Vetopedia

AAFCO Association of American Feed Control Officials; an organization which sets standards for pet food ingredients and minimum daily requirements.

Abdomen A region of the body between the chest and the pelvis; belly.

Abdominocentesis The insertion of a needle into the abdominal cavity to remove fluids.

Abscess A localized accumulation of pus; usually associated with infection.

ACE Inhibitor Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor: Drug which decreases the function of this particular enzyme. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme changes a compound called angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent blood vessel constrictor. ACE inhibitors, then, have the effect of dilating blood vessels, since less Angiotensin II is produced.

Acid A fluid containing a high proportion of hydrogen ions, giving the liquid a sour taste. Measured by pH units, with 1 the most acid, and 14 the least acid. Chemical reactions in the body have to take place at or near neutrality, pH 7.

ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone. A hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the adrenal gland to work.

Activated Charcoal Charcoal which has been treated to increase its adsorptive power (ability to have chemicals adhere to it); used to treat various forms of poisoning.

Active Immunity Immunity produced when an animal's own immune system reacts to a stimulus e.g., a virus or bacteria, and produces antibodies and cells which will protect it from the disease caused by the bacteria or virus. Compare with 'passive immunity.'

Acute Having a sudden and generally severe onset. See also Chronic.

Addisons Disease Addison's disease is also known as hypoadrenocorticism. It is a disease that results from a decrease in corticosteroid secretion from the adrenal gland.

Adjuvant A substance added to killed vaccines to stimulate a better immune response by the body. Common adjuvants contain aluminum compounds.

Adrenal Glands Two small glands near the kidneys that produce many hormones required for life.

Adrenaline A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that elevates heart and respiration rates; also called 'epinephrine.'

Adrenergic Communication between the nerves and muscles that uses epinephrine as the 'messenger.' Adrenergic stimulation is what is involved in the 'flight or fight' response, which means the body is alerted to a danger of some sort and prepares to basically run or fight. Adrenergic stimulation results in an increased heart rate, sweating, and increased blood pressure.

Adsorbent A solid substance which attracts other molecules to its surface.

Adulticide Medication formulated to kill adult forms of a parasite.

Aerobic Needing oxygen to live. See also Anaerobic bacteria.

Aerobic Bacteria Bacteria that require oxygen to survive and grow.

Agglutination Clumping together.

Albino An animal that is completely white because it lacks the ability to make pigment. Its eyes are pale blue or pink.

Albumin A protein in the blood responsible for the maintenance of osmotic (water) pressure in the blood; also binds (attaches) to large molecules in the blood and serves to transport them; produced by the liver; also called 'serum albumin.'

Aldosterone A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that stimulates sodium (and therefore water) retention and potassium excretion; important in blood pressure maintenance.

Alimentary Pertaining to food or the digestive tract.

Alkaline A substance with very few hydrogen ions, and a pH over 7. Lye is strongly alkaline.

Allergen A substance that causes an allergic reaction, e.g., pollen.

Alopecia A loss of hair or baldness.

Alveoli The tiny microscopic areas of the lung where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood occurs. Also called alveolus and alveolar sacs.

Aminoglycoside A class of antibiotics which act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis within the bacteria which results in the death of the bacteria. Antibiotics in this class include gentamicin (Gentocin), kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Many of these antibiotics are not well-absorbed from the animal's digestive system, so are often administered as injections, or used topically.

Amylase Digestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas which breaks down carbohydrates and starches.

Anabolic Steroid A type of steroid (not a corticosteroid like prednisone, cortisone, or dexamethasone) which promotes the building of tissues, like muscle.

Anaerobic Bacteria Bacteria which only live in an environment in which there is no or little oxygen, e.g., Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus.

Analgesia Pain relief.

Anamnestic Response The faster and greater immune response produced by an animal who has previously encountered that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for this more efficient response. Also called 'secondary response.'

Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction to something ingested or injected. If untreated, it results in shock, respiratory and cardiac failure, and death.

Anemia A condition in which the number of red blood cells present in the blood is lower than normal.

Anesthesia Loss of sensation or feeling; induced artificially with drugs to permit painful procedures such as surgery.

Angiography The x-ray of vessels after injecting a contrasting fluid.

Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) Drug which decreases the function of this particular enzyme. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme changes a compound called angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent blood vessel constrictor. ACE inhibitors, then, have the effect of dilating blood vessels, since less Angiotensin II is produced.

Anisocoria A condition in which the pupils of the eyes are not of equal size.

Anorexia Loss of appetite.

Anterior Positioned in front of another body part, or towards the head of the animal. Opposite of posterior.

Antibiotics Usually refers to drugs administered to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria; not effective against viral infections.

Antibody Small disease-fighting proteins produced by certain types of cells called 'B cells.' The proteins are made in response to 'foreign' particles such as bacteria or viruses. These antibodies bind with certain proteins (antigens) on foreign particles like bacteria, to help inactivate them. See also Antigen.

Antibody Titer A measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood. The test to measure antibodies is usually performed by making a number of dilutions of the blood and then measuring at what dilution there is sufficient antibody to react in the test. For example, a titer of 1:8 (one to eight) means the blood can be diluted to one part blood and seven parts saline and still produce a positive reaction in the test. The higher the titer (1:16 is higher than 1:8), the more antibody is present.

Anticholinergic Stopping the communications between certain nerves and muscles of the body including those of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. These nerves are called 'parasympathetic' nerves and do such things as constrict the pupils of the eye, stimulate contractions of the muscles in the intestine, and slow the heart rate. Anticholinergic drugs would have the effect, then, of dilating the pupil, slowing contractions of the intestines, and increasing the heart rate.

Anticholinesterase A drug that blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase; this results in stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Anticoagulation Stopping the blood clotting process.

Anticonvulsant A drug used to prevent or decrease the severity of convulsions.

Antidiuretic Hormone A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that reduces the production of urine in the kidneys and therefore prevents water loss; also called 'vasopressin.'

Antiemetic An agent that decreases or stops vomiting.

Antifungal Drugs administered to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi (plural of fungus).

Antigen A molecular structure on surfaces of such particles as bacteria and viruses. This structure is recognized by the body as 'foreign' and stimulates the body to produce special proteins called antibodies to inactivate this foreign invader. See also Antibody.

Antiprotozoal An agent that kills protozoa, which are one-celled organisms such as Giardia.

Antipruritic Relieves itching.

Antipyretic A substance used to relieve fever.

Antiseptic A substance which inhibits the growth of bacteria, but does not kill them.

Antispasmodic An agent that relieves or decreases spasms in muscle. The muscle could include 'smooth muscle' which is the type of muscle in intestines that causes them to contract and move food through the digestive system.

Antitussive Cough suppressant.

Anuria The condition of complete failure in the function of the kidneys such that no urine is produced.

Anus A muscular opening at the end of the digestive tract where fecal waste is expelled.

Aplastic Anemia A serious condition in which red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are not produced in sufficient quantity.

Aquaculture The (usually commercial) captive raising of fish, corals, and other aquatic life for aquariums, food, and scientific purposes.

Aqueous Humor The fluid found within the eyeball which provides nourishment to the interior eye structures and keeps the eyeball inflated.

Arrhythmia A variation from normal heart rhythm.

Arteries Thick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the lungs and body tissues; the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, but all other arteries carry oxygenated blood.

Arthritis Inflammation and swelling in the joints; has multiple causes including lameness.

Articular Pertaining to a joint.

Ascarid Roundworm.

Ascites Fluid accumulation in the abdomen.

Aspirate Withdraw fluid or cells through the use of suction - usually the suction produced by pulling back on the plunger of a syringe attached to a needle which is inserted into the area to be sampled. Also the breathing in of a fluid or foreign substances.

Asymptomatic A term used to decide a condition in which no symptoms are present.

Ataxia A lack of muscle coordination, usually causing an abnormal or staggered gait.

Atoll A coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon.

Atopy An allergy to something that is inhaled such as pollen or house dust. Also called 'inhalant allergy.'

ATP Adenosine triphosphate; a compound used for energy by cells.

Atrial Fibrillation A heart condition in which the atria (chambers of the heart that receive the blood) contract rapidly, irregularly, and independently of the ventricles (the chambers of the heart that pump the blood). This greatly decreases the efficiency of the heart and its ability to move blood.

Atrial Flutter A heart condition in which the atria (chambers of the heart that receive the blood) contract rapidly, irregularly, and independently of the ventricles (the chambers of the heart that pump the blood). This greatly decreases the efficiency of the heart and its ability to move blood.

Atrium (Plural atria) The two chambers of the heart that receive blood. The right atrium receives blood from the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Atrophy An abnormal decrease in size of an organ or tissue.

Attenuated Weakened. An attenuated virus is one which has been changed such that it will no longer cause disease. An attenuated virus would be used in a modified live vaccine.

Auscultate To listen for sounds produced within the body, usually with the aid of a stethoscope.

Autoimmune A condition in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. To properly function, the immune system must identify foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, slivers, etc., and it must be able to distinguish normal body tissue from these foreign substances. If it fails to distinguish the difference, it attempts to destroy the tissue it wrongly identifies as foreign. For example, in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, the body destroys its own red blood cells. In rheumatoid arthritis it attacks the cells in the joints.

