion of the
output signal fed back through R26 and divided in the ratio of R26 to
R27. At D,C. the capacitor C22 prevents the dividing action and the
entire open-loop gain of the amplifier is available to reduce the
output D.C. offset to zero. D21 and D22 prevent excessive
Base-Emitter cutoff voltages being developed in the event of a fault.

Tr24, Tr25 & Tr26: Voltage Amplifier and Reference

A constant current flows through the Collector of Tr24 with a
magnitude which is determined by its Base voltage relative to the
+30-volt rail, held constant by D24, and by the value of R23. D23
compensates for the Base-Emitter voltage drop of Tr24. The current
through Tr26 is controlled by the Collector current of Tr38, small
variations of which will produce large voltage swings at the
Collector of Tr26. Tr25 maintains a potential difference between the
Collectors of Tr24 and Tr26 which has a temperature coefficient
proportional to a silicon PN junction and acts as a reference voltage
to set the quiescent current of the output stages. The normal
quiescent current will be in the range 100 to 200 mA and can be
checked by measuring the voltages across R37 and R38 (which are
mounted on the cooling plates) with an accurate millivoltmeter; the
meter should indicate between 22mV and 44mV with no signal.

Tr31 - Tr37: Output Stages

These act in pairs as high current-gain high-power output
transistors. Tr30 acts as a comparator between the voltage on its
Base and the voltage on its Emitter (which is the same as the voltage
on the Collector of Tr31) If the Base voltage of Tr30 rises, Tr30
passes current into the Base-Emitter junction of Tr31 which, in turn,
passes a much greater current into R38. When the Emitter of Tr30 has
risen in voltage sufficiently to match the rise in its Base voltage,
a new set of stable current conditions is established and no further
increase in current takes place. The advantage of this arrangement is
that the transistors which control the output currents (Tr30, Tr32,
Tr34, Tr36) do not handle heavy currents themselves, so their
thermally-sensitive operating points are not badly affected by
heating. The drift in the operating points of the transistors which
become hot because they handle large amounts of power (Tr31, Tr33,
Tr35, Tr37) is of no consequence. To ensure that the small voltages
which establish the output quiescent current are not affected by
differences in the thermal characteristics between Tr30, Tr32, Tr34,
Tr36 and the reference transistor Tr25, all five of these transistors
are arranged in close thermal contact with a small heatsink which is
thermally isolated from the main heatsinks.

Tr28 & Tr29: Current Limiters

The current passed by each pair of output transistors is
determined by the voltage between the control transistor and the
common rail which joins R37, R38, R39 & R40. By limiting the
available drive voltage, this current can also be limited, thereby
protecting the output transistors and the load from excessive
current. These control voltages, which also appear between the
Collectors and Emitters of Tr28 & Tr29, are divided by resistor
chains R33, R34 and R35, R36 and applied to the Bases of their
respective transistors. When the Base-Emiter voltage of either
transistor exceeds 600mV, a Base current flows which draws any
further drive current through the Collector to Emitter pathway and
away from the output stages. This prevents the control voltage from
rising any further and limits the current available from the output
stage.

Muting

When Tr71 is switched on under normal operating conditions, the
mute line is taken to earth and current flows through R21. This
generates a fixed voltage across the zener diode D42 and the thermal
compensation diode D23. The capacitor C23 reduces any noise voltages
relative to the +30-volt rail. The combined voltage is applied to the
Base of Tr24 which supplies a constant current to drive the output
stage. The voltage across D24 is applied to the Base of Tr23 through
current-limiting resistor R30; this supppies the 'tail' current to
Tr38 & Tr39. Under muting conditions, Tr71 ceases to conduct and
C23 discharges through R30 and R31 over the course of a few hundred
milliseconds, gradually reducing to zero the currents through Tr23
and Tr24. This has the effect of preventing the output stages from
being driven either positive or negative, so muting the output.

