John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation in late 19th and early 20th Century United States.

Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont Morgan, Jr. His fortune was estimated at "only" US$80 million, prompting John D. Rockefeller to say: "and to think, he wasn't even a rich man".

Morgan was born into the influential Morgan family in Hartford, Connecticut, and was raised there, he was the son of Junius Spencer Morgan (1813–1890) and Juliet Pierpont (1816–1884).[2][3] Pierpont, as he preferred to be known, had a varied education due in part to the plans of his father; in the fall of 1848, Pierpont transferred to the Hartford Public School and then to the Episcopal Academy in Cheshire, Connecticut (now called Cheshire Academy), boarding with the principal. In September 1851, Morgan passed the entrance exam for The English High School of Boston, a school specializing in mathematics to prepare young men for careers in commerce; in the spring of 1852, an illness struck which was to become more common as his life progressed. Rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk, and Junius sent him to the Azores to recover.[4]

He convalesced there for almost a year, then returned to the English High School in Boston to resume his studies, after he graduated, his father sent him to Bellerive, a school near the Swiss village of Vevey, where he gained fluency in French. His father then sent him to the University of Göttingen in order to improve his German, he attained a passable level of German within six months and also a degree in art history, then traveled back to London via Wiesbaden, with his formal education complete.[5]

Morgan went into banking in 1857 at the London branch of merchant banking firm Peabody, Morgan & Co., a partnership between his father and George Peabody founded three years earlier. In 1858, he moved to New York City to join the banking house of Duncan, Sherman & Company, the American representatives of George Peabody and Company. During the American Civil War, in an incident known as the Hall Carbine Affair, Morgan financed the purchase of five thousand rifles from an army arsenal at $3.50 each, which were then resold to a field general for $22 each.[6][7][8][9] Morgan had avoided serving during the war by paying a substitute $300 to take his place,[6] from 1860 to 1864, as J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, he acted as agent in New York for his father's firm, renamed "J.S. Morgan & Co." upon Peabody's retirement in 1864. From 1864–72, he was a member of the firm of Dabney, Morgan, and Company; in 1871, he partnered with the Drexels of Philadelphia to form the New York firm of Drexel, Morgan & Company. At that time, Anthony J. Drexel became Pierpont's mentor at the request of Junius Morgan.[10]

Morgan had many partners over the years, such as George W. Perkins, but always remained firmly in charge.[11] His process of taking over troubled businesses to reorganize them became known as "Morganization".[12] Morgan reorganized business structures and management in order to return them to profitability, his reputation as a banker and financier also helped bring interest from investors to the businesses that he took over.[13]

The Federal Treasury was nearly out of gold in 1895, at the depths of the Panic of 1893. Morgan had put forward a plan for the federal government to buy gold from his and European banks but it was declined in favor of a plan to sell bonds directly to the general public to overcome the crisis. Morgan, sure there was not enough time to implement such a plan, demanded and eventually obtained a meeting with Grover Cleveland where he pointed out the government could default that day if they didn't do something. Morgan came up with a plan to use an old civil war statute that allowed Morgan and the Rothschilds to sell gold directly to the U.S. Treasury, 3.5 million ounces,[14] to restore the treasury surplus, in exchange for a 30-year bond issue.[15] The episode saved the Treasury but hurt Cleveland's standing with the agrarian wing of the Democratic Party, and became an issue in the election of 1896 when banks came under a withering attack from William Jennings Bryan. Morgan and Wall Street bankers donated heavily to Republican William McKinley, who was elected in 1896 and re-elected in 1900.[16]

After the death of his father in 1890, Morgan took control of J. S. Morgan & Co. (which was renamed Morgan, Grenfell & Company in 1910). Morgan began talks with Charles M. Schwab, president of Carnegie Co., and businessman Andrew Carnegie in 1900. The goal was to buy out Carnegie's steel business and merge it with several other steel, coal, mining and shipping firms, after financing the creation of the Federal Steel Company, he finally merged it in 1901 with the Carnegie Steel Company and several other steel and iron businesses (including Consolidated Steel and Wire Company, owned by William Edenborn), to form the United States Steel Corporation. In 1901 U.S. Steel was the first billion-dollar company in the world, having an authorized capitalization of $1.4 billion, which was much larger than any other industrial firm and comparable in size to the largest railroads.

U.S. Steel aimed to achieve greater economies of scale, reduce transportation and resource costs, expand product lines, and improve distribution,[18] it was also planned to allow the United States to compete globally with the United Kingdom and Germany. Schwab and others claimed that U.S. Steel's size would allow the company to be more aggressive and effective in pursuing distant international markets ("globalization").[18] U.S. Steel was regarded as a monopoly by critics, as the business was attempting to dominate not only steel but also the construction of bridges, ships, railroad cars and rails, wire, nails, and a host of other products, with U.S. Steel, Morgan had captured two-thirds of the steel market, and Schwab was confident that the company would soon hold a 75 percent market share.[18] However, after 1901 the business' market share dropped. Schwab resigned from U.S. Steel in 1903 to form Bethlehem Steel, which became the second largest U.S. steel producer.

Labor policy was a contentious issue. U.S. Steel was non-union, and experienced steel producers, led by Schwab, wanted to keep it that way with the use of aggressive tactics to identify and root out pro-union "troublemakers." The lawyers and bankers who had organized the merger—notably Morgan and CEO Elbert Gary—were more concerned with long-range profits, stability, good public relations, and avoiding trouble. The bankers' views generally prevailed, and the result was a "paternalistic" labor policy. (U.S. Steel was eventually unionized in the late 1930s.)[19]

Morgan's role in the economy was denounced as overpowering in this political cartoon

The Panic of 1907 was a financial crisis that almost crippled the American economy. Major New York banks were on the verge of bankruptcy and there was no mechanism to rescue them, until Morgan stepped in to help resolve the crisis.[20][21] Treasury Secretary George B. Cortelyou earmarked $35 million of federal money to deposit in New York banks.[22] Morgan then met with the nation's leading financiers in his New York mansion, where he forced them to devise a plan to meet the crisis. James Stillman, president of the National City Bank, also played a central role. Morgan organized a team of bank and trust executives which redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought up the plummeting stocks of healthy corporations.[20]

A delicate political issue arose regarding the brokerage firm of Moore and Schley, which was deeply involved in a speculative pool in the stock of the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. Moore and Schley had pledged over $6 million of the Tennessee Coal and Iron (TCI) stock for loans among the Wall Street banks, the banks had called the loans, and the firm could not pay. If Moore and Schley should fail, a hundred more failures would follow and then all Wall Street might go to pieces. Morgan decided they had to save Moore and Schley. TCI was one of the chief competitors of U.S. Steel and it owned valuable iron and coal deposits. Morgan controlled U.S. Steel and he decided it had to buy the TCI stock from Moore and Schley. Elbert Gary, head of U.S. Steel, agreed, but was concerned there would be antitrust implications that could cause grave trouble for U.S. Steel, which was already dominant in the steel industry. Morgan sent Gary to see President Theodore Roosevelt, who promised legal immunity for the deal. U.S. Steel thereupon paid $30 million for the TCI stock and Moore and Schley was saved, the announcement had an immediate effect; by November 7, 1907, the panic was over. The crisis underscored the need for a powerful oversight mechanism.[20]

Vowing to never let it happen again, and realizing that in a future crisis there was unlikely to be another Morgan, in 1913 banking and political leaders, led by Senator Nelson Aldrich, devised a plan that resulted in the creation of the Federal Reserve System in 1913.[23]

"I Like a Little Competition"—J. P. Morgan by Art Young. Cartoon relating to the answer Morgan gave when asked whether he disliked competition at the Pujo Committee.[24]

While conservatives in the Progressive Era hailed Morgan for his civic responsibility, his strengthening of the national economy, and his devotion to the arts and religion, the left wing viewed him as one of the central figures in the system it rejected.[25] Morgan redefined conservatism in terms of financial prowess coupled with strong commitments to religion and high culture.[26]

Enemies of banking attacked Morgan for the terms of his loan of gold to the federal government in the 1895 crisis and, together with writer Upton Sinclair, they attacked him for the financial resolution of the Panic of 1907, they also attempted to attribute to him the financial ills of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. In December 1912, Morgan testified before the Pujo Committee, a subcommittee of the House Banking and Currency committee, the committee ultimately concluded that a small number of financial leaders was exercising considerable control over many industries. The partners of J.P. Morgan & Co. and directors of First National and National City Bank controlled aggregate resources of $22.245 billion, which Louis Brandeis, later a U.S. Supreme Court Justice, compared to the value of all the property in the twenty-two states west of the Mississippi River.[27]

In 1900, the inventor Nikola Tesla convinced Morgan he could build a trans-Atlantic wireless communication system (eventually sited at Wardenclyffe) that would outperform the short range radio wave based wireless telegraph system then being demonstrated by Guglielmo Marconi. Morgan agreed to give Tesla $150,000 (equivalent to $4,318,200 in 2016) to build the system in return for a 51% control of the patents. Almost as soon as the contract was signed Tesla decided to scale up the facility to include his ideas of terrestrial wireless power transmission to make what he thought was a more competitive system.[28] Morgan considered Tesla's changes, and requests for the additional amounts of money to build it, a breach of contract and refused to fund the changes, with no additional investment capital available the project at Wardenclyffe was abandoned in 1906, never to become operational.[28][29]

In 1902, J.P. Morgan & Co. financed the formation of International Mercantile Marine Company (IMMC), an Atlantic shipping company which absorbed several major American and British lines in an attempt to monopolize the shipping trade. IMMC was a holding company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own operating subsidiaries. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the unscheduled nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government. One of IMMC's subsidiaries was the White Star Line, which owned the RMS Titanic. The ship's famous sinking in 1912, the year before Morgan's death, was a financial disaster for IMMC, which was forced to apply for bankruptcy protection in 1915. Analysis of financial records shows that IMMC was over-leveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow causing it to default on bond interest payments. Saved by World War I, IMMC eventually re-emerged as the United States Lines, which went bankrupt in 1986.[31][32]

After the death of his father in 1890, Morgan gained control of J. S. Morgan & Co (renamed Morgan, Grenfell & Company in 1910). Morgan began conversations with Charles M. Schwab, president of Carnegie Co., and businessman Andrew Carnegie in 1900 with the intention of buying Carnegie's business and several other steel and iron businesses to consolidate them to create the United States Steel Corporation.[18] Carnegie agreed to sell the business to Morgan for $480 million.[18][34] The deal was closed without lawyers and without a written contract. News of the industrial consolidation arrived to newspapers in mid-January 1901. U.S. Steel was founded later that year and was the first billion-dollar company in the world with an authorized capitalization of $1.4 billion.[35]

Morgan was a member of the Union Club in New York City. When his friend, Erie Railroad president John King, was black-balled, Morgan resigned and organized the Metropolitan Club of New York.[36] He donated the land on 5th Avenue and 60th Street at a cost of $125,000, and commanded Stanford White to "...build me a club fit for gentlemen, forget the expense..."[citation needed] He invited King in as a charter member and served as club president from 1891 to 1900.[37]

Morgan often had a tremendous physical effect on people; one man said that a visit from Morgan left him feeling "as if a gale had blown through the house."[39] Morgan was physically large with massive shoulders, piercing eyes, and a purple nose (because of a chronic skin disease, rosacea),[40] he was known to dislike publicity and hated being photographed; as a result of his self-consciousness of his rosacea, all of his professional portraits were retouched.[citation needed] His deformed nose was due to a disease called rhinophyma, which can result from rosacea, as the deformity worsens, pits, nodules, fissures, lobulations, and pedunculation contort the nose. This condition inspired the crude taunt "Johnny Morgan's nasal organ has a purple hue."[41] Surgeons could have shaved away the rhinophymous growth of sebaceous tissue during Morgan's lifetime, but as a child Morgan suffered from infantile seizures, and Morgan's son-in-law, Herbert L. Satterlee, has speculated that he did not seek surgery for his nose because he feared the seizures would return,[42] his social and professional self-confidence were too well established to be undermined by this affliction. It appeared as if he dared people to meet him squarely and not shrink from the sight, asserting the force of his character over the ugliness of his face.[43] Morgan smoked dozens of cigars per day and favored large Havana cigars dubbed Hercules' Clubs by observers.[44]

Morgan was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church, and by 1890 was one of its most influential leaders,[45] he was a founding member of the Church Club of New York, an Episcopal private member's club in Manhattan.[46] In 1910, the General Convention of the Episcopal Church established a commission, proposed by Bishop Charles Brent, to implement a world conference of churches to address their differences in their “faith and order.” Morgan was so impressed by the proposal for such a conference that he contributed $100,000 to finance the commission’s work.[47]

Early view (c1855) of 229, 225 and 219 Madison Avenue before the street was paved

His house at 219 Madison Avenue was originally built in 1853 by John Jay Phelps and purchased by Morgan in 1882,[48] it became the first electrically lit private residence in New York. His interest in the new technology was a result of his financing Thomas Alva Edison's Edison Electric Illuminating Company in 1878.[49] It was there that a reception of 1,000 people was held for the marriage of Juliet Morgan and William Pierson Hamilton on April 12, 1894, where they were given a favorite clock of Morgan's. Morgan also owned East Island in Glen Cove, New York, where he had a large summer house.

An avid yachtsman, Morgan owned several large yachts, the well-known quote, "If you have to ask the price, you can't afford it" is commonly attributed to Morgan in response to a question about the cost of maintaining a yacht, although the story is unconfirmed.[50] A similarly unconfirmed legend attributes the quote to his son, J. P. Morgan Jr., in connection with the launching of the son's yacht Corsair IV at Bath Iron Works in 1930.

Morgan was scheduled to travel on the ill-fated maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic, but canceled at the last minute, choosing to remain at a resort in Aix-les-Bains, France.[51] The White Star Line, which operated Titanic, was part of Morgan's International Mercantile Marine Company, and Morgan was to have his own private suite and promenade deck on the ship; in response to the sinking of Titanic, Morgan purportedly said, "Monetary losses amount to nothing in life. It is the loss of life that counts, it is that frightful death."[52]

Morgan was a notable collector of books, pictures, paintings, clocks and other art objects, many loaned or given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art (of which he was president and was a major force in its establishment), and many housed in his London house and in his private library on 36th Street, near Madison Avenue in New York City. His son, J. P. Morgan, Jr., made the Pierpont Morgan Library a public institution in 1924 as a memorial to his father, and kept Belle da Costa Greene, his father's private librarian, as its first director.[53] Morgan was painted by many artists including the Peruvian Carlos Baca-Flor and the Swiss-born American Adolfo Müller-Ury, who also painted a double portrait of Morgan with his favorite grandchild, Mabel Satterlee, that for some years stood on an easel in the Satterlee mansion but has now disappeared.[citation needed]

By the turn of the century, Morgan had become one of America's most important collectors of gems and had assembled the most important gem collection in the U.S. as well as of American gemstones (over 1,000 pieces). Tiffany & Co. assembled his first collection under their Chief Gemologist, George Frederick Kunz. The collection was exhibited at the World's Fair in Paris in 1889, the exhibit won two golden awards and drew the attention of important scholars, lapidaries, and the general public.[54]

George Frederick Kunz continued to build a second, even finer, collection which was exhibited in Paris in 1900, these collections have been donated to the American Museum of Natural History in New York where they were known as the Morgan-Tiffany and the Morgan-Bement collections.[55] In 1911 Kunz named a newly found gem after his best customer, morganite.

Morgan died while traveling abroad on March 31, 1913, just shy of his 76th birthday, he died in his sleep at the Grand Hotel in Rome, Italy. Flags on Wall Street flew at half-staff, and in an honor usually reserved for heads of state, the stock market closed for two hours when his body passed through New York City,[59] his body was brought to lie in his home and adjacent library the first night of arrival in New York City. His remains were interred in the Cedar Hill Cemetery in his birthplace of Hartford, Connecticut, his son, John Pierpont "Jack" Morgan, Jr., inherited the banking business.[60] He bequeathed his mansion and large book collections to the Morgan Library & Museum in New York.

His estate was worth $68.3 million ($1.39 billion in today's dollars based on CPI, or $25.2 billion based on share of GDP), of which about $30 million represented his share in the New York and Philadelphia banks. The value of his art collection was estimated at $50 million.[61]

A contemporary literary biography of Morgan is used as an allegory for the financial environment in America after World War I in the second volume, Nineteen Nineteen, of John Dos Passos' U.S.A. trilogy.

Morgan is believed to have been the model for Walter Parks Thatcher (played by George Coulouris), guardian of the young Citizen Kane (film directed by Orson Welles) with whom he has a tense relationship—Kane blaming Thatcher for destroying his childhood.[67]

According to Phil Orbanes, former Vice President of Parker Brothers, Rich Uncle Pennybags of the American version of the board game Monopoly is modeled after J. P. Morgan.[68]

^Heather A. Warren, Religion in America: Theologians of a New World Order: Rheinhold Niebuhr and the Christian Realists, 1920-1948 (Oxford University Press, 1997), 16.

^"J. P. Morgan Home, 219 Madison Avenue". Digital Culture of Metropolitan New York. Digital Culture of Metropolitan New York is a service of the Metropolitan New York Library Council. Retrieved March 15, 2015.

Carosso, Vincent P. Investment Banking in America: A History Harvard University Press (1970)

De Long, Bradford. "Did JP Morgan's Men Add Value?: An Economist's Perspective on Financial Capitalism," in Peter Temin, ed., Inside the Business Enterprise: Historical Perspectives on the Use of Information (1991) pp. 205–36; shows firms with a Morgan partner on their board had higher stock prices (relative to book value) than their competitors

1.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State

2.
Rome, Italy
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth

Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy

3.
English High School of Boston
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The English High School of Boston, Massachusetts, is one of the first public high schools in America, founded in 1821. Originally called The English Classical School, it was renamed The English High School upon its first relocation in 1824, the current building is located in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston. Boston English was created at the urging of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association and was modeled after the Royal High School in Edinburgh, the School Committee to establish English High School was chaired by Samuel Adams Wells, grandson of former Governor Samuel Adams. Its first head master was Dr. George B, Emerson, an early leader in educational reform. English, like Boston Latin School, only admitted boys when established—although a separate school for girls was established in Boston by Dr. Emerson in 1824. Boston English became coeducational in 1972,151 year after its founding, Boston English has had seven locations. Its first site was on Derne Street at the rear of the Massachusetts State House, from 1844 to 1922, Boston English was adjacent to the Boston Latin School, first near downtown Boston and then in a building on Warren Street in the South End. From 1954 to 1989, Boston English was at 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur and this site is now part of Harvard Medical School. The motto of the school has been, The aim of every English High School boy is to become a man of honor, the current motto of the school is College For All. Its original curriculum consisted of courses as English, surveying, navigation, geography, logic. Nowadays, English High has opened up its curriculum to more liberal arts subjects such as foreign languages and writing as well as performing arts. It has received an experimental Commonwealth Co-Pilot School status, geared toward improving the curriculum of urban schools, for a while, the school had an award winning mock trial team as well. This is one of the few schools that offer AVID, AVID is the acronym for Advancement Via Individual Determination, an American college-readiness system. AVID is designed to increase the number of students who enroll in four-year colleges, originating at the high school level, the program now serves grades 4-12. Each Thanksgiving since 1887, English has played Boston Latin School in football in the oldest continuing high school rivalry in the United States and it is also the fourth longest U. S. high school rivalry of all time. In the 1993 football season, the team made history by being the first team in school history to ever qualify for the Massachusetts State Championship. The Bulldogs defeated the Nantucket Whalers by the score of 16-7 to claim its schools first state championship, the 97 football team was the first team to go undefeated with a 12-0 record and Englishs second football state championship. English High also has basketball, softball, volleyball

English High School of Boston
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The English High School of Boston
English High School of Boston
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English High School, 1920
English High School of Boston
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English High School on Montgomery St., 1920s (?)

4.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme

Bachelor of Arts
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A certificate or diploma evidencing the granting of a bachelor's degree

5.
J. P. Morgan, Jr.
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John Pierpont Jack Morgan Jr. also referred to as J. P. Morgan Jr. was an American banker, finance executive, and philanthropist. Morgan Jr. inherited the fortune and took over the business interests including J. P. Morgan & Co. after his father J. P. Morgan died. He supported the New York Lying-In Hospital, the Red Cross, the Episcopal Church, Morgan brokered a deal that positioned his company as the sole munitions and supplies purchaser during World War I for the British and French governments. The results produced a one percent commission on $3,000,000,000 or $30,000,000 to the company, Morgan was also a banking broker for financing to foreign governments both during and after the war. Morgan was born on September 7,1867 in Irvington, New York to J. P. Morgan and Frances Louisa Tracy. He graduated from St. Pauls School and later, Harvard College, in 1886 and his siblings included Louisa Pierpont Morgan, who married Herbert L. Satterlee, Juliet Pierpont Morgan who married William Pierson Hamilton, and Anne Tracy Morgan, a philanthropist. His paternal grandparents were Junius Spencer Morgan and Juliet Pierpont, the daughter of John Pierpont, the younger Morgan resembled his father in his dislike for publicity and continued his fathers philanthropic policy. In 1905, his father acquired the bank Guaranty Trust as part of his efforts to consolidate New York City banking, after his father died in 1913, the bank became Jacks base. Morgan played a prominent part in financing World War I, following its outbreak, he made the first loan of $12,000,000 to Russia. In 1915, a loan of $500,000,000 was made to France, the firms involvement with British and French interests fueled charges the bank was conspiring to maneuver the United States into supporting the Allies in order to rescue its loans. By 1915 it became apparent the war was not going to end quickly, contributing to the tensions was the favoritism displayed by Morgan officials to British interests. Morgan organized a syndicate of about 2200 banks and floated a loan of $500,000,000 to the Allies, the British sold off their holdings of American securities and by late 1916 were dependent on unsecured loans for further purchases. When the United States entered the war, this way to close collaboration. From 1914 to 1919, he was a member of the council for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. On 3 July 1915, an intruder, Eric Muenter, entered Morgans Long Island mansion and this was ostensibly to bring about an embargo on arms, and in protest of his profiteering from war. Morgan, however, quickly recovered from his wounds, after World War I and the Versailles Treaty, Morgan Guaranty managed Germanys reparation payments. After the war, Morgan made several trips to Europe to investigate, in 1919 he was for a time chairman of the international committee, composed of American, British and French bankers, for the protection of the holders of Mexican securities. In November 1919, he was made a director of the Foreign Finance Corporation, by the 1920s, Morgan Guaranty had become one of the worlds most important banking institutions, as a leading lender to Germany and Europe

6.
Junius Spencer Morgan
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Junius Spencer Morgan I was an American banker and financier as well as the father of J. P. Morgan. He founded J. S. Morgan & Co. Morgan was born on April 14,1813 in Holyoke, the Morgan name is traced to Carmarthen, Wales, and the first known Morgan family ancestral is Hyfaidd ap Bleddri, third son of Bledri of Wales. Miles Morgan, ancestor to the Morgan family in America, emigrated from Bristol and his sister, Lucy Morgan was married to Major James Goodwin, one of the founders, and a president for many years, of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company. He had inherited wealth from his father, Joseph Morgan, and showed great business ability. He was soon invited to become a partner in the house of J. M. Beebe & Co. one of the largest retail stores in Boston and he was in the dry goods business from about 1836 to 1853. After some years, he met George Peabody, the well-known London banker, shortly after the meeting, in 1854, Morgan entered Peabodys prosperous firm, George Peabody & Co. as a partner. Ten years later, in 1864, Morgan succeeded Peabody as head of the firm, during the American Civil War, the firm was a seller of United States war bonds in England. With the assistance of his son, J. P. Morgan, after establishing himself in London, he did not return to the United States for 23 years, in 1877. In a dinner upon his return, Morgan stated. never do anything to cause evil to be spoken of the American name, in 1836, Morgan married Juliet Pierpont, daughter of John Pierpont, a poet, lawyer, merchant, and Unitarian minister. Their daughter, Mary Ethel Burns married Lewis Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt in 1899, Junius Spencer Morgan, who died young Juliet Pierpont Morgan, who was the mother of John Junius Morgan. He contributed money to the Hartford Free Library, his church and to Trinity College, Morgan died on April 8,1890, from injuries sustained in a carriage accident. At his funeral, the pallbearers were Roland Mather, Levi P. Morton, Anthony Joseph Drexel, Chauncey M. Depew, Cornelius Vanderbilt II, rogers, J. Kearney Warren, and Edward John Phelps. He was interred at the lot in Cedar Hill Cemetery. At his death, he left an estimated at about $10,000,000

Junius Spencer Morgan
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Junius Spencer Morgan

7.
Corporate finance
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The primary goal of corporate finance is to maximize or increase shareholder value. Investment analysis is concerned with the setting of criteria about which value-adding projects should receive investment funding, the terms corporate finance and corporate financier are also associated with investment banking. The typical role of an investment bank is to evaluate the financial needs. Thus, the corporate finance and corporate financier may be associated with transactions in which capital is raised in order to create, develop. Financial management overlaps with the function of the Accounting profession. The primary goal of management is to maximize or to continually increase shareholder value. Managers of growth companies will use most of the capital resources. When companies reach maturity levels within their industry, managers of companies will use surplus cash to payout dividends to shareholders. Choosing between investment projects will be based upon several inter-related criteria, Corporate management seeks to maximize the value of the firm by investing in projects which yield a positive net present value when valued using an appropriate discount rate in consideration of risk. These projects must also be financed appropriately, if no growth is possible by the company and excess cash surplus is not needed to the firm, then financial theory suggests that management should return some or all of the excess cash to shareholders. This capital budgeting is the planning of value-adding, long-term corporate financial projects relating to investments funded through, Management must allocate the firms limited resources between competing opportunities. Investments should be made on the basis of value-added to the future of the corporation, projects that increase a firms value may include a wide variety of different types of investments, including but not limited to, expansion policies, or mergers and acquisitions. Achieving the goals of corporate finance requires that any corporate investment be financed appropriately, the sources of financing are, generically, capital self-generated by the firm and capital from external funders, obtained by issuing new debt and equity. As above, since both hurdle rate and cash flows will be affected, the mix will impact the valuation of the firm. Financing a project through debt results in a liability or obligation that must be serviced, equity financing is less risky with respect to cash flow commitments, but results in a dilution of share ownership, control and earnings. Management must attempt to match the long-term financing mix to the assets being financed as closely as possible, other techniques, such as securitization, or hedging using interest rate- or credit derivatives, are also common. See Asset liability management, Treasury management, Credit risk, Interest rate risk, however economists have developed a set of alternative theories about how managers allocate a corporations finances. Also, Capital structure substitution theory hypothesizes that management manipulates the capital such that earnings per share are maximized

8.
Merger
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Mergers and acquisitions are transactions in which the ownership of companies, other business organizations or their operating units are transferred or combined. As an aspect of management, M&A can allow enterprises to grow, shrink. An acquisition or takeover is the purchase of one business or company by company or other business entity. Specific acquisition targets can be identified through a myriad of avenues including market research, trade expos, or sent up from internal business units, such purchase may be of 100%, or nearly 100%, of the assets or ownership equity of the acquired entity. Consolidation occurs when two companies combine to form a new enterprise altogether, and neither of the previous companies remains independently, Acquisitions are divided into private and public acquisitions, depending on whether the acquiree or merging company is or is not listed on a public stock market. Some public companies rely on acquisitions as an important value creation strategy, an additional dimension or categorization consists of whether an acquisition is friendly or hostile. Achieving acquisition success has proven to be difficult, while various studies have shown that 50% of acquisitions were unsuccessful. Serial acquirers appear to be successful with M&A than companies who only make an acquisition occasionally. It is normal for M&A deal communications to take place in a so-called confidentiality bubble wherein the flow of information is restricted pursuant to confidentiality agreements. Hostile acquisitions can, and often do, ultimately become friendly and this usually requires an improvement in the terms of the offer and/or through negotiation. Acquisition usually refers to a purchase of a firm by a larger one. Sometimes, however, a firm will acquire management control of a larger and/or longer-established company. This is known as a reverse takeover, another type of acquisition is the reverse merger, a form of transaction that enables a private company to be publicly listed in a relatively short time frame. A reverse merger occurs when a privately held company buys a publicly listed company, usually one with no business. The overall net effect of M&A transactions appears to be positive, almost all studies report positive returns for the investors in the combined buyer and this implies that M&A creates economic value, presumably by transferring assets to management teams that operate them more efficiently. The buyer buys the assets of the target company, the cash the target receives from the sell-off is paid back to its shareholders by dividend or through liquidation. This type of leaves the target company as an empty shell. A buyer often structures the transaction as a purchase to cherry-pick the assets that it wants and leave out the assets

9.
Edison General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers

Edison General Electric
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General Electric in Schenectady, NY, aerial view, 1896
Edison General Electric
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General Electric Company
Edison General Electric
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Plan of Schenectady plant, 1896
Edison General Electric
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A 23-ton diesel-electric locomotive made at the General Electric Corp. plant in Schenectady, New York

10.
United States Steel Corporation
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The United States Steel Corporation, more commonly known as U. S. Steel, is an American integrated steel producer with major production operations in the United States, Canada, and Central Europe. The company was the worlds 15th largest steel producer in 2014, at one time, U. S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the worlds first billion-dollar corporation, the company headquarters was established in 1901 in the Empire Building, purchased from the estate of Orlando B. Potter for $5 million. In 1907 it bought its largest competitor, the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company and this led to Tennessee Coals being replaced in the Dow Jones Industrial Average by the General Electric Company. The federal government attempted to use federal antitrust laws to break up U. S. Steel in 1911, in its first full year of operation, U. S. Steel made 67 percent of all the steel produced in the United States. One hundred years later, its shipments accounted for only about 8 percent of domestic consumption, the Corporation, as it was known on Wall Street, always distinguished itself to investors by virtue of its size, rather than for its efficiency or creativeness during its heyday. In 1901, it controlled two-thirds of steel production, because of heavy debts taken on at the companys formation — Carnegie insisted on being paid in gold bonds for his stake — and fears of antitrust litigation, U. S. Steel moved cautiously. Competitors often innovated faster, especially Bethlehem Steel, run by U. S, Steels former first president, Charles M. Schwab. Steels share of the expanding market slipped to 50 percent by 1911, james A. Farrell was named president in 1911 and served until 1932. U. S. Steel ranked 16th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts, production peaked at more than 35 million tons in 1953. Its employment was greatest in 1943 when it had more than 340,000 employees, by 2000, however, the federal government has also intervened on other occasions to try to control U. S. Steel. President Harry S. Truman attempted to take over its steel mills in 1952 to resolve a crisis with its union, the United Steelworkers of America. The Supreme Court blocked the takeover by ruling that the president did not have the authority to seize the mills (see Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. President John F. Kennedy was more successful in 1962 when he pressured the industry into reversing price increases that Kennedy considered dangerously inflationary. In the early days of the Reagan Administration, steel firms won substantial tax breaks in order to deal with imported goods, instead of modernizing their mills, steel companies shifted capital out of steel and into more profitable areas. In March 1982, U. S. Steel took its concessions and paid $1.4 billion in cash and $4.7 billion in loans for Marathon Oil, saving approximately $500 million in taxes through the merger. The architect of tax concessions to steel firms, Senator Arlen Specter, complained that we go out on a limb in Congress, the incident is the subject of a song by folk singer Anne Feeney. U. S. Steel finally acquired National Steels assets in 2003 after National Steel went bankrupt, as part of its diversification plan U. S. Steel acquired Marathon Oil on January 7,1982, as well as Texas Oil and Gas several years later

United States Steel Corporation
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The U.S. Steel Tower in downtown Pittsburgh.
United States Steel Corporation
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United States Steel Corporation
United States Steel Corporation
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The U.S. Steel Tower in New York City (now Liberty Plaza).
United States Steel Corporation
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Disney's Contemporary Resort built by U.S. Steel

11.
John D. Rockefeller
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John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was an American oil industry business magnate and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, born into a large family in upstate New York, he was shaped by his con man father and religious mother. His family moved several times before settling in Cleveland, Ohio. Rockefeller became an assistant bookkeeper at the age of 16, and went into a partnership with Maurice B. Clark. After buying them out, he and his brother William founded Rockefeller & Andrews with Samuel Andrews, instead of drilling for oil, he concentrated on refining. In 1867, Henry Flagler entered the partnership, the Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler company grew by incorporating local refineries. As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, Rockefellers wealth soared and he became the richest person in the country, Oil was used throughout the country as a light source until the introduction of electricity and as a fuel after the invention of the automobile. Furthermore, Rockefeller gained enormous influence over the industry, which transported his oil around the country. Standard Oil was the first great business trust in the United States, Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry, and along with other key contemporary industrialists such as steel magnate Andrew Carnegie, defined the structure of modern philanthropy. His peak net worth was estimated at $336 billion in 1913, Rockefeller spent the last 40 years of his life in retirement at his estate in Westchester County, New York. His foundations pioneered the development of research and were instrumental in the eradication of hookworm. Rockefeller was also the founder of both the University of Chicago and Rockefeller University and funded the establishment of Central Philippine University in the Philippines and he was a devout Northern Baptist, and supported many church-based institutions. Rockefeller adhered to total abstinence from alcohol and tobacco throughout his life and he was a faithful congregant of the Erie Street Baptist Mission Church, where he taught Sunday school, and served as a trustee, clerk, and occasional janitor. Religion was a force throughout his life, and Rockefeller believed it to be the source of his success. Rockefeller was the second of six children and eldest son born in Richford, New York, to con artist William Avery Bill Rockefeller and his siblings were Lucy, William Jr. Mary, and twins Franklin and Frances. His father was of English and German descent while his mother was of Scots-Irish descent, Bill was first a lumberman and then a traveling salesman who identified himself as a botanic physician and sold elixirs. The locals referred to the mysterious but fun-loving man as Big Bill and he was a sworn foe of conventional morality who had opted for a vagabond existence and who returned to his family infrequently. Throughout his life, Bill was notorious for shady schemes, in between the births of Lucy and John, Bill and his mistress/housekeeper Nancy Brown had a daughter named Clorinda who died young

