Novel Chemotherapy using Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Cervical Cancertextarticle2011engSince epigenetic alterations are believed to be involved in the repression of tumor suppressor genes andpromotion of tumorigenesis in cervical cancers, novel compounds endowed with a histone deacetylase (HDAC)inhibitory activity are an attractive therapeutic approach. In this review, we discuss the biologic and therapeuticeffects of HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) in treating cervical cancer. HDACIs were able to mediate inhibition ofcell growth, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the expression of genes related to the malignant phenotype in avariety of cervical cancer cell lines. Furthermore, HDACIs were able to induce the accumulation of acetylatedhistones in the chromatin of the p21WAF1 gene in human cervical carcinoma cells. In xenograft models, someHDACIs have demonstrated antitumor activity with only few side effects. Some clinical trials demonstrate thatHDACI drugs provide an important class of new mechanism-based therapeutics for cervical cancer. In thisreview, we discuss the biologic and therapeutic effects of HDACIs in treating cervical cancer, especially focusingon preclinical studies and clinical trials.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011575580http://journal.waocp.org/article_25558_a770db40c7d61fadd294786497100abe.pdfUnsuspected Genital Tract Malignancy Discovered During or After Gynecologic Surgerytextarticle2011engPreoperative counseling is a fundamental process in surgical practice. Although uncommon, discordancebetween preoperative and postoperative diagnoses has been observed in surgical practice. This would be a majorconcern if a serious condition such as malignant disease is noted incidentally. Encountering unexpected cancersduring or after an operation may result in suboptimal treatment performed because of the potential of failureto follow standard treatment guidelines for such cancer. In addition, failing to prepare patients for a possibilityof unsuspected cancer is an extremely difficult situation and may complicate the relationship with the surgeon.This article focused on the incidence and major causes of unsuspected genital tract malignancies found duringor after gynecologic surgery.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011581587http://journal.waocp.org/article_25561_8441396f3aacbef863e58edebdc4545d.pdfCausative Relationship between Diabetes Mellitus and Breast Cancer in Various Regions of Saudi Arabia: An Overviewtextarticle2011engThe unwarranted connection between diabetes mellitus and breast cancer has gained new ground in recentyears. Breast cancer in Saudi females accounts for approximately 21% of all cancers and the prevalence ofdiabetes mellitus (DM) in Saudi females is also 21.5%. DM is diagnosed in the age group of 30+ years withpossible exposure to predisposing factors like hyperinsulinemia and obesity at younger age. Further, 12% of thebreast cancer cases are diagnosed in the young females aged 20-34 years. Despite the readily available access tohealthcare facilities in the Kingdom, a large number of diabetics, approximately 27.9%, were unaware of havingdiabetes mellitus. This subpopulation is quite susceptible of developing breast cancer at later age. This reviewdiscusses common etiological and predisposing factors for breast cancer and diabetes, regional distribution andpossible correlation of diabetes and cancer in Saudi Arabia.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011589592http://journal.waocp.org/article_25562_3e010128fa5aae04d467b228b42f5951.pdf4’-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde from Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Induces Human Leukemic Cell Apoptosis via Mitochondrial and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathwaystextarticle2011engRhizomes of Alpinia galanga (Linn.) or ‘Kha’ in Thai are used in food and as folk medicine in South andSoutheast Asia. The aims of this study were to identify the mechanism of cell death of human leukemic HL-60 and U937 cells induced by 4’-hydroxycinnamaldehyde (4’-HCA) isolated from A. galanga. 4’-HCA wascytotoxic to both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) as demonstrated by MTT assay. Apoptosisinduced by 4’-HCA was demonstrated by a variety of methods: visualization of propidium iodide (PI)-stainedcells under fluorescence microscope, detection of subdiploid cells by PI-staining and flow cytometry, and assayof active caspase-3 using a specific fluorogenic substrate. 4’-HCA-treated cells (10 and 50 μg/ml for 4 h) showedsignificant increase in reactive oxygen species production and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potentialas detected by dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate and 3,3’-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide respectively, togetherwith flow cytometry. The apoptotic death involved cytochrome c release, increase in Bax level and concomitantdecreases in levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL (using Western blotting), and elevation in cytosolic and mitochondrialCa2+ contents (using compartment-specific fluorescent Ca2+ dyes). These results indicate that 4’-HCA inducesapoptosis of human leukemic cell through a combination of mitochondrial and ER stress pathways.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011593598http://journal.waocp.org/article_25563_e819b57e76748ce9f835046267bd9c5e.pdfImpact of Lymph Node Metastases in Esophageal Carcinoma Patients is Independent of Patient Agetextarticle2011engObjective: The purpose of the present study was to define the clinicopathological features and prognosis ofesophageal cancer. Methods: Between 2004 and 2009, 128 patients with esophageal cancer were enrolled in aretrospective database and divided into two groups on the basis of number positive lymph nodes with the cutoffas four. Results: The findings for 18 patients (14.0%) Group A were compared with those of 110 patientsGroup B. In the group A, there were significantly more women (12/6 vs. 54/56, P < 0.001). In both groups, themost frequent histological morphology was squamous cell carcinoma (83% and 75%, respectively), althoughthe percentages were significantly different (P < 0.005). In the group A, lesions were more frequently located inthe middle one-third of the esophagus than in the group B (61% vs. 28%, P < 0.001). Group A was more likely tobe Stage IIa. Survival rates in group A patients at 5 years after resection were 15.8%, similar to those in groupB patients (12.1%, difference not significant). Local lymph node metastases and microscopic residual tumor atthe line of resection were also more prevalent in the young patients, but not to a statistically significant degree.Conclusions: These findings suggested that the clinical and pathologic features of carcinomas of the esophagusin young patients do not significantly differ from those in older patients.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011599603http://journal.waocp.org/article_25564_67a927daeeb92021236854cd7a2e711f.pdfRoles of Diet, Lifetime Physical Activity and Oxidative DNA Damage in the Occurrence of Prostate Cancer among Men in Klang Valley, Malaysiatextarticle2011engBackground: There is a paucity of information on risk factors of prostate cancer, especially those relatedto dietary and lifestyle among Asian populations. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationshipbetween dietary intake (macronutrients, fruits, vegetables and lycopene), lifetime physical activity and oxidativeDNA damage with prostate cancer. Design: A case control study was carried out among 105 subjects (case n=35,control n=70), matched for age and ethnicity. Data on sociodemographic, medical, dietary intake, consumptionof lycopene rich food and lifetime physical activity were obtained through an interview based questionnaire.Anthropometric measurements including weight, height and waist hip circumferences were also carried out onsubjects. A total of 3mL fasting venous blood was drawn to assess lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage using thealkaline comet assay. Results: Cases had a significantly higher intake of fat (27.7±5.5%) as compared to controls(25.1±5.9%) (p < 0.05). Mean intaks of fruits and vegetables (3.11 ± 1.01 servings/d)(p<0.05), fruits (1.23 ± 0.59servings/d) (p<0.05) and vegetables (1.97+0.94 servings/d) were higher in controls than cases (2.53 ± 1.01, 0.91± 0.69, 1.62 ± 0.82 servings/d). A total of 71% of cases did not met the recommendation of a minimum of threeservings of fruits and vegetables daily, as compared to 34% of controls (p<0.05) (Adjusted OR 6.52 (95% CI2.3-17.8)) (p<0.05). Estimated lycopene intake among cases (2,339 + 1,312 mcg/d) were lower than controls (3881± 3120mcg/d) (p< 0.01). Estimated lycopene intake of less than 2,498 mcg/day (50th percentile) increased riskof prostate cancer by double [Adjusted OR 2.5 (95%CI 0.99-6.31)]. Intake of tomatoes, watermelon, guava,pomelo, papaya, mango, oranges, dragon fruit, carrot, tomato sauce and barbeque sauce were higher in controlscompared to cases. Intake of tomato sauce of more than 2.24g/d (25th percentile), papaya more than 22.7g/d(50th percentile) and oranges more than 19.1g/h (50th percentile) reduced prostate cancer risk by 7.4 (AdjustedOR 7.4 (95% CI 1.17-46.77)), 2.7 (Adjusted OR 2.75 (95% CI 1.03-7.39)) and 2.6 times (Adjusted OR = 2.6 (95%CI=1.01-6.67)), respectively (p<0.05 for all parameters). No oxidative damage was observed among subjects.Past history of not engaging with any physical activities at the age of 45 to 54 years old increased risk of prostatecancer by approximately three folds (Adjusted OR 2.9(95% CI = 0.8-10.8)) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, low fatdiet, high intake of fruits, vegetables and lycopene rich foods and being physical active at middle age were foundto be protective. Thus, it is essential for Malaysian men to consume adequate fruits and vegetables, reduce fatintake and engage in physical activity in order to reduce prostate cancer risk.