“Look, there’s a week’s worth of WIP in Final Assembly. There are 25
scratched units at the Primer line. Line 6 is down for 20 minutes because
of a part out…”

Waste is somewhat harder to see in, say, a design studio, but with good
visual management we can make it visible.

“Look at our design funnel — we have 20 Designs in Process at Stage 1 but
our max level is 10. And we just released 3 months worth of drawings even
though our engineers can only process a week’s worth at a time…” And so
on.

Value is harder to define and harder to see. Kano’s model continues to be
helpful.

Kano-san taught us that Value has three dimensions:

1) Expected — “When I turn the key, my car starts…”

2) Prescribed (more is better) — e.g. “Hey, I got more features at the same
price — and they delivered it a few days early.”, and