Upon the release of the Platinum Edition, "Ring Off" received mostly favorable reviews from music critics, who deemed it as one of the most personal songs ever released by Beyoncé. Commercially, the single appeared on a few record charts, including the US Bubbling Under Hot 100, where it peaked at number 5, it also charted in several European countries including France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

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On November 4, 2014 it was announced through a press release by Parkwood Entertainment that Beyoncé would release a platinum edition of her self-titled fifth studio album on November 24, 2014, containing a disc on the album titled Beyoncé: More Only which would include two new songs titled "7/11" and "Ring Off".[1] On November 19, 2014, 30-second snippets of the two songs appeared online along with reports that "7/11" would impact radio stations on November 25,[2] the following day, the full versions of both songs surfaced on the Internet.[3] "Ring Off" was released on November 28, 2014 to Italian contemporary hit radio, alongside "7/11".[4] "Ring Off" also impacted urban adult contemporary radio in the United States.[5]

Lyrically, the song addresses the end of a marriage between Beyoncé's parents Tina Knowles and Mathew Knowles,[12] the lyrics are written in a form of an "open letter" in which the singer praises her mother's courage for ending a dysfunctional marriage.[13] At the beginning of the song, Beyoncé sings, "Mama, I understand your many sleepless nights / When you think about father / and how you tried to be the perfect wife... I wish you didn’t hurt at all."[12] Alex Frank of Vogue noted how the song was thematically "an enlightened follow-up" to "Single Ladies", discussing a similar private subject matter for the singer,[13] he further opined that the lyrics apply to other women who are part of toxic relationships.[13]

The last part of "Ring Off" contains lyrics in which Beyoncé declares to her mother that "it's your time to put your love on top", encouraging her "to put herself and her own happiness first"; these lyrics were noted to be a "witty" rework of the singer's own song "Love on Top" (2011).[14] The song ends with portions of a speech delivered by Tina Knowles from the 2014 Texas Women's Empowerment Foundation Leadership Luncheon.[6]

Jim Farber from New York Daily News wrote that "Ring Off" is "very much worth downloading."[12]Robert Christgau named the track a "sisterly, daughterly" song.[15] ABC News' Allan Raible wrote that "Ring Off" was "the counterpoint" to Beyoncé's previous song "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" (2008): "While that song is about settling down, this is an ode to 'starting over again.'"[11] On behalf of USA Today, Patrick Ryan labelled the track as a hybrid of "anthemic" sound of "XO" and "Caribbean vibes" of "Standing on the Sun" and "Grown Woman".[16] Lindsay Zoladz, a reviewer from Vulture, said that "Ring Off" "isn’t anything special" musically and likened the song's style to that of Beyoncé's previous songs "Schoolin' Life" (2011) and "XO" (2013). However, Zoladz complimented on the song's lyrics, calling it "one of the most candidly personal songs Beyoncé’s ever released."[17]Vogue editor Alex Frank praised "Ring Off" for being an "epically good track, but more importantly, one of the most personal, profound songs she has ever released".[13] Daniel D'Addario from Time magazine praised "Ring Off" as a "big step forward" in the singer's music career, noting that it amplified the album's theme with "an examination of the circumstances under which it’s better to be alone";[14] in 2014, the song was placed at number 537 on the annual Pazz & Jop poll compiled by The Village Voice.[18]

"Ring Off" appeared on the French SNEP Singles Chart at number 110 on December 6, 2014, and remained for one week.[19] In the Netherlands, the single debuted at number 84 on the Single Top 100 chart on December 6, 2014, the following week, it dropped to number 93.[20] The song also peaked at number 5 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, a chart which acts as a 25-song extension to the Billboard Hot 100.[21] It had a better performance on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart where it peaked at number 31.[22] In the United Kingdom, "Ring Off" debuted at number 81 on the UK Singles Chart in the chart issue dated December 6, 2014; this placement also became its peak position in that country.[23]

1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

2.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers

3.
Parkwood Entertainment
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Parkwood Entertainment is an American entertainment and management company founded by American singer Beyoncé in 2007. It is located in Los Angeles and its involvements include products for music production, motion pictures, the companys first release was the film Cadillac Records. In October 2014, Beyoncé, with Parkwood Entertainment formed a collaboration with British-based fashion company Topshop. Parkwood Entertainment was founded in 2007 by American singer, actress, producer, the company is named after a street in Houston, Texas where Beyoncé once lived. With headquarters in New York City, the company serves as an umbrella for the various brands in music, movies, videos. The staff of Parkwood Entertainment have experiences in arts and entertainment, from filmmaking and video production to web, Parkwood Entertainments first production was the musical biopic Cadillac Records, in which Beyoncé starred and co-produced. In 2009, she starred in and executive produced the thriller Obsessed, in October 2014, Beyoncé with Parkwood Entertainment formed a large collaboration with Topshop, creating the subsidiary Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd, to produce an athletic, streetwear brand. The company and collaboration is a 50/50 split, with parent companies owning half of this new division. Beyoncé commented on the collaboration stating I could not think of a partner as I continue to grow the Parkwood business. In 2015, Parkwood expanded into managing the careers of upcoming artists and signed Chloe x Halle, Sophie Beem, in 2016, the general manager of Parkwood, and head of digital left the company after plans were announced to move the headquarters from New York to Los Angeles. Steve Pamon, from JP Morgan Chase took office as the COO of the company as well, Cadillac Records, with Sony Music Film Obsessed I Am

