A

Accessory shoeMetal fitting on the top of a camera which supports the flash gun, also various other accessories such as a viewfinder or rangefinder. (see Hot Shoe, Finder & Rangefinder)

AchromaticA term which describes a lens system which is corrected for chromatic aberration. (see Chromatic Aberration)

AgitationKeeping a chemical moving: Agitation helps to speed-up and achieve an even development while processing film or paper. It also prevents spotting or staining by keeping the developer, stop bath, or fixer in motion.

Ambient Light The available light. Already existing in an indoor or outdoor setting which is not caused by any illumination created by the photographer. (see Existing light )

Angle of coverageConcerning Large Format lenses: The maximum image area of usable quality which a certain lens can produce (the image circle). Known as the angle of coverage.

Angle of viewAngle of view is determined by the focal length of the lens. A wide-angle lens includes more of the scene than a normal (standard lens) or telephoto lens. (see Standard lens,Tele & Wide)

ApertureThe opening in a lens through which light passes to expose the film. Aperture size is usually calibrated in f-numbers, the larger the number, the smaller the lens opening, therefore the slower the shutter must be!(see f-stop)

Apochromatic (APO lens) Lens corrected for chromatic aberrations in all three primary colours. Many manufactures use different names (i.e. NIKON use ED)

APSIntroduced in 1996 the Advanced Photo System (APS) was devised by a group of five manufactures: Canon, Fuji, Kodak, Minolta and Nikon as a 'breakthrough in camera and film technology' and created a new generation of 'point-and-shoot' cameras. Now, with hindsight, just an interim consumer product which just filled a gap until the more innovative compact digital cameras became affordable. The film size is smaller than 35mm.(see 35mm)

ArtifactUnwanted digital image degradation (file compression) caused by errors or limitations during capture or created while processing, storage or transport.(see JPEG, Lossy)

Artificial lightLight not originating from a natural source. The commonest artificial light sources in photography are flash, and tungsten bulbs.(see Tungsten light)

B

B ("Bulb")Shutter setting on which the shutter will stay open as long as the release is depressed. Used for exposures longer than the numbered shutter speed settings.(see Shutter speed)

Back focusingThe tendency of a lens to focus slightly behind the intended subject.(see: Front focusing)

BacklightingLight from behind the subject, and towards the photographer, so that the subject stands out against the background. This sometimes can produce a silhouette effect.

Background paperAvailable in numerous colours, the rolls are hung from the ceiling or a set of free standing poles. The common sizes are 9ft and 4ft 6ins wide.(see Cove)

Bag bellowsUsed on large format cameras in place of normal bellows when wide-angle lenses are in use. (A flexible "bag" affair)(see Bellows, Large format & Wide)

Balanced Fill FlashWhen a modern camera with a multi-segment exposure meter (Matrix) is used with a dedicated flashgun the correct exposure can be obtained for both the subject and background using 'Automatic Balanced Fill Flash' in both daylight and low light. Balanced Fill Flash can also be achieved manually using a little knowledge and technique. (see Matrix & Dedicated flash, Syncro Sun)

Barn doorsAccessory used on lights to control the direction of output and the width of the beam.

Barrel distortionLens aberration (distortion) where straight lines are formed as curved lines in the image. These barrel shaped lines are most noticeable along the edges of the photo. (see Aberration & Pincushion effect )

BatchA set of numbers and letters printed on the packaging of film and paper to indicate a production batch. The number is given because of slight variations of colour, contrast and speed which may occur between batches of the same type.

BayonetAll modern 35mm SLR cameras now use a "bayonet" lens fitting (a quarter turn clockwise or anti-clockwise will remove or attach the lens). Each camera manufacturer has its own type of fitting, therefore as an example a Canon lens cannot be attached to a Nikon camera body.(see Screw mount lens, 35mm & SLR)

BellowsLarge format cameras: The folding (piano accordion style) part that connects the standards (lens and film back). Also a camera accessory for smaller formats that aids close focusing.(see Monorail & Standard)

Between-the-lens shutterClose to the diaphragm, inside the lens are metal blades which spring open and then close when the camera is fired, this exposes the film or image sensor(see Focal plane shutter)

BitA single unit of digital information. Using binary notation a single bit has a value of either zero or one.

Bit DepthThe amount of colour information associated with a digital image. An image with a higher bit depth can display more gradations of colours. The most common colour bit depth for digital photos (especially jpeg files) is 8 bits per colour, (a 24-bit RGB image). Professional digital cameras capture 16 bits per colour when shooting RAW files.(see RAW)

BitmapA digital image created from rows and columns of dots called pixels, the more bits associated with each pixel, the higher the bit depth. Bitmap occasionally refers specifically to images in which the dots are either pure black or white with no shades of gray and the image can be represented with one bit per pixel.(see Bit Depth & Pixel)

Bleach fixChemical bath in which bleach and fixer have been combined! Used in many Traditional colour processes. (see C41 & E6)

Blonde A Type of Tungsten Lighting from various manufactures, rated at 2000W.(see Redhead& Tungsten light )

BokehBokeh describes the rendition of out-of-focus points of light. Differing amounts of spherical aberration alter how lenses render out-of-focus points of light, and thus their bokeh. The word "bokeh" comes from the Japanese word "boke" (pronounced bo-keh) which literally means fuzziness or dizziness.

BounceFlash or tungsten light bounced off a reflector (such as the ceiling, walls or brolly) to give the effect of natural light. (see Brollies)

BracketingThe technique of taking a number of pictures of the same subject at different levels of exposure. At half and one stop differences, depending on subject.(see f-stop)

Bridge cameraA term to describe a camera that fills a gap between SLR and compact cameras. Can be similar in size and weight to a SLR, but lacks interchangeable lenses. Originally devised in 1988 by Ricoh with the Mirai (also sold as the Olympus AZ-4 Zoom SLR). Today the 'Bridge' has more competition from other types of cameras filling the same niche, particularly from the Micro Four Thirds system.

BufferMemory in a digital camera that stores the photos before they are written to the removable storage card.(see Compact Flash)

Bulk film Film purchased in long lengths and used in a bulk camera back, in assignments which demand a large amount of film in long continuous runs, (or with a bulk film loader, to reload cassettes cheaply).

Bulk backA device that allows the use of many many feet of film at one loading: 35mm or 70mm (medium format). (see Bulk film, Medium format & 35mm )

BurnedA photo is said to be burned when it contains uniform portions of black or white where there should be detail. Overexposed descriptions: washed out, blown out highlights or clipped whites. Underexposed descriptions: loss of shadow detail, muddy, indistinguishable from black, blocked up shadows, crushed blacks or clipped blacks (See Over exposed & Under exposed)

Burning-in (or Burn-in)To make an area of a print darker. This is accomplished after the basic exposure by extending the exposure time (or opening the aperture) to allow extra image-forming light to darken areas of the print while holding back the light from the rest of the image (with hands or card etc.); also called printing-in. (see Dodging & Exposure)

ByteA unit of digital information most often consisting of eight bits. File sizes and storage capacities are commonly described in thousands of eight-bit bytes (kilobytes), millions (megabytes), billions (gigabytes) or trillions (terabytes).(see Bit)

Camera FormatThe size and aspect ratio of an image produced on film or digitally. Large format, medium format, or 35mm, but determined by the actual dimensions of the focal plane or image sensor. Digital capture technologies are confusing the traditional distinctions, since a small image sensor with many pixels is not necessarily better in quality than a larger sensor with less pixels.(see Format, Large format, Medium format, Pixel & 35mm)

