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The Case for “Open Access” Communications
Infrastructure in Africa: The SAT-3/WASC
cable
Angola case study
Russell Southwood1
ASSOCIATION FOR PROGRESSIVE COMMUNICATIONS (APC)
APC-200805-CIPP-R-EN-PDF-0047
ISBN 92-95049-49-7
COMMISSIONED BY THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROGRESSIVE COMMUNICATIONS (APC)
CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 3.0 LICENCE
GRAPHICS: COURTESY OF AUTHOR
1
Russell Southwood is a leading analyst of the African ICT market. He is a specialist of Internet, telecommunications,
and media developments on the continent.
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
i
Table of Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Overview of report.............................................................................................. 3
Background .......................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Brief country profile..................................................................................... 3
2.2 Overview of Angola’s telecommunications industry............................. 5
2.2.1 Angola Telecom and its plans ............................................................. 6
2.2.2 Other telecoms players......................................................................... 8
2.2.3 Internet services..................................................................................... 9
2.3 History of the SAT-3/WASC cable in Angola ....................................... 10
2.4 The impact of SAT-3/WASC in Angola ................................................. 11
Performance indicators – successes and failures.......................................... 12
3.1 Subscription, usage and capacity utilisation.......................................... 12
3.2 Cost and tariffs ........................................................................................... 15
3.3 Traffic ........................................................................................................... 19
Analysis of access to SAT-3/WASC ............................................................... 20
4.1 Legislation and regulation ........................................................................ 20
4.2 Dispute resolution mechanisms and decisions...................................... 22
4.3 Investment and business environment in Angola ................................ 23
4.4 Politicization of the sector......................................................................... 24
4.5 Human resource capacity ......................................................................... 24
Conclusion.......................................................................................................... 25
Glossary .............................................................................................................. 26
Bibliography....................................................................................................... 27
List of Tables
Table 1: Share of capacity in SAT-3/WASC........................................................ 10
Table 2: Breakdown of Internet subscribers by provider - 2004....................... 13
Table 3: Existing and projected growth in voice traffic in minutes (2002-2010)19
List of Figures
Figure 1: Angola ........................................................................................................ 4
Figure 2: Planned network in Angola .................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Growth of fixed and mobile subscribers (1975-2005) ........................ 12
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
ii
1 Overview of report
This report examines the impact the submarine fibre optic cable known as South Atlantic
3/West Africa Submarine Cable (SAT-3/WASC) has had on the telecommunications
market in Angola. It is one of four similar reports commissioned by the Association for
Progressive Communications (APC) in November 2006 – the three other countries
researched being Cameroon, Ghana and Senegal. A primer that synthesizes the results of
the four studies is available for download from APC’s website (www.apc.org).
This report focuses solely on the ‘Africa section’ of the submarine cable - i.e. South Atlantic
3/West Africa Submarine Cable - which also includes a South African-Far East connection
(SAFE). (In its entirety, the rather cumbersome acronym for the cable is SAT3/WASC/SAFE).
The report presents data gathered through in-country interviews with various market
players and stakeholders, including performance indicators such as subscriber numbers
for different types of services, usage figures, and pricing at the retail and the wholesale
level.
Detailed comparisons are made to satellite as an alternative means of access to
international bandwidth, and the report identifies how the two mediums have influenced
each other in terms of pricing and subscription levels. The report also looks at the
environment for access to the SAT-3/WASC cable in terms of regulation and licensing, as
well as the general business environment in Angola’s telecoms sector.
2 Background
2.1 Brief country profile
Angola is the largest country in southern Africa outside South Africa, with an area of 1.2million sq km. It is bordered by Namibia in the south, Zambia in the east, and the
Democratic Repubic of the Congo (DRC) in the north. It is divided into 18 provinces, six of
which are situated along the coastline, which is the part of the country with the highest
population density. It has a population of 15.94-million, of which around 10-million live in
its main towns and cities, with around four million in the capital Luanda. In 2004 Angola
had an adult literacy rate of 67%.
The country is a former Portuguese colony and has inherited its legal framework from its
past colonial power. At independence in 1975, a civil war started between three competing
guerrilla movements: the FNLA, the MPLA and UNITA. This war ended in 2002 with the
killing of UNITA’s leader Jonas Savimbi. After this, a unity government, led by the MPLA,
was formed.
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
3
The war wrecked a great deal of Angola’s physical infrastructure, including its telephone
and railway networks, and distrupted the country’s social infrastructure. Only a small part
of the country has access to electricity. The civil war also accelerated urbanisation: only
20% of the population were in towns and cities in 1975, compared to 50% in 2005.
Angola potentially has one of the most prosperous economies in Africa. After Nigeria, it is
the most significant oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa, producing between 900,000 to one
million barrels a day. Most of the oil extracted is of a very high quality and sells well to a
wide range of buyers. Oil extraction from offshore and coastal fields between Luanda and
Cabinda accounts for more than 90% of its foreign earnings, and escalating oil prices have
improved the underlying financial position of the country. The Chinese have formed a
close relationship with the Angolan government on the basis of its need for oil. In 2005 the
Chinese government gave Angola a US$2-billion line of credit to rebuild its public
infrastructure. There are also plans to build a refinery in Lobito to process oil from across
Africa. Besides oil, Angola has mineral resources including diamonds, fertile agricultural
land, hydro-electricity potential and marine fish resources.
Figur
e 1: Angola
In the run-up to forthcoming elections in 2009, the government has been investing heavily
in restoring the country’s infrastructure. This spending has led to annual economic growth
of 15%. One example of infrastructural spending is the improvements made to the road
connecting Angola to its neighbour in the south, Namibia. The combination of this
spending and the effects of oil development on the economy have made Angola one of the
most high-cost economies on the continent.
Despite the opening of new shops in the capital, the local market for anything but basic
goods remains small. One estimate made in 2004 put the total number of households able
to afford anything more than basic food and clothes at only 150,000. While that number
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
4
has undoubtedly grown over the last three years, it still remains a relatively small market
in terms of available disposable income for consumer goods. That said, a much wider
range of people now have access to mobile phones, televisions and cars in the capital
Luanda.2
2.2 Overview of Angola’s telecommunications industry
At independence in 1975, two entities were responsible for telecommunications: the Post,
Telegraph, and Telephone (PTT) agency was responsible for local and national traffic and
also dealt with post, and the other (CPRM Marconi) handled all international traffic. The
latter was nationalized in 1977 and renamed Empresa Publica Telecommunicacoes
(EPTEL).
