RNA- ribose sugar, uracil, single stranded, flexible, ribose has a 2' hydroxyl group

Differences allow catalytic activity

Define transcription and translation.

Transcription - the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a parent strand of DNA (remember U instead of T)Translation - the process by which the mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus to generate a polypetide chain from constituent amino acids

3 Types of RNA and functions

-mRNA: messanger RNA, a copy of the genetic codeof DNA

-rRNA: ribosomal RNA, site of protein synthesis

-tRNA: transfer RNA, carries amino acids to the ribosome

define codon

a sequence of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid

ex: AUG, UUC, GUC

define anticodon

A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA duringtranslation phase of protein synthesis.

Define Polypeptide

A single-chain molecule of many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Protein is a peptide.

Define ribosome:

Site of protein synthesis in cellComposed of ribosomal RNA and proteinsFound within cytosol of cytoplasm and produce majority of protein

What is the difference between artificial and natural (phylogenetic) classification?

Artificial classification - what we use in lab - only has phenotypic characteristicsNatural (phylogenetic) classification - has Genotypic characteristics - more complex

phylogenetic or phyletic classification system

a classification system based on evolutionary relationships, rather than the general similarity of characteristics

Taxonomy

categories given to organisms to show degrees of similarities among organisms. kingdoms are grouped into one of three domains; bacteria, archaea, eukarya.

Binomial nomenclature

The system of naming living organisms with two names.

- includes genus and species

- devloped by carolus linnaeus using latin

Dichotomous Key

A reference tool where a series of choices between alternative characters leads progressively to the identification of the species.

Carolus Linnaeus

-realized that some species looked more like others and that they had to be related in some way. As they got more distantly related they looked less similar. (still based on creationism)

•Known as the “Father of Taxonomy” 1600s

•developed a system of grouping organisms based on their similar structures; used binomial nomenclature to name different species

how are scientific names constructed?

always two names

first word is the genus, second word is the specific epithet

always in latin

How are viruses unlike all living organisms?

not living

how do viruses attack cells?

injects it's genetic code into the cell and the cell uses the genetic code to assemble new viruses, the cell will rupture and will infect more cells

What are the parts of angiosperm flower?

4 floral whorls,calyx-is the green part on bottom that protects the budCorella-are the colorful petals that attract a pollinator. Androecium- male reproductive parts where sperm is made and meiosis happens. Gynoecium- female reproductive parts

how flowers and pollinators interact

flowers are the reproductive organs of plant, they mediate the joining of the sperm, contained within pollen, to the ovules — contained in the ovary. Pollination is the movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma. The joining of the sperm to the ovules is called fertilization.

Aristotle's description of nature as being arranged in a hierarchy from formless matter to the unmoved mover. In the grand design, the only thing higher than humans was the unmoved movers

Lamarck

-1809-Inherited aquired characteristics(use v disuse)-Giraffes gained their long necks by reaching for the tallest branches, therefor stretching them out. Hypothesis was incorrect.

Charles Darwin

- Evolution of species through a mechanism of natural selection

- Alfred Russel Wallace had similar ideas and the two presented them together

- The Descent of Man - implications that man descended from non-human forms

Which of the following is true of Charles Darwin:

When his daughter died, he blamed himself, and became indifferent towards God

Four Tenets to Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

1. There is variation within populations

2. This variation is heritable

3. More offspring are produced than survive

4. Some organisms are more suited to their environment than others

How can natural selection explain the accumulation of differences b.w populations?

If two populations experience diff environmental factors, one pop with set of characteristics may be favored by natural selection in one of the environments while other pop with a diff set of traits favored in other environment

evolution by natural selection

Stronger/better traits survive, pass it on to their offspring

Compare Lamarkian and Darwinian explanations of evolutionary change.

Lamark thought that characterstic that parents had aquired over a lifetime were given to their offspring, Darwin believed that the organisms traits that allowed it to survive would be inherited.

Stabilizing Selection

-intermediate selected over extremes-increase frequency of average phenotype-reduced amounts of genetic variation

Directional Selection

– Directional selection favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

Which of the following is an example of directional selection?

There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Disruptive Selection

Intermediate phenotypes are selected against and extreme phenotypes are favored.

Maintains genetic variation but does not change mean value of a trait.

Stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection: What are the differences and what are the comes of these different selection regimes? Name some examples.

-A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to attract mates

- Two types:

Inter-sexual: females choosing males

Intra-sexual: competition among 1 sex (males)

Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?

Peahens choose to mate with peacocks that have the most beautiful tails.

kin selection

individuals more likely to perform altruistic act for those related to them

thus enhance personal reproductive success by helping relative

What are examples of altruism that operate through individual selection? Kin Selection?

"Yelling" Ravens- altruistic through individual selection

Alarm Calls in Belding's ground squirrels [females philopatric, males disperse] (females more likely to call when more females are around than males)---> more kinship benefit *NOT individ selection to escape predation

loss of genetic variability that occurs when a population is reduced drastically in size

e.g., natural disaster wipes out most of the population, the survivors are almost genetically identical

Founder effect

The establishment of a new population by a few individuals that carry only a small sample of the genetic variation present in the original population

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

The acquisition (getting) of a common trait, but from a totally different ancestor.

