THE EVIDENCE OF PERSONALLY CONDUCTED FIELDWORK AND OTHER INVESTIGATORY
RESEARCH

INTRODUCTION...

In Part I some - not all - philosophical positions and conclusions were
investigated. It was shown that the weight of evidence is that man's role
on earth came down to either some form of evolution or some form of creation.
It was further demonstrated that the academic weight of evidence is in
favor of creation. Consistent with the purposes of this dissertation it
is important to note that the concept of creation holds specific tenets.
As they relate to the information contained in Part II, some of these tenets
may be expressed as follows:

1. Dinosaurs and men were each brought into being by the direct activity
of a Creator.

2. This act of creation was in the same time frame: dinosaurs and men were
contemporaneous.

3. The actual time of creation was recent, within a span of thousands of
years before the present.

4. A great catastrophe involving a global body of water (usually referred
to as Noah's Flood) occurred in historical times, destroying many of the
plant and animal life forms on the earth, in the skies, and even in the
seas.

5. That destruction was world-wide, and dinosaurs and men were included,
with evidence around the globe to show that they were overwhelmed suddenly.

The hypothesis of Part II of this paper is that humans and dinosaurs were
contemporaneous and that extensive original excavations have verified that
fact. Documentation of excavations in process will be offered in academic
support of this thesis. Further evidence of human fossil remains will be
presented to substantiate the co-existence of man and dinosaur. The basis
for a replacement model to the evolutionary paradigm will be suggested.

In the original excavations performed in support of this paper
the expected and variant features of human locomotion have been observed
and documented. Predictions have been made and substantiated among footprints
of various sizes. These will be examined in detail in the course of this
dissertation.

A SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF EXCAVATIONS BY THE BAUGH TEAM AT
GLEN ROSE. TEXAS

Before we present the relevant technical and scientific data it is appropriate
to lay the foundation by presenting field sketches of the area and a popularized
survey of the excavations at the Paluxy River near Glen Rose, Texas.

After the field sketches we shall present material from the book
Dinosaur, authored by this researcher and published in 1987. Any necessary
references have been added numerically for academic purposes of this dissertation.

1. The following page designates specific locations which are vital
to the academic defense of this work. Dinosaur Valley State Park, an internationally
known paleontological site, is indicated with elevations and topographical
contours in proximity to the main sites referenced in this work. Co-ordinates
for the nearby town of Glen Rose, Texas are given. Viewed from top to bottom,
the principal locations of importance are:

1. Dinosaur excavation site adjacent to the Parker Ranch

2. Alternate excavation site

3. Primary excavation site on the McFall property along the Paluxy River,
referenced as Site 1

4. Taylor site where past excavations have taken place

5. Dinosaur Valley State Park, known to most paleontologists

6. Creation Evidences Museum, where many of the evidences are displayed

7. The following nineteen pages of text were published in Dinosaur by this
author. This running narrative is included here in its "popular" form because
of the wide popular interest in the Glen Rose excavations.

Let us consider one or the ledges we excavated. It is cretaceous
limestone, dated by the University of Texas at 108 million years. We excavated
it during 1982 and, in addition to the human footprints, we found other
evidences of recency. Here was carbonized material -burned plant residue
of modern kind. the limestone is younger than that plant from long ago
- probably only minutes or hours younger - for that burned plant had to
be burned in the middle of the limestone as it was being formed.

Our major excavation was in the Paluxy River area, four miles
out of the little town of Glen Rose, Texas. Thousands of tourists visit
this area every year, primarily to see the local state park where evidence
has been brought together to show that more than a dozen different types
of dinosaurs roamed these Cretaceous beds at some time in the past.

The intrigue and the mystery of this whole area has been enhanced
by the many reports of human tracks, as well as dinosaur tracks, found
in the strata in the area of this riverbed for more than fifty years. An
eighty-nine year old local resident, Emmett McFall, was ever ready to show
pictures and recount discoveries of both human-like tracks and dinosaur
footprints. So it was on Mr. McFall's farm that our first preliminary excavation
began on Monday, March 15, 1982.

It should be stressed that there is considerable evidence to show
that dinosaurs and human footprints have been found together by earlier
excavators. One of them was Dr. Roland T. Bird2 from Harvard
University and the American Museum of Natural History, at that time a leading
geologist and paleontologist. He reported that a ledge of limestone had
been ripped up in the Paluxy River area by a spring flash flood. In one
of his sketches he revealed that tracks were taken and put on display at
the American Museum of Natural History, at Southern Methodist University,
at the University of Texas, at Baylor University, and at Brookland College.
At the top of the sketch a series of human-like tracks can be seen, including
a notation by Dr. Bird himself, "Single giant track to American Museum
of Natural History." Thus we find that his drawings indicate there had
been earlier findings similar to those we have made in our present excavations.
This has been confirmed by taped interviews with local Glen Rose residents.
Charlie Moss3 found the first human tracks in the Paluxy riverbed
in 1910. Earnest "Bull" Adams4 followed this trail of tracks
and documented their existence. Jim Ryals5 and Emmitt McFall6
found other footprints through the years. Geologist Clifford Burdick, Ph.D.7,
verified these human tracks in the 1940's. Dr. Cecil Daugherty8
led large groups to the prints for years. Stan Taylor 9, Mike
Turnage10, Fred Beierle11, Wilbur Fields12,
and John Morris, Ph.D.13, added their own documentation.

The Tracks of a Sick Dolphin?

Looking for alternative explanations, one biologist suggested that a dolphin
had been sick, had swum in that area, carved out a track - and another
and kept it up - for a series of twenty-one steps. I and my colleagues
believe that such an hypothesis is clearly preposterous. It would require
a greater miracle for a dolphin to have that ability - it is simpler to
accept the facts as they are, and to recognize that these are human footprints
- toes and all.

Why have our findings had such a staggering impact? Why has the
international press recognized it and given such attention to the findings?
Why have there been dozens of news interviews? Why has not the academic
community given an adequate rebuttal to the findings? The pointers to the
sensational reality of our finds are clear. The only highly publicized
"disclaimer" came from a disgruntled local resident whose arguments were
discounted by local residents of very good standing.

