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2 Title: GUIDANCE FOR PRESCRIBING AND WITHDRAWAL OF BENZODIAZEPINES & HYPNOTICS IN GENERAL PRACTICE Identifier: Across NHS Boards Organisation Wide Directorate Clinical Service Sub Department Area YES This controlled document shall not be copied in part or whole without the express permission of the author or the author s representative. Review date: October 2008 Author: Policy application: Lucy Eagles NHS Grampian Purpose: The purpose of the following information and guidance is to disseminate the lessons learned in the specialist unit in order that a greater attention to rigour in assessment and a more holistic approach to treatment can reduce the reliance on maintenance prescribing of benzodiazepines. Responsibilities for implementation: Departmental: Area: Heads of Service / Clinical Leads General Practitioners Review: This policy will be reviewed every two years or sooner if current treatment recommendations change. This policy is also available in large print and on computer disk. Other formats can be supplied on request. Please call the Pharmacy Medicines Unit on or for a copy.

3 GUIDANCE FOR PRESCRIBING & WITHDRAWAL OF BENZODIAZEPINES & HYPNOTICS IN GENERAL PRACTICE October 2006 Review date: October 2008

5 GUIDANCE FOR PRESCRIBING AND WITHDRAWAL OF BENZODIAZEPINES & HYPNOTICS IN GENERAL PRACTICE INTRODUCTION The purpose of the following information and guidance is to disseminate the lessons learned in the specialist unit in order that a greater attention to rigour in assessment and a more holistic approach to treatment can reduce the reliance on maintenance prescribing of benzodiazepines. It is further intended that the damaging effects of long-term anxiolytics use will be detected, acknowledged, treated, and prevented from recurring in the future. The recommendations for practice and the statistics quoted in this text are derived mainly from the most recently published Cochrane Reviews and the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE, 2003). Recommendations are included from the Protocol for the Treatment of Benzodiazepine Withdrawal, which was developed by recognised expert, Professor Heather Ashton (University of Newcastle, 2002). This publication is available to download free from the Internet at an invaluable website for professionals and patients alike. Recommendations from the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Royal College of Psychiatrists are also included. OPENING STATEMENTS The National Performance Assessment Framework for NHS Scotland takes account of anxiolytic and hypnotic prescribing and it is a national priority to reduce this within each Health Board Area. The British National Formulary (BNF) and Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) provide clear guidance on the indications for these drugs. Changes in the controlled drug regulations HDL (2006) 27 recommend that prescriptions for benzodiazepines should be limited to a quantity necessary for up to 30 days clinical need. Dependence upon prescribed benzodiazepines is now recognised as a major clinical problem. THERE ARE NO LICENSED INDICATIONS FOR THE PRESCRIPTION OF BENZODIAZEPINES FOR MORE THAN 2 TO 4 WEEKS CSM ADVICE makes it clear that: i. Benzodiazepines are indicated for the short-term relief (2 4 weeks only) of ANXIETY that is severe, disabling or subjecting the individual to unacceptable distress, occurring alone or in association with insomnia or short-term psychosomatic, organic or psychotic illness. ii. The use of benzodiazepines to treat short-term mild anxiety is inappropriate and unsuitable. iii. Benzodiazepines should be used to treat insomnia only when it is severe, disabling, or subjecting the individual to extreme distress (BNF Section 4.1). 1

6 Key points to consider in relation to prescribing There are no licensed indications for prescribing benzodiazepines for more than 2-4 weeks. Dependence on even small doses of benzodiazepines can result in anxiety, insomnia and other distressing withdrawal symptoms if the drug is stopped abruptly. Benzodiazepines are not indicated or advised for the treatment of opiate addiction. Older people are more sensitive to the CNS side effects of benzodiazepines, such as confusion, amnesia, ataxia and hangover effects and are therefore at an increased risk of falls. Benzodiazepines can increase the risks of road traffic accidents, increase toxicity with alcohol and suicide risk. Known opiate addicts have a high chance of becoming dependent on benzodiazepines. Prescribing indications Prevention of dependence by appropriate initial prescribing is the most desirable situation. The British National Formulary lists the following indications for the prescribing of benzodiazepines: Short term use in anxiety or insomnia. As an adjunct in alcohol withdrawal. Status epilepticus. Febrile convulsions. Muscle spasm. Perioperative use. 2

