The secret lives of boys:
Niobe Way conducted hundreds of interviews with boys from 11 to 18 and
found that more than 85 percent of her respondents suggested their
closest friends, especially those during early and middle adolescence,
“share the plot of ‘Love Story’ more than the plot of ‘Lord of the
Flies.’” She argues such friendships fade as they age because of
ingrained societal norms... [Why such friendships fade?] They become,
she said, “increasingly attuned to cultural messages about manhood and
maturity.”“Rather than focusing on who they are,” Way added, “they become obsessed with who they are not.”
[Is it possible that boys who are supposed to love/desire females and
especially have sex with them - or at least lie about that - so that no
one will think/believe/suspect that they are homosexual/gay? For one
possibility of what may happen in adolescent friendship boy groups when
homo-sex is acceptable, see: "Acadia,
Arcadia - what's the difference?"]Ask an Academic: The Secrets of Boys:
When they talk about intimacy that might remain in their closest male
friendships, they use the expression "no homo" to underscore their
heterosexual status. Questions about close friendships from the
interviewers become, for the boys during late adolescence, questions
about sexuality.Examples of homo-sex having been the rule for male-bonding adolescent boys in some human cultures are given in: The Origins and Role of Same-Sex Relations in Human Societies - 2009 - by James Neill (Google Books).

Masculinity for Boys: Resource Guide for Peer Educators (UNESCO, New Delhi, 2006, PDF, PDF):Men
have always secretly known and understood the universal male need for
intimacy with men, but have also known that the society strongly
discourages open acknowledgement of such desire...
What would surprise many is that before the British arrived in India,
the Indian society had many socially approved spaces in the mainstream
male society, where male-male intimacy flourished openly. Most such
spaces and customs were destroyed by the long British rule, but some
survived till a century ago... We have seen how the heterosexualisation
of Indian society is changing this traditional masculinity pattern.
Heterosexualisation also includes the homosexualisation of male-male
love. It is one of the most basic forms of male oppression.

Saudi Study: Nearly a Quarter of Children Raped; Up to 46% of Students "Suffer" from Homosexuality:
In addition to that, there is a study from the Office of Societal
Supervision, which is also very serious. This study reported that 46% of
students in the city of Riyadh suffer from homosexuality. Twenty-five
percent of students in Jeddah suffer from homosexuality. We must be
aware of this in order to combat these numbers quickly. The society has
become fragmented. When we have a percentage of students - children or
teenagers - who are gay, this is a catastrophe, a true catastrophe. I
mean, we don’t have a strong society. We should really look at this more
seriously.

The Desire and Pursuit of the
Whole: Testosterone, Perceived Dominance, and Sexual Preference in Men
(by Ross Brooks, 2004: HTML,
PDF)

Book Proposal for SO YOU SAY YOU’RE STRAIGHT: The one in five hidden homosexual heterosexuals:It is a little-known fact that the majority of people in the
community who experience homosexual feelings are predominately
heterosexual in feelings and sexual behaviour and identify as
heterosexual. Studies to date suggest that as much as 17 percent
of the population could be described in this way. However, this
group remain hidden in the majority of studies, which continue to
examine sexual behaviour within the restrictive categories of
homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual.

Visual Definition of a Male Masturbating
(Likely the most engaged-in sexual behavior of males in western countries):
'A male having sex with a male who happens to be himself'

Grero: The Masculine Gender and Cure for Heterosexuality (Or: Did You Know You're Not Straight?)

The Erotic Theater of the Mind: Secret Sexual Fantasies
(2010): "Even, perhaps especially, the outwardly homophobic male has
gay fantasies. Why do you think a guy like that is so scared of gays
“converting”
straight men? Because in his fantasies, that’s exactly what
happens: a
hugely endowed male dominates him, forcing him to have sex—usually
giving oral or taking anal--and he likes it, at least in fantasy
(again, this doesn’t necessarily mean he’s truly gay). Masters
&
Johnson reported that
heterosexuals often fantasize about homosexual encounters and vice
versa, more often reflecting curiosity and other impulses than the
desire to
change the gender of one's real-life lovers. Norman Mailer went so far
as to say that “There is probably no sensitive heterosexual alive who is
not
preoccupied with his latent homosexuality.” I would add “at some
point
in his life,” since such desires come and go. Our society tends to
make
things black
or white, good or bad, male or female, heterosexual or homosexual. But
the human sexual imagination is most definitely bisexual, even what you
might call omnisexual... - Bisexuality: The true norm?

To "The SEARCH Section" For...The Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites to Locate Papers & Abstracts...
And The Sites - Some Searchable - Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

My genes made me do it (1995): (Alternate Link)
" Just about every week now, we read new headlines about the genetic
basis for breast cancer, homosexuality, intelligence, or obesity. In
previous years, these stories were about the genes for alcoholism,
schizophrenia, and manic depression. Such news stories may lead us to
believe our lives are being revolutionized by genetic discoveries. We
may be on the verge of reversing and eliminating mental illness, for
example. In addition, many believe, we can identify the causes of
criminality, personality, and other basic human foibles and traits. But
these hopes, it turns out, are based on faulty assumptions about genes
and behavior. Although genetic research wears the mantle of science,
most of the headlines are more hype than reality... In the debate over
the genetics of homosexuality, the data supporting a genetic basis are
similarly weak... But for many, the politics of a homosexual gene
outweigh the science. A genetic explanation for homosexuality answers
bigots who claim homosexuality is a choice which should be rejected.
But to accept that nongenetic factors contribute to homosexuality does
not indicate prejudice against gays..." - A Modern Refrain: My Genes Made Me Do It (2005). - My Genes Made Me Do It! - A Scientific Look At Sexual Orientation - 1999 - by Neil Whitehead, Briar Whitehead (Review:
Includes voluminous references to support their thesis that homosexual
activities do not have or have very little genetic basis. Our
sexuality, as well as most of our behavior, they believe, is all about
the learning process. The Whiteheads do not appear to be on a
fundamentalist moral crusade since they also believe that neither
homosexual nor heterosexual orientation is genetic!) (Reviews).

The life of the gay gene: from hypothetical genetic marker to social reality
(2012): The gay gene was first identified in 1993 as a correlation
between the genetic marker Xq28 and gay male sexuality. The results of
this original study were never replicated, and the biological reality of
such an entity remains hypothetical. However, despite such tenuous
provenance, the gay gene has persisted as a reference in science news,
popular science writings, and in press releases and editorials about
biomedical research. An examination of the life of the gay gene in U.K.
news media demonstrates that the gay gene has become an assumed
back-story to genetic sexuality research over time, and that the
critique of its very existence has been diminished. Latterly, the gay
gene has entered into the online biomedical databases of the 21st
century with the same pattern of persistence and diminishing critique.
This article draws on an analysis of the U.K. press and online databases
to represent the process through which the address of the gay gene has
shifted and become an index of biomedicalization. The consequent
unmooring of the gay gene from accountability and accuracy demonstrates
that the organization of biomedical databases could benefit from greater
cross-disciplinary attention. - The secret identity of a biology textbook: straight and naturally sexed (2011).

American Society of Human Genetics, 2012 Annual Meeting: Genome Wide Association Study of Sexual Orientation in a Large, Web-based Cohort.
E. M. Drabant, A. K. Kiefer, N. Eriksson, J. L. Mountain, U. Francke,
J. Y. Tung, D. A. Hinds, C. B. Do 23andMe, Mountain View, CA. (Alternate Link, Must Scroll) (Poster Presentation):
We adapted the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid to examine seven elements
of sexual orientation. All items were rated on a seven point scale by
participants. Initial analyses focused on the “self identification” item
as a continuous variable in response to the question “How do you label,
identify or think of yourself?” In a sample of 7,887 men and 5,570
women, 77.2% of men 74.6% of women identified as heterosexual only, 7.3%
of men and 15.3% of women as heterosexual mostly, 1.1% of men and 2.7%
of women as heterosexual somewhat more, 1.3% of men and 3.5% of women as
bisexual, 0.7% of men and 0.5% of women as homosexual somewhat more,
2.9% of men and 1.6% of women as homosexual mostly, and 9.5% of men and
1.8% of women as homosexual only. In both men and women, sexual identity
was most significantly correlated with sexual attraction (men r=0.97,
women r=0.90), sexual behavior (men r=0.95, women r=0.83), sexual
fantasies (men r=.96, women r=.75), and emotional attraction (men
r=0.79, women r=0.45), and the least strongly correlated with
heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle (men r=.54, women r=.37), and social
preference (men r=.15, women r=.08). We carried out GWAS stratified by
sex in a cohort of 7887 unrelated men and 5570 unrelated women of
European ancestry collected in the two months since the initial survey
release. No clear genome-wide significant associations have been found
thus far, and the current data do not show any direct association for
markers within chromosome band Xq28. However, data collection is still
ongoing, and increased sample size may help to clarify the roles for
currently suggestive associations.

Gay?
it's all in the genes, says UCLA study(2003): "Is there such a thing
as a gay gene? Scientists at UCLA have discovered 54 genes in mice which
suggest that homosexuality may not be a choice as sexual identity is hard-wired
into the brain before birth... While stressing the study was "not about
finding the gay gene," Dr Vilain said “the first human implication will
be to understand transexualism, which is different than homosexuality.”
...Dr Vilain added that finding the exact gene that results in homosexuality
would require considerable more research and added that if future research
does determine conclusively that homosexuality is genetic and not a choice,
the implications would be huge."