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011605611http://journal.waocp.org/article_25565_9d5ae0d2b5fefe61885aaecc29431700.pdfAntitumor and Cytotoxic Activities of Methanol Extract of Indigofera linnaei Ali.textarticle2011engMethanol extract of Indigofera linnaei (MEIL) was investigated for antitumor, cytotoxic and antioxidantactivities against transplantable tumors and human cancer cell lines. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated in HeLa,Hep-2, HepG-2, MCF-7, HT-29, Vero and NIH 3T3 cells by MTT assay and in vivo antitumor activity with Ehrlichascites carcinoma (EAC) and Dalton’s ascites lymphoma (DLA) tumor-bearing mice. Activity was measuredby monitoring the mean survival time, effect on hematological parameters, antioxidant enzyme levels and solidtumor volume. The extract exhibited strong in vitro cytotoxicity against all the tested cancer cell lines, but itwas found to be safe with normal cells. MEIL at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg, significantly increase the meansurvival time (P<0.001), exerted a protective effect on the hemopoietic system, demonstrated in vivo antioxidantactivity and significantly reduce solid tumor volume (P<0.01). These results show a significant antitumor andcytotoxic effect of MEIL against EAC, DLA and human cancer cell lines and support the ethnomedical use ofIndigofera linnaei.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011613618http://journal.waocp.org/article_25566_34d57db8fec37083766b987253cc7ad7.pdfPrevalence and Associated Factors of Smoking among Malaysian University Studentstextarticle2011engObjective: The objectives were to determine the prevalence and associated factors for smoking amonguniversity students in Malaysia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 199 students inthe period from December of academic year 2009 until April of academic year 2010 in Management and ScienceUniversity (MSU), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The questionnaire was distributed randomly to all faculties ofMSU by choosing one of every 3 lecture rooms, as well as the library and cafeterias of the campus randomly bychoosing one from every 3 tables. Questions concerned socio-demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes andpractice toward smoking. Participant’s consent was obtained and ethical approval was provided by the ethicscommittee of the University. Data entry and analysis were performed using descriptive statistics, chi square test,Student t- test and logistic multiple regression with the SPSS version 13.0, statistical significance being concludedat p<0.05. Results: About one third of students were smokers (29%). The most important reason of smoking wasstress (20%) followed by ‘influenced by friends’ (16 %). Prevalence of smoking was significantly higher amongmale and those in advanced semesters (p= >0.001, p=0.047). Smokers had low level of knowledge (p<0.05), hadwrong beliefs on smoking (p<0.05), and negative attitude toward tobacco control policies compared to nonsmokers (p<0.05). On multiple logistic regression, significant predictors of smoking in the model were gender(p=0.025), age (p=0.037), semester of study (p= 0.025) and attitude toward smoking (p<0.001). Conclusion: Thisstudy found that 29% of university students were smokers. Males and students in advanced semesters weremore likely to smoke. The results provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program to limit smokingin the university by implementing policies against smoking.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011619624http://journal.waocp.org/article_25567_198dc193f81c5a05c6816f6a41cbb5a6.pdfImmunohistochemical Profile of Breast Cancer Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in South Indiatextarticle2011engAims: 1) To evaluate the estrogen receptor(ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and Her-2 /neu expression ininvasive breast carcinomas by immunohistochemistry and 2) to compare the pattern of expression with clinicopathologicalparameters like patient’s age, tumor size, mitotic index, histological type and grade and lymph nodemetastasis. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 321 female invasive breast carcinomas diagnosed in theDepartment of Histopathology, Apollo Speciality Hospital, Chennai from January 2009 to June 2010. Results:The age of the patients ranged from 24 to 99 years, with a mean of 53.8, and the majority of the tumors wereT2 (83.8% in range of 2-5 cms), predominantly histological grade 2 (57.3%), followed by grade 3 (33.3%). ER,PR and Her-2/neu expression was seen in 59, 51 and 27% of cases respectively. Triple-negative breast cancersconstituted 25 % of our cases. We also found characteristic associations between hormonal receptor and Her-2/neu expression and various clinico-pathological parameters. Conclusions: The hormonal receptor expressionappears to be lower in the Indian population compared to the West. A significant proportion of tumors in ourstudy with Her2/neu overexpression also showed ER and PR positivity. Triple-negative breast tumors were mostcommonly grade 3, in women aged more than 50 years.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011625629http://journal.waocp.org/article_25568_a7ecd5bf72c2847dce714fc60238eda6.pdfRisk of the Contralateral Mucosa in Patients with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorderstextarticle2011engBackground: It is known that abnormal changes may occur in any part of the oral mucous membraneexposed to a carcinogen. Therefore patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) are at risk ofdeveloping similar lesions at multiple sites. Objectives: To determine the risk of the contralateral mucosa inpatients presenting with oral PMDs. Materials and methods: Sixty individuals with PMDs were selected for thisstudy. These comprised 32 (53.3%) Indians, 23 (38.3%) Chinese, four (6.7%) Malays and one (1.7%) Nepalese.All selected cases had histopathological confirmation of their primary existing lesion as inclusion criteria. Casesthat subsequently presented with a lesion in the corresponding anatomical site also underwent scalpel incisionalbiopsy on this second lesion to verify its diagnosis. The remaining cases that presented with unilateral PMDs atthe time of study were subjected to a cytobrush biopsy on the normal looking contralateral mucosa. Results: Atotal of 70 primary PMDs were detected in 60 patients. The most common PMD found was oral lichen planus(n=40, 57.1%). Of the 60 patients studied, 28 (46.6%) exhibited bilateral lesions either synchronously (n=21,35.0%) or metachronously (n=7, 11.6%). The remaining cases that had undergone cytobrush biopsy on thecorresponding anatomical site yielded normal cytological results. Conclusions: Present findings demonstratedthat patients presenting with PMDs in the upper aerodigestive tract are at a greater risk of developing a secondlesion most probably in the contralateral anatomical site.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011631635http://journal.waocp.org/article_25569_a65e80be26a0267c017f78f978c336fc.pdfMeasuring Quality of Life in Thai Women with Breast Cancertextarticle2011engBreast cancer has become a commonly diagnosed disease among Thai women in the last decade, despite thefact that Thai women generally have a lower rates than their Western counterparts. With the rising incidenceand survival rates, it is crucial for nurses to look at the long term quality of life of these patients. A broad rangeof instruments have been used in clinical trials among breast cancer patients in oncology, like the EORTCquestionnaire including the general quality of life questions (QLQ-C30) and the breast cancer module (QLQBR23),and the FACT-B questionnaire consisting of both a generic part (FACT-G) and a breast cancer specificmodule. They have been shown to have good validity and reliability properties both for the English original andtranslations into various languages including Thai. A few studies on quality of life in Thai context exist, coveringquality of life in women with breast cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to find which standardmeasure of common Western quality of life scales is appropriate to assess quality of life in Thai women withbreast cancer. Results revealed the Thai version of EORTC QLQ-C30 and FACT-G questionnaires to be reliableand valid to assess quality of life in general. The best fit for measuring quality of life in Thai women with breastcancer during adjuvant treatment should be the EORTC QLQ-C30/-BR23.