12.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864

13.
Anthony J. Drexel
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Anthony Joseph Drexel, Sr. was an American banker who played a major role in the rise of modern global finance after the Civil War. As the dominant partner of Drexel & Co. of Philadelphia, he founded Drexel and he also founded Drexel University in 1891. He was also the first president of the Fairmount Park Art Association, Drexel was born in 1826 in Philadelphia to Francis Martin Drexel and Catherine Hookey. He was the brother of Francis Anthony Drexel, and Joseph William Drexel and he was the uncle of Saint Katharine Drexel. At the age of 13 he began to work in the banking house founded three years earlier by his father, the Austrian-born American banker Francis Martin Drexel. In 1847 he was named a member of the firm Drexel & Company, after the death of his father in 1863, Drexel closed the banks Chicago and San Francisco offices and changed the name of its New York branch from Read, Drexel & Co. to Drexel Winthrop. In 1867 he founded a separate Paris-based banking partnership, Drexel, Harjes & Co. with John H. Harjes and this new merchant banking partnership, which was based in New York, rather than Philadelphia, served initially as an agent for Europeans investing in the United States. Over the next generation, this assumed the leading role in financing Americas railroads. The firm created a capital market for industrial companies— a market that had previously existed only for railroads. With the formation of Drexel, Morgan & Co, Drexel Harjes became the French affiliate of an international banking firm with offices in London, Philadelphia, New York City and Paris that would subsequently become J. P. Morgan & Co. Two years after Drexels death in 1893, Drexel, Morgan & Co. was renamed J. P. Morgan & Co. one of the predecessors of what is today JPMorgan Chase. In 1901, the bank financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, the worlds first billion-dollar corporation, Rozet, the daughter of John Roset and Mary Ann Laning. Together, they had the children, Emilie Taylor Drexel, who married Edward Biddle III Frances Katherine Drexel, who married James William Paul, Jr. Marie Rozet Drexel. They divorced in 1917 and in 1918, she married Brinsley FitzGerald George William Childs Drexel, who married Mary Stretch Irick. Drexel died of an attack on June 30,1893 in Karlsbad, today Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, at the age of 66. Through his son, Anthony Joseph Drexel, Jr, the Happiest Millionaire, Walt Disneys last film,1967. The Man Who Made Wall Street, Anthony J. Drexel, Drexel University, a University with a Difference, The Unique Vision of Anthony J. Drexel. New York, Newcomen Society of the United States, bibliography of sources about Anthony J. Drexel and the Drexel family Article on Encyclopædia Britannica

14.
Anthony Joseph Drexel I
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Anthony Joseph Drexel, Sr. was an American banker who played a major role in the rise of modern global finance after the Civil War. As the dominant partner of Drexel & Co. of Philadelphia, he founded Drexel and he also founded Drexel University in 1891. He was also the first president of the Fairmount Park Art Association, Drexel was born in 1826 in Philadelphia to Francis Martin Drexel and Catherine Hookey. He was the brother of Francis Anthony Drexel, and Joseph William Drexel and he was the uncle of Saint Katharine Drexel. At the age of 13 he began to work in the banking house founded three years earlier by his father, the Austrian-born American banker Francis Martin Drexel. In 1847 he was named a member of the firm Drexel & Company, after the death of his father in 1863, Drexel closed the banks Chicago and San Francisco offices and changed the name of its New York branch from Read, Drexel & Co. to Drexel Winthrop. In 1867 he founded a separate Paris-based banking partnership, Drexel, Harjes & Co. with John H. Harjes and this new merchant banking partnership, which was based in New York, rather than Philadelphia, served initially as an agent for Europeans investing in the United States. Over the next generation, this assumed the leading role in financing Americas railroads. The firm created a capital market for industrial companies— a market that had previously existed only for railroads. With the formation of Drexel, Morgan & Co, Drexel Harjes became the French affiliate of an international banking firm with offices in London, Philadelphia, New York City and Paris that would subsequently become J. P. Morgan & Co. Two years after Drexels death in 1893, Drexel, Morgan & Co. was renamed J. P. Morgan & Co. one of the predecessors of what is today JPMorgan Chase. In 1901, the bank financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, the worlds first billion-dollar corporation, Rozet, the daughter of John Roset and Mary Ann Laning. Together, they had the children, Emilie Taylor Drexel, who married Edward Biddle III Frances Katherine Drexel, who married James William Paul, Jr. Marie Rozet Drexel. They divorced in 1917 and in 1918, she married Brinsley FitzGerald George William Childs Drexel, who married Mary Stretch Irick. Drexel died of an attack on June 30,1893 in Karlsbad, today Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, at the age of 66. Through his son, Anthony Joseph Drexel, Jr, the Happiest Millionaire, Walt Disneys last film,1967. The Man Who Made Wall Street, Anthony J. Drexel, Drexel University, a University with a Difference, The Unique Vision of Anthony J. Drexel. New York, Newcomen Society of the United States, bibliography of sources about Anthony J. Drexel and the Drexel family Article on Encyclopædia Britannica

15.
George Walbridge Perkins
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George Walbridge Perkins I was an American politician and businessman. He was a leader of the Progressive Movement, especially the Theodore Roosevelts Progressive party of 1912, starting as an office boy he became a leading executive in insurance, steel and banking, always on the alert for new and better ways to do business. He was a top aide to financier J. P. Morgan, and handled complex issues involving U. S. Steel, International Harvester and he was vice-president of New York Life Insurance Company and a partner in J. P. Morgan & Co. He served as president of the Palisades Interstate Park Commission from its creation in 1900 until his death in 1920 and he was born on January 31,1862 in Chicago, Illinois. With only an education, he began work as an office boy in the Chicago office of the New York Life Insurance Company. By 1898 he had risen to the position of vice president, Perkins played an important role in the development of New York Life. A strong believer in the Efficiency Movement, he sought out instances of waste, for example, he noticed that the old routine of farming out territory to middlemen, who in turn appointed men who did the actual soliciting for policies, was inefficient. The local agents were underpaid and often made misrepresentations in order to get initial premiums, Perkins, starting in 1892, made the local agents and solicitors permanent employees, and by introducing in 1896, his system of benefits based on length of service and value of policies written. He opened up new markets in Russia and Europe. He also helped reorganize Morgans United States Steel Corporation, in 1910 Perkins began to pursue Progressive Era reform causes. Perkins was an exponent of the evils of competition and the advantages of cooperation in business— he believed in the Good Trust. His biographer, John A. Garraty summarizes Perkins business philosophy as follows, competition is cruel, wasteful, destructive, outmoded, co-operation, inherent in any theory of a well-ordered Universe, is humane, efficient, inevitable and modern. In 1912 he helped organize Theodore Roosevelts new Progressive party, becoming its executive secretary, at the convention an anti-trust plank was suddenly dropped, shocking reformers like Gifford Pinchot who saw Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. They blamed Perkins Perkins ties to big business alarmed the radical wing of the party, after 1913 he focused on New York City politics, while continuing as Progressive National Chairman. In 1916 he campaigned for Charles Evans Hughes and the GOP, the result was a deep split in the new party that was never resolved. Perkins was in control of the party in 1913. On September 7,1917, the New York State Senate rejected his nomination as Chairman of the recently established New York State Food Control Commission. On October 2, the State Senate rejected again his nomination, as chairman of a finance committee of the Young Mens Christian Association, he raised $200,000,000 for welfare work among American soldiers abroad

George Walbridge Perkins
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Perkins in 1914
George Walbridge Perkins
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Perkins and wife circa 1913
George Walbridge Perkins
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1912 editorial cartoon showing Perkins (with a check book symbolizing control of money) battling Amos Pinchot (wielding a letter of support from Roosevelt campaign manager, Senator Joseph M. Dixon) for control of the Progressive party. Cartoon by Rollin Kirby.
George Walbridge Perkins
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Perkins in 1911

16.
Grover Cleveland
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Stephen Grover Cleveland was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two terms in office. Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business Bourbon Democrats who opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and his crusade for political reform and fiscal conservatism made him an icon for American conservatives of the era. Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and he fought political corruption, patronage, and bossism. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the wing of the Republican Party, called Mugwumps, largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket. As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the Panic of 1893 produced a national depression. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a Republican landslide in 1894 and for the agrarian, the result was a political realignment that ended the Third Party System and launched the Fourth Party System and the Progressive Era. Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism, critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nations economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term, biographer Allan Nevins wrote, n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have and he possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not, today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally ranked among the second tier of American presidents. Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18,1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland, Clevelands father was a Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut. His mother was from Baltimore and was the daughter of a bookseller, on his fathers side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to Massachusetts from Cleveland, England in 1635. On his mothers side, he was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and he was distantly related to General Moses Cleaveland, after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell and he became known as Grover in his adult life. In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, neighbors later described him as full of fun and inclined to play pranks, and fond of outdoor sports. In 1850, Clevelands father took a pastorate in Clinton, Oneida County, New York, despite his fathers dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville

17.
American civil war
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864

18.
Election of 1896
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The United States presidential election of 1896 was the 28th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3,1896. The 1896 campaign was an election that ended the old Third Party System. McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers. He was strongest in cities and in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. He presented his campaign as a crusade of the man against the rich, who impoverished America by limiting the money supply. Silver, he said, was in ample supply and if coined into money would restore prosperity while undermining the power of the money trust. Bryan was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states, Bryans moralistic rhetoric and crusade for inflation alienated conservatives. Turnout was very high, passing 90% of the voters in many places. Since the Panic of 1893, the nation had been mired in an economic depression, marked by low prices, low profits, high unemployment. Economic issues, especially tariff policy and the question of whether the standard should be preserved for the money supply, were central issues. Republican campaign manager Mark Hanna pioneered many modern techniques, facilitated by a $3.5 million budget. He outspent Bryan by a factor of five, at their convention in St. Louis, Missouri, held between June 16 and 18,1896, the Republicans nominated William McKinley for president and New Jerseys Garret Hobart for vice-president. McKinley had just vacated the office of Governor of Ohio, both candidates were easily nominated on first ballots. Given that many businessmen and bankers were terrified of Bryans populist rhetoric and demand for the end of the gold standard, in the end, Hanna raised a staggering $3.5 million for the campaign and outspent the Democrats by an estimated 5-to-1 margin. This sum would be equivalent to approximately $85 million, according to the calculator of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Major McKinley was the last veteran of the American Civil War to be nominated for president by either major party, one month after McKinleys nomination, supporters of silver-backed currency took control of the Democratic convention held in Chicago on July 7–11. Most of the Southern and Western delegates were committed to implementing the free silver ideas of the Populist Party, the convention repudiated President Clevelands gold standard policies and then repudiated Cleveland himself. This, however, left the convention wide open, there was no successor to Cleveland

19.
William McKinley
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McKinley was the last president to have served in the American Civil War, beginning as a private in the Union Army and ending as a brevet major. After the war, he settled in Canton, Ohio, where he practiced law, in 1876, he was elected to Congress, where he became the Republican Partys expert on the protective tariff, which he promised would bring prosperity. His 1890 McKinley Tariff was highly controversial, which together with a Democratic redistricting aimed at gerrymandering him out of office and he was elected Ohios governor in 1891 and 1893, steering a moderate course between capital and labor interests. With the aid of his close adviser Mark Hanna, he secured the Republican nomination for president in 1896 and he defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan, after a front-porch campaign in which he advocated sound money and promised that high tariffs would restore prosperity. Rapid economic growth marked McKinleys presidency and he promoted the 1897 Dingley Tariff to protect manufacturers and factory workers from foreign competition, and in 1900, he secured the passage of the Gold Standard Act. The United States annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, McKinley defeated Bryan again in the 1900 presidential election, in a campaign focused on imperialism, protectionism, and free silver. William McKinley, Jr. was born in 1843 in Niles, Ohio, there, the elder McKinley was born in Pine Township, Mercer County. The family moved to Ohio when the senior McKinley was a boy and he met Nancy Allison there, and married her later. The Allison family was of mostly English descent and among Pennsylvanias earliest settlers, the family trade on both sides was iron-making, and McKinley senior operated foundries throughout Ohio, in New Lisbon, Niles, Poland, and finally Canton. The McKinley household was, like many from Ohios Western Reserve, steeped in Whiggish and abolitionist sentiment, William followed in the Methodist tradition, becoming active in the local Methodist church at the age of sixteen. He was a lifelong pious Methodist, in 1852, the family moved from Niles to Poland, Ohio so that their children could attend the better schools there. Graduating in 1859, he enrolled the following year at Allegheny College in Meadville and he remained at Allegheny for only one year, returning home in 1860 after becoming ill and depressed. He also spent time at Mount Union College in Alliance, Ohio and he did not graduate from either university. Although his health recovered, family finances declined and McKinley was unable to return to Allegheny, first working as a clerk and later taking a job teaching at a school near Poland. When the Southern states seceded from the Union and the American Civil War began, among them were McKinley and his cousin William McKinley Osbourne, who enlisted as privates in the newly formed Poland Guards in June 1861. The men left for Columbus where they were consolidated with other units to form the 23rd Ohio Infantry. The men were unhappy to learn that, unlike Ohios earlier volunteer regiments, they would not be permitted to elect their officers, they would be designated by Ohios governor, William Dennison. Dennison appointed Colonel William Rosecrans as the commander of the regiment, McKinley quickly took to the soldiers life and wrote a series of letters to his hometown newspaper extolling the army and the Union cause

William McKinley
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William McKinley
William McKinley
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Rutherford B. Hayes was McKinley's mentor during the Civil War and afterward.
William McKinley
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Ida Saxton McKinley
William McKinley
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Congressman McKinley

20.
Adolph Simon Ochs
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Adolph Simon Ochs was an American newspaper publisher and former owner of The New York Times and The Chattanooga Times. Ochs was born to a Jewish family in Cincinnati, Ohio and his parents, Julius Ochs and Bertha Levy, were both German immigrants. His father had left Bavaria for the United States in 1846, Julius was a highly educated man and fluent in six languages that he taught at schools throughout the South, though he supported the Union during the Civil War. After the war, the moved to Knoxville, Tennessee. In Knoxville, Adolph studied in the schools and during his spare time delivered newspapers. At 11, he went to work at the Knoxville Chronicle as office boy to William Rule, the editor, in 1871 he was a grocers clerk at Providence, Rhode Island, attending a night school meanwhile. He then returned to Knoxville, where he was an apprentice for some time. In 1872, he returned to the Chronicle as a printers devil and his siblings also worked at the newspaper to supplement the income of their father, a lay rabbi for Knoxvilles small Jewish community. The Chronicle was the only Republican, pro-Reconstruction, newspaper in the city, but Ochs counted Father Ryan, at the age of 19, he borrowed $250 from his family to purchase a controlling interest in The Chattanooga Times, becoming its publisher. The following year he founded a paper called The Tradesman. He was one of the founders of the Southern Associated Press, after borrowing money to purchase The New York Times, he formed the New York Times Co. placed the paper on a strong financial foundation, and became the majority stockholder. In 1904, he hired Carr Van Anda as his managing editor and their focus on objective journalism, in a time when newspapers were openly and highly partisan, and a well-timed price decrease led to its rescue from near oblivion. The papers readership increased from 9,000 at the time of his purchase to 780,000 by the 1920s and he also added the Times well-known masthead motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print. In 1904, Ochs moved the New York Times to a newly built building on Longacre Square in Manhattan, on New Years Eve 1904, he had pyrotechnists illuminate his new building at One Times Square with a fireworks show from street level. On August 18,1921, the 25th anniversary of reorganization and it was classed as an independent Democratic publication, and consistently opposed William Jennings Bryan in his presidential campaigns. Beginning with 1896, there was issued weekly a supplement, eventually called The New York Times Book Review, the New York Times Index started in 1913 and was published quarterly, it compared only with the similar Index to Londons The Times. In 1901, Ochs became proprietor and editor of the Philadelphia Times, later merged in the Philadelphia Public Ledger, of which he was owner from 1902–12. This quote might be the origin of the common marketing saying I know half the money I spend on advertising is wasted, but I can never find out which half, which has been attributed to John Wanamaker

21.
New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

New York Times
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Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.
New York Times
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The Times Square Building, The New York Times ‍ '​ publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
New York Times
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The New York Times newsroom, 1942
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A speech in the newsroom after announcement of Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009

22.
Economies of scale
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Often operational efficiency is also greater with increasing scale, leading to lower variable cost as well. Economies of scale apply to a variety of organizational and business situations and at levels, such as a business or manufacturing unit. Some economies of scale, such as capital cost of manufacturing facilities and friction loss of transportation, the economic concept dates back to Adam Smith and the idea of obtaining larger production returns through the use of division of labor. Diseconomies of scale are the opposite, Economies of scale often have limits, such as passing the optimum design point where costs per additional unit begin to increase. Common limits include exceeding the nearby raw material supply, such as wood in the lumber, pulp, a common limit for low cost per unit weight commodities is saturating the regional market, thus having to ship product uneconomical distances. Other limits include using energy less efficiently or having a defect rate. Large producers are usually efficient at long runs of a product grade and they will therefore avoid specialty grades even though they have higher margins. Often smaller manufacturing facilities remain viable by changing from commodity grade production to specialty products, the simple meaning of economies of scale is doing things more efficiently with increasing size or speed of operation. Economies of scale often originate with fixed capital, which is lowered per unit of production as design capacity increases, in wholesale and retail distribution, increasing the speed of operations, such as order fulfillment, lowers the cost of both fixed and working capital. Other common sources of economies of scale are purchasing, managerial, financial, marketing, each of these factors reduces the long run average costs of production by shifting the short-run average total cost curve down and to the right. Economies of the scale is a concept that may explain real world phenomena such as patterns of international trade or the number of firms in a market. The exploitation of economies of scale helps explain why companies grow large in some industries, a lone car maker may be profitable, but even more so if they exported cars to global markets in addition to selling to the local market. Economies of scale play a role in a natural monopoly. There is a distinction between two types of economies of scale, internal and external, conversely, an industry exhibits an external economy of scale when costs drop due to the introduction of more firms, thus allowing for more efficient use of specialized services and machinery. Instead, he believes that economies will come from improving the flow of a service, in trying to manage and reduce unit costs, firms often raise total costs by creating failure demand. This law has an effect on the capital cost of such things as buildings, factories, pipelines, ships. In structural engineering, the strength of beams increases with the cube of the thickness, drag loss of vehicles like aircraft or ships generally increases less than proportional with increasing cargo volume, although the physical details can be quite complicated. Therefore, making them larger usually results in fuel consumption per ton of cargo at a given speed

Economies of scale
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As quantity of production increases from Q to Q2, the average cost of each unit decreases from C to C1.

23.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The British HMS Sandwich fires into the French flagshipBucentaure (completely dismasted) during Trafalgar. The Bucentaure also fights HMS Victory (behind her) and HMS Temeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar, it's a mistake by Auguste Mayer, the painter.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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Flag
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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Signing of the Treaty of Ghent (1814), by A. Forestier c. 1915
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The Duke of Wellington

24.
Globalization
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Globalization or globalisation is the action or procedure of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and in telecommunications infrastructure have been factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic. Large-scale globalization began in the 1820s, in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the connectivity of the worlds economies and cultures grew very quickly. The term globalization is recent, only establishing its current meaning in the 1970s, further, environmental challenges such as global warming, cross-boundary water and air pollution, and overfishing of the ocean are linked with globalization. Globalizing processes affect and are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-cultural resources, academic literature commonly subdivides globalization into three major areas, economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization. The term globalization is derived from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of a network of economic systems. One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was in a 1930 publication entitled Towards New Education, a related term, corporate giants, was coined by Charles Taze Russell in 1897 to refer to the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time. By the 1960s, both began to be used as synonyms by economists and other social scientists. Economist Theodore Levitt is widely credited with coining the term in an article entitled Globalization of Markets, However, the term globalization was in use well before this and had been used by other scholars as early as 1981. Levitt can be credited with popularizing the term and bringing it into the mainstream audience in the later half of the 1980s. Due to the complexity of the concept, research projects, articles, sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalization as all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society. Globalization can be located on a continuum with the local, national and regional, without reference to such expansive spatial connections, there can be no clear or coherent formulation of this term. A satisfactory definition of globalization must capture each of these elements, extensity, intensity, velocity and it pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world. The ideological dimension, according to Steger, is filled with a range of norms, claims, beliefs and they have also argued that four different forms of globalization can be distinguished that complement and cut across the solely empirical dimensions. According to James, the oldest dominant form of globalization is embodied globalization, a second form is agency-extended globalization, the circulation of agents of different institutions, organizations, and polities, including imperial agents. Object-extended globalization, a form, is the movement of commodities. He calls the transmission of ideas, images, knowledge, and information across world-space disembodied globalization and he asserted that the pace of globalization was quickening and that its impact on business organization and practice would continue to grow. Economist Takis Fotopoulos defined economic globalization as the opening and deregulation of commodity, capital and he used political globalization to refer to the emergence of a transnational elite and a phasing out of the nation-state

25.
Elbert Gary
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Elbert Henry Gary was an American lawyer, county judge and corporate officer. He was a key founder of U. S. Steel in 1901, bringing together partners J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, the city of Gary, Indiana, a steel town, was named for him when it was founded in 1906. When trust busting President Theodore Roosevelt said that Gary was head of the steel trust, Gary, West Virginia was also named after him. The two men communicated in a way unlike Roosevelts communications with leaders of other trusts. Elbert Gary was born near Wheaton, Illinois, on October 8,1846, to Erastus Gary and he attended Wheaton College and graduated first in his class from Union College of Law in 1868. The school later became the Northwestern University School of Law, Gary started to practice law in Chicago in 1871 and also maintained an office in Wheaton. He was a co-founder of the Gary-Wheaton Bank that merged with Bank One Corporation in the middle 1990s and he served two terms as a DuPage County judge from 1882 to 1890. For the rest of his life he was known as Judge Gary and it was a common custom in the nineteenth century for men to be addressed by military, political, or academic titles after those titles were no longer current. Gary practiced law in Chicago for about twenty-five years and he was president of the Chicago Bar Association from 1893 to 1894. It was while he was hearing a case as a judge that he first became interested in the process of making steel, in 1898 he became president of Federal Steel Corporation in Chicago, which included a barbed wire business, and retired from his law practice. Federal and other companies merged in 1901 to become U. S. Steel, and Gary was elected chairman of the board of directors and the finance committee. In 1900 at the age of 54, Gary moved from Wheaton to New York City, Gary served as president and chairman of the board of Americas first billion-dollar corporation, U. S. Steel, from the companys founding in 1901 until his death in August 1927. In November 1904, with a government suit looming, Gary approached President Roosevelt with a deal, cooperation in exchange for preferential treatment. U. S. Steel would open its books to the Bureau of Corporations, if the Bureau found evidence of wrongdoing, Roosevelt accepted this gentlemens agreement because it met his interest in accommodating the modern industrial order while maintaining his public image as slayer of the trusts. The town of Gary, Indiana, laid out in 1906 as a home for steel workmen, was named in his honor. From 1906 to 1908, he served as president of the Illinois State Society of New York and they held an annual Lincoln Day Dinner in February at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and a Chicago Fire Remembrance Day each October at the same Delmonicos Restaurant that still stands today in Manhattan. In 1914 he was chairman of the committee appointed by the Mayor of New York, John Purroy Mitchel, to study the question of unemployment. When America entered World War I in 1917, he was appointed chairman of the committee on steel of the Council of National Defense, through his connection with a business essential to producing munitions of war, he exerted great influence in bringing about cooperation between the government and industry

26.
George B. Cortelyou
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George Bruce Cortelyou was an American Presidential Cabinet secretary of the early twentieth century, having been appointed to three such posts by President Theodore Roosevelt. Cortelyou was born in New York City to Rose and Peter Crolius Cortelyou and he was part of an old New Netherland family whose immigrant ancestor, Jacques Cortelyou, arrived in 1652. He was educated at schools in Brooklyn, the Nazareth Hall Military Academy in Pennsylvania. At 20, Cortelyou received a BA degree from Westfield Normal School, now Westfield State University and he graduated from the law schools of George Washington University and Georgetown University. He was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity while at George Washington University, courtelyou then began teaching, later taking a stenography course and mastering shorthand. Cortelyou married the former Lily Morris Hinds on September 15,1888, in 1891, he obtained a position as secretary to the chief postal inspector of New York. The following year a promotion led to a job as the secretary to the Fourth Assistant Postmaster General in Washington, in 1895 President Grover Cleveland hired Cortelyou as his chief clerk on the recommendation of Postmaster General Wilson S. Bissell. Cleveland recommended him as a secretary to his successor, William McKinley. Cortelyou was working on improvements in efficiency in 1901, when President McKinley was assassinated. McKinley was greeting visitors in the Temple of Music at the Pan-American Exposition on September 6,1901, in Buffalo, New York, as McKinley collapsed, he was caught and supported by his aides, among them Cortelyou. As he was held in their arms, he whispered, My wife, be careful, Cortelyou, how you tell her. After succeeding as President, Theodore Roosevelt tasked Cortelyou with transforming the White House into a professional organization. Cortelyou developed procedures and rules that guided White House protocol and established processes for which there had been only personal prerogative, Cortelyou is credited with instituting the first systematic gathering of press commentary for a sitting presidents perusal. The current clippings were the first attempt by a president to gauge public opinion by the media, Cortelyou selected items objectively, a practice that would not be consistently followed by his successors. Cortelyou served as the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor, from February 18,1903 to June 30,1904 and he also served as Postmaster General from March 6,1905 to January 14,1907 and was the Secretary of the Treasury, all under Theodore Roosevelt. From 1904 through 1907, Cortelyou also served as Chairman of the Republican National Committee and he was made an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity on April 9,1903. He had attended the New England Conservatory of Music, where the fraternity was founded, Cortelyou served as the Secretary of the Treasury, from March 4,1907 to March 7,1909. This was during the devastating Panic of 1907, like his predecessor, Leslie M. Shaw, Cortelyou believed it was Treasurys duty to protect the banking system, but he realized that the Treasury was not equipped to maintain economic stability

George B. Cortelyou
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George B. Cortelyou

27.
James Stillman
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James Jewett Stillman was an American businessman who invested in land, banking, and railroads in New York, Texas, and Mexico. He was chairman of the board of directors of the National City Bank, Stillman was born on June 9,1850 to Charles Stillman and Elizabeth Pamela Goodrich in Brownsville, Texas, a town founded by his father. Both of his parents were born in Wethersfield, Connecticut, Charles Stillman had significant business interests which James acquired in 1872. He expanded those to control of sixteen Texas banks and a significant land holdings in the Rio Grande Valley, particularly Corpus Christi and Kerrville, along with W. Averell Harriman, Jacob Henry Schiff and William Rockefeller, he controlled the most important Texas railroads. In 1876, Stillman supported Porfirio Díazs overthrow of the government of Mexico by the Revolution of Tuxtepec and he was chairman of the board of directors of the National City Bank and retired in 1908. He died on March 15,1918 at his home on 9 East 72nd Street in Manhattan and his funeral was at St. Bartholomews Episcopal Church, New York. He also served as president of National City Bank of New York Isabel Goodrich Stillman, Percy was another son of William Rockefeller Charles Chauncey Stillman, who died aboard the RMS Aquitania and who married Mary E. White. James also served as president of National City from 1952 to 1959 and was chairman from 1959 to 1967 and his great-grandson is the director, and Academy Award nominee, Whit Stillman. Stillman was named in his honor, at the time, it was the largest oil tanker in the World. Stillman is considered to have one of the 100 wealthiest Americans. John K. Winkler, The First Billion, The Stillmans, handbook of Texas Online, accessed January 10,2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association, works by or about James Stillman at Internet Archive James Stillman at Find a Grave

James Stillman
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James Stillman

28.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr

29.
Nelson Aldrich
–
Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich was a prominent American politician and a leader of the Republican Party in the Senate, where he served from 1881 to 1911. By the 1890s he was one of the Big Four key Republicans who largely controlled the decisions of the Senate, along with Orville H. Platt, William B. Allison. In a career spanned three decades, Aldrich helped to create an extensive system of tariffs that protected American factories. He was a party to the re-structuring of the American financial system through the institution of the income tax amendment. His most important contribution was the design of the modern Federal Reserve System, deeply committed to the efficiency model of the Progressive Era, he believed these reforms would lead to greater efficiency. Reformers, however, denounced him as representative of the evils of Big business, Aldrich became wealthy with investments in street railroads, sugar, rubber and banking. He married into the Rockefeller family, and his descendents became powerful figures in American politics, Aldrich was born in Foster, Rhode Island, into a middle-class family descended from noted English immigrants John Winthrop, William Wickenden, and Roger Williams. His branch passed through generations of declining circumstances and his father was Anan E. Aldrich, a mill hand, and mother Abby Burgess. He attended public schools in East Killingly, Conn. and the East Greenwich Academy a boarding school in Rhode Island, Aldrichs first job was clerking for the largest wholesale grocer in the state, where he worked his way up to become a partner in the firm. He served briefly in the Union Army during the American Civil War when he enlisted as a private in Company D of the 10th Rhode Island Infantry on May 26,1862. Aldrichs company served for three months at Fort DeRussy, which was part of the defenses of Washington, D. C, Aldrich was mustered out of service with the regiment on September 1,1862. On October 9,1866, he married Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman and they had a total of eleven children. By 1877, Nelson had an effect on state politics. He served as a member of the Providence City Council from 1869 to 1874 and he served in the Rhode Island House of Representatives in 1875 and 1876 and served as Speaker of the House in 1876. In 1878 the Republican bosses of Rhode Island endorsed him for the US House of Representatives, he won, in 1881 he was elected to the U. S. Senate by the Rhode Island legislature. He served in the Senate for 30 years from 1881 to 1911 and he was the longest serving United States Senator from Rhode Island before the 36-year tenure of Claiborne Pell in the late 20th Century. Aldrichs main power base was his chairmanship of the Senate Finance Committee which oversaw bank regulation, the panic of 1907 led to the passage of the Aldrich–Vreeland Act in 1908, which established the National Monetary Commission, sponsored and headed by Aldrich. After issuing a series of 30 reports, this commission drew up the Aldrich Plan, in 1909, Aldrich introduced a constitutional amendment to establish an income tax, although he had declared a similar measure communistic a decade earlier

30.
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
–
Beginning in the 1890s and accelerating in 1903, New York banker J. P. By 1912, the New Haven operated more than 2,000 miles of track, with 120,000 employees and this quest for monopoly angered Progressive Era reformers, alienated public opinion, resulted in high prices for acquisitions, and increased construction costs. Debt soared from $14 million in 1903 to $242 million in 1913, even as the advent of automobiles, trucks, also in 1913, the federal government filed an anti-trust lawsuit that forced the NH to divest its trolley systems. S. Until the Enron Corporation superseded it in 2001, the majority of the system is now owned publicly by the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad was formed on July 24,1872, through the consolidation of the New York and New Haven Railroad and Hartford and New Haven Railroad. It owned a line from New York City to Springfield, Massachusetts via New Haven and Hartford, Connecticut. The company later leased more lines and systems, eventually forming a monopoly in New England south of the Boston. The New York and New Haven was built later, as it ran parallel to the Long Island Sound coast and it opened in 1848, using trackage rights over the New York and Harlem Railroad from Woodlawn in the Bronx area south to New York. From 1913 on, Grand Central Terminal served as the New Havens New York City terminal, about the beginning of the 20th century, New York investors led by J. P. Morgan gained control, and in 1903 installed Charles S. Mellen as President. Morgan and Mellen achieved a monopoly of transportation in southern New England, purchasing other railroads and steamship. More than 100 independent railroads eventually became part of the system before and during these years, substantial improvements to the system were made during the Mellen years, including electrification between New York and New Haven. But the Morgan-Mellen expansion left the company overextended and financially weak, under the stress of the Great Depression the company became bankrupt in 1935, remaining in trusteeship until 1947. Common stock was voided and creditors assumed control, after 1951 both freight and passenger service lost money. The earlier expansion had left NH with a network of low-density branch lines that could not pay their own maintenance, the freight business was short-haul, requiring switching costs that could not be recovered in short-distance rates. They had major commuter train services in New York and Boston, the demise of the New Haven may have been hastened by the opening of the Connecticut Turnpike in 1958 and other interstate highways. With decades of investment, the New Haven could not compete against automobiles or trucks. In 1954 the flashy Patrick B, McGinnis led a proxy fight against incumbent president Frederic C. Buck Dumaine Jr. vowing to return more of the companys profit to shareholders. McGinnis won control of the railroad and appointed Arthur V. McGowan, McGinnis attempted to accomplish many of his financial goals by deferring maintenance

New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
–
General offices of the company, New Haven, about 1905
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
–
NH system map
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
–
Train over the Norwalk River (1914 postcard).
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
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Common stock issued during 1967.

