2 142 Ilnternet-Based Pronıınciaıion Teaching: Benefiıs, Obstacles and Reconımendaıions ı. I,,"TROırCCrıo~ In rccenı years, there has been a prominent shift of inıerest from traditional pronunciation teaching to Computer Assistcd Pronunciation Teaching due to the use of modern technology within the field of foreign language leaming and teaching. Various types of computer hardware have been introduced and a survey of the literature shows an emerging interest among language tcachers and researchers in the advantages of computerassisted pronunciation pedagogy (Perdreau and Hessney 1990, Johnson and Rekart ı99 ı). Many empirical studies have explored the effectiveness of this technology in second / foreign language pronunciation teaching (Johnson, Dunkel and Rekart ı991, Schwartz, Markoff and Jain 1991). Since Computer Assisted Pronunciation Teaching (CAPT) provides students with a private, stress-free environment where they can access virtually unlimited input, practise at their own pace, and receive instantaneous feedback through the integration of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), which can be accepted to be bencficial to second / foreign language learning (Xeri, Cucchiarini, Strik and Boves, 2002). However, when examined carefully, the display of products may not seem to be completely satisfactory. Many researchers see commercially available programs as fancylooking systems that easily impress students and teachers at first but eventually fail to meet sound pedagogical requirements (Watts ı997, Murray and Barnes ı998, Price 1998, Warschauer and Healey ı998, Pennington ı999). it is owing to this simple reason that there should be clear pedagogical guidelines relevant to the related type of environment when designing a pedagogically sound CAPT system. The rationale for discussing pronunciation in this article is that foreign language teachers in North Cyprus, in recent years, have begun to use the internet for teaching pronunciation considering the prominence of incorporating a wide variety of online resources, such as tongue twisters, vocal tract diagrams, vowel and consonant charts, video animations, phonetic transcription exercises, and authentic texts into the ir programs and courses. This paper presents an overview of the current trends in pronunciation teaching, expounds limitations of available tools for pronunciation teaching, deseribes the internet as an instructional tool for pronunciation leaming and teaching, lists the obstacles to internet use as well as some recommendations made for language teachers, provides a week by week course description based on World Wide Web. In addition, a samp1e needs and background knowledge assessment questionnaire is included in the appendixes sectiorı at the end of the paper. 2. LIMITATIONS OF AVAILABLE CAPT TOOLS Some of the CAPT systems that are available on the market provide information on how speech sounds should be articulated or explain how the speech organs should be positioned for the target sound. Despite providing leamers with visual cues, these systems are remarkably limited. Theyonly train receptive abilities and do not motivate the student to produce an utterance, while it is well known that speaking is essential for improving pronunciation (Hendrik, 1997). Most recent systems; however, offer record and playback features whereby the learner produces speech that is recorded and can subsequently be evaluated by a teacher or used EVL Journal o/social Sciences (I: 1) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