7 SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT OF BENZODIAZEPINE DEPENDENCE Benzodiazepines are potentially addictive drugs; physical and psychological dependence can develop within weeks of regular use. Benzodiazepines are increasingly used in conjunction with other substances of abuse. They are used in this context to increase the kick obtained from opiates, and to alleviate the withdrawal symptoms of other drugs of abuse such as cocaine, amphetamines and alcohol. Main Principles of Assessment Early detection and intervention are important factors in successful outcomes. Prescribers should be able to recognise the risk or potential for benzodiazepine dependence in all diagnostic groups (psychiatric AND non-psychiatric cases) and age groups. Patients known to be opiate addicted, or known to use other illicit drugs, have a high chance of using and becoming dependent on very high doses of benzodiazepines. Confirmation of a diagnosis of dependence should be backed up with a positive urinary drugs screen for benzodiazepines and regular laboratory testing thereafter. Assessing motivation to change is an essential component in the management of dependency. Screening for benzodiazepine misuse should include measures to regularly review repeat prescriptions for tranquillisers and hypnotic medication. ACTUAL ASSESSMENT i. Check for Evidence of Benzodiazepine Dependence Note the patient s physical presentation drowsiness, disinhibition, dilation of pupils, and note the frequency or consistency of presentation over several weeks. It is recommended that the patient s benzodiazepine use be assessed over a 3-month period before a diagnosis of dependency is made unless there is compelling evidence at an earlier point. ii. Try to Establish the PATTERN of Benzodiazepine usage: Date of onset of benzodiazepine usage and which drug(s). Date of onset of dependency and frequency of usage. Average daily dose and dose intervals. Duration of any successful withdrawal from benzodiazepines. If yes to above, longest period of abstinence. N.B. Street or illicit sources of benzodiazepines may be different strengths from prescribed sources. The former are often weaker and this should be remembered when prescribing. 3

8 iii. Establish TYPE of Dependency: There are three main types of Benzodiazepine dependence that are recognised; these include Therapeutic dose dependence, Prescribed high dose dependence and Recreational high dose abuse and dependence. The type of dependency must be established the following questions can aid this process: Are the benzodiazepines prescribed or non-prescribed? If prescribed what is the indication for the Benzodiazepine? Is there any additional non-prescribed use? Patients reason for taking non-prescribed benzodiazepines a) Therapeutic Dose Dependence. People who have developed dependence on therapeutic doses of prescribed benzodiazepines. Characteristics of Therapeutic Dose Dependence They have taken benzodiazepines in prescribed low doses for months or years. They have gradually come to need benzodiazepines in order to carry out their normal activities of daily living. They have continued to take their medication even though the original indication for it has disappeared. They experience withdrawal symptoms when they try to reduce or stop the drugs. They may contact the practice frequently to request repeat prescriptions. They experience anxiety if the next prescription is not ready or easily obtainable. They may have increased the dosage since the original prescription. They may have anxiety symptoms, panics, agoraphobia, insomnia, depression and increasing physical symptoms despite continuing to take benzodiazepines. ASHTON (2002) b) Prescribed High Dose Dependence, e.g. 30mg Diazepam or more A minority of patients who start on prescribed benzodiazepines begin to require everlarger doses. Characteristics of Prescribed High Dose Dependence They may try to persuade their doctor to escalate the doses and/or the number of tablets on the prescription. On reaching the prescriber s limits they may present at hospitals or register at further practices to obtain more tablets. They may combine Benzodiazepine misuse with excessive alcohol consumption or with other sedative drugs. They tend to be highly anxious, depressed and may have a personality disorder. They tend not to use illicit drugs, but may obtain benzodiazepines from street sources, which may include a relative s or acquaintances continuing, unnecessary, prescribed benzodiazepines. 4

