The film adaptation of the novel was released in 2004, grossing more than $796 million and earning critical acclaim. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews.

Contents

Harry is back at the Dursleys, where he sees on Muggle television that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped. Harry involuntarily inflates Aunt Marge when she comes to visit after she insults Harry and his parents, this leads to his running away and being picked up by the Knight Bus. He travels to the Leaky Cauldron where he meets Cornelius Fudge, the Minister for Magic, who asks Harry to stay in Diagon Alley for the remaining three weeks before the start of the school year at Hogwarts.

The night before he is expected to leave for Hogwarts, Harry learns from Arthur Weasley that Sirius Black is a convicted murderer in the wizarding world, and he warns Harry that it is believed Black will attempt to murder Harry next, on the way to Hogwarts a Dementor boards the train, causing Harry to faint. Following the incident, Harry is helped by the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Remus Lupin. Harry, Ron, and Hermione learn that the Dementors will be patrolling the school in an attempt to catch Black.

Later on, Lupin's Defence Against the Dark Arts sessions prove far better than those of Gilderoy Lockhart's (Harry's uselessly vain ex-teacher), they have a fun lesson on Boggarts and then learn about more Dark Creatures. When Lupin supposedly falls ill, the much hated Potions Master Professor Snape temporarily takes over teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts and torments the class, much to their dismay.

At Hogwarts, Harry has several problems with the Dementors, including an episode at a Quidditch match during which he faints and falls off his broomstick from high in the air, his broom is blown away and smashed by the Whomping Willow. Working with Harry outside class, Lupin teaches him the Patronus Charm to repel Dementors.

Ron and Hermione's friendship later suffers when Ron believes that Hermione's cat, Crookshanks, ate his rat, Scabbers, at Christmas Harry receives a mysterious present, a late-model Firebolt broom. Fearing it might be cursed, Hermione reports the gift to Professor McGonagall, which leads to more bad feelings between her and Ron and Harry.

Ron, Hermione, and Harry join the effort to save Hagrid's hippogriff, Buckbeak, from being executed for attacking Draco Malfoy, after Draco provoked him. Their efforts are unsuccessful, but Scabbers reappears shortly after they hear Buckbeak being executed.

Ron chases Scabbers, only to be attacked by a big black dog, which Harry has seen several times before, the dog drags Ron through a tunnel under the Whomping Willow into the Shrieking Shack. Harry and Hermione follow, and there is a brief standoff when they find Ron with Sirius Black, who has transformed from the dog. Lupin enters, and they explain the situation to Harry and his friends: Lupin is a werewolf, which led to his friends James Potter, Sirius Black, and Peter Pettigrew becoming animagi. Lupin explains that Scabbers is Pettigrew in his animal form; he has been hiding from Black, whom he had framed for betraying Harry's parents and murdering the thirteen Muggles.

Snape arrives to apprehend Black but Harry, Ron, and Hermione knock him unconscious. Lupin and Black transform Pettigrew back into human form and prepare to kill him, but they are stopped by Harry, as he feels his father would not have wanted it, he convinces them to give Pettigrew to the Dementors instead.

As they move back toward Hogwarts, Lupin turns into a werewolf and becomes violent, having missed a dose of his Wolfsbane potion. Pettigrew escapes again, and Black prevents Lupin from attacking the others in werewolf form, some Dementors approach Harry, Ron and Hermione.

When they wake up in the hospital, Harry, Ron, and Hermione are told that Black has been sentenced to receive the Dementor's kiss, which removes the soul of the recipient. Dumbledore advises Hermione and Harry to use Hermione's time-turner, a device she has been using to double-up on classes; this permits them to go back in time and save Buckbeak, who carries Black away to safety.

Sadly, Snape lets slip that Lupin is a werewolf, leading to his resignation. Harry visits Lupin before he leaves, and as they say goodbye, Lupin is certain that they will meet again.

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series. The first, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone in the US), was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997 and the second, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published on 2 July 1998.[6] Rowling started to write the Prisoner of Azkaban the day after she finished The Chamber of Secrets.[7]

Rowling's favourite aspect of this book was introducing the character Remus Lupin,[8] Rowling additionally said in 2004 that Prisoner of Azkaban was "the best writing experience I ever had...I was in a very comfortable place writing (number) three. Immediate financial worries were over, and press attention wasn't yet by any means excessive".[9]

Gregory Maguire wrote a review in The New York Times for Prisoner of Azkaban: in it he said, "So far, in terms of plot, the books do nothing new, but they do it brilliantly...so far, so good."[10] In a newspaper review in The New York Times, it was said that "'The Prisoner of Azkaban' may be the best 'Harry Potter' book yet".[11] A reviewer for KidsReads said, "This crisply-paced fantasy will leave you hungry for the four additional Harry books that J.K. Rowling is working on. Harry's third year is a charm. Don't miss it."[12]Kirkus Reviews did not give a starred review but said, "a properly pulse-pounding climax...The main characters and the continuing story both come along so smartly...that the book seems shorter than its page count: have readers clear their calendars if they are fans, or get out of the way if they are not."[13] Martha V. Parravano also gave a positive review for The Horn Book Magazine, calling it "quite a good book."[14] In addition, a Publishers Weekly review said, "Rowling's wit never flags, whether constructing the workings of the wizard world...or tossing off quick jokes...The Potter spell is holding strong.[15]

However, Anthony Holden, who was one of the judges against Prisoner of Azkaban for the Whitbread Award, was negative about the book, saying that the characters are "all black-and-white", and the "story-lines are predictable, the suspense minimal, the sentimentality cloying every page".[16]

Prisoner of Azkaban sold more than 68,000 copies in the UK within three days of publication, which made it the fastest selling British book of the time.[5] The sales total by 2012 is said by The Guardian to be 3,377,906.[3]

Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released in hardcover in the UK on 8 July 1999[31] and in the US on 8 September.[31] The British paperback edition was released on 1 April 2000,[32] while the US paperback was released 2 October 2001.[33]

Bloomsbury additionally released an adult edition with a different cover design to the original, in paperback on 10 July 2004[34] and in hardcover on October 2004.[35] A hardcover special edition, featuring a green border and signature, was released on 8 July 1999;[36] in May 2004, Bloomsbury released a Celebratory Edition, with a blue and purple border.[37] On 1 November 2010, they released the 10th anniversary Signature edition illustrated by Clare Mellinsky and in July 2013 a new adult cover illustrated by Andrew Davidson, both these editions were designed by Webb & Webb Design Limited.[38]

Beginning on 27 August 2013, Scholastic will release new covers for the paperback editions of Harry Potter in the United States to celebrate 15 years of the series,[39] the covers were designed by the author and illustrator Kazu Kibuishi.[40]

An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released on October 3, 2017, and was illustrated by Jim Kay who illustrates the previous two instalments. This includes over 115 new illustrations and will be followed by Illustrated editions of the following 4 novels in the future.

The film version of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released in 2004 and was directed by Alfonso Cuarón from a screenplay by Steve Kloves.[41] The film débuted at number one at the box office and held that position for two weeks,[42] it made a total of $796.7 million worldwide,[43] which made it the second highest-grossing film of 2004 behind Shrek 2. However, among all eight entries in the Harry Potter franchise, Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the lowest,[44] the film ranks at number 471 in Empire magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[45]

1.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)
–
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a 2004 British-American fantasy film directed by Alfonso Cuarón and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the third instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by Chris Columbus, David Heyman, and Mark Radcliffe. The story follows Harry Potters third year at Hogwarts as he is informed that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped from Azkaban intending to kill him. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it also features well-known actors in supporting roles, including Gary Oldman, David Thewlis, Michael Gambon, Emma Thompson and Timothy Spall. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets and is followed by Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 4 June 2004 in North America, as the first Harry Potter film released into IMAX theatres and it is also the last Harry Potter film to be released on VHS. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2005. It marked a change in the film series tone and direction and is widely considered to be the best Harry Potter film by many critics. Harry Potter, now aged 13, has been spending another dissatisfying summer at Privet Drive, when Uncle Vernons sister, Marge, insults Harrys parents, he becomes angry and accidentally causes her to inflate and float away. Harry flees with his luggage, fed up with his life with the Dursleys, the Knight Bus delivers Harry to the Leaky Cauldron, where he is forgiven by Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge for using magic outside of Hogwarts. The trio are returning to Hogwarts for the year on the Hogwarts Express when dementors suddenly board the train. One enters the compartment, causing Harry to pass out. New Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Professor Lupin repels the dementor with a Patronus Charm, at Hogwarts, headmaster Albus Dumbledore announces that dementors will be guarding the school while Sirius is at large. Hogwarts groundskeeper Hagrid is announced as the new Care of Magical Creatures teacher, his first class goes awry when Draco Malfoy deliberately provokes a hippogriff, Buckbeak, dracos father Lucius Malfoy later has Buckbeak sentenced to death. The Fat Ladys portrait, which guards the Gryffindor quarters, is found ruined, terrified and hiding in another painting, the Fat Lady tells Dumbledore that Sirius Black has entered the castle. During a stormy Quidditch match, dementors attack Harry, causing him to fall off his broomstick, at Hogsmeade, Harry is shocked to learn that not only had Sirius Black been his parents best friend and betrayed them to Voldemort, but that Sirius is also his godfather. Lupin privately teaches Harry to defend himself against dementors, using the Patronus Charm, after Harry, Ron and Hermione witness Buckbeaks execution, Rons pet rat Scabbers bites him and escapes

