Background

Heartworm disease in dogs can be severe and life threatening. Resistance to available heartworm preventives was considered among potential causes of increased reports of failed heartworm prevention in dogs. The objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of four commercially available heartworm disease preventives against the JYD-34 strain of D. immitis.

Methods

Forty laboratory-reared dogs approximately 6 months old were used. Each dog was infected with fifty, third-stage heartworm larvae on study day (SD) -30. On SD-1, the dogs were randomized to five groups of eight dogs each. On SD-0, dogs in groups 1–4 were treated as follows: Group 1: ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate chewable tablets; Group 2: milbemycin oxime/spinosad tablets; Group 3: selamectin topical solution; and Group 4: imidacloprid/moxidectin topical solution. Dogs in Group 5 were not treated and served as controls. The dogs were treated according to their current body weights and labelled dose banding for each product. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were retreated with their respective products and current body weights on SD 31 and 60. On SDs 124–126 the dogs were euthanized and necropsied for recovery of adult heartworms.

Results

Adult heartworms were recovered at necropsy from each of the dogs in the control group (13–32 worms/dog, geometric mean (GM) = 18.4 worms/dog). Adult heartworms and/or worm fragments were also recovered from each of the dogs treated with ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate, milbemycin oxime/spinosad or selamectin. Geometric means of worms recovered from dogs in each of these groups were 13.1, 8.8, and 13.1, resulting in efficacies compared to controls of 29.0, 52.2, and 28.8 %, respectively. All dogs in Group 4 (imidacloprid/moxidectin) were free of adult heartworms (100 % efficacy).

Conclusions

The combination of imidacloprid/moxidectin was 100 % effective in this study in preventing development of JYD-34 laboratory strain of D. immitis in dogs following a single treatment, while three monthlytreatments of the three other commercial products provided less than 100 % efficacy. The high efficacy achieved with imidacloprid/moxidectin was likely due to the unique pharmacokinetic properties of the topical formulation delivering greater and sustained drug concentrations necessary to prevent development of D. immitis larvae.

Studies must be performed using recently characterized D. immitis strains with specified timing of treatment relative to experimental infection. The United States Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine requires 100 % efficacy for laboratory studies supporting the approval of heartworm disease preventive products. In a recent study, the JYD-34 laboratory strain of D. immitis (TRS Laboratories Inc., Athens, GA, USA) was used to test the performance of a new anthelmintic. Data indicated that milbemycin oxime was not 100 % effective against the JYD-34 heartworm strain at historically effective doses [14]. Therefore, the efficacy of other macrolide preventives against the JYD-34 heartworm strain was of interest.

Advantage Multi® [10 % imidacloprid/2.5 % moxidectin] Topical Solution for Dogs, is a topical formulation approved for prevention of heartworm disease, treatment of circulating microfilariae, treatment of flea infestations, and treatment and control of sarcoptic mange and intestinal nematodes One topical treatment, administered at the minimal label dose (0.1 ml/kg) at 30–45 days after experimental infection with D. immitis, resulted in 100 % efficacy [15]. Because of its lipophilic chemistry, moxidectin reaches high serum concentrations, broad tissue distribution and is gradually eliminated from the treated host. Moxidectin (Advantage Multi® for Dogs) reached a mean serum concentration of 18.1 mcg/L after one dosing with mean level of 10.5 mcg/L maintained for 28 days [16]. Based on these properties, we postulated that moxidectin in this formulation could provide a high level of efficacy against the JYD-34 strain of D. immitis. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Advantage Multi® for Dogs against JYD-34 following one treatment to the efficacy of three other heartworm preventive products administered three times at monthly intervals.

The study was reviewed and approved by the Auburn University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (PRN 2012–2040). Forty-three Beagle dogs, 6–7 months of age, were obtained from a commercial source (Ridglan Farms Inc. PO Box 318, Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin USA 53572). All dogs were allowed to acclimate to housing environments for 14 days. Housing of dogs was in indoor kennels within rooms equipped with automatic temperature controls. Each dog was fed a standard ration daily in quantities sufficient for growth and maintenance (Advanced Protocol High Density Canine Diet, PMI Nutrition, Int’l, LLC, Brentwood, MO 36144). The processed diet was determined to be free of any contaminants that could potentially interfere with the interpretation of study results. Each dog had access to municipal water provided ad libitum via individual valves. During the acclimation period, a physical examination was performed on each dog for the presence of existing conditions that could interfere with conduct of the study.

