Abstract

ABSTRAK
Penegakkan hukum atas pelanggaran HAM berat kategori kejahatan
terhadap kemanusiaan berdasarkan prinsip pertanggungjawaban komando, tidak
hanya merupakan urusan domestik dari suatu negara, namun telah menjadi
concern “masyarakat internasional” untuk memutus mata rantai praktik impunity.
Permasalahan yang relevan untuk dikaji lebih lanjut dalam disertasi ini
adalah (1). Urgensi pemerintah Indonesia membuat UU No. 26 tahun 2000
tentang Pengadilan HAM sebagai dasar hukum penuntutan pertanggungjawaban
pidana komandan atau atasan dalam pelanggaran HAM yang berat kategori
kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan; (2). Bagaimana penerapan prinsip
pertanggungjawaban pidana komandan atau atasan dalam pelanggaran HAM berat
kategori kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan pada peradilan HAM di Indonesia pada
khususnya maupun peradilan (HAM) internasional pada umumnya.
Penelitian dalam disertasi ini merupakan penelitian doktrinal, dengan
menggunakan metode pendekatan yang bersifat yuridis normatif. Teknik
pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka dan dokumenter terhadap
bahan hukum primer maupun bahan hukum sekunder yang terkait dengan
substansi disertasi. Setelah dilakukan proses identifikasi dan klasifikasi, dilakukan
analisis kualitatif atas data-data tersebut.
Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan terhadap permasalahan pertama di atas,
dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban negara atas pelanggaran HAM
berat sangat terkait dengan hak suatu negara untuk melaksanakan yurisdiksi dalam
batas wilayahnya. Urgensi pemerintah membuat UU No. 26 tahun 2000 tentang
pengadilan HAM antara lain adalah : sebagai antisipasi pembentukan peradilan
internasional sebagaimana pernah dilakukan PBB di Yugoslavia maupun Rwanda;
mengisi kekosongan peraturan hukum.
Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan permasalahan kedua, dapat disimpulkan
bahwa di Indonesia, para pelaku pelanggaran HAM berat kategori kejahatan
terhadap kemanusiaan yang dituntut berdasarkan prinsip pertanggungjawaban
komando telah diputus bebas dengan alasan para pelaku bukan bawahan para
terdakwa; para terdakwa tidak mempunyai hubungan hierarki garis komando dan
pengendalian yang efektif terhadap para pelaku yang bukan anak buah atau
bawahannya.
Pertanggungjawaban komando atas pelanggaran HAM berat kategori
kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan telah dipraktikan oleh lembaga peradilan
internasional, mulai dari Nuremberg Trial di Jerman, Tokyo Tribunal di Jepang,
ICTY di Yugoslavia dan ICTR di Rwanda. Unsur pokok pertanggungjawaban
komando adalah adanya hubungan subordinasi antara komandan atau atasan
dengan bawahannya; adanya pengetahuan komandan atau atasan bahwa anak
buahnya akan, sedang atau telah melakukan pelanggaran; komandan atau atasan
dengan kekuasaan yang dimilikinya gagal melakukan pencegahan atau
menghentikan atau menindak dan menyerahkan pelaku kepada yang berwajib.
Kata kunci : Tanggung Jawab Komando, Pelanggaran HAM berat, Peradilan
HAM
ABSTRACT
The legal attempt enforcing law against the gross violation of human right based
on the commander responsibility principle, is not only a domestic concern of a nation but
it already became an international concern, in order to cut loose the chain impunity
practice. The relevant problems to be further concern in this dissertation are : 1) The
Indonesian Government urgency in enacted the Law number 26 year 2000 of The Human
Rights Court, as the basic legal prosecution for any penal responsibility by commander or
any superior officer for violating the human rights which become the gross violation of
human rights; 2) the applied of the commander responsibility principle toward the human
rights court in Indonesia and in international court.
This is a doctrinal research that use a legal normative approached. The data
collection technique in this research is using secondary data (book and documentary
study) toward primary legal data and secondary legal data which relevant to the
dissertation substance. After those data has been identified and classified, they were being
analyzed using qualitative method.
The first research result for the first problem is that the Indonesia Government
has a power to enacted a law thus to enforce it by prosecute and put into trial anybody
who violated the human rights, and this power goes with its sovereignty. One of the
urgency to enacted the Law number 26 year 2000 of The Human Right Court as the
ground to prosecuted military commander, chief police officer and any civilian leader
with criminal responsibility in gross violation of human rights being done by their team
member/dependant who were under the effective chain of command by the Indonesian
Government is to anticipate the formation of International Criminal Tribunal For the
Rwanda (1993) and International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (1994) by the United
Nation Security Council and also to fulfill the legal loophole in human rights regulation
in Indonesia.
The second research result for the first problem is a knowledge that all of those
defendants who were charged for gross violation of human rights by commander
responsibility principle, were awarded with a free sentence and those sentences were all
binding by law. The argument for that sentences was because the defendants were not in
superior position for those actors who done the gross violation of human rights,
defendants did not have any hierarchy line of command and did not have any effective
control for those who committed gross violation of human rights.
The main elements in commander responsibility theory that applied in gross
violation of human rights court were based on the decision of International Military
Tribunal Nuremberg in Germany and International Military Tribunal Tokyo in Japan, the
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and International Criminal Tribunal for the
Former Yugoslavia, that the action must showed similarity with elements such as : the
subordination relationship between commander and his member or superior inferior
relationship; there is an acknowledge by commander or superior for his members were,
subject to, or already did an actual or constructive violation of human rights; the
commander or the superior with all of his power were failed to hindered, stopped or
punished and transferred the violators to the authorities.
Keywords :
Commander Responsibility, Gross Violation of Human Rights, Human
Rights Courts.