3 Journal of Biomechanics Sep 18;42(13): The influence of footwear on foot motion during walking and running. Kenkien vaikutus jalkaterän toimintaan kävelyn ja juoksun aikana. Morio C, Lake MJ, Gueguen N, Rao G, Baly L. Oxylane Research, Department of Movement Sciences, Villeneuve d'ascq Cedex, France. There are evidences to suggest that wearing footwear constrains the natural barefoot motion during locomotion. Unlike prior studies that deduced foot motions from shoe sole displacement parameters, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of footwear motion on forefoot to rearfoot relative motion during walking and running. The use of a multi-segment foot model allowed accurate both shoe sole and foot motions (barefoot and shod) to be quantified. Two pairs of identical sandals with different midsole hardness were used. Ten healthy male subjects walked and ran in each of the shod condition. The results showed that for barefoot locomotion there was more eversion of the forefoot and it occurred faster than for shod locomotion. In this later condition, the range of eversion was reduced by 20% and the rate of eversion in late stance by 60% in comparison to the barefoot condition. The sole constrained both the torsional (eversion/inversion) and adduction range of motion of the foot. Interestingly, during the push-off phase of barefoot locomotion the rate and direction of forefoot torsion varied between individuals. However, most subjects displayed a forefoot inversion direction of motion while shod. Therefore, this experiment showed that the shoes not only restricted the natural motion of the barefoot but also appeared to impose a specific foot motion pattern on individuals during the push-off phase. These findings have implications for the matching of footwear design characteristics to individual natural foot function. TUTKIMUKSEN TARKOITUS: Tutkitusti on todettu, että liikuttaessa kengät jalassa, muuttaa kenkien käyttö jalkojen luonnollista (avojaloin) toimintaa. TULOKSET: Tutkimus osoitti, että kengät eivät rajoita vain jalkaterien luonnollista toimintaa vaan kengillä on taipumus muuttaa myös ponnistusvaiheessa tapahtuvaa askeleen liikekaavaa. Tiivistelmän laatija: Petri Väyrynen, 3

6 Gait Posture Jan;27(1):51-9. Foot motion in children shoes: a comparison of barefoot walking with shod walking in conventional and flexible shoes. Jalan liikkuvuus lasten kengissä: vertailututkimus käveltäessä avojaloin sekä perinteisillä ja joustavilla kengillä. Wolf S, Simon J, Patikas D, Schuster W, Armbrust P, Döderlein L. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany. The increased prevalence for flatfoot and hallux valgus in modern societies may be the consequence of inadequate footwear in childhood. Based on the assumption that barefoot walking represents the best condition for the development of a healthy foot the objective of this study was to monitor the influence of commercial footwear on children's foot motion during walking. Furthermore, an attempt was made to reduce this influence by changing the physical properties of standard footwear. Children's barefoot motion pattern was monitored by a marker-based optical 3D-tracking method using a multi-segment foot model. In the study's first stage, barefoot walking was compared to walking with a commercial product. In the second stage it was compared to both, the pattern with the commercial product and with the shoe modified on the basis of the findings of the first stage of the study. Eighteen children (8.2+/-0.7 years old) with no foot deformity and with the same shoe size were recruited for this study. It was found that tibio-talar ROM increased in the commercial shoe (26.6 degrees ) compared to the barefoot condition (22.5 degrees, p=0.001) whereas the medial arch changes for push-off were diminished since the variation in arch length was reduced from 9.9% (barefoot) to 5.9% (shoe, p<0.001). Further, ROM in foot torsion along the long foot axis was reduced from 9.8 degrees (bare) to 4.7 degrees (shoe, p<0.001). These parameters could be improved with more flexible footwear. The present study shows that slimmer and more flexible children's shoes do not change foot motion as much as conventional shoes and therefore should be recommended not only for children in this age but for healthy children in general. TUTKIMUKSEN TARKOITUS: Lisääntynyt lättäjalkaisuuden sekä vaivaisenluun esiintyminen nyky-yhteiskunnassa saattaa johtua epäsopivien kenkien käytöstä lapsuudessa. Perustuen oletukselle, että avojaloin liikkuminen edustaa parasta tilaa terveiden jalkojen kehittymiselle, oli tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena monitoroida tavallisten kenkien vaikutusta lasten jalkojen toimintaan kävelyn aikana. TULOKSET: Tutkimus osoitti, että ohutpohjaiset ja joustavat lasten kengät eivät muuta jalkaterän luonnollista toimintaa siinä määrin mitä tavalliset kengät tekevät. Tämän vuoksi ohutpohjaisia ja joustavia kenkiä voidaan suositella kaiken ikäisille lapsille, joilla ei ole vakavia jalkaterien virheasentoja. Tiivistelmän laatija: Petri Väyrynen, 6

