T.J. Ryan resigned as premier a year after the state election to run successfully for the federal seat of West Sydney in 1919. Ryan was replaced as premier by Ted Theodore. Theodore called the 1920 election one year into his premiership and two years after the 1918 election, after the election, Macartney returned to the leadership of the Nationalists, replacing Tolmie. He was later replaced for a second time, this time by William Vowles. Within a few months though, Vowles created the Queensland Country Party. However, because Vowles had created the Country Party using most of the rural-based Nationalist MLAs, Vowles was able to remain as Opposition Leader.

1.
Queensland state election, 1915
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Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 22 May 1915 to elect the 72 members of the states Legislative Assembly. The election was the second for the Liberal government of Digby Denham, the opposition Labor Party, led by T. J. Labor had never before held majority government. However, it turned out that the change to compulsory voting was not enough to save Denhams premiership, the election resulted in the defeat of the government, and Queenslands first majority Labor government. All except two members of the Ministry up for election, including Denham himself, lost their seats, the election saw a landslide to Labor from the 1912 election. This was the start of a period of Labor hegemony over the Assembly which lasted until 1957, candidates of the Queensland state election,1915 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1912–1915 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1915–1918 Denham Ministry Ryan Ministry

2.
Queensland state election, 1920
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Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 9 October 1920 to elect the 72 members of the states Legislative Assembly. The Labor government was seeking its third term in office since the 1915 election and it was Premier Ted Theodores first election. During the previous term, a new party, the Queensland Country Party, had emerged from the Nationalist bloc, a Labor member, Alfred James, switched to the party, and the Maranoa by-election in 1919 saw them gain a seat at the expense of Labor. An additional party, the Northern Country Party, also formed during this time to represent the interests of North Queensland farmers and canegrowers, in order to avoid three-cornered contests with Labor, the three parties agreed upon a division of seats between themselves. 1462,218 electors were enrolled to vote at the election, Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1918–1920 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1920–1923 Candidates of the Queensland state election,1920 Theodore Ministry

3.
Legislative Assembly of Queensland
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The Legislative Assembly of Queensland is the sole chamber of the unicameral Parliament of Queensland. Elections are held once every three years. Voting is by the preferential voting form of the alternative vote system. The Assembly has 89 members, who have used the letters MP after their names since 2000, there is approximately the same population in each electorate, however, that has not always been the case. The Assembly first sat in May 1860 and produced Australias first Hansard in April 1864, initially, the Legislative Assembly was the lower house of a typical Westminster-style bicameral parliament. The upper house was the Legislative Council, its members appointed for life by the government of the day, the first sitting, in May 1860, was held in the old converted convict barracks in Queen Street. It consisted of 26 members from 16 electorates, nearly half of whom were pastoralists or squatters, early sessions dealt with issues of land, labour, railways, public works, immigration, education and gold discoveries. In April 1864, Australias first Hansard was produced and it was the second Hansard to be made in the Commonwealth, after Nova Scotia in 1855. That year also saw member numbers increased to 32, and by 1868—as more redistributions occurred—the number grew to 42, members were not paid until 1886, effectively excluding the working class from state politics. The Assembly was elected under the first-past-the-post system 1860 to 1892, from then until 1942 an unusual form of preferential voting called the contingent vote was used. This was done by a government to prevent the Labor Party from gaining seats. In 1942 the plurality system was reintroduced until it was replaced in 1962 by the full form of the Alternative Vote. This was done by the Labor Party, which saw a decline in votes in the 1940s, in 1992, this was changed to the optional preferential system currently used. After 1912, electorates elected only a member to the Assembly. In 1922, the Legislative Council was abolished, with the help of known as the suicide squad. This left Queensland with a unicameral parliament—currently the only Australian state with this arrangement and it has been called a form of gerrymander, however it is more accurately referred to as an electoral malapportionment. The Queensland gerrymander, first introduced by the Australian Labor Party government of Ned Hanlon in 1949 used a series of electoral zones based on their distance from Brisbane, initially Queensland was divided into three zones—the metropolitan zone, the provincial cities zone and the rural zone. While the number of electors in each seat in a zone was roughly equal, thus an electorate in the remote zone might have as few as 5,000 electors, while a seat in the metropolitan zone might have as many as 25,000

