This chapter tracks the impact on the theatre of the radicalisation of Irish politics following the General Election of 1910. The momentary success of the Home Rule Bill (1912) is set against the ...
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This chapter tracks the impact on the theatre of the radicalisation of Irish politics following the General Election of 1910. The momentary success of the Home Rule Bill (1912) is set against the 1913 Dublin lockout and the Irish Volunteer movements. Left politics, voiced by Larkin and Connolly, are considered resonant with the theatre of Robinson, O'Kelly, St John Ervine, Thomas Murray, Fitzmaurice, and Gerald MacNamara. Left-literati alliances were re-forged against the conservative nationalism of William Martin Murphy and Griffith. The First World War drove republican logics to the fore; indicated both by the pessimism of Wilson's The Slough and the excited radicalism of MacDonagh, Eimar O'Duffy, and Patrick Pearse himself. Republicanism, indicated by Pearse's references to Ibsen and Synge, is shown as having absorbed theatrical forces of display, to be reiterated in the Easter Rising of 1916.Less

Ghosts and Spectres: Theatres of War, 1910–1916

BEN LEVITAS

Published in print: 2002-11-28

This chapter tracks the impact on the theatre of the radicalisation of Irish politics following the General Election of 1910. The momentary success of the Home Rule Bill (1912) is set against the 1913 Dublin lockout and the Irish Volunteer movements. Left politics, voiced by Larkin and Connolly, are considered resonant with the theatre of Robinson, O'Kelly, St John Ervine, Thomas Murray, Fitzmaurice, and Gerald MacNamara. Left-literati alliances were re-forged against the conservative nationalism of William Martin Murphy and Griffith. The First World War drove republican logics to the fore; indicated both by the pessimism of Wilson's The Slough and the excited radicalism of MacDonagh, Eimar O'Duffy, and Patrick Pearse himself. Republicanism, indicated by Pearse's references to Ibsen and Synge, is shown as having absorbed theatrical forces of display, to be reiterated in the Easter Rising of 1916.

This chapter focuses on the years between 1910 and 1914. Lloyd George's Budget of 1909 set the Commons and Lords on a collision course. The general election of January 1910 gave the Irish Party the ...
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This chapter focuses on the years between 1910 and 1914. Lloyd George's Budget of 1909 set the Commons and Lords on a collision course. The general election of January 1910 gave the Irish Party the balance of power in the House of Commons for the first time since 1895. However, the death of King Edward VII resulted in another general election in December 1910. The results of this mirrored the first one, and so did not ultimately divert the Government-Irish Party alliance from its chosen path. But it caused further delay, thereby providing more time for encouraging opposition to home rule in Protestant Ulster. The length of the delay was then doubled by the provisions of the Parliament Act, which required any bill that the Lords rejected to be carried through the Commons again, unchanged unless by agreement, in two successive years before it could become law without the Lords' approval. Thus home rule, which was firmly on the agenda from February 1910 onwards, could not finally pass until 1914.Less

‘The Real Chief Secretary’: Centre Stage, 1910–1914

A. C. Hepburn

Published in print: 2008-07-17

This chapter focuses on the years between 1910 and 1914. Lloyd George's Budget of 1909 set the Commons and Lords on a collision course. The general election of January 1910 gave the Irish Party the balance of power in the House of Commons for the first time since 1895. However, the death of King Edward VII resulted in another general election in December 1910. The results of this mirrored the first one, and so did not ultimately divert the Government-Irish Party alliance from its chosen path. But it caused further delay, thereby providing more time for encouraging opposition to home rule in Protestant Ulster. The length of the delay was then doubled by the provisions of the Parliament Act, which required any bill that the Lords rejected to be carried through the Commons again, unchanged unless by agreement, in two successive years before it could become law without the Lords' approval. Thus home rule, which was firmly on the agenda from February 1910 onwards, could not finally pass until 1914.

