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Browne was born and raised in New York City. His mother was a Quaker with fervently anti-war opinions, his father a Roman Catholic and an architect. Browne attended Friends Seminary, a Quaker school in Manhattan from kindergarten through to twelfth grade. He attended Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania and studied chemistry.[1][2]

He worked for ABC TV for about a year but became dissatisfied with television journalism.[1] He worked freelance for several years, and did a year's fellowship at Columbia University with the Council on Foreign Relations. In 1968, he joined The New York Times, and in 1972 became its correspondent for South America. Before becoming a journalist Browne worked as a chemist,[3] and in 1977, he became a science writer, serving as a senior editor for Discover. He returned to the Times in 1985. He covered the Persian Gulf War in 1991.

^ abc"Malcolm Brown death". AP. 2012-08-27. Archived from the original on 2012-08-28. Retrieved 2012-01-17. Malcolm Wilde Browne was born in New York on April 17, 1931. He graduated from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania with a degree in chemistry. Working in a lab when drafted in 1956, he was sent to Korea as a tank driver, but by chance got a job writing for a military newspaper, and from that came a decision to trade science for a career in journalism.

1.
New York City, New York
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

2.
New Hampshire
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New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest city in the state and in northern New England, including Vermont. It has no sales tax, nor is personal income taxed at either the state or local level. The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U. S. presidential election cycle and its license plates carry the state motto, Live Free or Die. The states nickname, The Granite State, refers to its extensive granite formations, the state was named after the southern English county of Hampshire by Captain John Mason. New Hampshire is part of the New England region and it is bounded by Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Massachusetts to the south, and Vermont to the west. New Hampshires major regions are the Great North Woods, the White Mountains, the Lakes Region, the Seacoast, the Merrimack Valley, the Monadnock Region, and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any U. S. coastal state, New Hampshire was home to the rock formation called the Old Man of the Mountain, a face-like profile in Franconia Notch, until the formation disintegrated in May 2003. Major rivers include the 110-mile Merrimack River, which bisects the lower half of the state north–south and ends up in Newburyport and its tributaries include the Contoocook River, Pemigewasset River, and Winnipesaukee River. The 410-mile Connecticut River, which starts at New Hampshires Connecticut Lakes and flows south to Connecticut, only one town – Pittsburg – shares a land border with the state of Vermont. The northwesternmost headwaters of the Connecticut also define the Canada–U. S, the Piscataqua River and its several tributaries form the states only significant ocean port where they flow into the Atlantic at Portsmouth. The Salmon Falls River and the Piscataqua define the southern portion of the border with Maine, the U. S. Supreme Court dismissed the case in 2002, leaving ownership of the island with Maine. New Hampshire still claims sovereignty of the base, however, the largest of New Hampshires lakes is Lake Winnipesaukee, which covers 71 square miles in the east-central part of New Hampshire. Umbagog Lake along the Maine border, approximately 12.3 square miles, is a distant second, Squam Lake is the second largest lake entirely in New Hampshire. New Hampshire has the shortest ocean coastline of any state in the United States, Hampton Beach is a popular local summer destination. It is the state with the highest percentage of area in the country. New Hampshire is in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome, much of the state, in particular the White Mountains, is covered by the conifers and northern hardwoods of the New England-Acadian forests

3.
Swarthmore College
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Swarthmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,11 miles southwest of Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States, the school was organized by a committee of Quakers from three Hicksite yearly meetings, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. Swarthmore was established to be a college. under the care of Friends, by 1906, Swarthmore dropped its religious affiliation, becoming officially non-sectarian. Swarthmore is a member of the Tri-College Consortium, a cooperative arrangement among Swarthmore, Bryn Mawr, in addition, the College is affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania through the Quaker Consortium, allowing for students to cross-register for classes at all four institutions. The name Swarthmore has its roots in early Quaker history, in England, Swarthmoor Hall near the town of Ulverston, Cumbria, was the home of Thomas and Margaret Fell in 1652 when George Fox, fresh from his epiphany atop Pendle Hill in 1651, came to visit. The visitation turned into an association, as Fox persuaded Thomas. Swarthmoor was used for the first meetings of what became known as the Religious Society of Friends, the College was founded in 1864 by a committee of Quakers who were members of the Philadelphia, New York and Baltimore Yearly Meetings of the Religious Society of Friends. Edward Parrish, was its first president, lucretia Mott, and Martha Ellicott Tyson, were among those Friends, who insisted that the new college of Swarthmore be coeducational. Edward Hicks Magill, the president, served for 17 years. In the early 1900s, the College had a major collegiate American football program during the period of the soon-to-be nationwide sport. During World War II, Swarthmore was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, wolfgang Köhler, Hans Wallach and Solomon Asch were noted psychologists who became professors at Swarthmore, a center for Gestalt psychology. Both Wallach, who was Jewish, and Köhler, who was not, had left Nazi Germany because of its policies against Jews. Köhler came to Swarthmore in 1935 and served until his retirement in 1958, Wallach came in 1936, first as a researcher, and also teaching from 1942 until 1975. Asch, who was Polish-American and had immigrated as a child to the US in 1920, joined the faculty in 1947 and served until 1966, Swarthmores Oxbridge tutorial-inspired Honors Program allows students to take double-credit seminars from their junior year and often write honors theses. Seminars are usually composed of four to eight students, students in seminars will usually write at least three ten-page papers per seminar, and often one of these papers is expanded into a 20–30 page paper by the end of the seminar. At the end of their year, Honors students take oral. Usually one student in each discipline is awarded Highest Honors, others are either awarded High Honors or Honors, rarely, each department usually has a grade threshold for admission to the Honors program. Uncommon for an arts college, Swarthmore has an engineering program in which at the completion of four years work

4.
Journalist
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A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger

5.
Photographer
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A photographer is a person who makes photographs. As in other arts, the definitions of amateur and professional are not entirely categorical, a professional photographer is likely to take photographs to make money, by salary or through the display, sale or use of those photographs. An amateur photographer may take photographs for pleasure and to record an event, emotion, place, as a person without a monetary motivation. A professional photographer may be an employee, for example of a newspaper, or may contract to cover a planned event such as a wedding or graduation. Others, including paparazzi and fine art photographers, are freelancers, first making a picture, some workers, such as crime scene detectives, estate agents, journalists and scientists, make photographs as part of other work. Photographers who produce moving rather than still pictures are often called cinematographers, videographers or camera operators, an amateur may make considerable sums entering work in contests for prize money or through occasional inclusion of their work in magazines or the archive of a photo agency. The term professional may also imply preparation, for example, by academic study, Photographers are also categorized based on the subjects they photograph. Some photographers explore subjects typical of such as landscape, still life. The exclusive right of photographers to copy and use their products is protected by copyright, countless industries purchase photographs for use in publications and on products. This is usually referred to as usage fee and is used to distinguish from production fees, an additional contract and royalty would apply for each additional use of the photograph. The contract may be for one year, or other duration. The photographer usually charges a royalty as well as a one-time fee, the contract may be for non-exclusive use of the photograph or for exclusive use of the photograph. The contract can also stipulate that the photographer is entitled to audit the company for determination of royalty payments. A royalty is also based on the size at which the photo will be used in a magazine or book. Photos taken by a photographer working on assignment are often work for hire belonging to the company or publication unless stipulated otherwise by contract. There are major companies who have maintained catalogues of stock photography and images for decades, such as Getty Images, commercial photographers may also promote their work to advertising and editorial art buyers via printed and online marketing vehicles. Many people upload their photographs to social networking websites and other websites and those interested in legal precision may explicitly release them to the public domain or under a free content license. Some sites, including Wikimedia Commons, are punctilious about licenses, the dictionary definition of photographer at Wiktionary Media related to Photographers at Wikimedia Commons

6.
Self-immolation
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Self-immolation is an act of killing oneself as a sacrifice. Self-immolation is often used as a form of protest or for the purposes of martyrdom and it has centuries-long traditions in some cultures, while in modern times it has become a type of radical political protest. The English word immolation originally meant killing a victim, sacrifice and came to figuratively mean destruction. Its etymology was from Latin immolare to sprinkle with sacrificial meal, Self-immolation setting oneself on fire, especially as a form of protest was first recorded in Lady Morgans France. This term is derived from the Japanese word bonzō for a priest or monk, certain warrior cultures, such as those of the Charans and Rajputs, also practiced self-immolation. In the Sibi Jataka, King Śibi, or Shibi, was renowned for unselfishness, and the gods Śakra and Vishvakarman tested him by transforming into a hawk, the dove fell on the kings lap while trying to escape the hawk, and sought refuge. Rather than surrender the dove, Śibi offered his own flesh equivalent in weight to the dove, and the hawk agreed. They had rigged the balance scale, and King Śibi continued cutting off his flesh until half his body was gone, when the gods revealed themselves, restored his body, the Bodhisattva Medicine King chapter of the Lotus Sutra was associated with auto-cremation. The Lotus Sutra describes the Bodhisattva Sarvarupasamdarsana drinking scented oils, wrapping his body in an oil-soaked cloth, and burning himself as an offering to the Buddha. His body flamed for 1,200 years, he was reincarnated, burned off his forearms for 72,000 years, which enabled many to achieve enlightenment, Self-immolation has a long history in Chinese Buddhism. The relevant terms are, wangshen Chinese, 亡身 lose the body or Chinese, 忘身 forget the body, yishen Chinese, 遺身 abandon the body, james A. Benn explains the semantic range of Chinese Buddhist self-immolation. The monk Fayu 法羽 carried out the earliest recorded Chinese self-immolation and he first informed the illegitimate prince Yao Xu 姚緒—brother of Yao Chang who founded the non-Chinese Qiang state Later Qin —that he intended to burn himself alive. Yao tried to dissuade Fayu, but he publicly swallowed incense chips, wrapped his body in oiled cloth, the religious and lay witnesses were described as being full of grief and admiration. Following Fayus example, many Buddhist monks and nuns have used self-immolation for political purposes, for example, Daoxuans Xu Gaoseng Zhuan records five monastics who self-immolated on the Zhongnan Mountains in response to the 574–577 persecution of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. While self-immolation practices in China were based upon Indian Buddhist traditions, burning off fingers was a kind of gradual self-immolation, often in commemoration of relics or textual recitations. The Tang Dynasty monk Wuran 無染 had a vision in which Manjusri told him to support the Buddhist community on Mount Wutai. After organizing meals for one million monks, Wuran burned off a finger in sacrifice, xichen 息塵 became a favorite of Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin for practicing finger burning to memorialize sutra recitions. Buddhist mummies refers to monks and nuns who practiced self-mummification through extreme self-mortification, for instance, spontaneous human combustion was a rare form of self-immolation that Buddhists associated with samādhi consciously leaving ones body at the time of enlightenment