Camera movementsMechanical Systems most common on large format cameras (and some Medium Format) which provide the facility for lens and film plane movement from a normal standard position. The movements can create greater or lesser depth of field, and correct or distort image shape. (see Depth of field, Movements & Standard)

Camera obscura For hundreds of years the camera obscura was a curiosity, consisting of a darkened room with a small hole in one of its walls; a reduced inverted image of the world outside was projected through the hole onto a whitewashed wall opposite; the phenomenon was noted by the Arabs as early as the eleventh century. By the end of the sixteenth century Italian academics had fitted a converging lens into the hole which produced a much brighter and sharper picture. Artists began to use a collapsible, portable version to reproduce perspective in their landscapes and portraits. (see Pinhole camera)

CCDCharge Coupled Device (CCD). The Digital camera's 'film'; a CCD converts light into a digital photograph of pixels. When a picture is taken the CCD is struck by light coming through the camera's lens; each of the millions of tiny pixels that make up the sensor converts this light into electrons.(see CMOS & Pixel)

CD ROM (Compact Disc)Read only memory/media: an electro-optical data storage medium with the same physical format as an audio disc and a capacity of approximately 650-700mb of data.(see: Megabyte)

Centre WeightedA camera metering system which concentrates the light reading mostly to the central portion of the viewfinder and feathering out to the edges. Although in the hands of an inexperienced photographer a 'Matrix' style meter will achieve more correct results many professionals still prefer to use their cameras in manual mode with the meter set to 'centre weighted'! Now regarded as a 'classic', this metering system is included in all quality 35mm SLR's and DSLR's.(see Matrix,finder,35mm & SLR)

Changing bagA light tight fabric bag, used for safely removing sensitive photographic materials from film holders or backs in daylight.

Chromatic AberrationThe inability of a lens to focus different colours on the same focal plane. Appearing as a 'colour fringe' around objects, especially at the edges of the photograph.

ChromeA positive transparency designed to be viewed when lit from behind. Used frequently to describe a 'positive' camera film. Large chromes are used for advertising or promotion purposes, and are sometimes known by the kodak brand name duratrans ‘durable transparency’.(see E6, Trannie & Transparency)

Chromogenic filmChromogenic literally means 'colour forming'. In chromogenic films the final image is made of coloured dyes formed during processing rather than Silver Halide. A Black & White chromogenic film can be processed along side colour films in a C41 process.(see C41 & Silver Halide)

Circle of confusionDisc of light in the image where a point on the subject is not perfectly brought into focus. The eye cannot distinguish between a very small circle of confusion and a true point."Clean & tight"A phrase often used by photographers when describing a well composed (clean) photo which eliminates all inconsequential items from the photo (tight).

Clearing time"Twice the clearing time" is a popular darkroom term. Insufficient time in the fix causes film to appear milky. Photographers use a film clipping in the fixer chemical to accurately time this process, after a second clipping is 'clear' the film is ready for washing.(see Fix)

Clip testA test to determine accurate development times using a small part of the exposed film as a sample.

Close-up lens A lens attachment used in front of the camera lens; pictures then could be taken at a closer distance than normal.(see Extension tubes &Macro)

CMOSComplementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS). An image sensor used in some digital cameras. Its basic function is the same as the CCD. (see CCD)

Colour balanceHow a particular colour film reproduces the colours of a scene. All Colour films are formulated to be exposed by light of a certain colour quality (daylight or tungsten). It also describes an adjustment in colour photo processes that ensure a neutral scale of grey tones is reproduced accurately, i.e. a grey subject will have no colour cast or bias. (see Daylight film& Tungsten film)

Colour correctionFilters which help balance the colour rendition of a scene to match the colour response of the eye.(see CC filters)

Colour GamutThe complete set of colours found within an image. Printing an image requires transforming the photo from the original RGB color space to the printer's CMYK colour space. This process converts the colours from the RGB which are out of gamut to approximate values within the CMYK space gamut.

Colour Management SystemA system for communicating colour reproduction information about digital images between input, display and output devices.Improves fidelity of image reproduction when properly configured by all involved in a production workflow.

Colour temperature Measured in Kelvin, expressed on a scale (i.e.3400K) this indicates the colour content and quality of a light source light such as a lamp. (see Tungsten film)

ComaA lens defect which results in points of light appearing in the image not as points but as discs with comet-like tails.

Compact cameraA small camera that is both easy to use and also small enough to carry in a jacket pocket or hand bag.(see: Point and Shoot)

Compact FlashThe removable CF card is a popular Digital Camera photo storage system. Although they are larger than SD, Smart Media, XD Picture Card and Memory Sticks 'Professional' use has made them widely available and in very large sizes, currently up to 128 Gigabytes. (see Memory Stick, Micro Drives, SD, Smart Media & XD Picture Card)

Complementary colourThe hue most opposite to a given colour. The complementaries for blue, green and red are yellow, magenta and cyan respectively.

CompositeThe act of combining two or more images. Today usually accomplished digitally using 'Photoshop'.(see Photoshop)

Compression RatioThe amount of data in a digital image divided by the amount of data in a version after compression. Higher ratios indicate more compression which may degrade image quality. (see JPEG and Lossy)

CondenserA simple lens system which concentrates light from a source into a beam. Condensers are used in equipment such as slide projectors, spotlights and enlargers. (see Focusing Spot)

Contact printA print made from placing the negative in 'contact' with a sheet of photo paper and then exposed to light; the resulting "Contact print" is the same size as the negative and therefore not enlarged. (see Contact printer &Enlargement)

Contact printerApparatus used for making contact prints. Usually just a simple frame with a glass top to hold the negative and paper in tight contact during exposure.

ContrastA subjective judgment of the difference in brightness and density between shadow and highlight areas in an image. Contrast is affected by lighting, lens flare, film type, degree of development, enlarger type and quality of printing.

Contrast grade paper Graded by numbers (usually 1-5), the contrast grades of Black & White photographic papers, enable us to obtain good prints from negatives of varying contrasts. Use a low-numbered or soft paper with a high contrast negative to get a print that most closely resembles the original scene. Use a high-numbered or a hard paper with a low-contrast negative to obtain a normal contrast print. (see Multigrade)

ContrastyHigher-than-normal contrast including very bright and very dark areas. The range of density in a trannie or print is higher than it was in the original scene.

Converging anglesThis occurs when the camera is not held or supported vertically. The vertical lines will seem to run together at the top or the bottom of a photo. Most noticeable with photographs of tall buildings.(seeMovements, Rising front, Keystoning& Shift)

ConverterA supplementary lens that can double the length of a telephoto lens (e.g.: 2x converter). Usually fitted between lens and camera body.

Convex lensSimple lens, or lens shape within a compound lens, whose surfaces curve outward. Such a lens causes rays of light passing through it to converge.(see Compound lens)

Copy Not an original. A print, neg., trannie, artwork or 2D object copied on a copystand (see Copystand &Dupe).

CopyrightA legal property right in an original work of any physical medium of expression, such as photographs. Copyright is more than the right to copy, the owner of copyright holds the exclusive right to reproduce, publicly display, adapt, distribute and to authorize others to do the same.

CopystandA device that holds a 2D object square with the camera to obtain quality copies of an original, the stand usually has lights attached.