31.
Louis Brandeis
–
Louis Dembitz Brandeis was an American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky, to Jewish immigrant parents from Bohemia and he attended Harvard Law School, graduating at the age of twenty with the highest grade average in the law schools history. Brandeis settled in Boston, where he founded a law firm and he later published a book titled Other Peoples Money And How the Bankers Use It, suggesting ways of curbing the power of large banks and money trusts. He fought against powerful corporations, monopolies, public corruption, and mass consumerism, all of which he felt were detrimental to American values and culture. He also became active in the Zionist movement, seeing it as a solution to antisemitism in Europe and Russia, when his familys finances became secure, he began devoting most of his time to public causes and was later dubbed the Peoples Lawyer. He insisted on serving on cases without pay so that he would be free to address the issues involved. The Economist magazine calls him A Robin Hood of the law, in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson nominated Brandeis to become a member of the Supreme Court. His nomination was contested, partly because, as Justice William O. Douglas wrote. He was dangerous not only because of his brilliance, his arithmetic and he was dangerous because he was incorruptible. The fears of the Establishment were greater because Brandeis was the first Jew to be named to the Court. On June 1,1916 he was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 47 to 22, to one of the most famous. His opinions were, according to scholars, some of the greatest defenses of freedom of speech. Louis Dembitz Brandeis was born on November 13,1856, in Louisville, Kentucky and his parents, Adolph Brandeis and Frederika Dembitz, both of whom were Ashkenazi Jews, emigrated to the United States from their childhood homes in Prague, Bohemia. They emigrated as part of their families for both economic and political reasons. In addition, the Habsburg Empire had imposed taxes on Jews. Family elders sent Adolph Brandeis to America to observe and prepare for his familys possible emigration and he spent a few months in the Midwest and was impressed by the nations institutions and by the tolerance among the people he met. He wrote home to his wife, Americas progress is the triumph of the rights of man, the Brandeis family chose to settle in Louisville partly because it was a prosperous river port. His earliest childhood was shaped by the American Civil War, which forced the family to seek safety temporarily in Indiana, the Brandeis family held abolitionist beliefs that angered their Louisville neighbors

32.
Nikola Tesla
–
He immigrated to the United States in 1884, where he would become a naturalized citizen. He worked for a time at the Edison Machine Works in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of partners to finance and market his ideas, attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market, Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging. He also built a boat, one of the first ever exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and would demonstrate his achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, in 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. After Wardenclyffe, Tesla went on to try and develop a series of inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success, having spent most of his money, he lived in a series of New York hotels, leaving behind unpaid bills. The nature of his work and the pronouncements he made to the press later in life earned him the reputation of an archetypal mad scientist in American popular culture. Tesla died in New York City in January 1943 and his work fell into relative obscurity following his death, but in 1960, the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor. There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s, Tesla was born on 10 July 1856 into a Serb family in the village of Smiljan, Austrian Empire. His father, Milutin Tesla, was an Orthodox priest, Teslas mother, Đuka Tesla, whose father was also an Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and mechanical appliances and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. Đuka had never received a formal education, Tesla credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mothers genetics and influence. Teslas progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro, Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had a brother, Dane, and three sisters, Milka, Angelina and Marica. Dane was killed in an accident when Tesla was aged five. In 1861 Tesla attended primary school in Smiljan, where he studied German, arithmetic, in 1862 the Tesla family moved to Gospić, Austrian Empire, where Teslas father worked as parish priest. Nikola completed primary school, followed by middle school, in 1870 Tesla moved to Karlovac to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium. The classes were held in German, as it was a school within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier, Tesla would later write that he became interested in demonstrations of electricity by his physics professor. Tesla noted that these demonstrations of this mysterious phenomena made him want to more of this wonderful force

Nikola Tesla
–
Tesla, aged 34, 1890, photo by Napoleon Sarony
Nikola Tesla
–
Rebuilt, Tesla's house (parish hall) in Smiljan, Croatia, where he was born, and the rebuilt church, where his father served. During the Yugoslav Wars, several of the buildings were severely damaged by fire. They were restored and reopened in 2006.
Nikola Tesla
–
Nikola Tesla's father Milutin, Orthodox priest in the village of Smiljan
Nikola Tesla
–
Tesla aged 23, c. 1879

33.
Guglielmo Marconi
–
He is often credited as the inventor of radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy. Marconi was an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in the United Kingdom in 1897 and he succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists. In 1929, the King of Italy ennobled Marconi as a Marchese, Marconi was born into the Italian nobility as Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi in Bologna on 25 April 1874, the second son of Giuseppe Marconi and his Irish/Scots wife Annie Jameson. Between the ages of two and six, Marconi and his elder brother Alfonso were brought up by his mother in the English town of Bedford, Marconi received further education in Florence at the Istituto Cavallero and, later, in Livorno. Marconi did not do well in school, according to Robert McHenry and he was baptized as a Catholic but had been brought up as a member of the Anglican Church, being married into it. Marconi was confirmed in the Catholic faith and became a member of the Church before his marriage to Maria Christina in 1927. During his early years, Marconi had an interest in science and electricity, the transmission of telegraph messages without connecting wires as used by the electric telegraph. There was a deal of interest in radio waves in the physics community. Righis article renewed Marconis interest in developing a wireless telegraphy based on radio waves. In the summer of 1894, he built a storm alarm made up of a battery, a coherer, and an electric bell, soon after he was able to make a bell ring on the other side of the room by pushing a telegraphic button on a bench. One night in December 1894, Guglielmo woke his mother and invited her into his secret workshop and showed her the experiment that he had created. The next day, he showed his work to his father. In the summer of 1895, Marconi moved his experimentation outdoors, with these improvements the system was capable of transmitting signals up to 2 miles and over hills. The monopole antenna reduced the frequency of the waves compared to the dipole antennas used by Hertz, by this point, he concluded that a device could become capable of spanning greater distances, with additional funding and research, and would prove valuable both commercially and militarily. Marconis experimental apparatus proved to be the first engineering-complete, commercially successful radio transmission system, Marconi wrote to the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs, then under the direction of the honorable Pietro Lacava, explaining his wireless telegraph machine and asking for funding. He never received a response to his letter which was dismissed by the Minister who wrote to the Longara on the document. In 1896, Marconi spoke with his family friend Carlo Gardini, Honorary Consul at the United States Consulate in Bologna, Gardini wrote a letter of introduction to the Ambassador of Italy in London, Annibale Ferrero, explaining who Marconi was and about these extraordinary discoveries. In his response, Ambassador Ferrero advised them not to reveal the results until after they had obtained the copyrights

34.
Wireless energy transfer
–
Wireless power is a generic term that refers to a number of different power transmission technologies that use time-varying electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields. Wireless transmission is useful to power devices in cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous. Wireless power techniques mainly fall into two categories, non-radiative and radiative, a current focus is to develop wireless systems to charge mobile and handheld computing devices such as cellphones, digital music players and portable computers without being tethered to a wall plug. In far-field or radiative techniques, also called power beaming, power is transferred by beams of electromagnetic radiation and these techniques can transport energy longer distances but must be aimed at the receiver. Proposed applications for this type are solar power satellites, and wireless powered drone aircraft, an important issue associated with all wireless power systems is limiting the exposure of people and other living things to potentially injurious electromagnetic fields. Wireless power transfer is a term that refers to a number of different technologies for transmitting energy by means of electromagnetic fields. At the transmitter the input power is converted to an electromagnetic field by some type of antenna device. A similar antenna or coupling device at the receiver converts the oscillating fields to an electric current, an important parameter that determines the type of waves is the frequency f in hertz of the oscillations. The frequency determines the wavelength λ = c/f of the waves carry the energy across the gap. In wireless communication technologies, generally, only tiny amounts of power reach the receiver, in contrast, with wireless power the amount of energy received is the important thing, so the efficiency is the more significant parameter. For this reason, wireless technologies are likely to be more limited by distance than wireless communication technologies. These are the different wireless power technologies, Electric and magnetic fields are created by charged particles in such as electrons. A stationary charge creates a field in the space around it. A steady current of charges creates a magnetic field around it. The above fields contain energy, but cannot carry power because they are static, however time-varying fields can carry power. Accelerating electric charges, such as are found in a current of electrons in a wire. These fields can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in an antenna, causing them to move back. These represent alternating current which can be used to power a load, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields surrounding moving electric charges in an antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance Drange from the antenna

Wireless energy transfer
–
Inductive charging pad for LG smartphone, using the Qi system, an example of near-field wireless transfer. When the phone is set on the pad, a coil in the pad creates a magnetic field which induces a current in another coil, in the phone, charging its battery.
Wireless energy transfer
–
(left) Modern inductive power transfer, an electric toothbrush charger. A coil in the stand produces a magnetic field, inducing an AC current in a coil in the toothbrush, which is rectified to charge the batteries. (right) A light bulb powered wirelessly by induction, in 1910.
Wireless energy transfer
Wireless energy transfer
–
Prototype inductive electric car charging system at 2011 Tokyo Auto Show

35.
London Underground
–
The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936

36.
Charles Tyson Yerkes
–
Charles Tyson Yerkes was an American financier, born in Philadelphia. He played a part in developing mass-transit systems in Chicago. Yerkes was born into a Quaker family in the Northern Liberties and his mother died of puerperal fever when he was five years old and shortly thereafter his father was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying a non-Quaker. After finishing a course at Philadelphias Central High School, Yerkes began his business career at the age of 17 as a clerk in a local grain brokerage. In 1859, aged 22, he opened his own brokerage firm, by 1865 he had moved into banking and specialized in selling municipal, state, and government bonds. Relying on his bank president fathers connections, his political contacts and he was on the verge of entering Philadelphia society when disaster struck. While serving as a agent for the City of Philadelphias treasurer Joseph Marcer. This speculation ended calamitously when the Great Chicago Fire sparked a financial panic, scheming to remain out of prison, he attempted to blackmail two influential Pennsylvania politicians. Yerkes was promised a pardon if he would deny the accusations he had made and he agreed to these terms and was released after seven months in the Eastern State Penitentiary. Yerkes spent the ten years rebuilding his fortune. In 1881 Yerkes traveled to Fargo in the Dakota Territory in order to obtain a divorce from his wife of over twenty-two years, later that year, he wedded the 24-year-old Mary Adelaide Moore and moved to Chicago. He opened a stock and grain brokerage but soon involved with the citys public transportation system. However, he never achieved his ultimate goal—a monopoly of the streetcar lines. Yerkes was not averse to using bribery and blackmail to obtain his ends and he had initially intended to finance only a telescope but eventually agreed to foot the bill for an entire observatory. He contributed nearly $300,000 to the University of Chicago to establish what would become known as the Yerkes Observatory, located in Williams Bay, if Yerkes could have gotten his way, Chicago would never have had any elevated railroads. So it is no small irony that his greatest legacy to the city was The Loop—a rectangle of elevated tracks enclosing Chicagos business district, while in Chicago, Yerkes became an avid art collector. He relied upon Sarah Tyson Hallowell to advise him on his purchases, after the Chicago Worlds Fair in 1893, she tried to interest him in the works of Auguste Rodin, which were part of the loan exhibitor of French art. Because the subject matter was controversial, Yerkes and other turned the works down

37.
International Mercantile Marine Co.
–
The result was heavy losses for Morgan. The Dominion Line was also amalgamated, the project was bankrolled by J. P. Morgan & Co. led by financier J. P. Morgan. The company also had working profit-sharing relationships with the German Hamburg-Amerika, however, IMM dramatically overpaid to acquire some of the amalgamated companies, due to overestimation of potential profits. IMM was a company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own subsidiaries. One of IMMs subsidiaries was the White Star Line, which owned the RMS Titanic, analysis of financial records shows that IMM was overleveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow that caused it to default on bond interest payments in late 1914. As a result, a friendly receivership was put in effect in 1915, saved by World War I, IMM eventually reemerged as the United States Lines, which itself went bankrupt in 1986. A proposed subsidy bill in the United States Congress failed, as had become apparent by April 1902. Beginning in the 1920s, the company underwent a series of acquisitions and mergers. As the shipping industry prospered in the late 19th century, some sought to create a trust that would monopolize U. S. shipping companies, however, all negotiations in this regard in the 1890s fell short. The intervention of John Pierpont Morgan, one of the richest men in the world, would change that, the Atlantic Transport Line, owned by Bernard N. Baker and having both passenger and cargo ships, competed intensely with British and other shipping companies. Negotiations between Baker and Ellerman, advanced but ultimately fell through, meanwhile, J. P. Morgan had already concluded agreements with Clement Griscom, president of the International Navigation Company, which operated the Red Star Line and the American Line. There would be two companies that would join the trust, the name of one of them was revealed in April,1901, the Leyland Line. The second turned out to be the prestigious White Star Line, bought by Morgans team, after long negotiations, on 1 October 1902, JP Morgan & Co. announced the founding of the International Mercantile Marine Company, more commonly called IMM. Morgans role evolved over the years, being American, he could not directly own British ships, but he could own the company that owned the ships. In 1902, the IMM carried 64,738 passengers, a total buoyed by high immigration to the United States, the IMM had signed a partnership with the two most important German shipping companies, Norddeutscher Lloyd and HAPAG, which carried a total of 66,838 passengers. Responses in the United Kingdom helped intensify these rivalries and this allowed the IMM to schedule a ship each day from the United Kingdom, and passengers to change their tickets to a position equivalent to another vessel of the company. Baker retired from the direction of the Atlantic Transport Line shortly after its integration with the IMM and he later became vice president of IMM, while Griscom was replaced as president by Joseph Bruce Ismay in 1904. The early 1910s marked a point for the IMM

International Mercantile Marine Co.
–
John Pierpont Morgan, owner of the IMM Co.
International Mercantile Marine Co.
–
The Regina sailed for the Dominion Line and White Star Line before being transferred to the Red Star Line under the name of Westernland.
International Mercantile Marine Co.
–
The sinking of the Titanic was one of the causes of the decline of IMM.
International Mercantile Marine Co.
–
Flag of the Red Star Line

38.
United States Lines
–
United States Lines was an American transatlantic shipping company that operated cargo services from 1921 to 1989, and ocean liners until 1969—most famously, the SS United States. The lines became known in the 1920s when two valiant historic rescues were made using their ships, the SS President Roosevelt in 1926. The company was formed with three ships from the tonnage of the failed United States Mail Steamship Company, two of the ships, the America and George Washington, were originally German vessels that had been seized during World War I and kept as reparations. Both the America and George Washington made New York–Bremen runs, while the Centennial State ran from New York to London, one of the founders was Kermit Roosevelt, son of U. S. President Theodore Roosevelt. Additional ships were acquired in 1922 and renamed after various U. S. presidents, the 52,000 ton Leviathan, formerly the Vaterland and one of the largest liners in the world, was acquired in 1923. Throughout the 1920s, the accumulated debt, and in March 1929, the line was sold to P. W. Chapman Company. The stock market crash made matters worse, and in 1931, in 1932, the Manhattan, at a cost of approximately $21 million, became the first ship actually built for the line, followed the next year by the Washington. In 1940, a new America joined them, in 1932, United States Lines had offered to build a new passenger liner, called the U. S. Express Liner, which would double as a mail ship. Congress refused to give a guarantee on trans-Atlantic postal rates and it was never built, United States Lines absorbed the American Line in 1932, the Baltimore Mail Line in 1937, and the American Merchant Line in 1938. The decade started with United States Lines absorbing the Roosevelt Line in 1940, Roosevelt International Mercantile Marine Company finally changed its name to United States Lines Inc. in 1942, reflecting its new focus. In World War II, the ships were converted into troopships, the Manhattan became the USS Wakefield, and the Washington became the USS Mount Vernon. The flagship America became the USS West Point After the war, the company began to build smaller and cheaper ships, in 1941, two Nazi spies, Franz Joseph Stigler and Erwin Wilheim Siegler, worked for United States Lines as members of SS Americas crew. They operated as couriers, transmitting information between the United States and German agents aboard, Stigler worked undercover as the chief butcher. Both remained on the SS America until the U. S. Navy converted that ship into the USS West Point. Stigler and Siegler, along with the 31 other German agents of the Duquesne Spy Ring, were uncovered by the FBI in the largest espionage conviction in U. S. history. With a government subsidy for her construction, the SS United States entered service in 1952 and she was the largest ocean liner built in the United States and the fastest ocean liner ever built. She immediately set transatlantic speed records, capturing the Blue Riband from the Queen Mary, but competition from airliners brought the glory days to an end, in 1964, America was sold to Chandris Line, and United States was withdrawn from service in 1969

United States Lines
–
SS Princess Alice, later SS Princess Matoika, c. 1914–1916
United States Lines
–
United States Lines

39.
International Mercantile Marine
–
The result was heavy losses for Morgan. The Dominion Line was also amalgamated, the project was bankrolled by J. P. Morgan & Co. led by financier J. P. Morgan. The company also had working profit-sharing relationships with the German Hamburg-Amerika, however, IMM dramatically overpaid to acquire some of the amalgamated companies, due to overestimation of potential profits. IMM was a company that controlled subsidiary corporations that had their own subsidiaries. One of IMMs subsidiaries was the White Star Line, which owned the RMS Titanic, analysis of financial records shows that IMM was overleveraged and suffered from inadequate cash flow that caused it to default on bond interest payments in late 1914. As a result, a friendly receivership was put in effect in 1915, saved by World War I, IMM eventually reemerged as the United States Lines, which itself went bankrupt in 1986. A proposed subsidy bill in the United States Congress failed, as had become apparent by April 1902. Beginning in the 1920s, the company underwent a series of acquisitions and mergers. As the shipping industry prospered in the late 19th century, some sought to create a trust that would monopolize U. S. shipping companies, however, all negotiations in this regard in the 1890s fell short. The intervention of John Pierpont Morgan, one of the richest men in the world, would change that, the Atlantic Transport Line, owned by Bernard N. Baker and having both passenger and cargo ships, competed intensely with British and other shipping companies. Negotiations between Baker and Ellerman, advanced but ultimately fell through, meanwhile, J. P. Morgan had already concluded agreements with Clement Griscom, president of the International Navigation Company, which operated the Red Star Line and the American Line. There would be two companies that would join the trust, the name of one of them was revealed in April,1901, the Leyland Line. The second turned out to be the prestigious White Star Line, bought by Morgans team, after long negotiations, on 1 October 1902, JP Morgan & Co. announced the founding of the International Mercantile Marine Company, more commonly called IMM. Morgans role evolved over the years, being American, he could not directly own British ships, but he could own the company that owned the ships. In 1902, the IMM carried 64,738 passengers, a total buoyed by high immigration to the United States, the IMM had signed a partnership with the two most important German shipping companies, Norddeutscher Lloyd and HAPAG, which carried a total of 66,838 passengers. Responses in the United Kingdom helped intensify these rivalries and this allowed the IMM to schedule a ship each day from the United Kingdom, and passengers to change their tickets to a position equivalent to another vessel of the company. Baker retired from the direction of the Atlantic Transport Line shortly after its integration with the IMM and he later became vice president of IMM, while Griscom was replaced as president by Joseph Bruce Ismay in 1904. The early 1910s marked a point for the IMM

International Mercantile Marine
–
John Pierpont Morgan, owner of the IMM Co.
International Mercantile Marine
–
The Regina sailed for the Dominion Line and White Star Line before being transferred to the Red Star Line under the name of Westernland.
International Mercantile Marine
–
The sinking of the Titanic was one of the causes of the decline of IMM.
International Mercantile Marine
–
Flag of the Red Star Line

40.
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
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The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad is a former U. S. Class I railroad from 1900 until 1967, when it merged with long-time rival Seaboard Air Line Railroad to form the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, much of the original ACL network has been part of CSX Transportation since 1986. The Atlantic Coast Line served the Southeast, with a concentration of lines in Florida, in 1960 ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles. The earliest predecessor of the ACL was the Petersburg Railroad between Petersburg, Virginia and a point near Weldon, North Carolina, founded in 1830, a route between Richmond, Virginia and Petersburg was built by the Richmond & Petersburg Railroad, which was founded in 1836. In 1840 the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, at the known as the Wilmington and Raleigh and renamed in 1855. From Wilmington, the Wilmington and Manchester Railroad began operations in 1853 to Florence, South Carolina, in 1871, the W&W and the W&M began using the Atlantic Coast Line name to advertise the two lines. An investor from Baltimore, William T. Walters, gained control of these separate railroads after the Civil War, in 1897–98, most of the South Carolina lines in Walters system were consolidated under the name of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of South Carolina. These mergers created an ACL system reaching from southern Virginia to South Carolina, other small acquisitions took place in 1901, and in 1902 the ACL took over the Plant System, which operated numerous lines within Florida and Georgia. The ACL acquired the East Carolina Railway in 1935, running south from Tarboro to Hookerton, the ACLs last major acquisition was the Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad, which it purchased in 1927, though the AB&C was not merged into the ACL until 1945. By the early 1900s the railroad had reached its final configuration. By the 1920s the railroads main line from Richmond, Virginia to Jacksonville, Florida had been double-tracked, in 1928 the ACL completed a line between Perry, Florida and Drifton, near Monticello, Florida, the last link of the new Perry Cut-off. During World War II ACLs passenger traffic increased 200% and freight traffic 150%, the railroad provided an alternative to coastal shipping, threatened by German submarines, and also served the fast-emerging military industry in the Southeast. The railroad spent at least $268 million in upgrading its physical plant during this period, in 1956 the railroad moved its headquarters from Wilmington, North Carolina to Jacksonville, Florida. Jacksonville was selected from three cities, the other two being Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina. Construction of the new complex was finished in July 1960. As early as October 1958 the ACL and competitor Seaboard Air Line Railroad had discussed the possibility of a merger, the results showed that the merger could save considerable money through savings incurred and reduced expenditures to the amount of $38 million annually. On August 18,1960, the merger was approved by shareholders of both railroads, following another round of court decisions in 1966, the merger was allowed to be proceed, and did so on July 1,1967. The result was the creation of the Seaboard Coast Line, during its early years, the ACL handled mostly seasonal agricultural products, but by World War II its freight traffic had become more diverse

41.
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
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The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway was a Class I railroad formed in 1869 in Virginia from several smaller Virginia railroads begun in the 19th century. Led by industrialist Collis P. Huntington, it reached from Virginias capital city of Richmond to the Ohio River by 1873, where the railroad town of Huntington, West Virginia was named for him. Tapping the coal reserves of West Virginia, the C&Os Peninsula Extension to new coal piers on the harbor of Hampton Roads resulted in the creation of the new City of Newport News. Coal revenues also led the forging of a link to the Midwest, eventually reaching Columbus, Cincinnati and Toledo in Ohio and Chicago. By the early 1960s the C&O was headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1972, under the leadership of Cyrus Eaton, it became part of the Chessie System, along with the Baltimore and Ohio and Western Maryland Railway. A substantial portion of Conrail was added in 1999, C&Os passenger services ended in 1971 with the formation of Amtrak. Today Amtraks tri-weekly Cardinal passenger train follows the historic and scenic route of the C&O through the New River Gorge in one of the more rugged sections of the Mountain State. At the end of 1970 C&O operated 5067 miles of road on 10219 miles of track, not including WM or B&O and its subsidiaries. The Chesapeake & Ohio Railway traced its origin to the Louisa Railroad of Louisa County, Virginia, begun in 1836, the first train ran on December 20,1837. It also expanded west, reaching Charlottesville, in keeping with its new and larger vision, it was renamed the Virginia Central Railroad. However, plans to cross the Blue Ridge Mountains, the first mountain barrier to the west and this company completed important grading work on the Alleghany grade and did considerable work on numerous tunnels over the mountains and in the west. It also did a deal of roadway work around Charleston on the Kanawha River. Then the American Civil War intervened, and work was stopped on the westward expansion and it had an important connection with the Orange and Alexandria Railroad at Gordonsville, Virginia. On more than one occasion, the Virginia Central was used in tactical operations. But, it was a target for Federal armies, and by the end of the war had only about five miles of track still in operation. Finally they succeeded in interesting Collis P. Huntington of New York, Huntington had been one of the Big Four involved in building the Central Pacific portion of the Transcontinental Railroad, which was just reaching completion. Huntington supplied the Virginians with the money needed to complete the line to the Ohio River, the old Covington & Ohios properties were conveyed to them in keeping with its new mission of linking the Tidewater coast of Virginia with the Western Waters. This was the old dream of the Great Connection which had been current in Virginia since Colonial times, on July 1,1867, the C&O was completed nine miles from Jacksons River Station to the town of Covington, county seat of Alleghany County

Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
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The original Blue Ridge Tunnel built by the Blue Ridge Railroad and used by the C&O until its replacement during World War II.
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
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Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
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Map of the C&O railroad c. 1873
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
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Coal cars at the Danville, West Virginia yard in 1974.

42.
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
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The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was a railroad that operated in the Midwestern United States. Its primary connections included Chicago, Minneapolis-St. Paul, St. Louis, Kansas City, because of this extensive trackage in the midwest and mountain states, the railroad used the advertising slogans Everywhere West, Way of the Zephyrs, and The Way West. It merged into Burlington Northern in 1970, in 1967, it reported 19,565 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 723 million passenger miles, corresponding totals for C&S were 1,100 and 10 and for FW&D were 1,466 and 13. At the end of the year CB&Q operated 8,538 route-miles, C&S operated 708, the earliest predecessor of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Aurora Branch Railroad, was chartered by act of the Illinois General Assembly on October 2,1848. The Aurora Branch was built from Aurora, through Batavia, to Turner Junction in what is now West Chicago, the line was built with old strap rail and minimal, if any, grading. The line from Aurora to Chicago was built through the towns of Naperville, Lisle, Downers Grove, Hinsdale, Berwyn. It was opened in 1864, and passenger and freight service began, regular commuter train service started in 1864 and remains operational to this day, making it the oldest surviving regular passenger service in Chicago. Both the original Chicago line, and to a lesser extent. With a steady acquisition of locomotives, cars, equipment, and trackage, the Burlington Route was able to enter the trade markets in 1862. From that year to date, the railroad and its successors have paid dividends continuously, the B&MR continued building west into Nebraska as a separate company, the Burlington & Missouri River Rail Road, founded in 1869. During the summer of 1870 it reached Lincoln, the designated capital of Nebraska and by 1872 it reached Kearney. That same year the B&MR across Iowa was absorbed by the CB&Q, by the time the Missouri River bridge at Plattsmouth, Nebraska was completed the B&MR in Nebraska was well on its way to the Mile High city of Denver, Colorado. That same year, the Nebraska B&MR was purchased by the CB&Q, Burlingtons rapid expansion after the American Civil War was based upon sound financial management, dominated by John Murray Forbes of Boston and assisted by Charles Elliott Perkins. Perkins was an administrator who eventually forged a system out of previously loosely held affiliates. Ultimately, Perkins believed the Burlington Railroad must be included into a powerful transcontinental system, though the railroad as far west as Denver and Billings, Montana, it had failed to reach the Pacific Coast during the 1880s and 1890s, when construction was less expensive. Though approached by E. H. Harriman of the Union Pacific Railroad, with its river line to the Twin Cities, the Burlington Route formed a natural connection between Hills home town of St. Paul, Minnesota, and the railroad hub of Chicago. Moreover, Hill was willing to meet Perkins $200-a-share asking price for the Burlingtons stock, by 1900, Hills Great Northern, in conjunction with the Northern Pacific Railway, held nearly 100 percent of Burlingtons stock. In 1901 a rebuffed Harriman tried to gain an indirect influence over the Burlington by launching a raid on the Northern Pacific

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
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Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
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Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad steam locomotive built 1940 at West Burlington, Iowa, in service until 1956, on display since 1962 in Douglas, Wyoming
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy
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A Zephyr arriving at East Dubuque, Illinois

43.
Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway
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The Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway was a Class I railroad, operating between Waukegan, Illinois and Gary and Porter Indiana. Nicknames for the railroad included The J and The Chicago Outer Belt Line, at the end of 1970, the EJ&E operated 205 miles of road on 985 miles of track, carrying 848 million ton-miles of revenue freight in that year alone. On September 26,2007, the Canadian National Railway announced that it planned to purchase a majority of the EJ&E, the purchase was approved on December 24,2008 by the U. S. Surface Transportation Board, and the deal was consummated effective February 1,2009, in the years immediately following the merger, the railroad existed as a subsidiary of Canadian National, and EJ&E locomotives that were repainted into CN colors were sub-lettered for the EJ&E. On December 31,2012, Canadian National announced that the merger of the EJ&E into Wisconsin Central Ltd. had been completed, on January 1,2013, the EJ&E effectively ceased to exist,124 years to the day it was founded. The Elgin, Joliet and Eastern was created several local railroads in Illinois. The systems that would make up the EJ&E included the Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway and Elgin, the Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway began operations on December 4,1888 through the merger of these two systems. The EJ&E moved to serve industries in the Hammond-East Chicago-Whiting industrial district by acquiring rights in 1894. However, construction of the present line to Gary, Whiting and South Chicago was initiated in 1899 by the Griffith, connections with the Chicago, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway and the Western Indiana Railway further penetrated the district, although the EJ&E subsequently acquired both lines. In 1901, United States Steel Corporation purchased the railroad, the railroads passenger services began with the start of operations in January 1889. The railroad stopped operating trains in 1907, but continued passenger service until 1909. During those two years, passengers would be transported by caboose, the EJ&E underwent dieselization relatively early. In 1937, the railroad acquired its first diesel-electric locomotive, an EMC SW switcher, over the next 12 years, the entire steam fleet was replaced with first generation diesels. The first road diesel, Baldwin DT-6-6-2000 #100, was delivered to the railroad in May 1946, the final steam movement occurred in late May 1949, led by a Mikado 2-8-2, EJ&E #740. The locomotive was sold to the scrapper that September, in 1988, United States Steel and the Blackstone Group formed Transtar Inc. to serve as a shareholder of the EJ&E and several other affiliated railroads and companies. In March 2001, the Blackstone Group ended their ownership interest in Transtar, on May 16,2006, the EJ&E was the recipient of the 2005 Bronze E. H. Harriman Award for employee safety in group C. On September 10,2007, Crains Chicago Business reported that the Canadian National Railway was in talks to purchase the EJ&E, the purchase agreement was officially announced on September 26, CN would purchase the majority of the line. The purchase was expected to close in mid-2008, valued at $300 million

44.
Hocking Valley Railway
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The Hocking Valley Railway was a railroad in the U. S. state of Ohio, with a main line from Toledo to Athens and Pomeroy via Columbus. It also had branches to the coal mines of the Hocking Valley near Athens. The company became part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway system in 1910, portions of the main line south of Columbus are now operated by the Indiana and Ohio Railway and Hocking Valley Scenic Railway. At the end of 1925, HV operated 349 miles of road on 881 miles of track, the earliest predecessor of the Hocking Valley was the Mineral Railroad, incorporated in April 1864 to build from Athens in the rich Hocking Valley to Columbus. Several more branches reached additional mines in the Logan-Nelsonville area, including along Snow Fork to Orbiston, Murray City, and Coalgate, and along Brush Fork to New Pittsburg. The Columbus and Toledo Railroad was incorporated in May 1872 to connect its namesake cities on a route through Delaware, Marion, Upper Sandusky. Trackage rights were acquired over the Toledo and Woodville Railroad to reach Toledo, including a dock on the Maumee River to handle Hocking Valley coal and iron ore. The final piece of the system was incorporated in March 1870 as the Gallipolis, McArthur and Columbus Railroad, which would build from Gallipolis on the Ohio River to Logan. It acquired part of an incomplete roadbed graded in the 1850s by the Scioto, the north end was moved back to Logan a year later, and construction began in July 1879, now allied with the Columbus and Hocking Valley. Operation over the route commenced on October 15,1880. The three companies merged in August 1881 to form the Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo Railway, a short extension near Toledo was built in 1890, connecting to the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway at Rockwell Junction. The new company entered receivership in February 1897 and was reorganized in February 1899 as the Hocking Valley Railway, when the C&O acquired control of the Pere Marquette Railway in 1929, the Hocking Valley served as its connection to the rest of the system. Finally, the Hocking Valley was merged into the C&O in April 1930, a small branch railroad was organized in 1903 as the Athens, Amesville and Chauncey Railway. Its trackage was 3.65 miles in 1907, and 5.99 miles in 1908 and it was built expressly to service coal mines in the Sugar Creek valley north of Athens, Ohio, and connected to the Hocking Valley Railway mainline just northwest of Athens. It was built by coal interests, but operated by the Hocking Valley Railway and this line never ventured anywhere near Amesville or Chauncey, and did not even technically connect to Athens. After the merger, it was known as the Sugar Creek Branch, edward H. Miller, The Hocking Valley Railway, Ohio University Press,2007

Hocking Valley Railway
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1903 Hocking Valley Railway Map

45.
Lehigh Valley Railroad
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The Lehigh Valley Railroad was one of a number of railroads built in the northeastern United States primarily to haul anthracite coal. On January 7,1853, the name was changed to Lehigh Valley Railroad. It was sometimes known as the Route of the Black Diamond, at the time, anthracite was transported by boat down the Lehigh River, the railroad was meant to be faster transportation. The railroad ended operations in 1976 and merged into Conrail along with several railroads that same year. During its existence, the Lehigh Valley Railroad used a line that later became known as the Lehigh Line in order for it to operate. The line was known as the Lehigh Valley Mainline during the majority of its time under the ownership of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, Conrail shortened the line by abandoning most of its route to Buffalo. The Lehigh Line still exists and retains its original route but it now also doesnt reach close to New York City, the Lehigh Line is now owned by the Norfolk Southern Railway and has lost its trackage miles between Manville, New Jersey and Newark, New Jersey. As of 31 Dec 1925,1363.7 miles of road,3533.3 miles of track, the Lehigh Valley Railroad was authorized on April 21,1846 for freight and transportation of passengers, goods, wares, merchandise and minerals in Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania. The route was surveyed and grading started in 1850, but progress was slow, the railroad began to survey a route from Mauch Chunk to Easton, Pennsylvania and the route was to be double tracked. The survey was conducted by Robert H. Sayre, the railroads Chief Engineer, with a rail of not less than 55 lb to the yard, and aiding along the line not less than four miles additional. Asa Packer wanted thorough rock cuts throughout the length of the line and doubled tracked bridge over the Delaware River into Phillipsburg. The railroads growth occurred after Asa Packer invested in the company in 1852, on January 7,1853, the railroad was renamed to the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Sayre, the chief engineer, the lines route to Mauch Chunk was delayed. At Easton, the LVRR constructed a bridge across the Delaware River for connections to the CNJ. From Easton to Allentown, the LVRR ran two trains daily from its opening date until September 11,1855, during this time, the LVRR was finishing construction of an extension of the line from Allentown to Mauch Chunk. After October 1,1855, the LVRR added more services to the Allentown-Mauch Chunk route. Through a connection with the Central Railroad of New Jersey, LVRR passengers had a route to Newark, New Jersey, Jersey City, New Jersey, a daily freight train was put into operation leaving Easton in the morning and returning in the evening. In the early part of October 1855, a contract was made with Howard & Co of Philadelphia to do the business of the railroad

46.
New York Central System
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The New York Central Railroad was a railroad operating in the Northeastern United States. NYCs Grand Central Terminal in New York City is one of its best known extant landmarks, in 1968 the NYC merged with its former rival, the Pennsylvania Railroad, to form Penn Central. That company went bankrupt in 1970 and was taken over by the federal government, Conrail was broken up in 1998, and portions of its system was transferred to the newly formed New York Central Lines LLC, a subsidiary leased to and eventually absorbed by CSX and Norfolk Southern. Those companies lines included the original New York Central main line, but outside that area it included lines that were never part of the New York Central system. At the end of 1925, the New York Central System operated 11,584 miles of road and 26,395 miles of track, at the end of 1967 the mileages were 9,696 miles and 18,454 miles. The Mohawk and Hudson opened on September 24,1831, and changed its name to the Albany, the Utica and Schenectady Railroad was chartered April 29,1833, as the railroad paralleled the Erie Canal it was prohibited from carrying freight. Revenue service began August 2,1836, extending the line of the Albany and Schenectady Railroad west from Schenectady along the side of the Mohawk River, opposite the Erie Canal. The Syracuse and Utica Railroad was chartered May 1,1836, the full line opened July 3,1839, extending the line further to Syracuse via Rome. This line was not direct, going out of its way to stay near the Erie Canal and serve Rome, nothing of that line was ever built, though the later West Shore Railroad, acquired by the NYC in 1885, served the same purpose. The Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was chartered May 1,1834, and opened mostly in 1838, a month later, with the opening of the Syracuse and Utica Railroad, this formed a complete line from Albany west via Syracuse to Auburn, about halfway to Geneva. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad was chartered May 13,1836, as an extension via Geneva and Canandaigua to Rochester. The two lines merged on August 1,1850, to form the rather indirect Rochester and Syracuse Railroad, to fix this, the Rochester and Syracuse Direct Railway was chartered and immediately merged into the Rochester and Syracuse Railroad on August 6,1850. That line opened June 1,1853, running more directly between those two cities, roughly parallel to the Erie Canal. The Tonawanda Railroad, to the west of Rochester, was chartered April 24,1832 to build from said city to Attica. The first section, from Rochester southwest to Batavia, opened May 5,1837, the Attica and Buffalo Railroad chartered in 1836 and opened on November 24,1842, running from Buffalo east to Attica. On March 19,1844, the Tonawanda Railroad was authorized to build the connection, the Albany and Schenectady Railroad bought all the baggage, mail and emigrant cars of the other railroads between Albany and Buffalo on February 17,1848, and began operating through cars. On December 7,1850, the Tonawanda Railroad and Attica and Buffalo Railroad merged to form the Buffalo and Rochester Railroad. A new direct line opened from Buffalo east to Batavia on April 26,1852, the line was added to the New York and Erie Railroad system and converted to the Eries 6 ft broad gauge

New York Central System
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The Hudson River Railroad vignette used on the Confederate States of America $50 note in 1862.
New York Central System
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New York Central Railroad
New York Central System
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An 1866 drawing of the Hudson River Bridge (Albany) in Albany.
New York Central System
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1876 map

