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SIGNAL INTEGRITYCopper Roughness Electromagnetics 101Most electrical engineers working with high-speed differential interfaces such as PCIe are aware of the effect of rough copper on insertion loss – and know it is to be avoided. What they may not understand is exactly why that’s true. Why smoothing copper for better signal integrity could degrade mechanical performance.by JeFF Loyer

SCHEDULINGA Layout Time Estimating ToolNecessity is the mother of invention. How that, plus insistent engineers, led to an algorithm for design scheduling.by James Jackson

THE FUTUREElectronics 2020: What Will the Industry Look Like?Robots, DNA-based circuits, 3D printers, supply chain migration: These are just some of the challenges – and opportunities – the electronics industry is facing today. What leading electronics experts see in the design and manufacturing landscape the next several years.by Mike Buetow