Each dog was infected with 50 third-stage heartworm larvae on study day (SD) -30. Larvae of JYD-34 were supplied by TRS Laboratories, Athens, Georgia, USA, and were harvested from infected mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti; Liverpool strain) immediately prior to inoculation. The JYD-34 D. immitis strain was originally isolated from a microfilariae-positive dog from Illinois, USA, in July, 2010. The dog had no previous history of treatment with an avermectin or milbemycin product. The strain was validated via experimental infection in April 2011 (Scott McCall, TRS Labs Inc., personal communication). The larvae harvested from mosquitoes for use in this study originated from microfilariae representing the first passage in a dog.

The dogs assigned to Groups 1–4 were treated on SD-0 with the specific Investigational Veterinary Product (IVP) as described. Treatment dosages were based on body weights obtained on SD-1. The dosage of IVP for each dog was calculated based on each product’s package labelling. Food was withheld for 24 h prior to treatment for all dogs. For dogs treated with ivermectin/pyrantel and milbmycin/spinosad, tablets were placed on the back of the tongue to ensure reliable consumption of these products. For dogs treated with selamectin and imidacloprid/moxidectin, the appropriate volume of solution for each dog’s weight was administered topically as directed by label instructions. The non-treated control dogs were mock-treated to maintain proper masking of study participants. This was performed by bringing dogs into the treatment room and “pretending” to treat while other study participants waited outside the room. Dogs were allowed access to food immediately after treatment. Dogs in Groups 1, 2, and 3 were retreated with the respective IVPs as described above on SDs 31 and 60 based on body weights obtained on SDs 28 and 59, respectively. All dogs were observed for any adverse event or abnormal finding at selected intervals after treatment and at least once daily thereafter.

Plasma samples from each dog were examined on SD 94 for heartworm antigen (Dirochek® Canine Heartworm Antigen Test Kit, Zoetis Corporation, Florham Park, New Jersey, USA). Study animals were euthanized according to procedures currently used by the Auburn University Division of Laboratory Animal Health and necropsied on SDs 124–126 (154–156 days after inoculation with third stage D. immitis larvae) for recovery of adult heartworms. All dogs were examined for adult heartworms at necropsy as previously described [11].

Effects of the different treatments were determined by comparing heartworm numbers in dogs treated with the IVPs to those in non-treated dogs. Results are calculated and displayed as the number of positive dogs and geometric mean worm counts for dogs in each group. Geometric means were obtained by log-conversion of arithmetic mean counts of heartworms recovered from each dog. Mean counts were used to calculate efficacy as follows: Efficacy = Mean number of heartworms in control dogs – mean number of heartworms in treated dogs ÷ mean number of heartworms in control dogs × 100.

Due to the non-normal distribution of data, nonparametric analysis was utilized [11]. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test (two-tailed, P = 0.05) was used to assess treatment vs control effects. All statistical procedures were performed using SAS version 9.2 (SAS® Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA).

No adverse events that were related to treatment with the IVPs were observed in this study. Specific information regarding treatment groups, dosages of IVP administered to each dog and recovery of adult heartworms are included Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Dosage ranges for dogs within each group were: Group 1: 6.4–11.9 μg/kg of ivermectin/5.4–10.0 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate; Group 2: 0.5–1.0 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime/30.8–60.1 mg/kg spinosad; Group 3: 6.6–12.9 mg/kg of selamectin; and Group 4: 2.8–6.7 mg/kg of moxidectin/11.3–26.7 mg/kg imidacloprid. Study day 31 dosages were: Group 1: 6.3–11.6 μg/kg ivermectin/5.3–9.7 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate; Group 2: 0.5–1.0 mg/kg of milbemycin oxime/32.3–57.6 mg/kg spinosad; and Group 3: 6.9–12.8 mg/kg of selamectin. Study day 60 dosages were: Group 1: 6.2–11.6 μg/kg ivermectin/5.2–9.8 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate; Group 2: 0.5–0.9 mg/kg milbemycin oxime/31.1–56.5 mg/kg spinosad; and Group 3: 9.8–13.1 mg/kg selamectin. Group 4 dogs were not retreated on days 31 and 60.

