EARLY TOKEN HISTORY - INTRINSIC VALUE

Over the centuries,
money came to be accepted in disk form that contained the actual — or close to
the actual — value of the metal from which it was made.
In England in the eighth century, the silver penny formed the basis of
coinage. As silver and gold were not worth as much as they are today, a silver penny was the smallest coin — if
one wanted a smaller denomination, the penny was cut into halves (half-pennies)
or fourths (a fourth-thing, or “farthing”). As the price of silver rose due to finding other uses for it, the coins
became smaller and smaller, making it very hard to make coin useful to the public.

By 1601, the silver penny weighed .052 grams, or 8 grains.
It is not hard to see that a farthing, with a weight of only 2 grains
would be nearly useless — easier to lose than to use!!

Compounding this problem, the Kings and Queens of England were reluctant to agree to the
manufacture of any coin in what they considered “base metal.” Copper,
which had little value, was looked upon as a base metal — and rejected as
coinage material. Copper coinage was simply “beneath the dignity of Monarchs”
and was not to be used. Thus, small change was continually is short supply. This fact led the populace to produce
token money — sometimes with the blessing of the Monarch, most times without.

EARLY TOKEN HISTORY -THE BEGINNINGS OF TOKEN USE

In the time of Queen Elizabeth I, some tokens were made —most of them being of tin, a mixture of
copper and tin, or a lead based alloy. They were made in fairly large numbers, and their manufacture and use
continued until the middle of the 17th century. They were produced by
merchants and used generally for their businesses, and by town officials seeing
a public need. Bartering for goods and services was still commonplace throughout this time, but the need for
low-value coinage grew steadily. Though beneath Kingly dignity to supply copper coin from the Royal Mint,
“token farthings” were approved by King James I (1603-1625). His desire
was to curtail the use of lead token coinage that was in current use.
His solution, however was to issue a royal patent to Lord Harrington, and
let him make copper farthings — and keep the money to be made from their issue.
This Royal Patent was extended to others until 1644.

Harrington and those who came after responded by minting farthings that were FAR from the intrinsic
value of copper — and were thus hated by the population. In fact, at a time when
a farthing worth of copper was around 90 grains, Harrington made his at 7 ½ grains, and sometimes as tiny as 3 grains!!

These “Royal Patent” farthings did not stop the manufacture and use of privately issued leaden tokens.

Civil war broke out in 1642. This caused the populace to hoard silver coin, causing a severe
shortage of that medium of exchange. The war lasted until 1649 — when Charles I
was beheaded. England did not seat another King at that time —
with Cromwell, who had defeated Charles I, declaring that he did not want to be
King — and that England should be a Commonwealth. Cromwell was installed as
“Lord Protector” of the Commonwealth. For centuries, the King had held the Royal
Prerogative — only he could produce coinage. Anyone who attempted to mint money
would be summarily executed. With no monarch on the throne, there was now no Royal Prerogative — and — the people
hoped — no punishment!! The manufacture and use of copper tokens in Britain thus began on a large scale.

The history page index contains links that will connect
you with the general history of various series of token coinage, both British
and U.S. At each page will be a brief explanation of their issue and use, and a
list of references that will help you find out more about each.
The most important point to remember is that the tokens were NEEDED in
commerce in every instance. If the government had supplied what was needed — there
would have been no reason for the issues.

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