Ever wondered what goes on in a tree shrew’s mind?

The evolutionary proximity of tree shrew's to primates provides hope for bridging the gap between disease modelling and clinical application. A recent study published in Molecular Brain reports on the workings of excitatory synaptic transmission within the anterior cingulate cortex of the adult tree shrew.

The tree shrew, native to the forests of Southeast Asia, is not a true shrew. These creatures superficially resemble squirrels while anatomically bearing resemblance to both the shrew and lemurs. Therefore classifying these omnivorous creatures is not straight forwards.

Where does this species belong?

The 17 species of tree shrews, classified into 5 genera, all belong to a specific mammalian order called Scandentia. While this species lies in the same evolutionary group as rodents, they lie within the sister taxon of primates along with flying lemurs. This means that these creatures are more closely related to primates than a rodent which is reflected in their physiology; their hands and feet are well adapted for grasping. It is this feature that is the reason they’ve been used as a model organism for early primate evolution in the past, although this was very much a point of contention.

But why tree shrews ?

The tree shrews evolutionary proximity to primates is what has made discovering the workings of these creatures brain so interesting. The cortical structures within a tree shrew brain allows for much higher brain functions than that of mouse, such as social emotion and spatial learning memory. Therefore understanding this creature for use as a disease model would produce results closer to clinical conditions and therefore more translatable to humans.

Revelations of the tree shrew’s brain

Location of the anterior cingulate gyrus

While it is widely known that the shrew can be used as a primate-like animal model, little is known about the excitatory synaptic transmission in cortical brain areas of the shrew.

In this study the area of focus was the mechanisms of basal synaptic transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex, responsible for pain perception and emotion.

As seen in mice, glutamate was found to be the main transmitter responsible for fast excitatory synaptic transmission, mediated by AMPA and kinate receptors.

Tree shrew’s brains appear closer to primates than mice in structure and size

However unlike in mouse models, responses in the post synaptic cells were significantly greater in the tree shrew’s brain, with neurons displaying higher firing frequencies and neuronal excitability. These characteristics displayed are closer to that of primates than mice. You can also see the development of mild brain folding in the tree shrew brains while the rat and mouse brains remain smooth. It’s this folding that allows the brain to have a higher surface area and hold more neurons allowing for higher cortical functions.

Sure tree shrews are weird and cute but why do they matter to us humans?

“The results from Tree Shrew experiments will be more realatable to clinical conditions as their more advanced in evolution”

While plenty of progress is being made, in the understanding of disease and potential treatments, using mouse models translation of these treatments to a clinical setting rarely succeed.

Anatomically the mice’s brains are not capable of the higher brain functions found in humans, producing a translation block between this research and a clinical setting. Using a model with a higher level of brain functions and a brain structure similar to that of humans, would reduce the jump between the model and clinical settings.

As primate models cannot be used for disease and investigatory brain research using a primate-like ancestor, namely the tree shrew, as a model would bridge this gap between rodents and primates, hopefully leading to better clinical outcomes in the future.

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Lizzie completed her BSc in Biomedical Science at the University of Kent in 2015. She then gained her MSc in Neuroscience, with a specialism in Neural Stem Cells & Nervous System Repair, from King's College London in 2016. After a year working in production for Scientific Reports she joined Biomed's Life Sciences team in October 2017.