Table 1

Animal Information and SD 0 treatment dosages (Groups 1–5)

Treatment group

Animal identification

Sex

Body weight (lb)

Ivermectin/Pyrantel

Tablet administered

Dose

(Group 1)

Ivermectin (μg)

Pyrantel (mg)

Ivermectin (μg/kg)

Pyrantel (mg/kg)

IDF-2

M

25.2

136

114

11.9

10.0

UHH-2

M

23.3

68

57

6.4

5.4

VTH-2

M

22.5

68

57

6.6

5.6

IOF-2

M

21.5

68

57

7.0

5.8

BFG-2

F

20.9

68

57

7.2

6.0

PXC-2

F

20.8

68

57

7.2

6.0

VVH-2

M

19.4

68

57

7.7

6.5

GSC-2

F

19.3

68

57

7.8

6.5

Milbemycin/Spinosad

Tablet administered

Dose

(Group 2)

Milbemycin (mg)

Spinosad (mg)

Milbemycin (mg/kg)

Spinosad (mg/kg)

FCG-2

F

24.0

9.3

560

0.9

51.3

IUE-2

F

23.0

9.3

560

0.9

53.6

UDH-2

M

22.9

9.3

560

0.9

53.8

VCG-2

F

21.5

9.3

560

1.0

57.3

TPH-2

M

21.2

9.3

560

1.0

58.1

XBH-2

M

20.5

9.3

560

1.0

60.1

EZG-2

F

19.3

4.5

270

0.5

30.8

KUH-2

M

17.6

4.5

270

0.6

33.8

Selamectin

Applicator tube

Dose

(Group 3)

Selamectin (mg)

Selamectin (mg/kg)

OFF-2

M

24.7

120

10.7

VUH-2

M

23.2

120

11.4

EYE-2

F

21.5

120

12.3

UKG-2

F

21.3

120

12.4

AVG-2

F

20.9

120

12.6

GPG-2

F

20.4

120

12.9

GDE-2

F

18.6

60

7.1

ZXG-2

F

19.9

60

6.6

Moxidectin/ Imidacloprid

Applicator tube

Dose

(Group 4)

Moxidectin (mg)

Imidacloprid (mg)

Moxidectin (mg/kg)

Imidaclopridd (mg/kg)

DIH-2

M

23.9

62.5

250

5.8

23.0

UYH-2

M

23.3

62.5

250

5.9

23.6

CGH-2

M

22.2

62.5

250

6.2

24.8

FKC-2

F

21.5

62.5

250

6.4

25.6

FJC-2

F

20.8

62.5

250

6.6

26.4

VZG-2

F

20.6

62.5

250

6.7

26.7

LAG-2

F

19.5

25.0

100

2.8

11.3

THH-2

M

18.8

25.0

100

2.9

11.7

Non-treated control

(Group 5)

UTH-2

M

24.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

GKC-2

F

23.3

NA

NA

NA

NA

TWH-2

M

21.8

NA

NA

NA

NA

EDG-2

F

21.2

NA

NA

NA

NA

RAF-2

M

21.0

NA

NA

NA

NA

CRC-2

F

20.3

NA

NA

NA

NA

TJH-2

M

20.2

NA

NA

NA

NA

IXG-2

F

18.3

NA

NA

NA

NA

Table 2

Animal information and SD 31 treatment dosages (Groups 1–5)

Treatment group

Animal identification

Sex

Body weight (lb)

Ivermectin/Pyrantel

Tablet administered

Dose

(Group 1)

Ivermectin (μg)

Pyrantel (mg)

Ivermectin (μg/kg)

Pyrantel (mg/kg)

IDF-2

M

28.9

136

114

10.4

8.7

UHH-2

M

25.8

136

114

11.6

9.7

VTH-2

M

23.7

68

57

6.3

5.3

IOF-2

M

23.1

68

57

6.5

5.4

BFG-2

F

23.0

68

57

6.5

5.5

PXC-2

F

20.4

68

57

7.3

6.1

VVH-2

M

21.2

68

57

7.1

5.9

GSC-2

F

19.4

68

57

7.7

6.5

Milbemycin/Spinosad

Tablet administered

Dose

(Group 2)

Milbemycin (mg)

Spinosad (mg)

Milbemycin (mg/kg)

Spinosad (mg/kg)