In 1980, EPTEL was separated into two entities, one responsible for telecommunications
(Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicações (ENATEL)) and the other for postal activities
(Empresa Nacional de Correios e Telégrafos (ENCT)). The latter operated only domestic
telecommunications. Legislation passed in 1992 led to the formation of Angola Telecom,
after a merger of EPTEL and ENATEL.
Angola Telecom, which has a presence in all 18 provinces in the country, had a monopoly
in the telecommunications market (fixed and mobile) up to April 2001, when the leading
privately owned GSM operator, Unitel, started its operation. This was the beginning of the
liberalisation of the sector in Angola. Four fixed-line licences were issued, to Mercury
Telecommunications Services (now MS Telecom), Mundo Startel, Nexus (now part of MS
Telecom), and Wezacom in 2001, with the objective of expanding the base of operators in
rural and suburban areas. Six years later, Mundo Startel planned to start operations in
Autumn 2007, having been delayed through a combination of changing business plans
and a degree of obstructiveness from Angola Telecom. Wezacom is effectively defunct,
having failed to raise the required investment finance.
Up until 1999, all policy and regulatory issues in the sector were dealt with by the Ministry
of Transport and Communications. Bill 12/99 (June 25, 1999) established the Angolan
National Institute of Communications (INACOM) that has both financial and
administrative autonomy from the ministry.
2 Unfortunately there is no reliable, up-to-date data to demonstrate this, but from a wide range of personal
observations (for example, the number of satellite TV dishes) and different interviews, this would appear to
be true.
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
5
2.2.1 Angola Telecom and its plans
In the early 1980s Angola Telecom set up a network linking all of the 18 provincial
capitals, but most of it was destroyed with the renewed outbreak of war in the mid-1990s.
In June 2006 Angola Telecom was operating around 100,000 fixed lines (compared to
65,000 in 1999), with a fixed-line teledensity of just 0.68%, well below the African average.
Two thirds of these lines are in Luanda, with few subscribers in the provinces: for
example, Huambo had only 3,583 subscribers in 2005. Angola Telecom also has both a
mobile subsidiary (Movicel) and one offering cable TV services (TV Cabo).
Given the size of Angola and the destruction wrought by war, satellite is the most
immediate means available for creating a national backbone. Angola Telecom’s subsidiary,
Angosat, which uses space rented from Intelsat, provides this backbone using earth
stations in each of the country’s 18 provinces. About 90% of the Angosat traffic is either to
or from the capital Luanda. The rest of the traffic is inter-provincial and currently requires
a double hop via Luanda. Where towns and cities are close together, these are joined by
microwave link. Examples of this include: Luanda-Ndale-Malange; Luanda-Caxito; and
Luanda-Conda-Muambo-Kuito.
The company has a network development plan that runs from 2001-2015. In the initial
phases of reconstructing the network, Angola Telecom received donor money from a wide
range of sources including France, Italy, Norway and Japan. However, these individual
donor contributions do not seem to have been well knitted into an overall plan, despite the
existence of an umbrella infrastructure plan. In June 2007 the Government Gazette
announced the signature of a US$167-million contract to complete the entire fibre network
shown in Figure 2 below. As the incumbent, Angola Telecom retains a monopoly on the
international gateway. Although it has ambitious plans to build a national fibre backbone,
these have only slowly been implemented.
Angola Telecom has five major projects that it has allocated US$200-million to over the
next five years (from 2007) and is working with Siemens on the fibre optic routes. It is
planning local loop delivery projects using WiMax which it aimed to introduce in 2008. It
also planned to introduce public Wi-Fi hotspots in autumn 2007.
The overall aim is to create a fibre network that connects all 18 provincial capitals, using a
series of intersecting circles that allows for redundancy. A key route (ADONES) would be
along the coast of the country with eight landing points planned for a domestic submarine
cable.
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
6
Figure 2: Planned network in Angola
Alcatel Shanghai Bell has been responsible for laying the first piece of fibre in the national
plan. This fibre goes from the southern coastal town of Namibe, due east to Lubango,
before turning south to Ondive, a short distance from Oshikango on the AngolanNamibian border. The intention is to link up to the Telecom Namibia’s fibre backbone, and
in this way linking the two countries. This would give Telecom Namibia an outlet to
another SAT-3/WASC international landing station (the other being in South Africa). In
addition, Angola Telecom has announced that it will help supply 10,740 fixed lines in
Namibe province and 6,000 in Huila province in the next three years.
There have been two major investment announcements (US$300-million with Chinese
vendor ZTE in 2005, and US$82-million with Siemens in 2006). However, Angola Telecom
has also installed a soft-switch (through an agreement with Huawei) as part of a plan to
upgrade to an IP-based Next Generation Network (NGN). Initially this will become
available in Caixito and Lubango, but will later be rolled out to Benguela, Bie, Huambo,
Kwanze Norte, Malanje and Uige, offering both fixed lines and Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL). There is also a plan to install a similar NGN network in Cabinda
as part of the ZTE agreement. Angola Telecom foresees the potential for using the network
to offer multimedia services at some point.
There are plans dating back to 1999 to privatise Angola Telecom in three stages:
•
Transform it into a commercial entity, but still wholly owned by the government;
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
7
•
•
Sell a 30-40% stake to a strategic equity partner;
Sell the remaining stake to a combination of the strategic partner and Angola
Telecom employees.
The company has been undergoing a change process with the assistance of external
consultants, but the privatisation plans seem to be on hold.
2.2.2 Other telecoms players
Mercury Telecommunications Services (MS Telecom) was started in 1997 to develop the
communications capacity for the state-owned oil company Sonangol. Having established
its own network, it widened its scope in 1999 to offer services to the public sector and
then, in 2003, became a fixed-line operator and Internet Service Provider (ISP). It uses its
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) network to carry international calls and has two
suppliers of IP-voice minutes: Norwegian satellite company Taide and Hong Kong-based
New World. It also has a 25% share in Unitel. Angola is therefore in the slightly unusual
position of having two state-financed telecoms entities that have shareholdings in all of the
major operators.
