Monday, April 9, 2018

History Paper About September 11th

The Motives of Osama Bin Laden for the September 11 Attack

The 9/11 attack on
September 11, 2001 remains the worst terrorist act on American soil ever – both
in terms of casualties and impact on the American people. There are countless
theories as to what Osama bin Laden’s motives were. Osama bin Laden’s motives for
the 9/11 attack on the United States were triggered by multiple factors. Some
of the factors included the clash within Islam, the decline of the Middle East
after World War One, and the radicalization of Muslims caused by the Afghan
jihad. I believe that Osama bin Laden was trying to seek revenge over the West
for its treatment of Muslims and policies in the Muslim World.

Background of Muslims in
the Middle East

The religion of Islam has
over one billion followers. Islam itself does not present a united face and is
practiced in a variety of ways. The question is which Islam do they
represent?

David Plotz, (2001) in his
article “What does Osama bin Laden Want?” describes the growth of the extremist
in the Muslim world over the last 30 years. He states that the extremists
believe that their Muslim World is being destroyed by a variety of factors such
as infidels within the Muslim World and outside, such as countries like the
United States. He states that even governments of some Muslim countries such
as Egypt and Jordan are not remaining true to the strict Islamic principles and
that Jihad is necessary to drive out the infidels. Plotz also states that Bin
Laden wants to re-establish The Caliphate which would mean one government for
all Muslim countries.

Three events in the Middle
East in 1979 served as a turning point for Muslims, as Muslims began to
question the position of their faith. The three events are - the overthrow of
the Shah of Iran in January, the Egypt-Israel Peace deal in April and in December
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

The Overthrow of the Shah of Iran

In 1979,
Iran was ruled by a monarchy and the leader was the Shah of Iran. The Shah had
friendly relations with the United States and supported promoting growth of the
economy, women’s rights and the education of women. However, his
government was also very strict and had become a police state. The United
States maintained their interest in the government of Iran because it had hoped
to stop the spread of Communism from the Soviet Union. Many Shia clerics
did not agree with the Shah’s government. Protests gradually gave way to
revolution and eventually the Ayatollah Khomeini, an exiled religious leader
living in France, was brought to power. (Szczepanski, 2017) This example
demonstrated a change in one Muslim country that was trying to cut ties with
the US and at the same time brought a Muslim government to power that would be
truer to Islamic faith.

Soviet Invasion of
Afghanistan

In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. The Soviet
Union invaded Afghanistan to help the Communist government defeat guerrilla
Muslim troops. Communist governments controlled Afghanistan and the
former Soviet Union in the late 1970s. The Soviet Union supported and
encouraged the practice of communism in other governments, and lent a helping
hand to nearby Afghanistan to quell anti-Communist actions.

In 1989, the Soviets left Afghanistan and the
Taliban was able to take control. Taliban is the plural of “talib” and it means
“religious student”. (Bergen, 2002) The Taliban did make the country safer and
restored order, despite the harsh treatment of women.

Egypt and Israel Peace Deal

The relations between
Israel and Egypt had been very tense since Israel’s establishment in 1948. The
Americans helped to bring about a Peace deal between the two countries, ending
30 years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel. Unfortunately, the peace deal
wasn’t popular with Muslim extremists. Egypt was suspended from the Arab League
and in 1981 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Muslim
extremists. This demonstrates the Muslim extremists’ dislike for both
American and Jews in the Middle East.

The life of Osama bin Laden

Early Life

Bin
Laden’s father was very wealthy. The family was one of the wealthiest in Saudi
Arabia, as he made millions through construction. The family originated in
Yemen but moved to Saudi Arabia approximately 1930. The company was able
to diversify by buying land and many other businesses. (Taylor, 2013)

Osama
bin Laden was born in 1957. He was the seventeenth son of Mohammed bin Laden.
Osama’s father was very religious. His father encouraged “piety and respect for
family business” (Bergen, 2001). Osama bin Laden first married at the age
of 17.At University, he studied economics.He showed an early interest in religion.

Influences of Osama bin
Laden

At University in Jeddah, he became associated with the Muslim
Brotherhood. He came under the spell of two prominent teachers of Islamic
Studies. One was Abdullah Azzam and the other was Mohammed Qutb. Azzam created
the first internet Jihadist network. Qutb was an interpreter of the
Jihadist Network movement. Azzam stated that the Muslim people needed to free
themselves from ignorance. It was in the Islamic order to make jihad against
enemies of Islam (Bergen, 2001).

The Formation of Al-Qaeda

In 1989, Osama bin Laden founded Al-Qaeda, which means “the base”
in Arabic. Bin Laden applied business principles to his organization. His top
aides were all well-educated; they included a physician, an entrepreneur, an
accountant, a psychologist and an electrical engineer. He had many different
committees, such as a finance committee and a media committee but Osama bin
Laden was the director or chairman of all facets of the organization.

Helped in large part by the internet, it was easy to recruit
people for his holy war. The internet also allowed bin Laden’s message to be
widespread. There were websites where militants could swap tips for information
on how to get jihad training. (Bergen, 2001) Having now formulated his plan, it
soon became time to put his plans into action.

The 9/11 Attack

On the
morning of September 11, 2001, nineteen men from a variety of Arab countries
had a mission to overtake four US flights and fly the planes into four American
landmarks. These landmarks were the North and South tower of the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon and a fourth unknown target that could possibly have
been the White House. The fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania,
likely due to the passengers onboard overtaking the terrorists. The earth
shattering mission resulted in approximately three thousand fatalities.

