Granular Matter in Low Gravity

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Granular Matter in Low Gravity

Granular Matter in Low Gravity
Erlangen, 25-27 March 2015
WELCOME
Dear Colleagues,
A very warm welcome to Erlangen and thank you for joining the "Granular
Matter in Low Gravity"conference!
There is an increasing interest in studying granular matter, including dust, under
gravity conditions diﬀerent from Earth. Besides the traditional fields of astrophysical research such as cosmic dust, planetary rings, formation of planetesimals
and others, low-gravity conditions provide suitable test beds to study the physics of granular matter in comparison with theoretical results, given that most
of the theory of granular gases was obtained for the force-free case. Beyond these fundamental questions, on the applied side, space missions to Moon, Mars
and asteroids require insight in the behavior of granular matter in low-gravity
environments.
It is the aim of the meeting to provide an exciting forum to discuss the subject
from diﬀerent perspectives of granular-matter research such that applications
benefit from fundamental insights, and applications may stimulate fundamental
research.
The conference is made possible by generous support through the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the European Space Agency (ESA), and two major DFG
funding initiatives: the “Engineering of Advanced Materials” Cluster of Excellence and the Collaborative Research Center for “Additive Manufacturing”. We
gratefully acknowledge the support of these initiatives.
We hope you’ll enjoy the conference and your time in Franconia!
Thorsten Pöschel, Jonathan Kollmer, Matthias Sperl
3
GENERAL INFORMATION
Conference venue
The conference venue is the Orangerie of the Markgräfliches Schloss (Castle)
of Erlangen next to the central Market square in Erlangen. It is within walking
distance of cafés and restaurants, the central train station and a number of
hotels. The street address is Schlossgarten 1, 91054 Erlangen.
The welcome reception on Tuesday evening will be in the 1st floor of the University Villa on the central Market square in Erlangen (’Schloss auf dem Marktplatz’), home to the university’s central administration. It is right next to the
conference venue. The street address is Schlossplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen.
For a map of the conference venue see the inside of the front cover.
Session Format and Talk Style
Keynote lectures: 35+10 : 35 minutes talk time plus 10 minutes discussion
Contributed talks: 15+5 : 15 minutes talk time plus 5 minutes discussion
Poster Session : Wednesday 6:30pm-10:00pm
Posters are displayed for the duration of the conference. There is a dedicated
Poster Session on Wednesday from 6:30pm to 10:00pm.
Please take note of the ‘People’s Choice Best Poster Award’. Your conference booklet contains a ballot slip for your choice of the three best posters.
Please hand in your completed ballot slip by Friday lunch break. The
winners will be announced at close of the last session on Friday afternoon.
Wireless Internet Access : SSID “FAU-Guest”
In the conference bag is a detailed instruction how to use the wireless network:
Connect your mobile device to the network with SSID “FAU-Guest”. Once
connected open a webpage and you should see an input field for your credentials. Your personalized username and password is provided in your
registration bag. Alternatively you may connect via eduroam.
5
Social events
Welcome drinks – Tuesday 6-10pm
Please join us for casual welcome drinks and snacks to kick oﬀ the conference
on Tuesday 24th March from 6 to 10 pm at the university villa on the central
market square.
Conference dinner – Thursday 7pm at ‘Osteria la vita e bella’
You are cordially invited to our conference dinner, to be held at the ‘Osteria la
vita e bella’ in the ‘Altstädter Schießhaus’ next to the site of Erlangen’s famous
May-beer festival ’The Berg’. The street address is ‘An den Kellern 30’ which
is a short 20 minutes stroll from the conference venue. The cuisine is italian with
choices of pasta, pork and fish. If you have any special dietary requests please
let us know. Partners, wives & husbands are very welcome if you let us know in
advance.
Please bring warm clothes as we are likely to enjoy an outdoor aperitif.
Talks
8
Wednesday
08:45 – 09:00
Welcome
09:00 – 09:45 Ralf Stannarius
Experimental studies of 3D granular gases
09:45 – 10:05 Peidong Yu
Nonlinear sound propagation in granular
packings in low gravity
10:05 – 10:25 Robert Sütterlin
The soft matter dynamics platform on the
International Space Station
coﬀee break
11:00 – 11:45 Nikolai Brilliantov
Aggregation and fragmentation kinetics in
granular gases in space
11:45 – 12:05 Yann Grasselli
Translational and rotational temperatures
of a 2D vibrated granular gas in microgravity
12:05 – 12:25 Scott Waitukaitis
Freely-falling granular streams: a zero-g
playground for charged grain interactions
lunch break
14:00 – 14:45 Eric Parteli
Sand transport and dune formation on
Mars
14:45 – 15:05 Meheboob Alam
Rarefaction phenomena in plane Poiseuille
flow of a granular gas
15:05 – 15:25 Eric Clement
Sound propagation in granular packing: the
quest for ultra-low confining pressure
coﬀee break
16:00 – 16:45 Diego Maza
Symmetry beaking and granular flows in
low gravity
16:45 – 17:05 Matthias Schröter
Floating in a jam: granular packings at low
gravity
17:05 – 17:25 Dan Serero
Sedimentation and collapse of a granular
gas under gravity
short break
17:45 – 18:30 Klaus Dieter Relotius
18:30-22:00
Experiments at ISS – Metal Additive Layer
Manufacturing In Space (MALMIS)
Poster Session & Finger Food
9
Talks (Wednesday)
10
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Ralf Stannarius
09:00 – 09:45
Experimental studies of 3D granular gases
Ralf Stannarius⇤ and Kirsten Harth
MARS and Institute of Experimental Physics,
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
Among the manifestations of granular materials that are encountered in everyday life, granular gases represent very peculiar systems: they are dilute ensembles
of macroscopic grains, interacting by inelastic collisions. Permanent energy mechanical supply is required to maintain a dynamic steady state. Otherwise the
kinetic particle energy is gradually dissipated, the gas is ’cooling’. Concepts like
granular temperature are adopted from equilibrium thermodynamics of molecular systems, but one has to bear in mind that granular gases in fact represent
non-equilibrium systems. Numerous theoretical studies can be found in the literature that deal with simulations of this apparently simple non-equilibrium
dynamical system. Experiments have mainly been conducted in 2D geometries
and/or with small ensemble sizes. Frequent interactions with the container walls
influence the measured statistics significantly. The excitation schemes can create
artifacts.
Real three-dimensional ensembles of granular gases under weak excitation can
only be studied in micro-gravity. A pioneering experiment with spherical grains
was performed by Falcon et al. already 1999 [1]. While this early study did not
yield quantitative statistical data on the particle level, it produced a valuable
demonstration of dynamical clustering and helped to identify problems with
excitation and observation techniques.
Recently, the first particle-based quantitative analysis of a 3D granular gas was
published [2]. In ensembles of rod-like grains, new studies under permanent
excitation as well as granular cooling experiments have been performed, and
quantitative information on velocity distribution functions, the validity of the
equipartition theorem for kinetic energies and cooling dynamics are available.
Progress in this field is reviewed, and results of the statistical characterization
of granular gases in 3D experiments are discussed. An outlook to future experimental perspectives is given.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
11
Talks (Wednesday)
Snapshot of rods of 15 mm length in a drop tower ’cooling’ experiment. The side walls
are vibrated for about 1 sec at the beginning of the microgravity phase, then excitation
is stopped and the dissipation of kinetic energy is monitored.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Torsten Trittel, Sandra Wegner and Kathrin May are acknowledged for valuable
contributions to experiments. The project was funded by the German Aeropace
Center (grants 50WM1241 and 50WB1344) and DFG within grant STA-425/34.
[1] E. Falcon, R. Wunenburger, P. Evesque, S. Fauve, C. Chabot, Y. Garrabos, and D.
Beysens, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 440 (1999). E. Falcon, S. Aumaitre, P. Evesque, F.
Palencia, C. Lecoutre-Chabot, S. Fauve, D. Beysens, and Y. Garrabos, Europhys.
Lett., 74, 830 (2006).
[2] K. Harth, U. Kornek, T. Trittel, U. Strachauer, S. Höme, K. Will, and R. Stannarius,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 110,144102 (2013).
[3] K. Harth, T. Trittel, U. Kornek, S. Höme, K. Will, U. Strachauer, and R. Stannarius,
AIP Conf. Proc. (Powders and Grains), 1542, 807 (2013).
12
↵
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Peidong Yu
09:45 – 10:05
Nonlinear Sound Propagation in Granular Packings in
Low Gravity
Peidong Yu⇤ and Matthias Sperl
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt,
Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, 51170 Köln, Germany
Sound propagation in granular packings is known to exhibit nonlinear behavior [1], due to disordered particle positions, nonlinear contact forces between
particles, and inhomogeneous elastic properties of the packings. This nonlinear
behavior Nonlinear
becomes even
prominent
when reducing
the
pressure of
Soundmore
Propagation
in Granular
Packings
in confining
Low Gravity
a tight packing and approaching the jamming point. Simulations [2] and experiYu⇤ and Matthias
Sperl regime, the most important
ments on ground [3, 4] have Peidong
been performed
in this
resultDeutsches
of which
is afürchanging
speed Institut
of sound
Vs with im
a changing
sound
magnitude
Zentrum
Luft-und Raumfahrt,
für Materialphysik
Weltraum, 51170
Köln, Germany
Pm (c.f. [3], Fig. 3), a clear signal of shock-wave-like nonlinear sound propgations.
However, experiments in the lab cannot avoid the confining pressure induced by
Sound propagation
particle
weights.in granular packings is known to exhibit nonlinear behavior [1], due to disordered particle
positions, nonlinear contact forces between particles, and inhomogeneous elastic properties of the packings. This
behavior
even more
prominent
when reducing the
confiningand
pressure
of a tight packing
and a
Wenonlinear
develop
an becomes
automated
sound
measurement
device
implement
it into
approaching the jamming point. Simulations [2] and experiments on ground [3, 4] have been performed in this
droptower
capsule.
With
the
low
gravity
condition
provided
by
the
droptower,
regime, the most important result of which is a changing speed of sound Vs with a changing sound magnitude
wePmare
to3),remove
theof pressure
induced
particles
themselves
(c.f. able
[3], Fig.
a clear signal
shock-wave-like
nonlinear by
soundthe
propgations.
However,
experiments and
in
the lab
the confining
pressure
induced for
by particle
weights. propagation. The change of
reach
ancannot
evenavoid
more
nonlinear
regime
the sound
developPan automated
sound measurement device and implement it into a droptower capsule. With the
Vs We
versus
m is measured (Fig. 2) and the results are compared with those from
low gravity condition provided by the droptower, we are able to remove the pressure induced by the particles
thethemselves
groundandexperiment.
reach an even more nonlinear regime for the sound propagation. The change of Vs versus Pm is
measured (Fig. 1) and the results are compared with those from the ground experiment.
V(m/s)
140
120
100
90
1
10
Pm(kPa)
FIG. 1. Speed of sound versus sound magnitude in low gravity.
Speed of sound versus sound magnitude in low gravity.
⇤
⇤
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Corresponding author: [email protected]
C. Liu and S. R. Nagel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2301 (1992).
L. R. Gomez, A. M. Turner, M. van Hecke, and V. Vitelli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 058001 (2012).
S. van den Wildenburg, R. van Loo, and M. van Hecke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 218003 (2013).
S. van den Wildenburg, M. van Hecke, and X. Jia, Euro. Phys. Lett. 101, 14004 (2014).
Email: [email protected]
13
Talks (Wednesday)
[1] C. Liu and S. R. Nagel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2301 (1992).
[2] L. R. Gomez, A. M. Turner, M. van Hecke, and V. Vitelli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108,
058001 (2012).
[3] S. van den Wildenburg, R. van Loo, and M. van Hecke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111,
218003 (2013).
[4] S. van den Wildenburg, M. van Hecke, and X. Jia, Euro. Phys. Lett. 101, 14004
(2014).
14
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⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Robert Suetterlin
10:05 – 10:25
The Soft Matter Dynamics Platform on the International
Space Station
Robert Sütterlin⇤
Fluid Physics and External Payloads (TSPOE2),
Airbus DS GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany
There is an increasing interest in studying granular matter[. . . ]
low-gravity conditions provide suitable test beds to study the physics
of granular matter in comparison with theoretical results, given that
most of the theory of granular gases was obtained for the force-free
case.
The European Space Agency has recently contracted the manufacturing of the
Soft Matter Dynamics platform. An experiment container for the Fluid Science
Laboratory in the Columbus Module of the International Space Station. The Soft
Matter Dynamics platform is an open design that allows the investigation of the
dynamics of macroscopic condensed matter applying high resolution camera and
light scattering diagnostics. Originally the Soft Matter Dynamics platform was
aimed at the study of the coarsening of wet foams under microgravity [1]. Yet
ESA anticipated the interest in similar investigations with other soft matter, namely dense granular matter [2] and particle laden emulsions [3]. But application
and utilization of the platform needs not end here.
Airbus Defence and Space has implemented a fully functional elegant bread
board of the Soft Matter Dynamics platform and realized experiment specific
inserts for investigations of coarsening of wet foams (FOAM-C) as well as dynamics in compact granular matter (CompGran). During the 56th ESA parabolic
flight campaign the design was validated, and preliminary science tests were
conducted for FOAM-C and CompGran. The Soft Matter Dynamics elegant
bread board could demonstrate the generation of homogeneous wet foams under
micro-gravity conditions. A total of four design alternatives for implementing a
CompGran experiment insert were tested and evaluated during the PFC and the
most reliable design has been identified.
The Soft Matter Dynamics platform is designed to allow continous measurements under stable conditions for hours and possibly days to fully exploit the
⇤
Email: [email protected]
15
Talks (Wednesday)
a)
b)
d)
c)
e)
f)
g)
h)
The Soft Matter Dynamics elegant bread board (a), FOAM (b) and CompGran (c)
experiment inserts. Foam generated under µg with a watery solution of TTAB 5g/L
5% (d) and 15% (e). The dynamics of granular matter have been assessed using the
SVS / TRC based on line camera recordings (f and g). The fundamental frequencies
of the piezo agitation can be clearly identified in the DWS measurements (h).
extended micro-gravity periods available on the International Space Station. Also measurements at short time scales and over short periods of time are possible.
This can be used to identify single events, study transient phenomena and to
support extremely long time investigations like for instance the transitions to
glassy dynamics.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank ESA for their trust in the capabilities of Airbus
DS to build such a great tool for science. Also I would like to express my gratitude
to the science team of the Soft Matter Dynamics platform for the energy and
enthusiasm they invest in this research.
[1] AO-1999-108 Hydrodynamics of Wet Foams (FOAM)
[2] AO-2009-943 Compaction and Sound Transmission in Dense Granular Media
(CompGran)
[3] AO-2009-0813 PArticle STAbilised Emulsions and Foams (PASTA)
16
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Nikolai Brilliantov
11:00 – 11:45
Aggregation and fragmentation kinetics in granular gases
in space
Nikolay Brilliantov⇤
Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Simple models of ballistic aggregation and fragmentation are studied. The models are characterized by two energy thresholds, Eagg and Efrag , which demarcate collisions with diﬀerent outcome – aggregation, rebound or fragmentation.
We analyze diﬀerent fragmentation models, including the model of complete
decomposition into monomers and fragmentation with a power-law debris sizedistribution. We start from Enskog-Boltzmann equation for the mass-velocity
distribution function and derive Smoluchowski-like equations for concentrations
of particles of diﬀerent mass. We analyze these equations analytically and numerically. In particular we show that the resulting steady-state distribution of
particles in the systems where a balance between aggregation and fragmentation
is sustained is not sensitive to particular form of the size distribution of debris,
provided that it is steep enough. Application to the Saturn Rings is considered.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
17
Talks (Wednesday)
↵
⌦
Yann Grasselli
11:45 – 12:05
Translational and rotational temperatures of a 2D
vibrated granular gas in microgravity
Y. GRASSELLI,1, 2, ⇤ G. BOSSIS,2 R. MORINI,2 and O. VOLKOVA2
1
SKEMA Bachelor - 60 r. Dostoievski CS30085 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis - France
2
LPMC UMR 7336 University of Nice - Parc Valrose - 06100 Nice - France
We present an experimental study performed on a vibrated granular gas enclosed into a 2D rectangular cell. The particles are made of brass disks enclosed in
a rectangular cell and the area fractions used are 8.3% and 16.6%. Experiments
are performed in microgravity conditions achieved during parabolic flights. The
cell is submitted to an external periodic vibration. The disks are pierced with
two holes and the observations are realized through transmission. This allow to
identify the angular orientation of the disks during the experimental investigation. High speed video recording and optical tracking allow to obtain the full
kinematics (translation and rotation) of the particles. The inelastic parameters
are retrieved from the experimental trajectories as well as the translational and
rotational velocity distributions.
Left picture: typical raw experimental picture recorded during the period of microgravity in the presence of the external vibration (along the y-direction). The two holes,
used for the optical tracking of the particles, can be clearly identified. Right picture:
velocity distribution of particles along the direction of the vibration.
It clearly appears that the cell can be divided into 3 diﬀerent regions: two hot
ones (at the top and bottom) where energy in injected into the medium and a
cold one at the center of the cell where the behavior of the medium is mainly
governed by particle-particle interactions [1]. We report that the experimental
⇤
Email: [email protected]
18
Talks (Wednesday)
ratio of translational Ttr versus rotational Trot temperature decreases with the
density of the medium but increases with the driving velocity of the cell. These
experimental results are compared with existing theories and we point out the
diﬀerences observed [2]. A model, based on a balance between the injected and
dissipated energy, is presented and fairly predicts the equilibrium experimental
temperatures along the direction of vibration [3,4].
Comparison of the equilibrium temperature as a function of the driving velocity of the
cell Vdr .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the NOVESPACE and the CNES for giving us the
possibility to board the A300-zero G in order to perform our experiments.
[1] R. Soto, Phys. Rev. E, 69, 061305 (2004)
[2] O. Herbst, R. Cafiero, A. Zippelius, H. J. Herrmann and S. Luding, Phys. Fluids,
17, 107102 (2005)
[3] E. Falcon, J.-C. Bacri and C. Laroche, Powders and Grains 2013, 1542, 815 (2013)
[4] N. Rivas, S. Luding and A.R. Thornton, New J. of Phys., 15, 113043 (2013)
19
Talks (Wednesday)
↵
⌦
Scott Waitukaitis
12:05 – 12:25
Freely-falling granular streams: a zero-g playground for
charged grain interactions
Scott Waitukaitis,1, ⇤ Victor Lee,2, 3 and Heinrich Jaeger2, 3
1
Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Leiden University,
PObox 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
2
Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1454
3
James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1454
In everyday situations involving granular media, gravity is by far the dominant
force [1]. Even so, other forces are present, and in the absence of gravity these can lead to dramatically diﬀerent phenomena of fundamental importance [2].
Observing freely-falling granular streams with a co-falling high-speed camera, we
characterize and quantify electrostatic interactions between individual, microscopic grains [3]. The zoology of behaviors includes attractive orbits and repulsive
slingshot events, cluster growth via molecule formation, and cluster annihilation via high-speed impact [4]. Using orbital paths, we estimate charges for pairs
of particles by fitting; alternatively we also measure the ensemble charge distribution via acceleration by a uniform external electric field [5]. We observe
firsthand the important role of particle polarization, especially in molecule formation. These results have important implications in contexts ranging from the
origin of same-material tribocharging [3] to the agglomeration of protoplanetary
dust [6, 7].
⇤
Email: [email protected]
20
Talks (Wednesday)
Time series images of charged ⇠300 µm zirconium-silicate grains undergoing attractive,
elliptical orbit segments interrupted by inelastic collision events. The reference frame
is fixed on the center of the somewhat smaller particle while the path of the larger
particle is traced out. The charge scale of each grain is on the order of ⇠1 million
electrons, as confirmed by fitting the orbits and consistent with separate uniform field
experiments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by NSF through DMR-1309611. S.R.W. acknowledges support from a University of Chicago Millikan Fellowship and from Mrs. Joan
Winstein through the Winstein Prize for Instrumentation. The Chicago MRSEC
is gratefully acknowledged for access to its shared experimental facilities.
[1] H. Jaeger, S. Nagel, and B. Behringer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 1259 (1996).
[2] J. Royer et al., Nature 459, 1110-1113 (2009).
[3] S. Waitukaitis, V. Lee, J. Pierson, J. Forman and H. Jaeger, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112,
218001 (2014).
[4] V. Lee, S. Waitukaitis, M. Miskin and H. Jaeger, in preparation.
[5] S. Waitukaitis and H. Jaeger, Rev. Sci. Instr. 84, 025104 (2013).
[6] T. Poppe, J. Blum, T. Henning, Astrophys. J. 533, 472-480 (2000).
[7] J. Blum and G. Wurm, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astr. 46, 21-56 (2008).
21
Talks (Wednesday)
↵
Keynote
⌦
Eric Parteli
14:00 – 14:45
Sand transport and dune formation on Mars
Eric J. R. Parteli⇤
Institute for Multiscale Simulation,
Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
The transport of sand by wind is a major agent shaping the surface of today’s
Mars. The formation and migration of Martian dunes is amongst the most studied phenomena resulting from wind-blown sand on the red planet, because the
morphodynamics of these dunes may provide excellent proxy for Martian wind
regimes and attributes of sediment. However, it is important to understand the
characteristics of wind-blown sand under the lower gravity of Mars and an atmospheric density that is almost 100 times lower than the Earth’s.
This talk presents insights into the characteristics of sand transport and wind
regimes on Mars gained from numerical simulations using a morphodynamic
model for dunes [1]. The dune model combines an analytical description of the
average turbulent wind field over the topography with a continuum model for
saltation — which consists of sand grains moving downwind close to the ground
in nearly ballistic trajectories thereby ejecting new grains upon collision with the
sand bed. This model reproduces quantitatively the shape of terrestrial dunes, as
well as measured sand flux and wind velocity profiles over them. Here we apply
the dune model to calculate dune formation under conditions valid for Mars.
The first Martian dune shape we investigate is the barchan (Fig. 7a), which is a
common dune shape in many Martian craters, as well as on coastal and desert
areas of the Earth. The barchan forms when the wind blows approximately all
time from the same direction. It displays two limbs pointing in the dune migration trend and a slip face between these limbs, which serves as sand trap and
is the side of the dune where sand is transported downhill through avalanches
[3]. Martian barchans are typically 10 times bigger than the Earth’s and have
a more elongated shape compared to their terrestrial counterparts. Based on
the size and shape of Martian barchans, we obtain insights into the characteristics of wind-blown sand on Mars from the results of our numerical simulations.
Specifically, we find that the eﬃciency of the grain-bed collisions (splash) in entraining grains into saltation is much higher on Mars than it is on Earth, and that
Martian intra-crater barchans are formed by wind speeds close to the minimal
threshold for sand transport.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
22
Talks (Wednesday)
(a) Barchan dunes at Martian Arkhangelsky crater (left: image; right: simulation);
(b) wedge dunes at Wirtz crater (left: image; right: simulation); (c) wedged dunes
with a straight tail in Noachis Terra (left: image; right: simulation (top) and flume
experiment [5] (bottom)); (d) image of dunes at Chasma Boreale, Martian north polar
region. Images credit: NASA/JPL/MSSS.
Moreover, we find that unusual dune shapes occurring on Mars form when the
wind alternates between two main directions, and when the availability of mobile sand on the ground is low [2, 4]. Some of these dunes have a wedged shape
(Fig. 7b), others display a straight tail that elongates in the resultant transport
trend as we can see in Fig. 7c. Flume experiments [5] performed with the same
flow conditions as in our simulations obtained similar dune shapes thus confirming that bimodal sand-moving flow regimes and low sand availability are the
main conditions for these dunes to emerge.
However, the dunes of the north polar region known as Chasma Boreale on
Mars present a long-lasting puzzle. In this region, domes and unusual rounded
barchans displaying an ellipsoidal shape occur side-by-side with straight linear
dunes (Fig. 7d). If these straight dunes were formed by changing wind directions,
then the barchans shouldn’t be there. On the contrary, the straight dunes simply
couldn’t exist at Chasma Boreale if sand-moving winds there were unidirectional,
because longitudinal dunes are unstable under unidirectional flows and decay
into a chain of barchans [1, 5]. To solve this puzzle, it has been suggested that the
Chasma Boreale dunes are indurated due to sand cementation by ice or mineral
salts. However, how the mechanism of sand cementation could contribute to
shape the Chasma Boreale dunes is still uncertain. Some insights gained from
numerical simulations [3] will be presented.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the German Research Foundation (DFG) for funding through the
Cluster of Excellence “Engineering of Advanced Materials” and the Collaborative
Research Center SFB814 (Additive Manufacturing). We gratefully acknowledge
the computing time granted by the John von Neumann Institute for Computing
(NIC) and provided on the supercomputer JUROPA at Jülich Supercomputing
23
Talks (Wednesday)
Centre (JSC).
[1] E. J. R. Parteli, K. Kroy, H. Tsoar, J. S. Andrade Jr., and T. Pöschel,
Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 223, 2269 (2014).
[2] E. J. R. Parteli, O. Durán, M. C. Bourke, H. Tsoar, T. Pöschel, and H. J. Herrmann,
Aeolian Res. 12, 121 (2014).
[3] A. D. Araújo, E. J. R. Parteli, T. Pöschel, J. S. Andrade Jr. and H. J. Herrmann,
Sci. Rep. 3, 2858 (2013).
