9 Table 1. Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) artvinensis Carbonell, 1997 stat. nov.: chromosome size in µm² MI plate WP99075a WP99075b WP99075c 1st bv. in series nd bv. in series rd bv. in series The smallest bv.in series The ratio 1st/last bv One bivalent shows a higher degree in dye adhesion, it contains more C- heterochromatin; one other bivalent is clearly heterochromatic, with one of the constituting chromosomes small and the other medium-sized. The bivalents tend to the formation of telomeric associations. The smallest bivalent shows a lesser degree in dye adhesion, i.e. in chromatin contraction, and is usually situated at the edge of the plate. 8 pairs of bivalents in early metaphase I tend to form two-bivalent associations, while the remaining five behave as separate units (Fig. 2). In diakinesis, the bivalents vary in shape and in chiasmata number. The largest three bivalents still carry 2 3 chiasmata and have the shape of a regular ring or a complex form, combining a ring and two, in the largest bivalent even three, separate tails. Nevertheless, the smaller bivalents are already contracted to an oval shape and do not show interstitial chiasmata. The smallest bivalent shows a slightly different behaviour and was located almost outside the plate, appearing prematurely contracted. We may assume that it could be the sex bivalent (Fig. 3). In general the bivalents in diplotene are of complicated configuration: 3 of these possess two chiasmata and an irregular structure. The bivalents tend to the formation of telomeric association. Three cysts were found where bivalents have split up into univalents. The univalents in anaphase I are dispersed all along the chromatin spindle, showing different speed of separation (Fig. 4). Distribution. Only known from Turkey, Erzurum province, various localities (Carbonell 1997: ; this study); Artvin province, environs of Kılıçkaya (Carbonell 1997: ; this study). Bionomics. Flowery meadows and moderately shady places, often at humid spots, between 900 and 2400 m, in one brood from late June to early August (Carbonell 1997; Olivier et al., own observations 1996 and 1999). Sympatric with P. (A.) wagneri (Forster, 1956) and P. (A.) firdussii (Forster, 1956) (Hesselbarth et al. 1995; Carbonell 1997). Notes. (1) P. (A.) artvinensis stat. nov. differs markedly from P. (A.) actis and P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov. in external morphology, from the latter also in chromosome number (see below). It has also been reported as being sympatric with firdussii : therefore, it is established here as a distinct species. (2) There are slight differences in numbers of paratypes listed by Carbonell (1997) and specimens labelled as such in colls. W. Eckweiler and K. G. Schurian (compare list of paratypes with material examined in the present study). Phegea 28 (2) (1.VI.2000): 65

15 Derivatio nominis. This butterfly is named in honour of Dr. P. Sigbert Wagener, the main author of the monumental Die Tagfalter der Türkei and specialist of the satyrine genus Melanargia. Differential diagnosis. From the syntopic P. (A.) wagneri, P. (A.) cilicius bolkarensis and P. (A.) sertavulensis species incertae sedis, the new species can be separated readily by the colour (the three former taxa are sky blue, never with any trace of black suffusion); from P. (A.) sertavulensis species incertae sedis and P. (A.) cilicius bolkarensis also by the absence of any blackening of the veins in these two taxa; from the allopatric P. (A.) actis by the more vivid blue (less violet) tinge of upperside ground-colour, as well as the (near) absence of any blackening of the veins, combined with a generally larger size, in the latter (the allopatric P. (A.) ernesti Eckweiler, 1989 species incertae sedis, P. (A.) firdussii (Forster, 1956) and P. (A.) pseudactis (Forster, 1960) species incertae sedis also differ in their markedly lighter blue colour and in the absence of any blackening of the veins); from the allopatric P. (A.) artvinensis stat. nov., it differs both in phenotype and in chromosome number (this study, Plates 1 2, compare also descriptions). Notes. (1) Freyer (1851, 6(96): 147) describes Lycaena Pap.[ilio] Athis as follows (translated from German): the male of this Lycaena usually resembles P. Alexis on the upperside [Papilio alexis is a junior primary homonym of Papilio alexis Poda, 1761 currently Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) and a senior subjective synonym of Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775 currently Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg, 1775)]. In so doing, he applies the name athis to a taxon that probably is the same as P. (A.) actis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851), his name thus being a junior subjective synonym of the latter name (see Olivier 2000a, in press, for a detailed discussion). It is nevertheless possible that Freyer referred to specimens of another taxon that lacked the black submarginal suffusion (such specimens are encountered both in P. (A.) artvinensis stat. nov. and in P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov.). On the next page, Freyer (op.cit.) describes (but does not name!) a very nice form that is darker blue with black suffusion on the distal half of the wing. The emphasis on the darker blue colour supports the attribution of his athis to actis and the former name was synonymised under the latter already by Herrich-Schäffer (1854, 1(65): Index 1). Subsequently, the name athis has been applied also to material with black submarginal suffusion and from other areas, e.g. the Taurus Mts. (see Olivier 2000a, in press, for a lengthy discussion). For these reasons, we follow the traditional attribution of athis as a junior subjective synonym of actis. In any case, in absence of any known extant type material, athis is a nomen dubium and thus best considered as a rejected name. (2) Schwingenschuss (1935: 132) reports from Akşehir and the nearby Sultandağları Lycaena athis Frr. and athis nov. ab. lunulata Schw. without any description, hence his name is unavailable (ICZN, Art. 10.2, , ) and, the more, a nomen nudum (ICZN, Art ). Subsequently, Schwingenschuss (1938: 146) gives a description of his Lycaena actis H. S. ssp. athis Frr. lunulata (translated here from German): with beautiful blue lunules on the hindwings. His name does not become available, however, as it stays infrasubspecific (ICZN, Art. 10.2, 45.5, ). (3) Hesselbarth et al. (1995: 732, Plate 123, Figs 1 21) apply the name Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) actis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) to an entirely different species than the one originally denoted by that name (see Olivier 2000a, in press, for a lengthy discussion). Their unintentionally created Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) actis auct. was accepted as such by subsequent authors (Häuser & Eckweiler 1997; Eckweiler & Häuser 1997; Bálint & Johnson 1997; Carbonell 1997; Koçak & Seven 1998; Reinhardt & Eitschberger 1999; Carbonell & Naderi 2000) dealing with the taxon, hence this species remained undescribed until now. Phegea 28 (2) (1.VI.2000): 71

