If you do not have any more fuel, than it's pretty much game over. You might try to jump to the next system and hope you get a last chance random event.Once you lose the blueprint for the probe, you can only hope you get it again from somewhere(alien gift, random event).

It is difficult to recover from losing the probe tech- as probing to 10km becomes unavailable. I suppose going to a conservative strategy is required then trying to encounter aliens or find Rocky worlds with tech. If you have geo scan it might be possible to rediscover it faster