[4] E. J. R. Parteli, M. P. Almeida, O. Durán, J. S. Andrade Jr., and H. J. Herrmann,
Comp. Phys. Comm. 180, 609 (2009).
[5] E. Reﬀet, S. Courrech du Pont, P. Hersen, and S. Douady, Geology 38, 491 (2010).
24
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⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Meheboob Alam
14:45 – 15:05
Rarefaction phenomena in plane Poiseuille flow of a
granular gas
Meheboob Alam,⇤ Deepthi Shivanna, and Anchal Mahajan
Engineering Mechanics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru
Centre for Advanced Scientific Research,
Jakkur P.O., Bangalore 560064, India
Two well-known rarefaction phenomena [1], the Knudsen minimum eﬀect and
the bimodality of the temperature profile, are investigated in granular Poiseuille
flow via event-driven simulations of smooth inelastic hard-disks under gravity
in the dilute limit. We show that the Knudsen minimum is absent in granular
Poiseuille flow even for quasi-elastic collisions (en  0.99), irrespective of wall
conditions. In the elastic limit (en ! 1) with ultra-smooth walls (i.e. most of
the particle-wall collisions are characterized by reflected-type collisions and the
remaining small fraction being of diﬀuse type [2]), we find a local minimum in the
flow rate that occurs at a Knudsen number of Kn ⇠ O(0.01); the maximum flow
rate in this case occurs at a finite Knudsen number of Kn ⇠ O(1) in contrast to
the well-known result of the maximum flow rate at Kn = 0. The order-one value
of the first normal stress diﬀerence at en 6= 1 is responsible for the accelerated
flow with increasing dissipation and that also seems to be a key for the absence
of Knudsen minimum in granular Poiseuille flow.
The bimodal-shape of the temperature profile, with a minimum at the channel
centerline and two symmetric maxima away from center, is demonstrated to exist
in dilute granular Poiseuille flow. The origin of temperature bimodality is tied
to finite Kn-eﬀects since the underlying NSF-equations predict a temperature
maximum at the channel centerline. Increasing inelastic dissipation increases
the excess temperature ratio T which implies that the degree of temperature
bimodality is enhanced by dissipation. Furthermore, the transverse location of
temperature maxima (scaled by the centerline mean free path) remains nearly
constant with decreasing en for a range of en , but increases sharply beyond a critical value of en ⇠ 0.3. The latter result is shown to be tied to dissipation-induced
clustering of particles wherein the flow undergoes a transition from a plug-type
to slug-type flow. A quantitative comparsion of simulation data is made with the
predictions of a kinetic model [3]. Our results on various characteristic features
of temperature bimodality diﬀer quantitatively (and qualitatively in some cases)
from the above theory.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
25
Talks (Wednesday)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
M.A. gratefully acknowledges funding support from the Science Research Council, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE-SRC), Government of India (DAE/MA/4265).
[1] M. Alam and D. Shivanna, A. Mahajan, Preprint (2015, soon to be submitted)
[2] M. Alam, V. Chikkadi, J. Fluid Mech., 653, 175-219 (2010).
[3] M. Tij, A. Santos, J. Stat. Phys., 117, 901-928 (2004).
26
↵
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Eric Clement
15:05 – 15:25
Sound propagation in granular packing: the quest for
ultra-low confining pressure
Adeline Pons, Adrien Izzet, Mathieu Vilmay, Mohamed
Taraoui, Thierry Darnige, Xavier Benoit-Gonin, Eric Clement⇤
PMMH, ESPCI, CNRS (UMR 7636),
Universities Pierre et Marie Curie and Denis Diderot, Paris, France
The mechanical status of a granular packing under low confining pressure is
an open and controversial question with many contradictory results both from
theoretical and also experimental points of view. The granular aspect of contact law implies a non-linear relation between force (F ) and displacement ( )
called Hertz-law: F / E0 ( /d)3/2 , where E0 is the bulk elastic modulus and
d a typical grain diameter that can viewed, more generally, as an eﬀective radius of curvature describing the contact between the two solid surfaces. The
immediate outcome of this relation is a scaling relation between sound velocity
c and confining pressure P as: c / c0 ( Z)1/3 (P/E0 )1/6 , where c0 is the material bulk velocity, the packing fraction and Z the mean number of contact/
grain. This last relation is often called the ”mean-field” sound velocity relation, as the granular packing structure is represented via two simple parameters
and Z stemming theoretically from a strong approximation that microscopic and macroscopic granular displacements remain aﬃne. This last hypothesis
simplifies tremendously the analytical computations, however it can hardly be
sustained in reality. Numerical simulations of elastic response of sphere packing
have shown precisely the breaking of such a mean-field approximation (see for
example Makse et al.[1] and refs inside). Experimentally, the mean-field relation is only recovered for very high pressure confinement (108 Pa for packing of
glass spheres) but for lower pressure (around 106 in this last reference system)
the mean-field relation clearly does not hold [2]. A claim of a scaling relation
c / P 1/4 was made instead (see Jia et al. [2] and refs inside), which seems to
agree with theoretical claims coming from very diﬀerent conceptual standpoints:
(i) the status of granular contacts (angular shape [3] or soft shell geometry [4])
or (ii) the existence of a zig-zag buckling instability aﬀecting the force chains
transmitting sound [3]. In the recent years, our visions of granular packing was
deeply aﬀected by the many theoretical studies around the jamming transition
viewed as a rigidity transition for granular packing displaying a critical point at
a critical number of contacts per grain Zc [5]. Indeed, the existence of a critical
⇤
Email: [email protected]
27
Talks (Wednesday)
point would aﬀect the elastic moduli, in particular the shear modulus, inducing
a dependence of the sound velocity under uniaxial compression as c / P 1/3 . Yet
another exponent! To reach the limit of low confining pressure where the elastic
anomaly should be revealed, surface sound wave propagation experiments were
performed by diﬀerent groups, which gave totally contradictory results [6, 7]
and so far, no clear vision of the mechanical status of granular packing under
weak confinement has been reached!In the recent years, our visions of granular
packing was deeply aﬀected by the many theoretical studies around the jamming
transition viewed as a rigidity transition for granular packing displaying a critical point at a critical number of contacts per grain Zc [5]. Indeed, the existence
of a critical point would aﬀect the elastic moduli, in particular the shear modulus, inducing a dependence of the sound velocity under uniaxial compression
as c / P 1/3 . To reach the limit of low confining pressure, surface sound wave
propagation experiments were performed by diﬀerent groups [6, 7], which gave
totally contradictory results and so far, no clear vision of the mechanical status
of granular packing under weak confinement was reached! To try to clarify this
question, we used the parabolic Zero-G flight facility provided by Novespace in
Merignac. In absence of gravity the confining pressure can be fixed in principle
at very low values without the limitation of hydrostatic pressure. However, one
has to keep in mind that for real zero-G flight conditions, there is always a pressure modulation due to a remnant G-jitter of about ±5.010 3 g. In two CNES
parabolic flight campaigns (March/October 2014), we performed acoustic propagation studies on a granular packing of glass beads. We used a cell where the
confining pressure was maintained by a feedback loop such as to insure a fixed
confinement at the level of the pistons producing the acoustic wave. We validated our experimental method and for the first time, wave speed measurements
were obtained at pressures as low as a few hundreds of Pascals. For the moment
it is not possible to discriminate between the diﬀerent models, except to exclude
the mean field vision. Subsequently, we want to lower the confining pressures of
at least one order of magnitude.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledge the Novespace team in Bordeaux for many advices and help
around the zero-g experimental set-up and also the financial support of the
CNES.
[1] H. A. Makse, N. Gland, D. L. Johnson, and L. M. Schwartz Phys. Rev.E 70, 061302
(2004).
[2] X. Jia, C. Caroli, and B. Velicky, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1863(1999).
[3] J. D. Goddard, Proc. R. Soc. London A 430, 105 (1990)
[4] P.-G. Gennes, Europhys. Lett. 35, 145 (1996)
[5] M van Hecke , J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 22 033101 (2010).
[6] L. Bonneau, B. Andreotti, and E. Clement, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 118001 (2008)
[7] X. Jacob et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 158003 (2008).
28
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Diego Maza
16:00 – 16:45
Symetry beaking and granular flows in low gravity
Karol Asencio, Sara Rubio, I. Zuriguel, A.
Garcimartín, R. Cruz Hidalgo & Diego Maza,⇤
Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Navarra
Irunlarrea S/N, 31080, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
Here we summarize some preliminary results related with the possibility of observing collective macroscopic motions when a granular sample is subjected to
external perturbations , like vibrations or Couette-like shear stress, and under
strong confining conditions
In the first case, collective motion appears when a granular sample is shaken
from below under the gravity action, and the resulting structures depend on
the lateral dimension of the confining. Indeed, shallow layers of particles display
beautiful spatial order [1] but deep layers describe global collective movements
similar to the observed in small aspect ratio thermal convective systems [2].
The small aspect ratio condition imply layers where the lateral dimension is
comparable to the height of the container and under this condition, the role of
factors like air lubrication or wall friction is still controversial. On the contrary,
Couette-like driving is probably the most common geometry used to characterize
granular flows and where a exhaustive number of studies have been performed
linking microscopic interaction and macroscopic fields.
Both situations have recently been tested on micro-gravity conditions. In the
former case [4] the experimental evidence indicates that collective movements like
radial flows disappear under low gravity conditions. Moreover, similar arguments
can be applied to the convection dynamics in agitated systems as we observed
in parabolic flight tests [5].
In this work we study the possibility of recovering convective movements in
microgravity conditions by "breakingßome of the symmetries present in the systems. For shacken systems we implement an asymmetric container, where the
"top"wall was replaced by a conical lid. Under this condition, radial momentum
transfer can be induced and indeed, preliminary experimental analysis suggests
the existence of a toroidal convective state. Unfortunately, g-jitter eﬀects present
in parabolic flights are suﬃciently strong to induce similar dynamics and more
experimental eﬀorts are necessary to test the validity of our observations. In addition, we test numerically the same idea in a Couette geometry by breaking the
⇤
Email: [email protected]
29
Talks (Wednesday)
symmetry of the systems introducing diﬀerent particle-wall interactions at both
boundaries and very preliminary results suggest the development of macroscopic
collective motions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
These works have been partially supported by The Spanish Ministry Of Economy, Proj. FIS2011-26675.
[1] F. Melo, P.B. Umbanhowar, H.L. Swinney. Phys. Rev. Lett 75 3838, (1995).
[2] A. Garcimartín, D. Maza, JL. Ilquimiche, I. Zuriguel. Phys. Rev. E 65 031303
(2002).
JM. Pastor, D. Maza, I. Zuriguel, A. Garcimartín, JF. Boudet. Physica D 232 128
(2007).
[3] MiDi, GDR, European Phys. Jour. E 14 341 (2004).
[4] N. Murdoch, B. Rozitis, K. Nordstrom, S.F. Green, P. Mechel, T.-L. de Lophem
and W. Losert. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 018307 (20013).
[5] VipGran Topical Team, ESA. 47th ESA Parabolic flight campaing, 11-21 December
(2007).
30
↵
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Matthias Schröter
16:45 – 17:05
Floating in a jam: granular packings at low gravity
Matthias Schröter,1, ⇤ Jean-François Métayer,1 Sibylle Nägle,1
Melissa Jerkins,2 Donald Suntrup,2 Harry Swinney,2 Charles
Radin,3 Tomaso Aste,4 Mohammad Saadatfar,4 and Tim Senden4
1
MPI for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Götttingen
2
Center for Nonlinear Dynamics, UT Austin
3
Dep. of Math, UT Austin
4
Dep. of Applied Math, ANU Canberra
The role of gravity in granular packings is two-fold. First, due to its vector nature
it breaks the spatial symmetry which might result in anisotropies created during
preparation of the packing. Second, as a volume force it provides an interparticle
pressure which will saturate in the presence of boundaries [1, 2]. Both aspects
can be controlled by preparing the packing inside a liquid with a material density
approaching the density of the granular medium. Figure 63 demonstrates that
this techniques allows to determine the volume fraction where a packing gains
for the first time mechanical stability, the so called Random Loose Packing [3–
5]. At finite material density diﬀerences between liquid and granular media,
corresponding to reduced but still finite gravity, the volume fraction of the
sample can be tuned over the full range accessible for amorphous packings. This
allows to measure mechanical properties such as the penetration force or yield
stress as a function of and over a large range of strain rates [6, 7].
L. Vanel and E. Clément, Eur. Phys. J. B 11, 525 (1999).
M. Sperl, Gran. Mat. 8, 59 (2006)
K.J. Dong, R.Y. Yang, R.P. Zou, and A.B. Yu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 145505 (2006).
M. Jerkins, M. Schröter, H. L. Swinney, T. J. Senden, M. Saadatfar, and T. Aste,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 018301 (2008).
[5] G.R. Farrell, K. M. Martini, and N. Menon, Soft Matter 6, 2925 (2010)
[6] M. Schröter, S. Nägle, C. Radin, and H. L. Swinney, Europhys. Lett. 78, 44004
(2007).
[7] J.-F. Métayer, D. J. Suntrup III, C. Radin, H. L. Swinney, and M. Schröter, Europhys. Lett. 93, 64003 (2011).
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
⇤
Email: [email protected]
31
Talks (Wednesday)
rescaled pressure (a.u.)
3
2
rough beads
1
0
0.54
smooth beads
0.55
0.56
volume fraction φ
0.57
0.58
Random Loose Packing, the lower limit of mechanically stability in packings, depends
on both the friction coeﬃcient (here 0.45 and 0.53) and pressure. The latter is due to
gravity; it can be controlled using liquids of diﬀerent densities. Data modified from [4].
32
↵
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Dan Serero
17:05 – 17:25
Sedimentation and Collapse of a Granular Gas under
Gravity
Dan Serero,1, ⇤ Lidia Almazán,1 Clara Salueña,2 and Thorsten Pöschel1
1
Institute for Multiscale Simulation,
Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
2
Departament d’Enginyeria Mecànica,
Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
A granular gas, i.e a collection of particles interacting by inelastic collisions, needs
external supply of energy in order to persist under gravity, due to its inherent
dissipative nature. Without this energy input, such a system rapidly come to
rest in the form of a dense granular packing. A hydrodynamic study of such a
gravity driven transition is presented: Employing a high-order, shock-capturing
numerical scheme to solve the pertaining hydrodynamic equations, we analyse
the gravity driven sedimentation of a system of inelastic hard disks initially
heated from below, after energy supply is switched oﬀ. Our study reveals that
the process exhibits a complex behavior, characterized by cycles of diﬀusive and
inertial regimes. Self organized shocks appear, materialized by the propagation
of fronts separating between subsonic and supersonic behavior accompanied by
steep temperature profiles. The late stages of the collapse exhibit a scaling regime
in accordance with recent experimental findings.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
33
Talks (Wednesday)
Temperature
100
80
70
80
height (σ)
60
50
60
40
40
30
20
20
10
0
0
1
2
time (s)
3
4
Evolution of the temperature of a sedimentating granular gas. Circles represent the
front separating between subsonic and supersonic areas
34
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Wednesday)
Klaus-Dieter Relotius
17:45 – 18:30
Experiments at ISS – Metal Additive Layer
Manufacturing In Space (MALMIS)
Klaus-Dieter Relotius⇤ and Stefan Petschelt
Airbus Defence and Space, Airbusallee 1, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Since 2008 the European Laboratory Module COLUMBUS is attached to the
International Space Station ISS. COLUMBUS allows flexible execution of experiments of diﬀerent disciplines. The baseline configuration of ESA consists of 4
experiment racks for biological, fluid and physiological experiments. One rack
provides the housing for experiments in standard ISS drawers with interfaces
for power, telemetry and telecomand, water cooling, vacuum and waste gas (see
Fig. 63).
European Laboratory Module COLUMBUS.
In the past several experiments were developed and implemented in a time frame
from 2.5 to 5 years. The science community requested a faster approach. In
the frame of the DLR experiment Magnetic Flow Experiment MFX/MagVector
during the BLUE DOT mission 2014 it was demonstrated that a development
within 15 month is possible for an ISS drawer based experiment (see Fig. 64).
Based on this experience a family of experiment boxes with standard COLUMBUS interfaces, so called class 3 payloads, were developed. These can be easily
adapted to the experiment needs and ensure a short development time. They
⇤
Email: [email protected]
35
Talks (Wednesday)
MFX/MagVector experiment.
enable the operation of the experiment from national User Support Operation Centre or from experimenter sides. As example for a future implementation
of a class 3 payload the development of a 3D-printer for metal is added. AIRBUS Defence&Space started the project Metal Additive Layer Manufacturing In
Space -MALMIS- to develope a technology which can be applied in space. The
presentation provides an overview about first results and an outlook of further
development which shall end up in a 3D-printer for metal in ISS.
36
Thursday
09:00 – 09:45 Meiying Hou
Experimental study of granular dynamics
in microgravity
09:45 – 10:05 Caroline de Beule
Blowfish: An insolation activated dust
layer
10:05 – 10:25 Ralph Lorenz
Bedforms in a thick atmosphere, low gravity environment - Titan
coﬀee break
11:00 – 11:45 Philip Metzger
Low gravity granular physics: a key to the
future of humanity
11:45 – 12:05 Paul Sanchez
Rotational disruption of self-gravitating
granular aggregates
12:05 – 12:25 Ingo von Borstel
The Brazil Nut eﬀect under varying gravitation and excitation
lunch break
14:00 – 14:45 Mihaly Horanyi
14:45 – 15:05 Achim Sack
15:05 – 15:25 Eric Opsomer
Characterizing the lunar regolith by laboratory and space experiments
Granular dampers in microgravity
Gathering and handling of granular materials in microgravity
coﬀee break
16:00 – 16:45 Frank Spahn
Vertical stratification of moonlet-propellers
in Saturns rings
16:45 – 17:05 Davide Santachiara
Vibration induced phenomena in granular
materials instrument for parabolic flights
VIP-Gran-PF
17:05 – 17:25 Olympia Kyriopoulos
A competitive way to access microgravity:
suborbital space
short break
17:45 – 18:30 Aibing Yu
19:00-22:00
Discrete
particle
particle/particle-fluid
gravity levels
simulation
of
flow at diﬀerent
Conference dinner & at Osteria la vita e bella
37
Talks (Thursday)
38
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Thursday)
Meiying Hou
09:00 – 09:45
Experimental Study of Granular Dynamics in
Microgravity
Meiying Hou⇤
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics,
Beijing National Laboratory for Condense Matter Physics,
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Studies on microgravity sciences in China were started in the late 1980s, mainly
on material science and space biology. As an important part of microgravity
sciences, Chinas first space experiment of fluid physics was completed on board
the SJ-5 scientific satellite in 1997, 10 years after the initiation of the materials
science space program. In 2004 the experiment of drop Marangoni migration
was done on board the space ship Shen Zhou (SZ-4). In 2005 the unrecoverable
capsule of SJ-8 scientific experimental satellite was used as a payload entitled
to perform 9 microgravity experiments, of which 6 experiments were related to
microgravity fluid science. Microgravity granular dynamics study was among
these 6 experiments. In the study oscillation-driven granular motions in dense
(when mean free path is much less than the characteristic scale of the system)
and Knudsen regimes (when mean free path is larger than the characteristic scale
of the system) are recorded and studied for the first time under microgravity in
satellite SJ-8.
Microgravity environment provides an essential condition for direct study of the
underlining mechanism of granular behaviors such as non-Gaussian velocity distribution, cluster formation, and compartmentalization. Dynamics of quasi-2D
vibrofluidized granular gas was studied in the limit of Knudsen regime (SJ-8,
2005) [1] and in intermediate number density (ESA campaign, 2006)[2] in microgravity. Non-Gaussian velocity distri- butions are found from extreme exponential to double-peak profile, see Fig. 1(a)-(d). Generalized granular hydrodynamics
is used for a phenomenological model to describe this extended boundary eﬀect
and provides an understanding of the bulk boundary eﬀect [3] [4].
In the satellite expected to be launched in the end of 2015 clustering conditions in
single and connected double cells will be studied and tested (Fig. 2). A stripe of a
denser and colder gas located at the wall opposite to the driving wall is expected
[5]. At suﬃciently high energy loss, and within a certain spinodal interval of
grain area fractions, the stripe state becomes unstable with respect to small
⇤
Email: [email protected]
39
Talks (Thursday)
SJ-8: probability density functions of velocities in x (a) and y (b) directions in rescaled
units. ESA flight campaign 2006: local distribution functions of velocities in x (c) and
y (d) directions on log-linear scales. The cell is cut into 7 bins along the vibration
direction to get the local distribution functions.
density perturbations in the lateral direction, unless the lateral container size is
too small. Within a broader binodal, or coexistence interval, the stripe state is
metastable. In both cases one observes a granular drop coexisting with vapor, or
a granular bubble coexisting with liquid, along the wall opposite to the driving
wall. In this experiment we modify the volume fraction of the granular system
by tuning the dimensions of the boundary-shaken cell to quantitatively test
the previous three-dimensional theoretical prediction based on phase separation
modeling [6].
This clustering feature is also tested in a window-connected double cell for possible application of granular transportation in microgravity environment [7]. By
using the so called Maxwells demon eﬀect in granular medium, we are to answer
the question on how to transport grains in zero gravity.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program-SJ-10 of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA04020200), the Key Program of
40
Talks (Thursday)
(a) Setup in the SJ-10 satellite experiment, (b) Snapshot of the distribution pattern of
the drop tower experiment.
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11034010), the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11274354, 11474326),
and the Special Fund for Earthquake Research of China (Grant No. 201208011).
[1] M. Hou, R. Liu, G. Zhai, Z. Sun, K. Lu, Y. Garrabos and P. Evesque, Microgravity
Sci. Technol. 20, 73 (2008).
[2] Y. Chen, P. Evesque, M. Hou, C. Lecoutre, F. Palencia and Y. Garrabos, Journal
of Physics: Conference Series 327, 012033 (2011).
[3] Y. Chen, M. Hou, P. Evesque, Y. Jiang and M. Liu, Powders and Grains, 791 (2013).
[4] Y. Chen, M. Hou, Y. Jiang and M. Liu, Phys. Rev. E 88, 052204 (2013).
[5] B. Meerson, T. Pöschel, P. V. Sasorov, and T. Schwager, Phys. Rev. E 69, 021302
(2004).
[6] R. Liu, Y. Li, M. Hou and B. Meerson, Phys. Rev. E 75, 061304 (2007).
[7] M. Hou, Y. Li, R. Liu, Y. Zhang and K. Lu, Physica Status Solidi(a) 207, 2739
(2010).
41
Talks (Thursday)
↵
⌦
Caroline deBeule
09:45 – 10:05
Blowfish: An Insolation Activated Dust Layer
Caroline de Beule,1, ⇤ Gerhard Wurm,1 Thorben
Kelling,1 Mark Koester,1 and Miroslav Kocifaj2
1
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen,
Lotharstr. 1, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany
2
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics,
Comenius University, Mlynská dolina,
842 48 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Recent experiments showed that the insolation of a dust bed in a low pressure
environment leads to a gas flow through the pores of the dust bed and to a
pressure increase some particle layers below the surface [1].
This is based on a developing temperature gradient within the dust bed (Fig.14),
resulting in a thermal creep flow from the cold layers deep within the dust bed
up to the temperature maximum [3, 4]. Additional simulations of temperature
profiles in an insolated dust bed show that about the first ⇠ 100 µm are on
constant temperature, where no thermal creep is active [4]. Here, the gas is
pumped to the surface to a pressure gradient (Darcys law).
Illumination
Lx2
Lx1
Gasflow
Darcy Regime
Eruptive Layers
Lx2
Thermal Creep Regime
Knudsen Compressor
Lx1
Principle for pressure distribution for given temperature profile and open geometry
(ambient pressure the same on both sides of the dust sample). Lx2 marks the depth of
the dust bed from 0 to x1 with constant temperature and Lx2 the part of the dust bed
with a temperature gradient from x1 to x0 [2].
However, when the incoming radiation leads to an overpressure within the dust
bed slightly too low to lift particles against cohesion and gravity, the upper layer
is under high tension. This layer is called the active layer of a dust bed. After
removing the cohesion of the dust bed by e.g. an impact, the active layer will
be lifted. This is called the Blowfish eﬀect.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
42
Talks (Thursday)
In experiments with basaltic dust (50 µm average grain size), an insolation of
4 kW/m2 and average pressure of 10 mbar we find active depths of 100 to 200
µm. Additional calculations showed that the pressure driven force is higher than
gravity by a factor of 2 [2].
The application of this eﬀect can be found on Mars, where the insolation is
about 700 W/m2 at maximum and the gravity is about 1/3 of Earth’s gravity.
The gravity dependence was shown in parabolic flight experiments [3]. The insolation might not be high enough to lead to constant erosion of Mars, but the
upper 100 to 200 µm of the insolated soil during a martian day are activated.
This active layer is under constant tension and could be lifted easily due to any
disturbance leading to cohesion loss.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project is supported by DLR Space Management with funds provided by
the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) under grant number
DLR 50 WM 1242 and by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grant
number Ke 1897/1-1.
