When many
thirty-something gamers in the U.S.
hear the words "8-bit computer," they likely picture a Commodore 64
(C64) or an Apple II. The word "Atari" is forever associated with the
arcade and the Atari VCS (aka 2600), the latter of which was covered in an
earlier entry in this series.

However, Atari also
released a smorgasbord of 8-bit personal computers, collectively known as the
Atari 8-bit computer series. The series evolved in dramatic ways, but never
quite reached the same levels of popularity as Apple and Commodore systems.
Nevertheless, today, the Atari 8-bit platform is as well supported as any other
classic computer series.

An original Atari 800 with the cartridge
door open and BASIC inserted into the left cartridge slot.

History and Hardware

Since Atari Inc.'s founding
in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell, the company focused first on arcade video games and then
added home Pong-style consoles into
the mix by 1975. In 1976, Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications to help fund
development of the "Stella" home video game project, which was
released as the Atari Video Computer System (VCS) in 1977.

The VCS would come to
be a breakthrough success, both for Atari and the neophyte home video game
industry, but Bushnell left the company in 1978 after a disagreement with Ray Kassar,
who Warner had appointed president of Atari's Consumer Division. After Bushnell's
exit, Warner named Kassar the CEO of the entire Atari Corporation. Unlike
Bushnell, Kassar and Warner management wanted Atari's energies to also turn to
the nascent home computer market.

Under Kassar's
direction, the creative and relaxed hacker culture of the company was reduced to
a Dilbert-like atmosphere of
disgruntled nerds and humorless suits. Atari's home computer division was
launched and segregated from the home video game and arcade divisions. The VCS's
successor, which was already on the drawing board, was re-envisioned as a home
computer.

As opposed to
competitive computer systems at the time, the "Candy" and "Colleen"
8-bit computer projects (legend has it that Atari engineers would code-name
projects after attractive female employees) were designed around Atari's proven
strengths in gaming.

The idea was to combine great game-playing abilities with
plug-and-play ease of use. Members of the team that worked on the VCS worked on
the design of the Atari computers. This team included industry legend Jay
Miner, who years later designed another innovative computer, the Commodore
Amiga.

The Atari 400, shown to the left
with its original membrane keyboard and to the right in a modified form with
custom aftermarket full stroke keyboard and open cartridge door, was intended
as the entry level model of the system line.

In late 1979, riding
the huge success of its VCS, Atari released the Atari 400("Candy")
and the Atari 800 ("Colleen"). The 400 was intended as a starter computer,
while the 800 was a higher-end alternative for more sophisticated users. By
1980, Atari formed a large portion of Warner Communications' total revenue and
became the fastest growing company in U.S.
history, mirroring Apple's own meteoric success and preceding Commodore's
ascension by several years.

"The Atari 400 is a microcomputer that was designed with game-players
firmly in mind. Using a 6502 microprocessor combined with 128-color capability
and four, independent sound synthesizers, gaming comes quite naturally to this
budget-priced home computer." - Electronic Games magazine, 1983 Buyer's
Guide

The Atari 400, which
used the MOS 6502B microprocessor, came with 8KB RAM (later 16KB), a cartridge
port, four controller ports, television output, and a membrane keyboard. This
keyboard, which featured slightly indented keys on its plastic sheet-like
surface, was intended to be "childproof."

It was easy to keep clean
and was resistant to the occasional splash of Kool-Aid, but was notoriously difficult
to type on. With some technical effort, the memory could eventually be expanded
to 48KB and the keyboard replaced, but even with those improvements the 400
still could not match the overall feature set of the 800.

The popular Atari 410 cassette
recorder and 1050 5.25" floppy disk drive, the former with styling that
matches the original 400/800 and the latter an aesthetic match for the
600XL/800XL/1200XL.