1.
Roman bridge
–
Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure, most utilized concrete as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges. As with the vault and the dome the Romans were the first to realize the potential of arches for bridge construction. A more complete survey by the Italian scholar Vittorio Galliazzo found 931 Roman bridges, mostly of stone, Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular, although a few were segmental. A segmental arch is an arch that is less than a semicircle, generally, Roman bridges featured wedge-shaped primary arch stones of the same in size and shape. The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch aqueducts, such as the Pont du Gard and Segovia Aqueduct. Their bridges featured from an early time onwards flood openings in the piers, e. g. in the Pons Fabricius in Rome, Roman engineers were the first and until the industrial revolution the only ones to construct bridges with concrete, which they called Opus caementicium. The outside was covered with brick or ashlar, as in the Alcántara bridge. The Romans also introduced segmental arch bridges into bridge construction, trajans bridge over the Danube featured open-spandrel segmental arches made of wood. This was to be the longest arch bridge for a thousand years both in terms of overall and individual span length, while the longest extant Roman bridge is the 790 m long Puente Romano at Mérida. The late Roman Karamagara Bridge in Cappadocia may represent the earliest surviving bridge featuring a pointed arch, early Roman arch bridges, influenced by the ancient notion of the ideal form of the circle, often describe a full circle, with the stone arch continuing underground. A typical example is the Pons Fabricius in Rome, later, Roman masonry bridges rested mostly on semi-circular arches, or, to a lesser extent, on segmental arches. In addition, a number of arch forms make rare appearances. Built in 142 BC, the Pons Aemilius, later named Ponte Rotto is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome and they were most of the time at least 2 metres above the body of water. An example of temporary military bridge construction are the two Caesars Rhine bridges, the largest rivers to be spanned by solid bridges by the Romans were the Danube and the Rhine, the two largest European rivers west of the Eurasian Steppe. The lower Danube was crossed by least two and the middle and lower Rhine by four different bridges, for rivers with strong currents and to allow swift army movements, pontoon bridges were also routinely employed. Going from the lack of records of pre-modern solid bridges spanning larger rivers. Catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Gazzola, Piero, Ponti romani. org, Pontes longi - Roman bog bridges

2.
Paredes de Coura
–
Paredes de Coura is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 9,198, in an area of 138.19 km², the municipality is located in the district of Viana do Castelo. The present Mayor is Prof. Vitor Paulo Pereira, elected by the Socialist Party, the municipal holiday is August 10. The municipality is composed of 16 parishes, The town is famous for the Paredes de Coura summer rock festival. Municipality official website Casa de Rubiaes Casa da Morada Paredes de Coura Festival

3.
Portugal
–
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north

4.
Way of St. James
–
Many follow its routes as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth. It is also popular hiking and cycling enthusiasts as well as organized tours. The Way of St. Legend holds that St. Jamess remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain, the Way can take one of dozens of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally, as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James began at ones home, however, a few of the routes are considered main ones. During the Middle Ages, the route was highly travelled, however, the Black Death, the Protestant Reformation, and political unrest in 16th century Europe led to its decline. By the 1980s, only a few pilgrims per year arrived in Santiago, later, the route attracted a growing number of modern-day pilgrims from around the globe. In October 1987, the route was declared the first European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe, whenever St. Jamess Day falls on a Sunday, the cathedral declares a Holy or Jubilee Year. Depending on leap years, Holy Years occur in 5,6, the most recent were 1982,1993,1999,2004, and 2010. The next will be 2021,2027, and 2032, the pilgrimage to Santiago has never ceased from the time of the discovery of St. Jamess remains, though there have been years of fewer pilgrims, particularly during European wars. The main pilgrimage route to Santiago follows an earlier Roman trade route, at night, the Milky Way overhead seems to point the way, so the route acquired the nickname Voie lactée – the Milky Way in French. The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Over the centuries the scallop shell has taken on mythical, metaphorical and practical meanings, two versions of the most common myth about the origin of the symbol concern the death of Saint James, who was martyred by beheading in Jerusalem in 44 AD. According to Spanish legends, he had spent time preaching the gospel in Spain, version 1, After Jamess death, his disciples shipped his body to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. Off the coast of Spain, a storm hit the ship. After some time, however, it washed ashore undamaged, covered in scallops, version 2, After Jamess death his body was transported by a ship piloted by an angel, back to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. As the ship approached land, a wedding was taking place on shore, the young groom was on horseback, and on seeing the ship approaching, his horse got spooked, and horse and rider plunged into the sea. Through miraculous intervention, the horse and rider emerged from the water alive, the scallop shell also acts as a metaphor. The grooves in the shell, which meet at a point, represent the various routes pilgrims traveled, eventually arriving at a single destination

5.
List of Roman bridges
–
The Romans were the worlds first major bridge builders. The following list constitutes an attempt to list all known surviving remains of Roman bridges, finally, incidences where only inscriptions lay testimony to a former Roman bridge are also included. In the following, bridges are classified according to their material or their function. Most data not otherwise marked comes from O’Connors Roman Bridges which lists 330 stone bridges for traffic,34 timber bridges and 54 aqueduct bridges, an even larger compilation of more than 900 Roman bridges is offered by the Italian scholar Galliazzo, which is used here only selectively. Note, the columns are sortable by clicking the header. Bridges are particularly difficult to classify as they, more than other structures, are subject to wear, on account of war and the impact of natural elements. Thus, the majority of bridges listed below can be assumed to include medieval or modern modifications, replacements or extensions, the following table lists bridges made out of stone or brick. The vast majority features arches, although stone deck slabs were also known, Bridges spans and height abbreviations, S = small, M = middle, L = large. A timber bridge is a structure composed wholly out of wood, strictly speaking, many bridges of the second type should be rather called concrete pillar bridges, as the Romans preferably used opus caementicium for constructing their bridge piers. As an alternative to ferry services, the Roman army often made use of bridges, along with timber structures. They usually consisted of boats lashed together, with the bows pointing towards the current, permanent bridges of boats were also commonly set up for civilian traffic. See also List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire,94 km langer Tunnel antiker Tunnel im Norden Jordaniens entdeckt, Querschnitt,21, pp. 24–35 Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani, Vol. 1017/s0068245400008066 Kissel, Theodor, Stoll, Oliver, Die Brücke bei Nimreh. Ein Zeugnis römischer Verkehrspolitik im Hauran, Syrien, Antike Welt,31, pp. 109–125 Milner, a Roman Bridge at Oinoanda, Anatolian Studies,48, pp. 117–123, doi,10. Anhang, Reste einer Brücke oberhalb von Kemer am Oberlauf des Xanthos, Archäologischer Anzeiger, Berlin, German Archaeological Institute, pp. 304–307, ISSN 0003-8105 Fernández Casado, puentes Romanos, Instituto Eduardo Torroja, Madrid 1980 Media related to Roman bridges at Wikimedia Commons Vici

6.
Chesters Bridge
–
Chesters Bridge was a Roman bridge over the River North Tyne at Chollerford, Northumberland, England, and adjacent to Chesters Roman fort on Hadrians Wall. The fort, mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum, and now identified with the fort found at Chesters, was known as Cilurnum or Cilurvum, in 2016, public access to Chesters Roman bridge abutments was suspended due to flood damage. The remains of the bridge on the east bank of the River North Tyne are approached along a footpath from near Chollerford Bridge and these remains were first located in 1860. They form one of the most impressive and massive structures to be seen on Hadrians Wall. An early inscription on a dedicated to Disciplina, found in 1978, indicates the earliest known military presence was a wing of cavalry. There were at least two bridges on this spot, the first, less massive than its successor, was probably contemporary with the construction of the Wall in AD 122-4. It crossed the river on a series of at least eight hexagonal stone piers about 13 feet apart, the overall length of the bridge between abutments was 200 feet. The masonry appears to have been plain but substantial, and the surviving hexagonal pier bears traces of dovetail cramps of iron set in lead which would have held the stones tightly together. The second bridge was far more massive and the new eastern abutment was a far more massive affair than before, the lewis-holes widen as they penetrate. The lewis consisted of a wedge which, after being inserted in the hole, was widened out to lock into it by the insertion of a strip of metal between the two halves of the wedge. The hook of the crane was passed through the head of the lewis. From this solid abutment there sprang an elegant bridge with four arches supported on three substantial river piers,34 feet apart and its overall length was 189 feet and was intended to take a road carriageway. This second bridge seems to date from the early 3rd century, there is no evidence for any further repair or alteration to the bridge after that date. There is a fertility symbol carved into the northern face of the eastern abutment. However his son John Clayton, an antiquarian, removed all his fathers work, exposing the fort, excavating. John Clayton also made excavations at Housesteads Fort, Carrawburgh Mithraic Temple, Cilurnum Chollerford Bridge Hadrians Wall Low Brunton Petrosomatoglyph Male fertility symbol Roman bridge List of Roman bridges

