A perennial growing to 3 ft (1m), with oval, toothed leaves and a cluster of small green-yellow flowers. It is native to northeastern China, eastern Russia and North Korea, but is now extremely rare in wild. The plant takes at least 4 years to mature.

Compiled by the Jiang Su Medical College Published by Shanghai Science & Technology Publicatio

Chinese Herbal Medicine Published by Hua Xia Publishing House

Colored illustrations of Chinese Materia Medica Specified in Pharmacopoeia of The People's Rep of China Compiled by Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Public Health, PR ChinaPublished by Joint Publishing (HK) Co, Ltd

Medicinal Plants In ChinaCompiled by The institute of Chinese Materia Medica China Academy of TCMPublished by World Health Organization