The Development of Science

The history of science is the study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities are termed the history of scholarship.) From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often seen as a narrative of true theories replacing false ones. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, portray the history of science in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.

Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history. However, the English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whew ell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers.

While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Hay ham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

Development studies are a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries. It has historically placed a particular focus on issues related to social and economic development, and its relevance may therefore extend to communities and regions outside of the developing world.

Development studies are offered as a specialized Master's degree in a number of universities, and, less commonly, as an undergraduate degree. It has grown in popularity as a subject of study since the early 1990s, and has been most widely taught and researched in the third world and in countries with a colonial history, such as the UK, where development studies originated.

The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient

The development of science and technology benefit our life. However, scientists cannot find effective solutions to the problems they created. To what degree do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and convenient. However, scientists have created many problems, which are not easy to be resolved, such as air pollution, the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources, to which we must make some solutions.

Modern science and technology render people many advantages. Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for correspondence. Email, the most effective method of communication now, is becoming very popular. Besides, telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than before....

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...B.Ed. OPTIONAL COURSE PHYSICAL SCIENCE-PAPER-I OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the student -teachers will be able to
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...﻿
Is it necessary for everyone to learn science?
What is science? “Science is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.” Science can be known as a subject, explanation and possibly our underlying belief. Among the humanity, there are diverse of religions; some believe in Buddhism, some believe in Christian, some believe in Science, because science is proved with mathematical methods and repetitive experiments, unlike stories are told in the bible. I think learning science is necessary, and it is also important enough to make humankind to feel secure, change the way they think, and allow them to reach out more.
First, science is important because it allows us to understand our universe and our role in it. Some of the greatest minds in world history had advocated for the practice of science. After reading the Republic by Plato, I understand how crucial learning knowledge, science, is. Plato employs prisoners as a metaphor for human being. The prisoners lived in an underground cave, while they had their necks and legs all tied up, fixed in the same spot, and they only see things that are in front of them. “Underground cave”, “all tied up” such phrases symbolizes how human beings live in their small world,...

...Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge"[1]) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.[2][3][4] In an older and closely related meaning, "science" also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. A practitioner of science is known as a scientist.
Since classical antiquity, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to philosophy. During the Islamic Golden Age, the foundation for the scientific method was laid, which emphasized experimental data and reproducibility of its results across multiple experiments.[5][6][7] In the early modern period the words "science" and "philosophy of nature" were sometimes used interchangeably.[8] By the 17th century, natural philosophy (which is today called "natural science") was considered a separate branch of philosophy.[9]
In modern usage, "science" most often refers to a way of pursuing knowledge, not only the knowledge itself. It is also often restricted to those branches of study that seek to explain the phenomena of the material universe.[10] In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature such as Newton's laws of motion. And over the course of the 19th century, the word "science"...

...Origin & Development of Sociology as a Separate Science
Sociology is one of the oldest of the sciences. Since the dawn of civilization, society has been as a subject for speculation and inquiry along with other phenomena which have agitated the restless and inquisitive mind of man. Even centuries ago men were thinking about society and it should be organized and held views on man and his destiny, the rise and fall of the peoples and civilizations. Though they were thinking in sociological terms they were called philosophers, historians, thinkers, law-givers or seers.
Though sociology came to be established as a separate discipline in the 19th –century due to the efforts of the French Philosopher Auguste Comte. It is wrong to suppose that no social thought existed before him.
Four thousands of years men have reflected upon societies in which they lived. In the writings of Plato, Aristotle, Manu, Kautilya, Confucius, Cicero and others we find major attempts to deal methodically with the nature of Society Law, Religion, Philosophy, etc. However, sociology as an independent science came to be established only in the 19th century and there were some founders of this.
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Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
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...The word "science" probably brings to mind many different pictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats and microscopes, an astronomer peering through a telescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein's equations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launch of the space shuttle, bubbling beakers …. All of those images reflect some aspect of science, but none of them provides a full picture because science has so many facets
Science is both a body of knowledge and a process. In school, science may sometimes seem like a collection of isolated and static facts listed in a textbook, but that's only a small part of the story. Just as importantly, science is also a process of discovery that allows us to link isolated facts into coherent and comprehensive understandings of the natural world.
Science is exciting. Science is a way of discovering what's in the universe and how those things work today, how they worked in the past, and how they are likely to work in the future. Scientists are motivated by the thrill of seeing or figuring out something that no one has before.
Science is useful. The knowledge generated by science is powerful and reliable. It can be used to develop new technologies, treat diseases, and deal with many other sorts of problems.
Science is ongoing. Science is continually refining and...

