Good Housekeeping, Neanderthal style

Neanderthals were far from primitive in their domestic living arrangements, say anthropologists who have unearthed evidence that our prehistoric cousins organized their living spaces in ways that would be familiar to modern humans.

The excavations took place at Riparo Bombrini, a collapsed rock shelter in northwest Italy where both Neanderthals and, later, early humans, lived for thousands of years. This study, published in theCanadian Journal of Archaeology, focused on the Neanderthal levels while future research is planned to examine the more recent modern human levels.

“There has been this idea that Neanderthals did not have an organized use of space, something that has always been attributed to humans,” said the University of Colorado’s Julien Riel-Salvatore, who was lead author of the study. “But we found that Neanderthals did not just throw their stuff everywhere but in fact were organized and purposeful when it came to domestic space.”

According to Riel-Salvatore, the site comprises three levels that are attributed to Neanderthals. His team found that Neanderthals divided the cave into different areas for different activities. The top level was used as a task site – likely a hunting stand – where they could kill and prepare game. The middle level was a long-term base camp and the bottom level was a shorter term residential base camp. There were a large number of animal remains in the rear of the top level, indicating that the area was likely used for butchering game.

The team also found intriguing evidence of ochre use in the back of the shelter. “We found some ochre throughout the sequence but we are not sure what it was used for,” Riel-Salvatore said. “Neanderthals could have used it for tanning hides, for gluing, as an antiseptic or even for symbolic purposes – we really can’t tell at this point.”

In the middle level, which has the densest traces of human occupation, artifacts were distributed differently. Animal bones and stone tools (known as lithics) were concentrated at the front rather than the rear of the cave. A hearth was located in back of the cave about one meter from the wall. This, says Riel-Salvatore, would have allowed warmth from the fire to circulate throughout the living area.

“When you make stone tools there is a lot of debris that you don’t want in high traffic areas or you risk injuring yourself,” Riel-Salvatore explained. “There are clearly fewer stone artifacts in the back of the shelter near the hearth.”

The bottom level, thought to represent a short-term base camp, is the least well known because it was exposed only over a very small area. More stone artifacts were found immediately inside the shelter’s mouth, suggesting tool production may have occurred inside the part of the site where sunlight was available.