Mundo Startel and Wezacom have yet to launch their fixed-line ISP operations. Mundo
Startel and ZTE signed a framework agreement for the purchase, implementation,
operations and maintenance of a NGN during 2005. It is envisaged that the first services
will be provided by Mundo Startel’s network in the third quarter of 2007. It is building an
IP network and will use WiMax to deliver to its subscribers. It aims to get 5,000 fixedwireless subscribers in the first year, increasing these to 50,000 over five years. It also plans
a metropolitan fibre network if Angola Telecom does not open up its network and charge
what it considers more reasonable prices. Its plan was to roll out its network initially in
Luanda and Benguela, and then to move on to Huambo, Namibe, Huila, Kwanza Sul and
Cabinda. Telecom Namibia has a 44% stake in the company, with the rest being owned by
local Angolan shareholders.
Portugal Telecom has a minority (25%) stake in Unitel, which operates a GSM network,
launched in 2001. Movicel, the second mobile operator in the country, is the mobile
subsidiary of incumbent Angola Telecom and operates a Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) 2000 1X wireless network.3 Unitel is the market leader and claims to have 2.5-
GSM is the dominant global mobile operating standard and CDMA is the standard that was adopted by the
US and the rest of the world. The issue for Movicel has been the availability of CDMA handsets at a
competitive price. Otherwise there are no outstanding interconnection issues.
3
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
8
million subscribers, while Movicel claims around 1.25-million subscribers. Unitel’s
shareholders include MS Telecom and the President’s daughter.
Portugal Telecom has expressed interest in buying a further 25% shareholding in Unitel.
However, this was rejected by the government, who said that it wanted Portugal Telecom
to sell its current 25% shareholding back to it. It is believed that the government wants to
launch a stock market flotation of the company. In what may be a response to this
position, Portugal Telecom announced in March 2007 that it wanted to set up a panAfrican MVNO.4 Its CEO Henrique Granadeiro told the Portugese newspaper Visao: ”It
doesn’t mean that we would make Unitel the centre of the operator, but Angola is a good
platform for the launch of a pan-African operator.” Part of the original shareholder
agreement of Unitel envisaged the company expanding into the rest of Africa.
There have been discussions about introducing a third mobile operator in order to create
more competition that will address both price and service issues. Both Celtel and
Vodacom have expressed interest in entering the market.
2.2.3 Internet services
Internet services began in Angola in 1996 when Pacomm was licensed to install the Ebonet
network (Ebonet was the first ISP in the country). There are now several ISPs, including
Angola Telecom, MS Telecom, SNet, Maxnet, ACS and TV Cabo. Of these, four companies
(Angola Telecom, MS Telecom, Snet and Multitel) are members of the Angolan Internet
Exchange Point launched in 2006. In addition to these ISPs, Movicel offers data services.
MS Telecom’s Internet operations are the result of a consolidation in the market. Nexus
Telecommunications and Services was the result of a merger between Ebonet, NetAngola
(another ISP) and the telecoms operator Telesel in 2003, before it was itself acquired by MS
Telecom. The latter has also acquired ACS, one of the largest corporate providers.
TV Cabo is a joint venture between Angola Telecom and the Portuguese company
Visabeira de Portugal.5 It was started in March 2006, and at its launch it was announced
that the company would invest US$88.7-million in the country. It wants to use this money
to expand nationally, but says these plans are dependent on the speed of the roll-out of
A Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) is a mobile company that has its own brand, marketing, retail
outlets, and phone offerings, but uses another operator’s infrastructure (towers and network) instead of
building and operating its own.
5 Visabeira de Portugal is a holding company (whose activities include telecommunications, construction,
tourism, industry and services) which also has a cable joint venture in Mozambique.
4
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
9
Angola Telecom’s national fibre network. Currently it is delivering pay-for cable TV and
Internet, but only within the capital Luanda.
2.3 History of the SAT-3/WASC cable in Angola
According to the Construction and Maintenance Agreement for SAT-3/WASC (June 17
June, 1999), Angola Telecom invested US$24-million in the project, giving it 4% of the
shareholding. This is the same level of investment made by Ghana Telecom and Mauritius
Telecom, but more than Cameroon’s fixed-line incumbent Camtel, which only invested
US$20-million.
For this investment, it was allocated 805 270 Minimum Investment Unit kilometers (MIU
km) (3.69% of the total allocated capacity), of which 62 575 MIU km were assigned
immediately and a further 300 000 MIU km were kept as reserve capacity. 442 695 MIU km
were put into ‘pool’ capacity that might be taken up at a later stage. This accounted for 4%
of the overall pool capacity.
Table 1 shows a breakdown of the assigned capacity, giving some indication of the routes
considered most needed by Angola Telecom at the point at which the investment was
made.
Carrier
AT&T
MCI
Portugal Telecom
BT
France Telecom
Telefonica
Telkom SA
Sonatel
CI Telecom
Ghana Telecom
Nitel
OPT
Destination
1.USA
USA
USA
2. Europe
Portugal
UK
France
Spain
3.Africa
South Africa
Senegal
Cote d’Ivoire
Ghana
Nigeria
Benin
Connecting point
Portugal
Portugal
Portugal
Portugal
Portugal
Spain
South Africa
Senegal
Cote d’Ivoire
Ghana
Nigeria
Benin
Capacity in MIU
km
7250 (11.6%)
3625
3625
45,800 (73.2%)
36,250
3625
3625
2200
9625 (15.4%)
2850
2200
1300
1125
1075
1075
Table 1: Share of capacity in SAT-3/WASC
As with most of the African SAT-3/WASC shareholders, Angola Telecom has a single
landing station, located just north of Luanda at Cacuaco, which became operational in
October 2002.
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
10
2.4 The impact of SAT-3/WASC in Angola
The investment in SAT-3/WASC capacity by the Angolan government through its
incumbent Angola Telecom was both far-sighted and doomed to short-term failure. Its farsightedness was to realise that without access to an international fibre landing station, the
country would, in the medium-to-long term, bear the disproportionate burden of external
costs associated with providing all of its international access through a satellite gateway.
Nevertheless, when the landing station opened for business in October 2002, there were a
number of factors that were to make accessing its capacity difficult and its use limited.
