Wednesday, 25 January 2012

There are a handful of writers on cinema that I must have within reach at all times. V.F. Perkins is one, David Bordwell another, and critics like James Agee and A.O. Scott. But none more so than André Bazin, critic, theoretician and poet of cinema (a something of a godfather of François Truffaut). Despite sometimes getting it wrong his ideas are almost always interesting and his sentences almost always beautiful. Therefore I have decided to do a series of posts about Bazin, where each post is about one specific essay, article or review by him. (I was inspired to do this by fellow film scholar Eirik Frisvold Hanssen, an avid Bazin fan.)

Today's post is about the article Will CinemaScope Save the Film Industry, first published in Esprit 1953, and available in English in the anthology Bazin at Work. It is primarily about the way Hollywood is countering the existential threat from TV but it is also filled with Bazin's (usual) musings on the arts, realism, technology and psychology. It is exactly this scope that makes him such a rewarding person to read. In its discussion about the teleological aspects of film, this article is also closely related to his more famous articles The Ontology of the Photographic Image and The Evolution of the Language of Cinema.

1953 was a time of crisis for the cinema, not least Hollywood cinema, since TV had arrived with force. Bazin begins his essay with saying that even though there is a crisis there are still a couple of months left to consider how best to deal with it. At the moment the Hollywood studios themselves are not as threatened as the actors and technicians are, but Bazin suggests that they can work in TV, or move to Europe. That there has been a dramatic decrease in tickets sold Bazin does attribute to the arrival of TV but he also argues that TV only dramatically speeded up a decreasing interest in cinema in general that was already there. (This though was not the case in Sweden I might add, since the early 50s were the most successful years in Swedish cinema history as far as ticket sales were concerned. The peak was in 1956, exactly the year TV arrived in Sweden. I wonder if Sweden was different from the rest of the world or if Bazin is wrong in his argument.)

Then he goes on to introduce CinemaScope. He writes about it from a technical perspective, from an aesthetic perspective and from the perspective of the cinema owners. (Apparently 80% of France's cinema theatres were not fit to show CinemaScope and had to be re-built.) The discussion then changes to film as art and its relationship to technological changes in general. His argument there is that it is never the filmmakers who are agents of changes but instead the industry, the producers. He says that "The filmmaker can profit from innovation but he never determines it." I think that this view is too limited. To an extent it depends on how he defines innovation and technical changes. He says that there were earlier versions of scope formats in the 1920s but that they never caught on due to a lack of interest from the studios, from the money men, and that sound came about only when it was economically relevant for the studios. But I would argue that many filmmakers invent things whilst making films, and perhaps particularly so cinematographers. A lot of famous cinematographers have been awarded many patents due to invention they have made, not because of financial considerations but because it helped them and the directors to tell the story the way they wanted to. The dolly zoom that was first used in Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958) is one of the more famous examples.

But Bazin goes on to argue that since film is dependent on the industry, the economy, it is different from the other arts. They are eternal, film is mortal. Film is also, according to Bazin "not an art AND an industry, but instead an industrial art that is likely to vanish into thin air as soon as the industry's profit disappear". This is of course also a debatable point. There seems to me to be films that exist outside any industry, and always have been, such as short films, art films and experimental films. But I will leave that for now and instead, like Bazin, turn to TV. For Bazin there is a real danger that TV will kill the cinema, and he argues that TV is "irremediably cruder than the cinema", that "nothing will persuade me to believe, in the spirit of futuristic optimism, that television will take over from an aesthetic point of view". However, Bazin does acknowledge that TV might actually be beneficial for cinema in one way, as it might be used to show films and that this might actually help keep cinema alive.

And on this note Bazin returns to CinemaScope, and now from an aesthetic, and perhaps even moral, point of view. Here the teleological aspect of Bazin's thinking shows itself, as when he says that "the essence of film from the very start (one might even say as early as its seed took root in the inventor's imagination) has been a quest for the realism of the image". (By realism he here means "the greatest number of characteristics in common with natural perception".) CinemaScope will increase this realism, since it will add more depth and width to the images. These new Scope images will lead to "the stripping away of everything extrinsic to the quintessential meaning of the image, of all the expressionism of time and space".

So for Bazin, CinemaScope is similar to the deep focus as used by his heroes William Wyler, Jean Renoir and Orson Welles. It is for him part of the natural evolution of the cinema, of increasing the realism. Cinema will fulfil what for Bazin is its "ultimate aim", which is "not so much to mean as to reveal".

That was Bazin in 1953, looking around in the world, telling the reader what he saw and what he thought it meant. The essay succinctly captures his thinking and is therefore a good introduction, whilst at the same time being a good historical snapshot of cinema at the time of his writing. Next time I will look at another essay, from another year, and see what he saw then, and what he felt it meant.

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The other posts about Bazin are here: #2, #3, #4.

Correction 2012-02-01. The name of Bazin's essay is Will CinemaScope Save the Film Industry, not Will CinemaScope Save the Cinema as I had originally written.

Saturday, 14 January 2012

I wrote a post about Henry Hathaway last summer (link here) and I began by saying that very little had been written about him, and that he was not in the least appreciated as much as he should be. Since then I have seen ever more of his films and become more impressed by his talents and his consistency. Let me just mention two films today, The Sons of Katie Elder (1965) and Souls at Sea (1937), as being among his very best. Souls at Sea is especially impressive visually. The immense depth of field, the low ceilings and the alternations between small cramped spaces with, almost unnaturally, vast spaces are as impressive as in Citizen Kane (1941, i.e. made four years later) and I think it is about time to say that the working relationship between Henry Hathaway and cinematographer Charles Lang is one of the most important and artistically satisfying partnerships in cinema history.