[1] de Beule, C., Wurm, G., Kelling, T., Kuepper, M., Jankowski, T., Teiser, J. 2014,
Nature Physics, 10, 17-20
[3] Knudsen, M. 1909, Annalen der Physik, 336, 205
[4] Muntz, E. P., Sone, Y., Aoki, K., Vargo, S., & Young, M. 2002, Journal of Vacuum
Science Technology, 20, 214
[4] Kocifaj, M., Klačka, J., Kelling, T., & Wurm, G. 2011, Icar., 212, 935
[2] de Beule, C., Wurm, G., Kelling, T., Koester, M., Kocifaj, M. 2015, submitted to
Icarus
[3] de Beule, C., Kelling, T., Wurm, G., Teiser, J., & Jankowski, T. 2013, ApJ, 763, 11
de BeuleCaroline
43
Talks (Thursday)
↵
⌦
Ralph Lorenz
10:05 – 10:25
Bedforms in a Thick Atmosphere, Low Gravity
Environment - Titan
Ralph Lorenz⇤
JHU Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA.
In the pressure/gravity parameter space of granular transport by fluid flow, the
Titan environment occupies an interesting spot near the easy-transport frontier.
While having a gravity of 1.35 ms 2 like our own moon, Titan has a sea-level
atmospheric density four times larger than Earth. While the weak solar heating
at 9AU drives modest winds, the potential for dust and sand transport was long
recognized [1] [2].
It was, nonetheless, something of a surprise to find so much ( ⇠ 15%) of Titan’s
surface covered with giant linear dunes [3]. These megadunes (Fig. 63) are as
high as 150m, tens to hundreds of km long, and typically 2-3 km apart ; in
fact the same morphology and size as the largest linear dunes on Earth, in the
Namib and Arabian deserts. The physical parameter controlling size appears to
be the atmospheric boundary layer thickness, which despite the diﬀerences in
many parameters between Earth and Titan, turns out to be about the same [1].
Dunes near Titan’s equator.
The material forming the megadunes (and large areas of sand as sheets, or unresolved small dunes, may also exist) is not known in detail, but broadly appears
to be organic, derived ultimately from atmospheric photochemistry. It may have
been processed by washing, flocculation, cementation or other liquid-mediated
processes in Titan’s methane-based hydrological cycle, and/or by sintering. The
⇤
Email: [email protected]
44
Talks (Thursday)
material is known to be dark, to have a low dielectric constant, and to be correlated with a spectral signature of aromatic compounds - it is probably an assemblage of polyaromatic cyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrogen-substituted
variants. Although the photochemical feedstock (’tholin’) precipitates as submicron haze particles, the pathway to grains with a threshold windspeed of ⇠
1ms 1 , as indicated by global circulation models, is not known. Such grains imply a size of ⇠200-400 µm [1], [5]. It seems likely that electrostatic eﬀects could
be significant for the transport of such sand on Titan.
The characteristic grain motion scales (saltation length, drag length, saturation
length etc.) of such grains is rather short (few to tens of cm) such that much
higher resolution than is presently available from Cassini (⇠ 300m) is needed
to study aeolian bedforms on Titan. Titan’s low-gravity, thick-atmosphere environment permits many possible vehicles (hot air balloons, aeroplanes, etc.) to
conduct such observations in future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the Cassini project via NASA Grant NNX13AH14G.
[1] R. Lorenz et al., J. Geophys. Res, 88, 26,377 (1995).
[2] R. D. Lorenz and J. Zimbelman Dune Worlds: How Wind-Blown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes (Springer, New York, 2014).
[3] R. Lorenz et al., Science, 312, 724 (2006).
[4] R. Lorenz, Icarus, 205, 719 (2010).
[5] R. Lorenz, Icarus, 230, 162 (2014).
45
Talks (Thursday)
↵
Keynote
⌦
Philip Metzger
11:00 – 11:45
Low Gravity Granular Physics:
a Key to the Future of Humanity
Philip Metzger⇤
Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
From its origins in the Agricultural Revolution until today, human civilization has experienced dramatic growth. The potential for ever greater things is
bright if we escape the resource limitations of our planet. The economic barrier
to establishing a solar system civilization is very high, but a feasible scenario is
developing to get over it. Water that has been mined from the Moon and Near
Earth Asteroids can be sold profitably as rocket propellant to boost communications satellites from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit, dramatically
cutting the launch
costs.Granular
The information-driven
demand
for these satellites is
Low Gravity
Physics: a Key to the Future
of Humanity
growing, so space mining and industry
is
starting
to
make
economic sense. HoPhilip Metzger
wever, this scenario assumes there will be governmental assistance financing the
Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
in-space infrastructure - a propellant transfer depot to collect the mined water
and refuel the space tugs. Government space agencies have an incentive to estaFrom its origins in the Agricultural Revolution until today, human civilization has experienced dramatic growth.
blish thisTheinfrastructure,
space-mined
water
is seven
times
less expensive
potential for ever greaterbecause
things is bright
if we escape the resource
limitations
of our planet.
The economic
barrier to establishing a solar system civilization is very high, but a feasible scenario is developing to get
than water
launched
from
Earth,
cutting
the
overall
cost
of
human-crewed
Mars
over it. Water that has been mined from the Moon and Near Earth Asteroids can be sold profitably as rocket
boost communications
from low
Earth orbit to geosynchronous
dramatically cannot
cutting
missionspropellant
by a tofactor
of threesatellites
to five.
Nevertheless,
spaceorbit,
agencies
build
the launch costs. The information-driven demand for these satellites is growing, so space mining and industry
their mission
around
ideaassumes
untilthere
thewilltechnologies
are provably
is startingarchitectures
to make economic sense.
However,this
this scenario
be governmental assistance
the in-space infrastructure a propellant transfer depot to collect the mined water and refuel the
mature. financing
Thus,
low
gravity
granular
physics
seems
to
be
in
the
center
of the path
space tugs. Government space agencies have an incentive to establish this infrastructure, because space-mined
water is seven
times lessWe
expensive
thanadvances
water launched from
Earth, cutting
the overall
cost convey,
of human-crewed
to humanity’s
future.
need
to land,
drive,
mine,
chemically
Mars missions by a factor of three to five. Nevertheless, space agencies cannot build their mission architectures
process, around
andthisbuild
structures
onprovably
or with
ongranular
the physics
Moon,
and
idea until
the technologies are
mature. regolith
Thus, low gravity
seemsasteroids
to be in
the center of the path to humanitys future. We need advances to land, drive, mine, convey, chemically process,
Mars. This
talk will give an overview of this developing economic scenario and
and build structures on or with regolith on the Moon, asteroids and Mars. This talk will give an overview
this key
developing
economic scenario
and some
of the
key technology
work that has been accomplished
far,
some of ofhighlighting
the
technology
work
that
has
been accomplished
so far, sohighlighting
the need for future advances.
the need for future advances.
⇤
FIG. 1. Left: Dust to Thrust field test in Hawaii, with excavator delivering volcanic ash into regolith conveyance system
Left: "Dust
to Thrust"field
Hawaii,
withflight
excavator
volcanic ash into
for chemical
processing to extract test
oxygen.in
Right:
Reduced gravity
test of regolith delivering
conveyance system.
regolith conveyance system for chemical processing to extract oxygen. Right: Reduced
gravity flight test of regolith conveyance system.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
46
↵
⌦
Talks (Thursday)
Paul Sanchez
11:45 – 12:05
Rotational Disruption of Self-Gravitating Granular
Aggregates
Paul Sánchez1, ⇤ and Daniel J. Scheeres2
1
University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Center for
Astrodynamics Research, 431 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309
2
University of Colorado Boulder, Aerospace
Engineering Department, Boulder, CO 80309
During the last 15 years or so, the Planetary Sciences community has been using
DEM simulation codes to study small NEOs. In general these codes treat gravitational aggregates as conglomerates of spherical particles; a good approximation
given that many asteroids are self-gravitating granular media. Unfortunately,
the degree of sophistication of these codes, and our own understanding, has not
been high enough as to appropriately represent realistic physical properties of
granular matter. In particular, angles of friction (✓) and cohesive strength ( c )
of the aggregates were rarely taken in consideration and this could have led to
unrealistic dynamics, and therefore, unrealistic conclusions about the dynamical
evolution of small NEOs.
In our research, we explore the failure mechanics of spherical (r=71 m) and ellipsoidal (r1 =92 m) self-gravitating aggregates with diﬀerent angles of friction and
values for their cohesive strength, in order to better understand the geophysics
of rubble-pile asteroids. In particular we focus on the deformation and diﬀerent
disruption modes provoked by an always increasing angular velocity (spin rate).
We use a computational code that implements a Soft-Sphere Discrete Element
Method. The code calculates normal, as well as, frictional (tangential) contact
forces by means of soft potentials and the aggregate as a whole mimics the
eﬀect of non-spherical particles through the implementation of rolling friction.
Cohesive forces, and a cohesive stress, are calculated as the net eﬀect of the sum
of the van der Waals forces between the smaller regolith, sand and dust (powder)
that are present in real asteroids [1]. These finer materials form a matrix of sorts
that holds the bigger boulders together.
For this, we use self-gravitating aggregates formed by thousands of spheres and
a soft-sphere DEM code to explore the eﬀect of the variation of two parameters,
angle of friction and cohesive strength, on their disruption process. We have chosen to use spherical and ellipsoidal shapes as the starting point of the evolution
as these are classical forms that could also be studied analytically. The aggregates were slowly spun up to disruption controlling for angle of friction, cohesion
⇤
Email: [email protected]
47
Talks (Thursday)
and global shape. How much each aggregate deformed before disruption was
directly related to the angle of friction. The greater it was, the less the aggregate deformed before disruption. Cohesive forces on the other hand controlled
the mode of disruption and maximum spin rate and showed that the aggregates
could disrupt by shedding particles or groups of particles from the equatorial
region. For high values of cohesive strength, the pieces that detached from the
initial aggregate were sizable enough as for the disruption process to be seen as
a fission. This revealed that the change from shedding to fission is continuous
and therefore, they should not be seen as diﬀerent disruption processes but just
as two ends of the spectrum.
The figure shows the deformation and disruption of three initially spherical aggregates (left) and three initially ellipsoidal aggregates (right) with increasing
cohesive strength from left to right (✓ ⇡ 35o ). Through scaling arguments we
could also see these aggregates as having the exact same c = 25 Pa but diﬀerent
sizes.
A closer look at the spherical aggregates (35o ) showed that the reshaping of
the bodies was not symmetrical. A granular aggregate cannot be completely
homogeneous unless its particles are arranged in a crystalline structure and we
purposely avoided this scenario. This means that the reshaped body would acquire an asymmetrical shape, similar to that of 1999 KW4 and sometimes would
even form a binary system. For ellipsoidal aggregates, this meant the formation
of tear-drop shapes and pairs. The failing of the granular structure is ultimately
controlled by the inter-particle forces which in turn form force chains. What this
could mean for the internal structure of a rubble-pile asteroid will be explored
during the conference [2].
Deformation and disruption of three initially spherical (top left) and three ellipsoidal
(bottom right). From left to right the aggregates have greater cohesive strength (or
same strength and diminishing size)
[1] P. Sánchez and D. J. Scheeres, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49, 788 (2014).
[2] P. Sánchez and D. J. Scheeres (ACM, Finland, 2014).
48
↵
⌦
Talks (Thursday)
Ingo von Borstel
12:05 – 12:25
The Brazil Nut eﬀect under varying gravitation and
excitation
Ingo von Borstel,1, ⇤ Jürgen Blum,1 Carsten Güttler,2 and Rainer Schräpler1
1
Institute for Geophysics and extraterrestrial Physics, TU Braunschweig,
Mendelssohnstrasse 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
2
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research,
Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
We present laboratory experiments of a vertically vibrated granular medium
consisting of 1mm diameter glass beads with embedded 8mm diameter intruder
glass beads. The experiments by [1] show a dependency of the Brazil Nut eﬀect
with the ambient gravity but do not allow to constrain well the functional dependence. These new experiments are performed in the laboratory using a linear
motor, allowing covering a broader eﬀective gravity range for the experiments,
ranging from 0.25g to 2.0g . These measurements also allow a detailed assessment of the influence of diﬀerent excitation accelerations. We use the data of the
derived rise velocities to compare with and to look into the validity of models
(e.g. Knight et al, Grossman or Rajchenbach [2–4])
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The parabolic flight was kindly provided by ESA, the hardware, R.S and I.v.B
are funded by the DLR through grant 50WM1236. We thank M. Rott for the
flight opportunity and P. Reiss, P. Hager and R. Purschke for help with the
parbolic flight experiments
[1] C. Güttler, I. von Borstel, R. Schräpler and J. Blum, Phys. Rev E 87 (2013)
[2] J. B. Knight, E. E. Ehrichs, V. Y. Kuperman, J. K. Flint, H. M. Jaeger and S. R.
Nagel, Phys. Rev. E 54, 5726 (1996)
[3] E. L. Grossman, Phys. Rev. E 56, 3290 (1997)
[4] J. Rajchenbach, EPL 16, 149 (1991)
⇤
Email: [email protected]
49
Talks (Thursday)
↵
Keynote
⌦
Mihaly Horanyi
14:00 – 14:45
Characterizing the Lunar Regolith by Laboratory and
Space Experiments
Mihály Horányi1, 2, ⇤
1
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, and Department of Physics,
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
2
Solar System Exploration Research Virtual
Institute (SSERVI): Institute for Modeling Plasmas,
Atmospheres, and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT)
This talk will review the recent observations by the Lunar Dust Experiment
(LDEX)[1] onboard the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer
(LADEE)[2] mission, and their relevance to improve our understanding and characterizing the lunar regolith. Additionally, recent laboratory experiments will
also be described that address the possible eﬀects of electrostatic charging on
the mobilization and transport of small dust particles on the surfaces on airless
planetary bodies.
LDEX discovered a permanently present dust cloud engulfing the Moon. The
size, velocity, and density distributions of the dust particles are consistent with
ejecta clouds generated from the continual bombardment of the lunar surface by
sporadic interplanetary dust particles. Intermittent density enhancements were
observed during several of the annual meteoroid streams, especially during the
Geminids. In addition to the mass and speed of the impacting particles, in a
significant fraction of the events, LDEX also recorded the electrostatic charge of
the dust grains before their impact of our instrument.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
50
Talks (Thursday)
JSC-Mars-1 (< 50um diameter particles) dust pile (3 mm in diameter, 1 mm high) initially rests on a graphite surface (22 cm in diameter, electrically floated). An insulating
block (2 mm high) is placed 3 mm away from the dust pile. Energetic electrons (130 eV
beam) come from the top to the dust surface and create a dense plasma (n > 109cm3 ).
The picture is taken after running for 5 minutes. Dust particles landed on the higher
block and spread out on almost the entire graphite surface. Acknowledgement: The
photo was taken by X. Wang, University of Colorado on 2/12/2015.
We have conducted a series of laboratory experiments to investigate to eﬀects
of charging of dusty regolith surfaces exposed to UV and plasma, and the subsequent possible mobilization and transport of small grains[3]. FIG. 1 shows an
example of a spreading dust pile that was confined before its exposure to a plasma flow. On the time-scale of minutes the pile spreads into a nearly uniform
layer of dust, possibly explaining some of the similar surface features observed
on asteroids, and more recently comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the target
of the Rosetta mission[4].
Experimental studies of the interaction of the lunar regolith with the environment have been almost exclusively based on simulants (JSC-1, MLS-1), which
only reproduce some aspects of the genuine regolith. The chemical and mineralogical properties (including moisture and ice content), the surface roughness, the
eﬀective surface contact area, or the eﬀective packing fraction, for example, all
might have large eﬀects on the eﬀects of dust impactcs, plasma and UV exposure, or in situ resource utilization (ISRU) activities. The number of parameters
that define all of the critical physical and geotechnical properties of the regolith can be very large, which creates a complicated and potentially intractable
problem to isolate and assess the eﬀects of any individual characteristic through
experiments. We will also describe a family of simplified but well characterized
regolith reference surfaces to be used in dust impact and charging experiments,
as well as for the characterization of the geotechnical properties of surfaces for
their ISRU potential.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by NASA. The analysis and interpretation of the LADEE/LDEX results were done in collaboration with J. Szalay. Jürgen Schmidt,
and S. Kempf. The laboratory experiments discussed in this talk were led by X.
51
Talks (Thursday)
Wang
[1] M. Horányi, Z. Sternovsky, M. Lankton, C. Dumont, S. Gagnard, D. Gathright, E.
Grün, D. Hansen, D. James, S. Kempf, B. Lamprecht, J. Szalay, R. Srama, and G.
Wright, Space Science Reviews, 185, 93 (2014).
[2] R. C. Elphic, G. T. Delory, B. P. Hine, P. Mahaﬀy, M. Horanyi, A. Colaprete, M.
Benna, and S. Noble, Space Science Reviews 185, 3 (2014).
[3] X. Wang, M. Horanyi, and S. Robertson, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39,
2730 (2011).
[4] N. Thomas, et. al., Science 347 (2015).
52
↵
⌦
Talks (Thursday)
Achim Sack
14:45 – 15:05
Granular Dampers in Microgravity
Achim Sack,⇤ Jonathan Kollmer, Michael Heckel, and Thorsten Pöschel
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
By means of experiments under microgravity conditions, we investigate the dissipative behaviour of sinusoidally driven boxes which are partly filled with granular
material. The boxes are mounted on a linear bearing which is sinusoidally driven
by a motor. We record the force acting on the boxes and the instantaneous velocity. To calculate the dissipated energy, we integrate the product of the force
and velocity over one period of the imposed oscillation.
Depending on the amplitude of driving, A, we observe two distinct modes of
granular dynamics (and thus diﬀerent damping behaviour) separated by a well
defined threshold A0 (see Fig. 63): For large amplitudes, A > A0 , the granulate is
found in the collect-and-collide regime where the center of mass of the granulate
moves synchronously with the driven container (see Fig. 63, right inset). This
corresponds to the motion of a quasiparticle interacting perfectly inelastic with
the container walls. For weak forcing, A < A0 , the interaction between granulate
and box leads to desynchronisation and the granular material exhibits a gaslike
behavior (see Fig. 63, left inset). Interestingly, at the edge of stability of the
collect-and-collide regime, A = A0 , we obtain maximal eﬃciency in damping.
For both regimes, the experimental results may be collapsed to a single “master
curve” independant of filling fraction, mass of granulate, particle properties,
particle number, and frequency of the vibration. Based on the one-particle model
and on the theory for granular gases we derive a model without any fitting
parameters that describes the experiment up to good agreement.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the German Science Foundation (DFG) for funding through the Cluster of Excellence Engineering of Advanced Materialsâ as well as the European
Space Agency (ESA) for funding the parabolic flight campaign.
[1] A. Sack, M. Heckel, J. E. Kollmer, F. Zimber and T. Pöschel Phys. Rev. Lett. 111,
018001 (2013).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
53
normalized dissipation
Talks (Thursday)
1
A0 for sample 1
sample 1
sample 4
sample 4
0.75
sample 4
0.5
0.25
0
A0
0
10
20
30
40
driving amplitude (mm)
50
Normalized dissipated energy per period of external vibration. Symbols: Experimental data. Solid lines: Solution of the impact model, valid for A > A0 . Dotted lines:
Dissipation rate for the gaseous regime, A < A0 . Insets: Snapshots from high-speed
recording illustrating the two distinct regimes: Gas-like regime (left) and collect-andcollide (right)
[2] J. E. Kollmer, A. Sack, M. Heckel and T. Pöschel New J. Phys. 15, 093023 (2013).
[3] A. Sack, M. Heckel, J. E. Kollmer and T. Pöschel Granul. Matter 17, 73-82 (2015).
[4] J. E. Kollmer, M. Tupy, M. Heckel, A. Sack and T. Pöschel Phys. Rev. Applied 3,
024007 (2015).
54
↵
⌦
Talks (Thursday)
Eric Opsomer
15:05 – 15:25
Gathering and Handling of Granular Materials in
Microgravity
M. Noirhomme
et al.: Granular transport in driven granula
E. Opsomer,⇤ F. Ludewig, and N. Vandewalle
2. Kudrolli A., Wolpert M
78, (1997) 1383.
3. Maaß C. C., Isert N., M
Driven granular gases present rich dynamical behaviors. Given
dissipative
Rev. the
Lett.
100, (2008)
character of the collisions between the constitutive particles
the medium,
4.ofHou
M., Liudense
R., Zhai
and slow regions may appear in the system. These clusters emerge
naturally
duEvesque
P., Microgravit
ring cooling phenomena but another, dynamical, clustering
can
be
observed
for
5. Falcon E., Wunenburg
continuously excited systems [1]. In our work, the physical processes that trigger
C.,
Garrabos
Y. and Be
the transition from a granular gas to a dynamical cluster are
evidenced
through
440.
molecular dynamics simulations, realized in the frame of the ESA SpaceGrains
6. energy
Falconpropagation,
E., Aumaître S
project. Physical arguments, based on relaxation times and
deliver an analytical prediction for the gas cluster transition
of
a
granular
me- S., Be
Chabot C., Fauve
dia [2]. This new control of the granular clustering provides an
interesting
way
Lett. 74 (2006) to
830.
gather particles in microgravity and, furthermore, to achieve
granularE.,
transport
7. Falcon
Bacri J.-C.
since the position as well as the dynamics of the cluster can be controlled by a
(2013) 64004.
(a) t =
3.44 tuning
s
(b) t = 48.24
precise
of the driving parameters
[3]. s
8. Olafsen J. S. and Urb
R2468.
9. Brilliantov N. V. and P
424.
10. Javier Brey J., Mor
Montero M. J., Phys. R
11. Zhou T., Phys. Rev.
12. Li Y., Hou M. and E
(2011) 012034.
13. Opsomer E., Ludewi
E 84 (2011) 051306.
14. Grossman E. L., Tong
E 55 (1997) 4200.
15. Khain E. and Meerso
16. Opsomer E., Ludewi
(c) t =Dynamical
96.24 s clustering in a driven(d)
t = 179.84
s microgravity
granular
gas under
conditions. Grain
colors depend on a local density criterion. Lett. 99 (2012) 40001.
e 6: Snapshots of a directed grains simulation. The 17. Grasselli Y., Bossis G
86 (2009) 60007.
ation starts with all the grains in the central cell (a).
18. Aumaître S., Farago
⇤ Email: [email protected]
mplitude condition in this one drives the cluster in
Phys. J. B 42 (2004) 25
of the first slit, while in the first cell the amplitude 19. Mc Namara S. and
55
is inverted in order to drive the incoming cluster at
(Springer, 2003) 341.
University of Liege
ottom of the cell. After a while, most of the grains
Talks (Thursday)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been supported by Prodex (Belspo, Brussels) and the European
Space Agency program TT VIP- GRAN/SpaceGrains. We also thank the ShapeSPS project (Wallonia) for supporting the development of our numerical model.
[1] E. Opsomer, F. Ludewig and N. Vandewalle, Phys. Rev. E. 84, 051306 (2011).
[2] E. Opsomer, F. Ludewig and N. Vandewalle, Europhys. Lett. 99 40001 (2012).
[3] M. Noirhomme, E. Opsomer, N. Vandewalle and F. Ludewig, Eur. Phys. J. E.,
accepted (2015).
56
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Thursday)
Frank Spahn
16:00 – 16:45
Vertical stratification of moonlet-propellers in Saturn’s
rings
F. Spahn,⇤ M. Seiß, and H. Hoﬀmann
University of Potsdam, Institute of Physics and
Astronomy Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam
Small moons (size: hundred meters up to sub-kilometer) embedded in the dense
and bright rings of Saturn are too small to get detected by the cameras of
the Cassini-spacecraft. However, the gravity of these Moonlets carve Propellerstructures [3] in the adjacent ring matter so that these bod- ies become visible
for the Cassini-detectors. The theoretical prediction of Propellers gave rise to
the detection of meanwhile more than 150 ring moons [2, 4, 5].
Because of the extreme flatness of the dense Saturn’s rings of only a few meters
the Propeller-structures have been believed to be practically two-dimensional.
Surprisingly, in August 2009 the equinox constellation at Saturn’s rings (sunset
at the rings) revealed the Propellers to cast promi- nent shadows onto the flat
rings pointing to a considerable vertical extent of these Moonlet-induced features.
Here we report on an extension [1] of the gravitational scattering model to 3D
which describes quantitatively the shadow pattern, yielding estimates for the
hight of the Propeller of about the radius of the Moonlet, and further, allowing to
measure remotely the collision frequency in the Propeller-region (5 - 10 collisions
per orbit).
H. Hoﬀmann, M. Seiß, and F. Spahn, Astrophys. J., 765, L4 (2013).
F. Spahn and J. Schmidt. Nature 440, 614 (2006)
F. Spahn and M. Sremčević, M. Astron. and Astrophys. 358 368 (2000).
M. Sremčević, J. Schmidt, H. Salo, M. Seiß, F. Spahn, and N. Albers, Nature 449
1019 (2007).
[5] Tiscareno, M. S., Burns, J. A., Hedman, M. M., Porco, C. C., Weiss, J. W., Murray,
C. D., and Dones, L. Nature, 440 648 (2006).
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
⇤
Email: [email protected]
57
Talks (Thursday)
↵
⌦
Davide Santachiara
16:45 – 17:05
Vibration Induced Phenomena in Granular Materials
Instrument for Parabolic Flights VIP-Gran-PF
Davide Santachiara,1, ⇤ Luca Recanatesi,1 Andrea
Pellegrini,1 Marco Martella,2 and Olivier Minster2
1
DTM srl, Modena - Italy
2
ESA-ESTEC
VIP-Gran-PF is an instrument compatible with the environment of the Airbus
0-g flying parabolic trajectories, namely low gravity for up to 20 seconds.
