Critical and creative fundamentals of the restoration

by Olimpia NIGLIO

Critical and creative fundamentals of the restoration

The critical approach of the restoration and its creative foundation can be verified and clarified back to reflect on the close relationships that exist between and restoration project. If the restoration is to understand the work of which is done through a historical-critical insight here is that the starting point is the setting of a cognitive methodology far from deviations utilitarian and policies, but set on a path that we groped to define how project of knowledge. Here history, importance, anatomical study and surveys dialogue and compare. But the restoration is nourished by "doubtful" and as such requires conceptual rigor, practical spirit, openness and above all attention to the relationship between conservation and innovation, demanding their intimate fusion. The restoration project is an act on this issue and this "thematic area of research" to analyze and deal with different cultural and disciplinary fields.

Olimpia NIGLIO. PhD in Conservation of Architecture (University of Naples, Federico II). Since 2004 she is the editor in chief of the architectural magazine “Esempi di Architettura”. She is Professor of Architectural Restoration at the University of Pisa (2002/2009). From 2006 she is Professor at the Universidad de Ibaguè (Colombia), Facultad de Artes Integradas y Arquitectura. From 2012 she is Visiting Professor at the Kyoto University (Japan) Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Bogotá (Colombia), and Universidad de Concepción (Chile). She has published several articles and essays in the field of architectural restoration. Member ISCARSAH-ICOMOS, Forum UNESCO and ICOMOS Italy. Member ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Theory and Philosophy of Conservation and Restoration.

Contacts: publicationseda@gmail.com

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Elenco Articoli

Bruno Zevi, Benedetto Croce e l'impegno politico
By writing the sentence ''Revolucion personnaliste et communautaire'', the French philosopher Emmanuel Mounier invites the intellectual to ''refaire the renaissance'', without deserting any commitment, but trying to resist, at least culturally and realistically, in the face of ''criminals who are bleeding the centuries'', and, therefore, also looking at the positive that exists and multiplies. Political fervour, as the beauty of a commitment, and the moral, social and cultural struggle, characterize the whole life and thought of Bruno Zevi, whose aversion to totalitarianism, oppression and every form of denial of human identity, comes from the profound reading of the works by Benedetto Croce. The Estetica before and La Poesia later stimulated artists, historians, scholars, and architects to rethink the methods of their work, by overturning the modus cogitandi et operandi active before then. In the process of inner excavation of the poetic phenomenon led by Croce, Zevi reads the need for authenticity, net of literary ideologies and acrobatics, in art as well as in social life, transferring these achievements to his work as an architect, professor, critic and, above all, man.

L'antico come modello
The relationship between the Magnificence of the Ancient, promoted in Italy in the 18th century, in particular by Scipione Maffei and Giovan Battista Piranesi, and the public utility, represents the ground of some urban realizations, referred to the ancient form of the amphitheater. This happens in Padova, with the construction of Prato della Valle, promoted by Andrea Memmo in the Seventies of the 18th century and directly inspired to the Coliseum, to realize a public market. Also in Milan, during the Napoleonic period, it's realized the public Arena, always referred to the Coliseum and useful to public games. The third important example is realized in Lucca, with the creation - by the architect L. Nottolini - of a commercial area inside the space of the ancient amphitheater in the Thirties of 19th century.

Baukultur e la Dichiarazione di Davos 2018
What is the Baukultur? We answer the question starting of the concept: the culture is the basis for a satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral, and spiritual existence. We agree with this statement? And again: the culture shapes people's identities and defines their legacies. There can be no humanity, rationality, critical judgment and moral commitment without culture. We share this statement? And again: the culture enables and drives economic, social and environmental change. These questions are answered by individuals. This paper aims to share the importance of the intercultural dialogue for to reach, at the same time, the high-quality of construction, of planning and the conservation of culture heritage as opportunity for the sustainable of the world and for the welfare of the people.