Jannini EA, Blanchard R, Camperio-Ciani A, Bancroft J (2010). Male homosexuality: nature or culture? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(10): 3245-53. From Abstract:
Debate continues on whether or not male homosexuality (MH) is a result
of biological or cultural factors. The debate persists despite the fact
that these two sides have different abilities to create a scientific
environment to support their cause. Biological theorists produced
evidence, however, that these are not always robust. On the other hand,
social theorists, without direct evidence confirming their positions,
criticize, with good argument, methods and results of the other side.
The aim of this Controversy is to understand the reasons of both
perspectives...The JSM's readers should recognize that there are several
biological factors in MH. However, these findings do not seem to be able
to explain all cases of homosexuality. Some others may be due to
particular environmental factors. The issue is complicated and
multifactorial, suggesting that further research should be undertaken to
produce the final answer to the question raised in this Controversy
section.

The resurgence of biological determinism (Word Download N/A):
"Homosexuality and Biological Determinism: Does it really matter
whether we can scientifically ascertain the cause of homosexuality? And
if we can, what are the social, political, and personal ramifications
of such knowledge? When it comes to human diversity and social
acceptance of people who are different than the majority, biological
determinism has often been called on to support the extermination,
alteration, or marginalization of minority groups. This historical
precedence creates a wariness and reluctance for us to advocate the
biological innateness of sexual orientation. However, environment as a
“cause” is equally problematic. If one’s surroundings lead to a certain
sexual orientation and social values label that orientation as deviant,
then demands can be made to force people away from those surroundings.
Neither biological determinism nor environmental influences matter when
it comes to protecting people from discrimination. Science cannot be a
justification for marginalizing people, and scientists ethically must
be the guardians of their research. Therefore, until gay people are
protected from discrimination and harassment, scientists cannot ignore
the social implications of their research on the potential causes of
homosexuality."

Tyranny
of the heterosexual/homosexual binary? - Unresolved
Issues in Scientific Sexology: "The majority of men and women who report
homosexual feelings and/or behavior report predominant heterosexual feelings
and behavior and do not identify as homosexual. These consistent findings
remain ignored. Studies of the etiology and development of homosexuality
and heterosexuality treat them as distributed categorically rather than
dimensionally and investigate only self-identified homosexuals and heterosexuals.
With this methodology the predominantly heterosexual majority are excluded
or misclassified." - BiBrain.Org(2011):
The video above confirms what three separate academic papers to
be published soon have found: there is objective scientific evidence
for bisexual arousal patterns in human malesas well as females. Put
differently, it is wrong to say a person is "straight, gay or lying."

The Neurobiology of Sex/Gender-Based Attraction (2010): Abstract...
"What causes same-sex attraction? Or, more broadly, what controls
sex/gender-based attraction? Over the years there have been numerous
theories, but more recently scientists have focused on the biology and,
more specifically, the neurobiology of gender-based attraction. This
article takes the reader through a critical review of the current
literature related to sex/gender-based attraction. In examining this
literature it is important to ask who is doing the studies, who has an
interest in the results, and how the assumptions of the investigator
and the audience affect the study design and conclusions." Ending of Paper:
Sexuality is more complicated than we could ever imagine, and yet we
use rather simple language to describe it. Sociobiological theory tells
us that we have certain “predispositions,” and that culture overlays
and shapes those. However, we assume that these predispositions are the
same as the categories of sexuality that we have culturally created. We
argue that people are “born” with predispositions to be gay and then
those are shaped by culture. What if there is no predisposition to be
gay? What if we are born with an interest in or arousal to soft things,
rough things, tall or short things, old or young, passive or active, or
certain smells? What if even those descriptors are too broad? Gayle
Rubin makes this point by comparing sexuality to our appetite for food:
“The belly’s hunger gives no clues as to the complexities of cuisine.
The body, the brain, the genitalia, and the capacity for language are
all necessary for human sexuality. But they do not determine its
content, its experiences, or its institutional forms. . . . It is
impossible to think with any clarity about the politics of race or
gender as long as they are thought of as biological entities rather
than as social constructs. Similarly, sexuality is impervious to
political analysis as long as it is primarily conceived as a biological
phenomenon or an aspect of individual psychology. Sexuality is as much
a human product as are diets, methods of transportation, systems of
etiquette, forms of labor, types of entertainment, processes of
production, and modes of oppression.” (Rubin, 1993) - The Social Construction of Sex: Intersex as Evidence (2009).

What is Queer? (1998)
"The lesbian woman or the gay man is constructed by a heterosexual
society and a part of this. The opposite standpoint is essentialism, or
biodeterminism, and would argue that there is a biological explanation
of homosexuality, as well as arguing that gender is rooted in our
biological sexes. We both find this idea quite absurd; if gender is
biological,..." - Notes on show (Listen to Episode): Original Airdate 04/19/2005 - Genetic Determinism:
"John Dupré, Professor of Sociology and Director of EGenIS (ESRC
Centre for Genomics in Society), University of Exeter... Are there
genes for practically everything? For being gay? For being mean? For
being a philosopher? Does modern science show that we are largely the
product of our genes --- or not? ... Dupre thinks that genetic
determinism is false. Does this mean that anyone can become anything?
What does his view entail? There are limits, but they are not imposed
solely by genes. Dupre thinks we should shift from focusing on the
genome to concentrating on development." [Note: At the site, the link for the article is dead, but is given here: "Article discussing whether there is a gene for homosexuality".

Council For Responsible Genetic: - Brief on Sexual Orientation and Genetic Determinism
(May 2006, Alternate Link): "We are sexual beings, yet this does not mean that we
are born homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Our sexual expression
can change over time, towards different people, through different
experiences. A lack of understanding about this type of human
variability often leads to a perspective that our genes define who we
are. Each of the above areas of research displays findings that hinge
on the assumption that a given individual’s sexual expression neatly
fits into the categories “straight” and “gay.” By not considering
evidence of human sexual fluidity, debates regarding origins and
biology are not substantial or complete. Current efforts fail to tell
the whole story. And even if we were to accept that the assigned sexual
orientation of the individuals participating in these studies
accurately reflected their lifelong expression, conclusive proof of a
link between this and their genes has yet to be found..."

The "g0y" phenomenon:
Their slogan is "G0ys take the 'A' out of 'Gay'. They are men who have
feelings of "real warmth and affection for other guys" but do not
classify themselves as homosexual. Turned off by the idea of anal sex,
g0ys enjoy being affectionate with other men, whether that means
kissing, cuddling, hugging, drunken wrestling (according to
http://www.g0ys.org) or oral stimulation. Furthermore, while they
respect masculinity, they detest the ways in which homosexuality has
been linked to effeminacy. - G0YS.org - Spelled with a ZER0. - g0ydar. - g0y sites & groups.
Generally, g0ys believe in Friendship First. In addition to rejected
anal behavior they also reject anonymous hook-ups and instead favor
developing these initially non-sexual Friendships (plural) over time. In
this manner, some friendships may only remain platonic, but other may
strengthen and grow to levels in which intimacy becomes a possibility.
They are not looking for the 'guaranteed lay', but instead put emphasis
on developing a core group of buddies around us that we know will become
a life-long association.De La Torre,
Miguel (1999). Beyond Machismo: a Cuban Case Study. The Annual of the
Society of Christian Ethics, 19, 213-33. Internet Availability: Full Text. Full Text.
"To tell a man not to be a maricón, also means "don't be a coward."
Cuban homophobia differs from homophobia in the United States. We do not
fear the homosexual; rather we hold him in contempt for being a man who
chooses not to prove his manhood. Unlike North Americans, where two men
engaged in a sexual act are both called homosexuals, for Cubans only
the one that places himself in the "position" of a woman is the maricón.
Only the one penetrated is labeled loca (crazy woman, a term for
maricones). In fact, the man who is in the dominant position during
the sex act, known as bugarrón, is able to retain, if not increase, his
machismo."

Genetic homosexuality: 21st century phrenology (2004):
"It’s a modern, Western conceit that homosexuality is something
aberrant and unusual, which must be “explained.” There have been
numerous societies in which homosexual behavior was accepted as a
social norm and even seen as desirable, and in these societies
essentially all of the men engaged in homosexuality when circumstances
allowed. There are too many of these societies, arising independently
from too many different races and in too many different areas, for
there to be a common genetic explanation for the near-total incidence
of homosexuality in these societies (accepting the genetic hypothesis,
one would have to assume all men in these societies had the “gay
gene”). Social norms, not genetics, dictated these societal
differences; the idea that we are stamped “GAY” or “STRAIGHT” at
conception reflects ignorance of the historical record. Similar study
of any other sexual preference also tends to show virtually all of our
sexual preferences (skin color, body type, lip size, eye color, hair
color) are more a function of our social environment than our genes..."

