1.
1904 in Germany
–
Events in the year 1904 in Germany. The rising marks the beginning of what has become known as the Herero,3 March - Kaiser Wilhelm II becomes the first person to make a political recording of a document, using Thomas Edisons cylinder. 11 August - The German Imperial Army, under Lothar von Trotha, the Prussian House of Lords is rebuilt. The Kaiserbrücke in Mainz is completed, publisher Pier Verlag established in Munich. January - Süddeutsche Monatshefte begins publication, max Beckmann, Hans Purrmann, and Alexej von Jawlensky are added to the Berlin Secession group of artists. Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth paints a series of three portraits depicting socialite Marianne Lichtwark, september - Stationery manufacturer Herlitz established in Berlin. Accumulatoren-Fabrik AFA establishes its battery making subsidiary VARTA in Hagen,8 April - The Convention of Istanbul, signed by a number of powers including Germany in 1888, came into force. Foundation of the German Journal for Evidence and Quality in Healthcare ZEFQ,16 April - FC Einigkeit Braunschweig established. 4 May - FC Schalke 04 established,21 May - The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established with Germany as a founder member. 13 June - Westfalia Herne established,1 July - Bayer 04 Leverkusen established. 1 July - Alemannia Schwäbisch Gmünd established,4 July - Borussia Fulda established. 25 July - Reinickendorfer FC West established,4 August - FC Singen 04 established Date unknown - Germania Breslau, Sport Club Reuß, Fußball-Club Prussia Königsberg, Oberhausener SV and 1. Würzburger FV04 amongst the clubs established. 1 July to 24 November -1904 Summer Olympics take place in St. Louis, Germany finishes second in the overall medal table with four gold medals, four silver and five bronze. The four gold medals all come in the events, with two for Emil Rausch and one each for Walter Brack and Georg Zacharias. Date unknown - The inaugural Berlin City Chess Championship is won by Horatio Caro, the Berlin Mexikoplatz station is opened under the name Zehlendorf-Beerenstraße

2.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed

3.
1907 in Germany
–
Events in the year 1907 in Germany. The Herero and Namaqua Genocide reaches its climax in this year, kaiser-Wilhelm-Brücke, a swing bridge is opened in Wilhelmshaven. Oscar Strauss opera Ein Walzertraum receives its premiere,18 October - Germany is among the signatories of the Hague Convention of 1907. The University of Mannheim is established, eduard Buchner is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. May -1907 World Wrestling Championships held in Frankfurt 13–14 June -1907 Kaiser Preis motor race is held, freiburger FC are crowned German football champions for the first time. The Rund um die Hainleite cycling race in Erfurt is held for the first time,5 October - The SMS Dresden is launched

4.
1906
–
As of the start of 1906, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 16–April 7 – Algeciras Conference to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany, january 22 – The SS Valencia strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 in the ensuing disaster. January 31 – Ecuador–Colombia earthquake and associated tsunami, february 10 – HMS Dreadnought is launched and sparks the naval race between Britain and Germany. February 11 – Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer Nos denouncing the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches, february 11 – Two British £1-per-head tax collectors are killed near Richmond, Natal, sparking the Bambatha Rebellion. March 10 – Courrières mine disaster, an explosion in a mine in France kills 1,060. March 18 – In France, Romanian inventor Traian Vuia becomes the first person to achieve an unassisted takeoff in a powered monoplane. April 7 – Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples, april 14 – The Azusa Street Revival, the primary catalyst for the revival of Pentecostalism this century, opens in Los Angeles. April 18 – San Francisco earthquake on the San Andreas Fault destroys much of San Francisco, California, USA, killing at least 3,000, with 225, 000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages. April 23 – In Tsarist Russia, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma, may – Jack Londons novel White Fang begins serialization in the American magazine Outing. May 29 – Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights and he is replaced by the right-wing naval officer and public official, Arvid Lindman. June 7 – Cunard liner RMS Lusitania is launched in Glasgow as the worlds largest ship, July 1 – Sporting Lisbon, a well known football club in Portugal, founded. July 6 – The Second Geneva Convention meets, July 12 – Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair, august 4 – The first Imperial German Navy submarine, U-1, is launched. August 16 – A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in Valparaíso, august 22 – The first Victor Victrola, a phonographic record player, is manufactured. August 23 – Unable to control a rebellion Cuban President Tomás Estrada Palma requests United States intervention, the subsequent provisional occupation administration lasts until 1909. September 11 – Mahatma Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha to characterize the Non-Violence movement in South Africa, september 18 – A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong. September 30 – The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, the winning team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England. October 1 – The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates when it adopts universal suffrage, october 6 – The Majlis of Iran convenes for the first time

5.
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof
–
Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is the main railway station for the German city of Hamburg and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 1 railway station. It was opened in 1906 to replace 4 terminal stations, Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is operated by DB Station&Service AG. With an average of 480,000 passengers a day, the station is the busiest in Germany and after the Gare du Nord in Paris. It is situated in the city centre, in the Hamburg-Mitte borough, a part of the building is a shopping centre. Before todays central station was opened, Hamburg had several smaller stations located around the city centre, the first railway line was opened on 5 May 1842, coincidentally the same day the great fire ruined most of the historic city centre. After the decision to create a station for all lines. The German emperor William II declared the first draft as simply horrible, the emperor personally changed the Art Nouveau style elements into Neo-Renaissance, giving the station a fortification like character. The station was opened for visiting on 4 December 1906, the first train arrived the next day, during the Second World War on 9 November 1941, the station was hit seriously by Allied bombing. Several areas needed to be completely, like the baggage check. One of the towers was destroyed in 1943. From 1985 to 1991 the station was renovated, Hamburg Hauptbahnhof is 206 m long,135 m wide, and 37 m high. It has 8,200 m2 rentable area and 27,810 m2 in total, the clock towers at the station building are 45 m, and the clocks have a diameter of 2.2 m. Adjoining the station building, the hall is constructed of iron and glass and spans the main line platforms. The platforms are reached from two bridges on level, one at each end of the track hall, from the northern bridge on stairs and by lifts. Two other S-Bahn tracks and the tracks are in a connected tunnel system. The Wandelhalle in the building is a small shopping centre with extended opening hours. It was built in 1991 during the renewal of the beam construction and it is located on the northern bridge and includes restaurants, flower shops, kiosks, a pharmacy, service centres and more. The upper floor also has a gallery surrounding the hall, since 2008, in an effort to disperse drug dealers and users from the area, Deutsche Bahn has been playing classical music