Robert Summers, the famous sculptor and artist, was one who stood
with us. (He sculpted the 9-foot statue of John Wayne now at the entrance
to John Wayne International Airport.) Robert and his family excavated alongside
me, and as a local resident Robert has testified clearly to the genuineness
of our finds. He helped uncover both the first and second dinosaurs we
found. Famed evolutionist Stephen J. Gould came to Glen Rose to view our
evidences. Robert's son, Temple, showed Dr. Gould through our museum, and,
pointing to a cast of one of our human footprints, said, 'I know this is
genuine, because I helped to excavate it!'

Our dig was undertaken at points approximately 10 feet above the
average level of the other footprint layers.

The first real excitement came on Tuesday, March 16th, when we
found a clearly defined human track among nineteen dinosaur tracks - this
human footprint was only 18½ inches from the nearest dinosaur impression.
This was found underneath a layer of limestone twelve inches thick. So
that the evidence would be indisputable, we documented everything we excavated.

A Human Footprint Under a Dinosaur Print

Tnen we found another human track, this time underneath a dinosaur footprint.
The human toes were protruding beyond the dinosaur print that had actually
landed on top of the human print. The details of the human toes could be
clearly traced.

The results were all we had hoped for. By Wednesday night we had
uncovered four human footprints among twenty-three dinosaur tracks. Some
to the dinosaur and human tracks were within inches of each other.14

The first new convert was Rev. Ronald Jenkins15 himself.
Remember, he had insisted that these were "Chicken-Saur" prints - and that
talk about dinosaurs was nonsense. He thought that in the depression years
local residents had chopped the shapes of dinosaur footprints into the
stone, then sold them at outlandish prices.16 Now he had seen
with his own eyes. These were recovered under a twelve-inch layer of solid
limestone. There was no way they could have been faked. The Press was soon
on the scene interviewing various members of our team.

A protessor of geology from Oklahoma State University had now
arrived in Glen Rose, and he assured the Press that this was the best spot
on earth to show human and dinosaur tracks together in the same Cretaceous
limestone strata.

He stated in fact that the Paluxy River evidence destroyed 20%
of the supposed geological evolutionary record because it by-passed 110
million years of hypothesized time in the evolutionary scale, the so-called
"geological column."

That evening (March 17th, 1982) Mike Schneider18 of
Channel 5 in Dallas, Texas, stated in his telecast, "Evolution is being
challenged tonight by some fossils that have been found along the Paluxy
River near Glen Rose, Texas. An archaeological dig has unearthed evidence
of the footprints of a dinosaur and a man side by side...and that's what
this team of archaeologists was hoping to find, digging into the layers
of clay along the river. But they also unearthed what may be a major discovery
-- the footprints of a Tyrannosaurus-type dinosaur next to the footprint
of a man."

We were concerned about fraud, because of charges about 'fake'
dinosaur and human footprints found together some fifty years ago. With
this in mind, the Press interviewed Professor Charles Finsley, Ph.D., of
the Dallas Museum of Natural History. He discounted the evidence, but he
also stated, "Paleontologists have no personal stake in ignoring clear
evidence that man and dinosaurs lived at the same time. That would be considered
such a stupendous discovery that no one's philosophical orientation could
keep them from proclaiming."

Nevertheless, Professor Finsley did not visit the site. Public
invitations had been sent out to academic institutions throughout the English-speaking
world to examine what had been found. Few scientists accepted the invitation;
perhaps many of them were already persuaded that the issue was closed.
Others might have been influenced by the well-known fact that there had
been a small number of fakes produced in the depression years of the 1930'S.

And, of course, many would not want to be identified in any way
with anything that appeared to support creationism. Unfortunately, many
who have spoken out against the tracks have never seen them, or have only
seen them at a much later time when erosion had greatly reduced the clarity
of the human toe impressions. Nevertheless, it was widely recognized that
our excavations were important.l9

As a result of our find there was considerable press coverage,
including front page articles in newspapers across the nation, and internationally.
There were headlines such as, "Creationists say tracks tread on evolution."
"Unparalleled historical significance"21--"Evidence cannot be
ignored."22 "Clear evidence they existed at the same time."23
There were also many television and radio reports, with on-the-spot interviews.
In addition, creation publications gave splendid coverage to the finds.

My resolve was that I would continue digging under the same limestone
rock. The pattern of left-right, left-right stride had already been established
at 42-44 inch intervals. I would invite the media to actually watch dinosaur
and human tracks being unearthed. There could then be no argument as to
the genuineness of those dinosaur tracks. In addition, I would invite scholars
with unquestionable qualifications to participate in the excavation.

I knew I must arrange another dig that would be taken seriously.
The evidence uncovered in March was sensational, but that was not enough..
After all, others had found dinosaur tracks - the nearby reserve had actually
been renamed Dinosaur Valley State Park. Weathered dinosaur tracks could
be seen in great numbers all around the area.

As for "giant human footsteps," others had argued for their genuineness.
No other creature on earth leaves human footprints. Some had suggested
that a gorilla or an orangutan might have made the prints, for they too
walked upright. But they have toes like fingers, with a great toe very
much like a human thumb.

What about these being prints of giants? Such skeletons had been
found in other places - giant footsteps were a very real possibility. One
skeleton found in Italy had measured over 11 feet in length.

(See photo page 317)

Giant lizards - dinosaurs - would themselves have been laughed out of
court in times gone by, but they are now accepted without question.24
The Bible said there were giants in the earth in ancient times25
and giants there were, as well as huge lizards. Another point is that paleontologists
often report giant-size specimens, several times larger than these modern
counterparts.26 Why not the same with humans?

Let the Media See a Print Uncovered

I realize that there was one way to ensure that the evidence would have
to be accepted - invite the media to be present when dinosaur and human
tracks were found together. Let the T.V. stations send out their reporters,
complete with video-cameras. Let them see the impossibility of faking dinosaur
and human tracks that had lain for thousands of years under a thick covering
of limestone. Invitations to the media went out, and though many ignored
the invitation, many others showed up.

There was a risk that had to be taken. What if no dinosaur or
human tracks were found while the press was looking? But I was confident.
This was no trumped-up case, nor a hit-or-miss operation. The dinosaur
tracks had already been found. The evidence of the weathered tracks, known
for years, was clear they could be traced for considerable distances. So
remove the limestone, and more of the trail would be uncovered. The job
was to publicize the whole matter in such a way that both the media and
the academic community would have to listen.

Meanwhile, back in Australia, Dr. Clifford Wilson became convinced
that I was really serious about his joining me in this effort. I know him
as a scholar, one who had been prepared to accept convincing evidence for
some facts of creation even though it meant abandoning some views he had
publicly held. I had heard him lecture, and knew he had outstanding academic
qualifications.