FCG-2

F

23.5

9.3

560

0.9

52.4

IUE-2

F

25.7

9.3

560

0.8

47.9

UDH-2

M

23.4

9.3

560

0.9

52.6

VCG-2

F

22.4

9.3

560

0.9

55.0

TPH-2

M

26.7

9.3

560

0.8

46.1

XBH-2

M

21.4

9.3

560

1.0

57.6

EZG-2

F

22.5

9.3

560

0.9

54.8

KUH-2

M

18.4

4.5

270

0.5

32.3

Applicator tube

Dose

Selamectin

Selamectin (mg)

Selamectin (mg/kg)

(Group 3)

OFF-2

M

25.5

120

10.4

VUH-2

M

24.1

120

11.0

EYE-2

F

23.0

120

11.5

UKG-2

F

21.6

120

12.2

AVG-2

F

22.3

120

11.8

GPG-2

F

20.7

120

12.8

GDE-2

F

20.8

120

12.7

ZXG-2

F

19.0

60

6.9

Moxidectin/ Imidacloprid

Applicator tube

Dose

(Group 4)

Moxidectin (mg)

Imidacloprid (mg)

Moxidectin (mg/kg)

Imidaclopridd (mg/kg)

DIH-2

M

24.4

NA

NA

NA

NA

UYH-2

M

27.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

CGH-2

M

23.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

FKC-2

F

22.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

FJC-2

F

20.8

NA

NA

NA

NA

VZG-2

F

20.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

LAG-2

F

20.7

NA

NA

NA

NA

THH-2

M

19.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

Non-treated control

(Group 5)

UTH-2

M

28.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

GKC-2

F

25.2

NA

NA

NA

NA

TWH-2

M

22.8

NA

NA

NA

NA

EDG-2

F

21.5

NA

NA

NA

NA

RAF-2

M

23.5

NA

NA

NA

NA

CRC-2

F

21.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

TJH-2

M

22.5

NA

NA

NA

NA

IXG-2

F

19.5

NA

NA

NA

NA

Table 3

Animal information and SD 60 treatment dosages (Groups 1–5)

Treatment group

Animal identification

Sex

Body weight (lb)

Ivermectin/Pyrantel

Tablet administered

Dose

(Group 1)

Ivermectin (μg)

Pyrantel (mg)

Ivermectin (μg/kg)

Pyrantel (mg/kg)

IDF-2

M

29.6

136

114

10.1

8.5

UHH-2

M

25.7

136

114

11.6

9.8

VTH-2

M

24.1

68

57

6.2

5.2

IOF-2

M

23.7

68

57

6.3

5.3

BFG-2

F

24.2

68

57

6.2

5.2

PXC-2

F

21.6

68

57

6.9

5.8

VVH-2

M

22.8

68

57

6.6

5.5

GSC-2

F

20.2

68

57

7.4

6.2

Milbemycin/Spinosad

Tablet administered

Dose

(Group 2)

Milbemycin (mg)

Spinosad (mg)

Milbemycin (mg/kg)

Spinosad (mg/kg)

FCG-2

F

24.7

9.3

560

0.8

49.9

IUE-2

F

26.4

9.3

560

0.8

46.7

UDH-2

M

23.8

9.3

560

0.9

51.8

VCG-2

F

22.5

9.3

560

0.9

54.8

TPH-2

M

28.3

9.3

560

0.7

43.5

XBH-2

M

21.8

9.3

560

0.9

56.5

EZG-2

F

22.6

9.3

560

0.9

54.5

KUH-2

M

19.1

4.5

270

0.5

31.1

Selamectin

Applicator tube

Dose

(Group 3)

Selamectin (mg)

Selamectin (mg/kg)

OFF-2

M

27.1

120

9.8

VUH-2

M

26.3

120

10.0

EYE-2

F

24.6

120

10.7

UKG-2

F

20.7

120

12.8

AVG-2

F

22.6

120

11.7

GPG-2

F

21.8

120

12.1

GDE-2

F

21.8

120

12.1

ZXG-2

F

20.2

120

13.1

Moxidectin/Imidacloprid

Applicator tube

Dose

(Group 4)

Moxidectin (mg)

Imidacloprid (mg)

Moxidectin (mg/kg)

Imidaclopridd (mg/kg)

DIH-2

M

26.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

UYH-2

M

27.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

CGH-2

M

24.8

NA

NA

NA

NA

FKC-2

F

21.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

FJC-2

F

22.2

NA

NA

NA

NA

VZG-2

F

20.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

LAG-2

F

20.1

NA

NA

NA

NA

THH-2

M

20.3

NA

NA

NA

NA

Non-treated control

(Group 5)