-unrelated species may have similar traits as a result of adapting to selective pressures from similar environments

The wing is a classic example of convergent evolution in action. Although their last common ancestor did not have wings, both birds and bats do, and are capable of powered flight.

Adaptive Radiation

Periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow for different ecological roles.

Analogy (evolution)

Relationship between unrelated ancestral genes, but have evolved to have a similar sequence.

homology and evolution

similarity in sturcutre due to shared ancestry but different use and appearance

anatomical homology & developmental homology

What is the difference between analogous and homologous structures? Give examples.

Homologous structures have comparative anatomy; common ancestry and common origin of structures. Analogous have similar function and superficial structure but due to convergent evolution there is no common ancestry (e.g. bird wing vs fly wing)

allopatric speciation

formation of a new species as a result of evolutionary changes following a period of geographical isolation

Sympatric Speciation

Genetic isolation without geographic isolation. (uncommon in animals)

Hybridization

A selective breeding method in which two genetically different individuals are crossed.

Two, Crossed**crossing of 2 varieties

polyploidy

condition of having more than 2 sets of chromosomes (happens in plants)

-occurs when an error in meiosis or mitosis results in a doubling of the chromosome number

Reproductive isolating mechanisms: PREMATING

Habitat - never come in contact with one another

Temporal - different mating season

Behavioral - Different mating dances, colors, etc

Mechanical - genitalia doesnt fit

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms: POSTMATING

Gamete mortality - egg/sperm die before fertilization

Zygote Mortality - Egg is fertilized but dies

Hybrid Mortality- Zygote lives but dies before sexual maturity

F-2 Generation is sterile- Mule is an example

Hardy-Weinberg principle

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. When mating is random in a large population with no disruptive circumstances, the law predicts that both genotype and allele frequencies will remain constant because they are in equilibrium.

Canines: Apes have massive canines, human canines scarcely deviate from surrounding teethDiastema: Ape has, human doesn'tBrain size: Human has much largerForamen magnum: In base of skull in humans, in back of skull in apesBrow ridges: Less prominent in humansRoof of the mouth: Apes' are shallow, humans' are high and archedShape of face: Humans are flat, apes' muzzles extend

Hominid skulls

Hominids diverged from apes 5-8 million years ago- Canines much like human, no diastema- Smaller brain- Still quite a bit of protruding muzzle- Upright walker

Producers

Organisms that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds.

Consumers

Organisms that eat other organisms

Consumers

Humans are ______.

Decomposers

organisms that break down dead and decaying organisms for energy

succession

the replacement of one community by another at a single period of time

parasitism

involve one organism living on or inside another organism and harming it

Predation

an interaction between two organisms in which one organism, the predator, kills and feeds on the other organism, the prey.

Mutualism

A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are benefited from interacting with each other.

Food chain

Food chains work like Russian nesting dolls, because food chains are inside food webs just like the nesting dolls are inside of each other.

Food chains are not like a plant, because a plant is only one thing in a food chain

trophic level

each step in a food chain or web

Competition

A situation where organisms compete for resources, such as, mates, food, territory, etc.

What is a population?

a group of organisms of the same kind that live in the same place

Community

All the different populations living together in one area.

Ecosystem

Living and nonliving components of a particular area

Biome

large geographical area of distinctive plants and animals which are adapted to the particular climate

The Biosphere

-area of the earth where living things

can be found

-thin zone from ocean floor to highest

point in atmosphere where life can

be found

How and why does energy flow through an ecosystem and nutrients cycle through the ecosystem?

Main structural components of an ecosystem are linked by matter recycling and the flow of energy from the sun

how does energy flow through the ecosystem

up the food chain.

Biological Magnification

process in which chemicals become more concentrated in an organism the higher on a food chain

How do populations grow exponentially?

the maximum rate of increase is constant but the population accumulates more new individuals per unit of time when it is large so the curve gets steeper.

How do populations grow exponentially? What is the relationship between growth rate and carrying capacity in controlling population growth?

In exponential growth population grows slowly when it's small, but as the population gets larger, growth speeds up. Exponential growth, grows fast in the beginning and then slows down. Carrying capacity ,K, at equilibrium, lag phase is the slow developing phase, log phase is when it takes off. r is intrinsic growth rate of a population

r-selected species

-Many offspring-Fast growing-No parental care

K-selected species

slower growth rates

More stable populations, closer to carrying capacity for longer

Ecological succession

The changing of communities from an existing community of organisms to a different community

Primary Succession?

Succession that occurs where there is no soil and where few if any living things exist

Secondary Succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

Seral Stage

a point in a continuum of vegetation through time

often recognizable as a distinct community

Climax community

A climax community is the final stage of succession, remaining unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference

What are eukaryotic genes composed of?

DNA

What is biology?

the scientific study of life

The oldest known fossils are from about ______ years ago.

3.5 billion

Genetic drift is the result of ______.

Change

Genetic drift is the result of ______.

chance

Which of the following are homologous?

the forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat

What is homology?

Comparative Anatomy. Similarity in a feature due to inheritance from a common ancestor with subsequent (followed by/ coming after) modification. Ex: similar structure in dog, cat and human forelimbs.

