An Essential Component Of Innate Immunity

An Essential Component Of Innate Immunity

1375 WordsMar 16th, 20156 Pages

Macrophages form an essential component of innate immunity. Activation of macrophages releases an array of mediators that regulate all aspect of host defense, inflammation and homeostasis [1]. In unremitting inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, persistent antigen stimulation resulted in macrophage dysfunction which leads to inflamed synovial membrane and joint destruction [2]. The presence of macrophages at the site of inflammation can be further evident by elevated levels of macrophage derived inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2 [3, 4]. Therefore, inhibition of these inflammatory mediators can helps in ameliorating inflammatory condition.

Conventional treatment options for the treatment of inflammatory conditions mainly consists of
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids supplemented with biologics in resistant cases [5]. Although, these treatment options are effective in improving disease conditions, but chronic and long-term use of these agents may lead to serious adverse effects such as gastric ulceration, bleeding and emergence of opportunistic infection due to immunosupression. In US, 16000 arthritis patients were died because of gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding associated with prolonged use of NSAIDs [6]. Due to chronic nature of disease, high cost and associated adverse events, more than 70% of patients with musculoskeletal disorders use complementary and alternative…

1.1 Innate immunity
The innate immunity provides an early phase of defence mechanism against intruding microorganisms, mediated by phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), having the ability to distinguish between self and non-self (pathogens). The innate immune system recognises microorganisms by germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed on all types of cells. The metabolic products generated by microbial pathogens rather than the host allow the immune system…

Sports in the twentieth first century has become an essential component of education. Recreational athletic activities have a great role in perfecting the human spirit. Through healthy competition sports influence the cultivation of will, perseverance, responsibility and the ability to overcome and eliminate many different challenges. Moreover sport is a great tool which gathers people together towards a common objective, regardless of their nationality, race, religion or beliefs – both on the field…

priority over the ideas and values of others lower. Qualities such as these only define self-centeredness and cruelty which are not qualities of an effective leader. Leadership is actually serving, listening, and discussing.
Serving is an essential component of leadership. It humbles a leader and lets one’s followers know that they are important and that their leader cares about them. Jesus is an excellent example of a leader who served His people by washing their feet and healing them and ultimately…

Mannose-binding lectin is an important component of the innate immune system. MBL is originally synthesized in the liver, circulates throughout the body and has the ability to identify a broad range of pathogens based on recognition of carbohydrate repeats displayed on microbial surfaces .
3.4.1 Discovery of mannose binding lectin
In 1968, a case of an infant with plasma-dependant defect in phagocytosis of yeast particles was described. The cause was related to a deficiency in a plasma factor rather…

Essential components to achieve excellence in project management can vary dependent upon the project, as a “One size fits all” tactic does not usually apply. While there are agreed upon theories, processes or life cycles of projects in the project management profession, the factors which determine the success of particular projects differ. Often, a feeling of effectiveness or achievement may outweigh budgeting and timing issues, for both the project team and the client, however upper management may…

Abstract:
TLRs are a family of evolutionarily preserved transmembrane proteins that differentiate well-preserved molecules on pathogens. TLR-9 plays a pivotal role in a host’s inborn and adaptive immunity. The latest research into boosting the innate immunity of a patient has caused the introduction of TLRs treatment to manage cancerous cells (Coussens & Werb, 2013). The mice breast cell line seasoned for breast cancer was found to express TLR-9 at both the protein and the mRNA levels. It is evident…

Introduction
Concrete is one of the essential component of public infrastructure and most buildings. It can only be more effective if we used reinforcement with it, because tensile strength without reinforcement is very low. It usually get cracked with time as it is brittle in property. There are some more causes of these cracks are shrinkage, inadequate water for hydration… etc. these cracks causes reinforcement exposes to atmosphere now reinforcement come into contact of O2 & H2O. That can cause…

be different that those used for hunting thousands of years ago, the ability to take down an animal is something to be celebrated. When you learn the history of hunting, you’ll gain greater appreciation for this old tradition. Hunting is an essential component of conservation and can be used in everyday life; it has been a part of American history from its earliest beginnings and once provided a necessary source of food. In the early 1900s, when many wildlife species were almost near extinction, hunters…

Center for International Private Enterprise
ECONOMICREFORM
Feature Service®
January 12, 2006
Business Ethics: The Essential Component of Corporate Governance
John D. Sullivan, Ph.D.
Executive Director, CIPE
Aleksandr Shkolnikov,
Program Officer, Global, CIPE
Given ﬁnancial scandals and the resulting new mandates on business, ﬁrms ﬁnd themselves pressed to develop strong codes of ethics to guide the behavior of board members, managers, and employees. Although the concern with ethics has always…

Introduction
Water is an essential component for human development for its ability to keep the body hydrated and conduct complex physiological process to ensure for a healthy wellbeing. In addition, water is vital as it composes 75% of the human body. Several other features water is beneficial for humans is that it assists in transporting nutrients and waste products into and out of the cell, distribute and dissolve oxygen and carbon dioxide present in the lymphatic and haemolytic system to the surrounding…