Joel and Ethan Coen have overtly billed their 2000 comedy O Brother, Where Art Thou? as based on Homer's Odyssey. Using cars and trains where Odysseus and his men used boats and
rafts, they engage with the theme of a man's love for wife and home and his determination to return there against all odds. The law and the penal system substitute for war and the
gods as escaped convict Ulysses Everett McGill and his companions dodge all manner of obstacles to return to Everett's home town in time to prevent his wife Penny's impending remarriage.

Set in depression-era Mississippi, the film relies to a considerable extent on oral communication, evoking the era of Homeric epic when few could read or write. Political candidates compete
on the radio and have back-up bands at rallies, one of which turns out to consist of Everett's young daughters. Perhaps the most significant singer of all is Everett himself, who ultimately
reintegrates himself into society and restores his stature with his wife by his powerful (and marketable) singing. The power of persistence, longing for home, and centrality of music to love
and life link the Coens' epic inextricably with that of Homer.

The seeming metamorphosis of Everett's (George Clooney) companion Pete (John Turturro) into a toad after Everett, Pete and their sidekick Delmar (Tim Blake Nelson) have spent an "enchanting"
night with supremely seductive women billed overtly as "sir-eens" whom they found singing as they washed their laundry by the rocks. In truth, Pete has simply been seized by pursuing lawmen,
but Delmar is convinced he has been transformed.

The theme of metamorphosis is common in classical literature, and the siren episode is blended here with the tale Homer told in Book 10 about
the encounter of Odysseus' men with the witch Kirke:

On thrones she seated them, and lounging chairs,
And amber honey mixed with Pramnian wine,
Adding her own vile pinch, to make them lose
Desire or thought of our dear father land.
Scarce had they drunk when she flew after them
With her long stick and shut them in a pigsty-
Bodies, voices, heads, and bristles, all
Swinish now, though minds were still unchanged.
So, squealing, in they went. And Kirke tossed them
Acorns, mast, and cornel berries-fodder
For hogs who rut and slumber on the earth. (Book 10. 257-268)

Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Doubleday/Anchor, 1963.

The need for the hero to engage in physical combat to reclaim his home is a common one in world literature. In the Odyssey, Odysseus
triumphs over the suitors who have been eating him out of house and home and pressuring his wife Penelope into marriage, proving himself
by stringing his old bow and shooting an arrow through a series of axes.

Together with his son Telemachus, he then slays all
the evil suitors despite the numerical odds. In the Coen brothers' comic rendition, Everett's first encounter with Penny's fiancé ends in
a fistfight in which Everett very much gets the worst of it and is thrown out of Woolworth's with the caution never to return, but Homer's
Odysseus was more successful:

But the man skilled in all ways of contending,
Satisfied by the great bow's look and heft,
Like a musician…strung the bow.
Then slid his right hand down the cord and plucked it,
So the taut gut vibrating hummed and sang
A swallow's note.
In the hushed hall it smote the suitors
And all their faces changed…..
[Odysseus] picked one ready arrow from his table
Where it lay bare: the rest were waiting still
In the quiver for the young men's turn to come.
He mocked it, let it rest upon the handgrip,
And drew the string and grooved butt of the arrow
Aiming from where he sat upon the stool.
Now flashed
Arrow from twanging bow clean as a whistle.
Through every socket ring, and grazed not on…. (Book 21. 459-482)

Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Doubleday/Anchor, 1963.

Everett (George Clooney) using disguise to win reintegration into the community as a singer.

As escaped convicts, Everett and his buddies disguise themselves to gain access to a stage on which they can perform rousing music that they
know will endear them to the audience and even the government. As Everett speaks, his beard bobs up and down, enabling his estranged wife Penny
to recognize him. The interplay between disguise and recognition is central to the Odyssey. At the end of the poem, Odysseus, his disguise as a
beggar aided by ample use of matted hair, infiltrates Penelope's home.

In the film, although she has encountered him before (at the store, where
he fought with her fiancé), it is only in this scene that Penny recognizes the marketable musical skills that make Everett a socially acceptable husband.