3 L i f r i Sibel Hişmanoğlu for comparison with a native uttcrance by the students themselvcs. The problem with the former type of systcms is that it is up to the students to determine whether and how thcir own utıerances differ from the nativc orıes, although many studies have made it clear that L2 learncrs often become unsucccssful at perceiving phonetic differences between the ir Ll and the L2 (Flege, 1995). On the other hand, the latter type of systems, İn which the recordcd spcech has to be evaluated by a teacher, suffer from the unfavorable tcacherstudenı ratios, just like language classes in sehools and universities. Distance-leaming systems allow eireumventing this problem. These systems require the students to first praetiee and record thernselves and then eithcr up-load the audio-files to a web page or send the filcs via 'voice '. Lieensed trainers listen to the files, evaluatc and score them, and finally send thcm baek to each student (Ferrier and Reid 2000, Wimba 2002). The shorteoming of these systcms is that the feedback will be provided according to the evaluator's time and willingness. Some CAPT system s utilize tools (e.g. Pronuneiation 2002, Lambacher 1999) that perform aeoustieanalyses of arnplitude, intonation, duration and frequency of the student's speech and show the results on a spectrographic display. Although the level of detail with this type of feedbaek can be very high, the effectiveness of these systems is also questionable. :\eedless to say, students will have a hard time deciphering these displays. Moreover, even phoneticians may find it diffieult to extract the information necded to improve pronuneiation. As opposed to this, systems with easy editing features, such as WinPitchLTL (Germain-Rutherford and Martin 2000), require the teaeher to provide an explanation to aceompany these displays, in order to make them easy-to-interpret. This time the problem is twofold: the student has to trust in the teaeher for individual feedbaek, and the costs that this feedback-system implies are rather high in terms of the time the teacher has to spend to leam acoustics and to provide such detailed feedback for each of the students' utterances. Relevant to the problems mentioned so far, ASR technology seems to provide an optimal solution to pronunciation training. Systems requiring continuous back up from a teacher or expert are neither cost- nor time-effective. However, the fully automatic systems mentioned above only offer generic instruction that can be re1evant for many different learners, but each learner is unique and ideally deserves undivided attention. It is due to this simple reason that optimal training should envisage a one-to-one learner to tutor relationship. Systems that include ASR modules can offer this type of interaction, making it possible to detect individual errors and to provide immediate feedback. Xevertheless, due to the shortcomings of this technology, most of the systems available are far from ideal. One way of providing immediate, though impiieit, feedback on pronunciation, is employed by systems reacting, by means of graphic simulations, to a student's prompt (see TracyTalk by CPI and the MILTS microworlds deseribed in Holland et al. ı999, Wachowicz and Scott 1999). If the command is accurately pronounced, the computer will recognize it and perform it. Though being very realistic, this type of feedback alone does not provide any metalinguistic information on the quality of the utterance. For this reason, some systems also include or solely resort to a score of the students' utterance. Since this automatic scoring gives the leamer immediate information on overall output quality, the usefulness ofthis technology cannot be underestimated. Apart from this, anecdotic evidence of positive student appreciation of global automatic pronunciation scoring has been reported (ISLE ). However, the difficulty lies in developing computer measures adequately reflecting pronunciation quality. One criterion that has been used to assess the adequacy of machine pronunciation scores is that they should correlate strongly with pronunciation ratings assigned by human experts. Though this seems to be a EUL Journal of Social Sciences (/: /) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi i 143 -

4 ı44 Ilnternet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacles and Recommendaıions necessary criterion, it is certainly not sufficient to guarantee machine pronunciation scores constituting an appropriate basis for providing feedback on pronunciation. For example, various temporal measures of speech quality that can be calculated automatically seem to be highly correlated with humarı ratings of pronunciation and fluency (Cucchiarini et al. 2000a, Franco et al.2000). Generally speaking, measures denoting a higher speech rate are related with higher pronunciation ratings. Owing to the strong correlations with human ratings, these temporal machine scores seem to be suitable for pronunciation testing, but it would not be logical to use them as abasis for providing feedback on pronunciation: telling students to speak faster is not likely to improve the ir pronunciation quality. Fresh Talk exemplifies the sort of system in which nonnativeness measures, such as temporal measures are used as abasis for providing feedback, and indeed, the feedback provided did not prove to be effective to improve the users' pronunciation skills (Precoda et al.2000). Some systems, like the Talk to Me/Te II Me More series by Auralog (Auralog 2002) show a score and an oscillogram of the student' s utterance. An oscillogram of the model utterance is presented simultaneously to allow for comparison. However, oscillograms are hardly interpretable. For this reason, the student makes randam attempts at correcting the presumed errors, which, instead of improving pronunciation, may have the effect of reinforcing bad habits (Eskenazi, ı999). In order to be effective, feedback should be comprehensible in the first place. Although many visual displays, such as oscillograms and spectrograms may look very impressive, they provide very little useful information on the pronunciation errors the student made (Ehsani and Knodt, 1998). Kommissarchik and Kommissarchik (2000) have discussed the weak points of these forms of feedback and have developed a system for teaching American English prosody, BetterAccentTutor, in which comprehensible feedback is provided. Immediate, automatic audio-visual feedback is provided on intonation, stress and rhythm. Both the students' and the natives' patterns are displayed on the screen so that the students can compare them and notice the most relevant features they should match (Betteraccent 2002). This program; however, does not include segmental errors. it is through the ISLE project that a serious attempt at diagnosing segmental errors and providing feedback on them has been made (Menzel et al. 2000). This system targets German and Italian learners of English, and aims at providing feedback on pronunciation errors, making emphasis in particular on the word level, for which it checks mispronunciations of specific sounds and lexical-stress errors. The knowledge-based character of this system implies that this approach can only be adopted when the Ll background of the user is known, when the number of L 1s is limited, and when knowledge on typical errors is available. The danger of such systems is that theyare not able to detect individual intra-learner idiosyncrasies, which mayaıso be harmful to comprehension. The system provides feedback by stressing the locus of the error in the word. In addition, example words are shown on the screen, which contain, highlighted, the correct sound to imitate and the one corresponding to the mispronounced version. The student can also click on either word or on the single sound to hear them pronounced. Although this feedback design seems to be satisfactory, the system produces poor performance results. The authors report that only 25% of the errors are detected by the system and that over 5% of correct phones are incorrectly classified as errors. As the authors comment, with such a performance "students will more frequently be given erroneous discouraging feedback than they will be given helpful diagnoses" (Menzel et al.2000:54). EUL Journal of Social Sciences (I: I) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.'

