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Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. He's also considered by mostpeople as the person who started the whole thing rolling.

2. How did the Internet Start and Why?

It all started with the time-sharing of IBM computers in theearly 1960s at universities such as Dartmouth and Berkeleyin the States. People would share the same computer fortheir computing tasks. The Internet also received help fromSputnik! After this Russian Satellite was launched in 1957,President Eisenhower formed ARPA to advance computernetworking and communication.

Plus, we won't even mention that whole industry wherepeople show their naughty bits.

3. Who was J.C.R.Licklider?

Licklider

is often referred to as the father of theInternet because his ideas of interactivecomputing and a "Galactic Network" were theseeds for the Internet. His ideas would bedeveloped thru DARPA,(Defense AdvancedResearch Projects Agency) in 1962. Later hewould help form ARPANET and the Internet wason it's way.

Vinton Gray Cerf was another founding father ofthe Internet. He played a key role in the creationof the Net by developing the TCP/IP protocolswe use for the Internet.

4. What was ARPANET?

ARPANET stands for 'Advanced Research ProjectsAgency Network' Came about in the arena of Sputnikand the cold war. The military needed a method ofcommunicating and sharing all the information oncomputers for research and development. It wouldalso be a handy communication system if alltraditional ways were wiped out in a nuclear attack!

5. What was the First long distance Connection?

In 1965 using a low speed dial-up telephone line,MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts working withThomas Merrill, connected the TX-2 computer inMassachusetts to the Q-32 in California. The phonelines weren't quite up to the task!

6. Who was LeonardKleinrock?

Kleinrock

came up with the theory of packetswitching, the basic form of Internetconnections. With a group of UCLA graduatestudents on Oct. 29, 1969,Kleinrock

connected with the Stanford Research Institutebut as they typed in the G in LOGIN--

thesystem crashed!

7.What is an Ethernet?

It's a protocol or system for a set of computernetworking technologies for local area networks(LANs), the origins of which came from BobMetcalfe's Harvard's dissertation on "PacketNetworks."

8. When was the first mouse introduced?

The firstcomputer mouse was introduced in 1968 by DouglasEngelbart

at the Fall Joint Computer Expo in SanFrancisco.

9. Did Al Gore really invent the Internet?

No, but givecredit where credit is due. He did the most of any electedofficial to actively promote the Internet. However, hewasn't even in Congress when ARPANET was formed in1969 or even when the term 'Internet' came into use in1974. Gore was first elected in 1976.

Gore himself may be the cause of this Urban Legend orInternet myth-

during a Wolf Blitzer CNN interview onMarch 9, 1999-

Al Gore did say: "During my service in theUnited States Congress, I took the initiative in creatingthe Internet.“

Causing himself some ridicule but also paving the way forsuch future one-liners as: "I invented the environment!"

The 1990s. The Internet exploded into themainstream with the release of the first popular webbrowser Mosaic in 1993.

12. How fast is the Internet growing?

Very fast! It took38 years for radio to reach 50 million users, 13 yearsfor TV, and only 5 years for the Internet. Source:CyberAtlas.com

13. Number of Internet Users and Breakdown.

The Internet is roughly 35% English, 65% Non-English with the Chinese at 14%. Yet only 13%of world's population, 812 million are Internetusers as of Dec. '04. North America has thehighest continental concentration with 70% ofthe people using the Internet.



14. Country with the highest percentage of netusers?

Sweden at 75%.

15. How big is the Internet's surfing world?

Google's index now stands at over 8 billionpages. There are now over a Billion InternetUsers and that number is growingrapidily.

16. What was the Net's first index called?

Archie, other than library catalogs, this was the first indexcreated in 1989 by Peter Deutsch at McGill in Montreal.Although it spouted such others as Veronica andJughead, Archie was short forArchiver

and had nothing todo with the comic strip.

Backrub was the original name for Google! Larry Pageand SergeyBrin

used this term for their search engine in1996, Google as we know it debuted in 1998. The nameGoogle is a twist on the word Googol, a numberrepresented as 1 followed by 100 zeros.

17. What does HTTP stand for?

HyperText

Transfer Protocol-

it's the protocol for movingfiles across the net; it requires two client programs. TheHTTP client and the server

18. What is an ISP?

Internet Service Provider-

This is the service orcompany you use to access the Internet.

19. What is HTML?

Hypertext Markup Language-

it's the coded formatlanguage for transmitting and creating hypertext webpages.

