Graft vascular disease aka Graft arteriosclerosis. This complication develops years after transplantation and is due to intimal thickening of the coronay arteris.
- Usually asymptomatic b/c the transplanted heart is denervated --> so no chest pain

Beta Receptors

Beta 1 R's predominate in the heart.

- Beta blockers (Atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol)

Beta 2 R's predominate in the lung.

Catecholamines as Drugs and their R's

1. Epinephrine is an agonist at A1, A2, B1, and B2 R's.
- Phentolamine (a diff drug) is an antagonist at alpha 1 and A2 R's. Thus, after the admin of Phentolamine, Epi can stimulate only Beta R's which would produce a decrease in BP. This is called Epinephrine Reversal.

Varicose veins: Dilated, tortuous, superficial veins with incompetent valves.
- develop with agen in men
- puberty, pregnancy, menopause related in women.
- Are aggravagte by increased venous pressure in the legs.
(Eg. standing at a cash register) - the venous pump doesnt work and the P in the leg veins increases.
- venous pressure also increases chronically during pregnancy b/c hte fetus compressese the large veins in the abdomen.

Aortic Dissection

A tearing, excruciating chest pain radiating to the back = aortic dissection
- pt presents with extreme signs of distress (diaphoresis)
- Aoritc insufficiency with its assoc. Diastolic murmur freq. develops.
- mediastinal widening is often seen on CXR.
HTN = most common predisposing factor.

Marfan's also assc with Aortic disection

Heart findings in a severely anemic pt (Hb <7.5g/dL).

In severe anemia,
- resting CO is increased w/ an increase in both HR and SV.
- the inc in SV causes a widening of the Pulse pressure (b/c greater amts of blood are ejected during each systole, the blood pressure rises and falls to a greater extent)

Umbilical arteries arise from which fetal vessels?

Iliac arteries.

The paired umbilical arteries arise from the iliac arteries. They supply unoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta.

The signle umbilical vein takes the newly oxygenated fetal blood from the placenta to the liver and then to the IVc via the ductus venosus.