Microbes and Molecules Get a Space-stress Test

October 22, 2010: Astrobiologists searching for life beyond Earth need to know how well life and its building blocks fare in space. To find out, NASA will monitor a miniature "crew" of organic molecules and microbes orbiting Earth for 6 months.

Bacillus subtilis holds the record for surviving in space for the longest duration, 6 years on a NASA satellite. [more]

"This will be the first mission since the early 1970s to test a life form's mettle outside the protection of Earth's magnetic field," says science team member Wayne Nicholson of NASA's Kennedy Space Center. "The conditions are harsh 'out there' – extreme vacuum and cosmic radiation are tough on life."

The shoebox-sized O/OREOS (Organism/ORganic Exposure to Orbital Stresses) satellite will venture outside our planet's magnetic shield twice during each of its polar orbits – as it passes over the poles. Over 6 months, there will be significant cumulative exposure to cosmic radiation.

O/OREOS will host two separate experiments simultaneously. In one experiment, called SEVO (Space Environment Viability of Organics), samples of various organic molecules on a rotating wheel outside the satellite will be exposed to solar radiation—the kind of radiation a molecule might experience when it hitches a ride on a comet.

There are many interstellar clouds of gas in our galaxy chock-full of carbon-containing compounds. Some of these molecules adhere to dust particles and are swept up in comets.

Could comets have express-delivered some of life's precursors to our planet and other worlds? To help answer that question, SEVO will reveal how stable organic compounds are in space and how they're altered.

"When our wheel of organic compounds points at the sun, sunlight will pass through the thin film of molecules," explains science team member Richard Quinn of NASA Ames Research Center. "A spectrometer will record the molecules' absorption of ultraviolet and visible light, and a radio will send the data to Earth for analysis. We'll be able to see how the spectra change – and therefore how the compounds themselves change."

A computer-generated image of the complete O/OREOS nanosatellite. The wheel near the left end of the satellite is the SEVO sample carousel with 24 cells (that appear as round holes) for thin-film organic sample reaction cells.

The second experiment, called SESLO (Space Environment Survivability of Live Organisms), will check to see how microbes hold up to long duration space flight.

Four strains of dormant, dried microbes inside the spacecraft will be revived at 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months with a dousing of their favorite medium (food). A three-color LED and detector will monitor the organisms' growth and metabolism by detecting changes in color of a dye that responds to metabolic activity.

Astrobiologist Chris McKay also of Ames is not directly associated with the mission, but he eagerly anticipates the results: "We study microbes because, compared to other living things, including us, bacteria are very resilient. They are known to have survived tremendously inhospitable conditions here on Earth."

Assembly of GeneSat, a previous nano-satellite with roughly the same dimensions as O/OREOS. Credit: NASA Ames

Some microbes have developed a unique survival strategy for enduring extremes. When the going gets tough, they spontaneously replicate their own genetic material and form layers of protective coatings around it, fashioned from their own proteins. The resulting spores are encapsulated and equipped to face extreme temperatures, radiation, and even lack of water, air, and nutrients.

"It's as if they form their own tiny space capsules – spores," says McKay. "In fact, we scientists store them as spores."

The hardiness of bacteria creates what Nicholson calls "a very sticky wicket" – especially if their "space capsules" are tough enough to withstand the extremes of space.

"If we do ever isolate a 'bug' from Mars or anywhere else, we'll have to prove we didn't inadvertently bring a microbial hitchhiker from Earth on our spacecraft, contaminating the extraterrestrial sample," he explains.

Neither, he says, do we want to contaminate a pristine alien world with our microbes.

"Since the O/OREOS mission length will be [almost as long as] an Earth-to-Mars trip, the results will tell us something about how microorganisms would react on such a voyage. We're looking at some very resilient microbes that could serve as proxies for actual spacecraft contaminants."

"The first explorers on Earth simply sailed across the ocean and infected the western hemisphere with all sorts of problems – small pox for example," notes Nicholson. "Now we are taking the time to plan and prepare, with experiments like ours, and we're moving forward cautiously."

A major goal of the O/OREOS is to demonstrate the viability of low-cost spaceflight science experiments on miniaturized satellites called nanosatellites. The O/OREOS satellite is NASA's first cubesat to demonstrate the capability to have two distinct, completely independent science experiments on an autonomous satellite.

NASA's Ames Small Spacecraft Division manages the O/OREOS mission. Students and staff from the Robotic Systems Laboratory at Santa Clara University will conduct all operations.

O/OREOS Team:

Project Scientist: Pascale Ehrenfreund, George Washington University

Project Manager: David Squires, NASA Ames

Instrument Scientist: Antonio Ricco, NASA Ames

Investigator Working Group:

Rocco Mancinelli, NASA Ames

Andrew Mattioda, NASA Ames

Wayne Nicholson, Univ. of Florida/KSC

Richard Quinn, SETI Institute

Orlando Santos, NASA Ames

Support Scientists for Investigator Working Group:

Nathan Bramall, NASA Ames

Katie Bryson, NASA Ames

Julie Chittenden, NASA Ames

Amanda Cook, NASA Ames

Nicholson describes the microbial crew: "First, we're using Bacillus subtilis, record holder for surviving in space the longest -- 6 years on a NASA satellite. We'll send up both a normal strain and a mutant strain of this bacterium. The mutant will serve as kind of a biological dosimeter. It is highly susceptible to radiation, so if we see that it's inactivated in space we'll know it's due to high energy radiation exposure and can compare it to the normal strain to determine how that strain reacts to the same radiation environment. This will tell how fast bacteria can die during interplanetary space travel and reveal the effects of space travel on their metabolism. We're sending normal and UV radiation-resistant forms of Halorubrum chaoviatoris (an archeaon) up and exposing them similarly. Archaea represent the third domain of life and are not strictly bacterial. This organism is very hardy and can be found in crystallized salt environments, like in hypersaline lakes on Earth. When we awaken the Bacillus subtilis by drenching them with their nutrient medium, we'll also flood the Halorubrum chaoviatoris. They'll get a nice drink of sodium chloride – something they love!"