Windsor v. The United States Of America

Filing
32

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
EDITH SCHLAIN WINDSOR, in her
capacity as Executor of the estate of THEA
CLARA SPYER,
Plaintiff,
10-cv-8435 (BSJ) (JCF)
v.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Defendant.
EXPERT AFFIDAVIT OF LETITIA ANNE PEPLAU, PH.D.
I, Letitia Anne Peplau, Ph.D., hereby depose and say as follows:
PRELIMINARY STATEMENT
1.
My professional background, experience, and publications are detailed in
my curriculum vitae, which is attached as Exhibit B to this affidavit. I have been retained
by counsel for Plaintiff as an expert in connection with the above-captioned litigation
(“Windsor”) and by counsel for the Plaintiffs in Pedersen, et al. v. Office of Personnel
Management, et. al., 3:10-cv-01750 (VLB) (D. Conn., filed Nov. 9, 2010). I have actual
knowledge of the matters stated in this affidavit and could and would so testify if called
as a witness.
2.
I have been a Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Los
Angeles since 1973, with promotions to tenure in 1978, to full professor in 1982, and to
Distinguished Professor in 2010. I am currently the Psychology Department Vice Chair
for Graduate Studies. From 2005-2011, I served as Director of the UCLA
Interdisciplinary Relationship Science Program. This program, funded by the National
1
Science Foundation, trains doctoral students in the study of families and other personal
relationships.
3.
In broad terms, my research addresses topics concerning personal
relationships, gender, and sexual orientation. I have conducted research on heterosexual
couples, co-authored a book entitled Close Relationships, and published articles
comparing empirical findings about men’s and women’s experiences in close
relationships. In the 1970s, I was one of the first researchers to conduct empirical
investigations of the intimate relationships of lesbians and gay man, and I have continued
this program of research for the past 30 years. In addition, I have written several major
reviews of the scientific research on same-sex relationships, including a 2007 article in
the Annual Review of Psychology and a 2009 article in the Encyclopedia of Human
Relationships. I have also conducted empirical studies on gay and lesbian identity.
4.
I received my B.A. in Honors Psychology from Brown University in 1968
and my Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Harvard University in 1973. As reflected in my
curriculum vitae (Exhibit B), I have published more than 120 papers in scholarly journals
and scholarly books, primarily in the field of couple relationships. I have co-authored or
co-edited over 10 books, and I have frequently presented my research at universities and
scientific meetings.
5.
My expertise extends beyond the specific areas addressed in my own
empirical research program to include other theory and empirical research related to
sexual orientation and same-sex relationships. A broad knowledge of this area has been
necessary not only for my own scholarship, but also for successfully completing my
professional duties as a teacher, as Director of the UCLA Interdisciplinary Relationship
2
Science Program, and as a reviewer of academic journal and book manuscripts.
6.
As a result of my research and other accomplishments, I have received
several professional awards. I have been elected a fellow of the American Psychological
Association and of the Association for Psychological Science. I have received lifetime
achievement awards from the American Psychological Association, the International
Association for Relationship Research, and the Society for the Scientific Study of
Sexuality. I also had the honor of being elected president of the International Society for
the Study of Personal Relationships (an organization since renamed the International
Association for Relationship Research).
7.
In preparing this Affidavit, I reviewed the Complaints in Windsor and
Pedersen, and the materials listed in the attached Bibliography (Exhibit A). I may rely
on those documents, in addition to the documents specifically cited as supportive
examples in particular sections of this Affidavit, as additional support for my opinions. I
have also relied on my years of experience in this field, as set out in my curriculum vitae
(Exhibit B), and on the materials listed therein.
8.
In the past four years, I have provided expert testimony at trial in two
matters, In the Matter of the Adoption of X.X.G. and N.R.G. in the Circuit Court of the
11th Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, Florida, Case No. 06-43881 FC 04,
and in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW. I was not deposed in the
X.X.G. matter, and was deposed in the Perry case on October 21, 2009 and December 10,
2009. Additionally, I was deposed as an expert on October 2, 2009 in Cole v. The
Arkansas Department of Human Services in the Circuit Court of Pulaski County,
Arkansas, Case No. CV2008-14284. I also submitted expert testimony through affidavit
3
in Donaldson and Guggenheim v. Montana, in the Montana First Judicial District Court,
Lewis and Clark County, Case No. BDV-2010-702, on December 8, 2010.
9.
For my work in this matter, I am being compensated at my standard
consulting rate of $200 per hour for preparation time, time spent writing my report, and
time spent giving deposition and trial testimony. My compensation does not depend on
the outcome of this litigation, the opinions I express, or the testimony I provide.
I.
Summary of Opinions
10.
Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic,
and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Most adults are attracted to and
form relationships with members of only one sex. Efforts to change a person’s sexual
orientation through religious or psychotherapy interventions have not been shown to be
effective.
11.
It is well-established that homosexuality is a normal expression of human
sexuality. It is not a mental illness, and being gay or lesbian has no inherent association
with a person’s ability to lead a happy, healthy, and productive life or to contribute to
society.
12.
Like their heterosexual counterparts, many lesbian, gay, and bisexual
individuals form loving, long-lasting relationships, including marriage, with a partner of
the same sex.
13.
Marriage provides a range of social and legal benefits and protections to
spouses. These contribute to enhanced psychological well-being, physical health and
longevity among married individuals. In the United States, lesbian, gay, and bisexual
individuals experience pervasive social stigma and the added stress that results from
4
prejudice and discrimination. Stigma is reflected both in acts of individuals and in the
institutions of society, including its laws, that legitimate and perpetuate the second-class
status of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals. By denying federal recognition to legally
married same-sex couples, DOMA both reflects and perpetuates stigma against lesbians,
gay men, and same-sex couples. The stigma and discrimination perpetuated by DOMA
harm not only individuals in legal same-sex marriages, but gay men, lesbians, and
bisexuals as a group.
II. Understanding Sexual Orientation
A. What is Sexual Orientation?
14.
The American Psychological Association provides a widely accepted
definition of sexual orientation: “Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of
emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Sexual
orientation also refers to a person’s sense of identity based on those attractions, related
behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions.”1
15.
Beginning with the research of Alfred Kinsey in the 1940s, researchers
have recognized that sexual orientation can range along a continuum from exclusively
heterosexual to exclusively homosexual. Nonetheless, it is most often discussed in terms
of three categories: heterosexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to
members of the other sex), gay/lesbian (having attractions to members of one’s own sex),
and bisexual (having attractions to both men and women). Most adults in the United
1
American Psychological Association, 2008; Herek, 2000, 2001.
5
States can readily categorize themselves as heterosexual, gay/lesbian, or bisexual.2 The
specific category name that an individual prefers (e.g., homosexual, gay, queer) may
vary, 3 but in national surveys in the U.S., nearly all participants are able to indicate their
sexual orientation category.
16.
For clarity, it is important to distinguish sexual orientation from other
aspects of sex and gender. These include biological sex (the anatomical, physiological,
and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (an
individual’s psychological sense of being male or female), and gender-role orientation
(the extent to which an individual conforms to cultural norms defining feminine and
masculine behavior).
17.
Social scientists view sexual orientation as a multi-faceted phenomenon
involving attractions, related behaviors, and identity. In research studies, the particular
component of sexual orientation that researchers assess will differ depending on the
purpose of the research. For example, a study about the experiences of individuals in
same-sex marriages would recruit participants based on their behavior of marrying a
person of the same sex. A study of personal experiences of social stigma and
discrimination among openly gay and lesbian individuals would most likely recruit
individuals who self-identify as gay or lesbian.
18.
Sexual orientation is inherently linked to social relationships. Sexual
orientation is a characteristic of an individual, like their biological sex, age, or race, and it
is also about relationships – whether an individual is attracted sexually or romantically to
2
See, e.g., Chandra, Mosher, Copen & Sionean, 2011, pp 29-30; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael
& Michaels, 1994, p. 293.