The first of these factors was that the incumbent retained its monopoly on the
international gateway. Because there has been no competition, Angola Telecom has, until
recently, kept the prices high for SAT-3/WASC bandwidth. This has meant that in the
early years the costs of SAT-3/WASC bandwidth were often the same as or more
expensive than satellite bandwidth.
Initially there was also no effective national backbone – and, indeed, no fibre within the
capital Luanda, where a large part of international bandwidth demand is found. Therefore
satellite was a more effective choice to access SAT-3/WASC, as it could be connected to
from anywhere within the country. Even though there is now a national satellite network,
the added latency that is an inevitable part of reaching Luanda in this way undercuts the
speed arguments of fibre for international access from outside the capital. This factor
places a high premium on the roll-out of a national fibre backbone to key urban centres as
a way of addressing this issue. But nearly five years after the opening of the SAT-3/WASC
landing station, the only piece of operational fibre in the national backbone plan is a route
from the southernmost city in the country, Namibe to Lubango, and onwards towards the
Namibian border.
The logic of building this stretch of the national fibre backbone first is unclear. By any
measure, the first major national markets to be connected would be the country’s second
city Benguela and its neighbouring city Lobito, and the oil-rich northern cities of Soyo and
Cabinda. While there is a plan for a coastal fibre (ADONES) to connect all these main
coastal cities, it has yet to be implemented. In a similar way, the West African Festoon
System (WAFS) project will connect some of these markets; but, again, its implementation
is at least 2-3 years away.
Even if all of the above factors had not acted as barriers to the effective use of SAT3/WASC, the initial pricing strategy would have acted as a brake on the immediate
exploitation of its full capacity. As can be seen in section 3, the initial prices for the
capacity were extremely high, often matching or exceeding equivalent capacity over
satellite.
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
11
Pressure to lower prices has come from a number of different quarters and these are
described in more detail in section 3. All carriers, except Angola Telecom, are aware that
the cost of the SAT-3/WASC bandwidth is high and that they have no competitive
alternative. This message has reached the regulator, INACOM, and it has begun to add its
voice to the chorus of dissent. Furthermore, a policy debate has started about the best way
to approach the development of infrastructure. Companies like MS Telecom and Mundo
Startel have both elaborated on plans to build their own infrastructure. Investment in this
direction would be largely unnecessary if Angola Telecom had implemented more of its
own infrastructural plans. These issues have risen to the level of government, and it is
believed to be looking at how best to address them.
3 Performance
indicators
–
successes
and
failures.
3.1 Subscription, usage and capacity utilisation
Figure 3 below illustrates a pattern familiar to anyone looking at the growth of fixed and
mobile subscribers in African countries over the last ten years. While fixed-line subscribers
grew fairly rapidly from 2000 onwards, as Angola Telecom began to restore its local
infrastructure, this growth has slowed. Public call boxes increased from a total of 260 in
1998 to 390 in 2004 and are therefore largely irrelevant in terms of providing phone
services in the country.
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
Fixed
Mobile
Total
400000
200000
0
1975
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Fixed
40000
52740
64900
76800
80200
85043
94280
94280
Mobile
0
1994
20000
75000
140000
350000
740000
1094115
40000
54734
84900
151800
220200
435043
834280
1188395
Total
1st Q 2005
Figure 3: Growth of fixed and mobile subscribers (1975-2005)
Growth in mobile subscribers has been considerable, and the pattern is continuing. In Q1
2007 Unitel was the market leader and claimed to have 2.5-million subscribers, while
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
The SAT-3/WASC cable– Angola Case Study
12
Movicel claimed around 1.25-million subscribers, giving a total market of 4-million
subscribers. Current teledensity on the basis of mobile subscribers is estimated to be
somewhere between 20-25%.
As both mobile operators depend heavily upon Angola Telecom’s national backbone
infrastructure, further growth will only be achieved if the incumbent implements more of
its national roll-out plan. Its presence in each province is largely within provincial capitals.
Movicel currently offers coverage in all 18 of Angola’s provinces, but indicates that some
of these cell sites are only marginally profitable because of the small number of
subscribers. The entrance of a third mobile licence holder may galvanize another round of
growth if the entrant chooses to invest in its own infrastructure.
According to the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World
Telecommunications Indicators 2006, the compound annual growth of Internet users
between 1999 and 2004 in Angola was 53.1%. However, this high level of growth was
achieved from an extremely low base position, as the ITU’s African Telecommunications
Indicators 2001 estimated that there were only 750 Internet users in 1997.
There were an estimated 10,500 Internet accounts in 2003, according to INACOM. Angola
Telecom launched ADSL services in September 2003, and by December 2004 said it had
205 ADSL subscribers. Its TV Cabo subsidiary was reporting some 500 subscribers in late
2003, only a proportion of which were Internet subscribers. In April 2006, Angola Telecom
announced that it was planning to offer ADSL services in Benguela, Sumbe, Lobito,
N’Dalatando, Malange, Uige and Cabinda, and that it had provisioned 500 ADSL lines in
Luanda.
INACOM gathered the last detailed snapshot of Internet connections in 2004, shown in
Table 2.
ISP
Angola Telecom
Mercury (MS
Telecom)
Multitel
Nexus
SNet
SRC
Totals:
938
Dial-up
Dedicated lines
513
1,451
Total
15
231
246
600
7,785
2,200
185
12,023
78
485
50
91
1,448
678
8,270
2,250
276
13,571
Table 2: Breakdown of Internet subscribers by provider - 2004
APC Publications The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa:
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The regulator also estimated that there were 34,000 users of cyber-cafés and similar
facilities. For the same year (2004), the ITU estimated that the country had a total of 27,000
PCs. In other words, almost exactly half of the estimated PCs were connected.
Bringing the figures shown above up to date for Q1 2007, the main changes have resulted
from the merger of the ISPs that created Nexus and subsequently became part of MS
Telecom. The latter says it has around 6,000 Internet subscribers. The second big change
has been the launch of the Movinet service by mobile operator Movicel. It says it has 4,000
subscribers to its CDMA 1X service. Angola Telecom has around 500 dial-up subscribers
and 1,000 ADSL subscribers. In addition, independent ISP SNet has 3,000 dial-up
subscribers and 1,600 broadband subscribers. TV Cabo estimates that it has 5,250 Internet
subscribers. Overall, this gives a total of between 15-16,000 Internet connections. INACOM
has not published more recent figures.
