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The Gilded Age & the Progressive Era (1877–1917)

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Summary of Events

The Gilded Age and the first years of the
twentieth century were a time of great social change and economic
growth in the United States. Roughly spanning the years between Reconstruction
and the dawn of the new century, the Gilded Age saw rapid industrialization,
urbanization, the construction of great transcontinental railroads,
innovations in science and technology, and the rise of big business.
Afterward, the first years of the new century that followed were
dominated by progressivism, a forward-looking political movement
that attempted to redress some of the ills that had arisen during
the Gilded Age. Progressives passed legislation to rein in big business,
combat corruption, free the government from special interests, and
protect the rights of consumers, workers, immigrants, and the poor.

Some historians have dubbed the presidents of
the Gilded Age the “forgotten presidents,” and indeed many Americans
today have trouble remembering their names, what they did for the
country, or even in which era they served. These six men—Ulysses
S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover
Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison—had relatively unremarkable terms
in office and faced few if any major national crises during their
presidencies. Some historians have suggested that these Gilded Age
presidents were unexciting for a reason—because Americans wanted
to avoid bold politicians who might ruin the delicate peace established
after the Civil War.

This is not to say politics were unimportant
in the Gilded Age. On the contrary, Americans paid more attention
to politics and national elections during the post–Civil War period
than at any other time in history, because each election had the
potential to disrupt the fragile balance—and peace—between North
and South, Republican and Democrat. Voters turned out in record
numbers for each presidential election in the late nineteenth century,
with voter turnout sometimes reaching 80 percent
or greater. The intensity of the elections also helps explain why
Congress passed so little significant legislation after the Reconstruction
era: control of the House of Representatives constantly changed
hands between the Democrats and the Republicans with each election,
making a consensus on any major issue nearly impossible.

The increase in voter turnout was also partly
the result of machine party politics, which blossomed in large U.S.
cities during the Gilded Age. Powerful political “bosses” in each
party coerced urban residents into voting for favored candidates,
who would then give kickbacks and bribes back to the bosses in appreciation
for getting them elected. Bosses would also spend money to improve
constituents’ neighborhoods to ensure a steady flow of votes for
their machines. In this sense, party bosses and machine politics
actually helped some of the poorest people in the cities. Many politicians
elected during the Gilded Age were the product of machine party
politics.

Driven by the North, which emerged from the Civil War
an industrial powerhouse, the United States experienced a flurry
of unprecedented growth and industrialization during
the Gilded Age, with a continent full of seemingly unlimited
natural resources and driven by millions of immigrants ready to
work. In fact, some historians have referred to this era as America’s
second Industrial Revolution, because it completely changed American
society, politics, and the economy. Mechanization and marketing
were the keys to success in this age: companies that could mass-produce
products and convince people to buy them accumulated enormous amounts of
wealth, while companies that could not were forced out of business
by brutal competition.

Railroads were the linchpin in the new industrialized
economy. The railroad industry enabled raw materials, finished products, food,
and people to travel cross-country in a matter of days, as opposed
to the months or years that it took just prior to the Civil War.
By the end of the war, the United States boasted some 35,000 miles
of track, mostly in the industrialized North. By the turn of the century,
that number had jumped to almost 200,000 miles,
linking the North, South, and West. With these railroads making
travel easier, millions of rural Americans flocked to the cities,
and by 1900, nearly 40 percent
of the population lived in urban areas.

By the twentieth century, the rise of big business and
the large migration of Americans from the countryside to the cities
caused a shift in political awareness, as elected officials saw
the need to address the growing economic and social problems that
developed along with the urban boom. So started the Progressive
movement. Progressives believed that the government needed to take
a strong, proactive role in the economy, regulating big business,
immigration, and urban growth. These middle-class reformers hoped
ultimately to regain control of the government from special interests
like the railroads and trusts and pass effective legislation to
protect consumers, organized labor, and minorities.