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CMGst Etchberger was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his heroic actions at OL 85, Phu Pha Thi, Laos on March 11, 1968. Check out www.limasite85.us to read the history of the site.

For those interested in the details of this operation, see the following:

http://www.homeofheroes.com/members/02_AFC/cite_3rvnD.html http://limasite85.us/the_destruction_of_lima_site_85.htm http://limasite85.us/photogallery/Memorial-at-Lackland/index.htm http://home.earthlink.net/~aircommando1/secord85.html for the article-- ("
DISASTER AT SITE 85 Chapter 6 of "Honored and Betrayed" By Richard Secord Major General, USAF Retired)

Chief Master Sgt. Richard L. "Dick" Etchberger, 35, died March 11, 1968, after being shot following an overnight battle on Mount Phou Pha Thi at Lima Site 85, as the radar location was known to Americans, where he helped maintain equipment that aided the U.S. bombing campaign of North Vietnam.

Despite having received little or no combat training, Chief Etchberger single-handedly held off the enemy with an M-16, while simultaneously directing air strikes into the area and calling for air rescue. Because of his fierce defense and heroic and selfless actions, he was able to deny the enemy access to his position and save the lives of some of his crew.

With the arrival of the rescue aircraft, Chief Etchberger, without hesitation, once again deliberately risked his own life numerous times, exposing himself to heavy enemy fire in order to place his three surviving wounded comrades into rescue slings hanging from the hovering helicopter waiting to airlift them to safety.

With his remaining crew safely aboard, Chief Etchberger finally climbed into an evacuation sling himself, only to be fatally wounded by enemy ground fire as he was being raised into the aircraft.

"He should have a 55-gallon drum full of medals," said retired Tech Sgt. John G. Daniel, 71, of La Junta, Colo. Sergeant Daniel was one of the three rescued. "I wouldn't be alive without him."

Following a 2008 personnel board of review of the chief's actions, Secretary of the Air Force Michael Donley nominated the Hamburg, Pa., native for the U.S. military's highest decoration, which is awarded "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty."

President Obama approved the Medal of Honor, which will be presented in a White House ceremony on Sept. 21. The following day, an induction ceremony of Chief Etchberger into The Hall of Heroes will take place in the Pentagon.
Air Force hero's actions in Laos finally recognized after 42 years By
Larry Shaughnessy, CNN Pentagon Producer cnnAuthor = "By Larry Shaughnessy, CNN Pentagon Producer"; if(location.hostname.indexOf( 'edition.' ) > -1) {document.write('September 3, 2010 -- Updated 2110 GMT (0510 HKT)');} else {document.write('September 3, 2010 5:10 p.m. EDT');}September 3, 2010 5:10 p.m. EDT var clickExpire = "-1"; Master Sgt. Richard Etchberger will be given the Medal of Honor, according to the White House.
STORY HIGHLIGHTS

NEW: The United States did not want to admit it had troops in nominally neutral Laos

Chief Master Sgt. Richard Etchberger's heroism was hidden for years

He died after saving three comrades in Laos

Washington (CNN) -- President Obama will award the Medal of Honor, the military's highest award for bravery, to Air Force Chief Master Sgt. Richard Etchberger for his valor in saving the lives of three wounded comrades at a then-secret base in Laos in 1968, the White House announced Friday.

After Etchberger saved his fellow airmen, he was shot and killed by enemy fighters.

His heroics were kept a secret for years because the United States wasn't supposed to have troops in Laos during the Vietnam War. President Lyndon Johnson rejected a nomination for Etchberger to receive the Medal of Honor at the time because of the political trouble it could have stirred up.

Etchberger was part of a secret U.S. Air Force radar base in northern Laos, just 120 miles from Hanoi in North Vietnam. The base's purpose was to guide U.S. bomber crews on their missions over North Vietnam and parts of Laos that were under communist control.

Laos was officially neutral during the war, but its leaders were upset that North Vietnamese troops and Viet Cong guerrillas were moving through Laos to attack U.S. troops in South Vietnam. So the Lao government allowed construction of the U.S. radar site provided it was kept secret, according to Tom Keany, an Air Force B-52 squadron commander during the Vietnam War and currently a military historian with the School for Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University.

