Enamel is an opaque, glassy, white, or colored covering applied to china or metal objects to provide protection, waterproofing, and decoration. Enamel paints are tougher than lacquer paints and do not crack or chip as easily. Enamels also have lower levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and are more environmentally friendly. Enamels dry more slowly than lacquers, but catalyst additions reduce drying times.

Lacquer paints dry more quickly than enamel paints and are easier to sand since enamels can be gummy; however, enamel paints are tougher and do not crack or chip as easily. Lacquer paints often contain relatively high levels of VOCs. In some states, only businesses are allowed to apply lacquer paints.

Primers are complete, preparatory coatings that are applied before base coats or clear coats. Many primers contain some pigment and are designed to provide adequate adhesion between the surface and subsequent topcoats. Some primers lend uniformity to the topcoat, inhibit corrosion of the substrate, and stop topcoat discoloration.

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Coatings are cured through ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. UV-curable coatings can increase productivity by dramatically reducing process time because UV curing coatings can set in seconds. Thermally-cured coatings may take minutes to hours to dry or set.

Multicomponent coating systems use a polymeric protective film that applies a prime coat, intermediate coat, and finish coat. Multicomponent coatings can consist of multiple liquids (A+B or A+B+C) that are blended together just before an end-use application. Some of the components can be catalysts, curing agents, retarders, accelerators, fillers, reinforcements, colorants, or specific property enhancers.

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Acrylic is a synthetic resin used in high-performance latex or water-based paints. Acrylic resins form the paint's binder and enable the coating to last longer and retain its color. Acrylic coatings are recommended for bonding metals. They can also be used with oily surfaces, glass, ferrite, plastics, and fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP).

Coatings contain aluminum, a silver-white, metallic element used to make hard, light, corrosion-resistant products. Aluminum has a melting point of 660° C, a boiling point of 2467° C, and a specific gravity of 2.699.

Ceramics consist of oxides, carbides, nitrides, carbon, and other non-metals with high melting points. Refractory ceramic coatings are sprayed onto the insides of kilns, and on elements to lengthen life and improve efficiency. Coated elements are more efficient and may last up to 10 times longer than uncoated elements. Although ceramic coatings are expensive, they provide long-term savings.

Phenolic and formaldehyde resins are thermosetting molding compounds and adhesives that provide strong bonds and good resistance to high temperatures. Phenolic or phenol formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, furan, and melamine resins are all part of this category. Generally, the most durable resins are made from chemicals of the phenol group and formaldehyde. Phenolic resins come in liquid, powder, and film form. Special phenolic resins are available that harden at moderate temperatures when mixed with suitable accelerators. Phenol-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde, resol, and novalac resins are types of phenolic resins. Urea resin adhesives are made from urea, formaldehyde, and catalysts or hardeners. Urea formaldehyde resins can harden rapidly at moderate temperatures, but generally do not have the properties of phenolic resins. Melamine resins are made through a reaction of dicyandiamide with formaldehyde. Most of the resins in this group have excellent dielectric properties. Furan formaldehyde (FF) resins are made by the polymerization or poly-condensation of furfural, furfural alcohol, or other compounds containing a furan ring, or by the reaction of these furan compounds with other compounds (not over 50%). Fire-retardant furans are used in hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding operations. Furans are commonly used in foundry binders, grinding wheels, refractories, and other high-temperature applications. Furan resins and chemicals are also used in fiberglass composites, hybrid resins combined with epoxy or phenolics, and in corrosion-resistant cements.

Epoxy resins are a large, high-performance group of resins. Epoxies generally outperform most other types of resins in terms of mechanical properties and resistance to environmental degradation. Epoxy coatings are used almost exclusively in aircraft components.

The compound or material system is based upon an inorganic chemistry. Completely inorganic coatings contain both an inorganic binder and inorganic fillers. Inorganic coatings also include salts or inorganic chemical solutions that react with a substrate to convert a layer into a protective phosphate or chromate layer. These inorganic coatings are called conversion coatings. Coatings may contain a resin or polymer binder, or a base filled with fine, inorganic aggregates, or mineral powders. The organic portion may evaporate or burn-off during curing or end-use.

Coatings contain zinc, a blue-white metallic element that is malleable and ductile even at ordinary temperatures. Zinc can be electrodeposited and is used extensively as a coating for steel and sheets. Zinc has a melting point of 7870° F, a boiling point of 16650° F, and a specific gravity of 7.14.

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Corrosion-inhibiting or rust-preventive coatings prevent moisture from reaching the metal or underlying substrate, or provide a sacrificial layer. Resin-based coatings are both corrosion and chemically-resistant, and provide a barrier to protect the substrate. Zinc or aluminum coatings provide a sacrificial layer that galvanically protects the ferrous surface, even if the layer is breached. Zinc phosphate, barium metaborate, and strontium chromate (all pigments) are common ingredients in corrosion-inhibitive coatings. These pigments absorb any moisture that enters the coating film. Lubricant, oil, and grease coatings also provide a water-repellent barrier to inhibit corrosion. Rust-preventative coatings are designed to minimize rust or iron-alloy corrosion when applied directly to ferrous metals such as carbon or alloy steels.

Dielectric coatings are made from nonconducting materials and are used in optical applications. High-reflection coatings consist of a stack of alternating layers of high-and-low refractive-index materials. Each layer in the stack has an optical thickness of a quarter-wave at the design wavelength.

Coatings are flame-retardant in accordance to Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) Flame Class 94V-0, or other equivalent ISO standards. These materials reduce the spread of flame or resist ignition when exposed to high temperatures. They also insulate the substrate and delay damage to the substrate. Flame retardant coating is often applied to textiles, fabrics or other materials to enhance the flame retardancy nature of the material.

Touch-up coatings are used to repair and match the original coating where it has been damaged by scratching, corrosion, abrasion, erosion, scuffing, denting, chipping, delaminating, or other processes. The touch-up coating material should have good adhesion to damaged and prepped substrates and undamaged paint surfaces. The color and functional protective properties should match those of the existing paint or coating on the substrate. Touch-up coatings are available in small containers, aerosol spray cans, and pen forms.

Wear- or erosion-resistant coatings are designed to resist surface degradation via friction. Wear is caused by a sliding action between two or more components. Erosion is surface damage or material removal caused by the impact of particles or slurries.

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Coatings are designed for use in original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or industrial applications. Industrial coatings are durable, high-quality coatings designed for heavy-duty use or highly specialized functions.

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