Assume: Null hypothesis: the slope of the relationship of RPRICE2 and log(SAL1) is zero Alternative hypothesis: the slope of the relationship of RPRICE2 and log (SAL1) is not zero By simply looking at the p-value of RPRICE2 is equalled to 0.0007, which is less than 0.01 or 1% significant level. Therefore we can reject the Null hypothesis, and conclude that the relationship of RPRICE2 and log (SAL1) is statistically significant or not zero. This result also indicates that the relationship between RPRICE2 and log (SAL1)

This leaves this service relatively inelastic because there are no substitute modes available but some one using air travel for leisure needs can shop around for a cheaper fare. Taxi's are relatively inelastic because when people are out at night then they have no other way of getting home and taxi drivers can take advantage of the commuters. The bus service for students in Belfast is another example of an inelastic service because students have no choice but to use the service, Translink don't take advantage of this.

International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Economically it can be extremely complicated especially the fact that all countries whether they like it or not, are related to each other in one way or another. For example, an increase in the price of one commodity such as oil creates a long and complex chain of events which makes analysis of all the causal relationships virtually impossible.

(The same idea is one of the major issues of the next Ben Bernanke's speeches, where he underlines the importance of reasonable risk management and possible destructive effects of being too optimistic about the future of the economic system). To sum up, experts claim that flaws in evaluating the perspectives of new technologies in the 90ies caused the dotcom bubble burst in 2000, while the inadequate risk-measurement of the financial instruments connected to mortgages led to the global financial and economic crisis in 2008.

In the authors' eyes, statistical concepts are usually not wrong as such, but they are often wrongly used. Therefore, in addition to better metrics, a better understanding of the appropriate use of each measure is needed, too. The authors make a clear distinction between the assessment of current well-being and the assessment of the levels of well-being over time - summarized in the term "sustainability". Before they define ways of how the sophisticated use of tools from social science could advance social progress, meaning an increase of the well-being of each of us, the authors stress the significance of better measures of economic performance given the fast growing complexity of our globalized economy.

This new approach to welfare economics was coined by a reduced informational base on which social choice could draw. The use of different persons' utility rankings without any interpersonal comparison became the only valuable starting point of reflections on welfare. Pointing at the inadequacy of such approaches, leaving distributional issues out of consideration, scholars such as Bergson and Samuelson postulated that further criteria would be needed to make social welfare judgments and paved the way for Arrow's conception of the "social welfare function" and of the related impossibility theorem - a fallacy in Sen's eyes.

As we easily habituate to higher income levels, our idea of a sufficient income grows with our income. Since we fail to anticipate that mechanism, we will invest more time for work than is good for our happiness. Crux of the story lies in the fallacy of consumer sovereignty, also. Thinking of consumers and producers as different, as Layard puts it. Since people compare their income, but do not so with their leisure time, the actual model creates a distortion of our life towards work and away from other pursuits.

That is an exercise in far-sighted contracting - according to which incomplete contracts are examined in their entirety. Asset specificity For Oliver E. Williamson, the existence of firms derives from 'asset specificity' in production, where assets are specific to each other such that their value is much less in a second-best use.3 This causes problems if the assets are owned by different firms (such as purchaser and supplier), because it will lead to protracted bargaining concerning the gains from trade, because both agents are likely to become locked into a position where they are no longer competing with a (possibly large)

because this variable explains the variation in (y). These two have cause and effect relationship. This will lead that stock price of Commercial Bank of Dubai will cause market price index to increase or decrees (any changes in (x) will lead changes to (y) ). Moreover ,The main objective of this project is to apply the econometrics methods that we have obtained through out the course to create a reliable and useful model for capturing the potential relationship between variables of interest. First Section :Objective and Goals Econometrics is ultimately a research tool. So our mission as a student to plan , read and evaluate .Starting with searching for the Time-series data in Financial market where we select two variable.

* Production of own energy from renewable sources like solar ,wind in the bottling plant will help to reduce energy costs. * Coca cola can effectively introduce bio degradable plant bottle which can be recycled. PET bottles have 25% recycled plastic and glass bottles have 40% recycled glass.this will reduce its bottle manufacturing and disposal costs. Coca cola, a carbonated soft drink is a FMCG brand .Price elasticity -The opportunity cost of coca cola is very low, in which if the price of the product increases the demand decreased and vice versa responsively.

