The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discovered in the 1950's in Ugarit, Syria. It was interpreted by Dr. Richard Dumbrill. He wrote a book entitled "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East." Here is a link to it:
http://sas.academia.edu/RichardDumbrill/BooksCheck out Michael Levy's website, anancientlyre.com! Here's a link to it:
http://www.ancientlyre.com
For more information on the Hurrian Hymn no.6 text, click on the link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_songs
There were 29 musical texts discovered in the ruins of Ugarit, but only text H6 was in good enough condition to allow for academic interpretation. Here is Dr. Dumbrill's interpretation:
http://www.clintgoss.com/flutopedia.com/pdf/HurrianTabLtd.pdfThank you for listening! Subscribe for more music! Subscribe also to "Klezfiddle1," Michael Levy's YouTube channel! Download his albums from iTunes and order from cdbaby.com!

published:29 Jul 2012

views:3879599

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
__________________________________________________________
AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
_____________________________________________
Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
___________________________________________________________
Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
____________________________________________________________
Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
_______________________________________________________________

Overview

Middle Bronze Age

Spending much of their energies in trying to recuperate from the chaotic situation that existed at the turn of the millennium, the most powerful civilizations of the time, Egypt and Mesopotamia, turned their attention to more modest goals. The Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and their contemporary Kings of Babylon, of Amorite origin, brought good governance without much tyranny, and favoured elegant art and architecture. Farther east, the Indus Valley civilization was in a period of decline, possibly as a result of intense, ruinous flooding.

Common Era

Common Era or Current Era, abbreviated CE, is a calendar era that is often used as an alternative naming of the Anno Domini system ("in the year of the Lord"), abbreviated AD. The system uses BCE as an abbreviation for "before the Common (or Current) Era" and CE as an abbreviation for "Common Era". The CE/BCE designation uses the year-numbering system introduced by the 6th-century Christian monkDionysius Exiguus, who started the Anno Domini designation, intending the beginning of the life of Jesus to be the reference date. Neither notation includes a year zero, and the two notations (CE/BCE and AD/BC) are numerically equivalent; thus "2016 CE" corresponds to "AD 2016", and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC". The Gregorian calendar and the year-numbering system associated with it is the calendar system with most widespread use in the world today. For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union.

Near East

Near East (French:Proche-Orient) is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was originally applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English, and has been replaced by the term Middle East.

Eva Von Dassow - Theology of Liberation in the Second Millennium BCE

The Oldest Known Melody (Hurrian Hymn no.6 - c.1400 B.C.)

The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discovered in the 1950's in Ugarit, Syria. It was interpreted by Dr. Richard Dumbrill. He wrote a book entitled "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East." Here is a link to it:
http://sas.academia.edu/RichardDumbrill/BooksCheck out Michael Levy's website, anancientlyre.com! Here's a link to it:
http://www.ancientlyre.com
For more information on the Hurrian Hymn no.6 text, click on the link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_songs
There were 29 musical texts discovered in the ruins of Ugarit, but only text H6 was in good enough condition to allow for academic interpretation. Here is Dr. Dumbrill's interpretation:
http://www.clintgoss.com/flutopedia.com/pdf/HurrianTabLtd.pdfThank you for listening! Subscribe for more music! Subscribe also to "Klezfiddle1," Michael Levy's YouTube channel! Download his albums from iTunes and order from cdbaby.com!

35:21

Mesopotamian History: Overview Part 1

Mesopotamian History: Overview Part 1

Mesopotamian History: Overview Part 1

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

The Forgotten Civilizations of Anatolia | Secrets of Archaeology

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
__________________________________________________________
AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
_____________________________________________
Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
___________________________________________________________
Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
____________________________________________________________
Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
_______________________________________________________________

The Mars - short lesson

The recorded history of Mars observation dates back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE). Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Indian [citation required] astronomers estimated the size of Mars and its distance from Earth. In the16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System in which the planets follow circular orbits about the Sun. This was revised by Johannes Kepler, yielding an elliptic orbit for Mars that more accurately fitted the observational data.
The first telescopic observation of Mars was by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Within a century, astronomers discovered distinct albedo features on the planet, including the dark patch Syrtis Major Planum and polar ice caps. They were able to determine the planet's rotation period and axial tilt. These observations were primarily made during the time intervals when the planet was located in opposition to the Sun, at which points Mars made its closest approaches to the Earth.

Across Borders (english version)

Project: AcrossBorders (Across ancient borders and cultures: An Egyptian microcosm in Sudan during the 2nd millennium BC)
Host Institution/PI & Project management: OREA, Institute for Oriental and EuropeanArchaeology (ÖAW) and LMU Munich, Institute for Egyptology, Julia Budka
From 2012 to 2017 the European Research Council project “AcrossBorders” and the FWFSTART project “Across ancient borders and cultures” were successfully conducted at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Ludwigs Maximilians UniversityMunich. This short film introduced the main research questions of the two projects headed by Julia Budka. Remains of settlements from the SecondMillenniumBCE, the so-called New Kingdom, were investigated in diverse cultural settings, situated across ancient borders and cultures – within the core land of Egypt, in the border region of Egypt and in “foreign” territory: modern northern Sudan, ancient Nubia.
The focus was on the site of Sai in northern Sudan. New fieldwork on this island is presented in the short film, especially in sector SAV1North. 3D reconstructions by the architect Ingrid Adenstedt illustrate the recent advances in the study of the architecture of New Kingdom towns. Various analyses of the material remains, especially the ceramics, were conducted and yielded new insights into Sai’s regional and trans-regional networks and its heydays. Of special importance are new finds by the AcrossBorders project in the pyramid cemetery SAC5 on Sai, including the discovery of the burial of a chief goldsmith named Khnummose.
Visit also our blog site: http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at/
Funding: ERC Starting Grant no. 313668 and Austrian Science Fund (FWF START project Y615-G19)
References and bibliography:
I. Adenstedt, Reconstructing Pharaonic Architecture in Nubia: the case study of SAV1, Sai Island. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 3. Vienna 2016. http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/7952-8inhalt?frames=yes
J. Budka, AcrossBorders I. The NewKingdomTown of Sai Island, Sector SAV1 North. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 4. Vienna 2017. https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/8071-5inhalt?frames=yes
Editing and animations: hertha produziert http://hertha-produziert.com/
All data licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license.

In this video, I presented you some facts about: #5 - The Letter 'X' on Your Palm #4 - Raised Band on Wrist #3 - GoldenBlood #2 - FootShapeAstrology #1 - FingerAlignment Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events. Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[4] Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Technology and Astrology have no connection. But still, many things can be logically proved as the scientific things are. Technological research and scientific development may not be able to explain these facts but it is believed by many people. Info Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand#Hu... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm https://mosaicscience.com/story/man-g...
thanks watch video

On an unknown date, about the mid 2nd Millennium BC, the ancient world was rocked by one of the largest volcanic eruptions and explosions in Human history.
Source: https://www.historyandheadlines.com/history-1600-1500-bce-atlantis-falls-into-the-ocean-the-minoan-eruption/
Author: Major Dan
Narrator: Dr. Zar
Editor: Dr. Zar
All images used in this video are from wikipedia.org or google.com and are therefore believed to be either in the public domain or available per “fair use”. No copyright infringement is intended. If you are the originator of any image used in this video and would like us to name you and/or include a link to the original source in this videos description, we will gladly do so.
Thank you for watching!

