Uber Technologies Inc. is a global transportation technology company headquartered in San Francisco , California , United States , operating in 633 cities worldwide. It develops, markets and operates the Uber car transportation and food delivery mobile apps . Uber drivers use their own cars [8] although drivers can rent a car to drive with Uber. [246]

The name "Uber" is a reference to the common (and somewhat colloquial) word " uber ", meaning "topmost" or "super", and having its origins in the German word über , meaning "above". [16]

Operations

The Uber app software requires the drivers to have a smartphone , and users must have access to either a smartphone or the mobile website.

Pricing and payments

An Uber ride in Bogotá, Colombia running the Uber app on his dashboard-mounted smartphone

In most cities, Uber offers "upfront pricing"; the rider is quoted the fare that he or she will pay before requesting the ride. [247] In some cities, Uber does not offer upfront pricing and instead calculates the price of a ride similar to a taximeter ; the rider is charged based on the time and distance of the ride. [241] Uber also offers promotional rates on rides to/from certain areas at certain times. [241] [241] [241] [241] [241] [242] [242] At the end of the ride, payment is made based on the rider's pre-selected preferences, which could be a credit card on file, cash, or, in certain cities, other methods such as via Google Wallet , Airtel mobile wallet, [242] or UPI . [242] After the ride is over, in some cities, the rider is given the option to provide a gratuity to the driver, which is also billed to the rider's payment method. [242]

Dynamic pricing

Uber fares are based on a dynamic pricing model, in which fares are higher during periods of high demand for rides. The same route costs different amounts at different times as a result of factors such as the supply and demand for Uber drivers at the time the ride is requested. [253] When rides are in high demand in a certain area and there are not enough drivers in such area, Uber fares increase to get more drivers to that area and to reduce demand for rides in that area. [253] The rate quoted to the rider will reflect such dynamic pricing. [247]

In 2012, then Uber CEO Travis Kalanick responded to criticism of dynamic pricing by saying: "it's going to take some time for folks to accept [dynamic pricing]. There's 70 years of conditioning around the fixed price of taxis." [242] [242] Uber has defended this "surge pricing" on its website, arguing that without dynamic pricing, there would not be enough drivers to enable riders to get a ride immediately upon request. [96] Uber cited an example of the aftermath of a sold out concert at Madison Square Garden when pricing was increased. During this event, the number of people who opened the Uber app increased 400%, but, due to the higher prices, the actual ride requests only rose slightly, enabling ride requests to be completed within the usual timeframe.

Levels of service

Uber offers various service levels. Not all service levels are available in every city. UberPOOL is the least expensive level of service, in which the customer may share the ride with another passenger going in the same general direction. UberX (marketed as UberPOP in some European cities) is a level of service in which the rider will get a private ride. Other levels of service provide for a black luxury car, larger car, car with a car seat, SUV , wheelchair accessible transport, and pet transport. [265]

UberAUTO, available in Pakistan , is an Auto Rickshaws service for riders to travel within the city at much less cost compared to UberGO and UberX. [266] [267]

UberTAXI, which is available in some markets, allows users to summon a taxi using the Uber software application. [268] [269] Users pay an additional booking fee and can leave a gratuity through the app. [269] The service is designed to appease taxi drivers who protest the increased competition from Uber. [269]

UberEATS allows users to have meals delivered from participating restaurants by Uber drivers. [270] The service is available in 166 cities. [271]

Rating scores

After each journey, the users and drivers may both rate each other on a scale of 1 to 5 stars. Uber can deactivate or otherwise punish drivers who do not receive high average ratings from riders; [245] in turn, low-scoring users might find they have lower levels of availability from the service. [8] [8] [8] If a driver rates a rider at three stars or below, the rider will never be paired with that driver again. [8] Passengers can check their average score in the Uber app. [8]

Requirements for driving

In some markets where leasing arrangements for vehicles are available, the only requirement for driving for Uber, other than appropriate age, health, car age and type, and ability to drive, is passing a background check. [8] [8] Both a smartphone or tablet, and a vehicle may be leased. [8] In many cities, vehicles used by Uber drivers must pass annual safety inspections and must have an Uber emblem posted in the passenger window.

Legislation in some cities, such as San Francisco, requires individuals who drive for Uber to also have a business license in the city in which they drive. [8]

History

Kalanick joined Camp and gives him "full credit for the idea" [287] of Uber. On New Year's Eve, Camp spent $800 hiring a private driver with friends and had been mulling over ways to decrease the cost of black car services ever since. He realized that sharing the cost with people could make it affordable, and his idea morphed into Uber. [287] "Garrett is the guy who invented that shit," Kalanick said at an early Uber event in San Francisco. [287] The first prototype was built by Camp, and his friends, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, with Kalanick being brought on as a "mega advisor" to the company. [287]

Following a beta launch in May 2010, Uber's services and mobile app officially launched in San Francisco in 2011. [18] Originally, the application only allowed users to hail a black luxury car and the price was 1.5 times that of a taxi.

In February 2010, Ryan Graves became the first Uber employee, getting the job by responding to a tweet from Kalanick announcing the job opening, and receiving 5-10% of the company. Graves started out as general manager and shortly after the launch was named as CEO. After ten months Kalanick succeeded Graves as CEO in December 2010. [287] [18] [288] [246] Graves stepped down to become the company's COO. [246]

In 2011, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber after complaints from San Francisco taxi operators. [246]

During the initial development of the Uber app, the company created a think tank consisting of a nuclear physicist, a computational neuroscientist, and a machinery expert who worked on predicting demand for private hire car drivers and where demand is highest. [286] [246]

UberX

In July 2012, the company introduced UberX, a service option which allows people to drive for Uber using their own car, subject to a background check and car requirements. [246] [246] By early 2013, the service was operating in 35 cities. [292]

The launch of the UberX service caused some dissatisfaction among existing drivers whose earnings decreased as a result of the increased competition at lower rates. [246]

UberPOOL

Uber announced a carpooling service called UberPool at the start of August 2014, after a beta testing phase in the San Francisco Bay Area. [246] [16] UberPool matches riders with another rider who is traveling in the same direction—the app will share the first name of the other rider and the planned route. The price for this service is less than all other Uber service levels. [16] [16] To ensure there is room in the car for other UberPool riders along the driver's route, there is a two-person maximum per ride request.

In December 2014, Uber expanded the UberPool concept to New York City.

On September 14, 2016, Uber launched its first self-driving car services to select customers in Pittsburgh, including Pittsburgh Mayor Bill Peduto using a fleet of Ford Fusion cars each equipped with 20 cameras, seven lasers, GPS , lidar and radar equipment that enables the car to create a three-dimensional map utilizing landmarks and other contextual information to keep track of its position. [16] [294] [16]

On December 14, 2016, Uber began using self-driving Volvo XC90 SUVs in its hometown of San Francisco. [241] On December 21, 2016, the California Department of Motor Vehicles revoked the registration of the 16 vehicles Uber was using for the test and forced the program to cease operations in California. [241] Uber then moved the program to Arizona , where the cars are picking up passengers, albeit with 2 Uber engineers in the front seats as a safety precaution. [241] In March 2017, an Uber self-driving car was flipped on its side by a vehicle which failed to yield. [241]

Nonetheless, the company announced in November 2017 that it planned to buy up to 24,000 Volvo cars designed to accept autonomous technology between 2019 to 2021. This non-binding intent includes a plan for Uber Advanced Technologies Group to design and build the self-driving system in the XC90 SUV vehicles. [241] In 2016, the two companies had announced that they planned to collaborate on the design and financing of cars with self-driving systems. Such vehicles require a different type of steering and braking mechanism, as well as sensors. The CEO of Volvo Cars , Håkan Samuelsson, made this comment in an interview: "We get support developing this car ... It’s also a big commercial deal." [241] At the time of the 2017 announcement, Uber was defending a lawsuit by Waymo claiming that a former employee, who subsequently worked for an Uber subsidiary, had stolen trade secrets. [241] [241]

Uber announced on September 25, 2016, that it was looking into urban transportation with flying vehicles. At Re/code's Nantucket Conference, the head of Uber's products, Jeff Holden stated that the company wanted to "someday offer our customers as many options as possible to move around ... doing it in a three-dimensional way is an obvious thing to look at." A statement at the American Helicopter Society International -led joint workshop on Transformative Vertical Flight on September 29, Uber product manager Nikhil Goel stated that "To us, urban air transportation is simply a key initiative or our mission, right? Not only because it can cut congestion – it's got massive potential to do that – but it allows us to move people from Point A to B much, much faster than you would otherwise. If you do it in all-electric vehicles, you can do it with zero emissions." Uber published a 99-page "white paper" exploring the possibility of developing a "fully electric, vertical-takeoff-and-landing plane" network (called " Elevate ") within ten years, for use in short journeys. Although technically feasible, the development of such a program is expected to encounter safety and regulatory obstacles. [308]

Mapping technology

In November 2015, Uber signed a global partnership deal with Dutch satellite navigation company TomTom to provide maps and traffic data for the Uber driver app across 300 cities. [241] In September that same year, Uber began mapping UK city streets in an effort to identify the best pick-up and drop-off points. The lift-sharing firm plans to extend its mapping activities to other British cities including Manchester , Birmingham and Leeds . [241]

Other projects

In April 2012, Uber launched the Uber Garage initiative in Chicago, a project to experiment with other ideas for urban transportation services. The first project from Uber Garage was to give Uber users the option to hire a regular taxi driver, or a crowd-sourced Uber driver. [241] [241]

In March 13, 2015, Uber and BYD expand their cooperation starting in Chicago, Illinois, with Green Wheels USA. [241]

In August 2014, Uber launched Uber Essentials or Corner Store service, in Washington, D.C., which allowed online ordering from a list of about 100 items. [241] The service was cancelled in January 2015. [241]

In May 2015, Uber launched its UberMilitary Families Coalition, which partners with existing military family organizations to recruit more military dependents, in addition to veterans, as drivers. [241] In that same month, Uber updated its app to include accommodations for hearing-impaired drivers. On March 10, 2015, Kalanick announced a partnership between Uber and UN Women , hoping to create 1,000,000 jobs for women globally by 2020. However, after pressure from trade unions and women's rights organizations, UN Women declined to participate, citing safety concerns. [241]

In November 2015, in collaboration with GrabOn, Uber offered Hot air balloon rides to customers in Hyderabad , India for INR 1,000. [241] In September 2016, Uber and Bobbi Brown Cosmetics made a partnership for Bobbi Brown x Uber Retouch campaign, to celebrate the launch of the Retouching Wands and Retouching Pencils. Customers got an opportunity to take a ride with a Bobbi Brown Makeup Artist and quick make up course how to retouch make up on-the-go. [241]