On the Historiography of Sexuality:
"The past twenty-five years, the argument over the etiology of
homosexuality has dominated the field of GLBTQ
(Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transgendered/Queer) studies. Essentialists
maintain that sexual orientation is hard-wired in our consciousness.
Biology determines, in short, our sexual orientation. Social
constructionists, in contrast, argue that the social environment
configures the direction of our sexual desires. The wide-ranging debate
between these two viewpoints has made for some strange bedfellows.
Social constructionists, for example, comprise groups such as queer
theorists and activists on the left and Christian fundamentalists on
the right, as well as traditional psychoanalysts who do not fit neatly
into any political category. Essentialists bring together scientists,
especially geneticists and neurologists, and political centrists. The
American public, too, has been shifting decidedly in the direction of
essentialism in the past generation. This movement has occurred within
the gay and lesbian community, as well, particularly among those who
want to depoliticize and “normalize” homosexuality.... In 2007, we
simply do not have the means, scientific or socially-scientific, to
offer definitive proof about the origins of homosexuality,
heterosexuality, or any other form of sexual desire, behavior, or
identity."

Discussing
results of "genetic" studies in Singapore: Brother and Twins
(1997): Get any group of people together and let them talk long
enough about homosexuality, and I can guarantee you the nature/nurture
topic will come up. Many straight people will offer all sorts of pet
theories about how people "turned" gay, but almost all gay persons will
aver that it is in-born. They believe so because their sexual
orientation is not something they have ever chosen, nor something they
can unchoose. This, of course, is oversimplified. A lot of things that
are acculturated in us, like feelings of guilt in certain situations,
or our sense of ethnic identity, are, except for a handful who can
somehow radically unmake themselves, an essential part of us,
inerasable till the day we die. In other words, even if our gayness is
something we cannot excise from ourselves, it doesn't necessarily mean
it must be in-born...- Discovery
and dissimulation (1997). - The
Hormones Did It! - Essence
and Fluidity (1998). - Where
Straight Men Come From (1999). - "Where
Gay Boys Come From" by Camille Paglia, 1994, Havard Gay & Lesbian
Review.

'Gay' Sheep Controversy: - Of Gay Sheep, Modern Science and Bad Publicity (2007):
" Dr. Roselli, a researcher at the Oregon Health and Science
University, has searched for the past five years for physiological
factors that might explain why about 8 percent of rams seek sex
exclusively with other rams instead of ewes... But since last fall,
when People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals started a campaign
against the research, it has drawn a torrent of outrage from animal
rights activists, gay advocates and ordinary citizens around the world
— all of it based, Dr. Roselli and colleagues say, on a bizarre
misinterpretation of what the work is about. The story of the gay sheep
became a textbook example of the distortion and vituperation that can
result when science meets the global news cycle..." 'Gay sheep man' fights back (2007).

Can Animals Be Gay?
(New York Times, 2010): Since 2003, in addition to his investigation of
female-female macaque sex, Vasey has also been studying a particular
group of men in Samoa. “Westerners would consider them the equivalent
of gay guys, I guess,” he told me — they’re attracted exclusively to
other men. But they’re not considered gay in Samoa. Instead, these men
make up a third gender in Samoan culture, not men or women, called
fa’afafine. (Vasey warned me that mislabeling the fa’afafine “gay” or
“homosexual” in this article would jeopardize his ability to work with
them in the future: while there’s no stigma attached to being
fa’afafine in Samoan culture, homosexuality is seen as different and
often repugnant, even by some fa’afafine.)... [Note: Are western gay
males maybe "Third Gender" but in denial? Is it not "gender
nonconformity" that best distinguised them from heterosexual males? Why
was the NY Times piece titled "Can animals be gay?" Why not "Can
animals be fa’afafine? or... Can animals be hijras?" Does this reflect the ongoing incredibly arrogant supremacist-like white western bias? More colonialism?
As in also attempting to make the western socially constructed "gay"
concept into something that is rooted in biology?] - The Real Question: Could Animals Be Any More Gay? (2010). - Can animals be gay? Many display same-sex behavior, but it's not for human reasons, researchers say (2010). - Gay vs. Homosexual Behavior (2010).

Reports on 'gay' animal research criticised
(2012): The media's coverage of scientific research into same-sex
animal behaviour promotes negative stereotypes of gay and lesbians, say
researchers. Dr Andrew Barron from Macquarie University, and Dr Mark
Brown from Royal Holloway University of London, present their analysis
today in the journal Nature. "People who identify with these minority
groups in a human population see themselves presented for titillation,
humour and not to be taken seriously," says Barron. He and Brown
identified 11 recent scientific papers on key areas of same-sex animal
behaviour research. They then searched for media coverage of these
papers and chose 48 representative press reports to analyse in detail.
"Consistently any scientific report of same-sex sexual contact in any
animals is reported as gay or lesbian behaviour," says Barron. "It's
presented for titillation, often for humour, regardless of what the
science actually is." ...

Queerying Borders: An Afrikan Activist Perspective
(2008): Abstract: This article offers an overview of academic work that
focuses on queer sexualities in Africa and argues that binary
categories, those imported from outside Africa are not adequate for
addressing African sexualities... So how should one define lesbian?
Many people I associate with define lesbian as the equivalent of gay
homosexual, i.e. the opposite of heterosexual. While the construct
queer embraces those who are non-heteronormative and includes the
inbetween fluids and thus the construct lesbian does not necessarily
include me, because I define myself as beyond binaries, as inbetween
and fluid, dynamic and variable. Perhaps some may call me bisexual, but
this term too subscribes to a notion of polarity, that I am both poles,
when in fact I shift and change positions, not on a static linear
continuum, but on an endlessly spiralling ellipse, that not ironically
is ovoid, symbolic of female reproductive power. Is lesbian defined as
orientation, or as preference? Are we victims of biology, or active
agents with choice?

Sexuality
in Fifth Century Athens (1994, Alternate Link)::
"There is now a very considerable body of evidence to suggest that
human sexual behaviour is, to a great extent, socially constructed.
That is to say that the way women and men conduct their sexual lives is
determined to a marked degree by what a particular society finds
acceptable. Before we come to Athens in the fifth century BC, it is
instructive to consider the case of Ireland in the 19th and 20th
centuries... Sexuality in fifth century Athens was also socially
constructed. The basic point here is that human sexuality in Athens was
organised to meet the needs of the adult male citizen, whose body was
the locus of all power in the state. All other human beings--all women,
all slaves, all foreigners, and adolescent aristocratic boys--existed
sexually in relation to the adult male citizen and existed for his
sexual gratification. Aristocratic women existed to provide, after
marriage, legitimate children; all other women were regarded as
sexually available to the male citizen, whether they were prostitutes,
concubines, or high-class courtesans. Slaves, who were women and boys,
the lowest level of society, were similarly sexually available to male
citizens. These citizens also engaged in homosexual relationships with
adolescent boys between the ages of 12 and 18 from their own class,
these relationships being more complicated in their practice and
ideology...."

The myth of heterosexuality: where science and religion meet
(2008): Culture creates ontological categories for things that have
social consequences, and in America, whether you’re identified as
homo/hetero is one such and can have deadly consequences. But why does
our culture consider the duality of which gender you screw so
fundamentally important when, historically, most cultures have not? Men
who are primarily attracted to women and women who are primarily
attracted to men are hard to find in the classical record, but we who
are their cultural, racial, and religious heirs think we’re the normal
ones... It makes me laugh to read that these men of science and
religion used similar arguments with the hubris to imagine their own
modern ideas of knowledge and morality weren’t tainted by the politics
of their day. The status quo always seems “natural” for the people of
their time, something eternal, unalterable, and commanded by God.

Homosexuality N/A:
"Who is a homosexual? On the level of individual psychology, most adults
experience themselves, and identify themselves to others, as either heterosexual
or homosexual, despite the well-recognized fluidity of human sexual orientation.
A smaller number of adults experience themselves as having relatively little
preference for one sex over the other, and they identify themselves as
bisexual. The terms gay and lesbian have been adopted by a large number
of self-identified homosexual individuals as preferred ways of referring
to their gender orientation as well as to the culture they have developed
as an alternative to mainstream straight (ie, heterosexual) culture. On
the societal level in the United States, there is remarkably little tolerance
for the varying expressions of sexual orientation, and there tends to be
an imperative to identify individuals as being either heterosexual or homosexual.
For example, many military, religious, educational, and voluntary organizations
often demonstrate intense interest in whether one of their members is or
is not a homosexual, and they determine ways to deal with the individual
once this label has been applied (Wood, 2000; Sobel, 2001). The intent
is usually to expel, or in some way marginalize, the homosexual individual.
Gradations of sexual orientation are given little credence, and the notion
that evidence of any same-sex–oriented behavior indicates that an individual
is a homosexual is often given credence. This forced choice into rigid,
predetermined categories is a custom that has clear parallels in racist
attitudes and practices. For example, individuals have been categorized
as either colored or white, with the stigmatized colored status conferred
on people of mixed heritage even when most of their relatives were white."

Measuring
Gender (1999): "I will argue that the concepts of gender used in the attempt
to demonstrate a causal connection between CGN and sexual orientation are
inappropriate because they provide no uniform, consistent method for identifying
and measuring the biologically significant components of gender. I will
also argue that the concept of gender that does emerge from these studies
suggests an hypothesis about the connection between sexuality and gender
that is not consistent with the cross-gendered theory of the etiology of
homosexuality." - Studying and Measuring Gender in the Social Sciences (2007). - Defining
and Measuring Sexual Orientation: A Review (1997): "If advances in the
understanding of sexual orientations are to be made, it is critical that
definitions and measures of sexual orientation be standardized." - What
is a Sexual Act? "The author analyses the meanings that sexual intercourses
between sexes take for the Baruya, a population of inner New Guinea. There
are two kinds of intercourses, homosexual before marriage, heterosexual
after..." - Evidence
that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree (1997). - A Question
of Sexual Orientation (1994): "ASU Professor Frederick Whitam studies questions
related to sexual orientation. His research suggests that gay and lesbian
people are a permanent part of sexual orientation arrangements in all societies..." - Psychometric measures used in sexuality and gender studies.

