19 May 2017

Seitarō Kitayama’s 1918 short animation Urashima Tarō (浦島太郎, 1918) was considered lost for over 60 years until it
was rediscovered along with Jun’ichi
Kōuchi’s The Dull Sword (なまくら刀 / Namakura Gatana, 1917) in an Osaka antique shop in 2008 by visual
culture historian Natsuki Matsumoto
(source).It is the only extant work of at least 8
animated shorts that were made in Japan in 1918.The film was digitally restored from Matsumoto’s
35mm tinted silver nitrate positive copy and was screened at the NFC in 2008 as
part of a programme called Cinema Lost and Found 2008 (発掘された映画たち２００８) .Itand
can now be viewed online in the NFC’s Animation
Film Archives as part of their celebration of the centenary of animation
production in Japan.

The
animation is an adaption of the well known folk tale of the same name.The earliest known record of the name Urashima
Tarō is in an otogizōshi (御伽草), a kind of illustrated prose narrative, from the Muromachi era (c. 15th
century).However, the story itself
dates back even further to the Nara period, where it appears in such works as
the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of
Japan) and the Man’yōshū (Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves) under the name Urashimako.

It is a kind
of a Rip Van Winkle tale but instead of falling asleep, the main protagonist
goes out to sea on the back of a turtle.After many adventures (there are many variations of the tale), he
returns home to find that hundreds of years have past.In Japanese culture, Urashima Tarō is a short hand expression for that feeling one has
returning home after a long absence and feeling out of place.

It was
clever of Kitayama to choose a familiar story, because with such a short
animation (under 2 minutes running time) he did not have a lot of time to waste
on exposition.The short begins with
Urashima Tarō with his back to the camera walking to the sea with a fishing rod
slung over his shoulder.In the next
shot, he paddles his boat from bottom screen right to top screen left.The next shot using an iris matte to focus on
Urashima Tarō fishing peacefully in his boat.This is followed of an extreme long shot of Urashima Tarō struggling in
his boat, in now choppy waters, with menacing figures of large fish under the
water.

He falls to
the sea floor, where is appears to cry until he is rescued by a large turtle
who tells him to climb onto his shell.The sequence of Urashima Tarō travelling on the turtle’s back is shot
using silhouette animation.He appears
to arrive at a palace where he is escorted by humanoid figures with fish
heads.Cut to a princess standing in the
window who appears to beckon in a friendly manner.Iris in.Iris out to outside of the palace.A large bubble exits the palace door and floats upwards.Urashima Tarō bursts from the bubble back
onto the shore.His costume is the same
but he is now an elderly man.He appears
to laugh.End title cards.

Without the
benefit of the benshi narrator, who would have accompanied the film when it was
first screened, the nuances of the story have been lost. The facial expressions, gestures, and use of the absurd (fish headed people) suggest the film was meant to be humorous. The choice of red tinting (the NFC describes it
as “pink”) is unusual because red was usually used in silent films to
indicate scenes of fire or immense passion.Logically one would expect the underwater sequences to have been tinted
in blue and the island sequences in yellow to indicate sunlight.Perhaps light red was the only tint available
to Kitayama at the time – although Jun’ichi
Kōuchi did use a blue/green tint and a yellow tint for The Dull Sword (1917).I will update if I find any information about
the use of tinting in Japan during this period.

Although the
film is very short, Kitayama manages to demonstrate a number of techniques
including cutouts, silhouette animation, irises, and the use of three layers of
space.As we only have two extant films
from the many made during 1917 and 1918, this film is an important glimpse into
the abilities of Kitayama and his fellow animators at this time.

I am not sure
what name is indicated by the initials Y.N. in the end credit.The NFC lists the production company as Nikkatsu Mukojima Studio (日活向島), for whom he worked
until he established his own studio Kitayama
Eiga Seisakusho (北山映画製作所) in 1921.The studio was
unfortunately destroyed by the Great Kantō Earthquake in 1923 leading Kitayama to give up animation and move to
Osaka where he worked as a newsreel cameraman (Learn more).

Since 2010,
I have made a point to watch all of the films directed by
women at Nippon Connection.This year’s programme includes feature films,
documentaries and animation by women directors…. with
women also featuring prominently behind the scenes in the areas of production
and screenwriting.

Guests include the Japanese producer Yukie Kito (Tokyo Sonata, Sakebi), who is presenting the documentary Mifune: The Last Samurai (Steven Okazaki, 2015), Akiyo Fujimura will be on hand to present her feature debut Eriko, Pretended at its German premiere, and Tokyo University of the Arts student Rina Tanaka will present her directorial debut Snake Beneath the Flow at its international premiere.

Women are
currently dominating the student population in animation courses across Japan,
which is why this year’s Tokyo
University of the Arts selection is predominately female directors.There are two women in my selection Poetic
Landscapes – Recent Gems in Japanese
Indie Animation.Eri Okazaki is a graduate of the Tama
Art University (Tamabi) animation programme.Kiyoko Nakai belongs to the
art unit kesyuroom2013 (ケシュ#203)with Minami
Nakai. Both women are graduates of Film Studies at Waseda.

Here is a
quick overview of what to look out for:

NIPPON ANIMATION

A Silent Voice

映画聲の形

Eiga koe no katachi

Director:
Naoko YAMADA

Japan 2016, 129
min.

German
premiere

Thursday,
May 25, 12:00 Mousonturm Saal

Saturday,
May 27, 13:30 Mal Seh’n Kino

Poetic Landscapes – Recent Gems in Japanese
Indie Animation

in the
presence of the curator Dr. Catherine Munroe Hotes and director Hayato Nove