Correction filterA filter which alters the colour rendition of a scene to suit the colour response of the eye. (see Colour correction)

Coupled rangefinderFocusing system in which a rangefinder and the lens focusing mechanism are linked. As the lens is adjusted, the central area of the viewfinder indicates when the lens is in focus (as found on Leica M series Cameras).

CoveInfinity cove. Found in most large studios and painted white, a solid background that wraps over the floor & walls to create the illusion of an infinite 'white'.(see Background paper)

Covering powerThe maximum area of usable image quality which a lens will produce. Known as the angle of coverage. (Frequently a required knowledge when using a large format camera with "movements").(see Movements)

Cropping Printing or using only part of the image that is in the original negative or trannie, usually for a more pleasing composition. Could also refer to the framing of the scene in the viewfinder.(see Clean & Tight)

Cross processTo develop a film in the wrong process (e.g.: neg.(C41) film in trannie(E6) chemicals) to obtain a sometimes bizarre colour or contrast effect.(seeC41& E6)

Curvature of fieldLens aberration causing the plane of sharp focus to be curved.(see aberration)

Cut filmLarge format film available in flat sheets. The most common are in "Imperial sizes": 4 ins x 5 ins and 8 ins x 10 ins . (see Large format)

Cyclo wallA cyclo wall, also referred to in various combinations as: infinity, seamless, cyc, cyclo, wall, drop, backdrop and background. A curved wall used as a background of a stage set to suggest unlimited space.(see Cove)

CycloramaA large curtain or wall, often concave, positioned at the back of a Theatrical stage. As the name implies, it often encircles or partially encloses the stage to form a background.(see Cyclo wall)

CMYKA colour system based on the four colours used in colour printing: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and BlacK. Can also be a colour mode used to define colours in a digital image. All Digital cameras & scanners are RGB devices, a colour method based on combinations of the primary colours Red,Green & Blue this is the same as your TV and PC monitor. CMYK is primarily used when preparing digital images that will be printed using the process colours by a printer or publisher on a four colour printing press.(see RGB)

D

DarkclothCloth made of a dark material and placed over the Photographer's head and camera back to help the viewing and focusing of images on the ground glass screen of a Large format camera.

DayA photographer's eight-hour work period. "That shoot will require a full day."

Day RateA pre-agreed, flat-rate photographer's fee, paid for up to one day of photography. Generally based on an 8-hour day.

Daylight filmFilm balanced to a colour temperature of 5400K which will give a natural result with 'daylight' and also 'flash'.

Daylight tank A light-tight container for film processing. Film is loaded in the dark after which all other processing steps can be carried out in normal light.

Dedicated flashA flashgun designed for use with a specific camera. It links directly with the internal camera circuitry to help produce perfectly exposed photos.

Density The blackness of an area in a negative or print. Sometimes referred to as contrast.(seeContrast)

Depth of fieldThe distance between the nearest and farthest objects that appear in acceptably sharp focus in a photograph. Depth of field depends on the lens aperture, the focal length of the lens, and the distance from the subject.(see Aperture & Focal length)

Depth of focusVery narrow zone on the image side of the lens within which slight variations in the position of the film will make no appreciable difference to the focusing of the image.

DigicamsPopular term for a Digital camera. A camera that does not use traditional silver halide film.(see Silver Halide)

Digital Asset Management SystemA database program designed for tracking and organizing digital files, including documents, images, video etc. Usually the program also allows metadata to be added.(see Metadata)

Digital NegativeSimilar to a RAW file but an open format that does not need manufacturer-specific software, although a digital negative still requires processing before it can be used. Capable of delivering more colour and dynamic range than a TIFF or JPEG digital image file. Adobe 'dng' is a Digital Negative.(see RAW, JPEG & TIFF)

Digital SLRA digital SLR is simply a SLR camera that takes photos digitally (electronically) rather than using traditional film; popular examples are the Nikon D7100 and Canon EOS 60D.(see SLR)

DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen)The German industrial standard for rating film speed. This scale indicates a doubling of speed by an increase of 3 in the rating; a rather complicated standard, it fell from widespread use during the early 'Seventies' although the late German manufacturer Agfa carried on using the system for film identification until more recently.(see ISO)

DiopterClose-up lenses (which screw into the front of an existing lens and act like a reading glass) are often marked in "diopters" (2.5 diopter close-up lens) The diopter value of a lens is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the focal length expressed in meters. Each diopter is the number of times the focal length of the lens will divide into one meter

Dodging 'Local' control of density in photographic printing achieved by shading (using your hands, small pieces of card or various other dodging tools), therefore, holding back the image-forming light from a part of the photo to make that area of the print lighter.(seeBurning- in)

DPI (Dots Per Inch)A measurement unit describing the resolution of hardware, such as a computer monitor or digital printer. Although strictly incorrect, it is now often used as the resolution unit for a digital image.

DupeA duplicate of an original. Usually the term is used to describe a duplicate trannie.(see copy)

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)A high-capacity, electro-optical data storage media. Initially capable of storing approximately 4.7gb. Recent revisions of the technology can store more. Some types can be erased and recorded again.(see Gigabyte)

DXA Nikon Digital format. Some Nikon Digital SLRs have CCDs smaller than the area of a 35mm film frame therefore a DX lens will cause vignetting if used on a 35mm film camera. Used on a Nikon FX camera the format automatically switches to the smaller DX size.(see Vignetting& FX)

DX codeAn electrical system built into recent 35mm cameras to automatically adjust the camera for the correct film speed.(see 35mm)

Dye sublimationA printer that uses heat to transfer dye onto various types of medium material. Many consumer and professional dye-sublimation printers are designed and used for producing photographic prints. An advantage over inkjets is that prints are dry and ready to handle as soon as they exit the printer. (seeInk Jet Print)

E

E6The number given to a Chemical process for developing colour transparency film. (created by Kodak during the early 70's and adopted universally by every other manufacturer).

Electrophotography(Xerox), a dry photocopying technique invented by Chester Carlson in 1938, the invention was initially called electrophotography and was later called xerography. The same process can be found in modern Colour Laser or LED printers.

EmulsionThe light-sensitive material (which is suspended in micro-thin layers of gelatin) that is coated onto different bases to make photographic film, or paper.

EnlargementA print larger than the negative or trannie used to produce it (blow up).

EOS A popular autofocus 35mm SLR camera system made by Canon. "EOS" (Electro Optical System) is also the name of the goddess of dawn in Greek mythology. First introduced to the world in March 1987 with the EOS650 camera.(see SLR & 35mm)

E-TTL E-TTL (Evaluative-Through The Lens) flash metering. A Canon EOS flash exposure system that uses a brief pre-flash before the main flash in order to obtain a more correct exposure.(see Balanced Fill Flash & EOS)

EVILElectronic Viewfinder Interchangeable Lens. Currently found in some Four Thirds system cameras. Electronics is used instead of an optical glass prism, the finder image quality is lower than a traditional SLR but has an advantage of reducing both size and weight.(see Finder & SLR )

EXIF dataEXIF (Exchange image file format). This is a standard that allows information stored with the digital photograph (camera setting and exposure information) to be used to achieve a balanced colour when the photo is output on a EXIF data-compliant printer. Many programs can also read and display this information.

Existing LightAvailable light, includes all natural lighting from moonlight to sunshine; and for photographic purposes, existing light is also the light that is already on the scene. Therefore it takes in: room lamps, fluorescent lamps, neon signs, candles, daylight through windows, and artificially illuminated night scenes.