6.
Kaiser
–
Kaiser is the German word for emperor. In English, the term the Kaiser is usually reserved for the emperors of the German Empire, the rulers of the Empire of Austria were drawn from the Habsburg dynasty, who, after 1438, provided most of Holy Roman Emperors. The Austrian rulers adopted the title Kaiser, there were only four Kaisers of the Austrian Empire, and they have all belonged to the Habsburg dynasty. In 1871, there was debate about the exact title for the monarch of those German territories that agreed to unify under the leadership of Prussia. There were only three Kaisers of the German Empire, all of them belonged to the Hohenzollern dynasty, which, as kings of Prussia, had been de facto leaders of lesser Germany. In English the word Kaiser is mainly associated with the emperors of the unified German Empire. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, but the title of Kaiser was retained by the House of Habsburg, the head of which, beginning in 1804, bore the title of Emperor of Austria. Georg Friedrich Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia, is head of the House of Hohenzollern, which was the former ruling dynasty of the German Empire. Karl von Habsburg is currently the head of the House of Habsburg, German Monarchy German nobility List of German monarchs Qaisar Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia Kaiser

7.
Wilhelm II, German Emperor
–
Wilhelm II or William II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. He was the eldest grandchild of the British Queen Victoria and related to many monarchs and his leading generals, Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, dictated policy during the First World War with little regard for the civilian government. An ineffective war-time leader, he lost the support of the army, abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands. Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 at the Crown Princes Palace, Berlin to Prince Frederick William of Prussia and his wife, Victoria, Princess Royal, the eldest daughter of Britains Queen Victoria. At the time of his birth, his great-uncle Frederick William IV was king of Prussia, a traumatic breech birth left him with a withered left arm due to Erbs palsy, which he tried with some success to conceal. His left arm was about 6 inches shorter than his right arm, historians have suggested that this disability affected his emotional development. In 1863, Wilhelm was taken to England to be present at the wedding of his Uncle Bertie, William attended the ceremony in a Highland costume, complete with a small toy dirk. During the ceremony the four-year-old became restless and his eighteen-year-old uncle Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, charged with keeping an eye on him, told him to be quiet, but Wilhelm drew his dirk and threatened Alfred. When Alfred attempted to subdue him by force, Wilhelm bit him on the leg and his grandmother, Queen Victoria, missed seeing the fracas, to her Wilhelm remained a clever, dear, good little child, the great favourite of my beloved Vicky. His mother, Vicky, was obsessed with his damaged arm and she blamed herself for the childs handicap and insisted that he become a good rider. The thought that he, as heir to the throne, should not be able to ride was intolerable to her, riding lessons began when Wilhelm was eight and were a matter of endurance for Wilhelm. Over and over, the prince was set on his horse. He fell off time after time but despite his tears was set on its back again, after weeks of this he finally got it right and was able to maintain his balance. Wilhelm, from six years of age, was tutored and heavily influenced by the 39-year-old teacher Georg Hinzpeter, Hinzpeter, he later wrote, was really a good fellow. Whether he was the tutor for me, I dare not decide. The torments inflicted on me, in this riding, must be attributed to my mother. As a teenager he was educated at Kassel at the Friedrichsgymnasium, in January 1877, Wilhelm finished high school and on his eighteenth birthday received as a present from his grandmother, Queen Victoria, the Order of the Garter. After Kassel he spent four terms at the University of Bonn, studying law and he became a member of the exclusive Corps Borussia Bonn

8.
Chancellor of Germany
–
The Chancellor of Germany is the head of government of Germany. The official title in German is Bundeskanzler, sometimes shortened to Kanzler, the term, dating from the early Middle Ages, is derived from the Latin term cancellarius. In German politics, the Chancellor is equivalent to that of a minister in many other countries. German has two equivalent translations of prime minister, Premierminister and Ministerpräsident, while Premierminister usually refers to heads of governments of foreign countries, Ministerpräsident may also refer to the heads of government of most German states. The current Chancellor is Angela Merkel, who is serving her term in office. She is the first female chancellor, thus being known in German as Bundeskanzlerin, the role of the Chancellor has varied greatly throughout Germanys modern history. Today, the Chancellor is the effective leader. The office of Chancellor has a history, stemming back to the Holy Roman Empire. The title was, at times, used in several states of German-speaking Europe, the modern office of Chancellor was established with the North German Confederation, of which Otto von Bismarck became Chancellor in 1867. After the Unification of Germany in 1871, the became known in German as Reichskanzler. With Germanys constitution of 1949, the title Bundeskanzler was revived in German, during the various eras, the role of the Chancellor has varied. From 1871 to 1918, the Chancellor was only responsible to the Emperor, with the founding of the republic and the constitutional reform in 1918, the Parliament was granted the right to dismiss the Reichskanzler. According to the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the Chancellor was appointed by the President and responsible to Parliament, when the Nazis came to power on 30 January 1933, the Weimar Constitution was de facto set aside. After the death of President Hindenburg in 1934, Adolf Hitler, the 1949 constitution gave the Chancellor much greater powers than during the Weimar Republic, while strongly diminishing the role of the President. Since 1867,33 individuals have served as heads of government of Germany or its predecessor, due to his administrative tasks, the head of the clerics at the chapel of an Imperial palace during the Carolingian Empire was called Chancellor. The chapels college acted as the Emperors chancery issuing deeds and capitularies and these three Prince-Archbishops were also Prince-electors of the Empire electing the King of the Romans. Already in medieval times, the German Chancellor had political power like Archbishop Willigis or Rainald von Dassel under Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. In 1559, Emperor Ferdinand I established the agency of an Imperial chancellery at the Vienna Hofburg Palace, upon the 1620 Battle of White Mountain, Emperor Ferdinand II created the office of an Austrian Court Chancellor in charge of the internal and foreign affairs of the Habsburg Monarchy

9.
King of Bavaria
–
King of Bavaria was a title held by the hereditary Wittelsbach rulers of Bavaria in the state known as the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1805 until 1918, when the kingdom was abolished. It was the kingdom, almost a thousand years after the short-lived Carolingian kingdom of Bavaria. Under the terms of the Treaty of Pressburg concluded 26 December 1805 between Napoleonic France and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, several principalities allied to Napoleon were elevated to kingdoms. One of the staunchest of these had been the prince-elector of Bavaria, Maximilian IV Joseph and he was a member of the Wittelsbach branch Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken. Maximilians successors resisted German nationalism, and Bavaria became the protector of smaller states whose leaders felt threatened by Prussia or Austria in the German Confederation, religious ties linked the state more to Austria until their defeat in the Austro-Prussian War. King Ludwig II signed an alliance with Prussia on 22 August 1866, with the treaty of 23 November 1870 Bavaria was integrated into the new German Empire, but permitted a relatively large degree of self-determination. The Kings of Bavaria maintained their titles, and maintained separate diplomatic, when the German Empire was abolished in November 1918 after the end of World War I, the last king of Bavaria, Ludwig III, was deposed. See List of rulers of Bavaria for these, franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria Herzog von Bayern, styled His Royal Highness The Duke of Bavaria, is head of the Wittelsbach family, the former ruling family of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Rulers of Bavaria History of Bavaria Queen of Bavaria

10.
Otto of Bavaria
–
Otto, was King of Bavaria from 1886 to 1913. However, he never reigned due to severe mental illness, his uncle, Luitpold. Ludwig deposed him in 1913 a day after the legislature passed a law allowing him to do so and he was the son of Maximilian II and his wife, Marie of Prussia, and younger brother of Ludwig II. King Otto of Bavaria is not to be confused with King Otto of Greece, Prince Otto was born on 27 April 1848, two months premature, in the Munich Residenz. His parents were King Maximilian II of Bavaria and Marie of Prussia and his uncle King Otto I of Greece served as his godfather. Otto had a brother, the Crown Prince Ludwig. They spent most of their childhood with servants and teachers at Hohenschwangau Castle and their parents were distant and formal and had little time for them and Ludwig had a tendency to lord it over Otto. Their parents were aware that Otto and Ludwig didnt like them much and their parents were at such a loss about what to say to Otto and Ludwig that they often ignored and even avoided them. Their mother did take an interest in what the brothers wore and their father was strict with the brothers, particularly Ludwig, the heir to the throne. Between 1853 and 1863, the spent their summer holidays at the Royal Villa in Berchtesgaden. Otto served in the Bavarian army from 1863 and he was appointed sub-lieutenant on 27 April 1863 and admitted to the Cadet Corps on 1 March 1864. On 26 May 1864, he was promoted to full lieutenant, on 10 March 1864, Ottos father died and his brother Ludwig succeeded as King of Bavaria. Between 18 June and 15 July 1864, the two brothers received state visits by the emperors of Austria and Russia, Otto was promoted to Captain on 27 April 1866 and entered active military service in the Royal Bavarian Infantry Guards. He participated in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and as colonel in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 and his experiences on the battlefield traumatized him and caused him to suffer from depression and insomnia. When Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor on 18 January 1871 at the Palace of Versailles, Prince Otto and his uncle Luitpold represented King Ludwig II, Otto then criticized the celebration as ostentatious and heartless in a letter to his brother. Ludwig and Otto despised their ambitious Prussian relatives and cordially disliked their Prussian mother, Ludwig and Ottos hostility was no secret to the Prussian government. Otto and Ludwig were often seen together during the years of Ludwigs reign. Ludwig was shy and introverted and eventually became a recluse while Otto was cheerful, outgoing, in 1868, Otto received the Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception, the house order of the House of Wittelsbach

11.
King of Saxony
–
This article lists Dukes, Electors, and Kings ruling over different territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918. See Counts Palatine of Saxony In the 10th century the Emperor Otto I created the County Palatine of Saxony in the Saale-Unstrut area of southern Saxony. Hadugato Berthoald Theoderic Widukind Abo Banzleibs With the final removal of the Welfs in 1180, westphalia fell to the Archbishop of Cologne, while the Duchies of Brunswick and Lüneburg remained with the Welfs. The Ascanian Dukes had their base further east, near the Elbe, the post carve-up Saxony is therefore sometimes called the younger Duchy of Saxony. Also the counting of its dukes is discontinued, the second post carve-up duke Albert I is already usually counted as the first, although before 1180 he had one predecessor of the same name, being even his grandfather Albert the Bear. The new dukes replaced the Saxon horse emblem and introduced their Ascanian family colours and emblem added by a bendwise crancelin, symbolising the Saxon ducal crown, the later rulers of the House of Wettin adopted the Ascanian coat-of-arms. In 1314 both lines found themselves on different sides in a double election, eventually, the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg succeeded in 1356 after the promulgation of the Golden Bull. To distinguish him from other rulers bearing the title Duke of Saxony, for the predecessor see the section Ascanian or younger Duchy of Saxony above in this article. Of these, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg lasted until 1918 and this article does not list the subsequent Ernestine dukes. The Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the right to participate in the election of a Holy Roman Emperor to the Duke of Saxony in the Saxe-Wittenberg line, for the predecessor see the section Ascanian Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg above in this article. The Holy Roman Empire came to an end in 1806, the Elector of Saxony, allied to Napoleon I, anticipated its dissolution by becoming the ruler of an independent Kingdom of Saxony in 1806. The legal line of succession of the house of Wettin has continued to the present, for later rulers, see List of Ministers-President of Saxony. House of Wettin Line of succession to the former Saxon thrones History of Saxony Coat of arms of Saxony House Laws of the Kingdom of Saxony

12.
Frederick Augustus III of Saxony
–
Frederick Augustus III was the last King of Saxony and a member of the House of Wettin. Born in Dresden, Frederick Augustus was the first son of King George and his wife, Frederick Augustus served in the Royal Saxon Army before becoming king, and later was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall. Though well-loved by his subjects, he abdicated as king on 13 November 1918. He died in Sibyllenort in Lower Silesia and was buried in Dresden, Frederick Augustus entered the Royal Saxon Army in 1877 as a second lieutenant, despite being only twelve years old. Given his royal status, he advanced rapidly through the ranks and he served initially with the Royal Saxon 1. He was promoted to first lieutenant in 1883, captain in 1887, major in 1889, by 1891, he was commander of the 1st Battalion of Schützen -Regiment Nr.108. He was promoted to colonel on 22 September 1892 and took command of the Schützen -Regiment Nr.108 on the same day, on 20 September 1894, the 29-year-old prince was promoted to Generalmajor and given command of the 1st Royal Saxon Infantry Brigade Nr.45. On 22 May 1898, he was promoted to Generalleutnant and given command of the 1st Royal Saxon Infantry Division Nr.23 and he commanded this division until 26 August 1902, when he took command of the XII Corps. He was promoted to General der Infanterie one month later, on 24 September and he remained in command of the corps until October 1904, when he became king. His military career ended with his accession to the throne. Following his fathers accession, he was in July 1902 appointed à la suite of the German Marine Infantry by Emperor Wilhelm II during a visit to Kiel, Frederick Augustus married Archduchess Luise, Princess of Tuscany, in Vienna on 21 November 1891. They were divorced in 1903 by the decree of the King after she ran away while pregnant with her last child. Luises flight from Dresden was due to her father-in-laws threatening to have her interned in Sonnestein Mental Asylum for life and her brother supported her in her wish to escape Saxony. Emperor Franz-Josef of Austria-Hungary did not recognise the divorce and they had seven children, Friedrich August Georg, Crown Prince of Saxony. After becoming a Jesuit priest, he renounced his rights in 1923 and he was allegedly assassinated by the SS or Gestapo in 1943. Friedrich Christian, Margrave of Meissen, Duke of Saxony, married Princess Elisabeth Helene of Thurn and Taxis and had issue. Married first Princess Sophie of Luxembourg, daughter of Guillaume IV, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, in 1921, Maria Alix Carola, stillborn 22 August 1898 Margarete Carola Wilhelmine. Married Franz Joseph, Prince of Hohenzollern-Emden, married firstly Archduke Joseph Franz of Austria and secondly Reginald Kazanjian

