The proper name is RATO; Rocket Assisted Take Off, but the more popular name is JATO; Jet Assisted Take Off.
It's a device you'd normally use if the airstrip (or carrier) is not long enough for the aircraft you're flying. There's an Urban Legend of someone who installed a few of those on his car. The story goes that it accelerated to over 300 Mph, became airborne and crash-landed into a mountain. Of course, the Mythbusters have tried (and failed) to duplicate this.

"Such an extreme level of aerodynamic development means that an F1 car produces much more downforce than any other open-wheel formula; for example the Indycars produce downforce equal to their weight at 190 km/h, while an F1 car achieves the same downforce:weight ratio of 1:1 at 125km/h to 130km/h, and at 190km/h the ratio is roughly 2:1. Therefore, theoretically, F1 cars can drive upside down from 130km/h."

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