8 Gait Posture Jan;25(1):94-8. Influence of footwear midsole material hardness on dynamic balance control during unexpected gait termination. Kengän välipohjamateriaalin kovuuden vaikutus dynaamisen tasapainon hallintaan kävelyssä tapahtuvien odottamattomien muutosten seurauksena. Perry SD, Radtke A, Goodwin CR. Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L-3C5. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different midsole hardnesses on dynamic balance control during unexpected gait termination. Twelve healthy young female adults were asked to walk along an 8-m walkway, looking straight ahead. During 25% of the trials, they were signaled (via an audio buzzer) to terminate gait within the next two steps. The four experimental conditions were: (1) soft (A15); (2) standard (A33); (3) hard (A50); (4) barefoot. Center of mass (COM) position relative to the lateral base of support (BOS), center of mass-center of pressure (COM-COP) difference and vertical loading rate were used to evaluate the influence of midsole material on dynamic balance control. The results were a decrease in the medial-lateral range of COM with respect to the lateral BOS, a reduction in the maximum COM-COP difference and an increase in the vertical loading rate due to the presence and hardness level of the midsole material when compared to the barefoot condition. The primary outcomes of this study have illustrated the influence of midsole hardness as an impediment to dynamic balance control during responses to gait termination. In conclusion, the present study suggests that variations in midsole material and even the presence of it, impairs the dynamic balance control system. TUTKIMUKSEN TARKOITUS: Tarkoitus oli tutkia kenkien eri kovuisten välipohjamateriaalien vaikutusta dynaamisen tasapainon hallintaan kävelyssä tapahtuvien odottamattomien muutosten seurauksena. TULOKSET: Tutkimuksen tärkein havainto oli, että välipohjamateriaalin kovuus heikentää dynaamisen tasapainon hallintaa odottamattomissa kävelyssä tapahtuvissa muutoksissa. Tutkimuksen perusteella välipohjamateriaalin kovuuden vaihtelu tai ylipäätään välipohja heikentävät dynaamisen tasapainon hallinnan kontrollointia. Tiivistelmän laatija: Petri Väyrynen, 8

9 Foot Ankle International Oct;30(10): Sensitivity mapping of the human foot: thresholds at 30 skin locations. Jalkaterän tuntoalueiden kartoittaminen: (ärsytys)kynnys 30 ihoalueelle. Hennig EM, Sterzing T. Biomechanics Laboratory, Sports and Movement Sciences, University of Duisburg-Essen, Gladbecker Str. 182, Essen, Germany. BACKGROUND: Mechanoreceptors in the skin provide sensory input for the central nervous system about foot placement and loading. This information is used by the brain to actively control or regain balance and is important to establish memory traces for subsequent movement. A sensitivity map of the human foot could help to understand the mechanisms of the foot as a sensory organ for movement adjustment and balance control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Touch and vibration perception threshold values from 30 plantar and dorsal foot locations were determined in more than 40 women and men between 20 and 35 years. Semmes Weinstein monofilaments and a vibrotactile neurothesiometer were used for skin sensitivity threshold detection. RESULTS: Large sensitivity differences were present between the 30 different foot sites. Gender effects were not present for touch but women had better sensitivities for vibration (p < 0.01), especially on the dorsal aspect of the foot. Age, in our cohort of 20- to 35-year-olds, did not have an influence on vibration or touch sensitivity. The heel had the highest detection thresholds for touch but was very sensitive for vibration stimuli. Compared to the dorsum, the plantar foot was substantially more sensitive, especially for vibration detection. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that primarily the fast adapting plantar mechanoreceptors are important in assisting balance control during human locomotion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The sensitivity map of the foot will help in understanding the function of the foot as a sensory organ and could be useful in creating footwear for better balance control and for the design of comfortable shoes. TUTKIMUKSEN TARKOITUS: Ihon mekanoreseptorit välittävät keskushermostolle tietoa jalkaterien asennosta ja kuormittumisesta. Aivot käyttävät tätä tietoa aktiiviseen tasapainon kontrolloimiseen, lisäksi tieto on tärkeä tiettyjen liikekaavojen muistijäljen kehittymiselle. TULOKSET: Erityisesti jalkapohjassa sijaitsevat mekanoreseptorit ovat tärkeitä tasapainon kontrolloinnin avustajia ihmisen liikkuessa. Jalan tuntoaistimusalueiden tunteminen helpottaa ymmärtämään jalkaterän toimintaa sensorisena elimenä. Tieto saattaa olla avuksi kehiteltäessä kenkiä, jotka parantavat tasapainon hallintaa. Tiivistelmän laatija: Petri Väyrynen, 9

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