1. This appeal by special leave has been filed against the impugned
judgment of the Gauhati High Court dated 26.11.2001 in Writ Appeal No.
447 of 2001. By the aforesaid judgment the Division Bench of the Gauhati
High Court dismissed the Writ Appeal of the appellant filed against the
judgment of the Learned Single Judge dated 21.8.2001.

2. Heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the record.

3. The appellant was in the service of the Border Roads Engineering
Service which is governed by the Border Roads Engineering Service Group
'A' Rules, as amended. As per these rules, since the appellant was promoted
as Executive Engineer on 22.2.1988, he was eligible to be considered for
promotion to the post of Superintending Engineer on completion of 5 years
on the grade of Executive Engineer, which he completed on 21.2.1993.
Accordingly the name of the appellant was included in the list of candidates
eligible for promotion.

4. The Departmental Promotion Committee (DPC) held its meeting on
16.12.1994. In that meeting the appellant was not held to be eligible for
promotion, but his juniors were selected and promoted to the rank of
Superintending Engineer. Hence the appellant filed a Writ Petition before
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the Gauhati High Court which was dismissed and his appeal before the
Division Bench also failed. Aggrieved, this appeal has been filed by special
leave before this Court.

5. The stand of the respondent was that according to para 6.3(ii) of the
guidelines for promotion of departmental candidates which was issued by
the Government of India, Ministry of Public Grievances and Pension, vide
Office Memorandum dated 10.4.1989, for promotion to all posts which are
in the pay scale of Rs.3700-5000/- and above, the bench mark grade should
be 'very good' for the last five years before the D.P.C.. In other words, only
those candidates who had 'very good' entries in their Annual Confidential
Reports (ACRs) for the last five years would be considered for promotion.
The post of Superintending Engineer carries the pay scale of Rs.3700-
5000/- and since the appellant did not have 'very good' entry but only 'good'
entry for the year 1993-94, he was not considered for promotion to the post
of Superintending Engineer.

6. The grievance of the appellant was that he was not communicated the
'good' entry for the year 1993-94. He submitted that had he been
communicated that entry he would have had an opportunity of making a
4
representation for upgrading that entry from 'good' to 'very good', and if that
representation was allowed he would have also become eligible for
promotion. Hence he submits that the rules of natural justice have been
violated.

7. In reply, learned counsel for the respondent submitted that a 'good'
entry is not an adverse entry and it is only an adverse entry which has to be
communicated to an employee. Hence he submitted that there was no
illegality in not communicating the 'good' entry to the appellant.

8. Learned counsel for the respondent relied on a decision of this Court
in Vijay Kumar vs. State of Maharashtra & Ors. 1988 (Supp) SCC 674
in which it was held that an un-communicated adverse report should not
form the foundation to deny the benefits to a government servant when
similar benefits are extended to his juniors. He also relied upon a decision
of this Court in State of Gujarat & Anr. vs. Suryakant Chunilal Shah
1999 (1) SCC 529 in which it was held:

"Purpose of adverse entries is primarily to forewarn the
government servant to mend his ways and to improve his
performance. That is why, it is required to communicate
the adverse entries so that the government servant to
whom the adverse entry is given, may have either
opportunity to explain his conduct so as to show that the
5
adverse entry was wholly uncalled for, or to silently
brood over the matter and on being convinced that his
previous conduct justified such an entry, to improve his
performance".

On the strength of the above decisions learned counsel for the respondent
submitted that only an adverse entry needs to be communicated to an
employee.

9. We do not agree. In our opinion every entry must be communicated
to the employee concerned, so that he may have an opportunity of making a
representation against it if he is aggrieved.

10. In the present case the bench mark (i.e. the essential requirement) laid
down by the authorities for promotion to the post of Superintending
Engineer was that the candidate should have 'very good' entry for the last
five years. Thus in this situation the 'good' entry in fact is an adverse entry
because it eliminates the candidate from being considered for promotion.
Thus, nomenclature is not relevant, it is the effect which the entry is having
which determines whether it is an adverse entry or not. It is thus the rigours
of the entry which is important, not the phraseology. The grant of a `good'
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entry is of no satisfaction to the incumbent if it in fact makes him ineligible
for promotion or has an adverse effect on his chances.

