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(1838–1916). An empire builder and financier, James J. Hill made a career out of a single great idea. He decided to create a railroad system that would make it possible to tap the resources of the undeveloped Pacific Northwest.

James Jerome Hill was born on Sept. 16, 1838, near Guelph, Ont. He had hoped to become a physician, but he had to discard that plan when he lost the sight in one eye in an accident.

When he was 18 he arrived at the frontier village of St. Paul, Minn. He worked at various jobs—shipping clerk, railroad station agent, and trader. He traveled the wilderness by oxcart, on horseback, and with dogsleds. He saw the agricultural possibilities of the area and learned of the mineral wealth of the Lake Superior region. He was convinced that a railroad through the territory would be a success.

Hill’s chance came in 1878. He joined three other men to form a syndicate that purchased the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad. This railroad had never made any profits. It had a valuable right-of-way to the Northwest, but little construction had been done.

In just 15 years Hill had not only turned failure into success but had absorbed many other rail lines into one corporate system. Eventually the line extended to the Canadian border, then westward to the Pacific coast in Washington.

Hill also developed steamship lines on the Great Lakes and on the Pacific coast. He made them a part of what was later the Great Northern Railway system. In 1901 he attempted to merge the Great Northern with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Northern Pacific, but in 1904 the Supreme Court declared the company to be in violation of antitrust laws and dissolved it. In 1970, however, the three were merged as the Burlington Northern system.

Hill promoted the development of the Northwest by encouraging homesteaders to settle in the new territory. In later years Hill’s practical judgment on national problems was eagerly sought. He died on May 29, 1916, in St. Paul. (See alsorailroad.)

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