7.
Buddhist monk
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A bhikkhu is an ordained male monastic in Buddhism. Male and female monastics (nun, bhikkhuni are members of the Buddhist community, the lives of all Buddhist monastics are governed by a set of rules called the prātimokṣa or pātimokkha. Their lifestyles are shaped to support their practice, to live a simple and meditative life. A person under the age of 20 cannot be ordained as a bhikkhu or bhikkhuni, bhikkhu literally means beggar or one who lives by alms. The historical Buddha, Prince Siddhartha, having abandoned a life of pleasure and status and those of his more serious students who abandoned their lives as householders and came to study full-time under his supervision also adopted this lifestyle. In the Dhammapada commentary of Buddhaghosa, a bhikkhu is defined as the person who sees danger and he therefore seeks ordination to obtain release from it. The Dhammapada states, He is not a monk just because he lives on others alms, not by adopting outward form does one become a true monk. Whoever here lives a life, transcending both merit and demerit, and walks with understanding in this world — he is truly called a monk. In English literature before the century, Buddhist monks were often referred to by the term bonze, particularly when describing monks from East Asia. This term is derived Portuguese and French from Japanese bonsō, meaning priest and it is rare in modern literature. Buddhist monks were also called talapoy or talapoin from French talapoin, itself from Portuguese talapão, ultimately from Mon tala pōi. Having no tie, which unites their interests with those of the people, they are ready, at all times, with spiritual arms, the talapoin is a monkey named after Buddhist monks just as the capuchin monkey is named after the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. Theravada monasticism is organized around the guidelines found within a division of the Pāli Canon called the Vinaya Pitaka, Laypeople undergo ordination as a novitiate in a rite known as the going forth. Sāmaneras are subject to the Ten Precepts, from there full ordination may take place. Bhikkhus are subject to a longer set of rules known. In the Mahayana monasticism is part of the system of vows of individual liberation and these vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, the term sangha is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the aryasangha and these, however, need not be monks and nuns. The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps, a lay person may take the five Upāsaka and Upāsikā vows

8.
Friends Seminary
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Friends Seminary is a private day school in Manhattan. The school, the oldest continuously coeducational school in New York City, the schools mission is to prepare students not only for the world that is, but to help them bring about the world that ought to be. It is guided by a mission statement and a diversity mission statement. Friends is a member of New Yorks Independent School Diversity Network, currently, Robert Bo Lauder is principal, the schools 35th. Lauder came to Friends in the fall of 2002 after serving as Upper School Head at Sidwell Friends School in Washington and it was located on Pearl Street in Manhattan and strived to provide Quaker children with a guarded education. In 1826, the school was moved to a campus on Elizabeth Street. Tuition in that year was $10 or less per annum, except for the oldest students, the school again moved in 1860 to its current location and changed its name to Friends Seminary. In 1878, Friends Seminary was one of the earliest of schools to establish a Kindergarten, in 1925, it was the first private co-educational school to hire a full-time psychologist. M. Scott Peck, who transferred to Friends from Phillips Exeter in late 1952, praised the schools diversity, while at Friends, he wrote, I awoke each morning eager for the day ahead. T Exeter, I could barely crawl out of bed, in recent years, the school has made an effort to increase its endowment and has engaged in an ambitious and controversial renovation of its buildings. The Quakers will continue naming half the members of the governing board. The school is divided into three sections, Lower School - Kindergarten to Grade 4 Middle School - Grades 5-8 Upper School - Grades 9-12 The campus comprises eight buildings. The largest building, built in 1962, holds classes for the entire Middle School, most of the Lower School, attached to the school is the historic Meetinghouse and The Fifteenth Street Monthly Meeting of The Religious Society of Friends. The Meetinghouse plays a part in student life at Friends Seminary. Outside the front doors of the Meetinghouse is the used for recess. In 1997, the school purchased and renovated a former German Masonic Temple located on 15th Street, the new building, called The Annex, incorporates green technology to create a building with less of an ecological footprint than many other buildings in the city. The Annex includes more science labs, as well as three multi-use classrooms, and the offices for the Upper School, the Meetinghouse also serves as a home for the schools music program. Tuition for the 2016-2017, school year for all grades is US$41,750

9.
Military conscription
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Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country. As of the early 21st century, many no longer conscript soldiers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities, many states that have abolished conscription therefore still reserve the power to resume it during wartime or times of crisis. Around the reign of Hammurabi, the Babylonian Empire used a system of conscription called Ilkum, under that system those eligible were required to serve in the royal army in time of war. During times of peace they were required to provide labour for other activities of the state. In return for service, people subject to it gained the right to hold land. It is possible that this right was not to hold land per se, various forms of avoiding military service are recorded. While it was outlawed by the Code of Hammurabi, the hiring of substitutes appears to have practiced both before and after the creation of the code. Later records show that Ilkum commitments could become regularly traded, in other places, people simply left their towns to avoid their Ilkum service. Another option was to sell Ilkum lands and the commitments along with them, with the exception of a few exempted classes, this was forbidden by the Code of Hammurabi. The levies raised in this way fought as infantry under local superiors, although the exact laws varied greatly depending on the country and the period, generally these levies were only obliged to fight for one to three months. Most were subsistence farmers, and it was in everyones interest to send the men home for harvest-time, the bulk of the Anglo-Saxon English army, called the fyrd, was composed of part-time English soldiers drawn from the landowning minor nobility. These thegns were the aristocracy of the time and were required to serve with their own armour. Medieval levy in Poland was known as the pospolite ruszenie, the system of military slaves was widely used in the Middle East, beginning with the creation of the corps of Turkish slave-soldiers by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim in the 820s and 830s. In the middle of the 14th century, Ottoman Sultan Murad I developed personal troops to be loyal to him, the new force was built by taking Christian children from newly conquered lands, especially from the far areas of his empire, in a system known as the devşirme

10.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S

11.
Stars and Stripes (newspaper)
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Stars and Stripes is an American military newspaper that focuses and reports on matters concerning the members of the United States Armed Forces. The newspaper has its headquarters in Washington, D. C, on November 9,1861, during the Civil War, soldiers of the 11th, 18th, and 29th Illinois Regiments set up camp in the Missouri city of Bloomfield. Finding the local newspapers office empty, they decided to print a newspaper about their activities and they called it the Stars and Stripes. Today, the Stars and Stripes Museum/Library Association is located in Bloomfield, there is, however, no continuity between this and the later newspaper bearing the same name. During World War I, the staff, roving reporters, and illustrators of the Stars, harold Ross, editor of the Stars and Stripes, returned home to found The New Yorker magazine. Cyrus Baldridge, its art director and principal illustrator, became an illustrator of books and magazines, as well as a writer, print maker. Sports page editor Grantland Rice had a career in journalism. Drama critic Alexander Woollcotts essays for Stars and Stripes were collected in his 1919 book, during World War II, the newspaper was printed in dozens of editions in several operating theaters. Some of the editions were assembled and printed very close to the front in order to get the latest information to the most troops, also, during the war, the newspaper published the 53-book series G. I. The newspaper has published continuously in Europe since 1942 and in the Pacific since 1945. A photograph in Stars and Stripes loosely inspired the exploits of PFC Jack Agnew in the 1965 novel and its 1967 film adaptation, American comic strips have been presented in a 15-page section, Stripes Sunday Comics. A weekly derivative product is distributed within the United States by its commercial publishing partners, Stars and Stripes newspaper averages 32 pages each day and is published in tabloid format and online at www. stripes. com/epaper. Stars and Stripes also serves independent military news and information to an audience of about 2.0 million unique visitors per month,60 to 70 percent of whom are located in the United States. Stars and Stripes is a non-appropriated fund organization, only partially subsidized by the Department of Defense, a large portion of its operating costs is earned through the sale of advertising and subscriptions. Unique among the many publications, Stars and Stripes operates as a First Amendment newspaper and is part of the newly formed Defense Media Activity. The other entities encompassed by the Defense Media Activity, are command publications of the Department of Defense, only Stars, Stars and Stripes is in the process of digitizing its World War II editions. Newspaper microfilm from 1949 to 1999 is now in searchable format through a partnership with Heritage Microfilm and has integrated into an archives website. Newspaper Archive has also recently made the England, Ireland

12.
Middletown, Orange County, New York
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Middletown is a city in Orange County, New York, United States. It lies in New Yorks Hudson Valley region, near the Wallkill River, Middletown is situated between Port Jervis and Newburgh, New York. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 28,086. Middletown falls within the New York metropolitan area, Middletown was incorporated as a city in 1888. It grew in the 19th and early 20th centuries as a stop on several lower New York State railroads, the surrounding area is partly devoted to small dairy farms. Mediacom Communications Corp, the Galleria at Crystal Run, SUNY Orange, Walmart, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, John Green purchased land from the DeLancey patent and probably settled the area around 1744. Due to its location between other settlements, residents adopted the name of Middletown, changing it later to South Middletown to avoid confusion with a nearby location, eventually they dropped the word south, using the current name when the community became a village in 1848. The village was incorporated as a city in 1888, the First Congregational Church of Middletown, established in 1785, has the highest spire downtown. Construction of its first building was a sign of Middletown becoming established as a village and its current church building was constructed in 1872. Middletown grew through the 19th century, stimulated by construction of the Erie Railroad, the city was industrialized, developing factories for a number of industries, such as shoe, lawnmower blade, and furniture. These did well through the World War II era, due to industrial restructuring most of these businesses had closed by the 1960s. In 1968, Middletown annexed the adjacent Village of Amchir, responding to higher housing costs in New York City, from the 1970s, New York City police officers, firefighters and other workers began to move to the area, as local housing offered better value. These long-distance commuters helped to bolster the economy of the area, after 1986, however, New York City required its municipal employees to reside in the city, and Middletown lost this source of residential development. The only railroad left in town is the Middletown and New Jersey Railway, the population has continued to grow into the 21st century, while the economy has shifted largely to service and retail, with a regional medical center a major employer in the area. The downtown business district of Middletown suffered from suburbanization that drew off retail businesses, the Orange Plaza mall drew several of the downtown shops into it by the mid-1970s, weakening downtown. To the East across Route 17, the Galleria at Crystal Run opened in the early 1990s, a Super-WalMart replaced the Orange Plaza mall in 2001. Some of the downtown are abandoned or underused. But there has long been a downtown bar and restaurant scene

13.
Times Herald-Record
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It covers Orange, Sullivan and Ulster counties in New York, Pike County in Pennsylvania, and Sussex County in New Jersey. It is published in a tabloid format, the newspapers news-gathering operations are largely decentralized, the result of its large geographic reach. It is owned by Local Media Group, a newspaper has been in existence in some form in the city of Middletown since 1851. The new paper grew to a circulation of 19,000 within three years but lost a lot of money in the process. In November 1959, James H. Ottaway Sr. the founder of Ottaway Newspapers Inc. bought the Times-Herald and the Port Jervis Union-Gazette from Ralph Ingersoll, the Gazette, serving Port Jervis and surrounding communities, still exists as a weekly newspaper published by the Times Herald-Record. A few months later, in April 1960, Kaplan sold his Daily Record to Ottaway, Ottaway tried to convert the paper to a broadsheet, but restored the original format after three months. In October 1960 the two papers were merged into their current form, the Sunday Record began in 1969, shortly after Ottaway itself was acquired by Dow Jones. In 2007, when News Corp. bought Dow Jones, the newspaper again changed hands, the Record was often an innovator in newspaper publishing and was one of the first to print color. The newspaper underwent a significant redesign and page cut-down in 2007, at that time, The Sunday Record was given the standard Times Herald-Record nameplate. In 2008, the newspapers Web site, recordonline. com, the in-print and online redesigns were launched to coincide with bolstered local and business news coverage. The Record is the newspaper covering Bethel, New York, where the Woodstock Festival was held in 1969 and it can be seen in both the 1970 documentary and 2009s Taking Woodstock. On September 4,2013, News Corp announced that it would sell the Dow Jones Local Media Group to Newcastle Investment Corp. —an affiliate of Fortress Investment Group, the newspapers will be operated by GateHouse Media, a newspaper group owned by Fortress. CEO and former Wall Street Journal editor Robert James Thomson indicated that the newspapers were not strategically consistent with the portfolio of the company. GateHouse in turn filed prepackaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 27,2013 and his youngest son is climate expert Joseph J. Romm. Malcolm Browne, who won the Pulitzer Prize covering the Vietnam War for the Associated Press. Manny Fuchs joined the Daily Record in 1957 and became chief photographer in 1960 and he was a concentration camp survivor who became a photojournalist. Before and during his stint at the Record, he photographed Picasso, Marilyn Monroe, Tennessee Williams, in 1966, he went to Vietnam to take pictures of hometown soldiers in the war zone. In addition to his assignments, he was a patient teacher

14.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974

15.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House

16.
Indochina
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Indochina, originally Indo-China, is a geographical term originating in the early nineteenth century and referring to the continental portion of the region now known as Southeast Asia. The name refers to the lands historically within the influence of India and China. It corresponds to the areas of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. The term was adopted as the name of the colony of French Indochina. However, Indo-China had already gained traction and soon supplanted alternative terms such as Further India, in biogeography, the Indochinese Region is a major biogeographical region in the Indomalaya ecozone, and also a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical Kingdom. It includes the flora and fauna of all the countries above. The adjacent Malesian Region covers the Maritime Southeast Asian countries, and straddles the Indomalaya, suvarnabhumi Golden Chersonese Indochina Time List of butterflies of Indochina Media related to Indochina at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Flora of Indo-China at Wikimedia Commons

17.
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
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This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence. In its first six years, it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - International,1942, Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press, for reporting on the British Mediterranean Fleet. 1943, Ira Wolfert, North American Newspaper Alliance, for a series of articles on the battle of the Solomon Islands,1944, Daniel De Luce, Associated Press, for his distinguished reporting during the year 1943. 1945, Mark S. Watson, The Baltimore Sun, for distinguished reporting from Washington, London,1946, Homer Bigart, New York Herald Tribune, for distinguished war reporting from the Pacific. 1947, Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press, for his correspondence from Moscow in 1946,1948, Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun, for his series of articles published in 1947 on Life in the Soviet Union. 1949, Price Day, Baltimore Sun, for his series of 12 articles entitled, Experiment in Freedom, India,1950, Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor, for his series of 43 articles written over a three-year residence in Moscow entitled, This Is Russia Uncensored. 1951, Keyes Beech, Homer Bigart, Marguerite Higgins, Relman Morin, Fred Sparks,1952, John M. Hightower, Associated Press, for the sustained quality of his coverage of news of international affairs during the year. 1953, Austin Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal, for a series of articles on Canada. 1954, Jim G.1955, Harrison E. Salisbury, New York Times, for his series of articles. The perceptive and well-written Salisbury articles made a contribution to American understanding of what is going on inside Russia. This was principally due to the wide range of subject matter. 1956, William Randolph Hearst Jr. J. Kingsbury-Smith and Frank Conniff, International News Service,1958, Staff of the New York Times, for its distinguished coverage of foreign news, which was characterized by admirable initiative, continuity and high quality during the year. Rosenthal, New York Times, for his perceptive and authoritative reporting from Poland, mr. Rosenthals subsequent expulsion from the country was attributed by Polish government spokesmen to the depth his reporting into Polish affairs, there being no accusation of false reporting. 1964, Malcolm W. Browne of the Associated Press and David Halberstam of the New York Times, for their reporting of the Vietnam War. 1965, J. A.1966, Peter Arnett, Associated Press,1967, R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor, for his thorough reporting of the attempted Communist coup in Indonesia in 1965 and the purge that followed in 1965-66. 1968, Alfred Friendly, Washington Post, for his coverage of the Middle East War of 1967,1969, William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times, for his Vietnam War correspondence in 1968. 1970, Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service, for his disclosure of the Vietnam War tragedy at the hamlet of My Lai. 1971, Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post, for his coverage of the struggle against apartheid in the Republic of South Africa,1972, Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal, for his coverage of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971

18.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university

19.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

20.
South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area

21.
Science writer
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Science journalism conveys reporting about science to the public. The field typically involves interactions between scientists, journalists, and the public, science values detail, precision, the impersonal, the technical, the lasting, facts, numbers and being right. Journalism values brevity, approximation, the personal, the colloquial, there are going to be tensions. One way science journalism can achieve this is by avoiding an information model of communication. This model assumes a top-down, one-way direction of communicating information that limits an open dialogue between knowledge holders and the public, science journalists often have training in the scientific disciplines that they cover. Some have earned a degree in a field before becoming journalists or exhibited talent in writing about science subjects. However, good preparation for interviews and even simple questions such as What does this mean to the people on the street. Can often help a science journalist develop material that is useful for the intended audience, with budget cuts at major newspapers and other media, there are fewer working science journalists working for traditional print and broadcast media than before. Similarly, there are very few journalists in traditional media outlets that write multiple articles on emerging science. In 2011, there were 459 journalists who had written an article covering nanotechnology. When the data was narrowed down to those journalists who wrote about the more than 25 times in the year. In April 2012, the New York Times was awarded two Pulitzer Prizes for content published by Politico and The Huffington Post, both online sources - a sign of the shift by the media outlet. New communication environments provide essentially unlimited information on a number of issues. The web also offers opportunities for citizens to connect with others through social media, science writers today have the opportunity to communicate not just with their audience but globally. ”Blog-based science reporting is filling in to some degree, but has problems of its own. In 2015, John Bohannon produced a bad study to see how a low-quality open access publisher. He worked with a film-maker Peter Onneken who was making a film about junk science in the industry with fad diets becoming headline news despite terrible study design. He invented a fake diet institute that lacks even a website, and used the pen name, Johannes Bohannon, science journalists regularly come under criticism for misleading reporting of scientific stories. All three groups of scientists, journalists, and the public often criticize science journalism for bias, however, with the increasing collaborations online between science journalists there may be potential with removing inaccuracies

