a. Fleming’s discovery of penicillin and its early significance * Antibiotic inhibition of protein synthesis,
* cell wall synthesis,
* and other cellular processes
b. Antibody has been overused and has caused to lead to bacterial resistance * effects on daily life
* effects on the science industry
* effects on our genetic makeup
2. Background of the transfer of resistance genes from one bacterium to another thru conjugation, transformation, transduction (often across species boundaries)

- Location of genes in bacteria and their means of transfer

a. Genes located on plasmids, “portions” of bacteria and carry few traits. These plasmids usually carry a small number of genes (as compared with as many as several thousand on the chromosome), and are capable of replicating in the bacteria cell

b. Direct transfer by transformation of gene transfer from one bacterial cell to another (Purpose)

3. Process of experiment

a. Resistance to antibiotic ampicillin on Escherichia coli and the transfer and growth of the bacteria under various conditions (Purpose)

b. E. Coli carries plasmid for bioluminescence c. In order to make E. coli take up the plasmid (we call this competence), we have to treat the cells with calcium chloride which causes the thick cell envelope of E. coli to become permeable to DNA. Competence (shock) of E. Coli cells to become permeable to DNA and accept plasmid 4. Information about E.coli

a. history b. properties
II.1. Hypothesis

a. If the E. coli cells are transformed with the new plasmid DNA, then in the presence or absence of the antibiotic ampicillin, colonies should be present...

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...Abstract:Conjugation is a natural occurring process that involves the transfer of DNA from one cell into another through a physical connection between the cells. In the following experiment, two strains of Escherichia coli bacterial cells (donor F'lac+strs and recipient F-lac-strr) underwent conjugation to produce a transconjugant strain (F'lac+strr). MAC plates and streptomycin were utilized to determine if conjugation had occurred. When plated, the donor colonies appeared red and the recipient colonies appeared white. The transconjugant plates showed red and white colonies. Using alkaline lysis miniprep, a DNA plasmid was isolated from the donor and transconjugant strains and FIGE electrophoresis was used to determine the size of the plasmid. The conjugation efficiency was found to be 16.25% and the plasmid DNA was approximately 97 kilobases long. The results show that the F' plasmid was effectively transferred from the donor cells into the recipient cells via conjugation.
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E. Coli Genetic Transformation with pGLO Plasmid
Introduction:
Genetic transformation is where one organism takes on a characteristic from another organism (Bacterial Transformation 2013). For this experiment we used the bacteria E. Coli to take in foreign jellyfish DNA which will allow it to change genetic material. This experiment determines the effects that the plasmid pGLO has in transferring the Green Florescent Protein found in a jellyfish into the bacteria. It determines whether or not pGLO acts successfully as a vector to move genes from one organism to the E. Coli organism (Federoff and Wagner 2014). If the E. Coli is a competent organism, meaning it allows for the uptake of foreign DNA, then the vector will successfully be able to transfer the Green Florescent Protein into the bacteria’s cells (Weedman).
There are four separate plates in which we are conducting the experiment. Three of the four contain the antibiotic ampicillin which the pGLO is immune to. We use ampicillin to determine if the pGLO actually works by using it to kill off all of the cells that did not obtain any of the pGLO. Only one of the four plates contains the sugar arabinose which is needed to turn on the GFP gene (Weedman). Then there is one plate that is used as the control, and it only contains the LB which is needed for any bacteria to...

...﻿Transformation Of Escherichia Coli With pGLO Plasmid
April 24, 2013
ABSTRACT:
This experiment focuses on genetic engineering and transformation of bacteria. The characteristics of bacteria are altered from an external source to allow them to express a new trait, in this case antibiotic resistance. In is experiment foreign DNA is inserted into Escherichia coli in order to alter its phenotype. The goal of the experiment is to transform E. coli with pGLO plasmid, which carries a gene for ampicillin resistance, and determine the transformation efficiency. The bacteria are transformed by a combination of calcium chloride and heat shock. When the bacteria are incubated on ice, the fluid cell membrane is slowed and then the heat shock increases permeability of the membrane. The results obtained in the experiment show that the E. coli that was transformed with pGLO was able to resist ampicillin and grow in its presence. These results suggest that microorganisms can be genetically engineered to selectively resist certain contaminants, which means that they can potentially be used to human benefit to rid the environment, or even the human body, of unwanted toxins.
INTRODUCTION:
Transformation occurs when altered genetic characteristics of bacteria are acquired from a different source. Plasmids are used to transform bacteria because they are small pieces of DNA capable of...

...foreign DNA are said to be competent, incompetent cells can be made competent by treatment with calcium chloride (Brown, 2006). Bacterial transformation has a lot of uses such as mapping bacterial chromosomes (Anthony et al, 2008). This experiment is aimed at exploring the transformation of E.coli bacteria with a genetically engineered DNA called pGLO plasmids. The pGLO plasmids are genetically engineered to code for a number of genes including the gene for Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). The GFP, isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victorea, glows in the presence of U.V light (Sanders and Jackson, 2009).
Materials and Methods
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E.coli or binomial name Escherichia coli was discovered by a German pediatrician named Theodore Escherich in 1885. Dr. Escherich originally named the bacteria, bacillus communis coli. After the demise of Dr. Escherich the intestinal bacteria was then named Escherichia coli after the late doctor in 1919.
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Domain- Bacteria
Kingdom- Eubacteria
Phylum- Proteobacteria
Class- Gammaproteobacteria
Order- Enterobacteriales
Family- Enterbacteriaceae
Genus- Escherichia
Species- E. coli
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The purpose of this experiment was to study the transfer of genetic information on plasmid F’lac by using Escherichia coli. Plasmid transfer was measured by using two different methods. The first one was by using selection and contraselection with three antibiotics: streptomycin(which was replaced by naladixic acid for the second part of the experiment),ampicillin and kanamycin and the second one by using a colour indicator ( X-gal). As significant results, the percentage of transfer for F’lac was higher than the percentage for transposition. Also, the experiment demonstrated that E.coli can quickly acquire resistance to several different antibiotics through the transfer of the F’lac plasmid. It was concluded that significant changes on the genetic makeup can be achieved through transposition and conjugative plasmids in a short amount of time, which can have severe implication on the effectiveness of antibiotics for bacterial diseases.
Introduction
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