Learning how Australian farmers have reportedly transitioned from being government subsidized to relying solely on the marketplace for income was one of the missions of the Michigan Farm Bureau (MFB) trip. But the 20 tour-goers could not substantiate this claim, and they found several incidences where Australian farmers appeared to receive indirect assistance and where the nation's transition away from government supports seemed to come at the expense of consumers.... As a result, Australian consumers, in essence, have assumed a "farm aid" role by paying significantly higher prices for their food....

"The government philosophy there is not for Australian farms to produce for the domestic market but for the export market, and for the domestic market to pay the cost," said Wood, a Sanilac County dairy farmer. "So instead of taking tax dollars like the United States does to support agriculture, money is taken from consumers directly via food processors and retailers...."

While the Australian philosophy runs counter to the U.S. farm bill purpose of providing "farm security and rural investment," it's not illegal. "Right or wrong, the philosophy is compliant with the World Trade Organization (WTO)," said Wood.

The Australians earn their keep directly via food processors and retailers! And this isn't even illegal! You may also enjoy the American farmers' comments about Australian health and food safety:

Tour-goers also discovered that Australian farmers indirectly benefit from a national health care system, so they save on insurance expenses for their families and their farm employees. In addition, the group found several incidences where the island country's phytosanitary standards were more stringent than WTO minimums, allowing the country to legally ban imports under the guise of "health concerns."

What a discovery! Those Australians save on insurance expenses for their families. Oh, no! Not their farm employees, too! And that's pretty sneaky of them to maintain sanitary standards above the minimum. We wouldn't permit it here.

Our results show that most people had access to healthier foods, though there was sporadic availability of some healthier items in lower-income neighborhoods. The healthier market basket was more expensive by about $32 to $41 due to higher costs of whole grains, lean ground beef, and skinless poultry. This higher cost is equal to about 35 percent to 40 percent of low-income consumers’ food budgets.

The results on availability of healthy food were interesting, considering the high degree of concern about supermarket access. Supermarket access in the United States is highly variable from place to place. I sometimes refer people to USDA research showing that even most low-income Americans in this country have access to nearby supermarkets, but I have found this observation tends to annoy people who are familiar with a particular low-income community in which access is lacking. In my home town of Washington, D.C., for example, we had fine access to supermarkets in the neighborhoods of Columbia Heights and 14th Street, but in another high-poverty neighborhood across the Anacostia River, access was lacking. To somebody from Anacostia, it might be little comfort that supermarket access is pretty good for the average low-income family in the DC Metro area.

As for cost, the new study found that whole wheat pastas were more expensive than regular pastas. Lowfat milk was a little less expensive than whole milk, and ordinary potatoes were less expensive than the french fries that were classified as less healthy. This fits my family's experience. There is a price premium for any packaged food marketed as healthy, but many healthy alternatives to expensive conventional foods are actually less expensive. Taking protein sources, for example, consider the costs of meats versus legumes. Overall, the Davis study's "healthy" market basket, including packaged food marketed as healthy, was more expensive than the conventional Thrifty Food Plan.

Friday, March 25, 2005

As a profession, agricultural economists have been leaders in studying food safety policy. Here is the new book, Toward Safer Food, by Sandra Hoffman and Michael Taylor. It starts the heavy lifting in building a scientific framework for studying food safety risks, along the lines called for by the National Academy of Sciences in an earlier report.

And Neal Hooker, Ratapol Teratanavat, and Victoria Salin have an interesting article out in the current issue of Food Policy (sorry, the full text requires a subscription or university library membership). They discuss what makes the management of a food safety crisis effective or ineffective:

Policy makers within the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) complement the role of meat and poultry plant managers in food recalls. The increasing frequency and scale of recalls raise questions whether sufficient attention is placed on these events. Three measures of recall effectiveness are introduced to evaluate this public-private crisis management process. Managerial and technical variables are compared to these measures of effectiveness. Results from regression models suggest that recalls carried out by the smallest sized plants, those that took place after Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point implementation, and recalls involving processed products are more effective. Little evidence of differences was found in the effectiveness of the crisis management process between meat plants compared with poultry plants or for plants that are part of a larger firm.

Mike Barnett, editor of Texas Agriculture, covered the upcoming Supreme Court decision on the constitutionality of the beef checkoff. If the beef checkoff is overturned, other USDA-sponsored checkoff programs may also be invalidated in cases that take the beef decision as a precedent. However, Texas and several other states are enacting preemptive legislation that may establish state-sponsored checkoff programs fairly quickly in the event of an unfavorable Supreme Court decision.

