Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster (born November 19, 1962)[1] is an American actress and filmmaker who has worked in films and on television. She has often been cited as one of the best actresses of her generation.[2][3] Foster began her professional career as a child model when she was three years old in 1965, and two years she later moved to acting in television series, when she debuted the sitcom Mayberry R.F.D.. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she worked in several primetime television series and starred in children's films. Foster's breakthrough came in Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976), in which she played a teenage prostitute; the role garnered her a nomination for an Academy Award. Her other critically acclaimed roles as a teenager were in the musical Bugsy Malone (1976) and the thriller The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1976), and she became a popular teen idol by starring in Disney's Freaky Friday (1976), Candleshoe (1977) and Foxes (1980).

After attending college at Yale, Foster struggled in her transition to adult roles until she won widespread critical acclaim for her portrayal of a rape survivor in The Accused (1988), for which she won several awards, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe. She won her second Academy Award three years later for her role in the sleeper hitThe Silence of the Lambs, where she played Clarice Starling, an FBI trainee investigating a serial murder case. Foster made her debut as a film director the same year with the moderately successful Little Man Tate (1991), and founded her own production company, Egg Pictures, in 1992. The company's first production was Nell (1994), in which she also played the title role, gaining another nomination for an Academy Award. Her other films in the 1990s included period drama Sommersby, Western comedy Maverick (1994), science fiction filmContact (1997), and period drama Anna and the King (1999). Her second film direction, Home for the Holidays (1995), was not well-received commercially, while critical reviews were mixed.

Foster was born on November 19, 1962 in Los Angeles, the youngest child of Evelyn Ella "Brandy" (née Almond) and Lucius Fisher Foster III. Her father came from a wealthy Chicago family, whose forebears included John Alden, who had arrived in North America on the Mayflower in 1620.[5][6] He was a Yale University graduate and a decorated U.S. Air Forcelieutenant colonel, and made his career as a real estate broker.[5] He had already been married once and had three sons from the union before marrying Brandy in Las Vegas in 1953.[6] Brandy Foster was of German heritage and grew up in Rockford, Illinois.[7] Foster also has Irish roots, with ancestry that can be traced back to County Cork.[8] Before Foster's birth, she and Lucius had three other children: daughters Lucinda "Cindy" Foster (b. 1954) and Constance "Connie" Foster (b. 1955), and son Lucius Fisher "Buddy" Foster (b. 1957).[6] Their marriage ended before Foster was born, and she never established a relationship with her father.[5][9][10] Following the divorce, Brandy raised the children with her partner in Los Angeles.[11] She worked as a publicist for film producer Arthur P. Jacobs, until focusing on managing the acting careers of Buddy and Jodie.[5][6][9] Although Foster was officially named Alicia, her siblings began calling her "Jodie", and the name stuck.[12]

Foster's career began with an appearance as the Coppertone girl in a television advertisement in 1965, when she was only three years old.[9][23] Her mother had originally intended only for her older brother Buddy to audition for the ad, but had taken Jodie with them to the casting call, where she was noticed by the casting agents.[6][9][23] The television spot led to more advertisement work, and in 1968 to a minor appearance in the sitcomMayberry R.F.D., in which her brother starred.[9][24] In the following years Foster continued working in advertisements and appeared in over fifty television shows; she and her brother became the breadwinners of the family during this time.[6][23] Although most of Foster's television appearances were minor, she had recurring roles in The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1969–1971) and Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1973), and starred opposite Christopher Connelly in the short-lived Paper Moon (1974), adapted from the hit film.[23]

Foster has said she loved acting as a child, and values her early work for the experience it gave her: "Some people get quick breaks and declare, 'I'll never do commercials! That's so lowbrow!' I want to tell them, 'Well, I'm real glad you've got a pretty face, because I worked for 20 years doing that stuff and I feel it's really invaluable; it really taught me a lot.'"[26]

Foster's mother was concerned that her daughter's career would end by the time she grew out of playing children, and decided that to ensure continued work and to gain greater recognition, Foster should also begin acting in films for adult audiences.[27] After the minor supporting role in Alice, Martin Scorsese cast her in the role of a teenage prostitute in Taxi Driver (1976).[28] The Los Angeles Welfare Board initially opposed twelve-year-old Foster's appearing in the film due to its violent content, but relented after governor Pat Brown intervened and a UCLA psychiatrist assessed her.[29][30] A social worker was required to accompany her on set and her older sister Connie acted as her stand-in in sexually suggestive scenes.[30][31] Foster later commented on the controversy saying that she hated "the idea that everybody thinks if a kid's going to be an actress it means that she has to play Shirley Temple or someone's little sister."[32]

During the filming, Foster developed a close bond with co-star Robert DeNiro, who saw "serious potential" in her and dedicated time outside of filming on rehearsing scenes with her.[33] She described Taxi Driver as a life-changing experience and stated that it was "the first time anyone asked me to create a character that wasn't myself. It was the first time I realized that acting wasn't this hobby you just sort of did, but that there was actually some craft."[9] Released in February, it won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival in May; Foster also impressed journalists when she acted as French interpreter at the film's press conference.[29][34]Taxi Driver was a critical and commercial success, and earned her a supporting actress Academy Award nomination, as well as two BAFTAs, a David di Donatello and a National Society of Film Critics award.[9][29] The film is considered one of the best films ever made by both the American Film Institute[29] and Sight & Sound,[35] and has been preserved in the National Film Registry.[36]

"I wasn't a science prodigy or a math prodigy ... I had a prodigious life, living in a grown-up world when I was a child. But I think my abilities were about perceptiveness and they were about examining psychology and examining people and relationships. And I had instincts about adult stories that I shouldn't have known anything about. That's very different to all those really cool prodigies that can play piano. But I wouldn't change it for anything. I found, at a very young age, even though it's not my personality to be an actor, a way of expressing myself that allowed me to not be so lonely."

Foster also acted in another film nominated for the Palme d'Or in 1976, Bugsy Malone.[37] The British musical parodied films about Prohibition Era gangsters by having all roles played by children; Foster appeared in a major supporting role as a star of a speakeasy show.[38] Its director Alan Parker was impressed by her, saying that "she takes such an intelligent interest in the way the film is being made that if I had been run over by a bus I think she was probably the only person on the set able to take over as director."[39] She gained several positive notices for her performance: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated that "at thirteen she was already getting the roles that grown-up actresses complained weren't being written for women anymore",[40]Variety described her as "outstanding",[41] and Vincent Canby of The New York Times called her "the star of the show".[42] Foster's two BAFTAs were awarded jointly for her performances in Taxi Driver and Bugsy Malone.[43] Her third film release in spring 1976 was the independent drama Echoes of a Summer, which had been filmed two years previously.[44]The New York Times named Foster's performance as a terminally ill girl the film's "main strength"[44] and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune stated that she "is not a good child actress; she's just a good actress", although both reviewers otherwise panned the film.[45]

Foster's fourth film of 1976 was the Canadian-French thriller The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane, in which she starred opposite Martin Sheen.[46] The film combined aspects from thriller and horror genres, and showed Foster as a mysterious young girl living on her own in a small town; the performance earned her a Saturn Award.[47] On November 27, she hosted Saturday Night Live, becoming the youngest person to do so until 1982.[25] Her final film of the year was Freaky Friday, a Disney comedy commenting on the generation gap, which was "her first true star vehicle".[48] She played a tomboy teen who accidentally changes bodies with her mother; she later stated that her character's desire to become an adult was matched by her own feelings at the time, and that the film marked a "transitional period" for her when she began to grow out of child roles.[49] It received mainly positive reviews,[50] and was a box office success,[51] gaining Foster a Golden Globe nomination for her performance.[52]

After her breakthrough year, Foster spent nine months living in France, where she starred in Moi, fleur bleue (1977) and recorded several songs for its soundtrack.[18][53] Her other films released in 1977 were the Italian comedy Casotto (1977), and the Disney heist filmCandleshoe (1977), which was filmed in England and co-starred veteran actors David Niven and Helen Hayes.[54] After its release, Foster did not appear in any new releases until 1980, the year she turned eighteen. She gained positive notices for her performances in Adrian Lyne's debut feature film Foxes (1980), which focuses on the lives of Los Angeles teenagers, and Carny (1980), in which she played a waitress who runs away from her former life by joining a touring carnival.[55]

Foster at the Governor's Ball after winning an Academy Award for The Accused (1988). Her performance as a rape survivor marked her breakthrough into adult roles.

Aware that child stars are often unable to successfully continue their careers into adulthood, Foster became a full-time student at Yale in fall 1980, and her acting career slowed down in the following five years.[56][57] She later stated that going to college was "a wonderful time of self-discovery", and changed her thoughts about acting, which she had previously thought was an unintelligent profession, but now realised that "what I really wanted to do was to act and there was nothing stupid about it."[26][57] She continued making films on her summer vacations,[18] and during her college years appeared in O'Hara's Wife (1982), television film Svengali (1983), John Irving adaptation The Hotel New Hampshire (1984), French film The Blood of Others (1984), and period drama Mesmerized (1986), which she also co-produced.[58] None of them were however successful, and Foster struggled to find work after graduating in 1985.[59] The neo-noirSiesta (1987), in which she appeared in a supporting role, was a failure.[60]Five Corners (1987) was a moderate critical success and earned Foster an Independent Spirit Award for her performance as a woman whose sexual assaulter returns to stalk her.[61][62] In 1988, Foster made her debut as a director with the episode "Do Not Open This Box" for the horror anthology series Tales from the Darkside,[63] and in August appeared in the romantic drama Stealing Home (1988) opposite Mark Harmon. It was a flop,[64] with film critic Roger Ebert even "wondering if any movie could possibly be that bad".[65]

Foster's breakthrough into adult roles came with her performance as a rape survivor in The Accused, a drama based on a real criminal case, which was released in October 1988.[66] The film focuses on the aftermath of a gang rape and its survivor's fight for justice in the face of victim blaming. Before making the film, Foster was having doubts about whether to continue her career and planned on starting graduate studies, but decided to give acting "one last try" in The Accused.[57] She had to audition twice for the role and was cast only after several more established actors had turned it down, as the film's producers were wary of her due to her previous failures and because she was still remembered as a "chubby teenager".[57][67] Due to the heavy subject matter, the filming was a difficult experience for all cast and crew involved, especially the shooting of the rape scene, which took five days to complete.[9] Foster was initially unhappy with her performance, and feared that it would end her career.[68] Her fears turned out to be unfounded: although The Accused received overall mixed reviews upon its release, Foster's performance was positively received by the critics[69] and earned her Academy, Golden Globe and National Board of Review awards, as well as a nomination for a BAFTA Award.

Foster's first film release after the success of The Accused was the thriller The Silence of the Lambs (1991). She played FBI trainee Clarice Starling, who is sent to interview incarcerated serial killer Hannibal Lecter (Anthony Hopkins) in order to solve another serial murder case; Foster later named the role one of her favorites.[68] She had read the novel it was based on after its publication in 1988 and had attempted to purchase its film rights,[70] as it featured "a real female heroine" and its plot was not "about steroids and brawn, [but] about using your mind and using your insufficiencies to combat the villain."[9] Despite her enthusiasm, director Jonathan Demme did not initially want to cast her, but the producers overruled him.[71] Demme's view of Foster changed during the production, and he later credited her for helping him define the character.[71][72]

Released in February 1991, Silence of the Lambs became one of the biggest hits of the year, grossing close to $273 million,[73][74] with a positive critical reception. Foster received largely favorable reviews[68] and won Academy, Golden Globe, and BAFTA awards for her portrayal of Starling; Silence won five Academy Awards overall,[75] becoming one of the few films to win in all main categories. In contrast, some reviewers criticized the film as misogynist for its focus on brutal murders of women, and blamed it for homophobia due to its main villain, serial killer "Buffalo Bill".[76] Much of the criticism was directed towards Foster, whom the critics alleged was herself a lesbian.[76] Despite the controversy, the film is considered a modern classic: Starling and Lecter are included on the American Film Institute's top ten of the greatest film heroes and villains, and the film is preserved in the National Film Registry.[36] Later in 1991, Foster also starred in the unsuccessful low-budget thriller Catchfire, which had been filmed before Silence, but was released after it in an attempt to profit from its success.[77]

In October 1991, Foster released her first feature film as a director, Little Man Tate, a drama about a child prodigy who struggles to come to terms with being different.[78] The main role was played by previously unknown actor Adam Hann-Byrd, and Foster co-starred as his working-class single mother. She had found the script from the "slush pile" at Orion Pictures,[79] and explained that for her debut film she "wanted a piece that was not autobiographical, but that had to do with the 10 philosophies I've accumulated in the past 25 years. Every single one of them, if they weren't in the script from the beginning, they're there now."[9] Although she was publicly lauded for her choice to become a director, many reviewers felt that the film itself did not live up to the high expectations, and regarded it as "less adventurous than many films in which [she] had starred".[80] Regardless, it was a moderate box office success.[81] Foster's final film appearance of the year came in a small role as a prostitute in Shadows and Fog (1991), directed by Woody Allen, with whom she had wanted to collaborate since the 1970s.[18]

The following year, Foster founded her own production company, Egg Pictures, a subsidiary of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment.[82] She was to produce up to six films, each with the budget of $10–25 million, in the following three years.[83] Her next films were a romantic period film and a comedy, and according to film scholar Karen Hollinger, featured her in more "conventionally feminine" roles.[84] She starred opposite Richard Gere in Sommersby (1993), portraying a woman who begins to suspect that her husband who returns home from the Civil War is in fact an impostor. She then replaced Meg Ryan in the Western comedy Maverick (1994), playing a con artist opposite Mel Gibson and James Garner.[85] Both films were box office hits, earning over $140 and $183 million respectively.[86][87] Foster's first project for Egg Pictures, Nell, was released in December 1994. In addition to acting as its producer, she starred in the title role as a woman who grew up isolated in the Appalachian Mountains and speaks her own language as her only human connection has been her disabled mother.[88] It was based on Mark Handley's play Idioglossia, which interested Foster for its theme of "otherness", and because she "loved this idea of a woman who defies categorization, a creature who is labeled and categorized by people based on their own problems and their own prejudices and what they bring to the table."[88][89] It was a moderate commercial success,[90] but a critical disappointment.[91] Despite the negative reviews, Foster received a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance and was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.