How
Many Gay People are there? - Demographics of sexual orientation(Wikipedia,
Requires Some Updating. e.g. Sri Lanka national adolescent
homosexuality sexuality results reported below). Includes: "A random survey of 1672 males (number used for analysis) aged 15 to 19.
Subjects were asked a number of questions, including questions relating
to same-sex activity. This was done using two methods - a pencil and paper
method, and via computer, supplemented by a verbal rendition of the
questionnaire heard through headphones - which obtained vastly different
results. There was a 400% increase in males reporting homosexual
activity when the computer-audio system was used: from a 1.5% to 5.5%
positive response rate; the homosexual behavior with the greatest
reporting difference (800%, adjusted) was to the question "Ever had
receptive anal sex with another male": 0.1% to 0.8% [Study: Turner CF, Ku L, Rogers SM, Lindberg LD,
Pleck JH, Sonenstein FL (1998). Adolescent sexual behavior, drug
use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology.
Science, 280 (5365): 867-73. Abstract. Full Text.]. Pioneers in using this methodology in a 1992 survey were Bagley
C, Tremblay P (1998). On the prevalence of
homosexuality and bisexuality in a random community survey of 750 men aged
18 to 27. The Journal of Homosexuality, 36(2), 1-18.
Full
Text (Draft) PubMed
Abstract. Pre-Survey Testing Results were reported in Bagley C, Genuis, M (1991).
Sexual
abuse recalled: Evaluation of a computerized questionnaire in a population
of young adult males. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 72, 287-288 - Abstract.

Morales Knight LF, Hope DA (2012). Correlates of same-sex attractions and behaviors among self-identified heterosexual university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5): 1199-1208. Abstract. PDF Download.
Few studies have focused on intragroup variations in sexual orientation
and fewer on self-identified heterosexuals with same-sex attractions,
fantasies, and/or behaviors. Self-identified heterosexual students at a
large public midwestern university (N = 263) completed measures of
sexuality and gender, attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB)
people, religious and political beliefs, emotional well-being, and
demographics. The sample included 82 individuals (31%; labeled "H+") who
endorsed same-sex attraction, fantasy, and/or behavior and 181 (69%;
labeled "H") who did not. Women were more likely to be categorized as H+
than men.

Gallup Special Report: The U.S. Adult LGBT Population
(2012): A special Gallup report finds that 3.4% of U.S. adults identify
as lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT), with the highest
incidence among those who are non-white, younger, and less educated. The
findings are based on the largest representative sample of LGBT men and
women ever collected. Unlike Census data, which looks only at same-sex
couples, Gallup collected data based on more than 120,000 interviews of
adults in the US. This is the first of several reports that will analyze
data collected as part of Gallup’s daily tracking survey where
respondents are asked if they personally identify as gay, lesbian,
bisexual, or transgender... Younger Americans (age 18-29) are more than
three times as likely as seniors aged 65 and older to identify as LGBT
(6.4% v. 1.9%, respectively). Among those aged 30 to 64, LGBT
identity declines with age — at 3.2% for 30- to 49-year-olds and 2.6%
for 50- to 64-year-olds... Contrary to many studies using smaller data
samples, Americans with lower levels of education are more likely than
their higher educated counterparts to identify as LGBT. Among
those with a high school education or less, 3.5% identify as LGBT
compared to 2.8% of those with a college degree and 3.2% of those with a
graduate education. LGBT identification is highest among those
with some college education but not a college degree, at 4.0%. - Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT (Data Analysis, 2012).

Sexual
diversity in urban Norwegians (2002): Study Sample: In November 1997,
the Central Bureau of Statistics drew a random sample of 5,000 persons
aged 18-49 years residing in Norway's capital, Oslo... Table 1 shows the
percentage of the respondents who reported experience with the four different
aspects of sexual diversity, by gender. A total of 92.5% reported to have
been in love with only persons of the opposite gender, 90.9% had had sex
with only the opposite gender, 87.9% reported to have felt sexually attracted
to only the opposite gender, and 75.9% had fantasized about having sex
with only the opposite gender. More women than men reported never to have
had bisexual fantasies or felt homosexual attraction, but there was no
gender difference in bisexual contact and love. More men than women reported
exclusively homosexual experiences..." - Bi- and Homosexuality in the National Surveys in Europe (2004). - Multiple Aspects of Sexual Orientation: Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates in a New Zealand National Survey
(2010): Data came from the New Zealand Mental Health Survey, a
nationally representative community sample of New Zealanders aged 16
years or older, interviewed face-to-face (N = 12,992, 48% male). The
response rate was 73.3%. Self-reported sexual identity was 98.0%
heterosexual, 0.6% bisexual, 0.8% homosexual, 0.3% "Something else,"
and 0.1% "Not sure." Same-sex sexual behavior with a partner was more
common: 3.2% reported same-sex sexual experience only and 1.9% reported
both experience and a relationship.

Chandra A, Mosher WD, Copen C, Sionean C (2011). Sexual
behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity in the United States:
data from the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth. National
Health Statistics Report, (36):1-36. Hyattsville, MD: Division of Vital
Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. PDF
Download. - From Abstract:
Twice as many women aged 25-44 (12%) reported any same-sex contact in
their lifetimes compared with men (5.8%). Among teenagers aged 15-19, 7%
of females and 9% of males have had oral sex with an opposite-sex
partner, but no vaginal intercourse. Sexual attraction and identity
correlates closely but not completely with reports of sexual behavior.
Sexual behaviors, attraction, and identity vary by age, marital or
cohabiting status, education, and race and Hispanic origin.

Culture and Women's Sexualities (2000, Abstract):
Anthropological studies of women's same-sex relations in non-Western
societies provide an important source for theorizing women's sexuality
because they allow us to go beyond a narrow focus on Western cultures
and concepts. Looking at studies from groups other than the dominant
societies of Europe and America, I explore the diversity of women's
sexualities and the sociocultural factors that produce sexual beliefs
and practices. This article argues that sexual practices take their
meaning from particular cultures and their beliefs about the self and
the world. Cultural systems of gender, in particular, construct
different sexual beliefs and practices for men and women. I conclude
the article by suggesting some broad patterns at work in the production
of women's sexualities across cultures.

Herek GM, Norton AT, Allen TJ, Sims CL (2010). Demographic,
Psychological, and Social Characteristics of Self-Identified Lesbian,
Gay, and Bisexual Adults in a US Probability Sample. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7(3):176-200. Abstract. PDF Download... Discussion:
To begin, the composition of the sample is noteworthy. With design
weights applied to account for aspects of the sampling procedures that
might have affected respondents’ likelihood of inclusion in the KN
panel, fully half of the participants identified as bisexual,
indicating that bisexuals constitute a substantial portion of the
self-identified sexual-minority population. In addition, gay men
outnumbered lesbians at a ratio of approximately 2.4:1. This finding is
consistent with data from other national probability samples (Black et
al. 2000; Laumann et al. 1994) and suggests that self-identified gay
men may outnumber self-identified lesbians in the US adult population.
Among self-identified bisexuals, by contrast, the weighted proportions
of women and men did not differ significantly. Within genders, the
weighted sample included more gay than bisexual men and more bisexual
women than lesbians, but the difference was reliable only among the
women respondents. Of course, any inferences from these patterns about
the composition of the sexual-minority population must be considered
tentative until more data are obtained from other probability samples.

Sexual Behaviors In The USA: The Verdict Is In…: "About 7% of adult women and 8% of men identify as lesbian, gay, or
bisexual…however, the proportion of folks who actually engage in
same-sex sexual behaviors is higher." Download free special issue (The Journal of Sexual Medicine) where related papers are published... from here: http://nationalsexstudy.indiana.edu/. - Just 1.5 per cent of Britons are gay, says pioneering survey
(2010): "These figures estimate that Britain's gay community accounts
for 1.5 per cent of the total population - much lower than previous
estimates... "However critics said the estimate might not be accurate
as respondents could be reluctant to talk about their sexuality on the
doorstep." Therefore, this is only an estimate of who will tell a
stranger that they are gay, lesbian, or bisexual "on their doorstep."-
UK gay, lesbian and bisexual population revealed (BBC, 2010): People
aged 16 and over were questioned about their self-perceived sexual
identity, and asked to respond with one of four options:
heterosexual/straight, gay/lesbian, bisexual or other. The data showed
that 95% said they were heterosexual, 1% gay or lesbian, 0.5% bisexual,
0.5% other, and the remaining 3% either did not know or did not
answer... Chief Executive Ben Summerskill said: "This is is the first
time that people were asked and data collection happened on doorsteps
or over the phone, which may deter people from giving accurate
responses - particularly if someone isn't openly gay at home."