So what's going to happen?

"Nobody knows," [Dallas attorney Will] Ellerman said. "It's a very divided court in a number of ways. I expect them to be divided. The fact that the court has even heard this case is significant." Ellerman says a ruling—expected this spring or early summer—will apply positively or negatively to the beef checkoff only.

But a number of judges in other checkoff cases are waiting to see what the Supreme Court does before rendering decisions. "What those courts will do at that time, they'll take the opinion of the beef case and apply it to those cases and come to a result," Ellerman said. "I expect they'll apply it similarly to how the Supreme Court approaches it's opinion in the beef case."

During the rare encounter between corporate food makers and some of their most stringent critics, she flashed a slide showing her firm's healthier brands, like Healthy Choice and Egg Beaters, but then sought to soften the crowd: ''We make Slim Jims. I'm going to be honest with you," said Verduin, to laughter.

The Harvard Medical School two-day symposium, attended by about 140 people yesterday, took place against a backdrop of considerable alarm over childhood obesity. The concern is particularly felt in the halls of Harvard and its affiliated hospitals, whose researchers have played a central role studying and publicizing the obesity problem....

The symposium was funded through grants from McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Nestle, Dannon, and a number of other food makers.

Thursday, March 24, 2005

Sixteen states have passed laws protecting the fast food industry from consumer lawsuits for obesity and food-related illnesses, even if there were evidence of seller wrongdoing. Others are following quickly. I'm offering the reasonable reader the following debate, from which to try to discern the level-headed party.

According to Joanne Doroshow, executive director for the Center for Justice and Democracy, previous attempts by certain industries to single themselves out for special liability protection have proven to be a successful tort reform strategy. For example, Congress passed a bill in 1994 to shield the aviation industry and another in 1998 that provides immunity to suppliers of medical implants. Also, she says, “gun manufacturers keep trying, year after year, to get special liability protection.”

“Many industries are fearful that if they have been engaging in misconduct over the years that they are going to be subject to liability, which of course they should be,” says Doroshow. She explains that industries will often “see a problem looming on the horizon in terms of their liability exposure.”

Experts say that these bills could make these companies completely unaccountable to the public. Mindy Kursban, executive director and general counsel for Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. “Questions regarding the role of the food industry in our nation’s obesity epidemic are just now being brought to light. Rather than immediately absolve the entire industry of all potential liability, we should learn more about how they have contributed to this public health crisis," she said.

If I were faced with a level-headed advocate for carefully crafted tort reform laws, the economist in me might be forced to acknowledge certain points. Lawsuits are not an ideal vehicle for progress on this issue. In an environment of adequate access to fast food ingredient and nutrition information, the sound economic point of view might favor relying on consumers to protect their own interests.

Wednesday, March 23, 2005

Ha. With regard to pomegranates, the fine food weblogger at A Full Belly is too hard on herself: "Shame on me for not reading more carefully, perhaps pomegranates aren't all that." If there is any shame, I would lay it on the writer of the pomegranate sales piece, not the reader. And of course, there is nothing wrong with pomegranates, even if no fruit could possibly be all that was promised in the WebMD article.

Tuesday, March 22, 2005

Forget the coffee or orange juice: A new study shows that pomegranate juice should be the beverage of choice to fight hardening of the arteries. Researchers found that pomegranate juice not only appears to prevent hardening of the arteries by reducing blood vessel damage, but the antioxidant-rich juice may also reverse the progression of this disease.

The actual scientific article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences says nothing of the sort. In a study of 24 hypercholestremic mice, a dozen who were fed pomegranate juice had evidence of improved artery walls, compared to another dozen who received a placebo. There were also studies of human cells in a laboratory dish, which were exposed to "shear stress" to simulate high blood pressure. The last line of the WebMD article tells the true story: "However, large clinical trials using different antioxidants have yet to show that antioxidants can prevent heart attacks and other major heart-related events." The WebMD reporters don't mention that the study was funded by a grant from the Lynda and Stewart Resnick Revocable Trust. The Resnicks own the POM Wonderful company, for which one of the authors is a consultant. You may have seen POM Wonderful's poster advertisements touting the health benefits of pomegranates.

