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Negotiation & Discharge from liability

2.
“When a promissory note, bill ofexchange or cheque is transferred to any person, so as to continue that person the holder thereof, the instrument is said to be negotiated.”

3.
Takes Place in 2 Ways:i. By Deliveryii. By Endorsement and Delivery

4.
EndorsementSection 15 defines:- “when the maker or holder of anegotiable instrument signs the same,otherwise than as such maker, for thepurpose of negotiation, on the back or facethere of or on a slip of paper annexed thereto , or so signs for the same purpose astamped paper intended to be completed asa negotiation instrument, he is said toendorse the same, and is called an“endorser”. the person to whom theinstrument is endorsed is called the“endorsee”.”

5.
Essentialsi. The holder writes and/or signs on the face or back or on a separate paper or stamp paper.ii. The instrument is delivered to the endorsee.iii.The instrument is endorsed and delivered to the endorsee.iv.Endorsement must be genuine and not forged.

6.
Who may endorse ? i. The holder of the instrument ii. The maker signing it otherwise than as such maker. iii. Every maker, drawer or endorsee iv. The payee of an instrument

11.
Definition Whenever a valid negotiableinstrument is created, the parties are liableto pay the amount due on the instrument.So long as the instrument is there , thereare certain rights of actions available.However, when this rights come to end,the instrument is discharged and is notnegotiable. Thus termination of liability ofthe parties is called ‘discharge fromliability’.

12.
two meanings1.Discharge of negotiable instruments2.Discharge of party or parties

13.
1.By cancellation2.By discharge as a simple contract3.By renunciation4.By payment in due course5.By the party primarily liable becoming the holder

14.
Modes of Discharge of a Party or Parties By Qualified acceptance By payment By release By allowing drawee more than 48 hours for deliberation By non-presentment of cheque

15.
Modes of Discharge of a Party or Parties By acceptor becoming a holder Alteration not apparent Material alteration By payment of cheque By cancellation By operation of law

17.
MaterialAlteration Its an alteration which affects the rights and liabilities of parties. The instrument becomes void against those parties who are liable prior to alteration. Material alteration does not affect the liabilities of persons, who become liable after the alteration.