Eva Von Dassow - Theology of Liberation in the Second Millennium BCE

The Oldest Known Melody (Hurrian Hymn no.6 - c.1400 B.C.)

The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discovered in the 1950's in Ugarit, Syria. It was interpreted by Dr. Richard Dumbrill. He wrote a book entitled "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East." Here is a link to it:
http://sas.academia.edu/RichardDumbrill/BooksCheck out Michael Levy's website, anancientlyre.com! Here's a link to it:
http://www.ancientlyre.com
For more information on the Hurrian Hymn no.6 text, click on the link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_songs
There were 29 musical texts discovered in the ruins of Ugarit, but only text H6 was in good enough condition to allow for academic interpretation. Here is Dr. Dumbrill's interpretatio...

The Forgotten Civilizations of Anatolia | Secrets of Archaeology

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which f...

In this video, I presented you some facts about: #5 - The Letter 'X' on Your Palm #4 - Raised Band on Wrist #3 - GoldenBlood #2 - FootShapeAstrology #1 - FingerAlignment Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events. Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[4] Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Technology and Astrology have no connection. But sti...

On an unknown date, about the mid 2nd Millennium BC, the ancient world was rocked by one of the largest volcanic eruptions and explosions in Human history.
Source: https://www.historyandheadlines.com/history-1600-1500-bce-atlantis-falls-into-the-ocean-the-minoan-eruption/
Author: Major Dan
Narrator: Dr. Zar
Editor: Dr. Zar
All images used in this video are from wikipedia.org or google.com and are therefore believed to be either in the public domain or available per “fair use”. No copyright infringement is intended. If you are the originator of any image used in this video and would like us to name you and/or include a link to the original source in this videos description, we will gladly do so.
Thank you for watching!

The Oldest Known Melody (Hurrian Hymn no.6 - c.1400 B.C.)

The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discove...

The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discovered in the 1950's in Ugarit, Syria. It was interpreted by Dr. Richard Dumbrill. He wrote a book entitled "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East." Here is a link to it:
http://sas.academia.edu/RichardDumbrill/BooksCheck out Michael Levy's website, anancientlyre.com! Here's a link to it:
http://www.ancientlyre.com
For more information on the Hurrian Hymn no.6 text, click on the link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_songs
There were 29 musical texts discovered in the ruins of Ugarit, but only text H6 was in good enough condition to allow for academic interpretation. Here is Dr. Dumbrill's interpretation:
http://www.clintgoss.com/flutopedia.com/pdf/HurrianTabLtd.pdfThank you for listening! Subscribe for more music! Subscribe also to "Klezfiddle1," Michael Levy's YouTube channel! Download his albums from iTunes and order from cdbaby.com!

The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discovered in the 1950's in Ugarit, Syria. It was interpreted by Dr. Richard Dumbrill. He wrote a book entitled "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East." Here is a link to it:
http://sas.academia.edu/RichardDumbrill/BooksCheck out Michael Levy's website, anancientlyre.com! Here's a link to it:
http://www.ancientlyre.com
For more information on the Hurrian Hymn no.6 text, click on the link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_songs
There were 29 musical texts discovered in the ruins of Ugarit, but only text H6 was in good enough condition to allow for academic interpretation. Here is Dr. Dumbrill's interpretation:
http://www.clintgoss.com/flutopedia.com/pdf/HurrianTabLtd.pdfThank you for listening! Subscribe for more music! Subscribe also to "Klezfiddle1," Michael Levy's YouTube channel! Download his albums from iTunes and order from cdbaby.com!

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

The Forgotten Civilizations of Anatolia | Secrets of Archaeology

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian ...

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
__________________________________________________________
AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
_____________________________________________
Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
___________________________________________________________
Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
____________________________________________________________
Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
_______________________________________________________________

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
__________________________________________________________
AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
_____________________________________________
Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
___________________________________________________________
Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
____________________________________________________________
Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
_______________________________________________________________

The recorded history of Mars observation dates back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE). Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Indian [citation required] astronomers estimated the size of Mars and its distance from Earth. In the16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System in which the planets follow circular orbits about the Sun. This was revised by Johannes Kepler, yielding an elliptic orbit for Mars that more accurately fitted the observational data.
The first telescopic observation of Mars was by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Within a century, astronomers discovered distinct albedo features on the planet, including the dark patch Syrtis Major Planum and polar ice caps. They were able to determine the planet's rotation period and axial tilt. These observations were primarily made during the time intervals when the planet was located in opposition to the Sun, at which points Mars made its closest approaches to the Earth.

The recorded history of Mars observation dates back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE). Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Indian [citation required] astronomers estimated the size of Mars and its distance from Earth. In the16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System in which the planets follow circular orbits about the Sun. This was revised by Johannes Kepler, yielding an elliptic orbit for Mars that more accurately fitted the observational data.
The first telescopic observation of Mars was by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Within a century, astronomers discovered distinct albedo features on the planet, including the dark patch Syrtis Major Planum and polar ice caps. They were able to determine the planet's rotation period and axial tilt. These observations were primarily made during the time intervals when the planet was located in opposition to the Sun, at which points Mars made its closest approaches to the Earth.

Project: AcrossBorders (Across ancient borders and cultures: An Egyptian microcosm in Sudan during the 2nd millennium BC)
Host Institution/PI & Project management: OREA, Institute for Oriental and EuropeanArchaeology (ÖAW) and LMU Munich, Institute for Egyptology, Julia Budka
From 2012 to 2017 the European Research Council project “AcrossBorders” and the FWFSTART project “Across ancient borders and cultures” were successfully conducted at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Ludwigs Maximilians UniversityMunich. This short film introduced the main research questions of the two projects headed by Julia Budka. Remains of settlements from the SecondMillenniumBCE, the so-called New Kingdom, were investigated in diverse cultural settings, situated across ancient borders and cultures – within the core land of Egypt, in the border region of Egypt and in “foreign” territory: modern northern Sudan, ancient Nubia.
The focus was on the site of Sai in northern Sudan. New fieldwork on this island is presented in the short film, especially in sector SAV1North. 3D reconstructions by the architect Ingrid Adenstedt illustrate the recent advances in the study of the architecture of New Kingdom towns. Various analyses of the material remains, especially the ceramics, were conducted and yielded new insights into Sai’s regional and trans-regional networks and its heydays. Of special importance are new finds by the AcrossBorders project in the pyramid cemetery SAC5 on Sai, including the discovery of the burial of a chief goldsmith named Khnummose.
Visit also our blog site: http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at/
Funding: ERC Starting Grant no. 313668 and Austrian Science Fund (FWF START project Y615-G19)
References and bibliography:
I. Adenstedt, Reconstructing Pharaonic Architecture in Nubia: the case study of SAV1, Sai Island. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 3. Vienna 2016. http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/7952-8inhalt?frames=yes
J. Budka, AcrossBorders I. The NewKingdomTown of Sai Island, Sector SAV1 North. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 4. Vienna 2017. https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/8071-5inhalt?frames=yes
Editing and animations: hertha produziert http://hertha-produziert.com/
All data licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license.

