Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

published:22 Oct 2016

views:14707

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

published:17 Apr 2017

views:693

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

published:21 Sep 2015

views:1374

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

published:09 May 2013

views:2479

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

published:02 May 2015

views:404042

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

published:05 Nov 2016

views:1501

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

published:29 Jul 2016

views:10616

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

The heat energy released by reactions of fuels is converted into mechanical energy via a heat engine. Other times the heat itself is valued for warmth, cooking, or industrial processes, as well as the illumination that comes with combustion. Fuels are also used in the cells of organisms in a process known as cellular respiration, where organic molecules are oxidized to release usable energy. Hydrocarbons and related oxygen-containing molecules are by far the most common source of fuel used by humans, but other substances, including radioactive metals, are also utilized.

Mechanism

Just as conventional power-stations generate electricity by harnessing the thermal energy released from burning fossil fuels, nuclear reactors convert the energy released by controlled nuclear fission into thermal energy for further conversion to mechanical or electrical forms.

Nuclear fuel cycle

The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages. It consists of steps in the front end, which are the preparation of the fuel, steps in the service period in which the fuel is used during reactor operation, and steps in the back end, which are necessary to safely manage, contain, and either reprocess or dispose of spent nuclear fuel. If spent fuel is not reprocessed, the fuel cycle is referred to as an open fuel cycle (or a once-through fuel cycle); if the spent fuel is reprocessed, it is referred to as a closed fuel cycle.

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

0:40

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

0:37

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

5:51

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

3:00

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

1:57

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by ...

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring ...

published: 17 Apr 2017

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

published: 21 Sep 2015

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste...

published: 09 May 2013

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metal...

published: 02 May 2015

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then conside...

published: 05 Nov 2016

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk...

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher c...

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti....

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

published:02 May 2015

views:404042

back

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The ...

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by ...

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring ...

published: 17 Apr 2017

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

published: 21 Sep 2015

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste...

published: 09 May 2013

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metal...

published: 02 May 2015

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then conside...

published: 05 Nov 2016

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk...

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher c...

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti....

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

published:02 May 2015

views:404042

back

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The ...

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

please choose HD and fullscreen for the best experience.
this is the last video of the "return to chernobyl" series - but i still have a few surprises for you folks! for once, in this video... but also in the next video, which will be spectroscopy... but not only *gamma* spectroscopy this time! further on, after all words are said and all stories are told, i'll also have a more hands-on surprise for you guys...!

It is not widely known that the reason Uranium fission is the predominant nuclear power plant design of choice is due to the fact that Plutonium is the by-product of the fuel cycle. When nuclear waste is re-processed Plutonium can be extracted to make nuclear bombs. Stephanie Cooke goes over the details in this Thom Hartman interview on his "Conversations with Great Minds" program from 3/9/2012

published: 21 Mar 2012

Why Does Australia Only Sells Nuclear Fuel & Refuses To Use Nuclear Fuel

Why Australia does not have reactors but produces nuclear fuel should terrify you . Also a intro to Fukushima nuclear meltdowns and the effects of radiation on any life forms on earth or in the solar system . Due to a heat wave here and other issues I will put off the fund raising event till next week . Radiation Effects On KidsInsectsMarine LifeBirds Mammals Earth . Save me to bookmark the subscription doesn,t always work !!
Please support THIS HIGH BALL OPERATION we need support to have the material and ability to make a difference please donate at paypal https://www.paypal.me/danadurnford
or use credit card at my site thenuclearproctologist.org its a big company handling those transaction so its very reliable . http://www.thenuclearproctologist.org/
There are three operat...

published: 24 Jun 2017

Nuclear Pioneers EBR I

A trip to the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I). In 1951, the first electricity from nuclear power was generated at EBR-I—using a reactor that actually bred more fuel than it consumed, using an all-plutonium core.
Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) is a decommissioned research reactor and U.S.National Historic Landmark located in the desert about 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Arco, Idaho. At 1:50 pm on December 20, 1951 it became the world's first electricity-generating nuclear power plant when it produced sufficient electricity to illuminate four 200-watt light bulbs.[3][4] It subsequently generated sufficient electricity to power its building, and continued to be used for experimental purposes until it was decommissioned in 1964.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Bree...

published: 23 Jan 2014

Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Back End

Reprocessing and Recycle

published: 11 Feb 2015

Around the Block - Uranium Refinery!