22.
Discover (magazine)
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Discover is an American general audience science magazine launched in October 1980 by Time Inc. It has been owned by Kalmbach Publishing since 2010, Discover was created primarily through the efforts of Time magazine editor Leon Jaroff. He noticed that magazine sales jumped every time the cover featured a science topic, Jaroff interpreted this as a considerable public interest in science, and in 1971, he began agitating for the creation of a science-oriented magazine. This was difficult, as a former colleague noted, because Selling science to people who graduated to be managers was very difficult, jaroffs persistence finally paid off, and Discover magazine published its first edition in 1980. During this period, Discover featured fairly in-depth science reporting on hard science, most issues contained an essay by a well-known scientist—such as Stephen Jay Gould, Jared Diamond, and Stephen Hawking. Another common article was a biography, often linked with mentions of other scientists working in the field, the Skeptical Eye column sought to uncover pop-science scams, and was the medium where James Randi released the results of Project Alpha. Jaroff said that it was the section at its launch. Jaroff told the editor-in-chief that these were not solid sciences, and was sent back to Discovers parent, Time, Skeptical Eye and other columns disappeared, and articles covered more controversial, speculative topics. The new format was a success, and the new format remained largely unchanged for the next two decades. Gilbert Rogin, a Sports Illustrated editor, was brought in 1985 to revive Discover, in 1986, Time purchased the subscription lists of the shuttered magazines Science Digest and Science 86 from their publishers. Circulation for the magazine reached 925,000 by May 1987 with revenue for 1986 being $6.9 million, but annual net loss were $10 million per year. In January 1987, Time appointed a new Discover publisher, Bruce A. Barnet, hayes, who was appointed publisher of Fortune. The magazine changed several times. In 1987, Time, Inc. sold Discover to Family Media, from January to July 1991, Discover magazine lost 15% of its advertising while still remaining profitable. Family Media closed down while suspending publication of all its magazines, Family Medias last Discover issue was August 1991, with a circulation of 1.1 million copies. In September 1991, The Walt Disney Company bought the magazine for its Disney Publishings Magazine Group, the magazines main office was moved to the Magazine Group office in Burbank while leaving one third behind in New York in a small editorial and advertising office. Disney was able to retain Family Medias editor-in-chief for the magazine, Disney increased the magazines photography and its content budget to over come skipping 2 issues in Family Medias shutdown and ownership change. In 1993, Disney Magazine Publishing Inc, in October 2005, Bob Guccione, Jr. founder of Spin and Gear magazines, and some private equity partners purchased the magazine from Disney

23.
Gulf War
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The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World War II. The great majority of the military forces were from the US, with Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia paid around US$32 billion of the US$60 billion cost, the war was marked by the introduction of live news broadcasts from the front lines of the battle, principally by the US network CNN. The war has also earned the nickname Video Game War after the daily broadcast of images from cameras on board US bombers during Operation Desert Storm. The initial conflict to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait began with an aerial and naval bombardment on 17 January 1991 and this was followed by a ground assault on 24 February. This was a victory for the coalition forces, who liberated Kuwait. The coalition ceased its advance, and declared a ceasefire 100 hours after the campaign started. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, Iraq launched Scud missiles against coalition military targets in Saudi Arabia and against Israel. The following names have been used to describe the conflict itself, Gulf War, a problem with these terms is that the usage is ambiguous, having now been applied to at least three conflicts, see Gulf War. The use of the term Persian Gulf is also disputed, see Persian Gulf naming dispute, with no consensus of naming, various publications have attempted to refine the name. Other language terms include French, la Guerre du Golfe and German, Golfkrieg, German, Zweiter Golfkrieg, French, most of the coalition states used various names for their operations and the wars operational phases. Operation Desert Storm was the US name of the conflict from 17 January 1991. Operation Desert Sabre was the US name for the offensive against the Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations from 24–28 February 1991, in itself. Operation Desert Farewell was the given to the return of US units and equipment to the US in 1991 after Kuwaits liberation. Operation Granby was the British name for British military activities during the operations, Opération Daguet was the French name for French military activities in the conflict. Operation Friction was the name of the Canadian operations Operazione Locusta was the Italian name for the operations, in addition, various phases of each operation may have a unique operational name. The US divided the conflict into three campaigns, Defense of Saudi Arabian country for the period 2 August 1990, through 16 January 1991

24.
American Chemical Society
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The American Chemical Society is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 158,000 members at all levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering. It is the worlds largest scientific society by membership, the ACS is a 501 non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D. C. and it has a concentration of staff in Columbus. The ACS is a source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals, national conferences. Its publications division produces 51 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society, the ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions. The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service, the organization also publishes textbooks, administers several national chemistry awards, provides grants for scientific research, and supports various educational and outreach activities. In 1874, a group of American chemists gathered at the Joseph Priestley House to mark the 100th anniversary of Priestleys discovery of oxygen. Two years later, on 6 April 1876, during a meeting of chemists at the University of the City of New York the American Chemical Society was founded, the society received its charter of incorporation from the State of New York in 1877. Charles F. Draper was a photochemist and pioneering photographer who had produced one of the first photographic portraits in 1840, chandler would later serve as president in 1881 and 1889. The Journal of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1879 to publish original chemical research and it was the first journal published by ACS and is still the societys flagship peer-reviewed publication. Chemical & Engineering News is a trade magazine that has been published by ACS since 1923. The society adopted a new constitution aimed at nationalizing the organization in 1890, in 1905, the American Chemical Society moved from New York City to Washington, D. C. ACS was reincorporated under a charter in 1937. It was granted by the U. S. Congress and signed by president Franklin D. Roosevelt, ACSs headquarters moved to its current location in downtown Washington in 1941. Divisional activities include organizing technical sessions at ACS meetings, publishing books and resources, administering awards and lectureships, as of 2016, there are 32 technical divisions of ACS. This is the largest division of the Society and it marked its 100th Anniversary in 2008. The first Chair of the Division was Edward Curtis Franklin, the Organic Division played a part in establishing Organic Syntheses, Inc. and Organic Reactions, Inc. and it maintains close ties to both organizations

25.
Sigma Xi
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Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society is a non-profit honor society which was founded in 1886 at Cornell University by a junior faculty member and a handful of graduate students. Members elect others on the basis of their achievements or potential. Despite the name, Sigma Xi is neither a fraternity nor a sorority, today the Society comprises nearly 100,000 scientists and engineers who were elected to membership based on their research achievements and potential. The Society is based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, the Greek letters Sigma and Xi form the acronym of the Societys motto, Σπουδῶν Ξυνῶνες or Spoudon Xynones, which translates as Companions in Zealous Research. The word Honor was added to the name of the Society at the 2016 Annual Meeting, like all “Greek letter” societies, whether professional or social, it is an acronym for the motto of the organization, Σπουδων Ξυνωνες, which translates as companions in Zealous Research. For many years, we were referred to as “Society of the Sigma Xi. ”In the early century, some in the leadership wanted “Sigma Xi” to be dropped altogether in favor of some formulation such as “Scientific Research Society of America. ”In a strange quirk of history, both names survived because the organization split in the 1940s into an academic honor society and an honor society for applied research. RESA was an entity, wholly owned by Sigma Xi. In an even stranger development, Sigma Xi and RESA merged back together in 1974 and eventually began calling itself Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society. More than 200 winners of the Nobel Prize have been Sigma Xi members, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Linus Pauling, Francis Crick, vision, To be the global honor society of science and engineering. List of Sigma Xi members Official website American Scientist Sigma Xis Year of Water H2008 Blog

26.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

27.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades

28.
Brian Lamb
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Prior to launching C-SPAN in 1979, Lamb held various communications roles including White House telecommunications policy staffer and Washington bureau chief for Cablevision magazine. He also served as a officer in the United States Navy for four years. Lamb has conducted thousands of interviews in his lifetime, including those on C-SPANs Booknotes and Q&A, over the course of his career Lamb has received numerous honors and awards including the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Humanities Medal. Lamb was born in Lafayette, Indiana and lived there until he was twenty-two, growing up, he wanted to be an entertainer and spent time as a disc jockey and as a drummer in many local bands. Lamb showed an early interest in television and radio, he started his first radio job at a station in Lafayette, WASK, at the age of 17, working as a disc jockey. In 1961, during his year at college, he coordinated a television program titled Dance Date, similar to Dick Clarks ABC series. After graduation from Jefferson High School, Lamb attended Purdue University, following graduation from Purdue, Lamb was accepted into the United States Navy Officer Candidate School. Lamb took up this role midway through the Vietnam War and, in addition to handling queries from radio and television networks, he attended press briefings with Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. In July 1967, following riots in Detroit, Lamb was sent there and he also served as a White House social aide to Lyndon B. Johnson, in which role he escorted Lady Bird Johnson down the aisle at the wedding of Chuck Robb, Lamb spent a total of four years in the U. S. Navy and was a Lieutenant, junior grade at the time that he left. He later said that his time in the U. S. Navy was probably the most important thing ever done, in August 1968, after working at a local television station in Lafayette, he spent ten weeks working for a group called United Citizens for Nixon-Agnew. After the White House, Lamb returned to journalism as the editor of a newsletter entitled. While editing The Media Report, he became the Washington bureau chief of trade magazine Cablevision for four years. During this time, he developed his idea of creating a public affairs-oriented cable network, in 1977, Lamb submitted to cable television executives a proposal for a nonprofit channel that would broadcast official proceedings of Congress. He later said, The risks werent very significant, at its launch the network had a staff of four employees, including Lamb, and an annual budget of US$450,000. The first broadcast occurred on March 19,1979, with coverage of the first televised House of Representatives floor debate. By 2010, C-SPAN reached over 100 million households, and the network employed 275 individuals in Washington D. C. and at its archives in West Lafayette. Its coverage includes a variety of public programming, including presidential press conferences and Senate hearings, in addition to its gavel-to-gavel coverage of the House

29.
C-SPAN
–
C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request

30.
Public Broadcasting Service
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule

31.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database

32.
Charlie Rose
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Charles Peete Charlie Rose, Jr. is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, a show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. Rose has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since 2012, Rose also substitutes for CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley when Pelley is off or on assignment. Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the child of Margaret and Charles Peete Rose. As a child, Rose lived above his parents store in Henderson, Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child, his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics, Rose graduated in 1964 with a Bachelors Degree in History. At Duke, Rose was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity, Rose earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968. Rose met his wife, Mary, while attending Duke, after his wife was hired by the BBC, Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while working at New York bank Bankers Trust, Roses break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose Executive Producer of Bill Moyers Journal, Rose soon began appearing on camera. A Conversation with Jimmy Carter that aired on Moyerss TV series U. S. A, people and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. The Nightwatch broadcast of Roses interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987, on September 30,1991, Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET and has been nationally syndicated on PBS since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II from its inception in January 1999, until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes. Rose was a member of the Board of Directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009, in May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University. Rose has appeared as himself in the film Primary Colors, in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons, Rose and his show were parodied in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He appears as himself in the George Clooney-directed film The Ides of March, episodes of The Good Wife and Breaking Bad, Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008, Spain in 2010, and Switzerland in 2011. Member of Council of Foreign Relations 2014, Rose received an honorary doctorate from the State University of New York at Oswego on October 16,2014, during the colleges annual Lewis B. ODonnell Media Summit, for his contributions in the broadcast, media, on May 8,2016, Rose also received an honorary degree from the University of the South

