The History Of A "Book"

As the indications in the press
all point towards a Russian reign of terror, either before or at the death
of the Czar  most probably the former  a birds-eye view of
the constitution of Russian society will enable us to better understand
events as they transpire.

Three distinct elements compose what is now known as the Russian aristocracy.
These may be broadly said to represent the primitive Slavonian, the primitive
Tartar, and composite Russianized immigrants from other countries, and subjects
of conquered states, such as the Baltic provinces. The flower of the haute
noblesse, those whose hereditary descent places them beyond challenge
in the very first rank, are the Rurikovitch, or descendants of the
Grand Duke Rurik and [the ruling families of the aforetime separate principalities
of Novgorod, Pskof, etc., which were welded together into the Muscovite
empire. Such are the Princes Bariatinsky, Dolgorouki, Shonysky (now extinct,
we believe), Tscherbatow, Ouroussov, Viazemsky, etc. Moscow has been the
centre of the greater part of this princely class since the days of Catherine
the Great; and though, in most cases, ruined in fortune, they are yet as
proud and exclusive as the blue-blooded French families of the Quartier
St. Germain. The names of some of the highest of these are virtually unknown
outside of the limits of the empire, for, dissatisfied with the reforms
of Peter and Catherine, and unable to make as fine a figure at the court
as those whom they delighted to call parvenus, it has been their
proud boast that they have never served in any subordinate capacity, and
have not been brought in contact with Western Europe and its politics. Living
only upon their remembrances, they have made a class apart and dwell on
a sort of high social table-land, whence they look down upon commoner mortals.
Many of the old families are extinct, and many of those that remain entirely
reduced to genteel poverty.

Rurik, as is well known, was not a Slav by birth, but a Varyago-Roos, though his nationality, as well as that of his people who came with
him to Russia, is very much questioned unto this day, having been a matter
of scientific dispute for several years between the two well-known professors
of St. Petersburg, Kostomarof and Pogodine  the latter now dead. Implored
by the Slavs to come and reign over their country, Rurik is reported to
have been addressed by the delegates in these ominous words: "Come
with us, great prince . . . for vast is our mother land; but there is little
order in it"  words which their descendants might well report with
as much, if not more, propriety now as then. Accepting the invitation, Rurik
came in A.D. 861 to Novgorod, with his two brothers, and laid the foundation
of Russian nationality. The "Rurikovitch," then, are the descendants
of this prince, his two brothers and his son, Igor, the line running through
a long succession of princes and chiefs of principalities. The reigning
house of Rurik became extinct at the death of Fredor, the son of Ivan the
Terrible. After a period of anarchy, the Romanoffs, a family of petty nobles,
came into power. But, as this was only in 1613, it was not without reason
that the Prince P. Dolgorouki, a modern historian of Catherine II (a book
prohibited in Russia), when smarting under the sense of a personal wrong,
taunted the present Emperor with the remark:

Alexander II must not forget that it is little more than two centuries
since the Romanoffs held the stirrups of the Princes Dolgorouki.

And this, despite the marriage of Mary, Princess Dolgorouki, with Michael
Romanoff after he became Czar.

The Tartar princely families descend from the Tartar Khans and Magnates
of the "Zolotaya Orda" (Golden Orda) of Kazan, who so long held
Russia in subjection, but who were made tributary by Ivan III, father of
Ivan the Terrible, in 1523-1530. Of the families of this blood which survive,
the Princes Dondoukof, whose head was formerly Governor-General of Kiew,
and more recently served in Bulgaria in a similar capacity, may be mentioned.
These are, more or less, looked down upon by the "Rurikovitch,"
as well as by old Lithuanian and Polish princely families, who hate the
Russian descendants of Rurik, as these hate their Roman Catholic rivals.
Then comes in the third element, the old Livonian and Esthonian Barons and
Counts, the Kourland nobles and freiherrs, who boast of descending
from the first Crusaders and look down upon the Slav aristocracy; and various
foreign families invited into the country by successive sovereigns, a Western
element engrafted upon the Russian stock. The names of the latter immigrés have been Russianized in some cases beyond recognition; as, for instance,
the English Hamiltons, who have now become the " Khomoutoff!"