On April 11, 2017, Uber announced to launch a new patent purchase program, called UP3, which will seek to expedite the process of purchasing patents with an open application windows. [241] July 13, 2017, " Yandex.Taxi " and Uber signed an agreement on combining business and services on online taxi order in Russia , Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan. The companies decided to invest $325 million in the joint structure. At 59.3 percent, the platform will be owned by Yandex , by 36.6 percent by Uber, and by 4.1 percent by platform employees. [241]

Financing

The founders invested $200,000 in seed money upon conception in 2009. In 2010, Uber raised $1.25 million in additional funding. [241] By the end of 2011, Uber had raised $44.5 million in funding. [241] [241] In 2013, Google Ventures invested $258 million in the company based on a $3.4 billion pre-money valuation. [241] [241] In December 2014, Chinese search engine Baidu made an investment in Uber of an undisclosed amount. [317] The deal also involved connecting Uber with Baidu's mapping apps. [317] [241] In January 2015, Uber raised $1.6 billion in convertible debt . [241] In May 2015, Uber revealed plans to raise between $1.5 billion and $2 billion in new funding, raising the value of the company to $50 billion or higher. [241] In September that year, Uber raised another $1.2 billion, led by another investment by Baidu . [241]

In 2016, Toyota made an undisclosed investment in Uber and looked into leasing options, which could potentially aid Uber drivers financially, a move in response to the other partnerships between Toyota's and Uber's counterparts. [241] [241] In June 2016, with plans to expand in the Middle East, Uber received $3.5 billion from the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia . [241] In July that same year, Uber raised $1.15 billion in debt financing. [241] In August, Uber agreed to sell its subsidiary company, Uber China, to China's leading taxi-hailing app Didi Chuxing . Didi also agreed to invest $1 billion into Uber Global. [241] In total, Uber has raised about $11.5 billion from 14 rounds of venture capital and private equity investors. [241]

Number of users

In 2015, Uber completed its 1 billionth ride, which was still below the 1.4 billion rides completed by Didi Chuxing at that time. [241] [241] In October 2016, 40 million riders used the service in a single month and that riders spent an average of approximately $50 per month on the service. [241]

At the beginning of 2017, Uber's share of the United States ride hailing market was 84%. The number dropped to 77% in May, according to Second Measure, possibly due to challenges and controversies faced by the company. [241]

Profitability

In 2016, Uber did not make a profit, having a reported net loss of $2.8 billion.

Company characteristics and impact

Effect on values of taxi medallions

The increased usage of Uber and other ride-sharing companies has negatively affected the values of taxi medallions in many cities (medallions are transferable permits or licenses authorising the holder to pick up passengers for hire; they are considered a good investment in their own right in cities where they are legally required) . [241] Many banks that lent money against medallions as collateral faced increasing risks of default. [241] In early 2017, a New York City taxi medallion sold for a record low of $241,000, compared to the $1.3 million price tag they sold for just 4 years prior. [241]

Gaining local support in dealing with regulators

Uber generally commences operation in a city, then, if its operation is not permitted, Uber mobilizes public support for its service, and, supported by a small army of lobbyists, mounts a political campaign to change regulations. [241] [241] In January 2015, Uber announced a program Kalanick called "principled confrontation" that included reaching compromises with local municipalities on new regulations. Since implementing this program, Uber has seen 17 cities pass new favourable ordinances. [241] Uber had worked out an arrangement with the city of Boston to share quarterly data on the duration, locations, and times of day in which riders used the app to travel in or out of the city. This information was first delivered to the city in February 2015, and the report kept all individual user data private. [241] Bradley Tusk , a former campaign manager for Michael Bloomberg , has played a significant role in advising Uber with respect to cities. [241] In 2014-2015, Uber used the services of David Plouffe , [241] in 2016-2017, communications was led by Rachel Whetstone , and Jill Hazelbaker is now the senior vice president of policy and communications. [241]

Classification of drivers as contractors or employees

Uber contracts with their driver partners under legal arrangements as contractors , and not employees. Since taxation, work hours , overtime benefits, and so forth may be treated differently by various political jurisdictions globally, this designation has been controversial. In the United States, the US Department of Labor issued guidelines in July 2015 to deal with, what it considers, "misclassification" of workers. It argues that any "worker who is 'economically dependent' on the employer should be treated as an employee. By contrast, a worker must be in business for himself or herself to be an independent contractor." [206] The guideline is non-binding, but is expected to have some influence in various court cases which may establish new common law on the issue. [206]

Lawsuits have been filed by Uber drivers complaining that they do not enjoy the rights and remedies of being considered "employees" under employment law.

In a class action lawsuit filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on August 16, 2013, Uber drivers plead that they were employees who had been misclassified as independent contractors in violation of the California Labor Code and demanded that they be given any tips Uber had collected on their behalf and payment of business expenses such as gas and maintenance of their vehicles. [208] The District Judge, Edward M. Chen , ruled in the plaintiffs' favor with respect to a motion for summary judgement by defendants on March 11, 2015, holding that whether Uber drivers were employees was a disputed fact to be resolved by the jury. [209] On September 1, 2015, Chen certified the class but generally limited it to drivers in California hired before June 2014 (when an opt-out arbitration clause was included in the contract) who had directly contracted with Uber. [210]

In the United Kingdom on October 28, 2016, the Central London Employment Tribunal ruled that Uber drivers are "workers" entitled to the minimum wage , paid holiday and other normal worker entitlements, rather than self-employed . Two Uber drivers had brought the test case to the employment tribunal with the assistance of the GMB Union , on behalf of a group of drivers in London. Uber will appeal against the decision. [285] [335] On November 10, the court upheld the ruling against Uber's appeal, although the company announced it would launch a new appeal. [241]

Employee diversity

Uber's diversity report, published in 2017, showed the company had a predominantly white and male staff. [241] According to previous unofficial statistics, female employees decreased from 25% to 6%, and specifically 3% in the engineering teams (less than 5 out of 150). [241]

Competitive advantage due to less regulation than taxi companies

Eventually these businesses were reined in by government after public outcry to make sure the taxis were safe and did not harm their customers. Uber is competing with licensed taxi drivers who are vetted and certified and have vehicles that are maintained for safety. Being unregulated allows Uber to charge less for the same service as taxis. Claims by Uber to have 'new technology' or 'shared value' or 'ridesharing' are merely public relation strategies.