33.
Double Seven Day scuffle
–
The Double Seven Day scuffle was a physical altercation on July 7,1963, in Saigon, South Vietnam. After their release, the journalists went to the US embassy in Saigon to complain about their treatment at the hands of Diệms officials and their appeals were dismissed, as was a direct appeal to the White House. Through the efforts of US Ambassador Frederick Nolting, the charges laid against the journalists were subsequently dropped. Browne took photographs of Arnetts bloodied face, which were published in newspapers worldwide and this drew further negative attention to the behaviour of the Diệm régime amidst the backdrop of the Buddhist crisis. The incident occurred during a period of popular unrest by the Buddhist majority against the Roman Catholic rule of Diệm, Buddhist discontent had grown since the Huế Phật Đản shootings on May 8,1963. The government decided to invoke a law, prohibiting the display of religious flags, by banning the use of the Buddhist flag on Vesak. One week earlier, the Vatican flag had flown at a celebration for Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục. The Buddhists defied the ban, flying their flags on Vesak and holding a demonstration, the killings sparked nationwide protests by South Vietnams Buddhist majority against the policies of Diệms regime. The Buddhists demanded that Diệm give them religious equality, but with their demands unfulfilled, the most notable of these was the self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức on June 11, which was iconically photographed by the media and became a negative symbol of the Diệm régime. Known as Double Seven Day, July 7 was the anniversary of Diệms 1954 ascension to Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam. In October 1955, following a fraudulent referendum, Diệm established the Republic of Vietnam, generally known as South Vietnam, the night of July 6,1963, had started in a festive mood as Diệm awarded decorations to military officers at a ceremony. Among those in the audience were Generals Trần Văn Đôn and Dương Văn Minh, the Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and the Presidential Military Advisor, respectively. They had returned from observing SEATO military exercises in Thailand, where they had been informed about the regional disquiet over Diems policies towards the Buddhists, american pressmen had been alerted to an upcoming Buddhist demonstration to coincide with Double Seven Day at Chanatareansey Pagoda in the north of Saigon. The group, which included Arnett, Browne, David Halberstam, Neil Sheehan of United Press International, and CBSs Peter Kalischer waited outside the building with their equipment. After an hour-long religious ceremony, the Buddhists filed out of the pagoda into a narrow alley along a side street, the Buddhists did not resist, but Arnett and Browne began taking photos of the confrontation. The police, who were loyal to Ngô Đình Nhu, thereupon punched Arnett in the nose, knocked him to the ground, kicked him with their pointed-toe shoes, and broke his camera. Halberstam, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the Buddhist crisis, was a tall man and he waded into the fracas swinging his arms, reportedly saying Get back, get back, you sons of bitches, or Ill beat the shit out of you. Nhus men ran away without waiting for a Vietnamese translation, but not before Browne had clambered up a power pole, the police smashed Brownes camera, but his photographic film survived the impact

34.
1963 South Vietnamese coup
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Lucien Conein, the Central Intelligence Agency’s liaison between the US embassy and the coup planners, told them that the US would not intervene to stop it. Conein also provided funds to the coup leaders, the coup was led by General Dương Văn Minh and started on 1 November. It proceeded smoothly as many loyalist leaders were captured after being caught off-guard, Diệm was captured and executed the next day along with his brother and adviser Ngô Đình Nhu. Diệms road to power began in July 1954, when he was appointed the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam by former Emperor Bảo Đại. Bảo Đại disliked Diệm but selected him in the hopes that he would attract United States aid, but the two became embroiled in a power struggle. The issue was brought to a head when Diệm scheduled a referendum for October 1955, which was rigged by his brother Nhu and he proceeded to strengthen his autocratic and nepotistic rule over the country. A constitution was written by a rubber stamp legislature which gave Diệm the power to create laws by decree, dissidents, both communist and nationalist, were jailed and executed in the thousands, and elections were routinely rigged. Diệm kept the control of the nation firmly within the hands of his family, South Vietnams Buddhist majority had long been discontented with Diệms strong favoritism towards Roman Catholics. The Roman Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, in the countryside, Catholics were de facto exempt from performing corvée labour and in some rural areas, it was claimed that Catholic priests led private armies against Buddhist villages. In 1957, Diệm dedicated the nation to the Virgin Mary, discontent with Diệm and Nhu exploded into mass protest during mid-1963 when nine Buddhists died at the hand of Diệms army and police on Vesak, the birthday of Gautama Buddha. In response, the U. S. government was concerned about the possibility for the Dim/Nhu government to succeed, the response by Ambassador Nolting was, we should take it slow and easy and see if we can live with the Diem government. As a result of this inability to support the Diem/Nhu government. In a telegram to the American Embassy in Saigon, Mr, many Buddhists defied the ban and a protest was ended when government forces opened fire. With Diệm remaining intransigent in the face of escalating Buddhist demands for religious equality and they felt Diệms policies were making their client regime in South Vietnam politically unsustainable. There were many conspiracies against Diệm in 1963, many by different cliques of military officers independent from one another, in mid-1963, one group was composed of mid-level officers such as colonels, majors, and captains. Đỗ Mậu was in group, which was coordinated by Trần Kim Tuyến. Tuyến had been an insider, but a rift had developed in recent years. As South Vietnam was a state, Tuyến was a powerful figure and had many contacts

35.
Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup
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The reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup that saw the arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm was mixed. The coup was denounced by the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China. The remainders of the world expressed the hope that the junta would end persecution against Buddhists. Both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong were caught off guard by the events in Saigon, radio Hanoi reported the events without communist comment, as they had not prepared a reaction to it. On one hand, the communist leaders were disheartened that they could no longer exploit Diệms unpopularity, on the other hand, they were confident that Diệms successors would be weak and fall apart easily, which would facilitate a communist revolution. The official newspaper, Nhan Dan, wrote By throwing off Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, the deaths of Diệm and Nhu were followed by the disintegration of big fragments of the. On the night of 1 November as Gia Long Palace was besieged, Vietcong radio in South Vietnam had urged the Vietnamese people, however, the generals successful coup prevented any joint action. Within a week of the coup, the Viet Cong had regained its direction, a communist spokesperson expressed shock that the Americans had appeared to support the removal of Diệm, believing him to have been one of their strongest opponents. The leader of the Viet Cong, Nguyễn Văn Thơ, termed the coup as a gift from Heaven for us, some Viet Cong officials were so surprised the Americans would support Diệms removal that they initially thought it was a trick. They felt that Diệms removal was a blunder on the part of the Americans, Thơ said Our enemy has been seriously weakened from all points of view, military, political and administrative. The special shock troops which were a support for the Diệm regime have been eliminated. The military command has been turned upside down and weakened by purges and he added, For the same reasons, the coercive apparatus, set up over the years with great care by Diệm, is utterly shattered, specially at the base. The principle chiefs of security and the police, on which mainly depended the protection of the regime. Troops, officers, and officials of the army and administration are completely lost, from the political point of view the weakening of our adversary is still clear. Even before the start of the coup, the committee through General Lê Văn Kim had been in contact with civilian opposition figures. Once the success of the coup was confirmed, negotiations by the committee with the dissidents began in earnest. On the night of 1 November and the day, all of Diệms ministers were told to submit their resignations. No reprisals were taken against them, Vice President Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ entered into intensive bargaining with Minh on 2 November on the composition of the interim government

36.
Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
–
The arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm, the president of South Vietnam, marked the culmination of a successful CIA-backed coup détat led by General Dương Văn Minh in November 1963. The coup was the culmination of nine years of autocratic and nepotistic family rule in South Vietnam, when rebel forces entered the palace, the Ngô brothers were not present, having escaped before to a loyalist shelter in Cholon. The brothers had kept in communication with the rebels through a link from the shelter to the palace. Minhs army colleagues and U. S. officials in Saigon agreed that Minh ordered the executions and they postulated various motives, including that the brothers had embarrassed Minh by fleeing the Gia Long Palace, and that the brothers were killed to prevent a later political comeback. The generals initially attempted to cover up the execution by suggesting that the brothers had committed suicide, Diệms political career began in July 1954, when he was appointed the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam by former Emperor Bảo Đại, who was Head of State. The partition was intended to be temporary, with elections scheduled for 1956 to create a government of a reunified nation. In the meantime, Diệm and Bảo Đại were locked in a power struggle, Bảo Đại disliked Diệm but selected him in the hope that he would attract American aid. The issue was brought to a head when Diệm scheduled a referendum for October 1955 on whether South Vietnam should become a republic, Diệm won the rigged referendum and proclaimed himself the President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam. Diệm refused to hold the elections, on the basis that the State of Vietnam was not a signatory to the Geneva Accords. He then proceeded to strengthen his autocratic and nepotistic rule over the country, a constitution was written by a rubber stamp legislature which gave Diệm the power to create laws by decree and arbitrarily give himself emergency powers. Dissidents, both communist and nationalist, were jailed and executed in the thousands, and elections were routinely rigged. Diệm kept the control of the nation firmly within the hands of his brothers and their in-laws, South Vietnams Buddhist majority had long been discontented with Diệms strong favoritism towards Catholics. The Roman Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, in the countryside, Catholics were de facto exempt from performing corvée labour. Discontent with Diệm and Nhu exploded into mass protest during the summer of 1963 when nine Buddhists died at the hand of Diệms army and police on Vesak, the Buddhists defied the ban and a protest was ended when government forces opened fire. With Diệm remaining intransigent in the face of escalating Buddhist demands for religious equality, sections of society began calling for his removal from power. At 13,30 on 1 November, Generals Dương Văn Minh and Trần Văn Đôn, respectively the Presidential Military Adviser and Army Chief of Staff, led a coup against Diệm, the rebels had carefully devised plans to neutralise loyalist officers to prevent them from saving Diệm. Unknown to Diệm, General Đính, the supposed loyalist who commanded the ARVN III Corps that surrounded the Saigon area, had allied himself with the plotters of the coup. The second of Diệms most trusted loyalist generals was Huỳnh Văn Cao, Diệm and Nhu were aware of the coup plan, and Nhu responded by planning a counter-coup, which he called Operation Bravo

