Both procedures are routinely offered to pregnant women 35 years and over to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities such as Down's syndrome, or to screen for cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, or Tay Sachs disease.

For example, anti-arrhythmic drugs were prescribed widely – with the United States Food and Drug Administration’s approval – to heart-attack victims for more than a decade, under the assumption that reducing heart-rhythm abnormalities would decrease mortality rates.

These include characteristic physical abnormalities (most often non-functioning ovaries, which results in the absence of menstrual cycles and sterility) and various other health problems, such as congenital heart disease, low thyroid hormone levels, and autoimmune diseases.

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