Uber for X

Following Uber's success, there was an influx of new startups describing themselves as "Uber for X". According to Wired, Uber for X "has become a kind of shorthand for convenience—a technological solution for any of life’s frustrating, dull tasks, one that either makes them more convenient or automates them completely." [241]

Legal status by country

Transportation network companies are regulated in most jurisdictions. Regulations can include requirements for driver background checks, fares, the number of drivers, and licensing.

Australia

Uber is banned in the Northern Territory . [342] The New South Wales government created a taskforce to look into regulating Uber, stating that the existing regulatory framework is "difficult to enforce", and therefore not as effective as it could be. The taskforce also noted that ride sharing services "appear to meet the criteria of a public passenger service" under the 1990 Act and drivers are therefore required to pay local government services tax GST . [241] This is despite the fact Uber claims that it is not a taxi service and should not have to operate under taxi regulation. [241] [241] In Brisbane, Australia , the legal status of Uber's service has been challenged by governments and taxi companies, which allege that its use of drivers who are not licensed to drive taxicabs is unsafe and illegal. [241]

Bangladesh

Uber, the US online taxi hailing company, on Tuesday November 22, 2016 launched its operation in the Bangladeshi capital Dhaka. ”The world’s largest on-demand mobility platform will be available in Dhaka (from Tuesday) to offer safe, reliable and affordable rides at the push of a button while opening up flexible, economic opportunities for driver-partners,” the company said in a statement. [241]

Bulgaria

Amidst gross dissatisfaction with the regular taxi services among riders in Bulgaria , Uber commenced operations in the capital of Sofia in December 2014. As its services grew rapidly in popularity in the coming months, protests by taxi drivers began in March 2015 and fines were ultimately imposed on the company for unfair trade practices. In September 2015, the country's Supreme Court upheld the fines and Uber was subsequently forced to cease operations, despite the fact that 77% of riders polled were against the ban. Since then, Uber Bulgaria has been trying to legalize its activity in the country by proposing changes to the law. [241]

Canada

In July 2015, a $400M class-action lawsuit was filed against UberX and UberXL in Toronto , Ontario, Canada on behalf of Ontario taxi and limo drivers, brokers, and owners. The statement of claim alleged that UberX and UberXL violated section 39.1 of the province's Highway Traffic Act by having unlicensed drivers picking up passengers and transporting them for compensation. [241] In March 2016, Sukhvir Tehethi, a local taxi driver, filed an injunction against Uber. Toronto's city council amended a bylaw in October 2015 and, according to Tehethi's lawyer, Uber drivers are in violation of it. Tehethi decided to take action saying that it could be months, or even years, if he waits for City Hall to act. [186]

Denmark

Following a court ruling and tightened regulations, such as taxi meters becoming mandatory for drivers, Uber in Denmark chose to close on 18 April 2017 affecting 2,000 drivers and 300,000 users. [241] [241]

El Salvador

After launching in El Salvador in May 2017, Transportation Vice Minister Nelson Garcia warned Uber in November that it operated "outside the law and must cease operations." He stated that in case of non-compliance, Uber drivers could face seizure of their vehicles, fines or revocation of their licenses and plates. [241]

Finland

Uber pulled out of Finland waiting for a deregulation law to be passed in August 2018. [241]

France

Uber executives were arrested in France in June 2015 after Uber continued to operate despite being declared illegal. [241] In the first half of 2014, the UberPop version of the app was launched in Paris, France, whereby users are linked to drivers without professional taxi or chauffeur licenses, while Uber covers supplemental insurance. UberPop was expanded to other European cities over the course of the year. The UberPool service was then introduced to the Parisian market in November 2014, a month after a French court had deemed the company's UberPop service to be illegal. Uber claimed that UberPool was the next iteration of the UberPop concept. Uber's Western Europe chief told reporters at the time that it was "very confident" about overturning the court decision. At the start of February 2015, the UberPool service was still operational in Paris, France, despite the regulatory opposition in that country.

On July 5, 2015, Uber suspended UberPop in the face of pressure by the French government while awaiting a constitutional court decision on the legality of Uber's service. [241] On September 22, 2015, France's highest constitutional authority rejected the challenge to a law that bans Uber's low-cost offering UberPop, keeping the legal pressure on the company. [241] Uber stated that the decision was disappointing but they will continue to work with the French government, trying to find a solution. [242]

Germany

In Germany , government commissions have severely limited or banned Uber for their drivers not meeting safety and maintenance standards. [242] In September 2014 courts banned Uber in Germany because the company violated regulations requiring all transport companies to use licensed drivers. [3] [62]

India

In Delhi Uber is faced with limits to the number of drivers that are allowed to operate. [242]

Indonesia

Uber has launched a motorbike service in Jakarta joining the market in the late 2014 [242] . Uber merged with Express Transindo Utama on December 16th 2016 to create a new collaboration [242] .