13.
Grand Duchy of Baden
–
The Grand Duchy of Baden was a state in the southwest of Germany on the east bank of the Rhine. It existed between 1806 and 1918 and it came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden and subsequently split into different lines, which were unified in 1771. After World War II, the French military government in 1945 created the state of Baden out of the half of the former Baden. This portion of the former Baden was declared in its 1947 constitution to be the successor of the old Baden. The northern half of the old Baden was combined with northern Württemberg, becoming part of the American military zone, both Baden and Württemberg-Baden became states of West Germany upon its formation in 1949. In 1952 Baden merged with Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern to form Baden-Württemberg and this is the only merger of states that has taken place in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. The unofficial anthem of Baden is called Badnerlied and consists of four or five traditional verses, however, over the years, many more verses have been added – there are collections with up to 591 verses of the anthem. Baden came into existence in the 12th century as the Margraviate of Baden, in 1803 Baden was raised to Electoral dignity within the Holy Roman Empire. Upon the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Baden became the much-enlarged Grand Duchy of Baden, in 1815 it joined the German Confederation. During the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Baden was a centre of revolutionist activities, in 1849, in the course of the Baden Revolution, it was the only German state that became a republic for a short while, under the leadership of Lorenzo Brentano. The revolution in Baden was suppressed mainly by Prussian troops, the Grand Duchy of Baden remained a sovereign country until it joined the German Empire in 1871. After the revolution of 1918, Baden became part of the Weimar Republic as the Republic of Baden, when the French Revolution threatened to overflow into the rest of Europe in 1792, Baden joined forces against France, and its countryside was devastated once more. In 1796, the margrave Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden, was compelled to pay an indemnity, fortune, however, soon returned to his side. Changing sides in 1805, he fought for Napoleon, with the result that, by the peace of Pressburg in that year, he obtained the Breisgau and other territories at the expense of the Habsburgs. In 1806, he joined the Confederation of the Rhine, declared himself a prince, became a grand duke. The Baden contingent continued to assist France, and by the Peace of Vienna in 1809, Charles fought for his father-in-law until after the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, when he joined the Allies. In 1815 Baden became a member of the German Confederation established by the Act of 8 June, however, in the haste of winding up the Congress, the question of the succession to the grand duchy did not get settled, a matter that would soon become acute. A controversy between Bavaria and Baden ensued, which was decided in favour of the Höchberg claims by a treaty signed by Baden

14.
Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden
–
Frederick I was the Grand Duke of Baden from 1856 to 1907. Frederick was born in Karlsruhe, on 9 September 1826 and he was the third son of Grand Duke Leopold and of his wife, Grand Duchess Sophie, who was born Princess of Sweden, daughter of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden. He became the heir presumptive to the Grand Duchy upon the death of his father in 1852, due to his brothers mental ill-health, he was Regent ad interim of Baden in 1852–1855, and took the title of Grand Duke in 1856. His brother, Louis II, died in 1858 and he was considered a relatively liberal supporter of a constitutional monarchy. During his reign the option of civil marriages was introduced in Baden as well as elections to the Lower House of the Parliament of Baden in 1904. In 1856, he married Princess Louise, daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia and his wife, the Grand Duke had a pivotal role in the history of the Zionist Movement. In 1896 the Grand Duke met Theodor Herzl via their mutual acquaintance the reverend William Hechler, and helped Herzl in obtaining an audience with his nephew, the German Emperor. Frederick I was present at the proclamation of the German Empire at Versailles in 1871, as he was the only son-in-law of the Emperor and he died at his summer residence at the island of Mainau in southern Germany on 28 September 1907. Today, Mainau is owned by the Lennart Bernadotte-Stiftung, created by Fredericks great-grandson Count Lennart Bernadotte

15.
Grand Duchy of Hesse
–
Hesse lost its independence when it joined the German Empire in 1871. Before 1866, its northern neighbour was its former sister Landgraviate, since 1803 an Electorate, of Hesse-Kassel – for this reason, Hesse-Darmstadt was a member of Napoleons Confederation of the Rhine during the Napoleonic Wars. Rapidly expanding during the mediatizations, Hesse-Darmstadt became an amalgamation of smaller German states, the legal patchwork of the state culminated in a decree issued on 1 October 1806 by Louis I. The old territorial estates were abolished, which altered Hesse-Darmstadt from a mosaic of patrimonial fragments into a centralized, during the Congress of Vienna it was forced to cede the Duchy of Westphalia, which Hesse-Darmstadt had received in 1803, to the Kingdom of Prussia. However, Hesse-Darmstadt received some territory on the bank of the Rhine. The Grand Duchy changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Hesse, in 1867, the northern half of the Grand Duchy became a part of the North German Confederation, while the half of the Grand Duchy south of the Main remained outside. In 1871, it became a constituent state of the German Empire, the last Grand Duke, Ernst Ludwig, was forced from his throne at the end of World War I, and the state was renamed the Peoples State of Hesse. After World War II, the majority of the state combined with Frankfurt am Main, the Waldeck area, excluded were the Montabaur district from Hessen-Nassau and that part of Hessen-Darmstadt on the left bank of the Rhine, which became part of the Rhineland-Palatinate state. Wimpfen—an exclave of Hessen-Darmstadt—became part of Baden-Württemberg, in the district of Sinsheim, after a plebiscite on 29 April 1951, Bad Wimpfen was transferred from Sinsheim district to Heilbronn District. This change to Heilbronn was carried out on 1 May 1952, the Grand Duchy of Hesse was divided into three provinces, Starkenburg, Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main. Rhenish Hesse, Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the Congress of Vienna, upper Hesse, North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the Free City of Frankfurt. List of rulers of Hesse Line of succession to the former Hessian throne Hessenlager Constitution of Hesse Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918 Großherzogtum Hessen 1910

