Linguasphere Observatory
The LINGUASPHERE OBSERVATORY (or "Observatoire", based upon its
original French and legal title: Observatoire Linguistique) is a
transnational linguistic research network. It was created in
QuebecQuebec in
1983 and was subsequently established and registered in
NormandyNormandy as a
non-profit association under the honorary presidency of the late
Léopold Sédar Senghor , a French-language poet and the first
president of
SenegalSenegal . Its founding director is David Dalby, former
director of the
International African Institute and emeritus reader in
the University of London, and its first research secretary was
Philippe Blanchet, a Provençal-language poet currently serving as
Professor of Sociolinguistics at the University of Rennes
[...More...]

International Alphabet Of Sanskrit Transliteration
The INTERNATIONAL ALPHABET OF SANSKRIT TRANSLITERATION (I.A.S.T.) is
a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanization of
Indic scripts as employed by
SanskritSanskrit and related Indic languages. It
is based on a scheme that emerged during the nineteenth century from
suggestions by Charles Trevelyan , William Jones , Monier
Monier-Williams and other scholars, and formalised by the
Transliteration Committee of the Geneva Oriental Congress, in
September 1894. IAST makes it possible for the reader to read the
Indic text unambiguously, exactly as if it were in the original Indic
script. It is this faithfulness to the original scripts that accounts
for its continuing popularity amongst scholars
[...More...]

Standard Language
A STANDARD LANGUAGE or STANDARD VARIETY may be defined either as a
language variety used by a population for public purposes or as a
variety that has undergone standardization. Typically, varieties that
become standardized are the local dialects spoken in the centers of
commerce and government , where a need arises for a variety that will
serve more than local needs.
StandardizationStandardization typically involves a
fixed orthography, codification in authoritative grammars and
dictionaries and public acceptance of these standards. A standard
written language is sometimes termed by the German word
Schriftsprache. A pluricentric language has multiple interacting standard varieties.
Examples include English , French , Portuguese , German , Korean ,
Spanish , Swedish , Armenian and Chinese . Monocentric languages,
such as Russian and Japanese , have only one standardized version
[...More...]

Register (sociolinguistics)
In linguistics , a REGISTER is a variety of a language used for a
particular purpose or in a particular social setting. For example,
when speaking in a formal setting, an English speaker may be more
likely to use features of prescribed grammar than in an informal
setting—such as pronouncing words ending in -ing with a velar nasal
instead of an alveolar nasal (e.g. "walking", not "walkin'"), choosing
more formal words (e.g. father vs. dad, child vs. kid, etc.), and
refraining from using words considered nonstandard, such as ain\'t . As with other types of language variation, there tends to be a
spectrum of registers rather than a discrete set of obviously distinct
varieties—numerous registers could be identified, with no clear
boundaries between them
[...More...]

Glottolog
GLOTTOLOG is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known
languages, developed and maintained first at the former Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in
LeipzigLeipzig , Germany, and
since 2015 at the new Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human
History in
JenaJena , Germany. In addition to the languoid catalogue (the
catalog of the world's languages and language families), Glottolog
provides a comprehensive bibliography on the world's smaller
languages
[...More...]

Linguist List
The LINGUIST LIST is a major online resource for the academic field
of linguistics . It was founded by
Anthony Aristar in early 1990 at
the
University of Western AustraliaUniversity of Western Australia , and is used as a reference by
the
National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation in the United States. Its main and
oldest feature is the premoderated electronic mailing list , now with
thousands of subscribers all over the world, where queries and their
summarized results, discussions, journal table of contents,
dissertation abstracts, calls for papers, book and conference
announcements, software notices and other useful pieces of linguistic
information are posted. CONTENTS * 1 History
* 2 Services
* 3 Projects
* 4 References
* 5 External links HISTORYBetween 1991 and 2013 the resource has been run by Anthony Aristar
and
Helen Aristar-Dry[...More...]

ISO 639-2
ISO 639-2:1998, Codes for the representation of names of languages
— Part 2: Alpha-3 code, is the second part of the
ISO 639 standard ,
which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages .
The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the
standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes. There are 464 entries in
the list of
ISO 639-2 codes . The US
Library of CongressLibrary of Congress is the registration authority for ISO
639-2 (referred to as ISO 639-2/RA). As registration authority, the
LOC receives and reviews proposed changes; they also have
representation on the ISO 639-RA Joint Advisory Committee responsible
for maintaining the
ISO 639 code tables
[...More...]

ISO 639-3
ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages
– Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is
an international standard for language codes in the
ISO 639 series. It
defines three-letter codes for identifying languages. The standard was
published by ISO on 1 February 2007.
ISO 639-3 extends the
ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover
all known natural languages . The extended language coverage was based
primarily on the language codes used in the
Ethnologue (volumes 10-14)
published by
SIL International , which is now the registration
authority for ISO 639-3. It provides an enumeration of languages as
complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and
constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten. However, it does
not include reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European
[...More...]

Official Language
An OFFICIAL LANGUAGE is a language that is given a special legal
status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction .
Typically a country's official language refers to the language used
within government (e.g., courts, parliament, administration). Since
"the means of expression of a people cannot be changed by any law",
the term "official language" does not typically refer to the language
used by a people or country, but by its government. Worldwide, 178 countries have at least one official language, and 101
of these countries recognise more than one language. Many of the
world's constitutions mention one or more official or national
languages . Some countries use the official language designation to
empower indigenous groups by giving them access to the government in
their native languages
[...More...]

Seth Govind Das
SETH GOVIND DAS (16 October 1896 – 18 June 1974) was a freedom
fighter and a distinguished parliamentarian. He belonged to the famous
Maheshwari merchant family of Raja Gokuldas of
Jabalpur . The family
began as the banking firm of Sevaram Khushalchand, one of the "great
firms" as termed by T.A. Timberg . He was also a famous
HindiHindi author. He is well known for his support
of
HindiHindi as the national language of India. He represented
Jabalpur in
the
Indian Parliament from 1947 to 1974. He was a close associate and follower of
Mahatma GandhiMahatma Gandhi . He was
jailed in
Damoh for eight months by British, where he wrote four plays
‘Prakash’ (social), ‘Kartavya’ (mythological), ‘Navras’
(philosophical) and a ‘Spardha’(one act play)
[...More...]

Constitution Of India
The CONSTITUTION OF INDIA is the supreme law of
IndiaIndia . It lays down
the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes
the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government
institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and
the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any
sovereign country in the world.
B. R. AmbedkarB. R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the
Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect. It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy ,
as it is not created by the Parliament but, by a constituent assembly,
and adopted by its people, with a declaration in its preamble .
Parliament cannot override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and
came into effect on 26 January 1950
[...More...]

Lingua Franca
A LINGUA FRANCA (/ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə/ ), also known as a
BRIDGE LANGUAGE, COMMON LANGUAGE, TRADE LANGUAGE or VEHICULAR
LANGUAGE, is a language or dialect systematically used to make
communication possible between people who do not share a native
language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is
distinct from both native languages. Lingua francas have developed around the world throughout human
history, sometimes for commercial reasons (so-called "trade
languages") but also for cultural, religious, diplomatic and
administrative convenience, and as a means of exchanging information
between scientists and other scholars of different nationalities.
The term originates with one such language, Mediterranean Lingua
Franca
[...More...]