2.
J. K. Rowling
–
Joanne Jo Rowling, OBE, FRSL, pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained attention, won multiple awards. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling has lived a rags to riches life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to multi-millionaire status within five years. She is the United Kingdoms best-selling living author, with sales in excess of £238M, the 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK. Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, in October 2010, Rowling was named the Most Influential Woman in Britain by leading magazine editors. She has supported charities including Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, her name, before her remarriage, was simply Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman. As she had no name, she chose K as the second initial of her pen name. Following her marriage, she has used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business. During the Leveson Inquiry she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling and her entry in Whos Who lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling. Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer, and Anne Rowling and her parents first met on a train departing from Kings Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964. They married on 14 March 1965, One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran. Her mothers paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won the Légion dhonneur during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are. in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. Rowlings sister Dianne was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old, the family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four. She attended St Michaels Primary School, a school founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and her headmaster at St Michaels, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore. As a child, Rowling often wrote stories which she frequently read to her sister

3.
Harry Potter
–
Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a wizard, Harry Potter. Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, on 26 June 1997, the series has now been translated into multiple languages including French, Irish, Spanish, German and Swedish to name a few. They have attracted a wide audience as well as younger readers. The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome. As of May 2013, the books have more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history. The series was published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. The original seven books were adapted into a film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which has become the second highest-grossing film series of all time as of August 2015, in 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. A series of genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age and the British school story. According to Rowling, the theme is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and his magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, each novel chronicles one year in Harrys life during the period from 1991 to 1998. The books also contain many flashbacks, which are experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve. The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality, the full background to this event and Harry Potters past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potters eleventh birthday, Harrys first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts

4.
Fantasy novel
–
Fantasy literature is the body of written works that employ the motifs, themes, and stylistic approaches expected in the fantasy genre. Historically, most works of fantasy were written pieces of literature, since the 1960s, a growing segment of the fantasy genre has taken the form of films, television programs, graphic novels, video games, music and painting. Stories involving paranormal magic and terrible monsters have existed in spoken forms before the advent of printed literature, homers Odyssey satisfies the definition of the fantasy genre with its magic, gods, heroes, adventures and monsters. Fantasy literature as a distinct type emerged in Victorian times, with the works of such as Mary Shelley, William Morris. J. R. R. Tolkien played a role in the popularization and accessibility of the fantasy genre with his highly successful publications The Hobbit. Rarely does one consider modern fantasy without conjuring the memory and image of Tolkien, Tolkien was largely influenced by an ancient body of Anglo-Saxon myths, particularly Beowulf, as well as modern works such as The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison. Tolkiens close friend C. S. Lewis, author of The Chronicles of Narnia, the tradition established by these predecessors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has continued to thrive and be adapted by new authors. Tolkiens fiction has—particularly over the genre of high fantasy—prompted backlash, at the turn of the millennium, the Harry Potter novels of J. K. Rowling achieved widespread popularity. R. Martin in 2005, and 2011, Neil Gaiman in 2005, authors often engage in worldbuilding, constructing a framework or entire world against which the narrative plays out. Symbolism often plays a significant role in literature, often through the use of archetypal figures inspired by earlier texts or folklore. Some argue that fantasy literature and its archetypes fulfill a function for individuals and society, le Guin, in her essay From Elfland to Poughkeepsie, presented the idea that language is the most crucial element of high fantasy, because it creates a sense of place. She analyzed the misuse of a formal, olden-day style, saying that it was a trap for fantasy writers because it was ridiculous when done wrong. Brian Peters writes that in various forms of fantasy, even the villains language might be inappropriate if vulgar. The fantastical details of the series fade away by the installment, revealing that the wizarding community of the Harry Potter books is just as bad, if not worse. Farah Mendlesohn argues the world of literature is broken up into four categories, the portal quest, the immersive, the intrusive. How the fantastic enters the world is what determines how a story fits into these categories. In a portal quest such as C. S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, The Witch, in the intrusion fantasies like Bram Stokers Dracula, the fantastic invades the fictional world. With liminal fantasy, for example Phillip Pullman’s His Dark Materials, The Subtle Knife, tolkiens The Hobbit for example, allows the reader no escape from the fantastic

5.
Bloomsbury Publishing
–
Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British independent, worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. It is a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index, the Bloomsbury Academic & Professional division won the Bookseller Industry Award for Academic, Educational & Professional Publisher of the Year in both 2013 and 2014. Imprints and book lists of publishing businesses acquired by Bloomsbury are assigned to the most relevant publishing division, the company was founded in 1986 by Nigel Newton, who had previously been employed by other publishing companies. It was floated as a registered company in 1994, raising £5. 5million. A rights issue of shares in 1998 raised a further £6. 1m, in 1998, Bloomsbury USA was established. Bloomsbury USA Books for Young Readers was established in 2002, and in 2005, Bloomsbury acquired Walker & Co, in December 2008, Bloomsbury opened a branch in Doha, Qatar, under joint-partnership with Qatar Foundation. The publishing house created, called Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing, worked mainly with English, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals, an open access, peer review academic publisher, was created in December 2010 as a joint venture with Qatar Foundation. Journal research articles were published through BQFJs website Qscience. com, in 2012, Bloomsbury established a publishing office in India. The companys partnership with Qatar Foundation ended in December 2015 and all of Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing works were incorporated in Qatari-owned HBKU Press, at the time of BQFPs dissolution it had published over 200 books. BQFJs works were incorporated in HBKU Press

6.
Scholastic Corporation
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Products are distributed to schools and districts, to consumers through the schools via reading clubs and fairs, and through retail stores and online sales. The business has three segments, Children Book Publishing & Distribution, Education, and International, Scholastic holds the perpetual U. S. publishing rights to Harry Potter and The Hunger Games book series. Scholastic is the worlds largest publisher and distributor of childrens books, Scholastic also publishes instructional reading and writing programs, and offers professional learning and consultancy services for school improvement. Clifford the Big Red Dog serves as the mascot for Scholastic, in 1920, Maurice R. Robbie Robinson founded the business he named Scholastic Publishing Company in his hometown of Wilkinsburg, right outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a publisher of magazines, the first publication was The Western Pennsylvania Scholastic. It covered high school sports and social activities and debuted on October 22,1920, in 1926, Scholastic published its first book, Saplings, a collection of selected student writings by winners of the Scholastic Writing Awards. For many years the company continued its focus on serving the market, publishing low-cost magazines. The company continued under the name Scholastic Magazines throughout the 1970s, after World War II, cheap paperback books became available. In 1948, Scholastic entered the book club business with its division T. A. B. or Teen Age Book Club. In 1957, Scholastic established its first international subsidiary in Toronto Scholastic Canada, later moving to Markham, by the 1960s, international publishing locations were added in England, New Zealand and Sydney. In 1974, Richard Dick Robinson, the son of founder M. R. Robinson, named Chief Executive Officer in 1975 and Chairman in 1982, he remains in these positions. Scholastic now publishes 33 classroom magazines including Scholastic News, Action, Scope, Storyworks, SuperScience, Science World, Math and more, classroom Magazines have 15 million subscribers. The EdTech and Services business was sold to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2015 for $575 million and it continues to publish Harry Potter books, each title a best seller. Scholastics growth has continued by acquiring other media companies, in 2015, Scholastic acquired Troubadour, Ltd. in the U. K. During the 2000 presidential election, Scholastic organized the Scholastic News Kids Press Corps, founded in 1923 by Maurice R. These Awards have been the largest source of funding for teenage artists and writers. In the U. S. A, the process begins as young artists, the most outstanding works of art and writing from each region are forwarded to the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers in New York City to be reviewed on a national level. Panels of professional jurors select the award recipients

7.
Raincoast Books
–
Raincoast Books is a Canadian book distribution and wholesale company. Today, Raincoast has over 90 employees and three divisions, Raincoast Distribution, Publishers Group Canada, and BookExpress, Raincoast Distribution provides Canadian representation to general trade and gift publishers from the United States and Canada. Companies distributed by Raincoast include Chronicle Books, Drawn & Quarterly, Hay House, Lonely Planet, Moleskine, Raincoast was awarded Book Distributor of the Year by the Canada Booksellers Association in 2004,2005, and 2006. AMACOM Beginning Press Berrett-Koehler Publishers Bilingual Books, Inc, based in Toronto, Ontario, PGC distributes independently owned book publishing houses including Grove Atlantic, New World Library and Egmont Books in Canada. BookExpress is a wholesale division supplying Canadian bookstores and retailers, BookExpress carries bestselling books from publishers including Random House Canada, Penguin Books Canada, HarperCollins Canada, H. B. Fenn, Andrews McMeel, Scholastic Canada, Diamond Book Distribution, between 1995 and 2008, Raincoast Books was also a Canadian book publisher. The Raincoast publishing program produced a range of fiction and non-fiction titles for both adults and children. Authors who published work with Raincoast included Anne Fleming, Alison Pick, Colin McAdam, Nick Bantock, George Bowering, Paul William Roberts, Naim Kattan, Roy Miki, Amanda K. Hale, and Bill Gaston. As a publisher, the company was noted for using large amounts of recycled paper in its books, on January 7,2008, Raincoast announced that it would cease to publish new books due to the rise in the Canadian dollar. Raincoast also ceased to be the Canadian publisher of J. K, rowlings Harry Potter books in 2010