4.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership

5.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song

6.
Stephen Bishop (singer)
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Earl Stephen Bishop is an American singer-songwriter, actor, and guitarist. His biggest hits include On and On, It Might Be You and he has appeared in and contributed musically to many motion pictures including National Lampoons Animal House. Bishop was born and raised in San Diego, California, originally a clarinetist, he persuaded his brother to buy him a guitar after seeing the Beatles on the The Ed Sullivan Show. In 1967, he formed his first group, the Weeds, after the Weeds folded, Bishop moved to Los Angeles in search of a solo recording contract. During a lean period, where he was rejected by nearly every label and producer, he continued to write songs. Bishops break came when a friend, Leah Kunkel, gave Art Garfunkel one of Bishops demonstration cassettes, Garfunkel chose two of his songs, Looking for the Right One and The Same Old Tears on a New Background, to record for the platinum album Breakaway. Via Garfunkels patronage, Bishop finally secured a contract with ABC Records in 1976. Bishops first album, Careless, included two of his biggest hits, the first single released, Save It for a Rainy Day, introduced Bishop to the listening public and went to number 22 on the Billboard singles chart. The next single, Bishops highest charting to date, On and On, the album itself rose to number 34 on the Billboard albums chart. Eric Clapton, Art Garfunkel and Chaka Khan all contributed their talents to the album, Careless went gold, as did Bishops subsequent album Bish, released in 1978. Bish included one charting single, Everybody Needs Love, which made it to number 32, the album also includes a smooth classic called A Fool At Heart that features Chaka Khan and Natalie Cole on background vocals. Bishops third album, Red Cab to Manhattan, released in 1980, Bishop has written and performed music for many motion pictures. In 1978, he contributed the original song Dream Girl and theme to National Lampoons Animal House, Bishops next hit, charting at number 25 in 1982, was It Might Be You, the theme from the movie Tootsie, unusual in that it was not penned by Bishop. Written by Dave Grusin, Alan Bergman, and Marilyn Bergman, Bishop wrote the song about his breakup with actress Karen Allen, who also appeared in Animal House. Bishop said, I write much better when Im heartbroken and sad or melancholy, in 1989, Bishop released the album Bowling in Paris with Phil Collins, Eric Clapton and Sting contributing. In 1987, the Norwegian swing/pop duo Bobbysocks, recorded the albums Walking on Air on their album Walkin on Air. Bishop has appeared in motion pictures as a charming character. He had a role, billed as Charming Guy, in The Kentucky Fried Movie

7.
Hit-Boy
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Chauncey Hollis, Jr. better known by his stage name Hit-Boy is an American record producer and hip hop recording artist from Fontana, California. In May 2011, Hollis had signed a deal with Kanye Wests GOOD Music production wing, beats and left the label after his contract expired in June 2013. In December 2012, it was revealed he had signed a contract with Interscope Records. Hollis got his start on Myspace when he received a message from Polow Da Don stating simply Let’s get this paper, the California native is one of the founding members of the collective brand Surf Club. Surf Club has become a team to host a number of artists as well as songwriters, Surf Club originated in southern California. They got their start in the industry in 2007, after linking with Polow Da Dons Zone 4 and he began his work with Kanye West when he produced his GOOD Friday track, Christmas in Harlem, Big Sean, Pusha T, Musiq Soulchild and Cyhi Da Prynce. On June 7,2012, Hollis released his first official song in which he raps, the promotional single Jay-Z Interview, later in July 2012, Hollis was featured rapping on CyHi The Prynces mixtape Ivy League Club, on the song Entourage. Hollis then released the self-produced track Old School Caddy, which features fellow GOOD Music member Kid Cudi and these two tracks appeared on his first full-length project, a mixtape titled HITstory, which was released for free download on his official website. On December 23,2012, Hollis secured a contract with Interscope Records, under the record label Blueprint Group. Soon after, he tweeted,2012 has been great to me, excited to see what God has planned for 2013. On January 23,2013, it was announced that his record label Hits Since 87, is now an imprint of Interscope Records. On June 29,2013 he announced that he is no longer signed to GOOD Music, Hit-Boy is the nephew of Rodney Benford, from the R&B group Troop. Hit-Boy uses FL Studio and custom music plug-ins to make his beats, the BET Hip Hop Awards were established in 2006 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate hip-hop performers, producers and music video directors. Hit-Boy Discography Complete Surf Club Discography

8.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu

9.
Ariel Rechtshaid
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Ariel Rechtshaid is an American record producer, audio engineer, mixing engineer, multi-instrumentalist, and songwriter. Rechtshaid co-wrote and produced Ushers 2012 single, Climax, which won the 2013 Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance, Rechtshaid was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Award for Producer of the Year and won a Grammy for his production on the Vampire Weekend album Modern Vampires of the City. He also produced the Billboard Hot 100 No, 1-charting single Hey There Delilah by the Plain White Ts in 2007. Rechtshaid is the lead singer and guitarist of the ska/pop-punk band The Hippos. Rechtshaid was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, a first-generation American born to Israeli immigrants and he attended Hamilton High School in the Los Angeles Unified School District, where he would form his first band, the Hippos. One of Rechtshaids high school classmates was rapper Murs with whom he would later record, Rechtshaid would help form the band in 1995, while he and other members were still in high school. They began play shows around southern California, and recorded and self-released a cassette demo titled Attack of the Killer Cheese, shortly after this they were joined by Rich Zahniser on trombone. Despite their proximity to the Orange County ska scene, they found themselves shut out since they were from Los Angeles. Still through perseverance and talent they established themselves among a ska scene including bands such as Reel Big Fish, No Doubt, Dance Hall Crashers, Rechtshaid joined the band as a bassist and producer in Los Angeles in late 2003. They self-released their first 12 single, followed by their debut EP In the Remote Woods via StarTime International Records, while touring the US and UK with St. They released their album, Person to Person, on Secretly Canadian on June 23,2009. Rechtshaids production, songwriting, and mixing is found on a range of albums. He is also a partner in publishing and production company Heavy Duty

