Having looked at case class and extractors recently, the next logical thing would be partial functions. Since Andrea pointed me to a really well article on the subject I don’t think there’s anything else for me to add, so instead, let’s look at Scala’s implicits, which is a very powerful language feature that enables some interesting patterns in Scala.

implicit operator in .Net

implicitly converts a type to another in assignment, method argument, etc.; or

explicitly cast a type to another

F# on the other hand, is a more strongly typed language and does not allow such implicit type conversion. You can still implement and use existing implicitoperators created in C#, which is available to you as a static member op_Implicit on the type it’s defined on.

For example.

Additionally, you can also create type extensions to add extension methods AND properties to a type. Whilst this is the idiomatic F# way, these extension members are only visible to F# (and not to C#).

implicit in Scala

Where the implicit operator in .Net (or more specifically, in C#) is concerned with type conversion, implicit in Scala is far more generalised and powerful.

Scala’s implicit comes in 3 flavours:

implicit parameters

implicit conversions

implicit classes

implicit parameters

You can mark the lastparameter of a function as implicit, which tells the compiler that the caller can omit the argument and the compiler should find a suitable substitute from the closure.

For example, take the multiplyImplicitly function below.

The last argument is omitted at invocation but the compiler sees a suitable substitute – mult – in scope because:

it’s the right type – Multiplier

it’s declared as implicit

and implicitly applies it as the second argument to complete the invocation.

That’s right, only val/var/def that are declared as implicit can be used as an implicit argument.

If mult was not declared as implicit, then a compiler error awaits you instead.

What if there are more than one matching implicit value in scope?

Then you also get a compiler error.

Unsurprisingly, implicit var also works, and given the mutable nature of var it means multiplyImplicitly can yield different value depending on when it’s called.

Finally, you can also use an implicit def (which you can think of as a property, it is evaluated each time but it doesn’t have to be attached to an object).

A common use case for implicit parameters is to implicitly use the global ExecutionContext when working with Scala’s Future. Similarly, the Akka framework use implicit to pass around ActorContext and ActorSystem objects.

implicit conversions

What if you define a higher-order function that takes in another function, f, as argument, can f be chosen implicitly as well?

Yes, it can. It is in fact a common pattern to achieve implicit type conversion (similar to .Net’s implicit operator as we saw at the start of this post).

Notice in the above that show(“42”) compiles even though we haven’t defined an implicit function of the signature String => String. We have the built-in identity function to thank for that.

Just before the Scala compiler throws a typemismatch exception it’ll look for suitable implicit conversion in scope and apply it. Which means, our implicit conversions can be useful outside of the show function too.

And you’re protected by the same guarantee that there can only be one matching implicit function in scope.

What if there’s a more generic implicit conversion with the signature Any -> String, would the compiler complain about ambiguous implicit values or is it smart enough to use intToStr for Int?

implicit classes

You must create the implicit class inside another object/trait/class, and it

and the class can take only one non-implicit argument in the constructor.

Note that in addition to extension methods, you can also create extension values and properties with implicit class. Which, as we mentioned at the start of the post, is something that you can also do with F#’s type extensions mechanism.

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