5 Sibel ilişmanoğlu i 145 f r f ~ i [ i 3. THE IYfER"ET AS A:\"I:\"STRCCTIO:\"ALTOOL FOR PRO:\"U:\"CIATO:\" LEAR"I:\"G AXD TEACHI:\"G Wilson (1995) states, teachers are employing the Internet to access libraries throughout the world; to communicate with parents and students; to aequire instruetional materials; to share lesson plans, curriculum ideas and courseware; to connect students from different cultures to let them share their views and concerns about the world; and to download current information beneficial in the classroom. The Internet, a technological tool in essence, can also be used as an instructional tool for pronunciation learning and teaching. However, before utilizing the Internet in the foreign language classroom, the language teacher should give a questionnaire to his/her students to determine their needs and find out about their word processing, , chat and online learning skills (See Appendix i for a Sample Needs and Background Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire). Then, language teachers who teach L2 pronunciation to the students at a university level use the Internet to communicate with their students, to acquire instructional materials and to download data useful for the students from a wide variety of Web sites., 4. OBSTACLES TO INTER1~ET USE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEAR1~ING AND TEACHING AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LA.~GUAGE TEACHERS Despite providing a variety of benefits to facilitate foreign language learning, the Internet is not without some obstacles or hurdles. The first obstacle for Internet use in public schools and colleges in North Cyprus is that some language teachers and school directors, especially those who are seıtiors, are computer illiterate, inexperienced in e- learning and e-teaching, and they need to be educated to employ the online tools. it is possible to surmount this obstac1e by: a) operating training facilities, such as semınars, workshops, talks and hands-onexperience for each school or college, b) integrating personnel knowledgeable in computer technology into these educational institutions (Kargbo, 2002). c) team teaching with less experienced teachers, d) stimulating teachers to participate in online discussion groups, e) encouraging teachers to subscribe to blogs or podcasts (Dudeneyand Hockly, 2007), f) encouraging them to access to online language teaching sites and read the online journals or magazine s in relation to the field of language leaming and teaching. The second obstacle for Internet use concerns telecommunication and power supply. These services are very costly for some schools in North Cyprus. Some schools do not have direct access to the Internet and in a school where the Internet is available, it is of poor quality. This obstacle can be overcome by: EVL Journal o/social Sciences (I: 1) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

6 ı46 Ilnternet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacles and Recommendations a) allocating more funds to providing internet serviees, b) modernizing the basic systems and struetures of teleeommunieation in the plaee where the school is located, c) buying well-equipped new computers for the computer laboratory. The third obstacle for Internet use relates to busy lines. Once the lines are busy because of many users, it may take time to access information or browse the Internet, which is, for sure, an undesirab1e situation by language teachers. it is possible to clear this obstacle by: a) starting foreign language lessons at non-busy hours, b) building a powerful Internet supplier in the school (Singhal, 1997). The fourth obstacle for the applieation of the Internet in edueational institutions in North Cyprus is that of censorship. The Internet provides access to all kinds of issues and subjects, no matter whether theyare appropriate or not for students, whieh, undesirably, may give rise to various problems. Though it is probable to monitor every student, it is improbable to check what will eome into view on the screen when students click on an interesting link relevant to the subject that theyare searching (Chafe, 1999). This obstacle can be overcome by: a) utilizing particular programs which filter out unrelated sites, b) setting norms or guideiines as to censorship, c) waming the students not to access to unsuitable sites on the Net. The fifth obstacle for the use of the Internet in teaching a foreign language relates to using outside the classroom context. Students can encounter a problem in sending an attachment by , opening an attachment, deleting avirus received by and cleaning 'spam' , it is possible to overcome this obstacle by: a) showing the students how to send class work, assignments or homework as attachment, b) presenting online practice for opening an attachment, c) displaying the students how to delete avirus received by through specific virus deletion programs, d) filtering out spam via special software, The sixth obstacle for the use of the Internet in foreign language learning and teaching is its being regarded as uncontrolled and disorganized. The information is devoid of real organization. This obstacle can be overcome by the teacher by: a) designing a lesson around a particular site or set of sites. However, students may become demotivated while trying to access to the sites that do not exist any more or have altered radically, requiring a need to redo work or figure out how asite works again (Chafe, 1999). EUL Journal. of Social Sciences (I: I) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

