Contents

The first newspaper in Des Moines, the Iowa Star, was founded in 1849; in 1855, the Iowa Citizen began publication; it was renamed the Iowa State Register in 1860. In 1902, the Register merged with the Des Moines Leader, a descendant of the Star, to become the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1903, Des Moines banker Gardner Cowles, Sr. purchased the Register and Leader; the name became The Des Moines Register in 1915. (Cowles also acquired the Des Moines Tribune in 1908. The Tribune, which merged with the rival Des Moines News in 1924 and the Des Moines Capital in 1927, served as the evening paper for the Des Moines area until it ended publication on September 25, 1982.)

Under the ownership of the Cowles family, the Register became Iowa's largest and most influential newspaper, eventually adopting the slogan "The Newspaper Iowa Depends Upon." Newspapers were distributed to all four corners of the state by train and later by truck as Iowa's highway system was improving.

The Register employed reporters in cities and towns throughout Iowa, and it covered national and international news stories from an Iowa perspective, even setting up its own news bureau in Washington, D.C. in 1933. During the 1960s, circulation of the Register peaked at nearly 250,000 for the daily edition and 500,000 for the Sunday edition–more than the population of Des Moines at the time; in 1935, the Register & Tribune Company founded radio station KRNT-AM, named after the newspapers' nickname, "the R 'n T." In 1955, the company, renamed Cowles Communications some years earlier, founded Des Moines' third television station, KRNT-TV, which was renamed KCCI after the radio station was sold in 1974. Cowles eventually acquired other newspapers, radio stations and television stations, but almost all of them were sold to other companies by 1985.

In 1906, the newspaper's first front-page editorial cartoon, illustrated by Jay Norwood Darling, was published; the tradition of front-page editorial cartoons continued until December 4, 2008 when 25-year veteran cartoonist Brian Duffy was let go in a round of staff cuts. In 1943, the Register became the first newspaper to sponsor a statewide opinion poll when it introduced the Iowa Poll, modeled after Iowan George Gallup's national Gallup poll. Sports coverage was increased under sports editor Garner "Sec" Taylor – for whom Sec Taylor Field at Principal Park is named – in the 1920s, for many years the Register printed its sports sections on peach-colored paper, but that tradition ended for the daily paper in 1981 and for the Sunday Register's "Big Peach" in 1999. Another Register tradition – the sponsorship of RAGBRAI – began in 1973 when writer John Karras challenged columnist Donald Kaul to do a border-to-border bicycle ride across Iowa. The liberal-leaning editorial page has brought Donald Kaul back for Sunday opinion columns. Other local columns have faded and given way to Gannett-distributed material.

In 1985, faced with declining circulation and revenues, the Cowles family sold off its various properties to different owners, with the Register going to Gannett, at the time of sale, only The New York Times had won more Pulitzer Prizes for national reporting. In 1990, the Register began to reduce its coverage of news outside of the Des Moines area by closing most of its Iowa news bureaus and ending carrier distribution to outlying counties, although an "Iowa Edition" of the Register is still distributed throughout most of the state. Many of the Register's news stories and editorials focus on Des Moines and its suburbs.

The Register opened a new printing and distribution facility on the south side of Des Moines in 2000, the news & advertising offices remained in downtown Des Moines. After 95 years in the Des Moines Register Building at 715 Locust Street, the Register announced in 2012 that they would move to a new location in 2013, settling for Capital Square three blocks to the east.[2] Overnight on Friday, June 14 into the early morning hours of Saturday, June 15, 2013 The Register moved to its new location on the 4th & 5th floors of Capital Square with no interruption in service, design, reporting, circulation, or any other operations. The old building was sold in late 2014 and will be redeveloped into a combination of apartments and retail space.[3]

In the three decades before the Cowles family acquired the Register in 1903, the Register was a "voice of pragmatic conservatism."[4] However, Gardner Cowles Sr., who served as a Republican in the Iowa General Assembly and was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention,[5] was an advocate of progressive Republicanism.[4] The new owners presented a variety of viewpoints, including Darling cartoons that frequently made fun of progressive politicians.[6]

During the Cowles family's ownership, the Register's editorial page philosophy was generally more liberal in its outlook than editorial pages of other Iowa newspapers, but there were notable exceptions. Gardner Cowles Sr. served in the administration of President Herbert Hoover.[5] The publishers strongly supported Republican Wendell Willkie's 1940 presidential campaign against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.[7] The newspaper also supported Republican Dwight Eisenhower's campaigns for the Republican nomination and general election in 1952, and again in 1956,[7] although the Register endorsed presidential candidates Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964,[8]Hubert Humphrey in 1968,[9] and Jimmy Carter in 1976,[10] it endorsed Richard Nixon in 1960[8] and 1972.[11]

In 2011, 24 days before the 2012 Iowa caucuses, the newspaper endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney in the 2012 Republican Iowa Caucuses, the Register endorsed Romney over Obama 10 days before the general election on October 27, 2012—the first time it had supported a Republican for president since 1972.[14]

In 1922, Gardner Cowles' son John launched the Register and Tribune Syndicate, at its peak, the syndicate offered other newspapers some 60 to 75 features, including editorial cartoonist Herblock and commentaries by David Horowitz, Stanley Karnow, and others. The cartoons and comic strips included Spider-Man. Will Eisner's The Spirit was part of a 16-page Sunday supplement known colloquially as "The Spirit Section". This was a tabloid-sized newsprint comic book sold as part of eventually 20 Sunday newspapers with a combined circulation of as many as five million copies, the most successful comics feature was The Family Circus, eventually distributed to more than 1,000 newspapers. In 1986, the Register and Tribune Syndicate was sold to Hearst and the King Features Syndicate for $4.3 million.[17]

Register writer Clark Kauffman was one of three finalists for the 2005 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting for his exposure of glaring injustice in the handling of traffic tickets by public officials in Iowa.

1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows

2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets

3.
Gannett Company
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Gannett Company, Inc. is a publicly traded American media holding company headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia, near McLean in Greater Washington DC. It is the largest U. S. newspaper publisher as measured by total daily circulation and its assets include the national newspaper USA Today and the erstwhile weekly USA Weekend. Its largest non-national newspaper is The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2015, Gannett Co. Inc. spun off its publishing business into a separate publicly traded entity, while retaining the internet media divisions. Immediately following the spin off, the former parent Company renamed itself Tegna, the spun off publishing business renamed itself Gannett. Gannett Company, Inc. was formed in 1923 by Frank Gannett in Rochester, New York as an outgrowth of the Elmira Gazette, by 1979, the chain had grown to 79 newspapers. In 1979, Gannett acquired Combined Communications Corp. operator of 17 television stations, as well as an advertising division. The company was headquartered in Rochester until 1986, when it moved to Arlington County and its former headquarters building, the Gannett Building, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Gannetts oldest newspaper still in circulation is the Leaf-Chronicle located in Clarksville, in 2001, the company moved to its current headquarters in Tysons Corner, a suburb of Washington, D. C. The practice has spread throughout the chain, on March 7,2011, Gannett replaced the stylized G logo in use since the 1970s, and adopted a new company tagline, Its all within reach. In 2010, Gannett increased executive salaries and bonuses, for example, Bob Dickey, Gannetts U. S. newspapers division president, was paid $3.4 million in 2010, the next year, the company laid off 700 U. S. employees to cut costs. In the memo announcing the layoffs, Dickey wrote, While we have many ways to reduce costs. The USA Today website became the one to allow unrestricted access. On August 21,2012, Gannett acquired Blinq Media, around the first week of October 2012, Gannett entered a dispute against Dish Network regarding compensation fees and Dishs AutoHop commercial-skip feature on its Hopper digital video recorders. Gannett ordered that Dish discontinue AutoHop on the account that it is affecting advertising revenues for Gannetts television station, Gannett threatened to pull all of its stations should the skirmish continue beyond October 7 and Dish and Gannett fail to reach an agreement. The two parties reached an agreement after extending the deadline for a few hours. On June 13,2013, Gannett announced plans to buy Dallas-based Belo Corporation for $1.5 billion, the purchase would add 20 additional stations to Gannetts portfolio and make the company the fourth largest television broadcaster in the U. S. with 43 stations. On December 16,2013, the United States Department of Justice announced that Gannett, Belo, the deal was approved by the FCC on December 20, and it was completed on December 23. On February 28,2014, Meredith Corporation officially took over control of KMOV

