Civil War Cannon at the Battle of Gettysburg

Civil War Artillery at Battle of Gettysburg

(Battles & Leaders)

A Diary of Battle, by Colonel Charles Wainwright

Gettysburg

"The day had been a most unfortunate one for us…"

Colonel Charles Shiels Wainwright enlisted in the First New York Artillery
in 1861. Though having had some experience in the New York State militia, the army was a novel experience. Wainwright enthusiastically
threw himself into his role as major of the regiment. That fall he purchased a journal to record his experiences during the
war, both in camp and on the battlefield. They remain as one of the finest accounts of life as a Civil War soldier and of
the war experienced from the saddle. The first day of the battle was marked by a lack of coordination by Union commanders.
The mobile Wainwright was in several areas during the fighting and left a blunt and almost amusing account of the difficulty
the Union commanders faced in the fields west of Gettysburg. This is his story from A Diary of Battle, The Personal Journals
of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865, edited by Allan Nevins.

"July 1, 1863, Wednesday: We breakfasted soon after sunrise, but it rather
promised then to be a quiet day for us. I was just finishing up my monthly return when the order came to move at once. The
order was from (General Abner) Doubleday, and placed the Third Division on the lead, and the First at the rear. So soon as
my command had hauled out, as they had to wait for the Third Division in rear of which they were to march, I rode on ahead
to learn what I could as to the prospects of a fight. I saw General Reynolds, who said that he did not expect any; that we
were only moving up so as to be within supporting distance to (General John) Buford, who was to push out farther. At the corners
where Reynolds had his headquarters the Third Division was turned off by him on a road to the left. General Reynolds then
rode on, and took the First Division ahead with Hall's (2nd Maine) battery, which being camped near three miles in advance
had an hour's start ahead of us. We moved along very quietly without dreaming of a fight, and fully expecting to be comfortably
in camp by noon. So confident of this was I that, for the first time, I threw my saddlebags into the wagon, and was thus left
without my supply of chocolate and tobacco, without brush, comb, or clean handkerchief. My horse 'Billy' cast two shoes on
the road. I had no hesitation on stopping at a farmhouse with one of my forges until they could be replaced and even sat there
ten for fifteen minutes longer until a heavy shower was over. I then rode up to the head of my brigade, where I found General
Doubleday.

"This was about two miles before coming to Gettysburg and between ten-thirty
and eleven o'clock. We were just speaking of General Meade's promotion and Doubleday was just saying that Sykes was his junior, and they ought to give him a corps, when my attention
was called to the smoke of shells bursting in the air. On listening we could hear the sound of cannon apparently some three
or four miles off, which we supposed to be from Buford's cavalry. In a few minutes, however, an officer... came up with orders
for us to push on as fast as possible, as Reynolds was engaged over beyond the seminary.

The Lutheran Seminary

(Battles & Leaders)

"I at once started my three batteries, Reynolds leading, and after going along the road about half a mile turned in to the fields on the left, where
I saw that other troops had gone, and which took me directly towards the seminary. Halfway there I met Craig Wadsworth, who
merely said, 'The General is killed; Reynolds is dead.' Shortly after I met his body being brought off. I halted and uncovered
as he passed; it was all there was time for. All I could do then was put my batteries in a position where they could be got
at easily, have them send their battery wagons and forges to the rear, and wait in condition to start at a trot the instant
orders came. I then rode along the ridge on which the seminary stands, and afterwards out to the one beyond. The ridge...
is wider and much more rolling; the greater part of it is cleared. Just where the Cashtown Pike crosses it there stands a
large farmhouse and barns, with an orchard to the left of it, and then some six or eight acres of wood. It was here that General
Reynolds was killed by a minie ball through the head. He fell from his horse and expired instantly. I did not like this advanced
position at all, its right flank being exposed to a high ridge to the north and approached by a number of ravines which afforded
excellent cover to an attacking party. General Wadsworth had ordered Hall (2nd Maine Battery) back again, but I took the responsibility
of forbidding him to put his battery there until I knew there were troops to cover his right flank.

"Passing then to the right of the railroad cut, on to the wooded knoll, I
found that it had just been occupied by Robinson's division and Cutler's brigade. The lay of the ground was very intricate,
so that it took me some time to make out the disposition of our troops; which proved to be all sorts of ways. As I was coming
out I saw a line of rebels advancing towards Cutler's flank, and rode back to tell him, as I had no one with me… As
I came out again I saw a portion of the Eleventh Corps moving forward in line facing north, so that the two corps formed a
right angle at the knoll where Robinson was. They had two batteries with them which were just opening fire. Having thus made
myself well acquainted with the ground and as far as possible with the dispositions of the troops, I rode to report to Gen'l
Doubleday.

