Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter

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1 Kinetic Molecular Theor of Matter Heat capacit of gases and metals Pressure of gas Average speed of electrons in semiconductors Electron noise in resistors Positive metal ion cores Free valence electrons forming an electron gas Fig..7: In metallic bonding the valence electrons from the metal atoms form a "cloud of electrons" which fills the space between the metal ions and "glues" the ions together through the coulombic attraction between the electron gas and positive metal ions. From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 00)

2 Ideal gas approimation. Pressure Square Container Microscopic model Face B v Area A Face A a Pressure (P) is caused b the collisions of molecules with walls Gas atoms v a Definition: P (pressure) force per unit area a Fig..5: The gas molecules in the container are in random motion. From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 00) Our task is to show that Temperature (T) is related to average speed of molecules Ideal Gas Assumptions:. molecules are in constant and random motions, all directions are equivalent. no interactions between molecules but collisions 3. all collisions are elastic 4. molecule sie is negligible 5. Newtonian mechanics is valid

4 Pressure Temperature Volume Ideal Gas Equation PV N N A RT P is the pressure, i.e. force per unit area N is the total number of molecules in volume V R is the gas constant (8.344 J mol - K - ) N A is the Avogadro s number ( mol - ) Eperimental law macroscopic point of view

10 (a) E K K K K,, spring constant,,, etensions of springs (b) Fig..7 (a) The ball-and-spring model of solids in which the springs represent the interatomic bonds. Each ball (atom) is linked to its neighbors b springs. Atomic vibrations in a solid involve 3 dimensions. (b) An atom vibrating about its equilibrium position stretches and compresses its springs to the neighbors and has both kinetic and potential energ. 6 U kt 3kT From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 00)

18 Boltmann Energ Distribution n E N E C ep kt n E number of atoms per unit volume per unit energ at an energ E, N total number of atoms per unit volume in the sstem, C a constant that depends on the specific sstem, k Boltmann constant, T temperature

19 Where lies the average kinetic energ? Number of atoms per unit energ, n E Average KE at T. T Average KE at T T > T E A Energ, E Fig..: Energ distribution of gas molecules at two different temperatures. The number of molecules that have energies greater than E A is the shaded area. This area depends strongl on the temperature as ep(-e A /kt). From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Second Edition, S.O. Kasap ( McGraw-Hill, 00)

Kinetic Theory of Gases Important Points:. Assumptions: a) Every gas consists of extremely small particles called molecules. b) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical, rigid and perfectly elastic

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Kinetic Molecular Theory This explains the Ideal Gas Pressure olume and Temperature behavior It s based on following ideas:. Any ordinary sized or macroscopic sample of gas contains large number of molecules.

Boltzmann Distribution Law The motion of molecules is extremely chaotic Any individual molecule is colliding with others at an enormous rate Typically at a rate of a billion times per second We introduce

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Data Sheet Extract The theory for ideal gases makes the following assumptions: The gas consists of very small atoms or molecules (spoken of as particles), each of which has an identical mass and are perfectly

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Chapter 14 he Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic heory Chapter 14 HE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINEIC HEORY REIEW Kinetic molecular theory involves the study of matter, particularly gases, as very small particles in constant

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OpenStax-CNX module: m42217 1 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons

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Worked out examples on partition functions Narayanan Kurur November 19, 2012 1 Translational partition function For a temperature of 273 K and a volume of 2.24 10 2 m 3 determine the translational partition

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Gases States of Matter States of Matter Kinetic E (motion) Potential E(interaction) Distance Between (size) Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large

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Umeå Universitet, Fysik Vitaly Bychkov Prov i fysik, Thermodynamics, 0-0-4, kl 9.00-5.00 jälpmedel: Students may use any book(s) including the textbook Thermal physics. Minor notes in the books are also

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