Exam 1

English man from London first to do an epidemiological study- cholera outbreak and pump spread figured out the cause and a solution

Semmelweiss

Hungarian ob who proposed washing hands between patients as more people were sick in the hospital than home deliveries

Lister

English surgeon who started washing instruments in carbolic acid. 1st person to use chemical control

Louis Pasteur

Father of microbiology

Jenner

Father of immunology

Bacteria

Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and a single circular chromosome this group of small cells is widely distributed in earths habitats If capitalized it refers to one of the 3 domains of living organisms proposed by woese. Containing all non archaea prokaryotes

Algae

Photosynthetic and plantlike organism generally lack complex structure of plants ; may be single or multi cellular and inhabit diverse habitats such as marine and fresh water environment and glaciers and hot springs

Bacteriology

Involved with study of the bacteria -small single celled prokaryotic organisms

Mycology

Involved in study of fungi Which is group of eukaryotes that include microscopic eukaryotes (molds and yeasts) and larger organisms ( mushrooms , puffballs)

Protozoology

Involved with study of the Protozoa animal like and mostly single celled eukaryotes

Virology

Involved with the study of the viruses- minute non cellular particles that parasitism cells

Phycology

Study of simple eukaryotic algae from single celled forms to large seaweeds

Cyanobacteria

Eukaryotic- prep blue green algae

Fungi

Eukaryotic. Mold mushroom yeast. Heterotrophic. Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic. Organism that may take form of a larger microscopic organism as with mushrooms or smaller org like yeasts and molds

Yeasts

Round to oval shape cell made of asexual reproduction grows swellings on its surface called buds which then become separate cells. Sub group of fungi

Molds

Sub group of fungi. Hyphae- long therodlike cells that make up the bodies of fibramentous fiber or molds

Acellular

Not consisting of divided of or divided into or containing cells

Unicellular

Single celled organism organism consists of only 1 cell

Viable

Capable of surviving or living successfully especially under particular environmental conditions

Endospores

Small dormant resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera bacillus and clostridium are typical spore formers

Turbidity

Cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally indivisible to the naked eye similar to smoke in the air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality

Studied. Volcanic vents and how island are made and found a living cell down in hot volcanic veins

Robert Whitaker

System with 5 major kingdoms -monera fungi Protista plants and animals. It easily accommodated the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types

Galileo

Responsible for the microscope in early 1600s

Hooke

Cut up cork and found cells I it in 1665

Spontaneous generation

Certain living things arise from vital forces present in non living or decomposing matter

Meat worms flies example of

Spontaneous generation

Abiogenesis is also called

Spontaneous generation

Spontaneous generation

Life from non living things

Louis Pasteur

Father of microbiology chemist

Hired by France to save wine. Found bacteria by heating it first he could add back culture

Louis Pasteur

Reddi

Italian who watched. Meat and then put a lid on it then used a scarf putting spontaneous generation to bed

Life

Bio

Bacteriology

Study of bacteria

Bacteria

Small single celled prokaryotic organisms

Phycology

Study of algae

Germ theory of disease

Micro organisms simply by metabolism can cause ill effects in man and other animals

Ology

Study of

Grandfather of microbiology

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Classification system started with

Aristotle

Taxonomy

Formal system for organizing classifying and naming living things

Classification

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups that indicate evolutionary relationships and history

Nomenclature

System of assigning names to various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species

Binomial system of nomenclature is a combo of

Genus followed by species

Binomial system

Scientific name assigned by using this

Did king Phillip come over for good sex

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

Species

Can successfully sexually interbreed

Hierarchy begins with a

Domain

Hierarchy

Main taxa or groups in a classification scheme are organized into descending ranks

Carl Von linn

Known as Linnaeus Swedish botanist scientific names for plants

Jansen

Swedish and developed telescope

Cell theory

Proposed all life consists of subunits called cells proposed by Schneider and Schwann

Phycology

Study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotic or algae

Parasitic

Lives in or on the body of a larger organism

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Grandfather of microbiology

Pathogen

Any agent usually a virus bacterium fungus protozoan or helminth causing disease

Schleiden and Schwann

Proposed cell theory saying all life consists of subunits called cells

Said there are invisible particles in the air male air ia

Francastro

Francastro

Said there was invisible particles in the air fear of the night air

External factors

Things shared in the environment with microbes

Immunity

Acquired resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent

Multicellular

Consisting of more than 1 cell

Nomenclature

Set system for scientifically naming organisms enzymes anatomical structures

Immunity is a form of

Intrinsic factor

Intrinsic factor

Immunity

Hippocrates

Father of medicine

Father of medicine

Hippocrates

Phylogenetic

Classification system based on evolutionary relationships phyletic

Kochs postulates

Organism found in sick not healthy animal. Must isolate organism and grow in pure culture or lab media fresh isolated organism when inoculated into healthy la animal should cause same disease as original animal. Microorg should be re isolated in pure culture from exp infection and when compared to the first is the same

Etiology

Cause of disease

Gets credit for agar

Koch

Hess/edelhuis

2 women who suggested to Koch that he use agar as the medium

John Tyndall

Founded Endospores which were bacterial life forms in soil that were life resistant and could last long time and he put spontaneous generation to death

Endospores

Bacterial life forms in soil that were life resistant and last long time could be boiled for 5 hours