9 c) Recreational High Dose Abuse and Dependence High dose dependence in this category may develop as polydrug abusers attempt to increase the intensity and duration of the kick they get out of illicit drugs especially opiates and to cope with the withdrawal symptoms and stimulating effects of others such as cocaine or amphetamine and alcohol. Characteristics of Recreational High Dose Abuse & Dependence A very high tolerance develops, making it difficult to detect the actual scale of drug consumption. Users may be taking well in excess of 100mgs daily in a single dose. Doses of up to 1,000mgs are occasionally reported in clinical practice. There may be a concurrent alcohol problem, and the user may have been introduced to benzodiazepines during previous alcohol detoxification. iv. Detail any history of previous severe withdrawal (including history of seizures) or postwithdrawal reaction. v. Concomitant severe medical or psychiatric illness. vi. Co-morbid use of other drugs and alcohol. vii. Driving history: Patients should be reminded of DVLA guidelines. The non-prescribed use of these drugs and/or the use of supra-therapeutic dosage, whether in a substance withdrawal/maintenance programme or otherwise, constitutes misuse/dependency for licensing purposes. The prescribed use of these drugs at therapeutic doses (BNF), without evidence of impairment, does not amount to misuse/dependency for licensing purposes (although clinically dependence may exist). Persistent misuse of, or dependency on these substances, confirmed by medical enquiry, will lead to licence refusal or revocation until a minimum one year period free of such use has been attained. Independent medical assessment and urine screen arranged by DVLA, may be required. In addition favourable Consultant or Specialist report may be required on reapplication. viii. Establish level of motivation to change. ix. Urine drug testing as appropriate Note whether the presence or absence of benzodiazepines in the urine fits with the patient s history, bear in mind that higher dosing will result in a longer duration of detection. 5

10 SECTION 2 MANAGEMENT OF BENZODIAZEPINE & HYPNOTIC WITHDRAWAL Withdrawal of benzodiazepines should be gradual because abrupt withdrawal may produce confusion, toxic psychosis, convulsions, or a condition resembling delirium tremens. Any new patients presenting with benzodiazepine dependence should have a full assessment and be monitored for 3 months before a prescription is supplied if appropriate. When a decision is made to prescribe benzodiazepines it is recommended that the lowest possible dose for the relief of symptoms be used (max 30mg diazepam daily, a review within 2 weeks is recommended). Care should also be taken with the amount of tablets supplied and the STRENGTH of tablet required. Bear in mind that diversion into the black market can have surprising sources, and that 10mg tabs ( blues ) are more highly prized than 5mg or 2mg denominations. Daily or weekly dispensing may be more appropriate in some cases than allowing a 28-day supply. BENZODIAZEPINE REDUCTION The process of reduction following prolonged use of benzodiazepines can be difficult and protracted, usually involving many months of reducing doses. Patients embarking on a reduction programme need to be motivated, well supported and adequately prepared with accurate information about what to expect. i. General principles for benzodiazepine dose reduction Set realistic goals with the patient. Disagreement with the pace of reduction is likely to end in a poor outcome. Aim to reduce in steps of about 10-20% of the daily dose every fortnight with patient consent. If withdrawal symptoms occur, maintain the dose until symptoms improve (BNF). Allow for some periods of stabilisation of dose when things get difficult, but discourage any increase in doses, which may be interpreted as backsliding. Check that other substances such as cannabis and alcohol are not being added in or increased as a result of the Benzodiazepine reduction. Always convert the medication being misused to an equivalent dose of diazepam, including hypnotic medications (refer to Appendix 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). There is no justification for using 2 different types of benzodiazepines. Do not allow excessive supply of medication on one prescription, use weekly or daily dispensing as appropriate. Use 2mg and 5mg diazepam tablets only, so that the patient can try to establish the lowest total dose required in a day. Time needed for complete withdrawal varies from 4 weeks to a year or more. Examples of reducing scales can be found in appendices 1,2, 3, 4 and 5. ii. Half-Life Of Benzodiazepines and Their Diazepam Equivalents The effects of most benzodiazepines wear off within a few hours. However, when prescribing, the half-life is important, as the drug will continue to exert subtle effects as long as it is present in the body. Shorter acting benzodiazepines e.g. lorazepam are eliminated quickly, causing peaks and troughs of concentration, therefore making them unsuitable for managing withdrawal. To manage withdrawal from benzodiazepine dependence most smoothly it is recommended to convert the drug(s) being used to the equivalent dose of diazepam, a longer-acting benzodiazepine. 6