47.
Pennsylvania Railroad
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The Pennsylvania Railroad was an American Class I railroad, founded in 1846. Commonly referred to as the Pennsy, the PRR was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the PRR was the largest railroad by traffic and revenue in the U. S. for the first half of the 20th century. Over the years, it acquired, merged with or owned part of at least 800 other rail lines and companies and its only formidable rival was the New York Central, which carried around three-quarters of PRRs ton-miles. At one time, the PRR was the largest publicly traded corporation in the world, with a larger than that of the U. S. government. The corporation still holds the record for the longest continuous dividend history, in 1968, PRR merged with rival NYC to form the Penn Central Transportation Company, which filed for bankruptcy within two years. The viable parts were transferred in 1976 to Conrail, which was broken up in 1999, with 58 percent of the system going to the Norfolk Southern Railway. Amtrak received the electrified segment east of Harrisburg, with the opening of the Erie Canal and the beginnings of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Philadelphia business interests became concerned that the port of Philadelphia would lose traffic. The state legislature was pressed to build a canal across Pennsylvania and it soon became evident that a single canal would not be practical and a series of railroads, inclined planes, and canals was proposed. Because freight and passengers had to change several times along the route and canals froze in winter, it soon became apparent that the system was cumbersome. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania granted a charter to the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1846 to build a rail line that would connect Harrisburg to Pittsburgh. The Directors chose John Edgar Thomson, an engineer from the Georgia Railroad, to survey, the crest of the mountain was penetrated by the 3, 612-foot Gallitzin Tunnels and then descended by a more moderate grade to Johnstown. The western end of the line was built from Pittsburgh east along the banks of the Allegheny. In 1857, the PRR purchased the Main Line of Public Works from the state of Pennsylvania, the line was double track from its inception, and by the end of the century a third and fourth track were added. Over the next 50 years, PRR expanded by gaining control of railroads by stock purchases. This line is still an important cross-state corridor, carrying Amtraks Philadelphia to Harrisburg Main Line and he served as PRRs first Chief Engineer and third President. Track connection in Philadelphia was made via the PRRs Connecting Railway, the PRRs Baltimore and Potomac Rail Road opened on July 2,1872, between Baltimore and Washington, D. C. This route required transfer via horse car in Baltimore to the lines heading north from the city. On June 29,1873, the Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel through Baltimore was completed, the PRR started the misleadingly named Pennsylvania Air Line service via the Northern Central Railway and Columbia, Pennsylvania

48.
Southern Railway (U.S.)
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The Southern Railway was a US class 1 railroad that was based in the Southern United States. It was the product of nearly 150 predecessor lines that were combined, reorganized and recombined beginning in the 1830s, at the end of 1970 Southern operated 6,026 miles of railroad, not including its Class I subsidiaries AGS CofG S&A CNOTP GS&F and twelve Class II subsidiaries. The Norfolk Southern Corporation was created in response to the creation of the CSX Corporation, the Southern Railway was renamed Norfolk Southern Railway in 1990 and continued under that name ever since. Seven years later in 1997 the railroad absorbed the Norfolk and Western Railway, ending the Norfolk, by 1833, its 136-mile line to Hamburg, South Carolina, was the longest in the world. As railroad fever struck other Southern states, networks gradually spread across the South, by 1857 the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was completed to link Charleston, South Carolina, and Memphis, Tennessee, but rail expansion in the South was halted with the start of the Civil War. The Chickamauga Campaign for Chattanooga, Tennessee was also motivated by the importance of its connections to the Memphis and Charleston. Known as the First Railroad War, the Civil War left the Souths railroads, most of the railroads, however, were repaired, reorganized and operated again. In the area along the Ohio River and Mississippi River, construction of new railroads continued throughout Reconstruction, Southern Railway came into existence in 1894 through the combination of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, the Richmond and Danville system and the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. The company owned two-thirds of the 4,400 miles of line it operated, Southern also controlled the Alabama Great Southern and the Georgia Southern and Florida, which operated separately, and it had an interest in the Central of Georgia. Additionally, the Southern Railway also agreed to lease the North Carolina Railroad Company, Southerns first president, Samuel Spencer, drew more lines into Southerns core system. During his 12-year term, the railway built new shops at Spencer, North Carolina, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Atlanta, Georgia, built and upgraded tracks, and purchased more equipment. He moved the companys service away from a dependence on tobacco and cotton and centered its efforts on diversifying traffic. Spencer was killed in a wreck in 1906. The Central of Georgia became part of the system in 1963, despite these small acquisitions, the Southern disdained the merger trend when it swept the railroad industry in the 1960s, choosing to remain a regional carrier. In 1978 President L. Stanley Crane said the refusal to add routes through merger was a mistake, especially the decision not to add a connecting route to Chicago. A decade later Crane tried to rectify the situation by merging with the Illinois Central Railroad. C. C. s approval of the Seaboard Coast Line - Chessie System merger in 1979. While the request was supported by the I. C. C. s Enforcement Bureau, the Southern Railway was renamed Norfolk Southern Railway in 1990 and absorbed the Norfolk and Western Railway into its system in 1997. The railroad then acquired more than half of Conrail in 1999, Southern and its predecessors were responsible for many firsts in the industry

49.
Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis
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The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis is a switching and terminal railroad that handles traffic in the St. Louis, Missouri, metropolitan area. It is co-owned by several Class I railroads that reach the city and it was founded in 1889 in a deal orchestrated by Jay Gould with, Missouri Pacific Railroad St. Louis. The railroads predecessor companies in St. Louis date to 1797, james Piggott was granted a license to operate a ferry between St. Louis and Illinoistown. In 1819, Piggotts heirs sold the ferry to Samuel Wiggins, in 1832, Wiggins sold the Wiggins Ferry Service and 800 acres of land in East St. Louis, including Bloody Island, to new owners, who began developing a rail yard on the Illinois property. In 1870, the ferry began porting rail cars across the one car at a time until the 1874 completion of the Eads Bridge. When the Terminal Railroad was incorporated in 1889, railroads owned most of the Wiggins Ferry property, in 1902 when the Rock Island Line joined the Terminal Railroad, the ownership of the Wiggins Illinois property was complete. It owns the Merchants Bridge and MacArthur Bridge, the latter which it received in 1989 in a swap with the City of St. Louis in exchange of title for the Eads Bridge, in the early years the Association was at odds with the St. Louis Merchants Exchange. The Exchange built the Eads Bridge but lost control to the Terminal Railroad, the Exchange then built the Merchants Bridge to keep the Terminal Railroad from having a monopoly. The Exchange then lost control of that also to the Terminal Railroad. The railroads practice of charging a tariff to coal trains crossing the Mississippi River would result in several industries locating in Illinois rather than Missouri, the steelmaking town of Granite City, Illinois was founded to avoid the tariffs. For four consecutive years beginning in 2001, TRRA was the recipient of the Gold E. H. Harriman Award for safety in the Switching and Terminal railroad class

Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis
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St. Louis Union Station
Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis
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An eastbound Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis freight train bound for the Merchants Subdivision passing under the Hampton Avenue viaduct on BNSF track 32. Scott Nauert photo

50.
Edward Steichen
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Edward Jean Steichen was a Luxembourgish American photographer, painter, and art gallery and museum curator. Steichen was the most frequently featured photographer in Alfred Stieglitz groundbreaking magazine Camera Work during its run from 1903 to 1917, together Stieglitz and Steichen opened the Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession, which eventually became known as 291 after its address. His photos of gowns for the magazine Art et Décoration in 1911 are regarded as the first modern fashion photographs ever published. From 1923 to 1938, Steichen was a photographer for the Condé Nast magazines Vogue, during these years, Steichen was regarded as the best known and highest paid photographer in the world. In 1944, he directed the war documentary The Fighting Lady, after World War II, Steichen was Director of the Department of Photography at New Yorks Museum of Modern Art until 1962. While at MoMA, he curated and assembled the exhibit The Family of Man, Steichen was born Éduard Jean Steichen in Bivange, Luxembourg, the son of Jean-Pierre and Marie Kemp Steichen. Jean-Pierre Steichen initially immigrated to the United States in 1880, Marie Steichen brought the infant Edward along once Jean-Pierre had settled in Chicago, in 1881. The family, with the addition of Eduards younger sister Lilian, moved to Milwaukee in 1889, in 1894, at the age of fifteen, Steichen began a four-year lithography apprenticeship with the American Fine Art Company of Milwaukee. After hours, he would sketch and draw, and began to teach himself to paint. Having come across a shop near to his work, he visited frequently with curiosity until he persuaded himself to buy his first camera. The group also hired Richard Lorenz and Robert Schade for occasional lectures. Steichen was naturalized as a U. S. citizen in 1900 and signed the papers as Edward J. Steichen, however. Steichen married Clara Smith in 1903 and they had two daughters, Katherine and Mary. In 1914, Clara accused her husband of having an affair with artist Marion H. Beckett, the Steichens left France just ahead of invading German troops. In 1915, Clara Steichen returned to France with her daughter Kate, Steichen returned to France with the Photography Division of the American Army Signal Corps in 1917, whereupon Clara returned to the United States. In 1919, Clara Steichen sued Marion Beckett for having an affair with her husband, Clara and Edouart Steichen eventually divorced in 1922. Steichen married Dana Desboro Glover in 1923 and she died of leukemia in 1957. In 1960, aged 80, Steichen married Joanna Taub and remained married to her until his death, Joanna Steichen died on July 24,2010, in Montauk, New York, aged 77

51.
Union Club of the City of New York
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The Union Club of the City of New York is a private social club in New York City, founded in 1836. It is located at East 69th Street and Park Avenue in a building designed by Delano & Aldrich that opened on August 28,1933. The club is considered one of the most prestigious and exclusive club in New York City. The current building is the clubs sixth clubhouse and the third built specifically for the members, in 1927, club members voted to move uptown, to a quieter and less crowded location. The Union moved to its current location in 1933, the building is known for its opulence and idiosyncratic details. At one point the building featured five dining rooms and a humidor with 100,000 cigars, notable rooms include the card room, the backgammon room, the library, and the lounge. From the beginning, the Union Club was known for its conservative principles. In fact, even during the Civil War, the Union refused to expel its Confederate members and this policy, and a belief that The Unions admission standards had fallen, led some members of the Union to leave and form other private clubs. In 1903 The Brook was founded by prominent members of the Union Club. In 1918, The Union began using women as waitresses, in order to free male employees for service related to World War I and this was the first time women were officially allowed entrance to the previously male-only enclave. In 1932, the Union Club boasted 1,300 members, by the 1950s, however, urban social club membership was dwindling, in large part because of the movement of wealthy families to the suburbs. In 1954, Union Club membership had declined to 950 members, in 1959, the Union Club and the Knickerbocker Club considered merging the Unions 900 men with The Knicks 550 members, but the plan never came to fruition. The Union Club is one of the few places where the game of pool is still popular. In the 1988 film Working Girl, Tess and Jack gatecrash the wedding of Oren Trasks daughter at the Union Club, where they finally are able to pitch their plan to Trask. John Jacob Astor IV, millionaire and RMS Titanic victim James Gordon Bennett, Jr. publisher of the New York Herald, bon vivant and eponym of the British exclamation Gordon Bennett. In 1947, the club published Union Club World War II Records 1940 -1947, recording the military accomplishments of members who served during the War. List of American gentlemens clubs Official website Images Union Club Of New York At Brick & Cornice Architectial essay on 51st Street Location

Union Club of the City of New York
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Union Club of the City of New York
Union Club of the City of New York
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Union Club of the City of New York on Park Avenue
Union Club of the City of New York
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Union Club entrance

52.
Blackballing
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Blackballing is a rejection in a traditional form of secret ballot, where a white ball or ballot constitutes a vote in support and a black ball signifies opposition. This system is used where a clubs rules provide that one or two objections, rather than an at-least-50% share of votes, are sufficient to defeat a proposition. Since the seventeenth century, these rules have applied to elections to membership of many gentlemens clubs and similar institutions such as Freemasonry. A large supply of black and white balls is provided for voters. Each voter audibly casts a single ball into the ballot box under cover of the box, or of a combination of a cloth and the box itself, so that observers can see who votes but not how they are voting. When all voting is complete, the box is opened and the balls displayed, all present can immediately see the result, a difference of opinions could be divisive, so that an election must be taken secretly as well as correctly. The number of votes in support is often irrelevant, except to prove a quorum, a variant sometimes used is that all incoming candidates are voted on as a group, if the group as a whole is blackballed, then each member must be voted on individually. The practice also found popularity in areas outside of social clubs, in the Soviet Union, dissertation panels would typically cast their vote on a thesis defense using this system. Roberts Rules of Order notes that the use of black and white balls can be ordered by passing a motion to that effect. The manual notes, This custom, however, is apparently declining. In some Masons lodges, a cube is used instead of a black ball so that a black ball can be differentiated from a dirty white ball. The following example from the rules of election to the Travellers Club, when 12 and under 18 members ballot, one black ball, if repeated, shall exclude, if 18 and upwards ballot, two black balls exclude, and the ballot cannot be repeated. The presence of 12 members is necessary for a ballot

53.
Metropolitan Club
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The Metropolitan Club is a private social club in New York City. It was formed in 1891 by J. P. Morgan, other original members of the club included William Kissam Vanderbilt and James A. Roosevelt. Its 1894 clubhouse, designed by Stanford White, stands at 1-11 East 60th Street, cornelius Vanderbilt II signed for the club. The Metropolitan Club is no longer a male-only club

Metropolitan Club
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The Fifth Avenue facade of the Metropolitan Club
Metropolitan Club
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60th Street entrance

54.
Stanford White
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Stanford White was an American architect and partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, the frontrunner among Beaux-Arts firms. He designed a series of houses for the rich, and numerous public, institutional. His design principles embodied the American Renaissance, in 1906, White was murdered by millionaire Harry Kendall Thaw over Whites relationship with Thaws wife, actress Evelyn Nesbit. This led to a case which was dubbed The Trial of the Century by contemporary reporters. White was the son of Shakespearean scholar Richard Grant White and Alexina Black Mease and his father was a dandy and Anglophile with no money, but a great many connections in New Yorks art world, including painter John LaFarge, Louis Comfort Tiffany, and Frederick Law Olmsted. He remained with Richardson for six years, in 1878, White embarked for a year and a half in Europe, and when he returned to New York in September 1879, he joined Charles Follen McKim and William Rutherford Mead to form McKim, Mead and White. As part of the partnership, all designed by the architects were identified as being the work of the collective firm. In 1884, White married 22-year-old Bessie Springs Smith and his new wife hailed from a socially prominent Long Island family, her ancestors were early settlers of the area, and Smithtown, New York, was named for them. Their estate, Box Hill, was not only a home, a son, Lawrence Grant White, was born in 1887. In 1889, White designed the arch at Washington Square. White was the director of the Washington Centennial celebration and created a temporary triumphal arch which was so popular, outside of New York City, White designed the First Methodist Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Maryland, now Lovely Lane United Methodist Church. He also designed Cocke, Rouss, and Old Cabell halls at the University of Virginia, additionally, he designed the Blair Mansion at 7711 Eastern Ave. in Silver Spring, Maryland, now being used as a restaurant. He was responsible for designing the Boston Public Library and the Boston Hotel Buckminster, in 1902, he designed the Benjamin Walworth Arnold House and Carriage House in Albany, New York, and he helped to develop Nikola Teslas Wardenclyffe Tower, his last design. Just as his Washington Square Arch still stands, so do many of Whites clubhouses, which were focal points of New York society, the Century, Colony, Harmonie, Lambs, Metropolitan, and Players clubs. However, his clubhouse for the Atlantic Yacht Club, built in 1894 overlooking Gravesend Bay, sons of society families also resided in Whites St. Anthony Hall Chapter House at Williams College, now occupied by college offices. In the division of projects within the firm, the sociable and his fluent draftsmanship was highly convincing to clients who might not get much visceral understanding from a floorplan, and his intuition and facility caught the mood. Whites Long Island houses have survived well, despite the loss of Harbor Hill in 1947 and he also designed the Kate Annette Wetherill Estate in 1895. White designed a number of other New York mansions as well, including the Iselin family estate All View, White was also active designing country estate homes in Greenwich, Connecticut

55.
Thomas Alva Edison
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Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as Americas greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Edison was an inventor, holding 1,093 US patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France. Edisons inventions contributed to mass communication and, in particular, telecommunications and these included a stock ticker, a mechanical vote recorder, a battery for an electric car, electrical power, recorded music and motion pictures. His advanced work in these fields was an outgrowth of his career as a telegraph operator. Edison developed a system of generation and distribution to homes, businesses. His first power station was on Pearl Street in Manhattan, New York, Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, and grew up in Port Huron, Michigan. He was the seventh and last child of Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. and Nancy Matthews Elliott. His father, the son of a Loyalist refugee, had moved as a boy with the family from Nova Scotia, settling in southwestern Ontario, in a known as Shewsbury, later Vienna. Samuel Jr. eventually fled Ontario because he took part in the unsuccessful Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837 and his father, Samuel Sr. had earlier fought in the War of 1812 as captain of the First Middlesex Regiment. By contrast, Samuel Jr. s struggle found him on the losing side, once across the border, he found his way to Milan, Ohio. His patrilineal family line was Dutch by way of New Jersey and his mother taught him at home. Much of his education came from reading R. G, parkers School of Natural Philosophy and The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. Edison developed hearing problems at an early age, the cause of his deafness has been attributed to a bout of scarlet fever during childhood and recurring untreated middle-ear infections. In his later years, he modified the story to say the injury occurred when the conductor, in helping him onto a moving train, Edisons family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, after the railroad bypassed Milan in 1854 and business declined. Edison sold candy and newspapers on trains running from Port Huron to Detroit and he briefly worked as a telegraph operator in 1863 for the Grand Trunk Railway at Stratford, Ontario railway at age 16. He was held responsible for a near collision and he also studied qualitative analysis and conducted chemical experiments on the train until he left the job. Edison obtained the right to sell newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four assistants, he set in type and printed the Grand Trunk Herald

56.
Glen Cove, New York
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Glen Cove is a city in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the city population was 26,964, part of the early 20th century Gold Coast of the North Shore, Glen Cove has a diverse population. Of Nassau Countys five municipalities, Glen Cove is one of the two municipalities that is a city, rather than a town, the other being Long Beach on the South Shore, the city was also the location of several successful manufacturing facilities in the 20th century. The city is on the shore of Long Island, on Long Island Sound. The hills that stretch along the shore are terminal moraines left by glaciers of the last ice age, Glen Cove sits at 40°52′2″N 73°37′40″W. The city of Glen Cove is bordered on three sides by the town of Oyster Bay, and on the fourth by the sound. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has 19.2 square miles, including 6.7 square miles of land and 12.6 square miles of it water. As of the 2010 census, Glen Cove is 74. 2% White,7. 2% African American,4. 6% Asian,10. 1% some other race,3. 2% two or more races,0. 4% Native American, and 0. 1% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. Hispanics or Latinos of any make up 27. 9% of the population. As of the census of 2000, there were 26,622 people,9,461 households, the population density was 4,006.0 people per square mile. There were 9,734 housing units at a density of 1,464.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 60. 28% White,26. 40% African American,0. 29% Native American,4. 11% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,5. 72% from other races, and 23. 15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20. 0% of the population,24. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.22. In the city, the population was out with 21. 2% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,30. 6% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $89,000 and the median income for a family was $108,000. Males had an income of $61,900 versus $40,581 for females

Glen Cove, New York
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View from Welwyn Preserve in Glen Cove
Glen Cove, New York
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Old Glen Cove Post Office on 51 Glen Street, listed on the NRHP in 2010, now used as an architect's office
Glen Cove, New York
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Hempstead Harbour Yacht Club House c 1894

57.
USS Gloucester (1891)
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USS Gloucester was a gunboat in the United States Navy. She was built in 1891 as the yacht Corsair II for J. P. Morgan by Neafie & Levy of Philadelphia, the yacht was acquired by the Navy on 23 April 1898 and commissioned Gloucester on 16 May 1898 with Lieutenant Commander Richard Wainwright in command. Gloucester served in Cuban waters in 1898 with the North Atlantic Fleet and she participated in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba on 3 July against Cerveras fleet. While the main fleets were engaged Gloucester closed with the Spanish torpedo-boat destroyers Plutón, the victory came with no casualties, which was attributed to The accuracy and rapidity of her fire, making the proper service of the guns on the Spanish ships impossible. On 25 July, she entered the harbor before the fleet at Guánica, Puerto Rico, the handling and fighting of Gloucester merited the commendation of the Navy Department. On 1 August, with assistance from Wasp, Gloucester took possession of Arroyo, and hoisting the U. S. flag, Wainwright held it until arrival of the Army, a day later. Subsequently Gloucester cruised along the Eastern seaboard from New York City to Provincetown, Massachusetts in the fall of 1898, Gloucester conducted harbor patrols at New York City until her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 12 August 1919, and she was sold on 21 November. Sampson Medal Spanish Campaign Medal World War I Victory Medal This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, the entry can be found here

58.
Bath Iron Works
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Bath Iron Works is a major American shipyard located on the Kennebec River in Bath, Maine. Since its founding in 1884, BIW has built private, commercial and military vessels, the shipyard has built and sometimes designed battleships, frigates, cruisers and destroyers, including the Arleigh Burke class, which are currently among the worlds most advanced surface warships. Since 1995, Bath Iron Works has been a subsidiary of General Dynamics, during World War II, ships built at BIW were considered by sailors and Navy officials to be of superior toughness, giving rise to the phrase Bath-built is best-built. Bath Iron Works was incorporated in 1884 by General Thomas W. Hyde, after the war, Hyde bought a local shop that helped make windlasses and other iron hardware for the wooden ships built in Baths many shipyards. He expanded the business by improving its practices, entering new markets, by 1882, Hyde Windlass was eyeing the new and growing business of iron shipbuilding, two years later, it incorporated as Bath Iron Works. On February 28,1890, BIW won its first contract for complete vessels, the Machias, one of these 190-foot gunboats, was the first ship launched by the company. In 1892, the yard won its first commercial contract for a steel vessel, in the 1890s, the company built several yachts for wealthy sailors. In 1899, General Hyde, suffering from the Brights Disease that would kill him later that year, resigned from management of the shipyard, leaving his sons Edward and that year the shipyard began construction of the Georgia, the only battleship to be built in Bath. The ship dominated the yard for five years until its launching in 1904, the yard faced numerous challenges because of the weight of armor and weapons. In sea trials, the Georgia averaged 19.26 knots for four hours, making her the fastest ship in her class, the company continued to rely on Navy contracts, which provided 86% of the value of new contracts between 1905 and 1917. The yard also produced fishing trawlers, freighters, and yachts throughout the first half of the century, at peak production during World War II, the shipyard launched a destroyer every 17 days. Bath Iron Works ranked 50th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts, in 1981, Falcon Transport ordered two tankers, the last commercial vessels built by BIW. In 1988, the USS Samuel B, Roberts, commissioned two years earlier at Bath, survived a mine explosion that tore a hole in its engine room and flooded two compartments. Over the next two years, BIW repaired the Roberts in unique fashion, the guided missile frigate was towed to the companys dry dock in Portland, Maine, and put up on blocks, where its damaged engine room was cut out of the ship. Meanwhile, workers in Bath built a 315-ton replacement, when it was ready, the module was floated south to Portland, placed on the dry dock, slid into place under the Roberts, jacked up, and welded into place. In 2001, BIW wrapped up an effort to build an enormous concrete platform. Instead of being built on a way so that they could slide into the Kennebec at launch. This greatly reduced the work involved in building and launching the ships, the 750-foot,28, 000-ton dry dock was built by Chinas Jiangdu Yuchai Shipbuilding Company for $27 million

Bath Iron Works
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Bath Iron Works from NAS Brunswick photo gallery
Bath Iron Works
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MV Mighty Servant 2 carrying mine-damaged Roberts on 31 July 1988
Bath Iron Works
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USS Chester (CL-1) was the first United States cruiser of the numbering series used through the first half of the 20th century.
Bath Iron Works
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The last of the "four-stack" destroyers, USS Pruitt (DD-347) being launched from Bath Iron Works in 1920.

59.
Aix-les-Bains
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Aix-les-Bains, locally called Aix, is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is the second largest Savoy town in terms of population, having 28,585 inhabitants at the last census and is part of its own urban area, The urban area of Aix-les-Bains. A leading town of the Belle Époque, of international renown, Aix-les-Bains was a place of vacation for princely families, although the thermal baths are no longer the main activity of Aix, the area continues to be important for water sports and activities. The town has partially compensated for the loss of visitors coming for spa treatments by developing tourism and it hosts up to 200,000 general visitors, people wanting thermal treatment or tourists per year. Aix-les-Bains shines on a national scale through a number of such as the national thermal baths, tourism. Also, with several labels including Touristic Resort, Flowery City with Four Flowers and a Golden Flower, City of Art and History, a 5@ Internet City, and Nautical Resort. However, Aix is also a town, with a few large companies such as Alstom, the headquarters of the Léon Grosse companies, ABB Cellier, Aixam. Aix-Les-Bains is located in the southeast of France,107 kilometres east of Lyon, thus, the city extends mostly on a north-south axis. Its extension is such that its agglomeration merges gradually with that of Chambéry, the area of the commune is 12.62 square kilometres, which is large for the Department. The town is divided into two, the lower town that occupies the banks of the lake to the west and the upper town. The average altitude of the city is about 320 metres while the part of it is only around 224 metres. 560 square kilometres of the Lac du Bourget watershed is occupied by the spa town of Aix, which borders on the shore. The lake is fed to the south by the waters of the Leysse, and to the east, by those of the Tillet. Native fish can be admired in the aquarium of Aix, the shore, which is occupied by Aix and Tresserve, is highly urbanized and developed along the northeastern part with the road and the railway track. Many restaurants and nightclubs are located there, a nautical complex was built on its shore, this includes a swimming pool and a beach which has an Art Deco-style main entrance dating from 1936. After which is a vast esplanade, allowing walkers to stroll and it offers, to everyone, a panoramic view of the lake and the Dent du Chat, where one can contemplate swans, ducks, herons, gulls and moorhens. The festival of yachting takes place each year and this event has old boats coming from all horizons, a professional market, demonstrations and shows. The slopes above the lake that culminate in the Tour de lAngle Est, the western shore of the lake is narrower as the mountains along its edge are closer to the lakeshore, although lower than those on the eastern side

Aix-les-Bains
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A panoramic view of Aix-les-Bains, looking to the north-west
Aix-les-Bains
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Aix-les-Bains in the background of the Dent du Chat, on the shore of the Lac du Bourget
Aix-les-Bains
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Aix-les-Bains on the eastern shore of the Lac du Bourget, to the right of the picture
Aix-les-Bains
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The southern route into the Gare d'Aix-les-Bains-Le Revard

60.
Madison Avenue
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Madison Avenue is a north-south avenue in the borough of Manhattan in New York City, United States, that carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square to meet the southbound Harlem River Drive at 142nd Street, in doing so, it passes through Midtown, the Upper East Side, East Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after and arises from Madison Square, which is named after James Madison. Ruggles who had purchased and developed New Yorks Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square. Since the 1920s, the name has been metonymous with the American advertising industry. Therefore, the term Madison Avenue refers specifically to the agencies, Madison Avenue techniques refers, according to William Safire, to the gimmicky, slick use of the communications media to play on emotions. Between East 135th Street and East 142nd Street, Madison Avenue carries southbound traffic only, the term Madison Avenue is often used metonymically for advertising, and Madison Avenue became identified with the American advertising industry after the explosive growth in this area in the 1920s. In recent decades, many agencies have left Madison Avenue, with some moving further downtown and others moving west. The continued presence of large agencies in the city makes New York the third largest job market per capita in the U. S. in 2016 according to a study by marketing recruitment firm MarketPro. Today, only a few agencies are located in the old business cluster on Madison Avenue, including StrawberryFrog, TBWA Worldwide. However, the term is used to describe the agency business as a whole and large. Madison Square is formed by the intersection of Fifth Avenue and Broadway at 23rd Street, the square was named for James Madison, fourth President of the United States. The focus of the square is Madison Square Park, a 6, the first Garden was a former rail station that was converted into an open-air circus venue by P. T. Barnum in 1871 and was renamed Madison Square Garden in 1879. The original Garden was demolished in 1889 and replaced by a new arena designed by Stanford White that opened the following year. The second Garden had a statue of the Roman goddess Diana on the tower of the sports arena. When it moved to a new building at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue in 1925 it kept its old name, Madison Square Garden is now located at Eighth Avenue between 31st and 33rd Street, however, it still retains the name. These buses use a bus lane between 42nd and 59th Street, but the bus lane is not present in any other portion of the avenue. In July 1987, then New York City Mayor Edward Koch proposed banning bicycling on Fifth, Park and Madison Avenues during weekdays, but many bicyclists protested and had the ban overturned

Madison Avenue
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Madison Avenue, looking north from 40th Street
Madison Avenue
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A New York State appeals court building on Madison Avenue adjacent to Madison Square
Madison Avenue
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The Flatiron Building from Madison Square (c. 1903)

61.
Belle da Costa Greene
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Belle da Costa Greene was the librarian to J. P. Morgan. After his death in 1913, Greene continued as librarian under his son, in 1924 the private collection was incorporated by the State of New York as a library for public uses, and the Board of Trustees appointed Greene first director of the Pierpont Morgan Library. Born Belle Marion Greener in Washington, D. C. Greene grew up there and her biographer Heidi Ardizzone lists Greenes birth date as November 26,1879. After his separation from his wife, Greener became a U. S. diplomat posted to Siberia, once Greene took the job with Morgan, she likely never spoke to her father again. She may have met him once in Chicago around 1913, historians long believed that Richard Greener had lost most of his papers in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Further investigation of these papers may shed light on Greeners life. After her parents separation, the light-skinned Belle, her mother, sometime before 1905, she moved to Princeton, New Jersey, where she worked at the Princeton University Library. The financier J. P. Morgan had in 1902 engaged Charles F. McKim to build a library to the east of his Madison Avenue brownstone as his collection had expanded beyond what his study could hold. To manage his collection he hired Greene as his librarian in 1905, having been introduced to her by his nephew, Junius Spencer Morgan II. Soon trusted for her expertise as well as her bargaining prowess with dealers, Greene would handle millions of dollars buying and selling rare manuscripts, books and art for Morgan. The power that she wielded for forty-three years, first as librarian and she told Morgan - who was willing to pay any price for important works - that her goal was to make his library pre-eminent, especially for incunabula, manuscripts, bindings, and the classics. Greene has been described as smart and outspoken as well as beautiful, while she enjoyed a Bohemian freedom, she was also able to move with ease in elite society, known for her exotic looks and designer wardrobe. Just because I am a librarian, Greene reportedly announced, doesnt mean I have to dress like one, in 1913 J. P. Morgan left Greene $50,000 in his will. Asked if she was Morgans mistress, Greene is said to have replied and she never married, however, and her most lasting romantic relationship was with the Renaissance Italian art expert Bernard Berenson. Greene retired from the Morgan Library in 1948 and died in New York City two years later, a Look at Belle da Costa Greene. Rare Book Collections @ Princeton Miner, Dorothy, ed. Decline and Recovery in the Figure Arts, in Studies in art, CORSAIR, The Online Catalog of the Pierpont Morgan Library

62.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model‍—‌many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge‍—‌but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified

63.
Trinity College (Connecticut)
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Trinity College is a private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut. Founded in 1823, it is the second-oldest college in the state of Connecticut after Yale University, the college is an urban campus. Coeducational since 1969, the college enrolls 2,300 students, Trinity offers 38 majors and 26 minors, with a student to faculty ratio of 10,1. The college is a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference, U. S. News & World Report ranked Trinity tied for 38th in its 2017 ranking of best national liberal arts colleges in the United States. Early Connecticut was dominated by Congregationalists, episcopalians, whod long sought to set up their own college, were provided an opportunity when the Connecticut Constitution disestablished the Congregationalist Church 1818. It was taken by Bishop Thomas Brownell, who opened Washington College in 1824 to nine students, a fourteen-acre site was chosen, at the time about a half-mile from the city of Hartford. Over time Bushnell Park was laid out to the north and the east, the college was renamed Trinity College in 1845, the original campus consisted of two Greek Revival buildings, one housing a chapel, library, and lecture rooms and the other, a dormitory. The site next to Bushnell Park, where Trinity College then stood, was deemed to be a location to build a state house. So the trustees were persuaded to sell the campus to the city in 1872 for $600,000. The trustees moved the college to an 80 acre site on a ridge on the edge of Hartford. Then-president Abner Jackson hired an English architect to draw up plans for an entire campus, Construction of the new campus was begun under the presidency of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon. In 1872, Trinity College was persuaded by the state to move from its downtown “College Hill” location to its current 100-acre campus a mile southwest. Although the college sold its land overlooking the Park River and Bushnell Park in 1872, the original plans for the Gallows Hill site were drawn by the noted Victorian architect William Burges but were too ambitious and too expensive to be fully realized. Only one section of the campus plan, the Long Walk, was completed. By 1889 the library contained 30,000 volumes, and the school boasted over 900 graduates, President Remsen Ogilby enlarged the campus, and more than doubled the endowment. The faculty grew from 25 to 62, and the student body from 167 to 530 men, under President Keith Funston, returning veterans expanded the enrollment to 900. Trinity ended the century as an institution primarily serving the Hartford area. The early years of the century were primarily growth years for Trinity, enrollment was increased to 500 men

Trinity College (Connecticut)
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William Burges 's original plan for the campus of Trinity College
Trinity College (Connecticut)
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Trinity College
Trinity College (Connecticut)
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1905 postcard to a Miss Irene Jackson (Message: "Here's where you find interesting specimens to analize [sic]. Very promising.")
Trinity College (Connecticut)
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Trinity College in 1909, showing the Long Walk and three attached buildings: Northam (center), Jarvis (right), Seabury(left)

64.
George Frederick Kunz
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George Frederick Kunz was an American mineralogist and mineral collector. Kunz was born in New York City, USA, and began an interest in minerals at a young age. By his teens, he had amassed a collection of four thousand items. Kunz attended Cooper Union but did not finish and did not attend college, nonetheless, he taught himself mineralogy from books and field research. This expertise landed him a job with Tiffany & Co. and his knowledge and he gained much notoriety for identifying a new gem variety of the mineral spodumene which was named Kunzite in his honor. He headed up the US mining and mineralogical exhibits at the international expositions in Paris, Chicago, Atlanta, Paris and he gave a series of eight lectures on Precious Stones for the Lowell Institutes 1894-95 season. He also assembled the Morgan-Tiffany collection of gems in the American Museum of Natural History, Kunz had an active life dedicated to science and public service. Kunz promoted the adoption of the metric system of weights. He wrote over 300 articles during his life, almost eighty years after his death, many of his books are still in print. Kunz married Sophia Hanforth in 1879, who died in 1912, in 1923, Kunz married Opal Logan Giberson, a noted aviator, but the marriage was annulled in 1929. Nonetheless, Opal Kunz continued to maintain Kunzs household until his death and he was given many honorary degrees from US and European universities. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree from the Cooper Union in 1872, Columbia University The award was presented by Professor James F. Kemp, professor of Geology at Columbia, University of Marburg, especially for his contributions to European and German mineralogy. After his death, his collection of several thousand rare books, pamphlets and articles on gems. Acquired by the Library in 1933, the George F, in December 2012, the discovery of a rare photographic album dated 1922 among the books from Mr Kunz personal library was announced by the USGS. The album contained 81 photographs of the Russian Crown Jewels and pre-dates the official catalog by the Soviet government by 3 years, researchers have identified four pieces of jewelry that were documented in 1922 that were not included in the later catalog and that are assumed missing today. Kunz, George F. and Charles Hugh Stevenson, the Book of the Pearl, The History, Art, Science and Industry of the Queen of Gems. New York, The Century Co.1908,548 pages,125 plates and illustrations, maps. Arranged by George Frederick Kunz, Chairman of the Committee on Art, Scientific, New York, The Mayor’s Catskill Aqueduct Celebration Committee

