Blockages in the brains of fruit flies—similar to traffic jams—can form and then dissolve in 30 seconds or less. The findings could provide scientists much-needed clues to identify and treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s.

“Our research suggests that fixed, permanent blocks may impede the transport of important cellular components and, ultimately, lead to cellular degeneration and death,” says lead researcher Shermali Gunawardena, assistant professor of biological sciences at the University at Buffalo. “Conversely, blocks that resolve themselves may be benign.”

“This is an important distinction that could help researchers decide which kind or type of blocks to focus on when developing drugs and other forms of therapy for some of these debilitating diseases.”

Scientists have long known that many essential cellular components are transported along tracts of nerve cells called neuronal pathways, and that these movements are required for the growth, function, and maintenance of neurons. Only recently, however, have they been able to understand the many proteins that help control these movements.

Living larvae

For the new study, published in the journal PLOS ONE, researchers examined isolated nerve cells from fruit fly larvae. Neuronal pathways of these larvae are similar to neuronal pathways in humans.

[related]

Traditionally, researchers have identified blockages through still images of dead larvae. But, these images provide a snapshot only, instead of a depiction of the behavior of the accumulated components over distinct periods of time.

Researchers altered the approach by analyzing the neuronal pathways of living larvae. Unlike the still images, this method shows how the transport of components changes as neuronal pathways evolve over time.

The method showed that certain blockages form and dissolve rather quickly. For example, one blockage appeared and disappeared within 29 seconds. Its relatively short life indicates that the blockage is likely benign and not harmful to the cell.

Permanent blockages

The distinction is significant, Gunawardena says, because it could allow researchers to focus on permanent blockages that likely halt cellular movement and may pose more serious health risks.

Researchers also looked at how the transport of essential materials over several days contributed to the growth of neurons. If transport was disrupted, growth of the neuron was compromised. As the neuron grew, the movement of some components carrying synaptic proteins increased while other components did not show significant changes.

This suggests that the transport of components in neuronal pathways is linked to the growth and function of the nerve cell.

Taken together, the findings suggest that more research must be conducted to better understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of how essential materials are transported within neurons of living organisms. This, in turn, will provide clues into how defects in this system can lead to neurodegenerative diseases and, perhaps, better ways to identify and treat these ailments.