Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. HPV infection can cause genital warts and certain cervical problems, including cervical cancer. HPV infection may be more severe and harder to treat in HIV-infected people. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the quadrivalent HPV vaccine is safe, tolerable, and effective in producing antibodies to HPV in HIV-infected women.

Further study details as provided by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):

Primary Outcome Measures:

Percentage of Participants With HPV6 Antibody Development From Seronegative Status at Baseline to Seropositive Status a Month After Completion of HPV Vaccination Series [ Time Frame: Week 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Percentage of participants with HPV6 antibody development from seronegative status (HPV6 antibody titers <20 mMU/mL) at baseline to seropositive (HPV6 antibody titers >=20 mMU/mL) status a month after the completion of HPV vaccination series. HPV serotyping was performed centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum.

Percentage of Participants With HPV11 Antibody Development From Seronegative Status at Baseline to Seropositive Status a Month After Completion of HPV Vaccination Series [ Time Frame: Week 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Percentage of participants with HPV11 antibody development from seronegative status (HPV11 antibody titers <16 mMU/mL) at baseline to seropositive (HPV11 antibody titers >=16 mMU/mL) status a month after the completion of HPV vaccination series. HPV serotyping was performed centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum.

Percentage of Participants With HPV16 Antibody Development From Seronegative Status at Baseline to Seropositive Status a Month After Completion of HPV Vaccination Series [ Time Frame: Week 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Percentage of participants with HPV16 antibody development from seronegative status (HPV16 antibody titers <20 mMU/mL) at baseline to seropositive (HPV16 antibody titers >=20 mMU/mL) status a month after the completion of HPV vaccination series. HPV serotyping was performed centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum.

Percentage of Participants With HPV18 Antibody Development From the Seronegative Status at Baseline to Seropositive Status a Month After Completion of HPV Vaccination Series [ Time Frame: Week 28 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Percentage of participants with HPV18 antibody development from seronegative status (HPV18 antibody titers <24 mMU/mL) at baseline to seropositive (HPV18 antibody titers >=24 mMU/mL) status a month after the completion of HPV vaccination series. HPV serotyping was performed centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum.

HPV antibody titers to type 6 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (7 mMU/mL, and after assay change in December 2012, 11 mMU/mL for HPV6). Geometric mean HPV6 titers with 95% CIs were calculated among the subset of participants who were seronegative for HPV6 (<20 mMU/mL) at baseline. Only Week 28 results are reported at this time. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

HPV antibody titers to type 11 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (8 mMU/mL for HPV11). Geometric mean HPV11 titers with 95% CIs were calculated among the subset of participants who were seronegative for HPV11 (<16 mMU/mL) at baseline. Only Week 28 results are reported at this time. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

HPV antibody titers to type 16 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (11 mMU/mL for HPV16). Geometric mean HPV16 titers with 95% CIs were calculated among the subset of participants who were seronegative for HPV16 (<20 mMU/mL) at baseline. Only Week 28 results are reported at this time. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

HPV antibody titers to type 18 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (10 mMU/mL for HPV18). Geometric mean HPV18 titers with 95% CIs were calculated among the subset of participants who were seronegative for HPV18 (<24 mMU/mL) at baseline. Only Week 28 results are reported at this time. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

Change in Log10 HPV6 Antibody Titers From Baseline Among Those Seropositive for HPV6 at Baseline [ Time Frame: Weeks 0, 28, 72 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Change in log10 HPV6 antibody titers was calculated as log10 HPV6 antibody titers at a later timepoint (Week 28, Week 72) minus log10 HPV6 antibody titers at baseline among those seropositive for HPV6 (>=20 mMU/mL) at baseline. HPV antibody titers to type 6 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (7 mMU/mL, and after assay change in December 2012, 11 mMU/mL for HPV6). The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

Change in Log10 HPV11 Antibody Titers From Baseline Among Those Seropositive for HPV11 at Baseline [ Time Frame: Weeks 0, 28, 72 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Change in log10 HPV11 antibody titers was calculated as log10 HPV11 antibody titers at a later timepoint (Week 28, Week 72) minus log10 HPV11 antibody titers at baseline among those seropositive for HPV11 (>=16 mMU/mL) at baseline. HPV antibody titers to type 11 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (8 mMU/mL for HPV11). The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

Change in Log10 HPV16 Antibody Titers From Baseline Among Those Seropositive for HPV16 at Baseline [ Time Frame: Weeks 0, 28, 72 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Change in log10 HPV16 antibody titers was calculated as log10 HPV16 antibody titers at a later timepoint (Week 28, Week 72) minus log10 HPV16 antibody titers at baseline among those seropositive for HPV16 (>=20 mMU/mL) at baseline. HPV antibody titers to type 16 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (11 mMU/mL for HPV16). The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

Change in Log10 HPV18 Antibody Titers From Baseline Among Those Seropositive for HPV18 at Baseline [ Time Frame: Weeks 0, 28, 72 ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]

Change in log10 HPV18 antibody titers was calculated as log10 HPV18 antibody titers at a later timepoint (Week 28, Week 72) minus log10 HPV18 antibody titers at baseline among those seropositive for HPV18 (>=24 mMU/mL) at baseline. HPV antibody titers to type 18 were measured centrally using the competitive Luminex ImmunoAssay (HPV-4, cLIA) on stored serum. The results below the lower limit of detection (LLD) were assigned the values of half the LLD (10 mMU/mL for HPV18). The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include Week 72 data when available.

