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2 Stikeman Elliott LLP Canadian Business Law. Worldwide. Stikeman Elliott is recognized internationally for the sophistication of its business law practice. It frequently ranks as a top firm in domestic and international capital markets, M&A and corporate-commercial law by industry league tables and directories, and is widely regarded as a leader in business litigation. Its other areas of expertise include banking and finance, restructuring, competition/antitrust, real estate, tax, labour and employment, and intellectual property The firm has developed in-depth knowledge of a wide range of industries including energy, mining, financial services, insurance, infrastructure, retail, telecommunications and technology. Located in Toronto, Montréal, Ottawa, Calgary and Vancouver, its Canadian offices are among the leading practices in their respective jurisdictions. Stikeman Elliott is also prominent internationally, with a longstanding presence in New York, London and Sydney and extensive experience in China, South and Southeast Asia as well as in central and eastern Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa. Because Stikeman Elliott has grown through internal expansion, rather than through mergers, the firm s clients can expect a consistently high level of service from each of its eight offices. Its offices frequently work together on major transactions and litigation files, and regularly collaborate with prominent U.S. and international law firms on cross-border transactions of global significance. Stikeman Elliott Offices Montréal 1155 René-Lévesque Blvd. West, 40th Floor Montréal, QC, Canada H3B 3V2 Tel: (514) Toronto 5300 Commerce Court West, 199 Bay Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5L 1B9 Tel: (416) Ottawa Suite 1600, 50 O Connor Street Ottawa, ON, Canada K1P 6L2 Tel: (613) Calgary 4300 Bankers Hall West, 888-3rd Street S.W. Calgary, AB, Canada T2P 5C5 Tel: (403) Vancouver Suite 1700, Park Place, 666 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC, Canada V6C 2X8 Tel: (604) New York 445 Park Avenue, 7th Floor New York, NY Tel: (212) London Dauntsey House, 4B Frederick s Place London EC2R 8AB England Tel: Sydney Level 12, 50 Margaret Street Sydney, N.S.W. 2000, Australia Tel: (61-2) stikeman.com This publication provides general commentary only and is not intended as legal advice. Stikeman Elliott LLP

4 BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY Bankruptcy and Insolvency LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK The majority of Canada s insolvency rules are enshrined in two principal federal statutes the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA), and the Companies Creditors Arrangement Act (CCAA). A third statute, the Winding-up and Restructuring Act (WURA) specifically governs the liquidation and restructuring of certain types of companies including banks, insurance companies and trust companies. Also, several provincial statutes deal with creditors rights. Both the CCAA and the BIA can be used for reorganization proceedings and liquidations. The practice has developed to utilize the CCAA for medium to large cases and the BIA for small to medium cases, since the relative flexibility of the CCAA affords greater latitude of action to the reorganizing debtor. LIQUIDATION REGIMES Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act The liquidation and bankruptcy scheme under the BIA may be applied in insolvencies of almost any type of entity including individuals, partnerships, associations and corporations. The BIA defines corporation to include not only any company incorporated and authorized to do business by or under a federal or provincial act, but also any incorporated company that has an office or property in, or carries on business in Canada. The definition does not include certain entities in the financial services sector such as banks, savings banks, insurance companies, trust companies, loan companies or railway companies (which are subject to the WURA), although holding companies of such entities are subject to the BIA. Income trusts are eligible for protection under the BIA pursuant to amendments enacted in Among other things, the BIA allows the trustee in bankruptcy to realize on the assets of the bankrupt, determine the propriety of claims against the estate, and distribute the proceeds. Secured creditors are generally not affected by this proceeding and can, therefore, exercise their rights subject to certain limitations contained in the BIA. Generally, a trustee takes the property of the bankrupt, subject to rights of third parties, which may be pre-existing or created by the BIA. These third parties include secured creditors, unpaid suppliers and the Crown, and vary depending on the right being claimed and the party claiming that right. Certain rights of set-off are also permitted in bankruptcy proceedings. Preferences and Transfers at Undervalue - The trustee is able to challenge payments or transfers of property at undervalue that have taken place within defined periods prior to the bankruptcy if they have had the effect of defeating or prejudicing the claims of creditors. These types of transactions are called preferences or transfers at undervalue. For preferences, look back periods range M2

