Friday, August 25, 2017

Student Wins Due Process Suit Against PSU

A Penn State student accused of sexual misconduct, found
responsible, and suspended under Penn State’s Code of Student Conduct Title IX procedures won a case against Penn State to
enjoin enforcement of his suspension. The student, identified in the court
proceeding as John Doe, argued that Penn State deprived him of his
constitutional right to due process of law by failing in several instances to
follow its own procedures and denying him a meaningful opportunity to be heard. He asked the court for an order preventing
Penn State from suspending him from classes in Fall 2017 pending trial on the
merits. The court granted the motion,
holding that he showed a likelihood of success on his denial of due process
claim, that imposition of the suspension would cause him irreparable harm, and
that the balance of harms weighed in favor of injunctive relief.

Another Penn State student, identified in the case as Jane
Roe, reported to her residence hall coordinator that Doe had attempted to kiss
her, touched her with his hands under her clothes, and digitally penetrated her
vagina, all without her consent. The university Title IX Compliance Specialist responsible
for investigating the incident, informed Doe that he was being
charged with “nonconsensual digital penetration based solely on the residence hall coordinator’s report of Roe’s statements.” Doe disputed Roe’s account of the incident,
claiming instead that it was Roe who had attempted to kiss him and that he had
rejected her advances. Roe never provided
the investigator a written statement.

Roe reported orally to the investigator that she had a
medical examination one week after the incident and that she had provided blood
stained clothing to University Police. The
investigator included a summary of this conversation with Roe in the
Investigative Report. Doe submitted a
written response to the Report in which he asserted among other things that: 1) one of the
witnesses whose statement was recounted in the report told him that Roe had pursued
a physical relationship with Doe; 2) another witness contradicted Roe’s
statements to University Police about her feelings for Doe; and 3) Roe’s
statements about the incident were inconsistent. The investigator redacted all of
these statements from Doe’s written response.

Penn State Title IX procedure does not permit either the accused or complaining student with a right to cross
examine the other. It permits
questioning of witnesses“only through the hearing authority.” Questions that ask for “new information” at
the hearing are not permitted unless the information was: (1) not available during the investigation; and (2)
is relevant to establishing whether or not the Respondent is responsible for
misconduct.”

Doe submitted 22 questions for Roe at the hearing most of which challenged the credibility of Roe’s
statement that she had a medical examination after the incident. The hearing chair refused to ask Roe 18 of
the questions on grounds that questions about the post-event medical examination would present “new information” and were not
relevant on the issue of Roe’s consent.

The court found that Penn State made “significant and unfair
deviations from policy” during the investigation and hearing. The hearing chair's exclusion
of 18 of Doe’s questions was an unfair deviation because information about Roe’s alleged post-incident medical
examination was part of the Investigative Report and not “new information.” Nor were the questions irrelevant on the
issue of Doe's responsibility for the misconduct.
Although questions regarding the medical examination were not relevant
to the issue of whether Roe consented to the alleged sexual conduct, they were
relevant to the question of Roe’s credibility.

Similarly, the court found that the investigator’s redaction
of Doe’s written response to the Investigative was an unfair deviation from Penn State's procedures. Penn State argued that redaction was appropriate
because the investigator concluded that under Penn State procedure, Doe’s challenge to Roe’s credibility was irrelevant to the question of his responsibility for the misconduct. The
court “view[ed] with skepticism” the role of the investigator as the arbiter of
the relevance of evidence, a role Penn State’s procedure gives to the
Title IX hearing panel. The investigator’s unilateral decision to redact Doe's responsive statement on relevance grounds has a “funneling effect.” It narrows
the evidence that comes before the hearing panel, and limits the information
the hearing panel may consider.

This case is important for several reasons. The court called into question as a matter of
constitutionally required due process the conflicting roles of the investigator as both a neutral fact reporter and arbiter of the relevance of
evidence. The court rejected Penn State’s
position that a challenge to the credibility of the complaining student is not
relevant to a determination of the accused student’s responsibility for the
misconduct. In a sexual misconduct case
where the two eyewitnesses’ testimony conflicts, the adjudicators’ decision
about the responsibility of the accused student turns entirely on its assessment
of the credibility of the witnesses. Unlike
a defendant in a criminal case, an accused student in disciplinary hearing does
not have a constitutional right to challenge by cross-examination the
credibility of a witness supporting the charge against him. However, when the outcome of a disciplinary case
depends entirely on witness credibility, the accused student is entitled to some
ability to challenge his accuser’s credibility.