George Frederick Kunz
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A typical Olmec votive (ritual) axe with the were-jaguar motif (note the downturned mouth and the almond-shaped eyes). This particular artifact is known as the Kunz Axe, first described by George Kunz in 1890.
George Frederick Kunz
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George Frederick Kunz
George Frederick Kunz
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Kunzite from Nuristan
George Frederick Kunz
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Kunz examining what may be kunzite

65.
American Museum of Natural History
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The American Museum of Natural History, located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, New York City, is one of the largest museums in the world. The museum has a scientific staff of 225, sponsors over 120 special field expeditions each year. Before construction of the present complex, the museum was housed in the Arsenal building in Central Park. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, the founding of the museum realized the dream of naturalist Dr. Albert S. Bickmore. Bickmore, a student of Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz, lobbied tirelessly for years for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York. In 1874, the cornerstone was laid for the museums first building, the original Victorian Gothic building, which was opened in 1877, was designed by J. Wrey Mould, both already closely identified with the architecture of Central Park. The original building was eclipsed by the south range of the museum, designed by J. Cleaveland Cady. It extends 700 feet along West 77th Street, with corner towers 150 feet tall and its pink brownstone and granite, similar to that found at Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River, came from quarries at Picton Island, New York. The entrance on Central Park West, the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt and it leads to a vast Roman basilica, where visitors are greeted with a cast of a skeleton of a rearing Barosaurus defending her young from an Allosaurus. The museum is accessible through its 77th street foyer, renamed the Grand Gallery. The hall leads into the oldest extant exhibit in the museum, since 1930, little has been added to the exterior of the original building. The architect Kevin Roche and his firm Roche-Dinkeloo have been responsible for the planning of the museum since the 1990s. Various renovations both interior and exterior have been carried out including improvements to Dinosaur Hall and mural restoration in Roosevelt Memorial Hall, in 1992 the firm designed the new eight story AMNH Library. The museums south façade, spanning 77th Street from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue was cleaned, repaired and re-emerged in 2009, steven Reichl, a spokesman for the museum, said that work would include restoring 650 black-cherry window frames and stone repairs. The museums consultant on the latest renovation is Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. an architectural and engineering firm with headquarters in Northbrook, the museums first two presidents were John David Wolfe and Robert L. Stuart, both among the museums founders. The museum was not put on a sound footing until the appointment of the president, Morris K. Jesup. Jesup was president for over 25 years, overseeing its expansion, the fourth president, Henry Fairfield Osborn, was appointed in 1906 on the death of Jesup. Osborn consolidated the museums expansion, developing it into one of the worlds foremost natural history museums, F. Trubee Davison was president from 1933 to 1951, with A. Perry Osborn as Acting President from 1941 to 1946

American Museum of Natural History
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Looking at the east entrance from Central Park West
American Museum of Natural History
American Museum of Natural History
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Locations of exploring and field parties in 1913, American Museum of Natural History map
American Museum of Natural History
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The old 77th street " castle " entrance of the museum

66.
Morganite
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Beryl is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate with the chemical formula Be3Al26. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine, naturally occurring, hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is tinted by impurities, possible colors are green, blue, yellow, red. The name beryl is derived from Greek βήρυλλος beryllos which referred to a precious blue-green color-of-sea-water stone, akin to Prakrit verulia, the term was later adopted for the mineral beryl more exclusively. When the first eyeglasses were constructed in 13th century Italy, the lenses were made of beryl as glass could not be clear enough. Consequently glasses were named Brillen in German, beryl of various colors is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites, but also occurs in mica schists in the Ural Mountains, and limestone in Colombia. Beryl is often associated with tin and tungsten ore bodies, beryl is found in Europe in Norway, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Ireland and Russia, as well as Brazil, Colombia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Pakistan, South Africa, the United States, and Zambia. US beryl locations are in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Maine, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Dakota and Utah. As of 1999, the worlds largest known naturally occurring crystal of any mineral is a crystal of beryl from Malakialina, Madagascar,18 m long and 3.5 m in diameter, aquamarine is a blue or cyan variety of beryl. It occurs at most localities which yield ordinary beryl, the gem-gravel placer deposits of Sri Lanka contain aquamarine. Clear yellow beryl, such as occurring in Brazil, is sometimes called aquamarine chrysolite. The deep blue version of aquamarine is called maxixe, maxixe is commonly found in the country of Madagascar. Its color fades to white when exposed to sunlight or is subjected to heat treatment, the pale blue color of aquamarine is attributed to Fe2+. Fe3+ ions produce golden-yellow color, and when both Fe2+ and Fe3+ are present, the color is a darker blue as in maxixe, decoloration of maxixe by light or heat thus may be due to the charge transfer between Fe3+ and Fe2+. Dark-blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating it with high-energy particles, in the United States, aquamarines can be found at the summit of Mt. Antero in the Sawatch Range in central Colorado. In Wyoming, aquamarine has been discovered in the Big Horn Mountains, another location within the United States is the Sawtooth Range near Stanley, Idaho, although the minerals are within a wilderness area which prevents collecting. In Brazil, there are mines in the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, and Bahia, the mines of Colombia, Zambia, Madagascar, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya also produce aquamarine. The largest aquamarine of gemstone quality ever mined was found in Marambaia, Minas Gerais, Brazil and it weighed over 110 kg, and its dimensions were 48.5 cm long and 42 cm in diameter

67.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians

Native Americans in the United States
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Pushmataha
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States
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Charles Eastman
Native Americans in the United States
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Wilma Mankiller

68.
In the Land of the Head Hunters
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The film was selected in 1999 for preservation in the US National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. It was the first feature-length film whose cast was composed entirely of Native North Americans and it was the first feature film made in British Columbia, and is the oldest surviving feature film made in Canada. Curtis had earlier experimented with multimedia, in 1911 he created a stage show with slides, a lecture, and live musical accompaniment, called The Indian Picture Opera. He used stereopticon projectors, where two projectors dissolved back and forth between images and this was his prelude to entering the motion picture era. The film opened in New York City and Seattle, Washington in December 1914, although critically praised, the film was a commercial failure. A single damaged, incomplete print of the film was salvaged from a dumpster by film collector Hugo Zeiter of Danville Illinois and donated to Chicagos Field Museum of Natural History in 1947. Bill Holm and George Quimby re-edited this print in 1974, added a soundtrack by Kwakwakawakw musicians, independently, some other damaged clips from the film made their way to the UCLA Film and Television Archive. The score had been filed at the library of the Getty Research Institute, the 2008 restoration brought together these materials. Milestone Films has announced plans to release a restored One-Hundredth Anniversary DVD of the film with the score in 2014. In the Land of the Head Hunters has often discussed as a flawed documentary film. Curtis appears never to have presented the film as a documentary. Other aspects of the film were based on the Kwakwakawakws orally transmitted traditions or on aspects of other neighboring cultures, the film also accurately portrays Kwakwakawakw rituals that were, at the time, prohibited by Canadas potlatch prohibition, enacted in 1884 and not rescinded until 1951. PDF scanned from a copy in the Bancroft Library of the University of California, in the Land of the Head Hunters, Film Introduction and Panel Simon Fraser University - YouTube

In the Land of the Head Hunters
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Kwagu'ł girl, Margaret Frank (née Wilson) was featured in Curtis's In the Land of the Head Hunters. Here she is shown in a portrait by Curtis wearing abalone shell earrings. Abalone shell earrings were a sign of the noble class.
In the Land of the Head Hunters
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George Hunt (with megaphone), Edward S. Curtis, and actors filming In The Land of the Head Hunters

69.
Morgan Guaranty Trust
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J. P. Morgan & Co. is a commercial and investment banking institution based in the United States founded by John Pierpont Morgan and commonly known as the House of Morgan or simply Morgan. The firm is a predecessor of three of the largest banking institutions in the United States and globally, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, and Deutsche Bank. In 2000, J. P. Morgan & Co. merged with Chase Manhattan Bank to form JPMorgan Chase & Co. one of the largest global banking institutions. Today, the J. P. Morgan brand is used to market certain JPMorgan Chase wholesale businesses, including investment banking, commercial banking and asset management. The J. P. Morgan branding was revamped in 2008 to return to its traditional appearance after several years of depicting the Chase symbol to the right of a condensed and modernized JPMorgan. Between 1959 and 1989, J. P. Morgan operated as the Morgan Guaranty Trust, the origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J. S, Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabodys retirement. Juniuss son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman and Company in the New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody’s, Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont’s ventures to be highly speculative. So, Pierpont took on a senior partner and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan and Company, then Drexel. In these firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with rapidly growing U. S. industrial firms, such as railroads, who needed financial capital. The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, on Junius’ death in 1890, Pierpont Morgan took his place at J. S. After Drexel’s death, Drexel, Morgan reorganized in 1895 and became J. P and it financed the formation of the United States Steel Corporation, which took over the business of Andrew Carnegie and others and was the worlds first billion-dollar corporation. In 1895, it supplied the United States government with $62 million in gold to float a bond issue and restore the treasury surplus of $100 million. In 1892, the company began to finance the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, built in 1914,23 Wall Street was known as The Corner and The House of Morgan, and for decades the banks headquarters was the most important address in American finance. At noon, on September 16,1920, an anarchist bomb exploded in front of the bank, killing 38, shortly before the bomb went off, an unknown person placed a warning note in a mailbox at the corner of Cedar Street and Broadway. The warning read, Remember we will not tolerate any longer, free the political prisoners or it will be sure death for all of you. The Bank of England became an agent of J. P. Morgan & Co

70.
U.S.A. trilogy
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Trilogy is a series of three novels by American writer John Dos Passos, comprising the novels The 42nd Parallel,1919, and The Big Money. The three books were first published together in a volume titled U. S. A. by Harcourt Brace in January 1938. Houghton Mifflin issued two boxed three-volume sets in 1946 with color endpapers and illustrations by Reginald Marsh, the first illustrated edition was limited to 365 copies,350 signed by both Dos Passos and Marsh, in a deluxe binding with leather labels and beveled boards. The binding for the larger 1946 trade issue was tan buckram with red spine lettering and this illustrated edition was reprinted in various bindings until the Library of America edition appeared in 1996,100 years after Dos Passos birth. The trilogy covers the development of American society during the first three decades of the 20th century. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked U. S. A, 23rd on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In the fictional narrative sections, the U. S. A. trilogy relates the lives of characters as they struggle to find a place in American society during the early part of the 20th century. Each character is presented to the reader from their childhood on, while their lives are separate, characters occasionally meet. Some minor characters whose point of view is never given crop up in the background, the Camera Eye sections are written in stream of consciousness and are an autobiographical Künstlerroman of Dos Passos, tracing the authors development from a child to a politically committed writer. Camera Eye 50 arguably contains the most famous line of the trilogy, Newsreel 66, preceding Camera Eye 50, announcing the Sacco and Vanzetti verdict, contains the lyrics of The Internationale. The biographies are accounts of historical figures, the most often anthologized of these biographies is The Body of an American, which tells the story of an unknown soldier who was killed in World War I which concludes Nineteen Nineteen. The separation between these modes is rather a stylistic than a thematic one. Coherent quotes from newspaper articles are often woven into the biographies as well, the fragmented narrative style of the trilogy later influenced the work of British science-fiction novelist John Brunner. It also influenced Jean-Paul Sartres trilogy The Roads to Freedom and those characters who pursue the big money without scruple succeed, but are dehumanized by success. Others are destroyed, crushed by capitalism, and ground underfoot, Dos Passos does not show much sympathy for upwardly mobile characters who succeed, but is always sympathetic to the down and out victims of capitalist society. He explores the difficulty faced by winners and losers alike when trying to make a living for themselves as well as wanting to settle down in some means. The novel has been adapted a number of times, for such as radio. Paul Shyre created a dramatic revue, working together with Dos Passos, howard Sackler also adapted it for a well-received 1968 audio production with Caedmon Books

U.S.A. trilogy
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U.S.A.

71.
Ragtime (novel)
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Ragtime is a novel by E. L. Doctorow, published in 1975. This work of fiction is mainly set in the New York City area from 1902 until 1912. In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Ragtime number 86 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century, time magazine included the novel in its TIME100 Best English-Language Novels from 1923 to 2005. The novel centers on a family living in New Rochelle, New York, simply named Father, Mother, Mothers Younger Brother, Grandfather. The family business is the manufacture of flags and fireworks, a source of wealth due to the national enthusiasm for patriotic displays. Father joins the first expedition to the North Pole, and his return sees a change in his relationship with his wife, Mothers Younger Brother is a genius at explosives and fireworks, but is an insecure, unhappy character who chases after love and excitement. He becomes obsessed with the notorious socialite Evelyn Nesbit, stalking her through the city and eventually embarking on a brief, into this insecure setup comes first an abandoned black child, then his severely depressed mother, Sarah. Coalhouse Walker, the father, visits regularly to win Sarahs affections. A professional musician, well dressed and well spoken, he gains the familys respect, things go well until he is humiliated by a racist fire crew, led by Will Conklin, who vandalize his Model T Ford. He begins a single-minded pursuit of redress by legal action but discovers he cannot hope to win because of the inherent prejudice of the system. Sarah is killed in an attempt to aid him, and Coalhouse uses the money he was saving for their wedding to pay for an extravagant funeral, Mother unofficially adopts Sarah and Coalhouses neglected child over Fathers objections, putting strain on their marriage. Coalhouse and his gang storm the Morgan Library, taking the priceless collection hostage, Father is drawn into the escalating conflict as a mediator, as is Booker T. Washington. Coalhouse eventually agrees to exchange Conklins life for safe passage for his men, the girls beauty attracts the attention of Evelyn Nesbit, who provides financial support. When Tateh learns her identity, however, it drives him to take his daughter out of the city, Tateh is a talented artist, and earns a living cutting out novelty paper silhouettes on the street. He starts making and selling moving picture books to a novelty toy company, Tateh subsequently becomes wealthy and styles himself the Baron in order to move more easily through high society. He meets and falls in love with Mother, who marries him after Father is killed in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania. They adopt each others children, as well as Coalhouses son, mixed into the interwoven stories are subplots following prominent figures of the day, including J. P. Morgan, Harry Houdini, Henry Ford, Sigmund Freud and Emma Goldman. Harry Houdini plays a prominent yet incidental part, reflecting on success, arch-capitalist financier J. P. Morgan, pursuing his complex delusions of grandeur, is delivered a plainly spoken comeuppance from down-to-earth Henry Ford

Ragtime (novel)
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1st edition cover

72.
George Coulouris
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George Coulouris was an English film and stage actor. Coulouris was born in Manchester, Lancashire, England, the son of Abigail and Nicholas Coulouris and he was brought up both in Manchester and nearby Urmston and was educated at Manchester Grammar School. He attended Londons Central School of Speech and Drama, in the company of fellow students Laurence Olivier, Coulouris made his stage debut in 1926 with Henry V at the Old Vic. By 1929 he made his first Broadway appearance, followed by his first Hollywood film role in 1933, a major impact on his life was Orson Welles, whom he met in 1936 when they both had roles in the Broadway production of Sidney Kingsleys Ten Million Ghosts. Even Friends, Romans, countrymen sounds on his tongue as if it were a rabble-rousing harangue he is uttering for the first time, in Citizen Kane, Coulouris played Walter Parks Thatcher, a financier similar to J. P. Morgan. Coulouris and Welles each received a 1941 National Board of Review Award for their performances, during the 1930s and 1940s Coulouris remained a regular figure on the stage and screen, starring in his own Broadway production of Richard III in 1943. His films in this period included For Whom the Bell Tolls, Between Two Worlds, Mr. Skeffington and Watch on the Rhine and he also gave a notable performance as Robert de Baudricourt, in the Technicolor spectacular, Joan of Arc, starring Ingrid Bergman. While most of his performances are strong ones, usually as a heavy or villain, Thatcher in Citizen Kane is fussy and pompous at times. A better example was in Mr. Skeffington as Dr. Byles, planning to go on a well-deserved, long-delayed holiday only to find it delayed again by a selfish, impossible Fanny Skeffington. Coulouris was the first actor to star in the role of the Bulldog Drummond programme on the Mutual Broadcasting System. Coulouris returned to Britain after 1950, and appeared in films, theatre. Later film roles included parts in the Doctor in the House films, Papillon, during his life he played in over eighty films. Radio roles were numerous, and his television roles included parts in Danger Man. Doctor Who fans would recognise him as Arbitan in the Doctor Who serial The Keys of Marinus, Coulouris was married to Louise Franklin and Elizabeth Donaldson and was the father of computer scientist George Coulouris and artist Mary Louise Coulouris. Coulouris died in London on 25 April 1989, of heart failure following Parkinsons disease, in Me and Orson Welles, Richard Linklaters period drama set in the days surrounding the premiere of the Mercury Theatres production of Caesar, Coulouris is portrayed by Ben Chaplin. George Coulouriss Broadway credits are listed at the Internet Broadway Database. S, George Coulouris at Find a Grave Literature on George Coulouris

George Coulouris
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Coulouris as Thatcher in Citizen Kane (1941)
George Coulouris
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Marian Warring-Manley as Margery, Whitford Kane as Simon Eyre, and George Coulouris as the King in the Mercury Theatre production of The Shoemaker's Holiday (1938)

73.
Citizen Kane
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Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles, its producer, co-screenwriter, director and star. The picture was Welless first feature film, nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories, it won an Academy Award for Best Writing by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles. It topped the American Film Institutes 100 Years,100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. Citizen Kane is particularly praised for its cinematography, music, and narrative structure, upon its release, Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers. Kanes career in the world is born of idealistic social service. Narrated principally through flashbacks, the story is told through the research of a reporter seeking to solve the mystery of the newspaper magnates dying word. After the Broadway successes of Welless Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast The War of the Worlds on The Mercury Theatre on the Air and he signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939. Unusually for a director, he was given the freedom to develop his own story, to use his own cast and crew. Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground, he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane, principal photography took place in 1940 and the film received its American release in 1941. While a critical success, Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office, the film faded from view after its release but was subsequently returned to the publics attention when it was praised by such French critics as André Bazin and given an American revival in 1956. The film was released on Blu-ray on September 13,2011, in a mansion in Xanadu, a vast palatial estate in Florida, the elderly Charles Foster Kane is on his deathbed. Holding a snow globe, he utters a word, Rosebud, and dies, a newsreel obituary tells the life story of Kane, an enormously wealthy newspaper publisher. Kanes death becomes sensational news around the world, and the newsreels producer tasks reporter Jerry Thompson with discovering the meaning of Rosebud, Thompson sets out to interview Kanes friends and associates. He approaches Kanes second wife, Susan Alexander Kane, now an alcoholic who runs her own nightclub, Thompson goes to the private archive of the late banker Walter Parks Thatcher. Through Thatchers written memoirs, Thompson learns that Kanes childhood began in poverty in Colorado, in 1871, after a gold mine was discovered on her property, Kanes mother Mary Kane sends Charles away to live with Thatcher so that he would be properly educated. While Thatcher and Charles parents discuss arrangements inside, the young Kane plays happily with a sled in the snow outside his parents boarding-house and protests being sent to live with Thatcher. Years later, after gaining control over his trust fund at the age of 25, Kane enters the newspaper business. He takes control of the New York Inquirer and starts publishing scandalous articles that attack Thatchers business interests, after the stock market crash in 1929, Kane is forced to sell controlling interest of his newspaper empire to Thatcher

Citizen Kane
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Theatrical release poster
Citizen Kane
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Orson Welles as Charles Foster Kane
Citizen Kane
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Welles's radio broadcast of " The War of the Worlds " in 1938 caught the attention of RKO studio head George J. Schaefer.
Citizen Kane
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Welles and Herman J. Mankiewicz co-wrote the script in early 1940. They separately re-wrote and revised each other's work until Welles was satisfied with the finished product.

74.
Orson Welles
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George Orson Welles was an American actor, director, writer, and producer who worked in theatre, radio, and film. In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre, an independent repertory company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941. It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring, although some contemporary sources claim these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated, they rocketed Welles to notoriety. His first film was Citizen Kane, which he co-wrote, produced, directed, Welles was an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career. He has been praised as the ultimate auteur, Welles followed up Citizen Kane with critically acclaimed films including The Magnificent Ambersons in 1942 and Touch of Evil in 1958. Although these three are his most acclaimed films, critics have argued other works of his, such as The Lady from Shanghai and Chimes at Midnight, are underappreciated. Known for his voice, Welles was an actor in radio and film, a Shakespearean stage actor. George Orson Welles was born May 6,1915, in Kenosha, Wisconsin, son of Richard Head Welles and he was named after his paternal great-grandfather, influential Kenosha attorney Orson S. Head, and his brother George Head. Despite his familys affluence, Welles encountered hardship in childhood and his parents separated and moved to Chicago in 1919. His father, who made a fortune as the inventor of a bicycle lamp, became an alcoholic. Beatrice died of hepatitis in a Chicago hospital May 10,1924, the Gordon String Quartet, which had made its first appearance at her home in 1921, played at Beatrices funeral. After his mothers death Welles ceased pursuing music and it was decided that he would spend the summer with the Watson family at a private art colony in Wyoming, New York, established by Lydia Avery Coonley Ward. There he played and became friends with the children of the Aga Khan, Welles briefly attended public school before his alcoholic father left business altogether and took him along on his travels to Jamaica and the Far East. When they returned they settled in a hotel in Grand Detour, Illinois, when the hotel burned down, Welles and his father took to the road again. During the three years that Orson lived with his father, some observers wondered who took care of whom, in some ways, he was never really a young boy, you know, said Roger Hill, who became Welless teacher and lifelong friend. Welles briefly attended school in Madison, Wisconsin, enrolled in the fourth grade. At Todd School, Welles came under the influence of Roger Hill, Hill provided Welles with an ad hoc educational environment that proved invaluable to his creative experience, allowing Welles to concentrate on subjects that interested him. Welles performed and staged theatrical experiments and productions there, Todd provided Welles with many valuable experiences, wrote critic Richard France

75.
Rich Uncle Pennybags
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Rich Uncle Pennybags is the mascot of the game Monopoly. He is depicted as an old man with a moustache who wears a 3 piece suit. In large parts of the world he is known, additionally or exclusively, as the Monopoly Man and he also appears in the related games Advance to Boardwalk, Free Parking, Dont Go to Jail, Monopoly City, Monopoly Junior, and Monopoly Deal. The character first appeared on Chance and Community Chest cards in U. S. editions of Monopoly in 1936. The identity of the designer of the character, artist Dan Fox, was unknown until 2013, the unnamed character made his first appearance outside of Monopoly within the Parker Brothers game Dig, released in 1940, before the U. S. entered World War II. The character did not receive a name until 1946 when the game Rich Uncle was published by Parker Brothers and his likeness appeared on that games box lid, game instructions, and currency. According to Orbanes, Rich Uncle Pennybags of the American version of the board game Monopoly is modeled after American Progressive Era businessman J. P. Morgan, between 1985 and 2008, the character appeared in the second O in the word Monopoly as part of the games logo. More recently, the character is depicted over the word Monopoly, drawn in a 3-D style, the character, however, no longer appears uniformly on every Monopoly game box. In 1988, Orbanes published the first edition of his book The Monopoly Companion, in the book, all of the characters that appear on the Monopoly board or within the decks of cards received a name. Uncle Pennybags full name was given as Milburn Pennybags, the character In Jail is named Jake, the Jailbird, in 1999, Rich Uncle Pennybags was renamed Mr. Monopoly. During the same year, a Monopoly Jr. CD-ROM game was released within cereal boxes as part of a General Mills promotion and this game introduced Mr. Monopolys niece and nephew, Sandy and Andy. Monopoly, The Worlds Most Famous Game & How It Got That Way also states that Mr. Monopoly has a wife named Madge and he is named as the sixth richest fictional character in the 2006 Forbes Fictional 15 list on its website and the ninth richest in 2011. Specific General Orbanes, Philip E. Monopoly, The Worlds Most Famous Game & How it Got that Way, the Game Makers, The Story of Parker Brothers. Mr. Monopoly Dig at BoardGameGeek Rich Uncle at BoardGameGeek

Rich Uncle Pennybags
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Rich Uncle Pennybags, as depicted on the cover of the first edition of the Parker Brothers game that gave the character a name.
Rich Uncle Pennybags
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A more contemporary depiction of Pennybags on the box of Monopoly

76.
Coon song
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Coon songs were a genre of music that presented a stereotyped image of Blacks. They were popular in the United States and the United Kingdom from around 1880 to 1920, the first explicitly coon-themed song, published in 1880, may have been The Dandy Coons Parade by J. P. Skelley. Other notable early coon songs included The Coons Are on Parade, New Coon in Town, Coon Salvation Army, by the mid-1880s, coon songs were a national craze, over 600 such songs were published in the 1890s. The most successful songs sold millions of copies, to take advantage of the fad, composers add words typical of coon songs to previously published songs and rags. After the turn of the century, coon songs began to receive criticism for their racist content, in 1905, Bob Cole, an African-American composer who had gained fame largely by writing coon songs, made somewhat unprecedented remarks about the genre. When asked in an interview about the name of his earlier comedy A Trip to Coontown, he replied, coles comments may have been influential, and the use of coon in song titles greatly decreased after 1910. That song along with Coon Coon Coon and All Coons Look Alike To Me were identified by H. L. Mencken as being the songs which firmly established the term coon in the American vocabulary. Originally in the 1830s, the term had been associated with the Whig Party, the Whigs used a raccoon as its emblem, but also had a more tolerant attitude towards blacks than the other political factions. The latter opinion is likely what transformed the term coon from mere political slang into a racial slur, at the height of their popularity, just about every songwriter in the country was writing coon songs to fill the seemingly insatiable demand. Writers of coon songs included some of the most important Tin Pan Alley composers, including Gus Edwards, Fred Fisher, even one of John Philip Sousas assistants, Arthur Pryor, composed coon songs. Many coon songs were written by whites, but some were written by African-Americans, important black composers of coon songs include Ernest Hogan, Sam Lucas, minstrel and songwriter Sidney L. Perrin, Bob Cole, and Bert Williams and George Walker. Even classic ragtime composer Scott Joplin wrote at least one coon song, Coon songs almost always aimed to be funny and incorporated the syncopated rhythms of ragtime music. Coon songs defining characteristic, however, was their caricature of African Americans, in keeping with the older minstrel image of blacks, coon songs often featured watermelon- and chicken-loving rural buffoon. Im gambling for my Sadie, Cause shes my lady, Im a hustling coon. dats just what I am, Coon songs portrayed blacks as hot, in this context meaning promiscuous and libidinous. They suggested that the most common living arrangement was a honey relationship, Blacks were portrayed as inclined toward acts of provocative violence. Razors were often featured in the songs and came to symbolize blacks wanton tendencies, however, violence in the songs was uniformly directed at blacks instead of whites. Hence, the spectre of black-on-white violence remained but an allusion, the street-patrolling bully coon was often used as a stock character in coon songs. The songs showed the social threats that whites believed were posed by blacks, passing was a common theme, and blacks were portrayed as seeking the status of whites, through education and money

Coon song
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Sheet music to "Coon Coon Coon", which bills itself as "The Most Successful Song Hit of 1901" with insert photo of minstrel show star Lew Dockstader in blackface
Coon song
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Sheet music to "Every Race Has a Flag But the Coon"
Coon song
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Sheet music to Ernest Hogan 's " All Coons Look Alike to Me ".
Coon song
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Sheet music to "Ma Honey Gal". Coon songs suggested that the most common living arrangement for Blacks was a "honey" relationship (unmarried cohabitation), rather than marriage.

77.
The Economist
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The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London. Continuous publication began under its founder, James Wilson, in September 1843, in 2015 its average weekly circulation was a little over 1.5 million, about half of which were sold in the United States. The publication belongs to the Economist Group and it is 50% owned by the English branch of the Rothschild family and by the Agnelli family through its holding company Exor. The remaining 50% is held by investors including the editors. The Rothschilds and the Agnellis are represented on the board of directors, a board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. Although The Economist has an emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster. For the year to March 2016 the Economist Group declared operating profit of £61m, previous major shareholders include Pearson PLC. The Economist takes a stance of classical and economic liberalism which is supportive of free trade, globalisation, free immigration. The publication has described itself as a product of the Caledonian liberalism of Adam Smith and it targets highly educated readers and claims an audience containing many influential executives and policy-makers. The publications CEO described this recent global change, which was first noticed in the 1990s and accelerated in the beginning of the 21st century, on the contents page of each issue, The Economists mission statement is written in italics. The Economist was founded by the British businessman and banker James Wilson in 1843, to advance the repeal of the Corn Laws, articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties. An article on the principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue. Parliamentary reports, with focus on commerce, agriculture and free trade. Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade, general news from the Court of St. Jamess, the Metropolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland. Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation. A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week, correspondence and inquiries from the news magazines readers. It has long respected as one of the most competent. Its logo was designed in 1959 by Reynolds Stone, in January 2012 The Economist launched a new weekly section devoted exclusively to China, the first new country section since the introduction of a section about the United States in 1942

The Economist
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Walter Bagehot, one of the early Editors of The Economist
The Economist
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Front page of The Economist, on 16 May 1846
The Economist
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The Economist Building, St James's Street, by Alison and Peter Smithson

78.
BusinessWeek
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Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L. P. Businessweek was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world and it is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016, Businessweek was first published in September 1929, weeks before the stock market crash of 1929. The magazine provided information and opinions on what was happening in the world at the time. Businessweek was originally published to be a resource for business managers, however, in the 1970s, the magazine shifted its strategy and added consumers outside of the business world. Since 1975, Businessweek has carried more annual advertising pages than any magazine in the United States. Stephen B. Shepard served as editor-in-chief from 1984 until 2005 when he was chosen to be the dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. Under Shepard, Businessweeks readership grew to more than six million in the late 1980s and he was succeeded by Stephen J. Adler of The Wall Street Journal. Businessweek suffered a decline during the recession as advertising revenues fell one-third by the start of 2009. In July 2009, it was reported that McGraw-Hill was trying to sell Businessweek and had hired Evercore Partners to conduct the sale. Because of the liabilities, it was suggested that it might change hands for the nominal price of $1 to an investor who was willing to incur losses turning the magazine around. In late 2009, Bloomberg L. P. bought the magazine—for a reported price between $2 million to $5 million plus assumption of liabilities—and renamed it Bloomberg BusinessWeek. It is now believed McGraw-Hill received the high end of the price, at $5 million. Currently, the magazine still loses $30 million per year, about half of the $60 million it was reported losing in 2009, Adler resigned as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Josh Tyrangiel, who had been deputy managing editor of Time magazine. In early 2010, the title was restyled Bloomberg Businessweek as part of a redesign. Megan Murphy is the editor of the magazine in the eight years of Bloomberg ownership. The magazine is losing between $20-$30 million a year. The magazine is to undergo changes in the second quarter of 2017

BusinessWeek
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January 10, 2011 cover of Bloomberg Businessweek

79.
National Mining Association
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The National Mining Association, is a United States trade organization that lists itself as the voice of the mining industry in Washington, D. C. NMA was formed in 1995, and has more than 325 corporate members, the National Mining Association was created in 1995. The organization was formed through the merger of the National Coal Association and these two organizations had represented the mining industry since 1897 and 1917. Advocacy Campaign Team for Mining Organizational website Minerals Make Life CORESafety Count on Coal http, //www. futurecoalfuels. org/

National Mining Association
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Logo of the National Mining Association

80.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine

81.
Microsoft Encarta
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Microsoft Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft Corporation from 1993 to 2009. Microsoft published similar encyclopedias under the Encarta trademark in various languages, including German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, localized versions contained contents licensed from national sources and more or less content than the full English version. For example, the Dutch version had content from the Dutch Winkler Prins encyclopedia, in March 2009, Microsoft announced it was discontinuing both the Encarta disc and online versions. The MSN Encarta site was closed on October 31,2009 in all countries except Japan, Microsoft continued to operate the Encarta online dictionary at dictionary. msn. com until 2011. In the late 1990s, Microsoft added content from Colliers Encyclopedia, thus the final Microsoft Encarta can be considered the successor of the Funk and Wagnalls, Collier, and New Merit Scholar encyclopedias. None of these formerly successful encyclopedias remained in print for long after being merged into Encarta, Microsoft introduced several regional versions of Encarta translated into languages other than English. For example, the Brazilian Portuguese version was introduced in 1999, the Spanish version was somewhat smaller than the English one, at 42,000 articles. In 2000, the full Encarta content became available on the World Wide Web to subscribers, in July 2006, Websters Multimedia, a Bellevue, Washington subsidiary of London-based Websters International Publishers, took over maintenance of Encarta from Microsoft. The last version was Encarta Premium 2009, released in August 2008, updates for Encarta were offered until October 2009. Additionally, MSN Encarta web sites were discontinued around October 31,2009, existing MSN Encarta Premium subscribers were refunded. Encartas standard edition included approximately 50,000 articles, with images, videos. Its articles were integrated with multimedia content and could include links to selected by its editors. Encartas articles in general were less lengthy and more summarized than the version of Encyclopædia Britannica or the online Wikipedia. Like most multimedia encyclopedias, Encartas articles tended to provide an overview of the rather than an exhaustive coverage. A sidebar could display alternative views, essays, journals or original materials relevant to the topic, for example, when reading about computers, it featured annals since 1967 of the computer industry. Encarta also supported closed captioning for the hearing impaired, a separate program, called Encarta Research Organizer was included in early versions for gathering and organizing information and constructing a Word document-based report. Later versions included Encarta Researcher which was a plugin to organize information from Encarta articles. Content copied from Encarta was appended with a boilerplate message after the selection

82.
Modern Marvels
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Modern Marvels is an American worldwide television series on the History Channel. The program focuses on how technologies affect and are used in todays society and it is among Historys first, and longest-running, programs, having first aired on Historys first day of broadcasting on January 1,1995. To fit the format, Modern Marvels focuses a significant portion of the episode on the history of the subject. The show began to premiere new episodes in January 2010, not having done so all of 2009. In August 2010, History Channel began to air episodes that had been edited to fit a 30-minute time slot. In October 2011, Modern Marvels began airing episodes on History 2 in addition to its main run on History Channel. Occasionally, the airs a special spin-off called Engineering Disasters. These periodic episodes describe the circumstances of situations in which technology does not work correctly, such as building collapses and airplane crashes, including an episode on New Orleans and another on the 1970s,24 original Engineering Disasters episodes have been on on Modern Marvels. A few narrators have been used in the history of the series, the most current and longest-running is Max Raphael, who has also narrated other History Channel series, such as Command Decisions. These episodes are not narrated by Raphael, bruce Nash is credited with creating the series. Don Cambou has acted as producer on over 350 episodes for Actuality Productions. Mega Builders How Its Made How Do They Do It, howStuffWorks Official website Modern Marvels at the Internet Movie Database Modern Marvels at TV. com

Modern Marvels
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Title card since 2007
Modern Marvels
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A former title screenshot of Modern Marvels.