So my friend Dr. Clifford Wilson, former Director of the Australian
Institute of Archaeology and at onetime an area supervisor of a dig in
Israel conducted by the American Schools of Oriental Research, was invited
to be associate director of a dig to be conducted at Glen Rose, Texas,
in June 1982.

We negotiated, and soon he was on his way from the middle of winter
"down under" to the very hot summer of Glen Rose, Texas.

Geologist Carrol Staton was another. Men with recognized credentials
would add to the credibility of the work.

I tool Dr. Wilson to the actual location, and we examined the
two sites I had already selected as the most likely to find the evidence
we required before Wednesday. The first site (Locus A) was where we had
already uncovered a

dinosaur trail several weeks previously. The other was about 70
yards to the north, both being in the limestone alongside the Paluxy River.

The preparation for this second dig was necessarily very much
more detailed than for the preliminary project. The arrangements with Emmett
McFall had been formalized for a longer period - I recognized that a long-range
plan was called for, and I had entered into a three-year lease for that
part of the property where we had started to dig. McFall himself was quite
happy about it - he had no other plans for this bare outcrop of rock alongside
the river.

In checking out the site in good time for the announced commencement
date of June 14th, it was found that a local flood - common in the area
- had seriously damaged many of the tracks uncovered three months previously.
Locals tell you that if it starts to rain heavily, you should get out fast.
The river can rise several feet in just a few hours.

After discussion and assessment on site, we decided that for the
June project it would be best to dig channels crossgrain to the river flow.
This would serve two purposes. First, it would to a great extent prevent
flood damage, and secondly it would remove the surface water that kept
seeping down from the hillside. This seepage was quite a problem - it was
found to fill a new track in just three minutes.

The ledge under which the prints had been found in March, 1982,
was where we were to start digging. The first part of the dig was to continue
removing sections of that ledge, intending to further trace the trail already
disclosed in March.

Verification by educator Clifford Wilson, Ph.D.

RESEARCHER'S NOTE The following was written by Dr. Clifford Wilson as Associate
Director of the excavation in June 1982, and included in Dinosaur with
his permission. Dr. Wilson was in charge of the excavation at Locus B,
with this researcher (Baugh) supervising the work at Locus A. Text by Dr.
Wilson:

In some ways this important project was not easy for me - partly
because my major research interest was Biblical Archaeology which has more
to say about later areas of history. However, my training was sufficient
for me to objectively consider the new evidence unfolding before me. I
knew I must face the conclusions squarely, whatever they were.

It was some time before we were successful at Locus B, for possibly
our ancient dinosaur had slightly changed his direction. But then our carefulness
was rewarded. At last I felt the clay crumble slightly as I scraped my
trowel across the surface, and soon I had removed the intruding clay to
reveal a typical Tyrannosaurus Rex-type footprint. During the morning we
found some five of these tracks, and again the leftright, left-right pattern
was maintained, at equal distances apart, as in Locus A.

But the best was found soon after we unearthed that first dinosaur
print. I moved my trowel carefully as I scraped the nearby surface - and
then I struck the proverbial 'gold'.

Only seven and one half inches from the dinosaur print, near to
the river, I again felt the clay slightly crack as I probed firmly with
my trowel. [ penetrated this intrusive material and gently removed it,
scraping until [ was up against solid limestone itself. Now we could clearly
see a perfectly formed humanoid footprint. I knew that no other being could
Leave a footprint like a human's, and I was confident that I had in fact
uncovered a long-hidden man's footprint. Even the toe-prints could be counted,
and the shape of the heel was clearly defined.

(see photo pages 155 & 322)

One of our volunteer workers was 6 feet 4 inches in height, with very
large feet. We photographed his foot in the newly recovered print, md there
was still about four inches beyond his heel to the indentation made by
the heel of this other man from long ago. We could feel the imprint of
the five toes, and of the man's instep, and of his heel.

We point out that this human footprint was at the same level as
those of dinosaurs. They were contemporary, and not separated by one hundred
million years or more. They were moving together, probably loing their
best to escape the terrifying catastrophe all around them. they were quite
clearly at the same level, and in fact had traversed the fast settling
rock surface on the same day? End of narrative by Dr. Clifford Wilson)

The Press was on hand to view every step of the procedure, and the evidence
was too clear to ignore. On Tuesday evening, June 17, 1982, the Fort Worth
Star-Telegram ran a front page picture article with text that extended
into the second page. The article began, "Slender, human-like imprints
being excavated beside dinosaur tracks in the limestone of the Paluxy River
bottom are fueling the fires of anti-evolutionists and reviving stories
that area residents say have been common knowledge for more than forty
years...At the upper end of the print(s) are rounded indentations that
Baugh said are from toes...He invited representatives from the news media
to watch...more prints being uncovered."

Not one single press agency which viewed the procedures reported
that we were doing less than excavating "slender human-like imprints...with
rounded indentations at the upper end."

The series of 16 inch human footprints continued for twelve successive
left, right steps.

Each print was consistently spaced an average of 43½ inches
apart. Eight separate press agencies were on premise during one single
day.. Not one single eyewitness press agent reported that our discoveries
were less than what we claimed.

Many Points of Veriffcation

In Tracking These Incredible Dinosaurs Dr. John Morris27 suggests
at least a dozen points of interest and verification relating to human
prints in the earth's strata. He discusses the mud up-push around the print
as the footprint displaced the layer into which it was forced.

There are pressure striations - as the prints are made, pressure
laminations. This material crystallizes, and after the prints are found
it is often possible to see them in this crystallized pattern. Thirdly,
there is the sequence of prints, one footprint after the other. Fourthly,
there is the constant stride, and, fifthly, it will be in a left-right,
left-right pattern. Next there is the directional trend, also the actual
size of the individual prints and of the pace between the prints. Additionally
the general impression left by a bare-foot human imprint which is not matched
by the imprint of any other creature. This can be seen by examining the
ball of the human foot, the heel, the arch, the big toe, the toe line,
the toe markings, individual toe depressions, and toe ridges.

We would add, because of our in situ excavations, five
additional points of scientific verification. These have been gleaned from
studies in anthropology. We have found that sometimes there is a slide-in
effect as the human footprints are made, and a deeper impression in the
heel area. This has been verified again and again, and is consistent anthropologically
with the steps of human beings.

