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In the diagram, with Black to play, illustrates two separate decoys. First, the white queen is set up on c4 for a knight fork: 1... Rxc4! 2. Qxc4. Next, the fork is executed by removing the sole defender of the a3-square: 2... Qxb2!+ 3. Rxb2 Na3+ 4. Kc1. Finally, a zwischenzug decoys the king to b2: 4... Bxb2+. After either 5.Kxb2 Nxc4+ 6.Kc3 Rxe4, or 5.Kd1 Nxc4, Black is two pawns ahead and should win comfortably.

Perhaps the most celebrated game featuring a decoy theme is Petrosian vs. Pachman, Bled 1961,[1] which also involved a queen sacrifice.

1.
Chess
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Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and professionals, each player begins the game with 16 pieces, one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently, with the most powerful being the queen, the objective is to checkmate the opponents king by placing it under an inescapable threat of capture. To this end, a players pieces are used to attack and capture the opponents pieces, in addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which typically occurs when too much material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may result in a draw in several ways. Chess is believed to have originated in India, some time before the 7th century, chaturanga is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi, janggi and shogi. The pieces took on their current powers in Spain in the late 15th century, the first generally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886. Since 1948, the World Championship has been controlled by FIDE, the international governing body. There is also a Correspondence Chess World Championship and a World Computer Chess Championship, online chess has opened amateur and professional competition to a wide and varied group of players. There are also many variants, with different rules, different pieces. FIDE awards titles to skilled players, the highest of which is grandmaster, many national chess organizations also have a title system. However, these are not recognised by FIDE, the term master may refer to a formal title or may be used more loosely for any skilled player. Until recently, chess was a sport of the International Olympic Committee. Chess was included in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games, since the 1990s, computer analysis has contributed significantly to chess theory, particularly in the endgame. The computer IBM Deep Blue was the first machine to overcome a reigning World Chess Champion in a match when it defeated Garry Kasparov in 1997, the rise of strong computer programs that can be run on hand-held devices has led to increasing concerns about cheating during tournaments. The official rules of chess are maintained by FIDE, chesss international governing body, along with information on official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the FIDE Handbook, Laws of Chess section. Chess is played on a board of eight rows and eight columns. The colors of the 64 squares alternate and are referred to as light, the chessboard is placed with a light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player

2.
Tigran Petrosian
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Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian was a Soviet Armenian Grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed Iron Tigran due to his almost impenetrable defensive playing style, Petrosian was a Candidate for the World Championship on eight occasions. He won the World Championship in 1963, successfully defended it in 1966—against Boris Spassky—and lost it to Spassky in 1969, thus he was the defending World Champion or a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutive three-year cycles. He won the Soviet Championship four times, Petrosian is widely known for popularizing chess in Armenia. Petrosian was born to Armenian parents on June 17,1929 in Tiflis, as a young boy, Petrosian was an excellent student and enjoyed studying, as did his brother Hmayak and sister Vartoosh. He learned to play chess at the age of 8, though his illiterate father Vartan encouraged him to continue studying, Petrosian was orphaned during World War II and was forced to sweep streets to earn a living. It was about time that his hearing began to deteriorate. He also purchased The Art of Sacrifice in Chess by Rudolf Spielmann, the other player to have had an early effect on Petrosians chess was José Raúl Capablanca. At 12 years old, he training at the Tiflis Palace of Pioneers under the tutelage of Archil Ebralidze. Ebralidze was a supporter of Nimzowitsch and Capablanca, and his approach to chess discouraged wild tactics. As such, Petrosian developed a repertoire of solid positional openings, after training at the Palace of Pioneers for just one year, he defeated visiting Soviet grandmaster Salo Flohr at a simultaneous exhibition. By 1946, Petrosian had earned the title of Candidate Master, Petrosian earned the title of Master during the 1947 USSR Chess Championship, though he failed to qualify for the finals. He set about to improve his game by studying Nimzowitschs My System, after moving to Moscow in 1949, Petrosians career as a chess player advanced rapidly and his results in Soviet events steadily improved. He placed second in the 1951 Soviet Championship, thereby earning the title of international master and it was in this tournament that Petrosian faced world champion Botvinnik for the first time. Playing White, after obtaining a slightly inferior position from the opening, Petrosians result in this event qualified him for the Interzonal the following year in Stockholm. He earned the title of Grandmaster by coming in second in the Stockholm tournament, Petrosian placed fifth in the 1953 Candidates Tournament, a result which marked the beginning of a somewhat stagnant period in his career. He seemed content drawing against weaker players and maintaining his title of Grandmaster rather than improving his chess or making an attempt at becoming World Champion, although his consistent playing ensured decent tournament results, it was looked down upon by the public and by Soviet chess media and authorities. This period of complacency ended with the 1957 USSR Championship, where out of 21 games played, Petrosian won seven, lost four, and drew the remaining 10

