Even under the SCOTUS decision you cited, the "law" as you call it wasn't decided until the latter half of the 19th century. Your assertion that the founding fathers wanted to create a union in which the states required permission to leave is dubious at best. Afterall, they had just seceded from Great Britain and declared that to do so was the God given natural right of all men in 1776.

There is nothing in the Constitution that allows for secession and if the Founders thought it was such an important concept it'd have been there. Bringing up England is a tangent bearing zero relevance to what the Founders agreed to in written law for the US. Plus as I said before they knew their lives were in jeopardy when they left England so that's a clear understanding that future States who did it might face the same fate. (Which they did)