This project was part of a German-French research co-operation and investigated the practicability to immobilize heavy metals by adding iron oxides to contaminated soils (harbour sediment, bracky marsh contaminated by emission of a zinc/lead smelter, alluvial Gley soil contaminated by mining activity). Pot and field trials were carried out using three different soils. Five iron bearing materials were added to the soil (1% pure Fe in soil dry matter): Red mud from Al-industry, Fe-precipitation sludge from drinking water treatment, bog iron ore, unused steel shot and steel shot waste from surface treatment of rolled steel plates. When mixed with the soil NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} and DTPA extractable amounts of heavy metals and uptake by plants was markedly reduced. It was demonstrated that precipitated Fe-bearing sludge from drinking water treatment was a very effective material reducing the NH{sub 4}NO{sub 3} soluble amounts by 40-50% (DTPA 30-40%) in the pot tests while the uptake by plants was reduced by 40% and more. Heavy metals were strongly bound in a fixed order Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu and stayed immobilized until the end of project. Heavy metals were immobilized to a certain extent in field trials, but less effect was observed on concentration in plants and soil extracts compared with the pot tests. In practice the treatment should exceed the 1% pure Fe tested and the application should more homogeneously affect the soil layer where the plant roots mainly grow. (orig.) [Deutsch] Im Rahmen eines deutsch-franzoesischen Projektverbundes wurde die Moeglichkeit der Immobilisierung von Schwermetallen in kontaminierten Boedendurch gezielte Zufuhr von Eisenoxiden untersucht. Die praxisorientierten Untersuchungen wurden in Gefaess- und Feldversuchen mit drei unterschiedlichen Boeden (Spuelfeldboden aus Hafenschlick, immissionsbelastete Brackmarsch, durch Bergbau belasteter Auenboden) ausgefuehrt. Dazu wurden fuenf eisen(oxid)haltige Materialien (Rotschlamm aus der Al

One way to discover contaminations of soil in future is to use biological testing of soil extracts. For this purpose the baseline responses of the biological test systems have to be determined as a basis to distinguish between effects of natural soil components and those of contaminates. These basic level responses have been collected using water and organic extracts of 15 `uncontaminated` soils from different areas of Germany. The use of extracts for testing requires references between the soil extract, the soil itself and the test system. Starting values and the window of competence for testing are proposed. The starting value 1 SE is realized by equivalence of extract aliqouts of a defined soil amount (gramm soil equivalent, g SE) and the amount of test-(cultur)medium in g. The effect limits should be at least the double standard deviation of the blank (extract without soil components). In some test systems higher effect levels have to be fixed according to screening values of `uncontaminated` soils. If no relation can be found to the test-(culture)medium the so called window of competence has to be defined. This is necessary e.g. for the Salmonella mutagenicity test using agar as test medium. In this case screening results of `uncontaminated` soil extracts lead to a gramm Se range, the window of competence, inbetween which no natural response will be found. Extracts giving a mutation ratio (number of revertant colonies from sample extracts/number colonies from the blank) of {>=}2 were considered positively mutagenic. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es sollen kuenftig Bodenkontaminationen durch Testung der entsprechenden Bodenextrakte mit biologischen Wirktests aufgedeckt werden. Dazu muss als Voraussetzung der Grundlevel biologischer Antworten `unbelasteter` Boeden in Testsystemen bestimmt werden. Dieser wurde mit waessrigen und organischen Extrakten von ueber 15 `unbelasteten` Boeden aus verschiedenen Gegenden Deutschlands ermittelt. Die Verwendung von Extrakten fuer die

Climate forecasts regarding the 21st century raise expectations in soil erosion growth mainly due to changes in heavy precipitation characteristics and ground cover in line with the adaptation of the crop growing season to future climatic conditions. The aim of this study initiated by the Federal Environmental Agency was, to examine the impacts of climate change on soil erosion by water in Germany using data calculated by the statistical climate model WETTREG. Soil erosion by water was estimated following an USLE approach implemented in ABAGFlux and TerraFlux with focus on the usage-based erosion potential in German agricultural areas. In the 2nd project phase the USLE R factor was recalculated for the recent (1971-2000) and future climate periods (2011-2040, 2041-2070, 2071-2100) using statistical methods such as the peak over threshold method. Furthermore the climate-induced change of the C-factor was analyzed with respect to changes of culture periods, ground cover and the monthly R factor. Scenarios regarding future percentage of conservation tillage systems as also the potential and usage-based soil erosion for these four climate periods have been modelled. The results underline a requirement to differentiate the view on temporal and spatial development of R factors and potential soil erosion. There are minor changes between 2011 and 2040 followed by an increased erosion hazard in western and north-western Germany after 2041 while eastern and southern Germany face a downward trend of R factors, derived using WETTREG data of a reference period 1971 to 2000. Between 2071 and 2100 potential soil erosion rises with R factors above the actual state due to more heavy rain falls nearly all over Germany. The resulting temporal offset of culture periods and the monthly distribution of the R factor cause rising C factors in all time periods as also increasing usage-based soil erosion hazard in Germany. This study shows that soil erosion exists in Germany. The problem gains more and more importance due to climate change and calls for action strategies against soil erosion, especially extended conservation tillage systems in core regions of soil erosion hazards. (orig.)

The investigations showed that the LPS/IFN{gamma}-induced production of mediators by bone marrow macrophages was affected more significantly by PbCl{sub 2} in NOD mice, which are prone to autoimmunodiabetes, than in C57BL/6 mice. In NOD mice, the release of TNF{alpha} was enhanced by PbCl{sub 2} while the release of NO, PGE{sub 2}, MCP-1 and IL-12(p40) was decreased. The secretion of IL-12(p70) and IL-10 remained unmodulated. The PbCl{sub 2}-induced modulation of the pattern of secernated mediators can be interpreted as a shift towards an APC1 and maybe even a Th1 phenotype. The reduction of NO production in the presence of PbCl{sub 2} is assumed to be caused by the less pronounced expression of the gene of inducible NO synthase as the volume of specific mRNA measurable by RT-PCR was reduced. The enhanced production of TNF{alpha} is assumed to be due to an effect of PbCl{sub 2} on the protein kinase C dependent signal transducetion pathways. The hypotheses of a contribution of the expression of certain mHC molecules to the reactivity with PbCl{sub 2} could not be validated. The findings illustrate the immunomodulatory properties of the environmental pollutant PbCl{sub 2} and also the particular sensitivity of NOD mice. [German] In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass die LPS/IFN{gamma}-induzierte Produktion von Mediatoren durch Knochenmarksmakrophagen aus genetisch zum Autoimmundiabetes praedisponierten NOD-Maeusen deutlich staerker durch Bleichlorid (PbCl{sub 2}) beeinflusst werden kann als bei C57BL/6-Maeusen. Bei NOD-Maeusen wurde die Freisetzung von TNF4{alpha} durch PbCl{sub 2} erhoeht, die Freisetzung von NO, PGE{sub 2}, MCP-1 und IL-12(p40) erniedrigt. Nicht moduliert wurde die Sekretion von IL-12(p70) und IL-10. Die durch PbCl{sub 2} ausgeloeste Modulation des Musters sezernierter Mediatoren kann als Verschiebung in Richtung eines APC1- und in der Folge moeglicherweise auch eines Th1-Phaenotyps gedeutet werden. Die Reduktion der NO

Purpose: MR examinations may be necessary in patients under artificial ventilation. Possible imaging artifacts originating from ventilation tubing made from silicone are demonstrated. Materials and Methods: In silicone carbohydrate residues are bound to silicon atoms. In silicone gels they give strong signals in MR imaging. MR signals from more solid silicone rubber are only possible if the carbohydrate residues in the molecular chain retain a sufficient mobility. To investigate whether silicone tubes give signals in MR images, different tubes for ventilation made from silicone and polyester were examined at 1.5 T (Gyroscan ACS NT, Powertrak 6000 gradients) with MR imaging and spectroscopy (MRS: PRESS, TE = 20 ms; relaxation time measurements: MIXED sequence; imaging: FFE [gradient echo] and TSE sequences). Results: Using short TE ({<=} 4 ms), tubes and sockets made from silicone could be imaged with FFE and SE sequences. An SE sequence with a short TE = 4 ms provided a sufficient signal intensity to depict the tube clearly besides brain tissue of a volunteer. When foldover occured, the signal of the tube was projected onto the brain tissue. MR spectra confirmed that the image signal originated from the carbohydrate residues of the silicon molecule chains, not from residual water in the tube wall material. T{sub 2} determinations indicate a multiexponential relaxation including a large component with a short TE ({<=} 15 ms). Tubes made from a polyester elastomere did not show up in MR images. Conclusion: In MR images acquired with very short echo times silicone in ventilation tubes may produce significant artifacts. (orig.) [German] Ziel: Untersuchungen am MR-Tomographen sind unter Umstaenden auch bei beatmeten Patienten indiziert. Auf die moeglichen Bildartefakte durch Beatmungsschlaeuche aus Silikon soll hier hingewiesen werden. Material und Methodik: In Silikonen sind Kohlenwasserstoffreste an Silizium-Atome gebunden. Silikongel zeigt deutliche Signale im MR

Propylene glycol is used in foods, medicine and cosmetics because it is a good solvent which has, simultaneously, moisture-regulating, antiseptic, and preservative effects. Propylene glycol may produce eczematous skin reactions of toxic and, more rarely, of allergic nature. Positive patch test...

In this thesis polymer-metal nanocomposites were fabricated by simultaneous sputtering of silver and polymers from two independent magnetron sputtering sources. By the netted structure and the dielectric properties PTFE is suited for the use as matrix material. The metal content of the composite films was determined via the measurement of EDX intensities. The size of the nanoparticles was determined by means of TEM and XRD and lies in the range of 10 nm. The composite materials show at the percolation limit a sudden transition of the properties from polymer- to metal-like behaviour. The specific resistance decreases in a range between 35 and 40 % silver content by at least nine orders of magnitude. The optical properties change with the metal content. The absorption caused by plasmon resonance, which has at small filling degrees its maximum at about 000 nm and has an intense yellow colour of the composite material as consequence shifts with increasing silver content to longer wavelengths. The difference in the optical.behaviour of the nanocomposites and the pure polymers can be used for the fabrication of Bragg reflectors. Small changes in the metal content can in the polymer-silver nanocomposites in the range of the percolation threshold effect a drastic change in ther properties, by which applications as sensors are thinkable. [German] In dieser Arbeit wurden Polymer-Metall-Nanokomposite durch gleichzeitiges Sputtern von Silber und Polymeren aus zwei unabhaengigen Magnetron-Sputterquellen hergestellt. Durch die vernetzte Struktur und die dielektrischen Eigenschaften eignet sich PTFE zur Verwendung als Matrixmaterial. Der Metallgehalt der Kompositfilme wurde ueber die Messung von EDX-Intensitaeten ermittelt. Die Groesse der Nanopartikel wurde mit Hilfe von TEM und XRD bestimmt und liegt im Bereich von 10 nm. Die Kompositmaterialien zeigen an der Perkolationsgrenze einen schlagartigen Uebergang der Eigenschaften vom polymer- zum metallaehnlichen Verhalten. Der

Two studies on the subject of 'Climate Protection through Reduction of No-load Losses in Electric Applicances and Equipment' have been performed on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety and the German Federal Environmental Agency. The first study, carried out by the Tuebingen-based engineering bureau eboek, has been published in the Federal Environmental Agency's TEXTE series (Texte 45/97, 2{sup nd} edition, 1998). It was the starting point for a multitude of activities among them two information campaigns carried out in 1998 and 1999 that were funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment and the German Section of the Friends of the Earth (BUND). The study also served as a basis for decisions taken by the German Bundestag and the Bundesrat (Council of Constituent States). The second study on the subject was carried out by the engineering bureau eboek and Energiestiftung Schleswig-Holstein. Building on the results obtained in the first study, it presents estimates of relevant data for the European Union and examines various approaches for possible measures to reduce no-load losses as to their suitability. The studies impressively show that effective climate protection can be achieved in all relevant sectors, and in many cases even save costs. The results are detailed below. (orig.) [German] Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit sowie des Umweltbundesamtes wurden zwei Studien zum Thema: 'Klimaschutz durch Minderung von Leerlaufverlusten bei Elektrogeraeten' durchgefuehrt: Die erste, vom Ingenieurbuero fuer Energieberatung, Haustechnik und oekologische Konzepte (eboek), Tuebingen, earbeitete Studie wurde in der Reihe TEXTE des UBA veroeffentlicht (Texte 45/97, 2. Auflage 1998). Sie bildete den Ausgangspunkt fuer eine Vielzahl von Aktivitaeten, unter anderem zwei vom Bundesumweltministerium finanzierte und vom Bund fuer Umwelt und

A major issue in radiation protection is to protect the population from the harmful effects of exposure to radon and radon progeny. Quantification of the lung cancer risk emanating from exposure to radon decay products in residential and working environments poses problems, as epidemiologic studies yield information deviating from the results obtained by the indirect method of assessment based on dosimetric respiratory tract models. One important task of the publication here was to characterize the various exposure conditions and to quantify uncertainties that may result from application of the ``dose conversion convention``. A special aerosol spectrometer was therefore designed and built in order to measure the size distributions of the short-lived radon decay products in the range between 0.5 nm and 10 000 nm. The aerosol spectrometer consists of a three-step diffusion battery with wire nets, an 11-step BERNER impactor, and a detector system with twelve large-surface proportional detectors. From the measured size distributions, dose conversion coefficients, E/P{sup eq}, were calculated using the PC software RADEP; the RADEP program was developed by BIRCHALL and JAMES and is based on the respiratory tract model of the ICRP. The E/P{sup eq} coefficients indicate the effective dose E per unit exposure P{sup eq} to radon decay products. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] Eines der groessten Probleme des Strahlenschutzes ist der Schutz der Bevoelkerung vor einer Strahlenexposition durch Radon und seine Folgeprodukte. Die Quantifizierung des Lungenkrebsrisikos, das durch Radonexpositionen in Wohnungen und an Arbeitsplaetzen verursacht wird, ist ein grosses Problem, weil epidemiologische Studien ein anderes Ergebnis liefern, als die indirekte Methode der Abschaetzung mit dosimetrischen Atemtrakt-Modellen. Eine wichtige Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, unterschiedliche Expositionsbedingungen zu charakterisieren und die Unsicherheiten zu quantifizieren, die sich aus der

Full Text Available This paper demonstrates the extent to which the media and belonging in Africa are torn between competing and often conflicting claims of bounded and flexible ideas of culture and identity. It draws on studies of xenophobia in Cameroon and South Africa, inspired by the resilience of the politicization of culture and identity, to discuss the hierarchies and inequalities that underpin political, economic and social citizenship in Africa and the world over, and the role of the media in the production, enforcement and contestation of these hierarchies and inequalities. In any country with liberal democratic aspirations or pretensions, the media are expected to promote national citizenship and its emphasis on large-scale, assimilationist and territorially bounded belonging, while turning a blind eye to those who fall through the cracks as a result of racism and/or ethnicity. Little wonder that such an exclusionary articulation of citizenship is facing formidable challenges from its inherent contradictions and closures, and from an upsurge in the politics of recognition and representation by small-scale communities claiming autochthony at a historical juncture where the rhetoric espouses flexible mobility, postmodern flux and discontinuity. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt auf, inwieweit die Medien und gesellschaftliche Bindungen in Afrika zwischen konfligierenden Ansprüchen abgegrenzter und sich wandelnder kultureller Identitäten zerrissen sind. Angeregt durch die Erfahrung der kontinuierlichen Politisierung kultureller und sozialer Identitäten zieht der Autor Studien zu Fremdenfeindlichkeit in Kamerun und Südafrika heran, um die Hierarchien und Ungleichheiten zu diskutieren, auf denen politische, wirtschaftliche und soziale Staatsbürgerschaft in Afrika und darüber hinaus basiert, sowie die Rolle der Medien bei der Entstehung, Verstärkung und im Wettstreit dieser Hierarchien und Ungleichheiten. In jedem liberal-demokratisch ausgerichteten Staat

Pyrite (FeS{sub 2}) oxidation due to open-pit lignite mining activities may result in acid mine drainage and dissolved metals in the soil and ground water of the overburden spoil piles. The pyrite oxidation takes place firstly during the mining process and at the temporary surfaces of the mine, secondly in deep zones of the overburden spoil pile as a result of gas transport through the unsaturated zone. The second process continues after mine closure possibly over several decades and therefore contaminates the environment for a long time. Whereas some studies deal with a minimisation by geochemical means, this research focuses on a minimisation by impacting the physical boundary conditions. Special attention is given to the transport of oxygen from the soil surface to the pyrite oxidation zone. Soil column experiments with columns of 2.90 m height yield experimental data concerning the pyrite oxidation and the related transport processes in the unsaturated zone. Experimental data are compared to simulation results obtained with the model MUSIC; it calculates coupled reaction and transport processes in a one-dimensional soil profile using the finite volume method. Pyrite oxidation is described by means of a first order kinetics, the gas transport takes place by diffusion as well as convection. The transport of solutes in the soil water is described by the convection-dispersion equation (Cl{sup -}, Fe{sup 2+} and SO{sub 4}{sup 2-}). The simulations are able to reproduce the measured time series of oxygen concentrations in the soil profile. (orig.) [German] Die durch Braunkohlegewinnung im Tagebau hervorgerufene Pyritoxidation (Pyrit: FeS{sub 2}) kann zu Versauerung, Schwermetallfreisetzung und Aufmineralisierung des Boden- und Grundwassers in den Abraumkippen fuehren. Die Pyritoxidation findet zum einen waehrend des Abbaubetriebs und an den temporaeren Oberflaechen des Tagebaus statt, zum anderen in tieferen Bereichen der Abraumkippe durch Gastransport durch die

Full Text Available Für die Medienpädagogik ist wie für jede Pädagogik das Theorie-Praxis-Problem relevant. Im Beitrag wird partizipative Aktionsforschung als Methode zur Gestaltung von Theorie-Praxis-Korrelationen untersucht. Dazu wird zunächst das Theorie-Praxis-Problem als Relation der Korrelationen zwischen Theorie und Praxis in Forschungs- und Unterrichtsmethoden bestimmt. Anschließend wird durch Interpretationen von Theorien zur partizipativen Aktionsforschung und von Daten aus einem Projekt untersucht, ob die Relation von Forschung und Unterricht so gestaltet werden kann, dass zu souveränen Akten in solidarisch-libertären Gemeinschaften aufgefordert wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass dies möglich und die Methode also medienpädagogisch relevant ist. As for any education, the theory-practice transformation problem is relevant for media education. In this paper, participatory action research is investigated as a method to design the correlation of theory and practice. To do so, the theory-practice problem is understood as the relation of the correlations between theory and practice in research and teaching methods. Subsequently, it is researched if the relation of research and teaching can be designed to call for sovereign acts in solidary-libertarian communities. The research is conducted by interpreting participatory action research theories and project data. It is shown that it is possible to call for sovereign acts. Thus the suggested method can be considered as relevant for media education.

Full Text Available [english] The Library for the Medical Faculty of Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg supplies literature and information for research, teaching and further education purposes at the “Universitätsmedizin Mannheim”. Cooperation and networking with the central facilities, departments, working groups, and information multipliers result in new, future-oriented areas of work that go beyond traditional library tasks. New services for students focus primarily on academic research and writing skills, while information and consulting services which are flexible in terms of time and location are being developed for staff members of the clinical departments and institutes. The recent cooperation with actors in the field of evidence-based medicine has yielded the innovative service “systematic literature search” which is designed to support doctors and scientists in the preparation of grant proposals for clinical trials, systematic reviews, and guidelines. Currently, the library is widening access to its new services to include doctors, scientists, and other health practitioners in the region, and evaluating chargeable services for these user groups.[german] Die Bibliothek der Medizinischen Fakultät Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg dient der Literatur- und Informationsversorgung für Forschung, Lehre, Fort- und Weiterbildung an der Universitätsmedizin Mannheim. Neue, zukunftsorientierte Aufgabenfelder, die über die klassischen bibliothekarischen Arbeitsschwerpunkte hinausgehen, erschließt sich die Bibliothek durch enge Kooperation und Vernetzung mit den zentralen Einrichtungen und Abteilungen, Arbeitskreisen und Multiplikatoren innerhalb der Universitätsmedizin Mannheim. Neue Services für die Zielgruppe der Studierenden richten sich vor allem auf den Bereich des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens, während für Mitarbeiter in den Einrichtungen, Kliniken und Instituten der Universitätsmedizin zeitlich und räumlich flexible Informations

Family businesses are experiencing a revival in the German economy. In the face of the challenges of globalization and the ongoing relocation of production facilities, “home base oriented” enterprises meet with increasing attention and gain in importance. Family-owned enterprises have indeed been

Simulator training is a key component in achieving and preserving on the long term the necessary expertise of plant personnel also required by the authorities. In this way, it makes an important contribution to the safe operation of nuclear power plants. Simulators are a component in the training of operating personnel of nuclear power plants which allows nuclear power plant operators to be prepared in a focused and practice-oriented way for their activity in everyday plant operation and for possible accident simulation. The simulator center is supported by 5 nuclear power plant operators: the German E.ON Kernkraft GmbH, RWE Power AG, EnBW Kraftwerke AG, and Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH companies as well as the Netherlands N.V. Electriciteits-Produktiemaatschappij Zuid-Nederland. They established a joint enterprise in Essen which performs in one central place the duty of simulator training incumbent upon all nuclear power plants. (orig.)

Full Text Available Virtual reality will gain a more and more important role in our everyday life. So it is very important to understand fully the impact and influence virtual reality will have on or view of the world. This article reveals that the interdependencies between the real space and the virtual space are much more subtle and profound then on first sight. Especially the value of several mathematical, physical and biological models and simulation methodologies will be reestimated by the use of virtual reality in the long term. As an example the article describes the historical chain from quaternions to quaoaring and how this may lead to a paradigm change in biology.

In the frame of this research project a simulation program has been developed in order to investigate suspension pressure build-up in crankshaft axial bearings taking into account mixed friction conditions. The investigated system is performing in a dynamic way taking into account the engine dynamics. Based upon the high engineering state of radial slide bearings, axial bearings as well as conical slide faces with any conical angle can be simulated in the same way. The solid body contact share in the system to be investigated is taken into account by the integral effect of the real microscopic surface structure on microhydrodynamics and contact pressure build-up. The influence of individual parameters, as e.g. macro-geometric bearing surface design can be investigated by means of simulation results. Wavy stopping faces and bearing surfaces with Rayleigh-steps are characterised by high hydrodynamic supporting pressure magnitudes in terms of macrogeometry. Elasto-hydrodynamic investigations at one stop collar and under engine-specific load on stop disks of a base bearing show the influence of structure elasticity and prove the necessity to consider them when the individual systems are analysed. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen des durchgefuehrten Forschungsvorhabens wurde ein Simulationsprogramm zur Untersuchung des Tragdruckaufbaus in Kurbelwellen-Axiallagern unter Beruecksichtigung von Mischreibungszustaenden entwickelt. Das untersuchte System verhaelt sich dabei unter Beruecksichtigung der Motordynamik dynamisch. Ausgehend von dem hohen Entwicklungsstand von Radialgleitlagern koennen Axiallager sowie kegelfoermige Gleitflaechen mit beliebigen Kegelwinkeln in gleicher Weise simuliert werden. Dem hohen Festkoerperkontaktanteil in dem zu untersuchenden System wird durch die Beruecksichtigung der integralen Wirkung der realen mikroskopischen Oberflaechenstruktur auf Mikrohydrodynamik und Kontaktdruckaufbau Rechnung getragen. Anhand von Simulationsergebnissen kann der

The energy management system called BoFiT and specific new applications are explained which have been developed as one project task of the coordinated research project sponsored by the German ministry of economics,(BMWi), entitled ''Risks and opportunities of the liberalized electricity market''. The major objective of the project is: Finding efficient strategies to ensure the competitiveness of the cogeneration technology in the deregulated power and gas markets, in particular for the purpose of enhancing the penetration of the ecologically beneficial, cogenerated district heating supply in those markets. The focus of this report is on a specific application of the integrated BoFiT decision support system, for which the ''model for microsimulation of spot transactions at the Power Exchange based on a multi-agent system'' has been developed and is explained in great detail. (orig./CB) [German] Mit dem Energiemanagementsystem BoFiT soll den Unternehmen eine effektive und operativ nutzbare Entscheidungsunterstuetzung angeboten werden. Wesentliche Ziele des Verbundprojektes des BMWi sind: Unterstuetzung der KWK und speziell der darauf basierenden oekologisch sinnvollen Fernwaermeversorgung durch Anpassung von Arbeitsablaeufen und Werkzeugen zur Findung betriebswirtschaftlich optimaler Einsatz- und Betriebsstrategien; Kostenoptimierung der Kraftwerke, Vertraege und Stromhandelsaktivitaeten unter den Randbedingungen der deregulierten Strom- und Gasmaerkte. Als Beispiel einer solchen integrierten Entscheidungsunterstuetzung wird das ''Modell zur Mikrosimulation des Spothandels von Strom auf der Basis eines Multi-Agenten-Systems'' ausfuehrlich beschrieben. (orig./CB)

The article gives an overview of how synthetically useful chiral building blocks can be obtained by kinetic resolution of chiral, racemic aldehydes through the reaction with chiral phosphonate reagents....

report a case with rupture of the arteria subscapularis following reduction of an anterior shoulder dislocation with formation of an axillary hematoma and consecutive paresis of the plexus brachialis. Interdisciplinary operative revision was necessary to remove the hematoma, stop the hemorrhage...

The efficiency of energy is one of several key performance parameters, when it comes to the questions how innovative and economical a plant operates compared to its competitors. However, in order to evaluate energy saving potentials in the industry, we need transparency first: A clear picture of the energy consumption based on products and processes. This transparency can be accomplished through business intelligence (BI). This term encompasses analytical processes and tools that can help to transform enterprise data and information into applied knowledge. In this article, we focus on transparency of the energy consumption through a targeted analysis by making use of business intelligence.

Allergic reactions due to stings of Hymenoptera species, such as honeybees or yellow jackets, are well known as severe allergies with potentially fatal outcome. Much less common is that also bites of blood-sucking insects (mosquitos, horseflies, flies, bugs, lice and fleas) and arachnids (ticks) ...

Full Text Available Precision management makes it possible to align cultivation intensity with demand and thus adjust expenses to the necessary level. The proportion of normal-sized, marketable commodity – i. e. size grade 40 to 60 mm – can thus be increased in potato growing too. Planting distances adapted to the soil properties seem to achieve this objective. Yields could be improved further, especially in intensive potato-growing regions where irrigation and fertilizing already contribute to a consistently high yield potential in the rather light soils. Different planting distances on individual soil plots were tested in the authors’ own trials. Planting distances of 31.50 cm in light soils, 24.50 cm in medium soils and 27.50 cm in heavy soils produced the best results. Both the overall yield and the proportion of marketable goods were improved.

Full Text Available An important challenge of higher educational institutions is the inclusion of non-traditional learners. The following paper presents a project, which researched the challenges and special needs of student top athletes. First the paper will present the results of a qualitative study about the challenges and conditions of their study programs and commitments of student top athletes at the University of Applied Science Mittweida. Based on this results a blended learning scenario in combination with the flipped classroom has been introduced and tested.

The successful execution of the legal regulation for preservation and development of waters depends above all on the awareness for environment. In times of increasing estrangement from nature it is necessary to prepare children for their works as conscious citizen, councilmen, mayors or future managers as early as their preschool environmental education. (orig.)

