Abstract

Managing ecosystems to ensure the provision of multiple ecosystem services is a key challenge for applied ecology. Functional traits are receiving increasing attention as the main ecological attributes by which different organisms and biological communities influence ecosystem services through their effects on underlying ecosystem processes. Here we synthesize concepts and empirical evidence on linkages between functional traits and ecosystem services across different trophic levels. Most of the 247 studies reviewed considered plants and soil invertebrates, but quantitative trait–service associations have been documented for a range of organisms and ecosystems, illustrating the wide applicability of the trait approach. Within each trophic level, specific processes are affected by a combination of traits while particular key traits are simultaneously involved in the control of multiple processes. These multiple associations between traits and ecosystem processes can help to identify predictable trait–service clusters that depend on several trophic levels, such as clusters of traits of plants and soil organisms that underlie nutrient cycling, herbivory, and fodder and fibre production. We propose that the assessment of trait–service clusters will represent a crucial step in ecosystem service monitoring and in balancing the delivery of multiple, and sometimes conflicting, services in ecosystem management.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the RUBICODE Coordination Action (Rationalising Biodiversity Conservation in Dynamic Ecosystems) funded under the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission (Contract No. 036890). We are grateful for the critical comments from John Haslett, Fabien Quétier and several anonymous reviewers. Petr Šmilauer provided constructive suggestions on the multivariate example.

Numbers in brackets indicate number of entries in the database. Within each Millennium Ecosystem Assessment category, ecosystem services are sorted in terms of the number of entries in the database. The sign +/− indicates the most frequent direction (positive or negative) of effects of traits and trait composition on a given ecosystem process as found in the literature. ‘Multiple effects’ indicates more complex relationships

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