The first United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development or ?Earth Summit?,
was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The main outcomes of the landmark conference
included seminal documents on Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration and the Statement of
Forest Principles, as well as two legally binding conventions; the United Nations
Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity.
These documents have shaped and guided sustainable development policies and
actions at international, regional, national and local levels in the intervening two
decades. The Earth Summit highlighted environmental and development issues at
an international level, emphasizing the importance of sustainability principles for
social well-being and the economic systems they support.

There have been extensive efforts since 1992, at local, national, regional and
international levels, to implement sustainable development. The UN Commission on
Sustainable Development was set up in 1992 to oversee implementation of the Rio
agreements. Agenda 21, the international plan of action for sustainable
development, continues to provide long-term focus for balancing sustainability goals
with economic and social development. The Aarhus Convention of 1998 also
represented an important step for sustainable development within the UNECE in
three main ways; public access to information about the environment, public
participation in environmental decision-making, and widening the conditions for
access to justice. The United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000 agreed on a set of
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), setting time-bound targets for addressing
extreme poverty in line with the objectives of Agenda 21. Concrete steps to turn
words into action were then agreed upon at the Johannesburg Summit, 2002, in the
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.

At EU level the sustainable development process has been advanced through a suite
of policies and actions following on from the adoption of the EU Sustainable
Development Strategy in 2001 which was subsequently renewed in 2006.
Comprehensive framework Directives and other legislative instruments on waste
management, air, water and biodiversity have been put in place, which have been
transposed into Irish law. We have also seen the introduction of a cap and trade
system, the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) and the setting of binding targets on
greenhouse gas emissions.

Rio +20 presents an opportunity to revisit agreements and commitments made in
1992 and to consider how we will deliver on these, both collectively and individually.
In order to inform Ireland?s contribution to the Rio +20 preparatory process a public
consultation was carried out in which all interested parties were invited to respond to
a stakeholder consultation document (Appendix 1). These responses have been
summarised to form this report and are referenced throughout the document (see
Appendix 2).

2. Progress on sustainable development since the
Earth Summit in 1992: Successes and Failures

In an Irish context, significant steps have been taken since the Earth Summit in Rio in
1992. Ireland has made considerable progress in environmental performance,
developing environmental policies and adopting measures to promote an innovation-
based, low carbon, green economy. The National Sustainable Development Strategy
published in 1997 provided a comprehensive policy analysis of the issues to be
addressed under Rio and outlined a series of ambitious objectives across all sectors.
Since then, Ireland experienced a period of rapid economic growth, during which
some progress was made towards decoupling environmental pressures from
economic demands (OECD, 2009). We have seen a large expansion in Ireland?s
infrastructure in areas such as roads and public transport, comprehensive legislation
in areas such as environmental licensing, waste management and water resource
management and establishment of an independent Environmental Protection
Agency, with wide responsibilities and strong powers. As a result, Ireland generally
has good air and water quality and energy efficiency has improved (OECD, 2009).

Preparation is underway to publish a renewed National Sustainable Development
Strategy (rNSDS), which aims to develop a framework that integrates sustainable
development into key policy areas. The rNSDS will outline effective mechanisms for
implementation and a concrete course of action to advance sustainable development
in Ireland. Drawing on the model established by the EU Sustainable Development
Strategy, the rNSDS will concentrate on gaps where limited progress has been made
and which still present formidable challenges, not least among these being the need
to decouple natural resource use and economic growth.

Progress has been made under Local Agenda 21, which facilitates sustainable
development at a community level
1,2
. Sustainable Development: A strategy for
Ireland was published in 1997, encouraged local authorities to drive Local Agenda 21
forward (DECLG, 2001). Some County and City Development Boards (CDBs) have
made significant progress in their approach to sustainable development. For
example, Waterford CDB has put a range of strategies into place, including a Climate
Change Strategy, 2008-2012, an Economic Plan, 2010-2014 and the County
Development Plan, 2001-2017
1
. However, many communities remain unaware of
Local Agenda 21 so more must be done to ensure that citizens have the knowledge
and support they need to implement it in their communities
1,2
.