VIP-Gran-PF will support experiments on the dynamics and statistical behaviour of an ensemble of solid beads confined in a test chamber, while subject
to variable mechanical vibrations. These research activities are coordinated in
the framework of the International Topical Team on granular materials (spacegrains.org).
This instrument, which is being developed by DTM under ESA contract
4000111622/14/NL/FC, has already completed its design activities and has
started the manufacturing and integration phases.
Two pistons moved by linear voice-coil motors, will be in charge of transferring
the selected vibration stimuli to the beads inside the test chamber: through the
variation of piston oscillation amplitude (from 0.2 mm to 25 mm peak-to-peak)
and frequency (from 1 to 50 Hz), it will be possible to set the acceleration level
imparted to the beads up to 5 g.
The instrument allows to mount diﬀerent type of experiment cells. DTM is
currently developing the following three first test cells for investigations on granular media:
• 3D Cell: it has a test chamber of 60 mm (W) x 30 mm (H) x 30 mm (D)
where beads will move within an air media. This cell will be also provided
with a bead injection device (called "bead feeder") to allow to increase the
number of beads in the test volume.
• Quasi-2D Cell: this cell has all the characteristics of the 3D cell (air media
and bead feeder device), with the only exception of having the test volume
height reduced to only 5 mm, to allow a simpler particle tracking.
• Wet Cell: this cell has the same overall dimensions of the 3D Cell and its
unique feature is that it is designed to be watertight to contain beads in an
⇤
Email: [email protected]
58
Talks (Thursday)
index-matching liquid media. This cell will allow to study stress-induced
birefringent eﬀects during beads compaction and sound propagation in a
granular media.
For what concerns the dimensions of the beads representing the granular media,
the 3D and Quasi-2D Cell will allow to use beads having a diameter ranging
from 1 mm to 2 mm, while inside the Wet Cell it will be possible to inject beads
with a diameter ranging from 0.5 mm to 1 mm.
In order to provide useful data about sound propagation and collisions between
pistons and beads, an impact sensor is mounted on top of each cells piston (except
in the Quasi-2D Cell) while two accelerometers will monitor the acceleration level
of the applied stimuli.
The VIP-Gran-PF instrument will also allow the observation of the ongoing
experiment by means of two high-speed cameras capable of reaching a frame
rate of 1000 fps with a resolution of 1024x1024 pixels. The onboard workstation
and electronics will allow, for each parabola, high-frequency acquisition of both
video-images and sensor signals as well as programming the required experiment
profiles (piston frequency, amplitude, type of oscillation).
VIP-Gran-PF core experiment layout
59
Talks (Thursday)
↵
⌦
Olympia Kyriopoulos
17:05 – 17:25
A COMPETITIVE WAY TO ACCESS
MICROGRAVITY: SUBORBITAL SPACE
Olympia Kyriopoulos⇤
Telespazio VEGA Deutschland GmbH, Darmstadt, Deutschland
We are about to experience a major shift in suborbital space access driven by
new entrepreneurial ventures that are developing suborbital commercial systems
to serve both existing and new markets. These new ventures are focusing their
eﬀorts on suborbital reusable launch vehicles (sRLV) capable of crossing the
threshold of space (100km) and oﬀering around one to four minutes of microgravity. A broad range of sRLV ventures are underway: some are still in the design
phase, others are in their final testing phase, while a few are already operational. Their first revenue earning flights will carry science and engineering payloads
and some will later fly space tourists. An overview of the current suborbital and
microgravity capabilities will be given and then compared to the sRLV systems,
which vary between vertical takeoﬀ/landing rockets and horizontally launched
winged vehicles. Though more technically challenging than expendables, reusable vehicles amortize their production costs over a larger number of flights
and thereby reduce their per flight unit cost. They will also fly more frequently
and achieve much higher levels of reliability and safety than expendable vehicles
and so oﬀer a more flexible, eﬃcient, inexpensive, frequent access to space for
payloads and spaceflight participants. A new spaceflight industry is growing to
exploit high flight rates and relatively low cost markets. Research areas such
as biology, physics, advanced materials and Earth science can benefit from suborbital space access, while commercial companies can boost their research and
development sectors (e.g. pharmaceutical business). Telespazio VEGA has been actively promoting this rapidly emerging market of commercial suborbital
spaceflight and has taken initial steps to connect this growing market with first
flight opportunities. As most of these ventures are based in the U.S., these steps
are also enabling Non-U.S. researchers to take maximum advantage of this new,
competitive way to exploit microgravity.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
60
ADV2_VEGA_De.pdf 1 17/03/2015 14.11.41
Suborbital Space Flight.
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
Telespazio VEGA Deutschland: Access to microgravity
conditions in space. Over the last decade, Telespazio VEGA
Deutschland has been actively promoting the rapidly emerging
market of commercial suborbital space flight. It has pioneered
initial steps to interconnect this growing market with first flight
opportunities that are more flexible, efficient and
cost-effective. Researchers should take maximum advantage
of this new, competitive way to exploit microgravity.
telespazio-vega.de
Talks (Thursday)
↵
Keynote
⌦
Aibing Yu
17:45 – 18:30
Discrete Particle Simulation of Particle/Particle-Fluid
Flow at Diﬀerent Gravity Levels
Shibo Kuang,1 Kejun Dong,2 and Aibing Yu1, ⇤
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton
2
Institute for Infrastructure Engineering,
University of Western Sydney, Australia
Particulate materials are widely encountered in outer space where the gravity level varies, showing complicated behaviors that are not fully understood. This talk
will discuss the micromechanic modelling and analysis of the particle/particlefluid flows at diﬀerent gravity levels. The numerical models used were based on
DEM (discrete element method) approach. The applicability of the models has
been demonstrated by two case studies: the particle dispersion in a horizontally vibrating vessel with round corners under zero gravity and the jet-induced
cratering process in a granular bed at diﬀerent gravity levels.
For the first case, the DEM approach was used and validated by the good agreement between the simulated and measured number concentration distributions
results. The eﬀects of key variables, including overall particle number concentration and vibration amplitude and frequency, were studied by a series of controlled
numerical experiments. The particle flow in the vessel was analyzed by the detailed particle scale information obtained from the simulations. The results were
used to reveal the mechanisms and clarify some speculations of the particle flow
observed in the experiments. In particular, it was found that the conveying velocity generated by the round corner can be correlated to the velocity amplitude,
and so is the overall kinetic energy of the particles inside the vessel.
For the second case, the combined approach of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) for gas phase and DEM for solid phase was adopted and verified by the
good agreement of calculated and measured crater depth and crater shape in the
cratering regime of Diﬀusion Driven Flow. The sensitivity of numerical results to
model parameters such as restitution coeﬃcient, sliding friction coeﬃcient and
Young’s modulus was also examined. Then, the eﬀects of jet velocity and gravity
level were quantified, followed by a detailed analysis of flow characteristics and
forces between particles, as well as between particles and fluid, to understand
the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the cratering under the
condition considered is mainly caused by the radial motion of particles, followed
by the upward motion along the crater sides. This behaviour is attributed to
⇤
Email: [email protected]
62
Talks (Thursday)
large horizontal components of fluid drag force and pressure gradient force on
the lower part of crater while the large vertical components on the upper part.
Based on the simulated results, two equations were respectively formulated to
estimate the asymptotic crater depth and crater width at diﬀerent gravity levels.
All the results suggest that the DEM-based approaches could provide a convenient way to study particulate systems at diﬀerent gravity levels.
63
Talks (Thursday)
64
Friday
09:00 – 09:45 Tilman Spohn
Rosetta/Philae at comet 67p ChuryumovGerasimenko
09:45 – 10:05 Nicole Albers
Saturn’s rings - Theory and observations
by Cassini UVIS and ISS
10:05 – 10:25 Stephen Schwartz
Low-speed Granular Dynamics - Hypervelocity impacts in low gravity
coﬀee break
11:00 – 11:45 Ernesto Altshuler
Settling into dry granular media in diﬀerent gravities
11:45 – 12:05 Christine Hartzell
Towards a model of tribocharging for planetary science applications
12:05 – 12:25 Gonzalo Tancredi
Granular media in the context of Small Solar System Bodies
lunch break
14:00 – 14:45 Wolfgang Losert
14:45 – 15:05 Jens Biele
15:05 – 15:25 Christina Knapek
Convection in 3D granular flows
Drivers, requirements and recent projects
on interaction of small body regolith with
landers, probes and sampling devices Philae, MASCOT and beyond
Complex plasma research in microgravity
coﬀee break
16:00 – 16:45 Gerhard Wurm
16:45 – 17:05 Devaraj van der Meer
The granular nature of (pre)-planetary environments studied under diﬀerent gravity
conditions
On creating macroscopically identical granular systems with diﬀerent numbers of
particles
65
Talks (Friday)
66
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Friday)
Tilman Spohn
09:00 – 09:45
Rosetta/Philae at Comet 67p Churyumov-Gerasimenko
Tilman Spohn⇤
DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin
The Rosetta spaceraft is in orbit around the nucleus of comet 67p ChuryumovGerasimenko since August 2014 and on November 12, 2014, Philae landed in a
region of the nucleus that was named Abydos. Philae operated for almost 60h
before it ran out of battery charge. The lighting conditions at Abydos are such
that the secondary battery could not be charged but that will change after April.
Rosetta with its camera packages OSIRIS and NAVCAM has provided a wealth
of images that show a bizarre world. The comet is already active but even more
interesting perhaps are morphological features that attest to past surprisingly
strong activity. Among these are aeolian features like ice sand dunes, wind tails
and bed forms suggesting local winds. Other witnesses of past activity are pit
holes and cracks. The data of the two spacecraft are still being interpreted but
among the first results are a D/H ratio incompatible with the idea that the
water on Earth is from comets like 67p, a surprising strength of the near surface
layers that are believed to be sintered porous ice underneath a dust mantle
of varying thickness, a porosity somewhere between 60 and 80are ongoing to
locate the lander after its involuntary extended flight across the surface and
the community is looking forward to increased activity as the comet approaches
perihelion (August 13). Hope pertains that Philae can be reactivated this spring.
Aeolian ripples in the Hapi region of the comet [1].
[1] Nicolas Thomas, et al., Special Issue on Rosetta, Science, 347, issue 6220, aaa0440
(2015).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
67
Talks (Friday)
↵
⌦
Nicole Albers
09:45 – 10:05
Saturn’s rings - Theory and Observations by Cassini UVIS
and ISS
Nicole Albers,1, ⇤ Miodrag Sremčević,1 Ana
H.F. Guimarães,2 and Larry W. Esposito1
1
2
LASP, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
CRAAM, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil
Saturn’s rings are the most prominent ring system in our Solar system and one
example of granular matter in space. Dominated by tides and inelastic collisions the rings extent radially more than 130, 000 km and are at the same time
less than 100 m thick. Their particles range in size from microns to hundreds of
meters. Observations made by the Cassini spacecraft currently in orbit around
Saturn reveal unprecedented detail of the large and small scale structures abundant throughout the system. These include: self-gravity wakes (50 100 m),
“straw/ropy” structures (1 3 km), overstable waves (100 300 m), density waves
(few km to few tens of km), gaps, ringlets, and propeller structures created by
embedded moonlets. High-resolution measurements by the Cassini Ultraviolet
Spectrometer (UVIS) High Speed Photometer (HSP) and the Imaging Science
Subystem (ISS) further provide evidence for clumps in the C ring, Encke gap
ringlets, and F ring as well as for the presence of sub-km structure in perturbed
regions of the rings such as strong density waves and the outer edges of the A
and B ring. These perturbed regions, driven by resonances with external moons,
undergo periodic phases of compression and relaxation that correlate with the
presence of structure, implying structure formation on time scales as short as
one orbit. Kinematic studies of the B ring edge show that the expected m=2
pattern is changing in time and that deviations from it are exceptionally strong.
These detections point toward a very dynamical ring system indicating ongoing
aggregation and fragmentation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the Cassini project.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
68
↵
Talks (Friday)
⌦
Stephen Schwartz
10:05 – 10:25
Low-speed Granular Dynamics - Hypervelocity Impacts in
Low Gravity
Stephen R. Schwartz,⇤ Yang Yu, and Patrick Michel
Laboratoire Lagrange, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis,
CNRS, Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur,
C.S. 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France
The study of motions of granular material lofted at low speeds from the surface
of a small body as the result of a hypervelocity impact has been left largely
unexplored to date—the speeds of such material might be comparable to the
escape speed of the small body, five orders of magnitude below the impactor
speed in the case of the AIDA mission. The NEOShield Project, funded by the
European Commission in its FP7 program, is primarily, but not exclusively, a
European consortium of research institutions that aims to analyze promising
mitigation options and provide solutions to the critical scientific and technical
obstacles involved in confronting threats posed by small bodies that cross EarthÕs orbit. An important component of the work package is the design a general
NEO defense strategy based upon momentum transfer via kinetic impact [1].
Relatedly, AIDA is a joint NASA-ESA mission in Phase A/B1 study comprising
the NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, which is to act
as a test of our ability to deflect an asteroid using a kinetic impactor, and the
ESA Asteroid Impact Monitor (AIM) rendezvous mission, an observer spacecraft that would characterize the target and the impact outcome. In order to
address concerns over potential observational and mechanical eﬀects of lingering
dust and debris, information about the ejecta produced by such an impact is of
particular importance to the mission profile of an observer satellite (e.g., AIM).
Here we discuss some of the details of the numerical issues involved in assessing
the ejecta fate in the framework of a hypervelocity kinetic impactor approach
to NEO threat mitigation as part of a specific work package of NEOShield, and
with the AIDA framework in mind.
In order to generate an ejecta field, the late-stages of the impact phase must
be solved; we do so in three diﬀerent ways and compare the results: by using
a hydrocode to compute the impact outcome [2], solving for the initial ejecta
positions and velocities using known scaling laws [3]; Fig. 63, and by using an
N -Body approach to compute the impact [4] as well as the resulting ejecta
⇤
Email: [email protected]
69
Talks (Friday)
field. Each approach, having its own unique strengths and limitations, will be
discussed.
An N -body simulation using ejecta particle velocities solved for with scaling laws from
[3]: a bowl of 641,586 particles representing a portion of the surface of an asteroid that
suﬀers a kinetic impactor strike is embedded into the surface of a sphere that represents
the entire asteroid; the particles are then ejected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study is performed in the context of the NEOShield Project funded under
the European CommissionÕs FP7 program agreement No. 282703. Most of the
computation was performed using the Beowulf computing cluster (YORP), run
by the Center for Theory and Computation at the University of Maryland’s
Department of Astronomy. For data visualization, the authors made use of the
freeware, multi-platform ray-tracing package, Persistence of Vision Raytracer
(POV-Ray).
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
70
A. W. Harris et al. Acta Astronautica 90, 80 (2013).
M. Jutzi and P. Michel, Icarus 229, 247 (2014).
K. Housen and K. Holsapple, Icarus 211, 856 (2011).
S. R. Schwartz et al., Planet. Space Sci. 103, 174 (2014).
↵
Keynote
⌦
Talks (Friday)
Ernesto Altshuler
11:00 – 11:45
Settling Into Dry Granular Media in Diﬀerent Gravities
E. Altshuler,1, ⇤ H. Torres,1 A. Gonzalez-Pita,1 G. Sanchez-Colina,1
C. Perez-Penichet,1 S.Waitukaitis,2 and R. C. Hidalgo3
1
Henri Poincare Group of Complex Systems,
Physics Faculty, University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
2
Department of Physics, James Franck Institute,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
3
Department of Physics and Applied Mathematics,
University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
While the penetration of objects into granular media is well-studied, there is
little understanding of how objects settle in gravities, geﬀ , diﬀerent from that
of Earth - a scenario potentially relevant to the geomorphology of planets and
asteroids and also to their exploration using man-made devices. By conducting
experiments in an accelerating frame, we explore geﬀ ranging from 0.4 g to 1.2
g. Surprisingly, we find that the rest depth is independent of geﬀ and also that
1/2
the time required for the object to come to rest scales like geﬀ . With discrete
element modeling simulations, we reproduce the experimental results and extend
the range of geﬀ to objects as small as asteroids and as large as Jupiter. Our
results shed light on the initial stage of sedimentation into dry granular media
across a range of celestial bodies and also have implications for the design of
man-made, extraterrestrial vehicles and structures.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
71
Talks (Friday)
↵
⌦
Christine Hartzell
11:45 – 12:05
Towards a Model of Tribocharging for Planetary Science
Applications
Christine M. Hartzell⇤ and Dylan P. Carter
Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland
In low gravity environments, such as those found on asteroids and the Moon,
non-gravitational forces become significant and may dictate the behavior of dust
grains. Specifically, it has been shown that cohesion may be responsible for preventing the loss of surface material on fast spinning asteroids [1]. Additionally,
it has long been hypothesized that electrostatic forces, due to the interaction of
charged dust grains with the solar wind plasma, may result in the lofting or levitation of dust grains above asteroids and the Moon [2]. In addition to becoming
charged due to exposure to the local plasma environment, dust grains may also
experience tribocharging - where charge is exchanged between grains during collisions or sliding contacts. Spacecraft-surface interactions, such as a wheel rolling
through dust or drilling, may result in tribocharging. Tribocharging may also occur in the natural environment during landslides. We are interested in modeling
charge exchange due to tribocharging and the grains’ subsequent interaction
with each other and with the near-surface plasma environment.
Tribocharging between identical insulators is not well understood. We have developed a model for the average charge on species in a bidisperse (two grain
species of diﬀerent sizes, but the same material) mixture of grains, based on the
work by Lacks and Levandovsky [3]. Lacks and Levandovsky propose that charge
separation in a bidisperse mixture occurs when electrons trapped in high energy
states are transferred between grains and to lower energy states during grain collisions [3]. Their preliminary model predicts that large grains in the bidisperse
mixture charge positively while small grains charge negatively, in agreement with
experimental results [4]. However, Lacks and Levandovsky assume that only a
single electron is transferred during a collision, regardless of the size of the grains
that are colliding. We have allowed the number of electrons transferred during
a collision to be proportional to the contact area of the collision. In addition
to reproducing the experimentally-observed size dependent charging (where large grains charge positively), our model predicts that for specific mass fractions
and relative sizes of the bidisperse mixture (a small mass of small grains), the
opposite charge separation will occur (with large grains charging negatively).
Given our model of charge separation in a bidisperse collection of grains, we are
⇤
Email: [email protected]
72
Talks (Friday)
currently designing an experiment to test our prediction of charge separation as
a function of the species sizes and mass fractions as well as to observe the timevarying average charge on each species. We are also in the process of developing
a Contact Dynamics numerical simulation to model granular flows, with the goal
of simulating landslides or spacecraft-surface interactions. A Contact Dynamics
simulation is similar to a Discrete Element Model (DEM) simulation in that the
motion of individual grains is simulated. In Contact Dynamics simulations, the
time step is constant and grains are not allowed to deform or overlap [5]. Eventually, we plan to include tribocharging in the Contact Dynamics model. This
presentation will discuss our tribocharging model, plans to experimentally test
our tribocharging predictions, and the current status of our Contact Dynamics
simulation, all in the context of using these models to understand the surface
environment of small planetary bodies.
[1] P. Sanchez and D. Scheeres, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 49 5, (2014), pp. 788–
811.
[2] C. Hartzell and D. Scheeres, JGR-Planets 118, (2013), pp. 116–125.
[3] D. Lacks and A. Levandovsky, J. Electrostatics 65, (2007), pp. 107–112.
[4] K. Forward, D. Lacks and R. Sankaran, PRL 102, (2009), pp. 028001.
[5] F. Radjaï and V. Richefeu, Mechanics of Materials 41, (2009), pp. 715-728.
73
Talks (Friday)
↵
⌦
Gonzalo Tancredi
12:05 – 12:25
Granular media in the context of Small Solar System
Bodies
Gonzalo Tancredi,⇤ Andrea Maciel, Sergio Nesmachnow, and Daniel Frascarelli
Depto. Astronomia, Fac. Ciencias, URUGUAY
Granular materials of diﬀerent sizes are present on the surface and the interior of
several atmosphere-less Solar System bodies. Very fine particles are present on
the surface of the Moon and many asteroids, the so-called regolith. Larger grains
up to the size of boulders have been detected by close-approaching spacecraft.
Solar system bodies smaller than a few hundred km. may have a variety of internal structures: monolithic single bodies, objects with internal fractures, rubble
piles maintained as a single object by self-gravity, etc. After the visit of the small
asteroid Itokawa, it has been speculated that some small asteroids appear to be
clumps of gravel glued by a very weak gravity field. We still do not know the
internal structure of these rubble piles and the size distribution of the interior
constituents, but these clumps could have several million m-size boulders inside.
There are several evidences that many asteroids are agglomerate of small pieces,
like: i) rotation periods for small asteroids; ii) tidal disruption of asteroids and
comets when they enter the Roche’s limit of a massive object; iii) the existence
of carter chains like the ones observed in Ganymede; iv) low density estimates
(< 2 gr/cm3 ) for many asteroids like Mathilde. It has been proposed that several
typical processes of granular materials (such as: the size segregation of boulders
on Itokawa, the displacement of boulders on Eros, the ejection of dust clouds
after impacts) can explain some features observed on these bodies.
The low-gravity space environments are diﬃcult to be reproducible in a groundbased laboratory. Therefore, the numerical simulation is the most promising
technique to study the phenomena aﬀecting granular material in vacuum and
low-gravity environments. We have presented one of the pioneering paper in the
topic: "Granular physics in low-gravity environments"[1]. Hereafter, we present
some results of this work as well as some further improvements. One of the
numerical experiments is presented in Fig. 63.
Many small solar system bodies, like asteroids and comets, are agglomerates of
small objects, maintained together by self-gravity. In order to study the evolution of these bodies under internal and external interactions, a fast method to
compute the self-gravity of systems composed by millions of particles is needed.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
74
Talks (Friday)
In [2] we present a fully parallel algorithm for self-gravitating aggregates in a
dense state, which makes use of a grid to divide space, a hierarchical grouping
method to speed the computation in the grid nodes, and an approximation of
the exact gravitational potential by an smooth function of the position. We are
in the process to incorporate this algorithm into a DEM code to simulate the
evolution of agglomerated bodies under self-gravity.
We review the numerical and experimental studies on granular materials with
relevance to the understanding of the physical processes on the interior and the
surfaces of minor bodies of the Solar System.
Snapshots of the transmission of a surface explosion into a sphere. These are slices
passing through the center of the sphere and the explosion point. The two sets of
snapshots correspond to diﬀerent explosion velocities.
[1] Tancredi, G., Maciel, A.,Heredia, L., Richeri, P., Nesmachnow, S.; Granular physics
in low-gravity environments using DEM; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society, 420, 3368-3380 (2012)
[2] Frascarelli, D.; Nesmachnow, S.; Tancredi, G.; High Performance Computing of
Self-gravity for Small Solar System Bodies; IEEE Computer, 47, 34-39; DOI:
10.1109/MC.2014.249 (2014)
75
Talks (Friday)
↵
Keynote
⌦
Wolfgang Losert
14:00 – 14:45
Convection in 3D granular flows
Wolfgang Losert⇤
Department of Physics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
In thermal systems, convective circulatory flows arise from a temperature gradient inducing density fluctuations. Similar patterns of convection are also common
in athermal granular flows, despite the absence of thermal fluctuations.
Using a microgravity-modified Taylor-Couette shear cell under the conditions
of parabolic flight microgravity, we demonstrate experimentally that secondary,
convective-like flows in a sheared granular material are close to zero in microgravity and enhanced under high-gravity conditions, though the primary flow fields
are unaﬀected by gravity. We suggest that gravity tunes the frictional particleparticle and particle-wall interactions, which have been proposed to drive the
secondary flow.
Direct imaging of 3D granular flow fields, using a light sheet scanner shown in
the attached image, allows us to elucidate the role of convective flows in detail.
We find that convective flows are linked to two key properties of granular flows
- the propensity of materials to segregate by size under shear, and the onset of
irreversible rearrangements in a granular system under shear. We will discuss the
implications of these results for the behavior of granular flows in microgravity
environments.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
76
↵
Talks (Friday)
⌦
Jens Biele
14:45 – 15:05
Drivers, requirements and recent projects on interaction
of small body regolith with landers, probes and sampling
devices - Philae, MASCOT and beyond
Jens Biele,1, ⇤ Stephan Ulamec,1 and Franziska Schmidt2
1
DLR, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 51147 Köln, Germany
2
Universität Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen
Lander and sampling tools for sample return missions on small bodies of the Solar
System (asteroids, comets) are getting into focus of the big space agencies. DLR
is presently involved in the Rosetta Lander Philae, in MASCOT (a lander for
the Japanese Hayabusa-2 mission, launch 2014/2015, landing 2018/2019), in the
proposal for an ESA/NASA Asteroid deflection mission (AIDA-AIM). Furthermore, a sampling device for a comet sample return mission is being developed at
DLR. In November 2014, ESA’s cornerstone mission Rosetta delivered the comet
lander Philae (lead: DLR and CNES) to the surface of comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko. From this event (and the long-term science phase expected in
summer 2015), measurements of the mechanical properties of the comet soil are
becoming available as ground truth for verification/validation and calibration of
numerical and theoretical models.
