What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

CnH2nOn

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What are aldoses and ketoses?

Monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde group are called aldoses, whereas those containing aketone group are ketoses. Monosaccharides are also classified by the number of carbon atoms astrioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc.

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What kind of isomerism is seen in carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates, along with many other natural substances, exhibit a type of isomerism in which twoisomers are mirror images of each other. The two isomers are called enantiomers. The prefixes DandL- are used to distinguish between enantiomers (e.g. D-glyceraldehyde versus L-glyceraldehyde;D-galactose versus L-galactose). Most natural monosaccharides belong to the D-family

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How do you determine if a carbohydrate is a D or L isomer?

using penultimate carbon (chiral carbon)D isomer has OH group on right hand side

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What are epimers?

Isomers that differ only in the configuration around one chiral carbon atom

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What are heteropolysaccharides and homopolysaccharides?

Describe the structure of glycogen

1-4 glycosidic bonds between alpha glucose monomersalpha 1-6 branching every 8-12 residuesstored as granules in liver cellthe non-reducing ends are where glycogen is cleavedthe reducing ends have a free hydroxyl group where glucose can bind