The History Of Astronomy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The History Of Astronomy. History of Astronomy. Ancient times (Before 3000 B.C): a. Earth is Flat – astronomical bodies pass beneath Earth at night b. Astronomy is severely limited by the practical interests of the people and their still primitive outlook on the universe.

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2. Moon has mountains and craters like Earth…. Earth and Space made of same material

3. Discovered imperfection in Sun (SUNSPOTS)…Sun is not perfect

b. Provided more evidence for a Heliocentric Solar System (Venus exhibits a full cycle of phases which is only possible in a Heliocentric system + Jupiter appears as a mini solar system which means that Kepler’s Laws apply for all planets)

c. Experimented with gravity and discovered that gravity is uniform on Earth

d. Developed Law of Inertia…an object at rest remains at rest. An object in motion will remain in motion in the absence of friction and gravity.

e. Tried in the Roman Inquisition (1633), as the Catholic Church insisted the Earth could not be revolving the Sun.

i. Found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the center of the universe, that the Earth is not at its center and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.

ii. Sentenced to life in prison, which he served in his house until his death

iii. Wrote “Two New Sciences,” discussing kinematics

9. Sir Isaac Newton (1642- 1727 A.D.) – mathematician and physicist who is considered the father of modern physics. He brought together the works of Kepler and Galileo with his basic physical laws and his laws of gravity.

a. Gravity is a force in the whole universe, not just on Earth.

b. Gravitational force between two object decreases as the distance between the objects increases

More Mass = More Gravity

c. Gravity is the force that keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun.

d. Three basic laws of Physics

1st Law- Law of inertia – an object at rest will stay at rest an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force

2nd Law – More massive objects require more force to be accelerated (F= M x A) AN additional aspect of this law is that is provides for a way to calculate an objects weight. Weight equals the force of Earth’s gravity on the object times its mass (W=M x g)

3rd Law – For Force (Action) on one body there is an equal but opposite force (Reaction) acting on another body

ex. - If an apple falls from a tree, not only does the apple fall to Earth but Earth falls towards the apple as well.

10. Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955 A.D.) American Physicist who came up with many theories which expanded our understanding of the universe

a. Space and time are not separate units but rather one unit = space-time

b. Gravity is the curvature of space-time. The more massive the object, the greater the curvature. (This is the basis of Einstein’s General Relativity Theory)

*** Einstein explained the true nature of gravity. That’s it not a force but rather a course that mass takes around more massive objects. This theory was proven correct by the deflection of starlight observed during a 1919 eclipse.