7.
Piercebridge Roman Bridge
–
Piercebridge Roman Bridge is the ruin of a Roman bridge over the River Tees near the village of Piercebridge, County Durham, England. The bridge carried Dere Street Roman road across the river, Piercebridge Roman Fort guarded the bridge. The Tees has narrowed and changed its course over the centuries so the remains lie in a field around 90 metres south of the current course of the river, what remains of the bridge are massive masonry blocks that formed its piers. The lower courses of one of the abutments still stand, partially complete, all of the timber has disappeared in the nearly 16 centuries since the end of the Roman occupation. From this, and other evidence he argues that the Romans made far greater use of transport than is generally recognised. His views are set out in his books The Piercebridge Formula, On the Trail of the Legions, list of Roman bridges Roman Britain Brigantes Nation - Piercebridge

8.
Pons Aelius
–
Pons Aelius was a fort and Roman settlement at the original eastern end of Hadrians Wall, at the site now occupied by The Castle, Newcastle. The Latin name means Aelian Bridge and can be traced back to when emperor Hadrian visited Britain in AD122, the towns population is estimated to have been around 2,000. The fort is estimated to have been 1.53 acres, as Pons Aelius was a wall fort it is very likely a military road led from it and followed the Wall, linking its forts and milecastles. The bridge and its fort were built at the end of a road, Cades Road, which is speculated to have run from Brough-on-Humber, passing through York. Although the fort was to be the eastern end, it was not long before the wall was extended to Segedunum. There is evidence to suggest the fort was rebuilt in stone and it is also suggested Pons Aelius may have been built to replace an earlier fort at the south of the Tyne at Gateshead. The fort is mentioned once in the Notitia Dignitatum in the 4th/5th centuries, the bridge was the only bridge outside Rome named after an emperor, suggesting a particular importance. Strategically, the fort was sited here to guard the important river-crossing and it would have given the Roman Army an excellent view of the surrounding areas and more importantly it commanded an excellent position at the northern bridgehead. It is also unusual among other forts in being placed at the promontory at Newcastle and this would only allow it to use the west gate for dispersion of troops, while normally all four gates would be used. Despite the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not important among the northern Roman settlements, the most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum through Hadrians Wall and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger, the fort was abandoned around 400 AD and the site was built on by the Anglo-Saxons. Excavations in the 1970s to 1990s found over 600 Anglo-Saxon graves, much of the fort remains buried underneath the medieval Castle Keep. Few excavations have taken place and there is little to see due to the castle, however, the forts praetorium, principia and two granaries are known to be in the environs of the castle adjacent to the castle keep. The remains of a milecastle were found behind the Newcastle Arts Centre. The precise line of Hadrians Wall in the vicinity of the fort has not been found, so it is not known for example if the fort was attached to the Wall, excavations around the castle keep and dredging of the Tyne yielded finds typical of Roman encampments. Here they included pottery shards, engravings, seven altar stones, around eleven building inscriptions, the collection is housed at the Great North Museum, Hancock. The altar stones and inscriptions suggest the gods worshipped included Jupiter, mother goddesses, water-related gods such as Neptune and Oceanus have also been recovered, probably worshipped because of the forts proximity to the river. Some remains of the bridge were thought to have discovered in 1872 during the construction of the Swing Bridge over the Tyne

9.
Pont Ambroix
–
The Pont Ambroix or Pont dAmbrussum was a 1st-century BC Roman bridge in the south of France which was part of the Via Domitia. It crossed the Vidourle at Ambrussum, between todays Gallargues-le-Montueux in the Gard department and Villetelle in the Hérault department, in the High Middle Ages, a chapel devoted to St Mary was added to the structure. Today, only one of the original eleven arches remains in the middle of the river, the bridge was sketched by Anne Rulman in 1620 and the drawing shows only four arches. A1839 lithograph and a painting by Gustave Courbet show two arches, the Vidourlades are violent floods or crues on the Vidourle, During a crue, the water flow increases from a minimum of 3 m3/s to over 3000 m3/s. Floods were recorded 8 October 1723, the floods of 18 November 1745 reduced the bridge from four arches to three. Further major floods occurred 6 October 1812,21 October 1891,21 September 1907, the floods of 7 September 1933 reduced the bridge from two arches to the one we see today. The bridge is a Mérimée list National Monument No, the oppidum is a Mérimée list National Monument No. PA00103760 O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, p

10.
Pont Flavien
–
The Pont Flavien is a Roman bridge across the River Touloubre in Saint-Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône department, southern France. The single-arch crossing, which was built from limestone, was on a Roman road - the Via Julia Augusta - between Placentia, Italy and Arles, the bridge probably replaced an earlier wooden structure on the same site. It measures 21.4 metres long by 6.2 metres wide, the two arches at either end, each standing 7 metres high with a single wide bay, are constructed of the same local stone as the bridge and are broader than they are tall. At the corners of the arches are fluted Corinthian pilasters at the top of which are carved eagles, lucius Donnius Flavos was evidently a figure of some importance and probably owned land in the vicinity of the bridge. He was a Romanised Gaul who is likely to have been an aristocrat of the Avatici and he was probably also a significant player in the affairs of the nearby city of Arelate, as he served the imperial cult, most likely in one of the citys temples. He may have built his mausoleum nearby, though its location remains unknown, as the inscription indicates, the bridge was constructed at Flavos instigation following his death. Its stylistic elements are typical of funerary monuments, the frieze of the arches decorated with a wave pattern symbolises the constant rebirth of life. The combination of arches and a bridge may have intended to symbolise the passage of life. Because the Pont Flavien was a monument it did not have the triumphal imagery normally associated with Roman arches and does not bear any portrait of Flavos. He would most likely have been depicted in figure at his tomb but this, in the 20s BC, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa carried out a programme of road building in Provence on behalf of the Emperor Augustus, constructing the Via Julia Augusta. This would have given Flavos an opportunity to make his mark in a visible way, proclaiming his dedication to Roman values. Considering also the date of the stylistic elements, the Pont Flavien was most likely built some time between 20 and 10 BC. The bridge was used until as late as the latter part of the 20th century. It has been resurfaced to prevent the collapse of the bridge. The western arch has collapsed at least twice, the first time was in the 18th century and it was rebuilt in 1763 by Jean Chastel, who also restored the sculptures. The second collapse was during the Second World War, when the arch was first damaged when a German tank collided with it and it was rebuilt in 1949 and some years later a modern bridge was built 50 metres to the south to bypass it. The Pont Flavien is now reserved for use only. In 1977, prior to the landscaping of the surrounding area, list of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering Media related to Pont Flavien at Wikimedia Commons Pont Flavien at Structurae Pont Flavien

11.
Pont du Gard
–
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France. The Pont du Gard is the highest of all elevated Roman aqueducts and it was added to UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites in 1985 because of its historical importance. The aqueduct bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a 50-kilometre system built in the first century AD to carry water from a spring at Uzès to the Roman colony of Nemausus. Because of the terrain between the two points, the mostly underground aqueduct followed a long, winding route that called for a bridge across the gorge of the Gardon River. The bridge has three tiers of arches, stands 48.8 m high, and descends a mere 2, the aqueduct formerly carried an estimated 200,000 m3 of water a day to the fountains, baths and homes of the citizens of Nîmes. After the Roman Empire collapsed and the fell into disuse. It attracted increasing attention starting in the 18th century, and became an important tourist destination, today it is one of Frances most popular tourist attractions, and has attracted the attention of a succession of literary and artistic visitors. The location of Nemausus was somewhat inconvenient when it came to providing a water supply, the only real alternative was to look to the north and in particular to the area around Ucetia, where there are natural springs. The Nîmes aqueduct was built to water from the springs of the Fontaine dEure near Uzès to the castellum divisorum in Nemausus. From there, it was distributed to fountains, baths and private homes around the city, the straight-line distance between the two is only about 20 km but the aqueduct takes a winding route measuring around 50 km. This was necessary to circumvent the southernmost foothills of the Massif Central and they are difficult to cross, as they are covered in dense vegetation and garrigue and indented by deep valleys. It was impractical for the Romans to attempt to tunnel through the hills, a roughly V-shaped course around the eastern end of the Garrigues de Nîmes was therefore the only practical way of transporting the water from the spring to the city. The aqueducts average gradient is only 1 in 3,000 and it varies widely along its course, but is as little as 1 in 20,000 in some sections. The Pont du Gard itself descends 2.5 cm in 456 m, the average gradient between the start and end of the aqueduct is far shallower than was usual for Roman aqueducts – only about a tenth of the average gradient of some of the aqueducts in Rome. This height limit governed the profile and gradients of the entire aqueduct, the gradient profile before the Pont du Gard is relatively steep, descending at 0.67 metres per kilometre, but thereafter it descends by only 6 metres over the remaining 25 kilometres. It is estimated that the aqueduct supplied the city with around 200,000 cubic metres of water a day that took nearly 27 hours to flow from the source to the city. The water arrived in the castellum divisorum at Nîmes – an open, shallow and it would have been surrounded by a balustrade within some sort of enclosure, probably under some kind of small but elaborate pavilion. When it was excavated, traces of a roof, Corinthian columns