16.
Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse
–
Ernest Louis Charles Albert William was the last Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine from 1892 until 1918. Ernest Louis was the son of Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine and his wife Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. He was given the name Louis after his father, and was a brother of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, wife of Tsar Nicholas II. Ernest Louiss early life was shrouded with death, when he was five, his brother Prince Friedrich died. The two boys had been playing a game when the boy, who suffered from haemophilia. When I die, you must die too, and all the others, why cant we all die together. I dont want to die alone, like Frittie, he told his nurse. To his mother he said, I dreamt that I was dead and was gone up to Heaven, in 1878, an epidemic of diphtheria swept through Darmstadt. All the children and their father fell ill, Princess Alice cared for her sick husband and children, but on 16 November, the youngest of them, Princess Marie, died. Alice kept the news from her family for weeks, until Ernest Louis. When his mother revealed Maries death, Ernest Louis was overcome with grief, in comforting her grieving son, Alice kissed him, and within a week, she fell ill and soon died, on December 14th, the anniversary of her own fathers death. Due to the homosexuality of Ernest Louis, the marriage was not a happy one. They had two children, a daughter, Elisabeth, born on March 11,1895, who died of fever on November 16,1903 at age eight. Efforts to rekindle the marriage failed, and so when Queen Victoria died in January 1901 her significant opposition to the end of the marriage was removed. The couple had become estranged and were divorced 21 December 1901 on grounds of mutual antipathy by a special verdict of the Supreme Court of Hesse. Louis, Prince of Hesse and by Rhine, who married the Hon. Margaret Geddes daughter of Lord Geddes, Louis adopted Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse as his heir, thereby uniting the two lines of the Hesse family. In addition to his marriage, Ernest Louis maintained a friendship with the bisexual Karl August Lingner. When Lingner died of cancer he bequeathed Schloss Tarasp in Switzerland to Ernest Louis

17.
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
–
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin was a territory in Northern Germany held by the House of Mecklenburg residing at Schwerin. It was a member state of the German Confederation and became a federated state of the North German Confederation. The smaller southeastern part was held by the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz branch of the ducal house. Likewise in the west, the Duchy of Holstein was incorporated into the Schleswig-Holstein Province, in the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars Duke Frederick Francis I of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had remained neutral, and in 1803 he regained Wismar, which was pawned to him from Sweden. After Napoleons victory at the Battle of Austerlitz and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Napoleon, in preparation for the French invasion of Russia in 1812, disregarded this alliance, instead, Denmark was promised the adjacent lands of Swedish Pomerania by the 1814 Peace of Kiel and the rule of the Mecklenburg dukes remained inviolate. In 1819 serfdom was abolished in his dominions. During the revolutions of 1848, the duchy witnessed a considerable agitation in favour of a liberal constitution, on 10 October 1849 Grand Duke Frederick Francis II granted a new Basic law elaborated by his First Minister Ludwig von Lützow. In the dispute over neighbouring Holstein which culminated in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Frederick Francis II supported the Kingdom of Prussia and his grand duchy began to pass more and more under Prussian influence. In 1867 he joined the North German Confederation and the Zollverein, in the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia again received valuable assistance from Grand Duke Frederick Francis II, who was an ardent advocate of German unity and held a high command in her armies. In the course of the German unification in 1871, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, there was now renewed agitation for a more democratic constitution, and the German Reichstag parliament gave some countenance to this movement. In 1897 Frederick Francis IV succeeded his father Frederick Francis III as the last grand duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in 1907 the Grand Duke promised a constitution to his subjects. The duchy had always been under a system of government. The duchy shared a diet, which met for a short session each year, at other times they were represented by a committee consisting of the proprietors of knights estates, known as the Ritterschaft, and the Landschaft, or burgomasters of certain towns. Mecklenburg-Schwerin returned six members to the Reichstag, upon the suicide of his cousin Grand Duke Adolphus Frederick VI on 23 February 1918, Frederick Francis served as regent of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Shortly afterwards, on 14 November, he was forced to renounce the Mecklenburg throne in the course of the German Revolution, the grand duchy turned into the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a federated state of the Weimar Republic. Thereby ended nearly eight centuries of rule by the originally Obotrite Mecklenburg dynasty. Until 1918 the grand duke was styled as Prince of the Wends and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed

18.
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
–
The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was a territory in Northern Germany, held by the younger line of the House of Mecklenburg residing in Neustrelitz. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–19 it was succeeded by the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the first was bounded by the Prussian provinces of Pomerania and Brandenburg, the second bordered on the Duchy of Lauenburg and the territory of the Free City of Lübeck. Major towns beside Neustrelitz included Neubrandenburg, Friedland, Woldegk, Stargard, Fürstenberg, the Grand Duchy also comprised the former commandries of the Knights Hospitaller in Mirow and Nemerow. Thereupon, the Grand Duchy joined the North German Confederation and the reconstituted Zollverein, also in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, the Kingdom of Prussia received valuable assistance from Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1871 both Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz became States of the German Empire, Mecklenburg-Strelitz returned one member to the Bundesrat chamber of states. However, the Grand Duke was still styled Prince of the Wends, the Grand Dukes exercised absolute power through their ministers, with an antiquated type of diet representing social classes. There was now a renewal of agitation for a democratic constitution. In 1904 Adolphus Frederick V, a son of Grand Duke Frederick William and his wife Princess Augusta of Cambridge, daughter of Prince Adolphus, in 1907, the grand duke promised a constitution to the duchys subjects, but this was met with opposition from the nobility. The Mecklenburg-Strelitz dynasty ended just prior to the loss of the monarchy in developments associated with World War I, in 1914, before the proclamation of war between Germany and Russia, Duke Charles Michael renounced his Mecklenburgish citizenship. On 23 February 1918, Grand Duke Adolf Frederick VI committed suicide, George subsequently assumed the title Duke of Mecklenburg which was acknowledged by Grand Duke Frederick Francis IV of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was later given the style of Highness by the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, georges grandson Borwin is the present head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The county of Mecklenburg in the U. S. state of North Carolina, the City of Charlotte, known as The Queen City was named for Queen Charlotte, wife of King George III of Great Britain. Queen Charlotte was Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, born on 19 May 1744 and she was the youngest daughter of Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince of Mirow and his wife Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh

19.
Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg
–
Frederick Augustus II was the last ruling Grand Duke of Oldenburg. He married Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia, daughter of Princess Maria Anna of Anhalt-Dessau, after her death, he married Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Frederick Augustus reign began on 13 June 1900, when his father died and his reign came to an end on 11 November 1918, shortly before the German monarchy was abolished on 28 November 1918. On 18 February 1878, Frederick Augustus married Princess Elisabeth Anna of Prussia and it was a double wedding, in which Princess Charlotte of Prussia married Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen on the same day as Elisabeth Anna in Berlin. The marriages were the first such occasions performed since Prussia had become the German Empire in 1870, due to this increased status, the weddings were attended by many important personages, including King Leopold II of Belgium and his wife Queen Marie Henriette. The Prince of Wales also attended, as one of the brides was his niece, Frederick Augustus and Elisabeth Anna had two children, Elisabeth died on 28 August 1895, before he succeeded as Grand Duke. Before her death, her husband had been building a new palace, once she died. On 24 October 1896, Frederick Augustus married Duchess Elisabeth Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and he succeeded as Grand Duke of Oldenburg in 1900. He and his family took up residence at Rastede Castle, where he took up farming, a year after his abdication, he asked the Oldenburg Diet for a yearly allowance of 150,000 marks, stating that his financial condition was extremely precarious. In 1931, Frederick died in Rastede