Higher Investment within the economy will cause the rightward shift the AS curve, eventually returning Prices approximately to P. This should mean, unlike expansionary fiscal policies which just increase aggregate demand, GDP rises without too much inflationary pressure. Production Possibility Frontier Theory: The Production Possibility Frontier is the maximum level of output a country can produce given its current factors of production (capacity). Assuming Greece is operating at the maximum level of efficiency on its production possibility frontier, an increase in Investment will shift PPF outwards in the long run. This means the country is able to produce more capital goods and more consumer goods due to improved machinery and better research and development.

is the standard deviation of wins in the actual league represents the ratio of standard deviations. This compares the performance of an actual league when compared to that of the ideal league. A perfectly balanced league would correspond to RSD = 1 where . Competitive balance worsens when RSD increases, as the dispersion of winning percentage of the actual league grows relative to that of the ideal league. RSD has been used extensively throughout the literature, first developed by Noll (1988) and Scully (1989) it has been employed by Quirk and Fort (1997), Berri et al.

This case presents a continuous crude violation of the third generation of human rights, specifically the right to a healthy environment, where the local population has been subjected to potentially carcinogenic substances, among them Chromium 6 (Friends of the Irish Environment 2009a; Morgan 2008; O'Riordan 2010). So far, no specific policies for addressing the health and safety of the local population have been issued. At the moment, there is a debate about the need for a health study which will show whether there is a relation between toxicity of the waste and the increased cancer rate among the local population.

And West Germany on money, GNP, unemployment rate, price level, and import price index. Since the model being estimated by Sim is an autoregression, the distributed theory on which the tests are based is asymptotic. It follows chi-squared distribution for the likelihood ratio test statistics. Out of the six data series used in the model for each country, each series except unemployment was logged, and the regressions all included time trends. Sims uses the impulse response functions to describe the movements of an economy overtime given a shock to the system. He says that analysis of the system's response to typical random shocks appears to be the best descriptive device.

if I have a desire to buy an aero plane but don't have purchasing power it does not mean it is effective demand. Law of Demand: According to economists Wessels.W, (2006), if all the other factor are constant there is an inverse relationship between the price of goods and demand it can be also called as ceteris paribus (other things equal) assumption: * If price of the goods increases demand decreases. * If price of the goods decreases demand increases.

Exporting of Tea Table-3 Exports comparison during January-September period in 2009-Unit: MT Source: Tea Market Update Volume 5 no 3 World black tea exports are projected by the FAO to reach 1.39 billion kilograms in another ten years. It has also been projected that Sri Lanka remains as the largest exporter with an export volume of 395 million kilograms followed by Kenya (325MKg), India (265MKg) and Indonesia (95MKg). Tea exports data released by major exporting countries in million kilograms and their status as compared to the corresponding month in the previous year are as follows. Sri Lanka (up to June)

So how will India deal with the future expected demand increases for electricity and service the whole population? The supply of electricity in India, has increased at a rate of around 10% between 1970-2005(4) The make-up of resources in the production of India's electricity sector in 2008 is primarily conventional, constituting of; 53% coal, 24.8% hydro, 10% gas, 8% renewables and 3% nuclear(4). Whilst coal is the most used resource, reserves are declining and India is having to look elsewhere. Current supplies are predominately in the west and north-west of the country. This leads to high transport costs, over journeys that can exceed 1000km- which makes alternatives more attractive.

Unbundling the generation, transmission, distribution and supply services and introducing competition in generation and supply (T. Jamasb 2000) Privatisation, has led to incentive based schemes. Incentive based schemes are used to encourage good performance and efficiency improvements in the energy networks. Schemes have been around since the early days of industrialisation, with an early example of the sliding scale for town gas in 1855.

