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Slide 1:

Caesarean delivery: Definition:

Caesarean delivery: Definition Caesarean delivery is defined as the birth of a foetus through incisions in the abdominal wall (laparotomy) and the uterine wall (hysterotomy) after 28 weeks of pregnancy.

Caesarean delivery: Definition:

Caesarean delivery: Definition It is an operative procedure whereby the fetuses after the end of 28 th week, are delivered through an incision on the abdominal and uterine walls.

History of Caesarean delivery:

History of Caesarean delivery The origin of the Caesarean section is somewhat uncertain. The hypothesis that Julius Casear was the product of a Caesarean delivery is unlikely to be true in view of the probability of fatality associated with the procedure in the ancient times and the observation that his mother, Aurelia, corresponded with him during his campaigns in Europe many years later.

History – Cont’d:

History – Cont’d The term may have as its origin the Latin verb ‘cadere’, to cut; the children of such birth were referred to as caesones. It is also possible that the term stems from the Roman law known as Lex Regis, which mandated postmortem operative delivery so that the mother and child could be buried separately; the specific law is referred to historically as Lex Cesare.

CAESAREAN SECTION IN UGANDA DURING ANCIENT DAYS:

CAESAREAN SECTION IN UGANDA DURING ANCIENT DAYS

Historical Advances :

Historical Advances By the mid seventeenth century, French obstetrician F. Mauriceau reported sections on living woman. Although surgeons possessed the anatomic knowledge necessary to perform a Caesarean delivery

Historical Advances – Cont’d :

Historical Advances – Cont’d In 1800s, they were limited by their inability to provide anesthesia and control infection. The introduction of diethyl ether and later chloroform as anesthetic agents increased the feasibility of major abdominal surgery.

Historical Advances – Cont’d :

Historical Advances – Cont’d Surgical techniques were also a limiting factor. Surgeons were hesitant to reapproximate the uterine incision for fear that permanent sutures would increase the likelihood of infection and cause uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies. Not surprisingly, women continued to die from blood loss and infection.

Incidence:

Incidence Reduced parity: almost half of the pregnant women are nulliparous, thus an increased number of caesarean births might be expected for conditions which are more common in primigravida. Older women are having children and frequency of caesarean deliveries increases with advancing age.

Incidence – Cont’d:

Incidence – Cont’d Extensive use of electronic foetal monitoring and increased caesarean deliveries for non-reassuring foetal heart rate picked up by this technique is compared with intermittent foetal heart rate auscultation. By 1990, 83% of all breech presentations were delivered abdominally. The incidence of mid pelvic vaginal deliveries (high presentation) has decreased.

Incidence – Cont’d:

Incidence – Cont’d Concern for malpractice litigation has contributed significantly to the present caesarean delivery rate Socioeconomic and demographic factors may play a role in caesarean birth rate.

INDICATIONS:

INDICATIONS The indications are broadly divided into two categories: Absolute Relative

Contraindications :

Time of Operation in Caesarean Delivery :

Time of Operation in Caesarean Delivery Elective CS Emergency CS Criteria for timing of elective repeat caesarean delivery An ultrasound obtained at 12 to 20 weeks confirms the gestational age of at least 39 weeks determined by clinical history and physical examination.

Types of caesarean section :

Features of Transverse and Vertical Incision:

Features of Transverse and Vertical Incision Transverse ( Pfannnensteil ) Vertical More popular due to cosmetic purposes Less popular Limited exposture Rapid entry and good exposure Cherny/maylard modification may be needed, in the presence of previios similar surgery Median/ paramedian incision can be made Hernia less common (this usually occurs at the angles) Post-operative hernia more common (this can occur anywhere along the incision)

Preparation of the mother :

Preparation of the mother Psychological Preparation Physical Preparation Anesthesia Position

Incision on the Abdomen:

Incision on the Abdomen A low transverse incision is made about two fingers breadth above the symphysis pubis (modified pfannenstiel) or above the symphysis pubis (pfannenstiel or bikini line incision). Some obstetricians make a vertical infraumbilical or paramedian incision, which extends from about 2.5 cm below the umbilicus to the upper border of the symphysis pubis.

Incision on the Abdomen:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Transverse Incision:

Advantages and Disadvantages of Transverse Incision Advantages Disadvantages Postoperative comfort is more Takes a little time and as such unsuitable in acute emergency operation Fundus of the uterus can be better palpated during immediate post-operative period Blood loss is little more Less chance of wound dehiscence Cosmetic value Requires competency during repeat section Less chance of incisional hernia Unsuitable for classical operation

Delivery of the Head :

Delivery of the Head The uterine cavity is then opened, the membranes are ruptured and the amniotic fluid is aspirated. The head is delivered by hooking the head with the fingers, which are carefully inserted between the lower uterine flap and the head until the palm is placed below the head. As the head is drawn to the incision line, the assistant is to apply pressure on the fundus. Obstetric forceps (Wrigley’s forceps) are often used to extract the head from the pelvis.

Delivery of the Trunk :

Delivery of the Trunk As soon as the head is delivery, the mucus from the mouth, pharynx and nostrils is to be sucked out using rubber catheter attached to an electric sucker. When the baby is born, an oxytocic drug (methergine 0.2 mg) is administered before the placenta and membranes are delivered. The cord is cut between two clamps and the baby is given to the nurse.

Removal of the Placenta and Membranes :

Removal of the Placenta and Membranes The placenta is extracted by traction on the cord with simultaneous pushing on the fundus towards the umbilicus (controlled cord traction). The placenta and membranes are removed intact.

