2Visions Of SocietyFour Diverse Perspectives On What Accounts For Social Change And Societal Evolution

Gerhard Lenski

Society and technology

Karl Marx

Society in conflict

3

Max Weber

The power of ideas shapes society

Emile Durkheim

How traditional and modern societies hang together

4Gerhard Lenski

Sociocultural evolutionthe changes that occur as a society acquires new technology

Societies range from simple to the technologically complex

5

Societies simple in technology tend to resemble one another

More complex societies reveal striking cultural diversity

6Sociocultural Evolution

TECHNOLOGY SHAPES OTHER CULTURAL PATTERNS. SIMPLE TECHNOLOGY CAN ONLY SUPPORT SMALL NUMBERS OF PEOPLE WHO LIVE SIMPLE LIVES.

7

THE GREATER AMOUNT OF TECHNOLOGY A SOCIETY HAS WITHIN ITS GRASP, THE FASTER CULTURAL CHANGE WILL TAKE PLACE.

8

HIGH-TECH SOCIETIES ARE CAPABLE OF SUSTAINING LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE WHO ARE ENGAGED IN A

DIVERSE DIVISION OF LABOR.

9Lenskis 5 Types Of Societies

Hunting and gathering

The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation

10

Horticultural pastoral

Horticultural the use of hand tools to raise crops

Pastoral the domestication of animals

11

Agricultural

Large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources

12

Industrial

The production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery

13

Postindustrial

Technology that supports an information-based

14KARL MARX

Social Conflict struggle between segments of society over valued resources

Capitalists people who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits

Proletariat people who sell their productive labor for wages

15

Social institutions all the major spheres of social life, or societal subsystems organized to meet human needs

16

Infrastructure societys economic system

Superstructure other social institutions family, religion, political

17

Marx rejected false consciousness explanation of social problems as the shortcomings of individuals rather than the flaws of society

18KARL MARX

Marx believed that the history of all existing society is the history of class struggle (or class conflict) conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a societys wealth and power

19

Marx believed that workers must replace false consciousness with class consciousness workers recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and, ultimately, to capitalism itself.

20

Workers would then rise up and destroy capitalism in a socialist revolution

21CAPITALISM AND ALIENATION

Alienation the experience of isolation misery resulting from powerlessness

22

Capitalism alienates workers in four specific ways

From the act of working

Workers have no say in production, work is tedious repetitive

23

From the products of work

Workers have no ownership in the product that is merely sold for profit

24

From other workers

Work has become competitive rather than cooperative

From human potential

Workers deny, not fulfill themselves in their work

25REVOLUTION

The only way out of capitalism is to remake society

Socialism is a system of production that could provide for the social needs of all

26

Marx believed that in time, the working majority would realize they held the key to a better future

The change would be revolutionary and perhaps even violent

Marx believed a socialist society would bring class conflict to an end

27Max Weber

Rationalization of Society the historical change from tradition sentiments beliefs passed from one generation to another to rationality deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient means to accomplish a task, as the dominant mode of human thought

28

Rationalism, Calvinism, and industrial capitalism

Predestination and Gods favor

religious ethic transformed to work ethic

29Webers Rational Social OrganizationDistinctive Social Institutions That See to Meeting the Demands of a Growing, Complex Society

Seven characteristics

Distinctive social institutions

Large-scale organization

Specialized tasks

30

Personal discipline

Awareness of time

Technical competence

Impersonality

Expressed in bureaucracy and capitalism

31DURKHEIM

SOCIETY

MORE THAN INDIVIDUALS

SOCIETY HAS A LIFE OF ITS OWN - BEYOND OUR PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

32

SOCIAL FACTS

ANY PATTERNS ROOTED IN SOCIETY RATHER THAN THE EXPERIENCE OF INDIVIDUALS

33

SOCIETY HAS AN OBJECTIVE REALITY BEYOND OUR OWN SUBJECTIVE PERCEPTIONS OF THE WORLD

EXAMPLES NORMS, VALUES, RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, AND RITUALS

34

POWER TO GUIDE OUR THOUGHTS ACTIONS

35DURKHEIM

Warned that modern society creates anomie a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals

36

Change from Mechanical solidarity social bonds based on common sentiment shared moral value that are common among members of preindustrial societies

37

To Organic solidarity social bonds based on specialization interdependence that are strong among members of industrial societies

38

Key to the change is an expanding division of labor specialization of economic activity

39What Holds Societies Together?

Gerhard Lenski

A shared culture

Karl Marx

Elites force an uneasy peace

40

Max Weber

Rational thought, large-scale organizations

Emile Durkheim

Specialized division of labor

41How Have Societies Changed?

Gerhard Lenski

Changing technology

Karl Marx

Social conflict

42

Max Weber

From traditional to rational thought

Emile Durkheim

From mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity

43Are Societies Improving?

Gerhard Lenski

Modern technology offers expanded human choice, but leaves us with new sets of dangers

44

Karl Marx

Social conflict would only end once production of goods and services were taken out of the hands of the capitalists and placed into the hands of all people

45

Max Weber

Saw socialism as a greater evil than capitalism, as large, alienating bureaucracies would gain even more control over people

46

Emile Durkheim

Optimistic about modernity and the possibility of more freedom for individuals, but concerned about the dangers of anomic feelings

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