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pH Calculations and the Strength of Acids and Bases Weak acids and weak bases cannot be assumed to be 100% ionized [H ] and [OH - ] cannot be determined from acid and base concentrations, and must be determined experimentally

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H+, OH-, and pH

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pH Scale

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The pH Scale Due to the variations in soln’s, there are many possible concentrations of hydronium & hydroxide ions for solutions. Usually this spans M to 1 M In order to compare substances, the pH scale was developed. Ex: 6 M sol’n of HCl has a H 3 O + molarity of 6 M 6 M sol’n of HC 2 H 3 O 2 has a H 3 O + molarity of 0.01M

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pH pHpH is a scale in which the concentration of hydronium ions in solution is expressed as a number ranging from 0 to 14. Instead of referring to a scale of 1 to , the pH scale is much easier to use. pH is the negative of the exponent of the hydronium concentration.

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Interpreting the pH Scale As pH increases above 7, hydroxide ion concentrations increase & hydronium ion concentrations decrease. Ex: A basic sol’n w/ a pH of 9 has 10 times the hydroxide concentration as a sol’n w/ a pH of 8. A neutral sol’n has equal concentrations of hydronium and hydroxide ions.

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pH + pOH = 14

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Significant Figures & pH Significant digits when calculations involve logarithms are dependant only on the number of digits to the right of the decimal. Example: [H 3 O + ] = 2.5 x pH = 2.60 This concentration has 2 significant digits So the pH will have 2 digits to the right of the decimal point pH = ?????

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Practice 1. Determine the [H 3 O + ] & [OH - ] in a 0.01 M solution of HClO An aqueous solution of Ba(OH) 2 has a [H 3 O + ] of 1 x M. What is the [OH - ]? What is the molarity of the solution? 3. Determine the pH of a 1 x M solution of HBr. 4. Determine the pH of a 5 x M solution of Ca(OH) What is the pH of a solution whose [H 3 O + ] = 6.2 x M? 6. Determine the pH of a M solution of NaOH.

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More Practice 7.What are the [H 3 O + ] & [OH - ] of a solution if its pH = 9.0? 8. The pH of a solution if What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution? If the solution is Sr(OH) 2 (aq), what is its molarity? 9.The pH of a hydrochloric acid solution for cleaning tile is What is the [H 3 O + ] in the solution? 10.A shampoo has a pH of 8.7. What are [H 3 O + ] & [OH - ] in the shampoo?

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Indicators and pH Meters Acid-Base Indicators Compounds whose colors are sensitive to pH Transition Interval pH range over which an indicator color change occurs Indicators are useful when they change color in a pH range which includes the endpoint of the reaction

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Using Indicators to Measure pH A pH meter is the most accurate way to measure pH. Measures voltage difference between two electrodes It will determine the exact pH of a sol’n. There are also colored dyes that will change in a predictable way according to a standard chart. These are called indicators.

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pH Indicators and their ranges

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Acid-Base Titration Titration Controlled addition of the measured amount of a solution of a known concentration required to react completely with a measured amount of sol’n of unknown concentration Equivalence Point The point at which the solutions used in a titration are present in chemically equivalent amounts Titration Curves:End point The point in a titration at which the rxn is just completed

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Titration Curves

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Molarity and Titration Standard Solution A solution that contains the precisely known concentration of a solute, used in titration to find the concentration of the solution of unknown concentration Primary Standard A highly purified solid compound used to check the concentration of the known solution in a titration

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Calculations with Molar Titrations 1.Start with the balanced equation for the neutralization reaction and determine the chemically equivalent amounts of the acid and base 2.Determine the moles of acid (or base) from the known solution used during the titration 3.Determine the moles of solute of the unknown solution used during the titration 4.Determine the molarity of the unknown solution

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Titration Calculations

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More Practice! 1.How many moles of HCl are in mL of a M solution? 2.How many moles of NaOH would neutralize 20.0 mL of a 13.9 M solution of H 2 SO 4 ? 3.How many milliliters of a 2.76 M KOH solution contain mol of KOH?

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More Practice! 4. A mL sample of a solution of RbOH is neutralized by mL of a M solution of HBr. What is the molarity of RbOH? 5. If mL of a solution of Ba(OH) 2 requires mL of a M solution of HNO 3 for complete titration, what is the molarity of the Ba(OH) 2 solution? 6. You have a vinegar solution believed to be 0.83 M. You are going to titrate mL of it with a NaOH solution known to be M. At what volume of added NaOH would you expect to see an endpoint?

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Answers! x mol HCl x mol NaOH mL M RbOH M Ba(OH) mL NaOH

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Buffers Buffers have many important biological functions. They keep a solution at a constant pH, when manageable amounts of acid of base are added.Buffers have many important biological functions. They keep a solution at a constant pH, when manageable amounts of acid of base are added. Ex: Your blood is a buffer! Its pH is very slightly basic at 7.4. Even though you may eat many different types of foods or medicines, your blood pH stays relatively stable, varying only about 0.1. That means your blood controls its own pH!Ex: Your blood is a buffer! Its pH is very slightly basic at 7.4. Even though you may eat many different types of foods or medicines, your blood pH stays relatively stable, varying only about 0.1. That means your blood controls its own pH!

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Buffers Buffers contain ions or molecules that react with hydronium or hydroxide if they are added to the solution. That means, even if you add an acid or a base, your pH will stay the same.Buffers contain ions or molecules that react with hydronium or hydroxide if they are added to the solution. That means, even if you add an acid or a base, your pH will stay the same. To make a buffer, you combine a weak acid or a weak base with its corresponding salt.To make a buffer, you combine a weak acid or a weak base with its corresponding salt.

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Buffers Example: Ammonia is combined with its salt, NH 4 Cl, in sol’n:Example: Ammonia is combined with its salt, NH 4 Cl, in sol’n: If acid is added to this solution, ammonia reacts with the H + :If acid is added to this solution, ammonia reacts with the H + : NH 3 (aq) + H + (aq) → NH 4 + (aq) If a base is added to this solution, the NH 4 + from the dissolved salt will react with the OH - :If a base is added to this solution, the NH 4 + from the dissolved salt will react with the OH - : NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) → NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l)

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Buffers Your lungs control the amount of carbon dioxide in your body. If your body takes in too much carbon dioxide, your blood may become too acidic so you may yawn to lower the concentration of carbonic acid by expelling CO 2.Your lungs control the amount of carbon dioxide in your body. If your body takes in too much carbon dioxide, your blood may become too acidic so you may yawn to lower the concentration of carbonic acid by expelling CO 2.

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Buffers If you hyperventilate, too much CO 2 is expelled, which causes the concentration of carbonic acid to become too low, and your blood may become too basic. Breathing into a paper bag will increase the concentration of CO 2 in your lungs and restore the proper pH.If you hyperventilate, too much CO 2 is expelled, which causes the concentration of carbonic acid to become too low, and your blood may become too basic. Breathing into a paper bag will increase the concentration of CO 2 in your lungs and restore the proper pH.