The trilogy of video games have been praised as being among the best first-person shooters on a video game console, and are considered the Microsoft Xbox's "killer app".[3] This has led to the term "Halo killer" being used to describe console games that aspire, or are considered, to be better than Halo.[4] Fueled by the success of Halo: Combat Evolved, and immense marketing campaigns from publisher Microsoft, both sequels went on to break various sales records. Halo 3 sold more than US$170 million worth of copies in the first twenty-four hours of release, breaking the record set by Halo 2 three years prior.[5][6] The games have sold over 27 million copies worldwide.

Story

In the distant past, a race known as the Forerunners controlled the galaxy. The Forerunners used their advanced technology to protect life, but were caught off-guard by an alien parasite known as the Flood. The Flood, which spread through infestation of sentient life, threatened and overran many worlds in the galaxy before the Forerunners could attempt to contain the threat. A group of Forerunners conceived a final solution—using an installation known as the Ark, they built seven large ring-shaped megastructures known as Halos. The Halo Array, when activated, would destroy all sentient life in the galaxy—depriving the Flood of their food. Delaying as long as they could, the Forerunners finally activated the rings and disappeared.[9]

Thousands of years later, humanity—under the auspices of the United Nations Space Command or UNSC—have colonized many worlds thanks to the development of faster-than-light "slipstream" travel. Eventually tensions escalate between the older and more stable "Inner Colonies" and the more remote "Outer Colonies", leading to civil war. The UNSC creates an elite group of supersoldiers, known as Spartans, to suppress the rebellion covertly.[10] In the year 2525 the human colony of Harvest falls under attack by a theocratic alliance of alien races, together known as the Covenant. The Covenant leadership declares humanity an affront to their gods—the Forerunners—and begins to methodically exterminate humanity. The Covenant's superior ship technology proves a decisive advantage—though effective, the Spartans are too few in number to turn the tide in humanity's favor. "The Cole Protocol" is enacted to prevent the Covenant from learning the location of any other human worlds, including Earth.

In 2552, the Covenant arrive at Reach, the UNSC's last major stronghold, and bombard the planet, turning much of its surface to molten glass. The Master Chief, seemingly one of the last Spartans alive, escapes on the Pillar of Autumn. Following directives to avoid leading the Covenant to Earth, the Autumn's artificial intelligence (AI) Cortana selects coordinates that lead the ship to a Halo installation. The Covenant follow, damaging the Autumn and leading its crew to take the fight to the ring's surface. The Covenant accidentally release Flood imprisoned on the ring; in order to nullify the threat, the ring's AI caretaker, 343 Guilty Spark, enlists the Master Chief's help. Before the pair can activate Halo's defenses, however, Cortana reveals that Halo's activation would mean their own destruction. The Master Chief and Cortana instead detonate the Autumn's engines, destroying Halo and preventing the escape of the Flood. The two and a few other human survivors return to Earth, after learning of an impending Covenant invasion of the planet.

Soon after a small Covenant fleet arrives at Earth. Most of the fleet is destroyed, but a single ship under the command of one of the Covenant's triumvirates, the Prophet of Regret, breaks through the human defenses and invades the African city of New Mombasa. Before the humans can assault Regret's carrier, he retreats through a slipspace portal, pursued by the Master Chief aboard the human ship In Amber Clad. Regret travels to another Halo installation, where the Master Chief kills Regret. Inner turmoil in the Covenant leads to civil war between the various member races. Learning that the activation of the Halo Array, a central tenet of the Covenant religion, would lead to their extinction, the Covenant warrior Arbiter and his Elite brethren ally with humanity to stop the rings from being fired. The aborted activation of the ring puts all the Halo installations on standby: the remaining rings can be activated remotely from a location known as "The Ark".

The Master Chief stows away on a Forerunner vessel headed to Earth, in the midst of a full-scale invasion by the Covenant, who excavate a Forerunner artifact in the African desert. The artifact creates a slipspace portal leading to the Ark. The Master Chief and Arbiter travel through the portal to kill the last High Prophet, Truth, and discover the installation is building a new ring to replace the one destroyed previously. In order to destroy the spreading infestation led by the Flood intelligence Gravemind, the Master Chief activates the incomplete ring—as the Ark lies outside the Milky Way, the blast will destroy the Flood and spare the galaxy at large. Because the ring's construction is incomplete, the resulting pulse destroys the ring and damages the Ark. The Arbiter escapes the explosion, but the Master Chief and Cortana are left drifting in space, trapped in the severed rear half of their ship. The Master Chief cryonically freezes himself as he and Cortana wait for rescue. In a bonus ending, the ship is seen drifting towards a mysterious planet.

