monoamines (NE,DA, ser, and his) from the brainstem and posterior thal go to the cortex and motor neurons. Ach from the midbrain/pons/posterior thal send info to the thalamus which regulates cortical awakeness. Ach in the basal forebrain goes to the cortex. Tha lateral hypothal sends axons to all these wake promoting areas and the cortex and releases the excitatory peptide NT hypocretin

NREM sleep is regulated by what part of the brain and what NT?

the anterior hypothal via GABA to the wake centers

describe REM regulation via chemicals and anatomy.

Rem on cholinergic neurons in the midbrain are inhbited by aminergic neurons when awake, but when asleep they are disinhibited and then stimulate the thalamus to stimulate the cortex and also have a descending tract that stimulates the glycine tract to inhibit LMN's and NE from the locus cereleus

what are two key features of REM sleep that differentiate it from wakefulness?

absence of activity in the wakefulness-promoting aminergic, ascending pathways and loss of muscle tone during REM sleep.

how do many wake promoting agents such as amphetamines work?

they prevent DA reuptake (and to some extent the other monoamines)

how does modafinil work?

blocks reuptake of NE and DA, thus promoting wake AND inhibiting sleep by more NE blocking the GABA channels

what is the risk of addiction when treating narcoleptics with stimulants?