Many people see the evidence for a God in the intelligent design of the "fine-tuned universe". Therefore, human life on earth would never exist unless certain universal constants were within a concise range.
The mathematical probabilities of all these constants coming together point to the existence of God or an 'intelligent designer' of the universe.

Mathematical Probability The probability of there being NO God or Creator:
1 in 10^123 (10 to power 123) or
1 in
1,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000, 000,000,000
Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality

"It seems as though someone has fine-tuned nature's numbers to make the universe. The impression of design is overwhelming..."

Paul Davies, The Cosmic Blueprint, New York, Simon & Schuster 1988

The table below explores some of the constants in our universe and how incredibly fine-tuned the Earth is for human survival.

Extreme

Extreme

1 Strong nuclear force constant

Small scale attractive force, holds nuclei of atoms together which otherwise repulse each other because of the electromagnetic force

if larger: no hydrogen would form; atomic nuclei for most life-essential elements would be unstable; thus, no life chemistry

if smaller: no elements heavier than hydrogen would form: again, no life chemistry

2 Weak nuclear force constant

Governs radioactive decay

if larger: too much hydrogen would convert to helium in big bang; hence, stars would convert too much matter into heavy elements making life chemistry impossible

if smaller: too little helium would be produced from big bang; hence, stars would convert too little matter into heavy elements making life chemistry impossible

3 Gravitational force constant

Large scale attractive force which holds people on planets, and holds planets, stars and galaxies together

if larger: stars would be too hot and would burn too rapidly and too unevenly for life chemistry; Stars burn up too quickly

if smaller: stars would be too cool to ignite nuclear fusion; thus, many of the elements needed for life chemistry would never form; Planets and stars cannot form

4 Electromagnetic force constant

Small scale attractive and repulsive force, holds atoms electrons and atomic nuclei together

if greater: chemical bonding would be disrupted; elements more massive than boron would be unstable to fission

9 Entropy level of the universe

10 Mass density of the universe

if larger: overabundance of deuterium from big bang would cause stars to burn rapidly, too rapidly for life to form

if smaller: insufficient helium from big bang would result in a shortage of heavy elements

11 Velocity of light

if faster: stars would be too luminous for life support

if slower: stars would be insufficiently luminous for life support

12 Age of the universe

if older: no solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would exist in the right (for life) part of the galaxy

if younger: solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would not yet have formed

13 Initial uniformity of radiation

if more uniform: stars, star clusters, and galaxies would not have formed

if less uniform: universe by now would be mostly black holes and empty space

14 Average distance between galaxies

if larger: star formation late enough in the history of the universe would be hampered by lack of material

if smaller: gravitational tug-of-wars would destabilize the sun's orbit

15 Density of galaxy cluster

if denser: galaxy collisions and mergers would disrupt the sun's orbit

if less dense: star formation late enough in the history of the universe would be hampered by lack of material

16 Average distance between stars

if larger: heavy element density would be too sparse for rocky planets to form

if smaller: planetary orbits would be too unstable for life

17 Fine structure constant

Describing the fine-structure splitting of spectral lines

if larger than 0.06: matter would be unstable in large magnetic fields

if smaller: all stars would be at least 80% more massive than the sun

18 Decay rate of protons

if greater: life would be exterminated by the release of radiation

if smaller: universe would contain insufficient matter for life

19 12C to 16O nuclear energy level ratio

if larger: universe would contain insufficient oxygen for life

if smaller: universe would contain insufficient carbon for life

20 Ground state energy level for 4He

if larger: universe would contain insufficient carbon and oxygen for life

if smaller: same as above

21 Decay rate of 8Be

if faster: no element heavier than beryllium would form; thus, no life chemistry

if slower: heavy element fusion would generate catastrophic explosions in all the stars

22 Ratio of neutron mass to proton mass

if higher: neutron decay would yield too few neutrons for the formation of many life-essential elements

if lower: neutron decay would produce so many neutrons as to collapse all stars into neutron stars or black holes

23 Initial excess of nucleons over anti-nucleons

if greater: radiation would prohibit planet formation

if lesser: matter would be insufficient for galaxy or star formation

24 Polarity of the water molecule

if greater: heat of fusion and vaporization would be too high for life

if smaller: heat of fusion and vaporization would be too low for life; liquid water would not work as a solvent for life chemistry; ice would not float, and a runaway freeze-up would result

25 Supernovae eruptions

Outer spiral arm of galaxy which allows a planet to stay safely away from supernovae eruptions

if too far, too infrequent, or too soon: heavy elements would be too sparse for rocky planets to form

if too close, too frequent, or too late: radiation would exterminate life on the planet

