چکیده انگلیسی

A process planning method is presented to aid stereolithography users in selecting appropriate values of process variables in order to achieve characteristics desired in a part to be fabricated. To accomplish this, the method achieves a balance of objectives specified by geometric tolerances, surface finishes, and part build time, where the balance is specified through preferences on the objectives. Given these objectives and preferences, values are chosen for six process variables to best achieve the balance of objectives. The process variables include part orientation, layer thicknesses, and four recoat variables (Z-level wait time, sweep period, hatch overcure, and fill overcure). The process planning method is adapted from multiobjective optimization and utilizes empirical data, analytical models, and heuristics to quantitatively relate process variables to the objectives. Of particular importance, a new adaptive slicing algorithm has been developed. The process planning method is demonstrated on a part with non-trivial geometric features.

مقدمه انگلیسی

The stereolithography (SLA) technology is inherently a very flexible process, one that admits over 20 process variables. This flexibility allows parts and features on those parts to be built very accurately and efficiently. However, the SLA technology is complex enough that even experienced operators may not be able to select appropriate variable values to achieve desired build objectives. It is with this in mind that we are conducting research in process planning for SLA. Through the use of empirical data, analytical models, and heuristics, methods of process planning may be developed that enable even novice users of SLA to achieve efficient and high quality builds. We believe that the methods, if not the specific data, are applicable to other layer-based manufacturing processes.
The purpose of this paper is to present a new method of process planning for SLA that seeks to balance the sometimes conflicting requirements on accuracy, surface finishes, and build times. The method is based on a multiobjective optimization problem formulation, called the compromise Decision Support Problem (cDSP), where geometric tolerances, surface roughnesses, and build times are the multiple objectives. The optimization method seeks to minimize an aggregate measure of deviation from accuracy, finish, and build time targets. The variables to be found during optimization include part orientation, layer thicknesses, and SLA process variables (scan and recoat variables). Although a specific set of variable values may enable one goal to be met, they may have unwanted effects on the other two goals. Users can specify preferences for these goals to best match their prototyping needs. For example, sometimes speed is the overriding objective, in which case, build time will be weighted more heavily than accuracy or surface finish. In contrast, for those cases where functional prototypes are desired, accuracy may be the most important consideration and will be weighted more heavily. It is the ability to perform trade-off analyses among these build goals that is the primary contribution of this process planning method.
To support the method, a formulation of the process planning problem is presented that is based on a series of three cDSP's for selecting part orientations, slicing schemes, and SLA parameter values. Mathematical models of constraints and goals are presented for each cDSP. Goals can be thought of as soft constraints, whose target values are not always achieved. For this work, goals include accuracy, surface finish, and build time. Empirical models are presented for each goal as a function of SLA process variables. Constraints include the effects of support structures and large horizontal planes.
In most approaches to rapid prototyping process planning, a single objective is sought, either to minimize build time or to minimize surface roughness. In our approach, we recognize that multiple objectives may be important to a prototype and that different prototypes will require different importance levels of those objectives. As in most process planning approaches, we utilize an adaptive slicing capability; ours is an extension of methods from the literature that works particularly well with our process planning method. We also utilize empirical models of geometric tolerance capability, surface roughness, and build time as functions of SLA process variables.
Stereolithography creates solid objects using a layer-based manufacturing approach [1]. The physical prototypes are manufactured by fabricating cross-sectional contours or slices one on top of another. These slices are created by tracing with a laser two-dimensional (2D) contours of a CAD model in a vat of photopolymer resin. The prototype to be built rests on a platform that is dipped into the vat of resin. After each slice is created, the platform is lowered and the laser starts to trace the next slice of the CAD model. Thus the prototype is built from the bottom up. The creation of the physical prototype requires a number of key steps: input data, part preparation, layer preparation, and finally laser scanning of the 2D cross-sectional slices. The input data consist of a CAD model, a precise mathematical description of the shape of an object. Part preparation is the phase at which operator controlled parameters and machine parameters are entered. These parameters control how the prototype is fabricated in the SLA machine. Layer preparation is the phase in which the CAD model is divided into a series of slices, as defined by the part preparation phase, and translated by software algorithms into a machine language. This information is then used to drive the SLA machine and fabricate the prototype. The laser scanning of the part is the phase that actually solidifies each slice of the CAD model in the SLA machine.
After reviewing relevant literature in Section 2, we present our SLA process planning problem formulation in Section 3. In Section 4, we present our overall solution procedure and specific algorithms for each major module. Two examples are used to illustrate the usage of our method and demonstrate its advantages and limitations in Section 5. Conclusions and recommendations f

نتیجه گیری انگلیسی

A process planning method was developed that allows the use of multiple build goals in setting up a process plan for SLA. Surface finish, accuracy, and build time are the three build goals used in this method. The intent of this process planning method is not to develop the optimal process plan for the fabrication of the prototype, but rather, to assist the SLA user in the development of a process plan by quantifying the tradeoffs between the three build goals. These tradeoffs have been shown to exist and can be quantified using the methods outlined in this paper. By quantifying these tradeoffs the SLA operator is in a much better position to develop the process plan that will be used to achieve the specific goals and characteristics that are desirable in the end prototype.
This process planning method has the potential to significantly aid SLA operators in process planning, but it is not without limitations. The dependence upon empirical data for the evaluation of the build goals is a limiting factor. Comparisons of process planning predictions with physical part measurements have demonstrated that the process planner can predict trends correctly. However, there is a wide variation in prediction accuracy. This is due primarily to our usage of response surface models for the build goals, but is due in part, we believe, to repeatability problems with the SLA process. Furthermore, the goal evaluations used in this process planning method have been developed using empirical data for a SLA-250 machine and a specific resin (SOMOS 7110), thus specific predictions for accuracy, build time, and surface finish are limited to prototypes built with a SLA-250 machine in this resin. It has also been observed that the use of a large number of blocks (greater than eight or nine) in the slicing module results in long computational times. Continuing efforts are being made to further define the capabilities and limitations of this process planning method.
Future enhancements to the process planning method will involve tighter integration of the parameter module with the build time and surface finish goals and the inclusion of more constraints such as the presence of trapped volumes and thin walled structures.