I only noticed this story, because I remembered the names of the WebMD author, Jennifer Warner, and the WebMD person who reviewed the story, Michael Smith, MD. They were the same pair beside this story a year ago overselling the dairy weight loss claim. This claim has been taken up by the USDA-sponsored dairy checkoff advertising. The dairy article didn't mention that researcher Michael Zemel, quoted in the article, has a patent on the dairy weight loss claim. Such a patent seems odd enough in itself, and in any case it gives an awful strong economic incentive for future research to corroborate the existing conclusion.

Okay, here's the clincher. Promo Magazine had this strange short article in September about a partnership between the National Dairy Council and WebMD. What exactly is their financial arrangement? Shouldn't WebMD acknowledge this partnership in articles on this topic?

I appreciate your interest in our menu here at Quizno's. I would like to point out that there is a list of selected sandwiches available on the website. The others are still being changed due to vendor changes and the data is not available as of yet. Please keep checking back for more information at www.quiznos.com

Sincerely,Quizno's Customer Service Department

For the record, the response seems inconsistent with the tear sheet that I received from the Quiznos restaurant at Downtown Crossing in Boston. The tear sheet had "net calorie" information, indicating that somebody at Quiznos knows the nutritional profile. Here is the website for Quiznos' dominating competitor, Subway. It provides nutrition information for products of all types, and emphasizes a half-dozen sandwiches with particularly good nutritional profiles. Kudos to Subway. How on earth did the Beef Board and USDA come to work with Quiznos instead of Subway?

The March edition of the online magazine Informed Eating includes a section on resources for school food policies:

Community Action to Change School Food Policy. The Massachusetts Public Health Association has put together a wonderful toolkit to help pass local policies to eliminate junk food and sodas from schools. It includes many top-notch resources, including sample policies, how to write a press release, arguments and responses (provided by CIFC), and much more. The toolkit also links local school policy efforts with Massachusetts’s statewide legislation re-filed this year to eliminate sweetened beverages and foods of minimal nutritional value from schools. Kudos to MPHA’s director of education, Roberta Friedman for her dedication and hard work on this project! To download the toolkit, visit: www.mphaweb.org/home_food_policy_kit.pdf.

Framing the School Soda Debates. The Berkeley Media Studies Group has evaluated how recent debates on banning sodas in schools were framed in news coverage of the battles in the Oakland and Los Angeles Unified School Districts. How did proponents and opponents make their case? What statistics, metaphors, and values did they use? The findings can help advocates better state their position and anticipate their opposition's arguments. To download the report, visit: http://www.bmsg.org/content/Issue15.pdf.

Countering Arguments for Sodas in Schools. To help support advocates who are fighting battles to get soda out of schools all over the country, CIFC has put together a list of common arguments along with suggested responses. You can access this document on the new section of our Resources page called, Taking on Industry: www.informedeating.org/resources.html.

Saturday, March 19, 2005

Good economics webloggers like Brad DeLong and political webloggers like Talking Points Memo have been focused intensely on the social security privatization debate. Obesity arises comparatively rarely. But here's a tie-in. A new report from the New England Journal of Medicine seeks to estimate how much life expectancy will be shortened due to the obesity epidemic. News reports say some experts think the authors' actual quantitative predictions are overly dire, but their direction is surely right. A major epidemic of life-shortening disease should probably be considered as part of official computations about when social security will go bankrupt.

According to the AP coverage, the authors say obesity "likely will shorten the average life span of 77.6 years by at least two to five years. That's more than the impact of cancer or heart disease, said lead author S. Jay Olshansky, a longevity researcher at the University of Illinois at Chicago. This would reverse the mostly steady increase in American life expectancy that has occurred in the past two centuries and would have tremendous social and economic consequences that could even inadvertently help 'save' Social Security, Olshansky and colleagues contend."

“We are excited about our partnership with Quiznos Sub because sandwich shops are one of the fastest growing segments of foodservice, and the beef industry is taking advantage of this growth to sell more beef,” says Sid Sumner, a Bartow, Fla., beef producer who chairs the beef industry’s Joint Foodservice Committee. “Quiznos Sub is the fastest growing sandwich chain in the U.S., and is experiencing phenomenal growth – which makes it a perfect place to promote beef.”

