Electron Transport Chain sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons energy released is used to make ATP

Light reactions yield ATP and NADPH used to fuel the reactions of the Calvin Cycle

9(No Transcript) 10Step-by-Step

Light energy excites electrons in Photosystem II and water molecules are split to provide additional electrons

The excited electrons move along a sequence of electron carrier molecules in the thylakoid called the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

As they move, they lose energy which is used to move protons (H) into the thylakoid. This proton gradients lets ATP be made from ADP

Electrons enter Photosystem I and are excited by more light energy

The excited electrons move along another ETC

This ETC moves the electrons close to the stroma where they combine with a proton and NADP to form NADPH

Electrons from Photosystem II replace the ones used in Photosystem I. Water molecules are split to provide replacement electrons for Photosystem II.

11(No Transcript) 12Calvin Cycle

ATP and NADPH generated in light reactions are used to fuel the Calvin Cycle, reactions which take CO2 and break it apart, then reassemble the carbons into glucose.

Carbon Fixation occurs

Taking carbon from an inorganic molecule (atmospheric CO2) and making an organic molecule out of it (glucose)

13Step-By-Step

CO2 diffuses into the stroma and combines each CO2 molecule with a five-carbon molecule (RuBP)

The new six-carbon molecule is unstable and splits into two three-carbon molecules (3-PGA)

Each three-carbon molecule is coverted into another three-carbon molecule (G3P). First, it receives a phosphate from ATP. Then it receives a proton from NADPH and releases a phosphate.

One of the new three-carbon compounds leaves the cycle to make glucose.

The remain three-carbon compounds are converted back into five carbon molecules (RuBP) through the addition of phosphates from ATP

14Harvesting Chemical Energy

Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel

Heterotrophs must take in energy from outside sources, cannot make their own e.g. animals

When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods dont come to us the way our cells can use them

15Cellular Respiration Overview

Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use ATP

These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration

Overall Reaction

C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O

16Cellular Respiration Overview

Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm

At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways

Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation)

Aerobic cellular respiration

17Cellular Respiration Reactions

Glycolysis

Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate using ATP

Process is ancient -all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way

Yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down

Yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule

18Step-By-Step

2 ATP molecules attach to two phosphates to a glucose molecule, making a new six carbon compound

The six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds (G3P)

The two three-carbon compounds are oxidized and receive a phosphate and make a new three-carbon compound

NAD is reduced to NADH

The phosphate groups are removed, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid and 4 ATP are made

19(No Transcript) 20Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen

No oxygen used anaerobic

Results in no more ATP, final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis

21Lactic Acid Production

After glycolysis, a hydrogen atom is transferred from NADH (oxidizing to NAD) and a free proton is added to pyruvic acid to form lactic acid

NAD is used in glycolysis

Fermentation can be used to produce cheese, yogurt, sour cream and more

22Alcoholic Fermentation

After glycolysis, a CO2 molecule is removed from pyruvic acid, leaving a two-carbon compound

Two hydrogen atoms, from NADH and a proton, are added to the two-carbon compound to form ethyl alcohol

Alcoholic fermentation by yeast cells is the basis of the wine and beer industry

Bread also rises due to CO2 production

23(No Transcript) 24Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Oxygen required aerobic

2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria

1. Krebs Cycle

2. Electron Transport Chain

25Krebs Cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose

Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down

The carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O

Hydrogens and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2

Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H and electrons which move to the 3rd stage

26Step-By-Step

A two-carbon compound (acetyl CoA) combines with a four-carbon compound (oxaloacetic acid) to make a six-carbon compound (citric acid)

Citric acid releases a CO2 molecule and a hydrogen atom to form a five-carbon compound

The hydrogen atom is transferred to NAD to make NADH

The five-carbon compound releases a CO2 molecule and a hydrogen atom to form a four-carbon compound. NAD becomes NADH

The four-carbon compound releases a hydrogen atom to form another four-carbon compound

This hydrogen atom reduces FAD to FADH2

The four-carbon compound releases another hydrogen atom to regenerate oxaloacetic acid and reduces NAD to NADH

27Krebs Cycle Outcome

One glucose molecule is completely broken down after two turns of the Krebs Cycle

Two turns produce four CO2 molecules, two ATP molecules and hydrogen molecules used to make six NADH and two FADH2

CO2 diffuses as waste

ATP is used for energy

Add in the four NADH from glycolysis and conversion to pyruvic acid, and were ready for the next step!

28(No Transcript) 29Electron Transport Chain

Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Krebs cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase).

As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP

Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water

30Step-By-Step

Electrons in the hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH2 are at a high energy

NADH and FADH2 give up electrons to the ETC

NADH donates them at the beginning

FADH2 donates them midway

The electrons move down the chain, loosing energy

The energy creates a proton gradient and an electrical gradient from the positive charge

ATP is generated from the gradients from ADP and phosphate

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electrons that have passed down the chain. The protons, electrons, and oxygen combine to form water.

31(No Transcript) 32Energy Tally

36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic

Glycolysis 2 ATP

Krebs 2 ATP

Electron Transport 32 ATP

36 ATP

Anaerobic organisms cant be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon

33(No Transcript) 34(No Transcript) 35(No Transcript)

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