L'architettura e l'arte della memoria
In the long tradition of the Western rhetoric, there has been an original method that utilizes maximally the cognitive or ''heuristic'' power that physical spaces generate. Specifically, it is called the art of memory or the ''architectural'' mnemonic that is based on the combination of the spatial order and the compressibility of the images. By building sumptuous palace, gardens, and squares as virtual containers of information in his mind, the artist of the memory behaves as an ''architect of the mind''. This paper therefore aims to analyze this peculiar art from an architectural point of view first, then go on to examine its applicative aspects using the analysis of the 16th century encyclopedic treatise entitled Tipocosmia, which proposed a grand architectural framework based on the ars memorativa.

L'architettura si adatta
The definition of strategic planning able to describe a growing hierarchy of alterations of the preexistent, to define a progression of the grades of transformation, leads to the distinction of different categories of manipulation and different operators. However, inside an urban resoanable scenery as immense ruins, in which incomplete and abandoned fragments coexist, namely the refusal of the cities that is built (or tries to build itself), the ruins of the city of the story that identified in archeological sites or in the vestiges of historical monuments, as well as ruins from the late Modern, does still make sense to distinguish the project or renovation of a building from the project of the building? It is still necessary the distinction among the restorers, only guardians of the knowledge of some techniques able to scientifically solve the conflicts that every intervention of recovery involves, and creative architects.

RIVOLUZIONE GALILEO. Un dialogo con Giovanni Carlo Federico Villa
November 17, at the Palazzo del Monte di Pieta' in Padua, the exhibition ''Revolution Galileo'' was inaugurated and designed by Giovanni Carlo Federico Villa for the Cassa di Risparmio Foundation of Padua and Rovigo and will remain open until 18 March 2018. We have analyzed the the content, the purpose and we looked over the perimeters of the museum spaces to understand the Galilean revolution, accompanied by the curator.

ENRIQUE CHIU Mural Ciudad de Hermandad
An interview with Enrique Chiu, Mexican artist, who for several years works with other artists on the border between Mexico and the United States. We have spoken with him regarding the topic of intercultural dialogue between Mexico and North America.

Jose Arechabala. S.A. Su impacto en la conservacion.
This paper synthesizes a partial result of the research carried out for the rescue of the collective memory of Cardenas's town; associated with the industrial epic of the firm ''Jose Arechabala S.A.'', one of the largest prestigious rum's distilleries in the island of Cuba and in the world in the twentieth century. It is part of the master's thesis of the main author's paper. From the history of the city and its harbor, one of the country's principal in this period, as well as its urban characteristics, the research identifies how these particularities allowed the process of creation and expansion of this industrial complex and highlights its importance in the economic and cultural rise of Cuba. It exposes great part of the elements that demonstrate that the Arechabala's history possesses unquestionable historical, urban, cultural and social values. The results achieved are intended to support the recognition and valorisation of this industry and its urban context that nowadays are depleted and that was an element key in the economic and social sphere of its town; being a scenery for the world of prosperity that a small city could achieve thanks to its industries and the actions of its people identified with her.

La mostra su Leonardo da Vinci del 1939 a Milano
Documents own to Ignazio Calvi, Secretary of the Scientific Committee of the Exhibition dedicated to Leonardo da Vinci, held in Milan in 1939, let us value preliminary stages of the organization, such as the selection of members of many committes, or cultural policy and aims of the Exhibition. One of the main contribution are the lists of things to show, referred to each field of Leonardo's knowledge. In the case of architecture, a comparison has been realised between the preliminary list (with the sources of drawings and models) and the real exposition, presented through the Catalogue, after the radical changes of the architect Giuseppe Pagano, who organized the Exhibition.

Fundaciones frustradas de conventos de monjas
The establishment of nunneries in different parts of the world corresponded to a desire of each order to expand their devotions throughout the territory, in an act that can be considered as an early form of the phenomenon known as globalization.The process followed in order to set up establish found a nunnery was complex and several factors were taken in consideration such as, good management, legal advice, and the existence of economic resources to guarantee the material construction of the urban-architectural ensemble and subsequently the support of the nuns, especially in the convents of nuns without money which is the case of the present work.
In this paper we reflect on the process of founding the convents of Franciscan nuns that were only were only proyects that weren't carried out and did not come to materialize in the bishopric of Michoacan, Mexico in the XVIII and XIX.

Las problematicas actuales en los centros historicos
Nowadays the cities with historic centers are facing problems which are impeding their correct developement and the lost of their legacy. Some of these problems are not expected and are difficult to fight for the competent institutions because they are new to us. The manifestation of these phenomenoms is concerning the whole world without distinction between the historic oriental and occidental cities. There will be analyzed some of the main difficulties we are facing currently.

La hacienda de San Joaquin Jaripeo, un casco en ruinas
Some of rural downtown's communities in Mexico were defined around the Centers of Estates. Sometimes the contemporary constructions camouflaged with the historic buildings and otherwise the communities are indifferent to the monuments establishing the abandon and producing its lost. This is the principal reason of deterioration of San Joaquin Jaripeo's Centre. In this essay describe a brief idea of linking the community with their monument to achieve a recovery of identity and interest for the cultural heritage from a historical and technical appreciation of this building.

Implicaciones de la reconfiguracion territorial
The landscape, since his signification like cultural heritage or natural have turned in to a value more dificult to find. The inclution of new developments housing and the inmobiliary speculation have toke to the transformation of the territory, situation that results in significant impacts in the enviroment and in people lifestyle, in addition of provoking territorial reconfiguration. This work searching stablish how the territorial and of the landscape has incidence in lifestyle of the population of preexisting sites with cultural meaning. The phenomenon here presented expose the metropolization seen as a transformation factor of landscape and territory. This research to demostrate that landscape reconfiguration generates transformations in people lifestyle, in productive functions on rural comunity reached by metropolization. The methodology purposed is based on the regional geography and urban sociology, since the architectural and urbanism. This paper approaches the conception of preexisting sites with cultural meaning. As an element of verification, it presents a study case.

La diversidad como medida
This brief paper proposes a reflection on the human scale. Throughout history the human body has been regarding units of measurement, literally Man was the measure of all things, however, the recognition of the human diversity raises questions about that reference. The perfect body is an utopia and it can not be anymore the design scale. Is it possible to take into account all the human diversity for the design? Reflection indicates that there is a common range that could be the basis of the measures in a new universal design perspective.

El Cementerio Central en Bogota'
On the occasion of the International Day of Monuments and Sites, which has been celebrated annually since 18 April 1982 (approved by the General Assembly of Unesco in 1983), this article is written. Although usually unnoticed, we share with Unesco that it is a space conducive to reflection on the importance of goods and their vulnerability. This is intended to highlight the diversity of the cultural heritage of humanity, to raise awareness about its vulnerability and to open a space for discussion on the efforts required for its protection and conservation, fundamental in the development of different populations And its citizens.

Gestion integradora de la sala de historia de la CUJAE
The History Room Jose' Antonio Echeverria, of CUJAE (SHC from now on, by its acronym in Spanish), showed relevant facts, personalities and awards achieved by the institution from its foundation until 1984. Even in 2002 it was frequently visited by students and other interested parties. The physical deterioration of the premises and certain methodological inadequacies in cultural promotion had an impact on its function and aesthetics. In 2016 it reopened its doors with a new functional approach centered on the principles of university sociocultural work (extension management) (M. Gonzalez Fernandez-Larrea, 2002). Hence, the objective of the present is to base theoretically and methodologically the integrative management used for the SHC to enrich the university cultural heritage and make it sustainable, a creative initiative of the Heritage Conservation Group and its adviser for the management of extension of the socio-cultural project.
Methods: documentary analysis, literature study, interview, participant observation and judging criteria. Results: Theoretical-methodological basis of the integrated management of the SHC for its sustainability, interactive chronogram, structure-strategy-organizational culture link in the SHC strategic projection, design of the SHC socio-cultural project, SHC computerization, integration of the substantive processes, with emphasis on the extension through the praxis of integral formation.
The SHC is a center promoting culture whose greatest contribution is manifested in the university heritage; it works through the integrative management of the substantive processes that makes it sustainable, and from which it manages to validate the praxis of integral formation as a novel academic form for professional training.
Keywords: History room, university sociocultural work (or extension management), praxis of integral formation.

Memoria di un patrimonio italiano all' estero
Riccardo Morandi (Roma, 1902 - 1989) was an Italian civil engineer best known for his interesting use of reinforced concrete. Amongst his best known works abroad we have the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge, an 8 km crossing of Lake Maracaibo, in Venezuela incorporating a cable-stayed bridge and a bridge in Barranquilla, in Colombia, designed in 1970-1974. In Italy he has worked to the exploration of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures and embarked on the design of a series of cinema structures and very important bridges. The document analyzes the work in Colombia and the sad fate of the modern engineering in these countries where there are no laws of protection of cultural heritage.

Continuidad y Discontinuidad de la Facultad Nacional de Arquitectura
This document gives an overview of the Faculty of Architecture at the National University of Colombia from its creation to its recent demolition, is the race fighting, at different times, a cultural battle with a common goal: to have a building to do the teaching of The architecture, property of the Nation and of all the Colombians. The theoretical and methodological convergences fighting each other for a new place or building or according to historical circumstance, from time to time.

The church of Hagia Sophia in the 6th century: the birth of a symbol
This essay brings us back to the birth of the church of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, in a moment of great splendour of the Byzantine Empire. The ''great church'', as it was defined, played a symbolic role, both from the political point of view, in order to assert the power (and the profession of faith) of Justinian, both from the theological point of view so as to emphasize, with its play of lights and shadows, how divine wisdom underlies creation. The Sixth-Century propaganda helps us to imagine the importance of this building since its construction and how, in any time, possession of this masterwork has been desired. In the name of inter-religious peace, its use today as a museum must be defended.

Giotto di Bondone nacque a Firenze
The exact place of birth of Giotto has always remained unknown, due to the lack of exact reference sources.
This study presents some documents which can help identify this place

El patrimonio cultural y su protagonismo en las universidades cubanas
The present work provides an approach to the protection and preservation of cultural heritage, as well as the indissoluble bond the university has with the memory of its community.
The main objective pursued is to demonstrate the impact that the knowledge of the cultural heritage has in the training of students as well as their relationship to the preservation of the identity of the university community and its own.
It presents the most relevant results that have been achieved since the publication of several elements (system of teaching aids, brochures, billboards, calendars, files, etc.) as part of all media created to integrate a system that exposes all the registered and unregistered work the Cujae owns, serving as mean to create awareness, in the collective memory, of the need for conservation of tangible and intangible heritage that the university treasures.

Il sistema di difesa durante il Secondo Conflitto Mondiale
The defense system in Sicily during the Second World War is characterized for the most part by military structures of small dimensions, in other cases it is a complex articulation of the spaces and the volumes (2 or 3 elevations), towards the attention to detail, especially when it came camouflage bunker (stone, house, apse, etc.,). The construction was done on the project of the General Staff and the material used was the brickwork and reinforced concrete and not. Natural ventilation is favored by placing a different level inputs with outlet air in places where it was difficult to stagnation gas. Artificial ventilation instead was realized through appropriate external vents. The heating was done with traditional wood stoves. In the Palermo area there are, information retrieved by military archive of Palermo, n. 2,075 military emplacement, different in shape, material and attached environments such as those of the shelter and ammunition. The bunkers also called casamatta, fortino e pillbox; They are situated on the coast, in the provincial roads, in the railway line and still at strategic locations camouflaged with the environment around.
The system of bunkers, is on one hand an evolution of the defense systems of the territory until then in use as the coastal guard towers, on the other hand, in the late twentieth century, it shows how a system obsolete and replaced by the most advanced technological systems (drones, satellite, etc.).
After the war, many families had lost everything, including the house, they took possession of the abandoned bunkers and trasformed in permanent housing. The people did their best to soften the dark aspect of Bunker. The walls were repainted in bright colors and the side of the thick outer walls were built small gardens. Today, most are in a complete state of abandonment by reason of their location, some have been demolished in the vicinity of roads and railway lines, while a small part was entrusted to associations that allow the fruition through guided tours. The renovate and development of the bunker together with guard towers make it possible to describe not only the defense system in use in our country connected to different historical events, but also to examine in depth the aspect technical-constructive of military construction (materials, type , etc.)

The archaeology of the city
Inside cities born with Mediterranean civilizations coexist signs of the past and contemporary. The archaeological ruins are all that now remains of buildings that were designed and lived in a different era and for this reason the instance of archeology and the instance of the architecture should not be considered as opposed to each other but should interact to find the best solution as appropriate. The discovery of archaeological remains within the urban fabric change the existing spatial relationships and would require that these be reformulated through an architectural project. In contrast, the non-intervention is the risk of degradation but also of a loss of sense for the found artifact and also corresponds to a failure to take a position towards the archaeological remains. The intervention in an archaeological urban area should first define the margin; secondly entail a critical choice, that is a selection as to determine a hierarchy that allows the reading of these; finally ensure resemanticization and reintegration of archaeological artifact within the contemporary city through the inclusion of new uses. In this regard some recent projects realized in Spain, whose theme is that of coverage and the fence interpreted as habitable volumes, appear significant; projects in which the function is not necessarily linked to musealization of archaeological finds.

TRADITION AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE RESTORATION AND REUSE
The courtyard house is a type of familial and historic dwelling, which offers technical and design solutions to a variety of social needs, such as ventilation and family privacy. Previous studies show that the courtyard is a traditional typology that actively contributes to the wellbeing of the dwellers by providing aesthetic, thermal and social benefits. This study focuses on how traditional knowledge can be used as a tool to design contemporary sustainable architecture. Specifically the main research focuses on the spatial, static and material analysis of the case study Dar Dgi'ra in Rabat Morocco. The aim is to develop an exhaustive understanding of what is unique and significant about the Moroccan urban courtyard type (the Dar) so as to make informed choices for the management needed to preserve it for future generations. This project puts forward a design suggesting the adaption of the Dar using traditional knowledge for its reuse as a public hammam. The design proposal aims to conserve the Dar in a manner which respects its history while at the same time adapting it to ensure its future viability.

EL RIO MAGDALENA. UNA RUTA CULTURAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL TOLIMA
The study of the protection of the landscape and of the architectural heritage in Colombia is a topic very important.
This paper analyzes the region of Tolima in Colombia and a particular cultural route between ancient traditions and colonial cities. Through the descriptions of ancient English and Italian travelers (nineteenth century) the same places have been studied by the authors. The analyzes were developed on the city of Honda, Mariquita and Ambalema and these studies permitted the depth study of ancient building techniques and intangible traditions. This contribution is the result of a interdisciplinary and international collaboration between the Kyoto University (Japan), Universidad de Ibagué (Colombia) and Universidad de Oriente (Cuba).

BRUNO VIOLI Y LA OBRA DEL EDIFICIO ''EL TIEMPO''
Bruno Violi, Italian architect has been listed as an architect of the modern movement, denomination easily justified in considering his built work and in the immense material drawings today are a valuable source for research about the origins and development of modern art in Colombia, from architecture. In search of modern principles Violi with other architects trained in Europe, working on worthwhile projects of national architecture, such as the University City in 1939, forming a stream of art that influences significantly the history of Colombian architecture, produced during the decades of the 40's buildings 70'sy currently recognized as a national heritage. Bruno Violi articulated the idea of architecture built on two fundamental entities-bearing structure and sectors closing-expressed in concrete formally different, both the construction process and the values and quality materica, grain and color. The option of Violi for the dualistic structure / closure is therefore a fundamental poetic assertion that concrete in building “El Tiempo” (1958), with the clarity and concise nature of a manifesto and reports on previous and subsequent developments of its architecture. Violi able to resolve this contradiction with the domination of technology in a new architectural order through a long and careful investigation.

LA CONSERVACION DE LA ARQUITECTURA PATRIMONIAL DEL SIGLO XX
The study of the protection of the architectural heritage of the twentieth century can analyze specific cultural parameters to define the value of architecture. The focus is mainly on architecture created by architects of national and international fame. It is rather interesting to analyze also the architectural development often excluded by parameters of evaluation because it was considered of no great value. To understand the development of cities is fundamental to analyze this heritage also ignored. Is important to define the evaluation criteria of this heritage and conservation methods. In the analysis of evaluation involved political, social, economic and generated different ways of preserving this heritage.

Il posto di Maredolce. Un paradiso a Brancaccio
By sharing of the presentation to the Colloquium RIGPAC, we want to account for a number of initiatives to Palermo from the restoration of a monument, the Palace rediscovered of Maredolce (norman foundation of seniority arabic), we are conducting for there development of industrial Brancaccio area of Palermo. To preserve the identity of the community has created a public-private partnership coordinated by the Department of the University of Palermo, which has set in motion several parallel actions aimed at:
- The enhancement and use of the building closed to the public and to be rediscovered by the Forum of onlus organization that deal with cultural property in Palermo (exhibitions, guided tours).
- Active involvement of the resident population by the international project PARTERRE, (modeled on the experience of the Tuscany Region), which has experienced a Brancaccio an electronic instrument dedicated to participatory planning: Electronic Town Meeting (E-TM) to allow the people themselves to participate in decision-making in the city (Strategic Plan).

ESTUDIO DE CASO MALECÓN TRADICIONAL DE LA HABANA - CUBA
In Cuba, the constructions, in a general way, are subjected to a process of marked deterioration, given by the lack of systematic maintenance, the envelope exploitation, the bad quality of the materials and the processes of execution inadequate employees in the constructive carried out interventions.
In the last half a decade, they have been carried out constructive interventions to a group of constructions of housings of the Traditional Pier with new materials but without achieving a substantial advance neither a durable recovery of the same ones. The specialists possess approaches divided on if it is adapted or not the use of these materials. However, a real evaluation of the effectiveness of these solutions doesn't exist in front of those considered as traditional.
This work shows the results of the investigation carried out by the author to opt for the grade of Máster in social Housing and its tutor. He is carried out an approach to the use and development of these New Materials in Cuba. The solutions are evaluated for the alterations identified in the Pier as much with traditional materials as with the new materials as for execution speed, durability and annual costs and he/she is defined which is the most suitable solution to face the recovery of the same ones.

ARCHITETTURA, “GRADO-ZERO” E CONSERVAZIONE
This paper aims to be the first step for a reflection about how a certain king of architectural heritage object should be better preserved.
Key-notes: Heritage, Architecture, Preservation.

DAMAGE TO HISTORICAL BRICK-ARCH BRIDGES IN THE ALTO CAUCA REGION
ABSTRACT: This article presents a set of factors that have caused significant damage to historical brick-arch bridges located in the southwest region of Colombia known as ''Alto Cauca''. These causes can be sorted into three categories (natural causes, errors in the construction process, and human intervention). These factors must be completely identified as a task prior to any preservation and restoration work on these types of structures.

RESTAURAR LA UNIVERSIDAD ...
Today, universities cannot ignore Bogotá's crisis in public health and infrastructure works. On the contrary, they ought to get more involved in it every day. But there are cultural overcrowding and saturation in university population. The supply of postgraduate courses and institutions has rocketed. However, neither the country nor the cities where universities are concentrated are ready to stand up to it, especially in the condition of cultural dependence in which we are today in Colombia.

SAN FRANCESCO NELLA RABATANA DI TURSI
The Convent of San Francesco in Tursi founded between the XIV and XV century is one of the oldest and most beautiful of Basilicata. Over the centuries it has undergone many changes and alterations due to the tastes, trends, natural disasters and wars.
Lost its function at the beginning of the twentieth century, the building has been degraded.
During the twenty-first century, invasive restorations have distorted the structure, as saying that the restauration work coused many changes damaging the originality.

L'UNESCO E LA TUTELA DEL “FENG MAO”
The paper concerns the issue of conservation of both tangible and intangible heritage. This enlarged point of view become particularly relevant in not-western cultural contexts, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The Chinese case study shows how conservation should be mainly intended as a process of knowledge construction aimed to a collective awareness of the local identity.

La cripta di San Michele in Borgo a Pisa: un tesoro da salvare
The crypt of church of San Michele in Borgo was discovered by Alessandro da Morrona during the XIX century. Probably, the crypt belonged to the native building of X century and it&acute;s vault was decorated with frescos during the XII century. Important repairs were effected by Peleo Bacci in the 1911 and by Piero Sanpaolesi and Massimo Carmassi during the second postwar period. Unfortunatly, the intervention of repair were never brought to term and nowadays the crypt appears in state of neglect.

