one of the most famous of English actors, the first of his profession to be knighted (1895) for services to the stage. He was also a celebrated theatre manager and the professional partner of the actress Ellen Terry for 24 years (1878–1902)....

...forgotten. Experimental art was replaced by countless pictures of Vladimir Lenin (the founder of the Russian Communist Party and the first leader of the Soviet Union)—as, for example, Isaak Brodsky’s Lenin at the Smolny (1930)—and by a seemingly unending string of rose-tinted Socialist Realist depictions of everyday life bearing titles like ......

city, western Ukraine, near the Styr River, east of Lviv. The settlement has existed since at least the 12th century; in the 17th century it became the site of a heavily fortified castle. Its importance as a trade centre increased in the 19th century, as its location made it a transit point for goods passing between the Austrian and Russian empires. Industries...

city, western Ukraine, near the Styr River, east of Lviv. The settlement has existed since at least the 12th century; in the 17th century it became the site of a heavily fortified castle. Its importance as a trade centre increased in the 19th century, as its location made it a transit point for goods passing between the Austrian and Russian empires. Industries...

Dec. 4, 1922New York, N.Y.July 9, 2014San Mateo, Calif.American social worker and researcher who was a pioneer in the field of gerontology, studying numerous cases of elderly Americans and their caregivers, notably those whom she called “women in the middle,” individuals who w...

...masterpieces. Revival was helped by the rederijkers (rhetoricians; see rederijkerskamer), who continued, more or less successfully, to use Dutch, not French. Karel Broeckaert wrote dialogues modeled on Joseph Addison’s Spectator essays in a spirit of rational liberalism, creating a literary figure, “Gysken,” the iron...

...as the Well of Moses (1395–1404/05). Six full-length, life-size, polychromed prophets flank the central pier. Among the painters in service at Dijon were Jean Malouel, Henri Bellechose, and Melchior Broederlam (flourished 1381–c. 1409). Broederlam was one of the first masters to explore the use of disguised symbolism in the representation of an ultra-naturalistic world, and...

game similar to netball and basketball, invented in 1901 by an Amsterdam schoolmaster, Nico Broekhuysen. It was first demonstrated in the Netherlands in 1902 and was played on an international level, primarily in Europe, by the 1970s. It was devised as a game for both sexes. A national association was formed in 1903, and the game spread to Belgium, Indonesia, Suriname, Germany, Spain, New......

...of the counts of Flanders (1374), contains Anthony Van Dyck’s “Elevation of the Cross” (1631) and a 14th-century statue of St. Catherine. Other historic landmarks in Kortrijk include the Broelbrug (bridge; c. 1400), with its two massive towers; the Gothic St. Martin’s Church; the 14th-century belfry; and the town hall (15th and 16th centuries) in the Flamboyan...

...a maternity hospital. It gave voice to Trier Mørch’s belief in women’s potential for solidarity and communality. Provocative and shunned by leftist radicals and doctrinaire feminists alike, Suzanne Brøgger was among the first to confront bourgeois concepts of sexuality and love with her Fri os fra kœrligheden (1973; Deliver Us from Love...

French noble family, descended from a Piedmontese family of the 17th century, that produced many high-ranking soldiers, politicians, and diplomats. Prominent members included François-Marie, 1e duc de Broglie (1671–1745), a general and marshal of France; Victor-François, 2e duc de Broglie (1718–1814), a soldier...

...produce small roasters; in the marketplace, however, the term is used to denote a small bird, five to six weeks old, that is often served whole and stuffed. Seven-week-old chickens are classified as broilers or fryers, and those that are 14 weeks old as roasters....

