Some Medications by Older Adults Increases Risk of Serious Heart Problems, Death

Older patients treated with the diabetes medications known as thiazolidinediones (which include rosiglitazone) had a significantly increased risk of heart attack, congestive heart failure and death, compared with the use of other hypoglycemic drugs, according to a study.

The thiazolidinediones (TZDs) rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are oral hypoglycemic agents used to treat type 2 diabetes and have been shown to improve glycemic control. “While improved glycemic control has been linked to better clinical outcomes in diabetes and TZDs have been suggested as having potential cardiovascular benefits, recent concerns have arisen regarding adverse cardiac effects of these drugs,” the authors write.

Some research has indicated that both rosiglitazone and pioglitazone may increase the risk of congestive heart failure (CHF), and that rosiglitazone may be associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI; heart attack) and death. “These findings prompted a recent hearing by a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel regarding the safety of rosiglitazone; however the panel voted against removing rosiglitazone from the market because of insufficient data.”

Lorraine L. Lipscombe, M.D., M.Sc., of the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, and colleagues evaluated the risks of CHF, heart attack, and all-cause death associated with the use of TZDs, compared with other oral hypoglycemic agents among patients age 66 years or older with diabetes. This older patient population has often been under-represented in trials of TZDs, even though they have a high prevalence of diabetes, and may be at greater risk of medication-related harms. The researchers analyzed data from health care databases in Ontario that included 159,026 individuals with diabetes who were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents and were followed for a median (midpoint) of 3.8 years, through March 2006. During this time, 7.9 percent of patients had a hospital visit for congestive heart failure (n = 12,491), 7.9 percent had a hospital visit for a heart attack (n = 12,578), and 19 percent died (n = 30,265).

Compared to oral hypoglycemic agent combination therapy users, current users of TZD monotherapy had a 60 percent increased risk of congestive heart failure; had a 40 percent increased risk of heart attack; and had a 29 percent increased risk of death. These increased risks associated with TZD use appeared limited to rosiglitazone.

“Our findings argue against current labeling of TZDs that warns against use only in persons at high risk of CHF, as we did not identify any subgroup of older diabetes patients who may be protected from adverse effects of TZDs,” the authors write. “These findings provide evidence from a real-world setting and support data from clinical trials that the harms of TZDs may outweigh their benefits, even in patients without obvious baseline cardiovascular disease.”

“Further studies are needed to better quantify the risk-benefit tradeoffs associated with TZD therapy and to explore whether the hazards associated with these agents are specific to rosiglitazone. In the interim, treatment decisions must remain individualized, with clinicians weighing the potential benefits and harms of TZD treatment, especially among high-risk elderly populations.”

JAMA. 2007;298(22):2634-2643.

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FACT:Average Cholesterol Level for U.S. Adults Reaches Recommended Range for First Time in Almost 50 Years:The average cholesterol level for U.S. adults last year decreased to 199 and reached the recommended range for the first time in almost 50 years, according to a report released by CDC last week. The report uses data collected by CDC every two years. For the latest report, CDC examined data on cholesterol levels for a nationally representative sample of about 4,500 U.S. residents ages 20 and older from 2005 to 2006. According to the report, the percentage of adults with high cholesterol — levels of 240 or higher — decreased to 16% last year, compared with about 20% in the early 1990s. Experts in large part attributed the decreases in cholesterol levels among adults to increased use of anti-cholesterol medications. See this week’s Item #10

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