20. What are your average surfing habits accordingto NielsenNetRatings?

IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority; works on coordinatingfunctions for the Internet

ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers; thecorporation that is responsible for the IP address space allocation,protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management,and root server system management functions of the Internet

IETF: The Internet Engineering Task Force; a large open internationalcommunity of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchersconcerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smoothoperation of the Internet

IRTF: Internet Research Task Force; promotes research for the evolutionof the future Internet by creating focused, long-term and small researchgroups working on topics related to Internet protocols, applications,architecture and technology

ISOC: Internet Society; a professional membershipsociety; provides leadership in addressing issues thatconfront the future of the Internet, and is theorganization home for the groups responsible forInternet infrastructure standards, including the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF) and the InternetArchitecture Board (IAB)

W3C: World Wide Web Consortium; developsinteroperable technologies (specifications, guidelines,software, and tools) for the World Wide Web

DISA: Data Interchange Standards Association; home forthe development of cross-industry electronic businessinterchange standards; serves as the Secretariat for ASCX12 and their X12 EDI and XML standards developmentprocess

DocCtr: Document Center; search for standards

EIA: Electronic Industries Alliance; a national tradeorganization that includes US manufacturersrepresenting the electronics industry; a partnership ofelectronic and high-tech associations and companieswhose mission is to promote market development andcompetitiveness of the US high-tech industry throughdomestic and international policy efforts

IAB: Internet Architecture Board; a committee of the InternetEngineering Task Force (IETF); responsible for oversight of IETFactivities, Internet Standards Process oversight and appeal, and isresponsible for the management of publication of the RFC Seriesand the management of the IETF protocol parameter registry,operated by the IANA

IMTC: International Multimedia Telecommunications Consortium; acorporation comprising approximately 100 organizations around theglobe to promote and facilitate the development andimplementation of interoperable multimedia conferencing solutionsbased on open international standards; a source of conferencing-related information for its members, other vendors, media and thepublic

ISO: International Organization for Standardization; a networkof the national standards institutes of some 140 countries,with a central office in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinatesthe system and publishes the finished standards

ITU: International Telecommunication Union; an internationalorganization within which governments and the private sectorcould work together to coordinate the operation oftelecommunication networks and services and advance thedevelopment of communications technology

NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology;develops and promotes measurement, standards, andtechnology to enhance productivity, facilitate trade, andimprove the quality of life; a non-regulatory federal agencywithin the US Department of Commerce

T1: Committee T1; sponsored by the Alliance forTelecommunications Industry Solutions and accredited by theAmerican National Standards Institute to create networkinterconnections and interoperability standards for the UnitedStates

WSSN: World Standards Services Network; anetwork of Web sites of standards organizationsaround the world; provides information oninternational, regional and national standardizationand related activities and services; links from theWSSN site are provided to the Web sites ofinternational standardizing bodies, regionalstandardizing bodies, national members of ISO andIEC, and other international/regional organizationswith related activities

INTERNET TIMELINE

1969

ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) goes online inDecember, connecting four major U.S. universities. Designed forresearch, education, and government organizations, it provides acommunications network linking the country in the event that amilitary attack destroys conventional communications systems.

1972

Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge,Mass., computer scientist. He uses the @ to distinguish betweenthe sender's name and network name in the email address.

1973

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) isdesigned and in 1983 it becomes the standard forcommunicating between computers over the Internet. One ofthese protocols, FTP (File Transfer Protocol), allows users to logonto a remote computer, list the files on that computer, anddownload files from that computer.

1976

Presidential candidate Jimmy Carter and running mateWalter Mondale use email to plan campaign events.Queen Elizabeth sends her first email. She's the firststate leader to do so.

1982

The word “Internet” is used for the first time.

1984

Domain Name System (DNS) is established, with networkaddresses identified by extensions such as .com, .org,and .edu. Writer William Gibson coins the term“cyberspace.”



1985.

Quantum Computer Services, which later changes itsname to America Online, debuts. It offers email,electronic bulletin boards, news, and other information.

1988

A virus called the Internet Worm temporarily shutsdown about 10% of the world's Internet servers.

1989

The World (world.std.com) debuts as the firstprovider of dial-up Internet access for consumers.Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (European Laboratory forParticle Physics) develops a new technique fordistributing information on the Internet. He calls itthe World Wide Web. The Web is based on hypertext,which permits the user to connect from onedocument to another at different sites on the Internetvia hyperlinks (specially programmed words, phrases,buttons, or graphics). Unlike other Internet protocols,such as FTP and email, the Web is accessiblethrough a graphical user interface.



1990

The first effort to index the Internet is created by Peter Deutsch atMcGill University in Montreal, who devises Archie, an archive of FTPsites.

1991

Gopher, which provides point-and-click navigation, is created at theUniversity of Minnesota and named after the school mascot. Gopherbecomes the most popular interface for several years. Another indexingsystem, WAIS (Wide Area Information Server), is developed by BrewsterKahle

of Thinking Machines Corp.

1993

Mosaic is developed by MarcAndreeson

at the National Center forSupercomputing Applications (NCSA). It becomes the dominantnavigating system for the World Wide Web, which at this time accountsfor merely 1% of all Internet traffic.

1994

The White House launches its website, www.whitehouse.gov. Initialcommerce sites are established and mass marketing campaigns arelaunched via email, introducing the term “spamming” to the Internetvocabulary. Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark start NetscapeCommunications. They introduce the Navigator browser

Approximately 45 million people are using the Internet, withroughly 30 million of those in North America (United States andCanada), 9 million in Europe, and 6 million in Asia/Pacific(Australia, Japan, etc.). 43.2 million (44%) U.S. households own apersonal computer, and 14 million of them are online.