In March of 1968 North Vietnamese troops attacked the site, called Lima Site 85, with a force of 3,000 soldiers against fewer than a couple dozen U.S. airmen and about a thousand Laotian soldiers.

Eventually, American helicopters were sent in to evacuate the Air Force personnel, but by then eight Americans had been killed and several more wounded. It is considered by some the deadliest ground attack against Air Force troops in the entire Vietnam era.

According the White House, Etchberger deliberately exposed himself to enemy fire "in order to place his three surviving wounded comrades in the rescue slings permitting them to be airlifted to safety."

It took an act of Congress in 2008 for Etchberger to be reconsidered for a Medal of Honor so long after the war had ended. In most cases, the medal recommendation must be made within two years of the act of heroism for which it is to be awarded.

Rep. Earl Pomeroy of North Dakota helped push for the reconsideration. Etchberger was a native of Bismarck, North Dakota.

"Chief Etchberger was denied the Medal of Honor because he was serving his country on the wrong side of a geographic barrier," Pomeroy said in written statement. "Heroism knows no boundary. While it's regrettable that this medal is coming forty years after Mr. Etchberger's death, I am honored to be part of the effort that recognized this true hero."

The ceremony for Etchberger, which will include his three sons, is scheduled for September 21 at the White House.

Pomeroy Applauds Announcement of Medal of Honor to Chief Master Sergeant Richard Etchberger Medal Will Be Awarded Posthumously to Chief Etchberger, a Vietnam War Hero Stationed in North Dakota

Washington, Sep 7 -

Over forty years after Chief Master Sergeant Richard Etchberger’s heroic death in the Vietnam War, the White House recently announced that the Medal of Honor will be awarded posthumously to him on September 21, 2010.Congressman Earl Pomeroy worked to secure authorization for the Medal in a bill signed into law by President Bush in October of 2008.

Friends of Chief Etchberger’s family contacted Pomeroy’s office in 2004, seeking assistance to have Chief Etchberger’s Air Force Cross upgraded to the Medal of Honor. Pomeroy worked to include language in the 2009 National Defense Authorization Act to waive the statute of limitations on the awarding of a Medal of Honor for Chief Etchberger. Chief Etchberger was stationed in Bismarck, North Dakota during the Vietnam War, and lost his life fighting off North Vietnamese special forces while saving the lives of many of his fellow soldiers.

“Chief Master Sergeant Etchberger fought and died heroically, and saved the lives of many of his fellow men,” Congressman Pomeroy said. “The Medal of Honor is reserved for extraordinary acts of valor in combat, and Chief Etchberger’s actions were the very definition of such extraordinary valor.”

Etchberger and his fellow men were stationed at Phou Pha Thi, known as Lima Site 85, which was a secret radar base in the neutral country of Laos. From the base, Chief Etchberger and his fellow men were able to pinpoint hundreds of bombing targets in North Vietnam for the U.S. military. On March 11, 1968, North Vietmanese commandos stormed the radar station, and Chief Etchberger led several men to a ledge where they fought off the Vietnamese commandos and awaited helicopter rescue. Chief Etchberger deliberately exposed himself to enemy fire in order to place his three surviving wounded comrades in rescue slings, saving their lives, but was fatally shot in the helicopter as it carried him and his fellow men away.

Chief Etchberger was nominated for the Medal of Honor but was denied by President Lyndon Johnson for fear it would embarrass the United States and bring attention to their illegal radar station in neutral territory. Chief Etchberger was instead awarded the Air Force Cross, the military’s second highest honor.

“Chief Etchberger was denied the Medal of Honor because he was serving his country on the wrong side of a geographic barrier. Heroism knows no boundary,” Pomeroy added. “While it’s regrettable that this Medal is coming forty years after Mr. Etchberger’s death, I am honored to be part of the effort that recognized this true hero.”

Chief Etchberger’s sons, Cory Etchberger, Richard Etchberger and Steve Wilson will join the President at the White House on September 21st to commemorate their father’s example of selfless service and sacrifice.

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Etchberger, Medal of Honor By John T. Correll With the other members of his team dead or wounded, Etchberger held the enemy at bay with his M-16 rifle.

