3. Shortly about the Author Eugenia Nekrasova, Moscow, Russia. M.A. in Philology and Education, Moscow State University. For many years she has been working as a full-time senior teacher and lecturer for the USSR / Russian Federation Minis- try of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Language Service, teaching Russian, English and related subjects to foreign diplomats, businessmen and journalists, including the staff of the United Nations Moscow office, Sea Land CIS Logistics, Caterpillar Overseas, Ernst & Young, the State Finnish Radio & TV Moscow office and many others. Now she divides her time between teaching and writing books on language. She has written five successful books on learning Modern Russian as a Second Language and on learning English for people speaking Russian: 1. "A Basic Modern Russian Grammar" - 380 pages, "Gummerus", Helsinki, Finland, 1998. Published in Finnish, translated from English. ISBN 951-20-5264-4 2. "Exercises in Basic Modern Russian Grammar" - 250 pages, "Gummerus", Helsinki, Finland, 2000. Published in Finnish, translated from Eng- lish. ISBN 951-20-5507-4 3. "Living & Working in the Former USSR" - 211 pages, colour illustrated, succesfully practised course book of Modern Russian, best used for crash- courses. ISBN 5-85550-121-3 4. "Popular English Grammar" - 400 pages, "Slavyansky Dom Knigi" Publish- ers, Moscow, Russia,1999. First print - 25,000 copies. ISBN 5-93220-001-4 5. "English for Work and Travel" - 360 pages, "Slavyansky Dom Knigi" Pub- lishers, Moscow, Russia, 2000, with D.Pobedimsky. First print - 15,000 copies. ISBN 5-93220-052-9 The author would gladly accept any comments on the book email: eugnekr@mail.ru

4. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 1 EugeniaNekrasova The characterizing words can be: adjectives, adjectival pronouns (possessive, demonstrative etc), ordinal numerals, long participles, cardinal numeral «one». You will learn: how to establish the Gender of a noun and how to make the Singular form Gender Agreement between nouns and words characterizing them. AGREEMENT BETWEEN WORDS IN RUSSIAN There are 2 main types of relations between the words in a Russian sentence: Agreement and Governing. Agreement could be in Gender, Number and Person. Part 1 The Gender Agreement of Russian Nouns in the Singular between the nouns/personal pronouns and the short participles /short adjectives, between the nouns/personal pronouns and the verbs in the Past tense form. Part 1 deals with the first five types of Gender Agreement. THE PRINCIPLE OF GENDER AGREEMENT Agreement in Gender takes place: between the long adjectives and the nouns, between the adjectival pronouns and the nouns, between the ordinal numerals and the nouns, between the cardinal numeral «one» and nouns, between the long participles and the nouns, Part 1 covers the problems of Gender Agreement between nouns and words preceding them in units. I called the words preceeding nouns in units - the characterizing words.

7. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 4 EugeniaNekrasova HOW TO ESTABLISH THE GENDER OF PLACE NAMES All the place names could be divided into 2 groups: These words exist only in this unchangeable (indeclinable) form. Their gender is established in a special way (through association with the «generic» word). Second group There are many place names which do not fit the Russian system of endings: Áàê˜, Ñ‹÷è, Òáèë‰ñè, Õˆëüñèíêè, Ìèññ˜ðè, Òà‰òè, Ò‹êèî, Îíò‚ðèî M. Êèò‚é, Òàéë‚íä, Âüåòí‚ì, Àì˜ð, Åíèñˆé - îí F. Ðîññ‰ÿ, Ôèíëµíäèÿ, Àìˆðèêà, Â‹ëãà - îí‚ N. Ïðèì‹ðüå - îí‹ First group The place names have the endings which formally fit the Russian system of endings: FOREIGN INDECLINABLE NOUNS AND THEIR GENDER AGREEMENT There is a group of nouns of foreign origin in Russian which do not decline. E.g. øîññˆ - highway ð‚äèî - radio (set) ìåòð‹ - subway êèí‹ - movies, cinema òàêñ‰ - taxi, cab àòåëüˆ - studio,dress shop êàôˆ - cafe áþð‹ - office êóïˆ - compartment èíòåðâüþ - interview ïàëüò‹ - overcoat etc. All these words are Neuter and their Gender agreement and pronoun replacement is Neuter. E.g. Ì‰íñêîå øîññˆ - Minsk highway - oí‹ èíòåðˆñíîå èíòåðâüþ - interesting interview - îí‹ í‹âîå ïàëüò‹ - new overcoat - îí‹ but ãîðµ÷èé ê‹ôå - Masculine - hot coffee Notice! h

8. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 5 EugeniaNekrasova So, these adjectives can be attached to the nouns the gender of which is marked or established as Masculine, for example: M. M. í‹âûé + äîì M. M. áîëüø‹é + äîì M. M. õîð‹øèé + äîì To make a Feminine adjective to attach it to a Feminine noun, you have to replace Masculine endings by -àÿ ending. ûé, îé, èé àÿ E.g. THE GENDER AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND CHARACTERIZING WORDS IN THE SINGULAR The adjectives and adjectival words are registered in the dictionaries in the Masculine. You can make other gender forms on your own if you follow the rules which will be stipulated further. The Masculine adjectival endings which a foreign learner may trace from the dictionary are as follows: The gender agreement between nouns and adjectives -ûé like in í‹âûé - new, èçâˆñòíûé - famous -îé like in áîëüø‹é - big, large, ïëîõ‹é - bad, äîðîã‹é - expensive, dear -èé like in ð˜ññêèé - Russian, àíãë‰éñêèé - English, õîð‹øèé - good, ì‚ëåíüêèé - small, little, ïîñëˆäíèé - last Feminine adjective + Feminine noun M. F. F. íîâûé íîâàÿ ìàøèíà new new car Masculine adjective + Masculine noun M. F. F. áîëüøîé áîëüøàÿ ìàøèíà large, big big car

11. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 8 EugeniaNekrasova Possessive pronouns åãî (his), å¸ (her), èõ (their) do not change according to the gender principle, they exist only in one unchangeable form: The demonstrative and determinative pronouns used as characterizing words ýòîò - this, the... close to hand Âîò ýòîò äîì. Here is this house. Âîò ýòî ìåñòî. Here is this place. Âîò ýòà ìàøèíà. Here is this car. this åãî äîì - his house åãî ìàøèíà - his car åãî ìåñòî - his place åãî (his) å¸ äîì - her house å¸ ìàøèíà - her car å¸ ìåñòî - her place å¸ (her) èõ (their) èõ äîì - their house èõ ìàøèíà - their car èõ ìåñòî - their place Summary It is necessary to distinguish the characterizing ýòî, which changes according to genders and ýòî used in the meaning of «this is, that is, these are, those are». The latter is not a characterizing word, and it does not change according to genders. Notice! M. Ýòî ìîé äîì. This is my house. ýòî... - this is, that is - special case! Notice! h N. Ýòî ìî¸ ìåñòî. This is my seat. F. Ýòî ìîÿ ìàøèíà. This is my car. N M F ìîé, íàø, âàø, òâîé, åãî, å¸, èõ + äîì ìîÿ, íàøà, âàøà, òâîÿ, åãî, å¸, èõ + ìàøèíà ìî¸, íàøå, âàøå, òâî¸, åãî, å¸, èõ + ìåñòî

12. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 9 EugeniaNekrasova òàêîé - used in expressive sentences like: Ñåãîäíÿ òàêîé âåòåð! It is so windy today! Ñåãîäíÿ òàêîå ñîëíöå! It is so sunny today! Ñåãîäíÿ òàêàÿ æàðà! It is so hot today! òàêîé - what a..., combines with long adjectives: Òàêàÿ ñèëüíàÿ ãðîçà! What a heavy thunderstorm! Òàêîå æàðêîå ëåòî! What a hot summer! Òàêîé ñèëüíûé âåòåð! What a heavy wind! òàêîé - this kind, the same this kind Òàêîé äîì? This kind of house? Òàêàÿ ìàøèíà? This kind of car? Òàêîå ïèâî? This kind of beer? òîò - that one, the one which was meant, distant object Âîò òîò äîì. Here is that house. Âîò òî ìåñòî. Here is that place. Âîò òà óëèöà. Here is that street. that N M F N M F N M F N M F

13. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 10 EugeniaNekrasova òàêîé æå - the same, the same kind as, combines with long adjectives: ñàìûé - the very, the most, most Indicates precise location: Ì. Ýòî ñàìûé öåíòð ãîðîäà. It`s the very centre of the city. Similar meaning could be rendered by Êàêîé ñèëüíûé âåòåð! What a heavy wind! Êàêîå æàðêîå ëåòî! What a hot summer! Êàêàÿ ñèëüíàÿ ãðîçà! What a heavy thunderstorm! Òàêîé æå äîì. The same kind of house. Òàêàÿ æå ìàøèíà. The same kind of car. Òàêîå æå ïèâî. The same kind of beer. Ýòî ñàìûé áîëüøîé äîì. This is the biggest house. Ýòî ñàìîå óäîáíîå ìåñòî. This is the most comfortable seat. Ýòî ñàìàÿ äîðîãàÿ ìàøèíà. This is the most expensive car. òîò ñàìûé - the same, the very, mentioned before Âîò òîò ñàìûé äîì. Âîò òà ñàìàÿ ìàøèíà.Âîò òî ñàìîå ìåñòî. N M F N M F N M F N M F Combines with long adjectives to denote superlative meaning: êàêîé - such a..., what a ...

14. A Basic Modern Russian Grammar Part 1 TheGenderAgreementofRussianNounsintheSingular page 11 EugeniaNekrasova The Interrogative Pronouns used as characterizing words The Interrogative Pronouns are used in questions: êàêîé - what, which, what kind of, what is the number of..? ÷åé? - Whose..? Who is the owner? To whom it belongs? ×åé ýòî äîì? Whose is this house? ×ü¸ ýòî êóïå? Whose is this compartment? ×üÿ ýòî ìàøèíà? Whose is this car? ÷åé? ÷ü¸? ÷üÿ? Êàêîé? Êàêîå? Êàêàÿ? whose? Êàêîé ó âàñ âàãîí? What is your carriage number? What is the class of your carriage? Êàêîé îí ÷åëîâåê? What kind of person is he? Êàêîé ó âàñ òåëåôîí? What is your telephone number? What kind of telephone do you have? Êàêàÿ çàâòðà áóäåò ïîãîäà? What is the weather like tomorrow? Êàêàÿ ó âàñ êâàðòèðà? What kind of apartment do you have? What is the number of your apartment? Êàêîå ó âàñ êóïå? What is the number of your compartment? What is the class of your compartment? Êàêîå ó âàñ ìåñòî? What is the number of your seat? N M F N M F

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