Fluxless flame soldering and brazing of different pipe joints made of aluminium alloys can be realized by charging the joining zone with high power ultrasonic during the current process. The fundamental requirement for a successful ultrasonic assisted fluxless flame soldering or brazing is to couple the ultrasonic directly to the molten solder via a sonotrode. In order to guarantee defined acoustic conditions, constant temperature gradients in the sonotrode are required. This can be achieved by adapting a water cooling at the sonotrode. The acoustic energy which is applied to the joining zone causes the development of cavitations and ''micro-streams'' in the molten brazing filler metal. These effects ensure the occurrence of wetting and diffusion processes in the joining zone. (orig.)

One instrument to withdraw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is the so called Biochar. Through photosynthesis and a thermochemical biomass treatment (pyrolysis) the bound carbon will be stabilized and thereby stored permanently. The product (biochar) is intended to be mainly used as soil enhancer on arable land. Early analyses indicate no economic feasibility yet. Therefore new ways of utilization need to be identified along the agricultural value chain to generate additional earnings. One option is the application of biochar as an additive within the biogas process. Different international research institutes were able to measure an increase in biogas production due to the biochar addition. One reason might be accumulation of methanogenic bacteria as well as the increase of the surface area to improve the microbial functionality which leads to additional gas production. The study presented here investigated the optimal process stage within the fermentation process (main digester or secondary fermenter) to add the biochar and thereby improve the gas production. By adding biochar to the main digester an increase in gas production of approximately 9 % over a time span of 91 days was measured. To analyse the effect within the secondary fermenter two different approaches were tested. The effect of the surface area was assessed by comparing the influence of original biochar and large char particles. The original Biochar led to an increase of more than 13 % and the large particles even enhanced methane production by 24 % over 91 days. (orig.)

Childhood leukemia in the vicinity of nuclear power plants has long been a hot discussion topic. For some, it was proved that the nuclear power stations are responsible, for others it could not be explained by the established dosimetric models. Today, with some years of distance, and after a thorough review by a renowned English expert team, the COMARE working group, there is now more clarity. The 17{sup th} report of this working group published in 2016 confirms the hypothesis that there is no causal link between childhood leukemia and the radioactivity released by nuclear plants in the UK. It is therefore necessary to look for other explanations for dose cases where a significant increase has been observed. The commission also does not see any reason to question the established principles and methods of dosimetry and radiation risk assessment.

DE 102006003835 A1 UPAB: 20070402 NOVELTY - A method for fabricating a semiconductor module with a contacted active structure involves preparing a semiconductor wafer, locating at least one thin aluminum-contact elevation into conducting connection with the one of the metallic contacts and aligning the surface of the wafer parallel to and towards the upper face of a substrate having a metallic structure, and pressing the wafer on to the substrate and welding the wafer on to the substrate by u...

While there is no simple recipe of how to respond to the multitude of languages present in many European schools, this article presents a promising alternative to monolingual education. The focus is on Staatliche Europa-Schule Berlin (SESB), a two-way immersion (TWI) model that unites children whose mother tongue is German with children whose mother tongue is another locally spoken language in one class and teaches them together in two languages. Thus in this model, offered by 17 primary schools and 13 secondary schools in Berlin, pupils learn in two languages from and with each other. Based on a largely quantitative, quasi-experimental study with 603 students, evidence is provided that there are a number of peace-linguistic benefits that can promote two-way social integration, besides fostering personal and societal multilingualism. This suggests that TWI education as practised in Berlin could serve as an educational model for other multilingual parts of Europe.

DE 10228924 C UPAB: 20031216 NOVELTY - Component made from a titanium aluminide material produced by reaction sintering in a powder metallurgical method has oxygen as oxide of a further element formed by thermal treatment and/or during sintering embedded in the titanium aluminide material. The whole titanium aluminide material contains more than 0.1 wt.% oxygen. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is also included for a process for the powder metallurgy production of the above compone...

Full Text Available Ludwig van Beethoven composed two versions of Goethe's poem „Neue Liebe, neues Leben" in 1798/99 and 1810 respectively. A comparison of both versions reveals a change in the composer's intention. At first in several passages he followed the more traditional technique of transferring single words of the text directly into musical figures. Later on he seemed more intent on expressing the general mood and eliminated some of the rather simplistic details in favour of a more subjective rendering of the poems content.

Full Text Available Experts and novices typically show different competencies in learning by abstraction. While novices typically consider the concrete example, experts often abstract from an example towards the underlying principles. This article presents a process and a computer-supported learning environment for learning through abstraction. An evaluation of the learning environment shows that pilot students were able to construct an abstract model from experience reports using the learning environment. The fewer common surface features the examples had, the easier was the abstraction. We also found that learners reflect on their learning process and adjusted the process to their specific learning preferences by following a modified process for learning through abstraction.

In the absence of a positive agreement on the use of nuclear power mankind will not be able to live in peace. Viability is endagered by worldwide battles for energy. In the long term, the peaceful utilization of nuclear power must be given priority because the reserves of fossil energy resources will have been consumed in a few generations' time and renewable energy sources do not produce a yield high enough to meet the demand for energy of a continuously increasing world population. Creativity and captial must ensure sufficient and sustainable supplies of energy and goods for everybody. Environmental protection is facilitated by the use of nuclear power, for nuclear power is a source of energy whose waste can be removed from the biosphere completely and safely. (orig.).

The aim of the thesis at hand was to investigate dynamical behaviour in charge transport through organic molecules experimentally with the help of the mechanically controlled break junction (MCBJ) technique. the thesis concentrates on the complex interaction between the molecular contact configuration and the electronic structure. it is shown that by variation of the electrode distance and so by a manipulation of the molecule and contact configuration the electronic structure as well as the coupling between the molecule and the electrodes is affected. The latter statement is an additional hint how closely I-V-characteristics depend on the molecular contact configuration. Depending on the applied voltage and so the electric field there are two different configurations preferred by the molecular contact. A potential barrier between these two states is the origin of the hysteresis. A central part of the thesis is dealing with measurements of the current noise. Finally it can be concluded that the detailed discussion reveals the strong effect of dynamical interactions between the atomic configuration of the molecular contact and the electronic structure on the charge transport in single molecule junctions. (orig.)

In order of optimally heat a building, the required comfort conditions have to be fulfilled at the right time with possibly low energy expenditure. Control and regulation systems contribute essentially to this requirement. By means of stored program control with integrated direct digital control (SPS/DDC), complex control and regulation functions can be rather easily solved via the software. Data and conditions of different system components are interchanged or are monitored and changed if necessary through the operator by means of a service and observation system. This high capacity range of SPS/DDC facilitates the realization of functions which correspond to the latest trends of energy experts. (orig./BWI).

When dredged sediments contaminated by heavy metals are exposed to air, the metals become partly soluble and the material turns into an environmental risk. As an alternative to disposal of dredged sludge in landfills, a cleansing process based on solid-bed bioleaching is under development. Solid-bed leaching works only on materials easily permeable by both air and water. Unfortunately, freshly dredged sediment is impermeable and thus unsuitable for solid-bed leaching. Therefore, the structure of the contaminated sediment must be altered in a preliminary conditioning step. The SECON plant, constructed for practical-scale conditioning experiments, can accommodate sediment packages of up to 2 m in thickness. Four treatment basins were each filled with 44 m{sup 3} of freshly dredged, silty sediments from the Weisse Elster River. One basin was planted with reed (Phragmites australis), a second one with reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). The sediment in the third basin was exposed to spontaneously developing plants while the sediment in the fourth basin was kept free of vegetation. During one vegetation period, large amounts of water were extracted by evapotranspiration. As a result, cracks and cavities developed within the package through which air penetrated and oxidized the sediment. Plant root and microbe activities transformed the sludge into a crumbly, soil-like material. The transformation did not encompass the entire sediment package; after six months of treatment, a subsurface layer of various thickness remained anoxic with a muddy-pasty texture. Reed canary grass was best suited for conditioning. It structurally improved most of the sediment package and, in contrast to reed, it did not become infected with pests and diseases. (orig.)

Wastes from ships are an important source of litter in the marine environment in the Southern North Sea and cause serious economic and ecological damage. Inadequacies in the ship to shore waste delivery procedures are considered a major factor in illegal discharges. The European Union addressed the

The author of the book under consideration reports on the support of renewable energy sources by Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and land management. The first part of this book is addressed to actual land political and planning legal fundamentals of the energy policy turnaround as well as on future developments of the planning instruments. The second part of this book presents GIS based tools and concrete application examples which are very valuable for regional authorities in the implementation of the energy policy turnaround: solar plant cadastre, holistic potential analysis for all forms of renewable energy systems, visibility studies, flexible power grids and so forth.

In close interdisciplinary cooperation with BMW Group, Boysen has developed an air-gap-insulated exhaust manifold that encompasses both banks of the 4.4 l V8 spark-ignition twin turbo engine of the BMW X5 M and BMW X6 M. The manifold merges the exhaust gas flow from the cylinders of the left-hand and right-hand cylinder banks in opposing pairs, thus optimising gas exchange. Due to improvements in response, torque and power characteristics of the engine, the cylinder-bank comprehensive exhaust manifold helps achieve high fuel efficiency. (orig.)

Computer-Mediated Communication in Urban Planning - Supporting Formal Participation Processes with Issue Based In formation Systems A "new planning culture" is increasingly practiced in urban planning. New forms of participation initiate and further communication and discussion processes between different interest groups. This reorientation in the participation practice of urban planning also takes place in discourses of planning theory in which "communication planning" or "new planning cultu...

Electronic commerce has become an important factor in present-day business. The reflection ofbusiness ethics asks four questions: - To what extent does e-commerce improve the ethical quality of decision making and performing in the sphere of commerce? - Does e-commerce promote the >>reason

The decomposition processes in lakes are documented in few reports only, and it is therefore important to improve our understanding of the process of leaf conditioning and its effects on the benthic community in lakes. In the present thesis I investigated how the identity of microbial colonisers affects the consumption by macroinvertebrates organisms were examined. For the studies presented here the shredder Gammarus roeselii and small-particle-feeder Limnomysis benedeni, a recent invader of ...

The specific end or primary energy consumption of single manufacturing stages is determined with the help of process chain analysis. The overall system considered is divided into process chain segments which themselves are represented in units of process stages. For the investigation of the energy used in single-piece manufacture by massive forming, there is a projected process stage which shows the energy consumption of the initial semi-finished product. The second process stage determines the energy used for manufacturing by means of massive forming. The materials examined are steel and aluminium materials from which workpieces are produced almost waste-free by means of cold, warm or hot extrusion. The required energy consumption as well as the manufacturing and energy costs for any manufacturing by means of massive forming are determined with the help of a computer program. From surveys of several manufacturing sequences it can be shown that 10-20% of the energy consumption can be saved under existing operational conditions, without investments having to be made. On a long-term basis, up to 40% of the energy consumption may be saved by adjusting the manufacturing equipment. (orig./MM).

Full Text Available This article focuses on the acquisition of German verb inflection by native speakers of Thai, an isolated language which has no concept of inflection at all. The acquisition process of German verb morphology is analyzed based on all the verb inflectional affixes found in the corpus consisting of spontaneous utterances in Standard German produced by16 female immigrants living in German-speaking Switzerland. It aims to find out a systematic acquisition order of verb inflectional morphemes and the explanation to this sequence, especially to answer the following four questions: 1 What is the acquisition order of verb inflectional morphemes found in this group of informants 2 Are there any differences between the acquisition of finite and that of non-finite verbs? 3 Are there any differences in the verb morphology acquisition of different types of verbs? 4 Does the acquisition of verb inflection by these informants share more similiarities with the instructed or with the natural acquisition of German as a second language?

The unit for after-treatment for waste or exhaust gases comprises a reactor chamber, through the length of which the gas flows, from inlet to outlet (61, 62). A first electrode (10) is located on or near a flat dielectric (20) screening it from the reaction chamber. The second electrode (32) is near the dielectric, within the reaction chamber, and is flat and perforated. The second electrode (32) is oppositely-connected to the first electrode. Also claimed is the method of gas after-treatment...

This thesis tries to search for historical origins of two salient features of South Korean economic culture: authoritarianism and particularism. Contrary to prevailing opinion that these features originated from Confucianism, which was the state ideology in the Chosun dynasty, this work contends that they are rather influenced by the way how the country was modernized under foreign influences since the end of 19th century. Social Darwinism, Japanese colonial rule and Korean War caused by sepa...

Full Text Available The research of H.-G. Gadamer and F. Volpi have showed the intimate connection between Sein und Zeit and the philosophy of Aristotle, specially the Nicomachean Ethics. The influence of other thinkers on the hermeneutical phenomenology has received less attention. Amongst the thinkers, whose contributions have not been sufficiently highlighted figures Leibniz. In this context, some relations between Leibniz’s monadological thinking and the metaphysics of Heidegger’s Dasein are considered and interpreted in this paper. It is argued that, to certain extent, an appropriation of Monadology’s metaphysics takes place in Dasein’s metaphysics.

The main problem in view of the direct disposal of the nuclear graphite is its large volume. This waste contains long-lived and short-lived radionuclides which determine the waste strategy. The irradiated graphite possess high amount of the {sup 14}C isotope. The main object of the present work was the selective separation of {sup 14}C isotope from the isotope {sup 12}C by thermal treatment (pyrolysis, partial oxidation). A successful separation could reduce the radiotoxicity and offer a different disposal strategy. Three different graphite types were investigated. The samples originate from the reflector and from the flaking of spherical fuel elements of the high-temperature reactor (AVR) Juelich. The samples from the thermal column of the research reactor (Merlin, Juelich) were also investigated. The maximum tritium releases were obtained both in inert gas atmosphere (N{sub 2}) and under water vapour-oxidizing conditions at 1280 C and 900 C. Furthermore it could be shown that 28% of {sup 14}C could be released under inert gas conditions at a 1280 C. By additive of oxidizing agent such as water vapour and oxygen the {sup 14}C release could be increased. Under water vapour-oxidizing conditions at a temperature of 1280 C up to 93% of the {sup 14}C was separated from the graphite. The matrix corrosion of 5.4% was obtained. The selective separation of the {sup 14}C is possible, because a substantial part of the radiocarbon is bound near the grain boundary surfaces. (orig.)

This report describes our experiences with the bone imaging in athletes. We studied 10 athletes and 10 other patients with spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine and 16 athletes with suspicion of alterations of extremities. An increased uptake of this radiopharmaceutical was detected in six of 10 athletes with spondylolisthesis caused probably by stress fracture. Bone scans were negative in seven of 16 athletes with suspicion of lesion of extremities. In the remaining 9 patients scans were abnormal and showed periosteal injuries, epiphyseal alteration, joint abnormalities, tibial stress fractures and couvert fracture. It was also abnormal in bone injuries not evident in radiography. (orig.).

Objectives: This study adds to the ongoing discussion on how to ease the transition from undergraduate medical training to postgraduate training. In the Netherlands there is no central matching system for admission to residency. Medical school graduates just apply for a position in an open job

Using ambient energy by piezoelectric energy harvesting systems received much attention over the last years. Most vibration-based generators produce a sufficient power only if the transducer is excited in its resonance frequency. The use of magnetic forces suggests a promising strategy to increase the efficiency. This paper presents different ways for broadband piezoelectric energy harvesting using nonlinear magnetic forces. (orig.)

Due to the restoration of the Emscher river system, large amounts of the Emschermergel, a Cretaceous sediment containing significant amounts of carbonate and pyrite, will be released from its anoxic state. The oxidation of pyrite results in the release of protons, iron and sulfate. In order to evaluate the impact of the reaction products, extensive laboratory investigations were carried out. The methodology can detect pyrite content in the range of magnitude of the Rhenish lignite mining area (average 0.21 wt.% Pyritic-S). The formation of a naturally-occurring weathering horizon could also be detected. Under laboratory conditions, further oxidation of the weathered laboratory samples could be observed. Column experiments show significant release of sulfate at high concentrations. Hydrochemical modelling and acid-base accounting show neutralization of the free protons by the effective carbonate buffer in the sediment.

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) reports on work done in the area of gasification of biomass. The use of dung, manure and sewage sludge as sources of energy is described and discussed. Hydrothermal gasification is proposed as an alternative to conventional gas-phase processes. The aim of the project in this respect is discussed. Here, a catalytic process that demonstrates the gasification of wet biomass to synthetic natural gas (SNG) in a continuously operating plant on a laboratory scale is being looked at. Difficulties encountered in preliminary tests are discussed. Long-term catalyst stability and the installations for the demonstration of the process are discussed, and gasification tests with ethanol are commented on.

Some Remarks on Lujo Brentano's View of Labor Market Problems Lujo Brentano (1844-1931) aimed for "realism" in economics. Regarding labor market theory, two topics are of particular interest: His investigations on "Hours and Wages in Relation to Production" (Scribner's 1894) and his analysis "On the History and Development of Gilds and the Origins of Trade Unions" (Trubner 1870). The topics of are discussed with a view on recent developments in labor economics.

Full Text Available The development and use of automated procedures of non- or minimal invasive monitoring of plant traits and features opens new opportunities for the identification of genetic factors determining plant characteristics and performance parameters, for the investigation of environmental effects on trait expression, for the selection of individuals or lines with preferred features from large populations, for the optimization of plant production systems, and for the recognition of novel uses of plants. This is achieved through development and application of precise and unbiased measurement procedures (not influenced by human perception, which (ideally are amenable to high-throughput approaches. They enable more accurate and much larger scale investigations or screenings than hitherto possible, they allow the detection of features that previously could not be assessed, and they offer access to monitoring and quantification of dynamic processes through repeated measurements over time. To this end, (novel sensor and detection systems have to be developed and an implemented, automation procedures have to be adapted and established, corresponding facilities have to be constructed and installed, which support monitoring and/or simulation of certain environmental parameters (in addition to the measurement of plant features and effective data analysis tools have to be developed and implemented.

how the Hopi language represents temporal and spatial matters. The Hopi conception of space and time (as conceived by Whorf) is contrasted with the views of classical and relativistic physics. The third part is devoted to the reception of Whorf’s views in German linguistics in the 1960s. A brief......The article investigates the views of Whorf on the linguistic representation of space and time and their reception in German linguistics in the 1960s. Its first part summarizes both Whorf’s general conception of the relationship between language and cognition and his semantic analysis of the way...... discussion of classical German philosophy of language (Hamann, Herder, Humboldt) prepares the stage for relating Whorf’s views to those of Leo Weisgerber’s ‘Inhaltbezogene Grammatik’, then the dominant trend in German linguistics. The studies of ‘Hopi space’ and ‘Hopi time’, by Ekkehart Malotki (a disciple...

The aim of this study is to conduct estimation on the potential reduction in electricity demand from cooling appliances in buildings in Germany. Current electricity demand and greenhouse-gas emissions will be investigated through desk research for residential and non-residential buildings. Based on building simulations, conventional, alternative and renewable technologies will be compared for different reference buildings. An economic and environmental assessment will evaluate the technologies per reference building in further detail. The main result will be an estimation of the potential energy demand reduction for the alternative/ regenerative technologies in the building stock. This will be based on the conditioned floor area and retrofit rates per system. Furthermore, the influence of cooling in buildings on energy demand will be annotated. Barriers in the reduction of energy demand will be described possible actions will be discussed along with types of policy instruments and consumer information. (orig.)

According to IAEA the food chain soil-plants-human is the predominant radionuclide ingestion path. The consumption of contaminated vegetarian food causes a continuous radiation exposure. In this context the problem of contaminated meadows in the Zwickauer and Vereinigten Mulde that is used for agriculture is of predominant interest. In this area intensive uranium mining has caused severe environmental contamination. The agricultural crop land and the grass land were studied with respect to the radionuclides U-238 and U-234. Following the radiochemical separation using ion chromatography the samples were analyzed by alpha-spectrometry. Compared to non-contaminated areas significant specific activities were measured. The transfer factors of the radionuclides U-238 and U-234 were determined for different plant parts. The transfer factors decrease with increasing radioactive contamination of the soils.

The thesis comprises six manuscripts published in different journals. Soil protection being the main theme the articles deal with different aspects that represent a necessary scientific basis of a risk assessment for polluted soils. The first step is to look at the total contents of different soil contaminants and to decide whether a pollution is given or not. In chapter II the contents of 18 elements in 335 soil samples of North Rhine-Westphalia are analysed, in order to determine groups of soil samples that are characterized by a certain range of element contents in connection with other common features (e.g., parent material, sampling region, specific source of pollution). The study bases on a detailed inspection of frequency distributions which are evaluated with a parametric method (assuming several single lognormal distributions) and with a nonparametric approach (Kemel density estimation). The latter method proved to be a useful tool to derive background concentrations for toxic elements in soils. It is necessary to differentiate between soluble (mobile, available) and insoluble (immobile, strongly adsorbed, precipitated) fractions of pollutants in soil. The sorption and solubility of pollutants in soils, therefore, is a second important parameter for an appropriate risk assessment. Four papers (chapter III-VI) deal with this aspect. In chapter III sorption and solubility of ten metals in four soil samples is studied. The quantity-intensity relations of eight metals [except Cr(III) and Fe(III)] are governed by sorption and complexation procecces and can be fitted by Freundlich isotherms. In three further papers sorption and solubility experiments with inorganic and organic toxicants are combined with microbial tests in order to detect effects on microorganisms in relation to soil properties. The large data set of about 500 dose-response curves was also used to examine the general reaction patterns of heterogeneous microbial populations under chemical stress (chapter VII). The results presented in chapters III-VII are a contribution to the principle understanding of the causal relations between sorption, solubility and microbial toxicity of pollutants in soils. The data clearly demonstrate that there are strong and complex interactions between pollutants and soil constituents. The measurement of sorption and solubility is an essential first step in calculating potential mobility and availability. Additional parameters that do influence the biocidal effects of pollutants in soil (e.g., speciation, nutrient status etc.) require to include bioassays. Thus, at the present state of knowledge, a combination of biological and chemical tests seems to be an appropriate tool in order to assess the ecotoxicological risk of a soil contamination. (orig.)

Because of the pollution situation for copper, zinc and lead and due to the significance of non-point sources, there is a basic need for action to reduce the environmental burden due to non-point emissions of these heavy metals. Therefore the aim of the project was first to quantify the application-related discharges of these heavy metals into water and soil. Based on this, specific strategies to reduce the emissions to water were developed. Additionally a guideline for architects and builders for the outdoor use of the substances in the building sector was drawn up with the objective of supplying information and aids on the environmentally-compatible use of these substances. Furthermore, existing life cycle assessment methods were examined for the use of various roofing materials as well as the possibilities to further develop these methods. The results of the emission calculations show the great significancy of the application areas vehicles, building sector, water supply and other specific sources (i.e. galvanized products). The examination of different measures to reduce the emissions gives a review and an assessment of the possibilities, taking into account the relevant boundary conditions. This information can also serve as the basis for elaborating a programme of measures within the scope of a future river basin management. (orig.)

The 42nd supplement contains the circular letter from Rhineland-Palatinate with ''Requirements for the landfilling of soil materials as soil cover for open pit mines''. The circular letter supplements issues concerning the implementation of soil protection law with regard to the filling up of open pit mines. The rules for the implementation of soil protection are complemented by the North-Rhine Westphalian decree on the introduction of the BVB information sheet on the ''Prevention of hazards from soil erosion'', the Federal Law on the Implementation of the Federal Soil Protection Law, the new State Soil Protection Law of Baden-Wuerttemberg and the Saxonian Soil Protection Law. The requirements of soil and water protection are reconciled with the concerns of waste utilisation in what is termed the insignificance threshold concept, the content of which is explained in an authored contribution. This is followed by a paper which presents the calculation of the insignificance threshold values used by LAWA.

The 45th installment focuses on European and international soil protection regulations. It contains documents of the draft European regulation on soil protection as well as a critical evaluation of trends, key issues and perspectives of European soil protection measures. Soil protection legislation in Asia, especially Korea and Japan, is presented as well. The available regulations of the German states are supplemented by the paper ''Das Schutzgut Boden in der Naturschutzrechtlichen Eingriffsregelung'' of the German state of Baden-Wuerttemberg. (orig.)

The supplement of the looseleaf manual of measures and recommendations for protection, maintenance and decontamination of soils, landscapes and groundwater contains new amendments and regulations concerning the application of fertilizers, the law on avoidance and remediation of environmental damages, the Bavarian law on the accomplishment of the Federal soil protection law, regulations concerning experts and laboratories in the sense of the soil protection law, the Hessen law concerning the accomplishment of the Federal soil protection and cleanup operation law, the soil protection law of Lower Saxony, and regulations on cleanup operation.

The 43rd installment contains a new version of contribution 0150 on sustainable soil use, plus a new text on the development of criteria for recognizing damage to the soil structure. Against the background of current legal practice and a EU soil protection strategy, a new contribution outlines the development of the Soil Protection Working Group of the German Federal and states governments. There is an information leaflet published by the LABO Industrial Pollution Committee (Staendiger Ausschuss Altlasten der Bund/Laender-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bodenschutz) on reference values for assessing land pollution. There is also a current index and the text of a new Act of the German state of Rheinland-Pfalz for implementation of the Federal Soil Protection Act and the amendment of waste and water laws of Rheinland-Pfalz. (orig.)

Among other things, the 49th supplement of the manual 'soil protection' includes the second soil protection report of the Federal Government from the year 2009 as a substitute for the first soil protection report from 2002. The interpretations for the Environmental Damage Act within the realms of soil protection are attached as a supplement of the execution recommendations of the Bund-Laender-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bodenschutz (LABO) (Duesseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany). Furthermore, the 49th supplement includes an actual contribution on the consideration of the soil protection in the approval of building products.

Among other things, the 48th supplement of the manual 'soil protection' contains the fundamentals of evaluation for pollutants in refuse dumps as a newspaper as well as the manual 'Soil protection in the environmental check according to BauGB' for the local planning practice. As a particularly actual contribution, the 48th supplement shows a new methodology of the deduction and examination of precaution values under consideration of the soil organisms up. The contribution under consideration contains the first representation of the evaluation and deduction of precaution values for inorganic and organic pollutants according to the modified methodology as well as proposals for additional precaution values for further materials which are not yet contained in the regulation. (orig.)

The 44th instalment contains a LAWA/LABO recommendation for assessing groundwater pollution in consideration of pollution levels below threshold, which is to amend the current soil and water protection regulations. There is also a LABO contribution on the distinction between Federal soil protection law and water law (part 2); it explains the relationship between water law requirements on groundwater protection on the one hand and the authorisation for ordering soil analyses and remediation measures according to the Federal Soil Protection Act in the specific aspects of ''acute damage'' ''appropriateness of measures (soil-to-groundwater pathway) and ''seepage of rainwater''. The STARS database of materials relevant to soil pollution and environmental protection is presented. There is also an updated version of the contribution on soil analyses in children's playgrounds. Publications of the German states are supplemented by a publication on measures for danger prevention in case of changes in agricultural soil induced by hazardous materials in the German state of Nordrhein-Westfalen (orig.)

In the 47th supplement of the manual 'Soil protection', the actualization of the legal federal regulations and land regulations according to soil protection is continued. Among other things, further actualized versions of the laws for soil protection of the Federal States as well as the expert regulations are introduced. The contribution under consideration consists of the following chapters: (a) Soil protection and soil conservation law in Denmark; (b) Soil protection in Spain; (c) Sewage sludge regulation; (d) Regulation on the utilization of bio wastes on agricultural, forest-economically and gardening used grounds (bio waste regulation); (e) Criminal code (in particular the paragraphs 324, 325, 326 and 329); (f) Hamburgs regulation regarding to experts and investigation authorities according to paragraph 18 of the federal law of soil protection; (g) national protection of soil for North Rhine-Westphalia; (h) administrative regulation of Saxon State Ministry of the Environment and Agriculture regarding to the Saxonian contaminated site cadastre; (i) law for the execution and supplementing of the federal law of soil protection; (j) national regulation for acknowledgment and monitoring of investigation authorities for soil protection and pollutants according to paragraph 18 of the federal law for soil protection; (k) Thuringian law for soil protection.

