Summary of Napoleon's Buttons Chapter 12: Molecules of Witchcraft

IntroductionBetween the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries, many people died by cruel and horrible deaths of buring at the stake, hanging, or being tortured. The estimates of people killed ranged up to the millions which included men, women, children, and even aristocrats as they were accused of witchcraft. Although, poor and elderly women were the ones effected the most from multitudes of paranoia and delusions in those centuries. However, certain molecules played a role in this discrimination that ultimately led millions to their demise.

Toil and Trouble Witchcraft, prior to 1350, was regarded as sorcery where one controls nature in their own interest by protecting crops or people and casting spells to influence or provide. It was accepted in Europe and it was only a crime if sorcery was used to harm. Indolent accusations were avoided because people victims of maleficium were able to seek help from a witch and only become liable for penalty if they were unable to prove their case. In all, witchcraft was just part of folklore. A new attitude emerged around the fourteenth century when Christianity was opposed to magic. It only allowed magic sanctioned by the church and not the ones conducted outside since they believed that witches were in league with the devil. The crime of practicing sorcery became so terrible in the eyes of people that by the mid-fifteenth century, there were no more trials for the witches, but accusations were enough evidence to kill. The deeds that people regarded with witches transgressed rationality, but they were still fervently believed. A large percentage of women were accused as witches since it was believed that whenever disaster stuck, people would exclaimed that women have been working together with demons at a witches' gathering. The killings definitely too its toll on both Catholic and Protestant countries as the height of the witch-hunt paranoia left no women in Swiss villages, some regions in Germany had its village population burned. In England and Holland, the accused had to undergo the water test that had them thrown into a pond and if they floated, they were a true which. If they were innocent, it was a comfort to their families, but they still drowned. As the witch-hunt terror gradually faded, the economy was threatened since so many people were accused and killed. When the Age of Enlightenment came, people opposed the madness and the witch-hunts ceased. So, by the eighteenth century, executions for practicing witchcraft came to a halt for the Church and state, but the public weren't ready to give up on the fear of witchcraft that built over the centuries. Although many of the women killed were herbalists who were skilled in using local plants to cure diseases and provide pain relief. They were often relied upon for spells or removal of hexes since some of their herbs had healing powers that would seem magical. Although, using the herbal medicine and prescribing them were dangerous because different parts of the plant contain ranging levels of effective compounds, like how plants from different locations can vary in their ability to cure or the different times of year they're harvested would change how much does they contain. Many plants were beneficial, but there were ones that can have poison depending on their molecules. So, the molecules in these plants may yet brand a herbalist as a witch.

Healing Herbs, Harmful HerbsMany plants contain were used to relieve pain and prevent illnesses, like the salicylic acid in willow trees were used for aspirin or how the root of the celery were used to prevent muscle cramps. Also, Digitalis was an extract from the common foxglove and its molecules helped in reducing the heart rate and regularize heart rhythm. It strengthens the heartbeat too. The digoxin molecule helps with cardiac glycoside or the heart. For example, in 1795, a British physician named William Withering used the foxglove extracts for treating congestive...

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Witchcraft
WORD COUNT 1138
Sarajevo, October 2012
Action Plan
For this essay I choose to write about witchcraft in the 16th and 17th century since I find the topic extremely interesting the write about. Given that we only have a paragraph about it in out History textbooks, I will have to look into other books and also search the internet to find what I need for the essay.
* Read about the topic from my History textbook
* Find information from other books such as the book People that Changed the World
* Go online and research about witchcraft, but avoid unapproved websites
* Collect as much relevant data as possible and concentrate it all in one document
* Decide on the focus question based on the collected data
* Set up a couple of sub-questions that will help me better answer the focus question
* Make the structure of the essay
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* For what reason did the witchcraft mania begin?
* Who were mainly subjects of accusations for practicing witchcraft?
* What was considered as witchcraft and what did a person have to do to be called a witch?
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...ABSTRACT
This study is all about the superstitious beliefs of the students toward witchcraft in the Philippines. Witchcraft (also called witchery or spell craft) is the use of alleged supernatural, magical faculties. Beliefs in witchcraft have historically existed in most regions of the world. One of the regions is the Philippines. Witch in the Philippines was known as sorcerers or practitioners of black magic are known as Mangkukulam in Tagalog and Mambabarang in Cebuano.
The main purpose of this study is to determine the superstitious beliefs of the high school students of IMCC toward witchcraft in the Philippines. This study was also focused on other activities which include spells, voodoo dolls and fortune tellers. The subjects of this study were 20 high school students of Iligan Medical Center College. The study is answered by a survey questionnaire structure.
According to the results, the respondents don’t have enough knowledge about witchcrafts; they find witchcraft interesting and are curious of what witchcraft is, and they are not totally sure if they believe in witches and faith healers/mabobolo and also with the fortune tellers.
The findings of this study may not be beneficial to the students in Iligan Medical Center College but it can help students to have knowledge about witchcrafts. And it may be beneficial to those students or the other...

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1. The motivation behind each endeavor’s goals could have been the use for good, wealth, money, or prosperity. The chemistry of the compound is related to their usage and motive for obtaining them because molecules can control the trade and use of one specific area of the world. Some major molecules that were valued are phenol, isoprene, silk, cellulose, and glucose. Phenols were used as antiseptics during surgery to prevent cuts and wounds from getting infected. Isoprene, which is rubber, has been made into countless everyday items that we use to this day. Silk is one of the most valued fabrics in the world. Silk is very hard to harvest and it is expensive. Cellulose is the main component of cotton. Cotton is cheap and most of our clothes are made out of it today but it has fueled slavery for most of the 18th and 19th centuries. Glucose is our everyday sweetener that is always at hand but this has also been a product of slavery during the same time period of cotton. All of these molecules have been valued at some point or another. Each molecule here has been a product of someone’s endeavor to gain some sort of goal.
2. Serendipity is the occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way. A decent majority of chemical discoveries are serendipitous, either by means of trying to create artificial chemicals, failing and creating...