12.
Pont Julien
–
The Pont Julien is a Roman stone arch bridge over the Calavon river, in the south-east of France, dating from 3 BC. The supporting columns are notable for openings to allow floodwater to pass through and it is located in the territory of the commune of Bonnieux, north of the village of the same name, and 8 km west of Apt. Originally, it was built on the Via Domitia, an important Roman road which connected Italy to the Roman territories in France and it was used for car traffic until 2005, when a replacement bridge was built to preserve it from wear and tear. This amounts to approximately 2000 years of uninterrupted use, list of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering Murati, Philippe. O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96f, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Media related to Pont Julien at Wikimedia Commons Pont Julien at Structurae Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works

13.
Pont sur la Laye
–
The Pont sur la Laye or Pont roman de Mane is an old stone arch bridge across the stream Laye in the French Provence close to the town Mane. The 40 m long and 3.2 m wide bridge features three arches with a span to rise ratio of up to c. Its spans are 2.80 m,7.90 m and 11, the bridge was built of local limestone whose shape varies according to its function, the arches consist of voussoirs, the spandrel walls of irregular stonework. The main pier is protected both upstream and downstream by large triangular cutwaters out of blocks of stone. The paved roadway rises sharply from the bank to the main arch. The parapet, which has reported as partly removed by O’Connor in 1993, has been apparently repaired in the meantime. Structurae, though, ascribes an early Romanesque origin to the structure, following the Mane homepage, the two side arches, along with their breakwaters, were added as late as the 17th century, which means that the segmental arches are of a relatively late date. O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp

14.
Pont des Marchands (Narbonne)
–
The Pont des Marchands is a historic bridge in Narbonne, southern France. It serves as a foundation for a row of houses and shops underneath which the Canal de la Robine runs through the old town and its segmental arch has a span of ca.15 m. In Roman times the structure featured as many as six arches

15.
Caesar's Rhine bridges
–
Caesars Bridge across the Rhine, the first two bridges to cross the Rhine River on record, were built by Julius Caesar and his legionaries during the Gallic War in 55 BC and 53 BC. Strategically successful, they are considered masterpieces of military engineering. During Caesars conquest of Gaul it became necessary to secure the border of the new provinces against marauding Germanic tribes. The tribes felt safe on the side of the Rhine river. He also wanted to support for the Ubians, an allied German tribe across the Rhine. The construction of Caesars first bridge took place most likely between Andernach and Neuwied, downstream of Koblenz on the Rhine River, Book 4 of his commentaries gives technical details of this wooden beam bridge. Double timber pilings were rammed into the end of the river by winching up a large stone and releasing it. The most upstream and downstream pilings were slanted and secured by a beam, conflicting models have been presented based on his description. Separate upstream pilings were used as barriers against flotsam and possible attacks while guard towers protected the entries. The length of the bridge has been estimated to be 140 to 400 m, the depth of the river can reach up to 9.1 m. The construction of this showed that Julius Caesar, and Rome, could go anywhere. Since he had over 40,000 soldiers at his disposal and he crossed with his troops over to the eastern site and burned some villages but found that the tribes of the Sugambri and Suebi had moved eastward. The tribes had come together and were prepared to meet Caesars army in battle and he was only in the area for 18 days and without any major battle he returned to Gaul and cut the bridge down. Two years later, close to the site of the first bridge, possibly at todays Urmitz, Caesar erected a bridge, built in a few days. His expeditionary forces raided the countryside, but did not encounter significant opposition as the Suebi retreated, upon returning to Gaul, the bridge was again taken down. Caesars strategy was effective, as he was able to secure the border of Gaul. He demonstrated that Roman power could easily and at will cross the Rhine, further, his feat served him in establishing his fame at home. With Roman colonization of the Rhine valley more permanent bridges were built later at Castra Vetera, Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, Confluentes, speculation about the location of the bridges is due to the temporary nature of the construction and the lack of a precise location in Caesars report

16.
Roman Bridge (Trier)
–
The Roman Bridge is an ancient structure in Trier, Germany, over the Moselle. It is the oldest standing bridge in the country, the nine bridge pillars date from the 2nd century AD. The upper part was renewed twice, in the early 12th and in the early 18th century and it is designated as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier UNESCO World Heritage Site. OConnor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, p

17.
Band-e Kaisar
–
The Band-e Kaisar, Pol-e Kaisar, Bridge of Valerian or Shadirwan was an ancient arch bridge in Shushtar, Iran, and the first in the country to combine it with a dam. Built by a Roman workforce in the 3rd century AD on Sassanid order, it was also the most eastern Roman bridge and Roman dam and its dual-purpose design exerted a profound influence on Iranian civil engineering and was instrumental in developing Sassanid water management techniques. The arched superstructure carried across the important road between Pasargadae and the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon, many times repaired in the Islamic period, the dam bridge remained in use until the late 19th century. The story is related by the Muslim historians Tabari and Masudi in the 9th and 10th centuries, moreover, local tradition ascribes to Roman settlers the origin of a number of trades, like the production of brocade, and several popular customs. The dam bridge at Shushtar belonged to the important road connection between the Sassanid centres of Pasargadae and Ctesiphon. Two further Sassanid dam bridges on this road, the Pa-i-Pol across the Karkheh, both exhibit typically Roman masonry bound with mortar, a technique completely foreign to indigenous architecture. Shushtar lies on a plateau above the Karun, Irans most effluent river. An early dam, built by the Sassanids to divert water for the town and its extensive irrigable hinterland, then, the Band-e Kaisar was built across the dried-up riverbed, with its foundations following a winding course in search for solid strata of sandstone. As the water flowed permanently over the top, the structure conforms to the definition of a weir rather than a dam. Despite its modest height, the wall was quite thick in order to accommodate the arcaded superstructure. On top of the weir, a roadway supported by originally at least forty arches ran along its length of around 500 m. The pointed arches which dominate visually the present-day structure, or rather its remains, are testimony to numerous reconstruction, the typical clear span of the Pol-e Kaisar was between 6.6 and 9 m. By comparison, pier thicknesses of Roman bridges located within the empire’s frontiers commonly made up one-fourth of the length of the bridge, on the upstream face, the river-bed was paved with large stone slabs, probably to prevent the current from undermining the dam base. One former Persian name of the dam, Shadirwan, derives from this paving, finally, another smaller barrage, the Band-e Mizan, whose construction may postdate the Roman works, was erected upstream to control the flow of water into the Ab-i Gargar canal. The time it took the Roman labour force to complete the ancient Shushtar hydraulic complex is reported as spanning three to seven years. The site has been referred to as a masterpiece of creative genius by UNESCO, along with the hydraulic works, it also includes Selastel Castle and a tower for water level measurement, as well as a series of water mills. List of Roman bridges List of Roman dams Romans in Persia Chaumont, M. -L

18.
Pons Aemilius
–
The Pons Aemilius, today called Ponte Rotto, is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome, Italy. Preceded by a version, it was rebuilt in stone in the 2nd century BC. It once spanned the Tiber, connecting the Forum Boarium with Trastevere, the oldest piers of the bridge were probably laid when the Via Aurelia was constructed in the mid-2nd century BC. Titus Livius recorded that a bridge in the same location existed in 192 BC. The first stone bridge was constructed by Censor Marcus Fulvius Nobilior in the year 179 BC, the bridges piers date from this early period, although its arches were constructed in 142 BC. The bridge kept its place for several hundred years, although it was repaired, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, the bridge was damaged several times by floods, with each flood taking a greater and greater toll on the overall structure. It was first severely damaged in 1230 AD, after which it was rebuilt by Pope Gregory XI, finally, floods in 1575 and 1598 carried the eastern half away, resulting in its abandonment as a functioning bridge for several centuries. For many years, it was used as a fishing pier, in 1853, Pope Pius IX had the remnants of the bridge connected to the mainland via an iron footbridge, but the heavy metal weakened the structural integrity of the stone. The remaining half was demolished in 1887 to make room for the Ponte Palatino, list of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp. 67f. ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Media related to Ponte Rotto at Wikimedia Commons Pons Aemilius at Structurae The Waters of Rome, Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome

19.
Pons Agrippae
–
The Pons Agrippae was an ancient bridge across the River Tiber in Rome. It was restored in 147 AD, the bridge is named after Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a close friend of the Emperor Augustus. Agrippa married Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and the lived in a villa on the opposite bank of the River Tiber. To connect his villa to the Field of Mars, where Agrippa had built several important monuments, the remains of four piers from the bridge were discovered in 1887, these are still somewhat visible on the right bank, but are mostly under water. These piers are misaligned with the modern current, the Pons Agrippae survived into the Middle Ages, connecting the area of the Palazzo Farnese with the Villa Farnesina, supposedly built on the site of Agrippas villa. One arch of a bridge connected the Palazzo Farnese to the Pons Agrippae is still intact. The Pons Agrippae was demolished when Pope Sixtus IV ordered a new bridge to be constructed, list of Roman bridges The Tiber River, Tiber Bridges, and Tiber Island in Rome

20.
Ponte Altinate
–
The Ponte Altinate is a Roman segmented arch bridge in Padua, Italy. The late Republican bridge once spanned a branch of the Brenta river whose course is followed by the street Riviera del Ponti Romani. The structure is located at the crossing with Via Altinate and, lying underground, the rise-to-span ratio is 1,4 for the main arch and 1,3.7 for the two lateral ones, while the ratio of pier thickness to clear span is c. Close-by is the similarly inaccessible Roman bridge Ponte San Lorenzo which is open to visitors at fixed hours though, catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, pp. 203–204, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Ponte Molino List of Roman bridges

21.
Pons Cestius
–
The Pons Cestius is a Roman stone bridge in Rome, Italy, spanning the Tiber to the west of the Tiber Island. The original version of bridge was built around the 1st century BC, after the Pons Fabricius. The Pons Cestius is the first bridge that reached the bank of Tiber from the Tiber Island. Several prominent members of the Cestii clan from the 1st century BC are known, in the 4th century the Pons Cestius was rebuilt by the Emperors Valentinian I, Valens and Gratian and re-dedicated in 370 as the Pons Gratiani. The bridge was rebuilt using tuff and peperino, with a facing of travertine, some of the rebuilding material came from the demolished porticus of the nearby Theatre of Marcellus. During the building of the walls along the embankment in 1888–1892. The ancient bridge, which had two arches, was simply not long enough. A new bridge, with three arches, was constructed in its stead, with its central arch reusing about two-thirds of the original material. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin

22.
Pons Fabricius
–
The Pons Fabricius or Ponte dei Quattro Capi, is the oldest Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, still existing in its original state. Built in 62 BC, it spans half of the Tiber River, Quattro Capi refers to the two marble pillars of the two-faced Janus herms on the parapet, which were moved here from the nearby Church of St Gregory in the 14th century. According to Dio Cassius, the bridge was built in 62 BC and it was commissioned by Lucius Fabricius, the curator of the roads and a member of the gens Fabricia of Rome. Completely intact from Roman antiquity, it has been in use ever since. The Pons Fabricius has a length of 62 m, and is 5.5 m wide and it is constructed from two wide arches, supported by a central pillar in the middle of the stream. Its core is constructed of tuff and its outer facing today is made of bricks and travertine. An original inscription on the travertine commemorates its builder in Latin and it is repeated four times, on each arch, on both sides of the bridge. A later inscription, in lettering, records that the bridge was later restored under Pope Innocent XI. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, p

23.
Pons Neronianus
–
There is no direct evidence that Nero actually built the bridge named after him. The Emperor Caligula built a circus on the bank of the Tiber. The people of Rome most likely crossed the Pons Neronianus to get to the Circus of Nero, starting with Titus, the victorious Emperors celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching across the Pons Neronianus along the Via Triumphalis. Neros bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus, because it connected the Ager Vaticanus to the left bank, the bridge may well have been in ruins in the fourth century. Certainly, by the Middle Ages the bridge was called Pons ruptus, in the fifteenth century Pope Julius II planned to restore it. Neither is it mentioned in Procopius’ account of the siege of Rome by the Goths in 537, the evidence that the Pons Neronianus was out of use by the fourth century was first cited by Henri Jordan. It is based on a passage in Prudentius

24.
Pons Probi
–
The Pons Probi was a bridge over the River Tiber in Ancient Rome, just south of Porta Trigemina. The Pons Probi connected the Aventine Hill to the Trastevere, the Roman bridge was probably built during the reign of the Emperor Probus. In 374 there was a flood of the Tiber. Between 381 and 387 the bridge was renovated or completely rebuilt under the Emperors Theodosius I, in the Middle Ages the bridge became known as the Pons Novus and Pons Marmoreus Theodosii. The bridge was again in the 11th century and later partially destroyed. The remains were demolished in 1484 by order of Pope Sixtus IV. Remains of the bridges ancient piers were visible until the 1870s at low level in the Tiber. The piers of the Pons Probis were finally removed in 1878, list of Roman bridges Pons Probi on The Tiber River, Tiber Bridges, and Tiber Island in Rome Taylor, Rabun Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome

25.
Pons Sublicius
–
The Pons Sublicius is the earliest known bridge of ancient Rome, spanning the Tiber River near the Forum Boarium downstream from the Tiber Island, near the foot of the Aventine Hill. According to tradition, its construction was ordered by Ancus Marcius around 642 BC, Marcius wished to connect the newly fortified Janiculum Hill on the Etruscan side to the rest of Rome, augmenting the ferry that was there. The bridge was part of public projects that included building a port at Ostia. Legend tells us that the bridge was entirely of wood. The name comes from Latin pons, pontis, bridge, as a sublica was a pick, sublicae implies pointed sticks, that is, the bridge was supported by pilings driven into the riverbed. Julius Caesar’s engineers used this construction to bridge the Rhine, the date of its final disappearance is not known, but it is not in classical times. The Via Latina went over the bridge and connected to the Via Cassia, the bridge was a favorite resort for beggars, who used to sit upon it and demand alms, hence the Latin expression aliquis de ponte for a beggar. The bridge was downstream from the Pons Aemilius, a stone bridge with which it is sometimes confused. Between the two, the Cloaca Maxima, or Great Sewer, was effluent into the Tiber, in the drawing by Friedrich Polack included with this article the pile bridge is falsely shown as a pile pier. Presumably some structure existed prior to 1896, which was incorrectly identified. Otherwise the drawing appears to be accurate in the major details, the observer is standing on the Via Ostiensis at the foot of the Aventine, which is at his back. The stone bridge in evidence is the Pons Aemilius, the Servian Wall goes along the bank of the river, is pierced by the Porta Trigemina and starts up the Aventine. Beyond the gate is the Forum Boarium, in the immediate foreground are the docks, or Navalia. The pier is highly unlikely, as any ship tied up at it as shown would be unstable in the force of the current. Moreover, the masts would have to be shipped for passage under the bridges, one can readily see how unsuitable the river was for sea-going traffic and how necessary the port of Ostia would have been to Rome. The opening of the Cloaca Maxima is between the docks and the stone bridge, beyond the bridge you can just see the Aesculapium on Tiber Island. Looming over the scene is the Capitoline, with the temple of Juppiter Capitolinus upon it. The rising ground on the side of the stone bridge is the Janiculum

26.
Pont-Saint-Martin (bridge)
–
The Pont-Saint-Martin is a Roman segmental arch bridge in the Aosta Valley in Italy dating to the 1st century BC. The span is 31.4 metres according to recent research, other extant Roman bridges in the Aosta valley include the Pont dAël in the Cogne Valley and the Pont de Pierre in Aosta. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, media related to Pont-Saint-Martin at Wikimedia Commons Pont-Saint-Martin Bridge at Structurae Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works

