A Bulletin of Socialist Economic Analysis published by Ken Livingstone
Articles may be freely republished from Socialist Economic Bulletin provided the source is acknowledged

Friday, 5 September 2014

Austerity killed off improving productivity. Investment is needed to revive it

By Michael Burke

Supporters of government austerity measures have been quick
to claim that recent revisions to GDP growth show a much shallower recession
and much stronger recovery than previously thought. These claims are factually
incorrect. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) accurately summarised
the effect of its revisions as follows,

“Although the downturn in 2008-2009 was shallower than previously estimated
and subsequent growth stronger, the broad picture of the economy is unaltered.
It remains the case that the UK experienced the deepest recession since ONS
records began in 1948 and the subsequent recovery has also been the slowest.”

The current situation for the British economy is characterised by an
exceptionally weak recovery. The actual increase in output is minimal, much
worse than any previous recovery. The very slow improvement in GDP is a product
of more people working longer hours for less pay.

In the most recent reassessment of the data, the ONS noted the continuing
exceptional crisis of productivity (the amount produced per hour of work). This
is shown in Fig.1 below. The dotted line shows the previous trend growth in
productivity. The unbroken light blue line shows the previous ONS data and the
dark blue line shows the most recent revision.

Fig.1 Output Per Hour and trend

Source: ONS

It should be noted that productivity had been growing very moderately from
the end of 2009 until the Coalition’s austerity policies began to take effect at
the beginning of 2011. There has been no recovery since.

This is far worse than any previous recovery, as shown in Fig.2 . It is
unprecedented in Britain for productivity to be lower than the pre-recession
peak 6 years previously. But that is what the previous estimate (unbroken black
line) shows. The more recent revision (broken black line) is slightly better but
is unlikely to alter the main trend.

Fig.2 Output Per Hour, comparisons with previous recovery periods

Source: ONS

In the average of previous recessions and recoveries, productivity was 16.3%
higher 6 years after the recession began. The complete data for the current
slump is yet to be published. But if it is still below the pre-recession level
(as seems likely) then the gap between the current trend in produtivity and the
recovery from previous recessions could be in the order of 17% or 18%. There is
also no sign of improvement.

If output per hour does not increase it is exceptionally difficult for
average pay to increase. That would require a sharp rise in labour’s share of
output, which is extremely rare when output is not expanding. This is the cause
of the wage crisis in the British economy.

In a market economy there are also great difficulties in raising social
expenditure when there is no growth in productivity. In any event is impossible
to both raise wages and increase spending in education, health, transport,
housing and so on if there is no increase in output per hour.

The cause of the productivity crisis is no puzzle. Just as a heavy load can
be lifted much more quickly by machinery than by hand, productivity increases
with the amount and sophistication of the capital machinery that is used.
Cutting back on that equipment, by refusing to invest and/or letting existing
machinery dilapidate will reduce output per hour. This is what has happened in
Britain and many other western economies.

The argument that all that is required is increased demand is false. The
final up-to-date data for the British economy will certainly show that demand,
both household and government consumption have recovered since the recession.
But investment has not. Increasing consumption by reducing investment is the
road to impoverishment.

But government has no such constraints. It can invest because the investment
is necessary and reap returns not available to the private sector in the form of
increased tax revenues and lower social security payments. State-led investment
is needed before the crisis can be ended.