6
partners of the same sex or the opposite sex.4 Just as heterosexual individuals often
express their sexual orientation through relationships including marriage with a differentsex partner, so gay and lesbian individuals express their sexual orientation through
relationships including marriage with a same-sex partner. Further, sexual orientation is
not merely about sexual behavior but also about building enduring intimate relationships.
In other words, sexual orientation is centrally linked to the most important personal
relationships that adults form with other adults in order to meet their basic human needs
for love, attachment, and intimacy. These relationships, whether with a same-sex or
different-sex partner, are an essential part of an individual’s personal identity.
B. Can Sexual Orientation Be Changed?
19.
Currently, the factors that cause an individual to become heterosexual,
homosexual, or bisexual are not well understood. Many theories have been proposed but
no single theory has gained prominence or is definitively established by scientific
research. Today, most social and behavioral scientists view sexual orientation as
5
resulting from the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors.
20.
A consistent finding across many studies, beginning with the work of
Alfred Kinsey in the 1940s and 1950s and continuing through current research, is that
most adults report having sexual attractions to and experiences with members of only one
3
See, e.g., Herek, Norton, Allen & Sims, 2010.
4
Peplau & Cochran, 1990; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007.
5
American Psychological Association, 2008.
7
6
sex. As adults, the majority of these individuals have had exclusively heterosexual
experiences and attraction, and a minority have had exclusively same-sex experiences
and attraction. A small percentage of adults report sexual attractions and experiences
with both sexes.
21.
7
The fact that many lesbian and gay adults form long-term intimate
relationships with a partner of the same sex, just as heterosexual adults do with a partner
of the other sex, provides evidence of the stability of sexual orientation over time.
22.
There are currently no national data for same-sex relationships comparable
to statistics on heterosexual marriage and divorce. Nonetheless, available research
clearly indicates that many same-sex couples are in a committed, long-lasting
relationship. Findings from two large population-based surveys of gay men and lesbians
in California demonstrate this point.
8
In these surveys, 37% to 46% of gay men and 51%
to 61% of lesbians aged 18-59 were in a cohabiting relationship. Among heterosexuals
of comparable ages, 62% were married or living with a partner. The relationships of
lesbians and gay men were of relatively long duration, and were longer for those who had
registered as domestic partners (12.3 years for gay men and 8.9 years for lesbians) than
for those who lived together without registering (9.6 years for gay men and 7.8 years for
lesbians). Given that most respondents were in their early 40s, the data indicate that
6
Kinsey, Pomeroy & Martin, 1948; Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin & Gebhard, 1953; Laumann, et
al., 1994; Chandra, et al., 2011.
7
Some individuals are very clear about their sexual orientation at an early age. In contrast,
because of the social prejudice and discrimination against gay men and lesbians, some
adolescents and young adults go through a prolonged period of trying to understand their own
sexual identity and coming to terms with being lesbian, gay or bisexual.
8
Carpenter & Gates, 2008; see also Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007.
8
many of them had spent a substantial portion of their adult life with the same partner.
23.
As discussed above, the significant majority of adults exhibit a consistent
9
and enduring sexual orientation. Nonetheless, a small minority of individuals are
exceptions to this majority pattern. For example, while in prison, some men who identify
as heterosexual may nonetheless engage in sexual activities with men since female
partners are unavailable. Some individuals have reported changes in their sexual
orientation in midlife, perhaps as a result of meeting a particular person. Understanding
these kinds of exceptions to the general pattern of stable sexual orientation described
above is of theoretical interest to scholars. Researchers have used terms like “sexual
fluidity” or “sexual plasticity” to refer to changes in sexual behavior, attractions, and
identity over time or across situations. Importantly, observations about fluidity in a small
minority of people should not obscure the big picture of stability for the majority of
10
adults. In a discussion of women’s sexual fluidity, Peplau and Garnets noted: “Claims
about the potential erotic plasticity of women do not mean that most women will actually
exhibit change over time. At a young age, many women adopt patterns of heterosexuality
that are stable across their lifetime. Some women adopt enduring patterns of same-sex
attractions and relationships.” Nor does the fact that a small minority of people may
experience some change in their sexual orientation over their lifetime suggest that such
change is within their power to effect. This is why standard definitions of sexual
orientation characterize it as stable.
9
Based on large-scale survey data, Chandra et al. (2011, p. 1) conclude that “Sexual attraction
and identity correlate closely but not completely with reports of sexual behavior.” Thus, most
heterosexual individuals do not engage in sexual activity with same-sex partners, and most
gay and lesbian individuals similarly do not engage in heterosexual behavior.
9
24.
Before the emergence of gay communities in the United States, it was
fairly common for lesbians and gay men to marry a person of the other sex.
11
They
entered these ostensibly “heterosexual” marriages for diverse reasons: to avoid social
stigma, in response to pressure from family and friends, from a belief that marriage was
the only way to have children, and/or to participate in a fundamental social institution. In
some cases, these individuals only recognized or acknowledged their sexual orientation
after marriage. It is psychologically harmful to ask lesbians and gay men to deny a core
part of their identity by ignoring their attraction to same-sex partners and instead
marrying a different-sex partner. Moreover, the disclosure that a spouse is gay or lesbian
is often hurtful to the heterosexual spouse, highly upsetting to the married partners and
their children or other family members, and may set the stage for separation or divorce.
Therefore, encouraging gay men and lesbians to enter into a marriage with a heterosexual
partner is not in the best interests of the individuals or the interests of society.
25.
When gay men and lesbians are asked by researchers about their sexual
orientation, the vast majority report that they experienced no choice or very little choice
about their sexual orientation. In a national survey conducted with a representative
sample of more than 650 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, 95% of the gay
men and 83% of the lesbians reported that they experienced “no choice at all” or “very
10 Peplau & Garnets, 2000, p. 333.
11 Bozett, 1982; Higgins, 2006. Researchers have estimated the percentage of lesbians and gay
men who have been married. An analysis of responses to a 2003 survey of adults in
California found that about 25% of lesbians and 9% of gay men ages 18-59 reported having
ever been married, most of them presumably to a person of the other sex (Carpenter & Gates,
2008, Table 3).
10
little choice” about their sexual orientation.
26.
12
Sexual orientation is highly resistant to change through psychological or
religious interventions. Recently, the American Psychological Association appointed a
task force to conduct a systematic review of the peer-reviewed journal literature on
13
sexual orientation change efforts.
The Task Force concluded that “efforts to change
sexual orientation are unlikely to be successful and involve some risk of harm” (p. 3).
Based on currently available research, there is no credible evidence that these efforts are
either effective or safe, and ample reason to believe that these interventions can harm
14
those who participate.
The Task Force also found evidence that many individuals who
unsuccessfully attempt to change their sexual orientation experience considerable
12 Herek, Norton, Allen & Sims, 2010. In that survey, 88% of gay men reported that they had
”no choice,” and 7% reported “very little choice.” Similarly, 68% of lesbians responded that
they had “no choice at all,” and 15% reported having “very little choice.” See also results
from a California survey by Herek, Gillis & Cogan, 2009, Table 5.
13 APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation, 2009, Report
of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association. This report provides a detailed review and
analysis of relevant research. It is available online at:
http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/publications/therapeutic-response.pdf.