4.
Des Moines, Iowa
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Des Moines /dᵻˈmɔɪn/ is the capital and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Iowa. It is also the county seat of Polk County, a small portion of the city extends into Warren County. It was incorporated on September 22,1851, as Fort Des Moines and it is located on and named after the Des Moines River, which likely was adapted from the French colonial name, Rivière des Moines, meaning River of the Monks. The citys population was 203,433 as of the 2010 census, the five-county metropolitan area is ranked 91st in terms of population in the United States with 599,789 residents according to the 2013 estimate by the United States Census Bureau. Des Moines is a center of the U. S. insurance industry and has a sizable financial services. The city was credited as the one spot for U. S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article. The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group, the Meredith Corporation, Ruan Transportation, EMC Insurance Companies, and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield. Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo, Voya Financial, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, ACE Limited, Marsh, Monsanto, in recent years Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Facebook have established data processing and logistical facilities in the Des Moines metro. Forbes magazine ranked Des Moines as the Best Place for Business in both 2010 and 2013, in 2014, NBC ranked Des Moines as the Wealthiest City in America, according to its criteria. Des Moines is an important city in U. S. presidential politics, as the capital of the state, many presidential candidates set up campaign headquarters in Des Moines. Des Moines takes its name from Fort Des Moines, which was named for the Des Moines River and this was adopted from the name given by French colonists. Des Moines translates literally to either from the monks or of the monks, the historian Virgil Vogel claimed that the name was derived from Moingona, the Algonquian clan name for Loon, one of the clans of the local Native American people. Some historians and researchers lacking linguistic or Algonquianist training concluded that Moingona meant people by the portage or something similar and this was the site of the earliest known encounters between the Moingona and European explorers took place. This was some 200 miles from the Des Moines River, based on archeological evidence, the juncture of the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers has attracted humans for at least 7,000 years. Several prehistoric occupation areas have been identified by archeologists in downtown Des Moines, discovered in December 2010, the Palace is an expansive 7, 000-year-old site found during excavations prior to construction of the new wastewater treatment plant in southeastern Des Moines. It contains well-preserved house deposits and numerous graves, more than 6,000 artifacts were found at this site. State of Iowa archaeologist John Doershuk was assisted by University of Iowa archaeologists at this dig, at least three Late Prehistoric villages, dating from about AD1300 to 1700, stood in or near what developed later as downtown Des Moines. In addition,15 to 18 prehistoric American Indian mounds were observed in area by early settlers

5.
Iowa
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Iowa is a U. S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west. Surrounding states include Wisconsin and Illinois to the east, Missouri to the south, Nebraska and South Dakota to the west, in colonial times, Iowa was a part of French Louisiana and Spanish Louisiana, its state flag is patterned after the flag of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, people laid the foundation for an economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is the 26th most extensive in area and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city by population is Des Moines, Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states in which to live. Its nickname is the Hawkeye State, Iowa derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many Native American tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west, Iowa is the only state whose east and west borders are formed entirely by rivers. Iowa has 99 counties, but 100 county seats because Lee County has two, the state capital, Des Moines, is in Polk County. Iowas bedrock geology generally increases in age from west to east, in northwest Iowa, Cretaceous bedrock can be 74 million years old, in eastern Iowa Cambrian bedrock dates to c.500 million years ago. Iowa is generally not flat, most of the consists of rolling hills. Iowa can be divided into eight landforms based on glaciation, soils, topography, Loess hills lie along the western border of the state, some of which are several hundred feet thick. Northeast Iowa along the Mississippi River is part of the Driftless Zone, consisting of steep hills, several natural lakes exist, most notably Spirit Lake, West Okoboji Lake, and East Okoboji Lake in northwest Iowa. To the east lies Clear Lake, man-made lakes include Lake Odessa, Saylorville Lake, Lake Red Rock, Coralville Lake, Lake MacBride, and Rathbun Lake. The states northwest area has remnants of the once common wetlands. Iowas natural vegetation is tallgrass prairie and savanna in areas, with dense forest and wetlands in flood plains and protected river valleys. Most of Iowa is used for agriculture, crops cover 60% of the state, grasslands cover 30%, as of 2005 Iowa ranked 49th of U. S. states in public land holdings. Endangered or threatened plants include western prairie fringed orchid, eastern prairie fringed orchid, Meads milkweed, prairie bush clover, the explosion in the number of high-density livestock facilities in Iowa has led to increased rural water contamination and a decline in air quality. Iowa has a continental climate throughout the state

6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

7.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing

8.
KRNT
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KRNT is a radio station broadcasting a sports format. The station won a Peabody Award in 1945 for outstanding reporting of news, the station also broadcasts on 102.1 FM via translator K271CO, licensed to Des Moines. KSO, located at 1370 AM, moved from Clarinda, Iowa into Des Moines in 1932, on March 17,1935, the station officially became KRNT and moved to 1320 AM. At that time, both stations were owned and operated by corporations of the Des Moines Register-Tribune. KRNT moved to the current 1350 AM frequency in 1941, then-owners Cowles Media started up a sister station, KRNT-FM in 1948, but took it off the air and returned the license in 1955. In 1970, they signed on another KRNT-FM, for years, KRNT carried an adult standards format, supplemented by sports programming. In 2015, the standards format was moved to sister station KAZRs HD2 subchannel. KRNT was rebranded ESPN Des Moines as it became the markets ESPN Radio affiliate

9.
KCCI
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KCCI, channel 8, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Des Moines, Iowa, USA, owned by the broadcasting subsidiary of the Hearst Corporation. KCCI has studios located on Ninth Street in downtown Des Moines, KCCI started on the air on July 31,1955 as KRNT-TV, the third television station in Des Moines and the ninth in Iowa. It was owned by the Cowles family, publishers of the Des Moines Register and Des Moines Tribune newspapers, the calls stood for the papers nickname in central Iowa, the R n T. The Cowles family and rival KSO radio both applied for the channel 8 construction permit, a decision was held up due to issues with the Cowles ownership of Look magazine. Eventually, the two reached a settlement that allowed KRNT to own 60 percent of the TV station. Yet once the Federal Communications Commission approved the license, KRNT immediately bought out KSOs share of the station. KRNT-TVs broadcasting day was originally about five to six hours long, the station has been part of the CBS television network through its entire history, owing to KRNT radios long affiliation with the CBS Radio Network. The FCC tightened its rules in the 1970s, forcing the Cowles interests to sell one of their Des Moines broadcast outlets. They opted to sell KRNT radio and KRNQ-FM to Stauffer Communications in 1974 and retain both newspapers and KRNT-TV, which became KCCI-TV, the new calls standing for owner Cowles Communications, Inc. Over the years, Cowles Communications bought several other outlets, including KTVH in Hutchinson, Kansas WESH-TV in Daytona Beach, Florida. In 1983, the Cowles family announced it was breaking up its vast media empire, while the Register went to the Gannett Company and the Register and Tribune Syndicate went to the Hearst Corporations King Features Syndicate division, KCCI and WESH went to H&C Communications. The two stations were sold again in 1993, this time to Pulitzer, what was then known as Hearst-Argyle Television bought all of Pulitzers television holdings in 1998. KCCI began broadcasting in high-definition television on channel 8.1 in 2002, on July 1,2011, KCCI replaced the weather channel with MeTV on subchannel 8.2. The station operates a website at www. kcci. com, for several years the stations website was known as www. theiowachannel. com, following the practice of other Hearst-Argyle stations, and people going to kcci. com were redirected to theiowachannel. com. In October 2005, the switched back to the kcci. com name for its web site. On December 10,2008, current KCCI President and General Manager Paul Fredericksen announced a reorganization which eliminated six positions. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 31 to VHF channel 8. Some viewers have had trouble receiving KCCIs channel 8 VHF digital signal, but on June 12,2013, the station cancelled the permit

10.
Editorial cartoon
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An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artists opinion. An artist who writes and draws such images is known as an editorial cartoonist and they typically combine artistic skill, hyperbole and satire in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. The pictorial satire of William Hogarth has been credited as the precursor to the political cartoon and his pictures combined social criticism with sequential artistic scenes. A frequent target of his satire was the corruption of early-18th-century British politics and his art often had a strong moralizing element to it, such as in his masterpiece of 1719, A Rakes Progress. However, his work was only tangentially politicized and was regarded on its artistic merits. George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend produced some of the first overtly political cartoons, Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon. The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a school of caricature. Party warfare was carried on with vigour and not a little bitterness. Gillrays incomparable wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, george Cruikshank became the leading cartoonist in the period following Gillray. His early career was renowned for his caricatures of English life for popular publications. He gained notoriety with his prints that attacked the royal family. His work included a personification of England named John Bull who was developed from about 1790 in conjunction with other British satirical artists such as James Gillray, and Thomas Rowlandson. The art of the cartoon was further developed with the publication of the periodical Punch in 1841, founded by Henry Mayhew. It was bought by Bradbury and Evans in 1842, who capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies to turn the magazine into a preeminent national institution. Punch humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, artists who published in Punch during the 1840s and 50s included John Leech, Richard Doyle, John Tenniel and Charles Keene. This group became known as The Punch Brotherhood, which also included Charles Dickens who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman, Punch authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called Once A Week, created in response to Dickens departure from Household Words. For over five decades he was a steadfast social witness to the sweeping changes that occurred during this period alongside his fellow cartoonist John Leech. By the mid 19th century, major newspapers in many countries featured cartoons designed to express the publishers opinion on the politics of the day