This book establishes Ireland's unique contribution to criminological research, addressing the effects on crime of its peculiar patterns of industrialisation and social change, as well as the effect ...
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This book establishes Ireland's unique contribution to criminological research, addressing the effects on crime of its peculiar patterns of industrialisation and social change, as well as the effect on ordinary crime of a quarter of a century of civil unrest and terrorism. Crime trends are explored over a fifty-year period between 1945–95 at the national level for the two Irish countries as a whole, and at a city level for Belfast and Dublin. Trends in specific categories of crime, from murder to rape and drug crime, are also explored over the same period. The book makes a significant contribution by supplementing statistical material with ethnographic data. It reports on in-depth interview material among residents in two areas of Belfast, one in largely Catholic West Belfast and the other in largely Protestant East Belfast. In these interviews, those questioned speak of their own experiences of crime, the police, and the paramilitary organisations.Less

Crime In Ireland 1945–95: : Here Be Dragons

John D. BrewerBill LockhartPaula Rodgers

Published in print: 1997-07-10

This book establishes Ireland's unique contribution to criminological research, addressing the effects on crime of its peculiar patterns of industrialisation and social change, as well as the effect on ordinary crime of a quarter of a century of civil unrest and terrorism. Crime trends are explored over a fifty-year period between 1945–95 at the national level for the two Irish countries as a whole, and at a city level for Belfast and Dublin. Trends in specific categories of crime, from murder to rape and drug crime, are also explored over the same period. The book makes a significant contribution by supplementing statistical material with ethnographic data. It reports on in-depth interview material among residents in two areas of Belfast, one in largely Catholic West Belfast and the other in largely Protestant East Belfast. In these interviews, those questioned speak of their own experiences of crime, the police, and the paramilitary organisations.

The conflicts of these years were religious and intellectual as well as political. New ideas generated in the universities challenged religious orthodoxy. The rise of the secular state led to ...
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The conflicts of these years were religious and intellectual as well as political. New ideas generated in the universities challenged religious orthodoxy. The rise of the secular state led to conflicts with the churches over the control of higher education and degree qualifications. In Germany, regionalism allowed the coexistence of Protestant and Catholic universities. In Catholic Belgium, after independence in 1830, conflict led both to the revival of Leuven as a Catholic confessional university — a significant innovation — and to the foundation of the secular ‘free’ university of Brussels. Confessional disputes were also significant in England and in Ireland, where the rejection of the state's non-denominational policies led to the foundation of a Catholic university at Dublin with J. H. Newman as rector. In France, the ‘monopoly’ of Napoleon's University was maintained until 1875, when several Catholic universities were set up, though their powers were severely restricted once the Third Republic was securely established.Less

Universities, Religion, and the Liberal State

R. D.
Anderson

Published in print: 2004-09-02

The conflicts of these years were religious and intellectual as well as political. New ideas generated in the universities challenged religious orthodoxy. The rise of the secular state led to conflicts with the churches over the control of higher education and degree qualifications. In Germany, regionalism allowed the coexistence of Protestant and Catholic universities. In Catholic Belgium, after independence in 1830, conflict led both to the revival of Leuven as a Catholic confessional university — a significant innovation — and to the foundation of the secular ‘free’ university of Brussels. Confessional disputes were also significant in England and in Ireland, where the rejection of the state's non-denominational policies led to the foundation of a Catholic university at Dublin with J. H. Newman as rector. In France, the ‘monopoly’ of Napoleon's University was maintained until 1875, when several Catholic universities were set up, though their powers were severely restricted once the Third Republic was securely established.