The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when two species mate but produce sterile hybrids is referred to as ______.

a post-zygotic barrier

Which of the following would be an example of paedomorphosis?

the ability to reproduce evolving in caterpillars

A period of mass extinction is often followed by ______.

Explosive diversification

Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds) were extinct by the end of the ______.

Cretaceous Period

Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds) were extinct by the end of the ______.

Cretaceous

A hypothesis must be testable to be scientifically valid. Being testable means that _____.

some conceivable, non-supernatural observation could prove the hypothesis false

Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of the following was NOT an observation of Darwin that led to and supports the theory of Natural Selection.

Individuals strive to better adapt to their environments because of the struggle to survive.

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ______.

involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population

The ultimate source of all variation is ______.

Mutation

Natural selection always results in ______.

offspring better adapted to their parents' environment than were their parents

Natural selection results in ______.

offspring adapted to their current environment

What does the term tetrapod mean?

Having Four Limbs

Which of the following is best associated with the species Homo sapiens:

Most highly evolved organism on the tree of life

Which of the following is best associated with the species Homo sapiens:

Chin

As a ______ is to a cell, a ______ is to a multicellular organism.

lysosome . . . digestive system

Some of the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens are at least ______ years old, although recently even older fossils have been found.

100,000

What are the three main products of cellular respiration?

A. Carbon dioxide

B. Water

C. ATP

What are the three main products of cellular respiration?

Water-H20

ATP-

Carbon dioxide-CO2

What are the three main products of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxid

Water

ATP

What are the three main ingredients in photosynthesis?

A. Carbon Dioxide

B. Light

C. Water

Phylogenetic analysis indicates that crocodiles are more closely related to ______ than to ______.

Birds . . . Lizards

What plays an important role in the function of a protein?

The Shape

The first hominid to spread beyond Africa was ______.

Homo Erectus

Which of these human characteristics evolved first?

Upright Posture

______ have radial symmetry

Cnidarians

Insects, such as the grasshopper shown below, have ______.

a three-part body: head, thorax, and abdomen

Plants first moved onto land at least ______ years ago.

475 million

Adjacent water molecules are connected by the ______.

electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element?

iodine

Isotopes of an element have the same number of ______ and different numbers of ______.

Protons . . . nuetrons

Isotopes of an element have the same number of ______ and different numbers of ______.

protons... neutrons

As water freezes ______.

Its molecules move farther apart

An atom with an electrical charge is a(n) _______.

ion

The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is referred to as its ______ structure.

Primary

By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds?

Unsaturated

Which of the following is lowest in unsaturated fats?

Beef

What name is given to the following reaction?sucrose + water → glucose + fructose

hydrolysis

DNA nucleotides include ______.

thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine

Enzymes are ______.

proteins

Enzymes are ______.

are protiens

What does an enzyme do?

Speeds up processes. Acts as a catalyst-lowers energy of activation. Made of proteins.

Table sugar is ______.

sucrose

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?

regulation of the passage of material into and out of the cell

Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company?

the golgi apparatus

Where does protein synthesis take place?

on ribosomes

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

chloroplast

You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it must be a ______ cell.

Plant

When using a light microscope to view a cell you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, you conclude that the cell must be a type of ______ cell.

prokaryotic

The earliest cells detectable in fossils were different from the cells in animals, plants, fungi, and protists living today. These first prokaryotic cells gave rise to eukaryotic cells approximately 1.7 billion years ago. The structure of eukaryotic cells today suggests how they might have evolved from their prokaryotic ancestors. Scientists examining mitochondria and chloroplasts now think that these organelles were probably free-living prokaryotes before becoming a part of eukaryotic cells long ago.

Part A

What evidence suggests that mitochondria might have evolved before chloroplasts?

Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria but only some cells have chloroplasts

While working with cultured mayfly cells, Dr. Ogden unknowingly treated the cells with a mutagen that although rare, causes deletion or insertion of individual bases in DNA. Subsequently, He isolated and cultured a single cell from this group and noticed that the progeny of this cell were not producing a certain protein and this was having an effect on their viability (even though mayflies are so cool). The mutation would be most harmful to the cells if it resulted in ______.

a single nucleotide insertion near the start of the coding sequence

What type of microscope would be best for studying the detailed structure of the surface of a plasma membrane?

scanning electron microscope

Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ______ and moves a substance ______ its concentration gradient.

transport proteins . . . down

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

What is energy?

the capacity to perform work

The waste products of cellular respiration include ______.

water and carbon dioxide

Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energ

Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

The cell cycle results in the production of ______.

two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

Cytokinesis typically occurs during the ______ stage of mitosis.

telophase

Which of the following occurs during interphase?

Chromosome duplication.

A karyotype (a chromosome display) would be unable to determine ______.

eye coloer

A karyotype (a chromosome display) would be unable to determine ______.

Eye color

Chromatin consists of _________.

DNA and protein

Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does not occur in prophase II?

crossing over occurs.

Sister chromatids are joined at the _______.

centromere

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______.

nucleus

During metaphase I, __________.

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

During metaphase ______.

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have?

2n-1

Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ______ and in mitotic anaphase ______.

the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate. . . the cells are diploid and sister chromatids separate

A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ________.

have two nucei

A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______.

have two nuclei

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?

incomplete dominance

Mendel crossed true-breeding purple-flowered plants with true-breeding white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The allele for purple flowers is ______.

dominant

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair?