UTH-2

M

27.6

NA

NA

NA

NA

GKC-2

F

25.7

NA

NA

NA

NA

TWH-2

M

23.9

NA

NA

NA

NA

EDG-2

F

23.2

NA

NA

NA

NA

RAF-2

M

24.4

NA

NA

NA

NA

CRC-2

F

21.4

NA

NA

NA

NA

TJH-2

M

24.2

NA

NA

NA

NA

IXG-2

F

20.7

NA

NA

NA

NA

Table 4

Adult D. immitis recovered at necropsy

Treatment group

Animal ID

Male D. immitis

Female D. immitis

Total D. immitis

Ivermectin/Pyrantel

IDF-2

2

3

5

(Group 1)

UHH-2

12

3

16 a

VTH-2

10

5

15

IOF-2

12

2

14

BFG-2

5

7

13 a

PXC-2

6

8

15 a

VVH-2

12

7

19

GSC-2

5

8

13

Total

110

Milbemycin/Spinosad

FCG-2

6

1

7

(Group 2)

IUE-2

2

0

3 a

UDH-2

9

4

14 a

VCG-2

3

1

4

TPH-2

6

8

15 a

XBH-2

7

4

12 a

EZG-2

4

3

8 a

KUH-2

11

7

18

Total

81

Selamectin

OFF-2

7

9

17 a

(Group 3)

VUH-2

4

4

9 a

EYE-2

6

2

9 a

UKG-2

4

8

13 a

AVG-2

9

5

15 a

GPG-2

12

4

16

ZXG-2

13

5

18

GDE-2

7

3

11 a

Total

108

Imidacloprid/Moxidectin

DIH-2

0

0

0

(Group 4)

UYH-2

0

0

0

CGH-2

0

0

0

FKC-2

0

0

0

FJC-2

0

0

0

VZG-2

0

0

0

LAG-2

0

0

0

THH-2

0

0

0

Total

0

Non-treated Control

UTH-2

5

11

17 a

(Group 5)

GKC-2

7

7

15 a

TWH-2

9

9

18

EDG-2

9

8

18 a

RAF-2

6

15

21

CRC-2

11

7

18

TJH-2

4

9

13

IXG-2

19

13

32

Total

152

aIntact heartworms were enumerated by gender. If worm pieces/ fragments were also recovered, one additional worm was added to the count for that dog

Plasma samples collected from each dog on SD 94 were negative for heartworm antigen.

Adult heartworms recovered from dogs at necropsy included intact worms or fragments and were enumerated based on gender (Table 4). All intact heartworms were alive and moving when placed in warm saline. A total of 152 adult D. immitis (range of 13–32 worms/dog) were recovered from dogs in the non-treated control group. The numbers of heartworms in the control dogs was sufficient to satisfy the regulatory adequacy of infection requirements for study validity.

Three or more heartworms were present in each dog from Groups 1–3; ≥ 15 worms were recovered from two or more dogs in each of these three groups. No heartworms were recovered from the dogs that were treated with imidacloprid/moxidectin. Geometric worm counts, efficacy calculations, and P-values are displayed in Table 5. Percent efficacy for Groups 1–4 was 29.0, 52.2, 28.8 and 100 %, respectively. Only the milbemycin + spinosad (52.2 % efficacy) and imidacloprid + moxidectin (100 % efficacy) treatment groups exhibited significantly fewer adult heartworms than the control group (Z = -2.59, P = 0.020 and Z = -3.55, P = 0.003, respectively).

Table 5

Efficacy and summary statistics

Treatment group

N

No. of positive dogs

Geometric mean no. of wormsc

Percent efficacy d

Treated vs Non-treated P-value (Z-value)

Ivermectin/ Pyrantel a (Group 1)

8

8

13.1

29.0

0.069 (-1.96)

Milbemycin Oxime/ Spinosada (Group 2)

8

8

8.8

52.2

0.020 (-2.59)

Selamectina (Group 3)

8

8

13.1

28.8

0.046 (-2.18)

Imidacloprid/ Moxidectinb (Group 4)

8

0

0.0

100.0

0.003 (-3.55)

Non-treated Control (Group 5)

8

8

18.4

NA

NA

aAdministered as three treatments on SD 0, 31 and 60

bAdministered once on SD 0

cNumber of positive dogs/Number of dogs in treatment group × 100

dGeometric mean number of worms (non-treated)-geometric mean number of worms (treated)/geometric mean number of worms (non-treated) × 100

