Chief magistrate

chief magistrate, chief magistrate of venice crossword clueChief magistrate is a public official, executive or judicial, whose office is the highest in its class Historically, the two different meanings of magistrate have often overlapped and refer to, as the case may be, to a major political and administrative officer usually at a subnational or colonial level or a judge and barrister

Contents

1 Governing chief magistrates

11 European states

12 Colonial functions and titles

13 References to the US Presidency

14 British Lord Protector

2 Judicial Chief Magistrates

21 Sri Lanka

3 See also

4 Sources and references

5 References

Governing chief magistratesedit

If the jurisdiction he or she heads is considered to have statehood sovereign or not, the official is generally its head of state and in various degrees of authority chief executive However, the precise meaning depends upon the particular circumstances where it is given

European statesedit

Chief magistratures in antiquity include the following titles:

Consul

Dictator

Rex

Suffet

Chief magistratures in the feudal era and sometimes beyond include the following titles:

Consul

Gonfaloniere

Lord Mayor, Mayor and various close equivalents such as OberBürgermeister in German language, Lord Provost in Scotland

Podestà

Presidente del magistrato

Rettore

"Chief magistrate" is also used as a generic term in English for the various offices in the role of head of state of the various Swiss confederal cantons, with such styles as Landamman

Colonial functions and titlesedit

The Cayman Islands were part of the English, and later British, Empire since 18 July 1670 Initially part of Jamaica, they were proclaimed a crown colony on 4 July 1959, this Colony receiving its own Administrator and eventually a Governor When the first permanent settlements were established, circa 1734, the highest colonial authority was styled Chief Magistrate There were eight holders of the position until 1898, when the new post of Commissioner was created

The Bay Islands, settled by the British in 1827, were claimed by Britain until 1860 as well as by their ultimate owner Honduras Britain appointed two consecutive chief magistrates William Fitzgibbon acting in 1850, and John James Hall, 1850-1852 before declaring the islands a crown colony under the Governor of Jamaica, represented locally by two consecutive Presiding Magistrates: Charles Henry Johnes Cuyler, 1852-1855, and Alexander Wilson Moir, 1855-1860

In December 1832, the Port Cresson colony was founded by the Black Quakers of the New York and Pennsylvania Colonization Societies After it was destroyed by Bassa natives in June 1835, it was reestablished the following month as Bassa Cove colony, which in 1837 annexed the Edina settlement, also formed by the New York and Pennsylvania Colonization Societies Until its 1 April 1839 incorporation into Liberia, its de facto governors were styled Chief Magistrate

Norfolk Island was since 1 November 1856 governed as a separate territory subordinated to New South Wales, where on 8 June 1856 the Pitcairn islanders were resettled The highest colonial authorities were its many consecutive chief magistrates, till its self-government was revoked on 15 January 1897; afterwards, administrators were appointed

While Zululand was a separate British crown colony from 21 June 1887 until its 1 December 1897 incorporation into the Colony of Natal, it was nominally under the governorship of the British governors of Natal, but the highest colonial authority on the spot was titled Resident Commissioner and Chief Magistrate:

1887-1893 Sir Melmoth Osborn 1834-1899

1893-1 December 1897 Sir Marshall James Clarke 1841-d 1909

When on 23 January 1894 South Zambesia the future Southern Rhodesia, present Zimbabwe was created from Mashonaland and Matabeleland protectorates both had been privately owned by the British South Africa Company, it was administered by a Chief Magistrate of South Zambesia:

23 January 1894 - May 1894 Andrew Duncan acting

May 1894 - 9 September 1894 Leander Starr Jameson b 1853 - d 1917, who stayed on as the first Administrator of the Rhodesia Protectorate the 3 May 1895 union of South Zambesia and North Zambesia - present Zambia - as Rhodesia Protectorate

References to the US Presidencyedit

References to the President of the United States as "Chief Magistrate" were common in the early American republic, although use of the term is rare today In 1793, George Washington described himself as his country's "Chief Magistrate" in his second inaugural address In 1800, Alexander Hamilton wrote in a private letter to Aaron Burr, later published by Burr with his permission, that he considered John Adams "unfit for the office of Chief Magistrate" James Monroe told the 18th Congress, shortly before leaving office in a House report dated February 21, 1825, "By the duties of this office, the great interests of the nation are placed, in their most important branches, under the care of the Chief Magistrate" Abraham Lincoln referred to the President as chief magistrate in his first inaugural address in 1861 In 1908, Woodrow Wilson remarked, "Men of ordinary physique and discretion cannot be Presidents and live, if the strain cannot be somehow relieved We shall be obliged to always be picking our chief magistrates from among wise and prudent athletes, a small class" Wilson was himself elected President four years later

British Lord Protectoredit

In the British Interregnum and during the existence of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, the Lord Protector was referred to as 'Chief Magistrate' in the state's two major constitutional documents: the Instrument of Government 1653 and the Humble Petition and Advice 1657

Judicial Chief Magistratesedit

Unlike the previous section, this does not require any political autonomy for the jurisdiction, so there can be additional circonscriptions, even created solely for the administration of justice It is not uncommon for magistratures to perform additional functions separate from litigation and arbitration, rather as a registrar or notary, but as these are not their defining core-business, they are irrelevant in the context of this article

Sri Lankaedit

In Sri Lanka, the Chief Magistrates Court in Colombo is the senior of the Magistrates Courts in the judicial division of Colombo1

See alsoedit

Chief justice

Sources and referencesedit

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