The perception of the effectiveness of instrumental actions is influenced by depressed mood. Depressive realism (DR) is the claim that depressed people are particularly accurate in evaluating instrumentality. In two ...

In three experiments we tested how the spacing of trials during acquisition of zero, positive, and negative event–outcome contingencies differentially affected depressed and nondepressed students’ judgements. Experiment 1 ...

When there is no contingency between actions and outcomes, but outcomes occur frequently,
people tend to judge that they have control over those outcomes, a phenomenon known as the
outcome density (OD) effect. Recent ...

Perceived control incontingency learning is linked to psychological wellbeing with low levels of perceived control thought to be a cause or consequece of depression and highlevels of control considered to be the hallmark ...

Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have immediate effects on synaptic levels of serotonin but their therapeutic effects are often delayed. This delay has been suggested to reflect time required for new learning and ...