In addition, the big toe impression is not only clear but it is
quite distinctive, and deeper. It involves a point of agility and balance
as used by man. There is also a deep impression left on the ground as the
foot leaves the ground in anticipation of the next step. There is a deep
impression in the ball area, and on the outside of the foot, made by the
pushing tendency in the stride of man. Finally, the four smaller toes tend
to curl in the forward spring of human locomotion.

The Imprint of a Human Hand

ln the continuing sequence at Locus A on the Paluxy River, (see photo page
321), we found a remarkable combination: dinosaur footprints and human
footprints at the same level, along with an impression left by a human
hand - a right hand.28 This is an unusual sequence in the midst of a series
of human steps it is, in fact, a double impression, with the pushing of
the toe marks down through the extended footprint itself.

There is also an impression of the left foot, to the left and
slightly ahead. In addition there is a left scoop mark, and then the placement
of the right hand print can be seen.

As we examined these prints carefully, the pattern was clear.
In the right foot impression there is a large toe print, then there are
the second, third, fourth and little toes. There is a distinctive ridge
on the right side. We can trace the ball of the foot, the arch, and the
original elongation. Then it would seem that the individual drew his foot
back and pushed it down within its own print. We can actually see the ridge
marks of all five toes, from the large toe all the way to the little toes,
with this pushing effect. This person was apparently in a semi-kneeling
position. The right handprint is in the expected position in relation to
the left footprint, and there is also what appears to be a scoop mark make
by the

left hand. The imprint even seems to define the contour of the
metatarsal arch as the heel was relieved out of the depression!

As we examine the handprint, the evidence of human involvement
is clear. The impressions of the thumb and all four finger points can be
traced.

Geo-Physicist John DeVilbis, Ph.D., examined this at first hand
at Pittsburgh, and he wrote: "The handprint, found alongside some human
footprints, is conclusive evidence that the footprints are indeed human."

Press Reactions

The crew from Channel 40 in Pittsburgh showed a lively interest in this
excavation. They concurred that the evidence was that of human footprints.
As we excavated they photographed the human footprints, seeing the evidence
before it was affected by the exposure to atmospheric conditions. (We knew
by experience that this exposure would soon obliterate some to the precise
nature of our find. This is due to calcium carbonate constituency in the
limestone. Upon exposure to atmospheric moisture, carbonic acid is formed
and leaches into the stone. A clay substance (ilite) in the stone dissolves
quite readily, leaving damaged results.)

This is how the Fort Worth Star-Telegram of June 17, 1982, reported
our project at that point in time:

"Earlier this Week, Baugh and Jenkins brought in their own
specialists - Dr. Clifford Wilson, an archaeologist from Melbourne, Australia,
and Carroll Staton, a Dallas petroleum engineer..."

(Wilson had been an Area Supervisor in lsrael with the prestigious American
Schools of Oriental Research, and Carroll Staton was principal geologist
of a Dallas-based oil company.)

The presence of these two men added considerably to the favorable
reception of our findings. Carroll Staton was able to give authoritative
answers to questions demanding geological expertise. Likewise Wilson was
able to silence the criticism that "a bunch of amateurs could not really
be taken seriously in areas of science."

Wilson responded to one such comment, "If these findings were
not related to the Bible, no one would think of challenging them. The excavation
has been conducted properly, and the conclusions should be taken on their
merits." He acknowledged that he had come with an open mind, not sure that
human and dinosaur footprints were to be found in the same stratum. The
evidence had convinced him - he had dug out dinosaur prints alongside a
clearly defined human footprint, which he personally uncovered.

Additional Positive Response

Another interview was with Geologist Billy Caldwell, whom local students
and Professors regard highly. He stated that the footprints now being found
were certainly out of place, geologically speaking. He further stated he
was not sure what all this was telling us - that probably it touched many
mysteries concerning the flood. He commented, "God has all the answers
and we have barely touched the whole subject. It is all very interesting,
and as we see more and more of what is being found it is both revealing,
and it is amazing." Mr. Caldwell was asked, "You feel that both the dinosaur
and human tracks are genuine, and are found together?"

"There is no doubt in my mind that the man-tracks were made by
man. I actually saw one in the rock - and it was taken out of the Paluxy
River. It was a large piece that was four feet wide and five inches thick
- it was dark grey Cretaceous limestone. This track was in a chunk of that
limestone."

Mr. Caldwell was able to show an actual casting he had made from
that footprint, and the question was then asked, "As a geologist you affirm
that the stone in which you saw the original print was genuine stone, and
was Cretaceous, according to your knowledge?"

"Without any doubt whatsoever. It was solidified, hard, Cretaceous
limestone. Geologically speaking it is 100 to 135 million years old - geologically
speaking."

"It was found adjacent to dinosaur tracks in the same Cretaceous
layer is that right?"

"Several tracks similar to this - that we came to years later
- were 18 inches from dinosaur tracks."

Dr. Wilson had a further talk with Billy Caldwell. He lives in
Fort Worth, Texas, and is an independent geologist in Texas. He is a certified
Petroleum Geologist for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
(Certificate No. 24761). For thirteen years he has taught college courses
in Historical Geology.

He again stated, "I saw the footprint in Cretaceous rock. A friend
of mine (Bill Osborne) brought it out from the Paluxy River - what we had
was a total ledge. It was just a perfect print, like others that have been
found." He confirmed that tracks he had seen at a later time had a left-right-left-right
pattern as though one person was making them.

Back to the "Caldwell Cast." He recognized that a cast should
be made, and so both positive and negative casts were made. The positive
cast shows what the foot would be like from underneath: the negative of
that cast then gives the impression of the footprint in the rock. That
is the impression of which a photograph is reproduced in this work.

(See photo page 323)

Mr. Caldwell continued, "There is no doubt at all about the ledge
or the print. The ledge itself was full of Cretaceous fossils. It was about
four feet by four feet, and weighed about 400 pounds or more. There is
no doubt it was Cretaceous rock - it was the same all around it." He further
commented that he had heard of many of these human footprints before this
one was found. He further explained that once prints are uncovered, they
deteriorate quickly because of the effect of carbonic acid which "eats
them alive." There is also the serious problem of water damage.

pg 167

Incidentally, Glen Rose Postmaster Grover Gibbs testifies that
he saw the original Osborne track in the Cretaceous limestone the very
day it was excavated. Bill Osborne and his helpers verified to Mr. Gibbs
at that time the genuine excavation which took place earlier that day.29

We received a remarkable letter from Hilton
Hinderliter, Ph.D., of Penn State University. His complete letter is reproduced
because of its special relevance.