This chapter focuses on Mary Dublin Keyserling and Leon Keyserling, who were particularly prominent targets for the anticommunist right from 1940 through the mid-1960s. His first claim to fame was ...
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This chapter focuses on Mary Dublin Keyserling and Leon Keyserling, who were particularly prominent targets for the anticommunist right from 1940 through the mid-1960s. His first claim to fame was drafting the National Labor Relations Act, and her career began as a consumer activist, so they aptly represent the movements whose successes mobilized anticommunist crusaders. The Keyserlings were “purchasing-power progressives” who argued that raising working-class living standards was essential for a healthy economy and a healthy democracy. They both experienced long, bruising loyalty investigations and resigned in 1953 during the transition to the Eisenhower administration. Leon reemerged as an economic adviser to the Democratic National Committee and the AFL-CIO in the late 1950s and then as an ally of the centrist Democrat Hubert Humphrey. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson appointed Mary head of the U.S. Women's Bureau, over the objections of congressional conservatives who revived the old disloyalty allegations.Less

The Loyalty Investigations of Mary Dublin Keyserling and Leon Keyserling

Landon R. Y. Storrs

Published in print: 2012-10-28

This chapter focuses on Mary Dublin Keyserling and Leon Keyserling, who were particularly prominent targets for the anticommunist right from 1940 through the mid-1960s. His first claim to fame was drafting the National Labor Relations Act, and her career began as a consumer activist, so they aptly represent the movements whose successes mobilized anticommunist crusaders. The Keyserlings were “purchasing-power progressives” who argued that raising working-class living standards was essential for a healthy economy and a healthy democracy. They both experienced long, bruising loyalty investigations and resigned in 1953 during the transition to the Eisenhower administration. Leon reemerged as an economic adviser to the Democratic National Committee and the AFL-CIO in the late 1950s and then as an ally of the centrist Democrat Hubert Humphrey. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson appointed Mary head of the U.S. Women's Bureau, over the objections of congressional conservatives who revived the old disloyalty allegations.

This chapter explores the disloyalty allegations against the Keyserlings. Over the long course of their loyalty investigations, the Keyserlings portrayed themselves as having been political centrists ...
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This chapter explores the disloyalty allegations against the Keyserlings. Over the long course of their loyalty investigations, the Keyserlings portrayed themselves as having been political centrists during the 1930s, when in fact they had been decidedly on the left. The Keyserlings are remembered as loyal Johnson Democrats who favored Cold War military spending, backed U.S. policy in Vietnam, and argued that poverty could be eliminated through economic growth rather than redistribution. Before coming under investigation, however, they were socialists. Faced with a relentless stream of disloyalty allegations that began in the 1940s and climaxed in 1952, they were forced to modify their political rhetoric and moderate their policy proposals. They also denied they ever had held leftist views. Conservatives may have lost the battle to exclude the Keyserlings from public influence, but by narrowing the range of permissible debate, they won the war.Less

Secrets and Self-Reinvention: The Making of Cold War Liberalism

Landon R. Y. Storrs

Published in print: 2012-10-28

This chapter explores the disloyalty allegations against the Keyserlings. Over the long course of their loyalty investigations, the Keyserlings portrayed themselves as having been political centrists during the 1930s, when in fact they had been decidedly on the left. The Keyserlings are remembered as loyal Johnson Democrats who favored Cold War military spending, backed U.S. policy in Vietnam, and argued that poverty could be eliminated through economic growth rather than redistribution. Before coming under investigation, however, they were socialists. Faced with a relentless stream of disloyalty allegations that began in the 1940s and climaxed in 1952, they were forced to modify their political rhetoric and moderate their policy proposals. They also denied they ever had held leftist views. Conservatives may have lost the battle to exclude the Keyserlings from public influence, but by narrowing the range of permissible debate, they won the war.

The fractured identities of Ireland — religious, racial, cultural, and political — lie at the heart of modern Irish history: Catholic vs Protestant, Irish vs English, Nationalist vs Unionist. This ...
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The fractured identities of Ireland — religious, racial, cultural, and political — lie at the heart of modern Irish history: Catholic vs Protestant, Irish vs English, Nationalist vs Unionist. This book explores the nature and intellectual origins of one of these competing and mutually-hostile identities, Irish Protestantism, by examining the life and ideas of its effective creator, Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656). Born in Ireland of Anglo-Irish stock, Ussher — educated at Trinity College Dublin and the leading bishop of the Church of Ireland — became the dominant intellectual figure in early-modern Ireland and, almost single-handedly, mapped out the distinctive features of Irish Protestant identity: partly English, partly Irish, dependent on England yet proud of its separateness, deeply hostile to ‘popery’, yet living in a Catholic country. In exile in England in the 1640s, he contributed to the discussions about the nature of episcopacy and the government of the English church. After his death, he was feted by all, high and low churchmen, royalists, and parliamentarians, all of whom sought the posthumous endorsement of his saintly reputation. By looking at Ussher in three different contexts — as Protestant Irishman in Ireland, as an Irish scholar in England, and in terms of his posthumous reputation — this work brings out the tensions and ambiguities inherent in Ussher's life work, and in the relationship between Ireland and England.Less

