General Motors CEO Mary Barra is seen during a presentation of the North American Car & Truck of the Year at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Barra was named CEO on Tuesday, making her the first woman to lead a U.S. car company.

DETROIT — Mary Barra has spent the past three years as General Motors’ product chief, making cars that drive better, last longer and look good in showrooms.

Now she will take on an even bigger job. On Tuesday, the board named the 33-year company veteran CEO, making her the first woman to lead a U.S. car company.

Barra replaces Dan Akerson, who moved up retirement plans by several months to help his wife, Karin, battle advanced cancer.

When Barra starts her new job Jan. 15, she will lead a company that’s made nearly $20 billion since emerging from bankruptcy in 2010, much of it from the cars and trucks she helped develop. But she still faces challenges of paring down GM’s costs and winning over buyers in international markets such as India and South America.

Akerson, 65, said he had planned to stay at least until spring, but his wife’s diagnosis changed that. He said the board unanimously picked Barra from several internal candidates because of the breadth of her experience, her management record, her people skills and her understanding of GM’s operations.

“This is an executive who has a vision of where she wants to take the organization,” he said.

Since February 2011, Barra has held what many say is the most important job at GM — senior vice president for global product development. She joined the company in 1980 as an engineering student and became a plant manager, executive director of engineering and head of human resources.

Along the way, she earned a reputation as a manager who made tough decisions, yet was able to get people to follow her lead and work as a team, according to current and former GM executives.

The 51-year-old executive has been in charge of design, engineering and quality for all GM vehicles and has shepherded most of the company’s recent new vehicle introductions. Under her command, GM rolled out brawny new full-size pickup trucks, the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra, and the Chevrolet Impala full-size car, which earned the highest score for a sedan in testing by Consumer Reports magazine.

During her tenure, GM’s quality scores rose in surveys done by J.D. Power and Associates. She also streamlined the organization, eliminating positions and putting one engineer in charge of each vehicle.

Barra has a rare combination of GM and auto industry knowledge and an ability to make changes, said Ed Whitacre, a former CEO and chairman who promoted Barra to head human resources.

“I don’t see any reason why she won’t be a huge success,” he said.

Akerson hinted at Barra’s promotion earlier this year when he told a women’s business group in Detroit that a “car gal” would someday run one of the Detroit Three automakers. But he made it clear Tuesday that she wasn’t picked because she’s a woman.

“Mary’s one of the most gifted executives I’ve met in my career,” he said.

Among Barra’s biggest tasks is executing plans designed to cut costs and put out better products, Akerson said. One big step in getting there: making more vehicles off the same underpinnings, or platforms, that can be sold in multiple markets, like the Chevrolet Cruze compact car.

Akerson praised Barra for progress in that area. In 2009, GM had 30 different vehicle platforms, adding to manufacturing complexity and cost. Under Barra’s leadership, it’s moving to build nearly 90 percent of its cars and trucks off five or fewer platforms by the end of this decade, Akerson said.

In an October interview with The Associated Press, she said GM is also moving to build vehicles with more common parts to trim costs where customers won’t notice.

As product development chief, Akerson challenged Barra to bring vehicles to market faster. She responded with swift introductions of the Cadillac ATS, a BMW 3-Series competitor, and the Impala. When the midsize Chevy Malibu didn’t sell well, Barra’s team gave it new looks, more interior space and a new engine with better gas mileage — all in less than a year.

But she said in the interview that she would never sacrifice quality for speed.

“She is polished, soft-spoken, invariably polite, but firm and goal-focused. She will have a learning curve, but will be an excellent CEO,” said Bob Lutz, a retired GM vice chairman who once led product development.

Barra grew up near Pontiac, Mich., in a car-oriented family. Her father was a die maker who retired from GM after 39 years. GM’s previous two CEOs, Akerson and Whitacre, came from outside the auto industry and lacked the experience that Barra has, said Erik Gordon, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business.

“There’s nobody with more years of honest ‘car-guy’ credentials than she has,” Gordon said. “She’s the one to do the breakthrough.”

Akerson took over GM in September 2010, as the company prepared to return to the public stock markets. During his tenure, GM has made billions of dollars in profits and is sitting on $26.8 billion in cash. Its profit margins in North America are healthy.

He told reporters on a conference call Tuesday that family has to come first. “I need to spend all my time and energy in fighting this disease with my wife,” he said.

Akerson had been waiting for GM to officially shed the derisive moniker of “Government Motors” when the government sold the last of the GM shares it got as part of a bailout in 2008 and 2009. That happened on Monday, clearing the way for the Barra announcement.

The GM board also decided to separate the positions of chairman and CEO. Barra gets a board seat, but director Theodore Solso will succeed Akerson as chairman. Solso, a GM board member since June 2012, is the former chairman and CEO of engine maker Cummins Inc.

Barra will be the first GM CEO since Whitacre who was not appointed by the U.S. government. Her promotion signals a year of change at the top of Detroit’s auto industry. Ford CEO Alan Mulally is in the running to lead Microsoft Corp. and could leave before his planned departure after the end of 2014.

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