Suturing of the Uterine Wound :

Suturing of the Uterine Wound The margins of the wound are picked up by Allis tissue forceps or Green Armytage hemostatic clamps. The uterine muscle is sutured in two layers using continuous running sutures, the second of which tends to align the cut edges of the pelvic peritoneum. Repair of the rectus sheath brings the rectus abdominis into alignment. The subcutaneous fat is sometimes sutured and finally the skin is closed with sutures or clips.

Slide 39:

BLUNCH SUTURE FOR CAESAREAN SECTION:

BLUNCH SUTURE FOR CAESAREAN SECTION:

BLUNCH SUTURE FOR CAESAREAN SECTION

Postoperative Care :

Postoperative Care Immediate Care (4-6 hours): In the immediate recovery period, the blood pressure is recorded every 15 minutes. Temperature is recorded every two hours. The wound must be inspected every half hour to detect any blood loss.

Immediate Care (4-6 hours) :

Immediate Care (4-6 hours) The lochia are also inspected and drainage should be small initially. Following general anesthesia, the woman is nursed in the left lateral or ‘recovery’ position until she is fully conscious, since the risks of airway obstruction or regurgitation and silent aspiration of stomach contents are still present. Analgesia is given as prescribed.

First 24 hours :

First 24 hours IV fluids (5% dextrose or Ringer’s lactate) are continued. Blood transfusion is helpful in anemic mothers for speedy postoperative recovery. Injection methergine 0.2 mg may be repeated intramuscularly. Parenteral antibiotic is usually given for the first 48 hours.

First 24 hours – Cont’d :

First 24 hours – Cont’d Analgesics in the form of pethidine 75-100 mg are administered as required. Ambulation is encouraged on the day following surgery and baby is brought to her.

After 24 Hours – Cont’d:

After 24 Hours – Cont’d The blood pressure, pulse and temperature are usually checked every four hours. Oral feeding is started with clear liquids and then advanced to light and regular diet. IV fluids are continued for about 48 hours. Urinary catheter may be for about 48 hours.

Slide 47:

Urinary catheter may be removed on the following day when the woman is able to get up to the toilet the woman is helped to get out of bed as soon as possible and encouraged to become fully mobile. The mother must be encouraged to rest as much as possible and needed help is to be given with care for the baby. This should preferably take place at the mother’s bedside and should include support with breastfeeding. The mother is usually discharged with the baby after the abdominal skin stitches are removed by the 4 th or 5 th day.

Merits and Demerits of Lower Segment Operation over classical :

Merits and Demerits of Lower Segment Operation over classical Lower Segment Classical Techniques Technically slight difficult Blood loss is less The wall is thin and as such apposition is perfect Perfect peritonisation is possible Technical difficulty in placenta previa or transverse lie. Technically easy Blood loss is more The wall is thick and apposition of the margins is not perfect Not possible Comparatively safer in such circumstances

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Lower Segment Classical Postoperative Hemorrhage and shock – less Peritonitis is less even in infected uterus because of perfect peritonisation and if occurs, localized to pelvis. Peritoneal adhesions and intestinal obstruction are less Convalescence is better Morbidity and mortality are much lower. More Chance of peritonitis is more in presence of uterine sepsis More because of imperfect peritonisation Relatively poor Morbidity and mortality are high

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Lower Segment Classical Wound healing The scar is better healed because of The scar is weak because of: Perfect muscle apposition due to thin margins Minimal wound hematoma The wound remains quiescent during healing process Chance of gutter formation is unlikely Imperfect muscle apposition because of thick margins More wound hematoma formation The wound is in a state of tension due to contraction and relaxation of the upper segment. As a result, the knots may slip or the sutures may become loose Chance of gutter formation on the inner aspect is more During future pregnancy Scar rupture – is less 0.5 – 1.5% More risk of scar rupture – 4 to 9%

Postpartum pain Relief after Cesarean Birth:

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Intestinal Gas: Walk as often as you can Do not eat or drink gas-forming foods, carbonated beverages, or whole drink Do not use straws for drinking fluids. Take anti flatulence medication if prescribed Lie on your left side to expel gas Rock in a rocking chair

Home Care:

Home Care Signs of postoperative complications after discharge: Report the following signs to your health care provider. Temperature exceeding 38 0 c Painful urination Lochia heavier than a normal period Wound separation Redness or oozing at the incision site Severe abdominal pain

Fetal Complications:

Fetal Complications Iatrogenic prematurity and development of RDS is not uncommon following caesarean delivery. This is seen when fetal maturity is uncertain.

Evidence based practice :

Evidence based practice Doshi Haresh, Tripathi Jagruti, Maheshwari Sonal, Gupta Arti (2009) conducted a national survey in Cesarean section – changing trends with the objectives to study the changing trends in indications and techniques of cesarean section in various parts of India. Methods: A clinical survey was carried out amongst 253 obstetricians from all over India selected at random regarding their practices of cesarean section in terms of indications and technics.

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Results: Result showed that previous cesarean section, severe pregnancy induced hypertension, failed induction of labor and infertility treated cases is now increasing amongst the indications for cesarean section. In technics, single layer closure (41.11% doctors) and non suturing of peritoneum, visceral or both, (35.96% doctors) are now increasing among obstetricians. Polyglycolic acid sutures (vicryl, centicryl, dexon) are replacing catgut for uterine closure. Conclusion: Being a common major surgery any changes in technic for better surgical result are always welcome. Changes in indications are mainly due to litigation fear and better neonatal facilities.

Conclusion:

Conclusion Low caesarean section rates are associated with low levels of intervention and high levels of psychological support. It is difficult to decipher whether caesarean section rates have been affected by interventions such are proactive management of labour.