10.
7/11 (song)
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7/11 is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé from the reissue of her fifth studio album Beyoncé, subtitled Platinum Edition. It was released on November 25,2014 by Columbia Records as the single from the reissue. The song was written by Beyoncé and Alonzo Holt, the latter collaborated with Bobby Johnson during the production process, 7/11 is a trap song with elements of hip hop present in its composition. It features rap-singing vocals by Beyoncé over a warped up-tempo beat, upon its release, 7/11 received mixed reviews by music critics, with some of them praising its club-ready and frenetic sound while others criticized its use of auto-tune. Its accompanying music video was premiered through YouTube on November 21,2014, in it, Beyoncé dances at various locations, the video was filmed by the singer herself using a static camera, with some additional footage created with the aid of a selfie stick. The visual was praised for its personal, relaxed and fun nature, 7/11 peaked at number 13 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100. Among its component charts, it earned Beyoncé her 8th No.1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Chart, on November 19,2014, 30-second snippets of the two songs appeared online along with reports that 7/11 would impact radio stations on November 25. The following day, the versions of both songs surfaced on the Internet. 7/11 was sent to contemporary radio stations in the United States on November 25,2014. On December 8,2014, the single was sent to contemporary radio stations in the United Kingdom. 7/11 was written by Beyoncé, Bobby Johnson and Detail, while the production was handled by the latter along with Bobby Johnson, Beyoncé further served as the songs vocal producer, while the co-production was finished by Detail and Sidney Swift. It was recorded with guidance by Stuart White at two studios – Record Plant in Los Angeles and Le Royal Monceau in Paris, ramon Rivas and Jon Schacter served as the assistants of the tracks audio engineering while Tony Maserati and Stuart White were responsible for its mixing. The mastering was finished by Dave Kutch at The Mastering Palace in New York City, 7/11 is an up-tempo hip hop track complete with Auto-Tune. Its production consists of trap, and R&B elements accompanied by a rattling bassline, caitlin White from MTV News noted that it was all beats and bragging with Beyoncés vocals seldomly transferring into her singing voice. Gerrick D. Kennedy from Los Angeles Times likened the singers rap-singing in a warbly double-time cadence to her work with the girl group Destinys Child. 7/11 was also noted for containing Southern rap swagger and her vocal performance was further noted for being filled with intensity and Nicki Minaj–esque wails while singing the staccato rap verses. Allison Piwowarski opined that the title refers to the drinking game Sevens, Elevens. Im thinkin bout that alcohol / Man it feel like rolling dice / seven eleven, Beyoncé raps commanding and demanding lines throughout accompanied by a warped beat, shouting the lyrics, Smack that, clap that. like you dont care

11.
Crazy in Love
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Crazy in Love is the lead single from American singer Beyoncés 2003 debut solo album, Dangerously in Love. It features a guest verse from rapper Jay Z, the artists wrote and composed the song in collaboration with Rich Harrison and Eugene Record, the former also produced it with Beyoncé. Using samples from The Chi-Lites 1970 song Are You My Woman, Crazy in Love is an R&B and pop song that incorporates elements of hip hop, soul. Its lyrics describe a romantic obsession that causes the protagonist to act out of character, columbia Records released Crazy in Love on May 18,2003, as the lead single from Dangerously in Love. It was a hit in the United States and United Kingdom. With global sales of 2.9 million, Music critics praised Crazy in Loves hook, Jay Zs contribution, and Beyoncés assertive delivery of the lyrics. VH1 declared it the greatest song of the 2000s decade, while Rolling Stone ranked it as the 118th best song of all time in 2010, at the 46th Grammy Awards, Crazy in Love won Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. The songs accompanying video features Beyoncé in various dance sequences. It won three awards at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, and its director, Jake Nava, since 2003, Crazy in Love has been a staple in Beyoncé’s live performances and concert tours. The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers recognized Crazy in Love as one of the most performed songs of 2004, artists including David Byrne have covered the song, and it has been used in various television shows and other media. In July 2002, Beyoncé had already recorded songs which would appear on Dangerously in Love. These delays allowed Beyoncé to record songs for the album. Before meeting Beyoncé, Rich Harrison had conceptualized the beat of the song and he sampled the hooks instrumentation from the 1970 song Are You My Woman. Originally written and composed by Eugene Record, frontman of the Chicago-based vocal group The Chi-Lites, people do not really get it and you will leave them with a foul taste in their mouth. Harrison was pleasantly surprised when he got a call from Beyoncé, however, things did not turn up according to his plans the following day as he was late and was still suffering the effects of a hangover. Nevertheless, Beyoncé became friendlier to the sample, much to Harrisons delight, Harrison confessed that it was not easy for him to come up with the lyrics to Crazy in Love in that length of time. But two hours later, he had written the verses, and the hook, in spite of being hung over, Harrison had also made provision for a backing track, he played all the instruments on the track. Harrison sang back to her and said, Thats the hook and it also inspired the title of the song

12.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well

13.
Ballad
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A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas

14.
Dancehall
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Dancehall is a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially dancehall was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, in the mid-1980s, digital instrumentation became more prevalent, changing the sound considerably, with digital dancehall becoming increasingly characterized by faster rhythms. Dancehall music saw mainstream success in Jamaica throughout the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, by the 2010s, dancehall began to heavily influence the work of established Western artists producers which has helped to further bring the genre into the Western music mainstream. Dancehall is named after Jamaican dance halls in which popular Jamaican recordings were played by local sound systems and they began in the late 1940s among people from the inner city of Kingston, who were not able to participate in dances uptown. Themes of social injustice, repatriation and the Rastafari movement were overtaken by lyrics about dancing, violence, around the same time, producer Don Mais was reworking old rhythms at Channel One Studios, using the Roots Radics band. Sound systems such as Killimanjaro, Black Scorpio, Gemini Disco, Virgo Hi-Fi, Volcano Hi-Power and Aces International soon capitalized on the new sound, deejay records became, for the first time, more important than records featuring singers. The early 1980s also saw the emergence of female deejays in dancehall music, such as Lady G, Lady Saw, other female dancehall stars include artistes like Diana King and in the late 1990s to the 2000s Ce Cile, Spice, Macka Diamond and more. In the mid-1980s, French Caribbean group Kassav, the first in the Caribbean to use MIDI technology, King Jammys 1985 hit, Sleng Teng by Wayne Smith, with an entirely-digital rhythm hook took the dancehall reggae world by storm. Many credit this song as being the first digital rhythm in reggae, however, this is not entirely correct since there are earlier examples of digital productions, such as Horace Fergusons single Sensi Addict produced by Prince Jazzbo in 1984. The Sleng Teng rhythm was used in over 200 subsequent recordings and this deejay-led, largely synthesized chanting with musical accompaniment departed from traditional conceptions of Jamaican popular musical entertainment. Dub poet Mutabaruka said, if 1970s reggae was red, green and gold and it was far removed from reggaes gentle roots and culture, and there was much debate among purists as to whether it should be considered an extension of reggae. This shift in style again saw the emergence of a new generation of artists, such as Buccaneer, Capleton and Shabba Ranks, the deejays became more focused on violence, with Bounty Killer, Mad Cobra, Ninjaman and Buju Banton becoming major figures in the genre. By the early 2000s, dancehall inspired pop music saw increased popularity in Jamaica, as well as in the United States and international markets. This was first seen with artists, such as Sean Paul whos single Get Busy became the first dancehall single to number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. The late 2000s saw domestic success for artists, such as Popcaan, Vybz Kartel, Konshens, Mr. Vegas. Donna P. Kingsley Stewart outlines ten of the major cultural imperatives or principles that constitute the dancehall worldview, such a drastic change in the popular music of the region generated an equally radical transformation in fashion trends, specifically those of its female faction. In lieu of traditional, modest rootsy styles, as dictated by Rastafari-inspired gender roles, women began donning flashy and this transformation is said to coincide with the influx of slack lyrics within dancehall, which objectified women as apparatuses of pleasure. These women would team up others to form modeling posses, or dancehall model groups