As you know, American consumers' increasing reliance on fast food restaurants is one of several leading suspects in the obesity epidemic, so one might wonder if this is the right sort of thing for USDA to be pushing. One concern is that the very affordability of fast food may encourage overconsumption. Another concern is that fast food leans heavily toward high-meat diets, while the federal government's Dietary Guidelines by contrast encourage more consumption of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lowfat dairy, while simultaneously reducing calories overall. In particular the Dietary Guidelines stand in opposition to high-fat, high-protein, low-carb dietary fads. So consider the price and nutritional positioning of the USDA-sponsored Quiznos promotion:

The Quiznos Steakhouse Beef Dip Sub features tender roast beef smothered in rich French onion sauce, and melted Swiss cheese, served in a toasted Quiznos roll, with a side of beefy, pan roasted au jus. For a limited time, the 6-inch sub sells for $2.99, and the 10-inch sub for $5.49. The Steakhouse Beef Dip is also available on Low Carb Toasty™ Flatbread.

Well, maybe it's not as much of a nutritional disaster as it sounds, right? I followed a link on the Quiznos website, which includes nutrition information for just 3 healthy lowfat sandwiches, but not information for the rest of the product line. Suspiciously, there was no information for the luscious Beef Dip Sub described above. Another link let me fill in personal information in order to request further nutrition information (to my annoyance, there was no privacy policy posted, but I provided the information anyway). I will post a followup if I hear back. Next, I stopped off at a Quiznos shop on my way home from work. No nutrition information was posted on the walls, and the sandwich makers said they could not provide any either. When I asked if there was really no nutrition information, the cashier provided a tear sheet that listed only "net carbs" for low-carb dieters!

Now, I am against Big Brother, and am happy to let Quiznos choose its own ingredients. An informed consumer can then make his or her own choice about what food to eat. But, how can the consumer make an informed choice if Quiznos hides its nutrition profile? In the current public health environment, Quiznos should be ashamed, and its executives should lose sleep over this. And what about USDA and the checkoff board whose speech it claims as the federal government's own position? Is this the right product, the right company, and the right degree of nutritional transparency for a department that claims to deserve the mantle of leadership on federal nutrition guidance?

The Farm Policy weblog links to an NPR report about the controversy over reopening the Canadian border to beef imports, which had been stopped because of concern about mad cow disease. Some U.S. cattle producers oppose the reopening and have sued to stop it. In part, these producers may be seeking to protect American consumers. In part, they may be trying to protect themselves from competition with Canadian imports. And in part, they may be responding to a complex calculation about the trade implications simultaneously of Canadian-U.S. beef trade and U.S. beef exports to Japan, which has halted U.S. beef imports for a time, also because of concerns about mad cow disease. In case you believe U.S. policy-makers have the situation under control, the recent General Accounting Office report on enforcement of the firewall feed ban -- an important part of preventing the spread of this disease -- should cure you of your complacency. GAO says FDA has been misleading Congress about the effectiveness of this feed ban. See also this Reuters article (thanks to the Center for Media and Democracy).

I just got back from colleague Christina Economos' inaugural talk as the New Balance chair for children's obesity research at my school, the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts. It was fabulous -- an inspiring mix of activism and scholarship. Christina's CDC-sponsored project Shape Up Somerville is a community-wide healthy living intervention, which recognizes that it is terribly difficult for an individual to make major lifestyle changes if the social networks around him or her are fighting those changes every step of the way. Progress may require addressing many social contexts at once, from homes to schools to the wider commercial culture.

Speaking of the children's obesity, the main Friedman School seminar a week earlier was a fascinating talk by Juliet Schor, the author of Born to Buy: The Commercialized Child and the New Commercial Culture. Here is a review of that book by Tufts professor David Elkind. From Schor's account, it sounds like she was offered some sort of fellowship by the advertising industry to improve its image in the academic community. I don't think this offer had the desired effect. Her inside information on marketing food to children is devastating.

Monday, March 14, 2005

The Economics Roundtable, organized by a University of North Carolina professor with the promising name of William Parke, summarizes the world of economics weblogs (including U.S. Food Policy). I have added it to my favorite weblogs in the sidebar. Check it out.

Advertising to Children – Noting that children view an estimated 40,000 commercials each year, 50 percent of which advertise food products, California legislators enacted a resolution asking for responsible food and beverage marketing to children. Legislators found that studies show that food advertising and marketing result in more favorable attitudes, preferences and behaviors toward advertised products and that children’s food preferences are influenced by television food advertising.