Axilla Armpit.

Azotemia The presence of increased nitrogenous (containing nitrogen) waste products in the blood as a result of kidney malfunction.

B

B Cell Also called 'B lymphocyte.' The type of lymphocyte which produces antibody. Compare with 'T cells.'

Bacteriocidal A description of an agent that kills bacteria.

Bacteriostatic A description of an agent that stops the growth (reproduction) of bacteria, but does NOT kill them.

Bacterium Microscopic organisms that lack nuclei and other organelles; pathogenic species cause disease, while nonpathogenic species are harmless.

Benign A mild illness or non-malignant form of a tumor. Benign tumors usually have well defined edges and tend to grow slowly.

Beta Blockers Heart medications which block certain receptors in the heart called beta receptors. The beta receptors receive signals which generally increase the heart rate. If the heart rate is abnormally fast and uneven, beta blockers will help stabilize the rate and rhythm of contractions.

Beta-Carotene A plant pigment which can be converted to Vitamin A by many animals, but not by cats.

Beta-Lactamases Enzymes produced by some bacteria which inactivate certain types of penicillin, thus making the bacteria resistant to them.

Bilateral On both sides.

Bile A liquid produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and dispensed into the small intestine as needed; aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Bile Acids Certain compounds produced by the liver, bound to amino acids, and excreted in the bile to aid in the digestion of fats.

Bilirubin An orange-yellow pigment in bile that is a product of red blood cell breakdown; it is normally excreted with the urine or feces, and a buildup in the body can cause jaundice.

Biopsy The surgical removal of a small amount of abnormal tissue, usually of tumors, for diagnosis.

Bitch A female dog.

Bladder A sac that receives and holds a liquid until it is excreted, e.g., urinary bladder, gall bladder; in fish, the swim bladder holds air.

Blepharospasm Spasm of the eyelids often resulting in complete closure of the lids due to eye pain, such as seen with a scratch on the cornea.

Bloat Filling of the stomach with air.

Blood Gases Gases, such as oxygen or carbon dioxide, that are in the blood.

Blood Glucose A graph of blood glucose levels over time. At the time of insulin injection, and at regular intervals throughout the day, the level of glucose in the blood is determined through laboratory testing.

Bone Marrow A soft tissue composed of blood vessels and connective tissues found at the center of bones; the primary function is blood cell production.

Bone Marrow Suppression A condition in which the cells of the bone marrow which produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are inhibited. This may result from the use of certain drugs, such as anti-cancer agents.

Borborygmus The sound of gas moving through the intestine; bowel sounds.

Bradycardia An abnormal slowing of the heart rate.

Bronchi The plural of bronchus, the large air passages of the lungs.

Bronchiole The small airways in the lung that come off of the larger bronchus; bronchioles are 1 mm or less in diameter.

Bronchodilator Medication which opens up the main air passages to the lungs.

Bronchoscope A tool designed to facilitate inspection of the trachea and bronchi; used in both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.

Bronchoscopy The internal inspection of the trachea and bronchi using a bronchoscope.

Bronchospasm A condition in which the muscles surrounding the air passages to the lungs contract, narrowing the passages.

BUN Short for 'blood urea nitrogen,' a blood test that estimates kidney function.

C

Cachexia Extreme weight loss.

Calcified The hardening of tissue through the influx of calcium, usually as a result of chronic inflammation.

Calculus (Plural calculi) Abnormal stone-like structure(s) usually composed of mineral salts, e.g., a bladder calculus is the same thing as a bladder stone.

Calorie The unit of measurement of energy derived from digested food. Fat contains about twice as many calories per gram as protein or carbohydrate.

Cancer A malignant tumor.

Candida A certain genus of yeast which can cause disease in humans and animals; an infection with Candida is called candidiasis.

Canine Pertaining to dogs.

Carapace The upper shell of a turtle or tortoise.

Carbohydrate Compounds made up of chains of sugar units. Simple carbohydrates include table sugar (sucrose), milk sugar (lactose), and fruit sugar (fructose). Complex carbohydrates are very long chains held together by bonds that may not be digestible in the stomach and intestine of a carnivore. Starch is a digestible complex carbohydrate. Seed hulls such as oat bran are digestible by ruminants and horses, but not carnivores.

Carcinogen A substance which causes cancer.

Carcinoma A malignant cancer that arises from the epithelial tissues of the body such as the skin, intestinal tract, and bladder.

Cardiac Related to the heart.

Cardiomyopathy Diseases of the heart muscle; does not include diseases of the valves of the heart or congenital defects.

Cardiopulmonary Relating to the heart and lungs.

Cardiovascular Related to the heart and blood vessels.

Carnivore An animal whose natural diet includes meat.

Carpus The wrist (front leg) of dogs and cats.

Carrier An animal which harbors an infectious organism, such as a virus, bacteria, or parasite. The animal does not appear ill, but can still transmit the organism to other animals by direct contact or releasing the organisms (bacteria, protozoa, viruses) into the environment in the stool, urine, respiratory secretions, or vaginal discharges.

Castration The removal of the sex organs making the animal incapable of reproduction; the correct use of the word can be used to describe both male and female animals, but it is commonly used to describe only males.

Cataract A cloudiness of the lens of the eye, reducing vision and giving the eye a pearly appearance.

Caudal A directional term used to refer to an area more toward the cauda, or tail region; opposite of cranial.

Caval Syndrome Disease caused by large numbers of worms in the right side of the heart and vena cava, which results in blood circulation problems in the liver leading to the breakdown of red blood cells, anemia, weakness, and collapse.

Cecum A blind sac that opens into the colon; found in many animals.

Cell-Mediated Immunity The immunity that is the result of either special lymphocytes directly killing the foreign invader, or lymphocytes (T cells) releasing special chemicals which activate macrophages to kill the invader. Compare with 'humoral immunity.'

Centrifuge A machine that rapidly spins liquid samples and separates out the particles by their density.

Cerebellum A portion of the brain, located on the brainstem, that controls coordination.

Cerebral Relating to the part of the brain known as the cerebrum.

Cerebrum The largest portion of the brain that performs all higher cognitive functions and is situated in the front part of the cranial cavity.

Chelation Binding of a substance to a metal, thus helping the body to remove it.

Chemotherapy Treatment of a disease with chemical agents (drugs); the term is most commonly used to describe the treatment of cancer with medication.

Choana (Plural choanae) An opening between the nasal cavity and oropharynx (mouth) in birds and reptiles.

Cholangiohepatitis Inflammation of the gall bladder, bile ducts, and liver.

Cholangitis Inflammation of a bile duct; see cholecystitis.

Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gallbladder; see cholangitis.

Chondroitin Decreases the activity of enzymes which break down cartilage in a joint.

Chronic Of a long duration: a chronic illness persists for weeks, months, or even for the life of animal. See also acute.

Chronic Superficial Keratitis A chronic condition of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea (the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened; it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition is also called pannus.

Cirrhosis A liver disease caused by the replacement of damaged cells with connective tissue; severe scarring can eventually cause liver failure.

Class I, II, III, IV Medications Drugs are classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department of Justice depending upon such criteria as the potential for human abuse.

Clinical Study A planned examination of the effectiveness of a new drug or treatment for a disease as compared to a control group not receiving the treatment; also called a clinical trial.

Cloaca A common tube-like structure through which feces, urine, and reproductive fluids/eggs pass in birds, turtles, and other lower vertebrates.

Clotting Factors Protein components in the blood which help it to clot. Clotting is a complex mechanism. In addition to platelets, clot formation is the result of a long chain of chemical reactions carried out by individual molecules called 'clotting factors.' Each factor is numbered such that factor I leads to a reaction with factor II forming a new substance. This then reacts with factor III and so on to factor XII.

Clutch The uninterrupted series of eggs laid by a hen, usually 2-6 depending on the bird species.

CNS Central nervous system. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves leading from them.

Coagulation The process of clotting.

Coagulopathy A condition affecting the blood's ability to form a clot.

Coccidia A one-celled parasite in the category of protozoa. In dogs and cats, coccidia are generally parasites of the intestinal tract.

Cognitive Dysfunction A common medical condition in older dogs that results from abnormal brain function, causing certain behavior changes such as disorientation, housebreaking problems, and changes in sleeping patterns and interactions with others.

Cold-Blooded Having a body temperature that is not regulated internally, but varies with the environmental temperature. Turtles, lizards, and snakes are cold-blooded.

Colitis An infection or inflammation of the colon.

Colon A part of the digestive tract, specifically the part of large intestine that extends from the cecum to the rectum.

Colostrum The antibody-rich first milk produced immediately before and after giving birth.

Coma Being in a state of unconsciousness.

Comedo A blackhead, usually the result of a plugged gland within the skin.

Complete Blood Count A count of the total number of cells in a given amount of blood, including the red and white blood cells; often referred to as a 'CBC,' it is one of the most common tests done to check for abnormalities of the blood.

Conception The onset of pregnancy, when the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus.

Congenital A characteristic of an animal that is present at birth. It may be inherited or induced by events that occur during pregnancy.

Conjunctiva A thin membrane which lines the inside of the eyelids and covers part of the eyeball.