3.
Glossary of chess
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This page explains commonly used terms in chess in alphabetical order. Some of these have their own pages, like fork and pin, absolute pin A pin against the king is called absolute since the pinned piece cannot legally move out of the line of attack. Describes a piece that controls a number of squares, or a piece that has a number of available for its next move. An active defense is a defense employing threat or counterattack, adjournment Suspension of a chess game with the intention to finish it later. It was once common in high-level competition, often occurring soon after the first time control. Adjudication Decision by a chess player on the outcome of an unfinished game. This practice is now uncommon in over-the-board events, but does happen in online chess when one refuses to continue after an adjournment. Adjust To adjust the position of a piece on its square without being required to move it, a player may only do this on his or her turn to move, and he or she must first say I adjust, or the French equivalent Jadoube. Advanced pawn A pawn that is on the side of the board. An advanced pawn may be if it is overextended, lacking support and difficult to defend. An advanced passed pawn that threatens to promote can be especially strong, advantage A better position with the chance of winning the game. Evaluation factors can include space, time, material, and threats, alekhines gun A formation in which a queen backs up two rooks on the same file. Algebraic notation The standard way to record the moves of a chess game, Amateur The distinction between professional and amateur is not very important in chess as amateurs may win prizes, accept appearance fees, and earn any title, including World Champion. In the 19th century, Amateur was sometimes used in published game scores to conceal the name of the player in a Master vs. Amateur contest. It was thought to be impolite to use a name without permission. See also NN or N. N. analysis The study of a position to determine best play for both sides, annotation Written commentary on a game using a combination of comments, chess symbols or notation. Antipositional A move or a plan that is not in accordance with the principles of positional play, antipositional is used to describe moves that are part of an incorrect plan rather than a mistake made when trying to follow a correct plan. Antipositional moves are often pawn moves, since pawns cannot move backwards to return to squares they have left, anti-Sicilian An opening variation that White uses against the Sicilian Defense other than the most common plan of 2. Nf3 followed by 3. d4 cxd44. Nxd4

4.
History of chess
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The history of chess can be traced back nearly 1500 years, although the earliest origins are uncertain. The earliest predecessor of the game originated in India, before the 6th century AD. From India, the spread to Persia. When the Arabs conquered Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world, in Europe, chess evolved into roughly its current form in the 15th century. The Romantic Era of Chess was the predominant chess playing style down to the 1880s and it was characterized by swashbuckling attacks, clever combinations, brash piece sacrifices and dynamic games. Winning was secondary to winning with style and these games were focused more on artistic expression, rather than technical mastery or long-term planning. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, in the second half of the 19th century, modern chess tournament play began, and the first World Chess Championship was held in 1886. The 20th century saw great leaps forward in chess theory and the establishment of the World Chess Federation, developments in the 21st century include use of computers for analysis, which originated in the 1970s with the first programmed chess games on the market. Online gaming appeared in the mid-1990s, Chess remains a highly popular pastime among the general populace. A2012 survey found that players now make up one of the largest communities in the world,605 million adults play chess regularly. Chess is played at least once a year by 12% of British people, 15% of Americans, 23% of Germans, 43% of Russians, precursors to chess originated in India during the Gupta Empire. There, its form in the 6th century was known as chaturaṅga, which translates as four divisions, infantry, cavalry, elephantry. These forms are represented by the pieces that would evolve into the pawn, knight, bishop. According to chess historians Gerhard Josten and Isaak Linder, the beginnings of chess can be traced back to the Kushan Empire in Ancient Afghanistan. Chess was introduced to Persia from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility. In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became chatrang, which evolved to shatranj, due to Arab Muslims lack of ch and ng native sounds. When attacking the king, and Shāh Māt. when the king was attacked. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands, the game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely keeping their Persian names