14 Although some psychotherapists and religious counselors have reported changing their
clients’ sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual, empirical support for these
claims is lacking. After reviewing published empirical research on this topic, the APA Task
Force reported that it found “serious methodological problems in this area of research, such
that only a few studies met the minimal standards for evaluating whether psychological
treatments, such as efforts to change sexual orientation, are effective” (p. 2). Based on its
review of the studies that met acceptable standards, the Task Force concluded that “enduring
change to an individual’s sexual orientation is uncommon. The participants in this body of
research continued to experience same-sex attractions following SOCE [sexual orientation
change efforts] and did not report significant change to other-sex attractions that could be
empirically validated, though some showed lessened physiological arousal to all sexual
stimuli. Compelling evidence of decreased same-sex sexual behavior and of engagement in
sexual behavior with the other sex was rare. Few studies provided strong evidence that any
changes produced in laboratory conditions translated to daily life. Thus, the results of
scientifically valid research indicate that it is unlikely that individuals will be able to reduce
same-sex attractions or increase other-sex sexual attractions through SOCE” (pp. 2-3).
11
psychological distress.
27.
Currently, no major mental health professional organization has approved
interventions to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy
statements cautioning professionals and the public about these treatments.
15
These
include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association,
American Counseling Association, and National Association of Social Workers. Further,
since adolescents may be subjected to these treatments after disclosing to their families
that they are gay, lesbian, or bisexual, the American Academy of Pediatrics has adopted a
policy statement advising that therapy directed specifically at attempting to change an
adolescent’s sexual orientation is contraindicated and unlikely to result in change.
28.
In summary, there is converging scientific evidence documenting that
sexual orientation reflects an enduring set of attractions and experiences for most people.
Efforts to change a person’s sexual orientation through religious or psychotherapy
interventions have not been shown to be effective.
III. Sexual Orientation Does Not Affect a Person’s Ability to Function Effectively
29.
The consensus view of scientific researchers and mental health
professionals is that homosexuality is a normal expression of human sexuality.
Homosexuality is not a mental illness, and being gay or lesbian has no inherent
association with a person’s ability to participate in or contribute to society.
16
Lesbians
15 These policy statements are compiled in Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation and Youth:
A Primer for Principals, Educators, and School Personnel, a publication that is available
from the Just the Facts Coalition on the American Psychological Association’s Web site:
http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/publications/justthefacts.pdf.
16 Herek, 2010; Herek & Garnets, 2007.
12
and gay men are as capable as heterosexuals of leading a happy, healthy, and productive
life. They are also as capable as heterosexuals of doing well in their jobs and of excelling
in school.
30.
Although homosexuality was once believed to be a mental illness, that
mistaken view was discredited by scientific research beginning in the 1970s. In 1973, the
American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, noting that “homosexuality per se implies no
impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational
17
capabilities.”
In 1975, the American Psychological Association endorsed this position
and urged psychologists to help educate the public and to dispel the stigma of mental
illness associated with homosexuality.
31.
18
Lesbians and gay men are as able to form loving, committed relationships
with a same-sex partner and to raise healthy, well-adjusted children, as are heterosexuals
in committed relationships with a different-sex partner. Empirical research has
repeatedly shown that gay men and lesbians have happy, satisfying relationships.
19
Like
their heterosexual counterparts, lesbians and gay men form deep emotional bonds and
strong commitments to their partners. Research documents striking similarities between
same-sex and heterosexual couples on standardized measures of love, relationship
satisfaction, and relationship adjustment. The extensive body of research that examines
17 American Psychiatric Association, 1974. For other resolutions by this organization, see
http://www.healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx.
18 Conger, 1975. Also, the American Psychological Association has endorsed several
resolutions concerning sexual orientation. These can be found at:
http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/policy/index.aspx.
13
the quality and functioning of same-sex relationships demonstrates that same-sex couples
are not inherently different from heterosexual couples. To the contrary, same-sex couples
closely resemble heterosexual couples and the processes that affect both types of
relationships are remarkably similar.
32.
20
Gay and lesbian individuals are subject to the same stresses of life as their
heterosexual counterparts, including the death of a close relative, loss of a job, or a
serious illness. Research consistently demonstrates that high levels of stress are harmful
not only to psychological well-being but also to physical health.
21
In addition to the life
stresses that can affect everyone, members of stigmatized minority groups, including gay
men and lesbians as well as ethnic/racial minorities, may experience additional stress
caused by prejudice and discrimination. This has been termed “minority stress.”
22
This
excess stress has been associated with an increased risk of psychological problems,
especially those like anxiety and depression that are most closely linked to stress.
23
Despite the pervasive social stigma against homosexuality and the resulting unique social
stressors lesbians and gay men experience, the vast majority of lesbian and gay
individuals cope successfully with these challenges and lead healthy, happy, welladjusted lives. And there is nothing about sexual orientation itself – whether one is
heterosexual or homosexual – that makes a person more or less able to contribute to or
participate in society.
19 Kurdek, 2004, 2005; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007.
20 American Psychological Association, 2004.
21 Thoits, 2010.
22 Meyer, 2003, 2007.
14
33.
Social relationships can play an important role in buffering individuals
from the stresses of life. Like heterosexuals, lesbians and gay men benefit from having a
close intimate relationship, for example, with a spouse. Further, people benefit from the
social, emotional, and material support that can be provided by family, friends, and
others. Research also documents that the psychological well-being of lesbians and gay
men is enhanced by having positive feelings about being gay, having developed a
positive sense of gay identity, and being open about their sexual orientation with
important other people.
24
IV. Lack of Federal Recognition of Marriage Harms Same-Sex Couples
34.
There is widespread consensus among social science researchers that
marriage generally provides many benefits to both spouses. A large body of scientific
research comparing heterosexuals who are currently married to those who are not married
establishes that marriage fosters psychological well-being, physical health, and longevity.
Of course, marriages that are unhappy, conflict-ridden, or violent do not provide the same
benefits as the average marriage.
35.
25
The positive benefits of marriage stem, in part, from the tangible resources
and special protections that law and society provide to spouses. For example, federal and
state statutes accord married partners many financial benefits that promote enhanced
economic and financial security compared to unmarried individuals. These include
23 Herek & Garnets, 2007; Pascoe & Richman, 2009.
24 Herek & Garnets, 2007; Meyer, 2003; Pachankis, 2007; Pascoe & Richman, 2009.
25 Johnson, et al., 2000; Lamb, et al., 2003; Proulx, et al., 2007; Schoenborn, 2004;
Waite, 1995.
15
benefits deriving from tax laws, employee benefits, death benefits, and entitlement
programs. In addition, married couples enjoy special rights and privileges that buffer
them against the psychological stress associated with traumatic life events, such as the
death or incapacitation of a partner. For example, the federal tax code exempts married
persons from having to pay estate taxes on any inheritance they receive from their
spouses, thus sparing married persons an additional economic burden at the time of their
spouse’s death. In contrast, by imposing this tax on married same-sex partners, the
federal government not only imposes an additional economic burden, but also stigmatizes
the relationship at a time when the surviving partner may be particularly vulnerable. The
legal status of marriage also enables spouses to exert greater control over their lives when
stressful situations arise and to avoid some types of stressors entirely. These include, for
example, being compelled to testify against one’s spouse in court, having a noncitizen
spouse deported, and having one’s relationship or joint parental status challenged outside
26
one’s home state.
36.
There are many other ways in which marriage provides protective benefits
that contribute to the health and well-being of spouses.
27
The marriage relationship is a
social union that creates a well-recognized and valued kinship relationship. Marriage
binds spouses not only to each other but also to the broader community, which
understands, appreciates, and values the significance of the marriage relationship. As
26 E.g., Herek, 2006; U. S. General Accounting Office. (2004). Defense of Marriage Act:
Update to prior report, Document GAO-04-353R, Washington, DC.
27 E.g., Cherlin, 2009; Herek, 2006; Nock, 1995; Umberson, 1992.
16
28
Gove, Style and Hughes note, “in our society the role that most frequently provides a
strong positive sense of identity, self-worth, and mastery is marriage.” Social support is
central to the institution of marriage. Compared to unmarried individuals, married adults
tend to receive more social support from other people, especially from their parents, and
this support contributes to individual well-being. The public aspect of marriage can
increase each spouse’s sense of security that the relationship will be long-lasting.
