COMPLETE Globalization I Notes - Part 2 (got 92% on final)

Globalization I 09/10/2013
Daily Key Themes:
How did Renaissance humanism re­imagine humankind’s standing in the world?
How did this reorientation impact education, culture and political thought?
The Black Death
The number of people killed does not reflect the whole story
Huge impact of society
How people to viewed the world
Two kinds of responses
Resignation
Embrace death; it will eventually get us anyway
Quest for a better way forward
Natural and real view of the world
Example: crucifixes­ 12 and 14 century
Focus on the real world and what is beautiful about it
Romans and Greeks­ left behind a lot of art
A lot of this art was left on Italy
The Italians began to appreciate the earlier civilizations and what they left behind
Italy’s advantages
Not a unified country
Venice and Genoa acquired wealth throughout trading (port cities)
There was competition
A reason to improve Florence and Padua become banking centers who fund the traders.
These rich cities showed off their wealth through
Realistic Revolution
Paintings
Sculpture
Art
Medici Family
Influence the arts with their great power and wealth
Petrarch and Renaissance Humanism
Poet, scholar, diplomat for Florence
Already famous for his poetry, but he wanted to improve and learn his rhetorical and writing abilities
Begins to collect Latin texts to study them.
Enthralled with Cicero
Discovers personal letters written by Cicero that had been buried for centuries
Cicero was a normal person
Petrarch was crushed that his hero was not who he thought he was
Coins the term: “Ad Fontes”
“To the source from which the water comes forth.”
To get the purest, most unadulterated knowledge, you have to go to the source
Creates the school of thought called humanism
A way of doing things
Sets up schools for students to think for themselves, how to be good speakers and construct good
arguments in order to convince people
The liberal arts are one of Petrarch’s key ideas
People need to become well­rounded Study, learn about EVERYTHING
Read literary works in their original language
Impact of Humanism
Humankind has innate dignity
Humanity is able to be improved through education, moral virtue.
To improve yourself intellectually, you must improve yourself morally.
Art and other things
Doctors
Lawyers
Architects
Poets
Famous artists
Donatello
Statue of David (C. 1440)
Bottacelli
Birth of Venus (C. 1485)
Michelangelo
Statue of David (C. 1501­1504)
Brunelleschi
Duomo di Florence
Politics
Rome began as a republic
Ended up as an empire
Religion The church liked humanism
Tension began to build between the church and the humanists when the humanists started looking into
the church and its origins and questioning their doctrines (going to the source).
Bible’s translation has some errors
Church is the ONLY source of salvation.
Indulgences
Lorenzo Valla’s discovery of the forgery of the document Donation of Constantine
Desiderius Erasmus
Prince of the humanists
Unintentionally lays the foundation for the Reformation
Revelation
Traveled to England
Listened to John Colet
Preached radically different ideas from what the church teaches.
Christian faith is not only listening to the Pope, but had to understand religion on your own. Globalization I 09/10/2013
Lecture to cover the Off Campus Experience
Thursday, 19 September, 7:00 PM
Roots of Reform
Western Europe (Holy Roman Empire)
Neither holy, nor roman, nor an empire
Over 300 small states gathered together under the loose leadership of the Holy Roman Emperor
Problems within the Catholic Church
Biggest land owner in Europe
Political power and wealth
Attracted a lot of people who wanted to get rich and powerful
Simony­ Buying a position in the Catholic Church
Parents buying their children high positions
John Wycliffe
Studied the Scriptures and convinced himself that the Church had to give up its wealth
The wealth was distracting the Church from its main mission
Translated the Bible to English because he believed people should be able to read the Bible
Protected from the Catholic Church by an English lord
Jan Hus
Picked up the ideas of Wycliffe upon the latter’s death and began to preach them
Picked up a large following
The Church invited him to a council to explain his ideas by the Holy Roman Emperor
He agreed, went, was declared a heretic and burned at the stake that same day
Johannes Gutenberg Globalization I 09/10/2013
Introduced printing to Europe
Printed the Bible in Latin
Ability to spread ideas becomes easier
Informational Revolution
Reformation
Martin Luther
Professor from Wittenberg
Spread of literacy
Limited social mobility
Wanted to follow a life in the Church
His father wanted him to become a lawyer
Becomes an extremely devoted monk
Worried that he would not be able to reach salvation
Becomes a professor at the University of Wittenberg
Romans 1:17 gives him an epiphany
Gathers a large following from his preaching the passage from the Bible
Johann Tetzel affair
Indulgence seller comes to Saxony (Luther’s hometown) to rip off Luther’s people
He decided to have and academic invasion
95 Theses
The Church warns him to stop
Exsurge Domine (1520)
Papal document that warns him to either stop of be excommunicated Globalization I 09/10/2013
He burns it in the town square
Excommunication of Martin Luther
He is excommunicated but not killed because he is protected by _____________.
