Applications

The application notes include recommended starting dilutions; optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.

Application

Abreviews

Notes

ICC

1/500.

IHC-P

Use a concentration of 10 µg/ml. Pretreatment: 0.1% pepsin (trypsin) in 0.1 M HCl for 30 minutes at RT. High-temperature citrate buffer antigen retrieval can also be performed.

WB

Use a concentration of 1 - 2 µg/ml. We suggest reducing conditions and a 90 minute incubation time.

IHC-FoFr

Use at an assay dependent concentration.

IHC-Fr

Use at an assay dependent concentration.

ICC/IF

1/1000.

IHC-P

Use a concentration of 5 µg/ml.

IP

Use at an assay dependent concentration.

Flow Cyt

1/20 - 1/50.

ab170190 - Mouse monoclonal IgG1, is suitable for use as an isotype control with this antibody.

Target

Function

Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha-chain. TUBB3 plays a critical role in proper axon guidance and mantainance.

Tissue specificity

Expression is primarily restricted to central and peripheral nervous system.

Involvement in disease

Defects in TUBB3 are the cause of congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3A (CFEOM3A) [MIM:600638]. A congenital ocular motility disorder marked by restrictive ophthalmoplegia affecting extraocular muscles innervated by the oculomotor and/or trochlear nerves. It is clinically characterized by anchoring of the eyes in downward gaze, ptosis, and backward tilt of the head. Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3 presents as a non-progressive, autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression. Patients may be bilaterally or unilaterally affected, and their oculo-motility defects range from complete ophthalmoplegia (with the eyes fixed in a hypo- and exotropic position), to mild asymptomatic restrictions of ocular movement. Ptosis, refractive error, amblyopia, and compensatory head positions are associated with the more severe forms of the disorder. In some cases the ocular phenotype is accompanied by additional features including developmental delay, corpus callosum agenesis, basal ganglia dysmorphism, facial weakness, polyneuropathy.

Sequence similarities

Belongs to the tubulin family.

Domain

The highly acidic C-terminal region may bind cations such as calcium.

Post-translationalmodifications

Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated. This modification occurs exclusively on glutamate residues and results in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Also monoglycylated but not polyglycylated due to the absence of functional TTLL10 in human. Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes (cilia and flagella) whereas glutamylation is prevalent in neuronal cells, centrioles, axonemes, and the mitotic spindle. Both modifications can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering glycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. The precise function of such modifications is still unclear but they regulate the assembly and dynamics of axonemal microtubules.

Confirmation of differentiation of iPSCs into cortical neuronal cultures.

Images taken from clones C2 (trisomic) and C3 -D21 (disomic) 40 days after initiation of the differentiation protocol. Fixed cells on chamber slides were probed with antibodies against the marker proteins listed in the left column. Neuronal marker Beta III tubulin is red (ab7751); DAPI is blue; and Ctip2, TBR1, SLC17A7 (vGLUT1) and GRIK2 are green. Size bar = 20 μ.

The cells were fixed with 100% methanol (5min) and then blocked in 1% BSA/10% normal goat serum/0.3M glycine in 0.1%PBS-Tween for 1h. The cells were then incubated with ab7751 at 1/1000 and ab6046 at 1µg/ml overnight at +4°C, followed by a further incubation at room temperature for 1h with an AlexaFluor®488 Goat anti-Mouse secondary (ab150117) at 2 μg/ml (shown in green) and AlexaFluor®594 Goat anti-Rabbit secondary (ab150088) at 2 μg/ml (shown in pseudo color red). Nuclear DNA was labeled in blue with DAPI.Negative controls: 1– Rabbit primary and anti-mouse secondary antibody; 2 – Mouse primary antibody and anti-rabbit secondary antibody. Controls 1 and 2 indicate that there is no unspecific reaction between primary and secondary antibodies used.

This blot was produced using a 4-12% Bis-tris gel under the MOPS buffer system. The gel was run at 200V for 50 minutes before being transferred onto a Nitrocellulose membrane at 30V for 70 minutes. The membrane was then blocked for an hour using LI-COR® blocking buffer before being incubated with ab7751 overnight at 4°C. Antibody binding was detected using the IRDye® 800CW Goat Anti-Mouse secondary at a 1:10,000 dilution for 1hr at room temperature and then imaged using the Odyssey® CLx Imaging System.

The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6, epitope retrieval solution 1) for 20 mins. The section was then incubated with ab7751, 5μg/ml, for 15 mins at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. The section was then counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX. No primary antibody was used in the secondary only control (shown on the inset).For other IHC staining systems (automated and non-automated) customers should optimize variable parameters such as antigen retrieval conditions, primary antibody concentration and antibody incubation times.

Cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde, permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100 in PBS and blocked with 1% BSA for 30 minutes at 22°C. Samples were incubated with primary antibody (1/500) for 16 hours at 4°C. An Alexa Fluor® 594-conjugated Donkey anti-mouse IgG polyclonal (1/1000) was used as the secondary antibody.

The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (10 min) and then permeabilized with 0.1% PBS-Tween for 20 min. The cells were then incubated in 1x PBS / 10% normal goat serum / 0.3M glycine to block non-specific protein-protein interactions followed by the antibody (ab7751, 1/50 dilution) for 30 min at 22ºC. The secondary antibody used was DyLight® 488 goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (ab96879) at 1/500 dilution for 30 min at 22ºC. Isotype control antibody (black line) was mouse IgG1 [ICIGG1] (ab91353, 2µg/1x106 cells) used under the same conditions. Acquisition of >5,000 events was performed.

This antibody gave a positive signal in SH-SY5Y cells fixed with 80% methanol (5 min)/permeabilized in 0.1% PBS-Tween used under the same conditions.

Tissue underwent formaldehyde fixation before heat mediated antigen retrieval in citric acid pH 6 and then blocking with 1% BSA was performed for 10 minutes at RT. The primary antibody was used at dilution at 1/200 and incubated with sample in TBS/BSA/azide for 2 hours. A biotin conjugated goat polyclonal to mouse IgG was used at dilution at 1/200 as secondary antibody. Images A and B represent staining of the clone TU20 and 2G10 respectively in ganglia of Auerbach's plexus.