Finally, for many people, marriage has great symbolic significance, establishing that the
individual has a new social identity and is part of a valued and respected social
institution.
37.
Although these conclusions are derived from studies of heterosexual
couples, it is reasonable to infer that same-sex couples will generally benefit from
marriage as do their heterosexual counterparts. This idea is supported by the many wellestablished similarities in the nature and quality of same-sex and heterosexual couples’
relationships.
38.
29
Leading organizations of mental health professionals recognize the
benefits of marriage for same-sex couples and the harm created by denying access to civil
marriage, including the state and federal legal protections and benefits associated with
marriage, to same-sex couples. As one example, in 2005 the American Psychiatric
Association, the leading organization representing physicians in the field of mental
health, adopted a policy statement on this issue. Their resolution stated: “In the interest
of maintaining and promoting mental health, the American Psychiatric Association
28 Gove, Style & Hughes, 1990, p. 16.
29 Kurdek, 2004, 2005; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007.
17
supports the legal recognition of same-sex civil marriage with all rights, benefits, and
responsibilities conferred by civil marriage, and opposes restrictions to those same rights,
30
benefits, and responsibilities.”
Further, based on a review of research on marriage and
same-sex relationships, the American Psychological Association passed a Resolution on
31
Sexual Orientation and Marriage in which it resolved “[t]hat APA believes that it is
unfair and discriminatory to deny same-sex couples legal access to civil marriage and all
its attendant benefits, rights, and privileges.”
IV. DOMA Reflects and Perpetuates Stigma Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and SameSex Couples
39.
Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals are the targets of prejudice and
32
discrimination in the United States.
National opinion surveys document that many
Americans have negative attitudes toward this group of people and toward legal marriage
for same-sex couples. Research has also documented that heterosexuals often view
same-sex couples more negatively than heterosexual couples.
33
Gay, lesbian, and
34
bisexual individuals experience discrimination at work and in their communities and
most states provide no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation.
Significant numbers of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals are targets of harassment
30 American Psychiatric Association (2005). Support of legal recognition of same-sex civil
marriage position statement. Retrieved September 25, 2009 from
http://www.psych.org/Departments/EDU/Library/APAOfficialDocumentsandRelated/Positio
nStatements/200502.aspx.
31 American Psychological Association, 2004.
32 Herek, 2009a.
33 Testa, Kinder & Ironson, 1987.
34 Herek, 2009b.
18
and violence.
35
These facts demonstrate that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals
experience pervasive social stigma.
40.
Social stigma refers to severe social disapproval of a class of people
perceived as being different, deviant, or in violation of cultural norms.
36
In American
society today, gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals continue to be a highly stigmatized
minority group. Many heterosexuals, who are the dominant group in society, perceive
gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals, and same-sex couples, as fundamentally different, hold
negative stereotypes about their characteristics, and view discrimination against them as
acceptable. Social stigma is reflected both in the acts of individuals and in the
institutions of society, including its laws, that legitimate and perpetuate the second-class
status of gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and same-sex couples.
35 Herek, 2009b.
36 Herek, 2009a.
19
EXHIBIT A
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American Psychological Association. (2004). Sexual orientation and marriage: Adopted by the
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1
Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Identity support, identity devaluation and well-being
among lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 140-145.
Beals, K. P., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2009). Stigma management and well-being: The role
of social support, cognitive processing, and suppression. Personality and Social
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psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology and Sexuality, 1(2),
101-114.
Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., Grant, S. K., & Wittig, M. A. (2011). Testing a
model of minority identity achievement, identity affirmation and psychological well-
2
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and sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (2), 329-350.
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6
EXHIBIT B
April 2011
Letitia Anne Peplau
Distinguished Professor of Psychology
Department of Psychology
University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
Telephone: (310) 825-1187
FAX: (310) 206-5895
Email: lapeplau@ucla.edu
Education
B.A. in Honors Psychology, Brown University, 1968 (Summa cum laude)
Ph.D. in Social Psychology, Harvard University, 1973
Academic Positions at UCLA
1973-1978
1978-1982
1982-present
1983-1988
1985-1986
1988-1990
1994-1995
1999-present
2004-present
2005-present
Assistant Professor of Psychology
Associate Professor of Psychology
Professor of Psychology
Director, Graduate Program in Social Psychology
Associate Director, Center for the Study of Women
Acting Co-Director, Center for the Study of Women
Director, Graduate Program in Social Psychology
Faculty Affiliate, UCLA Center for the Study of Women
Vice Chair for Graduate Studies, UCLA Psychology Department
Director, NSF IGERT Interdisciplinary Relationship Science
Program, UCLA
Honors and Professional Societies
Danforth Graduate Fellowship, 1968-1973
National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship, 1968-1970
Phi Beta Kappa
Sigma Xi
American Psychological Association (elected fellow in Divisions 8, 9, 35 and 44)
Association for Psychological Science (fellow)
American Sociological Association
Society for Experimental Social Psychology
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
International Academy of Sex Research
Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
Outstanding Achievement Award, Committee on Lesbian and Gay Concerns, APA, 1986
President, International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships, 1994-1996
Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality,
1997
Monette/Horwitz Trust Award for Research on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Studies, 2000.
Outstanding Faculty Award, UCLA Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
Campus Center, June 2001.
1
Distinguished Publication Award 2001, Association for Women in Psychology
Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Division 44, APA, 2002
Invited Master Lecture at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, 2002.
Elected to membership in the International Academy of Sex Research, 2003
Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA Psychology Department, 2003
Award for Distinguished Faculty Service, Women’s Studies Program, UCLA, 2005
Mentoring Award, International Association for Relationship Research, 2006
Distinguished “Elder” Award, APA National Multicultural Summit and Conference, 2007
Heritage Award for Research, APA Division 35 (Society for the Psychology of Women), 2007
Awarded the Evelyn Hooker Award for Distinguished Contribution by an Ally, APA Division
44 (Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Issues), 2008
Editorial Activities
Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Social Issues, 1974-1977
Member, Editorial Board, Social Psychology Quarterly, 1977-1979
Consulting Editor, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1978-1980
Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Homosexuality, 1980-1985
Member, Editorial Board, SIGNS: A Journal of Women in Culture and
Society, 1981-1989
Member, Advisory Board, Journal of Personal and Social Relationships, 1985-1987
Consulting Editor, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985-1989
Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 1987-1989
Member, Advisory Board, Advances in Personal Relationships, l986-1992
Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Social Issues, 1992-1995
Member, Advisory Board, Columbia University Press Series on Lesbian and
Gay Studies, 1993Associate Editor, SIGNS: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2000Member, Editorial Board, Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual
Psychology, APA Books, 2001Member, Editorial Board, Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal
of NSRC, 2003Member, International Advisory Board, Ibadan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004Selected Recent Professional Activities
Member, Editorial Board, Psychology and Sexuality
Member, Scientific Review Panel for the Placek Research Award Program, American
Psychological Foundation, 1995-2000
Member, Committee on Women in Psychology Network (representative from Division 8), 1998present
Member, Working Group on Same-Sex Families, American Psychological
Association, April 2004.
Chair, Fellows Selection Committee, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
(Div. 9 of APA), 2004-2005.
Member, Fellows Selection Committee, Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay and
Bisexual Issues (Div. 44 of APA), 2006-2008.
Books and Edited Volumes
2
Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (2006). Social psychology, 12th Ed. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (2003). Social psychology, 11th Ed. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Published into Russian in 2004.
Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. D. (Eds.) (2000). Women's sexualities: Perspectives on sexual
orientation and gender. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (whole number 2).
This volume was selected for the 2001 Distinguished Publication Award of the Association for
Women in Psychology.
Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (2000). Social psychology, 10th Ed. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Peplau, L. A., DeBro, S. C., Veniegas, R. C., & Taylor, P. (Eds.) (1999). Gender, culture and
ethnicity. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (1997). Social psychology, 9th Ed. Upper Saddle R iver,
NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Peplau, L. A. & Taylor, S. E. (Eds.) (1997). Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. O. (1994). Social psychology, 8th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Rubin, Z., Peplau, L. A., & Salovey, P. (1993). Psychology, 1st Ed. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.
Sears, D. O., Peplau, L. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social psychology, 7th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Peplau, L. A., Sears, D. O., Taylor, S. E. , & Freedman, J. L. (Eds.) (1988). Readings in social
psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sears, D. O., Peplau, L. A., Freedman, J. L., & Taylor, S. E. (1988). Social psychology, 6th Ed.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sears, D. O., Freedman, J. L., & Peplau, L. A. (1985). Social psychology, 5th Ed. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Peplau, L.A., & Goldston, S. E. (Eds.) (1984). Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and
persistent loneliness. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 84-1312. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office (Monograph).
Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J., Huston, T., Levinger, G., McClintock, E.,
Peplau, L. A., & Peterson, D. (1983). Close relationships. New York: Freeman.
3
Reprinted (2002) by Percheron Press.
Peplau, L. A., & Jones, R. (Issue Editors) (1982). Homosexual couples. Journal of Homosexuality,
8 (whole number 2).
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (Eds.) (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research
and therapy. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Published in Japanese translation in 1988 and in
Russian in 1989.
Peplau, L. A., & Hammen, C. L. (Eds.) (1977). Sexual behavior: Social psychological issues. Journal
of Social Issues, 33, (whole number 2).
Articles and Book Chapters
Fingerhut, A.W. & Peplau, L. A. (forthcoming). Same-sex romantic relationships. In C. J. Patterson &
A. R. D’Augelli (Eds.), Handbook of psychology and sexual orientation.
Preciado, M. A. & Peplau, L. A. (2011). Self-perception of same-sex sexuality among heterosexual
women: Association with personal need for structure. Self and Identity, accepted for publication.
Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., Grant, S. K., & Wittig, M. A. (2011). Testing a model
of minority identity achievement, identity affirmation and psychological well-being among ethnic
minority and sexual minority individuals. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 7988.
Conley, T. D., & Peplau, L. A. (2009). Gender and perceptions of romantic partners’ sexual risk.
Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 794-802.
Peplau, L. A., Frederick, D. A., Yee, C., Maisel, N., Lever, J. & Ghavami, N. (2009). Body image
satisfaction among heterosexual, gay and lesbian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 713725.
Beals, K. P., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2009). Stigma management and well-being: The role of
social support, cognitive processing, and suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
35, 867-879.
Conley, T. D., Roesch, S. C., Peplau, L. A., & Gold, M. S. (2009). Testing the positive illusions
model of relationship satisfaction among gay and lesbian couples. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology, 39, 1417-1431.
Peplau, L. A., & Ghavami, N. (2009). The relationships of lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. In
H. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.). The encyclopedia of human relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Frederick, D., Lever, J., & Peplau, L. A. (2008). The Barbie mystique: Satisfaction with breast
size and shape across the lifespan. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20, 200-211.
4
Peplau, L. A. & Huppin, M. (2008). Masculinity, femininity and the development of sexual
orientation in women. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 12(1/2), 147-167. Also
published as a chapter in R. Mathy & J. Drescher (Ed.) Childhood gender nonconformity and the
development of adult homosexuality (pp 147-167). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
Peplau, L. A., & Fingerhut, A. W. (2007). The close relationships of lesbians and gay men.
Annual Review of Psychology, 58. 10.1-10.20.
Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M., Sadeghi-Azar, L., Peplau, L. A., Haselton, M. G.,
Berezovskaya, A., & Lipinski, R. E. (2007). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men’s body
satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8,
103-117.
Frederick, D., Lever, J., & Peplau, L. A. (2007). Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image:
Views of men and women across the life span. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 120, 14071415.
Fingerhut, A. W., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). The impact of social roles on stereotypes of gay men.
Sex Roles, 55, 273-278.
Garnets, L., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). Sexuality in the lives of adult lesbian and bisexual women. In
D. C. Kimmel, T. Rose, & S. David (Eds.) Research and clinical perspectives on lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgender aging, pp. 70-90. New York: Columbia University Press.
Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). Disclosure patterns within the social networks of gay men
and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(2), 101-120.
Lever, J., Frederick, D., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). Does size matter? Men’s and women’s views on
penis size across the life span. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7(3), 129-143.
Frederick, D. A., Peplau, L. A., & Lever, J. (2006). The swimsuit issue: Correlates of body image
in a sample of 52, 677 heterosexual adults. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 3,
413-419.
Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). ”His” and “her” relationships: A review of the empirical
evidence. In A. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal
relationships (pp. 884-904). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Elsesser, K., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). The glass partition: Obstacles to cross-sex friendships at
work. Human Relations, 59(8), 1077-1100.
Impett, E. A., Gable, S., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: The costs and benefits
of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89,
327-344.
Impett, E. A., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. (2005). Approach and avoidance sexual motives:
Implications for personal and interpersonal well-being. Personal Relationships, 12, 465-482.
This paper received “Distinguished Publication” award from the International
Association for Relationships Research, July 20, 2008.
5
Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., & Ghavami, N. (2005). A dual-identity framework for
understanding lesbian experience. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 129-139.
Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2005) Identity support, identity devaluation and well-being among
lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 140-145.
Peplau, L. A., & Fingerhut, A. (2004). The paradox of the lesbian worker. Journal of Social
Issues, 60(4), 719-735.
Peplau, L. A., Fingerhut, A., & Beals, K. P. (2004). Sexuality in the relationships of lesbians and
gay men. In J. Harvey, A. Wenzel, & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality in close
relationships (pp. 350-369). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Peplau, L. A. & Beals, K. P. (2004). The family lives of lesbians and gay men. In A. Vangelisti
(Ed.), Handbook of family communication (pp. 233-248). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Peplau, L. A. (2003). Human sexuality: How do men and women differ? Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 12(2), 37-40.
Reprinted in J. B. Ruscher & E. Y. Hammer (Eds.) (2004). Current directions in social
Psychology (pp. 76-82). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2003). Sexual compliance: Gender, motivational, and relationship
perspectives. Journal of Sex Research, 40, 87-100.
This paper received the 2004 Student Research Award from the Society for Sex Therapy
and Research.
Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2002). Why some women consent to unwanted sex with a dating
partner: Insights from attachment theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 360-370.
Beals, K., Impett, E., & Peplau, L. A. (2002). Lesbians in love: Why some relationships endure
and others end. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 6(1), 53-64.
Garnets, L. D., & Peplau, L. A. (2002). A new paradigm for women’s sexual orientation:
Implications for therapy. Women and Therapy, 24, 111-122. Reprinted in E. Kaschak & L. Tiefer
(Eds.) (2002). A new view of women’s sexual problems (pp. 111-122.) Binghamton, NY: Haworth
Press.
Impett, E. A., Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2001-02). Testing the investment model of
relationship commitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples. Current
Psychology, 20(4), 312-326.
Reprinted in N. J. Pallone (Ed.) (2003), Love, romance, and sexual interaction: Research
perspectives from Current Psychology (pp. 163-181). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction
Press.
Peplau, L. A., & Beals, K. P. (2001). Lesbians, gay men and bisexuals in relationships. In J.
Worell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of women and gender (pp. 657-666). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
6
Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2001). Social involvement, disclosure of sexual orientation, and the
quality of lesbian relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 25, 10-19.
Peplau, L. A. (2001). Rethinking women’s sexual orientation: An interdisciplinary, relationshipfocused approach. Personal Relationships, 8, 1-19.
Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. D. (2000). A new paradigm for understanding women’s sexuality and
sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 329-350.