Games

As of 2009, the Halo series includes a main trilogy of games; the games were released in chronological order, with each new installment following the events of the previous title. One new game is in development. The Halo series features recurring science fiction and action game elements. Ancient structures and alien races appear throughout the series. The games of the main trilogy are first-person shooters, with the player experiencing most action from the protagonist's perspective.[11]

Main trilogy

Originally developed as a real-time strategy game for the Apple Macintosh platform, Halo: Combat Evolved went through several iterations before arriving at the console first person shooter for which it is recognised.[12] When the developer was bought by Microsoft in 2001, the game was rapidly finished and became an Xbox launch title and platform exclusive.[13] Released on November 15, 2001, the Xbox version of Halo: Combat Evolved is the first Halo video game.[14] The game introduced many gameplay and plot themes common to the whole trilogy. Players battle various aliens on foot and in vehicles to complete objectives, while attempting to uncover the secrets of the eponymous Halo. One concept introduced in Halo: Combat Evolved, is limiting the number of weapons players could carry to two, forcing them to carefully select their preferred armament.[15] Players fight with ranged and melee attacks, as well as a limited number of grenades. Bungie refers to the "weapons-grenades-melee" format as the "Golden Triangle of Halo",[16] which has remained fundamentally unchanged throughout the trilogy. In Halo: Combat Evolved, the player's health is measured in both hit points and a continually recharging energy shield.[17] A PC and Macport was later developed by Gearbox Software, and released on September 30 and November 11, 2003 respectively.[18][19] A stand-alone expansion, entitled Halo: Custom Edition, was released as a PC exclusive, and allowed players to create custom content for the game.

Its sequel, Halo 2 was released on the Xbox on November 9, 2004 and later for Windows Vista on May 17, 2007. For the first time, the game was released in two different editions: a standard edition with just the game disc and traditional Xbox packaging, and the Collector's Edition with a specially designed aluminum case, along with an additional bonus DVD, extra booklet, and slightly different user manual. Halo 2 introduced new gameplay elements, chief among them the ability to hold and fire two weapons simultaneously, known as "dual wielding".[20] Unlike its predecessor, Halo 2 fully supports online multiplayer via Xbox Live. The game uses "matchmaking" to facilitate joining online matches by grouping players looking for certain types of games.[20] This was a change from the more traditional "server list" approach which was used to find matches in online games at this time. Upon release, Halo 2 became the game played by the most people on the Xbox Live service that week; regaining this title every week for over two years — the longest streak any game has held the spot.[21] To this day, Halo 2 is still the game played by the most people each week for the original Xbox.[citation needed]

Halo 3 is the third and final game in the main Halo trilogy, ending the story arc begun in Halo: Combat Evolved.[22] The game was released on the Xbox 360 on September 25, 2007.[23] It adds to the series new vehicles, new weapons, and a class of items called equipment.[24] The game also includes a limited map-editing tool known as the Forge, which allows players to insert game objects, such as weapons and crates, into existing multiplayer map geometry.[25] Players can also save a recording of their gameplay sessions, and view them as video, from any angle.[26]

Other games

The success of the main Halo trilogy has spurred the creation of spin-offs. Halo Wars is a real-time strategy game developed by Ensemble Studios for the Xbox 360. Set in the year 2531, the game takes place 21 years prior to the events of Halo: Combat Evolved. According to Ensemble, much effort has been expended into developing a control scheme that is simple and does not have issues like those in other console strategy games.[27] The game was announced at X06 and released in February and March 2009.

In an interview on MTV on July 16, 2008, Microsoft’s head of Xbox business, Don Mattrick, stated that Bungie is working on a new Halo game for Microsoft, which he stated is independent of other current Halo projects. An announcement of the new Halo project was expected at the 2008 E3 game exposition, which Bungie stated "has been building for several months", but was delayed by their publisher Microsoft.[28] The Halo announcement was to be part of Microsoft's 150-minute E3 presentation, and was cut to trim the presentation down to 90 minutes; Microsoft has stated it wants to give the game its own dedicated event.[29] After the release of an ambiguous teaser trailer on September 25,[30] the project was revealed to be Halo 3: ODST, set between the events of Halo 2 and Halo 3, players taking control of an Oribital Drop Shock Trooper (ODST). The game was released on 22nd September 2009.[31]

At E3 2009, Microsoft announced the next full installment in the series.[32]Halo: Reach is a prequel to the main trilogy, taking place shortly before Halo: Combat Evolved on the Human planet of Reach as it comes under attack from the Covenant. It is scheduled for release in 2010.

