Has extensive hydrogen bonding between molecules that water cannot get between them and it is insoluble. It is the structural material of plants. Vegitable starch is about 25% amylose and 75% amylopectin.

Monomer: Beta - Glucose

Main Bond: Beta (1,4)

Branching: none

Extent: N/A

Shape: Linear

Size: 1,000

H2O Soluable: No

Digestable: No

Amylose

Monomer: Alpha- Glucose

Main Bond: Alpha (1,4)

Branching: none

Extent: N/A

Shape: Spiral

Size: 1,000

H2O Soluable: Yes

Digestable: Yes

Amylopectin

Monomer: Alpha- Glucose

Main Bond: Alpha (1,4)

Branching: Alpha (1,2)

Extent: Some

Shape: Globular

Size: 100,000

H2O Soluable: Colloid

Digestable: Yes

Glycogen

Is how mammals store carbohydrate in the liver and in the muscles.

Monomer: Alpha- Glucose

Main Bond: Alpha (1,4)

Branching: Alpha (1,2)

Extent: Many

Shape: Globular

Size: 1,000,000

H2O Soluable: No

Digestable: Yes

Lipids

These are the molecules obtained from living cells that are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar substances.

Fats and oils

These are esters of the FA's with glycerol. They can have different FA's joined to each of the C atoms in glycerol, sometimes just one as in tristearin. The formal name of these molecules is Triacylglycerol.

If the FAs are predominantly saturated, they are fats.

If the FAs are predominantly unsaturated, they are oils.

The melting points reflect those of the FAs that constitute the molecule, hence fats are solid and oils are liquids.

Primary Protein Structure

The sequence of AAs in the chain(s), linkage is the peptide bond. All proteins have primary structure. Chains are joined by disulfide bridges between two cysteines to form cystine:

2H2N-CH(COOH)-CH2-S-H

H2N-CH(COOH)-CH2-S-S-CH2-CH(COOH)-NH2

Secondary Protein Structure

All held together by hydrogen bonding between NH and CO groups of AA strands.

Alpha-Helix-coil of AAs with 3.6 AAs per turn, found in Alpha-keratin (e.g. hair, nails, wool) and portions of globular proteins.

Kform = When the chemical equation for the equilibrium is written so that the complex ion is the product, the equilibrium constant for the reaction is called the formation constant, or Kform. Ie: [(Cu(NH3)42+)] / [(Cu2+)(NH3)4] = Kform

Accuracy of Ksp

Ksp << (really small)

Ksp >> (really big)

# mol to saturate solution Ksp << for insoluble salts because then is a very tiny amount that is.

Assuming the dissolved parts are 100% disassociated.

Factors that affect ∆S

Factors that affect ∆S are:

Volume

Temperature

Physical State

q = ( + )
q = ( - )
w = ( + )
w = ( - )

q = ( + ) heat is absorbedby the system

q = ( - ) heat is released by the system

w = ( + ) work is done onthe system

w = ( - ) work is done bythe system.

3rd law of thermodynamics

At absolute zero, the entropy of a perfectly ordered pure crystalline substance is 0.

S = 0 @ T = 0K

STP = 298K (25oc), 1 atm

1 atm

1 atm =101,325pa

101.325kpa Nm or Jw

760 torr

760 mmHg

14.696 psi (lb/in2)

29.921 in Hg

1.013 bar

1st law of thermodynamics

Internal energy may be transferred as heat or work but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Hess’s Law

∆E = q + w

2nd law of thermodynamics

Whenever a spontaneous event takes place in our universe, the total entropy of the universe increases (∆Stotal > 0)

1. ∆ST = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurrounding

2. ∆Ssurrounding = qsurrounding / Temp

3. qsurrounding = -qsystem

4. ∆Ssurrounding = (-∆Hsystem) / Temp

5. ∆Stotal = ∆Ssystem – (∆Hsystem) / Temp

6. ∆Stotal = (T∆Ssystem - ∆Hsystem) / T

7. T∆Stotal = T∆Ssystem - ∆Hsystem

8. ∆Hsystem - T∆Ssystem < 0

Spontaneous

∆H ∆S Low temp high Temp

( - )(+)spontaneous spontaneous

( + )( - )nonspontaneous nonspontaneous

( - )( - )spontaneous nonspontaneous

( + )( + )nonspontaneous spontaneous

When ∆H & ∆S are the same sign, spontaneity is determined by T.

Entropy

T↑ E↑

V↑ E↑ w / Gases

Solid ->E↑-> Liquid ->E↑-> Gas-> E↑

↑# of particles ↑E

The thermodynamic quantity associated with the probability of a state is Entropy, S. Entropy is a state f(x) that is a measure of the number of energetically equivalent ways, microstates, W. Became statistical probability is so important in determining the outcome of chemical and physical events, thermodynamics defines a state f(x), called entropy “S” that is related to the possible number of equivalent ways energy can be distributed in a system.