Availability of Nutritious Groceries – Studies show that living in communities without adequate access to supermarkets limits nutritious food choices and my contribute to long-term health problems, such as diabetes or heart disease, and diet-related deaths at a rate higher than the population as a whole. Pennsylvania legislators passed a resolution calling for a report on the shortage of supermarkets in urban and underserved areas. With bipartisan legislative sponsorship, an economic development program to bring more supermarkets into underserved communities has followed.

Body Mass Index Measurement and Reporting to Parents – In 2003, Arkansas became the first state to require schools to annually provide parents with information about student body mass index as part of each student’s report card, including an explanation of possible health effects of body mass index, nutrition, and physical activity.

Diabetes Screening and Management –Bills to require screening, risk analysis or testing of school children for diabetes were enacted in 2003 in California and Illinois, and introduced in New York. Noninvasive screening of school children is aimed at promoting an earlier response to prevent or respond to type 2 diabetes. Legislation aimed at improving care and diabetes management for children with diabetes in school or daycare settings was introduced in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia.

Insurance Coverage for Obesity Prevention and Treatment – Legislation mandating health insurance coverage for obesity reduction treatments and prevention programs for children and adolescents was introduced in 2004 in Hawaii and Maryland. In addition, legislators in Hawaii requested the state auditor’s office to assess the social and financial effects of requiring health insurers to cover obesity reduction programs for children and adolescents.

Nutrition Education – Legislators have taken a variety of approaches to encourage nutrition education for children, youth and parents, beginning with prenatal education and continuing through the school years. Many believe that with better information, children and their families will make better nutritional choices.

Nutrition Standards in Schools – Proposals for ensuring more healthy food and beverage choices for school children were also considered in many states in 2003 and 2004. Options being considered include demonstration projects, the development of school nutrition policies or standards at the state or local level, and guidelines for how school foods can meet standards or prohibit the sale of foods with high sugar or fat content. States have considered prohibiting the sale of foods competitive with the School Breakfast Program or National School Lunch Program and at directing state boards of education to adopt nutrition standards for public schools throughout the state. (Note: For a discussion focused specifically on vending machines in schools and recent legislation, see the NCSL website at: http://www.ncsl.org/programs/health/vending.htm.)

Obesity Prevention and Education – States with legislative proposals calling for childhood obesity prevention or education initiatives included Hawaii, Illinois, and New York. Illinois considered a proposal to appropriate $500,000 for a grant to the Cook County Department of Public Health to establish a childhood obesity prevention education and awareness program, and a separate proposal for the state Department of Public Health to establish the same type of program for children and adolescents, especially for populations with high rates of obesity and obesity-related health complications. Legislation in New York would have established a Childhood Obesity Prevention program within the Department of Health to prevent and reduce childhood and adolescent obesity and created a fund for the program by taxing certain foods with minimal nutritional value and video sales or rentals.

Physical Education or Physical Activity in Schools – Forty-eight states have some type of physical education requirement, but only Illinois currently requires daily physical education for school children and waivers can be granted. Recent proposed legislation has focused on refining or increasing physical education requirements or encouraging positive physical activity programs for students at recess or other opportunities for physical activity at school.

Taxes on Certain Foods or Beverages with Minimal Nutritional Value – A New York bill introduced in 2003 (AB 9145) proposed an additional tax on certain food and drink items and on the sale or rental of video and computer games, commercials, and analog or digital video movies; and would have directed moneys from the tax to the Childhood Obesity Prevention Program Fund.

Claire Atkinson of Advertising Age reports that Channel One's financial woes stem from the reluctance of Kellogg's and Kraft to advertise with the in-school commercial television news network. Channel One has been controversial, because it uses schools as a venue for advertising to a captive audience of children. Atkinson quotes the outgoing CEO Jim Ritts: "We took a big hit from Kellogg and Kraft." Parent company Primedia said, "The concern by certain advertisers about the obesity issue in schools caused them to stop or reduce advertising in schools." See Commercial Alert for the full story.

In a second news item, the Federal Trade Commission has denied a request by Commercial Alert to require television shows to identify product placements, the practice in which the producers are paid to display commercial products. However, the most interesting thing about the FTC's letter to Commercial Alert is how weakly it defends product placement. It says the product placements may mislead consumers. Plus, it essentially lays out a research agenda, which if completed, might convince the FTC that surreptitious product placements are against current law. In essence, somebody would have to show that product placements are effective -- that they cause people to believe something favorable about the products. Since advertisers spend millions on the assumption that this is true, and the advertisers are no dummies, I suspect such research should be feasible to do.