Cancelled and related projects

Alternate reality games were used to promote the release of the games in the main trilogy. The Cortana Letters, a series of cryptic email messages, were circulated by Bungie prior to Halo: Combat Evolved's release.[33]I Love Bees, an alternate reality game, was used to promote the release of Halo 2. The game focused on a website created by 42 Entertainment, commissioned by Microsoft and endorsed by Bungie. Over the course of the game, audio clips were released that eventually formed a complete five-hour story set on Earth between Halo and Halo 2.[34][35] Similarly, Iris was used as a viral marketing campaign for the release of Halo 3.[36] It featured five web servers containing various media files related to the Halo universe.

Spin-off titles were planned for release on handheld systems, but proved to be either rumors or did not progress far in development. Rumors of a handheld Halo title for the Game Boy Advance surfaced in 2004. Bungie denied the rumors and commented that such a project between Microsoft and Nintendo would be "very unlikely".[37] At a Las Vegas consumer technology convention in January 2005, rumors spread about a version of Halo for the handheld Gizmondo system. Bungie denied the rumors stating they were not making a game for the system.[38][39] A former Gizmondo employee later revealed development only extended to basic story and game structure concepts to obtain funding from investors.[40] In 2006, a concept video for Microsoft's portable Ultra-Mobile PC featured footage of Halo and caused speculation for a handheld title. Microsoft later stated the footage was for demonstration purposes only; Halo was included because it was a Microsoft-owned property.[41] In January 2007, IGN editor-in-chief Matt Casamassina claimed he played a version of Halo for the Nintendo DS.[42] He later demonstrated on-camera, in-game footage of an early-development style version of Halo DS.[43] The demonstrated work featured dual-wielding and a version of the Halo 2 map Zanzibar.[42] On October 5, 2007, Bungie employee Brian Jarrard explained the Halo DS demo was in fact an unsolicited pitch that was never taken on.[44]

In 2006, Microsoft announced an episodic video game to be developed by film director Peter Jackson's Wingnut Interactive.[45] The game, dubbed Halo: Chronicles, was confirmed to be in development in 2007,[46] and by 2008 was still hiring for positions on the development team.[47] Jackson told game blog Joystiq in July 2009 that the project was no longer in development.[48][49] Jackson's manager Ken Kamins explained that the project was cancelled as part of budget cuts tied to job layoffs in January 2009.[50]

Before the company was shuttered, Ensemble Studios had been working on a Halo-themed massively multiplayer online game. The project was cancelled internally in 2007, without a formal announcement from Microsoft.[51]

Halo was not intended to be the Xbox's flagship game due to internal concerns and gaming press criticism, but Microsoft VP of game publishing Ed Fries did not act on these concerns. The Xbox's marketing heavily featured Halo, whose green color palette meshed with the console's design scheme.[56]

The success of the game led to a sequel, Halo 2, which was announced on August 8, 2002 at the Microsoft's New York X02 press event.[57] It featured improved graphics, new weapons, and a multiplayer mode on Xbox Live.[58][59]Halo 3 was announced at the 2006 Electronic Entertainment Expo.[60] The initial conception for the third game was done before Halo 2 was released in 2004.[61] It utilized a proprietary, in-house graphics engine, and employed advanced graphics technologies.[62][63]

Following the release of Halo 3, Bungie announced it was splitting off from Microsoft and becoming an independent limited liability company. While Bungie remains involved in the Halo series by developing games such as ODST and Reach, the rights to Halo remain with Microsoft. To oversee everything Halo, Microsoft created an internal division, 343 Industries,[64] serving as "stewards" for the franchise.[65] Frank O'Connor, formerly a Bungie employee,[66] now serves as 343's creative director.[64]

In announcing the formation of 343 Industries, Microsoft also announced that Xbox Live would be home to a central hub for Halo content called Halo Waypoint.[67] Waypoint is accessed from the Xbox 360 Dashboard and offers players access to multimedia content in addition to tracking their Halo game "career". O'Connor described Waypoint as intended to be the prime destination for Halo.[68]