Exposure The quantity of light allowed to act on a photographic material; the lens aperture controls intensity or amount of light, and the shutter speed (or the enlarger timer in printing) controls the time.(See Aperture, Shutter speed & Over exposed )

Exposure compensation To obtain the best results with certain subjects it may be necessary to alter the exposure from the value suggested by the camera. An exposure compensation button [+/-] is now found on most modern auto cameras. Positive compensation may be needed when the main subject is darker than the background and negative compensation may be needed for a subject lighter than the background.

Exposure latitudeThe amount by which you can over or under expose a light-sensitive material with standard processing, and still achieve an acceptable result.

Exposure meterA photographer's instrument for measuring the amount of light (available or flash) falling on or being reflected by a subject, and converting this measurement into usable information: shutter speed and f stop.(see Existing light , f-stop & Shutter speed )

F

f - Stop A number that indicates the size of the lens opening . The common f-numbers on 35mm cameras are f1.4, f2, f2.8, f4, f5.6, f8, f11, f16, and f22. The larger the f-number, the smaller the lens opening, f22 is the smallest in this series. Also called the aperture, they work in conjunction with shutter speeds to indicate exposure settings. The number sequence is printed on the lens barrel, each higher f number halves the exposure of the preceding one. The f-number itself is effectively the number of times the aperture diameter will divide into the lens focal length. For example, f4 aperture diameter is one quarter the focal length (i.e. 25mm aperture diameter in a 100mm focal length lens). (see: Aperture)

Fast filmFilm with an emulsion that is very sensitive to light. Such films have high ISO ratings (i.e.: ISO1600). They are all, however, more grainy than there slower counterparts.(see Grain & ISO)

Fast lensA lens with a wide maximum aperture (f2.8 is a fast lens in a 35mm telephoto design). Often used in low light situations or when a fast shutter speeds are always required.(see Aperture,Shutter speed & Tele)

Fibre (FB)Fibre based photo printing paper of a traditional type (no plastic). High quality if printed & processed well but takes a long time to wash and dry.(see Bromide paper,Multigrade & RC paper)

Field cameraType of folding Large format Camera usually made of wood, therefore lighter than a metal camera of the same type. Used in the "Field" for landscapes but can be used in the Studio as a alternative for a Monorail but with less "movements". (see Baseboard,Monorail,Movements & Technical)

File FormatThe form or type of file used in Digital photography and to store images and other information on computers. Some popular examples of file formats are TIFF, JPEG, psd and dng.(see JPEG, TIFF and RAW)

File size The size of an image in digital photography, measured in kilobytes (K), megabytes (MB), or gigabytes (GB). File size is proportional to its pixel dimensions; images with more pixels may produce more detail at a given printed size, but they require more disk space to store and are slower to edit, print and e-mail as an attachment.(see Pixel & Image resolution)

Fill-in Light from an additional lamp, flash, or reflector; used to soften or 'fill in' the shadows caused by the brighter main light, often the Sun. Called fill-in flash when flash is used. (see Reflector)

Film backSeparate part of a Roll film Medium Format camera that holds the film. It aids speedy film change; especially with many preloaded backs or an assistant loading during a long session.(see Medium format)

Film Speed The sensitivity of a film to light, indicated by a number such as ISO 100. The higher the number, the more sensitive or faster the film. (ISO stands for International Standards Organization.)(see Fast film, Slow film & ISO)

FiltersA piece of glass or other transparent material used over the lens which alters the nature, colour or quality of the light passing through it.(see CC filters)

FinderAlso known as a viewfinder. A viewing aid in a camera, used for composing, and usually focusing the subject. It would normally also display exposure information in smaller formats. (see Exposure & Focusing screen )

Fine ArtDescription of photography that is intended for private or gallery display rather than reproduction. Created more for aesthetic appreciation than for commercial use.

Fish fryerType of lighting attachment (a large overhead light).

Fisheye Extreme wide-angle lens with an angle of view exceeding 100 degrees and sometimes in excess of 180 degrees Depth of field is practically infinite. It produces highly distorted images.(Note: lines are not drawn square!)(see Angle of view, Depth of field & Distortion)

FixChemical process which converts unused light-sensitive silver-halide crystals to a soluble silver complex in both negatives and prints, making the image stable and unalterable in white light. Also referred to as hypo.(see Hypo)

FlareNon-image-forming light scattered by reflections within a lens or enlarger/camera interior which reduces image contrast and detail. Flare can affect film by causing a lowering of image contrast.(see Contrast,Distortion,Multicoating & Hood)

Flash rangeThe distance over which a flash unit can give adequate illumination.

Flash sync.(synchronization)Method of making a flash light fire at the correct moment, exactly when the shutter is fully open. Normally a camera's flash sync. speed is quoted as the highest speed that a given camera can synchronize with a flash unit (e.g.:1/125th. sec.).(seeShutter speed)

FlatToo low in contrast. The range in density in a negative or print is too small.(see Contrast & Neg.)

Flat Lighting Soft lighting that produces very little contrast on the subject plus a minimum of shadows.(see Contrast&Soft Lighting)

FloodlightGeneral term for an artificial light source which provides a constant and continuous light. Usually a tungsten-filament lamp mounted in a reflector.(see Blonde & Redhead)

Focal lengthThe distance between the film plane and the focal point (optical centre of the lens) when the lens is focused at infinity. The focal length of the lens is marked in millimetres on the lens mount. The principal focal point is the position of best focus for infinity. There are two principal focal points, if a lens is turned around a second focus is obtained. 'Reversed' lenses are often used in close-up Macrophotography because using a lens reversed allows a closer focusing distance.(see Macro Lens & Macrophotography)

Focal planePlane on which a given subject is brought to a sharp focus, where the film is positioned.

Focal plane shutterOne of the two main types of shutter and used universally in 35mm SLR cameras, positioned behind the lens and in fact slightly in front of the focal plane; the shutter consists of either cloth or metal blades. When the camera is fired a slit travels across the image either vertically or horizontally. The width and speed of the slit determines the duration of the exposure.(see Between-the-lens shutter & 35mm)

Focusing screenGlass or plastic screen set at the camera's image-forming plane, where the image can be viewed and focused.(seeFinder)

Focusing Spot A type of mains light that works like a High Powered slide projector. It can focus the flash or continuous light into a sharp beam of light, or project an image of 'light & shadow' onto the subject with special metal light pattern "slides" or "Gobos".(see Gobos)

FoggingDensity produced on a negative, print or trannie by chemical processing or accidental exposure to light, caused by 1. exposure to non image-forming light (possibly: opening the camera back in daylight), 2. too much handling in air during the development process, 3. over-developed, 4. outdated film or paper, or 5. storage of film or paper in a hot, humid place. (see Outdated & Over printed)

Four Thirds systemA digital standard created by Olympus and Kodak. First introduced to the world in November 2003 with the Olympus E-1 camera. 4/3" or 4/3 describes the type of sensor and not the size of the light sensitive area. Olympus say the format name references the outer diameter of early vacuum image-sensing video camera tubes. 'Four Thirds' is the aspect ratio of the sensor 4:3 and its size is 17.3 x 13 mm.(see Format & Micro Four Thirds system)

Front focusingThe tendency of a lens or sometimes the camera body to focus slightly in front of the subject. This may be eliminated by a camera menu adjustment, some DSLRs offer the ability to fine-tune the camera’s autofocus point for each lens used.Cameras are designed and manufactured within certain tolerances. These variables include: reflex mirror alignment and the distances between the AF sensor to the focal plane, the secondary AF mirror assembly to the focus sensor, and the mounting flange to the film plane. Although it has always existed and effects both AF and manual focus cameras, it appears to be more of an issue today because the digital photographer can instantly enlarge the photo to 100%.(see: Back focusing)

FXThe name given by Nikon to its range of full frame format SLRs, the image sensor is virtually the same size as a 35mm film format. If a DX lens is mounted on a FX format digital SLR, the camera's 'DX-Crop Mode' automatically alters the image capture area accordingly.(see DX)

G

GammaGamma correction, gamma encoding or simply gamma, is the name of a nonlinear operation used to code and decode luminance, originally developed to compensate for the input/output characteristics of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays.

