Babar wrote Risala-i-Validiya in
Turkish poetry which was orginally the work of Khwaja Obei-dullah.

Babar learnt the use of artillery
from Ustad Ali and Mustafa—his two Turkish officers.

The name of Humayun’s mother was
Maham Sultana.

In 1544 Humayun took shelter with
Shah Tahmasp, the ruler of Iran.

In July 1555, Humayun again
occupied the throne of Delhi.

Humayun died on 27 January, 1556
as a result of a sudden fall from the stairs of the Din-Panah Library.

Shershah was a great conqueror. He
fought and won a grim battle against Maldeo of Marwar.

Shershah introduced currency
reform, extanded transport system by building, roads, most famous being present
day G. T. Road and reformed revenue system by classifying agricultural land and
introducing measurement of land.

During the administration of
Shershah, the Diwan-i-Vizarat looked after the tax system and economy and
maintained the accounts of the income and expenditure of the State.

The duty of Diwan-i-Ariz was to
recruit the army, supply the food and look after education.

The duty of Diwan-i-Rasalat was to
conduct correspondence with other States and to maintain contact with them.

The duty of the Diwan-i-Insha was
to write emperor’s orders and records of accounts.

The credit to solve the early
difficulties of Akbar and to safeguard the Mughal empire goes to Bairam Khan.

From 1556 to 1560 the reins of
Mughal administration remained in the hands to Bairam Khan.

At Tilwara, a war was fought between Bairam
Khan and the army of Akbar. Bairam Khan was defeated.

In early days of his rule Akbar
was under the influence of Harem particularly his foster another Maham Anga.
This is why some historian call the early years of Akbar as ‘Purda-rule’ or
Petticoat government.

When Maham Anga died, the
so-called short Petticoat government of Akbar’s time ended.

In 1562 Akbar abolished the
slavery system.

Akbar was the first muslim ruler
who got maximum success in Rajasthan.

Akbar’s second attack on Gujarat
is considered to be not only the fastest invasion of Akbar’s time but the
fastest in the history of the world of that age.

In 1595 during Akbar’s time.
Muzaffar Hussain was the Persian Governor of Qandahar.

Raja Birbal died fighting on the
royal side in the Afghan-Baluchi rebellion during Akbar’s time.

In 1571 was built an Ibadatkhana
at Fatehpur Sikri where every Thrusday, religious deliberation were held.

Akbar was also impressed by
Jainism. He invited the eminent Jain scholar Heer Vijay Suri from Tam Gachh in
Gujarat to know about this religion.

Impressed by Zorastrianism, the
holy fire was kept burning in Akbar’s palace.

Following the tradition of Hindu
kings, Akbar started appearing for Darshan of his people from the Jharokha of
his palace.

In Akbar’s time, the Prime
Minister was known Wazir or Vakil-i-Mutlaq.

In Akbar’s time, the Finance
Minister was called Wazir or Deewan.

Mujaffar Khan was the first to be
appointed as Wazir during Akbar’s time.

The assistants of Deewan, known as
Sahib-i-Taujeeh looked after the accounts of the Army.

Another assistant of Deewan,
Deewan-i-Bayutoot, looked after the Industries of different kinds.

The officer who managed the royal
treasury was known as Mushrif-i-Khazana.

Meer Saman in Akbar’s time,
managed the affairs of the royal palace, Haram and kitchen.

In Akbar’s time, Amal Guzar was
the officer who collected the revenue from the districts.

Bitikchi prepared the data about
the quality of land and its produce. On the same basis, the Amal Guzar fixed
the revenue. Bitikchi was the second important officer in the Revenue
department.

Amil collected the revenue from
the Pargana.

In Akbar’s time, the clerk was
called Karkun. His main task was to record the cultivable land in the Pargana
and keep an account of the realized and unrealized revenue.

Akabar introduced Mansabdari
system with its ranks of Jat and Sawar based on decimal system.

According to Blochman, Zat was the
definite number of soldiers, the Mansabdars had to keep with them.

According to Blochman the Sawar
meant the definite number of cavalry.