Conjunctivitis An inflammation of the lining of the eyelids; may cause pain, redness, itching, and a discharge.

Constipation A condition in which the movement of food through the digestive system is longer than normal; often results in hard, dry stool.

Contrast Agents A substance given orally or injected into a patient that makes the affected tissue easier to identify on an x-ray.

Contusion An injury to underlying tissues without breaking the skin; a bruise.

Coprophagia Eating dung or fecal matter; normal behavior in some animals, such as rabbits.

Core Vaccine Vaccine which should be given to all animals of certain species, example, parvovirus vaccine in dogs or panleukopenia in cats (see noncore vaccine).

Cornea The clear part of the front of the eye which allows light in.

Corticosteroid Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which are important to almost every function of cells and organs. They are divided into two groups: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balances.

Cortisol The main glucocorticoid; a hormone naturally produced by the adrenal gland; it is synthesized commercially as hydrocortisone and is used to reduce inflammation.

Coumestan Estrogen-like substance produced by certain plants such as alfalfa; types of phytoestrogen.

Coumestral Estrogen-like substances produced by certain plants such as alfalfa; types of phytoestrogen.

Cranial A directional term used to refer to the area near the cranium, or head region; opposite of caudal.

Crop An organ between the esophagus and stomach of many domestic birds, which serves as a temporary food storage organ.

Crust Area of dried fluid or cells on the skin. The fluid may have been blood, serum, pus, or medication.

Culture The process in which a sample of fluid or tissue is taken from an animal and placed in special media which allows the bacteria, virus, etc., to grow (reproduce) in the laboratory.

Cushings Disease Cushing's disease is also known as hyperadrenocorticism. It is a disease that results from an increase in corticosteroid secretion from the adrenal gland.

Cutaneous Relating to the skin.

Cyanosis Bluish or grayish color to the skin and gums which occurs when the animal has insufficient oxygen.

Cyst An abnormal sac-like structure that is lined with cells which produce a liquid or thick material.

Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

Cytokines Compounds produced by certain cells, which act as messengers to control the action of lymphocytes and other cells in an immune response.

Cytology The study of cells; often refers to the microscopic examination of a sample taken from the skin or lesion to look for the cause of a condition.

Cytoplasm Substances which make up the inside of a cell and surround the nucleus of the cell which contains the genetic material.

Digestibility Expressed as a percent, is a measure of the content of food that is retained in the body after food is eaten. The difference between the weight of food eaten and the weight of stool produced, divided by the weight of the food.

Digestive System The organ system including the mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and various glands that functions to ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients.

Digitalis Glycosides Class of drugs including digitoxin and digoxin, which are drugs derived from the Digitalis purpurea plant, and used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Dilated Cardiomyopathy A heart condition in which the heart enlarges, but the heart muscle becomes thinner.

Dinoflagellate Single-celled algae, mainly marine and often with a cellulose shell; some species may be luminescent, and some cause the red tides that are extremely toxic to marine life.

Disinfection The act of using chemicals or heat to kill germs.

Distemper Canine distemper is a viral disease that causes a severe and often fatal systemic illness in dogs and their close relatives. Distemper is also fatal in animals such as raccoons, and mustelids including skunks, mink, and ferrets.

Diuresis Increase in urine production.

Diuretic Agent which increases the secretion of urine, ridding the body of excess fluid.

Diurnal Active during the day, opposite of nocturnal, which means active during the night.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical compound that occurs in cells and is the basic structure for genes.

Domestic Animal An animal that has been housed and fed by man for generations and has little fear of man as a result. Some domestic animals learn to depend on human provision so completely that they have little ability to survive if returned to a natural habitat.

Dry Eye Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the technical term for a condition also known as 'dry eye.' It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptoms include a thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.

Duodenum The first portion of the small intestine extending from the stomach to the jejunum; most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs here.

Duration of Immunity Length of time an animal is protected from a disease. Vaccines for some diseases provide long durations of immunity (years), while vaccines for some other diseases only provide immunity that lasts for 6 months.

Dysecdysis Abnormal shedding of the skin in reptiles.

Dysphagia Difficulty swallowing.

Dysplasia An abnormal tissue development, common in the bones of the canine.

Dyspnea Shortness of breath.

Dystocia Difficult birth.

Dystrophic Disorder caused by incorrect nutrition.

Dysuria Difficult or painful urination.

E

Ear Canal The tube that connects the external ear with the ear drum.

Ear Drum The membrane that divides the outer ear from the inner ear, where the mechanism of hearing takes place. The membrane prevents infection from reaching the inner ear, as well as vibrating to amplify sounds.

Ear Mites Small parasitic insects that live in the ear canal of an animal, and that are able to survive outside the ear for only very short periods of time.

Ecdysis Shedding of the external layers of the skin in reptiles.

ECG A printout of an analysis of the electrical activity in the heart.

Echocardiogram The image produced by performing an ultrasound examination of the heart.

Ectoparasite A parasite that lives on the outside surface or skin of another animal. Ectoparasites include fleas, ticks, lice, and mange mites.

Ectopic Non-malignant tissue growing in an unusual location (e.g., an ectopic pregnancy is conception of a normal embryo outside the normal location, which is the uterus).

Edema A condition in which the tissues of the body contain too much body fluid. The fluid accumulation may cause swelling in the affected area.

EKG A printout of an analysis of the electrical activity in the heart.

Electrocardiogram A printout of an analysis of the electrical activity in the heart.

Electrocautery An instrument with a very hot tip, heated by electricity, is applied to a tissue. Electrocautery may be used to make an incision, remove a mass, or to stop bleeding.

Electrolyte Chemically, an element when dissolved in water, will cause the solution to transmit electricity. In medicine, certain elements in the blood which are critically important to life, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and phosphorous.

Electroretinography The recording of electrical changes in the retina of the eye in response to stimulation by light.

Elizabethan Collar A large, plastic, cone-shaped collar used on cats, dogs, and birds to prevent them from licking or biting at skin, wound dressings, or casts.

Emaciation The severe loss of body weight; body weight is generally less than 50% of that in a normal animal.

Emesis Vomiting.

Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain; often caused by a virus.

Encephalopathy Any degenerative disease of the brain. Causes include liver disease resulting in the buildup of toxic by-products of metabolism, heavy metal (e.g., lead) poisoning, and loss of blood supply.

Endocrine Pertaining to the secretion of hormones. The endocrine system consists of various glands which produce hormones.

Endoscope A long flexible instrument which can be passed into the body to view various structures through the use of fiber optics.

Endotracheal Tube This tube is placed into the animal's trachea (windpipe) to allow the oxygen and gases to be breathed into the lungs.

Enteral Feeding A method to feed an animal in which a tube is placed through the body wall into the intestine, and a nutritious liquid is forced through the tube into the intestine.

Enteritis An inflammation of the intestines.

Envenomation The act of injecting a poisonous material (venom).

Enzyme Enzymes are special proteins produced by cells which cause chemical changes in other substances, but which are not themselves changed in the process.

Eosinophil A type of white blood cell that commonly increases in numbers as a response to parasites and allergies.

Eosinophilia A condition in which there are more than the usual number of eosinophils in the circulating blood.

EPA Environmental Protection Agency. The agency of the federal government which licenses pesticides and herbicides.

Epidermis The top layer of the skin.

Epiphora An overflow of tears upon the cheeks due to a blockage or narrowing of the tear ducts.

Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.

Erosion A shallow defect in the skin. When healed, it will not cause a scar.

Erythema Redness of the skin caused by blood clogging in small blood vessels.

Esophageal Reflux A condition in which stomach contents move backward into the esophagus, i.e., heartburn.

Esophagus The muscular tube for the passage of food from the mouth to the stomach.

Estrogen A female hormone produced by the ovaries, which results in the onset of estrus.

Estrus The time when a female animal is fertile and receptive to the male. Also known as a heat period.

Exophthalmos The abnormal outward protrusion (bulging) of the eye.

Exotic An animal not native to the geographical area where it is living.

Extensor Rigidity A condition in which muscles contract and tend to straighten the limb, prevent it from relaxing.

Extracranial Originating external to the cranial (brain) cavity.

Extrahepatic Outside of the liver.

F

False Negative Test Result The result of a diagnostic test is negative; but the animal actually does have the condition tested for.

False Positive Test Result The result of a diagnostic test is positive; but the animal actually does not have the condition tested for.

FDA Food and Drug Administration. The federal agency which approves drugs and medications for use in animals and people.

Feces Body wastes excreted through the anus from the large intestine; also called stool.

Feline Pertaining to cats.

Fetal Pertaining to an unborn animal, or fetus.

Fetus The developing young in the uterus before birth.

Fine Needle Aspirate Suction is applied to a hollow needle which has been inserted into tissue and a core of the tissue is withdrawn to culture and/or examine microscopically.

First Generation First generation: A description of medications developed from an earlier form of the medication. First generation medications were developed from the original form of the drug; second generation medications are adaptations of first generation drugs; third generation drugs are adaptations of second generation, etc.

Flatulence Increased stomach or intestinal gas.

Flea Dip A solution made to kill fleas, applied to an animal and not rinsed off, to allow it to have residual action.