Italy

In May 2015, the Milan Court banned Uberpop alleging "unfair competition" and violation of the local jurisdiction regulating taxi services. The lawsuit was originally initiated by the Italian taxi drivers union. [242]

After a Rome judge ruled in favor of Italy's major taxi associations that the ride-hailing service constituted unfair competition, Uber was banned throughout Italy at the beginning of April 2017. Uber Italy expressed to use its right to appeal this decision. [242] [242] One week later, another court in Rome suspended the initial ruling after accepting Uber's appeal, allowing the service to remain in Italy. [242] [242]

Pakistan

In January 2017, Uber was asked to obtain a no-objection certificate, a fitness certificate and a route permit in order to continue their services in Pakistan . Uber fulfilled all the legal formalities in the given one month time. [242]

Poland

In Poland , following protests by taxi drivers, laws were modified so that Uber drivers do not enjoy a regulatory advantage over taxi drivers. [242]

Spain

Uber was banned from Spain in December 2014 and returned to Spain in March 2016, this time using only licensed drivers. [242] [242]

Taiwan

In July 2013, Uber started services in Taiwan . However, as the company registered as an information service firm, it did not have any permission to operate transportation services. This led to protests from taxi drivers and fines in millions of dollars from the government. Refusing to pay the penalties, Uber was banned in February 2017. In April 2017, the company resumed services after constructive talks with authorities and partnered with licensed car rental companies. [242] [242] The service can only operate within Taipei , but it will eventually expand to other cities. [242] However, Ho Chen Tan, Minister of Transportation and Communications, said that Uber is not welcome if the fines aren't paid to the government; the company must switch its business registration as well in order to operate legally. [242] [242]

United Kingdom

In March 2017 Uber lost a legal case against Transport for London that attempted to stop a written English exam being required for drivers to obtain a minicab licence. [369] Uber's five year licence to operate in London was extended for only four months from May 2017. [242] On 22 September 2017, TfL announced that Uber's London licence was not to be renewed upon expiry, taking the decision on the grounds of "public safety and security implications". Uber responded by announcing that it would appeal the decision. [242]

London licence expiration

On September 22, 2017, TfL and the London Mayor, Sadiq Khan , announced the licence for Uber to operate in London will not be renewed due to "public safety and security implications". [242] It had come after concerns that Uber did not properly check and review their drivers and didn’t report crimes. However many of the 3.5 million Londoners who use Uber were upset with the verdict claiming that black cabs were ‘too expensive’ and that Uber actually made them feel safer. Although, others, especially Black Cab drivers, were very happy with the verdict. There was concern over the 40,000 Uber drivers in London although Uber UK said it would appeal the verdict. The appeal was launched in mid-October 2017, when the company filed relevant papers with Westminster magistrates court. [242]

United States of America

Atlanta, Georgia

In September 2014, a class-action lawsuit was filed by taxicab drivers and holders of a vehicle for hire Certificate of public convenience and necessity in Atlanta against Uber as well as its drivers for restitution of all metered fares collected via the Uber and UberX apps for trips originating within the Atlanta city limits. [374] The lawsuit claimed that Uber drivers were not properly licensed. [374]

Austin, Texas

In March 2015, UberPOOL was offered in Austin , Texas, in advance of the annual South by Southwest festival. In May 2016, Uber pulled its Austin program due to stricter regulations from the government. Compared to most taxi companies in the United States, which use Live Scan, a fingerprinting service that checks for matches in FBI and state databases, Uber's background check policy in Texas has been critiqued for not being as safe. The only cities where Uber mandates fingerprint scanning are New York, where a fingerprint scan is needed to apply for a Taxi and Limousine Commission license, and Houston, which has required fingerprint scans for ride sharing drivers since 2014. However, Uber claims that the extra step of fingerprinting drivers in Houston has slowed down driver sign-ups, and as a result wait times are on average 35% longer. In May 2016, Uber stopped operations in Austin , Texas after the city "...voted 56% to 44% against Proposition 1, which would have allowed ride-hailing companies to continue using their own background check systems." Instead, Uber and other ride sharing companies would have to convert to fingerprint scanning, which is far more expensive and even less effective according to some. [242] Uber "argues that the fingerprint databases are often out of date and biased against minorities who have been fingerprinted but never charged with a crime." [242]

California

Lawsuit regarding denial of services to blind passengers A lawsuit was filed in the U.S. state of California on September 9, 2014, by the state chapter of the National Federation of the Blind , in response to the reported denial of services to "more than 30" blind customers—the lawsuit claimed that the conduct was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and California state law. The Washington Post published a direct quote from the complaint, in which the Federation claims that its constituency "face the degrading experience of being denied a basic service that is available to all other paying customers." Two cases were described in the Post article: First, a California UberX driver allegedly stored a service dog in the trunk of his vehicle and refused to acknowledge the blind passenger's concern upon the latter's realization of what had occurred; second, a driver allegedly cursed at a blind passenger during a verbal exchange, in which the latter was explaining the nature of the guide dog. According to the complaint, the driver suddenly accelerated, and nearly injured the dog, while also striking the passenger's blind friend with an open car door. Uber responded to a number of blind passengers who reported their experiences, stating that since Uber drivers were independent contractors, the company was unable to oversee their conduct. The Federation replied in a public statement that Uber closely monitored its drivers' work practices through the Uber app, that Uber advised blind passengers to notify drivers about their guide animals in advance, and that the Federation was proceeding with the filing of the lawsuit after Uber refused to enter into a negotiation with them to resolve the issue.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