James Ussher : Theology, History, and Politics in Early-Modern Ireland and England

Alan Ford

Published in print: 2007-06-01

The fractured identities of Ireland — religious, racial, cultural, and political — lie at the heart of modern Irish history: Catholic vs Protestant, Irish vs English, Nationalist vs Unionist. This book explores the nature and intellectual origins of one of these competing and mutually-hostile identities, Irish Protestantism, by examining the life and ideas of its effective creator, Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656). Born in Ireland of Anglo-Irish stock, Ussher — educated at Trinity College Dublin and the leading bishop of the Church of Ireland — became the dominant intellectual figure in early-modern Ireland and, almost single-handedly, mapped out the distinctive features of Irish Protestant identity: partly English, partly Irish, dependent on England yet proud of its separateness, deeply hostile to ‘popery’, yet living in a Catholic country. In exile in England in the 1640s, he contributed to the discussions about the nature of episcopacy and the government of the English church. After his death, he was feted by all, high and low churchmen, royalists, and parliamentarians, all of whom sought the posthumous endorsement of his saintly reputation. By looking at Ussher in three different contexts — as Protestant Irishman in Ireland, as an Irish scholar in England, and in terms of his posthumous reputation — this work brings out the tensions and ambiguities inherent in Ussher's life work, and in the relationship between Ireland and England.

This chapter posits an overlapping sense of alienation among Southern Protestants and Irish intellectuals during the 1930s and 1940s, as both groups found themselves out of step with the pieties of ...
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This chapter posits an overlapping sense of alienation among Southern Protestants and Irish intellectuals during the 1930s and 1940s, as both groups found themselves out of step with the pieties of the Catholic nationalist culture predominant at the time. It identifies secular Catholic intellectuals Seán O'Faoláin and Owen Sheehy Skeffington as central figures in Irish society and the importance of the journal The Bell. It evaluates Butler's attempts to frame his notions of communal belonging in philosophical terms, placing his writings in the context of his own wide reading, the ideas of George W. Russell, and the influence of Catholic Vocationalism in 1930s Ireland. It introduces his fascination with various social utopian experiments from history, analyses his attitude to his own Christian inheritance, and evaluates his essentially secular brand of Protestantism. It notes the evolution of traditionally Protestant institutions such as the Irish Times and Trinity College Dublin in accommodating social change.Less

Irish Community and Protestant Belonging, 1930–49

Robert Tobin

Published in print: 2012-01-05

This chapter posits an overlapping sense of alienation among Southern Protestants and Irish intellectuals during the 1930s and 1940s, as both groups found themselves out of step with the pieties of the Catholic nationalist culture predominant at the time. It identifies secular Catholic intellectuals Seán O'Faoláin and Owen Sheehy Skeffington as central figures in Irish society and the importance of the journal The Bell. It evaluates Butler's attempts to frame his notions of communal belonging in philosophical terms, placing his writings in the context of his own wide reading, the ideas of George W. Russell, and the influence of Catholic Vocationalism in 1930s Ireland. It introduces his fascination with various social utopian experiments from history, analyses his attitude to his own Christian inheritance, and evaluates his essentially secular brand of Protestantism. It notes the evolution of traditionally Protestant institutions such as the Irish Times and Trinity College Dublin in accommodating social change.

