Arizona State University (commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State) is a publicmetropolitanresearch university[9] on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area,[10][11] and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona, as well as 150 online programs. The 2018 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No. 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the third year in a row[12] and has ranked ASU No. 115 in National Universities with overall score of 47/100 with 83% of student applications accepted.[13]

ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S.[14] It had approximately 72,000 students enrolled in fall 2017, including 59,198 undergraduate and 12,630 graduate students.[15] ASU's charter, approved by the board of regents in 2014, is based on the "New American University" model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow. It defines ASU as "a comprehensive public research university, measured not by whom it excludes, but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed; advancing research and discovery of public value; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic, social, cultural and overall health of the communities it serves."[a]

ASU is classified as a research university with "R1: Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity" designation by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Since 2005, ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S., public and private, based on research output, innovation, development, research expenditures, number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals. The Center for Measuring University Performance ranked ASU 24th among top U.S. public research universities in its 2015 report.[16] ASU was classified as a Research I institute in 1994, making it one of the nation's newest major research universities (public or private).[17][18][19]

Students currently compete in 24 varsity sports; Sun Devil Athletics fields teams in 10 men's and 14 women's sports. Women's lacrosse has been added and will begin play in spring 2018, while men's tennis will return to ASU in 2017–18.[20][21][22] The Arizona State Sun Devils are members of the Pac-12 Conference and have won 24 NCAA championships. Along with multiple athletic clubs and recreational facilities, ASU is home to more than 1,100 registered student organizations, reflecting the student body's diversity.[23] To keep pace with the student population's growth, the university continuously renovates and expands infrastructure, the demand for new academic halls, athletic facilities, student recreation centers, and residential halls is being addressed with donor contributions and public-private investments.[24][25]

In 2018, the university placed 126th (out of 1103 total) in a listing by Times Higher Education of the world's top universities.[26]

Old Main on the Arizona Territorial Normal School (future Arizona State University) campus, circa 1890

Arizona State University was established as the Territorial Normal School at Tempe on March 12, 1885, when the 13th Arizona Territorial Legislature passed an act to create a normal school to train teachers for the Arizona Territory. The campus consisted of a single, four-room schoolhouse on a 20-acre plot largely donated by Tempe residents George and Martha Wilson. Classes began with 33 students on February 8, 1886, the curriculum evolved over the years and the name was changed several times; the institution was also known as Tempe Normal School of Arizona (1889–1903), Tempe Normal School (1903–1925), Tempe State Teachers College (1925–1929), Arizona State Teachers College (1929–1945), Arizona State College (1945–1958) and, by a state vote, Arizona State University in 1958. The school accepted high school students and graduates, and awarded high school diplomas and teaching certificates to those who completed the requirements.[27][28][28][29]

In 1923 the school stopped offering high school courses and added a high school diploma to the admissions requirements; in 1925 the school became the Tempe State Teachers College and offered four-year Bachelor of Education degrees as well as two-year teaching certificates. In 1929, the legislature authorized Bachelor of Arts in Education degrees as well, and the school was renamed the Arizona State Teachers College.[27][28] Under the 30-year tenure of president Arthur John Matthews (1900–1930), the school was given all-college student status, the first dormitories built in the state were constructed under his supervision, the first being in 1902. Of the 18 buildings constructed while Matthews was president, six are still in use. Matthews envisioned an "evergreen campus," with many shrubs brought to the campus, and implemented the planting of Palm Walk, now a landmark of the Tempe campus, his legacy is being continued to this day with the main campus having been declared a nationally recognized arboretum.[30]

During the Great Depression, Ralph W. Swetman was hired to succeed President Matthews, coming to the college from Humboldt State Teachers College where he had served as president. Swetman served a three-year term, during which time he focused on the development of improved teacher-training programs,[31] during his tenure, enrollment at the college doubled, topping the 1,000 mark for the first time.[32]

In 1933, Grady Gammage, then-president of Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, became president of then–Arizona State Teachers College at Tempe, beginning a tenure that would last for nearly 28 years. Like President Matthews before him, Gammage oversaw construction of a number of buildings on the Tempe campus, he also guided the development of the university's graduate programs. The school's name was changed to Arizona State College in 1945, and finally to Arizona State University in 1958, at the time, two other names considered were Tempe University and State University at Tempe.[33] Among Gammage's greatest achievements in Tempe was the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed construction of what is today Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium/ASU Gammage, the university's hallmark building, which was completed in 1964, five years after the president's (and Wright's) death. Gammage was succeeded by Harold D. Richardson, who served as acting president for nine months before the appointment of the university's 11th president, G. Homer Durham.

By the 1960s, with the presidency of Durham, the university began to expand its academic curriculum by establishing several new colleges and beginning to award Doctor of Philosophy and other doctoral degrees.[34] By the end of his nine-year tenure, ASU had more than doubled enrollment, reporting 23,000 in 1969.

The next three presidents — Harry K. Newburn (1969–71), John W. Schwada (1971–81) and J. Russell Nelson (1981–89), including and Interim President Richard Peck (1989), led the university to increased academic stature, the establishment of the ASU West campus in 1984 and its subsequent construction in 1986, a focus on computer-assisted learning and research, and rising enrollment.

Example of a new academic village, taken at Barrett, The Honors College on the Tempe Campus

Under the leadership of Lattie F. Coor, president from 1990 to 2002, ASU grew through the creation of the Polytechnic campus and extended education sites. Increased commitment to diversity, quality in undergraduate education, research, and economic development occurred over his 12-year tenure. Part of Coor's legacy to the university was a successful fundraising campaign: through private donations, more than $500 million was invested in areas that would significantly impact the future of ASU. Among the campaign's achievements were the naming and endowing of Barrett, The Honors College, and the Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts; the creation of many new endowed faculty positions; and hundreds of new scholarships and fellowships.[35]

In 2002, Michael M. Crow became the university's 16th president. At his inauguration, he outlined his vision for transforming ASU into a "New American University"[36]—one that would be open and inclusive, and set a goal for the university to meet Association of American Universities criteria and to become a member.[11] Crow initiated the idea of transforming ASU into "One university in many places"—a single institution comprising several campuses, sharing students, faculty, staff and accreditation. Subsequent reorganizations[37] combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced staff and administration as the university expanded its West and Polytechnic campuses. ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus was also expanded, with several colleges and schools relocating there, the university established learning centers throughout the state, including the ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City and programs in Thatcher, Yuma, and Tucson. Students at these centers can choose from several ASU degree and certificate programs.

During Crow’s tenure, and aided by hundreds of millions of dollars in donations, ASU began a years-long research facility capital building effort, resulting in the establishment of the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, and several large interdisciplinary research buildings. Along with the research facilities, the university faculty was expanded, including the addition of four Nobel Laureates,[38][39] since 2002 the university's research expenditures have tripled and more than 1.5 million square feet of space has been added to the university's research facilities.[40]

The economic downturn that began in 2008 took a particularly hard toll on Arizona, resulting in large cuts to ASU's budget; in response to these cuts, ASU capped enrollment, closed down about four dozen academic programs, combined academic departments, consolidated colleges and schools, and reduced university faculty, staff and administrators;[41][42] however, with an economic recovery underway in 2011, the university continued its campaign to expand the West and Polytechnic Campuses,[43] and establish a low-cost, teaching-focused extension campus in Lake Havasu City.[44]

In 2015, the existing Thunderbird School of Global Management became the fifth ASU campus, as the Thunderbird School of Global Management at ASU. Partnerships for education and research with Mayo Clinic established collaborative degree programs in health care and law, and shared administrator positions, laboratories and classes at the Mayo Clinic Arizona campus.

The Beus Center for Law and Society, the new home of ASU’s Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, opened in fall 2016 on the Downtown Phoenix campus, relocating faculty and students from the Tempe campus to the state capital.[45]

The Arizona Board of Regents governs Arizona State University as well as the state's other public universities; University of Arizona and Northern Arizona University.[46] The Board of Regents is composed of twelve members including eleven voting, and one non-voting member. Members of the board include the Governor and the Superintendent of Public Instruction acting as ex-officio members, eight volunteer Regent members with eight year terms that are appointed by the Governor, and two Student Regents with two years term, serving a one-year term as non-voting apprentices.[47]ABOR provides policy guidance to the state universities of Arizona. ASU has five campuses in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona including the Tempe campus in Tempe; the West campus and the Thunderbird School of Global Management in Glendale; the Downtown Phoenix campus; and the Polytechnic campus in Mesa. ASU also offers courses and degrees through ASU Online and at the ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City in western Arizona, and offers regional learning programs in Thatcher, Yuma and Tucson.

The Arizona Board of Regents appoints and elects the president of the university, who is considered the institution's chief executive officer and the chief budget officer,[48] the president executes measures enacted by the Board of Regents, controls the university's property, and acts as the university's official representative to the Board of Regents.[49] The chief executive officer is assisted through the administration of the institution by the provost, vice presidents, deans, faculty, directors, department chairs, and other officers,[50] the president also selects and appoints administrative officers and general counsels. The 16th ASU president is Michael M. Crow, who has served since July 1, 2002.[51]

ASU's academic programs are spread across four distinctly different campuses in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area; however, unlike most multi-campus institutions, ASU describes itself as "one university in many places," inferring there is "not a system with separate campuses, and not one main campus with branch campuses."[52] The university considers each campus "distinctive" and academically focused on certain aspects of the overall university mission, the Tempe campus is the university's research and graduate school center. Undergraduate studies on the Tempe campus are research-based programs designed to prepare students for graduate school, professional school, or employment,[53] the Polytechnic campus is designed with an emphasis on professional and technological programs for direct workforce preparation. The Polytechnic campus is the location of many of the university's simulators and laboratories dedicated for project-based learning,[54] the West campus is focused on interdisciplinary degrees and the liberal arts, while maintaining professional programs with a direct impact on the community and society.[55] The Downtown Phoenix campus focuses on direct urban and public programs such as nursing, public policy, criminal justice, mass communication, and journalism.[56] ASU recently relocated some nursing and health related programs to its new ASU-Mayo Medical School campus. Inter-campus shuttles and light rail allow students and faculty to easily travel between the campuses; in addition to the physical campuses, ASU's "virtual campus", housed at the university's SkySong Innovation Center, provides online and extended education.

ASU's Tempe campus is in downtown Tempe, Arizona, about eight miles (13 km) east of downtown Phoenix. The campus is considered urban, and is approximately 660 acres (2.7 km2) in size. The campus is arranged around broad pedestrian malls and is completely encompassed by an arboretum,[57][58] the Tempe campus is also the largest of ASU's campuses, with more than 70,000[b] students enrolled in at least one class on campus in fall 2017.[59] The campus is considered to range from the streets Rural Road on the east to Mill Avenue on the west, and Apache Boulevard on the south to Rio Salado Parkway on the north.

The Tempe campus is ASU's original campus, and Old Main, the first building constructed, still stands today. Today's university and the Tempe campus were originally founded as the Territorial Normal School when first constructed, and was originally a teachers college. There are many notable landmarks on campus, including Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright; Palm Walk, which is lined by 111 palm trees;[60] Charles Trumbull Hayden Library; the University Club building; Margaret Gisolo Dance Theatre; and University Bridge. In addition, the campus has an extensive public art collection, considered one of the ten best among university public art collections in America according to Public Art Review.[61] Against the northwest edge of campus is the Mill Avenue district (part of downtown Tempe), which has a college atmosphere that attracts many students to its restaurants and bars. Students also have Tempe Marketplace, a shopping, dining and entertainment center with an outdoor setting near the northeast border of the campus, the Tempe campus is also home to all of the university's athletic facilities.