11.
Ding Darling
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Jay Norwood Darling, better known as Ding Darling, was an American cartoonist who won two Pulitzer Prizes. Darling was born in Norwood, Michigan, where his parents, Marcellus, in 1886, the family moved to Sioux City, Iowa. Darling began college in 1894 at Yankton College in South Dakota, there he became art editor of the yearbook and began signing his work with a contraction of his last name, Ding, a nickname that stuck. In 1900, Ding became a reporter for the Sioux City Journal, following his marriage to Genevieve Pendleton in 1906, he began work with the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1911, he moved to New York and worked with the New York Globe, three years later, in 1916, he returned to New York and accepted a position with the New York Herald Tribune. By 1919, Darling returned a final time to Des Moines where he continued his career as a cartoonist, winning the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1924 and his cartoons were published from 1917 to 1949 in the New York Herald Tribune. Darling penned some conservation cartoons and he was an important figure in the conservation movement, Darling initiated the Federal Duck Stamp program and designed the first stamp. Roosevelt appointed him as head of the U. S, biological Survey, forerunner of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The J. N. Ding Darling National Wildlife Refuge on Sanibel Island in southwest Florida is named for him, Lake Darling, a 9, 600-acre lake at the Upper Souris National Wildlife Refuge is also named his in honor. More recently a lodge at the National Conservation Training Center near Shepherdstown, Darling was elected as a member of the Boone and Crockett Club, a wildlife conservation organization, on December 13,1934. In 1960, the National Audubon Society awarded Darling the Audubon Medal for his conservation achievements

12.
Opinion poll
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An opinion poll, sometimes simply referred to as a poll, is a human research survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions, since Jackson won the popular vote in that state and the whole country, such straw votes gradually became more popular, but they remained local, usually city-wide phenomena. In 1916, The Literary Digest embarked on a national survey, then, in 1936, its 2.3 million voters constituted a huge sample, but they were generally more affluent Americans who tended to have Republican sympathies. The Literary Digest was ignorant of this new bias, the week before election day, at the same time, George Gallup conducted a far smaller survey, in which he polled a demographically representative sample. Gallup correctly predicted Roosevelts landslide victory, the Literary Digest soon went out of business, while polling started to take off. Elmo Roper was another American pioneer in political forecasting using scientific polls and he predicted the reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt three times, in 1936,1940, and 1944. Louis Harris had been in the field of opinion since 1947 when he joined the Elmo Roper firm. Looking for popular support or dissent with this question asked by appeasement politician, the Allied occupation powers helped to create survey institutes in all of the Western occupation zones of Germany in 1947 and 1948 to better steer denazification. By the 1950s, various types of polling had spread to most democracies, in long-term perspective, advertising had come under heavy pressure in the early 1930s. The Great Depression forced businesses to cut back on their advertising spending. Layoffs and reductions were common at all agencies, the New Deal furthermore aggressively promoted consumerism, and minimized the value of advertising. Historian Jackson Lears argues that By the late 1930s, though, George Gallup, the vice president of Young and Rubicon, and numerous other advertising experts, led the way. Moving into the 1940s, the played a leading role in the ideological mobilization of the American people for fighting the Nazis. As part of effort, they redefined the American Way of Life in terms of a commitment to free enterprise. Advertisers, Lears concludes, played a crucial role in creating the consumer culture that dominated post-World War II American society. Opinion polls for many years were maintained through telecommunications or in person-to-person contact, Methods and techniques vary, though they are widely accepted in most areas. Over the years, technological innovations have also influenced survey methods such as the availability of electronic clipboards, verbal, ballot, and processed types can be conducted efficiently, contrasted with other types of surveys, systematics, and complicated matrices beyond previous orthodox procedures. Opinion polling developed into popular applications through popular thought, although rates for some surveys declined

13.
Gallup (company)
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Gallup, Inc. is an American research-based, global performance-management consulting company. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide. It provides research and strategic consulting to organizations in many countries, focusing on analytics and advice to help leaders. Some of Gallups stated key practice areas are employee engagement, customer engagement, talent management, Gallup has 30 offices in more than 20 countries, employing about 2,000 people in four divisions, Gallup Poll, Gallup Consulting, Gallup University, and Gallup Press. George Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of the Gallup Organization, in Princeton, New Jersey and he wished to objectively determine the opinions held by the people. In 1936, Gallup successfully predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U. S. presidency, in 1938, Gallup and Gallup Vice President David Ogilvy began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry. In 1958, the modern Gallup Organization was formed when George Gallup grouped all of his operations into one organization. In 1985, the organization started compiling video games sales charts in the United Kingdom, after Gallups death in 1984, his family sold the firm to Selection Research, Incorporated, a research firm headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1988. SRI, founded in 1969 by the psychologist Don Clifton, pioneered the use of talent-based structured psychological interviews, SRI wanted the Gallup name to use on its polls, which gave them more credibility and higher response rates. Today the poll is used to gain visibility, George Gallup, Jr. established the nonprofit George H. Gallup Foundation as part of the acquisition agreement. Gallup Jr. died on November 21,2011, the Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public opinion polls. Gallup Poll results, analyses, and videos are published daily in the form of data-driven news, the poll loses about $10 million a year, but gives the company the visibility of a well-known brand. Historically, the Gallup Poll has measured and tracked the publics attitudes concerning political, social, Gallup Daily tracking is made up of two surveys, the Gallup U. S. Daily political and economic survey and the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, for both surveys, Gallup conducts 500 interviews across the U. S. per day,350 days out of the year, with 70% on cellphones and 30% on landlines. Gallup Daily tracking methodology relies on live interviewers, dual-frame random-digit-dial sampling, the population of the U. S. that relied only on cell phones was 34% of the population in 2012. Within each contacted household reached via landline, an interview is sought with an adult 18 years of age or older living in the household who will have the next birthday, Gallup Daily tracking includes Spanish-language interviews for Spanish-speaking respondents and interviews in Alaska and Hawaii. When respondents to be interviewed are selected at random, every adult has a probability of falling into the sample. Gallups Daily tracking process now allows Gallup analysts to aggregate larger groups of interviews for more detailed subgroup analysis, but the accuracy of the estimates derived only marginally improves with larger sample sizes. S

14.
Principal Park
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Principal Park, formerly Sec Taylor Stadium, is a minor league baseball stadium in Des Moines, Iowa. It is the field of the Pacific Coast Leagues Iowa Cubs. Principal Park is at the confluence of the Des Moines River, the stadium seats 11,500 fans, with 4,088 club seats and has 45 luxury suites,12 of which are in a building in left field that also houses the Cub Club restaurant. The Iowa State Capitol building is visible from beyond the center field fence, the first ballpark at this site was Pioneer Memorial Stadium in 1947. It was renamed Sec Taylor Stadium in honor of longtime Des Moines Register sports editor Garner Sec Taylor on September 2,1959, the park served as home of the Des Moines Bruins of the Class A Western League and the Des Moines Demons of the Class B Three–I League. It became the home of the Iowa Cubs in 1969, by the late 1980s the original stadium was becoming run down, and was starting to develop a seedy reputation as the wooden seats and bleachers were splintering and unpainted. After Des Moines voters approved an issue to rebuild Sec Taylor Stadium in August 1990. The present facility, complete with sky boxes, plastic seats, metal bleachers, during part of the 1993 season the stadium was submerged by the Great Flood of 1993, but the team still went on to win the American Association championship. The Triple-A All-Star Game was held here in 1997, in 2004, Chicago Cubs pitchers Mark Prior and Kerry Wood—both former I-Cubs players—pitched rehabilitation starts in Des Moines and attracted sellout crowds in the process. Wood made two rehab starts at Principal Park on June 14,2005 and one start on May 12,2006. On August 5,2004, Sec Taylor Stadium was renamed Principal Park after the Principal Financial Group purchased the rights to the facility. The playing field is known as Sec Taylor Field. The $2.5 million deal covered part of a $6.8 million renovation project took place during the 2005–2006 off–season. On August 26,2004, the ballpark hosted a concert featuring Bob Dylan, Principal Park hosted its first Iowa High School Athletic Association state baseball tournament in 2005 and is scheduled to host the tournament through 2015. Principal Parks single–game attendance record was set on June 8,2007, however, the highest attendance for any event at the stadium was set on September 25,2009, when a Dave Matthews Band concert brought in a sellout crowd of 18,158. On June 14,2008, the Iowa Cubs beat the Nashville Sounds 5–4, the paid attendance was 0 due to flooding concerns in the Downtown Des Moines area. The stadium hosted live watch parties during the 2015 and 2016 playoff runs for the parent Chicago Cubs, in 1995, the ballpark added a new look with a remodeled clubhouse and 12 skyboxes in left field. The $2 million clubhouse expansion featured new locker room facilities for both the Cubs and visiting clubs, many new features were added prior to the 2000 season