83.
Louis Auchincloss
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Louis Stanton Auchincloss was an American lawyer, novelist, historian, and essayist. He is best known as a novelist who parlayed his experiences into books exploring the experiences and psychology of American polite society and his dry, ironic works of fiction continue the tradition of Henry James and Edith Wharton. He wrote his novels initially under the name Andrew Lee, the name of an ancestor who cursed any descendent who drank or smoked, born in Lawrence, New York, Auchincloss was the son of Priscilla Dixon and Joseph Howland Auchincloss. His brother was Howland Auchincloss and his grandfather, John Winthrop Auchincloss, was the brother of Edgar Stirling Auchincloss. He attended St. Bernards School, Groton School and Yale University, although he did not complete his undergraduate studies at Yale, he was admitted to and attended law school at the University of Virginia. He graduated in 1941 and was admitted to the New York bar the same year, Auchincloss was an associate at Sullivan & Cromwell from 1941 to 1951. He joined the Naval Reserve as an ensign on December 4,1940 and was promoted to lieutenant on December 1,1942, Auchincloss is known for his closely observed portraits of old New York and New England society. Among his books are the multi-generational sagas The House of Five Talents, Portrait in Brownstone, the Rector of Justin is the tale of a renowned headmaster of a prep school like the one he attended, Groton School trying to deal with changing times. In the early 1980s, Auchincloss produced three novels which were not centered on the New York he knew so well, i. e. The Cat and the King, set in Louis XIVs Versailles, Watchfires, concerned with the American Civil War, Auchincloss would remain close to New York again, however, in his later fiction writing. Gore Vidal said of his work, Of all our novelists, Auchincloss is the one who tells us how our rulers behave in their banks and their boardrooms, their law offices. Not since Dreiser has an American writer had so much to us about the role of money in our lives. In 1957, Auchincloss married Adele Burden Lawrence, the daughter of Florence Irvin Burden and her great-grandmother was Emily Thorn Vanderbilt, a Vanderbilt heiress, and her grandfather was James Abercrombie Burden II, a prominent industrialist. Adele was an artist, environmentalist and later became a deputy administrator of the New York City Parks, on January 26,2010, Auchincloss died from complications of a stroke at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan. Significant collections of Auchinclosss papers reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia, composer Paul Reif adapted Portrait in Brownstone into an opera upon which he was working at the time of his death, it has remained unperformed. Louis Auchincloss, The Art of Fiction No.138, Louis Auchincloss - Daily Telegraph obituary Louis Auchincloss, Writer who chronicled the lives and times of Americas WASP elite, The Independent,2 February 2010

84.
GE Capital Aviation Services
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GE Capital Aviation Services is an Irish-American commercial aircraft financing and leasing company. It is the largest commercial airline leasing/financing company in the world and it is part of GE Capital, a company of the large conglomerate General Electric. GECAS buys aircraft from manufacturers like Airbus and Boeing and then leases them to airlines, typically on eight year leases and it also buys aircraft from airlines and leases them back. The company has three headquarters, located in Singapore, Shannon, County Clare and Norwalk, Connecticut. The primary competition for GECAS is AerCap, although companies such as Air Lease Corporation, Aviation Capital Group, BBAM. GECAS has a fleet of over 1800 aircraft, used by 245 airlines, nearly all aircraft owned by GECAS are powered by engines from either GE Aviation, another subsidiary of General Electric, or CFM International, a GE Aviation/Snecma joint venture. GECAS was formed in 1993 to manage the assets bought from the Irish-based Guinness Peat Aviation, the company GE Capital Aviation Services Limited was based in Ireland and originally staffed by former GPA employees. GE Capital also incorporated the California-based Polaris Aircraft Leasing into the group, GECAS also owns a minority stake in Oxford Aviation Academy retained when they sold 80% of GECAT to STAR Capital Partners in 2007. In 2015, GECAS took over the Irish-based Milestone Aviation to add helicopters to its leasing portfolio, GECAS maintains a portfolio of narrowbody and widebody passenger aircraft, cargo aircraft, and regional and turboprop aircraft from manufacturers Boeing, Airbus, Embraer, Bombardier and ATR. Through its Milestone Aviation Group, GECAS also owns and leases AgustaWestland, Sikorsky, GECAS also operates AviaSolutions, which provides aircraft consultancy services to airports, investors and financial institutions, governments and airlines. AviaSolutions advises clients on business development, route development, infrastructure planning, airline management, regulations, and various other projects

85.
GE Energy Financial Services
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GE Energy Financial Services, a division of General Electric, provides financial and technological investment in energy infrastructure projects around the world. EFS is active within industries such as generation and distribution, oil and gas, pipelines and storage, water, venture capital. EFS portfolios include deepwater oil and gas exploration in Brazil and water projects in Jordan. GE EFS has invested billions of dollars in solar industry, one of their most recent investment is 127-megawatt solar farm in Arlington, Arizona which is about 40 miles west of Phoenix. Dokie Ridge Wind Farm, near Chetwynd, British Columbia, Canada Toba Inlet run-of-the river project in Toba Inlet, British Columbia, Canada Official website

86.
GE Healthcare
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GE Healthcare is an American pharmaceutical company and medical equipment manufacturer. It is a subsidiary of General Electric, formerly headquartered in Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, Samms and J. B. Wantz founded the Victor Electric Company in a basement. By 1896 they made electrostatic generators for exciting x-ray tubes and electrotherapeutic devices and they had a staff of six and a capital of $3,000 invested in the company. Victor Electric plunged into the business and by 1896 were making x-ray machines. The business grew rapidly and so, in 1896, moved into new premises three times the size, but this did not solve the space problems and the company made 3 moves by 1899. In 1896, G. A. Frye began making x-ray tubes, during the first years, it was easier to keep up with the competition than space requirements. By 1903, Victor Electric had outgrown its facilities at 418 Dearborn St. in Chicago and this was again only a temporary stop, by 1910 it was too small and the firm moved again in 1911 to a building at the corner of Jackson Blvd. and Damen Avenue. This was the first permanent home of Victor Electric Co and they stayed there 35 years and during this time, gradually acquired all the space in the building and several around it. During the first 20 years of the business, many new names appeared. In 1901 the Western Electric Coil Co. was formed, in 1902 MacAlaster & Wiggin purchased the x-ray tube business of Swett & Lewis. Two other companies were the Radio Electric Co. which was later to be known as Snook-Roentgen Manufacturing, in 1907, Homer Clyde Snook introduced the Snook apparatus, the first interrupterless device produced for X-ray work. The Snook apparatus was manufactured in England, in 1916, the first significant merger took place, Scheidel Western, Snook-Roentgen, MacAlaster & Wiggin, and Victor Electric Co. were merged with Victor, the surviving name. Victor’s two founders had key roles in the new firm, C. F. Samms was company president and J. B. Wantz was Vice-President of manufacturing and engineering. Four years later, in 1920, a major merger was accomplished when Victor was acquired by General Electric which was, at that time. The marriage of Victor Electric and General Electric became complete of July 28,1926 when Victor was declared a wholly owned affiliate of General Electric, the merger brought renewed vitality to the organization and Victor entered the foreign market with equipment sold and serviced in nearly 70 countries. In 1930, the name was changed from Victor to General Electric X-Ray Corporation, world War II saw the dramatic use of x-rays in industry for non-destructive testing of war materials. It also saw the use of x-rays as a medical tool for military services. As the war ended, GE X-Ray Corporation continued to grow, Greater production capacity and greater expertise was needed in the core business of building X-ray tubes

87.
GE Jenbacher
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GE Power & Water manufactures Jenbacher gas engines and cogeneration modules in the Austrian town of Jenbach in the Tyrol. It is part of their Distributed Energy portfolio of products and is one of their gas engine technologies, Jenbacher emerged from the former Jenbacher Werke, which was founded in 1959 and manufactured gas and diesel engines, and locomotives. The company was out by General Electric in 2003 and was renamed GE Jenbacher GmbH & Co. Although the company itself has a short history, its origins go far back. In 1487, a mine and foundry was founded by the Fugger family, in 1657, all Fugger properties in Tyrol were taken over by the state. Due to exhaustion of the copper- and silver deposits, the changed focus to iron. In 1909, the mine ran out of iron as well, the company was acquired by Julius and Theodor Reitlinger in 1881. At the beginning of World War II, all of Tyrol was seized and Aryanized, the plant made brake pads for the Deutsche Reichsbahn, and from 1939 they made aeroplane parts and rocket motors for Heinkel. After the collapse at the end of the Second World War the factory was placed under public administration and it had to be converted to civilian production, and started out with cookware, but also started with the repair of railway wagons. Because of the availability of specialists and skilled workers, it was decided to concentrate on the production of diesel engines. The first product was a 15 hp two-stroke engine, which was successful and was manufactured in large quantities. This was followed by more two-stroke and four stroke models of engine, the JW15,8 TO15 Hp, the JW20,15 to 20 Hp, and the JW20M, the same engine, but with inertial mass damping to counteract the vibrations of the single cylinder. The company was now pushed to develop generators, compressors and pumps of the same quality, in 1959 the company was constituted as Jenbacher Werke AG, the main shareholders being CA with 35% and Mannesmann with 26%, the rest being free float. The CA increased its share steadily and after the purchase of Mannesmanns share through the CA-controlled Andritz AG they acquired a vast majority of the share capital. In 19791,550 people were employed at the plant. In 1988 the majority of the company was acquired by Auricon Beteiligungs AG, in 1991 it was organized into the Jenbacher Energy Systems AG and the Jenbacher Transport Systems Ltd. divisions. In the same year, JTS acquired 29. 9% of the British company Telfos Holding, which gave the company an influence on Ganz-Hunslet, on December 12,1991, JTS attained majority share capital of Telfos, and bought out General Electrics remaining share in 1993. In 1997, Jenbacher attempted to enter the market with help from AEG through a Jenbacher daughter company called Integral Verkehrstechnik AG Jenbach. Integral lost over 22 million Euros from 1997 to 2001, Jenbachers railway activities started in 1945, when they started performing repairs of rolling stock for the French occupation forces

88.
Baker Hughes
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Baker Hughes is an American industrial service company, it is one of the worlds largest oil field services companies. It operates in over 90 countries, providing the oil and gas industry with products and services for oil drilling, formation evaluation, completion, production, Baker Hughes has its headquarters in the America Tower in the American General Center in Neartown, Houston. Baker Hughes is the combination of companies that have developed and introduced technology to serve the petroleum service industry. Their combined history dates back to the early 1900s, the Hughes Tool Company was founded in 1908 by business partners Walter Benona Sharp and Howard R. Hughes, Sr. father of Howard R. Hughes, Jr. That year, Hughes, Sr. and Sharp developed the first two-cone drill bit and they conducted two secret tests on a drilling rig in Goose Creek, Texas. Each time, Hughes asked the crew to leave the rig floor, pulled the bit from a locked wooden box. The drill pipe twisted off on the first test, but the second was extremely successful, in 1909, the Sharp & Hughes bit was granted a U. S. patent. In the same year, the formed the Sharp-Hughes Tool Company in Houston. After Walter Sharp died in 1912, Hughes purchased Sharps half of the business, the company was renamed Hughes Tool Company in 1915, and Hughes, Jr. inherited it after his fathers death in 1924. Through the 1950s and 1960s, Hughes Tool Company remained a private enterprise, in 1959, Hughes introduced self-lubricating, sealed bearing rock bits. Baker International was formed by Reuben C, Baker, who developed a Casing shoe, that revolutionized cable tool drilling. Baker, a 34-year-old inventor and entrepreneur in Coalinga, California, was granted a U. S. patent for a shoe that enabled drillers to efficiently run casing. This innovation launched the business that would become Baker Oil Tools, Mr. Baker had arrived in the California oilfield in 1895 with 95 cents in his pocket and dreams of making his fortune in the Los Angeles oil boom. Subsequently, he hauled oil for drillers with a team of horses and became a drilling contractor, in 1928, Baker Casing Shoe Company changed its name to Baker Oil Tools, Inc. to reflect its product line of completion, cementing and fishing equipment. In early 1956, during one of the most successful periods in the companys history, a few weeks later, he died after a brief illness at the age of 85 and was succeeded by his long-time associate Ted Sutter. Although he only had three years of education, Mr. Baker had been granted 150 patents. In 1965, Mr. Sutter was succeeded by E. H, hubie Clark, who would become the first Baker Hughes chairman of the board in 1987, during its 80-year history before the Baker Hughes merger, Baker had only three chief executives. INTEQ also originally incorporated the drilling fluids division of Baker Hughes which consisted of Milpark and this division was called INTEQ drilling fluids which provided the premier brands in oil and gas well drilling muds and wellbore cleaning fluids

89.
GE Wind Energy
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GE Wind Energy was a branch of GE Energy, a subsidiary of General Electric. The company manufactures and sells wind turbines to the international market, in 2009, GE was the second largest wind turbine manufacturer in the world. The entity was created as developer Zond in 1980 by James G. P, dehlsen, who also formed Clipper Windpower in 2001. Enron acquired Zond and the German manufacturer Tacke in 1997, in 2002 GE acquired the wind power assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings while gas turbine sales slumped. Enron Wind was the only surviving US manufacturer of wind turbines at the time. In February 2011, GE also acquired Wind Tower Systems LLC, as of 2016, GE has a nacelle production capacity of 4.8 GW, some of which is in Florida. After the acquisition of Alstoms energy generating assets GEs wind portfolio was expanded to include the 6MW Haliade offshore turbine from Alstom Wind, the GE1.5 megawatt series of wind turbines was developed with the cooperation of the United States Department of Energy. It consists of three blades attached to a horizontal axis hub. The hub is connected to the shaft which turns a multi-stage system of gears. The gears increase the rate and send the kinetic energy obtained from the wind to a doubly fed electric machine. The angle of the blades and the direction which the faces are controlled by an active, all electric pitch. The generator has an output of 1.5 megawatts. The generator and gearbox are contained in the nacelle which is insulated to minimize noise emissions. Three models in the series had developed by 2005. Their rotors ranged in diameter from 70.5 to 82.5 meters, newer models incorporate the 100m rotor from GEs 2. 5MW towers, enabling these towers to generate substantially more electrical power from locations with sub-optimal wind. To further wind power research, a unit was commissioned at the National Wind Technology Center in late 2009. Its 10,000 installations in the US at the time constituted 50% of the commercial wind energy fleet. 12,000 turbines had been installed in 19 countries by mid-2009, the GE2. 5MW wind turbine is the second and larger model of land based wind turbines sold by General Electric

90.
GE Ventures
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GE Ventures is the venture capital subsidiary of General Electric. Headquartered in Menlo Park, California the firm also has offices in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Shanghai, as of 2015, the CEO is Sue Siegel. GE Ventures plans to invest up to $150 million annually in startups in the healthcare, energy, software, the firm lists 75 companies in its portfolio, including HourlyNerd, Mocana, Nanosonics, Enbala, and Airware. In March 2015, GE Ventures re-launched Evidation Health, a company involved in data analytics. List of venture capital firms GE Ventures Website

91.
Electric Bond and Share Company
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The Electric Bond and Share Company was originally a holding company that sold securities of electric utilities. It was created by General Electric in 1905, the company was restructured after the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935. Later known as EBASCO Services, it provided engineering consulting and construction services, among other projects EBASCO designed nuclear power plants. EBASCO Engineering and Constructors were sold to Raytheon in 1993 and became part of a Raytheon subsidiary, EBASCO Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc. becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental. Ebasco was included in Dow Jones Utility Average from 1938 to 1947, ebasco Services was one of major US architect-engineers, coordinated design of many nuclear power plants both in USA and outside including Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Nuclear whistleblower Ronald J. Goldstein was a supervisor employed by EBASCO, SAFETEAM was promoted as an independent safe haven for employees to voice their safety concerns. The two companies did not inform their employees that they did not believe complaints reported to SAFETEAM had any legal protection, after he filed his report to SAFETEAM, Goldstein was fired. Subsequently, Golstein filed suit under federal nuclear whistleblower statutes, the U. S. Department of Labor ruled that his submissions to SAFETEAM were protected and his dismissal was invalid, a finding upheld by Labor Secretary Lynn Martin. The ruling was appealed and overturned by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, after Goldstein lost his case, Congress amended the federal nuclear whistleblower law to provide protection reports made to internal systems and prevent retaliation against whistleblowers

92.
GE Aerospace
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GE Aerospace was a business group of General Electric. GE Aerospace made electronics and systems for the military and aerospace industries, like radar, secure communications equipment and military, the majority of the groups business was in government and military applications. In 1991, the group had about 37,500 employees, mostly in the New England and Middle Atlantic regions, the Delaware Valley alone accounted for about 17,600 employees. In 1993, the group was sold to Martin Marietta for over US$3 billion, shortly afterward, in 1995, Martin Marietta merged with Lockheed to form Lockheed Martin. In 2010, the large Systems Integration division from GE Aerospace, with roots tracing back to the Apollo Program, was spun off to form The SI Organization Inc

93.
GE Capital IT Solutions
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GE Capital Information Technology Solutions or GE ITS was the information technology services subsidiary of the General Electric corporation. It was initially formed to provide information services to GE subsidiaries. However, it solicited and provided services to other companies. Services offered ranged from desktop PC support and maintenance to 24x7 I. T. operations support and it has supported companies such as Cisco Systems, Inc, IBM Global Services, GE Financial Assurance, and Sybase, Inc. GE ITS was acquired by Platinum Equity in late 2004 and has now been absorbed into the I. T. solutions company called CompuCom, GECITS also had a representation within Australia from the purchase of Ferntree Computer Corporation, a national computer company based in Melbourne. GECITS in Australia was eventually sold off to Computer Sciences Corporation

94.
GE Capital Rail Services (Europe)
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GE Capital Rail Services was a European railway services company owned by GE Capital and headquartered in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The company was formed in 1998 through the acquisition and merger of the leasing firms Cargowaggon, touax acquired the operations of GE Capital Rail Services in 2015. Cargowaggon Gmbh was founded in Frankfurt, Germany by Swiss shipping company Danzas Holding AG, the company specified and purchased wagons from mainly German manufacturers, which were then sub-leased or hired to customers. By 1997 jointly owned by Australian business services company Brambles Industries, and Danzas, in May 1998, GE bought International Wagon Services Ltd in Bromley, Kent United Kingdom, which operated 2,100 railway wagons under the Tiphook brand. The company had in excess of 4,600 wagons, of which 2,000 were suitable for Channel Tunnel traffic, in 1999 the fleet includes wagons for intermodal, automotive, infrastructure, construction, steel, hazardous and general cargoes. British Leyland had used rail to transport a wide range of car parts between their various factories, particularly engines, in the late 1960s, BR modified some of its very large four wheeled ferry vans in the late 1960s, sub coded under TOPS as VQX. Via taut weather proof vinyl side curtains, these wagons allowed easy access to load a number of palletised engines, Ford started using the same wagons in the UK, including on cross-channel traffic to Germany. In the late 1970s, Ford had sub-contracted its inter-factory transport to Danzas, the result was a 45 feet twin-axle sliding door all metal van. So successful was the project for Cargowaggon, they extended the project, GE Capital Rail Services, North American rail leasing branch of GE List of rolling-stock leasing companies GE Capital Solutions Rail Services, www. gerailservices. com, company website

95.
GXS Inc.
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GXS is a subsidiary of OpenText Corporation headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States. Its GXS Trading Grid managed more than twelve billion transactions in 2011, since 2004, GXS has invested more than $250 million in GXS Trading Grid. As of March 16,2012, more than 550,000 businesses connect to GXS Trading Grid and, on average, on November 5,2013, OpenText Corporation in Waterloo, Canada, announced their acquisition of GXS. In June 2002, GXS was acquired by venture capital firm Francisco Partners from General Electric Company and it then operated as an independent firm, although GE retains a minority share in its investments. In 2011, GXS Trading Grid was named SaaS Product of the Year by Techworld, on November 5,2013, OpenText announced its intention to acquire GXS In January 2014, GXS was acquired by Canadian-based OpenText Corporation and adopted the name OpenText GXS. In May 2006, Microsoft and GXS formed a partnership to integrate Microsoft technologies with the GXS Trading Grid, Microsoft endorsed the GXS Trading Grid as its recommended network for Microsoft BizTalk Server. GXS and Microsoft were awarded the first Power of Partnership Award in June 2006 by START-IT magazine, also in 2006, GXS acquired product data quality service provider, UDEX. On June 4,2007, Verizon announced that it will sell GXS Trading Grid services as Custom Supply Chain Managed Services, in 2008, Accenture and GXS entered into a global partnership to support Accenture Supply Chain Services business. Through the agreement, Accenture offers GXS Trading Grid services, such as Active Orders, on January 5,2009, GXS announced its acquisition of Interchange, one of the leading e-commerce service providers in Brazil. GXS acquired Interchange from Banco Real, Citibank Brazil, EDS, an HP company, on June 3,2010, GXS completes merger with Inovis, another business-to-business and e-commerce provider. In 2004 the company launched its GXS Trading Grid via a partnership with webMethods, the Trading Grid enables the real-time flow of information between businesses regardless of standards preferences, spoken language or geographic location

96.
Montgomery Ward
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Montgomery Ward was the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises. It can refer either to the mail order and department store retailer. Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872, Ward had conceived of the idea of a dry goods mail-order business in Chicago, Illinois, after several years of working as a traveling salesman among rural customers. He observed that rural customers often wanted city goods, but their access to them was through rural retailers who had little competition. He and two partners used $1,600 they had raised in capital and issued their first catalog in August 1872 and it consisted of an 8 in ×12 in single-sheet price list, listing 163 items for sale with ordering instructions for which Ward had written the copy. His two partners left the year, but he continued the struggling business and was joined by his future brother-in-law. In the first few years, the business was not well received by rural retailers, considering Ward a threat, they sometimes publicly burned his catalog. Customers were also inspired by the innovative and unprecedented company policy of satisfaction guaranteed or your money back, Ward turned the copy writing over to department heads, but he continued poring over every detail in the catalog for accuracy. In 1883, the catalog, which became popularly known as the Wish Book, had grown to 240 pages and 10,000 items. In 1896, Wards encountered its first serious competition in the mail order business, in 1900, Wards had total sales of $8.7 million, compared to $10 million for Sears, and both companies would struggle for dominance during much of the 20th century. By 1904, the company had expanded as such that it mailed three million catalogs, weighing 4 lb each, to customers, in 1908, the company opened a 1. 25-million-square-foot building stretching along nearly one-quarter mile of the Chicago River, north of downtown Chicago. The building, known as the Montgomery Ward & Co, catalog House, served as the company headquarters until 1974, when the offices moved across the street to a new tower designed by Minoru Yamasaki. The catalog house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978, in the decades before 1930, Montgomery Ward built a network of large distributions centers across the country in Baltimore, Fort Worth, Kansas City, St. Paul, Portland, and Oakland. In most cases, these concrete structures were the largest industrial structures in their respective locations. The Baltimore Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, Ward died in 1913, after 41 years running the catalog business. Thorne, died in 1917, and was succeeded by Robert J. Thorne, Robert Thorne retired in 1920 due to ill health. In 1926, the company broke with its mail-order-only tradition when it opened its first retail store in Plymouth. It continued to operate its business while pursuing an aggressive campaign to build retail outlets in the late-1920s

97.
Synchrony Financial
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Synchrony Financial is a consumer financial services company headquartered in Stamford, Connecticut, United States. Prior to its 2014 initial public offering, Synchrony operated as GE Capital Retail Finance Corporation and was a division of General Electric, Synchrony raised $2.88 billion in its initial public offering, making it the third largest IPO of 2014. It is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange, Synchrony is the largest provider of private label credit cards in the U. S. In 2014, the company comprised 42 percent of the private credit card market. The CareCredit credit card, also through Synchrony Bank, is for elective healthcare procedures or services, such as dental, veterinary, cosmetic, vision, on 03.20.17, Synchrony Financial has acquired GPShopper. In June 2014, Synchrony agreed to pay $225 million after entering into a consent decree with the U. S, the CFPB alleged deceptive and discriminatory practices regarding Synchronys consumer credit cards. According to the CFPB, in cases, consumers were unaware that they would be charged for these services. It is not known why Synchrony chose not to offer this promotion to its Hispanic customers, but the CFPB found that this practice constituted discriminat

Synchrony Financial
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Synchrony Financial logo

98.
Whatman plc
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Whatman plc is a GE Healthcare Life Sciences brand specialising in laboratory filtration products and separation technologies. Formerly Whatman plc, the company was acquired in 2008 by GE Healthcare, founded in 1740 in Maidstone, Kent, England, Whatman paper was created by papermaker James Whatman the Elder. He made revolutionary advances to the craft in England and is credited as the inventor of wove paper, the techniques continued to be developed by his son, James Whatman the Younger. At a time when the craft was based in smaller paper mills, his innovations led to the large scale, the earliest examples of wove paper, bearing his watermark, appeared after 1740. The business is credited with the invention of the wire mesh used to mould. This is the method used in the mass production of most modern paper. The Whatmans held a part interest in the establishment at Turkey Mill, near Maidstone, after 1740, the handmade paper bearing the Whatmans mark was still produced for special editions and art books until 2002

99.
Engine Alliance
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The Engine Alliance is an American aircraft engine manufacturer based in East Hartford, Connecticut. The company is a 50/50 joint venture between GE Aviation, a subsidiary of General Electric, and Pratt & Whitney, a subsidiary of United Technologies. Engine Alliance was established in August 1996 to develop, manufacture, sell, the main application for such an engine, the GP7200, was originally the Boeing 747-500/600X projects, before these were cancelled due to lack of demand from airlines. Instead, the GP7000 has been re-optimized for use on the Airbus A380 superjumbo, in that market it is competing with the Rolls-Royce Trent 900, the launch engine for the aircraft. The two variants are the GP7270 and the GP7277

100.
TBS GB
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TBS G is the UK arm of the ITAL TBS group of companies. ITAL TBS is a provider of healthcare and clinical engineering in Europe, the company is privately owned, shareholders include GE, the Generali group and the company managers. ITAL TBS was established in the 1980s as an advanced research provider in a research environment, in 2004 the company acquired the clinical engineering arm of GE Healthcare in Europe

101.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown

102.
NBCUniversal
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NBCUniversal is an American multinational media conglomerate. It has a significant presence in broadcasting through a portfolio of domestic and international properties, including terrestrial, via the Universal Parks & Resorts division, the company is also the third-largest operator of amusement parks in the world. NBC Universal was formed on May 12,2004 by the merger of General Electrics National Broadcasting Company with Vivendis Vivendi Universal Entertainment, as of March 19,2013, it is wholly owned by Comcast who bought GEs ownership stake. NBC and Universal Television had a long-standing partnership dating back to 1950 and this partnership continued throughout a number of name changes and changes of ownership. NBC Universal Television has its roots in a series of expansions undertaken by NBC. In the late 1980s, NBC began pursuing a strategy of diversification, NBC also had partial ownership of several regional sports channels and other cable channels such as American Movie Classics and Court TV. In 1995, NBC began operating NBC Desktop Video, a news service that delivered live video to personal computers. The following year, NBC announced an agreement with Microsoft to create an all-news cable television channel, a separate joint venture with Microsoft included establishing a news website, MSNBC. com. In 1998, NBC partnered with Dow Jones & Co, the two companies combined their financial news channels outside the US. The new networks included NBC Europe, CNBC Europe, NBC Asia, CNBC Asia, NBC Africa, in 1999, NBC took a 32% stake in the Paxson group, operator of PAX TV. Five years later, NBC decided to sell its interest in PAX TV and end its relationship with PAX owner, in 2001, NBC acquired the US Spanish-language broadcaster Telemundo, which included the bilingual Mun2 Television. That same year NBC acquired the cable channel Bravo, the sale and resulting merger formed NBC Universal. The new company was 80% owned by GE, and 20% owned by Vivendi, Universal Music Group was not included in the deal and is not part of NBC Universal. On August 2,2004, the divisions of NBC. NBC Studios series bought into the company include the NBC dramas Las Vegas, Crossing Jordan, Universal Network Television bought the Law & Order franchise and The District—in fact, Universal Network Television had co-produced American Dreams with NBC before the merger. Entertainment shows produced by the new group include The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, Last Call with Carson Daly, and Saturday Night Live. The formation of NBC Universal saw the establishment of NBC Universal Cable, which oversees the distribution, marketing, NBC Universal Cable also manages the companys investments in The Weather Channel and TiVo. The cable division also used to operate NBC Weather Plus until 2008 and it also owned a 50% stake in Canal+ and also owned a 15% stake in A+E Networks until 2012

103.
GEnie
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Jinn, also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies, are supernatural creatures in early Arabian and later Islamic mythology and theology. An individual member of the jinn is known as a jinni, djinni and they are mentioned frequently in the Quran and other Islamic texts. The jinn, humans, and angels make up the three known sapient creations of God, like human beings, the jinn can be good, evil, or neutrally benevolent and hence have free will like humans. Jaini were among various creatures believe among pre-Zoroastrian peoples of Persia, Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN, whose primary meaning is to hide. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, beings that are concealed from the senses, cognates include the Arabic majnūn, jannah, and janīn. Jinn is properly treated as a plural, with the singular being jinni, the anglicized form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, from the Latin genius, a guardian spirit of people and places in Roman religion. It first appeared in 18th-century translations of the Thousand and One Nights from the French, numerous mentions of jinn in the Quran and testimony of both pre-Islamic and Islamic literature indicate that the belief in spirits was prominent in pre-Islamic Bedouin religion. Julius Wellhausen has observed that such spirits were thought to inhabit desolate, dingy, and dark places, One had to protect oneself from them, but they were not the objects of a true cult. In Islamic theology jinn are said to be creatures with free will, made from fire by God as humans were made of clay. When jinns are called fire spirits it´s does not refer to their current nature, Jinn are mentioned 29 times in the Quran, Surah 72 is named after the jinn, and has a passage about them. Another surah mentions jinn in the last verse, the Quran also mentions that Muhammad was sent as a prophet to both humanity and the jinn, and that prophets and messengers were sent to both communities. Like humans, jinn will also be judged on the Day of Judgment, the social organization of the jinn community resembles that of humans, e. g. they have kings, courts of law, weddings, mourning rituals and practise religion. One common belief in Muslim belief lists five distinct orders of jinn — the Marid, the Ifrit, the Shaitan, the Ghul, and the Jann. A few traditions, divide jinn into three classes, those who have wings and fly in the air, those who resemble snakes and dogs, described them as creatures of different forms, some resembling vultures and snakes, others tall men in white garb. They may even appear as dragons, onagers, or any number of other animals, in addition to their animal forms, the jinn occasionally assume human form to mislead and destroy their human victims. Ibn Taymiyyah, a late medieval theologian whose writings would later become the source of Wahhabism, believed the jinn to be generally ignorant, untruthful, oppressive. In Sūrat Al-Jinn, verses 8–10, Allah narrates concerning the jinn how they touched or sought the limits of the sky and found it full of guards and shooting stars. Seven kings of the Jinn are traditionally associated with days of the week, the notion of a qarin is not universally accepted among all Muslims, but it is generally accepted that Shayṭān whispers in human minds, and he is assigned to each human being

104.
Mazda (light bulb)
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Mazda was a trademarked name registered by General Electric in 1909 for incandescent light bulbs. The name was used from 1909 through 1945 in the United States by GE, Mazda brand light bulbs were made for decades after 1945 outside the USA. The company chose the name due to its association with Ahura Mazda, in 1909 the Mazda name was created for the tungsten filament light bulb. GE sold bulbs under this trademark starting in 1909, GE promoted the mark as identifying tungsten filament bulbs with predictable performance and life expectancy. GE also licensed the Mazda name, socket sizes, and tungsten filament technology to other manufacturers to establish a standard for lighting. Bulbs were soon sold by manufacturers with the Mazda name licensed from GE, including British Thomson-Houston in the United Kingdom, Toshiba in Japan. Tungsten-filament bulbs of the Mazda type were initially more costly than carbon filament bulbs, often electrical utilities would trade new lamps for consumers burned-out bulbs. In at least one case the authority regulating energy rates required the utility to use only tungsten bulbs so as not to inflate customers energy use, the company dropped the campaign in 1945. GEs patents on the filament lamp expired in the late 1930s. GE stopped licensing the trademark to other manufacturers, although it continued to renew the registration up to 1990. The registration on trademark no.77,779 expired in 2000, today, the Mazda name is mostly associated with the Mazda automobile manufacturer of Japan. The Mazda trademark is now split between the Japanese manufacturer where it applies to automobiles and GE for non-automotive uses, GEs Mazda bulbs were manufactured in Northeast Minneapolis. From the 1930s until 2013, the building was headquarters for Minneapolis Public Schools, in the 1925 Felix the Cat cartoon The Cat and the Kit, Mazda lamps are Felixs choice of car headlights. In the Laurel and Hardy short, Tit for Tat,1935, as owners of an electrical repair shop. In her essay A Photographer In Moscow, Margaret Bourke-White writes. It could be held up to the Mazda lamp on the radiator, to expose the prints, in Ian Flemings James Bond novel Goldfinger, Bond awakes strapped to a table in Auric Goldfingers Swiss factory. He is disoriented and mistakes the print Société Anonyme Mazda on the bulb above him for. an important message. It is also mentioned in Here is New York, by E. B, the Mazda light bulb is improbably mentioned in the 1952 Johnny Mercer song Glow Worm, You got a cute vest-pocket Mazda/Which you can make both slow and fazda. Reference to Mazda Lamps appears on a billboard in the 1959 film On The Beach, in Clifford Odets play Rocket to the Moon, Willy Wax refers to the Mazda glow in Cleo Singers eyes