The West campus was established in 1984[62] by the Arizona Legislature and sits on 277.92 acres (1.1247 km2) in a suburban area of northwest Phoenix. The West campus lies about 12 miles (19 km) northwest of downtown Phoenix, and about 18 miles (29 km) northwest of the Tempe campus. The West campus is designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride[63] and is nearly completely powered by a 4.7MWsolar array.[64] The campus serves more than 19,000 students enrolled in at least a single course[59] and offers more than 100 degree programs from the New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College, W. P. Carey School of Business, College of Public Service and Community Solutions, College of Health Solutions, and the College of Nursing and Health Innovation.[65] Patterned after the University of Oxford’s architecture, the West campus provides modern amenities in its residence halls, dining facilities and the Sun Devil Fitness Complex and swimming pool. Subtropical landscaping, fountains and outdoor enclaves are third-space opportunities for students to socialize or collaborate while pursuing any of the undergraduate and graduate degree programs available.

In response to demands for lower-cost public higher education in Arizona, ASU developed the small, undergraduate-only college in Lake Havasu City. ASU Colleges are teaching-focused and provide a selection of popular undergraduate majors,[44] the Lake Havasu City campus offers high-demand undergraduate degrees with lower tuition rates than other Arizona research universities[74] and a 15-to-1 student-to-faculty ratio.[44]

ASU Online offers more than 150 undergraduate and graduate degree programs through an entirely online platform,[75] the degree programs delivered online hold the same accreditation as the university's traditional face-to-face programs. ASU Online is headquartered at ASU's SkySong campus in Scottsdale, Arizona. ASU Online was ranked in the Top 4 for Best Online Bachelor's Programs by U.S. News & World Report.[76]

Online students are taught by the same faculty and receive the same diploma as on-campus students. ASU online programs are designed to allow students to learn in highly interactive environments through student collaboration and through technological personalized learning environments.[77]

In April 2015, ASU Online announced a partnership with edX to form a one of a kind program called the Global Freshman Academy, the program is open to all potential students. The students do not need to send in a high school transcript or GPA to apply for the courses. Students only pay for the courses ($600 per credit) after they have passed the course if they want to earn the credits.[78]

As of spring 2017, more than 25,000 students were enrolled through ASU Online;[79] in June 2014, ASU Online and Starbucks announced a partnership called the Starbucks College Achievement Plan. The Starbucks College Achievement Plan offers all benefits-eligible employees full-tuition coverage when they enroll in any one of ASU Online's more than 60 undergraduate degree programs.[80][81]

In 2016, Mayo Clinic and ASU formed a new platform for health care education and research: the Mayo Clinic and Arizona State University Alliance for Health Care.[82] Through this alliance, Mayo Clinic and ASU have created a blended curriculum in the Science of Health Care Delivery.[83] Beginning in 2017, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine students in Phoenix and Scottsdale are among the first to earn a certificate in the Science of Health Care Delivery, with the option to earn a master's degree in the Science of Health Care Delivery through ASU.[84] This program joins five additional dual degree programs and previous initiatives between Mayo Clinic and ASU, including undergraduate programs through ASU's Barrett, The Honors College[85] and a nationally recognized partnership between Mayo Clinic and ASU's College of Nursing and Health Innovation.[86]

Thunderbird School of Global Management is one of the newest units of "Arizona State University Knowledge Enterprise." The flagship campus is in Glendale, Arizona, at Thunderbird Field No. 1, a former military airfield from which it derives its name.[87]

Admission to any of the public universities in Arizona is ensured to residents in the top 25% of their high school class with a GPA of 3.0 in core competencies.[90] For fall 2016, ASU admitted 81.0% of all freshman applicants,[88][89] and is considered a "more selective" university by U.S. News & World Report.[91] Average GPA of enrolling freshman was 3.49; the average SAT score was 1136 for critical reading and math combined; and the average ACT composite score was 25.0.[88]

Barrett, The Honors College is ranked among the top honors programs in the nation.[92] Although there are no set minimum admissions criteria for Barrett College, the average GPA of Fall 2016 incoming freshmen was 3.79, with average SAT scores of 1284/1600 and ACT scores of 28.8.[93] The Honors college enrolls 6,894 undergraduate students, with 395 National Merit Scholars.[93]

ASU enrolls 10,249 international students, 14.2% of the total student population.[15] The international student body represents more than 150 nations and more than 60 student clubs and organizations exist at ASU to serve the growing number of students from abroad,[94][95] the growth in the number of international students in 2016 at ASU is a 17% increase over the 2014 figure.[96] The Institute of International Education ranked ASU as the top public university in the U.S. for hosting international students in 2015–2016.[97]

ASU offers over 250 majors to undergraduate students, and more than 100 graduate programs leading to numerous masters and doctoral degrees in the liberal arts and sciences, design and arts, engineering, journalism, education, business, law, nursing, public policy, technology, and sustainability. These programs are divided into 16 colleges and schools which are spread across ASU's six campuses. ASU also offers the 4+1 accelerated program, which allows students in their senior year to attain their master's degree the following year,[99] however the 4+1 accelerated program is not associated with all majors, for example in the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College the 4+1 accelerated program only works with Education Exploratory majors. ASU uses a plus-minus grading system with highest cumulative GPA awarded of 4.0 (at time of graduation). Arizona State University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.[100]

The 2017 U.S. News & World Report ratings of nearly 1,800 U.S. colleges and universities ranked ASU 61st among public universities, 115th of national universities, and 121st in the world's top 1,000 global universities.[110][111] ASU was also ranked No. 1 among America’s 31 "Most Innovative Universities." The innovation ranking, new for 2016, was determined by a poll of top college officials nationwide asking them to name institutions "that are making the most innovative improvements in terms of curriculum, faculty, students, campus life, technology or facilities."[12]

ASU is ranked 51st–61st in the U.S. and 101st–150th in the world among the top 500 universities in the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU),[112] and 56th U.S./102nd world by the 2016 Center for World University Rankings.[113]Money Magazine ranked ASU 162nd of 711 U.S. schools it evaluated for its 2017 Best Colleges ranking.[114]The Daily Beast ranked ASU 172nd of nearly 2,000 U.S. schools in its 2014 Best Colleges ranking.[115]The Wall Street Journal ranks ASU 5th in the nation for producing the best-qualified graduates, determined by a nationwide poll of corporate recruiters,[116] and Forbes magazine named ASU one of America's best college buys.[117]

In 2012, Public University Honors wrote, "ASU students ranked fifth among all public universities in National Science Foundation grants for graduate study and 11th among all universities, including the schools of the Ivy League, among other things, the high achievement in this area of excellence points to consistently strong advising and support, a logical outcome of Barrett (Arizona State University's honor college) investing more in honors staff than any other honors program [we reviewed]."[118]

For its efforts as a national leader in campus sustainability, ASU was named one of the top 6 "Cool Schools" by the Sierra Club in 2016,[122] was named to the Princeton Review 2011 "Green Honor Roll,"[123] and earned an "A-" grade on the 2011 College Sustainability Green Report Card.[124]

ASU's online bachelor's degree programs have been ranked 4th in the nation by U.S. News & World Report, with its graduate business programs ranked 3rd, online MBA ranked 5th, online graduate criminal justice ranked 5th and graduate engineering ranked 13th.[110] ASU was also ranked the #1 college offering an online bachelor's degree in communications[125] and #5 in the top 100 Best Online Colleges[126] by Online College Plan.

ASU is one of the nation's most successful universities in terms of creating start-up companies through research, the university has raised more than $600 million in external funding, and 100 companies have been launched based on ASU innovations.[132][133] ASU ranks #2 in the nation for proprietary start-ups "created for every $10 million in research expenditures." In fiscal year 2015, ASU researchers were issued 62 patents,[134] a significant increase over 2014 when 48 patents were granted.[135][136] During fiscal year 2015, ASU faculty launched 12 new startup companies and submitted 270 invention disclosures to AzTE, since its inception, AzTE has fostered the launch of more than 96 companies based on ASU innovations, and attracted more than $600 million in venture funding, including $96 million in fiscal year 2016 alone.[137][133] According to the Sweden-based University Business Incubator (UBI) Index for 2013, ASU is one of the top universities in the world for business incubation, ranking 17th out of the top 25. ASU is one of only 15 universities and institutes from the United States to make the list, and the only university representing Arizona.[138] UBI reviewed 550 universities and associated business incubators from around the world using an assessment framework that takes more than 50 performance indicators into consideration,[139] as an example, one of ASU's spin-offs (Heliae Development, LLC) raised more than $28 million in venture capital in 2013 alone.[140] In June 2016, ASU received the Entrepreneurial University Award from the Deshpande Foundation, a philanthropic organization that supports social entrepreneurship and innovation.[141]

The university's push to create various institutes has led to greater funding and an increase in the number of researchers in multiple fields. ASU Knowledge Enterprise Development (KED) advances research, innovation, strategic partnerships, entrepreneurship, economic development and international development.[142] KED is led by Sethuraman Panchanathan.[143] KED supports several interdisciplinary research institutes and initiatives: Institute for Humanities Research, NewSpace Initiative, Biodesign Institute, Institute for the Science of Teaching and Learning, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Institute for Social Science Research, LightWorks, McCain Institute for International Leadership, Decision Theater Network, Flexible Electronics and Display Center, Complex Adaptive Systems @ ASU, Global Security Initiative.[143] Other notable and famed institutes at ASU are: The Institute of Human Origins, L. William Seidman Research Institute (W. P. Carey School of Business), Learning Sciences Institute, Herberger Research Institute, and the Hispanic Research Center. Much of the research conducted at ASU is considered cutting edge with its focus on interdisciplinarity,[144] the Biodesign Institute for instance, conducts research on issues such as biomedical and healthcare outcomes as part of a collaboration with Mayo Clinic to diagnose and treat rare diseases, including cancer.[145] Biodesign Institute researchers have also developed various techniques for reading and detecting biosignatures which expanded in 2006 with an $18 million grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health.[146] The institute also is heavily involved in sustainability research, primarily through reuse of CO2 via biological feedback and various biomasses (e.g. algae) to synthesize clean biofuels. Heliae is a Biodesign Institute spin-off and much of its business centers on algal-derived, high value products.[147] Furthermore, the institute is heavily involved in security research including technology that can detect biological and chemical changes in the air and water, the university has received more than $30 million in funding from the Department of Defense for adapting this technology for use in detecting the presence of biological and chemical weapons.[148] Research conducted at the Biodesign Institute by ASU professor Charles Arntzen made possible the production of Ebola antibodies in specially modified tobacco plants that researchers at Mapp Biopharmaceutical used to create the Ebola therapeutic ZMapp. The treatment is credited with saving the lives of two aid workers, for his work, Arntzen was named the No. 1 honoree among Fast Company's annual "100 Most Creative People in Business" 2015 awards.[149]

World-renowned scholars have been integral to the successes of the various institutes associated with the university. ASU students and researchers have been selected as Marshall, Truman, Rhodes, and Fulbright Scholars with the university ranking 1st overall in the U.S. for Fulbright Scholar awards to faculty and 5th overall for recipients of Fulbright U.S. Student awards in the 2015–2016 academic year.[150] ASU faculty includes Nobel Laureates, Royal Society members, National Academy members, and members of the National Institutes of Health, to name a few.[151] ASU Professor Donald Johanson, who discovered the 3.18 million year old fossil hominid Lucy (Australopithecus) in Ethiopia, established the Institute of Human Origins (IHO) in 1981. The institute was first established in Berkeley, California and later moved to ASU in 1997,[152] as one of the leading research organization in the United States devoted to the science of human origins, IHO pursues a transdisciplinary strategy for field and analytical paleoanthropological research.[153] The Herberger Institute Research Center supports the scholarly inquiry, applied research and creative activity of more than 400 faculty and nearly 5,000 students.[154][155] The renowned ASU Art Museum, Herberger Institute Community Programs, urban design, and other outreach and initiatives in the arts community round out the research and creative activities of the Herberger Institute, among well known professors within the Herberger Institute is Johnny Saldaña of the School of Theatre and Film. Saldaña received the 1996 Distinguished Book Award and the prestigious Judith Kase Cooper Honorary Research Award, both from the American Alliance for Theatre Education (AATE),[156] the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability is the center of ASU's initiatives focusing on practical solutions to environmental, economic, and social challenges. The institute has partnered with various cities, universities, and organizations from around the world to address issues affecting the global community.[157]

