This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

TOP2A encodes for topoisomerase IIα, a nuclear enzyme that controls DNA topological structure
and cell cycle progression. This enzyme is a marker of cell proliferation in normal
and neoplastic tissues; however, little information is available about its expression
in prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was automated using mouse monoclonal antibody against TOP2A
(clone SWT3D1; DAKO, Carpenteria, CA, USA) at dilution 1:800 and Flex Plus detection
system in autostainer 48Ultra (DAKO). FISH was performed using TOP2A (17q21)/ CEP17
probe kit (Kreateck Biotechnology, San Diego, CA, USA). Biochemical and pathological
data from 193 patients with PCa were retrieved for the analysis, whose significance
was considered when p < 0.05. Also, fractal analysis was performed in a subset of
20 randomly selected cases.

Conclusions

This is the first study to perform TOP2A protein and gene digital assessment and fractal
analysis in association with BRFS in a large series of PCa. Also, we show that TOP2A gene copy number alterations are not observed in this type of tumor. So, higher protein
expression of TOP2A is not related to gene amplification in PCa. Furthermore, TOP2A
protein assessment has prognostic importance and, due to its relation with poor outcome,
TOP2A IHC evaluation in the biopsy can represent an important tool for selecting the
most suitable surgical and clinical approach for patients with PCa.

Keywords:

FISH; Immunohistochemistry; Prostate cancer; TOP2A

Introduction

Two homologous but distinct isoforms of type II human topoisomerases have been identified:
the 1531 amino acid 170 kDa DNA topoisomerase IIα (TOP2A) and the 1621 amino acid
180 kDa DNA topoisomerase IIβ (TOP2B) encoded by the highly related TOP2A and TOP2B genes, respectively
[1,2]. TOP2A plays important roles in DNA synthesis and transcription, as well as chromosomal
segregation during mitosis
[1]. Beyond its physiological functions, TOP2A is reported to be a sensitive and specific
marker of actively proliferating cells (in the late S, G2 and M-phases of the cell cycle), which suggests the importance of its investigation
in cancer
[1].

Among men, cancer of the prostate, lung and bronchus, and colorectum accounted for
52% of all newly diagnosed cancers in 2010
[3]. Generally, prostate cancer (PCa) alone accounts for 28% (217,730) of incident cases
in men
[3]. This disease exhibits considerable variability in clinical behavior
[4]. Many (if not most) PCa are clinically indolent, while others are clinically aggressive,
becoming metastatic and lethal
[4]. For localized PCa, treatment options range from active surveillance to decisive
surgical excision (radical prostatectomy) or radiation therapy
[4]. Increasingly, there is a need for prognostic biomarkers to accurately stratify patients
for appropriate risk-adapted therapy
[4]. TOP2A is clearly a proliferation marker and proliferation measurements in PCa have
repeatedly been shown to provide prognostic information
[4-11]. However, little information is available about TOP2A expression in prostate carcinoma
[6].

In the present study we showed the prognostic importance of TOP2A in PCa by correlating
immunohistochemical (IHC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with well-established prognostic values in PCa and with patients’
biochemical and pathological data and biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS).
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to perform TOP2A protein and
gene digital assessment and fractal analysis in association with BRFS and other clinical
data in a large series of PCa.

Patients and methods

Tumor samples and biochemical and pathological data

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from patients with PCa who underwent
radical prostatectomy and were diagnosed at A.C. Camargo Cancer Hospital (Sao Paulo,
Brazil) between 1991 and 2009 were retrieved for the study. As a result, a tissue
microarray (TMA) containing 193 prostatic adenocarcinomas was constructed. Inclusion
criteria were the availability of suitable paraffin blocks for IHC and follow-up information.

All PCa were graded based on the Gleason system by 2 independent pathologists at A.C.
Camargo Cancer Hospital in a blind and consecutive manner to ensure adequate diagnosis
and grade. The TNM staging system was used to describe the extent of PCa in patients
(based on the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Seventh Edition, 2010, Springer New York,
Inc.). TNM stages IIA and IIB were considered TNM stage II. All samples in this study
were collected prior to hormone treatment or radiotherapy. The following biochemical
and pathological parameters were recorded: preoperative PSA, Gleason score, TNM stage,
lymph node status, angiolymphatic invasion, extraprostatic extension, margin status
and seminal vesicle (SV) invasion. The study was approved by the ethics committee
of our institution (Research Ethics Committee of A. C. Camargo Cancer Hospital) under
process number 1473/10.

Tissue microarray construction

Representative areas of prostatic adenocarcinoma were marked on hematoxylin- and-eosin-stained
sections and cylinders 1 mm in diameter were punched from selected areas of the donor
paraffin blocks (Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, MD, USA). Each tumor was sampled
twice in the TMA block that was cut 3 μm thick for the IHC and FISH studies.

