Great Exhibition
The GREAT EXHIBITION OF THE WORKS OF INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS or THE
GREAT EXHIBITION, sometimes referred to as the CRYSTAL PALACE
EXHIBITION in reference to the temporary structure in which it was
held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park ,
London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. It was the first in a series of
World\'s Fairs , exhibitions of culture and industry that became
popular in the 19th century, and it was a much anticipated event. The
Great Exhibition was organized by
Henry ColeHenry Cole and
Prince AlbertPrince Albert ,
husband of the reigning monarch,
Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria[...More...]

Charles Dickens
CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM DICKENS (/ˈdɪkɪnz/ ; 7 February 1812 – 9
June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of
the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as
the greatest novelist of the
Victorian eraVictorian era . His works enjoyed
unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th century
critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His
novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity. Born in
PortsmouthPortsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when
his father was incarcerated in a debtors\' prison . Despite his lack
of formal education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15
novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction
articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an
indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's
rights, education, and other social reforms
[...More...]

Lewis Carroll
CHARLES LUTWIDGE DODGSON (/ˈtʃɑːrlz ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdsən/ ;
27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name
LEWIS CARROLL (/ˈkærəl/ ), was an English writer , mathematician ,
logician ,
AnglicanAnglican deacon , and photographer . His most famous
writings are Alice\'s
Adventures in Wonderland , its sequel Through
the Looking-Glass , which includes the poem "
JabberwockyJabberwocky ", and the
poem
The Hunting of the Snark , all examples of the genre of literary
nonsense . He is noted for his facility at word play , logic and
fantasy. There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to
the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his
life
[...More...]

Orléanist
The ORLéANISTS were a French right-wing (except for 1814–1830)
faction which arose out of the
French RevolutionFrench Revolution , as opposed to
LegitimistsLegitimists . It governed France 1830–1848 in the "July
MonarchyMonarchy "
of king
Louis Philippe I . It is generally seen as a transitional
period dominated by the conservative Orleanist doctrine in economic
and foreign policies. The chief leaders included Prime Minister
François Guizot . It went into exile during the reign of Emperor
Napoleon IIINapoleon III and collapsed with the establishment of the Third
Republic in 1870. It took its name from the Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon
(descended from the youngest son of Louis XIII ), who were its
leaders
[...More...]

Charles Darwin
CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN, FRS FRGS FLS FZS (/ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ; 12
February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist , geologist
and biologist , best known for his contributions to the science of
evolution . He established that all species of life have descended
over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with
Alfred Russel Wallace , introduced his scientific theory that this
branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called
natural selection , in which the struggle for existence has a similar
effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding . Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in
his 1859 book
On the Origin of Species , overcoming scientific
rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species . By the
1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had
accepted evolution as a fact
[...More...]

Greenhouse
A GREENHOUSE (also called a 'glasshouse', or, if with sufficient
heating, a HOTHOUSE) is a structure with walls and roof made chiefly
of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring
regulated climatic conditions are grown. These structures range in
size from small sheds to industrial-sized buildings. A miniature
greenhouse is known as a cold frame . The interior of a greenhouse
exposed to sunlight becomes significantly warmer than the external
ambient temperature, protecting its contents in cold weather. Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech
production facilities for vegetables or flowers. The glass greenhouses
are filled with equipment including screening installations, heating,
cooling, lighting, and may be controlled by a computer to optimize
conditions for plant growth
[...More...]

George Eliot
MARY ANNE EVANS (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880; alternatively
"Mary Ann" or "Marian"), known by her pen name GEORGE ELIOT, was an
English novelist, poet, journalist, translator and one of the leading
writers of the
Victorian era . She is the author of seven novels,
including
Adam BedeAdam Bede (1859),
The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner
(1861),
MiddlemarchMiddlemarch (1871–72), and
Daniel Deronda (1876), most of
which are set in provincial England and known for their realism and
psychological insight. She used a male pen name, she said, to ensure that her works would be
taken seriously. Female authors were published under their own names
during Eliot's life, but she wanted to escape the stereotype of
women's writing only lighthearted romances. She also wished to have
her fiction judged separately from her already extensive and widely
known work as an editor and critic
[...More...]