15.
Peach (color)
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Peach is a color that is named for the pale color of the exterior flesh of the peach fruit. Like the color apricot, the color called peach is paler than most actual peach fruits, peach can also be described as a pale, pinkish-yellow. At right is displayed the color peach, the shade of peach shown at right approximates the color of the interior flesh of that variety of peaches known as white peaches. The first recorded use of peach as a name in English was in 1588. The etymology of the peach, the word comes from the Middle English peche, derived from Middle French, in turn derived from Latin persica. In actuality, the origin of the peach fruit was from China. Displayed at right is the web color peach puff, displayed at right is the deep tone of peach called peach in Crayola crayons. Fungi The peach-colored fly agaric is a peach-colored mushroom, sexuality In the bandana code of the gay leather subculture, wearing a peach bandana means that one is a bear or a cub looking for a bear

16.
RAGBRAI
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First held in 1973, RAGBRAI is the largest bike-touring event in the world. Riders begin at a community on Iowas western border and ride to a community on the eastern border, the ride is one week long, ending on the last Saturday of July each year, after beginning on the previous Sunday. The earliest possible starting date is July 19 and the latest is July 25, RAGBRAI holds an annual lottery which selects 8,500 week-long riders. The lottery is held beginning November 15 of the previous year, random computer selection determines the participants. A registration form is available on the RAGBRAI web site and can either be entered online or printed and mailed to the Des Moines Register, entrants are notified by email on May 1 as to the lottery results. There are also passes on a first come, first served basis for 1,500 day riders, additionally, Iowa bicycle clubs and charters, as well as teams and groups, receive a number of passes for which members apply through those organizations. Despite the official limits, unregistered riders have on many days swelled the number of riders to well over the registered number count. Eight host communities are selected each year, one each for the beginning and end points, at the beginning of the ride, participants traditionally dip the rear wheels of their bikes in either the Missouri River or the Big Sioux River. At the end, the riders dip the front wheels in the Mississippi River, the 44th ride, RAGBRAI XLIV, was held July 24-30,2016, beginning in Glenwood and staying at Shenandoah, Creston, Leon, Centerville, Ottumwa, and Washington before ending in Muscatine. The 45th ride, RAGBRAI XLV, will be on July 23-29,2017, beginning in Orange City, with stops in Spencer, Algona, Clear Lake, Charles City, Cresco. The ride has passed through all 99 of Iowas counties in its history, a total of 13 communities have served as the starting point, while 12 have hosted the finish and 104 other communities have been overnight hosts during the week of the ride. The 2017 ride will feature the 14th community to be a point as well as the 105th community to be an overnight host during the week. An event known as the RAGBRAI Route Announcement Party is held the last part of January to release the names of the overnight towns, the route is fleshed out in the following weeks and is announced in the Register and the RAGBRAI web site in early March. Even after then, changes to the route have sometimes been made, RAGBRAI began in 1973 when Des Moines Register feature writers John Karras and Donald Kaul decided to go on a bicycle ride across Iowa. Karras challenged Kaul to do the ride and write articles about what he experienced, Kaul agreed to do it, but only if Karras also did the ride. Karras then agreed to ride as well, the newspapers management approved of the plan. Don Benson, a public relations director at the Register, was assigned to coordinate the event, upon the suggestion of Ed Heins, the managing editor, the writers invited the public to accompany them. The ride was planned to start on August 26 in Sioux City, the overnight stops were Storm Lake, Fort Dodge, Ames, Des Moines and Williamsburg

17.
Iowa General Assembly
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The Iowa General Assembly is the legislative branch of the state government of Iowa. Like the federal United States Congress, the General Assembly is a body, composed of the upper house Iowa Senate. The Senate consists of four terms and the House consists of two year terms. The General Assembly convenes within the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, the IGA consists of 50 senators and 100 representatives. Each senator represents about 60,927 people and each representative about 30,464 people as of the 2010 United States Census, the last redistricting was enacted on April 19,2011 for the 2012 elections 85th General Assembly. The IGA convenes annually on the second Monday in January, as of January 2017, the Iowa Senate, House of Representatives and the Governors office are all controlled by Republicans. Prior to the 2006 elections, Iowa had one of the most evenly divided state legislatures in the country, with a 25-25 split in the Senate, leaders in the Senate are President Jack Whitver, and President Pro Tempore Jerry Behn. Partisan Senate leadership includes Majority Leader Bill Dix, and Minority Leader Rob Hogg, in the House, the Speaker is Linda Upmeyer, and the Speaker Pro Tempore Matt Windschitl. Partisan House leadership includes Majority Leader Chris Hagenow, and Minority Leader Mark Smith, Iowa Senate Iowa House of Representatives State of Iowa Iowa Legislature official government website Iowa General Assembly official website Iowa Code Iowa Constitution

18.
1916 Republican National Convention
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The 1916 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago from June 7 to June 10. A major goal of the bosses at the convention was to heal the bitter split within the party that had occurred in the 1912 presidential campaign. In that year, Theodore Roosevelt bolted the GOP and formed his own party, the Progressive Party. William Howard Taft, the incumbent president, won the nomination of the regular Republican Party and this split in the GOP ranks divided the Republican vote and led to the election of Democrat Woodrow Wilson. They turned to Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who had served on the court since 1910, although he had not actively sought the nomination, Hughes made it known that he would not turn it down, he won the nomination on the third ballot. Former Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks was nominated as his running mate, Hughes was the only Supreme Court Justice to be nominated for president by a major political party. Fairbanks was the last former vice president, to be nominated for vice president, then-Senator Warren G. Harding is credited with coining the phrase Founding Fathers during his keynote address. Roosevelts influence put a stop to the presidential candidacies of former Ohio Congressman Theodore E. Burton. Former Vice President Charles Fairbanks made a run at the presidency and attempted to curry Roosevelts support, Hughes won the nomination on the third ballot, and Roosevelt chose to forgo a third-party bid. There were three ballots, Former Vice President Charles Fairbanks had no interest in serving another term as vice president, but when the party nominated him, he accepted the nomination

19.
Herbert Hoover
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Herbert Clark Hoover was an American politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. He was defeated in a landslide in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D, a lifelong Quaker, he became a successful mining engineer around the globe and retired in 1912. In the First World War he built a reputation as a humanitarian by leading relief efforts in Belgium during the war. He headed the U. S. Food Administration during World War I and his reputation as a Progressive businessman fighting for efficiency and elimination of waste was built as the Secretary of Commerce 1921-28. Hoover was a leader in the Efficiency Movement, which held that every institution public and they all could be improved by experts who could identify the problems and solve them. He also believed in the importance of volunteerism and of the role of individuals in society, in the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no elected-office experience. Although Hoover never raised the issue, some of his supporters did in mobilizing anti-Catholic sentiment against his opponent Al Smith. He reluctantly approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930, which sent foreign trade spiralling down and he believed it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, so he raised the tax rates. The economy kept falling, and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, with industry, mining. This downward spiral, plus his support for policies that had lost favor, set the stage for Hoovers overwhelming defeat in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Most historians agree that Hoovers defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by the downward economic spiral, Hoover became a conservative spokesman for opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of the New Deal. He opposed entry into the Second World War and was not given any role to play, in 1946, President Harry S. Truman liked Hoover and appointed him to survey war-torn Germany which produced a number of reports that changed U. S. occupation policy. In 1947, Truman appointed Hoover to head the Hoover Commission, by the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. Nevertheless, Hoover is often ranked by historians as one of the worst U. S. presidents. Herbert Hoover was born on August 10,1874, in West Branch, Iowa, he would become the only President so far born in that state and the first born west of the Mississippi River. His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German, German-Swiss, Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Hoovers mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada, both of his parents were Quakers. At about age two he contracted the croup and he was so ill that he was momentarily thought to have died, until he was resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn

20.
Wendell Willkie
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Wendell Lewis Willkie was an American lawyer and corporate executive, and the 1940 Republican nominee for President. His Democratic opponent, incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt, won the 1940 election with about 55% of the popular vote, Willkie was born in Indiana in 1892, both his parents were lawyers, and he also became one. He served in World War I but was not sent to France until the days of the war. Willkie settled in Akron, Ohio, where he was employed by Firestone. Much of his work was representing electric utilities, and in 1929 Willkie accepted a job in New York City as counsel for Commonwealth & Southern Corporation and he was rapidly promoted, and became corporate president in 1933. Roosevelt was sworn in as U. S. president soon after Willkie became head of C&S, between 1933 and 1939, Willkie fought against the TVA before Congress, in the courts, and before the public. He was ultimately unsuccessful, but sold C&Ss property for a good price, a longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the 1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as a choice for a deadlocked convention. He sought backing from uncommitted delegates, while his supporters – many youthful – enthusiastically promoted his candidacy, Willkies support for aid to Britain removed it as a major factor in his race against Roosevelt, and Willkie also backed the president on a peacetime draft. Both men took more isolationist positions towards the end of the race, Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term, taking 38 of the 48 states. After the election, Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as Roosevelts informal envoy, and as leader of the Republican Party gave the president his full support. This angered many conservatives, especially as Willkie increasingly advocated liberal or internationalist causes, Willkie ran for the Republican nomination in 1944, but bowed out after a disastrous showing in the Wisconsin primary in April. He and Roosevelt discussed the possibility of forming, after the war, a political party. Willkie is remembered for giving Roosevelt vital political assistance in 1940, Lewis Wendell Willkie was born in Elwood, Indiana on February 18,1892, the son of Henrietta and Herman Francis Willkie. Both of his parents were lawyers, his mother being one of the first women admitted to the Indiana bar and his father was born in Germany and his mother was born in Indiana, to German parents, his grandparents were involved in the unsuccessful 1848 revolutions in Germany. The Trisches initially settled in Kansas Territory but, as they were abolitionists, Willkie was the fourth of six children, all intelligent, and learned skills during the nightly debates around the dinner table that would later serve him well. Although given the first name Lewis, Willkie was known from childhood by his middle name, the Willkie boys had a sidewalk fight with Republican youths, and though the Willkies won their battle, Bryan did not, defeated by former Ohio governor William McKinley. When Bryan ran again in 1900, he stayed overnight at the Willkie home, Willkie began to shine as a student in high school, inspired by his English teacher, one classmate said that Philip Pat Bing fixed that boy up

21.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president

22.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn

23.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana

24.
Hubert Humphrey
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Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1969. Humphrey twice served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota from 1949 to 1964 and 1971 to 1978 and he was the nominee of the Democratic Party in the 1968 presidential election, losing to the Republican nominee Richard M. Nixon. Born in Wallace, South Dakota in 1911, Humphrey attended the University of Minnesota before earning his pharmacist license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in 1931. He helped run his fathers pharmacy until 1937 when he returned to academia, graduating with a degree from Louisiana State University in 1940. He returned to Minnesota during World War II and became a supervisor for the Works Progress Administration and he was then appointed state director of the Minnesota war service program before becoming the assistant director of the War Manpower Commission. In 1943, Humphrey became a professor of Political Science at Macalester College, Humphrey helped found the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party in 1944, and in 1945, became the DFL candidate for mayor of Minneapolis for a second time, winning with 61% of the vote. Humphrey served as mayor from 1945 to 1948, he was reelected and he served three terms in the Senate from 1949 to 1964 and was the Democratic Majority Whip from 1961 to 1964. Humphrey ran for two failed Presidential campaigns in the 1952 and 1960 Democratic primaries, after Johnson made the surprise announcement that he would not seek reelection in March 1968, Humphrey launched his campaign for the presidency the following month. Humphreys main Democratic challengers were anti-Vietnam War Senators Eugene McCarthy and Robert F. Kennedy, Humphreys delegate strategy succeeded in clinching the nomination, choosing Senator Edmund Muskie as his running mate. On November 5,1968, Humphrey lost to former Vice President Richard Nixon in the general election, Humphrey then returned to teaching in Minnesota before returning to the Senate in 1971. He became the first Deputy President pro tempore of the United States Senate, Humphrey died of bladder cancer at his home in Waverly, Minnesota, and is buried at the Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. He was succeeded by his wife of forty-one years Muriel Humphrey as interim Senator for Minnesota, Humphrey was born in a room over his fathers drugstore in Wallace, South Dakota. In the late 1920s, an economic downturn hit Doland. After his son graduated from Dolands high school, Hubert Humphrey Sr. left Doland and opened a new drugstore in the town of Huron, South Dakota. Because of the financial struggles, Humphrey had to leave the University of Minnesota after just one year. He earned a license from the Capitol College of Pharmacy in Denver, Colorado. Both father and son were innovative businessmen in finding ways to attract customers, to supplement their business, a sign featuring a wooden pig was hung over the drugstore to tell the public about this unusual service. Farmers got the message, and it was Humphreys that became known as the farmers drugstore, Humphrey himself later wrote that we made Humphreys Sniffles, a substitute for Vicks Nose Drops

25.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland

26.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier

27.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts

28.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society

29.
Iowa Democratic caucuses, 2008
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The 2008 United States presidential election in Iowa took place on November 4,2008 in Iowa, as part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 7 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, Iowa was won by the Democratic nominee, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois, by a 9. 54% margin of victory. Obama took 53. 93% of the vote while his Republican opponent, Senator John McCain of Arizona, prior to the election, all 17 news organizations considered this a state Obama would win, or otherwise considered as a safe blue state. In 2004, Republican George W. Bush had very narrowly won Iowa in his re-election bid, a Midwestern state where agriculture plays a critical role in the daily lives of its citizens, Iowa is nevertheless an independent state. However, due to Obamas victory in the Iowa caucuses, Bushs unpopularity, and the troubling economy, the 2008 Iowa caucuses took place on January 3,2008. They are a primary, with the delegates to the state convention selected proportionally via a straw poll. The Iowa caucuses mark the formal start of the delegate selection process for the 2008 United States presidential election. It was the first election of the 2008 presidential election, also referred to as the First in the Nation Caucus, it was the first election of the primary season on both the Democratic and Republican sides. Of the eight major Democratic presidential candidates, then-U. S, Senator Barack Obama of Illinois received the most votes and was ultimately declared the winner of the Iowa Democratic Caucus of 2008, making him the first African American to win the caucus. Senator John Edwards of North Carolina came in place and then-U. S. Senator Hillary Clinton of New York finished third, though Clinton received more delegates than Edwards, campaigning had begun as early as two years before the event. The Iowa Caucuses have historically been the first held in the United States, Iowa state law mandates that its caucus must be held at least eight days before any other meeting, caucus, or primary for the presidential nominating process. Therefore, the Iowa Caucuses have always traditionally the leading state in the nominating process. Not only did controversy brew between the candidates, but the caucuses themselves drew a large amount of media attention, the decisions of the Iowans often affect the rest of the campaign season. Barack Obamas victory in Iowa helped establish him as one of the Democratic frontrunners of 2008 and was a first step toward his eventual nomination, the caucuses followed the regular procedures of the Democratic Party process. Any voter who was a registered Democrat and a resident of Iowa was eligible to participate in the event, individuals could have chosen to register or change their party affiliation at the door. It was estimated that 60 percent of the caucusgoers would have attended the caucuses for the first time, all of the caucusgoers met in public buildings or schools in their respective precincts and divided themselves into groups, each group represented a candidate. To be viable, each preference group/candidate must have had at least 15 percent of the caucusgoers votes, in Iowa, there were 1,784 precincts for the caucuses

30.
John McCain
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John Sidney McCain III is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for the 2008 U. S. presidential election, McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became an aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, in October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973, McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds have left him with physical limitations. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1982, McCain served two terms. He was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily five times, while generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a maverick for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. He is also known for his work in the 1990s to restore relations with Vietnam. McCain ran for the Republican nomination in 2000 but lost a primary season contest to George W. Bush of Texas. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration, by 2013, however, he had become a key figure in the Senate for negotiating deals on certain issues in an otherwise partisan environment. In 2015, McCain became chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, John McCain was born on August 29,1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. and Roberta McCain. He has a brother named Joe and an elder sister named Sandy. At that time, the Panama Canal was under U. S. control, McCains family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors. Both his father and his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. became four-star United States Navy admirals. The McCain family followed his father to various postings in the United States. Altogether, he attended about 20 schools, in 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis

31.
Iowa Republican caucuses, 2008
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The 2008 Iowa Republican caucuses took place on January 4,2008. The Iowa Republican caucuses are a primary, with the delegates to the state convention selected proportionally via a straw poll. The Iowa caucuses mark the formal start of the delegate selection process for the 2008 United States presidential election. Prior to the 2008 caucuses, as in previous cycles with a competitive presidential race. The official one, electing delegates to the convention, was held on January 3,2008. In the Ames Straw Poll, Mitt Romney finished first with 32% of the vote, in the January 2008 caucuses, Mike Huckabee finished first with 34% of the vote. Unlike the Democratic caucus, the Republican Party does not use voting rounds or have minimum requirements for a percent of votes, the Republican version is done with a straw vote of those attending the caucus. This vote is sometimes done by a show of hands or by dividing themselves into groups according to candidate. However, officially it is done with voters receiving a piece of paper with no names on it. Following the straw poll, delegates are elected from the remaining participants in the room. All delegates are officially considered unbound, but media outlets either apportion delegates proportionally or apportion them in terms of winner-take-all by counties, in precincts that elect only one delegate, the delegate is chosen by majority vote and the vote must be by paper ballot. The state party strongly urges that delegates reflect the results of the preference poll, the 2007 Ames straw poll was held at Iowa State University s Hilton Coliseum on August 11,2007. This was primarily a fundraising event for the states Republican Party, tickets were available through the various presidential campaigns and the Iowa Republican Partys headquarters. In general, the candidates bought large blocks of tickets and gave out for free to whoever agreed to go. The candidates also rented buses to transport voters to Ames, Mitt Romney finished first with 32% of the vote, followed by Mike Huckabee, Sam Brownback, Tom Tancredo, and Ron Paul. Six other candidates shared the remaining 14% of the vote.5 percentage points, Mike Huckabees results in the opinion polls rose from 29% in the Des Moines Registers poll in late November 2007. Mitt Romney rose two points from 24% in November to 26% in December, john McCain enjoyed the biggest increase from November, increasing six points from 7% to 13%, while Rudy Giuliani suffered the biggest drop from November, decreasing eight points from 13% to 5%. Giulianis large drop was attributed to his strategy of skipping early states such as Iowa and New Hampshire in favor of larger, delegate-rich states such as Florida, California, no other candidate polled more than 10%

