Examples

To estimate the divergence time within haplogroup P, we first counted the number of substitutions [the parameter 'rho' (ρ)] between each of the CPC98 and DQ124389 samples and an inferred mutationally-equidistant ancestral sequence and multiplied by the previously used rate estimate of ~3,172 years per substitution in the coding region of the mtDNA genome

[4] Calculated by multiplying their figure of 4325 years (pg. 1507, col. 1, line 4) first by 100 (pg. 1507, col. 1, line 14) and then by rho, which is calculated to be about 900 according to their formula (pg. 1507, col.