Under Gilliam's direction, Universal granted the filmmakers a $29.5 million budget, and filming lasted from February to May 1995. The film was shot mostly in Philadelphia and Baltimore, where the story was set.

A deadly virus released in 1996 wipes out almost all of humanity, forcing survivors to live underground. A group known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is believed to have released the virus. In 2035, James Cole is a prisoner living in a subterranean compound beneath the ruins of Philadelphia. Cole is selected to be trained and sent back in time to find the original virus in order to help scientists develop a cure. Meanwhile, Cole is troubled by recurring dreams involving a foot chase and shooting at an airport.

Cole arrives in Baltimore in 1990, not 1996 as planned. He is arrested, then hospitalized in a mental hospital on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a mental patient with fanatical views. Cole is interviewed by a panel of doctors, and he tries to explain that the virus outbreak has already happened, and nobody can change it. After an escape attempt, Cole is sedated and locked in a cell, but disappears moments later, and wakes up back in 2035. He is interrogated by the scientists, who play a distorted voicemail message that asserts the association of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys with the virus. He is also shown photos of numerous people suspected of being involved, including Goines. The scientists offer Cole a second chance to complete his mission and send him back in time. He arrives at a battlefield during World War I, is shot in the leg, and then is suddenly transported to 1996.

In 1996, Railly gives a lecture about the Cassandra complex to a group of scientists. At the post-lecture book signing, Dr. Peters tells Railly that apocalypse alarmists represent the sane vision, while humanity's gradual destruction of the environment is the real lunacy. Cole arrives at the venue after seeing flyers publicizing it, and when Railly departs, he kidnaps her and forces her to take him to Philadelphia. They learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys, and set out in search of him. When they confront him, however, Goines denies any involvement with the group and says that in 1990 Cole originated the idea of wiping out humanity with a virus stolen from Goines's virologist father.

About to be apprehended by police, Cole is transported back to 2035, where he reaffirms to the scientists his commitment to his mission. But when he finds Railly again in 1996, he tells her he now believes himself insane. Railly, meanwhile, has discovered evidence of his time travel, which she shows him. They decide to depart for the Florida Keys before the onset of the plague. On their way to the airport, they learn that the Army of the Twelve Monkeys was not the source of the epidemic; the group's major act of protest is releasing animals from a zoo and placing Goines's father in an animal cage.

At the airport, Cole leaves a last message telling the scientists that in following the Army of the Twelve Monkeys they are on the wrong track, and that he will not return. He is soon confronted by Jose, an acquaintance from his own time, who gives Cole a handgun and ambiguously instructs him to follow orders. At the same time, Railly spots Dr. Peters, and recognizes him from a newspaper photograph as an assistant at Goines's father's virology lab. Peters is about to embark on a tour of several cities that match the locations and sequence of the viral outbreaks.

Cole forces his way through a security checkpoint in pursuit of Peters. After drawing the gun he was given, Cole is fatally shot by police. As Cole lies dying in Railly's arms, Railly makes eye contact with a small boy—the young James Cole witnessing the scene of his own death, which will replay in his dreams for years to come. Peters, aboard the plane with the virus, sits down next to Jones, one of the future scientists.

The genesis of 12 Monkeys came from executive producer Robert Kosberg, who had been a fan of the French short film La Jetée (1962). Kosberg persuaded the film's director, Chris Marker, to let him pitch the project to Universal Pictures, seeing it as a perfect basis for a full-length science fiction film. Universal reluctantly agreed to purchase the remake rights and hired David and Janet Peoples to write the screenplay.[3] Producer Charles Roven chose Terry Gilliam to direct, because he believed the filmmaker's style was perfect for 12 Monkeys' nonlinear storyline and time travel subplot.[4] Gilliam had just abandoned a film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities when he signed to direct 12 Monkeys.[5] The film also represents the second film for which Gilliam did not write or co-write the screenplay. Although he prefers to direct his own scripts, he was captivated by Peoples' "intriguing and intelligent script. The story is disconcerting. It deals with time, madness and a perception of what the world is or isn't. It is a study of madness and dreams, of death and re-birth, set in a world coming apart."[4]

Universal took longer than expected to approve 12 Monkeys, although Gilliam had two stars (Willis and Pitt) and a firm budget of $29.5 million (low for a Hollywood science fiction film). Universal's production of Waterworld (1995) had resulted in various cost overruns. To get 12 Monkeys approved for production, Gilliam persuaded Willis to lower his normal asking price.[6] Because of Universal's strict production incentives and his history with the studio on Brazil, Gilliam received final cut privilege. The Writers Guild of America was skeptical of the "inspired by" credit for La Jetée and Chris Marker.[7]

Gilliam's initial casting choices were Nick Nolte as James Cole and Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey Goines, but Universal objected.[5] Gilliam, who first met Bruce Willis while casting Jeff Bridges' role in The Fisher King (1991), believed Willis evoked Cole's characterization as being "somebody who is strong and dangerous but also vulnerable."[4]

Gilliam cast Madeleine Stowe as Dr. Kathryn Railly because he was impressed by her performance in Blink (1994).[4] The director first met Stowe when he was casting his abandoned film adaptation of A Tale of Two Cities.[5] "She has this incredible ethereal beauty and she's incredibly intelligent", Gilliam said of Stowe. "Those two things rest very easily with her, and the film needed those elements because it has to be romantic."[4]

Gilliam originally believed that Pitt was not right for the role of Jeffrey Goines, but the casting director convinced him otherwise.[5] Pitt was cast for a comparatively small salary, as he was still relatively unknown at the time. By the time of 12 Monkeys' release, however, Interview with the Vampire (1994), Legends of the Fall (1994), and Se7en (1995) had been released, making Pitt an A-list actor, which drew greater attention to the film and boosted its box-office standing. In Philadelphia, months before filming, Pitt spent weeks at Temple University's hospital, visiting and studying the psychiatric ward to prepare for his role.[4]

Principal photography lasted from February 8 to May 6, 1995. Shooting on location in Philadelphia and Baltimore (including the Senator Theatre)[8][9] in winter was fraught with weather problems. There were also technical glitches with the futuristic mechanical props. Because the film has a nonlinear storyline, continuity errors occurred, and some scenes had to be reshot. Gilliam also injured himself when he went horseback riding. Despite setbacks, however, the director managed to stay within the budget and was only a week behind his shooting schedule. "It was a tough shoot", acknowledged Jeffrey Beecroft (Mr. Brooks, Dances with Wolves), the production designer. "There wasn't a lot of money or enough time. Terry is a perfectionist, but he was really adamant about not going over budget. He got crucified for Munchausen, and that still haunts him."[8]

Gilliam used the same filmmaking style as he had in Brazil (1985), including the art direction and cinematography (specifically using fresnel lenses).[6] The appearance of the interrogation room where Cole is being interviewed by the scientists was based on the work of Lebbeus Woods; these scenes were shot at three different power stations (two in Philadelphia and one in Baltimore). Gilliam intended to show Cole being interviewed through a multi-screen interrogation TV set because he felt the machinery evoked a "nightmarish intervention of technology. You try to see the faces on the screens in front of you, but the real faces and voices are down there and you have these tiny voices in your ear. To me that's the world we live in, the way we communicate these days, through technical devices that pretend to be about communication but may not be."[11]

The art department made sure that the 2035 underground world would only use pre-1996 technology as a means to depict the bleakness of the future. Gilliam, Beecroft, and Crispian Sallis (set decorator) went to several flea markets and salvage warehouses looking for materials to decorate the sets.[4] The majority of visual effects sequences were created by Peerless Camera, the London-based effects studio that Gilliam founded in the late 1970s with visual effects supervisor Kent Houston (The Golden Compass, Casino Royale). Additional digital compositing was done by The Mill, while Cinesite provided film scanning services.[4]

Janet Maslin wrote in The New York Times, "Since 12 Monkeys has the junk heap aesthetic that Mr. Gilliam favors, nothing in the film is sleek or foolproof, certainly not its time-travel apparatus."[12]

"Cole has been thrust from another world into ours and he's confronted by the confusion we live in, which most people somehow accept as normal. So he appears abnormal, and what's happening around him seems random and weird. Is he mad or are we?"