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)
Demanded Luther present himself and his ideas to a council
He goes, but stops at every town in the middle to preach his ideas (gains a large following)
He arrives with a large following to meet with Charles V and his most powerful lords.
They lay his books out on a table and threaten him to recant everything or be declared an outlaw.
Diet of Worms
He refuses to recant
Charles V declares him an outlaw, but does not burn him at the stake
Kidnapped and put into protective custody by Frederick the Wise’s men
Changed his name to George _________.
Lutheranism begins to spread
Charles V does nothing about it because he is in the middle of 3 wars at the same time.
Luther’s ideas soon escaped him grasp
People took his ideas and interpret them in ways Luther never expected
Huge rebellion begins and sweeps Germany
Luther damns the rebellion, and many (100k+) are killed, but it is finally quashed.
Huldrych Zwingli
Arrives at the same ideas of Luther (faith alone is enough for salvation)
Takes it a bit further than Luther
The law of the Bible needs to be upheld Globalization I 09/10/2013
His reform spreads
John Calvin
Theologian
Begins to institutionalize reformed teaching
Called Calvinists
Charles V
Has the ability to crush a divided movement
Calls the Protestants to meet him at Augsburg
Augsburg Confession
Becomes the basis for Lutheran beliefs
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus
Former classmate of Calvin at the University of Paris
Former soldier who had fought the Muslims
Wounded in battle, he began to explore his spirituality
Publishes Spiritual Confessions
Charles V wants peace
Calls together all theologians to come to an agreement of peace
Finally agree on justification by faith
Agree on almost everything
Political reasons prevent the unification of the Church to occur
Bishops from France Globalization I 09/10/2013
Don’t want to fight a unified Holy Roman Empire
Luther and the Pope refuse to compromise
Inquisition in Rome
Council of Trent (1545­1563)
Conclude to uphold the medieval instructions of the Church
Go against everything Luther has taught
Create the Catechism
Reading guide to be a good Catholic
Luther dies in 1546
Charles V goes to war with the Protestants
Protestants defend themselves
The Schmalkaldic War
Protestants are crushed
Seems like Charles has won
Protestants are on the run
Charles makes 2 major mistakes
Assumes that the Protestant movement is an elite movement
Forces Protestant churches to become Catholic
Pisses a lot of people off
Strips people of their lands and titles
Pisses more people off
His 2 mistakes prompt a new war
All the Protestants that remained
The French allied themselves to the Protestants
Charles V loses
Peace at Augsburg (1555)
Catholics and Protestants come to peace
Regardless of the Peace at Augsburg, there is still a disagreement for generations to come. Globalization I 09/10/2013
Spread of the Reformation Globalization I 09/10/2013
For God and Gold: Europeans Encounter the New World Globalization I 09/10/2013
Mediterranean Sea has been the heart of Europe
Goods were becoming available to Europeans
Islamic people were the middlemen
Economic and military problem
By trading with the Muslim world, we are enriching our enemies.
Overall image of Asia is one of wealth, power, influence, possibilities, opulence.
There’s opportunity, but there’s also threat
In order to get to the opportunity without encountering the threat part, you have to create a new route
Main avenue of trade is going to shift to the Atlantic
Go around, instead of through.
Portugal is an unlikely contender to be the leader of European expansion.
1.5 million inhabitants
Poor, small, dry, mountainous
Right on the Atlantic coast
Ideal suitor for the exploratory road.
Huge coast makes fishing its main source of food, since there is not a lot of arable land.
Have to rely on spices, which come from Muslim controlled territories
Conquer the city of Ceuta, a small port city in the Northern coast of Morocco
Main trading port
Learn where the goods were coming from
Not all of the kingdoms were Muslim
Create an alternate route to go around the Muslim middlemen
“Return to the source” ▯ Ad Fontes Globalization I 09/10/2013
Knowledge reaches Portugal about navigation, astronomy, etc.
Astrolabe, ______
Prince Henry “The Navigator” (1394­1460)
Led the attack on Ceuta
Helped develop sailing techniques to expand the technology and knowledge they needed
Helped design the caravel
Small sailing vessel used for exploration
By the time Prince Henry died, the Portuguese had reached what is now Sierra Leone.
