Perspectives: Core Ideas of Stoic Ethics in Marcus Aurelius Part Two

Perspectives: Core Ideas of Stoic Ethics in Marcus Aurelius Part Two (of two)

An Illustrative Reading: Meditation 3.11

The relevance of these ideas to the Meditations can be brought out in two, complementary ways. One is by examining in some depth a single passage, which shows how Marcus draws on these ideas and also how he weaves them together into a connected sequence. The other is by discussing in more general terms certain recurrent – and sometimes striking and distinctive – ways in which he treats each of these themes. First, let us look closely at this passage (3.11):

‘To the preceding pieces of advice, one more should be added: always make a sketch or plan of whatever presents itself to your mind, so as to see what sort of thing it is when stripped down to its essence, as a whole and in its separate parts; and tell yourself its proper name, and the names of the elements from which it has been put together and into which it will finally be resolved. For nothing is as effective in creating greatness of mind as being able to examine methodically and truthfully everything that presents itself in life, and always viewing things in such a way as to consider what kind of use each thing serves in what kind of a universe, and what value it has to human beings as citizens of that highest of cities of which all other cities are, as it were, mere households, and what this object is that presently makes an impression on me, and what it is composed of, and how long it will naturally persist, and what virtue is needed in the face of it, such as gentleness, courage, truthfulness, good faith, simplicity, self-sufficiency, and so forth. So, as each case presents itself, you should say: this has come from god, this from the co-ordination and interweaving of the threads of fate and similar kinds of coincidence and chance, this from one of my own kind, a relation and companion, who is however ignorant of what is natural for him. But I am not ignorant of that, and thus I will therefore treat him kindly and justly, according to the natural law of companionship, though aiming at the same time at what he deserves with regard to things that are morally indifferent.’

This passage offers a clear illustration of one of Marcus’ most characteristic methods of practical ethics: that is, making a ‘sketch’ or ‘outline’ of things, and ‘stripping them naked’ to their essential reality or core. Although this may seem at first to be a purely scientific or analytic procedure, what Marcus has in mind is getting to the ethical core of the situation (although, as becomes clear, this is also linked with understanding the natural world better). The ‘stripping’ method assumes the first of the key Stoic themes noted earlier: that our happiness depends solely on responding virtuously to situations and not at all on acquiring material or social advantages. Hence, what the method brings out is what virtues we should aim to express in that context (‘what virtue is needed … such as gentleness, courage, truthfulness, good faith, simplicity, self-sufficiency’). The passage also alludes at the end to the characteristic Stoic idea that things other than virtue, such as material wealth, are ‘morally indifferent’ and do not affect our happiness. Acting virtuously involves benefiting other human beings; and the passage also refers to the third theme, the idea that we should work towards regarding other human beings (in principle, all human beings) as ‘brothers’ and ‘fellow-citizens’ in a world-wide ethical community. Also, running through the passage is the fourth theme, the linkage seen by Stoics between ethics and the natural universe. Marcus reminds himself that the universe is permeated by divine providence, which shapes the way events unfold: ‘as each case presents itself, you should say: this has come from god, this from the co-ordination and interweaving of the threads of fate’. In a more general way, the whole passage implies that the ‘stripping’ method illuminates the underlying connection between the ethical order (how we should behave) and the natural or cosmic order. Fifthly, this passage, like many others in the Meditations, shows the importance of underlining the connections between different, but related, themes in Stoic thought, which was famous for its ‘joined-up’, systematic character. Bringing out the links between ethics and physics, as the passage does, represents one aspect of this larger process.