Number of Participants With Signs and Symptoms of Grade 3 or Higher [ Time Frame: From baseline to up to Week 72 ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]

Number of participants who experienced a sign or symptom of Grade 3 or higher at any time after baseline while on study. The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include data up to Week 72 when available. Grading of signs and symptoms was according to Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Version 1.0, December 2004.

Number of Participants With Laboratory Abnormalities of Grade 3 or Higher [ Time Frame: From baseline to up to Week 72 ] [ Designated as safety issue: Yes ]

Number of participants who experienced a laboratory abnormality of Grade 3 or higher at any time after baseline while on study. The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include data up to Week 72 when available. Grading of laboratory abnormalities was according to Division of AIDS Table for Grading the Severity of Adult and Pediatric Adverse Events, Version 1.0, December 2004.

A blood sample was drawn for local testing to determine the HIV VL. Change in log10 HIV VL was calculated as log10 HIV VL at a later time point (Weeks 4, 12, 28, 52 and 72) minus log10 HIV VL at baseline. The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include data up to Week 72 when available.

A blood sample was drawn for local testing to determine the CD4 cell count. Change in CD4 cell count was calculated as CD4 cell count at a later time point (Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 28, 52 and 72) minus CD4 cell count at baseline. The present summary is based on the time-frame from baseline to Week 28. The summary will be updated to include data up to Week 72 when available.

HPV is a DNA virus that affects both men and women. Approximately 90 types of HPV have been identified, 30 of which are sexually transmitted. The most common forms of HPV are types 6, 11, 16, and 18. The quadrivalent HPV vaccine that was tested in this study had been shown in previous studies to be effective in preventing infection with HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 in healthy young women. According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 80% of women will have acquired HPV by the age of 50. HIV infected women have been reported to have a higher prevalence and persistence of HPV infection, as well as an increased risk for abnormal Pap smears and cervical cancer. HPV types 16 and 18 cause the majority of cervical cancers worldwide, and types 6 and 11 are responsible for the majority of cases of genital warts. Vaccinations for preventable infections are particularly important among HIV infected people because people with HIV have compromised immune systems; therefore, any infection is very serious and can potentially be fatal. However, standard vaccination series have not been very successful because a compromised immune system may not produce the desired immune response to a vaccine. The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against infection with HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 and has been approved by the FDA for use in women between the ages of 9 and 26. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the quadrivalent HPV vaccine is safe, tolerable, and effective in producing antibodies to HPV in HIV infected females.

The study consisted of single arm evaluations of HPV vaccine immunogenicity and safety in 3 groups based on the study screening CD4 cell count as follows:

Stratum A: CD4 cell count >350 cells/mm3

Stratum B: CD4 cell count >200 to <=350 cells/mm3

Stratum C: CD4 cell count <=200 cells/mm3

In Version 1.0 of the protocol, the target accrual was n=67 participants with screening HIV viral load <=10,000 copies/mL and n=67 participants with HIV viral load >10,000 copies/mL within each CD4 stratum, yielding n=134 in each CD4 stratum. In light of subsequent findings from completed HPV vaccine studies, the sample size was changed to n=94 participants per CD4 stratum in Version 2.0 of the protocol, and stratification by screening HIV viral load was removed. All Stratum A and Stratum B participants were enrolled under protocol Version 1.0.

The study duration was 72 weeks. All participants received HPV vaccine administered by intramuscular injection at baseline, and at Weeks 8 and 24. Following each injection, participants remained at the clinic for 30 minutes of observation for adverse events. A telephone follow-up or a home visit by study staff was performed within 2 days following each injection.

Participants returned to the clinic for visits at Weeks 4, 8, 12, 24, 28, 52, and 72. Most study visits included a physical exam, medication review, blood and urine collection, and answering questions about signs and symptoms since previous visit. Some visits included measurement of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count; collection of endocervical wick, cervical cytobrush and anal swab; and an oral exam. A subset of participants were asked to provide additional blood samples and oral cytobrush specimens.

Eligibility

Ages Eligible for Study:

13 Years to 45 Years

Genders Eligible for Study:

Female

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

HIV infection

CD4 count obtained within 45 days prior to study entry

Karnofsky performance score >=70 on at least one occasion within 45 days prior to study entry

The following labs within 45 days prior to study entry:

hemoglobin >8.0 g/dL

direct bilirubin <2.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN)

alanine aminotransferase, ALT (SGPT) <3 xULN

aspartate aminotransferase, AST (SGOT) <3 xULN

platelet count >=100,000 /mm3

Willing to use acceptable forms of contraception for the duration of the study

Written informed consent from participant or from parent or guardian, if applicable

If on HAART, then the same regimen for at least 12 weeks prior to study entry with no change within 30 days prior to study entry. (This criterion was removed in Version 2.0 of the protocol.)

HIV viral load obtained within 45 days prior to study entry (This criterion was removed in Version 2.0 of the protocol.)

Use of any systemic antineoplastic or immunomodulatory treatment, systemic corticosteroids, investigational vaccines, interleukins, interferons, growth factors, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) within 45 days prior to study entry. Participants who had received standard of care (e.g., hepatitis B, influenza, and tetanus) vaccines were not excluded.

Known allergy or hypersensitivity to yeast or any components of the vaccine or its formulation

Current drug or alcohol use or dependence or any other condition that may interfere with study participation

Total hysterectomy. Participants who had undergone partial hysterectomy and had a cervix were not excluded.

Hemophilia

Currently on anticoagulation therapy other than acetylsalicylic acid

Prior vaccination with an HPV vaccine

Pregnant or breastfeeding

Contacts and Locations

Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study.
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the Contacts provided below.
For general information, see Learn About Clinical Studies.

Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00604175