Simplifying learnt engineering to the application level

Energy Meter – Parameters being read

[This is Part#4 of the Energy Meter Series. You may access Part#1 here, Part#2 here and Part#3 here.]

This article represents a typical exhaustive list of the parameters being read by utility-scale energy meters.

image by essence of engineering

Instantaneous Parameters

These parameters are basically snapshots of the data. It represents a random value being taken. Meter does not store such parameters. Modems read such parameters and communicate them to the server, where they are stored. Instantaneous parameters being snapshots, one cannot identify any occurrence between two consecutive readings.

Voltage

KW

R Phase Voltage

R Phase KW

Y Phase Voltage

Y Phase Active Power

B Phase Voltage

B Phase Active Power

RY P to P Voltage

Reactive Power

YB P to P Voltage

R Phase Reactive Power

BR P to P Voltage

R Phase Reactive Power

R Phase power factor

R Phase Reactive Power

Y Phase power factor

total three phase Reactive power

B Phase power factor

R phase Apparent Power

Avg power factor

Y phase Apparent Power

Cumulative Active energy

B phase Apparent Power

Cumulative Reactive energy

total apparent power

Cumulative Apparent energy

Current

Frequency

Natural Current

Billing Parameters

DISCOMs charge the users depending upon their category, e.g. Industrial User, Domestic User, Commercial User, Institutional User, Government User, etc. Even such user categories have further sub-categories. Hence, in order to rationalise their charges, DISCOM uses a term called “Time of Day” or “Time of Usage” – which essentially helps DISCOM in defining Peak, Off-Peak and Night Hours (divided over 24 Hrs). Accordingly, energy charges are levied to the respective sets of users. Thus, Billing Parameters store values according to the ToD / ToU configurations. Mostly the Billing Parameters being stored are Energy, Demand and Power Factor. Such values are stored over the last 12 months. By so, DISCOM also gets historic billing data.

KWh – Total – Import

Maximum Demand – Import – ToD – KW

Maximum Demand – Import – Lag – ToD – KVAr

KWh – ToD – Import

Maximum Demand – Import – ToD – KW – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Import – Lag – ToD – KVAr – Occurance Time

KWh – Total – Export

Maximum Demand – Import – Overall – KW

Maximum Demand – Import – Lag – Overall – KVAr

KWh – ToD – Export

Maximum Demand – Import – Overall – KW – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Import – Lag – Overall – KVAr – Occurance Time

KWh – Total – Net

Maximum Demand – Export – ToD – KW

Maximum Demand – Export – Lag – ToD – KVAr

KWh – ToD – Net

Maximum Demand – Export – ToD – KW – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Export – Lag – ToD – KVAr – Occurance Time

KVAh – Total – Import

Maximum Demand – Export – Overall – KW

Maximum Demand – Export – Lag – Overall – KVAr

KVAh – ToD – Import

Maximum Demand – Export – Overall – KW – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Export – Lag – Overall – KVAr – Occurance Time

KVAh – Total – Export

Maximum Demand – Import – ToD – KVA

Maximum Demand – Import – Lead – ToD – KVAr

KVAh – ToD – Export

Maximum Demand – Import – ToD – KVA – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Import – Lead – ToD – KVAr – Occurance Time

KVAh – Total – Net

Maximum Demand – Export – ToD – KVA

Maximum Demand – Import – Lead – Overall – KVAr

KVAh – ToD – Net

Maximum Demand – Export – ToD – KVA – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Import – Lead – Overall – KVAr – Occurance Time

KVArh – Total – Lag – Import

Maximum Demand – Import – Overall – KVA

Maximum Demand – Export – Lead – ToD – KVAr

KVArh – ToD – Lag – Import

Maximum Demand – Import – Overall – KVA – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Export – Lead – ToD – KVAr – Occurance Time

KVArh – Total – Lead – Import

Maximum Demand – Export – Overall – KVA

Maximum Demand – Export – Lead – Overall – KVAr

KVArh – ToD – Lead – Import

Maximum Demand – Export – Overall – KVA – Occurance Time

Maximum Demand – Export – Lead – Overall – KVAr – Occurance Time

KVArh – Total – Lag – Export

Average Power Factor – ToU – Import

KVArh – ToD – Lag – Export

Average Power Factor – ToU – Export

KVArh – Total – Lead – Export

Average Power Factor – Overall – Import

KVArh – ToD – Lead – Export

Average Power Factor – Overall – Export

KVArh – Total – Lag – Net

KVArh – ToD – Lag – Net

KVArh – Total – Lead – Net

KVArh – ToD – Lead – Net

Load Survey Parameters

These parameters are quintessential to keep a track of power quality and associated grid performance. As required by the DISCOM, meter manufacturer defines the integration period (15 min / 30 min / 60 min). Over the defined integrated period, meter aggregates (sum for Energy parameters’ values and an average for the rest of the parameters’ value). Again as required by the DISCOM, meter manufacturer provides Load Survey storage space (15 days/30 days/45 days/60 days).

Average Voltage

Average KVA

KVArh Import

Minimum Voltage

Average Maximum Demand KVA Import

KVArh Export

Maximum Voltage

Average Maximum Demand KVA Export

KWh Import

Average R Phase Voltage

Average R Phase KVA

KWh Export

Average Y Phase Voltage

Average Y Phase KVA

KVAh Import

Average B Phase Voltage

Average B Phase KVA

KVAh Export

Average RY Phase Voltage

Average KW

Average Power Factor

Average YB Phase Voltage

Average Maximum Demand KW Import

Power Factor Import

Average BR Phase Voltage

Average Maximum Demand KW export

Power Factor Export

Average Current

Average R Phase KW

Average R Phase Power Factor

Minimum Current

Average Y Phase KW

Average Y Phase Power Factor

Maximum Current

Average B Phase KW

Average B Phase Power Factor

Average R Phase Current

Average KVAr

Average Y Phase Current

Average Maximum Demand KVAR Import

Average B Phase Current

Average Maximum Demand KVAR export

Neutral Current

Average R Phase KVAr

Average Frequency

Average Y Phase KVAr

Average B Phase KVAr

Events

Meters are also capable of storing the events, notifying abnormalities or anomalies. In the events of improper connections, meter malfunction, meter tampering, etc. it’s imperative for the DISCOM to know about the same. Meters are capable of reading such events. An introduction of GPRS modems has made it easy to detect the tampering or abnormality immediate, enabling DISCOM to take urgently required actions.