Ireland has not been successful in making progress in a number of areas, particularly
with regard to clean energy
1,2
, green house gas (GHG) emissions
1,2,5
and
biodiversity
1,2,5
. Progress in the area of clean energy has been limited and Ireland
remains heavily dependent on imported fossil fuels for almost 90% of its energy
needs
1,2
(Eurostat, 2011). This leaves the country exposed to international market
price fluctuations (SEAI, 2009). Oil prices almost doubled between 2005 and 2010
and the IEA estimated that EU fuel imports increased by ?70bn between 2009 and
2010. The Sustainable Energy Authority has been promoting the move away from
fossil fuels and towards greater energy efficiency but more must be done to increase
domestic energy sources and improve energy resilience in Ireland. Ireland has not
only failed to halt increases in carbon emissions, but research demonstrates that
greenhouse gas emissions for Ireland were 25% higher in 2007 than the 1990
baseline
1,2,3
(Eurostat, 2011). Current projections indicate that Ireland will only meet
its Kyoto obligations as ?a direct result of the current economic recession? (OECD,
2009) and is likely to miss annual obligations under the EU?s 2020 target after 2015
2
(EPA, 2011).

Ireland also failed to meet the 2010 target to halt biodiversity decline
1,2,5
. A number
of native species have already been lost from the island and many more are in need
of protection. Eight species of water beetle are regionally extinct and a further 13%
are under threat (Foster et al., 2009). Byrne et al. (2009) reported that two species of
non-marine mollusc are extinct, while 31% of remaining species are under threat.
One mammal species has been lost and 4% are threatened (Marnell et al., 2009),
one species of butterfly is extinct and 18% are threatened (Regan et al., 2010), 40%
of fish and one of Ireland?s three amphibian species are threatened (King et al.,
2011). 16 species of bird have appeared on the red list of Birds of Conservation
Concern, having shown rapid population declines in recent years.

A summary of specific successes and failures highlighted by respondents is outlined
in Table 1.

3.1. What contributions can the current focus on green economy make
to advancing sustainable development?

Against a backdrop of financial crisis, the current focus on the green economy may
be an important tool in reaching economic stability and has the potential to
significantly enhance sustainable development ambitions. Key drivers for the green
economy include rising fossil fuel prices, pressure to hit targets for renewable energy
and GHG emissions, green public procurement (GPP) and changing consumer
preferences (High-Level Group on Green Enterprise, 2009). The Irish economy has,
thus far, relied on the availability of cheap fossil fuels and the abundance of natural
resources
1
. Despite the recession of 2008, gas prices almost doubled between 2005
and 2010 and Ireland?s dependence on fuel imports have left the country exposed to
market price fluctuations
4
. Finances are no longer available to continue importing
increasingly expensive fuel
1
and energy price increases could lead to inflation,
reduced competitiveness and increased unemployment
4
. Ireland?s transition to a
green economy requires that harmful concessions on coal, oil and gas be phased
out
2,4
and greater investment be made into energy efficiency, renewable energy and
transport technologies in order to improve energy security.

Ireland is under pressure to ensure that 16% of all energy comes from renewable
sources by 2020 under Directive (2009/28/EC) (SEAI, 2010) and to reduce emissions
by 20% of 1990 levels by 2020 (DECLG, 2007). Ireland is well placed to exploit wind
and wave energy and a strong enterprise and research base is emerging which could
help Ireland meet renewable energy targets (High-Level Group on Green Enterprise,
2009). However, several hurdles have delayed the propagation of renewable energy
in Ireland, including delays in planning and licensing approvals, delays in connecting
to the grid and in 2010/2011 support was removed for Bioenergy in buildings
1
.
Development of the green economy in Ireland must involve overcoming these
hurdles and seizing the opportunity to take a lead in production and export of
renewable energy
1
. By reducing dependence on carbon producing energy sources,
Ireland will be in a better position to hit emissions targets.

Ireland has recognised its commitment to GPP and a National Action Plan on Green
Public Procurement is currently in preparation
2
. GPP involves the inclusion of
environmental, economic and social criteria in the public procurement process. This
could promote sustainable development by encouraging public authorities to meet
their needs for goods, services, works and utilities by seeking and choosing
outcomes and solutions that have less environmental impact. GPP policy recognises
that it is necessary to decouple economic growth from negative environmental
impacts and takes account of the wealth of EU environmental policy and legislation
put in place to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services (DECLG, 2011).
Therefore, GPP has the potential to play an important role in driving the green
economy forward
2
.