We have not the data which would enable us to give the numerical strength
of either of the above classes; but an enumeration, made in the year 1842,
showed a total of 551,970 noblemen of hereditary, and 257,346 of personal
rank. This comprised all in the empire of different degrees of noble ranks,
including the princely families and the understratum of nobility. There
is an untitled nobility, the descendants of the old Boyars of Russia, often
prouder of their family record than those who are known as princes. The
Demidoff family, for instance, and the Narishkine, though frequently offered
the ranks of prince and count, have always haughtily rejected the honour,
maintaining that the Czar could make a prince any day, but never a Demidoff
or a Narishkine.

Peter the Great, having abolished the princely privileges of the Boyars,
and made the offices of the empire accessible to all, created the Tchin, or a caste of municipal employés and government officials,
divided into fourteen classes, the first eight of which confer hereditary
nobility upon the person holding one of them, and the six latter give but
a personal nobility to the incumbent, and do not transmit gentility to the
children. Office does not increase the nobility of incumbents already noble,
but does lift the ignoble into a higher social rank (Tchinovnik, government employé, was for years a term of scorn in the mouths of the
nobles). It is only since Alexander came to the throne that an old edict
was done away with, which deprived of noble rank and reduced to the peasantry
any family which, for three successive generations, had not taken service
under the government. Those were called Odnodvortzi, and among them
some of the oldest families found themselves included in 1845, when the
Emperor Nicholas ordered the examination of the titles of nobles. The nice
distinctions among the above fourteen classes are as puzzling to a foreigner
as the relative precedence of the various buttons of Chinese Mandarins,
or the tails of the Pachas.

Besides these conflicting elements of high and low nobility, the direct
descendants of the Boyars of old  the Slavonian peers in the
palmy days of Russia, divided into petty sovereignties, who chose for themselves
the prince they wanted to serve and left him at will, who were vassals,
not subjects, had their own military retinue, and without whose approval
no grand-ducal "ukase" could be of any avail  and the ennobled Tchinovniks, sons of priests and petty traders, there are yet to
be considered 79,000,000 of other people. These may be divided into the
millions of liberated serfs (22,000,000), of crown peasants (16,000,000),
who inhabit cities, preferring various trades and menial service to agriculture.
The rest comprises (1) the Meshtchanis, or petty bourgeois, one step
higher than the peasant; (2) the enormous body of merchants and traders
divided into three guilds; (3) the hereditary citizens, who have nothing
to do with nobility; (4) the black clergy or the monks and nuns; and the
secular clergy, or married priests  a caste apart and hereditary; and
(5) the military class.

We will not include in our classification the 3,000,000 of Mohammedans,
the 2,000,000 of Jews, the 250,000 Buddhists, the pagan
Izors, the Savakots, and the Karels, who seem perfectly well satisfied with
the Russian rule, thoroughly tolerant to their various worships.* These, with the exception of the higher educated Jews and some
fanatical Mohammedans, care little as to the hand that rules them. But we
will remind the reader of the fact that there are
over one hundred different nations and tribes, who speak more than forty
different languages, and are scattered over an area of 8,331,884 English
square miles; that the population of all Russia,
European and Asiatic, is not above ten to the square mile; that the railroads
are very few and easily controlled, and other means of transport scanty.
How far it would be possible to effect a complete revolution throughout
the Russian Empire, may well be a subject of conjecture. With so little
to bind the many nationalities into one movement, it would seem to a foreigner
an undertaking so hopeless as to discourage even an Internationalist or
a Nihilist. Add to this the unquestionable devotion of the liberated serfs
and peasantry to the Czar, in whom they see alike the benefactor of the
oppressed, the vicegerent of God, and the head of their Church, and the
case seems yet more problematical. At the same time, we must not forget
the lessons of history, which has more than once shown us how the very vastness
of an empire and the lack of a common unity among its subjects have proved
at some supreme crisis the most potent elements of its downfall.

