If you want to work on one of these, put your name in the block so we know someone's working on it. Then, change n in your block to the appropriate problem number, and fill in the <Problem description>,<example in lisp>,<example in Haskell>,<solution in haskell> and <description of implementation> fields.

5 Problem 62B

Collect the nodes at a given level in a list
A node of a binary tree is at level N if the path from the root to the node has length N-1. The root node is at level 1. Write a predicate atlevel/3 to collect all nodes at a given level in a list.

6 Problem 63

Construct a complete binary tree

A complete binary tree with height H is defined as follows:

The levels 1,2,3,...,H-1 contain the maximum number of nodes (i.e 2**(i-1) at the level i)

In level H, which may contain less than the maximum possible number of nodes, all the nodes are "left-adjusted". This means that in a levelorder tree traversal all internal nodes come first, the leaves come second, and empty successors (the nil's which are not really nodes!) come last.

We can assign an address number to each node in a complete binary tree by enumerating the nodes in level-order, starting at the root with number 1. For every node X with address A the following property holds: The address of X's left and right successors are 2*A and 2*A+1, respectively, if they exist. This fact can be used to elegantly construct a complete binary tree structure.

7 Problem 64

Given a binary tree as the usual Prolog term t(X,L,R) (or nil). As a preparation for drawing the tree, a layout algorithm is required to determine the position of each node in a rectangular grid. Several layout methods are conceivable, one of them is shown in the illustration below:

In this layout strategy, the position of a node v is obtained by the following two rules:

x(v) is equal to the position of the node v in the inorder sequence

y(v) is equal to the depth of the node v in the tree

Write a function to annotate each node of the tree with a position, where (1,1) in the top left corner or the rectangle bounding the drawn tree.

The auxiliary function is passed the x-coordinate for the left-most node of the subtree, the y-coordinate for the root of the subtree, and the subtree itself.
It returns the subtree annotated with positions, plus the count of Branch nodes in the subtree.

8 Problem 65

An alternative layout method is depicted in the illustration below:

Find out the rules and write the corresponding function.
Hint: On a given level, the horizontal distance between neighboring nodes is constant.

Use the same conventions as in problem P64 and test your function in an appropriate way.

The auxiliary function is passed the x- and y-coordinates for the root of the subtree, the horizontal separation between the root and its child nodes, and the subtree itself.
It returns the subtree annotated with positions.

9 Problem 66

Yet another layout strategy is shown in the illustration below:

The method yields a very compact layout while maintaining a certain symmetry in every node. Find out the rules and write the corresponding Prolog predicate. Hint: Consider the horizontal distance between a node and its successor nodes. How tight can you pack together two subtrees to construct the combined binary tree?

Use the same conventions as in problem P64 and P65 and test your predicate in an appropriate way. Note: This is a difficult problem. Don't give up too early!

The auxiliary function is passed the x- and y-coordinates for the root of the subtree and the subtree itself.
It returns

a list of distances the laid-out tree extends to the left at each level,

the subtree annotated with positions, and

a list of distances the laid-out tree extends to the right at each level.

These distances are usually positive, but may be 0 or negative in the case of a skewed tree.
To put two subtrees side by side, we must determine the least even separation so that they do not overlap on any level.
Having determined the separation, we can compute the extents of the composite tree.

The definitions of layout and its auxiliary function use local recursion to compute the x-coordinates.
This works because nothing else depends on these coordinates.

10 Problem 67A

A string representation of binary trees

Somebody represents binary trees as strings of the following type:

a(b(d,e),c(,f(g,)))

a) Write a Prolog predicate which generates this string representation, if the tree is given as usual (as nil or t(X,L,R) term). Then write a predicate which does this inverse; i.e. given the string representation, construct the tree in the usual form. Finally, combine the two predicates in a single predicate tree_string/2 which can be used in both directions.

11 Problem 68

Preorder and inorder sequences of binary trees. We consider binary trees with nodes that are identified by single lower-case letters, as in the example of problem P67.

a) Write predicates preorder/2 and inorder/2 that construct the preorder and inorder sequence of a given binary tree, respectively. The results should be atoms, e.g. 'abdecfg' for the preorder sequence of the example in problem P67.

b) Can you use preorder/2 from problem part a) in the reverse direction; i.e. given a preorder sequence, construct a corresponding tree? If not, make the necessary arrangements.

c) If both the preorder sequence and the inorder sequence of the nodes of a binary tree are given, then the tree is determined unambiguously. Write a predicate pre_in_tree/3 that does the job.

12 Problem 69

Dotstring representation of binary trees.
We consider again binary trees with nodes that are identified by single lower-case letters, as in the example of problem P67. Such a tree can be represented by the preorder sequence of its nodes in which dots (.) are inserted where an empty subtree (nil) is encountered during the tree traversal. For example, the tree shown in problem P67 is represented as 'abd..e..c.fg...'. First, try to establish a syntax (BNF or syntax diagrams) and then write a predicate tree_dotstring/2 which does the conversion in both directions. Use
difference lists.