"Somewhere around three o'clock… a long column of rebels came out of
the wood a mile or so in our front and filed off to our left. This was soon joined by another column, which when they faced
into line formed a second line for them. They marched along quietly and with confidence, but swiftly. I watched them from
the battery and am confident that when they advanced they outflanked us at least half a mile on our left. So soon as they
were within range I opened on them with the four guns (Battery L, 1st New York), but a brigade of the Third Division
sent to support the battery persisted in getting in front- that being the commander's idea of supporting. The rebel lines
advanced rapidly. There was not the shadow of a chance of our holding this ridge even had our Third Division commanders had
any idea of what to do with their men… I therefore soon ordered Lieutenant Bower to take his four guns back to the Seminary Ridge, to the position he had previously occupied about a hundred yards south of the college.

Doubleday

(Battles & Leaders)

"While I was with General Doubleday, one of Howard's German aides
rode up, and told him that General Hancock, who succeeded Reynolds in command of the two corps, wished that the Cemetery Hill should be held at all hazards. What with the aide's broken English and our being
on this hill and not knowing that there was a cemetery, I thought it was the Seminary Hill we were to hold. I had therefore strung my batteries out on
it as well as I could, only having four now. Wadsworth's division was falling back…, the rebs pushing rapidly on and
cheering. They were also attacking the Eleventh Corps at the same time. The Cashtown Road being our most important point,
each one had aimed to take care of it. Robinson had ordered Stewart (Battery B, 4th US) to take post on each side
of the railroad. Doubleday had ordered Stevens (Battery E, 5th Maine Artillery) from where I had placed him at the
left to the road itself. Cooper (Battery B, 1st Pennsylvania) had his four guns immediately in front of the main
building… Thus there eighteen pieces on a frontage of not over two hundred yards. But there was no time to make changes,
for the rebs were coming steadily on down the ridge in front only five hundred yards off and all the guns were blazing away
at them as lively as possible. In a little time I went to the right and front of (Lieutenant) Wilbur's section, one piece
of which was on the Cashtown Road. I found Lieutenant Davison had thrown his half of Battery 'B' around so as to get an oblique,
almost enfilading fire on the rebel lines. His round shot, together with the canister poured in from all other guns, was cutting
great gaps in the front line of the enemy. But still they came on, the gaps being closed by regiments from the second line,
and this again filled up a third column which was coming over the hill. Never have I seen such a charge. Not a man seemed
to falter. Lee may well be proud of his infantry; I wish ours was equal up to it.

"When I returned (to the seminary), I found the Fifth Maine limbering up.
I stopped them, when Lieutenant Whitaker told me that General Wadsworth had said they had better withdraw. Remembering what
I had supposed to be Howard's order to hold Seminary Hill to the last, I had no notion of going off, and rode around to see
that none of the guns moved. An officer now informed me that a rebel line was advancing on our right. Looking at it, I was
sure that it was the Eleventh Corps, and could not be convinced to the contrary until they opened fire on a portion of that
corps which I could now see making for the town. I then at once ordered all to limber up and move at a walk towards the town.
I would not allow them to trot for fear of creating a panic. But I had very little hope for getting them all off, for the
rebs were close upon us; so near that a big fellow had planted the colors of his regiment on a pile of rails within fifty
yards of the muzzles of Cooper's gun at the moment he received his order to limber up. As I sat on the hill watching my pieces
file past and cautioning each one not to trot, there was not a doubt in my mind but that I should go to Richmond. Each minute
I expected to hear the order to surrender for our infantry had all gone from around me, and there was nothing to stop the
advancing line. Just as the last of Stewart's caissons was coming into the road, a number of the enemy's skirmishers, sweeping
around the south side of the college buildings, opened fire across the road at about fifty yards distance. Our infantry did
not return the fire, so there seemed no chance but what they would kill all my horses. Perhaps, though, it was well for me
that our infantry instead of making fight took at once and in a body to the left, over the railroad… embankment. This
cleared the road and I shouted, 'Trot! Gallop!' as loud as I could. It did not take long for the whole eighteen pieces and
six caissons to be in full gallop down the road, which being wide allowed them to go three abreast. As I saw the head carriages
already at the turn of the road just before entering the town, I felt that now all were safe. And my next duty being to look
out a new position for them I galloped to the front. In order to get by the batteries I was obliged to climb over the railroad
and enter the town by another street.

(National Archives)

(Picture to the Left: The scene of Wainwright's retreat. This view is toward Seminary Ridge from Gettysburg. The Lutheran Seminary, which Wainwright refers to as the "college", is on the ridge at left. Wainwright's
batteries raced down this road toward town as Confederates closed in from both sides.)