The 19 Americans on the mountain top in Laos were in grave danger. Most of them were technicians, operating a top secret radar site deep in what was effectively enemy territory, just 15 miles from the North Vietnam border. They were lightly armed, with only 10 M-16 rifles shared among them. The mountain—Phou Pha Thi, which rose almost 6,000 feet above the valley below—was defended by 1,000 Hmong irregulars and US airpower.

The drop on three sides was nearly vertical and the fourth side was fortified. The assumption was that it would be impossible for attackers to climb the sheer face of the mountain. On March 10, 1968, that proposition was about to be tested. A force consisting of between five and seven North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao battalions had the mountain surrounded.

The mountain was not impregnable after all. In the long night that followed, North Vietnamese sappers, covered by mortar, artillery, and rocket fire, scaled the perpendicular cliffs and overran the radar site. Only seven of the Americans got away alive, three of them because of the heroic actions of CMSgt. Richard L. Etchberger, who was himself killed during the last moments of the evacuation.

What happened at Lima Site 85 on Phou Pha Thi was shrouded in official secrecy for decades. It would be 42 years before Etchberger received full and public acknowledgment for saving the lives of his colleagues, but on Sept. 21, 2010, his three sons were presented the Medal of Honor, awarded posthumously to their father, by President Obama at the White House.

On the advice of the CIA, the US ambassador in Vientiane, who was head of the "Country Team" in Laos, had warned that the small contingent on the mountaintop could not hold out and proposed sending helicopters to extricate them. Seventh Air Force in Saigon, which depended on the radar to guide bombers over North Vietnam, disagreed and insisted that the site remain in operation unless "capture appeared imminent."

The radar site on the mountain was a secret because the Americans were not supposed to be there. By the terms of a 1962 Geneva agreement, Laos was neutral. No foreign troops were permitted.

The United States had withdrawn its forces. North Vietnam did not. But by 1968, both countries were again active in Laos, backing different sides in the ongoing civil war.

USAF photo by SMSgt. David Hawkins)

Etchberger’s defense against the North Vietnamese sappers saved his companions, but he was mortally wounded on the rescue helicopter.

Sheep Dipped

The Air Force’s Rolling Thunder air campaign against North Vietnam was severely hampered by bad weather, especially during the northeast monsoon between October and April. The Combat Skyspot radar bombing system offered a partial solution. It guided aircraft to a precise point in the sky from which ordnance could be released at predetermined coordinates.

The catch was that the Combat Skyspot radar had to be within 175 miles, line of sight, of the bomb drop point. Phou Pha Thi, one of the tallest mountains in Laos and 160 miles west of Hanoi, fit the bill. The Air Force already had a tactical air navigation system beacon there.

The mountain was known to airmen as Lima Site 85, after a rough landing strip on the southeastern flank, operated by the CIA’s proprietary airline, Air America.

The Air Force could not openly deploy airmen to Lima Site 85 and it was unwilling to send them into Laos with fraudulent identities. If captured while pretending to be civilians, they would have no protection as prisoners of war under the Geneva Convention. It was decided that they would be—in the vernacular of covert operations—"sheep dipped." They would be discharged from the Air Force, hired by Lockheed Aircraft Service Corp., a subsidiary of Lockheed Aircraft, and go to Laos as employees. When their mission was over, they would be welcomed back into the Air Force.

The project was called Heavy Green. The teams to conduct the operation were drawn from the 1st Combat Evaluation Group, which ran the Strategic Air Command radar bomb scoring system, on which Combat Skyspot was based. Heavy Green would take over the TACAN as well. In September 1967, after listening to the classified briefing and offer, 48 Skyspot-qualified airmen and a dozen TACAN technicians signed the agreement. Their wives were briefed on the program—at least some of it—and sworn to secrecy.

The 44 enlisted Skyspot people and four officers selected all knew each other, having served together for years in SAC. Among them was Etchberger, 35, of Hamburg, Pa. His leadership abilities were evident early on.

Etchberger was president of his senior graduating class at Hamburg High School. He joined the Air Force in 1951 and qualified as a radar operator. During the 1960s, he was based at the 1st Combat Evaluation detachment at Bismarck, N.D., where he helped develop and improve the capabilities of the radar bomb scoring system. One of his officers at Bismarck had been Capt. Stanley J. Sliz, who was also chosen for Heavy Green. In April 1967, Etchberger was promoted to chief master sergeant, USAF’s highest enlisted grade.