In recent years there has been a growing understanding of the value of the
ecosystem services that nature provides (DECLG, 2008). This may explain
increasing consumer demand for environmentally responsible goods and services
(High-Level Group on Green Enterprise, 2009). The focus on the green economy
has the potential to significantly enhance sustainable development ambitions in the
areas of clean technology, resource efficiency, eco-design, secondary resource
standards and innovation. Clean technology seeks to use environmentally friendly
raw materials and processes for production of goods. Resource efficiency promotes
efficient use of key raw materials, reduction, prevention and reuse of waste in
manufacturing processes and service provision. Eco-design aims to make products
and services more eco-friendly at the design stage by reducing or eliminating the use
of dangerous chemicals, improving energy efficiency, increasing durability or re-use
potential. Secondary resource standards would promote the safe use of secondary
waste resources, thereby contributing to the conservation of primary resources.
Innovation, both private and public is essential to drive the green economy forward
2
.
However, there is still a long way to go in breaking the consumption cycle
1
. A
coordinated, integrated effort to change consumers? expectations regarding products
would give manufacturers the opportunity to make products and provide services that
are more sustainable
2
.

The green economy alone does not guarantee sustainable development
1,2,3
and it is
important that the focus on green economy does not detract attention from the
broader concept of sustainable development
3
. A green economy is one which is low
carbon, resource efficient and socially inclusive
2
, criteria not currently supported by
our current economic model
1,2,3
. We need an economy that can secure growth and
development while improving human well-being, providing jobs, tackling poverty and
inequality and preserving the natural capital
1,3,4
. Respecting environmental
boundaries is not enough to achieve sustainable development. A commitment must
also be made to promote social justice, support inclusion and participation in decision
making processes and developing a clear set of principles and mechanisms for
accountability
1,2,3,4
. A green economy must also address key social protection
systems such as income security, health security, child benefits, unemployment
benefits, nutrition, education and housing, in order to reduce social vulnerability and
improve resilience
4
.

Ireland has a good track record in championing the eradication of poverty and
hunger
3
and has committed to raising development aid to 0.7% of GDP by 2015
3,5
.
The core issues affecting developing countries are food security
2
, climate change
4
,
access to quality resources and insufficient knowledge on how to manage them
sustainably
3
. As a priority action area for Irish Aid, discussions on the green
economy must deal with the issue of agriculture and food security
3
. In this regard,
Rio +20 must include steps which will prioritise the situation of small-holder farmers
and the agroecological approaches they use which, with the right support, can
ensure more sustainable farming, rural development and greater national food
security
3
. The majority of people living in absolute poverty live on small farms. These
small holder farmers are responsible for growing the majority of the world?s food.
Women play a critical role in food production and efforts to ensure sustainable
development should take this into account. Emphasis should be placed on producing
the right kind of food sustainably
3
.

The Irish Aid programme also focuses on climate change and the role of the
agricultural sector in adaptation and mitigation
3
. The impacts of climate change will
be felt disproportionately by developing countries, despite the fact that these
countries contribute least to causing it
5
. The negative impacts of climate change
have already been felt, reflected in decreasing agricultural production and lower crop
yields, contributing to hunger in Africa and Southern Asia
3
. Ireland has a
responsibility as a wealthy country to take a leading role in developing a genuinely
green economy in order to set an example as a successful, low-carbon, developed
country and to minimise Ireland?s contribution to climate change
2
.

The green economy promotes reduction of consumption and waste production which
may help reduce ?ecological debt?. This is the process whereby developed nations
consume and produce more waste than our environment can replace and absorb,
often leaving developing nations with the repercussions
2
. Developing countries
suffer from a lack of quality resources and insufficient knowledge on how to manage
them sustainably
3
. Access to energy has been identified as a poverty issue
1
, yet
around 1.4bn people globally have no access to electricity
3
. Economic development
in many countries is hindered by unreliable power and fuel supplies, despite the fact
that these same countries have an abundance of renewable energy and huge
potential for improving energy efficiency
3
. Ireland should continue to ensure the
dissemination of new technologies
3
, allowing developing countries to ?leapfrog? to a
low carbon economy
2
and to benefit from Ireland?s experience with renewable
energy
1,3
.