In December 2014, Checker Cab Philadelphia and 44 other taxi companies in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit alleging that Uber was operating illegally in the city. [242] [242] On March 3, 2015, U.S. District Judge Nitza I. Quinones Alejandro denied a motion for a preliminary injunction against Uber. [242] In January 2016, a $1.5M lawsuit was filed against Uber in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by Sergei Lemberg on behalf of Philadelphia taxicab medallion owners. The suit claimed that Uber engaged in tortious interference with a prospective business advantage and engaged in false advertising under the Lanham Act . [375] The case was dismissed in August 2016. [242]

Upstate New York

In February 2017, the New York Senate approved legislation that allowed ride sharing companies to operate in upstate cities. The bill sponsored by state Senator Jim Seward, who chairs the Senate Insurance Committee, passed by a 53-5 vote. [242] In June 2017, Uber and other ride sharing companies like Lyft became available to the rest of New York State. [242] [242] [242]

Saudi Arabia

Uber is free to operate in Saudi Arabia, however, King Salman of Saudi Arabia's September 2017 decree allowing women to drive themselves is expected to put a dent in Uber's business in the country. [242] Women have been a key target group for Uber in the Saudi Arabia, accounting for 80 percent of rides. [242]

Criticism

Protests

Uber has been the subject of protests and legal action from – among others – taxi drivers and taxi companies around the world. These groups allege that Uber bypasses local licensing and safety laws and amounts to unfair competition. [242] Taxi drivers in London, Berlin, Paris and Madrid staged a large-scale protest against Uber on June 11, 2014. [385] In some countries, Uber drivers were also targets of attacks by taxi drivers.

On January 13, 2014, cab drivers in Paris attacked an Uber driver's car near Charles de Gaulle Airport , protesting competition from the transportation startup. [242] On June 11, 2014, in a concerted action, taxis blocked roads in major European cities in protest against what they perceive as a threat to their livelihoods from companies such as Uber. The cabbies contended that Uber and similar smartphone app-based services have an unfair advantage because they are not subject to the same kinds of fees and regulations placed on taxis. [242] [242] On June 25, 2015, cab drivers in Paris "locked down" Paris in an anti-Uber protest. [242] Musician Courtney Love got caught in the protest and live tweeted as her Uber cab was violently attacked and her driver was held hostage. [242]

On July 24, 2015, a thousand taxi drivers in Rio de Janeiro blocked traffic during the morning rush hour protesting Uber's expansion there. (Lawmakers have voted to ban Uber in São Paulo and Brasilia.).

On November 26, 2015, an Uber driver was beaten by taxi drivers in Brazil, and similar attacks followed. [242]

On August 21, 2015, Uber started operations in Costa Rica and multiple Uber drivers were immediately attacked by taxi drivers. [242]

In Cape Town, South Africa on June 3, 2016, metered taxi drivers blockaded the road to the city's airport and forced passengers out of vehicles while attacking Uber drivers. [242]

Travel ban, taxi strike, and related protests

In January 2017, the New York City Taxi Workers Alliance called for a halt in pickups from JFK Airport in New York City in response to Donald Trump 's Executive Order 13769 , which banned entry to the United States from citizens of 7 predominately Muslim countries. [388] Uber users accused the company of attempting to profit from the strike and were angered that Uber did not halt pickups from JFK Airport in solidarity. [389] Some users deleted the Uber app from their phones. [389] [388] Kalanick responded by signing an open letter to President Donald Trump that requested he rescind his executive order. [242]

Alleged cancellation of orders to disrupt competitors

Uber issued an apology on January 24, 2014, after documents were leaked to the Valleywag and TechCrunch publications saying that, earlier in the month, Uber employees in New York City deliberately ordered rides from Gett, a newly established competitor, only to cancel them later. The purpose of the fake orders was two-fold: wasting drivers' time to obstruct legitimate customers from securing a car, and offering drivers incentives — including cash — to join Uber. [242] Uber later issued a statement about the incident on its website. [242]

In August 2014, Lyft, another ridesharing service, reported to CNNMoney that 177 Uber employees had ordered and canceled approximately 5,560 rides since October 2013, and that it had found links to Uber recruiters by cross-referencing the phone numbers involved. The CNN Money report identified one Lyft passenger who canceled 300 rides from May 26 to June 10, 2014, and who was identified as an Uber recruiter by seven different Lyft drivers. On this occasion, Uber did not issue an apology, but suggested in a statement on its website that the recruitment attempts were possibly independent parties trying to make money. [202] [242] A Lyft spokesperson stated to CNN Money : "It's unfortunate for affected community members that they have used these tactics, as it wastes a driver's time and impacts the next passenger waiting for that driver." [202]

Operation SLOG

In August 2014, the online publication The Verge reported that a secret Uber project, called "Operation SLOG" – which recruits members with the assistance of TargetCW, a San Diego , California-based employment agency – appeared to be an extension of the company's activities in relation to Lyft. As reported, on July 9, 2014, following Lyft's expansion into New York City, Uber sent an email offering what it called a "huge commission opportunity" to several contractors based on the "personal hustle" of the participants. Those who responded met with Uber marketing managers who attempted, according to one of the contractors, to create a "street team" to gather intelligence about Lyft's launch plans and recruit their drivers to Uber. Recruits were given two Uber-branded iPhones (one a backup, in case the person was identified by Lyft) and a series of valid credit card numbers to create dummy Lyft accounts. After being contacted for comment, Target CW warned its contractors against talking to the media, stating that it represented a violation of a non-disclosure agreement they signed.