8.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

9.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
–
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is the second novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. These threats are found after attacks which leave residents of the school petrified, throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks. The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury, several commentators have noted that personal identity is a strong theme in the book, and that it addresses issues of racism through the treatment of non-magical, non-human and non-living characters. Some commentators regard the diary as a warning against uncritical acceptance of information from sources whose motives, institutional authority is portrayed as self-serving and incompetent. The book is known to have some connections to the sixth novel of the series, Harry Potter. The film adaptation of the novel, released in 2002, became the seventh highest-grossing film ever, video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews. This comes to nothing, as Draco’s father only told his son the general facts of the opening of the Chamber. Hermione provides the last set of clues that inform them of the identity, It is a basilisk, that kills with a stare. Harry, Ron, and Lockhart enter the Chamber, but the dunderheaded professor causes a rockfall upon attempt to modify the boys’ memories with Ron’s damaged wand, and Harry must enter alone. Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Lockhart return to the castle and reunite with McGonagall, Dumbledore. Lucius Malfoy bursts in after this meeting, demanding to know why and how Dumbledore has returned to the school and accompanied by Dobby, revealing the family to whom he is enslaved. The petrified students are cured, the exams are cancelled, Hagrid comes back in the middle of the final feast. Rowling found it difficult to finish Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets because she was afraid it would not live up to the expectations raised by Harry Potter, after delivering the manuscript to Bloomsbury on schedule, she took it back for six weeks of revision. In early drafts of the book, the ghost Nearly Headless Nick sang a song explaining his condition. This was cut as the editor did not care for the poem. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published in the UK on 2 July 1998, in June 1999, it went straight to the top of three US best-seller lists, including The New York Times. First edition printings had several errors, which were fixed in subsequent reprints, initially Dumbledore said that Voldemort was the last remaining ancestor of Salazar Slytherin, instead of his descendant. Gilderoy Lockharts book on werewolves is entitled Weekends with Werewolves at one point, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was met with near universal acclaim

10.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
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Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, the book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts. Harry learns that he is a wizard when he is 11 years old, just before he enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and he befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is confronted by Lord Voldemort who is trying to regain power. In Harrys first year he has to protect the Philosophers Stone from Voldemort, after returning to the school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the Chamber of Secrets after the chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and defeating another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength, the following year, Harry hears that he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry is confronted by Black at the end of his year of schooling. He also learned that it was his fathers old school friend Peter Pettigrew who actually betrayed his parents, the book opens with Harry seeing Frank Bryce being killed by Lord Voldemort in a vision, and is awoken by his scar hurting. The Weasleys then take Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, using a Portkey, to watch Ireland versus Bulgaria, there, Harry meets Cedric Diggory, who is attending the match with his father. After the match, Voldemorts followers attack the site, destroying spectators tents, the Dark Mark gets fired into the sky, which leads to a panic since it is the first time the sign has been seen in 13 years. Hermione, angry at injustice, forms a society to promote the rights of house elves. However, only those over 17—the age of majority in the wizarding world—will be allowed to enter and it is the first time in 202 years that the Triwizard Tournament will be held. Students from Beauxbatons Academy and the Durmstrang Institute, other wizarding academies, will travel to Hogwarts, at Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy, Viktor Krum from Durmstrang Institute, and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. However, it gives a fourth name—Harry Potter—leading to suspicion and indignation from everyone. Ron is jealous that Harry is once again in the limelight, hagrid reveals to Harry that the first task involves dragons, and since Fleur and Krums headmasters are also aware of this, and will surely tell them in advance, Harry informs Cedric as well. Ron and Harry subsequently reconcile, Ron now understanding the danger of the tournament. When Harry opens the egg, though, it merely shrieks loudly, Hermione then takes Harry and Ron to the school kitchens, where house elves work. There, they meet a distraught Winky, who is struggling to get over the loss of her sacking. They also meet Harrys old friend Dobby, who has employed at Hogwarts to work in the kitchens, he is the only known house elf to appreciate his freedom

11.
Magician (fantasy)
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A magician, mage, sorcerer, sorceress, warlock, witch, wizard, or wizardess is someone who uses or practices magic derived from supernatural or occult sources. Magicians are common figures in works of fantasy, such as literature and role-playing games, and enjoy a rich history in mythology, legends, fiction. In medieval chivalric romance, the wizard often appears as an old man and acts as a mentor. Other magicians, such as Saruman, from The Lord of the Rings series, villainous sorcerers were so crucial to pulp fantasy that the genre in which they appeared was dubbed sword and sorcery. Le Guins A Wizard of Earthsea explored the question of how wizards learned their art and this theme has been further developed in modern fantasy, often leading to wizards as heroes on their own quests. Such heroes may have their own mentor, a wizard as well, wizards can be cast similarly to the absent-minded professor, being foolish and prone to misconjuring. They can also be capable of magic, both good or evil. Even comical wizards are often capable of feats, such as those of Miracle Max in The Princess Bride, although he is a washed-up wizard fired by the villain. Wizards are often depicted as old, white-haired, and with white beards majestic enough to occasionally host lurking woodland creatures. This depiction predates the modern fantasy genre, being derived from the image of wizards such as Merlin. In the Dragonlance Dungeons and Dragons setting, wizards show their moral alignment by their robes, terry Pratchett described robes as a magicians way of establishing to those they meet that they are capable of practicing magic. To introduce conflict, writers of fiction often place limits on the magical abilities of wizards to prevent them from solving problems too easily. In Larry Nivens The Magic Goes Away, once an areas mana is exhausted, a common limit used in role-playing games is that a person can only cast a specific number of spells in a day. Magic can also require various sacrifices or the use of materials, such as gemstones, blood. Even if the magician lacks scruples, obtaining the material may be difficult, a. K. Moonfire combines these limits in his book The Aubrey Stalking Portal. The magician expends power to fuel his spells, but does not replenish that power naturally, therefore, the extent of a wizards knowledge is limited to which spells a wizard knows and can cast. Magic may also be limited by its danger, if a powerful spell can cause harm if miscast. Other forms of magic are limited by consequences that, while not inherently dangerous, are at least undesirable

12.
Hogwarts
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Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, shortened Hogwarts, is a fictional British school of magic for students aged eleven to eighteen, and is the primary setting for the first six books in J. K. Hogwarts school was voted as the 36th best Scottish educational establishment in a 2008 online ranking, outranking Edinburghs Loretto School, according to a director of the Independent Schools Network Rankings, it was added to the schools listing for fun and was then voted on. J. K. Rowling says she visualises Hogwarts, in its entirety, to be, A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys house, it isnt a building that Muggles could build, in the novels, Hogwarts is somewhere in Scotland. The school is depicted as having numerous charms and spells on, Muggles cannot see the school, rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. There is also an owlery, which all the owls owned by the school. Some rooms in the school tend to move around, and so do the stairs in the grand staircase, electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione indicates that due to the levels of magic, substitutes for magic Muggles use such as computers, radar. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid, the giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake. Hogwarts is a coeducational, secondary boarding school, taking children from eleven to eighteen. Education at Hogwarts is not compulsory, with students being home schooled as stated in the seventh book. Rowling initially said there are one thousand students at Hogwarts. She later suggested around six hundred, while acknowledging that this number was still inconsistent with the number of people in Harrys year. She further explained that this had resulted from her creating only 40 characters for Harrys year, Rowling has said that Hogwarts is a multifaith school. She has further stated on the subject, The only people I never imagined there are Wiccans, in response to the query, o you think there are a lot of LGBT students in modern age Hogwarts. I like to imagine they formed an LGBT club, Rowling replied, according to the novels, admission to Hogwarts is selective, in that children who show magical ability will automatically gain a place, and squibs cannot attend the school as students. A magical quill at Hogwarts detects the birth of children and writes their names into a large parchment book

13.
Ron Weasley
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Ronald Bilius Ron Weasley is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. His first appearance was in the first book of the series, Harry Potter and he is a member of the Weasley family, a pure blood family, who reside in The Burrow outside Ottery St. Catchpole. Along with Harry and Hermione, he is a member of the Gryffindor house, Ron is present in most of the action throughout the series. According to Rowling, Ron was among the characters she created the very first day, Ron is inspired by Rowlings best friend Sean Harris, but she has clearly stated that she never set out to describe Sean in Ron, but Ron has a Sean-ish turn of phrase. Like Harris is to Rowling, Ron is always there when Harry needs him, some of Rons qualities serve as foils to Harry. While Harry is an orphan with more gold than he needs, Ron comes from a loving but poor family, many of his possessions are hand-me-downs. Harry is famous but would prefer to avoid the spotlight, Ron, in comparison, is perceived as a mere lackey. Finally, Ron is the most mediocre of his siblings, being neither an excellent Quidditch player, All these factors have combined to cause Ron serious insecurities, this inferiority complex, and his need to prove himself, is the main thrust of his character arc. Rowling first introduces Ron with his family in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Harry is lost at Kings Cross railway station and the Weasleys guide him through the barrier of Platform 9¾ into the wizarding world. Ron and Harry share a compartment on the Hogwarts Express, and they begin their friendship, Ron fascinated with the famous Harry, Ron and Harry share the same classes throughout the series, and generally have similar academic successes and disappointments. Ron plays a part in the quest to save the Philosophers Stone. His strategy at Wizards Chess allows Hermione and Harry to proceed safely through a dangerous life-size, during the game, Ron allows his piece to be sacrificed and is subsequently knocked unconscious. These last-minute points help support Gryffindors win of the House Cup, the second instalment, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, takes place the year following the events of the Philosophers Stone. During the summer, Ron attempts to write to Harry several times and he receives no reply because Dobby the house elf is stopping Harrys wizard mail. Ron becomes so concerned that he and his brothers Fred and George fly their fathers enchanted Ford Anglia car to Harrys home at his aunt, Harry spends the next month at the Weasleys home, The Burrow. While attempting to depart from Kings Cross station, Harry and Ron find themselves unable to enter the barrier to access Platform 9¾, with Harry, Ron conceives the idea of taking the flying Ford Anglia to Hogwarts. The plan is successful, but the Anglia loses power at the end of the journey, Ron receives a Howler from his mother, berating him for taking the car. Later Ron is forced to come face-to-face with his worst nightmare, spiders, in the Forbidden Forest, giant spiders nearly devour the two of them, but the Weasley Ford Anglia returns from the Forbidden Forest and rescues the pair

