Colletotrichum is one of the major plant pathogen causing anthracnose, a plant disease on variety of hosts from trees to grasses. In the present article we studied the taxonomy, biology and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the taxonomical descriptions based on morphological, microscopic and molecular approach carried out in India are also discussed in detail. Biology of the pathogen with respect to its growth conditions and detailed symptoms of anthracnose are presented. Pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides as plant pathogenic, saprophytic and endophytic fungi was also discussed. The different plant hosts, infected with antracnose disease mainly caused by C. gloeosporioides are reviewed in detail, since the year 1918. Review on C. gloeosporioides life style which may be endophytic, saprophytic or pathogenic, is also presented. Botanicals used for anthracnose management in India are also described. A brief note on the status of genus Colletotrichum during 21st century in India is presented. It was found that about six Colletotrichum species namely, C. gloeosporioides, C. capsici, C. falcatum, C. truncatum, C. sansevieriae, C. acutatum and C. coccodes were reported to be prevalent during 2000-2011. Therefore, the present review will be a useful compendium for mycologists and plant pathologists to study the host range of Colletotrichum species for the identification of new plant diseases, and will initiate new questions in phytopathological research for future study.