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Mon, 17 Dec 2012 09:55:31 +0000en-UShourly1http://wordpress.org/?v=3.5Factors of Criminal Behaviorhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/factors-of-criminal-behavior/
http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/factors-of-criminal-behavior/#commentsMon, 17 Dec 2012 09:55:30 +0000adminhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/?p=192Continue reading →]]>The complexity of criminal behavior is reflected in the existence of a large number of biological, psychological and sociological theories that try to explain this phenomenon. These theories are thoroughly studied on most criminal justice colleges. Until now science has not formulated a unique and comprehensive model that would perceive the essence of criminal phenomena. Criminogenic determinants are divided into three groups:

The first group relates to the wider community; The second is characterized with specifications of narrow social environments; And the third reflects the individual aspect of the perpetrator.

Criminal characteristics of the broader social community

Current social reality, often as the supreme ideal of success, emphasizes profits, income, status, power, and not work and honesty. Many activities from the edge of the law are tolerated if they are done from privileged people, while individuals of marginal significance are subjected to legal sanctions. Lifestyle of the streets and coffee bars, aided with the violence from mass media, and also the ideology of easy, nice and immoral life, contribute to formation of criminal motivation.

We also should not neglect the contribution of social, economic and political crises, endangered egzistential conditions, disruption in the functioning of the legal system and weakening of social control.

Criminal characteristics of the narrower social community refer to influence of urban areas, rural areas, delinquent regions, subcultures and countercultures, family milieu, as well as the victims of crime.

The influence of urban and rural areas, as seen in reports, show that crime is much more present in urban areas than in rural environment. In the villages typical are offenses of arson, theft of livestock, infanticide, blood revenge, etc.

Lesser criminogenity of the countryside is interpreted with the existence of strong informal social control, less marked material differences, lack of opportunities for the realization of criminal intent, unfavorable circumstances to hide after commission of offense, etc.

Contemporary criminological researches, as one of the subjects learned on criminal justice classes, show that offenders often come from poorer backgrounds, they choose areas with high standard of living to carry out their crimes, so that these areas later become criminogenic zones.

Influence of subculture and counterculture is particularly evident during the formation of juvenile gangs who cherish the value system embodied by negativism in relation to generally accepted norms of behavior in the community. Here the individual must prove his belonging to subculture with his radical rejection of the customary, moral, religious, and legal norms of global society, in order to acquire support of like-minded and illusion of security and protection.

This kind of social pressure can often be crucial in the start of sociopathological deviances such as alcoholism, drug addiction, sectarianism, extreme promiscuity and other criminal activities.

Criminal justice programs allows students through the application of criminalistic techniques, tactics and methods to learn the science of Criminalistics. Criminalistic techniques, studied on criminal justice classes are in field of criminalistics that deals with the scientific – technical aspects of finding, processing and interpretation of evidence material as well as by the registration and identification of persons and goods in order to prevent crime, clarify the events, detection of crimes and perpetrators as well as securing evidence.

Students studying forensic techniques as a part of their criminal justice classes will learn the development and appliance of the most suitable methods in the field criminal justice aimed at finding, securing, fixing and interpreting crime and clues relevant to criminal procedures and objects of criminal offense, by clarifying circumstances relevant to disclosing the criminal act, registration and identification of the offender as well as other persons and things. It also develops and implements technical methods and means of preventing crimes.

To more intensive development of forensic science came only when the criminal proceedings entered into a phase of a free-judge belief, and when in it began to penetrate the principle of material truth. The development of forensic science was in accordance with society and crime. It can not be assessed by any means of force and magic, but the application of scientifically verified methods and means. The emergence of new forms of criminal acts indicated the need for their disclosure. It required the enactment of laws, so even since 1750 B.C. was enacted the Hammurabi law. All laws are intended to combat crime, which consists of prevention, suppression and repression. Thus criminal justice is dealing with the prevention, detection, and repressive activity. To detect the perpetrators of criminal acts is necessary to have material evidence as well as to confirm the statement of the accused person. From the definition of forensic science it can be concluded that it requires discovering, testing and expert witnessing of evidence and clues. All of these elements can be obtain by combining various forensic techniques.

]]>http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/the-concept-of-criminalistic-techniques/feed/0Forensic scientists and what is their job?http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/forensic-scientists-and-what-is-their-job/
http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/forensic-scientists-and-what-is-their-job/#commentsWed, 31 Oct 2012 15:02:43 +0000adminhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/?p=166Continue reading →]]>Forensic scientists are people who using different scientific methods and modern laboratory techniques study compare and interpret found traces, and put them in direct connection with certain offenses. Forensic experts are highly specialized persons engaged in the investigation of crimes and accidents. Thus, with application of expertise in various fields, including chemistry, biology, physics and medicine they find physical evidence at the crime scene and try to understand what has actually happened and who the perpetrator is. We can conclude that forensic are also scientists because they, like all the other scientists rely on scientific methods. Criminal justice students are quite familiar with the practice that a forensic scientist firstly take notes, observes and then collects the data. After collecting all the data he processes them in his laboratory, and on that basis he presents his theory of the event he investigates.

The success of forensic investigation depends on the forensic scientist, technical equipment and preparatory activities. Except the degree in criminal justice a forensic scientist is required to have personal and professional experience and certain characteristics as curiosity and tendency to experimenting. He must constantly monitor developments in science and practically apply them into his work.

Forensic scientists list specific issues into the police report which are related to a specific cause (trace), and additional information relevant to the course of investigation: a description of the place of event, conditions in which the traces were found, the way they were handled, and a list of all the circumstances of comparative material. After the conducted forensic analysis the forensic expert gives his opinion and finding, which at that point have legal force in the form of material evidence in court.

During the investigation, forensics examine the clues found at the crime scene with various physical and chemical methods to determine their characteristics and identification. While testing and measuring using physical methods, properties of matter do not change and they do not destroy the sample submitted. Usually these methods are thermo analysis, methods of light reflection, etc. They are using quantitative and qualitative analysis, thin-layer and gas, chromatografia, different probes for detection of explosives and narcotics, DNA analysis, etc.

]]>http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/forensic-scientists-and-what-is-their-job/feed/0Criminal Justice Studies for future government and public officialshttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/criminal-justice-studies-for-future-government-and-public-officials/
http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/criminal-justice-studies-for-future-government-and-public-officials/#commentsMon, 22 Oct 2012 13:26:15 +0000adminhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/?p=159Continue reading →]]>Criminal Justice Studies are for the ones who want to acquire new skills and be capable to work in national and social sectors. The required and elective courses in online criminal justice degree programs combine in-depth insights into the Criminal Law, Criminal Procedural Law, Criminology, Criminal Policy, Organized Crime Combating, Protection of human rights in criminal proceedings, International Criminal Law, Economic crimes from the perspective of comparative law, etc. The study programs are adapted to the current needs of practice with regard to the process of criminal legislation.

Participants in online criminal justice classes through consultations with their mentors do seminary works on their compulsory courses as well as final work at the end of the studies, gaining criminal justice degree online.

The future government and public officials are facing many challenges. On the one hand, they introduce the rule of law and within its scope they are solving problems of the individual in relationship with the repressive state system. They do that with frequent and more comprehensive reforms of criminal law. On the other hand, international criminal courts have increasingly prominent role in bringing to justice the perpetrators of crimes that are considered attacks on general human values as well as international peace and public order. National criminal law is faced with the challenges of organized transnational crime, delinquency of economic corporations, liability issues related to the application of new technologies such as information technology, medical and biotechnology, manufacturing and transport of highly hazardous substances, etc.

Online criminal justice degree programs are focused on the needs of students to learn the principles and objectives of criminal legislation as well as to gain practical skills of their interpretation and application.

Upon completion of studies, students acquire skills competencies to work in the most complex criminal cases.

]]>http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/criminal-justice-studies-for-future-government-and-public-officials/feed/0What it takes to become a detective?http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/what-it-takes-to-become-a-detective/
http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/what-it-takes-to-become-a-detective/#commentsTue, 09 Oct 2012 08:59:58 +0000adminhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/?p=153Continue reading →]]>After the completion of some of the criminal justice colleges according to the main area of studying the undergraduate or graduate student can become a private or agency detective. Individuals and agencies gain right to carry out detective work by obtaining a license issued by the Commission for licensing private security activities. In order to get a work permit, the future detective has to meet certain requirements, similar to the conditions that must be met by the employees in the security sector.

Private Security includes protection, self-protection and detective work, officially defined as: analysis, detection and prevention of potential hazards and illegal actions that violate the dignity and endanger life and physical integrity of the person, or reduce the value of property which is the subject of security. Security services are not included in the police or other security activities of the state. In this regard, the detective work involves tasks of collecting and providing information in the field of private security.

Categories of detective activities include: searching for lost persons, activities of private investigators, detectives activities in retail stores and activities of insurance agents. Under the conditions defined by the law in detective activities can be engaged detectives as entrepreneurs, individually or in a detective agency. Entities (individuals and agencies) involved in the detective business, must not violate or deny human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and generally recognized rules of international law, ratified international treaties and laws, or affect the operation of the courts, public prosecutors, police and other government bodies, companies, institutions and other organizations.

These entities are required to act cautiously with juveniles, taking into account the mental development, sensitivity, and other personal characteristics and protections of privacy of minors, to take care for the process not to have an adverse effect on the development of minors. They are not allowed to exercise police powers, investigative and other public authorities, or to purchase or use uniforms, insignia and identification cards similar to those used by police, investigative and other government authorities.

Accordingly, the detective must not perform activities for which are designated and authorized police, investigative and other public authorities, or to carry out detective work for domestic and foreign security services. It is believed that these regulations made a clear distinction to detective activities in relation to police and other defense, security and counter-intelligence, which detective services must not provide. Detective must not perform detective work for any political party.

Finally, in carrying out his activities, the detective can keep and bear firearms only in accordance with the law on weapons.

]]>http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/what-it-takes-to-become-a-detective/feed/0Criminal Justice as a sciencehttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/criminal-justice-as-a-science/
http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/criminal-justice-as-a-science/#commentsTue, 25 Sep 2012 17:05:39 +0000adminhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/?p=149Continue reading →]]>Criminal Justice represents a scientific discipline that with scientific methods studies the criminal law as a system of positive legislation, identifying its basic principles, concepts and institutions and linking them to the harmonized system (criminal – legal dogmatism).

Criminal justice as a science, studies the historical development of this branch of law, and also determines with critical analysis, if necessary with the comparative method of disadvantages of the positive criminal law and thus preparing the path of its development and perfecting. In accomplishing its task, it is a normative science, necessarily relies onto many other scientific disciplines, particularly those which have as their object studying of criminality. Here especially comes to consideration criminology, criminal policy and Penology.

Doctrine of criminal law began to be fully developed from the end of the 18th century. When Montesquieu, Voltaire, and particularly Bekaria pointed out the deficiencies right then, that was characterized by brutality, arbitrariness, judicial and religious tyranny and motivation. As a reaction to such condition the French Revolution proclaimed the principle that there is no crime or punishment without the law. With that principle German lawyer Feuerbach gives the classical formula “nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege.”

Kant and Hegel give philosophical background for teaching criminal law, which from early 19 century began to develop strongly. Kant understands the sentence as postulate of absolute justice, and Hegel as negation of the crime. A. Feuerbach understands the meaning of the punishment as intimidation with psychological coercion (general prevention). Based on the philosophical and ethical teachings on freedom of the will was made so called classical school of criminal rights, which has developed criminal dogma and contributed in strengthening of the principles of legality. Its basic deficiency is considered to be abstract-logical treatment of crime and delinquent.

Under the influence of the development of the natural sciences during the 19 century was formed the Italian positive school of natural law. Its founder is Lombrozo, with the famous thesis of natural criminal, the atavistic nature of criminality. Legal development and certain correction of the thesis gave Feri and Garofalo. Feri next to individual causes of crime recognizes both physical and social, while Garofalo give a name to the new science of criminology, which then begins to be born. Positive school in its final elaboration rejects notions of moral responsibilities and punishments as righteous retribution proportional with the severity of the crime committed and replaces them with the idea of sanctions as social protection measures.

In Germany in the late 19 century emerges so called sociological school (Franz v. List), which places the emphasis on the social causes of the criminality, laying particular emphasis on economic causes. In the purpose of punishment this school puts emphasis on special prevention (intimidation, improving or neutralization of each delinquent) and pleading for greater individualizations of punishment, the introduction of suspended sentences and security measures. From the fighting of these opposite schools emerges neoclassical school on position of eclectic compromise on confronted positions. Retaining the terms of criminal liability and punishment as retribution, this school introduces the concepts of danger and security measures in criminal right. This duality of criminal sanctions is a basic feature of the neoclassical school whose influence are built many criminal codes in the 20 century. After the Second World War, there is a new direction called “Movement of social defence.” This movement focuses on the scientific (medical-psychological and social) examination of delinquent personality and his choice of socialization of the most suitable sanction, and with full respect of all guarantees for fundamental rights of citizens.

The reasons for enrolling into online criminal justice classes are easiest to be explain with the well known fact that in the past few decades, our way of life changed significantly. For both kids and adults the every day life has become more complex, therefore its hard for everyone to function within the socially acceptable limits. Thus, modern societies need specialists who will fulfill the needs for security and to deal with these delicate subjects.

From the presented facts the conclusion leads that there are very important reasons to enroll into an online criminal justice degree program. Criminal justice degree graduates are above all mostly needed in the public sector (especially the courts, public prosecution, law enforcement), and then in the private sector (especially lawyers). Criminal justice online classes are providing to students the necessary education and skills to become established professionals and pursue a career as a Police Officer, Court Counselor, Probation Officer, Secret Service Agent, Criminal Investigator, Criminologist, Private Investigator, Corrections Facilities Manager, Attorney, Paralegal, Police Detective Public Defender etc…

Student’s attending Criminal justice classes online will study topics related to the general part of criminal law in connection with the general assumptions of criminality, special forms of the offense, and the choice of the type and the extent of punishment, the reasons for exclusion of unlawfulness, guilt and the problem of consistent application of the principle of guilt in the modern criminal law, the distinction between indirect and intent of gross negligence, errors in the criminal law, theory of perpetration, indirect perpetration, encouraging, helping, sentencing.

The main goal criminal justice degree programs is to offer to students knowledge in key parts of the criminal law dogma and sentencing through a comparative approach to the study and to ensure that students will receive a significant insight into criminal justice and the recent developments in the contemporary dogma of the general part of criminal law and its impact on the criminal. In particular the new ideas of self-defense in extreme necessity, the difficulties associated with delusion, especially delusion of unlawfulness that’s hardly accepted in the court law. Student’s need to realize that the court of Law is the highest and the most complex criminal law institution.

The gained knowledge in criminal justice is tested on exams where students in a fair way have to demonstrate their knowledge. The main purpose of the examination is not search for errors and gaps in their knowledge, but rather presents a demonstration of student knowledge and understanding of the criminal justice program and clearly indicates the possessing of analytical, critical and presentational criminal justice skills.

The main goal of Criminology and Criminal Justice degree is to get students acquainted with the theoretical and methodological contents concerning the implementation of criminal procedures, especially during the preparation of criminal proceedings, surveys and investigations. Students enrolled in criminology online classes will gain insight into criminal procedures, the purposeful organization and planned implementation of measures and actions of police bodies and criminal proceedings, as well as ways of implementing these measures as a prerequisite for effective planning of crime reduction. Emphasis of this criminal justice major is placed on: informal investigative actions, urgent investigative actions and special surveys.

The Informal measures and actions of police authorities are presented at a general level of information in order to facilitate understanding of the content of procedural actions with presentation of their cognitive and information values for further action by law authorities. The curriculum of the online criminal justice course offers structural, teleological and realistic perspective to students, while treating criminal procedures as a combination of theoretical postulates in the Criminal Justice fields.

A further goal of this online degree program is acquisition of competence for implementation of criminal procedures in accordance with the methodological points of incrimination. As well as understanding the specificity of the discovery process and the use information from a variety of sources and their transformation into evidence in the procedural sense, and according to specific investigative situations determines methodology. The investigation of criminal offenses is presented as a generis system in terms of explaining the investigation of criminal offenses (the aim and object of research, criminal situations, criminal ways of tactical, operational and investigative situations, crime, crime of criminal elements works etc…).

In certain procedural actions, such as investigation, reconstruction and examination, in methodological terms, the emphasis of the online classes is placed on finding clues while the of type questioning aspect is introduced with psychological insights, especially the various methods and techniques of conducting interviews.

The ultimate goal is that students master the study of criminal process as it is necessary for successful implementation of criminal justice actions based on that knowledge alone and make decisions about their application in practice.

The Criminology and Criminal Justice degree is intended primarily for lawyers as it emphasizes its contribution to the process of legal education that should be reflected in the development of complex skills and knowledge for lawyers in the field of criminal law as a synthesis of knowledge from different fields of science.