The UraniumRefinery is the first video in a continuing series that will feature builds from MysteryDump's Minecraft Server "Around the Block".
The Uranium Refinery process ANY and ALL uranium or plutonium from ANY mod using Gregtech 5 Machines to extract the highest yields of minerals and materials.
The Railcraft locomotives load and ship Uranium and Plutonium to the Nuclear Power Plant for processing into NuclearFuelRods.
This video also showcases MysteryDump's EPIC Railcraft world that aims to produce a functioning commerce and shipping system across the server for all users to utilize!
If you enjoy technical Minecraft builds, please subscribe, and consider joining my server. The server is a whitelist server, and you must send me a private message to apply.

published: 05 Jan 2015

THE PETRIFIED RIVER URANIUM MINING IN THE WESTERN USA 75674

Made in1957 by Union Carbide & Carbon company, PETRIFIED RIVER describes the modern romance of the present-day West in the search for uranium. It shows modern uranium prospecting, including prospecting by airplane, as well as mining in the Colorado Plateau. It also discusses the uses of radioactive isotopes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the 6 naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of urani...

published: 19 Aug 2015

Nuclear insanity (documentary)

Originally published on Oct 31, 2012 by MsMilkytheclown1
* Note from Milky: Please stop what you are doing, and read this document! SHARE IT WITH EVERYONE YOU KNOW!
http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1230/ML12300A368.pdf
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~``
Published on Oct 30, 2012 by TheNuclearInsanity
"Unnoticed by the crowd, the world as a whole has become a dark, cold, and frighteningly disorienting place." - "Humanity still has no goal."
Produced in 2009. It was broadcasted once on Oct. 20, 2009 at 3:00 AM!??
source: http://bit.ly/SaUnsA
We feel everyone should know, things happening on this planet!!
Please, reflect solutions! Share and keep informed.
Take action in Your community, investigate, inform and take precautions!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayak
There is prev...

please choose HD and fullscreen for the best experience.
this is the last video of the "return to chernobyl" series - but i still have a few surprises for you ...

please choose HD and fullscreen for the best experience.
this is the last video of the "return to chernobyl" series - but i still have a few surprises for you folks! for once, in this video... but also in the next video, which will be spectroscopy... but not only *gamma* spectroscopy this time! further on, after all words are said and all stories are told, i'll also have a more hands-on surprise for you guys...!

please choose HD and fullscreen for the best experience.
this is the last video of the "return to chernobyl" series - but i still have a few surprises for you folks! for once, in this video... but also in the next video, which will be spectroscopy... but not only *gamma* spectroscopy this time! further on, after all words are said and all stories are told, i'll also have a more hands-on surprise for you guys...!

It is not widely known that the reason Uranium fission is the predominant nuclear power plant design of choice is due to the fact that Plutonium is the by-produ...

It is not widely known that the reason Uranium fission is the predominant nuclear power plant design of choice is due to the fact that Plutonium is the by-product of the fuel cycle. When nuclear waste is re-processed Plutonium can be extracted to make nuclear bombs. Stephanie Cooke goes over the details in this Thom Hartman interview on his "Conversations with Great Minds" program from 3/9/2012

It is not widely known that the reason Uranium fission is the predominant nuclear power plant design of choice is due to the fact that Plutonium is the by-product of the fuel cycle. When nuclear waste is re-processed Plutonium can be extracted to make nuclear bombs. Stephanie Cooke goes over the details in this Thom Hartman interview on his "Conversations with Great Minds" program from 3/9/2012

published:21 Mar 2012

views:454

back

Why Does Australia Only Sells Nuclear Fuel & Refuses To Use Nuclear Fuel

A trip to the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I). In 1951, the first electricity from nuclear power was generated at EBR-I—using a reactor that actually bred more fuel than it consumed, using an all-plutonium core.
Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) is a decommissioned research reactor and U.S.National Historic Landmark located in the desert about 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Arco, Idaho. At 1:50 pm on December 20, 1951 it became the world's first electricity-generating nuclear power plant when it produced sufficient electricity to illuminate four 200-watt light bulbs.[3][4] It subsequently generated sufficient electricity to power its building, and continued to be used for experimental purposes until it was decommissioned in 1964.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I