37.
Cable 243
–
The cable came in the wake of the midnight raids on August 21 by the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem against Buddhist pagodas across the country, in which hundreds were believed to have been killed. The raids were orchestrated by Diems brother Ngô Đình Nhu and precipitated a change in US policy, the cable declared that Washington would no longer tolerate Nhu remaining in a position of power and ordered Lodge to pressure Diem to remove his brother. It said that if Diem refused, the Americans would explore the possibility for alternative leadership in South Vietnam. In effect, the cable authorized Lodge to give the light to Army of the Republic of Vietnam officers to launch a coup against Diem if he did not willingly remove Nhu from power. The cable marked a point in US-Diem relations and was described in the Pentagon Papers as controversial. Historian John W. Newman described it as the single most controversial cable of the Vietnam War and this was underlined by the manner in which the cable was prepared before being transmitted to Lodge. The pagodas were also extensively vandalized, initially, the raids coincided with the declaration of martial law on the day before. A group of generals of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam had asked Diem to give them powers to fight the Viet Cong. Diem agreed, so that Nhus Special Forces could take advantage, the raids were instigated by Nhus Special Forces and Secret Police. At first, there was confusion as to what had occurred, Nhu had ordered the phone lines into the US embassy and the US Information Service to be cut. A curfew was imposed on the streets, and it was believed that the regular army had orchestrated the attacks. The Voice of America initially broadcast Nhus version of the events and this infuriated the ARVN generals, since many Vietnamese listened to the program as their only source of non-government, non-propaganda news. Kennedy asked them to wait until Monday when all the key figures would be in Washington, Kennedy thus told Forrestal to get another high-ranking official to “get it cleared. Harriman and Hilsman then drove from their offices to a Maryland golf course where Under Secretary of State George Ball was playing with Alexis Johnson, Ball told the trio to meet him at his home after he and Johnson finished their round of golf. Those present at Ball’s home then phoned and read the important passages of the message to Rusk and they asked Rusk what he thought of the message if Kennedy was comfortable too. If the president understood the implications, would give a green light, Ball then discussed the matter with the president, who asked What do you think. Ball said that Harriman and Hilsman were in support, saying that his watered down version would certainly be taken as encouragement by the generals to a coup. Ball said that his group regarded Diem as an embarrassment to Washington because of his most unconscionable and cruel and he further cited Nhu’s violence against the Buddhists and Madame Nhu’s verbal attacks as reasons for breaking with Diem

38.
W. Averell Harriman
–
William Averell Harriman was an American Democratic politician, businessman, and diplomat. He was the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman and he served as Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952, Harriman served President Franklin D. Roosevelt as special envoy to Europe and served as the U. S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union and U. S. Ambassador to Britain. He served in numerous U. S. diplomatic assignments in the Kennedy and he was a core member of the group of foreign policy elders known as The Wise Men. Better known as Averell Harriman, he was born in New York City and he was the brother of E. Roland Harriman and Mary Harriman Rumsey. Harriman was a friend of Hall Roosevelt, the brother of Eleanor Roosevelt. Hart Merriam, Grove Karl Gilbert, and Edward Curtis, along with 100 family members and staff, young Harriman would have his first introduction to Russia, a nation on which he would spend a significant amount of attention in his later life in public service. He attended Groton School in Massachusetts before going on to Yale where he joined the Skull, after graduating, he inherited the largest fortune in America and became Yales youngest Crew coach. Using money from his father he established W. A. Harriman & Co banking business in 1922, in 1927 his brother Roland joined the business and the name was changed to Harriman Brothers & Company. In 1931, it merged with Brown Bros. & Co. to create the highly successful Wall Street firm Brown Brothers Harriman & Co, notable employees included George Herbert Walker and his son-in-law Prescott Bush. Harrimans main properties included Brown Brothers & Harriman & Co, Union Pacific Railroad, Merchant Shipping Corporation, Harrimans associated properties included the Southern Pacific Railroad, Illinois Central Railroad, Wells Fargo & Co. the Pacific Mail Steamship Co. American Ship & Commerce, Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktiengesellschaft, the American Hawaiian Steamship Co, United American Lines, the Guaranty Trust Company, and the Union Banking Corporation. He served as Chairman of The Business Council, then known as the Business Advisory Council for the United States Department of Commerce in 1937 and 1939. Harrimans older sister, Mary Rumsey, encouraged Averell to leave his job and work with her and their friends. Averell joined the NRA National Recovery Administration, the first government consumer rights group, following the death of August Belmont, Jr. in 1924, Harriman, George Walker, and Joseph E. Widener purchased much of Belmonts thoroughbred breeding stock. Harriman raced under the name of Arden Farms, among his horses, Chance Play won the 1927 Jockey Club Gold Cup. He also raced in partnership with Walker under the name Log Cabin Stable before buying him out, racing Hall of Fame inductee Louis Feustel, trainer of Man o War, trained the Log Cabin horses until 1926. Of the partnerships successful runners purchased from the August Belmont estate, Harrimans banking business was the main Wall Street connection for German companies and the varied U. S. financial interests of Fritz Thyssen, who was a financial backer of the Nazi party until 1938

39.
Roger Hilsman
–
Roger Hilsman, Jr. was an American soldier, government official, political scientist, and author. He served in Merrills Marauders, and then with the Office of Strategic Services as a guerrilla leader and he later was an aide and adviser to President John F. Kennedy and, briefly, to President Lyndon B. Johnson, in the U. S. State Department while serving as Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research during 1961–63 and Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs during 1963–64. There Hilsman was a key and controversial figure in the development of U. S. policies in South Vietnam during the stages of U. S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He left government in 1964 to teach at Columbia University, retiring in 1990 and he was a Democratic Party nominee for election to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1972 but lost in the general election. He was the author of books about American foreign policy. Hilsman was born on November 23,1919, in Waco, Texas the son of Roger Hilsman, Sr. a career officer with the United States Army and he lived in Waco only briefly, growing up on a series of military posts. He attended public schools for a while in Minneapolis, Minnesota, Hilsman spent part of his childhood in the Philippines where his father was a company commander and later commandant of cadets at Ateneo de Manila, a Jesuit college. His father was a distant figure whom the young Hilsman endeavored to gain the approval of, back in the United States, Hilsman attended Sacramento High School in Sacramento, California, where he was a leader in a Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps program and graduated in 1937. Meanwhile, with the outbreak of U. S. involvement in World War II, his father, two weeks into the conflict, newspaper reports described Colonel Hilsman as still holding Davao on the island of Mindanao. There he found morale to be due to typhus outbreaks. He participated in operations during the battle for Myitkyina in May 1944. After recovering in army hospitals, Hilsman joined the Office of Strategic Services. By now a lieutenant, he at first served as an officer to the British Army in Burma. There he developed an interest in tactics and found them personally preferable to being part of infantry assaults. By early 1945 Hilsman was considered, as Detachment 101 commander William R. Peers later stated, Junior officers, every one outstanding and experienced. Hilsman wanted to deploy his unit further south into the Inle Lake area but was constrained by orders to hold the road between Taunggyi and Kengtung. Soon after the Japanese surrender in 1945, Hilsman was part of an OSS group that staged a parachute mission into Manchuria to liberate American prisoners held in a Japanese POW camp near Mukden, there he found his father, who became one of the first prisoners to be freed

40.
John F. Kennedy
–
Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade

41.
Victor H. Krulak
–
Victor Harold Krulak was a decorated United States Marine Corps officer who saw action in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Krulak, considered a visionary by fellow Marines, was the author of First to Fight, An Inside View of the U. S. Marine Corps, Krulak was born in Denver, Colorado, to Jewish parents, Bessie and Morris Krulak. He later denied Jewish ancestry and claimed to have been raised Episcopalian and he was married to Amy Chandler from 1936 until her death in 2004. Krulak was commissioned a U. S. Marine Corps second lieutenant upon graduation from the U. S. Naval Academy on May 31,1934 and his early Marine Corps service included, sea duty aboard USS Arizona, an assignment at the U. S. While stationed as an observer in Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, at the outbreak of World War II, Krulak was a captain serving as aide to General Holland M. Smith, the Commanding General, Amphibious Corps, Atlantic Fleet. He volunteered for training and on completion of training, he was ordered to the Pacific area as commander of the 2nd Parachute Battalion. He went into action at Vella Lavella with the 2nd New Zealand Brigade, the Navy Cross is presented to Victor H. Krulak, Lieutenant Colonel, U. S. His brilliant leadership and indomitable fighting spirit assured the success of this mission and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. The navy PT boat, PT-59, captained by John F. Kennedy helped evacuate Krulaks force from Choiseul at the end of the operation. In response, Krulak promised Kennedy a bottle of whiskey which he delivered almost 20 years later when Kennedy was serving as President of the United States. From 1951 to 1955, Krulak served at Headquarters Marine Corps as Secretary of the General Staff, then rejoined Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, in July 1956, he was promoted to brigadier general and designated assistant commander, 3rd Marine Division on Okinawa. From 1957 to 1959, he served as director, Marine Corps Educational Center and he was promoted to major general in November 1959, and the following month assumed command of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, during this period, American military advisors were providing assistance to the South Vietnamese in their war against the Viet Cong. In September 1963, then Major General Krulak and Joseph Mendenhall, in late December 1963, the new president, Lyndon B. This was in keeping with the policy of graduated pressure on the North Vietnamese. On March 1,1964, Krulak was designated Commanding General, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, for the next four years, Krulak was responsible for all Fleet Marine Force units in the Pacific, including some 54 trips to the Vietnam theater. Many sources including Coram report that the Chu Lai base, which commenced in May 1965, was named after Krulaks own Chinese name, at the beginning of the war, Krulak put forward the Spreading Inkblot Theory. This promoted a spreading inkblot of small actions to pacify South Vietnam village by village

