What is a trade deficit? Well, it all has to do with imports and exports and, well, trade. This week Jacob and Adriene walk you through the basics of imports, exports, and exchange. So, you remember the specialization and trade thing, right? So, that leads to imports and exports. Economically, in the aggregate, this is usually a good thing. Globalization and free trade do tend to increase overall wealth. But not everybody wins.
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This video will introduce you to two of the most important economic indicators that drive the value of a currency: interest rates and inflation. Interest rates are one of the most important drivers of the forex markets. Inflation measures how quickly the prices of goods and services rise in a given period of time.
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Learn how interest rates, exchange rates, and international trade are intertwined in this video. AP(R) Macroeconomics on Khan Academy: Macroeconomics is all about how an entire nationÕs performance is determined and improved over time. Learn how factors like unemployment, inflation, interest rates, economic growth and recession are caused and how they affect individuals and society as a whole. We hit the traditional topics from an AP Macroeconomics course, including basic economic concepts, economic indicators, and the business cycle, national income and price determination, the financial sector, the long-run consequences of stabilization policies, and international trade and finance. About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content. For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy.
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PPP or Purchasing Power Parity is explained in hindi. As compared to market exchange rate between 2 currencies, PPP takes into consideration cost of living while comparing 2 currencies. Largest economies of the world based on nominal GDP and GDP based on PPP can be totally different.
World Bank publishes PPP rates for all countries with respect to US dollar:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP
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PPP या परचेज़िंग पावर पैरिटी को हिंदी में समझाया गया है। दोनों मुद्राओं (कर्रेंसीज़) के बीच मार्किट एक्सचेंज रेट की तुलना में, PPP दोनों कर्रेंसीज़ की तुलना करने के लिए जीवन यापन के खर्च को ध्यान में रखते हुए तुलना करता है। नॉमिनल जीडीपी पर आधारित दुनिया की सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्था और पीपीपी पर आधारित जीडीपी अलग हो सकती है।
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In this video, we have explained:
What is purchasing power parity theory?
How to compare salary in India and USA or any other county?
How the cost of living affects the value of a salary package?
How purchasing power parity comparison is done?
How purchasing power in India is different compared to the USA?
Why PPP rate is different from currency exchange rates?
How to compare the PPP rate of different currency?
How to compare the income in two different countries using purchasing power parity?
Where India ranks in the world based on GDP based on PPP?
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How do currency values rise and fall? Why would a country want to manipulate the value of its own currency?
"(Macro) Episode 33: Exchange Rates" by Dr. Mary J. McGlasson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

This clip shows how interest rates -- determined in national financial markets -- and exchange rates -- determined in the foreign exchange market -- interact. When the central bank changes the interest rate, it affects the no-arbitrage condition in the foreign exchange market: Given a constant "fundamental" expected exchange rate, the current exchange rate depreciates (rises) following a decrease of the domestic interest rate. Vice versa, the current exchange rate appreciates (falls) following an increase in the domestic interest rate.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. (top 10 economies) Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates.(top 10 countries) Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.(gdp 2019) Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population. This video contains the gdp in 2019 of future superpowers like india, china, japn, germany etc and current superpower like US. This video is made by Dr Top 10 and contain Information taken from IMF 2019 Gdp Report and Projections.
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#top10gdp2019

Chapter 2: Introduction to exchange rate and the foreign exchange market
- Exchange rate essentials
- Exchange rates in practice
- The market for foreign exchange
- Arbitrage and spot exchange rates
- Arbitrage and interest rates
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Trading Forex on News Releases and Economic Indicators
http://www.financial-spread-betting.com/course/UK-Australia-indicators.html PLEASE LIKE AND SHARE THIS VIDEO SO WE CAN DO MORE If you've been trading for a while you know that most of these news releases are recorded on an economic calendar and some are prone to move the market more than others. So can you trade these economic data releases?
The effect of Economic Data Releases on Foreign Exchange Markets
11 economic indicators that move the forex market:
1) GDP, overall economy health - this number is quite lagged so we are unlikely to get massive moves on it.
2) NFP, 1st Friday / linked to business cycle - this report comes out every month - if unemployment is way more than expected it means that it will have an impact on the business cycle later on - like an advance warning.
3) Unemployment rate - percentage of the labour force actively looking for work.
4) Federal funds rate - interest rate announcement decided by the Feb. This is another big thing - if the interest rate, the rate of the USD dollar exchange will move.
5) Consumers confidence - surveying a broad sector of people to check people's confidence about the economy
6) CPI, consumers price index, inflation index
7) Industrial Production Index - this measures the level of USA output in terms of quantity of material produced as opposed to dollar amount.
8) Capacity Illustration - how much capacity is being utilised in the manufacturing sector
9) Retail Sales
10) Durable good orders
11) Initial jobless claims
These are the major economic indicators that drive the forex market.
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How To Trade Forex On News Releases: Impact of News Events on Market Prices 🤞
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FVDcsI-Mu0

GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP when assessing a nation's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods, services and inflation rates of the country, rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income. (top 10 economies) It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries and when comparing quality of same goods among countries. PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index. (gdp 2019)These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods. (top 10 countries)This video is made by Dr Top 10 and contain Information taken from IMF 2019 Gdp Report and Projections and This video contains the gdp ppp in 2019 of future superpowers like india, china, japan, germany etc and current superpower like US.
#top10
#top10economies
#gdpppp

Picture the economy as a giant supermarket, with billions of goods and services inside. At the checkout line, you watch as the cashier rings up the price for each finished good or service sold. What have you just observed?
The cashier is computing a very important number: gross domestic product, or GDP.
GDP is the market value of all finished goods and services, produced within a country in a year.
But, what does "market value" mean? And what defines a "finished good"?
These, and more questions, percolate inside your head. Meanwhile, the cashier starts ringing up the total, and you’re left confused. An array of things pass by you — A bottle of wine. A carton of eggs. A cake from the local bakers. A tractor, of all things. A bunch of ballpens. A bag of flour.
In this video, join us as we show you how to make sense of this important economic indicator. You’ll learn how GDP is computed, and you’ll get answers to some pretty interesting questions along the way.
Questions like, “Why are the eggs in my homemade omelet part of the GDP, but the eggs my baker uses are not? Why does my bottle of French wine contribute to France’s GDP, even if I bought it in the United States?”
Most importantly, you’ll also learn why polar bears aren’t part of the GDP computation, even if they’re incredibly cute.
So, buckle in for a bit—in the following videos we’ll dive into specifics on GDP.
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Good morning traders,
With the very important GDP figures coming out shortly from the GBP I thought it was time to go into how the GDP works and how it effects Forex traders.
This video breaks down the key concepts and explains how it will effect the general economy of the country that the GDP represents. As well as what we can expect as Forex traders from the news results.
If you can watch the upcoming GDP from the British Pound tomorrow, I strongly suggest you keep the chart open as well as the economic calendar from www.jpmarkets.co.za so you can see for yourself. If the results are close to what was expected then we won't see a massive move, but still worth watching.
With the GBP at a pivotal moment this could the the fundamental indicator that gives us a good long term trend to jump in on!

AS/IB 15) Exchange Rate Changes - Appreciations and Depreciations. An understanding of how exchange rates can appreciate or depreciate due to changes in demand/supply of a currency
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In this video we will see some interesting facts about Imports and Exports. How it affects consumers, economy, GDP etc. With the GST being launched from July 1, imports and exports will directly depend on new tax rules. Imports are an important indicator and a vital component of the economy. A high level of imports indicates robust domestic demand and a growing economy. When net exports exceeds net imports, the nation has a trade surplus. When the imports are higher than the exports trade deficit occurs. so the bottom line is Imports and exports has a major impact on the consumer and the economy directly, and the same is true when seen the other way round.
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If you know the exchange rates of two currencies, you can calculate the prices of goods in one country in another country's currency. This lesson walks you through several problems in which calculations of different exchange rates allow us to determine how much goods and services in one currency will cost in terms of another.
Want to learn more about economics, or just be ready for an upcoming quiz, test or end of year exam? Jason Welker is available for tutoring, IB internal assessment and extended essay support, and other services to support economics students and teachers. Learn more here! http://econclassroom.com/?page_id=5870

