‘Girls belong in school, and not in front of the altar’: with this media-effective catch phrase, the German Minister of Justice introduced his new draft legislation on child marriages in February 2017. Even though the absolute numbers of child marriages are decreasing in Germany, new data published by the German government on child marriages has caused a political outcry. By July 2016, 1.475 foreign citizens were registered as living in Germany and being married, while being under the age of 18 years and hence being considered as children. The draft foresees two major regulatory interventions: increasing the current age of marriage in Germany and strictly regulating the acknowledgment of foreign marriages under German law. These two interventions are of an inherently different nature; while the age of marriage shall assist in preventing child marriage, the regulation of already existing marriages is a response mechanism to the lived reality of many refugee children.

However, regulating already existing marriages is of an inherently different nature and also significantly more complex. As much as international law categorizes child marriage as harmful practice due to its potential wide ranging negative effects on education, health, increased risk of violence and sexually transmitted diseases, and poverty, the regulation of already existing marriages should not aim to be aligned with the age of marriage. Already existing child marriages have to be treated differently, as they already created a lived reality for the partners and cannot just be reversed, as this might end up in unwanted legal and practical consequences for the child. Therefore, with regards to already existing marriages, it is a misconception that the only possible way to end child marriage is to actually ‘end’ child marriage.

However, this seems to be the route the Bill is taking. Under current German law, in particular international private law, the validity of a marriage concluded outside Germany depends solely on the applicable foreign legal statute. This also applies if the foreign legal system enlists different preconditions for the validity of marriage, e.g. a lower age of marriage, than German law. However, this finding can be corrected if a specific case is deemed to violate the so-called ordre public principle. This principle allows for a correction of the general rule if, in a specific case, the acknowledgement of the marriage would be incompatible with the fundamental principles and value choices of the German legal system. Therefore, the current practice of German courts is to conduct a comprehensive assessment in every single case and see whether the acknowledgement of the marriage is, amongst others, in the best interests of the child.

This case-by-case approach shows that the German law acknowledges that child marriage can have various reasons and objectives and that decisions always have to take into consideration the specific circumstances of each case. This resembles the interpretation of Art 3 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the best interests of the child principle, which is one of the guiding principles of the CRC. In its General Comment No. 14, the CRC Committee states:

‘[The best interests of the child] should be adjusted and defined on an individual basis, according to the specific situation of the child or children concerned, taking into consideration their personal context, situation and needs.’

Further, the Committee states that ‘whenever a decision is to be made that will affect a specific child, […] the decision-making process must include an evaluation of the possible impact (positive or negative) of the decision on the child […]’. This interpretation of Art 3 CRC goes hand in hand with Art 12 (1) CRC, which guarantees ‘the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child [and] the views of the child [shall be] given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. Art 12 (2) explicitly reiterates this right if a child is involved in any judicial or administrative procedures affecting the child. Therefore, Art 3 and 12 CRC aim to ensure that the best interests of the child are assessed comprehensively, by including the child’s view in the assessment process, in particular in judicial proceedings. This also means that in sensitive cases such as child marriage the child is not only given the opportunity to share his or her views, but also that the Court has to ensure that the child can freely express his or her views, without fear, intimidation or risk of punishment. In its 2014 Concluding Observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports from Germany, the CRC Committee also urged ‘the State party [to] strengthen its efforts to ensure that [the best interests of the child principle] is appropriately integrated and consistently applied in all legislative, administrative and judicial proceedings […]’. This proves that applying this principle is of utmost importance for legislative procedures in Germany and hence advocates for a flexible response on issues concerning children.

As mentioned above, minors might not only be forced into child marriage which is often deeply rooted in gender inequality, tradition and poverty – reality is not as simple as that. A Save the Children Survey amongst Syrian refugees in Jordan demonstrated that minor refugees might opt for marriage precedent to the refuge to be better protected against sexual abuse and exploitation on the route. As many couples go through this extremely stressful time together, a strong bond might exist between the partners. Further, the partner is often the only trusted person when arriving in Germany and forcefully splitting the two is definitely not going to facilitate integration into the German society. As much as a strict and prompt response is required if it is a forced, non-consensual marriage, it is equally important to provide for a legal response that does not perceive child marriage as a matter of black and white, but caters also for all ‘grey area’ cases.

However, the drafters ignore these various layers of the complex issue of child marriage and rather take an all-or-nothing approach. With regard to foreign marriages, the Bill foresees different legal consequences depending on the child’s age. Is the child between 16 and 18 years, the marriage can be reversed, which leads to basically the same consequences as a divorce under German law. In such a case, the competent authority has to initiate this process; taking action in such a case is not a matter of discretion, but a legal obligation. The proposed draft only allows for two exceptions: either the child turned 18 years in the meanwhile and has confirmed the marriage, or exceptional circumstances occur that would results in such unbearable injustice that the acknowledgement of the marriage is the only option. As the phrasing of the exception clause is very narrow, only a very limited case-by-case decision is possible and hence, the best interests of the child principle will be violated in most cases.