The second film that Foster directed was Home for the Holidays, released in 1995. It starred Holly Hunter and Robert Downey Jr. and was described as a black comedy "set around a nightmarish Thanksgiving".[12][92] Released in November 1995, it was a critical and commercial failure.[93] The following year, Foster received two honorary awards: the Crystal Award, awarded annually for women in the entertainment industry,[94] and the Berlinale Camera at the 46th Berlin International Film Festival.[95] After Nell in 1994, Foster did not act in any new projects until 1997, aside from voicing characters in episodes of Frasier in 1996 and The X-Files in early 1997. She was in talks to star in David Fincher's thriller The Game, but its production company, Polygram, dropped her from the project after disagreements over her role.[96] Foster sued the company, saying that she had an oral agreement with them to star in the film and had as a result taken "herself off the market" and lost out on other film projects.[97] The case was later settled out of court.[98] Foster finally made her return to the big screen in Contact (1997), a science fiction film based on a novel by Carl Sagan and directed by Robert Zemeckis. She starred as a scientist searching for extraterrestrial life in the SETI project. Due to the special effects, many of the scenes were filmed with a bluescreen; this was Foster's first experience with the technology. She commented, "Blue walls, blue roof. It was just blue, blue, blue. And I was rotated on a lazy Susan with the camera moving on a computerized arm. It was really tough."[99] The film was a commercial success[100] and earned Foster a Saturn Award and a nomination for a Golden Globe. She also had an asteroid, 17744 Jodiefoster, named in her honor in 1998.[101]

Foster's next project was producing Jane Anderson's television film The Baby Dance (1998) for Showtime.[102][103] Its story deals with a wealthy California couple who struggle with infertility and decide to adopt from a poor family in Louisiana.[102] On her decision to produce for television, Foster stated that it was easier to take financial risks in that medium than in feature films.[102] In 1998, she also moved her production company from PolyGram to Paramount Pictures.[83] Foster's last film of the 1990s was the period drama Anna and the King (1999), in which she starred opposite Chow Yun-Fat. It was based on a fictionalized biography of British teacher Anna Leonowens, who taught the children of King Mongkut of Siam, and whose story became well known as the musical The King and I. Foster was paid $15 million to portray Leonowens, making her one of the highest-paid female actors in Hollywood.[24] The film was subject to controversy when the Thai government deemed it historically inaccurate and insulting to the royal family and banned its distribution in the country.[104] It was a moderate commercial success,[105] but received mixed to negative reviews.[106][107] Roger Ebert panned the film, stating that the role required Foster "to play beneath [her] intelligence"[108] and The New York Times called it a "misstep" for her and accused her of only being "interested ... in sanctifying herself as an old-fashioned heroine than in taking on dramatically risky roles".[109]

Foster's first project of the new decade was Keith Gordon's film Waking the Dead (2000), which she produced.[110] She declined to reprise her role as Clarice Starling in Hannibal (2001), with the part going instead to Julianne Moore, and concentrated on a new directorial project, Flora Plum.[111] It was to focus on a 1930s circus and star Claire Danes and Russell Crowe, but had to be shelved after Crowe was injured on set and could not complete filming on schedule; Foster unsuccessfully attempted to revive the project several times in the following years.[12][112][113] Controversially, she also expressed interest in directing and starring in a biopic of Nazi film director Leni Riefenstahl, who did not like the idea.[114][115] In addition to these setbacks, Foster shut down Egg Pictures in 2001, stating that producing was "just a really thankless, bad job".[12][83] The company's last production, The Dangerous Lives of Altar Boys, premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2002. It received good reviews,[116] and had a limited theatrical release in the summer.[117]

After the cancellation of Flora Plum, Foster took on the main role in David Fincher's thriller Panic Room after its intended star, Nicole Kidman, had to drop out due to an injury on set.[118] Before filming resumed, Foster was given only a week to prepare for the role of a woman who moves with her daughter to a house fitted with a panic room, which they have to use on their first night due to a home invasion.[119] It grossed over $30 million on its North American opening weekend in March 2002, thus becoming the most successful film opening of Foster's career as of 2015.[120][121] In addition to being a box office success, the film also received largely positive reviews.[122][123]

In interviews, Foster rarely talks about her private life, and she has explained that she "values privacy against all else" due to having spent most of her life in the public eye.[12][154] She lives in Los Angeles,[155] and had two sons, Charles "Charlie" Foster (b. 1998) and Christopher "Kit" Foster (b. 2001), while partnered with Cydney Bernard.[11][156][157] She met Bernard on the set of Sommersby (1993) and was in a relationship with her from 1993 to 2008.[12][157] In April 2014, Foster married actress and photographer Alexandra Hedison.[156][157] She stated in 2011 that having children has made her take on fewer projects: "It is a big sacrifice to leave home. I want to make sure that I feel passionate about the movies I do because it is a big sacrifice... Even if you take the average movie shoot of four months – you have three weeks' prep, press duties here and abroad, dubbing and looping, magazine covers, events and premieres – that's eight months out of a year. That's a long time. If you do two movies back-to-back, you're never going to see your children."[12]

Foster's sexual orientation became subject to public discussion in 1991, when activists protesting the alleged homophobia in The Silence of the Lambs (1991) claimed that she was a closetedlesbian in articles in publications such as OutWeek and The Village Voice.[158] While she had been in a relationship with Bernard for a long time, Foster first publicly acknowledged it in a speech at The Hollywood Reporter's "Women in Entertainment" breakfast honoring her in 2007.[11] In 2013, she addressed coming out in a speech after receiving the Cecil B. DeMille Award at the 70th Golden Globe Awards,[154][159][160][161] which led many news outlets to afterwards describe her as lesbian or gay,[162] although some sources noted that she did not use the words "gay" or "lesbian" in her speech.[163]

Foster is an atheist but has said it is important to teach children about different religions, stating that "in my home, we ritualize all of them. We do Christmas. We do Shabbat on Fridays. We love Kwanzaa. I take pains to give my family a real religious basis, a knowledge, because it's being well educated. You need to know why all those wars were fought."[155] She also supports gun control.[164]

During her freshman year at Yale in 1980–1981, Foster was stalked by John W. Hinckley, Jr., who had developed an obsession with her after watching Taxi Driver.[165] He moved to New Haven and tried to contact her, both through letters and by phone.[165][166] On March 30, 1981, Hinckley attempted to assassinate U.S. President Ronald Reagan, wounding him and three other people, claiming that his motive was to impress Foster.[165] The incident made her subject to intense media attention, and she had to be accompanied by bodyguards while she was on campus.[7][24] Although Judge Barrington D. Parker confirmed that Foster was wholly innocent in the case and had been "unwittingly ensnared in a third party's alleged attempt to assassinate an American President", she was required to give a videotaped testimony, which was played at the trial.[11][166] During her time at Yale, Foster also had other stalkers, including Edward Richardson, who initially planned to murder her but changed his mind after watching her perform in a college play.[7][24]

The experience was difficult for Foster, and she has rarely commented publicly about it.[9] In the aftermath of the events, she wrote an essay titled Why Me?, which was published in 1992 by Esquire on the condition that "there be no cover lines, no publicity and no photos".[7] In 1991, she cancelled an interview with NBC's Today Show when she discovered Hinckley would be mentioned in the introduction, and the producers were unwilling to change it.[167] She discussed Hinckley with Charlie Rose of 60 Minutes II in 1999, explaining that she does not "like to dwell on it too much [...] I never wanted to be the actress who was remembered for that event. Because it didn't have anything to do with me. I was kind of a hapless bystander. But [...] what a scarring, strange moment in history for me, to be 17 years old, 18 years old, and to be caught up in a drama like that."[10] She stated that the incident had a major impact on career choices she made but acknowledged that as difficult as the ordeal was for her, it was minimal compared to the suffering of Reagan's press secretary James Brady, who was permanently disabled in the shooting and died as a result of his injuries 33 years later, and his loved ones: "whatever bad moments that I had certainly could never compare to that family".[10]

^Spiegel Online Culture (2005)."I do not need muscles" "I have intensely coached my German, in any case. A few lumps (scattered words and phrases) are still left from my childhood, because at that time my mother had often taken me with her to see German films." Retrieved June 19, 2009. translated online.

1.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital

2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

3.
Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of a gift from British East India Company governor Elihu Yale. Originally restricted to theology and sacred languages, the curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution. In the 19th century the school introduced graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph. D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, the undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each schools faculty oversees its curriculum, the universitys assets include an endowment valued at $25.4 billion as of June 2016, the second largest of any U. S. educational institution. The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States, Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and are organized into a social system of residential colleges. Almost all faculty teach courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. Students compete intercollegiately as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I – Ivy League, Yale has graduated many notable alumni, including five U. S. Presidents,19 U. S. Supreme Court Justices,20 living billionaires, and many heads of state. In addition, Yale has graduated hundreds of members of Congress,57 Nobel laureates,5 Fields Medalists,247 Rhodes Scholars, and 119 Marshall Scholars have been affiliated with the University. Yale traces its beginnings to An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School, passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9,1701, the Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, the group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as The Founders. Originally known as the Collegiate School, the institution opened in the home of its first rector, Abraham Pierson, the school moved to Saybrook, and then Wethersfield. In 1716 the college moved to New Haven, Connecticut, the feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hope that it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College, meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and it had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Lockes works and developed his original theology known as the new divinity

4.
Alexandra Hedison
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Alexandra Hedison is an American photographer, director and actress. Born in Los Angeles, California, on July 10,1969, she is the daughter of Bridget, Hedison is of Italian and Armenian heritage. She attended the State University of New York at Purchase and University of California, Hedison is a former actress who appeared on television series including Showtimes The L Word. As a photographer, Hedison first exhibited her series of landscapes at Rose Gallery in Bergamot Station. In 2005, she exhibited the Building series, which addressed themes of loss, transition and her series of large format photographs entitled Ithaka, which takes its title from the CP Cavafy poem of the same name, was shot in the temperate rain forest of North America. First exhibited in London, Ithaka was included in the New Yorkers 2008 Passport to the Arts, Hedison was selected by Barclays Capital for international sponsorship in 2008. She was in a relationship with Ellen DeGeneres from 2001 to 2004, in April 2014, Hedison married actress Jodie Foster, after dating for a year

5.
Rod Serling
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Serling was active in politics, both on and off the screen, and helped form television industry standards. He was known as the young man of Hollywood, clashing with television executives and sponsors over a wide range of issues including censorship, racism. Serling was born on December 25,1924, in Syracuse, New York and he was the second of two sons born to Esther and Samuel Lawrence Serling. Serlings father had worked as a secretary and amateur inventor before having children, sam Serling later became a butcher after the Great Depression forced the store to close. Rod had a brother, Robert J. Serling. Serling spent most of his youth 70 miles south of Syracuse in the city of Binghamton after his family moved there in 1926 and his parents encouraged his talents as a performer. Sam Serling built a stage in the basement, where Rod often put on plays. His older brother, writer Robert, recalled that, at the age of six or seven, Rod often talked to people around him without waiting for their answers. On a two-hour-long trip from Binghamton to Syracuse, the rest of the family remained silent to see if Rod would notice their lack of participation and he did not, talking nonstop through the entire car ride. In elementary school, Serling was seen as the class clown, however, his seventh-grade English teacher, Helen Foley, encouraged him to enter the schools public speaking extracurriculars. He joined the team and was a speaker at his high school graduation. He began writing for the newspaper, in which, according to the journalist Gordon Sander. He was also interested in sports and excelled at tennis and table tennis, when he attempted to join the varsity football team, he was told he was too small at 5 feet 4 inches tall. Serling was interested in radio and writing at an early age and he listened to various radio programs, especially thrillers with a fantasy or horror feel. Arch Oboler and Norman Corwin were two of his favorite writers and he also did some staff work at a Binghamton radio station. He was accepted into college during his year of high school. As editor of his school newspaper, Serling encouraged his fellow students to support the war effort. He wanted to leave school before graduation to join the fight, War is a temporary thing, Gus Youngstrom told him

6.
Ironside (TV series)
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Ironside is an American television crime drama that aired on NBC over 8 seasons from 1967 to 1975. The show starred Raymond Burr as Robert T Ironside, a consultant for the San Francisco police, the character debuted on March 28,1967, in a TV movie entitled Ironside. When the series was broadcast in the United Kingdom, in the 1970s, the show earned Burr six Emmy and two Golden Globe nominations. Ironside was a production of Burrs Harbour Productions Unlimited in association with Universal Television, the show revolved around former San Francisco Police Department Chief of Detectives Robert T. In the pilot episode, a TV movie, Ironside shows his strength of character and gets himself appointed a special department consultant by his good friend and he does this by calling a press conference and then tricking Commissioner Randall into meeting his terms. In the pilot, Ironside eventually solves the mystery of the ambush and he requests Ed Brown and Eve Whitfield be assigned to him. Ironside uses a room in the Old San Francisco Hall Of Justice building. He uses a specially equipped, former fleet-modified 1940 1½ ton Ford police paddy wagon van and this is replaced in the episode entitled Pooles Paradise after the van is destroyed by Sergeant Brown as part of a way to trick a corrupt sheriff. At the end of the episode the paddy wagon is replaced by a fully custom modified 19691 ton Ford Econoline Window Van. He later recruits the angst-filled black ex-con Mark Sanger to be his assistant after Sanger is brought in as a suspect who wanted to kill Ironside. The show became a success as Ironside depended on brains and initiative in handling cases, although Ironside was good-hearted and honest, he maintained a gruff persona. Supporting characters on Ironside included Det, edward Ed Brown and a young socialite-turned-plainclothes officer, Eve Whitfield. Commissioner Randall was played by Gene Lyons, the series enjoyed a seven and a half-season run on NBC, drawing respectable, if not always high, ratings. After NBCs mid-season cancellation, however, the syndicated episodes reverted to the Ironside title, Raymond Burr as Chief Robert T. The shows contained stock footage of San Francisco, with pan shots of Coit Tower or clips of traffic scenes. Ironside and his team used a large open space on the fourth floor of the Old Hall of Justice in San Francisco at 750 Kearny Street between Washington and Merchant Streets. The Old Hall had already been demolished while Ironside was still in production and it had been abandoned in 1961 and demolished in late 1967. The SFPD had begun using their new home by January 1962, in December 1967 demolition finally began

7.
Mayberry R.F.D.
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Mayberry R. F. D. is an American television series produced as a spin-off and direct continuation of The Andy Griffith Show. When star Andy Griffith decided to leave his series, most of the characters returned for the new program. During the final season of The Andy Griffith Show, widower farmer Sam Jones and his young son Mike are introduced, sheriff Andy Taylor takes a backseat in the storylines, establishing the sequel series. The shows first episode, Andy and Helens Wedding, had the highest ratings in recorded television history, sheriff Taylor and newlywed wife Helen make guest appearances on Mayberry R. F. D. until late 1969 and then relocate with Opie. Mayberry R. F. D. was popular throughout its entire run, father and son stories involving Sam and Mike Jones are reminiscent of the parent series. Both characters are introduced in the last season of The Andy Griffith Show, most of town folk from TAGS reprise their roles in the sequel. Loyal Mayberry citizens Goober Pyle, Clara Edwards, Emmett Clark, sheriff Andy Taylor and his sweetheart, Helen Crump, marry in the sequels first episode. Both make additional appearances, then leave the series in late 1969 with a move to Raleigh, North Carolina, Aunt Bee becomes Sams housekeeper but leaves after the second season to be replaced by Sams cousin, Alice Cooper. Don Knotts and Ronny Howard as Barney Fife and Opie Taylor respectively, actress Arlene Golonka becomes Sams love interest in the sequel. A recurring black character named Ralph lives with a teen daughter, farrah Fawcett played a showgirl in Millie the Model. Jodie Foster, sister of regular cast member Buddy Foster, played a fairy in The Church Play, teri Garr played a cashier in Miss Farmerette. Will Geer played Captain Wolford in Aunt Bees Cruise, natalie Schafer played Cornelia Willoughby in Goober the Housekeeper. An NBC reunion movie, Return to Mayberry, was produced in 1986, ken Berry, Buddy Foster and Arlene Golonka dont appear in the movie, nor do TAGS regulars Frances Bavier, Elinor Donahue, and Jack Burns. Nevertheless, Return does share continuity with the R. F. D, storyline, by maintaining that Andy and Helen are married. However, Andy and Helens son, Andy Jr. is never mentioned, on April 8,2014, Warner Home Video released the first season on DVD in Region 1. NOTE, The highest average rating for the series is in bold text, the social upheaval that occurred during The Andy Griffith Shows final 1968 season had much of the nation wistful for a more stable, idealistic America. The final episode of The Andy Griffith Show was titled Mayberry RFD, the series bowed out as the number one-rated show. The producers, however, chose to forgo a big overhaul and instead stuck with the premise of a widower, his son

8.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray

9.
Taxi Driver
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Taxi Driver is a 1976 American vigilante film with neo-noir and psychological thriller elements, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader. Set in New York City following the Vietnam War, the film stars Robert De Niro, and features Jodie Foster, Harvey Keitel, Cybill Shepherd, Peter Boyle, and Albert Brooks. Nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Taxi Driver won the Palme dOr at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival and it is regularly cited by critics, film directors, and audiences alike as one of the greatest films of all time. In 2012, Sight & Sound named it the 31st-best film ever in its critics poll, ranked with The Godfather Part II. The film was considered culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the US Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1994. Travis Bickle, a 26-year-old honorably discharged U. S. Marine, is a lonely and he becomes a taxi driver to cope with his chronic insomnia, driving passengers every night around the citys boroughs. He also spends time in seedy porn theaters and keeps a diary, Travis becomes infatuated with Betsy, a campaign volunteer for Senator and presidential candidate Charles Palantine. After watching her interact with fellow worker Tom through her window, Travis enters to volunteer as a pretext to talk to her, on a later date, he takes her to see a Swedish sex education film, which offends her, and she goes home alone. His attempts at reconciliation by sending flowers are rebuffed, so he berates her at the campaign office, before being kicked out by Tom. Travis confides in fellow taxi driver Wizard about his thoughts, which are beginning to turn violent, a fellow taxi driver refers Travis to illegal gun dealer Easy Andy, from whom he buys a number of handguns. At home, Travis practices drawing his weapons and constructs a sleeve gun to hide, one night, Travis enters a convenience store moments before an attempted armed robbery and he shoots and kills the robber. The shop owner takes responsibility for the shooting, taking Travis handgun, earlier, child prostitute Iris had entered Traviss cab, attempting to escape her pimp Matthew Sport Higgins. Sport dragged Iris from the cab and threw Travis a crumpled twenty-dollar bill, which reminds him of her. Some time later, Travis hires Iris, but instead of having sex with her and he fails to completely turn her from her course, but she does agree to meet with him for breakfast the next day. Travis leaves a letter to Iris at his apartment saying he will soon be dead, with money for her to return home. After shaving his head into a mohawk, Travis attends a rally, where he plans to assassinate Senator Palantine. He flees and later goes to the East Village to invade Sports brothel, a violent gunfight ensues and Travis kills Sport, a bouncer, and a mafioso. Travis is severely injured with gunshot wounds

10.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database

11.
Bugsy Malone
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Bugsy Malone is a 1976 British musical gangster film, directed by Alan Parker and featuring only child actors. Parker lightened the subject matter considerably for the market, in the U. S. the film received a G rating. The film was Parkers feature-length directorial debut, introduced actor Scott Baio, a mobster named Roxy Robinson is splurged by members of a gang, using rapid-fire cream-shooting splurge guns. Once splurged, a kid is all washed up, speakeasy boss Fat Sam introduces himself and Bugsy Malone, a boxing promoter with no money. At Fat Sams speakeasy, there is dancing and singing. Fat Sam is worried that his rival Dandy Dan will try to control of the speakeasy. Blousey Brown, a singer, has come for an audition. Bugsy meets Blousey when he trips over her luggage and he is smitten and flirts with her. Fat Sams is raided by Dandy Dans men, who shoot up the place, Dandy Dans men continue to attack Fat Sams empire, eventually taking away rackets and splurging members of Fat Sams gang. Fat Sam sends all his men to see if they can track down the guns. They are trapped at a laundry and all are splurged by Dandy Dans gang, Bugsy returns to Fat Sams to arrange a new audition for Blousey. Fat Sams girlfriend, the chanteuse Tallulah, makes a pass at him, although Bugsy rejects her flirtation, Tallulah plants a big kiss on Bugsys forehead when Blousey enters, Blousey is jealous. Fat Sam hires Blousey after her audition, but she refuses to speak to Bugsy, Fat Sam hires Bugsy to accompany him to a meeting with Dandy Dan. The meeting is a trap, but Bugsy helps Fat Sam escape, gratefully, Fat Sam pays him $200. Bugsy and Blousey reconcile and have an outing on a lake. When he returns Sams car to the garage, he is attacked, Bugsy is saved by Leroy Smith, who assaults the attackers and drives them away. Bugsy realizes that Leroy has the potential to be a great boxer, Bugsy introduces Leroy to Cagey Joe and helps him train. Fat Sam again seeks Bugsys aid after his assistant Knuckles is unintentionally killed, Bugsy resists, but Fat Sam offers $400, enough money to keep his promise to Blousey

12.
The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane
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The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane is a 1976 Canadian-French film directed by Nicolas Gessner and starring Jodie Foster, Martin Sheen, Alexis Smith, Mort Shuman, and Scott Jacoby. It was written by Laird Koenig, based on his 1974 novel of the same title, the plot focuses on 13-year-old Rynn Jacobs, a mysterious child whose dark secrets concerning her absent poet father are prodded by various nosy neighbours in a small town in Maine. The adaptation, originally intended as a play, was filmed in Quebec on a budget, with effects depicting the death of a person. Initially released to mixed reviews, the film won two Saturn Awards, including for Best Horror Film and it later obtained cult status, with writers and critics reading it as a statement on childrens rights and variously placing it in the thriller, horror or mystery genres. On Halloween in the town of Wells Harbor, Maine. Lester was a poet and the two moved from England, where he leased the house for three years. Frank Hallet, the son of landlord Cora Hallet, visits. Cora Hallet later arrives at the house, searching for Rynns father, Rynn claims he is in New York and taunts the landlord about her son. The situation becomes tense when Mrs. Hallet insists on retrieving her jelly glasses from the cellar. Rynn steadfastly refuses to let her in the cellar, and Mrs. Hallet leaves and she returns later, and, ignoring Rynns warnings, opens the trapdoor to go into the cellar. Suddenly terrified by something she sees, Mrs. Hallet attempts to flee but accidentally knocks down the cellar door support, trying to hide evidence of Mrs. Hallets visit, Rynn goes outside to move her car. Her inability to start it attracts the attention of Mario, a young magician, Mario helps her move the car, and they have dinner together at Rynns house. Miglioriti stops by to tell them that Frank Hallet has reported his mother missing, and asks to see Rynns father, later that night, Frank Hallet makes a surprise visit. Suspicious and looking for answers about the whereabouts of his mother and Rynns father, Mario chases Frank away, and Rynn now trusts him enough to show him her secret. Her terminally ill father and abusive mother divorced long ago and he also left Rynn with a jar of potassium cyanide, telling her that it was a sedative, to give to her mother if she ever came for her. Rynn coolly recounts how she put the powder in her mothers tea and she learned embalming at the library in order to hide the body in the cellar. The trust between Rynn and Mario blossoms into romance and it starts to rain heavily, and Mario catches a cold. Miglioriti, suspicious of Rynns excuses for her fathers absence, again returns to the house, when he asks to see her father, Mario, disguised as an old man, comes down the stairs and introduces himself as Lester Jacobs

13.
Disney
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929

14.
Freaky Friday (1976 film)
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The film is based on the 1972 novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers, in which mother and daughter switch their bodies, and they get a taste of each others lives. Rodgers adds a subplot to her screenplay. Freaky Friday was remade twice, as a film in 1995. Ellen Andrews and her daughter, Annabel Andrews constantly quarrel, following a disagreement on Friday the 13th, Annabel leaves to join a friend at a local diner. In sync, Annabel and Ellen both wish aloud, I wish I could switch places with her for just one day and their wish comes true when they switch their bodies and subsequently lives. Ellen and Annabel continue to live their lives as each other. Annabel remains at home, tending to laundry, car repair, grocery deliveries, carpet cleaners, dry cleaners, her housemaid, and the family Basset Hound. As though Annabel did not have her hands full, Bill Andrews coerces her to dinner for twenty-five as his catered dinner party plans fell through. Plus, between all the talks, they play baseball which adds to the affection and this, but mostly the discussions before and after leads to Annabel having remorse for misjudging Ben about her and getting a different outlook on him. However, Ellen does have one point, in a US history class where she accurately recounts the Korean War. In an effort to escape school, Ellen runs to Bills office, there, she encounters Bills new attractive, young, and immodestly dressed secretary. Ellen attempts to intimidate the young woman by sharing how frightening her mother is and this effort appeared successful as the secretary adopts more modest clothing, glasses, and an unflattering hairstyle. Ellen asks Bill for access to his card in order to make herself over as her braces were scheduled to be removed that afternoon. The day ends in a comical twist when the pair wish a new request. Ellen in turn finds herself on waterskis while she was scheduled to participate in an aquacade, Bill, who has prospective clients at the aquacade, fears unemployment as he sees Ellen flailing helplessly on skis, but her antics amuse the clients so much that Bill wins the account. With a new understanding of others lives, mother and daughter forgive each other. Following the events of Freaky Friday, Annabel begins dating Boris, Bill is playing cards with Ellen, still trying to understand what happened. Ellen and Bill are fine with Boris taking Annabel to a pizzeria for a date, but Annabel lets Ben tag along with them