"I had hurrahed a little before I was out of the woods. The rebs pulled off the skirt of my coat; that is,
after I left the road they got some pieces on the crest we had just left, and fired into the tail of our column, smashing
up three of Stewart's caissons. The rascals south of the road, too, killed the off-wheeler of Lieutenant Wilbur's last piece;
and when he had just got him cut out and was starting again, they shot down three more horses, his own horse, and one of the
drivers. So the gun was abandoned. I was terribly grieved when I heard of it, for I had begun to look upon our getting off
from that place as quite a feat and wished that it could have been without the loss of a gun. The more I think of it, the
more I wonder that we got off at all.

"The streets of the town were full of the troops of two corps. There was very
little order amongst them save the Eleventh took one side of the street and we the other; brigades and divisions were pretty
well mixed up. Still the men were not panic stricken; most of them were talking and joking. As I pushed through… to
the top of Cemetery hill, the existence of which I now learned for the very first time. I reached the top of the hill almost
as soon as my first battery. Here I found General Howard who expressed pleasure at seeing me and desired me to take charge
of all the artillery, and make the best disposition I could of it..."

Colonel Wainwright played a key role in placement of his exhausted batteries
around Cemetery Hill and experienced several narrow escapes from harm over the next two days of bitter fighting at Gettysburg. The following spring,
he commanded artillery in the Wilderness Campaign and was active during the Siege of Petersburg, the subsequent campaign to Appomattox Court House, and the Grand Review in Washington. After the war, Wainwright's activities are not as well documented. He remained in military
service for a while, attaining the rank of general. He lived in New York, Europe, and finally settled in Washington, DC, where
he was incapacitated with blindness and after effects of malaria. He finally applied for a pension in 1902. Charles Wainwright
died in 1907 and was buried in New York.

Recommended Reading: A Diary Of Battle: The Personal Journals Of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 1861-1865.
Description: When Colonel Charles S. Wainwright (1826–1907), later a brevet brigadier general, was commissioned in the
First New York Artillery Regiment of the Army of the Potomac in October 1861, he began a
journal. As an officer who fought at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg,
the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Spotsylvania, and Petersburg,
and who witnessed the leadership of Generals McClellan, Hooker, Burnside, Meade, Grant, and Sheridan, he brilliantly describes
his experiences, views, and emotions. Continued below...

But Wainwright's entries
go beyond military matters to include his political and social observations. Skillfully edited by Allan Nevins, historian
and author of the classic multi-volume Ordeal of the Union, this journal is Wainwright's vivid and invaluable gift to posterity.

Recommended Reading: The Artillery of Gettysburg
(Hardcover). Description: The battle of Gettysburg in July
1863, the apex of the Confederacy's final major invasion of the North, was a devastating defeat that also marked the end of
the South's offensive strategy against the North. From this battle until the end of the war, the Confederate armies largely
remained defensive. The Artillery of Gettysburg is a thought-provoking look at the role of the artillery during the July 1-3,
1863 conflict. Continued below...

During the Gettysburg
campaign, artillery had already gained the respect in both armies. Used defensively, it could break up attacking formations
and change the outcomes of battle. On the offense, it could soften up enemy positions prior to attack. And even if the results
were not immediately obvious, the psychological effects to strong artillery support could bolster the infantry and discourage
the enemy. Ultimately, infantry and artillery branches became codependent, for the artillery needed infantry support lest
it be decimated by enemy infantry or captured. The Confederate
Army of Northern Virginia had modified its codependent command system in February 1863. Prior to that, batteries were allocated
to brigades, but now they were assigned to each infantry division, thus decentralizing its command structure and making it
more difficult for Gen. Robert E. Lee and his artillery chief, Brig. Gen. William Pendleton, to control their deployment on
the battlefield. The Union Army of the Potomac
had superior artillery capabilities in numerous ways. At Gettysburg,
the Federal artillery had 372 cannons and the Confederates 283. To make matters worse, the Confederate artillery frequently
was hindered by the quality of the fuses, which caused the shells to explode too early, too late, or not at all. When combined
with a command structure that gave Union Brig. Gen. Henry Hunt more direct control--than his Southern counterpart had over
his forces--the Federal army enjoyed a decided advantage in the countryside around Gettysburg. Bradley M. Gottfried provides insight into how the two armies employed their artillery,
how the different kinds of weapons functioned in battle, and the strategies for using each of them. He shows how artillery
affected the “ebb and flow” of battle for both armies and thus provides a unique way of understanding the strategies
of the Federal and Union commanders.