Even less reasonable is the regulation for marriages if one partner is below the age of 16 years, which foresees to declare all marriages involving a child below the age of 16 years null and void. The difference between reversing a contract and declaring it null and void is not just mere linguistic subtleties, but has tremendous consequences on the respective contract. If a contract is declared null and void, the contract is treated as if it never existed – with the consequences that both parties never gained any contractual claims. Even though this seems like a reasonable solution for a layman’s person (‘let’s just put the child in a position as if the marriage never took place’), this means that the child has no contractual claims against his or her partner, in terms of maintenance, heritage et alii. Even though these needs can be catered for by an additional court decision, it puts the child in a very insecure position in terms of financial support for an unforeseeable time span and forces the child to go through the court system to be equipped with the necessary claims against the former partner. Further, in case the couple already has children, paternity for these children is not automatically established by law, but has to be acknowledged or determined first, which can cause massive delays in the recovery of maintenance.

Therefore, the Bill largely fails to provide for an adequate solution to child marriages, as it contravenes the bests interests of the child principle. Further, it is important to note that the draft provisions reverse the underlying conception of International Private Law in Germany and are hence alien to the system, by establishing national standards which are – without exception – applicable on foreign situations. Ignoring the specificities of each case and declaring the opinion of the concerned child as irrelevant is further inconsistent with the best interests of the child principle in German family law. So objectively speaking, the Bill largely fails to improve the situation for children in marriages and creates provisions which are contradicting the system of national statues.

So the question remains: why all of this effort? The intention of the Bill is transferred clearly in its name ‘Combatting of Child Marriages’. The semantics suggest that yet another fight on a complex social phenomena involving refugees has been declared. And as with many other such fights, the political agenda behind it is more central than the content itself, in particular during election phase. As the phenomenon of child marriages increased with the number of refugees, the moderate German politicians, in particular the social democrats, such as the Minister of Justice, now are urged to show that they are able to come up with tough legal responses, in order to ensure these ‘foreigners’ strictly adhere to the German understanding of the rule of law. As much as moderate parties in Germany are in charge of providing alternatives to the rising right wing parties, it is not entirely sure if partisan profiling on the back of migrant children is the most honourable start to the final election phase.

The information of this document expresses the author’s personal views and opinions and does not necessarily represent UNICEF’s position.

SUGGESTED CITATION
Witting, Sabine: ‘Girls belong in school, and not in front of the altar’: Is the German Bill on child marriages violating international law?, VerfBlog, 2017/4/19, https://verfassungsblog.de/girls-belong-in-school-and-not-in-front-of-the-altar-is-the-german-bill-on-child-marriages-violating-international-law/, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17176/20170419-151909.

4 Comments

In my personal view, the law tries to change a reality that already happened by making it null and void in a legal sense.

But that is, of course, futile.

One can forbid rape. But one cannot de-exist a rape that already has happened. Combatting child marriages can only mean combatting future child marriages, not those that already happened.

If a girl was raped into submission at the age of 12 and now sees her husband as her one true master, that’s not something solves by nulling the marriage.

First, marriages declared null and void in these circumstances should, if they don’t already, give all the claims that a divorced marriage would give.

Second, the case needs to be treated according to the individual circumstances of the case, the persons involved and their social network. Will it actually help the raped girl to be change – in the eyes of her family – to be a shameful whore in the future instead of a cherished wife? Will she survive the separation of a marriage that never should have happened, but happened nonetheless?

I fear that the only legal way to implement this is to give very wide ranged powers to the authority in question to judge and treat the case. That will put a lot of power over one’s fate in the hands of the state. And it will require a lot of courageous, well qualified personnel to actually implement that.
Both are hard stones to swallow. The first will be abused or neglected in many cases. And the second will most likely not be fulfilled. Making a law is cheap, hiring public servants costs money that otherweise could be used to bribe voters, i. e. will not happen.

But I guess it would be the only way.

One could also make marrying underage girls a crime, no matter in what country it happened. That wouldn’t really help the girls, but keep the problem out of Germany at least, so that we can continue to belief that all is fine and well. Suffering is much less ugly if its far away.

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Now, to make another point…:

Could one of the defenders of Islam that like to post here please use the opportunity to explain to the heathens that child marriages are a great thing and protected by the freedom of religion and that the planned law is completely islamophobic? ‘Cause God is great, and he likes it if his followers touch little boys and girls in all the right places.

So can you please elaborated on how the reported 361 married girls under the age of 14 – which is nothing less than deliberate sexual abuse of children according to German law – will express “freely their views, without fear, intimidation or risk of punishment” in the context of their surrounding families that forced them into this situation?

The legal consequences of declaring a marriage null and void, if one partner is below the age of 16 years are, in my view, at least resonable. Under Art. 16 (2) CEDAW “The betrothal and the marriage of a child shall have no legal effect”, which indicates the legal consequence criticised by the author. Since this same article requests the state parties to specify a “minimum age of marriage”, it is not abstruse and at least justifiable that the bill stipulates that all marriages involving a partner below the age of 16 are null and void. The arguments brought forward against this legal consequence by the author do rather have legal policy character (that does not mean, however, they certainly have some legal weight concerning the best interests of the child). This does, however, not change the fact that Art. 16 (2) CEDAW is binding law for the Federal Republic of Germany pursuant to Art. 59 II GG. What of course remains unclear is the construction of the word “child” in Art. 16 (2) CEDAW – state practice in this context is heavily scattered and the travaux do barely reveal something on this issue. In my view, it is, however, arguable, that there is some sort of margin of appreciation concerning the set up of a minimum age of marriage by the member states.

Now, if we just broaden the dicussion a bit further, I see delighting new opportunities for some catholic priests and their beloved minors.
A long time surpressed minority will finally be able to live in peaceful and self-determined legalized relationships!

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