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Drone noise levels. The advent of drone technology and the prospect of skies filled with whirring rotorcraft have raised alarms about increasing noise levels and the resulting impact on society (and the environment), challenging drone manufacturers to find ways of reducing the noise (acoustic) footprints of their aircraft.

DRONES and SURVEILLANCE

Drone technology powerfully extends the ability to observe remote objects of interest making it very popular in security and surveillance applications of people, facilities, wildlife and game.

Personal security ‘arms race’

Risks to personal safety and high value assets are constantly increasing requiring constant vigilance and showing no signs of abating. At the same time criminal elements and their targets, are locked in a race to outwit one another in the hardening of, or breaking through, security defensive systems. Being able to benefit first from the technological advantages such as drone surveillance is essential.

Discreet surveillance

In addition, discreet surveillance with drones, is not only important when monitoring humans, but also when monitoring noise sensitive targets such as wildlife and game. Discreet surveillance with drones requires them to have even smaller noise footprints.

DISTANCE DILEMMA

The most expensive element of drone technology is the payload sensor – which leads to the dilemma that, while the drone must fly as close as possible to its target to get us much detail as possible, at the same time the drone has to be far enough away to be unobtrusive. The question then becomes, how high must the drone fly to not be heard and still allow the minimum level of detail to be captured for actionable data.

LEVELS of NOISE (in dBA)

To understand the subjective nature of noise, the commonly used Noise Scale below compares the levels of noise in decibels (dB) to everyday examples of noise

LEVEL IN DECIBELS

EVERYDAY EXAMPLE

110dB+

Jet engine at about 100m

100dB

Jackhammer (pneumatic drill) at close range

80dB+

Loud highway noise at close range

70dB+

Louder traffic

60dB

Quiet traffic noise.

50dB

Louder conversation.

40dB

Quiet conversation.

30dB

Birds flying by.

20dB

Watch ticking.

10dB

Rustling or falling leaves.

While limited regulations with regards to ANLs (Acceptable Noise Levels) exist, excessive noise levels have generally been pegged at 85dB.

DRONE NOISE FOOTPRINTS

The next question is: how much noise does a drone make? How does it compare to other levels of noise? How quiet does it need to be to sufficiently discreet? The following tables lists noise levels recorded for a variety of drone models, or other aircraft, by way of comparison and illustration:

Noise made by Consumer drones

Drones made by DJI have the following range of acoustic footprints (close to the excessive noise level of 85dBA):

Drone noise levels compared with manned aircraft

At 100m AGL (Above Ground Level) the following noise levels have been recorded:

Various aircraft

AGL

Noise

Small fixed wing drone

100m

50dBA

Large Quadcopter

100m

55dBA

Fixed wing aircraft

100m

75dBA

Manned helicopter

100m

95dBA

Comparing the noise levels from various drones at different heights

Various drones

AGL

Noise

Raven sUAS (1.38m)

18 – 61m

70 – 60dB

Draganflyer (770g)

3m – 100m

60 – 30dB

Hexacopter APH-22 (2,72kg)

0 – 90m

57.8 – 31.3dB

Octocopter (3.5kg)

10 – 50m

70dB

Phantom Cycleone

2m

60dB

AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS

Noise from a drone is only relevant to the extent that it does not exceed ambient (background) noise levels in order to avoid detection by the objects (human/animals) of interest.

Ambient noise obviously differs from CBD to SUBURBAN to RURAL (Wilderness) conditions, as well as from day to night time. The ability to be undetectable in the Rural setting being the highest level of stealthiness.

Therefore, for both security and wildlife monitoring operations in the Rural setting the ideal drone noise range would be 35 – 45dBA. The question is how far/high does a drone have to fly to avoid detection in this setting?

ATTENUATION (Fading noise)

Understanding how far a drone has to be from a target to minimize detection requires an understanding of the rate at which sound decreases (drop-off) with distance. The rule-of-thumb is that sound decreases by 6dB for every doubling of distance.

QUIET DRONE DESIGN

The lists of drones provided earlier are mainly consumer drones and given the importance of stealthiness in surveillance applications, some commercial drone manufacturers (like the VANGUARD by Airborne Drones) specialize in silent drone design by using specific motors, propeller and aircraft body designs to gain significant reduction in noise levels of up to 10dBA.

Significant reductions in propeller noise can be achieved by increasing the propeller diameter while reducing its rotational speed, thereby reducing its blade tip speed, while maintaining a given level of static thrust. Further significant noise reductions are possible with lightweight and custom engineered components.

SELECTED DRONES NOISE PROFILES

With what we have learnt so far about acoustic profiles, attenuation and ambient noise levels, we are able to make certain predictions on the noise fall off rates over distance for the following selected UAV configurations:

While most drone use-cases deal with the noise levels around humans during suburban daytime, discrete surveillance in the quiet of night in the wild poses a whole different challenge. This is where the noise efficient design of the multirotor UAVs, like the Vanguard, comes into its own, needing 360 meters less distance from its target than the next drone to become undetectable.

CONCLUSION

Noise pollution

The noise impact of drones is still widely being researched but, key to the widespread adoption of drones, for surveillance in particular, is the lowering the noise footprint to meet the various ambient noise thresholds, with background noise level in Rural settings at night (35dBA), being the ideal target.

Sensors

Given the constraint of the power of the payload sensors to capture a minimum level of detail, not all drone configurations can achieve this level of stealthiness in a rural setting at night in a reasonable distance (altitude) from the target. In some cases, the drone will be too far away to capture a reasonable resolution of data.

Minimum distance

Even a small increase in dB levels of a drone’s acoustic signature can increase the detectable distance significantly. For example, to reach the ambient noise level of a rural setting at night-time (35dBA) the 3 selected drones will need to fly at the following different altitudes (AGL):

UAV Model

Acoustic Footprint

AGL required to achieve 35dB at ground level

Quiet Commercial Multirotor

59dB

120m

Fixed Wing Petrol

71dB

480m

Consumer Multirotor

80dB

1,340m

The ideal surveillance drome

Generally speaking, drones are very noisy, many of them operating close the limit of acceptable noise, being 85dBA.

Getting close to your target (animal or human) without being detected and in so maximizing the amount of intelligence being collected, is a key challenge.?

Quiet commercial multi-rotors like the VANGUARD provide the ideal surveillance solution when stealthiness is a critical requirement.