105.
Charles A. Coffin
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Charles Albert Coffin was the cofounder and first President of General Electric corporation. He was born in Fairfield, Maine, the son of Albert Coffin and he married Caroline Russell of Holbrook, Massachusetts and had three children. He moved to join his uncle Charles E. Coffin at his company in Lynn, Massachusetts at the age 18. Eventually he established his own shoe factory named Coffin and Clough in Lynn, in 1883, he was approached by another Lynn businessman, Silas A. Barton, to bring to town a struggling electric company from New Britain, Connecticut, finance it and to lead it. With the engineering work of Elihu Thomson, Coffin was able to build the company, during this time they deployed power plants in the South, including two in Atlanta, Georgia to run the electric lighting and in 1889, Joel Hurts electric streetcar line. When General Electric was formed from Thomson-Houston and Edisons companies, Coffin was its first chief executive officer, the company was tested quickly during the Panic of 1893, where Coffin negotiated with New York banks to advance money in exchange for GE-owned utility stocks. He established a duopoly of important electric patents with Westinghouse Electric in the late 1890s, suggested by Charles Proteus Steinmetz, this was the first industrial research lab in the US. He supported GE engineers in the adaptation and development of the Curtis steam turbine and he retired from the board in 1922, and retained a large amount of GE stock. Upon his death in 1926, he was one of the wealthiest men in the world, biographical Dictionary of American Business Leaders. Men and Volts, The Story of General Electric, the 10 Greatest CEOs of All Time

106.
Edwin J. Houston
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Edwin J. Houston was an American businessman, professor, consulting electrical engineer, inventor and author. Houston was born July 9,1847 to John Mason and Mary Houston in Alexandria, Virginia and he graduated from Central High School of Philadelphia in 1864. Princeton University awarded him a doctoral degree. He also served as professor of physics at the Franklin Institute. While teaching physics at Central High School in Philadelphia, he helped design an arc light generator with his former student colleague Elihu Thomson, together, they created the Thomson-Houston Electric Company in 1879. He served as chief electrician of Philadelphias International Electrical Exhibition in 1884, in 1892, Thomson-Houston merged with the Edison General Electric Company to form General Electric, with management from Thomson-Houston largely running the new company. In 1894, Houston formed a firm in electrical engineering with Arthur Kennelly. He and Kennelly had also published a series called Primers of Electricity in 1884. Houston was twice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and he was a member of the United States Electrical Commission, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Philosophical Society and many others. He died from heart failure in 1914. J

107.
Elihu Thomson
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Elihu Thomson was an English-born American engineer and inventor who was instrumental in the founding of major electrical companies in the United States, the United Kingdom and France. He was born in Manchester on March 29,1853, Thomson attended Central High School in Philadelphia and graduated in 1870. Thomson took a position at Central, and in 1876, at the age of twenty-three. In 1880, he left Central to pursue research in the field of electrical engineering. With Edwin J. Houston, a teacher and later colleague of Thomsons at Central High School. Notable inventions created by Thomson during this period include a system, an automatically regulated three-coil dynamo, a magnetic lightning arrester. In 1892 the Thomson-Houston Electric Company merged with the Edison General Electric Company to become the General Electric Company, the historian Thomas P. Hughes writes that Thomson displayed methodological characteristics in the workshop and the laboratory as inventor and in the business world as entrepreneur. He also chose to solve problems in the expanding field of electric light. Thomsons name is commemorated by the British Thomson-Houston Company. Thomson was notable both for his emphasis on models and for the focus with which he pursued his research. Between 1880 and 1885, Thomson averaged twenty-one patent applications annually, at the Lynn GE plant, he worked with Edwin Rice and Sanford Moss and Charles Steinmetz. After being asked to become a director of GE, Thomson rejected the offer preferring continued research to management, Thomson was also president of the organization from 1889-90. Near the end of his life, Thomsons second wife Clarissa Hovey Thomson is reported to have said that she had to carry a basket with her to all of Thomsons awards. In 1889 he was decorated by the French Government for his electrical inventions and he received the honorary degree of A. M. from Yale. Tufts College in 1892 gave him the degree of Ph. D. and he was a founding member, as well as the second president, of the International Electrotechnical Commission. He served as acting president of MIT from 1920-1923, Thomson, overcoming his distaste for management accepted this role during a critical period for the university when it could not otherwise find a president. Thomson died at his estate in Swampscott, Massachusetts, the Elihu Thomson House in Swampscott was designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1976 and serves as Swampscotts town hall. Thomson held more than 700 patents, Thomson used his patents to bolster his company, Thomson-Houston Company, later General Electric

108.
Jeffrey R. Immelt
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Jeffrey Robert Jeff Immelt is an American business executive. He is currently the chairman of the board and chief officer of the U. S. -based conglomerate General Electric. He was selected as GEs CEO by their Board of Directors in 2000 to replace Jack Welch upon Welchs retirement from GE, previously, Immelt had headed up GEs Medical Systems division as its President and CEO. Immelt was born in Cincinnati, the son of Donna Rosemary, a teacher, and Joseph Francis Immelt. Immelt attended Finneytown High School, he played football in college and was an offensive tackle, during his years at Dartmouth he worked summers on a Ford assembly line in Cincinnati, after graduating he worked for Procter and Gamble before matriculating at Harvard for his MBA. Immelt earned his M. B. A. from Harvard Business School and he described business school as one of the most intense times of your life. Immelt has been with GE since 1982, when he graduated from Harvard with his MBA and he held a number of increasingly senior positions in GEs plastics, appliances, and healthcare businesses. He became a GE officer in 1989, joined the GE Capital board in 1997, Immelt has been thrust into three significant external crises since taking the lead at GE as Chairman on September 7,2001. Almost immediately he faced the 9/11 terrorist attacks and he then was pressed to defend GEs business model and the quality of its financial reports as the economy reeled from the Enron crisis. In 2008-09 he shepherded GE through the United States financial crisis, Immelt defended GEs reporting elections and the quality of its financial statements following heightened scrutiny after the Enron crisis. The experiment seemed to confirm that the format, which was shorter, was preferable. Immelts intuition and judgments about financial reporting transparency were validated in experiments in behavioral economics conducted at Princeton in 2004, GE could not escape the 2008 crisis that was fueled by the mortgage-backed securities debacle on Wall Street and the liquidity crisis that brought the derivatives market to its knees. GEs major financial business is known as GE Capital and it is operated largely through the General Electric Credit Corporation subsidiary. As part of its response to the crisis, GE joined Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley in forming a wholly owned banking affiliate that qualified as a Savings. This entitles the subsidiary to FDIC insurance over its deposit at the cost of bowing to regulation as a holding company. Aid received from the Federal Reserve by GE has also become an issue in the 2016 presidential campaign. Immelt has not been a passive inheritor of the house that Jack built, in fact at the outset of this time as GEs CEO, Immelt took pains to establish that he would act as his own man. Welch preferred internal, or organic growth and benefited from long-term US economic trends that buoyed his major business lines, in particular Welchs tenure benefited from the economic expansion during the Clinton Administration which ended immediately before Immelt became GEs CEO

109.
Andrea Jung
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Andrea Jung is a Canadian-American executive, non-profit leader, and prominent womens-issues supporter. In April,2014, she became President and CEO of Grameen America, Grameen is the fastest-growing microfinance organization in the United States, providing the largest number of microfinance loans to individuals and small businesses. From 1999 until 2012, she served as the first female CEO and Chairwoman of Avon Products, Jung was also the first woman to serve as Chairman of the Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association, and Chairman of the World Federation of Direct Selling Associations. After resigning her CEO role at Avon, Jung continued as chair of Avon’s board of directors through the end of 2012, Jung was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1959 and raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts. As a child, she studied the piano and took lessons in Mandarin on Saturday mornings and her mother is a Shanghai-born amateur pianist. Jungs father is a Hong Kong-born retired architect, formerly a partner at TRO Jung Brannen, Jung is a magna cum laude graduate of Princeton University and is fluent in Mandarin. Her brother, Mark Jung, also graduated from Princeton University and went on to become co-founder, Jung was executive vice president of Neiman Marcus, responsible for all of women’s apparel, accessories, and cosmetics. Before that, she was vice president, general merchandising manager. Jung joined Avon Products, Inc. in 1994 as the president in its product marketing group. She became president of marketing in 1996 and executive vice president/president of global marketing. Her responsibilities at that time centered primarily around market research, joint ventures and she then became president and chief operating officer, with responsibility for all business units of Avon worldwide. She has been on the board of directors since 1998. In November 1999, Jung was promoted to chairman of the board, in December,2011, Avon announced that it had initiated a search for a new chief executive with Jung helping to choose her replacement and continuing as chairman of the board for the next two years. Avon faced several controversies at the time of her resignation, the companys stock had dropped 45 percent in 2011. Avons third quarter earnings report stated that sales targets would be unattainable, net income in the third quarter fell to $164.2 million, or 38 cents a share, from $166.7 million, or 38 cents, a year earlier. The results marked the time in five-quarters that profit trailed analysts’ projections. There was also a probe into an alleged bribery of foreign officials has already caused the dismissal of four Avon executives. Jung was named one of Forbes magazines 100 Most powerful women in 2004, in 2009, Forbes ranked her the 25th most powerful woman

110.
Jack Welch
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John Francis Jack Welch, Jr. is an American retired business executive, author, and chemical engineer. He was chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001, during his tenure at GE, the companys value rose 4, 000%. In 2006, Welchs net worth was estimated at $720 million, when he retired from GE he received a severance payment of $417 million, the largest such payment in history. Jack Welch was born in Peabody, Massachusetts, the son of Grace, a homemaker, and John Francis Welch, Sr, Welch is Irish American and Roman Catholic. His paternal and maternal grandparents were Irish, throughout his early life in middle school and high school, Welch found work in the summers as a golf caddie, newspaper delivery boy, shoe salesman, and drill press operator. Welch attended Salem High School, where he participated in baseball, football, late in his senior year, Welch was accepted to University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he studied chemical engineering. Welch worked in engineering at Sunoco and PPG Industries during his college summers. In his sophomore year, he became a member of the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and he graduated from the University of Illinois, in 1960, with a Masters degree and a PhD in chemical engineering. Welch joined General Electric in 1960 and he worked as a junior chemical engineer in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, at a salary of $10,500. In 1961, Welch planned to quit his job as junior engineer because he was dissatisfied with the raise offered to him and was unhappy with the bureaucracy he observed at GE. Welch was persuaded to remain at GE by Reuben Gutoff, an executive at the company, in 1963, an explosion at the factory which was under his management blew off the roof of the facilities, and he was almost fired for that episode. By 1968, Welch became the president and head of GEs plastics division. Welch oversaw production as well as the marketing for the GE-developed plastics Lexan, not long after, in 1971, Welch also became the vice president of GEs metallurgical and chemical divisions. In 1981, Welch became GEs youngest chairman and CEO, succeeding Reginald H. Jones, by 1982, Welch had dismantled much of the earlier management put together by Jones with aggressive simplification and consolidation. One of his primary leadership directives was that GE had to be No.1 or No.2 in the industries it participated in, through the 1980s, Welch sought to streamline GE. In 1981, he made a speech in New York City called Growing fast in a slow-growth economy, under Welchs leadership, GE increased market value from $12 billion in 1981 to $280 billion, making 600 acquisitions while shifting into emerging markets. Welch pioneered a policy of informality at the place, allowing all employees to have a small business experience at a large corporation. Welch worked to eradicate perceived inefficiency by trimming inventories and dismantling the bureaucracy that had almost led him to leave GE in the past and he closed factories, reduced pay rolls and cut lackluster units

Jack Welch
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Welch in 2012

111.
30 Rockefeller Plaza
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30 Rockefeller Plaza is an American Art Deco skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Its name is shortened to 30 Rock. The building is most famous for housing the NBC television network headquarters, at 850 feet high, the 70-story building is the 14th tallest in New York City and the 39th tallest in the United States. It stands 400 feet shorter than the Empire State Building, the building underwent a US$170 million floor-by-floor interior renovation in 2014. The building was completed in 1933 as part of the Rockefeller Center complex, the noted Art Deco architect Raymond Hood led a team of Rockefeller architects. It was named the RCA Building for its tenant, the Radio Corporation of America. It was the first building constructed with the elevators grouped in the central core, during construction, a photographer took the famous photograph Lunch atop a Skyscraper on the 69th floor. The National Broadcasting Company, had the red and blue networks housed in the new building, NBC was the first national radio network in the country and was started by R. C. A. in 1926. The office of the Rockefeller family occupied Room 5600 on the 56th floor and this space is now occupied by Rockefeller Family and Associates, whose offices span the 54th to 56th floors. John D. Rockefeller had a vault in the basement of the building. In 1985, the building acquired official landmark status, the RCA Building was renamed as the GE Building in 1988, two years after General Electric re-acquired the RCA Corporation. Some still refer to the building using its old names, out of habit or fondness, the buildings address became the title of the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, which follows the cast and crew of a fictional television show filmed inside the building. KWO35, the NOAA Weather Radio station serving the majority of the Tri-State area, originally transmitted from atop the building, due to interference with a U. S. Coast Guard radio channel, the transmitter was eventually relocated atop the MetLife Building. A weather radar station was located atop the building. In June 2014, Comcast was granted permission from the Landmarks Preservation Commission to make modifications to the building to reflect its ownership of NBCUniversal, the GE Building would be officially known as the Comcast Building. Comcast planned to replace the neon GE lettering from the top of the building with a 10-foot tall, LED-lit Comcast wordmark and NBC logo, and add a 17-foot NBC logo on the building westerns facade. Additionally, a new marquee was added to the Avenue of the Americas entrance, on July 1,2015, the name change and new signage were made official. The building is one of the most famous and recognized skyscrapers in New York

112.
Nela Park
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Nela Park is the headquarters of GE Lighting, and is located in East Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Today, GE Lighting is a part of GE Home & Business Solutions, headquartered in Louisville, Nela Park serves as the operating headquarters of GE Lighting. The institute was first organized by entrepreneurs Franklin Terry and Burton Tremaine of the National Electric Lamp Company. Development of the site was started in 1911, when the National Electric Lamp Association, formed by John Robert Crouse, Sr, J. B. Crouse, Tremaine in 1901, was dissolved and absorbed into General Electric. It was the first industrial park in the world, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, the campus emulates a university setting, and the dominant architectural style is Georgian Revival. The 92-acre campus is home to GEs Lighting & Electrical Institute, each December, Nela Park features a world-famous Christmas lighting display, which culminates in a miniature version of the National Christmas Tree in Washington, D. C. designed by GE Lighting

113.
River Works
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River Works, formerly known as Air Force Plant 29, is a plant of General Electrics aviation division located in Lynn, Massachusetts. It is serviced by the River Works station on the MBTAs Newburyport/Rockport Line and it was purchased by General Electric in 1983 from the United States Air Force. The plant is situated along the Saugus River, along railroad tracks, the factory was built in 1943 as a supercharger facility, and helped to build the first jet engine during World War II. Activities performed at the plant originally included aircraft engine testing, disassembly, lubricating, cleaning, operations included, degreasing, electrochemical grinding, engine maintenance, metal washing, parts cleaning and stress fracture testing. The plant had operations boosted in the late 1980s after General Electric decided to close the General Electric Everett Plant and move operations there

River Works
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River Works, the factory to the north and of the marsh

114.
General Electric Specialty Control Plant
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General Electric Specialty Control Plant is a 115 acres historic factory complex located at Waynesboro, Virginia. The complex includes three contributing buildings, one contributing site, and two contributing structures, the property, a former airport, was acquired by General Electric in 1953. The Waynesboro plant was one of some 120 individual operating departments created as part of an effort by the General Electric Corporation. The Specialty Control Plant was responsible for the development of technologies in areas ranging from America’s military efforts to space travel to computer technology. The facility was sold to GENICOM on October 21,1983, the property was originally on General Electric Drive. After the GENICOM sale, it was renamed GENICOM Drive, in 1994, GENICOM internally reorganized into two separate companies, Enterprising Solutions Services Company and Document Solutions Company. The road north of Hopeman Parkway was renamed Solutions Way while the southern part remained GENICOM Drive at the request of property owners in that area, in 2000, GENICOM entered bankruptcy and the building was sold to the newly formed Solutions Way Management. The substantially downsized GENICOM operated as a tenant through its 2003 merger that formed TallyGenicom until a further bankruptcy, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Solutions Way Management rents much of the facility to companies for manufacturing, warehousing. In the early 1950s the General Electric Company was a highly centralized operation with six major manufacturing works and they were located in Schenectady, NY, Pittsfield, MA, Lynn, MA, Philadelphia, PA, Erie, PA, and Ft. Wayne, IN. The Industry Control Department, building systems for large industry such as cranes, steel, paper, marine and submarine panels. The General Purpose Control Department, building smaller control components such as relays and contractors for general applications, was located in Bloomington. The Appliance Control Department, building systems for the companys consumer products, i. e. refrigerators, oil burners. The original planning group that moved to Waynesboro from Schenectady in 1954 included, Dr. L. T. Rader, General Manager Maggy Fitzgibbons, Secretary to Mr. In its first full year of operation, the new department hired 400 factory people, for many it was their first job ever. Waynesboro and the area experienced a major building boom in 1955 as over 140 GE families began relocating to work in the new facility. The old apple orchard west of the city, principally the Cortland Street area, similarly, Club Court became another haven for new arrivals. Others filled many vacant lots, not only in Waynesboro, the local families graciously welcomed the newcomers from the north, and helped to facilitate a smooth transition and assimilation into their new home

115.
General Electric Switchgear Plant
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The General Electric Switchgear Plant is a historic factory building located at 421 North 7th Street at Willow Street in the Callowhill neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1916, and is a seven-story, seven bay by nine bay and it was designed by William Steele & Company for General Electric, which manufactured electric switchboard equipment there. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, a music venue, Electric Factory, occupies part of the building. Philadelphia portal National Register of Historic Places listings in North Philadelphia Media related to General Electric Switchgear Plant at Wikimedia Commons

116.
Edison Engineering Development Program
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The Edison Engineering Development Program is one of General Electrics six corporate entry level programs. Focused on engineering, the aims to develop technical problem-solving skills through advanced courses in engineering. It is named in honor of GEs founder, Thomas Edison, typically each GE business runs its own program, and candidates are required to apply for and rotate within the program at a specific business. EEDP, the oldest of GEs rotational programs for new BS and MS grads, assignments are driven by real GE business priorities, which may include working with systems, analysis, design, quality, reliability, integration, and testing. Program members develop and enhance their technical problem-solving skills through advanced engineering course work, reports, another benefit of EEDP is the opportunity to earn a masters in engineering while in the program. The ACE is divided into three sections, A Course, B Course, and C Course, grading is assessed based on homework and/or tests. Homework may consist of sets, short reports, or formal reports, and typically requires 20–40 hours of effort per week. During the first year in the program, EEDP participants are required to take GEs engineering A Course, additionally, members participate in GEs esteemed Foundations of Leadership course on its Crotonville, NY campus. The second year in the program, participants are required to take the B Course, coursework typically involves technical business fundamentals, such as program management, reliability, Lean manufacturing, design controls, and environmental issues. Additional classes cover topics related to the business or its customer base. Program members will choose a major project to complete at the conclusion of the program. The third and final part of the ACE program is C Course, the focus of C Course is a design project related to the enrollees Masters thesis. Few program members pursue a C Course certificate, but it is considered a top achievement throughout technical roles at GE. After completion of the ACE program, EEDP engineers will have a number of credits they can transfer to one of several universities to help complete a masters degree. This allows program participants to earn a Masters or other advanced degree through a number of top schools while still employed by GE, ACE requirements vary from business to business. ACE programs at all GE businesses do not strictly adhere to the definitions of the A, B. The members taking this work in a minimum of 2 or 3 fields/teams over a period of 2 to 3 years. These rotations help in bridging the gap between teams and thus adding value to the organization

117.
The General Electric Concert
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The General Electric Concert was a music series sponsored by General Electric and broadcast on the NBC Red Network beginning in 1931. Featuring orchestral selections along with tenor Richard Crooks, the 30-minute program aired Sunday afternoon at 5 and it moved to Sunday evenings at 9pm for the 1932-33 season. As early as 1923, General Electric sponsored radio programs on WGY in Schenectady, New York

118.
General Electric Theater
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General Electric Theater was an American anthology series hosted by Ronald Reagan that was broadcast on CBS radio and television. The series was sponsored by General Electrics Department of Public Relations, jaime del Valle produced and directed the show. Ken Carpenter was the host and announcer, stereo Theater, the program was the first network radio series to be broadcast on FM in stereo. The television version of the program, produced by MCA-TV/Revue, was broadcast every Sunday evening at 9,00 pm EST, beginning February 11953, and ending May 271962. Each of the estimated 209 television episodes was an adaptation of a novel, short story, play, film, an exception was the 1954 episode Music for Christmas, which featured choral director Fred Waring and his group The Pennsylvanians performing Christmas music. On September 26,1954, Ronald Reagan debuted as the only host of the program, GE added a host to provide continuity in the anthology format. General Electric Theater made the already well-known Reagan, who had appeared in films as a second lead throughout his career, wealthy. After eight years as host, Reagan estimated he had visited 135 GE research and manufacturing facilities, Reagan, who would later be known as The Great Communicator because of his oratorical prowess, often credited these engagements as helping him develop his public-speaking abilities. Among the guest stars on the anthology were, Reagan was fired by General Electric in 1962 in response to his reference to the Tennessee Valley Authority as one of the problems of big government. This program started as a flood control project, the Tennessee Valley was periodically ravaged by destructive floods, the Army Engineers set out to solve this problem. They said that it was possible that once in 500 years there could be a total capacity flood that would inundate some 600,000 acres and they made a permanent lake which inundated a million acres. This solved the problem of floods, but the annual interest on the TVA debt is five times as great as the flood damage they sought to correct. Of course, you point out that TVA gets electric power from the impounded waters, and this is true. The series was not dropped because of low ratings but political intervention, Michael claimed that Robert Kennedy told GE officials that the company would receive no federal contracts so long as Reagan was host of the series. S. According to Michael Reagan, Kennedys directive is another example of the law of unintended consequences, had Kennedy stayed out of GE contract matters, there would have been no Governor or President Reagan, speculates Michael Reagan. In fact, the primary reason Reagan was fired by General Electric for his comments regarding the TVA was that the TVA was one of General Electrics biggest customers. General Electric was and remains the largest supplier of equipment to the TVA, don Herbert, a television personality well known as the host of Watch Mr. Wizard, appeared as the General Electric Progress Reporter, adding a scientific touch to the institutional advertising pitch. The show was produced by Revue Studios, whose successor-in-interest, NBC Universal Television, was co-owned by GE, following General Electric Theaters cancellation in 1962, the series was replaced in the same time slot by the short-lived GE-sponsored GE True, hosted by Jack Webb

119.
General Imaging
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General Imaging is a manufacturer of digital cameras headquartered in Torrance, California, established in 2007 by Hiroshi Hugh Komiya, a former executive of Olympus Corporation. General Imaging sells their cameras internationally under the General Electric name, in Japan, General Imaging holds the license to manufacture cameras under the AgfaPhoto. Designed for first-time buyers and those upgrading from first-generation digital cameras, both models in this series include a 2. 5-inch LCD screen. Powered by two AA alkaline batteries, the A730 is a cheap point-and-shoot GE-branded camera with 7 megapixels. It has a 3X optical zoom and a 4. 5X digital zoom, the LCD screen is 2.5 inches. Powered by two AA batteries, the A730 has an SD/SDHC memory card slot expandable up to 4 gigabytes, the A830 is a point-and-shoot camera that has the zoom capabilities and other features of the A730 and comes with 8 megapixels. The intermediate level of the GE-branded camera models, the E series features larger screens and is powered by rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, memory can be expanded up to 4 gigabytes with SD or SDHC memory cards. The E850 includes a 28mm equivalent wide-angle lens, a 5X optical zoom and 8 megapixels, the wide-angle lens is useful for large indoor group photos. It has a 5X optical zoom and the 4. 5X digital zoom, the camera comes with a 3-inch LCD screen. It also can delete unwanted sections of a photo The E1030 has 10 megapixels, a 3X optical zoom and 4. 5X digital zoom, the LCD screen is 2.7 inches. The E1040 includes 4X optical zoom,4. 5X digital zoom, a 4X optical zoom and a 4. 5X digital zoom combine to create a maximum zoom of 18X, 3-inch LCD screen. The G1 is the most compact model in the GE-branded line and it includes a 3X optical zoom, a 2. 5-inch LCD screen,7 megapixels. Comes with a rechargeable battery and an SD/SDHC memory card slot. The first GEs waterproof series is G3WP a compact camera with capability for up to 3 meters underwater,12.2 MP, 4x Optical zoom at 35 mm equivalent lens, GE X1 is the first camera from General Imaging for the more serious photographer. It has a 12X optical zoom, a 2. 5-inch LCD screen,8 megapixels, paired with the camera’s 12X optical zoom is a 4. 5X digital zoom. Together, they give the X1 a maximum zoom of 54X and it also includes a 4-gigabyte SD/SDHC expansion slot. GE X5 is the lowest priced Bridge camera on the market, so, the highest price was almost 3. 0x the cheapest price. GE Power Pro X500 is the successor of GE X5, the camera has a 16-megapixel sensor and an electronic viewfinder, whereas the optical zoom and other features are relatively still the same as the predecessor

General Imaging
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A Series
General Imaging
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E850
General Imaging
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G1
General Imaging
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X1

120.
Chase Bank
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The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank, the bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual, Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,100 ATMs nationwide. JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees and operates in more than 100 countries, JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US$2.49 trillion. JPMorgan Chase, through its Chase subsidiary, is one of the Big Four banks of the United States. From September 1,1799, to 1955, it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company, Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson. It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s, through its Chase Securities Corporation. In 1926, for instance, it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank, however, its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930, the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed, in the world, in 1955, Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank. The deal was structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National. This avoided the need for consent by shareholders. For Chase Manhattan Banks new logo, Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961, the Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company, which were made by nailing together wooden planks. The bank included a management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation. Under McCloys successor, George Champion, the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one, in 1969, under the leadership of David Rockefeller, the bank became part of a bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Corporation. In July 1996, Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank, chemicals previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, in 1991, and Texas Commerce Bank, in 1987. Although Chemical was the survivor, the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known. In December 2000, the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J. P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date, the combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase. In 2004, the bank acquired Bank One, making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States, JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively

121.
Chase Paymentech
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Chase Paymentech is the payment processing and merchant acquiring business of JPMorgan Chase. Paymentech payment platforms support businesses of all sizes to process payments, including credit, debit, Paymentech can authorize payment transactions in more than 130 currencies. The company also provides business analytics, payment fraud detection, in 2012, Chase Paymentech processed 29.5 billion transactions with a value of $655.2 billion. 1985, MNET, MBanks retail unit and merchant acquirer founded 1987, the expansions continued with further acquisition of Litle and DMGT in 1995. The brand Paymentech was created in the year 1996 and the IPO was executed in the same year, Paymentech acquired Gensar, which later became Paymentech Network Services, Tampa, and Merchant Link in 1996. In 1997, Chase Paymentech was created as a joint venture between Chase Merchant Services and First Data Corporation and that year, First USA was acquired by Bank One. In 2001, Paymentech completed the largest retail merchant conversion,2002, Chase Paymentech acquired the merchant acquiring portfolios of Scotiabank and Citibank CA. Chase Paymentech opened its first European office in Dublin, Ireland in 2004 and that year also saw the merger of Bank One and JPMorgan Chase. Their product portfolio includes products to help merchants reduce payment fraud, the company offers solutions across multiple industry verticals, including e-commerce, retail, professional services, travel and lodging, restaurant, digital content, and government. The firm offers products for merchants and small business owners to take payments in real time on mobile devices and their “Chase Mobile Checkout” product, launched in May 2013, allows businesses to accept credit and debit cards via smartphone with their mobile app and card reader. The firm provides payment terminals and PC solutions for credit card acceptance at point of sale, the Index shows both sales volume and transaction count for online purchases across Chase Paymentechs global processing platforms

Chase Paymentech
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Chase Paymentech

122.
Jamie Dimon
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James Jamie Dimon is a Greek American business executive. Dimon was named to Time magazines 2006,2008,2009 and he was also named to Institutional Investors Best CEOs list in the All-America Executive Team Survey from 2008 through 2011. Dimon is one of the few bank chief executives to become a billionaire and he received a $23 million pay package for fiscal year 2011, more than any other bank CEO in the United States. Dimon received $20 million in compensation for his work in fiscal year 2013, Dimon was born in New York City, to Theodore and Themis Dimon, one of three sons. He is of Greek descent and attended The Browning School and his paternal grandfather was a Greek immigrant who changed the family name from Papademetriou to Dimon to make it sound more French, and worked as a banker in Smyrna and Athens. He has a brother, Peter, and a fraternal twin brother. Dimons father and grandfather were both stockbrokers at Shearson and he majored in psychology and economics at Tufts University. During one summers break from Tufts, he worked at Shearson, after graduating, he worked in management consulting for two years before enrolling at Harvard Business School, along with classmates Jeffrey Immelt, Steve Burke, Stephen Mandel and Seth Klarman. During the summer at Harvard, he worked at Goldman Sachs and he graduated in 1982, earning a Master of Business Administration degree as a Baker Scholar. After graduation, Sandy Weill convinced him to turn down offers from Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, although Weill could not offer the same amount of money as the investment banks, Weill promised Dimon that he would have fun. Dimons father, Theodore Dimon, was a vice president at American Express. The younger Dimon came to Weills attention when Theodore passed along an essay that Jamie had written, Weill left American Express in 1985 and Dimon followed him. The two then took over Commercial Credit, a finance company, from Control Data. Dimon served as the financial officer, helping to turn the company around. Dimon left Citigroup in November 1998, after being asked to resign by Weill during a weekend executive retreat. It was rumored at the time that he and Weill argued in 1997 over Dimons not promoting Weills daughter, Jessica M. Bibliowicz, at least one other account cites a request by Dimon to be treated as an equal as the real reason. In his 2005 University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Fireside Chat and 2006 Kellogg School of Management interviews, in March 2000, Dimon became CEO of Bank One, the nations fifth largest bank. When JPMorgan Chase purchased Bank One in July 2004, Dimon became president, on December 31,2005, he was named chief executive officer of JPMorgan Chase and on December 31,2006, he was named chairman of the board

123.
Jing Ulrich
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Jing Ulrich, née Li, is the managing director and vice chairman of Asia Pacific at JPMorgan Chase. Ulrich is one of the most prominent advisors to the largest global asset-management companies, sovereign-wealth funds and she is in charge of covering JPMorgan Chases most senior global clients across all asset classes and strengthening relationships with executives in Asia Pacific and the rest of the world. In recent years, various publications have listed her among the worlds most powerful women, likewise, in October 2013, the South China Morning Post featured Ulrich as one of Hong Kongs 25 most inspirational and influential women, who have made a difference to society. In 2016, she received the inaugural Asian Women Leadership Award from China Daily and Asia News Network. Previous conferences run by Ulrich have included speeches by former officials such as Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji, U. S. President Bill Clinton, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. She also joined a roster of prominent international figures on the International Advisory Council of Bocconi University in Italy, moreover, Ulrich has served as an independent director on the boards of GlaxoSmithKline, a global healthcare company, and Italian luxury-goods firm, Ermenegildo Zegna. In 1990, she received a degree with honors in English and American Literature from Harvard University. From 1994 to 1996, Ulrich worked as a manager for Greater China at Emerging Markets Management in Washington, D. C. Her drive and talent, even at that age, prompted him to predict she would one day become a leader of China, from 2003 to 2005, Ulrich was managing director of Greater China equities at Deutsche Bank. Before joining Deutsche Bank, Ulrich spent seven years at CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, Ulrich has been the managing director and chairman of global markets, China at JPMorgan since 2005. With the more recent Forbes publication also including her among the worlds 20 youngest power women, in 2011 and 2012, FinanceAsia named Ulrich one of the top 20 women in finance and top 30 bankers in China. In March 2012 and 2013, Forbes magazine named her one of Asias top 50 powerful businesswomen, as an advisor to the world’s largest asset-management companies, sovereign-wealth and pension funds, Ulrich’s views influence the allocation of trillions of dollars in assets. She also serves as an advisor to Chinese institutions making investments overseas, during the past twelve years, Ulrich has achieved recognition as the industry’s most respected China watcher. Until she moved into a senior role, global investors in independent research polls of other publications such as Asiamoney magazine repeatedly chose her as the best China strategist. Print and TV media often interview Ulrich for her views on China, when traveling to the U. S. she is a frequent guest of Maria Bartiromo on CNBCs Closing Bell investor news program. She has also appeared on the PBS Nightly Business Report, in Asia she regularly speaks on Bloomberg Television. Ulrich’s views, interviews, and columns often appear in such as The Financial Times, The New York Times. In recent years, the South China Morning Post, China Daily, and others have referred to Ulrich as the voice of China

Jing Ulrich
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Jing Ulrich in 2013

124.
David Rockefeller
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David Rockefeller was an American banker who was chairman and chief executive of Chase Manhattan Corporation. He was the oldest living member of the Rockefeller family and family patriarch from August 2004 until his death in March 2017, Rockefeller was a son of John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, and a grandson of John D. Rockefeller and Laura Spelman Rockefeller. He was noted for his political connections and foreign travel. His fortune was estimated at $3.3 billion at the time of his death in 2017, Rockefeller was born in New York City, and grew up in an eight-story house at 10 West 54th Street, the tallest private residence ever built in the city. He was the youngest of six born to financier John Davison Rockefeller Jr. John Jr. was the son of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. Abby was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail Pearce Truman Abby Chapman, davids five elder siblings were Abby, John III, Nelson, Laurance, and Winthrop. Rockefeller attended the experimental Lincoln School at 123rd Street in Harlem, in 1936, he graduated cum laude from Harvard University. He also studied economics for a year at Harvard and then a year at the London School of Economics, at LSE he first met future President John F. Kennedy and once dated Kennedys sister Kathleen. During his time abroad, Rockefeller briefly worked in the London branch of what was to become the Chase Manhattan Bank, after returning to the U. S. to complete his graduate studies, in 1940 he received a Ph. D. from the University of Chicago. After completing his studies in Chicago, he became secretary to New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia for eighteen months in a dollar a year public service position. Although the mayor pointed out to the press that Rockefeller was only one of 60 interns in the city government, his space was, in fact. From 1941 to 1942, Rockefeller was assistant regional director of the United States Office of Defense, Health and he enlisted in the U. S. Army and entered Officer Candidate School in 1943, he was ultimately promoted to Captain in 1945. During World War II he served in North Africa and France for military intelligence setting up political, for seven months he also served as an assistant military attaché at the American Embassy in Paris. During this period, he would call on family contacts and Standard Oil executives for assistance, in 1946, Rockefeller joined the staff of the longtime family-associated Chase National Bank. The chairman at that time was Rockefellers uncle Winthrop W. Aldrich, the Chase Bank was primarily a wholesale bank, dealing with other prominent financial institutions and major corporate clients such as General Electric. Chase National subsequently became the Chase Manhattan Bank in 1955 and shifted significantly into consumer banking and it is now called JPMorgan Chase. Rockefeller started as an assistant manager in the foreign department, there he financed international trade in a number of commodities, such as coffee, sugar and metals

David Rockefeller
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David Rockefeller (left) with Eleanor Roosevelt, Trygve Lie, and Thomas J. Watson in 1953
David Rockefeller
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David Rockefeller (second from right) shaking hands with Jawad Hashim (left) in 1980
David Rockefeller
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David Rockefeller launches IESC in White House Rose Garden in 1964.

