explain me crawling, index, ranking procces, please

This is what I know:
1. You need google ( or any other search engine ) bot/spider to crawl your you url's. Adding sitemap XML or TXT. Force bot to crawl faster with using ping sites, social bookmarking, back links from high PR blogs/sites

2. When your sitemap url's are crawled, google tell you about this in webmaster account. And here my questions:

- When you see your url's indexed in webmaster tool account, after how long time they will appear in google ( when you type site:mydomain.com ) ?
- Is there chance even if you see them indexed in webmaster account they will never appear in google ?

3. After your articles appear in google, it's time for ranking, so here my questions:

- If any article have image, unique content and embed code for video from youtube are my chances higher than just text without image and embed code ? I mean How important is the image and the embed code for my ranking ?

I have read a lot about that, but still didn't find answers for those questions, please give me some hints or place where to read.

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