11. Hence, in our opinion, the 'good' entry should have been
communicated to the appellant so as to enable him to make a representation
praying that the said entry for the year 1993-94 should be upgraded from
'good' to 'very good'. Of course, after considering such a representation it
was open to the authority concerned to reject the representation and confirm
the 'good' entry (though of course in a fair manner), but at least an
opportunity of making such a representation should have been given to the
appellant, and that would only have been possible had the appellant been
communicated the 'good' entry, which was not done in this case. Hence,
we are of the opinion that the non-communication of the 'good' entry was
arbitrary and hence illegal, and the decisions relied upon by the learned
counsel for the respondent are distinguishable.

12. Learned counsel for the respondent submitted that under the Office
Memorandum 21011/4/87 [Estt.'A'] issued by the Ministry of
Personnel/Public Grievance and Pensions dated 10/11.09.1987, only an
adverse entry is to be communicated to the concerned employee. It is well
settled that no rule or government instruction can violate Article 14 or any
7
other provision of the Constitution, as the Constitution is the highest law of
the land. The aforesaid Office Memorandum, if it is interpreted to mean
that only adverse entries are to be communicated to the concerned employee
and not other entries, would in our opinion become arbitrary and hence
illegal being violative of Article 14. All similar Rules/Government
Orders/Office Memoranda, in respect of all services under the State,
whether civil, judicial, police, or other service (except the military), will
hence also be illegal and are therefore liable to be ignored.

13. It has been held in Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India & Anr. AIR
1978 SC 597 that arbitrariness violates Article 14 of the Constitution. In
our opinion, the non-communication of an entry in the A.C.R. of a public
servant is arbitrary because it deprives the concerned employee from
making a representation against it and praying for its up-gradation. In our
opinion, every entry in the Annual Confidential Report of every employee
under the State, whether he is in civil, judicial, police or other service
(except the military) must be communicated to him, so as to enable him to
make a representation against it, because non-communication deprives the
employee of the opportunity of making a representation against it which
may affect his chances of being promoted (or get some other benefits).
8
Moreover, the object of writing the confidential report and making entries in
them is to give an opportunity to a public servant to improve his
performance, vide State of U.P. vs. Yamuna Shankar Misra 1997 (4) SCC

7. Hence such non-communication is, in our opinion, arbitrary and hence
violative of Article 14 of the Constitution.

14. In our opinion, every entry (and not merely a poor or adverse entry)
relating to an employee under the State or an instrumentality of the State,
whether in civil, judicial, police or other service (except the military) must
be communicated to him, within a reasonable period, and it makes no
difference whether there is a bench mark or not. Even if there is no bench
mark, non-communication of an entry may adversely affect the employee's
chances of promotion (or getting some other benefit), because when
comparative merit is being considered for promotion (or some other benefit)
a person having a `good' or `average' or `fair' entry certainly has less
chances of being selected than a person having a `very good' or
`outstanding' entry.

15. In most services there is a gradation of entries, which is usually as
follows:

A person getting any of the entries at items (ii) to (vi) should be
communicated the entry so that he has an opportunity of making a
representation praying for its upgradation, and such a representation must be
decided fairly and within a reasonable period by the concerned authority.

16. If we hold that only `poor' entry is to be communicated, the
consequences may be that persons getting `fair', `average', `good' or `very
good' entries will not be able to represent for its upgradation, and this may
subsequently adversely affect their chances of promotion (or get some other
benefit).

17. In our opinion if the Office Memorandum dated 10/11.09.1987, is
interpreted to mean that only adverse entries (i.e. `poor' entry) need to be
communicated and not `fair', 'average' or 'good' entries, it would become
arbitrary (and hence illegal) since it may adversely affect the incumbent's
chances of promotion, or get some other benefit.