5 from three months (for arm s length creditors) to twelve months (for non-arm s length creditors). Transactions with non-arm s length creditors can be defended as non-preferential where there is no intention to prefer that creditor. For transfers at undervalue (the disposition of property or provision of services for which inadequate or no consideration was received by the debtor), look back periods range from twelve months (for arm s length creditors) to five years (for non-arm s length creditors). Transactions with non-arm s length creditors can be defended as non-preferential where there is no intention to prefer that creditor. Receiverships Liquidation under a court-administered receivership can be commenced under the BIA or a specific provincial statute (e.g. Courts of Justice Act (Ontario)) to appoint a receiver to realize on the assets of a business corporation for the benefit of its creditors. Receiverships are often used where continuing the operations of the debtor to maintain value is important and creditors wish to exercise greater control over such operations. Secured creditors may also privately appoint receivers under their security documents to realize on the assets subject to their security interests. Unpaid suppliers are given the right, in certain circumstances, to reclaim goods delivered within thirty days of the debtor in receivership. BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY Winding'up and Restructuring Act As mentioned above, liquidation provisions under the federal WURA apply to federal or foreign banks, federal or provincial loan or trust companies, and federal, provincial or foreign insurance corporations carrying on operations in Canada. Although WURA can apply to trading companies (except for corporations incorporated under the CBCA), non-financial institution corporations are generally liquidated under the BIA. Although it is framed in different terms, WURA operates in a similar way to the liquidation provisions of the BIA, with some important distinctions. REORGANIZATION REGIMES Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act: Proposals The reorganization of creditor claims under the proposal provisions of the BIA applies to the same types of corporations to which the BIA liquidation provisions apply. Under the BIA, a company may deliver a proposal to its creditors or give notice of its intention to file a proposal. Provided the requisite statements are filed, the delivery of a proposal or a notice of intention to file a proposal effects a thirtyday stay period (which may, at the discretion of the court, be extended for up to six months) against the government and against other secured and unsecured creditors, other than any secured creditors who have taken possession of their security or given notice of their intention to enforce their security at least ten days before the first filing of the notice or proposal. During the stay period, the business is monitored by a proposal trustee while the debtor attempts to negotiate an M3

6 BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY acceptable proposal with its creditors. If a proposal is not filed within the allowed time, the debtor is deemed to have made an assignment in bankruptcy. The proposal may be made to unsecured creditors only, or to both secured and unsecured creditors. Creditors with proven claims are entitled to vote on the proposal and are divided into classes based on commonality of interest, with all of the unsecured creditors normally comprising one class. The approval of a proposal by a particular class requires a favourable vote by creditors representing a majority in number and two-thirds in value of those voting. If the creditors accept the proposal, it is submitted to the court for approval. Subject to certain exceptions for eligible financial contracts, the BIA provides that contractual terms providing for the termination, amendment or acceleration of payment under a contract simply by reason that a person is insolvent or has filed a notice of intention or a proposal will be unenforceable. Similar clauses in leases of real property or licensing agreements that are triggered by the non-payment of rent or royalties will also be unenforceable. Any further supply of goods and services may, however, be on an immediate payment basis. Companies Creditors Arrangement Act Reorganization of creditor claims under the CCAA permits an insolvent company to continue its business while attempting to reorganize its affairs by providing for a stay of proceedings during the reorganization period. Banks, insurance companies, railways and federal loan and trust corporations are not subject to the CCAA, although income trusts are now eligible pursuant to amendments enacted in In order to take advantage of the CCAA, aggregate claims against the corporation must exceed $5 million. In response to an application by any eligible CCAA debtor company, creditor, trustee in bankruptcy or liquidator, a court may grant an order directing the filing of a plan of compromise or arrangement, and the meeting of the creditors of the debtor company to consider and vote on the terms of the plan. Unlike the BIA, where the process is automatic, the decision to grant relief in CCAA proceedings is discretionary. In particular, a court may deny an initial CCAA application where support by the creditors is slim and there appears to be no chance that a plan will be successful. In order to succeed, the debtor company s plan of compromise or arrangement must be approved by a majority in number representing two-thirds in value of the creditors in each class. The CCAA requires that secured and unsecured creditors must be in separate classes; other classes may be created based on commonality of interest. The court is given complete discretion as to whether to grant a stay, the scope of the stay, and the time period in which the stay is in effect (except that the original stay period cannot exceed 30 days). In particular, the court must be satisfied that a stay is in the best interests of the debtor and creditors. Once a stay is granted, it applies to both secured and unsecured creditors and usually prevents the termination of M4