Etchberger’s defense against the North Vietnamese sappers saved his companions, but he was mortally wounded on the rescue helicopter.

Eighteen Weeks

The installation team went in first, placing a TSQ-81 radar, a mobile variant of the Combat Skyspot system, and other facilities on the mountaintop in August. Living and working space at the site, which was only 150 feet long, was crowded with the radar, TACAN, operations vans, generator, bunkers, and metal huts.

The Heavy Green operators deployed to Udorn Air Base in northern Thailand in October, setting up shop in the Air America compound, although the airmen—now civilians—lived in rented housing off base. When at Udorn, they wore uniforms and carried military ID as a cover role. For their two-week rotational duty tours to the mountain, they wore civilian clothes and carried Lockheed ID. The boss, Col. Gerald H. Clayton, was manager of the Lockheed field services group at Lockheed.

Heavy Green did not completely cut ties with the Air Force. Clayton was also commander of Det. 1, 1043rd Radar Evaluation Squadron, which had headquarters at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington, D.C. The site was operational on Nov. 1.

The radar operators were divided into teams, one of them headed by Sliz, with Etchberger as crew chief. John G. Daniel was the board operator and the radar technicians were Donald K. Springsteadah and Henry G. Gish.

Etchberger "was one hell of an NCO," said Daniel, a sheep-dipped staff sergeant. "He knew the equipment. ... He knew how to handle people. ... He knew what to do and how to do it. You were eager to follow the man, to do what he wanted you to do." Sliz described Etchberger as "the consummate professional. He stood up above everybody else." In a letter to a friend back in the United States, Etchberger said, "I hate to be away from home, but I believe in the job. It is the most challenging job I’ll ever have in my life."

Lima Site 85 was in northeastern Laos, the stronghold of the Communist Pathet Lao. Part of the security was the mountain itself. At the higher reaches, the sheer face of the cliffs rose at angles of 80 and 90 degrees on the north, south, and west sides. About 1,000 Hmong tribesmen, known as fierce fighters, and some Thai special forces were expected to hold the eastern slope.

The enemy had long since discovered the site and had made several attempts to dislodge it, including an attack by An-2 Colt biplanes using improvised munitions. US airpower was increasingly used to disperse enemy troops moving into the vicinity. A combat controller had been sent to direct local air strikes.

The US ambassador, William H. Sullivan, was opposed to arming Heavy Green personnel but, about a week before the attack in March, approved giving them a limited number of M-16s. The airmen had no real training with the weapons, only a general familiarization and the opportunity for some informal firing.

By March 10, the radar on Phou Pha Thi had been operational for 18 weeks. That day, a Sunday, mortar, artillery, and rocket rounds began falling on the mountaintop around 6 p.m. The barrage ceased at 7:45 p.m., but the Hmong were engaged in heavy fighting at lower elevations.

About 9 p.m., Ambassador Sullivan decided evacuation would begin the next morning, despite Air Force reluctance to close the site. There were 19 Americans on the mountain: 16 Heavy Green operators and support personnel, a combat controller, and two CIA paramilitary officers.

After the initial shelling, Sliz’s team went to get some rest while another team took the duty. Around 8 p.m., Daniel and Springsteadah took their sleeping bags and went down to a ledge on the western slope, which was less exposed to bombardment than their quarters. The ledge was about 20 feet below the top of the mountain. A path led down to it, but beyond that, the mountain dropped sharply for several thousand feet. Sliz, Etchberger, and Gish remained in the vicinity of the vans.

Three sides of Phou Pha Thi were nearly vertical, and the fourth was heavily fortified. The sappers were able to scale the mountain, above.

During the night, a North Vietnamese sapper team that had trained for months for the mission climbed the western slope, the one unguarded by the Hmong, and reached the summit. The sappers waited in hiding until 3 a.m., then began moving toward the Heavy Green facilities. Detected by a guard, they opened fire.

"As the technicians came running out of the operations structure, they were met with a hail of small-arms weapons fire from close range," a subsequent Air Force report said. Several Americans were killed, including the leader of the radar team on duty.

Awakened by the shooting, Sliz, Etchberger, and Gish made their way down the path and joined Daniel and Springsteadah on the ledge.

