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This organism has
-seperate sexes
-male is smaller than female
-adults are 30-50mm long
tubular alimentary tract which can be 2/3 lenght of worm, mouth is simple lacking lips
-absent excretory sys
-oviparous

What do the s/sx of Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) look like that may confuse dx

hookworm infections
amebiasis
acute appendicitis
chronic anemia

This organism has
-seperate sexes
-male is smaller than Female
-adults are 2-13mm long
-Eggs are laid externally in perianal area
- Have a conspicuous muscular bulb on posterior end of esophagus
-have three lips surrounding the mouth

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

how do you get infected w/ Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

fecal oral route
person to person transmission is high especially among kids

Why do you get a high incidence of hand to nail contamination and spreading of Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

infection with dog or cat species of Ascarid larvae since they can't mature in host they migrate through the tissue and encyst as second stage larvae leaving hemorrhagic necrosis and eosinophilic and lymphocityic infiltration

How do you dx Ascaris lumbricoides infections

eggs in stool
eosinophilia at early infection
sputum may show larva at early infection

What are the s/sx of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)

most asymptomatic
ground itch- induce pruritic maculopapular dermatitis at site of entry
-transient pneumonitis may develop while larvae migrate through lungs
Early intestinal phase- may have epigastric pain, inflammatory diarrhea and eosinophilia

what is the progression of infection of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)

1 eggs are passed in stool
2 larvae hatch grow in soil
3 5-10 days are infective
4 on contact w/ human penetrate skin and use veins to heart and lungs. they penetrate alveoli and climb bronchial tree to pharynx then are swallowed get to GI tract to fe

Dog or cat hookworms enter skin and are unable to complete life cycle they encyst in tissue and may cause serpiginous erythematous tracts in tissue.

How do you dx Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) infections

eggs in fresh stool. larvae in old stool

What can occur immuninity wise while larvae of hookworm is migrating through the body

eosinophilia

What is the tx for Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) infections

albendazole
mebendazole
pyrantel pamoate

What may be necessary tx for hookworm infections because of the anemia that can develop

may need blood transfusion and long term treatment with ferrous sulfate until hemoglobin levels become normal

What other differential diagnosis could you come up with to explain the anemia caused by Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm) infections

parvovirus B19
Chronic Malaria
Genetic Causes
etc.

This organism has free-living and parasitic life cycles can cause auto infection
has separate sexes and are about 2mm long

Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)

What is the source of infection of Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)

direct contact with contaminated soil or eating contaminated soil

What is the progression of infection of Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)

infection through feet or ingestion
colonization of bowel and maturation
can spread to lymphatics, blood stream and other organs (causing tissue abscessess, granulomas, or sepsis from normal GI flora escaping with worms)

What are s/sx of Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm) infections

Often asymptomatic
Ground Itch, petechial hemorrhages and edema at site of entry
cough and loeffler's syndrome during larva migration through lungs
Chronic Diarrhea- watery mucousy stool but may contain blood
Alternate between diarrhea and constipati

When do you most often see dissemination of Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm) into tissue other than the bowel

in immune compromised or debilitation by concurrent disease or malnutrition.

What is larva currens

Occurs on trunk or near anus where a linear eruption shows up where larvae are migrating under skin near the surface. Causing a non indurated wheal with red flare to appear moves rapidly and DISAPPEARS IN A FEW HOURS

how do you dx Strongyloides stercoralis (Threadworm)

larva in stool or bowel fluids

Blood eosinophilia is usually present during acute and chronic stages, but may be absent during dissemination and levels may fluctuate constantly

what are the following
Clonorchis sinensis
Opisthorchis viverrini
Opisthorchis felineus

Biliary duct dwelling trematodes

what is fasciola hepatica

Liver dwelling trematode

Infection of this organism is humans is limited to digenetic trematode
-reproduces sexually in humans
Eggs reach water they can
-infective definitive host
-seek out secondary host
-encyst on vvegitation
Has 2 grasping suckers
are hermaphrodites