Aggression towards local officials and journalists

An Uber executive is said to have advocated hiring investigators to "dig up dirt" on journalists who criticize them. [242] Portland, Oregon's transportation commissioner called Uber management "a bunch of thugs". [242] A commissioner in Virginia who opposed Uber was flooded with emails and calls after Uber distributed his personal contact information to all of its users in the state. [242]

At a private dinner in November 2014, Emil Michael , senior vice president of Uber, suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to dig into the personal lives and backgrounds of media figures who reported negatively about Uber. Specifically, he targeted Sarah Lacy , editor of the technology website PandoDaily , who has accused Uber of sexism and misogyny. [242] The controversy made national news and stirred criticism against Uber. "The comments, reportedly made by senior vice president for business Emil Michael at a New York dinner attended by BuzzFeed editor-in-chief Ben Smith ," wrote a Washington Post columnist, "ignited a powder keg of criticism about a company already perceived as cut-throat – landing Uber on the front pages of The Washington Post , USA Today and The New York Times ." [242] Michael issued a public apology. [242] Later, he sent an email to Lacy: "I was at an event and was venting, but what I said was never intended to describe actions that would ever be undertaken by me or my company toward you or anyone else. I was definitively wrong and I feel terrible about any distress I have caused you." [242]

Speaking with the Australian media publication The Conversation on November 20, 2014, European PR agency FINN partner Raf Weverbergh said that Uber does not realize exactly how upset journalists are in the wake of the Michael incident. On the same date, the publication reported that more journalists deleted their Uber apps. Uber's Brisbane spokesperson stated that journalists will not be investigated by the company in the Australian state of Queensland, in light of the legislative difficulties that were occurring at the time. [242]

Evasion of law enforcement operations using Greyball

Uber developed an internal tool called Greyball which uses data collected from the Uber app and by other means to avoid giving rides to certain individuals. The tool was used starting in 2014. By showing "ghost cars" driven by fake drivers to the targeted individuals in the Uber app, and by giving real drivers a means to cancel rides requested by those individuals, Uber can avoid operations by known law enforcement officers in areas where its service is illegal. An investigative report by The New York Times published on March 3, 2017, described Uber's use of Greyball in 2014 to evade city code enforcement officials in Portland , Oregon, Australia, South Korea, and China. [391] In response to the report, Uber stated that Greyball was designed to deny rides to users who violate Uber's terms of service , including those involved in sting operations . [391] [242] According to Uber, Greyball can "hide the standard city app view for individual riders, enabling Uber to show that same rider a different version." [393] Uber has reportedly used Greyball to identify government officials through such factors as whether a user frequently opens the app near government offices. [391] Uber employees also reviewed social media profiles to identify law enforcement personnel. [391] In the days following the publication of the New York Times story, Uber admitted that it had used Greyball to thwart government regulators, [242] and it promised to stop using the tool for that purpose. [393]

User privacy and data breaches

Kalanick received a letter, dated November 19, 2014, from U.S. Senator Al Franken , Chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law , over user privacy. In addition to a list of 10 questions, Franken stated that the company had a "troubling disregard for customer privacy" and that he was "especially troubled because there appears to be evidence of practices inconsistent with the policy [Uber spokesperson] Ms. Hourajian articulated" and that "it appears that on prior occasions your company [Uber] has condoned use of customers' data for questionable purposes." Franken concluded his letter by asking for a response by December 15, 2014. [242] Concerns have been raised about internal misuse of the company's data, in particular the ability of Uber staff to track the movements of its customers, known as "God View". In addition to the aforementioned use of the service to track journalists and politicians, a venture capitalist disclosed in 2011 that Uber staff were using the function recreationally and viewed being tracked by Uber as a positive reflection on the subject's character. [242] An individual who had interviewed for a job at Uber said that he was given unrestricted access to Uber's customer tracking function as part of the interview process, and that he retained that access for several hours after the interview ended. [242]

On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a data breach more than nine months before. Driver names and license plate information on approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed. Uber discovered this leak in September 2014 but waited more than five months to notify the people affected. [220]

On August 2017, Uber accepted a settlement from the Federal Trade Commission admitting to claiming falsely that internal access to consumers’ personal information was closely monitored on an ongoing basis, and also stating that Uber had failed to live up to its promise to provide reasonable security for consumer data. [242]

Another data breach was revealed in November 2017. Occurring in 2016, this breach disclosed personal information on about 600,000 drivers (including license information); and names, email addresses, and phone numbers for 57 million customers. Uber paid a $100,000 ransom to the hackers on the promise they would delete the stolen data. [242] [242] The company was subsequently criticized for concealing the loss of data and that concealment could lead to the imposition of higher fines, particularly if the act was intentional. [242] Newly appointed Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi apologized saying in an email statement "None of this should have happened, and I will not make excuses for it". [242] He added that "we are changing the way we do business, putting integrity at the core of every decision we make and working hard to earn the trust of our customers." [242]

Safety concerns

Safety concerns have been raised after Uber drivers were reportedly involved in sexual assault against passengers, as well as other crimes. On the other hand, it is unclear if the service is less or more safe than regular taxi cabs, as major cities don't have much data on taxi-related incidents. [404]

In February 2016, Uber's vetting procedures came under scrutiny once more following the 2016 Kalamazoo shootings , purportedly committed by Jason Dalton, an Uber driver in Kalamazoo , Michigan. Dalton is believed to have been driving for Uber at the time while allegedly conducting a shooting spree that left six people dead and two others wounded. This led to a seven-hour manhunt for the suspect, during which it is believed that Dalton continued to drive and accept fares. Uber was aware of the issues with Dalton's driving skills, having received multiple complaints, though critics agree that Dalton would not have raised any red flags since he did not have a criminal record. [242]

