Solution

Approach #1 Using Recursion with memoization [Stack Overflow]

Algorithm

In order to find the solution to the given problem, we need to consider every case possible(for the arrangement of the input digits/characters)
and what value needs to be considered for each case. Let's look at each of the possibilites one by one.

Firstly, let's assume, we have a function ways(s,i) which returns the number of ways to decode the input string , if only the characters upto the
index in this string are considered. We start off by calling the function ways(s, s.length()-1) i.e. by considering the full length of this string .

We started by using the last index of the string . Suppose, currently, we called the function as ways(s,i). Let's look at how we proceed. At every step, we need
to look at the current character at the last index () and we need to determine the number of ways of decoding that using this character could
add to the total value. There are the following possiblities for the character.

The character could be a *. In this case, firstly, we can see that this * could be decoded into any of the digits from 1-9. Thus, for every decoding possible
upto the index , this * could be replaced by any of these digits(1-9). Thus, the total number of decodings is 9 times the number of decodings possible
for the same string upto the index . Thus, this * initially adds a factor of 9*ways(s,i-1) to the total value.

Apart from this, this * at the index could also contribute further to the total number of ways depending upon the character/digit at its preceding
index. If the preceding character happens to be a 1, by combining this 1 with the current *, we could obtain any of the digits from 11-19 which could be decoded
into any of the characters from K-S. We need to note that these decodings are in addition to the ones already obtained above by considering only a single current
*(1-9 decoding to A-J). Thus, this 1* pair could be replaced by any of the numbers from 11-19 irrespective of the decodings done for the previous
indices(before ). Thus, this 1* pair leads to 8 times the number of decodings possible with the string upto the index . Thus, this adds
a factor of 9 * ways(s, i - 2) to the total number of decodings.

Similarly, a 2* pair obtained by a 2 at the index could be considered of the numbers from 21-26(decoding into U-Z), adding a total of 6 times the
number of decodings possible upto the index .

On the same basis, if the character at the index happens to be another *, this ** pairing could be considered as
any of the numbers from 11-19(9) and 21-26(6). Thus, the total number of decodings will be 15(9+6) times the number of decodings possible upto the index .

Now, if the character could be a digit from 1-9 as well. In this case, the number of decodings that considering this single digit can
contribute to the total number is equal to the number of decodings that can be contributed by the digits upto the index . But, if the character is
a 0, this 0 alone can't contribute anything to the total number of decodings(but it can only contribute if the digit preceding it is a 1 or 2. We'll consider this case below).

Apart from the value obtained(just above) for the digit at the index being anyone from 0-9, this digit could also pair with the digit at the
preceding index, contributing a value dependent on the previous digit. If the previous digit happens to be a 1, this 1 can combine with any of the current
digits forming a valid number in the range 10-19. Thus, in this case, we can consider a pair formed by the current and the preceding digit, and, the number of
decodings possible by considering the decoded character to be a one formed using this pair, is equal to the total number of decodings possible by using the digits
upto the index only.

But, if the previous digit is a 2, a valid number for decoding could only be a one from the range 20-26. Thus, if the current digit is lesser than 7, again
this pairing could add decodings with count equal to the ones possible by using the digits upto the index only.

Further, if the previous digit happens to be a *, the additional number of decodings depend on the current digit again i.e. If the current digit is greater than
6, this * could lead to pairings only in the range 17-19(* can't be replaced by 2 leading to 27-29). Thus, additional decodings with count equal to the
decodings possible upto the index .

On the other hand, if the current digit is lesser than 7, this * could be replaced by either a 1 or a 2 leading to the
decodings 10-16 and 20-26 respectively. Thus, the total number of decodings possible by considering this pair is equal to twice the number of decodings possible upto the
index (since * can now be replaced by two values).

This way, by considering every possible case, we can obtain the required number of decodings by making use of the recursive function ways as and where necessary.

By making use of memoization, we can reduce the time complexity owing to duplicate function calls.

Complexity Analysis

Time complexity : . Size of recursion tree can go upto , since array is filled exactly once. Here, refers to the length of the input
string.

Space complexity : . The depth of recursion tree can go upto .

Approach #2 Dynamic Programming [Accepted]

Algorithm

From the solutions discussed above, we can observe that the number of decodings possible upto any index, , is dependent only on the characters upto the
index and not on any of the characters following it. This leads us to the idea that this problem can be solved by making use of Dynamic Programming.

We can also easily observe from the recursive solution that, the number of decodings possible upto the index can be determined easily if we know
the number of decodings possible upto the index and . Thus, we fill in the array in a forward manner. is used to store the
number of decodings possible by considering the characters in the given string upto the index only(including it).

The equations for filling this at any step again depend on the current character and the just preceding character. These equations are similar
to the ones used in the recursive solution.

The following animation illustrates the process of filling the for a simple example.

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Complexity Analysis

Time complexity : . array of size is filled once only. Here, refers to the length of the input string.

Space complexity : . array of size is used.

Approach #3 Constant Space Dynamic Programming [Accepted]:

Algorithm

In the last approach, we can observe that only the last two values and are used to fill the entry at . We can save some
space in the last approach, if instead of maintaining a whole array of length , we keep a track of only the required last two values. The rest of the
process remains the same as in the last approach.

Complexity Analysis

Time complexity : . Single loop upto is required to find the required result. Here, refers to the length of the input string .