President Donald Trump is officially overweight, his physician revealed Tuesday.

Dr. Ronny Jackson, the White House physician who also served Barack Obama, declared Trump to be in 'excellent health' but he advised him to improve his diet and exercise.

'He has a lot of energy and a lot of stamina,' Jackson said of the 71-year-old-president.

According to the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and the CDC is teetering on the edge of obesity at 239 pounds and a height of 6 feet 3 inches, giving him a BMI of 29.9.

The president is cognitively sound, though Jackson said, after giving Trump an assessment that screens for issues like Alzheimer's, saying that he believes the president to be mentally 'sharp' and 'intact.'

SCROLL DOWN FOR VIDEO

President Donald Trump is officially overweight, his physician revealed Tuesday

Dr. Ronny Jackson, the White House physician who also served Barack Obama, declared Trump to be in 'excellent health' but he advised him to improve his diet and exercise

Trump plays frequent rounds of golf, which Jackson said contains a 'certain amount' of exercise, although he admitted he has no regular exercise routine

Trump is known to have indulged in McDonalds and other fast food on the campaign trail - but Jackson said he has changed his habits since becoming president and has been eating healthier

As part of his medical assessment, the president underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram, or 'echo,' on Friday.

The test is the most common measure of heart functionality and health.

The technology behind the echo

The test uses ultrasound imaging to monitor how well both ventricles - the two muscular chambers - of the heart are working and how much blood each is able to pump in real time, as the heart beats.

Ultrasound sends pulses of sound into the body. As they reflect of of soft and hard tissues, they bounce back to a probe outside the body.

An ultrasound machine then uses the information gathered from the sound pulses to create an image of internal structures.

The test is noninvasive and performed at a patient's bedside.

What the echo images mean for heart health

Technicians can watch how the heart is functioning in real time, or take still images to assess the shapes and sizes of parts of the heart more carefully.

The test can also reveal signs of heart disease and deterioration in the walls separating the heart's chambers.

Images taken from the echo show how strong the heart is and how much blood each ventricle is able to pump.

Watching the heart pump can indicate to a technician or doctor if the heart's contractions are too weak, poorly timed, not contracting or contracting too much.

If the echo reveals an enlarged heart or one with thickened walls, there may be greater risks to overall cardiac health.

How to address the echo's results

Depending on how hard the heart appears to be working at rest, doctors may prescribe diet and exercise to strengthen the organ.

Trump's official physician Rear Admiral Dr Ronny Jackson said that the president's heart health was 'excellent,' but prescribed him a better diet and an aerobic exercise plan.

Exercise can improve the heart's efficiency by strengthening the muscles that pump blood through the body.

The American Heart Association recommends at least 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise, or 75 minutes a week of intense exercise.

A better diet would help lower the president's cholesterol and blood pressure, meaning his heart would not have to work as hard.

Trump's cognitive assessment came at the president's request, Jackson told White House reporters during a televised briefing.

'I had absolutely no concerns about his cognitive ability or his – you know, his neurological function. So I was not going to do a cognitive exam. I had no intention of doing one,' Jackson recalled.

He scored a 30/30 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test, Jackson said, and there was 'no indication whatsoever that he has any cognitive issues.'

'He's very sharp. He's very articulate when he speaks to me,' Jackson said.

Trump does not drink alcohol, he confirmed, does not use tobacco products and does not abuse drugs.

In terms of medications, he continues to take Propecia for male hair loss, one for Rosacea and a multivitamin.

President Trump had a weight of 239 pounds and a height of 75 inches, Jackson said, making him 6 feet 3 inches. That makes him overweight at best by industry standards.

One pound heavier at the same height and Trump would be categorized as obese.

If were going by his New York driver's license, which claims he is 6 feet 2 inches, according to Politico, the president would also be over the line.

Trump said during the presidential campaign that he would like to lose some weight, although, by Jackson's assessment he's gained three pounds since the physical he shared on Dr. Oz in the fall of 2016.

He does not have a dedicated or defined exercise program, Jackson admitted.

'We can build on that pretty easily,' he joked.

Jackson said he will recommend a low-impact exercise routine like a stationary bike for him.