4.
T. J. Ryan
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Thomas Joseph Ryan was Premier of Queensland, Australia from May 1915 until October 1919 when he resigned to enter Federal politics. Toms father shared his keen interest in politics with his family but was never politically active. Ryan was educated at South Melbourne College, Xavier College, Kew, and the University of Melbourne and he resigned this position on being admitted to the Queensland bar in December 1901. He practised as a solicitor at Rockhampton and subsequently as a barrister at Brisbane, while at Rockhampton in 1900 he joined the Australian Natives Association and became its local president. He was afterwards a candidate for the seat of Capricornia and the state seat of Rockhampton North. The Ryan government was the first majority Australian Labor Party government of Queensland as a result of the 1915 election, some of the eight members of his Cabinet had connections with the early ALP of the 1880s and the Shearers Strike. His government would provide the example which would see Labor in power in Queensland almost continuously until 1957, major reform of Labor laws and agricultural policy were part of the Ryan legacy. At the election in May 1915, Labour came in with a majority and Ryan became premier, chief secretary, and Attorney-General. This was one side of the Ryan governments activities but where it particularly broke fresh ground was the entrance of the state into trading activities, stations were purchased and run as going concerns, and many retail butchers shops were opened in Brisbane and other parts of Queensland. In addition, Cane price boards were set up, providing fair returns for growers, Ryan showed good generalship at the 1918 election and his party was again returned with a large majority. As such, he was instrumental in leading the fight against conscription in the referendum launched by Hughes, Ryan was asked by a resolution of a special federal conference to enter federal politics, the only occasion that such a motion has been passed. He was Campaign Director for the Labor Party during the 1919 Federal election and was elected to the House of Representatives in the Federal Parliament as the Member for West Sydney and he had been widely touted as a likely Labor leader before his premature death. Although a big man physically, Ryan was not strong in health, weakened by influenza while he was in England at the time of the 1919 epidemic, he suffered repeatedly thereafter from bronchial and nasal infections. Furthermore, he was tired from overwork, he took a holiday. On 1 August 1921 he died in Glenco Hospital, Barcaldine, Queensland and his body was taken by train to Brisbane, past crowds gathered at each station. Archbishops Duhig and Mannix presided over his funeral in St Stephens Cathedral and he married in 1910, Miss Lily Virginia Cook, who proved a great helpmate to him. She survived him with a son and a daughter, and in 1944 was the Queensland government representative at Melbourne, the early death of such a capable leader was a great blow to the labour movement. Charles Bernays regarded him as the greatest parliamentary leader he had observed, an earnest exponent of the faith that was in him, many historians believe that Ryan would have been Australias fourth ALP Prime Minister, had he lived just a few years more

5.
James Tolmie (Australian politician)
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James Tolmie was a member of the Parliament of Queensland, newspaper proprietor, and soldier. James Tolmie was born on the ship Registan in Moreton Bay, just outside Brisbane, Queensland on 25 July 1862, to Roderick Tolmie and his wife Helen, who were coming from Scotland to Queensland. The eldest of a family of nine children, he was educated at the South State School, Toowoomba, in 1894 he became editor, with a half-share interest, of the Darling Downs Gazette, a position he held until that papers amalgamation with the Toowoomba Chronicle in 1922. He was an athlete in his younger days, being particularly proficient as footballer and cricketer. He was Minister for Agriculture and Stock in the Denham Ministry from 1911 to 1912 and he was re-elected in 1915, when the Denham Government was defeated, and was Leader of the Opposition until he was forced to resign in 1918 due to ill health. At the general election in 1918 he was defeated by F. T. Brennan, from 1924 to 1927 he was an alderman of the City of Toowoomba. Before Federation Tolmie was a captain in the Fourth Queensland Regiment and he was a loyal adherent of the Presbyterian Church and a Freemason. Mr. Tolmie, who did not marry, died in 1939 and was buried in Drayton and he was survived by five sisters, one of whom married Herbert Yeates MLA. Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1899–1902, 1902–1904, 1904–1907, 1909–1912, 1912–1915, 1915–1918