The Army Research Laboratory extended funding for the Arizona State University Flexible Display Center (FDC) in 2009 with a $50 million grant.[165] The university has partnered with the Pentagon on such endeavors since 2004 with an initial $43.7 million grant. In 2012, researchers at the center created the world’s largest flexible full-color organic light-emitting diode (OLED), which at the time was 7.4 inches. The following year, the FEDC staff broke their own world record, producing a 14.7-inch version of the display.[166][167] The technology delivers high-performance while remaining cost-effective during the manufacturing process. Vibrant colors, high switching speeds for video and reduced power consumption are some of the features the center has been able to successfully integrate into the technology; in 2012, ASU successfully eliminated the need for specialized equipment and processing, thereby reducing costs compared to competitive approaches.[168]

ASU's faculty and students are served by nine libraries across five campuses: Hayden Library, Noble Library, Music Library and Design and the Arts Library on the Tempe campus; Fletcher Library on the West campus; Downtown Phoenix campus library and Ross-Blakley Law Library at the Downtown Phoenix campus; Polytechnic campus library; and the Thunderbird Library at the Thunderbird campus.[170]

As of 2013, ASU's libraries held 4.5 million volumes.[171] The Arizona State University library system is ranked the 34th largest research library in the United States and Canada, according to criteria established by the Association of Research Libraries that measures various aspects of quality and size of the collection.[172] The University continues to grow its rare special collections, such as the recent addition of a privately held collection of manuscripts by poet Rubén Darío.[173]

Hayden Library is on Cady Mall in the center of the Tempe campus,[174] it opened in 1966 and is the largest library facility at ASU.[169] An expansion in 1989 created the subterranean entrance underneath Hayden Lawn and is attached to the above-ground portion of the original library. There are two floors underneath Hayden Lawn with a landmark known as the "Beacon of Knowledge" rising from the center, the underground library lights the beacon at night.

The 2013 Capital Improvement Plan, approved by the Arizona Board of Regents, incorporates a $35 million repurposing and renovation project for Hayden Library.[175] The open air moat area that serves as an outdoor study space will be enclosed to increase indoor space for the library. Along with increasing space and renovating the facility, the front entrance of Hayden Library will be rebuilt.

As of March 2014, ASU was the top institution of higher education in the United States for solar generating capacity.[176] Today, the university generates over 24 megawatts (MW) of electricity from on-campus solar arrays,[177] this is an increase over the June 2012 total of 15.3 MW.[178][179] ASU has 88 solar photovoltaic (PV) installations containing 81,424 solar panels across four campuses and the ASU Research Park.[180] An additional 29 MWdc solar installation was dedicated at Red Rock, Arizona in January 2017, bringing the university's solar generating capacity to 50 MWdc.[180]

Additionally, six wind turbines installed on the roof of the Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability building on the Tempe campus have operated since October 2008. Under normal conditions, the six turbines produce enough electricity to power approximately 36 computers.[181]

ASU's School of Sustainability was the first school in the United States to introduce degrees in the field of sustainability. ASU's School of Sustainability is part of the Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability,[182] the School was established in spring 2007 and began enrolling undergraduates in fall 2008. The school offers majors, minors, and a number of certificates in sustainability. ASU is also home to the Sustainability Consortium which was founded by Jay Golden in 2009.[183]

The School of Sustainability has been essential in establishing the university as "a leader in the academics of sustainable business."[184] The university is widely considered to be one of the most ambitious and principled organizations for embedding sustainable practices into its operating model,[185] the university has embraced several challenging sustainability benchmarks.[186] Among the numerous benchmarks outlined in the university's prospectus, is the creation of a large recycling and composting operation that by 2015, will eliminate 90% of the solid waste generated by all on-campus activities.[187] This endeavor will be aided by educating students about the benefits of avoiding overconsumption that contributes to excessive waste. Sustainability courses have been expanded to attain this goal and many of the university's individual colleges and schools have integrated such material into their lectures and courses.[188][189] Second, ASU is on track to reduce its rate of water consumption by 50%, the university's most aggressive benchmark is to be the first, large research university to achieve carbon neutrality as it pertains to its Scope 1, 2 and non-transportation Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.[185]

Sparky the Sun Devil gesturing the pitchfork at a basketball game, 2016

Gold is the oldest color associated with Arizona State University and dates back to 1896 when the school was named the Tempe Normal School.[190] Maroon and white were later added to the color scheme in 1898. Gold signifies the "golden promise" of ASU, the promise includes every student receiving a valuable educational experience. Gold also signifies the sunshine Arizona is famous for; including the power of the sun and its influence on the climate and the economy. The first uniforms worn by athletes associated with the university were black and white when the "Normals" were the name of the athletic teams, the student section, known as The Inferno, wears gold on game days.[191] Maroon signifies sacrifice and bravery while white represents the balance of negativity and positivity, as it is in the city of Tempe, Arizona, the school's colors adorn the neighboring buildings during big game days and festive events.[192]

Sparky the Sun Devil is the mascot of Arizona State University and was named by vote of the student body on November 8, 1946.[193] Sparky often travels with the team across the country and has been at every football bowl game in which the university has participated, the university's mascot is not to be confused with the athletics department's logo, the Pitchfork or hand gesture used by those associated with the university. The new logo is used on various sport facilities, uniforms and athletics documents.[194][195] Arizona State Teacher’s College had a different mascot and the sports teams were known as the Owls and later, the Bulldogs. When the school was first established, the Tempe Normal School’s teams were simply known as the Normals.[196] Sparky is visible on the sidelines of every home game played in Sun Devil Stadium or other ASU athletic facilities, his routine at football games includes pushups after every touchdown scored by the Sun Devils. He is aided by Sparky's Crew, male yell leaders that must meet physical requirements to participate as members, the female members are known as the Spirit Squad and are categorized into a dance line and spirit line. They are the official squad that represents ASU, the spirit squad competes every year at the ESPN Universal Dance Association (UDA) College Nationals in the Jazz and Hip-Hop categories. They were chosen by the UDA to represent the USA at the World Dance Championship 2013 in the Jazz category.[197] Currently, ASU's varsity intercollegiate cheerleading team is not allowed to participate at athletic events (e.g. football and basketball games) due to dismissal regarding prior misconduct.[198] ASU Cheerleading has since become a club sport, through the Student Recreation Center, competing locally and nationally as a Collegiate Co-Ed Division IA-Level VI team, they have reestablished their commitment to excellence, winning various championships.[199] The team has a strict code of conduct and is seeking reinstatement from the university to participate at athletic events.[200]

Annual tradition of Whitewashing "A" Mountain, Arizona State University

A letter has existed on the slope of the mountain since 1918. A "T" followed by an "N" were the first letters to grace the landmark. Tempe Butte, home to "A" Mountain, has had the "A" installed on the slope of its south face since 1938 and is visible from campus just to the south. The original "A" was destroyed by vandals in 1952 with pipe bombs and a new "A", constructed of reinforced concrete, was built in 1955,[201] the vandals were never identified but many speculate the conspirators were students from the rival in-state university (University of Arizona). Many ancient Hohokampetroglyphs were destroyed by the bomb; nevertheless, many of these archeological sites around the mountain remain. There are many traditions surrounding "A" Mountain, including a revived "guarding of the 'A'" in which students camp on the mountainside before games with rival schools.[202] "Whitewashing" of the "A" is a tradition in which incoming freshmen paint the letter white during orientation week and is repainted gold before the first football game of the season.[203] Whitewashing dates back to the 1930s and it grows in popularity every year, with thousands of students going up to paint the "A" every year.[204]

The Lantern Walk is one of the oldest traditions at ASU and dates back to 1917,[205] it is considered one of ASU’s "most cherished" traditions and is an occasion used to mark the work of those associated with ASU throughout history. Anyone associated with ASU is free to participate in the event, including students, alumni, faculty, employees, and friends, this differs slightly from the original tradition in which the seniors would carry lanterns up "A" Mountain followed by the freshman. The senior class president would describe ASU's traditions and the freshman would repeat an oath of allegiance to the university, it was described as a tradition of "good will between the classes" and a way of ensuring new students would continue the university's traditions with honor. In modern times, the participants walk through campus and follow a path up to "A" Mountain to "light up" Tempe. Keynote speakers, performances, and other events are used to mark the occasion, the night is culminated with a fireworks display. The Lantern Walk was held after the Spring Semester (June) but is now held the week before Homecoming, a tradition that dates back to 1924 at ASU, it is held in the fall and in conjunction with a football game.[206]

Arizona State University reintroduced the tradition of ringing a bell after each win for the football team in 2012,[207] the ROTC cadets associated with the university are responsible for the transportation of the bell to various events and for ringing the bell after games are won by the Sun Devils. The first Victory Bell, in various forms, was used in the 1930s but the tradition faded in the 1970s when the bell in use was removed from Memorial Union for renovations,[208] the bell cracked and was no longer capable of ringing. That bell is on the southeast corner of Sun Devil Stadium, near the entrance to the student section, that bell, given to the university in the late 1960s, is painted gold and is a campus landmark.

The Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band, created in 1915 and known as the "Pride of the Southwest", was the first of only two marching bands in the Pac-12 to be awarded the prestigious Sudler Trophy.[209] The John Philip Sousa Foundation awarded the band the trophy in 1991, the Sun Devil Marching Band remains one of only 28 bands in the nation to have earned the designation. The band performs at every football game played in Sun Devil Stadium; in addition, the Sun Devil Marching Band has made appearances in the Fiesta Bowl, the Rose Bowl, the Holiday Bowl, and the Super Bowl XLII, in addition to many others.[210] Smaller ensembles of band members perform at other sport venues including basketball games at Wells Fargo Arena and baseball games, the Devil Walk is held in Wells Fargo Arena by the football team and involves a more formal introduction of the players to the community; a new approach to the tradition added in 2012 with the arrival of head coach Todd Graham.[211] It begins 2 hours and 15 minutes prior to the game and allows the players to establish rapport with the fans, the walk ends as the team passes the band and fans lined along the path to Sun Devil Stadium. The most recognizable songs played by the band are "Alma Mater" and ASU's fight songs titled "Maroon and Gold" and the "Al Davis Fight Song". "Alma Mater" was composed by former Music Professor and Director of Sun Devil Marching Band (then known as Bulldog Marching Band), Miles A. Dresskell, in 1937.[212] "Maroon and Gold" was authored by former Director of Sun Devil Marching Band, Felix E. McKernan, in 1948, the "Al Davis Fight Song" (also known as "Go, Go Sun Devils" and "Arizona State University Fight Song") was composed by ASU alumnus Albert Oliver Davis in the 1940s without any lyrics. Recently lyrics were added to the song.[213]

Changemaker Central is a student-run centralized resource hub for student involvement in social entrepreneurship, civic engagement, service learning and community service that catalyzes student-driven social change. Changemaker Central locations have opened on all campuses in fall 2011, providing flexible, creative workspaces for everyone in the ASU community, the project is entirely student run and advances ASU’s institutional commitments to social embeddedness and entrepreneurship. The space allows students to meet, work and join new networks and collaborative enterprises while taking advantage of ASU’s many resources and opportunities for engagement.[217] Changemaker Central has signature programs, including Changemaker Challenge, that support students in their journey to become changemakers by creating communities of support around new solutions/ideas and increasing access to early stage seed funding,[218] the Changemaker Challenge seeks undergraduate and graduate students from across the university who are dedicated to making a difference in our local and global communities through innovation. Students can win up to $10,000 to make their innovative project, prototype, venture or community partnership ideas happen.[219]

In addition to Changemaker Central, the Greek community (Greek Life) at Arizona State University has been important in binding students to the university, and providing social outlets. ASU is also home to one of the nation's first and fastest growing gay fraternities, Sigma Phi Beta, founded in 2003;[220] considered a sign of the growing university's commitment to supporting diversity and inclusion.