7 Sibel Hişmanoğlu i 147 b) employing the technology-based materials that many course books provide nowadays (Teachers can get free teaching materials in relation to language skills and language areas through the direct access to the web sites: orgl eltlface2facel, on the Internet.) L i ~ i i The last obstacle with internet-based foreign language learning and teaching is the difficulty of maintaining controlover 1earner activities in a computer room. This obstacle can be overcome by: a) having the computers around the outside walls of the class to give the teacher the chance to see what is on each screen and to help the students when necessary, b) having a central table where the students can get together for more communicative activities, c) making use of this table as a storage place for pens, books, and dictionaries to help keep the computers free of clutter and easy to use (Dudeneyand Hockly, 2007). 5. A SAMPLE INTER.NET-BASED PRONUNCIATION COURSE PLAN In this section, a pronunciation be presented: course plan developed based on using the internet will Students: The first year students at the age of 18 on ayarage with upper-intermediate English level, Class size: Approximately 10 students in each class. Computer knowledge: Students have basic computer knowledge Teachers: Native and non-native teachers of English as well as computer teachers for providing technical supports. Technological Facility: 1 computer laboratory with well-equipped (i.e. multi-media) and internet-connected cornputers. Duration of the Course: 2 hours each week, totally 100 minutes; 15 weeks. for one semester in one academic year. Course Components: The course consists of three main components: pronunciation component, autonomous leaming component, and testing and evaluation component. These components are expounded in the following section: 5.1 Pronunciation component (from week 1 to week 15, exclusive of week 8 and 15) In Week 1, the teacher teaches phonetics, kinds of phonetics, and the organs of speech: the vocal tract to the students. In Week 2, the teacher focuses on the physiology of speech production and steps in speech production. In Week 3-4, the focus is on the identification of consonants and vowels in English. In Week 5-7, the teacher teaches ltı, ITJ, ks], IN, ıçı, 18/, i~/, ımı, and ımı sounds to the students. In Week 8, the teacher gives a midterm exam to EVL Journal o/social Sciences (I: 1) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

8 148 i Internet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obsıacles and Recommendations the students. In Week 9, the teacher concentrates on teaching IAI, ıvı, Ipi, and INI sounds to the students. In Week 10-13, the teacher teaches lı:!, III, ldl, IEI, 18/, 18:!, la:!, i f.j/, IYI, lu:/, 10:/, and toi»! sounds to the students. In Week 14, the teacher focuses on teaching phonetic symbols and transcriptian to the students. In Week 15, the teacher gives a final exam to the students. 5.2 Autonomous Learning component (every week at school or home) Every week, the teacher recommends the students to browse through same pronunciation teaching sites on the Net to improve their perception and production of the sounds in English beyand the classroom context. They may either use the computers in the faculty laboratory or. their personal computers at home. Especially, the web site is very useful for students' studying pronunciation on their own in that there are a variety of exercises, quizzes, activities, songs, and tongue twisters in relation to English consonants and vowels. This web site with its links to other pronunciation teaching sites may heip the students improve the ir English pronunciation gradually, and most important of all the students can make the ir decisions as to what they want to learn at their pace in their own time. 5.3 Testing and evaiuation component (in week 8 and week 15) In week 8, the teacher tests not only the students' perception and production of the consonant sounds in English but alsa their phonetic knowledge as to place of the organs of speech on the diagram of the vocal tract. Unlike the midterm exam given to the students in week 8, the teacher tests the students' perception and production of the vowel sounds in English and their transcribing skills in the final exam given in week 15. A week by week course description is presented at the end of the paper. (See Appendix II for a week by week eourse deseription for one semester of an Aeademie Year. 6. CONCLUSION it can be stated that available CAPT systems have a number of advantages as well as disadvantages. An ideal CAPT system is the one which meets the pedagogical criteria, such as input, output and feedback. Moreover, it should incorporate Automatic Speech Recognition technology. In relation to input and output features, presently available technology is sufficiently advanced to realize the pedagogical requirements. The technology in our times may even provide possibilities that are not available in traditional classroom context. The developers, owing to facing economic constraints, tend to make use of outdated, bad quality and hence less effective multimedia when designing new CAPT systems. In a way, they aim at selling their products to a number of customers with affordable prices. However, the developers of such systems Cannot benefit from modem technology at the highest level. In other words, the limitations of such systems utilizing out of fashion or less effective electronic equipment are due to financial matters or decisions made by the developers and they cannot be attributable to common existent problems İn taday's technology. EVL Journal o/social Sciences (I: I) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