6.
Australian Labor Party
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The Australian Labor Party is a political party in Australia. The party has been in opposition at federal level since the 2013 election, Bill Shorten has been the partys federal parliamentary leader since 13 October 2013. The party is a party with branches in each state. Labor is in government in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the party competes against the Liberal/National Coalition for political office at the federal and state levels. Labors current National Platform describes the party as a social democratic party, the party of opportunity and security for working people. The ALP was not founded as a party until after the first sitting of the Australian Parliament in 1901. Nevertheless, it is regarded as descended from labour parties founded in the various Australian colonies by the labour movement in Australia. Labor is thus the countrys oldest political party, colonial labour parties contested seats from 1891, and federal seats following Federation at the 1901 federal election. Labor was the first party in Australia to win a majority in either house of the Australian Parliament, internationally, the ALP is a member of the Progressive Alliance network of social-democratic parties, having previously been a member of the Socialist International. The Australian Labor Party has its origins in the Labour parties founded in the 1890s in the Australian colonies prior to federation, Labor tradition ascribes the founding of Queensland Labour to a meeting of striking pastoral workers under a ghost gum tree in Barcaldine, Queensland in 1891. The Balmain, New South Wales branch of the party claims to be the oldest in Australia, Labour as a parliamentary party dates from 1891 in New South Wales and South Australia,1893 in Queensland, and later in the other colonies. The first election contested by Labour candidates was the 1891 New South Wales election, the major parties were the Protectionist and Free Trade parties and Labour held the balance of power. It offered parliamentary support in exchange for policy concessions, the United Labor Party of South Australia was founded in 1891, and three candidates were that year elected to the South Australian Legislative Council. The first successful South Australian House of Assembly candidate was John McPherson at the 1892 East Adelaide by-election, at the 1893 South Australian elections the ULP was immediately elevated to balance of power status with 10 of 54 lower house seats. The liberal government of Charles Kingston was formed with the support of the ULP, so successful, less than a decade later at the 1905 election, Thomas Price would form the worlds first stable Labor government. John Verran led Labor to form the states first of many majority governments at the 1910 election, in 1899, Anderson Dawson formed a minority Labour government in Queensland, the first in the world, which lasted one week while the conservatives regrouped after a split. The colonial Labour parties and the unions were mixed in their support for the Federation of Australia. They feared that federation would further entrench the power of the conservative forces, the first Labour leader and Prime Minister, Chris Watson, however, was a supporter of federation

7.
Nationalist Party of Australia
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The Nationalist Party of Australia was an Australian political party. The Nationalist Party was in government until electoral defeat in 1929, in October 1915 the Australian Prime Minister, Andrew Fisher of the Australian Labor Party, retired, Billy Hughes was chosen unanimously by the Labor caucus to succeed him. A majority of his party, most notably Roman Catholics and trade representatives, was opposed to this. In October Hughes held a plebiscite to try to gain approval for conscription, daniel Mannix, the Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, was his main opponent on the conscription issue. The defeat did not deter Hughes, who continued to argue in favour of conscription. This produced a deep and bitter split within the Australian public, on 15 September 1916 the New South Wales executive of the Political Labour League expelled Hughes from the Labor Party. When the Federal Parliamentary Labor caucus met on 14 November 1916, the remaining 43 members of the caucus then passed a motion of no confidence in the leadership, effectively expelling Hughes and the other members. Hughes and his followers formed a minority Government, with support from Cook, with the war dragging on, Hughes began negotiations with Cook to turn their confidence-and-supply agreement into formal party unity. That February, at the urging of the Governor-General, Sir Robert Munro Ferguson, the new party was dominated by former Liberals, and as such was basically an upper- and middle-class party. However, the presence of many former Labor men—many of whom had been leaders in that party—allowed the Nationalists to project an image of national unity. In May 1917 the Nationalists won an electoral victory. The size of the landslide was magnified by the number of Labor MPs who followed Hughes into the Nationalist Party. At this election Hughes abandoned his working-class division of West Sydney and he had promised to resign if his Government did not win the power to conscript. A second plebiscite on conscription was held in December 1917, but the proposition was again defeated, Hughes, after receiving a vote of confidence in his leadership by his party, resigned as Prime Minister. However, there were no alternative candidates available, Ferguson used his reserve power to immediately re-commission Hughes as Prime Minister, thus allowing him to remain in office while having kept his promise to resign. Hughes and the Nationalists governed on their own until the elections of 1922, the Nationalists could not govern without Country Party support, and it was obvious that a confidence-and-supply agreement would not be enough to keep the Nationalists in office. However, the Country Party had never liked Hughes rural policy, several of the more conservative elements of the Nationalist Party had only tolerated Hughes after the war, suspecting he was still a socialist at heart. Pages demand finally gave them an excuse to dump Hughes, who was forced to resign in January 1923, former Treasurer Stanley Bruce was chosen as leader, and quickly entered into a coalition with the Country Party

8.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland

9.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

10.
States and territories of Australia
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Australia is a federation of six states, together with ten federal territories. The Australian mainland consists of five of the six federated states, the state of Tasmania is an island about 200 kilometers from the mainland. The remaining seven territories are classified for some purposes as external territories, aside from the Australian Antarctic Territory, which is Australias claim to part of Antarctica, Australia is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area. Since 2015, federal control has also extended to the formerly self-governing territory of Norfolk Island. Three of the territories are inhabited, the others are uninhabited. The term geographic Australia is used by the Australian government to describe the area covered by demographic statistics such as national population figures and this area comprises Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands in addition to the six states and three mainland territories. Norfolk Island is the territory with a native population that is not part of geographic Australia. Both territories were reincorporated as the Northern Territory at the end of this period, from 1923 to 1968, the United Nations Trust Territory of Nauru was under Australian administration, until independence as the Republic of Nauru. From 1949 to 1975, the Territory of Papua and New Guinea was a territory of Australia, the states originated as separate British colonies prior to Federation in 1901. Upon Federation, the six colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, the territories, by contrast, are from a constitutional perspective directly subject to the Commonwealth Government, laws for territories are determined by the Australian Parliament. Most of the territories are directly administered by the Commonwealth Government, in the self-governing territories, the Australian Parliament retains the full power to legislate, and can override laws made by the territorial institutions, which it has done on rare occasions. For the purposes of Australian intergovernmental bodies, the Northern Territory, each state has a Governor, appointed by the Queen, which by convention she does on the advice of the state Premier. The Administrator of the Northern Territory, by contrast, is appointed by the Governor-General, Jervis Bay Territory is the only non-self-governing internal territory. Until 1989, it was administered as if it were a part of the ACT, although residents of the Jervis Bay Territory are generally subject to laws made by the ACT Legislative Assembly, they are not represented in the Assembly. They are represented in the Parliament of Australia as part of the Electoral Division of Fraser in the ACT, in other respects, the territory is administered directly by the Federal Government through the Territories portfolio. The external territory of Norfolk Island possessed a degree of self-government from 1979 until 2015, each state has a bicameral parliament except Queensland, which abolished its upper house in 1922. The lower house is called the Legislative Assembly, except in South Australia and Tasmania, Tasmania is the only state to use proportional representation for elections to its lower house, all others elect members from single member constituencies, using preferential voting. The upper house is called the Legislative Council and is elected from multi-member constituencies using proportional representation

11.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century

12.
Edward Macartney
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Sir Edward Henry Macartney was a solicitor and a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Macartney was born in Holywood, County Down, Ireland, to parents William Isaac Macartney, who was a commissioner of police in Ceylon. After 1885, Macartney took up work as a clerk for solicitors Thynne & Goertz. When Thynne & Goertz was dissolved in 1893, he became Thynnes business partner and together developed a strong practice, macartneys first experience in politics was as a wardsman in the Shire of Ithaca from 1899 until 1903 including being its president in 1900. In that same year, as the Ministerialist candidate, he stood for the seat of Toowong in a by-election to replace the retiring Thomas Finney. He defeated the Labour candidate, Arthur Lilley, son of the former Queensland Premier, Sir Charles Lilley, in 1908, Macartney, by now a member of the Opposition, was defeated by Richard Cottell at that years snap election. The next year, another election was held, and Macartney. In 1911, the member for Toowong, Richard Cottell, suddenly died, Macartney was Secretary for Public Lands from 7 February 1911 until 11 December 1912 and was briefly leader of the opposition in 1915 and 1918-1920. Although a speaker of average ability and overly sensitive to criticism and he argued for one vote one value, took a keen interest in electoral redistributions and in 1905 he was successful in introducing legislation against juvenile smoking. From 1915 until his retirement from parliament, Macartney was at loggerheads with the then Labour Government who saw him as representative of monopolies and the money power. Premier T. J. Ryan and Macartney had a dislike of each other with Macartney accusing Ryan of profiting from legal cases while he was attorney-general. After Macartney resigned from Parliament in 1920 due to health issues and he also became chairman of directors of Swift Australian Co. Pty Ltd and the board of the National Bank of Australasia Ltd. He was also a director of Finney Isles & Co, Ltd, Queensland Newspapers Pty Ltd and British Traders Insurance Co. Ltd. He was appointed Agent-General for Queensland in London by the Moore Government in 1929, Macartney married Caroline Tottenham Lucas Cardew, the daughter of a police magistrate, in July 1888 and together had two sons. A keen golfer, he was president of the Brisbane Golf Club, knighted in 1930, Macartney died in Brisbane in February 1956 and was cremated. His wife and sons had predeceased him

13.
Digby Denham
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Digby Frank Denham was politician and businessman in Queensland, Australia. He was a Premier of Queensland and Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and he was the first of only two Queensland Premiers to lose their own seat at a general election. Denham was born in Langport, Somerset, England on 25 January 1859 to William Denham, a baker and he studied at Langport Grammar School before being indentured to a drapery firm in July 1873. In 1881 Denham migrated to South Australia where he formed a partnership in Mallala with a commercial traveller. He married Knights sister Alice Maud at North Adelaide on 16 April 1884, Denham moved to Sydney in 1885 to form a partnership in John Melliday & Co. He opened a branch of the firm in Brisbane in 1886 and he became involved in several other companies over the following years and by the early 1900s he was chairman of the New Swanbank Colliery Co. and one of the leading businessmen in Brisbane. From February 1892 until 1902, Denham served as a member and he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1902 until 1915 representing the seat of Oxley, and was Premier of Queensland from 7 February 1911 to 1 June 1915. In June 1902 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Oxley and he campaigned in opposition to a state income tax which Robert Philps government had proposed, although by the time he became premier in 1911, he had concluded that it was not high enough. In September 1903 Philps government resigned when its income tax measures were passed with three supporters, including Denham, crossing the floor. A Liberal-Labour coalition government headed by Arthur Morgan was formed and Denham was appointed Home Secretary and Secretary for Agriculture portfolios in the new administration. In April 1904, Denham became Secretary for Agriculture and Public Works, in February 1907, sensing that a new anti-Labour coalition could be formed, he resigned his portfolios. Denham, now Home Secretary, became the Deputy Premier, however, the Ministry did not command the support of a majority of Parliament, and failed almost immediately, with a new election in February 1908 returning government to Kidstons party. However, later that year, Kidston amalgamated his own party with Philps, on 7 February 1911 he succeeded Kidston as Premier. He was widely praised for his grasp of the legislation, when the Commonwealth refused his request to send in the armed forces, Denham contemplated landing troops from a German warship to assist. He called an election, in which his government lost seats in Brisbane but won new seats in rural areas, the Industrial Peace Act 1912 established an Industrial Court which did not recognise trade unions. Denham lost his own seat in the election, as did several of his ministers, Denham was the first of only two Queensland Premiers to lose his seat in a general election, the other being Campbell Newman in the 2015 election. Denham returned to business, establishing new firms in the Maryborough area in the late 1920s and he keenly supported the establishment of the University of Queensland, the ambulance service and the Baptist Church in Queensland. He was Grand Master of the Loyal Orange Institution of Queensland, Denham died on 10 May 1944 at Annerley, survived by his wife and children

14.
Voter turnout
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Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. Eligibility varies by country, and the population should not be confused with the total adult population. Age and citizenship status are often among the criteria used to determine eligibility, after increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1980s. In general, low turnout is attributed to disillusionment, indifference, low turnout is usually considered to be undesirable. As a result, there have been efforts to increase voter turnout. In spite of significant study into the issue, scholars are divided on the reasons for the decline and its cause has been attributed to a wide array of economic, demographic, cultural, technological, and institutional factors. Different countries have very different voter turnout rates, for example, turnout in the United States 2012 presidential election was about 55%. In both Belgium, which has compulsory voting, and Malta, which not, participation reaches about 95%. The chance of any one vote determining the outcome is low, some studies show that a single vote in a voting scheme such as the Electoral College in the United States has an even lower chance of determining the outcome. Other studies claim that the Electoral College actually increases voting power, Studies using game theory, which takes into account the ability of voters to interact, have also found that the expected turnout for any large election should be zero. Since P is virtually zero in most elections, PB is also near zero, for a person to vote, these factors must outweigh C. Experimental political science has found that even when P is likely greater than zero, enos and Fowler conducted a field experiment that exploits the rare opportunity of a tied election for major political office. Informing citizens that the election to break the tie will be close has little mobilizing effect on voter turnout. Riker and Ordeshook developed the understanding of D. Other political scientists have since added other motivators and questioned some of Riker, all of these concepts are inherently imprecise, making it difficult to discover exactly why people choose to vote. Recently, several scholars have considered the possibility that B includes not only a personal interest in the outcome, note that this motivation is distinct from D, because voters must think others benefit from the outcome of the election, not their act of voting in and of itself. There are philosophical, moral, and practical reasons that people cite for not voting in electoral politics. High voter turnout is often considered to be desirable, though among scientists and economists specializing in public choice

15.
Australian federal election, 1919
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Federal elections were held in Australia on 13 December 1919. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election, the incumbent Nationalist Party of Australia led by Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes defeated the opposition Australian Labor Party led by Frank Tudor. Full-preference preferential voting has remained in place since, allowing the Coalition parties to safely contest the same seats, the system would continuously benefit the Coalition until the 1990 election. The election was held in conjunction with two questions, neither of which was carried. Independents, Michael Considine Members in italics did not contest their seat at this election

16.
Ted Theodore
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Edward Granville Theodore was an Australian politician. He was Premier of Queensland 1919–25, a member of the federal House of Representatives 1927–31, Theodore was born in Adelaide, South Australia, the second son of Basil Teodorescu, a Romanian immigrant. He was educated at Lefevre Peninsula Catholic and Aldgate State schools in Adelaide, in 1900 he left for the goldfields of Western Australia, but failed to make his fortune there and decided to try his luck at Broken Hill, New South Wales, instead. In 1906 he left for Cairns, Queensland where he prospected for tin in the Chillagoe area and it was among the unorganised workers of Stannary Hills and Irvinebank that the Amalgamated Workers Association of North Queensland was born. Theodore founded the Amalgamated Workers Association with Bill McCormack and this union used the process and principle of amalgamation to unify with other unions until it became Australias largest union, the Australian Workers Union. Theodore became Queensland state president of the AWU in 1913, meanwhile, he had been elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in Woothakata from 1909 to 1912 for the Australian Labor Party and subsequently from 1912 to 1925 in Chillagoe. He was a popular and successful Premier, and soon began to be talked about as a possible federal Labor leader, important educational measures were implemented, which benefited the handicapped and isolated, adult franchise in local government was introduced, and the upper house of Parliament abolished. Workers benefited from the introduction of a compulsory unemployment scheme, changes in the Safety and Accommodation Acts, improvements in housing were also secured through amendments to the Savings Bank Act, the Workers Homes Act, and the Fair Rents Act. Orderly marketing and controls on price fluctuations were also carried out to develop agriculture, in 1925, Theodore resigned as Premier and stood for the Queensland seat of Herbert in the federal election, but was unexpectedly defeated by Lewis Nott by 268 votes. Theodore was elected to the House of Representatives for the seat of Dalley in Sydney at a by-election in 1927 and his status as an outsider in Sydney Labor politics was a permanent problem for him, but he soon made his mark in federal Parliament. In 1929 he became Deputy Leader of the Labor Party under James Scullin, in October 1929 Scullin defeated the conservative government of Stanley Bruce and became Prime Minister, while Theodore became Treasurer. Two days after the Scullin government was sworn in, the US stock market crashed, Theodore, an early advocate of Keynesian economics, favoured deficit spending to rejuvenate the economy. However, Works and Railways Minister Joseph Lyons and Trade Minister James Fenton supported a more traditional, meanwhile, a conservative government had taken power in Queensland, and appointed a Royal Commission to investigate Theodores financial dealings as Premier. In June 1930 the Mungana affair forced Theodores resignation, without Theodores leadership and financial skills, the Scullin government drifted into deeper crisis. When it became apparent that the Queensland government did not intend charging Theodore with any offence, Scullin re-appointed him as Treasurer, Lyons and Fenton felt that Scullin should have waited until Theodore had been formally cleared, and resigned from cabinet in protest. During 1931 Theodore faced the greatest economic crisis in Australian history, the radical Premier of New South Wales, Jack Lang, on the other hand, campaigned for the repudiation of Australias debt to bond-holders in London. Theodore rejected both these alternatives and proposed instead an expansion of credit to farmers and small business, through the issue of notes which could be redeemed after the Depression. His Fiduciary Notes Bill was denounced as financially unsound by orthodox economists and it was eventually defeated in the Senate, which was still controlled by the conservative opposition

17.
National Party of Australia
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The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers, and rural voters generally, it began as the Australian Country Party in 1920 at a federal level and it would later briefly adopt the name National Country Party in 1975, before adopting its current name in 1982. In Opposition the Coalition was usually maintained, but otherwise still generally continued to work in co-operation with the Liberal Party of Australia. In Queensland however, they were the coalition party between 1925 and 2008, after which they merged with the junior Liberal Party of Australia to form the Liberal National Party. The current federal leader and Deputy Prime Minister is Barnaby Joyce, both were elected in a party-room ballot on 11 February 2016, following the retirement of former leader and Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss and the elevation of former deputy leader Joyce. Australias first Country Party was founded in 1912 by Harry J. Stephens, editor of The Farmer & Settler, the VFU won a seat in the House of Representatives at the Corangamite by-election held in December 1918, with the help of the newly-introduced preferential voting system. At the 1919 federal election the state-based Country Parties won federal seats in New South Wales, Victoria and they also began to win seats in state parliaments. In 1920 the Country Party was established as a party led by William McWilliams from Tasmania. McWilliams would later leave the Country Party to sit as an Independent, according to historian B. D. Graham, the graziers who operated the sheep stations were politically conservative. They disliked the Labor Party, which represented their workers, and feared that Labor governments would pass legislation and listen to foreigners. The graziers were satisfied with the organisation of their industry, opposed any change in land tenure and labour relations, and advocated lower tariffs, low freight rates. On the other hand, Graham reports, the farmers, not the graziers. The farmers advocated government intervention in the market price support schemes. The graziers often politically and financially supported the Country party, which in turn made the Country party more conservative, at the 1922 election, it won enough seats to deny the Nationalists an overall majority, and was the Nationalists only realistic coalition partner. However, Page let it be known that his party would not serve under Hughes, Page then entered negotiations with the Nationalists new leader, Stanley Bruce, for a coalition government. Pages terms were stiff—five seats in a Cabinet of 11, including the Treasurer portfolio, nonetheless, Bruce readily agreed, and the Bruce-Page Ministry was formed—thus beginning the tradition of the partys leader ranking second in Coalition cabinets. The coalition was re-formed under Archie Cameron in 1940, and continued until October 1941 despite the election of Arthur Fadden as leader after the 1940 Election, Fadden was well regarded within conservative circles and proved to be a loyal deputy to Menzies in the difficult circumstances of 1941. When Menzies was forced to resign as Prime Minister, the UAP was so bereft of leadership that Fadden briefly succeeded him, however, the two independents who had been propping up the government rejected Faddens budget and brought the government down

18.
Candidates of the Queensland state election, 1918
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This is a list of candidates who stood for the 1918 Queensland state election. The election was held on 16 March 1918, the main parties in the election were the Labor Party, led by Premier T. J. Ryan and the Nationalist Party, led by Leader of the Opposition Edward Macartney. On 18 August 1915, George Pollock replaced William Hamilton as the member for Gregory after the appointment to the Queensland Legislative Council on 10 July 1915. On 1 April 1916, Thomas Wilson replaced David Bowman as the member for Fortitude Valley after the death on 25 February 1916. On 31 March 1917, David Weir replaced Alfred Jones as the member for Maryborough after the appointment to the Queensland Legislative Council on 15 February 1917. On 12 May 1917, Frank Forde replaced John Adamson as the member for Rockhampton after the resignation to run for the Australian Senate on 21 March 1917. Thomas Bridges James Forsythe James Stodart Sitting members at the time of the election are shown in bold text, voting for the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1890-1964