Project: AcrossBorders (Across ancient borders and cultures: An Egyptian microcosm in Sudan during the 2nd millennium BC)
Host Institution/PI & Project management: OREA, Institute for Oriental and EuropeanArchaeology (ÖAW) and LMU Munich, Institute for Egyptology, Julia Budka
From 2012 to 2017 the European Research Council project “AcrossBorders” and the FWFSTART project “Across ancient borders and cultures” were successfully conducted at the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Ludwigs Maximilians UniversityMunich. This short film introduced the main research questions of the two projects headed by Julia Budka. Remains of settlements from the SecondMillenniumBCE, the so-called New Kingdom, were investigated in diverse cultural settings, situated across ancient borders and cultures – within the core land of Egypt, in the border region of Egypt and in “foreign” territory: modern northern Sudan, ancient Nubia.
The focus was on the site of Sai in northern Sudan. New fieldwork on this island is presented in the short film, especially in sector SAV1North. 3D reconstructions by the architect Ingrid Adenstedt illustrate the recent advances in the study of the architecture of New Kingdom towns. Various analyses of the material remains, especially the ceramics, were conducted and yielded new insights into Sai’s regional and trans-regional networks and its heydays. Of special importance are new finds by the AcrossBorders project in the pyramid cemetery SAC5 on Sai, including the discovery of the burial of a chief goldsmith named Khnummose.
Visit also our blog site: http://acrossborders.oeaw.ac.at/
Funding: ERC Starting Grant no. 313668 and Austrian Science Fund (FWF START project Y615-G19)
References and bibliography:
I. Adenstedt, Reconstructing Pharaonic Architecture in Nubia: the case study of SAV1, Sai Island. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 3. Vienna 2016. http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/7952-8inhalt?frames=yes
J. Budka, AcrossBorders I. The NewKingdomTown of Sai Island, Sector SAV1 North. Contributions to the Archaeology of Egypt, Nubia and the Levant 4. Vienna 2017. https://epub.oeaw.ac.at/8071-5inhalt?frames=yes
Editing and animations: hertha produziert http://hertha-produziert.com/
All data licensed under the CC BY 4.0 license.

In this video, I presented you some facts about: #5 - The Letter 'X' on Your Palm #4 - Raised Band on Wrist #3 - GoldenBlood #2 - FootShapeAstrology #1 - FingerAlignment Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events. Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[4] Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Technology and Astrology have no connection. But still, many things can be logically proved as the scientific things are. Technological research and scientific development may not be able to explain these facts but it is believed by many people. Info Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand#Hu... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm https://mosaicscience.com/story/man-g...
thanks watch video

In this video, I presented you some facts about: #5 - The Letter 'X' on Your Palm #4 - Raised Band on Wrist #3 - GoldenBlood #2 - FootShapeAstrology #1 - FingerAlignment Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events. Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.[4] Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Technology and Astrology have no connection. But still, many things can be logically proved as the scientific things are. Technological research and scientific development may not be able to explain these facts but it is believed by many people. Info Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand#Hu... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm https://mosaicscience.com/story/man-g...
thanks watch video

On an unknown date, about the mid 2nd Millennium BC, the ancient world was rocked by one of the largest volcanic eruptions and explosions in Human history.
Sou...

On an unknown date, about the mid 2nd Millennium BC, the ancient world was rocked by one of the largest volcanic eruptions and explosions in Human history.
Source: https://www.historyandheadlines.com/history-1600-1500-bce-atlantis-falls-into-the-ocean-the-minoan-eruption/
Author: Major Dan
Narrator: Dr. Zar
Editor: Dr. Zar
All images used in this video are from wikipedia.org or google.com and are therefore believed to be either in the public domain or available per “fair use”. No copyright infringement is intended. If you are the originator of any image used in this video and would like us to name you and/or include a link to the original source in this videos description, we will gladly do so.
Thank you for watching!

On an unknown date, about the mid 2nd Millennium BC, the ancient world was rocked by one of the largest volcanic eruptions and explosions in Human history.
Source: https://www.historyandheadlines.com/history-1600-1500-bce-atlantis-falls-into-the-ocean-the-minoan-eruption/
Author: Major Dan
Narrator: Dr. Zar
Editor: Dr. Zar
All images used in this video are from wikipedia.org or google.com and are therefore believed to be either in the public domain or available per “fair use”. No copyright infringement is intended. If you are the originator of any image used in this video and would like us to name you and/or include a link to the original source in this videos description, we will gladly do so.
Thank you for watching!

History of the Christianity's first 1000 years

The Jewels that Speak to Us: Seals and Signets from the Bronze Age Aegean

This lecture will take you on a journey back in time to the Bronze Age in Crete and Greece, to the 2nd millennium BCE, and introduce you to the artistic creativity of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans in carving their seals and engraving their signets. Precious to their owners as both jewel and mark of identity, the seals and signets speak to us through their function, their art and their iconography.

published: 02 May 2014

Astrology

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya – developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th-17th century BCEMesopotamia, from which it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Arab world and eventually Central and WesternEuro...

The Forgotten Civilizations of Anatolia | Secrets of Archaeology

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which f...

“The Epic of Gilgamesh” is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia and among the earliest known literary writings in the world.
It originated as a series of Sumerian legends and poems in cuneiform script dating back to the early 3rd or late 2nd millennium BCE, which were later gathered into a longer Akkadian poem (the most complete version existing today, preserved on 12 clay tablets, dates from the 12th to 10th CenturyBCE). It follows the story of Gilgamesh, the mythological hero-king of Uruk, and his half-wild friend, Enkidu, as they undertake a series of dangerous quests and adventures, and then Gilgamesh’s search for the secret of immortality after the death of his friend.
It also includes the story of a great flood very similar to the story of Noah in "The Bible" and elsewhere.

published: 21 Oct 2017

REAL FOOTAGE OF THE 1947 BYRD EXPEDITION TO A 300SQ MILES OF OASIS IN ANTARTICA - 2017

Please watch: 2017 WIKILEAKS | USA AT WAR WITH UFO'S | WIKILEAKS ALIEN UFO DISCLOSURE | VAULT 7 .
Basically, the earth is a flat disc protected by an invisible barrier called “the firmament,” a dome-like feature that also happens to be referenced in the Old .
A staggering amount of UFO sightings are going undocumented around the world. It another thing to see something and then report it because people fear .
The first literature that has mentioned a UFO is from the 2nd millennium BCE. It was reported by the scribes of the Pharaoh, Thutmose İ encountered fiery .

Yemen’s Past & Future are in Africa, not a fake 'Arab' world - Part II, by Prof. M. S. Megalommatis

Beyond Akroterion Aromaton (Horn of Africa), from Tabai and Opone down to Rhapta, the entire land is called Azania; the appellation encompasses today’s eastern coast of Somalia, as well as the coast of Kenya and Tanzania. Azania is the oldest name used collectively for this entire area (approx. 3000 km long!), and the only collective appellation throughout history. Of course, one may refer to the Ancient Egyptian name ‘Punt’, target-area of the homonymous pharaonic expedition undertaken by Nehesi, the admiral to PharaohHatshepsut. However, Punt served to designate a rather small kingdom in the Horn of Africa region; we cannot conclude accurately about the extent, the size and the power of the 2nd millennium BCEKingdom of Punt, on the basis of the hieroglyphic text of the Deir al Bahari m...