Royal Society Of Arts
THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES AND
COMMERCE (RSA) is a
LondonLondon -based, British organisation committed to
finding practical solutions to social challenges. Founded in 1754 by
William ShipleyWilliam Shipley as the SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF ARTS,
MANUFACTURE AND COMMERCE, it was granted a
Royal CharterRoyal Charter in 1847, and
the right to use the term Royal in its name by King Edward VII in
1908. The shorter version, THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ARTS and the related
RSA acronym, are used more frequently than the full name
[...More...]

Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
The SHALIMAR GARDENS (Punjabi , Urdu : شالیمار باغ‎),
sometimes spelled SHALAMAR GARDENS, is a
Mughal gardenMughal garden complex located
in
LahoreLahore , capital of the Pakistani province of
PunjabPunjab .
Construction of the gardens began in 1637 C.E. during the reign of
Emperor
Shah JahanShah Jahan , and was completed in 1641. The Shalimar Gardens were laid out as a Persian paradise garden . The
gardens measure 658 metres by 258 metres, and cover an area of 16
hectares east of Lahore's Walled City . The gardens are enclosed by a
brick wall that is famous for its intricate fretwork . In 1981 the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a
UNESCOUNESCO World
Heritage Site as they embody
Mughal gardenMughal garden design at the apogee of its
development
[...More...]

Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet
SIR CHARLES WENTWORTH DILKE, 2ND BARONET, PC (4 September 1843 – 26
January 1911) was an English Liberal and Radical politician. A
republican in the early 1870s, he later became a leader in the radical
challenge to Whig control of the Liberal Party, making a number of
important contributions, including the legislation increasing
democracy in 1883-1885, his support of the growing labour and feminist
movements and his prolific writings on international affairs. Touted as a future prime minister, his aspirations to higher
political office were effectively terminated in 1885 after a notorious
and well-publicised divorce case. His disgrace and the alignment of
Joseph ChamberlainJoseph Chamberlain with the
Conservatives both greatly weakened the radical cause
[...More...]

Structural Engineer
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS analyze, design, plan, and research structural
components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure
the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account
mainly of safety, technical, economic and environmental concerns, but
they may also consider aesthetic and social factors.
Structural engineeringStructural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline
within civil engineering , but it can also be studied in its own
right. In the United States, most practicing structural engineers are
currently licensed as civil engineers , but the situation varies from
state to state. Some states have a separate license for structural
engineers which is required to design special or high risk structures
such as schools, hospitals, or skyscrapers
[...More...]

Isambard Kingdom Brunel
ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL FRS (/ˈɪzəmˌbɑːd bruːˈnɛl/ ; 9
April 1806 – 15 September 1859), was an English mechanical and civil
engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific
figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th century engineering
giants", and "one of the greatest figures of the Industrial
Revolution , changed the face of the English landscape with his
groundbreaking designs and ingenious constructions". Brunel built
dockyards, the
Great Western Railway , a series of steamships
including the first propeller-driven transatlantic steamship, and
numerous important bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised
public transport and modern engineering
[...More...]

Horological
HOROLOGY (via
LatinLatin horologium from Greek ὡρολόγιον, from
ὥρα hṓra "hour; time" and -o- interfix and suffix -logy;
literally "the study of time") is the art and/or science of
measuring time .
ClocksClocks , watches , clockwork , sundials ,
hourglasses, clepsydras , timers , time recorders , marine
chronometers and atomic clocks are all examples of instruments used to
measure time . In current usage, horology refers mainly to the study
of mechanical time-keeping devices, while chronometry more broadly
includes electronic devices that have largely supplanted mechanical
clocks for the best accuracy and precision in time-keeping. People interested in horology are called horologists. That term is
used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatus
(watchmakers, clockmakers), as well as aficionados and scholars of
horology
[...More...]