11 iii. Table of Diazepam 5mg Equivalents NAME OF DRUG Dose equivalent to 5mg Diazepam Half-life (range) Duration of detectability* Diazepam 5mg 32 hrs (21-50) hrs Chlordiazepoxide 15mg 12 hrs(6-30) hrs Lorazepam 0.5mg 12 hrs (8-25) - Oxazepam 15mg 8hrs (5-15) - Temazepam 10mg 5-11 hrs 8-22 hrs Nitrazepam Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol ) 5mg hrs. Elderly 40+ hrs mg hrs Zopiclone 7.5mg 5-6 hrs - Zolpidem 10mg 2 hrs - Zalepon 10mg 2 hrs - *This time varies considerably between individuals These drugs are chemically different from benzodiazepines but have the same effects on the body and act by the same mechanisms. iv. Management of polydrug dependence e.g. opiates, cocaine and benzodiazepines Opiate use should be stabilised first - with methadone if appropriate taking into consideration the increased risk of overdose and poorer clinical outcome if concomitant benzodiazepine misuse is present. Users should be encouraged and supported in reducing their illicit benzodiazepine use to a level that prevents withdrawal but is not associated with significant intoxication. In most cases users should continue to reduce use to zero without benzodiazepine prescribing. The user has made progress in controlling illicit benzodiazepine misuse i.e. not appearing intoxicated, improvement in other measures of stability. There should be an agreement with the patient, which includes expectations for attendance, monitoring, and compliance with adjunct treatments. If a reduction regime is offered, the following conditions are recommended: Use diazepam only Dispense in daily instalments (only to be waived if there is a bona fide reason such as full-time employment and/or good record of compliance) Reduce to zero over a planned period Specify doses (up to max 30mg diazepam daily) 5mg or 2mg tablets only Written reduction plan, mutually agreed between keyworker, patient and prescriber If contact is broken by non-compliance, benzodiazepine prescribing should cease. 7

12 v. Prescribing in pregnancy Sudden cessation of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy is potentially hazardous for both mother and foetus, including the risk of convulsions. Benzodiazepines may cause long lasting and difficult-to-control withdrawal symptoms in the neonate, so any reduction in the level of use is to be encouraged. The three-month assessment period before prescribing benzodiazepines does not apply in cases of pregnancy. Recommended management for benzodiazepine use in pregnancy: Outpatient: GPs should liase closely with obstetrician involved with the care of the patient who is benzodiazepine dependent in order to determine individual management. Follow this policy, speeding up reduction if possible by reducing the interval of reductions to weekly. In-Patient: Aberdeen Maternity Hospital under joint care of consultant obstetrician and SMS antenatal clinic. NOTES ON ALCOHOL DETOXIFICATION USING CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE Community detoxification is an effective and safe treatment for patients with mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms. Where community detoxification is offered, it should be delivered using protocols specifying daily monitoring of breath alcohol level and withdrawal symptoms. Medication may not be necessary if the: Patient reports consumption is less than 15 units daily (for men) or 10 units daily (women), and neither recent withdrawal symptoms nor drinking to prevent withdrawals. Patient has no alcohol on breath test, and no withdrawal signs or symptoms For patients managed in the community, chlordiazepoxide is the preferred benzodiazepine. (SIGN Guideline 74: Management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in primary care, 2003) Benzodiazepines may be used in Primary Care to manage alcohol withdrawal symptoms, but for a maximum period of 7 days. 7 Day Alcohol Detoxification Regime Using Chlordiazepoxide DAY MORNING LUNCHTIME 6PM BEDTIME 1 30mg 30mg 30mg 30mg 2 20mg 20mg 20mg 20mg 3 15mg 15mg 15mg 15mg 4 10mg 10mg 10mg 10mg 5 10mg 5mg 5mg 10mg 6 5mg 5mg 5mg 5mg 7 5mg 0 0 5mg 8