9 Sibel Hişmanoğlu i 149 Surprisingly, the issue of feedback is a bleeding wound within the area of CAPT. The most effective and beneficial ways of providing accurate, reliable, and immediate feedback İn CAPT systems need to be scrutinized carefully. Preparation of programs providing realtime, suitable and understandable feedback both on segmental and suprasegmental aspects can be achieved only by means of using ASR technologyand pedagogical guidelines (i.e. incorporating those giying accurate and reliable feedback). Unfortunately, current ASR technology falls short in offering a detailed feedback or diagnosis to students. However, it is believed that CAPT system s giying reliable, correct and consistent feedback will be designed in the very near future though such systems are non-existent for the time being.. In this respect, it is the internet which can give a detailed feedback or diagnosis to students. The Internet, in Lee's (2001) viewpoint, is one of the most effective tools for language teachers to stimulate the students to collaborate, interact, and take an active part in the learning process. On the other hand, in an Internet-based lesson, the teacher is regarded as a facilitator who helps students to construct the ir own learning strategies. What learners internalize via the Internet is less under the control of the language teacher. The teacher's role comprises planning, analyzing, organizing, coordinating, and problemsolving in a student-centered context (Lee, 2001). Despite its obstaeles, it must be highlighted that the internet has prominent effects on communicating, teaching and learning. Thus, not only teachers but also their students should have the chance to connect to the net, gain experience, and become familiar with the functions of the Internet in educational life as it should be stressed that the internet is a very powerful tool for foreign language learning and teaching (Aydin, 2007). REFERENCES Aydın, S. (2007), "The use of the Internet in ESL learning: Problems, advantages, and disadvantages", Humanising Language Teaching, 9(1),1-4. Retrieved February 15, 2009 from Isart02.html. Chafe, A. (1999), "Effective use of the Internet in second language education: Benefits, challenges and guidelines for teachers." Retrieved June 15,2007 from l~achafe/internetinclassroom.html Dudeney, G. and Hockly, N. (2007), How to teach English with technology. Essex: Pearson Longman. Ehsani, F. and Knodt, E. (2002), "Speech technology in computer-aided leaming: Strengths and limitations of a new CALL paradigm, Language Learning and Technology 2, Retrieved May 20, 2009 from index.html. Eskenazi, M. (1999), "Using a Computer in Foreign Language Pronunciation Training: What Advantages?", CALICQ Journal, Number 16, Ferrier, L. and L. Reid. (2000), Accent modification training. The Internet Way, Proceedings of InSTIL 2000, Dundee, Scotland, EVL Journal o/social Sciences (/: I) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi December 20 i OAralık

12 152 Ilnternet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacles and Recommendations APPE~DIX i A SAMPLE NEEDS A~D BACKGROU~D K.~OWLEDGE ASSESSME~T QVESTI01\"1\"AlRE Here is a sample needs and background knowledge assessment questionnaire that language teachers can adapt to their classroom context to determine their students' needs in relation to the use of the Internet in the classroom as well as finding out about their word processing, , chat and online learning skills. A) Using the internet in the classroom List five good reasons for using the Internet in the classroom B) Word processing skills i know how to... Yes 1\"0 1)... open, save, retrieve and print documents. 2)... select text using the mouse. 3)... select text using the keyboard. 4) '" drag and drop. 5)... cut, copy and paste. 6)... search and replace. 7)... use Track Changes. 8)... undo and redo changes made. C) Basic skills 9) i have my own account. 10) i use at home. 11) i use at worklschool. 12) I know how to write, send and read s. 13) i know how to send an attachment by . 14) I know how to open an attachment. 15) I know what a virus is. 16) I know what to do if! receive avirus via . D) Basic ch at skills 17) i know how to use text chat. 18) i know how to use voice chat. 19) i know how to use common abbreviations in text chat (i.e. btw for by the way, brb for be right back) 20) i know how to use common conventions in text chat (i.e. using? to ask for the floor, "..." to show that you have not finished a contribution) 21) i know how to use common conventions in voice chat. (i.e. using a special phrase or word, such as Over or Done to show when you have finished speaking) EVL Journal of Social Sciences (I: i) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