20.
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
–
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was created as a duchy in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach. It was raised to a Grand duchy in 1815 by resolution of the Vienna Congress, in 1903, it officially changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Saxony, but this name was rarely used. The Grand Duchy came to an end in the German Revolution of 1918–19 with the monarchies of the German Empire. It was succeeded by the Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, which was merged into the new state of Thuringia two years later. The full grand ducal style was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meissen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt, the Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach branch is the most genealogically senior extant branch of the House of Wettin. The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach consisted of three areas, each of which formed a Kreis administratively, plus several exclaves. Neighboring countries were Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse-Kassel, the northern part of the Weimar district was flat and part of the Thuringian Basin, the southern and eastern parts were situated on the Ilm-Saale Plateau and in the Saale valley. The district Neustadt was located in hills with altitudes between 200 and 400 meters, acting Prime Minister Goethe once described Weimar as Athens on the Ilm. The highest elevation in the duchy were the Kickelhahn near Ilmenau, the Ellenbogen in the Rhön. In 1895, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was administratively divided into three districts Kreise, Furthermore, the districts of Weimar and Eisenach were each subdivided into two Bezirke. In the case of Weimar, these were, Weimar and Apolda, in all, there were 31 cities and 594 municipalities in the Grand Duchy. The Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach granted city status to three localities in the state, namely Berka/Werra, Ruhla and Münchenbernsdorf, in 1840, there were 13 cities with over 2,000 inhabitants. In the 70 years to 1910, the Grand Duchy industrialized heavily, the population of Stadtlengsfeld shrank dramatically after the Jewish emancipation, when most of the citys Jewish citizens migrated to larger cities. In 1910, several towns had grown past the 2,000 inhabitants mark, Ruhla, Blankenhain, Bad Sulza, Auma, Triptis, Tiefenort, Bad Berka, Oberweimar, Oldisleben. The first Duke of the union was Ernest Augustus I. His son Ernest Augustus II reigned for three years, and died at the age of 20 years. At the age of 18, he married the Brunswick Princess Anna Amalia, one year his junior, a year later she gave birth to her son, Charles Augustus and after another year, when she was already a widow, to her son Constantine. As Dowager Duchess Anna Amalia actively took up the regency, with the approval of the Empress Maria Theresa, as educator for her sons, she employed the poet Christoph Martin Wieland, who was a professor at the university of Erfurt

21.
William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
–
Wilhelm Ernst Karl Alexander Friedrich Heinrich Bernhard Albert Georg Hermann was the last Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. He was born in Weimar, the eldest son of Karl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, heir to the Grand Duke and he succeeded his grandfather Karl Alexander as Grand Duke on 5 January 1901, as his father had predeceased him. His heir was a distant cousin, Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, hermanns younger brother subsequently served as heir presumptive to the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach until the birth of William Ernests eldest son. Wilhelm Ernst created the new Weimar town center under the direction of Hans Olde, Henry van de Velde, also, he also had the University of Jena rebuilt by Theodor Fischer, and also reconstructed Weimars theatres. The improvements to the city included a statue of his predecessor Charles Alexander. It was placed in a designed by Brütt. The placement of the setting was designed to distinguish the old town from the built area. A preservation law for the old town barred it to the art nouveau-style which was used in the new area, according to the Dutch constitution, Wilhelm Ernst was in the line for the throne of the Netherlands after Queen Wilhelmina. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Dutch feared the possibility of German influence or even annexation of the Netherlands, in order to prevent this, some lawyers tried to change the constitution to exclude Wilhelm Ernst from the succession. Another proposal, however, was this, if Wilhelmina would die childless, the birth of Wilhelminas daughter Juliana in 1909 lessened the chance for any member of the house of Wettin to inherit the Dutch throne. With the amendment to the constitution of 1922, which restricted the right of succession to the offspring of Wilhelmina, on 9 November 1918 Wilhelm Ernst - along with the rest of the German monarchs following the defeat of Germany in World War I - was forced to abdicate. His throne and all his lands were relinquished and he fled with his family to the estate in Silesia. Despite all his work for Weimar during his government, Wilhelm Ernst was a hated ruler and this was for his private life, where he was known to be a sadist, the day of his abdication, he was called the most unpopular prince in all Germany. He died in Heinrichau in Silesia, in Bückeburg on 30 April 1903 Wilhelm Ernst married firstly with Princess Caroline Reuss of Greiz, a daughter of Prince Heinrich XXII Reuss of Greiz. This marriage was childless and ended in 1905 with the death of Caroline under mysterious circumstances, the official cause of death was pneumonia following influenza, other sources have suggested suicide. In Meiningen on 21 January 1910, Wilhelm Ernst married secondly with Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, daughter of Prince Friedrich Johann of Saxe-Meinigen

22.
Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
–
The division occurred because Count Otto V of Holstein-Schaumburg had died in 1640 leaving no male heir. It was further threatened by the policies of ruling Count Friedrich Christian. To counter these threats, Friedrichs grandson Count Wilhelm retained a standing army of up to 1000 troops - quite a lot for such a small territory, with Wilhelms death in 1777 the junior Schaumburg-Lippe-Alverdissen inherited the County thereby reuniting Schaumburg-Lippe with Lippe-Alverdissen. Schaumburg-Lippe was a county until 1807 when it became a principality, in 1913, it was the smallest state in the German Empire in terms of population. The capital was Bückeburg, and Stadthagen was the other town. Schaumburg-Lippe sent one member to the Bundesrat and one deputy to the Reichstag and it lasted until the end of the German monarchies in 1918, when it became a free state as the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe. In November 1918, Prince Adolf was the second last reigning German monarch to abdicate

23.
Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe
–
Georg, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe was a ruler of the small Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. He was born in Bückeburg to Adolf I, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Hermine of Waldeck and Pyrmont. He succeeded as Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe on the death of his father on the 8 May 1893, georg was married on the 16 April 1882 at Altenburg to Princess Marie Anne of Saxe-Altenburg, a daughter of Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg. The castle had been controlled by the Hohenzollerns ever since Georgs grandfather sided with the Austrians in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, the gift was also meant to be in recognition of Georgs support in the dispute over the succession to the Lippe-Detmold throne