15.
Candleshoe
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Con-artist Harry Bundage believes that the lost treasure of pirate captain Joshua St. Edmund is hidden at Candleshoe, the large country estate of Lady St Edmund. Having gained access to Captain St. Casey is the age to pass for Margaret. Casey agrees to go along with the con and discover further clues in exchange for a cut of the treasure. Lady St. Edmund, however, is living in genteel poverty, Priory, the estates butler manages to keep one step ahead of foreclosure by pawning the houses antiques, conducting tours of the estate, and selling produce at market. Four local orphans adopted by Lady St. Edmund assist Priory, Casey eventually becomes part of the family and decides to find the treasure for the benefit of Candleshoe, rather than for Harry. This nearly costs the girl her life when she is injured trying to prevent Harry from stealing money from Lady St Edmund. Casey is taken to hospital unconscious with severe concussion and remains there for several days, meanwhile, without the money Harry has stolen, Candleshoe is unable to pay its taxes and is within days of being repossessed. When Casey learns that Lady St. Edmund is preparing to go to a retirement home, after unraveling the final clue together, the household returns to Candleshoe to find Harry and his crew tearing the place apart to find the hidden treasure. Casey, Priory, and the children manage to fight off the thieves until the police arrive, with Candleshoe safe and her scheme discovered, Casey prepares to return to Los Angeles, but is stopped by Lady St. Edmund, who offers her a real home at Candleshoe. Casey expresses doubt, wondering what will happen if Lady St. Edmunds real granddaughter ever returns, the ending is ambiguous as to whether Casey truly is the real Margaret. The four clues revealed in the hunt for the treasure, For the sunrise student there is treasure among books, the paths of glory lead but to the grave. He followed the eclipse for riches and fame, and, if ye would prosper, look high, look low, discover all. Compton Wynyates, in Warwickshire, the home of Spencer, 7th Marquess of Northampton and it was also used as the Stratton Mansion in the opening credits of the sitcom Silver Spoons. The Severn Valley Railway that runs between the towns of Bridgnorth and Kidderminister in the United Kingdom was used as a location in the film

16.
Foxes (film)
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Foxes is a 1980 American teen drama film directed by Adrian Lyne and written by Gerald Ayres. The film stars Jodie Foster, Scott Baio, Sally Kellerman, Randy Quaid, the original music score is composed by Giorgio Moroder, and features the song On the Radio, sung by Donna Summer. It revolves around a group of girls coming-of-age in suburban Los Angeles toward the end of the disco era, the film was generally ignored at the box office when it was first released in February 1980. It was also one of Jodie Fosters last major roles before she took a hiatus from acting to attend Yale University. A group of four girls in the San Fernando Valley during the late 1970s have the usual problems. Deirdre is a queen who is fascinated by her sexuality. Madge is unhappily overweight and angry that she is still a virgin and her parents are overprotective, and she has an annoying younger sister. Annie is a runaway who drinks, uses drugs, and runs away from her abusive father. Jeanie feels she has to care of them all, is fighting with her divorced mother, and is yearning for a closer relationship with her distant father. The girls believe school is a waste of time, their boyfriends are immature, all four seem immersed in the decadence of the late 1970s. The only way for them to loosen up and forget the bad things happening in their lives is to party and have fun, Annie is the least responsible, while Jeanie is ready to grow up and wants to stop acting like a child. Jeanie is most worried about Annie and continually takes risks to try to keep Annie clean, Annies unstable behavior keeps everyone on edge, and finally leads to her death in a car accident. Annies death brings changes for the rest of the girls, Madge marries Jay, an older man who deflowered her, Deirdre no longer acts boy-crazy, and Jeanie graduates from high school and is about to head off to college. After Madge and Jays wedding, Jeanie visits Annies grave and smokes a cigarette, foxes was released in a Region 1 DVD by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer on August 5,2003. A Blu-Ray edition of the film was released by Kino Lorber on January 15,2015

17.
The Accused (1988 film)
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The Accused is a 1988 American drama film written by Tom Topor and directed by Jonathan Kaplan. It starred Jodie Foster and Kelly McGillis, the film is set in Washington state and filmed in Vancouver, Canada. The film was based on the 1983 gang rape of Cheryl Araujo in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and the resulting trial. This film was one of the first Hollywood films to portray rape graphically, Jodie Foster portrayed Sarah Tobias, the victim, earning the Academy Award for Best Actress, the films sole nomination. One night at a bar, working-class woman Sarah Tobias is gang raped by several bar patrons. Assistant district attorney, Kathryn Murphy is assigned to the rape case and her superior wants to drop the case, believing that Sarahs background and prior record will make her testimony appear weak to the jury and that she will not win the case. After a heated argument, her superior suggests she arrange a plea bargain with the defendants that requires some jail time. They make a bargain to charges of reckless endangerment, and are sentenced to prison. Sarah is enraged by the deal, as she did not get to testify in court against her attackers, Sarah is hospitalized after she rammed a pickup truck, recognizing its driver as one of the witnesses from the bar, and being outraged by his crude proposition of her. After this, Kathryn decides to prosecute the men who cheered the rape for criminal solicitation, Sarahs friend Sally, a waitress at the bar where the rape took place, picks three men out of a line-up as those who encouraged the attackers. They get three different defense attorneys for the ensuing trial, Sarah testifies that she was raped. College student Kenneth Joyce, a friend of one of the rapists, after Kathryns closing statement and a single summation from the three defense lawyers, the jury deliberates for a long time. They ask several times for Kens testimony to be reread to them, in the end, the jury convicts the three defendants. Writing of the two criminal prosecutions in the film, Roger Ebert finds that the lesson of the trial may be the most important message this movie has to offer and it is a form of imprisonment. The film was nominated for the Golden Bear at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival in 1989, Jodie Foster won an Academy Award as Best Actress for her performance, the film received no other nominations for Academy Awards. It was the first time this had occurred since 1962, when Sophia Loren won Best Actress for her performance in Two Women, Kelly McGillis acknowledged at the time of film release that she had survived an attack and rape. Based on her experience, the actress took the role of the fictional Assistant District Attorney Murphy in the film, McGillis was initially recruited to play the role of Sarah Tobias but declined, citing her personal experience. In 1982, McGillis was assaulted, raped, and robbed in her home by Leroy Johnson, a sex offender who had escaped from juvenile jail

18.
Golden Globe
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama

19.
The Silence of the Lambs (film)
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The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror-thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, and Scott Glenn. Adapted by Ted Tally from the 1988 novel of the name by Thomas Harris, his second to feature the character of Dr. In the film, Clarice Starling, a young U. S, FBI trainee, seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer, known only as Buffalo Bill. The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14,1991 and it is also the first Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film, and only the third such film to be nominated in the category, after The Exorcist in 1973 and Jaws in 1975. The film is considered culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the U. S, library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011. A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 with Hopkins reprising his role, FBI trainee Clarice Starling is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureaus Behavioral Science Unit. Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, although initially pleasant and courteous, Lecter grows impatient with Starlings attempts at dissecting him and rebuffs her. As she is leaving, one of the prisoners flicks semen at her, Lecter, who considers this act unspeakably ugly, calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his. This leads her to a shed where she discovers a mans severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat. She returns to Lecter, who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill and he offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he be transferred away from Chilton, whom he detests. Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal promising a prison if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill. Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling, offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information, Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old. Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starlings deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chiltons own making, Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis, Tennessee, where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill, including the name Louis Friend. Starling notices that Louis Friend is an anagram of iron sulfide — fools gold and she visits Lecter, who is now being held in a cage-like cell in a Tennessee courthouse, and asks for the truth. Lecter tells her all the information she needs is contained in the case file. Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming, Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police, who escort her from the building. Later that evening, Lecter kills his guards, escapes from his cell, Starling analyzes Lecters annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally. Starling travels to the hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor, with dresses

20.
Clarice Starling
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Clarice M. Starling is a fictional character who appears in the novels The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal by Thomas Harris. In the film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, she was played by Jodie Foster, while in the adaptation of Hannibal. Clarice Starling, as portrayed by Foster, was ranked the sixth greatest protagonist in film history on AFIs 100 Years.100 Heroes and Villains, in The Silence of the Lambs, Starling is a student at the FBI Academy. Her mentor, Behavioral Sciences Unit chief Jack Crawford, sends her to interview Dr. Hannibal Lecter and he is housed in a Baltimore mental institution. She tells Lecter that she was raised in a town in West Virginia with her father. When she was about 10 years old, her father was shot responding to a robbery. Her mother subsequently worked as a chambermaid, but was unable to support her entire family without a life insurance settlement from her husbands death. Starling was sent to live with her uncle on a Montana sheep and horse farm and her uncle was so angry that he sent her to live in a Lutheran orphanage, where she spent the rest of her childhood. According to the novel, Starling attended the University of Virginia as a major in psychology and criminology. During that time, she spent two summers working as a counselor in a health center. Starling first met Crawford when he was a guest lecturer at UVA and his criminology seminars were a factor in her decision to join the FBI. During the investigation, Starling is assigned to coax Lecter into revealing Buffalo Bills identity, Lecter gives her clues in the form of cryptic, riddling information designed to help Starling figure it out for herself. The two grow to respect each other, so when Lecter escapes during a transfer engineered by Chilton to a prison in Tennessee. Starling deduces from Lecters hints that Buffalo Bills first victim had a relationship with him. She unknowingly stumbles onto the killer himself, Jame Gumb, who is living under the alias Jack Gordon, Gumb flees, and Starling follows him into his basement, where his latest victim is alive and screaming for help. Gumb turns off the electricity in the basement, and stalks Starling through the rooms wearing night vision goggles, as Gumb readies to shoot Starling, Starling hears him cock the hammer of his revolver and opens fire towards the sound, killing him. Weeks later, Lecter writes Starling a letter from a room somewhere in Detroit asking her if the lambs have stopped screaming. The final scene of the novel has Starling sleeping peacefully at a vacation house at the Maryland seashore

21.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure

22.
Serial murder
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Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone. The murders may be attempted or completed in a fashion. Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering, nor is it spree killing, however, there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U. S. earlier. The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. They were often abused—emotionally, physically and/or sexually—by a family member, a disproportionate number exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior, Many are fascinated with fire setting. They are involved in activity, especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity. More than 60 percent, or simply a large proportion, wet their beds beyond the age of 12 and they were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents. For example, Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child, kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants, suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers. Some were involved in petty crimes, such as fraud, theft, vandalism, often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs. The FBI, however, states, Serial murderers often seem normal, have families and/or a steady job, other sources state they often come from unstable families. Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low-average IQ, although they are often described, a sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89. There are exceptions to these criteria, however, for example, Harold Shipman was a successful professional. He was considered a pillar of the community, he even won a professional award for a childrens asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Televisions World in Action. Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no criminal record when arrested. Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell-tale signs, vlado Taneski, a crime reporter, was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes, Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a childs development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis

23.
Little Man Tate
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Little Man Tate is a 1991 drama film directed by and starring Jodie Foster. The film marked her directorial debut and it tells the story of a seven-year-old child prodigy, Fred Tate, who struggles to self-actualize in a social and psychological construct that largely fails to accommodate his intelligence. Foster plays Freds mother Dede Tate, who attempts to give her son a normal childhood while feeding his intellectual curiosity, Dede Tate is a single mother, a working-class woman of average intelligence raising her seven-year-old son, Fred, who shows every indication of being a genius. Freds reading and mathematics abilities are remarkable, and he plays the piano at competition level, Freds intellect comes to the attention of Jane Grierson, a former music prodigy and now a psychologist running a school for gifted children. She seeks permission from Dede to admit Fred to the school in order to develop his intellectual gifts in a way that a school cannot. Dede is reluctant, preferring that Fred have a normal upbringing but when no one comes to Freds seventh birthday party, Jane attempts to become more nurturing, but is unable to relate to Fred as anything other than a case study. An adult student named Eddie accidentally hits Fred with a globe when goofing around. To make it up to Fred, Eddie takes Fred out for a ride on his moped and shows him events like shooting pool, however, when Fred by mistake comes to Eddies room when he is in bed with a coed, Fred runs out. Eddie chases after him, then says he cannot be a babysitter to Fred, while he enjoys Freds company, the return to isolation takes a toll on Fred, as he suffers from nightmares where he is viewed as a freak. Jane is asked to bring Fred onto a panel show on the topic of gifted children. He claims his mother is dead, and recites a poem before taking off his microphone. Dede witnesses some of this as it is broadcast and flies back to New York, Jane is unable to find Fred, but Dede discovers him back at their apartment and embraces him. One year later, Fred has adjusted to the pressures of being a child genius, Dede hosts a well attended birthday party for him, reconciling Freds emotional development with his intellect. Jodie Foster - Dede Tate Dianne Wiest - Jane Grierson Adam Hann-Byrd - Fred Tate Harry Connick Jr, York - Infant Fred Tate Carolyn Lawrence - Sorority Girl Most of the film was shot in Over-the-Rhine and downtown Cincinnati. Little Man Tate received positive reviews critics, as it holds a 76% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews. The film grossed about $25 million, Little Man Tate at the Internet Movie Database Little Man Tate at AllMovie Little Man Tate at Rotten Tomatoes