13 SECTION 3 SUGGESTIONS FOR CLINICAL PRACTICE IN PRIMARY CARE i. Practice Policy: Consider the development and implementation of a practice policy for the prescribing and management of patients on benzodiazepines. The aim would be to ensure a consistent approach to prescribing within the practice supporting the requirements of clinical governance. Key points to incorporate into a practice policy Indications for prescribing benzodiazepines, incorporating details of formulary drugs and dose regime. Specify situations when a prescription may be added to repeat prescribing system, ensuring this is authorised and recorded by a GP. Detail this in the practice repeat prescribing policy. Administration staff must be trained to identify excessive prescription requests for benzodiazepines and refer to GP accordingly. Identify a system for review of short-term prescriptions, e.g. discharge letters, ensuring therapy is discontinued as planned. It is now recommended that any prescription is limited to a quantity necessary for up to 30 days clinical need. Prescribers must ensure patients on repeat prescriptions are reviewed frequently, at least annually. Assessment for benzodiazepine addiction. Management of benzodiazepine addiction, incorporating the following points: Confirmation through urine testing over a period of time. Prescribing should not exceed a dose of 30mg daily. Indefinite long-term maintenance therapy is not a recognised treatment plan. Agree reduction plan and record discussions regularly. Avoid the use of 10mg tablets, only prescribe 2mg or 5mg. Consider daily or weekly dispensing when appropriate. Use of a benzodiazepine reducing regime to avoid abrupt withdrawal. Management of addiction in pregnancy. Alcohol withdrawal. Consider displaying patient information on benzodiazepines in the waiting area. Select and use, when appropriate, patient information leaflets to reinforce advice and education given to patients on topics such as dependence, tolerance, or withdrawal. CHP and practice pharmacists can support the development of practice policies. ii. Evidence relating to GP initiated action to reduce benzodiazepine prescribing a) Writing to the Patient A study set out to assess the effect of a letter from the general practitioner, suggesting a reduction in the use of benzodiazepines, and whether the impact of the letter could be increased by the addition of information on how to tackle drug reduction. (n = 209; mean age 69 range years). After 6 months consumption had reduced to two thirds of the original intake. 18% of subjects received NO prescriptions at all during the monitoring period. Ref.: Cormack, M & Sweeney, K Evaluation of an easy, cost-effective strategy for cutting Benzodiazepine use in general practice. British Journal of General Practice, 44 (378)

14 b) Brief Intervention This study indicates that some chronic users of benzodiazepines can successfully reduce their intake with simple advice from the GP and a self-help booklet. This approach required no extra clinic visits, and resulted in positive mental health change. Ref.: Bashir, K. King, M. Ashworth, M Controlled evaluation of brief intervention by general practitioners to reduce chronic use of benzodiazepines. British Journal of General Practice, 44 (386); c) Education A randomised-controlled trial studied the effect of an educational visit (by a doctor or pharmacist) on Benzodiazepine prescribing. The overall Benzodiazepine prescribing rate fell by 23.7%, that is from 4.93 to 3.76 prescriptions per 100 encounters. Anxiety and insomnia diagnosis rates also declined from 4.68 to 3.76 per 100 encounters. The intervention had a strong effect in reducing initial prescriptions. Ref.: de Burgh, S.Mant, A. MAttick, R A controlled trial of educational visiting to improve Benzodiazepine prescribing in general practice. Australian Journal of Public Health, 19 (2) d) Psychological Interventions Several studies have illustrated the benefits of non-pharmacological approaches to managing insomnia and anxiety. Techniques include: Stimulus control Sleep restriction Progressive muscular relaxation Sleep hygiene education Paradoxical intention (stop trying to sleep, focus on staying awake) Cognitive behavioural therapy Altering dysfunctional beliefs about sleeplessness Changing maladaptive sleep Ashton (2003) advocates the deployment of community nurses and pharmacists to assist GPs in managing withdrawal at dedicated clinics, and setting up self-help groups iii. Patient Information Leaflets on Benzodiazepines These can be downloaded from the Internet go to Patient Information Leaflets, click on 'B' for benzodiazepines and the following leaflets will be displayed: 'Benzodiazepines and Z drugs' and 'Stopping Long-Term Benzodiazepines'. For a wealth of further information on benzodiazepines, support groups etc see 10