Garnets, L. D., & Peplau, L. A. (2000). Understanding women’s sexualities and sexual
orientations: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 181-192.
Peplau, L. A., & Spalding, L. R. (2000). The close relationships of lesbians, gay men and
bisexuals. In C. Hendrick & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. 111124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Veniegas, R. C., Taylor, P. L., & Peplau, L. A. (1999). A guide to resources about gender, culture
and ethnicity. In L. A. Peplau, S. C. DeBro, R. C. Veniegas, & P. Taylor (Eds.) Gender, culture
and ethnicity (pp 1-13). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
Peplau, L. A., Veniegas, R. C., Taylor, P. L., & DeBro, S. C. (1999). Sociocultural perspectives
on the lives of women and men. In L. A. Peplau, S. C. DeBro, R. C. Veniegas, & P. Taylor (Eds.)
Gender, culture and ethnicity (pp 23-37). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
Peplau, L. A., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D., & Veniegas, R. C. (1999). The development of
sexual orientation in women. Annual Review of Sex Research, Vol 10, 70-99.
Vincent, P. C., Peplau, L. A., & Hill, C. T. (1998). A longitudinal application of the theory of
reasoned action to women's career behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 761-778.
Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L. A. (1998). Premarital predictors of relationship outcomes: A 15-year
followup of the Boston Couples Study. In T. N. Bradbury (Ed.), The developmental course of
marital dysfunction (pp. 237-278). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Peplau, L. A., Garnets, L.D., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D., & Veniegas, R. C. (1998). A
critique of Bem’s “Exotic Becomes Erotic” theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review,
105(2), 387-394.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1998). Loneliness. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.) Encyclopedia of mental
health, Vol 2 (pp. 571-581). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Spalding, L. R., & Peplau, L. A. (1997). The unfaithful lover: Heterosexuals' stereotypes of
bisexuals and their relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 611-625.
Veniegas, R. C., & Peplau, L. A. (1997). Power and the quality of same-sex friendships.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 279-297.
This article was awarded the Graduate Student Research Prize by APA Division 35 and
the Association for Women in Psychology in 1997.
7
Veniegas, R. C., & Peplau, L. A. (1997). A guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology.
In L. A. Peplau & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology (pp. xivxx). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Peplau, L. A., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (1997). A national survey of the intimate
relationships of African-American lesbians and gay men: A look at commitment, satisfaction,
sexual behavior and HIV disease. In B. Greene (Ed.) Ethnic and cultural diversity among
lesbians and gay men (pp 11-38). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Bui, K. T., Peplau, L. A., & Hill, C. T. (1996). Testing the Rusbult model of relationship
commitment and stability in a 15-year study of heterosexual couples. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1244-1257.
Peplau, L. A., Veniegas, R. C., & Campbell, S. M. (1996). Gay and lesbian relationships. In R.
C. Savin-Williams & K. M. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to
adults (pp. 250-273). New York: Harcourt Brace.
Wayment, H. A., & Peplau, L. A. (1995). Social support and well-being among lesbian and
heterosexual women: A structural modeling approach. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 21(11), 1189-1199.
Peplau, L. A. (1994). Men and women in love. In D. L. Sollie & L. S. Leslie (Eds.), Gender,
families, and close relationships: Feminist research journeys (pp. 19-49). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
De Bro, S. C., Campbell, S. M., & Peplau, L. A. (1994). Influencing a partner to use a condom:
A college student perspective. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 165-182.
Peplau, L. A., Hill, C. T., & Rubin, Z. (1993). Sex-role attitudes in dating and marriage: A 15year followup of the Boston Couples Study. Journal of Social Issues, 40(3), 31-52.
Campbell, S. M., Peplau, L. A., & De Bro, S. C. (1992). Women, men, and condoms: Attitudes
and experiences of heterosexual college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16(3), 273288.
Garnets, L., Hancock, K. A., Cochran, S. D., Goodchilds, J., & Peplau, L. A. (1991). Issues in
psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men: A survey of psychologists. American Psychologist,
46(2), 964-972.
Reprinted in D. R. Atkinson & G. Hackett (Eds.) (1998). Counseling diverse populations.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Campbell, S. M., Dunkel-Schetter, C. A., & Peplau, L. A. (1991). Perceived control and
adjustment to infertility among women undergoing in vitro fertilization. In A. L. Stanton & C. A.
Dunkel-Schetter (Eds.), Psychological adjustment to infertility (pp. 133-156). New York:
Plenum.
Cochran, S. D., & Peplau, L. A. (1991). Sexual risk reduction behaviors among young
heterosexual adults. Social Science and Medicine, 33(1), 25-36.
8
Peplau, L. A. (1991). Lesbian and gay relationships. In J. C. Gonsiorek & J. D. Weinrich (Eds.),
Homosexuality: Research findings for public policy (pp. 177-196). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Publications.
Reprinted in L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.) (1993). Psychological perspectives on
lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 395-419). New York: Columbia University Press.
Peplau, L. A., & Cochran, S. D. (1990). A relationship perspective on homosexuality. In D. P.
McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of
sexual orientation (pp. 321-349). New York: Oxford University Press.
Peplau, L. A., & Conrad, E. (1989). Beyond nonsexist research: The perils of feminist methods in
psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 381-402.
Peplau, L. A., & Campbell, S. M. (1989). Power in dating and marriage. In J. Freeman (Ed.),
Women: A feminist perspective, 4th Ed. (pp. 121-137). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing.
Reprinted in S. J. Ferguson (Ed.), (2001). Shifting the center: Understanding
contemporary families, 2nd Ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, pp. 142-152.
Peplau, L. A. (1988). Loneliness: New directions in research. Participate in the challenge of
mental health and psychiatric nursing in 1988 (pp. 127-142). [Proceedings of the 3rd National
Conference on Psychiatric Nursing, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.]
Peplau, L. A. (1988). Reading research reports in social psychology. In L. A. Peplau, D. O.
Sears, S. E. Taylor, & J. L. Freedman (Eds.), Readings in social psychology: Classic and
contemporary contributions, 2nd Ed. (pp.1-5). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Peplau, L. A. (1987). Loneliness and the college student. In I. Z. Rubin & E. McNeil. The
psychology of being human, 4th Ed. (pp. 475-479). New York: Harper & Row.
Cochran, S. D., & Peplau, L. A. (1985). Value orientations in heterosexual relationships.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 477-488.
Blasband, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1985). Sexual exclusivity versus openness in gay male couples.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14(5), 395-412.
Peplau, L. A., & Gordon, S. L. (1985). Women and men in love: Gender differences in close
heterosexual relationships. In V. E. O'Leary, R. K. Unger, & B. S. Wallston Eds.), Women,
gender and social psychology (pp. 257-291). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Reprinted in T. Roberts (Ed.) (1997). The Lanahan readings in the psychology of women
(pp. 246-268). Baltimore, MD: Lanahan Publishers.
Peplau, L. A. (1985). Loneliness research: Basic concepts and findings. In I. G. Sarason & B. R.
Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and application (pp. 270-286). Boston:
Martinus Nijhof.
9
Peplau, L. A. (1985). Loneliness. In A. Kuper & J. Kuper (Eds.), The social science
encyclopedia (p. 474). Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. In L. A.
Peplau & S. E. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent
loneliness (pp. 13-46). DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 84-1312. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
Caldwell, M. A., & Peplau, L. A. (1984). The balance of power in lesbian relationships. Sex
Roles, 10, 587-600.
Reprinted in W. R. Dynes & S. Donaldson (Eds.) (1992), Studies in homosexuality, Vol
VII: Lesbianism (pp. 27-39). New York: Garland Publishing.
Hill, C. T., Peplau, L. A., & Rubin, Z.(1983). Contraceptives use by college dating couples.
Population and Environment: Behavioral and Social Issues, 6(1), 60-69.
