List Of Countries By Population
This is a list of countries and dependent territories by population.
It includes sovereign states, inhabited dependent territories and, in
some cases, constituent countries of sovereign states, with inclusion
within the list being primarily based on the ISO standard ISO 3166-1.
For instance, the
United KingdomUnited Kingdom is considered as a single entity
while the constituent countries of the
Kingdom of the NetherlandsKingdom of the Netherlands are
considered separately. In addition, this list includes certain states
with limited recognition not found in ISO 3166-1.
The population figures do not reflect the practice of countries that
report significantly different populations of citizens domestically
and overall
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List Of Countries And Dependencies By Area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependent
territories by area, ranked by total area.
Entries in this list, include, but are not limited to, those in the
ISO standard 3166-1, which includes sovereign states and dependent
territories
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Ancient Greek Language
The Ancient
Greek languageGreek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient
GreeceGreece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th
century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th
to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and
Hellenistic periodHellenistic period (Koine Greek, 3rd century BC to the 4th century
AD). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek
and succeeded by medieval Greek.
Koine is regarded as a separate historical stage of its own, although
in its earliest form it closely resembled
Attic GreekAttic Greek and in its
latest form it approaches Medieval Greek
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Mixed GovernmentMixed government (or a mixed constitution) is a form of government
that combines elements of democracy (polity), aristocracy, and
monarchy, making impossible their respective degenerations (conceived
as anarchy (mob rule), oligarchy and tyranny).[1] The idea was
popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the
stability, the innovation and the success of the republic as a form of
government developed under the Roman constitution.
Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed
government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their
positions by inheritance or sortition (at the Greco-Roman time,
sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic
of classical democracy[2]).
The concept of a mixed government was studied during the Renaissance
and the Age of Reason, by Machiavelli, Vico, Kant, Hobbes and others.
It was, and is, a very important theory among supporters of
republicanism
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Syracuse, Sicily
Syracuse (/ˈsɪrəˌkjuːs, -ˌkjuːz/; Italian: Siracusa,
pronounced [siraˈkuːza] ( listen); Sicilian:
Sarausa/Seragusa; Latin: Syrācūsae; Ancient Greek:
Συράκουσαι, Syrakousai;[3] Medieval Greek:
Συρακοῦσαι) is a historic city on the island of Sicily, the
capital of the Italian province of Syracuse. The city is notable for
its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as
the birthplace of the preeminent mathematician and engineer
Archimedes.[4] This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient
times, when it was one of the major powers of the
MediterraneanMediterranean world.
Syracuse is located in the southeast corner of the island of Sicily,
next to the Gulf of Syracuse beside the Ionian Sea.
The city was founded by
Ancient GreekAncient Greek Corinthians and Teneans[5] and
became a very powerful city-state
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Aureus
The aureus (pl. aurei — "golden") was a gold coin of ancient Rome
originally valued at 25 pure silver denarii. The aureus was regularly
issued from the 1st century BC to the beginning of the 4th century AD,
when it was replaced by the solidus. The aureus was about the same
size as the denarius, but heavier due to the higher density of gold
(as opposed to that of silver.)
Before the time of
Julius CaesarJulius Caesar the aureus was struck infrequently,
probably because gold was seen as a mark of un-Roman luxury. Caesar
struck the coin more often, and standardized the weight at 1
40 displaystyle tfrac 1 40 of a
Roman poundRoman pound (about 8 grams).
AugustusAugustus (r
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Basil II
Basil II (Greek: Βασίλειος Β΄, Basileios II; 958
– 15 December 1025) was a
Byzantine EmperorByzantine Emperor from the Macedonian
dynasty who reigned from 10 January 976 to 15 December 1025. He was
known in his time as Basil the
PorphyrogenitusPorphyrogenitus and Basil the Young to
distinguish him from his supposed ancestor, Basil I the
Macedonian. He was the second longest reigning emperor after his
brother
Constantine VIIIConstantine VIII whom he named co-emperor in 962, but outlived
him by 3 years.
