Havenaar and his colleagues have collected a set of essays about the
effects of man-made ecological disasters into a single volume that does not
hang together as well as it might. Havenaar muddies his own waters
considerably by beginning and ending the book with reference to September 11,
which was a terrorist outrage rather than an event affecting the ecology of
the city. Many of the chapters are very good indeed — in particular,
Wessely points out that the French military do not have a Gulf War syndrome,
since French medicine does not recognise such a disorder, and that the Danes
— who were vaccinated against neither chemical nor biological warfare
— nevertheless reported high rates of symptoms after service in the
Gulf. Murthy and Baxter contribute excellent chapters on the Bhopal disaster
and on other chemical catastrophes, respectively.

Havenaar excoriates the news media for spreading disturbing stories after
such disasters — but governments (including our own) have not been as
forthcoming as they might about nuclear disasters, and it is the duty of a
free press to dig out stories that officialdom wishes to suppress. He is
correct in arguing for the prompt release of accurate information, but
sometimes, as Yzermans & Gerson point out in their account of the El Al
crash in Amsterdam, it takes some time before it is possible to say exactly
what the toxic risks are.

I drew somewhat different conclusions from those drawn in the final
chapter: the heterogeneity of the consequences of the various disasters was
more striking than were the commonalities. The nature of the toxic
substance(s) released and the character of the host population are crucial
determinants of the resulting harm; fear and uncertainty about risks also
contribute greatly. In the case of the first Persian Gulf War and the El Al
crash, there was a period when dangers were unknown and fear took hold of the
affected populations; by contrast, in the disaster in the Tokyo metro the
resultant damage seems to be largely accounted for by the known toxic effects
of the sarin that was released.

The near elimination of the Aral Sea is described as a ‘diluted
disaster’ rather than an unmitigated disaster for the damage has crept
up on the population over years, and the resultant morbidity is no higher than
that measured in the Russian Federation, which bears the responsibility for
these events. Not mentioned at all is the destruction of the rain forests in
Brazil, or the fact that large areas of Africa and Asia are impossible to
cultivate because of land-mines and cluster bombs. Both of these are man-made
ecological disasters — and it hardly seems sensible to describe either
as ‘diluted’. It is also likely that some of the disasters
described have psychological consequences more in common with those produced
by a natural disaster such as a hurricane, earthquake, volcano or flood than
they have with the man-made ecological disasters mentioned.