Peplau, L. A. (1983). Roles and gender. In H. H. Kelley, et al., Close relationships (pp. 220-264).
New York: Freeman.
Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J., Huston, T., Levinger, G., McClintock,
E., Peplau, L. A., & Peterson, D. (1983). Analyzing close relationships. In H. H. Kelley, et al.,
Close relationships (pp. 20-64). New York: Freeman.
Berscheid, E., & Peplau, L. A. (1983). The emerging science of relationships. In H. H. Kelley, et
al., Close relationships (pp. 1-19). New York: Freeman.
Peplau, L. A., & Gordon, S. L. (1983). The intimate relationships of lesbians and gay men. In E.
R. Allgeier & N. B. McCormick (Eds.), The changing boundaries: Gender roles and sexual
behavior (pp. 226-244). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
Reprinted in J. N. Edwards & D. H. Demo (Eds.) (1991). Marriage and family in
transition (pp 479-496.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Rook, K. S., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Perspectives on helping the lonely. In L. A. Peplau & D.
Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 351-378). New York: Wiley.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Theoretical approaches to loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D.
Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 123-134). New York: Wiley.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman
(Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 1-18). New York: Wiley.
Peplau, L. A., Padesky, C., & Hamilton, M. (1982). Satisfaction in lesbian relationships. Journal
of Homosexuality, 8(2), 23-35.
Peplau, L. A., Miceli, M., & Morasch, B. (1982). Loneliness and self evaluation. In L. A. Peplau
& D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 135-151). New York: Wiley.
10
Peplau, L. A., Bikson, T. K., Rook, K. S., & Goodchilds, J. D. (1982). Being old and living alone.
In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 327-347). New York: Wiley.
Peplau, L. A., & Amaro, H. (1982). Understanding lesbian relationships. In W. Paul & J. D.
Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Social, psychological and biological issues (pp. 233-248).
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Reprinted in T. Roberts (Ed.) (1997). The Lanahan readings in the psychology of women
(pp. 269-280). Baltimore, MD: Lanahan Publishers.
Peplau, L. A. (1982). Research on homosexual couples: An overview. Journal of Homosexuality,
8(2), 3-8.
Reprinted in J. P. DeCecco (Ed.) (1988). Gay relationships (pp. 33-40). New York:
Harrington Park Press.
Michela, J. L., Peplau, L. A., & Weeks, D. G. (1982). Perceived dimensions of attributions for
loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 929-936.
Caldwell, M. A., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Sex differences in same-sex friendship. Sex Roles, 8(7),
721-732.
Berg, J., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Loneliness: The relationship of self-disclosure and androgyny.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(4), 624-630.
Rubin, Z., Peplau, L. A., & Hill, C. T. (1981). Loving and leaving: Sex differences in romantic
attachments. Sex Roles, 7(8), 821-835.
Risman, B. J., Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Living together in college:
Implications for courtship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 77-83.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In S. Duck & R.
Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31-56). London: Academic Press.
Reprinted in B. Earn & S. Towson (Eds.) (1986). Readings in social psychology (pp. l37l55). Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press Ltd.
Peplau, L. A., & Cochran, S. D. (1981). Value orientations in the intimate relationships of gay
men. Journal of Homosexuality, 6(3), 1-19.
Reprinted in J. P. DeCecco (Ed.) (1988). Gay relationships (pp. 195-216). New York:
Harrington Park Press.
Peplau, L. A. (1981, March). What homosexuals want in relationships. Psychology Today, pp.
28-34, 37-38.
Peplau, L. A. (1981). Interpersonal attraction. In D. Sherrod (Ed.), Social psychology, 2nd Ed.
(pp. 195-229). New York: Random House.
11
Hill, C. T., Peplau, L. A., & Rubin, Z. (1981). Differing perceptions in dating couples: Sex roles
vs. alternative explanations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5(3), 418-434.
Weeks, D. G., Michela, J. L., Peplau, L. A., & Bragg, M. E. (1980). The relation between
loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 39(6), 1238-1244.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale:
Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
39(3), 472-480.
Rubin, Z., Hill, C. T., Peplau, L. A., & Dunkel-Schetter, C. (1980). Self-disclosure in dating
couples: Sex roles and the ethic of openness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(2), 305317.
Peplau, L. A. (1980). Sexual aspects of lesbian relationships. Medical Aspects of Human
Sexuality, 14(3), 107.
Peplau, L. A. (1980). Lesbian mothers. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, 14(3), 136-137.
Falbo, T., & Peplau, L.A. (1981). Power strategies in intimate relationships. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 618-628.
Rubenstein, C., Shaver, P., & Peplau, L. A. (1979, February). Loneliness. Human Nature, pp. 5865.
Peplau, L. A., Russell, D., & Heim, M. (1979). The experience of loneliness. In I. H. Frieze, D.
Bar-Tal, & J. S. Carroll (Eds.), New approaches to social problems: Applications of attribution
theory (pp. 53-78). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1979). Blueprint for a social psychological theory of loneliness. In
M. Cook & G. Wilson (Eds.), Love and attraction (pp. 99-108). Oxford, England: Pergamon.
Peplau, L. A. (1979). Power in dating relationships. In J. Freeman (Ed.), Women: A feminist
perspective, 2nd Ed. (pp. 106-121). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Reprinted (1984) in the
3rd Edition.
Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z., Peplau, L. A., & Willard, S. G. (1979). The volunteer couple: Sex
differences, couple commitment and participation in research on interpersonal relationships. Social
Psychology Quarterly, 42(4), 415-420.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal
of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294.
Peplau, L. A., Russell, D., & Heim, M. (1978). Loneliness: A bibliography of research and
theory. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8, 38. (Ms. No. 1682.)
Peplau, L. A., Cochran, S., Rook, K., & Padesky, C. (1978). Loving women: Attachment and
autonomy in lesbian relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 34(3), 7-27.
12
This article was awarded the Evelyn C. Hooker research award by the national Gay
Academics Union, November 24, 1979.
Reprinted in L. Richardson & V. A. Taylor (Eds.) (1983) Feminist frontiers: Rethinking
sex, gender & society (pp. 408-419). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Loneliness: A cognitive analysis. Essence, 2(4), 207-220.
(This is a Canadian gerontology journal that devoted a special issue to loneliness.)
Hammen, C. L., & Peplau, L. A. (1978). Brief encounters: Impact of gender, sex-role attitudes,
and partner's gender on interaction and cognition. Sex Roles, 4(1), 75-90.
Peplau, L. A., Rubin, Z., & Hill, C. T. (1977). Sexual intimacy in dating relationships. Journal of
Social Issues, 33(2), 86-109.
Peplau, L. A., & Hammen, C. L. (1977). Social psychological issues in sexual behavior: An
overview. Journal of Social Issues, 33(2), 1-6.
Peplau, L. A., Rubin, Z., & Hill, C. T. (1976). The sexual balance of power. Psychology Today,
November, pp. 142, 145, 147, 151.
Reprinted in C. Gordon & G. Johnson (Eds.) (1976), Readings in human sexuality:
Contemporary perspectives, 2nd Ed. New York: Harper & Row.
Reprinted in Annual Editions (1980), Readings in personal growth and adjustment 80/81.
Guilford, CT: Dushkin.
Peplau, L. A. (1976). Fear of success in dating couples. Sex Roles, 2, 249-258.
Peplau, L. A. (1976). Impact of fear of success and sex-role attitudes on women's competitive
achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 561-568.
Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1976). Breakups before marriage: The end of 103 affairs.
Journal of Social Issues, 32(1), 147-168.
Reprinted in A. Skolnick & J. Skolnick (Eds.) (1977), Family in transition, 2nd Ed.
Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co.
Reprinted in G. Levinger & O. C. Moles (Eds.) (1979), Divorce and separation: A survey
of causes and consequences. New York: Basic Books.