Regolith is a granular medium, a layer of loose, heterogeneous material covering
solid rock objects in space. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related
materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other
terrestrial planets and moons. On comets, it may involve aggregates ( 1cm)
of mikrometer-sized silicate and ice grains, leading to an extremly low tensile
strength but appreciable compressive strength (aka resistance to penetration).
The material on comet 67P was rather harder than expected, more than 1 MPa
at places, which may indicate ’sintering’ (recondensation of volatiles between the
grains). The ’resistance to penetration’ of an unsintered coarse regolith layer on
a comet is still unclear - the fundamental question is whether the material, being
indented by a technical structure, experiences confined compression or whether
it is displaced to the sides. MASCOT will land with 0.1m/s on a small asteroid
and bounce a number of times; it has an internal torquer for mobility. We are
interested in predictions of the coeﬃcients of restitution for this interaction.
DLR is coordinating a joint project (U Tübingen, U Twente, DLR, Obs. Nice)
to develop, by numerical simulation, mesoscopic mechanical interaction models
for asteroid- and comet-surface materials. The paper will report on preliminary
SPH calculations done at the U Tübingen and further simulation plans.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
77
Talks (Friday)
↵
⌦
Christina Knapek
15:05 – 15:25
Complex Plasma Research in Microgravity
C. A. Knapek,1, ⇤ P. Huber,1 S. A. Khrapak,1 A. M. Lipaev,2 V. I.
Molotkov,2 V. E. Fortov,2 A. V. Ivlev,3 G. E. Morfill,3 and H. M. Thomas1
1
DLR German Aerospace Center,
Research Group Complex Plasmas, Wessling, Germany
2
Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Moscow, Russia
3
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
Complex plasmas are considered the soft matter state of plasmas. They are
generated by injecting micrometer-sized grains, typically made from plastic, into
a low temperature noble gas discharge. Typical ionization fractions of the plasma
are low, in the range of 10 7 -10 8 . As soon as the grains get in contact with the
plasma, they get charged by the flows of electrons and ions to their surface. Due
to the higher mobility of the electrons the particle charge is usually negative
and can reach several thousand elementary charges. The neutral gas component
provides a weak damping of the particle motion by friction.
The charged particles interact with each other via a screened Coulomb potential,
and can form gaseous, liquid or solid states. Since the particles are individually
visible, their atomistic dynamics are virtually undamped and it is possible to
generate huge systems with up to 109 particles, complex plasmas provide a new
experimental approach for fundamental studies of strong coupling phenomena
with fully resolved dynamics at the individual particle level.
On ground, gravity compresses the system and prevents the generation of larger,
three-dimensional particle clouds. Therefore, research in microgravity conditions,
e.g. on parabolic flights, sounding rockets or the International Space Station
(ISS) is necessary. Since 2001, complex plasma laboratories are operated on the
ISS, starting with PKE-Nefedov (2001-2005), PK-3 Plus (2006-2013) and most
recent PK-4 which was launched in 2014.
The research topics include, amongst others, studies of waves, fluid regimes and
instabilities in complex plasmas. Here, some recent results of experiments on
phase transitions and phase separation, conducted with the PK-3 Plus laboratory (Fig. 63) on board the ISS, will be presented: Phase transitions in threedimensional complex plasmas, especially the fluid-solid transition observed during freezing and melting of a large particle cloud [1], could be observed and
studied on the individual particle level, yielding insights into the underlying
processes. Recently, the behavior of binary complex plasmas has been investigated, where particles of diﬀerent sizes are inserted into the plasma simultaneously.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
78
Talks (Friday)
This leads to phase separation [2], similar to the demixing of e.g. water and oil.
With complex plasmas, demixing could now be studied on the “atomistic” level
for the first time.
The plasma chamber of the PK-3 Plus setup. Plasma is generated between two parallel
electrodes by HF-signals to the electrodes. Particles are injected by dispensers build
into the grounded guard-rings. The blue and green arrows inside the plasma indicate
the confining electrical force and the ion drag force acting outwards on the grains.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work and some of the authors are funded by DLR/BMWi FKZ 50WP0203,
50WM1203 and 50WM1441.
[1] S. A. Khrapak, B. A. Klumov, P. Huber, V. I. Molotkov, A. M. Lipaev, V. N.
Naumkin, H. M. Thomas, A. V. Ivlev, G. E. Morfill, O. F. Petrov, V. E. Fortov,
Yu. Malentschenko and S. Volkov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 205001 (2011).
[2] A. Wysocki, C. Räth, A. V. Ivlev, K. R. Sütterlin, H. M. Thomas, S. Khrapak, S.
Zhdanov, V. E. Fortov, A. M. Lipaev, V. I. Molotkov, O. F. Petrov, H. Löwen, and
G. E. Morfill, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 045001 (2010).
79
Talks (Friday)
↵
Keynote
⌦
Gerhard Wurm
16:00 – 16:45
The Granular Nature of (Pre)-Planetary Environments
Studied under Diﬀerent Gravity Conditions
Gerhard Wurm⇤
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen
Many settings of astrophysical and planetary context include small particles.
Planet formation starts with very small (sub)-micrometer grains, which are very
cohesive. Growing to larger aggregates these units sometimes behave more and
more like less cohesive granular matter. So the physics of granular matter is
important for early stages of planet formation. Considering later stages with
existing planetary bodies, i.e. current day planetary surfaces, seemingly similar
situations are found e.g. on the surface of Mars and Earth. For both the granular
soil provides material transported by wind or dust devils. However, the physical
mechanisms working might diﬀer from each other quite a bit due to diﬀerent
environmental settings, the level of gravity being among these.
Being slightly more specific, some fundamental problems to be answered are:
• What are the sticking forces between grains or what is the tensile strength
determining the evolution of a granular medium at low gravity?
• How do dominating photophoretic forces or thermal creep influence the
fate of a granular gas or granular bed under low gravity?
• Is the environment of protoplanetary disks promoting the formation of
larger bodies or are the processes rather destructive?
• How will a dusty / granular body evolve under diﬀerent conditions?
• What physics determines the particle lift from the martian surface?
These are but a few examples in a wide field where quite a number of parameters can be varied. Important in the context here besides gravity are: insolation,
temperature, ambient pressure, gas flow and particle size distributions. In recent
years experiments to shed light on diﬀerent physical mechanisms were carried
out in microgravity (zero g), simulated microgravity (using levitation), low gravity (<1g), Earth gravity (1g), and hypergravity (<2g). They studied collisional
processes as well as processes occuring in dust beds as sketched in fig. 63 being
subject to diﬀerent stimulation changing the dust bed.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
80
Talks (Friday)
I will present some aspects in more detail, the experiments, the physics behind
it and the application to extraterrestrial settings.
Our recent studies of (pre)-planetary surfaces are centered around granular beds with
small but significant cohesion. This bed is illuminated, heated and embedded in a low
pressure environment. Gas flow through the bed and particle ejections are one major
focus.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The projects reported on were supported by the BMWi, DLR, DFG, ESA, and
DAAD.
81
Talks (Friday)
↵
⌦
Dearaj van der Meer
16:45 – 17:05
On creating macroscopically identical granular systems
with diﬀerent numbers of particles
Devaraj van der Meer,1, ⇤ Nicolás Rivas,2 and Stefan Luding2
1
Physics of Fluids Group (PoF), MESA+,
TNW, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217,
7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
2
Multi Scale Mechanics (MSM), MESA+,
CTW, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217,
7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
One of the fundamental diﬀerences between granular and molecular hydrodynamics is the enormous disparity in the total number of constituents. The small
number of particles involved, implies that the role of fluctuations in granular
dynamics is of paramount importance. To obtain more insight in these fluctuations, we investigate to what extent it is possible to create identical granular
hydrodynamic states with diﬀerent number of particles. A definition is given
of macroscopically equivalent systems, and the dependency of the conservation equations on the particle size is studied. We show that, in certain cases,
and by appropriately scaling the microscopic variables, we are able to compare
systems with significantly diﬀerent number of particles that present the same
macroscopic phenomenology. We apply these scalings in simulations of a vertically vibrated system, namely the density-inverted granular Leidenfrost state
[1, 2] and its transition to a buoyancy-driven convective state [3].
[1] B. Meerson, T. Pöschel, and Y. Bromberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 024301 (2003).
[2] P. Eshuis, K. van der Weele, D. van der Meer, and D. Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95,
258001 (2005).
[3] P. Eshuis, D. van der Meer, M. Alam, H.J. van Gerner, K. van der Weele, and D.
Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 038001 (2010).
[4] N. Rivas, S. Luding, A.R. Thornton, New J. Phys. 15, 113043 (2013).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
82
Talks (Friday)
0.6
φ
0.4
Ν = 1,000,000
0.2
Ν = 30
0
0
lX = 5
lX = 50
10
20
30
z
Snapshots from a simulation showing the Leidenfrost (left) and buoyancy-driven convective states (middle) in a vertically driven quasi-twodimensional system of varying
width, under the same shaking conditions [4]. On the right, and again under the same conditions, the packing fraction is plotted as a function of height z for diﬀerent
numbers of particles per unit area N , ranging from N = 30 to N = 1, 000, 000. Clearly,
(z) quickly converges to a profile that is independent of particle number.
83
Talks (Friday)
84
Poster Contributions
Posters are displayed for the duration of the conference. There is a dedicated
Poster Session on Wednesday from 6:30pm to 10:00pm.
Please take note of the "People’s Choice Best Poster Award". Your registration
bag contains a ballot slip for your choice of the three best posters. Each poster
can be identified by its number on the poster board. Note that you can only
vote once for each poster. Please hand in your completed ballot slip by Friday’s
lunch break. The winners will be announced at close of the last session on Friday
afternoon.
85
Posters
86
↵
Poster 1
⌦
Posters
Lydia Almazan
Sedimentation of a granular gas for diﬀerent gravities
Lídia Almazán,1, ⇤ Dan Serero,1 Thosten Pöschel,1 and Clara Salueña2
1
Institute for Multiscale Simulation, Engineering Advanced Material,
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
2
Departament d’Enginyeria Mecànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili
Granular gases under gravity need external support of energy to balance the
loss of energy due to dissipative collisions, otherwise they would quickly come
to rest, as gravity favours dense packing in which energy is rapidly dissipated.
Using numerical hydrodynamic analysis for inelastic hard disks we study the sedimentation until collapse on Earth, Mars and Moon. A wide study on Earth has
been done in Almazán et.al. [1], where we compared diﬀerent initial conditions
of the system and diﬀerent coeﬃcients of restitution of the granular material.
During the process of sedimentation, we observed several stages which reveal
distinct spatial regions of diﬀusive and inertial behaviour. During this process,
self-organized shocks appear, accompanied by sharp profiles of the hydrodynamic
fields of temperature and density.
The second part of the study is the collapse, the last stage of the sedimentation.
As we can see in Fig. 63, the decay of energy of the granular material depend
on gravity, losing energy faster when the gravity is higher.
Earth
Mars
Moon
0
10
E/E(0)
−1
10
−2
10
−3
10
0
0.5
1
1.5
t (s)
2
2.5
3
This figure shows the energy decay along the time for diﬀerent gravities, when we
leave without an external force a granular gas under the action of gravity.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
87
Posters
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank DFG for funding through its Cluster of Excellence Engineering of
Advanced Materials.
[1] L. Almazán, D. Serero, C. Salueña and T. Pöschel, Self-organized Shocks in the
Sedimentation of a Granular Gas, Submitted.
88
↵
Poster 2
⌦
Posters
Anna Bodrova
Nonergodic dynamics of force-free granular gases
Anna Bodrova,1, 2, ⇤ Aleksei Chechkin,2, 3 and Ralf Metzler2, 4
1
Faculty of Physics, M.V.Lomonosov Moscow
State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
2
Institute of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
3
Akhiezer Institute for Theoretical Physics,
Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov 61108, Ukraine
4
Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, 33101 Tampere, Finland
Ergodicity is a fundamental concept of statistical mechanics. Starting with Boltzmann, the ergodic hypothesis states that long time averages of physical observables are identical to their ensemble averages. In the wake of modern microscopic
techniques such as single particle tracking, in which individual trajectories of
single molecules or submicron tracers are routinely measured, knowledge of the
ergodic properties of the system is again pressing: while time averages are measured in single particle assays or massive simulations, generally ensemble averages
are more accessible theoretically. How measured time averages can be interpreted
in terms of ensemble approaches and diﬀusion models is thus imminent [1].
Here we demonstrate in quantitative detail how ergodicity is violated even in
simple mechanical systems such as force-free granular gases [2]. We analytically derive the time and ensemble averaged mean squared displacements (MSDs)
and show that for both constant and viscoelastic restitution coeﬃcients the time
average of the MSD is fundamentally diﬀerent from the corresponding ensemble
MSD (Fig. 29). Moreover, the amplitude of the time averaged MSD is shown to
be a decaying function of the length of the measured trajectory (aging). Comparison to the eﬀective single particle underdamped scaled Brownian motion
demonstrates that this behavior is due to the non-stationarity invoked by the
time dependence of the granular temperature. Our results for generic granular gases are relevant both from a fundamental statistical mechanical point of
view and for the practical analysis of time series of granular gas particles from
observations (in particular, of granular gases in Space) and simulations.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
89
Posters
Ensemble hR2 (t)i and time averaged h 2 ( )i MSDs versus (lag) time from eventdriven MD simulations of a granular gas⌦ with ↵" = 0.8 (symbols). While the ensemble
MSD crosses over from ballistic motion R2 (t) ⇠ t2 for t ⌧ ⌧0 to the logarithmic law
⌦ 2 ↵
R (t) ⇠ log(t) for t
⌧0 , the time averaged MSD starts ballistically and crosses
over to the scaling h 2 ( )i ⇠ /t
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by EU IRSES DCP-PhysBio N269139 project
[1] R. Metzler, J.-H. Jeon, A. G. Cherstvy, and E. Barkai, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
16, 24128 (2014).
[2] A. Bodrova, A.V. Chechkin, A.G. Cherstvy, R. Metzler. Nonergodic dynamics of
force-free granular gases. http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.04173
90
↵
Poster 3
⌦
Posters
Alexander Börngen
PlasmaLab / EKOPlasma – The upcoming Experiment for
Complex Plasma Research on the ISS
A. Börngen,1, ⇤ C. A. Knapek,1 J. G. Prell,1 S. Peralta Friedburg,1 P. Huber,1
D. P. Mohr,1 T. C. Hagl,1 M. Jambor,1 U . Konopka,2 and H. M. Thomas1
1
DLR German Aerospace Center,
Research Group Complex Plasmas, Wessling, Germany
2
Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
EKOPlasma is planned as the successor of the PK-4 experiment and will be
the future of complex plasma research on the ISS. Complex plasmas generated
in the laboratory consist of ionized gas (mainly noble gas) mixed with micronsized plastic particles. Due to electrical charging the particles levitate in the
plasma and build up diﬀerent formations from crystalline structures to liquidlike behavior. EKOPlasma is a Russian-German-Cooperation and will base on
the “Zyflex” - plasma chamber developed within the scope of the PlasmaLab
Project.
The “Zyflex” chamber (Fig. 30) has a cylindrical shape and will become so far the
largest plasma chamber for complex plasma research in space. The electrodes as
well as the guard rings are movable independently to vary the distance (plasma
volume). Furthermore the design allows a huge extension of the accessible plasma parameters like plasma density and electron temperature. Due to this the
experimental quality and the expected knowledge gain will increase significantly.
Additionally the setup reaches low neutral gas pressure which means weak damping of particle motion and allows the generation of large, homogeneous 3D
particle systems to study fundamental phenomena such as phase transitions,
dynamics of liquids or phase separation.
For the 3D observation of the particles two diﬀerent camera systems are under
testing. One system (Raytrix) uses a Plenoptic Camera, the other system use
three cameras placed in diﬀerent solid angles.
A current status of the work will be shown on the poster. It will present the
two camera systems tested for the 3D observation of the particles, the system
to store diﬀerent kinds of dust/particles as well as some other systems used for
the plasma manipulation and analysis which are currently under development.
Information about the project schedule will be given too.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
91
Posters
Internal sealings to introduce
gas flow, electronical connections
Vacuum port for easy
electrode access/exchange
Electrode
Shower head
guard ring
Vacuum port for easy
electrode access/exchange
Internal sealings to introduce
gas flow, electronical connections
”Zyflex” plasma chamber in cross section view: The cylindrical shaped plasma chamber
shall become the biggest one ever used in space before. Upper and lower electrodes as
well as the corresponding guard rings are moveable independently to each other. The
cross section shows the current plasma chamber used for experiments in the laboratory
and during parabola flights. Here the electrodes can be exchanged easily to test diﬀerent
kinds of electrodes like grid electrode, electrodes with heating / cooling elements for
temperature control and electrodes with two diﬀerent RF sections with independent
RF control.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work and some of the authors are funded by DLR/BMWi (FKZ 50WM1441).
92
↵
Poster 4
⌦
Posters
Qiong Chen
Granular Phase Separation in Microgravity (poster)
Qiong Chen,1 Hua Wang,1, 2 Wenguang Wang,1
Hai Lin,3 Jingchang Xie,3 and Meiying Hou1, ⇤
1
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics,
Beijing National Laboratory for Condense Matter Physics,
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2
Department of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
3
National Microgravity Laboratory, Institute of Mechanics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Granular phase-separation is studied in microgravity through the drop tower
experiment. Monodisperse titanium particles in five cells of same width (50mm)
and depth (10mm) with diﬀerent lengths Lx 150/120/100/50/30mm are shaken
by a motor with frequency of 5Hz and amplitude of 13mm horizontally. Titanium
particles of diameters d = 2.5mm, 1mm, and 0.5mm are used. Following results
of our previous event-driven molecular dynamics simulations and hydrodynamic
calculations for the phase separation [1] [2] [3] [4], the spinodal areas of particle
number N vs. the cell length Lx are plotted for diﬀerent particle coeﬃcients
of restitution e in Figure 63. The numbers and sizes of titanium particles in
diﬀerent cells are shown in Figure 64(a) and 65(a). Particles are agitated in
low-gravity for about 3.5 seconds during the free fall of 60 meters. Patterns of
two experimental runs are shown in Figure 64(b) and 65(b). In Fig. 64 for size2.5mm particles cluster is seen only for N = 500 and Lx =150mm cell. Clusterings
at the middle of the cells are seen in almost of all the cases in Fig. 65. The results
show that the particle coeﬃcient of restitution shall be higher than 0.8, which
helps us in determining the number of particles in the SJ-10 satellite experiment.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
93
Posters
Phase diagrams of particles numbers N vs. the cell lengths Lx for diﬀerent coeﬃcients
of restitution are plotted for particles diameter (a)0.5mm, (b)1mm, and (c)2.5mm. Red
stars are experimentally chosen sets of (N, Lx )
set one:(a) Numbers and sizes of titanium particles in diﬀerent cells, (b) Snapshot of
the distribution pattern.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 11034010), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11274354, 11474326), the Special Fund for Earthquake Research of China (Grant No. 201208011 ), and the Strategic Priority Research Program-SJ-10 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.
XDA04020200).
[1] R. Liu, Y. Li, M. Hou and B. Meerson, Phys. Rev. E 75, 061304 (2007).
[2] R. Liu, Y. Li and M. Hou, Acta Phys. Sin. 57, 4660 (2008).
94
Posters
set two:(a) Numbers and sizes of titanium particles in diﬀerent cells, (b) Snapshot of
the distribution pattern.
[3] M. Hou and R. Liu, Chin. J. Space Sci. 28, 1 (2008).
[4] E. Opsomer, F. Ludewig and N. Vandewalle, private communication.
95
Posters
↵
Poster 5
⌦
Xiaohui Cheng
A Hyperelasticity Interpretation for Shear Wave and
Small Cyclic Tests of Ham River Sand
Hao Li and Xiaohui Cheng⇤
Department of Civil Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Taking the hyperelastic stress-strain relationship in a particular soil constitutive
model as an example, this study here presents an approach of calibrating the
model using existing data from shear wave and small cyclic tests of granular
matters, which in turn provides a new way of interpreting the test results.
Mechanical properties of soils, a typical type of granular matters, are of great
importance in the design and safety control of geotechnical engineering. Thus soil
constitutive models based on diﬀerent theories (elasto- plasticity, hypoelasticity,
hyperelasticity, etc.) have been developed aiming at replicating soil behaviour
under loading. Existing soil hyperelastic constitutive models are mainly calibrated using traditional triaxial tests data. This calibration method has an intrinsic
drawback in determining soil elastic parameters, as soils hardly stay elastic while
the test is being conducted.
This study here presents an approach of linking soil hyperelasticity stress-strain
relationship with shear wave and small cyclic tests of granular matters. The
elastic energy function of a newly developed soil constitutive model Tsinghua
Thermodynamic Model (TTM) [1] is taken as the research objective. First, the
elastic incremental stress-strain relationship of soils was deduced where the incremental stress was obtained by multiplying the elastic incremental strain with
a compliance tensor containing parameters that needed to be determined. Second, existing data from shear wave tests done on Ham River sand by Kuwana
and Jardine [2] was used to calculate soil elastic moduli. Third, the compliance
tensor was linked to the elastic moduli of soils and the parameters were calibrated. The calibrated soil hyperelastic stress-strain relationship was verified and
evaluated against experimental data.
The calibrated energy function showed the ability of capturing essential soil
characteristics and it also yielded results in accordance with experimental data
within an acceptable error margin, which indicated that it is feasible and appropriate to interpret shear wave and small cyclic tests of granular matters from a
hyperelasticity point of view.
[1] Z.C. Zhang, X. H. Cheng, Int. J. Numer. Anal. Met. (Submitted)
[2] R. Kuwano, R. J. Jardine, Geotechnique, 52, 727 (2002).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
96
↵
Poster 6
⌦
Posters
Johannes Deckers
Collisions of Decimetre Dust
Johannes Deckers⇤ and Jens Teiser
Fakultät Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen
Decimetre bodies and their collision dynamics are important for the diﬀerent
models for the growth of km-sized objects, the planetesimals. Planets are formed
by accretion of these planetesimals. The processes involved in the growth of the
planetesimals are not understood in detail, yet.
In order to investigate collision properties of decimetre dust, we performed collision experiments with dust agglomerates consisting of µm quartz grains that
have porosities of about 55%.
In collisions of dust agglomerates of diﬀerent sizes we observe mass transfer
from the smaller to the larger body (Deckers and Teiser 2014). We find a grown
structure in the form of a cone sticking to the dm body (see Fig. 1), just like
formed by a jet of granular matter impacting a solid target of equal diameter
(Cheng et al. 2007). This suggests a transition from material bound by cohesion
forces to a granular matter like behaviour.
In mutual collisions of dm agglomerates in microgravity we analysed the threshold between bouncing and fragmentation (Deckers and Teiser 2013). In addition
to that, in laboratory experiments we found the threshold to catastrophic disruption is at 190 J kg 1 , a factor 4 larger than expected (Deckers and Teiser
2014). Both results show that the impact disruption of dm bodies is dominated
by material strength, but lies close to the regime where gravity becomes important (Beitz et al. 2011, Benz and Asphaug 1999).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is funded by the "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"(DFG) within
the SPP 1385 "The First 10 Million Years of the Solar System - A Planetary
Materials Approach".
[1] J. Deckers and J. Teiser, "Macroscopic Dust in Protoplanetary Disks - From Growth
to Destruction", ApJ 796, 2014
⇤
Email: [email protected]
97
Posters
Ψ0
Collision with mass transfer in form of a dust cone
[2] X. Cheng, G. Varas, D. Citron, H. M. Jaeger and S. R. Nagel, "Collective behavior
in a granular jet: Emergence of a liquid with zero surface-tension", Phys. Rev. Lett.
99, (2007)
[3] J. Deckers and J. Teiser, "Colliding Decimeter Dust", ApJ 769, 2013
[4] E. Beitz, C. Güttler, J. Blum, T. Meisner, J. Teiser, G. Wurm, "Low-Velocity
Collisions of Centimeter-Sized Dust Aggregates", ApJ 736, 2011
[5] W. Benz and E. Asphaug, "Catastrophic Disruptions Revisited", Icarus 142, 1999
98
↵
Poster 7
⌦
Posters
Subodh Dhakal
Observations of Multi-particle Interactions in Transitional
Granular Shear Flows
Subodh Dhakal⇤
Department of Geology, Tri-Chandra Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Numerical simulations and theoretical studies have been the dominant study
approaches in the field of mechanics of granular flows because of the diﬃculty
in getting grain-scale information from the physical experiments. These studies
rely mostly on one of the two approaches: Bagnold’s approach [1] and the kinetic
theory model [3]. Bagnold’s approach assumes that the force developed between
particles is through instantaneous momentum transfer from particle-particle collisions, and it is responsible for internal stresses. Kinetic theory models are based
on an analogy between the fluctuating nature of rapid granular motion and the
random molecular motion within a dense gas. One of the major drawbacks of
such theoretical models is that collision time is considered negligible, and stresses are supposed to arise solely from binary collisions. This condition cannot
be generalized to all types of granular flows, especially in cases where the solid
fraction is moderate to dense.