Encountered groups and tribes that had never met Europeans before
Took advantage, and started trading with them, even developing specific goods tailored to European
interests
Ex. Benin­ian salt shaker
Portuguese reached the Kingdom of Congo (1483)
Welcomed by the leadership of the king
Saw the Europeans as potential trade partners and allies
Good relations between them caused the King of Congo to convert to Christianity, and strike up a
marriage alliance between the Kingdoms of Portugal and Congo.
Portuguese Trading Empire
Began buying slaves to work on their sugar plantations.
Worked beautifully for them, and began to produce a lot of sugar for trading
Vasco da Gamma went around Africa and reached India and China
Became the first European to completely circumvent the Muslim World.
This happened at about the same time that Columbus discovered America Globalization I 09/10/2013
The Requirement: The Spanish Conquest of the New World
Aztec Empire
Mexican nobility
Priests
Soldiers
Merchants and craftsmen
Peasantry
Slaves
Complex economy of trade
Tributes
Main movement of goods
Attack cities and defeat cities and forced their enemies to pay tributes
Goods, food, slaves, etc.
True ____________ of the Aztec warrior was based not on killing, but on capturing the enemy for
human sacrifice
Incan Empire
Population of 50 million people
Incredible feats of engineering
Machu Picchu
Despite not having a writing system or using the wheel, they were able to achieve technological
advances
Forces of Spanish Conquest
Spanish kingdoms, the southern half of Spain was ruled by Muslims
Crusades were meant to take back the lands
Reconquista
Excessively bloody and diplomatic at the same time Globalization I 09/10/2013
Marriage of Spanish kings Fernando and Ysabel
Castile and Aragon unified to create Spain
Columbus
1492 set sail for India
Reached America instead
Side effects of the Reconquista
Reinforced the military system
Better militants
Hidalgos
Sistema de encomienda
Spanish warrior would be granted land and labor workers for the land, for service to the Spanish Crown
Hernán Cortés
Born to a family of lesser nobility
Did not like law, as his family forced him to study
In 1504 set sail for the New World
In 1519 he arrived at the Mexican shore
Established the city of Veracruz
Was elected general
Conquered the Aztec Empire, and amassed a huge wealth for himself
The Aztecs thought he was the god Quetzalcoatl
He and his men were welcomed into the capital, but he acted more as an avenging god rather than a
benevolent one.
Cortés then attacked and conquered Tenochtitlán
Came back in 1521 with La Malinche, his translator and mistress
With her, he convinced the surrounding tribes to aid him against the Aztecs Globalization I 09/10/2013
Disease
Smallpox helped decimate the population in _______________
Syphilis
First official case in 1493
By 1507 it had made it to Asia
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered the Incan Empire in Perú
Great deal of luck
Arrived during a smallpox epidemic and right after a bloody civil war
Ambushed and captured Atahualpa
Held him for ransom
13000 pounds of gold
26000 pounds of silver
Executed Atahualpa and kept the ransom money
Just like that, Pizarro had conquered the Incans
***********************BUSCAR NOTES***********************
How were 200,000 Spanish people able to defeat and conquer about 150 million Native Americans? Globalization I 09/10/2013
Protestant Pirates, Protestant Planters: The English Atlantic Empire
Funding Catholicism
The Spanish and Portuguese are able to establish dominant empires in the New World.
It all started with private endeavors to new territories.
After conquering these territories, the states would come and establish their empires.
Catholics believe that God is replacing the lands lost to the protestants with the territories of the New
World.
Not only that, but they got incredibly rich from the gold, silver and other goods found on the colonies.
Perú had some of the most prodigious gold and silver mines in the world.
The Catholic armies are funded by this “New World gold”
A Protestant Response?
Most Protestant states have conflicts and cannot challenge the Spanish
The also lack the resources to do so
The English are the only ones with the resources and will to do so.
Queen Elizabeth I did not want to wage war with the Spanish, so the state funded private endeavors to
the New World in order to combat Catholicism
John Hawkins
Francis Drake
Martin Frobisher
Protestant Pirates­ The Elizabethan Sea Dogs
Englishmen were raiding Spanish ships in the channel
Although the English were not officially involved, they were getting in the way of Spain’s motives
Philip II of Spain
Places a trade embargo on English wool
The English trading ships decided to turn their ships into pirate ships
Blindaron sus barcos con pistolas y cañones y mierdas Globalization I 09/10/2013
Piracy skyrockets
John Hawkins, Francis Drake and Martin Frobisher are all explorers and adventurers who went to the
New World to wreak havoc on Spanish colonies and territories.
Elizabeth, although she didn’t publically support them, funded these men as a private citizen.