Mediterranean trade: from the 11th century BC
The Phoenicians inhabit the region of modern Lebanon and Syria from about 3000 BC (see Palestine and Phoenicia). They become the greatest traders and the best sailors and navigators of the pre-classical world. They are also the first people to establish a large colonial network based on seafaring. In all these skills they build on the example of their maritime predecessors, the Minoans of Crete.
An Egyptian narrative of about 1080 BC, the Story of Wen-Amen, provides an insight into the scale of this activity. One of the characters is Wereket-El, a Phoenician merchant living at Tanis in the Nile delta. As many as 50 ships carry out his business, plying back and forth between the port of Sidon and the Nile.
The most prosperous period for Ph...

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

This lecture will take you on a journey back in time to the Bronze Age in Crete and Greece, to the 2nd millennium BCE, and introduce you to the artistic creativity of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans in carving their seals and engraving their signets. Precious to their owners as both jewel and mark of identity, the seals and signets speak to us through their function, their art and their iconography.

This lecture will take you on a journey back in time to the Bronze Age in Crete and Greece, to the 2nd millennium BCE, and introduce you to the artistic creativity of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans in carving their seals and engraving their signets. Precious to their owners as both jewel and mark of identity, the seals and signets speak to us through their function, their art and their iconography.

Astrology

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial even...

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya – developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th-17th century BCEMesopotamia, from which it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Arab world and eventually Central and WesternEurope.
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
About the author(s): Zachariel
License: Creative Commons Zero, Public DomainDedication (CC0)
Author(s): Zachariel (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Zachariel&action=edit&redlink=1)
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Article available under a Creative Commons licenseImage source in video

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya – developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th-17th century BCEMesopotamia, from which it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Arab world and eventually Central and WesternEurope.
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
About the author(s): Zachariel
License: Creative Commons Zero, Public DomainDedication (CC0)
Author(s): Zachariel (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Zachariel&action=edit&redlink=1)
---Image-Copyright-and-Permission---
This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Article available under a Creative Commons licenseImage source in video

The Forgotten Civilizations of Anatolia | Secrets of Archaeology

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian ...

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
__________________________________________________________
AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
_____________________________________________
Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
___________________________________________________________
Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
____________________________________________________________
Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
_______________________________________________________________

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
_______________________________________________________________
Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
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AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
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Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
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Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
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Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
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“The Epic of Gilgamesh” is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia and among the earliest known literary writings in the world.
It originated as a series of Sumerian legends and poems in cuneiform script dating back to the early 3rd or late 2nd millennium BCE, which were later gathered into a longer Akkadian poem (the most complete version existing today, preserved on 12 clay tablets, dates from the 12th to 10th CenturyBCE). It follows the story of Gilgamesh, the mythological hero-king of Uruk, and his half-wild friend, Enkidu, as they undertake a series of dangerous quests and adventures, and then Gilgamesh’s search for the secret of immortality after the death of his friend.
It also includes the story of a great flood very similar to the story of Noah in "The Bible" and elsewhere.

“The Epic of Gilgamesh” is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia and among the earliest known literary writings in the world.
It originated as a series of Sumerian legends and poems in cuneiform script dating back to the early 3rd or late 2nd millennium BCE, which were later gathered into a longer Akkadian poem (the most complete version existing today, preserved on 12 clay tablets, dates from the 12th to 10th CenturyBCE). It follows the story of Gilgamesh, the mythological hero-king of Uruk, and his half-wild friend, Enkidu, as they undertake a series of dangerous quests and adventures, and then Gilgamesh’s search for the secret of immortality after the death of his friend.
It also includes the story of a great flood very similar to the story of Noah in "The Bible" and elsewhere.

Please watch: 2017 WIKILEAKS | USA AT WAR WITH UFO'S | WIKILEAKS ALIEN UFO DISCLOSURE | VAULT 7 .
Basically, the earth is a flat disc protected by an invisible barrier called “the firmament,” a dome-like feature that also happens to be referenced in the Old .
A staggering amount of UFO sightings are going undocumented around the world. It another thing to see something and then report it because people fear .
The first literature that has mentioned a UFO is from the 2nd millennium BCE. It was reported by the scribes of the Pharaoh, Thutmose İ encountered fiery .

Please watch: 2017 WIKILEAKS | USA AT WAR WITH UFO'S | WIKILEAKS ALIEN UFO DISCLOSURE | VAULT 7 .
Basically, the earth is a flat disc protected by an invisible barrier called “the firmament,” a dome-like feature that also happens to be referenced in the Old .
A staggering amount of UFO sightings are going undocumented around the world. It another thing to see something and then report it because people fear .
The first literature that has mentioned a UFO is from the 2nd millennium BCE. It was reported by the scribes of the Pharaoh, Thutmose İ encountered fiery .

Ancient Civilizations between the Euphrates and Agean Sea

This show brings us to the heart of the first great civilizations between the Euphrates and the Agean Sea takes us to the pre-Hellenic cities of Mycenae, Tiryns...

This show brings us to the heart of the first great civilizations between the Euphrates and the Agean Sea takes us to the pre-Hellenic cities of Mycenae, Tiryns, and the legendary Babylonian city of Troy where archeological findings have confirmed existence of the world of heroes that Homer depicted in his epic poems. We will even visit the site of the classic battle between Hector and Achilles.
The north western coasts of Anatolia were inhabited by Greeks of the Achaean/Mycenaean culture from the 20th century BC, related to the Greeks of south eastern Europe and the Aegean.
Beginning with the Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks, usurping the area of the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (Pre-Socratic philosophy).
Hurrian kingdoms, such as Nairi and the powerful state of Urartu arose in northeastern Anatolia from the 10th century BC, before eventually falling to the Assyrians. During the same period the Georgian states of Colchis and Tabal arose around the Black Sea and central Anatolia respectively.
From the late 8th century BC, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the Cimmerians and Scythians. The Cimmerians overran Phrygia and the Scythians threatened to do the same to Urartu and Lydia, before both were finally checked by the Assyrians.
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BC, much of Anatolia (particularly the east, central, southwestern and southeastern regions) fell to the Neo Assyrian Empire, including all of the Neo-Hittite and Syro-Hittite states, Phrygia, Urartu, Nairi, Tabal, Cilicia, Commagene, Caria, Lydia, the Cimmerians and Scythians and swathes of Cappadocia.
The Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by Medes, Persians, Scythians and their own Babylonian relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was Harran in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of Babylon, the Assyrian Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based Median Empire, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.

This show brings us to the heart of the first great civilizations between the Euphrates and the Agean Sea takes us to the pre-Hellenic cities of Mycenae, Tiryns, and the legendary Babylonian city of Troy where archeological findings have confirmed existence of the world of heroes that Homer depicted in his epic poems. We will even visit the site of the classic battle between Hector and Achilles.
The north western coasts of Anatolia were inhabited by Greeks of the Achaean/Mycenaean culture from the 20th century BC, related to the Greeks of south eastern Europe and the Aegean.
Beginning with the Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, the west coast of Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks, usurping the area of the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks. Over several centuries, numerous Ancient Greek city-states were established on the coasts of Anatolia. Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia (Pre-Socratic philosophy).
Hurrian kingdoms, such as Nairi and the powerful state of Urartu arose in northeastern Anatolia from the 10th century BC, before eventually falling to the Assyrians. During the same period the Georgian states of Colchis and Tabal arose around the Black Sea and central Anatolia respectively.
From the late 8th century BC, a new wave of Indo-European-speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia: the Cimmerians and Scythians. The Cimmerians overran Phrygia and the Scythians threatened to do the same to Urartu and Lydia, before both were finally checked by the Assyrians.
From the 10th to late 7th centuries BC, much of Anatolia (particularly the east, central, southwestern and southeastern regions) fell to the Neo Assyrian Empire, including all of the Neo-Hittite and Syro-Hittite states, Phrygia, Urartu, Nairi, Tabal, Cilicia, Commagene, Caria, Lydia, the Cimmerians and Scythians and swathes of Cappadocia.
The Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by Medes, Persians, Scythians and their own Babylonian relations. The last Assyrian city to fall was Harran in southeast Anatolia. This city was the birthplace of the last king of Babylon, the Assyrian Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar. Much of the region then fell to the short-lived Iran-based Median Empire, with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory.