Angola Telecom offers Internet access through a single rate national line for residential
fixed-line customers. This service is available in 12 out of the country’s 18 provinces:
Luanda, Benguela, Huila, Cabinda, Kwanza Sul, Zaire, Moxico, Malange, Namibe,
Huambo, Lunda Sul and Cunene.
There were an estimated 100 cyber-cafés in Luanda alone in Q1 2007, and it is estimated
that between 20-25 new ones have opened over the last 12 months. As indicated below, a
number of these cyber-cafés are the basis for a thriving grey market in voice. Angola
Telecom advertises Internet access points in the following places outside Luanda:
Benguela, Lubango, Simbe, Cabinda, Mbanza Congo, Soyo, Lobito, Luena, Malange,
Namibe, Huambo, Saurima, Ondjiva, Caxito, Dundo, Menongue and Ndalantando. There
are a number of hotel Wi-Fi hotspots in Luanda, including Hotel President and Hotel
Marinha.
It is somewhat harder to arrive at a useful estimate of the number of Internet users. The
last available figure from the ITU estimated there were 172,000 users in 2004, up from
30,000 in 2000. Using a multiplier of five users per Internet connection, and adding in an
adjusted estimated of cyber-café users (around 40,000), the overall total is more like
149,000, even after recent growth.
Overall future growth, whether for voice or data, is dependent on a wide range of local
factors. However, three key factors will either encourage or impede growth. The speed of
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improvements in the country’s education system will drive up literacy levels.6 Coupled
with continued improvements in economic performance, this will slowly increase the
overall wealth levels in the country. Both of these will need to be accompanied by general
improvements in infrastructure (particularly roads and power supply) and improvements
in the operating efficiency and geographic extent of both the country’s national and
international backbone routes.
3.2 Cost and tariffs
The overall patterns of pricing reflect broader changes on the continent. Initially,
international calling rates were reduced as part of a ‘rebalancing’ of international and
domestic tariffs. Rebalancing was designed to lower high international tariffs and raise
subsidised domestic tariffs. But with greater competition in the market and pressure from
the grey market, all tariffs have begun to fall. Angola’s operators have not been amongst
the first movers in responding to these trends, but neither have they been the slowest.
Nevertheless, there is considerable strength of feeling within the Internet and telecoms
sector that prices should come down further, particularly for international capacity.
According to market analysts BMI-TechKnowledge, in 1998 Angola Telecom was charging
US$100 to connect a fixed-line subscriber and thereafter charging US$10 per month for line
rental. A long-distance call (over 320km) cost US$0.48 per minute, and the average for an
international call was US$2.96 per minute.
Over the last two years, these voice rates (along with those for data) have been
progressively reduced. The main reductions were foreshadowed by a promotion to
subscribers in November 2005, when they were offered a range of calls within the country
for US$0.09 a minute.7 This was followed at the end of January 2006 by the halving of the
fixed-line connection fee from US$112 to US$56.
Angola Telecom also re-arranged the geographic boundaries of calling zones. Local calls
(under 90km) were reduced from US$0.14 a minute to US$0.09 a minute. Long-distance
calls (over 90km) went down from US$0.27 to US$0.18. Calls to mobiles from a fixed line
were reduced from US$0.37 to US$0.27. This was described as a rebalancing of its tariffs,
but was in effect an overall reduction.
6 The male literacy level is 83% and the female level 63%. Source:
http://researchafrica.rti.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.country_view&country_id=22
7 Telinforma November/December 2005 Article entitled Lanca Novos Servicos. The rate reductions were also
announced in Angola Telecom’s magazine in January/February 2006.
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In 1998 international rates were reported to be US$2.96 a minute. By 2003 Angola Telecom
international calling rates had fallen to between US$1.10-US$2.50 a minute. In Q1 2007
these rates were around US$0.90 a minute for more popular calling destinations.
MS Telecom is offering its corporate customers cheaper international calling than Angola
Telecom. A call to Washington DC is US$0.78 a minute and it claims to be 15-20% cheaper
depending on the destination. As an IP network it has two external providers, both of
whom will be offering it very similar wholesale rates to those obtained by Angola Telecom
(see below).
Mobile prices have also been reduced since GSM services were launched, but it was not
possible to get early historic data. In 2003, national mobile calling costs were US$0.24-0.32
a minute and international calling costs between US$1.70-2.50. According to the ITU’s
World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2006, the cost per minute of pre-paid
cellular in 2005 varied between US$0.16-0.24. However, given that there are two operators
with varied tariff structures, these figures must be taken as broad indicators. If inflation
adjusted, rates appear to be more or less the same since that date. Pre-paid rates are given
as these are the ones used by the overwhelming majority of customers.
Movicel has two charging plans (Normal and Unica) and each offers peak rates (7-21
hours) and off peak (21-7 hours). On-network calls vary between US$0.18-0.27 a minute.
Calls to Unitel subscribers cost between US$0.18-0.36 cents. There are three international
calling zones defined by geography, and calls vary from US$1.55 to US$3.48 a minute.
Equivalent rates from Unitel are also structured around two charging plans (normal and
economical) and rates on-network vary from US$0.14 a minute to US$0.23 a minute. Calls
to Movicel subscribers vary from US$0.34 a minute to US$0.40 a minute. As with Movicel,
there are three geographic calling zones and prices vary from US$1.49 a minute to US$3.37
a minute. With the exception of calls off-network, Unitel is clearly the cheaper of the two
mobile carriers on advertised tariffs.
Beyond the main voice carriers there is a thriving grey market that operates through the
country’s cyber-cafés or using ‘leaky’ Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs). One
operator, whose main business is in Luanda, has a monthly average of 60,000 minutes,
while his colleague outside the capital does around 35,000 minutes a month.
They are both offering international calls to main destinations for between US$0.25-0.31 a
minute. The main users are business people and expatriate workers. They say there is no
line blocking by the incumbent and grey-market operators are numerous. For its part,
Angola Telecom says that it has tightened up on grey-market operators since November
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2005, putting blocking measures in place. It feels that this, in combination with lower
international prices, will reduce the scale of the grey market.
