Saturday, March 23, 2013

Take a look at the unusual photo above. It seems distorted: people have normal sizes, while cars are squashed into vertical strikes. However, it shows the reality as is, but under unusual angle. Time and space coordinates (strictly speaking, horizontal coordinate) were interchanged in this image. See the video below:

Demonstration video

The whole image (click image to zoom)

"The road of time".

Interesting features of slit-scan photos

All people and cars are facing to the right.Because they are facing pastwards. When a man walks, his or her nose comes first, and the back of the head comes last. Thus, in a slit-scan photo nose is always on the right (right is past, left is future).

The faster object moves, the shorter it seems.Obviously, horizontal length is a time, object spent crossing the slit. It is why fast cars are squashed into pancake-like objects.

Background turns into horizontal bands.Every still object is either invisible, or shows up as an uniform color band.

Horizontal slit

Here, vertical coordinate of the picture corresponds horizontal coordinate of the original video. All horizontally moving objects are becoming a slant strips; fast objects are almost vertical, still objects are horizontal.

Making demonstration video

Saturday, March 16, 2013

Convergence domains for the minimization of sin(x) using parabolic approximation method. Horizontal coordinate is position of the middle initial point, vertical - distance between points.
The above image is a fractal, derived from iteration of the successive parabolic interpolation method, applied to searching extrema of sin(x). Wikipedia describes this method as following:

Successive parabolic interpolation is a technique for finding the extremum (minimum or maximum) of a continuous unimodal function by successively fitting parabolas (polynomials of degree two) to the function at three unique points, and at each iteration replacing the "oldest" point with the extremum of the fitted parabola.

First step of the algorithm, x4 is the new point.

This method is guaranteed to converge, if applied to an unimodal function. However, the same scheme usually converges well even if applied to a function with several extrema, such as sin(x). Of course, it is only able to find one extremum among all. Which of them will be found is determined by the initial conditions. But how to determine, which initial point converge to which extremum?
Parabolic interpolation method requires 3 initial points, thus the whole space of initial conditions is 3-dimensional. Sets of the initial points converging to the same extremum, are basins of attraction of this algorithm. And they are exhibiting nice fractal structure. The picture at the top shows these basins, each painted in different color. Since the parameter space is 3-dimensional, the whole structure is also a 3-dimensional body. To simplify it, I am using initial conditions where 3rd point is located between first two:

[x + y, x - y, x],

where x, y are coordinates on the image plane. This is equivalent to intersecting the parameter space with a 2-dimensional plane.

More pictures

Top picture, colorized differently. If an initial point converges to maximum, it is colored white, otherwise it is black.

Enlarged fragment of the original picture

Enlarged fragment

Basins for the more complex function sin(x)+x2/100.

Convergence domains for sin(x)+x^2/100

Enlarged fragment.

Plotting number of iterations

It is also possible to assign colors according to the number of steps. In the following image, colors are starting from black (low number of steps), then go from red to blue as the number of iterations raises, and then repeats. it can be clearly seen, that when all 3 initial points are close to the extremum, method converges fast, and when it is near to the border between 2 extremums, convergence is much slower.

Number of iterations

Basin and its properties

And finally, image of a single basin (corresponding to a maximum x=π/2). All initial points colored white will converge to the same maximum.

Single domain

Interesting property of this image: shifted horizontally by $\frac{\pi k}2$ where $k \in \mathbbb{Z}$, it does not overlap itself. This follows from periodicity of sin(x). The following animation shows shift by $\pi/2$.

Conclusion? In general case, correspondence between initial points and solutions, they converge to, can be surprisingly complex.
Another (and more traditional) sample of a fractal produced by the converging iterative procedure is the Newton fractal.