5.
Chessboard
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A chessboard is the type of checkerboard used in the classic board game chess, and consists of 64 squares and 32 pieces. The squares are arranged in two alternating colors, wooden boards may use naturally light and dark brown woods, while plastic and vinyl boards often use brown or green for the dark squares and shades such as buff or cream for the light squares. Materials vary widely, while wooden boards are used in high-level games, vinyl, plastic. Decorative glass and marble boards are available but rarely accepted for games rated by national or international chess federations, each square on the board has a name from a1 to h8. According to FIDE equipment standards, the side of a square should be twice the diameter of a pawns base and this is called descriptive chess notation and is no longer commonly used. Board representation Chess set Rules of chess Wheat and chessboard problem White and Black in chess Just, Tim, Burg, Chess Federations Official Rules of Chess, McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3559-4 FIDE rules on chess equipment Weisstein, Eric W. Chessboard

6.
Knight (chess)
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The knight is a piece in the game of chess, representing a knight. It is normally represented by a head and neck. Each player starts with two knights, which begin on the row closest to the player, between the rooks and bishops, the knight move is unusual among chess pieces. When it moves, it can move to a square that is two squares away horizontally and one square vertically, or two vertically and one square horizontally. The complete move therefore looks like the letter L, unlike all other standard chess pieces, the knight can jump over all other pieces to its destination square. It captures a piece by replacing it on its square. The knights ability to jump over other means it tends to be at its most powerful in closed positions. The move is one of the moves in chess, having remained unchanged since before the 7th century. Because of this it appears in most chess-related regional games. The knight moves alternately to light and dark squares, a knight should always be close to where the action is, meaning it is best used on areas of the board where the opponents pieces are clustered or close together. Pieces are generally more powerful if placed near the center of the board, a knight on the edge of the board attacks only three or four squares and a knight in the corner only two. Moreover, it takes more moves for a knight to switch operation to the opposite side of the board than an uncentralized bishop, rook. The mnemonic phrases A knight on the rim is grim or A knight on the rim is dim are often used in chess instruction to reflect this principle, the knight is the only piece that can move at the beginning of the game without first moving a pawn. For the reasons above, the best square for the move of each knight is usually one towards the center. Knights are usually brought into play slightly sooner than the bishops and much sooner than the rooks, because of its move pattern, the knight is especially well-suited for executing a fork. In the numbered diagram, the numbers represent how many moves it takes for a knight to reach each square on the chessboard from its location on the f5-square, a knight is approximately equal in strength and value to a bishop. The bishop has longer range, but is restricted to half the squares on the board. Since the knight can jump over pieces which obstruct other pieces, a knight is best when it has a support point or outpost – a relatively sheltered square where it can be positioned to exert its strength remotely

