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The current global energy system is dominated by fossil fuels. ( ) On a global basis, it is estimated that renewable Energies accounted for 12.9% of the total 492 Exajoules (EJ) of primary energy supply in 2008.

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Correlation between carbon emissions, CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere and temperature change during the last millenium

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Annual and five-year running mean temperature change ( o C) for both hemispheres relative to the baseline period of ( ) Mean surface temperature change (°C) from 1901 to The temperature rise increases towards the North. 2. The temperature rise is smaller in the ocean water than on land surfaces. The temperature change is more pronounced in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. ( )

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Global mean energy budget (W/m 2 ) under present day climate conditions. Numbers state magnitudes of the individual energy fluxes in W/m 2, adjusted within their uncertainty ranges to close the energy budgets. Numbers in parentheses attached to the energy fluxes cover the range of values in line with observational constraints. ( )

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Linking relative humidity to cloud feedbacks (A) Water vapor (in cm), (B) cloud fraction, and (C) reflected solar radiation (in W/m 2 ) for July Clouds cool the climate by reflecting incoming sunlight back to space, but they also warm the climate by absorbing upwelling terrestrial radiation from the surface. Their net effect is to cool the planet, but changes in clouds in response to global warming may increase or reduce this cooling. Climate models do not agree on the spatial patterns of cloud changes or their net radiative effects, and the cloud feedback is responsible for most of the uncertainty in climate sensitivity in model studies. Observational data are needed to resolve these issues. Black regions in the water vapor plot indicate missing data, often due to high cloud coverage. Regions with high cloud fraction and reflected solar radiation generally coincide with high amounts of water vapor. Note in particular the subtropical regions with low reflected solar radiation. Fasullo & Trenbert (2012) use the correlations of these three fields to relate relative humidity changes to reflected solar radiation changes and, hence, cloud feedbacks. Science 9 November 2012: vol. 338 no

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Concentration trends of carbon dioxide CO 2 (top) and methane CH 4 (bottom) in the atmosphere Annual cycle of CO 2 in the northern hemisphere CO 2 and CH 4 are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The trends with seasonal cycle removed are shown in red. Jan. April July Oct. Jan. Photo- synthesis Decay of org. mat. Decay of organic material

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Global Carbon Storage in Above- and Below-Ground Live Vegetation Despite constant exchanges of C between forest biomass, soils, and the atmosphere, a large amount is always present in leaves and woody tissue, roots, and soils. This quanti- ty of C is known as the carbon store. C sequestration and storage slow the rate at which CO 2 accumulates in the atmosphere and mitigate global warming billion tons of C are estimated to be stored in the worlds above- and below-ground live vegetation. 1 ha = m 2 World Resources Institute and PAGE (2000)

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Global Carbon Storage in Soils (World Resources Institute and PAGE, 2000) WRIs estimates of carbon stores in soils are based on those of Batjes (Batjes, 1996), who estimated the global stock of organic carbon in the upper 100 cm of the soil to be between 1,462 and 1,548 billion tons of carbon. Carbon storage values in the boreal region reach a maximum of 1250 metric tons of carbon per hectare.

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(11/2011) The carbon store depicted in this map is 2,385 billion tons. The low-end estimate is 1,752 billion tons (World Resources Institute and PAGE, 2000). Forest ecosystems account for about 40 % of the total carbon, about 34 % is stored in grasslands, about 17 % in agricultural lands. The highest quantities of stored carbon are located in the tropical and boreal forest regions. In the tropics, more carbon is stored in vegetation than in soils while in the boreal region far more carbon is stored in the soils. Peatlands in the boreal region are especially important areas because of the large quantities of soil carbon stored per unit area. Global carbon storage in above- and below-ground live vegetation and soils (World Resources Institute and PAGE, 2000)

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Baumert et al (2005) Sources of CO 2 emissions from global land use change 2000 Afforestation: establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. Reforestation: reestablishment of forests, either naturally or artificially (direct seeding or planting)