13 Sibel Hişmanoğlu i 153!i 22) i know where and how to type comments in a chat window for text chat. 23) i know how to use a microphone and speakers, or a headset for voice chat. 24) i can type fast in text chat. 25) i know how to use webcams with voice chat. E) Online Learning Skills 26) i know how to do extra practice of what i have learned in class by using a CD-ROM in a self-study center. 27) i know how to do exercises on a language website on the Internet, either individually or in pairs in a computer room at school. 28) I know how to use an ICT tool, such as blogs, wikis, chat or podcasts, for project work, within or beyond the classroom context. 29) I know how to my homework or class assignment to my teacher. 30) I know how to use on the Internet. 31) i know how to use chat on the Internet. 32) i know how to phone on the Internet. 33) i know how to share activities on the Internet 34) I know how to search for information on the Internet 35) I know how to download software or music from the Internet. (Adapted from Hismanoglu, 2008). APPENDIX II A WEEK BY WEEK COURSE DESCRlPTION FOR ONE SEMESTER OF AN ACADEMIC YEAR Week 1 Aim: To leam about phonetics, kinds of phonetics, and the organs of speech: the vocal tract Focus: Defining phonetics, kinds of phonetics, identifying the organs of speech: the vocal tract Skill(s): Defining, Identifying Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes eaeh) Website(s): uk/eolympics/organs of speechlindex.htnı / In this session, students use the internet to get information about phoneties, kinds of phonetics and the organs of speeeh. Firstly, the teacher asks the students to define phoneties, artieulatory phoneties, aeoustie phonetics, and auditory phonetics. Secondly, the teacher asks the students to leam the places of the speech organs on the vocal tract diagram. Thirdly, students are asked to work with their partner and identify: 1) the role of the human body in the production of speeeh 2) the role of the vocal tract in the production of speech 3) the organs of speeeh and their role in the produetion of speeeh EUL Journalof Social Sciences (1: 1) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

14 154 i Internet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacles and Recommendations Week 2 Aim: To find out about the physioiogy of speeeh produetion and steps in speeeh.produetion. Focus: The respiratory mechanism, the Iarynx and voeai folds, types of phonation, steps in speeeh produetion, systems of speeeh produetion, and brain areas reiated with speeeh production Skill(s): Summarizing Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Website(s): Lecture 1 O Handout.pdf In this session, the teacher asks the students whethcr they know about the physiology of speeeh production or not, what the steps in speeeh produetion are, what the systems of speeeh production are, and what brain are as are related with speech production. Then, the students visit the web sites written above to find out the answers of the questions posed by their teacher. After that, the teacher divides the students into group s consisting of 4-5 members and expects each group to make a summary of the online texts "The physiology of speech production" and "Speech production steps" orally in the classroom. If necessary, the teacher makes clarification as to the meanings of some technical terms used in the online texts. Week 3 Aim: To identify consonants in American English Focus: Classifying consonants according to place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing. Consonant chart of American English. Skill(s): Identifying, Classifying, Perceiving, and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Website(s): AlSSAE.html In this session, students use the Internet to learn about how consonants are classified according to place of articulation and manner of articulation, how consonants are identified in terms of three main criteria: 1) place of articulation 2) manner of articulation, and 3) voicing, and how consonants are produced in American English. The websites provide students with sound animations, step-by step phonetic descriptions, and video animatiorıs. Thus, students listen to the sound animations, read the phonetic descriptions, watch the video animations, and produce the consonants. At the end of the lesson, the teacher asks the students to visit the web site httpı//www.ic.arizona.eduz=lsp/il' AlSSAE.html to look at the consonant chart of American English. While the students are looking at the consonant ehart of the target language on the Internet, the teacher draws the consonant chart of the Turkish language on the whiteboard and tells the students to compare and contrast the consonant chart of American English with that of Turkish. This way, the students can see the similarities and differences between two phonological systems in terms of individual consonants and comment on what consonants in the target language may be problem causing for Turkish learners of English. EVL Journal o/social Sciences (I: I) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi December 20 i O Aralık