Fluoroscopy An x-ray procedure in which x-rays are transmitted through the body onto a fluorescent screen; beneficial in that movement of joints or organ systems can be observed (e.g., the movement of material through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines).

FLUTD Feline lower urinary tract disease; a condition in cats characterized by blood in the urine, urination outside of the litter box, and straining to urinate. The name for this condition was previously called feline urological syndrome (FUS).

Follicle The group of cells in the skin in which a hair or feather develops.

Foreign Body Any abnormal substance within the body. Examples include wood slivers, ingested cloth or balls, glass in the feet, etc.

Fracture A break in the bone; generally caused by trauma, twisting, or weakened bone structure due to disease.

Free Radical Atom which carries an unpaired electron; free radicals can potentially injure cells and may be responsible for numerous age-related diseases.

Fungicide A drug that kills fungi.

FUS Feline urological syndrome; a condition in cats characterized by blood in the urine, urination outside of the litter box, and straining to urinate. The name for this condition is now called feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD).

G

Gait The manner or style of movement; often used to assess horses or dogs for lameness.

Gastric Relating to the stomach.

Gastric Lavage To flush out the stomach.

Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach.

Gastrointestinal Also known as GI. Pertaining to the stomach and intestines. The term 'digestive system' includes the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, anus, pancreas, and liver.

Germs Any microscopic organism that can potentially cause disease; includes viruses, bacteria, and fungi.

Gestation Pregnancy.

Gingival Relating to the gums.

Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums.

Glaucoma Increased pressure within the eye caused by an accumulation of fluids; can lead to blindness if left untreated.

Glipizide An oral medication that can be used to control blood glucose levels in some diabetic cats who still have some insulin production.

Glomerulus This literally means a small cluster; commonly used to refer to the renal glomerulus, the area of blood filtering in the kidney.

Glucocorticoid Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and are important to almost every function of cells and organs. They also stabilize cell membranes which is an important part of their function in treating allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticosteroids.

Glucocorticosteroid Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and are important to almost every function of cells and organs. They also stabilize cell membranes which is an important part of their function in treating allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticoids.

Glucosamine One of the building blocks the body uses to make new cartilage.

Glucosuria Glucose in the urine. (Also called glycosuria.)

Glycogen A storage form of glucose in the body.

Glycosaminoglycans Compounds which serve as the building blocks of cartilage, which covers the ends of bones within a joint. Glucosamine and chondroitin are necessary for the body to make glycosaminoglycans.

Gram A measure of weight. 28 grams = 1 oz.; 454 grams = 1 lb.

Gram Negative A classification of bacteria based upon their lack of retention of a certain stain in the laboratory. The staining quality is based on the structure of the cell wall surrounding the bacteria. This structure of the cell wall influences which antibiotics will kill the bacteria. This laboratory staining method was developed by Hans Gram in 1884.

Gram Positive A classification of bacteria based upon their uptake of a certain stain in the laboratory. The staining quality is based on the structure of the cell wall surrounding the bacteria. This structure of the cell wall influences which antibiotics will kill the bacteria. This laboratory staining method was developed by Hans Gram in 1884.

Granuloma The formation of a nodule as a result of inflammation.

H

H2 Antagonist A compound which binds (attaches) to the area on a cell at which histamine also binds. By binding at the same site, the antagonist blocks histamine from binding and prevents histamine from producing its effects, which include the production of stomach acid.

Half-life The time required for the level of a substance in the body (e.g., a drug or toxin) to be reduced by half.

Head Pressing Pressing the head against a wall or other hard object.

Heart Block A condition in which the electrical impulses of the heart are not properly conducted from the atria (chambers which receive the blood) to the ventricles (chambers which pump the blood).

Heartworm A species of parasitic worm (Dirofilaria immitis) that lives and reproduces in the chambers of the heart of an animal. Microscopic, immature worms (microfilariae) circulate in the blood and are taken in by mosquitoes that bite the animal. Microfilariae mature in the mouthparts of the mosquito and infect another susceptible animal bitten by the same mosquito.

Heinz Body A condition in which the red blood cells are destroyed and this results in anemia. The specific type of anemia is called 'Heinz body anemia' because the red cells develop an abnormality called a 'Heinz body' which can be seen under the microscope. This anemia can occur as a reaction to certain medications and also in cats who eat onions.

Hemangiosarcoma A malignant tumor of the blood vessels, usually occurring in the skin, liver, spleen, right atrium of the heart, and muscle; also called angiosarcoma.

Hematocrit PCV (Packed Cell Volume), hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor relative number of red blood cells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glass tube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasma and are compacted at one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examined and the packed cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellular portion relative to the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e. remainder being the plasma). The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.

Hematology The study of blood, its physiology and pathology.

Hematoma A mass of blood within the tissues. Generally, the result of trauma to the blood vessels or abnormal blood clotting.

Hematuria A condition of blood in the urine.

Hemodialysis A process used to remove waste products from the blood.

Hemoglobin A protein inside of red blood cells, responsible for the binding and transport of oxygen to the body tissues (Hb).

Hemolytic Causing the red blood cells to break open.

Hemoptysis Blood in the sputum.

Hemorrhage To bleed excessively; may be the result of injury or blood clotting abnormalities.

Hemostat A small surgical instrument used to clamp blood vessels to prevent bleeding.

Hepatic Pertaining to the liver.

Hepatic Fibrosis Scarring of the liver Hepatitis An inflammation or infection of the liver.

Hepatomegaly Enlargement of the liver.

Herbivore Animal that eats primarily plants and vegetation.

Hernia The protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening.

High Titer Vaccine A modified live vaccine that contains a higher number of virus particles than the 'average' vaccine. High titer vaccines can generally elicit an immune system response in young animals who have a maternal antibody level that would prevent them from responding to an 'average' vaccine.

Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist A compound which binds (attaches) to the area on a cell at which histamine also binds. By binding at the same site, the antagonist blocks histamine from binding and prevents histamine from producing its effects, which include the production of stomach acid.

Hob A male ferret.

Hormone Chemical substance produced by one part of the body which serves as a messenger to or regulator of the processes of another part of the body.

Host The organism in or on which a parasite lives. For example, dogs and cats are hosts for fleas and roundworms.

Humoral Immunity The immunity that is the result of antibody production by B cells. Compare with 'cell-mediated immunity.'

Hybrid An animal that has parents of two different species, for instance, a mule's mother is a horse and its father is a donkey.

Hydrocephalus A condition of fluid accumulation in the ventricles (spaces) of the brain; the swelling generally creates pressure on the brain tissues and can cause severe damage if not treated properly.

Hyper A prefix meaning abnormally high or excessive.

Hypercalcemia An increased level of calcium in the blood.

Hyperesthesia Abnormal sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.

Hyperglycemia Higher than normal blood glucose level.

Hyperkalemia Increased level of potassium in the blood.

Hyperphosphatemia Elevated blood phosphate levels.

Hyperpigmentation An increased dark color in the skin caused by the pigment 'melanin.'

Hyperplasia An increase of the number of cells within an organ.

Hyperplastic Abnormal increase in the amount of tissue, e.g., a hyperplastic ear would have increased numbers of cells in the ear canal, sometimes to the point of closing off the ear canal. In prostatic hyperplasia, the prostate enlarges due to an increased number of normal, not cancerous, cells.

Hyperreactive Producing an exaggerated, or greater than normal response to a stimulus.

Hypersensitive A type of allergic condition in which the body overreacts to a certain agent such as a bee sting or medication.

Hypertension Blood pressure above normal.

Hyperthermia An increase in body temperature above normal.

Hyperthyroidism A condition, more commonly seen in cats, in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

Hypertrophy An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to the enlargement of existing cells.

Hyperventilate An increase in the rate and/or depth of respiration such that the body loses too much carbon dioxide.

Hypo A prefix meaning abnormally low or deficient.

Hypoglycemia Lower than normal blood glucose level.

Hypokalemia Lower than normal level of potassium in the blood.

Hypoplasia Inadequate or defective development of tissue.

Hypotension Blood pressure below normal.

Hypothermia A decrease in body temperature below normal.

Hypothyroidism A condition, more common in dogs, in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.

Hypovitaminosis A A condition in which the body suffers from a deficiency in Vitamin A.

Hypoxia Low oxygen level in blood and tissues.

I

Iatrogenic A condition resulting from the action of the doctor; e.g., an allergic reaction resulting from administration of an injection by a veterinarian.

Icterus Commonly referred to as jaundice. A yellowing of the tissues, usually as a result of abnormal liver function.

IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): A form of diabetes in which so little insulin is produced that supplemental insulin must be given for the animal to live. Also called Type I diabetes mellitus.

Idiopathic Of unknown cause.

Ileus A condition in which there is an absence of muscular contractions of the intestine which normally move the food through the system; can result in an intestinal obstruction.

Immune system The body's defense system which recognizes infectious agents and other 'foreign' compounds (such as pollen), and works to destroy them.

Immune-Mediated Immune-mediated reaction or disease: A condition or disease caused by abnormal activity of the immune system in which the body's immune system either over-reacts (e.g., immune-mediated contact dermatitis) or starts attacking the body itself (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia). See also autoimmune.

Immunity A condition in which the animal's immune system has been primed and is able to protect the body from a disease-causing agent such as a certain virus or bacteria. An animal could have immunity to one agent, such as parvovirus, but not have immunity to another agent, such as rabies.

Immunization The process of rendering an animal protected (immune) against a certain disease. Vaccination is a way to produce immunization. However, just because an animal has been vaccinated (received a vaccine) does not necessarily mean the animal is immune. If the body did not correctly react to the vaccine or if the vaccine was defective, immunity would not occur. No vaccine produces immunity in 100% of the population to which it was given. 'Vaccination' is not the same as 'immunization.'

Immunodeficiency Reduced function of the immune system of an animal, making it more susceptible to infectious disease. Can be an inherited defect or caused by drugs, radiation, or viruses.

Immunostimulant A compound which stimulates the immune system to work more effectively to kill bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells.

Immunosuppressive Something, for instance a drug, hormone, or virus, that reduces the function of the immune system of an animal. An animal with reduced function of its immune system is called 'immunosuppressed.'

Incontinence The inability to control the excretion of wastes; generally used to describe the inability to control urination.

Incubation period The time between the exposure to a disease, causing agent, and the onset of signs of the disease.

Infection The invasion and replication of microorganisms in tissues of the body; generally causes disease or local inflammation.

Infectious Agents The organisms that cause infection; can be viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites.

Infestation A term used to describe an invasion of parasites.

Inflammation A condition in which tissue reacts to injury and undergoes changes during the healing process. As an example, a toe with a sliver of wood in it would be inflamed and show the signs of inflammation which include redness, increased temperature, pain, swelling, and a loss of or disordered function. The toe is swollen, red, hot, painful, and the animal is reluctant to walk on that toe.

Infusoria Microscopic organisms which are cultured as a food for the fry of freshwater fish.

Inherited A trait passed from one generation to the next in the genes from each parent.

Innate A permanent characteristic that is present because of the genetic make-up of the animal.

Insulin A hormone produced by the pancreas which is necessary for glucose to be able to enter the cells of the body and be used for energy.

Insulin Resistance A condition in which the blood glucose level remains higher than it should at an insulin dosage of 2 units/pound of body weight per day in cats.

Insulinoma Insulin-producing tumor of the pancreas; the increased production and blood level of insulin resulting from these tumors can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).

Intermediate Host In the life cycle of some parasites, the immature form of the parasite must pass through a different type of host (animal, insect, snail, etc.), called the intermediate host, before it can re-enter and infect the type of animal it came from. An example would be heartworms. The adult worm lives in the dog or cat. The immature form, laid by the adult heartworm, is taken up by the mosquito. The immature form develops within the mosquito, and is then reintroduced into another dog or cat where it develops into the mature adult and the cycle repeats itself. The intermediate host for heartworms, then, is the mosquito.

Interstitial Between parts or within the spaces of tissue.

Intestine The part of the digestive system extending from the stomach to the rectum; includes both the small and large intestines and functions in the absorption of water and nutrients; also called bowel or gut.

Intracellular An action taking place within a cell.

Intracranial Originating within the cranial (brain) cavity.

Intramuscular Into the muscle (IM).

Intranasal Into the nose.

Intravenous Into the bloodstream via a vein.

Intussusception A condition in which one part of the intestine 'telescopes' into another.

Iris The colored portion of the eye is called the iris. As with humans, dogs' iris colors vary. In the center of the iris is the black opening called the pupil. This opening can be made larger or smaller by muscles called ciliary bodies, that attach to the colored iris, causing it to expand or contract.

Isoflavone An estrogen-like substance produced by pasture plants; a type of phytoestrogen.

J

Jaundice The condition in which there is a buildup of waste products in the body called bilirubin. Bilirubin is yellow in color, therefore, an animal with jaundice will have yellow gums, skin (often seen on the inside flap of the ear), and a yellowish cast to the 'whites' of the eyes. It can occur if a large number of red blood cells are destroyed, the liver is not functioning normally, or the bile ducts are blocked.

Jejunum The longest part of the small intestine extending from the duodenum to the ileum.

Jill A female ferret.

Jugular Referring to the neck; specifically, the large jugular veins that return blood from the head and neck to the heart.

K

KCS Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the technical term for a condition also known as 'dry eye.' It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptoms include a thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.

Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea of the eye; may be caused by infection, trauma, or an allergic reaction.

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is the technical term for a condition also known as 'dry eye'. It occurs because of inadequate tear production. Symptoms include a thick, yellowish discharge from the eye.

Keratolytic Softens and loosens crusts and scales on the skin.

Ketoacidosis A life-threatening condition in which ketones, which result from the breakdown of fat for energy, accumulate in the bloodstream and the pH of the blood decreases.

Killed Vaccine Vaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing viruses (or bacteria), killing them, and putting them into a liquid base. Compare with 'modified live vaccine' and 'recombinant vaccine.'

Kinetic Skull Having mobile joints between various parts of the skull, e.g., being able to unhinge the jaws. This allows the mouth of the animal, e.g., snake, to open wider so that it can eat large prey.

Kit A baby ferret.

L

Lactating Producing milk.

Large Intestine The lower part of the intestinal tract, usually made up of the colon, cecum, and rectum. Bacteria that live harmlessly in the large intestine help to digest complex carbohydrates.

Larva The worm-like offspring of an insect (plural larvae).

Larynx The larynx is a muscular tube in the neck that allows air to pass from the throat to the trachea (windpipe). The larynx contains the vocal cords, which allow people and animals to make sounds. The larynx has cartilage that opens to allow air into the trachea.

Latent A dormant stage of disease; the patient is infected with an organism, but is not yet ill.

Leptospirosis A bacterial disease that may be exposed to animals through contaminated water or exposure to urine from an infected animal. The Leptospira bacteria may spread to many types of tissues, but tend to be found in the kidneys. Symptoms include fever, joint or muscle pain, decreased appetite, weakness, vomiting and diarrhea, frequent urination which may be followed by lack of urination, discharge from nose and eyes and yellowing of the gums, membranes around the eyes and skin.

Leukopenia A condition in which the numbers of white blood cells in the blood are lower than normal.

Lichenification Thickening and hardening of the skin.

Lipase Digestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which breaks down fat.

Liver The largest organ in the abdomen, responsible for producing enzymes required for digestion of food, and bile that helps to digest fat. The liver also detoxifies the blood and may be damaged in the process.

Low passage vaccine A low passage vaccine contains virus particles which have been attenuated, or weakened, less than those in the 'average' vaccine. Low passage vaccines can generally elicit an immune system response in young animals who have a maternal antibody level that would prevent them from responding to an 'average' vaccine.

Lymph Nodes Part of the immune system of an animal. Small masses of tissue that contain white blood cells called lymphocytes. Blood from the nearby area is filtered through the lymph node allowing foreign or infectious material to be recognized and destroyed if possible.

Lymphocytes The class of cells in the body which are responsible for mounting an immune response. Two main types are B cells and T cells.

Lymphokines Chemicals produced by T lymphocytes. Some lymphokines signal macrophages and other phagocytes to destroy foreign invaders.

M

Macrophage A type of phagocyte (cell in the body which 'eats' damaged cells and foreign substances such as virus and bacteria).

Malabsorption syndrome Maldigestion syndrome: A condition involving the intestine in which food may not be properly digested or the nutrients not absorbed.

Malignant A process that does harm to nearby tissues. Usually synonymous with cancer, a tumor that grows quickly and spreads into other tissues.

Malnutrition Ill health due to dietary deficiency or imbalance.

Mammary Pertaining to the breast.

Mandible Lower jaw.

Mange Any of several skin and ear conditions caused by a variety of mites.

MAOIs Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Substances that inactivate the enzyme monoamine oxidase which regulates certain transmitter chemicals between nerves. These compounds include certain types of antidepressants and also insecticides containing amitraz (such as Mitaban and Preventic collars).

Marsupial An order of mammals including kangaroos, opossums, and sugar gliders in which the female has a pouch on the abdomen which holds the young and has nipples for the young to nurse.

Mast cell Tumor A nodular growth, usually on the skin, which involves cells (mast cells) which contain large amounts of histamine and normally play a role in allergic reactions. All mast cell tumors in dogs should be considered potentially malignant.

Masticate Chew.

Mastitis An infection or inflammation of the mammary glands.

Maternal Antibody Antibody in a newborn animal which the newborn acquired through the placenta or colostrum (the first milk).

Meal When referring to food ingredients, meal means a ground-up preparation. Chicken meal is ground up chicken, which might include bones and feathers. Meat meal means ground up muscle meat.

Median Survival Time Time at which 50% of the animals had died.

Megacolon A condition in which the colon enlarges and dilates, which results in feces accumulating in the colon. Constipation then occurs. This condition is more common in cats than dogs.

Melena Darkening of the stool due to the presence of digested blood, which indicates bleeding is occurring in the stomach and/or beginning of the small intestine. The feces generally look black and tarry.

Memory (Immunologic) Memory: When an animal mounts an immune response against a foreign substance, some cells are created to 'remember' the antigens on that substance. If the animal is again exposed to the substance, these cells will help the body respond much faster and to a higher degree.

Metabolic Acidosis A condition in which the pH of the blood is too acidic because of the production of certain types of acids.

Metabolize To have molecules transformed within the body tissue through chemical processes.

Metabolize Energy (ME) (ME) is the net energy available to an animal from a certain food.

Metacarpus The front limb between the carpus and the phalanges (toes).

Metastasis Spread of a tumor from its original location to a remote one, by tumor cells that are carried in the blood.

Metatarsus The part of the rear limb between the tarsus and the phalanges (toes).

Methemoglobin An altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen.

Methemoglobinemia A condition of the blood in which there are large amounts of methemoglobin which is an altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen.

Microfilaremia The presence of microfilariae in the blood.

Microfilaria The larval form of some parasitic worms, for example heartworms. These worms do not lay eggs, they produce microfilariae (plural of microfilaria) instead.

Microfilaricide Compound which kills microfilaria, the immature forms of heartworms which circulate in the blood.

Microorganism A single-celled life form that is invisible to the naked eye and that may cause disease in man or animals.

Mineralization The process in which minerals are laid down within tissue in an abnormal pattern causing a hardening of the tissue.

Mineralocorticoids Hormones produced by the adrenal gland which regulate the amounts of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the blood.

Miticide An agent that kills mites.

Mitochondria Parts of the cell which are responsible for providing the cell with energy.

mL Short for milliliter. A liquid measure, the same volume as a cc. 28 mL = 1 liquid oz.

Modified Live Vaccine Vaccines which are made by taking the real, disease-causing virus and altering (attenuating) it in a laboratory to a non-disease causing virus. Compare with 'killed vaccine' and 'recombinant vaccine.'

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI): Substances that inactivate the enzyme monoamine oxidase which regulates certain transmitter chemicals between nerves. These compounds include certain types of antidepressants and also insecticides containing amitraz (such as Mitaban and Preventic collars).

Monovalent Vaccine A vaccine that is manufactured to stimulate the body to produce protection against only one disease, e.g., rabies vaccine. Compare with 'multivalent vaccine.'

Motility Movement, e.g., intestinal motility is the muscular contractions of the intestines which move the food from the stomach to the anus.

Mucolytic Breaks down mucous.

Mucopolysaccharide A carbohydrate which also contains a hexosamine molecule and is a component of mucous.

Mucosa Specialized membrane which covers various passages and cavities exposed to the air such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids, vagina. Examination of the mucous membranes can provide important information: if they are dry, the animal is likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic or in shock; yellow, and the animal is said to jaundiced due to accumulation of waste products which should be eliminated by the liver. Mucous membranes.

Mucous Membranes Specialized membrane which covers various passages and cavities exposed to the air such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids, vagina. Examination of the mucous membranes can provide important information: if they are dry, the animal is likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic or in shock; yellow, and the animal is said to be jaundiced due to accumulation of waste products which should be eliminated by the liver.

Multivalent Vaccine A vaccine that combines two or more components to stimulate the body to produce protection against all the components. Most 'distemper' vaccines for puppies are of the multivalent type, and commonly include distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus cough, hepatitis, and parainfluenza. Compare with 'monovalent' vaccine.

Musculoskeletal Pertaining to the muscles and skeleton.

Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease in which there is a failure of the nerves' ability to stimulate and control the actions of certain muscles.

Mycosis Disease caused by a fungus such as blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and ringworm.

Mydriasis Small pupil size.

Myelogram Radiograph (x-ray) of the spinal cord taken after a contrasting dye has been injected into the space around the spinal cord.

Myocardium The middle layer of heart muscle.

N

Nauplii Newly hatched brine shrimp.

Nebulize Convert into a fine spray form.

Necropsy Postmortem examination.

Necrosis The death and breakdown of cells.

Nematodes A common name for any roundworm of the phylum Nematoda.

Neoplasia Abnormal growth and accumulation of cells. Neoplasias may be benign or malignant.

Nephropathy Any disease or abnormal functioning of the kidney.

Nephrotoxic Destructive to kidney cells.

Neuropathy Abnormal functioning of nerves.

Neurotransmitter Chemical used as a messenger from one nerve cell to another.

Neuter Sterilization by surgical removal of the testicles of a male animal or ovaries of a female animal.

Neutralize To change from acidic or alkaline to a neutral pH.

NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM): A type of diabetes mellitus in which although the blood glucose levels are higher than normal, they are not immediately life-threatening, and the animal can survive without supplemental insulin. Also called Type II diabetes.

Nocturnal Animals that are active during the night and sleep during the day.

Nodule Solid bump or lump in the skin that is over 1/3 inch in diameter.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory NSAIDS: Agents which reduce inflammation, but are not in the class of drugs known as steroids. Examples include aspirin, Rimadyl, and phenylbutazone.

Noncore Vaccine Vaccine which should only be given to animals at increased risk of exposure to a disease, example, leptospirosis in dogs or feline leukemia in cats (see core vaccine).

Nonpathogenic Not causing disease. Some bacteria, such as those that normally live in an animal's intestines, are nonpathogenic.

Nonseptic A condition not caused by an infection. For example, septic arthritis is caused by an infection with bacteria, yeast, or other agent; a case of nonseptic arthritis may be caused by injury or cancer.

Nucleated Erythrocytes Immature form of red blood cells.

Nutraceutical A very broad term describing certain components in food (plant or animal) or nutritional supplements, which contain substances normally present in the body that aid in the proper functioning of body systems.

Nutrient Compounds in foods which are essential for life. Nutrients include protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, etc.

Nystagmus Constant involuntary movement of the eye, often from side to side.

O

Obligate Carnivore An animal that requires in its diet nutrients that are found in sufficient quantities only in meat or other animal products.

Obsessive Compulsive A behavioral condition in which a pet repeatedly performs an action out of context. It is thought that the behavior is an expression of stress, frustration and/or conflict. Certain breeds are more prone to these behaviors. The behaviors include tail-chasing, some cases of excessive barking, continual licking, and biting the air as if snapping at an invisible fly.

Occult Indicating a disease or condition that is clinically not apparent.

Ocular Relating to the eye.

Off Label Term used to describe the use of a medication for a condition for which it was not FDA approved. A large number of medications used in veterinary medicine are used 'off label.' If veterinarians only used FDA approved medications, options for treatments of certain conditions would be severely limited or nonexistent. The safety and efficacy of off-label uses of medications is often determined in university research settings, but the manufacturer of the drug does submit the results or go through the elaborate FDA approval process.

Oral Hypoglycemic A medication, given by mouth, which lowers the level of glucose in the blood. Example: glipizide.

Osmotic Diuretic A compound that increases the amount of urine formed and rids the body of excess fluid by being filtered through the kidney into the urine in concentrated amounts and carrying water with it.

Osteomyelitis An inflammation and infection of the bone.

Otic Pertaining to the ear.

Ototoxic Destructive to the structures of the ear.

Over the Counter Can be purchased without a prescription, like aspirin and vitamins.

Ovulate The release of an egg from the ovary of the female.

Oxidize To combine with oxygen.

Oxytocin A hormone that stimulates milk flow in lactating mammals (females nursing their young), and contractions of the muscles of the reproductive tract in many species.

P

Packed Cell Volume (PCV), hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor the relative number of red blood cells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glass tube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasma and are compacted at one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examined and the packed cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellular portion relative to the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e., remainder being the plasma). The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.

Palatable Tasty; refers to food that is readily accepted.

Palpation To examine with the hands or fingers.

Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas, a severe and sometimes life threatening disease often associated with eating fatty foods. Symptoms include vomiting and a painful abdomen.

Pannus A chronic condition of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea (the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened; it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition is also called chronic superficial keratitis.

Papule Solid bump on the skin, less than 1/3 inch in diameter.

Paralysis Loss of motor function (movement) in a certain part of the body. Paralysis may be flaccid, in which muscles are weak and have little or no tone; or spastic, in which the muscles are tight.

Parasiticide Medication formulated to kill parasites.

Parasympathetic The portion of the nervous system which stimulates the pancreas to produce digestive enzymes and stimulates many of the smooth muscles in the body including those of the stomach and intestine. It also tends to slow the heart rate.

Parenterally A term used to describe the administration of a drug by means other than by mouth.

Paresis Slight or incomplete paralysis.

Parthenogenesis A form of reproduction in which the egg develops into a new individual without fertilization by sperm. Parthenogenesis has been observed in many lower animals, including some snails and insects.

Parturition The act of giving birth.

Passive Immunity Immunity produced by providing an animal with antibodies or immunologic cells from another source, such as colostrum. Compare with 'active immunity.'

Pathogenic Causing disease.

Pathologist A specialist in veterinary medicine who examines the changes in body tissues and organs caused by disease.

PCV Packed cell volume. PCV, hematocrit: A laboratory test to monitor the relative number of red blood cells present in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glass tube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier than the plasma and are compacted at one end of the tube. After the tube is spun, it is examined and the packed cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red cellular portion relative to the total amount of blood in the tube (i.e., remainder being the plasma). The normal for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.

Pediculosis An infestation of lice.

Penicillinase An enzyme produced by some bacteria which inactivates certain types of penicillin thus making the bacteria resistant to them.

Perianal Fistula A deep infection around the anus which often results in ulcers and deep draining tracts, most commonly seen in German Shepherds.

Perineal The area between the anus and the genital organs.

Peritoneal Dialysis A process used to remove waste products from the body. Electrolyte fluids are administered into the abdomen, waste products of the body enter the fluids, and then the fluids are removed.

Peritoneum The membrane lining the wall of the abdominal cavity.

Peritonitis Inflammation of the lining of the abdomen.

Phagocyte Cell in the body which 'eats' damaged cells and foreign substances such as virus and bacteria. A macrophage is a type of phagocyte.

Phalanges Toes.

Pheromone Chemical secreted by an animal and sensed by another animal of the same species, and often causing behavior change in that animal.

Photoperiod The number of hours of light per 24-hour period.

Photosensitivity A condition in which the skin reacts abnormally to light, especially ultraviolet light or sunlight. It is usually caused by the interaction of light with certain chemicals in the skin such as antibiotics, other medications, hormones, or toxins.

Phytochemical Substances in plants which affect a body system and may promote health and decrease the risk of a disease such as cancer.

Phytoestrogen Substances which have an activity similar to estrogens and are produced by plants.

Pica Craving to eat unnatural articles such as rocks or dirt.

Placebo A substance which is given that has no therapeutic value; often called a 'dummy pill' or 'sugar pill.' Often given to half of the patients in a trial of a new drug, to better assess the effectiveness of the new drug.

Plantigrade Stance Standing and walking with the hocks on or almost touching the floor.

Plaque A build-up of bacteria, saliva, and food on the teeth. See also Tartar.

Plastron The lower hard shell-like structure which protects the abdomen of a turtle or tortoise.

Platelets Cellular components found in the blood which help clots to form. In the body, microscopically small vessels often break in the normal course of events. Platelets and a protein called fibrinogen 'plug' the break in the vessel and prevent blood from leaking out.

Polyarthritis Arthritis which involves two or more joints.

Polydactyl The presence of extra toes.

Polydipsia Excessive thirst resulting in excessive drinking.

Polyestrous During one sexual season, continuing to come into heat if not bred. Cats are polyestrous, dogs are not.

Polyp A small growth from mucous membranes such as those lining the nasal cavity and intestinal tract.

Polyphagia Excessive ingestion of food.

Polyuria Excessive urination.

Posterior Positioned in back of another body part, or towards the rear half of the animal. Opposite of anterior.

Postoperative After surgery.

Prepuce The sheath of skin which covers the penis.

Proestrus The stage of the estrus cycle, right before an animal comes into heat.

Progesterone A hormone produced by the ovaries which is responsible for the continuation of pregnancy.

Prognosis The forecasted outcome and recovery.

Prolactin Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of mammary tissue and the production of milk.

Prolapsed Rectum Because of irritation or injury, the inner part of the rectum is pushed out so that it is visible as a pink mass protruding from the anal opening.

Prostaglandin Several types of chemicals made by cells which have specific functions such as controlling body temperature, stimulating smooth muscle, and influencing heat cycles.

Protease Enzyme which breaks down protein.

Protozoans Single-celled animals invisible to the naked eye. Most are free living and a few are parasites in animals or man.

Pruritus Itching.

Psittacine Birds that belong to the order Psittaciformes. Common psittacines include budgies, cockatiels, lories, cockatoos, conures, amazons, African greys, lovebirds, senegals, and jardines.

Pulmonary Relating to the lungs.

Pulmonary Arteries The large vessels leading from the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary Edema Fluid accumulation in the lungs.

Pulmonary Emboli Pulmonary embolism: Blood clot that travels to the blood vessels in the lung and obstructs them.

Pupa A dormant form of an insect (plural pupae). A larva spins a cocoon to protect itself, and becomes a pupa. The pupa does not feed, but gradually changes form and becomes a new adult.

Pustule Small elevated area on the skin filled with pus.

Pyloroduodenal An obstruction in the area where the stomach and small intestine meet.

Pyoderma An infection of the skin; usually the result of a bacterial invasion.

Pyometra An infection of the uterus.

Q

Queen A female cat used for breeding.

Queening In cats, the act of giving birth.

R

Rabies A fatal virus disease of warm blooded animals including man, that affects the brain and is spread in the saliva of infected animals. Rabid animals have a temperament change. Wild creatures become bold enough to attack human beings, and docile domestic animals may turn on their owners.

Radiology X-ray.

Reagent Grade A compound with the purity and quality that allows it to be used in a laboratory.

Recombinant Vaccine There are certain antigens on viruses and bacteria which are better at stimulating an antibody response by the animal than others. The genes for these antigens can be isolated, and made to produce large quantities of the antigens they code for. A recombinant vaccine contains these antigens, not the whole organism. Compare with 'modified live vaccine' and 'killed vaccine.'

Recumbency Lying down.

Reflex Ovulator Only ovulating after being bred. Cats are reflex ovulators, dogs are not.

Regulation Using insulin to maintain the blood glucose level of an animal within the acceptable range.

Regurgitation Expelling food from the esophagus.

Renal Pertaining to the kidneys.

Renal Insufficiency The decreased ability of the kidneys to rid the body of wastes.

Resistance A term used to describe bacteria which have mutated or changed so they are not affected by an antibiotic that previously killed them or slowed their growth. As more bacteria become resistant to various antibiotics, there are fewer antibiotics which will have an effect on them, thus newer and stronger antibiotics will need to be developed. Inappropriate use of antibiotics (using them too often, for too short a duration or in insufficient dose) may promote the development of resistance.

Resorption In pregnancy, a condition in which the fetus dies, and instead of being aborted, the fetal tissue dissolves within the uterus and is absorbed by the mother. The mother will show no outward signs of a fetal resorption.

Respiratory Relating to breathing or the lungs.

Respiratory Depression Decrease in the rate or depth of respiration.

Retina The rear interior surface of the eyeball is called the retina. The retina contains nerve cells referred to as rods and cones. The rods are sensitive to light and the cones to color. The retina receives the light and color and converts them into nerve impulses which go to the brain.

Ringworm A type of fungal infection of the skin.

Scale Accumulation of loose fragments of the top layer of the skin.

Schiff-Scherrington Posture A condition, caused by a lesion in the spinal cord, in which the front legs are held rigid and straight, and the rear legs are weak or paralyzed. Sometimes, the neck may be hyperextended, with the head held up and over the back.

Sclerosis A hardening of tissue, usually the result of chronic inflammation.

Scute In turtles and tortoises, the plates which cover the bony portion of the shell. In snakes, the larger, thicker scales on the underside of the body which provide support, protection, and traction.

Sebaceous Adenitis Inflammation of a sebaceous (oil-producing) gland. In dogs, sebaceous glands are found on the top of the tail near its base, and at the junction of mucous membranes with skin. In cats, these glands are found on the chin, lip margins, and the top of the tail.

Sebaceous Gland A gland in the skin which produces an oily substance.

Second Generation A description of medications developed from an earlier form of the medication. First generation medications were developed from the original form of the drug; second generation medications are adaptations of first generation drugs; third generation drugs are adaptations of second generation, etc.

Secondary Infection Infection which occurs because the tissue and its natural defenses have been damaged by another condition.

Secondary Response The faster and greater immune response produced by an animal who has previously encountered that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for this more efficient response. Also called 'anamnestic response.'

Seizure Threshold The level of stimulation at which a seizure is produced. Raising the seizure threshold makes it less likely a seizure will occur.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRIs), Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Medications which slow down the ability of nerve cells to absorb serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemical that serves as a messenger between nerves). Example: Prozac.

Separation Anxiety A behavioral condition in which the pet becomes anxious when separated from the owner. Dogs with separation anxiety tend to 'shadow' their owners, greet them exuberantly when they return after being gone, and sometimes vocalize, chew destructively, and urinate or defecate when separated from their owners.

Sepsis The presence of toxins in the blood or other tissues; the toxins are produced by bacteria or other microorganisms.

Septic A condition caused by an infection e.g., with bacteria or fungi, or toxins they produce.

Septicemia A disease affecting many organ systems due to toxins in the blood which are released by bacteria or other microorganisms. Signs include fever, pinpoint bruises on mucous membranes, and lesions in the joints, heart valves, eyes, or other organs.

Serotype A subdivision of a species of microorganism, e.g., a bacteria, based upon its particular antigens.

Serous Thin and watery.

Serum The fluid portion of the blood after it has clotted and the cells have been removed.

Shedding Shedding (of organisms): A term used to describe the release of organisms (bacteria, protozoa, viruses) into the environment from an infected animal. The organisms may be in the stool, urine, respiratory secretions, or vaginal discharges. The 'shedding' animal may or may not be showing symptoms of disease.

Skin Cytology Examination, with a microscope, of a skin scraping or material from swabbing the skin. The material may be stained and checked for the presence of yeast, bacteria, tumor cells, etc.

Skin Scraping Scraping some material from the surface of the skin and looking at it under a microscope, e.g., to check for skin mites.

Smooth Muscle The type of muscle found in the internal organs such as stomach and intestines (not the heart).

