Its sole reason for existence in the market is the omnipresent mosquito, which makes life excruciatingly difficult for the average Indian during summer and monsoon months. In many ways the primary factor fuelling the explosive growth of this market – characterized by low brand loyalty and low product involvement –has been the availability of cost-effective, mosquito repellents.

The night-long noisy drone of mosquitoes that disturbs our sleep is music to the ears of the Rs1, 100-crore mosquito repellent industry. The various segments in this industry are coils, mats, vaporizers, aerosols and creams. The two new segments are personal sprays and gels.

The category-wise market shares:Coils command nearly 50 per cent of the market share, vaporizer refills at 20 per cent, with mats at 10 per cent followed by aerosols at 9 per cent and the rest shared by creams, heating devices and other products.

Segment Wise Market Share

The market for insecticides and repellents has grown by 20 per cent in 2003-04 and is estimated to grow at about 20%. The rural market for mosquito repellents is reckoned at around Rs 173 million against a mere Rs 79 million in urban centers. The market leader of the industry is Godrej Sara Lee Ltd. with brands like Good Knight, Jet and Hit enjoying a market share of 40%

THE EVOLUTION:Coils were the first mosquito repellants to be introduced in the Indian market. The first brand of coils was Tortoise, launched by Bombay Chemicals Ltd. (BCL) in the 1970s. In the 1980s Good Knight was launched and mats used with electronic mosquito destroyers became extremely effective. In the mid 1990s Karamchand Appliances created a new segment of vaporizers with the launch of All Out. .This segment was almost completely dominated by KAPL. GSLL (Godrej Sara Lee Limited) could no longer ignore this growing segment and launched its own vaporizer under the Good Knight brand in 1996-97. In the latter half of the 1990s, the market became much more competitive, with the entry of GSLL, Reckitt Benckiser and HLL. GSLL launched an array of brands (all coils) like Jet Fighter (1997), GoodKnight Jumbo (1999) and GoodKnight Instant one after the other The company's other brands included Banish (mats), Hit (aerosols), Hit Lines (chalks), Mosfree (lotion) and Hexit (spray).while Reckitt also launched its range of mats and coils. These new entrants resorted to heavy advertising and aggressive sales promotion tactics. Recently two new categories of personal sprays and gels have emerged.

The name All Out is almost a generic name for Liquid Vaporizers (vaporizers), a segment of Rs.22O crores in the mosquito repellant industry in India. All out is the market leader in this segment with a 70 percent market share in 2001. KAPL was almost solely responsible for creating this segment. Within a decade of its launch, All...

...EVOLUTION OF MOSQUITOREPELLENTS
By:- Rajdeep Laha
Calcutta Business School
PGDM 2010-12
OVERVIEW
Traditionally, various types of substances have been used to repel mosquitos. These include such things as smoke, plant extracts, oils, tars, and muds. As insect repellent technology became more sophisticated, individual compounds were discovered and isolated. This allowed the formulation of new, more efficient forms ofmosquitorepellents.
The first truly effective active ingredient used in mosquitorepellents was citronella oil. This material is an herbal extract derived from the citronella plant, an Asian grass. While citronella had been used for centuries for medicinal purposes, its repellence was only accidentally discovered in 1901, when it was used as a hairdressing fragrance. Since citronella oil is a fragrant material, it is thought that the chemical terpenes of which it is composed are responsible for its repellent activity. Citronella oil does repel mosquitos, but it has certain characteristics which limit its effectiveness. For example, it is very volatile and evaporates too quickly from surfaces to which it is applied. Also, large amounts are needed to be effective.
The disadvantages of using citronella oil prompted researchers to study alternative synthetic compounds. Many of the early attempts at creating...

...TITLE
Atis (Anona squamosa) leaves as MosquitoRepellent
PURPOSE
The shocking increase of dengue incidents year after year is a concern of our local health department and the society. Studies show that most incidents affect children and adolescent people. Commercially, there are various products of mosquitorepellents readily available for consumers but most of them are highly made from chemicals that are damaging to the skin and are expensive, making it less accessible to most people. This study aims to determine the effect of the said mosquito killer (atis leaves). Especially it will answer the following questions: 1. Does the said mosquitorepellent (atis leaves) cheaper than the commercial ones? 2. Will this mosquitorepellent (atis leaves) be effective in repelling mosquitos? Atis (Anona squamosa), a tropical plant that usually grows spontaneously in the Philippines, aside from bearing fruits of white, sweet, soft, juicy and mild agreeable flavored flesh, also yields leaves where government health researchers found extracts for the formulation of an effective anti-mosquito repellant. It is not only against dengue, in fact, but against all mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and filariasis especially in areas of the country where incidence is high. It also serves as a personal care product used in...