15 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Guidelines: Ashton, H Benzodiazepines: how they work & how to withdraw. University of Newcastle. Free at British National Formulary. Guidance on management of benzodiazepine dependence: CMO s update no.37, Department of Health, January Benzodiazepines warning. MeReC briefing, issue no.17, April Update on benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics. Prodigy: hypnotic and anxiolytic dependence and insomnia. Royal College of Psychiatrists, Benzodiazepines: risks, benefits or dependence (remains under review, 2004) The Scottish Office Department of Health: Drug misuse and dependence guidelines on clinical management HMSO. General references: Meikl, J Cut down on tranquilliser prescriptions, GPs warned. The Guardian, Feb 11, 2004 Garfield, S Unhappy anniversary. Valium s 40 th birthday. The Observer, Feb 2, 2003 Contributors Bruce Davidson, Consultant, Substance Misuse Service Lucy Eagles, Specialist Pharmacist, Substance Misuse Service Linda Juroszek, CHP Pharmacist Fraser Sutherland, GP with special interest in Substance Misuse Brian Smith, CPN Substance Misuse Service* *Special thanks to Brian Smith for all his early work on this guide, who sadly is no longer with us. Widespread consultation has been undertaken to include GPs, CHP pharmacists, Mental Health Service, and Substance Misuse Staff. 11

16 Appendix 1: ALGORITHM FOR BENZODIAZEPINE REDUCTION General principles that should be ongoing throughout any reduction regimen Teach HEALTHY coping techniques appropriate to patient Address SLEEP HYGIENE issues Address any underlying PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS If withdrawal symptoms occur, maintain at same dose until symptoms improve and reduce in small steps; It is better to reduce slowly than too quickly Patient taking benzodiazepine Prescribed Non prescribed Monitor withdrawal symptoms at each appointment; convert to equivalent dose of diazepam; daily dispensing/prescribing Monitor for 3 months: months; advise to reduce to Diazepam 30mg or less, then consider prescribing Medium/long term use; are there symptoms of dependence? NO Reduce by 20% assess after 2 weeks YES Withdrawal symptoms? YES Reduce dose by 10 to 25% every fortnight No withdrawal symptoms: continue reduction by 20% at fortnightly intervals From 20mg Diazepam reduce dose at 2mg every fortnight STOP COMPLETELY (time needed for withdrawal can vary from about 4 weeks to a year or more) 12

18 Appendix 3: PATIENT INFORMATION RECOMMENDED REDUCING REGIME FROM 80mg to 30mg IT IS UNLIKELY THAT THESE DOSES WILL BE PRESCRIBED FOR YOU. The following reducing plan is to assist you in reducing your own illicit benzodiazepine use. DIAZEPAM REDUCING REGIME: STARTING AT 80MG DAILY MORNING MIDDAY AFTERNOON NIGHT TOTAL FOR DAY STARTING DOSE 20mg 20mg 20mg 20mg 80mg STAGE 1 2 WEEKS 20mg 20mg 15mg 20mg 75mg 2 2 WEEKS 20mg 15 mg 15mg 20mg 70mg 3 2 WEEKS 15mg 15mg 15mg 20mg 65mg 4 2 WEEKS 15mg 15mg 10mg 20mg 60mg 5 2 WEEKS 15mg 10mg 10mg 20mg 55mg 6 2 WEEKS 10mg 10mg 10mg 20mg 50mg 7 2 WEEKS 10mg 10mg 5mg 20mg 45mg 8 2 WEEKS 10mg 5mg 5mg 20mg 40mg 9 2 WEEKS 10mg 5mg 5mg 15mg 35mg 10 2 WEEKS 5mg 5mg 5mg 15mg 30mg TOTAL = AT LEAST 20 WEEKS WELL DONE. NOW FOLLOW THE SLOWER REDUCTION FROM 30mg SOME GROUND RULES * This is intended to be a slow process. Do not try to speed it up in any way * If you are struggling take an extra week to complete a stage rather than going backwards by increasing the dose. *Tell a friend or partner what you are aiming for so that they can encourage you *Consult your GP regularly, and if you experience any fainting, fits, depression or panic attacks NOTE: THESE ARE GUIDELINES FOR HELPING YOU TO REDUCE YOUR OWN BENZODIAZEPINE USE. IT IS UNLIKELY THAT A DOCTOR WOULD PRESCRIBE THE AMOUNT OF DIAZEPAM DESCRIBED ABOVE. 14