14.
Hermione Granger
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Hermione Jean Granger is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. She first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, as a new student on her way to Hogwarts. After Harry and Ron save her from a troll in the girls toilets, she becomes best friends with them and often uses her quick wit, deft recall. Rowling has stated that Hermione resembles herself at an age, with her insecurity. Hermione Jean Granger is a Muggle-born, Gryffindor student who becomes best friends with Harry Potter, Rowling states that she was born on 19 September 1979 and she was nearly twelve when she first attended Hogwarts. She is an overachiever who excels academically, and is described by Rowling as a logical, upright. Rowling adds that Hermiones parents, two Muggle dentists, are a bit bemused by their odd daughter but very proud of her all the same and they are well aware of the wizarding world and have visited Diagon Alley with her. Rowling confirmed in a 2004 interview that Hermione is an only child, Rowling has described the character of Luna Lovegood as the anti-Hermione as they are so different. Hermiones foil at Hogwarts is Pansy Parkinson, a based on real-life girls who teased the author during her school days. Rowling stated that the character of Hermione carries several autobiographical influences, I did not set out to make Hermione like me but she is. she is an exaggeration of how I was when I was younger. She recalled being called a little know-it-all in her youth, moreover, she states that not unlike herself, there is a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath Hermiones swottiness. Rowling also states that her feminist conscience is saved by Hermione and her original last name was Puckle, but Rowling felt the name did not suit her at all, and so the less frivolous Granger made it into the books. Hermione first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone when she meets Harry, here Hermione condemns Ron for his inability to perform a spell to turn his rat yellow. She proves just how much she knows by declaring that she memorized all the textbooks by heart and she constantly annoys her peers with her knowledge, so Harry and Ron initially consider her arrogant, especially after she criticises Rons incantation of the Levitation Charm. They heartily dislike her until they rescue her from a troll, for which she is so thankful that she lies to them from punishment. Hermione is the brains behind the plan to enter the place where the Stone is hidden and she responds to Harrys wariness of Professor Severus Snape and is also suspicious of him. She reveals to Harry and Ron that she does a lot of research in the library and she concocts the Polyjuice Potion needed for the trio to disguise themselves as Dracos housemates to collect information about the Heir of Slytherin who has reopened the Chamber of Secrets. Hermione is Petrified by the basilisk after successfully identifying the creature through library research, though she lies incapacitated in the hospital wing, her information is crucial to Harry and Ron in their successful mission to solve the mystery of the Chamber of Secrets

15.
Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)
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The Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation in the Harry Potter series of fiction books written by J. K. Rowling. Founded by Albus Dumbledore to fight Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, the Order lends its name to the book of the series, Harry Potter. Several characters joined the organisation, seeking to prevent Voldemort from taking over the wizarding world, the Longbottoms were also tortured to insanity at the hands of Bellatrix Lestrange. Voldemorts first reign of terror ended after the murders of James and Lily Potter, when Harry reported that Voldemort had returned, towards the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Dumbledore reactivated the Order. Many of the members returned and were soon joined by recruits who effectively replaced those who had died in service during the first conflict. The Order established their headquarters at Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, Sirius Blacks family home, Dumbledore was the Secret-Keeper for the Order, meaning that only he could reveal the location of the Orders headquarters to others. Dumbledores death on his own request at the hands of Severus Snape in book six made the location vulnerable, the Order led the fight against Voldemort in the fifth instalment while the Minister of Magic refused to accept the return of Voldemort. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, some Order members take turns guarding Sybill Trelawneys prophecy, Rubeus Hagrid, the Hogwarts Grounds Keeper and an original Member of the Order, was accompanied by Olympe Maxime in an attempt to recruit the giants to the Orders cause. Some members also participated in a battle at the Department of Mysteries near the end of the fifth book, Order members patrolled Hogwarts, the Wizarding school, on the night of Dumbledores death in Half-Blood Prince, fighting the Death Eaters who managed to enter the castle. In the series finale, attention turns to escorting the Death Eaters main target, Harry Potter, the following characters were members of the Order of the Phoenix during Lord Voldemorts initial rise to power and several years prior to the main events of the Harry Potter series. Many of these characters later served as members of the revived Order and these characters joined the Order when Dumbledore reactivated it after Lord Voldemorts return at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. This is a list of members of the Order of the Phoenix. Albus Dumbledore, Severus Snape and Rubeus Hagrid have their own pages, minerva McGonagall is listed under Hogwarts staff, Fred and George are listed under Dumbledores Army, and Peter Pettigrew is listed under Death Eater. Sirius Black, nicknamed Padfoot because his Animagus form takes the shape of a dog, is the last heir to the House of Black and he is the older brother of Regulus Arcturus Black and a cousin of Narcissa Malfoy, Andromeda Tonks, and Bellatrix Lestrange. He rejected his familys pure-blood elitism and reverence for the Dark Arts, in contrast to his home life, Sirius greatly enjoyed life at Hogwarts. He was proud of the fact that he was the only Black to be sorted into Gryffindor and he was inseparable from his best friend James Prongs Potter and befriended Remus Moony Lupin and Peter Wormtail Pettigrew. He was mentioned by Rubeus Hagrid in the first novel, but did not appear until the third in the series, Sirius, along with James, bullied Severus Snape while they were at school, nicknaming him Snivellus. Sirius left home at the age of sixteen and took refuge with James and his outraged mother burned his name off the family tree, but he was left financially independent by his Uncle Alphards generous bequest

16.
Places in Harry Potter
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J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter universe contains numerous settings for the events in her fantasy novels. These locations are categorised as a dwelling, school, shopping district, the Weasleys home, known as the Burrow, is located outside the village of Ottery St Catchpole, also near the home of the Lovegoods, the Diggorys and the Fawcetts. The Weasley house has seven floors and it is also quite dilapidated, managing to remain standing only by magic. Despite the houses appearance, Harry remarks on his first visit that it was the best house he had ever been in. The well-hidden orchard nearby doubles as a Quidditch pitch for the Weasley boys, a multitude of garden gnomes infests the garden of the Burrow. Godrics Hollow is a village located in the West Country of England. It is noted for being home to a community like several other villages such as Ottery St Catchpole. The village was the home and final hiding place of James and it was at this time that their baby son, Harry, was left with his lightning bolt-shaped scar. Godrics Hollow was the home of James Potters family, and the home of long-dead Hogwarts founder Godric Gryffindor, after expressing his interest in returning to Godrics Hollow to visit his parents graves, Harry does so in the company of Hermione Granger. Dumbledores mother Kendra moved her family to Godrics Hollow after her husband, other notable residents of the village include Bowman Wright and Bathilda Bagshot, author of A History of Magic. Rowling was questioned in an interview for BBC Newsround and implicitly confirmed the connection between Godrics Hollow and Godric Gryffindor and this connection was also stated outright by Hermione in the final book of the series. Invisible to Muggles, the remains of Harrys old house are found at the end of the main street. Although the village first appears in Goblet of Fire, the volume in the series, it is not described until Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The village occupies the floor of a valley, bounded by steep hills, not far from the larger settlement of Great Hangleton. Above the village on one side of the valley are a church, a cemetery and the Riddle House, the former estate of the aristocratic Riddle family and at one time the finest house in the village. It first appears in the opening of Goblet of Fire as the location of Frank Bryces murder and it is believed to be held by a rich man for tax purposes, although this is in reality to keep it from being sold or torn down. During his time as student, Tom Marvolo Riddle murdered his father, the Gaunt cottage is set in a copse alongside a winding road which climbed out of the valley. In Goblet of Fire, Voldemort and Harry fight in the graveyard of Little Hangleton, Little Whinging is a fictitious town in Surrey, England, located to the south of London

17.
Lord Voldemort
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Lord Voldemort is a fictional character and the central antagonist in J. K. Rowlings series of Harry Potter novels. Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its adaptation in the series, except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has the power to vanquish the Dark Lord, nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as You-Know-Who, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named or the Dark Lord. Voldemorts obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the world of Muggle heritage. Through his mothers family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles. According to Rowling, the t in Voldemort is silent, as it is in the French word for death, in a 2001 interview, Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter, and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemorts backstory at first. The basic idea didnt know he was a wizard And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, when he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry — he tried to curse him, Harry has to find out, before we find out. And – so – but for some reason the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, in the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In the same year, Rowling became more precise about Voldemort and she began to link him to real-life tyrants, describing him as a raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other peoples suffering. In 2004, though, Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person, in 2006, Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear, the fear of death. She said, Voldemorts fear is death, ignominious death, I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that its a human weakness, as you know. Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as You-Know-Who or He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named rather than say his name aloud, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, a Taboo is placed upon the name, such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it

