Card Range To Study

30 Cards in this Set

Front

Back

Is a split S2 a normal sound?- what causes a split S2?

Very often split S2 is normal. When you inhale, you get more blood on right side (due to compression of vena cava) and pulmonic valve stays open longer (because it has more blood to get through the valve). Aortic valve closes 1st. No pathology associated with this. Splitting of S2 is going to be in 2nd interspace.

What is an intrinsic mechanism of bp control?

Intrinsic Mechanisms- the control of blood flow incorporates some organs that can autoregulate their blood pressure. That organ constricts to increase pressure or dialates to decrease bp. Brain, heart, and kidney are organs that can autoreg. Kidney’s afferent or efferent arteries are used to autoregulate kidney.

How does the ANS affect the pulmonary/coronary blood vessels?

SNS: constrict, PNS: dilate (that's what the notes say!)

What is the difference between atherosclerosis and arteriolar sclerosis?

Arteriolar sclerosis is where hypertension has its impact on small vessels in the kidney, heart, and brain. Atherosclerosis is the hardening of large vessel walls, ie arteries

When a patient is put on insulin, what is most likely to happen to there blood lipid panel?

The patient's blood lipids will increase because the individual has been use to breaking down lipids instead of directly using glucose for cellular energy.

Name 4 non-modifiable risk factors.

Age, gender, heredity, ethnicity

Right HF, obesity, and pregnancy can all be related to:
A. arterial insufficiency
B. venous insufficiency

Describe Burgur's Disease; who gets it; what is disease process; what are the symptoms; what is the therapy?

Burgurs Disease: affects small to medium size arteries in upper extremities. Get fibrotic scarring. Part of scarring process involves neighboring nerves. Tends to be associated w/smoking in men less than 40. Inflammatory response that causes scarring.
Symptoms: related to decreased arterial blood flow. Pain, numbness/tingling, cold, hair loss, skin breakdown resulting in ulcers
6 or 5 P’s of obstruction: Pulselessness, palor, pain, poichiotosis (polar), paralysis.
If you stress a muscle, you normally would get increased blood flow. However, if you have this disease you get claudication (cramping) because there is NOT increased blood flow like normal.
Tell them to stop smoking (if they are). AND/OR amputation.

Peripheral vascular disease: people have obstructions to blood flow.

What is the typical target population of Raynaud's Disease; what are the symptoms; the pathology; the therapy?

How would you simply describe an individual's aneurysm if the diagnosis was a false fusiform aneurysm?

The individual would have weakness all the way around the vessel but one of the 3 tunicas/layers is uneffected.

What is an aneurysm? What ar the 4 different types of classification?

An aneurysm is an outs-pouching/ballooning in a vessel wall. Fusiform vs Saccule- has to do with whether or not the aneurysm goes all the way around the vessel.
A fusiform aneurysm involves all weakness on all sides of the vessel. A saccule only has an outpouching on one side.
True vs False- has to do with which layers of the vessel are involved in the aneurysm
true- all three layers invovled (advnetitia, media, intima)
False- only 2 layers are involved.

Is an acute arterial occlusion an emergency?
Why or why not?

It is an emergency! Anytime you start to lose a pulse it is an emergency. This patient is a surgical candidate.

Why is it that diabetics have neuropathy?

WHen sugars are out of whack sorbital forms. This breaks down the myelin sheath that surrounds the nerve.

Which set of symptoms are more likely associated with acute ischemia to a certain area of the body?
A.pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresis
paralysis
poikilothermy

B.intermittent claudication
atrophy (skin, hair)
thickening of nails

A. is the answer.
The characterists of B are more associated with chronic ischemia.

DVT is the precursor to what serious condition? If patient is going to be bed bound of a long time, what are two simple things to do to help prevent DVT and thus PE?

PE.
Put Tet hose on and put patient on anticoagulant

What is an example of chronic venous insufficiency- DVT or varicose veins?

DVT. Chronic venous insufficiency has to do with deep veins such as the femoral. As pressure starts to back up and venous pressure ='s arterial pressure patient get stasis ulcers on skin.

Arrange the following letters in the progression of the disease state:
A. DVT
B. Valvular incompetance
C. chronic venous insufficiency.