...Some of the breeding phases no longer take place in farms but in specialized plants; the farmer buys either chicks for broiler production or young layers for egg production. The typical modern broiler house holds from 10 to 100,000 birds, with automated feeding. Two types of facilities can be used. The broilers can be put on the ground on a deep litter of wood shavings, on wire mesh above......

cooking by exposing food to direct radiant heat, either on a grill over live coals or below a gas burner or electric coil. Broiling differs from roasting and baking in that the food is turned during the process so as to cook one side at a time. Temperatures are higher for broiling than for roasting; the broil indicator of a household range is typically set around 550° F (288° C), wh...

English poet and author of The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet (1562), the poem on which Shakespeare based Romeo and Juliet. It is written in rhymed verse and was taken from the French translation of one of the stories in Matteo Bandello’s ...

Close Range: Wyoming Stories (1999) is a collection of stories set in the harsh landscapes of rural Wyoming. It includes Brokeback Mountain, the story of two ranch hands, Jack Twist and Ennis del Mar, whose friendship becomes a sexual relationship during a summer spent tending sheep in the 1960s. Afterward they pursue the traditional heterosexual lives......

In a hint of things to come, modernist mainstay Charles Wuorinen announced in September that he had begun work on an opera based on the short story and film Brokeback Mountain. The Metropolitan Opera announced that it had commissioned a collaboration between film director Minghella and composer Osvaldo Golijov for a work to be produced in the 2011–12 season....

...the American mainstream for industrial music. After a drawn-out legal battle with his recording company, TVT, Reznor set up his own label, Nothing Records, and released the EP Broken (1992), which earned a Grammy Award. Reznor signed glam shock rocker Marilyn Manson to the Nothing label, and the two fed on each other’s successes throughout the 1990s....

After moving to Twentieth Century-Fox in 1950, Daves directed his first western and one of his best pictures, Broken Arrow. The superlative drama, which focuses on the growing conflict between Apaches and white settlers, featured notable performances by James Stewart, as a former soldier who falls in love with an Apache (Debra Paget), and Jeff Chandler, as Cochise. The......

inlet of the Tasman Sea (Pacific Ocean), indenting east-central New South Wales, Australia. It receives the Hawkesbury and Pittwater rivers, and its 3-mile- (5-kilometre-) wide entrance, flanked by Hawke, or Box, Head (north) and Barranjoey Head (south), leads to an interior broken into three small inlets: Pittwater (south), Cowan Creek (central), and Brisbane Water. Visited in 1770 by Captain Ja...

in pathology, a break in a bone caused by stress. Certain normal and pathological conditions may predispose bones to fracture. Children have relatively weak bones because of incomplete calcification, and older adults, especially women past menopause, develop osteoporosis, a weakening of bone concomitant with aging. Pathological conditions in...

Broken chords (i.e., chords broken up melodically into their intervallic components) have long furnished basic motivic materials for instrumental compositions, especially of the homophonic variety conceived in terms of the diatonic harmonic system that governed the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when triadic themes were favoured. Early in the 20th century, on the other hand, Arnold......

...Misérables (2012) he performed the role of the determined police inspector Javert. Crowe subsequently appeared as a corrupt New York City mayor in the crime drama Broken City (2013); as Superman’s father, Jor-El, in Man of Steel (2013); and as a New York crime boss in the fantasy Winter’s Tale...

...the short-lived romantic movement of young poets and writers, which he later described in his novel Haru (1908; “Spring”). The first of his major novels, Hakai (1906; The Broken Commandment), the story of a young outcast schoolteacher’s struggle for self-realization, has been called representative of the naturalist school, then the vogue in Japan, altho...

Spain’s output was dominated by Pedro Almodóvar’s Los abrazos rotos (Broken Embraces), a labyrinthine tale about obsessive love, revenge, and cinema, circling around the travails of a former film director blinded in a car crash. Almodóvar’s medley of styles and genres ensured continual interest, as did the presence of Penélope Cruz, though th...

...of a Geisha, adapted from Arthur Golden’s best seller and starring the luminous Chinese actress Zhang Ziyi (see Biographies), and Jim Jarmusch’s lively and quirky Broken Flowers, with a poker-faced Bill Murray encountering a series of former flames in his search for the son he might or might not have fathered. David Cronenberg’s A His...

the night of November 9–10, 1938, when German Nazis attacked Jewish persons and property. The name Kristallnacht refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after these pogroms. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence continued for several mor...

