Text from page-2

Darshan Insttitute of En
ngineering & Technology
Syllabus
S
for 1st midsem exa
am
9
Thiis memory is accessed
a
by C
CPU, in random
m fashion
9
Generally curren
ntly executing programs and data are sto
ored in primarry memory
9
Its storage capacity is very sm
mall compared
d to secondary
y storage.
9
It is very fast in an operation compared to secondary sto
orage
9
RAM is Random Access Memo
ory and it is vo
olatile in naturre.
9
RO
OM is Read Only Memory an
nd it can hold data permane
ently.
9
PRO
OM is Program
mmable Read Only Memory
y and it can h
hold data perm
manently. Pro
ogrammer
can
n store inform
mation only once. Modificatio
on is not allow
wed.
9
EPR
ROM is Erasa
able Program
mmable Read Only Memorry. It can ho
old data perm
manently.
Pro
ogrammer can
n delete and w
write on it again and again.
2) Input
I
Section
n:•
The device
es used to entter data in to computer sys
stem are called
d input device
es.
•
It converts
s human unde
erstandable in
nput to compu
uter controllab
ble data.
•
CPU accep
pts information
n from user th
hrough input devices.
d
•
Examples:: Mouse, Keyb
board, Touch s
screen, Joystick etc…
3) Output
O
Sectio
on:•
The device
es used to send the inform
mation to the outside world from the com
mputer is called output
devices.
•
It converts
s data stored in 1s and 0s iin computer to human unde
erstandable in
nformation
•
Examples:: Monitor, Prin
nter, Plotter, Speakers
S
etc…
…
4) Storage
S
devic
ces (Secondary memory
y):-
2
•
Secondary
y memory is also
a
called Aux
xiliary memory
y or External memory.
•
User can store
s
data perrmanently.
•
It can be modified
m
easily.
•
It can storre large data compared
c
to primary
p
memo
ory. Now days
s, it is availab
ble in Terabyte
es.
•
Examples:: Hard disk, Floppy disk, CD
D, DVD, Pen drive,
d
etc…
Describe
e advantage
es and limita
ations of co
omputer. Or Explain cha
aracteristics
s of compute
er.
Advantages
•
S
Speed:
It can calculate millions of expre
essions within a fraction of second. The micro
m
second and nano
s
second
units are
a used to measure
m
the sp
peed of computers. There are
a some problems which cannot
c
be
s
solved
within specified
s
time limit without computer.
•
S
Storage:
It ca
an store data in large quan
ntity using varrious storage devices. Millio
ons of paper file’s data
c
can
be stored in single sma
all pen drive. M
Moreover, it reproduces
r
da
ata whenever we need and whatever
fo
ormat we nee
ed. Now a day
ys, Gigabytes a
and Terabytes
s are units of data storage devises.
•
A
Accuracy:
Co
omputer perfforms the computations at
a very high speed witho
out any mista
akes. For
e
example,
multtiplication of two very larrge number takes more time for huma
an and there are high
p
probabilities
of mistakes. Computer
C
does it in parts of
o the second
d with accurac
cy level we want.
w
Very
h
high
level of accuracy
a
is must in financia
al transaction, medical surrgery, nuclearr plant, etc… which
w
can
b satisfied by
be
y computer on
nly.
•
R
Reliability:
Itt is very relia
able device. T
The informatio
on stored in c
computer is available
a
afterr years in
2

