52 ing age in the mid- and late twenties), and the partial right clavicle on X-IDA, in Furue's words, "lacked usable areas for estimating age." He recorded the age of each of the twenty- two remains on a "working form"-a copy of Department of Defense Form 892 (a "Record of Identification Processing") . T HE second characteristic Tadao Furue recorded on a working form of 892 was the height of each remains. Anatomists have been mea- suring bones for centuries-in 1755, an anatomy professor at the Louvre published some measurements he had made for the purpose of providing artists with a means of rendering the human body in correct propor- tions-and generations of artists and anatomists have known that there is a correlation between an in- dividual's stature and the length of his long bones. It wasn't until the late nineteenth century that physi- cal anthropologists in Europe attempt- ed to estimate stature from the long bones, and it wasn't until the mid- dle of the twentieth century that an American physical anthropologist- Dr. Mildred Trotter-was presented with a sufficient number of subjects to enable her to devise reliable algebraic formulas that could be used to estimate the living height of an unknown from his bones. In 1948, Dr. Trotter, a professor of anatomy at Washington University in St. Louis, was assigned to Honolulu, where Second World War remains from the Pacific theatre which had been temporarily buried overseas were being brought back by the Army Graves Registration Service for prepa- ration for final burial. Dr . Trotter measured the bones of hundreds of these servicemen, who had been mea- sured upon their induction into mili- tary service, and whose identities had never been in question. The vast ma- jority of the men were white; the rest were black. From her research, Dr. Trotter concluded that the relation- ship of stature to long-limb bones dif- fers sufficiently among men of differ- ent races to require different formulas, and also that the lengths of the lower- limb bones are more highly correlated with stature than are the lengths of the upper-limb bones; therefore arm bones should not be used in the estima- tion of stature unless no leg bones are available. MAY 19,1986 The formulas derived from the measurements that Dr. Trotter made in 1948 and 1949 were published in 1952. The table for white males is given in centimetres and is arranged in order of increasing standard error of estimate. It looks like this: 1.30 (Femur + Tibia) + 63 29 2.38 Femur + 61.41 2.68 Fibula + 71.78 2.52 Tibia + 78.62 3.08 Humerus + 70.45 3.70 Ulna + 74.05 3.78 Radius + 79.01 :!: 2.99 3.27 ::I:: 3.29 ::I:: 3.37 ::I:: 4.05 ::I:: 4.32 ::I:: 4.32 X-I had a femur that measured 46 centimetres and a tibia that measured 36.5 centimetres. Using the Trotter formula, Furue added these two num- bers (which came to 82.5 cms.), multi- plied 82.5 cm. by 1.30 (which came to 107.25 cm.), added 63.29 cm., and got X-l's height: 170.54 cm. According to the Trotter formula, X-l's height should have been no more than 2.99 cm. greater or less than 170.54 cm. There are 2.54 centimetres per inch, so Furue divided 170.54 by 2.54 and got X-I's height in inches: 67.1. The margin for error was 2.99 cm., or 1.17 inches. Because X-5 had only frag- ments of the lower limbs, Furue had to use a humerus. It measured 35 cm. He , f'.:"" \ \