[Update -- I just noticed the second "news" item should have been called an "almost as good as news" item. It is a February story that somehow appeared today in my Bloglines feed from Commercial Alert.]

Saturday, March 12, 2005

I gave the School Nutrition Association a hard time for advertising Kellogg's Poptarts to school nutrition program administrators at the same as it was asking Congress for additional money for nutrition education in schools. At first glance, you might think the association's more recent update [note -- link seems to be broken on the SNA website] has a better choice of advertisement -- from a purveyor of supposedly healthier "light" breakfast meats. I followed the link to Jones light sausages and patties, but couldn't find any nutrition information to corroborate the term "light."

So I looked further afield. According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest's review of breakfast meats, Jones Sausages -- advertised as a light product -- get 74 percent of their calories from fat and have 280 grams of sodium. The CSPI article lists other products that are better healthy options for breakfast meats. Why doesn't the School Nutrition Association put those products on its website? Is it because they sway in whatever direction the advertising money blows?

Being trained as an economist, I have had it pounded into my brain that private businesses will be what they are, and it is often all for the best -- certainly it is often better than government intervention. But the flip side of letting the market work is that it is up to people in the private sector -- people like you and me -- to speak up for ourselves when we get outraged by this kind of hypocrisy. I'm not telling Jones to stop advertising their product. I'm telling the School Nutrition Association to stop pretending to have our children's interests at heart, even a little, at the same time as it is resisting efforts to promote better school meals and simultaneously takes money to advertise junk food and fake health food to school nutrition administrators. Get these ads off your website or people will truly have reason to mistrust you.

A boldly written new book from the National Academies press drives home the latter point. One good thing about the National Academies is that they represent the best mainstream scientific advice the country has to offer. Another good thing is that their press lets you read its books online for free. Here is a passage from the new book by Susan Okie, M.D. called Fed Up:

Major economic forces -- among them food manufacturers, restaurant chains, automobile makers, real estate developers, and the entertainment industry -- have strong financial interests in maintaining various aspects of the status quo. No single one of these industries or sectors deserves the blame for our nation's obesity epidemic, but together, many of their products and services (and the ways they are marketed) have contributed to Americans' unhealthy lifestyle. Each of these groups has political clout that it can bring to bear on government officials to oppose policy changes that are against its own interests. That is one reason why many obesity experts believe it will take determined, well-organized efforts by concerned citizens and advocacy groups to bring about health-promoting change in our communities and our nation.

A lot of suits in the executive suite at McDonald's world headquarters must be lying awake long into the night wondering how to deal with the healthy eating and obesity issues that collectively have been a large thorn in the side of McDonald's.

How else to explain the oddly timed launch of a massive global ad campaign aimed at kids, and designed to underscore McDonald's purported commitment to healthier eating and exercise? The new ads come a month before McDonald's celebrates its 50th birthday, also an occasion, one suspects, for a major advertising splash....

If nothing else, the initial six commercials, tied to the awkwardly stated, difficult to fathom theme -- "It's what I eat and what I do ... I'm lovin' it" -- suggest McDonald's is pushing too hard to position itself as a health-conscious company, a claim that comes off a bit disingenuous.

My family stopped off at a McDonald's while traveling late by car a week ago -- perhaps the fourth time my two- and four-year-olds had eaten there. You should have seen their delight in seeing a life-sized statue of Ronald McDonald. They immediately left my hands and walked over to stare beatifically into his face. Three thoughts: 1) Thanks, McDonald's, for the inexpensive and palatable junk food on a harried night when it was just what we needed; and 2) thanks for your completely immobile clown's surprisingly potent moment of entertainment; but 3) it makes me more sure than ever that your clown's nutrition talks in schools are really about selling cheeseburgers. I can't believe any school officials anywhere are falling for this.

Food stamp participants generally spend their food stamps quite rapidly after they arrive each month. There is some evidence that some food stamp participants end up with less actual food intake in the second half of the food stamp month. I measured these monthly cycles for the first time using national level data in my dissertation several years ago, and reported the main results in an article with Christine Ranney in the American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Later, Margaret Andrews and I studied the spending cycle (but not the intake cycle) further using data from the Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards that have replaced traditional food stamp coupons, in an article for the Journal of Consumer Affairs.