12 Monkeys studies the subjective nature of memories and their effect on perceptions of reality. Examples of false memories include Cole's recollection of the airport shooting, altered each time he has the dream, and a "mentally divergent" man at the asylum who has false memories.[14]

References to time, time travel, and monkeys are scattered throughout the film, including the Woody Woodpecker cartoon "Time Tunnel" playing on the TV in a hotel room, the Marx Brothers film Monkey Business (1931) on TV in the asylum, and the subplots involving monkeys (drug testing, news stories and animal rights). The film is also intended to be a study of people's declining ability to communicate in modern civilization due to the interference of technology.[7]

12 Monkeys is inspired by the French short film La Jetée (1962); as in La Jetée, characters are haunted by the images of their own deaths.[10] Like La Jetée, 12 Monkeys contains references to Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958). Toward the end of the film, Cole and Railly hide in a theater showing a 24-hour Hitchcock marathon and watch a scene from Vertigo. Railly then transforms herself with a blonde wig, as Judy (Kim Novak) transforms herself into blonde Madeleine in Vertigo; Cole sees her emerge within a red light, as Scottie (James Stewart) saw Judy emerge within a green light.[10] Brief notes of Bernard Herrmann's film score can also be heard. Railly also wears the same coat Novak wore in the first part of Vertigo. The scene at Muir Woods National Monument, where Judy (as Madeleine) looks at the growth rings of a felled redwood and traces back events in her past life, resonates with larger themes in 12 Monkeys. Cole and Railly later have a similar conversation while the same music from Vertigo is repeated.[10] The Muir Woods scene in Vertigo is also reenacted in La Jetée. In a previous scene in the film, Cole wakes up in a hospital bed with the scientists talking to him in chorus. This is a direct homage to the "Dry Bones" scene in Dennis Potter's The Singing Detective.[15]

James Cole is a notable Christ figure in film.[16][17] The film is significant in the genre of science-fiction film noir, and it alludes to various "canonical noir" films.[18]

12 Monkeys was given a limited release in the United States on December 29, 1995. When the 1,629-theater wide release came on January 5, 1996, the film earned $13.84 million in its opening weekend. 12 Monkeys eventually grossed $57,141,459 in the US and $111,698,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $168,839,459.[2] The film held the No. 1 spot on box office charts for two weeks in January, before dropping due to competition from From Dusk till Dawn, Mr. Holland's Opus and Black Sheep.[19]

Of 59 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 88% are positive, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The consensus reads: "The plot's a bit of a jumble, but excellent performances and mind-blowing plot twists make 12 Monkeys a kooky, effective experience."[20] By comparison, Metacritic calculated a 74 out of 100 rating, based on 20 reviews.[21] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of B on an A+ to F scale.[22]

The film's startling depiction of the world in 2035—where human life has been driven underground by a 1990s viral outbreak that annihilated 99% of human life—may not always make sense. But 12 Monkeys rattles with insightful sound and fury, and its bleak visions are hard to shake.

Roger Ebert found 12 Monkeys' depiction of the future similar to Blade Runner (1982; also scripted by David Peoples) and Brazil (1985; also directed by Terry Gilliam). "The film is a celebration of madness and doom, with a hero who tries to prevail against the chaos of his condition, and is inadequate", Ebert wrote. "This vision is a cold, dark, damp one, and even the romance between Willis and Stowe feels desperate rather than joyous. All of this is done very well, and the more you know about movies (especially the technical side), the more you're likely to admire it. And as entertainment, it appeals more to the mind than to the senses."[24]

Desson Thomson of The Washington Post praised the art direction and set design. "Willis and Pitt's performances, Gilliam's atmospherics and an exhilarating momentum easily outweigh such trifling flaws in the script", Thomson wrote.[25]Peter Travers from Rolling Stone magazine attributes the film's success to Gilliam's direction and Willis's performance.[26] Internet reviewer James Berardinelli believed the filmmakers had an intelligent and creative motive for the time-travel subplot. Rather than being sent to change the past, James Cole is instead observing it to make a better future.[27]Richard Corliss of Time magazine felt the film's time-travel aspect and apocalyptic depiction of a bleak future were clichés. "In its frantic mix of chaos, carnage and zoo animals, 12 Monkeys is Jumanji for adults", Corliss wrote.[28]

Universal Studios Home Entertainment's special edition of 12 Monkeys, released on May 10, 2005, contains an audio commentary by director Terry Gilliam and producer Charles Roven, The Hamster Factor and Other Tales of Twelve Monkeys (a making-of documentary) and production notes.[33] An HD DVD of 12 Monkeys was released on March 4, 2008, and includes the same special features as the special edition DVD.[33] A Blu-ray Disc of 12 Monkeys was released on July 28, 2009, and includes the same special features as the previous special edition DVD and HD DVD.[33]

In the beginning of the film, Cole is brought into the interrogation room and told to sit in a chair attached to a vertical rail on the wall. A sphere supported by a metal armature is suspended directly in front of him, probing for weaknesses as the inquisitors interrogate him.[34] Architect Lebbeus Woods filed a lawsuit against Universal in February 1996, claiming that his work "Neomechanical Tower (Upper) Chamber" was used without permission. Woods won his lawsuit, requiring Universal to remove the scenes, but he ultimately allowed their inclusion in exchange for a "high six-figure cash settlement" from Universal.[34][35]

Actor Aaron Stanford, who portrays the role of James Cole in the television adaptation.

After the release of The Zero Theorem in 2013, claims were made that Gilliam had meant it as part of a trilogy. A 2013 review for The Guardian newspaper said, "Calling it [The Zero Theorem] the third part of a trilogy formed by earlier dystopian satires Brazil and Twelve Monkeys [sic] [...]";[36] but in an interview with Alex Suskind for Indiewire in late 2014, Gilliam said, "Well, it’s funny, this trilogy was never something I ever said, but it’s been repeated so often it’s clearly true [laughs]. I don’t know who started it but once it started it never stopped".[37]

On August 26, 2013, Entertainment Weekly announced that Syfy was developing a 12 Monkeys television series based on the film. Production began in November 2013. The pilot was written by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett, who had written for the series Terra Nova. Due to the series being labeled as "cast contingent", the series did not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines were cast.[38] In April 2014, Syfy green-lighted the first season, which consisted of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013. The series premiered on January 16, 2015.[39] On March 12, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season that began airing in April 2016.[40] On June 29, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season, set to premiere in 2017.[41] In a surprising move, the entire third season aired over three consecutive nights. A fourth and final season was announced on March 16, 2017. The eleven episode-fourth season ran from June 15 to July 6, 2018 for four straight weeks.[42]

^Christopher McKittrick (2011), "Blasphemy in the Name of Fantasy: The Films of Terry Gilliam in a Catholic Context", in Regina Hansen, Roman Catholicism in Fantastic Film, McFarland, pp. 34–35, ISBN9780786487240

