Sunday, June 10, 2012

It's often suggested that Americans care more about equal opportunity than people in other nations (see the quotation from Luigi Zingales in my recent post). You can support this with examples from history--the United States was traditionally a leader in providing public education, although other countries have caught up with us recently, and it still has less educational tracking than most other nations.

What about surveys? The 2009 ISSP survey discussed in my last post has one question that directly involves "a level playing field"--whether it's just that rich people can buy a better education for their children. The other questions, except maybe the one on medical care, are about equal results--helping the poor and unemployed or taking from the rich. Americans rank 31st among 38 nations on the education question, compared with an average of 32nd on the others (high numbers represent less egalitarian sentiments). However, there are some nations in which rankings on the education question are substantially different from rankings on the others.

More likely to see it as unjust

Belgium
Cyprus
Iceland
Denmark
Norway
Sweden

For example, Sweden is 12th most egalitarian on education, an average of 22nd on the others. With the Scandinavian countries, this is probably because some of the questions involve implicit comparisons to the present; since the government already does a lot to equalize conditions in those countries, people are less likely to be in favor of doing more. I don't know enough about Belgium or Cyprus to offer a guess about why they are on the list.

Less likely to see it as unjust

South Korea
Russia
Estonia
China
Taiwan
Japan

All of the East Asian nations in the survey show up on this list. For example, people in South Korea are fairly egalitarian overall (an average of 12th on the other questions), but don't have a problem with rich people buying better education for their children (32nd).

In any case, Americans don't seem to make much distinction between equal opportunity and equal results--by international standards, we (and Anglo-Saxon settler societies more generally) don't care much about either one.

Saturday, June 9, 2012

In my last post, I wrote about a "recent Pew survey" of twenty-seven nations in which Americans were much less favorable to income redistribution than people in any of the other nations. That survey turned out to be from the International Social Survey Programme in 1999.

The ISSP had another survey on social inequality in 2009, and it included a wider range of questions on redistribution. Specifically:
1. Agree or disagree that "differences in income in [country] are too large."
2. Agree or disagree that "it is the responsibility of the government to reduce differences in income between people with high income and those with low incomes." [the 1999 question]
3. Agree or disagree that "the government should provide a decent standard of living for the unemployed."
4. Agree or disagree that "the government should spend less on benefits to the poor."
5. "Do you think people with high incomes should pay a larger share of their income in taxes than those with low incomes, the same share, or a smaller share?"
6. "Generally, how would you describe taxes in [country] today for those with high incomes? ... much too high, too high, about right, too low, much too low"
7. "Is it just or unjust--right or wrong--that people with high incomes can buy better health care than people with lower incomes?"
8. "Is it just or unjust--right or wrong--that people with high incomes can
buy better education for their children than people with lower incomes."

There were 38 nations in this survey. You can get a general index of views on equality by adding up the ranks on each of these questions. The fancier approach is to perform a factor analysis and calculate factor scores, but that gives almost identical results. The rankings, from least to most egalitarian:

The United States is one of the least egalitarian nations, but doesn't stand out as much. (We still rank as the least egalitarian on question 2, but not on any of the others). Overall, Americans are only the third least egalitarian, behind New Zealand and the Philippines, and just ahead of Great Britain. The most striking pattern is that five of the six least egalitarian nations were settled by people from the British Isles (the other is the Philippines, which was an American colony for about fifty years). People of British descent don't necessarily make up a majority, but they had a disproportionate influence on the political history and culture of those nations. A few other interesting points are the big difference between the Czech and Slovak Republics, Norway's ranking as one of the less egalitarian nations, and Switzerland's ranking as one of the more egalitarian.

Sunday, June 3, 2012

A 2011 essay in the City Journal by Luigi Zingales, a professor at the University of Chicago business school, compared attitudes towards economic inequality in the United States and other countries. The key passage (which also appears in his new book, A Capitalism for the People):

"in a recent survey of 27 developed countries by the Pew Charitable
Trusts, only one-third of Americans agreed that it was the government’s
responsibility to reduce income inequality; the country with the next
smallest fraction to agree was Canada, with 44 percent, and the
responses rose as high as Portugal’s 89 percent. Americans do not want
to redistribute income, but they do want the government to provide a
level playing field: over 70 percent of Americans said that the role of
government was 'to ensure everyone has a fair chance of improving their
economic standing.' This belief in equality of opportunity is supported by another
belief: that the system is actually fair. Sixty-nine percent of
Americans in the same survey agreed with the statement 'People are
rewarded for intelligence and skill,' a far larger percentage than in
any other country."

The Pew web site contains no reference to this survey. However, I was able to track down the sources, which appear to be the 1999 International Social Survey Programme, which is the source of the first and third questions, and a Pew survey which was conducted in the United States and Canada in 2009, which was the source of the second. The percentages for all countries on the ISSP questions:

I wouldn't characterize 69.4 percent as "far larger" than 68.8 percent (the Philippines), or even the 65 percent in Australia and West Germany. However, the United States does stand out on both questions. A more recent round of the ISSP (2009) includes the question on government responsibility to reduce differences in income between people with high and low incomes, and once again only 33% of Americans agreed.

About Me

I am a professor of sociology at the University of Connecticut, and editor of the journal Comparative Sociology. Some of my recent publications are "The United States: Still the Politics of Diversity," in Political Choice Matters, edited by Geoffrey Evans and Nan Dirk de Graaf (Oxford University Press), "Not Asking for Much: Public Opinion and Redistribution from the Rich," Comparative Sociology 12 (2013): 66-94; “Sociological Stratification: Change and Continuity in the Distribution of Departmental Prestige, 1965-2007.” The American Sociologist (with Gordon Gauchat and Bradley Wright) 39 (2012); and “What Do We Mean by 'Class Politics'?” Politics & Society 39 (2011): 475-96 (with Julia Adams).