Both Turkish-language requirements and economic hardship have prevented Syrians from attending classes on a regular basis. Additional constraints on physical classroom space and lack of teachers have also limited educational opportunities for some refugees.

Most Syrian children attend lessons at refugee camps rather than Turkish schools

"Absorbing 900,000 to 1 million kids into an education system is [a unique undertaking]," said Felix Leger, a technical assistant for health and education with ECHO, the EU entity responsible for allocation humanitarian funds. "We were looking for other examples worldwide. There are none. This sets the tone for the challenge that Turkey is facing."

To date, Turkish officials said the country spent $25 billion (€21.1 billion) to accommodate Syrians, while the EU has committed €3 billion towards improving conditions for refugees in Turkey. Among many initiatives, the funding aims to address educational shortcomings for refugees through EU-financed projects to build 100 schools and a conditional cash transfer program that encourages Syrian families to keep kids in school through monthly allowance payments.

Community centers fill the gaps

Yet as such programs take shape, a network of EU-funded community centers have filled the gaps for Syrians still outside the education system while providing everyday services, such as medical referrals and psychosocial support. At the Turkish Red Crescent Ankara Community Center, Syrians of all ages can receive free language classes and vocational training from instructors paid for by the Ministry of Education.

A sign at the building's entrance reads 'Turkish Red Crescent Ankara Community Center is Funded by the European Union'

Located in Altindag, an area with the largest refugee population in Ankara, the center provides school-aged Syrians with extracurricular classes they may not otherwise receive, said Renan Turkkulu, manager of the Ankara Community Center. Children are offered computer literacy and art courses, as well as Turkish, English and Arabic language courses.

"[The children] are part of this 'lost generation' that missed many years of school because of the war in Syria," Turkkulu said. "They can speak in their mother tongue, but many are illiterate."

Turkkulu said roughly half of the school-aged children taking lessons at the center were not attending schools, not just because of linguistic and financial barriers, but also due to registration issues. Syrians must sometimes endure long waits to receive identification cards required for enrollment in public schools, and the center's staff often guide them through such administrative procedures.

The Turkish Red Crescent Ankara Community Center offers languages courses and other help for refugees

Syrian adults also take courses at the center to improve their Turkish skills, which many see as an obstacle not just for acquiring higher-paying jobs, but also for accessing the Turkish health care system. Semira Mohandes, a 37-year-old mother of three from Aleppo, said she began taking language classes at the center to better understand doctors during medical visits with her son, who suffers from epilepsy due to a head injury he sustained in Syria.

While attending language courses, Mohandes also learned about the center's vocational courses and recently signed up to become a certified hairdresser. As her family has limited income, Mohandes said she wants to start her own business.

"I want to feel like I have a reason to get out of the house," Mohandes told DW. "I want to feel good about my life."

Challenges of integration

Similar vocational training and language programs for refugees are offered at other Red Crescent Community Centers in nine major Turkish cities. While such initiatives are positive steps towards integrating Syrians into the Turkish communities where many are likely to remain for years to come, refugees seeking higher education still face limited options, according to Omar Kadkoy, a researcher on refugee integration at Economic Policy Research Foundation of Turkey (TEPAV).

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

Outside looking in

A boy looks out from a school in Nizip 2 refugee camp in southern Turkey. Many Syrians have lived here for more than five years, but have difficulties integrating into Turkish society due to language barriers and the trappings of informal labor. This camp offers high-end accommodations by international standards, but some residents continue to struggle with social isolation.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

Better than expected

Built on the banks of the Euphrates River in 2012, Nizip 2 offers free education, health care and supermarkets to its residents. Families live in individual shipping container-sized homes, complete with bathrooms, heating and air condition - a stark difference from traditional canvas tent camps that are at the mercy of inclement weather. About 4,500 Syrians currently live in Nizip 2.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

We do need an education!

According to the Turkish Ministry of National Education, 40 percent of Syrian school-aged children are out of school. In camps like Nizip 2, free education is offered for students of all ages in Arabic, Turkish and English. Yet some refugees have found the process of learning Turkish to be slow, inhibiting their prospects for higher paying jobs in the country.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

Safety first

"For children, it’s better outside the camp because they are learning Turkish very slowly and would learn faster if they were in class with Turkish students," said Mustafa Omer, an English teacher in the Nizip 2 school, who is originally from Homs, Syria. "But they feel safe in the camp with their community, and that is most important to us," he told DW.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

Finding the right personnel

"The interaction between the [Syrian and Turkish] children is important to ease the social tensions," says Omar Kadkoy, a researcher who specializes in economic and social refugee integration. "However, both public schools and temporary education centers suffer from a mutual shortcoming: the lack of qualified personnel to teach Turkish as a second language."

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

"It’s easy to learn Turkish"

Yet there are success stories. Mahir Ismail, 17, right, said he’s been studying Turkish for one year. "It’s easy to learn Turkish," he told DW. "I can understand 70 percent of it." When Ismail finishes high school he hopes to study engineering. According to Camp Director Ibrahim Halil Demir, 39 camp residents currently attend the nearby Gaziantep University.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

Finding the right job

Unemployment is high among Syrians, but many find low-skilled jobs, mainly in hard labor sectors, while others start their own companies. Of the 6,000 Syrian companies established in Turkey between 2011 and March 2017, 13 percent were located in the Gaziantep province, according to Kadkoy. Still, many Syrians struggle to transfer their skills into Turkey’s workforce.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

No time to study

Kahraman Marash, 24, seated, was in the camp to visit his grandparents on a day off. He works 12-hour shifts, seven days a week, at a kebab shop in a nearby city for 1,000 liras ($270, 256 euros) a month. "I want to learn Turkish and go to school but don’t have time," he told DW. "My parents depend on my salary."

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

Longing to go home

Overwhelmingly, camp residents have one thing on their minds: going home. Mohamed Haaji, left, 17, picks vegetables and fruits for 35 liras a day ($9.50, 9 euros). He says there's no point in going to school because he wants to go back to Syria. Zakaria Aried, 57, right, is from Raqqa and is waiting for the city to be liberated from the "Islamic State" group.

Integration problems for Syrians in Turkey

A question of nationality

Ayush Ahmed, out of frame, holds one of her two granddaughters. She has lived in Nizip 2 for five years and was one of the first camp residents. Both her granddaughters were born while her family lived in the camp. "If we stay here, my granddaughters will be Turkish," Ahmed said. "If we go home, they will be Syrian."

Author: Diego Cupolo (Nizip)

Even if Syrian students get a firm grasp of the Turkish language, many remain ill-prepared for university entrance exams and have to scale back career ambitions as a result. Additionally, Kadkoy said 280,000 Syrians attend refugee-only temporary education centers, where the focus on Turkish language education is not sufficient in preparing students for the Turkish public school system, which is expected to take in most Syrian students in the coming years.

"If we want Syrian students to be effectively integrated in public schools and to pursue higher education, I think the role of temporary education centers should be focused greatly on teaching the Turkish language over anything else," Kadkoy told DW, suggesting Syrian students should undergo intensive Turkish courses before transferring to public schools.

"But for this we face a structural problem where we need more qualified teachers and more schools to accommodate additional Syrian students," Kadkoy added.

In recent years, Turkey's Ministry of Education has addressed the lack of classroom space by extending operational hours at existing schools. In some cases, one school building hosts two or three school 'shifts,' stacked one after the other to allow different sets of students to attend courses in the same space throughout the day.

In September, the Ministry of Education also asked Istanbul districts to direct Syrian students to religious schools, to alleviate strains on the public school system, raising alarm among some education advocates.