A trip to the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I). In 1951, the first electricity from nuclear power was generated at EBR-I—using a reactor that actually bred more fuel than it consumed, using an all-plutonium core.
Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) is a decommissioned research reactor and U.S.National Historic Landmark located in the desert about 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Arco, Idaho. At 1:50 pm on December 20, 1951 it became the world's first electricity-generating nuclear power plant when it produced sufficient electricity to illuminate four 200-watt light bulbs.[3][4] It subsequently generated sufficient electricity to power its building, and continued to be used for experimental purposes until it was decommissioned in 1964.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I

The UraniumRefinery is the first video in a continuing series that will feature builds from MysteryDump's Minecraft Server "Around the Block".
The Uranium Refinery process ANY and ALL uranium or plutonium from ANY mod using Gregtech 5 Machines to extract the highest yields of minerals and materials.
The Railcraft locomotives load and ship Uranium and Plutonium to the Nuclear Power Plant for processing into NuclearFuelRods.
This video also showcases MysteryDump's EPIC Railcraft world that aims to produce a functioning commerce and shipping system across the server for all users to utilize!
If you enjoy technical Minecraft builds, please subscribe, and consider joining my server. The server is a whitelist server, and you must send me a private message to apply.

The UraniumRefinery is the first video in a continuing series that will feature builds from MysteryDump's Minecraft Server "Around the Block".
The Uranium Refinery process ANY and ALL uranium or plutonium from ANY mod using Gregtech 5 Machines to extract the highest yields of minerals and materials.
The Railcraft locomotives load and ship Uranium and Plutonium to the Nuclear Power Plant for processing into NuclearFuelRods.
This video also showcases MysteryDump's EPIC Railcraft world that aims to produce a functioning commerce and shipping system across the server for all users to utilize!
If you enjoy technical Minecraft builds, please subscribe, and consider joining my server. The server is a whitelist server, and you must send me a private message to apply.

Made in1957 by Union Carbide & Carbon company, PETRIFIED RIVER describes the modern romance of the present-day West in the search for uranium. It shows modern uranium prospecting, including prospecting by airplane, as well as mining in the Colorado Plateau. It also discusses the uses of radioactive isotopes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the 6 naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2739–99.2752%), uranium-235 (0.7198–0.7202%), and a very small amount of uranium-234 (0.0050–0.0059%). Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.47 billion years and that of uranium-235 is 704 million years,making them useful in dating the age of the Earth.
Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.
Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety.
We encourage viewers to add comments and, especially, to provide additional information about our videos by adding a comment! See something interesting? Tell people what it is and what they can see by writing something for example like: "01:00:12:00 -- President Roosevelt is seen meeting with Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference."
This film is part of the PeriscopeFilmLLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com

Made in1957 by Union Carbide & Carbon company, PETRIFIED RIVER describes the modern romance of the present-day West in the search for uranium. It shows modern uranium prospecting, including prospecting by airplane, as well as mining in the Colorado Plateau. It also discusses the uses of radioactive isotopes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the 6 naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2739–99.2752%), uranium-235 (0.7198–0.7202%), and a very small amount of uranium-234 (0.0050–0.0059%). Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.47 billion years and that of uranium-235 is 704 million years,making them useful in dating the age of the Earth.
Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.
Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety.
We encourage viewers to add comments and, especially, to provide additional information about our videos by adding a comment! See something interesting? Tell people what it is and what they can see by writing something for example like: "01:00:12:00 -- President Roosevelt is seen meeting with Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference."
This film is part of the PeriscopeFilmLLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

0:40

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information ava...

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

0:37

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma....

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

5:51

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
...

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

3:00

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 9...

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

1:57

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power ...