Angola Telecom is paying US$0.01 a minute to most international fixed-line destinations,
although it pays much more for terminating mobile calls. For example, it pays US$0.14
cents a minute to terminate mobile calls in South Africa. But on the basis of these
wholesale rates, Angola Telecom continues effectively to operate a ‘high price, low
volume’ strategy for international calling. Grey-market operators are getting wholesale
calling prices of between US$0.01-0.02 a minute, with higher rates for mobile calls.
According to the World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2006, 20 hours per
month of Internet usage cost US$44 in August 2004. As with the mobile rates quoted
above, tariff structures of different operators mean that there is a degree of variation from
the average cost.
According to the 1998 BMI report, the set-up cost for a dial-up connection was US$99, with
a monthly subscription of US$75. On this basis, Internet access prices more or less halved
between 1998 and 2004. Ebonet were charging US$450 to set up a leased line, and a
monthly subscription of US$600. NetAngola was offering cheaper prices for individual
users: set-up was US$50, and the monthly subscription was US$35, on the basis of an
annual contract. Corporate users were charged US$250 for set-up and US$157.50 on the
basis of an annual contract.
Actual costs to users have often been substantially more once phone line costs are
included. A 2005 report on a government environmental organisation, the Instituto de
Investigação Marinha (FN), noted in a discussion on communications costs for its office in
Lobito that:
The system was installed by SISTEC, and is linked to a telephone installed
by Angola Telecom. The installation cost of the e-mail and Internet system
was US$6,400, and the monthly subscription is approximately US$3501,000, depending on the number of telephone calls and time spent online.
The same report commented on the historic impact of the civil war, and the problems it
has caused outside Luanda:
Communications problems are most severe at RC-Namibe. The centre is
situated on a hill approximately 2km from the harbour, and is connected
to the town by a rough gravel road. Electricity (220v, 60amp) is provided
by the municipality, but the supply is erratic. A standby generator
(50kHz) starts automatically when the municipal supply fails. A
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telephone and fax machine is available, but neither is functional. This is
because the cable between the Research Centre and the town of Namibe
has failed owing to lack of maintenance for more than a decade. There are
only two cellphones available, one for the Director and another for the
laboratory. An e-mail facility is installed at the Director’s home, about
5km from the centre. This means that e-mail facilities are currently not
available at RC-Namibe…
Although this is clearly an historic description of particular problems, it gives a flavour of
what it means to receive communications services outside of the capital. In addition, for
those of its offices where there is not a microwave or fibre link, the organisation was
quoted between US$487.50-1387.50 a month on the basis of a 12-month contract for a
VSAT service to connect it to Luanda. In 2003, VSAT connectivity costs varied between
US$1,720 (32 64Kb/s) to US$2,456 a month (2Mb/s).
A significant proportion of the market has gone over to either wireless or DSL broadband
connections, but prices do not appear to have come down despite reductions in the
wholesale price of both national and international bandwidth.
Angola Telecom offers two tariff plans for its ADSL service: ADSL and ADSL Plus. These
vary according to contention ratios and download limits. The ADSL service costs US$99
for a 256Kb/s download speed and US$149 for a 512Kb/s download speed. The
equivalent on ADSL Plus costs US$150 and US$250 respectively, while the price for dialup is a US$79 set-up cost and a monthly access fee of US$32.
This puts Angola Telecom in the upper end of broadband prices across the continent.
Director of Corporate Services for the company Abdul Santos is quoted in the Angola
Telecom publication Telinforma March/April 2006 as saying he wants to lower prices, but
that it depends on the expansion of both the number of computers in the country and of
the company’s copper network.
Angola Telecom’s cable TV subsidiary TV Cabo is offering three broadband tariffs:
Residential, Professional and Mega. These vary between US$100 and US$320 per month. It
offers Pay TV separately, and there is currently no ‘triple play’ offer – or bundled services
of phone, broadband Internet and TV.
Movicel’s Movinet mobile data offer varies depending on whether pre- or post-paid. Prepaid is the equivalent of a three or six month contract; so it is really aimed at the more
affluent customer. There are three download speeds: 150Kb/s (US$112 a month), 300Kb/s
(US$173) and 1Mb/s (US$254). The latter is currently only available in the capital Luanda.
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Since the launch of its SAT-3/WASC service in 2002, Angola Telecom has reduced the cost
of wholesale bandwidth on the fibre route twice; in June 2005 and again in October 2006.
The initial price for this bandwidth appears to have been around US$20,000 per Mb/s per
month duplex to Portugal. This means that the first price reduction of 20% took it down to
around US$16, 000, and the subsequent reduction of 10% down to US$14,400.
International satellite prices have also come down in two stages at the same time with a
first reduction of 10%, followed by a further reduction of 5%. Satellite prices vary between
$4,000-5,000 duplex, but still appear to be cheaper than fibre in some instances.
Discussions with operators have established that the prices being charged are between
$3,500-12,000 per Mb/s per month, depending on volumes used. The Internet and
telecoms sector feels that these prices are high and should come down. This perception is
also shared by the regulator and government.
In 1998, a 64Kb/s leased-line from Angola Telecom cost US$8,100 a month, according to
BMI. In 2003 this had gone down to between US$192 (9,600 64Kb/s) to US$2,304 (2 Mb/s).
In June 2005, a 20% reduction for IP access and a 50% reduction for frame relay were
announced.
3.3 Traffic
Angola Telecom has used up the original SAT-3/WASC allocation and is upgrading. It
also uses the Columbus 3 satellite for redundancy purposes. As Table 3 suggests, voice
traffic has grown rapidly since 2002, and is forecast to continue growing.
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
98.2-million
98.2-million
98.3-million
195.6-million
284.95-million
347.5-million
393.5-million
425.6-million
447.9-million
Table 3: Existing and projected growth in voice traffic in minutes (2002-2010)
Source: Balancing Act Voice and Data Bandwidth Forecasts (2006-2011), 2007
Overall, requirements for both international voice and data bandwidth doubled between
2002 and 2004, and looks set to continue to grow at this pace over the next three years.
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The local Internet exchange point has a consistent pattern of between 200-300 64Kb/s
traffic exchanged per month with occasional ‘spikes’ of 500 64Kb/s. By comparison,
MOZIX, the local exchange point in Mozambique, exchanges 6 Mb/s.8
4 Analysis of access to SAT-3/WASC
4.1 Legislation and regulation
Angola follows the pattern of Portuguese law with the publication of laws that are then
followed by decrees. There are some general laws affecting the sector, as well as specific
legislation.