Computerized tomography has received a new importance. It has been shown that decreased anteversion of femur and acetabulum, when both have decreased angles, are causing pain and osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Operative treatment should be performed before osteoarthritis develops. Exact measurements therefore are necessary. The investigation should be performed in prone position to have the pelvis lying in a defined and normal position. Femoral torsion is measured between the transverse axis of the knee and the femoral neck. The transverse axis for measurement of the femoral anteversion is defined by a rectangular line to the sagittal plane. For evaluation of the femoral anteversion in total the angle of the condyles has to be added to the femoral neck angle when the knee is found in internal rotation. Acetabular anteversion should be measured at the level where the femoral head is still in full contact and congruence with the anterior margin of the acetabulum. (orig.) [German] Fuer die Computertomographie hat sich eine neue Aufgabe ergeben. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass verringerte Pfannenanteversion und Schenkelhalsantetorsion haeufige Ursachen von Hueftschmerz und -arthrose sind, v. a. wenn beide gegen 0 gehen. Da operative Massnahmen vor Eintreten der Arthrose ergriffen werden sollten, sind genaue Messwerte erforderlich. Die Untersuchung sollte in Bauchlage durchgefuehrt werden, um eine einheitliche und weitgehend normale Beckenkippung zu gewaehrleisten. Die Schenkelhalstorsion wird zwischen der Kniegelenk- und der Schenkelhalsachse gemessen. Zur Festlegung der Sagittalebene legt man am besten eine Mittellinie zwischen die Beckenschaufeln. Die Messung der Pfannenanteversion sollte in der Schnitthoehe erfolgen, wo die Bewegungseinschraenkung der Innenrotation auftritt. (orig.)

Companies' community involvement turns out to be spatially relevant and-in many cases-to be focused on the near surroundings of the place of business. Some companies strategically align their involvement in order to systematically address local challenges. The essay at hand addresses the subject of corporate social responsibility from a local development perspective. Using the example of two family-owned enterprises based in Duisburg, Haniel and Grillo, it illustrates how socially committed companies can get involved with their local community by acting as good neighbours. Furthermore, it argues that socially committed companies can function as producers of space concerning matters of urban and local development. The specific local settings as well as the economic conditions of the local community serve as an explanatory background of the companies' involvement. The cases presented in this paper prove the firms' specific knowledge of local development needs and possibilities. This makes them qualified partners for local government actors and civil society actors. Thus, in the future, it is worth addressing corporate local responsibility from a governance point of view both in theory and in practice.

A continuous, coherent radiation source in the vacuum ultraviolet spectral region is presented. It is based on four-wave-mixing in mercury vapor with fundamental beams at 253.7 nm, 407.9 nm und 545.5 nm wavelength. The fundamental beams are produced by frequency doubling and quadrupling of beams from solid-state laser-systems respectively. Due to the 6{sup 1}S-7{sup 1}S two-photon resonance and additionally the 6{sup 1}S-6{sup 3}P one-photon resonance the efficiency can be increased compared to former sources. A near one-photon resonance reduces the optimal phasematching temperature of the four-wave-mixing process. This leads to smaller Doppler and pressure broadening resulting in a higher four-wave-mixing efficiency. A maximum power of 0.3 nW at 121.56 nm wavelength, the 1S-2P Lyman-{alpha} transition in hydrogen, can be obtained. This Lyman-{alpha} source is needed for future laser cooling of antihydrogen. Apart from the Lyman-{alpha} generation, four-wave-mixing with a slightly different third fundamental wavelength results in radiation near a one-photon resonance in the VUV at the 6{sup 1}S-12{sup 1}P transition in mercury. Due to this additional one-photon resonance the nonlinear susceptibility, responsible for the four-wave-mixing, can be strongly increased without an influence on the phasematching. With such a mixing process the efficiency can be enlarged by three orders of magnitude and powers up to 6 {mu}W in the VUV could be realised. This is an improvement of a factor of 30 to former laser sources in this VUV regime. Furthermore the two-photon resonance of mercury could be investigated in detail. We observed a velocity-selective double resonance at small Rabi frequencies of the fundamental beams, which has the same origin as dark resonances in {lambda}-systems. At high Rabi frequencies excitation to the two-photon level can be high enough to initiate a laser process on the 7{sup 1}S-6{sup 1}P transition. This process could be observed with continuouswave fundamental lasers for the first time. It can be shown that the additional laser process does not limit the four-wave-mixing efficiency. (orig.)

A 80-year old female presented with an early stage of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with clinical, neurophysiological and neuropathological findings suggesting a focal involvement of the brain. HMPAO SPECT disclosed asymmetries of regional cerebral perfusion, thus suggesting that it may be a further diagnostic instrument in this disease. (orig.)

This short essay is intended as an introduction to all less experienced people in the field of beryllium chemistry. Current research findings on the toxicity of the element and its compounds are reviewed and various basic and necessary orientation aids for safe and correct handling in modern chemical research laboratories are presented. Phenomenological observations concerning the uniqueness of the element and its chemistry are communicated and placed in the historical context. We summarize many contributions and experiences of passionate scientists in this field. It is a matter of heart for us that our fellow students critically question and rethink the reservations about beryllium and their connections built up over generations, thus initiating a new era of intensive research into this scorned element. Who in the world should be able to manage beryllium and its connections more safely and more expertly than we do chemists? [German] Dieser Kurzaufsatz soll eine Einfuehrung fuer alle weniger Erfahrenen auf dem Gebiet der Berylliumchemie darstellen. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse ueber die Giftigkeit des Elements und seiner Verbindungen werden rezensiert und diverse grundlegende und noetige Orientierungshilfen fuer die sichere und richtige Handhabung in modernen chemischen Forschungslaboren vorgestellt. Phaenomenologische Beobachtungen bezueglich der Einzigartigkeit des Elements und seiner Chemie werden mitgeteilt und in den historischen Kontext gestellt. Wir fassen viele Beitraege und Erfahrungen von auf diesem Gebiet leidenschaftlich taetigen Wissenschaftlern zusammen. Es ist uns ein Herzensanliegen, dass unsere Kommilitonen die ueber Generationen aufgebauten Vorbehalte gegenueber Beryllium und seinen Verbindungen kritisch hinterfragen und ueberdenken und so eine neue Aera intensiver Forschung zu diesem verschmaehten Element eingeleitet wird. Wer in aller Welt soll denn das Beryllium und seine Verbindungen sicherer und fachkundiger handhaben koennen als wir Chemiker?.

Because of the initiated energy revolution and the associated increasing demand for woody biomass in Germany, the production of woody crops on agricultural sites is increasingly gaining in importance. In this context, agroforestry systems provide a promising option to cultivate simultaneously fast growing tree species and annual crops on the same field and to produce woody biomass and conventional products at the same time. Agroforestry systems in which hedgerows of fast growing tree species are established on agricultural sites in a regular pattern are called as alley cropping systems (ACS). These can be managed as low input systems and thus provide several ecological benefits. The cultivation of trees results in an enhanced humus accumulation in the soil and affects the quality of surface as well as percolating waters in a positive way. Additionally, ACS alter the microclimatic conditions at the site, from which the conventional crops cultivated in the alleys between the tree stripes benefit. However, from an economic point of view the production of woody crops with ACS is not generally preferable to conventional agriculture. The positive effects of ACS are most pronounced on marginal sites and, consequently, ACS are currently economically unfavorable compared to conventional agriculture on fertile soils. However, on unfertile, dry sites, such as can be found at a large scale in the Lusatian post-mining landscapes, ACS can be an ecologically and economically promising land-use alternative.

This comprehensive final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) presents the results of a preliminary project that examined how quality assurance methods can be used in the optimisation of small-scale hydropower projects. The aim of the project, to use existing know-how, experience and synergies, is examined. Discrepancies in quality and their effects on production prices were determined in interviews. The paper describes best-practice guidelines for the quality assurance of small-scale hydro schemes. A flow chart describes the various steps that have to be taken in the project and realisation work. Information collected from planners and from interviews made with them are presented along with further information obtained from literature. The results of interviews concerning planning work, putting to tender and the construction stages of these hydro schemes are presented and commented on. Similarly, the operational phase of such power plant is also examined, including questions on operation and guarantees. The aims of the follow-up main project - the definition of a tool and guidelines for ensuring quality - are briefly reviewed.

The use of highly efficient, membrane-based air intake filters means that massive savings can be made in the operation of gas turbines: on the one hand, a higher degree of efficiency can be achieved, which leads to lower fuel consumption and better turbine performance, and on the other, maintenance costs can be reduced thanks to the avoidance of erosion and corrosion. EPA (Efficient Particulate Air) filters based on fibreglass have the disadvantage that they exhibit a relatively high differential pressure, and they can frequently only be used by converting the filter house. This is where the tremendous advantage of membrane-based EPA filters comes in. Its core, a micro-porous PTFE membrane with excellent air permeability. (orig.)

This thesis concerns measurements of transient charge density maps by femtosecond X-ray diffraction. Different X-ray diffraction methods will be considered, particularly with regard to their application in femtosecond X-ray diffraction. The rotation method is commonly used in stationary X-ray diffraction. In the work in hand an X-ray diffraction experiment is demonstrated, which combines the method with ultrafast X-ray pulses. This experiment is the first implementation which makes use of the rotation method to map transient intensities of a multitude of Bragg reflections. As a prototype material Bismuth is used, which previously was studied frequently by femtosecond X-ray diffraction by measuring Bragg reflections successively. The experimental results of the present work are compared with the literature data. In the second part a powder-diffraction experiment will be presented, which is used to study the dynamics of the electron-density distribution on ultrafast time scales. The experiment investigates a transition metal complex after photoexcitation of the metal to ligand charge transfer state. Besides expected results, i. e. the change of the bond length between the metal and the ligand and the transfer of electronic charge from the metal to the ligand, a strong contribution of the anion to the charge transfer was found. Furthermore, the charge transfer has predominantly a cooperative character. That is, the excitation of a single complex causes an alteration of the charge density of several neighboring units. The results show that more than 30 transition-metal complexes and 60 anions contribute to the charge transfer. This collective response is a consequence of the strong coulomb interactions of the densely packed ions.

The top priority of the research project ''Environmental Relief Effects through Nanotechnological Processes and Products'' was to identify and quantify, to the extent possible and by means of selected examples, the environmental and sustainability opportunities and risks associated with this rapidly developing line of technology. Environmental relief potentials are understood here to include not only environmental engineering in the narrower sense (end-of-pipe technologies), but also and specifically process, production, and product-integrated environmental protection. The project consisted of four stages: 1. Analysis of products and processes already on the market or soon to be made available and application 2. Examination and initial qualitative assessment of each of the products and processes with respect to its potential for environmental relief (or burden, as the case may be) 3. In-depth life cycle analysis and assessment of four selected processes or products as compared to conventional processes or products (Manufacture of solderable surface finishes on printed circuit boards, MW carbon nanotube application for foils in the semiconductor industry, Lithium batteries for energy, storage, Ultradur {sup registered} High Speed plastic) 4. An appraisal of nanotechnology employment effects. (orig.)

Eight male patients and one female patient were given exhaustive clinical examinations following one- to fourteen-your-long exposure to, above all, the solvents dichloromethane, trichlorofluormethane und diphenylmethane-4, 4-diisocyanate, gasolines, 1.1.1-trichloroethane. The patients complained almost without exception of disturbances of concentration, memory, and emotion. In more than half of the cases there were corresponding symptoms with regard to gastrointestinal disorders, headaches or head congestion, dizziness, hyperhidrosis, sleep disturbances, loss of interest, lack of drive, tendency toward social withdrawal, alcohol intolerance, tremors, and hearing loss. The internal medical examination disclosed high blood pressure and an increase in radiological patterns in the lower parts of the lungs where six of the patients were concerned. Laboratory chemical tests showed increased plasma viscosity values in over 50% of the cases. In the area of neurology, two-thirds of the patients evidenced an at times laterally accentuated tremor, primarily of the proximal extremities. Impaired coordination was present in over 50% of the cases and perception disorders were noted in nearly 50% of the cases. The spin and computerized tomograhy showed unmistakeable signs of brain in eight of the nine patients. Psycho-pathological peculiarities were present in all patients with regard to emotional disturbances. Mnesic disturbances, drive disturbances, and a slowing of thought processes impressed in over 50% of the cases. The psychometric test procedures delivered telling, positive results with regard to acquired cerebro-organic decreases in functional capacity and personality changes. The results of ECGs, pulmonary function tests, EMG, nerve conduction velocity, VEP, and SEP were without significant pathological findings. (orig./MG).

The administration of radiopharmaceuticals during pregnancy is contraindicated due to a lack of vital indications. However, if prenatal exposure to radiation should occur in the framework of a nuclear medical diagnostic procedure then fortunately no longterm side-effects would normally be expected. Radiation damage in the preimplantation phase leads to early abortion. However, if the further course of pregnancy remains uncomplicated then no subsequent side-effects need be expected. On a conservative estimate, it would require doses exceeding 50 mGy to cause radiation damage within the uterus after the preimplantation phase. However, the standard radioactivities applied for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine, can be obtained with doses of less than 20 mGy. On the basis of current knowledge, therefore, there is no reason to terminate pregnancy on medical grounds after diagnostic exposure to radiopharmaceuticals. (orig.)

Illegal shipment of waste as well as enforcement related to waste shipment have been regularly the centre of attention of public and professional debates and are also a topic of cross-national relations. In addition, the fear persists that by illegal waste shipments waste is treated in plants neither adapted to protect the environment and health nor having sufficient recuperation capabilities for precious raw materials. This project therefore intends to clarify the status quo of waste shipment inspections in the 16 federal states of Germany (Bundeslaender, in the following cited as states or federal states) to identify potential for development regarding the organisation and execution of inspections and to elaborate recommendations to optimise enforcement activities and further development of European and German legislative regulations. In order to optimise the enforcement of the European Waste Shipment Regulation (WSR) and the German Waste Shipment Act (AbfVerbrG), an adequate number of qualified personnel is necessary within all bodies involved into waste shipment inspections. Those bodies are namely the competent waste authorities, customs, police, the Federal Office for Transport of Goods (BAG), the Federal Railway Authority (EBA) and the prosecution offices. An adequate number of qualified personnel is not provided for in all states/authorities. This is also reflected in the number of transport and plant inspections which deviate between zero to a fixed number per year as well as being continuously performed and based occasion-/cause oriented inspections. Tangible means like access to IT-systems and the Internet should be provided for on-site inspections. Besides qualified and experienced personnel also IT-Systems have a relevant impact on the preselection of the entity to be inspected as well as for on-the-spot investigations. Therefore IT-System can increase the efficiency of inspections (inspections per time unit resp. exposure of illegal shipments per time unit). Those already available IT-Systems could be enhanced in relation to waste transport in transit and should be available to the mobile inspection teams (depending on the inspection strategy of the states). Partially a closer cross linking (on federal and federal state level) with different inspections and permitting authorities as well as with competent authorities for national waste transports and international waste shipments was wished for and is sensible for some states. Generally it would be sensible to perform strategic analyses of the waste shipment situation in Germany on a regular basis in order to perform purposeful inspections.For the figuration of the urgency and control of the effect of the enforcement measures, statistics are of relevant significance. For the preparation of these statistics, IT-systems are useful. Jurisdiction and related procedures have been assessed by most competent waste authorities as sufficient and clear. Room for improvement is solely seen when it comes to sampling at the inspection site, shipments containing waste mixed abroad, sanctions for foreign parties involved into illegal shipments, lacking areas for impoundments and inspection of rail-bound waste shipments. The increased application of inspections at focal points of waste shipments like plants, hubs and collection areas as well as specialised waste shipment inspection teams were identified as sensible means to enhance the inspection efficiency. In addition waste shipment inspections should be an inherent part of general inspections performed in the regions. All of these measures are already performed in parts, although some of the necessary requirements for the inspecting authorities' are not yet sufficiently provided and require further activities in particular from the competent waste authorities' of the states resp. the federal state ministries. This issue is closely connected to the cooperation of the different authorities among each other and within one authority. The majority of the competent waste authorities assessed the level of cooperation as being sufficient. But the study also revealed that in most cases staffing and hierarchic sensitivities influence the satisfaction of the cooperation to a larger extent than the specific authority with which cooperation is being carried out. On national level an intensification of the working meetings of the German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) can ameliorate the cooperation of the authorities. On international level a more regularly and structured participation resp. integration of German authorities into the IMPEL-TFS activities is being proposed. The cooperation between inspection and waste authorities' as well as prosecution offices could also be enhanced. In addition the WSR does not contain enough mechanism for sanctions for the waste consignee. Ad-justments according to the AbfVerbrG could be sensible. The AbfVerbrG or permitting laws could be adapted allowing a more facile interim storage of illegally shipped waste. (orig.)

In the mid 1980`s the German automobile manufacturer BMW used catch-phrases such as `unique` and `technical masterpiece` in advertising the dual mass flywheel (DMFW) that had just gone into production in the then new 324d. This new part `swallowed` the natural diesel vibrations between the engine and transmission and thus guaranteed a smooth power transfer to the drive train. The dual mass flywheel had long been the standard in the luxury classes of automobiles and had already started its triumphant progress into the midrange class. In order to make their entrance into the ever more important compact class, LuK developed a compact DMFW. (orig.) [Deutsch] Mit Schlagworten wie `einzigartig` und `technische Meisterleistung` bewarb der deutsche Automobilhersteller BMW Mitte der 80er Jahre das gerade im damals neuen Modell 324d in Serie gegangene Zweimassenschwungrad (ZMS) in Anzeigenkampagnen. Es `schlucke` die Vibrationen zwischen Motor und Getriebe und garantiere so eine kultivierte Kraftuebertragung auf den Antriebsstrang. In der automobilen Oberklasse gehoert das Zweimassenschwungrad laengst zum Standard. Um auch in der immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnenden Kompaktklasse in breiter Front Einzug zu halten, entwickelte LuK ein Kompakt-ZMS. (orig.)

Energy storage systems based on batteries can be employed profitably in power systems under specific circumstances. In the following manuscript three potential applications are analysed. It is shown that a battery energy storage system used as a primary reserve is the economically most viable application. (orig.)

The issuing of the TaSi started a new period in waste management and incinerator operation. Several aspects of the current situation in incinerators are illustrated by concrete examples. Input materials management has become a key issue, especially with regard to the calorific values involved. (orig.)

In this paper, the necessity of a control system for resin infusion and curing was elaborated with the example of rotor blade manufacturing. Also, an innovative multi-component learning control system that is based on the results of the iReMo-project was introduced. It reveals so-far hidden processes within the moulding tools via a sophisticated sensor-network, meets all imposed requirements and will therewith considerably change and improve the moulding process of reinforced polymer composite materials. In an environment that has little contact with the automation technology today, these innovations already bear a great potential to increase efficiency and quality and reduce costs and lead times. Further benefits will result from the interconnection with other automation solutions for fibre-reinforced composites products, i.e., the automatic placement of fabrics in the mould and will be subject to future research activities. An emphasis will be put on the continuous data management to assure quality and traceability. A consequent gathering and filing of all product data in terms of a Product Lifecyle Management (PLM) would be also possible for fibre-reinforced composites. (orig.)

For the study in this thesis {sup 3}He{sup 2+} ions with the energy of about 40 MeV were applied. The results of these studies show a timely very stable anisotrope refractive-index change in the range of some 10{sup -3}. The radiation damages caused by ions cause a decreasement of the ordinary refractive index n{sub o} and an increasement of the extra-ordinary refractive index n{sub e}. While the absolute values for {delta}n{sub o} and {delta}n{sub e} are nearly equal the birefringence of the material (n{sub e}-n{sub o}) smaller. The generated refractive-index change is dose dependent and the curve {delta}n has at increasing dose a strongly nonlinear slope with a characteristic stage at the radiation dose of about 2 x 10{sup 20} ions/m{sup 2}.

Perhaps, pilgrimage sites are one of the oldest examples of controlled place branding, but they are still an interesting teaching tool for this subject because they are characterized by lower complexity and functionality compared to cities and regions. They are also smaller in size and they usually occupy very specific positions of popular piety. This makes the transferability of the branding concept easier than in other urban or rurality areas. Against this background, this essay examines the question how popular piety can still contribute to place branding of pilgrimages sites.

Full Text Available Tight budgets and an increasing competition in the information market force libraries to rethink their „awareness“ strategies. Therefore, Marketing iis an essential tool to address this topic. Tools from the Web 2.0 (blogs and others universe offer an efficient and effective way to approach such strategy.

This article takes a look how leaks in gas mains can be located with the help of geographical information systems (GIS) and the satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS). The advantages for long-term planning and, in future, maintenance work are stressed. Experienced gained by the IWB utility in Basel, Switzerland, is discussed. Here, a system for the monitoring and maintenance of the whole of the City of Basel's natural gas supply network is discussed. Cost savings and a particularly improved increase in the quality of leak detection work is noted. Modern technology using GPS-based equipment in the detection of leaks in the gas mains is reviewed. An example of the documentation of the gas mains in a GIS system is given.

The thawing of permafrost regions is supposed to increase climatic change processes due to the released methane. During the last decades the temperature of permafrost soils has increased by several tenths of degree up to 2 deg C. It is supposed that 10 to 20% of the permafrost regions will thaw during the next 100 years. The southern boundary of the permafrost region will move several hundred kilometers toward the north. Besides the increased risk for the climate system there will also be disadvantageous consequences for the ecosystems. Negative economic consequences are already observed and will be enhanced in the futures with significant cost for the public.

The term industrial symbiosis is used when traditionally separate companies and industries work together in a collective approach to physically exchange materials, energy, water and by-products with a mutual competitive advantage. Aim of the European project ''UBIS - Urban Baltic Industrial Symbiosis'' (INTERREG South-Baltic Programme) is to use biogenic resources as well as waste and residues sustainable in industrial symbiosis and to reduce emissions at the same time. Even if a lot has already been achieved in this area, there are still many unused material flows and there are possibilities to use them even more efficiently. In the project existing collaborations will be investigated as well as new ones identified and evaluated. This article introduces the UBIS project and provides an insight into the subject of industrial symbiosis as well examples described.

An uranium-bearing tea set is taken as the example to explain the radiation exposure of the population through external or internal irradiation as a consequence of daily use of household pottery. The experiments reported determine the amount of uranium dissolved in the tea, or tea plus lemon juice, by various methods. The lemon juice is shown to increase the uranium leaching rate. Dose measurements at the pottery surfaces allow the calculation of external radiation doses to lips or hands. The uranium content of the tea set used for the study is high, and the resulting radiation doses exceed the limits set by the Radiation Protection Ordinance.

Individuals are empowered to conserve energy and natural resources when provided with motivational and personalized information on its use. By presenting information about the energy consumption from the home's energy meters along with recommended actions, the residential customer becomes aware of how in/efficiently energy is consumed within his home and can decide on how to act to conserve. This information can provide an accurate metric of how effective a conservation action is even to inhabitants that are not yet knowledgeable about or self-motivated by the monetary and ecologic rewards of conserving. This project was designed to build knowledge on technically and economically feasible ways to create an awareness of energy (especially electricity) for the sake of conservation. Specifically, it implements an exemplar prototype of a highly effective energy feedback system that is an interactive, real-time, in-home display. Toward this goal, four system architecture configuration proposals, a set of system requirements, and ideal system features are synthesized; they are based on the results of the research that evaluates effectiveness of existing energy-efficiency and -conservation methods and studies related technologies. Three of the four systems proposed represent energy technologies expected to be available within the next decade. The fourth system proposal is a demonstration prototype designed for implementation in the iHomeLab. This prototype is an open, modular, robust, cross-platform software framework that collects data, processes, and presents it interactively and visually on hardware available in most households. The results of this project both indicate that the creation of such energy feedback systems appear beneficial and also provide guidelines for their design. However, further development of infrastructure and elaboration of design is foreseen as necessary for this system to be suitable for mass deployment. (author)

The microstructures of dissimilar metal welds between 9Cr-1Mo (Modified) (P91) and austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) with Ni-based alloy interlayers (Inconel 625, Inconel 600 and Inconel 800H) are reported. These interlayers were deposited by the friction surfacing method one over the other on P91 alloy, which was finally friction welded to AISI 304. In this paper, the results of microstructural evolution in the friction surfaced coated interlayers (Inconel 625, 600, 800H) are reported. For comparative purposes, the microstructures of consumable rods (Inconel 625, 600, 800H) and dissimilar metal base metals (P91 and AISI 304) were also reported. Friction surfaced coatings exhibited dynamic recrystallization. In friction surfaced coatings, the carbide particles were found to be finer and distributed uniformly throughout the matrix, compared to their rod counterparts.

In order to establish how organisms can be kept with low stress or free of stress in the laboratory, test species from the Oberlausitz region were chosen. The species belong to the groups of soil-living organisms Collembola, Isopoda, and Gastropoda. Keeping results may be considered as confirmed and as suitable for stress investigations. Successful optimization of keeping is only possible for a single species in each case (generalists excepted).- As applicable vital parameters both to confirm keeping success and to assess the impact of sublethal doses of stressors (heavy metals, insecticides), the following were established (in this order of sequence): reproductive success, growth (change of biomass, sloughing), mortality and, with restrictions, activity (running and foraging activity).- As expected, the effect of the heavy metals used was found to depend on their concentration. Increased mortality as a rule was only found in the wake of cadmium contaminations; reduced growth and, especially, reduced reproduction was triggered also by lead and zinc contaminations. With this regard, subtle differentiations were established. Use of Lindan in the specified dosage proved to have almost no impact during the (short) test period. (orig./MG)

The research project `Evaluation of Anthropogenic Urban Soils` was subsidized by the German Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology and adviced by the working group `Stadtboeden` of the German Society of Soil Science. It was realized as a cooperation between the universities of Berlin (TU), Halle-Wittenberg, Hohenheim, Kiel and Rostock and had three objectives: - to characterize soils developed from anthropogenic substratums (`urban soils`), - to figure out distribution patterns of such soils and - to verify whether urban soils could be evaluated according to their filtering and habitat function in the same way as soils developed from natural parent material. Evaluation methods based on easily obtainable field data had to be adapted to `urban soils` respectively developed anew. For that reason some typical soils of anthropogenic lithogenesis had to be examined between 1993 and 1996 both on their importance as habitats for plants and soil organisms and on their filtering, buffering and transforming capacities for organic and inorganic pollutants. Accordingly representative `urban soils` were gathered in the towns of Berlin, Eckernfoerde, Essen, Halle, Kiel, Rostock and Stuttgart; these soils had developed from technogenic substratums (brick and mortar debris, municipal waste, ashes, slag, sludge) and redeposited alkaline resp. acidic natural substratums (mud, coal mine and coking plant deposits). Some of the soils were influenced by ground water, and all soils developed from the same kind of parent material belonged to different stages of development. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Ziele des vom BMBF gefoerderten und vom Arbeitskreis Stadtboeden der Deutschen Bodenkundlichen Gesellschaft beratenen Verbundprojektes `Bewertung anthropogener Stadtboeden` waren die Charakterisierung von Boeden anthropogener Substrate, die exemplarische Ermittlung des Verteilungsmusters derartiger Boeden und die Pruefung, inwieweit sie sich aehnlich den Boeden natuerlicher

Aim of this thesis was to study the processes of the interaction between highly intense short-pulse laser and matter. The focus lied thereby on the generation of intense X-radiation and warm dense matter. The studies performed for this thesis comprehend thereby the influence of laser parameters like energy, pulse length, focus size, and intensity as well as the influence of the target geometry on the interaction and generation of high-energy-density matter. In this thesis for this two selected experiments are presented. First a silver foil was used as target, in order to study the generation of radiation at 21 keV. Both bremsstrahlung and characteristic X-radiation were used in order to characterize the interaction. For the second experiment freely standing titanium wires were used as target. Hereby the focus lied on the characterization of the heated matter.