15.
Dubstep
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Dubstep is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in South London, England. It emerged in the late 1990s as a development within a lineage of related styles such as 2-step garage, dub, techno, drum and bass, broken beat, jungle, and reggae. In the United Kingdom the origins of the genre can be traced back to the growth of the Jamaican sound system party scene in the early 1980s, the music generally features sparse, syncopated drum and percussion patterns with bass lines that contain prominent sub bass frequencies. The earliest dubstep releases date back to 1998, and were featured as B-sides of 2-step garage single releases. These tracks were darker, more experimental remixes with less emphasis on vocals, a very early supporter of the sound was BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, who started playing it from 2003 onwards. In 2004, the last year of his show, his listeners voted Distance, Digital Mystikz, simultaneously, the genre was receiving extensive coverage in music magazines such as The Wire and online publications such as Pitchfork, with a regular feature entitled The Month In, Grime/Dubstep. Interest in dubstep grew significantly after BBC Radio 1 DJ Mary Anne Hobbs started championing the genre, towards the end of the 2000s and into the early 2010s, the genre started to become more commercially successful in the UK, with more singles and remixes entering the music charts. Music journalists and critics noticed a dubstep influence in several pop artists work. The music website Allmusic has described Dubsteps overall sound as tightly coiled productions with overwhelming bass lines and reverberant drum patterns, clipped samples, and occasional vocals. According to Simon Reynolds, Dubsteps constituents originally came from different points in the 1989—99 UK lineage, bleep n bass, jungle, techstep, Photek-style neurofunk, speed garage,2 step. Reynolds comments that the traces of pre-existing styles worked through their intrinsic sonic effects but also as signifiers, Dubsteps early roots are in the more experimental releases of UK garage producers, seeking to incorporate elements of drum and bass into the South London-based 2-step garage sound. These experiments often ended up on the B-side of a label or commercial garage release. Similar to a vocal garage hybrid – grime – the genres feel is commonly dark, tracks frequently use a minor key, other distinguishing features often found are the use of samples, a propulsive, sparse rhythm, and an almost omnipresent sub-bass. Some dubstep artists have incorporated a variety of outside influences. Dubstep rhythms are usually syncopated, and often shuffled or incorporating tuplets, the tempo is nearly always in the range of 138–142 beats per minute, with a clap or snare usually inserted every third beat in a bar. In its early stages, dubstep was often more percussive, with influences from 2‑step drum patterns. A lot of producers were experimenting with tribal drum samples, such as Loefahs early release Truly Dread. One characteristic of certain strands of dubstep is the bass, often referred to as the wub

16.
Tina Knowles
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Célestine Tina Beyincé-Lawson is an American businesswoman and fashion designer known for her House of Deréon and Miss Tina by Tina Knowles fashion brands. She is the mother of singers Beyoncé and Solange Knowles, and was married to Mathew Knowles. Knowles was born Célestine Ann Beyincé in Galveston, Texas, on January 4,1954, the daughter of Lumis Albert Beyincé and Agnes Derouen and her ancestry is Louisiana Creole of color. Her family roots are from Iberia Parish, Louisiana and she is a descendant of Acadian leader Joseph Broussard. She married Mathew Knowles on January 5,1980 in Galveston and she filed for divorce from Mathew Knowles in 2009, stating discord or conflict of personalities which prevented them from reasonable expectation of reconciliation as the reason. The divorce was finalized in December 2011, Knowles has two grandchildren, granddaughter Blue Ivy Carter from Beyoncé and grandson Daniel Julez J. Smith, Jr from Solange. While in high school, Tina Knowles was part of a group called the Veltones. Knowles started dating actor Richard Lawson in the summer of 2013, the couple were married on April 12,2015. This marriage made her stepmother to Lawsons daughter, actress Bianca Lawson, Tina Knowles started her career at 19 when she relocated to California to work as a makeup artist for Shiseido. However, she returned home when her parents fell ill, Knowles worked as a beautician until 1990 when she opened the salon Headliners, located in Houston. The salon went on to one of the most famous hair businesses in Houston. Tinas rise to prominence came as costume designer for Destinys Child, in the early days of her daughters career, when money was limited, she created outfits that the members wore on-stage and to events. In 2002, she published a book titled Destinys Style, Bootylicious Fashion, Beauty, the book was published through the company HarperCollins. In 2004, Tina Knowles launched the clothing line House of Deréon alongside Beyoncé named after Agnes Deréon, on November 22,2010, Knowles appeared with Beyoncé on The View to promote her clothing line called Miss Tina by Tina Knowles. In 2009, she expanded the line to Walmart after it was previously being sold on the Home Shopping Network. Discussing her style of designing for the line, Knowles revealed she aimed to hide flaws and create a silhouette, adding, Everything is created like a foundation garment. The pieces are designed to make the woman look leaner and taller, in early 2010, Tina Knowles again collaborated with Beyoncé to open the Beyoncé Cosmetology Center at the Phoenix House in Brooklyn. Destinys Style, Bootylicious Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destinys Child, new York City, HarperCollins Publishers LLC

