A crypt with up to 30 burials is giving archeologists fresh insights of intriguing ancient Siberians famed for their death masks which give us a clear idea of how they looked. Made of gypsum, the masks recreate the - at least partially - European look of the people who lived mainly around the Yenesei River.

The funeral system used in this crypt in Kemerovo region shows the burials to have been in the twilight of this race's hold on this part of Siberia between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD.

Earlier their bodies were simply buried in the ground. But here at the Shestakovo-3 tomb, the bodies were substantially cremated, leaving only large bones. Then the remains were put inside dummy bodies made of leather or fabric.

'Such gypsum masks are excellently preserved in a dry environment, in sandy soil, as for example in Khakassia,' he said. 'Here, in Kemerovo region, the soil is more wet, besides there are tree roots everywhere. It doesn't help the preservation. Pictures: Pavel German

'Next the gypsum mask - showing the likeness of the recently departed man or woman - was put on the dummy. In other crypts, miniature replicas of swords, arrows and quivers have been found.

Dr Pavel German, who led the excavation, said finds of ceramic vessels, bronze buckles, and elements of harnesses, were also made. The masks are fragmented but he hopes to restore at least some of the finds.

'Such gypsum masks are excellently preserved in a dry environment, in sandy soil, as for example in Khakassia,' he said. 'Here, in Kemerovo region, the soil is more wet, besides there are tree roots everywhere. It doesn't help the preservation. We have here a lot of fragments, but we hope to restore them. For example we've got rather big fragment - half of one mask.'

'This crypt was very large, and we spent two seasons excavating it.' Pictures: Pavel German

He believes his team found up to 20 of the precious death masks. 'This crypt was very large, and we spent two seasons excavating it,' he said. The area of the crypt inside is about 40 square metres. 'According our preliminary estimation 30 people were buried there. That is, there can be even more masks.'

Remains of children were also found but without masks: they were buried outside the crypt. 'The children mostly were not cremated, at least until the age of five and they were not buried inside the crypt as a rule. We have here several children burials near the wall of the crypt.'

'The children mostly were not cremated, at least until the age of five and they were not buried inside the crypt as a rule. We have here several children burials near the wall of the crypt.' Pictures: Pavel German

He explained the rituals of death as evidenced by the discoveries. 'The crypt was made and it functioned for one year or more. First of all they dug a hole in the ground, built a stone wall around it, made a decking and covered this with logs. Then gradually the crypt was filled with the dummies (containing the remains of the dead).

'They held some rites there, funeral feasts. We cannot say exactly yet, how long this crypt functioned. Was it one year or two, or all the burials were made simultaneously. It is the the subject of scientific debate. Anyway, after the crypt was filled it was burned down. The wooden construction fell down and overlapped burials.'

Tashtyk death masks found earlier are held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, along with other museums. Pictures: Boris Dolinin

He believes that treasures were robbed from the tomb. 'In this particular crypt, though it is rather big, we did not find any astonishing things, like an abidance of bronze findings or the artifacts covered with the gold leaf, which would be logical for such a big crypt. We suspect that it was partially robbed before the burning down. Maybe the worthy things were taken away during some rites, like the initiation of youth.'

Dr Greman is from the Institute of Human Ecology in Kemerovo. It is part of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tashtyk death masks found earlier are held in the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, along with other museums. Russian archaeologist Sergei Teploukhov, the first to study the Tashtyks in depth, suggested the culture was initially Indo-European dominated.

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Hans van Roon

About Me

My fascination for these subjects started in the '80 's by reading the book of Peter Hopkirk about the travels and explorations of Aurel Stein in Central Asia at the beginning of the 20th century.
Over the Silk Road through Central Asia, the Taklamakan Desert, Bokhara and Samarkand I arrived in the 13th century and followed the building of a world empire by Genghis Khan, his sons and grandsons.
His most famous grand son was Khubilai Khan and with him I ended in the Yuan Dynasty in the time when Marco Polo visited China and since than I never stopped reading again

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