19.
Parliament of Queensland
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The Parliament of Queensland is the legislature of Queensland, Australia. According to the constitution, the Parliament consists of the Queen. It is the unicameral state parliament in the country. The upper chamber, the Legislative Council, was abolished in 1922, the Legislative Assembly sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Brisbane. The Parliament was founded 22 May 1860, less than a year after the Colony of Queensland was created in June 1859 and it was convened at a converted former military and convict barracks located on Queen Street, Brisbane. Immigration was an important issue for the early Parliament, population growth was encouraged with new settlers enticed by land ownership. The official flag of Queensland was adopted in 1867, in 1915, Queensland became first state to make voting compulsory at state elections. Since 1 April 2003, live broadcasts have streamed through the internet from the Parliament while it is in session. In June 2007, the Parliament started broadcasting video of parliamentary proceedings, nine in-house television cameras are used to record sessions. The first female Speaker, Fiona Simpson was elected on 15 May 2012, the Assembly has 89 Members of Parliament. These are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate, Voting is by the Full Preferential Voting system, with elections held approximately once every three years. In April 2016, legislation was passed to increase the number of seats in the parliament by four to a total of 93, an amendment was also passed to abolish optional preferential voting. A referendum held the month was passed, supporting a bill to establish fixed four-year terms. The role of the monarch in Parliament is to give assent to legislation. This function is in practice exercised by the Governor of Queensland, the party or coalition with the most seats in the house is invited by the Governor to form a government. The leader of that party subsequently becomes Premier of Queensland, leading a Cabinet of Ministers, in the Liberal National Party, the Premier selects members of their party to act as Ministers. In the Labor Party, the Ministers are elected by partyroom ballot, once all winning candidates have been declared, the Governor of Queensland proclaims a date for the start of the new Parliament. It is the role of the Clerk of the Parliament to call members to attendance, according to the Constitution of Queensland Act 2001, members of Parliament must swear an oath or affirmation to the Sovereign as well as an oath of office before signing a Roll of Members

20.
Queensland state election, 1907
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Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 18 May 1907 to elect the 72 members of the states Legislative Assembly. The election was the first held since Premier William Kidston, formerly of the Labour Party, had founded a new movement with his own supporters as well as the Parliamentary Conservatives. The end result of the election was an improvement in Kidstons position, the main opposition group was Robert Philps Conservatives. Seat changes indicated are those caused by the election, at the election, Labour had 34 seats, Ministerial 21, Conservative 15. 1220,189 electors were enrolled to vote at the election, but 4 seats were uncontested—one Labor seat representing 1,352 enrolled voters,2 In 11 electorates, voters had two votes each, so the total number of votes exceeds the total number of voters. This election was held using the contingent vote and this election was the first held since women in Queensland gained the right to vote. Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1904–1907 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1907–1908 First Kidston Ministry

21.
Queensland state election, 1908
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Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 5 February 1908 to elect the 72 members of the states Legislative Assembly. The Kidston party contested only 32 of the 72 seats, compared to 55 at the previous election,1205,892 electors were enrolled to vote at the election, but 12 seats representing 30,069 voters were uncontested—six Labor seats, five Conservatives and one Kidston. 2 In 11 electorates, voters had two each, so the total number of votes exceeds the total number of voters. Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1907–1908 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1908–1909 Second Philp Ministry Second Kidston Ministry

22.
Queensland state election, 1912
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Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 27 April 1912 to elect the 72 members of the states Legislative Assembly. The election was the first for the recently formed Liberal government of Digby Denham, the opposition Labor Party was led by David Bowman, who had been Labor leader since 15 April 1907. Denham and his government were returned to office despite a swing to Labor of almost 10 percent and this was largely due to winning newly created seats in rural areas, while losing seats in Brisbane which mostly went to Labor. Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1909–1912 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1912–1915 Denham Ministry

23.
Queensland state election, 1926
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Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 8 May 1926 to elect the 72 members of the states Legislative Assembly. The Labor government was seeking its fifth continuous term in office since the 1915 election, william McCormack was contesting his first election as Premier. During the previous term, the Country and United parties had merged into the Country,1484,212 electors were enrolled to vote at the election, but 5 Labor seats and one CPNP seat were filled without opposition. Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1923–1926 Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, 1926–1929 Candidates of the Queensland state election,1926 Theodore Ministry