In response to continually increasing electricity prices, production plants with electrical systems are using intelligent energy management systems (EMS). These reduce the power of, or even switch off, individual systems for a limited time in order to ease electricity use - without influencing production. In the forging shops, induction heaters should be used in such a management concept as the main recipient of electrical power yet this often involves production losses. In contrast, the use of zone heaters offers the opportunity to manage the heating process in the best way possible - even with strongly reduced output - so that there are no parts which have been heated incorrectly which could disturb production. Ruhrtaler Gesenkschmiede has installed two, from mid 2008 three, induction zone heaters. These have a total power of 4,500 kW, the operation of which enables a considerable reduction in the power maximum and, with this, also the electricity costs. (orig.)

In chilled rooms with unpackaged goods like sausages, cheese, apples or flowers, humidity is observed to vary considerably in all seasons, maybe because of different loads. Standard refrigerators can regulate the room temperature with high accuracy but with no effect on humidity. Humidity control, on the other hand, is indispensable for optimum storage. The contribution presents a novel control concept which provides an optimum solution without auxiliary moisturizing units. (orig.)

In order to account for the reactivity-reducing effect of burn-up in the criticality safety analysis for systems with irradiated nuclear fuel (''burnup credit''), numerical methods to determine the enrichment and burnup dependent nuclide inventory (''burnup code'') and its resulting multiplication factor k{sub eff} (''criticality code'') are applied. To allow for reliable conclusions, for both calculation systems the systematic deviations of the calculation results from the respective true values, the bias and its uncertainty, are being quantified by calculation and analysis of a sufficient number of suitable experiments. This quantification is specific for the application case under scope and is also called validation. GRS has developed a methodology to validate a calculation system for the application of burnup credit in the criticality safety analysis for irradiated fuel assemblies from pressurized water reactors. This methodology was demonstrated by applying the GRS home-built KENOREST burnup code and the criticality calculation sequence CSAS5 from SCALE code package. It comprises a bounding approach and alternatively a stochastic, which both have been exemplarily demonstrated by use of a generic spent fuel pool rack and a generic dry storage cask, respectively. Based on publicly available post irradiation examination and criticality experiments, currently the isotopes of uranium and plutonium elements can be regarded for.

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) takes a look at the results of a project carried out by a major Swiss manufacturer on how to minimize the energy consumption in common household refrigerators. Calorimetric measurements were performed on a standard refrigerator/freezer combination. Complementary numerical modelling studies of relevant thermal transport processes were used to identify potential weak points in the design. In addition, thermal measurements of identical appliances that were insulated with four different types of polyurethane foam were carried out. As part of a 3-D numerical analysis, various construction details were investigated. The use of vacuum insulation (VIP) was shown to make the most sense in the refrigerator door. The authors are of the opinion that this study demonstrates how a combination of experimental work and heat transport modelling can identify weak points in both design and materials used and thus provide precise suggestions for improvement.

Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloy was fabricated under directional solidification in heated mold continuous casting equipment. The results show that it has distinct textures. Due to these strengthened textures, it has excellent mechanism, fatigue and memory performances. The diameter 1.5 mm wire has a tensile strength of 910 MPa, elongation of 18.76%. Under 4% strain, the repeat tensile fatigue was up to 38560 circles and the recovery rate is 100%. (orig.)

Dielectric barrier discharge offers the advantage to excite and dissociate molecules in the exhaust gas stream. Those dissociated and excited species are oxidizing or reducing harmful exhaust gas components. The advantage of a plasma chemical system in comparison to a catalytic converter is the instantaneous activity at ambient temperature from the turn key of the engine. The investigations presented here focus on the plasma chemical oxidation of hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas stream during cold start conditions. The article concerns the design and development of a plasma system in order to decrease the hydrocarbon emissions from engine start till catalyst light off. Vehicle results in the new European driving cycle show a hydrocarbon conversion of more than 43% in the first 11 seconds from engine start. In this period nearly all types of hydrocarbon were reduced. The exhaust back pressure of the sytem is comparable to the conventional muffler. Further system improvement can be achieved by an optimization of the disk electrode design. [German] Um die strengen zukuenftigen Schadstoffemissionsgrenzwerte von Ottomotoren in der EU oder den USA einhalten zu koennen, werden derzeit weltweit auch plasmachemische Methoden zur Abgasnachbehandlung in Betracht gezogen. Insbesondere nichtthermische Atmosphaerendruck-Gasentladungen, wie die Barrierenentladung, zeigen Chancen auf, die Betriebsbedingungen und Grenzen gegenwaertiger katalytischer Techniken zu erweitern. In diesem Vorhaben wurde die Barrierenentladung zur plasmachemischen Umsetzung von Schadstoffen im Abgas eines mager betriebenen Ottomotors im Serienautomobil untersucht, um das Potential zur Abgasreinigung zu bewerten und auszuweiten. (orig.)

Uranium could be released into the environment from geogenic deposits and from former mining and milling areas by weathering and anthropogenic activities. The elucidation of uranium behavior in geo- and biosphere is necessary for a reliable risk assessment of radionuclide migration in the environment. Algae are widespread in nature and the most important group of organisms in the aquatic habitat. Because of their ubiquitous occurrence in nature the influence of algae on the migration process of uranium in the environment is of fundamental interest e.g. for the development of effective and economical remediation strategies for contaminated waters. Besides, algae are standing at the beginning of the food chain and play an economically relevant role as food and food additive. Therefore the transfer of algae-bound uranium along the food chain could arise to a serious threat to human health. Aim of this work was the quantitative and structural characterization of the interaction between U(VI) and the green alga Chlorella vulgaris in environmental relevant concentration and pH range with special emphasis on metabolic activity. Therefore a defined medium was created which assures the survival/growth of the algae as well as the possibility to predict the uranium speciation. The speciation of uranium in the mineral medium was calculated and experimentally verified by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). The results of the sorption experiments showed that both metabolic active and inactive algal cells bind uranium in significant amounts of around 14 mg U/g dry biomass and 28 mg U/g dry biomass, respectively. Another interesting observation was made during the growth of Chlorella cells in mineral medium at the environmental relevant uranium concentration of 5 {mu}M. Under these conditions and during ongoing cultivation a mobilization of the algae-bound uranium occurred. At higher uranium concentrations this effect was not observed due to the die off of the algae cells during the sorption experiment and a behavior analogue to initially heat killed cells. Differences in the contribution of functional groups to the uranium binding depending on the metabolic activity of the algal biomass were also shown by the difference spectra of the ATR-FTIR measurements calculated between uranium contaminated and untreated biomass. All together the spectroscopic investigations showed in case of Chlorella vulgaris a mixture of functional groups is responsible for the coordination of U(VI). The metabolic activity of the cells influences the binding of uranium under the given experimental conditions. Models of the structure of the formed U(VI)-algae complexes in dependence of the metabolic activity were created. For living algal cells, mainly carboxylic and organic phosphate groups are involved in the binding of uranium, whereas in dead algal biomass additionally inorganic phosphates are involved to some extend in the interaction of uranium with algal cells. The transferability of the obtained findings concerning the experiments in mineral medium to natural occurring mining related waters was verified exemplary with the surface water of ''Gessenwiese'' (former ''Gessenhalde'' at Ronneburg). The obtained results of this study contribute to the prediction of the migration behavior of uranium under environmental conditions, the radiological risk assessment of geogenic and anthropogenic appearing uranium and a reliable estimation of the accumulation of uranium in the food chain.

While nonspecific mechanisms such as activity of NK-cells and induction of interferon were not suppressed after inhomogenous total body irradiation of mice with 1,95/3,90 and 5,85 Gy, an extreme decrease in spleen weight, in the yield of lymphocytes from the spleen and their response to mitogenic stimulation was observed. The general effect of these influences on the interaction of the numerous factors and mechanisms of the nonspecific part of defence was investigated in an antigen-challenge model with stomatitis vesicularis virus in babymice after total body irradiation (3,90 Gy) of the babymice or their pregnant mothers. Irradiation of the babymice showed no significant influence on mortality after infection, while irradiation of their pregnant mothers caused an astonishing decrease of mortality compared to that of animals with no exposure to X-rays. In the same model it was demonstrated that the protective effect of the paramunity inducer 'PIND ORF' on mortality after infection was impaired neither by irradiation of the babymice nor by irradiating their pregnant mothers. The antigen-challenge model Aujeszky virus/adult mouse (exposure to 1,95/3,90 and 5,85 Gy) proved that the influence of irradiation not only depends on the dose but also on the moment of the exposure. The behaviour of opportunistic germs (P. multocida, Ps. aeruginosa) and vaccination viruses (Vaccinia virus, strain Elstree and MVA) in mice remained unchanged after irradiation with 1,95/3,90 Gy, whereas irradiation with 5,85 Gy caused a varying increase of mortality after infection with P. multocida and Ps. aeruginosa. (orig./MG) With 5 refs., 11 tabs.

This work was performed at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Aeronomie (F.R.G.) and treats the following points: 1. Satellite borne microwave radiometry. Principles for a real-time evaluation of the MAS-Limb-Sounding measurements. (MAS: Millimeter Wave Atmospheric Sounder from Space Shuttle as part of the NASA ATLAS Missions, 1991-1997). (a) Deconvolution of the 60 GHz-antenna. (b) Test of different inversion proceedings. A detailed study of the boundary conditions and 'error influence' as well as a discussion of the radiometer specifications. (c) Near real time inversion of microwave spectral lines of the Earth atmosphere. i. The possibility of a (near) real time evaluation (retrieval of the profiles of the atmospheric components) was proved for the first time with a space proof microprocessor. ii. Data reduction of about a factor > 10{sup 3} in comparison with other methods. 2. Airborne and ground based microwave radiometry. (a) Study of the possibilities of ground- and aircraft based measurements for validation and cross calibration of the satellite measurements. (b) Study of the possibilities of ground based radiometric measurements of water vapour in the Artic or Antartica. Precise boundary conditions were given for the first time in order to perform ground based millimeter radiometric measurements in these areas. (orig.).

Nitrogen oxides, NO{sub x} = NO + NO{sub 2}, play a fundamental role in tropospheric chemistry. Compared to other sources, the contribution of lightning induced NO{sub x} (LNO{sub x}) is known with considerable uncertainties and difficult to determine experimentally. The distribution of nitrogen oxides in an isolated thunderstorm is investigated using a modified version of the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with cloud-scale resolution. A Lagrangian particle model has been developed to represent the NO{sub x} released by individual flashes. The position of the flash, the flash type, the geometrical properties of the channel, and the amount of emitted NO{sub x} are introduced to the MM5 in a parameterized form. On July 21, 1998, during the European lightning nitrogen oxides project (EULINOX) field campaign, a supercell development was observed in the German alpine foreland. Anvil penetrations by the DLR Falcon aircraft contributed high resolution profiles of NO{sub x}. DLR radar observation covered the complete life cycle of the thunderstorm. The lightning activity was recorded with a lightning positioning and tracking system (LPATS) run by local power suppliers, while radiosonde and aircraft measurements supplied detailed information on the atmospheric stratification ahead of the thunderstorm. This meteorological information was used to initalize a cloud-scale MM5 simulation. The modeled thunderstorm reproduces many observed properties, e.g. cell splitting, propagation speed and direction, anvil and overshooting top height, and WER (weak echo region). The number of simulated cloud-to-ground flashes, as well as the temporal evolution of the lightning activity are comparable to the LPAT observations. The general transport properties of the model thunderstorm are investigated using an inert PBL-tracer, as well as trajectory analysis. The simulated lightning activity leads to the release of approximately 1 000 000 NO{sub x}-particles. The thunderstorm produces 28.7 t of oxidized nitrogen, 66% resulting from cloud-to-ground lightning. One hour after the lightning activity had terminated, a total of 15 t is found in the anvil altitude. Extrapolated to a global LNO{sub x}-production rate, the results of the simulation would imply that LNO{sub x} is by far the most dominant NO{sub x}-source. However, the model thunderstorm case was unusual for the region. The comparison between the observed and modeled anvil NO{sub x}-profiles shows many similarities in structure and absolute values. This can help to estimate the uncertainties involved with extrapolating aircraft NO{sub x}-measurements to a NO{sub x}-production rate. As a conclusion, the MM5 thunderstorm simulation with a Lagrangian particle representation for LNO{sub x} is capable to reproduce significant microphysical and chemical observations, and can help to estimate the impact of lightning on the tropospheric NO{sub x} budget. (orig.)

According to a pilot project carried out at the municipal utility in Chemnitz, power supply systems can be optimized energetically and ecologically by cogeneration. Since in Germany there is no large-scale short-term storage system for cooling energy, the municipal utility in Chemnitz established the first system. The fundamental idea: The storage system is loaded at night and is therefore able to cover the peak load in the district cooling energy system by day. (orig.)

In patients with metallic dental fillings radiation therapy to the oral cavity can cause mucous membrane lesions, which are more severe than expected. They appear as circumscribed erosions, opposite to metallic fillings and are caused by an increase in radiation dose through secondary radiation due to the higher density and atomic number of the filling material. This dose increase can be directly measured with 0.1 mm thin sheets of graphite-loaded TLD's (LiF, Vinten). For Co-60 gamma rays a commercial amalgam filling caused a dose increase by a factor of 1.7. The half value layer for this additional radiation was measured to be approximately 0.4 mm tissue. In order to avoid painful mucous membrane ulcerations which are even more a problem if hyperfractionated treatment schedules are used, we constructed individual dental shields for each patient. As shielding material we used a dental impression material (Optosil P{sup +}, Bayer). This method was tested in 35 patients, in all of them circumscribed mucous membrane ulcerations could be avoided. The method proved to be fast and simple and was very well tolerated by all patients. (orig.).

Commercial available membrane electrode assemblies are still very expensive, since a high noble metal catalyst loading has to be on the gas diffusion electrodes. The reason is particularly the fact that a high amount of the catalyst particles is not located in the so called three phase zone between ion conducting, electron conducting and reactant phase. In the present work the electrochemical synthesis of catalyst layers with a higher catalyst utilization, i. e. with a higher amount of particles located in the three phase zone has succeeded. Thus gas diffusion electrodes comparable in performance with commercial materials but coated with a lower catalyst loading were obtained. A second objective in this work was the development of an electrocombinatoric setup in which both the combinatoric electrosynthesis as well as the combinatoric analysis of platinum and platinum alloys can be performed. Furthermore different alloys were electrodeposited and electrocombinatorically analyzed with respect to their catalytic activity in the electroreduction of oxygen and the electrooxidation of hydrogen, methanol and ethanol. (orig.)

Today's power plants are highly automated. All subsystems of large thermal power plants can be controlled from a central control room. The electrical systems are an important part. In future the new standard IEC 61850 will improve the integration of electrical systems into automation of power plants supporting the reduction of operation and maintenance cost. (orig.)

Drug-induced osteoporosis may occur as a side effect of many commonly prescribed drugs. This leads to a disturbance of bone remodelling, which ultimately results in a preponderance of bone loss and as a consequence in an increased incidence of bone fractures. Also, a drug-induced disturbance of the calcium metabolism may contribute to bone mineral loss. Glucocorticoids, thyroxine, depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate, aromatase inhibitors, GnRH agonists, thiazolidinediones, proton pump inh...

The present work is focused on the transmission of highly charged ions through nanocapillaries of a few hundred nanometer diameter in Polyethylenterephthalat. Therefore highly parallel capillary foils were prepared and characterized. Transmission was found over a wide range of tilt angles for different projectile energies and charge states. The previously developed model describing this new effect could be verified and also be complemented. Spurious effects of the transmission seen with former samples could be analyzed. As the cause for these effects the primary irradiation with Xenon at a relatively low energy of 100 MeV was determined. Based on this analysis an improved method to irradiate and prepare the samples was worked out. New types of capillary foils without these spurious effects have been produced. Due to these significant changes in target preparation transmission of highly charged ions in the range from Ne{sup 7+} at 3 keV up to Xe{sup 25+} at 40 keV was found. Within the investigations to determine the time dependence of the transmission for different beam intensities, a characterization for charging and also for discharging processes in the scattering region of the capillaries was performed. It was found, that the high-field conductivity caused by the self organizing field strength in the capillary is comparable with the conductivity of insulators in strong external electrical fields. As a main result of this conductivity in strong electrical fields, a nearly constant charge in the deflection patch of the capillary was found, independent of beam intensity, projectile charge or tilt angle. (orig.)

Full Text Available This paper deals with the continuity between the illegal influx of Jewish refugees into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the organized emigration of Yugoslav Jews to Israel, which took place between 1948 and 1952. For it to be possible to directly point out the connection between two separate stages of Yugoslav state participation in the migration process, the interwar-period migration to Palestine and the mass migration movement of the post-war period were deconstructed to the level of individuals taking part in it. The case of Ernest and Ilsa Beschinsky was examined, as they are the only refugees whose movement can be traced in relative detail from the moment of arrival in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, consequent to the “Anschluss”of Austria to the time of applying for the organized emigration to Israel. The paper is based on documents held in the Archives of the Jewish historical museum in Belgrade.

Within the scope of this thesis the TAMR-effect in magnetic tunnel junctions with a single-crystalline GaAs-barrier was investigated. As ferromagnetic electrodes Fe-, FeCo- and FePt-layers were used. The measured TAMR-effect was investigated with respect to its behaviour towards changes in external Parameters, like the applied voltage, the temperature and the external magnetic field. The physical origin of the effect was attributed to the interaction of Rashba- and Dresselhaus-Spin-Orbit-coupling inside the tunnelling barrier and at the metal/semiconductor-interfaces.

There is increasing pressure to reduce injuries and fatalities by effectively using airbags for side impact and out-of-position impact loading conditions. The simulation of these scenarios is particularly difficult as the occupant is interacting with the airbag at early times during the airbag

The research project investigated one of the ecological aspects of the condensing boiler technology, i.e. washout of alloying elements from the stainless steels of the boiler and exhaust system and the resulting pollution of liquid effluents. Investigations showed that the nickel concentrations in the condensation water samples were always less than the 1 mg/l specified in the pertinent legal regulations. Even in more difficult laboratory conditions, no erosion was observed in the standard steel 1.4571, i.e. the thicker walls required by DIN 4133 for steel chimney flues are unnecessary.

Semiconductor nanowires lately attracted immense attention in worldwide research. Lots of possible applications were discussed and partially realized. Gold is the most commonly used metal in catalyzed nanowire growth, but exhibits poor electronic properties for building integrated circuits. Recently, aluminium was achieved to work as a catalyst and the nanowires grown this way showed extremely smooth surfaces. This is in contrast to surfaces grown with other metals. In this work the modification of the silicon (112) surface by metal adsorption is studied. Since nanowires with [111] growth direction have [112]-like sidewalls, this way a virtually endless nanowire surface is used to study the interaction of gold, silver and aluminium with the silicon surface. Spot Profile Analysis Low Energy Electron Diffraction (SPA-LEED) is used to analyze the surfaces. This high resolution diffraction method allows for detailed characterization of the surface structures and facets. Gold adsorption leads to eight different surface phases, the most stable one exhibits 111- and 113-facets and is shown to occur on nanowire surfaces if they were grown with gold as a catalyst. Silver adsorption pushes the surface to form 111- and 115-facets. The facet size distribution is quite narrow, so the finite size effect creates intensity minima in the vicinity of the bragg points in diffraction patterns. Aluminium adsorption finally leads to a stabilization of the silicon (112) surface, no facets are formed. This atomic flat surface was seen on nanowire sidewalls, grown with aluminium as catalyst. (orig.)

The only proper way to describe uncertainties in health physics is by statistical means. But statistics never can replace Your personal evaluation of effect, nor can statistics transmute randomness into certainty like an ''uncertainty laundry''. The paper discusses these problems in routine practical work.

Cold generation with district heat is still an exception in Germany. The trend towards combined heat and power generation and the increasing demand for reserve power within minutes and at acceptable cost, the economic efficieny of thermal refrigeration processes will be easier to define in the future. The author presents an exemplary building in the German city of Giessen, where a cafe on the 13th level as well as a doctor's surgery are cooled in summer by an absorption refrigerator cooled by district heat.

The present thesis aims at the theoretical description of laser-cluster interactions by means of semiclassical simulations, using small sodium clusters as model systems. In particular, the dynamics of ionization and electron emission is analyzed. To this end a model has been developed, which takes the density- and temperature dependence of electron-electron scattering cross sections within the nanoplasma into account. Furthermore the possibility of resonant excitation with few-cycle-pulses and control of the electron emission by means of the carrier-envelope-phase is investigated. (orig.)

Describes the use of some modern German drama in 3rd-year foreign language classes. Following classwork and homework, the students improvised scenes. The handling of certain passages is discussed, including their use in intensive training in speaking. (Text is in German.) (IFS/WGA)

In the last few years, the design of solid biofuels for small combustion plants < 50 kW has become an important topic of biomass research. The European Union, for example, is sponsoring the European 'MixBioPells' project that is mainly supported by the German Biomass Research Center (DBFZ) in Leipzig. From 2010 until late 2012, the Agency of Renewable Resources (FNR) sponsored the 'C4-Kompakt' project in Germany. The aim of the project, which was executed by the University of Bonn/Center for Renewable Resources, was the development of mixed pellets with a minimum miscanthus content of 50%wt. First combustion tests showed increased fouling and slagging of pellet combustion. This problem, however, can be overcome by deliberate adding of inorganic additives (kaolin). (orig.)

The distillation of cognac is done by a copper still which is heated by propane or natural gas. The hypothesis states that a regulated combustion using innovative gas sensors, as a supplementary to the traditional distillation technology, will lead to fuel savings and thus indicating a reduction of costs and CO{sub 2} emission. This hypothesis shall be proved by technical realisation. (orig.)

The own-consumption regulation introduced in 2009 has led to an improved economic efficiency of PV plants. Even if the remuneration paid for own supply should be abolished, rising electricity prices will nevertheless strengthen the incentive for operators to increase their rate of own consumption. This scenario applies for the currently existing total of around 9 GW in installed PV capacity. A high rate of own consumption will continue to offer benefits for plants to be installed in future as well, and this will be further amplified if the scheduled cuts in feed-in compensation are moved forward in time. However, the promotion of own consumption of PV electricity can only provide relief to local electricity networks if these have a suitable load management in place. In spite of the compensation paid for own consumption it will further be necessary to find mechanisms that secure the economic effectiveness of efficiency technologies.

The new buildings of the student hostel of the University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim have been planned as six 'mound-of-earth houses'. Due to this concept apart from an optimum integration of the buildings into the landscape also in view of building physics optimum conditions (low heat losses, sheltered from the wind) of the exclusively south-oriented window area are attained. The south facing windows moreover serve for the passive use of solar energy. The economy efficiency of the measures for the efficient use of energy as well as for passive use of solar energy not only depend on technical and financial conditions but also on the behaviour and comfort or comfortableness demands of the occupiers of the building as well as on the acceptance of the technical-organizational solutions chosen. (BWI).

The combination of power and heat gains even additional efficiency when included in industrial processes. Which possibilities do exist are verified by the authors by means of examples for the following technological processes: Recycling processes, disposal procedures, mineral oil refining processes, gas purification procedures. (orig.).

The non-invasive disintegration of kidney stones using shock waves, referred to as extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy, has been successful for more than twenty years in treating patients having renal and ureteral stones. Two modified shock wave generators are described in this article. The novel systems produce two similar shock waves (tandem shock waves) generated with a short time delay. The second shock wave arrives during collapse of the bubbles generated in the neighborhood of the stone due to the first shock wave. This may increase cavitation bubble collapse and could enhance cavitation-induced damage to kidney stones during shock wave lithotripsy. In vitro comparison of standard systems with the new designs showed that fragmentation efficiency of artificial kidney stones was significantly enhanced using tandem shock waves. (orig.)

A rapid method for determining Sr-89 and Sr-90 in water, milk and biological samples has been developed and tested. After sample preparation strontium is separated by extraction chromatography using Sr resin. Eluate is divided and transfered to LSC vial and filter paper by SrCO{sub 3} precipitation. A Hidex 300 SL TDCR liquid scintillation counter and Thermo Fisher low level proportional counter have been used. Chemical yield of Sr-85 tracer is determined by Gamma spectroscopy. Uncertainty budget, decision threshold and detection limit are calculated in accordance with GUM and ISO 11929.

This appendix to a final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) discusses a system concept that can be used to help save energy in the Swiss rail network. The concept proposes that the highest level of energy savings can be achieved by controlling the trains to provide a high level of smooth flow as far as speed is concerned. In particular, various situations are described where, for example, double and single track working exists and unnecessary breaking when trains have to pass each other can be avoided. Predictor algorithms are described and discussed and possible indicators for train drivers are proposed. The system architecture required is examined and recommendations are made concerning the implementation of the system. Restrictions caused by the running of non-equipped foreign trains on the Swiss rail network are also discussed.

In 2015 the Swiss Customs Administration has taken into operation a vehicle inspection system of the newest generation. Higher radiation power yields better image quality. Image quality and the ALARA-principle are in competition with each other. In the drive-by mode the driver's cabin can also be inspected. Instead of limiting the maximum dose rate at the border of the controlled area, the maximum allowable dose per scan was calculated from the utilization frequency, in order to observe the regulations in radiation protection. In the vicinity of hills or tall buildings the limited height of the beam-stop must be taken into consideration. If pulsed X-rays are measured, saturation effects must be considered, which may cause too low measurement values - in particular if measurements of the direct beam are performed.

The EVA project compares nationwide energy crops and crop rotations on site-specific productivity. In addition to agronomic suitability for cultivation economic and environmental benefits and consequences are analyzed and evaluated. As part of sustainability assessment of the tested cultivation options LCAs are established. The model MiLA developed in the project uses empirical test data and site parameters to prepare the inventory balances. At selected locations different cultivation and fertilization regimes are examined comparatively. In the comparison of individual crops and crop rotation combinations cultivation of W.Triticale-GPS at the cereals favor location Dornburg causes the lowest productrelated GHG-emissions. Due to the efficient implementation of nitrogen and the substrate properties of maize is the cultivation despite high area-related emissions and N-expenses at a low level of emissions. Because of the intensity the two culture systems offer lower emissions savings potentials with high area efficiency. Extensification with perennial alfalfagrass at low nitrogen effort and adequate yield performance show low product-related emissions. Closing the nutrient cycles through a recirculation of digestates instead of using mineral fertilization has a climate-friendly effect. Adapted intensifies of processing or reduced tillage decrease diesel consumption and their related emissions.

Heavy metals (HM) concentrations in moss, leaves and needles and organic surface soil layers, derived from the European Moss Survey, the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) and the ICP Forests were compared with those from deposition modelling by use of LOTOS-EUROS (LE) and EMEP/MSCE-HM in terms of their spatial patterns and temporal trends. The total atmospheric deposition differs considerably between the two models. HM concentrations in biomonitors (moss, leaves, and needles) were found to be predominantly higher correlated to deposition modelled by LE compared to EMEP. For Cd, strongest correlations could be found between deposition data calculated by LE and concentrations in moss (Europe, geostatistically estimated) and in needles (Germany). Regarding Pb, the coefficients of correlation came out to be the highest for EMEP deposition and measured element concentrations in moss (Europe) as well as for LE deposition and needles from ICP Forests Level II (Germany) and, respectively, leaves from ESB (Germany).

