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Abstract

Muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer is one of the most lethal cancers and its detection at the time of transurethral resection remains limited and diagnostic methods are urgently needed. We have developed a muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) model of the bladder using porcine bladder scaffold and the human bladder cancer cell line 5637. The progression of implanted cancer cells to muscle invasion can be monitored by measuring changes in the spectrum of endogenous fluorophores such as reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins. We believe this could act as a useful tool for the study of fluorescence dynamics of developing muscle invasive bladder cancer in patients.

Published by The Optical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.

Fig. 2 Experimental setup of the fluorescence channel of the “LAKK-M” multi-functional system (top left). The system is controlled through the attached laptop (top left) to activate laser sources (UV; blue; green and red). Excitation light from the chosen source is directed in a source fibre through an optical probe to the biological object (in this case, organoid). Emitted fluorescence is transmitted through the detection fibre of the optical fibre, through optical filters to the CCD matrix, then finally displayed as a complex fluorescence spectrum on the custom software (top right). Spectroscopy interface displays a peak of back-scattered laser light (first peak) and a complex fluorescence spectrum (second peak) alongside recorded fluorescence intensity values for each fluorophore.

Fig. 5 Average ratios of Elastin/NADH (a) and Elastin/Flavins (b) across experimental period in control (solid line) and organoid samples (dotted line). Error bars represent standard error of the mean.