1997

On July 8, 1997, Internet traffic records are broken as the NASAwebsite broadcasts images taken byPathfinder

on Mars. Thebroadcast generates 46 million hits in one day. The term“weblog” is coined. It’s later shortened to “blog.”

1998

Google opens its first office, in California.

1999

College student Shawn Fanning invents Napster, a computer application thatallows users to swap music over the Internet.

The number of Internet users worldwide reaches 150 million by the beginning of1999. More than 50% are from the United States.

“E-commerce” becomes the new buzzword as Internet shopping rapidlyspreads. MySpace.com is launched.

2000

To the chagrin of the Internet population, deviant computer programmers begindesigning and circulating viruses with greater frequency. “Love Bug” and“Stages” are two examples of self-replicating viruses that send themselves topeople listed in a computer user's email address book. The heavy volume ofemail messages being sent and received forces many infected companies totemporarily shut down their clogged networks.

The Internet bubble bursts, as the fountain of investment capital dries up andtheNasdaq

stock index plunges, causing the initial public offering (IPO) windowto slam shut and many dotcoms to close their doors. America Online buys TimeWarner for $16 billion. It’s the biggest merger of all time.

2001

Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. CircuitCourt of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company isviolating copyright laws and orders it to stop distributingcopyrighted music. The file-swapping company says it isdeveloping a subscription-based service.

About 9.8 billion electronic messages are sent daily. Wikipedia iscreated.

2002

As of January, 58.5% of the U.S. population (164.14 millionpeople) uses the Internet. Worldwide there are 544.2 millionusers.

The death knell tolls for Napster after a bankruptcy judge ruled inSeptember that German media giant Bertelsmann cannot buythe assets of troubled Napster Inc. The ruling promptsKonrad

Hilbers, Napster CEO, to resign and lay off his staff.

2003

It's estimated that Internet users illegally download about 2.6billion music files each month.

Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server-clogging menace. Itaccounts for about half of all emails. In December, PresidentBush signs the Controlling the Assault of Non-SolicitedPornography and Marketing Act of 2003 (CAN-SPAM Act), which isintended to help individuals and businesses control the amountof unsolicited email they receive.

Legal online music downloads triple to 6.7million downloads per week. Colorado Rockies'computer system crashes when it receives 8.5million hits within the first 90 minutes of WorldSeries ticket sales. The online game, World ofWarcraft, hits a milestone when it surpasses 9million subscribers worldwide in July.

2008

In a move to challenge Google's dominance of search andadvertising on the Internet, software giant Microsoft offers to buyYahoo for $44.6 billion. In a SanFransisco

federal district court,Judge Jeffrey S. White orders the disabling of Wikileaks.org, aWeb site that discloses confidential information. The case wasbrought by Julius Baer Bank and Trust, located in the CaymanIslands, after a disgruntled ex-employee allegedly providedWikileaks

with stolen documents that implicate the bank in assethiding, money laundering, and tax evasion. Many webcommunities, who see the ruling as unconstitutional, publicizedalternate addresses for the site and distributed bank documentsthrough their own networks. In response, Judge White issuesanother order to stop the distribution of bank documents.Microsoft is fined $1.3 billion by the European Commission forfurther abusing its dominant market position, and failing tocomply to their 2004 judgment, which ordered Microsoft to givecompetitors information necessary to operate with Windows.Since 2004, Microsoft has been fined a total of $2.5 billion bythe Commission for not adhering to their ruling.

THE GROWTH OF THE INTERNET

The growth rate of theInternet

exceeds that ofany previous technology. Measured by usersand bandwidth, Internet has been growing at arapid rate since its conception, on a curvegeometric and sometimes exponential.

Today, the Internet is growing exponentially in three differentdirections--

size, processing power, and software sophistication--

making it the fastest growing technology humankind has evercreated:

Size. The graphs in thehistorical statistics

section show theexponential rate of growth in the number of people that use theInternet. Soon more than half the world's population will haveaccess to the Internet.

Power. As first appreciated at theDartmouth AI Conference

in1956, computer processors and storage continue to double inpower and capacity about every 18 months, providing steadilymore powerful computers for use by increasing sophisticatedsoftware.

Functionality. Software applications from routing programs tobrowser applications continually build on previous technology tobecome more sophisticated with every release, continuouslyevolving to incorporate new features and capabilities.

LIST OF WEB APPLICATION FRAMEWORKS

Perl

PHP

Java

Python

Ruby

CFML (ColdFusion)

ASP.NET

IDENTIFICATION

1. Which country has the highest percentageof net users?

2. Give 1 web application framework.

3. What year did Queen Elizabeth sent herfirst email?

4. What year was YouTube launched?

5-6. What are the 2 types of organizationsthat are responsible for the development ofthe internet?

7-10. What are the 3 different directions thatthe internet is growing exponentially in?