The Game of Logic eBook

“I answered him,
as I thought good,
’As many as red-herrings grow in
the wood’.”

__________

1. Elementary.

1. Whatever can be “attributed to”,
that is “said to belong to”, a Thing,
is called an ‘Attribute’. For example,
“baked”, which can (frequently) be attributed
to “Buns”, and “beautiful”,
which can (seldom) be attributed to “Babies”.

2. When they are the Names of two Things (for
example, “these Pigs are fat Animals"), or of
two Attributes (for example, “pink is light
red").

3. When one is the Name of a Thing, and the
other the Name of an Attribute (for example, “these
Pigs are pink"), since a Thing cannot actually be
an Attribute.

4. That the Substantive shall be supposed to
be repeated at the end of the sentence (for example,
“these Pigs are pink (Pigs)").

5. A ‘Proposition’ is a sentence
stating that some, or none, or all, of the Things
belonging to a certain class, called the ‘Subject’,
are also Things belonging to a certain other class,
called the ‘Predicate’. For example,
“some new Cakes are not nice”, that is
(written in full) “some new Cakes are not nice
Cakes”; where the class “new Cakes”
is the Subject, and the class “not-nice Cakes”
is the Predicate.

6. A Proposition, stating that some of
the Things belonging to its Subject are so-and-so,
is called ‘Particular’. For example,
“some new Cakes are nice”, “some
new Cakes are not nice.”

A Proposition, stating that none of the Things
belonging to its Subject, or that all of them,
are so-and-so, is called ‘Universal’.
For example, “no new Cakes are nice”, “all
new Cakes are not nice”.

7. The Things in each compartment possess two
Attributes, whose symbols will be found written on
two of the edges of that compartment.

8. “One or more.”

9. As a name of the class of Things to which
the whole Diagram is assigned.

10. A Proposition containing two statements.
For example, “some new Cakes are nice and some
are not-nice.”

11. When the whole class, thus divided, is “exhausted”
among the sets into which it is divided, there being
no member of it which does not belong to some one
of them. For example, the class “new Cakes”
is “exhaustively” divided into “nice”
and “not-nice” since every new Cake
must be one or the other.

12. When a man cannot make up his mind which
of two parties he will join, he is said to be “sitting
on the fence”—­not being able to decide
on which side he will jump down.

13. “Some x are y” and “no
x are y’”.

14. A Proposition, whose Subject is a single
Thing, is called ‘Individual’. For
example, “I am happy”, “John is not
at home”. These are Universal Propositions,
being the same as “all the I’s that exist
are happy”, “All the Johns, that I
am now considering, are not at home”.