With exponential input, est, from outside and exponential growth, eat, from inside, the solution, y(t), is a combination of two exponentials.

Video Transcript

OK. We're still talking about first order differential equations with a dy dt. And there is still a gross term proportional to the balance. This might be the interest that's added on to y. And then there is input, a source term, of deposits being made all the time.

So I'm looking to solve that differential equation. And this is the best possible function for differential equations. Exponentials. Because the derivative of exponential is exponential. It's just easiest to work with.

And the output, the solution is called the exponential response. That word response says what comes out when e to the st goes in. And as before, we have some starting deposit, y of 0. Initial condition at time 0. OK.

Here is the key point, that with this nice source function, the solution, or one solution, a particular solution, will be just a multiple of e to the st. So all I have to do is find that number, capital Y, and I've got a solution to that equation. How do I do it? Substitute this into the equation and solve for Y. So let's do that.

The derivative of this, the derivative of exponential will bring down a factor s. So there'll be a ys e to the st from the derivative. And that will have to equal a times Y e to the st, plus the source term e to the st. good? I just substituted it in.

Now, the nice thing, I cancel, I divide by e to the st, which is never 0. So I divide by-- factor out e to the st, factor that out. It just leaves me with a 1. So I have Y times s, Y times a, plus 1. So let me write that equation so you see it.

That's just s minus a times Y is 1. Right? I took a times Y and put it on the left side of the equation. So I've discovered the exponential response. 1 over s minus a. OK. So I have a solution to the equation.

That's not the end, because that solution won't match the initial condition. So how do I match an initial condition? What I've found is a particular solution, and I need also the null solution, the homogeneous solution. So the full solution, y of t, is this Y particular.

So capital Y, I now know is that. So I have an e to the st over-- I'm putting in Y, the right value of Y. So that's the particular solution that I've found. Plus any null solution. So remember, the null solutions, that term is gone. So the source is 0. That's why the word null.

So I'm looking for the solution to dy dt equal ay. And the solutions to dy dt equal ay are e to the at, times any number. Because the right-hand side is 0 now. This is y particular. And let me write that. This is y particular, and this is y null, or y homogeneous.

So that's the general solution. The complete solution has that form. And now I can match y equal y of 0 at t equal 0. I put in t equal 0, I get y of 0 equals-- t equals 0, this is 1. So 1 over s minus a. And when t is 0, this is 1, so plus C. So now I know what C is. And notice, C is not just y of 0, as sometimes in the past. C is y of 0 minus this.

Are you ready now for the complete solution with satisfying the initial conditions? So now I'm going to-- this in the correct form. This tells me what C has to be. So I put it in and I have this solution.

y of t is e the st over s minus a, the easy one, plus C. Now, C is y of 0 minus 1 over s minus a. That's what we needed. Times e to the at. That's our answer. That's our answer.

I can make it look a little nicer. I want to. I want to separate out the y of 0 part, the part that's just growing from the initial condition, from the part that is coming from the source term. So I just want to put that together with this.

So I have the same s minus a below. Here is an e to the st above. And I have a minus, that 1 over s minus a, times e to the at. And then I have this term, which is growing. Well, this is really good. This is the part growing out of the initial deposit.

I'm using, again, money in a bank with additional deposits, e to the st. And this is the part coming from those later deposits. Initial part, and the part coming from there. So this is, again, a null solution. A multiple of e to the at.

This is another particular solution. Remember, there isn't just one particular solution. Any solution is a particular solution. And this is, I call that the very particular solution. Because it has the nice property that it starts from 0.

So a t equals 0, that's 1 minus 1, I'm getting 0. So I would call that y vp. I'll introduce those letters, not standard, for that part. And then y homogeneous, or y null, is this part. OK. Problem solved. The exponential grows in this way, and the initial condition grows directly that way. OK.

The problem is solved with one exception. And now I have to take a minute with that exception. The exception is the formula breaks down if s equals a. If s equals a, I'm dividing by 0. My formula is falling apart. And that's the case of resonance. So let me put over here, s equal a. That resonance.

And we always have to expect that that's a possibility, that we're putting money with the same exponential as the natural growth of the money, or whatever we're growing. And our formula has to change. You what you might say it's infinite, because I'm dividing by 0.

But notice the part above is also 0. If s equals a, this is e to the st minus e to the at. Those are the same. So I have a 0/0 situation. My formula is breaking down, but it isn't dying. It needs more thinking. The case of resonance needs to-- I have to understand what this is when s equals a.

Let me tell you what it is. And then show you why. So this is the case s equal a. So if s equal a, then y very particular plus y null space. So it's this very particular solution that has to have a different form.

And here's the form it gets. A factor t appears. You just learn to recognize resonance by that factor t. So it'll be a t e to the at. a is the same as s now, so s doesn't appear. So that's the solution which starts from 0, and it comes from the input. And this is the part that starts from y of 0 and grows.

So you see, eventually, this is going to be the bigger one. The resonant case, it grows like e to the at, with that little bit extra growth of t. OK. So now I have a solution in that special case also, when s equals a. All right.

Do you want to know how this comes out of this as s approaches a? Let me take three minutes to tell you about that. It's L'Hopital's rule. Do you remember from calculus, 0/0, the way to deal with that was called by this guy's name, L'Hopital? Hospital, I guess. Probably hospital in French.

And you this 0/0 expression. It's a ratio of two things. The top going to 0 when s goes to a, because these become the same. The bottom going to 0 when s goes to a. And the right-- L'Hopital's cool idea was you get the same answer if you take the ratio of the derivatives.

So L'Hopital says, take the ratio of the derivatives of the top minus the derivative-- oh, divided by the derivative of the bottom. And then let s go to a in the end. OK. So I have to take this derivative, I have to take that derivative with respect to s. Often in calculus, it was an x. Here it's an s. No big deal.

So that derivative is-- You take the derivative with respect to s. We'll bring down-- ah, here comes the t. The derivative of s is t e to the st. And the derivative of this thing is 1. And now I let s go to a. Well, it's easy to let s go to a now. This thing approaches that. I have the t e of the at in the limit.

So L'Hopital's rule was the reason behind this formula for resonance. But again, I emphasize that expect a factor t when you have this resonance. OK. So that's the solution for the best possible right-hand side e to the st. Well, maybe the best is a constant. Second simplest is an exponential. Next, will come sines and cosigns. That's the next lecture. Thanks.

Introduction

1.2: The Calculus You Need
The sum rule, product rule, and chain rule produce new derivatives from the derivatives of xn, sin(x) and ex. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus says that the integral inverts the derivative.

Vector Spaces and Subspaces

5.4: Independence, Basis, and Dimension
Vectors v 1 to v d are a basis for a subspace if their combinations span the whole subspace and are independent: no basis vector is a combination of the others. Dimension d = number of basis vectors.

5.5: The Big Picture of Linear Algebra
A matrix produces four subspaces – column space, row space (same dimension), the space of vectors perpendicular to all rows (the nullspace), and the space of vectors perpendicular to all columns.

7.2b: Singular Value Decomposition, SVD
The SVD factors each matrix A into an orthogonal matrix U times a diagonal matrix Σ (the singular value) times another orthogonal matrix VT: rotation times stretch times rotation.