The util package contains the various utility classes that support the
javad java class file disassembly program.

The javad program reads a Java class file and
writes out a Java like source representation of the class that
generated the file. This kind of program is commonly called a
Java class file disassembler.

Regardless of the number of classes in a source file, Java
compilers that follow Sun's Java scheme will compile one class per
file. This program reads the compiled class and dumps it in a
readable form, akin to Java source.

Usage

java javad.main classfile-list

For example: java javad.main one.class two.class three.class

Notes

u1 : unsigned byte value

u2 : unsigned two byte value

u4 : unsigned four byte value

Why was this program written?

I wanted to understand the Java class file format. This was
critical for my work on a Java compiler, since a Java compiler
must be able to read class symbol information from the .class
file.

Why would you be interested in this program?

If you are working on the Java class file format for a Java
Virtual Machine or other system support for Java execution, an
understanding of the Java class file format is important. The Java
code for javad is commented extensively and in some places explains
features that are poorly documented in the Java Virtual Machine
Specification (by Lindholm and Yellin, second edition, Addison Wesley,
1999).

How do you regenerate the documentation using javadoc?

I find javadoc rather obscure and hard to use. But I really
like the idea of documentation that is automaticly generated from
the Java source. The documentation for the javad program was created
using the source line command

Here doc is the directory containing the documentaton. Note that
the packages are listed before the javad.java file.

Prior Art

A number of Java class file disassemblers have been written. One of
these is shipped in binary form with the Sun Java release
(javap). There are several class file disassemblers available
in source form. These include:

Djava

Djava is a Java class file disassembler written in C. This program is
available from a number of sites, including http://www.sco.com/skunkware/98/java/.
The program was written by Shawn Silverman. Apparently a Java version
of Djava also exists.

Jasper

Jasper is a Java class file disassembler written in Java. I did not
find this published on a web page. It was published in a discussion
group on object oriented programming. The author is Chris Rathman. I
have no idea if this URL will hold up over time, but I found it
here.

Disassemblers and decompilers

As any Java programmer knows, Java does not use header files to
define external classes (e.g., a class that is not in the current
file). Information about the structure of a class can be obtained
from a .class file. As the javad and the other class file
disassemblers show, the much of the original source for the class
definition can be recovered from the class file.

Compared to machine code (e.g., x86, powerPC, SPARC), Java byte codes are
very high level. A clever piece of software can recover something
close to the original source code for the methods. These programs are
referred to as decompilers. For those who want to keep their source
code secret there are Java code obfuscators.

This page mentions that Hanpeter van Vliet wrote a Java decompiler,
named Mocha. Apparently the program does a good job of decompiling
Java class files. When it appeared the first response, presumably of
some United States citizens, was to threaten to sue. Sanity seems to
have asserted itself and no one sued. But it spurred the development
of "obfuscators", including van Vliet's own "Crema". A copy of van
Vliet's "manifesto" can be found here.

According to this web page, van Vliet died of cancer on December 31,
1996 at age 34, not long after finishing Mocha. The current Mocha
release can also be found on Eric Smith's web page

It is interesting to note that at one point Borland/Imprise sent
e-mail to Eric Smith claiming ownership of Mocha. The despicable
way that some companies treat free software is the motivation for
the Bear Products International source license agreement
used for Javad.

The European KOPI project has created a Java source to byte code
compiler. KOPI also includes byte code assemblers and a class file
disassembler. The KOPI project can be found here

Marco Schmidt has published a list of Java compilers and Java
VMs. This list can be found here

For copyright and usage permissions for the javad program, see the
copyright