27.
Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)
–
The Ponte d’Augusto is a Roman arch bridge in the Italian city Narni in Umbria, built to carry the Flaminian Way over the river Nera. Of the original four spans of the 160 metre long bridge, the bridge was built under Augustus around 27 BC using marble blocks. The 30 m high structure was one of the largest bridges constructed by the Romans, according to the Umbrian Superintendence of Archaeological Heritage, The complexity of the structure and a number of irregularities suggest that its construction was a lengthy affair. Evident signs of ancient restorations reveal structural failures resulting from use or from natural calamities. Chronicles from the Middle Ages report collapses caused by floods and earthquakes, documentation gives a definite date for the collapsing of the third pylon, which occurred in 1855. During the 1970s reinforcement work was done on the bridge, the surviving arch has suffered damage from recent earthquakes, in particular the 2000 quake. Restoration work is now in progress, the bridge was a popular destination on the Grand Tour. James Hakewill wrote in A picturesque tour of Italy, There are few relics of antiquity that impress the traveller with greater ideas of Roman magnificence that the sight of this bridge affords. It is built with blocks of white marble, neatly squared and fitted in. The English painter J. M. W. Turner made sketches of the bridge in 1819, the French painter Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot produced in 1826 the famous painting The Bridge at Narni, which today hangs in the Louvre. Probable width of the four spans,19. 20m,32. 10m,18. 00m and 16. 00m. List of Roman bridges Media related to Ponte dAugusto at Wikimedia Commons Ponte di Augusto at Structurae Ponte dAugusto

28.
Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini)
–
The Bridge of Tiberius or Bridge of Augustus is a Roman bridge in Rimini, Italy. The bridge features five arches with an average span length of ca.8 m. Construction work started during Augustus reign and was finished under his successor Tiberius in 20 AD, the bridge is still open to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, with the exception of heavy goods vehicles. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Media related to Ponte di Tiberio at Wikimedia Commons Pons Augustus at Structurae Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works

29.
Ponte del Gran Caso
–
The Ponte del Gran Caso is a Roman bridge across the Torrente Gran Caso 2 km south of Ascoli Piceno, central Italy. Today, the structure is surrounded by vegetation, and serves only to carry a wood shed. The bridge has a span of 6 m, a width of 3.3 m and is built of travertine. The walls of one ramp feature two flood arches, one of which has a shape and runs from the ground to the quarter point of the main arch rib. A similar segmental relieving arch can be found at another Roman bridge in central Italy, o’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp.87,171, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering

30.
Ponte Milvio
–
The Milvian Bridge is a bridge over the Tiber in northern Rome, Italy. It was an economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman Empire and was the site of the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge. A bridge was built by consul Gaius Claudius Nero in 206 BC after he had defeated the Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Metaurus, in 115 BC, consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus built a new bridge of stone in the same position, demolishing the old one. In 63 BC, letters from the conspirators of the Catiline conspiracy were intercepted here, in AD312, Constantine I defeated his stronger rival Maxentius between this bridge and Saxa Rubra, in the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge. During the Middle Ages, the bridge was renovated by a monk named Acuzio, during the 18th and 19th centuries, the bridge was modified by two architects, Giuseppe Valadier and Domenico Pigiani. The bridge was damaged in 1849 by Garibaldis troops, in an attempt to block a French invasion. In 2000s, the bridge began attracting couples, who use a lamppost on the bridge to attach love padlocks as a token of love, the ritual involves the couple locking the padlock to the lamppost, then throwing the key behind them into the Tiber. The ritual was invented by author Federico Moccia for his popular book, after April 13,2007, couples had to stop this habit because that day the lamppost, due to the weight of all padlocks, partially collapsed. However, couples decided to attach their padlocks elsewhere, in fact, all around the bridge, road posts and even garbage bins have been used to place these love padlocks. As an online replacement, a web site has been created allowing couples to use virtual padlocks, in 2007, the mayor of Rome introduced a 50 euro fine on couples found attaching padlocks to the bridge. Similar love padlocks traditions have appeared in Italy and the rest of Europe, in September 2012, the city council decided to remove all padlocks by force. There was a risk that the bridge would collapse under the weight. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Media related to Ponte Milvio at Wikimedia Commons Pons Mulvius at Structurae Ritual draws sweethearts to Rome bridge article describing the padlock ritual Google Map

31.
Ponte Nomentano
–
The Ponte Nomentano is a Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, which carried the Via Nomentana over the Aniene. Having lain outside the city limits for most of its history, the bridge is noted for its medieval bridge tower. In antiquity, the Ponte Nomentano was located outside of the Aurelian Wall, the still intact late Republican fabric of the main arch, however, indicates that the bridge could have been only partially damaged in the event. In 1849, the bridge was cut on a length of 7 m by French troops to check Garibaldis advance on Rome, today, the bridge is surrounded by a park, well within the municipal limits of Rome, and restricted to pedestrians. Apart from this, only some layers of travertine in the retaining walls can be assigned with certainty to the Roman period. The two lateral arches were built in the reign of Pope Innocent X in lieu of stone vaults. Further examples for fortified bridges across the Aniene include the Roman Ponte Salario and Ponte Mammolo, catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, pp. 37–39, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, p

32.
Ponte Pietra (Verona)
–
The Ponte Pietra, once known as the Pons Marmoreus, is a Roman arch bridge crossing the Adige River in Verona, Italy. The bridge was completed in 100 BC, and the Via Postumia from Genoa to Aquileia passed over it and it is the oldest bridge in Verona. It originally flanked another Roman bridge, the Pons Postumius, both provided the city with access to the Roman theatre on the east bank. The arch nearest to the bank of the Adige was rebuilt in 1298 by Alberto I della Scala. Four arches of the bridge were blown up by retreating German troops in World War II, list of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, pp. 223–226, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Media related to Ponte Pietra at Wikimedia Commons Ponte Pietra at Structurae Ponte Pietra - 360° Virtual Tour and photos

33.
Ponte di Pioraco
–
The Ponte di Pioraco is a Roman bridge in Pioraco, central Italy, presumably erected under emperor Augustus. It belonged to a road of the Via Flaminia, which ran from Nocera Umbra to the east through Pioraco, San Severino, Treia. The structure has a single arch vault, at one end a small segmental arch springs from the ground to the quarter point of the main arch, it worked as a floodway. The Ponte del Gran Caso, which is located in central Italy. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp.85,171, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Picture of the bridge

34.
Ponte di Quintodecimo
–
The Ponte di Quintodecimo is a Roman stone bridge over the river Tronto next to the village of Quintodecimo, Marche, central Italy. The bridge consists of an arch spanning the river and 2 smaller arches connecting the road to the bridge. The main arch has a span of ca 17 m, the width of the bridge is about 3.8 m. The original construction material was Travertine, during Roman times the bridge was a part of the road Via Salaria, which led from Rome to the Adriatic coast

35.
Ponte Salario
–
The Ponte Salario, also called Ponte Salaro during the Middle Ages, is a road bridge in Rome, Italy, whose origins date back to the Roman period. In antiquity, it lay outside the city limits,3 km north of the Porta Collina, at the point where the Via Salaria crossed the Aniene, the visible side arches are assumed to originate from the first stone structure built during the 1st century BC. At that time, the Ponte Salario was 72 m long and 6.52 m wide, the large bridge tower was possibly erected in the 8th century, allowing more effective control of the passage. In 1798, the Ponte Salario, which had been hitherto well-preserved due to repeated repairs, was battered by Napoleonic troops, in 1829, the medieval tower was demolished, and in 1849 the bridge was cut on a length of 15 m by French soldiers. In 1867, the once and for all lost its historical character. The Ponte Salario was reconstructed in its current form in 1874, apart from the Ponte Salario, there were other fortified bridges across the Aniene, such as the extant Ponte Nomentano, the Ponte Mammolo and the medieval Ponte di San Francesco in Subiaco. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani

36.
Ponte San Lorenzo
–
The Ponte San Lorenzo is a Roman segmental arch bridge over the river Bacchiglione in Padua, Italy. Constructed between 47 and 30 BC, it is one of the very earliest segmental arched bridges in the world and it is also notable for the slenderness of its piers, unsurpassed in antiquity. The Ponte San Lorenzo was one of four Roman bridges in ancient Padua crossing the Medoacus, located in the Via San Francesco, the three-arched bridge is today for the most part framed by surrounding buildings, which have moved closer to the river over the centuries. The intact arches of the bridge still exist below street level, earthworks in 1773 and 1938, during which parts of the bridge were temporarily excavated, were used for archaeological investigations. Two further Roman bridges in Padua are obstructed from sight, the Ponte Corbo, also located in the Via San Francesco, both bridges also rest on segmented arches, as does the above-ground Ponte Molino. The fifth Roman bridge in town is the Ponte S. Matteo close to the church of the same name, the Ponte San Lorenzo is 53.30 m long and 8.35 m wide. The date of its construction is fixed by an inscription to between 47 and 30 BC. The bridge is of importance in the history of ancient technology for its flattened arches. Its three arches span 12.8 m,14.4 m and 12.5 m, with the span 3.7 times the rise, or, differently put, describing a segment of a circle of 113°. The profile of the structure thus considerably differs from the typical Roman semi-circular bridge arch with its value of 180°, the pier thickness of Roman bridges varies—as far as determined—between one half and one fifth of the span. Small piers offer less resistance to the flow, thus reducing the risk of undermined foundations. On the other hand, all piers have to be enough to accommodate two arch ribs. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, pp.92,171, ISBN 0-521-39326-4 Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, pp. 208–212, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Il Ponte romano di San Lorenzo Ponte San Lorenzo at Structurae