32.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year

33.
Mitt Romney
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Raised in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, by his parents George and Lenore Romney, he spent 2½ years in France as a Mormon missionary, starting in 1966. He married Ann Davies in 1969, and they have five sons, by 1971, he had participated in the political campaigns of both parents. He earned a BA at Brigham Young University in 1971 and a joint JD–MBA at Harvard University in 1975, Romney entered the management consulting industry, and in 1977 secured a position at Bain & Company. Later serving as Bains chief executive officer, he helped lead the company out of a financial crisis, in 1984, he co-founded and led the spin-off company Bain Capital, a highly profitable private equity investment firm that became one of the largest of its kind in the nation. Active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he served during his business career as the bishop of his ward and then stake president in his home area near Boston. After stepping down from Bain Capital and his leadership role in the LDS Church. Upon losing to longtime incumbent Ted Kennedy, he resumed his position at Bain Capital, years later, a successful stint as President and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics led to a relaunch of his political career. He also presided over the elimination of a projected $1. 2–1.5 billion deficit through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and the closure of corporate tax loopholes. He did not seek re-election in 2006, instead focusing on his campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2008 U. S. presidential election and he won several primaries and caucuses, however, he lost to the eventual nominee, Senator John McCain. His considerable net worth, estimated in 2012 at $190–250 million, following his term as Governor of Massachusetts in 2007, Romney was the Republican Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election. He won the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, becoming the first Mormon to be a major party presidential nominee and he was defeated by incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama in the November 2012 general election, losing by 332–206 electoral college votes. The popular vote margin was 51–47 percent in Obamas favor, following the election, he initially kept a low profile, and later became more visible politically. Willard Mitt Romney was born on March 12,1947, at Harper University Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, one of four born to automobile executive George W. Romney. His mother was a native of Logan, Utah, and his father was born to American parents in a Mormon colony in Chihuahua, of primarily English descent, he also has Scottish and German ancestry. Another great-great-grandfather, Parley P. Pratt, helped lead the early Church, Romney has three elder siblings, Margo, Jane, and Scott. His parents named him after a friend, businessman J. Willard Marriott, and his fathers cousin, Milton Mitt Romney. Romney was referred to as Billy until kindergarten, when he indicated a preference for Mitt, in 1953, the family moved from Detroit to the affluent suburb of Bloomfield Hills. His father became the chairman and CEO of American Motors the following year, soon helping the company avoid bankruptcy, by 1959, his father had become a nationally known figure in print and on television, and the youngster idolized him

34.
Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016
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The 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump, an American businessman, television personality, and author, was formally launched on June 16,2015, at Trump Tower in New York City. Trump was the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election, having won the most state primaries, caucuses and he chose Mike Pence, the sitting Governor of Indiana, as his vice presidential running mate. On November 8,2016, Trump and Pence were elected president, some of his remarks were controversial and helped his campaign garner extensive coverage by the mainstream media, trending topics, and social media. Trumps campaign rallies attracted large crowds, as well as public controversy, Trump was accused of inciting violence at his rallies. Trumps disdain for political correctness was a theme of his campaign. Many, including some mainstream commentators and some prominent Republicans, viewed him as appealing to racism, since the 1988 presidential election, Trump was discussed as a potential candidate for President in nearly every election. In October 1999, Trump declared himself a candidate for the Reform Partys presidential nomination. In 2004, Trump said that he identified as a Democrat, Trump rejoined the Republican Party in September 2009, chose no party affiliation in December 2011, and again rejoined the GOP in April 2012. In early 2011, presidential speculation reached its highest point and Trump began to take a lead in polls among Republican candidates in the 2012 election, at the 2011 Conservative Political Action Conference, Trump said he is pro-life and against gun control. He also spoke before Tea Party supporters, early polls for the 2012 election had Trump among the leading candidates. In December 2011, Trump placed sixth in the ten most admired men and women living of 2011 USA Today/Gallup telephone survey, however, Trump announced in May 2011 that he would not be a candidate for the office. In 2013, Trump researched a possible run for President of the United States in 2016, in February 2015, Trump did not renew his television contract for The Apprentice, which raised speculation of his candidacy for President of the United States in 2016. Later that year, Trump was a speaker at the Conservative Political Action Conference. Trump formally announced his candidacy on June 16,2015, with a campaign rally, in his speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U. S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism. The campaign slogan was announced as Make America Great Again, Trump declared that he would self-fund his presidential campaign, and would refuse any money from donors and lobbyists. Ladbrokes offered 150/1 odds of Trump winning the presidency, following the announcement, most of the medias attention focused on Trumps comment on illegal immigration, When Mexico sends its people, theyre not sending their best. Theyre sending people that have lots of problems, and theyre bringing those problems with, and some, I assume, are good people. Trumps statement was controversial and led several businesses and organizations—including NBC, Macys, Univision, after the public backlash, Trump stood by his comments, citing news articles to back his claims

35.
Oskaloosa, Iowa
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Oskaloosa is a city in and the county seat of Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, it was a center of bituminous coal mining. The population was 11,463 in the 2010 census, an increase from 10,938 in the 2000 census, Oskaloosa derives its name from Ouscaloosa who, according to town lore, was a Creek princess who married Seminole chief Osceola. A local tradition was that her name meant last of the beautiful, the first European-American settlers arrived in 1835, led by Nathan Boone, youngest son of frontiersman Daniel Boone. Acting on instructions from Stephen W. Kearny, he selected this as the first site of Fort Des Moines, the ridge was originally called the Narrows. The town was platted in 1844 when William Canfield moved his trading post from the Des Moines River to Oskaloosa. The town was designated by the legislature as the county seat in the same year, on January 6,1882, most of the buildings in the north half of Oskaloosa were severely damaged and most of the plate glass windows in the area were broken by an explosion. Three boys were killed in the explosion, the boys had been seen shooting at the A. L. Spencer gunpowder magazine half a mile north of the town center, in the 1880s, more than one million tons of bituminous coal was mined in the area from 38 mines. The first mine in the area was opened shortly after 1853 by Robert Seevers, initially, coal was mined entirely for local consumption, but with the arrival of the railroads, coal from the region was shipped widely. By 1887, the report of the mine inspector listed 11 coal mines in. By 1895 the coal output of Mahaska County surpassed that of all other Iowa counties, in 1911, coal mining was reported to be the primary industry in the region. In 1914, the Carbon Block Coal Company of Centerville produced more than 100,000 tons of coal, several major coal-mining camps were located in the Oskaloosa area. Muchakinock was about 5 miles south of town, on the banks of the Muchakinock Creek, Lost Creek was a mining camp about 8 miles southeast of town. On January 24,1902, there was an explosion in the Lost Creek No.2 mine. This was one of two major mine disasters in Iowa between 1888 and 1913. 20 men died on the site and 14 more were badly injured, the explosion sparked a statewide miners strike. As a result, in April 1903, the legislature enacted a law to regulate blasting in coal mines