This chapter analyzes the policy context within which water law reforms are introduced. It examines the basic principles that underlie existing water sector reforms, in particular the concept of ...
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This chapter analyzes the policy context within which water law reforms are introduced. It examines the basic principles that underlie existing water sector reforms, in particular the concept of integrated water resources management, the focus on water conservation, water as a basic need, water as an economic good, decentralization and participation, and governance and institutional changes. It considers the policy framework that has steered water sector reforms over the past two decades. It focuses in particular on the international policy framework and the role of development banks in fostering the adoption of these principles at the national level. It then analyzes water policies adopted at the national and state level, and discusses the shift towards an emphasis on water law reforms as one of the key elements contributing to the overall process of reform in the water sector.Less

From Water Sector Reforms to Law and Policy Reforms

Philippe Cullet

Published in print: 2009-07-01

This chapter analyzes the policy context within which water law reforms are introduced. It examines the basic principles that underlie existing water sector reforms, in particular the concept of integrated water resources management, the focus on water conservation, water as a basic need, water as an economic good, decentralization and participation, and governance and institutional changes. It considers the policy framework that has steered water sector reforms over the past two decades. It focuses in particular on the international policy framework and the role of development banks in fostering the adoption of these principles at the national level. It then analyzes water policies adopted at the national and state level, and discusses the shift towards an emphasis on water law reforms as one of the key elements contributing to the overall process of reform in the water sector.

This chapter examines 2003 ‘Dublin’ Regulation determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities. After discussing ...
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This chapter examines 2003 ‘Dublin’ Regulation determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities. After discussing the scope and key objectives of the Dublin allocation system, the operation of the Dublin Regulation is evaluated based on State practice and case-law in several Member States. The basic principles underpinning the Regulation is first examined, followed by an analysis of the criteria listed in the Regulation to determine which State is responsible for examining an asylum claim. The procedural features of the system are then presented, including the provisions of the Eurodac Regulation. The final section offers a critical evaluation of the Dublin regime in its current operation.Less

Allocation of Responsibility for Examining an Application for Asylum under the Dublin Regime

Agnès Hurwitz

Published in print: 2009-08-27

This chapter examines 2003 ‘Dublin’ Regulation determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities. After discussing the scope and key objectives of the Dublin allocation system, the operation of the Dublin Regulation is evaluated based on State practice and case-law in several Member States. The basic principles underpinning the Regulation is first examined, followed by an analysis of the criteria listed in the Regulation to determine which State is responsible for examining an asylum claim. The procedural features of the system are then presented, including the provisions of the Eurodac Regulation. The final section offers a critical evaluation of the Dublin regime in its current operation.

This chapter focuses on the Irish War of Independence during the period from 1919 to 1921. It discusses the refusal of the newly elected Sinn Féin members of parliament to take their seats at ...
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This chapter focuses on the Irish War of Independence during the period from 1919 to 1921. It discusses the refusal of the newly elected Sinn Féin members of parliament to take their seats at Westminster and their decision to instead assemble in Dublin. The chapter explains the Sinn Féin members' creation of an executive government and their declaration of independence. It also describes the violent confrontation between Irish and British forces, and the pattern of assassination and counter-assassination.Less

The war of independence, 1919–21

F. S. L. LYONS

Published in print: 2010-04-01

This chapter focuses on the Irish War of Independence during the period from 1919 to 1921. It discusses the refusal of the newly elected Sinn Féin members of parliament to take their seats at Westminster and their decision to instead assemble in Dublin. The chapter explains the Sinn Féin members' creation of an executive government and their declaration of independence. It also describes the violent confrontation between Irish and British forces, and the pattern of assassination and counter-assassination.