The early years of his long reign were dominated by civil war against
powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy. Following their
submission, Basil oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the
eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire, and above all, the final and
complete subjugation of Bulgaria, the Empire's foremost European foe,
after a prolonged struggle
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Solidus (coin)
The solidus (
LatinLatin for "solid"; pl. solidi), nomisma (Greek:
νόμισμα, nómisma, lit. "coin"), or bezant was originally
a relatively pure gold coin issued in the Late Roman Empire. Under
Constantine, who introduced it on a wide scale, it had a weight of
about 4.5 grams. It was largely replaced in Western Europe by
Pepin the Short's currency reform, which introduced the silver-based
pound/shilling/penny system, under which the shilling (Latin: solidus)
functioned as a unit of account equivalent to 12 pence, eventually
developing into the French sou. In Eastern Europe, the nomisma was
gradually debased by the Byzantine emperors until it was abolished by
Alexius IAlexius I in 1092, who replaced it with the hyperpyron, which also
came to be known as a "bezant"
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Vassal
A vassal[1] is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a
lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval
Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual
protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land
held as a tenant or fief.[2] The term is applied to similar
arrangements in other feudal societies.
In contrast, fealty (fidelitas) was sworn, unconditional loyalty to a
monarch.[3]Contents1 Western vassalage
2 Difference between "vassal" and "vassal state"
3
FeudalFeudal Japanese equivalents
4 See also4.1 Similar terms5 Notes
6 References
7 External linksWestern vassalage[edit]
In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part
in a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the homage and the
fealty, including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred
importance
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Vexilloid
"Vexilloid" is a loose term used to describe flag-like (vexillary)
objects used by countries, organisations or individuals as a form of
representation other than flags. American vexillologist Whitney Smith
coined the term in 1958, defining it as:An object which functions as a flag but differs from it in some
respect, usually appearance. Vexilloids are characteristic of
traditional societies and often consist of a staff with an emblem,
such as a carved animal, at the top."Vexilloid" can be used in a broader sense of any banner (vexillary
object) which is not a flag (that is, taking only Smith's first
sentence into account)
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Nicene Christianity
Nicene
ChristianityChristianity refers to Christian doctrinal traditions that
adhere to the Nicene Creed, which was originally formulated at the
First Council of NicaeaFirst Council of Nicaea in 325 AD and finished at the First Council of
Constantinople in AD 381.[1] It is much more commonly referred to as
mainstream Christianity.[2]
The main rival doctrine of Nicene
ChristianityChristianity at the time was Arian
Christianity, which ceased to exist during the 7th century AD with the
conversion of the Gothic kingdoms to Nicene Christianity. The main
points of dissent centered on Christology. Nicene Christianity
considers Christ to be divine and co-eternal with God the Father,
while Arian
ChristianityChristianity considered Christ to be the first created
being, and inferior to God the Father
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Sestertius
The sestertius (plural sestertii), or sesterce (plural sesterces), was
an ancient Roman coin. During the
Roman RepublicRoman Republic it was a small,
silver coin issued only on rare occasions. During the
Roman EmpireRoman Empire it
was a large brass coin.
The name sestertius means "two and one half", referring to its nominal
value of two and a half asses (a bronze Roman coin, singular as), a
value that was useful for commerce because it was one quarter of a
denarius, a coin worth ten asses. The name is derived from semis,
"half" and "tertius", "third", in which "third" refers to the third
as: the sestertius was worth two full asses and half of a third.
English-language sources routinely use the original Latin form
sestertius, plural sestertii; but older literature frequently uses
sesterce, plural sesterces, terce being the English equivalent of
tertius
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NicomediaNicomediaNicomedia (/ˌnɪkəˈmiːdiə/;[1] Greek: Νικομήδεια,
Nikomedeia; modern İzmit) was an ancient Greek city in what is now
Turkey.Contents1 History1.1 Persecutions of 303
1.2 Later Empire2 Infrastructure
3 Notable natives and residents
4 Remains
5 See also
6 ReferencesHistory[edit]
It was founded in 712/11 BC as a
MegarianMegarian colony and was originally
known as Astacus (/ˈæstəkəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀστακός,
"lobster").[2] After being destroyed by Lysimachus,[3] it was rebuilt
by
Nicomedes I of Bithynia in 264 BC under the name of Nicomedia, and
has ever since been one of the most important cities in northwestern
Asia Minor. The great military commander
HannibalHannibal Barca came to
NicomediaNicomedia in his final years and committed suicide in nearby Libyssa
(Diliskelesi, Gebze)
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