The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect: explores the center of scientific inquiry, and yet for decades scientists had no way of answering simple questions, such as whether smoking causes cancer. In The Book of Why, Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie show how...

Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism: explores data discrimination as a real social problem; Noble argues that the combination of private interests in promoting certain sites, along with the monopoly status of a relatively small number of...

Weapons of Math Destruction is one of the preeminent books addressing the algorithms that affect our lives—where we go to school, whether we can get a job or a loan, how much we pay for health insurance—are being made not by humans, but by machines. Cathy O’Neil...

Automating Inequality: Virginia Eubanks systematically investigates the impacts of data mining, policy algorithms, and predictive risk models on poor and working-class people in America. The book is full of heart-wrenching and eye-opening stories, from a woman in...