Focus Questions: What events led to the outbreak of World War I?

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1 Chapter 28 Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of the European Global OrderFocus Questions: What events led to the outbreak of World War I?What events led to the involvement of the United States in WWI?

2 The Coming of the Great WarTriple Entente: Russia + France + Britain.Triple Alliance or Central Powers: Germany + Austria- Hungary + Italy + Ottoman Empire (Central Powers or Triple Alliance).Tensions are high between alliance systems who are in the midst of imperialist rivalries over the few lands still not yet colonizedAfter Germany began building a navy, all nations began creating more and more weapons.With growing labor unrest, the arms race provided employment for Europeans working within industrial sectors.

4 Outbreak of warEthnic divisions and interstate rivalries in the Balkans added tension to Europe.July Gavriel Princip, a Serbian nationalist, assassinated the heir to the Austro- Hungarian Empire, Francis Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo.Austria-Hungary demands political and territorial concessions from Serbia; Serbia refuses.Russia supported Serbia, while Germany supported Austria-Hungary; alliances fall into place and no more possibility of regional war

5 War in Europe Germany was worried of fighting a war on both sides.Devised plan to attack France first through Belgium before turning east to the backward and slower-to-mobilize RussiaBritain entered the war to protect its ally, Belgium.Naval allies soon jumped in the war: Japan supports Britain

6 War in Europe, cont.Most European nations thought the war would be quick and decisive.Germany did not have a quick victory in France.German advance was halted by the French on the Marne River and this became the Western Front.Trench warfare and stalemate ensued along Western Front for three yearsIn just 1916, Germany lost 850,000 soldiers, and France lost 700,000 soldiers, on the Western Front.

7 The War in the East and in ItalyRussia focused on Austria-Hungary and eastern Germany but were easily defeated by Germany troops.Austria-Hungary crushed Serbia but did not do as well against Russia.Austria-Hungary had inept generals and multiethnic armies whose soldiers’ loyalties to Austrian emperor was lukewarm to nonexistentItaly switched from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente in 1915.Most Italian assaults against Austria-Hungary ended in disaster.British and French troops had to be deployed to stop Austrian advance.

8 The Home FrontsGovernment developed propaganda to promote citizen support for the war and develop patriotism.Soldiers felt unsupported and that citizens lacked commitment for or understanding in the war.Many aspects of industrialization were taken over by the governments.People either benefit from industrialization or are excluded; sparks labor protests.Women participated greatly on the home front.

9 War Outside EuropeTroops were recruited from colonies, mostly fighting for the Triple Entente.Effective British naval blockades ensured Germany would not reach its colonies and they would not have raw materials.The British Dominions (Canada, Australia and New Zealand) contributed resources to Great Britain.Gallipoli campaign, 1915Germany’s main support was the Ottoman Empire, who entered WWI in 1915.Young Turk leaders assaulted Armenia, and the Armenian genocide ensued.

10 War Outside Europe, Cont.Americans had made money from selling food, weapons and giving loans to the Entente.German submarine sank British luxury liner, Lusitania, in 1915, killing more than 100 Americans. In 1916, Germany attacks U.S. merchant ships en route to Britain.Germany also promised Mexico a gain in territory in exchange for joining Germany, which was intercepted in the Zimmermann Telegram.The United States entered WWI in 1917; policy previously was isolationism.

11 Return of offensive warfareAfter Russia was knocked out of the war, Germany transferred more soldiers to the Western Front; victory seemed near.American soldiers stalled German advance in northern France.Austria-Hungarian empire abdicated and became separate republics: Austria and Hungary.German commanders agreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918.WWI claimed 10 million lives and wounded 20 million.

12 Failed PeaceThe Paris Peace Conference of was a meeting of allied leaders to determine peace terms for Europe and how to deal with defeated empires after the armistice.There were disagreements amongst the Entente on how to deal with Germany.Germany was given no part in drafting the Treaty of Versailles.The Austro-Hungarian Empire was dismembered into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

13 Treaty of VersaillesGoal: cripple Germany economically so that it could never again rise to power and threaten to invade other sovereign states of EuropeOutcome for Germany:Accept blame for the entire war.Limit their army to 100,000 soldiers.Lost territory to PolandPay $32 billion in reparations to Entente members.Wartime promises to Arab leaders in return for their support for Entente in war were forgotten.Self-determination: right of people in region to determine whether to be independent or not

14 League of NationsThe League of Nations, proposed by Woodrow Wilson, was established after WWI to ensure to preserve peace and humanitarian goals.Many nations refused to join it (England and France were hesitant, Germany and Russia originally said no, and the U.S. openly rejected it)The League of Nations was a pre- cursor to the United Nations.