The second Eta chapter of Phrateres, a non-exclusive, non-profit social-service club, was installed here in 1958 and became inactive in the 1990s.

The State Press is the university's independent, student-operated news publication. The State Press covers news and events on all four ASU campuses. Student editors and managers are solely responsible for the content of the State Press website, these publications are overseen by an independent board and guided by a professional adviser employed by the university.

ASU has two radio stations. KASC The Blaze 1330 AM, is a broadcast station owned and funded by the Cronkite School of Journalism, and is completely student-run save for a faculty and professional adviser. The Blaze broadcasts local, alternative and independent music 24 hours a day, and also features news and sports updates at the top and bottom of every hour.[223] W7ASU is an amateur radio station that was first organized in 1935. W7ASU has about 30 members that enjoy amateur radio, and is primarily a contesting club.[224]

Associated Students of Arizona State University (ASASU) is the student government at Arizona State University,[225] it is composed of the Undergraduate Student Government and the Graduate & Professional Student Association (GPSA). Each ASU campus has a specific USG; USG Tempe (Tempe), USGD (Downtown), USG Polytechnic (Polytechnic) and USG West (West). Members and officers of ASASU are elected annually by the student body.

The Residence Hall Association (RHA) of Arizona State University is the student government for every ASU student living on-campus, each ASU campus has an RHA that operates independently. RHA's purpose is to improve the quality of residence hall life and provide a cohesive voice for the residents by addressing the concerns of the on-campus populations to university administrators and other campus organizations; providing cultural, diversity, educational, and social programming; establishing and working with individual community councils.

Arizona State University offers undergraduate student housing on four metropolitan Phoenix campuses (Tempe, Polytechnic, Downtown Phoenix, and West), plus the ASU Colleges at Lake Havasu City. On the Tempe campus it includes dorms such as Palo Verde East, Palo Verde West, Tooker House (formerly Palo Verde Main), University Towers, Arcadia, Manzanita, Hassayampa Academic Village, San Pablo (otherwise known as "CLAS Academy"),[226] the Sonora Center, and multiple Barrett dorms.[227] Recently, ASU has added Vista Del Sol on Apache road to the on campus living for upper class honors students, each dormitory is identified with a specific college, institute, major, or sport, and are relatively close to all the classes the student would be taking according to their major (excluding the Sonora Center which is meant to house 'overflow' students that do not fit in the other dormitory complexes, as well as students who have declared their major as 'exploratory'). For example, Tooker House is strictly freshmen engineering students. Aside from the on-campus dorms, ASU also offers residential halls for upper-division housing and Greek life housing. Greek housing is only available for sororities that are current members of ASU Panhellenic. There are 12 sororities residing in Greek life housing. Sororities are housed in a gated complex called Adelphi Commons and it is only accessible to members of the sororities.[228]

Arizona State University's Division I athletic teams are called the Sun Devils, which is also the nickname used to refer to students and alumni of the university, they compete in the Pac-12 Conference in 20 varsity sports. Historically, the university has highly performed in men's, women's, and mixed archery; men's, women's, and mixed badminton; women's golf; women's swimming and diving; baseball; and football. Arizona State University's NCAA Division I-A program competes in 9 varsity sports for men and 11 for women. ASU's athletic director is Ray Anderson,[229] former executive vice president of football operations for the National Football League. Anderson replaced Steve Patterson, who was appointed to the position in 2012 after Lisa Love, the former Senior Associate Athletic Director at the University of Southern California, was relieved of her duties.[230] Love was responsible for the hiring of coaches Herb Sendek, the men's basketball coach, and Dennis Erickson, the men's football coach.[231] Erickson was fired in 2011 and replaced by Todd Graham,[232] the rival to Arizona State University is University of Arizona.

In September 2009 criticism over the seven-figure salaries earned by various coaches at Arizona's public universities (including ASU) prompted the Arizona Board of Regents to re-evaluate the salary and benefit policy for athletic staff,[234] with the 2011 expansion of the Pac-12 Conference, a new $3 billion contract for revenue sharing among all the schools in the conference was established.[235] With the infusion of funds, the salary issue and various athletic department budgeting issues at ASU were addressed, the Pac-12's new media contract with ESPN allowed ASU to hire a new coach in 2012. A new salary and bonus package (maximum bonus of $2.05 million) was instituted and is one of the most lucrative in the conference.[236] ASU also plans to expand its athletic facilities with a public-private investment strategy to create an amateur sports district that can accommodate the Pan American Games and operate as an Olympic Training Center,[237] the athletic district will include a $300 million renovation of Sun Devil Stadium that will include new football facilities.[238] The press box and football offices in Sun Devil Stadium were remodeled in 2012.[239]

The university also participates in the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) and is billed as the top program within that league.[243] Beginning in 2013, ASU will be a founding member of the new Western Collegiate Hockey League (WCHL). ASU Sun Devils Hockey will compete with NCAA Division 1 schools for the first time in 2012, largely due to the success of the program;[244] in 2016 they will begin as a full-time Division 1 team. Competing as an independent for their first year, then joining a respective conference in 2017, the conference will either be the NCHC or the WCHA.[245]

Eight members of ASU's Women's Swimming and Diving Team were selected to the Pac-10 All-Academic Team on April 5, 2010; in addition, five member of ASU's Men's Swimming and Diving Team were selected to the Pac-10 All-Academic Team on April 6, 2010.[246]

In April 2015, Bobby Hurley was hired as the men's basketball coach, replacing Herb Sendek. Previously, Hurley was the head coach at the University of Buffalo as well as an assistant coach at Rhode Island and Wagner University.[247]

Among American research universities, Arizona State is ranked 4th for total recipients of the prestigious Fulbright Scholarship in the 2012–2013 academic year.[252] ASU has made this list for more than 9 consecutive years. ASU alumni and students are also noted for their service to the community and have officially been recognized as a top university for contributing to the public good,[253] the Arizona State University Alumni Association is on the Tempe campus in Old Main. The Alumni Association continues many of the university's traditions.

President Bill Clinton became the first sitting president to visit ASU on October 31, 1996, speaking on the Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium lawn. He returned to ASU in 2006, and in 2014, President Clinton, Hillary Clinton, and Chelsea Clinton came to campus to host the Clinton Global Initiative University.[258] President George W. Bush became the second sitting president to visit the school's campus when he debated Senator John Kerry at the university's Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium on October 13, 2004.[260] President Barack Obama visited ASU as sitting president on May 13, 2009. President Obama delivered the commencement speech for the Spring 2009 Commencement Ceremony, speaking to more than 60,000 people at Sun Devil Stadium.[261] President Obama had previously visited the school as a United States Senator.[258] President Richard Nixon did not visit ASU as president, but visited Phoenix as president on October 31, 1970, at an event that included a performance by the Arizona State University Band, which President Nixon acknowledged, as part of President Nixon's remarks, he stated that, "when I am in Arizona, Arizona State is number one."[262]

On May 1, 2014, ASU was listed as one of fifty five higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints" by Barack Obama's White House Task Force To Protect Students from Sexual Assault.[263][264] The publicly announced investigation followed two Title IX suits;[265] in July 2014, a group of at least nine current and former students who alleged they were harassed or assaulted asked the federal investigation be expanded.[266] In August 2014 ASU President Michael Crow appointed a task force[267] comprising faculty and staff, students, and members of the university police force to review the university’s efforts to address sexual violence. Crow accepted the recommendations of the task force in November 2014.[268]

In 2011, Professor Matthew Whitaker was accused of plagiarizing material in six books he had written, as well as in a speech he made to local high school students, after watching a video of the speech, a plagiarism analyst said he could pretty much read along from a newspaper article as Whitaker spoke. To the intense consternation of ASU faculty members (the chairman of the tenure committee resigned in protest) an investigating committee concluded there was no pattern of deceit and the copying had been inadvertent, it all popped up again in 2014 with another Whitaker book, "Peace Be Still: Modern Black America From World War II to Barack Obama." A blogger writing under an apparent pseudonym set out side-by-side excerpts from Whitaker’s book and material available on the Web at sites like infoplease.com and the Archive of American Television. They are more than just similar in tone. Whitaker has also been accused of appropriating training materials produced by the Chicago Police Department which he used as the basis for a lucrative contract with the Phoenix Police Department. Whitaker was to receive $268,800 to provide "cultural-consciousness training" to Phoenix police, the Phoenix Police Department wants back the $21,900 it has paid thus far. He was placed on administrative leave on September 17, 2015, while the university investigated allegations that "his behavior has fallen short of expectations as a faculty member and a scholar."[269]

^Campus enrollment figures at ASU are defined by the number of students taking at least one course offered by a department housed on a particular campus. Students who are enrolled in classes on more than one campus (estimated to be 27,484) are counted within each campus's total

^Biostatistics programs are not considered in the No. 1 ranking. Stanford is No. 1 when Biostatistics programs are considered.

1.
University of Arizona
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The University of Arizona is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona, United States. Founded in 1885, the UA was the first university in the Arizona Territory, the university operates two medical schools and is affiliated with the regions only academic medical centers. The university is home to the James E. Rogers College of Law and numerous other nationally ranked graduate. During the 2015-2016 academic year, there was an enrollment of 43,088 students. The University of Arizona is governed by the Arizona Board of Regents, the University of Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities and is the only representative from the state of Arizona to this group. Known as the Arizona Wildcats, the teams are members of the Pac-12 Conference of the NCAA. UA athletes have won titles in several sports, most notably mens basketball, baseball. The official colors of the university and its teams are UA Red. After the passage of the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862, the push for a university in Arizona grew, the University of Arizona was approved by the Arizona Territorys Thieving Thirteenth Legislature in 1885, which also selected the city of Tucson to receive the appropriation to build the university. Tucson had hoped to receive the appropriation for the mental hospital. Tucson was largely disappointed with receiving what was viewed as an inferior prize. Construction of Old Main, the first building on campus, began on October 27,1887, and classes met for the first time in 1891 with 32 students in Old Main, which is still in use today. Because there were no schools in Arizona Territory, the university maintained separate preparatory classes for the first 23 years of operation. The University of Arizona offers 334 fields of study leading to bachelors, masters, doctoral, academic departments and programs are organized into colleges and schools. Currently, grades are given on a strict 4-point scale with A worth 4, B worth 3, C worth 2, D worth 1 and E worth zero points. In 2004, there were discussions with students and faculty that may lead the UA towards eventual usage of the grading system in future years. As of December 2015, the university uses the 4-points scale. The Center for World University Rankings in 2015 ranked Arizona 68th in the world, the 2015–16 Times Higher Education World University Rankings rated University of Arizona 163rd in the world and the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings ranked it 233rd

2.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities

3.
Research university
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Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings

4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose

5.
Arizona State University Tempe campus
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Arizona State University Tempe campus is the largest of four campuses that compose Arizona State University. The campus lies in the heart of Tempe, Arizona, about eight miles east of downtown Phoenix, the campus is considered urban, and is approximately 642 acres in size. ASUs Tempe campus is arranged around broad pedestrian malls and is encompassed by an arboretum. ASU has a public art collection, considered one of the ten best among university public art collections in the United States. Against the northwest edge of campus is the Mill Avenue district which has an atmosphere that attracts many students to its restaurants. ASUs Tempe Campus is also home to all of the athletic facilities. The Tempe campus is the campus, and Old Main. The university used to be named the Arizona Territorial Normal School and was used to train public school teachers. In 1925 the college was renamed the Tempe State Teachers College, after gaining accreditation in 1933, the college started offering graduated programs in 1937. The Tempe campus is also the largest of the four campuses, there are many notable landmarks on campus, including Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Other notable landmarks include Palm Walk, which is lined by 111 palm trees, Charles Trumbull Hayden Library, Old Main, the University Club Building and this agreement is one of the first of its kind. Wells Fargo Arena Arizona State University at the Tempe campus