24.
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
–
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was a small historic state in present-day Thuringia, Germany with its capital at Rudolstadt. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was established in 1599 in the course of a resettlement of Schwarzburg dynasty lands, in 1583 Count Günther XLI of Schwarzburg, the eldest son of Günther XL the Rich and ruler over the united Schwarzburg lands, had died without issue. He was succeeded by his brothers, whereby Albert VII received the territory around Rudolstadt. Alberts descendants ruled as sovereign counts of the Holy Roman Empire and it withstood the mediatisation and after the Empires dissolution joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1807 and the German Confederation in 1815. On 23 November 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the former principality became a Free State in 1919, that was merged into the new state of Thuringia in the next year. In 1905 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt had an area of 940 km2 and a population of 97,000, on the death of the childless Prince Günther Victor in 1925, he was succeeded by Prince Sizzo, who was the son of Prince Friedrich Günther from his second, morganatic marriage. Prince Sizzo was recognised as a member of the House of Schwarzburg in 1896. He was succeeded in 1926 by his son, Prince Friedrich Günther

25.
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
–
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a small principality in Germany, in the present day state of Thuringia, with its capital at Sondershausen. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a county until 1697, in that year, it became a principality, which lasted until the fall of the German monarchies in 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–1919. After the German Revolution, it became a republic, in 1920, it joined with other small states in the area to form the new state of Thuringia. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen had an area of 862 km² and a population of 85,000, towns placed in the state were, Arnstadt, Sondershausen, Gehren, Langewiesen, Großbreitenbach, Ebeleben, Großenehrich, Greußen and Plaue. Prince Sizzo was recognised as a member of the House of Schwarzburg in 1896. He was succeeded in 1926 by his son, Prince Friedrich Günther

26.
Principality of Lippe
–
Lippe was a historical state in Germany, ruled by the House of Lippe. It was located between the Weser River and the southeast part of the Teutoburg forest. The founder of what would become the Principality of Lippe was Bernhard I, Bernhard I assumed the title of edler Herr von Lippe. Bernhards successors inherited and obtained several counties, lord Simon V was the first ruler of Lippe to style himself as a count. Following the death of Simon VI in 1613, the principality was split into three counties, Lippe-Detmold went to Simon VII, Lippe-Brake to Otto and Lippe-Alverdissen went to Philip I, the Lippe-Brake county was reunited with the main Detmold line in 1709. Another branch of the family was founded by Jobst Herman, a son of Simon VII, the Counts of Lippe-Detmold were granted the title of Prince of The Empire in 1789. Shortly after becoming a state of the German Empire in 1871. This resulted in a dispute between the neighbouring principality of Schaumburg-Lippe and the Lippe-Biesterfeld line. The dispute was resolved by the Imperial Court in Leipzig in 1905, with the passing to the Lippe-Biesterfeld line who. The Principality of Lippe came to an end on 12 November 1918 with the abdication of Leopold IV, in 1947, Lippe merged into the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The princely family still owns the estate and castle at Detmold, ordinances and by-laws of the county of Lippe online Guidelines for the integration of the Land Lippe within the territory of the federal state North-Rhine-Westphalia of 17 January 1947

27.
Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe
–
Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe was the final sovereign of the Principality of Lippe. Succeeding to the throne in 1905 he had been governing the state since 1904 as regent and he was born as Count Leopold of Lippe-Biesterfeld in Oberkassel, the son of Ernest, Count of Lippe-Biesterfeld and Countess Karoline of Wartensleben. Leopold belonged to the Lippe-Biesterfeld line of the House of Lippe which was the most senior line of the house after the reigning Lippe-Detmold line. He served as an officer in the German Army until 1894, since 1895 Lippe had been ruled by a regent due to the incapacity of Prince Alexander. Leopolds father had acted as regent since 1897 and following his death on 26 September 1904 Leopold assumed the regency, as a result, the Diet of Lippe appointed a high commission to consider the matter. The regency issue was ongoing when Prince Alexander died on 13 January 1905. Leopold was confirmed as Prince of Lippe and Alexanders successor on 25 October 1905 following a court ruling, on 3 June 1911 while out motoring Leopold and his brother Prince Julius were attacked by a gang of Italian laborers who hurled a shower of missiles at the princes. Though Leopold escaped unhurt his brother received a head wound, during World War I Leopold upgraded the titles of the various lines of the House of Lippe. One of the members to benefit from the granting of titles was Leopolds nephew Count Bernhard of Biesterfeld who would go on to become the Prince Consort of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. On 24 February 1916 Bernhard and his brother were upgraded to the title Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld with the style Serene Highness, following the end of his rule the Principality of Lippe was transformed into a Free state in the new Weimar Republic. After the rise of Nazism in Germany all three of his sons by his first wife became members of the party and his eldest son the Hereditary Prince Ernst is reported to have been the first German prince to join the party when he signed up in May 1928. In addition to being pro Nazis both Hereditary Prince Ernst and Prince Chlodwig had contracted unequal marriages, thus when Leopold died in Detmold his three eldest sons were all disinherited and his youngest son Armin became head of the princely house. Leopold was married to Princess Bertha of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld on 16 August 1901 in Rotenburg, Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Lippe married first Charlotte Ricken. From this marriage he had one son

28.
Principality of Reuss-Greiz
–
The Principality of Reuss-Greiz, called the Principality of the Reuss Elder Line after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of Reuss. The Counts Reuss of Greiz, Lower- and Upper Greiz, were elevated to status in 1778. Its members bore the title Prince Reuss, Elder Line, or Prince Reuss of Greiz, the Principality of Reuss Elder Line had an area of 317 km² and a population of 71,000. The Reuss Elder Line died out with the death of the childless Heinrich XXIV in 1927, after which its claims were passed to the younger line

29.
Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line
–
Heinrich XIV, Prince Reuss Younger Line was Prince Reuss Younger Line from 1867 to 1913. Heinrich XIV was born at Coburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, sixth child of Heinrich LXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, at the death of his father on 11 July 1867 he inherited the throne of the Principality. In 1869 he founded the Reussian Prince Cross of Honour. Heinrich XIV married on 6 February 1858 at Karlsruhe to Duchess Agnes of Württemberg, younger child of Duke Eugen of Württemberg by his second marriage with Princess Helene of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. They had two children, Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, married in 1884 to Pricess Elise of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, had issue, Princess Elisabeth Reuss of Schleiz, married in 1887 to Prince Hermann of Solms-Braunfels, had issue. He married secondly in a marriage on 14 February 1890 at Gera to Friederike Graetz, daughter of Johann Philipp Graetz. They had one son, Baron Heinrich of Saalburg, married in 1924 to Margarethe Groenwoldt, no issue