42.
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
–
He was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1960 presidential election. Lodge was born in Nahant, Massachusetts, through his mother, Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen, he was a great-grandson of Senator Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, and a great-great-grandson of Senator John Davis. He had two siblings, John Davis Lodge, also a politician, and Helena Lodge de Streel, Lodge attended St. Albans School and graduated from Middlesex School. In 1924, he graduated cum laude from Harvard University, where he was a member of the Hasty Pudding, Lodge worked in the newspaper business from 1924–1931. He was elected in 1932, and served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives 1933 to 1936, in November 1936, Lodge was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican, defeating Democrat James Michael Curley. He served from January 1937 to February 1944, Lodge served with distinction during the war, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the war he saw two tours of duty, the first was in 1942 while he was also serving as a U. S. Senator. The second was in 1944–5 after he resigned from the Senate, the first period was a continuation of Lodges longtime service as an Army Reserve Officer. Lodge was a major in the 1st Armored Division, Senator to do so since the Civil War He saw action in Italy and France. In the fall of 1944, Lodge single-handedly captured a four-man German patrol and his American decorations included the Legion of Merit and the Bronze Star Medal. After the war, Lodge returned to Massachusetts and resumed his political career and he continued his status as an Army Reserve officer and rose to the rank of major general. In 1946 Lodge defeated Democratic Senator David I. Walsh and returned to the Senate and he soon emerged as a spokesman for the moderate, internationalist wing of the Republican Party. In late 1951, Lodge helped persuade General Dwight D. Eisenhower to run for the Republican presidential nomination, Lodge argued in hearings that Tydings demonized McCarthy and whitewashed McCarthys supposed discovery of security leaks at the State Department. Lodge told Tydings, Mr. Chairman, this is the most unusual procedure I have seen in all the years I have been here, why cannot the senator from Wisconsin get the normal treatment and be allowed to make his statement in his own way. And not be pulled to pieces before he has had a chance to one single consecutive sentence. I do not understand what kind of game is being played here, in July 1950, the record of the committee hearing was printed, and Lodge was outraged to find that 35 pages were not included. Lodge stated I shall not attempt to characterize these methods of leaving out of the printed parts of the testimony. Because I think they speak for themselves, Lodge soon fell out with McCarthy and joined the effort to reduce McCarthys influence

43.
Robert McNamara
–
Robert Strange McNamara was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, during which time he played a role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Following that, he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 to 1981, McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy, which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis. McNamara consolidated intelligence and logistics functions of the Pentagon into two centralized agencies, the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Defense Supply Agency. Prior to his service, McNamara was one of the Whiz Kids who helped rebuild Ford Motor Company after World War II. A group of advisors he brought to the Pentagon inherited the Whiz Kids moniker, McNamara remains the longest serving Secretary of Defense, having remained in office over seven years. Robert McNamara was born in San Francisco, California and his father was Robert James McNamara, sales manager of a wholesale shoe company, and his mother was Clara Nell McNamara. His fathers family was Irish and in about 1850, following the Great Irish Famine, had emigrated to the U. S. first to Massachusetts and later to California. He graduated from Piedmont High School in Piedmont in 1933, where he was president of the Rigma Lions boys club, McNamara attended the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1937 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics with minors in mathematics and philosophy. He was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his sophomore year, and earned a varsity letter in crew. McNamara was also a member of the UC Berkeleys Order of the Golden Bear which was a fellowship of students and he then attended Harvard Business School and earned an MBA in 1939. One major responsibility was the analysis of U. S. bombers efficiency and effectiveness, especially the B-29 forces commanded by Major General Curtis LeMay in India, China, and the Mariana Islands. McNamara established a control unit for XX Bomber Command and devised schedules for B-29s doubling as transports for carrying fuel. He left active duty in 1946 with the rank of lieutenant colonel, in 1946, Charles Tex Thornton, a colonel under whom McNamara had served, put together a group of officers from his AAF Statistical Control operation to go into business together. Thornton had seen an article in Life magazine portraying Ford as being in dire need of reform, henry Ford II, himself a World War II veteran from the Navy, hired the entire group of 10, including McNamara. The Whiz Kids, as came to be known, helped the money-losing company reform its chaotic administration through modern planning, organization. Whiz Kids origins, Because of their youth, combined with asking lots of questions, Ford employees initially and disparagingly, the Quiz Kids rebranded themselves as the Whiz Kids. Starting as manager of planning and financial analysis, he advanced rapidly through a series of management positions

New York City, New York
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

1.
Clockwise, from top: Midtown Manhattan, Times Square, the Unisphere in Queens, the Brooklyn Bridge, Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center, Central Park, the headquarters of the United Nations, and the Statue of Liberty

2.
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York".

3.
The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

4.
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

New Hampshire
–
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by land area and the 9th least populous of the 50 United States. Concord is the capital, while Manchester is the largest

1.
Shaded relief map of New Hampshire

2.
Flag

3.
Mount Adams (5,774 ft or 1,760 m) is part of New Hampshire's Presidential Range.

4.
Lake Winnipesaukee and the Ossipee Mountains

Swarthmore College
–
Swarthmore College is a private liberal arts college located in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania,11 miles southwest of Philadelphia. Founded in 1864, Swarthmore was one of the earliest coeducational colleges in the United States, the school was organized by a committee of Quakers from three Hicksite yearly meetings, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York. S

1.
Parrish Hall, named in honor of the first president, Edward Parrish, (1822-1872), contains the admissions, housing, and financial aid offices, along with dormitories on the upper floors.

2.
Parrish Hall, the original building of the College and an unofficial symbol of Swarthmore.

3.
Parrish Hall from Magill Walk.

4.
ΦΣΚ's Phi Chapter, at Swarthmore, circa 1944

Journalist
–
A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news wit

1.
A television reporter holding a microphone in front of a cameraman.

2.
Photojournalists at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics.

3.
A reporter interviewing Boris Johnson, Mayor of London.

4.
Journalism

Photographer
–
A photographer is a person who makes photographs. As in other arts, the definitions of amateur and professional are not entirely categorical, a professional photographer is likely to take photographs to make money, by salary or through the display, sale or use of those photographs. An amateur photographer may take photographs for pleasure and to re

1.
2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships photographer stand.

2.
A group of photographers taking photographs of retired footballer Franz Beckenbauer.

3.
Nature photographer Urmas Tartes working on an outdoor environment.

4.
A photographer (Douglas Osheroff) setting up a shot with the aid of a tripod.

Self-immolation
–
Self-immolation is an act of killing oneself as a sacrifice. Self-immolation is often used as a form of protest or for the purposes of martyrdom and it has centuries-long traditions in some cultures, while in modern times it has become a type of radical political protest. The English word immolation originally meant killing a victim, sacrifice and

1.
Ryszard Siwiec self-immolating in September 1968 in protest against the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia.

2.
The self-immolation (jauhar) of the Rajput women, during the siege of Chittorgarh in 1568

3.
A Hindu widow burning herself with the corpse of her husband (suttee), 1657

Buddhist monk
–
A bhikkhu is an ordained male monastic in Buddhism. Male and female monastics (nun, bhikkhuni are members of the Buddhist community, the lives of all Buddhist monastics are governed by a set of rules called the prātimokṣa or pātimokkha. Their lifestyles are shaped to support their practice, to live a simple and meditative life. A person under the a

1.
Buddhist monks in Thailand

2.
Tibetan monks engaging in a traditional monastic debate.

3.
Theravada Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka

4.
A Cambodian monk in his robes

Friends Seminary
–
Friends Seminary is a private day school in Manhattan. The school, the oldest continuously coeducational school in New York City, the schools mission is to prepare students not only for the world that is, but to help them bring about the world that ought to be. It is guided by a mission statement and a diversity mission statement. Friends is a memb

1.
Friends Seminary

2.
The Meetinghouse

3.
Exterior of Friends Seminary on 16th Street

4.
The Annex on East 15th Street, formerly the German Masonic Hall

Military conscription
–
Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s. Most European nations la

1.
Ottoman janissaries

2.
No armed forces

3.
Conscription of Poles to the Russian Army in 1863.

4.
Young men registering for conscription during World War I, New York City, June 5, 1917.

Korean War
–
The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an ag

1.
Clockwise from top: A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division 's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir; UN landing at Incheon harbor, starting point of the Battle of Incheon; Korean refugees in front of an American M26 Pershing tank; U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez, landing at Incheon; F-86 Sabre fighter aircraft

2.
Three Koreans shot for pulling up rails as a protest against seizure of land without payment by the Japanese

3.
Soviet troops in Korea, October 1945

4.
U.S. troops in Korea, September 1945

Stars and Stripes (newspaper)
–
Stars and Stripes is an American military newspaper that focuses and reports on matters concerning the members of the United States Armed Forces. The newspaper has its headquarters in Washington, D. C, on November 9,1861, during the Civil War, soldiers of the 11th, 18th, and 29th Illinois Regiments set up camp in the Missouri city of Bloomfield. Fi

