МММ was a Russian company that perpetrated one of the world's largest Ponzi schemes of all time, in the 1990s.[1][2] By different estimates from 5 to 10 million people lost their savings.[3] According to contemporary Western press reports, most investors were aware of the fraudulent nature of the scheme, but still hoped to profit from it by withdrawing money before it collapsed.[4][5]

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MMM was established in 1989 by Sergei Mavrodi,[2] his brother Vyacheslav Mavrodi, and Olga Melnikova. The name of the company was taken from the first letters of the three founders' surnames.

Initially, Mavrodi operated a network of computer-importing cooperatives.[6] In January 1992, tax police accused MMM of tax evasion, leading to the collapse of MMM-bank, and causing the company to have difficulty obtaining financing to support its operations.[7] Faced with difficulties in funding its foreign trade, the company switched to the financial sector. It offered American stocks to Russian investors, but met with little success. In December 1992, MMM-Invest was created as a voucher investment fund, a type of entity created to collect privatization vouchers.[8] It was renamed Russ-Invest in May 1995, to distance it from the MMM scheme.[8]

The MMM Ponzi scheme was launched in February 1994,[9] promising annual returns of up to 7003300000000000000♠3000%.[10] The company started an aggressive TV ad campaign, spending 330 million rubles in March 1994.[9] The ad campaign appealed to the general public by using "ordinary" characters that viewers could identify with. The most famous of them, a "folk hero" of early 1994, was Lyonya Golubkov.[4] Another notable marketing effort was a giveaway of free Metro trips to all Moscow citizens on a particular day.[11]

At its peak the company was taking in millions of dollars each day from the sale of its shares to the public.[12] Mavrodi reportedly owned enough cash to pack several rooms full with banknotes.[12] The success of MMM in attracting investors led to the creation of other similar companies, including Tibet, Chara, Khoper-Invest, Selenga, Telemarket, and Germes. All of these companies were characterised by aggressive television advertising and extremely high promised rates of return. One company promised annual returns of 7004300000000000000♠30000%.[citation needed]

Regular publication in the media of the rising MMM share price led President Boris Yeltsin to issue a decree in June 1994 to protect investors from false advertising.[13]

On July 22, 1994, the Ministry of Finance issued a statement listing MMM among a number of investment firms which had illegally issued unregistered securities.[13] Thousands of investors staged a mass protest in front of the company headquarters, prompting the intervention of riot police.[13] By the next day, the firm was no longer operational.[13] The company attempted to continue the scheme for a few days, and even issued new shares.[6] As Russia did not have any laws against Ponzi schemes, the government decided to seek tax evasion charges.[6] At that point, Invest-Consulting, one of the company's subsidiaries, owed more than 50 billion rubles in taxes (USD 26 million), and MMM itself owed between 100 billion and 3 trillion rubles to the investors (from USD 50 million to USD 1.5 billion). MMM shares fell from 115,000 rubles to 1,000 rubles (about $0.50).[14] In the aftermath, some investors reportedly threatened to set themselves on fire.[15]

Several organisations of "investors" made efforts to recover their lost investments, but Sergei Mavrodi manipulated their indignation and directed it at the government. Mavrodi was arrested on tax evasion charges, unrelated to the MMM scheme, on 4 August 1994.[14] Most shareholders blamed the government for their losses.[16] A 'Union of Defense of the Rights of MMM Shareholders' emerged, attempting to collect the 1 million signatures required to hold a no-confidence referendum against Yeltsin's government.[16]

In October 1994 Mavrodi managed to win a by-election to replace Andrey Aizderdzis in the State Duma, and with it immunity from prosecution.[17] Mavrodi claimed to be the victim of jealous bureaucrats, and that MMM shares would regain their value if he was elected.[18] During the campaign he was supported by Vladimir Zhirinovsky, who hoped that Mavrodi would provide him with future financial backing.[19] After being elected he appeared in the State Duma only once, to vote against an attempt to strip him of parliamentary immunity.[20]

Mavrodi launched his own political party, the Party of People's Capital, but it was barred from registering after violating election laws.[20] He decided to stage a protest against a decision, but this time only 200 people showed up.[21] In October 1995, the Duma cancelled Mavrodi's right to immunity as a deputy.[22] In 1996, he tried to run for Russia's presidency, but his bid was rejected after officials ruled that most of the signatures he submitted had been forged.[23] MMM declared bankruptcy on September 22, 1997.[citation needed]

The original investigation was closed in 1997 for lack of evidence.[24] The Prosecutor General's Office reopened the case in 1998, when Mavrodi was investigated for fraud and placed on an international wanted list.[24] While it was believed that Sergei Mavrodi fled to Greece, he was ultimately arrested in Moscow, and investigators concluded that he probably never left the city.[24]

Mavrodi was found and arrested in February 2003.[24] While in custody, Mavrodi was given until January 31, 2006 to read the documents in his fraud case against him (the criminal case consisted of 650 volumes, each 250-270 pages long).[citation needed] At the end of April 2007, Mavrodi was convicted of fraud, and given a sentence of four-and-a-half years. Since he had already spent over four years in custody, he was released less than a month later, on May 22, 2007.[25]

The MMM scandal led to increased regulation of the Russian stock market, but the legacy of the fraud led many to become extremely suspicious of any joint stock companies.

^"MMM's Mavrodi Voted Into Duma". The Moscow Times. November 1, 1994. Retrieved 3 December 2017. MMM collapsed in July, swallowing the savings of an estimated 5 million to 10 million investors

^ ab"Russian Investors Get Burned". Christian Science Monitor. 11 August 1994. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2017. People were perfectly aware that MMM was not a honest company. Their motive was that they thought they could withdraw money before it collapsed