...1627 to 1638 Ford wrote plays by himself, mostly for private theatres, but the sequence of his eight extant plays cannot be precisely determined, and only two of them can be dated. His plays are: The Broken Heart; The Lover’s Melancholy (1628); ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore; Perkin Warbeck; The Queen; The Fancies, Chaste and Noble; Love’s Sacrifice; an...

fossilized skull of an extinct human species (genus Homo) found near the town of Kabwe, Zambia (formerly Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia), in 1921. It was the first discovered remains of premodern Homo in Africa and until the early 1970s was considered to be 30,000 to 40,000 years old—only on...

Screenplay: George Seaton for The Country GirlMotion Picture Story: Philip Yordan for Broken LanceStory and Screenplay: Budd Schulberg for On the WaterfrontCinematography, Black-and-White: Boris Kaufman for On the WaterfrontCinematography, Color: Milton Krasner for Three Coins in the FountainArt Direction, Black-and-White: Richard Day for On the......

Most graphs employ two axes, in which the horizontal axis represents a group of independent variables, and the vertical axis represents a group of dependent variables. The most common graph is a broken-line graph, where the independent variable is usually a factor of time. Data points are plotted on such a grid and then connected with line segments to give an approximate curve of, for example,......

...who would collaborate frequently with Lubitsch throughout the director’s career. Lubitsch’s follow-up to The Smiling Lieutenant, the sombre antiwar drama Broken Lullaby (1932; also released as The Man I Killed), with Lionel Barrymore, was praised for its brilliant camera work, but with his next effort the d...

...of plot and intensity of feeling that have made his place unique among German poets. In March 1808 Kleist’s one-act comedy in verse, Der zerbrochene Krug (The Broken Pitcher), was unsuccessfully produced by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Weimar. The play employs vividly portrayed rustic characters, skillful dialogue, earthy humour, and sub...

...in Arabic and the Southwest Semitic languages, however, plurality is indicated directly through the pattern of the stem rather than by means of an ending. Such nouns constitute the class of “broken” plurals, while the remaining nouns, which use a long-vowel ending to mark plurality, are called the “sound” type. Outside Arabic and the Southwest Semitic languages, the....

a rhyme in which one of the rhyming elements is actually two words (i.e., “gutteral” with “sputter all”). A broken rhyme may also involve a division of a word by the break between two lines in order to end a line with a rhyme provided by the first part of the word, as in the second stanza of Gerard Manley Hopkins’s untitled poem that begins ...

...interactions. Nambu, of the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago, was awarded one-half of the $1.4 million prize for his discovery and description of a mechanism called spontaneous broken symmetry. Kobayashi, of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Japan, and Maskawa, of the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Kyoto University, each received......

chronic disorder of the lungs of horses and cows, characterized by difficult breathing and wheezy cough. The symptoms are worsened by vigorous exercise, sudden weather changes, and overfeeding. Heaves resulting from bronchitis may be associated with the feeding of dusty or moldy hay. In horses the condition may be of allergic origin. Chronic pulmonary emphysema also induces heaves. ...

academic theory proposed by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling in 1982 that used broken windows as a metaphor for disorder within neighbourhoods. Their theory links disorder and incivility within a community to subsequent occurrences of serious crime....

in poetry, a line truncated in the middle. The term is used especially of John Lydgate’s poetry, many lines of which have nine syllables and appear to lack an unstressed syllable at the medial break or caesura. ...

The broker is a business agent who is completely independent of his principal. In the area of employment brokerage or placement services, most European countries have passed special regulatory legislation to protect the interests of those persons using such services to seek employment....