Immunohistochemical analysis

All slides were digitalized using Aperio System (Vista, CA, USA), and the images provided
by the software were exhibited on an LCD monitor under contrast, focus, saturation,
and white balance standardization. Automated image quantification was performed using
the nuclei quantification algorithm, which associates staining intensity with percentage
of stained cells and generates a final score ranging from 0 (negative) to 1 (weak
positive), 2 (moderate positive), or 3 (strong positive). Then, numerical scores were
exported to a Microsoft Excel (Seattle, WA, USA) file for further statistical analysis.

Fractal analysis

20 PCa samples were randomly selected from our set to perform the fractal analysis.
The histochemically stained cells were selected for capturing images and target stained
cells were microphotographed in an isolated condition, with minimal contact or overlap
of neighboring cells.

Cell images were captured with a Nikon D90 SLR digital camera 12.9 mega pixels DX-format
and a file format of JPEG with an image size of 1,424-4,288 connected to the photoport
attachment of a Nikon diaphot 300 inverted phase contrast microscope. Cells were observed
with a 10×/20m wide field adjustable eyepiece at 400× magnification. Original images
were stored in a TIFF format from JPEG in order to perform a background color correction
using Micrografix picture publisher 8 windows graphic software. The images were then
imported into Adobe Photoshop version CS5 for Macintosh. From each image, the three
most suitable histochemically stained cells for fractal analysis were chosen. These
three chosen cells were then cropped out of their original images with a 65 × 65 pixel
frame that was centered on the chosen stained cell. Utilizing the quick selection
tool in Photoshop (with settings of 100% hardness, 8% spacing, auto-enhance turned
off, and a selection size of three pixels) secondary histochemically stained cells
present in the targeted 65 × 65 pixel image were selected and cropped out, resulting
in one stained cell per new created image without artifacts (i.e., fragments of other
cells). Captured images were stored in BMP format, with a bit depth of 24, and were
then binarized by the Benoit 1.3 fractal analysis software (TruSoft International
Inc., St. Petersburg, FL) to calculate the fractal dimension of the cells.

For the fractal dimension calculation, box dimension was taken as an appropriate approximation
of fractal dimension. In the present study due to the original JPEG dimensions and
size of the cells, the box sizes were set at 65, and the fractal dimension was computed
by using the Benoit software (TruSoft International Inc., St. Petersburg, FL).

Statistical analysis

Mann–Whitney test was used to calculate the correlation between numerical variables.
X2 test was used to evaluate differences in frequency of categorical-variable groups.
Spearman’s rank correlation was used to analyze the correlation between continuous
variables. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank tests were used to evaluate survival rates before
biochemical recurrence concerning expression of TOP2A with BRFS (based on the increase
in PSA, defined as PSA level > 0.2 ng/ml). The level of statistical significance was
set to 0.05 for these tests. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version
11.0 (USA).

IHC and FISH signals

IHC sharp and specific nuclear staining for TOP2A was observed in tumor cells as shown
in Figure
1. Orange signals for TOP2A gene and green signals for centromeric region of chromosome 17 were observed; however,
no numerical alterations in TOP2A gene and chromosome 17 were noticed in any tumor sample (Figure
2).

Discussion

Analysis of the cell kinetics of cancer cells in situ (for example, by Ki-67 antigen expression or mitotic counts) has been increasingly
used to evaluate prognosis and/or biological behavior of various human malignancies
[12]. TOP2A is a nuclear enzyme that controls DNA topological structure and cell cycle
progression
[13]. It mainly supports DNA decoiling, chromosome segregation during anaphase of the
cell cycle, and DNA replication, by creating a DNA-linked protein gate through which
another intact DNA duplex passes
[14]. This enzyme is a marker of cell proliferation in normal and neoplastic tissues
[15]. In malignant cells, overexpression of TOP2A protein might reflect not only the proliferative
advantage of these cells, but also qualitative alterations caused by malignant transformation
and dedifferentiation
[12]. The IHC method for in situ determination of TOP2A has been extensively validated and shown to reflect closely
the exact enzyme activity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissues, leading
to the prognostic and predictive importance of this test in other neoplasms
[16].

This is the first study that brings together a gene and protein assessment of TOP2A
in the largest series of prostate adenocarcinoma. Also, fractal image analysis was
performed in order to confirm digital assessment in a subset of randomly selected
cases. Furthermore, for the first time we bring an association between all these data
and BRFS curve.