http://www.informedtrades.com/25425-how-interest-rates-move-forex-market-part-1-a.html
Like current and future earnings prospects are the most important factors to consider when trying to forecast the long term direction of a stock, current and future interest rate prospects are the most important factors to consider when trying to forecast the long term direction of a currency. Because of this fact, currencies are highly sensitive to any economic news that can affect the country's interest rates, an important factor for traders of all time frames to understand.
As we learned in module 8 of our free basics of trading course located in the free course section of InformedTrades.com, when the central bank of a country raises interest rates this not only affects the short term rate that they target, but the interest rates for all types of debt instruments. If the central bank of a country raises interest rates then debt instruments of all types are going to become more attractive to investors, all else being equal. This not only means that foreign investors are more likely to invest in the debt of that country, but also that domestic investors are less likely to look outside the country for higher yield, creating more demand for the debt of that country and driving the value of the currency up, all else being equal.
Conversely, when a central bank lowers interest rates, then interest rates on all types of debt instruments for that country are going to be less attractive to investors, all else being equal. This not only means that both foreign and domestic investors are less likely to invest in the debt of that country, but that they are also more likely to pull money out to seek higher returns in other countries, creating less demand for, and a greater market supply of that currency, and driving its value down, all else being equal.
Once this is understood, it is next important to understand that foreign investors are exposed to not only the potential profit or loss from interest rate changes on the debt instrument they are investing in, but also to profits and losses which result from fluctuations in the value of that country's currency. This is an important concept to understand, as it generally will work to increase the profits for investors when interest rates increase, as the increase in the value of the currency is realized when they sell the investment and convert back into their home country's currency. This gives the foreign investor that much extra return on their investment, and that much extra incentive to invest when interest rates rise, driving the value of the currency up further all else being equal.
Conversely when interest rates decrease, there will be less demand for the debt instruments of a country not only because of the lower yield to investors, but also because of the decrease in the value of the currency that normally comes with a decrease in interest rates. The additional whammy of a loss to the foreign investor from the currency conversion that results as part of the investment, further incitivizes them to put their money elsewhere, decreasing the value of the currency further, all else being equal.

This lesson will illustrate how trade flows should lead to appreciation and depreciation of currencies in a floating exchange rate system, and then explain how in the case of China, central bank policy aimed at buying large quantities of US government debt keeps the supply of Chinese currency high in the US and the demand for US dollars high in China. This means the dollar remains stronger than it otherwise might relative to the Chinese RMB, contributing to the persistent trade deficits the US exhibits in its trade with China.
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According to Wikipedia, GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP (see List of countries by GDP (nominal)) when assessing a nation's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods, services and inflation rates of the country, rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income. It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries and when comparing quality of same goods among countries. PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index. These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods.
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#top10gdp2030

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This video discusses a simple forex trading strategy. Here are the key points:
1. Limit ourselves to 9 currencies: USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, NZD, AUD, CAD, CHF, SGD
2. Sort them by their overnight interest rates.
3. Sort them by their external debt/GDP ratios.
4. Out of the 9 currencies, look for currencies that have both a low interest rate and a high external debt/GDP ratio relative to the others; that is the currency to short. Likewise, go long the currency with both a high interest rate and a low external debt/GDP ratio.
5. This tells us the currency pair and the direction to trade in. Then, look for trading ranges to appear on the chart. Put your stop loss outside of the trading range, and exit after the market trends and a new trading range forms that signals the end of a short-term trend.
Of course, trade management can get much more sophisticated as you learn more about money management and technical analysis. This strategy is just a simple starting point.

Hi Friends ,
Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries , and the result can vary greatly one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency .

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Theories that invoke purchasing power parity assume that in some circumstances (for example, as a long-run tendency) it would cost exactly the same number of, for example, US dollars to buy euros and then to use the proceeds to buy a market basket of goods as it would cost to use those dollars directly in purchasing the market basket of goods.
The concept of purchasing power parity allows one to estimate what the exchange rate between two currencies would have to be in order for the exchange to be at par with the purchasing power of the two countries' currencies. Using that PPP rate for hypothetical currency conversions, a given amount of one currency thus has the same purchasing power whether used directly to purchase a market basket of goods or used to convert at the PPP rate to the other currency and then purchase the market basket using that currency. Observed deviations of the exchange rate from purchasing power parity are measured by deviations of the real exchange rate from its PPP value of 1.
PPP exchange rates help to minimize misleading international comparisons that can arise with the use of market exchange rates. For example, suppose that two countries produce the same physical amounts of goods as each other in each of two different years. Since market exchange rates fluctuate substantially, when the GDP of one country measured in its own currency is converted to the other country's currency using market exchange rates, one country might be inferred to have higher real GDP than the other country in one year but lower in the other; both of these inferences would fail to reflect the reality of their relative levels of production. But if one country's GDP is converted into the other country's currency using PPP exchange rates instead of observed market exchange rates, the false inference will not occur.
The idea originated with the School of Salamanca in the 16th century and was developed in its modern form by Gustav Cassel in 1918. The concept is based on the law of one price, where in the absence of transaction costs and official trade barriers, identical goods will have the same price in different markets when the prices are expressed in the same currency.
Another interpretation is that the difference in the rate of change in prices at home and abroad—the difference in the inflation rates—is equal to the percentage depreciation or appreciation of the exchange rate.
Deviations from parity imply differences in purchasing power of a "basket of goods" across countries, which means that for the purposes of many international comparisons, countries' GDPs or other national income statistics need to be "PPP-adjusted" and converted into common units. The best-known purchasing power adjustment is the Geary–Khamis dollar (the "international dollar"). The real exchange rate is then equal to the nominal exchange rate, adjusted for differences in price levels. If purchasing power parity held exactly, then the real exchange rate would always equal one. However, in practice the real exchange rates exhibit both short run and long run deviations from this value, for example due to reasons illuminated in the Balassa–Samuelson theorem.
There can be marked differences between purchasing power adjusted incomes and those converted via market exchange rates. For example, the World Bank's World Development Indicators 2005 estimated that in 2003, one Geary-Khamis dollar was equivalent to about 1.8 Chinese yuan by purchasing power parity—considerably different from the nominal exchange rate. This discrepancy has large implications; for instance, when converted via the nominal exchange rates GDP per capita in India is about US$1,704 while on a PPP basis it is about US$3,608. At the other extreme, Denmark's nominal GDP per capita is around US$62,100, but its PPP figure is US$37,304.
The purchasing power parity exchange rate serves two main functions. PPP exchange rates can be useful for making comparisons between countries because they stay fairly constant from day to day or week to week and only change modestly, if at all, from year to year. Second, over a period of years, exchange rates do tend to move in the general direction of the PPP exchange rate and there is some value to knowing in which direction the exchange rate is more likely to shift over the long run.

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In this lesson, Ayussh explains the exchange rate system and its types. This is an important concept to understand under Indian Economy for UPSC 2018 preparation.
An exchange rate regime is the way an authority manages its currency in relation to other currencies and the foreign exchange market. Between the two limits of fixed and freely floating exchange regimes, there can be several other types of regimes. In their operational objective, it is closely related to the monetary policy of the country with both depending on common factors of influence and impact.
The exchange system in India has a big impact on world trade and financial flows. The volume of such transactions and the speed at which they are growing makes the exchange rate regime a central piece of Indian Economy.
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The Role of Central Banks in Foreign Exchange Markets. Zoe Fiddes, Head of Sales at ORE.com comments. PLEASE LIKE AND SHARE THIS VIDEO SO WE CAN DO MORE! Central Banks' Control of Foreign Exchange Rates. Central Bank Intervention – the reasons and its effects on the FX Market What drives exchange rates? What is the foreign exchange market? Where is the central location of the Forex Market? So there are a number of factors that affect the price movements of forex currencies. You've got your technicals and fundamentals; fundamentals is looking at the economics of the countries you are evaluating. For example interest rates and GDP. Every country has a central bank and the main role of the central bank is to stabilise and grow the economy. So the central banks have certain powers to help the economy when its needed; so for instance they have the power to control interest rates. So when an economy is doing well, central banks will put up interest rates so as to control spending because you don't want an economy to grow too fast as that doesn't help stability. Sometimes, this isn't enough and that's why central banks make use of instruments like quantitative easing. You might also have heard of the term currency wars... Central banks are supposed to operate independently of governments however in practice they work together.

Exchange rates are the "prices" of one country's currency expressed in terms of another country's currency.Exchange rates are determined through the market forces of supply and demand, just like prices for any good, service, or resource.
This lesson will explore the different determinants of exchange rates, focusing on the markets for Swiss francs in Europe and the market for Euros in Switzerland.
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-AUD and NZD post modest gains
-The dollar gains vs MXN but weakens against BRL
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The overnight changes and price moves to be aware of by Pepperstone's Market Analyst, Darren Sinden.
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In this video, we will look at how interest rates and exchange rates are linked. As overseas investors respond to changes in domestic interest rates and consequently the impact on the demand and supply for our currency.