17.
Music journalism
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Music journalism is media criticism and reporting about popular music topics, including pop music, rock music, and related styles. Journalists began writing music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on what is now thought of as classical music. An influential English 19th-century music critic, for example, was James William Davison of The Times, the composer Hector Berlioz also wrote reviews and criticisms for the Paris press of the 1830s and 1840s. The 1840s could be considered a point, in that music critics after the 1840s generally were not also practicing musicians. However, counterexamples include Alfred Brendel, Charles Rosen, Paul Hindemith, in the early 1980s, a decline in the quantity of classical criticism began occurring when classical-music criticism visibly started to disappear from the media. Also of concern in classical music journalism was how American reviewers can write about ethnic and folk music from other than their own, such as Indian ragas. The performers be treated as human beings and their music be treated as human activity rather than a mystical or mysterious phenomenon, the review should show an understanding of the musics cultural backgrounds and intentions. A key finding in a 2005 study of journalism in America was that the profile of the average classical music critic is a white, 52-year old male. Demographics indicated that the group was 74% male, 92% white, davis, one of the most respected voices of the craft, said he had been forced out after 26 years. Music writers only started treating pop and rock music seriously in 1964 after the breakthrough of the Beatles, one of the early music magazines in Britain, Melody Maker, complained in 1967 about how newspapers and magazines are continually hammering pop music. Melody Maker magazine advocated the new forms of pop music of the late 1960s, by 1999, the quality press was regularly carrying reviews of popular music gigs and albums, which had a key role in keeping pop in the public eye. As more pop music critics began writing, this had the effect of legitimating pop as an art form, as a result, in the world of pop music criticism, there has tended to be a quick turnover. In the realm of music, as in that of classical music. Frank Zappa declared that, Most rock journalism is people who cant write, interviewing people who cant talk, in the 2000s, online music bloggers began to supplement, and to some degree displace, music journalists in print media. In 2006, Martin Edlund of the New York Sun criticized the trend, arguing that while the Internet has democratized music criticism, slate magazine writer Jody Rosen discussed the 2000s-era trends in pop music criticism in his article The Perils of Poptimism. Rosen noted that much of the debate is centered on a perception that rock critics regard rock as normative … the standard state of popular music … to which everything else is compared. At a 2006 pop critic conference, attendees discussed their guilty pop pleasures, reconsidering musicians and genres which rock critics have dismissed as lightweight. Rosen stated that this new paradigm is called popism — or, more evocatively

18.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985

19.
New York Post
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New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher

20.
ABC News
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ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company, owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company. Television broadcasting was suspended, however, during World War II, regular television news broadcasts on ABC began soon after the network signed on its initial owned-and-operated television station and production center in New York City in August 1948. ABC news broadcasts have continued as the network expanded nationwide. However, from the 1950s through the early 1970s, ABC News programs consistently ranked third in viewership behind news programs on CBS and NBC. Arledge, known for experimenting with the broadcast model, created many of ABC News most popular and enduring programs, including 20/20, World News Tonight, This Week, Nightline and Primetime Live. In June 1998, ABC News, Nine Network and ITN sold their interests in Worldwide Television News to the Associated Press. 20/20 ABC World News Tonight America This Morning Good Morning America Nightline This Week What Would You Do, formerly known as ABC Radio News, ABC News Radio feeds, through Skyview Networks with newscasts on the hour to its affiliates. ABC News Radio is the largest commercial radio news organization in the US, Satellite News Channel was a joint venture between ABC News and Group W that started on June 21,1982 as a satellite-delivered cable television network. SNC used footage from ABC News and 7 Washington, D. C. -based crews, however, this channel had difficulty getting clearance from cable systems, so ABC News and Group W decided to sell it to its competitor, CNN. CNN ceased Satellite News Channels operations on October 27,1983, SNC was either replaced by CNN or CNN2 on most cable systems. Group W would eventually shut down 7 years later, in 1999 and it was offered via digital television, broadband and streaming video at ABCNews. com and on mobile phones. It delivered breaking news, headline news each hour, and wide range of entertainment. The channel was available in the United States and Europe and its Talk Back feature allowed viewers to voice their own input through the submission of videos and personal thoughts on controversial issues and current topics. It was shut down as a digital subchannel when Live Well Network was launched, ABC News Now was replaced on cable providers with Fusion on October 28,2013. Fusion is a cable and satellite network that is owned & operated by Fusion Media Network, LLC. ABC and Univision formally announced its launch on May 2,2012, Fusion was ABC News third attempt in the 24-hour cable news world after Satellite News Channel in 1982 and ABC News Now in 2004. In December 2015, it was reported that Disney was in talks to sell its stake in Fusion to Univision, the split was complete on April 21,2016. Several ABC News programs are broadcast daily on OSN News in MENA countries

21.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief

22.
Love On Top
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Love On Top is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album 4. A throw-back to 1980s music, the uptempo R&B song exhibits style similar to that of Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston and The Jackson 5, while incorporating four key changes, Beyoncé adopts a high range when repeating the songs chorus towards the end of the song. She sings about a man whom she can call, even after facing grief and hard work, finally earning his love. The songs musical composition, as well as Beyoncés vocals and versatility, Beyoncé sang Love On Top live at 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, announcing her pregnancy at the end of her performance. This caused the upsurge of the song on several charts worldwide and it reached the top ten in Hungary and South Korea, and the top twenty in Australia, Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It also debuted at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, Love On Top remained at number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for seven consecutive weeks, and has sold over one million copies. At the 55th Grammy Awards, Beyoncé won her 17th Grammy Award with Best Traditional R&B Performance for Love On Top, critics generally commended the simplicity of the video, the wardrobe changes with every key change, and Beyoncés youthful exuberance throughout the clip. Critics noted that the song was more impressive in person. Love On Top was written by Beyoncé, Terius Nash and Shea Taylor while production was handled by Beyoncé, on June 26,2011, Love On Top was the eighth song to be chosen. The quote found Beyoncé elaborating on the inspiration, When I played Etta James it was the most Id learned about myself until the recording of this album. When I went into the studio I used the same passion, honesty and it does not sound like the vocals on my past albums. It comes from a deep place, Beyoncé, who has covered At Last which is a song originally recorded by James, portrayed the artist in the 2008 musical biopic, Cadillac Records and won critical acclaim for her portrayal. She told Billboard magazine, I realized that Etta James was so unapologetic, bold and it gave me the confidence and the push to challenge myself a little more with my music. Love On Top impacted Urban radio in the United States on January 10,2012, Love On Top is an up-tempo R&B song viewed as a modern take on old school music. According to Slant Magazines Eric Henderson, Love On Top is a bright, breezy tribute to the freshness of mid-80s, pre-new-jack-FM R&B reminiscent of Whitney Houston and Anita Baker. He also noted the song to be the perfect and totally inverted fraternal twin of another song on 4 and it is instrumentally complete with a thumping bassline, synthesizers, tribal drums, an arena-rock music piano, a guitar, a peppy saxophone, and some backing vocals. Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice compared Love On Top to Raydios You Cant Change That, priya Elan of NME noted that Love On Top echoes Janet Jacksons Whoops Now, Lionel Richies Dancing on the Ceiling and the theme from My Two Dads. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes. com by EMI Music Publishing

