U.S.

Kennedy Center's New Organ No Longer A Pipe Dream

The organ console and concert hall seen through the pipes of the organ chamber set behind the orchestra.

It was almost spooky. Each night after 11 p.m., when nothing was stirring in the Kennedy Center Concert Hall, two men would enter. One would sit at the organ, playing a key or series of keys, and the other would crawl around inside the organ pipes, 40 feet off the floor. The process went on for months.

It was the all but final phase of installing a new organ for the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. And on Nov. 27, the organ makes its formal debut.

Towering over the stage, the organ looks big, but you have no idea how big. There are some 5,000 pipes, ranging from five-eighths of an inch to 32 feet long, and weighing a total of 20 tons.

Why A New Organ?

The old Kennedy Center organ, to put it bluntly, was sick — so sick that at one performance a few years ago, they had to stop the concert to unstick a recalcitrant key.

Organ consultant Jeff Weiler was called in to examine the patient and concluded that the instrument was just not salvageable. Other consultants agreed.

The old organ was the "dying gasp" of a once-great company, Weiler explains. Right after it was delivered in 1972, the company, Aeolian-Skinner, went out of business. And when the organ began to falter, inspection showed that it had been jerry-built, using parts and tailings from other projects.

Two years ago, a donation from Kennedy Center Chairman David M. Rubenstein allowed the performing arts center to take the plunge and order a new organ, this time from Casavant Bros., near Montreal, a company that has been making organs since 1879.

Building And Installation

Just building the organ took two years. Then came the installation, a process that from beginning to end has taken more than three months.

The partially assembled instrument was delivered in August by a trio of 53-foot-long semitrailer trucks.

After the organ was assembled in the hall, the delicate process known as "tonal finishing" began.

Each night, while the hall was silent, between 11 p.m. and 8:30 a.m., Richard Marchand and Daniel Fortin, two Casavant technicians, worked away at perfecting the sound of the organ.

These nocturnal magicians say people tend to confuse the two functions they were carrying out — tuning and voicing. The tuning is relatively easy. It's the voicing that is really hard.

"You can sing with an ugly voice but in tune, but you still sound ugly," Marchand explains. "Voicing is to work on the quality of the tone you are projecting."

Tuning, it turns out, takes just a few days. But the voicing takes a couple of months.

Inside The Instrument

Marchand and Fortin, both of them musicians, work together — one sitting at the organ itself, the other climbing up and around inside the organ, using special tools to shift parts of the pipes, opening or closing an air hole here, shaving or moving a part of the pipe there.

Much of this work is done 40 feet in the air, with tiny crevices to use as footholds. The two men switch off roles from time to time. If you just stay at the organ, they say, it is too easy to fall asleep. No such problem crawling around the organ like a cat.

"If you are afraid of the height, it is not a job for you," Marchand says.

The polished wood console of the organ — the part you see the musician play — is amazingly complex, too. It has four manual keyboards, 32 long wooden pedals and 104 stops. The stops look like porcelain knobs, and each one controls a set of 61 organ pipes, balancing the highs and lows, and the volume.

"Each stop has a role to play in this tonal structure, so we are building sonic architecture of the instrument," says Jacquelin Rochette, Casavant's artistic director.

A Delicate Balance

When we visited a few weeks ago, Rochette said some of the pipes were still "barely speaking," that the sound they emitted was "simply barking." By now, they are supposed to all be singing.

Organs are built to serve different functions. They are built for churches, for theaters, for academic institutions. But in a concert hall, the organ has to have tremendous sonic power so it can soar over a large orchestra and chorus. It is the stops that throttle up the power — hence the term "pulling out all the stops."

But for an orchestra, there is another balance to work out. The organ has to be able to play as if it were just another instrument in the orchestra, blending in so that the listener barely knows it is there.

What is so fascinating about watching the whole process unfold is the anthropomorphic way everyone talks about the instrument.

"The creation of an organ is very much like the birth of a child," says National Symphony Orchestra organist William Neil. "It's brand new, and it starts very humbly and very small and it grows, and as it matures and becomes a full-blown musical instrument, we have almost created here the adult."

A month ago, Neil said the organ was "not quite there yet" but was "on the way."

On Thursday night, the organ, now fully tuned and voiced into adulthood, was ready for its official, grown-up premiere performance.