Weinstein N, Ryan WS, Dehaan CR, Przybylski AK, Legate N, Ryan RM (2012).
Parental autonomy support and discrepancies between implicit and
explicit sexual identities: Dynamics of self-acceptance and defense. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4): 815-32. Abstract:
When individuals grow up with autonomy-thwarting parents, they may be
prevented from exploring internally endorsed values and identities and
as a result shut out aspects of the self perceived to be unacceptable.
Given the stigmatization of homosexuality, individuals perceiving low
autonomy support from parents may be especially motivated to conceal
same-sex sexual attraction, leading to defensive processes such as
reaction formation. Four studies tested a model wherein perceived
parental autonomy support is associated with lower discrepancies between
self-reported sexual orientation and implicit sexual orientation
(assessed with a reaction time task). These indices interacted to
predict anti-gay responding indicative of reaction formation. Studies
2-4 showed that an implicit/explicit discrepancy was particularly
pronounced in participants who experienced their fathers as both low in
autonomy support and homophobic, though results were inconsistent for
mothers. Findings of Study 3 suggested contingent self-esteem as a link
between parenting styles and discrepancies in sexual orientation
measures. - Homophobia linked to lack of awareness of one's sexual orientation and authoritarian parenting, study shows
(2012): Homophobia is more pronounced in individuals with an
unacknowledged attraction to the same sex and who grew up with
authoritarian parents who forbade such desires, a series of psychology
studies demonstrates. The study is the first to document the role that
both parenting and sexual orientation play in the formation of intense
and visceral fear of homosexuals, including self-reported homophobic
attitudes, discriminatory bias, implicit hostility towards gays, and
endorsement of anti-gay policies.

Country Report, Sri Lanka, 2006 (PDF Download):
National Survey on Emerging Issues among Adolescents in Sri Lanka:
18.2% of in-school boys aged 14-19 reported “homosexual relations”
(N=4664). 13.0% of out-of-school boys aged 15-19 reported “homosexual
relations” (N=5042). Results or other studies given. MSM identity is
complex because MSM refers to behaviour: some gay men marry due to
social and cultural pressure. there are MSM who consider themselves
straight but have sex with men. MSM face harassment from law
enforcement in cruising areas as well as extortion of money and forced
sex; violence against MSM impacts negatively on their sexual and
emotional health. Poverty and exposure to sexual violence leads men to
work as sex workers...

Perera B, Reece M (2006). Sexual behavior of young adults in Sri Lanka: Implications for HIV prevention. AIDS Care, 18(5): 497-500 (Abstract).
"Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 3,134 higher
secondary school (grades 12 and 13) students between the ages of 18-20
in six geographically representative districts of Sri Lanka...
Homosexual relationships of the participants were not examined
extensively in this study, but data on some aspects of same gendered
sexual relationships were collected. Twenty female students (1.1%) and
138 (10%) male students reported that they had a same gendered partner
at the time of the study (x2 (1, 3134) = 126.1, p < 0.001). With regard
to past sexual experiences, less than 1% of female students (n = 14),
but 13.1% of male students (n = 180) reported that they had engaged in
oral sex with a same gender partner (x2 (1, 3134) = 199.1, p < 0.01).
About 20% (n = 279) of male students reported having had inter-femoral
sex with a male parter." It is also reported that 17.7% of males (age =
17), 21.7% of males (age = 18) and 22.9% of males (age = 19) reported
having experienced anal sex with at least one other male.

Factors
affecting sexual and non-sexual risks behavior among bisexual and homosexual
Filipino youth: Evidence from the 1994 "Young Adolescent Fertility Survey"
in the Philippines (Dr. Rommel "Mely" Jacinto D. Silverio, Demographic
Research and Development Foundation, Inc., Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines,
186 Antonio Luna Street, Barangay Marilag, Project 4, Quezon City, 1109,
Philippines, (632) 4212734, mely62@yahoo.com). Abstract: "Despite strong
social stigma in a predominantly Catholic country like the Philippines,
a sizeable sexual minority group exists among the Filipino youth. In particular,
among 10,879 youth respondents aged 15 to 24 in the second nationwide “Young
Adolescent Fertility Survey” conducted in 1994 by the University of the
Philippines, about 7% of these young adults indicated bisexuality and slightly
over 10% professed homosexuality. As Philippine society tends to traditionally
censure sociological studies of human sexuality as taboo, much remains
largely unknown about the social lifestyle of bisexual and homosexual Filipino
youth, even much less about their sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors
that impinge adversely upon health. In this light, this paper aims to identify
some influential socioeconomic and demographic factors affecting the incidence
of such sexual and non-sexual risk behaviors as premarital sexual activity,
smoking, drug and alcohol use, and prostitution among these two sexual
minority groups. The ultimate objective of the study focuses on establishing
more responsive program approaches that will effectively address the unique
conditions and needs of bisexual and homosexual Filipino youth, particularly
with respect to these contemporary health issues." Presented at The 130th
Annual Meeting of APHA: 2002.

Debate on Black homosexuals
by Cleo Manago: "I was recently involved in a public debate on "Black
Homosexuality" organized by members of the Nation of Islam. "The Great
Debate: The Origins of Homosexuality In the Black Community" featured
renowned Africentric health scholar, Dr. Llaila Afrika, and I as
opponents. Afrika believes homosexuality is a degenerative state and a
disease resulting from sexual addiction, white supremacy, diet (yes,
diet!) and institutionalized subliminal recruitment techniques. He also
believes that homosexuality was introduced to Blacks/Africans by
European invasions on Black/African life." - Boy
Wives and Female Husbands: Studies in African Homosexualities:
Homosexuality in “Traditional” Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South
Africa (Google Books) - Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Sudan -Mabasha
and Their Mashoga in Mombasa. - Interpreting Absence of Evidence and Assertions
of Absence (Nuer and Lango). - Spiritual Vocations in Western Africa. -
Hausa Roles. - Yoruba Exceptionalism: Antagonistic Acculturation? - A Sometimes
Lifelong ”Adolescent Phase” (Dahomey). - Gender-Crossing Wolof and Their
Neighbors. - The Kitesha Role Among the Bala - Other Central African Reports.
- Angola. - Wives of the South African Mines. - Contemporary Black South
Africa and Zimbabwe. - Relations Between Women. (Book
Review) (Book
Review) (Excerpts)
(Amazon Reference) (A
review by Gert Hekma par Gert Hekma, Université d'Amsterdam,
published in Thamyris, 1999). - Homosexuality
in "Traditional" Sub-Saharan Africa and Contemporary South Africa:
An overview by Stephen O. Murray (49
pages, PDF Download, or
access web page for PDF Download, in 2 paper sizes.)

Sodomy
and the Pirate Tradition - 1983, 1995 - by Barry R. Burg (Amazon
Reference) (Google Books). Review: "You have to love a book that begins, "The England
that produced three generations of sodomitical pirates was a land far different
from modern Britain or America." Burg, a professor of history at Arizona
State University, wrote Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition in 1983 and updated
it in 1995 (it's now in paperback). It describes how most if not all of
the pirates and buccaneers who sailed the Caribbean from 1650 to 1700 had
sex with each other. Homosexual behavior was rarely condemned in the West
Indies or Great Britain during that century, when most of the pirates were
growing up. By the early 1800s, the party was over and sailors were being
executed for the crime of loving another man — or at least having sex with
him. The first chapters trace the history of the perception of homosexuality
in modern English society. For the most part it was tolerated if kept discreet.
Sex was sex. Even in the American colonies, sexual crimes were condemned
severely in the law but not in practice... Burg contrasts the pirate lifestyle
with homosexual acts you find among prison inmates and notes many differences.
In prison, men see their homosexuality as temporary — it's more about power,
a way of saying "I'm in charge." Among the pirates, it more closely expressed
their sexualities. Burg documents how many pirates, if they came upon a
ship with women aboard, wouldn't touch them... The lesson Burg draws from
his research is that "aside from the production of children, homosexuals
alone can fulfill satisfactorily all human needs, wants and desires, all
the while supporting and sustaining a human community remarkable by the
very fact that it is unremarkable.... The male engaging in homosexual activity
aboard a pirate ship in the West Indies three centuries past was simply
an ordinary member of his community, completely socialized and acculturated."
Except for that killing and looting part, sure." - Under
the Black Flag - 1997 - by David Cordingly (Amazon
Reference): "Cordingly separates fact from fiction about the 17th century
pirates who terrorized the seas, including challenging Burg's theory that
many pirates were gay..." - Pirate Utopias: Some Related Information. - Sexuality At Sea (2007). To "The SEARCH Section" For The
Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites
to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable -
Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

Reports of Studies Suggesting Genetic or Biological Causes for Homosexuality

Lesbianism & Genetics: Female Sexual Orientation Partly Hereditary, But Erotic 'Plasticity' Still Unexplained (2012):
Lesbianism is indeed at least 25 percent genetic, as determined by a
2011 study of twins conducted in the United Kingdom. The study found
that identical twin sisters (who share 100 percent of their DNA) are
more likely to both be lesbians than are fraternal twin sisters (who
share just 50 percent), proving that, all other environmental factors
being equal, genes matter. While scientists have a theory for how male
homosexuality propagates from one generation to the next, no one has yet
produced a viable explanation for how the genes that promote lesbianism
might do the same... Therefore, the question "why are there gay women?"
may be better worded as "why is female sexuality so fluid?" Plenty of
women exist at both extremes of the straight-gay spectrum, but it is the
formation of this slippery spectrum itself that most needs explaining.
Evolutionary biologists have yet to determine what survival or
reproductive benefit women's "erotic plasticity" confers.

