Twelve participants catalyzed interdisciplinary enthusiasm towards consolidation, finalization and publication of the Euro-Med2k database. Two evening guests provided insights into the fascinating interface of archeology and dendrochronology: Oliver Nelle (State Department of Preservation in Baden-Württemberg) and Willy Tegel (Department of Forest Growth, University of Freiburg).

In light of generating strong contributions for the 2k Special Issue in Climate of the Past, we discussed the paleoclimatic potential of various high to low-resolution marine and terrestrial proxy archives from the North Atlantic, European and Mediterranean sector. Lead authors for these contributions will be Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist (Summer temperature and drought co-variability across Europe since 800 CE), Mary Gagen (European-scale cloud/sunshine reconstructions from the d13C records), Johannes Werner (Reconstructing high and low frequency European temperature and hydroclimatic variations over the Common Era), and Eduardo Zorita (Analysis of cloud feedback in the CMIP5 past millennium simulations). To achieve these goals, Euro-Med2k will further strengthen alliances with Ocean2k (proxies from Mediterranean and North Atlantic sector), Arctic2k (proxies from Fennoscandia including Kola and the Polar Urals), and Asia2k (western Russian Plain, Caucasus and Black Sea region, Altai Mountains).

As another outcome of this workshop, Euro-Med2k expressed strong willingness to maintain its current form and structure beyond 2016. This vision is grounded on a variety of scientific challenges and opportunities associated with the still-growing database.

In addition to the reconstruction of European summer temperatures since Roman times (Luterbacher et al. 2016), Euro-Med2k expanded its perspective towards hydroclimate and compared environmental changes with societal reorganizations.

Ljungqvist et al. (2016) compiled and analyzed 196 moisture-sensitive records to place recent hydrological changes and future precipitation scenarios in a long-term context. They found persistent seesaw patterns of alternating moisture regimes operating throughout the past 12 centuries. Together with an updated compilation of 128 temperature proxy records, the relationship between the reconstructed centennial-scale NH climate variability was assessed and compared to model simulations. While they show reasonable agreement during pre-industrial times, the intensification of the 20th century mean hydroclimatic anomalies in the model simulations, as compared to previous centuries, is not supported by the new multi-proxy reconstruction. Büntgen et al. (2016) used tree-ring chronologies from the Russian Altai and European Alps to reconstruct summer temperatures over the past two millennia. Unprecedented, long-lasting and spatially synchronized cooling was detected after a cluster of large volcanic eruptions in 536, 540 and 547 CE. This sharp drop in summer temperatures was likely sustained by ocean and sea-ice feedbacks, superimposed on a solar minimum. The interval from 536 to ~660 CE was termed the Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA), and should be considered as an additional environmental factor contributing to the establishment of the Justinian plague, transformation of the eastern Roman Empire and collapse of the Sasanian Empire, movements out of the Asian steppe and Arabian Peninsula, spread of Slavic-speaking people and political upheavals in China.Büntgen and Di Cosmo (2016) enhanced our perception of the environmental conditions under which historical events may have occurred. The sudden withdrawal of the Mongols from Hungary in 1242 CE has generated an array of controversial theories. None of them, however, combined historical reports and natural archives. Documentary sources and tree-ring chronologies reveal warm and dry summers from 1238-1241, followed by cold and wet conditions in 1242. Marshy terrain across the Hungarian plain probably reduced pastureland and decreased mobility, as well as the military effectiveness of the Mongol cavalry, while local despoliation and depopulation caused famine. These circumstances arguably contributed to the determination of the Mongols to abandon Hungary and return to Russia. While overcoming deterministic and reductionist arguments, the new “environmental hypothesis” emphasizes the importance of minor climatic fluctuations on major historical events.