24.
Nell (film)
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Nell is a 1994 American drama film starring Jodie Foster as a young woman who has to face other people for the first time after being raised by her mother in an isolated cabin. The film also co-starred Liam Neeson, Natasha Richardson, Richard Libertini, the film was directed by Michael Apted, and was based on Mark Handleys play Idioglossia. The play was inspired by Handleys time living in the Cascade Mountains in the 1970s, and the story of Poto and Cabengo, the original music score is composed by Mark Isham. Foster was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role and she also won the first Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress. The film was given a release on December 16,1994. When stroke victim Violet Kellty dies in her cabin in the North Carolina mountains, Dr. Jerome Jerry Lovell. She speaks angrily and rapidly, but seems to have a language of her own, looking at Violets Bible, Jerry finds a note asking whoever finds it to look after Violets daughter Nell. Sheriff Todd Peterson shows Jerry a news clipping that Nell was conceived through rape, Jerry seeks the help of Dr. Paula Olsen, a researcher working with autistic children. Paula and Al get an order to institutionalize Nell for further study. Jerry hires lawyer Don Fontana and prevents it, the judge gives Jerry and Paula three months to interact with Nell and discover her needs. Paula shows up on a houseboat with electronic equipment to monitor Nells behavior while Jerry chooses to stay in Nells cabin, Jerry and Paula begin a grudging friendship. Nell sleeps during the day or works inside her home and is active only after sunset. She explains to Jerry that her mother told her about the rape, as Nell comes to trust Jerry, she sees him as a friend, the gahinja her mother promised would come. Jerry later realizes that gahinja is Nells phrase for guardian angel, using popcorn as an incentive, Jerry is able to lead Nell outside and into the sun. Nell leads Jerry and Paula to the remains of her identical twin sister, May. Mike Ibarra, a reporter, learns of Nells existence and visits her cabin, Nell is curious of the visitor at first, but when he snaps a photo, the flash frightens Nell. Jerry arrives and throws the reporter out, Paula believes that Nell would be safer in a hospital, while Jerry feels that Nell should be left alone and allowed to live as she pleases. The two decide that Nell should be shown a little of the world, and they make the decision to bring Nell into town

25.
Sommersby
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Sommersby is a 1993 romantic drama film directed by Jon Amiel and starring Richard Gere, Jodie Foster, Bill Pullman and James Earl Jones. Set in the Reconstruction period following the U. S. Civil War, John Jack Sommersby left his farm to fight in the American Civil War and is presumed dead after six years. Despite the hardship of working their farm, his apparent widow Laurel is quite content in his absence, because Jack was an unpleasant and abusive husband. She even makes plans with one of her neighbors, Orin Meacham. One day, Jack seemingly returns with a change of heart. He is now kind and loving to Laurel and their young son, in the evenings, he reads to them from Homers Iliad, which the old Jack never would have done. He claims that the book was given to him by a man he met in prison, Jack and Laurel rekindle their intimacy, which leads to Laurel becoming pregnant. Displaced from his courtship of Laurel, Meacham immediately suspects Jack as an impostor, the town shoemaker also finds that this mans foot is two sizes smaller than the last which had been made for Sommersby before the war. In order to revive the economy, Jack suggests Burley tobacco as a cash crop. He raises the money by selling parts of his own farm to people who will then work the land to grow tobacco. One black freedman living on Sommersbys land is brutally attacked and dropped at Sommersbys door, Jack is threatened in an attempt to force him to exclude Black people from the landowning but he refuses, saying that they can own what they pay for. Upon taking the money, he sets off to buy the tobacco seed claiming that the crops will raise enough funds to rebuild the town church. Great suspicion and skepticism falls upon him when he not return at the expected time. All those that bought in on the set to work, transforming the dull and lifeless plantation into a breeding ground of promise. Laurel gives birth to a daughter, Rachel, shortly after Rachels baptism, two U. S. Marshals appear in town to arrest Jack on the charge of murder, which carries the death penalty if convicted. Laurel and Jacks lawyer agree to argue that her husband is an impostor and this would save her husband from hanging for murder, but he would still be imprisoned for several years for fraud and military desertion. Meacham devises this plan in exchange for Laurel promising to marry him upon Sommersbys imprisonment, Jack fires the lawyer and sets about re-establishing himself as the real Sommersby. Several witnesses are brought up to discredit this Sommersby as a fraud, who state that he is one Horace Townsend, one witness says that the man currently posing as Jack defrauded his township of several thousand dollars after claiming he wanted to help rebuild the schoolhouse there

26.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns

27.
Maverick (film)
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Maverick is a 1994 American Western comedy film directed by Richard Donner and written by William Goldman, based on the 1950s television series of the same name created by Roy Huggins. The film stars Mel Gibson as Bret Maverick, a card player and he is joined in his adventure by Annabelle Bransford, another con artist, and lawman Marshall Zane Cooper. The supporting cast features Graham Greene, James Coburn, Alfred Molina, the film received a favorable critical reception for its light-hearted charm, and was financially successful, earning over $180 million during its theatrical run. Costume designer April Ferry was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design, the story, set in the American Old West, is a first-person account by wisecracking gambler Bret Maverick of his misadventures on the way to a major five-card draw poker tournament. Besides wanting to win the tournament for the money, he also wants to prove, once and for all. Maverick rides into the town of Crystal River intending to collect money owed to him. While in Crystal River, he encounters three people, a gambler named Angel, a young con artist calling herself Mrs. Annabelle Bransford. The first two are also rival poker players, Maverick, Bransford and Cooper share a stagecoach, the driver of which dies at the reins at full gallop. They later help a train of migrant evangelist settlers who have been waylaid by ruffians. The settlers offer Maverick a percentage of the money they have collected to start a mission, the three are later headed off by a troop of Indians led by Joseph. Unknown to his companions, Joseph and Maverick are good friends, Angel receives a mysterious telegram ordering him to stop Maverick from reaching the tournament. He also learns that Maverick had conned him in Crystal River, Angel catches up with Maverick, beats him up, and attempts to hang him from a tree. Maverick escapes after the branch breaks under his weight. Angel already has a seat in the game, while Cooper has been engaged to oversee its security. Learning that Bransford is still short $4,000 of the entry fee, after the others are eliminated, the four finalists are Maverick, Bransford, Angel, and Commodore Duvall, the boats owner and the tournament organizer. Maverick almost fails to reach the table by the 5,00 AM deadline. The game proceeds, with Bransford the first eliminated, noticing that the dealer has bottom-dealt to the other two on the discard, Maverick protests, then agrees to accept one card dealt by Angel from the top of the deck. Duvall and Angel each bet all in, and Maverick calls without looking at his new card, when the three reveal their hands, that card turns out to be the ace of spades, giving Maverick the championship

28.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman

29.
Contact (1997 American film)
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Contact is a 1997 American science fiction drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is a adaptation of Carl Sagans 1985 novel of the same name, Sagan. Jodie Foster portrays the films protagonist, Dr. Eleanor Ellie Arroway, the film also stars Matthew McConaughey, James Woods, Tom Skerritt, William Fichtner, John Hurt, Angela Bassett, Jake Busey, and David Morse. Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan began working on the film in 1979, together, they wrote a 100+ page film treatment and set up Contact at Warner Bros. with Peter Guber and Lynda Obst as producers. When development stalled on the film, Sagan published Contact as a novel in 1985, roland Joffé and George Miller had planned to direct it, but Joffé dropped out in 1993 and Warner Bros. fired Miller in 1995. Robert Zemeckis was eventually hired to direct, and filming for Contact lasted from September 1996 to February 1997, Sony Pictures Imageworks handled most of the visual effects sequences. The film was released on July 11,1997, to positive reviews. Contact grossed approximately $171 million in box office totals. The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and received multiple awards, the use of digitally-altered footage of President Bill Clinton in the film was questioned and CNN revised an internal policy, both as results of the film. Individual lawsuits from George Miller and Francis Ford Coppola were filed, Dr. Ellie Arroway works for the SETI program at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Fascinated by science and communication since she was a child, she listens to radio emissions from space hoping to find evidence of alien life, David Drumlin, the presidents science advisor, pulls the funding from SETI because he believes the endeavor is futile. Arroway gains backing from secretive billionaire industrialist S. R. Hadden, four years later, with Drumlin seeking to close SETI, Arroway discovers a signal repeating a sequence of prime numbers, apparently sent from the star system Vega some 26 light-years away. This announcement causes Drumlin and the National Security Council led by Michael Kitz, Arroways team then discover a video buried in the signal, Adolf Hitlers opening address at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Arroway and her team postulate that this would have been the first television signal strong enough to leave Earths atmosphere, taking 26 years to reach Vega, the project is put under tight security and its progress followed worldwide. Arroway learns that the signal also contains more than 60,000 pages of indecipherable data, the reclusive Hadden secretly meets with Arroway to provide the means to decode the pages, found when they are arranged in three dimensions rather than two-dimensional pages. The pages reveal schematics for a machine which is determined to be some kind of transport for a single occupant. The nations of the fund the construction of the machine at Cape Canaveral. An international panel is assembled to choose a candidate to travel in the machine, although Arroway is a frontrunner to go, her hopes are scuppered by Christian philosopher Palmer Joss, a panel member whom Arroway met in Puerto Rico and had a brief romantic encounter

30.
Anna and the King
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Anna and the King is a 1999 biographical drama film loosely based on the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam, which give a fictionalised account of the diaries of Anna Leonowens. The story concerns Anna, an English schoolteacher in Siam, now Thailand, in the late 19th century, the film was directed by Andy Tennant and stars Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-fat. It was mostly shot in Malaysia, particularly in the Penang, Ipoh and it was an Academy Award nominee in 1999 for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. Anna Leonowens is a British widow who has come to Siam with her son Louis to teach English to the dozens of children of King Mongkut and she is a strong-willed, intelligent woman for her time, and this pleases the King. Mongkut wants to modernize Siam, thinking this will help his country resist colonialism, Mongkut and Anna discuss differences between Eastern and Western love, but he dismisses the notion that a man can be happy with only one wife. In order to win favors through Britains ambassadors, Mongkut orders a sumptuous reception, during the reception, the King spars graciously and wittily with Sir Mycroft Kincaid, of the East India Company. The Europeans express their beliefs that Siam is a superstitious, backward nation, Mongkut dances with Anna at the reception. Anna is enchanted by the children, particularly Princess Fa-Ying. The little girl adores the playful monkeys who live in the royal gardens trees, when Fa-Ying falls ill with cholera, Anna is summoned to her chambers to say goodbye. She gets there just as Fa-Ying dies in King Mongkuts arms, Mongkut later finds that one of the monkeys borrowed his glasses as his daughter used to do. He finds comfort for his grief in his belief in reincarnation, lady Tuptim, the Kings newest concubine, was already engaged to marry another man, Khun Phra Balat, when she was brought to court. Mongkut is kind to her, but Tuptim yearns for her true love and she disguises herself as a young man and runs away, joining the monastery where her former fiancé lives. She is tracked down, returned to the palace, and put on trial where she is caned, Anna, unable to bear the sight, tries to prevent the execution and is forcibly removed from the court. Her outburst prevents Mongkut from showing clemency, because he cannot be seen as beholden to her, Tuptim and Balat are beheaded publicly and Anna prepares to leave Siam. Siam is under siege from what appears to be a British-funded coup détat against King Mongkut, Mongkut sends his brother Prince Chaofa and military advisor General Alak and their troops to investigate. Alak is really the man behind the coup, and he poisons the regiment, Alak then flees into Burma, where he summons and readies troops to invade Siam, kill King Mongkut and all his children. Mongkuts army is too far from the palace to engage the rebels, so he creates a ruse - that an elephant has been spotted. This allows him to flee the palace with his children and wives, Anna returns to help Mongkut, since her presence in his entourage will give credence to the tale about the white elephant