Prophets of Empire
Dr. John Dee
Elizabeth’s personal alchemist
Creation of maps and cartographic knowledge
Calls for a more permanent and lasting solution to stealing Spain’s wealth
Richard Hakluyt
Spread Protestantism to the New World
His visions and ideas spread
English duty to establish themselves in the New World.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain is the sole owner of the New World
If they challenge Spain, a war would be imminent
Raise capital to start colonies in the New World
First attempt­ Newfoundland, Canada
Cold, wet, no sun, no arable land
FAILED ATTEMPT
Sir Walter Raleigh
North Carolina­ Roanoke
Receives a royal charter from the government
Successfully established the colony
Had to go back to England for supplies and shit. Globalization I 09/10/2013
Unable to return for several years, but when he comes back, the colony was gone.
War broke out with the Spanish
Ruling the Seas
Anglo­Spanish War (1585)
1588­ The Spanish Armada sails out to England
The Spanish’s only challenge was the English fleet, which was in the way.
English ships were smaller but easier to maneuver
The English attack the Spanish Armada when they are picking up soldiers in Netherlands
They send in “fire ships” and the Spanish try to scatter to evade the fire, but get caught in huge storms
The Spanish attempt to sail around England, but get caught in more storms.
The Spanish Armada is finally defeated
The threat against England was lifted
Profiting from Peace
East India Company
Private venture paid for by private investors
Settling Down, English Planters Set Up Shop
English colonies in the New World are set up
Jamestown (1607)
Set up purely for profit purposes
Only populated by men
Collect crops, etc.
Massachusetts Bay Colony (1624, 1628)
Also set up for profit
Plymouth Colony (1620)
The Puritans came to the colony for religious freedom, but also for the freedom to persecute all other
religions.
Trading with the Natives was more important for them than converting them at first.
Two crops make the English colonies extremely profitable
Tobacco
Sugar
Ran into the same problem that the Spanish faced.
How do you get Englishmen to work the tobacco and sugarcane fields.
Slavery became the answer.
Originally began as indentured services
People would work for their freedom
Empire???
Navigation Act of 1651 Globalization I 09/10/2013
French Forays for Fur: The French Empire in Canada Globalization I 09/10/2013
French Involvement in the New World
Canada
The French ignore the Treaty of Tordesillas and voyage to the New World
Giovanni Verrazano
Jacques Cartier
They encounter problems when trying to set up new colonies
Civil War back home (Protestants vs Catholics)
Establish a colony in Florida (1560s)
Refuge for French Protestants
Attack and burned down in 1564 by Spanish
Disappear from the New World for about 30 years
Focus on problems back home
French policy where people are not able to go explore the New World
French people start migrating to Dutch and English colonies already established
th
French begin exploring finally in the 17 century
Create a decently large empire, but it had its limitations
About 300 people in a huge territory
Built on the acquisition of fur
Beaver fur
Desirable and valuable back in Europe
Saint Domingue
Successful colony for the French in the Caribbean
Ran on slave labor Globalization I 09/10/2013
Coffee
____________
French fishermen had unofficially traveled to the New World throughout the whole war
Catch the fish, but had to preserve them through the 2 month voyage back to France
Land in Canada, and set up drying stations to dry and cure the fish in salt
In Canada they meet Native Americans, and trade gifts
Natives give them fur
Fishermen come back to France with fur and make more money on it that on the fish they brought
Samuel de Champlain
French commoner who comes to the New World as a fur trader, and helps establish colonies
Quebec (1608)
The fur trade gets so big that the North American beavers become extinct, so the have to expand their
search in order to keep the trade going
French relied on the Algonquin and the Hurons
Dangerous to French interests are the Iroquois, who are allied with the English
Having only one commodity limits economic development
Run the risk of having the market crash
Few economic opportunities in New France
Low population in Quebec and Acadia
3200 and 300, respectively
People do not want to migrate to the colonies because of the few opportunities
Weird landholding system
Farmers own their land
Peasants faced the uncertainty of having it worse than they did back home
Urban workers were usually the ones who migrated to New France
Work for several years, make some money and then go back home to France.
Demographic problems
French population in North American colonies
90,000
Compared to English colonial population
2 million
Alliances with the Natives become increasingly important Globalization I 09/10/2013
The Atlantic World: The Movement of Goods, Ideas and People Globalization I 09/10/2013
An Atlantic World
Atlantic Ocean
Super highway of the Age
Even though the sailing technology was rudimentary, you could manage crossing the Atlantic fairly
easily.
The Atlantic Ocean is more a “connector” than a “divider”.
