However, membranes themselves are nearly always produced using costly, harmful and environmentally unfriendly aprotic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), or dimethylacetamide (DMAC).

9,078,829 B2; Yagna Limited, London, patented a method of treating hair loss that entails applying a formulation that comprises at least one hair loss treating ingredient known to inhibit the hormonal mechanism underlying androgenetic hair loss, a C6-C14 dicarboxylic acid, and a mixture of water and at least one aprotic organic solvent, wherein the mixture of water and aprotic organic solvent is capable of solubilizing sebum and allowing at least one ingredient to reach the skin and/or hair follicle.

The class of compounds known as polar aprotic solvents, which include DMSO (yellow) and DMF (red), is particularly frustrating for green chemistry researchers as the solvents are very useful and popular, but not very green.

This claim has been demonstrated in the research of Auzely-Velty and Rinaudo (2003), for the synthesised starch betaine derivatives using disopropylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as coupling agents in an aprotic polar solvent, which carry cleavable cationic groups derived from naturally occurring glycine-betanine.

All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.