125.
Walter V. Shipley
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Walter V. Shipley was the former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Chase Manhattan Bank and its predecessor Chemical Bank. During his 18-year tenure, Shipley oversaw Chemicals mergers with Texas Commerce Bank in 1987, Manufacturers Hanover in 1991, Shipley attended Williams College but did not graduate. He subsequently obtained a B. S. from New York University in 1961, Shipley started his career in the loan department at New York Trust Company in 1956. New York Trust was acquired by Chemical Bank in 1959, by the late 1970s, he was the head of Chemical Banks international department. He was named vice president in 1979, president in 1981. After Chemical Banks merger with Manufacturers Hanover in 1991, he took a lower executive-level position, however, he was renamed as CEO of Chemical Bank in 1994. From 1996 through 1999, Shipley was CEO and Chairman of the Board of Directors at Chase Manhattan, in 1987, Shipley oversaw Chemical Banks purchase of the Texas Commerce Bank in Houston. Initially, Texas Commerce incurred big losses for Chemical Bank due to an economy in Texas. The acquisition was viewed unfavorably by many executives at Chemical Bank, however, Texas Commerce was viewed as a star-jewel for Chemical Bank by the mid-1990s, according to New York Times journalist Michael Quint. Throughout his career, Shipley served on the Board of Directors at several corporations and they include Exxon Mobil, Wyeth, and Verizon. Shipley participated in political campaigns. These include Bill Bradleys run to be Democratic nominee for the United States President in 2000. He was also involved on George W. Bushs run for presidency in 2000 and 2004, Mitt Romneys presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012, Shipley was a rumored candidate for Secretary of the Treasury in 2000 but was passed over in favor of Paul H. ONeill. Shipley was the son of noted investment banker Linwood Parks Shipley and he was married to Judith V. Shipley from 1957 until her death in 2014. They had five children including Barbara T. Shipley, Allison P. Shipley, Pamela J. Shipley, as of 2014, he resides in Summit, New Jersey where he lived from his childhood. Shipley was actively involved in philanthropic organizations. He served as trustee at American Museum of Natural History, Lincoln Center and he was head of Goodwills strategic planning committee from 1983 until 2002, when he received Goodwills Volunteer Leader Award. Shipley and his wife Judith V. Shipley were major supporters and donors at the Greater Newark Conservancy, the Greater Newark Conservancy named its Urban Environmental Center after Judith Shipley

Walter V. Shipley
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Directors

126.
John J. McCloy
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John Jay McCloy, was an American lawyer and banker who served as Assistant Secretary of War during World War II. After the war he served as president of the World Bank, High Commissioner for Germany, chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank, and chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations. He later became a prominent United States presidential adviser, served on the Warren Commission, McCloy was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of John J. McCloy and Anna McCloy. His father was an insurance man who died when the son was five. His mother was a hairdresser in Philadelphia, with many high-society clients and his original name was John Snader McCloy. It was later changed to John Jay McCloy, probably to sound more aristocratic, McCloy was educated at the Peddie School in New Jersey, and Amherst College from which he graduated in 1916. He was a student who excelled at tennis and moved smoothly among the sons of the nations elite. McCloy was a brother of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity at Amherst where he was initiated as Roll No.330, McCloy enrolled in Harvard Law School in 1916, and he was an average student. He was profoundly influenced by his experience at the Plattsburg Preparedness camps, when the US entered the war in 1917, he joined the Army in May and was trained at Plattsburg, New York and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Artillery on August 15,1917. He was promoted to first lieutenant on December 29, in May 1918 he was assigned as an aide to Brigadier General G. H. Preston - commander of the 160th Field Artillery Brigade of the 85th Division. He sailed for France for service with the American Expeditionary Force in France on July 29,1918 and he saw combat service in the last weeks of the war, as commander of an artillery battery during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. After the armistice of November 1918, he was transferred to General Headquarters of the AEF in Chaumont, Haute-Marne, France and he was then sent to the Advance General Headquarters in Trier, Germany and was promoted to captain on June 29. McCloy returned to the US on July 20 and resigned from the Army on August 15,1919 and he then returned to Harvard where he received his LL. B. degree in 1921. McCloy went to New York to become an associate in the firm of Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft and he moved to Cravath, Henderson, & de Gersdorff in 1924, where he worked with many wealthy clients, such as the St. Paul Railroad. In 1934 McCloy found new evidence allowing him to re-open an action for damages against Germany for the destruction caused by the 1916 Black Tom explosion. He did a deal of work for corporations in Nazi Germany and advised the major German chemical combine I. G. Farben. By the time he left for government service in 1940, McCloy earned about $45,000 a year and had savings of $106,000 and his involvement in litigation over a World War I sabotage case gave him a strong interest in intelligence issues and in German affairs. L Once the war started, McCloy was a voice in setting US military priorities

127.
Board of directors
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A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities

128.
James A. Bell
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Bell is a retired American executive of The Boeing Company. Bell is a retired President, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of The Boeing Company and he served as interim President and Chief Executive Officer of the Boeing Company on March,2005, following the resignation of Harry Stonecipher. He returned to his role as Boeings CFO on June 30,2005 following the appointment of Jim McNerney as the new President, Chairman. He was appointed Corporate President in June 2008, on June 14,1948, Bell was born in Los Angeles, California. Bell was the youngest of four children, bells mother Mamie was a former Los Angeles County government clerk. In 1997, Bell earned his bachelors degree in Accounting from California State University, a partial scholarship helped pay for his first year of college, but he had to earn enough to pay his way through the remainder of school. In 1972 he joined the Rockwell company as an accountant, at that company he followed a path into management, from corporate senior internal auditor to accounting manager and finally as manager of general and cost accounting. He joined Boeing in 1996 when Rockwells aerospace and defense units were acquired, within Boeing he has held positions as vice president of contracts and pricing for the companys space and communications division. He later became vice president of finance and corporate controller. In November,2004 he became the companys Chief Financial Officer, Bell retired from the Boeing Company effective April 1,2012. On Feb 1,2012, Greg Smith succeeded Bell as executive vice president, in 2004, at the 32nd Alumni Awards Gala, Bell was the recipient of California State University, Los Angeless Distinguished Alumnus or Alumna of the College of Business and Economics. Bell has two children, Champagne and Sean, W. James McNerney, Jr. executive biography

James A. Bell
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James Aaron Bell

129.
Lee Raymond
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Lee R. Raymond is an American businessman, and the chief executive officer and chairman of ExxonMobil from 1999 to 2005. He had previously been the CEO of Exxon since 1993 and he joined the company in 1963 and has been president since 1987, and a director since 1984. Lee Raymond was born in Watertown, South Dakota on August 13,1938 and he graduated from Watertown High School in 1956. Raymond received a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1960. Raymond went on to earn his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of Minnesota and he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the same university in 2001. Raymond met his wife, Charlene née Hocevar, while studying at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, she was pursuing, Raymond began working for ExxonMobil in 1963. Raymond became a director of ExxonMobil in 1984 and in 1987 he became the President of the company, in 1993, he became CEO, a post he held until 2005. On August 14,2005, Raymond announced that he would retire at the end of 2005 as ExxonMobils Chairman, ExxonMobil president Rex W. Tillerson succeeded Raymond on 1 January 2006. On April 14,2006, it was reported that Raymonds retirement package was worth about $400 million, Raymond was also chair of the National Petroleum Council, when it was asked to produce a report on the future of oil supply and demand. Raymond was one of the most outspoken executives in the United States against regulation to curtail global warming, lee Raymond was at the helm of Exxon while it remained one of the last large companies to omit gay employees in its anti-discrimination policy. He was also at the helm during the takeover of Mobil, Raymond was also one of the few Fortune 500 CEOs to publicly speak against the Kyoto Protocol. He questioned the science behind global warming, and warned that regulations would be ineffective and his son, John T. Raymond, is active in the oil and gas industry. John partnered with the Jim Flores and Paul Allen-backed Vulcan Capital in the buyout of Plains Resources

130.
Corn Exchange Bank
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The Corn Exchange Bank was founded in 1853 in New York, but had branches in other states, including Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Nebraska. It was a bank that acquired many community banks. In 1855, the moved into an existing building at the northwest corner of William. In 1894, the bank completed a new headquarters, an 11-story building designed by Robert Henderson Robertson, between 1923 and 1925, together with a number of other New York banks, it held a small stake in the Connecticut-chartered Bank of Central and South America. In 1929 it was renamed the Corn Exchange Bank and Trust Company, in 1954 it merged with Chemical Bank and the combined entity took the name Chemical Corn Exchange Bank. After Chemical Corn merged with New York Trust, the Corn was dropped, the Corn Exchange Bank in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was famously robbed by Willie Sutton in February 1933. As late as 1928, photographs show the Corn Exchange had a branch in a building on Grove Street, the building was likely expanded following the banks merger with Chemical Bank in 1954. The Grove Street building currently houses a Chase Bank branch, Chase Manhattan merged with Chemical Bank in 1995. 1899, Astor Place Bank, Hudson River Bank of the City of New York, in 1896 the Astor Place Bank had acquired the Empire State Bank. 1902, Mechanics & Traders Bank of Brooklyn, Eleventh Ward Bank, the Eleventh Ward Bank in 1867 purchased Banking New-York Dry Dock Company. 1905, First National Bank of Staten Island at New Brighton,1914, Washington Trust Company of the City of New York. JPMorgan Chase - the successor company The Corn Exchange Bank, A Noble Monument to Thrift With an Unusually Modern Air, New York Times,1 November 1987

131.
Dime Savings Bank of New York
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The Dime Savings Bank of New York, originally the Dime Savings Bank of Brooklyn, operated from 1859 to 2002. It should not be confused with the Dime Savings Bank of Williamsburgh, also headquartered in Brooklyn and it was significantly enlarged by Halsey, McCormack & Helmer in 1931-32. The interior of the building is remarkable and features large gilded Mercury-head dimes and twelve red marble columns supporting the rotunda, the building was designated a New York City Landmark on July 19,1994. Dime was acquired by Washington Mutual in 2002, which failed in 2008. Dime was included in the assets that were sold to JPMorgan Chase by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation after Washington Mutual was seized and placed in receivership. In December 2015, developers Michael Stern and Joe Chetrit completed purchasing the building for $90 million and they plan to incorporate the landmark building into a new supertall skyscraper, using the 300,000 square feet of air-rights that come with the Dime Savings Bank property. Notes Media related to Dime Savings Bank of New York at Wikimedia Commons

Dime Savings Bank of New York
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The bank's original headquarters in Brooklyn at 9 DeKalb Avenue

132.
First Chicago Bank
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First Chicago Bank was a Chicago-based retail and commercial bank tracing its roots back to 1863. Over the years, the bank operated under names including The First National Bank of Chicago. In 1998, First Chicago NBD merged with Banc One Corporation to form Bank One Corporation, First Chicago received National Bank charter No.8. The new bank known as The First National Bank of Chicago, or The First, grew steadily in the 1860s, the First merged with Union National Bank in 1900 and with the Metropolitan National Bank in 1902. At the beginning of the century, noted investors in the bank include J. Pierpont Morgan, James Stillman, Jacob H. Schiff, E. H. Harriman. In 1913, The First became a member of the Federal Reserve system. The First survived the depression, even acquiring Foreman State Banks in 1931 and was able to open its doors without regulatory delays following the National Bank Holiday of 1933, in 1903, the First opened the First Trust and Savings Bank which provided savings accounts to individual customers. First Trust and Savings Bank merged with Union Trust Company in 1928 to become the First Union Trust, during the Great Depression, the First would absorb First Union Trust and Savings Banks customers and operations. The bank was active in the sale of War Bonds during World War II, during the 1950s and 1960s the First expanded both in the Midwestern US as well as abroad, opening offices in London, Tokyo and later Beijing. In 1969 the bank was reorganized as the subsidiary of the new First Chicago Corporation. First Chicago was used as a name starting in 1969. The bank grew consistently through the early 1970s, however, the banks growth undermined its underwriting standards, by the end of 1975 and the beginning of 1976, non-performing loans at First Chicago had reached twice the national average for commercial banks at roughly 11% of all loans. Efforts to fix the bank failed and the bank struggled through the end of the 1970s, expansion beyond a single retail banking location was hindered for years by the Illinois state legislature with Illinois being one of the last states to allow branch banking. Illinois also did not allow holding companies to own more than one bank, First Chicago was not allowed to open its first branch bank until 1977, when banks were allowed to open two limited banking facilities within 1,500 feet of the main office. Unlike its rivals, First Chicago waited two years before making its first bank purchase after the Illinois legislature began to allow holding companies to own more than one bank in 1981. In 1984, First Chicago purchased American National Corporation, the company for American National Bank and Trust Company of Chicago. During the 1980s, CEO Barry F. Sullivan, formerly with Chase Manhattan Bank, was able to turn around the bank in the early 1980s, additionally First Chicagos private equity operations proved highly successful and served the incubator for a number of successful independent private equity groups. Stanley Golder, who built the group in the 1970s left the bank in 1980 to found GTCR, in the 1990s, the team, led by John Canning, Jr. would spin out of First Chicago to form private equity firm Madison Dearborn

First Chicago Bank
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First Chicago Bank Logo

133.
First USA Bank
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Bank One Corporation was the sixth-largest bank in the United States. It traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the stock symbol ONE, the company merged with JPMorgan Chase & Co. on July 1,2004. The company had its headquarters in the Bank One Plaza in the Chicago Loop in Chicago, Illinois, the bank traces its roots to the Ohio-based First Banc Group, that was formed in 1968 as a holding company for the City National Bank in Columbus, Ohio. The First Banc Group, Inc. was formed in 1968 as a company for City National Bank and was used as a vehicle to acquire other banks. The first acquisition by the new holding company was the 1968 acquisition of the Farmers Saving & Trust Company in Mansfield. With each acquisition, new member banks kept their name, employees and this is very important when the bank holding company was expanding into primarily rural and extremely conservative markets. In 1971, First Banc acquired Security Central National in Portsmouth, initially Ohio law did not permit bank mergers across county lines, but allowed bank holding companies to own multiple banks across the state. The newly acquired banks had to maintain their existing banking charters while each bank had to operate separately, holding companies also were not allowed to have the word bank in their names so the word banc was used in its place. In October 1979, First Banc Group, Inc. became Banc One Corporation, for example, City National Bank was renamed Bank One Columbus, Security Central National Bank became Bank One Portsmouth, and Farmers Saving & Trust Company became Bank One Mansfield. In 1980, Banc One acquired banks in Painesville, Ohio, Akron, Ohio, winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio was acquired in 1982 and renamed Bank One Dayton. Also added were 21 Euclid National Bank branch offices in the Cleveland area which were renamed Bank One Cleveland, with the change in federal and state banking laws in 1985, Banc One began to rapidly expand outside of Ohio. Its first out-of-state acquisition was of Purdue National Bank in Lafayette and this bank was rename Bank One Lafayette. This merger was followed by the purchase of other small banks in Indiana and Kentucky. The bank entered Kentucky by acquiring Citizens Union National Bank & Trust Co. of Lexington and this bank was renamed Bank One Lexington. Banc One acquired the Merrillville, Indiana based Bank of Indiana and this was quickly followed by acquisitions in Marion, Indiana, Crawfordsville, Indiana, Rensselaer, Indiana and Richmond, Indiana. McKinney, Jr. the head of American Fletcher, replaced John B. McCoy as president of Banc One Corp. the merger resulted in a $597.3 million swap of stock. The merger with American Fletcher Corp. also brought four small banks that American Fletcher had just recently acquired or was in the process of acquiring. These banks included Citizens Northern Bank of Elkhart, Carmel Bank & Trust Co, First American National Bank of Plainfield, and Union Bank & Trust Co. of Franklin

First USA Bank
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The Chase Tower (formerly the Bank One Plaza) housed the Bank One headquarters
First USA Bank
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Bank One

134.
Manufacturers Hanover Corporation
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Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, was the bank holding company formed as parent of Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company, a large New York bank formed by a merger in 1961. After 1969, Manufacturers Hanover Trust became a subsidiary of Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, charles J. Stewart was the companys first president and chairman. Manufacturers Hanover traces its origins to the 1905 founding of Citizens Trust Company of Brooklyn, through a series of acquisitions, the bank would grow into one of New Yorks largest banks within its first twenty years. Citizens Trusts first major acquisitions came with its mergers with the Broadway Bank of Brooklyn in 1912, in 1915, the bank adopted the older Manufacturers name, changing its name to the Manufacturers Trust Company. The Manufacturers name had been in use since 1858, when the Mechanics Bank of Williamsburgh was renamed the Manufacturers National Bank. Coincidentally, Manufacturers Trust Company had also been the name of a Brooklyn-based bank, founded in 1896 and acquired in 1902 by the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, Manufacturers Trust acquired a Manhattan presence with its acquisition of the West Side Bank of New York in 1918. In 1961, Manufacturers Trust Company merged with Central Hanover Bank & Trust Company creating Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company, the bank became the main source of financing for check cashing stores. The bank reached its heyday in the mid-1970s, when it ran a series of commercials that used the tagline. Twilight Zone writer Rod Serling and comedian Paul Lynde served as celebrity spokesmen, at the same time, a Manufacturers Hanover billboard advertising Super Checking was a prominent feature of the newly renovated Yankee Stadium. Also during that period, Manufacturers Hanover heavily promoted its Any Car Loan using an Any Car, known as the FordChevAmChrysWagon, in 1987, the bank bought some of the branches of Dollar Dry Dock Savings Bank. In 1992, it bought the New York City branches of the failed Goldome, by 1992, it was running out of money due to savings account interest rates and bad loans. On June 22 of that year, Chemical Bank had purchased the operations of Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company, and on that day, Manufactures Hanover ceased to exist. Following the merger with Chemical, in 1996, the new Chemical bought Chase Manhattan Bank, prior to acquisition, the bank was sometimes referred to as Manny Hanny. Companies portal List of bank mergers in the United States Notes Bibliography

135.
New York Trust Company
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New York Trust Company was a large trust and wholesale-banking business that specialized in servicing large industrial accounts. It merged with the Chemical Corn Exchange Bank and eventually the merged entity became Chemical Bank, in 1921 the United States Supreme Court heard arguments in New York Trust Co. v. Eisner. In 1959 it merged with the Chemical Corn Exchange Bank, james G. Blaine was Vice President of the New York Trust Company and became President of the Fidelity Trust Company in 1926. Joseph A. Bower, Vice President of the New York Trust Company

New York Trust Company
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History [edit]

136.
Texas Commerce Bank
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The Texas Commerce Bank was a Texas-based bank acquired by Chemical Banking Corporation of New York in May 1987. The acquisition of Texas Commerce Bank represented the largest interstate banking merger in history at the time with a price of $1.2 billion. The bank had its headquarters in what is now the JPMorgan Chase Building in Downtown Houston, prior to the merger, interstate banking was illegal in Texas and many other states, which effectively prevented such cross-border mergers. Texas and New York had changed their laws to allow a merger of an in-state bank, without those changes to the law, the merger between Chemical Bank and Texas Commerce Bank, and later Chase Manhattan Bank would not have been possible. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions Chemical Bank bought Chase Manhattan Bank, the Texas Commerce Bank, formerly known as Texas National Bank of Commerce Houston, was a product of the 1964 merger of the National Bank of Commerce and the Texas National Bank. Texas Commerce changed its name to Chase Bank of Texas in 1998, in 1977, Lady Bird Johnson became a director of Texas Commerce Bank and Texas Commerce Bancshares in Houston. Other directors were former President Gerald R. Ford, Jr. former U. S, representative Barbara Jordan and the Odessa oil industrialist Bill Noël. At one time Ken Lay of Enron was a director, past presidents of the bank include Thomas E. Locke of Lubbock. Bush assisted in drafting communications for the chairman, Ben Love. In November 1977 he was sent to the Venezuelan capital of Caracas to open a new operation for the bank, bush spent about two years there, working in international finance. He eventually worked for the executive program. J. P. Morgan acquired in 1987 References, Lady Bird Johnson, Director, Texas Commerce Bank - http, //content. scholastic. com/browse/article. jsp. id=4952

137.
Valley National Bank of Arizona
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Valley National Bank of Arizona was a bank based in Phoenix, Arizona, founded in 1900 and acquired by Bank One in 1992. The bank was one of Arizonas leading financial institutions during the 20th century, the history of Valley National Bank can be traced back to the establishment of the Gila Valley Bank in Solomonville, Arizona, in Graham County, on January 16,1900. The primary shareholder of the Gila Valley Bank was town founder Isadore Solomon, the bank was well-positioned to contribute to nearby communities in Arizonas copper mining country, such as Safford, Morenci and Clifton. The Valley Bank, another predecessor to Valley National Bank, was a Phoenix-based institution that primarily served agricultural businesses, in 1914, overlending left Valley Bank short on capital, and fearing a run on the bank, shareholders closed the bank in November. The bank continued to grow by mergers, upon its 1935 merger with Consolidated National Bank of Tucson, in 1932, Valley Bank built a headquarters for the expanding company in conjunction with the Maricopa County Medical Society, the Professional Building. In 1939, Valley Bank took over the building, from 1958 to 1972. The Great Depression hurt Valley Bank severely, in 1933, many banks nationwide were closing their doors. Meanwhile, Walter Bimson, the son of a blacksmith who had studied economics and was working at Harris Trust and Savings Bank in Chicago, in that year, Valley Bank hired Bimson as its president. Bimsons banking policy broke with conventional wisdom, amidst the depression, he instructed bank personnel to continue lending, believing that adequate funds existed in the communities but that lending would be the spark needed to restart the economy. These policies began to put Valley Bank at the forefront, bimsons policies made Valley National Bank a success, he remained the banks driving figure until 1952, and stayed on as chairman of the board until 1970. With the postwar growth of Arizona, Valley National Bank expanded as well and it built branches throughout the rapidly expanding Phoenix metropolitan area and the rest of the state. In a 1961 article in the Los Angeles Times, Arizona senator Barry Goldwater characterized the banks growth as one that parallels the explosive progress of Arizona and it also was early with drive-in banking branches and in issuing photo IDs to customers. The savings and loan crisis of the late 1980s initially caused major losses at Valley National, which lost $149 million in 1989, to enable the company to expand into neighboring states, Valley National Bank formed a holding company called Valley National Corporation on July 1,1981. In its first expansion move, Valley National Corp. purchased Fresno, California-based California Valley Bank and Salt Lake City, the new acquisitions were not renamed. At the time of merger with Valley Utah, Valley National Bank had 250 branch offices in Arizona, by 1988, Valley National had to halt their ambitious interstate expansion plans due to troubled foreign loans in its portfolio. Within a year, its flow was severe enough that Valley National was seriously considering selling its out-of-state bank holdings. To economize, some less productive branch offices were also closed, within a few months, the weak real estate market recovered enough that Valley National decided to hold on to its out-of-state banks. On April 14,1992, Valley National Corp. announced its merger with Bank One for $1.2 billion in stock

Valley National Bank of Arizona
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Valley National Bank branch in Safford in the 1950s, prominently showing the bank's longtime octagonal logo
Valley National Bank of Arizona
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The Professional Building was built in 1932 to house the growing Valley Bank and Trust.
Valley National Bank of Arizona
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Valley Center under construction, 1972

138.
Washington Mutual
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The OTS took the action due to the withdrawal of $16.7 billion in deposits during a 9-day bank run. The FDIC sold the subsidiaries to JPMorgan Chase for $1.9 billion. All WaMu branches were rebranded as Chase branches by the end of 2009, the holding company, Washington Mutual, Inc. was left with $33 billion in assets, and $8 billion debt, after being stripped of its banking subsidiary by the FDIC. The next day, September 26, Washington Mutual, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 voluntary bankruptcy in Delaware, with respect to total assets under management, Washington Mutual Banks closure and receivership is the largest bank failure in American financial history. Before the receivership action, it was the sixth-largest bank in the United States, according to Washington Mutual Inc. s 2007 SEC filing, the holding company held assets valued at $327.9 billion. On March 20,2009, Washington Mutual Inc, despite its name, Washington Mutual ceased being a mutual company in 1983 when it demutualized and became a public company on March 11. On June 30,2008, Washington Mutual Bank had total assets of US$307 billion, with 2,239 retail branch offices operating in 15 states, with 4,932 ATMs, and 43,198 employees. It held liabilities in the form of deposits of $188.3 billion, and owed $82.9 billion to the Federal Home Loan Bank and it was servicing for itself and other banks loans totaling $689.7 billion, of which $442.7 were for other banks. It had non-performing assets of $11.6 billion, including $3.23 billion in payment option ARMs, on September 15,2008, the holding company received a credit rating agency downgrade. The FDIC then sold most of the assets to JPMorgan Chase for $1.9 billion in cash plus assumption of all secured debt. Claims of the banks equity holders, senior and subordinated debt were not assumed by JPMorgan Chase. The newly formed company made its first home mortgage loan on the West Coast on February 10,1890 and it changed its name to Washington Savings and Loan Association on June 25,1908. By September 12,1917 it was operating under the name Washington Mutual Savings Bank, the company purchased its first company, the financially distressed Continental Mutual Savings Bank, on July 25,1930. Its marketing slogan for much of its history was The Friend of the Family, in April 1982, Washington Mutual purchased the brokerage firm Murphey Favre for undisclosed amount in cash and demutualized the following year, converting into a capital stock savings bank. Stock in the capital stock savings bank was first offered for sale on March 11,1983, by 1989, its assets had doubled. The companys stock continued to trade on Nasdaq under WAMU, in October 2005, Washington Mutual purchased the formerly subprime credit card issuer Providian for approximately $6. In March 2006, Washington Mutual began the move into its new headquarters, WaMu Center, the companys previous headquarters, Washington Mutual Tower, stands about a block away from the new building on Second Avenue. In August 2006, Washington Mutual began using the abbreviation of WaMu in all

139.
245 Park Avenue
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245 Park Avenue is a 648-ft tall skyscraper in New York City, New York. It was completed in 1967 and has 48 floors, shreve, Lamb and Harmon designed the building. The Building Owners and Managers Association awarded the 2000/2001 Pinnacle Award to 245 Park Avenue, the site used to be occupied by the second Grand Central Palace exhibition hall, which was demolished in 1964 to make way for 245 Park Avenue. On March 20,2017 it was announced Chinese conglomerate HNA Group Co, is leading a deal to acquire the building for $2.21 billion, list of tallest buildings in New York City Emporis Skyscraperpage

245 Park Avenue
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245 Park Avenue

140.
270 Park Avenue
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It is currently the world headquarters for JPMorgan Chase. The building is 707 feet tall and contains 52 floors, the building is currently undergoing a full renovation in order to achieve a LEED Platinum certification. It was used in exterior shots as the headquarters for the World Wide Wicket Company in the movie How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, List of tallest buildings in New York City List of tallest buildings in the United States Thecityreview

270 Park Avenue
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Main façade of 270 Park Avenue

141.
Chase Tower (Chicago)
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Chase Tower, located in the Chicago Loop area of Chicago at 10 South Dearborn Street, is a 60 story skyscraper completed in 1969. At 850 feet tall, it is the eleventh tallest building in Chicago, the tallest building inside the Chicago L Loop elevated tracks, Chase Bank has its U. S. and Canada commercial and retail banking headquarters here. The building is also the headquarters of Exelon, the building and its plaza occupy the entire block bounded by Clark, Dearborn, Madison, and Monroe streets. Before the building was constructed, the Morrison Hotel, on its site, was demolished in 1965. The building first opened in 1969 as First National Plaza, when constructed, it was the headquarters of First Chicago Corporation. In 1998, it became the headquarters for Bank One Corporation, chases retail bank division is based in the tower. Since May 2005 the National Public Radio show Wait Wait, dont Tell Me. is taped on Thursday nights before a live audience at the Chase Auditorium under the plaza. Design architects for the construction were C. F, murphy Associates, Stanislaw Z. Gladych and Perkins and Will. The ground floor is home to the largest Chase Bank branch in Chicago with 22 ATMs

Chase Tower (Chicago)
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Chase Tower

142.
Chase Tower (Oklahoma City)
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Cotter Ranch Tower, also known as Chase Tower, is a signature skyscraper in Oklahoma Citys central business district. Previously known as Liberty Tower and Bank One Tower, the building is now named Cotter Tower, after its owner, real estate holdings owner James Cotter of San Antonio, Texas. At 152.4 meters, it is the second tallest building in the city, located at 100 North Broadway Avenue, the 36-floor skyscraper was completed in 1971 for Liberty National Bank and Trust Company, once one of Oklahoma Citys largest banks. Liberty Bank was purchased by Bank One in 1997, after the banks acquisition by Bank One, the tower displayed the Bank One logo. Today the tower presently displays the Chase logo as the bank holds an agreement to lease signage rights on the building, the USS Oklahoma was second in casualties only to the USS Arizona on the day of the attack. 7,437 interior lighting fixtures were upgraded in May 2001, the tower was acquired by Cotter Ranch Properties in 2004. A transmission tower on the roof offers Sprint Broadband Direct fixed wireless service to customers within a 35-mile radius of the tower. Sprint Broadband Direct stopped accepting new customers in Oklahoma City in 2001, Sprint officially terminated services on June 30,2008. Metro Technology Center Downtown is housed on the floor and offers business. It caters to training for downtown Oklahoma City industries such as the oil and gas, finance and this is also the only authorized location within Oklahoma for Apple and Adobe certified training. List of tallest buildings in Oklahoma City List of tallest buildings in Oklahoma Petroleum Club website

143.
Chase Tower (Rochester)
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The Metropolitan, formerly known as Chase Tower, and Lincoln First Bank, is a skyscraper located in Rochester, New York, United States. It is the third tallest skyscraper in Rochester, standing at 392 feet and it has 27 floors and was constructed in 1973. The architect responsible for designing the building was John Graham & Company and it serves as the upstate New York headquarters of JPMorgan Chase. The building is unique for its outstanding white vertical fins and the fact that it curves outward on the bottom and this building is also known for its fast elevators. Many people refer to them as rockets and they were installed in the 1970s and travel at about 1000 feet per minute. The white fins were made with marble panel coverings. By the 1980s, however, these began to warp and loosen and they were replaced with painted aluminum panels. The Metropolitan was renovated in 1987 and it has 474,325 square feet of gross area, with 424,000 square feet of leasable office space

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Summit Square
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The Indiana Michigan Power Center is a Modern 27-story building which stands at 134.7 m. Designed by Kevin Roche John Dinkeloo and Associates, the building is unique in that it was built to give the illusion of two buildings, the adjoining tower housing the elevators, the original plan called for a second 20-story office tower and a 9-story hotel that were never built. The additional towers were canceled due to the difficulties of Peoples Trust Bank. The recession of 1981-1982 and a change in contractors midway through the project led to cost overruns led to the completion of only one tower instead of the initially planned three. A plaza with trees and landscaping now resides on the land where the towers were to have been built, which is now home to food trucks, community events. Originally, the tenants of One Summit Square were electricity provider Indiana Michigan Power along with Summit Bank, through a succession of mergers, One Summit Square eventually became the Northeast Indiana market headquarters for JPMorgan Chase. However, Indiana Michigan Power is the primary tenant, in addition to local market and middle-market commercial banking offices, JPMorgan Chase continues to maintain a Chase retail banking branch on the first floor. This branch was renovated in the fall of 2016, barnes & Thornburg was a tenant until the spring of 2016 when Ash Skyline Plaza opened. The partnership that owned One Summit Square was to have ended in 2016, however, Hanning & Bean Enterprises, Inc. along with Simon Dragan and Pat Bruggeman purchased the building from the partnership in 2014 for $12 million, pledging $5 million in renovations. The new owners signed new leases with both AEP and JPMorgan Chase. As a result of changes, One Summit Square was renamed Indiana Michigan Power Center with added signage on the west and east facades of the building. The owners are also considering new uses for vacant floors, until 2014, the thirteenth floor also housed the Window Garden Café, a Sodexo-managed cafeteria. The new owners of the building are currently looking for a replacement restaurant, list of tallest buildings in Fort Wayne Profile on GlassSteelandStone. com Profile on Emporis. com

Summit Square
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Indiana Michigan Power Center, looking north from South Calhoun Street and West Jefferson Boulevard.

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JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)
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The JPMorgan Chase Building is an office building in San Francisco, California, 560-584 Mission Street, on the border between South of Market and the Financial District. Designed by architect César Pelli, the building stands 128.02 m and has about 655,000 square feet of office space and it also has two levels of underground parking and a large plaza. About 400,000 sq ft of the building is leased to the major tenant JPMorgan Chase and this is one of many new highrise projects completed or under construction on Mission Street since 2000. The Privately Owned Public Open Space at the foot of the consists of a parklet containing a water feature with seating, a bamboo grove. Landscape design for the parklet was done by Christian Lemon at the firm Hart Howerton, JPMorgan Chase Accenture Ernst & Young Arup San Franciscos tallest buildings JPMorgan Chase Building at Hines Interests Limited Partnership

JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)
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JPMorgan Chase Building
JPMorgan Chase Building (San Francisco)
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Parklet at foot of building

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JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)
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The JPMorgan Chase Tower, formerly Texas Commerce Tower, is a 305.4 m, 75-story,2,243,013 sq. ft skyscraper at 600 Travis Street in Downtown Houston, Texas. The tower was built between 1979 and 1981 as the Texas Commerce Tower and it was designed by noted architects I. M. Pei & Partners. In some early plans, the building reached up to 80 stories, however, nonetheless, when it was completed, it was the eighth tallest building in the world. The building was developed as part of a partnership between Texas Commerce Bank and Khalid bin Mahfouz and it was built on the site where the Uptown Theatre, demolished in 1965, once stood. S. Bank Tower, was built in 1990, JPMorgan Chase Tower is not currently connected to the Houston Downtown Tunnel System. This system forms a network of subterranean, climate-controlled, pedestrian walkways that link twenty-five full city blocks, the Tower also includes 22,000 square feet of retail space. The sky lobby observation deck is located on the 60th floor, one can take the express elevator, providing a panoramic view of the city of Houston thanks to the use of wide glass spans and thirteen-foot ceilings. While the towers name reflects the bank JPMorgan Chase, the space designated to Chase is a single branch office on the bottom floor. The tower is owned by Prime Asset Management and managed by its original owner, police were forced to cordon off the area due to the amount of debris in the streets. At first, it was speculated that the glass came off the building due to impact from debris or due to high-speed winds in the confined spaces, however, flying glass debris must be entirely governed by drag and lift forces that overcome gravity for a considerable time period. This theory was proposed because an increase in speed produces a drop in external pressure. List of tallest buildings in Houston List of tallest buildings by U. S