let workers know what is expected; stifle initiative and imagination; lead to goal displacement (e.g. doctors must know what they are doing)

social control

refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behaviors

social control occurs on all levels of our society for example

obeying our parents because they are our parents; peer groups introduce us to informal norms such as dress codes

sanctions

penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm

what is the ultimate formal sanction

death penalty

what is the challenge to effective social control

people often receive competing messages about how to behave

functionalists contend that people must respect social norms if ___

a group or society is to survive

Milgram defines conformity as

going along with peers-individual of our own status who have no special right to direct behaviors

obedience

compliance with higher authority in a hierarchical structure

Milgram made two distinction between what two important levels of social control?

obedience and conformity

informal social control

casually to enforce norms (e.g. smiles, laughter)

formal social control

carried out by authorized agents such as police officers, manager, etc

law

governmental social control

sociologists see the creation of laws as a __

social process; its created in response to a perceived need for formal social control

legal order reflects___

values of those in a position to exercise authority

what is the primary source of conforming and obedient behavior

socialization

deviance

behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group

deviance involves

the violation of group norms, which may or may not be formalized into law

stigma

describe the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

Durkheim views through a functionalist perspective that punishment established within a culture help to define ___

acceptable behavior and thus contribute to social stability. If improper acts were not sanctioned, people might stretch their standards of what constitutes appropriate conduct

anomie

loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective; state of normlessness that typically occurs during a period of profound social change and disorder, such as time of economic collapse

Merton's theory of deviance

people adapt in certain ways by conforming to or deviating from such cultural expectations

anomie theory of deviance

Merton believed that there was conformity (non-deviant), innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion (all four deviant); accepted was conformity ritualism and rebellion

cultural transmission through interactionist

emphasize that people learn criminal behavior through social interactions

Sutherland's differntial association

process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to rule violation

social disorganization theory

increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions such as the family, school, church, and government

labeling theory

does not focus on why some individuals come to commit devianct acts but to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants, while other similar behavior are not seen in such harsh terms (sutherland -interactionist)

societal-reaction approach

also labeling theory; response to an act not behavior itself that determines deviance

conflict theorists view that people with power __

protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own needs

anomie is what type of perspective; who; and what

functionalist; durkheim; adaptations to societal norms

cultural transmission; differential association what type of perspective; who; and what

interactionist; sutherland; patterns learned through others

social disorganization is what type of perspective; who; and what

interactionist; shaw; communal relationships

conflict is what type of perspective; who; and what

conflict;quinney;dominance by authorized agents discretionary justice

feminist is what type of perspective; who; and what

conflict/feminist; adler and chesney-lind; women as victims a perpetrators