1.
12 Monkeys (TV series)
–
12 Monkeys is an American television series on Syfy created by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett. Kirk Acevedo and Noah Bean also star in the first season, in the second season, Bean makes a guest appearance, and Todd Stashwick, Emily Hampshire and Barbara Sukowa are promoted from recurring guests to regulars. Stanford, Schull and Hampshire play reimagined versions of characters portrayed by Bruce Willis, Madeleine Stowe. Natalie Chaidez was the showrunner of 12 Monkeys during its first season, assisting Matalas, the series is produced by Atlas Entertainment, which produced the original film, and Universal Cable Productions. Charles Roven, producer of the original, is one of the executive producers,12 Monkeys premiered on January 16,2015 with a 13-episode first season. In June 2016, it was renewed for a 10-episode third season, in March 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season consisting of 10 episodes, set to premiere in 2018. In Coles original timeline, the caused an plague that resulted in the death of seven billion humans in the year 2017. In the future timeline, Cole will also have to deal with his best friend José Ramse, and a man named Theodore Deacon, who leads a brutal pack of scavengers from which Cole and Ramse fled. Aaron Stanford as James Cole, a scavenger who travels back in time to stop the plague, hannah Waddingham as Magdalena, a member of an apocalyptic cult charged with protecting the Witness who has been dubbed both ruthless and expedient in her methods. Faran Tahir as Mallick, an imposing and devout enforcer of the Army of the 12 Monkeys who resides in Titan. Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett, who had written together for the series Nikita and Terra Nova, wrote a spec script television pilot with a time travelling plot. Eventually, the script found its way in Atlas Entertainments offices, after some deliberation, Matalas and Fickett came to an agreement with Atlas Entertainment to transform Splinter into a 12 Monkeys adaptation. Jon Cassar was reported as being on board to direct, the following month, it was reported that Syfy decided to green-lit an hour-long pilot, which would be executive produced by Roven and Suckle, with production set to begin in November. Due to the series being labeled as cast contingent, production could not move forward until the roles of Cole, on April 4,2014, Syfy green-lit the first season, consisting of 13 episodes, including the pilot filmed in 2013. The pilot was directed and executive produced by Jeffrey Reiner, Matalas and Ficket, Matalas presented the series as a complete reimagining of the film and not just a remake, citing Looper as an inspiration for the time travel visual effects. Madeleine Stowe, who played the equivalent of Amanda Schulls character in the film, narrated the opening of the season 2 premiere, the series creators plotted three seasons in advance, although they noted that the show could go on for longer than that. During the second season they said they need four seasons to tell the complete story, the ending of the series has been known to them since the beginning. Matalas said about it, We have a target in place

2.
Terry Gilliam
–
Terrence Vance Terry Gilliam is an American-born British screenwriter, film director, animator, actor, comedian and member of the Monty Python comedy troupe. Gilliam has directed 12 feature films, including Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Time Bandits, Brazil, The Fisher King,12 Monkeys, the only Python not born in Britain, he became a naturalised British citizen in 1968 and formally renounced his American citizenship in 2006. Gilliam was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Beatrice and his father was a travelling salesman for Folgers before becoming a carpenter. Soon after, they moved to nearby Medicine Lake, Minnesota, the family moved to the Los Angeles neighbourhood of Panorama City in 1952. Gilliam attended Birmingham High School, where he was the president of his class and he was voted Most Likely to Succeed and achieved straight As. During high school, he began to avidly read Mad magazine, then edited by Harvey Kurtzman, Gilliam graduated from Occidental College in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts in political science. It was 66–67, it was the first police riot in Los Angeles, in college my major was political science, so my brain worked that way. And I drove around this little English Hillman Minx—top down—and every night Id be hauled over by the cops, up against the wall, and all this stuff. They had this monologue with me, it was never a dialogue and it was that I was a long-haired drug addict living off some rich guys foolish daughter. And I said, No, I work in advertising, I make twice as much as you do. Which is a thing to say to a cop. And it was like an epiphany, I suddenly felt what it was like to be a black or Mexican kid living in L. A. Before that, I thought I knew what the world was like, I thought I knew what people were. And I got more and more angry and I just felt, Thats why so much of the U. S. is still standing. Gilliam began his career as an animator and strip cartoonist, one of his early photographic strips for Help. Featured future Python cast member John Cleese, folded, Gilliam went to Europe, jokingly announcing in the very last issue that he was being transferred to the European branch of the magazine, which, of course, did not exist. Moving to England, he animated sequences for the childrens series Do Not Adjust Your Set, which also featured Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Gilliam was a part of Monty Pythons Flying Circus from its outset, credited at first as an animator and later as a full member. His cartoons linked the shows together and defined the groups visual language in other media

3.
Chris Marker
–
Chris Marker was a French writer, photographer, documentary film director, multimedia artist and film essayist. His best known films are La Jetée, Le Joli Mai, A Grin Without a Cat, Marker is often associated with the Left Bank Cinema movement that occurred in the late 1950s and included such other filmmakers as Alain Resnais, Agnès Varda, Henri Colpi and Armand Gatti. His friend and sometime collaborator Alain Resnais called him the prototype of the twenty-first-century man, Marker was born Christian François Bouche-Villeneuve. He was always elusive about his past and known to refuse interviews and not allow photographs to be taken of him, some sources and Marker himself claim that he was born in Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Other sources say he was born in Belleville, Paris, and others, the 1949 edition of Le Cœur Net specifies his birthday as 22 July. Film critic David Thomson has stated, Marker told me himself that Mongolia is correct, I have since concluded that Belleville is correct – but that does not spoil the spiritual truth of Ulan Bator. When asked about his nature, Marker has said My films are enough for them. Marker was a student in France prior to World War II. During the German occupation of France, he joined the Maquis, at some point during the war he left France and joined the United States Air Force as a paratrooper, although some sources claim that this is not true. After the war, he began a career as a journalist, first writing for the journal Esprit, at Esprit, Marker wrote political commentaries, poems, short stories, and film reviews. He would later become a contributor to Bazins Cahiers du cinéma. During this time period, Marker began to travel around the world as a journalist and photographer and he was hired by the French publishing company Éditions du Seuil as editor of the series Petite Planète. This collection devoted one edition to each country and included information, in 1949 Marker published his first novel, Le Coeur net, which was about aviation. In 1952 Marker published an essay on French writer Jean Giraudoux, Giraudoux Par Lui-Même. During his early career, Marker became increasingly interested in filmmaking. This group is associated with the French New Wave directors who came to prominence during the same time period. Many of Markers earliest films were produced by Anatole Dauman, in 1952 Marker made his first film, Olympia 52, a 16mm feature documentary about the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games. In 1953 Marker collaborated with Resnais on the documentary Statues Also Die, the film examines traditional African art such as sculptures and masks, and its decline with coming of Western colonialism