26 White dwarf binaries

White Dwarf binaries are a reliable source of gravitational waves that help us map the structure of our own galaxy

if too many: planetary orbits would be too unstable for life

if too few: insufficient fluorine would exist for life chemistry

if formed too late: fluorine would arrive too late for life chemistry

if formed too soon: insufficient fluorine production

27 Ratio of exotic matter mass to ordinary matter mass

if larger: universe would collapse before solar-type stars could form

if smaller: no galaxies would form

28 Number of effective dimensions in the early universe

if larger: quantum mechanics, gravity, and relativity could not coexist; thus, life would be impossible

if smaller: same result

29 Number of effective dimensions in the present universe

if larger: electron, planet, and star orbits would become unstable

if smaller: same result

30 Mass of the neutrino

if larger: galaxy clusters and galaxies would be too dense

if smaller: galaxy clusters, galaxies, and stars would not form

31 Big bang ripples

if larger: galaxies/galaxy clusters would be too dense for life; black holes would dominate; universe would collapse before life-site could form

if smaller: galaxies would not form; universe would expand too rapidly

32 Size of the relativistic dilation factor

if larger: certain life-essential chemical reactions will not function properly

if smaller: same result

33 Uncertainty magnitude in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

if larger: oxygen transport to body cells would be too great and certain life-essential elements would be unstable

if smaller: oxygen transport to body cells would be too small and certain life-essential elements would be unstable

34 Cosmological constant

Which controls the expansion speed of the universe refers to the balance of the attractive force of gravity with a hypothesized repulsive force of space observable only at very large size scales. It must be very close to zero, that is, these two forces must be nearly perfectly balanced. To get the right balance, the cosmological constant must be fine-tuned

Mathematical Probability
Cosmological Constant 1:10^120

if larger: universe would expand too quickly to form solar-type stars; universe would fly apart

if smaller, universe would collapse before stars formed

35 Initial distribution of mass energy

if larger, stars would not form within proto-galaxies

if smaller, no proto-galaxies would form

36 Steady plate tectonics with right kind of geological interior

Which allows the carbon cycle and generates a protective magnetic field

if larger, the earth's plate tectonic recycling could not take place

37 Right amount of water in crust

Which provides the universal solvent for life

if too much water, vital plants and vegetation would not grow and humans could not exist

if too little water, vital plants and vegetation would not grow and humans could not exist

38 Moon with right rotation period

Which stabilizes a planet's tilt and contributes to sea tides. In the case of the Earth, the gravitational pull of its moon stabilizes the angle of its axis at a nearly constant 23.5 degrees. This ensures relatively temperate seasonal changes, and the only climate in the solar system mild enough to sustain complex living organisms.

if larger tilt, the unpredictable and unbearable climate would make it impossible for life to form

if smaller tilt, the unpredictable and unbearable climate would make it impossible for life to form

39 Right concentration of sulfur

Which is necessary for important biological processes

40 Right planetary mass

Which allows a planet to retain the right type and right thickness of atmosphere

if smaller, the Earth's magnetic field would be weaker, allowing the solar wind to strip away our atmosphere, slowly transforming our planet into a dead, barren world much like Mars

41 Near inner edge of circumstellar habitable zone

Planet maintains the right amount of liquid water on the surface

if too far, or if the Earth were about 20% farther from the Sun, it would experience runaway glaciations of the kind that has left Mars sterile

if too close, or if the Earth were just 5% closer to the Sun, it would be subject to the 288 same fate as Venus, a runaway greenhouse effect, with temperatures rising to nearly 900 degrees Fahrenheit

42 Low-eccentricity circular orbit around galactic center

Orbit and giant planet resonances. Planet maintains a safe orbit over a long period of time which enables a planet to avoid traversing dangerous parts of the galaxy

if too far, galaxy collisions and mergers would disrupt the sun's orbit

if too close, star formation late enough in the history of the universe would be hampered by lack of material

43 Large Jupiter-mass planetary neighbors in large circular orbits

Protects the habitable zone from comet bombardments. The larger planets in our solar system provide significant protection to the Earth from the most dangerous comets

if pull too strong, the Earth would pull devastating comets in that would cause mass extinction

if pull too weak, the Earth would be open to direct collisions with devastating comets that would cause mass extinction

44 Within the galactic habitable zone

Which allows a planet to have access to heavy elements while being safely away from the dangerous galactic center

if too far, star formation late enough in the history of the universe would be hampered by lack of material

if too close, gravitational tug-of-wars would destabilize the sun's orbit

45 During the cosmic habitable age

When heavy elements and active stars exist without too high a concentration of dangerous radiation events

if long ago, no solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would exist in the right (for life) part of the galaxy

if recent, solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would not yet have formed

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