23.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes

24.
Robert Christgau
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Robert Thomas Christgau is an American essayist, music journalist, and self-proclaimed Dean of American Rock Critics. One of the earliest professional rock critics, he spent 37 years as the music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice. He has also covered popular music for Esquire, Creem, Newsday, Playboy, Rolling Stone, Billboard, NPR, Blender, and MSN Music, and is a visiting arts teacher at New York University. Christgau is known for his terse capsule reviews, first published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 and he has written three books based on those columns, along with two collections of essays. He continued writing capsule reviews in MSN Music, Cuepoint, Christgau was born in Greenwich Village and grew up in Queens, the son of a fireman. He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954. After attending a school in New York City, he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College. While at college his musical interests turned to jazz, but he returned to rock after moving back to New York. Christgau has said that Miles Davis 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and he was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe. My ambitions when I went into journalism were always, to an extent, literary, Christgau initially wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter, and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger. He became a writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire, after Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor. In early 1972, he accepted a job as music critic for Newsday. Christgau returned to the Village Voice in 1974 as music editor and he remained there until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media. Two months later, Christgau became an editor at Rolling Stone. Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone, although he continued to work for the magazine for three months. Starting with the March 2008 issue, he joined Blender, where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor, Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone. He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009, in 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music

25.
Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)
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Single Ladies is a song from American singer Beyoncés third studio album, I Am. Columbia Records released Single Ladies as a single on October 13,2008 alongside If I Were a Boy and it explores mens unwillingness to propose or commit. In the song, the female protagonist is in a club to celebrate her single status, Single Ladies won three Grammy Awards in 2010, including Song of the Year, among other accolades. Several news media sources named it as one of the best songs of 2008 and it topped the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and has been certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, with more than 5 million paid digital downloads. The song charted among the top ten within the category in several other countries. Globally, it was 2009s seventh best-selling digital single with 6.1 million units sold thus becoming one of the singles of all time. A black-and-white music video accompanied the singles release and it won several awards, including the Video of the Year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. Beyoncé has performed Single Ladies on television and during her concert tours, the song and particularly its music video have been widely parodied and imitated. Several notable artists have performed cover versions, media usage has included placement in popular television shows. Single Ladies was written by Beyoncé, Terius The-Dream Nash, Thaddis Kuk Harrell, and Christopher Tricky Stewart, Nash conceptualized Single Ladies after Beyoncés secret marriage to hip hop recording artist Jay-Z in April 2008. Beyoncés marriage inspired Nash to compose a song about an issue that many peoples relationships. She stated that although Single Ladies is an uptempo song. In Single Ladies, Beyoncé portrays her alter ego Sasha Fierce, the song was released simultaneously with If I Were a Boy, as lead singles, they were meant to demonstrate the concept of the dueling personalities of the singer. This reinforced the theme of the album, which was created by placing its ballads, the singles debuted on US radio on October 8,2008, Single Ladies did so on mainstream urban New York radio station Power 105.1. The two songs were released as a double A-side single on November 7,2008, in Australia, New Zealand, Dance remixes of the song were made available in the US on February 10,2009, and in Europe on February 16,2009. Single Ladies was not originally released as a single in the UK, on February 16,2009, it was released as a CD single, and the dance remixes became available as a digital download. Single Ladies is an uptempo dance-pop and R&B song with dancehall, disco and it is set in common time, and makes use of staccato bounce-based hand claps, Morse code beeps, an ascending whistle in the background, and a punchy organic beat. According to the music published at Musicnotes. com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Single Ladies is written in the key of E major

26.
USA Today
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USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15,1982, it operates from Gannetts corporate headquarters on Jones Branch Drive in McLean, Virginia and it is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. USA Today is distributed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with an international edition distributed in Canada, Asia and the Pacific Islands, Gannett formally announced the launch of the paper on April 20,1982. USA Today began publishing on September 15,1982, initially launching in the Baltimore and Washington, on July 2,1984, the newspaper switched from a largely black-and-white to a color publication, featuring full color photography and graphics in all four sections. On April 8,1985, the paper published its first special bonus section, a 12-page section called Baseball 85, on May 6,1986, USA Today began printing production of its international edition in Switzerland. On April 15, USA Today launched an international printing site. On August 28,1995, an international publishing site was launched in Frankfurt, Germany, to print. On October 4,1999, USA Today began running advertisements on its front page for the first time. The paper launched a sixth printing site for its international edition on May 15,2000, in Milan, Italy, followed on July 10 by the launch of a printing facility in Charleroi. That November, USA Today migrated its operations from Gannetts previous corporate headquarters in Arlington, in 2010, USA Today launched the USA Today API for sharing data with partners of all types. On August 27,2010, USA Today announced that it would undergo a reorganization of its newsroom and it also announced that the paper would shift its focus away from print and place more emphasis on its digital platforms and launch of a new publication called USA Today Sports. On September 14,2012, USA Today underwent the first major redesign in its history, to accomplish this goal, Gannett migrated its newspaper and television station websites to the Presto platform and the USA Today site design throughout 2013 and 2014. On January 4,2014, USA Today acquired the book and film review website, on September 3,2014, USA Today announced that it would lay off roughly 70 employees in a restructuring of its newsroom and business operations. In October 2014, USA Today and OpenWager Inc. entered into a partnership to release a Bingo app called USA TODAY Bingo Cruise, USA Today is known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition circulated in the United States and some Canadian cities, each consists of four sections, News, Money, Sports. The international edition of the paper features two sections, News and Money in one, with Sports and Life in the other, atypical of most daily newspapers, the paper does not print on Saturdays and Sundays, the Friday edition serves as the weekend edition. USA Today prints each complete story on the front page of the section with the exception of the cover story. The cover story is a story that requires a jump

