This case involves the application of the Federal Employers' Liability Act*fn1 and its 1939 amendment.*fn2

The plaintiff was injured when a window in the Thirty-Second Street office building of the Pennsylvania Railroad blew in upon her during a storm. She was at the time engaged in her work for the Pennsylvania. Her job was to serve as custodian of the files of master sheets from which blueprints were made. The subject matter of the blueprints was any part of locomotives, freight cars of other things used in the business of railroading. When an order came from some point on the railroad's system asking for a blueprint of one of the tracings in the file, it was plaintiff's task to find the tracing there and take it to the blueprint maker, returning the tracing to the files when the blueprint maker was through with it. There is no substantial dispute on the facts. The sole question involved in the case is whether this plaintiff, when injured during the performance of her duties for the railroad, is within the scope of the Federal Employers' Liability Act and its amendment.*fn3

The language which must be looked at is that of the 1939 amendment to the statute. The history of the original statute of 1906 and its 1908 successor does not need to be discussed at length here. The 1906 act was considered by the Supreme Court to have gone too far and was declared unconstitutional.*fn4 The 1908 statute was designed to meet the constitutional difficulties which the Court had considered in the 1906 act.*fn5 Many cases were decided under the 1908 act. They can be summarized sufficiently accurately for the discussion here by saying that what was required was "on the spot" participation in transportation.*fn6

The 1939 amendment was designed to enlarge the coverage of the act.*fn7 How much did it enlarge it? Mr. T. J. McGrath, General Counsel for the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, said in advocating its adoption:

"Now if this amendment that we propose is put into the act it will, to a very large extent, wipe out the obscurity and the difficulty that now exists in attempting to determine when a man is or is not engaged in interstate commerce. Its application will be confined, of course, to the character of employees now covered by the present act * * *."*fn8

"Any employee of a carrier, any part of whose duties as such employee shall be the furtherance of interstate or foreign commerce; or shall, in any way directly or closely and substantially, affect such commerce as above set forth shall, for the purposes of this chapter, be considered as being emplolyed by such carrier in such commerce and shall be considered as entitled to the benefits of this chapter."

It is to be noted that the two clauses are in the disjunctive. Each contains language from which one can get out as much as he cares to put in it. Take the word "furtherance," for instance, in the first clause. If one looks up furtherance in the dictionary he finds it is defined as "the act of helping forward," "promotion," "advancement," "progress."*fn9 It is quite clear, is it not, that a literal dictionary application of the word will sweep all employees of interstate railroads into the group covered by the statute. Take the copy writer who is penning an advertisement of the beauties of travel on the Broadway Limited on its trip from New York to Chicago and who suffers injuries when his desk chair collapses. Certainly the very object of his word painting is the promotion of more passenger business for the Pennsylvania on its crack interstate train. The same thing is true, is it not, of the printer who sets up the type or tends the press on the timetables for the Pennsylvania's interstate trains. His product is to help business by telling passengers when to get on trains and when to get off. Yet all this is a far cry from transportation itself;*fn10 as much so as the typist i n the president's office who writes a letter on a railroad matter, or the clerk who makes out the checks for the treasurer to sign.

If "furtherance" means in this statute everything that its dictionary listings include, the second clause of the section is meaningless repetition. The whole field has been covered already. In view of the constitutional difficulties which the legislators found in the "affect" phrase, and the limitations they placed upon it, to be discussed in a moment, it is incredible to conclude that they were intending a scope for the first clause which is as broad as all out of doors. It is much more likely that the second clause is the broader and that "furtherance" was meant to cover those in the actual business of transportation itself*fn11 and the second clause was to cover the fringes.

We come then to the second clause in the amendment which brings in an employee whose duties either "directly" or "closely and substantially" affect interstate commerce.

This language had a very interesting legislative history. The first proposal made in the Senate bill was to have the coverage of every employee whose work "in any way affected" interstate commerce. This was later modified to meet what was at the time thought to be a constitutional difficulty and the "directly" or "closely and substantially" modification appeared in the final bill.*fn12 That a broader reading of the then recently decided Labor Relations Act case would have indicated to the draftsmen that a constitutional difficulty did not exist,*fn13 is immaterial. They did not so interpret it.*fn14 Instead they left to courts the problem of what is "directly" or "closely and substantially".