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

Why did Russian-US Plutonium Deal fail?
EXCLUSIVE: Russians scientists develop new type of nuclear fuel in the top secret plutonium facilities in Zheleznogorsk
Russian-US Plutonium Deal Could be Renewed if US Abides by It, Lifts Sanctions
Washington should abide by its obligations under the plutonium deal and scrap its anti-Russia measures - this will pave the way for Moscow toward renewing the agreement.
The suspended Russian-US plutonium disposition agreement could be renewed if the United States begins abiding by it in good faith and lifts anti-Russia sanctions, Speaker of Russia's upper house of parliament Valentina Matvienko said Thursday. "We have stated that the renewal of the agreement will be possible only on condition that the United States will in good faith start abiding by it as we do, and of course on condition that sanctions and other restrictive measures against Russia are lifted," Matvienko said at a Russian economic and financial forum session in Switzerland.
Read more: https://sputniknews.com/politics/201610201046531237-russia-us-plutonium-sanctions/
Keep us alive: http://russia-insider.com/support
Visit us! http://russia-insider.com/en
Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RussiaInsider?ref=aymt_homepage_panel
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/RussiaInsider

Normally, with the fuel being changed every three years or so, most of the p 239 is "burned" in the reactor.
It behaves likeU 235 , with a slightly higher cross section for fission, & its fission releases a similar amount
of energy. Typically about one percent of the spent fuel discharged from a reactor is plutonium, & some 2/3
of the plutonium is p 239 . Worldwide, almost 100 tonnes of plutonium in spent fuel arises each year. one
recycling of plutonium increases the energy derived from the original uranium by some 12%, & if the U 235
is also recycled by re-enrichment, this becomes about 20%.With additional recycling the percentage of
fissile (usually meaning odd-neutron number) nuclides in the mix decreases & even-neutron number,
neutron- absorbing nuclides increase, requiring the total plutonium and/or enriched uranium percentage to
be increased. Today in thermal reactors plutonium is only recycled once as MOX fuel; spent MOX fuel,
with a high proportion of minor actinides & even plutonium isotopes, is stored as waste.
all Existing nuclear reactors must be re-licensed before MOX fuel can be introduced because using it
changes MOST operating characteristics of a reactor, & MOST plants must be designed or adapted
slightly to take it; for example, more control rods are needed. Often only a third to half of the fuel load
is switched to MOX, but for more than 50% MOX loading, significant changes are necessary & a reactor
needs to be designed accordingly.
if designed for 100% MOX core compatibility but operated on fresh low enriched uranium. a reactor could
use the MOX arising from 7 conventionally fueled reactors each year & would no longer require fresh
uranium fuel so it is a way of utilizing surplus weapons-grade plutonium but some studies warned that
normalizing the global commercial use of MOX fuel & the associated expansion of nuclear reprocessing
will increase, rather than reduce, the risk of nuclear proliferation, by encouraging increased separation
of plutonium from spent fuel in the civil nuclear fuel cycle.In every uranium based nuclear reactor core
there is both fission of uranium isotopes such as uranium-235 & the formation of new, heavier isotopes
due to neutron capture & two successive beta decays, U 238 becomes plutonium-239 which, by
successive neutron capture, becomes plutonium-240 plutonium-241 plutonium-242 & after further beta
decays other transuranic or actinide nuclides. p239 & p241 are fissile, like 235 . Small quantities of
uranium-236 , neptunium-237 & plutonium-238 are formed similarly from U235
during the burning of MOX the ratio of fissile (odd numbered) isotopes to non-fissile (even) drops from
around 65% to 20%, depending on burn up. This makes any attempt to recover the fissile isotopes
difficult & any bulk Pu recovered would require such a high fraction of Pu in any second generation
MOX that it would be impractical. This means that such a spent fuel would be difficult to reprocess
for further reuse (burning) of plutonium. Regular reprocessing of biphasic spent MOX is difficult because
of the low solubility of PuO2 in nitric acid
2007The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design that
appears to have the potential to be significantly safer & more secure against attack than today's
reactors if using 4 independent emergency cooling systems for cooling of the decay heat that continues for
1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown Leaktight containment around the reactor An extra container
& cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor to its containment building 2 layer concrete
wall with total thickness 2.6 m, designed to withstand by airplane & overpressure & use 17% less uranium
per unit of electricity generated
Megatons to Megawatts the United States-Russia Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement, from 1992 - 2013 permanently eliminating enough bomb-grade material for 20,000 nuclear warheads by recycling 500 metric tons of bomb-grade highly enriched uranium into more than 14,000 metric tons of low enriched uranium fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Concerned_Scientists
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lochbaum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lyman
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Control_Institute
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOX_fuel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Pressurized_Reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_III_reactor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_nuclear_safety
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatons_to_Megawatts_Program
http://centrusenergy.com/who-we-are/history/megatons-to-megawatts/

0:40

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information ava...