27.
XO (song)
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XO is a song by American singer Beyoncé from her fifth studio album, Beyoncé. Columbia Records released the song as the contemporary hit radio single from the album in the US. Ryan Tedder co-wrote and co-produced XO with Terius The-Dream Nash and Beyoncé, with production handled by Chauncey Hit-Boy Hollis. A pure midtempo pop song, XO is complete with electronic musical instrumentation, synthesizers. Musically, it was compared to Beyoncés own song Halo and was noted for having several music hooks including its call and response chorus. The usage of a sample from Space Shuttle Challenger disaster at the beginning of the song was criticized by the families of the lost crew, NASA. Beyoncé released a statement saying that the song was intended to help people who have lost loved people in their lives, XO managed to appear on many music charts across Europe and Oceania and it peaked at number 45 on the US Billboard Hot 100. A music video for the directed by Terry Richardson was filmed in Coney Island in late August 2013. It was made available on iTunes with the release of the album on December 13,2013 and was released three days later. Beyoncé performed the song during the last stops of the North American leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in December 2013, to further promote XO, she performed it at the 2014 BRIT Awards and later at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards. Haim and John Mayer covered the song in 2014, with the latter releasing it as a single, XO was written by Beyoncé, Terius The-Dream Nash and Ryan Tedder while the production was helmed by the aforementioned group as well as Chauncey Hit-Boy Hollis and HazeBanga. Ramon Rivas engineered the song, with assistance from Justin Hergett, Beyoncés vocals were recorded by Stuart White and Bart Schoudel while all instrumentation and programming was carried out by Tedder. The song was mixed by Andrew Scheps. XO was recorded in four studios, Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios, I think its a bigger, better song. However, he acknowledged that he did not know when the singer planned to release new material for her fifth album, the previous month, it was reported by a source to the Daily News that Beyoncé planned to release a new single and video on December 3,2013. The publication further speculated that the single was expected to be the song music video was filmed in August of the same year – XO. The release of Blow was therefore scrapped and XO impacted contemporary hit radio in Italy and it was also sent to US mainstream, urban and rhythmic radio on December 17. XO is a pop love power ballad that bears resemblance to Beyoncés own 2008 song Halo

28.
New York (magazine)
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New York is a bi-weekly magazine concerned with life, culture, politics, and style generally, and with a particular emphasis on New York City. Founded by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker in 1968 as a competitor to The New Yorker, it was brasher and less polite, and established itself as a cradle of New Journalism. Since its redesign and relaunch in 2004, the magazine has won more National Magazine Awards than any other publication and it was one of the first dual-audience lifestyle magazines, and its format and style have been emulated by some other American regional city publications. In 2009, its paid and verified circulation was 408,622 and its websites—NYmag. com, Vulture. com, The Cut, and Grub Street—receive visits from more than 14 million users per month. New York began life in 1963 as the Sunday-magazine supplement of the New York Herald Tribune newspaper, edited first by Sheldon Zalaznick and then by Clay Felker, the magazine showcased the work of several talented Tribune contributors, including Tom Wolfe, Barbara Goldsmith, and Jimmy Breslin. Soon after the Tribune went out of business in 1966–67, Felker and his partner, Milton Glaser, gerald Goldsmith, and reincarnated the magazine as a stand-alone glossy. Joining them was managing editor Jack Nessel, Felkers number-two at the Herald Tribune, New Yorks first issue was dated April 8,1968. Among the by-lines were many names from the magazines earlier incarnation, including Breslin, Wolfe, and George Goodman. Within a year, Felker had assembled a team of contributors who would come to define the magazines voice, Breslin became a regular, as did Gloria Steinem, who wrote the city-politics column, and Gail Sheehy. Harold Clurman was hired as the theater critic, Alan Rich covered the classical-music scene. Gael Greene, writing under the rubric The Insatiable Critic, reviewed restaurants, Woody Allen contributed a few stories for the magazine in its early years. The magazines regional focus and innovative illustrations inspired numerous imitators across the country, the office for the magazine was on the top floor of the old Tammany Hall clubhouse at 207 East 32nd Street, which Glaser owned. Wolfe, a contributor to the magazine, wrote a story in 1970 that captured the spirit of the magazine, Radical Chic. The article described a benefit party for the Black Panthers, held in Leonard Bernsteins apartment, in a collision of high culture, in 1972, New York also launched Ms. magazine, which began as a special issue. New West, a magazine on New Yorks model that covered California life, was also published for a few years in the 1970s. As the 1970s progressed, Felker continued to broaden the magazines editorial vision beyond Manhattan, covering Richard Nixon, twenty years later, Cohn admitted that hed done no more than drive by Odysseys door, and that hed made the rest up. It was a problem of what Wolfe, in 1972, had labeled The New Journalism. In 1976, the Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch bought the magazine in a hostile takeover, a succession of editors followed, including Joe Armstrong and John Berendt