7.
Rook (chess)
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A rook is a piece in the strategy board game of chess. Formerly the piece was called the tower, marquess, rector, the term castle is considered informal, incorrect, or old-fashioned. However, in Persian the word for castling is qaleh raften, each player starts the game with two rooks, one in each of the corner squares on their own side of the board. The white rooks start on squares a1 and h1, while the black rooks start on a8, the rook moves horizontally or vertically, through any number of unoccupied squares. As with captures by other pieces, the captures by occupying the square on which the enemy piece sits. The rook also participates, with the king, in a move called castling. In the medieval shatranj, the rook symbolized a chariot, Persian war chariots were heavily armoured, carrying a driver and at least one ranged-weapon bearer, such as an archer. The sides of the chariot were built to resemble fortified stone work, giving the impression of small, mobile buildings, however, in the West the rook is almost universally represented as a crenellated turret. One possible explanation is that when the game was imported to Italy, the Persian rukh became the Italian word rocca, meaning fortress, an alternative name in Russian, тура. An exception is seen in the British Museums collection of the medieval Lewis chess pieces in which the rooks appear as stern warders or wild-eyed Berzerker warriors, rooks usually are similar in appearance to small castles, and as a result a rook is sometimes called a castle. This usage was common in the past but today it is rarely if ever used in literature or among players. The Russian name for the means a sailing boat or longship of Northern cultures such as the Vikings. Two rooks are generally considered to be slightly more than a queen. Winning a rook for a bishop or knight is referred to as winning the exchange, rooks and queens are called heavy pieces or major pieces, as opposed to bishops and knights, the minor pieces. In that position, the support each other, and can more easily move to occupy. A common strategic goal is to place a rook on the first rank of an open file, from this position, the rook is relatively unexposed to risk but can exert control on every square on the file. If one file is particularly important, a player might advance one rook on it, a rook on the seventh rank is typically very powerful, as it threatens the opponents unadvanced pawns and hems in the enemy king. A rook on the rank is often considered sufficient compensation for a pawn

8.
Chess piece
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A chess piece, or chessman, is any of the 32 movable objects deployed on a chessboard used to play the game of chess. The rules of chess prescribe the types of move a player can make with each type of chess piece, the pieces that belong to each player are distinguished by color. The lighter colored pieces are referred to as white, and the player plays them. The darker colored pieces are referred to as black, and their player, in chess, the word piece has three meanings, depending on the context. It may mean any of the pieces of the set. When used this way, piece is synonymous with chessman or simply man, in play, the term is usually used to exclude pawns, referring only to a queen, rook, bishop, knight, or king. In this context, the pieces can be broken down into three groups, major pieces, minor pieces, and the king, in phrases such as winning a piece, losing a piece or sacrificing a piece, it refers only to a bishop or knight. The queen, rook, and pawn are specified by name in these cases, for example, winning a queen, losing a rook, the context should make the intended meaning clear. Each piece type moves in a different way, the rook moves any number of vacant squares forwards, backwards, left, or right in a straight line. It also takes part, along with the king, in a move called castling. The bishop moves any number of vacant squares diagonally in a straight line, consequently, a bishop stays on squares of the same color throughout a game. The two bishops each player starts with move on squares of opposite colors, the queen moves any number of vacant squares in any direction, forwards, backwards, left, right, or diagonally, in a straight line. The king moves exactly one vacant square in any direction, forwards, backwards, left, right and it can also castle in conjunction with a rook. The knight moves on a diagonal from one corner of any 2×3 rectangle of squares to the furthest opposite corner. Consequently, the knight alternates its square color each time it moves, the knight is the only piece that jumps over any intervening piece when moving. The pawn moves forward one space, or optionally, two spaces when on its starting square, toward the opponents side of the board. When there is a piece one square diagonally ahead of the pawn, either left or right. A pawn can perform a type of capture of an enemy pawn called en passant

