"Alcoholism" or "Alcohol Use Disorder""Alcohol Abuse" vs. "Alcohol Dependence (addiction)"10% of population are considered "alcoholics""The most dangerous drug on the planet" and "Number one killer of men aged 15-59"cirrhosis of the liver, high blood pressure, ulcers40% of violent crime - 75% of domestic abuse10,000 driving fatalities per year (one every 50 minutes)Wine and HealthVosne-RomaneeNuits-St. GeorgeAloxe-CortonPernand-VergelessesSavigny-Les-BeauneCotes De NuitCotes De BeauneCotes D'OrBeaunePommardVolnayPuligny-MontrachetChassagne-MontrachetChardonnayCool region Chardonnay:Lean, steely, acidic, Granny Smith apple – can age up to several decades

Food Pairing:Unoaked Chardonnay works well with seafood and lighter dishes Malolactic treated wines make good comparison matches to cream sauces and cheeses Highly oaked Chardonnay can be a light red wine replacement Some slightly sweet NW versions can work with spicy foods or sweetish food Pinot NoirCross between Gewurztraminer and either Pinot Meunier or St. LaurentPrefers well-draining, shallow, calcium-rich, soils that are low in fertility.Cool climate grape (like Chardonnay)Thin skinned, likes sun exposure and cool nights.Mutations – Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc30 year life cycle – use cuttings from healthy plants to propagateTo get color: warm extractions or rotary fermenters

Warm fermentation (85-90 degrees) with long post-fermentation maceration period (up to 3 weeks)

Aging:Oak flavors (baking spices and vanilla) compliment the dark fruit (black currant and plum) flavors/aromasBordeaux Grand Cru: drink after 10 years and age up to 80 yearsCalifornia (Napa): best between 5 and 15 yearsAustralia (Coonawarra): up to 12 years

French Wine Classification•AOC (Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée) indicates the geographical origin, quality and (generally) the style of a wine.

The Europe-wide equivalent of AOC is AOP (Appellation d'Origine Protégée). All Grand Cru and Premier Cru wines fall into the AOC category.

Grand Cru is the very highest classification of French wine. The term can refer to a wine in one of two ways, either a) the plot of land where the grapes are grown or b) the chateau at which the wine is made. The former applies most famously in Burgundy, Alsace and Champagne (but is also used in Languedoc and the Loire Valley). The latter is exclusive to Bordeaux. Romanee-Conti Grand Cru covers just four acres of top-quality vineyard and denotes dry red wines made exclusively from Pinot Noir. Premier Cru denotes either 1) a vineyard plot (most often in Burgundy) of superior quality, or 2) the very highest tier within a Grand Cru classification (such as the 'Premier Grand Cru Classé' chateaux of Bordeaux). Bourgogne Blanc (300 parishes) white wines made from Chardonnay, Pinot Blanc or Pinot Gris.

French Wine Classication Cont'dVin de Pays means 'wine of the land', although it is often translated as 'country wine'. Its Europe-wide equivalent is IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée). This category focuses on geographical origin rather than style and tradition, and gives winemakers greater stylistic freedom than AOC. Vin de Pays was introduced in the 1970s, and by the year 2000 there were more than 150 individual VDP titles, covering about a quarter of French wine production.

•Vin de France replaced the outdated Vin de Table category in 2010, but remains the most basic quality tier for French wine. This is the least regulated (and least used) of the three categories; Vin de France wines can be made from grapes grown anywhere in France, but their labels do not mention a specific region of origin. Vintage and grape variety statements are optional. Burgundy Grand Crus•Bâtard-Montrachet •Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet•Bonnes-Mares •Chablis Grand Cru •Chambertin •Chambertin-Clos de Bèze •Chapelle-Chambertin•Charlemagne•Charmes-Chambertin•Chevalier-Montrachet•Clos de la Roche•Clos de Tart•Clos de Vougeot•Clos des Lambrays•Clos Saint Denis•Corton•Corton-Charlemagne•Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet

Saint-Émilion & PomerolCreated in 1955The Saint-Émilion Classification currently labels 15 wines as First Growths. These Premiers Grands Crus Classés, subdivided into two further classes : A (2 wines) and B (13 wines). A further 64 wines are currently classified as Grands Crus Classés.Premiers Grands Crus Classés A•Château Ausone•Château Cheval BlancPremiers Grands Crus Classés B•Château Angélus•Château Beauséjour (Duffau-Lagarrosse)•Château Beau-Séjour Bécot•Château Bélair-Monange•Château Canon•Château Figeac•Clos Fourtet•Château La Gaffelière•Château Magdelaine•Château Pavie-Macquin•Château Pavie•Château Troplong Mondot•Château TrottevieillePomerolPomerol has refused to create any sort of classification scheme but it has produced red wines that are among the most expensive in the world, such as Château Pétrus.

MerlotPrefers warm climate and clay-based soil that holds moisture for slow ripening to create full-bodied, more structured wineIn limestone, Merlot is more perfumed and elegantSusceptible to grey rot (skins burst within a day or two of rain)

Best grape for Libournais - Right Bank in BordeauxMost widely planted grape in Right and Left Bank of BordeauxLeft Bank 25-50% of the blendRight Bank up to 95% of blendSt. Emilion, Pomerol (Chateau Petrus)

Lagers:Pilsner – Pilzn in the Czech republic – light malt character and distinct hop aromaDortmunder Export – higher alcohol, more hops, more unfermentable sugarMarzen or Vienna – amber, “Marzen” is German for “March” the end of the brewing season. Stronger beers to last the summer. Usually drank at Oktoberfest.Bock – dark, strong, malty (stronger versions are called Dopplebock) maibock at the end of the brewing season. Billy goat.

Nitrogenated beerHigh pressure nitrogen is pumped into beer and pushes CO2 out

Balsamic Vinegar"Without question, the greatest invention in the history of mankind is beer. Oh, I grant you that the wheel was also a fine invention, but the wheel does not go nearly as well with pizza." ~ Dave Barry

“Beer is proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.” ~Benjamin Franklin

Trebbiano and Lambrusco grape juice is reduced to 30%Aged in a series of 7 casks made of different woods (chestnut, acacia, cherry, oak, mulberry, ash) solera style – 12, 18 and 25 year vinegars – up to $400 for a 100ml bottleAceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Reggio EmiliaAceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena

Understanding the Guest1. Overwhelmed – looking for guidance2. Image Seeker – sees wine as a status symbol – Googles at the table3. Traditionalist – like established vineyards/varietals4. Savvy Shopper – research to find a great buy5. Satisfied Sipper – know what they like – wine is a beverage6. Enthusiasts – know a lot about wine (collectors)

Role of the Sommelier• Try to pair wine with food• Know about your list and make recommendations (white/red, fruity/dry, full-bodied/medium-bodied)• Offer at least three choices• Educate the guest as well as your coworkers

Wine List Format• By region• By varietal• By price• By style• Reserve list