29.
Schoolin' Life
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Schoolin Life is a song recorded by American recording artist Beyoncé for the deluxe edition of her fourth studio album,4. It was written by Knowles, Terius Nash, Shea Taylor as well as Carlos McKinney while production was handled by Knowles, The-Dream, jordan Young, also known by his stage name DJ Swivel, mixed the song at New Yorks Jungle City Studios. Containing elements of disco and dance-pop music, Schoolin Life is an uptempo R&B and funk song, in which Knowles employs guttural vocals and uses her whistle register. Having a retro nature, the song is built on a 1980s-inspired dance beat, and is complete with old school synthesizers, drum kits, electric guitars. Lyrically, the song features Knowles schooling everyone from their 20s to their 50s and it appeared on several critics lists of the best songs of 2011. Following the release of 4, Schoolin Life charted at number 155 on the South Korean International Singles Chart, the song was used in the eighth season of the American television reality program and dance competition So You Think You Can Dance. It was part of Knowles set list during her residency show Revel Presents, Schoolin Life was written by Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash, Shea Taylor, and Carlos McKinney. Production was handled by Knowles, The-Dream, and Los Da Mystro and it was made available on the deluxe edition of 4, which was sold exclusively at Target until that edition was released to iTunes Stores on January 2,2012. The deluxe edition consists of an additional two deluxe only tracks, Dance for You and Lay Up Under Me and three remixes of Run the World, jordan Young aka DJ Swivel mixed the song at New Yorks Jungle City Studios. Describing Schoolin Life as his track on the album, Swivel told Sound on Sound that he was adamant about mixing the song. In fact, Im sure she let me mix it just because I loved the track so much, I mixed this in the fantastic penthouse room in Jungle City. This record was, of course, about the vocals — but a lot of it was about the production elements too, everything had to be audible, theres some interesting percussion, and the hook had to feel nice and big. Around 100 tracks were used on Schoolin Life, they were split with 50 for the music and 50 for the vocals. As stated by Swivel, musically the aim of the mix was to take a number of tracks. So, he used Waves’ Metaflanger on the percussion and some of the snares, Swivel explained that there was much parallel processing on the lead vocal. The lead-vocal bus was multed to a bus, and one of them was entirely crushed on a 50,1 compression ratio which was totally limited. He elaborated, It creates a very gritty distorted sound in there, really low to taste, the crushed vocal runs quietly underneath. After completing the lead vocals, Swivel decided to rework the 1980s sound on the snares as they were very tight

30.
Time (magazine)
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931

31.
Pazz & Jop
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Pazz & Jop is an annual poll of musical releases compiled by American newspaper The Village Voice since 1971. The poll is tabulated from the submitted year-end top ten lists of hundreds of music critics and it was named in acknowledgement of the defunct magazine Jazz & Pop, and adopted the ratings system used in that publications annual critics poll. Pazz & Jop was introduced by The Village Voice in 1974 as an album-only poll, the Pazz & Jop albums poll utilizes a points system in formulating list rankings. Participating critics assign a value, ranging from five to thirty, to each of the albums on their top ten list. Singles lists, however, have always been unweighted, bob Dylan and Kanye West have topped the albums poll the most number of times, with four number-one albums each. West, in addition, won the poll of 2005. Music critic Robert Christgau oversaw the Pazz & Jop poll for more than thirty years, christgaus tenure as Pazz & Jop overseer came to an abrupt end when he was controversially fired from The Village Voice after a company buy-out in August 2006. Regardless, The Village Voice has continued to run the feature, with Rob Harvilla succeeding Christgau as music editor, christgaus annual Pazz & Jop overview essay was discontinued and substituted with multiple retrospective articles of the years music written by a selection of critics. In 2016, the name was changed from Pazz & Jop to the Village Voice Music Critics Poll by the new owners of the newspaper. Christgau, who has continued to vote in the poll since his departure from the newspaper, when the 2016 results were announced in January 2017, the poll had reverted to its Pazz & Jop name. Official Pazz & Jop page at The Village Voice Pazz & Jop polls and essays by Robert Christgau

32.
The Village Voice
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The Village Voice is an American news and culture paper, known for being the countrys first alternative newsweekly. Founded in 1955 by Dan Wolf, Ed Fancher and Norman Mailer, since its founding, The Village Voice has received three Pulitzer Prizes, the National Press Foundation Award and the George Polk Award. Among news sources, The Village Voice is known for its combination of news reporting and arts & culture coverage. The Village Voice has hosted a variety of writers and artists, including writer Ezra Pound, cartoonist Lynda Barry. In addition to daily coverage through its website and a print edition that circulates in New York City. In the 1960s the offices were located at Sheridan Square, then, from the 70s through 1980, at 11th Street and University Place, in 1991 they moved to Cooper Square in the East Village, and in 2013, to the Financial District. John Wilcock wrote a column every week for the papers first ten years, another regular from that period was the cartoonist Kin Platt, who did weekly theatrical caricatures. Other prominent regulars have included Peter Schjeldahl, Ellen Willis, Tom Carson, Wayne Barrett, the Voice has published investigations of New York City politics, as well as reporting on national politics, with arts, culture, music, dance, film, and theater reviews. Writers for the Voice have received three Pulitzer Prizes, in 1981,1986 and 2000, almost since its inception the paper has recognized alternative theater in New York through its Obie Awards. The papers Pazz & Jop music poll, started by Robert Christgau in the early 1970s, is released annually, in 1999, film critic J. Hoberman and film section editor Dennis Lim began a similar Village Voice Film Poll for the year in film. In 2001 the paper sponsored its first music festival, Siren Festival, in 2011, the event moved to the lower tip of Manhattan and re-christened the 4knots Music Festival, a reference to the speed of the East Rivers current. Today, the Voice is known for its support for the civil rights of gays. However, early in its history, the newspaper had a reputation as having an anti-homosexuality slant, while reporting on the Stonewall riots of 1969, the newspaper referred to the riots as The Great Faggot Rebellion. Two reporters, Smith and Truscott, both used the words faggot and dyke in their articles about the riots, the newspaper changed their policy after the GLF petitioned the newspaper to do so. Over time, the Voice has changed its stance, and in 1982, as a testament to the Voices popularity in New York City, the paper is mentioned in the musical Rent during the song La Vie Boheme. The line states To riding your bike midday past the three suits, to fruits, to no absolutes, to Absolut, to choice, to The Village Voice. Seventeen alternative weeklies around the United States are owned by the Voices parent company Village Voice Media, in 2005, the Phoenix alternative weekly chain New Times Media purchased the company and took the Village Voice Media name. After The Village Voice was acquired by New Times Media in 2005, the Voice was then managed by two journalists from Phoenix, Arizona