Cultural influences

A report published on IGN explores the literary influences present in the franchise, and notes Halo was influenced by The Culture and Ringworld, written by Iain M. Banks and Larry Niven, respectively. It comments on the similarities between characters in Halo and other science fiction series, most notably Orson Scott Card's Ender's Game: aspects of the SPARTAN Project and the design of the Drone species are perceived as reminiscent of the super soldier program and Buggers found in the novel. Other elements of the games such as the Master Chief's name "John" have been suggested as originating based on a character named Jon 6725416 in Christopher Rowley's Starhammer.[69] Another essay suggests that the name is a homage to the John Spartan character of Demolition Man.[70] A report written by Roger Travis and published by The Escapist compares Halo with the Latin epic Aeneid, written by classical Roman poet Virgil. Travis posits similarities between the plots of both works and compares the characters present in them, with the Flood and Covenant taking the role performed by the Carthaginians, and the Master Chief's role in the series to that of Aeneas.[71]

Music

Four Halo soundtracks, composed by Martin O'Donnell, have been released. The Halo Original Soundtrack contains most of Combat Evolved's music. Due to the varying nature of gameplay, the music present was designed to use the game's dynamic audio playback engine. The engine allows for the mood, theme, and duration of music played to change according to gameplay.[72] To afford a more enjoyable listening experience, O'Donnell rearranged portions of the music of Halo into standalone suites, which follow the narrative course of the game. The soundtrack also contains music not used in the game, including a variation on the Halo theme that was first played at Halo's debut at Macworld 1999.[73]

For Halo 2's soundtrack, producer Nile Rodgers and O’Donnell decided to split the music into two separate volumes. The first, Volume One, was released on November 9, 2004 and contained all the themes as well as the “inspired-by” music present in the game (featuring Incubus, Hoobastank, and Breaking Benjamin). The second release, Volume 2, contained the rest of the music, much of which was incomplete or not included in the first soundtrack, as the first soundtrack was shipped before the game was released;[74] the second volume was released on April 25, 2006. Halo 2, unlike its predecessor, was mixed to take full advantage of Dolby 5.1 Digital Surround Sound.[75]

The soundtrack for Halo 3 was released on November 20, 2007. O'Donnell noted he wanted to bring back the themes from the original game in order to help tie together the end of the trilogy.[76] The tracks are presented, similarly to the previous soundtrack for Halo 2,[74] in a suite form. Unlike previous soundtracks, where much of the music had been synthesized on computer, the soundtrack for Halo 3 was recorded using a 60-piece orchestra, along with a 24-voice chorus.[77] The final soundtrack was recorded by the Northwest Sinfonia at Studio X in Seattle, Washington.[78] The soundtracks were bundled and released as a box set in December 2008.[79] A soundtrack for Halo 3: ODST was released alongside the game and included many of the tracks from the game.[80]

For Halo Wars, the task of creating the game's music fell to Stephen Rippy. Rippy listened to O'Donnell's soundtracks for inspiration and incorporated the Halo theme into parts of his arrangements. In addition to synthesized and orchestral components, the composer focused on the choir and piano as essential elements, feeling these were important in creating the "Halo sound".[81] Rather than use the Northwest Sinfonia, Rippy travelled to Prague and recorded with the FILMharmonic Orchestra before returning to the United States to complete the music. A standalone compact disc and digital download retail version of the soundtrack was announced in January 2009 for release on February 17.[82]

Adaptations

The Halo franchise includes various types of merchandise and adaptations outside of the video games. Currently, this includes bestselling novels, graphic novels, and other licensed products, from action figures to a packaging tie-in with Mountain Dew. Numerous action figures and vehicles based on Halo have been produced. Joyride Studios created Halo and Halo 2 action figures, while Halo 3 poseable and collectible action figures, aimed at collectors, were produced by McFarlane Toys and became some of the top-selling action figures of 2007 and 2008.[83]MEGA Blocks partnered with Microsoft to produce Halo Wars-themed toys.[84]

Books and comic series

There have been numerous printed adaptations based on the Halocanon established by the video games. Larry Niven (author of Ringworld) was originally approached to write a Halo novelization, but declined due to unfamiliarity with the subject matter.[85] The first novel was Halo: The Fall of Reach, a prequel to Halo: Combat Evolved. It was written by Eric Nylund in seven weeks, and published in October 2001.[86]William C. Dietz wrote an adaptation of Halo: Combat Evolved called Halo: The Flood, which was released in 2003.[87] Eric Nylund returned to write the third novel, Halo: First Strike, which takes place between Halo: Combat Evolved and Halo 2, and was published in December 2003. Nylund also wrote the fourth adaptation, Halo: Ghosts of Onyx, which was published on October 31, 2006.[88] Bungie employee Joseph Staten wrote the fifth book, Halo: Contact Harvest, which was released on October 30, 2007, while Tobias S. Buckell produced the sixth, Halo: The Cole Protocol, published in November 2008. Bungie considers the Halo novels as additions to the Halo canon.[89]