18.
Costa Book Awards
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The Costa Book Awards are a set of annual literary awards recognising English-language books by writers based in Britain and Ireland. They were inaugurated for 1971 publications and known as the Whitbread Book Awards until 2006 when Costa Coffee, the companion Costa Short Story Award was established in 2012. The awards are given both for literary merit but also for works that are enjoyable reading and whose aim is to convey the enjoyment of reading to the widest possible audience. As such, they are a more populist literary prize than the Booker Prize, authors need not be British or Irish but they must have been resident in the UK or Ireland for at least six months in each of the previous three years. There are five book award categories, without change since the Poetry Award was introduced in 1985, novel First novel Childrens book Poetry Biography The winning books are selected from shortlists by five distinct panels of judges. Each of the five winning writers receives £5,000, the prize requires a £5,000 fee from publishers if a book is to be shortlisted. One of the books is then named Costa Book of the Year with a further £25,000 prize. That overall award is determined by a panel comprising five judges from the first round, Short story The short story award was established in 2012 with a prize of £3,500 for the first, £1,500 for the second and £500 for the third. The winning story is determined by public vote from a shortlist of six that are selected by a panel of judges, the process is blind at both stages for the unpublished entries are anonymous until the conclusion. In the inaugural year, the six short story finalists had been published online by 28 November 2012. The winner was to be announced 29 January 2013, bold font and blue ribbon distinguish the overall Costa Book of the Year

19.
Aunt Marge
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The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. For members of the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledores Army, Hogwarts staff, Ministry of Magic, or for Death Eaters, the Dursley family are Harry Potters last living relatives. To ensure Harrys safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys care when he was a baby, the Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic – and anything out of the ordinary in general –, Dursley is a small town in Gloucestershire, near Rowlings birthplace. Vernon Dursley is Harrys uncle, Petunias husband, Dudleys father, Vernon is described as a big, beefy man, the literal human embodiment of a walrus, with hardly any neck, and a large moustache. He is very much the head of his family, laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening and he is also the director of a drill-making firm, Grunnings, and seems to be quite successful in his career. He regularly reads the Daily Mail, uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age. He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the world, including how his parents died. In fact, while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry, Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty. When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding, Vernon nearly shakes Harrys hand good-bye, in the film version, he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harrys reconciliation shows him saying this is farewell. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series, Petunia Dursley is Harrys maternal aunt, Lily Potters older sister, Vernons wife, Dudleys mother and Marges sister-in-law. She is described as a woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son, a rather horsey face and a very long neck. Her eyes are large and pale, quite unlike Lilys and her whole family prior to Lily are made up of Muggles. According to Petunia, her parents were proud of having a witch in the family, in fact, she was envious and resentful of Lilys magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore, pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts. Afterwards, Petunia grew bitter towards the school and, by extension, towards the wizarding world in general. She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter, the gift echoes Harrys Dursley-sent Christmas presents, which are never pretty or welcome. Petunia has more knowledge of the world than she is initially willing to admit. After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley, Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison, when Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely, she explains that she heard that awful boy telling Lily about them years ago

20.
Magical objects in Harry Potter
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The following is a list of magical objects used in the Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the change to alert the members to look at their coins. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermiones DA coins, which were inspired by Lord Voldemorts use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DAs coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and they then arrive at the Room of Requirement to fight in the Battle of Hogwarts on May 2,1998. A Howler is a letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smolders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into a set of lips and eyes. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his fathers enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confessed that he once got a Howler from his grandmother, stating that he ignored it, subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor Common Room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes an article about the relationship between Hermione and Harry. In the film Harry receives a Howler from Mafalda Hopkirk to announce he has been expelled from Hogwarts for using magic outside school. A Deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter and it is used to remove or absorb the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator to darken Privet Drive and it was next seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the Deluminator to Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys home to Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry, in Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore. After Ron had left his friends in anger, the Deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, Rowling stated that Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione. Within the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible, all are very rare and expensive, and may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise, magical herbivores that are found in the Far East

21.
Ministry of Magic
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The Ministry of Magic is the government of the Magical community of Britain in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. First mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, the Ministry makes its first proper appearance in Harry Potter, throughout the books, it is generally depicted as either corrupt, incompetent, or both, with its high officials blind to actual events and dangers. It reaches a nadir of corruption before being taken over by Lord Voldemort. At the end of the book, following Voldemorts death, Kingsley Shacklebolt takes over the ministry. By the time of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Hermione Granger is the Minister for Magic, each new Muggle Prime Minister receives a visit from the Minister for Magic, who informs him or her that the wizarding world exists. He explains that he contact the Prime Minister only in circumstances in which the events of the wizard world may affect Muggles. For example, the Minister has to inform the Prime Minister if dangerous magical artefacts or animals are to be brought into Britain, the Ministry keeps in touch with the British Prime Minister via a wizards portrait in the Prime Ministers office at 10 Downing Street. The Ministers for Magic who appear in the Harry Potter series, such as Cornelius Fudge and Rufus Scrimgeour, the Ministry government succeeded the earlier Wizards Council, the earliest-known form of government for the wizarding world of Harry Potter. In the Harry Potter books, the Ministrys employees appear to be an unelected body. The post of Minister itself, however, is stated to be an elected position, who has the power to elect or dismiss ministers is never explained. Furthermore, the government gives the impression of incompetence or malice. It often appears incompetent, to the point of being unable to detect or prevent an assault on the Department of Mysteries. However, these events occurred under Cornelius Fudges reign, a Minister who is renowned in the books as incompetent, Fudges resignation in the next book is a direct result of these events. Not all of the accused are even given trials, as in the case of Sirius Black, in Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry is shown to be quite prepared to decree and enforce draconian laws without notice. At times, the Ministry can also seem uninterested in solving serious problems, in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Fudge takes a long time to respond to the attacks on Hogwarts. In the fifth instalment, Fudge refuses to believe that Lord Voldemort has returned, eventually, the Ministry is forced to acknowledge the emergency and act on it. Fudge is subsequently removed from office for incompetence and replaced by Rufus Scrimgeour, when interviewed, Rowling stated that when Harry, Ron and Hermione work for the Ministry, they change it drastically, making it less corrupt. The Department of Magical Law Enforcement is a combination of police and justice facilities and it is located on the second level of the Ministry of Magic

22.
Magical creatures in Harry Potter
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Magical creatures are a colourful aspect of the fictional wizarding world contained in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. Throughout the seven books of the series, Harry and his friends come across many of these creatures on their adventures, Rowling has also written Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, a guide to the magical beasts found in the series. Many of these are derived from folklore, primarily Greek mythology, many of the legends surrounding mythical creatures are also incorporated in the books. Know that I didnt invent unicorns, but Ive had to explain frequently that I didnt actually invent hippogriffs, when I do use a creature that I know is a mythological entity, I like to find out as much as I can about it. I might not use it, but to make it as consistent as I feel is good for my plot, many pets in the series are ordinary animals with magical properties. In the Harry Potter series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures, a person who studies Magizoology is known as a magizoologist. There are magizoologists who work in the Ministry of Magic, particularly in the Department for the Regulation, the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures of the Ministry of Magic is responsible for overseeing and regulating magical creatures. It is divided into three divisions, the Beast Division, the Being Division, and the Spirit Division and this includes humans, goblins, hags, Werewolves, and vampires. According to this definition, fairies, pixies, gnomes, Centaurs and merpeople are said to have rejected being status in favour of beast status, as have leprechauns. Their classification is unclear, and offices responsible for werewolves exist in both the Beast and Being Divisions. A number of creatures, such as house-elves, giants, banshees, veelas, dwarfs, affairs related to ghosts come under the auspices of the Spirit Division. According to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, creatures are also put under danger categories, Creatures that need to be treated with a sophisticated amount of respect, e. g. Centaurs, Unicorns, Phoenixes, and Merpeople, are given a four-x rating. Below is a list of magical creatures mentioned in the Harry Potter universe and those creatures that Rowling took from myth and folklore have links to their mythological articles. The Blast-Ended Skrewt is a hybrid of a crab and manticore. Inferi are neither beasts nor beings, but merely animated corpses with no will of their own, for a list of magical plants mentioned in the series, such as mandrakes and devils snares, see List of fictional plants. Blast-Ended Skrewt – The Blast-Ended Skrewt is the result of a union between a Manticore and a Fire Crab, Skrewts make their debut in Goblet of Fire, as one of the creatures that Hagrid teaches the students about as Professor of Care of Magical Creatures. The first fan to learn of the skrewts was Catie Hoch, bowtruckle – An insect-eating, tree-dwelling wooden creature that is hard to spot. Rowling has written on Pottermore that they are creatures who only inhabit worthy trees