(See photo pages 194 and 216) p

August 24, 1982

I would like to make known my observations concerning the archaeological
excavation being done by Dr. Carl Baugh's team, on the Emmett MeFall property,
which borders the Paluxy River, near Glen Rose, Texas. Over the past few
years I have read reports of a number of researehers finding human footprints
together with dinosaur footprints in the rocks of the Paluxy River. Due
to the number of such claims, I had suspected that at least some of them
might be true. However, I wanted to see the evidence for myself. When I
met Dr. Baugh several weeks ago, my motivation was increased, since my
sehedule allowed me to be present during the excavations planned for August
16-20. In going, my attitude was not one of a determination to find both
kinds of prints together, instead I was objectively questioning what really
was there. Dr. Baugh can perhaps recall that - after hearing his report
of the findings - I said that I wanted to see the prints for myself, before
reaching any conclusions. And for background I might add this: Over the
years I have encountered evidence from various areas that contradicts evolutionary
theories, and I have spoken to various audiences on the subject. Since
the Paluxy tracks constituted a major area of study in this category, I
wanted some first-hand information, so I could know what could accurately
be said about it (in my presentations).

Before I relate what I found at the Baugh site this past week,
there is a related point worthy of mention. Some recent reports of the
Paluxy tracks have made the excuse that the human footprints had been carved.
But I know that this statement must have originated from one who was either
woefully ignorant of Baugh's work, or one wishing to use deceit for the
sake of discrediting the recent finds (which have gained considerable publicity).
Even the work done years ago near Glen Rose had uncovered human tracks
beneath in situ formations. Even though certain individuals did
carve out tracks to sell, it is absurd to claim that all human tracks found
in the Paluxy were carved. That would be like saying that beeause the Piltdown
jaw was a forgery, all other fossil jaws ever found were also deliberate
fakes. Indeed, if the tracks at the Baugh site were carved, then it must
have been dinosaurs that carved them!!... for they are covered by an undisturbed
layer of limestone over a foot thick, on the upper surface of which are
also clear dinosaur tracks.

In my opinion, then, the only honest escape that could be made
from the results of Baugh's work would be the argument that the impressions
being reported as human tracks were not really that, but instead the result
of wishful thinking...spurious markings, eroded dinosaur tail drags, etc.
Earlier analyses of tracks found in the river bed have been considered
such things, and still concluded that some of the tracks were of human
origin. But what of the Baugh tracks? Did they exist only in the minds
of excavators? That was the primary question that led me to Texas, in spite
of poisonous snakes and the 100° temperatures. Others had observed
the tracks, and likely their conelusions will become available to the public.
But still I was not satisfied to take someone else's word for it. I wanted
to see them myself, and make up my own mind.

Well, I did get to see them for myself- not only tracks which
had been found months before, but also new ones which were found while
I was there...better yet, ones which I found personally. I have come to
the conclusion that they are genuine...that they really were made by people
who lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. My reasons are as follows:
First, it is widely accepted that the Paluxy River exhibits many dinosaur
prints (a nearby area was made a state park for that very reason). So there
seems to be no contention over the dinosaur prints; the dispute is over
the human tracks. The size of the latter (being 16" long, with an average
stride of 45") had been ridiculed by opponents, as though a man 8½
feet tall could never have existed. However, I am one who knows that fossil
finds have shown that larger animals of many types have lived in the past
- considerably larger than their modern descendants. Also, the skeleton
of a woman 7 feet tall was found in a cave less than 20 miles from the
footprint location.30 So I see no reason why the dimensions
of the tracks should rule out the possibility of their being made by human
beings.

In excavated tracks (personally) I found that there were definite
impressions that followed consistent patterns, and with consistent dimensions.
These were further identified by "up-push" ridging around their perimeters.
And nd with the shape and proportions of human feet, there were toe impressions.
While there were some spurious patterns (most notieeable being the fossilized
worm burrows), I considered the chances of spurious marks lining up in
rows of one big, and four small toes, at the proper ends of the elongated
depressions, and in the right, left, right...reversed alignment of footprints.
I decided that the chances of spurious marks just happening to fit these
patterning were nil. And I would like to describe in detail the discovery
of the last human print I found at site A (on Friday, August 20). Two days
earlier two human prints were found (in stride). Then on Thursday a new
area was opened - one that was a high priority, since deep prints has been
found next to it. But little was found there. I heard Dr. Baugh (working
on my right) say that he found a depression which he speculated was a dinosaur
track. But rather than take the time to clean out a dinosaur print (of
which many had already been found there), we moved ahead to search for
human prints. On Friday morning, before the others came to resume work
on the next sections, I looked over the site again. The print (passed over
as a dinosaur print) was elongated, and it fit in with the stride pattern
of the two prints found on Wednesday - and also with prints found months
before. Stooping down to study the details of this print, I found definite
toe impressions in it, and its length was the same 16" as the others. It
turned out to be the deepest of the human tracks found that week (being
1½ deep at the ball of the foot). The point is that the recognition
that this was a human print came as a surprise to everyone. So it could
not possibly be attributed to anticipation - as though an excavator meagured
out to where he thought the next track should be, then interpreted spurious
marks he found there to be a footprint. As a matter of fact, for the tracks
that I excavated it so happened that the compacted clay (in the layer on
top of the print layer) lifted off in horizontal slabs, under which were
seen the footprint characteristics - even before detail work was done to
clean out the toes, etc.

After having studied somewhat of the history of science, and
having some direct expenence with the reaction of the "scientific community"
to discoveries which challenge the current dogma of science, I can only
predict that the recent discoveries at the Baugh site will be scorned,
ridiculed, and ignored by the scientific authorities. Only a few open-minded
individuals will give this evidence fair consideration. Whether any of
those might attempt to re-work the geologic timetable so as to reconcile
it with the coexistence of men and dinosaurs - this remains to be seen.
I doubt that any major revision to the geologic ages will be acknowledged
by the majority of present-day scientists, because such an acknowledgement
would only enhance the credibility problem which evolution already has
(in the public's eye). I would have to say that the belief in evolution
is in a state of terminal illness. But its death will only be admitted
by a new generation of scientists whose minds have not been prejudiced
by the type of education now prevalent in the nation's public schools -
an education which starts with the belief that evolution has happened,
which interprets all evidence according to that faith, and which simply
discards any evidence which cannot be fitted into the evolutionary framework.