The ‘Law of delimitation of the sectors of economic activity (05/02)’ defines those areas in
telecommunications open to the private sector and those reserved for the government of
Angola. The operation of the ‘basic’ telecommunications network (rede basico) is described
as a function where the state has an absolute monopoly. Local networks, when an
extension to the basic network, are part of the state’s monopoly – but this applies only to
government organisations or companies with a majority government stake in them. Other
telecommunications services may be operated by other companies under licence.
The reality of the sector is slightly different from this framework. For example, both MS
Telecom and Mundo Startel are proposing to roll out infrastructure networks. However, as
the law stands at present, this kind of infrastructure roll-out would be seen as illegal.
The cornerstone of the sector’s legislation is the Telecommunications Act 8/01—11 (May
2001). This reflects the law cited above. Foreign investors cannot currently take a majority
share in telecoms operators. It also specifies that only the incumbent operator can run a
nationwide public switched network for fixed services (‘basic network’). This enshrines
the monopoly Angola Telecom enjoys over both international fibre and satellite services.
A Telecommunications White Paper was issued, but although it was approved by the
Cabinet’s permanent commission, it has not yet been officially gazetted. However, sector
policies are closely related to its contents. Rules for access to and provision of public
telecommunications services (Decree 44/02— 6 September) define the terms and
conditions for setting up, managing, and operating infrastructure and for the provision of
telecommunications public services. This decree defines “[s]upport services to public
Via Africa: Creating local and regional IXPs [Internet Exchange Points] to save money and bandwidth, ITU,
2004.
8
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telecommunications networks” as the provision of transmission or interconnection
resources to “transport” transit traffic from/to other public telecommunications networks.
In Article 8.1, the decree states that “fixed nationwide telephony services” and “support
services to public telecommunications networks” are a monopoly of the incumbent
operator. Rules applicable to public telecommunications services (Decree 45/02) set out
the conditions that govern contractual relations between operators and customers, aiming
to provide appropriate telecommunications services to all the citizens of Angola (universal
service).
There is price regulation based on the ‘price cap’ model that establishes a framework for
operators when they set prices. The level of SAT-3/WASC prices has been a discussion
point between the sector, the regulator and government since the service was launched,
but the regulator has not chosen to intervene. In the earlier years of SAT-3/WASC the
government was persuaded by the incumbent’s argument that it needed to recoup its
investment in the project. Five years later this argument is much more open to question
and the incumbent is under pressure to lower its prices further.
This pressure to lower prices has been increased by the existence of the grey market in
international calling that uses VoIP. In legal terms, VoIP is currently in an anomalous
position as there is no law or decree outlawing or approving its existence. Both MS
Telecom and the shortly to be launched Mundo Startel operate IP networks using VoIP.
MS Telecom offer extremely competitive international calling rates on a VoIP service
delivered using iWay satellite equipment.
Set up under a Ministry of Post and Telecommunications decree (12/99), INACOM is
separate from the ministry, but not wholly independent. Licences are issued by the sector
minister or, following his delegation, by INACOM. As the Telecommunications
Regulators Association of Africa website (www.acreg.org) makes clear: “Regulator does
not act independently of Minister.”
Although the government has discussed privatising Angola Telecom, historic legislation
does not really accommodate such a course of action. A succession of different pieces of
legislation has slightly amended the definition of the functions reserved for government in
terms of infrastructure. But there is a building frustration among operators and users
about the relatively slow pace of Angola Telecom’s national infrastructure roll-out and the
high international monopoly prices.
The telecommunications law also established the basis for a Universal Service Fund
(FADCOM), although it is still not yet operational.
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4.2 Dispute resolution mechanisms and decisions
The Telecommunications Act (08/01—11 May 2001) defines the framework for
interconnection. INACOM is given the task of determining the “procedures and
conditions for the interconnection of the different telecommunications networks in the
country”. Article 20 of the Telecommunications Act defines interconnection as being
“mandatory” where operators are “functionally compatible.”
Within the terms of the law and regulation, carriers can freely negotiate terms for
interconnection. The regulator’s role is to manage numbering and network issues in a
“non-discriminatory and transparent manner” and “ensuring compliance with
international commitments”. Angola has been a World Trade Organisation member since
1996 and is covered by the GATS services agreement that governs competition in the
services sector. There does not appear to be either any commitment or exemption under
the agreement, although the government has lodged an exemption relating to capacity
reserved for national shipping lines.
Article 22 of the Telecommunications Act gives the state the right to intervene “whenever
compliance with the social function of a public telecommunications network is at risk, or
when situations that severely affect the rights of its subscribers occur”. It outlines a range
of circumstances including “unjustified refusal of requested interconnection”.
INACOM prepared a draft paper on interconnection and, after public consultation, it was
approved by cabinet. As elsewhere, carriers are free to negotiate interconnection prices,
but if there is no agreement, then INACOM can step in and impose a settlement on the
parties involved.
In practice, there have been no disputes over interconnection. The factors that have led to
this relatively quiet interconnection regime are two-fold, and both relate to a relative lack
of competition in the market.
Firstly, Angola Telecom is the monopoly provider, and it would take a fairly brave
operator to mount a challenge. Because it is a monopoly operator that is not yet fully
commercialised, it is hard to identify clearly its underlying costs in terms of network
service provision.
Secondly, with only two competing mobile operators (each with government
shareholders, Angola Telecom and Sonangol), there is not much incentive to challenge the
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existing order. Both have been negotiated relatively good interconnection agreements and
are content to let ‘sleeping dogs lie’.
However, there is a clear understanding that if there were a greater level of competition –
particularly at the international level – they would in all probability choose another
provider. And, in some cases, operators (including MS Telecom and Mundo Startel) are
sufficiently convinced that prices ought to be cheaper that they are planning to selfprovision some element of national network infrastructure and offer capacity to others,
particularly between Angola’s main cities. INACOM has the right to challenge them on
this issue.
4.3 Investment and business environment in Angola
The investment environment in Angola has two elements: the legal framework governing
investment, and the perception of political risk. Private investment legislation (11/03)
sought to create a level playing field between domestic and foreign investors. From an
investor point of view, the main risk is that the legislation enshrines the right of the state
to nationalise a business, although, as elsewhere, it does guarantee compensation.
