ppts correctly identified the most objects after seeing an appropriate context and the least after seeing inappropriate context

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What is the conclusion?

expectations affect perception

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What are two strengths?

controlled how long ppts saw the context and objects (2 seconds) and given clear instructions

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What are two weaknesses?

2 people forgot glasses so their data missing- smaller sample and telling ppts what they were doing could have caused them to try harder in certain conditions than others

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What was the Carmichael study (1932)

95 ppts split into 2 groups and a control of 9. lab experiment. shown 12 pictures and experimenter said what they resembled (different for 2 groups). ppts asked to draw what they'd seen and drawing compared to original

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What was the aim of the carmichael study?

to find out whether words shown with pictures would affect the way the pictures were remembered.

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What were the findings?

'list 1' group, 73% of the drawings resembled the word given. 'list 2' group, 74% did. control group who had not heard any words only 45% resembled either one of the words.

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What was the conclusion?

memory for pictures is reconstructed. The verbal labels given to the image affects the recall because the memory of the word alters the way the picture is represented.

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What are the strengths?

control group of 9 to compare with and each ppt given 12 pics so lots of data collected

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What are the weaknesses?

in real life, objects aren;t as ambiguous as drawings so not applicable to real life and extent to which pictures resemble label is subjective

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What was the Allport and Postman study (1947)

picture of black man in suit and white man with razor blade shown. ppts reported it was the black man holding the razor

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How does this support the idea of a schema?

ppts back then exposed to racism in media so had expectation that black people violent. schema would have been in memory so when asked to reconstruct pic they had racially biased expectation

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What was the aim of the Bartlett study (1932)

to investigate how information changes with each reproduction and why

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What was the Bartlett study?

repeated measure design 20 ppts read war of the ghosts and asked to recall. Serial reproduction-ppts reproduce story on paper to another and so on. Repeated-one ppt reproduces all 7 reproductions over time intervals

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What were the findings?

details lost, order of events same, events made more familiar and simplified, things added to make sense

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What was the conclusion?

people reconstructed the stories using their schema as memory is affected by existing knowledge

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What are the strengths?

both tasks done many times to gather lots of data and other stories were later used to show generalisable to other stories

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What are the weaknesses?

unfamiliar story used- not certain that changes would be the same with familiar stories and time delays wildly different in the repeated reproduction so changes can't be compared with one another