Five or six of the enemy began walking down the trail. Etchberger, at the direction of Sliz, opened up on them with his M-16 and they retreated. For reasons unknown, the enemy did not press the attack down the path, but brought the ledge under fire with small arms and grenades from the top of the cliff. Gish was killed in the first burst of fire, and Springsteadah shortly thereafter. Sliz and Daniel were struck by shrapnel and bullets. A rocky overhang, about five feet deep and five feet wide, offered some protection. Two people could squeeze underneath it.

The Americans on the ledge had only three M-16s. Sliz took Gish’s rifle when Gish was killed. They had plenty of ammunition, though, having taken along a box of extra clips. They also had signal flares and a survival radio, which were in Sliz’s survival vest.

The sappers continued tossing grenades from the top of the cliff. Sliz and Daniel had limited mobility, but were able to knock some of the grenades away. "If I could reach them, I’d pick them up and throw them back on top of the hill," said Daniel. "If I couldn’t reach them, I’d take the butt of my rifle and kick them off over the edge of the mountain." When one grenade landed outside their reach, Daniel and Sliz rolled the body of a dead comrade on top of it.

Sliz and Daniel, weakened by loss of blood, were not able to help much with the defense, but the attackers "weren’t able to get closer because of Etch firing at them," said Sliz.

"Despite having received little or no combat training, Chief Etchberger single-handedly held off the enemy with an M-16, while simultaneously directing air strikes into the area and calling for air rescue," said the citation to Etchberger’s Medal of Honor. "Because of his fierce defense and heroic and selfless actions, he was able to deny the enemy access to his position and save the lives of his remaining crew."

In John Witt’s painting for the Air Force Art Collection (l), an Air Force helicopter lifts wounded survivors off the cliff, while Etchberger (with M-16) directs the air support. Above: President Obama presents the Medal of Honor to Etchberger’s three sons: (l-r) Steve Wilson, Cory Etchberger, and Richard Etchberger. (Photo via Etchberger family)

Etchberger Bars the Way

Etchberger kept the sappers at bay until help arrived at daybreak. Two A-1 Skyraiders from Nakhon Phanom Air Base on the Thai border roared over the mountain, strafing the North Vietnamese. That had limited effect, but on the next pass, they dropped cluster bombs, which cleared the area momentarily.

A Huey helicopter from the Air America base at Long Tieng approached, hovered, and dropped a jungle penetrator with rescue slings in which the survivors could ride.

Of the five men who had taken shelter on the ledge, only Etchberger remained untouched by enemy fire. He had repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire, both while holding the enemy back and as he placed his wounded teammates on the hoist. He sent Daniel up first, then loaded Sliz on the lift when it came back down. The cable, swaying in the wind, banged Sliz against the side of the cliff, but he was still conscious when the helicopter crew pulled him aboard.

At that point, Bill Husband, the generator repairman, came running. He was in bad shape with hip-to-head shrapnel wounds, but Etchberger got him on the lift. As Husband and Etchberger rose up together on the third hoist, the helicopter began taking fire from below.

After they climbed aboard the Huey, one of the rounds punched through the floor of the helicopter and hit Etchberger, who was sitting on the jump seat of the helicopter. He died minutes later.

Between them, the Air America and USAF helicopters brought out seven US survivors and some of the Thai and Hmong wounded. The other 12 Americans were known or presumed to be dead. About 30 of the Hmong and Thai were killed.

Etchberger was considered "one hell of an NCO" and "the consummate professional" by his crew.

Twenty days after the attack, the White House declared a bombing halt north of the 20th parallel, which included the part of North Vietnam into which Lima Site 85 had been directing strikes.

Etchberger was nominated for the Medal of Honor by CMSgt. Frank Roura, first sergeant and chief of admin for the 1043rd Radar Evaluation Squadron at Udorn. Numerous accounts blame President Lyndon Johnson for downgrading the award, but the decision was made by Gen. John D. Ryan, the Air Force vice chief of staff, who was the USAF approving authority for top awards. In a letter to Air Force Magazine in 2006, retired Col. Ruffin W. Gray, who was Ryan’s executive officer in 1968, explained what happened:

"After reading all the supporting documentation, I went into General Ryan’s office and told him that as far as I was concerned, this had every element for the Congressional Medal of Honor rather than the Air Force Cross," Gray said. "After reading all the supporting documents, General Ryan said that he agreed. However, we had to consider that the Congressional medal could not be awarded without national news attention. Due to the sensitivity of Lima Site 85’s location, the circumstances surrounding its role, and the subsequent loss, these factors could not be revealed. We could, however, fly the Etchberger family to Washington and in a quiet, appropriate ceremony award the Air Force Cross without national fanfare."