St. Petersburg is, in reality, the aristocratic Parc aux Cerfs, a
place of shameless profligacy and riotous excesses, with so little that
is national in it that its very name is German. It is the natural port of
entry for all the continental vices, as well as for the loose ideas about
morality, religion and social duty, which are becoming so widely prevalent.
The corrupting influence that Paris has upon France, St. Petersburg has
upon Russia. An influential Russian magazine, Rousskeye Ryetch, gave
us only the other day the following picture of St. Petersburg society:

Russian society slumbers, or rather it feels heavy and somnolent. It
lazily nods, only now and then opening its lifeless eyes, as might one
who, after a heavy dinner, forced to sit in an unnatural position, cannot
resist a lethargic drowsiness, and feels that he must either unbutton his
uniform and draw a full breath, or  suffocate. But the dinner is an
official one, and his body pinched in a state uniform too tight for him.
The man is overcome with an irresistible somnolence; he feels the blood
rushing to his head, his legs tremble and his hand mechanically fumbles
the button of the uniform to get one gasp of breath that would interrupt
the unendurable torture. Such is the present condition of our society.

But while it is nodding under its threatened apoplexy, from a surfeit
of indigestible food, those carnivorous jackals, who are always ready to
eat and drink, and can digest whatever they pick up, do not sleep. The
violation of the seventh commandment, intellectually as well as physically,
having debased body, mind and soul, is nestling in the very heart of the
public. Adulterers of body, adulterers of thought, adulterers of knowledge
and science, adulterers of labour  reign in our midst, are creeping
out from every side as the representatives of society and the public, boasting
of their brazen hardihood, successful wherever they go, having flung away
all shame, cast aside every concern to at least conceal the nakedness of
their deeds, even from the eyes of those from whom they squeeze all that
can be squeezed only from such a fool as  man. Government and treasury
pilferers; embezzlers of public and private properties; blacklegs and swindlers
subsidized by numberless bubble companies, by stock companies and fraudulent
enterprises; thimble-riggers and violators of women and children whom they
debauch and ruin; contractors, money-lenders, bribed judges and venal counsel,
bucket-shop keepers and sharpers of all nationalities, every religion,
every social class. This is our modern social force. Like beasts of prey,
hunting in packs, this force, gloating over its quarry, satiating itself,
noisily crunching its restless, tireless jaws, imposing itself upon everyone,
dares to offer itself as the patron of everything  science, literature,
arts, and even thought itself. There it is, the kingdom of this world, flesh of the flesh, blood of the blood, made in the
image of the animal from which the first germ of man evolved.

Such are the social ethics of our contemporary Russia, on Russian testimony.
If so, then it must have reached that culminating point from which it must
either fall into the mire of dissolution, like old Rome, or gravitate towards
regeneration through all the horrors and chaos of a "Reign of Terror."
The press teems with guarded complaints of "prostration of forces"
among its representatives, the chronic signs of fast-impending social dissolution,
and the profound apathy into which the whole Russian people seem to have
fallen. The only beings full of life and activity, amid this lethargy of
satiety, seem to be the omnipresent and ever-invisible Nihilists. Clearly
there must be a change.