10

18. For example, if the bench mark is that an incumbent must have `very
good' entries in the last five years, then if he has `very good' (or even
`outstanding') entries for four years, a `good' entry for only one year may yet
make him ineligible for promotion. This `good' entry may be due to the
personal pique of his superior, or because the superior asked him to do
something wrong which the incumbent refused, or because the incumbent
refused to do sycophancy of his superior, or because of caste or communal
prejudice, or for some other extraneous consideration.

19. In our opinion, every entry in the A.C.R. of a public servant must be
communicated to him within a reasonable period, whether it is a poor, fair,
average, good or very good entry. This is because non-communication of
such an entry may adversely affect the employee in two ways : (1) Had the
entry been communicated to him he would know about the assessment of
his work and conduct by his superiors, which would enable him to improve
his work in future (2) He would have an opportunity of making a
representation against the entry if he feels it is unjustified, and pray for its
upgradation. Hence non-communication of an entry is arbitrary, and it has
been held by the Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Maneka
11
Gandhi vs. Union of India (supra) that arbitrariness violates Article 14 of
the Constitution.

20. Thus it is not only when there is a bench mark but in all cases that an
entry (whether it is poor, fair, average, good or very good) must be
communicated to a public servant, otherwise there is violation of the
principle of fairness, which is the soul of natural justice. Even an
outstanding entry should be communicated since that would boost the
morale of the employee and make him work harder.

21. Learned counsel for the respondent has relied on the decision of this
Court in U. P. Jal Nigam vs. Prabhat Chandra Jain AIR 1996 SC 1661.
We have perused the said decision, which is cryptic and does not go into
details. Moreover it has not noticed the Constitution Bench decision of this
Court in Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (supra) which has held that
all State action must be non-arbitrary, otherwise Article 14 of the
Constitution will be violated. In our opinion the decision in U.P. Jal
Nigam (supra) cannot be said to have laid down any legal principle that
entries need not be communicated. As observed in Bharat Petroleum
Corporation Ltd. vs. N.R. Vairamani AIR 2004 SC 4778 (vide para 9):
12

"Observations of Courts are neither to be read as Euclid's
Theorems nor as provisions of the statute, and that too,
taken out of their context".

22. In U.P. Jal Nigam's case (supra) there is only a stray observation "if
the graded entry is of going a step down, like falling from 'very good' to
'good' that may not ordinarily be an adverse entry since both are a positive
grading". There is no discussion about the question whether such 'good'
grading can also have serious adverse consequences as it may virtually
eliminate the chances of promotion of the incumbent if there is a benchmark
requiring 'very good' entry. And even when there is no benchmark, such
downgrading can have serious adverse effect on an incumbent's chances of
promotion where comparative merit of several candidates is considered.

23. Learned counsel for the respondent also relied upon the decision of
this Court in Union of India & Anr. vs. S. K. Goel & Ors. AIR 2007 SC
1199 and on the strength of the same submitted that only an adverse entry
need be communicated to the incumbent. The aforesaid decision is a 2-
Judge Bench decision and hence cannot prevail over the 7-Judge
Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of
India (supra) in which it has been held that arbitrariness violates Article 14 13
of the Constitution. Since the aforesaid decision in Union of India vs. S.K.
Goel (supra) has not considered the aforesaid Constitution Bench decision
in Maneka Gandhi's case (supra), it cannot be said to have laid down the
correct law. Moreover, this decision also cannot be treated as a Euclid's
formula since there is no detailed discussion in it about the adverse
consequences of non-communication of the entry, and the consequential
denial of making a representation against it.

24. It may be mentioned that communication of entries and giving
opportunity to represent against them is particularly important on higher
posts which are in a pyramidical structure where often the principle of
elimination is followed in selection for promotion, and even a single entry
can destroy the career of an officer which has otherwise been outstanding
throughout. This often results in grave injustice and heart-burning, and may
shatter the morale of many good officers who are superseded due to this
arbitrariness, while officers of inferior merit may be promoted.

25. In the present case, the action of the respondents in not
communicating the 'good' entry for the year 1993-94 to the appellant is in
14
our opinion arbitrary and violative of natural justice, because in substance
the `good' entry operates as an adverse entry (for the reason given above).