Though similar thoughts have been put forward by many researchers in the
past, very few workers tried to verify them with experimental or theoretical
results. Therefore, more experimental work is expected to judge whether the
available theoretical models can be applied to a moderately dense to dense flow.
Additionally, past studies were focused mostly on the quasi-static regime, and
the inertia-dominant flow regime despite the fact that most granular flows are
neither purely quasi-static nor purely inertia-dominant; rather, they are of transitional type. This is still most challenging regime of granular flow because of the
lack of explicit coverage of this regime in the past. In this context, moderately
to densely packed assembly of disk particles were sheared in a 2D annular shear
flow apparatus by applying a fairly high shear rate to understand the phenomena
of multiple collisions in transitional granular flow. High speed video camera and
subsequent image processing techniques help to document the positions of the
center of particles in the flow. More eﬀective collision detection algorithm was
formulated to determine the inter-particle collisions at each time step [2]. The
flow status was determined in terms of binary and multiple collisions. The results
depict that for the range of shear flows investigated in this study, the proportion
of multi-particle collisions is considerable (Fig. 1), and the inter-particle collision
⇤
Email: [email protected]
99
Posters
time is greater than the binary collision time even in the lowest solid fraction
case (Fig. 2).
Contour plot of multiple collision percentage against solid fraction and shear rate. The
white circles denote points where data were measured. The bottom left and top right
portions of the plot area are masked as they are not covered by present experimental
apparatus.
The group size is determined as an additional length scale associated with multiparticle interactions that becomes irrelevant under binary collision conditions.
Quite a number of groups are found to consist of more than two particles in
all the flows under consideration, and the amount of such group increases on
increasing solid fraction regardless of the shear rate. The change in the stress
generation pattern is observed in the dense cases with solid fraction greater than
0.60 where there is a rapid increase in the multiple collisions, group size and the
occasional force chains. These observations therefore imply that the shear stress
generation pattern diﬀers from the existing models like that obtained from the
kinetic theory of gases for transitional granular flows if the shear deformation
rates are not so small.
[1] R. A. Bagnold, Proc. R. Soc. London, A 225, 49-63 (1954).
[2] S. Dhakal, K. Iwashita, M. Oda, Journal of Applied Mechanics, JSCE, 11, 477-486
(2008).
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Posters
Contour plot of average contact duration in seconds against solid fraction and shear
rate. The white circles denote points where data were measured. The bottom left and
top right portions of the plot area are masked as they are not covered by present
experimental apparatus.
[3] S. B. Savage, D. J. Jeﬀrey, J. Fluid Mech. 110, 255-272 (1981)
101
Posters
↵
Poster 8
⌦
Claudia Faber
Travel times of elastic waves in porous layered cometary
surface material
Claudia Faber,1, ⇤ Martin Knapmeyer,1 Klaus J.
Seidensticker,1 Ekkehard Kührt,1 and Walter Arnold2
1
DLR German Aerospace Center,
Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
2
Saarland University, Department of Materials Science and Technology,
Campus D 2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany, and 1. Physikalisches Institut,
Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
Travel times of elastic waves can be used for the determination of mechanical
properties of a medium. For example, material parameters describing the elastic
properties are, among others, the Young’s modulus E and the Poisson’s ratio ⌫.
For a homogeneous material they are given by
E = ⇢c2S
4c2S
c2S
3c2P
c2P
and
⌫=
1/2 (cS /cP )2
,
1 (cS /cP )2
where cP and cS are the propagation velocities of longitudinal and shear waves,
respectively, and ⇢ is the mass density.
If there is a porous material in a low gravity environment, like it is the case for
comet surfaces for example, the pores are empty or filled at a low pressure. Such
pores are eﬃcient reflectors for elastic waves, so multiple scattering occurs, which
causes a much more complex wave field compared to non-porous material. In [1]
it was suggested that a depleted porous crust covered by a stable dust mantle
may has formed on comet nuclei. Because of recondensation, there is a higher ice
density and a lower porosity beneath the crust-core interface than in the crust.
In this case additional refraction at the layer boundary (head waves) may be
observed. Thus, the identification of arrival times and hence the determination
of E and ⌫ is a complex issue.
Here, seismic sections obtained from two dimensional EFIT (Elastodynamic Finite Integration Technique) [2] forward modelling are presented. According to
⇤
Email: [email protected]
102
Posters
the SESAME-CASSE experiment of the Rosetta mission, a point source with a
signal frequency in the kHz range [3] is implemented. A comparison of diﬀerent
material models in terms of pore sizes/grain sizes and porosities is shown. The
seismograms are investigated regarding whether it is possible to distinguish longitudinal from shear waves and to observe head waves. The latter might be used
for deriving the layer depth. Furthermore it is investigated how the attenuation
correlates with porosity and pore sizes.
Particle velocity Z Component
x 10
2
0.25
Z [m]
0.5
0
0.75
-2
1.0
1.25
1.5
(a)
-4
1
2
3
X [m]
Particle velocity Z Component
4
0.02
0.25
0
0.5
Z [m]
-3
0.75
-0.02
1.0
-0.04
1.25
1.5
( )
1
2
X [m]
3
4
-0.06
Snapshots of particle velocity Z component (colour coded) in a porous medium, (a)
without a layer boundary, (b) with a layer boundary at Z = 0.2 m. A point source
is located at X = 2 m, Y = 0 m. Positive values of the velocity are indicated by red
colour, negative values by blue colour.
[1] E. Kührt and H. U. Keller, Icarus 109, 121-132 (1994).
[2] P. Fellinger et al., Wave Motion 21, 47-66 (1995).
[3] K. J. Seidensticker et al., Space. Sci. Rev. 128, 301-337 (2007).
103
Posters
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Poster 9
⌦
Nina Gunkelmann
Granular mechanics of porous clusters: compaction and
fragmentation
Christian Ringl,1 Nina Gunkelmann,1, ⇤ Eduardo
M. Bringa,2, 3 and Herbert M. Urbassek1
1
Physics Department and Research Center OPTIMAS,
University Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße,
D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
2
Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad
Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 5500 Argentina
3
CONICET, Mendoza, 5500 Argentina
The study of collisions of granular materials is ubiquitous in astrophysics and
the dynamic behavior of impacts of large projectiles was intensely studied in
the past [1]. However, the universe contains a large number of dust grains with
micrometer sizes which play an important role in the field of planetary science.
For instance, the evolution of interplanetary dust clouds is the first stage of
planet formation. It catalyzes the formation of molecules which determine the
possible cooling and collapse of clouds into stars and planetary systems. There
are many investigations of the convergence of colliding dust agglomerates in
laboratory experiments. However, experiments are often not able to realize the
ambient conditions in space environment.
In this work, we study collisions between small aggregates of dust grains as well
as impacts of spheres into porous granular targets using molecular dynamics
simulations. Collisions between granular clusters provide energy for desorbing
molecules which might exist on the surface, generate energy to jump chemical
reactions and change the porosity of the clusters aﬀecting the surface of the
porous clusters available for catalysis. Depending on the particles size and the
impact parameters our results reveal a complex set of outcomes from sticking to
partial or full destruction of the clusters [2]. We find good agreement between our
results and analytical models at atomistic and continuum scale. We study also
collision-induced compaction and show that large clusters result in considerably
higher compactions at higher velocities. Collision-induced compaction is seen to
be strongly inhomogeneous.
The latter coincides with our results on impacts into porous targets where the
excavated craters of conical shape are surrounded by compaction zones which
strongly depend on the target density [3]. It can be found out that the projectile
⇤
Email: [email protected]
104
Posters
Final snapshot of a typical collision event showing agglomeration.
is stopped by an eﬀective drag force which is proportional to the square of its
velocity. The penetration depth depends approximately logarithmically on the
impact velocity, and is inversely proportional to the target density.
Snapshot of a crater caused by the impact of a projectile into a target. Color code
denotes relative target compaction.
[1] H. J. Melosh, Impact Cratering: A Geological Process (Oxford Univ. Press, New
York, 1989).
[2] C. Ringl et al., Astrophys. J. 752, 151 (2012).
[3] C. Ringl et al., Phys. Rev E 86, 061313 (2012).
105
Posters
↵
Poster 10
⌦
Kirsten Harth
Impact of the microgravity platform on the preparation
and spatial properties of 3D granular gases
Kirsten Harth,⇤ Torsten Trittel, Sandra
Wegner, Kathrin May, and Ralf Stannarius
MARS and Institute of Experimental Physics,
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
Granular gases are dilute ensembles of at least millimeter-sized grains, undergoing an erratic motion and collisions of particles, which on a first glance resemble our simplest picture of molecular gases. However, their particle collisions
are dissipative by nature. They give a vivid example of a dynamic ensemble of
particles with random interactions, therefore granular gases are often considered
as a simple model systems to investigate statistical dynamics far from thermal
equilibrium. Immense eﬀorts have been focussed on analytical and numerical
modeling of such systems. Experiments with granular gases do not only provide
statistical information on multi-particle systems undergoing random dissipative
interactions, they may also help to test predictions of numerical simulations and
to gain understanding of the self-organization of dilute granular matter to clusters and stable assemblies. However, experiments were so far mainly restricted
to flat geometries, small ensemble sizes and/or strong external excitation.
Larger, three-dimensional granular ensembles at low excitation strength can only
be prepared in microgravity. First experiments were performed by Falcon et
al. [1] with brass spheres at comparatively high filling fractions and excitation. A
statistical analysis on the particle was not possible in that study, but dynamical
clustering was observed in the raw data.
We have recently started research on granular gases of elongated grains, which
possess a number of advantages over gases of spheres. These systems allow a
statistical analysis on the particle level far beyond the Knudsen regime [2, 3].
Grain distributions, velocity and rotational velocity statistics and their temporal
dependencies become accessible with appropriate preparation. In this contribution, we focus on general spatial properties of these granular gases, homogeneity
and randomness.
We evaluate general experimental requirements, evaluate preparation protocols
and judge the appropriateness of the diﬀerent platforms (drop towers, parabolic
flight, orbital platforms) for the preparation of such weakly excited systems. We
⇤
Email: [email protected]
106
Posters
will present quantitative results on spatial properties of our granular gases of
elongated grains.
We acknowlegde the German Aeropace Center (Grants 50WM1241 and 50WB1344)
and German Science Foundation DFG (Grant STA-425/36) for funding. Part
of the drop tower experiments were performed within ESA’s Drop Your Thesis!
programme, project GAGa DropT. The sounding rocket flight was performed
within the REXUS program (project GAGa) of DLR, ESA and SNSB; we thank
U. Kornek, U. Strachauer, S. Höme and K. Will for their contributions.
[1] E. Falcon, R. Wunenburger, P. Evesque, S. Fauve, C. Chabot, Y. Garrabos, and D.
Beysens, Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 440 (1999). E. Falcon, S. Aumaitre, P. Evesque, F.
Palencia, C. Lecoutre-Chabot, S. Fauve, D. Beysens, and Y. Garrabos, Europhys.
Lett., 74, 830 (2006).
[2] K. Harth, U. Kornek, T. Trittel, U. Strachauer, S. Höme, K. Will, and R. Stannarius,
Phys. Rev. Lett., 110,144102 (2013).
[3] K. Harth, T. Trittel, U. Kornek, S. Höme, K. Will, U. Strachauer, and R. Stannarius,
AIP Conf. Proc. (Powders and Grains), 1542, 807 (2013).
[4] K. Harth, T. Trittel, K. May, S. Wegner, and R. Stannarius, Adv. Space Res., DOI:
10.1016/j.asr.2015.01.027 (2015).
107
Posters
↵
Poster 11
⌦
Michael Heckel
Granular dampers in Microgravity
Michael Heckel,⇤ Achim Sack, Jonathan E. Kollmer, and Thorsten Pöschel
Institute for Multiscale Simulations,
FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
We performed experiments on granular dampers for a large abundance of parameters under the conditions of microgravity in a parabolic flight. In order to
meet the special requirements of a parabolic flight we built a setup to perform
16 individual experiments synchronously (see the Figure (left)). Their parameters can be adjusted rapidly in the breaks between parabolas by exchanging the
individual damper or the entire spring-damper system.
We confirmed that the damping eﬃciency is independent of the frequency but
depends only on the amplitude of the vibration and the clearance in the container. For an example for one damper geometry and diﬀerent spring constants
see the Figure (right). Further we find quantitative agreement with the model
prediction [1, 2] for all sets of parameters validating the models remarkably simple assumptions. This agreement includes cases where the applicability of the
model may be questioned because of a very small number of particles. Although
showing a significant scatter, on average the model still seems to hold true.
In conclusion, based on the large set of data presented in this paper, we confirm
the validity of the single particle model in describing the physics of granular
dampers.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR)
are gratefully acknowledged for funding the parabolic flights. We thank the German Science Foundation (DFG) for support through the Cluster of Excellence
Engineering of Advanced Materials.
[1] J. E. Kollmer, A. Sack, M. Heckel, and T. Pöschel. New J. Phys., 15 093023 (2013).
[2] A. Sack, M. Heckel, J. E. Kollmer, F. Zimber, and T. Pöschel. Phys. Rev. Lett.,
111 018001 (2013).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
108
Posters
3
2
4
1
5
No. 6
k = 4.70 N/m
k = 8.13 N/m
k = 19.26 N/m
k = 37.62 N/m
k = 126.98 N/m
1
η
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
4
Ai /Aopt 6
8
10
Left: Sketch of the fully assembled experimental rack: (1) two banks of eight oscillators
and corresponding electromagnets, (2) storage for additional samples, (3) four cameras
for documentation. The experiment is enclosed by an aluminium frame (4) holding
polycarbonate panels (not shown) to contain accidental spills and is mounted onto
a base plate (5). Right: Damper eﬃciency ⌘ as a function of normalized amplitude
Ai /Ao pt for sample No. 6 (sphere diameter 4 mm, container length 40 mm, gap size
9 mm, filling mass 25 g) and diﬀerent spring constants k. The solid black line is the
theoretical eﬃciency resulting from our model.
109
Posters
↵
Poster 12
⌦
Marc Hofmann
Small scale impacts as trigger for an avalanche in a low
gravity environment
Marc Hofmann,1, ⇤ Holger Sierks,1 and Jürgen Blum2
1
Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung,
Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
2
Institut für Geophysik und extraterrestrische Physik der TU Braunschweig,
Mendelssohnstr. 3, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
The European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft was launched in 2004 and
will rendezvous with comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in 2014. On its route
towards the comet, it flew by asteroid (21) Lutetia on 10 July 2010, with a closest
approach distance of 3170 km. OSIRIS - the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared
Remote Imaging System on board Rosetta [1] - took 462 images of Lutetia, using
21 broad- and narrowband filters covering a wavelength range from 240 to 1000
nm [2].
The surface of (21) Lutetia is is covered with a thick layer of regolith. On slopes of
several craters this regolith layer collapsed in landslide-like events. [3]. A possible
trigger mechanism for these low-gravity avalanches is the slow impact of a small
mm to cm-sized body
We conducted an experiment where samples of diﬀerent granular materials were
tilted at diﬀerent angles with respect to the vector of gravity. We accelerated
a small mm-sized metal sphere to velocities up to 1.5 m/s and shot it into the
sloped granular material. The impacts and any events triggered by the impact
were recorded using a high-speed high-resolution camera.
The experiment was implemented at the center of applied space technology and
microgravity (ZARM) vacuum drop tower in Bremen in August 2012. The experiment was placed in an evacuated cylinder and mounted on a centrifuge that was
spun with varying rotation rates to accommodate the vacuum and low gravity
present on the surfaces of asteroids.
A total of 20 experiments as described above were realized during 10 drops. The
tilt angle and the magnitude of artificial gravity were varied for two diﬀerent
materials, a ground HED meteorite and the JSC MARS-1 Martian soil simulant
[4]. Additional ground-based experiments in 1g environment were conducted at
a later time.
We analyzed the images using an image subtraction algorithm to track movement
from one frame to the next. In subsequent steps we observed the behavior of the
⇤
Email: [email protected]
110
Posters
material on the surface as well as in deeper layers to characterize the eﬀects of
the impact with changing gravitational acceleration, impactor velocity and tilt
angle of the material.
The analysis of the experimental data indicates that small scale impacts can,
under certain conditions, trigger avalanches in both normal and reduced gravity.
The probability to induce an avalanche in the MARS-1 material is lower for
coarser sievings.
To gain a better understanding of the microphysical processes governing the
distribution of energy in low-energy impacts, a suite of simulations was performed, using a Discrete Element Method (DEM) software called ESyS-Particle
[5]. DEM codes simulate granular systems by creating an ensemble of spherical
particles that interact with external forces and with one another. The experiments described above were recreated within the program in a reduced size to
make the calculations less computationally demanding.
The results show that energy introduced into the target material by the impactor
is largely retained at the surface of the target. The energy gets dissipated in
inelastic collisions that happen more frequently in the depth of the material
where the mean number of contacts per particle is higher than at the surface.
The energy retained at the surface gets distributed radially away from the impact
site. This distribution can be governed by gravity (when g is large) or the local
arrangement of the particles (when gravity is low).
These findings reinforce the conclusion that low-energy impacts are a viable
trigger mechanism for avalanches of asteroidal regolith, both in low and normal
gravity.
Like asteroids, comets retain a dust mantle of varying grain size and thickness.
Rosetta’s target comet 67P is partly covered with a dust layer [6] that shows
evidence for mass wasting [7]. The conditions under which these occur are the
focus of our current studies.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
H. U. Keller et al., Space Sci. Rev. 128, 433 (2007).
H. Sierks et al., Science 334, 487 (2011).
J. B. Vincent et al., PSS 103, 57 (2014).
R. V. Morris et al., GCA 57, 4597 (1993).
www.launchpad.net/esys-particle
H. Sierks et al., Science 347, aaa1044 (2015).
N. Thomas et al., Science 347, aaa0440 (2015).
111
Posters
↵
Poster 13
⌦
Mathias Hummel
Local Mach number determines the evolution of clustering
in a free cooling granular gas
Mathias Hummel,⇤ James Clewett, Stephan Herminghaus, and Marco G. Mazza
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization,
Am Fassberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
We perform direct numerical simulations (DNS) of granular hydrodynamics to
study the clustering of a freely cooling granular gas for constant coeﬃcients of
restitution in three dimensions. Due to character of DNS we have the advantage
of direct access to hydrodynamic quantities at each point in the simulated system. We find that the evolution of a granular gas is well described by the ratio
between local bulk velocity and thermal velocity, that is the Mach number.
Figure 1 shows the temporal evolution of the density field of the granular gas.
Figure 2(a) shows the temporal evolution of the fluctuations
of the filling
fraction for diﬀerent " values. diﬀerent curves span many decades in time. Figure
2(b) shows the same data rescaled with the Mach number. The density evolution
now nearly collapse on one master curve.
Snapshot of the 3D freely cooling granular gas, with eﬀective coeﬃcient of restitution
"=0.995 at times, from the left to the right, t = 106 , t = 107 and t = 108 . The dark
regions show dense clustering, the light regions show the dilute gas, on a logarithmic
scale.
[1] Nikolai V. Brilliantov, Thorsten Pöschel, Kinetic Theory of Granular Gases (Oxford
University Press, 2004).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
112
0.01
0.005
0.005
0.000 0
10
σ
σ
Posters
0.010
2
10
4
10
time
6
10
8
10
0 -4
10
-3
10
-2
10
10
-1
0
10
1
10
M
Dependency of the fluctuation of the filling fraction on time (left panel) and Mach
number (right panel). The graph shows the values measured for eﬀective coeﬃcient of
restitution "0.01..0.99999. The lines are guides to the eye.
[2] Miller, S. and Luding, S., Cluster growth in two- and three-dimensional granular
gases (American Physical Society, 2004).
[3] Goldhirsch, I. and Zanetti, G., Clustering instability in dissipative gases (American
Physical Society, 1993).
113
Posters
↵
Poster 14
⌦
Thorben Kelling
Granular Matter as an Active Gas Pump in Reduced
Gravitational Environments
Thorben Kelling,⇤ Caroline de Beule, Marc Köster, and Gerhard Wurm
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen,
Lotharstr. 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
We just recently found in experiments that inhomogeneously heated granular
matter create eﬃcient gas flows in 10 1 102 mbar environments [1, 2]. Temperature gradients over channels induce gas flows along the surface by thermal
creep [3, 4]. In general the gas flows from the cooler towards the warmer side. In
first experiments at the drop tower in Bremen (Fig. 63) we found that an illuminated basaltic dust sample induces gas motion up to cm/s, which is not only
active above the dust surface but is also present centimeters below the surface.
Left: Superimposed images from the drop tower experiments showing particle trajectories following the gas flow. A laser (red bar, 8 mm diameter, 655 nm, 13 kW m 2 )
illuminates a basaltic dust sample from above at 10 mbar ambient pressure. Particles
are ejected within the illuminated spot. Due to the illumination and heating of the
dust sample (see text) a gas flow is induced; Center: Model of the gas flow; Right:
Simulation of particle velocities along their streamlines below and above the surface of
the dust sample. The height 0 on the y-axis marks the surface of the dust bed [2].
The gas mass flow rates can be estimated by
s
m⇡ 2 r3 T
Ṁ = pavg
QT ,
2kB Tavg l Tavg
⇤
Email: [email protected]
114
Posters
where pavg and Tavg are the average ambient pressure and temperature, r is
the radius and l the lenght of the channels within the dust sample, T is the
temperature diﬀerence between the channels ends, kB is the Boltzmann constant,
m is the molecular mass of the ambient gas and QT is a factor which depends on
the Knudsen number Kn = /(2r), which is the relation of the mean free path
of the gas to the diameter of the channels here [2]. We found in the drop tower
experiments a mass flow rate about Ṁ ' 10 14 kg s 1 . An induced gas flow
within and above granular matter by thermal diﬀerences within the matter itself
can have several impacts on diﬀerent disciplines: The concept is applicable to
the planet Mars (⇠ 0.38 g, mbar pressure), where the mechanism might act as a
giant surface pump or might trigger the formation of dust devils and dust storms
by supporting lifting forces. The thermal creep flows through dust aggregates can
be used to levitate these aggregtes in the laboratory (artificial zero gravity) to
study e.g. the collision behaviour of dust aggregates [1, 5] which is important
for planet formation processes. In accretion disks around newly formed stars
thermal creep might eﬃciently transport gas [6].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Caroline de Beule is supported by DLR Space Management with funds provided
by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) under grant
number DLR 50 WM 1242 and Marc Köster is suppport by the project KE
1897/1-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
[1] T. Kelling and G. Wurm, PRL 103, 215502 (2009).
[2] C. de Beule, G. Wurm, T. Kelling, M. Küpper, T. Jankowski and J. Teiser, Nature
Physics 10, 17-20 (2014).
[3] M. Knudsen, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 336, 205 (1909).
[4] E. P. Muntz, Y. Sone, K. Aoki, S. Vargo, and M. Young, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A
20, 214 (2002).
[5] T. Kelling, G. Wurm and M. Köster, APJ, 783:111, 7pp (2014)
[6] T. Kelling and G. Wurm, APJL, 774:L1, 2pp (2013)
115
Posters
↵
Poster 15
⌦
Vinita Kumari
Equilibrium shapes of rotating self-gravitating asteroids
Vinita Kumari,⇤ Ashish Bhateja, and Ishan Sharma
Mechanics and Applied Mathematics group,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P India
This research looks at the dynamical behaviour of asteroids that are held together by the eﬀect of self gravity. Granular aggregates are ubiquitous in nature
which can display solid- or fluid-like behaviour. The behaviour of these aggregates depends on packing fraction, co-eﬃcient of friction and particles properties. In
particular, we employ DEM simulation to investigate equilibrium-shaped granular assembly [4]. The assembly is rotated by providing an initial angular velocity.
This initial angular velocity is steadily increased until a critical value at which
the aggregate fails. We explore the dependence of this critical angular velocity
on the asteriod’s shape of various particle parameters.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
⇤
P. Cundall and O. Strack, Geotechnique 29, 47 (1979).
Y. Tsuki, T. Tanaka and T. Ishida, Powder Technology 71, 239 (1992).
Zhang, W.J. Whiten, Powder Technology 88, 59 (1996).
D.P. Sanchez, D.J. Scheeres, Icarus 218, 876 (2012).
I. Sharma, J.T. Jenkins, J.A. Burns, Icarus 200, 304 (2009).
Email: [email protected]
116
↵
Poster 16
⌦
Posters
Marc Köster
Experimental Study On Bouncing Barriers In
Protoplanetary Disks
M. Köster,⇤ T. Kelling, and G. Wurm
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen,
Lotharstr. 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
Dust aggregates interact in the early stage of planet formation in the protoplanetary disc through individual collisions. It has been observed in experiments
that a bouncing barrier avoids growth in the regime of mm to cm sized dust
aggregates [1]. In our work [2] we levitate simultaneously about 100 SiO2 cylindrical, porous dust aggregates giving us free dust aggregates in the laboratory
(’artificial zero-g’) and observe their interaction in an ensemble (Fig. 63). The
levitation itself is based on the Knudsen Compressor [3].
With velocities below mm/s up to cm/s more than 105 collisions occurred and
nearly 2000 were analyzed in detail. To enhance the relative velocity between
the aggregates a gas flow through a nozzle was used.
In spite of sticky collisions no stable net growth was visible in the aggregate ensemble. The total aggregate number remained constant over time (see Fig. 63).
