Abstract: »Like their historically minded counterparts, biologically interested scientists have contributed much to our understanding of sex and crime (and, to a lesser degree, gender and crime); however, much of their work is overlooked, misunderstood, or dismissed outright. The three essays in this section show that evolutionary and biological theories and research are invaluable for understanding the links between sex, gender, and crime. In the first essay, Daly briefly summarizes an evolutionary approach to sex differences and sexual reproduction and their implications for aggression. Daly argues that biological differences in males' and females' reproductive fitness (e.g., potential reproductive rate) and parental investment, create dependency, conflict, and competition between and within the sexes, particularly males. Among humans, males have an incentive (i.e., "male sexual proprietariness") to control females' mating in ways that are inconsistent with the latter's interest in part because females typically have higher levels of parental investment. As Daly notes, the dependency and competition that characterize reproduction also contribute to the most common type of violence (male to male) as well as to sexual violence (male to female). These evolved characteristics may be helpful for understanding why particular experiences and social conditions increase or reduce gender differences in violence.«« (Source: Bill McCarthy and Rosemary Gartner. »Introduction.« The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex, and Crime. Edited by Rosemary Gartner et al. Oxford 2014: 9-10)