Research interests: My research concentrated on four aspects of the molecular biology and biochemistry of aerobic sporulating bacteria (Bacilli) and especially their membrane-active toxins. These topics are: (a) the biochemistry and molecular biology of Bacillus spore dormancy and spore germination, (b) the structure, synthesis, molecular genetics and mode of action of insecticidal (Cry and cyt) bacterial toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, (c) the design and construction of anti tumour immunotoxins utilising bacillus toxins, (d) the molecular analysis of virulence factors in pathogenic members of the Bacillus cereus group