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GHSGT PHYSICAL SCIENCE STANDARDS PowerPoint PPT Presentation

GHSGT PHYSICAL SCIENCE STANDARDS. SPS1. The Structure of an Atom. By: Lauren Lancaster and Wade Lipham. Protons- positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom. Electrons- the negatively charged particles in an atom. Neutrons- neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom.

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GHSGT PHYSICAL SCIENCE STANDARDS

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The element’s identity number is found by the number of protons found in the element. If the number of protons is changed in an element it is no longer the same element.

Atomic Number- The number of protons and electrons in an atom.

Atomic Mass- This includes the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an element.

Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Isotopes do not change the element’s identity number but it does affect the element’s atomic mass.

Hydrogen has three isotopes:

Protium which has a mass of 1 and has one proton and no neutrons

Deuterium which has a mass of 2 and has one proton and one neutron

Tritium which has a mass of 3 and has one proton and two neutrons

Covalent

Equal sharing of valence electrons

Non- metal with a non-metal

Ionic

Transfer of valence electrons

Metal and a non- metal

Covalent and Ionic

Both

Kinds of bonds

Move valence electrons

Questions

How do you determine the number of protons in an element?

Look at the Atomic number, this number also tells the number of electrons

2. What is one difference between ionic and covalent bonds.

See the graph on slide 5

3. Where are protons and neutrons located?

Inside the nucleus of an atom

4. What does and isotope affect about an element?

An isotope affects the elements atomic mass

SPS2: Students will explore the nature of matter, its classifications, and its system for naming types of matter.

Calculating Density

Density equals mass divided by volume

(D= m/V)

EXAMPLE-

m= 14g

V= 7cm^3

So… 14g divide by 7cm^3 = 2g/cm^3

Predicting Formulas for Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Ionic bonds- These result from the transfer of electrons from

one atom to another.

EXAMPLE: AlO becomes Al2O3

Covalent bonds- These form when two or more elements

Share electrons to create a stronger outer shell.

EXAMPLE: Hydrogen (H) has 1 electron and it wants 2. H

shares electrons with another H in order to have 2 electrons.

It becomes H2.

The Law of Conservation of Matter

This law states that matter and energy are neither created nor destroyed. They can, however, be interchanged with each other.

Synthesis: Na + Cl = NaCl

Decomposition: NaCl = Na + Cl

Single Replacement: NaCl + F = NaF + Cl

Double Replacement: NaCl + LiBr = NaLi + ClBr

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

Radioactivity

The spontaneous release of energy and particles from the nucleus of an atom.

Radioisotope

An Isotopes of radioactive elements.

Isotope

An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

Alpha Particles

A wave of energy traveling as particles and contains two protons and two neutrons.

Beta Particles

A wave of energy as an electron is given off by a radioisotope.

Gamma Rays

Waves of energy given off as isotopes.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

Most dangerous type of radiation

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

Fission

The splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller pieces. It is used to make nuclear energy.

Fusion

A nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form a bigger nuclei that releases energy.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

Half-life

The time it takes for half of the particles in the nucleus to decay. It breaks down elements into smaller harmless elements. Elements with larger atomic numbers have a longer half-life.

Carbon 14 has a half-life of 5,730 years.

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

Cancer

Radioactive Waste

Fission is used to create nuclear energy. It is used daily across the country. In medicine we use radioactive isotopes like arsenic to find brain tumors. In agriculture we radiate our animal and plant food so they

will grow faster.

There are many

disadvantages that

comes with nuclear

energy. Such as…..

Genetic Defects

SPS 3: Students will distinguish the characteristics and components of radioactivity

QUESTIONS

The basis for a nuclear reaction is what?

What is the spontaneous release of energy and particles from a nucleus of an atom?

FISSION

What is the time it takes for half of a particle to decay?

HALF-LIFE

Radioactivity

Click for answer!

Click for next question

SPS 6

Students will

investigate the

properties of a solution.

Solute- a substance that dissolves into a solution. ex. salt.

Solvent- a substance that dissolves a solute to make a solution. ex. water

Concentration- the quantity of solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution

SPS6

When dissolving in a solvent, a solute will dissolve better when warm.

The size of the particles of solvent also affect the rate of solubility.

Stirring a solute helps with the rate at which a solute will dissolve.

SPS6

Solubility

Temperature

SPS6

Acids

Solid or liquid compounds that contain hydrogen

Sour in taste

Can be detected by litmus indicator paper

a strong acid will release many hydrogen ions into a water solution

A very strong acid can corrode metal

Bases

Alkaline solutions

Bitter in taste

Slippery

Contain hydroxide ions

A strong base is poisonous and corrosive to the skin

Will dissolve fats and oils

SPS6

Examples of AcidsExamples of Bases

Lemonslye (used in soap)

Teaammonia

Sour milkmilk of magnesia

Vinegar deoderant/anti-persperant

Examples of Neutrals

Water

SPS10

Properties of

electricity and magnetism

SPS10

Static Electricity- type of electrical charge caused by friction between two objects

Friction- force between surfaces that composes motion

Induction - The generation of electromotive force in a closed circuit by a varying magnetic flux through the circuit

SPS10

Conduction - movement of heat energy through a substance by direct contact between the particles.

SPS10

Flow of Electrons

SPS10

Alternating Current - an electric current that changes direction at regualr intervals, also called AC

Direct Current- an electric current that has a constant flow of electrons in a single direction, also called DC

Voltage, Resistance, and Current

SPS10

This relationship is called Ohm's law: The relationship among voltage, current, and resistance are within the circuit. The size of the current that flows in a circuit varies in the proportion of the voltage which is applied to the circuit, and in inverse proportion to the resistance through which it must pass.

Magnetism

SPS10

Electomagnets- magnets made by winding wire around a core and passing electricity through the wire.