The Columbian Exchange
Movement of flora and fauna from Europe to America
Old World to New World
Transfer of Crops
Items each side of the Atlantic had never seen before
These new crops could grow in otherwise useless lands
Potatoes
Grow in cold, rainy climates
Northern Europe (Ireland)
Contains all nutrients necessary for survival (supercrop)
Population grows
Maize and cassava
Arrives in West Africa
Becomes the base for all African cuisine
Peppers
Asia (India, Thailand, etc)
Tomatoes
Italy Globalization I 09/10/2013
Transfer of Livestock
Horses arrive to America
Revolutionize the Native American’s way of life
Nomadic lifestyle
Transfer of Disease
Obliterates many Native American populations
50­100 million people before the Europeans
60­80% died from disease and war
Smallpox
Well developed cultures in North America
Mississippian and related cultures
Finished off by the spread of disease
An Exchange of Goods
Triangle trade
Slaves to America
Sugar, tobacco and cotton to Europe
Textiles, rum and manufactured goods to Africa
Huge impact on West Africa
Main commodity are slaves
Slavery had always existed
Prisoners of war were sold as slaves
Economy is completely reshaped
Europeans arrive in Africa and the slave trade grows.
Start wars just for the purpose of acquiring slaves Globalization I 09/10/2013
Coastal Africans benefited most
They were the ones doing all the trading
The Middle Passage
Travel to the Americas by ship
Stuff them like sardines in huge ships
High death rate inside the ships from all the diseases
Traders only needed about 60% of their cargo to arrive healthy to make a huge profit.
New England
Fish economy
Selling to slaveholders
Ship builders
For shipping slaves
England
Economic triangle
People are making money off slavery
Tobacco
Smoking, snuffing, etc.
Becomes very popular because it is addictive
Sugar
The biggest drug of choice
People knew where it was coming from (slaves)
Coffee
Coffee houses become extremely popular
Men of business would gather and discuss the news of the day Globalization I 09/10/2013
Trading news, financial ideas
Their discussions shaped the world we live in today
Risk
Founded the insurance industry
Lloyd’s insurance
Lloyd’s of London today
Finance
Merchants and traders
Meet in Jonathan’s Coffee House
Founded the London Stock Exchange
New England Coffee Shops
Conversations lead to the creation of ideas that influence war
Religious Ideas Spread Around
Roger Williams (Rhode Island)
Religious minorities
William Penn
Quakers
Oppressed religious minorities move to the New World in search of freedom
African slaves are converted to Christianity
Many mix in their own African beliefs
Voodoo
George Whitefield
Powerful speaker
Preaches revival of religious formation.
Exchange of People
Number of African brought to the Americas was about 1­2 slaves before the American
Revolution OCE:
Virginia Reinburg 09/10/2013
Religion, War, and Peace in the Wake of the Reformation OCE:
Virginia Reinburg 09/10/2013
Europe in the 16 century
Theological debate
Martin Luther’s challenge of the Catholic Church
th
Religion in the 16 century
Private matter (faith and conviction)
Public matter (worship, religious community)
Religion can unite and divide people at the same time
Similarities
Parallel reformations
Lutheran
Calvinist
Church of England
Catholic (within itself)
Notion that all should be educated in the faith
Definite membership in the church
Rulers are claiming jurisdiction over churches in their territories
Make it clear that they’re claiming some measure of spiritual jurisdiction over their subjects
Level of the individual and the community
Catholicism considers salvation and honoring God a community enterprise rather than an individual
effort
Having one’s faith bound with the rest of the people
Protestants believe it as well
Live and let live doesn’t exist OCE:
Virginia Reinburg 09/10/2013
If you believe or behave incorrectly religiously, you have a negative impact on the people around you
Everyone’s beliefs and convictions are bound with one another
Die and take everyone else with you
Heresy is a secular crime as well as a religious crime
Political problem because it is related to sedition
Religious differences and boundaries
Persecution
Logic in insisting that one is true and the others are false
Religious differences within the family, communities and cities
Huge impact
Some families split
Other families lived with their differences
There was intermarriage between Catholics and Protestants, but it was rare
Neighborhood
Even though they may have religious differences, they learned how to live with each other
Butchers tended to be Catholic
France and HRE
Other professions tended to be Protestant
Religious tolerance
Begins on the ground level
Not on the scholarly, nobility, or royal level
Example
Nobleman (royal official, 1560s)
Catholic
God is one for all eternity.
Why can’t we all get along?
Italian peasant called upon the Inquisition
Stated there was some level of equality between the different religions in the world. One was not better,
or holier than the other.