31.
Panic Room
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Safe rooms usually contain communications equipment, so that law enforcement authorities can be contacted. Sometimes, the ceiling is reinforced, or gated, to prevent easy access from the attic or from an overhead crawl space, more expensive safe rooms have walls and a door reinforced with sheets of steel, Kevlar, or bullet-resistant fiberglass. The hinges and strike plate are often reinforced with long screws, some safe rooms may also have externally vented ventilation systems and a separate telephone connection. They might also connect to an escape shaft, the U. S. State Department often uses steel grillwork much like a jail to seal off parts of a home used by U. S. Foreign Service members overseas when they are living in cities with a high crime threat, in some cities, the entire upstairs area is grilled off, as well as every window and door to the home. Other homes have steel doors to one or more bedrooms that can be bolted closed to provide time for security forces to arrive. For strong storms or tornadoes, a safe room must be built to withstand high winds and flying debris. Specific concerns include, The safe room should be anchored to the foundation to resist overturning. The walls, ceiling, and door of the shelter should withstand wind pressure, the connections between all parts of the safe room should be strong enough to resist separation by wind. Safe rooms may contain communications equipment, such as a telephone, land-line telephone or an amateur radio transceiver. There may also be a monitor for external security cameras and an alarm system, in basic safe rooms, a peephole in the door may be used for a similar purpose. Safe rooms can be hidden behind many household features, such as mirrors, wardrobes, bookcases, sliding bookcases, warships with CBRN protection generally have a central citadel, with a degree of armour protection as well as a filtered air system. Safe rooms on civilian ships, sometimes called citadels, are increasingly being installed as a countermeasure against piracy, when attacked, the crew can retreat into the safe room and call for help. Safe rooms sometimes have facilities to allow the crew to remotely disable the engines and electronic systems. The retreat of the crew to a safe room could encourage the pirates to leave the ship of their own volition, safe rooms have been used as a defensive measure in ships threatened by piracy in Somalia. In 2010,4,185 seafarers had been attacked and 1,090 taken hostage, blast shelter Bomb shelter Fallout shelter Merkhav Mugan Panic Room Retreat Storm cellar The Secure Home, Joel Skousen, Swift Learning Resources, 3rd ed,1999

32.
Flightplan
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The film, distributed by Touchstone Pictures, was released theatrically in the United States on September 23,2005. The film is about Kyle Pratt, an American aircraft engineer working in Berlin, Germany with her husband, after her husband dies, Kyle decides to return home with her daughter and the casket to the U. S. A few hours into the flight Kyle and Julia fall asleep and she begins to panic when none of passengers remember her daughter, and when the stewards tell her that her daughter is not on the flight manifest the airplane staff begin to think Kyle is delusional. The basic premise of the plot is similar to a 1955 episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents entitled Into Thin Air. Kyle decides to bury him in their back in the U. S. on Long Island. They fly aboard an Aalto Airlines Elgin 474, a passenger aircraft that Kyle helped design the engines for. A few hours into the flight, Kyle and Julia fall asleep, at first calm, she begins to panic when none of the passengers or flight attendants claim to have seen her. Rich and the flight attendants start to suspect that Kyle may be unhinged by her husbands death, because of her increasingly erratic and panicked behaviour, Capt. Rich orders sky marshal Gene Carson to guard and handcuff her, later, after releasing all the passengers from their seats, Capt. Rich informs Kyle that he received a wire from the hospital in Berlin, saying that Julia was with David when he fell off the roof, Kyle furiously denies this, saying that Julia wasnt even there when David died and continues to insist that she brought her onboard. The crew now believes that she is delusional and Carson escorts Kyle back to her seat. A therapist, Lisa, tries to console her, and Kyle begins to doubt her own sanity until she notices that a heart Julia had drawn earlier on the next to her seat is real. Kyle is emboldened and convinces the therapist to let her search the plane again under the pretense of using the bathroom. While in the lavatory, she uses a trapdoor leading to the attic where she sabotages the aircrafts electronics, deploying the oxygen masks. She uses the chaos to take a dumbwaiter to the lower freight deck. She then notices Davids casket and frantically opens it, only to break down as it contains just the body of her husband. Carson finds her, handcuffs her, and announces that the flight will be making a stopover at Goose Bay Airport in Newfoundland. As she is once again led back to her seat, all of the passengers applaud Carson as they are now fed up of Kyles antics disrupting the flight, Kyle makes a final plea to Carson that she needs to search the plane upon landing

33.
Inside Man
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Inside Man is a 2006 American crime thriller film directed by Spike Lee, written by Russell Gewirtz. The film centers on a bank heist on Wall Street over a 24-hour period. Inside Man marks the fourth collaboration between Washington and Lee. Gewirtz spent five years developing the premise before working on what became his first original screenplay. After he completed the script in 2002, Imagine Entertainment purchased it to be made by Universal Studios, after Howard stepped down, his Imagine partner Brian Grazer began looking for a new director to helm the project, and ultimately hired Lee to do so. Principal photography began in June 2005 and concluded in August of that year, inside Man premiered in New York on March 20,2006 before being released in North America on March 24,2006. Upon release, the received a generally positive critical response and was a commercial success. Dalton Russell, seated in what appears to be a jail cell, a team of masked robbers, dressed as painters who call each other by variants of the name Steve, seize control of a Manhattan bank and take the employees and patrons hostage. They divide the hostages into groups and hold them in different rooms, additionally, they take all of the hostages clothes and dress everyone in jumpsuits and masks identical to those of the robbers. This way, the robbers and hostages will be indistinguishable to the police, Police surround the bank and detectives Keith Frazier and Bill Mitchell take charge of the negotiations. Russell, the leader of the robbers, demands food, the police supply pizzas whose boxes include listening devices, these pick up a language which the police finally identify as Albanian. However, they discover that the conversations are just old propaganda recordings of the deceased Albanian communist dictator Enver Hoxha, it becomes clear that the robbers anticipated surveillance. Russell implies that Case started his bank with money that he received from the Nazis for unspecified services which resulted in the deaths of many Jewish people during World War II, White tells Russell that Case will pay him a substantial sum to destroy the contents of the box. She claims she can arrange a minimal jail sentence as Russell and his team have not yet stolen anything or hurt or killed anyone, Frazier demands to inspect the hostages before allowing the robbers to leave and Russell takes him on a tour of the bank. As he is being out, Frazier attacks Russell, but is restrained by another robber. Frazier later explains to Mitchell that his actions were intended to provoke Russell to establish whether he was capable of killing, the robbers counter this theory by shooting a hostage in the head. The execution prompts the ESU team into action and they plan to storm the bank and use rubber bullets to knock out the occupants. However, Frazier discovers that the robbers have planted a listening device on the police, aware of the police plans, the police detain everyone, knowing that some of the hostages are members of the gang, but cant distinguish between the two

34.
The Brave One (2007 film)
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The Brave One is a 2007 American psychological thriller film directed by Neil Jordan, produced by Joel Silver, and starring Jodie Foster and Terrence Howard. It is about Erica Bain, a female New York radio host and her boyfriend, terrified for her safety, Bain buys a pistol. Armed with the gun, she undergoes a personality transformation and becomes a vigilante, Detective Sean Mercer investigates the vigilante shootings, which lead him closer and closer to Bain. It was released in the United States on September 14,2007, the film earned Foster a Golden Globe nomination for Best Leading Actress in a Drama. The film, which garnered mixed reviews, had a box office total of $69.7 million against a $70 million budget. David dies from his injuries, and Erica, while seriously injured, angry and traumatized, she attempts to purchase a gun. Terrified and unwilling to wait the required to obtain a gun legally. When she stops at a store, a man comes in screaming at the female cashier for not allowing him to see his kids. The killer then hears Ericas cell phone ringer, while attempting to out the till. Just as the killer is about to find her, Erica is overcome with fear and shoots through the aisles, on another night, two street thugs harass and threaten passengers in a subway car. The passengers all leave at the stop except Erica. When the thugs, amazed that she was not threatened enough to leave, take it as a challenge and threaten her with a knife, another night, she attempts to save a prostitute by threatening the brutal pimp with her pistol. When he attempts to run them down with his car in retaliation, she shoots him in the head, the prostitute is injured, but lives, and is taken to the hospital. All the while, Erica attempts to track down the thugs who killed David and she strikes up a friendship with Detective Sean Mercer, who is investigating the vigilante crimes and who is initially unaware of her role in the deaths. Erica, in trying to find out if the detective is close to solving her case, as well as the vigilante killings, during the interview, the detective asks her how she pulled it back together after her tragedy. She replies that she did not, and she had to become a different person from the one she was before, Ericas boss gets her to take calls on her radio show to solicit the publics opinion on the vigilante killings. The various responses almost get her to confess to the killings, Mercer tells Erica about a criminal he has been pursuing for a long time, who has allegedly committed several murders, but Mercer is unable to bring him to justice. When Erica kills the suspect that Detective Mercer had long been after, Mercer comes to suspect her as the killer

35.
The Beaver (film)
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The Beaver is a 2011 drama film directed by Jodie Foster and written by Kyle Killen. This film stars Mel Gibson, Foster, Anton Yelchin, and this is Gibson and Fosters first film together since 1994s Maverick and Summit Entertainments only film to have Entertainment One not distribute it within the UK. Walter Black is a depressed CEO of Jerry Co. a toy company nearing bankruptcy and he is kicked out by his wife, to the relief of their elder son Porter. After unsuccessful suicide attempts, he develops an alternate personality represented by a hand puppet found in the trash. He wears the puppet constantly, communicating solely by speaking as the beaver and he reestablishes a bond with his younger son Henry and then with his wife, although not with Porter. He also becomes successful again at work by creating a line of Mr. Beaver Building Kits for kids, Porter, who gets paid to write papers for schoolmates, is asked by Norah to write her graduation speech. He gets emotionally attached to Norah but his fathers actions with the beaver puppet embarrass him, Walters wife moves out of the house with the children, because he lied to her about the puppet being part of a treatment plan monitored by his psychiatrist. She feels she can no longer communicate with her husband and that he is suffering from an identity disorder. Part of Walters personality realizes what he has put his family through and wants to get rid of the beaver to get together with his family. Walter finally takes the puppet out of his life by cutting off his arm at the elbow and he gets a prosthetic hand and is placed in a psychiatric hospital. She starts the speech he wrote, but stops and admits publicly that she did not write it herself and she switches to explain the value of truth and her trauma caused by her brothers death some years ago. Porter realizes the value of his father and reunites with him, Walter Black becomes himself again and returns to a normal life. Mel Gibson as Walter Black, a depressed and troubled husband/The Beaver, a portion of the movie was filmed at White Plains Senior High School in White Plains, New York. Filming was completed in November 2009, before Gibson was hired, Steve Carell and Jim Carrey were both signed on to star at different stages of production. The film marked a return to New York state for Mel Gibson since he, the Beaver had its world premiere at the South by Southwest film festival on March 16,2011, where the Los Angeles Times reported that it was given a relatively warm embrace. The film had a release in 22 theaters on May 9,2011. Over its opening weekend, the film grossed $107,577, Entertainment Weekly and several media outlets reported that the films box office performance was a flop with a haul of only $4,890 per theater against its production budget of $21 million. The Beaver was the worst debut for a Foster-directed film, michael Cieply of The New York Times observed on June 5,2011, that the film had cleared just about $1 million, making it a certified flop

36.
Netflix
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Netflix is an American entertainment company founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29,1997, in Scotts Valley, California. It specializes in and provides streaming media and video-on-demand online and DVD by mail, in 2013, Netflix expanded into film and television production, as well as online distribution. As of 2017 the company has its headquarters in Los Gatos, Netflixs initial business model included DVD sales and rental, although Hastings jettisoned DVD sales about a year after Netflixs founding to focus on the DVD rental by mail business. In 2007, Netflix expanded its business with the introduction of streaming media, while retaining the DVD, Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2013, debuting its first series, House of Cards. It has greatly expanded the production of film and television series since then, offering Netflix Original content through its online library of films. Netflix released an estimated 126 original series or films in 2016, in January 2017, Netflix reported having over 93 million subscribers worldwide, including more than 49 million in the United States. Netflix was founded on August 29,1997, in Scotts Valley, California, by Marc Randolph, Randolph worked as marketing director for Hastings company, Pure Atria Corporation. Randolph was a co-founder of MicroWarehouse, a mail order company. Hastings, a computer scientist and mathematician, sold Pure Atria to Rational Software Corporation in 1997 for $700 million in what was then the richest acquisition in Silicon Valley history. Hastings, Randolphs mother and Integrity QA founder Steve Kahn invested $2.5 million in cash for Netflix. Randolph admired the fledgling e-commerce company Amazon and wanted to find a category of portable items to sell over the internet using a similar model. He and Hastings considered and rejected VHS tapes as too expensive to stock and too delicate to ship. When they heard about DVDs, which were available in only a few markets in 1997, when the disc arrived intact, they decided to take on the $16 billion home video sales and rental industry. Netflix introduced the monthly subscription concept in September 1999, and then dropped the model in early 2000. Since that time, the company has built its reputation on the model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees. In 2000, Netflix offered to be acquired by Blockbuster for $50 million, Netflix initiated an initial public offering on May 29,2002, selling 5.5 million shares of common stock at the price of US$15.00 per share. On June 14,2002, the company sold an additional 825,000 shares of stock at the same price. After incurring substantial losses during its first few years, Netflix posted its first profit during fiscal year 2003, in 2005,35,000 different films were available, and Netflix shipped 1 million DVDs out every day