Full Text Available Beside its basic functionality the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA offers interesting features to the medical doctor working in a clinic or general practice. However, these possibilities are often unknown even to the medical professional. This paper introduces medical software for the PDA which is helpful in the daily routine in order to have valuable information at hand at the point-of-care.

Paper-insulated cables are constructed with an impervious metallic outer jacket in order to protect them against ingress of moisture. On 'modern' transition-joints to XLPE-insulated cables, this metal barrier is interrupted, hence, a risk of moisture penetration exists. This text presents measurements of water-vapour permeability of used materials and discusses the results of ageing tests. (orig.)

The process design for resource recovery is presented, in which a waste stream of used pickling acid and of composite packaging is combined. Subsequent processing of secondary raw copper as cementation product conserves resources and saves energy. Packaging for liquid food (TetraPak etc.) and for powder is often built up of composites of paper, polyethylene and aluminium. For wet chemical treatment reject material (mostly paper fibre free, rough shredded) was used, which was examined according to its shredding behaviour. Used pickling acids are known in different compositions. The optimal conditions for the process have been identified within the wet chemical experiments. It was demonstrated that the aluminium oxide layer of the reject material could be depassivated by addition of chlorides. Regarding the reductive chemical reaction of the aluminium oxide layer it could be managed to carry out the wet chemical treatment with preservation of the valuable non-ferrous metals. For the wet chemical treatment, a newly developed combined screening stirred reactor proved particularly effective. The process happens in the reactor itself so that the product of the cementation settles and passes the sieve plate. Copper has been determined in fraction between 474 and 860 g/kg in the cementation product. From other Al-containing packaging (blisters etc.) copper has been obtained success fully in the cementation product, too. (orig.)

After many years in operation the large power plant generating units B and C at Gundremmingen nuclear power plant are due for inspection and maintenance, which also requires modernizing the electrical protection. Unlike the construction of new power plants, additional constraints apply to modernization in existing plants. The new solution has to fit as seamlessly as possible into the existing units, such as signaling systems with their multitude of signaling contacts and printers, or the connection to the power plant automation system. Apart from purely technical requirements, economic factors such as short standstill times, limited budgets or phased conversions also influence the choice of a suitable solution. Planning, construction and commissioning of the electrical generating unit protection was implemented by the Secondary Systems Technology Center, a technical department of RWE-Rhein-Ruhr Netzservice GmbH, in coordination with the operator. (orig.)

According to the standard IEC 61511 each safety-related loop is assigned to one of the four Safety Integrity Levels (SILs). For every safety-related loop a SIL-specific Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) must be proven. Usually, the PFD calculation is performed based upon the failure rates of each loop component aided by commercial software tools. However, this bottom-up approach suffers from many uncertainties. Especially, a lack of reliable failure rate data causes many problems. Reference data collected in different environments are available to solve this situation. However, this pragmatism leads to a PFD bandwidth, not to a single PFD value as desired. In order to make a decision for a numerical value appropriate for the chemical and pharmaceutical process industry a data ascertainment has been initiated by the European NAMUR. Its results display large deficiencies for the bottom-up approach. The error sources leading to this situation are located and analyzed. (GL)

The GPS technology has made gas leak detection more efficient. By linking it with the documentation of the Geographic Information System (GIS), gas grid monitoring, long-term planning and also maintenance can be optimized considerably. After successful testing, Industrielle Werke Basel (IWB) introduced the system for their whole gas grid. Apart from cost savings, there was also a significant quality improvement in gas leak detection. (orig.)

In DELTA especially at high beam currents often the occurence of an instability of a longitudinal oscillation mode is observed. In the framework of the present thesis first with different procedure the cause of the longitudinal oscillation mode, which is especially strongly excited at high beam currents, is searched for. Thereby connections between the occurrence of this mode and parameters from the region of the storage-ring high-frequency system is observed. It is shown by comparison of different procedures, simulation calculations, and experimental pre-examinations, that especially by a phase modulation of the storage-ring high frequency an essential improvement of especially the longitudinal beam stability and the beam lifetime can be reached. For the durable and reliable improvement of these beam properties in the framework of the present thesis a system for the longitudinal phase modulation of the after-acceleration voltage in the cavity resonator of the DELTA storage ring is concipated, developed, constructed, taken in operation, and tested. Finally the results aimed hereby are presented and discussed.

In the domestic heating market the development and use of fuels with an increasing share of biogenic or alternative fuels is propagated. Due to the fact, that modern fuel oil burner feature a complex carburation techniques and combustion, changes on the fuel properties and composition can lead to increased emissions or deposit formation therein. Furthermore, the different fuel properties may result in decreased storage stability, which has to be evaluated before introducing them into the market. The scope of the project was to investigate the performance of low-sulfur domestic heating oil (DHO) with up to 20 % v/v FAME on the storage stability and on the use in oil-fired heating systems. The project was split into two major parts. The first part covered a two-year storage of the fuels including sampling and analysis of the fuels every half year. The analysis was conducted according to DIN 51603-1 for the pure DHO and according to DIN SPEC 51603-6 for the blends. It has been shown, that low sulphur domestic heating oil with up to 20 % (V/V) of FAME after two years of storage fits the parameter of the corresponding standards. Furthermore, a new testing method, called 'DGMK-714' derived from the PetroOxy-test (EN 16091) has been defined. With this method for the determination of oxidation stability the fuels can be characterized being comparable to the standardized testing methods of modified Rancimat or PetroOxy. The higher sample volume of the method allows further analysis of the fuel sample after testing for characterization of the fuels. The second part of the project investigated the deposit formation tendencies of the fuels in an idealized testing apparatus and in three different kinds of oil burners. Using the idealized testing apparatus proved an increased tendency of deposit formation during evaporation for an increasing FAME content. However, this tendency could not be observed in the three commercial oil-fired heating systems. A precise fuel specific failure could not be observed. Hence the results of this project sustain the future introduction of bio heating oil with a content of FAME of up to 20 % v/v. (orig.)

Starting from 2021, low and intermediate level radioactive waste produced in the Federal Republic of Germany will be finally disposed at a depth from 800 m to 1300 m in the Konrad Repository, close to the city Salzgitter. A prerequisite for the final disposal of radioactive waste packages is their conformance with national acceptance criteria. These acceptance criteria include among others radiological requirements for waste packages. To ensure a conformance of waste packages with these radiological requirements, experimental techniques are applied to characterize their radionuclide inventories. For this purpose, segmented γ-scanning is used worldwide as the standard non-destructive assay for the radiological characterization of waste drums. Segmented γ-scanning investigates predefined parts of a waste drum independently of each other using γ-spectrometry with a collimated detection system. Radionuclides are identified by their characteristic γ-lines in each recorded γ-spectrum, and two-dimensional count rate distributions are determined depending on the positions of the investigated predefined parts. The reconstruction of radionuclide specific activities by conventional methods requires a homogeneous matrix and radionuclide distribution within the whole drum. Thus, radionuclide specific activities are estimated using an analytical model based on the average count rate of a characteristic γ-line over all investigated parts of the waste drum. However, only 25% of all waste drums meet these requirements. It is therefore expected that the radionuclide specific activities for the majority of waste drums are miscalculated by several orders of magnitude. In this work, an analysis framework known as SGSreco is presented. SGSreco aims to ensure an accurate and a reliable reconstruction of radionuclide specific activities for homogeneous and spatially concentrated (point sources) radionuclide inventories. SGSreco uses an inverse approach. Within a first-guess reconstruction, point sources are identified by peaks in the associated count rate distributions. Using this information, the measured count rate distributions are fitted with a physically motivated geometric model by a likelihood minimization. Finally, the positions and activities of point sources as well as the activity of a homogeneous distribution of a radionuclide are reconstructed. For the first time, a priori unknown parameters, such as the density of the waste matrix or the thickness of absorber boxes, can be determined by SGSreco. Furthermore, SGSreco is capable of estimating reasonable statistical and systematic uncertainties. Reconstructions with SGSreco are benchmarked by simulation studies with waste matrices ranging from densities of 0.5 g cm{sup -3} to 2.3 g cm{sup -3} and by measurements with a reference drum and a test drum segment using the key nuclides {sup 60}Co and {sup 137}Cs. The performance of SGSreco is tested in terms of homogenous radionuclide inventories, ensembles of up to five point sources, single point sources in unknown waste matrices or absorber boxes, and spatially extended sources. It is shown, for example, that the activity reconstruction of homogenous radionuclide inventories is improved from deviations of around 30% for the conventional method to deviations of no more than 6%. The total activity of ensembles with up to five sources can be reconstructed with deviations between around -7% and 14%. Moreover, it is shown that the reconstructions with SGSreco are very accurate in all investigated cases. Point sources are localized with a precision of only a few mm. Due to computation times of less than one minute, SGSreco is applicable for the routine characterization of waste drums without limitations. Furthermore, SGSreco is compatible with existing γ-scanning hardware, making its implementation quick and flexible. In summary, SGSreco significantly improves the accuracy and reliability of the radionuclide specific activity reconstruction, allows a reasonable determination of statistical and systematic uncertainties, and enables the reconstruction of previously inaccessible parameters of matrix and radionuclide distribution, which may have a direct impact on the acceptance of waste for final disposal.

The focus of physical activity promotion is moving from measures to increase health-enhancing physical activity on the individual level to higher-level strategies including policy and environmental approaches. Scientific evidence, traditionally related to individual-based strategies, calls for

A novel method to prepare membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) by a layer-upon-layer fabrication onto a porous substrate is presented. The novel preparation technique is based on a single method for the fabrication of the whole MEA, e.g. spraying one functional layer onto the other, and therefore simplifies its preparation considerably. It also permits new fuel cell designs with in-plane serial connection of single cells. The new concept offers high flexibility in the choice of cell geometry as well as superior control of the structural parameters. Layer thickness, composition, catalyst and ionomer loadings can easily be varied and adapted. Cells fabricated with the new concept are especially suited for low power micro fuel cells operated at ambient conditions. In this work, process parameters enabling such a layer-upon-layer MEA preparation have been developed. Advanced catalyst inks and electrolyte solutions were formulated as precursors for each functional layer. Nafion {sup registered} as well as polyaryl-based polymers were investigated for the fabrication of dense electrolyte layers. Catalyst layers were prepared from inks containing Pt and PtRu-black catalysts which were suspended in suitable solvents with diluted proton-conducting electrolytes. The critical parameters for the layer build-up were identified and optimized afterwards. Various candidate materials for the porous substrate were characterized and selected for further investigation. Experiments and calculation models led to a concept and an advanced design for a serially connected multi-cells unit on the substrate. The inplane conductivity of the electrodes turned out to be the critical parameter resulting in high ohmic losses especially when the electrodes were applied on non-conductive substrates. Various conductive coatings were tested to selectively increase the conductivity of non-conductive substrates, which are prerequisite for serial connection. Only precious metals like gold enabled high enough conductivity with adequate corrosion stability. Single cells were prepared with the layer-upon-layer fabrication concept proving its feasibility. The application of dense electrolyte layers upon porous electrode layers could be demonstrated without adversely affecting the electrode porosity. Electrochemical cell characterization delivered very promising results since conventionally prepared MEAs with prefabricated membranes show similar power densities. The new concept with layer-uponlayer fabrication and serial connection of adjacent cells has the potential to become an advantageous, cost-effective alternative to the conventional bipolar configuration of small fuel cells. (orig.)

On the basis of the nuclear power phase out in Germany in 2011, three nuclear power plant operators (E.ON, RWE and Vattenfall) submitted constitutional complaints to the Federal Constitutional Court. In parallel, Vattenfall, a Swedish state-owned company, took a second legal option: An investment protection arbitration procedure against Germany was initiated on the basis of the ''Energiecharta'' contract. A negotiation took place in October 2016. Critics notice that this would provide a foreign company with a special legal action. They want to derive consequences for the content and conclusion of further trade agreements (for example, TTIP).

Although physical strain has been reduced for many employees by improving workplace conditions, musculoskeletal disorders are still relevant in the working health system. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of different safety shoes on the musculoskeletal system under real working conditions. This was accomplished by using measuring techniques to determine which construction characteristics of footwear could decrease physical strain on the worker. Three different types of safety sh...

In the present thesis ion beam implantation of boron is studied as method for the increasement of the hardness and for the improvement of the operational characteristics of cutting tools on the tungsten carbide-cobalt base. For the boron implantation with 40 keV energy and {approx}5.10{sup 17} ions/cm{sup 2} fluence following topics were shown: The incoerporation of boron leads to a deformation and remaining strain of the WC lattice, which possesses different stregth in the different directions of the elementary cell. The maximum of the deformation is reached at an implantation temperature of 450 C. The segregation of the new phases CoWB and Co{sub 3}W was detected at 900 C implantation temperature. At lower temperatures now new phases were found. The tribological characteristics of WC-Co are improved. Hereby the maxiaml effect was measured for implantation temperatures from 450 C to 700 C: Improvement of the microhardness by the factor 2..2.5, improvement of the wear resistance by the factor 4. The tribological effects extend to larger depths than the penetration depth of the boron implantation profile. The detected property improvements of the hard metal H3 show the possibility of a practical application of boron ion implantation in industry. The effects essential for a wer decreasement are a hardening of the carbide phase by deformation of the lattice, a hardening of the cobalt binding material and the phase boundaries because of the formation of a solid solution of the implanted boron atoms in Co and by this a blocking of the dislocation movement and the rupture spreading under load.

WO 200205972 A UPAB: 20020613 NOVELTY - By temporal variation of polymerization conditions, a release layer with property gradient is produced. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for the corresponding mold with permanent layer of parting agent. USE - To make a permanent mold release layer with property gradient. The mold is used to produce plastic objects, e.g. from polyurethane or polyurethane foam (claimed applications). ADVANTAGE - A low-energy, actively-separating sur...

By the project in question existing means for coalface air conditioning which, however, were not adapted to the requirements of thin seams were further developed to be suited also for air conditioning in this range of worked thicknesses. The air coolers underwent dimensional and design changes so that they can be fitted to the canopy of a minishield on the gob side of the travelway. On the shield the place therefore was made available by asymmetric array of legs and advance system. A new hydraulic drive using the flow energy of the circulating coolant was developed for the cooler fan. In addition another system for coalface air cooling was developed, viz. the extralow temperature coolant line which, by integration into the conveyors' spillplate system, could be brought to high operational reliability. Both systems can either be used on their own or in combination (if high cooling capacity is required). They allow optimized coalface air conditioning by cooling and drying of the ventilation air. Prototypes were made of the coalface cooler and the conveyor spillplate system with integrated extra-low temperature coolant line elements. A drawing of the asymmetric shield is on hand. The equipment developed is intended to be brought to full operational readiness within a follow-up project. (orig.) With 8 figs., 6 refs.

Prototypes of 'cooling shields' and a deep cooling line with 15 'cooling pans' of an AFC were tested. The legs of the cooling shields were arranged asymmetrically so that a forced ventilated ultra-compact cooler may be accommodated. A fan driven by high pressure water using a turbine is used for ventilation purposes. After the successful testing on the surface and underground a suitable face cooler for a 5 kW minimum cooling capacity is available. Though the functionality of the deep cooling line installed between the conveyor pan and the gob side plough guidance of the AFC could be proven on the surface test rig, it is not yet suitable for practical applications underground without further considerable improvements. (orig.) With 7 refs., 1 tab., 13 figs.

The question of how knowledge of certain organisms can be used to upgrade whole product lines lies at the centre of current research. For the purpose of clarification, this process, in-cluding control and assessment of the interactions between process design and properties, was divided into four steps through observation, analysis, and evaluation completed at pre-determined intervals:1.Substance characterisation2.Narrowing of goals3.Product and process conceptualisation4.Application and optim...

Within the A4 experiment the contributions of the strange quark to the electromagnetic form factors of the proton are measured. These see-quark effects in low energy observables are very important for the understanding of hadron structure, because they are a direct manifestation of QCD degrees of freedom in the non-perturbative regime. Linear combinations of the strangeness vector form factors of the proton (G{sub E}{sup s} and G{sub M}{sup s}) are accessible experimentally by measuring the parity violating asymmetry in the cross section of the elastic scattering of longitudinal polarised electrons off unpolarised nucleons. Two such measurements were published by the A4 collaboration before this work. Both of them were forward angle measurements at the Q{sup 2} values of 0.23 and 0.10 (GeV/c){sup 2}, respectively. A measurement at backward angle with a beam energy of 315 MeV was performed for separating G{sub E}{sup s} and G{sub M}{sup s} at the higher of these Q{sup 2} values. In the A4 experiment a longitudinally polarised electron beam scatters on a liquid hydrogen target. Single scattered electrons are counted with a Cherenkov calorimeter. The separation of elastic from inelastic events is achieved by means of calorimetric energy measurement. For the backward angle measurement a plastic scintillator was installed as electron tagger for suppressing the {gamma} background coming from the decay of {pi}{sup 0} mesons. In order to make the data analysis possible the energy spectra needed to be studied thoroughly. This was done in this work using detailed simulations of both the scattering processes suffered by beam electrons and of the response of the detectors. A method for handling the remaining background due to {gamma} conversion before the scintillator has been also developed. The simulation results agree with the measured spectra at the 5% level and the strategy for handling the background was shown to be feasible. The asymmetry value obtained by handling the background as proposed in this work was combined with the previous A4 forward angle measurement at the same Q{sup 2} for separating G{sub E}{sup s} and G{sub M}{sup s} at Q{sup 2}=0.22{proportional_to}(GeV/c){sup 2}. The results are G{sub M}{sup s}= -0.14 {+-} 0.11{sub exp} {+-} 0.11{sub theo} and G{sub E}{sup s}= 0.050 {+-} 0.038{sub exp} {+-} 0.019{sub theo}, where the systematic uncertainty due to the background correction is contained in the experimental error. Conclusions about the influence of strangeness on the static electromagnetic properties of the proton are drawn from these results and are presented at the end of the work. (orig.)

Scaling in the context of REACH means: use of simple mathematics to check, whether chemi-cals are used in a safe way. Even in case if certain conditions of use deviate from the exposure scenario. In specific cases, scaling offers downstream users the opportunity to demonstrate coverage by an exposure scenario for their individual conditions of use. In this report we describe the duty of downstream users to check their conditions of use. We give a definition of scaling related to REACH. We describe objectives and results of scaling. We characterise available scaling tools in a structured way. We describe options for further development and harmonisation of scaling tools. Under use of the experience with existing tools, we develop a guidance document on scaling. Three examples in this guidance make clear how scaling works. In five steps. The guidance is addressed to persons using substances in industrial or professional applications - downstream users according to REACH. In addition, the guidance supports producers of substances and formulators who want to develop scaling tools for their customers. The report includes a calculation table for scaling related to the environment (REACH Scale Environment). In addition, it includes a template to generate product-specific scaling tools. This report focuses on scaling related to environmental exposure assessment. Scaling is possible related to workers and consumer exposure, too. References for this are given in chapter 7. (orig.)

Full Text Available Which qualifications should executives have? How can schools and universities contribute in the development of these qualifications? Can qualifications be measured and can they be learned? This conference transcript under the editorship of Petia GENKOVA is devoted to these and other questions. In five different sections with four articles each, the underlying questions are discussed from different viewpoints and different scientific disciplines. Following the structure of the conference transcript, I will take a look at each article individually, framing the discussion of the articles and sections with introductory remarks regarding the overall topic and with a closer look at the terms "competence", "qualification" and "key qualification." The review ends with a summary and an overall evaluation of the conference transcript. All in all, it can be stated that the interdisciplinary approach of the conference transcript is a great strength of the book. At the same time, the integration of various scientific disciplines makes it difficult to read the book under an overall theme. However, for those who would like to get a multi-disciplinary introduction to the questions underlying the conference transcript, it is a valuable starting point. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs110183

The research project analyses the influence of exceeded speeds on main urban roads in terms of environmental quality. In the analysis, aspects of emissions of harmful substances, noise, the quality of living and residential surrounding, urban separation effects as well as road safety aspects concerning pedestrians and cyclists were examined. Speed surveillance and accordant ticketing in case of violation are common in German cities. A survey carried out in several cities revealed that environmental aspects play hardly a role when considering control measures. Such measures are mainly viewed as 'traffic safety measures'. The most important result was that sanctioned monitoring (with fines) is indispensable for better compliance with the permissible maximum speed. Sanctions and their effect on speed behaviour were examined in the sample cities Rostock, Berlin and Dresden. In situations with a reasonably steady traffic flow speeds between 30 and 50 km/h were found to be most consistent with environmental protection objectives. Attaining this level requires a combination of conceptual planning measures and statutory regulatory measures, as well as the comprehensive involvement of all interested parties in the planning processes, the use of active and passive enforcement efforts, short-term interventions to modify streets or their cross-sections, and targetted public relations efforts. Within the study, an 'Analytical plan to evaluate complex environmental effects' (AKU) was developed. This plan serves as a tool for evaluation and decision making for certain measures and for the analysis of traffic effects on residents. In this plan, conclusions concerning various environmental aspects and the effect on residents are considered and assessed by a simplified approach. Furthermore, action priorities with a conceptual planning bias were derived. With regard to regulative judicial measures the study identified that speeding violations have to be monitored and persecuted within a short period of time. For that purpose the local authority's capacity to act in terms of monitoring speed limits has to be increased in accordance with paragraph 45 of the German road traffic regulations (STVO). Legal measures to reduce the speed level should not solely correspond to the traffic relevance of a certain road but also consider the effects of this road onto the residential surroundings as well as onto the residents themselves (especially concerning health aspects). (orig.)

Compared with the Restriction of Competition (GWB) in its actual version, the eighth amendment of the GWB provides modifications especially in the misuse control, in the fusion control, in the cartel regulation adversity law and sanctions with respect to the factual application areas of the GWB. Under this aspect, the authors of the contribution under consideration report on the modifications of the general antitrust regulations with special impacts on the energy industry, water resources management and district heating industry. Furthermore, the authors report on a prolongation of the special misuse control in the energy industry with respect to paragraph 29 GWB as well as on the transfer of the special antitrust misuse regulations for the water resource management. Innovations in the range of legal consequences of a violation of the GWB are presented.

The compartmentalization of national energy markets is the leitmotif of anti-trust against the greatest European energy utilities. With far-reaching commitments of the utilities the European Commission attempted a rapid end of abusive practices and a market opening. A discouragement of claim for damages under private law from customers has been accepted. There is a lack of a final reasoned statement of the behavior being in violation with competition law with a binding effect also for the courts. The impressive balance of the European Commission shows a partial failure of the regulation in the grid operation. E.ON (Munich, Federal Republic of Germany) has sold its high voltage network. RWE AG (Essen, Federal Republic of Germany) sold its transmission system. Eni Gas and Power GmbH (Duesseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany) will sell large portions of its international transmission system. The large vertically integrated utilities may not agree on long-term supply and resale restrictions.

The heat supply of buildings causes nearly one third of the energy consumption of an industrialized country. In 2006, the climate-adjusted heat consumption of private households in Germany amounted nearly 600 billion kWh. This consumption caused more than 167 million tons of CO{sub 2}. Heat insulation measures in buildings are required for all heat-transferring enveloping surface. Under this aspect, the contribution under consideration reports on four fundamental rules for a cost-efficient building insulation: (a) Only heated rooms should be insulated thermally; (b) Location and thermal insulation of cavities; (c) Selection of a suitable insulating material; (d) Consideration of an economic sustainability.

This book explains the physical foundations and the technology of the elementary-particle research and describes the particle accelerators, the detector, and their concerted acting. On some milestones of the research - from the production of transuranium elements via the discovery of exotic mesons until the Higgs particle - the way from theory via the experiment to the research result is shown.

Quantum physics have in the last years developed to an important theme in physics teaching of the gymnasial upper stage. On the side of physics didactics different concepts were developed in order to overcome the specific difficulties in the teaching of quantum physics. Nevertheless the design of the quantum-physics teaching follows still traditional approaches. This work studies the actual situation of the quantum-physics teaching and the possibilities to offer to the teachers conceptional alternatives for the design of the quantum-physics teaching. Thereby among others was studied how a server for multimedia units must be designed structurally and in its contents in order to contribute in the teaching praxis to a further development of the quantum-physics courses. In the development of the server expert knowledge was included. Starting from the status quo of the quantum-physics teaching, which was analyzed in an inquiry of teachers, by means of a Delphi study possibilities for the improvement of the quality of the quantum-physics teaching by the application of multimedia were determined. To this belongs beside the identification of suited theme fields also the gathering of methodical tips and possible conceptional further developments of the quantum-physics teaching. The results of the study entered directly in the parralely running development of the media server. So the server offers to each medium didactical explanations about learning goals, learning conditions etc. and makes proposals for a possible application scenario of each multimedial unit. Furthermore pupil activating problems are offered, which can be worked out by means of the medium. In these additional offers lies an essential didactical advantage of the server against conventional link list or search engines.

The scientific and technical goals of this project were developed in five parts. The individual topics arising from current issues, they still have a generally applicable nature. The consortium has worked on the following subprojects: (1) Development of a measurement technique to determine energy and photometric key figures of daylight components with a round robin test with three institutes. (2) Implementation of a detailed evaluation and documentation process for daylighting of interior spaces in different climate zones. (3) For lighting control in private living areas a ''Power Line Carrier Communication'' system has been evaluated and the advantages of a wireless transmission system were identified. (4) In a home for elderly quantitative studies on the well-being, for the fulfillment of visual tasks and the capability of melatonin suppression at different scenarios of general lighting with two different color temperatures of lamps (''warm white'' with TCP = 3000 K and ''cold white daylight'' with TCP = 6500 K) and vertical illuminance at the eyes of the subjects between 100 lx and 700 lx were performed. (5) For two school buildings in Berlin, the final energy consumption of the existing lighting system, the reference building and a re-planning were determined. It became clear in both examples that the existing lighting system exceeds the permitted value (EnEV 2009) by far. A good redesign, however, can be significantly less than the maximum allowed value. These studies were accompanied by a one-year monitoring of energy consumption. A cross-sectional analysis of 48 schools with a total of 86 buildings shows a substantial need for renovation of school buildings that were built before 1990.

The long-term release of radioactivity into the ground water path cannot be excluded for the radioactive waste repository Asse II. The possible radiological consequences were analyzed using a radio-ecological scenario developed by GRS. A second scenario was developed considering the solubility of radionuclides in salt saturated solutions and retarding/retention effects during the radionuclide transport through the cap rock layers. The modeling of possible radiation exposure was based on the lifestyle habits of reference persons. In Germany the calculation procedure for the prediction of radionuclide release from final repositories is not defined by national standards, the used procedures are based on analogue methods from other radiation protection calculations.