Drivers using the app while driving

Concerns also arose regarding the manner in which the Uber app notifies drivers about new requests for pick-up from customers and how the drivers must respond to such requests. [223] When a customer makes a request, drivers are notified on an official Uber mobile app and are provided the customer's location. In order to accept the request, the driver has approximately 15 seconds to tap the phone to accept the request. [224] An Uber driver reported that drivers can be temporarily suspended for ignoring these requests. Deborah Hersman of the National Transportation Safety Board criticized the 15-second system, saying that it presents a significant distraction to drivers, as drivers are financially motivated to respond to fares while driving. In response, Uber has stated that the app "was designed with safety in mind," and that drivers are not required to physically look at the device to accept a fare. [223]

Allegations of inadequate background checks on drivers

On December 31, 2013, Uber driver Syed Muzaffar ran over and killed six-year old Sofia Liu in San Francisco, severely injuring her mother and brother in the same incident. The driver was logged in and waiting for a fare, but not carrying a passenger, at the time of the accident. Liu's family filed a wrongful death claim against Uber, claiming that this made Uber responsible for the driver's actions. [242] [242] [242] Uber deactivated Muzaffar's account after the accident. Syed Muzaffar was arrested on the scene and was charged with misdemeanor vehicular manslaughter on December 8, 2014. [242] Uber said in a written statement that all drivers had undergone a "stringent" background check, and Muzaffar's was "clear". Muzaffar had been arrested in Florida in 2004 on a reckless driving charge, but California law prohibited private background check services like Uber's from reporting arrests and crimes more than seven years old. [255] Syed Muzaffar's vehicular manslaughter trial was scheduled to start August 5, 2015. In July 2015, Uber reached a settlement with the family for an undisclosed sum. [255]

Lawsuits

In January 2017, Uber agreed to pay $20 million to the US government to resolve accusations by the FTC of having misled drivers about potential earnings. [255] [255] [255]

According to a February 2017 lawsuit filed by Waymo , owned by an affiliate of Google , ex-Google employee Anthony Levandowski allegedly "downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo’s highly confidential files and trade secrets, including blueprints, design files and testing documentation" before resigning to found Otto , which was purchased by Uber. [255] [255] A ruling in May 2017 required Uber to return documents to Waymo. [255]

In 2017 a suit was filed against Uber alleging that Uber uses "sophisticated software" to defraud both drivers and passengers. According to the suit, under the upfront pricing model, when a passenger is quoted a price the app shows a longer more expensive route, meanwhile would-be drivers are shown a shorter cheaper route. The passenger is charged for the more expensive route, while the driver is paid the cheaper, with Uber pocketing the difference. [255]

Workplace culture

In early 2017, Uber was described by insiders as having an "asshole culture". [414] Uber's organizational culture was described as one in which employees are lauded for bringing incomplete and unreliable solutions to market in order for Uber to appear to be an innovator and winner. [414] In a corporate culture likened to the novels and TV series A Game of Thrones , in which rivals for the throne vie for power, the company encourages aggression [415] and "back stabbing" (criticizing) of co-workers, in which peers undermine each other and their direct superiors to climb the corporate ladder. [414] [415]

Some human resource managers in the software industry see Uber as a potential black mark on the resumes of ex-Uber employees, with one industry manager saying, in reference to “If you did well in that environment upholding those values, I probably don’t want to work with you.” [414] Some Silicon Valley computer programmers labeled Uber as "poisonous" and encouraged any friends who work for the company to quit.

Criticism of Kalanick

In February 2017, a video was released where Kalanick was shimmying between two women in an UberBLACK, before arguing with an Uber driver during a heated debate.

In March 2017, Uber VP of Business, Emil Michael contacted Kalanick's ex-girlfriend in an attempt to silence her and get her to hide a human resources complaint. This backfired, with her being sourced as present during an executive team outing with Kalanick, where Michael, and four more Uber managers selected numbered women at a Korean hostess bar , prompting a sexism complaint by the female manager who attended.

Sexual harassment allegations and management shakeup

On February 20, 2017, former Uber engineer Susan Fowler stated that she was sexually harassed by a manager and subsequently threatened with termination by another manager if she continued to report the incident. CTO Thuan Pham had knowledge of Susan Fowler's sexual harassment allegation at Uber and her manager's threatened retaliation, and did nothing; Kalanick was also reportedly aware of the harassment issues. Uber hired former attorney general Eric Holder to investigate the claims. [256] Arianna Huffington , a member of Uber's board of directors , also oversaw the investigation. [256] On February 20, 2017, Kalanick led a meeting with employees that was described by the participants as honest and raw. [256]

On June 6, 2017, Uber announced that it fired over 20 employees as a result of the investigation. [256] [256] On June 13, 2017, Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence from Uber. [257] [257] On June 20, 2017, after multiple shareholders reportedly demanded his resignation, Kalanick resigned as CEO. [257] [257]

2014 reviews by the Better Business Bureau

In October 2014, Uber received an "F" rating from the Better Business Bureau (BBB), which cited complaints over unexpectedly high charges and lack of response to customer complaints. [257] [257]

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The account of an uber customer who's driver drove off as she was exiting the car which resulted in the customer falling out head first. The driver did not acknowledge her and drove off. The customer had to go to the hospital and is suing
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