9.
Chess theory
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The game of chess is commonly divided into three phases, the opening, middlegame, and endgame. There is a body of theory regarding how the game should be played in each of these phases, especially the opening. Those who write about chess theory, who are often but not necessarily also eminent players, are referred to as theorists or theoreticians, Opening theory commonly refers to consensus, broadly represented by current literature on the openings. Endgame theory consists of statements regarding specific positions, or positions of a similar type, middlegame theory often refers to maxims or principles applicable to the middlegame. The modern trend, however, is to assign paramount importance to analysis of the position at hand rather than to general principles. The development of theory in all of areas has been assisted by the vast literature on the game. He estimated that at time the total number of books on chess, chess magazines. In 1949, B. H. Wood estimated that the number had increased to about 20,000, david Hooper and Kenneth Whyld wrote in 1992 that, Since then there has been a steady increase year by year of the number of new chess publications. No one knows how many have been printed, the worlds largest chess library, the John G. White Collection at the Cleveland Public Library, contains over 32,000 chess books and serials, including over 6,000 bound volumes of chess periodicals. Chess players today also avail themselves of computer-based sources of information, the earliest printed work on chess theory whose date can be established with some exactitude is Repeticion de Amores y Arte de Ajedrez by the Spaniard Luis Ramirez de Lucena, published c. 1497, which included other things analysis of eleven chess openings. Some of them are known today as the Giuoco Piano, Ruy Lopez, Petroffs Defense, Bishops Opening, Damianos Defense, the authorship and date of the Göttingen manuscript are not established, and its publication date is estimated as being somewhere between 1471 and 1505. It is not known whether it or Lucenas book was published first. d4 d52. Bf4 Bf5, Birds Opening, murray observes that it is no haphazard collection of commencements of games, but is an attempt to deal with the Openings in a systematic way. Fifteen years after Lucenas book, Portuguese apothecary Pedro Damiano published the book Questo libro e da imparare giocare a scachi et de la partiti in Rome and it included analysis of the Queens Gambit Accepted, showing what happens when Black tries to keep the gambit pawn with. b5. Damianos book was, in terms, the first bestseller of the modern game. Harry Golombek writes that it ran through eight editions in the sixteenth century, Modern players know Damiano primarily because his name is attached to the weak opening Damianos Defense, although he condemned rather than endorsed it. These books and later ones discussed games played with various openings, opening traps, certain sequences of opening moves began to be given names, some of the earliest being Damianos Defense, the Kings Gambit, the Queens Gambit, and the Sicilian Defense. Damianos book was followed by treatises on chess play by Ruy López de Segura, Giulio Cesare Polerio, Gioachino Greco, Joseph Bertin

10.
Grandmaster (chess)
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The title Grandmaster is awarded to chess players by the world chess organization FIDE. Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess player can attain, once achieved, the title is held for life. It is often abbreviated to GM, the abbreviation IGM for International Grandmaster is also sometimes used, particularly in older literature. The title of Grandmaster, along with the lesser FIDE titles of International Master, a number of women have earned the GM title, with the first two having been Nona Gaprindashvili in 1978 and Susan Polgar in 1991. Since about 2000, most of the top 10 women have held the GM title, a separate gender-segregated title, Woman Grandmaster, is also available. It is awarded to women who attain a level of skill between that of a FIDE Master and an International Master, FIDE awards separate Grandmaster titles to composers and solvers of chess problems. The International Correspondence Chess Federation awards the title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster, the first known use of the term grandmaster in connection with chess was in an 1838 issue of Bells Life, in which a correspondent referred to William Lewis as our past grandmaster. Lewis himself later referred to Philidor as a grandmaster, and the term was applied to a few other players. In the Ostend tournament of 1907 the term grandmaster was used, the tournament was divided into two sections, the Championship Tournament and the Masters Tournament. The Championship section was for players who had won an international tournament. Siegbert Tarrasch won the Championship section, over Carl Schlechter, Dawid Janowski, Frank Marshall, Amos Burn and these players were described as grandmasters for the purposes of the tournament. The San Sebastián 1912 tournament won by Akiba Rubinstein was a designated grandmaster event, Rubinstein won with 12½ points out of 19. Tied for second with 12 points were Aron Nimzowitsch and Rudolf Spielmann, by some accounts, in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament, the title Grandmaster was formally conferred by Russian Tsar Nicholas II, who had partially funded the tournament. The Tsar reportedly awarded the title to the five finalists, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, before 1950, the term grandmaster was sometimes informally applied to other world class players. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs was formed in Paris in 1924, in 1927, the Soviet Unions Chess Federation established the title of Grandmaster of the Soviet Union, for their own players, since at that time Soviets were not competing outside their own country. This title was abolished in 1931, after having been awarded to Boris Verlinsky, the title was brought back in 1935, and awarded to Mikhail Botvinnik, who thus became the first official Grandmaster of the USSR. Verlinsky did not get his title back, when FIDE reorganized after World War II it adopted regulations concerning the award of international titles. Titles were awarded by a resolution of the FIDE General Assembly, FIDE first awarded the Grandmaster title in 1950 to 27 players