4. Comments on Existing Proposals/Strategies

4.1. Green Economy Roadmap

The European Commission has proposed a Green Economy Roadmap as a
framework of action guaranteeing commitment to sustainable development goals
beyond Rio +20. The Roadmap will provide a range of specific international,
regional and national actions, a timeframe for implementation, a set of indicators and
targets. It will also provide mechanisms to monitor progress (EU Commission, 2011).
The Green Economy Roadmap highlights Europe?s commitment to a green economy
and sustainable development and any documents outlining best practice would be
welcome in informing and shaping national and local policies and responses to global
issues
1
.

4.2. What impact can the EU 2020 Strategy and particularly the Resource
Efficiency Flagship Initiative have on advancing sustainable
development in Ireland?

The EU 2020 Strategy aims to see Europe emerge from economic crisis by
promoting development of a smart economy with sustainable and inclusive growth
9
.
The Strategy has five headline targets:

? 75% of people aged 20-64 should be in employment

? 3% of EU GDP should go towards research and development

? Targets for renewable energy and emissions must be met

? Share of early school leavers should be under 10% and 40% of younger
generation should have a tertiary level education

? 20 million less people should be at risk of poverty

In order to achieve these targets, the Commission proposed seven flagship
initiatives, one of which is Resource Efficient Europe (European Commission, 2010).
The Resource Efficient Europe Flagship Initiative emphasises that our economy and
quality of life depend on natural resources. It provides a long-term framework for
actions in a range of policy areas and promotes resource efficiency as a guiding
principle for EU policies regarding energy, transport, climate change, industry,
commodities, agriculture, fisheries, biodiversity and regional development (European
Commission, 2010). The initiative is ambitious and Ireland is at a disadvantage at
the outset as a result of the current economic climate and slow uptake on renewable
energy
1
. However, energy is a key component of any economy and the Irish
government should increase efforts to improve efficiency in energy consumption as a
priority
2
.

One of the targets of the Resources Efficiency Flagship Initiative is to reduce energy
imports from 16% to 5% by 2050. The initiative presents major economic
opportunities to improve productivity, reduce costs and increase competitiveness,
particularly with regards to renewable energy, and Ireland should benefit from the
opportunities that arise
1
. Renewable energy use could increase energy security in
Ireland, reduce emissions and associated financial penalties and give the country
greater control over commodity prices
1
. The Resource Efficiency Flagship Initiative
could advance sustainable development by continuing to drive forward the agenda
and outlining targets for all member states
1
.

5. Implementation

5.1 Views on Implementation and Closing the Implementation Gap

Despite the ambitious vision laid out by Rio 1992, progress in implementation and the
institutional framework for implementation have proved disappointing
3
. Delays in
implementation have been due to a combination of factors including an ineffective
institutional framework
2
, an economic model that does not prioritise sustainability
1,2,3
and a lack of knowledge dissemination
1,2
.

Political will to fulfil commitments has waned since 1992 and the institutional
framework for making real progress on sustainable development is inadequate
2
.
This has led to unacceptable delays in transposing EU environmental directives into
Irish law
1
and compliance and enforcement procedures are not sufficient
2
.
Sustainable development encompasses a broad range of sectors, which leads to
challenges with coordination, implementation and assigning responsibility. A reform
of the institutional framework for sustainable development is required to close the
implementation gap
1
. This framework should have a ?bottom up? structure, starting
with cooperation between County and City Development Boards and local
authorities
1,2,3
. They need to implement action in all areas of sustainable
development and fully embrace new initiatives that emerge
1
, coordinating local,
national and international decisions
1,2
. At national level, governments must provide
direction and resources to ensure that local authorities have the knowledge, ability
and funding available to implement sustainable development
1
. Targets agreed at Rio
+20 should form the basis of all policy decisions and should be incorporated into all
national and regional plans
1
. At a global level, there must be cohesion and
cooperation between global initiatives, such as MDGs, Climate Change and
Sustainable Development, which often operate in isolation despite sharing common
goals
3
. Sustainable development does not always feature strongly in the
programmes and work of UN agencies
3
. A UN institution is required that has a
powerful, integrated mandate to deal with sustainable development issues
3,4,
which
would fall under the UN Delivering as One initiative
3
.