FoxO transcription factors are crucial modulators of various cellular processes, controlling the expression of target genes such as those coding for manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and selenoprotein P (SeP), thereby supporting defense against oxidative stress. Environmental stimuli such as heavy metal ions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) modulate signaling pathways both by interaction with proteins or by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exposure of hepatoma cells to nickel ions at subcytotoxic doses did not translate into modulation of FoxO activity despite an activation of the Ser/Thr-kinase Akt. The cellular response to nickel ions under these conditions is most likely independent of the formation of ROS, since there were no increased levels of glutathione disulfide detectable. FoxO activity was then found to be modulated in response to exposure of cells to PAH or the tryptophan photoproduct FICZ. Both PAH and FICZ caused an increased activity of a FoxO-responsive promoter construct as well as of glucose 6-phosphatase promoter activity. In contrast, the activities of promoters of genes coding for MnSOD or SeP were decreased in response to exposure to the PAH 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC). In line with the promoter effects, 3-MC also decreased steady-state levels of SeP mRNA. The response of the SeP promoter to 3-MC was abrogated by point mutations introduced at the two identified FoxO binding elements of the SeP promoter, implying that interaction of FoxO proteins with these sites is essential for the downregulation of promoter activity. In addition to FoxO activity being modulated by xenobiotics, it was then demonstrated that FoxO expression was also modulated by exposure of cells to PAH or FICZ. FoxO4 mRNA levels were downregulated in hepatoma cells exposed to 3-MC or FICZ. Similarly, insulin treatment caused a downregulation of mRNA levels of FoxO 1a, 3a and 4 in hepatoma cells. (orig.)

The microbial catabolic activity of biological reactors can be increased by up to 75% through external stimulation with intermittent stress loads at intervals of several minutes. Under these process conditions, the ''biological resonance'' phenomenon determines the system and leads to an increased synthesis of enzymes. In addition to computer simulations, experiments with activated sludge were carried out in a 10-litre bioreactor. By modulating the stress intervals, a permanent increase in catabolic activity of about 60% was achieved during these experiments. By relying on the ''biological resonance'' phenomenon, the required reaction volume of biological treatment units can probably be reduced by up to 40%. (orig.)

Aim of the research-project was it to increase the calculation safety of crank shaft thrust bearings in combustion engines. The project was divided in two parts: (1) A simulation program to analyze the load bearing capacity of axial bearings under mixed lubrication has been developed at the Institut fuer Maschinenelemente und Konstruktionstechnik, University of Kassel. This part of the research-project has been presented at the FVV Herbsttagung in 2003. (2) The test runs with original parts were carried out on a newly designed thrust bearing test rig at the Institut fuer Tribologie, University of Applied Sciences in Mannheim. The following presentation shows the results of part 2. The experimental results show the influence of rotational frequency, load, bearing material, lateral run-out of the tread of the crankshaft and groove pattern. These test runs will help to dimension thrust bearings more efficiently. (orig.)

Hygienic specifications for gastronomy, catering services and industrial kitchens are very rigid. Cooling is an important element, not least as a result of trends like 'cook and chill'. Problems can be avoided by careful planning. (orig.)

Full Text Available By the theme: People in the revolt - In an expedition through five thousand years of metaphysical revolts, stands the Gilgamesh-Epic, the oldest literary evidence of the human fear of death, at the centre of my deliberations. With the help of Gilgameshs story, King of Uruk, I attempt to demonstrate that men since time immemorial are seeking immortality. When a person perceives, that nothing remains for her/him, but to accept the fact of mortality, can she/he successfully achieve the affirmation of life and of the world.

Progress of development of driver assistance systems have more and more lead to systems assisting the driver on guidance level. These systems allow direct or indirect driving process contact thus being safety relevant vehicle systems, and their operation requires high safety and reliability standards. To realize the necessary driver assistance, complete collection and interpretation of traffic actions are required and a number of information and information sources has to be integrated, especially in case of traffic situations at junctions in urban areas. The requirements, however, cannot only be reduced to technical reliability of the system and system components but have also to be extended to the information in- and output thus guaranteeing safe operation. This information has to reach the required quality thus avoiding any hazards during the complete time of information use. It is evident that none of the existing models and methods allow a uniform description of information quality of driver assistance systems. The thesis shows a quality concept for description and evaluation of information quality within information processing systems. The quality concept consists of a quality model and an analysing procedure. The quality model is the basis of the quality concept. All types of information are described by a fixed set of quality characteristic, and suitable parameters are used for concretion and quantification. (orig.)

The use of modern terminology hinders to understand historical astronomical texts and often misleads the reader. Therefore, this study tries to reconstruct the ideas of the way the planets seem to move against the sphere of fixed stars in a non-teleological manner, that means in the original view and with original terms. The study proceeds historically and explains: (1) Aristotle's system of homocentric spheres being hollow spheres of ether turning equally round the earth in the centre of the world, a number of which makes the apparatus of the movement of a planet which produces its apparently unequal motion. (2) Ptolemy's reductionistic system of geometric circles (eccentric deferents, epicycles etc.), which are indeed great circles on non-concentric hollow spheres, whereupon they turn around equally. The space which they take up in all is surrounded by an inner and an outer concentric spherical surface and makes the sphere of the planet. (3) John's of Sacrobosco transferring of the geometric astronomy to the Latin of Middle Ages and the commentators' precision of the Greek-Latin terms. (4) The tradition of the "Theorica planetarum" which makes this geometry physics by allotting every partial moving to a partial material hollow sphere (with spherical surfaces of different centricity) or full sphere of an epicycle (orbes particulares or partialis), a number of which makes the entire sphere of each planet (orbis totalis or totus). - Copernicus also stood within this tradition, except that his entire spheres differ from the earlier ones in size or thickness (because he eliminated the partly very big synodic epicycles and allocated their effect as a mere parallactic one to the yearly moving of the earth) and in the great intervening spaces between each other (a result of measuring the true distances of the planets on the basis of these parallactic effects). (5) Tycho Brahe's refutation of the unchangingness and unpermeableness and therefore solidity of all etherial spheres, what had been the fundamental condition for creating the indirect ways of the planets in all astronomical systems with partial or entire spheres engaging one another. It was particularly Kepler who recognizes that as a result celestial physics requires a complete change. (6) Kepler's replacement of celestial physics. He did not think any more that the apparent (unequal) way of a planet indirectly results from the combination of several equal movements of etherial partial and entire spheres. His planets move their true and real way caused directly by the joint effect of two corporal forces moving the planets both around the sun and to and from it, which latter makes the planet's speed indeed naturally unequal. For this "real way" he coins in late 1604 the specific term "orbita" (the modern "orbit", the German "Bahn". This term then little by little replaced the former non-specific, general description of the apparent or real way (as "via, iter, ambitus, circulus, circuitus" etc.), and Kepler used it increasingly from its introduction (initially frequently joined to a describing definition of this "way") up to the exclusive use in the fifth book of the "Epitome", after this "orbita" had changed its shape from a perfect eccentric circle to an oval and finally an elliptic form. This way Kepler marks the paradigm change of astronomy caused by himself also terminologically.

The use of renewable energy sources for power generation has increased dramatically in recent years. As a rule, however, such use is still not economical and is therefore cross-subsidised. In Germany this support is provided largely on the basis of the Renewable Energy Act. The focus of the present analysis is the extent to which the Act can also be regarded as a successful instrument of business promotion. To find an answer to this question, an investigation was carried out into the amount of additional private investment generated by public subsidies for the wind and photovoltaic power generation subsidised by the Act, on the one hand, and conventional regional business and research promotion, on the other. The results show that the wind farm sector scored rather better than the traditional instruments of business promotion, whereas the photovoltaic power industry performed much worse. When interpreting the results, however, account must be taken of some of the special features of the subsidies provided by the Act, such as guarenteed market for 20 years at fixed prices. (orig.)

The BfS website ''ODLInfo'' had been operational for many years when it suddenly became frequently visited by the public due to the Fukushima accident. BfS responded with increased polling frequency of the gamma probes in the network and a higher frequency in update of the web site. Not yet validated data were also published. The web site was extended by explanatory text and additional functionalities, including a complete translation into english language. Many questions directed to BfS by E-mail and related to this web site had to be answered. This was used as a valuable feedback for improving the its design. Additional services were implemented for providers of special applications of smartphones. The market is characterized by a great variability between serious and lurid apps. BfS seeks to support providers in giving explanatory help. Similar websites exist on European and international level. The EU is publishing data from member states on the EURDEP site. NGOs established platforms for uploading and visualizing private dose rate measurements in Japan after 11 march 2011. This development has important implication for emergency preparedness. Information platforms must be authentic and timely. They must compete with alternative data sources in contents and presentation. Data must be presented understandable. Ideally, the public can understand the data and set it into relation to reference values. Often people want to compare their own measurements - sometimes collected with low quality equipment - with official data. Radiation issues are much better understood by the lay public if visible effects in the variability of the measured dose rate are explained.

Sustainable use of resources worldwide, protection of the global climate, and enhanced energy efficiency are important challenges for Germany in the 21st century. A key element is the energy turnaround by enhanced use of renewable energy sources, especially in the private sector. The publication presents an acceptance model relating to this context; it is based on the three-component attitude theory and supplemented by concrete, behaviour-related acceptance of use. Statistical methods of verification showed that acceptance in attitude is the necessary condition for acceptance of action, which in turn is the necessary condition for acceptance of use. This means that acceptance in attitude will be the most common type of acceptance and acceptance of use the least common one. On the basis of the acceptance model and of other active and passive variables, a two-stage market segmentation and a cluster analysis were carried out in order to identify four different lifestyle types that are target groups for renewable energy sources. Among the active variables of the private end consumers were personality characteristics, personal values, technology affinity, thriftiness, environmental awareness and environmental behaviour. Descriptive or passive variables were recreational activities, media consumption, orientation in style and taste, and demographic characteristics. (orig./RHM)

In the frame of this project the extent of personal exposure against electromagnetic fields caused by various types of RFID equipment has been analyzed based on measurements on selected devices and numerical computations considering practically relevant exposure scenarios. The obtained results were assessed according to the ICNIRP guidelines published in 1998. Moreover, numerical computations were carried out in order to estimate disturbance voltages induced at the input of cardiac pacemakers. All relevant frequency bands used by present RFID devices were considered. With respect to RFID transponders it was shown that they do not cause relevant exposure. Exposure figures caused by typical active RFID transponders can be expected several orders of magnitude below the corresponding basic restrictions according to ICNIRP 1998. For the assessment of exposure caused by RFID reader devices a differentiation of device categories and operating frequencies is necessary. Small reader devices or handheld readers with operating ranges less than approximately 10 cm, e.g., for reading from or writing to electronic passports, tickets, etc., are based on inductive coupling at operating frequencies 13,56 MHz and 120 kHz. From the obtained results it can be concluded that these devices cause exposure well below the ICNIRP 1998 basic restrictions. Similarly, also measurement and computational results for inductively coupled RF access control and identification systems (13,56 MHz) with even higher operating ranges up to approximately 80 cm indicate that exposure above the basic restrictions is not to be expected for such devices under usual conditions in practice. In contrast, the obtained results for inductively coupled LF reading devices with operating ranges up to approximately 80 cm (operating frequency 120-125 kHz) showed that induced current densities in the central nervous tissue above the basic restrictions are possible for particular devices if a person approaches the antennas closer than 20 cm. Regarding UHF (868 MHz) and microwave (2,45 GHz) reader devices it was demonstrated that exposure above the basic restriction is not to be expected as long as a minimum distance to the antennas of 10 cm - 20 cm is maintained. Concerning exposure from currently widest deployed Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) technology also differences between technologies become obvious. While the numerous measurements and computations carried out did not give indications that radio frequency (RF)-EAS devices (operating frequency range typically 7,5-8,9 MHz) cause exposure above the basic restrictions defined in ICNIRP 1998, it could be demonstrated that for acoustomagnetic (AM)-EAS systems (operating frequency 58 kHz) exposure above the ICNIRP 1998 basic restrictions is possible, when approaching the antenna very closely, i.e., at unusual short distances of less than a few centimeters between the trunk and/or the head and the antenna. With respect to the assessment of the exposure caused by the RFID- and EAS devices with operating frequencies less than 10 MHz (particularly close to and below 100 kHz), it must be noted that the assessment summarized above was carried out based on the ICNIRP guidelines published in 1998, i.e., that the basic restriction in terms of current density was applied only to central nervous (CNS) tissue. It must be expected that the application of the new assessment concept recently published by ICNIRP 2010, which is based of induced electric field strength inside the tissue and which provides now also limits for all body tissues and not only for CNS tissue, may lead to significant different assessment results and conclusions for the mentioned device categories. Regarding possible electromagnetic interference with cardiac pacemakers, again RFID- and EAS-devices with working frequencies 58 kHz and 120 kHz and large (e.g., floor standing) antennas showed up to have the highest potential for interference compared to the other investigated devices. In situations with adverse orientation of the body while approaching the antennas very closely the induced disturbance voltage at the pacemaker input was found to be higher than the corresponding disturbance test voltage levels defined in applicable standards for pacemakers.

During a survey from 1989 to 1990 investigations were carried out on the epidemiology and etiology of bacterial fish diseases of wild fish populations. 9900 and 24606 fishes respectively were caught and examined. Scientific work was concentrated on three diseases: The ulcer disease, fin rot as well as the so-called `yellow pest`. Long slender bacterial rods could be isolated from lesions of diseased cod. In respect to the results of biochemical tests this strain belongs to the Flexibacter-Cytophaga group. Comparing 45 phenotypical characteristics no agreement in total could be found between this strain and three reference strains which belong to the well known fish pathogenic species Flecibacter columnaris, Cytophaga psychrophila, and Flexibacter maritimus. In conclusion no disease specific invaders could be detected in the case of ulcer disease and fin rot of the investigated area. Experiments showed that Vibrio anguillarum as well as Aeromonas hydrophila strains are able to cause ulceration. The prevalence of disease in the field seems not to be a function of bacteria densities, high organic pollution or high concentration of chemical components and suboptimal oxygen conditions. Althoug the Elbe river is more polluted, a higher prevalence of diseased flounders was determined for the Eider. No significant correlation was ascertained between flounder abundances and determined infestation rates. In contrast there was an interrelation between increasing prevalences on one side and increasing temperature and salinity on the other side. The relation was found under natural conditions and in experiments as well. (orig./VHE)

The International Linear Collider (ILC) is intended for high precision measurements. This places enormous demands on detector precision in the ongoing detector development program. Precision can be further improved by application of a kinematic fit to the data, forcing energy and momentum conservation. However, this requires all energies and momenta to be considered. Initial state radiation and beamstrahlung are two processes which emit photons predominantly in the beam direction and which escape detection. Due to higher center-of-mass energy and stronger focussing of the beam, these processes will have more impact at the ILC than at earlier colliders. This thesis investigates the effects of these processes on kinematic fits at the example of the separation of events with WW/ZZ pair production events. Different approaches in consideration of these processes are pointed out. A kinematic fit was performed on a sample of simulated e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} u anti dd anti u events, forcing energy and momentum conservation and equal boson masses. It is shown that 25% more events can be covered in this fit, if photon radiation is taken into consideration using a basic approximation of the momentum spectrum of the photons. This method obtains even a further increase in resolution. Thus, a mass resolution of 1.9 GeV (without decay width) can be obtained. (orig.)

Using a Belgian adhesives manufacturer as example, it is shown how formation and growth of micro-organisms can adversely affect a modern manufacturing process. The problem lies not with the actual process solution, but in the cooling section. Installation of a suitably-configured UV reactor allowed long-term operation without any problems from micro-organisms. The outcome was a much more stable process at acceptable cost and with significantly lower volumes of solid waste. (orig.)

The applicability of labeled by different nuclides poly- or monoclonal antibodies in nuclear medicine diagnostics is restricted by incidental consequences. Overhigh background activities and/or high (additional) binding reactivities in the liver are troublesome. Hence we examined if the lokalizing biodistribution of labeled antibodies regarding the target organ can be improved by complexation with metal ions. The investigations were carried out with the pancreas of four Beagle dogs. Xenogenic polyclonal antibodies were refined by passing down the gammaglobulin fraction of rabbit serum a sephadex G 200 - column three times and hence radiolabeled by Na{sup 131}I. Then the antibodies were injected i.p. either as complete molecules or as partially digested by pepsin fragments F(ab){sub 2}-fragments in order to avoid nonspecific Fc interactions. In preparing the i.p. injection another part of the antibody preparations both complete and fragments had been complexed with copper ions in an alkaline buffer giving a stable copper-protein-complex (Biuret-complex). Undergoing scanning and after killing the dogs the organ deposition of the radiolabel had been observed and noticed. The complexation with copper of radiolabeled antibodies improves strikingly the specific target organ uptake. Because of inflammatory and other incidental consequences the Fc-fragments should be removed by digestion with enzymes. Higher specific organ uptake should be obtainable if the poyclonal antibody fraction is more refined specifically by immunosorption with respect to its affinity to the specific antigenic structures. (orig.).

The present thesis treats questions from the interdisciplinary field of nanosciences by studies by means of scanning tunneling microscopy and computer chemistry. The main part of this thesis is the presentation of a novel structure formation process on molecular level. The presented model describes this process by nanocrystals, which show - suspended in a matrix - in contact with a crystal surface a behaviour, which is in spite present solid-state properties (crystalline order) similar to the behaviour of liquid drops in the wetting of surfaces. Starting from this the technological potential of this new process is made accessible.: 1.) Adsorbate structures of a series of organic semiconductors are described for the first time. By this it is additionally shown that by supramolecular solid-phase wetting unsolvable semiconductor molecules can be very simply and under environmental conditions orderedly adsorbed. 2.) An explanation model is developed, by which the hitherto not understandable molecular data storage by means of PTCDA molecules can be theoretically explained and extended to further molecules. 3.) The development of a nanofabrication concept is presented, which allows a local control of the growth of nanostructures. The advance against a classical molecule-for-molecule performed nanostructuration lies therein that by the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope solely the information of growth directions is locally to be brought into the system, the actual formation of the structures however takes place by independently running and by this qualitatively and timely highly efficient growth processes. 4.) A procedure is presented, which allows a local adsorption of molecules to ordered layers within a layer of other molecules and by this makes possible the formation of heterogeneous adsorbate layers.

For many years, the German Environmental Relief (Radolfzell, Federal Republic of Germany) is endeavored in a greater awareness of the issue environmental justice and the associated implications in the public debate, especially at the local level. Particular attention is paid to the correlations between environmental justice and protection of biodiversity. Under this aspect, the brochure under consideration describes projects of the competition 'Federal Capital of Biodiversity' in the fields 'Biodiversity, urban development and environmental justice' and 'Environmental education and environmental justice'.

Enlightened is the problem of climate change from an economical point of view by the Institute of Microeconomics of the EconomicScientific Faculty of the Hannover University and the Institute of Global Issues of the Nankai Unviversity at Tianjin in China. In special the aspect of Carbon Dioxide reduction is focussed. (GL)

At the 'PV Rome' fair in mid-September 2011, many producers tried to promote their products 'made in EU'. Their motivation is clear: Since June, Italy has higher reimbursement rates for solar power systems that are 60 percent made in Europe. However, there is the problem that also many Asian manufacturers have similar certificates. The controversy shows that the Italian solar protectionism is impracticable.

The project Climate protection, natural resources management and soil improvement by combined Energetic and Material Utilization of lignocellulosic agricultural WAstes and residues (CEMUWA) was implemented with long-term partners from Egypt and Germany leaded by the Department Waste Management and Material Flow from September 2011 until October 2013. Aim of the project was the development of technologies for the utilization of agricultural wastes and residues at the example of rice straw, with the focus on the energetic and material use. In the long term a contribution to climate protection and natural resource management could be reached. The focus was on investigations in the field of biogas, ethanol and butanol production including pretreatment as well as the material use in horticulture. The results show that the biogas and ethanol production with adapted pretreatments of rice straws is possible. The technical adaptation of a biogas plant (eo-digestion) would be associated with about 20% higher investment costs and higher operating costs with an approximately 15% higher energy demand. In Germany, however, this may still economically by the substitution of expensive or difficult available energy crops (reduction of substrate costs by 30 to 35% for a 600 kWel-BGP using maize silage). The investigated solutions for material use in Egypt showed good results, which in some cases exceeded the expectations. By the use of rice straw imported peat substrates could be substitute or irrigation water saved, what is ecologically and economically useful. The production of ethanol from rice straw was implemented on laboratory scale and preconditions for investigations in semi-industrial and partly pilot scale were created. The bilateral project'' was funded in the framework of the German-Egypt-Research-Fond (GERF) by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Egyptian Science and Technology Development Fund in Egypt (STDF). The total budget was 225.000,- EUR (funding for the University of Rostock: 87.813,00 EUR, for the Egyptian partners: 99.909,00 EUR).

Besides the actual metering tasks, intelligent electricity meters (''smart meters'') can be used for the economic acquisition of distribution grid parameters. This results in more knowledge about the actual situation in the low-voltage distribution grid and allows new ways to analyze electrical low-voltage grids. This is the base for a more efficient utilization of the grid's infrastructure, especially in case of the increasing decentralized energy generation and E-mobility. (orig.)

During my PhD thesis I investigated alkaline dimers with coherent control in a molecular beam as well as with pump-probe spectroscopy in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The aim of the coherent control experiments were the isotope selective ionization with phase- and amplitude-shaped fs-pulses. Chapter 4 described the gained results of isotope selective ionization of NaK and KRb in a molecular beam by using different pulse formers. For the NaK dimer was the reached optimization factor R{sub Ph} and {sub Ampl}{sup 770}=R{sub max}/R{sub min}=25 between maximization and minimization of the isotopomer ratio ({sup 23}Na{sup 39}K){sup +}/({sup 23}Na{sup 41}K){sup +} with phase and amplitude modulation of the fs-pulse with a central wavelength of {lambda}=770 nm. From the electronic ground-state X(1){sup 1}{sigma}{sup +};{nu}''=0 transfers a one-photon-excitation population in the first excited A(2) {sup 1}{sigma}{sup +} state. The coherent control experiment on KRb was used to maximize and minimize the isotopomer ratio ({sup 124}KRb){sup +}/({sup 126}KRb){sup +}. It was the first coherent control experiment with a spectral resolution of 1.84 cm{sup -1}/Pixel. For the phase and amplitude optimization was the received optimization factor between minimization and maximization of the isotopomer ratio R{sub Ph} and {sub Ampl}=R{sub max}/R{sub min}=7 at a central wavelength of 840 nm. The results showed a stepwise excitation process from the electronic ground-state in the first excited (2){sup 1}{sigma}{sup +} state with a further excitation, that is possible over three resonant energy potential curves into the ionic ground-state. In the second part of my thesis I realized pump-probe spectroscopy of Rb{sub 2} dimers in a dark SPOT. (orig.)

There where's becomes small the world suddenly becomes suddenly totally crazy: From pure energy particles are produced, matter particles get siblings of antimatter, particles, which actually should not exist, are created from scratch. The nature borrows energy, which is actually not there. Forces act, which behave completely differently than anything, what we know from everyday life. This is the world of particle physics. Particle physicist build the largest experiments of all time, in order to study the smallest particles of the universe. They go to the limits of the technically feasible and exceed thereby the limits of our countries. Who finds that all also so exciting - as the particle physicists - is heartily invited to read this book. Who believes that without a study of particle physics nothing is understood, also. Quantum field theories, particle accelerators, Higgs mechanisms etc. are instead by nasty formulas explained by means of monkeys, ants, hedgehogs, beavers, and illustrative pictures. And by means of linked videos in can be directly submerged into the world of CERN, the LHC particle accelerator, and the ATLAS experiment.

The revised version of the X-ray Ordinance came into force on January 1, 1988 (as announced in BGBl I, page 114), and bears so many and significant amendments that a complete revision of the commentary was to follow, especially with regard to the provisions in the medical field and on qualifications in radiological protection. This 2nd edition of the commentary adheres to the concept of the first, discussing the provisions from the legal and the medical point of view. More emphasis has been placed on practice-oriented explanations, so that specific legal interpretations have been compacted in order to give more space to practical advice to appliers of X-radiation. The commentary presents among others the Public Notices of BMA (the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs) concerning the X-ray Ordinance, as published in Bundesarbeitsblatt. These guidelines for implementation help radiation protection officers to appropriately interpret the new provisions on quality assurance and professional qualifications in the medical and technical fields, and to properly apply them in practice.

Measurement methods that rely on pressure reduction or volume loss are not frequent or sensitive enough to find small leaks. With large leaks, however, they react immediately and lead to shutting down entire systems. The most sensitive measurement procedures, accomplished in various ways by intelligent pigs (PIGs, Pipeline Inspection Gauges), are very cost-intensive. These costs are caused by large material and personnel expenditures. Also, pipeline operation can be impaired or interrupted for several days. With this background, the Gottsberg team has pursued a clear goal: Manufacture and further development of a highly sensitive but still flexible procedure for early leak recognition. (orig.)

The aim of the following article is to reconstruct Paul Ricoeur's concepts of human rights and human dignity by exploring some little-known texts, and to exemplify how these concepts are connected to a specific philosophical conception of human being, which is grounded in a Dialectics between transcendence and incarnation, freedom and dependence, identity and difference, capability and fallibility (fragility. In doing so, I will argue that Ricœur interprets human dignity, which he has never explicitly defined, through the prism of human capabilities, especially of the capability of being responsible. This interpretation allows him to take a differentiated position in the current bioethical debates on the rights of "potential persons" (Embrio and to illustrate how the Aristotelian phronèsis can be used in (bioethical cases where decisions are difficult to take.

Despite complex treatment schedules for cancer, the occurrence of resistances and relapses is a major concern in oncology. Hence, novel treatment options are needed. In this thesis, different approaches using radioimmunotherapy and the opioid D,L-methadone alone or in combination with doxorubicin were analyzed regarding their cytotoxic potential and the triggered signalling pathways in sensitive and resistant leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The radioimmunoconjugates [Bi-213]anti-CD33 and [Bi-213]anti-CD20 for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or NHL, respectively, were applied exemplary for the use of targeted alpha-therapies (TAT). Depending on the analyzed cell lines, the used activity concentrations and specific activities (MBq/μg antibody) apoptosis was induced abrogating radio- and chemo-cross-resistances specifically. The cell death was caspase-dependent activating the mitochondrial pathway and was executed by downregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins XIAP and Bcl-xL. D,L-Methadone induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in opioid-receptor (OR) expressing cells depending on the OR density and the used concentrations. Resistances could be overcome and proliferation was inhibited. In combination with doxorubicin, a synergistic effect regarding cytotoxicity in ex vivo patient cells and cell lines was observed. This effect depends on the increase of doxorubicin uptake co-administering D,L-methadone whereas doxorubicin enhances OR expression. The activation of OR leads to the downregulation of cAMP playing a pivotal role in apoptosis induction. In vivo, the therapeutic potential of D,L-methadone alone or in combination with doxorubicin could be proven as mice transplanted with human T-ALL-cells could be identified as tumour free. In summary, these studies show that TAT using [Bi-213]anti-CD33 and [Bi-213]anti-CD20 as well as the opioid D,L-methadone harbour the potential to optimize conventional treatment modalities for leukaemia and NHL.

Energy supply from wind turbines and photovoltaic panels is obviously volatile as the resource cannot provide a stable supply. The medium voltage and low voltage grids can hardly cope with that situation. The integration of renewable energy resources requires additional effort beyond the regulations of power generation connection in VDE 4105 or BDEW-Guideline. Grid operators and the federal authorities (Renewable Energy Law - EEG) have to set up additional requirements regarding the communication capabilities of devices and plants. The proof of compliance with the communication standard IEC 61850 will be an important precondition for further development and additional funding according to EEG. The presentation shows the current regulations for device manufacturer and plant operator and the possible infrastructure for the next integration steps. (orig.)

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) reports on work done concerning the development of a new type of frequency converter for drive applications. The converter is free of the disadvantages incurred when using voltage converters, where it is difficult to reduce standby power consumption since much energy is stored in the intermediate circuit condensers. The new current converter completely provides the desired advantages (recuperation, standby). In addition, it is suited to industrial applications with costs that are comparable to or lower than the systems used today. The report discusses the technical solution chosen, its applications and the costs involved. Prototypes are described and the results of measurements made are discussed.