16 (4) Material, that is possibly referable to P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov., has been reported from the central Pontic chain, i.e. from Tokat province (environs of Tokat, Freyer 1851, 6(96): ; Staudinger, 1878: ; Forster, 1960: 106, see also Olivier 2000a, in press). The illustrations in Freyer (1851, 6(96): Tab. 573, Figs 2 3), reproduced in Olivier (2000a: 94, Fig. 3, in press), are not adequate for judging unambiguously whether P. (A.) artvinensis stat. nov. or P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov. is involved, though the known distribution of P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov. in the Pontic chain (see below) makes attribution to the latter taxon most plausible. Material from Amasia province, environs of Amasia (leg. Korb, 1888 Forster, 1960: 106) belongs to P. (A.) actis (this study, cf. Plates 1 & 2, fig. 9). (5) Material from Bürücek [Tekir, İçel province] with n = 27 (de Lesse 1962) possibly belongs to a different taxon (cf. Carbonell 1997; Olivier 2000a, in press). We have not seen this material, about which Carbonell (1997: 139) writes (translated here from French): The majority of the males concerned effectively have the veins blackened over several mm, but without a trace of any black submarginal suffusion. Tekir lies close to the Bolkar Dağları, from where firdussii has n = (Hesselbarth et al. 1995: 705). We were able to see these three firdussii specimens, originating from İvrız: phenotypically they rather agree with P. (A.) sertavulensis species incertae sedis (cf. Olivier 2000a, in press), being slightly larger, more sky blue and with hardly any distal blackening of the veins on male upperside, further with a very weakly expressed to nearly absent white streak on underside hindwing (Plates 1 & 2, fig. 13). Probably they belong to the nominal taxon P. (A.) cilicius bolkarensis (Carbonell, 1998), the type locality of which Çaykavak Geçidi (Niğde province) is quite close (cf. Carbonell 1998). P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov. from the Bolkar Dağları shows a variable degree in the extent of the black submarginal suffusion on upperside hindwing, most specimens indeed without any black suffusion, but mostly with distal blackening of the veins. We therefore tend to consider de Lesse s specimens from Bürücek as belonging to P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov., as we do with the specimen figured in Carbonell (1997: 142, Fig. 5). If so, this would mean that the haploid chromosome number of this taxon from the Bolkar Dağları and the Aladağları varies from 27 to 29. As the karyotype remains unknown, we cannot at present rule out that the higher numbers (28, 29) actually reflect the presence of one or two B- chromosomes, rather than a real variation in the basic chromosome number. Most interestingly, in the Aladağları, 15 km SE Çamardı, m, material of P. (A.) sertavulensis, that agrees rather well phenotypically with material from İvrız except for the underside with all markings, including the white streak, being clearly expressed (Plates 1 & 2, figs 11 12) was collected together with the P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov. specimens, in which n = 28, 29 was found. This sertavulensis population, however, has n = 24! Clearly, further research on both sigberti and sertavulensis topics and apparently also on P. (A.) cilicius cilicius (Carbonell, 1998) and P. (A.) cilicius bolkarensis (Carbonell, 1998) is highly desirable. (6) Mr. Jean-François Charmeux (in litt., 20.III.2000) collected material in Erzincan province, Akarsu, ca m, 22.VII.1991, that is probably also referable to P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov., according to his description. Akarsu lies in the immediate vicinity of the locality 3 5 km W. Refahiye, 1450 m, where Dr. K. G. Schurian collected a series of the new taxon (cf. Plates 1 & 2, fig. 29). (7) The specimen figured in Carbonell (1997: 142, Fig. 6), originating from Erzurum province, 15 km E. Erzurum, is probably referable to P. (A.) actis, though it admittedly resembles somewhat P. (A.) sigberti sp. nov. as well. A correct attribution of such specimens will only be possible when the karyotype of both topotypical P. (A.) actis and Phegea 28 (2) (1.VI.2000): 72

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