37.
Orange is the New Black
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Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama web television series. Orange Is the New Black is streamed on Netflix, and premiered on July 11,2013, in February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. The fifth season will be released on June 9,2017, Orange Is the New Black has become Netflixs most-watched original series. It has received acclaim and many accolades. A new Emmy rule in 2015 forced the series to change categories from comedy to drama, for its second season, the series received four Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, and Uzo Aduba won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series. Orange Is the New Black is the first series to score Emmy nominations in both comedy and drama categories, Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause, an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet and her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupts her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends. In prison, Piper is reunited with Alex and they re-examine their relationship, simultaneously, Piper must learn how to survive in prison, and how to overcome its numerous, inherent struggles. Episodes often feature flashbacks of significant events from various inmates and prison guards pasts and these flashbacks typically explain how the inmate came to be in prison, or otherwise further develop the characters backstory. Show creator Jenji Kohan read Piper Kermans memoir after a friend sent it to her and this appealed to Kerman as it let her know that she was a fan and she signed off on the adaptation. Kohan would later go on to describe the character, Piper Chapman as a trojan horse for the series allowing it to focus on characters whose demographics would not normally be represented on TV. In July 2011, it was revealed that Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kermans memoirs with Kohan as creator, in November 2011, negotiations were finalized and the series had been greenlit. Casting announcements began in August 2012 with Taylor Schilling, the first to be cast, in the role as Piper Chapman. Kohan instead gave her the role of Alex, around the same time Laverne Cox, a black transgender woman, was cast as Sophia Burset, a transgender character. The Advocate touted Orange Is the New Black as possibly the first women-in-prison narrative to cast a woman for this type of role. This American Life host Ira Glass was offered a role as a radio host. The role instead went to Robert Stanton, who plays the fictional host Maury Kind, the series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary. The series began filming in the old Rockland Childrens Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, the title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself

38.
House of Cards (U.S. TV series)
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House of Cards is an American political drama web television series created by Beau Willimon. It is an adaptation of the BBCs mini-series of the name and is based on the novel by Michael Dobbs. The thirteen episode first season premiered on February 1,2013, thirteen episode seasons followed on February 14,2014, February 27,2015 and March 4,2016. Netflix announced a season due for release on May 30,2017. Willimon has stated plans for the shows future are decided after each season. House of Cards is the story of Frank Underwood, a Democrat from South Carolinas 5th congressional district and House Majority Whip. After being passed over for appointment as Secretary of State, he initiates a plan to get himself into a position of greater power, aided by his wife. The series deals primarily with themes of pragmatism, manipulation. House of Cards has received reviews and several award nominations. It is the first original online-only web television series to receive major Emmy nominations, the show also earned eight Golden Globe Award nominations, with Wright winning for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2014 and Spacey winning for Best Actor – Television Series Drama in 2015. However, Underwood soon learns that he is no longer being considered for the position, Chief of Staff Linda Vasquez tells Underwood that the president wants him to promote his agenda in Congress and will not honor their agreement. Inwardly seething, Underwood quickly gains control of his anger and hides his disappointment to present himself as a lieutenant to the president. In reality, Underwood begins a plan behind the presidents back. Franks wife Claire runs an NGO, the Clean Water Initiative, using the charity to cultivate her own power and influence, yet its ultimate purpose remains unknown. Despite the success of the operation, Claire seeks to expand its scope to the international stage and they both work with Remy Danton, a corporate lobbyist and former Underwood staffer, to secure funds for their operations and further their influence. Underwood begins a highly intricate plan to obtain a cabinet position, meanwhile, he manipulates Peter Russo, a troubled alcoholic and congressman from Pennsylvania, into helping him undermine Walkers pick for Secretary of State, Senator Michael Kern. Underwood eventually has Kern replaced with his own choice, Senator Catherine Durant, Underwood also uses Russo in a plot to end a teachers strike and pass an education bill, which improves Underwoods standing with President Walker. Because the new Vice President is the governor of Pennsylvania

39.
Elysium (film)
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Elysium is a 2013 American science fiction film produced, written and directed by Neill Blomkamp. It stars Matt Damon, Jodie Foster, Alice Braga, the film takes place on both a ravaged Earth, and a luxurious space habitat called Elysium. The film was released on August 9,2013 by TriStar Pictures and it was a modest success and received generally positive reviews from critics, even though many considered it a disappointment after Blomkamps first film District 9. Elysium was released on DVD and Blu-ray discs in Region 1 on December 17,2013, in 2154, Earth is overpopulated and polluted. Most of the citizens live in poverty, on the edge of starvation. The rich and powerful live on Elysium — a gigantic space habitat located in Earths orbit, Elysium is technologically advanced with some of its technology including Med-Bays, medical machines that can cure all diseases, reverse the aging process, and regenerate new body parts. A long-running feud exists between the residents of Elysium and the citizens of Earth, who want Elysian technology to cure their medical ailments. During an industrial accident at the factory, Max is trapped in a chamber and is hit by a dose of radiation. After being rescued, he is informed that he has five days to live before succumbing to radiation poisoning. Desperate for a cure, he and his friend Julio seek help from a smuggler named Spider to get him to Elysium. While two of the shuttles are shot down in space, killing everyone on board, the shuttle makes it. Elysian President Patel reprimands her for her immoral and unsubtle methods, regarded as a loose cannon, Kruger is dismissed from service. Delacourt, vowing to protect Elysium and her own power, bargains with John Carlyle to create a program that can override Elysiums computer core to give her the Presidency, Carlyle stores the reboot program in his brain for transport to Elysium and encrypts it with a lethal protection program. Spider agrees to get Max to Elysium if he can steal financial information from Carlyle, to assist him, Spiders men surgically attach a powered exoskeleton to Max. With Julio and a team of Spiders men, Max shoots down Carlyles ship, Max downloads the program to his suits neural implant but realizes that the encryption makes it unusable. Alerted to the theft by Carlyles medical implant, Delacourt secretly reinstates Kruger. In the ensuing shootout, Julio is killed and Max is wounded and he reaches out to his childhood friend Frey, now a nurse, whose daughter Matilda has leukemia. Frey begs Max to take Matilda to Elysium to be cured, Delacourt orders an airspace lockdown over Los Angeles to buy enough time to recover Carlyles program

40.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production

41.
Golden Globe Awards
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best achievements in 1943 filmmaking, was held in January 1944, at the 20th Century-Fox studios. Subsequent ceremonies were held at venues throughout the next decade, including the Beverly Hills Hotel. In 1950, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish an honorary award to recognize outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. Recognizing its subject as a figure within the entertainment industry. The official name of the award became the Cecil B. In 1963, the Miss Golden Globe concept was introduced, in its inaugural year, two Miss Golden Globes were named, one for film and one for television. The two Miss Golden Globes named that year were Eva Six and Donna Douglas, respectively, in 2009, the Golden Globe statuette was redesigned. It was unveiled at a conference at the Beverly Hilton prior to the show. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards, telecast to 167 countries worldwide, generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars, gervais returned to host the 68th and 69th Golden Globe Awards the next two years. Tina Fey and Amy Poehler hosted the 70th, 71st and 72nd Golden Globe Awards in 2015, the Golden Globe Awards theme song, which debuted in 2012, was written by Japanese musician and songwriter Yoshiki Hayashi. On January 7,2008, it was announced due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The ceremony was faced with a threat by striking writers to picket the event, the Hollywood Foreign Press Association was forced to adopt another approach for the broadcast. In acting categories, Meryl Streep holds the record for the most competitive Golden Globe wins with eight, however, including honorary awards, such as the Henrietta Award, World Film Favorite Actor/Actress Award, or Cecil B. DeMille Award, Barbra Streisand leads with nine, additionally, Streisand won for composing the song Evergreen, producing the Best Picture, and directing Yentl in 1984. Jack Nicholson, Angela Lansbury, Alan Alda and Shirley MacLaine have six awards each, behind them are Rosalind Russell and Jessica Lange with five wins. Meryl Streep also holds the record for most nominations with thirty, at the 46th Golden Globe Awards an anomaly occurred, a three way-tie for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama

42.
Screen Actors Guild Award
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The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called The Actor. It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, is cast in solid bronze, SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards, the awards have been telecast since 1998 on TNT, and since 2007 have been simulcast on TBS. The inaugural SAG Awards aired live on February 25,1995 from Universal Studios Stage 12, the second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while subsequent awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center

43.
Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award
–
DeMille Award is an honorary Golden Globe Award bestowed by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment. It was first presented on February 21,1952 at the 9th Annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony and is named in honor of its first recipient, honorees are selected by the HFPA board of directors and are presented annually. The first African-American to receive the honor was Sidney Poitier in 1982, *The 2008 awards ceremony was cancelled due to the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike, the HFPA deferred the award to the 2009 ceremony. **Woody Allens Award was accepted by Diane Keaton

44.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage

45.
John Alden
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John Alden Sr. was a crew member on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. Rather than return to England with the ship, he stayed at what became Plymouth Colony and he was hired in Southampton, England, as the ships cooper, responsible for maintaining the ships barrels. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and he married fellow Mayflower passenger Priscilla Mullins, whose entire family perished in the first winter. His origins are subject to speculation, but it is currently believed that he was from the Alden family of Harwich in Essex. Harwich is an ancient North Sea port, northeast of London, the Alden family of Harwich had distant connections to Jones, residing there in the 17th century and possibly related to him by marriage. Jane, the widow, may have been his mother and Richard, records providing information from the tax list of Holyrood Ward in 1602 list the names of George Alden and Johns future father-in-law William Mullins. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England, on September 6/16,1620, the 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. This, combined with a lack of rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many. On the way there were two deaths, a member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come. After arriving at their destination, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in the cold, harsh, on November 9/19,1620, after a month of delays in England and about two months at sea, they spotted the Cape Cod Hook. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day, John Alden was among the original settlers of the Plymouth Colony. Although not himself a Separatist he had hired to be a cooper and decided to join the journey when she set sail. Aldens rivalry with Miles Standish for the affection of Priscilla Mullins is told elaborately in Henry Wadsworth Longfellows poem The Courtship of Miles Standish, from 1633 until 1675, he was assistant to the governor of the Plymouth Colony, frequently serving as acting governor and also on many juries. In 1634, Alden was jailed, in Boston, for a fight at Kenebeck in Maine between members of the Plymouth Colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The fight involved a fur trading dispute that escalated into a killing of Plymouth colonist Moses Talbot by John Hocking by a shot to the head, Hocking was then immediately killed by Plymouth colonists by a shot to the head. While Alden did not participate in the fight, he was the member from Plymouth that the Massachusetts Bay colonists found to arrest. It was only through the intervention of Bradford that he was eventually released, John Alden married Priscilla Mullins on May 12,1622. She was the survivor of the Mayflower Mullins family

46.
Mayflower
–
The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30 and this voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment. The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a form of democracy. There was a ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth. This was the cause of the voyage from England to America taking more than two months. The Mayflowers return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, by 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual working life of an English merchant ship in that era, some 15 years. No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet in length from the end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet below the waterline, although William Bradford was not a mariner, he estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. What is known on the basis of surviving records from that time is that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold, the casks were great barrels that each held hundreds of gallons of claret wine. This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates, and with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations. The general layout of the ship was as follows, Three masts, mizzen, main, and fore, Three primary levels, main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold. Aft on the deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones. Forward of that was the room, which housed a whipstaff for sailing control, not a wheel. Also here was the compass and probably also berths for the ships officers. Forward of the room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ships cook prepared meals for the crew. The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ships highest level above the stern on the aft castle, the poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers use either for sleeping or cargo

Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county

California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and th

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A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park

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Flag

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Mount Shasta

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Aerial view of the California Central Valley

Yale University
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Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony to train Congregationalist ministers, it is the third-oldest institution of education in the United States. The Collegiate School moved to New Haven in 1716, and shortly after was renamed Yale College in recognition of

Alexandra Hedison
–
Alexandra Hedison is an American photographer, director and actress. Born in Los Angeles, California, on July 10,1969, she is the daughter of Bridget, Hedison is of Italian and Armenian heritage. She attended the State University of New York at Purchase and University of California, Hedison is a former actress who appeared on television series incl

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Alexandra Hedison at L6, fan convention for The L Word, in 2009

Rod Serling
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Serling was active in politics, both on and off the screen, and helped form television industry standards. He was known as the young man of Hollywood, clashing with television executives and sponsors over a wide range of issues including censorship, racism. Serling was born on December 25,1924, in Syracuse, New York and he was the second of two son

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Publicity photo of Serling, 1959

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Serling as a senior in high school, 1943

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Men and equipment on Leyte beachhead, October 20, 1944

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Serling family, 1959, his wife Carol in left photo, his daughters in right

Ironside (TV series)
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Ironside is an American television crime drama that aired on NBC over 8 seasons from 1967 to 1975. The show starred Raymond Burr as Robert T Ironside, a consultant for the San Francisco police, the character debuted on March 28,1967, in a TV movie entitled Ironside. When the series was broadcast in the United Kingdom, in the 1970s, the show earned

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Raymond Burr as "Ironside"

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Title screen

Mayberry R.F.D.
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Mayberry R. F. D. is an American television series produced as a spin-off and direct continuation of The Andy Griffith Show. When star Andy Griffith decided to leave his series, most of the characters returned for the new program. During the final season of The Andy Griffith Show, widower farmer Sam Jones and his young son Mike are introduced, sher

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Mayberry R.F.D.

