NAME
tee - read from standard input and write to standard output and files

SYNOPSIS
tee [OPTION]… [FILE]…

DESCRIPTION
Copy standard input to each FILE, and also to standard output.

-a, –append
append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite

-i, –ignore-interrupts
ignore interrupt signals

–help display this help and exit

–version
output version information and exit

If a FILE is -, copy again to standard output.

AUTHOR
Written by Mike Parker, Richard M. Stallman, and David MacKenzie.

–

–
$ man sudo_root | col -b
sudo_root(8) sudo_root(8)

NAME
sudo_root - How to run administrative commands

SYNOPSIS
sudo command

sudo -i

INTRODUCTION
By default, the password for the user “root” (the system administrator) is locked. This means you cannot login as root or use su. Instead, the
installer will set up sudo to allow the user that is created during install to run all administrative commands.

This means that in the terminal you can use sudo for commands that require root privileges. All programs in the menu will use a graphical sudo to
prompt for a password. When sudo asks for a password, it needs your password, this means that a root password is not needed.

To run a command which requires root privileges in a terminal, simply prepend sudo in front of it. To get an interactive root shell, use sudo -i.

ALLOWING OTHER USERS TO RUN SUDO
By default, only the user who installed the system is permitted to run sudo. To add more administrators, i. e. users who can run sudo, you have to
add these users to the group ‘admin’ by doing one of the following steps:

* In a shell, do

sudo adduser username admin

* Use the graphical “Users & Groups” program in the “System settings” menu to add the new user to the admin group.

BENEFITS OF USING SUDO
The benefits of leaving root disabled by default include the following:

* Users do not have to remember an extra password, which they are likely to forget.

* The installer is able to ask fewer questions.

* It avoids the “I can do anything” interactive login by default - you will be prompted for a password before major changes can happen, which should
make you think about the consequences of what you are doing.

* Sudo adds a log entry of the command(s) run (in /var/log/auth.log).

* Every attacker trying to brute-force their way into your box will know it has an account named root and will try that first. What they do not know
is what the usernames of your other users are.

* Allows easy transfer for admin rights, in a short term or long term period, by adding and removing users from the admin group, while not compro-
mising the root account.

* sudo can be set up with a much more fine-grained security policy.

* On systems with more than one administrator using sudo avoids sharing a password amongst them.

DOWNSIDES OF USING SUDO
Although for desktops the benefits of using sudo are great, there are possible issues which need to be noted:

* Redirecting the output of commands run with sudo can be confusing at first. For instance consider

sudo ls > /root/somefile

will not work since it is the shell that tries to write to that file. You can use

ls

sudo tee /root/somefile

to get the behaviour you want.

* In a lot of office environments the ONLY local user on a system is root. All other users are imported using NSS techniques such as nss-ldap. To
setup a workstation, or fix it, in the case of a network failure where nss-ldap is broken, root is required. This tends to leave the system unus-
able. An extra local user, or an enabled root password is needed here.

GOING BACK TO A TRADITIONAL ROOT ACCOUNT
This is not recommended!

To enable the root account (i.e. set a password) use:

sudo passwd root

Afterwards, edit the sudo configuration with sudo visudo and comment out the line