4.
Bruce Willis
–
Walter Bruce Willis is an American actor, producer, and singer. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage and then in television in the 1980s and he is known for his role of John McClane in the Die Hard series. He has appeared in over 60 films, including Color of Night, Pulp Fiction,12 Monkeys, The Fifth Element, Armageddon, The Sixth Sense, Unbreakable, Sin City, Red, The Expendables 2, and Looper. Willis married actress Demi Moore in 1987, and they had three daughters, including Rumer, before their divorce in 2000, since 2009, he has been married to model Emma Heming, with whom he has two daughters. Willis was born Walter Bruce Willis on March 19,1955, in the town of Idar-Oberstein and his father, David Willis, was an American soldier. His mother, Marlene, was German, born in Kassel, Willis is the oldest of four children, he has a sister, Florence, and a brother, David. His brother Robert died of cancer in 2001, aged 42. After being discharged from the military in 1957, Williss father took his back to Carneys Point Township. Willis has described himself as having come from a line of blue collar people. His mother worked in a bank and his father was a welder, master mechanic, Willis attended Penns Grove High School in his hometown, where he encountered issues with a stutter. He was nicknamed Buck-Buck by his schoolmates, after high school, Willis took a job as a security guard at the Salem Nuclear Power Plant and transported work crews at the DuPont Chambers Works factory in Deepwater, New Jersey. After working as an investigator, Willis turned to acting. He enrolled in the Drama Program at Montclair State University, where he was cast in the production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Willis left school in his year and moved to New York City. Willis left New York City and headed to California to audition for television shows. In 1984, he appeared in an episode of the TV series Miami Vice, in 1985, he was the guest actor in the first episode of the 1980s revival of The Twilight Zone, Shatterday. He auditioned for the role of David Addison Jr. of the television series Moonlighting, competing against 3,000 other actors for the position, during the height of the shows success, beverage maker Seagram hired Willis as the pitchman for their Golden Wine Cooler products. The advertising campaign paid the rising star between $5–7 million over two years, in spite of that, Willis chose not to renew his contract with the company when he decided to stop drinking alcohol in 1988

5.
Madeleine Stowe
–
Madeleine Marie Stowe is an American actress. She appeared mostly on television before her role in the 1987 crime-comedy film Stakeout. She went on to star in the films Revenge, Unlawful Entry, The Last of the Mohicans, Blink, Bad Girls,12 Monkeys, The General’s Daughter, and We Were Soldiers. For her role in the 1993 independent film Short Cuts, she won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress, as of 2015, Stowes most recent film appearance was in the 2003 thriller Octane. From 2011 to 2015, she starred as Victoria Grayson, the main antagonist of the ABC drama series Revenge, for this role, she was nominated for the 2012 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama. Stowe, the first of three children, was born at the Queen of Angels Hospital, in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California and raised in Eagle Rock, a suburb of Los Angeles. Her father, Robert Stowe, was an engineer from a poor Oregon family. One of Stowes maternal great-great-grandfathers, politician José Joaquín Mora Porras, was a brother of President Juan Rafael Mora Porras. One of Stowes maternal great-grandfathers was a German immigrant to Costa Rica, Stowes father suffered from multiple sclerosis, and she accompanied him to his medical treatments. Stowe originally aspired to become a concert pianist, taking lessons between the ages of ten and eighteen and she later explained that playing the piano was a means to escape having to socialize with other children her age. Her Russian-born music teacher, Sergei Tarnowsky, had faith in Stowe, following his death at the age of 92, she quit, later commenting, I just felt it was time to not be by myself anymore. Stowe studied cinema and journalism at the University of Southern California, in 1978, she played a leading role as Mary in the television movie, The Nativity. She starred in two NBC miniseries, Beulah Land and The Gangster Chronicles, which starred Brian Benben, her future husband and she also starred in several television films, such as Amazons and Blood & Orchids. In 1987, Stowe appeared in her first breakthrough role in the feature film Stakeout with Richard Dreyfuss, the film debuted at No.1 at the box office. She co-starred with Mark Harmon in the comedy Worth Winning, with Kevin Costner in the 1989 thriller Revenge and she played a leading role in the 1991 independent film Closet Land. In 1992, she appeared opposite Kurt Russell in the crime drama Unlawful Entry and that same year, Stowe played Cora Munro in The Last of the Mohicans, which also starred Daniel Day-Lewis. Her critically acclaimed performance in the film, which grossed more than $75 million worldwide and she won the National Society of Film Critics Awards for Best Supporting Actress, a Golden Globe Award and a Volpi Cup for Best Ensemble Cast for her performance in the movie. She also made a appearance in Stakeouts sequel Another Stakeout

6.
Brad Pitt
–
William Bradley Brad Pitt in Shawnee Oklahoma. He is an American actor and producer and he has received multiple awards and nominations including an Academy Award as producer under his own company Plan B Entertainment. Pitt first gained recognition as a hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise. His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with the dramas A River Runs Through It and Legends of the Fall, Pitt starred in the cult film Fight Club and the heist film Oceans Eleven and its sequels, Oceans Twelve and Oceans Thirteen. As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry, as well as the worlds most attractive man and his personal life is also the subject of wide publicity. Divorced from actress Jennifer Aniston, to whom he was married for five years and they have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally. In September 2016, Jolie filed for divorce from Pitt, William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Bill Alvin Pitt, manager of a trucking company, and Jane Etta, a school counsellor. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his siblings, Douglas. Pitt has described Springfield as Mark Twain country, Jesse James country, having grown up with a lot of hills, Pitt attended Kickapoo High School, where he was a member of the golf, swimming and tennis teams. He participated in the schools Key and Forensics clubs, in school debates, following his graduation from high school, Pitt enrolled in the University of Missouri in 1982, majoring in journalism with a focus on advertising. As graduation approached, Pitt did not feel ready to settle down and he loved films—a portal into different worlds for me—and, since films were not made in Missouri, he decided to go to where they were made. Two weeks before earning his degree, Pitt left the university and moved to Los Angeles, while struggling to establish himself in Los Angeles, Pitt took lessons from acting coach Roy London. Pitts acting career began in 1987, with uncredited parts in the films No Way Out, No Mans Land and his television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World. In November of the same year Pitt had a guest appearance on the ABC sitcom Growing Pains and he appeared in four episodes of the CBS primetime series Dallas between December 1987 and February 1988 as Randy, the boyfriend of Charlie Wade. Later in 1988, Pitt made a guest appearance on the Fox police drama 21 Jump Street, in the same year, the Yugoslavian–U. S. Co-production The Dark Side of the Sun gave Pitt his first leading film role, the film was shelved at the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence, and was not released until 1997. He made guest appearances on television series Head of the Class, Freddys Nightmares, Thirtysomething, and Growing Pains. Pitt was cast as Billy Canton, an addict who takes advantage of a young runaway in the 1990 NBC television movie Too Young to Die. the story of an abused teenager sentenced to death for a murder

7.
Christopher Plummer
–
Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC is a Canadian theatre, film and television actor. After making his debut in Stage Struck, Plummer went on to a successful film career. Plummer has ventured into television projects, including the miniseries The Thorn Birds. Plummer has won awards and accolades for his work, including an Academy Award. With his win at age 82 in 2012 for Beginners, Plummer is the oldest actor ever to win an Academy Award and his fathers uncle was patent lawyer and agent F. B. Plummers parents were divorced shortly after his birth, and he was brought up at the Abbott family home in Senneville, Quebec and he is bilingual, speaking English and French fluently. Plummer is a cousin of actor Nigel Bruce, the British actor, best known as Doctor Watson to Basil Rathbones Sherlock Holmes. He had studied to be a concert pianist, but developed a love for the theatre at an early age and he began acting while he was living on Pine Avenue in Montreal and attending Montreal High. He attended McGill, at time he also took up acting. Whittaker, who was also stage director of the Montreal Repertory Theatre, cast Plummer, aged 18. Plummer made his Broadway debut in January 1953 in The Starcross Story and his next Broadway appearance, Home is the Hero, lasted 30 performances from September to October 1954. He appeared in support of Broadway legend Katharine Cornell and film legend Tyrone Power in The Dark is Light Enough, the play toured several cities, with Plummer serving as Powers understudy. Later that same year, he appeared in his first Broadway hit, Plummer appeared less frequently on Broadway in the 1960s as he moved from New York to London. From May to June 1973, he appeared on Broadway as the character in Cyrano. For that performance, Plummer won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, later that year, he played Anton Chekhov in Neil Simons adaptation of several Chekhov short stories, The Good Doctor. In the 1980s, he appeared on Broadway in two Shakespearean tragedies, Othello, playing Iago to James Earl Jones Moor, and the role in Macbeth with Glenda Jackson playing his lady. His Iago brought him another Tony nomination and he appeared with Jason Robards in the 1994 revival of Harold Pinters No Mans Land and had great success in 1997 in Barrymore, which he also toured with after a successful Broadway run. His turn as John Barrymore brought him his second Tony Award and he was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his 2004 King Lear and for a Tony playing Henry Drummond in the 2007 revival of Inherit the Wind