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]]>http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/criminology-and-criminal-justice-degree-classes/feed/0How Criminal Justice education can influence legislationhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/how-criminal-justice-education-can-influence-legislation/
http://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/how-criminal-justice-education-can-influence-legislation/#commentsTue, 17 Jul 2012 15:10:56 +0000adminhttp://criminaljusticeclassesonline.com/?p=60Continue reading →]]>At most developed countries, particularly in the U.S. the existence of online criminal justice degree programs has led to better and more efficient operation of criminal law. Criminal justice science therefore, has to constantly develop as a new interdisciplinary field consisted of all common areas and branches according to the needs of criminal law. The development of criminal justice through the scientific and practical professional work of teachers and students attending criminal justice classes will undoubtedly influence the development of legislation and the legal thought. Therefore, the aim of the criminal justice online degree program is achieving higher levels of knowledge and skills in the criminal justice fields through college degree programs in law, criminology, forensic science, Paralegal, Forensic Psychiatry, Correctional Counseling etc…

The general and specific knowledge acquired by attending criminal justice classes online among other things are related to the introduction of the framework for combating organized crime and terrorism possibilities and its optimal use in practice by the law enforcement bodies as well as other departments in the criminal justice system.

The Standards of the national legislation for combating organized crime and terrorism are analyzed from the comparative law perspective and relevant international law sources. Along with organized crime students will get familiar with the causes, manifestations forms, and criminal justice aspects of corruption and money laundering, as a form of criminal actions that are often associated with organized crime. In regards to the knowledge that students will gain at the criminal justice classes related to national security, the curriculum besides theoretical knowledge involves styling anti-terrorist methods and procedures in practice. The online course enables students to be able to analyze the actions of domestic and foreign criminal justice authorities in terms of efficiency, economy and protection of human rights. This last aspect, meaning the protection of human rights is particularly sensitive when it comes to national security so that special attention is paid to the performance of the practicum in order to establish the optimum balance between the requirements for effective criminal persecution on the one hand and the imperative to protect human rights on the other side.

The threat that organized crime poses to society whole reason for the mobilization of the entire criminal justice system for prevention and suppression of crime. Therefore, gaining knowledge about the various aspects of combating organized crime is an important element of contemporary criminal suppression strategies in general, necessary not only to specialists who deal daily combating this type of crime, but to all criminal justice graduate students. In this sense, the online course represents a significant contribution to the criminal justice education.

Computer forensics is a relatively new discipline within the field of Criminal Justice sciences that deals with collection, detection, protection and analysis of evidence in a digital form and includes their presentation of as evidence material in subsequent possible legal proceedings.

Computer forensics is an important part of forensic science not only for capture and conviction of cyber-criminals, but also a range variety of criminal offenders. Computer security incidents have become very common and inevitable. In order to discover the culprits behind the incidents it’s necessary to use computer forensics techniques

The goal of criminal justice online classes in computer forensics is to familiarize students with the current state of the digital artifacts. The term digital artifact can include computer systems, data storage media such as hard disk or DVD media, electronic document (e-mail messages, digital photography) and a number of network packets.

• In legal cases, computer forensic techniques are used for analysis of the computer devices belonging to the defendants.

• To recover data in case of failure of computer components and peripherals, and analysis of computer programs.

• Analyze of computer systems after computer attack to determine how the attacker approached the system and what he did after he broke into the system.

• To collect evidence against the employee for whom the organization considers is engaged in activities that are not permitted.

• To collect data on computer systems for the purpose of finding errors in programs, optimize the effectiveness of programs or reverse engineering.

When conducting a forensic investigation is necessary to take special measures in order to make sure if the evidence can be admissible in court. One of the most important measure is to ensure that evidence is collected properly and that respect the chain of possession of evidence from the crime scene to the laboratory and finally to the Court.

An electronic device used to commit a criminal act or was a tool for doing the same is transferred to forensic laboratory in the same state as it was found for further analysis. Data is copied from it using forensic tools and this copy forms the basis for the investigation. The original device is never the object on which investigations is carried out as it must serve as proof. Therefore, any information on it must not be altered. A copy must be credible that in order to be an object of investigation. Sometimes an electronic device cannot be transferred to laboratory and the copying must be done at the scene. Once the credibility of the copy is proven, it is time to begin collecting data that is afterwards analyzed.