I will eventually elaborate on that later on but for now I will just post links to a collection of online material about him. These are essays, reviews and comments that in some way are related to him or his films. I might not agree with everything they say, but they all bring something valid to the discussion.

The first one is by Dan Sallitt, who primarily discusses Home in Indiana (1944) and From Hell to Texas (1958).

This is a short piece by Richard T. Jameson about Hathaway in general.

Hathaway has not got his own entry at Senses of Cinema, but there is an essay there, by Pedro Blas Gonzalez, about Seven Thieves (1960).

Mike Grost has a summary of common features in Hathaway's films on his website.

And finally, a favourite. In 1965 Joan Didion wrote an essay about John Wayne (John Wayne: a Love Song), but since it is mostly about the making of Hathaway's The Sons of Katie Elder (1965) it deserves to be included here as well.

Sunday, 8 January 2012

It is 2012, the holidays are over and Fredrik on Film is back. How have you been?

The first post of the year will of course be about 2011. I am afraid I saw a depressingly low number of new releases. That is partly because few films come to the corner of Scotland where I toil away, and if they do they are shown only for a very short time. Also, since I move back and forth between Scotland and Sweden I sometimes miss films because it is shown in Sweden when I am in Scotland and then in Scotland when I am in Sweden...

However, I have seen a number of the most talked-about films, such as Melancholia (Lars von Trier), The Tree of Life (Terrence Malick), Bridesmaids (Paul Feig), Le Havre (Aki Kaurismäki), The Ides of March (George Clooney), The Turin Horse (A torinói ló, Bela Tarr) Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy (Tomas Alfredson)and The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo (David Fincher). I have also seen less talked-about films such as Friends With Benefits (Will Gluck), Barney's Version (Richard J. Lewis) and The Adjustment Bureau (George Nolfi). But although they have all given my something, be it laughter, suspense, anger, great acting or great visuals, it is not among these that my favourites can be found. Of those just mentioned only The Turin Horse felt like it completely succeeded on its own terms. The rest all failed in some respects, be it due to inconsistencies or awkwardness, or by being too outdraw or just plain dull. But even though The Turin Horse was sustained, I did not warm to it all that much.

There are however nine films that I have no quarrels with, and consequently they are my favourites from 2011. In no particular order, they are:Las acacias (Pablo Giorgelli)Moneyball (Bennett Miller)Midnight in Paris (Woody Allen)Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (Guy Ritchie)The Deep Blue Sea (Terence Davies)The Off Hours (Megan Griffiths)Blowfish (Hetun, Chi Y. Lee)Tomboy (Celine Sciamma)

Le quattro volte (Michelangelo Frammartino)

It is a varied collection. Las acacias is from Argentina and tells (in images, hardly any words) the story of a lorry driver who gives a lift to a woman and a baby. They both have their issues but gradually they warm to each other. Moneyball looks and feels like a cross between Michael Ritchie and Michael Mann, which is about as high praise as I can give. Midnight in Paris is a wet dream for lovers of Paris and the art and artists of the 1920s so obviously I loved it. Sherlock Holmes is that rare thing, a really good film by Guy Ritchie. Besides looking amazing it could possible be the greatest love story of the year. The writing is also exceptionally witty. The Deep Blue Sea is such a exercise in repressed emotions it becomes a living proof that there is such a thing as "felt ideas". The Off Hours is just life, captured spontaneously. Warm, tender and melancholic. Blowfish, from Taiwan, is whimsical and sexual, and quietly amusing. Tomboy is, like The Off Hours, life captured, and acted so effortlessly it felt more real than any documentary. And then there is Le quattro volte, the most astonishing film of the year. It was narratively audacious, but more so it was so brilliantly shot, paced and framed it made my knees weak. The sequence when a dog makes a car crash into a fence surrounding some sheep, and their subsequent escape, is one of the best things I have ever seen.
There is just one more film to mention, This is Not a Film (In film nist, Jafar Panahi). It is Panahi's protest against the Iranian regime, against his house arrest and against the fact that he has been banned from making films. As a film is in not all that exciting, but as a statement it is, and it does eventually become fascinating as well as infuriating.

I must say 2011 was a very good year for movies, and I enjoyed myself immensely in the cinema. Let's see what 2012 will bring.

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Some words about me

I have a Ph.D. in film history from the University of St Andrews. The thesis was about Swedish cinema in the 1940s, with a focus on the great but largely unknown Swedish filmmaker Hasse Ekman. I also have an M.A. in the History of Ideas.

I teach film history at a university outside Stockholm and I also work at the library at the Swedish Film Institute.Previously I have been working at the Ingmar Bergman Archives, among other things going through all of Bergman's personal correspondence. I have also been working as Ingmar Bergman coordinator at the Swedish Institute, organizing Bergman festivals all over the world.

I write regularly for different film journals, such as Filmrutan and La Furia Umana(where I am on the editorial board). I have contributed to some edited collections and I have also written articles and reviews for Frames Cinema Journal, which I was the founding editor off.