MEMS May Help the Blind See.

October 12, 2003.

By Katie Pennicott,
science writer.

The US government is investing $9 million in project that could see
microelectromechanical systems restore blind people's sight.

A US collaboration of government laboratories, universities and businesses
is developing arrays of electrodes based on microelectromechanical systems
(MEMs) that could be used to restore the sight of blind people.

The arrays, which will consist of 1000 electrodes, will be implanted in the
retina and electrically stimulate the optical nerve endings in patients with
damaged retinas. The US Department of Energy is funding the $9 million
dollar project.

Eye diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration attack
the rod and cone cells that detect light inside the eyeball, but leave most
of the nerve endings intact. Although millions of people suffer from these
conditions, project member Mark Humayun of the University of Southern
California believes that the solution to the problem already exists.

"There is a considerable amount of advanced technology literally sitting on
the shelf or being used for defence purposes that we could use to help solve
blindness," he says.

The array of electrodes being developed by the American researchers is made
from silicon components that are micrometres across - that is, a similar
size to the nerve endings in the retina. A small camera attached to the
patient's spectacles activates the array by transmitting radio signals to
it. Each electrode then fires an electrical pulse into a group of nerves,
and the brain interprets this pulse as a visual signal.

The researchers are testing different electrical waveforms to find the one
that best mimics the electrochemical response of the retina to light. Since
the retina is very sensitive to pressure, the team plan to use spring-loaded
electrodes to keep the devices in contact with the retina using the least
possible force. The materials used to encase the arrays must also be highly
reliable and compatible with the saline conditions in the eye.

Patients using the MEMs arrays will only be able to see 1000 pixels, in
contrast with the millions of pixels visible to the healthy human eye. But
project leader Kurt Wessendorf of Sandia National Laboratory says that the
device should enable people to perform household tasks and read large type.
He is also optimistic that his team will be able to make larger arrays in
the near future.

. MEMS may also be the key to making affordable adaptive optics (AO) systems
for improving human vision. Deformable mirrors that are currently deployed
in AO systems cost around $1000 per channel and at least 97 channels needed
to correct aberrations of the eye.

In contrast, recent research by scientists at the University of Rochester
and Boston Micromachines suggests that a surface machined MEMs mirror that
only costs around $10 may be a cost-effective and compact alternative.