Pacts of loyal friendship
Maintain their interpersonal relationship regardless of their religious beliefs and differences. Globalization I 09/10/2013
Center of the Universe­ The Scientific Revolution Globalization I 09/10/2013
New scientific and philosophical ideas were created in Europe that helped set us in a path to the
scientific advances we know today.
Epistemology
The study of the creation of knowledge
The Magic of Science (Pre­Scientific Revolution)
Alchemy and Astrology
Cutting edge scientific research of the time
Search for the philosopher’s stone
Alchemy followed a strict process
Wrote down formulas
Kept track of the processes
Unknowingly created new alloys
Even though the were wrong, their prophecies were later picked up by “real” scientists
A New Way Forward
Idea that returning to the past can somehow illuminate the future
Texts were the basis of all scientific knowledge because they were written
Difference between humanists and scientists is that they sought to IMPROVE from the past
Ptolemy (late first, early second century astronomer)
The solar system was geo­centered
Revolved around the earth
Earth stood still and all heavenly bodies revolved around it.
Base line of all astronomical knowledge of the western world
“Biblical evidence”
Moses held up his hands in a battle a said that the sun stopped (not the Earth) Globalization I 09/10/2013
The Copernican Revolution
Nicolas Copernicus
Began career as a humanist scholar
Read and understood Ptolemy, and used the same objects he used to measure astronomical data
Found things that didn’t add up between his research and Ptolemy’s
Came to the conclusion that Ptolemy was flawed.
The sun, instead, stands still, while all other heavenly bodies revolve around it.
Did not publish his findings because he knew it’d be controversial and that the Church would most likely
reject it.
On the Revolution of Celestial Spheres (1543)
When he died his friends decided to publish it
Many publishers rejected it
The publisher who accepted it changed the introduction, fearing backlash
Many theologians rejected it, like Luther
Tycho Brahe
Rejected Copernicus’ ideas
Amassed a lot of astronomical data that he said disproved all of Copernicus’ findings
Proved that there are no celestial spheres
Comet that crossed the sky
Johannes Kepler
Used all the data that Brahe had compiled
Concluded that Copernicus was right to some extent
The celestial bodies revolve around the sun
However, there are no celestial SPHERES
They orbit the sun in an ELLIPTICAL way Globalization I 09/10/2013
Careful Observation
Human Anatomy
Hard to study because you can only study on dead bodies
In Roman times, it was illegal to dissect humans
Vesalius
Dissected human bodies with his students
Challenged Galen (ancient Roman doctor) in many ways
Proved that his understanding of the circulatory system was wrong
On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
Greatly advanced the knowledge of the human body
French surgeon (Paré)
Battlefield doctor
In those times, being wounded in battle meant you had basically no chance of survival or recovery
Soldiers would put them out of their misery
Began to experiment with bandages with antiseptic herbs and turpentine
Healed better and with less pain
As opposed to the common practice at the time to seal injuries shut with boiling oil
William Harvey
Built on the work of Vesalius
Worked on the topic of circulation
Argued that arteries and veins carry the same blood
Circulation was all part of a unified system
Galileo Galilei
Perfected the telescope Globalization I 09/10/2013
Theory of Falling Bodies
Clash with the Church
Argued that Copernicus was correct in his heliocentric view of the universe
Also argued that the Bible’s POV was symbolic rather than literal
Defended Copernicus’ ideas and publications
Got Copernicus banned by the Church
Pope Urban III
Before being Pope, he was a cardinal and friend to Galileo.
Encouraged Galileo to write a book expressing both the geocentric and the heliocentric ideas and let
people come to their own conclusions
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Believed that the geocentric view was so stupid that he made the book an argument between 2 people
Used the Pope’s words to make sound Simplicio (defender of geocentrism) stupid
A Method
Francis Bacon (1561­1626)
Systematizes the scientific method of research and study
True passion was scientific inquiry
Revolutionized the way science was done
Embraced the ideas that God could be discovered through science
“The scientist is the priest of God’s nature”
Died conducting an experiment to see what would happened if meat were frozen
Caught pneumonia
Inventions
Pascal
Mechanical calculator Globalization I 09/10/2013
Advanced forms of algebra
Logarithms
Probability theory
Newton
Perfected the use of Calculus
A New Epistemology
People were fed up with the religious conflict in Europe
30 Years’ War (1618­1648)
Most devastating war proportionally, in Europe, until WW2
Very bloody
Germany’s population was reduced by 25­40%
Started as a religious conflict
Growing response to the superstitious belief that one religion was right and all others wrong allowed
cruelty and crimes to be committed in the name of God
Rene Descartes
Fought in the 30 Years’ War
Argued for the return to original principles
John Locked
Blank slate
Tabula rasa
Isaac Newton
Downplayed the supernatural in favor of mechanical
Principia Mathematica (1687)
Unified the theories of Kepler and Galileo
Proved that the universe was heliocentric
Nillius in Verba
Don’t trust words
You trust observation and experimentation Globalization I­ Lecture 13 09/10/2013
Some Sugar With Your Tea? Slavery and the Building of the Atlantic Economy Globalization I­ Lecture 13 09/10/2013
Horrors of the Slave Trade
How could anyone have ever been ok with participating in a system so profoundly wrong?
