The European Commission has fined seven international groups of companies a total of € 1 470 515 000 for participating in either one or both of two distinct cartels in the sector of cathode ray tubes ("CRT"). For almost ten years, between 1996 and 2006, these companies fixed prices, shared markets, allocated customers between themselves and restricted their output. One cartel concerned colour picture tubes used for televisions and the other one colour display tubes used in computer monitors. The cartels operated worldwide. The infringements found by the Commission therefore cover the entire European Economic Area (EEA). Chunghwa, LG Electronics, Philips and Samsung SDI participated in both cartels, while Panasonic, Toshiba, MTPD (currently a Panasonic subsidiary) and Technicolor (formerly Thomson) participated only in the cartel for television tubes. Chunghwa received full immunity from fines under the Commission's 2006 Leniency Notice for the two cartels, as it was the first to reveal their existence to the Commission. Other companies received reductions of their fines for their cooperation in the investigation under the Commission's leniency programme.

Commission Vice President in charge of competition policy Joaquín Almunia said: "These cartels for cathode ray tubes are 'textbook cartels': they feature all the worst kinds of anticompetitive behaviour that are strictly forbidden to companies doing business in Europe. Cathode ray tubes were a very important component in the making of television and computer screens. They accounted for 50 to 70% of the price of a screen. This gives an indication of the serious harm this illegal behaviour has caused both to television and computer screen producers in the EEA, and ultimately the harm it caused to the European consumers over the years".

The two CRT cartels are among the most organised cartels that the Commission has investigated. For almost 10 years, the cartelists carried out the most harmful anti-competitive practices including price fixing, market sharing, customer allocation, capacity and output coordination and exchanges of commercial sensitive information. The cartelists also monitored the implementation, including auditing compliance with the capacity restrictions by plant visits in the case of the computer monitor tubes cartel.

Top management level meetings, dubbed "green(s) meetings" by the cartelists themselves because they were often followed by a golf game, designed the orientations for the two cartels. Preparation and implementation were carried out through lower level meetings, often referred to as "glass meetings", on a quarterly, monthly, sometimes even weekly basis. Meetings were held in various locations in Asia (Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Hong Kong, etc.) and Europe (Amsterdam, Budapest, Glasgow, Paris, Rome). The cartels operated worldwide.

Multilateral meetings usually started with a review of demand, production, sales and capacity in the main sales areas, including Europe; then prices were discussed, including for individual customers, i.e. TV and computer manufacturers. They had therefore a direct impact on customers in the European Economic Area (EEA), ultimately harming final consumers. The cartelists were trying to address the decline of the CRT market in a collusive way, to the detriment of consumers. For example, one document recording the cartel discussions spells out clearly: "producers need to avoid price competition through controlling their production capacity".

The investigation also revealed that the companies were well aware they were breaking the law. For instance, in a document found during the Commission's inspections, a warning goes as follows: "Everybody is requested to keep it as secret as it would be serious damage if it is open to customers or European Commission". The participants were therefore taking precautions to avoid being in possession of anticompetitive documents. Some documents spelled out, for example: "Please dispose the following document after reading it".

In setting the level of fines, the Commission took into account the companies' sales of the products concerned in the EEA, the very serious nature of the infringement, its geographic scope, its implementation and its duration. If Chunghwa had not received full immunity, its fines would have been € 8 385 000 for the TV tubes cartel and€ 8 594 000 for the computer monitor tubes cartel. Samsung SDI, Philips and Technicolor received reductions of fines ranging from 10 to 40% for their cooperation under the Commission's leniency programme. The reductions reflect the timing of their cooperation and the extent to which the evidence they provided helped the Commission to prove the respective cartels. One of the companies invoked its inability to pay the fine. The Commission assessed this claim under point 35 of the 2006 fines Guidelines and granted a reduction of the fine.

The fines imposed are as follows:

Name of undertaking

Reduction under the Leniency Notice (%)

Fine for the TV tubes cartel1 (€)

Fine for the computer monitor tubes cartel1 (€)

Total fine1(€)

Chunghwa2

100%

0

0

0

Samsung SDI

40%

81 424 000

69 418 000

150 842 000

Philips

30%

240 171 000

73 185 000

313 356 000

LG Electronics

0%

179 061 000

116 536 000

295 597 000

Philips and LG Electronics2

30% (reduction only for Philips)

322 892 000

69 048 000

391 940 000

Technicolor

10%

38 631 000

38 631 000

Panasonic

0%

157 478 000

157 478 000

Toshiba

0%

28 048 000

28 048 000

Panasonic, Toshiba and MTPD2

0%

86 738 000

86 738 000

Panasonic and MTPD2

0%

7 885 000

7 885 000

TOTAL

1 142 328 000

328 187 000

1 470 515 000

1 Legal entities within the undertaking may be held jointly and severally liable for the whole or part of the fine imposed.

2 Jointly and severally liable for that whole fine imposed.

Background

A Cathode Ray Tube ("CRT") is an evacuated glass envelope containing an electron gun and a fluorescent screen. Two distinct types of CRTs are relevant for the cartels sanctioned in today's decisions: (i) colour display tubes (CDT) used in computer monitors and (ii) colour picture tubes (CPT) used for colour televisions. The CRT was gradually replaced by alternative techniques such as LCD and plasma displays.

The Commission's investigation started with unannounced inspections in November 2007 (see MEMO/07/453). A statement of objections was issued in November 2009 (see MEMO/09/525) on which the companies had the opportunity to comment and to be heard. A supplementary statement of objections concerning corporate liability was issued in June 2012 against two companies.

More information on this case will be available under the case number 39437 in the Commission's public case register on the competition website, once confidentiality issues have been dealt with. For more information on the Commission’s action against cartels, see its cartels website.

Action for damages

Any person or firm affected by anti-competitive behaviour as described in this case may bring the matter before the courts of the Member States and seek damages. The case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the Antitrust Regulation (Council Regulation 1/2003) both confirm that in cases before national courts, a Commission decision is binding proof that the behaviour took place and was illegal. Even though the Commission has fined the companies concerned, damages may be awarded without these being reduced on account of the Commission fine.

The Commission considers that meritorious claims for damages should be aimed at compensating, in a fair way, the victims of an infringement for the harm done. More information on antitrust damages actions, including the public consultation and a citizens' summary, is available at: