Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Benjamin Franklin, born January 17, 1706, was the 10th son, and 15th child,
of 17 children of Josiah Franklin, a soap and candlemaker, who lived in Boston,
Massachusetts. Although Franklin learned to read at an early age, he only attended
grammar school for two years.

By the time he was 10 years old, Franklin was working for his father. However,
he did not enjoy the candlemaking profession, and became an apprentice to his
brother James, a printer. For five years, Franklin sought to master the printers'
trade. During this time, he also strove to improve his education. Franklin read
numerous classics and perfected his writing style. One night, Franklin slipped
a letter, signed "Silence Dogood," under the door of his brother's
newspaper, the New England Courant. That letter and the next 13 written by Franklin
were published anonymously. The essays were widely read and acclaimed for their
satire.

After a quarrel with his brother in 1723, Franklin left Boston for Philadelphia,
where he again worked in the printing industry. He established a friendship
with the Pennsylvania governor, Sir William Keith, and at Keith's suggestion,
Franklin decided to go into business for himself. Keith offered to arrange letters
of credit and introduction for Franklin's trip to London to purchase equipment.
Unfortunately, Keith proved unreliable, and Franklin arrived in London with
no means. However, he quickly found employment in two of London's largest
printing houses, and after two years, earned enough money to return to America.

Franklin returned to Philadelphia in 1726 and resumed his trade. By 1730,
Franklin had his own business. That same year, he married Deborah Read, a woman
he met before his trip to England. Together they had a son, who died at four
years of age; and a daughter, who survived them both. Franklin's business
ventures included the purchase of the Pennsylvania Gazette, which, after his
improvement, was considered one of the best colonial newspapers. In 1731, Franklin
founded what is considered the first public library. During the next several
years, Franklin was instrumental in establishing the first fire department,
a police force, and the Academy of Philadelphia, which became the University
of Pennsylvania. Around 1744, Franklin invented a stove which reduced excessive
chimney smoke. The Franklin stove is still in use today.

In the 1740's, Franklin began experimenting with electricity,
which led to the invention of the lightning rod. By 1748, Franklin had
sold his printing business to devote himself to his scientific experiments.
His famous electricity experiment, which included flying a kite during a lightning
storm took place in 1752. In addition to his science projects, Franklin
was elected to the Pennsylvania assembly and held the post for 14 years. In
1753, he was appointed deputy postmaster general. The following year, Franklin
became a Pennsylvania delegate to the intercolonial congress, which met in Albany.
His suggestion to unite the colonies as a defense against the French and natives
was considered premature and rejected.

In 1757, Franklin was sent to England to petition the king for the right
to levy taxes. He remained in England for the next five years, as the representative
of the American colonies. Franklin returned to England in 1764 as an agent of
Pennsylvania, to negotiate a new charter. He was able to secure the repeal of
the Stamp Act, but Parliament continued to levy taxes on the colonies. In 1775,
with war seemingly inevitable, Franklin returned to America. Shortly thereafter,
he was made a member of the Second Continental Congress and helped draft the
Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson supposed stated that the only
reason Franklin didn't write the entire Declaration was because he would
include too many jokes.

In December, 1776, Franklin, age 71, traveled to France to successfully negotiate
a treaty of commerce and defensive alliance. He remained in France for nine
years, working on trade treaties. Franklin became a hero to the French, and
his company was sought by diplomats and nobility. He was honored by Louis XVI,
and his portrait was placed on everything from chamber pots to snuff boxes.

Franklin returned to Philadelphia in 1785. Two years later, he became a member
of the Constitutional Convention. Franklin was bedridden during the final year
of his life and died on April 17, 1790. As one of his final public acts, he
signed a petition to the U.S. Congress urging the abolition of slavery, just
two months before his death.