Etchberger’s records were supposed to be flagged and reviewed periodically so that when circumstances permitted, "the Air Force Cross could be rescinded and the Congressional medal awarded," Gray said, but "it must have fallen through a crack somewhere along the line."

The Air Force Cross was awarded posthumously to Etchberger in a closed presentation at the Pentagon Jan. 15, 1969. His name did not appear on a public list of Air Force Cross recipients until reported in Air Force Magazine in 1998. Catherine Etchberger was sworn to secrecy. She kept the promise, not even telling her sons what had been revealed to her. "We were told that he died in a helicopter crash," said Cory Etchberger, who was nine when his father was killed. "Our mother knew what really happened." Catherine Etchberger, who never remarried, died in 1994.

The Heavy Green personnel were restored to active duty. After US involvement in the war in Laos was revealed in 1970, the families were told more, but not all, of the details of the night on the mountain. The cover story was maintained for years. The saga of Lima Site 85 emerged in bits and pieces between 1977 and 1995 as information from various documents and reports was declassified. The most extensive account was in 1999 by Timothy N. Castle in his book, One Day Too Long.

The title came from Ambassador Sullivan’s cable of March 11, 1968, to Secretary of State Dean Rusk in which he said, "It appears we may have pushed our luck one day too long in attempting to keep this facility in operation."

CMSgt. Richard Etchberger at Udorn Air Base in Thailand, a few months before the firefight at Lima Site 85.

Finally, the Medal of Honor

Retired MSgt. Robert L. Dilley had never known Etchberger, but he had served with the 1st Combat Evaluation Group in Bismarck, N.D., the unit from which Etchberger departed to join the Heavy Green program. In 2004, he wrote to Rep. Earl Pomeroy (D-N.D.), in whose district Etchberger had served. Daniel, Sliz, and the Heavy Green commander, Clayton, provided supporting information.

Pomeroy got language into the 2009 defense authorization bill to waive the limit on how much time could elapse before the award of a Medal of Honor. The bill, adopted by Congress and signed by President Bush in 2008, "authorized and requested" the President to award the Medal of Honor to Etchberger.

After a favorable USAF personnel board review, Secretary of the Air Force Michael B. Donley nominated Etchberger for the higher award.

President Obama telephoned Cory Etchberger July 7, 2010, to tell him the Medal of Honor had been approved.

The Medal of Honor was awarded at the White House to Etchberger’s three sons: Richard Etchberger of Vernal, Utah, Cory Etchberger of Schwenksville, Pa., and Steve Wilson of Redlands, Calif. Also there was Chief Etchberger’s brother, Robert Etchberger, 81, of Summerfield, Fla.

The next day at the Pentagon, Etchberger was inducted into the Hall of Heroes. "Valor has no expiration date," Gen. Norton A. Schwartz, Air Force Chief of Staff, said at the induction. "The discovery of truth, no matter how long it is delayed, sets the record straight."

L-r: CMSAF James Roy, Secretary of the Air Force Michael Donley, Cory Etchberger, and Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Norton Schwartz display a framed copy of Etchberger’s Medal of Honor citation at the Pentagon Hall of Heroes induction ceremony. (USAF photo by Andy Morataya)

John Daniel, 71, who now lives in La Junta, Colo., came to Washington for the award ceremonies. The other survivor from the ledge, Stanley Sliz, 78, lives in Huntington Beach, Calif., but was unable to make the trip.

Both Daniel and Sliz still carry shrapnel from Lima Site 85. Both think often of Etchberger.

"He should have a 55-gallon drum full of medals. I wouldn’t be alive without him," Daniel said, but "42-plus years too goddamn late. It should have happened 42-plus-years ago."

John T. Correll was editor in chief of Air Force Magazine for 18 years and is now a contributing editor. His most recent article, "The Atomic Mission," appeared in the October issue. For additional information, see "The Fall of Lima Site 85" in the April 2006 issue.