For most of history, next to no measurable growth in output per person
occurred. What growth did occur came from rising population.

This is not the case. Per capita economic growth was significant and economically transformative prior to 1750, according to the research cited by Gordon for the United Kingdom (PDF).

Far more importantly than what happened before 1750, Wolf republishes Gordon's "stair step decline" graph which shows rates of per capita GDP growth dropping from about 2.5% per year in 1950 to about half that a half-century later. As I have shown from multiple datasets, that trend is not supported by the data.

A linear trend on rates of change in per capita GDP from 1950 to 2006 shows very little deviation from a 2.0% growth rate, as indicated in the graph above.

How might one fool oneself into thinking otherwise?

Consider the graph above which shows change in per capita growth rates for each decade from 1885 (that is, the first point shows per capita GDP growth from 1885-1895, the second point 1895-1905, etc, based on Maddison data cited by Gordon). The data might arguably be used to support a claim of a slowdown in growth rates since 1950.

But hold on a second. Consider the graph immediately above which shows the same Maddison data, except the data begins in 1880 (i.e., the first point shows the growth rate in per capita GDP 1880-1890, the second point 1890-1900). This way of analyzing the data shows what seems to be an increase in per capita GDP growth rates from mid-century.

Which is correct? Well, they both are "correct" from a mathematical perspective. From an economic perspective, what the two graphs tell you is that the data is noisy and start and end points for analysis make a big difference. The different pictures also offer a warning about the perils of taking trends off of smoothed data.

Above is all of the data at annual resolution from 1870 to 2006. The data show a remarkable lack of trend (red line) over 136 years. There is a notable change in variability following World War II which presumably reflects the impacts of explicit monetary policies.

But over the long term, is there evidence of a great slowdown in rates of per capita economic growth? The answer is no.

Martin Wolf has promised me that he'd take a look at the data himself, which I appreciate. As the motto of Royal Society says, nullius in verba. Mistakes can easily occur in any analysis. The important thing is what is done once they are recognized.

5 comments:

Believe you have done a fine job of rebuking the notional claim put forth by Robert Gordon. Gordon’s claim smells of confirmation bias.

Regarding the year 1750 which seems to be a focal point, one might find more insight by taking a look at economies prior to 1700 and economies after 1890 to present, through the lens of public choice theory.

Prior to 1700 the basic form of economic organization was very much associated with “government privilege”. Around 1700 economies began to leave behind crony capitalism, rent-seeking, political constituency building through taxpayer dollars, and the bestowing of government largess and began a free market period where government privilege shrank. That is, economies became economies based upon the allocation or scarce resources with alternate uses, rather than allocation by politics.

From 1890 to present, economies have reverted to government privilege base economies with resource allocation by politics. That is, the reemergence of crony capitalism, rent-seeking, political constituency building through taxpayer dollars, and the bestowing of government largess.

The two periods, 1700 - 1890 and 1890 to present, the GDP thereof, are in no uncertain part affected by free market economies vs. economies based upon politicos. One might very well say that per capita GDP growth would have been even greater 1890 to present without the reemergence of government privilege based economies. Stated alternatively, are government privilege based economies are a drag on per capita GDP.

Will leave with this thought:

The inefficiency of political control of an economy has been demonstrated more often, in more places, and under more varied conditions, than almost anything outside the realm of pure science. - page 166 of Thomas Sowell’s 1999 book, The Quest for Cosmic Justice

I would describe the difference between the two 10-year charts as being attributable to the perils of undersampling, rather than smoothing. It is preferable to show the growth rates over rolling 10-year intervals, in order to reduce the year-to-year jitter without resampling.