Coronary Heart Disease: Overview and Risk Factors

Coronary heart disease, also called “coronary
artery disease” or “heart disease,” is the most
common cause of death in the United States. It usually occurs due
to atherosclerosis, a process in which fat, cholesterol, and other
materials form small “bumps,” called plaques in the inner
lining of the arteries in the heart. As atherosclerosis builds up,
the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart is gradually blocked. In
some cases, plaques rupture, causing a blood clot to form in the
artery. This plugs the artery, resulting in a heart attack.

Atherosclerosis normally begins in childhood and slowly
progresses throughout life. Symptoms often do not occur until late
stages. The most common symptom is chest pain (called angina pectoris),
which is often described as a tight or crushing pressure in the chest.
In some cases, patients describe the feeling as if “someone
is sitting on my chest.” The pain may also spread to the arms,
neck, back, or upper stomach.

Other common symptoms of a heart attack include shortness
of breath, profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, and headache.

Women, older individuals, and persons with diabetes
may experience different symptoms during a heart attack. Instead
of chest pain, they may experience shortness of breath, nausea, and
vomiting, or jaw or back pain. It is important to be aware of these
alternative symptoms so that medical care is not delayed.