6.
Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus
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Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus is one of four campuses of Arizona State University. It is commonly referred to as ASU Downtown, the campus, distinguished by its name, is located in the downtown area of Phoenix, Arizona. The school was built in line with ASU President Michael M. Crows One University, Many Places initiative and was built with cooperation from the state of Arizona and local governments. The campus is located in the area of Phoenix, in an area bound by Van Buren Street, Fillmore Street, 1st Avenue. Classes began there in August 2006 with students from the College of Public Programs, in 2008, the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication moved to ASU Downtown, with the headquarters and studios of KAET moving to ASU Downtown in 2009. In 2006, the College of Public Programs relocated from Wilson Hall on the university’s Tempe campus to Arizona State University’s Downtown Phoenix campus, on January 1,2015, The College of Public Programs officially renamed itself to the College of Public Service & Community Solutions. The College of Public Service and Community Solutions offers bachelors, masters, the programs are divided between the School of Social Work, the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, the School of Public Affairs and the School of Community Resources and Development. In August 2006, the College of Nursing & Health Innovation moved to the new Downtown Phoenix Campus, the new building, previously called Park Place, was a 1980s-era office building, and was extensively renovated to meet education and research requirements. An additional building adjacent to the new building houses the ASU Health Center. The College of Health Solutions was formed in 2012 to help ASU marshal its resources to solve the problem of poor health outcomes achieved at unsustainably high costs. The college also has a presence on the ASU Tempe, West, and Lake Havasu campuses, as well as online, instruction ranges from humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. The College also has a presence on the ASU Tempe, Polytechnic, the university has announced that a new building for the Sandra Day OConnor College of Law will be built on the Downtown Phoenix Campus, relocating faculty and students from the Tempe Campus. The university plans to establish the Arizona Center for Law and Society in 2016, mary Lou Fulton Teachers College administers teacher education programs across all four campuses of the university. Making it among the largest higher education teacher preparation programs in the United States, the Graduate College administers graduate programs on all four ASU campuses. Barrett, The Honors College provides academically-intensive programs and courses for undergraduate students meeting select criteria, barretts programs are offered to students across all four ASU campuses. The University College offers general-studies programs and exploratory programs for students who have not declared a formal major

7.
Arizona State University Polytechnic campus
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Arizona State University Polytechnic campus is one of four campuses of Arizona State University. Founded as ASU East, the campus opened in fall 1996 on the former Williams Air Force Base in southeast Mesa, the campus opened with nearly 1,000 students enrolled in one of the eight degrees offered. The campus started with two schools — the School of Technology and the School of Management and Agribusiness, East College was added in 1997 as an incubator for new professional programs. More than 8,000 students are enrolled in 40 degree programs based on the campus and these entities make up what is known as the Williams Campus. In July 2005, the changed its name from ASU East to ASUs Polytechnic campus to better reflect the mission of the programs at the campus. Programs such as the new interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science in Engineering continue to be developed, in the Fall 2008 semester a major expansion project at the campus was completed and open to students in the form of the new Polytechnic Academic Complex. It is located in the heart of campus and combines new student housing with classrooms, the three new buildings cost a combined $103 million and cover 240,000 square feet. It was built by main contractor DPR and designed by RSP Architects in collaboration with Sam Luitio-based Lake|Flato and is a LEED v2.2 Gold certified project, the faculty is widely published and highly regarded both in academia and the private sector. The College has an array of nearly 40 well-equipped facilities, centers and laboratories for student work, in 2013, the College of Technology and Innovation was dismantled and programs were divided into the College of Letters and Sciences and The Polytechnic School. Degree programs, from Agribusiness and Business Administration to Real Estate, feature award-winning, College of Letters and Sciences The College of Letters and Sciences offers programs on the Polytechnic campus from its headquarters on the Downtown Phoenix campus. CLS offers an arts core curriculum and a university-wide bachelors degree in interdisciplinary studies. Headquartered on ASUs West campus, the Teachers College administers education programs on all four ASU campuses, Graduate College The Graduate College administers graduate programs on all four ASU campuses. Honors College The Barrett Honors College provides academically-intensive programs and courses for undergraduate students meeting select criteria, barretts programs are offered to students across all four ASU campuses. University College The University College offers general-studies programs and exploratory programs for students who have not declared a formal major. The director of the Polytechnic School is Dr. Ann McKenna, in the summer of 2006, the apartment and western compound scenes for the film The Kingdom starring Jamie Foxx were shot at ASU Polytechnic. Carey School of Business School of Letters and Sciences College of Teacher Education and Leadership College of Technology and Innovation

8.
Arizona State University West campus
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Arizona State University at the West Campus is one of four university campuses that compose Arizona State University. The West campus was established by the Arizona Legislature in 1984, ASUs campuses are unified as a single institution, and so the West campus shares students, faculty, administration, and accreditation with the other campuses. As of fall 2009,10,380 students were enrolled in at least one course on the West campus, while the FTE enrollment for the campus is 6,173. In 2008, the West campus was designated as a Phoenix Point of Pride, established as the second ASU campus in 1984, construction of the West Campus began in 1986, with the first permanent buildings completed by 1989. Originally known as ASU West, this campus operated quasi-independently of the Tempe campus and had its own administration, faculty, at the time, the west campus was designed to offer only upper-level undergraduate courses. In 2001, freshmen students were admitted, allowing them to complete their undergraduate education on the West campus. The academic offerings on the West campus were designed to highlight an interdisciplinary focus in the arts and sciences, education. With the arrival of current ASU president Michael Crow in 2002, today, the West campus shares faculty, students, accreditation, and administration with the other ASU campuses. The West campus is the smallest of ASUs campuses in terms of facility space, the campus primarily consists of five academic buildings arranged around a quad, with a secondary quad surrounded by the campuss dormitories, dining hall, and recreation center. In 2011, the Gary K. Herberger Young Scholars Academy, the school currently uses the Cambridge Learning Curriculum and a move on when ready program. The levels range from Secondary 1 to A-Level years, Secondary 1 houses students from 10-14 years old. Both IGSCE years house students from 12-15 years old, A-Level years usually host students 16-18 years old. The Herberger Young Scholars Academy shares facilities with the rest of ASU West, ASUs Graduate College, Honors College and University College also have an administrative presence on the campus. In 2015, the West campus began to integrate their academic offerings with those of the Thunderbird School of Global Management, las Casas, built in 2002, offers apartment-style units for upper-division and graduate students. Campus website Tour of the West campus Public Art on the west campus W. P. Carey School of Business New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College

9.
Thunderbird School of Global Management
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Thunderbird School of Global Management at Arizona State University is a management school located in the United States and a part of Arizona State University. The school offers bachelors and masters degrees and executive programs in global management. The main campus is located in Glendale, Arizona, at Thunderbird Field No,1, a former military airfield from which it derives its name. Thunderbird was founded independently in 1946 by Lieutenant General Barton Kyle Yount, the school is known for its international network of alumni, of which there are currently some 40,000. Thunderbird School of Global Management was founded in 1946 as The American Institute for Foreign Trade, the school was founded by Lieutenant General Barton Kyle Yount in Glendale, Arizona on the former World War II military airfield, Thunderbird Field No. 1, which was purchased by Yount from the War Assets Administration for one dollar, Yount became the schools first president when the school was chartered on April 8,1946. Classes officially began on October 1,1946 with 98% of enrolled students attending on the G. I, the first degrees were awarded on June 14,1947. The institute focused on management and was the first graduate school to train students in global business to work for the U. S. government or overseas for American businesses. Early in its history, Thunderbird implemented a program focused on Spanish and Portuguese. The school also created an international studies program early on, focused initially on Latin America, in the schools early years, Thunderbird awarded two degrees, a Bachelor of Foreign Trade and a Master of Foreign Trade, although after 1975 the school no longer offered the undergraduate degree. Beginning in the 1990s, the school went by the name Thunderbird, after reaching a peak enrollment of around 1,600 in the 1990s, Thunderbird saw declining enrollment numbers in the 2000s. The school also saw a decline in the number of students enrolled as a result of stricter visa rules. In 2001, the school began to offer a Master of Business Administration in International Management, three years later, the school changed its name to Thunderbird, the Garvin School of International Management, following a $13 million donation from alumnus Samuel Garvin. The same year, the school hired Ángel Cabrera to serve as president, Cabrera oversaw the schools 2006 adoption of their Professional Oath of Honor. The oath was developed with input from students and faculty and was considered by the school to be the first of its kind for business schools, students sign the pledge upon graduation promising to act ethically and honestly in the business world. Garvins name was removed from the name in 2007. The school began to use the name Thunderbird School of Global Management, to focus on the Thunderbird brand, as part of the transition to the new name, the school adopted its current logo of a phoenix with a globe-shaped body. In 2011, after efforts by a Thunderbird alumnus, Arizona began selling Thunderbird license plates, the following year, Larry Penley became the president of Thunderbird

10.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level

11.
Tempe, Arizona
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Tempe, also known as Haydens Ferry during the territorial times of Arizona, is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, with the Census Bureau reporting a 2010 population of 161,719. The city is named after the Vale of Tempe in Greece, Tempe is located in the East Valley section of metropolitan Phoenix, it is bordered by Phoenix and Guadalupe on the west, Scottsdale on the north, Chandler on the south, and Mesa on the east. Tempe is also the location of Arizona State University, the Hohokam lived in this area and built canals to support their agriculture. They abandoned their settlements during the 15th century, with a few individuals, fort McDowell was established approximately 25 mi northeast of present downtown Tempe on the upper Salt River in 1865 allowing for new towns to be built farther down the Salt River. The two settlements were Haydens Ferry, named after a service operated by Charles T. Hayden, and San Pablo. The ferry became the key river crossing in the area, the Tempe Irrigating Canal Company was soon established by William Kirkland and James McKinney to provide water for alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats, and cotton. Pioneer Darrell Duppa is credited with suggesting Tempes name, adopted in 1879, after comparing the Salt River valley near a 300-foot -tall butte, to the Vale of Tempe near Mount Olympus in Greece. The Maricopa and Phoenix Railroad, built in 1887, crossed the Salt River at Tempe, the Tempe Land and Improvement Company was formed to sell lots in the booming town. Tempe became a hub for the surrounding agricultural area. The completion of Roosevelt Dam in 1911 guaranteed enough water to meet the needs of Valley farmers. Less than a later, Arizona was admitted as the 48th state. In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tempe has expanded as a suburb of Phoenix, Tempe is the headquarters and executive office of one Fortune 500 company, Insight Enterprises. Limelight Networks, LifeLock, First Solar, the Salt River Project, Circle K, Fulton Homes, cold Stone Creamery was originally headquartered in Tempe and location #0001 is still in operation today at 3330 S McClintock Drive in Tempe. Tempe is also home to the first and largest campus of Arizona State University and it was the longtime host of the Fiesta Bowl, although the BCS game moved to University of Phoenix Stadium, located in Glendale, in 2007. It then began hosting the Insight Bowl which is now known as the Cactus Bowl, edward Jones Investments has a regional headquarters in Tempe. China Airlines operates the Phoenix office in Tempe, Tempe houses several great performance venues including Gammage Auditorium and the Tempe Center for the Arts. On New Years Eve, the city hosts the Fiesta Bowl Block Party, the event typically has a national band heading a concert, along with several other local and national bands. Gammage Auditorium was also the site of one of the three Presidential debates in 2004, and Super Bowl XXX was played at Sun Devil Stadium, additionally, Tempe is the spring training host city of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim

12.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona

13.
Urban design
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Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages. It is common for professionals in all disciplines to practice in urban design. In more recent times different sub-strands of urban design have emerged such as urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design. Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric, Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources, Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space, and the way public places are experienced and used. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic gardens, important writers on urban design theory include Christopher Alexander, Peter Calthorpe, Gordon Cullen, Andres Duany, Jane Jacobs, Mitchell Joachim, Jan Gehl, Allan B. Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Aldo Rossi, Colin Rowe, Robert Venturi, William H. Whyte, Camillo Sitte, Bill Hillier, although contemporary professional use of the term urban design dates from the mid-20th century, urban design as such has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of planned and designed cities exist in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. European Medieval cities are often, and often erroneously, regarded as exemplars of undesigned or organic city development, there are many examples of considered urban design in the Middle Ages. 12th century western Europe brought renewed focus on urbanisation as a means of stimulating economic growth, the burgage system dating from that time and its associated burgage plots brought a form of self-organising design to medieval towns. Rectangular grids were used in the Bastides of 13th and 14th century Gascony, throughout history, design of streets and deliberate configuration of public spaces with buildings have reflected contemporaneous social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs. Yet the link between designed urban space and human mind appears to be bidirectional, indeed, the reverse impact of urban structure upon human behaviour and upon thought is evidenced by both observational study and historical record. There are clear indications of impact through Renaissance urban design on the thought of Johannes Kepler, the beginnings of modern urban design in Europe are associated with the Renaissance but, especially, with the Age of Enlightenment. Spanish colonial cities were planned, as were some towns settled by other imperial cultures. These sometimes embodied utopian ambitions as well as aims for functionality and good governance, as with James Oglethorpes plan for Savannah, in the Baroque period the design approaches developed in French formal gardens such as Versailles were extended into urban development and redevelopment. In the 18th and 19th centuries, urban design was perhaps most closely linked with surveyors, much of Frederick Law Olmsteds work was concerned with urban design, and the newly formed profession of landscape architecture also began to play a significant role in the late 19th century. Modern urban design is a part of the discipline of Urban planning

14.
Maroon
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Maroon is a dark brownish red color which takes its name from the French word marron, or chestnut. The Oxford English Dictionary describes it as a crimson or claret color. In the RGB model used to create colors on computer screens and televisions, Maroon is derived from French marron, itself from the Italian marrone, from the medieval Greek maraon. The first recorded use of maroon as a name in English was in 1789. Displayed on the right is the tone of maroon that was designated as maroon in Crayola crayons beginning in 1949. It is a medium shade of maroon halfway between brown and rose. The color halfway between brown and rose is crimson, so color is also a tone of crimson. Displayed on the right is the color maroon, i. e. maroon as defined in the X11 color names. See the chart Color name clashes in the X11 color names article to see those colors which are different in HTML/CSS, displayed on the right is the web color dark red. Books In The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris, the serial killer Dr Hannibal Lecter has eyes that are described as being maroon brown, Maroon is frequently associated with Ron Weasley, a character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series, though Ron tells Harry that he dislikes the color, business Maroon is the main color of the Hollister Co. logo. Maroon was the livery applied to coaching stock of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, Maroon is the signature color of the Japanese private rail company, Hankyu Railway, decided by a vote of women customers in 1923. In the 1990s, Hankyu planned an alternative color as it was developing new vehicles and that plan was called off following opposition by local residents. Government Maroon is the color associated with the historic County of Midlothian. While the declared shade of maroon is RGB 115/24/44, Queenslanders display the spirit of the state by wearing all shades of maroon at sporting, Maroon is the official color of the Socialist Party of America. Military The distinctive maroon beret has been worn by airborne forces around the world since 1942, Maroon 5 is a pop rock band. Religion Vajrayana Buddhist monks, such as the Dalai Lama, wear maroon robes, Maroon, along with golden yellow, is worn in the Philippines by Catholic devotees of the Black Nazarene, especially during its procession on 9 January. School colors Many universities, colleges, high schools and other institutions have maroon as one of their school colors

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Gold (color)
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Gold, also called golden, is one of a variety of yellow-orange color blends used to give the impression of the color of the element gold. The web color gold is sometimes referred to as golden to distinguish it from the metallic gold. The use of gold as a term in traditional usage is more often applied to the color metallic gold. The first recorded use of golden as a name in English was in 1300 to refer to the element gold. Metallic gold, such as in paint, is often called goldtone or gold-tone, in heraldry, the French word or is used. In model building, the gold is different from brass. A shiny or metallic silvertone object can be painted with transparent yellow to obtain goldtone, at right is displayed a representation of the color metallic gold which is a simulation of the color of the actual metallic element gold itself—gold shade. The American Heritage Dictionary defines the color metallic gold as A light olive-brown to dark yellow, or a moderate, of course, the visual sensation usually associated with the metal gold is its metallic shine. This cannot be reproduced by a solid color, because the shiny effect is due to the materials reflective brightness varying with the surfaces angle to the light source. Especially in sacral art in Christian churches, real gold was used for rendering gold in paintings, Gold can also be woven into sheets of silk to give an East Asian traditional look. Old gold is a yellow, which varies from heavy olive or olive brown to deep or strong yellow. The widely accepted color old gold is on the rather than the lighter side of this range. The first recorded use of old gold as a name in English was in the early 19th century. The Delta Sigma Pi fraternity, founded in November 7,1907, official colors are designated royal purple, the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternitys colors are garnet and old gold. Old gold is one of two colors of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, maroon and old gold are the colors of Texas State Universitys intercollegiate sports teams. Old Gold and black are the colors of Purdue University Boilermakers intercollegiate sports teams. The Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets wear white and old gold, the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, UCF Knights, and Vanderbilt Commodores wear old gold and black. The New Orleans Saints list their official team colors as black, old gold, Golden yellow is the color halfway between amber and yellow on the RGB color wheel

16.
Arizona State Sun Devils
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The Arizona State Sun Devils are the athletic teams representing Arizona State University. ASU has nine mens and eleven womens varsity teams competing in the NCAA Pac-12 Conference, the mascot was adopted in 1946, earlier nicknames were the Normals and later, the Bulldogs. The Sun Devil mascot, Sparky, was designed by former Disney illustrator Bert Anthony, ASUs chief rival is the University of Arizona Wildcats. These combine for a total of 55 team national championships, ASU also has numerous individual NCAA national champions in different sports. Triathlon will begin competition in the fall of 2016, with lacrosse starting competition in the spring of 2018. In spring 2016, ASU announced the reinstatement of mens tennis, which had dropped after the 2007–08 school year. Sports in italics have been announced as future sports, but have not yet begun competition, notes The Sun Devils played in the Border Conference between 1931 and 1961, before joining the Western Athletic Conference. Led by legendary head coach Frank Kush, the Sun Devils posted a remarkable 64–9 record between 1970 and 1975, culminating in a 17–14 upset of the Nebraska Cornhuskers in the 1975 Fiesta Bowl. In 1978, both ASU and the University of Arizona joined the Pacific-8 Conference, causing the conference to become the Pacific-10. The Sun Devils suffered some years due to a number of head coaching changes. After the 2006 season, Dirk Koetter was fired after six seasons, and on December 6,2006, athletic director Lisa Love hired Dennis Erickson to become the head coach at ASU. Erickson, in his first year as coach of the Arizona State Sun Devils, led the team to 10 wins, a share of the Pac-10 title with USC, Dennis Erickson was fired on November 28,2011 after five seasons with the Sun Devils. He was replaced by coach Todd Graham on December 14,2011, Lisa Love was fired from her position as Vice President for University Athletics and Athletics Director on March 28,2012 and was immediately replaced by Steve Patterson. Notable football alumni include Terrell Suggs, Jim Jeffcoat, Mike Pagel, Jake Plummer, Todd Heap, the Arizona State Sun Devils have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 13 times, including 3 Elite Eights. They have won 8 conference championships and finished in the final AP rankings 7 times, the highest national ranking the Sun Devils have achieved was No.3 under Ned Wulk during the 1980–81 season when the starting lineup included Byron Scott, Fat Lever, and Alton Lister. Ned Wulk was the basketball coach from 1958 to 1982. Arizona State appeared in the NAIA Mens Basketball National Tournament two years, both years losing in the second round, leaving the NAIA with a tournament record of 2–2. Bobby Hurley is the current head coach of the Sun Devils, Sendek stepped down as head coach of the North Carolina State Wolfpack and accepted the head coaching job at Arizona State in 2006

17.
NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football

18.
Pac-12 Conference
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The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States. It participates in 22 NCAA sports in the NCAAs Division I, its teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision. The conferences 12 members are located in Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah and they include each states flagship public university, four additional public universities, and two private research universities. It became the Pac-12 in 2011 with the addition of the University of Colorado, with Arizona States softball title in 2011, the conference won its 400th NCAA Championship. The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott, Scott replaced Thomas C, hansen, who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position. Prior to joining the Pac-10, Scott was Chairman and CEO of the Womens Tennis Association, the Pac-12 has twelve full member institutions. Football currently is the sport where the conference is divided evenly into two geographic divisions, the North Division and the South Division. The Pac-12 spans six states in the Western United States, Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Unusual for a conference, the Pac-12s members are spread evenly between 3 regions, with 4 schools each in California, the Pacific Northwest, and the Four Corners region. The Pac-12 has four affiliate member institutions, three in California and Boise State University in Idaho, the school will maintain its Pac-12 affiliation in wrestling, which the WAC does not sponsor. No school has left the Pac-12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959, two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors. As private schools, Stanford and USC are not obligated to publish employees salaries, Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities, including all of the conferences California schools. The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership, in 2014, of the twelve member schools, nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world. Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights/licensing, student fees, school funds and all sources including TV income, camp income, food. Updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013-14 academic year, the national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year. The roots of the Pac-12 Conference go back to December 2,1915, charter members were the University of California, the University of Washington, the University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College. The conference began play in 1916, one year later, Washington State College joined the league, followed by Stanford University in 1918. In 1922, the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC, Montana joined the Conference in 1924, and in 1928, the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA

19.
Mountain Pacific Sports Federation
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The Mountain Pacific Sports Federation is a college athletic conference whose member teams are located in the western United States. The conference participates at the NCAA Division I level, the MPSF was founded in 1992 and specifically created to provide an outlet for competition in non-revenue-producing Olympic sports. The MPSF conducts championships in volleyball, womens lacrosse, and indoor track, gymnastics. In 2010 the MPSF added womens swimming and diving to its list of sports, the 2012–13 school year was the last for MPSF competition in mens soccer. The conferences membership varies by sport,37 schools are MPSF members in at least one of its sponsored sports, schools are not required to participate in the MPSF competition for each sponsored sport if their primary conference affiliation sponsors a competition in that sport. All MPSF members have a conference affiliation. All Pac-12 and Big West Conference members house at least one sport in the MPSF, the West Coast Conference is represented by six schools, and the Mountain West Conference has four full members represented. The Great Northwest Athletic Conference is represented by Alaska–Anchorage and Seattle Pacific, five conferences are represented by one school each—the Big 12 Conference, the California Collegiate Athletic Association, the Pacific West Conference, and the Western Athletic Conference. Source, California Baptist — Home Conference moves to the NCAA D-I Western Athletic Conference in 2018, UC San Diego — Volleyball joins the Big West in 2017. Concordia–Irvine, Grand Canyon — Volleyball joins in July 2017, the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation sponsors championship competition in five mens and five womens NCAA sanctioned sports The MPSF dropped mens soccer after the 2012 season. The moves of Denver and New Mexico to other conferences left the MPSF with six soccer members, MPSF soccer member Seattle was already in the WAC, and another MPSF soccer school, CSU Bakersfield, was already committed to join the WAC in 2013. Because the WAC dropped football after the 2012 season due to a near-complete membership turnover, to that end, it invited the four remaining MPSF soccer schools to join them, all accepted, and the WAC began sponsoring mens soccer in 2013–14. This number is required by league bylaws for official sponsorship of a sport and this led the Pac-12 to announce that all of its womens lacrosse teams would leave the MPSF for the new Pac-12 lacrosse league for the 2018 season. The five remaining MPSF lacrosse schools will retain that leagues automatic NCAA tournament bid for the 2018 and 2019 seasons while the MPSF seeks to add new members in that sport. The GCC took six of the 10 members of the MPSF mens water polo league, on May 31,2016 the Big West Conference announced that it would begin sponsoring mens volleyball in the 2017–18 school year. The Big West mens volleyball league will include five full members Long Beach State, Cal State Northridge, UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara and Hawaii, the full Big West members will remain in the MPSF in other sports but UC San Diego will exit the federation. ‡ — leaving in July 2017, penn State Behrend — participates only in conference tournament. The Mountain Pacific Sports Federation has won 86 NCAA titles in seven sports, UCLA has won 23 national titles