36.
Marco Rubio
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Marco Antonio Rubio /ˈruːbioʊ/ is an American politician and attorney, and the junior United States Senator from Florida. Rubio previously served as Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives, Rubio is a Cuban American from Miami, with degrees from the University of Florida and the University of Miami School of Law. In the late 1990s, he served as a City Commissioner for West Miami and was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2000, representing the 111th House district. Later in 2000, Rubio was promoted to be one of two majority whips, and in 2002, he was appointed House Majority Leader by Speaker Johnnie Byrd, subsequently, he was elected Speaker of the Florida House, serving as Speaker for two years beginning in November 2006. Upon leaving the Florida legislature in 2008 due to limits, Rubio started a new law firm, and also began teaching at Florida International University. Rubio successfully ran for United States Senate in 2010 and he is one of four Latino Americans serving in the Senate. In April 2015, Rubio announced that he would forgo seeking reelection to the Senate to run for President and he suspended his campaign for President on March 15,2016, after losing the Republican primary in his home state of Florida to Donald Trump. On June 22,2016, he reversed his decision not to seek reelection to the Senate, Rubio was reelected after defeating Democrat Patrick Murphy in the 2016 general election. Marco Antonio Rubio was born in Miami, Florida, the son and third child of Mario Rubio Reina. His parents were Cubans who immigrated to the United States in 1956 and his mother made at least four trips back after Castro’s victory, including for a month in 1961. Neither of his parents was a U. S. citizen at the time of Rubios birth, Rubios maternal grandfather, Pedro Victor Garcia, initially immigrated legally to the U. S. in 1956, but returned to Cuba to find work in 1959. When he returned to the U. S. in 1962 without a visa, he was detained as an immigrant. In March 2016, the New York Times reported that Garcia was put in a area of the law that meant he could remain in the U. S. from 1962 to 1966. Marco has three siblings, older brother Mario, older sister Barbara, and younger sister Veronica. Growing up, his family was Roman Catholic, though from age 8 to age 11 he, during those years in Nevada, his father worked as a bartender at Sams Town Hotel and his mother a housekeeper at the Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino. He received his first communion as a Catholic in 1984, before moving back to Miami with his family a year later and he was confirmed and later married in the Catholic Church. Rubio attended South Miami Senior High School, graduating in 1989 and he then attended Tarkio College in Missouri for one year on a football scholarship from 1989 to 1990, before enrolling at Santa Fe Community College in Gainesville, Florida. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in science from the University of Florida in 1993

37.
The Des Moines Register
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The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa. A separate edition of the Register is sold throughout much of Iowa, the first newspaper in Des Moines, the Iowa Star, was founded in 1849. In 1855, the Iowa Citizen began publication, it was renamed the Iowa State Register in 1860, in 1902, the Register merged with the Des Moines Leader, a descendant of the Star, to become the Des Moines Register and Leader. In 1903, Des Moines banker Gardner Cowles, Sr. purchased the Register and Leader, under the ownership of the Cowles family, the Register became Iowas largest and most influential newspaper, eventually adopting the slogan The Newspaper Iowa Depends Upon. Newspapers were distributed to all four corners of the state by train, during the 1960s, circulation of the Register peaked at nearly 250,000 for the daily edition and 500,000 for the Sunday edition–more than the population of Des Moines at the time. In 1935, the Register & Tribune Company founded radio station KRNT-AM, named after the newspapers nickname, the R n T. In 1955, the company, renamed Cowles Communications some years earlier, founded Des Moines third television station, KRNT-TV, Cowles eventually acquired other newspapers, radio stations and television stations, but almost all of them were sold to other companies by 1985. In 1943, the Register became the first newspaper to sponsor a statewide opinion poll when it introduced the Iowa Poll, Sports coverage was increased under sports editor Garner Sec Taylor – for whom Sec Taylor Field at Principal Park is named – in the 1920s. For many years the Register printed its sports sections on peach-colored paper, another Register tradition – the sponsorship of RAGBRAI – began in 1973 when writer John Karras challenged columnist Donald Kaul to do a border-to-border bicycle ride across Iowa. The liberal-leaning editorial page has brought Donald Kaul back for Sunday opinion columns, other local columns have faded and given way to Gannett-distributed material. In 1985, faced with declining circulation and revenues, the Cowles family sold off its various properties to different owners, at the time of sale, only The New York Times had won more Pulitzer Prizes for national reporting. Many of the Registers news stories and editorials focus on Des Moines, the Register opened a new printing and distribution facility on the south side of Des Moines in 2000. The news & advertising offices remained in downtown Des Moines, the old building was sold in late 2014 and will be redeveloped into a combination of apartments and retail space. In the three decades before the Cowles family acquired the Register in 1903, the Register was a voice of pragmatic conservatism. However, Garner Cowles Sr. who served as a Republican in the Iowa General Assembly and was a delegate to the 1916 Republican National Convention, was an advocate of progressive Republicanism. The new owners presented a variety of viewpoints, including Darling cartoons that frequently made fun of progressive politicians, Garner Cowles Sr. served in the administration of President Herbert Hoover. The publishers strongly supported Republican Wendell Willkies 1940 presidential campaign against Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the newspaper also supported Republican Dwight Eisenhowers campaigns for the Republican nomination and general election in 1952, and again in 1956. Although the Register endorsed presidential candidates Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, Hubert Humphrey in 1968, the paper was a severe critic of George W. Bushs warrantless wiretapping strategy, claiming that in doing so, President Bush has declared war on the American people

38.
Herblock
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Herbert Lawrence Block, commonly known as Herblock, was an American editorial cartoonist and author best known for his commentaries on national domestic and foreign policy. Block was the youngest of three born in Chicago to a Catholic mother, Theresa Lupe Block, and a father of Jewish descent, David Julian Block. He began taking classes at the Art Institute of Chicago when he was eleven, after graduating in 1927, he attended Lake Forest College for almost two years. Block moved to Cleveland in 1933 to become the staff cartoonist for Newspaper Enterprise Association and he won his first Pulitzer Prize in 1942, then spent two years in the Army doing cartoons and press releases. Upon discharge Block became chief editorial cartoonist for The Washington Post, blocks cartoons were syndicated to newspapers around the world by Creators Syndicate from 1987 until his death in 2001. He never married, and, in the Posts employee index and his first cartoon for the Chicago Daily News advocated conservation of Americas forests. Herblock said that his family was conservative and that his father voted for Herbert Hoover in 1928, but with the onset of the Great Depression, he became a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. He pointed out the dangers of Soviet aggression, the growing Nazi menace, while he criticized Stalin and other Communist figures, he also believed that the United States was overreacting to the danger of communism. In the early 1950s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was a target of Herblocks cartoons. He won a second Pulitzer Prize in 1954, the Washington Post officially endorsed Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election. Because Herblock supported Adlai Stevenson, the Post pulled his cartoons and he always insisted on total editorial independence, regardless of whether or not his cartoons agreed with the Posts stance on political issues. He focused most of his attacks on public figures in power, often on Republican figures. As an example—despite being an ardent admirer of Franklin Roosevelt—he found it necessary to attack the presidents 1937 court-packing scheme, during the 1950s, Herblock criticized Eisenhower mainly for insufficient action on civil rights and for not curbing the abuses of Senator McCarthy. In the following decade, he attacked the US war effort in Vietnam, the cartoonist would eventually be awarded this honor by Bill Clinton in 1994. Some of Herblocks finest cartoons were those attacking the Nixon Administration during the Watergate Scandal, Nixon canceled his subscription to the Post after Herblock drew him crawling out of an open sewer in 1954. He had once used the motif for Senator McCarthy. He also ended up on the presidents infamous enemies list, the tobacco industry was a favorite target of Herblock, who had smoked at one time. He gave it up and had criticized cigarette companies even before that, stating that he never got tired of his work, Herblock continued as the 21st century began by lampooning newly elected president George W. Bush

39.
David Horowitz
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David Joel Horowitz is an American conservative writer. Horowitz founded the organization Students for Academic Freedom to oppose what he believed to be political correctness and he has written several books with author Peter Collier, including four on prominent 20th-century American political families that had members elected to the presidency. He and Collier have collaborated on books about current cultural criticism, Horowitz has also worked as a columnist for Salon. Its then-editor Joan Walsh described him as a conservative provocateur, Horowitz was raised by parents who were members of the Communist Party USA during the Great Depression, they gave up their membership in 1956 after learning of Joseph Stalins purges and abuses. From 1956 to 1975, Horowitz was an adherent of the New Left. He later rejected liberal and progressive ideas completely and has become a proponent of conservatism. Horowitz has recounted his journey in a series of retrospective books, culminating with his 1996 memoir Radical Son. Horowitz is the son of Phil and Blanche Horowitz, who were school teachers. His father taught English and his mother taught stenography, during years of labor organizing and the Great Depression, Phil and Blanche Horowitz were long-standing members of the American Communist Party and strong supporters of Joseph Stalin. They left the party after Khrushchev published his report in 1956 about the crimes Stalin committed, according to Horowitz, Underneath the ordinary surfaces of their lives, my parents and their friends thought of themselves as secret agents. The mission they had undertaken, and about which they could not speak freely except with other, was not just an idea to them. It was more important to their sense of themselves than anything else they did, nor were its tasks of a kind they could attend or ignore, depending on their moods. They were more like the obligations of a religious faith, except that their faith was secular, and the millennium they awaited was being instituted, at that moment, in the very country that had become Americas enemy. It was this fact made their ordinary lives precarious and their secrecy necessary. If they lived under a cloud of suspicion, it was the result of more than just their political passions, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima had created a terror in the minds of ordinary people. Newspapers reported on American spy rings working to steal atomic secrets for the Soviet state, when people read these stories, they inevitably thought of progressives like us. Even if we never encountered a Soviet agent or engaged in an illegal act, each of us knew that our commitment to socialism implied the obligation to commit treason. It took five men to replace him, according to Horowitz, The publication of the Khrushchev Report was probably the greatest blow struck against the Soviet Empire during the Cold War