15 Sibel Hişmanoğlu i 155 Week 4,. Aim: To identify vowels in American English t Focus: Classifying vowcls according to tongue height, tongue backness, lip raunding, and t the tenscncss of articulators. Vowel chart of American English. L Level: Lppcr-intcrmcdiate ~ Skill(s): Idcntifying, Classifying, Perceiving, and Producing Sounds r Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) i Websitc(s): edu!-acadtech/plıonetics/ englishlframeset.html edu!-jsp/index.html httpv/www.ic.anzona.edu/e-lsp/il' AlSSAE.html In this session, students employ the Internet to learn about how vowels are classified according to tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and the tenseness of articulators, how vowels are identified in terms of four basic criteria: 1) tongue height 2) tongue backness 3) lip rounding, and 4) the tenseness of articulators, and how vowels are articulated in American English. The websites provide students with sound animations, step-by step phonetic descriptions, and video animations. Thus, students listen to the sound animations, read the phonetic descriptions, watch the video animations, and articulate the vowels. At the end of the lesson, the teacher asks the students to visit the web site http.z/www.ic.arizona.edu/e-lsp/il' AISSAKhtml to look at the vowel chart of American English. While the students are looking at the American English Vowel Chart on the Internet, the teacher draws the Turkish Vowel Chart on the whiteboard and tells the students to compare and contrast these two charts. This way, the students can notice the similarities and differences between two phonological systems in terms of vowels and make a comment on what vowels in the target language may be problem causing for Turkish learners of English. Week 5 Aim: To teach ltı, hı, and ks! sounds in American English Focus: ltı x lal and ltı x hı contrasts in AmE Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websiteıs): In this session, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for ltı x to! and ltı x hı sounds in Lesson 10 and Lesson 22. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 11,12,28,46,65, and 88 by focusing on the correct production of ltı, ksl, and hı sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, theyare expected to prepare 5 tongue twisters which contain words with ltı; ksl, and hı sounds and practice saying them. EVL Journal of Social Sciences (1: I) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi December 20 ioaralık

16 156 I/nternet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacfes and Recommendations Week 6 Aim: To teach IM, IÇI, and 161sounds in American English Focus: IM x IÇI and IM x 161contrasts in AmE Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websiteıs): In this session, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for IM x ıçı and IM x 161sounds in Lesson 6 and Lesson 18. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 169,228,319, and 402 by concentrating on the correct production of IM, IÇI, and 161sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, theyare expected to prepare 5 tongue twisters that include words with im, ıçı, and 161 sounds and practice saying them. Week 7 Aim: To teach I~/, ımı, and ımı sounds in American English Focus: I~I x ımı and ımı x ımı contrasts in AmE Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websitets): 7.html In this session, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for I~I x ımı sounds in Lesson 2 and to practice the minimal pairs for ımı x ımı sounds on page 27. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and study the tongue twisters numbered 27,35, and 216 for practicing I~I x ımı sounds and those numbered 32,71, and 237 for practicing Finally, in pairs or group s, they prepare 5 tongue twisters that inciude ımı x ımı sounds. words with i~i x ımı and ımı x ımı sounds and practice saying them. Week 8 Aim: To test students' perception and production of the consonant sounds in American English Focus: American English consonants Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 3 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websitees): EVL Journal of Social Sciences (I: I) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

17 Sibel Hişmanoğlu i The midterm exam session consists of three parts: PartA The students go to the web site written above to take the listening practice tests numbered 1,2,3,4, and 5 tests designed to measure the ir perception of the sounds in American English. To take this exam online, the students should: 1. CLICK 01\ THE "CLICK TO LISTEK" BCTTO:\, FOR EACH QUESTIO:\. 2. LISTEN TO THE WORDeS). 3. CHOOSE THE WORDeS) THAT THEY HEARD FROM THE THREE CHOICES. 4. CLICK ON "CHECK ANSWERS" TO SEE HOW THEY OlD. PART B The teacher write s several words with ltı, 1t:J,/NI, 10)/,and ımı sounds on the whiteboard and asks them to pronounce these words by paying attention to correction production of these sounds. Part C The teacher gives each student a diagram nurnbered from 1 to 17, the organs of speech not clearly stated and asks the students to write the speech organs for each number. Week 9 Aim: To teach IAI, ıvı, IpI, and /NI in American English Focus: IAI x IpI and ıvı x /NI contrasts in Ame Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 dass hrs (50 minutes each) Website(s): 7.html In this session, students visit the web sites and to practice the minimal pairs for IAI x IpI sounds in Lesson 4 and on page 24. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 26 and 337 by focusing on the correct production of IAI x IpI sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters that irıclude word s with IAI x IpI sounds and practice saying them. As for ıvı x /NI sounds, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for ıvı x /NI sounds in Lesson 14. They follow the same steps listed above. The students practice the tongue twisters numbered 94,308, and 351 by paying attention to the correct production of ıvı x /NI sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which include words with ıvı x /NI sounds and practice saying them. EVL Journal of Social Sciences (f: J) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi December 20 J OAralık