O %

Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______.

Pleiotropy

Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. The inheritance of Marfan syndrome is an example of ______.codominancea recessive disorder

pleiotropyincomplete dominancegene linkage

pleiotrophy

What is the Key to the recognition of incomplete dominance?

The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______.

Mendel's law of independent assortment

Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual?

1:1:1:1

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?

Dd

What probability currently has 25%

In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles?

Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?

1:1

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male?

50%

To determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______.

is homozygous recessive for that trait

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ________.

all life shares a common ancestry

Translation converts the information stored in _______ to _______.

RNA . . . a polypeptide

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ______.

promoter

The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______.

AGU

How many amino acids are common to all living systems?

20

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ______ and guanine pairs with ______.

thymine . . . cytosine

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______.

X-ray crystallography studies

The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ______.

the production of a longer RNA molecule

Where is translation accomplished?

ribosomes

After replication _______.

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

Science is ____.

The inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature.

Which one of these would be a valid hypothesis?

Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

Humans are ____.

Consumers.

Which of these would be a valid hypothesis?Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding.Humans are responsible for the sustainable use of resources.Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events.Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species.

Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

Relative to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are usually _____.

Larger and more complex.

The human genome consists of about _____ chemical letters.

3 billion.

Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells only?

Archaea and Bacteria.

Over a span of two decades, scientists measured changes in the beak size of a population of Galápagos ground finches. This ______.

Provided evidence of natural selection in action.

While on the Beagle, Darwin was influenced by a book by Charles Lyell that suggested that Earth was ______ and sculpted by geologic processes that ______ today.

old . . . continue

The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.

common ancestry

Homology is evidence of ______.

common ancestry

What does Darwinian fitness measure?

Reproductive success.

The modern synthesis was a fusion of ______.

genetics and evolutionary biology

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is ______.

Mutation

After surviving a bottleneck, a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck. Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population?

The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.

Examine the two animals in the photographs in the following figure. Use all of the clues in this figure. These two organisms belong to ______.

the same genus

The biological species concept cannot be applied to ______.

bacteria that only reproduce asexually

Speciation requires ______.

Genetic isolation

Characid fishes only found naturally only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?

Characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African and South American continents.

Feathers in birds appear to have first evolved for insulation but later conveyed a new advantage in helping create light aerodynamic surfaces. This switch in function is an example of ______.

an exaptation

Uranium-235, with a half-life of 713,000,000 years, decays to lead-207. If a rock sample is determined to have one-quarter of the uranium-235 content it had when it formed, the age of the rock sample can be estimated to be approximately ______ years old.

1.4 billion

The quote, “In science, theories do not turn into facts through the accumulation of evidence. Rather, theories are the end points of science” is supported by which of the following ideas:

None of the above

Theories are essentially the same thing as hypotheses

Once an idea becomes a theory it will never change or be modified to accommodate

Theories can be proven true and are therefore are more solid than hypotheses

All of the above

None of the above

What significant event occurred to Darwin while in my beloved Chile?

An earthquake rose the shoreline 3 feet for hundreds of miles.

Who would be considered Darwin's early mentor (he also helped get him on the beagle)?

Henslow

What effect did Charles Lyell have on Darwin?

He wrote the book "Principles of Geology" that Darwin took with him on the Beagle.

Prior to C-section surgeries, what outcome would best describe the natural section forces acting on the size of human head?

Stabilizing Selection

According to lecture, can science and religion coexist? Can they answer all of the same questions?

Yes, No

Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism of evolution based on three observations about nature. Which of the following was NOT an observation of Darwin that led to and supports the theory of Natural Selection.

Individuals strive to better adapt to their environments because of the struggle to survive.

Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than the environment can support

Individuals in some population have varied characteristics.

Variation in individuals appears to be inherited.

Individuals strive to better adapt to their environments because of the struggle to survive.

Match the following sentences with the person that is best associated with it. A name may be used more than once or not at all.

Darwin's Bulldog

Biblical literalist, ultimately killed himself

Came up with the idea of natural selection independent of Darwin

Married Emma Wedgwood

Captain of the Beagle

"The man who walked with Darwin"

Huxley

Fitzroy

Wallace

Charles Darwin

Fitzroy

Henslow

Match the following sentences with the person that is best associated with it. A name may be used more than once or not at all.

Wrote "Principles of Geology"

Was born on the same day as Abraham Lincoln

Medical Doctor, wrote how all organisms belong to one living filament

Scala Naturae - Ladder of Life

Wrote an essay on Human Population Growth that influenced Darwin

Lyell

Charles Darwin

Erasmus Darwin

Aristotle

Malthus

Which of the following best describes the difference between micro-evolution and macro-evolution, according to lecture?

There is fundamentally no difference between micro-evolution and macro-evolution, it's all just evolution.

For the following questions, determine the ones that can be addressed by Science.

Did Jesus walk on water?

Can a human walk on water?

Should human DNA be used in genetic cloning?

How old is the Earth?

What morphological characteristics were likely present in the common ancestor of humans and chimps?

Why was the Earth created?

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

No

For the following questions, determine the ones that can be addressed by Science.

How does coffee affect ulcers?

Should people drink coffee?