Somogyi Effect A condition in which the blood glucose level increases if too much insulin is given. It occurs when insulin causes the blood glucose level to go so low it stimulates the production of other hormones in the body such as epinephrine, which promote the breakdown of glycogen (the chemical compound which the body uses to store glucose) and increases the blood glucose level above normal. It is also called rebound hyperglycemia or insulin-induced hyperglycemia.

Spay Sterilization by surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus of a female animal.

Sphincter A ring-like band of muscle that constricts a passage or closes an opening, e.g., the anal sphincter constricts to close the anus and relaxes when the animal is passing stool. The urethral sphincter closes the urinary bladder.

Spirochete A type of bacteria which is long, slender, and assumes a spiral shape. Leptospira species and the bacteria that causes Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) are spirochetes.

Spleen Part of the immune system of an animal. A large, tongue-shaped organ in the abdomen containing many lymphocytes. The spleen filters blood and removes damaged cells. It can also manufacture new blood cells if the animal's bone marrow is damaged.

Squamate Scaly-bodied reptile including lizards and snakes.

SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Medications which slow down the ability of nerve cells to absorb serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemical that serves as a messenger between nerves). Example: Prozac.

Stasis In the gastrointestinal tract, a condition in which the food does not move through normally, but remains in one section, e.g., food does not pass from the stomach into the intestine.

Status Epilepticus A condition in which the animal exhibits one severe (Grand Mal) seizure right after another, with no time to recover in-between.

Stenosis The narrowing of an organ of passage such as a blood vessel or intestine.

Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia A condition in cats in which the blood glucose level becomes abnormally high when the animal is stressed, e.g., in the veterinarian's office.

Stricture The narrowing of an organ of passage such as a blood vessel or intestine.

Struvite A chemical compound, magnesium ammonium phosphate, which is made by the body and can form crystals and stones in the urinary bladder.

Subcutaneous Under the skin; often called 'sub Q.'

Subluxation A partial dislocation of a joint in which the bones become out of alignment, but the joint itself is still intact.

Substrate Relative to the husbandry of reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals, the substrate is the material that lines the bottom of a cage.

Sulfonamides A class of antibiotics which contain sulfur. They are bacteriostatic (they stop the growth (reproduction) of bacteria, but do NOT kill them).

Superfecundation Having a litter with more than one father (or breeding).

Supraventricular Tachycardia A condition in which the heart beats very rapidly because of signals coming from the atria (chambers of the heart that receive the blood) or near the junction of the atria with the ventricles (the chambers of the heart that pump the blood to the body or lungs).

Sympathomimetic Producing effects similar to the 'flight or fight' response, which means the body is alerted to a danger of some sort and prepares to basically run or fight. Sympathomimetic effects include increased heart rate, sweating, and increased blood pressure.

Syncope The temporary loss of consciousness; fainting.

Synergist An agent that enhances the action of another.

Synovial Pertaining to a joint made up of bone ends covered with cartilage, ligaments, a cavity filled with synovial fluid (joint fluid) and an outside fibrous capsule, e.g., hip joint, elbow joint.

Systemic Throughout the body.

T

T Cell Also called 'T lymphocytes.' The type of lymphocyte which is responsible for cell-mediated immunity. T cells may directly kill a cell or produce chemicals called lymphokines that activate macrophages which will kill the cell. Compare with 'B cell.'

Tachycardia An abnormally high heart rate.

Tachypnea Rapid breathing.

Tarsus The ankle (rear leg) of dogs and cats; also called the hock.

Tartar A build-up of bacteria, saliva, and food on the teeth which becomes mineralized, forming a hard coating and eventually causing gum disease and tooth loss. See also 'Plaque.'

Temporomandibular Joint The joint between the lower jaw and the skull.

Third Generation A description of medications developed from an earlier form of the medication. First generation medications were developed from the original form of the drug; second generation medications are adaptations of first generation drugs; third generation drugs are adaptations of second generation, etc.

Thrombocytopenia A lower than normal number of platelets in the blood. Platelets, which are actually fragments of specific types of cells, are necessary for blood to clot. Signs of thrombocytopenia include bruising and bleeding from the nose, into the gastrointestinal tract, etc.

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone Hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the pituitary gland to produce thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone-TSH), which in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone. Also called TSH releasing factor or TSH releasing hormone.

Tissue A group of specialized cells that together perform a particular function, e.g., muscle tissue, nerve tissue, bone.

Titer A measurement of the amount of antibodies in the blood. The test to measure antibodies is usually performed by making a number of dilutions of the blood and then measuring at what dilution there is sufficient antibody to react in the test. For example, a titer of 1:8 (one to eight) means the blood can be diluted to one part blood and seven parts saline and still produce a positive reaction in the test. The higher the titer (1:16 is higher than 1:8), the more antibody is present. (NOTE: The word 'titer' may also be used when discussing the amount of antigen present, e.g., a high titer vaccine has a large number of virus particles.)

Topical To be used on the skin.

Torsion The twisting of an organ.

Toxemia A condition in which toxins move into the bloodstream.

Tracheobronchitis Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi.

Transient Temporary.

Transport Host An animal or insect which carries an immature parasite from one mammalian host to another.

Tricyclic Antidepressant A class of antidepressants which work by decreasing the amount of certain chemical transmitters taken up by specific nerve cells. The tricyclic antidepressants include clomipramine, amitriptyline, and nortryptyline and are often used to treat behavioral problems in small animals.

Tubule Microscopic ducts. The tubules in the kidneys help to concentrate the urine.

Tumor Abnormal growth or swelling; term often used to designate cancer.

Type I Diabetes A form of diabetes in which so little insulin is produced that supplemental insulin must be given for the animal to live. Also called insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

Type II Diabetes A type of diabetes mellitus in which although the blood glucose levels are higher than normal, they are not immediately life-threatening, and the animal can survive without supplemental insulin. Also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

U

Ulcer A lesion in which the tissue surface is eroded away.

Ultrasound Ultrasound/ultrasonography: A technique used to get the image of a deep structure within the body by directing ultrasound waves at it and recording the reflections (echoes) from it.

Umbilicus The area of the body where the umbilical cord is attached; the belly button.

Urate A chemical compound which contains uric acid and is made by the body, and can form crystals and stones in the urinary bladder. Uric acid is a waste product from the breakdown of certain proteins.

Urea Wasteproduct of protein metabolism that is removed from the body by the kidneys.

Urease An enzyme that breaks down urea. Urea is a wasteproduct of protein metabolism that is removed from the body by the kidneys.

Urinary Incontinence A phrase used to describe the inability to control urination.

Urinary Obstruction A blockage in the urinary system, most often occurring in the urethra, the tube that leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Urinary Retention A condition in which the urinary bladder does not rid itself of all urine it contains during the process of urination.

Urticaria Hives; development of small swellings which may itch; usually caused by an allergic reaction.

USP United States Pharmacopeia - a drug regulating agency.

Uveitis Inflammation of the eye.

V

Vaccination The act of giving a vaccine. See also 'immunization,' since the two words have different meanings and are often confused.

Vaccine Failure A term often used to describe a condition in which an animal who was vaccinated against a disease still gets the disease. In truth, there is usually nothing wrong with the vaccine, but for some reason, the animal's immune system did not adequately react to it.

Vasculitis Inflammation of blood vessels.

Vasoconstriction A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels.

Vasodilator Agent which dilates, or increases the diameter of blood vessels.

Vena Cava Either of two large veins carrying blood to the right atrium of the heart. The cranial vena cava brings blood from the head region, front legs, and upper chest to the heart; the caudal (or posterior) vena cava carries blood from the areas of the abdomen and hind legs to the heart.

Vent The outside opening of the cloaca, which is a common passageway for feces, urine, and reproduction.

Ventricle The chambers of the heart that pump the blood to the body or lungs.

Ventricular Arrhythmia A heart condition in which the heart beats irregularly and/or at an abnormal rate because of signals coming from the ventricles (chambers of the heart that pump the blood).

Vertebrate Animal with a vertebral column (spine); includes such animals as fish, birds, turtles, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals.

Vesicle Small elevated area on the skin filled with a clear fluid.

Vestibular System Portions of the inner ear, nerves, and brain which help the body maintain balance.

Villi Microscopic projections which cover the intestine, greatly increasing the surface area and therefore, increasing the ability to absorb nutrients. Singular: Villus.

Virus The smallest form of life, invisible with an ordinary microscope. An infectious unit that enters and uses cells of plants or animals for replication. Some viruses cause disease in animals or plants.

Viscerocutaneous Pertaining to the internal organs and skin.

Viscosity Thickness of a fluid, e.g., molasses is more viscous than water.

Vital Signs The signs of life which are pulse, respiration, and temperature.

Volvulus Twisting of the stomach or intestine, which often has the effect of cutting off the blood supply to it.

White Blood Cells Cells in the blood whose major role is to defend the body against invading organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There are different types of leukocytes: lymphocytes are part of the immune system; monocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils eat or engulf organisms; basophils contain histamine and are involved in inflammatory reactions.

Window of Susceptibility A time period in the life of a young animal in which the maternal antibodies are too low to provide protection against a certain disease, but too high to allow a vaccine to work and produce immunity.

X

Y

Z

Zoonotic A disease which can be transmitted between animals and people.