1a. Ecological Services: Supports energy flow and chemical cycling reduces soil erosion absorbs and releases water purify water and air influence local and regional climate store atmospheric carbon provide numerous wildlife habitat.1b. Economic Services: Fuel wood lumber pulp to make paper livestock grazing recreation jobs less money to use for the species habitats.2: What are the main types of forests? -Old-growth forest-Second-growth forest-Tree plantation 3: What are some of the problems associated with deforestation? -Deforestation decreases soil fertility from erosion -Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems -Premature extinction of species with specialized niches -Loss of habitat for native species and migratory species such as birds and butterflies 4: What are some of the methods for harvesting trees? -Harvested individually from diverse forests (selective cutting) -An entire forest can be cut down (clear cutting) -Portions of the forest is harvesting (strip cutting)5:Clear-Cutting Forest advantage higher timber yields maximum profits in shortest time can reforest with fast-growing trees Short time to establish new strand of trees need less skill and planning good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight disadvantages reduces biodiversity disrupts ecosystem processes destroys and fragments wildfire habitats leave large openings Increases water pollution, flooding and erosion on steep slopes eliminates most recreational value.6: What are some solutions for suitable forestry? -To identify and protect forest areas high in biodiversity -Grow more timber on long rations -Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting -Cease logging of old-growth forests -Plant tree plantations on deforested and degraded land7: What is the Healthy Forest Restoration Act? What are the PROS and CONS? Some of the PROS are that there are still able to get trees but only 71% of the national forests. 8: Logging in National Forests advantages Helps meet country’s timber needs cut areas grow back keeps lumber and paper prices down provides jobs in nearby communities promotes economic growth in nearby communities disadvantages provides only 4% of timber needs ample private forest land to meet timber needs damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities decreases recreational opportunities. 9: What are some causes of tropical deforestation? -Subsides -Population growth -Poverty -Crop and timber export -Fires -Logging -Roads -Tree plantation 10: Why should we care about the loss of tropical forests? About 2,100 of the 3,000 plants identified by the National Cancer Institute as sources of cancer-fighting chemicals come from tropical forests. 11: Substantiating Tropical Forests prevention restoration Protect most diverse and endangered areasreforestation educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry rehabilitation for degrading areas add subsides that encourages unsustainable forest use concentrate farming and farming on already cleared areas add subsides that encourage sustainable use protect forest with debt-for-nature swamps and conservation easements Certify sustainable timber reduce illegal cutting and reduce poverty slow population growth. 12: Why are range lands/grasslands so important? The importance of range lands/grasslands is the soil formation, erosion control and nutrient cycling. 13: How can we sustain range land productivity? What are some solutions to overgrazing? We can sustain range land productivity by controlling the number of distribution of livestock and restoring degraded range land. 14: What is the 4 point strategy to restoring biodiversity worldwide? -Map global ecosystems -Locate and protect endangered species and ecosystems -Restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible -Make development biodiversity-friendly 15: What is a biodiversity hotspot? How many are there worldwide? Biodiversity hotspot is a variety of different species. There are 34 biodiversity hotspots worldwide. 16: What are the top 6 hotspots in the United States? 1-Hawaii2-San Francisco Bay Area 3- Southern Appalachians4-Death Valley 5-Southern California 6-Florida Panhandle 17: What are the five basic science-based principles for ecological restoration? 1-Identify cause 2-Stop abuse by eliminating or sharply reducing factors 3-Reintroduce species if necessary4-Protect area from further degradation 5-Use adaptive management to monitor 18: Define:Preservation-Setting: aside or protecting undisturbed natural areas from harmful human activities.Remediation-Repairing: an ecosystem that has been destroyed. Sustainability-Ability: of a system to survive for some specified time. 18: What are the eight priorities for protecting biodiversity? -Take immediate action to preserve world's biological hot spots.-Keep intact remaining old growth. -Complete mapping of world's biodiversity for inventory and decision making. -Determine world's marine hot spots. 19: Define: Reconciliation/ Applied Ecology. -Establish and maintain new habitats to conserve species in places where people live, work, and play. -Community-based conservation. 20: Define: Background Extinction-Continuous, low level of extinction of species. Extinction Rate- Expressed as a percentage or number of species that go extinct within a certain time period. Mass Extinction- Extinction of many species in a relatively short amount of time. 21: What are the characteristics of vulnerable species? -Low reproductive rate -Specialized feeding habits-Feed at high trophic levels-Large size -Specialized nesting or breeding areas -Found only in one place or region. 22: What is HIPPCO? HIPPCO is the reasons for why some species are endangered. 23: What can you do about invasive species? Don't allow wild animals to escape, don't spread wild plants to other areas. 24: What are some characteristics of successful invader species?-High reproductive rates-Pioneer Species -Long lived -High dispersal rate -Release growth-inhibiting chemicals into soil -Generalists -High genetic variability 25: How is pollution affecting species? Because it is getting into the species habitat, causing some to eat the trash. 26: What is overexploitation? Is when protected species are being killed for their parts or are sold live to collectors. 27: What is the U.S. Endangered Species Act? It is one of the world's toughest environmental laws. Species in the act cannot be hunted and/or killed. 28: What is the CITIES Treaty? It is a treaty that states that species cannot be commercially traded. 29: What can you do to help terrestrial biodiversity? What can you do to help protect species worldwide? Adopt a forest