During the first four decades of the 18th century, Bohemian Baroque art developed almost independently of Vienna. The brilliant rugged stone sculptures of Matyás Bernard Braun and Ferdinand Maximilián Brokoff, with their dynamism and expressive gestures, were truly Bohemian in spirit....

The Brokopondo Dam and a hydroelectric power plant on the Suriname River produce electricity for the bauxite-refining operations in Paranam. The dam impounds the 600-square-mile (1,550-square-km) W.J. van Blommestein Lake....

Tibetan Buddhist, member of the school of the 11th-century reformer Atīśa. He translated much of the Buddhist sacred literature, including Tantra texts, into classic Tibetan and possibly (c. 1060) made the definitive arrangement of the Kanjur and Tanjur, the two basic Tibetan collections of Buddhist principles. ...

...switched his support to John Casimir and thereby received the recognition of full sovereignty over Prussia for himself and his male descendants through the treaties of Wehlau (Welawa) and Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) in 1657....

canal in north-central Poland that links the Vistula River basin with that of the Oder River. The canal extends for 27 km (17 miles) between Nakło and the inland port city of Bydgoszcz. Construction of the 19-metre- (62-foot-) wide canal and its eight locks was completed in 1774 under Frederick II, who had annexed the region to Prussi...

any of approximately 100 annual and perennial species of weeds and forage grasses comprising the genus Bromus (family Poaceae), found in temperate and cool climates. These grasses have flat, thin leaves and open, spreading flower clusters that are erect or drooping. Most are 30 to 100 cm (12 to 40 inches) tall. More than 40 species are found in the United States; about half are native gras...

any of the flowering plants of the Bromeliaceae family, almost 2,600 species. All but one species are native to the tropical New World and the West Indies. Bromeliad flowers have three parts, like lilies but with contrasting sepals and petals. Many bromeliads are short-stemmed epiphytes. Many species bear flowers in a long spike, with coloured bracts below or ...

any of the flowering plants of the Bromeliaceae family, almost 2,600 species. All but one species are native to the tropical New World and the West Indies. Bromeliad flowers have three parts, like lilies but with contrasting sepals and petals. Many bromeliads are short-stemmed epiphytes. Many species bear flowers in a long spike, with coloured bracts below or ...

...reduced; i.e., the oxidation number 0 of the free element is reduced to −1. The halogens can combine with other elements to form compounds known as halides—namely, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, iodides, and astatides. Many of the halides may be considered to be salts of the respective hydrogen halides, which are colourless gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure and.....

in Greco-Roman religion, a nature god of fruitfulness and vegetation, especially known as a god of wine and ecstasy. The occurrence of his name on a Linear B tablet (13th century bce) shows that he was already worshipped in the Mycenaean period, although it is not known where his cult originated. In all the legends of his cult, he is depicted as having foreign orig...

outer borough of London, England, on the southeastern perimeter of the metropolis. Most of the borough is part of the historic county of Kent, but its westernmost extensions belong historically to Surrey. Bromley is the largest in area of the London boroughs. The present borough of Bromley was establishe...

May 4, 1926Westmeath, Ont.Feb. 10, 2005New Haven, Conn.Canadian-born American physicist and government official who , was the founder and director (1963–89) of Yale University’s A.W. Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, where he conducted pioneering research in heavy ion physi...

a barium and calcium carbonate mineral, CaBa(CO3)2, with minor amounts of strontium. It is colourless or light gray or pink in appearance and is also transparent or translucent. Its crystal structure is orthorhombic and is identical to that of aragonite, with barium and calcium in nine-fold coordination but ordered within layers; the layers can in turn be arranged in various...

If each hydrogen atom in a molecule of methane were replaced with a different atom, one possible result would be bromochlorofluoroiodomethane (CBrClFI). The mirror images of this molecule are not superimposable. There are definitely two enantiomers of this molecule....