Fuses

The amplifier output is connected to the loudspeaker(s) through a
6.3 amp slow-blow fuse. Under all normal and most abnormal operating
conditions, the fuse will not blow. In the unlikely event of the
failure of an output transistor or some other fault which would pass
D.C. through the loudspeaker voice coil(s) for a long period of time,
the fuse will blow and protect the loudspeaker(s) from destruction.

Treble Power Amplifier (Fig.8.)

This is similar to the bass power amplifier (q.v.) in most
respects, however, the following variations may be noted:

Output Load

This amplifier is designed to operate one or two
parallel-connected 15-ohm loudspeakers.

Tr23 > Tr53

This is used as a constant current source in a similar manner to
Tr24. R25 is therefore unnecessary.

Output Transistors

Because the treble amplifier drives higher impedance loudspeakers
than the bass amplifier, it does not need to supply such large
currents, so a single set of output transistors is sufficient.
Because higher frequencies are being handled, R68 & R70 have been
included to give an efficient pathway for the removal of charge from
the Base-Emitter junctions of the output transistors.

R28, R33 & R36 > R58, R63 & R66

Values changed to allow for the different quiescent conditions
arising from the inclusion of R68 & R70.

C24 > C54

Value reduced to extend the frequency response of the treble
amplifier.

C21 > C51

Value reduced to form an additional filter against attack and
decay transients.

MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION

The complete amplifier assembly is constructed on a pair of
threaded rods, with nylon spacers which locate and insulate the
cooling plates. Each output transistor is in electrical contact with
its associated cooling plate, so the cooling plates are 'live' and
must not be accidentally connected together by contact with
uninsulated wires or metallic objects. The pre-amplifiers and driver
circuits, which might be susceptible to electrical interference, are
contained within a die-cast metal screening box at one end of the
assembly. Power, loudspeaker and muting connections are made to
solder tags on a panel at the opposite end of the assembly from the
die-cast box.

Dismantling

Access can be gained to the pre-amplifiers and driver stages by
removing the cover of the die-cast box which is held by four
retaining screws. The circuit boards are retained by slots in the
wall of the box and it is important that each board is located in the
correct pair of slots (See Fig.9).

To gain access to the output power transistors, proceed as
follows:

1) Remove the cover from the die-cast box and carefully pull out
the pre-amplifier on its screening plate to give access to the nut
which retains one of the assembly rods.

2) Unscrew the nut and screw it onto the opposite end of the rod,
on top of the nut which is already there. Tighten those two nuts
together to form a locknut.

3) Rotate the locknuts and assembly rod so as to unscrew the rod
from the nut which is between the nylon spacers and the die-cast box,
holding the nut to prevent unwanted rotation.

4) Withdraw the assembly rod and remove the nylon spacers,
carefully noting which way they face, and that that the spacer
nearest the loudspeaker connection plate is longer than the others.

5) Slacken the remaining nut on the loudspeaker connection plate a
few turns only.

It will now be found that the individual cooling plates can be
pivoted on the remaining assembly rod to give access to the power
transistors and other components. After replacing a power transistor,
ensure that the body of the associated sensing diode is in good
thermal contact with the transistor retaining screw head and well
covered with thermal transfer compound.

When reassembling the amplifiers, proceed as follows:

6) Return the cooling plates to their correct positions and, from
the loudspeaker connection plate end, insert the assembly rod by
increments. Place each nylon spacer into its correct position as the
rod is advanced (the longest spacer will be the first to be
positioned). The spigot of each spacer faces towards the loudspeaker
connection plate end of the assembly.

7) When the rod reaches the outside of the die cast box, position
a nut between the last spacer and the outside of the box, then screw
the rod through the nut and into the box. Continue screwing the rod
until it projects inside the box by no more than the thickness of a
nut.

8) Undo the locknut assembly and return one of the nuts to the end
of the rod inside of the box. Firmly tighten this nut against the box
wall and outer nut.

9) Insert the screening plate of the pre-amplifier into slot 20
and carefully return the pre-amplifier board to its correct position.
Ensure that no wires are trapped and replace the box lid.

10) Evenly and gently tighten both nuts at the loudspeaker
connection plate end of the assembly until all the cooling plates are
just held firmly in position.