GelsLarge coloured sheets of a transparent medium which are used over any type of light to add colour. (Also the smaller C.C. & camera filters.) (see CC filters)

Generator pack (Power pack)The power pack used to link Large Studio flash lights to the mains. (see Monobloc)

Giclée PrintThe term 'Giclée' first appeared in fine art marketing at the end of the 80's. Giclée (pronounced "zhee-clay") is french for "squirt" or "spray." Produced by a large format ink jet printer on art-quality paper or canvas. The term, however, offers no standard for quality or print longevity.(see Fine Art & Ink Jet Print)

Gigabyte (GB, Gig)A measure of file size and storage capacity. Most consider a kilobyte to be 1,024 bytes, a megabyte to be 1,024 kilobytes, and a gigabyte to be 1,024 megabytes. However, some key standards groups assume a kilobyte to be 1,000 bytes, a megabyte to be 1,000 kilobytes, and a gigabyte to be 1,000 megabytes. Many data storage manufacturers use this latter measurement to define their device sizes, which leads to computers showing less storage capacity on a drive than the specificiations suggests.(see Kilobyte & Megabyte)

Gobos A gobo (GOBO: 'GOes Before Optics' is a Film Industry term) is a template pattern device used to control the shape of emitted light. Made from either metal or glass which when added to a suitable light source can be projected onto "a photographic subject" e.g. a shuttered window effect onto a table. Usually the gobo is used inside a Focusing Spot Light, but an ordinary 35mm projector can be used on smaller scenes with simple card gobos! (see Focusing Spot)

Grain sharpMaking a print 'grain sharp' means that it is printed in focus. (seeGrain)

Grain The sand-like, granular appearance of a negative, print or trannie. Graininess becomes more noticeable with fast films and increased size of enlargement. (Granularity: The amount of grain clumping that has occurred within an emulsion. Also referred to as graininess.) (see Emulsion, Enlargement & Fast film,)

Guide numberThe number which indicates the effective power of a flash unit. For a given film speed, the guide number divided by the distance between the flash and the subject gives the appropriate f stop to use.

H

HDRHigh Dynamic Range imaging, a technique to combine several exposures in order to achieve a similar vision to the human eye. Several bracketed photos are combined in a photo manipulation program. For example you can combine an interior shot and the view outside a window into one perfectly exposed HDR image.

High keyTerm describing a photograph which contains large areas of light tones, with few mid-tones or shadows. (see Low key)

High Resolution(High Res)Refers to a relatively larger number of pixels per inch in a digital image or scan, which yields a large digital file.

HighlightsThe brightest areas of the subject or photograph.

Hold-back (shading)Photo printing method to make parts of a picture lighter than it would normally have been. (see Burning-in & Dodging)

HoodA tube, usually made of metal or rubber, that prevents unwanted light from falling on the lens surface. (see Flare)

Hot shoe The electrical fitting on a camera that holds a small portable flash and links the gun to the camera shutter mechanism.. This direct flash-to-camera contact eliminates the need for a flash sync. cord. (see Accessory Shoe, Flash sync. & Shutter)

Hunting An autofocus system that has trouble finding the focus in a low contrast image or in poor light 'hunts'; this is where the lens moves continuously from close-up to infinity looking for the correct point of focus .

Hyperfocal DistanceThe Hyperfocal Distance or point is the nearest point to the camera which is regarded as acceptably sharp when the lens is focused at infinity. So when the lens is focused on the hyperfocal point, depth of field extends from infinity back to a distance halfway between the camera and the hyperfocal point. This method is used in fixed focus viewfinder and 'box' cameras to obtain a photo that would perhaps include both a far away mountain range and a close group of people in acceptable focus.(see Depth of Field)

HypoPopular name for a fixing agent, derived from an abbreviation of hyposulfite of soda, the misnomer applied to sodium thiosulphate during the 19th century.(see Fix)

I

ICCEstablished in 1993 by eight industry vendors for the purpose of creating, promoting and encouraging the standardization and evolution of an open, vendor-neutral, cross-platform colour management system architecture and components. The outcome of this co-operation was the development of the ICC profile specification.(see Colour Profile)

Image resolution Digital photography: The number of pixels displayed per inch of printed length in an image, usually measured in dots per inch (dpi) or pixels per inch (ppi) The amount of detail in an image depends on its pixel dimensions, while the image resolution controls how much space the pixels are printed over. You can modify an image's resolution without changing the actual pixel data in the image all you change is the printed size of the image.(see Pixel & File size)

Image SensorThe Digital camera's image sensor is a device that converts an optical image into an electric signal. Either CCD or CMOS.(see CCD & CMOS)

Image SizeThe dimensions of a digital image, most clearly expressed in its pixel count, horizontally and vertically.(see Pixel)

Incident lightLight falling on a surface (as opposed to reflected by it).(see Meter)

Incident light reading Measurement, of the amount of incident light falling upon a subject. The meter is placed close to the subject, pointing toward the light. (see Meter)

InfinityFocusing point at which the lens gives a sharp image of very distant objects, such as the far horizon.

ISO (International Standards Organization) The modern speed rating for photographic materials used instead of ASA or DIN*. The scale is identical to ASA (American Standards Association) where the rating is based on an arithmetical progression, using an average gradient system. Therefore ISO 200 film is twice as fast as ISO 100 film but only half as fast as ISO 400 film.(see ASA & DIN)

J

JPEGJPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a file compression method used in Digital Photography that shrinks a file's storage size, but which can also cause image degradation as a result of data loss.(see Lossy)

JouleUnit of energy in the SI (Système International) system of units. The joule is sometimes used in photography to indicate the output of an electronic flash.

K

Kelvin(K)Unit of temperature in the SI (Système International) system of units. Kelvin is used to measure the colour temperature of light. Daylight films are designed for colour temperatures between 5200K and 5800K.

KeystoningConverging verticals can make a building appear to be falling down (wider at the bottom than the top), this can be corrected by making sure the film plane is parallel to the photographed surface using either a Shift Lens or camera movements. It can also be corrected within Photoshop. Keystoning is also the term for the effect of a tilted (up or down) projector.(see Camera movements, Converging angles, Movements, Photoshop, Rising front & Shift )

L

Large formatAs the name implies this is the largest of modern film formats (the most popular being 5"x4" & 10"x8"), and they are especially suitable for high quality commercial work.(see Medium format)

LastoliteWell known reflector manufacturer who created the photographers folding 'spring out of the bag' style reflectors and Backgrounds. (see Reflector)

Latent imageThe invisible image left by the action of light on photographic film or paper. The light changes the photosensitive salts and when processed, this latent image will become a visible image.