40.
Stanley Karnow
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Stanley Abram Karnow was an American journalist and historian. He is best known for his writings on the Vietnam War and he then began his career in journalism as Time correspondent in Paris in 1950. After covering Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, he went to Asia and he was friends with Anthony Lewis and Bernard Kalb. He covered Asia from 1959 until 1974 for Time, Life, the Saturday Evening Post, the London Observer, the Washington Post, present in Vietnam in July 1959 when the first Americans were killed, he reported on the Vietnam War in its entirety. This landed him a place on the master list of Nixon political opponents and it was during this time that he began to write Vietnam, A History. In 1990, Karnow won the Pulitzer Prize for History for his book In Our Image and he also worked for The New Republic and King Features Syndicate. Later in life, he tried to write a book on Asians in the United States, a book on Jewish humor progressed only to an outline. He also contemplated a memoir to be titled Interesting times or Out of Asia, stanley Karnow was born in Brooklyn on Feb.4,1925, the son of Harry and Henriette Koeppel Karnow. His first marriage with the famous French journalist Claude Sarraute ended in divorce, in 1959, he married Annette Kline, an artist who was working at the time as cultural attaché for the U. S. State Department in Algiers. Annette, died of cancer in July 2009 and they had a son and a daughter. Karnow belonged to the Council on Foreign Relations and the American Society of Historians, Karnow died on January 27,2013, at his home in Potomac, Maryland, at age 87 of congestive heart failure

41.
Spider-Man in other media
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Spider-Man is a superhero who has been adapted in various media including television shows, films, toys, stage shows, books, and video games. Spider-Man has been adapted to many times, as a short-lived live-action television series, a Japanese tokusatsu series. There were also the Spidey Super Stories segments on the PBS educational series The Electric Company, Spider-Mans first cartoon series ran from 1967-1970. In Spider-Woman Spider-Man appeared in Pyramids of Terror and the Kongo Spider voiced by Paul Soles, as a bit of foreshadowing, Spider-Mans hand appears shooting a web to save a citizen in the third season X-Men episode Phoenix Saga, Child of Light. In this series, Spider-Man was voiced by Christopher Daniel Barnes and that series continued as Spider-Man Unlimited the following year. Spider-Man Unlimited ended, after one season, on a cliffhanger that was never resolved. MTV picked up the show from July 11 to September 9,2003, David and Greenberger p.173, It was notable. for being the first and thus far the only Spidey animated series to be done as CGI. The next series, The Spectacular Spider-Man, premiered on March 8,2008, spider-Man/Peter Parker was voiced by Josh Keaton. Ultimate Spider-Man began airing on Disney XD in 2012, Peter Parker/Spider-Man is voiced by Drake Bell. This version has him team up with Iron Fist, Nova, Luke Cage, a new Spider-Man animated was announced in October 2016 to replace Ultimate Spider-Man. From 1978 to 1979, Nicholas Hammond starred as Peter Parker/Spider-Man in the television series The Amazing Spider-Man. The series concluded with an episode on July 6,1979. Takuya Yamashiro is Spider-Man in the Japanese Spider-Man television series, produced by Toei Company, Spider-Man appears in the Spider-Woman motion comics. In this series, he is voiced by Geoff Boothby, Nicholas Hammond portrayed Peter Parker / Spider-Man on-screen in the 1970s The Amazing Spider-Man tv series, and in three films which were released theatrically in Europe. Spider-Man Spider-Man Strikes Back Spider-Man, The Dragons Challenge Spider-Man, On May 3,2002 and it was directed by Sam Raimi and stars actor Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker. The film uses various CGI effects to bring Spider-Man to life and it opened at a record US$114.8 million and earned more than US$403 million in the U. S. and Canada, the highest North American gross of any film released that year, though surpassed internationally. The villain of film was the Green Goblin portrayed by Willem Dafoe. Spider-Man 2 was 2004s second-most financially successful film in North America and it premiered in more North American movie theaters than any previous film

42.
Will Eisner
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William Erwin Will Eisner was an American cartoonist, writer, and entrepreneur. He was one of the earliest cartoonists to work in the American comic book industry, in 1978, he popularized the term graphic novel with the publication of his book A Contract with God. He was a contributor to formal comics studies with his book Comics. The Eisner Award was named in his honor, and is given to recognize achievements each year in the comics medium, Eisners father Shmuel Samuel Eisner was born March 6,1886, in Kolomyia, Austria-Hungary, and was one of eleven children. He aspired to be an artist, and as a teenager painted murals for rich patrons, to avoid conscription in the army, he moved to New York before the outbreak of World War I. There he found getting work difficult as his English skills were poor and he made what living he could painting backdrops for vaudeville and the Jewish theater. Eisners mother, Fannie Ingber, was born to Jewish parents from Romania April 25,1891 and her mother died on her tenth birthday, and was quickly followed by her father. Family introduced Shmuel and Fannie, who were distant relatives and they had three children, son Will Erwin, born on his fathers birthday in 1917, son Julian, born February 3,1921, and daughter Rhoda, born November 2,1929. Eisner was born in Brooklyn, New York City and he grew up poor, and the family moved frequently. Young Eisner often got into physical confrontations when subject to antisemitism from his schoolmates, young Eisner was tall and of sturdy build, but lacked athletic skills. He was a consumer of pulp magazines and film, including avant-garde films such as those by Man Ray. To his mothers disappointment, Eisner had his fathers interest in art, Eisners mother frequently berated his father for not providing the family a better income, as he went from one job to another. Without success he also tried his hand at such ventures as a furniture retailer, the family situation was especially dire following the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that marked the beginning of the Great Depression. In 1930, the situation was so desperate that Eisners mother demanded that he, at thirteen and he entered working life selling newspapers on street corners, a competitive job where the toughest boys fought for the best locations. Eisner attended DeWitt Clinton High School, with influences that included the early 20th-century commercial artist J. C. Leyendecker, he drew for the newspaper, the literary magazine and the yearbook. Upon graduation, he studied under Canadian artist George Brandt Bridgman for a year at the Art Students League of New York, contacts made there led to a position as an advertising writer-cartoonist for the New York American newspaper. Eisner also drew illustrations for pulp magazines, including Western Sheriffs

43.
Spirit (comics)
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The Spirit is a fictional masked crimefighter created by cartoonist Will Eisner. The Spirit Section, as the insert was popularly known, continued until October 5,1952 and it generally included two other, four-page strips, plus filler material. The Spirit chronicles the adventures of a vigilante who fights crime with the blessing of the citys police commissioner Dolan. Despite the Spirits origin as detective Denny Colt, his identity was virtually unmentioned again. In the 1990s and 2000s, Kitchen Sink Press and DC Comics also published new Spirit stories by other writers, in 2011, IGN ranked him 21st in the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes. In late 1939, Everett M. Arnold compiled a presentation piece with existing Quality Comics material, an editor of The Washington Star liked George Brenners comic-book feature The Clock, but not Brenners art, and was favorably disposed toward a Lou Fine strip. In late 39, just before Christmas time, Eisner recalled in 1979, Arnold came to me, martin asked if I could do it. It meant that Id have to leave Eisner & Iger was making money, we were very profitable at that time and things were going very well. Anyway, I agreed to do the Sunday comic book and we started discussing the deal was that wed be partners in the Comic Book Section and they agreed that if we had a split-up in any way, the property would revert to me on that day that happened. My attorney went to Busy Arnold and his family, and they all signed a release agreeing that they would not pursue the question of ownership and this would include the eventual backup features, Mr. Mystic and Lady Luck. Selling his share of their firm to Iger, who would continue to package comics as the S. M. Iger Studio and as Phoenix Features through 1955, for $20,000, Eisner left to create The Spirit. They gave me an audience, Eisner said in 1997. I sold my part of the enterprise to my associate and then began The Spirit and they wanted an heroic character, a costumed character. They asked me if hed have a costume, and I put a mask on him and said, Yes, he has a costume. The character and the types of stories Eisner would tell, Eisner said in 1978, I always regarded comics as a legitimate medium, my medium. Provide me with the most viable vehicle for the kind of stories I could best tell, the syndicate people werent in full agreement with me. N my first discussion with Busy Arnold, his thinking centered around a kind of character—a costumed character. And I argued vehemently against it because I had my bellyful of creating costumed heroes at Eisner and Iger, the characters name, he said in that interview, came from Arnold, When Busy Arnold called, he suggested a kind of ghost or some kind of metaphysical character

An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artist's …

An editorial cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter at Work Repairing the Union". The caption reads: (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."

An opinion poll, often simply referred to as a poll or a survey, is a human research survey of public opinion from a …

November 3, 1948: President Harry S. Truman, shortly after being elected as President, smiles as he holds up a copy of the Chicago Tribune issue prematurely announcing his electoral defeat. This image has become iconic of the consequences of bad polling data.