Expert Evidence and Relevancy of Character

Expert evidence and relevancy of character are dealt under section 45 to section 55 of Indian Evidence Act.

Expert Opinion

The courts have been accustomed to act on the opinion of experts from the early time. The reason is obvious. There are many matters which require professional or specialised knowledge which the court may not possess and me, therefore, rely on those who possess it. In Folokes v. Chadd, [(1782) 3 Dough KB 157],Bank was erected for the purpose of preventing the sea overflowing certain meadows and the question arose weather is contributed to the choking and decay of a harbour. A celebrated engineer was allowed to express his opinion on the matter. Lord Mansfield, C.J., proceeded as follows :

Mr. Smeaton (the engineer) is called. It is objected that Mr Smeaton is going to speak not as to facts but as to opinion and that opinion, however, is deducted from facts which are not disputed so the situation of banks, the course of Tides, and of winds and the shifting of sons and his opinion deduced from all these factors that mathematically speaking, the bank may contribute to the Mischief but not sensibly Mr Smeaton understands the construction of harbours, the causes of the destruction and how remedied. In matters of science, no other witness can be called. Chief Justice quoted “I cannot believe that where the question is whether a defect arises from a natural or an artificial cause the opponents of men of Science and not received. Handwriting is proved every day by opinion and for false evidence on such question a man may be inducted for perjury.”

WHO IS AN EXPERT?

The section permits only the opinion of an expert to be cited in evidence. This requires determination of the question as to who is an expert. The only guidance in the section is that he should be a person, especially skilled on the matter. Does the only definition of an expert available in the act is that he is a person especially skilled in the subject on which he testifies? But the section does not refer to any particular attainment standard of study or experience which would qualify a person to give evidence as an expert. Generally, the witness is considered as an expert if he is skilled in any particular art, trade or profession and possessed of particular knowledge concerning the same. It is the duty of the judge to decide whether the skill of any person in the matter on which evidence of his opinion is offered is sufficient to entitle him to be an expert.

In Forest Range Officer v. P. Mohammad Ali, [1994 AIR 120], it was held that expert opinion is only the opinion evidence. It does not help the court in interpretation. The main opinion of an expert cannot overwrite the positive evidence of the attesting witness. Expert opinion is not necessarily binding on the court.

Section 45 – Opinions of Experts : When the court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law or of science or art or has to identify of handwriting of finger Impressions, the opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in such foreign Law, Science or art or in questions as to identify of handwriting or finger impression are relevant facts. Such persons are called Experts.

Subjects on which experts can testify

The subjects on which an expert is competent to testify are mentioned in the section itself and they are foreign law, matters of science, questions of art, identify of handwriting or of finger Impressions.

Foreign Law

Foreign law means any law which is not in force in India the courts of the country may not be in a position to appreciate the principles of a foreign law and therefore whenever a Court has to decide a question of foreign law the court can seek the help of those who are experts on the particular foreign law. In England, it can be proved by leading expert evidence.

Science or Art

Expert opinion is relevant to all questions on points of science or art. Science or art includes all subjects on which a course of special study or experience is necessary to the formation of an opinion. Field has quoted “These words are to be broadly construed, the term science not being limited to higher Sciences and the term art not being limited to fine arts but having its original sense of handicraft trade profession and skill in work which with the advance of culture has been carried beyond the sphere of the common purpose of life into that of artistic and scientific action.” To determine whether a particular matter is of a scientific nature or not the test to be applied is whether the subject matter of enquiry is such that experienced persons are unlikely to prove capable of forming a correct judgement without the assistance of experts.

Handwriting and Finger Impressions

Under section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, an expert can depose to the identity of handwriting between the questioned document and the document admitted or proved. A disputed handwriting may be proved either by calling an expert or by examining a person acquainted with the handwriting of the person by whom the questions document is alleged to have been written or a comparison of the two under section 73. When the court has to decide upon the identity of the handwriting of a certain person or The Identity of a certain person’s finger impression the court may receive the evidence of a person who has acquired an expertise on the matter. About from persons possessing professional qualification on the subject the court may receive the evidence of a person who is otherwise acquainted with the subject. In R v. Silverlock, 1894 2 QB 766, the court observed that a solicitor might be treated as an expert in handwriting even if he had acquired his knowledge as an amateur. as to the reliability of such evidence the Supreme Court has laid down and quite a few cases that the evidence of an expert as to handwriting is only in the nature of an opinion and can rarely take the place of substantive evidence. It should be corroborated either by clear direct evidence or by circumstantial evidence.