We need not worry much about the "directly" part of the clause. What is direct is not entirely sun-clear but is much easier to categorize than the second phrase, "closely and substantially".

In trying to decide what these words mean one is immediately reminded of the trackless maze of "proximate" cause questions in the law of Torts. The words are not capable of precise definition and it is likely they were not meant to be. Here was left an area for courts to deal with sets of facts as they arose and to give an interpretation which would not push the act so far as to encounter constitutional difficulties.

The plaintiff urges that an employee's occupation closely and substantially affects interstate commerce if that employee's activities are such that without it interstate commerce would stop or be interrupted. From that it is argued that if Miss Reed failed to bring an ordered tracing from the file to the blueprint maker, the print for the locomotive wheel would not get to the machine shop; if it did not get to the machine shop, the repairs would not be made; if the repairs were not made, the locomotive or car could not run. If the locomotive or car could not run, interstate commerce would be, to that extent, interrupted. And if enough such omissions occurred, transportation on the great Pennsylvania system would grind to a dismal halt. Now of course that is true. But it is equally true that if the messenger boy who was supposed to pick up the letters containing the blueprints, addressed to the various shops throughout the railroad system, failed to pick them up and mail them, the same thing would happen. One is reminded of the old rhyme "for want of a nail the shoe was lost" and its dire chain of catastrophe.

We think it just as well if we do not try to lay down a litmus test which will give a red or blue reaction to all possible sets of fact. We think here that we are being asked to apply the act in a situation which would take us further than any case we have seen. We said in Straub v. Reading Co., 3 Cir., 1955, 220 F.2d 177, 183, that we had a "borderline" case in a matter which involved an assistant chief timekeeper whose responsibility was to see that employees were properly paid and were not allowed to work more than sixteen consecutive hours. That is closer and more substantial than the plaintiff's connection here.*fn15

As we remarked in Shaw v. Monessen Southwestern Ry. Co., 3 Cir., 1953, 200 F.2d 841, 844, we should be careful not to extend this statute too far. If a plaintiff can prove negligence he may be better off than he would be under workmen's compensation law.But if he cannot, he gets nothing. Cf. Pa.Stat.Ann. tit. 77, §§ 431, 461. The hardship of denying recovery to one who was injured but who cannot show the required lack of care on the part of the employer is readily apparent.

We think both from the legislative history and the course of decision that we should not extend the application of the statute to cover this case.*fn16

The decision of the district court will be affirmed.

BIGGS, Chief Judge (dissenting).

The plaintiff was employed in a department of the defendant Railroad where approximately 325,000 original tracings are on file. These tracings are master prints which cover "all mechanical equipment, cars, locomotives, trains, etc., and all types of structures including bridges, trackage, etc." used or maintained on the defendant's interstate system. Blueprints are made from the master prints. It was the duty of the plaintiff, from time to time, to remove master prints from the files, take them to another employee who would blueprint them, and return them to the files. The blueprints would then be sent to various points.

The majority opinion seems to differentiate between office workers and employees actually engaged in transportation, and also between the relative importance of employees' positions as affecting transportation. Such an interpretation does not seem to be in accordance with the 1939 amendment to the Federal Employers' Liability Act, 45 U.S.C.A. § 51, 53 Stat. 1404. The duties of the plaintiff, like those of everyone else employed in the same department, furthered interstate commerce. It should be noted that a disjunctive "or" follows the first semi-colon of the amendment and, if the statute be read literally, as I think it must, furtherance of interstate commerce suffices to bring an employee within the purview of the amendment: it is not necessary that that employment "directly or closely and substantially" affect interstate commerce. As was pointed out by the Superior Court of Pennsylvania, Scarborough v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 1944, 154 Pa.Super. 129, 132, 35 A.2d 603, 605, the amending language "is very comprehensive, so inclusive indeed that most railroad employes come within its scope." Such a result may be unfortunate but seems to have been the intention of Congress.

I would reverse the judgment of the court below.

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