LatitudeThe range of camera exposures from under to over exposure that will still produce an acceptable image from a specific film. (SeeExposure & Exposure latitude)

Leader The beginning of a 35 mm or roll film, which is attached to the take-up spool. (see Roll film & 35mm)

Lens shade A Bellows or Hood at the front of a lens that keeps unwanted light from striking the lens and causing image flare. Should be sized to the particular lens to avoid vignetting. (see Bellows, Flare,Hood & Vignetting)

Lens SpeedThe largest lens opening, e.g. f2 not f16. A fast lens transmits more light and has a larger opening than a slow lens. (seef-stop &Slow lens)

Lith filmVery high-contrast B&W film which, after correct development with a special lith developer, gives negatives of black and white only (with no greys). (see Contrast & Dev.)

Long lensTerm describing a lens in which the focal length is much greater than the diagonal of the film format (or standard lens) with which it is used. e.g. 300mm on 35mm format where the standard is just 50mm.(see Focal length, Standard lens & Tele)

LossyMany file formats use compression to reduce the file size of bitmap images (digital photo). Lossless techniques compress the file without removing image detail or colour information; lossy techniques remove detail. JPEG is the most common file format in digital photography but this is a "Lossy" file format. TIFF with LZW(Lemple-Zif-Welch) compression is the most popular lossless file format.(see JPEG & TIFF)

Low key Term describing a photograph in which the tones are mostly dark and there are few highlights. (see High key)

Low Resolution (Low Res)An image file that is one megabyte or less in size when opened in an image editing application. Useful for presentation purposes but insufficient for high quality printed reproduction except at small sizes.(see Megabyte)

LumenMeasurement of "candle power" or light output, a unit of light falling on a surface.

Lux(see Lumen)

Lytro Light Field CameraA compact Plenoptic camera which uses existing photographic knowledge in a new way. An exciting prospect for the consumer market; although it is probably destined to become just a 'web tool' because of the technologically restricted image size of its output format. Go tohttps://www.lytro.com for more information.(see Light-field camera, Plenoptic illumination, Compact camera)

M

Macro lensA lens that provides continuous focusing from infinity to extreme life-size 1:1 close-ups. Also used as a copy lens because of its highly corrected design and close-focusing. Macro lenses can also be used at ordinary subject distances(see Copy, Close-up lens & Extension tubes)

MacrophotographyClose-up photography in the range of magnification between life-size 1:1 and about ten times 10:1.

ManipulateTo change a photograph either by a computer program, optical processes or by skilled hand.

Matrix MeteringMulti-segment metering (originally devised by Nikon for its FA SLR of 1983 under the name AMP: Automatic Multi-Pattern metering). Matrix was introduced to the world in 1988 with the Nikon F4, light coming from the subject passes through the lens into the viewfinder where it strikes the F4's 5 segment light meter, this offered the photographer a better chance of obtaining the correct exposure for the main component of a particular image. The latest Nikon flagship D4 has a RGB sensor with 91K (91,000) pixels. Produced by other manufactures under varying names.

Medium formatA larger format than the popular 35mm size, which can provide the image quality necessary for commercial reproduction, using 120, 220 or 70mm film. Various sizes can be shot, the most popular are 6cmx6cm, 6cmx4.5cm and 6cmx7cm.(see 35mm)

Megapixel The manufacturers way of describing the resolution of a Digital camera; a 12 megapixel camera has a resolution of 12 million pixels. The 'image size' of a Nikon D600 24.3 megapixel camera is 6,016 x 4,016 pixels.(see Pixel)

Memory StickA Sony memory card. Like Compact Flash and Smart Media it is a flash memory based storage system for use in digital cameras.(see Compact Flash and Smart Media)

MetadataData embedded and stored within a digital image file. It provides information concerning copyright, credit, restrictions, captions, photographer, keywords, or other characteristics. There are several forms of image metadata including EXIF which is used by digital camera makers and provides large amounts of photo information including the make & model, date & time, aperture and shutter-speed.(see EXIF data)

MeterAn instrument with a light-sensitive cell that measures the light reflected from or falling onto a subject. Some types can also measure Flash light.(see: Exposure meter&Incident light)

MetzWell known German manufacturer of large portable battery flashguns.

Micro Four Thirds system (MFT)A new standard created by Olympus and Panasonic for mirrorless interchangeable lens digital cameras. MFT has the same image sensor size and specification as the Four Thirds system but with smaller lenses and bodies because of its mirrorless design. A useful feature is that virtually any lens (e.g.: Leica) can be used on a MFT camera body using an adapter.(see Four Thirds system)

Micro lensThe Micro-Nikkor is the Nikon Corporation's name for their close-up 'Macro' lens.(see Macro lens)

MicrolensA microlens is a small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre (mm) and often smaller than 10 micrometres (µm). Microlens arrays are often used to increase the light collection efficiency of CCD & CMOS sensors.(see CCD & CMOS)

Mirror (Mirror lens) A long lens that uses mirrors within its construction. This allows an extremely long focal length lens to fit within a relatively short barrel. Also known as reflex or catadioptric (cat). (seeLong lens)

Model ReleaseA document signed by the subject (if under age, the subject's guardian) to permit the use of their likeness in advertising or commercial photography.

Modeling light A high powered bulb in a Mains Flash unit which is used to help the photographer judge what effect the flash light will have on the subject. It also describes a light used to enhance a three-dimensional effect. (see Mains flash)

MonoblocType of mains flash that is smaller than the Generator style items. They are self contained and can be used more easily on location. (see Generator pack)

MulticoatingModern lenses are made up of many individual glass elements, these elements improve the overall image quality compared with a simple 'single' or 'double' element lens, however, extra elements can reduce the performance by absorbing incoming light. A transparent lens 'Coating' (single or multi) aids the passage of light, reduces 'flare' and also improves contrast.(see Flare)

Multigrade Photographic B&W paper that provides all the different grades of contrast from one box. Invented by Ilford in the 1950's, but versions are now manufactured by all the major makers.(see Contrast grade paper)

N

Neg. (Negative) Developed film that contains a reversed image of the original scene (in a colour negative the colours are also reversed, and appear as their complementaries.). Light shone through the transparent negative will make a positive (normal) print on photographic paper.

Neg. carrierNegative holder used in an enlarger. It may be adjustable for different formats and is designed to exclude unwanted light from the edges of the neg .(see Format)

Neutral density filter A neutral grey camera filter which is used to reduce the amount of light entering the camera when a slow shutter speed or wide aperture is needed.(see Aperture & Shutter speed)

Noise ReductionA major picture quality difference between a digital compact and a DSLR is that the compact produces photos with more noise, similar to the 'grain' of a high ISO traditional film. When a high ISO is set the camera has to amplify the signal received from the sensor and this increases background electrical noise. The larger image sensor of the DSLR has bigger photosites therefore more light gathering capacity and a larger signal to noise ratio.To overcome this problem manufacturers have incorporated noise reduction systems into their cameras. These do reduce noise but also introduce a smoothing effect. Creating a 'smearing' mostly revealed in grass, brickwork and any subject with a fine, repetitive pattern.(see ISO & DSLR)

O

One shot backDigital camera back for Large or Medium format cameras that can shoot a scene in one pass like ordinary film (not three like the RGB Scanning backs) can therefore be used with live subjects, not just still life. (seeLarge format& Scanning back)

Open flash Method of using numerous flash firings to build-up 'flash power'. During which time the shutter is kept open, this method can only be used when the shutter speed is unimportant because of poor existing lighting.(see:Existing light, Flash range & Shutter speed)

OrthochromaticTerm used to describe 'Black & White' emulsions that are not sensitive to red light, B&W printing papers are usually orthochromatic.(see Panchromatic)

OutdatedFilm outside of the expiry date stamp, found on the film box. (this date indicates the useful life of the material in terms of maintaining its published speed and contrast.) (see Contrast & Speed)

Over exposed A situation in which too much light reaches the film or sensor and produces a dense negative or a very light positive image.