37.
Ponte Sant'Angelo
–
The bridge is faced with travertine marble and spans the Tiber with five arches, three of which are Roman, it was approached by means of ramp from the river. The bridge is now solely pedestrian, and provides a vista of the Castel SantAngelo. It links the rioni of Ponte, and Borgo, to whom the bridge administratively belongs, dante writes in his Comedy that during the jubilee of 1300, due to the large number of pilgrims going and coming from Saint Peter, two separate lanes were arranged on the bridge. During the 1450 jubilee, balustrades of the bridge yielded, due to the crowds of the pilgrims. In response, some houses at the head of the bridge as well as a Roman triumphal arch were pulled down in order to widen the route for pilgrims. For centuries after the 16th century, the bridge was used to expose the bodies of the executed in the nearby Piazza di Ponte, in 1669 Pope Clement IX commissioned replacements for the aging stucco angels by Raffaello da Montelupo, commissioned by Paul III. They are now in the church of SantAndrea delle Fratte, also in Rome, for the Great Jubilee in 2000, the Lungotevere on the right bank between the bridge and the castle became a pedestrian area. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering Notes Sources O’Connor, Colin, Roman Bridges, Cambridge University Press, satellite image Angels of the Passion Multimedia feature from Beliefnet. com

38.
Susegana Bridge
–
The Susegana Bridge is one of a series of Roman bridges on the Via Claudia Augusta in Susegana, northern Italy. The small structure is notable for its flattened arch, which classify it as a Roman segmental arch bridge. The bridge is 5.3 m wide, its arch, built of eleven irregular wedge-shaped stones, has a clear span of 3 m. Its construction is dated to the first half of the 1st century AD, such material-saving flat arches occur in ancient bridges of the Veneto region quite frequently, leading to suggestions of a local building school. Moreover, the approaches of segmental arch bridges, with their lower crest, provided less of an obstacle to traffic and pack animals. The structure was still in a good condition in 1938. Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani, Vol.1, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, p.432, ISBN 88-85066-66-6 Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani. Catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, p. 551–579, ISBN 978-0-19-518731-1 List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering

39.
Roman Bridge (Chaves)
–
The Trajans Bridge is a medieval bridge in the civil parish of Santa Maria Maior, in the municipality of Chaves in the Portuguese central subregion of Alto Trás-os-Montes. In 79 B. C. the column known as the Padrão dos Povos dedicated by the 10 civitas to the Roman emperors Vespasian and Titus, to the Augustuss legate and procurator and the 7th Legion Gemina Felix. It was at the end of the 1st century or beginning of the 2nd century, a commemorative column was erected in 104, alleging to the bridges construction by Flavian locals, at their cost. On 7 December 1514, the first foral was issued by King D. Manuel, in 1548, Spanish Cardinal Luís de Castro, while travelling to Santiago de Compostela, passed through Chaves. While there he copied the inscription on the column that he found in the gardens of Simão Guedes. From the end of the 16th century and 17th century, the standard was implanted in the north of the bridge, then re-planted, in 1711 or 1723, a study by Távora was completed, and the inscription copied and published in his Noticias. Following the 1 November 1755 earthquake there was damage to the site. But, by 27 March 1758, a report by António Manuel de Novais Mendonça in the Memórias Paroquiais and this marked the suburbs of Madalena until Couraças and the bridge was 92 geometric steps long,3 feet wide. A1762 drawing of the bridge showed it with 12 arches in 1762, without any decoration, in the 19th century, the column was located in the central part of the bridge, in front of the commemorative marker. On 6 December 1878, the King suggested enlarging the bridge, there is an 1880 inscription in the oval cartouche, indicating that last time it was remodelled, the pillar construction and the placement of the commemorative marker. It was likely at this point that the guards for grates in iron. In September 1913, João Francisco Alves Carneiro de Lamadarcos was given permission to construct a metallic passageway over the bridge, on 26 February 1914, the District Director of Public deliberated on the repair of the bridges staircase, which was already in a state of ruin. Approval appeared on 16 March to advance with repairs, in 1956, a desilting project was begun along the Tâmega River by the Direcção Hidráulica at a cost of 249. 989$00, that included the construction of new accesses to the bridge. The Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Hidráulicos on 22 August 1959, referred to the need to desilt the river, during the sequence of this analysis, a commission was constituted to study it further by the DGSU, with representation by various institutions and municipal bodies. The project was approved on 4 July 1961, by the ministry, in the summer of 1980, during the dredging of the river, workers discovered a bulk of the bridge nearby and a cylindrical column, similar to the Padrão dos Povos. There epigraphic differences in the column and wear made reading the text difficult. On 1 June 1992, the bridge was placed under the responsibility of the Instituto Português do Património Arquitetónico, in 2001,50 metres of Roman pavement stone in the riverbank of the barrio of Madalena in the riverbank, constructed of large slabs and served by an oblique ramp. This path was used in the dry season, at the beginning of the 20th century, by crossing the river who wanted to cool their animals

40.
Constantine's Bridge (Danube)
–
Constantines Bridge was a Roman bridge over the Danube. It was completed or rebuilt in 328 and remained in use for no more than four decades and it was officially opened on July 5th,328 in the presence of the emperor Constantine the Great. With an overall length of 2437 m,1137 m of which spanned the Danubes riverbed, Constantines Bridge is considered the longest ancient river bridge and it was a construction with masonry piers and wooden arch bridge and with wooden superstructure. It was constructed between Sucidava and Oescus, by Constantine the Great, the length of the bridge was 2434 m with a wooden deck with a width of 5.70 m at 10 meters above the water. The bridge had two abutment piers at each end, serving as gates for the bridge, in 1934 Dumitru Tudor published the first complete work regarding the bridge, and the last systematic approach on the north bank of the Danube was performed in 1968 by Octavian Toropu. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering List of crossings of the Danube Constantines Wall Madgearu, Alexandru, operaţiuni militare la nord de Dunăre comandate de Constantin cel Mare, în Cruce şi misiune. Catalogo generale, Vol.2, Treviso, Edizioni Canova, pp. 319f

41.
Trajan's Bridge
–
Trajans Bridge or Bridge of Apollodorus over the Danube was a Roman segmental arch bridge, the first bridge to be built over the lower Danube. Though it was functional for a few decades, for more than 1,000 years it was the longest arch bridge in both total and span length. The bridge was constructed in 105 AD by instruction of Emperor Trajan by Greek architect Apollodorus of Damascus for the deployment of Roman troops during the conquest of Dacia. The bridge was situated East of the Iron Gates, near the cities of Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania. Its construction was ordered by the Emperor Trajan as a route for the Roman legions fighting in Dacia. The structure was 1,135 m long,15 m wide, at each end was a Roman castrum, each built around an entrance, so that crossing the bridge was possible only by walking through the camps. The bridges engineer, Apollodorus of Damascus, used wooden arches, each spanning 38 m, set on twenty masonry pillars made of bricks, mortar and it was built unusually quickly, employing the construction of a wooden caisson for each pier. A Roman memorial plaque,4 metres wide and 1.75 metres high, in 1972, when the Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station was built, the plaque was moved from its original location, and lifted to the present place. The Tabula Traiana was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, the wooden superstructure of the bridge was dismantled by Trajans successor, Hadrian, in order to protect the empire from barbarian invasions from the North. The twenty pillars were still visible in 1856, when the level of the Danube hit a record low, in 1906, the Commission of the Danube decided to destroy two of the pillars that were obstructing navigation. In 1932, there were 16 pillars remaining underwater, but in 1982 only 12 were mapped by archaeologists, only the entrance pillars are now visible on either bank of the Danube. Entwurf, Bau und Unterhaltung von Brücken im Donauraum,3, internationale Donaubrückenkonferenz, 29–30 October, Regensburg, pp. 401–409 Galliazzo, Vittorio, I ponti romani. Le pont de Trajan à Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études,51, Bucharest, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 47–134 Tudor, the Current Results of Underwater Archaeological Research, Istros, 119–130 Ранко Јаковљевић

Roman bridge
–
Roman bridges, built by ancient Romans, were the first large and lasting bridges built. Roman bridges were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure, most utilized concrete as well, which the Romans were the first to use for bridges. As with the vault and the dome the Romans were the first to realize the potential of arches for bridg