15 Weak European Colonial OrderTo win support of Western-educated elites and new allies in different regions, the French and British made many promises regarding postwar settlement.Created a great deal of postwar strainWar had cast doubt on claims that Europeans were, by virtue of being white, the fittest of all to rule the globeThe war gave support to anti-colonial movements in European colonies led by nationalist agitators with key themes.Lead taken by Western-educated elitesImportance of charismatic leaders in rallying peasant and urban massesReliance on nonviolent forms of protest

16 India: Nationalist challenge to the British RajThe National Congress Party led India to independence and governed India through its postcolonial era.The NCP was formed in 1885 and was supported by many British officials.The NCP gave Indians a sense of identity.Indians became concerned over British racism and the budget, where most monies went to the British army and British administrators.

17 Indian nationalismIndia contributed significantly to World War I as a colony of Great Britain and wartime inflation affected all segments of the Indian population.The Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909 provided educated Indians with expanded opportunities to vote for and serve on local and all-Indian legislative councilsBritish leaders had promised if Indians supported WWI, they would move to self-government once war was over. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of gave Indian provincial legislators increased control.However, the Rowlatt Act of 1919 restricted Indian civil rights, such as freedom of the press, which fueled local protest.

18 Emergence of GandhiMohandas Gandhi emerged as an Indian leader around 1919.He preached non-violent but aggressive protest against colonization.Gandhi built up a strong following with the middle-class.He also combined Western-educated ideas about law with Hindu values and asceticism.Nationalist protest surged in 1920s and 1930s.

19 Egypt and rise for nationalismThe British had occupied Egypt in after Orabi’s revoltEgyptians dissent began in the early 1900’s among the middle class, vying to expose the British monopolies and corruption.British arrogance and superiority was seen in events like the Dinshawai Incident (1906), leading to inflamed Egyptian nationalism.By 1913, British gave in and granted a constitution and representation in parliament

20 War and Nationalism in the middle eastAfter WWI, the Ottoman Empire collapsed (1923) and an independent Turkish republic had been establishedBritain and France carved up Arab portions of Ottoman Empire, even after promises for Arab independence after WWI.Syria, Iraq and Lebanon were carved out by the League of Nations, and nationalism grew hereDreyfus Affair (1894) spurs Jewish Zionists (movement for a Jewish Middle Eastern holy land). But the Balfour Declaration and British takeover of Palestine will strike Palestinian Arabs as a double betrayal.

21 1919 Revolt in EgyptDuring the war, the British defended the Suez Canal and used critical resources from Egypt in the war.After protests, British withdrawal began in 1922 and didn't end until British withdrawal of the Suez Canal zone in 1936.Even though Egypt had independence, Egyptian politicians were concerned more with power and wealth than with helping the poor with education, health, or labor

22 KEY TERMS…The Great War: Another name for World War I, used by Europeans until the advent of World War II.Kaiser Wilhelm II: German emperor in World War I; his aggressive foreign policy is often blamed for starting the war.Triple Alliance: Military and political alliance formed before World War I to counter moves by potential rivals England, France, and Russia; consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.Triple Entente: Military and political alliance formed before World War I by England, France, and Russia; created to challenge moves made by the Triple Alliance.The Great Powers: The industrialized, colonizing nations of Europe before World War I; includes England, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy; their rivalries led to the war.Allied Forces: Name used by countries fighting the Central Powers; major members were Britain, France, Russia, and Italy; later in the war, the United States and Japan joined their cause.Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire were the chief powers at war with the Allies.Jingoism: Warlike nationalist sentiment spread to and among the middle and working classes in Europe before the war.Dreadnought: Class of modern battleship launched by Britain before the war; triggered naval rivalry, especially with Germany.Gavriel Princip: Serbian nationalist, assassin of Archduke Ferdinand.Archduke Ferdinand: Heir to Austro-Hungarian throne; his assassination precipitated the events that developed into World War I.

23 KEY TERMS…Sarajevo: Capital of the Bosnian province in Austria-Hungary; site of Ferdinand’s assassination.Blank check: Promise of support from Germany to Austria-Hungary after Ferdinand’s assassination; Austria-Hungary sought reprisals against Serbia; one of many events that cascaded into global war.White dominions: Britain’s territories consisting of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand who sent soldiers into World War I.Western Front: War zone that ran from Belgium to Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among the combatants, including Britain, France, Russia, and Belgium; later included the United States.Marne River: Site near Paris, France, where Germany’s early offensive was halted and thrown back; set the stage for four years of trench warfare on the Western Front.Eastern Front: War zone that ran from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and the Balkan nations fought.Tsar Nicholas II: Last emperor of Russia whose poor military and political decisions led to his downfall and Russia’s loss in the war; he and Kaiser Wilhelm II made many moves that led to the start of the warPropaganda: Government-sponsored media coverage of the war designed to disseminate one-sided versions of “friendly” and enemy conduct; used to gin up support for the war among its citizenry.