18 158 i Internet-Based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacles and Recommendations Week 10 Aim: To teach lı:/, III, ldl, and IEI sounds in American English Focus: lı:1 x iv and ldl x IEI contrasts İn AmE Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websitees): In this session, students visit the web sites and to practice the minimal pairs for 1ı:1x iv sounds in Lesson 23 and on page ı. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 10, ı8, and 31 by giying importance to the correct production of 1ı:1x LV sounds. FinaUy, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which contain words with 1ı:1x LV sounds and practice saying them. As for ldl x IEI sounds, students visit the web sites and to practice the minimal pairs for ldl x IEI sounds in Lesson 3 and on page 20. They follow the same step s listed above. The students practice the tongue twisters numbered 36 and 167 by paying attention to the correct production of ldl x IEI sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which include words with ldl x IEI sounds and practice saying them. Week 11 Aim: To teach IEI, 10/, 10:1 sounds in American English Focus: IEI x 101 and 101 x 10:1 contrasts in AmE. Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websitees): In this session, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for IEI x 101 sounds on page 3. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair, Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 132 and 388 by giying importance to the correct production of IEI x 101 sounds. FinaUy, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters whichcontain words with IEI x 101 sounds and practice saying them. As for 101 x 18:1 sounds, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for 101 x 10:/ sounds on page 5. They follow the same steps listed above. The students practice the tongue twisters numbered 13,63,102 by paying attention to the correct production of 181 x 10:1 sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they EUL Journal of Social Sciences (1.1) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi -

19 Sibel Hişmanoğlu i 159 prepare 5 tongue twisters which include word s with 101 X 10:1 sounds and practice saying them. t Week 12 Aim: To teach IA:I, i f.ji, and 101 sounds in American English Focus: la:! x /f.ji and IA:I x 101 contrasts in AmE Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Website(s): In this session, students visit the web sites and to practice the minimal pairs for la:! x i f.ji sounds in Lesson 2 ıand on page 8. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Sccondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on cach minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 157, 222, and 315 by giving importance to the correct production of ia:i x i f.j i sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which contain words with ia:i x i f.j i sounds and practice saying them. As for IA:I x 101 sounds, students visit the web sites and to practice the minimal pairs for la:! x 101 sounds in Lesson ı7 and on page 7. They follow the same steps listed above. The students practice the tongue twisters numbered 50, 86, and 377 by paying attention to the correct production of ia:i x 101 sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which include words with ia:i x 101 sounds and practice saying them. Week 13 Aim: To teach IYI, lu:!, 10:/, and 100)1sounds in American English Focus: IYI x lu:1 and lo:! x 100)1contrasts in AmE Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Websiteıs): In this session, students visit the web site to practice the minimal pairs for IYI X lu:! sounds on page ıo. Firstly, they listen to each minimal pair. Secondly, they listen to each minimal pair and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each minimal pair. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and practice the tongue twisters numbered 5 ı,54, and 313 by giying importance to the correct production of IYI x lu:! sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which contain words with IYI x lu:1 sounds and practice saying them. EVL Journal of Social Sciences (I: i) LA Ü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi December 20 i O Aralık

20 ı60!internet-based Pronunciation Teaching: Benefits, Obstacfes and Recommendations As for 10:1 x loml sounds, students vısıt the web site to practice the minimal pairs for 10:/ x i~ YI sounds on page 2. They follow the same steps listed above. The students practice the tongue twisters numbered 8 ı.l 47, and ı64 by paying attention to the correct production of 10:/ x i~ YI sounds. Finally, in pairs or groups, they prepare 5 tongue twisters which include words with 10:1x I~YI sounds and practice saying them. Week 14 Aim: To teach phonetic symbols and transcription Focus: Reading and writing phonetic transcriptions Skill(s): Transeribing Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes eaeh) Website(s): In this session, students visit the web site soundsipa.htm to learn the phonetic symbols in ıpa as well as the sounds that correspond to these symbols. Firstly, they look at the list of phonetic symbols. Seeondly, they listen to the transcriptions of words containing these symbols on the internet and repeat them. Thirdly, they quiz themselves on each phonetic symbol. Fourthly, the students access to the web site and try to do transcription exereises by giying importance to using the correct phonetic symbols. Finally, in groups, they write ten words on a piece of paper, try to transeribe them by using phonetic symbols, check whether their transcriptions are correct or not by looking the words up in a monolingual dictionary, and read these transcriptions aloud in front of their group members. Week 15 Aim: To test students' perception and production of the vowel sounds in American English and their transcribing skills. Focus: American English vowels, phonetic transcription Skill(s): Perceiving and Producing Sounds Time: 2 class hrs (50 minutes each) Website(s): oak.cats.ohiou. edu!~cf /ling2 70/phonetics/transcriptionl. The final exam session is made up of three parts: PartA The students go to the web site written above to take the listening practice tests numbered 6,7,8,9, and 10 designed to measure their perception of the vowel sounds in American English. To take this exam online, the students should: EUL Journal o/social Sciences (I: 1) LAÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi

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