1.
The Alcántara Bridge, Spain, a masterpiece of ancient bridge building

2.
Pons Fabricius in Rome, Italy

3.
Roman pontoon bridge across the lower Danube

4.
Pont-Saint-Martin Bridge, Italy

Paredes de Coura
–
Paredes de Coura is a municipality in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 9,198, in an area of 138.19 km², the municipality is located in the district of Viana do Castelo. The present Mayor is Prof. Vitor Paulo Pereira, elected by the Socialist Party, the municipal holiday is August 10. The municipality is composed of 16 parishes, The town is famo

Portugal
–
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted borde

1.
Citânia de Briteiros, in the Minho Province, is the best preserved Iron Age and Castro culture site in Portugal.

2.
Flag

3.
The Roman Temple of Évora, in the Alentejo, is a symbol of Lusitania, Roman rule in Portugal.

4.
Monument in Porto to Vimara Peres, first ruler of the County of Portugal

Way of St. James
–
Many follow its routes as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth. It is also popular hiking and cycling enthusiasts as well as organized tours. The Way of St. Legend holds that St. Jamess remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain, the Way can take one of dozens of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Composte

List of Roman bridges
–
The Romans were the worlds first major bridge builders. The following list constitutes an attempt to list all known surviving remains of Roman bridges, finally, incidences where only inscriptions lay testimony to a former Roman bridge are also included. In the following, bridges are classified according to their material or their function. Most dat

1.
Pons Aelius in Rome, Italy

2.
Roman stone pillar bridge in Trier, Germany. The arches were added in the 14th century.

3.
Pons Cestius, Rome, during a flood

4.
Aesepus Bridge

Chesters Bridge
–
Chesters Bridge was a Roman bridge over the River North Tyne at Chollerford, Northumberland, England, and adjacent to Chesters Roman fort on Hadrians Wall. The fort, mentioned in the Notitia Dignitatum, and now identified with the fort found at Chesters, was known as Cilurnum or Cilurvum, in 2016, public access to Chesters Roman bridge abutments wa

1.
Hadrian's Wall and Chesters bridge abutment

2.
England

Piercebridge Roman Bridge
–
Piercebridge Roman Bridge is the ruin of a Roman bridge over the River Tees near the village of Piercebridge, County Durham, England. The bridge carried Dere Street Roman road across the river, Piercebridge Roman Fort guarded the bridge. The Tees has narrowed and changed its course over the centuries so the remains lie in a field around 90 metres s

1.
Piercebridge Roman Bridge

2.
England

Pons Aelius
–
Pons Aelius was a fort and Roman settlement at the original eastern end of Hadrians Wall, at the site now occupied by The Castle, Newcastle. The Latin name means Aelian Bridge and can be traced back to when emperor Hadrian visited Britain in AD122, the towns population is estimated to have been around 2,000. The fort is estimated to have been 1.53

1.
An artist's impression of the fort and surrounding area from the south-east.

3.
An artist's impression of the fort layout

4.
An artist's impression of the fort's gatehouse

Pont Ambroix
–
The Pont Ambroix or Pont dAmbrussum was a 1st-century BC Roman bridge in the south of France which was part of the Via Domitia. It crossed the Vidourle at Ambrussum, between todays Gallargues-le-Montueux in the Gard department and Villetelle in the Hérault department, in the High Middle Ages, a chapel devoted to St Mary was added to the structure.

1.
Remaining arch of the Pont Ambroix

2.
In 1620

3.
In 1839

Pont Flavien
–
The Pont Flavien is a Roman bridge across the River Touloubre in Saint-Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône department, southern France. The single-arch crossing, which was built from limestone, was on a Roman road - the Via Julia Augusta - between Placentia, Italy and Arles, the bridge probably replaced an earlier wooden structure on the same site. It measure

1.
The single-arched bridge framed by two triumphal arches

2.
Side view of the Pont Flavien

3.
The inscription on the Pont Flavien

Pont du Gard
–
The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct that crosses the Gardon River near the town of Vers-Pont-du-Gard in southern France. The Pont du Gard is the highest of all elevated Roman aqueducts and it was added to UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites in 1985 because of its historical importance. The aqueduct bridge is part of the Nîmes aqueduct, a

1.
Pont du Gard

2.
The water tank or castellum divisorum at Nîmes, into which the aqueduct emptied. The round holes were where the city's water supply pipes connected to the tank.

Pont Julien
–
The Pont Julien is a Roman stone arch bridge over the Calavon river, in the south-east of France, dating from 3 BC. The supporting columns are notable for openings to allow floodwater to pass through and it is located in the territory of the commune of Bonnieux, north of the village of the same name, and 8 km west of Apt. Originally, it was built o

1.
Pont Julien

2.
View of the Pont Julien

3.
View of the underside of one of the arches

Pont sur la Laye
–
The Pont sur la Laye or Pont roman de Mane is an old stone arch bridge across the stream Laye in the French Provence close to the town Mane. The 40 m long and 3.2 m wide bridge features three arches with a span to rise ratio of up to c. Its spans are 2.80 m,7.90 m and 11, the bridge was built of local limestone whose shape varies according to its f

1.
Pont sur la Laye

2.
England

Pont des Marchands (Narbonne)
–
The Pont des Marchands is a historic bridge in Narbonne, southern France. It serves as a foundation for a row of houses and shops underneath which the Canal de la Robine runs through the old town and its segmental arch has a span of ca.15 m. In Roman times the structure featured as many as six arches

Caesar's Rhine bridges
–
Caesars Bridge across the Rhine, the first two bridges to cross the Rhine River on record, were built by Julius Caesar and his legionaries during the Gallic War in 55 BC and 53 BC. Strategically successful, they are considered masterpieces of military engineering. During Caesars conquest of Gaul it became necessary to secure the border of the new p

1.
Caesar's Rhine Bridge, by John Soane (1814)

3.
Reconstruction of a Roman pile driver, used to build the Rhine bridge

4.
Likely site of Rhine crossings

Roman Bridge (Trier)
–
The Roman Bridge is an ancient structure in Trier, Germany, over the Moselle. It is the oldest standing bridge in the country, the nine bridge pillars date from the 2nd century AD. The upper part was renewed twice, in the early 12th and in the early 18th century and it is designated as part of the Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St. Peter and Church

1.
Roman Bridge at Trier

2.
Roman Bridge Römerbrücke

3.
England

Band-e Kaisar
–
The Band-e Kaisar, Pol-e Kaisar, Bridge of Valerian or Shadirwan was an ancient arch bridge in Shushtar, Iran, and the first in the country to combine it with a dam. Built by a Roman workforce in the 3rd century AD on Sassanid order, it was also the most eastern Roman bridge and Roman dam and its dual-purpose design exerted a profound influence on

1.
Remains of the dam bridge

2.
England

3.
Portugal

Pons Aemilius
–
The Pons Aemilius, today called Ponte Rotto, is the oldest Roman stone bridge in Rome, Italy. Preceded by a version, it was rebuilt in stone in the 2nd century BC. It once spanned the Tiber, connecting the Forum Boarium with Trastevere, the oldest piers of the bridge were probably laid when the Via Aurelia was constructed in the mid-2nd century BC.

Pons Agrippae
–
The Pons Agrippae was an ancient bridge across the River Tiber in Rome. It was restored in 147 AD, the bridge is named after Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a close friend of the Emperor Augustus. Agrippa married Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and the lived in a villa on the opposite bank of the River Tiber. To connect his villa to the Field of Mars, w

1.
England

Ponte Altinate
–
The Ponte Altinate is a Roman segmented arch bridge in Padua, Italy. The late Republican bridge once spanned a branch of the Brenta river whose course is followed by the street Riviera del Ponti Romani. The structure is located at the crossing with Via Altinate and, lying underground, the rise-to-span ratio is 1,4 for the main arch and 1,3.7 for th

1.
England

Pons Cestius
–
The Pons Cestius is a Roman stone bridge in Rome, Italy, spanning the Tiber to the west of the Tiber Island. The original version of bridge was built around the 1st century BC, after the Pons Fabricius. The Pons Cestius is the first bridge that reached the bank of Tiber from the Tiber Island. Several prominent members of the Cestii clan from the 1s

1.
The Pons Cestius in its modern form

2.
Pons Cestius (Pons Gratiani)

3.
England

Pons Fabricius
–
The Pons Fabricius or Ponte dei Quattro Capi, is the oldest Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, still existing in its original state. Built in 62 BC, it spans half of the Tiber River, Quattro Capi refers to the two marble pillars of the two-faced Janus herms on the parapet, which were moved here from the nearby Church of St Gregory in the 14th century. Ac

