The Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) released its findings at an internet freedom conference in Johannesburg.

"African governments should desist from ordering shutdowns," it said, adding that they cause long-term damage to many citizens' livelihoods and welfare.

The report said that in Ethiopia 36 days of national and regional internet shutdowns since 2015 had cost the country $123 million, calculated on how much the information technology sector contributed to the economy.

It said that Cameroon's 93-day shutdown in Anglophone regions cost the country about $38 million, while a total shutdown in Kenya could cost $6.3 million a day.

Shutdowns were timed over national exams in Ethiopia, during elections in Chad, Gabon and Uganda, and during public protests in DR Congo, Burundi, Ethiopia and Togo.

The report said that various internet shutdowns had been in place in sub-Saharan Africa on 236 days since 2015.

"Far from fostering stability... during protests, elections, or exam periods, they in fact undermine economic activity and prevent normal order," the report said.

In Cameroon, the government imposed the 93-day internet shutdown in the two English-speaking regions after protests calling for autonomy or independence.