Marvel announced at the 2009 Comic Con that two new comics, a five-part series written by Peter David and a second series written by Fred Van Lente, would appear the coming summer and winter.[92] David's series, Helljumper, is set prior to Halo: Combat Evolved and focuses on the elite Orbital Drop Shock Troopers. The five-part series was published between July and November 2009.[93] Lente's series, originally titled Spartan Black, revolves around a black ops team of Spartan supersoldiers assigned to the UNSC Office of Naval Intelligence.[94] The rebranded comic, Blood Line, debuted in December 2009.[95]

Tor announced a collection of Halo stories, Halo: Evolutions, for simultaneous release in print and audiobook formats in November 2009. Evolutions includes original material by Nylund, Buckell, Karen Traviss and contributions from Bungie.[96] Science fiction author Greg Bear has been contracted to write a trilogy of books focusing on the Forerunners, with the first volume to appear in 2010.[97]

The crew stopped and resumed preproduction of the film several times.[104] Blomkamp declared the project dead in late 2007,[105] but Jackson replied that the film would still be made.[106] Blomkamp and Jackson collaborated on District 9, but the director told /Film that he was no longer considering working on a Halo film if the opportunity arose,[107] saying that after working on the film for five months before the project's collapse it would be difficult to return. The rights for the film have since reverted back to Microsoft.[108]

Blomkamp commented the Master Chief worked from a video gamer's perspective, but dramatically does not hold much weight because of his faceless nature. The character as depicted in the film would have been "the most important supporting cast member". Instead, "other characters around him [...] did most of the emotional heavy lifting", with their story exploring their perception of the Master Chief.[109] After Jackson's project stalled, Stuart Beattie wrote a film adaptation of The Fall of Reach, complete with concept art.[110] While there have been rumors that director Steven Spielberg was in talks to produce Halo,[111] Microsoft has responded that the film is still on hold.[112]

Anime

Microsoft announced at Comic-Con 2009 that it was overseeing production of a series of seven short anime films, together called Halo Legends. Financed by 343 Industries, the animation was created by five Japanese production houses: Bones, Casio Entertainment, Production I.G., Studio 4°C, and Toei Animation. Shinji Aramaki, creator and director of Appleseed and Appleseed Ex Machina, serves as the project's creative director. Warner Bros. distributed Legends on DVD and Blu-ray in early 2010.[64] Six of the stories are officially part of the Halo canon, with the seventh, made by Toei, intended to be a parody of the universe.[113]

Reception and critical response

Launch events such as this one in New York City were held the night of Halo 3's release.

The Halo franchise has been highly successful commercially and critically. During the two months following Halo: Combat Evolved's release, it sold alongside more than fifty percent of Xbox consoles[114] and sold a million units by April 2002.[115]Halo 2's sales generated US$125 million on its premiere day, making it the fastest selling United States media product in history up to that time.[116][117] Combined with Halo's sales, the two games sold 14.8 million units before Halo 3's release.[118]

GameSpot reported 4.2 million units of Halo 3 were in retail outlets on September 24, 2007, a day before official release—a world record volume.[119][120]Halo 3 broke the previous record for the highest grossing opening day in entertainment history, making US$170 million in its first twenty-four hours.[120][121] Worldwide, sales exceeded US$300 million the first week, helping to more than double the sales of the Xbox 360 when compared with the weekly average before the Halo 3 launch.[118][122] At the end of 2007, Halo 2 and Halo: Combat Evolved were the number one and two best-selling Xbox titles, respectively, and Halo 3 was the best-selling Xbox 360 title.[123] The Halo series has gone on to sell more than 27 million copies as of August 2009.[124]

The Halo adaptations have been successful as well. All the novels have appeared on Publisher Weekly's bestseller charts and the Halo Graphic Novel sold more than 100,000 copies, a "rare hit" for the games-to-comics genre.[125][126]Ghosts of Onyx, Contact Harvest, and The Cole Protocol appeared on The New York Times bestseller lists,[87][127][128][129] and The Cole Protocol also opened 50th overall on USA Today's bestsellers list.[130] Tor's first three novels sold more than one million copies by April 2009.[131]