Are humans most closely related to chimpanzees?

Yes

No

Yes

Which of the following are evidences that evolution has occurred (Mark all that apply):

All of the different varieties of dogs that were artificially selected

Relatively young earth - less than 10 thousand years.

lack of homology among organisms

Humans evolving from modern day chimpanzee

Adaptations acquired during life passed on to offspring

Existence of vestigial organs

Marsupial radiation

The fossil record

All organisms share the same four DNA nucleotides (A T G C)

modern interpretation of the bible

All of the different varieties of dogs that were artificially selected

Adaptations acquired during life passed on to offspring

Existence of vestigial organs

Marsupial radiation

The fossil record

All organisms share the same four DNA nucleotides (A T G C)

Evolutionary fitness is an often misunderstood concept. Which of the following imaginary individuals would have the greatest evolutionary fitness?

Sparrow B

All atoms of an element have the same number of ______.

protons

Beryllium's atomic mass is 9 and its atomic number is 4. How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom?

5

According to the endosymbiotic theory and given the tree below, which was constructed from whole genome sequences or exemplar organisms from the three domains of life, where would be the most likely place for a branch containing the animal mitochondrial genome be connected? In other words, animal mitochondrial DNA is most closely related to the complete genome of which type of organism?

Branch connected near A

Assume you are living in Dover, PA, and you have a child that is going to a public high school. Which of the following would be true concerning the teaching of Intelligent Design (ID) and Evolution. (mark all that apply)

It would be against the law for your child's high school science teacher give equal time to ID along side of Evolution.

It would be against the law for your child's high school science teacher to advocate ID.

Mark all of the following that ARE evolutionary adaptations leading to the modern human lineage.

less robust jaw

Less spacing between canines and adjacent teeth

bipedalism

A knee more centered along the midline of the body

smaller cheek teeth2

The origin of life (which is not the same as the theory of Evolution), is described as having a series steps (stages), leading to the formation of a pre-cell. Of the following list select those steps that are part of this "RNA world hypothesis".

Self replicating molecules (capable of passing on information)

Formation of simple monomers

Monomers (simple molecules) to polymers

Membrane (packaging molecules and separation from environment)

What behavior helps to define the genus Homo?

The use of tools

Which hominid had the largest brain size measured in cc (cubic centimeters)?

Homo neanderthalensis

A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ covalent bond(s).

4

What name is given to the following reaction?galactose + glucose → lactose + water

dehydration reaction

Nucleic acids are polymers of ______ monomers

nucleotide

Saturated fats are saturated with ______.

hydrogen

The nuclear envelope is composed of ______.

a double membrane

The figure below shows a Paramecium, a single-celled freshwater protist. The hairlike structures visible on the Paramecium allow it to move. These structures are ______.

cilia

Examine the cells below. Cells with a higher concentration of ions than the surrounding medium tend to ______.

expand

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?

ATP

What compound directly provides energy of cellular work?

Adinosine Tri-phosphate (ATP)

A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______.

sister chromatids

Which of these events occurs during anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate.

Which of the following is the best description of the events of anaphase I?

mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

What determines the cohesiveness of water molecules?

hydrogen bonds

Radioactive isotopes

can be used in conjunction with PET scans to diagnose diseases.

Which of the following statements regarding chemical reactions is false?

Although the atoms of a reaction's reactants and products are identical to each other, their molecular formulae differ.

Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of chemical bonds.

The reactants contain the same number of atoms as the products.

Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them.

Some chemical reactions create electrons; others destroy them.

Iron is an important element in human body cells. If iron has an atomic number of 26, what does this tell you about this element?

An iron atom has 26 protons.

Which of the following would form the fewest covalent bonds?

oxygen (six electrons in the second shell)

carbon (four electrons in the second shell)

hydrogen (one electron in the first shell)

neon (eight electrons in the second shell)

neon (eight electrons in the second shell)

Proteins differ from one another because

the peptide bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein.

Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds isfalse?

Functional groups participate in chemical reactions.

Many biological molecules have two or more functional groups.

All functional groups include a carbon atom.

Functional groups help make organic compounds hydrophilic.

All functional groups include a carbon atom

A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a ______.

gene

How are genes used by cells to build proteins?

The genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein.

The function of mitochondria is

cellular respiration.

Cells can increase the number or size of some organelles in response to new demands. The amount of one organelle often is increased dramatically in the livers of alcoholics. Based on what you know of organelle function, this organelle is the:

smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Which of the following are associated with energy transfer in eukaryotic cells?

chloroplasts and mitochondria

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up on a plane equidistant from the two spindle poles?

metaphase

You are asked to culture an unidentified sample of animal tissue. You notice that the cells seem to fail to exhibit density-dependent inhibition. The source of this tissue sample is most likely

The graph below supports which of the following ideas concerning Intelligent Design (ID):

ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism

ID is a religious view, a mere re-labeling of creationism, and not a scientific theory

ID replaced Creationism in the Biology text book "Pandas" because in 1987 Creation Science was ruled unconstitutional

HominidsArdipithicus ramidus-

Lived: 4.4 million yrs. ago

Location: Eastern Africa

Brain Capacity: 300-350 cc

Australipithicus Afarensis

Lived: 3 million yrs. ago

Location: Eastern Africa, Ethiopia

Brain Capacity: 380-500 cc

Nickname "lucy"

Homo erectus

Lived: 1.7 million yrs. ago

Location: Found throughout Africa and eastern/western Asia

Brain Capacity: 900 cc

Has no chin

Homo Neanderthalensis:

Lived: 150,000 yrs. ago

Location: Europe and Central Asia

Brain Capacity: 1300-1750 cc

Homo sapiens

Lived: Present

Location: All over

Brain Capacity: 1000-1700 cc

Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring?

