We have already traced the history of the financial machinery from Richard II to Wolsey, from the decay of household finance in the
late fourteenth century to its revival in the late fifteenth and its
apogee in the statutory general surveyors of the 1520's. It will, however, be advisable to preface the account of the reforms begun by Cromwell and continued by his successors with a summary description of the financial administration as it stood about the time of Wolsey's fall. We are fortunate in possessing a document which
makes such a description easy. The paper is headed 'A Memoriall
for the Kinges Highnes, declaring the kynde of thingis Wherin
Risith yerelye aswell his Certein Reuenue as his Casuall Reuenues,
and who be officers to his highnes in that behalf'.1 Some additional
notes on it in Cromwell's hand, and the fact that one of the last two
paragraphs was first drafted by Cromwell himself, suggest strongly
that he was responsible for having it drawn up; the state of affairs it
describes (without the new revenues taken from the church) dates it
into the early part of his ministry. It is probable that when he first
took charge of affairs he found it necessary to acquaint himself in
detail with the financial administration and had the statement prepared both for his master and for himself. It gives a detailed and
clear account of the sources of the royal revenue, though it does not
arrange them by administrative departments. The revenues themselves are divided into two parts -- certain and casual, terms which
had a perfectly precise meaning in the technical language of the day.
Certain revenues were the fixed items of income whose yield never
varied, such as rents and the like; while casual revenues, though
possibly as regular, varied in yield from year to year. The customs

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