Researcher's Note: It is of interest to emphasize Dr. Hinderliter's comment
that he judges "the finding of human and dinosaur footprints together to
be unsurpassed in significance in all the history of archaeological excavations
relating to origins."

The excavations progressed slowly, deliberately, and with increasing
professionalism. We were developing an excavation technique using hydraulic
equipment and soft wooden instruments untried by both archaeology and paleontology.
The procedure and analysis included both areas of scientific discipline
in its methodology, and it actually blended the fossil record (paleontology)
with evidence of human occupation (archaeology). Increasingly, the evidence
focused on paleoanthropology - the fossil evidence of ancient man. Only,
this evidence was not so ancient! Yet this evidence of human presence was
found in context normally interpreted to be extremely ancient - involving
philosophic interpretations of life origins.

Press reports and speaking appointments attracted interest from
international quarters. Hugh Miller31 of Columbus, Ohio even sent a supporting
letter to the Vatican. Hugh is a professional chemist formerly on the scientific
staff of the prestigious Battelle Institute of Columbus, Ohio. This was
the scientific research center chosen to analyze the moonstones brought
back by Apollo 11 crewman. Hugh decided that he wanted to personally verify
our bold claims. He and a small group from Columbus arrived on a hot Texas
summer day in July 1983. The delicate frame of this scientific investigator
from Columbus was soon laboriously involved in assisting us in the removal
of a large slab of limestone overburden. We fondly referred to this particular
slab as the "coffin stone", since it measured six feet long, two and a
half feet wide, and a foot thick.

On the second day of excavation Hugh was rewarded for his interest
and long days of travel to Glen Rose. He assisted in the removal of clay
infill and the delicate excavation of an excellent 11½ inch human
footprint under the "coffin

stone". All five toes, including the dominant big toe and the
weaker second toe, were intact and in their appropriate placement. Seepage
water was slowly accumulating, so we tried to dig a trench around the footprint
in the limestone host rock. At the time of fresh excavation the stone was
so hard we could not dig a small trench with a geology pick!

(See photo page 196)

By the weekend geo-physicist John DeVilbis, Ph.D., arrived and added
verification to the genuineness of the "Miller track". He photographed
the fossil print in situ in color, black and white, and stereo. We named
the 12-inch series of human footprints (six such prints were excavated
altogether) the "Sir George series" after the late Governor General of
the Fiji Islands. A plaster of paris cast of the print was sent to Dr.
Clifford Wilson in Australia and another is on display at the Creation
Evidences Museum.

A year passed quickly. In July, 1984, Professor James Hall, M.S.
of Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia arrived in Glen Rose. After
he viewed the evidences first-hand and excavated a very good 16 inch footprint
with the team, an article by Michele Prince reported: "Baugh and Hall excavated
a human footprint with the big toe and smaller toes in their descending
angle and the arched instep, scientifically peculiar to the human species...There
is definite evidence that man and dinosaurs co-existed...The fact that
these tracks were so clearly preserved in this porous substance indicated
rapid burial - again, the Flood."

This was just another day in our excavation. However, to one of our
workers it was very special, for he was to help excavate and to take a
cast of what was clearly a human footprint close to a dinosaur print.

George Detweller is a public school teacher, qualified in four
areas - these being biology, geology, physics and astronomy - with a Master's
degree from Ohio State University. He was excited when the infill clay
was removed and there was a human footprint - as he put it, "this was under
that solid foot of limestone". He made a cast of this print.

(See photo page 323)

Walter Land of Bible-Science Association documented the entire procedure
on videotape.

This footprint was on the same ledge on which Dr. Clifford Wilson
had found another footprint two years earlier - we had now removed more
of the overlying limestone ledge, and any unbiased observer would have
to acknowledge the genuineness of this find. Anybody setting out to fake
these things simply could not do so underneath 12 inches of limestone and
4 inches of marl, with the footprint itself set solidly in the hard limestone.
This particular human footprint was 8 feet from the nearest dinosaur footprint
we found in the area. Others were

pg 171

only a few inches apart, and in at least one case the human and
dinosaur footprint overlapped. We made a cast of that, and there is no
doubt that it is in fact an overlap - the human footprint extends away
from the dinosaur print, and the five toes can be clearly counted.32

Dinosaur Prints on the Top Stone Layer - And a Giant Skeleton

(June 1982)

One of the most impressive finds of the whole project up to this time
was a direct result of the use of the back-hoe.

The work at Sites A and B was well under way. Field Supervisor
Charles Hiltibidal thought that perhaps some tracks could be found underneath
all the flood soil at the top of the base rock, which we have called "Locus
C". He had seen a faint outline of one track where he had just been working.
He talked it over with us and we readily agreed to this opening up a new
locus.

Charles Hiltibidal swung into action and soon the 11 foot bank,
40 feet down-river from Site A was being removed down to the rock. The
bank itself was the result of deposits from various local floods over a
period of time. It.was the topsoil of the area, and of course there were
no fossils in it - it was all of recent origin. It was quite different
from the levels at Sites A and B where some evidences of fossilization
had been found. The new Locus C was simply the top level of the limestone,
with the overburden ranging from 6 to 11 feet above the top rock levels.
In a short time a level area was uncovered down to the bare rock, removing
those several feet of soil overburden. Not surprisingly it was muddy, for
that overburden had a considerable water content.

Suddenly the motor was stopped and Charles Hiltibidal got down
from the driver's seat. He stooped down on the muddy surface, checking
something with his bare hands. Then he came over to where I was talking
to Associate Director, Dr. Clifford Wilson.

A Dinosaur Print on Top of the Rock

"I think there is a dinosaur print right there on top of the rock," he
told us. Despite his "hunch", we still doubted such a possibility. Dinosaur
tracks had not been found on this top level at any other part of the Paluxy
River area - it was several feet above the river level.

We went with Charles, and as Wilson had a trowel in his hand it
was his privilege to dig the clay impression from the limestone. It certainly
was a dinosaur print, and, in a short time a distinct trail was found in
the usual leftright, left-right pattern, stretching right across the exposed
rock surface.