The majority of cases of presumed heartworm prevention failures appear to be due to a lack of understanding of the heartworm life-cycle, lack of compliance with the use of heartworm disease preventatives, infrequent heartworm testing, and interpretation of testing results [4]. However, resistance has been documented and a strategy for protecting the available preventives must be determined [9, 10, 17–20]. Recommendations that represent sensible strategies for prevention of the further spread of resistant heartworms include placement of dogs on preventive as early as product labels allow, aggressively assisting dog owners in avoiding purchase gaps, assurance that the amount of product dispensed is sufficient to protect all dogs in the family, assurance that dogs received the proper dosage of preventive and that the entire dose is given, elimination of existing infections by proper use of the approved adulticide, elimination of microfilariae with an approved product and/or an effective regimen, and testing dogs annually for both adult worms and microfilariae [4, 21, 22].

The JYD-34 strain of D. immitis used in this study was isolated in July 2010 from a dog in Illinois, USA, and validated as a successful passage to a recipient Beagle dog in April 2011. Although complete information is lacking, there is no information to indicate that JYD-34 received previous exposure to macrocyclic lactone (ML) preventives. Previous research on the MP3 strain of D. immitis indicates that resistant isolates occur in the field, and that selective pressure using preventive doses of ML preventives could result in further selection of resistant heartworm biotypes [5, 23]. At present, neither the prevalence nor the geographic distributions of resistant heartworms is known. However, ongoing research continues to identify useful genetic markers that may be helpful in determining such prevalence.

Results obtained in this study demonstrate that not all available heartworm preventives are effective against the JYD-34 strain of D. immitis, even when they are administered monthly for three consecutive months. The results support the need for continuing research on the detection, characterization, prevalence and distribution of susceptible and resistant heartworm isolates. Current heartworm preventives all utilize MLs as their active preventive agent. As demonstrated herein and previously, there are differences in the performance of available preventive products against resistant heartworms. However, it remains prudent to combine product selection strategies with other aspects of heartworm prevention discussed previously to preserve the efficacy of these agents.

Group 4 (imidacloprid/moxidectin) was the only treatment group in the current study in which 100 % efficacy against the development of adult heartworms was achieved. The higher ML dosage delivered with this formulation vs the other three products evaluated in this study, in conjunction with the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in the topical formulation, provided drug levels necessary to prevent the development of JYD-34 larvae to the adult stage in these dogs. In prior research, milbemycin oxime given as multiple treatments was more effective than single treatments against D. immitis [12, 13, 24]. It is also noteworthy that heartworm prevention failures documented from the Mississippi Valley USA were in dogs that were on monthly year-round prevention [5, 17, 19]. Since many pet owners fail to administer heartworm prevention products compliantly, a heartworm preventive that is 100 % effective as a single treatment against susceptible and resistant heartworms is advisable.

Results reported herein indicate that successful prevention of JYD-34 heartworm infections were not achieved with all IVPs, even when some treatments were applied 30, 61 and 90 days after heartworm infection. Imidacloprid/moxidectin (Advantage Multi® for Dogs, Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health, Shawnee, Kansas, USA) was 100 % effective against the JYD-34 heartworm strain, following a single treatment The observed differences with imidacloprid/moxidectin treatment compared to the other IVPs tested in this study were due to the higher moxidectin dose banding, high lipophilicity of moxidectin,and the unique topical formulation that provides sustained serum levels with extensive tissue distribution following a single topical treatment.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Michelle Bradford, Tracey Land, T. S. Settje, Yingying Wang and numerous student assistants for their assistance in the conduct of this research.

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Competing interests

In the past five years BLB, JVB, JMB and ARD have received support from numerous pharmaceutical companies for sponsorship of continuing education lectures and/or research. Sponsors include Bayer HealthCare Animal Health, Idexx Laboratories, Novartis Animal Health, Ceva Animal Health, Virbac Animal Health, Zoetis Animal Health, and Elanco Animal Health. At the time of this study, RGA, CVS and RZ were employees of Bayer HealthCare Animal Heath. This research was supported by a grant from Bayer HealthCare Animal Health to Auburn University (B. L. Blagburn). Decisions on final study design and conduct of this research were made by Auburn University personnel. All products used in this study were purchased commercially.

Authors’ contributions

The first author was responsible for coordination and implementation of the study. The first author was assisted by co-authors in the conception, design and conduct of the research. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

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