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011637644http://journal.waocp.org/article_25570_257110857378db3ee9443101beb32a8d.pdfPrevalence and Distribution of High Risk Human Papillomavirus(HPV) Types 16 and 18 in Carcinoma of Cervix, Saliva of Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and in the General Population in Karnataka, Indiatextarticle2011engBackground: In view of conducting HPV vaccination in India it is most important to understand the prevalenceof HPV genotypes in this population, not only in squamous cell carcinoma of cervix and oral cavity but also inthe general population. In this study we explored the prevalence and distribution of high-risk HPV types 16 and18 in carcinoma of cervix, saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and in general population inKarnataka. Methods: Cervical cancer specimens after punch biopsy (n=60) were obtained from women attendingKarnataka Institute of Medical Sciences and Karnataka Cancer Therapy and Research Institute, Hubli (KCTRI).Saliva rinse of (n=34) OSCC patients from KCTRI and (n=396) normal individuals from different regions ofNorth Karnataka, were collected and PCR based high-risk HPV genotyping was carried out. Results: Usingconsensus PCR primers it was observed that 96.7% patients were infected with HPV irrespective of specific typein cervical cancer. Among them, HPV 16 was observed in 89.7%, HPV 18 in 86.2% and both HPV 16 and 18 in79.3% patients. In OSCC, 70.6% were positive for HPV, among which HPV 16 prevalence was observed in 45.8%,HPV 18 in 54.2%, and HPV 16 and 18 multiple infection in 4.18%. In general population, HPV prevalence wasobserved in 84.4%. Among them, HPV 16 was observed in 2.75% and HPV 18 in 22.0% patients. In generalpopulation, multiple infection with HPV 16 and 18 was not observed but 75.3% were found to be infected byHPV genotypes other than HPV 16 & 18. Conclusions: Our study reveals that multiple infection of HPV 16 and18 is quite high in cervical cancer and in case of OSCC, it was in conformity with the other studies. In generalpopulation HPV 18 prevalence was observed to be high. With this, we can conclude that both HPV 16 and 18vaccinations will reduce the burden of cervical cancer and OSCC in Karnataka.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

2011649655http://journal.waocp.org/article_25572_c3e912d1b883c5bf7537e199e2772635.pdfHigh Expression of CXCR7 Combined with Alpha Fetoprotein in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Correlates with Extra-hepatic Metastasis to Lung after Hepatectomytextarticle2011engThe lung is the most frequent metastatic site of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), negatively impactingon survival rates. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic role of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 in lungmetastasis of HCC after hepatectomy, using immunohistochemical detection on tissue microarrays of HCCs,with and without lung metastasis. Using three categories based on staining characteristics, patients with highCXCR7 expression demonstrated a shorter time to development of lung metastasis compared with patients withlow CXCR7 expression (log-rank test) with no effet on overall survival. Analysis of tissue adjacent to tumorshowed patients with microvascular invasion to have higher CXCR7. Stratification based on alpha fetoproteinlevel >20 ng/ml also showed high expression of CXCR7 to be a strong independent prognostic factor. Thesefindings suggest that high expression of CXCR7 in HCCs with elevated alpha fetoprotein levels correlates withmetastasis to lung and poor survival after hepatectomy, indicating potential use as a prognostic factor.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011657663http://journal.waocp.org/article_25573_f8eaafb86aa6b85924929bd229b7d9d0.pdfSuppression of DMBA/Croton Oil-induced Mouse Skin Tumor Promotion by Ardisia Crispa Root Hexane Extracttextarticle2011engArdisia crispa (Family: Myrsinaceae) has been used as a traditional medicine for various ailments. Previousstudies showed that Ardisia crispa possesses antimetastatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nevertheless,research done on the plant is still limited. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the suppressioneffect of Ardisia crispa root hexane (ACRH) extract on 7, 12-dimethylbenz (α) anthracene (DMBA)-inducedmice skin tumor promotion in ICR mice with topical application twice weekly for 10 weeks. Results showedsignificant difference between treatment groups (mice treated with 30 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg of ACRHextract; denoted as group I, II and III respectively) for tumor incidence and tumor burden (P<0.05). Significantreduction in tumor incidence (20%), tumor burden (1.5 ± 0.50), tumor volume (2.49 ± 1.70) and delayed latencyperiod of tumor formation was observed in group I (30 mg/kg) in comparison to carcinogen control. This studyindicates that ACRH extract could be a promising skin tumor promotion suppressing agent at a lower dosage(30 mg/kg). Further studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanism(s) leading to this effect.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011665669http://journal.waocp.org/article_25574_1e4cce8612be150a0502b7ba6b56a61f.pdfPrevalence and Risk of Leukemia in the Multi-ethnic Population of North Karnatakatextarticle2011engBackground: The aim of this study was to analyze the trends in the incidence rates of four major types ofleukemia in the population of North Karnataka, which accounts for the 2.5% of the whole population of India.Due to the lack of any nationwide leukemia screening program, the majority of the people are not aware of thedisease. Epidemiological study can play a vital role in understanding the occurrence and outcome of the disease.Patients and Methods: Focusing on variables like age, sex, race, blood group and lifestyle habits, detailed reportsof 417 males and 230 females (M:F ratio 1.8:1) were collected from different hospitals of North Karnataka andanalyzed for their risk of leukemia. Results: Compared to female patients, Hindu males were found to havegreater risk of occurrence of leukemia (p=0.0333). The males of scheduled caste (SC) and Lingayat communitiesshowed a high risk than other communities (p=0.000). The occurrence of AML showed a significant relationshipwith ABO blood groups (p=0.0090). The frequency of leukemia is quite high in Belgaum district when comparedto others districts of North Karnataka and totally absent in Bidar district. The reasons need precise molecularand genetical studies of the populaton. Conclusions: The localized communities of Lingayat and SCs needs to befurther studied to get a better understanding for the higher risk of occurrence of leukemia in males. Moreover,since the spectrum of cancer epidemiology seen in India is different from that in developed countries moreemphasis should be placed on better development of regional and national registries.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011671675http://journal.waocp.org/article_25575_5ee3eb8f1a01b9a319c5320572ef4067.pdfChemopreventive Effect of Hydroethanolic Extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Leaves Against DENA-Induced Renal Carcinogenesis in Micetextarticle2011engThe present study was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive effects of hydro-ethanolic extract ofEuphorbia neriifolia (EN) on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) induced renal cancer in male Swiss albino mice.Animals were pretreated with EN extract (150 and 400 mg/kg body weight; p.o) and butylated hydroxyanisole(BHA) as a standard (0.5% and 1% BHA p.o) both for two week prior to the administration of single dose ofDENA (50 mg/kg body weight; p.o). Various in vivo antioxidant biochemical parameters like lipid peroxidation(LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were evaluated to determine the reno-protective andantioxidant activity of EN. DENA increased oxidative stress through increase in LPO and decrease in antioxidantenzymes (SOD, and CAT). The EN extract significantly restored the antioxidant enzyme level in the kidneyand exhibited significant dose dependant protective effect against DENA induced nephrotoxicity, which can bemainly attributed to the antioxidant property of the extract. This study rationalized the ethno-medicinal use ofEN for protection against renal cancer.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011677683http://journal.waocp.org/article_25576_36d5de15e3a1756004b9b0f3b991f0c2.pdfAnaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma: the Most Common T-Cell Lymphoma in Pakistantextarticle2011engObjective: To study the prevalence and immunohistochemical profile of the subtypes of anaplastic large celllymphomas (ALCLs) at a major referral center of Pakistan. Methods: Epidemiological data for all mature T-cellnon-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed between 1st January 2005 and 30th June 2010 at the Aga KhanUniversity Department of Histopathology were reviewed and analyzed with SPSS v17.0. Results: A total of 178specimens were diagnosed as mature T- and NK- cell NHL during the period. Of these 100 (56.2%) were diagnosedas systemic ALCL. These tumors were of either T- or null-cell type with consistent (100%) expression of CD30(Ki-1). Forty three (43%) cases were further classified as ALK positive, fifty (50%) as ALK negative and seven(7%) were not tested for ALK expression. The mean age of the ALK positive group was 26.7 years as comparedto the ALK negative of 35.6 years. The gender ratio of ALK positive cases was 2.3:1 (M:F) as compared to the2.5:1 ratio seen in the ALK negative cases. There were no significant differences in the nodal and extra-nodalinvolvement patterns between ALK+ and ALK- groups but epithelial membrane antigen was positive moreoften in the ALK positive group. Conclusion: Compared to other published studies, this proportion of ALCLwithin the mature T- and NK- cell lymphoma category was found to be alarmingly high and calls for attention.Further studies should be conducted in our region, which in turn would enable clinicians to successfully battleagainst this neoplastic disease.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011685689http://journal.waocp.org/article_25577_98142859b9c7e105a18b560e8e5bbe52.pdfNutrition and Cancer Prevention: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among Young Malaysianstextarticle2011engObjective: The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of universitystudents toward nutrition related to cancer prevention. Methodology: A total of 396 students from the Managementand Science University (MSU) participated during the semester of March 2010. Stratified random sampling wasused and consent was obtained before the questionnaire was distributed. ANOVA and the t-test were used for theunivariate analysis and multiple linear regression was used for the multivariate analysis. Results: The participantsages ranged from 18 to 27 years (Mean±SD=23.33±1.57), more than half being female (62.4%). The majoritywere 23 years old or younger, single, Malay and from non-Medical and Health Science faculties and with a familymonthly income of less than 10,000 Ringgits Malaysia(79.5%; 99%, 65.9, 52.5%, 63.9%; respectively). Only18.4% of participants reported a family history of cancer. About 32.1% had a medical check-up in the previous12 months and 17.4% were smokers. Multivariate analysis showed the faculty type to be significantly associatedwith knowledge of cancer prevention (p = 0.04). Regular medical check-ups were associated with attitudes andpractices of cancer prevention (p = 0.04, p=0.003 respectively), the latter being significantly influenced by sex,family history of cancer and smoking (p = 0.034, p=0.013, p=0.002; respectively). Conclusion: The majorityof participants had poor knowledge of nutrition as related to cancer prevention. Attention should be given toregular medical check-ups, awareness of family history and smoking influence.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011691694http://journal.waocp.org/article_25578_c2428b7a1d39a6ba3189bdb1eb84ed46.pdfTesticular Cancer Awareness and Testicular Self-Examination among University Studentstextarticle2011engBackground: This study was planned to determine the knowledge of testicular cancer (TC), risk factorsand testicular self-examination (TSE) among university students. Methods: A survey study was conducted ata university located in Ankara, Turkey with 634 male students. Results: Almost half of them (44%) heard TCduring their education and life but majority of participants has lack of knowledge about sign and symptomsof TC. Only 5.9 % of them (n=38) indicated they received information on TSE and 17.7 % have performed thepractice of TSE before; only one in a forth (n=21) performed monthly. The reason for not doing TSE was mostly(83.4%) “not having knowledge” and “not seen as important” (55.7%). Conclusions: Adding the education onTC, risk factors and TSE into their curriculum is proposed.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011695698http://journal.waocp.org/article_25579_65b8432a2c41a9b920354c4a3cb9e892.pdfPretreatment Levels of Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor do not Correlate with Outcome in Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancertextarticle2011engObjective: To evaluate pretreatment levels of serum VEGF in locally advanced cervical cancer patients, andassess any association with clinocopathological parameters and response to radiotherapy. Methods: Patientswith histologically proven and diagnosed locally advanced cervical cancer or stages IIB-IVA were included inthis study. Blood serum was obtained by peripheral venous puncture about 24 hours before the beginning ofradiotherapy. All patients were followed up at one and three month intervals from the last day of the completetreatment for evaluating the responses to radiotherapy. Results: Mean age of the 40 patients was 52.8±11.1years. Sixty percent were in stage IIB and 90% had squamous cell carcinoma. The median pretreatment level ofserum VEGF was 611.3 pg/ml (0.00-4,067.20 pg/ml). The pretreatment levels of serum VEGF did not correlatewith stage (p=0.75), tumor histology (p=0.91), tumor size (p=0.46) or tumor characteristics (p=0.49). Almost allpatients received concurrent chemoradiation as a curative treatment, with a complete response found in 94.9%.Values for patients who were completed response was rather lower than patients with persistent disease, butwithout statistical significance (581.4 pg/ml vs 759.6 pg/ml, p=0.37). Conclusion: Pretreatment levels of serumVEGF do not correlate with clinicopathological factors or response to radiation therapy.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011699702http://journal.waocp.org/article_25580_b5749603ad20b2d7c54b6bfb3543e649.pdfIncidence and Current Trends of Colorectal Malignancies in an Unscreened, Low Risk Populationtextarticle2011engIntroduction: Karachi falls into a low risk region for colorectal (CRC). The incidence rate is known butdetailed epidemiology and pathology data regarding the disease are not available. The aim of this study is todescribe CRC with reference to incidence, gender; topographic sub-site, tumor morphology, grade and stage atdiagnosis and to determine the trends of incidence. Materials and Methods: Four hundred and seventy threecases of colorectal cancer submitted to the Karachi Cancer Registry for Karachi South, years 1995-2002 werereviewed. Cases were analyzed in two time periods (1995-7 and 1998-2002) to facilitate the study of time trends.Results: A total of 151 CRC cases were registered during period one [86 (57%) males; 65 (43%) females] and322 cases [210 (65%) males; 112 (35%) females] in period two. Age standardized rate (ASR) world per 100,000,crude incidence rate (CIR) and relative frequency in period one were 5.3, 3.2 and 4.1% in males and 5.5, 3.2and 3.2% in females respectively. Corresponding figures for period two were 7.1, 4.5 and 4.7% for males and5.2, 2.8 and 2.7% in females. The male, female ratio was equal for colon (1:1). Men had more rectal cancers(2:1) and overall CRC (1.7:1). The mean age of the patients varied with sub-site and gender from 43.7 years to51.2 years. Cancers of the rectum presented at a relatively earlier age. Less then 5% of the cases were diagnosedin adolescents, 50% above 50 years of age and only 30% above 60 years. The ratio under-40 to above-40 forCRC patients was 0.3, which is much higher than the international average, indicating a younger age group atrisk. The first cases were observed in adolescents (15-19 years) and a peak was observed in the seventh decade.Colon to rectum ratio was 1:1 in males and 2:1 in females. Most cases presented with advanced disease, thoughsome down staging was observed in period 2 (1998-2002). Conclusion: The current low but increasing incidence(especially in men), the younger age and advanced stage of CRC at diagnosis reflects a low risk, unscreenedpopulation. With existing prevalence of high risk factors in Pakistan, the low CRC incidence may be an artifact.There are concerns that an aging population over the next decade and changing lifestyle patterns may translateinto a higher CRC incidence. Screening must be considered as part of the health sector planning for the futureand include the high risk younger age groups.