Of all the states that elected to secede during the American Civil War, which one had the largest number of citizens who actually fought for the Confederacy? I would also be interested if anyone could find which state had the largest number of casualties.

Just for clarification are you referring to whites or would you also include slaves forced to fight for the Confederacy in any respect?
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MichaelFOct 12 '11 at 17:09

Interesting twist, that. I had meant just whites, mainly because I hadn't considered that there were any slaves who were forced to fight. I'm not sure any source would have kept records on them.
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Steven Drennon♦Oct 12 '11 at 17:55

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Gosh, this is a tricky one to answer. I spent a bit of time researching it, but couldn't find any sort of break-down by state. And indeed, it does help a bit to discount blacks, who were enlisted into a separate blacks-only army. (There was incidentally a very good film made about this, whose name I forget.)
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NoldorinOct 12 '11 at 23:48

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I believe you are thinking about Glory with Denzel Washington. That was about an all black unit that fought for the North. Excellent movie!
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Steven Drennon♦Oct 13 '11 at 0:38

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If you are going to give a posting a downvote, at least have the decency to explain why!
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Steven Drennon♦May 17 '12 at 13:43

"Which Confederate state supplied the most troops" and "fought for the Confederacy" are slightly different questions. Tennessee actually supplied the second largest total of troops--more than North Carolina--from any Confederate state. But more than 30,000 of those fought on the Union side. (And not including 20,000 African-Americans.)

An issue which may be particular to East Tennessee is that many men served both sides. In my research on Hawkins County, Tennessee, I have so far found that nearly 8% of the men who served in Confederate regiments at first later served in Union regiments. While a few joined US Volunteer regiments for frontier duty, most deserted their Confederate TN regiment and enlisted in a Union TN regiment.

East Tennessee was full of Northern loyalists, and unlike West Virginia help could not get to them for some time. Adding West Virginia's union totals would probably put VA back on top.
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OldcatJul 17 at 20:19

Just to back up Wladimir's post of the inaccuracy of the numbers.
Josh Howard a North Carolina Historian stated in this article

"The time has come to get it right," said Josh Howard, a research historian with the Office of Archives and History in Raleigh. "Nobody has gone through man by man looking for the deaths."

North Carolina is only believed to have sacrificed the most men to the war. The article linked above is from 2010 where he set out to figure out if this was true or not. However as of now he has completed a study that attempts to put the myth to rest.

After a year+ of work it looks like he came to a conclusion. He states that the North Carolina death toll would be closer to 32000-35000. Also when taking into account the inaccuracy of other military records from other states it looks like North Carolina still comes out on top.

In all likelihood, North Carolina still ranks first in fallen Confederates. If records in Raleigh are wrong, it’s a good bet the rest of the Southern states have inaccurate counts, too. Second-place Virginia, also reviewing its count, is moving much closer to North Carolina in the number of dead.

As far as Union states go, this table seems to provide accurate information. However, the info on Confederate army is very incomplete. You can find statements that North Carolina supplied the most soldiers (125,000) to the Confederate army all over the Internet. The original source seems to be a speech from 1904 by Hon. Theodore F. Davidson in Raleigh:

She [North Carolina] was next to the last state to secede from the
Union, and in February, 1861 she voted against secession by 30,000
majority; yet, with a military population of 115,365, the State of
North Carolina furnished to the Confederate army 125,000 men. . .Of
the ten regiments on either side which sustained the heaviest loss in
any one engagement during the war, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee,
Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey furnished one each,
and North Carolina furnished three. North Carolina furnished from
first to last one fifth of the entire Confederate army, and at the
surrender at Appomattox, one-half of the muskets stacked were from
North Carolina.

Given the nature of this speech, it is probably not the most reliable source of information - and it doesn't actually claim directly that North Carolina supplied more soldiers than any other state. In fact, if you search hard enough you will also find statements about Tennessee and Texas as the states that contributed the most soldiers to the Confederate army (not backed by numbers). For comparison one would need to at least look at the number of soldiers supplied by Virginia but that number is very hard to find.

The book goes on to compare these numbers with the actual population and comes to the following conclusion:

In the light of the facts just stated we must conclude that the
Southern writers quoted by General Adams have, in their zeal for the
honor and glory of their several States, greatly overestimated the
number of men contributed by the same to the Confederate armies. This
would be more probable a priori, than that the leading men in the
Confederate army and Government who were at the sources of
information, and who ought to have been well informed, should have so
enormously underestimated the strength of the armies of the South; but
the tests to which we have now submitted the figures given by these
State historians demonstrate their error beyond the possibility of
doubt. They must be cut down by several hundred thousand. A large
element of this error is to be found, as I have suggested, in the
failure to observe the great number of re-enlistments that undoubtedly
took place, especially in 1862, when the terms of service of nearly
all the Confederate regiments expired.[Pg 61] This duplication, in the
opinion of the military Secretary of the United States, reduces the
total by twenty per cent.

For us this means: If you look at the "official" numbers then the state that supplied the most soldiers was Virginia. The sources claiming otherwise apparently took the statement "North Carolina supplied many soldiers" and turned it into a superlative. As to the real numbers: I'm not sure whether they are known by now, I couldn't find anything resembling a reliable source.

I awarded Tom with the answer because he was the only one who had answered for some time. However, I chose to award a 50 point bounty to this answer because it was more complete. Thanks for the effort!
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Steven Drennon♦Oct 18 '11 at 14:45

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I believe you can change answers to make them more appropriate if you get a better one after a period of time.
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MichaelFFeb 28 '12 at 14:37

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@StevenDrennon: IMHO, while you can sympathise with another answer, it is in the interest of future users to just accept the more correct answer.
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LohorisFeb 28 '12 at 16:16