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Melchizedek was the King of Salem and a high priest of God.
Genesis 14:18-20
18 Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was priest of God Most High,
19 and he blessed Abram, saying, “Blessed be Abram by God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth.
20 And praise be to God Most High, who delivered your enemies into ...

Yeah, well no... He prefigures Jesus, the same way lots and lots of OT people do.
Job/Suffering Servant from Isaiah - for suffering
Moses - for leadership out of bondage
Abraham/Noah - for trusting in God's providence
David - for kingship
Melchizedek/Aaron - for priesthood

Catholic version
Priest The biblical order of presbyters. One who conducts sacrifices
Vicar, a priest who is the bishop's helper
Dean (arch-priest) a priest who is designated by the bishop to oversee a number of parishes
Monsignor, a title given by a Bishop to an exemplary priest.
Pastor The priest who is in charge or a parish, he may have associate ...

An attempt at a generic Protestant version. Note that these are guidelines, and additional tradition-specific versions should be consulted!
Clergy:
Priest One who conducts the rituals that mediate between God and man.
Pastor From a word meaning 'shepherd', one who 'watches over' a church, manages it, and tends to its members. Because of the shepherd ...

Actually cardinals, bishops and pope, all hold one and the same degree of Holy Orders in the Catholic Church. All of them are bishops.
Pope: Bishop of Rome is called Pope. As the bishop of Rome he is considered to be first amongst equals.Supremacy of Popes Pope just means Father/Papa
Cardinals: They are special bishopssee note 1 chosen by the Pope to help ...

In the Doctrine and Covenants, section 107 verses 13-17 we read:
13 The second priesthood is called the Priesthood of Aaron, because it
was conferred upon Aaron and his seed, throughout all their
generations.
14 Why it is called the lesser priesthood is because it is an
appendage to the greater, or the Melchizedek Priesthood, and has power
...

The Church had been initially organized in 1830 with Joseph Smith as the first Elder and Oliver Cowdery as the second. In 1832, Joseph Smith organized a First Presidency and appointed two counselors. One of these was Sidney Rigdon, The other was excommunicated in 1833 and his replacement disappeared about 1837. Oliver Cowdery had been appointed Assistant ...

Hebrews 5:6, which quotes Psalms 110:4, is a bit more specific:
6 And in another passage God said to him,
“You are a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek.”
So if Jesus is a priest in the order of Melchizedek, he's obviously not Melchizedek.

3 Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither
beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God;
abideth a priest continually.
If he is still abiding as a priest, and has neither a beginning nor ending of days, how can he not be Jesus?
I think the answer is pretty clear (simple logic really) - He is Jesus, ...

The Catholic Church believes in three different types of priests: (Edited from this Wikipedia article.)
first, the priesthood of all believers (1 Peter 2:5–9);
second, the ordained priesthood (Acts 14:23, Romans 15:16, Titus 1:5); and
third, the high priesthood of Jesus (Hebrews 3:1).
The Catholic Church accepts the 'priesthood of all believers' ...

Some of the primary differences are due to the believed place of the clergy.
In some churches being clergyman is considered a "vocation". If someone is called to be ordained they are ordained for life (barring exceptional circumstances). Even if they stop doing the job of a priest, they remain one. The denominations that practice this typically have a ...

The crux of this question seems to lie in the final paragraph:
So, what specific priesthood did the line of Adam from Seth to Noah
hold that would have to predate the other two priesthoods by at least
four centuries?
The confusion leading to this question is cleared up in Doctrine and Covenants, section 107:
2 Why the first [order of ...

Short answer:
Jesus did not ordain women.
Long Answer:
It is because of Christ's example in sacred scripture and because of Apostolic Tradition (Tradition with a capital 'T'). The Church does not consider herself authorized to change this. Christ could have ordained women to priesthood. He had the power to do that and he chose not to. Christ chose those ...

I think it is as easy as you suspect.
Hebrews does focus on the superiority of the New Covenant a little more from the ceremonial perspective than does some of the other Epistles, as this had more meaning to a Jewish audience. However this superiority of the blood of Christ, versus blood of bulls only has meaning as it satisfies the moral demands of the ...