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011703708http://journal.waocp.org/article_25581_f62a142f5de9adf1729e5ca7994183c1.pdfYounger Women are Affected by Breast Cancer in South India - A Hospital-based Descriptive Studytextarticle2011engIntroduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world among women and its effectivecontrol depends upon sufficient knowledge about its epidemiology at the regional as well as global levels.Materials and methods: A record based descriptive study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital situated incoastal Karnataka in South India. Cases included were all histopathologically diagnosed cases of breast cancernot otherwise specified among females that were treated in the hospital in the 3 years period of 2005-2007. A totalof 112 cases were found and their data retrieved and analyzed using SPSS. Results: Mean age of the subjectswas 45 years (SD=10.4) (range 23 -70). Age distribution showed two peaks at 35-39 years and 50-54 years. Some12 (11%) patients had a previous history of breast cancer and 9 (8%) had a family history. Among the patientswho had history of breast cancer in the past, 61.5% were during the pre-menopausal age. Conclusion: Theage affected by breast cancer was lower than usually seen in other parts of the world and there was more ofpremenopausal occurrence which has implications on their own and their relatives’ chances of acquiring breastcancer later. The findings show that breast cancer control efforts and recommendations in different parts of theworld have to be tailored to the regional epidemiological patterns.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011709711http://journal.waocp.org/article_25582_55bf62c5aa78099d05030ee426fac22b.pdfCytogenetic Biomonitoring of Road Paving Workers Occupationally Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbonstextarticle2011engRoad pavement workers are exposed to many known carcinogens in their complex occupational environment.The study makes an attempt to investigate exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from thebitumen fumes among the road pavement workers engaged in different pavement sites at Coimbatore, TamilNadu and to thereby determine the genotoxic effects associated with it. The study included 36 road pavers and37control subjects with similar mean ages, smoking prevalence and alcohol consumption and was analyzed forDNA damage in blood leucocytes by Micronucleus assay (MN) and the Comet assay. The mean urinary 1-OHPconcentration in road pavers (1.68 ± 0.93) was significantly higher than in controls (0.55 ± 0.42). The results ofMN test and comet assay showed that the mean micronuclei rate in workers was significantly higher than thosein controls (P <0.05). The results of our study indicated that the genetic damage was detectable in road pavingworkers occupationally exposed to bitumen and also demonstrate the high sensitivity of comet assay to assessearly oxidative effects induced by exposure to bitumen fumes at low doses and confirm the suitability of urinary1-OHP as a biomarker of PAH exposure.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011713717http://journal.waocp.org/article_25583_d4a21d33b04538398a6f1b472923de5d.pdfImpact of Triple Negative Phenotype on Prognosis and Early Onset of Breast Cancer in Iranian Femalestextarticle2011engBackground: Breast cancer in Iranian women occurs about a decade earlier than in Western countries. Thisstudy sought to evaluate the impact of triple negative phenotype on early onset of ductal cell breast cancer and itsprognosis in Iranian females. Methods: Estrogen and progesterone receptors, Her-2 overexpression and nuclearaccumulation of P53 were assessed in sixty surgically resected formalin-fixed paraffin embedded breast invasiveductal carcinomas. They were divided into triple negative and non triple negative phenotypes and impact of thephenotypes were evaluated on prognostic factors of all patients and based on menopausal status. Results: Theresult showed that the mean age of patients with triple negative breast tumors, especially in postmenopausalgroup, was significantly lower than with non triple negative phenotypes. Although the latter was significantlyassociated with higher histological grade, it also showed a significant correlation with smaller size of tumor anda lower rate of axillary lymph node metastasis in young patients. Conclusion: The higher rate of breast cancerwith triple negative phenotype in Iranian females is a feasible reason for the reported lower mean age of breastcancers. In premenopausal patients, triple negative phenotype reveals a positive impact on prognostic factors,but it is associated with a poorer prognosis in postmenopausal patients. Hence, a distinct ethnic profile of triplenegative phenotype in Iranian females is suggested.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011719724http://journal.waocp.org/article_25584_45cf5f483ab0042d7865edcc25e1b168.pdfOverview of the National Cancer Screening Programme and the Cancer Screening Status in Koreatextarticle2011engOrganised cancer screening in Korea began in 1999. Operating system has been stabilised, target populationhave expanded and participation rate has been increased throughout its ten years. Here we present an overviewof the organised cancer screening system in Korea and introduce the National Cancer Screening Programmeincluding results from 2002 to 2008. Furthermore, we present the results of the Korea National Cancer ScreeningSurvey, a survey that is representative of the population, from 2004 to 2009. Finally, we discuss our achievementsand the future challenges.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011725730http://journal.waocp.org/article_25585_6f5ab6a66de868fcc9b3120a35f71756.pdfAssociations of Polymorphisms in HPC2/ELAC2 and SRD5A2 Genes with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Turkish Mentextarticle2011engBenign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common benign tumor in elderly men for which the HPC2/ELAC2 and SRD5A2 genes are known genetic factors. The HPC2/ELAC2 gene features Ser217Leu andAla541Thr polymorphisms and the SRD5A2 gene Ala49Thr and Val89Leu polymorphisms. The aim of this studywas to examine relationships between these polymorphisms and BPH in Turkish men using amplification bythe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Polymorphisms were determined by using restriction fragmentlength polymorphism (RFLP) with suitable restriction: TaqIα, Fnu4HI, Mwo I and Rsa I. We found statisticallysignificant relationship between the SRD5A2 gene Ala49Thr (OR=2.3; CI 95%, 1.04-5.1; p=0.01<0.05) , but notthe other polymorphisms, and BPH. For the first time, our data demonstrate that correlation between SRD5A2gene Ala49Thr and polymorphism are statistically significant in Turkish men with BPH.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011731733http://journal.waocp.org/article_25586_e670c440b0793664080b4b2d41119b91.pdfNasopharyngeal Carcinoma- An Update of Treatment and Acute Radiation Induced Reactions from a Tertiary-Care Hospital in Pakistantextarticle2011engIntroduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a diverse entity with a multi-factorial etiology and a distinctracial and geographical distribution. It is curable if diagnosed and treated early. Methods: This descriptive studycovered 30 patients who underwent radiotherapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal malignancies during February 2006till November 2010 at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi.Results: Thirty cases of nasopharyngeal tumors were registered; a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma andanother of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were not included in the final analyses. There were 20 (71.0%) malesand 8 (29.0%) females, 2 and 5 being observed in adolescents. The mean age of the male and female patientswas 43.7 [SD 20.1] and 30.3 years [SD 17.9], respectively. Nodal involvement was seen in 23 cases and cranialin 8. Almost two-thirds the patients presented with a stage IV disease and all but two received chemotherapy.Electrons or photons were used for 23 cases; low anterior neck field was used in 25 cases. The doses of radiotherapydelivered ranged between 2000cGy to 7400cGy, the lower ones being given for palliation only. Once spinal cordtolerance was reached, electron boost fields were used in order to treat the posterior neck. A nasogastric tubewas required for feeding in 2 (10.0%) male and 2 (25.0%) female patients; gastrostomy was needed for 1 (5.0%)patient. Radiotherapy (RT) induced reactions were observed in 90% of the patients, but were mild in most cases.Conclusions: In the presence of clinician based expertise and technical constraints in Pakistan, nasopharyngealtumors are still being treated optimally with the need of creating a better awareness in public for early detection.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

2011739742http://journal.waocp.org/article_25600_ad01c66116e2bd6c6e15cdf3269cb067.pdfWeight Gain and Family History of Prostate or Breast Cancers as Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer: Results of a Case-control Study in Japantextarticle2011engThe increase in the incidence rate of prostate cancer may be associated with changes in lifestyle in Japanesemen. Accordingly, we conducted a case-control study to assess risk factors. A total of 117 (82.3%) of the 142prostate cancer patients asked filled out the self-administrated questionnaires which included items abouttheir lifestyle habits over the period of one or two years before their diagnosis. Four controls per case, namely468, were randomly selected from resident registries with age and address matched with each case, and 318controls (69.5%) filled out the same questionnaire as the cases. Data for 277 controls were used for the analysis,excluding 41 subjects with a history of previous cancer. The conditional logistic regression model was utilizedfor analyzing the individually age and address-matched data, and odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidenceintervals (95%CIs) were calculated for potential risk factors. Higher body mass index at 20 years of age wasmarginally significantly associated with a decreased risk (P for trend=0.051), and larger weight gain in adultage was significantly associated with an increased risk (P for trend=0.041). History of prostate cancer in fathersor brothers was significantly associated with an increased risk (OR=9.71, 95%CI 3.59, 26.27), and history ofbreast cancer in mothers or sisters was also significantly associated with an increased risk (OR=2.70, 95%CI1.12, 6.49). The recent increase in the incidence rate of prostate cancer may possibly be brought about by anincreased proportion of Japanese men with large weight gain in adult age.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011743747http://journal.waocp.org/article_25601_5bf0efea9ad6652a72ebf4ea4e4626f7.pdfHuman Papillomavirus Testing for Suspected Cervical Cancer Patients from Southern Assam by Fast-PCRtextarticle2011engWorld-wide epidemiological studies have shown that cancer of the uterine cervix is the second most commonmalignant disease in women. Virtually every cervical cancer (99.7%) is HPV-positive, indicating that the presenceof HPV is an obligatory element in their development. The present study was conducted by Fast-PCR (within 15min.) based diagnosis of HPV 16 and HPV 18 infection amongst patients of suspected cervical cancer, confirmedby cytological methods. Twelve women, out of a total of fifty studied cases who had positive cervical pap smears(24%) were found to be positive for HPV 16/HPV 18 infection when PCR based technique was applied. Theresults indicate, perhaps, a greater specificity of PCR based diagnosis, or presence of other HPV subtypes asetiological factors in the present study group confined to Southern Assam.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011749751http://journal.waocp.org/article_25602_ee43b813ced3498d65af634a0fc47a0b.pdfDietary Patterns and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: a Factor Analysis in Uruguaytextarticle2011engIn the time period 1996-2004, a case-control study of colorectal cancer was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay.The study included 610 cases and 1,220 controls, frequency matched for age, sex, and residence. All cases werenewly diagnosed and microscopically confirmed and controls were drawn from the same hospitals. Controlswere submitted to factor analysis (principal components method) and 4 dietary patterns for men (prudent,traditional, Western, drinker) and 3 for women (prudent, Western, drinker) were retained. These were rotatedand normalized by the Kaiser method. Scores were applied to all participants (cases and controls) and oddsratios were estimated by logistic regression and polynomial regression. The Western pattern showed an OR of2.62 (95 % CI 1.36-5.08) for colon cancer among men, and women displayed a similar increase in risk. However,rectal cancer was not associated with this diet, rather being inversely associated with the prudent and traditionalpatterns among men (OR 0.49, 95 % CI 0.28-0.57 for the traditional pattern). In conclusion, whereas the Westernpattern was directly associated with colon cancer, the prudent pattern was strongly protective for rectal cancer.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011753759http://journal.waocp.org/article_25603_504b2a380b5996e8a3a012d1df4dd138.pdfAssociation between Alcohol Consumption and Colorectal Carcinogenesis: an Ecological Study in Koreatextarticle2011engThe sharp rise in the incidence rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Korea over the past decades may be partlyattributed to increase in alcohol consumption. An ecological study was conducted in Korea to determine theassociation between alcohol consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. We obtained the CRC incidence ratesfor the years 1999−2007 from the Korean Central Cancer Registry and the data on national alcohol consumptionfor the years 1998, 2001, 2005, and 2007 from the reports of the Korea National Health and Nutrition ExaminationSurvey. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were determined using data for alcohol intake and CRC incidencerate. People who consumed more than 45 g alcohol/day were defined as heavy drinkers. A significant correlationbetween alcohol consumption and the CRC incidence rate was observed in men; Pearson’s correlation coefficientswere statistically significant for men (r = 0.99; P = 0.001), but not for women (r = 0.82; P = 0.180). In the <50-yearage group, the age-specific incidence rate for men was comparable to that for women, but in the ≥50-year agegroup, it increased rapidly in men. The increase in alcohol consumption appears to be attributable to increasein the number of heavy drinkers among men aged 25−59 years, particularly among men aged 45−49 years. Ourfindings may aid in predicting future CRC incidence in Korea.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011761764http://journal.waocp.org/article_25604_d74dd7e85cb6bebe315bbfbb155449b4.pdfSun Protection Behavior and Individual Risk Factors of Turkish Primary School Students Associated with Skin Cancer: A Questionnaire-based Studytextarticle2011engAim: To determine the Turkish primary school students’ sun protection behaviors and their individualrisk factors associated with skin cancer. Methods: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 6th-8thgraders (11-14 age group) from a primary school in the western part of Turkey. A self-report questionnaire wasadministered. The response rate was 86.0 %. Results: The mean age of students was 12.8 years (SD =0.73).It was determined that the male students in the age group of 13-14 had more risks associated with skin cancerwhen compared to the female students in the same age group. In terms of the knowledge of the most dangeroushours of the sun and how to protect from their harmful effects, no significant difference was evident betweenfemales and males or across age groups. The average score of the students’ frequency of use of sun protectionmethods is 3.40±0.67 out of 5. The most frequent methods used for sun protection were found to be seeking shadeduring periods of peak ultraviolet radiation and wearing light-colored clothing. The average frequency score forsun-protective behavior of the 11-12 age group was significantly high (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was determinedthat the students did not practise sun protection behavior frequently enough.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011765770http://journal.waocp.org/article_25605_2f9322f57ee335a85545223929d5701f.pdfDetection of High-risk Human Papillomavirus Types 16 and 18 but not 33 and 52 in External Genital Warts from Iranian Femalestextarticle2011engBackground: External genital warts (EGW) are relatively common sexually transmitted diseases. In themajority of cases, low-risk human papilomaviruses (HPV), such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, are responsible but,high-risk types may also be detected and this has a bearing on vaccines for cervical cancer prevention. In thisstudy the incidence of the high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 33 and 52 in EGWs of females from the southwest of Iranwas assessed. Methods: Seventy-nine women with EGWs participated in this study. Quantitative real-time PCRwith gene specific primers and probes for the E6 gene of HPV-16, 18, 33 and 52, were used for the detection ofHPV DNA in the tissue and blood samples. Results: Of the 79 tissue specimens, 13 (16.5%) were HPV positive,only genetic materials of HPV-16 and HPV-18 being detected, twelve patients (15.2%) were positive only forHPV-18 and the coexistence of HPV-16 and HPV-18 was shown in one patient. Only one plasma sample showedevidence of HPV-16 with very low viral load. Conclusion: Our data showed that high-risk HPV types can befound in the tissue specimens of EGW samples obtained from female patients in the Southwest of Iran, withHPV-18 as the most abundant type; however, additional studies with a larger population are required to provethe finding and help to determine the most appropriate type of virus for vaccine design for Iranian women.