Our current economic model is based on the over consumption of finite resources
3
.
Steps to change this have often been designed using financial incentives or penalties
so the reason behind the changes, decreasing resource depletion, is often lost
1
. It is
essential to decouple economic progress from resource exploitation
1,2
. A common
misconception is that environmental issues hinder growth
17
and current measures of
wellbeing rely on GDP, so social and environmental factors are often overlooked
1,2,3
.
The way that we measure growth and success must be reassessed
3
and more must
be done to promote awareness of the benefits that a healthy environment contribute
towards economic growth
2
. A new economic model should embrace all three pillars
of sustainable development
3,4
and progress indicators must be redefined
3
. A
possible solution would be the introduction of ?satellite? national accounts, which
consider factors not measured in the traditional economic model and recognise the
value of natural resources
3
.

It is also evident from the current international economic crisis that global financial
markets have become increasingly linked by speculative and opportunistic
transactions. Speculative transactions account for a high proportion of all financial
transactions but they are completely tax free
3
. Financial markets must be regulated
to end speculation and taxation reformed to discourage potentially harmful activity in
the real economy and financial sector
3,4
. Support is growing for the introduction of a
progressive tax targeting those who profit from speculative transactions. The tax
would not only assist monitoring of the financial risks being taken but would also
generate revenue which could be used for national and international development.
With a potential value of ?50-100bn, the annual, global revenue could be enough
eliminate the worst forms of material poverty worldwide. The European Commission
has taken the initiative, proposing a Financial Transactions Tax within Europe. This
represents an important step towards implementation
3,4
.

There needs to be a stronger commitment to ensuring understanding of sustainability
and increased cooperation between communities and local government
1
. The public
and the public authorities at all levels still need to be informed and educated about
the real issues facing them
2
. Ireland?s position as the only EU country yet to ratify
the Aarhus Convention represents a significant obstacle to improving public access
to information, decision-making and justice regarding the environment in Ireland
2
.
Understanding of how sustainable development addresses issues of social justice
and the environment empowers people and encourages them to act
1
. Although
school programs have improved awareness of sustainability, a gap remains in
education provision on environmental sustainability in the wider community
1
. Some
local authorities set a positive example by promoting community-based initiatives,
such as the All Ireland Pride of Place competition, awareness campaigns and
EcoCert, which encourage businesses and citizens to take a more sustainable
approach
1
. There are also a number of global movements focused on sustainability.
Collaboration between governance and sustainability movements would bring about
enormous progress as government directives would be more easily disseminated
throughout the community
1
. Greater involvement of non-state actors and marginal
groups will also be vital in closing the implementation gap
1,2
.

5.2. Mechanisms and Tools for Implementation

? Implementation of sustainable development strategies already in place
1

? Appointment of local Sustainability Development Officers with relevant
qualifications and experience to educate others on issues related to sustainable
development
1
. The role could also include coordination, direction and ensuring
adoption of sustainability principles within the community
1
.

? More support for non governmental organisations which promote sustainability
awareness and understanding amongst their peers
1
.

? Use of incentives to promote action. Presenting the potential economic gains
associated with green economy will promote buy in from businesses
1
.

? Legally binding rules prioritising the goals and targets of Rio +20 and ensuring
compliance
1,2,3
, accompanied by penalties for failure to comply which are
enforceable and respected
1

6. Expectations for Rio +20

6.1. Expected outcomes

Rio +20 provides an opportunity to renew focus on sustainable development. Civil
Society in Ireland would like to see:

? A reiteration of commitment to the principles of sustainable development
contained in the Rio Declaration, 1992
1,2,3
, particularly:

o A commitment to provide knowledge and support for implementation of
Local Agenda 21
1

o Reiteration of the importance of poverty eradication in achieving a
sustainable society
2,3
and reaffirmation from all states that they will honour
pledges to provide 0.7% GDP in Official Development Aid by 2015
2

o Renewed commitment to the ?polluter pays? principle
2,3

o Reemphasis of the importance of employing the precautionary principle
1,2,3

? A stronger commitment from all nations to ensure greater understanding of
sustainability across all sectors of society, promoting communication and
cooperation between communities and the government
1,2,5

? A shift in focus from the current economic model to one which combines
economic, social and environmental criteria as measures of growth and
success
1,2,3,4

? Establishment of institutional structures to facilitate this
2
? A international commitment on action to halt climate change and mitigate against
it?s adverse effects
1,3

? Recognition in UN Law of biodiversity loss as an environmental and financial
crisis on power with climate change
2

? Targets set based on what needs to be achieved
1

? A commitment from all nations to the implementation of actions rather that just
agreement to goals
1

Rio +20 presents an opportunity to revisit agreements and commitments made in
1992 and to consider how we will deliver on these, both collectively and individually.
Governments need to make firm commitments on how to tackle emerging issues,
promoting compliance and enforcement procedures. All nations must show the
political will to fulfill the commitments made in 1992 in order to achieve sustainable
development.

7. Stakeholder Seminar

The Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government held a
seminar on the 25
th
October 2011 as part of a wider consultation process. The
seminar was open to the public and speakers represented environmental, social and
local authority interests, from an EU and Irish perspective. The outcome from the
stakeholder consultation to date was presented at the seminar and stakeholders
were given a further opportunity to respond. Points rose from the following sectors:

Local Authority

? Attention was drawn to the success of Local Agenda 21 in a number of counties
in Ireland. However, a speaker from the environmental sector noted that many
County and City Development Boards were not given sufficient terms of reference
for implementing Local Agenda 21 and that Government support for inclusion of
sustainability into their Terms of Reference is limited.

? The role of local authorities as key players in environmental and pollution control
was emphasised.

Environmental Sector

? Concern was raised over the lack of compliance with environmental law. It was
suggested that a combination of low political will, low compliance and lack of
enforcement could continue to hinder implementation. It was proposed that civil
society be given more power to push compliance at a local level.

? It was suggested that Ireland could learn from other countries that have
successfully introduced green public procurement.

? Another suggestion was that social media such as Twitter be used to keep people
informed of events and programmes taking place at a local level.

Social/Development Sector

? Emphasis was placed on the limitations of current economic models and their
failure to meet the needs of society. There was a reiteration of the need for
growth and success to be measured in terms of social, environmental and
economic variables, rather than depending on GDP. A suggested solution was
the development of ?satellite? accounts, which consider items not traditionally
measured and recognise the value of natural resources.

? The importance of the role of Women in food production in developing countries
was highlighted. The point was raised that Women are responsible for 60-80% of
food production in developing countries, yet suffer huge inequalities in pay and
access to primary and secondary education.

There was also general consensus that a key factor in progressing sustainable
development would be the production of a new set of indicators for social well-being.

Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG) (2001)Towards
Sustainable Local Communities: Guidelines on Local Agenda 21. DECLG, Dublin
Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG) (2007) Ireland: National
Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012. DECLG, Dublin

Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG) (2008) The Economic and
Social Aspects of Biodiversity, Benefits and Costs. DECLG, Dublin.

Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG) (2011) National Action
Plan on Green Public Procurement. Draft for Public Consultation, DECLG, Dublin

European Commission (2010) Europe 2020; A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
Communication from the Commission, European Commission, Brussels

European Commission (2011) Rio +20: Towards the Green Economy and Better Governance,
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European
Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, European Commission,
Brussels

High-Level Group on Green Enterprise (2009) Developing the Green Economy in Ireland. Report,
Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment and Forfás, Dublin

1. What have been the main successes/failures in progressing sustainable
development since the Earth Summit in 1992?

2. What contributions can the current focus on the green economy contribute to
advancing sustainable development, particularly from an Irish perspective?

3. Can the green economy contribute towards Ireland?s efforts in assisting
developing countries and what priorities should we be addressing in this regard?

4. What impact can the EU 2020 strategy and, in particular, the Resource Efficiency
Flagship Initiative have on advancing sustainable development in Ireland and
what priorities should Ireland establish in implementing the initiative?

5. What are the comments, if any on existing proposals: e.g. a green economy
roadmap, framework for action, sustainable development goals, a revitalized
global partnership or others?

6. What are the views on implementation and how to close the implementation gap,
which relevant actors are envisaged as being involved (Government, specific
Major Groups, UN system, IFIs, etc.)

7. What specific cooperation mechanisms, partnership arrangements or other
implementation tools are envisaged and what is the relevant time frame for the
proposed decisions to be reached and actions to be implemented?

8. What are the expectations for the outcome of Rio +20, and what are the concrete
proposals in the regard, including views on a possible structure of the Outcome
document?

Appendix 2

Stakeholder responses

Table 2: Submissions received in response to circulation of the public consultation document