7 contracts between the debtor and other parties, although eligible financial contracts are exempted. Suppliers can refuse to extend further credit, in effect, moving to a cash-on-delivery system during the CCAA proceedings. Some major elements of the CCAA include: Interim (DIP) financing Where a debtor company has insufficient cash to operate during its CCAA proceedings, the CCAA permits courts to authorize interim financing. The provider of the interim financing has priority over other creditors to the debtor s assets. Disclaimer of agreements A debtor company may disclaim an agreement to which it is a party as of the day it enters into CCAA proceedings, on notice to the counterparties to the agreement and the monitor. Eligible financial contracts, collective agreements, financing agreements where the debtor is the borrower and leases of real property and/or an immovable if the debtor is the lessor are not eligible for disclaimer. Eligible financial contracts are defined in the regulations to the CCAA and include, for example, derivatives contracts. BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY Critical suppliers A debtor can apply to court to have a person declared a critical supplier, upon which the court may order the person to supply goods and services on terms and conditions that are consistent with the supply relationship or that the court considers appropriate. Where such an order is made, the critical supplier will be entitled to a charge on the debtor s assets in its favour. Assignment of agreements A debtor can apply to court to have contracts with third parties assigned without the consent of such third parties. Courts will balance the interests of all parties affected by the assignment in exercising its discretion to assign. Cure costs (other than those arising by virtue of the debtor s insolvency, commencement of CCAA proceedings or the failure to perform a non-monetary obligation) must be paid for the court to approve the assignment. These assignment provisions do not apply to agreements that are not assignable by their nature, collective agreements, eligible financial agreements or agreements entered into during the CCAA proceedings. Preferences and Transfers at Undervalue the preferences and transfers at undervalue provisions discussed above apply in CCAA proceedings, with the necessary modifications required by the different statute. CROSS'BORDER INSOLVENCIES Both the CCAA and the BIA operate on the assumption of universal jurisdiction, extending authority and duty to control the assets of a debtor corporation wherever located (in Canada or abroad) for the benefit of creditors, wherever located. That notwithstanding, Canadian courts have traditionally been open to the concept of comity and the recognition of properly constituted foreign insolvency proceedings wherever this is consistent with public policy, and have generally encouraged M5

8 BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY coordination among various proceedings in all jurisdictions so that the restructuring or liquidation can proceed in a fair and orderly manner. In exercising a wide discretion to recognize and enforce a foreign bankruptcy order, Canadian courts have taken a variety of factors into consideration including the compatibility of the foreign jurisdiction s insolvency rules with the Canadian regime. They have authority to tailor the terms and conditions of the orders that can be granted in the course of proceedings, and have formally recognized foreign orders and given assistance to foreign representatives in foreign restructuring proceedings (provided that such recognition is not inconsistent with Canadian laws or public policy). Part IV of the CCAA and Part XIII of the BIA, which came into force in September 2009, largely harmonize the Canadian insolvency regime with the standards of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. Procedural harmonization has been implemented between courts in the US and Canada through the use of Guidelines Applicable to Court-to-Court Communications in Cross-Border Cases and cross-border protocols, the primary purpose of which is to set out guidelines to coordinate and to promote the efficient administration of cross-border restructuring proceedings. M6

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