AA × aa

aa × aa

Aa × aa

AA × Aa

Aa × Aa

AA x aa

In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic.

height/weight

In humans, the inheritance of ______ is best explained as being polygenic.

height

According to Mendel's law of segregation, ______.

gametes have one copy of each allele

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia?

50%

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?

RNA polymerase

The figure below shows the flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell. The transfer of information from DNA into an RNA molecule is known as ______.

transcription

Consider the following figure. It indicates that a single amino acid substitution ______.

may alter a protein so that it no longer functions properly

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ______.

result in a shortened polypeptide chain

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message?

one

What do Ribosomes do?

In plant and animal cells ribosomes make proteins from amino acids.

What does Mitochondria do?

In plant in animal cells mitochondria makes energy for the organism using broken down sugar.

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

In plant and animal cells it packs and distributes proteins.

What do Lysosomes do?

In plants and animal cells it cleans the cell by digesting and destroying dead organelles.

What do vacuoles do?

In plant and animal cells, stores food, water, and waste and are particularly large in plant cells.

What does a nucleus do?

in animal and plant cells it stores DNA and controls the functions of a cell.

What does Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do?

In animal and plant cells it sends out lipids (fats) to parts of the cell using passageways.

Cell Membrane.

Lysomes.

Mitochondria.

Rough Er

Golgi Apparatus.

a curve that is more sharply peaked than a normal curve

positive kurtosis

most scores in peak and few in tail

less variability/spread

lower SD

score > 0 indicates a high peaked curve with thin tails

*indicating an extremely HOMOGENOUS group (scores are very similar)

1×1=

1

2×5=

10

2×6=

12

2×7=

14

2×8=

16

2×9=

18

3×5=

15

3×7=

21

3×8=

24

3×9=

27

4×5=

20

4×7=

28

4×8=

32

4×9=

36

5×5=

25

5×6=

30

5×7=

35

5×8=

40

5×9=

45

6×7=

42

6×8=

48

6×9=

54

7×7=

49

7×8=

56

7×9=

63

8×8=

64

8×9=

72

9×9=

81

6

Sh, Ch

Look at the circle in the middle.

Nucleus.

Look at the blue thing.

Vacuole

Look at the orange stuff.

Cytoplasm.

Blue stuff.

Smooth ER.

The black dots.

Ribosomes

What is the cell theory?

Cells come from other cells.

All living things are made from cells

Cells are the most basic unit of life.

What are the six characteristics of living things?

Responds to stimuli

can reproduce

is made of cells

Grows and develops

Has DNA

Has a metabolism

“Independent variable”

(input) the variable that is changed or manipulated by the investigator.

"Dependent variable”

(outcome) the variable that measures a behavior or attribute that we expect will be influenced by the independent variable.

Frequency tables

Most useful for telling us the most common data values for a variable.

Histograms

The most common way to show the shape of data. This distances between each bar is called the ‘interval.’ (Interval and Ratio)

Qualities of a Histogram

simplify data and make it more readable.

·For large n’s, histogram bars represent more than one score (grouped distribution).

·This simplification does sacrifice detail.

·For small n’s, this might me important.

Bar Graphs

(discrete data)

Line Graphs: should be used only to document trends. Time belongs on the X-axis and the value/count belongs on the Y-axis.

Skewness

If a distribution is not symmetrical, then it is said to have a skew. Negatively skewed distributions have a hump towards the right side and a tail towards the left. Positively skewed have a hump towards the left and a tail toward the right.

The normal distribution has a skewness value of 0.

Kurtosis

A measure of how tall the distribution is. Again, has a Kurtosis of 0 (positive).

Platykurtic

flat kurtosis (skew of distribution)

mesokurtic

shape of a normal curve/bell-shape

Models

“simplifications of a complex reality”. Models are more specific than theories.

Mean (the mean is like a teeter-totter). The more skewed the distribution is, the further apart mean and median are.

Variance

An area world statistic. It forms the basis of many later statistical interpretations. It can be “cut into pieces” to understand how the variable has a relationship to other variables (can help us figure out differences in scores).

Z-scores

1)Converting to z-scores does NOT change the shape of your histogram or data.

2)Z-scores are a universal language of data. If we convert to z-scores we can compare other studies, samples, and variables.

3)A z-score has 2 pieces of information in it.

- Whether it is above or below the mean (pos. or neg.)

- Distance from the mean, which we get from the actual number.

1×10=

10

2×10=

20

3×10=

30

4×10=

40

5×10=

50

6×10=

60

7×10=

70

8×10=

80

9×10=

90

10×10=

100

In the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together?K + Cl → K+ + Cl— → KClhydrophobicionichypertonichydrophilic

ionic

Why is water considered a polar molecule?