However, the Telecommunications Act says that a majority share of foreign private capital
is not allowed in public telecommunications and value-added operators (Article 18 says
that foreign companies are not allowed to own more than 50%). The public dispute
between the government and Portugal Telecom about its minority shareholding in the
mobile operator Unitel is perhaps a practical illustration of the difficulties that are inherent
in both the framing and the practice of the law.
Although the regulatory framework is becoming more developed, there are a number of
areas that are subject to movement, particularly those dealing with market liberalisation.
Furthermore, because the regulator is subject to ministerial direction on large decisions
(like licensing the services of new foreign investors), much of the power over these
decisions lies directly in the hands of the minister. It is hard to create a more open,
liberalised sector where so many of the key decisions are directly in the hands of the
government. Given this, together with government stakes in the mobile operators, the
argument is made that government investment will actually force out private investment.
Another weakness is the shortage of local capital both in the financial and banking sectors.
Although there are plans to open a Luanda Stock Exchange, those with access to private
capital of any scale are few in number. Without local capital, it is hard for local
entrepreneurs to compete with an extremely well-endowed state-owned company like MS
Telecom.
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To be fair, circumstances are changing, and the present position in the sector may simply
be a moment of transition. There are certainly forces in government that would like to see
things change, and they may well get their way over the next five years. A defining
moment will be if and when a third mobile licence is granted, and how that company is set
up. At the same time, there are an increasing number of foreign investors in Angola who
enjoy the protection of a legal system, and pay taxes to the government.
4.4 Politicization of the sector
Elsewhere in Africa, the existence of 5-10 independently-owned ISPs usually led to the
creation of a vigorous lobbying and advocacy body that articulated the needs of these
organisations. Three things have changed the market fundamentally:
•
Growth in Internet subscribers has slowed down or stopped completely, leading to
a consolidation among ISPs, sometimes with them being bought by other
companies like mobile operators;
•
Incumbent telcos have increasingly launched their own ADSL broadband products
and have wrested back some control over market share and price from independent
ISPs;
•
With a large number of mobile operators implementing data upgrades on their
networks, mobile companies are increasingly taking over what was formerly the
territory of independent ISPs. Indeed, some like Orange in Botswana have obtained
unified licences and intend to offer both wireless and fixed broadband products.
In these circumstances, what was a particular interest group with an often sharply
articulated point of view becomes a much more general interest group representing
largely established players with different concerns. This description holds true for Angola
where there are now very few independent ISPs. Where they exist, their market share and
influence is relatively small.
The formation of an Internet Exchange Point (IXP) is often the precursor for the setting up
of an ISP association. The Angolan IXP has four members: Multitel (a subsidiary of
Portugal Telecom), Angola Telecom, SNet and MS Telecom. Others are planning to join,
including Mundo Startel, Maxnet and ACS. TV Cabo have also been asked to join.
4.5 Human resource capacity
The availability of skilled capacity is a dominant problem both in the telecoms sector and
in the wider economy. The most obvious example is the situation in the oil industry where
the use of foreign labour means that all the main hotels in Luanda are booked out two
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months in advance. Another measure of the same factor is that the researchers were told
informally that 15,000 visas a week are being issued for entry into Angola.
The impact of what by any measure was a long civil war has led to the disruption of both
the economy and education, two of the main locations for acquiring knowledge, skills and
experience. It is only relatively recently that the economy has begun to grow again and
provide more jobs locally.
Both the government and regulator have limited capacity in terms of the kinds of skills
required to address market liberalisation issues. Specifically in terms of SAT-3/WASC,
there is a general familiarity with the debates around pricing, ownership and control, but
understandably much less knowledge of specific ways of addressing these issues.
5 Conclusion
As in other African countries, there are a number of external inhibitors to access that may
slow down the growth of and access to bandwidth. In Angola, the single overriding factor
is the impact of the civil war on the development of the country.
The government is spending very large amounts of money in improving the infrastructure
of the country ahead of the next elections. This level of spending cannot fail to have an
impact on the lives of people in the country, particularly those in the capital Luanda. But
the issue remains whether this public sector-fuelled economic growth will be sustainable
in the long-term, and the degree to which it is capable of laying the foundations for the
private sector in the country.
Part of the government’s difficulty is that in order to be successful with the economy, it
needs to open it up to even greater competition, which should bring in private investment
outside of the oil sector. For example, a third mobile operator would undoubtedly spur
both price competition (leading to a greater number of users) and coverage competition
(expanding those who might have access). And the building of a new network would
attract significant additional investment.
This kind of liberalisation requires a number of things that are not always in full supply.
As the government leaves behind the legacy of a ‘war economy’, it needs to shed the
instincts and attitudes of the planned economy where it was closely involved in every
aspect of economic activity. Achieving this shift requires both the political will to make
such a transition, but also the capacity to oversee greater levels of liberalisation. Whether
the government has the ability to create the circumstances for a more widely liberalised
economy remains an open question.
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6 Glossary
3G
Third Generation (mobile technology)
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
E1
A bi-directional (full duplex) 2Mb/s link
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EV-DO
Evolution – Data Only (CDMA)
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment
FL-LRIC
Forward-Looking Long Run Incremental Costs
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication
HSDPA
High Speed Download Packet Access
IMF
International Monetary Fund
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISP
Internet Service Provider
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
Kb/s
Kilobits per second
LAN
Local Area Network
Mb/s
Megabits per second
MIU km
Minimum Investment Unit kilometers
NLOS
Non Line of Sight
PDH
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
RIO
Reference Interconnection Offer
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SAT-3/WASC
South Atlantic 3/West Africa Submarine Cable
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SNO
Second National Operator
UAF
Universal Access Fund
VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol
VPN
Virtual Private Network
VSAT
Very Small Aperture Terminal
WAFS
West African Festoon System
Wi-Fi
Wireless Fidelity
WLL
Wireless Local Loop
7 Bibliography
1. Author/s unknown, 2005, Private solutions for infrastructure in Angola – A country
framework report, World Bank, USA.
2. Author/s unknown, 2004, How to invest in Angola – the telecommunications sector,
National Private Investment Agency, Angola
3. Azevedo D and Luyeye N, 2005, Upgrade Communication Systems for Angolan
BCLME core partner institutions, UNOPS, Switzerland
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