...shift represents a fractional increase of one part per million (ppm) in the energy of absorbed radiation, relative to the value for tetramethylsilane. For example, in the proton NMR spectrum of bromoethane, the hydrogen atoms of the CH3 group appear at about 1.6 ppm and the hydrogens of the CH2 group at about 3.3 ppm. Atoms in a molecule have different chemical shifts......

Bromine has other uses, as in making various dyes and the compounds tetrabromoethane (C2H2Br4) and bromoform (CHBr3), which are used as liquids in gauges because of their high specific gravity. Until the development of barbiturates in the early 20th century, bromides of potassium, sodium, calcium, strontium, lithium, and ammonium were used widely in......

a colourless, nonflammable, highly toxic gas (readily liquefied) belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds. It is used as a fumigant against insects and rodents in food, tobacco, and nursery stock; smaller amounts are used in the preparation of other organic compounds....

...Africa and well known for the spicy fragrance of some species. Biennial natives to southwestern Europe and western Asia, stocks, or gillyflowers (M. incana), are known in Great Britain as sea stocks because they often grow on seaside cliffs. They produce 60- to 80-cm (25- to 30-inch) spikes of lilac to white, four-petaled flowers rising from narrowly oval, deep green leaves. This......

...discipline to the mutinous and disorganized army. After gaining decisive victories, he was ordered by the chancellor, Count Axel Oxenstierna, to launch an attack on Denmark (1643), resulting in the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, through which Sweden gained Jämtland and Härjedalen counties from Norway and the islands of Gotland and Ösel in the Baltic Sea....

...Land (state), western Germany. It is situated in the Rheingau (region) at the foot of the Taunus Mountains and is a chief centre of the Rhine wine industry. It was first mentioned in 864. The Brömserburg, an early castle of the archbishops of Mainz, was rebuilt as a residence about 1200 and later belonged to the knights of Rüdesheim; it now houses historical collections and...

Tests measuring the capacity of the liver to detoxify and clear toxic compounds involve the selective use of such test substances as hippuric acid and Bromsulphalein. Other diagnostic measures of liver function are based on the following: X-ray, following the opacification of liver structures with a radiopaque substance; biopsy; the administration of a radioactive compound that is absorbed to......

any of approximately 100 annual and perennial species of weeds and forage grasses comprising the genus Bromus (family Poaceae), found in temperate and cool climates. These grasses have flat, thin leaves and open, spreading flower clusters that are erect or drooping. Most are 30 to 100 cm (12 to 40 inches) tall. More than 40 species are found in the United States; about half are native gras...

Rescue grass (B. catharticus), a winter annual introduced from South America into the United States as a forage and pasture grass, and smooth brome (B. inermis), a perennial native to Eurasia and introduced into the northern United States as a forage plant and soil binder, are the economically important bromegrasses. The common weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as......

...important bromegrasses. The common weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as cheat, is found along roadsides and in grain fields. Downy brome or cheatgrass (B. tectorum), ripgut grass (B. diandrus), and foxtail brome (B. rubens) are dangerous to grazing animals; spines on their spikelets or bracts puncture the animals’ eyes, mouths, and intestines,......

Rescue grass (B. catharticus), a winter annual introduced from South America into the United States as a forage and pasture grass, and smooth brome (B. inermis), a perennial native to Eurasia and introduced into the northern United States as a forage plant and soil binder, are the economically important bromegrasses. The common weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as......

...weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as cheat, is found along roadsides and in grain fields. Downy brome or cheatgrass (B. tectorum), ripgut grass (B. diandrus), and foxtail brome (B. rubens) are dangerous to grazing animals; spines on their spikelets or bracts puncture the animals’ eyes, mouths, and intestines, leading to infection and possible death....

...(B. inermis), a perennial native to Eurasia and introduced into the northern United States as a forage plant and soil binder, are the economically important bromegrasses. The common weed chess (B. secalinus), sometimes known as cheat, is found along roadsides and in grain fields. Downy brome or cheatgrass (B. tectorum), ripgut grass (B. diandrus), and foxtail......