The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge.

Dinosaurs were extinct by the end of the ______.

Cretaceous

Mark all of the following that ARE evolutionary adaptations leading to the modern human lineage. (You will need to mark all that apply)

-A knee more centered along the midline of the body

-less robust jaw

-smaller cheek teeth

-Less spacing between canines and adjacent teeth

-bipedalism

Which of the following is true with regard to a DNA molecule

The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

Which of the following is true with regard to a DNA molecule?

Which of the following is a health effect of a diet high in saturated fats

Increased risk of heart attack

Complete the equation: monosaccharide+monosaccharide->______+water.

dissacharide

Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via _________.

mRNA

How many chromosomes do most human body cells contain?

46 or 23 matched pairs

glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing _____

chemical energy into kinetic energy

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago.

3.5 million

500,000

3.5 billion

10 million

2.7 billion

2.7 billion

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ______.

metabolism

Cytokinesis typically occurs during the ______ stage of mitosis.prophasetelophaseinterphaseanaphasemetaphase

telophase

A(n) ________ forms when two atoms share electrons.

covalent bond

covalent bond

-sharing of electrons- the electron orbitals form a NEW MOLECULAR ORBITAL-strongest chemical bond- a double bond is not as strong as 2 single covalent bonds

-results from the sharing of electrons between two atoms

What is a covalent bond?

Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons

Which of the following statements about water is false?

Ice is more dense than liquid water.

A single covalent chemical bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?

Lactose intolerance

does not affect the consumption of beverages made from soy or rice.

Imagine that you have isolated a mysterious liquid from a sample of food. You add the liquid to a beaker of water and shake vigorously. After a few minutes, the water and the other liquid separate into two layers. To which class of biological molecules does the unknown liquid most likely belong?

lipids

The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life is most likely to be seen in ______.

cultures that keep dairy herds

Hydroxyl groups are commonly found in:

carbohydrates.

Plasma membranes are permeable to

nonpolar molecules such as CO2.

nonpolar molecules such as CO2.

How does a cell rid itself of defective or malfunctioning organelles?

Lysosomes assist in the removal of defective organelles by digesting them.

A particular cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes,DNA,ribosomes,plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a(n) ________ cell. "

plant or animal

What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

transport vesicles

Which of the following statements is false?

An X chromosome is an autosome.

During meiosis, maternal and paternal chromosomes can exchange genetic material at sites called:

chiasmata.

Which of the following is represented by ferns and other plants?

alternation of generations

Special regions of the centromere, where microtubules attach attach during metaphase are called __________.

kinetochores

Which of the following best describes an enzyme?

They lower the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.

What happens to a human blood cell in sea water?

It will shrink losing water

Imagine that your child's public high school science teacher advocates the idea of intelligent design in the classroom. At the next parent teacher conference, what two pieces of advise (backed up with evidence) would you give, knowing that you don't want tax money going toward a trial.

1.Intelligent design is not considered science because it is untestable alternative grounded in religion and introduced for religious reasons. It is a matter of opinion not fact.

2.Intelligent design has already been taken to trial and was deemed unconstitutional because it a vehicle to move creationism into classrooms for religious propaganda. She should read origin of species to learn how animals and people have evolved by adapting to their surrounding in order to survive and if it was not for creature ability to do so then we would all be extinct long ago.

Imagine you are camping with some friends and as you throw a log on the fire you mention how heavy it is. You then (in a geeky biology voice) explain where the majority of the mass of the log came from to your friends. Please repeat your explanation below.

Hey guys guess what this came out of log came out of thin air. It is made of cellulose a carbohydrate made mostly out of the air from carbon dioxide.

Describe four scenarios where a protein's shape matters.

Effects function

Depends on four levels of structureYour Answer:

1. Protein shape matters when it is folded because if it does not fold correctly is will cause diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease.

2. The shape of the protein cell is specific for each type of protein because each shape helps that specific protein complete its job in the cell.( proteins function is directly related to the 3D shape)

3. A protein shape is sensitive to the surrounding environment and has to be the correct shape in order for it to survive the surrounding.

B. Secondary structure-certain stretches of the poly peptide for local patterns called secondary structures. Two types are alpha helix and pleated sheets.

C. Tertiary Structure- overall 3D shape of the polypeptide and is reinforced by a group of amino acids.

D. Quaternary Structure-Proteins with two or more polypeptide chains which result in bonds between chains.

List two advantages of asexual reproduction and two advantages of sexual reproduction

Advantages of asexual is 1)is faster and can result in a large number of offspring 2)ensures that the genetic line of the parental generation will be maintained

Advantages of sexual reproduction are 1)passing half genes to generative variation improves species chance to survive in a world of never ending competition and 2)less chance of passing on a genetic disorders.

The film 'Why Sex?' taught the evolutionary concept that organisms need to "run (evolve) just as fast as they can in order to stay right where they are." What was this idea called?

The Red Queen Theory

In the film 'Why Sex?' a drought dried up pools with asexual and sexual reproducing minnows. Upon repopulating the upper pools, what mechanism of evolution caused the sexually reproducing population to have very little genetic variation?

Genetic drift because there was a limited amount of sexual fish that survived and it caused the gene pool to be cut down therefore causing little genetic variation.

