Ralph, Jason
and
Gifkins, Jess
2017.
The purpose of United Nations Security Council practice: Contesting competence claims in the normative context created by the Responsibility to Protect.
European Journal of International Relations,
Vol. 23,
Issue. 3,
p.
630.

NOTES

1 Understood here as genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.

2 For this view see Rotmann, Philipp, Kurtz, Gerrit, and Brockmeier, Sarah, “Major Powers and the Contested Evolution of a Responsibility to Protect,”Conflict, Security & Development14, no. 4 (2014), p. 356. The central thesis of this article is that the evidence of practice suggests that RtoP itself has become significantly less controversial. The “growing controversy” view rests almost entirely on the conflation of RtoP with the debate over intervention in Libya.

4 See Tim Dunne and Gifkins, Jess, “Libya and the State of Intervention,”Australian Journal of International Affairs65, no. 5 (2011), pp. 515–29; and High Level Advisory Panel on the Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia, Mainstreaming the Responsibility to Protect in Southeast Asia: Pathway Towards a Caring ASEAN Community, September 9, 2014.

5Tiewa, Liu and Haibin, Zhang, “Debates in China About the Responsibility to Protect as a Developing International Norm: A General Assessment,”Conflict, Security & Development14, no. 4 (2014), p. 408.

6Katzenstein, Peter, “Introduction,” in Katzenstein, Peter, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 5.

11 Cases based on Alex J. Bellamy, “Mass Atrocities and Armed Conflict: Links, Distinctions, and Implications for the Responsibility to Prevent,” Policy Analysis Brief for the Stanley Foundation, February 2011, appendix.

12Strauss, Ekkehard, The Emperor's New Clothes? The United Nations and the Implementation of the Responsibility to Protect (Berlin: Nomos, 2009), pp. 57–58.

13 On Kenya: Annan, Kofi, Interventions: A Life in War and Peace (New York: Allen Lane, 2012), pp. 189–202. On other cases at this time, see Bellamy, Alex J., Global Politics and the Responsibility to Protect: From Words to Deeds (London: Routledge, 2011).

14 Strauss, Emperor's New Clothes?, p. 58.

15 Res. 2147 (2014), March 28, 2014.

16 For summaries of these debates and full publication of the statements by member states, see the Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect: www.globalr2p.org.

17 “Statement by the President of the Security Council,” UN document S/PRST/2011/16, August 3, 2011.

18 UN document S/PV.6627, October 4, 2011, pp. 3 and 5.

19 Statement by Mr. Abhishek Singh, First Secretary, Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations at the Informal Interactive Dialogue of the General Assembly on the Responsibility of States to protect their populations by preventing genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity through appropriate and necessary means, September 8, 2014.

39 This has been detailed in Bellamy, Alex J., “Libya and the Responsibility to Protect: The Exception and the Norm,”Ethics & International Affairs25, no. 3 (2011), pp. 263–69; and Bellamy, Alex J. and Williams, Paul D., “The New Politics of Protection? Côte d'Ivoire, Libya and the Responsibility to Protect,”International Affairs87, no. 4 (2011), pp. 825–50.

51 See, especially, UN document S/PV.6491, of February 26, 2011, in which India, Russia, China, and South Africa all express concern about attacks on the civilian population and use this to explain their affirmative votes.

52 UN document S/PV.6498, March 17, 2011.

53 See Tim Dunne and Jocelyn Vaughn, “Leading from the Front: America, Libya and the Localisation of R2P,” Cooperation and Conflict, online first, June 2014; and Ryan Lizza, “The Consequentialist,” New Yorker, May 2, 2011.

54 E.g., see Gareth Evans, “The Responsibility to Protect: An Idea Whose Time Has Come . . . And Gone?,” Lecture to the David Davies Memorial Institute, Aberystwyth, April 23, 2008.