In this Project in an interdisciplinary cooperation the influence of tensides on the performance improvement of biochemical decomposition of persistent substances has been investigated. During the first part of the project (Prof. Raebiger) two continously supplied experimental plants were built. These two plants, using activated sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, were run simultaneously with and without tensides respectively. The investigations show, that the results in regard to the decomposition rate are better from the plant operated with tenside. Also, the decomposition rate in relation to the total solids content has shown to be better in the plant run with tenside in comparison to the plant without tenside. This was especially relevant during simulated malfunctions. In project part II (Prof. Dr. U. Fischer) further investigations into the influence of tensids on the microbial decomposition of pollutants have been conducted using the adapted microorganism cultures taken from the experimental reactors. Investigations using activated sludge flakes and a monoculture in a batchprocess have shown an increased growth in the presence of the investigated tensids. A variation in the pollutant concentration as well as the addition of the tensid Bioversal to the nutrient medias yielded hints for the optimization of the culture conditions. In Part III of the project (Prof. Leibfritz) an extraction process was optimized in order to meet the requirements of the bacteria cultures and the objective of the project. Among other things, the influence of the tensids on the decomposition speed of the pollutants has been demonstrated in the course of this examinations. The findings gathered from this joint project regarding the use of tensids for improved decomposition of persistent substances, particularly during malfunctions and strong changes in the concentration, can be transposed into technical application in the future. (orig.)

The reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the supply chain for biofuels is a big challenge especially for the German and European cultivation of energy crops. The production of nitrogen fertilizers and field emissions are the main factors of GHG emissions. The amount of field emissions depends very strongly on the nitrogen effort and the intensity of tillage. The main objective is to reduce GHG emissions in field cropping systems within the biofuel production chains. An inclusion of legumes into crop rotations is particularly important because their cultivation does not require nitrogen fertilizer. Data base for the project is a complex field experiment with the biofuel crops winter rape and winter wheat. Previous crops are winter wheat, peas and lupins. ln each case tilling systems are compared with non-tilling. The first results of the field experiments are nitrogen functions depending on previous crops, sites and tilling system. Calculation models for GHG reduction models were developed on the bases of these results. By growing legumes as previous crops before wheat and rape it is possible to reduce GHG emissions from 2 to 10 g CO{sub 2eq} per MJ. The best reduction of GHG emissions is possible by combining legumes as previous crops with a reduced nitrogen effort.

Ford banded a new motor technology as 'EcoBoost'. It applies direct fuel injection and turbocharging to gasoline engines and provides a major improvement in fuel economy via engine downsizing, combined with improved performance. The first Ford engine with this technology is the 3.5 l V6 EcoBoost in the 2010 Lincoln MKS luxury sedan. Combustion, fuel, boost, and power conversion systems are discussed in detail with emphasis on the efficiency and value of these systems. Engine level fuel economy and performance are discussed, and compared to conventional gasoline engines. (orig.)

The present study is concerned with the analysis of the influence of hydrostatic extrusion on the microstructural development and mechanical properties of extruded profiles of the AZ-series magnesium alloys. This work also deals with the correlation between the microstructure and resulting mechanical properties for the case extruded profiles. (orig.)

Among the multiple advantages of beam welding processes the high longitudinal residual stresses in beam welds ranging till the local yield stress are one disadvantage. These high stresses can influence the service life of the welded components. The residual stresses in other welding processes exist in an equal high level but primarily in the transverse direction to the weld. To mitigate the high residual stresses a couple of methods were developed for these welding processes in the last decades. However these methods need large contact surfaces next to the welds for the installation of matched heating and cooling elements and other additional equipment. Furthermore, the previous developed stress mitigating processes offer a low efficiency for the small beam welds. The stress reduction by using the welding source after the welding process for a remote heat treatment of the welded components afford a flexible tool for the stress mitigation in beam welds. This method does not need any additional equipment and it is applicable for complex welding and component geometries. During this post welding heat treatment the material next to the weld is heated by the defocused electron or by the defocused laser beam, respectively, to temperatures of some hundreds degree Celsius. Hereby low plastic deformations in these regions are generated. While cooling down due to the thermal shrinkage the material between the weld and the heat treated region is compressed in longitudinal direction to the weld. This intermediate material zone constrained the shrinkage of the weld while cooling down from the melting temperature and leads to the high longitudinal residual stresses in the weld. In consequence of the compression of this intermediate zones by the heat treated zones the resistance to the shrinkage of the weld is lowered and the longitudinal stresses in the weld are reduced. In the process the quantity of the stress reduction is controlled by the selection of the process parameters. The used beam radius and the travel speed of the heat treatment have a large influence in this method. However, the right selection of the transversal distance of the heat treatment to the weld is important. This distance depends on the used beam radius. For the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the reduction of the longitudinal weld stresses in this method a great many of finite element simulations were performed. The simulation results help to define the stress reduction mechanism and to analyze the parameters, which influence this method. Experimental investigations on different materials and weld geometries with the electron beam and with the laser beam verify that this method can reduce the longitudinal stresses in the weld. Depending on the used process parameters the stress reduction can lead to compressive stresses in the weld. Due to a larger stress reduction by performing the heat treatment in a separate process after the weld could cool down to ambient temperature this method is very advantageous for the laser beam application, which does not permit an in situ heat treatment while welding.

Hamburg's integrated transport association, the HVV, has been investigating two different variants for improving passenger services between Hamburg and Stade, namely 'CityBahn' and an extension of the 'S-Bahn' system. It considered that the infrastructure that a 'CityBahn' would have to use in Hamburg is already at the limit of its capacity utilization. It also compared the transport details and economic aspects of the two variants. This led to the decision to extend the S-Bahn network and to use dual-system trains for the purpose. These would switch between the existing S-Bahn network and the main-line network in Hamburg-Neugraben. At the same time as this service was opened in December 2007, Metronom, who had won a competitive tender, started operating the fast regional services between Hamburg and Cuxhaven via Stade with its modern trains. (orig.)

The research project aims at developing a combustion process for the diesel engine which allows to burn fuels which are hard to ignite without additional ignition energy supply and achieve combustion characteristics which correspond to those of ordinary diesel fuels. For this purpose the pre-chamber of a diesel engine rebuilt for 1-cylinder operation was partially substituted by materials with low heat conductivities in order to increase the mean temperature on the combustion chamber surface. The temperature increase was supposed to improve mixture formation and ignition. N-butanol, which is hard to ignite was added to the diesel fuel. The finite-element-method was used to calculate how the use of ceramics can increase the combustion chamber wall temperature. Multi-fuel suitability and cold-start properties (extra energy supplied by a glow plug) of the engine was studied with an injection (pivot nozzle). Constructive measures (shrink wrapping, protective metal shell) prevented ceramic breakaway (circon oxide). (HWJ) With 3 tabs., 74 figs.

In the work presented here Ge nano-structures on Si(113) substrates have been grown by adsorbate-mediated epitaxy at sample temperatures between 400 C and 700 C. The Ge nano-islands and nano-layers have been investigated regarding their atomic reconstruction, morphology, strain state, chemical composition and defect structure. Various in-situ and ex-situ experimental techniques have been used, as there are low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron microscopy, X-ray photoemission electron microscopy, spot profile analysis low-energy electron diffraction, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. On a clean Si(113) surface Ge preferentially nucleates at surface step edges and forms a wetting layer exhibiting a Ge-(2 x 2) surface reconstruction. With increasing growth temperature the Ge islands are elongated in the [33 anti 2] direction. Simultaneously, the average island size increases with decreasing island density. From the Arrhenius-like behaviour of the island density, a Ge adatom diffusion barrier height of about 0.53 eV is deduced. At 600 C the Si concentration of the islands amounts to about 41% and the residual lattice strain of the islands is found to about 23 %. The adsorption of Gallium on a clean Si(113) substrate leads to the formation of well ordered surface facets in the [1 anti 10] direction with a periodicity of about 43 nm in the [33 anti 2] direction. From reciprocal space maps in different ({kappa} {sub perpendicular} {sub to} -{kappa} {sub parallel}) planes both facet angles are determined to be about 9.8 with respect to the [113] direction. Thus the facet orientations are identified to be (112) and (115), showing (6 x 1) and (4 x 1) surface reconstructions, respectively. Ge deposition on the faceted Si(113) leads to a high density of ordered 3D Ge nano-islands beaded at the surface facets. The size of these islands is about 25 nm in the [33 anti 2] direction and about 40nm in the [1 anti 10] direction. The islands are strongly relaxed and they contain no appreciable Si concentration. The Antimony surfactant-mediated epitaxy allows to grow smooth Ge films on Si(113) substrates. These Ge films exhibit surface roughnesses of only some Aangstroem at a thickness of about 5 nm. The films are strongly relaxed with a residual Ge strain of about 31% (500 C) to 37% (600 C) and contain only a low Si concentration of about 4% Si (500 C) to 10% Si (600 C). The relaxation results from the formation of misfit dislocations at the Ge/Si(113) interface with a bimodal distance distribution of about 7 nm and 12.5 nm. Most likely, the misfit dislocations are 60 dislocations with a Burgers vector of (vector)b=a{sub 0}/. left angle 10 anti 1 right angle /2. (orig.)

At the fermentation plant Kirchstockach the operations for the rectification of deficiencies and process optimisations were completed in 2004. Now process results of 2005 show the success of the performed actions. In the asset area of preparations the existing rake discharge system was removed and the use of the new discharge reservoir with a drainage coil conveyor system minimises deadlock times and rises preparations throughput. With the new set-up of the light material presses the process procedure was optimised, too. The installation of the new process water reservoir was conditional on the non-uniform hydraulic load of the waste-water purification, which results from the operation of the facility. With the higher buffer capacity, realised by the new process water reservoir, a uniform hydraulic load of the purification system and an optimised process control was implemented. With the optimised performance of the wastewater purification wastewater thresholds are guaranteed now and it is possible to realise the increased throughput of the preparation in the complete system of the fermentation plant Kirchstockach. (orig.)

A network of 7 forest stations was maintained during the period of 1982-1985. The investigation included the evaluation of the dry and wet deposition of the following compounds: H/sup +/, SO/sub 4//sup 2-/, NO/sub 3//sup -/, Cl/sup -/, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cd, Na, K, Ca and Mg. During a certain period of time also the compounds Al, Cu, Cr and NH/sub 4//sup +/ were analyzed. Measurements of the aerosols and bulk deposition in different levels of the forest stands give information about the influence of spruce stands on the distribution of deposition. Detailed investigation on the composition of fogwater show the importance of fog with respect to the atmospheric input into forest ecosystems. Investigations of ozone at stations in the Taunus area show increasing concentrations with increasing altitudes. The sudden release of accumulated pollutants in snow appearing in the spring time during the thaw is shown. Sequential rain sampling at stations at different altitudes gives information about the contribution of 'rain-out' and 'wash-out'-processes with respect of the chemical composition of the rain. (orig.) With 55 refs., 20 tabs., 99 figs.

The results and their uncertainty bounds of PSA studies are considerably impacted by the assessment of human reliability. But the amount of available, generic data is not sufficient to evaluate all human actions considered in a modern PSA study adequately. Further the data are not sufficiently validated and rely as well as the proposed uncertainty bounds on expert judgement. This research project as well as the preceding project /GRS 10/ validated data recommended by the German PSA Guidelines and enlarged the amount of available data. The findings may contribute to an update of the German PSA Guidelines. In a first step of the project information about reportable events in German nuclear power plants with observed human errors (event reports, expert statements, technical documents, interviews and plant walk downs with subject matter experts from the plants) were analysed. The investigation resulted in 67 samples describing personal activities, performance conditions, the number of observed errors and the number of action performance. In a second step a new methodology was developed and applied in a pilot plant. The objective was to identify undoubtedly error free safety relevant actions, their performance conditions, and frequency as well as to prove and demonstrate that probabilistic data can be derived from that operational experience (OE). The application in the pilot plant resulted in 18 ''error free'' samples characterizing human reliability. All available samples were evaluated by use of the method of Bayes. That commonly accepted methodology was applied in order to derive probabilistic data based on samples taken from operational experience. A thorough analysis of the obtained results shows that both data sources (OE reportable events, OE with undoubtedly error free action performance) provide data with comparable quality and validity. At the end of the research project the following products are available. - Methods to select samples characterizing human reliability from data source ''reportable events'', - Methods to select samples characterizing human reliability from data source ''safety relevant, undoubtedly error free performed personnel actions'', - Mathematical proven methodology to derive probabilistic human performance data based on samples taken from OE, - 85 new probabilistic human performance data based on operational experience in German nuclear power plants, - Approach based on accepted behavioural knowledge to structure the obtained results and to link them to the new ''second generation'' human reliability assessment methodologies. The obtained data are forming the first data base on human reliability completely derived from operational experience of German nuclear power plants. Many subject matter experts from the plants supported the research project and contributed considerably to the research results.

The fate of uranium in the environment and, consequently, its hazard potential for human beings is still discussed controversially in the scientific literature. Mineral phosphorous fertilizer can contain uranium as impurity, so that their application can cause an additional input of uranium into agricultural environments. It is still unclear whether and to what extent fertilizer-derived uranium can enter the human food chain by the consumption of contaminated waters or vegetable crop products. The mobility and availability of uranium in the agricultural ecosystem is mainly determined by its behavior in the pedosphere. Due to interactions with organic and inorganic components, the pedosphere is an effective storage and filter system for pollutants and thus plays an important role for the fate of uranium in the environment. In order to improve the assessment of the hazard potential, the present study investigates the behavior of uranium in the soil/plant-system with a focus on the uranium input by mineral phosphorous fertilizer. The specific objectives were (A) to investigate the general distribution of uranium in soils, (B) to determine the effect of CaCO{sub 3} on the sorption behavior of uranium and to quantify the effects of (C - D) varying substrate properties and (E) the application of phosphorus fertilizers on the uranium uptake by ryegrass. The results of these experiments imply that the use of mineral phosphorous fertilizers does not pose an acute risk within the meaning of consumer protection. The studied soils predominantly had a high to very high sorption capability for uranium. At the same time, a small soil-to-plant-transfer of uranium was determined, where the majority of uranium accumulated in/to the plant roots. The availability of uranium in soils and its uptake by plants can thus be classified as generally low. Furthermore, some soil parameters were identified which seem to favor a higher uranium-availability. This study found that very high and very low pH values as well as high CaCO{sub 3} content in the soil cause a higher uranium-availability. However, neither the application of CaCO{sub 3} nor of phosphorous fertilizer caused a significant increased of the soil-to-plant transfer. Against this background it remains to be tested whether the demonstrated uranium-mobilization potential by CaCO{sub 3} under laboratory conditions is similarly pronounced under field conditions and hence the use of lime in agriculture promotes the leaching of uranium.

In the presented scientific research project, the radiation protection of soil surfaces impacted by former industrial utilization or mining was investigated. This radiation protection of the contaminated soil surfaces was carried out by bioremediation techniques. The soil surfaces include larger agricultural or forestry areas useful for the production of sustainable plant-based raw materials and renewable energies. The contaminated areas show a positive climatic water balance with a subsequent impact of SM/R contaminants onto the adjacent ground water. During this scientific research project, the introduction of sustainable, biosphere conserving methods for a long-term remediation of slightly to moderately HM/R- contaminated areas was investigated; these areas are characterized by a radiotoxic amplifying potential due to a continued occurrence of radionuclides and heavy metals/ metalloids. The insights into transfer processes from the soil substrate over the mediating soil water phase and by microbes into the plant roots, into the shoots and the leaves of the plants represent necessary requirements for the control of SM/R transfer into the plants and its optimization. In this research project, considerable investigations were carried out for the understanding of binding of HM/R in the different plant compartments, also depending on different soil additives. The obtained first scientific results and their practical applicability were transformed onto experimental soil areas under natural field conditions. The transfer processes could be optimized and finally bioremediation efficiency could be enhanced due to the accompanying modifications (different soil additives of the field experiments). This new remediation method, further developed to a field application, represents a new tool for the stabilization / and extraction of HM/R on the field site and improves the efficiency of bioremediation processes. A pacification of the large areas with slightly to medium contaminated geosubstrates now can be carried out within the radiation protection regulations. Hence, the project provides a substantial contribution to the radiation protection of HM/R contaminated soils. Within the research project, ways for the utilization of HM/R- contaminated plant residuals were highlighted; this gives a substantial contribution for minimization of wastes, the winning of sustainable bioenergy and the recycling of materials. Here, different ways of solutions were investigated. The research project was carried out within the scientific funding program ''Closedown and decommissioning of nuclear facilities''. The results of the project will contribute to the development of a biologically benign, sustainable technique for the remediation of large contaminated areas that originate mostly from the legacy of the former U mining. As a general result of this comprehensive research project, a phytostabilization/ phytoextraction of such SM/R contaminated sites is feasible with a protection of ground water, and the plant crop from phytoremediation of the HM/R contaminated field site can be utilized for the winning of bioenergy (gaseous/ liquid products or thermal utilization). The beneficial combination of phytoremediation and subsequent utilization of the biomass can be further developed to an innovative and sustainable remediation technology with national and international application potential.

The aim of this work was to develop a method to distinguish between different ion formation processes and to determine the influence of these processes on the total number of detected monatomic ions of a certain element. A vector/matrix-formalism was developed, which describes the physical processes of sputtering, ion formation, mass separation and detection in laser-SNMS. In the framework of the method developed, based on this theoretic formalism, changes in the secondary flux contribution of the respective element were observed by comparing the detected monatomic ion yield obtained in specifically aligned (SIMS and) laser-SNMS experiments. The yields resulting from these experiments were used to calculate characteristic numbers to compare the flux composition from different surfaces. The potential of the method was demonstrated for the elements boron, iron and gadolinium by investigating the changes in the flux composition of secondary particles sputtered from metallic surfaces, as a function of the oxygen concentration at the surface. Finally, combined laser-SNMS depth profiles and images, obtained with both laser systems, were presented to demonstrate how the parallel detection of the three differently originated ion signals of the same element can be used to get additional information about the composition of the flux of secondary particles synchronously during the analysis of elemental distributions. In this respect the presented method can be a very helpful tool to prevent misleading interpretations of SIMS or laser-SNMS data. (orig.)

Questions related to energy issues in the relationship between the EU and Russia are often discussed from a political science perspective. At the same time, a broad analysis of these questions from an international law perspective is currently missing. The author endeavors to close this gap. Emanating from an overview on relevant actors and their respective interests, the present work addresses relevant legal instruments between the EU and Russia - paying special attention to the EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) and to the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Russia did not ratify the latter, but applied the ECT on a provisional basis for over 14 years. Thus, the specific regime of provisional application under Article 45 ECT is analyzed. In doing so, particular focus is put on a general problem of international law: The provisional application of a treaty, subject to the condition that treaty provisions are not inconsistent with the signatories' respective municipal laws. Deriving from that, the author addresses several legal questions with respect to EU-Russia energy relations such as trade, transit, investment protection and security of energy supply. For each question, a description of the legal status quo is given. Also, it is demonstrated to which extent this status quo differs from the interests of the relevant actors, and how Russia's WTO accession and/or Russia's ratification of the ECT would change the situation. The work ends with concluding remarks and an outlook on the future. (orig.)

Full Text Available Evidence-based practice (EBP aims at optimal fulfilment of clients´ needs, but also plays an essential role in establishing an effective and efficient health care system. It is no longer a question whether EBP is essential and valued, but rather how to sustainably implement it into clinical practice. A new implementation strategy of an EBP workshop in combination with a CAT (critically appraised topic service was established and investigated.

In this thesis new strategies were developed and evaluated for the no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) {sup 18}F-labelling of receptor ligands as radiodiagnostics for characterization of brain receptors using positron-emission-tomography (PET). Special emphasis was placed on the synthesis of n.c.a. ({+-})-3-(4-hydroxy-4-(4-[{sup 18}F]fluorophenyl)-piperidin-l-yl)chroman-4,7-diol, a ligand with high affinity for the NR2B subtype of NMDA receptors and n.c.a. (3-(4-[{sup 18}F]fluorphenoxy)propyl)-(2-(4-tolylphenoxy)ethyl)amine ([{sup 18}F]FPTEA) a dopamine D{sub 4} receptor ligand. In order to synthesize n.c.a. ({+-})-3-(4-hydroxy-4-(4-[{sup 18}F]fluorophenyl)-piperidin-l-yl)chroman-4,7-diol the {sup 18}F-fluoroarylation method via metallorganic intermediates was modified and improved. The suitability of the organometallic {sup 18}F-fluoroarylation agents was proven with several model compounds. High radiochemical yields of 20-30% were obtained also with piperidinone-derivatives. The preparation of a suitable precursor for the synthesis of the NMDA receptor ligand, however, could not be achieved by synthesis of appropriate 1,3-dioxolane protected piperidinone derivatives. Further, the synthesis of n.c.a. ([{sup 18}F]fluoroaryloxy)alkylamines via n.c.a. 4-[{sup 18}F]fluorophenol was developed and evaluated. The synthesis of n.c.a. [{sup 18}F]fluoroarylethers with corresponding model compounds was optimized and led to a radiochemical yield of 25-60%, depending on the alkylhalide used. The preparation of n.c.a. 1-(3-bromopropoxy)-4-[{sup 18}F]fluorobenzene proved advantageous in comparison to direct use of 4-[{sup 18}]fluorophenol for coupling with a corresponding N-protected precursor for the synthesis of n.c.a. [{sup 18}F]FPTEA. With regard to the radiochemical yields and the loss of activity during the synthesis and isolation of n.c.a. 4-[{sup 18}F]fluorophenol and n.c.a. 1-(3-bromopropoxy)-4-[{sup 18}F]fluorobenzene, [{sup 18}F]FPTEA was obtained by reaction with 2-(4-tolyloxy)ethylamine in radiochemical yields of about 25-30% in ethanol or 2-butanone as solvent with a synthesis time of 30 minutes and a reaction temperature of 90-95 C. Thus, the utility of further {sup 18}F-synthon for labelling of electron rich arenes (i.e. [{sup 18}F]fluorophenolethers) with high specific activity could be documented. (orig.)

The overall objectives of the project were to assess heavy metal flows on livestock farms and to develop a strategy to reduce heavy metal inputs into animal manures. For the experiments 20 farms with animal husbandry in various regions of Germany were selected. On the farms the inputs and outputs of the elements copper and zinc, as well as lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel were balanced at the stable level. The effect of abatement measures was evaluated using a calculation tool for stable balances. It is shown, the main input pathways for heavy metals into animal manures are, apart from copper disinfectants, feeding stuffs and feed supplements. Home grown feeds are the major source of heavy metal input into the stable because they are fed in large quantities. However, the heavy metal content of the home grown feeds in particular of roughages for ruminants is low. Purchased feed stuffs (supplementary feeding stuffs and complete feeding stuffs) were found to have a higher content of heavy metals (due to supplementation with trace elements) compared to home grown feeds. Thus, pig and poultry husbandry rather than ruminant husbandry is susceptible to heavy metal accumulation of manures. Heavy metals are cycling within the farm which is of importance when discussing the environmental impact. The turnover within the farm can hardly be controlled by the farmer. Thus, effective strategies have to be targeted at the inputs, e. g. the purchased feed stuffs. A main option to reduce the heavy metal input is to lower the trace element concentrations in supplementary feed stuffs either by legislation of maximum threshold values (e. g. EG 1334/2003) or by volunteer agreements of the feed industry and agriculture. In addition, the absorption of copper and zinc by the animals should be improved using better absorbable trace element compounds and phytase. (orig.)

UV-dependent vitamin D{sub 3} synthesis - balancing of UV exposure time and the production of an optimal vitamin D{sub 3} status in men The adverse health effects on human skin and eyes by UV radiation have been well known for years. They are known to the public, too. Increased exposures by the UV-B fraction of solar radiation cause e.g. sun burn as an acute skin reaction or an increased risk on skin cancer as a chronic effect. Radiation of the same spectral UV-B range is necessary to induce the essential vitamin D metabolism in men. The UV-induced vitamin D synthesis in the skin supplies the body with more than 90 % while our typical nutrition contributes no more than 10 %. These photobiological effects are diametrically opposed. Therefore, up to now there are contradictory recommendations to the public concerning the health effects of solar UV exposure. The aim of this research project was to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative relations of UV exposure and the vitamin D status in men taking into account different conditions in the population. In result, well-balanced recommendations on optimal UV exposures for the different fractions of the population should be elaborated, realizing health protection aspects against detrimental UV effects. A literature survey (updated in 2011) summarizes the current knowledge on the vitamin D metabolism, on the effects of the hormone vitamin D and on the stage of the current discussion on the optimal vitamin D status. In a number of studies of this project the effects of UV exposure on the vitamin D status (25OH-vitamin D{sub 3} und 1,25OH-vitamin D{sub 3}) were investigated. Exposure parameters were the photobiologically effective UV dose (with respect to the minimal erythema dose MED = individual sun burn dose in each investigated volunteer) and the extent of the exposed skin area: face and hands (like everyday conditions) or whole body respectively. Serial UV exposures were applied by natural solar UV radiation or by simulated solar radiation or by sunbed UV lamps. All studies of the project (240 volunteers) were structured concerning UV skin type II and III, age and sex. In addition, data on the natural skin protection of the volunteers against UV radiation were measured in order to evaluate possible correlations between individual UV sensitivity and the efficiency of vitamin D synthesis. In result: In winter time, before starting the studies, the mean 25OH-vitamin D serum level of 18 ng/ml of the volunteers was in the deficiency range (< 20 ng/ml). UV exposures of 10 % MED applied twice a week vertically to face and hands caused significant increases of the 25OH-vitamin D serum level. The increase rised with higher UV doses and/or larger skin area exposed to UV radiation of the solar summer spectrum. While the increase of the 25OHvitamin D serum level in the UV cabinet was roughly independent from the basic level, under solar exposure conditions there were distinct variations between subjects as well as different outcomes for the whole group, which possibly depended on low outdoor temperatures during the solar exposures. Exposures by sunbed UV lamps lead to decreasing efficiencies in vitamin D production. An increase of the biologically effective UV dose and/or of the UV-exposed skin area decreased the vitamin D efficiency down to 30 % compared to simulated solar radiation. Because of strong differences in UV erythema sensitivity of the skin of different anatomical locations, we hypothesized similar relations in the efficiency of UV-induced vitamin D synthesis. The efficiency of UV-induced vitamin D synthesis varies up to 400 % between the anatomical locations of the body. The investigation of the content of provitamin D (7-Dehydrocholesterol), the source of the vitamin D synthesis in the skin, and of the influence of UV exposure on the level of this content results in new findings, too. Suberythemal UV exposures do not influence the 7-DHC-concentration in the skin. 1 MED leads to a significant increase of 7-DHC after 24 h. Under every day life conditions, global influences on the personal UV dose (solar global radiation, meteorological effects, outdoor temperature) and individual behaviour concerning UV exposure of the skin (among other things the use of topical sunscreens) have distinctly stronger effects on the individual vitamin D status around the year than age, UV skin type, or sex. This is suggested by the data of one of our studies, in which the vitamin D status of the volunteers was measured three times a year over two years. Simultaneously, in a personal UV monitoring the personal UV dose and the above mentioned factors were captured continuously. The results provide a large base for recommendations to the public concerning a careful use of solar UV exposures in summer in order to realize vitamin D serum levels in the optimal range. But, the results also raise a lot of questions. Answers to these questions will be essential for establishing recommendations on UV exposure and the realization of an optimal vitamin D status around the year - without an increasing risk on skin cancer due to long-term effects.