L'opera di Francesco Riccardo Monti
Francesco Riccardo Monti (1888 - 1958) was an Italian sculptor who resided in the Philippines from 1930 to 1958. He is known for his many works of public sculpture during the Commonwealth and post-war years in the Philippines.

Preservación del Patrimonio Arquitectónico Industrial
The present work features the proposal for the repair, reinforcement and reconstruction of Bodega Arizu (Arizu Winery). The Bodega Arizu building dates from 1888 and it has been designated National Historic Monument. It is located on the Province of Mendoza (Argentina – South America) which is considered a high seismic risk zone. At first, the building of a shopping mall was projected in the site, but the idea was soon dismissed due to incompatibility with the area. At present, the building is run-down. The proposal aims at rescuing the architectural heritage represented by Bodega Arizu within the city's historic, social and economic context, since such winery is considered a symbol of Mendoza's viticulture history and technological progress. In order to undertake the proposal, several tests were conducted to determine the forces acting upon the existing structure of the former winery's main building (clay bricks - brick arches). The structure presents severe damages such as collapse decks, wall cracks, and leakage. All this deficiencies have led to increasing building deterioration. The seismic risk aggravates the situation and makes the structure prone to major damages caused by dynamic excitations.
For the purpose of exploiting the tourist and cultural potential of this industrial historic heritage site, various solutions complying with state-of the-art public safety standards and regulations in force were given and the winery building was adapted to present structural, architectural and urban requirements

LA CAMERA OTTICA ED IL SUO IMPIEGO
During the XVIII century, painters and architects in the Veneto used the ''camera obscura'' to make city views and drawings of individual buildings. This article examines the history of this instrument from its origins to its use by the Venetian townscape painters and architects in the 1700s; furthermore the text reports about the different kinds of “camera obscura” it was possible to use in the XVIII century showing some pictures included a pattern of the camera known as Canaletto's one.

ARCHITETTURA DEL MONDO ISLAMICO
The architecture of the Islamic world is often considered, even nowadays, like an indistinct whole, notwithstanding its century-old history and multiple artistic forms, risen on an area that involves forty nations and spans over three continents. This is the consequence of an Eurocentric and outdated vision, which considers Islam as a static, monolithic and closed universe: a symmetric vision also shared by some ideological trends existing inside the Islamic world itself. Islam art, architecture and culture, instead, cannot be fully understood if not considering the interactions and trading with various other civilizations. Breaking with the traditional isolation of the Muslim universe, this book underlines the fertile fabric of intercultural contaminations which characterize the architecture in the Islamic world during the Middle Age, between VII and XV century, from the Iberian peninsula to Sicily, from Egypt to India, and shows, thanks also to a rich, and mostly unpublished, iconographic apparatus, the peculiarity of the styles that mark different periods and regions.

Torino: il nuovo volto dell'ex Choccolat Tobler
Main theme of the project is the concept of liveliness, enlighted also by the particular location of the transforming area, crossroad of different cultural logics and interests; however it's exactly the fragmented identity of this area which permits to risk innovative solutions which aim to improve its image and to encourage a future economic progress. In the same concept of liveliness the project bases its moves for a reinterpretation of living, through a flexible use of the spaces which determined the peculiar wedge logic of the residential units.

Il Palazzo Pretorio di Anghiari nel XX secolo
The Pretorio Building, in Anghiari town center, today shows a complex history of transformations and restaurations. Most of them were due to important seismic events that, since the XIII century, have been widely documented. Starting from the XX century, the main interventions followed the damages caused by earthquakes that held from the 1917 to the 2001. Today the Building is object of a restauration project and seismic improvement as provided from the recent Lines for the evaluation and reduction of the seismic risk of the cultural patrimony.

VILNIUS CAPITALE DELLA CULTURA EUROPEA 2009
In 2009 Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, will be the capital of the European Culture. Among the initiatives promoted by the Lithuanian Country for this event, the historical centre of the city has been restored and its main monuments have been renewed.