In this study, the investigators aim to investigate the effects of non-invasive neurostimulation - low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation in conjunction with transcranial ultrasound (TUS)- on the motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease. The investigators want to see if there is a difference between active and sham stimulation on these motor symptoms.

Changes in Motor Function [ Time Frame: Measured for approximately 2 months ]

We will measure motor symptoms using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), bradykinesia tests and walking tests. We will assess the changes in these scales from baseline.

Secondary Outcome Measures:

Safety [ Time Frame: Measured for approximately 2 months ]

We will measure safety using a battery of electrophysiology, cognitive and neurological safety markers. We will use the Scales for Outcomes in PD-Cognitive (SCOPA-COg), the n-back working memory test, adverse effects questionnaire, electroencephalography (EEG) and a standardized neurological exam

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation of up to 2mA. During active stimulation, the current will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the current will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Procedure: transcranial ultrasound

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of transcranial ultrasound. During active stimulation, the ultrasound will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the ultrasound will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation of up to 2mA. During active stimulation, the current will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the current will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Procedure: transcranial ultrasound

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of transcranial ultrasound. During active stimulation, the ultrasound will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the ultrasound will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation of up to 2mA. During active stimulation, the current will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the current will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Procedure: transcranial ultrasound

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of transcranial ultrasound. During active stimulation, the ultrasound will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the ultrasound will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of low-intensity transcranial electrical stimulation of up to 2mA. During active stimulation, the current will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the current will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Procedure: transcranial ultrasound

Subjects will undergo 20 minutes of transcranial ultrasound. During active stimulation, the ultrasound will be active for 20 minutes - however, during sham stimulation (placebo) the ultrasound will not be active for the full 20 minutes.

Eligibility

Ages Eligible for Study:

40 Years and older (Adult, Senior)

Sexes Eligible for Study:

All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

No

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

Documentation of PD diagnosis from their clinician by either a letter or verification through their medical record

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Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01615718