20.
Sparky the Sun Devil
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Sparky the Sun Devil is the official mascot of Arizona State University. The State Press, the student newspaper, ran frequent appeals during the fall of 1946, on November 8,1946, the student body voted 819 to 196 to make the change. On November 20, as reported by the Arizona Republic, the student council made it official, the following day, the first Arizona State team played as the Sun Devils. Two years later, alumnus and Disney illustrator Berk Anthony designed Sparky, Anthony is rumored to have based Sparkys facial features on that of his former boss, Walt Disney. Sparky is officially known as an imp, with no other backstory than that. In the 1970s and early 1980s, Orange Julius beverage stands used the image of a devil with a pitchfork around an orange, the company later dropped the logo after threats of a lawsuit from the alumni association. The school also announced that they planned to continue using the mark in various ways. This change was met with backlash from students, alumni, Arizona State University President Michael Crow indicated that officials were meeting with student leaders to discuss the issue, afterwards, Sparkys new look was scrapped on March 19,2013. The school later announced that it had created a program for members of the ASU community to vote on Sparkys redesign in which users were able to choose between different features for the mascot. The most popular features were used for a new look that will be unveiled at the first football game in the fall of 2013. His updated look includes many of the features of the older mascot. Unlike the more cartoon-like Sparky designed with Disney, the newest version is viewed as representative of the historical drawing. It received 55% of the vote among 4 choices, the hand gesture The Pitchfork, which is widely used by those associated with Arizona State, is an extension of the trident that Sparky carries. In September 2015, the Arizona State Sun Devils football team played a game against the University of New Mexico, at halftime, there was a ceremony that included many city officials for a ceremony to go along with the City of Tempe Night at the stadium. As the city officials were lined up on the sideline of the field, what Sparky did not know, was that Schapira was still recovering from a back operation from July. Schapira filed a claim against the university over the injuries he suffered during the halftime ceremony, the university owed Schapira over $100,000

21.
Phoenix metropolitan area
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The United States Census Bureau designates the area as the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler Metropolitan Statistical Area, defining it as Maricopa and Pinal counties. As of the Census Bureaus 2015 population estimates, the Valley had 4,574,351 residents, the gross domestic product of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area was $215 billion in 2014, 15th largest amongst metro areas in the United States. It is also one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas, gaining nearly 400,000 residents from 2010 to 2015. The 2000 Census reported the population of the area to be 3,251,876. As for the 2010 Census, the two-county metropolitan area was reported to have a population of 4,192,887, Metro Phoenix grew by 941,011 people from April 2000 to April 2010, making it one of the fastest growing metro areas in the country. This also contributed to the entire states exceptional growth, as the area is home to just over two-thirds of Arizonas population. As of the 2010 census, there were 4,192,887 people,1,537,137 households, and 1,024,971 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 73. 0% White,5. 0% Black,3. 3% Asian,2. 4% Native American or Alaska Native and 16. 2% of other or mixed race,29. 5% were Hispanic of any race. In 2010 the median income for a household in the MSA was $50,385, the per capita income was $24,809. What follows is a list of places in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area, the Office of Management and Budget defines a metropolitan area as the core city plus its county and any nearby counties that are economically dependent on the core city. However, Arizona has relatively large counties and a harsh, rugged desert landscape, for these reasons, much of the land that is part of the Metropolitan Statistical Area is rural or completely uninhabited. The core part of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area is the Phoenix–Mesa, Arizona Urban Area, Places that fall completely or partially within the boundaries of the Phoenix-Mesa, AZ UA are in bold below. 1,537,058 Places with 250, 000+ inhabitants Mesa pop,254,276 Places with 150, 000–249,999 inhabitants Gilbert pop. 166,934 Places with 75,000 to 149,999 inhabitants Surprise pop,75,664 Places with 30,000 to 74,999 inhabitants Buckeye pop. 32,236 Places with 10, 000–29,999 inhabitants Coolidge pop, the average elevation is about 2,000 feet, with the highest point being 2,704 feet. The Phoenix Metropolitan area is notable for its warm, desert climate, on average, the area receives about 9 inches of rain annually, with less than 1 inch of snow every decade. In total, the region will see about 32 days of precipitation each year. The MSA is one of the sunniest major metropolitan areas, receiving 295 days of sunshine, the average July high is about 104 °F, with the average January low being about 37 °F, still above freezing

22.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States

23.
Dormitory
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A dormitory or hall of residence, is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential quarters for large numbers of people, often boarding school, college or university students. In the United States dorm is the most common term, which comes originally from the Latin word dormitorium, on the other hand, in the United Kingdom the term hall is more usual, especially in a university context. A dormitory can also be a room containing several beds – see Sleeping dormitories. Most colleges and universities provide single or multiple rooms for their students. These buildings consist of such rooms, like an apartment building. The largest dormitory building is Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, many colleges and universities no longer use the word dormitory and staff are now using the term residence hall or simply hall instead. Outside academia however, the dorm or dormitory is commonly used without negative connotations. Indeed, the words are used regularly in the marketplace as well as routinely in advertising, College and university residential rooms vary in size, shape, facilities and number of occupants. Typically, a United States residence hall holds two students with no toilet. This is usually referred to as a double, often, residence halls have communal bathroom facilities. In the United States, residence halls are segregated by sex, with men living in one group of rooms. Some dormitory complexes are single-sex with varying limits on visits by persons of each sex, for example, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana has a long history of Parietals, or mixed visiting hours. In the early 2000s, dorms that allowed people of opposite sexes to share a room available in some public universities. Some colleges and university coeducational dormitories also feature coeducational bathrooms, most residence halls are much closer to campus than comparable private housing such as apartment buildings. Universities may therefore provide priority to students when allocating this accommodation. Halls located away from university facilities sometimes have extra amenities such as a room or bar. Catered halls may charge for food by the meal or through a termly subscription and they may also contain basic kitchen facilities for student use outside catering hours. Most halls contain a laundry room, as of 2015 there was an expanding market for private luxury off-campus student residences which offered substantial amenities in both the United States and Britain, particularly in London

24.
Times Higher Education
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Times Higher Education, formerly the Times Higher Education Supplement, is a weekly magazine based in London, reporting specifically on news and issues related to higher education. It is the United Kingdoms leading publication in its field, from its first issue, in 1971, until 2008 the Times Higher Education Supplement was published in newspaper format and was born out of, and affiliated with, The Times newspaper. On 10 January 2008, it was relaunched as a magazine and it is published by TES Global, which until October 2005 was a division of Rupert Murdochs News International. The magazine is edited by John Gill, phil Baty is the editor at large, and is responsible for international coverage. He is also the editor of the magazines World University Rankings, the magazine features a fictional satirical column written by Laurie Taylor, the Poppletonian, which reflects on life at the fictional Poppleton University. In 2011 Times Higher Education was awarded the titles of Weekly Business Magazine of the Year, Times Higher Education became known for publishing the annual Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings, which first appeared in November 2004. On 30 October 2009 Times Higher Education broke with QS, then its partner in compiling the Rankings, the magazine developed a new methodology in consultation with its readers and its editorial board. Thomson Reuters collects and analyses the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the results have been published annually since autumn 2010. QS, which collected and analysed the data from 2004-2009. The magazine runs two sets of awards annually, the first is the Times Higher Education Awards. The 2011 awards took place on 24 November at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane, seventeen universities were given awards in different categories, with the University of Sheffield being University of the Year. Tessa Blackstone was given the Lord Dearing Lifetime Achievement Award, the University of Strathclyde was named as the University of the Year at the 2012 awards which took place on 29 November 2012 at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Londons Park Lane. University of Strathclyde Principal and Vice-Chancellor Professor Sir Jim McDonald received the award at the ceremony, the Times Higher Education Leadership and Management Awards were launched in 2009. The Thelmas were set up to recognise the impact that administrative staff have on the success of education institutions

25.
History of Arizona State University
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The history of Arizona State University began March 12,1885 with the founding of the establishment originally named the Territorial Normal School at Tempe. Instruction was instituted on February 8,1886 under the supervision of Principal Hiram Bradford Farmer, land for the school was donated by Tempe residents George and Martha Wilson, allowing 33 students to meet in a single room. Arizona State University was founded in 1885 as the Territorial Normal School at Tempe by an act of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Arizona. But without the political maneuvers of the young legislator John S. Armstrong. The advocacy of territorial Governor Anton P. K, the Assembly would consider in this session big-ticket appropriations for a mental health facility, a university and a normal school. Citizens of Tucson also hoped the Thirteenth would restore the territorial capitol to their city since it was moved back to Prescott in 1878, upon his election he immediately applied for appointment to the House Education Committee. Any bill to establish a school or a university would have to be approved by both the House and Council and signed by the Governor. There are conflicting accounts of when John Armstrong decided to pursue the school for Tempe. They were positioning themselves to bargain for the university, on February 26,1885 Armstrong introduced House Bill no. 164, “An Act to Establish a Normal School in the Territory of Arizona. ”The bill would establish a normal school at Tempe to train public school teachers and also teach husbandry. $5,000 was proposed for founding the institution and $3,500 was set aside for two years of operating expenses, after which the institution would be supported by tax revenue. The founding appropriations would be provided if the citizens of Tempe donated land for the school within 60 days of the bill’s passage, HB164 passed the House Education Committee on March 3, and on March 5 Mr. Stephens introduced Council Bill no. 76, An Act to Organize the University of the Territory of Arizona and this bill was read and referred to the Council Committee on Education. Back in the House on March 6, Armstrong called for suspension of the rules, the members agreed and passed the bill later that day. Stephens spent the weekend assessing the prospects for his university bill, on the morning of March 11, Council passed HB164, sending the bill to the governor for signature and ensuring the establishment of the normal school at Tempe. During the afternoon session the House passed CB76, establishing the university at Tucson, Governor F. A. Tritle signed both bills on March 12,1885. All that remained was securing 20 acres for the school from the citizens of Tempe, the Wilsons originally agreed to donate 5 acres in exchange for $500 raised by the citizens of Tempe at that meeting. Now they would have to donate their entire pasture, which was needed to support their business, on May 5 the Wilsons donated the entire 20 acres in exchange for $500, creating the core of the original campus and ensuring the establishment of Arizona State University

26.
13th Arizona Territorial Legislature
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The 13th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which began on January 12,1885, in Prescott, Arizona. The sessions accomplishments included allocation of a variety of territorial institution including a university, normal school, prison, during the Apache Wars, the primary source of cash for many Arizona towns was a nearby military post. By the mid-1880s, subjugation of the Apache was largely completed, the territorial capital and an anticipated insane asylum were considered the best source of revenues. A potential university and normal school were considered of importance with a common line of the day being. The other big concern facing the territory was an influx of Mormon settlers, in response to the influx, five of the settlers were tried and convicted of polygamy. Political response to the convictions was largely favorable, with the New York Times writing, if there are among the new settlers other men who have violated the law they should be promptly prosecuted and sent to the penitentiary. In no other way can the growth of polygamy in Arizona be checked, prior to the legislative session, a group of Tucson businessmen had raised a US$5,000 slush fund to lobby for the return of the territorial capital. The delegation from Pima County was delayed by flooding on the Salt River, forcing a detour through Los Angeles and Sacramento, California, among the first problems befalling the session was dealing with travel expenses. The detours taken to avoid flooding on the Salt River resulted in the members from Pima County requesting US$330 each for the 2,200 miles journey to, to this was added a claim by F. K. Ainsworth, a resident of Prescott, for US$225 in travel expenses under the belief he could claim a journey from any point in the territory he represented, the legislatures compensated for this limitation by consuming a greater volume of stationery and other supplies than had been budgeted for. During the session there were instances of legislative violence, both within the halls of government and the nearby saloons. One such instance occurred when Council member W. C, Bridwell struck a lobbyist for the Arizona Copper Company, resulting in a bloody nose and broken glasses for the lobbyist. The lobbyist responded by challenging Bridwell to a duel, the two men were separated by mutual friends before they could decide upon appropriate weapons. Another instance involved a feud fought with bullwhip and a monkey wrench, frederick Augustus Tritle spoke to the legislature on January 24,1885. Other concerns raised included legislation to prevent Texas cattle fever from spreading to Arizona, Tritle also used the occasion to call for the United States to purchase land from Mexico for the purpose of providing Arizona with direct access to the Pacific ocean. The key pieces of legislation passed by the session involved allocation of various institutions throughout the territory, the 13th allowed the territorial capital remain in Prescott and Yuma kept the territorial prison. Funds for a new levee near Yuma were approved along with US$12,000 for a new bridge over the Gila River near Florence, an allocation of US$5,000 was made for a normal school in Tempe. We have deserved these names and we know it, here is an opportunity to wash away our sins