How Plutonium Reprocessing Works

This video briefly explains how plutonium reprocessing works, with further information available in the accompanying interactive tutorial (http://tutorials.nti.org/nuclear-101/reactors-plutonium/).
After plutonium is produced in the spent fuel of a nuclear reactor, it can be chemically separated from the spent fuel through a technique known as reprocessing.
After it is separated, the plutonium can be fabricated into nuclear reactor fuel, or used in a nuclear weapons program.

0:37

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma....

How North Korea uses nuclear fuel reprocessing to create plutonium

Sign up for a free trial of News Direct's animated news graphics at http://newsdirect.nma.com.tw/Reuters.aspxNorth Korea has announced it will resume manufacturing plutonium at a nuclear reactor that was originally shut down in 2007 as part of disarmament talks.
The announcement to resume operations at the reactor comes amid recent aggressive proclamations against the U.S. and South Korea, including a declaration that the armistice ending the 1953Korean War is invalid.
While North Korea remains mostly in isolation, it will be able to manufacture weapons grade plutonium by reprocessing nuclear reactor fuel rods at the reactor.
Spent nuclear reactor fuel rods can be reprocessed through nitric acid and produce usable uranium and plutonium. The reprocessing will also generate toxic waste.
Experts said that after six months of reprocessing operations, North Korea would be able to manufacture enough plutonium to produce one atomic bomb.

5:51

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
...

How Uranium Becomes Nuclear Fuel

Nuclear technology is constantly in the news. So how exactly do you make nuclear fuel?
Special thanks to Life Noggin for animating this video! Check them out: http://www.youtube.com/lifenoggin
Read More:
Fuel Cycle Facilities
http://www.nrc.gov/materials/fuel-cycle-fac.html
“The U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates uranium recovery facilities that mill uranium; fuel cycle facilities that convert, enrich, and fabricate it into fuel for use in nuclear reactors, and deconversion facilities that process the depleted uranium hexafluoride for disposal.”
Uranium processing
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619232/uranium-processing
“Uranium (U), although very dense (19.1 grams per cubic centimetre), is a relatively weak, nonrefractory metal. Indeed, the metallic properties of uranium appear to be intermediate between those of silver and other true metals and those of the nonmetallic elements, so that it is not valued for structural applications.”
About Nuclear Fuel Cycle
https://infcis.iaea.org/NFCIS/About.cshtml
“Nuclear Fuel Cycle can be defined as the set of processes to make use of nuclear materials and to return it to normal state. It starts with the mining of unused nuclear materials from the nature and ends with the safe disposal of used nuclear material in the nature.”
Nuclear Fuel Processes
http://www.nei.org/Knowledge-Center/Nuclear-Fuel-Processes
“Nuclear power plants do not burn any fuel. Instead, they use uranium fuel, consisting of solid ceramic pellets, to produce electricity through a process called fission.”
____________________
DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos twice daily.
Watch More DNews on TestTube http://testtube.com/dnews
Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel
DNews on Twitter http://twitter.com/dnews
Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez
JuliaWilde on Twitter https://twitter.com/julia_sci
DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews
DNews on Google+ http://gplus.to/dnews
Discovery News http://discoverynews.com
Download the TestTube App: http://testu.be/1ndmmMq

3:00

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 9...