Why are you all Mommy's boys and girls?

Explain why are you all more genetically like your mother than your father. Discuss endosymbiosis in eukaryotic evolution and the resulting outcomes.

Hint: think to yourself: where did mitochondria and chloroplasts come from, and think about the size of X and Y chromosomes?

Mitochondrial DNA is only passed from the mother and half of your nuclear DNA is maternal the other half is paternal and the mitochondrial genome is maternal so most of your DNA is from the mom.

The father carries XY and the mom has XX and the Y doesn't carry much DNA so the majority of the DNA is passed from the mom. The size of the chromosome is not a factor.

endosymbiosis is the relationship between the eurokaroytic cell and the mitochondria. Cells don't have mitochrondria till they are engulfed and then the cell starts working together and the mitochondria has its own DNA separate from the nucleus of the cell.

The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.

2

Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?

The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?

6, the atomic number is always the number of protons in a nucleus.

Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?

these atoms are isotopes

Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?

An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?

5 (atomic number=number of protons)

what process is illustrated in this image?

evaporation

What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?

covalent

A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

molecule

This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).(two circles with atoms in the middle, inner circle has two at the top and outside circle has one on each side)

4

There are four electrons in the outermost electron shell.

A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.

double covalent bond

The brackets are indicating a(n) ___ bond.

hydrogen

What name is given to the bond between water molecules?

Hydrogen

Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.

are different ions

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?

ionic

An ionic bond involves _____.

an attraction between ions of opposite charge

Which of these figures correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O?

two + h and -o

What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?

single(nonpolar) covalent

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

four; hydrogen

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule___.

Polar. (The electrons spend more time with the oxygen of the water molecule than with GE hydrogenated of water. Thus, the oxygen has a net negative charge and the hydrogens have a bet positive charge.)

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

electronegativity

In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?

polar covalent

Why isn't this insect drowning on the water?

Surface tension

This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).

4

There are four electrons in the outermost electron shell.

The following molecule is best described as a ______.CH3—CH2—CH2—CH3

hydrocarbon

what name is given to the following reaction?

galactose + glucose → lactose + water

a.Glycolysis

b.Dehydration reaction

c.Hydrogenation

d.Gluconeogenesis

e.Hydrolysis

Dehydration reaction

What name is given to the following reaction?sucrose + water → glucose + fructose

hydrolysis

anabolism

glucogenesis

denaturation

dehydration reaction

hydrolysis

A glycerol with three fatty acids attached is referred to as a ______.

fat

What name is given to the following reaction?

glycerol+ 3 fatty acids---- triglyceride+ 3 water molecules

dehydration reaction

A fat that is hydrogenated is ______.

more solid

A protein's function is dependent on its__.

Shape

A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a ______.nucleic acidgenenucleotideprotein

gene

If one strand of DNA double helix has a sequence AGTACTG what will be the sequence of the other strand?

TCATGAC

How does RNA differ from DNA?

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.

______ is an example of an element.

carbon

Examine the following figure. Which of the representations of molecules does not reveal double bonds?

space-filling model

Which of the following elements is not one of the four most common elements in living things?

a.Oxygen

b.Carbon

c.Nitrogen

d.Zinc

e.Hydrogen

d.Zinc

Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element?

iodine

carbon

phosphorus

hydrogen

calcium

iodine

An atom with a positive charge has ______.

more protons than electrons

Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7; therefore, it has ______ electrons in its outermost electron shell

5

The type of chemical bond that forms between oppositely charged ions is a(n)

Ionic bond

The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by ______ bonds.

covalent

The last few miles of the marathon are the most difficult for Heather. Her hair is plastered to her head, sweat clings to her arms, and her legs feel as if they had nothing left. Heather grabs a cup of ice water. The ice cubes smash against her nose as she gulps some cool refreshment and keeps on running. Then a breeze kicks up and she finally feels some coolness against her skin. Drops of sweat, once clinging to her forehead, now spill down, and Heather feels a stinging as the sweat flows into her eyes.

Part A

Sweat on Heather’s forehead and arms formed drops because of the ______.

cohesive nature of water

Why (if you are careful) are you able to float a needle on the surface of water?

The surface tension that is a result of water's cohesive properties makes this possible.

Sweating cools your body by ______.

evaporative cooling

DNA is composed of building blocks called

Nucleotides

DNA has the appearance of ________

Double helix

Which of these is NOT a lipid?

RNA

This figure is an example of a(n) _____.

saturated fat

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?A) Beef fatB) A fat that is solid at room tempC) Olive oilD) ButterE) Lard

Olive oil,( anything that's liquid at room temp)

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.

as a component of animal cell membranes

If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?

3'-TAAACG-5'

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?

75(100 nucleotide pairs are a total of 200 nucleotides. Because of base pairing, if there are 25 adenine there must also be 25 thymine. This leaves 200–50 = 150 nucleotides to be divided evenly between guanine and cytosine.)

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

hydrogen bonds (Nitrogenous base pairs are joined by hydrogen bonds)

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar (These are the components of a nucleotide.)

Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein.

structural

Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein.

receptor

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein? ovalbumin spider silk tendons ligaments muscles

ovalbumin

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.

immune

Proteins are polymers of _____.

amino acids

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?