Concerning IHC pattern of expression for TOP2A, positive nuclear staining was found.
Also, additional diffuse weak cytoplasmic staining was seen in some cases, as Faggad
et al.
[17] and Gotlieb et al.
[18] also reported in their respective studies. Corroborating most works on literature,
we found that the expression of TOP2A was an indicative of poor prognosis. Patients
who expressed higher levels of its protein had higher Gleason scores, higher levels
of preoperative PSA, and shorter BRFS. Indeed, high proliferation rates in cancers
are typically associated with worse clinical outcome
[4]. According to Faggad et al.
[17], one explanation for the shorter survival rate associated with elevated TOP2A levels
could be an enhancement of tumor cell proliferation, which results in increased tumor
aggressiveness. In the multivariate analysis, TOP2A positivity remained an independent
prognostic factor for BRFS, along with the presence of SV invasion.

Increased TOP2A is a common, though not specific, occurrence in malignant cells
[19]. According to O’Connor et al.
[19], there are several mechanisms to explain this upregulation in these cells. First,
both pRB and p53 are negative regulators of topoisomerase IIα, and both are well known
to be inactivated or deleted in malignant cells
[14]. Inactivated or deleted pRB or p53 would be expected to increase the expression of
this enzyme
[19]. Another possible mechanism for the overexpression of TOP2A is the amplification
of a coding gene such as that for HER2/neu[19]. Both HER2/neu and TOP2A reside on the long arm of chromosome 17 and amplification of one gene locus could
simultaneously overexpress both of these genes
[19]. In the present study, we did not find any alterations on TOP2A status in FISH. Schindlbeck et al.
[14] found that TOP2A amplification was not significant for outcome in women with primary breast cancer,
protein expression only (IHC) was related to outcome in those patients. According
to this work, protein expression might be more relevant than TOP2A amplification or deletion in predicting the outcome of breast cancer patients that
received anthracycline-based chemotherapy
[14]. In another study of our group
[20], TOP2A amplification did not correlate with FISH results in soft tissue sarcomas. According
to Werneck et al.
[20], increased TOP2A expression does not appear to result solely from gene amplification.
The explanation for this finding is still unclear; it might be due to posttranscriptional
regulation
[20]. This corroborates studies on other solid tumors, like breast cancer
[21,22] and gastric carcinoma
[23]. Werneck et al.
[20] suggested that gene amplification and protein expression should be evaluated separately
when the prognostic or predictive value of TOP2A is examined in any neoplasia.

High levels of TOP2A expression are generally associated with high levels of cellular
proliferation and poor histologic differentiation of tumors
[24]. The relationship between overexpression of this enzyme and poor prognosis has been
reported in different neoplasias, like breast cancer
[19], urothelial bladder carcinoma
[12], larynx cancer
[15], bladder cancer
[24], and ovarian cancer
[17]. On the other hand, although most studies on literature correlates high levels of
TOP2A expression with poorer survival rates and more aggressive tumors, there are
studies showing the opposite. Bredel et al.
[25] concluded that high expression of TOP2A and Ki-67 appeared to be associated with
prolonged survival in glioblastoma patients. In a recent work, Schindlbeck et al.
[14] showed that TOP2A IHC positivity predicted lower risk of metastases and death in
breast cancer patients. Yan et al.
[26] demonstrated that high TOP2A expression was correlated with better disease-free survival
for postoperative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received adjuvant
chemotherapy. One reason for these discrepant results is that these patients received
adjuvant chemotherapy and high grade tumors tend to present better response to this
type of therapy. Yan et al.
[26] postulated that adjuvant chemotherapy might overcome the adverse biology of cancers
that expressed high levels of TOP2A protein. According to this latter work, NSCLC
patients with high expression of the enzyme might be able to obtain more benefits
from adjuvant chemotherapy than those with low expression, which emphasizes the predictive
importance of TOP2A for such patients
[26].