Plutonium-239*How is plutonium processed and utilized in creating nuclear bombs

Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94.
Enrico Fermi and a team of scientists at the University of Rome reported that they had discovered element 94 in 1934.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Fermi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium-239#/media/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site
Construction on B Reactor began in August 1943 , completed on September 13, 1944 , producing its first plutonium on November 6, 1944.
McMillan had recently named the first transuranic element neptunium after the planet Neptune, and suggested that element 94, being the next element in the series, be named for what was then considered the next planet, Pluto.
Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940 by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin M. McMillan, and Arthur C. Wahl by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. They first synthesized neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) which subsequently beta-decayed to form a new heavier element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years).
Uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, and so element 94 was named after Pluto. Wartime secrecy prevented them from announcing the discovery until 1948. Plutonium is the heaviest element to occur in nature as trace quantities arising similarly from the neutron capture of natural uranium-238. Plutonium is much more common on Earth since 1945 as a product of neutron capture and beta decay, where some of the neutrons released by the fission process convert uranium-238 nuclei into plutonium-239.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors.
The nuclear properties of plutonium-239, as well as the ability to produce large amounts of nearly pure Pu-239 more cheaply than highly enriched weapons-grade uranium-235, led to its use in nuclear weapons and nuclear power stations. The fissioning of an atom of uranium-235 in the reactor of a nuclear power plant produces two to three neutrons, and these neutrons can be absorbed by uranium-238 to produce plutonium-239 and other isotopes. Plutonium-239 can also absorb neutrons and fission along with the uranium-235 in a reactor.
Of all the common nuclear fuels, Pu-239 has the smallest critical mass.
The basic chemistry of plutonium was found to resemble uranium after a few months of initial study. Early research was continued at the secret Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago. On August 20, 1942, a trace quantity of this element was isolated and measured for the first time. About 50 micrograms of plutonium-239 combined with uranium and fission products was produced and only about 1 microgram was isolated. This procedure enabled chemists to determine the new element's atomic weight. On December 2, 1942, on a racket court under the west grandstand at the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, researchers headed by Enrico Fermi achieved the first self-sustaining chain reaction in a graphite and uranium pile known as CP-1.
Information from CP-1 was also useful to Met Lab scientists designing the water-cooled plutonium production reactors for Hanford. Construction at the site began in mid-1943.
During World War II the U.S. government established the Manhattan Project, which was tasked with developing an atomic bomb. The three primary research and production sites of the project were the plutonium production facility at what is now the Hanford Site, the uranium enrichment facilities at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and the weapons research and design laboratory, now known as Los Alamos National Laboratory.
The Hanford site represents two-thirds of the nation's high-level radioactive waste by volume.
The first production reactor that made plutonium-239 was the X-10 Graphite Reactor. It went online in 1943 and was built at a facility in Oak Ridge that later became the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat_Man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkolobwehttp://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp143.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDR1JPGYVP0
http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=36237
https://web.archive.org/web/20081020201724/http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0010.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Matthias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mathai
First Chairman of the State Bank of India when it was set up in 1955.

1:57

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power ...

PLUTONIUM vs. DRILL PRESS | How to do a really stupid thing

On our journey through the country we "found" a nuclear fuel rod close to an atomic power plant.
Sure we had to drill a hole through it. We better had not. The end was fatal. Take a look!
Watch the "Plutonium fuel rod" being crushed by a hydraulic press at "Will it crush": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_o2fSnt1CmA
WARNING: Don´t try this at home!
Why crushing stuff by a hydraulic press when you can drill a hole through :-) ?
Follow us on twitter: https://twitter.com/holedrillpress
Don´t forget to subscribe:
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsbvr1aD9eY2zQHEoswR3Lw?sub_confirmation=1

Beginning on November 182013, workers at the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant began removing the nuclear fuel rods from the spent fuel pool in reactor 4. The power plant was destroyed in 2011 when an earthquake and tsunami triggered three meltdowns at the nuclear power station. There was also an explosion in reactor building 4, and TEPCO has prioritized removing the spent fuel from that damaged building. The removal of the spent fuel is the first big step in the process of decommissioning the power station, a effort that will take 30 to 40 years.

please choose HD and fullscreen for the best experience.
this is the last video of the "return to chernobyl" series - but i still have a few surprises for you folks! for once, in this video... but also in the next video, which will be spectroscopy... but not only *gamma* spectroscopy this time! further on, after all words are said and all stories are told, i'll also have a more hands-on surprise for you guys...!