2 diseases not going through kochs postulates

Hiv and leprosy

Bacillus

Rod like bacteria

Anthrax

Bacillus anthracis

Etiology

Cause

Example of ionic bond

Nacl

Hydrogen bonds

Very weak bonds individually but strong collectively

Covalent bonds

Sharing electrons

Ionic bonds

Transfer of electrons creating ions

Isotopes throw off half life's that are

Predictable

Isotopes

End to be radioactive and throw off predictable half life created by ionic bond

Weight

Affected by the neutrons

Are isotope stable

No

Fats/lipids

May be converted to glucose or synthesized from glucose to satisfy metabolic needs

Lipids

Component of cell membrane

Fats

Reserve supply of cellular energy

Fats/lipids

Building blocks are glycerol and 3 fatty acids with varying length carbon chains

Phenomenon in which electrons are transferred from one atom or molecule to another

Oxidation

Any reaction involving oxygen or any reaction causing an atom to to lose electrons

Chemical reactions

Molecules in cells constantly involved in in changes in composition of matter they contain. Breaking and making of of bonds and rearrangement of atoms

Reactants

Chemical substances that start a reaction and that are changed by the reaction

Products

Substances that result from from the reaction (chemical)

Chemical equation

Chemist and biologist use to summaries the reaction

Decomposition reaction

Bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release 2 or more product molecules

Exchange reactions

Reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combos of the 2

Solution

Mixture of one or more substances called solutes

Solutes

Mixtures that make up a solution

Solvent

Solutes uniformly dispersed in dissolving medium

Solutes

Can be gas liquid or solid

Solvent

Usually liquid

Most common solvent

Water

Hydrated

Surrounded by sphere of water molecules

Hydrophilic

Molecules such as salt or sugar that attract water to their surface

Hydrophobic

No polar molecules such as benzene that repel water

Amphipathic

Both attract and repel water

Acidic

Solution releases excess hydrogen ions

Bases

Solution releases excess hydroxide ions so so no longer a balance between the 2 ions

Alkaline

Another term for base

Ph scale

To measure acid and base concentration of solutions from 0 (most acidic) to 14 ( most basic)

Acidic have greater

H+

With ph as h+ decreases the oh

Increases

Neutrality

At ph 7 exactly the same

Acidic

Ph below 7

Basic

Ph above 7

Inorganic chemicals

Does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Organic chemicals

Contains carbon bonded to hydrogen

Carbon

Fundamental element of life

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates lipids fats proteins nucleus acids

Cellulose

Cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae derive their strength and rigidity from this

Carbohydrate

Carbon and water ( CHO)

Glucose fructose /monosaccharides

Sugars involved in metabolic reactions building blocks of disaccharide and polysaccharide

Disaccharide

Carbohydrate-

Maltose

Composed of 2 glucose important breakdown product of starch

Polysaccharide

Chains of monosaccharides

Lipids

Fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins

Polypeptides

Liposomes

Lipid based molecules with lipids arranged in a bilayer similar to cell membrane

Agar

Indispensable polysaccharide in preparing solid culture medium

Cellulose

A long fibrous polymer

Carbohydrate

Most abundant biological molecules in nature play key roles in cell structure adhesion and metabolism

Chitin

Polymer of glucosamine major compound in cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects

Peptidoglycan

One special class of compounds in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments

Starch

Polysaccharides are usually stored by cells in the form of glucose polymers

Starch or glycogen

Readily tapped as a source of energy and other metabolic needs

Hydrolysis

Because a water molecule is required for breaking a bond between two glucose molecules digestion also termed this

Lipid

Meaning fat not a chemical designation but an operational term for a variety of substances that are not soluble in solvents or water

Triglyceride

Storage lipid composed of three fatty acid's And glycerol

Phospholipids

Major structural components of cell membranes to fatty acids and glycerol and a third glycerol binding site holds a phosphate group

Steroids

Commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones Best known is sterile cholesterol

Proteins

Greek word meaning Proteus the first or prime

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins

Peptide bond

Covalent bond linking amino acids

Peptide

Refers to a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids that's as dipeptide just two amino acids a tripeptide which is three a tetrapeptides just four or a polypeptide which contains an unspecified amount of amino acids but usually has more than 20 and is often smaller sub trait of protein

Primary structure protein

Fundamental chain of amino acids proteins very supposedly in the exact order type and number of amino acids

Secondary structure

Arises from numerous hydrogen bonds occurring between carbon oxygen and nitrogen and hydrogen groups of peptide bonds desponding causes the whole chain to coil or fold into regular patterns the coiled spiral firm for form is called the oh helix

Tertiary structure or third structure

Once the second structure is formed yet another folding and compacting occurs this structure arises there additional interchange forces and bonds between various parts of the oh he licks and B pleated sheets the disulfide bonds occur between sulfur and amino acid Cysteine

Cysteine

An amino acid first found in urine stones

Quaternary structure

The most complex proteins structure in which two or more polypeptides interact to form a large multiunit proteins the polypeptide units from loose associations based on week Vanderwall's and other forces

Enzymes

Catalyst for all chemical reactions in cells and nearly every action requires a different one

Antibodies

Complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria viruses and other microorganisms

Nucleotide

Both Miklich acid are polymers of repeating unit

Replication

During its division cycle the cell has a mechanism for making a copy of the DNA

DNA

The biological properties of cells and viruses are ultimately programmed by master code comprised of nucleic acid

ATP

A relative of RNA involved in an entirely different cell activity a Denison try phosphate a nucleotide containing adenine ribose and three phosphate

Magnification

The ability to make an object larger

Resolving power

The ability to show detail

Refraction

When it be more red light transmitted through the air strikes and passes through the convex surface of glass the bending or change in the angle of the light rail passes through a medium such as a lens