In Akbar’s time, there were four
kinds of land—Polaj, Chacher, Parauti and Banjar.

In Akbar’s time, Ibrahim Sarhindi
translated the Sanskrit text of Atharva Ved in Persian.

Mulla Shah Mohammad translated in
Persian Raj Tarangini of Kalhan.

Maulana Sherry translated Hari
Vansh Puran in Persian.

Abul Fazal translated Panch Tantra
in Persian.

Faizi translated the story of Nal
Damayanti in Persian.

The history of Islam was compiled
in Tarikh-i-Alfi. It is a famous book.

Akbar established a separate
department of Painting, the chairman of this department was the famous painter
Khwaja Abdus Samad.

Abdussamad was an inhabitant of
Persia who came to India from Shiraz. He was adorned with the title of Shirin
Qalam for his attainments.

Mohammad Hussain, the famous
author of Akbar’s Court was adorned with the title of Zari Qalam.

Akbar built the Fort of Allahabad.

The first building of Akbar’s time
was Humayun’s tomb at Delhi built under the guidance of his step mother Haji
Begum.

The main mason who built Humayun’s
tomb belonged to Iran and his name was Mirza Meerak Ghyas.

Akbar was born on Sunday. Hence
Jahangir declared Sunday as a pious day.

Nur Jahan was an educated lady.
She was specially interested in music, painting and poetry. She composed poetry
in Persian.

The first Englishman to come to
the Mughal Court was captain Hawkins.

Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khana was the
guardian and tutor of Jahangir.

The English ambassador Sir Thomas
Roe came to India during Jahangir’s time.

The Jahangir’s autobiography is
Tujuk-i-Jahangiri.

Shahjahan was born on 5 January,
1592 at Lahore. The name of his mother was Jagat Gosain.

Two big rebellions broke out
during Shahjahan’s time. One was the revolt of the ruler of Bundelkhand named
Jujhar Singh and the other was the revolt in south under the leadership of
Khan-i-Jahan Lodhi.

The title of Malika-i-Zamani was
conferred upon Arjumand Bano Begum.

The first coronation of Aurangzeb
was performed on 31 July, 1658 and the second coronation took place on 15 June,
1659.

Aurangzeb passed an order and
prohibited the repairs of the temples by the Hindus.

Aurangzeb appointed Subedars and
Muhatsibs to check the spread of education and Hinduism.

Aurangzeb again levied Zazia upon
Hindus.

Under Aurangzeb, the Hindu traders
paid 5% tax on goods while the Muslim traders were free from this tax.

Aurangzeb issued orders to
prohibit the celebration of Holi, Diwali and Basant etc. in the Mughal Court.

Gokul and Raja Ram were the
leaders of Jat revolt against Aurangzeb. After the death of Rajaram, his
brother’s son named Churaman continued the revolt. The Jat rebellion went on
till the death of Aurangzeb and the Jats succeeded in establishing a free Jat
state of Bharatpur near Mathura.

In 1681, Akbar, the son of
Aurangzeb revolted against him.

The 9th Guru of the Sikh order,
Guru Tegh Bahadur openly protested against the religious policy of Aurangzeb.
Aurangzeb called him to Delhi and asked him to accept Islam. When he refused,
he was beheaded.

Shivaji was the founder of Maratha
State. He fought against the state of Deccan, as well as the mughal empire. He
was a great administrator.

Shivaji was succeeded by Sambhaji
who was captured and put to death by Aurangzeb.

Rajaram ruled only as the
representative of Shahu—the son of Shambhaji who was imprisoned by Aurangzeb.
Rajaram never occupied the Maratha throne.

After the death of Raja Ram Maratha
war of independence was carried on by his wife Tarabai.

VascodeGama came to India as the
representative of the ruler of Portugal. He met Zamorin of Calicut and obtained
trade facilities.

In 1492 Pope Alexander VI granted
the Portuguese the monopoly to trade with the east.

From 1505 to 1509, Almeda remained
in India as the first Portuguese Governor.

Albukirk was the successor of
Almeda in India. His objective was to establish a Portuguese colony in India by
intermarrying with Indians.