Why Are There Gay Men?
(2012): While female sexuality appears to be more fluid, research
suggests that male gayness is an inborn, unalterable, strongly
genetically influenced trait. But considering that the trait discourages
the type of sex that leads to procreation — that is, sex with women —
and would therefore seem to thwart its own chances of being genetically
passed on to the next generation, why are there gay men at all? ... The
theory holds that the same genetic factors that induce gayness in males
also promote fecundity (high reproductive success) in those males'
female maternal relatives. Through this trade-off, the maternal
relatives' "gay man genes," though they aren't expressed as such, tend
to get passed to future generations in spite of their tendency to make
their male inheritors gay... The new study will appear in an upcoming
issue of the Journal of Sexual Medicine. Of course, no single factor can
account for the varied array of sexual orientations that exist, in men
as well as in women. "It is quite possible that there are several
influences on forming a homosexual orientation," said Gerulf Rieger, a
sexual orientation researcher at Cornell University. He noted that
environmental factors - including the level of exposure to certain
hormones in the womb - also play a role in molding male sexuality. But
as for why genetic factors would exist that make men gay, it appears
that these genes make women, as well as gay men, alluring to other
men.

Rice WR, Frieber U, Gavrilets S (2012). Homosexuality as a Consequence of Epigenetically Canalized Sexual Development. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 87(4): 343-368. PDF Download.
Male and female homosexuality have substantial prevalence in humans.
Pedigree and twin studies indicate that homosexuality has substantial
heritability in both sexes, yet concordance between identical twins is
low and molecular studies have failed to find associated DNA markers.
This paradoxical pattern calls for an explanation. We use published data
on fetal androgen signaling and gene regulation via nongenetic changes
in DNA packaging (epigenetics) to develop a new model for homosexuality.
It is well established that fetal androgen signaling strongly
influences sexual development. We show that an unappreciated feature of
this process is reduced androgen sensitivity in XX fetuses and enhanced
sensitivity in XY fetuses, and that this difference is most feasibly
caused by numerous sex-specific epigenetic modifications (“epi-marks”)
originating in embryonic stem cells. These epi-marks buffer XX fetuses
from masculinization due to excess fetal androgen exposure and similarly
buffer XY fetuses from androgen underexposure. Extant data indicates
that individual epi-marks influence some but not other sexually
dimorphic traits, vary in strength across individuals, and are produced
during ontogeny and erased between generations. Those that escape
erasure will steer development of the sexual phenotypes they influence
in a gonad-discordant direction in opposite sex offspring, mosaically
feminizing XY offspring and masculinizing XX offspring. Such
sex-specific epi-marks are sexually antagonistic (SA-epi-marks) because
they canalize sexual development in the parent that produced them, but
contribute to gonad-trait discordances in opposite-sex offspring when
unerased. In this model, homosexuality occurs when stronger-than-average
SA-epi-marks (influencing sexual preference) from an opposite-sex
parent escape erasure and are then paired with a weaker-thanaverage de
novo sex-specific epi-marks produced in opposite-sex offspring. Our
model predicts that homosexuality is part of a wider phenomenon in which
recently evolved androgen-influenced traits commonly display
gonad-trait discordances at substantial frequency, and that the
molecular feature underlying most homosexuality is not DNA
polymorphism(s), but epi-marks that evolved to canalize sexual dimorphic
development that sometimes carryover across generations and contribute
to gonadtrait discordances in opposite-sex descendants.

Opposite-sex twins and adolescent same-sex attraction (Abstract, Working Paper. Alternate Link. Published Paper.).
"The etiology of human same-sex romantic attraction is generally framed
in terms of (1) social influences, (2) genetic influences, or (3)
hormonal influences. In this article, we show that adolescent males who
are opposite-sex twins are twice as likely as expected to report
same-sex attraction; and that the pattern of concordance (similarity
across pairs) of same-sex preference for sibling pairs does not suggest
genetic influence independent of social context. Our data falsify the
hormone transfer hypothesis by isolating a single condition that
eliminates the opposite-sex twin effect we observemdashthe presence of
an older same-sex sibling. We also consider and reject a speculative
evolutionary theory that rests on observing birth-order effects on
same-sex orientation. In contrast, our results support the hypothesis
that less gendered socialization in early childhood and preadolescence
shapes subsequent same-sex romantic preferences." NOTE: The results of
this paper received no media coverage.

Pronunciation of 's' sounds impacts perception of gender, researcher finds
(2013): "A high-frequency 's' has long been stereotypically associated
with women's speech, as well as gay men's speech, yet there is no
biological correlate to this association," said CU-Boulder linguistics
and anthropology Associate Professor Kira Hall, who served as Zimman's
doctoral adviser. "The project illustrates the socio-biological
complexity of pitch: the designation of a voice as more masculine or
more feminine is importantly influenced by other ideologically charged
speech traits that are socially, not biologically, driven." Vocal
resonance also affected the perception of gender in Zimman's study. A
deeper resonance—which can be thought of as a voice that seems to be
emanating from the chest instead of from the head—is the result of both
biology and practice. Resonance is lower for people whose larynx is
deeper in their throats, but people learn to manipulate the position of
their larynx when they're young, with male children pulling their
larynxes down a little bit and female children pushing them up, Zimman
said.

Zimman, Lal (2011). Explaining gay-sounding voices: Trends, insights, and future directions.
PPT Presentation for the Ling Circle colloquium series organized by the
Department of Linguistics at the University of Colorado, Boulder. March
16, 2011. Read Online.

Munson B, Hall K, Smith E (2009). An acoustic analysis of /æ/ variation and its relationship to perceived sexual orientation in American English.
Poster presented at the spring 2009 meeting of the Acoustical Society
of America. Also in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125,
2574. PDF
Download. Download Page.

Zimmerman L (2009). One of these things is not like the others: Why power matters for the study of gay-sounding voices (PDF handout). 83rd Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. San Francisco, CA. PDF
Download. Download Page.

Behavior and Not a Person: Chapter One Essentialism or Social Constructionism. - Chapter Two Biological Basis for Homosexuality. - Chapter Three "Gay Brains" and Gay Genes". - Chapter Six Types of Homosexualities/ Gay and Lesbian Homosexual Identity. - Chapter Ten Homosexual Identity Formation. - The Hypocrites of Homosexuality (1990):
" When I was an undergraduate theatre student, I was aware, and not
happily so, how pervasive was the reach of the underculture of
homosexuality among my friends and acquaintances. After a while I
stopped being shocked to discover that someone I had known well, or
whose talent I admired, was either moving into or already a part of the
not-so-clandestine network of gay relationships. I learned that being
homosexual does not destroy a person's talent or deny those aspects of
their character that I had already come to love and admire. I did learn
that for most of them their highest allegiance was to their membership
in the community that gave them access to sex. As a
not-particularly-pure-minded heterosexual adolescent, I understood the
intensity of sexual desire; as a student of human communities, I have
since come to understand how character is shaped by -- or surrendered
to -- one's allegiances... The argument by the hypocrites of
homosexuality that homosexual tendencies are genetically ingrained in
some individuals is almost laughably irrelevant. We are all genetically
predisposed toward some sin or another; we are all expected to control
those genetic predispositions when it is possible... The average
fifteen-year-old teenage boy is genetically predisposed to copulate
with anything that moves. We are compassionate and forgiving of those
who cannot resist this temptation, but we do not regard as adult anyone
who has not overcome it; and we can only help others overcome those
"genetic predispositions" by teaching them that we expect them to meet
a higher standard of behavior than the one their own body teaches
them..."

Suck My Nation – Masculinity,
Ethnicity and the Politics of (Homo)sex (PDF
Download) - by Sasho A. Lambevski (1999). - Abstract: "Class and ethnicity
represent major obstacles in establishing new forms of homosexual encounters
and emotional engagements between Macedonian and Albanian men at the ‘gay’
scene in Skopje. This article pays special attention to the nationalist
imperatives that order Macedonian and Albanian ‘gay’ men to use each other’s
penises and orifices as weapons and targets of torture. More precisely,
the article offers a multilevel analysis of a range of social (class, ethnic,
and gender) relations, as invested in and experienced in the male body,
that prevent Macedonian and Albanian ‘gay’ men from establishing new forms
of mutual friendship and love." Note: Unfortunately, the author criticizes
the socially constructed form of male homosexuality described and does
not perceive it to be as valid as the recently invented - also socially
constructed - "gay" concept present in western countries. The latter, however,
occupies a minority status in the world of male homosexualties. - The Origins of Homosexuality: Insights From The Deep Feeling Psychotherapies.