Over printed (or Overdevelopment)Term indicating that the amount of recommended development has been exceeded. It can be caused by prolonged development time or an increase in temperature, and usually results in an increase in density and contrast. (see Contrast)

P

Packshot PhotographyUsually called "Pack Shot". A product photo used for marketing purposes. The packshot's main purpose is to accurately reflect the product as it appears in real life. Correct colour, shape and form with logos and lettering in view.

PanchromaticTerm used to describe 'Black & White' emulsions that are sensitive to all visible colours. Most modern films are panchromatic.(see Orthochromatic)PanningTechnique for photographing a moving subject. While the shutter is open, the photographer swings the camera following the moving subject. This creates a blurred background, but a sharp subject. The technique works best with slower shutter speeds.(see Shutter speed)

Panoramic cameraCamera with a special type of scanning lens which rotates. Or a static lens camera with a wide format e.g. 6cm x 17cm.

Parallax error The difference between the image seen by the viewing system and that recorded on the film. Problems occur as the subject moves closer to the taking lens when using TLR cameras. Only through-the-lens viewing systems can avoid parallax error.(see TLR)

Photoflood Bright tungsten filament bulb used as an artificial light source. The bulb is over-run and so has a short life.(see Tungsten light)

PhotographyThe art, science and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically or chemically. Normally a lens is used to focus the light reflected from an object to form an image inside a camera during a timed exposure. In a Digital camera, an electrical charge at each pixel is processed and stored as a digital image file. In traditional film emulsions an invisible latent image is formed, which is then chemically developed into a visible image.The word photography is based on the Greek words photos meaning 'light' and graphé meaning 'drawing', together meaning drawing with light.

PhotomicrographySometimes called Microphotography. The technique of taking extreme close-up photos through the lens of a microscope, it is used to achieve magnifications greater than those obtainable using a Macro lens.(see Macro lens & Macrophotography)

Photoshop Best known and well used Image manipulation computer program (by Adobe Systems); which has gradually entered the photographers vocabulary with words like: 'Photoshoped' meaning retouched or manipulated. Photoshop 1.0 was released in 1990 for the Macintosh.(see Retouching)

Point and ShootA point and shoot camera (or compact camera), is a camera designed for a quick and simple operation. Using either an autofocus or a focus free lens, an automatic exposure system and a built-in flash; you point the camera and simply press the shutter button, and the camera does the exposure and focus calculations for you. Popular with people who want a camera that is both easy to use and also small enough to carry in a jacket pocket or hand bag.

Polaroid back A pre-digital proofing system. A special camera back loaded with instant film, mostly used with either medium or large formats, it was used by photographers to check the lighting, composition and basic exposure before shooting with traditional film. (see Film back)

Prism Glass block which bends light to varying degrees, depending on wavelength, so separating it into its component colours. Also sometimes the given name to pentaprism finder.(see Pentaprism& Finder)

Process paidA pre-digital terminology: Colour Reversal Film processing by the manufacturers own 'Processing Lab' included in the purchase cost. Today this is not offered by any major film manufacturer.(see Reversal Film)

Processing The sequence of steps in which the latent photographic image is converted into a visible, permanent image.(see Dev. &Latent image)

Pulled (Pulling) Decreasing the development time of a film to slow its effective speed, e.g.50 ISO instead of its recommended 100 ISO.(See Uprating & ISO)

Pushed (Pushing) Increasing the development time of a film to increase its effective speed, e.g. 200 ISO instead of its recommended 100 ISO. (See Uprating & ISO)

R

Rangefinder A device included on many direct vision cameras as an aid in focusing. The photographer assesses subject distance, usually by comparing two overlapping images in the viewfinder. This device may be linked directly to the lens focus control, to give a coupled rangefinder(seeCoupled rangefinder)

RAWAn unprocessed digital file direct from the camera. Not a 'standard' file format like TIFF or JPEG. Usually the camera manufactures software or 'plug-in' must be used to open a RAW image file. The results of working on a raw image and altering the exposure, white balance, brightness or contrast would show fewer visible artifacts compared to a corrected 'straight from camera' jpeg. Using the raw image file gives the photographer more scope for both corrections and manipulations without adding additional flaws. RAW is usually used only when additional computer processing is intended or post-production time allows.(see JPEG, TIFF & Plug-in)

Reciprocity Most films are designed to be exposed within a certain range of exposure times. When an exposure time falls outside of this range a film's characteristics may change. Loss of effective film speed, contrast changes, and colour shifts are the common results. This is called reciprocity effect.(see Colour Balance,Contrast&Exposure)

ResampleTo change the resolution of an image through interpolation. Resampling downwards discards information and resampling upwards creates new information based on adjacent pixels.(see Image resolution)

ReticulationFine, irregular pattern appearing on the surface of an emulsion which has been subjected to a sudden and severe temperature change during development.

RetouchingAfter-treatment carried out on negatives, trannies, prints or Digital files to remove blemishes or change tonal values. Now, carried out by 'Photoshop' rather than by hand.(see Photoshop)

Reversal film Film or paper designed to produce a positive directly from exposure and processing, without the need of a negative. (see Exposure & Trannie)

RGB The way that the colours are recorded in Digital imaging. A large percentage of the visible spectrum can be represented by mixing Red, Green and Blue coloured light in various proportions and intensities.(see CMYK)

Ring FlashType of flash unit which fits around the lens to produce flat and shadow less lighting.

Rising front A camera movement enabling the photographer to raise or lower the front lens panel from its central position (on most Large format cameras). Its main use is to maintain correct verticals in architectural photography. (see Converging angles,Large format, Movements & Shift)

Roll film 120 format film which has an paper backing and is supplied wound on an open spool (rather than in a light-tight cassette). Also the less common double length 220. All these films are used in Medium Format cameras. The term should be applied to all camera films in roll form, including 35 mm.(see: Cut film,Medium format & 35mm)

Saturation A characteristic of the observation of colour. Saturated colours are called vivid, strong, or deep. Desaturated colours are called dull, weak, or washed out.

Scanning back High quality digital camera back for Medium or large format cameras which scans in three passes (RGB) one pass for each colour, therefore only used with still life studio subjects.(see One shot back)

Screw mount lensLenses with screw mounts are probably still available but these are generally only needed for older cameras, the last popular 35mm SLRs fitted with a screw mount were the Pentax of the late sixties and the Praktica of the early seventies.(see Bayonet & SLR)

Scrim Lighting attachment which when placed in front of the lamp reduces its light intensity.