24 KEY TERMS…Bolsheviks: Socialists in Russia who promoted overthrow of the tsar and the establishment of a socialist state; means “majority” in Russian.New women: Term used to describe career-oriented women in western Europe and the United States in the 1920s; they sought increased social and political rights.Jutland: Site of the war’s major sea battle between Germany and Britain off Denmark’s coast; German sea prowess was limited after this encounter.Gallipoli: Australian soldiers in support of the British were decimated by Turkish and German soldiers at this battle near the Dardanelles.German East Africa: Fighting occurred in Africa between British-led Indian and South African troops on one side, and German-trained east African troops on the other; today’s Tanzania.Treaty of Versailles: Wide-ranging postwar conference that promoted much of Wilson’s idealistic plan for peace but at the same time blamed and punished Germany for starting the war; included creation of a League of Nations, an international organization designed to prevent further war.Woodrow Wilson: American president who initially claimed neutrality in the war but later joined the Allied cause; his Fourteen Points and American fighting forces hastened an Allied victory; one of the Big Four at Versailles.Georges Clemenceau: French premier at Versailles peace conference who insisted on punishing Germany after the war; one of the Big Four.David Lloyd George: British prime minister at Versailles who attempted to mediate between Wilson’s “peace without victory” stand and Clemenceau’s, but with only partial success.

25 KEY TERMS…Armistice: All sides agreed to lay down their weapons without declaring victory; promoted by Woodrow Wilson to end the fighting; concept later rejected by France and Britain.Stab in the back: Myth promoted in Germany after the war that, on the brink of victory, socialists and Jewish politicians conspired to surrender to the Allies; used by Nazis as part of their drive to power in the 1920s.Self-determination: Wilson called for national independence from colonial rule before Versailles; this encouraged colonial subjects in Asia and Africa until they discovered Wilson intended his rhetoric only for Europe.Ho Chi Minh: Young nationalist from Vietnam seeking self-determination for his country at Versailles; was ignored, like many representatives from Asian and African colonies who were there.Indian Congress Party: Nationalist group in India that called for independence from Britain; led by Western-educated Indian elites; led India in the early postcolonial era.B. G. Tilak: Nationalist leader who promoted a reactionary sort of Hinduism to gain independence for India; influence faded after Britain exiled him.Morely-Minto reforms: In 1909, British colonial authorities expanded political opportunities for educated Indians.Mohandas Gandhi: Successful leader of the Indian nationalist movement who combined religious, social, and political know- how into a massive nonviolent campaign.Satyagraha: “Truth force,” a term used by Gandhi to describe peaceful boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, and mass demonstrations to promote Indian independence.Lord Cromer: British High Commissioner of Egypt at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries; implemented many, but apparently not enough, social and economic reforms.

26 KEY TERMS…Effendi: Prosperous Egyptian families who made up the middle class; leaders of the Egyptian nationalist movement came largely from this group.Dinshawai: Egyptian village where British violence came to represent the heavy-handed nature of colonial rule and united nationalists in their cause.Mandates: The Treaty of Versailles established British or French control over territories formerly held by Germany and the Ottoman Empire; especially important in regard to Arab areas after the war.Ataturk (a.k.a. Mustafa Kemal): Postwar leader of Turkey who launched sweeping reforms, including women’s suffrage and a Latin-based alphabet.Hussein, Sherif of Morocco: Convinced Arab leaders to support the French and British during the war because of their pledges of Arab independence.Zionists: Supporters of Jewish nationalism, especially a creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.Lord Balfour: British foreign secretary who pledged in a declaration the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which encouraged Jewish nationalists and angered Arabs.Pogroms: Violent assaults against Jewish communities, especially in Russia and Romania in the latter half of the 19th century.Theodor Herzl: Prominent journalist who led the cause of Zionism in the late 19th century.

27 KEY TERMS…Alfred Dreyfus: French officer and Jew who was falsely accused of spying for Germany in the late 19th century; his mistreatment spurred Herzl and other Zionists to increase their call for a Jewish homeland.World Zionist Organization: Formed by Herzl and other prominent European Jewish leaders to promote Jewish migration to Palestine in advance of the creation of a Zionist state in Palestine.Sa’d Zaghlul: Energetic leader of the nationalist-leaning Wafd Party in Egypt.Liberal Constitutionalist Party; Labor Party: Rivals to Egypt’s Wafd Party; once in control of their own government, these three parties did little to help the peasantry.Gamal Abdel Nasser: Led a military coup in Egypt in 1952; ruled until 1970; established himself as a major Arab force in the Middle East.Lord Lugard: Influential British colonial administrator who predicted the rise of African nationalism.Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois: Americans who promoted African nationalism and unity.Pan-Africanism: Movement begun in the 1920s to promote African nationalism and unity; did much to arouse anticolonial sentiment.Negritude: Literary movement in France that argued precolonial African societies were superior in many ways to European colonial societies in Africa; writers included L.S. Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire.

28 KEY TERMS…National Congress of British West Africa: Regionalized version of the pan-African movement.Armenian genocide: Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.Adolf Hitler: Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to his suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews.League of Nations: International diplomatic and peace organization created with the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.Montagu-Chelmsford reforms: Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministrieRowlatt Act: Placed restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919.Hussein: Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise; died 1931.Leon Pinsker: (1821 – 1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land.Wafd party: Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaghlul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.Leópold Sédar Senghor: (1906 – 2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the negritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.