Proliferation measurements in PCa have generally been done by studying the Ki-67 molecule,
which is present in actively cycling cells
[5]. IHC for Ki-67 in PCa has been shown to have prognostic importance (tumors with high
Ki-67 expression tend to have a poorer prognosis and high tumor Ki-67 value also appear
to predict tumor recurrence after radical prostatectomy)
[5]. Since TOP2A has been found to correlate well with Ki-67 in a number of human diseases,
Willman et al.
[5] suggested that similar prognostic information might be obtained by TOP2A IHC, with
an advantage that the enzyme is the target of drugs being used for treating PCa patients.
However, there are few works in the literature correlating TOP2A and clinicopathological
parameters of PCa. Sullivan et al.
[7] showed that the expression of this enzyme increased with both stage and grade, and
advancing stage was the stronger predictor of TOP2A expression. Willman et al.
[5] and Hasby et al.
[8], in their respective works, demonstrated that the prostatic carcinomas with the highest
expression of the enzyme were more poorly differentiated and had the highest Gleason
scores. Hughes et al.
[6] showed that TOP2A expression increased with increasing Gleason score and with hormone
insensitivity. Murphy et al.
[9] showed that increased TOP2A copy number was associated with adverse clinical features, including high Gleason
score, high stage, androgen resistant, HER2 amplification, and decreased survival under multivariate analysis. In a recent study,
Karnes et al.
[10] demonstrated that the time for PCa patients to develop systemic progression (SP)
was significantly associated with TOP2A protein expression: higher 5-year SP rates
were observed in patients with higher protein levels of the enzyme. Ida et al.
[11] showed that TOP2A protein expression was predictive of SP and death in PCa patients
with Gleason score ≥7 treated surgically, especially in PCa without ERG overexpression.
Malhotra et al.
[4] demonstrated that a tri-marker proliferation index (which included Ki-67, TOP2A,
and E2F1) provided improved prognostic performance in PCa; it predicted biochemical
recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Alenda et al.
[27] showed that PCa patients with Gleason score 7(4 + 3) have higher chances of presenting
biochemical recurrence compared to patients with Gleason score 7(3 + 4). In addition,
they also showed that the primary Gleason pattern 4 remained as an independent prognostic
factor for the occurrence of biochemical recurrence in PCa patients
[27]. Although the clinical difference between patients from both groups of Gleason 7
[(3 + 4) and (4 + 3)] is largely known, we found no difference in TOP2A expression
between them. We suppose that TOP2A may not be related (at least not by itself) to
early stages of carcinogenesis and morphological undifferentiating, which may result
in further aggressive tumor biological behavior. However, when analyzing all Gleason
scores there was a significant difference in TOP2A expression, showing that this protein
may come up in more discrepant lesions. Furthermore, the absolute relation between
the presence of TOP2A in tumors of patients with biochemical recurrence is an evidence
that this protein is related to late stages of tumor development.

Besides its important role as a proliferation marker, as shown above, TOP2A is also
the molecular target of several chemotherapy agents, including anthracyclines such
as doxorubicin and etoposide
[19]. These cytotoxic agents bind the DNA topoisomerase II complex and inhibit the relegation
of DNA
[19]. This converts TOP2A into a physiologic toxin and introduces high levels of permanent
double-stranded breaks, which are detected by proteins ensuring genomic integrity
[28]. As a result of the activation of this machinery, the cells with abundant DNA breaks
are eliminated by apoptosis
[28]. The sensitivity or resistance of a malignant cell to these anti tumor drugs, also
called topo II poisons, is proportional to the level of TOP2A expression
[11,14]. In PCa, there are several phase II trials using etoposide or docetaxel in combination
with other chemotherapy agents to treat androgen-sensitive metastatic prostate carcinoma
and hormone-refractory PCa, with promising results
[29-31].

The biological behavior of PCa still challenges researchers and urologists. While
some patients present indolent disease with no need for treatment, others present
aggressive disease with inevitable progression. Therefore a good prognostic and predictive
marker of adjuvant and target therapies would be of great utility. In this sense,
TOP2A is emerging as an important molecular target for many anticancer drugs, and
several experimental works have clearly showed that cellular sensitivity to this enzyme
is dependent on its high levels
[30]. In conclusion, we found that higher expression of TOP2A protein in PCa patients
is a strong indicative of poor prognosis. Also, since TOP2A is a target for many anti-neoplastic
drugs, the IHC evaluation of this marker in routine practice can be a powerful tool
for selecting appropriately aggressive therapies (use of adjuvant chemotherapy), specific
target therapies, and the most suitable surgery approach in order to improve outcome
of patients with prostate cancer. Also, we show for the first time that TOP2A gene copy number alterations are not observed in this type of tumor. So, higher protein
expression of TOP2A is not related to gene amplification in PCa. Furthermore, TOP2A
protein assessment has prognostic importance and, due to its relation with poor outcome,
TOP2A IHC evaluation in the biopsy can represent an important tool for selecting the
most suitable surgical and clinical approach for patients with PCa.

Competing interests

The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Authors’ contributions

MFR wrote the manuscript and participated in the data analysis and interpretation.
SV helped to draft the manuscript. LTDC performed the statistical analysis. FC, PAP,
AB and XB performed the fractal analysis. FPF and GCG participated in the provision
of study material or patients, and in the collection and assembly of data. FAS provided
the financial support, provision of study material or patients and administrative
support. IN and SP carried out the immunoassays. RMR participated in the conception
and design, and in the data analysis and interpretation, provided the financial support
and the final approval of manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP).