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Lanthanum Aluminate Twinning

Lanthanum aluminate is a member of the perovskite class of ceramics, many of which are able to superconduct at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Perovskites are often characterized by large covalently bonded, closely packed cubic structures that have an atom with a significantly smaller atomic radius located at the center. When electrical fields are applied to perovskites, the smaller, central atom can shift within the crystal lattice without breaking bonds. Although not a superconductor itself, lanthanum aluminate is well adapted as an epitaxial substrate for growing thin films of related superconducting ceramics.

Crystals of lanthanum aluminate are rarely formed perfectly on the Earth. Stair-step twinning, a type of crystal flaw, interferes with the formation of confluent deposited thin-films. This is significant since superconductors built on imperfect surfaces cannot handle higher levels of electric current and do not perform predictably.

Lanthanum is an element from the rare earth series. As a combination of lanthanum, aluminum, and oxygen, lanthanum aluminate forms imperfect single crystals if cooled too quickly from the high temperatures of annealed crystallite formation. When this occurs, the molecules do not have sufficient time to settle into their most "comfortable" arrangement (or a perfect crystal), and the flaw becomes permanently locked into the structure. Similarly, gravity interferes with perfect lanthanum aluminate crystallization. Crystallographers are turning to outer space for growing lanthanum aluminate crystals devoid of twinning. Gravity-free experiments on the space shuttle missions and the space laboratories could be promising for creating the next generation of superconducting materials and futuristic applications such as magnetic-levitating (mag-lev) trains.