Trump also plays frequent rounds of golf, which Jackson said contains a 'certain amount' of exercise.

Jackson said he did not check to see if Trump had bone spurs, a condition that warranted a draft deferment in Vietnam, only because the president did not bring it up as an ailment and he was pressed for time.

Despite his sedentary lifestyle, Jackson gave Trump a glowing review after spending several hours with him on Friday, saying that life-long abstinence from tobacco and alcohol had contributed to his good health.

'He has incredibly good genes,' Jackson also said. 'It's just the way God made him.'

Jackson further said that Trump does not have a drug addiction of any type.

Trump is known to have indulged in McDonalds and other fast food on the campaign trail - but Jackson said he has changed his habits since becoming president and has been eating healthier.

On Air Force One, for instance, Jackson says he's watched Trump eat the meals that everyone else does on the plane, and they tend to be on the healthier side, with the exception of the desserts.

As far as sleep is concerned, Jackson said he believes that Trump only rests for four - five hours a night, which he considers to fine in the president's case.

'He's probably been that way his whole life,' Jackson said. 'That's probably why he's been successful'

Share this article

TRUMP'S CT SCAN USED X-RAYS TO REVEAL CALCIUM DEPOSITS IN HIS LUNGS

Why doctors wanted Trump to have a CT scan

President Trump's Friday medical assessment included a CT scan to check the president's internal health.

Because they create a composite out of multiple X-ray images, CT scans allow doctors to view the inside of any part of the body from multiple angles and in greater detail than with regular X-rays or other imaging technologies.

The clinicians at the Walter Reed Medical Center already knew that Trump had calcium deposits in his lungs.

The CT scans' advanced imaging allowed them to see if there were any worrisome changes to the deposits, as well as to get a clear look at all of the president's vital organs.

How a CT scan takes detailed images in the body

A CT scan, or computerized tomography, takes many detailed X-ray images of cross sections of the body.

To undergo a CT scan, a patient lies down inside a large box-like machine with a rotating set of X-ray imaging machines surrounding them.

The X-rays pass through the body, and their patterns - as they come into contact with different kinds of tissues in different places - are recorded on special plates.

The scan can capture images of bones, blood vessels and soft tissues.

Doctors analyzed advanced images for signs of disease

The imaging test is used to look for signs of a broad range of conditions and diseases including cancers, blood vessel disorders, abdominal and pulmonary problems and bone issues, especially in the spine or delicate hands and feet.

CT scans are particularly useful for detecting problems in soft tissues, like the lungs.

Rear Admiral Dr Ronny Jackson, the president's official physician, said that Trump was already aware of the deposits, which are growing slowly as the 71-year-old ages, meaning that they are not a cause for concern.

Calcium can build up anywhere in the body, and these areas are typically not themselves dangerous to health, but can be a sign of more serious underlying conditions.

They sometimes develop in the aftermath of infections.

Jackson's stellar review of President Trump is likely to take his critics - who have been claiming he is mentally unfit for office - by surprise, particularly as they have insisted he shows signs of dementia, Alzheimer's and other cognitive deterioration.

The president's physician was adamant that Trump, however, is not in mental decline.

'I'm very confident at this particular stage that he has nothing like that going on,' Jackson said. 'Absolutely no cognitive, mental issues whatsoever. He is very sharp.'

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is a 30-question test that includes measures of short-term memory, concentration and attention.

A score of 26 or higher is considered 'normal.' In one study, test-takers with mild cognitive impairment typically scored 22. Alzheimer's patients scored an average of barely 16.

'We picked one of the ones that was a little more involved,' Jackson said of the Montreal test, comparing it to others he could have chosen. 'It was longer. It was the more difficult one of all of them.'

Taking a slap at 'Fire and Fury' author Michael Wolff's claim that Trump has begun to tell the same stories three times in 10 minutes, Jackson said that he has never heard Trump repeat remarks to him.

Jackson said that people speculating about Trump's mental health 'shouldn't be making those kinds of assessments' unless they have spent a good deal of time with the former real estate executive.

The White House physician said several times that there was nothing he was keeping back and that neither Trump nor his aides had coached him on what to say.