It is not widely known that the reason Uranium fission is the predominant nuclear power plant design of choice is due to the fact that Plutonium is the by-product of the fuel cycle. When nuclear waste is re-processed Plutonium can be extracted to make nuclear bombs. Stephanie Cooke goes over the details in this Thom Hartman interview on his "Conversations with Great Minds" program from 3/9/2012

1:02:03

Why Does Australia Only Sells Nuclear Fuel & Refuses To Use Nuclear Fuel

Why Australia does not have reactors but produces nuclear fuel should terrify you . Also a...

Nuclear Pioneers EBR I

A trip to the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I). In 1951, the first electricity from nuclear power was generated at EBR-I—using a reactor that actually bred more fuel than it consumed, using an all-plutonium core.
Experimental Breeder Reactor I (EBR-I) is a decommissioned research reactor and U.S.National Historic Landmark located in the desert about 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Arco, Idaho. At 1:50 pm on December 20, 1951 it became the world's first electricity-generating nuclear power plant when it produced sufficient electricity to illuminate four 200-watt light bulbs.[3][4] It subsequently generated sufficient electricity to power its building, and continued to be used for experimental purposes until it was decommissioned in 1964.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I

Around the Block - Uranium Refinery!

The UraniumRefinery is the first video in a continuing series that will feature builds from MysteryDump's Minecraft Server "Around the Block".
The Uranium Refinery process ANY and ALL uranium or plutonium from ANY mod using Gregtech 5 Machines to extract the highest yields of minerals and materials.
The Railcraft locomotives load and ship Uranium and Plutonium to the Nuclear Power Plant for processing into NuclearFuelRods.
This video also showcases MysteryDump's EPIC Railcraft world that aims to produce a functioning commerce and shipping system across the server for all users to utilize!
If you enjoy technical Minecraft builds, please subscribe, and consider joining my server. The server is a whitelist server, and you must send me a private message to apply.

28:14

THE PETRIFIED RIVER URANIUM MINING IN THE WESTERN USA 75674

Made in 1957 by Union Carbide & Carbon company, PETRIFIED RIVER describes the modern roman...

THE PETRIFIED RIVER URANIUM MINING IN THE WESTERN USA 75674

Made in1957 by Union Carbide & Carbon company, PETRIFIED RIVER describes the modern romance of the present-day West in the search for uranium. It shows modern uranium prospecting, including prospecting by airplane, as well as mining in the Colorado Plateau. It also discusses the uses of radioactive isotopes at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Uranium is weakly radioactive because all its isotopes are unstable (with half-lives of the 6 naturally known isotopes, uranium-233 to uranium-238, varying between 69 years and 4.5 billion years). The most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 (which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature) and uranium-235 (which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally). Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.
In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2739–99.2752%), uranium-235 (0.7198–0.7202%), and a very small amount of uranium-234 (0.0050–0.0059%). Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.47 billion years and that of uranium-235 is 704 million years,making them useful in dating the age of the Earth.
Many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties. Uranium-235 has the distinction of being the only naturally occurring fissile isotope. Uranium-238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, and is fertile, meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium-239 in a nuclear reactor. Another fissile isotope, uranium-233, can be produced from natural thorium and is also important in nuclear technology. While uranium-238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons, uranium-235 and to a lesser degree uranium-233 have a much higher fission cross-section for slow neutrons. In sufficient concentration, these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors, and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.
Uranium is used as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It was also used for tinting and shading in early photography. The 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to Martin Heinrich Klaproth, who named the new element after the planet Uranus. Eugène-Melchior Péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Research by Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Enrico Fermi and others, such as J. Robert Oppenheimer starting in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in Little Boy, the first nuclear weapon used in war. An ensuing arms race during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium-derived plutonium-239. The security of those weapons and their fissile material following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 is an ongoing concern for public health and safety.
We encourage viewers to add comments and, especially, to provide additional information about our videos by adding a comment! See something interesting? Tell people what it is and what they can see by writing something for example like: "01:00:12:00 -- President Roosevelt is seen meeting with Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference."
This film is part of the PeriscopeFilmLLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD and 2k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com

1:38:27

Nuclear insanity (documentary)

Originally published on Oct 31, 2012 by MsMilkytheclown1
* Note from Milky: Please stop wh...