23.
Hogwarts staff
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The following fictional characters are staff members and denizens of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. The following are notable teachers and staff members who do not have their own articles or who are not listed in other articles, argus Filch is the caretaker of Hogwarts. While he is not a character, he is ill-tempered, which makes him unpopular with the student body. He tends to favour almost sadistically harsh punishments, leading to his alliance with Umbridge and he has an obsessive dislike of mud, animate toys, and all other things that might interfere with his creation of an immaculately clean and orderly Hogwarts. He is also portrayed as having a constant antagonism towards Peeves the poltergeist and he also likes to wander Hogwarts corridors at night, presumably in the hope of catching a student out of bed. Filch is revealed to be a Squib in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets when Harry accidentally discovers that he is trying to teach himself basic magic from a Kwikspell correspondence course. Nonetheless, Filch is at least able to use wizarding devices that have their own magic, such as the Secrecy Sensor used in Harry Potter. It is hinted that his dislike of students may stem from his disappointment, in the Half Blood Prince, Harry and Hermione jokingly suspect that he is in a relationship with Irma Pince, the librarian at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book and he is later seen overseeing the evacuation of younger students. Filch has a cat named Mrs Norris to whom he has a particular and she acts as a hallway monitor or spy for Filch. If she observes students engaging in activity or out of bed after curfew, she finds Filch. She has been known to follow Hagrid everywhere he goes in the school, Rowling, there is nothing particularly magical about Mrs Norris, other than her being just an intelligent cat. Its the ambition of many Hogwarts students to give her a good kick, in the Chamber of Secrets incident, Mrs Norris is temporarily petrified by the Basilisk, which causes Filch extreme distress. David Bradley portrays Filch in the film series, Mrs Norris was played by a Maine Coon cat named Peebles. Filius Flitwick is the Charms Master at Hogwarts and the head of Ravenclaw house and he is described as being a very short, dwarf-like person. He is also mentioned as having been a student and a former duelling champion. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone he uses his skills to help decorate the Great Hall for Christmas. During Harrys second year, Flitwick helps Professor Sinistra carry a petrified Justin Finch-Fletchley to the hospital wing

24.
Severus Snape
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Severus Snape is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. He is characterised as a person of great complexity, whose coldly sarcastic and controlled exterior conceals deep emotions, in the first novel of the series, Snape is a teacher who is hostile from the start toward Harry. As the series progresses, Snapes character becomes more layered and enigmatic, Rowling does not fully reveal the details of his true loyalties until the end of the final book, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Over the course of the series, Snapes portrayal evolves from that of a malicious and partisan teacher to that of a character of considerable intricacy. In the series, Snape is an exceptionally skilful wizard who primarily teaches Potions at Hogwarts school, in the sixth novel, he teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts, a position which he was known to have desired throughout the series. He ultimately becomes Headmaster of Hogwarts in the novel, after killing Dumbledore at the end of the sixth book. In the books epilogue, Harry describes Snape as probably the bravest man I ever knew, the character was widely acclaimed by readers and critics, Rowling described him as a gift of a character whose story she had known since the first book. Actor Alan Rickman portrayed Snape in all eight Harry Potter films, in an interview, Rowling described Snapes character as an antihero. However, she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher, for Snapes surname, Rowling borrowed the name of the village of Snape, Suffolk. In a 1999 interview and again in 2004, Rowling singled out Snape as one of her characters to write. Rowling was less forthcoming about Snape than she was for other characters, because his true loyalties, however, she hinted numerous times at Snapes important role, suggesting that people should keep their eye on Snape. In 1999, answering a question regarding Snapes love life and the pattern to his character. Rowling also disclosed that after the publication of Prisoner of Azkaban, there was one fan who guessed Snape loved Lily Potter. After the completion of the series, Rowling began to speak openly about Snape, Rowling said the series is built around, and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to be at the end and that she carefully plotted his storyline throughout the series. I had to drop all the way through because as you know in the seventh book when you have the revelation scene where everything shifts. Rowling further said in an interview that she wanted Snape to find redemption and forgiveness, Snape is a complicated man. he was a human being. Harry forgives him. Harry really sees the good in Snape ultimately, I wanted there to be redemption. Snape first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, shortly after Harry arrives at Hogwarts and he is the schools Potions Master, though he is widely rumoured to covet the Defence Against the Dark Arts post

25.
Quidditch
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In the fantasy world of the Harry Potter childrens novels and movies, Quidditch /ˈkwɪdɪtʃ/ is a magical competitive sport involving flying contestants. Matches are played between two teams of seven players riding flying broomsticks, using four balls, a Quaffle, two Bludgers, and a Golden Snitch, six ring-shaped goals are situated atop poles of different heights, three on each side of the pitch. It is a rough but very popular semi-contact sport, played by wizards. In the Wizarding World of the Harry Potter universe, Quidditch has a fervent fan following, Harry Potter plays an important position for his house team at Hogwarts, he is the Seeker and becomes the team captain in his sixth year at school. Regional and international Quidditch competitions are mentioned throughout the series, in Goblet of Fire, Quidditch at Hogwarts is cancelled for the Triwizard Tournament, but Harry and the Weasleys attend the Quidditch World Cup. Harry has owned two broomsticks, the Nimbus 2000 and the Firebolt, both of which are lost by the series end, the game has been adopted in the real world. In this game the players have brooms but run instead of flying, Quidditch matches are played on an oval-shaped,500 feet long and 180 feet wide pitch, with a small central circle approximately 2 feet in diameter. At each end stand three hooped goal posts, each at a different height, one at 30 ft, one at 40 ft, and one at 50 ft, comprising the scoring area. There is also a line that shows mid-field, which is 250 ft. Quidditch fields have white shaded areas around the goalposts, to mark the scoring area, both the Hogwarts and World Cup pitches have been shown turfed with grass. The surface is used primarily for launching off at the beginning of the game, Seekers, who sometimes fly close to the pitch surface, can be tricked into crashing into the surface occasionally at great speed. The Quaffle is spherical in shape, scarlet in colour, and approximately 12 inches in diameter and it is explained in Quidditch Through the Ages that the Quaffle is enchanted to fall very slowly through the air when dropped to prevent players from having to continuously dive to retrieve it. The backstory of Quidditch explains that the red colour was instituted to create a stronger contrast between the Quaffle and mud, the Quaffle is also enchanted to make it easy to grip with only one hand. Only one Quaffle is used in a game, and if a Chaser throws it through a hoop they score 10 points for their team, the Gryffindor team Chasers are Angelina Johnson, Alicia Spinnet and Katie Bell. The two Bludgers are round, jet black balls made of iron, a Bludger is 10 inches in diameter. They are described as being bewitched to fly without any means of propulsion, although they do retain inertia. They act as obstacles, flying around the pitch and trying indiscriminately to knock players off their brooms. The Beaters carry short wooden clubs, which use to knock the Bludgers away from their teammates and/or toward the opposing team. The Bludgers do most of the damage in the game of Quidditch, they will occasionally injure players, a correctly bewitched Bludger with no jinxes will not side with a team, they will instead alternate players after they try and knock a player from one team off their broom

26.
Broom
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A broom is a cleaning tool consisting of usually stiff fibers attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. It is thus a variety of brush with a long handle and it is commonly used in combination with a dustpan. A distinction is made between a hard broom and a soft broom, soft brooms are for sweeping walls of cobwebs and spiders. Hard brooms are for sweeping dirt off sidewalks, the word broom derives from the name of certain thorny shrubs used for sweeping. The name of the shrubs began to be used for the implement in Late Middle English. The song Buy Broom Buzzems still refers to the broom besom as one type of besom, flat brooms, made of broom corn, were invented by Shakers in the 19th century with the invention of the broom vice. A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster. In 1797, the quality of brooms changed when Levi Dickenson, a farmer in Hadley, Massachusetts, made a broom for his wife, using the tassels of sorghum and his wife spread good words around town, creating demand for Dickensons sorghum brooms. The sorghum brooms held up well, but ultimately, like all brooms, Dickenson subsequently invented a machine that would make better brooms, and faster than he could. In 1810, the foot treadle broom machine was invented and this machine played an integral part in the Industrial Revolution. In Swaziland, witches broomsticks are short bundles of tied together without a handle. One source mentions that the United States had 303 broom factories by 1839, most of these were in the Eastern United States, during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the number of factories declined to 320 in 1939. The state of Oklahoma became a center for broom production because broom corn grew especially well there. Faced with competition from imported brooms and synthetic bristles, most of the factories closed by the 1960s, in the context of witchcraft, broomstick is likely to refer to the broom as a whole, known as a besom. The first known reference to flying on broomsticks dates to 1453. The concept of an ointment used by witches appears at about the same time. In Metro-Goldwyn-Mayers 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, the Wicked Witch of the West used a broomstick to fly over Oz and she also used it to skywrite Surrender Dorothy above the Emerald City. The Wizard commands Dorothy and her three traveling companions to bring the Wicked Witchs broomstick to him in order to grant their wishes, Dorothy carries it to the Wizard with the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Lion after the Wicked Witchs death