19 Appendix 4: PATIENT INFORMATION RECOMMENDED REDUCING REGIME FROM 200mg to 80mg UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES WILL THESE DOSES BE PRESCRIBED FOR YOU The following reducing plan is to assist you in reducing your own illicit benzodiazepine use. STARTING DOSE STAGE 1 DIAZEPAM REDUCING PLAN STARTING AT 200mg MORNING MIDDAY AFTERNOON NIGHT TOTAL FOR DAY 50mg 50mg 50mg 50mg 200mg 2 WEEKS 50mg 40mg 40mg 50mg 180mg 2 2 WEEKS 40mg 40mg 30mg 50mg 160mg 3 2 WEEKS 40mg 30mg 30mg 40mg 140mg 4 2 WEEKS 30mg 30mg 20mg 40mg 120mg 5 2 WEEKS 30mg 20mg 20mg 40mg 110mg 6 2 WEEKS 30mg 20mg 20mg 30mg 100mg 7 2 WEEKS 20mg 20mg 20mg 30mg 90mg 8 2 WEEKS 20mg 20mg 20mg 20mg 80mg TOTAL 16 WEEKS AT LEAST WELL DONE. NOW FOLLOW THE SLOWER REDUCTION FROM 80MG SOME GROUND RULES * This is intended to be a slow process. Do not try to speed it up in any way * If you are struggling take an extra week to complete a stage rather than going backwards by increasing the dose. *Tell a friend or partner what you are aiming for so that they can encourage you *Consult your GP regularly, and if you experience any fainting, fits, depression or panic attacks NOTE: THESE ARE GUIDELINES FOR HELPING YOU TO REDUCE YOUR OWN BENZODIAZEPINE USE. IT IS UNLIKELY THAT A DOCTOR WOULD PRESCRIBE THE AMOUNT OF DIAZEPAM DESCRIBED ABOVE. 15

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COMMUNITY BUPRENORPHINE PRESCRIBING IN OPIATE DEPENDENCE INTRODUCTION High dose sublingual buprenorphine (Subutex) tablets are available in the following strengths 0.4 mg, 2 mg, and 8 mg. Suboxone tablets,

Addictions and Mental Health Division Programs Central Intake Referral Form The Central Intake Referral Form is used in the District of Nipissing by the North Bay Regional Health Centre s Addictions and

Outpatient Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Daniel Duhigg, DO, MBA DSM V criteria for Alcohol Withdrawal A. Cessation or reduction of heavy/prolonged alcohol use B. 2 or more of the following in hours to

DRUGS AND THE BRAIN Most of the psychological and behavioural effects of psychoactive drugs is due the interaction they have with the nerve cells in the CNS (which includes the brain and peripheral nervous

NP SPPR National Prescribing Service Ltd No. 4 July 1999 Prescribing Practice Review Reviewing long term use of benzodiazepines, pp1-4 Managing the new patient with insomnia, pp5-6 Enclosed patient material

Specialist Alcohol & Drug Services in Lanarkshire This brochure describes what help is available within Lanarkshire s specialist treatment services. These include the North Lanarkshire Integrated Addiction