Adriaens, Pieter R (2007+). Eros’ ambiguity An philosophical history of male love (Full Text)...
Conclusion: In this chapter, I attempted to bring Mary Douglas’
analysis of ambiguity to bear to the history of male love. Douglas’
analysis revealed that whatever does not harmonize with our cherished
symbolic structures is doomed to be avoided, minimalized, ignored, or
eliminated. Male love proved to be no exception to this rule. Before
1700, bisexuals definitely outnumbered “heterosexuals”. Today, they
still outnumber “homosexuals”, and yet they continue to be ignored as a
sexual population. In their turn, effeminate homosexuals have been
avoided, branded, persecuted and even killed, even though they do hold
an important symbolic position in many contemporary societies. Indeed:
their ambiguity in fact allows them to act as a symbolic dividing line
between man and woman, especially in cultures wherein the differences between both sexes increasingly fade away. Publications

The Mythological Realm of Pre-sexuality (2007):
Reading Porno through Queer Theory: We are used to think that sexuality
is a realm of nature. We think that it only needs some liberation from
the boundaries of culture. If we apply Foucaultian reading to
pornography we can notice that there is no distinction between nature
and culture. There is nothing which can be liberated, for the reason
that beyond culture images which give shape to our sexual fantasies
does not lay any pre given, natural sexuality. Sexuality is always
shaped and it works through the images given within the culture.
Therefore pornography is very important phenomena for the task of
analysing the formation and function of sexual fantasy and the
sexuality itself. In the gay’s world pornography has a very interesting
role. In my paper I do not intend to analyse any particular films, I
want to concentrate on the particular phenomenological relation between
the porno film and the audience. Gay porno films intend to show the
pure sex; sex, which is not limited by the social. The vision of purity
porno aims to achieve by different visual effects. Nevertheless at some
point it is always about the relations of power. When we analyse the
gay identity we cannot avoid the phenomena of pornography. In XX
century Western culture pornography was of a crucial meaning to the
formation of gay identity and gay culture. It is important to try to
depict the problems of gay identity from the pornography as the
formation of particular shape of the sexual fantasy.

Wunsch, Serge (2007). Rôle et importance des processus de renforcement dans l'apprentissage du comportement de reproduction chez l'homme.
[Evolution from mammalian heterosexual reproductive behavior to human
erotic bisexuality.] PhD Dissertation, Neurosciences
Intégratives, L'École Pratique des Hautes Études. Full
Text. Abstract:
What are the neurobiological dynamics of mammal and human sexuality? In
rodents, mainly sexual hormones and pheromones, and secondarily sexual
reflexes and reinforcement processes, would be the main innate factors
at the origin of a genuine heterosexual reproductive behavior, the
purpose of which is, at the favorable season, to achieve copulation
permitting fecundation. It would seem that during evolution, owing to
the modifications of the brain of rodents into that of Man’s, the
hormonal and pheromonal factors have become secondary, whereas the
cognitive factors and the reinforcement processes (or reward systems)
have become predominant. For these reasons, in Man, the behavior which
leads to reproduction may be conceived not as an innate “reproductive
behavior”, but as an acquired “erotic behavior” involving behavioral
sequences of stimulation of the most erogenous body zones by a partner
– no matter what his or her sex. Résumé: Quels
sont les facteurs à l'origine des comportements humains ? Quels
sont les processus neurobiologiques les plus primordiaux qui
sous-tendent le développement et la dynamique de ces
comportements ? Comment ces comportements émergent-ils de
l'interaction entre les différents facteurs biologiques et
environnementaux ? Afin de répondre à ces questions
capitales, nous avons réalisé une synthèse
transdisciplinaire (neurosciences, éthologie, ethnologie et
psychologie) de la littérature actuelle relative au comportement
de reproduction...

Weber, Shannon (2009). Beyond "I Can't Help It": Biological Determinism in American Queer Politics and Possibilities for Agency. Honors' Dissertation, Program in Critical Social Thought, Mount Holyoke College. PDF Download. Download Page.
After establishing the hegemonic influences of biological determinism
in supposedly queer-friendly pop culture, including on liberal internet
blogs, in movies, and in self-help literature, I ultimately posit that a
focus on biological determinism shuts out the voices and experiences of
queer people whose identities do not fit into this framework. Further, I
argue that an emphasis on biology is inappropriately apologetic and
fails to challenge heterosexism and heteronormativity. Finally, I
propose that the American queer rights movement will be hindered in the
future by clinging to biological determinism, and that as a movement, we
must craft our identities in a positive framework for a more hopeful
future for activism.

The Kingdom in the Closet: (Alternate Link) (Alternate Link) (Alternate Link)
Sodomy is punishable by death in Saudi Arabia, but gay life flourishes
there. Why it is “easier to be gay than straight” in a society where
everyone, homosexual and otherwise, lives in the closet...“It’s
a lot easier to be gay than straight here,” he had said. “If you go out
with a girl, people will start to ask her questions. But if I have a
date upstairs and my family is downstairs, they won’t even come up.”
... "They’re quite shameless about it." Talal, a Syrian who moved to
Riyadh in 2000, calls the Saudi capital a "gay heaven." This is
surprising enough. But what seems more startling, at least from a
Western perspective, is that some of the men having sex with other men
don’t consider themselves gay. For many Saudis, the fact that a man has
sex with another man has little to do with "gayness." The act may
fulfill a desire or a need, but it doesn’t constitute an identity. Nor
does it strip a man of his masculinity, as long as he is in the "top,"
or active, role. This attitude gives Saudi men who engage in homosexual
behavior a degree of freedom. But as a more Westernized notion of
gayness -- a notion that stresses orientation over acts -- takes hold
in the country, will this delicate balance survive? ... When Yasser hit
puberty, he grew attracted to his male cousins. Like many gay and
lesbian teenagers everywhere, he felt isolated. "I used to have the
feeling that I was the queerest in the country," he recalled. "But then
I went to high school and discovered there are others like me. Then I
find out, it’s a whole society." ,,, In Saudi Arabia, "It’s easier to
be a lesbian [than a heterosexual]. There’s an overwhelming number of
people who turn to lesbianism," Yasmin said, adding that the number of
men in the kingdom who turn to gay sex is even greater. "They’re not
really homosexual," she said. "They’re like cell mates in prison." ...
What is ‘gay’? In The History of Sexuality, a multivolume work
published in the 1970s and ’80s, Michel Foucault proposed his famous
thesis that Western academic, medical, and political discourse of the
18th and 19th centuries had produced the idea of the homosexual as a
deviant type: In Western society, homosexuality changed from being a
behavior (what you do) to an identity (who you are). In the Middle
East, however, homosexual behavior remained just that -- an act, not an
orientation. That is not to say that Middle Eastern men who had sex
with other men were freely tolerated. But they were not automatically
labeled deviant. The taxonomy revolved around the roles of top and
bottom, with little stigma attaching to the top. "‘Sexuality’ is
distinguished not between ‘homosexual’ and ‘heterosexual’ but between
taking pleasure and submitting to someone (being used for
pleasure),"...A magazine editor in Jeddah told me that many boys in
Mecca, where he grew up, have sexual relations with men, but they don’t
see themselves as gay. Abubaker Bagader, a human-rights activist based
in Jeddah, explained that homosexuality can be viewed as a phase.
"Homosexuality is considered something one might pass by," he said.
"It’s to be understood as a stage of life, particularly at youth." This
view of sexual behavior, in combination with the strict segregation of
the sexes, serves to foster homosexual acts, shifting the stigma onto
bottoms and allowing older men to excuse their younger behavior --
their time as bottoms -- as mere youthful transgressions...

Veil of Separation, Veils of Identity N/A (2007):
But it prompts the question: why do homosexuals exist in societies
where a separation of sexes doesn't necessarily apply? Moreover, does
such a separation predicate the effect of genuine homosexual desires?
And then, are these so-called "homosexuals" homosexuals in the sense
that we in the West have defined it? Or are they individuals forced to
fulfill a natural desire in the only way they can? Maybe homosexuals
[or men who engage in sex with other men] in countries like Saudi
Arabia are not necessarily "in the closet" but actually free from
having to identify themselves. And rather, we [both homosexuals and
heterosexuals in the West] are trapped in a closet of our own, a closet
of monosexuality where we veil ourselves with endless layers attempting
to define and label sexualities that we eventually [like with
everything] ship and market around the world [the international gay?!?].

We Boys Together: Teenagers in Love Before Girl-Craziness
- 2007 - by Jeffery P. Dennis (Google Books): "Teenage boys are wild about girls.When
their hormones kick in at puberty, they can think of nothing else, and
that"s the way it has always been-- right? Wrong. Before World War II,
only sissies liked girls. Masculine, red-blooded, all-American boys
were supposed to ignore girls until they were 18 or 19. Instead,
parents, teachers, psychiatrists, and especially the mass media
encouraged them to form passionate, intense, romantic bonds with each
other. This book explores romantic relationships between teenage boys
as they were portrayed before, during, and immediately after World War
II. The author takes the reader through a rich landscape of media --
sci fi pulps, comics, adventure stories, tales of teen sleuths, boys'
serial novels, wartime bestsellers, and movies populated by many types
of male adolescents: Boys Next Door, Adventure Boys, Jungle Boys, and
Lost Boys. In Hollywood movies, Boys Next Door like Jackie Cooper,
Ronald Sinclair, and Jimmy Lydon were constantly falling in love, but
not with girls. In serial novels, Jungle Boys like Bomba, Sorak, and Og
Son of Fire swung through the trees to rescue teenage boys, not teenage
girls. In comic strips and on the radio, Adventure Boys like Don Study,
Jack Armstrong, and Tim Tyler formed lasting romantic partnerships with
other boys or men. Lost Boys like Frankie Darro, Leo Gorcey, and Billy
Halop starred in dozens of movies about pairs of poor urban teenagers
sticking together, with never a girl in sight."

