Characterization of the Oxide Films Formed at the Surface of Ni-Base Alloys in Pressurized Water Reactors Primary Coolant by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Abstract

The oxide film formed on nickel-based alloys in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR)
primary coolant conditions (325°C, aqueous media) has been investigated by Transmission Electron
Microscopy (TEM). TEM observations revealed an oxide layer divided in two parts. The internal
layer was mainly composed of a continuous spinel layer, identified as a mixed iron and nickel
chromite (Ni(1-x)FexCr2O4). Moreover, nodules of Cr2O3 were present at the interface between this
spinel and the alloy. The external layer is composed of large crystallites corresponding to a spinel
structure rich in iron (Ni(1-z)Fe(2+z)O4) resulting from precipitation phenomena. The influence of
alloy surface defects was also studied underlining two main consequences on the formation of the
passive film e.g. the internal layer. On one hand, the growth kinetics of the internal spinel rich in
chromium increased with the surface defect density. Besides that, when the defect density
increased, the oxide scale became more finely crystallized. This result agrees with a growth
mechanism due to a rate limiting process of diffusion through the grain boundaries of the oxide. On
the other hand, the quantity of Cr2O3 nodules increased with the number of surface defects,
revealing that the nodules nucleated preferentially at defect location.