11.
Bishop (chess)
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A bishop is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player begins the game with two bishops, one starts between the kings knight and the king, the other between the queens knight and the queen. The starting squares are c1 and f1 for Whites bishops, and c8, the bishop has no restrictions in distance for each move, but is limited to diagonal movement. Bishops, like all other pieces except the knight, cannot jump over other pieces, a bishop captures by occupying the square on which an enemy piece sits. The bishops may be differentiated according to which wing they begin on, i. e. the kings bishop and queens bishop. As a consequence of its movement, each bishop always remains on either the white or black squares. The bishops predecessor in medieval chess, shatranj, was the alfil, meaning the elephant, as a consequence, each fil was restricted to eight squares, and no fil could attack another. The modern bishop first appeared shortly after 1200 in Courier chess, a piece with this move, called a cocatriz or crocodile, is part of the Grande Acedrex in the game book compiled in 1283 for King Alfonso X of Castile. The game is attributed to India, then a very vague term, about half a century later Muḥammad ibn Maḥmud al-Āmulī, in his Treasury of the Sciences, describes an expanded form of chess with two pieces moving like the rook but obliquely. Derivatives of alfil survive in the languages of the two countries where chess was first introduced within Western Europe—Italian and Spanish and it was known as the aufin in French, or the aufin, alphin, or archer in early English. The term bishop first entered the English language in the 16th century, in all other Germanic languages, except for Icelandic, it is called various names, all of which directly translate to English as runner or messenger. In Romanian, it is known as nebun which refers to a crazy person, in Icelandic, however, it is called biskup, with the same meaning as in English. In The Saga of Earl Mágus, which was written in Iceland somewhere between 1300–1325, it is described how an emperor was checkmated by a bishop and this has led to some speculations as to the origin of the English use of the term bishop. The canonical chessmen date back to the Staunton chess set of 1849, the pieces deep groove symbolizes a bishops mitre. Some have written that the groove originated from the form of the piece. The British chose to call the piece a bishop because the projections at the top resembled a mitre. This groove was interpreted differently in different countries as the game moved to Europe, in France, for example, the groove was taken to be a jesters cap, hence in France the bishop is called fou. In some Slavic languages the bishop is called střelec/strelec, which translates to English as a shooter meaning an archer

12.
Pawn (chess)
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The pawn is the most numerous piece in the game of chess, and in most circumstances, also the weakest. It historically represents infantry, or more particularly, armed peasants or pikemen, each player begins a game of chess with eight pawns, one on each square of the rank immediately in front of the other pieces. Individual pawns are referred to by the file on which they stand, for example, one speaks of Whites f-pawn or Blacks b-pawn, or less commonly, Whites king bishop pawn or Blacks queen knight pawn. It is also common to refer to a pawn, meaning any pawn on the a- or h-file, a knight pawn, a bishop pawn, a queen pawn, a king pawn. Unlike the other pieces, pawns may not move backwards, normally a pawn moves by advancing a single square, but the first time a pawn is moved, it has the option of advancing two squares. Pawns may not use the initial advance to jump over an occupied square. Any piece directly in front of a pawn, friend or foe, in the diagram at the right, the pawn on c4 may move to c5, while the pawn on e2 may move to either e3 or e4. Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the direction as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally forward one square to the left or right, another unusual rule is the en passant capture. It can occur after a pawn advances two squares using its initial two-step move option, and the passed over is attacked by an enemy pawn. The enemy pawn is entitled to capture the pawn in passing—as if it had advanced only one square. The capturing pawn moves to the square over which the moved pawn passed, the option to capture en passant must be exercised on the move immediately following the double-step pawn advance, or it is lost for the remainder of the game. En passant was added in the 15th century to compensate for the newly added two-square initial move rule. Without en passant, a pawn could safely bypass a square controlled by an enemy pawn. A pawn that advances all the way to the side of the board is promoted to another piece of that players choice. The pawn is immediately replaced by the new piece, since it is uncommon for a piece other than a queen to be chosen, promotion is often called queening. Underpromotion is also used in situations where promoting to a queen would give immediate stalemate, the choice of promotion is not limited to pieces that have been captured. Thus a player could in theory have as many as ten knights, ten bishops, while this extreme would almost never occur in practice, in game 11 of their 1927 world championship match, José Raúl Capablanca and Alexander Alekhine each had two queens in play at once