1.
The July 27, 2005 front page of Stars and Stripes (Middle East Edition)

2.
On May 2, 1945, Stars and Stripes announced Hitler 's death.

3.
Stars and Stripes being delivered to US troops, 2003.

Middletown, Orange County, New York
–
Middletown is a city in Orange County, New York, United States. It lies in New Yorks Hudson Valley region, near the Wallkill River, Middletown is situated between Port Jervis and Newburgh, New York. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 28,086. Middletown falls within the New York metropolitan area, Middletown was incorporated as

1.
Skyline from the east

2.
East Main Street in 1909

3.
The Erie Railroad's Middletown Station in 1971, now Thrall Library

4.
Morrison Hall (SUNY Orange, Middletown campus)

Times Herald-Record
–
It covers Orange, Sullivan and Ulster counties in New York, Pike County in Pennsylvania, and Sussex County in New Jersey. It is published in a tabloid format, the newspapers news-gathering operations are largely decentralized, the result of its large geographic reach. It is owned by Local Media Group, a newspaper has been in existence in some form

1.
The October 3, 2005 front page of the Times Herald-Record

2.
Times Herald-Record′s main offices in Middletown

Associated Press
–
The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented

1.
The AP headquarters in October 2008, located at 450 West 33rd Street, in New York City.

2.
Associated Press

3.
Logo on the former AP Building in New York City

4.
The APTN Building in London

Baltimore
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolit

1.
Sixth Regiment fighting railroad strikers, July 20, 1877

3.
The Battle Monument commemorates the Battle of Baltimore.

4.
The Great Baltimore Fire of 1904, looking west from Pratt and Gay streets

Indochina
–
Indochina, originally Indo-China, is a geographical term originating in the early nineteenth century and referring to the continental portion of the region now known as Southeast Asia. The name refers to the lands historically within the influence of India and China. It corresponds to the areas of Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. The ter

1.
Mainland Southeast Asia, 1886

2.
Topographical map of mainland Southeast Asia

Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
–
This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence. In its first six years, it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - International,1942, Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press, for reporting on the British Mediterranean Fleet

Columbia University
–
Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen fo

1.
The Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900

2.
Columbia University

3.
Low Memorial Library

4.
Alma Mater

The New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the lar

1.
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on Operation Pillar of Defense.

2.
First published issue of New-York Daily Times, on September 18, 1851.

3.
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ‍ '​ publishing headquarters, 1913–2007

4.
The New York Times newsroom, 1942

South America
–
South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in t

1.
A composite relief image of South America.

2.
South America

3.
Cuernos del Paine in Chile (left) and Morro do Chapéu in Brazil (right) serve to illustrate the diversity of landscapes in South America. Click to enlarge.

Science writer
–
Science journalism conveys reporting about science to the public. The field typically involves interactions between scientists, journalists, and the public, science values detail, precision, the impersonal, the technical, the lasting, facts, numbers and being right. Journalism values brevity, approximation, the personal, the colloquial, there are g

1.
Emma Reh (1896-1982) was a science journalist for Science Service in the 1920s and 30s. Here she is reporting on an archaeological site in Oaxaca for Science News.

2.
Journalism

Discover (magazine)
–
Discover is an American general audience science magazine launched in October 1980 by Time Inc. It has been owned by Kalmbach Publishing since 2010, Discover was created primarily through the efforts of Time magazine editor Leon Jaroff. He noticed that magazine sales jumped every time the cover featured a science topic, Jaroff interpreted this as a

1.
January 2005 issue of Discover

Gulf War
–
The Iraqi Armys occupation of Kuwait that began 2 August 1990 was met with international condemnation, and brought immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by members of the UN Security Council. US President George H. W. Bush deployed US forces into Saudi Arabia, an array of nations joined the coalition, the largest military alliance since World W

2.
Donald Rumsfeld, as U.S. special envoy to the Middle East, meets Saddam Hussein on 19–20 December 1983.

3.
Kuwait Army M-84 main battle tanks.

4.
Iraqi Army T-72 M main battle tanks. The T-72M tank was a common Iraqi battle tank used in the Gulf War.

American Chemical Society
–
The American Chemical Society is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 158,000 members at all levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering. It is the worlds largest scientific society by member

1.
American Chemical Society headquarters in Washington, D.C.

2.
American Chemical Society

3.
Madeleine Jacobs (2004)

Sigma Xi
–
Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society is a non-profit honor society which was founded in 1886 at Cornell University by a junior faculty member and a handful of graduate students. Members elect others on the basis of their achievements or potential. Despite the name, Sigma Xi is neither a fraternity nor a sorority, today the Society compri

1.
Sigma Xi

International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Vietnam War
–
It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct searc

1.
Clockwise, from top left: U.S. combat operations in Ia Drang, ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive, two Douglas A-4C Skyhawks en route for airstrikes against North Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin incident, ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive, civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị, burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre.

2.
A Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British Lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945.

3.
The Geneva Conference, 1954

4.
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957.

Brian Lamb
–
Prior to launching C-SPAN in 1979, Lamb held various communications roles including White House telecommunications policy staffer and Washington bureau chief for Cablevision magazine. He also served as a officer in the United States Navy for four years. Lamb has conducted thousands of interviews in his lifetime, including those on C-SPANs Booknotes

1.
Lamb in January 2012

C-SPAN
–
C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy eve

1.
Sen. Robert Byrd (right), C-SPAN's founder Brian Lamb (left) and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C-SPAN2 on June 2, 1986. FitzPatrick was C-SPAN president at the time.

2.
C-SPAN broadcasts the beginning of the 112th Congress on January 5, 2011.

Public Broadcasting Service
–
The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is

1.
PBS

IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data

1.
Internet Movie Database (IMDb)

Charlie Rose
–
Charles Peete Charlie Rose, Jr. is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, a show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. Rose has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since 2012, Rose also substitutes for CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley when Pelley is off or on assignment. Rose was born in He

1.
Rose in May 2014

2.
Charlie Rose interviews President Barack Obama in 2013

Double Seven Day scuffle
–
The Double Seven Day scuffle was a physical altercation on July 7,1963, in Saigon, South Vietnam. After their release, the journalists went to the US embassy in Saigon to complain about their treatment at the hands of Diệms officials and their appeals were dismissed, as was a direct appeal to the White House. Through the efforts of US Ambassador Fr

1.
The aftermath of the altercation. David Halberstam (center, wearing sunglasses) repels plainclothes policemen after their attack on Peter Arnett (far left).

1963 South Vietnamese coup
–
Lucien Conein, the Central Intelligence Agency’s liaison between the US embassy and the coup planners, told them that the US would not intervene to stop it. Conein also provided funds to the coup leaders, the coup was led by General Dương Văn Minh and started on 1 November. It proceeded smoothly as many loyalist leaders were captured after being ca

3.
St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, where the Ngô brothers were arrested.

4.
Diệm dead with his arms tied behind his back. Initial rumors said that he and his brother committed suicide.

Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup
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The reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup that saw the arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm was mixed. The coup was denounced by the Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China. The remainders of the world expressed the hope that the junta would end persecution against Buddhists. Both North Vietnam and the Viet Cong were caught off gua

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Ngô Đình Diệm

Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem
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The arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm, the president of South Vietnam, marked the culmination of a successful CIA-backed coup détat led by General Dương Văn Minh in November 1963. The coup was the culmination of nine years of autocratic and nepotistic family rule in South Vietnam, when rebel forces entered the palace, the Ngô brothers were

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St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church, where the Ngo brothers were arrested

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The corpse of Ngô Đình Diệm in the back of the APC, having been executed on the way to military headquarters

Cable 243
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The cable came in the wake of the midnight raids on August 21 by the regime of Ngo Dinh Diem against Buddhist pagodas across the country, in which hundreds were believed to have been killed. The raids were orchestrated by Diems brother Ngô Đình Nhu and precipitated a change in US policy, the cable declared that Washington would no longer tolerate N

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W. Averell Harriman was one of the foremost proponents of Diem's removal and key figure behind the cable.

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U.S. President John F. Kennedy regretted his authorization of the coup.

W. Averell Harriman
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William Averell Harriman was an American Democratic politician, businessman, and diplomat. He was the son of railroad baron E. H. Harriman and he served as Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952, Harriman served President

Roger Hilsman
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Roger Hilsman, Jr. was an American soldier, government official, political scientist, and author. He served in Merrills Marauders, and then with the Office of Strategic Services as a guerrilla leader and he later was an aide and adviser to President John F. Kennedy and, briefly, to President Lyndon B. Johnson, in the U. S. State Department while se

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Hilsman during the early 1960s

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Hilsman (far right) at the White House in April 1963 during a presentation of gifts with President Kennedy and Deputy Prime Minister of Malaya Tun Abdul Razak

John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vi

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John F. Kennedy

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The Kennedy family at Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in 1931 with Jack at top left in white shirt. Ted was born the following year.

Victor H. Krulak
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Victor Harold Krulak was a decorated United States Marine Corps officer who saw action in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. Krulak, considered a visionary by fellow Marines, was the author of First to Fight, An Inside View of the U. S. Marine Corps, Krulak was born in Denver, Colorado, to Jewish parents, Bessie and Morris Krulak. He later denied Jew

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Krulak inspecting Marines from First Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company in Hawaii, April 1965.

Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.
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He was the Republican nominee for Vice President in the 1960 presidential election. Lodge was born in Nahant, Massachusetts, through his mother, Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen, he was a great-grandson of Senator Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, and a great-great-grandson of Senator John Davis. He had two siblings, John Davis Lodge, also a politi

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Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.

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President John F. Kennedy meets with Director General of the Atlantic Institute, Henry Cabot Lodge, in the Oval Office, White House, Washington, D.C., 1961.

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Henry Cabot Lodge and family

Robert McNamara
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Robert Strange McNamara was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of Defense, serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, during which time he played a role in escalating the United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Following that, he served as President of the World Bank from 1968 to 198