27.
Fictional universe of Harry Potter
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The fictional universe of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series of fantasy novels comprises two distinct societies, the Wizarding World and the Muggle world. Any new works taking place in this universe are released under the J. K. Rowlings Wizarding World brand, the depiction of the Wizarding World is centered on magic, which not only imbues objects such as wands, but is portrayed as an inborn ability. It is also centered on the separation of the world from the non-wizarding world. Despite being an inherent talent, magic is honed through study of branches of magic. A great deal of effort is expended in keeping the Muggles unaware of magic, exceptions to the secrecy include wizards Muggle relatives and the high political leaders, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for instance. Some aspects of the Wizarding World are depicted as being less-than-modern in comparison to the Muggle world, if one has instant access to magical power, the development of modern technology and science in the Wizarding World would seem to be almost unnecessary. However, a number of technologically complex devices do exist. Such examples are rare, however, wizards rarely make use of Muggle technology, nor do they have much interest in doing so, pure-blood Wizards are baffled by how Muggle technology works and most have no interest in understanding it. Muggle Studies classes are offered at Hogwarts for those students with an interest, the Wizarding World has also not embraced modern Muggle modes of information collection and transfer. For instance, instead of pen/pencil, paper and electronic equipment like computers, Hogwarts students use ink-dipped quills and parchment to take notes and do their homework. Money is also old-fashioned, when Muggle Britain was decimalised in 1971, Magical Britons continued with their system of 17 silver Sickles to a gold Galleon, many aspects of the British Wizarding World have Muggle equivalents. For example, after reaching age of 17 wizards can be licensed to apparate, while Muggles can learn, in the fifth and seventh years of Hogwarts or Muggle secondary school, external examinations take place. Some aspects of Muggle pop culture are also mirrored in the Wizarding World such as music, posters. Wizards and witches who are Muggle-born, or are half-bloods find it easier to integrate into Muggle society, Gryffindor student Dean Thomas has frequent references to the adorning of his part of the dormitory with posters of West Ham United Football Club. Albus Dumbledore has expressed interest in Muggle knitting patterns and ten pin bowling, there is no separate magical land in the Harry Potter universe. The wizarding world not only alongside the world of Muggles. Only one settlement in Britain, the village of Hogsmeade, is home to an entirely magical population, the vast majority of witches and wizards locations are integrated within the wider non-magical area. Wizards will often live in communities of several families within Muggle villages such as Godrics Hollow in the West Country or Tinworth in Cornwall

28.
Dumbledore's Army
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Dumbledores Army is a fictional student organisation in J. K. It was founded in the book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. This theory-only approach is widely unpopular among the students, especially those characters like Harry, exams on the subject later in the year. Harry also believes that lack of practical experience makes them vulnerable to Lord Voldemorts forces. This prompts Hermione to suggest founding a student group where Harry would teach practical Defence Against the Dark Arts, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Neville and Luna are distraught due to the fact that the D. A. no longer exists. When Hogwarts is invaded by Death Eaters, they are among the members who join the Order of the Phoenix in the ensuing battle. A, however, Luna is abducted and Ginny leaves school, leaving Neville as the D. A. s leader. The group thereafter hide from the Death Eaters in the Room of Requirement, the D. A. believed that if Harry returned hed lead them in a revolution against Snape and the Carrows and are disappointed when he initially refuses to let them help. In the books climax, the D. A. plays an important role in the Battle of Hogwarts, twenty years later, they still wage hopeless resistance against the all-powerful Voldemort, clandestinely helped by Severus Snape - in this reality still alive and still teaching at Hogwarts. Eventually, these remnants of Dumbledores Army sacrifice themselves to cover the escape of Scorpius Malfoy, Hannah Abbott is a Hufflepuff student in Harrys year, described as pink-faced with blonde hair worn in pigtails. W. L. Exams, and has to be given a Calming Draught and she is among the six D. A. members who prevent Draco Malfoy, Crabbe, and Goyle from ambushing Harry aboard the Hogwarts Express at the end of the term. The adult Hannah becomes the landlady of The Leaky Cauldron, and has married Neville Longbottom, charlotte Skeoch played Hannah in the film adaptations of Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire, and voiced the character in the Order of the Phoenix video game. Katie Bell is a Gryffindor student who joins the Quidditch team in her year as a Chaser. She nonetheless succeeds in retaining her spot as Chaser alongside newcomers Ginny Weasley, in Half-Blood Prince, Malfoy secretly attempts to use Katie to deliver a fatally-cursed necklace to Dumbledore. Madam Rosmerta, whom he has placed under the Imperius Curse, herself puts Katie under the Imperius Curse, in the Three Broomsticks in Hogsmeade, in order to deliver it. Whilst arguing about the package with her friend Leanne, Katie ends up accidentally touching the necklace through the package and is badly cursed. Katie returns fully healed to participate in Gryffindors Quidditch Cup final win over Ravenclaw, in Deathly Hallows, she reunites with Oliver, Alicia and Angelina to assist the D. A. in the Battle of Hogwarts. Katie was portrayed by Emily Dale in a part in the first two films. Susan Bones is a Hufflepuff student in Harrys year who wears her hair in a long plait down her back

29.
Voldemort
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Lord Voldemort is a fictional character and the central antagonist in J. K. Rowlings series of Harry Potter novels. Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its adaptation in the series, except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has the power to vanquish the Dark Lord, nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as You-Know-Who, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named or the Dark Lord. Voldemorts obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the world of Muggle heritage. Through his mothers family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles. According to Rowling, the t in Voldemort is silent, as it is in the French word for death, in a 2001 interview, Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter, and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemorts backstory at first. The basic idea didnt know he was a wizard And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, when he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry — he tried to curse him, Harry has to find out, before we find out. And – so – but for some reason the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, in the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In the same year, Rowling became more precise about Voldemort and she began to link him to real-life tyrants, describing him as a raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other peoples suffering. In 2004, though, Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person, in 2006, Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear, the fear of death. She said, Voldemorts fear is death, ignominious death, I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that its a human weakness, as you know. Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as You-Know-Who or He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named rather than say his name aloud, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, a Taboo is placed upon the name, such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it

30.
Death Eater
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Death Eaters are fictional characters in the Harry Potter series of novels and films. They are a group of wizards and witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, Death Eaters recognise one another by the Dark Mark on their left forearm, a sign created by Voldemort to summon him instantly to them or vice versa. Their typical attire includes black hooded robes and masks, Death Eaters are wizards and witches led by Lord Voldemort. Some, like Bellatrix Lestrange, are the kind of Death Eaters that Voldemort is most close to, Death Eaters have a Dark Mark on their forearm, that Voldemort can use to summon all of the Death Eaters. When Voldemort failed to kill Harry Potter, he lost his powers and was upset when he returned because no Death Eater had come looking for him and they also did this to people who were blood traitors. Around 10 years after the Death Eaters first surfaced, a Seer named Sybill Trelawney made a prophecy about a boy who would have the power to defeat Voldemort forever. The prophecy could have referred to two different boys, Harry Potter or Neville Longbottom, however, Voldemort chose Harry as said in the prophecy, that the Dark Lord would mark him as his equal. As Voldemort was a half-blood, he chose his equal, Harry, whose mother was a Muggle-born witch, instead of Neville, acting on information from James and Lily Potters Secret-Keeper Peter Pettigrew, Voldemort attempted to complete the prophecy and kill his infant rival. Due to Harrys mothers sacrifice to save her son, Voldemorts deadly curse rebounded off Harry, with Voldemort vanquished after failing to kill Harry, the Death Eaters largely disbanded. The Lestranges are the only Death Eaters known to have sacrificed their freedom for Voldemort. This is something that does not go unnoticed by him, as he claims, when he returns, early in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire a group of Death Eaters rallies after the Quidditch World Cup. They gather to form a spectacle and disturbance which spreads instant chaos. Their appearance alone creates hysteria, and their numbers grow while they torture muggles and it concludes when the Dark Mark is produced in the sky by Barty Crouch Jr, frightening Death Eaters and Ministry officials alike. Voldemort, having regained his strength at the end of Harry Potter. Except for Severus Snape, those dead, imprisoned, or afraid to return, Voldemort states at his rebirth, And here we have six missing Death Eaters. three dead in my service. One, too cowardly to return. he will pay, one, who I believe has left me forever. he will be killed, of course. and one, who remains my most faithful servant, and who has already reentered my service. Based on later happenings in the books, it can be deduced that the one too cowardly to return is Igor Karkaroff. The one who I believe has left me forever is Severus Snape, the most faithful servant is Barty Crouch Jr. who has already been in place at Hogwarts working for Voldemort

31.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day

32.
Rubeus Hagrid
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In the third novel Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Hagrid is promoted to Care of Magical Creatures teacher, and is later revealed to be a member of the Order of the Phoenix. Hagrid was among the characters that Rowling says she created on the very first day and she has explained the source of his name as another old English word, meaning – if you were hagrid – it’s a dialect word – you’d had a bad night. Hagrid is a big drinker – he has a lot of bad nights and his first name, Rubeus, was named after red in Latin to reflect alchemy and his paternal contrast to Albus Dumbledore, his passion to Dumbledores asceticism. In her article Harry’s Fame, Rosemary Goring notes the Forest of Dean is an influence on Rowling’s work, according to Goring, Hagrid’s dropped word-endings are a Chepstow speciality. She also claims that Hagrid is physically modeled on the Welsh chapter of Hells Angels who’d swoop down on the town and hog the bar, huge mountains of leather and hair. He was also one of the first characters to imply that the idea of thinking of wizards as pure-bloods and half-bloods is a dated concept, Rowling has stated in an interview that Hagrid was in Gryffindor house during his time as a student. When he comes into possession of an acromantula, he is expelled from Hogwarts as his pet is believed to be the monster of Slytherin, however, persuaded by Dumbledore, Headmaster Armando Dippet agrees to train Hagrid as gamekeeper, allowing the boy to remain at Hogwarts. By the time Harry attends Hogwarts, Hagrid is also the Keeper of Keys and Grounds, part of his job includes leading the first years across the lake in boats, upon their initial arrival at Hogwarts. She said she had planned from early on that Harry would walk to his death accompanied by the ghosts. In her own words, thats what always kept Hagrid safe and she also liked the circular notion of Hagrid both bringing Harry into the world, and then bringing him back from the dead. Hagrid is introduced in the chapter of the first novel. Following the death of James and Lily Potter, Dumbledore entrusts Hagrid with rescuing the infant Harry from his parents house after they have been murdered by Lord Voldemort. Ten years later, he is tasked to bring the Philosopher’s Stone from Gringotts to Hogwarts, Dumbledore also gives him the task of locating Harry, helping him to find his bearings in the wizarding world and to buy his school things. Hagrid is the first member of the Hogwarts staff to be introduced to Harry before he began attending the school, Hagrid later becomes friends with Ron and Hermione as well. Later in the book, a person gives him a dragon egg to elicit details about Fluffy. Readers first discover why Hagrid was expelled from Hogwarts in the second novel and it is revealed that Hagrid was a student at Hogwarts at the same time as Tom Marvolo Riddle, the wizard who later became Lord Voldemort. Aragog escapes into the dark forest and starts a colony of spiders, during the events of the second book, the Basilisk is unleashed once again and Hagrid is sent to the prison of Azkaban, as he is believed again to be responsible for the attacks. However, before being arrested, Hagrid tells Harry and Ron to follow the spiders, so that they can meet Aragog, after Harry defeats the Basilisk and uncovers the truth, Hagrid is freed from prison

