Sex behind bars: health risks of relationships between inmates

AN HIV-positive inmate who was having unprotected sex with another prisoner was refused condoms by staff at a UK jail in a potentially harmful breach of guidelines, the Chief Inspector of Prisons has revealed.

In another incident, managers of one jail claimed that they did not need to provide their prisoners with protection because none of them was homosexual.

The revelations by Nick Hardwick to the first Commission into Sex in Prisons have thrown light on the rarely reported issue of intercourse behind bars and sparked calls for more action to prevent non-consensual sex between inmates.

Officially, sexual relationships between prisoners - as well as between staff and inmates - are prohibited.

But prisoners should have free access to protection and condoms must be supplied if prisoners are thought to be at risk of contracting HIV or another STI.

Giving evidence to the commission, Mr Hardwick warned that the "Prison Service had not adopted a uniform approach as to how to achieve this requirement and practice varied between prisons".

He added that "one prison claimed that access to barrier protection was unnecessary because none of its prisoners were homosexual".

While at another prison "one homosexual and HIV-positive prisoner who was having unprotected sex requested and was refused condoms".

While Mr Hardwick did not name either of the prisons involved and declined to supply further information to The Independent, his testimony last November raises concerns that vulnerable convicts could be contracting sexually transmitted diseases because of failures within the prison system.

Campaigners claim that a systemic culture of denial about the extent of sexual relations - both consensual and coercive - behind bars is so damaging that prisoners have died as a result.

Between 2007 and 2012, six inmates died in sexually related incidents in the UK prison system.

The commission heard that in 2008, a prisoner referred to as Mr E was murdered by his cellmate Mr F who had allegedly sexually assaulted two prisoners on previous occasions.

Mr F had been convicted of the rape of an adult male two years before Mr E's death.

There were already concerns that Mr F was "grooming" other prisoners.

He had been the subject of three Violence Reduction Strategy documents, due to his inappropriate behaviour to other prisoners.

Given the security information available in Mr F's files, he should have been considered a risk to other prisoners and not have been sharing a cell.

Giving evidence to the commission, which was launched by the Howard League for Penal Reform last year, Nigel Newcomen, Prison and Probation Ombudsman (PPO), spoke of another incident in which a woman prisoner in a relationship with another female inmate took her own life.

He said: "Most staff who were aware of the relationship commented that it was not a positive relationship."

Despite the prison having a policy that intimate relationships between prisoners were not condoned and should be brought to the attention of wing managers, key staff were not made aware of this relationship.

Mr Newcomen said that this "led to decisions being made which did not access the risks involved".

In several cases, Mr Newcomen found that "general themes emerged… regarding poor record keeping and information sharing which impacted on the safety of the individual".

Former prisoners interviewed by The Independent claimed sex is rife in some jails, with prisoners regularly lured into sexual relations with staff on the promise of a long-term relationship.

One former prisoner, Rebecca Hilton, who had gender reassignment while serving a life sentence between the male and female estate, said that sexual abuse and rape between prisoners is a routine occurrence particularly in men's prisons and is often overlooked by staff.

Chris Sheffield, chairman of the Commission into Sex in Prison, said: "We know very little about sex in prison. No one knows how many people are sexually assaulted in prison every year, or whether some prisoners are having underage sex, perhaps putting their health or their partner's health at risk."

In an HM Inspectorate of Prisons survey, 1 per cent of prisoners said that they were being sexually abused, rising to between 2 and 3 per cent among prisoners who considered themselves to be disabled.

In an academic study of 200 ex-prisoners, 91 per cent said they had been coerced sexually.

Yet only a tiny number of complaints about sexual issues are officially logged.

The PPO logged just 108 such complaints between 2007 and 2012.

Debra Baldwin, head of women and inequalities at the National Offender Management Service (Noms) said that the internal process of making a complaint is so complicated and time consuming that often prisoners either give up or are released before their case makes it to the outside.

Solicitor Nick Wells, who has represented several prisoners who claim to have been victims of sexual abuse, said that "even for a solicitor, when you have some sort of stick to wave at them it is hard enough to get a prison to do what it is supposed to do".

Sex in prison: rules

Prisons are under no legal obligation to distribute condoms or barrier protection to inmates. Policy is discretionary and varies from prison to prison, though most do offer some kind of free condom service. But under Prison Service Order 3845, "condoms may be prescribed if in the clinical judgment of the doctor there is a risk of HIV or STD transmission".

HM Prison Service says consensual sex in jail is illegal because cells are "public places", but relationships between prisoners tend to be dealt with on a discretionary basis.

The Prison Service Instruction 47/2011 regarding prisoner-discipline procedures states: "There is no rule specifically prohibiting sexual acts between prisoners, but if they are observed by someone who finds (or could potentially find) their behaviour offensive, a charge… may be appropriate, particularly if the act occurred in a public or semi-public place within the establishment, or if the prisoners were "caught in the act" during a cell search. But if two prisoners sharing a cell are in a relationship and engage in sexual activity during the night when they have a reasonable expectation of privacy, a disciplinary charge may not be appropriate."

For a member of staff to have a relationship with a prisoner is a disciplinary and sackable offence. The Prison Service Order 1215 overseeing professional standards states: "Staff must exercise particular care to ensure that their dealings with prisoners, former prisoners and their friends and relations are not open to abuse, misrepresentation or exploitation on either side."