Secondary collisions on already attached aggregates disrupt their connection.
Within the chosen parameter rage the experiment confirms the bouncing barrier
as a limit of a self-consistent particle growth.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
117
Posters
120
aggregate number
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
300
600
900
time !s"
Left: SiO2 aggregate sample, as observed by the high-speed camera. The inset is a
microscope image of one of the aggregates. Right: Total number of aggregates during
the recording phase (dark gray: no gas flow; light gray: nozzle gas flow activated). The
solid lines are linear fits to the data.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was funded by the University of Duisburg-Essen and by the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; project Ke 1897/1-1).
[1] A. Zsom, C. W. Ormel, C. Güttler, J. Blum, & C. P. Dullemond, A&A 513, 56
(2010).
[2] T. Kelling, G. Wurm, & M. Köster, ApJ 783, 111 (2014)
[3] M. Knudsen, AnPhy 336, 633 (1909).
118
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Poster 17
⌦
Posters
Markus Küpper
The Role of Insolation on Martian Aeolian Erosion
Markus Küpper⇤ and Gerhard Wurm
University of Duisburg-Essen
We present first results of our wind
tunnel experiments on the eﬀect of
insolation
wind
insolation on the aeolian erosion
F
+F
threshold. Temperature gradients in
the dust bed induce thermal creep
F
temperature
[5]. This leads to an overpressure
F +F
↑ Darcy flow
just below the surface, which can be
overpressure
strong enough to eject the complete
surface layer if enough illumination
is provided [1]. It further leads to a
↑ thermal creep
gas flow through the dust bed [2].
As the illumination needed for ejection cannot be provided by insolation alone, we investigated the case
Schematic of the insolation assisted aeolian
when the illumination is lower and
erosion
aids the aeolian erosion.
In the experiment it is observed
whether grain detachment occurs. As sample material Mojave Mars Simulant
[4] was used. Working gas was air at 6 mbar. By varying the airflow and the
illumination the threshold of the erosion is measured. We rescale our findings
to Martian conditions. In our experiment an reduction of about 10% for the
Martian enviroment is found [3].
press
lift
drag
cohesion
depth
g
⇤
Email: [email protected]
119
Posters
Example picture showing Erosion. This picture is an composite from a 2750 frames
observation, processed to enhance the visibility of the particles. Observation was done
with an pulsed line laser, leading to the striking triple exposed feature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was funded by the DFG.
[1] de Beule, C.,Wurm, G., Kelling, T., Koester, M., Kocifaj, M., 2015. Lifting dust on
mars: On the thickness of an insolation activated dust layer. (submitted).
[2] de Beule, C.,Wurm, G., Kelling, T., Küpper, M., Jankowski, T., Teiser, J., 2014.
The martian soil as a planetary gas pump. Nature Physics 10, 17-20.
[3] Küpper, M., Wurm, G. 2015. Insolation assisted aeolian erosion on Mars: Wind
Tunnel Experiments (submitted).
[4] Peters, G. H., Abbey, W., Bearman, G. H., Mungas, G. S., Smith, J. A., Anderson,
R. C., Douglas, S., Beegle, L. W., 2008. Mojave Mars simulant - Characterization
of a new geologic Mars analog. Icarus 197, 470-479.
[5] Sone, Y., Itakura, E., 1990. Analysis of poiseuille and thermal transpiration flows
for arbitrary knudsen numbers by a modified knudsen number expansion method and
their database. J. Vac. Soc. Jpn. (33), 92.
120
↵
Poster 18
⌦
Posters
Marco Mazza
A Maxwell Construction for Phase Separation in Vibrated
Granular Matter
James P.D. Clewett,1 Jack Wade,2 R. M. Bowley,2 Stephan
Herminghaus,1 Michael R. Swift,2 and Marco G. Mazza1, ⇤
1
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Selforganization,
Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
2
School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham,
Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
Recent work has demonstrated that confined grains driven by a periodic external
force can separate into a dilute phase and a dense phase via spinodal decomposition [1, 2], and exhibit behavior similar to the phase separation in a van der
Waals gas [2–6]. In an equilibrium fluid the pressure at coexistence, P ⇤ , as well
as the binodal densities g (gas) and l (liquid) are determined by the requirements of mechanical and thermal equilibrium and by the minimization of the
appropriate free energy. These constraints give rise to the Maxwell construction on the non-monotonic pressure-volume isotherm P (v) [7]. This equal-areas
construction uniquely identifies P ⇤ = PEA , the equal-areas pressure.
In a granular gas, clustering is observed whenever the restitution coeﬃtient
" < 1. If " is close to unity (elastic limit), it is not surprising that the overall clustering behaviour can be described by concepts borrowed from equilibrium statistical physics [3–5, 8]. However, as the system is taken far away from
equilibrium, its behaviour is expected to diﬀer qualitatively from its equilibrium counterparts. In particular, a Maxwell construction, which directly derives
from the minimization of a free energy functional, is not expected to hold. Surprisingly, we find (see Fig. 63) that an equal-areas rule (Maxwell construction)
quite accurately predicts the coexisting binodal densities and the pressure for
the liquid-gas phase separation to a few percent, even if the system is well remote from the elastic limit (with " down to 0.65). We demonstrate that this
results from the minimization of residual mechanical work associated with the
fluctuations in the system.
[1] T.-Y. Wang and T. M. Hong, Phys. Rev. E 78, 061301 (2008).
[2] J. P. D. Clewett, K. Roeller, R. M. Bowley, S. Herminghaus, and M. R. Swift,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 228002 (2012).
[3] M. Argentina, M. G. Clerc, and R. Soto, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 044301 (2002).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
121
Posters
Amplitude [d]
50
45
Pressure [Pa]
40
35
30
3
2
1
0
0.1
0.2
Density ( )
25
20
15
10
0
10
20
30
Volume (v)
40
50
Main panel: The solid lines show the pressures calculated in small cells for driving
amplitudes in the range 2.2dA2.8d. The filled circles show the corresponding binodal
densities and the pressures calculated in long, thin systems. The open circles show
the pressure and densities predicted using an equal-areas construction. Inset: Phase
diagram for the liquid-gas-like phase separation. The filled and open circles show the
binodal points determined by the long cell, and those predicted by P (v) and the equalareas construction, respectively. The triangles show the spinodal points from the long
cell and those predicted by the unstable region of P (v), respectively.
[4] R. Soto, M. Argentina, and M. Clerc, in Granular Gas Dynamics, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 624, edited by T. Pöschel and N. Brilliantov (Springer Berlin
Heidelberg, 2003) pp. 317–333.
[5] R. Liu, Y. Li, M. Hou, and B. Meerson, Phys. Rev. E 75, 061304 (2007).
[6] K. Roeller, J. P. D. Clewett, R. M. Bowley, S. Herminghaus, and M. R. Swift,
Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 048002 (2011).
[7] J. C. Maxwell, Nature 11, 374 (1875).
[8] E. Khain, B. Meerson, and P. V. Sasorov, Phys. Rev. E 70, 051310 (2004).
122
↵
Poster 19
⌦
Posters
Alexandre Meurisse
Solar sintering of regolith
Alexandre Meurisse⇤ and Matthias Sperl
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt,
Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum, 51170 Köln, Germany
Going back to the Moon to create a permanent outpost implies using the local
resources. Consequently, regolith plays a key role for any In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). One aspect of ISRU is extracting the oxygen from lunar regolith
[1] but recent studies focused more on using the regolith as a construction material via, for instance, a sintering process [2], [3]. The sintering is a process of
forming a solid mass by heat without reaching the point of liquefaction. This
process, applied to regolith, could allow the building of bricks, walls for shielding
and of roads and launchpads.
One issue working on such a process comes from a lack of true regolith (less
than 400kg returned from Apollo missions). The scientific community is then
obliged to use simulants, created from Earth basalt rocks. All main commercial
simulants match around 99% the mare regolith mineral composition but they
are all diﬀerent which means that they likely behave diﬀerently at high temperature. The second issue is the sintering process. On the Moon, the regolith
would be likely sintered focusing solar energy. Is the sintering by lunar radiation
reproducible in a laboratory? Does vacuum change the process?
The main research question guiding this work concerns the investigation of several aspects of the sintering process for various regolith simulants. Three mare
simulants are compared: JSC-1, JSC-1A and DNA. As shown in Fig. 1, even the
two closest simulants (JSC-1A is a second batch of JSC-1) behave diﬀerently at
the same temperature. Three sintering processes are also studied:
• Sintering in a solar oven.
• Sintering in a furnace in air atmosphere.
• Sintering in a furnace under vacuum.
[1] W. Seboldt, S. Lingner, S. Hoernes, W. Grimmeisen, R. Lekies, R. Herkelmann,
D. Burt, Lunar oxygen extraction using Fluorine, J.S. Lewis, M.S. Matthews, M.L.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
123
Posters
Tomogram of JSC-1 and JSC-1A simulants at 1100 C. JSC-1 is already melting while
JSC-1A is only at the beginning of sintering.
Guerrieri (Eds.), Resources of Near Earth Space, U. Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ,
129-148 (1993).
[2] G. Cesaretti, E. Dini, X. De Kestelier, V. Colla, and L. Pambaguian, Acta Astronautica 93, 430 (2014).
[3] E. J. Faierson, K. V. Logan, B. K. Stewart, M. P. Hunt, Acta Astronautica 67, 38
(2010).
124
↵
Poster 20
⌦
Posters
Sebastian Mühlbauer
Rarefied gas dynamics including chemical reactions
Sebastian Mühlbauer,⇤ Severin Strobl, and Thorsten Pöschel
Institute for Multiscale Simulation at the Friedrich-Alexander Universität
Rarefied gas flow is an important issue especially in regions of low gravity. Approaches employing continuum mechanics, however, are based on the assumption
of local equilibrium, which is not valid for the density range of interest. Hence,
particle based simulation methods have to be employed in this context. An invaluable advantage of such methods is that chemical models can be implemented
on microscopic scale yielding results on macroscopic scale, which are independent
from macroscopic reaction kinetics.
Employing a particle based approach, we simulate chemical reactions on catalytic
surfaces in rarefied gas flows. The starting point is non-dissociative adsorption
with subsequent desorption as can for example be observed for carbon-monoxide
on a platinum surface [1]. The underlying gas dynamics are simulated using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo [2], which allows for following the trajectory of
each quasi-particle. If a reactive quasi-particle impinges on a reactive surface,
it is adsorbed with a certain probability. Apart from constitutive parameters
defined by the particle-wall-pairing, the adsorption probability depends on the
⇤
Email: [email protected]
125
Posters
local temperature. Naturally, low local surface coverage, which implies an abundance of free adsorption sites, encourages adsorption. Depending on the wall
temperature the particles are desorbed again after a certain time and ready for
another adsorption. For a confined container the numerical results are validated
applying an analytical model.
Furthermore, we implement a qualitative surface reaction model by changing
the particle behaviour after desorption preventing a second adsorption. The left
part of the figure above depicts the particle concentration referring to species B
in a rarefied pipe flow, where particles of species A are adsorbed and converted
to species B on the lateral surface. This model allows for assessing diﬀerent geometries – as displayed in the right part of the figure above – and flow conditions
in terms of chemical surface reactivity.
[1] T. Engel and G. Ertl, Advances in Catalysis 28, pp. 1–78 (1979).
[2] G. A. Bird, Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows (Clarendon Press, 1994).
126
↵
Poster 21
⌦
Posters
Patric Müller
Event-driven molecular dynamics of soft particles
Patric Müller⇤ and Thorsten Pöschel
Institute for Multiscale Simulation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,
Nägelsbachstr. 49b, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
The dynamics of granular systems obeys Newton’s equations of motion which are
commonly solved numerically by (force-based) Molecular Dynamics (MD) schemes. Under low gravity conditions granular matter frequently assumes weakly
bound states in which the rate of many-body collisions may be neglected compared to the rate of pair collisions. Further assuming instantaneous collisions the
simulation of such systems can be accelerated considerably using event-driven
Molecular Dynamics, where the coeﬃcient of restitution is derived from the interaction force between particles. Recently it was shown that this approach may fail
dramatically, that is, the obtained trajectories deviate significantly from the ones
predicted by Newton’s equations. We generalize the concept of the coeﬃcient of
restitution and derive a numerical scheme which, in the case of dilute systems
and frictionless interaction, allows us to perform highly eﬃcient event-driven
Molecular Dynamics simulations even for non-instantaneous collisions. We show
that the particle trajectories predicted by the new scheme agree perfectly with
the corresponding (force-based) MD, except for a short transient period whose
duration corresponds to the duration of the contact. Thus, the new algorithm
solves Newton’s equations of motion like force-based MD while preserving the
advantages of event-driven simulations.
[1] P. Müller and T. Pöschel, Phys. Rev. E 87, 033301 (2013).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
127
Posters
0.2
0.2
v/4
0.1
y (m)
0
3
8
8
01
v/2
y (m)
v/4
0.1
0
2
2
1
1
0
-0.1
v/2
0
0
-0.1
1
2
3
0
v/2
v/2
v/4
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
x (m)
v/4
0.2
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
x (m)
Traces of two colliding spheres. Black lines show the numerical integration of Newton’s
equation (MD), red lines (left) show the trajectories as obtained from event-driven
MD with the assumption of instantaneous collisions. The green lines (right) show the
trajectories as obtained by the suggested new algorithm. Symbols and numbers (of
the respective color) indicate the particle positions at equidistant points in time. The
number 0 stands for the moment when the particles touch and 7 corresponds to the
end of the collision. The dashed circles show the spheres at the moment of impact.
128
↵
Poster 22
⌦
Posters
Loreto Oyarte Galvez
Granular Rotor in the Non-Brownian Regime
Loreto Oyarte Gálvez⇤ and Devaraj van der Meer
Physics of Fluids, University of Twente,
Post Oﬃce Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
The attempts to challenge the second law of the thermodynamics have been
many throughout history. In 1912, Marian Smoluchowski devised a prototype
designed to convert Brownian motion into work, but 50 years later Feynman
showed unambiguously why at thermal equilibrium this device cannot actually
do this. However, far from equilibrium the behaviour of a rotor which rectifies
motion of randomly moving molecules in their surroundings, is still an active
matter of study.
We study experimentally and theoretically the movement of a granular motor,
consisting of a horizontal rotor with four vanes immersed in a granular bath.
The vanes in the rotor are precisely balanced around an axis, which in turn
is connected to the container wall by a low-friction ball bearing, as showed in
Fig.50-a. The angle is measured by an optical angle encoder.[1]
We studied the rotor in the single-kick regime. In this regime, the rotor is in rest
for most of the time. Only occasionally a particle-vane collision sets the vanes
into motion. Therefore the time between particle-rotor collisions is longer than
the time the rotor needs to be stopped
⇤
Email: [email protected]
129
Posters
a)
b)
Symmetric Case
Non-Symmetric Case
0
Brownian
0
10
Brownian
10
Granular
Temperature
Granular
Temperature
−2
10
−2
10
−4
10
Single Kick
−3
−2
−1
0
1
[rad/s]
Single Kick
−4
2
3
10
−3
−2
−1
0
1
2
3
[rad/s]
a) Schematic of the experimental setup. Side view of the vanes shows diﬀerent material
on each side implying a diﬀerent coeﬃcient restitution ↵ (anti clockwise) and ↵+
(clockwise). b) The AVD for increasing granular temperatures has been plotted, in
the symmetric (left) and non-symmetric (right) cases. The symbols correspond to the
experimental data (for f = 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32 Hz and a = 1.4 mm) whereas
the lines represent the model.
We calculate the angular velocity distribution (AVD), which consists of a singularity corresponding to the time during which the motor is at rest, and a regular
part corresponding to the relaxation after kicks [2]. From the experimental study,
we observed a non-linear relaxation velocity, implying that the dynamic friction
of the rotor is not constant in this regime. We used this observation in our model
to obtain the regular part of the AVD.
With the goal of understanding the behaviour of the granular rotor, we injected
more energy to the granular gas and, as a result, the time between particlerotor collisions becomes comparable to the time the rotor needs to be stopped
by friction (⌧c ⇠ ⌧s ). In this case, our model turns into in an integral equation
which we solve using the corresponding eigenvalue problem.
The rotor can be symmetric or not. In the non-symmetric case, the rotor favours
one of the two directions, which is known as the ratchet eﬀect. We adapted our
models to both regimes and compared with the experimental results, like in the
symmetric cases.
Our models fit precisely to the experimental results in both regimes and for
symmetric and non-symmetric conditions, as showed in Fig.50-b.
[1] P. Eshuis, K. van der Weele, D. Lohse, and D. van der Meer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104,
248001 (2010).
[2] J. Talbot, R. D. Wildman, and P. Viot, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 138001 (2011)
130
↵
Poster 23
⌦
Posters
Felipe Pacheco
The collapse of a gas cavity inside a granular material:
craters and jets.
F. Pacheco-Vázquez⇤ and F. E. Loranca-Ramos
Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla,
Apartado Postal J-48, Puebla 72570, Mexico
Impact cratering has been revised intensively during the last decades using granular materials [1–3]. However, alternative processes that can also give rise to
craters formation have been rarely considered. Here we study experimentally the
cratering process due to the explosion and collapse of a pressurized air cavity
inside a sand bed. The collapse generates a crater which dimensions and morphology are analysed in terms of the initial pressure, volume and shape of the
cavity. Moreover, durign the last stages of the process, a collimated granular jet
emerges from the collision of sand avalanches that converge concentrically at the
center of the depression. We discuss the origin of theses jets in comparison with
those observed in impact experiments [4, 5].
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was finantially supported by Conacyt-Mexico and VIEP-BUAP.
[1] A. M. Walsh, K. E. Holloway, P. Habdas, and J. R. de Bruyn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91,
104301 (2003).
[2] S. J. de Vet and J. R. de Bruyn, Granular Matter 112, 6 (2011).
[3] F. Pacheco-Vazquez and J. C. Ruiz-Suárez, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 218001 (2011).
[4] D. Lohse, R. Rauhe, R. Bergmann, adn D. van der Meer, Nature London 432, 689
(2004).
[5] J. R. Royer, E. I. Corwin, A. Flior, M.-L. Cordero, M. L. Rivers, P. J. Eng, and H.
M. Jaeger, Nat. Phys. 1, 164 (2005).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
131
Posters
↵
Poster 24
⌦
Joshua Poganski
Calibration of martian simulant soil for a dynamic
penetration using a discrete element method
Joshua Poganski,1, ⇤ Günter Kargl,1 and Helmut Schweiger2
1
2
Institut für Weltraumforschung (IWF), Graz, Austria
Institut für Bodenmechanik und Grundbau, TU Graz, Austria
Abstract
This paper presents a way to calibrate granular materials for the discrete element method (DEM) and shows the first results from a calibration of a martian
simulant soil. For the calibration in the DEM it is necessary to get the material parameters of a single grain. The closer investigated calibration method is
the triaxial compression test with preconsolidation and a drained specimen. The
water content of the specimen is so low that it is not taken into account for the
simulations. The simulations are done in LIGGGHTS, an open source discrete
element method simulation software.
Introduction
The InSight mission of NASA in 2016 will explore Mars interior using a geophysical lander to investigate the interior and seismic activity of the planet.
On board of the lander is the HP3 instrument for measuring the heat flow and
physical properties of the martian soil. This instrument places a set of thermal
sensors up to five meters deep under the surface using a hammer mechanism
implemented in the penetrator. To estimate the maximum reachable depth it
is necessary to use numerical simulations. The simulation of a dynamical cone
penetration test is associated with certain diﬃculties. These are the nonlinear
behavior of the soil, the large deformations due to the penetration process and
the high dynamics during the hammering. For that reason, the discrete element
method is choosen to simulate the high dynamical process. The calibration of
materials takes a large and important role in the numerical simulation. For the
discrete element method it is necessary to determine the micro-scale material
parameters of each particle. This is done by examining the macro-scale behavior
that occurs due to certain micro-scale parameters and compare this to the real
soil behavior [1]. The advantage of the discrete element method is that physical
eﬀects like dilatancy behavior and soil hardening are automatically captured by
the particle geometries and the rearrangement of the particles. The calibration
of the martian simulant soil is done by four experiments. These are an angle
of repose experiment, particles on an inclined plane, an oedometer test and a
⇤
Email: [email protected]
132
Posters
triaxial compression test. The results of all calibration experiments are compared with the simulation results to determine the best parameter set for the DEM
soil model. The change of the parameters and the comparison of the results are
automatically done by an algortihm in an ad-on module to the LIGGGHTS software package. The non-spherical shape of real soil particles can be considered
with a rolling friction model for the spherical particles in the simulation [2]. For
this, a rolling friction torque that acts against the rotation of a particle is added
to the particle. This torque corresponds to an eccentric normal contact force at
the particle which originates from the non-spherical shape.
The triaxial compression test
The triaxial compression test in the laboratory is done in a cylindrical chamber
with membrane walls and a confining pressure created by surrounding water.
This is modeled in LIGGGHTS with a hexagonal prism chamber to approximate
the cylindrical shape. This approximation is necessary to control the confining
pressure in the DEM model. The side walls and the top wall are moved with a
control unit, that regulates the force which acts on the walls. These walls move
until a certain confining pressure is reached. If the confining pressure is reached,
the bottom wall moves upwards with a constant velocity, while the force on
the bottom wall and its position are computed. The deviatoric stress over axial
strain diagram and the volumetric strain over axial strain diagram are used to
compare the simulation with experimental tests. The main parameters for the
simulation which has to be in good agreement with the real soil properties are
the void ratio and the grain size distribution. To obtain a certain void ratio the
micro-scale parameters are adapted until the structur is stable under gravity,
whereas the grain size distribution can be set in LIGGGHTS.
The results in figure 63 show the major stress computed at the bottom wall
and the confining pressure computed at the side walls from a simulation in
LIGGGHTS. There is a dilatant behavior of the soil, where the stiﬀness of the
soil first increase and later decrease with further axial strain. It can also be seen
that the confining pressure is well controlled by the control unit and remains
constant. The volumetric strain over the axial strain is shown in figure 64, where
one can obtain the change from compression of the specimen at the beginning
to an increase of the specimen size with further axial strain. In both diagrams a
critical state can be observed for large axial strain, where the deviatoric stress
and the volumetric strain remains constant.
Conclusion
The triaxial compression test can be used to calibrate soil for a DEM simulation.
In the observed case of a martian simulant soil the triaxial compression test is
done under preconsolidated drained conditions. The results show that the physical behavior of a dry soil like a martian simulant soil can be well simulated with
the discrete element method and that structural properties of soil like dilatancy,
soil hardening and force chains are automatically captured with the discrete element method. The non-sphericity of real grains can be considered with a rolling
friction model in LIGGGHTS. The calibration for the discrete element method
133
Posters
can be done by examining the macro-scale soil behavior to derive the micro-scale
soil parameters.
Triaxial compression test - stress over axial strain diagram
Triaxial compression test - volumetric strain over axial strain diagram
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
[1] Cui L, O’Sullivan C, 2006, In: GEOTECHNIQUE, Vol: 56, Pages: 455-468, ISSN:
0016-8505
[2] Jun Ai, Jian-Fei Chen, J. Michael Rotter, Jin Y. Ooi, In: Powder Technology, Vol.
206, No. 3, 30.01.2011, p. 269-282.
[3] O’Sullivan, C. (2011). Particle-Based Discrete Element Modeling: A Geomechanics
Perspective. (London: Spon Press/Taylor & Francis, 2011).
134
↵
Poster 25
⌦
Posters
Adeline Pons
Sonofluidized granular packing under low gravity
Adeline Pons,1, 2, ⇤ Adrien Izzet,1 Mathieu Vilmay,1 Mohamed
Taraoui,1 Thierry Darnige,1 Xavier Benoit-Gonin,1 and Éric Clément1
1
PMMH, ESPCI, CNRS (UMR 7636),
Universities Pierre et Marie Curie and Denis Diderot, Paris, France
2
Now at Physics of Fluids, University of Twente, The Netherlands
Under terrestrial gravity, introduction of weak acoustic vibrations induces rheological modification in a granular packing and glassy dynamics are observed
[1, 2]. Here we study the eﬀect of such vibrations on a granular packing under
reduced gravity and micro-gravity. In absence of gravity the confining pressure
can be fixed in principle at very low values without the limitation of hydrostatic
pressure allowing us to reach unexplored confinement conditions.
The experiments were performed during diﬀerent campaigns of parabolic Zero-G
flights (provided by Novespace in Mérignac). We used two experimental set-ups.
Both consist of a container filled with glass beads (bi-disperse, mean diameters
1 mm and 1.3 mm). For the first experimental set-up the packing fraction is
imposed whereas the confining pressure is imposed for the second one thanks to a
retroaction system acting on a piston at the top of the container (Figure 63a). In
both case, the container presents a transparent window which permits to follow
grains mobility by tracking the light reflection on each grains (Figure 63b). For
any conditions we then characterize the state of the granular packing by its
diﬀusivity coeﬃcient D (Figure 63c).
The preliminary results of this study are the following. First, in both reduced and
micro-gravity, dynamics observed are much faster than under terrestrial gravity.
Secondly, we observed a mobility threshold in term of packing fraction induced
by the acoustic vibrations. The value of this critical packing fraction ( ⇠ 0.64)
doesn’t seem to depends on the value of the gravity. And finally, we also observed
a mobility threshold in term of confining pressure (40 50 P a) (Figure 63d).