1.
Pons Fabricius

2.
Pons Fabricius as it appears in a Piranesi engraving of 1756

3.
CIL VI, 1305, the inscription on the bridge

4.
England

Pons Neronianus
–
There is no direct evidence that Nero actually built the bridge named after him. The Emperor Caligula built a circus on the bank of the Tiber. The people of Rome most likely crossed the Pons Neronianus to get to the Circus of Nero, starting with Titus, the victorious Emperors celebrating their Triumphs entered Rome marching across the Pons Neronian

1.
Remains of the Pons Neronianus in the Tiber in Rome

2.
England

Pons Probi
–
The Pons Probi was a bridge over the River Tiber in Ancient Rome, just south of Porta Trigemina. The Pons Probi connected the Aventine Hill to the Trastevere, the Roman bridge was probably built during the reign of the Emperor Probus. In 374 there was a flood of the Tiber. Between 381 and 387 the bridge was renovated or completely rebuilt under the

1.
England

2.
Location of the Pons Probi on a map of ancient Rome

Pons Sublicius
–
The Pons Sublicius is the earliest known bridge of ancient Rome, spanning the Tiber River near the Forum Boarium downstream from the Tiber Island, near the foot of the Aventine Hill. According to tradition, its construction was ordered by Ancus Marcius around 642 BC, Marcius wished to connect the newly fortified Janiculum Hill on the Etruscan side

1.
The bridge as reconstructed by Luigi Canina (A Smaller History of Rome, 1881)

2.
Drawing of the site of the Pons Sublicius (falsely shown as a pier), [citation needed] Illustration of Rome during the time of the Republic, from Friedrich Polack (1896)

Pont-Saint-Martin (bridge)
–
The Pont-Saint-Martin is a Roman segmental arch bridge in the Aosta Valley in Italy dating to the 1st century BC. The span is 31.4 metres according to recent research, other extant Roman bridges in the Aosta valley include the Pont dAël in the Cogne Valley and the Pont de Pierre in Aosta. List of Roman bridges Roman architecture Roman engineering O

1.
Pont-Saint-Martin

2.
England

Ponte d'Augusto (Narni)
–
The Ponte d’Augusto is a Roman arch bridge in the Italian city Narni in Umbria, built to carry the Flaminian Way over the river Nera. Of the original four spans of the 160 metre long bridge, the bridge was built under Augustus around 27 BC using marble blocks. The 30 m high structure was one of the largest bridges constructed by the Romans, accordi

1.
The remaining arch of the Ponte d'Augusto

2.
The Bridge at Narni, an 1826 painting by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot

3.
England

Ponte di Tiberio (Rimini)
–
The Bridge of Tiberius or Bridge of Augustus is a Roman bridge in Rimini, Italy. The bridge features five arches with an average span length of ca.8 m. Construction work started during Augustus reign and was finished under his successor Tiberius in 20 AD, the bridge is still open to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, with the exception of heavy good

Ponte del Gran Caso
–
The Ponte del Gran Caso is a Roman bridge across the Torrente Gran Caso 2 km south of Ascoli Piceno, central Italy. Today, the structure is surrounded by vegetation, and serves only to carry a wood shed. The bridge has a span of 6 m, a width of 3.3 m and is built of travertine. The walls of one ramp feature two flood arches, one of which has a shap

1.
England

Ponte Milvio
–
The Milvian Bridge is a bridge over the Tiber in northern Rome, Italy. It was an economically and strategically important bridge in the era of the Roman Empire and was the site of the famous Battle of the Milvian Bridge. A bridge was built by consul Gaius Claudius Nero in 206 BC after he had defeated the Carthaginian army in the Battle of the Metau

1.
Side view. To the left begins the old town which is entered by the Porta e Ponte Molino.

2.
England

Ponte Nomentano
–
The Ponte Nomentano is a Roman bridge in Rome, Italy, which carried the Via Nomentana over the Aniene. Having lain outside the city limits for most of its history, the bridge is noted for its medieval bridge tower. In antiquity, the Ponte Nomentano was located outside of the Aurelian Wall, the still intact late Republican fabric of the main arch, h

1.
The medieval bridge tower of the Ponte Nomentano resting on the ancient arch built of white travertine

2.
Painting of the Ponte Nomentano around 1837

3.
During 2008 flood

Ponte Pietra (Verona)
–
The Ponte Pietra, once known as the Pons Marmoreus, is a Roman arch bridge crossing the Adige River in Verona, Italy. The bridge was completed in 100 BC, and the Via Postumia from Genoa to Aquileia passed over it and it is the oldest bridge in Verona. It originally flanked another Roman bridge, the Pons Postumius, both provided the city with access

1.
The arch at the far left is the only one which escaped destruction in 1945.

2.
England

Ponte di Pioraco
–
The Ponte di Pioraco is a Roman bridge in Pioraco, central Italy, presumably erected under emperor Augustus. It belonged to a road of the Via Flaminia, which ran from Nocera Umbra to the east through Pioraco, San Severino, Treia. The structure has a single arch vault, at one end a small segmental arch springs from the ground to the quarter point of

1.
England

Ponte di Quintodecimo
–
The Ponte di Quintodecimo is a Roman stone bridge over the river Tronto next to the village of Quintodecimo, Marche, central Italy. The bridge consists of an arch spanning the river and 2 smaller arches connecting the road to the bridge. The main arch has a span of ca 17 m, the width of the bridge is about 3.8 m. The original construction material

1.
England

Ponte Salario
–
The Ponte Salario, also called Ponte Salaro during the Middle Ages, is a road bridge in Rome, Italy, whose origins date back to the Roman period. In antiquity, it lay outside the city limits,3 km north of the Porta Collina, at the point where the Via Salaria crossed the Aniene, the visible side arches are assumed to originate from the first stone s

1.
Engraving of the Ponte Salario by Giovanni Battista Piranesi from between 1754–1760

2.
The current bridge

3.
England

Ponte San Lorenzo
–
The Ponte San Lorenzo is a Roman segmental arch bridge over the river Bacchiglione in Padua, Italy. Constructed between 47 and 30 BC, it is one of the very earliest segmental arched bridges in the world and it is also notable for the slenderness of its piers, unsurpassed in antiquity. The Ponte San Lorenzo was one of four Roman bridges in ancient P

1.
England

Ponte Sant'Angelo
–
The bridge is faced with travertine marble and spans the Tiber with five arches, three of which are Roman, it was approached by means of ramp from the river. The bridge is now solely pedestrian, and provides a vista of the Castel SantAngelo. It links the rioni of Ponte, and Borgo, to whom the bridge administratively belongs, dante writes in his Com

1.
Ponte Sant'Angelo, Rome

Susegana Bridge
–
The Susegana Bridge is one of a series of Roman bridges on the Via Claudia Augusta in Susegana, northern Italy. The small structure is notable for its flattened arch, which classify it as a Roman segmental arch bridge. The bridge is 5.3 m wide, its arch, built of eleven irregular wedge-shaped stones, has a clear span of 3 m. Its construction is dat

Roman Bridge (Chaves)
–
The Trajans Bridge is a medieval bridge in the civil parish of Santa Maria Maior, in the municipality of Chaves in the Portuguese central subregion of Alto Trás-os-Montes. In 79 B. C. the column known as the Padrão dos Povos dedicated by the 10 civitas to the Roman emperors Vespasian and Titus, to the Augustuss legate and procurator and the 7th Leg

1.
Roman Bridge at Chaves

2.
The bridge at night

3.
England

Constantine's Bridge (Danube)
–
Constantines Bridge was a Roman bridge over the Danube. It was completed or rebuilt in 328 and remained in use for no more than four decades and it was officially opened on July 5th,328 in the presence of the emperor Constantine the Great. With an overall length of 2437 m,1137 m of which spanned the Danubes riverbed, Constantines Bridge is consider

1.
England

2.
Constantine's Bridge on the map

Trajan's Bridge
–
Trajans Bridge or Bridge of Apollodorus over the Danube was a Roman segmental arch bridge, the first bridge to be built over the lower Danube. Though it was functional for a few decades, for more than 1,000 years it was the longest arch bridge in both total and span length. The bridge was constructed in 105 AD by instruction of Emperor Trajan by Gr

1.
Artistic reconstruction

2.
Relief of the bridge on Trajan's Column showing the unusually flat segmental arches on high-rising concrete piers; in the foreground emperor Trajan sacrificing by the Danube

1.
Third arch of the Kemer Bridge. Above the arch vault is the hollow chamber. The circular ducts supported the Roman scaffolding and falsework during construction. At the bottom left a small, arched floodway is visible.