'I can promise you there's absolutely nothing that I'm withholding,' he asserted, as he took questions from reporters on-camera for close to an hour.

An incident involving Trump urgently needing a glass of water and another one in which he slurred his speech are nothing to be alarmed by, Jackson said.

One working theory had been that Trump has dentures, but Jackson said that's not the case. Jackson said the water-gulping incident was caused by a dosage of Sudafed that must have dried out Trump's sinuses, backing up the White House's claims that it was a simple case of dry mouth.

'I think he will remain fit for duty for the remainder of this term and even for the remainder of another term if he’s elected,' Jackson said of Trump, who holds the title of the oldest person elected president.

Trump, who is coming up on the end of his first year in office, was one year older when he was inaugurated than Ronald Reagan, the eldest president before him.

The prostate-reducing drug that Donald Trump uses to treat hair loss has been linked to an increased risk of depression, self-harm and erectile dysfunction.

Finasteride is a widely-used drug that reduces the size of prostate glands and stimulates hair growth - and is widely believed to be a significant factor affecting the president's low PSA (prostate) levels and thick mane.

However, it has been tied to many severe and uncomfortable side effects.

A research paper published in March 2017 by Western University in Ontario offered the first concrete evidence showing the pills' mental health risks, and appeared to confirm many medics' fears that it increases a risk of suicidal tendencies.

The same week, a study by Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine found most study participants were left impotent for four years after taking Propecia (the brand name for finasteride).

Finasteride belongs to a class of medications known as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs).

5ARIs have come under increasing scrutiny in recent years by regulators in the United States and Canada because of a possible link to mental health issues, according to the researchers.

Finasteride was originally developed to treat urinary problems in men.

Potential cost: Maintaining his famous hairstyle is now known to involve a daily pill - but its potential side effects include impotence and anger

Studies showed the drug made prostate glands smaller by reducing the levels of the hormone dihydrotestosterone in participants.

But during the clinical trials, scientists saw an unexpected side effect - hair growth.

And so in 1997, the FDA approved the steroid inhibitor as the first ever drug to treat male pattern baldness.

Taken once a day, the drug is mainly sold under the brand name Propecia. Millions of American adults use the pills, which are proven to be 90 percent effective.

Indeed, last month Donald Trump's doctor Harold Bornstein revealed the president takes a small dose of finasteride to stimulate hair growth.

Bornstein told the New York Times that he, too, takes the drug, saying it helped him keep his shoulder-length locks and helped Trump keep his own hair.

The doctor said: 'He has all his hair. I have all my hair.'

The news that Trump takes finasteride explained why his PSA (prostate specific antigen, produced for the cells by the prostate) is so low.

Finasteride reduces PSA levels to reduce swelling of prostate glands.

Men aged 60-69 normally have between 4.0 and 5.0ng/ml. That is higher than younger men since PSA and testosterone levels rise with age.

The number may be lower than usual if a man has prostate cancer or inflammation, causing more PSA to seep into the bloodstream.

Trump's PSA level was 0.15, Bornstein said in two letters he'd written about Trump's health. The first letter came out in December 2015, followed by the other letter in September 2016.

The level prompted urologists - who weren't linked to Trump - to say he had to have received care for an enlarged prostate or prostate cancer.

Bornstein told the Times that the commander-in-chief hasn't had an enlarged prostate nor prostate cancer, and attributed Trump's PSA level to Propecia.

The White House physician released detailed health reporting about Trump on Tuesday

Among Dr. Ronny Jackson's findings were that Trump had normal neuro-physiology and a perfect score on a standard cognitive function screening test

Dr. Jackson says Trump's 'overall health is excellent' and that he's fit to serve in the Oval Office

LINKS TO MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES

The researchers at Western University examined finasteride and dutasteride, another 5ARI.

'There wasn't a lot of good studies in this area, and it's a very common medication for urologists to use,' said lead author Dr Blayne Welk.

Welk's team analyzed data from 93,197 men who were at least 66 years old when they received prescriptions for 5ARIs between 2003 and 2013, plus another 93,197 similar men who had never filled a prescription for a 5ARI.

Overall, 5ARIs were not linked with an increased risk of suicide, the researchers reported in JAMA Internal Medicine.