8.
Universal Pictures
–
Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s

9.
Science fiction film
–
Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman

10.
Short film
–
A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995

11.
David Morse (actor)
–
David Bowditch Morse is an American actor, singer, director and writer. He first came to attention as Dr. Jack Boomer Morrison in the medical drama series St. Elsewhere. He continued his career with roles in The Negotiator, Contact, The Green Mile, Disturbia, The Long Kiss Goodnight. In 2006, Morse had a role as Detective Michael Tritter on the medical drama series House. He portrayed George Washington in the 2008 HBO miniseries John Adams and he has also received acclaim for his portrayal of Uncle Peck on the Off-Broadway play How I Learned to Drive, earning a Drama Desk Award and Obie Award. He had success on Broadway too, portraying James Sharky Harkin in The Seafarer, from 2010 to 2013, he portrayed Terry Colson, an honest police officer in a corrupt New Orleans police department, on the HBO series Treme. He currently stars in the WGN America series Outsiders, Morse was born October 11,1953, in Beverly, Massachusetts, the son of Jacquelyn, a school teacher, and Charles Morse, a sales manager. He was raised in Essex, Massachusetts and Hamilton, Massachusetts and his middle name, Bowditch, comes from mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch. After graduating from school in 1971, Morse studied acting at the William Esper Studio. He began his career in the theater as a player for the Boston Repertory Theatre in the early 1970s. In the mid-1970s, Esquire Jauchem, artistic director of the Boston Repertory Theater and that starred 18-year-old David Morse as Oblio. The production later toured to the Trinity Square Repertory Company in Providence and he spent some time in New Yorks theater community in the early 1980s, before moving into television and film. During that time, Morse was listed as one of the twelve most Promising New Actors of 1980 in John A. Willis Screen World, morses big break came in 1982 when he was cast in the television medical drama St. Elsewhere. He played Dr. Jack Boomer Morrison, a physician who is forced to deal with the death of his wife. Morse appeared in a number of supporting roles following the finale of St. Elsewhere in 1988 and he is quoted as saying, I made the decision that I didnt care if there was any money in the role or not. I had to find roles that were different from what I had been doing and his turn in Desperate Hours as antagonist showed a darker Morse. He later starred in The Indian Runner and The Crossing Guard and he has appeared in three adaptations of Stephen King stories, The Langoliers, Hearts in Atlantis, and The Green Mile. He was a guest star on Homicide, Life on the Street, in 2002, Morse starred as Mike Olshansky, an ex-Philadelphia police officer turned cab driver, in the television film Hack

12.
Philadelphia
–
In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

13.
Baltimore
–
Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House

14.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees

15.
Saturn Award
–
The award was initially, and is still sometimes, loosely referred to as a Golden Scroll. The Saturn Awards were created in 1973 and are the oldest Award ceremony dedicated to science fiction, fantasy. The physical award is a representation of the planet Saturn, with its ring composed of film, the Saturn Awards are voted upon by members of the presenting Academy. The Academy is a organization with membership open to the public. Its members include filmmakers Jeff Rector, Rich Correll, Tom De Santo, Mark A. Altman and Irwin Keyes, among others. Although the Award still primarily focuses on films and television in the fiction, fantasy and horror categories. There are also awards for lifetime achievement in film production. The 42nd Saturn Awards were held on June 22,2016, in Burbank, the Saturn Awards are often criticized for having a broad and inconsistent definition of genres, as well as for nominating and awarding movies not related to sci-fi, fantasy or horror. Hugo Award Scream Awards Official website Saturn Awards 2009 at FEARnet Saturn Award at the Internet Movie Database

16.
World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany

17.
Cassandra (metaphor)
–
The Cassandra metaphor occurs when valid warnings or concerns are dismissed or disbelieved. The term originates in Greek mythology, Cassandra was a daughter of Priam, the King of Troy. Struck by her beauty, Apollo provided her with the gift of prophecy, Cassandra was left with the knowledge of future events, but could neither alter these events nor convince others of the validity of her predictions. In 1963, psychologist Melanie Klein provided an interpretation of Cassandra as representing the moral conscience whose main task is to issue warnings. Cassandra as moral conscience, predicts ill to come and warns that punishment will follow, in a 1988 study, Jungian analyst Laurie Layton Schapira, explored what she called the Cassandra Complex in the lives of two of her analysands. The intellectual specialization of this archetype creates emotional distance and can predispose relationships to a lack of emotional reciprocity and consequent dysfunctions. She may envision a negative or unexpected outcome, or something which would be difficult to deal with, or a truth which others, especially authority figures, would not accept. In her frightened, ego-less state, the Cassandra woman may blurt out what she sees, but to them her words sound meaningless, disconnected and blown out of all proportion. Bolen added that the Cassandra woman may exhibit “hysterical” overtones, according to Bolen, the archetypes of Cassandra and Apollo are not gender-specific. She states that often find that a particular god exists in them as well. Gods and goddesses represent different qualities in the human psyche, the pantheon of Greek deities together, male and female, exist as archetypes in us all… There are gods and goddesses in every person. The Apollo archetype favors thinking over feeling, distance over closeness, of what she describes as the negative Apollonic influence, Dr. He prefers to access the situation or the person from a distance, not knowing that he must get close up – be vulnerable, but if the woman wants a deeper, more personal relationship, then there are difficulties… she may become increasingly irrational or hysterical. Foreseeing potential future directions for a corporation or company is sometimes called ‘visioning’ and those who support the new vision are termed ‘Cassandras’ – able to see what is going to happen, but not believed. Such individuals sometimes acquire the label of Cassandras, whose warnings of impending environmental disaster are disbelieved or mocked. In the words of Atkisson, too often we watch helplessly, as Cassandra did, while the soldiers emerge from the Trojan horse just as foreseen, worse, Cassandras dilemma has seemed to grow more inescapable even as the chorus of Cassandras has grown larger. There are examples of the Cassandra metaphor being applied in the contexts of medical science, There are also examples of the metaphor being used in popular music lyrics, such as the 1982 ABBA song Cassandra, Emmy the Greats Cassandra, and Star Ones Cassandra Complex. The five-part The Mars Volta song Cassandra Gemini may reference this syndrome, as well as the film 12 Monkeys or in Dead, the Ohio band Curse of Cassandra is named after the metaphor