Overall, the Halo series has been well received by critics. Halo: Combat Evolved has received numerous Game of the Year awards.[142][143] In March 2007, IGN listed it as the top Xbox game of all time, while readers ranked it the fourteenth best game ever on "IGN Readers' Choice 2006 - The Top 100 Games Ever".[144][145] Conversely, GameSpy ranked Halo: Combat Evolved tenth on its list of "Top 25 Most Overrated Games of All Time", citing repetitive level design and the lack of an online multiplayer mode.[146]Halo 2 also received numerous awards,[147] with IGN listing it as the number two top Xbox game of all time in March 2007.[144] From its initial release on the Xbox in November 2004 until the launch of Gears of War on the Xbox 360 in November 2006 - two years later - Halo 2 was the most popular video game on Xbox Live.[148]Halo 3 was nominated for and won multiple awards; it won Time magazine's "Game of the Year" and IGN chose it as the Best Xbox 360 Online Multiplayer Game and Innovative Design of 2007.[149][150][151] Most publications called the multiplayer aspect one of the best features; IGN said the multiplayer map lineup was the strongest of the series, and GameSpy added that the multiplayer offering will greatly please "Halo veterans".[152][153] Complaints focused on the game's plot. The New York Times said the game had a "throwaway" plot and Total Video Games judged the single-player aspect ultimately disappointing.[154][155] The series' music and audio has received enthusiastic response from game reviewers.[153][156][157]

Cultural impact

The main trilogy, particularly its protagonist, has been declared iconic and a symbol of today's videogames; a wax replica of the Master Chief was made by Madame Tussauds in Las Vegas, where Pete Wentz compared the character to notable characters from previous generations like Spider-Man, Frodo, and Luke Skywalker.[158]The Escapist author Roger Travis compared Halo's story to Virgil's Aeneid, saying the religious and political struggle described in the games relates to the modern epic tradition.[71]GamesTM stated Halo: Combat Evolved "changed videogame combat forever", and Halo 2 showcased Xbox Live as a tool for communities.[11] GameDaily noted Halo 2's launch is "easily comparable to the biggest in other sectors of the entertainment industry", marking the first time a video game launch has become a major cultural event in America.[159]Time magazine included the franchise in the "2005 Time 100", highlighting that in the first ten weeks after the release of Halo 2, players spent 91 million combined hours playing the game online.[160] A The New York Times report noted the success of Halo 3 was critical for Microsoft, persuading consumers to buy the Xbox 360 console which was experiencing waning sales compared with the Nintendo Wii, as well as helping restore the console's image. On September 25, 2007, the release date for Halo 3, Microsoft's shares rose 1.7% based on sales expectations for the game.[161]Halo has been described as a series that "has reinvented a genre that didn't know it needed to be reinvented", with aspects of the main trilogy being duplicated in other FPS games multiple times.[162]

Machinima

As a highly popular video game series with a large and active fan base, the Halo trilogy has given rise to an array of video productions in an emerging entertainment medium, machinima.[163] Virtually all machinima footage is taken from the multiplayer modes of the main trilogy games. Most productions are set outside Halocanon, while others are based on fan fiction closely relating to the official story. Halo 3 includes a saved film function that allows camera angles not possible in previous games, and other features that simplify production. The game has become one of the most popular tools for generating machinima, and Microsoft updated its user license agreement to allow noncommercial distribution of such films.[164]

A notable machinima production is the comedy series Red vs. Blue: The Blood Gulch Chronicles, a parody of the Halo universe, created by Rooster Teeth Productions. It has achieved an unparalleled level of success in Halo machinima in specific, and machinima in general; it is credited with bringing attention to the genre.[120][165]Red vs. Blue generated annual revenues of US$200,000, and special promotional episodes were commissioned by Bungie.[120] The series ended on June 28, 2007, after 100 regular episodes and numerous promotional videos.[166] Sequels to the series include Reconstruction, which contains more dramatic elements than its comedic predecessor,[167]Relocated, and the currently running "Red vs. Blue: Recreation". Other machinima series include Fire Team Charlie, The Codex, and the in-game interview show This Spartan Life.

^O'Donnell, Marty. (2007-09-25). Halo 2 Developer's Commentary. [Halo 3 Legendary Edition]. Bungie Studios. Event occurs at 04:00.— O'Donnell:"I remember when we were doing the Cortana Letters years ago where we had the entire plan from the beginning of the Cortana Letters to the end of the trilogy."