Beyond Akroterion Aromaton (Horn of Africa), from Tabai and Opone down to Rhapta, the entire land is called Azania; the appellation encompasses today’s eastern coast of Somalia, as well as the coast of Kenya and Tanzania. Azania is the oldest name used collectively for this entire area (approx. 3000 km long!), and the only collective appellation throughout history. Of course, one may refer to the Ancient Egyptian name ‘Punt’, target-area of the homonymous pharaonic expedition undertaken by Nehesi, the admiral to PharaohHatshepsut. However, Punt served to designate a rather small kingdom in the Horn of Africa region; we cannot conclude accurately about the extent, the size and the power of the 2nd millennium BCEKingdom of Punt, on the basis of the hieroglyphic text of the Deir al Bahari mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (Thebes – West, Luqsor) and of other earlier and later mentions of this toponymic in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts. However, the name Punt presents definite similarities to the later Ancient Greek toponymic Opone, since –t and –e are respectively Egyptian and Greek endings of feminine names and/or toponymics.
What makes a striking impression is the explicit reference of the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean (Red) Sea to the fact that the entire vast area of Azania, according to an ancient law, belonged to the (Yemenite) ruler (‘tyrannos’) of Mofar, and that the earliest state formation that was developed here was due to Yemenites of the Mofar and Muza region. Because of this, the texts states the rights accorded to the merchants of Muza by the Yemenite king (‘basileus’). More than just political control and commercial presence, the text (precisely in paragraph 16) testifies to high level Yemenite colonial practices:
"Furthermore, they (Yemenites from Muza and Mofar) send here (Azania, East Africa coast) merchant fleet manned by Yemenite captains and sailors, who thanks to their mixed marriages with indigenous women, as well as to their familiarization with the entire area, know very well the local dialect and the traditions".
In addition, the text offers valuable information about the trade exchanged between Yemen and its African colony, Azania. Yemenites were exporting military artifacts and other crafts to the African coast of Azania, and they were also sending wheat and wine as gifts to the local tribal leaders (paragraph 17) in a diplomatic effort to keep their colonial rule stabilized and unchallenged.
.............................
From:
Yemen’s Past and Perspectives are in Africa, not a fictitious 'Arab' world (2nd Part)
By Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
First published in Buzzle on 4th August2005
www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-4-2005-74197.asp
Republished: http://phoenicia.org/imgs/YemenAfrica...
Leading article by the distinguished Professor Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis which explains the troublesome background that led to the miserable, evil and inhuman situation in which Yemen has been plunged.

Beyond Akroterion Aromaton (Horn of Africa), from Tabai and Opone down to Rhapta, the entire land is called Azania; the appellation encompasses today’s eastern coast of Somalia, as well as the coast of Kenya and Tanzania. Azania is the oldest name used collectively for this entire area (approx. 3000 km long!), and the only collective appellation throughout history. Of course, one may refer to the Ancient Egyptian name ‘Punt’, target-area of the homonymous pharaonic expedition undertaken by Nehesi, the admiral to PharaohHatshepsut. However, Punt served to designate a rather small kingdom in the Horn of Africa region; we cannot conclude accurately about the extent, the size and the power of the 2nd millennium BCEKingdom of Punt, on the basis of the hieroglyphic text of the Deir al Bahari mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (Thebes – West, Luqsor) and of other earlier and later mentions of this toponymic in Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic texts. However, the name Punt presents definite similarities to the later Ancient Greek toponymic Opone, since –t and –e are respectively Egyptian and Greek endings of feminine names and/or toponymics.
What makes a striking impression is the explicit reference of the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean (Red) Sea to the fact that the entire vast area of Azania, according to an ancient law, belonged to the (Yemenite) ruler (‘tyrannos’) of Mofar, and that the earliest state formation that was developed here was due to Yemenites of the Mofar and Muza region. Because of this, the texts states the rights accorded to the merchants of Muza by the Yemenite king (‘basileus’). More than just political control and commercial presence, the text (precisely in paragraph 16) testifies to high level Yemenite colonial practices:
"Furthermore, they (Yemenites from Muza and Mofar) send here (Azania, East Africa coast) merchant fleet manned by Yemenite captains and sailors, who thanks to their mixed marriages with indigenous women, as well as to their familiarization with the entire area, know very well the local dialect and the traditions".
In addition, the text offers valuable information about the trade exchanged between Yemen and its African colony, Azania. Yemenites were exporting military artifacts and other crafts to the African coast of Azania, and they were also sending wheat and wine as gifts to the local tribal leaders (paragraph 17) in a diplomatic effort to keep their colonial rule stabilized and unchallenged.
.............................
From:
Yemen’s Past and Perspectives are in Africa, not a fictitious 'Arab' world (2nd Part)
By Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
First published in Buzzle on 4th August2005
www.buzzle.com/editorials/8-4-2005-74197.asp
Republished: http://phoenicia.org/imgs/YemenAfrica...
Leading article by the distinguished Professor Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis which explains the troublesome background that led to the miserable, evil and inhuman situation in which Yemen has been plunged.