18.
Florida Keys
–
The Florida Keys are a coral cay archipelago located off the southern coast of Florida, forming the southernmost portion of the continental United States. The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, at the nearest point, the southern part of Key West is just 90 miles from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, the climate of the Keys is defined as tropical savanna according to Köppen climate classification. More than 95 percent of the area lies in Monroe County. The total land area is 137.3 square miles, the US Census population estimate for 2014 is 77,136. The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, the county consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas. The Keys were originally inhabited by Calusa and Tequesta Native Americans, de León named the islands Los Martires, as they looked like suffering men from a distance. Key is derived from the Spanish word cayo, meaning small island, for many years, Key West was the largest town in Florida, and it grew prosperous on wrecking revenues. The isolated outpost was located for trade with Cuba and the Bahamas. Improved navigation led to shipwrecks, and Key West went into a decline in the late nineteenth century. The Keys were long accessible only by water and this changed with the completion of Henry Flaglers Overseas Railway in the early 1910s. Flagler, a developer of Floridas Atlantic coast, extended his Florida East Coast Railway down to Key West with an ambitious series of over-sea railroad trestles. Three hurricanes disrupted the project in 1906,1909, and 1910, one of the worst hurricanes to strike the U. S. made landfall near Islamorada in the Upper Keys on Labor Day, Monday, September 2. Winds were estimated to have gusted to 200 mph, raising a storm more than 17.5 feet above sea level that washed over the islands. More than 400 people were killed, though some place the number of deaths at more than 600. The Labor Day Hurricane is one of three hurricanes to make landfall at Category 5 strength on the U. S. coast since reliable weather records began. The other storms were Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Andrew, in 1935, new bridges were under construction to connect a highway through the entire Keys. Hundreds of World War I veterans working on the roadway as part of a government relief program were housed in non-reinforced buildings in three camps in the Upper Keys

19.
Jon Seda
–
Jonathan Jon Seda is an American actor, known for his role as Det. Paul Falsone on NBCs Homicide, Life on the Street, Seda was an amateur boxer who, in 1992, auditioned for and was given a role in the boxing film Gladiator. He portrayed Chris Pérez alongside Jennifer Lopez in Selena and appeared as U. S. Marine John Basilone in Tom Hanks and Steven Spielbergs follow up to Band of Brothers, in 2014, Seda began starring in the NBC police procedural drama Chicago P. D. as Det. Seda was born in Manhattan to parents of Puerto Rican descent and raised in Clifton, after graduating from high school, Seda began to work out in a gym, after two friends convinced him that he should take up boxing. He boxed in several gyms in New Jersey and soon was a runner up in the New Jersey Golden Gloves competition, as an amateur boxer, Seda had a record of 21 wins and one loss. Sedas film debut was in 1992, in the boxing film Gladiator in which he played the role of Romano and he has since worked in various films and TV series. In 1995, Seda was nominated Best Male Lead at the Spirit Awards for his role the 1994 movie I Like It Like That opposite Rita Moreno and Lauren Vélez. In 1996, he was nominated for the Palme dOr for his role as Blue in the film The Sunchaser, also in 1997, Seda landed the role of Detective Paul Falsone on NBCs, Homicide, Life on the Street. The writers took advantage of his background, writing a shirtless practice bout into an episode which established his characters attractiveness to fellow detective Laura Ballard. He also boxed opposite Jimmy Smits in the 2000 film Price of Glory. Aside from Homicide, he has had roles as Dino Ortolani in Oz, Matty Caffey in Third Watch, Paul Falsone in a Homicide crossover with Law & Order, House. He is featured as one of the three leads in the HBO World War II mini-series The Pacific released on March 14,2010, Seda appeared as a guest star in an episode of Burn Notice. In 2007, Seda also made a cameo in Ludacris song Runaway Love, as an abusive, Seda appeared in the second season of Treme as Nelson Hidalgo, a politically connected land developer from Dallas who helps out with the relief efforts in post-Katrina New Orleans. He appeared in the 2011 film Larry Crowne, which starred, Hanks served as an executive producer on The Pacific, in which Seda starred. In 2013 he starred alongside Hollywood superstar Sylvester Stallone, Christian Slater, in 2012, Seda began starring on Chicago Fire in a recurring role as Detective Antonio Dawson. Since 2014 he portrays Dawson in the spin-off Chicago P. D. as part of the main cast and his daughter Haley made a guest appearance on Chicago P. D. as a key witness in a bombing. List of famous Puerto Ricans Jon Seda on Twitter Jon Seda | About | Chicago P. D, | NBC Jon Seda at the Internet Movie Database

20.
Christopher Meloni
–
Christopher Peter Meloni is an American actor. He is known for his roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler on the NBC police drama Law & Order, Special Victims Unit. In June 2012, he returned to HBO, as the vampire Roman on the main cast of True Blood for the fifth season. His well-known films include Man of Steel, Wet Hot American Summer, Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle,12 Monkeys, Runaway Bride,42, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. Meloni was born in Washington, D. C. the youngest of three children of Cecile, a homemaker, and Charles Robert Meloni, an endocrinologist and his maternal ancestry is French Canadian and his paternal ancestry is Sardinian. Meloni attended St. Stephens School in Alexandria, Virginia, and he studied acting at the University of Colorado at Boulder and graduated with a degree in history in 1983. After graduation, Meloni went to New York where he continued his studies with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse, Meloni worked as a construction worker prior to getting his acting break. He has also worked as a bouncer, bartender, and personal trainer, Meloni worked his way up the acting ladder with commercials, short-lived TV series, and bit parts in a number of films. His first noticeable role was as the son of a Mafia Don in the 1996 thriller Bound. He also appeared as Robbie Sinclairs friend Spike in Dinosaurs and Julia Roberts characters fiancé in Runaway Bride, from 1998 to 2003, Meloni portrayed the bisexual criminal Chris Keller on the HBO series Oz. In 2006, Meloni was nominated for an Emmy Award, in the category of Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, for his role as Elliot Stabler. In May 2011, Meloni announced that he would not be returning to SVU in fall 2011 for its 13th season after the failure of negotiations over a new contract. He would make another cameo in its sequel, Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay, in 2005, he appeared on episode 107 of MTV2s adult puppet show Wonder Showzen in a series of parody public service announcements warning of the threat of cooties. He also had a role as a gay hotel desk clerk in Fear. In July 2009, Meloni portrayed DC Comics character Hal Jordan/Green Lantern in the DC Universe Animated Original Movie Green Lantern, First Flight. He briefly appeared in the first episode of the Comedy Central series Michael & Michael Have Issues portraying himself for a movie starring Michael Ian Black. Meloni played Colonel Hardy, a role, in the Superman reboot film Man of Steel. That year he also played Brooklyn Dodgers manager Leo Durocher in the historical baseball feature 42, on November 30,2011, it was announced that Meloni was in talks with HBO to take on a major role in the fifth season of True Blood as an incredibly powerful vampire

21.
Frank Gorshin
–
Frank John Gorshin, Jr. was an American character actor, impressionist, and comedian. He was perhaps best known as an impressionist, with many guest appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show and his most famous acting role was as The Riddler on the live-action television series Batman. Gorshin was born on April 5,1933, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of Catholic parents Frances, a seamstress and his father, Frank Sr. was a second-generation Slovenian-American whose parents emigrated to America from Slovenia. His mother, Frances or Fanny, née Prešeren, came to the United States as a girl from Regrča Vas, near Novo Mesto. Both of his parents were active in Pittsburghs Slovenian community and they sang in the Slovenian Singing Society Prešeren, named after the great Slovenian poet France Prešeren. In an interview, Frances said that her son, being the product of a Slovenian home, at the age of 15, he took a part-time job as a cinema usher at the Sheridan Square Theatre. He memorized the mannerisms of the stars he saw and created an impressionist act. His parents insisted that he take the engagement, even though his 15-year-old brother had been hit by a car, after graduation from Peabody High School, Gorshin attended the Carnegie Tech School of Drama in Pittsburgh. When not studying, he worked in local plays and nightclubs, in 1953, Gorshin was drafted into the United States Army and posted to Germany. He served for a year and a half as an attached to Special Services. While in the Army, Gorshin met Maurice Bergman, who introduced him to Hollywood agent Paul Kohner. Gorshins Army service record was destroyed in the U. S. National Personnel Records Center fire of 1973. When Gorshin left the Army, he returned to public performance, in 1959, he was cast in three episodes as Seaman Pulaski on Jackie Coopers CBS military sitcom/drama, Hennesey. Thereafter, Gorshin played roles in ABCs crime drama The Untouchables and he guest-starred twelve times on CBSs The Ed Sullivan Show, the first having been on February 9,1964, the same night that The Beatles and Davy Jones debuted. In 1965 Gorshin had a guest star role in the running series COMBAT. in which he played Pvt. Gorshin was an act at nightclubs, notably those of Las Vegas. He was also the first impressionist headliner at the Empire Room of New Yorks Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, among his most popular impressions were of Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas, as well as Marlon Brando. Gorshins slender athletic build, wide mouth, and pale eyes under strong brows were ideal characteristics for screen henchmen, in 1957, he fell asleep at the wheel of his car after driving from Pittsburgh for thirty-nine hours without sleep and subsequently, the vehicle crashed