Male to Male: Sexual Feelings Across the Boundaries of Identity - 2000 - by Edward J. Tejirian (Related WebSite: Chapter Excerpts) (Review, Must Scroll)(Google Books). From the webaite: "Male to Male: Sexual Feeling Across the Boundaries of Identity"
is a book that shows that feelings of intimacy, love, and sexual
attraction are not confined to the boxes that this society has
constructed for them. It shows that when ordinary "heterosexual"
men--and women-- felt safe enough to disclose their inner thoughts and
feelings, it turns out that many of them--about a third of the women
and forty-five percent of the men--were consciously aware of some
degree of attraction toward the same sex. But this book is not a book
about "bisexuality" either, because that just becomes a third
box--alongside of "heterosexual" and "gay"--that separates people from
each other. Rather, "Male to Male" is about the fluidity and variety of
human sexual feeling and how setting up boundaries of identity to
separate people from each other falsifies the reality of human sexual
feeling. The words of the heterosexually identified men in this book
who spoke to me show that the capacity for same-sex attraction is a
deeply embedded part of normal male psychology. Their words also show
that their same-sex feelings and those of men who identify themselves
as gay differ only in their intensity and in the recognition on the
partof the gay men that the completion of their inner lives requires
physical closeness with someone of the same sex...

Inescapable Essentialism: Bisexually-Identified Women's Strategies in the Late 80s and Early 90s (2002):
"Essentialism, in many ways, is a product of the western political and
philosophical use of binary oppositions. Binaries have been used to
produce socially meaningful categories in which to classify and
understand the world, both human and non-human (Innes 65). Within the
assumptions of binaries, however, is the tendency to see these
categories as natural and unchanging. In addition to naturalizing or
essentializing binaries,western philosophy has also tended to privilege
only one side of the opposition while the other is disparaged. The
final outcome of this logic is a limited and fixed understanding of the
world that masks the political and social power in which the binary
categories were created and sustained." - As Nature Made Us? Part I: The Social Construction of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality (2010). Part 2. - The Social Construction of Sex: Intersex as Evidence (2009).

Lost in Translation: Sex and Sexuality in Elite Discourse and Everyday Language
(2007): This article questions our own use of language in representing,
articulating, and communicating Chinese-speaking people's experiences
associated with the words `sex' and `sexuality' in the English
language. We notice that whenever the elite discourse fails to fully
represent the lived experiences of `the people', their own utterances
will demonstrate the creative and subversive potentials of the everyday
language. Our research has transformed our understanding of an
ever-evolving domain we once tried to capture with the western language
of sexuality, and led us to rethink our theoretical positions and
methods. We finally arrive at a better understanding of the value and
significance of research that engages with people's articulation of
their lived experience that might contradict our original position,
assumptions and arguments. We wish to caution against the unquestioned
privileging of elite discourses produced and distributed from sites of
power, and the risk of theoretical imperialism.

Same-Sex
Sexual Relations in Antiquity and Sexuality and Sexual Identity in Contemporary
American Society (1996): (Alternate Link) "In antiquity sexual identity was based on the
natural fact of sex. Genitals determined gender. For ancient Israel the
binary differentiation of male and female served as the structuring of
both the natural and social worlds, and was guarded by the Holiness Code
of Lev. 17. Same-sex sexual relations were forbidden, at least explicitly
to men, and Christianity adopted and transmitted this ideology. The homosexuality
that is condemned in the letters ascribed to Paul: Romans, 1 Corinthians
and 1 Timothy is identifiable as pederasty. There are no ancient texts
that suggest that homosexual relationships existed between same-age adults.
The word homosexuality first appeared in an English dictionary in 1892.
Today the taxonomy of male and female is being subverted by science and
technology..."

Toward A Global History of Same-Sex Sexuality:
I favor the term “same-sex sexuality” as one that gets beyond the use
of terms such as “queer,” “gay,” “lesbian,” or “homosexual.” Yet
I would like to proceed by looking at manifestations of what we call
“same-sex sexuality” in different times and places in order both to
explore global patterns and to consider how those patterns problematize
the two parts of the term “same-sex sexuality.” That is,
sometimes such manifestations cannot really be considered
“same-sex.” And sometimes they should not really be labeled
“sexuality.” These complications suggest that even the attempt to
avoid assumptions about the meanings of desires and acts and
relationships by using a term such as “same-sex sexuality” may
inadvertently lump together phenomena that are quite different.
This is the difficulty of thinking about a global history of same-sex
sexuality.

Greek Eros: Ancient Civilizations of Greece and Rome
(2001): Today eros would be considered sexual love, and in the days of
ancient Greece, Eros was not only their god of love, but it was also
their word that referred to sexual desire. In Greek society, especially
during the Golden Age, this sexual desire does not seem to have been
gender specific in any way. In fact most men seemed to be more
interested in pursuing and having sexual relations with young boys - a
practice known as pederasty - than they were with pursuing women.
While this likely seems strange to a society where the majority of men
find it repulsive to think of another man as beautiful, and where until
recently homosexuals and bisexuals were looked down upon as being
inferior, it was actually quite common and accepted in the ancient
world of Greece. 1 In this paper I primarily intend to illustrate
how common the acts of pederasty and homosexual love really were, in
addition to why these practices came to be so prevalent, and when and
how they began to be shunned... - Active/Passive, Acts/Passions: Greek and Roman Sexualities (2000).

Male homosexual identity in Hong Kong: a social construction. - Social
construction of male homosexualities in Vietnam. Some keys to
understanding discrimination and implications for HIV prevention
strategy. - Political-economic construction of gay male clone identity. Transgendered
Like Me (Advocate, Dec. 10, 1996) by Gabriel Rotello who asserts: "Gay
people, on the other hand, exhibit a whole range of “sex-atypical” characteristics,
meaning characteristics that are most commonly associated with the opposite
sex, at least among the heterosexual majority... In that sense we’re all
transgendered.... Shouldn’t we stop being the les-bi-gay-trans-whatever
movement, with a new syllable added every few years, and simply become
the trans movement?" - Sex, Lies and Feminism (Alternate Link):
"The transgender movement's view of gender is also structured along
deeply traditional lines. First, in the view of transgender advocates,
gender is simply a matter of individual identity. Where identity
springs from is never examined, exactly--it just "is"--and, again,
practice follows from identity. Gender remains an innate quality or
attribute of the person expressing it. Given this, in transgender
movement politics there is no room to question where gender and gender
identity come from or whether and how they are constructed and by whom.
As a result, the current practice of gender is seen as transhistorical,
beyond construction and question. It simply "is" what gender is. What
transgender advocates have done is move essentialism from the physical
body to the self--to one's (presumably unconstructed) gender identity.
Second, despite claims of multiple genders, "male" attributes remain
male, even if practiced by a physically female body. As do "female"
attributes, even if practiced by a physically male body. It is the same
patriarchal template: innate, binary, essential and essential to
identity. Having used the same template, it is no surprise that
transgender exactly reproduces the content and norms of patriarchal
gender."

Sexualities Concentration of Women’s Studies:
The Sexualities concentration of Women’s Studies will provide students
with an understanding of sexualities across aesthetic, cultural,
historical, legal, literary, political, and social contexts in which
human sexualities have been and are currently being expressed and
theorized. The concentration will provide students with insights into
the social construction of sexualities through their complex interplay
with key variants such as gender, race, and class, within
micro-cultural, cross-cultural, national, and global communities. - Minor in Gender, Sexuality, and Culture.

To "The SEARCH Section" For The
Best Search Engines & Information Directories, The Searchable Sites
to Locate Papers & Abstracts... and The Sites - Some Searchable -
Where "Free Papers" Are Available!

A Theory About the Variety of Human Sexual Behavior
- Abstract: " Dawkins's theory of gene transmission is extended and
applied to develop a theory about the variety of human sexual
behavior. According to this theory, the many different types of
human sexual behavior, including the paraphilias, can be seen as having
species survival value. These atypical sexual behaviors all, in
some way enhance the general level of sexual excitation in society and
therefore increase the likelihood that people will engage in sexual
activities that lead to procreation. Basic differences between
men and women can also be understood with this theory. The
political nature of the DSM-III-R, particularly in regard to
homosexuality and pedophilia, are discussed as they relate to this
theory." "I have never felt completely comfortable with the terms
natural and unnatural when they apply to human sexual behavior.
In a sense, one could say that any form of sexual behavior that can be
exhibited by a human being must be considered natural in that it is
part of the human repertoire. Generally, the term unnatural has
been applied to those variations that have been considered unacceptable
to a particular social group."

In
Search of the 'Gay Gene' By Jack Lucentini - An article proposing an evolutionary
reason for bisexuality. (2001, Alternate Link):
For another thing, they say bisexuals far outnumber homosexuals.
This idea allows them to raise the possibility that an animal could use
benefits gained from a homosexual liaison, such as higher status, to
reproduce more or care for offspring better. "Most individuals who
engage in homosexual behavior are, in practice, bisexual," wrote R.C.
Kirkpatrick, a biodiversity specialist with the Nature Conservancy, an
environmental group, who authored another paper on the subject in the
June issue of Current Anthropology. Both researchers advocate dropping
the distinction between "gay" and "straight" individuals. Nature makes
no such distinction, and neither did most humans throughout history,
they say. Research should focus on a more neutral, simple concept of
homosexual or homoerotic behavior, according to the
researchers... - Evolución y orientación sexual (2005, PDF, Google Translation).

The development of these GLBT information web pages were made possible
through the collaboration of Richard Ramsay (Professor, Faculty of Social
Work, University of Calgary) and Pierre Tremblay (independent researcher,
writer, and GLBT children and youth advocate) who both recognize that often
needed social changes occur as the result of knowledge availability and
dissemination. Additional Information at: Warning,
Acknowledgments,
Authors.