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The seasonal environmental fluctuation in Southern Nepal is typical with cold and semi-dry to dry winter, rapidly increasing hot and dry spring, very hot and rainy monsoon summer and moderate autumn. July-December and January-June are the active and low breeding months, respectively, for buffaloes. The objective of this study was to show the seasonal variation of anestrus conditions in association with the changes of environment and body condition score (BCS) in buffaloes in Southern Nepal. Round-the-year reproductive data of 226 anestrus buffaloes, of which, 112 with their BCS (poor: <2.5 or good: >2.5), were analyzed. Among the anestrus conditions, the incidence of true anestrus with inactive ovaries was >70% from March to June that peaked (>80%) in April/May and remained ≤50% in August and October-December. During low breeding months, the proportion of anestrus buffaloes with poor BCS was greater (62.9 vs., 37.1%, p<0.01) and with good BCS was lesser (33.8 vs., 66.2%, p<0.01) as compared to the active breeding months. Similarly, >75% of the anestrus buffaloes with poor BCS showed true anestrus round-the-year. A considerable proportion (37.2-46.2%) of buffaloes with good BCS showed silent estrus (luteal phase) round-the-year. A distinct seasonal variation of anestrus conditions was observed in these buffaloes and the effects of hot and dry environment and poor BCS were associated with higher incidence of true anestrus.