22.
Lisa Gay Hamilton
–
Lisa Gay Hamilton is an American director, and film, television, and theater actress known for her role as attorney Rebecca Washington on the ABC legal drama The Practice. Her theater credits include Measure for Measure, Henry IV Parts I & II, Athol Fugard’s, Valley Song, Hamilton was also an original cast member in the Broadway productions of August Wilson’s The Piano Lesson and Gem of the Ocean. Hamilton was born in Los Angeles, California but spent most of her childhood in Stony Brook and her father, Ira Winslow Hamilton, Jr. hailed from Bessemer, Alabama, and her mother, the former Eleanor Albertine Tina Blackwell, was from Meridian, Mississippi. Both parents graduated from historically black colleges—Tina attended Talladega while Ira went to Morehouse—and they both became successful professionals, Ira worked for a while as an engineer and then went into business as a general contractor. Tina eventually earned a degree in social work and worked for the Girl Scouts for many years. Hamilton fell in love with theater at an early age, during the 1970s, she saw several off-Broadway productions by the Negro Ensemble Company, including A Soldiers Story and The First Breeze of Summer. She enrolled in Carnegie Mellon University to study theater, but after a year was accepted into New York University’s Tisch Drama School, after graduating in 1985, she earned a second BFA from The Juilliard School in 1989. Early on, Hamilton set her sights on classical theater, in one of her first notable roles, she played opposite Kevin Kline in Measure for Measure in the New York Shakespeare Festival. Her performances in Much Ado About Nothing, Tartuffe, Reckless, Family of Mann, more recently, Hamilton earned critical acclaim, her second Obie, and a Lucille Lortel Award nomination for her role as Suzanne Alexander in Adrienne Kennedy’s, The Ohio State Murders. She has worked on projects with director Rodrigo García, notably his films Ten Tiny Love Stories, Nine Lives. Honeydripper directed by John Sayles and The Soloist, directed by Joe Wright, Hamilton won a Peabody Award in 2005 for creating and directing the 2003 documentary film Beah, A Black Woman Speaks. The film tells the story of pioneering black actress Beah Richards, the two women had met on the set of Beloved. Over the next two years, Hamilton made a record of more than 70 hours of their conversations, hamiltons film explored Richards political activism as well as her poetry. The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the AFI Film Festival, after Richards died in 2000, Hamilton collaborated with illustrator R. Gregory Christie to turn one of her poems into a childrens book. Keep Climbing Girls was published by Simon and Schuster in 2006, Hamilton played the role of Melissa in Men of a Certain Age, an hour-long comedy-drama starring Ray Romano, Andre Braugher, and Scott Bakula that ran from 2009 to 2011. In the fall of 2010, Hamilton took a faculty position in the School of Theater for the California Institute of the Arts, in August 2009, Hamilton married historian and writer Robin D. G. Kelley. They reside together in the View Park-Windsor Hills neighborhood in Los Angeles, official website Lisa Gay Hamilton at the Internet Movie Database

23.
12 Monkeys
–
After Universal Studios acquired the rights to remake La Jetée as a full-length film, David and Janet Peoples were hired to write the script. Under Gilliams direction, Universal granted the filmmakers a $29.5 million budget, the film was shot mostly in Philadelphia and Baltimore, where the story was set. The film was released to critical praise and grossed $168 million worldwide, Pitt was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and won a Golden Globe for his performance. The film also won and was nominated for various categories at the Saturn Awards, a deadly virus released in 1996 wipes out almost all of humanity, forcing remaining survivors to live underground. A group known as the Army of the Twelve Monkeys is believed to be behind the release of the virus, in 2035, James Cole is a prisoner living in a subterranean compound beneath the ruins of Philadelphia. Cole is selected for a mission, where he is trained, meanwhile, Cole is troubled by recurring dreams involving a foot chase and an airport shooting. Cole arrives in Baltimore in 1990, not 1996 as planned and he is arrested, then hospitalized in a mental hospital on the diagnosis of Dr. Kathryn Railly. There he encounters Jeffrey Goines, a patient with fanatical views. After an escape attempt, Cole is sedated and locked in a cell, but he disappears moments later, Cole is interrogated by the scientists, who play a distorted voicemail message which asserts the association of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys with the virus. He is also shown photos of people suspected of being involved. The scientists offer Cole a second chance to complete his mission and he arrives at a battlefield of World War I where he is shot in the leg, and then he is suddenly transported to 1996. In 1996, Railly gives a lecture about the Cassandra complex to a group of scientists, at the post-lecture book signing, Dr. Peters points out to Railly that apocalypse alarmists represent the sane vision, while humanitys gradual destruction of the environment is the real lunacy. Cole arrives at the venue after seeing flyers publicizing it, and they learn that Goines is the founder of the Army of the Twelve Monkeys, and set out in search of him. When they confront him, however, Goines denies any involvement with the group, Cole convinces himself that he is insane, but Railly confronts him with evidence of his time travel. They decide to spend their time together in the Florida Keys before the onset of the plague. At the airport, Cole leaves a last message telling the scientists that in following the Army of the Twelve Monkeys they are on the track. He is soon confronted by Jose, an acquaintance from his own time, at the same time, Railly spots Dr. Peters, and recognizes him from a newspaper photograph as an assistant at Goines fathers virology lab. Peters is about to embark on a tour of cities that match the locations

24.
Open-air preaching
–
Open-air preaching, street preaching, or public preaching is the act of evangelizing a religious faith in public places. Early Methodist preachers John Wesley and George Whitefield preached in the open air, motives for open-air preaching include to glorify God and to fulfill the command to preach and make Gods Word known. Others listed include Pauls speech to the Athenians in Acts 17, however, others believe from scripture that Jesus was not technically a street preacher nor could possibly be one, He shall not strive, nor cry, neither shall any man hear his voice in the streets