During the first 18 months, however, the men using 5ARIs had an 88 percent higher risk of harming themselves. That risk did not extend beyond 18 months.

Men in the 5ARI group also had a 94 percent higher risk of depression in the first 18 months, compared to men not using these drugs. Beyond 18 months, the increased risk of depression fell to 22 percent.

The type of 5ARI did not appear to significantly alter the results.

Welk cautions that the actual risk of depression and self-harm is very low.

If the drugs were actually causing these side effects - which this study wasn't design to prove - 'you'd need 470 men to take this medication for a full year to have a new case of depression,' Welk said.

That number would have to be even higher to cause a new case of self-harm, since self-harm is less common than depression.

'It is a risk potentially and patients and physicians should be aware of it,' Welk said.

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION RISKS

A separate study in the journal PeerJ evaluated another concern about 5ARIs - erectile dysfunction.

Drs Tina Kiguradze and William Temps of Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in Chicago and colleagues found that when erectile dysfunction occurred in men taking 5ARIs for at least 180 days, the dysfunction was more likely to last at least 90 days after stopping the medication.

Erectile dysfunction, when it occurred, resolved faster in men who took the medications for shorter periods.

The proportion of men taking 5ARIs and experiencing erectile dysfunction is likely around 5 percent, according to Dr. Landon Trost, who is head of andrology and male infertility at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

But it's not clear how many men suffer persistent erectile dysfunction after stopping 5ARIs, said Trost, who was not involved with either of the new studies.

'I think it's important to be educated about the potential side effects,' he said.

Men who are already at increased risk for these potential side effects must weigh the risks and benefits of the drugs, Trost said.

He said older men taking 5ARIs for prostate problems might come to different conclusions than young men taking the pills for hair loss.

Additionally, he said, men should tell their doctors if they experience these symptoms.

Can YOU pass President Trump's cognitive test?

This is a copy of the sheet the examiner and patient fill out during the 10-minute test

President Donald Trump received a perfect score on a standard cognitive assessment test, his doctor revealed in a White House briefing.

The 10-minute test, known as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), was created in 1996 for medical professionals to identify mild cognitive dysfunction.

Trump scored 30 out of 30. A score above 26 is deemed 'normal,' while anything lower than that is cause for concern.

Those who do well on the test do not need further cognitive examinstion.

The average score is 27.4. People with mild cognitive impairment score an average of 22.1, while Alzheimer's patients tend to score around 16.

First used in Montreal, Canada, the test is now one of the most respected methods of assessing cognitive health worldwide, available in 55 languages and dialects, and formats for testing illiterate patients and in other cultural settings (by changing certain references).

Trump is the first U.S. president to undergo the test as part of his presidential physical.

This is how a doctor performs the test, and how a patient is graded:

1. ALTERNATING TRAIL MAKING

TEST: The patient is told to pair up five numbers and letters (1-5, A-E) in ascending order (pairing 1 with A, 2 with B, etc) while drawing connect-the-dots lines.

RESULT: The patient gets a point for every successful pair: 1-A; 2-B; 3-C; 4-D; 5-E. No lines can be crossed. The patient earns 0 if they make a mistake that is not immediately corrected.

2. VISUOCONSTRUCTIONAL SKILLS (CUBE)

TEST: Draw your own version of the cube in the space next to it.

It must be exactly the same as the one printed on the page.

RESULT: One point if it is drawn correctly (i.e. three-dimensional, all lines are drawn, no line is added, lines are relatively parallel and their length is similar – no point if any of those criteria are missing).

3. VISUOCONSTRUCTIONAL SKILLS (CLOCK)

TEST: Draw a clock, putting in all the numbers and set the time to 10 minutes past 11 o'clock.

RESULT: One point is allocated for each of the following three criteria:

Contour (ONE POINT): the clock face must be a circle with only minor distortion acceptable (i.e. slight imperfection on closing the circle).

Numbers (ONE POINT): all clock numbers must be present with no additional numbers; numbers must be in the correct order and placed in the approximate quadrants on the clock face. Roman numerals are acceptable. Numbers can be placed outside the circle contour.

Hands (ONE POINT): there must be two hands jointly indicating the correct time; the hour hand must be clearly shorter than the minute hand. Hands must be centered within the clock face with their junction close to the clock center.

A point is not assigned for a given element if any of the above-criteria are not met.

4. NAMING

TEST: Name each animal.

Lion

Rhinoceros (or rhino)

Camel (or dromedary)

RESULT: One point for each

5. MEMORY

TEST:

The doctor tells the patient that they are going to read a list of words that the patient must remember. At the end the patient has to tell them as many as they remember; it doesn't matter what order.

The doctor then reads five words, one per second:

FACE, VELVET, CHURCH, DAISY, RED

As the patient recites the words, the doctor marks a check in the box for each word said aloud.

The patient indicates when they have recalled all they can.

The doctor reads the list a second time. At the end the patient has to recall all of them again.

As the patient recites the words, the doctor marks a check in the box for each word said aloud – including the first five again.

The patient indicates when they have recalled all they can.

At the end of the test, the doctor asks the patient to recall the five words, unprompted. This is the part of the test that is scored.

SCORING: No plus points, only minus if they get it wrong.

6. ATTENTION

TEST (NUMBERS):

Recall numbers: The doctor reads a list of five numbers at a rate of one number per second; the patient recalls them exactly as they were said:

2 1 8 5 4

Recall numbers backwards: The doctor reads three numbers at a rate of one number per second; the patient recalls them backwards:

7 4 2

SCORING: One point per sequence correctly recited.

TEST (LETTERS): The doctor reads a list of letters at a rate of one per second. Every time they say the letter 'A', the patient has to tap their hand:

F B A C M N A A J K L B A F A K D E A A A J A M O F A A B

SCORING: One point if there is zero errors or just one error (i.e. the patient tapped their hand on another letter just once).

TEST (MATH): The patient starts at 100, then must count down by subtracting seven every time, until the examiner tells them to stop:

93

86

79

72

65

SCORING: Total of three points.

No points if there are no correct subtractions

One point for just one correct subtractions

Two points for two or three correct subtractions

Three points for four or five correct subtractions

If the first subtraction is wrong, but each subsequent subtraction follows the pattern of seven, they still earn every other point. For example, they may say '92 – 85 – 78 – 71 – 64'. While '92' is incorrect, all subsequent numbers are subtracted by seven, meaning they only made one mistake, and would a score of three.

7. SENTENCE REPETITION

TEST:

Step one: The examiner reads this sentence, and the patient has to repeat it exactly: 'I only know that John is the one to help today'.

Step two: The examiner then reads another sentence, with the same instruction: 'The cat always hid under the couch when dogs were in the room'.

SCORING: One point for each correct sentence.

Exact repetition

No synonyms substituted (i.e. it must be 'hid' not 'hides')

8. VERBAL FLUENCY

TEST: The doctor reads out a letter (F), and the patient has to think of words that starts with that letter. The aim is to reach 11 words or more in 60 seconds.

The words cannot be proper nouns, like Bob or Boston

The words cannot be the same sounding word but with different suffixes (like love, lover, loving)

SCORING: One point if they reach 11 words or more in one minute.

9. ABSTRACTION

TEST: The patient has to describe what the relationship is between certain words (i.e, an orange and a banana; a train and a bicycle; a ruler and a watch).

There is one practice trial (ORANGE AND BANANA) before two scored pairs (TRAIN AND BICYCLE; WATCH AND RULER).

SCORING: One point for each of the last two pairs.

Acceptable answers:

Train and bicycle: means of transport, means of traveling, used to take trips

Ruler and watch: means of measurement, measuring instruments

Unacceptable answers:

Train and bicycle: they have wheels

Ruler and watch: they have numbers

10. DELAYED RECALL

TEST: The patient has to recall all the words they heard earlier (FACE, VELVET, CHURCH, DAISY, RED).

SCORING: One point for each word recalled (with no cues from the examiner).

11. ORIENTATION

TEST: Say the exact date, and the name of the place they are in, including the city.

SCORING: One point for each correct answer. No points if they make any errors.

TOTAL SCORE:

Add up all the points accumulating, adding a point if the patient has fewer than 12 years of formal educations.