30.
Principality of Reuss-Gera
–
The Principality of Reuss-Gera, called the Principality of the Reuss Junior Line after 1848, was a sovereign state in modern Germany, ruled by members of the House of Reuss. The Counts Reuss of Gera, of Schleiz, of Lobenstein, of Köstritz and of Ebersdorf, each became princes in 1806, one may also refer to them using their branch names. The territories of four branches of the Junior Line amalgamated between 1824 and 1848. In 1905 the Principality of Reuss Junior Line had an area of 827 km2, the House of Reuss practises an unusual system of naming and numbering the male members of the family, every one of which for centuries has borne the name Heinrich. In consequence of this system, certain heads of the Reuss Junior Line have had the highest numbers attached to their name of any European nobility. Note also that the children within a single nuclear family need not bear sequential numbers. For example, the sons of Prince Heinrich LXVII Reuss of Schleiz, in order of their births, used the names Heinrich V, Heinrich VIII, Heinrich XI, Heinrich XIV, and Heinrich XVI. A notable member of family, Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf. The designation junior line fell into abeyance in 1930, the line had become extinct as its last member, Heinrich XXIV, renounced his rights in 1918

31.
Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
–
The County of Waldeck was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929. In 1349 the county gained Imperial immediacy and in 1712 was raised to the rank of Principality and it comprised territories in present-day Hesse and Lower Saxony. Waldeck was a county within the Holy Roman Empire from about 1200 and its counts included Adolf II of Waldeck from 1270 to 1276. In 1655, its seat and the residence of its rulers shifted from the castle and small town of Waldeck, overlooking the Eder river and first mentioned in 1120. In 1625, the county of Pyrmont became part of the county through inheritance. In January 1712, the count of Waldeck and Pyrmont was elevated to prince by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. For a brief period,1805 to 1812, Pyrmont was a principality as a result of inheritance and partition after the death of the previous prince. The independence of the principality was confirmed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, from 1868 onward, the principality was administered by Prussia, but retained its legislative sovereignty. In 1871, the principality became a constituent state of the new German Empire, in 1905, Waldeck and Pyrmont had an area of 1121 km2 and a population of 59,000. The princely house of Waldeck and Pyrmont is closely related to the family of the Netherlands. The last ruling prince, Frederick, was the brother of Queen consort Emma of the Netherlands

32.
Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
–
Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont was the last reigning Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont from 12 May 1893 to 13 November 1918. He was the son of George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont and he was a brother of the Dutch Queen consort Emma and Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany. His maternal grandparents were William, Duke of Nassau and his second wife Princess Pauline of Württemberg, Pauline was a daughter of Prince Paul of Württemberg and his wife Charlotte of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Paul was a son of Frederick I of Württemberg and his wife Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Augusta was the eldest daughter of Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Princess Augusta of Great Britain, elder sister of George III of the United Kingdom. He married Princess Bathildis of Schaumburg-Lippe, daughter of Prince William of Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Bathildis of Anhalt-Dessau, in Náchod on 9 August 1895

33.
Duchy of Anhalt
–
The Duchy of Anhalt was a historical German duchy. The territory is now part of the state of Saxony-Anhalt. Anhalts origins lie in the Principality of Anhalt, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, during the 9th century, most of Anhalt was part of the duchy of Saxony. In the 12th century, it came under the rule of Albert the Bear, Albert was descended from Albert, count of Ballenstedt, whose son Esico appears to have been the first to bear the title of count of Anhalt. Esicos grandson, Otto the Rich, count of Ballenstedt, was the father of Albert the Bear, when Albert died in 1170, his son Bernard, who received the title of duke of Saxony in 1180, became count of Anhalt. Bernard died in 1212, and Anhalt, separated from Saxony, passed to his son Henry I, on Henrys death in 1252, his three sons divided the principality and founded the respective lines of Aschersleben, Bernburg and Zerbst. The family ruling in Aschersleben became extinct in 1315, and this district was incorporated with the neighbouring Bishopric of Halberstadt. The last prince of the line of Anhalt-Bernburg died in 1468 and his lands were inherited by the princes of the remaining line. The territory belonging to this branch of the family had divided in 1396. Early in the 16th century, however, owing to the death or abdication of several princes, after the peace of Passau in 1552, Prince Wolfgang bought back his principality, but as he was childless he surrendered it in 1562 to his kinsmen, the princes of Anhalt-Dessau. Around 1546, the three brothers divided their principality and founded the lines of Zerbst, Plötzkau and Dessau, the first united principality of Anhalt was short-lived, and in 1603, it was split up into the mini-states of Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen, Anhalt-Zerbst and Anhalt-Plötzkau. Joachim Ernest died in 1586 and his five sons ruled the land in common until 1603, when Anhalt was again divided, the principality was ravaged during the Thirty Years War, and in the earlier part of this struggle Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg took an important part. In 1635, an arrangement was made by the princes of Anhalt, which gave a certain authority to the eldest member of the family. This proceeding was due to the necessity of maintaining an appearance of unity in view of the disturbed state of European politics. In the same year the princes of Anhalt decided that, if any branch of the family became extinct and this arrangement was carried out after the death of Frederick Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1793, and Zerbst was divided between the three remaining princes. During these years the policy of the different princes was marked, perhaps intentionally, once or twice, Calvinism was favoured by a prince, but in general the house was loyal to the doctrines of Martin Luther. The growth of Prussia provided Anhalt with a neighbour. In 1806, Napoleon elevated the states of Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Dessau

34.
Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt
–
Frederick II was the Duke of Anhalt from 1904 until 1918. He was born in Dessau in 1856, he was the son of Hereditary Prince Frederick of Anhalt-Dessau. His father succeeded as Duke of Anhalt on 22 May 1871 and Frederick became heir apparent, Frederick was married on 2 July 1889 at Karlsruhe to Princess Marie of Baden. She was a daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Baden and his wife Princess Maria of Leuchtenberg, as well as an sister of Prince Maximilian of Baden. On 24 January 1904, Frederick succeeded his father as Duke of Anhalt, during his reign he was known for his love of music and maintained a Court Theatre which became celebrated throughout Europe. He was Grand Master of the Order of Albert the Bear, in 1914, during World War I, he instituted the Friedrich Cross as a decoration for merit in time of war. He died at Ballenstedt Castle on 22 April 1918, as his marriage to Marie of Baden was without issue, he was succeeded as Duke by his younger brother Eduard

The Kingdom of Württemberg as it existed from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the end of World War I. From 1815 to 1866 it was a member state of the German Confederation and from 1871 to 1918 it was a federal state in the German Empire.