25.
A Tale of Two Cities
–
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution. In 1775, a man flags down the nightly mail-coach on its route from London to Dover, the man is Jerry Cruncher, an employee of Tellsons Bank in London, he carries a message for Jarvis Lorry, a passenger and one of the banks managers. Mr. Lorry sends Jerry back to deliver a response to the bank. The message refers to Alexandre Manette, a French physician who has released from the Bastille after an 18-year imprisonment. Once Mr. Lorry arrives in Dover, he meets with Dr. Manettes daughter Lucie, Lucie has believed her father to be dead, and faints at the news that he is alive, Mr. Lorry takes her to France to reunite with him. In the Paris neighborhood of Saint Antoine, Dr. Manette has been given lodgings by his former servant Ernest Defarge and his wife Therese, owners of a wine shop. He does not recognize Lucie at first but does see the resemblance to her mother through her blue eyes and long golden hair. Mr. Lorry and Lucie take him back to England, in 1780, French émigré Charles Darnay is on trial for treason against the British Crown. The key witnesses against him are two British spies, John Barsad and Roger Cly, who claim that Darnay gave information about British troops in North America to the French, with Barsads eyewitness testimony now discredited, Darnay is acquitted. In Paris, the hated and abusive Marquis St. Evrémonde orders his carriage driven recklessly fast through the streets, hitting and killing the child of a peasant. The Marquis throws a coin to Gaspard to compensate him for his loss, as the Marquiss coach drives off, the coin is flung back into his coach by an unknown hand, enraging the Marquis. Arriving at his country château, the marquis meets with his nephew and heir, Out of disgust with his aristocratic family, Darnay has shed his real surname and adopted an anglicized version of his mothers maiden name, DAulnais. The following passage records the Marquis principles of aristocratic superiority, Repression is the only lasting philosophy. The dark deference of fear and slavery, my friend, observed the Marquis, will keep the dogs obedient to the whip, as long as this roof, looking up to it, shuts out the sky. That night, Gaspard, who followed the Marquis to his château by riding on the underside of the carriage, stabs, Gaspard leaves a note on the knife saying, Drive him fast to his tomb. After nearly a year on the run, he is caught, in London, Darnay gets Dr. Manettes permission to wed Lucie, but Carton confesses his love to Lucie as well. Knowing she will not love him in return, Carton promises to embrace any sacrifice for you, Stryver, the barrister who defended Darnay and with whom Carton has a working relationship, considers proposing marriage to Lucie, but Mr. Lorry talks him out of the idea. On the morning of the marriage, Darnay reveals his name and family lineage to Dr. Manette

26.
Waterworld
–
Waterworld is a 1995 American post-apocalyptic science fiction action film directed by Kevin Reynolds and co-written by Peter Rader and David Twohy. It was based on Raders original 1986 screenplay and stars Kevin Costner and it was distributed by Universal Pictures. The setting of the film is in the distant future, Although no exact date was given in the film itself, it has been suggested that it takes place in 2500. The polar ice caps have melted, and the sea level has risen over 7,600 m. The plot of the film centers on an otherwise nameless antihero, The Mariner, the most expensive film ever made at the time, Waterworld was released to mixed reviews, praising the futuristic setting and premise but criticizing the characterization and acting performances. The film also was unable to recoup its budget at the box office, however. The film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Sound at the 68th Academy Awards. After the melting of the ice caps in the 21st century. The Mariner, a drifter, arrives at one such atoll on his trimaran to trade dirt. The atolls residents realize the Mariner is a mutant with gills and webbed feet, and decide to drown him in a brine pool. Just then, the atoll is attacked by Smokers, a band of raiders who are seeking a girl named Enola who. Enolas guardian, Helen, attempts to escape with Enola on a gas balloon with Gregor, an inventor, Helen rescues the Mariner and insists he take the two of them with him. The three escape to open sea and they are pursued by the Smokers, and though they escape Helens impetuous actions result in damage to the Mariners boat and he angrily cuts her hair. As time passes, the tensions between the two females and the loner Mariner begin to ease and he assembles a diving bell and dives with her, showing the remains of a city and the soil on the ocean floor. When they surface, they find the Smokers have caught up to them, Enola is tricked into revealing herself, the Mariner takes Helen and they dive underwater to avoid capture, with the Mariner helping Helen to breathe. When they surface, they find that Enola has been taken, Gregor manages to catch up to them in his balloon and rescues them, taking them to a new makeshift atoll with the survivors of the first attack. With most of the Smokers below deck to row the tanker, the Deacon calls the Mariners bluff, knowing that such an action would destroy the ship, but to his horror the Mariner drops a lit flare down a shaft into the oil. The resulting explosion engulfs the lower decks of the ship in flames, the Mariner rescues Enola and they escape by a rope from Gregors balloon

27.
Brazil (1985 film)
–
Brazil is a 1985 dystopian science fiction film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam, Charles McKeown, and Tom Stoppard. The film stars Jonathan Pryce and features Robert De Niro, Kim Greist, Michael Palin, Katherine Helmond, Bob Hoskins, though a success in Europe, the film was unsuccessful in its initial North America release. It has since become a cult film, the film is named after the recurrent theme song, Ary Barrosos Aquarela do Brasil, as performed by Geoff Muldaur. Sam Lowry is a government employee who frequently daydreams of saving a damsel in distress. Visiting Buttles widow, Sam encounters their neighbour Jill Layton, and is astonished to see that she resembles the woman from his recurring dreams, Jill is trying to help Mrs. Buttle determine what happened to her husband, but her efforts are obstructed by bureaucracy. Sam approaches Jill, but she avoids giving him full details, during this time, Sam comes in contact with Tuttle, who once worked for Central Services but left due to his dislike of the tedious and repetitive paperwork. Tuttle helps Sam deal with two Central Services workers, Spoor and Dowser, who return to demolish Sams ducts. Sam discovers that the way to learn about Jill is to get transferred to Information Retrieval. He had previously turned down a promotion arranged by his mother, Ida, Sam retracts his refusal by speaking with Deputy Minister Mr. Helpmann at a party hosted by Ida. Obtaining Jills records, Sam tracks her down before she can be arrested, then falsifies the records to fake her death, the two share a romantic night together, but are soon apprehended by the government at gunpoint. Charged with treason for abusing his new position, Sam is restrained to a chair in a large, empty room, to be tortured by his old friend. Sam learns that Jill was killed resisting arrest. When Jack is about to start the torturing, Tuttle and other members of the break into the Ministry, shooting Jack, rescuing Sam. Sam and Tuttle flee together, but Tuttle disappears amid a mass of scraps of paperwork from the destroyed building and he lands in a street from his daydreams, and attempts to escape police and monsters by climbing a pile of flex-ducts. Opening a door, he passes through it and is surprised to find himself in a driven by Jill. The two leave the city together, however, this happy ending is a product of Sams delusions, he is still strapped to the chair. Realising that Sam has descended into insanity, Jack and Mr. Helpmann declare him a lost cause. Sam remains in the chair, smiling and singing Brazil, Pryce has described the role as the highlight of his career, along with that of Lytton Strachey in Carrington

28.
Final cut privilege
–
Final cut privilege is a film industry term, usually meaning the right of a director to decide how a film is ultimately released for public viewing. On nearly all occasions in the United States, only established, outside the Hollywood studio system—in France, for example—directors whose reputations are built on artistic merit, as opposed to bankability, frequently have final cut on their films. In America there are only some acclaimed, but not necessarily bankable directors, such as Woody Allen, Alexander Payne and Terrence Malick, sometimes nonbankable directors get final cut privilege when making a film on a low budget. Before a film is released, studios will usually make changes for commercial purposes, sometimes such practices can cause conflict between the director and studio releasing the film. Other contractual agreements will still apply, though, A director commissioned for a film with a rating no higher than R will still have to make sure to meet this agreement. This happened with Kubricks Eyes Wide Shut, which included a scene that was shown in Europe. For its US release, foreground actors were added to obscure some sex acts to reach the contractually obliged R rating. Auteur theory Directors cut Artistic control, the term when applied to musicians Alan Smithee Gerstner, David A. & Staiger

Science fiction film (or sci-fi) is a genre that uses speculative, fictional science-based depictions of phenomena that …

Metropolis (1927) by Fritz Lang was one of the first feature length science fiction films in history. It was produced at Studio Babelsberg, Germany. (Photo shows the statue of the film figure Maria at Filmpark Babelsberg)

2001: A Space Odyssey, the landmark 1968 collaboration between filmmaker Stanley Kubrick and classic science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke featured groundbreaking special effects, such as the realization of the space ship Discovery One (pictured here)