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Rented land prominent in countryside

Approximately 39% of the 911 million acres of farmland in the contiguous 48 states of the U.S. is rented. More than half of cropland is rented, compared with just over 25% of pasture­land, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s "U.S. Farmland Ownership, Tenure & Transfer" report.

Report author Dan Bigelow, an Economic Research Service economist, said rented acreage is much more prevalent in areas with cash grains up and down the Mississippi River and areas of the Midwest where corn and soybeans are grown, with some areas at upwards of 50-60%. There are also higher percentages of rented acres in areas with other cash grains, such as rice, wheat and cotton.

Relative to crop farms, livestock producers tend to rent fewer acres overall. The rental percentages for cattle and dairy operations coincide with the fact that pastureland is rented at a lower rate than cropland.

Pastureland is often cheaper than cropland, the report noted, making it less financially burdensome for farmers and ranchers to purchase land to begin a new operation or expand an existing one. Second, renting land allows farmers to adjust their land margins in response to changing economic conditions.

“If an operator specializing in crop production wishes to expand an existing enter­prise, the operator can typically spread out existing fixed costs (e.g., machinery costs) to farm newly rented land. Ranchers, on the other hand, will typically need to incur new fixed costs to expand their operation by acquiring additional livestock and fencing,” the report noted.

The vast majority of hog operations also contain cropland, which may explain why hog farms have the highest rental percentage of any livestock category. In contrast, poultry operations tend to be highly specialized, and, relative to hog farms, a much larger share contain no cropland at all.

Smaller family farm operators are more likely to be full owners of the land they operate. Forty-five percent of farmland is in small family farms, and nearly half (46%) of this land is found in operations that own all of the land they operate. Fifty-one percent of land in farms is in midsized and larger family farm operations, which are most commonly a mixture of rented and owned land. Non-family farms account for 4% of all farmland, 28% of which is found in full-owner operations.

The majority of rented acres are owned by non-operator landlords. Eighty percent of rented farmland — 283 million acres, or 30% of all farmland — is owned by non-operator landlords, those who own land used in agricultural production but are not actively involved in farming. The remaining 20% of rented land (70 million acres) is owned by other farm operators, referred to as "operator landlords."

Retired farmers make up 38% of non-operator landlords. In addition, farmers approaching retirement are more likely to be landlords than younger operators. Twenty-seven percent of land operated by those under 34 years of age is associated with full-tenant opera­tions, while just 8% is fully owned by the operator. On the other hand, 7% of land operated by those who are 65 or older is found in full-tenant operations, and 43% is fully owned by the operator.

Most tenants rent land from multiple landlords. In addition, 57% of rented acres, accounting for 70% of lease agreements, are renewed annually. “These findings highlight the considerable time and effort that some tenants must expend in managing and negotiating rental contracts,” the report stated.

Bigelow pointed out that most landlords have long-term relationships with their tenants, suggesting that access to new land through renting may be limited.

Seventy percent of acres rented from operator landlords have been rented to the same tenant for more than three years and 28% for more than 10 years. Non-operator landlords tend to have even lengthier relationships with their tenants: 84% of acres have been rented to the same tenant for more than three years and 41% for more than 10 years.