I do believe if you export a QT using Compressor with chapter markers intact, that will transfer over if imported into Premiere.
But that was years ago so of late I have no idea.
I can check in the next few hours.

I found some time to test this with recent software.
From FCPX 10.4.3 to QT/FCPXML (used Xto7) then Premiere Pro CC2019, I can see the markers.
I then tried ProRes/MPG to Encore and nothing works.
I am not sure when they broke this but I was able to do this in the past.
Its been so long since I've done any media with Chapter Markers.