Asia is regaining the economic dominance it enjoyed a millennium ago - but it still has some way to go
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A thousand years ago Asia dominated the world economy, producing about two thirds of its output. Western Europe was far behind and the economy of what's now the United States barely existed. Western Europe's economy rose throughout the middle ages despite setbacks caused by plagues and conflicts.
Then in the 1800s America's rise and Europe's industrial revolution combined to bring Asia's share of world GDP down sharply to just one fifth of the total by 1980.
China's reforms in the 1980s boosted Asia's share of the world economy but then if you're measuring GDP using market exchange rates, its share slumped in the 1990s when the Asian economic crisis caused the regions currencies to collapse. If you now compare economies using Purchasing Power Parity, which takes into account the lower prices Asian consumers pay for goods and services on their home markets, the continents rise continues, right through the 1990s crisis.
Using this more realistic way of measuring GDP Asia will produce about a third of the world's output this year. Asian countries built up their reserves of foreign currency after the 1990s crisis, especially China. This increase is often taken as a sign of Asia's growing economic clout even though its been partly reversed in recent years.
Furthermore currency reserves themselves are only a few percent of the worlds total stock of the worlds financial assets. Asia's share of this broader range of assets is growing but it's still only about a fifth.
The East is undoubtedly rising but its new day has barely begun.
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Pakistan Today US Dollar Price and Currency Exchange Rates | PKR to US Dollar | 1 USD= 139.40 PKR
Dollar Rate in Pakistan – Open Market forex rates, interbank, and currency exchange rates are significant information for business and finance professionals. The open market forex rates include buying and selling prices of world’s leading currencies including USD, Euro, Pound, Riyal, Dinar, Rupee, etc. in the world market. Interbank exchange rates of various currencies are also available on this platform. You can access the bank buying TT clean, and the bank is selling TT & OD rates for all coins online. Similarly, those individuals who are traveling or making business transactions internationally can check out the exchange rates online. All the rates are regularly updated.
Find dollar rates in Pakistan also find forex exchange rates into PKR Pakistani rupees today. You can get all currency exchange rates live and reliable sources. Find the latest and updated dollar converted rate into PKR. Dollar rates are available in Pakistani open market exchange rates, interbank rates and it' forex/foreign currency exchange rates so far. On this platform of currency exchange rates you can find some major international forex rates such as; Euro (€ -EUR) rates, British Pound rates (£-GBP), UAE Dirham rates (Dh-AED), Saudi Riyal rates (Riyal – SAR), Chinese Yuan rates, Canadian Dollar rates (CAD), Australian Dollar rates (AUD), Qatari Riyal rates (QAR), Malaysian Ringgit rates (MYR), Hong Kong Dollar rates (HKD) and Singapore Dollar rates (SGD) respectively.
The US dollar rate in Pakistan is increasing almost every day at a fast pace. You can use the currency converter on this website to convert any amount of Pakistani currency into US dollars. The rate of dollar is changing on a daily basis. Therefore, the converter available on this website is updated every day according to the latest rate. You can trust the calculations made by this tool and get results within a matter of seconds.
There are many reasons that are the cause of an ever-increasing dollar rate. One of the biggest factors is the stability of the US economy. On the other hand, the economy of Pakistan is quite unstable, leading to the devaluation of the rupee.
A country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) also determines the value of its currency. In comparison to Pakistan's Gross Domestic Product, USA's GDP is much higher. This is one of the most obvious reasons for the huge difference in the rates of the two currencies.
The investment of international entrepreneurs can boost a country's economy by strengthening it. However, due to the current conditions of Pakistan, the international investors have been frightened away. As a result, Pakistan's economy has suffered greatly. This is one of the reasons why the value of rupee has fallen, and the US Dollar rate in Pakistan keeps on increasing.
The US dollar rate has been increasing very rapidly over the past few years. One advantage of this rapidly increasing rate of dollar is for the local investors. Dollars can be used as a good investment. Buy a particular sum of dollars one day, and you will be able to earn a profit by selling them back the very next day! However, to get a higher profit, you should wait for a few days. In this way, you can make sure that the rate has increased considerably and therefore you will be able to generate more profit by selling the dollars. You can keep checking the dollar rate daily through this converter.
However, do keep in mind the fact that the buying rate and selling rate is always different. The dollars are converted back into rupees at a slightly lower rate. Therefore, it will be prudent to wait before the rate has considerably increased for you to be able to earn a substantial profit. You should keep checking the conversion rate on a regular basis. To fulfill this purpose, you do not have to visit a bank. This can be done right from the comfort of your own home through the converter, which is available on this website. You can convert any sum of money and compare the current rate with your previous conversions. You can maintain a record of these conversions to be able to analyze the changing pattern of the rate.
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Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year. Countries in Africa are sorted according to data from the International Monetary Fund. The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency.

GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP (see List of countries by GDP (nominal)) when assessing a nation's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods, services and inflation rates of the country, rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income. It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries. PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index.

Gross Domestic Product GDP
the market value of the final goods and services produced within a
country in a given year
this definition has fours parts
market value
final goods and services
produced within a country
in a given time period
market value
GDP is a market value
goods and services are valued at their market prices
to add apples and oranges, computers and popcorn, we add the market
values so we have a total value of output in pounds
are all produced goods and services subject to trade in the market?
final goods and services
GDP is the value of the final goods and services produced
a final good (or service) is an item bought by its final user during a
specified time period
an intermediate good is produced by one firm, bought by another
firm, and used as a component of a final good or service
excluding intermediate products avoids double counting
for example, if an economy produces steel (intermediate) and cars
(final), the value of steel is included in the price of a car
produced within a country
GDP measures production within a country – domestic production
GDP pays no attention to nationality or ownership
the output of foreign firms in the UK contributes towards UK GDP but
the output of UK firms producing abroad does not
in a given time period
GDP measures production during a specific time period, normally a
year or a quarter of a year
GDP can be measured as
the value of production: value added approach
total expenditure on goods and services: expenditure approach
total income to factors of production: income approach
this can be shown using the circular flow digram
the national economy is composed of
households
firms
government
the rest of the world
in a four-sector economy,
injections include government expenditure, exports
leakages include taxes, imports
to maintain the same level of equilibrium in a four-sector economy
the sum of injections should equal the sum of leakages
that is, I + G + X = S + T + M
the circular flow consists of incomes (blue) and expenditures (red)
the sum of the red flows equals the blue flow
implicit in this equalising of income and expenditure is what firms do
in between
total expenditure on final goods and services equals the value of
output of final goods and services, which is GDP
firms pay out all their receipts from the sale of final goods, so income
equals expenditure
thus, economic activity (GDP) can be measured using either
output,
income, or
expenditure
why is GDP referred to as gross domestic product?
gross means before deducting the depreciation of capital, the opposite
being net
depreciation is the decrease in the value of a firm’s capital that results
from ’wear and tear’ and obsolescence
gross investment is used to calculate GDP
the total amount spent on purchases of new capital and on replacing
depreciated capital
net investment
the increase in the value of the firm’s capital
in the official calculation of GDP in the UK, the Office for National
Statistics ONS uses two approaches
expenditure approach
GDP is the sum of aggregate expenditure in the economy
that is, Y = C + I + G + (X-M)
income approach
GDP is sum of the incomes that firms pay households for the factors of
production they hire
that is, Y = rent + wages + interest + profits
note that GDP at
factor cost is the sum of
compensation of employees
gross operating surplus
mixed incomes
market prices
is the GDP at factor cost + indirect taxes - subsidies
nominal GDP
the value of goods and services produced during a given year valued at
the prices that prevailed in that same year
nominal GDP is just a more precise name for GDP
real GDP
the value of final goods and services produced in a given year when
valued at the prices of a reference base year
using real GDP
allows for comparisons of living standards over time by removing the
influence of rising prices
accounting for price changes (inflation) is important if comparisons are
to be made at different points in time
Limitations:
real versus nominal GDP
population size
per capita real GDP
exchange rates
purchasing power parity (PPP)-An exchange rate which would buy the
same good in each country
some items are excluded
level of unpaid work
underground economy
there are human costs to production
quality of life and social costs/benefits (environment, health)
spending on necessities or economic bads (e.g. defence)
distribution of income

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Countries are sorted by GDP PPP forecast estimates from financial and statistical institutions in the limited period January–April 2017, which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates.
GDP comparisons using PPP are arguably more useful than those using nominal GDP (see List of countries by GDP (nominal)) when assessing a nation's domestic market because PPP takes into account the relative cost of local goods, services and inflation rates of the country, rather than using international market exchange rates which may distort the real differences in per capita income.[3] It is however limited when measuring financial flows between countries and when comparing quality of same goods among countries.[4] PPP is often used to gauge global poverty thresholds and is used by the United Nations in constructing the human development index.[3] These surveys such as the International Comparison Program include both tradable and non-tradable goods in an attempt to estimate a representative basket of all goods.

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