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Cellular Respiration Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy for the cell. The process of creating cell energy is known as cellular respiration. Most of the chemical reactions involved in cellular respiration happen in the mitochondria. A mitochondrion is shaped perfectly to maximize its efforts. Remember they have folded membranes to increase chemical reactions!

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Intro To Cellular Respiration Organisms, such as plants and algae, can trap the energy in sunlight through photosynthesis and store it in the chemical bonds of carbohydrate molecules. The principal carbohydrate formed through photosynthesis is glucose. Other types of organisms, such as animals, fungi, protozoa, and a large portion of the bacteria, are unable to perform this process. Therefore, these organisms must rely on the carbohydrates formed in plants to obtain the energy necessary for their metabolic processes. This means they must eat plants and other animals in order to gain energy.

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Cont. Cells take the carbohydrates into their cytoplasm, and through a complex series of metabolic processes, they break down the carbohydrates and release the energy. The energy is generally not needed immediately; rather it is used to combine adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with another phosphate to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules. The ATP can then be used for processes in the cells that require energy, much as a battery powers a mechanical device. During the process of cellular respiration, carbon dioxide is given off. Plant cells can use this carbon dioxide during photosynthesis to form new carbohydrates.

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION What happens when there is no oxygen available for cellular respiration?

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What Happens When There is No Oxygen? Lactic Acid Fermentation When oxygen is scarce, lactic acid is used to produce energy. It is produced in the muscles and causes muscle fatigue. Alcoholic Fermentation Yeast and bacteria use alcoholic fermentation to supply energy.

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Aerobic = WITH oxygen 36 ATP molecules are produced! This is the best way to go--you get more bang for your buck!

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Anaerobic = WITHOUT oxygen Only 2 ATPs are produced! 2 Types: 1. LACTIC ACID: Produced in your MUSCLES during rapid exercise when the muscles cannot get enough OXYGEN! Build up of lactic acid is responsible for your painful, burning muscles after hard exercise Some prokaryotes produce lactic acid as a waste- used to make _CHEESE, yogurt, pickles, and KIMCHI. 2. ALCOHOLIC Fermentation: in bacteria and yeast Produces CARBON DIOXIDE and ALCOHOL Responsible for bread rising and making beer Yeast like the WARMTH, but if you heat them up TOO much (like in the oven), they’ll die! Cool fact: Yeast can use either Aerobic OR anaerobic respiration !

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What does yeast do when it ferments? RELEASES CO 2  Can you see holes in your bread?  What causes those holes?

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How is BEER made? In the brewing process, complex sugars, such as sucrose, are first broken down by yeast into simple sugars, such as glucose. Glucose is then further decomposed into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The ethanol produced is the alcohol in alcoholic drinks, such as beer and wine; the carbon dioxide puts bubbles into beers and champagne.