Mediterranean trade: from the 11th century BC
The Phoenicians inhabit the region of modern Lebanon and Syria from about 3000 BC (see Palestine and Phoenicia). They become the greatest traders and the best sailors and navigators of the pre-classical world. They are also the first people to establish a large colonial network based on seafaring. In all these skills they build on the example of their maritime predecessors, the Minoans of Crete.
An Egyptian narrative of about 1080 BC, the Story of Wen-Amen, provides an insight into the scale of this activity. One of the characters is Wereket-El, a Phoenician merchant living at Tanis in the Nile delta. As many as 50 ships carry out his business, plying back and forth between the port of Sidon and the Nile.
The most prosperous period for Phoenicia is the 10th century BC, when the surrounding region is stable. Hiram, the Phoenician king of Tyre, is an ally and business partner of Solomon, king of Israel.
For Solomon's great Temple in Jerusalem Hiram provides skilled craftsmen and materials - particularly timber, including cedar from the forests of Lebanon. And the two kings go into trade in partnership. They send out Phoenician vessels on long expeditions (three years for the round trip) to bring back gold, sandalwood, ivory, monkeys and peacocks from Ophir - an unidentified place, probably on the east coast of Africa or the west coast of India.
Phoenicia is famous for its luxury goods. The cedar wood is not only exported as top-quality timber for architecture and shipbuilding. It is also carved by the Phoenicians, and the same skill is adapted to even more precious work in ivory. The rare and expensive dye, Tyrian purple, complements another famous local product, fine linen. The metalworkers of the region are famous, particularly in gold. And Tyre and Sidon are known for their glass.
These are only the products which the Phoenicians export. As traders and middlemen they take a cut on a much greater Cornucopia of precious goods - as the prophet Ezekiel grudgingly admits.
The phonetic alphabet: from the 2nd millennium BC
The extensive trade of Phoenicia requires much book-keeping and correspondence, and it is in the field of writing that the Phoenicians make their most lasting contribution to world history. The scripts in use in the world up to the second millennium BC (in Egypt, Mesopotamia or China) have all required the scribe to learn a large number of separate characters - each of them expressing either a whole word or a syllable.
By contrast the Phoenicians, in about 1500 BC, develop an entirely new approach to writing. The marks made by their scribes (working in the cuneiform tradition, with a stylus on damp clay) now attempt to capture the sound of a word. This requires an alphabet of individual letters.
The first colonials: from the 9th century BC
The trading and seafaring skills of the Phoenicians result in a network of colonies, spreading westwards through the Mediterranean. The first is probably Citium, in Cyprus, established in the 9th century BC. But the main expansion comes from the 8th century onwards, when pressure from Assyria disrupts the patterns of trade on the Phoenician coast.
Trading colonies are developed on the string of islands in the centre of the Mediterranean (Crete, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia, Ibiza) and also on the coast of north Africa. The African colonies cluster in particular around the great promontory which forms, with Sicily opposite, the narrowest channel on the main Mediterranean sea route. This is the site of CarthageDido's city: 814 BC
Carthage is the largest of the towns founded by the Phoenicians on the north African coast. It rapidly assumes a leading position among the neighbouring colonies. The traditional date of its founding (by Dido) is 814 BC, but archaeological evidence suggests that it is probably settled around the middle of the 8th century.
The subsequent spread and growth of Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean, and even out to the Atlantic coasts of Africa and Spain, is as much the achievement of Carthage as of the original Phoenician trading cities such as Tyre and Sidon. But no doubt links are maintained with the homeland, and new colonists continue to come west.
Loss of independence: 8th - 1st century BC
From the 8th century BC many of the coastal cities of Phoenicia come under the control of a succession of imperial powers, each of them defeated and replaced in the region by the next - first the Assyrians, then the Babylonians, Persians and Macedonian Greeks.
In 64 BC the area becomes part of the Roman province of Syria. The Phoenicians as an identifiable people fade from history, merging into the populations of the modern regions of Lebanon and northern Syria.
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab89
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phoenician

Mediterranean trade: from the 11th century BC
The Phoenicians inhabit the region of modern Lebanon and Syria from about 3000 BC (see Palestine and Phoenicia). They become the greatest traders and the best sailors and navigators of the pre-classical world. They are also the first people to establish a large colonial network based on seafaring. In all these skills they build on the example of their maritime predecessors, the Minoans of Crete.
An Egyptian narrative of about 1080 BC, the Story of Wen-Amen, provides an insight into the scale of this activity. One of the characters is Wereket-El, a Phoenician merchant living at Tanis in the Nile delta. As many as 50 ships carry out his business, plying back and forth between the port of Sidon and the Nile.
The most prosperous period for Phoenicia is the 10th century BC, when the surrounding region is stable. Hiram, the Phoenician king of Tyre, is an ally and business partner of Solomon, king of Israel.
For Solomon's great Temple in Jerusalem Hiram provides skilled craftsmen and materials - particularly timber, including cedar from the forests of Lebanon. And the two kings go into trade in partnership. They send out Phoenician vessels on long expeditions (three years for the round trip) to bring back gold, sandalwood, ivory, monkeys and peacocks from Ophir - an unidentified place, probably on the east coast of Africa or the west coast of India.
Phoenicia is famous for its luxury goods. The cedar wood is not only exported as top-quality timber for architecture and shipbuilding. It is also carved by the Phoenicians, and the same skill is adapted to even more precious work in ivory. The rare and expensive dye, Tyrian purple, complements another famous local product, fine linen. The metalworkers of the region are famous, particularly in gold. And Tyre and Sidon are known for their glass.
These are only the products which the Phoenicians export. As traders and middlemen they take a cut on a much greater Cornucopia of precious goods - as the prophet Ezekiel grudgingly admits.
The phonetic alphabet: from the 2nd millennium BC
The extensive trade of Phoenicia requires much book-keeping and correspondence, and it is in the field of writing that the Phoenicians make their most lasting contribution to world history. The scripts in use in the world up to the second millennium BC (in Egypt, Mesopotamia or China) have all required the scribe to learn a large number of separate characters - each of them expressing either a whole word or a syllable.
By contrast the Phoenicians, in about 1500 BC, develop an entirely new approach to writing. The marks made by their scribes (working in the cuneiform tradition, with a stylus on damp clay) now attempt to capture the sound of a word. This requires an alphabet of individual letters.
The first colonials: from the 9th century BC
The trading and seafaring skills of the Phoenicians result in a network of colonies, spreading westwards through the Mediterranean. The first is probably Citium, in Cyprus, established in the 9th century BC. But the main expansion comes from the 8th century onwards, when pressure from Assyria disrupts the patterns of trade on the Phoenician coast.
Trading colonies are developed on the string of islands in the centre of the Mediterranean (Crete, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia, Ibiza) and also on the coast of north Africa. The African colonies cluster in particular around the great promontory which forms, with Sicily opposite, the narrowest channel on the main Mediterranean sea route. This is the site of CarthageDido's city: 814 BC
Carthage is the largest of the towns founded by the Phoenicians on the north African coast. It rapidly assumes a leading position among the neighbouring colonies. The traditional date of its founding (by Dido) is 814 BC, but archaeological evidence suggests that it is probably settled around the middle of the 8th century.
The subsequent spread and growth of Phoenician colonies in the western Mediterranean, and even out to the Atlantic coasts of Africa and Spain, is as much the achievement of Carthage as of the original Phoenician trading cities such as Tyre and Sidon. But no doubt links are maintained with the homeland, and new colonists continue to come west.
Loss of independence: 8th - 1st century BC
From the 8th century BC many of the coastal cities of Phoenicia come under the control of a succession of imperial powers, each of them defeated and replaced in the region by the next - first the Assyrians, then the Babylonians, Persians and Macedonian Greeks.
In 64 BC the area becomes part of the Roman province of Syria. The Phoenicians as an identifiable people fade from history, merging into the populations of the modern regions of Lebanon and northern Syria.
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab89
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phoenician

The MedesOld Persian Māda-, Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι, Hebrew: מָדַי) were an ancient Iranian people[N 2] who lived in an area known as Media (North-western Iran and south-east Turkey) and who spoke the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of migrating IranicAryan tribes into Ancient Iran from the late 2nd millennium BCE (circa 1000 BC) (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE (circa 900 BC).
This period of migration coincided with a power vacuum in the Near East, with the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BC) which had dominated north western Iran and eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus going into a comparative decline, allowing new peoples to pass through and settle. In addition, Elam, the dominant power in Ancient Iran was suffering a period of severe weakness, as was Babylonia to the west.
From the 10th to late 7th centuriesBCE, the western parts of Media fell under the domination of the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire based in northern Mesopotamia, but which stretched from Cyprus to Ancient Iran, and from the Caucasus to Egypt and Arabia. Assyrian kings such as Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal and Ashur-etil-ilani imposed Vassal Treaties upon the Median rulers, and also protected them from predatory raids by marauding Scythian and Cimmerian hordes.
During the reign of Sinsharishkun (622-612 BC) the Assyrian empire, which had been in a state of constant civil war since 626 BC, began to unravel. Subject peoples, such as the Medes, Babylonians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Lydians and Arameans quietly ceased to pay tribute to Assyria.
An alliance with the Medes and rebelling Babylonians, Scythians, Chaldeans, and Cimmerians, helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE, which resulted in the eventual collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by 605 BC. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between 616 BCE and 605 BCE, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt, became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. The Median Empire was transformed into the Medo-Persian Empire in 550 BCE and Cyrus the Great established the Achaemenid Empire. The established one the mightiest empires in the ancient world ruled for 150 years. They contributed a lot the rise of co-existing culture between and amongst various tribes and ethnicities. The 'Federation of Tribes' they established, was later developed into the 'Federation of States' in the modern world.
A few archaeological sites (discovered in the "Median triangle" in western Iran) and textual sources (from contemporary Assyrians and also Greeks in later centuries) provide a brief documentation of the history and culture of the Median state. The Medes had almost the same equipment as the Persians and indeed the dress common to both is not so much Persian as Median. Apart from a few personal names, the language of the Medes is almost entirely unknown. However a number of words from the Median language are still in use, and there are languages being geographically and comparatively traced to the northwestern Iranian language of Median. The Medes had an Ancient IranianReligion (a form of pre-Zoroastrian Mazdaism or Mithra worshipping) with a priesthood named as "Magi". Later and during the reigns of the last Median kings, the reforms of Zarathustra spread in western Iran.

The MedesOld Persian Māda-, Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι, Hebrew: מָדַי) were an ancient Iranian people[N 2] who lived in an area known as Media (North-western Iran and south-east Turkey) and who spoke the Median language. Their arrival to the region is associated with the first wave of migrating IranicAryan tribes into Ancient Iran from the late 2nd millennium BCE (circa 1000 BC) (the Bronze Age collapse) through the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE (circa 900 BC).
This period of migration coincided with a power vacuum in the Near East, with the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365-1020 BC) which had dominated north western Iran and eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus going into a comparative decline, allowing new peoples to pass through and settle. In addition, Elam, the dominant power in Ancient Iran was suffering a period of severe weakness, as was Babylonia to the west.
From the 10th to late 7th centuriesBCE, the western parts of Media fell under the domination of the vast Neo-Assyrian Empire based in northern Mesopotamia, but which stretched from Cyprus to Ancient Iran, and from the Caucasus to Egypt and Arabia. Assyrian kings such as Tiglath-Pileser III, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal and Ashur-etil-ilani imposed Vassal Treaties upon the Median rulers, and also protected them from predatory raids by marauding Scythian and Cimmerian hordes.
During the reign of Sinsharishkun (622-612 BC) the Assyrian empire, which had been in a state of constant civil war since 626 BC, began to unravel. Subject peoples, such as the Medes, Babylonians, Chaldeans, Egyptians, Scythians, Cimmerians, Lydians and Arameans quietly ceased to pay tribute to Assyria.
An alliance with the Medes and rebelling Babylonians, Scythians, Chaldeans, and Cimmerians, helped the Medes to capture Nineveh in 612 BCE, which resulted in the eventual collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire by 605 BC. The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with Ecbatana as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the Halys River in Anatolia. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between 616 BCE and 605 BCE, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with Babylonia, Lydia, and Egypt, became one of the four major powers of the ancient Near East. The Median Empire was transformed into the Medo-Persian Empire in 550 BCE and Cyrus the Great established the Achaemenid Empire. The established one the mightiest empires in the ancient world ruled for 150 years. They contributed a lot the rise of co-existing culture between and amongst various tribes and ethnicities. The 'Federation of Tribes' they established, was later developed into the 'Federation of States' in the modern world.
A few archaeological sites (discovered in the "Median triangle" in western Iran) and textual sources (from contemporary Assyrians and also Greeks in later centuries) provide a brief documentation of the history and culture of the Median state. The Medes had almost the same equipment as the Persians and indeed the dress common to both is not so much Persian as Median. Apart from a few personal names, the language of the Medes is almost entirely unknown. However a number of words from the Median language are still in use, and there are languages being geographically and comparatively traced to the northwestern Iranian language of Median. The Medes had an Ancient IranianReligion (a form of pre-Zoroastrian Mazdaism or Mithra worshipping) with a priesthood named as "Magi". Later and during the reigns of the last Median kings, the reforms of Zarathustra spread in western Iran.

The Oldest Known Melody (Hurrian Hymn no.6 - c.1400 B.C.)

The Oldest known musical melody performed by the very talented Michael Levy on the Lyre. This ancient musical fragment dates back to 1400 B.C.E. and was discovered in the 1950's in Ugarit, Syria. It was interpreted by Dr. Richard Dumbrill. He wrote a book entitled "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East." Here is a link to it:
http://sas.academia.edu/RichardDumbrill/BooksCheck out Michael Levy's website, anancientlyre.com! Here's a link to it:
http://www.ancientlyre.com
For more information on the Hurrian Hymn no.6 text, click on the link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_songs
There were 29 musical texts discovered in the ruins of Ugarit, but only text H6 was in good enough condition to allow for academic interpretation. Here is Dr. Dumbrill's interpretation:
http://www.clintgoss.com/flutopedia.com/pdf/HurrianTabLtd.pdfThank you for listening! Subscribe for more music! Subscribe also to "Klezfiddle1," Michael Levy's YouTube channel! Download his albums from iTunes and order from cdbaby.com!

35:21

Mesopotamian History: Overview Part 1

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The Late Uruk Period to the Old Babylonian Perio...

Mesopotamian History: Overview Part 1

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

6:08

2nd millennium BC

2nd millennium BC
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The Forgotten Civilizations of Anatolia | Secrets of Archaeology

Ankara
While the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain, archaeological evidence indicates habitation at least since the Stone Age, and a thriving Phrygian town was located in the area at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. Alexander the Great conquered Ankara in 333BCE, and in the 3rd century BCE the town served as the capital of the Tectosages, a tribe of Galatia (the ancient name for the region around Ankara). In 25 BCE Ankara was incorporated into the Roman Empire by the emperor Augustus.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Ankara
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Constantinople (Istanbul)
Byzantine Empire, the eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived for a thousand years after the western half had crumbled into various feudal kingdoms and which finally fell to Ottoman Turkish onslaughts in 1453.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire
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AphrodisiasAncient city of the Caria region of southwestern Asia Minor (Anatolia, or modern Turkey)..Remains of an Ionic temple of Aphrodite and of a stadium and portions of a bathhouse have long been evident, but, beginning in 1961, excavations revealed such structures as a theatre, an odeon, a basilica, a market, houses and baths, a monumental gateway, and a cult centre for worship of the Roman emperor. Sulla and Julius Caesar favoured the city, and the emperor Augustus granted it the high privileges of autonomy and tax-free status, declaring it “the one city from all of Asia that I have selected to be my own.” In the Roman Empire, the city was famed for its sculptors and sculptures; rich quarries of excellent white and blue-gray marble lay about a mile east of the site. It also flourished owing to its site amid rich and well-watered agricultural land...
https://www.britannica.com/place/Aphrodisias
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Hierapolis
Was rebuilt during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius in approximately AD 14–37 and survived until 1334, when it was abandoned after an earthquake.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Hierapolis-ancient-Phrygian-city
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Gordium
According to legend, the ancient capital was founded by the peasant Gordius, who contrived the knot later cut by Alexander the Great. Gordium remained the political centre of Phrygia until the Cimmerians burned the city and shattered Phrygian power in Anatolia in the early 7th century BC.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Gordium
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Hattus (Boğazköy)
Hattus was the name of the city also in the language of the early inhabitants of the “Land of Hatti,” a language still little understood and not belonging to any known family. Scholars call it Hattian to distinguish it from Hittite, the name of the Indo-European official language of the Hittite kingdom.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Bogazkoy
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hittite
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3:45

The History Of Iran During The Classical Era

During the 2nd millennium BCE, Proto-Iranian tribes arrived in Iran from the Eurasian step...

The Mars - short lesson

The recorded history of Mars observation dates back to the era of the ancient Egyptian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BCE. Chinese records about the motions of Mars appeared before the founding of the Zhou Dynasty (1045 BCE). Detailed observations of the position of Mars were made by Babylonian astronomers who developed arithmetic techniques to predict the future position of the planet. The ancient Greek philosophers and Hellenistic astronomers developed a geocentric model to explain the planet's motions. Indian [citation required] astronomers estimated the size of Mars and its distance from Earth. In the16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model for the Solar System in which the planets follow circular orbits about the Sun. This was revised by Johannes Kepler, yielding an elliptic orbit for Mars that more accurately fitted the observational data.
The first telescopic observation of Mars was by Galileo Galilei in 1610. Within a century, astronomers discovered distinct albedo features on the planet, including the dark patch Syrtis Major Planum and polar ice caps. They were able to determine the planet's rotation period and axial tilt. These observations were primarily made during the time intervals when the planet was located in opposition to the Sun, at which points Mars made its closest approaches to the Earth.

2nd millennium BC

The 2nd millennium BC marks the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age.

Overview

Middle Bronze Age

Spending much of their energies in trying to recuperate from the chaotic situation that existed at the turn of the millennium, the most powerful civilizations of the time, Egypt and Mesopotamia, turned their attention to more modest goals. The Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and their contemporary Kings of Babylon, of Amorite origin, brought good governance without much tyranny, and favoured elegant art and architecture. Farther east, the Indus Valley civilization was in a period of decline, possibly as a result of intense, ruinous flooding.

MillenniumSoftwareInc ... SOUTHFIELD, Mich., May 24, 2018 /PRNewswire/ --�MillenniumSoftware ... The award was presented to Millennium at ... we share with�Millennium Software Inc ... Millennium Software Inc ... The relationship between Millennium and AgileOne began in June 2013. By 2016, the partnership resulted in tremendous success and Millennium ... Anu Anand, Millennium's CEO, knows that the growth of the company's ... Millennium Software and Staffing....

The MillenniumFalcon is one of the most iconic spaceships in all of pop culture, but Han Solo is not the only pilot to ever get his hands on it ... The events of The Empire Strikes Back made it perfectly clear that Han Solo won the Millennium Falcon from Lando in a card game years before Han and Chewie joined the Rebellion ... Han Solo and Lando Calrissian will share the cockpit of the Millennium Falcon this weekend when Solo....

Oh, sure, Han's happy to take all the credit, but it's the MillenniumFalcon that made the Kessel Run in less than twelve parsecs, not its owner ... 60 years before The Millennium Falcon saved the galaxy (the first time), it was just a regular commercial freighter ... In Millennium Falcon, a long lost photograph indicates that no less than Jedi Master Plo Koon himself once sat behind the Envoy's pilot seat....

A StarWarsStory' played a quiz game on the MillenniumFalcon to pass the time between takes ... As well as becoming a games room, the Millennium Falcon also hosted a dance-off between the actors which ended in Waller-Bridge grinding against Suotamo in full Chewbacca costume ... "I did what I could - we had a dance-off under the Millennium Falcon to gangster rap....

Mesopotamian History: Overview Part 1

A (brief) history of Mesopotamia, Part 1! The LateUrukPeriod to the Old Babylonian Period, (3500-1531)
Try and follow us as we make our way from the late 4th millennium down to the mid-2nd millennium BCE.
Image credits:
https://tinyurl.com/y8x45qow
https://tinyurl.com/ycocou6n
https://tinyurl.com/y846ztfj
https://tinyurl.com/y6wkv343
https://tinyurl.com/y777txgy
https://tinyurl.com/yd9pa4mg
Maps made by Megan Lewis using Google Earth
More information and sources:
Van De Mieroop, M. 2004. A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
The MetMuseum:
Art of the FirstCities in the Third MillenniumB.C. - https://tinyurl.com/yac5xco4
Early Dynastic Sculpture, 2900-2350 B.C. - https://tinyurl.com/y9pa83wx
The Akkadian Period (2350-2150 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y74pqy9r
The Old Assyrian Period (ca. 2000-1600 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/y7ngrj7x
The Isin-Larsa and Old Babylonian Periods (2004-1595 B.C.) - https://tinyurl.com/yalfkljp
List of Rulers of Mesopotamia - https://tinyurl.com/y9rgawx5
For general information and sources relating to the Ancient Near East, we recommend these websites:
http://www.etana.org/abzubib - collection of free and open-access data
https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/orie... - University of Chicago Oriental Institute, great collection of free books and articles
http://www.livius.org - general encyclopedia on the ancient world
http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk - Mesopotamian literature
http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu - collection of projects relating to Mesopotamia
http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/neps... - Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
https://cdli.ucla.edu - Cuneiform Digital Library InitiativeMusic: www.bensound.com

21:43

Ancient Civilizations Arabian Peninsula to the Syrian Desert

From the Arabian Peninsula, we look at an ancient caravan route through the desert to Syri...

The Jewels that Speak to Us: Seals and Signets from the Bronze Age Aegean

This lecture will take you on a journey back in time to the Bronze Age in Crete and Greece, to the 2nd millennium BCE, and introduce you to the artistic creativity of the Minoans and the Mycenaeans in carving their seals and engraving their signets. Precious to their owners as both jewel and mark of identity, the seals and signets speak to us through their function, their art and their iconography.

28:13

Astrology

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a m...

Astrology

Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.Astrology has been dated to at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and has its roots in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications.Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and some – such as the Indians, Chinese, and Maya – developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th-17th century BCEMesopotamia, from which it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Arab world and eventually Central and WesternEurope.
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License: Creative Commons Zero, Public DomainDedication (CC0)
Author(s): Zachariel (https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Zachariel&action=edit&redlink=1)
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This channel is dedicated to make Wikipedia, one of the biggest knowledge databases in the world available to people with limited vision.
Article available under a Creative Commons licenseImage source in video

48:23

Best Documentary 2016 The Most Powerful History Of Ancients Greeks

Best Documentary 2016 The Most Powerful History Of Ancients Greeks
Ancient Greek includes...