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Unformatted text preview: Neural Systems 2010 Final Exam Name:_____________________________ 1. William James wrote that: ( 10 points ) “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble and not that we cry, strike, or tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful as the case may be.”; suggesting that emotions are not only coupled to visceral functions, but may spring from them. In one page or less, outline the neural systems and circuits that link forebrain structures related to emotion with brainstem, spinal cord, and peripheral structures that directly control the viscera, and briefly indicate whether or not you agree with James, and why. 2. If a reward is expected at time T, dopamine neurons activate…( 1pt ) a. Shortly after T if the reward is delivered at time T b. Shortly after T if the reward is not delivered at time T c. Before time T if the reward is delivered 1 sec earlier than expected d. Shortly after T if the reward is delivered 1 sec earlier than expected e. Whenever the reward is delivered 3. An old aunt recently contracted fronto-temporal dementia (a variant of Alzheimer’s disease that initially affects the orbital cortex). Which of the following would you find the least surprising? ( 1pt ) f. She can no longer learn simple associations (classical conditioning) g. She rapidly dilapidates her lifetime savings betting on horse races h. She cannot remember any major economic choice she made in the past i. She can no longer execute precise visuomotor tasks (e.g., play golf) j. She rapidly develops tremor 4. You suspect that neurons in the neostriatum caudolaterale (the avian equivalent of the prefrontal cortex) encode the subjective value pigeons assign to different types of grains (e.g., rice and barley). How would you test this hypothesis? ( 2pts ) Make pigeons choose between rice and barley, measure the relative value of the two grains from the indifference point. As pigeons choose, record from neurons in the neostriatum caudolaterale and correlate their activity with the behavioral measure of relative value. Questions 5 – 9 are True- False (1pt each) 5. Primary motor cortical cells in proximal arm area can encode the position or velocity of the impending arm movement but not both parameters at the same time. True False 6. Motor cortical neurons are often cosine-tuned to movement direction yielding firing rates that are unique to any given movement direction. True False 7. The majority of corticospinal neurons projecting from M1 synapse on spinal interneurons; however, especially in primates, a small percentage of corticospinal neurons synapse directly to alpha motor neurons in the ventral horn of spinal cord. True False 8. A key aspect of "closing the loop" in a brain computer interface (BCI) is that neural plasticity through biofeedback can greatly improve BCI performance over time. True False 9. One of the problems with using EEG for BCI applications is that it doesn't have the spatial and spectral frequency content of either electrocorticography or single-unit activity; however, it's non-...
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