THE PETRIFIED RIVER URANIUM MINING IN THE WESTERN...

Nuclear insanity (documentary)...

When the sun dims dramatically Monday morning, that would be like an entire power plant unit shutting down for the Lone Star State's electricity grid ... "That is not very much," she said about eclipse's influence ... While Texas ranks ninth the nation in solar electricity generation, the amount is small compared to other fuel sources ... There are projections that solar energy will be come a more important fuel source in Texas.&nbsp; ... ....

Multiple media reports Thursday reported a van crashed into dozens of people in the center of Barcelona Thursday killing two and injuring several people. Local Spanish media say two armed men have entered a restaurant after a van crashed into a crowd of people, according to Reuters, and police consider the incident to be terror related. Local media reports say two people were killed instantly when struck by the van....

The Guardian reported that police announced one person was arrested in relation to the attack on Thursday where someone drove a white van through the busy, pedestrian area of Las Ramblas in Barcelona, Spain which has left at least 13 dead, and more than 50 injured ...Police said that the number of the dead was "bound to rise" since at least 50 people were injured after the attack, interior minister for Catalonia, Joaquim Form said ... ... U.S....

The number of asylum seekers who are illegally crossing into Canada from the United States more than tripled last month, according to new data released on Thursday by the Canadian government which hints at the deep fears that migrants have about the recent U.S. administration immigration crackdown ...The RoyalCanadian Mounted Police said that an additional 3,800 asylum seekers were arrested crossing the U.S ... "It's not a crisis ... ....

Islamic State militants have claimed responsibility for an act of terrorism in which a van struck and killed at least a dozen people on Barcelona’s most famous avenue Thursday, Reuters reported Thursday.Carles Puigdemont, the head of the Spanish region of Catalonia, said at least 80 people had been taken to hospital and around 12 had died. Officials remain unsure how many attackers were involved in the incident ... She told La Vanguardia....

search tools

You can search using any combination of the items listed below.

Trading firm Glencore expects to start importing fuel for Mexico's domestic market in February 2018 through its own terminal in the southern state of Tabasco, the head of the firm's oil division, Alex Beard, said on Thursday. The executive said the fuel will be ultimately sold by a large network of gas stations operated in a distribution partnership with Mexico's Corporacion G500... ....

Chief economic adviser ArvindSubramanian said on Thursday that while India ramps up its renewables capacity addition programme, the country should still have coal as a major fuel and avoid getting distracted by the global debate on “carbon imperialism”. The post CEA Arvind Subramanian wants coal as major fuel, says India should not get distracted by carbon imperialism ... ....

Hyundai unveils new fuel cell SUV...Hyundai Motor said Thursday it plans to launch early next year a second-generation hydrogen fuel cell vehicle that will travel more than 580 kilometers (360 miles) between fill-ups under Korean standards. If delivered as promised, the new fuel cell vehicle will travel 40pc farther than its first generation fuel cell SUV, the Tucson ix FCEV, launched in 2013....

DONALD Trump has further stoked racial tensions in the US by denouncing the removal of “beautiful” Confederate statues. The president said the “culture” of the US was being “ripped apart”. Getty Images - Getty. 4. > ... 4....

Like Toyota Motor Corp, Hyundai had initially championed fuel cell technology as the future of eco-friendly vehicles but has found itself shifting electric as Tesla shot to prominence and battery-powered cars have gained government backing in China... Hyundai also unveiled a near production version of its new fuel cell SUV with a driving range of more ......

While politicians throughout the state have made grand pledges to uphold climate progress, environmentalists and industry are still debating how swiftly California should substitute renewables for traditional fossil fuel power, specifically natural gas ... In the early 2000s, California embraced the cleaner-burning fossil fuel ... “We need to stop building new fossil fuel plants.”....

The ubiquitous kerosene may be losing favour in Maharashtra with demand for the subsidised cooking fuel falling rapidly ... The demand for the cooking fuel has shown a monthly fall of around 2,000 KL in Mumbai and urban parts of Thane in a year ... Maharashtra has 2.34 crore LPG connections; by June, 1.39 crore ration cards have been stamped and validated ... ....