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011771774http://journal.waocp.org/article_25606_8c2feea1a832f6d88858352eb6019abf.pdfUbiquitin-specific Protease 14 Expression Associated with Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Differentiationtextarticle2011engThe purpose of this study was to identify the gene alterations amplified from AO16 primer and examine whetherthe expression patterns of USP14 in clinical specimens from patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC)is associated with cancer cells. DNA from tumor and corresponding normal tissues of 52 patients was amplifiedwith 33 arbitrary primers. The DNA fragment that altered most frequently in ICC was cloned, sequenced, andidentified by comparison with known nucleotide sequences in the genome database. The DNA copy numbers ofthe allelic alterations in cholangiocarcinoma were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and interpreted asallelic loss or DNA amplification by comparison with the reference gene. Associations between allelic imbalanceand clinicopathological parameters of ICC patients were evaluated by χ2-tests. The Kaplan-Meier method wasused to analyze survival rates. Immunohistochemically, USP14 showed weak cytoplasmic staining in normalbile duct epithelial cells. It was strongly detected in 21 cancer patients (43.8%). There were correlations betweenUSP14 expression level and the clinicopathological features of ICC, histological grade (P < 0.05). However,there were no significant differences in age, gender, tumor size, metastasis, lymph node metastasis, and staging.USP14 expression was related to cholangiocarcinoma cell differentiation. Due to their emerging role in controlof multiple signaling pathways and oncoproteins, USP14 inhibitors may be useful for anticancer agents.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011775779http://journal.waocp.org/article_25607_70d03a890361604aaac7a0641aab56e1.pdfLife-style and Genital Human Papillomavirus in a Cross-Sectional Survey in Shanxi Province, Chinatextarticle2011engBackground: To determine the age-stratified HPV prevalence rate and the risk factors of life-style associatedwith HPV infection among women in rural China. Methods: An age-stratified, cross-sectional survey of 941women between 16-59 years old was conducted in rural China. Carcinogenic HPV infection was determined usingDigene’s Hybrid Capture II HPV DNA test and interviews of life-style were conducted. Odds ratios (OR) and 95%confidence interval (CI) from the logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors associatedwith HPV. Results: Among 941 women, 745 who had sexual intercourse underwent a cervical examination. Theprevalence rate of 13 carcinogenic HPV infections among women 20-59 years old was 15.97%. the rate of HPVprevalence in the 25-34 age group was statistically lower than that in 20-24 and 35-59 age groups (X2=13.3,P=0.0013). The OR of bathing every 7-19 days, 20-180 days, less than once every 180 days vs. bathing at least oncea week were 1.19, 1.83 and 2.29 respectively and they had a dose-response relationship (Trend Test: P=0.003).The OR of women aged 25-34 age group vs. 20-24 age group was 0.40 (0.16 - 0.97) and the OR of bathing onceevery 180 days or less vs. at least once weekly was 2.22 (1.14 - 4.33) adjusted for the other confounding factors,.Conclusions: The HPV prevalence rate was lowest among child bearing women aged 25-34 year. Also, personalhygiene is significantly associated with the HPV infection in this area, regardless of age.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011781786http://journal.waocp.org/article_25608_5af439451c5027760022e1dd8b467659.pdfPhysiological, Reproductive Factors and Breast Cancer Risk in Jiangsu Province of Chinatextarticle2011engTo evaluate the relationship between physiological, reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer, weconducted a case-control study with 669 cases and 682 population-based controls in Jiangsu Province of China.A structured questionnaire was used to elicit detailed information. All subjects completed an in-person interview.Unconditional logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidenceintervals (CIs) as measures of risk for breast cancer. The results have revealed that there was an increasing riskof breast cancer, include early age at menarche(≤13 year), late age at menopause(>50 year) and older age at firstpregnancy (≥30 year). Breastfeeding was associated significantly with a reduced risk of breast cancer. Womenwho had history of breastfeeding were at significantly decreased OR (0.44, 95%CI: 0.27-0.73). The protectiveeffects of breastfeeding for breast cancer seemed greater for women who had extended duration of breastfeedingduring their lifetime (p for linear trend: 0.0095). These results suggested that physiological and reproductivefactors may play important roles in the development of breast cancer among Jiangsu’ women of China.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011787790http://journal.waocp.org/article_25609_38bd58000b4000c2b0401630aebcbca0.pdfSLIT2 is Epigenetically Silenced in Ovarian Cancers and Suppresses Growth when Activatedtextarticle2011engObjectives: The SLIT2 gene is a novel tumor suppressor gene, whose hypermethylation has been detected inseveral malignances, including breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma and gliomas. In this study, we assessed thestatus of SLIT2 and its functions in ovarian cancers and cell lines. Methods: Methylation-specific PCR was usedto investigate the methylated promoter of SLIT2; the functions of SLIT2 in ovarian cancer cells were measuredby MTT, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Results: SLIT2 promoter hypermethylation was detected in56 of 66 (84.8%) ovarian cancer samples and downregulation of SLIT2 expression in 52 (78.8%). The decreasedexpression was signiﬁcantly correlated with SLIT2 promoter hypermethylation (p<0.01). Moreover, reversedexpression of SLIT2 suppressed cell growth, migration, colony formation abilities and induced more apoptosis.Conclusions: These results suggest that SLIT2 is a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer, and may be a noveltarget for ovarian cancer treatment.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011791795http://journal.waocp.org/article_25610_e70e93d132e49b537f87c946606e5bc9.pdfInformational Needs of Breast Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy: Differences between Patients’ and Nurses’ Perceptionstextarticle2011engBackground: Cancer and chemotherapy are sources of anxiety and worry for cancer patients. Informationprovision is therefore very important to empower them to overcome and adjust to the stressful experience. Thus,nurses should be aware of the informational needs of the patients throughout the course of their care. Purpose:The purpose of the study was to identify the important information required by breast cancer patients during thefirst and fourth cycles of chemotherapy from both the patients’ and nurses’ perceptions. Methodology: This is alongitudinal study used a questionnaire adapted from the Toronto Informational Needs Questionnaires-BreastCancer (TINQ-BC). Some modifications were made to meet the specific objectives of the study. The study wasconducted in the Chemotherapy Day Care at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Malaysia. Atotal of 169 breast cancer patients who met the inclusion criteria, and 39 nurses who were involved in their carewere recruited into the study. Results: The overall mean scores at first and fourth cycle of chemotherapy were3.91 and 3.85 respectively: i.e., between 3 (or important) and 4 (or very important), which indicated a high levelof informational needs. There was no significant difference in information needed by the breast cancer patientsbetween the two cycles of chemotherapy (p=0.402). The most important information was from the subscale ofdisease, followed closely by treatment, physical care, investigative tests and psychosocial needs. Nurses haddifferent views on the important information needed by breast cancer patients at both time points (p = 0.023).Conclusions: Breast cancer patients on chemotherapy have high levels of informational needs with no significantdifferences in information needed at first cycle as opposed to fourth cycle. There were differences between theperceptions of the breast cancer patients and the nurses on important information needed. A paradigm shift,with an emphasis on patients as the central focus, is needed to enhance the information giving sessions conductedby nurses based on the perceptions of the patients themselves.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011797802http://journal.waocp.org/article_25611_d917f4d1c0139f45224007c83839c1c7.pdfA C to T polymorphism of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (P141L) is Associated with Helicobacter pylori Infectiontextarticle2011engUrokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays an important role in tumor invasion and certain inflammatorydiseases. However, few studies have paid attention to how the uPA is associated with Helicobacter pylori infectionand gastric atrophy. This study investigated associations of a C-to-T polymorphism of uPA (P141L, rs2227564) inexon 6 in 454 Japanese health checkup examinees (126 males and 328 females) aged 35 to 85 without a history ofcancer. The uPA was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction with two-pair primers. The genotype distributionwas in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.52) and the frequency of the T allele was 0.239. The risk of H. pylorisero-positivity was significantly reduced with the T/T genotype; the odds ratio (OR) relative to the C/C genotypewas 0.