But unlike the case of packing fraction control, the transition doesn’t seem to
be induced by our acoustic vibrations as the vibrations of the plane itself are
suﬃcient to induce fluidization (Figure 63d).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
135
Posters
Vertical
linear
stage
Feedback
loop
(c)
(b)
R
Force
sensors
4D
camera
Transparent
window
(d)
Diffusivity (µm²/s)
τ
accelero-meters
Piezoelectric
transducers
<R²>
(a)
100
Fluid
80
Solid
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
Confining pressure (Pa)
100
120
(a) schematic of the pressure controlled experimental set-up. (b) Crop of a typical
image and grain displacement over one parabola. (c) Root mean square displacement
of grains averaged over 25 to 50 grains. (d) Mobility transition in term of confining
pressure with (blue) and without (red) acoustic vibrations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by a CNES-DAR grant and the ANR grant "Jamvibe2010". Adeline Pons was supported by a CNES Post-doctoral fellowship. The
authors acknowledge the Novespace team in Mérignac for many advices and
help about the zero-g experimental set-up.
[1] C. Caballero, E. Clément, Rheology of a sonofluidized granular packing Eur. Phys.
E 30, 395 (2009).
[2] A.Caballero-Robledo, C.Goldenberg, E.Clément, Local dynamics and collective synchronization in a granular glass, Granular Matter, 14, 239-245 (2012).
136
↵
Poster 26
⌦
Posters
Christian Scholz
Actively Rotating Granular Particles in Low Gravitational
Fields
Christian Scholz⇤ and Thorsten Pöschel
Institute for Multiscale Simulation,
Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,
Nägelsbacherstraße 49b, Erlangen, Germany
The phase behavior of active matter, such as swimming bacteria, flocks of animals or even humans currently attracts significant attention in soft-matter physics. Naturally for living matter on earth gravity is relevant in some form. For
example bacteria orient in external gravitation fields, to swim closer to the water
surface, i.e. towards the sun. However conditions for life could be significantly
diﬀerent, in particular it is an open question whether low-gravity objects, such
as asteroids can sustain primitive life forms.
Here we introduce a system of active granular particles. Such active granulates
can be created using rapid prototyping technology using an ingenious walker
design introduced in [1] (see Fig. 63(a)-(d)). These particles can be excited to
perform active rotation, driven by external vertical vibrations, therefore called
Vibrots. We apply a gravitational force perpendicular to the sense of rotation
of the Vibrots and investigate the phase behavior of particle ensembles in dependence of the normal force acting on the system. The results are compared to
recent numerical studies of actively rotating 2D particle mixtures [2].
[1] E. Altshuler, J. M. Pastor, A. Garcimartin, I. Zuriguel, and D. Maza, PloS one, 8, 8,
(2013)
[2] N. H. Nguyen, D. Klotsa, M. Engel, and S. C. Glotzer, Phys. Rev. Lett., 112, 7,
(2014)
⇤
Email: [email protected]
137
Posters
3
5
7
9
0.4
0.2
(f)
legs
legs
legs
legs
fV [Hz]
fV [Hz]
(e)
0
1
1.2
1.4
[g]
1.6
0.1
0
20
30
40
50
fD [Hz]
(a)-(d) Results of the rapid prototyping for diﬀerent Vibrot shapes. (e) Dependence
of the rotational frequency of the Vibrot fV on the driving acceleration for Vibrots
with a diﬀerent number of legs. (f) Dependence of fV on the driving frequency fD at
= 1.33 for diﬀerent number of legs.
138
↵
Poster 27
⌦
Posters
Rainer Schräpler
The Stratification of Regolith on Celestial Objects
Rainer Schräpler,1, ⇤ Jürgen Blum,1 Ingo von Borstel,1 and Carsten Güttler2
1
Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik,
Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Mendelssohnstr. 3, D-38106 Braunschweig
2
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research,
Justut-von-Liebig-Weg 3, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
All atmosphere-less planetary bodies are covered with a dust layer, the so-called
regolith, which determines the optical, mechanical and thermal properties of
their surface. These properties depend on the regolith material, the size distribution of particles it consists of, and the porosity to which these particles are
packed. We performed experiments in parabolic flights to determine the gravity
dependency of the packing density of regolith for solid-particle sizes of 60 µm
and 1 mm as well as for 100-250 µm-sized agglomerates of 1.5 µm-sized solid
grains. We utilized g-levels between 0.7 m s 2 and 18 m s 2 and completed our
measurements with experiments under normal gravity conditions. Based on our
experimental data as well as on previous experimental and theoretical literature
data, we developed an analytical model to calculate the regolith stratification of
celestial rocky and icy bodies and estimated the mechanical yields of the regolith
under the weight of an astronaut and a spacecraft resting on these objects.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
139
Posters
The packing density as a function of depth of the regolith (with particle diameters given
in parentheses) of (from top to bottom) Mercury (44 µm), the Moon (96 µm), Dodona
(0.6 mm), Vesta (108 µm), Phobos (2.2 mm), Steins (1.3 mm), 1996FG3 (2.0 mm),
respectively.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt
under grant no. 50WM1236. We thank TU München and the European Space
Agency for providing the parabolic flights, Novespace for yet another professional
and flawless campaign onboard their parabolic aircraft, and Eike Beitz for the
SEM microscopy of our 1.5µm samples.
140
↵
Poster 28
⌦
Posters
Mathias Schywek
Mars Regolith as a Natural Low Pressure Gas-Pump
Studied in a µg-Experiment
Mathias Schywek,⇤ Jens Teiser, and Gerhard Wurm
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen,
Lotharstr. 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
Project MAREG is a follow-up project of EULE (DLR 50 WM 1242) that focused on outbursts and ejections of dust particles induced by radiation and the
corresponding temperature gradient in a dust sample [1–3]. Micro-gravity experiments showed an unexpected and exceptionally strong gas flow near the dust
surface. The goal of MAREG is to clarify the conditions and strength of this gas
flow and its dependency on micro-porous structure, layer thickness, gas pressure
and temperature gradient. To avoid thermal convection micro-gravity is mandatory. The project will therefore utilize droptower experiments and parabolic
flights.
Particles tracing gas flow under gravity
⇤
Email: [email protected]
141
Posters
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project is supported by DLR Space Management with funds provided by
the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) under grant number
DLR 50 WM 1542.
[1] de Beule, C., Wurm, G., Kelling, T., Kuepper, M., Jankowski, T., Teiser, J. 2014,
Nature Physics, 10, 17-20
[2] de Beule, C., Wurm, G., Kelling, T., Koester, M., Kocifaj, M. 2015, submitted to
Icarus
[3] de Beule, C., Kelling, T., Wurm, G., Teiser, J., & Jankowski, T. 2013, ApJ, 763, 11
142
↵
Poster 29
⌦
Posters
Abhinendra Singh
Granular flow behavior in Extraterrestrial space
Abhinendra Singh,⇤ Kuniyasu Saitoh, Vanessa Magnanimo, and Stefan Luding
Multi Scale Mechanics (MSM), Faculty of Engineering Technology,
MESA+, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217,
7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
Gravity is a critical factor in many natural (granular) phenomena like avalanches,
landslides, sand-piles and even in some industrial applications [1]. Gravity-driven
flows have also been observed on other planetary bodies of our Solar System and
are of particular importance in understanding the geology of other planets and
asteroids as well as for the human exploration of the Moon and Mars in the
coming decades [2]. Despite its importance, the eﬀect of gravity on granular
flows is still poorly understood.
We study the steady shear rheology of granular materials in slow quasi-static
states and inertial flows. Series of Discrete Element Method simulations are
performed on a weakly frictional granular assembly in a split-bottom geometry
considering various gravity fields. While traditionally the inertial number I, i.e.,
the ratio of stress to strain-rate timescales describes the flow rheology [4], we
find that a second dimensionless number, the ratio of softness and stress timescales, must also be included to characterize the bulk flow behavior [1]. For slow,
quasi-static flows, the density increases while the eﬀective (macroscopic) friction decreases non-trivially with increase in gravity. This trend is added to the
µ(I) rheology and can be traced back to the anisotropy in the contact network,
displaying a linear correlation between eﬀective friction and deviatoric fabric in
the steady state. At low gravity, the system also shows various other interesting features like convective instabilities. A detailed analysis of granular shear
flow behavior in low gravity and how that aﬀects a related phenomena such as
segregation will be presented.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
143
Posters
0.19
0.18
0.17
µ
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
g
Eﬀective friction coeﬃcient µ =
⌧
p
plotted against gravity level (in ms
2
).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was financially supported by the NWO-STW VICI grant 10828.
[1] Jaeger, H. M. and Nagel, S. R. and Behringer, R. P., Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 1259
(1996).
[2] K. J. Krohn et al., Icarus 244, 120 (2014).
[3] A. Singh, V. Magnanimo, K. Saitoh, and S. Luding, arXiv 1412.0874 (2014).
[4] P. Jop and Y. Forterre and O. Pouliquen, Nature, 441, 727 (2006).
144
↵
Poster 30
⌦
Posters
Severin Strobl
Dilute gas flows in complex geometries
Severin Strobl⇤ and Thorsten Pöschel
Institute for Multiscale Simulation,
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,
Nägelsbachstr. 49b, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
Dilute gases contained in porous materials in low gravity environments can lead
to the interesting eﬀect of dust ejections from the surface of planetary bodies in
the presence of temperature gradients [2]. Due to a pressure build-up below the
surface of dust layers following from a temperature gradient within the material, single particles can be ejected from the surface if the local pressure forces
overcome the tensile strength. As the mean free path of the dilute gas is on
the same length scale as the particle size, channels formed between the grains
of the porous material act as a Knudsen compressor [3], leading to the pressure increase in regions with higher temperature. Experimental measurements of
the local temperature and pressure fields can not be performed directly, which
necessitates numerical simulations of the system.
Aside from the challenges posed by the complex geometries of porous materials,
the low density of the gas flow leads to an additional diﬃculty: The velocity
distribution in boundary regions is non-Maxwellian, an eﬀect which becomes
more and more pronounced at decreasing densities or smaller scales, respectively.
While for dense fluids the boundary layer is very thin in comparison to the whole
domain, for dilute gases with a locally high Knudsen number the eﬀect is not
negligible. Here the continuum assumptions of the Navier-Stokes equations may
be violated and velocity slip at the gas-solid boundaries has to be taken into
account. The gas phase is hence modeled using the direct simulation Monte Carlo
(DSMC, [1]) method, which inherently includes non-equilibrium eﬀects. For the
simulation of the solid material, diﬀerent approaches are used. A very eﬃcient
description of the porous media can be achieved by representing the particles as
exact geometric objects and using the idea of constructive solid geometry (CSG)
to combine those (Fig. 58).
If in addition to the gas phase also the temperature field in the solid material
should be taken into account, a coupled fluid-solid simulation can be used. Here
the gas phase is modeled using DSMC again, but additionally the heat equation
is solved numerically inside of the solid using a finite element method (FEM).
A full two-way coupling between the solid and the gas phase is performed, di⇤
Email: [email protected]
145
Posters
Streamlines and pressure field of a gas flow through a porous material created by a
sphere packing.
rectly modeling the interaction between the two phases via a common interface
(Fig. 59). The simulation is performed by alternating between the DSMC and
FEM simulation and coupling both via a continuous adjustment of the boundary
conditions.
Simulation of the temperature field of a dilute gas contained in the micro-channel
formed by a hot (top) and cold (bottom) wall featuring two indentations in the lower
region.
[1] G. A. Bird: Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows (Oxford Science Publications, 1994).
[2] T. Kelling, G. Wurm, M. Kocifaj, J. Klačka, and D. Reiss, Icarus 212, 935 (2011)
[3] M. Knudsen, Ann. Phys. 336, 1 (1909)
146
↵
Poster 31
⌦
Posters
Gonzalo Tancredi
Laboratory experiments to simulate the formation of dust
comae and size segregation on asteroids
Andrea Maciel, Gonzalo Tancredi,⇤ and Magela Pérez
Depto. Astronomia, Fac. Ciencias, URUGUAY
Some observations of minor bodies of the Solar System have shown that granular
material is present on the surfaces and maybe in the interior of these bodies. For
example, m-size boulders have been observed on the surface of Itokawa as well
as sand grains. Dust clouds formed after an impact has been detected in several
main-belt asteroids.
Results related to the physics of Granular Media can be used to understand
the physical evolution of these objects. We present some laboratory experiments
devoted to study some processes relevant to these problems.
‘’Main-belt comets’ or activated asteroids and the ’Cocoa Eﬀect’
A few objects in typical asteroidal orbits have shown some kind of activitylike appearance due to the presence of a dust comae. They have been named
as "Main-belt cometsör activated asteroids [1]. It is still uncertain whether the
dust activity is triggered by the sublimation of ices or by some other process.
Several explanations to the phenomena have been postulated. We have presented
an alternative model based on the hypothesis that the coma is produced by dust
particles being lifted by the seismic shaking produced after an impact.
The device used in the experimental setup is a box partially filled with diﬀerent
types of dust: talc, fine sand and thick sand and then dropped (free fall) from
⇠ 40 cm, impacting the floor at a speed of ⇠ 2.5 m/s. The box is connected to
a vacuum pump to better simulate the conditions on an asteroid’s surface. The
purpose of these experiments is to simulate a quake coming from below. This
quake could be produced by a distant impact and the transmission of a shock
through the entire object.
When working with talc a big dust cloud is clearly seen after the fall (Fig. 60).
In case of fine sand , a much smaller sand cloud can still be noticed. Apparently,
no cloud is formed when working with thick sand.
We have called this phenomena the "cocoa eﬀect", because it can be easily
observed when a can of cocoa or any fine powder falls and knock the floor.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
147
Posters
Sequence of photos of the production of a cloud of talc.
Itokawa and the ’Brazil Nut Eﬀect’
The distribution of boulders on the surface of Itokawa is correlated with the
surface gravity. Large boulders are in the regions of high gravitational potential, while small-boulders are in the region of low gravitational potential. A size
segregation or Brazil nut eﬀects has been proposed to explain such correlation.
Consider a recipient with several large ball on the bottom and a larger number
of smaller ones on top of it. All the balls have similar densities. After shaking
the recipient for a while, the larger ball rise to the top and the small ones sink
to the bottom ([2]). This is the shaking induced size segregation or Brazil nut
eﬀect (BNE) .
Most of the experiments in the literature have considered spherical particles
under the influence of a sinusoidal shaking process. We would like to investigate
the eﬀects of irregular shapes under a impact shaking process. We have used
the same experimental device described above: the falling box. We fill the box
with a mixture of cm-size boulders, sand and/or talc. And we repeatedly lift and
release the box, simulating a sequence of quakes coming from below.
Depending on the compaction of the fine powder, the BNE is observed or not.
For fine talc, we do not observed the eﬀect, but it is observed for coarse sand
and boulders.
[1] Hsieh, H., Jewitt, D.: A Population of Comets in the Main Asteroid Belt, Science,
312, 561-563, 2006.
[2] Rosato, A., Strandburg, K., Prinz, F., Swendsen, R.: Why the Brazil nuts are on
top: Size segregation of particulate matter by shaking, Physical Review Letters, 58,
1038 - 1040, 1987.
148
↵
Poster 32
⌦
Posters
Deepak Tunuguntla
Eﬀects of low and hyper gravity on particle segregation in
bidisperse mixtures subject to low and hyper gravity
D. R. Tunuguntla,1, 2, ⇤ A. Singh,2 T. Weinhart,2 and A. R. Thornton2, 1
1
Mathematics of Computational Science group,
Univ. of Twente, The Netherlands
2
Multi-Scale Mechanics group, Univ. of Twente, The Netherlands
Motivated by the work of Singh et al. [1], we focus on studying the eﬀects
of varying magnitude of gravity on dense bidisperse mixtures flowing rapidly
over inclined channels. To investigate their eﬀects, we apply discrete particle
simulations (DPMs) as setup in Tunuguntla et al. [3], see Fig. 61.
As usual, the flowing bidisperse mixtures varying in size segregate eventually,
i.e., large particles rise up towards the free-surface and smaller particles settle
near the base. We use the approach of Thornton et al. [2] and compute the
segregation Peclet number, Ps , for diﬀerent magnitudes of gravity. Ps is the
ratio of segregation velocity to diﬀusion rate, Ps = Sr /Dr . As a result, the
Peclet number is found to decrease with the increasing magnitude of gravity. On
the other hand, by tracking the vertical center of mass of both large and small
p
particles, we determine that the segregation velocity is proportional to g, which
is consistent with several continuum formulations. However, in contradiction to
slowly sheared flows reported in Singh et al. [1], the above stated observations
imply that the rapidly sheared flows tend to diﬀuse more as the magnitude of
gravity increases.
[1] Singh, A., Magnanimo, V., Saitoh, K. & Luding, S. 2014 Role of gravity
or confining pressure and contact stiﬀness in granular rheology. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.0874 .
[2] Thornton, A. R., Weinhart, T., Luding, S. & Bokhove, O. 2012 Modeling
of particle size segregation: Calibration using the discrete particle method. Int. J.
Mod. Phys. 23.
[3] Tunuguntla, D. R., Bokhove, O. & Thornton, A. R. 2014 A mixture theory
for size and density segregation in free-surface shallow granular flows. J. Fluid Mech.
749, 99–112.
⇤
Email: [email protected]
149
4
Tunuguntla et al.
Posters
z
F1
F2
W
g
y
x
Fig. 1 A snapshot of bi-disperse mixture flowing in a periodic box inclined at 26
to the
A horizontal
snapshot (discrete
of bi-disperse
mixture flowing in a periodic box inclined at 26 to the
particle simulation). Colours/shades indicate the base (yellowish green,
horizontal
(discrete
particle
simulation).
Colours/shades
indicate the base (yellowish
W), species type-1 and type-2
(blue, F 1 and
red, F 2 ).
green, W), species type-1 and type-2 (blue, F 1 and red, F 2 ).
1.1 Outline
To extract the averaged macroscopic fields, the coarse graining (CG) expressions
are derived in Sec. 2. As a test case, we apply the available CG expressions to
bidisperse mixtures flowing over inclined channel, see Fig. 1. In Sec. 3.2, for bidisperse mixtures in steady state, we show that there exists a range or plateau of
smoothing lengths (coarse graining scale/width) for which the fields are invariant.
Once the averaging scale is determined, Sec. 3.3 showcases how spatial averaging is
well complemented by temporal averaging. For bidisperse unsteady flows, not only
does Sec. 3.4 illustrate the need of defining both spatial and temporal averaging
scale but it also illustrates that there exists a range of both spatial and temporal
averaging scales for which the fields are invariant. Finally, Sec. 4 summarises and
concludes our main findings.
2 Spatial coarse graining
The current section comprehensively extends the approach of [34] to bidisperse
mixtures varying only in size and density (same shape).
To begin with, we classify the bidisperse mixture constituents under three
categories (i) boundary or wall particles, or walls (e.g. flat wall) (ii) type-1 particles
and (iii) type-2 particles. The set of wall particles are denoted by W and F denote
the set of particles of type- with = 1, 2. Thereby, F = F 1 F 2 denotes the set of
all bulk particles, e.g. see Fig. 1. Although Fig. 1 depicts a flowing mixture scenario,
the above nomenclature is equally applicable to static bidisperse mixtures.
Given a mixture of particles, each particle i F , of radius ai , has its centre
150
of mass located at ri with mass mi and velocity vi . The total force f i (1), acting
on particle i
F is computed by summing the forces f ij due to interactions
↵
Poster 33
⌦
Posters
Andrei Vedernikov
Development of the equipment for forced clustering
in microgravity experiments on dust clouds
Andrei Vedernikov,1, ⇤ Daniyar Balapanov,1 Anselmo Cecere,2
Jürgen Blum,3 Ingo von Borstel,3 and Rainer Schräpler3
1
Microgravity Research Centre, Université Libre de Bruxelles,
50 av. F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
2
Dip. di Ing. Industriale, Sezione Ingegneria Aerospaziale,
Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
3
Institut für Geophysik und Extraterrestrische Physik,
TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
Thermophoresis, photophoresis and thermal creep are used in the equipment
development and investigation of dust particle interaction, kinetics of clustering,
formation of extended extremely fluﬀy clusters and of their detailed microstructure within the European Space Agency’s scientific program Interactions in Cosmic and Atmospheric Particle Systems (ICAPS) [1]. For proper experimental
conditions, the cloud should be prevented from sweeping away by residual external forces, mostly thermophoretic; from cloud dispersion due to Brownian
motion; and from slowing down of aggregation rate due to particle number decrease and particle size growth. We developed a cloud manipulation system [2]
that counterbalances external perturbations, provides cloud trapping and dust
particle number concentrating (cloud squeezing). The equipment allows handling
dust clouds initially containing millions of micron-sized particles per cubic centimeter with the total cloud volume of about several tens of cubic centimeters,
pressure in the range 10–1000 Pa, room temperatures, total chamber volume of
about 0.3–1 liter. Thermophoresis appeared to be most favourable for cloud manipulation. Thermal gradient creates arbitrary oriented and time dependent force
by the help of a set of thermoelectric modules. Thermophoretic particle velocity
at our experimental conditions does not depend on particle sizes, being great advantage for the investigation of clustering. Contrary to the electrostatic force, it
does not create artificial particle-particle interaction in the cloud. A single cluster may thus be grown out of the whole cloud. The cloud manipulation system
additionally provides temperature stabilization or, on the contrary, high temperature variation in the observation volume; formation of controlled temperature
gradients, intensive three-dimensional periodic shear flow or three-dimensional
gas density pulsations of the contraction-expansion type; application of electrostatic gradients including electrodynamic balancing; etc. Their choice and/or
⇤
Email: [email protected]
151
Posters
combination depend upon particular experimental task. The tests in short duration microgravity conditions of the Bremen drop tower [3] allowed us observing
controlled cloud displacement, trapping, formation of complex three-dimensional
cloud patterns and rapid growth of extended agglomerates as illustrated on the
set of images below. Within the period of less than 5 seconds, the equipment
allowed to grow clusters of up to 1 mm from clouds initially composed of 1.5 µm
sized spherical particles under 30 Pa.
For the investigation of granular matter at low gravity conditions, the main
advantage of the developed cloud manipulation system resides in providing opportunities for forced clustering — applying forces depending on the diﬀerences
in cluster properties, creating shear gas flows, injection of test particles into the
cloud.
Cluster growth in the thermophoretic trap: 0.5 ms between images, image size 4x4 mm.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ESA PRODEX program, the Belgian Federal Science Policy Oﬃce, and ZARM
Drop Tower Operation and Service Company Ltd. are greatly acknowledged.
[1] J. Blum, et al. Europhysics News 39, 3 (2008).
[2] A. Vedernikov, et al., in: Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress
(IAC, 2012), pp. 777–787.
[3] E. Kufner, et al. Microgravity Science and Technology 23, 4 (2011).
152
↵
Poster 34
⌦
Posters
Zhigang Zhou
Sound propagation in Triaxial Sheared Glass Beads
Zhou Zhigang and Hou Meiying⇤
Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics,
Beijing National Laboratory for Condense Matter Physics,
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Ultrasound wave propagation in triaxial stressed glass beads is studied. A GCTS
triaxial tester (see Fig. 1) is used. The triaxial equipment is aﬃliated with a pair
of ultrasonic platen to measure the sound velocity in glass bead sample. The
sample is confined in diﬀerent boundary conditions under external pressures. The
size of the glass beads are within 0.1mm to 1mm. The diameter and height of the
sample are respectively 50.0mm and 65.5mm. Three experiments are done(see
figure2): 1. the sample is pressed isotropically in axial and radial direction; 2. The
confining pressure is kept constant, and the sample is pressed in axial direction;
3. The sample is placed in a cell of rigid wall and pressed in axial direction, i.e.
uniaxial compression.
The sound velocity in isotropic and uniaxial boundary conditions changes with
axial pressure to the power 1/6, predicted by Eﬀective Medium Theory; however, in the boundary condition of the constant confining pressure, axial load
dependence deviates from 1/6, especially when the sample strain increases. Furthermore, experimental measurement also found that the pressure dependence
of sound velocity changes with the particle size distribution.
Triaxial tester(left) and ultrasonic platens(right).
⇤
Email: [email protected]
153
Posters
The sample models in diﬀerent boundary conditions. Condition 1: Isotropic boundary,
the glass beads are packaged in granular column using thin rubber membrane and kept
the axial load same as the confining Pressure. Condition 2: Confining pressure is kept
as 300kPa with changing axial load; Condition 3: the glass beads contained in a rigid
cylinder container are pressed in axial direction.
(a) and (b) are the sound velocity results of diﬀerent boundaries. The velocity in
boundary 1 and 3 increases with pressure to the power 1/6; the velocity in boundary
2 deviates from 1/6, and changes its slope when radial strain becomes larger.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work is supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 11034010), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11274354, 11474326), the Special Fund for Earthquake Research of China (Grant No. 201208011 ), and the Strategic Priority Research Program-SJ-10 of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No.
XDA04020200).
154
ORGANIZATION AND SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Thorsten Pöschel
Institute for Multiscale Simulations
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Germany
[email protected]
Jonathan Kollmer
Institute for Multiscale Simulations
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Germany
[email protected]
Matthias Sperl
Institut für Materialphysik im Weltraum
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
Germany
[email protected]
155
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