This topic has received renewed attention from economists recently, especially with a new article by Jesse Shapiro in the leading Journal of Public Economics. Shapiro uses the same food intake and EBT data that Margaret, Christine, and I used, and connects the food stamp cycle to recent theoretical work in economics about the role of extremely impatient behavior -- quasi-hyperbolic discounting -- which is inconsistent with the traditional theory called the permanent income hypothesis.

A novel part of Shapiro's article corroborates the possibility of extreme impatience using data from questions about time preferences, which were asked of food stamp participants in Maryland. I think Margaret Andrews, who oversaw that Marlyand project for USDA/FNS, was the clever mind behind including these questions in a food stamp study. For example, some of these questions are: "Now suppose you had a choice between getting $50 in cash 1 week from today, or getting less than $50 today. Would you take less than $50 to get the money today? What is the smallest amount of cash you would take today rather than getting the $50 1 week from today?" Shapiro has a neat table showing how the impatience increases in the last 7 days of the food stamp month.

There is some reason to worry that the monthly food stamp cycle leads to hunger at the end of the month, after food stamp benefits run out, even for families that in principle should have enough food resources on average. Knowing that there was enough food "on average" this month may provide little comfort to a family on the day or two that it is most hungry. Shapiro quotes one of my favorite passages from an earlier report by Mathematica Policy Research, in which food stamp participants in focus groups suggest that benefits should be distributed twice each month instead of all at once.

Give it to us in two installments. At the end of the month I'm dying [for money]. If you got it on the 1st and 15th, or whatever, it would be so much better. Checks or coupons, it doesn't matter, either way, but it does not last a month. The second part of the month is always a struggle.

With EBT, it should be fairly inexpensive to deliver benefits on this type of schedule. Is this done in any states, and if not, why not?

Wednesday, March 09, 2005

The Agitator offers a thoughtful word of warning about overly heavy-handed nutrition interventions in children and youth, remembering that these age groups suffer from both high risk of overweight and high risk of eating disorders driven by weight-related insecurities.

New York, Arkansas, and a host of other states are considering ridiculously invasive measures like weighing kids every day, and sending home "fitness" report cards that grade a kid's weight, body fat, diet, and/or activity levels. They're getting heaps of praise from the fat nannies for their "proactivity."

In contrast with the Agitator, though, I would say that any national epidemic is the government's concern -- his strongest point is that this concern must be addressed with some care to ensure that the cure is better than the disease.

Tuesday, March 08, 2005

On March 17th, Dr. Christina D. Economos, a Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy researcher who has received grants from the National Institutes of Health and Centers for Disease Control to address childhood nutrition and obesity, will be officially appointed to the New Balance Chair in Childhood Nutrition. The installation ceremony begins at 4:00 p.m. in the Behrakis Auditorium of the Jaharis Center on the Boston campus. A 1996 graduate of the Friedman School, Economos also is the associate director of the John Hancock Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition at Tufts.

The chair is part of a $5 million gift over the next 10 years from the New Balance Foundation, the charitable arm of the New Balance athletic shoe company. The foundation has partnered with the Friedman School to create a far-reaching initiative to combat childhood obesity and improve the long-term health of future generations.

As the New Balance Foundation's largest gift since its establishment in 1981, the Children in Balance Initiative endowed the New Balance Chair in Childhood Nutritionand will also include endowed and dedicated graduate student fellowships. The initiative also provides core support at the Friedman School, which will allow fornew studies and interventions, and give researchers flexibility to respond to emerging trends and new opportunities. The initiative will stimulate investigationsamong top scientists at Tufts, expand on the internationally recognized obesity expertise of the Friedman School and seed cross-disciplinary effortsin obesity.

The Pork Board rolled out its new advertising campaign, with the theme, "Don' be blah." The New York Times quotes some favorable reviews of the successor to the successful campaign with the tagline, "Pork: The Other White Meat." The Times also cites some criticism of the new campaign's use of too many different themes and styles, in an effort to stay contemporary:

However, Phil Lempert, the food editor of the "Today" show on NBC, saw it another way. "It appears they're throwing a lot of disparate ideas against the wall," Mr. Lempert said, "hoping one of them will work."