(dictionary.com, 2006) Junk food is regarded as "food such as potato chips, sweets and doughnuts, which is mass-produced and is of low nutritional value". (dictionary.com, 2006) Often the term junk food is used to describe fast food. Just recently, the debate has been going on whether the term junk food (to describe fast food) is in fact justified. Author of article argues that the "junk food" tag seem to be applied selectively, and often to food outlets in urban and suburban areas but not to those in leafier parts.

These recommendations will relate to the most appropriate strategy to adopt. * To determine the reasons why British Airways need to Change. * To carry out a LE PRST C analysis. * To identify the existing position of the business, in terms of its internal strengths and weaknesses. * To identify the opportunities and threats in the business external environment. * To carry out the Five Forces analysis. * To carry out a Stakeholder analysis. * To use the results from these analysis to determine the most appropriate strategy for British Airways to adopt.

However when looking at the marginal costs we have the university fees, accommodation and extra three years of studying. The main marginal costs that affect the prospective students is the tuition fee and how to pay for it. The demand for higher education has been increasing rapidly however the supply of higher education is increasing at a lower rate. With supply unable to match the demand it has resulted in higher education value and worth increasing. In a perfect situation the education market would be in equilibrium were supply meet demands.

Starbucks'On the one hand critics believesay that Starbucks is growing too quickly and is losing its original the focus. Conversely, some business analysts while on the other hand some critics compare Starbucks' coffee with Mc Donald's� hamburger and forecastbelieve that Starbucksthey will emerge as the dominant player inon theis world's gourmet coffeehouse market3. With the assistancehelp of the SWOT analysis and the BCG matrix the situation of Starbucks successful business canmodel can be analyzed to determineafter finding out, why people pay more money for a coffee at Starbucks, than in other coffeehouses. Why are people all over the world nowat has suddenly made people across the world willing to pay three to four times more for a cup of coffee at Starbucks than they would at a competitors coffeehouse just a few years agothey used to?

Demand function is the most important aspect for all business that exists, as sales is the reason for their existence. In the airline industry the demand is assessed in terms of the number of passengers, revenue passenger miles. In airlines an increase in price results in decrease of demand. Determinants of Demand: > Prices of Substitutes ( Such as Travel by rail or car or bus ) > Prices of Compliments ( Hotels or rental cars ) > Seasonal factors ( for example, demand for air travel during the holidays)

AIG-FP started to provide more and more insurances against defaults on corporate debts and other mortgage-related bonds in case of default and which were called credit default swaps. This kind of activity brought more than $5 billion in profits between 1987 and 2005. At the end on 2005, Eugene Park, one AIG-FP executive, found that many collateralized debt obligations which being insured contained too large proportion of sub-prime mortgages. They would increase the default risk if the housing market collapsed or come up with more collateral when the credit ranking downgraded.

Conclusion analysis

Good conclusions usually refer back to the question or title and address it directly - for example by using key words from the title.
How well do you think these conclusions address the title or question? Answering these questions should help you find out.

Do they use key words from the title or question?

Do they answer the question directly?

Can you work out the question or title just by reading the conclusion?

"Conclusion
To sum up, International trade is very important in now a days for a country's economy and also;
imagine that if our choice were limited to what we can produce locally, for instance, as mentioned above because of comparative advantage or absolute advantage one country probability is not able to produce things lower opportunity cost than another country in this case; without the imports and exports, we would spend much money to produce for something than we could buy from foreign countries, and also we would be living in a small world that we have only lack of services and requires, so we might would be living without cotton clothes, tropical fruits, cars, coffee, wine, or even without natural gas that make our houses warm. Humans are needs that products and they always prefer to buy them as cheaper as they can."

"Conclusion
In the Classical model, due to the vertical AS curve, supply alone determines real output. In the Keynesian model, both supply and demand factors affect real output.
In the Classical model, the position of the AD curve is determined by purely monetary variables (the role of demand was to determine p), whereas in the Keynesian model, both monetary and real variables determine its position."

"Conclusion
In the Classical model, due to the vertical AS curve, supply alone determines real output. In the Keynesian model, both supply and demand factors affect real output.
In the Classical model, the position of the AD curve is determined by purely monetary variables (the role of demand was to determine p), whereas in the Keynesian model, both monetary and real variables determine its position."