Question of the Day

Should Trump keep Pence on the ticket in 2020?

Are we Americans about as desegregated as we want to be? That question came to mind last week after two

independent research teams reported similar findings, but not the same conclusions about patterns of racial and ethnic segregation in the latest census.

Both studies show that racial integration grew fastest in the metropolitan areas of the South, which has lured a new black middle class to new industrial development, and in military towns like Norfolk, Va., and San Diego.

Both studies also found that desegregation occurred the slowest, if at all, in old, Northeastern industrial cities where large urban ghettoes grew under decades of discriminatory practices. More recently, those old patterns of segregation often have been reproduced in nearby suburbs.

At the Brookings Institution, authors Edward Glaeser of Harvard University and Jacob Vigdor of Duke took a tone as sunny as their report´s title: “Racial Segregation in the 2000 Census: Promising News.” While a large number of intensely segregated metro areas remain, they conclude, at least we´re moving in the right direction.

After finding that integration has occurred most effortlessly in parts of the country where economic growth has been most rapid, which is mostly in the south and the west, they concluded, “The African-American experience is turning out to be quite different in the Sun Belt than in the Rust Belt.”

But those signs of hope did not impress John R. Logan as much. The State University of New York at Albany sociologist conducted the other study in cooperation with Harvard´s Civil Rights Project. While some African- Americans in some parts of the country are enjoying more relaxed racial boundaries, the progress is too scattered and too slow, he said.

On average, Mr. Logan said, segregation declined only 4 percentage points in areas where it declined at all. “At that rate, in another 50 years we would be at the point where African-Americans would be about as segregated from whites as Hispanics are now,” he said. “Maybe the rate of change will accelerate, but the underlying prospects do not look promising.”

Mr. Logan´s view will sound too gloomy to many in this age of Oprah Winfrey, Colin Powell and Michael Jordan, an age in which racial attitudes seem to be more relaxed than ever, despite agitators here and there.

But, while much progress has been made at the boundaries of race and ethnicity, most whites still live in remarkably separate neighborhoods from most non-whites, the census data show.

Some of the urban and suburban neighborhoods that have opened up to minorities since the anti-discrimination laws of the 1960s have become re-segregated. As middle-class blacks moved in, many whites gradually moved out, leaving behind gilded ghettoes of middle-class blacks living in many cases alongside lower-income white neighbors.

Mr. Logan also found, as have several earlier studies, that middle-class blacks are more likely to live in or near areas of concentrated poverty than middle-class whites of equal income. For example, one dramatic study in Los Angeles a few years ago found that some blacks who were making as much as $75,000 to $100,000 were living in neighborhoods with poverty rates as high as those inhabited by whites with incomes as low as the $5,000 to $10,000 range.

“Los Angeles is exactly like Chicago and New York City,” Mr. Logan said, “in that the average African-American lives in a community whose income level is about 30 percent less and crime is 30 percent higher than neighborhoods occupied by the average white person of the same income level.” Similar disparities tend to show up in school test scores and drop-out rates, he said.

If we Americans seem more than ever to be about as integrated as we want to be, I suspect it is because we are not paying enough attention to the persistent class divide that accompanies our racial divide.

It is rough enough to be born in poverty. It is even rougher to grow up in a neighborhood with a high concentration of poverty. Opinion surveys tend to show that most black Americans would prefer to live in a neighborhood that is integrated by race and by social economic status. Unfortunately, few have been able to get their wish.

So, while some are content to say we Americans are as integrated as we want to be, we don´t seem to be neatly as integrated as we ought to be.