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14 to 0.86). Of the sero-negative subjects, 21 with atrophy were infectedwith H. pylori but lost their sero-positivity. After reclassifying them together with the sero-positive subjects, thecorresponding OR was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.16 to 1.00), confirming that the T/T genotype decreased the risk of H.pylori infection. This gene polymorphism was not associated with the risk of gastric atrophy. In conclusion, thisstudy indicated a possibility that the uPA minor homozygous genotype was associated with a reduction of H.pylori infection risk. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011803806http://journal.waocp.org/article_25612_580373776a8a8abdf1592f6a861f13f4.pdfTreatment of Cervical Carcinoma with High-Dose Rate Intracavitary Brachytherapy: Two Years Follow-Up Studytextarticle2011engAims: This study focused on pelvic recurrence rate and late complications following treatment with high doserate brachytherapy with a three fractionation scheme. Setting and design: This retrospective observational studywas conducted from 1st November 2003 to 31st March 2005 at a tertiary care centre. Methods and materials:Women were treated with external beam radiotherapy and three fractions of high dose rate brachytherapy,divided into two broad groups IIB+ IIIA and IIIB+IVA. Duration of follow-up was 2 years and main outcomemeasures were recurrence and rectal and urinary bladder complications. Results were assessed with the Chisquare test and P-values using an alpha level of 0.05 for Type I error. Results: Of the total of 286 women, 72(25.4%) developed central-regional recurrence. Overall two year pelvic control rate was 74.6%, with values of78.1% and 72.8% for stages IIB+ IIIA, IIIB+IVA, respectively. Five women developed distant metastasis and21.5% suffered low grade rectal complications. After two years the prevalence of bladder complications wasonly 5.4%. Conclusion: Using a three fraction scheme, high dose rate brachytherapy is safe and effective in themanagement of cervix cancer.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011807810http://journal.waocp.org/article_25613_5876513e6dce649278a546ef752fae04.pdfPredictors of Smoking Cessation among Staff in Public Universities in Klang Valley, Malaysiatextarticle2011engSmoking cessation studies are often performed in clinic based settings. The present example aimed to findpredictors of success among staff in worksite smoking cessation programmes in two major public universitiesin Klang Valley, Malaysia. All staff from both universities received an open invitation via staff e-mail and lettersto participate. At the start of treatment, participants were administered the Rhode Island Stress and CopingQuestionnaire and Family Support Redding’s Questionnaire. Behaviour therapy with free nicotine replacementtherapy (NRT) were given as treatment. After two months, they were contacted to determine their smokingstatus. 185 staff from University A (n=138) and University B (n=47), responded and voluntarily showed interestto quit. There was no significant difference in respondents with respect to socio demographic characteristicsand smoking history. After two months of treatment, quit rates were 24% in University A vs. 38 % in UniversityB (p>0.05). Univariate predictors of cessation were adherence to NRT (p<0.001), smoking fewer cigarettes perday (p<0.05) and the number of behaviour therapy sessions attended (p<0.001). Logistic regression identified 3significant predictors of smoking cessation. Participants attending more than one session (OR= 27.00; 95% CI: 6.50; 111.6), and having higher pre-treatment general stress (OR= 2.15; 95% CI: 1.14; 4.05) were more likelyto quit, while a higher number of cigarettes smoked (OR= 0.19: 95% CI: 0.06; 0.59) reduced the likelihoodof quitting. Increasing age, ability to cope with stress and family support were not significant predictors. Weconclude that factors such as the number of counseling sessions, the amount of cigarettes smoked at baseline,adherence to NRT and pretreatment stress are important considerations for success in a worksite smokingcessation programme.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011811816http://journal.waocp.org/article_25614_8375894f946ad3921caf0578cc16c381.pdfRisk of Breast Cancer, Health Beliefs and Screening Behaviour among Turkish Academic Women and Housewivestextarticle2011engBackground: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common forms of epithelial neoplasms type of canceraffecting women worldwide. The main objective of this study was to examine health beliefs, screening behaviorand risk for developing BC in academic women and housewives in Turkey. Methods: In this cross-sectional,descriptive study, a sample of 415 women were surveyed, composed of 166 academics and 249 housewives betweenthe ages of 20-65 years. Results: Risk of developing breast cancer, both five-year and lifetime, was higher inacademic women than in housewives (P <0.001). The frequency of BSE, CBE and mammography was higherin academic women than housewives. For academic women, perceptions related to benefit, self-efficacy, healthmotivation were significantly higher than housewives (t= 3.726, P <0.001; t=8.165, P <0.001, t=2.326; P <0.021,respectively). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the risk for developing BC in academic womenis higher than for housewives. Although academic women had more screening performance for early diagnosisof BC, it was still lower than 50%, below the desired level. Education programs should be aimed at increasingwomen’s BC screening behaviors and the positively affect beliefs.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011817822http://journal.waocp.org/article_25615_fe1bad647cc2b12e3950fda02963b7dc.pdfKnowledge about Human Papillomavirus Infection and Cervical Cancer Prevention among Nurses in Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailandtextarticle2011engThis study was undertaken to evaluate knowledge about HPV infection and cervical cancer among nursesin Chiang Mai University Hospital, Thailand. The 16 questions evaluating knowledge were “true/false/do notknow” type. Two hundred and twenty nurses agreed to participate in this survey. Most knew that cervicalcancer is the most common female cancer in Thailand (92.7%), HPV infection is a causal factor of cervicalcancer (81.8%), early stage cervical cancer is curable (94.1%), and an adequate scale of cervical screening couldprevent morbidity and mortality from cervical cancer (86.8%). The majority of participants (more than 70%)correctly acknowledged risk factors for cervical cancer as smoking, having multiple sexual partners, and sex atan early age. However, the majority of participants did not know that HPV infection and early stage cervicalcancer are commonly asymptomatic. In conclusion, knowledge regarding cervical cancer among nursing staffin the author’s institute is considerably favorable. However, their understanding about the natural history ofHPV infection and cervical cancer is suboptimal, and requires further attention if an effective cervical cancerscreening program is to be implemented.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812

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2011823825http://journal.waocp.org/article_25616_4efae8425cb47187b5eec05684b3bd1b.pdfManagement of Breast Lesions by Breast Physicians in a Heavily Populated South Asian Developing Countrytextarticle2011engBackground: In Asia, from 1998 to 2002, the highest annual-age standardized incidence rates of breastcancer per 100,000 women were recorded as follows: in the Karachi South district of Pakistan 69.0 and in theIsraeli Jews 96.8. At Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center in Lahore, Pakistan,in 15-years from Dec. 1995-Dec. 2009, among adult females, approximately 46% (8,915) of malignancies wererecorded as breast tumors. Further, according to Pakistan’s population estimates (2009), the total population ofthe country is 177 million; females 85 million (40-69 years: 13.6 million). Discussion: Screening of asymptomaticwomen: Basing the recommendations on biennial mammograhic screening for average-risk women in the 40-69year age-band, about 6.8 million women will have to be screened every year. In a resource-constrained countrylike Pakistan, early detection by this method is not possible. As most symptomatic women present with advanceddisease, clinicians skilled in breast diseases are required. The Australasian Society of Breast Physicians hasdeveloped a formal three year training model for General Practitioners to qualify as breast physicians by: i)developing their skills in the areas of clinical breast-examination, interpretation of mammography and breastultrasound; performance of image-guided interventional procedures; counseling of and planning/coordinatingtreatment of females with breast cancer and assessment/monitoring of women at potentially ‘high-risk’ of cancer;and ii) working in consultation with surgeons, radiologists, pathologists, oncologists, and other members of themultidisciplinary team. Summary: Easily accessible one-stop breast clinics staffed by trained breast physicianscan help reduce morbidity/mortality from breast cancer in developing countries, and improve the quality of lifeand survival.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer PreventionWest Asia Organization for Cancer Prevention (WAOCP)1513-736812