Recommended Reading: Civil War Artillery
At Gettysburg (Paperback). Description: There were over
600 artillery pieces at Gettysburg. The guns were managed
and operated by over 14,000 men. In three days over 50,000 rounds were fired. What impact did artillery have on this famous
battle? How efficiently were the guns used, ie, tactics and strategy? What were the strengths and weaknesses on each side?
This outstanding book answers the many artillery questions at Gettysburg.
Using accessible descriptions, this work details the state of the art of this "long arm" as it existed at the time of the
battle. It is an informative overview of field artillery in general while using the battle of Gettysburg to illustrate artillery technology. For it was Gettysburg when the artillery branch of both armies had matured to the point where its organization
would stay relatively unchanged for the remainder of the conflict. Prior to Gettysburg,
neither army had the “same mix of guns” nor, more importantly, the same structure of organization as it did at
this battle. Continued below...

The effects were telling. This
book is an artillery 'buff's' delight...The work meticulously examines the forming of the respective artillery arms of the
two armies; the organization; artillery technology; guns; equipment and animals constituting that arm; ammunition; artillery
operations; the artillerymen and, finally, actions of the guns on July 2 and 3....The work is perfect for someone seeking
more data than found in most general histories of the battle...Nicely illustrated to supplement the text, the succinctly written
technical details of ballistics, projectile composition and impact of technology for battlefield lethality will prove similarly
useful and exciting for anyone captivated by the guns of Gettysburg. Cole explains the benefits and liabilities of each piece
of artillery....His use of photographs, diagrams, and maps are excellent and integrate seamlessly into the text....Not only
does it explain why events unfolded the way they did , it helps explain how they unfolded. No other modern book on Civil War
artillery of this size is as detailed...as this book is generally...The author's broad approach to the whole subject of artillery
tactics shine when he compares and contrasts several artillery incidents at Gettysburg that better explain what was going
on at the time....This book is essential for all those interested in Civil War artillery, 19th century artillery, or just
the battle of Gettysburg. I found Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg to be an informative and well written account of the 'long-arm' at Gettysburg. The book is very well-illustrated with maps and photos throughout. I thoroughly
enjoyed this book and highly recommend it.

Recommended
Reading:
Gettysburg: A Testing of Courage. Description: America's Civil War raged for more than four years, but it is the three days of fighting in
the Pennsylvania countryside in July 1863 that continues
to fascinate, appall, and inspire new generations with its unparalleled saga of sacrifice and courage. From Chancellorsville,
where General Robert E. Lee launched his high-risk campaign into the North, to the Confederates' last daring and ultimately-doomed
act, forever known as Pickett's Charge, the battle of Gettysburg gave the Union army a victory that turned back the boldest
and perhaps greatest chance for a Southern nation. Continued below...

Now,
acclaimed historian Noah Andre Trudeau brings the most up-to-date research available to a brilliant, sweeping, and comprehensive
history of the battle of Gettysburg that sheds fresh light on virtually every aspect of it. Deftly balancing his own
narrative style with revealing firsthand accounts, Trudeau brings this engrossing human tale to life as never before.

Recommended Reading: Gettysburg, by Stephen W. Sears (640 pages)
(November 3, 2004). Description: Sears delivers another
masterpiece with this comprehensive study of America’s
most studied Civil War battle. Beginning with Lee's meeting with Davis in May 1863, where he
argued in favor of marching north, to take pressure off both Vicksburg
and Confederate logistics. It ends with the battered Army of Northern Virginia re-crossing the Potomac just two months later
and with Meade unwilling to drive his equally battered Army of the Potomac into a desperate
pursuit. In between is the balanced, clear and detailed story of how tens-of-thousands of men became casualties, and how Confederate
independence on that battlefield was put forever out of reach. The author is fair and balanced. Continued below...

He discusses
the shortcomings of Dan Sickles, who advanced against orders on the second day; Oliver Howard, whose Corps broke and was routed
on the first day; and Richard Ewell, who decided not to take Culp's Hill on the first night, when that might have been decisive.
Sears also makes a strong argument that Lee was not fully in control of his army on the march or in the battle, a view conceived
in his gripping narrative of Pickett's Charge, which makes many aspects of that nightmare much clearer than previous studies.
A must have for the Civil War buff and anyone remotely interested in American history.

Recommended
Reading:
Cannons: An Introduction to Civil War Artillery. Description: The concise guide to the weapons, ammunition and equipment
of Civil War artillery; includes more than 150 photographs, pictures and drawings. While this might look like
a simple kids book/pamphlet on the cover, there is far more inside this extremely well illustrated guide. The author does
a fine job providing a wide overview of the most important cannons of the American Civil War, textual summaries of each and
sufficient details of their fundamental statistics. Continued below...

The amazing part is how much the author has fit between a mere 72 pages. This work is very inexpensive and
should prove useful to anyone touring Civil War battlefields, interested in Civil War gaming, reenacting, or curious about
civil war cannons.