Reprinted in Peplau, L. A., Sears, D. O., Taylor, S. E., & Freedman, J. L. (Eds.) (1988),
Readings in social psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1975). Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 31(3),
65-90.
Reprinted (1977) in Reflections, XII(1), 1-26.
13
Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1973). Belief in a just world and reactions to another's lot: A study of
participants in the national draft lottery. Journal of Social Issues, 29(4), 73-94.
Peplau, L. A. (1972). Intergroup behavior. In Psychology today: An introduction (pp. 545-563).
Del Mar, CA: CRM Books.
Peplau, L. A. (1972). Patterns of social behavior: The case of sex roles. In Psychology today: An
introduction (pp. 487-500). Del Mar, CA: CRM Books.
Peplau, L. A. (1967). Infantile autism. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 5(3), 112-122.
Book Reviews
Peplau, L.A. (1996). The wit and wisdom of a feminist sexologist. Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 20, 173-174. (Review of "Sex is not a natural act and other essays")
Peplau, L. A. (1994). Is it a relationship if we're not having sex? Contemporary Boston
Marriages. Journal of Sex Research, 31(3), 243-245. (Review of "Boston Marriages: Romantic
but Asexual Relationships among Contemporary Lesbians")
Peplau, L. A. (1988). Review of "In search of parenthood: Coping with infertility and high-tech
conception." Contemporary Psychology, 33(10), 919.
Peplau, L. A. (1982). Review of "The Anatomy of Loneliness" and "In Search of Intimacy."
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 20(11), 38-39.
Peplau, L. A., & Gutek, B. (1979). Textbooks on the psychology of women: A review essay.
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4(1), 129-136.
Peplau, L. A. (1979). Review of "Friends and Lovers." American Journal of Sociology, 84(6),
1513-1514.
Peplau, L. A. (1977). Review of "The Hite Report" and "Sex and Personality." Psychology of
Women Quarterly, 2(1), 86-88.
Peplau, L. A. (1977). An Introduction to Women's Studies. Contemporary Psychology, 22(12),
933-934. (Review of "Beyond Intellectual Sexism")
Peplau, L. A. (1977). Review of "Women and Achievement." Sex Roles, 3(6), 600-602.
Peplau, L. A. (1975). Assessing sexual innovation in marriage. Contemporary Psychology, 20(12),
941-942. (Review of "Beyond Monogamy")
Selected Recent Paper Presentations, Invited Addresses and Posters
Peplau, L. A. (August, 2010). Marriage equality for same-sex couples: Perspectives from
relationship research in the United States. Invited Presidential Symposium presented at the annual
meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.
14
Peplau, L. A. (August, 2010). Same-sex couples: Research, law and policy. Presented at the
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Psychology Summer Institute, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L. A. (July, 2008). Is love blind? Attractiveness ratings by self, partner, and
others, and the outcome of dating relationships 25 years later. Paper presented at the International
Congress of Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
Fingerhut, A. D., deRoulhac, C., Natale, C., & Peplau, L. A. (2008, February). Heterosexuals’ attitudes
toward gay men and lesbians: Predictors of positive and negative attitudes. Poster presented at the
annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM.
Frederick, D.A., & Peplau, L.A. (2007, January). The UCLA Body Matrices II: Computergenerated images of men and women varying in body fat and muscularity/breast size to assess body
satisfaction and preferences. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and
Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
Mulrenan, T., Frederick, D.A., Sadeghi-Azar, L., Ha, J., Peplau, L.A., & Haselton, M.G.
(2006, January). The UCLA Body Matrices as measures of body image and body type preferences.
Poster presented at the annual meting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference,
Palm Springs, CA.
Laird, K., Mulrenan, T., Frederick, D.A., Grigorian, K., Peplau, L.A., & Haselton, M.G.
(2006, January). Sex differences in preferences for dating a taller romantic partner. Poster presented at
the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Palm Springs, CA.
Sadeghi-Azar, L., Frederick, D.A., Mulrenan, T., Peplau, A., Haselton, M.G., & Fessler,
D.M.T. (2006, January). Representations of the ideal male and female bodies in popular media.
Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference,
Palm Springs, CA.
Fingerhut, A. W., & Peplau, L. A. (2006, January). Symposium: Integrating social identity
perspectives with research on the experiences of lesbians and gay men. Symposium presented at the
annual meeting of the Society for Social and Personality Psychology, Palm Springs, CA.
Frederick, D.A., Haselton, M., Peplau, L.A., Mansourian, A., & Allameh, S. (2005, January). Sex
differences in desires for sexual variety. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for
Personality and Social Psychology Conference, New Orleans, LA.
Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, W., & Peplau, L. A. (2005, January). A dual-identity approach to
understanding stress experiences of lesbians and gay men. Poster presented at the annual meeting of
the Society for Social and Personality Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
Peplau, L.A., Frederick, D.A., Lever, J., Burklund, L., & Madrid, H. (2005, January). Correlates of
body image dissatisfaction among 52,171 online respondents. Society for Personality and Social
Psychology Conference, New Orleans, LA.
15
Sadeghi-Azar, L., Frederick, D.A., Allameh, S., Lever, J., & Peplau, L.A. (2005). Attitudes toward
cosmetic surgery and the body across the lifespan. American Psychological Society Convention, Los
Angeles, CA.
Peplau, L.A., Frederick, D.A., Lever, J., Kroskrity, E. (2005). Body image satisfaction among
lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adults. American Psychological Society Convention, Los Angeles, CA.
Frederick, D.A., Lever, J., Peplau, L.A., Casey, J., & Berezovskaya, A. (2005). Does size
matter? Attitudes toward breast size and shape among heterosexual adults. American Psychological
Society Convention, Los Angeles, CA.
Fingerhut. A.W., Peplau, L.A., & Ghavami, N. (2005, February). Gay and Lesbian Psychological
Health: The Role of Identity. Poster presented at the National Multicultural Conference and Summit,
Los Angeles, CA.
Fingerhut, A. W., & Peplau, L. A. (2005, January). Stereotypes of women in the workforce: The role of
sexual orientation and parental status. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for
Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
Peplau, L. A., Lever, J., Frederick, D., Burklund, L., & Madrid, H. (2005, January). Correlates of
body image dissatisfaction among 52,171 online respondents. Poster presented at the annual meeting
of the Society for Social and Personality Psychology, New Orleans, LA.
Peplau, L. A. (2004, November 12). New directions in research on women’s sexual orientation.
Invited colloquium, Institute for Social and Behavioral Research, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.
Peplau, L. A. (2004, September 29). The development of sexual orientation in women: A socialpsychological analysis. Invited colloquium, Psychology and Women’s Studies, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Peplau, L. A., Fingerhut, A., & Ghavami, N. (2004, July). Individual differences in gay-related
stress: A dual-identity perspective.
Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L. A. (July, 2003). Sources of self-esteem: A 25-year study. Paper presented at
the 29th Inter-American Congress of Psychology.
Peplau, L. A., & Impett, E. A. (2003, April 11). Sexual compliance: Why partners make "sexual
sacrifices." Invited presentation, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Western Region Annual
Conference, San Jose, CA.
Peplau, L. A. (April 11, 2003). Gender differences in sex and relationships. Invited address, Society
for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Western Region Annual Conference, San Jose, CA.
Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L. A. (March 28, 2003). Romantic beliefs and marital outcomes: A 25-year
study. Paper presented at the Southeast Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
Peplau, L. A. (August, 2002). Venus and Mars in the lab: New research on gender and sexuality.
Invited Master Lecture, annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
16
Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L. A. (July, 2001). Life satisfaction: A 25-year follow-up of the Boston Couples
Study. Presented at the VIIth European Congress of Psychology, London, England.
Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. D. (May, 2001). A new paradigm for understanding women’s sexual
orientation. Presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Maui, Hawaii.
17

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