...your mind these are just guidelines, you should try to give your personal touch to the essay by taking excerpts from class discussions and your research.)
Introduction:
• Explain the terminologies renaissance & time period ( when, place & why?)
• List 3 factors that led to the Renaissance.
• What was Renaissance all about?
Body:
• What causes the Renaissance to begin and how does Humanism influence the
development of the Renaissance?
• How does art evolve during the time of the Renaissance?
• Who are some of the most influential artists and thinkers of the Renaissance?
• How does the printing press influence the development of the Renaissance?
• Who are some of the most influential artists and thinkers of the Renaissance?
• How did the politics, economics, geographic and social implications affect cultural expansion during this period?
Conclusion:
• How were the lives of people living during the Renaissance similar to our lives today? How were their lives different?
• How did Renaissance bring about change in the thinking of people, science, arts, and education of that time?
• How did Renaissance changed Europe and the world?
• Do Renaissance ideas still affect us today?
Make sure you structure your essay properly so that it follows the below mentioned format.
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...echnology is, in its essence, new ways of thinking. The most powerful type of technology, sometimes called enabling technology, is a thought incarnate which enables new knowledge to find and develop news ways to know. This kind of recursive bootstrapping is how science evolves. As in every type of knowledge, it accrues layers of self-reference to its former state.
New informational organizations are layered upon the old without displacement, just as in biological evolution. Our brains are good examples. We retain reptilian reflexes deep in our minds (fight or flight) while the more complex structuring of knowledge (how to do statistics) is layered over those primitive networks. In the same way, older methods of knowing (older scientific methods) are not jettisoned; they are simply subsumed by new levels of order and complexity. But the new tools of observation and measurement, and the new technologies of knowing, will alter the character of science, even while it retains the old methods.
I'm willing to bet the scientific method 400 years from now will differ from today's understanding of science more than today's science method differs from the proto-science used 400 years ago. A sensible forecast of technological innovations in the next 400 years is beyond our imaginations (or at least mine), but we can fruitfully envision technological changes that might occur in the next 50 years.
Based on...

...Nature and secondly, by the desire to use this knowledge for human welfare.
Nobody can deny that science has rendered invaluable service to mankind in various spheres. It is due to the discoveries of science that we have been able to find a cure for most diseases and prevent the outbreak of epidemics, thereby vastly increasing life expectancy.
The most valuable service which science has rendered to mankind is that it has given it supreme self confidence. It has given man the assurance that, instead of being a slave to his environment, he can control and modify it to suit his needs. Before the scientific era, an agriculturalist eked out a precarious existence, his livelihood depending upon the vagaries of the weather.
Insect pests, locusts, drought devastated his fields. Now we have built huge dams to supply waters through perennial canals, manufactured fertilizers which enormously increase agricultural production, produced ef¬fective pesticides, learnt how to prevent soil erosion, introduced multiple cropping and devised other ways to improve output.
Population control would still be needed if food production is to keep pace with the growth in numbers, but the spectacular progress which scientific cultivation has made possible in the field of agriculture has belied all Malthusian fears. Progress in the industrial field has been even more spectacular, thanks to the application of science to industry.
The world,...