SharpeningA post production process that increases contrast and adds apparent clarity or sharpness to a digital image. The most common method is called unsharp masking (USM).(see Post Production & Contrast)

SLR (Single Lens Reflex) A Camera in which the photographer views the scene through the same lens that takes the picture thanks to a system of mirrors and prisms.(see Prism &TLR)

SLTSingle Lens Translucent, is Sony terminology. In a SLT a translucent mirror replaces the usual SLR moving mirror, this splits the light rays from the lens into about two-thirds hitting the CCD, while the rest is reflected onto the autofocus sensor. This allows ultra-fast shooting and accurate auto focus tracking. It has several disadvantages, including that around a third of the light is lost to the AF sensor and that the photographer has to use an 'electronic viewfinder'. The Translucent Mirror is not new, Canon had tried this fast solution in the 60's and 80's with the Canon Pellix and Canon EOS RT.(see EVIL & CCD)

Spill kill An attachment on a Mains Flash unit (when using a brolly) that stops the spill of light to the sides and possibly indirectly onto the subject. (see Brollies & Mains flash)

Spot meterNarrow-angle exposure meter used to take accurate reflected light readings from a small area of a subject; can also be useful when the photographer is some distance away from the subject.(see Exposure meter)

StandardThe Standards (front & back) of a large format camera where you perform the "movements". These movements allow the photographer to manipulate the photograph.(seeMonorail, Movements & Technical)

Standard lens A lens that makes the image in a photo appear in perspective similar to the original scene. It has a focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the film format with which it is used (e.g. 50mm with 35mm cameras). Also known as a normal lens. (see Format, Tele,Wide & Zoom)

Stop An acid rinse, usually a solution of acetic acid, whose purpose is to stop development by neutralizing unwanted developer when processing black-and-white film or paper. (see Dev.)

StrobeGeneric term for electronic flash.

Stroboscopic FlashStroboscopic or Repeating Flash is a 'mode' available on some flashguns where under certain lighting conditions it can produce multiple exposures in a single frame. A good use of this feature would be 'the swing of a golfer' or the movement of a bouncing ping pong ball .

Swimming PoolThere are various unusual names given to large photographic lights, including 'Fishfryers' & 'Eggcrates', a swimming pool is usually a large overhead light often used in automotive photography and is suspended from the studio ceiling or attached to a large boom stand.

Swing Swing, the movable front(lens) and back (film) panels (standards) of most view and monorail cameras. This allows the photographer to manipulate the perspective and depth of field.(see Depth of field,Monorail, Movements, & Standard)

Syncro SunA term used to describe a combination of sunlight and flash light, where flash is used as a fill-in. The camera is set to synchronize the flash at shutter speed which would also allow the sunlight to register and not overexpose, usually using the fastest shutter speed available (e.g. 1/250th).(see Flash sync., Balanced Fill Flash)

Synthetic Aperture PhotographySAP or “digital refocusing”. By taking an appropriate number of samples using the microlens array in a Light-field camera, a computer can devise the probable view that would be captured by a traditional camera with a large aperture. This essentially allows the photographer to refocus a snapshot after it has been captured, It works best in macrophotography, where the scene is close to the camera.(see Aperture, Macrophotography, Microlens, Light-field camera)

T

T SettingA 'Time' setting mark found on some shutter controls. This setting is used for shutter speeds that are longer than the specified timed settings. The first press on the shutter leaves the shutter open, and it stays open until the photographer presses the shutter for a second time.(see Shutter)

Tanks Container for holding chemical solutions for processing films. Some tanks are for darkroom use only; others must be loaded in the dark, but can be used in daylight.(see Daylight Tanks)

Technical cameraNot unlike a Field Camera but is made of metal (Large or Medium format with movements on front and rear standards, but less than a Monorail!). Used in the field and the Studio, a good all rounder.(see Field camera,Large format, Monorail, Movements & Standard)

Tele (telephoto) A telephoto lens has a longer focal length and narrower field of view than a normal lens and enlarges distant subjects. Depth of field decreases as focal length increases. (Telephoto lens construction: this allows a long focal length with short back focus, making for relative compactness).(see Depth of field, Long lens ,Standard lens &Wide)

Test strip Method of calculating exposure in photographic printing. A range of exposures are given to a strip of paper, from part of the image, this helps judge the correct exposure for the final print.(see Exposure)

Thin A negative that is underexposed or underdeveloped and therefore appears less dense than a normal negative. A thin neg will need a harder paper to print correctly. (see Contrast, &Papergrade )

35mmThe most popular film size; 35mm wide with punched sprocket holes and made for both still and motion picture cameras. In 1913, Oscar Barnack, of 'Leitz ' first used it in a still camera when he created the 'Leica' prototype using movie film stock. The format is 24 x 36mm, unchanged from Barnack's prototype. In relation to other formats, 35mm gives the best compromise between image quality and versatility. Nowadays also the size of the sensor on a full frame DSLR camera. (see Format, DSLR)

TIFFTIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a common file format used in Digital Photography. This high quality file (which is lossless compared with a JPEG) can also contain colour management profiles and be colour separated. (see JPEG & Lossy)

TiltA Large Format camera movement. The photographer tilts the lens or film standard to increase or decrease the depth of field.(see Depth of field,Movements & Standard)

Tone Cold tones (bluish) and warm tones (reddish) refer to the colour of the image in both black-and-white and colour photographs. (see Colour Cast)

Toning Solutions called toners are used to change the colour of a black and white photographic image. Various toners are available which add there own Cold or Warm tones to the print (Sepia is the most well known).(see Tone)

TrannieA positive photographic image on film, usually colour but can be B&W, viewed or projected by light shining through the film.

Transparency (see Trannie)

TTL Through The Lens: A metering system in which a light meter within the camera body measures exposure from the image-forming light that has passed through the lens.(see Meter)

U

Ultraviolet(UV)A Band of wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum invisible to the human eye which are shorter than the blue end of the spectrum. All films are sensitive to some ultraviolet radiation. It shows as increased haze, particularly in distant views and at high altitudes, and may give a blue cast to a photograph.

Under exposed A condition in which too little light reaches the film or sensor, producing a thin negative, a dark positive image or a muddy-looking print. (see Contrast, Neg, Over exposed,Thin & Paper grade)

Under printed & Under development A reduction in development which is usually caused by a shortened development time or a decrease in the temperature. It results in a loss of density and a reduction in contrast. (see Contrast & Dev.)

Uprating (up rated) A technique where the suggested film speed is deliberately exceeded. The photographer sets a higher film speed on the camera, so causing underexposure, which then is balanced by overdevelopment. Also known as "pushing". The opposite, shooting at an ISO rating below that suggested, and underdeveloping, is known as "pulling". (see Pulled ,Pushed & ISO)

W

Wide A Short focal length lens which takes in a greater angle of view than a standard lens. Depth of field increases as focal length decreases.(see Focal length, Tele & Standard lens)

Wide-angle lens(see Wide)

Wide openSetting the lens aperture to its largest possible opening; for example 24-70mm f2.8 zoom opens to a maximum of f2.8. 'Wide open' creates a shallow depth of field.(see Aperture, Depth of field, f-stop& Stop down)

White BalanceDepending on the lighting conditions, a pure white in a photograph may appear slightly yellow or blue. The white balance control settings on a "Digital Camera" will help to eliminate unwanted colour bias by actually controlling the camera's colour temperature response. C.C. filters or a specially balanced film must be used when a film camera is utilized under the same lighting conditions! (see Colour Balance)

X

Z

Zone systemA system of 'relating exposure readings to tonal values' in picture-taking, development and printing, popularized by the American photographer Ansel Adams.

Zoom A Lens which is constructed to allow a continuously variable focal length; in effect, this gives you many lenses of different focal lengths in one unit. (e.g. 80-200 mm).(see Focal length,Standard lens,Tele & Wide)