27.
Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century

28.
Arizona Territory
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It was created from the western half of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War. These proposals arose from concerns about the ability of the government in Santa Fe to effectively administer the newly acquired southern portions of the territory. The first proposal dates from a conference held in Tucson that convened on August 29,1856. The conference issued a petition to the U. S. Congress, signed by 256 people, requesting organization of the territory, later a similar proposal was defeated in the Senate. In April 1860, impatient for Congress to act, a convention of 31 delegates met in Tucson, the delegates elected Lewis Owings as provisional governor. At the outbreak of the Civil War, sentiment in the territory was in favor of the Confederacy, the Confederacy regarded the territory as a valuable route for possible access to the Pacific Ocean, with the specific intention of capturing California. In July 1861, a small Confederate force of Texans under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John R. Baylor assaulted Fort Fillmore at Mesilla in the part of the territory. After the fort was abandoned by the Union garrison, Baylors force cut off the fleeing Union troops and forced them to surrender. On August 1, Baylor issued a Proclamation to the People of the Territory of Arizona, taking possession of the territory for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as the capital and himself as the governor. On August 28, a convention met again in Tucson and declared that the formed the previous year was part of the Confederacy. Granville H. Oury was elected as delegate to the Confederate Congress, Oury drafted legislation authorizing the organization of the Confederate Territory of Arizona. The legislation passed on January 13,1862, and the territory was created by proclamation of President Jefferson Davis on February 14. The following month, in March 1862, the U. S, the use of a north-south border rather than an east-west one had the effect of denying a de facto ratification of the Confederate Arizona Territory. The house bill stipulated that Tucson was to be the capital, the first capital was at Prescott, in the northern Union-controlled area. The boundaries for the territory, if they had kept their same size. However, in 1866, the section was annexed to the state of Nevada. The following year, the capital was moved to Tucson, the territory was admitted to the Union as the 48th state on February 14,1912. Proclamation To The People Of Arizona, the Worlds Work, A History of Our Time

29.
Palm Walk
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The Palm Walk is a pedestrian mall located on Arizona State Universitys Tempe campus that is lined with one hundred and eleven Mexican fan palms. Running from the foot of the University bridge to the north, to the Student Recreation Complex to the south, the path itself follows the old alignment of Normal Avenue, before it was incorporated into the expanding colleges campus. The history of the palm walk dates to an attempt at campus beautification by Tempe Normal School President Arthur John Matthews. While popularly cited as being planted in 1916, there is no date on when the trees were planted. The best estimates for when the trees were planted vary from 1916 to 1919, although there also exist orders for trees in 1917 and 1918, the latter of which mentions the purchase of palm trees. Originally planted on the end of the walk near the original Normal School campus. The last trees were planted in 1930 or the 1930s, depending on sources, as the Palm Walk runs along the former alignment of Normal Avenue to what would have been the eastern edge of the main campus as it was built, it marked the eastern boundary for campus. As the college expanded over the years, it has become a landmark for the university. The University Archives maintains a Web site that displays photos of Palm Walk from the 1930s,1946,1957,1966, and the 1990s. In the fall of 2005, a Hot or Not-style rating site, PalmWalk. com, featured pictures of female students photographed on the campus walkway and asked users to rate their appearance. The site drew the ire of students due to the nature of the work, Student feedback was quite negative of the site, with The State Press stating that it was not reflective of the universitys culture of being known for having attractive women. The site also garnered attention from university officials and police, due to issues with copyright violations since the photos were posted without the consent of the university. However, as the poster was taking the photos in public. A counter website, Palmshock. com, was eventually formed, since 2013, Arizona State University has published articles stating that the palms of Palm Walk are at the end of their lifespan. According to the university, Mexican fan palms have a lifetime of 100-110 years old. As such, the university has drawn up plans to replace the palms with Date palms of an unknown cultivar and these trees would not only provide more shade than the current trees, but they would also allow for harvestable dates, which could then be sold locally. While there is no timeline on replacement of current palms, it is expected that it would be done in the coming decade, originally, there was no official name for the Palm Walk, as a 1926 catalog for the school called it College Palms. By 1932, the name was simplified and called The Palms, a 360° view of the intersection of Palm Walk and Tyler Mall

30.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930

31.
Gammage Memorial Auditorium
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The Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium is a multipurpose performing arts center located in Tempe, Arizona within the main campus of Arizona State University. The auditorium, which bears the name of former ASU President Grady Gammage, is considered to be one of the last public commissions of architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The Gammage stands as one of the largest exhibitors of performing arts among university venues in the world, featuring a range of genres. The Auditorium is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, all intentions for the Baghdad opera house, a feature of the Plan for Greater Baghdad, were effectively abandoned after the Kings assassination in the 14 July Revolution. Wright is also said to be responsible for the 1200 South Forest Avenue location of the auditorium, a site which was then occupied by an athletic field. Wright’s contribution to the blueprint of the concert hall seized upon his death in 1959, the auditorium was utilized for the funeral of Arizona Senator and 1964 Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater on June 3,1998. On October 13,2004, the auditorium was the site of the third, the structure measures 300 feet long by 250 feet wide by 80 feet high. Fifty concrete columns support the roof with its pattern of interlocking circles. Twin flying buttress pedestrian ramps extending 200 feet from the north, the auditorium seats a total of 3,017 people pop on its main floor, grand tier and balcony. The stage can be adapted for opera, Broadway musicals, dramatic productions, solo productions, organ recitals. Auditorium The auditorium has a seating capacity of 3,011. It is wheelchair accessible and has a system for 100 hearing-impaired people. University of Chicago Press,2006, ISBN 0-226-77621-2 ASU Gammage Page with photos of the Gammage Auditorium Gammage Auditorium on waymarking. com Gammage Auditorium on peterbeers. net Photos on Arcaid

32.
Frank Lloyd Wright
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Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment and this philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home and his creative period spanned more than 70 years. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and he often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a lecturer in the United States. His colorful personal life made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time, Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was an orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, William Wright met and married Anna Lloyd Jones, a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States, both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings and she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition. In 1870 the family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts, where William ministered to a small congregation, in 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where she saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum, Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which young Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions, the Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society, although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated, Anna had been unhappy for some time with Williams inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection, William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time he changed his name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mothers family

33.
Northern Arizona University
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Governed by the Arizona Board of Regents and accredited by the Higher Learning Commission, the university offers 155 baccalaureate and graduate degree programs. As of fall 2016,30,368 students were enrolled,22,134 at the Flagstaff campus. The average cost of tuition and fees for a full-time, Arizona resident undergraduate student for two semesters is $10,764, and out-of-state undergraduates will pay an estimated $24,144. NAU also participates in the Western Undergraduate Exchange Program, which offers lower tuition rates for students from the Western United States, for 2016 –2017, WUE tuition and fees are $15,638. NAU offers Flagstaff undergraduate students the Pledge Program, which guarantees the same rate for four years. According to the university rankings published by the Times Higher Education in 2016. The first graduating class, in 1901, consisted of four women who received credentials to teach in the Arizona Territory, in 1925, the Arizona State Legislature allowed the school, which was now called the Northern Arizona State Teachers College, to grant bachelor of education degrees. In 1929, the school became Arizona State Teachers College at Flagstaff, also in 1929, the Great Depression struck the nation, and the ASTC found new meaning in community outreach. Rather than collapsing, the school endured through the depression, in fact, Grady Gammage, the school president at the time, described higher education as a depression industry that fared well in hard times. Despite financial difficulties, enrollment increased from 321 students to 535 students between 1930 and 1940, and graduate work was introduced in 1937, ASTC was known for its diverse student body and ethnic tolerance. In fact, the first Hopi to receive a degree was Ida Mae Fredericks in 1939. Students came from farms, mining families, the East Coast. During the depression, lots of fraternities and clubs sprang up, reflecting the diversity of background, enrollment dropped sharply at the beginning of World War II, dropping to 161 in 1945. During this time, ASTC became a Navy V-12 program training site, however, the end of World War II brought increased enrollment as returning veterans returned to continue their education. The end of the war also expanded programs beyond teaching degrees, especially in the fields of art, also in 1958, the Forestry Program was introduced. With further growth over the two decades, the Arizona Board of Regents granted Arizona State College university status as Northern Arizona University in 1966. Snow is common in winter, with accumulations most prevalent in January, February, winter skiing is accessible at Arizona Snowbowl, an alpine ski resort located on the San Francisco Peaks,7 miles northwest of Flagstaff, with an average annual snowfall of 260 inches. NAU offers 91 bachelors degree programs,49 masters degree programs and 11 doctoral degree programs, the university was charged by the Arizona Board of Regents in 2006 to develop innovative ways to provide access and affordability to all Arizona residents

34.
G. Homer Durham
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George Homer Durham was an American academic administrator and was a general authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1977 until his death. Durham was born in Parowan, Utah, and was raised in Salt Lake City, as a boy in grade school, he met and became lifelong friends with future LDS Church president Gordon B. As a young man, Durham served as a missionary for the LDS Church in the British Mission, at the start of his mission, Durhams mission president was John A. Widtsoe. On his mission, Durham met Widtsoes daughter, Leah Eudora Widtsoe, Durhams second mission president, Joseph F. Merrill, encouraged him to pursue graduate education when he returned to the United States. Durham earned a B. A. in political science and history from the University of Utah, Durham earned a Ph. D. in political science from the University of California, Los Angeles. He became a professor at the University of Utah, Durham would serve as the first head of the universitys Political Science Department. He later served as the academic vice-president of the University of Utah, from 1960 to 1969, he was the president of Arizona State University. Under his presidency the university increased both in size and academic standing, from 1969 to 1976, he was the first commissioner and executive officer of the Utah System of Higher Education. After he retired, Durham was appointed as an authority of the LDS Church. He had previously served in the church as a president, as a member of the Sunday School general board. Durham became a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy in April 1977, shortly afterward, he became managing director of the LDS Church Historical Department over Church Historian Leonard J. Arrington. In October 1981, Durham became a member of the Presidency of the Seventy, from 1982 to his death, Durham was the churchs seventeenth Church Historian and Recorder. He was succeeded in that assignment by Dean L. Larson, Durham came from a musical family and he wrote the music to Gordon B. Hinckleys poem My Redeemer Lives, which is now included as hymn number 135 in the LDS Churchs current hymnal, Durham and his wife were the parents of three children. In 1994, Arizona State University renamed their Language & Literature Building the G. Homer Durham Languages & Literature Building, Durham died in Salt Lake City. His personal and professional papers were donated to the University of Utahs J. Willard Marriott Library, Joseph Smith Prophet-Statesman The Bookcraft Company ——. A Political Interpretation of Mormon History ——, Arizona State University, 1960-1969, A Personal History ——. Man as a Political Animal ——, eldon Tanner, His Life and Service Heber J. Grant