26. What is natural justice? The rules of natural justice are not codified
nor are they unvarying in all situations, rather they are flexible. They may,
however, be summarized in one word : fairness. In other words, what they
require is fairness by the authority concerned. Of course, what is fair would
depend on the situation and the context.

28. In our opinion, our natural sense of what is right and wrong tells us
that it was wrong on the part of the respondent in not communicating the
'good' entry to the appellant since he was thereby deprived of the right to
make a representation against it, which if allowed would have entitled him
to be considered for promotion to the post of Superintending Engineer. One
may not have the right to promotion, but one has the right to be considered
for promotion, and this right of the appellant was violated in the present
case.

15

29. A large number of decisions of this Court have discussed the
principles of natural justice and it is not necessary for us to go into all of
them here. However, we may consider a few.

"The concept of natural justice has undergone a great
deal of change in recent years. In the past it was thought
that it included just two rules, namely (1) no one shall be
a judge in his own cause (Nemo debet csse judex propria
causa), and (2) no decision shall be given against a party
without affording him a reasonable hearing (audi alteram
partem). Very soon thereafter a third rule was envisaged
and that is that quasi-judicial enquiries must be held in
good faith, without bias and not arbitrarily or
unreasonably. But in the course of years many more
subsidiary rules came to be added to the rules of natural
justice".

(emphasis supplied)

31. The aforesaid decision was followed by this Court in K. I. Shephard
& Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors. AIR 1988 SC 686 (vide paras 12-15). It
was held in this decision that even administrative acts have to be in
accordance with natural justice if they have civil consequences. It was also
held that natural justice has various facets and acting fairly is one of them.
16

The doctrine (natural justice) is now termed as a
synonym of fairness in the concept of justice and stands
as the most accepted methodology of a governmental
action".

(emphasis supplied)

33. In the same decision it was also held following the decision of
Tucker, LJ in Russell vs. Duke of Norfolk (1949) 1 All ER 109:

"The requirement of natural justice must depend on the
circumstances of the case, the nature of the enquiry, the
rules under which the tribunal is acting, the subject-
matter that is being dealt with, and so forth".

34. In Union of India etc. vs. Tulsiram Patel etc. AIR 1985 SC 1416
(vide para 97) a Constitution Bench of this Court referred to with approval
the following observations of Ormond, L.J. in Norwest Holst Ltd. vs.
Secretary of State for Trade (1978) 1, Ch. 201 :

"The House of Lords and this court have repeatedly
emphasized that the ordinary principles of natural justice
must be kept flexible and must be adapted to the
circumstances prevailing in any particular case".

(emphasis supplied)
17
Thus, it is well settled that the rules of natural justice are flexible. The
question to be asked in every case to determine whether the rules of natural
justice have been violated is : have the authorities acted fairly?

36. In our opinion, fair play required that the respondent should have
communicated the 'good' entry of 1993-94 to the appellant so that he could
have an opportunity of making a representation praying for upgrading the
same so that he could be eligible for promotion. Non-communication of the
said entry, in our opinion, was hence unfair on the part of the respondent
and hence violative of natural justice.

37. Originally there were said to be only two principles of natural justice :
(1) the rule against bias and (2) the right to be heard (audi alteram partem).
However, subsequently, as noted in A.K. Kraipak's case (supra) and K.L.
Shephard's case (supra), some more rules came to be added to the rules of
18
natural justice, e.g. the requirement to give reasons vide S.N. Mukherji vs.
Union of India AIR 1990 SC 1984. In Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of
India (supra) (vide paragraphs 56 to 61) it was held that natural justice is
part of Article 14 of the Constitution.

38. Thus natural justice has an expanding content and is not stagnant. It
is therefore open to the Court to develop new principles of natural justice in
appropriate cases.

