_______sampling is typically the first stage of a multistage approach.

cluster (a type of probability sampling)

Selecting every kth case from a list.

Systematic sampling (a type of probability sampling)

When researchers calculate a percentage or an average based on sample data, they are estimating a __________.

population value

_____ expresses the strength of relationships among research variables.

effect size (power analysis)

Steps in sampling.

1. identify the population

2. specify the eligibility criteria

3. specify the sampling plan

4. recruit the sample

The approximate truth of an inference

validity

Validity of inferences that there truly is an empirical relationship or correlation b/w presumed cause & effect.

statistical conclusion validity

______ validity concerns the validity of inferences that it is the independent variable (not something else) that caused the outcome.

internal

_____ validity involves the validity of inferences from the observed persons, settings, and cause-and-effect ops included in the study to the constructs that these instances might represent.

Construct

Threats to _______ validity concern ways in which relationships b/w variables might interact with or be moderated by variations in people, settings, time, and conditions.

external

A threat to external validity where an effect observed with certain types of people might not be observed with other types.

Interaction b/w relationship and people

______ validity has most often been a concern to researchers in connection with the ________.

measurement of outcomes

Threats to construct validity can occur if the operationalization of the construct fails to incorporate _______ of the underlying construct, or if int includes _______.

relevant characteristics

extraneous

Threat to construct validity where participants may behave differently b/c they are aware of their role in a study.

Reactivity to the situation

Construct validity requires careful attantion to ________, so that appropriate construct inferences can be made.

what we CALL things (like construct labels)

________ concerns the extent to which the implementation of an intervention is faithful to its plan.

Intervention/Treatment fidelity (part of unreliable implementation of a treatiment - a threat to statistical conclusion validity)

The ability to detect true relationships among variables.

statistical power (low = threat to statistical conclusion validity)

Researchers should aim to _______ group differences on the dependent variables by _______ differences on the independent variable.

maximize

maximizing

Precision is an aspect of what type of validity?

statistical conclusion

When the use of homogeneity restricts the range of values on the outcome variable, the relationships b/w the outcome and the independent variable will be ______ and may lead to an erroneous inference that the variables are UNrelated.

attenuated (part of Restriction of Range, a threat to statistical conclusion validity)

______ validity is important b/c it links the ops used in a study to a relevant conceptualization and mechanisms for translating the resulting evidence into practice.

Construct

Participants behaving in a particular manner b/c they are aware of their role.

The Hawthorne effect (reactivity to the study situation, a threat to construct validity)