And Peter Golder, an associate professor of marketing at the Stern School of Business of New York University, said he thought the campaign was "hiding from the name 'pork,' " which "itself suggests some of pork's attributes have negative associations they should work to address."

As you recall, the commodity promotion boards are controversial. The Pork Board is funded by more than $40 million annually in mandatory assessments -- taxes -- on Pork producers, with collection enforced by USDA and the Department of Justice. The Pork and Beef boards have been sued on First Amendment grounds by dissident farmers who object to the advertising messages. According to the Des Moines Register,

The timing of the new ad campaign is complicated by the fact that the U.S. Supreme Court is expected to issue a ruling soon on the constitutionality of national commodity checkoffs like the pork and beef checkoffs.

(Question: Is the industry promising payment of any funds that it does not yet have in hand, as a way of making commitments that will have to be honored even if the mandatory assessments are declared unconstitutional?).

The Federal Government has told the Supreme Court that all of the commodity board advertising is the Government's own "government speech," and hence protected from this First Amendment challenge. Because of this rather implausible claim, which is inconsistent with the industry's usual view of the role of the boards, I tend to read new advertising from the commodity promotion boards with an eye toward whether this could really be government speech. A typical finding is that the boards write one thing for consumption by nutritionists and health professionals (see this web page, which adheres closely to the Dietary Guidelines and warns about fad diets). But the boards write another thing altogether when communicating with potential buyers in the food industry (see this web page, which encourages foodservice companies to pander to consumer demand for high-fat low-carbohydrate diets, which are explicitly criticized in the Dietary Guidelines):

Your government's "government speech" seems at times to push high-meat low-carb diets that its best scientific experts criticize.

Here's the Anti-idiotarian Rotweiller: "You'll Have to Drag the Shaker From My Cold, Dead Hands. LC Ricky sends us this story about a bunch of moronic busybodies demanding that the Gummint march into our kitchens and start regulating what we can eat as well." The Rotweiller also seems to be under the mistaken impression that CSPI is funded by tax dollars.Overlawyered gets the story more nearly correct, recognizing that the issue is whether FDA is correct to classify salt as "Generally Recognized as Safe." Overlawyered describes CSPI as "a prominent busybody group" and exaggerates the remedy sought by CSPI: "[the suit demands] that food preparers be made to obtain permission from federal regulators before adding salt to food."A Stitch in Hasterecognizes that CSPI is not really advocating banning of salt, but rather is concerned especially about salt in fast food restaurant food, where the levels of salt are frequently extremely high and are less clearly an expression of consumer choice. Still, the weblogger says, "But do not try to regulate us. We are adults and do not want you, or the FDA, telling us what to eat."

Brian J. Noggle doesn't like the lawsuit either. "What's next? Moving Morton's over the counter, limiting me to three cartons at a purchase, and putting my name in the database of users?"

Logical Memesays, "If CSPI makes any headway on this, it will be another drift toward an Orwellian state-citizen relationship." The weblogger has interesting favorable comments with regard to government education efforts to inform people about the dangers of salt, but adds, "But the state has no right to make it illegal." Of course, neither CSPI nor anybody else has asked for such a thing.

I encourage anybody who made it back here by way of trackback to take a second look at CSPI's actual lawsuit. Consider the advocacy group's patience in waiting 20 years for FDA to deliver on promises the agency made about a review of an additive that its own experts recognized as not generally recognized as safe. Consider the mild and reasonable remedy requested by CSPI, and consider the severity of the public health issue at stake here. Is there no middle ground in between the Orwellian state and the do-nothing option of relegating another generation to the same rates of death from blood pressure and stroke?

In the case of Black farmers who are seeking compensation for past discrimination acknowledged by USDA, the House Judiciary Committee held hearings last week in Cincinatti. Here is the update from the Four Seasonsweblog:

Saturday, March 05, 2005

Source: California Aggie, March 2, 2005University of California-Davis nutritionist Lindsay Allen says reporters "hyped" her concerns, when she was quoted at the February meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science as saying, "It's unethical for parents to bring up their children as strict vegans." Allen says strict vegetarian diets are unethical, unless "missing nutrients" are added "through supplements or fortified foods." Allen's research with Kenyan children found that their development improved when their nutrient-deficient diets were supplemented with meat or milk. Her research was partially funded by the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, and its publication supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization, Land O'Lakes, Heifer International, and Pond Dynamics and Aquaculture-CRSP.