Major Events in the Muslim World after the 9/11 Attack

US Invasion of Afghanistan

The backlash from the
unthinkable attacks came fast as US President Bush declared war on Afghanistan.
At this time it was believed that Osama bin Laden was hiding in Afghanistan.
Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden. On October 7, 2001,
the Taliban refused to hand bin Laden over. In response, the US and UK military
forces, supported by NATO, began a massive bombing attack on major Afghan
cities. By mid-November, the capital of Afghanistan had fallen and it was
presumed that bin Laden had escaped to Pakistan in December of 2001. (Habeck,
2005)

US Invasion Iraq

Later, the US turned its
focus to Iraq. In March of 2003, the Americans invaded Iraq and the Iraq War
began. The Americans believed that the Iraqis had weapons of mass destruction
that the UN had not permitted. The capital city of Baghdad fell by April and
later that year the president Saddam Hussein was captured and eventually killed
by the Americans.

The Motives of Osama bin
Laden

Decline of the Middle East

Many scholars would argue
that the Muslim World is in a crisis. After the First World War, the Ottoman
Empire was disbanded by the Sykes-Picot agreement. The Ottoman Empire had
united the Muslim world for centuries. This lead to the Muslims feeling degraded.
Just as the Treaty of Versailles had divided and humiliated Germany after World
War I, Osama bin Laden felt that the Sykes-Picot agreement in 1916 had the same
effect on the Muslim world. For this reason, Osama bin Laden stated that what
America experienced on September 11, 2001 was a fraction of what the Muslims
had been feeling for 80 years. (Bergen, 2006)

US Foreign Policy in the
Middle East

According to Plotz (2001)
bin Laden “is furious about American support for Israel”. To begin with, the
establishment of the Jewish state of Israel in 1948 was problematic for Arabs
and Muslims in the Middle East. The American support for Israel was unbearable
to militants such as Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden had a hatred for the
Jewish people and now they were being supported by the Americans.

In 1990,
the UN imposed sanctions on Iraq for violations against the United Nations.
By May of 1996 there was an estimated 500,000 children who had died as a
result of the sanctions imposed on Iraq (Bergen, 2001; Crossette, 1995) Bin
Laden was angry by the large numbers of innocent Muslim children who died from
malnutrition.

According to the book Holy War, Inc. by Peter Bergen, Bergen delivered an
intriguing interview of Osama bin Laden that stated bin Laden had said, “Our
main problem is the US government”. This articulates the idea that bin Laden
believed that the American government should not have a presence in any Muslim
country. (Bergen, 2001)

A Clash within
Islam

Despite Muslim countries
sharing a common religion, this did not mean their political views were all in
harmony. For instance, bin Laden, who was from Saudi Arabia, did not
agree with the government of Saudi Arabia. A source close to bin Laden described
bin Laden saying he was “violently opposed to the presence of US troops in
Saudi Arabia”. (Bergen, 2001) Bin Laden believed that being
loyal to the US regime meant that Saudi Arabia had committed an act against
Islam. (Bergen, 2001). This demonstrated a clash between different groups of Muslims.
Another example would have been when bin Laden pointed out that Saddam Hussein
invaded Kuwait for its oil. Bin Laden was critical of Suddam Hussein and
remarked in his interview that Hussein was not a true Muslim leader (Bergen,
2001)

Radicalization of Muslims

In “The Religious Sources
of Terrorism” the author Schmuel Bar argued that the modern Muslim societies
have “strayed from the straight” and the solution was to return to the original
mores of Islam. He further stated that The West was not to blame but had served
as a trigger for the Islamic awakening. (Bar, 2004) In this context,
jihad was against apostate infidels within the Middle East.The invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviets in
1979 was “a watershed event” that revived the concept of jihad as a personal
duty to evict infidels in a Muslim country.Bar argues that this duty is like a sixth pillar of Islam and that those
that ignore it “will inherit hell”.

Osama
bin Laden’s brand of Islam

Doran noted in “Someone
Else’s Civil War” that terrorism was used to create fear. In the case of Osama
bin Laden it was designed to provoke a reaction from the Americans as a result
of the fear created by the 9/11 Attack. He wanted to get a reaction from
the Americans and that the American military reaction would bring about harm
brought to innocent Muslim civilians.He
wanted to unify the Umma (the universal Muslim community) with the message that
Americans were willing to begin a military campaign against Muslims.

Bin
Laden’s goal, according to Doran, was to further the Islamic revolution within
the Muslim World, especially in Saudi Arabia. He did not intend to defeat
America, but to “help his brand of extremist Islam survive and flourish”
(Doran, 2002) among the believers.

Further,
Doran discussed the purpose of the Al Qaeda organization, which was to return
Islam to the generation of Mohammed. He stated that bin Laden believed
that “Muslims have deviated from God’s plan and he proposes to returnMuslims to the proper state consistent with
Mohammed”. The Islamic beliefs from this era placed great emphasis on
jihad.

Conclusion

The results of what took
place in the Muslim World before 2001 helped shape animosity between the Muslim
World and the West. This created a vigorous tension that imploded on September
11 when Osama bin Laden, with the help of his Al Qaeda organization, put
together an unforeseen attack that has created a harsh reality between the two
groups. While no singular motive may exist, the motives may have come from a
variety of factors. In my opinion, the most credible explanations for Osama Bin
Laden’s attack on 9/11, came from the decline of the Middle East over the last
eighty years, US Foreign Policy in the Middle East, a clash within Islam and
the radicalization of Muslims.