John still held the priesthood during that time (as did the three Nephites who were given the same blessing as John), but the function of the priesthood was limited to his particular, ministerial duties. In other words, the fulness of the Priesthood was not active because its keys did not remain on the earth.
John was not called to be the President of the ...

Simple answer, No. No there is no proof of the assertion by that priest.
The idea of Apostolic succession from which the orthodox imposition of hands as a sacrament finds its purpose is not something that can be historically traced. The laying on of hands is in the bible but not for this serious purpose of defining legitimate authority to administer the ...

If he is not, how could there be priests of God before God chose
himself a nation and defined priesthood after the Hebrews left Egypt?
Hebrews 7, which you quoted, makes it fairly clear: the Order of Melchizedek is a higher order of priesthood than the order of Aaron, which the Levites operated under. It had the power of administering the ...

In short, it sucks. It sucks eggs. Really. It's like believing the Gospel, but not having any grace to go with it.
The biggest problem with "losing one's faith" is that your moral compass remains unchanged. Unlike what I suspect many can do - namely ignore their own internal compass - priests are, by and large, a self-selected lot. People who are ...

It's important to distinguish between two kinds of clerical titles:
Those that derive from the reception of the sacrament of Order and indicate a permanent character in the recipient's soul, which can never be taken away and persists even beyond death
Those that indicate an ecclesiastical office that is held by appointment or election for a determinate ...

Every sacrament requires the proper matter and form. For example, baptism needs water and the form "I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." The sacrament of Holy Communion requires unleavened bread and the form "This is my body… etc."
The same goes for the sacrament of Holy Orders, whose matter is a male. One ...

The strongest restriction is that the priests of the Israelite nation could only be from the tribe of Levi, and specifically on descendants of Aaron. Some verses showing this include Numbers 3:10, 3:38 and 16:40:
... This was to remind the Israelites that no one except a descendant of Aaron should come to burn incense before the Lord ...
The kingship ...

Whether the women "heard God correctly" is largely irrelevant. The Church simply doesn't have the authority to ordain women.
For more information, see Women and the Priesthood.
My intuition is that "The Church" wouldn't claim, on any case-by-case basis, whether or how God was speaking to "a woman called to the priesthood." An individual spiritual advisor ...

It wasn't a quick process, it took a while. The Church was not 'extinguished' with the loss of the Apostles, it 'dwindled' away, like a fire burning out without anyone left to tend it.
James E. Talmage does an excellent job of describing the process in his book The Great Apostasy.
It began with the deaths of the apostles. They held the keys to administer ...

According to the Catholic Church, Christ gave authority to the disciples, which they in turn gave to their disciples, and so on.
Today, to become a Priest in the Catholic Church you must be called to the Sacrament of Holy Orders by the Holy Spirit.
Holy Orders is the sacrament through which the mission entrusted by Christ to his apostles continues to be ...

Another note I'd like to point out, as far as the LDS have been given, they do not know of them ordaining anyone to the priesthood after the first century AD (IMO they were either commanded not to or knew something about what time the Lord would command it to be given again). According to the LDS, John and the three Nephites had the priesthood but to mankind ...

Short Answer: The answer to your question depends completely on how you understand the "sacrament of priesthood", and on how you interpret the early writings. To me it seems clear that the early church did not have a singular voice on the topic, and at least some of them did not seem to view "priesthood" the way many Churches today view it. I think the ...

Melchizedek was the King of Salem and a high priest of God.
Genesis 14:18-20
18 Then Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine. He was
priest of God Most High,
19 and he blessed Abram, saying, “Blessed be Abram by God Most High,
Creator of heaven and earth.
20 And praise be to God Most High, who delivered your enemies into
...

An etymology-based perspective
Here are some meanings for these roles based on the original meanings as used in the New Testament. Many denominations attempt to use these terms in the same way, such as the Brethren, Presbyterians and some Baptist churches.
Pastor: a shepherd. Someone who looks after the 'flock' of God: his people. Pastors are listed in ...

Remember that for the first century of Christianity, it was really difficult to distinguish Christianity from Judaism. See Acts 15, for example, where the Jews are being to accommodate Christian Gentiles. As such, Jewish practices in the first century would have largely set the tone for Christian worship.
Likewise, the book of Hebrews presents Christ as ...