SIEGEL: Yes, that's our own Nina Totenberg. By day, she covers the nation's highest court, but by night, this daughter of a violinist is interested in all things musical, and that includes a brand-new pipe organ at the Kennedy Center here in Washington, D.C.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

SIEGEL: The organ makes its debut tonight, and Nina has its story.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: It looks big, but you have no idea how big. There are some 5,000 pipes, ranging from six inches to 32 feet long and weighing a total of 20 tons.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: What powers the organ are three blowers in a separate room, two stories under the organ chamber. The gleaming pipes that now tower over the stage took two years and $2 million to build. The old Kennedy Center organ, to put it bluntly, was sick, so sick that the existing tapes of ruined performances have had the offending sound edited out. Suffice to say that at a Christmas performance in 2008, conductor Donald McCullough had to stop the concert so his organist could try to unstick a stuck pipe.

DONALD MCCULLOUGH: Well, we have to turn that off, or we won't be able to continue. Anybody know any good jokes?

(LAUGHTER)

TOTENBERG: Two years ago, the Kennedy Center reluctantly concluded the instrument was not salvageable. So with help from a generous donor, the center took the plunge and ordered a new organ, this time from Casavant Brothers, near Montreal, a company that's been making organs since 1879.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: Now, nothing about building and installing a massive new organ is simple. The partially assembled instrument was delivered in August by a trio of 53-foot long semis. Then after it was put together in the hall, the delicate process known as tonal finishing began.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

BILL NEAL: It has to be very lush. I'm not sure that I want to give away the swell strings, you know, on...

TOTENBERG: That's organist Bill Neal after weeks of changes made by two Casavant technicians, men who work from 11 each night to 8:30 in the morning when the Kennedy Center Concert Hall is silent. These nocturnal magicians say people tend to confuse the two functions they're carrying out: tuning and voicing.

RICHARD MARCHAND: You can sing with an ugly voice but in tune, but you'll still sound ugly.

TOTENBERG: Technician Richard Marchand.

MARCHAND: Voicing is to work on the quality of the tone you're projecting with your voice.

TOTENBERG: Tuning, it turns out, takes just a few days, but the voicing takes a couple of months. Marchand and his co-worker, Daniel Fortin, both of them musicians, work together, one sitting at the organ itself, the other climbing up and around inside the organ, using special tools to shift parts of the pipes, opening or closing an air hole here, shaving or moving a part of the pipe there. Much of this work is done 40 feet in the air with tiny crevices to use as footholds.

MARCHAND: If you are afraid of the height, of course, it's not a job for you at such a place.

(LAUGHTER)

MARCHAND: No.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: The polished wood console of the organ - the part you see the musician play - is amazingly complex. It has four manual keyboards, 32 pedals and 104 stops. The stops look like porcelain knobs, each one controls a set of 61 organ pipes, regulating the balance of highs and lows and the volume.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: Organ consultant Jeff Weiler observes that in a concert hall like this the organ has to have tremendous sonic power so it can soar over a large orchestra and chorus, hence the term pulling out all the stops.

JEFF WEILER: Pulling out all the stops would make the organ truly a colossal sonic force.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: But there's another balance to work out.

WEILER: At the other extreme, it has to have great subtlety in order to achieve the seamless blend with the orchestra.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: In other words, the organ has to be able to play as if it were just another instrument on stage. Listen carefully here for the organ.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: Here it comes.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: Now, that might sound great to us, but not to the discerning ear of Jacquelin Rochette, the Casavant artistic director. He was pleased last month after a test drive with the full National Symphony Orchestra, but he thought some of the higher tones lacked full color, that they were barking, not singing.

JACQUELIN ROCHETTE: At this point, the pipes are barely speaking, you know? Some pipes are simply barking, you know? It's not clean.

TOTENBERG: So with just weeks to go, the search for perfection continued.

UNIDENTIFIED MAN #1: We (unintelligible).

UNIDENTIFIED MAN #2: We've been working that.

UNIDENTIFIED MAN #1: And we are getting the effect in the room.

TOTENBERG: What's so fascinating about watching the whole process unfold is the anthropomorphic way everyone talks about the instrument. Organist Bill Neal.

NEAL: The creation of an organ is very much like the birth of a child. It's brand new, and it starts very humbly, very small, and it grows. And as it matures and becomes a full-blown musical instrument, we have almost created here the adult. It's not quite there yet, but it's on the way.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: That was more than a month ago.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: This morning, the organ, now fully tuned and voiced into adulthood, had its final dress rehearsal, ready for its official grownup debut at the Kennedy center tonight.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TOTENBERG: Nina Totenberg, NPR News, Washington.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

BLOCK: This is NPR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright National Public Radio.