Notes: To identify the mechanism, we introduce the interactive term between the poverty status and GTPs into PTP determination specification. And we also introduce he interactive term between the poverty status and GTPs into household-income determination specification. We only demonstrate results of the interactive term in Panel B. Other variables are not reported. Z values are reported in parentheses. aSignificantly at 10% level. bSignificantly at 5% level. cSignificantly at 1% level