33.
Draco Malfoy
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Draco Lucius Malfoy is a character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. He is a student in Harry Potters year belonging in the Slytherin house and he is frequently accompanied by his two cronies, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, who act as henchmen. Draco is characterised as a bully who manipulates and hurts people to get what he wants, nevertheless. He was played by Tom Felton in the Harry Potter film series, Draco serves as a foil to the hero, Harry Potter and is loosely based on bullies Rowling encountered during her school days. Harry first encounters Dracos snobbish bigotry after their encounter at Madam Malkins. Rowling uses the Malfoys to introduce themes of intolerance and bigotry into a setting where people are judged solely by their blood lineage rather than their good character or accomplishments. Harrys first impression that the Wizarding community is a magical wonderland is instantly shattered, says Rowling, found out that many people in power in the wizarding world are just as corrupt and nasty as they are in our world. Malfoy was originally named Draco Spungen in the earliest drafts of Philosophers Stone, Spungen also appeared on her pre-canon class list, but it was crossed out and replaced with the surname Spinks, while Malfoy was later added after the completion of the list. Philip Nel believes that Malfoy is derived from the French phrase mal foi, in an article published in 2002, Nilsen and Nilsen argue that Draco has connotations with draconian, and that his name starts with mal, a French prefix for bad or evil. Many of Dracos relatives on his mothers side of the family are named for stars or constellations, Draco Malfoy eventually named his son for yet another constellation, Scorpius. Draco Malfoy makes his first appearance in the series when he and Harry meet while being fitted for school robes at Madam Malkins, Harry, however, is alienated by the arrogance of Draco, who asks whether the orphans parents are our kind. Draco then proclaims that the other sort should not be allowed at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the two boys part without introductions, but meet again on the Hogwarts Express. After Draco ridicules Ron Weasleys family, Harry rejects his offer of friendship, demonstrated by a handshake, and their mutual antagonism is born. According to Rowling, Malfoy originally makes an effort to be Harrys friend because it will be cool to turn up at the school being Harry Potters friend, because Harry is so famous. However, Harry did not want Malfoy as a friend because he has been so rude about Rubeus Hagrid and about Ron, who Harry likes so much. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Draco becomes the new Seeker for the Slytherin Quidditch team after his father, Lucius Malfoy, donates new, high-quality Nimbus 2001 broomsticks. When Hermione Granger comments that the Gryffindor players made the team through talent and not bribery and this provokes an immediate, violent response from Ron Weasley. Because of Dracos contempt for Muggle-borns, Harry, Ron, and Hermione suspect that Draco is the Heir of Slytherin, who has recently reopened the Chamber of Secrets

34.
Werewolf
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Early sources for belief in lycanthropy are Petronius and Gervase of Tilbury. From the early period, werewolf beliefs also spread to the New World with colonialism. Belief in werewolves developed in parallel to the belief in witches, in the course of the Late Middle Ages, during the early period, accusations of lycanthropy were mixed with accusations of wolf-riding or wolf-charming. The case of Peter Stumpp led to a significant peak in both interest in and persecution of supposed werewolves, primarily in French-speaking and German-speaking Europe, the trappings of horror literature in the 20th century became part of the horror and fantasy genre of modern pop culture. The word werewolf continues a late Old English werwulf, a compound of were man, the only Old High German testimony is in the form of a given name, Weriuuolf, although an early Middle High German werwolf is found in Burchard of Worms and Berthold of Regensburg. The word or concept does not occur in medieval German poetry or fiction, Middle Latin gerulphus Anglo-Norman garwalf, Old Frankish *wariwulf. Old Norse had the cognate varúlfur, but because of the importance of werewolves in Norse mythology. In modern Scandinavian also kveldulf evening-wolf, presumably after the name of Kveldulf Bjalfason, use of lycanthropy for supposed shape-shifting is much later, introduced ca. Slavic uses the term vlko-dlak, literally wolf-skin, paralleling the Old Norse ulfhéðinn, however, the word is not attested in the medieval period. The Slavic term was loaned into modern Greek as Vrykolakas, baltic has related terms, Lithuanian vilkolakis and vilkatas, Latvian vilkatis and vilkacis. The name vurdalak for the Slavic vampire is a due to Alexander Pushkin. Tolstoy in his novella The Family of the Vourdalak, Greek λυκάνθρωπος and Germanic werewulf are parallel inasmuch as the concept of a shapeshifter becoming a wolf is expressed by means of a compound wolf-man or man-wolf. Their underlying common origin can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European mythology and this is reflected in Iron Age Europe in the Tierkrieger depictions from the Germanic sphere, among others. The standard comparative overview of this aspect of Indo-European mythology is McCone, such transformations of men into wolves in pagan cult were associated with the devil from the early medieval perspective. In his Man into Wolf, Robert Eisler tried to cast the Indo-European tribal names meaning wolf or wolf-men in terms of the European transition from fruit gathering to predatory hunting, a few references to men changing into wolves are found in Ancient Greek literature and mythology. In the second century BC, the Greek geographer Pausanias related the story of Lycaon, in accounts by the Bibliotheca and Ovid, Lycaon serves human flesh to Zeus, wanting to know if he is really a god. Lycaons transformation, therefore, is punishment for a crime, considered variously as murder, cannibalism, Ovid also relates stories of men who roamed the woods of Arcadia in the form of wolves. In addition to Ovid, other Roman writers also mentioned lycanthropy, virgil wrote of human beings transforming into wolves

35.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
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Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowlings debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harrys parents, the novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and it has been translated into at least sixty-seven other languages and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. Most reviews were favourable, commenting on Rowlings imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction. The series has used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis. The most evil and powerful wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, murdered James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappeared after failing to kill their infant son. For ten years, living at number Four Privet Drive, Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly before his birthday, a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive. To evade the pursuit of these letters, Vernon first takes the family to a hotel, but when the letters arrive there too, he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island. Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley, where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards and he also finds that his parents inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Guided by Hagrid, he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts, a month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys home to catch the Hogwarts Express from Kings Cross railway station. There he meets the Weasley family, who show him how to pass through the wall to Platform 9¾. While on the train, Harry meets two fellow first years, Ron Weasley, who becomes his friend, and Hermione Granger. Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy, Draco offers to advise Harry, but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of friendship. At Hogwarts, the first-years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities. While Harry is being sorted, the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards, but when Harry objects, Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor

36.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

37.
Kirkus Reviews
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Kirkus Reviews is an American book review magazine founded in 1933 by Virginia Kirkus. The magazine is headquartered in New York City, Kirkus Reviews, published on the first and 15th of each month, previews books prior to their publication. Kirkus reviews over 7,000 titles per year, in 2014, Kirkus Reviews started the Kirkus Prize. It is one of the richest literary awards in the world, bestowing $50,000 prizes annually to authors of fiction, nonfiction, Kirkus operates a number of additional services, including Kirkus Editorial, Kirkus Indie, and Kirkus Marketing. And, Motoko reported, Authors seemed to have a relationship with Kirkus. Not surprisingly, it had to do with what the reviewers said about their books, one book reviewed in the Kirkus Indie is chosen to be included in the bi-weekly magazine and one is included in the weekly email newsletter. Virginia Kirkus was hired by Harper & Brothers to establish a book department in 1926. The department was eliminated as a measure in 1932, so Kirkus left. Initially, she arranged to get galley proofs of 20 or so books in advance of their publication, almost 80 years later and it was sold to The New York Review of Books in 1970 and later sold by the Review to Barbara Bader and Josh Rubins. In 1985, magazine consultant James B, david LeBreton bought Kirkus from Kobak in 1993. BPI Communications, owned by Dutch publisher VNU, bought Kirkus from LeBreton in 1999, at the end of 2009, the company announced the end of operations for Kirkus. The journal was purchased from VNU on February 10,2010 by businessman Herbert Simon and it was thereafter renamed Kirkus Media, and book industry veteran Marc Winkelman was made publisher. Official website Kirkus Service at Library of Congress Authorities, with 4 catalog records Virginia Kirkus at Library of Congress Authorities, with 7 catalog records

The Ministry of Magic is the government of the Magical community of Britain in J. K. Rowling's Wizarding World .The …

Some Ministry officials in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, from left to right: John Dawlish, Auror; Dolores Umbridge, Senior Undersecretary to the Minister; Cornelius Fudge, Minister for Magic; and Kingsley Shacklebolt, Auror.