Slavery is incredibly profitable
Everyone makes a profit indirectly
It’s a win­win for everyone except the slaves
Bankers (loans)
Insurance industry
Ship­building industry
Fishermen
Farmers
Opportunities to make a good life
IMAGES
ADVERSTISEMENT FOR THE SALE OF HUMAN BEINGS
All about business
Slaves viewed as cargo, merchandize, commodities
PORCELAIN SUGAR BOWL
People know where their products are coming from
They are morally complicit with the slave trade
Since the industry is so profitable, people are willing to turn a blind eye to the horrors of it
Religious leaders even took part in the slave industry
John Locke
George Whitefield
Moral justification of slavery Globalization I­ Lecture 13 09/10/2013
People try to justify their actions
Color of their skin
They are different, so we can treat them differently
They treat them as property
How did they get there?
First time the Portuguese ever purchased Africans was when they needed people to work the sugar
cane plantations
Cane is like bamboo, and when you cut it you get micro­cuts in your skin, and the sweat from the sun
makes it very painful
Nobody would want to do this job willingly
IMAGE
Slave trader in Senegal (18 century)
Nice clothes (cotton)
Comes from Britain
Smoking a pipe (tobacco)
Comes from the New World
We can see why West Africans are participating in the slave trade
Encomienda system
First Atlantic System
Spanish and Portuguese dominated the slave trade
Asientos
Contracts in slave trade
• ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ BUSCAR NOTES ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
Anthony Johnson Globalization I­ Lecture 13 09/10/2013
Slave brought over in 1619­1620
Bought by an English master
Made an indentured servant
Married another indentured servant named Mary
By 1635, they were listed as free
Bough land in the 1640s
About 250 acres
Becomes very prosperous
Bought indentured servants
Both black and white
Doubled the size of his land to about 500 acres
Things began to change as the Triangle Trade becomes very profitable
Indentured servants are expensive
They were also unreliable
1640
Indentured servants escaped
2 white guys, 1 black guy
They were captured
White guys extended their servitude by 4 years
Black guy got lifetime servitude
FIRST SLAVE
1641
Slavery becomes recognized in Massachusetts
Anthony Johnson participates in this
A black man became one of the first slaveholders in the US
1662
Anyone born to an enslaved woman is also a slave Globalization I – Lecture 17 09/10/2013
Parliamentary Matters: The Struggle for Constitutional Monarchy Globalization I – Lecture 17 09/10/2013
England becomes Britain in 1707
England and Scotland merge to become a single country
God, Gold and a Constitution
Anti­monarchy tract written during the English Civil War (Image)
England has been dominated by a wealthy, aristocratic class
People are increasing in wealth
Participate in politics to protect their interests
Divided political system
Relies on the monarchy as well as the Parliament
People who support the monarchy and people who support the Parliament
Landed lords
Position given by god
Support the monarchy
Self­made businessmen
Votes for Parliament and his representative supports his interests
Support the Parliament
Settled Religion?
High Anglicans
Members of the Church of England
Their worship and views of the role of the church
More closely related to Catholicism
Nobility; wealthy, old elite
Puritans Globalization I – Lecture 17 09/10/2013
Members of the Church of England
Rid the Church from the remnants of Catholicism
Return to a more traditional, Calvinist society
Dress code
Austere, hard­working, Calvinist work code
Gentlemen farmer class; merchant class, work for their riches
The Place of Parliament
ANALIZAR EL CUADRO DE GOBIERNO EN EL POWERPOINT
Out of Balance
Elizabeth I dies,
His nephew King James VI (Scotland) becomes King James I of England and unites both monarchies
into one country.