Dinosaur Tracks Later than Human Footprints

'l'his was a remarkable find. No human footprints were found at that particular
level - though they had been so found at Site A, literally beneath one
foot of this top level of limestone. In other words, these particular dinosaur
tracks appeared later than the level where human footprints were found!

At the very least this evidence indicated that dinosaurs were
around in relatively recent times. Some material found within the twelve-inch
limestone ledge included wood that had become carbonized. By "establishment"
standards, this meant that the limestone deposit was younger than the piece
of wood, for the limestone had formed around it. These last dinosaur footprints
were impressed into the top of the limestone, and followed the limestone
formation by a few hours at the most. In the course of excavations a large
number of scholars have contributed with experience in their fields. Many
have earned Ph.D.'s.

Another who contributed his expertise was Engineering Professor
Don Garret, Ph.D. He shared the excitement of being the first to see some
of these tracks which had never previously been seen by human eyes. He
also acknowledged that the evidence was that of catastrophic destruction.

In a recorded interview he referred to the fact that it was widely
accepted that there had been at least one great catastrophe - and that
even some evolutionists had come to the single-catastrophe explanation.
Science Digest and Life magazines had both carried relevant articles, showing
that scientists had no other real explanation as to how the dinosaurs disappeared
so quickly - that there must have been some massive catastrophe on the
earth. (Another relevant article is that by Dale A. Russel, in Scientific
American, "The Mass Extinctions of the Late Mesozoic", Jan. 1982, [pp.58-65]:"The
disappearances were the result of a catastrophic disruption of the biosphere
by an extraterrestrial agency.")

We Find a Dinosaur

Partly because of the criticism I have received - I have at times asked
others to give me a written report, objectively presenting the evidence
they have actually seen. I have asked Connie Oliver34 for a
written report on the sensational find we made about three miles upstream
from the McFall property.

"On Saturday morning, August 4, 1984, Creationists made a major new
discovery in the Paluxy River basin at Glen Rose, Texas - a large carnivorous
dinosaur. This is the first dinosaur found in the Glen Rose area and the
first dinosaur found world-wide in conjunction with dinosaur prints.

"Carl E. Baugh, director of the Creation Evidences Archaeological
Excavation and the Creation Evidences Museum, made the discovery as associates
George Detweller, Michael Reddick, and Al Parker were assisting him in
spotchecking the Paluxy River basin for dinosaur prints. Rancher Al Parker
had asked that the excavation team spot-check his property for possible
dinosaur prints at the Paluxy River. During this trek along the Paluxy,
Baugh spotted one flat six-inch bone in a bleached-out condition impacted
in the limestone. Immediately he sent for his small excavation bag filled
with equipment for excavation and photographic analysis, and excavations
began within the hour.

As Baugh touched this small flat impacted bone the corner crumbled
away and revealed a charred fragile fibrous contour. This was all that
the director of the excavation needed to suggest that some creature had
been impacted here under tremendous hydraulic fluid circumstances.

"Famed archaeologist and paleontologist Ernest Adams had spent
thirty years searching the Paluxy Basin in an attempt to find a single
dinosaur bone. He died without realizing the fulfillment of his dream.
Dr. Wann Langston, head of the Vertebrate Paleontology Department at the
University of Texas at Austin, had stated to the press that no dinosaur
remains had ever been found adjacent to dinosaur tracks anywhere on earth.35
The basis for this logic was that dinosaur tracks were made in marshy areas
and thus any deposition to fossilize the remains would be impossible since
the remains would decompose under those circumstances. Creationists have
long maintained that the vast number of fossilized remains are found impacted
in stone, normally in a charred coalified condition, admitting to world-wide
flood geology. This find is historic since the creature was essentially
caught in his tracks under a tremendous deluge of water, clay, and limestone
materials.

"The excavation team has recovered fourteen feet of vertebral
column, nine claw points, two femur leg bones, and the large ilium bone
exceeding 38 inches in length. The excavation site is thirty-four feet
below the upper surface of the Paluxy River bluff. Famed sculptor Robert
Summers assisted Baugh in the excavation and will assist in the full restoration
of the creature found in his home town. Summers previously sculpted the
9-foot John Wayne statue which stands xt the International Airport in Orange
County, California. Summers was the first to find one of the claw points.
As he excavated this rare find, television cameras were focused on the
spot where he used soft brushes in revealing the full contour of the beautiful
amber and black claw point.

"Creationists are excited because small bits of carboniferous
material, were caught along with the creature at the time it was impacted
in stone. These bits of material can be carbon-dated and thus the standard
interpretation of 110,000,000 year old dinosaur habitat in the Paluxy will
be in very serious question. Creationists are confident that carbon dating
of this additional impacted material will reveal a relatively young age
to the entire scenario.

"Elsewhere we show that carbon dates have been given to other
materials found in this general area36 and they suggest hundreds or thousands
of years, but certainly not long ages by "establishment" geological reckoning
-]

"During the past seventy-five years literally hundreds of dinosaur
tracks have been viewed downstream from the excavation site.37 The Creation
Evidences Archaeological Excavation Team has excavated 164 dinosaur tracks
with fifty human tracks among them. The team has verified a few dinosaur
tracks upstream from the site. This week Baugh announced that dinosaur
tracks have been located within 125 feet of this burial site. Some of these
tracks are quite deep with an angle inclining in the direction of the dinosaur
burial point. This indicates to the excavators that the creature was laboring
under advancing and surrounding amounts of clay and mud.

"One charred shark's tooth was also found at the site of the excavation.
The fragile charred claw points and one intact claw shaft revealed delicate
black md amber colorings and pronounced interior ridges. The compressed
vertebra are in fragile but intact condition. Over 80% of the total skeletal
contour has been preserved. It is a rare find indeed!

"Some of the claw points were found suspended in the clay impacting
ayers fourteen inches above the bony contour of the basic skeleton. These
clays

pg 174 show definite discoloration from the oil and fats of the
soft tissue of the original body. These oils and fats have penetrated some
twenty-six inches above the basic skeleton and extend for some forty feet
upstream. This indicates to the excavators the possibility of additional...remains
at this site. The silica and calcium carbonate materials are now being
sifted for additional paleontological treasures. "Standard paleontological
procedure is used in the removal of the fossil.38 The procedure takes advantage
of enclosing the excavated fossil segments with tissue, with burlap covering
and a cast of plaster of Paris. The individual segments are then removed
to preservation and restoration facilities. (See photo page 157)

A Russian Paluxy

A startling report appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) on
page 1 of a late edition on November 21, 1983:

"A report from the Soviet News agency, Tass, says that about 1500
tracks made by dinosaurs have been found in Turkmenia, but among those
prints are those resembling the footprints of a man. According to Professor
Amanniyazov, Director of Turkmenia's Institute of Geology, 'If further
analysis proves that the prints have been left by anthropoids, the history
of mankind will be extended to 150 million not 5 million years.'"