The subject of the study is the interrelationship between environmental pollution, recreation value and recreation demand, as well as the estimation of the economic costs of pollution in the leisure and recreation branch. The first part of the study gives an overview of the theoretical background and the level of research in order to show how suitable evaluation procedures were developed. In the second part of the study, the situation of the recreation areas and their future development are presented. By means of examples, the basic qualitative and quantitative aspects of the impact of pollution on the environment as well as on those seeking recreation will be documented in part three. In the fourth part of the study, the results of the private househould survey and the willingness-to-pay-analysis are presented. In the fifth part of the study the economic costs are estimated for the main fields of impact: For the leisure and tourism industry and for nature itself. (orig.) With 160 refs., 67 tabs., 26 figs.

Focus of this work is the design and characterization of a versatile coating system based on magnetron sputter deposition. This technology consists of a rotary target (primary target) that will be sputtered at one position and also can be coated at a different position with a secondary material by another sputter process. This simultaneous operation and the serial order of two sputter processes is the serial co-sputter process. A highly elaborated gas separation allows the operation of the primary sputter process in a reactive gas atmosphere whereas the secondary process can be driven in a non-reactive atmosphere. Compared to conventional co-sputtering the gas separation enables a stable operation of the secondary sputter process even if reactive gas is added to the primary sputter process. To develop an understanding of the process dynamics of serial co-sputtering the rate enhancement of metal oxides by co-doping with heavy atoms has been investigated first. If heavy elements are added to the target material the collision cascades can be reflected back towards the target surface by a more efficient momentum transfer and therefore increase the sputtering rate. The addition of heavy atoms can be achieved by serial co-sputtering. In the secondary sputter process the heavy element will be sputter deposited onto the rotary target. When entering the erosion zone of the primary sputter process the heavy atoms will be partially sputtered away and partially recoil implanted beneath the target surface. The later will contribute to the sputter yield amplification effect described above. In this work the sputter yield amplification effect has been investigated for the metal oxides Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and TiO{sub 2} by co-doping of a aluminum and titanium rotary target with the heavy element tungsten (Z=74) and bismuth (Z=83). The primary process variables are the O{sub 2}-gas flow which determines the working point of the primary sputtering process, the rotation speed of the rotary target and the sputtering power of the secondary process (dopant concentration). The investigations show that already for low W-dopant concentrations <2 at.% in sputter deposited layers a significant rate enhancement is possible for both metal oxides (70% for Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}:W and 160% for TiO{sub 2}:W). For co-doping with the heavier element Bi no rate enhancement is observed. This result is surprising at first and is in contrast to earlier simulations. Our experiments show, however, that not only a high mass contrast of the collision partners is required for an improved momentum transfer but also a higher surface binding energy of the dopant to the target surface is necessary. A low surface binding energy leads to a high sputter yield of Bi, thus Bi is quickly sputtered away before it can contribute efficiently to the sputter yield amplification effect. This work shows the successful design, production and characterization of a serial co-sputter setup and the development of a first understanding of process dynamics in serial co-sputtering. Furthermore the first proof of the sputter yield amplification effect for metal oxides in a magnetron sputter deposition process is provided. (orig.)

Pieces of the austenitic steel X5CrNi18-10 whose boundary layers had been hardened by different methods were investigated with a view to their fatigue deformation characteristics in the temperature range of 25-600 degC. Parallel to this, microstructural and X-ray analyses provided deeper understanding of fatigue deformation. The microstructure was characterized, among others, by TEM. Boundary layers were solidified by rolling, by a combination of mechanical and thermal processes, by high-temperature rolling, and by laser shock solidification. The analyses focused on microstructural processes and on the intrinsic stress stability and provided important information on the fabrication of structural components with optimised life. (orig.)

Radon in buildings is being widely studied since the 1990s. These studies have revealed some cases of very high radiation exposure for the inhabitants of residential buildings in Saxony in particular. Even a proposed raising of the radon reference values from 100 Bq/m{sup 3} to 300 Bq/m{sup 3} (in the case of an eventually 1:1 implementation of the EU recommendations into German law), would not even slightly aid the situation in the designated areas with high radon availability, as the standards of the Energieeinsparverordnung (Energy Saving Ordinance, EnEV) can result in significant radiation exposure, if no comprehensive radon protection is implemented. Based on long-term radon measurements in Saxony from the nineties, before the introduction of the EnEV, this report will show potential outcomes and estimate the extend of suitable remediation measures.

The spin structure of the nucleon is investigated at the COMPASS experiment at the CERN SPS using polarized muons scattering off polarized nucleons. The contribution of the quarks to nucleon spin, as measured in the inclusive deep-inelastic scattering, is not sufficient to explain the spin of the nucleon. Thus it has to be clarified how the gluon polarization and the angular momenta of quarks and gluons contribute to the spin of the nucleon. Since the gluon polarization can only be estimated from the Q{sup 2}-dependence of inclusive deep inelastic asymmetries, a direct measurement of the gluon polarization is mandatory. The COMPASS collaboration determines the gluon polarization from cross section asymmetries in photon-gluon fusion processes using open charm production or the production of hadron pairs with large transverse momenta. This thesis presents a measurement of the gluon polarization using the COMPASS data of the years 2003 and 2004. The events with large virtuality, Q{sup 2}>1 GeV{sup 2}/c{sup 2}, and hadron pairs with large transverse momenta, p perpendicular to > 0.7 GeV/c have been used in the analysis. The photon-nucleon asymmetry was determined by using a weighted double ratio method of the selected events. The cut on p perpendicular to > 0.7 GeV/c suppresses leading order processes, so that the obtained asymmetry can be directly linked to the gluon polarization, if the analyzing power and the photon-gluon fusion fraction is known. The measured value is very small and compatible with a vanishing gluon polarization. To avoid false asymmetries, which could be caused by a change of the detector acceptances double ratios were analyzed, where the cross section cancels, and only detector asymmetries remain. It is shown that the COMPASS spectrometer was stable during the time of data taking. For the computation of the analyzing power Monte Carlo events were generated using the LEPTO and the COMGeant software packages. In this context a good MC description of the data is important. For this the JETSET parameters were optimized in order to improve the MC description. A value of ({delta}G)/(G)=0.054{+-}0.145{sub (stat)}{+-}0.131{sub (sys)}{+-}0.04{sub (MC)} is obtained for the gluon polarization with a momentum fraction of left angle x{sub gluon} right angle =0.1 and left angle Q{sup 2} right angle =1.9 GeV{sup 2}/c{sup 2}. This result points to a very small gluon polarization and agrees well with the results of other methods, like open charm production and the results, which were obtained at the doubly polarized RHIC Collider at the BNL. (orig.)

The German energy system is currently in a state of extensive transformation, which is primarily driven by the set of problems stemming from fossil energy sources and nuclear fuels being a finite resource and the largely unsolved problems arising from their use and the waste products and by-products that are generated through this use. An important goal of the pursued transformation of the German energy system, which has already been set in motion, is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - in particular carbon dioxide, which is a by-product of the provision of the effective energies electricity and heat. Renewable energy sources and - in a transitional phase - decentralised fossil energy sources are to be used as alternatives to conventional fuels. But the question arises of the extent to which basic structural characteristics of the existing energy supply system should change: not only could the provision of electricity in Germany, which has been produced in large centralised power plants up to now, be decentralised, but also regulatory entities and the power marketplaces on which decentralised demand and supply are coordinated. This analysis examines - on the basis of a comprehensive description of the different system components on which the modelling of a specific distribution grid is based - the extent to which decentralisation of the German energy system can contribute to the reduction of CO{sub 2} emissions. To this end the dimensions of a possible decentralisation and their complex interactions are examined: - Basic framework conditions of policy and the energy industry for this decentralisation and the sub-markets of the electricity sector, which have already started to change, partly as a result of the increasing share of fluctuating production. In future the sub-markets are to play an important role in equalising fluctuating production; - Questions related to the integration of decentralised and renewable production, above all in terms of their integration in the grid and energy system; and - The potentials of possible CO{sub 2} emission abatements brought about by the interweaving and flexibilisation on the part of consumers and producers, on the one hand, and promotion of the expansion of decentralised power plant capacities on the other hand. (orig.)

The first main subject of our research was devoted to the development of thin films typically used as 'absorption coatings for thermal solar collectors'. The key requirements of such coatings are (1) the optical solar selectivity (i.e. high optical absorption in the visible wavelength range of the solar spectrum combined with a high reflectivity in the infrared wavelength range in order to minimize the energy losses by thermal emission of radiation of the hot collector), (2) the thermal stability of the coating material itself up to temperatures well above the operating temperature of the collector, and (3) the thermal and chemical stability of the film-substrate system against degradation upon exposure to humidity and elevated temperatures. A real breakthrough has been achieved with respect to the 'thermal stability' of titanium containing diamond-like carbon coatings (a-C:H/Ti) by a partial substitution of carbon by silicon resulting in an 'a-CSi:H/Ti film'. These films prepared with an appropriate Si content did reveal no measurable optical degradation when annealed at 250 {sup o}C even during 500 hours in contrast to samples without Si addition, which revealed a reduction of the solar absorptance by a factor of two. A film material suited for even higher temperatures is 'titanium-aluminum-nitride'. We did prepare coatings with varying compositions within the ternary phase diagram by reactive co-sputtering of Ti and Al. Films yielding optical selectivity on one hand and interesting 'transmission properties' with a maximum in the visible range on the other hand, have been found. A potential application of these films apart of coatings for thermal solar collectors are coatings for building windows. 'Aluminum oxide films' with extremely high optical absorption (>98%) have been obtained by depositing sub-stoichiometric aluminum oxide films with structured surfaces on a nanometer scale. These films did reveal in a perfect manner the 'lotus effect' (complete hydrophobicity combined with a self-cleaning effect) after coating the oxide by an ultra-thin C-F surface layer. The second main subject was the evaluation of 'thermal losses in buildings' caused by 'thermal bridges' such as steel reinforcements, which intersect the outer building envelope. In a first step an existing uncertainty regarding the heat conductivity of cold rolled stainless steel has been eliminated by a precise measurement of this material property. This figure has been used afterwards to calculate heat losses in various specific constructions by a three-dimensional finite element analysis resulting in tables and formulas, which can be used in order to calculate building heat losses by engineers. (author)

This report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the introductory report to a series of five reports dealing with increasing the overall efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) installations by also using the heat collected by the dark-coloured PV panels. This introductory report summarises the findings of the project. The work reported on addresses open questions on the use of the heat and its optimal use. A mathematical model for the calculation of the dynamic gain is described. Reports 1 and 2 deal with an experimental outdoor set-up and in-situ measurements made on the prototype of a ventilated PV-tile system (PV/T-Slates). In report 3 the simulation model for the dynamic calculation of the heat gain from the PV/T-Slates using climatic data available is described in detail. Measured data from reports 1 and 2 are compared with the simulation results. In the yield atlas (report 4) the heat gain expected is subdivided into classes of temperature and presented for three locations in different Swiss climatic regions. In report 5 it is shown with the help of the yield-atlas how the degree of utilisation can be estimated. Two promising applications (domestic hot water preheating for a hotel in Lugano and seasonal ground heat storage for a Minergie low energy consumption house in Davos) are selected for detailed investigation using the new numerical model.

The primary radiochemotherapy is the standard treatment for patients with nodal positive and/or locally advanced cervical carcinoma. The therapy consists of percutaneous radiotherapy, simultaneous chemotherapy with cisplatin and an intracervical brachytherapy. The application of highly standardized brachytherapy based on NMR imaging allowed an improved local contol and a considerable reduction of toxicity.

This short, illustrated final report discusses the removal of heat from solar-thermal driven LiBr-H{sub 2}O absorber cooling units by pulsed spraying a dry cooler with water. The reduction of electricity consumption for room cooling using conventional chillers is examined. Heat dissipation using open cooling towers and the disadvantages encountered are compared with heat dissipation using a dry cooler with heat-exchanger and fans. Additional evaporation cooling achieved by spraying the heat exchanger with water is described and discussed. The results of measurements made at the Institute for Solar Technology in Rapperswil, Switzerland, are presented and discussed.

The thermo-technical optimization of existing incinerator boilers with the benefit of a stabilised combustion and a low consumption of fossil fuels in order to meet the rules at a temperature of 850 Celsius for a time period of two seconds even at partial load and low-calorific fuel (waste) is state of the art by means of CFD modelling and its successful transformation into the practice with proven and tailor-made refractory systems. The direct, straight and sustainable economical use is in an enhanced throughput of waste materials, a reduced consumption of fuels and thus a conservation of CO{sub 2}. The stabile combustion control is with a poor readjustment is an important and assuring advantage for the operations manager.

Fundamentally, storage facilities may replace conventional grid building measures. The storage facility thus adopts the function as an additional load if a large decentralized supply is into the network is performed. The storage facility acts as a generating plant at high reference load when the storage facility is unloaded. In order to replace a network expansion optimally, the storage facilities are at least optimized decentralized such as the corresponding power generating plants. The required capacity of the storage facility depends on the case of application. When used as an alternative to the network expansion, relatively high capacities with 6 kWh per kW of the installed generation capacity are required. Due to the rarely occuring maximum input performance only a low energy turnover is achieved. Under current framework conditions and realities of the market storage facilities exclusively for this application currently can not operated economically. Combined use of storage facilities by customers, trade and standards of the grid operator could allow an economical operation with modified framework conditions and corresponding decline in prices of energy storage systems.

Some developing countries (Papua New Guinea, Costa Rica and others) proposed to include emission reductions from reduced deforestation in a post-2012 climate regime. This proposal has gained broad support under the UNFCCC negotiations. This report aims at assessing the implications and implementation needs of a future international regime that provides compensation for reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries. This assessment includes an analysis of data availability for deforestation and forest area changes and related losses of biomass and GHG emissions, an attempt to quantify the relationship between deforestation drivers and deforestation rates; a detailed discussion of options related to the establishment of reference emission levels and accounting issues for reducing deforestation; an approximation of the possible magnitude of credits from a RED mechanism and a discussion of approaches to implement a compensation scheme for reducing emissions in a post-2012 climate regime. (orig.)

Based on the findings of the fleet test 'e-mobility Berlin' and in combination with our own experiences, data analysis and simulation of the Eco-Institute (Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany), possible environmental effects of electric-powered vehicles are to be quantified up to 2030. Besides direct effects, also indirect effects on the electricity industry and emissions are considered. Regulatory framework of electric mobility are discussed.

The corrosion protection of the internal space of thick-walled interim and permanent storage facility components, such as Castor {sup copyright} containers, are ensured nowadays by a galvanic nickel layer. The method has proved itself and protects the base material of the containers at the underwater loading in the Nuclear power station from a corrosive attack. Although, the galvanic nickel plating is a relatively time consuming method, it lasts for several days for each container, and is with a layer thickness of 1,000 {mu}m also expensive. To develop an alternative, faster and more economical method, a BMBF research project named - 'SHARK - protection by high velocity thermal spraying layers on thick-walled permanent and interim store components for the diminution of repairs, corrosion and costs' in cooperation between Siempelkamp Nukleartechnik GmbH and the Institute of Materials Science of the Leibniz University of Hanover was established to investigate the suitability of the high velocity oxy fuel spraying technology (HVOF) for the corrosion protective coating of thickwalled interim and permanent storage facility components. Since the permanent storage depot components are manufactured from cast iron with globular graphite, this material was exclusively used as a base material in this project. The evaluation of the economical features of the application of different nickel base spraying materials on cast iron substratum was in focus, as well as the scientific characterization of the coating systems with regard to the corrosion protective properties. Furthermore, the feasibility of the transfer of the laboratory results on a large industrial setup as well as a general suitability of the coating process for a required repair procedure was to be investigated. The preliminary examination program identified chromium containing spraying materials as successful. Results of the preliminary examination program have been used for investigations with the CASOIK demonstration container. The research results show that the quality of the corrosion protection with thermal spraying coatings is dependable on the process parameters. A follow-up project with the title 'Qualification of corrosion protective layers thermally sprayed on thick walled container components, QUAKOS' has already started. (orig.)

The experimental study using a double blind design examining the influences of the electromagnetic fields of GSM and TETRA mobile phones on the language comprehension in the human memory. 30 young men had to decide whether a given word was contained in a text they had read before. It will be demonstrated that GSM-radiation seemed to cause a quicker answer. In contrast the TETRA-radiation allowed reading - i.e. to understand - the text in a significant shorter time when the exposition came from the telephone situated on the right side of the head. Since these effects are very small, there is now evidence for a health risk. Both results point at a support of the mental processes at attention and memory. (orig.)

The book discusses the legal boundary conditions of the CCS technology in licensing law and national planning law against the background of RL/ 2009/31 EG and the various drafts of a German CCS law between 2009 and 2011. The legal situation is outlined as of June 2011, when the original dissertation was submitted; the draft acts are analyzed critically in a comparative evaluation. Publications of a later date are considered as far as possible.

The objective pursued is to increasingly use water or high water-content fluids as a substitute for other hydraulic fluids in driving gear of mining machinery. The state of the art of the technology is represented only by individual solutions achieved for given purposes which are not suitable for other applications, let alone for coal mining machinery. The research project was to identify hydraulic components that will permit the use of water or watery substances as a hydraulic fluid in mining applications. The components have been found and further developed, and finally systems with linear and rotatory drives have been tested at various test facilities in order to derive information on the system behaviour of pressurized fluids and machinery components and their suitability for coal mining applications. (orig./CB) [Deutsch] In der untertaegigen Antriebstechnik sollen vermehrt Wasser und wasserhaltige Fluessigkeiten eingesetzt werden. Der Stand der Technik fuehrt bei der Anwendung von Wasserhydraulik immer wieder nur Einzelloesungen auf, die nicht allgemein und insbesondere im Steinkohlenbergbau angewendet werden koennen. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsvorhabens wurden fuer die Wasserhydraulik geeignete Komponenten untersucht, weiterentwickelt und schliesslich Systeme mit linearen und rotatorischen Antrieben auf verschiedenen Pruefstaenden erprobt, um Aussagen ueber das Systemverhalten von Druckfluessigkeit und Bauelementen fuer Bergbauanwendungen zu bekommen. (orig./MSK)

Today, IAV GmbH is one of the world's leading development partners to the automotive industry. A glance at the company's list of clients, which reads like a who's who of all prominent vehicle manufacturers from across the globe, proves this claim. But what makes IAV so attractive to the well-known names from Europe, Asia and the US? One explanation for its success is doubtlessly the high level of expectations set by IAV's engineers in terms of developing technically outstanding and, at the same time, truly production-ready solutions for all areas of the automobile. In an interview, Kurt Blumenroeder, President and CEO, and Michael Schubert, President and CFO, of IAV GmbH spoke about the opportunities of globalisation for a development partner in the automotive industry and the potentials offered by alternative powertrain concepts. (orig.)

In the context of this research project analytic methods for the quantitative determination of alkylphenols (4-nonylphenol, 4NP; 4-tert.-octylphenol, 4tOP) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (4-nonlyphenol monoethoxylate, 4NP1EO; 4-tert.-octylphenol monoethoxylate, 4tOP1EO), bisphenol A (BPhA) as well as tin-organic compounds (tributyl tin, TBT; dibutyl tin, DBT, monobutyl tin, MBT; triphenyl tin, TPhT) in different biological matrices were adapted and optimised. The methods were documented in form of standard operating procedures (SOP). Following these methods samples from the German federal environmental specimen bank were investigated. Brown algae, (bay) mussels, eel pouts, sea gull eggs from the marine ecological systems of the North Sea and Baltic Sea and zebra mussels and bream muscles from fresh water ecological systems (Elbe, Mulde, Saale, Thine, Saar, Bornhoeveder lake district) of different years were analysed. Alkylphenols: The contents of 4NP and 4NP1EO mostly were in both, the marine and the fresh water, ecological systems above the contents of 4tOP and 4tOP1EO. In the marine samples the mussels were higher loaded than the other matrices. The contents in the samples from fresh water ecological systems were clearly higher than those of the samples from the marine ecological systems. The highest concentration for 4NP1EO with 324 {mu}g/kg fresh weight was measured in bream muscles from the Saar near Guedingen. Bisphenol A: the content of BPhA in the examined samples generally was low. The analyses resulted in concentrations of 1-2.5 {mu}g/ BPhA/kg in zebra mussel; only in zebra mussels from the river Saar near Rehlingen a higher value of approx. 5 {mu}g/kg was detected. The BPhA concentration in bream muscles was always below the limit of determination (LOD). The lowest content of BPhA in marine samples was found for mussels (concentration

Many malignant tumors such as colorectal cancer or breast cancer cause liver metastases. The therapy strategy is dependent on the primary tumor. Laser induced Interstitial Thermotherapy (LITT), together with various other minimally invasive approaches, is a thermotherapy and could be applied in addition to surgery or as the exclusive method of treating isolated liver metastases. Major advantages of such an approach are the possibility of implementing an outpatient scheme, as well as a lower occurrence rate of complications. After a CT-controlled puncture of the metastases the therapy is monitored in the MRI by using thermosensitive sequences. Liver tissue absorbs energy from laser photons; heat caused by this effect leads to the destruction of tumorous tissue. As the amount of energy required to destroy the metastases varies greatly even with the volume of lesions being the same, the aim of this paper is to find out whether there is a relation between energy requirement and liver density as gauged by means of CT before treatment. For this purpose 168 patients with 279 liver metastases originating from different primaries who were treated with LITT between March 2006 and March 2007 were included in this study. 55.4 % of the patients were pretreated with TACE, which reduces the blood flow in the liver, thus reducing amount of energy required from laser photon treatment. Prior to every single LITT sequence liver density was gauged by puncture CT with the aid of Hounsfield units; also, the volume of the induced necrosis in the 24h MRI image and in the control MRI after 3, 6 and 12 months was measured. It was possible to calculate the actual energy consumption on the basis of number, running time and energy output of the laser employed. Check-up examinations showed a decrease of the mean necrosis-volumes, which indicates that absence of recurrence of the tumor in those spots that had been laser-treated. Analysis of the average survival time after the first LITT over an observation period of 25 months shows a mean survival time of 21 months in the main group and a cumulative survival rate of 83.33 %. Patients with metastases of colorectal or breast cancer survived on average 22 months and showed a survival rate of 86.11 % and 84,91 % respectively. Patients with HCC had an average survival time of 19 months and a survival rate of 76.74 % after 24 months. These results indicate that LITT brings about longer survival times than other minimally invasive therapies such as radiofrequency ablation or microwave therapy. A direct comparison with major established therapies like surgery or chemotherapy will, however, not be accomplished because of different study data and preconditions. Nevertheless, LITT is superior to surgery concerning the length of stay in hospital and a lower intrusive impact. LITT is, however, at a disadvantage against chemotherapy laser therapy due to the lack of a systematic therapy component. After a first survey of all patients, they were divided into two groups, one of which was pretreated with TACE, whereas the other group was not. In each group the relationship between energy requirements, volume of the necrosis and Hounsfield units has been proven. Having a statistically significant linear or plain exponential correlation neither in the entire collective nor the sub-groups it could be shown, after dividing the Hounsfield units into density categories and working out a mean energy requirement after renewed calculation of correlation, that there is a positive relationship between the abovementioned parameters. Therefore it is possible to gauge and work out an increased demand on energy depending on increasing liver density, which helps work out the number of laser applicators required. Due to a great scatter range of the figures around the mean value it is doubtful whether the calculation ahead prior to therapy benefits the cost- and time-efficiency of LITT. The comparison of the energy requirement of the two sub-groups shows that energy consumption is ca. 0.5 kJ/cm3 lower in the group of patients who had been pre-embolized. Furthermore, the average tissue density of TACE patients was higher because of reduced blood flow in the liver after embolization. (orig.)

By means of heat and power generation, the municipal power station Kiel at the east bank of the Kieler Foerde has the possibility of uncoupling a thermal performance of up to 295 MW into the district heating grid of public utilities Kiel. The necessary conversion of the fuel required an increase of the performance of the mill in order to be able to grind the larger fuel flow during continuous boiler performance. For this, in the first step the exchange of the wing separators against lamella separators was selected. The authors of the contribution under consideration report on an adjustment of the crushing mills at changing fuel qualities.

In the article, the behaviour of the flame of a gas turbine premixing burner with transient load changes together with possibly damaging effects on the operation of a two-shaft gas turbine and measures to prevent an unstable state of the flame are explained. From practical experiments one was able to verify that, using suitable switch-over criteria and by the use of faster sensors, quicker digital small computers and more rapid switch-over valves, dynamic processes due to transient changes of the fuel gas control valve position in the premixing operation of a THM 1304 D gas turbine can be safely controlled, without uncontrolled back ignition of the premixing flame and therefore damage occurring on the gas turbine due to flame instability.

The use of biofuels in agricultural machinery is an option to respond to climate requirements. This option is being imposed from the European Commission to manufacturers of mobile machines. The contribution under consideration formulates a mathematical model that implements the regulations of the EU Fuel Quality Directive for complex manufacturing processes in the calculation rules. Initially, this model was tested and verified by the example of the standard manufacturing process of pure rapeseed oil. Then, possibilities of optimization for the production of rapeseed oil are explored. Finally, the mathematical model was applied to the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions from camelina oil from mixed cultivation with wheat.

The German energy policy and its main addressees, the regional electricity companies (EVU), are going through a critical phase at the beginning of the 21st century. The increasing complexity and inconsistency of energy issues have, in Germany and in other countries, led to decisions which again have produced extensive, but not yet foreseeable developments, as, for example, the liberalisation of the electricity and gas market within the European Union. The first objective of this paper is an empirical analysis of the regional electricity supply industry in Germany and particularly in Bavaria in so far as it is relevant for energy politics, as well as an introduction to the German energy policy up to approximately the time when the Directive 96/92/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 19 December 1996 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity, was passed. Moreover, findings for the definition of energy efficiency in electricity supply and of the policy analysis are outlined. The second objective of this paper is the analysis and evaluation of the European Union energy policy, in particular of the Directive 96/92/EC, its formation and how it has been put into action by the German and Bavarian electricity supply industry. Energy efficiency of the electricity supply serves as a yardstick, the research method employed is the policy analysis. The main part of this paper, by comparing objectives to effects and by evaluating interviews with energy experts, examines the questions if, in what ways and to what extent the Directive 96/92/EC has led to an increase of energy efficiency in the narrow as well as in the boarder sense, within the EU, Germany and Bavaria. Additionally, three hypotheses are tested: firstly the significance of energy efficiency (in the narrow sense), secondly the alignment of European energy supply, and thirdly the importance of supranational control through EU politics. The results are presented in tabular form, and the individual as well as the overall results are assessed according to their energy-political relevance. In a conclusion, which is closely related to practical needs, all results are used as a basis for future efficient management of the energy and electricity industry, with special regard to matters of organisation, planning and staff. The results of the investigation show a marginal increase of energy efficiency, mainly due to energy efficiency in the narrow sense; the other indicators of energy efficiency like economic efficiency, environmental acceptability and international co-operation have been identified as important aims of energy politics, the reliability of the supply (.), social acceptability and sustainability as less important aims. The results of the analysis of three hypotheses about the European energy supply support the decisive role of an improvement of energy efficiency in the narrow sense. It is, however, not possible to see an alignment in the improvement of effectiveness of the energy supply of the EU, Germany and Bavaria. The superiority of European energy politics to national or regional energy supply could not be confirmed either. Though the EU energy policy is judged more positively in foreign policy matters, on-the-spot implementation is favoured by the regional electricity companies for the national or regional energy supply. The findings are primarily meant to serve political counselling. (orig.)