...﻿The Effect of Ipil- ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaves and Dalandan (Citrus aurantium Linn.) Peelings as MosquitoRepellent
Research Proposal
October, 2013
Chapter I
Introduction
Background of the Study
Mosquitoes are one of the major problems in our community because they are carriers of a disease called Dengue. The researcher makes some further studies on how to drive away themosquito-carrying borne diseases and developed this topic to make an organic repellent coil. The researcher use Leucaena leucocephala leaves and Citrium auratium Linn. peels in making mosquitorepellent coil. Aside from this study, some researchers use other variables like lemon grass, neem tree and madre cacao. They will inform the people to use the natural one to avoid having diseases brought by mosquitoes and the side effect of commercial mosquito coils.
Mosquito is an insect that spreads some of the worst diseases of people and animals. Certain kinds of mosquitoes carry the germs that cause serious diseases such as encephalitis, malaria, filariasis and yellow fever. When a mosquito “bites” it may leave germs behind. Many kinds of mosquitoes do not spread diseases, but they have painful “bites”. Many of...

...“NATURAL MOSQUITOREPELLENT”
I. INTRODUCTION
Mosquitoes can be unwelcome guest these rainy days and it is a major insect problem of people. Commercial repellents are harsh, have poisons that are not suitable for children and not always effective in repelling these pesky bugs. We don’t know what are the side effects of these repellents are. Some leaves, unripe fruit, and their seeds contain vermicidal and insectidal properties. It is an inexpensive alternative in avoiding mosquito that causes diseases like dengue and malaria. These insects can also cause economic losses in cattle and other livestock through blood loss, disease transmission and irritation. We arrived at this kind of problem because we want to prevent ourselves from mosquitoes that cause diseases like dengue, malaria as well as painful or uncomfortable insect bites. And we want to avoid slapping and whirring hands when it’s stricken to us and to come up with an effective and safe mosquitorepellent product. We don’t need poisons to deal with insects.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
TITLE; Shoo, Fly: Natural Insect Repellent
By: Laurel Vukovic
From: Natural Health
July/August, 1994
Making human flesh unappetizing to mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and fleas is an age-old preoccupation. The earliest insect repellents included smoke, mud, and various plant substances. ...

...﻿CREATING MEAT TENDERIZING USING PAPAIN FROM PAPAYA BY THE PROCESS OF EXTRACTION
INTRODUCTION
The papaya(from carib via Spanish,) papaw or pawpaw is the fruit of the plant carica papaya, the sole species in the genus carica of the plant family cariceae.it has native to the tropics of the Americas, perhaps from southern Mexico several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classical civilizations.
The papaya is a large, tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arrange leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuously scared where leave sand fruit were borne.
The leaves are 50-70 cm (20-28in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed with seven lobes. The tree is usually un branched unless lopped. The flower are similar in shaped to the flowers of the plumeria but are much smaller and wax-like.
They appear on the axils of the leaves, maturing into large fruit 15-45 cm (5.9-18 in) long and 10-30 cm (3.9-12in) in diameter. The fruit is ripe when it feels soft(as soft as ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange hue.
The papaya is a fast-growing, small, tree-like, herbaceous plant growing to about 6 meters high, more or less. It has no branches, the stout, long petioled palmate leaves directly growing on the straight, soft trunks marked with large, rounded petiole scars.
The papaya fruit is large, rounded and oblong-shaped. It is green...

...Rationale of the study
There are more than 3 000 known mosquito species. However, of the 150 species that are potential vectors, only 30 are considered dangerous. The three genera Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, from three sub-families, are disease relevant.
The epidemiology and the life cycle stages demonstrate the importance of climatic factors and that water is the essential environmental component for mosquitoes. The immature stages such as eggs, larvae and pupae require an aquatic environment, whereas adult mosquitoes live in terrestrial ecosystems. The quality and quantity of water, whether it is running or standing, shallow or deep, clean or polluted, sweet or brackish, shaded or sunlit, permanent or seasonal, and finally the climate will determine which particular species can breed. (WHO, 1982).
As a group, mosquitoes breed in an almost infinite variety of sizes, types and qualities of water bodies and each species requires specific environmental breeding and living conditions. However, most of the mosquito vectors breed in a rather restricted and narrow range of habitats. It is the number of potential transmitting species and their population dynamics which makes control efforts difficult. A comprehensive classification by species, country and habitat, including potential environmental management measures, is presented in the Manual on Environmental Management for Mosquito Control (WHO,...