At first we had serious reservations about this report, especially
when we heard (in September of 1984) that the Directors of the Creation
Research Foundation (in Queensland, Australia) had been unsuccessfully
trying to trace the source of the report. In an issue of their journal,
Ex Nihilo. they recommended caution. However, they then were able to report
(in the next issue of Ex Nihilo) that the account was authentic, having
been published in Moscow News, No. 24, 1983, on p.10. Moscow News is an
official Moscow paper in English, partly for overseas personnel. We ourselves
were also able to do some tracking, and came up with a much more elaborate
report, as follows: TRACKING DINOSAURS (Cr. V. Rubstsov) Moscow News, No.
24, p. 10, 1983. "This spring, an expedition from the Institute of Geology
of the Turkmen SSR Academy of Sciences found over 1,500 tracks left by
dinosaurs in the mountains in the south-east of the Republic. Impressions
resembling in shape a human footprint were discovered next to the tracks
of the prehistoric animals. Our correspondent Alexander Romashko reports:

'I stood only a step away from a smooth clearing receding up the
slope. I stepped forward and found myself in the Mesozoic era, i.e., nearly
150 million years in the past. A chain of dinosaur tracks started at my
feet. It looked as if the huge prehistoric beasts passed by here very recently,
leaving imprints of massive paws every 1.5 meters.

"Paleontologists explained to me later on that with this long
stride, the reptiles had to be 8-12 meters tall. All of a sudden we saw,
next to the three-fingered track of a dinosaur, a not-very-clear but quite
discernable track looking very much like a human footprint. Anyway, all
those who saw it first thought so. Since I am no scholar, I ventured to
come forth with an assumption: 'Who knows but maybe our very far removed
ancestors did mingle with dinosaurs?'

"'Science might possibly answer that in the affirmative sometime
in the future', said Professor Kurban Amanniyazov, head of the expedition,
Corresponding Member of the Turkmen SSR Academy of Sciences, director of
the Institute of Geology'. However, at present we don't have enough grounds
to say this. We've imprints resembling human footprints, but to date have
failed to determine, with any scientific veracity, whom they belong to,
after all. Of course, if we could prove that they do belong to a humanoid,
then it would create a revolution in the science of man. Humanity would
'grow older' thirty-fold and its history would be at least 150 millions
years long."

The report goes on to mention that dinosaur tracks have been discovered
in the Americas, in Europe, in Africa, as well as in Georgia and Uzbekistan
of Russia. The area where these present footprints have been found is in
Southeast Turkmenia, not far from the Khodzha-pil-ata village.

A Report to Natural History Magazine

Geophysicist John DeVilbis, Ph.D., drove up from Houston, Texas, on October
23, 1986. Our team had found what appeared to be the posterior section
of a footprint, and stone and clay still secluded whatever the front portion
of the print might reveal. John and I removed the limestone overburden,
He delicately excavated through the clay and found the ball of the foot
and five toes. I said, "John, I am speaking at a banquet in Oklahoma City
tomorrow night. I'm going to quote you. In your professional opinion, what
have we excavated?" John replied, "There is no question, it is a 16 inch
human footprint"

On November 18, 1986 John wrote the Correspondence Editor of Natural
History Magazine and reported in writing, "Recently I have excavated an
elongated footprint showing five human-like toes at the anterior. It was
adjacent to a dinosaur footprint."

The Excavations Continue in 1987

Our 1987 excavations began on January 1st with educator Wynn Laidig, Ph.D.,
and field documentarian Mike Reddick on hand. By Monday evening, January
5th, University of Illinois professor Marlyn Clark, M.S., arrived for his
seventh trip to Glen Rose. Professor Clark is a fluid hydraulicist and
lectures on both sides of the Iron Curtain on "The Fluid Mechanism of the
Human Cardiovascular System". He is also retiring chairman of the American
Society of Civil Engineers.

Assisting Professor Clark and myself at key intervals were Ronald
Jenkins, Randy Jenkins, and Charles Hiltibidal. We removed limestone and
clay infill, delicately revealing dinosaur prints and two good human footprints
with all unique human distinctions in place. Professor Clark watched and
participated at close range as we used toothpicks to remove the clay from
the toe depressions.

Reporter Mark Schumacker of Dallas Channel 5 KXAS-TV flew down
by helicopter. That evening on the news he showed excellent footage with
all five of the human toe prints clearly visible. The news commentator's
lead sentence was, "Mark Schumacker reports on a scientist's potentially
history-changing discovery rt Glen Rose..."

In a front page article in the Somervelle Sun editor Dub
Dean reported on January 16, 1987, "Dr. Baugh showed a fiberglass set of
prints authenticated as being prehistoric man tracks...by anthropologist
Mary Leakey. It was totally evident when viewed side by side with Dr. Baugh's
man prints that his ("Clark") print was more easily recognized as human."

Archaeologist Wilbur Fields39 examined the new evidence
on Saturday, March 7, 1987. With a leading humanist present, Professor
Fields looked at the 14-inch "Clark" print and said, "This is a human footprint!"

The Importance of Finding Human and Dinosaur Footprints Together

Evolutionary skeptics have actually set their own stage for
the importance of the Paluxy River evidences. On the evening of March 16,
1984, Dr. Duane Gish and Dr. Ernst Mayer debated in Evansville, Indiana.
In that debate Dr. Mayer, the evolutionist, said, "creationists have stated
that humans and dinosaurs were contemporaries in time...Were this momentous
statement true the names of its discoverers would thunder down the corridors
of time as individuals who made one of the most outstanding discoveries
of the twentieth century."

In 1983 D.H. Milne and S. Schafersman wrote in Journal of Geological
Education (p.lll) about the reports of finding human prints and dinosaur
prints together. They stated: "Such an occurrence would seriously disrupt
conventional interpretations of biological and geological history and would
support the doctrines of creationism and catastrophism."