39. In the present case, we are developing the principles of natural justice
by holding that fairness and transparency in public administration requires
that all entries (whether poor, fair, average, good or very good) in the
Annual Confidential Report of a public servant, whether in civil, judicial,
police or any other State service (except the military), must be
communicated to him within a reasonable period so that he can make a
representation for its upgradation. This in our opinion is the correct legal
position even though there may be no Rule/G.O. requiring communication
of the entry, or even if there is a Rule/G.O. prohibiting it, because the
principle of non-arbitrariness in State action as envisaged by Article 14 of
19
the Constitution in our opinion requires such communication. Article 14
will override all rules or government orders.

40. We further hold that when the entry is communicated to him the
public servant should have a right to make a representation against the entry
to the concerned authority, and the concerned authority must decide the
representation in a fair manner and within a reasonable period. We also
hold that the representation must be decided by an authority higher than the
one who gave the entry, otherwise the likelihood is that the representation
will be summarily rejected without adequate consideration as it would be an
appeal from Caesar to Caesar. All this would be conducive to fairness and
transparency in public administration, and would result in fairness to public
servants. The State must be a model employer, and must act fairly towards
its employees. Only then would good governance be possible.

41. We, however, make it clear that the above directions will not apply to
military officers because the position for them is different as clarified by
this Court in Union of India vs. Major Bahadur Singh 2006 (1) SCC 368.
But they will apply to employees of statutory authorities, public sector
20
corporations and other instrumentalities of the State (in addition to
Government servants).

42. In Canara Bank vs. V. K. Awasthy 2005 (6) SCC 321, this Court
held that the concept of natural justice has undergone a great deal of change
in recent years. As observed in para 8 of the said judgment:

"Natural justice is another name for common-sense
justice. Rules of natural justice are not codified canons.
But they are principles ingrained into the conscience of
man. Natural justice is the administration of justice in a
common-sense liberal way. Justice is based substantially
on natural ideals and human values".

43. In para 12 of the said judgment it was observed:

"What is meant by the term "principles of natural justice"
is not easy to determine. Lord Summer (then Hamilton,
L.J.) in R. v. Local Govt. Board (1914) 1 KB 160:83
LJKB 86 described the phrase as sadly lacking in
precision. In General Council of Medical Education &
Registration of U.K. v. Spackman (1943) AC 627:
(1943) 2 All ER 337, Lord Wright observed that it was
not desirable to attempt "to force it into any Procrustean
bed".

"In our opinion, when an authority takes a decision
which may have civil consequences and affects the rights
21
of a person, the principles of natural justice would at
once come into play".

45. In our opinion, non-communication of entries in the Annual
Confidential Report of a public servant, whether he is in civil, judicial,
police or any other service (other than the military), certainly has civil
consequences because it may affect his chances for promotion or get other
benefits (as already discussed above). Hence, such non-communication
would be arbitrary, and as such violative of Article 14 of the Constitution.

46. In view of the above, we are of the opinion that both the learned
Single Judge as well as the learned Division Bench erred in law. Hence, we
set aside the judgment of the Learned Single Judge as well as the impugned
judgment of the learned Division Bench.

47. We are informed that the appellant has already retired from service.
However, if his representation for upgradation of the `good' entry is
allowed, he may benefit in his pension and get some arrears. Hence we
direct that the 'good' entry of 1993-94 be communicated to the appellant
forthwith and he should be permitted to make a representation against the
same praying for its upgradation. If the upgradation is allowed, the
22
appellant should be considered forthwith for promotion as Superintending
Engineer retrospectively and if he is promoted he will get the benefit of
higher pension and the balance of arrears of pay along with 8% per annum
interest.

48. We, therefore, direct that the 'good' entry be communicated to the
appellant within a period of two months from the date of receipt of the copy
of this judgment. On being communicated, the appellant may make the
representation, if he so chooses, against the said entry within two months
thereafter and the said representation will be decided within two months
thereafter. If his entry is upgraded the appellant shall be considered for
promotion retrospectively by the Departmental Promotion Committee
(DPC) within three months thereafter and if the appellant gets selected for
promotion retrospectively, he should be given higher pension with arrears of
pay and interest @ 8% per annum till the date of payment.