In the case of State of Maharashtra v. Sukhdeo Singh, 1992 AIR 2100, the Apex Court opined that before a Court can act on the opinion evidence of a handwriting expert two things must be proved beyond any manner of doubt, namely, (i) the genuineness of the specimen/admitted handwriting of the concerned accused and (ii) the handwriting expert is a competent, reliable and dependable witness whose evidence inspires confidence.

The opinion of thumb impression expert is entitled to greater weightage than that of a handwriting expert.

In R v Oakley, (1979) Crim LR 657 CA, a police officer who had attended a course, passed an exam as an accident investigator and attended more than 400 accidents was entitled to give expert evidence as to the cause of an accident.

The Supreme Court in the case of State of H.P. v. Jai Lal and Ors.,(1999) 7 SCC 280, explained the substance of expert opinion by stating that Section 45 of the Evidence Act which makes opinion of experts admissible lays down, that, when the court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, or of science, or art, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in such foreign law, science or art, or in questions as to identity of handwriting, or finger impressions are relevant facts. Therefore, in order to bring the evidence of a witness as that of an expert, it has to be shown that he has made a special study of the subject or acquired a special experience therein or in other words that he is skilled and has adequate knowledge of the subject.

Value of Expert Opinion

The weight that ought to be attached to the opinion of an expert is a different matter from its relevancy. the act only provides about the relevancy of expert opinion but gives no guidance as to its value and store the value of Expert Opinion has to be viewed in the light of many adverse factors. Firstly there is the danger of error or deliberate falsehood. these privileged persons might be half blind, incompetent or even corrupt. Secondly is evidence after your opinion and human judgement is fallible. Human knowledge is limited and imperfect. No man ever mastered all the knowledge on any of the Sciences. Thirdly it must be borne in mind that an expert witness however impartial he may wish to be is likely to be unconsciously predicted in favour of the side which calls him. it is on the basis of these factors that it has been removed of an expert that the witnesses now in worst repute are called expert witnesses that is witnesses retained and page to support by their evidence a certain view on a scientific or technical question.

RELEVANCY OF CHARACTER

Civil Cases

Section 52 Lays down the broad general principle that the evidence of a party’s character cannot be given for the purpose of showing that it renders the conduct imputed to him as probable or improbable. does the general principle is that a party cannot give evidence office good character for the purpose of showing that it is improbable that he should be guilty of the conduct imputed to him.

Section 52 – In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant: in civil cases the fact that the character of any person concerned as such as to rental probable improbable any conduct imputed to him is irrelevant except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.

EXCEPTIONS

While this is a general principle, the exception will have to be admitted.

1. Character as affecting damages

The court is entitled to take note of the character of the plaintiff if it affects the amount of compensation which should be awarded to him.

2. Where character is in issue

the ban imposed by section 54 upon the relevancy of the bad character of the accused is not applicable where his character is itself a fact in issue

IN CRIMINAL CASES

Section 53 – In criminal cases previous good character relevant: in criminal proceedings the fact that the person accused is of a good character is relevant.

Section 53 makes a categorical declaration that in criminal cases the fact that the person accused is a good character is relevant. Thus every accused person is at liberty to give evidence of the fact that he is a man of good character.

the history of the admission of evidence of good character As given in Stephen’s history of the criminal law of England shows that such evidence does not stand on precisely the same plane as that concerning the relevant facts going to prove or disprove the issue.

MEANING OF CHARACTER

The explanation to Section 55 gives the meaning of the expression character for the purposes of all the sections related to the relevancy of character and the type of facts which can be used to prove dad character.

Section 55 – character as affecting damages: in civil cases the facts that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of time it is which you ought to receive is relevant.

To prove good or bad character evidence can be given both of reputation and disposition. it can be given of previous convictions and proof of bad character and it cannot be given of particular facts but only of general reputation and general disposition. Evidence of a person’s good or bad character can be given only by those who know him and have had dealings with him for his character where others who know him and are in a position to judge his worth.

Evidence cannot be given of particular acts by which reputation and disposition were shown and circumstances would give rise to indeterminable issues which would have but a very remote bearing on the question in dispute.

The way and the only way the law allows of your getting and the disposition and tendency office mind is by evidence as to his general character founded upon the knowledge of those who know anything about him and his general conduct.

By – Shubhi Pandey

(RDVV)

SOURCES

Principles of Law of Evidence, Dr. Avtar Singh, Central Law Publications

The Law of Evidence, Ratanlal And Dhirajlal, 25th Edition, Lexis Nexis

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