From all this social rottenness, the black fungus of Nihilism has sprung.
Its hot-bed has been preparing for years, by the gradual sapping of moral
tone and self-respect and the debauchery of the higher class, who always
give the impulse to those below them for good or evil. All that lacked was
the occasion and the man. Under the passport system of Nicholas, the chances
for becoming polluted by Paris life were confined to a mere handful of rich
nobles, whom the caprice of the Czar allowed to travel. Even they, the privileged
of favour and fortune, had to apply for permission six months in advance,
and pay a thousand roubles for their passport, with a heavy fine for each
day in excess of the time granted, and the prospect of confiscation of their
entire property should their foreign stay exceed three years. But under
Alexander everything was changed; the emancipation of the serfs was followed
by numberless reforms  the unmuzzling of the press, trial by jury, equalizing
the rights of citizenship, free passports, etc. Though good in themselves,
these reforms came with such a rush upon a people unaccustomed to the least
of these privileges, as to throw them into a high fever. The patient, escaping
from his straitjacket, ran wildly about the streets. Then came the Polish
Revolution of 1863, in which a number of Russian students participated.
Reäction followed and repressive measures were reädopted one by
one; but it was too late. The caged animal had tasted liberty, though ever
so brief, and thenceforth could not be docile as before. Where there had
been one Russian traveller to Paris, Vienna and Berlin under the old reign,
now there were thousands and tens of thousands; and just so many more agencies
were at work to import fashionable vice and scientific scepticism. The names
of John Stuart Mill, Darwin, and Büchner, were upon the lip of every
beardless boy and heedless girl at the universities and colleges. The former
were preaching Nihilism, the latter Womens Rights and Free Love. The
one let their hair grow like moujiks, and donned the red national
shirt and kaftan of the peasantry; the other clipped their hair short
and affected blue spectacles. Trades Unions, infected with the notions of
the International, sprang up like mushrooms; and demagogues ranted to social
clubs upon the conflict between labour and capital. The cauldron began to
seethe. At last the man came.

The history of Nihilism can be summed up in two words. For their name
they are indebted to the great novelist Tourguenief, who created Bazarof,
and stamped the type with the name of Nihilist. Little did
the famous author of Fathers and Sons imagine at that time into what
national degeneration his hero would lead the Russian people twenty-five
years later. Only "Bazarof"  in whom the novelist painted
with satirical fidelity the characteristics of certain "Bohemian"
negationists, then just glimmering on the horizon of student life  had
little in common, except the name and materialistic tendency, with the masked
Revolutionists and Terrorists of to-day. Shallow, bilious, and nervous,
this studiosus medicinæ is simply an unquiet spirit of sweeping
negation; of that sad, yet scientific scepticism reigning now supreme in
the ranks of the highest intellect; a spirit of Materialism, sincerely believed
in, and as honestly preached; the outcome of long reflections over the rotten
remnants of man and frog in the dissecting room, where the dead man suggested
to his mind no more than the dead frog. Outside of animal
life everything to him is nihil; "a thistle," growing out of a
lump of mud, is all that man can look forward to after death. And thus this
type  Bazarof  was caught up as their highest ideal by the university
students. The "Sons" began destroying what the "Fathers"
had built. . . . And now Tourguenief is forced to taste of the bitter fruits
of the tree of his planting. Like the creator of Frankenstein, who could
not control the mechanical monster that his ingenuity had constructed out
of the putrefactions of the churchyard, he now finds his "type"  which
was from the first hateful and terrible to him  grown into the ranting
spectre of the Nihilist delirium, the red-handed Socialist. The press, at
the initiative of the Moskovskye Vyedomosty  a centenarian paper  takes
up the question and openly accuses the most brilliant literary talent of
Russia, one whose sympathies are, and always have been, on the side of the
"Fathers," with having been the first to plant the poisonous weed.

Owing to the peculiar transitional state of Russian society between 1850
and 1860, the name was hailed and adopted, and the Nihilists began springing
up at every side. They captured the national literature, and their new doctrines
were fast disseminated throughout the whole empire. And now Nihilism has grown into a power  an imperium in imperio. It
is no more with Nihilism with which Russia struggles, but with the terrible
consequences of the ideas of 1850. Fathers and Sons must henceforth
occupy a prominent place, not only in literature, as quite above the ordinary
level of authorship, but also as the creator of a new page in Russian political
history, the end of which no man can foretell.

[From the Allahabad Pioneer, March 12th, 1880.
H. P. Blavatsky

* By the last statistics, the Mohammedans have 4,189
mosques and 7,940 muftis and mulahs in the Empire of Russia;
the Buddhists 389 places of worship and 4,400 priests; the Jews 445 synagogues
and 4,935, etc.back to text

 According to the calculation made in 1856 by
G. Schweitzer, Director of the Observatory of Moscow.back to text