3 Clean Energy Regulatory Framework in IndonesiaThe energy sector in Indonesia is dominated by four key policies and objectives:Diversification: A key objective of the Government of Indonesia is to reduce dependence on oil by expanding the use of coal, gas, and renewable energy resources.Rational Energy Pricing: The Government of Indonesia recognizes that it can no longer sustain uniform pricing for electricity and petroleum products across the country, and it has begun to eliminate subsidies.Energy Sector Reform: The combination of decentralization of government decision-making to give greater involvement to regional authorities, and the need to attract capital investment in the energy sector call for energy sector reform that introduces greater transparency to planning and decision-making. This is now a critical priority for the government.Rural Electrification: The Government of Indonesia wants to bring electricity to 90 percent of the population by 2020.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

4 Government’s Policy on Renewable EnergyUtilization of Renewable Energy will be part of Government’s policy in promoting “Green Energy Program” under the proposed “Energy Law”.Electricity Law No. 20/2002 states that Renewable Energy is the first priority for providingelectricity in the country.The basis for renewable energy development in Indonesia is Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006on National Energy Policy. It sets national targets for an optimal energy mix in 2025:(i) less than 20 percent from oil; (ii) more than 30 percent from gas; (iii) more than 33 percent from coal; (iv) more than 5 percent from bio-fuel; (v) more than 5 percent from geothermal; (vi) more than 5 percent from other renewable, especially biomass, nuclear, micro-hydro, solar and wind; and (vi) more than 2 percent from liquefied coal.Source: Direktorat Jenderal Listrik dan Pemanfaatan Energi Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya MineralSustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

8 What is Micro-Hydro Power Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas ManagementFlowing and falling water have potential energy. Hydro power comes from converting energy in flowing water by means of a water wheel or through a turbine into useful mechanical power. This power is converted into electricity using an electric generator.Hydro Power schemes are classified by the output power which they produce as approximately:Large scale: 2 MW and aboveMini: 100 kW to 2 MWMicro: 5 kW to 100 kWPico: less than 5 kWMicro-hydro schemes produce power from streams and small rivers. The power can be used to generate electricity, or to drive machinery.What are the benefits of using micro-hydro?In remote areas, micro-hydro schemes can bring electricity for the first time to wholecommunities. This provides lighting, TV and communications for homes, schools, clinics and community buildings. The electrical power from micro-hydro also is sufficient to run machinery and refrigerators, thus supporting small businesses as well as homes.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

11 Micro-Hydro Power Component Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas ManagementMicro-hydro systems have the following components:A water turbine that converts the energy of flowing or falling water into mechanicalenergy that drives a generator, which generates electrical power – this is the heart of amicro-hydropower system.A control mechanism to provide stable electrical power.Electrical transmission lines to deliver the power to its destination.Depending on the site, the following may be needed to develop a micro-hydropower system:An intake or weir to divert stream flow from the water course.A canal/pipeline to carry the water flow to the forebay from the intake.A forebay tank and trash rack to filter debris and prevent it from being drawn into theturbine at the penstock pipe intake.A penstock pipe to convey the water to the powerhouse.A powerhouse, in which the turbine and generator convert the power of the water intoelectricity.A tailrace through which the water is released back to the river or stream.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

12 How to Plan for Micro Hydro System1. How to Measure Potential Power and EnergyThe first step is to determine the hydro potential of water flowing from the river or stream. We will need to know the flow rate of the water and the head through which the water can fall, as defined in the following:The flow rate is the quantity of water flowing past a point at a given time. Typical unitsused for flow rate are cubic metres per second (m3/s), litres per second (lps), gallons perminute (gpm) and cubic feet per minute (cfm).The head is the vertical height in metres (m) or feet (ft.) from the level where the waterenters the intake pipe (penstock) to the level where the water leaves the turbine housingPower CalculationThe amount of power available from a micro hydro power system is directly related to the flow rate, head and the force of gravity.This is only the theoretical available power, assuming that 100 percent of the power available in the water can be usefully converted. Efficiency of the system also needs to be taken into account.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

13 How to Plan for Micro Hydro System2. Assessing Power and Energy RequirementIn assessing the feasibility of developing a micro hydro power system, you should carefully examine your power and energy requirements. The power you need is the instantaneous intensity of electricity required to power the appliances you use; this is measured in kilowatts.To estimate how much electricity you need:List all your electrical appliances and lights and note when and how long they are used.Note the power that each appliance consumes. An appliance’s power rating is usually written onthe back of the appliance and is measured in watts or kilowatts.Record the number of hours each appliance is used in a typical day.For each appliance, multiply the power rating in watts by the number of hours used each day toobtain the number of watt hours (or kWh) that the appliance uses per day.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

15 How to Plan for Micro Hydro System3. Sizing the SystemThe most important question in planning a micro hydro power system is how much energy can be expected from the site and whether or not the site will produce enough power to meet your energy needs.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

16 Types of Hydro power TurbinesImpulse Turbines:Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure.The water stream hits each bucket on the runner.High head, low flow applications.Types : Pelton turbine, Turgo turbineReaction Turbines:Combined action of pressure and moving water.Runner placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking eachindividually.Lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines.Chain Turbines:It is a gravity machineIt is built up of two parallel chain systems joint together at the chains with a series ofbuckets.The flow rater entering the buckets is controlled by the water valve through a motor to openor close the valve.Buckets fill full of water go down to bring to rotary sprocket system.

22 Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro HydroHydropower is fuelled by water, so it's a clean fuel source.Hydropower doesn't pollute the air like power plants that burn fossil fuels, such as coal or diesel.Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a renewable power source.Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.Hydropower plants provide benefits in addition to clean electricity. Impoundment hydropower creates reservoirs that offer a variety of recreational opportunities, notably fishing, swimming, and boating. Most hydropower installations are required to provide some public access to the reservoir to allow the public to take advantage of these opportunities.Other benefits may include water supply and flood control if you have storage scheme.Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

23 Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro HydroFish populations can be impacted if fish cannot migrate upstream past impoundment dams to spawning grounds or if they cannot migrate downstream to the ocean. Remedies are fish ladders or elevators, or by trapping and hauling the fish upstream by truck. Other remedies can be by maintaining a minimum spill flow past the turbine.Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, which can be remedied by various aeration techniques, which oxygenate the water.Hydropower plants can be impacted by drought. When water is not available, the hydropower plants can't produce electricity. What is the remedy for this ? Subject for discussion for all!!!Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management

26 Success Story Indonesia Micro Hydro (Tea Plantation)Best PracticeStrong leadership by YBUL, a non-profit organization focusing on promoting green energy projects and tea plantation management took advantage of govt. support for renewable development program. USAID contributed 50% loan and channeled through YBUL while the project owner, PT Chakra, provides balance 50%. Loan tenor is 5 years with 2 years grace.Success FactorsCollaboration of associated parties and the project owner to provide technical assistance and financing of the micro-hydro project.Forward looking estate management anticipated increased diesel oil price and support of local community in displacing kerosene using hydro-power.Lesson LearnedStakeholders (both public/government and private sectors) worked closely together to ensure successful conversion of diesel generation sets to micro hydro.Estate management received support of local community at early stage of development.Results2×144 kW micro hydro generation replaced high cost diesel generation and reduced about 975 tones a year of CO2 emission.Operational since 2002 with payback after only 3 years.Source: Private-Public Partnership WEC PPP Case Studies for Asia Pacific and S. Asia (The Energy Future in an Independent World (Rome, 11/15 November 2007)Sustainable Energy – S2 Gas Management