Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are specialized dendritic cells, also known as IFN-α producing cells. pDC are key inducers of immune responses following viral infections, by detecting viral antigens through the Toll-like-receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Although cord blood pDC are unable to produce IFN-α after stimulation, they retain their capacity to mature into antigen presenting cells.
To gain insights into the mechanisms of pDC regulation in cord blood, we investigated the effects of immune regulators secreted by the placenta on the differentiation and function of pDC. Using in vitro differentiated pDC, we analyzed the effect of progesterone (PG), IL-10 and TGF-β, separately or in combination, on pDC differentiation and activation. The data revealed that supra-physiological concentrations of these three factors could individually impair pDC differentiation and IFN-α production. Physiological concentrations of PG, IL-10 or TGF-β, individually, had low impact on pDC while in combination they were able to modulate IFN-α production. We also showed that PG, IL-10 or TGF-β failed to induce the expression of micro-RNA 146a and 155 in pDC. Lastly, our results indicated that PG, IL-10 and TGF-β were present at high levels in cord blood as compared to adult blood.
These results, therefore, shed new light on the synergy of immune regulators secreted by the placenta and their impact on foetal and neonatal immune responses.