1. resolve vectors into x and y components2. sum all the vectors in the x direction to get the resultant for the x direction, and sum all the vectors in the y direction to get the resultant for the y direction3. the magnitude of the resultant is R= √(Rx^2 + Ry^2)

the change in position that goes in a straight-line path from the initial position to the final; it is independent of the path taken

displacement (Δx)

SI UNIT: m (meters)

Δx/Δtdisplacement/time

average velocity

SI UNITS: m/s (meters/second squared)

the rate of change of an object's velocity; it is a vector quantity;Δv/Δtvelocity/time

can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield strength of the material

Young's Modulus (Y) = (F/A)/(Δl/lo)stress/strain

l=length

law of physics describing the electrostatic interaction between electrically charged particles

formula:

Coulomb's Law

formula: F= (kq1q2)/r^2

SI UNITS: NEWTONS (N)

the electric force per unit charge

a positive (+) point charge will move...a negative (-) charge will move...

Electric field

E= F/q = k⋅q/r^2

SI UNITS: N/C or V/mC=coulombs; V=volts

in the same direction as the electric fieldin the opposite direction

amount of work required to move a charge (q) from infinity to the point in space

Electric Potential Energy (U)

U= qΔV = qEd= (kq1⋅Q)/r

SI UNITS: JOULE

with electric dipoles, p is the...

the dipole feels no translational force, but experiences a ___ about the center causing it to rotate, so that...

dipole moment and p=qd

the dipole feels no translational force, but experiences a TORQUE about the center causing it to rotate, so that the dipole moment aligns with the electric field

the amount of work required to move a positive test charge (qo) from infinity to a particular point divided by the test charge

Electric Potential (V)

V= W/ qoWork/ positive test charge

SI UNITS: VOLT= JOULE/coulombs

when two oppositely charge parallel plates are separated by a distance (d), an electric field is created, and a ___ exists between the plates, given by:

Potential Difference (Voltage)

Voltage (V)= W/q = kq/r V=Ed

SI UNITS: VOLT = Joule/Coulomb

density (ρ)=

ρ (rho)=m/vρ=mass/volume

SI UNITS: kg/m^3kilogram per cubic meter

specific gravity=

ρsubstance/ρwater

NO UNITS

ρwater=

10^3 kg/m^3

ρgV=

Weight (W) in fluids and solidsWeight (W)= ρ⋅g⋅V

scalar quantity defined as force per unit area

Pressure (P) = F/A

SI UNITS: PASCAL = N/m^2

For static fluids of uniform density in a sealed vessel, pressure (P)=

P= ρgh

Absolute pressure in a fluid due to gravity somewhere below the surface is given by the equation:

P= Po + ρgh

Gauge pressure=

reads the excess of pressure over atmospheric pressure and this excess

Pg= Pabs - Penviornment

If steady flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of mass is applied to the system, this exists and is defined as: "The mean velocities at all cross sections having equal areas are then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the velocities are inversely proportional to the areas of the respective cross sections." Thus if the flow is constant in a reach of channel the product of the area and velocity will be the same for any two cross sections within that reach.

Continuity Equation: v1A1=v2A2

v=the mean velocitya=cross sectional area of flow

points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline,the fluid has constant density,the flow is steady, andthere is no friction.

the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. --if the weight of the fluid displaced is < than the object's weight, then...

--if the weight of the fluid displaced by the object is ≥ to object's weight, then...

Fbuoyant= ρfluid⋅g⋅Vsubmergeddensity x g x volume

Archimedes's Principle

the object will sinkthe object will float

a change in the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the containing vessels

Pascal's Principle

ΔP= F1/A1 = F2/A2 and A1d1 = A2d2, so W= F1d1 = F2d2

created by permanent magnets and moving charges; their lines depict the direction a compass needle would point if placed in the field from the North Pole(away from) to the South Pole (towards)

Magnetic Fields (B)

SI UNITS: Tesla (T) - N⋅s/m⋅C

A charge moving in a magnetic field experiences a force exerted on it.

Magnetic Force

F=q⋅v⋅B⋅sin(theta)

When is the magnetic force (F=q⋅v⋅B⋅sin(theta))=0?

When charges move parallel or antiparallel to the magnetic field.

the flow of electric charge; and the direction is the direction positive charge would flow or from high to low potential

DC (Direct Current) Current (I)

Current (I)= Δq/Δt

SI UNITS: Amp (A) = Coulombs/second or C/s

states that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them

Ohm's Law (can be applied to entire circuit or individual resistors)

V (potential difference)=I (current) ⋅R (resistance)

V=IR

opposition to the flow of charge; and it increases with increasing temperatures with most conductors

Resistance (R)= ρL/A

SI UNITS: Ohm (Ω)

1. At any junction within a circuit, the sum of current flowing into that point must equal the current leaving.2. The sum of voltage sources equals the sum of voltage drops around a closed circuit loop