Text from page-3

Darshan Insttitute of En
ngineering & Technology
Syllabus
S
for 1st midsem exa
am
s
same
form. It works 24 hou
urs without an
ny problem as it does not fe
eel tiredness.
•
A
Automation:
Once the one task is crea
ated in a com
mputer, it can
n be repeatedly performed again by
s
single
click wh
henever we want. For exam
mple, once the
e software forr banking application is insttalled in a
c
computer,
it co
omputes the interest
i
by sending one com
mmand.
Limitatio
ons
•
L
Lake
of intellligence: It ca
annot think wh
hile doing worrk. It does nott have natural intelligence. It cannot
think about prroperness or effect
e
of work
k it is doing. It
I can only ex
xecute the ins
structions but it cannot
think about the correctness of these instrructions.
•
U
Unable
to Co
orrect Mistak
kes: It cannott correct the mistakes by itself. So if we
e have provid
ded wrong
o incorrect da
or
ata then it pro
oduces wrong results or perrforms wrong calculations.
3
Describe
e various ty
ypes of comp
puter langua
ages and mention its advantages and
a
disadva
antages.
Computerr languages may
m
be classified in three ca
ategories,
1)
Machine lev
vel language
e or Low leve
el language:-•
Computer directly und
derstands this language. It is a language
e of 0’s and 1’s
1 (binary). Every
E
CPU
has its ow
wn machine la
anguage.
•
•
ADVANTA
AGES:
1.
It is very
v
fast in ex
xecution
2.
It does not require
e any extra sy
ystem or softw
ware to run the program.
3.
Trans
slation is not required.
4.
Suita
able for low vo
olume applicattions.
DISADVA
ANTAGES:
1.
Progrrams are long
g and difficult to write and understand
u
for human.
2.
Debu
ugging is very difficult task..
3.
It is not portable.
4.
Progrrammer requires detailed k
knowledge of architecture
a
o microproces
of
ssor.
2) Assembly la
anguage:•
Every ma
achine langua
age instruction
n is assigned to English word
w
MNEMON
NIC such that it should
describe function of ins
struction.
•
System cannot
c
unders
stand this language directly
y so we requiire translator that convert assembly
language
e to machine la
anguage. This
s translator is called assembler.
•
Example : 8086 Instru
uction Set
•
ADVANTA
AGES:
•
1.
Progrrams are easy
y to understan
nd compared to
t machine level language.
2.
Progrrams are sma
aller in size compared to ma
achine level la
anguage.
3.
Progrrams can be entered
e
quicklly using alpha
anumeric keyb
board.
DISADVA
ANTAGES:
1.
It is not portable.
2.
Progrrammer shoulld know structture of assem
mbly language of microproce
essor.
3.
It req
quires assemb
bler as a trans
slator.
3) Higher levell language:•
We can write
w
programs in English lik
ke manner an
nd it is more convenient to use.
•
Programm
mer can perfo
orm complex ttask by using high level languages with le
ess efforts.
3

Text from page-4

Darshan Insttitute of En
ngineering & Technology
•
It is simillar to natural language and
d mathematica
al notation.
•
Example:: C, C++, Java, etc…
•
ADVANTA
AGES:
•
4
1)
Easie
er to learn.
2)
Requ
uires less time
e to write.
3)
Proviides better do
ocumentation.
4)
Easie
er to maintain.
5)
It is portable.
Syllabus
S
for 1st midsem exa
am
DISADVA
ANTAGES:
1)
It req
quires compile
er or interpretter to convert higher level language to machine
m
language.
2)
Progrrammers need
d to learn stru
ucture of high level languag
ge.
3)
It is bit slow comp
pared to low le
evel and medium level language.
Why C is
s called mid
ddle level lan
nguage?
C is called
d middle levell language bec
cause
•
S
Syntax
and ke
eywords of C are
a just like hiigher level lan
nguage (Englis
sh).
•
It gives advantages of highe
er level language through function,
f
modular programm
ming and brea
akup.
•
It gives access
s to the low le
evel memory tthrough Pointe
ers.
•
M
Moreover
it do
oes support th
he Low Level p
programming i.e., Assembly
y Language.
•
W can develop application specific pro
We
ograms in C and at the s
same time we can use fe
eatures of
a
assembly
level language to give more speed and efficiency
•
5
It is not hardw
ware or system
m dependent. Hence portab
ble programs c
can be written
n with C comp
piler.
Write a short note on
o types of software.
A set of instruction
i
in a logical orde
er to perform
m a meaningfu
ul task is calle
ed program and a set of program is
called sofftware.
System Software
S
System software is des
signed to operrate the comp
puter hardwarre efficiently. IIt provides an
nd maintains a platform
for runnin
ng application
n software. Siince system s
software runs at the most basic level off computer, itt is called
"low-level" software.
b classified in
nto three categ
gories
System software can be
1)
O
Operating
systtem: It contro
ols hardware as well as interacts with us
sers, and prov
vides different services
to user. It is a bridge betwe
een computer hardware and
d user. Ex: Wiindows XP, Lin
nux, UNIX, etc…
2)
S
System
suppo
ort software: It
I makes worrking of hardw
ware more effficiently. For example
e
drive
ers of the
I//O devices or routine for so
ocket program
mming, etc…
3)
S
System
develo
opment softw
ware: It provid
des programm
ming developm
ment environm
ment to programmers.
E Editor, pre
Ex:
e-processor, compiler, interrpreter, loaderr, etc…..
Application software
e
Applicatio
on software is designed to help
h
the user to perform ge
eneral tasks (word processiing, web brow
wser …) or
some spe
ecific task (ac
ccounting, tick
ket booking …).
… Example: Enterprise so
oftware, Accou
unting softwa
are, Office
suites, Grraphics softwa
are and media
a players.
Applicatio
on software is classified into
o two categories.
1)
G
General
purpo
ose software:: It is used widely by many
m
people ffor some com
mmon task, like word
p
processing,
we
eb browser, ex
xcel, etc… It is designed on
n vast conceptt so many peo
ople can use itt.
4