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Sam and Andy give Mike a hand with his swing, 1968

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The cast of the third and final season of Mayberry R.F.D., 1970

Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violen

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Scorsese at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival

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From left: Salvo Cuccia, Martin Scorsese and Vittorio De Seta at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival

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Scorsese at the Gangs of New York screening at the Cannes Film Festival with Leonardo DiCaprio and Cameron Diaz

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Martin Scorsese at the 65th Annual Peabody Awards

Taxi Driver
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Taxi Driver is a 1976 American vigilante film with neo-noir and psychological thriller elements, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader. Set in New York City following the Vietnam War, the film stars Robert De Niro, and features Jodie Foster, Harvey Keitel, Cybill Shepherd, Peter Boyle, and Albert Brooks. Nominated for four Academ

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Theatrical release poster

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Taxi Driver: Original Soundtrack Recording

Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of awa

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Alice Brady won for her performance in 1937's In Old Chicago.

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Hattie McDaniel won in 1939 for her role as Mammy in Gone with the Wind, thus becoming the first black performer to win an Oscar.

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Jane Darwell won for her performance as Ma Joad in The Grapes of Wrath (1940).

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Teresa Wright won for her role in 1942's Mrs Miniver.

Bugsy Malone
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Bugsy Malone is a 1976 British musical gangster film, directed by Alan Parker and featuring only child actors. Parker lightened the subject matter considerably for the market, in the U. S. the film received a G rating. The film was Parkers feature-length directorial debut, introduced actor Scott Baio, a mobster named Roxy Robinson is splurged by me

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Theatrical release poster

2.
CD cover

The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane
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The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane is a 1976 Canadian-French film directed by Nicolas Gessner and starring Jodie Foster, Martin Sheen, Alexis Smith, Mort Shuman, and Scott Jacoby. It was written by Laird Koenig, based on his 1974 novel of the same title, the plot focuses on 13-year-old Rynn Jacobs, a mysterious child whose dark secrets concern

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Promotional poster for US release

Disney
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also ope

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The Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).

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The Walt Disney Company

3.
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926

4.
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).

Freaky Friday (1976 film)
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The film is based on the 1972 novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers, in which mother and daughter switch their bodies, and they get a taste of each others lives. Rodgers adds a subplot to her screenplay. Freaky Friday was remade twice, as a film in 1995. Ellen Andrews and her daughter, Annabel Andrews constantly quarrel, following a disagreement o

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Freaky Friday

Candleshoe
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Con-artist Harry Bundage believes that the lost treasure of pirate captain Joshua St. Edmund is hidden at Candleshoe, the large country estate of Lady St Edmund. Having gained access to Captain St. Casey is the age to pass for Margaret. Casey agrees to go along with the con and discover further clues in exchange for a cut of the treasure. Lady St.

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Compton Wynyates, the main filming location.

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Theatrical release poster

Foxes (film)
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Foxes is a 1980 American teen drama film directed by Adrian Lyne and written by Gerald Ayres. The film stars Jodie Foster, Scott Baio, Sally Kellerman, Randy Quaid, the original music score is composed by Giorgio Moroder, and features the song On the Radio, sung by Donna Summer. It revolves around a group of girls coming-of-age in suburban Los Ange

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Theatrical release poster

The Accused (1988 film)
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The Accused is a 1988 American drama film written by Tom Topor and directed by Jonathan Kaplan. It starred Jodie Foster and Kelly McGillis, the film is set in Washington state and filmed in Vancouver, Canada. The film was based on the 1983 gang rape of Cheryl Araujo in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and the resulting trial. This film was one of the fi

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Theatrical release poster

Golden Globe
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Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golde

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The Golden Globe statuette

The Silence of the Lambs (film)
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The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror-thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, and Scott Glenn. Adapted by Ted Tally from the 1988 novel of the name by Thomas Harris, his second to feature the character of Dr. In the film, Clarice Starling, a young U. S, FBI trainee, seeks the advice of the i

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Theatrical release poster

Clarice Starling
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Clarice M. Starling is a fictional character who appears in the novels The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal by Thomas Harris. In the film adaptation of The Silence of the Lambs, she was played by Jodie Foster, while in the adaptation of Hannibal. Clarice Starling, as portrayed by Foster, was ranked the sixth greatest protagonist in film history on

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Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling in the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs.

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Julianne Moore as Starling in Hannibal; Lecter is in the background.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National

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J. Edgar Hoover, Director from 1924 to 1972.

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Seal of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

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FBI SWAT agents in a training exercise

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An FBI Agent tags the cockpit voice recorder from EgyptAir Flight 990 on the deck of the USS Grapple (ARS 53) at the crash site on November 13, 1999.

Serial murder
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Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender

Little Man Tate
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Little Man Tate is a 1991 drama film directed by and starring Jodie Foster. The film marked her directorial debut and it tells the story of a seven-year-old child prodigy, Fred Tate, who struggles to self-actualize in a social and psychological construct that largely fails to accommodate his intelligence. Foster plays Freds mother Dede Tate, who at

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Theatrical release poster

Nell (film)
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Nell is a 1994 American drama film starring Jodie Foster as a young woman who has to face other people for the first time after being raised by her mother in an isolated cabin. The film also co-starred Liam Neeson, Natasha Richardson, Richard Libertini, the film was directed by Michael Apted, and was based on Mark Handleys play Idioglossia. The pla

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Theatrical release poster

Sommersby
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Sommersby is a 1993 romantic drama film directed by Jon Amiel and starring Richard Gere, Jodie Foster, Bill Pullman and James Earl Jones. Set in the Reconstruction period following the U. S. Civil War, John Jack Sommersby left his farm to fight in the American Civil War and is presumed dead after six years. Despite the hardship of working their far

1.
Sommersby Promotional Movie Poster

Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains

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Justus D. Barnes, from The Great Train Robbery

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The Lone Ranger; a famous heroic gunslinger

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Gary Cooper in Vera Cruz

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Western set at Universal Studios in Hollywood

Maverick (film)
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Maverick is a 1994 American Western comedy film directed by Richard Donner and written by William Goldman, based on the 1950s television series of the same name created by Roy Huggins. The film stars Mel Gibson as Bret Maverick, a card player and he is joined in his adventure by Annabelle Bransford, another con artist, and lawman Marshall Zane Coop

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Theatrical release poster

Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the

1.
1927's Metropolis by Fritz Lang was one of the first feature length science fiction films in history. It was produced at Studio Babelsberg, Germany. (Photo shows the statue of the film figure Maria at Filmpark Babelsberg)

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Science fiction films

3.
Peter Sellers as the title character from Dr. Strangelove

4.
Transformers characters at Universal Studios Hollywood

Contact (1997 American film)
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Contact is a 1997 American science fiction drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is a adaptation of Carl Sagans 1985 novel of the same name, Sagan. Jodie Foster portrays the films protagonist, Dr. Eleanor Ellie Arroway, the film also stars Matthew McConaughey, James Woods, Tom Skerritt, William Fichtner, John Hurt, Angela Bassett, Jake Busey,

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Theatrical release poster

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Concept drawing of early NASA site idea

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The film's (second) Machine in operation at Hokkaidō, Japan

4.
Uniforms from the film at Stockholm International Fairs 2011

Anna and the King
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Anna and the King is a 1999 biographical drama film loosely based on the 1944 novel Anna and the King of Siam, which give a fictionalised account of the diaries of Anna Leonowens. The story concerns Anna, an English schoolteacher in Siam, now Thailand, in the late 19th century, the film was directed by Andy Tennant and stars Jodie Foster and Chow Y

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Anna and the King

Panic Room
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Safe rooms usually contain communications equipment, so that law enforcement authorities can be contacted. Sometimes, the ceiling is reinforced, or gated, to prevent easy access from the attic or from an overhead crawl space, more expensive safe rooms have walls and a door reinforced with sheets of steel, Kevlar, or bullet-resistant fiberglass. The

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Construction of a safe room

Flightplan
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The film, distributed by Touchstone Pictures, was released theatrically in the United States on September 23,2005. The film is about Kyle Pratt, an American aircraft engineer working in Berlin, Germany with her husband, after her husband dies, Kyle decides to return home with her daughter and the casket to the U. S. A few hours into the flight Kyle

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Theatrical release poster

Inside Man
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Inside Man is a 2006 American crime thriller film directed by Spike Lee, written by Russell Gewirtz. The film centers on a bank heist on Wall Street over a 24-hour period. Inside Man marks the fourth collaboration between Washington and Lee. Gewirtz spent five years developing the premise before working on what became his first original screenplay.

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Theatrical release poster

2.
Top to bottom: Denzel Washington, Clive Owen and Jodie Foster star in the film.

The Brave One (2007 film)
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The Brave One is a 2007 American psychological thriller film directed by Neil Jordan, produced by Joel Silver, and starring Jodie Foster and Terrence Howard. It is about Erica Bain, a female New York radio host and her boyfriend, terrified for her safety, Bain buys a pistol. Armed with the gun, she undergoes a personality transformation and becomes

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Theatrical release poster

The Beaver (film)
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The Beaver is a 2011 drama film directed by Jodie Foster and written by Kyle Killen. This film stars Mel Gibson, Foster, Anton Yelchin, and this is Gibson and Fosters first film together since 1994s Maverick and Summit Entertainments only film to have Entertainment One not distribute it within the UK. Walter Black is a depressed CEO of Jerry Co. a

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Theatrical release poster

2.
Mel Gibson and Jodie Foster promoting the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.

Netflix
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Netflix is an American entertainment company founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29,1997, in Scotts Valley, California. It specializes in and provides streaming media and video-on-demand online and DVD by mail, in 2013, Netflix expanded into film and television production, as well as online distribution. As of 2017 the company has

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Netflix headquarters in Los Gatos.

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Example of a Netflix DVD rental of Kill Bill. Discs are returned in the same envelopes they are sent to customers.

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Netflixenvelope

Orange is the New Black
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Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama web television series. Orange Is the New Black is streamed on Netflix, and premiered on July 11,2013, in February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. The fifth season will be released on June 9,2017, Orange Is the New Black has become Netflixs most-watched original

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The series cast at The Paley Center For Media's PaleyFest 2014 event honoring the show

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Members of the cast and crew with their Peabody Award, May 2014

House of Cards (U.S. TV series)
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House of Cards is an American political drama web television series created by Beau Willimon. It is an adaptation of the BBCs mini-series of the name and is based on the novel by Michael Dobbs. The thirteen episode first season premiered on February 1,2013, thirteen episode seasons followed on February 14,2014, February 27,2015 and March 4,2016. Ne

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Beau Willimon with cast and crew at the 73rd Annual Peabody Awards

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House of Cards

Elysium (film)
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Elysium is a 2013 American science fiction film produced, written and directed by Neill Blomkamp. It stars Matt Damon, Jodie Foster, Alice Braga, the film takes place on both a ravaged Earth, and a luxurious space habitat called Elysium. The film was released on August 9,2013 by TriStar Pictures and it was a modest success and received generally po

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Theatrical release poster

British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our L

1.
The BAFTA award, designed by Mitzi Cunliffe

Golden Globe Awards
–
Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association, recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign. The annual ceremony at which the awards are presented is a part of the film industrys awards season. The 74th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film, the 1st Golde

1.
The Golden Globe statuette

Screen Actors Guild Award
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The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called The Actor. It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, is cast in solid bronze, SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. It is considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards, the awards have been tele

1.
Trophy of the award

Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award
–
DeMille Award is an honorary Golden Globe Award bestowed by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for outstanding contributions to the world of entertainment. It was first presented on February 21,1952 at the 9th Annual Golden Globe Awards ceremony and is named in honor of its first recipient, honorees are selected by the HFPA board of directors

1.
The Cecil B. DeMille Award statuette

Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-la

1.
Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and the Willis Tower.

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Traditional Potawatomi costume on display at the Field Museum

3.
An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871

John Alden
–
John Alden Sr. was a crew member on the historic 1620 voyage of the Pilgrim ship Mayflower. Rather than return to England with the ship, he stayed at what became Plymouth Colony and he was hired in Southampton, England, as the ships cooper, responsible for maintaining the ships barrels. He was a signatory to the Mayflower Compact and he married fel

3.
Rogers Group, depicting the courtship of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins: "Why Don't You Speak for Yourself, John?" (1885)

4.
Myles Standish Burial Ground, the final resting place of John and Priscilla Alden

Mayflower
–
The Mayflower was the ship that transported the first English Separatists, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620. There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30 and this voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and

1.
Montage of New Haven. Clockwise from top left: Downtown New Haven skyline, East Rock Park, summer festivities on the New Haven Green, shops along Upper State Street, Five Mile Point Lighthouse, Harkness Tower, and Connecticut Hall at Yale.

2.
Seal

3.
The 1638 nine-square plan, with the extant New Haven Green at its center, continues to define New Haven's downtown

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Detroit police inspecting equipment found in a clandestine brewery during the Prohibition era

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The Drunkard's Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846

3.
"Who does not love wine, wife and song, will be a fool for his lifelong!" Intended as an assertion of the cultural values of German-Americans in 1873

4.
This 1902 illustration from the Hawaiian Gazette newspaper humorously illustrates the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union's campaign against the producers and sellers of beers in Hawaii.