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Discrete Part Manufacturing Systems The end product is the assemblage of a number of components and sub-assemblies, either produced in- house or procured from outside. Frame Building Frame Machining Frame Painting Engines and Transmissions Oil Tank Cell Shocks Cell Steering Wheel Cell Wheels Cell Doors Cell Seats Cell TESTING “Packaging”

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Fixed Product Layout Workpiece remains fixed and the various processes are brought to it Used primarily in ship-building. Sometimes can be the preferred layout when high levels of precision are in order. Production activity is controlled through project management related practices.

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Product Layout or Flowline Each part has its own dedicated production line. The line for each part is organized in a way that facilitates the corresponding production flow. Easy to manage and supervise However, a capital-intensive proposition Production volumes must be sufficiently large

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Process Layout or Job Shop Facility is organized into departments supporting different functions Production lots are visiting these departments according to their processing needs (process plans) Can result in high equipment utilization and operational flexibility But it also incurs extensive material handling and long production times Necessitates involved production planning and scheduling Appropriate for low-volume production of a large, volatile portfolio of parts

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Group or Cellular Layout Parts are grouped into families based on the similarity of their processing requirements. Each family gets a dedicated production facility, known as production cell. Typically cells operate as switching flowlines, with switching taking place between the production of batches of different part types. Frequently switching can involve substantial effort and time, known as setup time. Provide a “middle ground” between a product and a process layout, in terms of operational efficiency and investment

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Re-entrant Lines Flowlines in which certain processing stages share the same type of equipment, and therefore, they present “re-entrance”. The motivation for re-entrance and the resulting operational complexities are similar to those underlying the deployment and operation of a cellular layout. Re-entrant lines is a typical layout for semiconductor manufacturing.

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Manufacturing Flowlines: A working abstraction Flow line: A sequence of workstations supporting the production of a single part type. Each workstation consists of one or more identical servers executing one particular stage of the entire production process. processing time at each workstation variable due to inherent process variability but also due to operational detractors, like –machine downtime, –operator unavailability, –experienced set-up times, –preventive maintenance, etc.

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Flowline Performance Measures Production rate or throughput, i.e., the number of parts produced per unit time Line capacity, i.e., the maximum sustainable production rate Line (expected) cycle time, i.e., the average time that is spend by any part into the line (this quantity includes both, processing and waiting time). Average Work-In-Porcess (WIP) accumulated at different stations Expected utilization of the station servers. Remark: The above performance measures provide a link between the directly quantifiable and manageable aspects and attributes of the line and the primary strategic concerns of the company, especially those of responsiveness and cost efficiency.

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Synchronous Transfer Lines Production is paced by an interconnecting conveyor system No WIP accumulation at the different stations Production control logic is hardwired in the supporting conveyor system Line expensive and inflexible Typically used for high- throughput final assembly c.f. the module on scheduling for further coverage of these lines

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Asynchronous Flowlines and the Push vs. Pull dilemma Part advancement between the different stations is not synchronized. Need for buffering capacity at the different stations to accommodate the resulting WIP. Two primary control mechanisms –Push: Lots are released into the line according to an externally specified production plan. A lot that has completed processing at its current station will immediately advance to the next one. –Pull: Target WIP levels are specified for different line segments. Lot advancements that can cause the exceeding of some target WIP levels are blocked. A drop from the target WIP level is a signal for replenishment.

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Asynchronous Flowlines and the Push vs. Pull dilemma (cont.) Push properties –Directly connected to production planning –Can easily accommodate changes in target production –(In its basic definition), it lacks a feedback mechanism that can facilitate reaction to operational contingencies –As a result, congestion is possible

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Asynchronous Flowlines and the Push vs. Pull dilemma (cont.) Pull properties –Main control variable is WIP –The enforced WIP caps make the line reactive to contingencies and prevent congestion –Need for some (analytical) machinery to translate target production plans to target WIP levels –Need considerable stability of the production plans, since frequent changes of the target WIP levels can lead to chaotic behavior.

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Asynchronous Transfer Lines W1W2W3 TH B1B2B3M1M2M3 Some important issues: What is the maximum throughput that is sustainable through this line? What is the expected cycle time through the line? What is the expected WIP at the different stations of the line? What is the expected utilization of the different machines? How does the adopted batch size affect the performance of the line? How do different detractors, like machine breakdowns, setups, and maintenance, affect the performance of the line?

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KANBAN-based production lines Station 1Station 2Station 3 Some important issues: What is the throughput attainable by a certain selection of KANBAN levels? What is the resulting cycle time? How do we select the KANBAN levels that will attain a desired production rate? How do we introduce the various operational detractors into the model?

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CONWIP-based production lines Station 1Station 2Station 3 FGI Some important issues: Same as those for the KANBAN model, plus How can we compare the performance of such a system to that of an asynchronous transfer line and/or a KANBAN-based system?

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The remaining part of the module Modeling and Performance Analysis of Asynchronous Transfer Lines as a Series of G/G/m queues Modeling the impact of operational detractors Employing the above results in line diagnostics Design of Asynchronous Transfer Lines Modeling and Performance Analysis of CONWIP- based production lines through Closed Queueing Networks An integrating framework for bounding and shaping the performance of a production line Analyzing the impact of batching on the system performance and designing optimized batching policies