Believes in divine right monarchy
Respects the fact that he can’t have absolute power
Everything goes well until he dies
Charles I takes power
Also believes in divine right monarchy
Not as astute as James and doesn’t know the limits to his power as his father did
Vain and overconfident in his abilities
Pisses off Parliament
Marries a Catholic
Gets involved in the 30 Years War
Dissolves Parliament when they refuse to give them the money for war
Twists the law and coerces merchants in order to raise the capital to get involved in the war Globalization I – Lecture 17 09/10/2013
Pursues religious reform
(IMAGE)­ Portrait of God putting the crown on his head
Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud
Tries to force the Church to adopt High Anglican ideals
Puritans respond by criticizing Laud
Charles responds by cutting off their ears
Charles does the same in Scotland
Scottish rise up in revolt
Needs money to fight the Scots
Calls back Parliament after 11 years
Wants to impose new taxes
They refuse unless he accepts he doesn’t have absolute power
He dissolved Parliament again
Attack the Scottish and get crushed
ME PERDI AQUI
Civil War
Nobility supports the monarchy
Middle class supports Parliament
Parliament raises a lot of money
Pay their soldiers
Charles has no money
His army loses again and Charles is captured in 1649
Parliament puts Charles on trial for treason
IMAGE­ The people vs. the monarch Globalization I – Lecture 17 09/10/2013
He is found guilty and is beheaded in 1649
A Commonwealth
IMAGE­ A Parliamen
Rump Parliament declares England a Commonwealth
Military has the real power
They get fed up over the inability of the Parliament to lead
Establish a new government
Led by Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector)
Commonwealth to Restoration
Cromwell faces credibility issues
Can’t argue divine right power
Can’t claim to be chosen by the people
Creates it by inspiring fear on the citizens
Cromwell dies in 1658
His son is put in charge
He’s an idiot
Parliament invites Charles II back to the country
Restore Charles II as monarch
Charles II is an incompetent ruler
17 illegitimate children
Glorious Revolution
Charles II dies in 1685 childless
James II becomes the new monarch
Believes in divine right power Globalization I – Lecture 17 09/10/2013
Is a Catholic
Lacks a male heir
Has a female daughter, Mary (Protestant)
The people tolerate James until he dies
Devotes his time as king to make Catholics equal in England
Tries to get Parliament to agree to it, but it doesn’t
Royal decree for Toleration
Goes around Parliament
Parliament is very pissed
Decide not to do anything about it because he’ll be dead in a couple of years
James’s wife gets pregnant with a boy
Parliament decides that this can’t stand
Parliament invites William of Orange with his army to come to England
Shows up with his army and declares that he is there to uphold English religion by taking James off
from power
James is scared of William
James entire army goes to William’s side
James is captured
William decides not to kill him so as not to make James a martyr
Lets James escape
Parliament invites William and Mary to become kind and queen of England
Condition to sign Bill of Rights
IMAGE­ William and Mary’s Coronation
They become JOINT rulers
By doing this, Parliament sends the message that they are the supreme law and power
The Constitution is supreme and the king and queen serve to uphold the constitution
A New Political Foundation
John Locke writes the English Constitution
The rulers or leaders of a nation must serve to uphold the Constitution, and if they don’t, the
citizens have the duty to revolt. (o algo así) Globalization I – Lecture 18 09/10/2013
L’etat, C’est Moi! Louis XIV and French Absolutism Globalization I – Lecture 18 09/10/2013
Two Responses to Instability
th
IMAGE: Parliament 17 Century
IMAGE: Louis XIV 17 Century
Not dressed like a typical Frenchman
Roman emperor (Caesar)
Trying to say he’s all­powerful
France and Great Britain
Very similar to each other
Two responses to a similar set of problems
Chronic instability
Something new needs to take place
The people’s response in Europe
Strong authority to lead them
IMAGE: John Locke
Government exists to protects the rights and property of the people
The people have the right to overthrow the government if they don’t serve their role
IMAGE: Thomas Hobbes
Supporter of the king in the English Civil War
Leviathan
Nature of the state
Nature of society
Dispenses the idea of divine right
Rational argument Globalization I – Lecture 18 09/10/2013
Strip away culture, convention and get down to man’s state of nature, mankind is brutal and evil
Man vs. man, inherently unstable
He argues that to escape that state of nature, mankind join together in a social contract
Give up their rights and freedom to a single power (Leviathan)
IMAGE: Frontispiece of Hobbe’s Leviathan (1651)
Looks like a king
Sword represents justice
Scepter represents prosperity
Body is made up by people
Everyone agrees to come together under the power of Leviathan
Only way to have safety, stability and security
Trade off certain freedoms for your rights
Combating ideas of Locke and Hobbes
Limited government protecting rights
Strong government protecting securities
Theory of Absolutism
Absolutism: The monarch or government is above the law, technically.
Sole source of law and justice
France adopts a form of Hobbesian government
Hobbesian in practice but not in theory
They believe the power comes from God rat