A century ago this year, productions of W. B. Yeats' The Countess Cathleen and Edward Martyn's The Heather Field inaugurated the Irish Literary Theatre, which was to take its name from its home in ...
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A century ago this year, productions of W. B. Yeats' The Countess Cathleen and Edward Martyn's The Heather Field inaugurated the Irish Literary Theatre, which was to take its name from its home in Abbey Street, Dublin. Despite riot, fire, and critical controversy, the Abbey Theatre has housed Ireland's National Theatre ever since. This is the first history of the Abbey to discuss the plays and the personalities in their underlying historical and political context, to give due weight to the theatre's work in Irish, and to take stock of its artistic and financial development up to the present. The research for the book draws extensively on archive sources, especially the manuscript holdings on the Abbey at the National Library of Ireland. Many outstanding plays are examined, with detailed analysis of their form and their affective and emotional content; and persistent themes in the Abbey's output are identified — visions of an ideal community; the revival of Irish; the hunger for land and money; the restrictions of a society undergoing profound change. But these are integrated with accounts of the Abbey's people, from Yeats, Martyn, and Lady Gregory, whose brainchild it was, to the actors, playwrights, directors, and managers who have followed — among them the Fays, Synge, O'Casey, Murray, Robinson, Shiels, Johnston, Murphy, Molloy, Friel, McGuiness, Deevy, Carr, and many others. The role of directors and policy-makers, and the struggle for financial security, subsidy, and new-style ‘partnerships’, is discussed as a crucial part of the theatre's continuing evolution.Less

The Abbey Theatre, 1899-1999 : Form and Pressure

Robert Welch

Published in print: 1999-10-21

A century ago this year, productions of W. B. Yeats' The Countess Cathleen and Edward Martyn's The Heather Field inaugurated the Irish Literary Theatre, which was to take its name from its home in Abbey Street, Dublin. Despite riot, fire, and critical controversy, the Abbey Theatre has housed Ireland's National Theatre ever since. This is the first history of the Abbey to discuss the plays and the personalities in their underlying historical and political context, to give due weight to the theatre's work in Irish, and to take stock of its artistic and financial development up to the present. The research for the book draws extensively on archive sources, especially the manuscript holdings on the Abbey at the National Library of Ireland. Many outstanding plays are examined, with detailed analysis of their form and their affective and emotional content; and persistent themes in the Abbey's output are identified — visions of an ideal community; the revival of Irish; the hunger for land and money; the restrictions of a society undergoing profound change. But these are integrated with accounts of the Abbey's people, from Yeats, Martyn, and Lady Gregory, whose brainchild it was, to the actors, playwrights, directors, and managers who have followed — among them the Fays, Synge, O'Casey, Murray, Robinson, Shiels, Johnston, Murphy, Molloy, Friel, McGuiness, Deevy, Carr, and many others. The role of directors and policy-makers, and the struggle for financial security, subsidy, and new-style ‘partnerships’, is discussed as a crucial part of the theatre's continuing evolution.

This chapter examines the background to the reformation in Ireland, exploring in particular the reaction of the Anglo-Irish community in Dublin, showing how by the end of the 16th century the ...
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This chapter examines the background to the reformation in Ireland, exploring in particular the reaction of the Anglo-Irish community in Dublin, showing how by the end of the 16th century the community had split decisively into a Catholic majority and a small protestant minority. In response, a new protestant seminary, Trinity College, Dublin, was founded. The chapter then traces the development of government policy towards those Catholics — recusants — who refused to attend the established church and ends with an account of the young James Ussher's intervention into this debate firmly on the side of those who insisted that the secular authorities use all their powers to make Catholics attend protestant services.Less

Controversy and Religious Identity in Sixteenth‐Century Ireland

Alan Ford

Published in print: 2007-06-01

This chapter examines the background to the reformation in Ireland, exploring in particular the reaction of the Anglo-Irish community in Dublin, showing how by the end of the 16th century the community had split decisively into a Catholic majority and a small protestant minority. In response, a new protestant seminary, Trinity College, Dublin, was founded. The chapter then traces the development of government policy towards those Catholics — recusants — who refused to attend the established church and ends with an account of the young James Ussher's intervention into this debate firmly on the side of those who insisted that the secular authorities use all their powers to make Catholics attend protestant services.

This chapter focuses on the most recent initiative for a change in the law of weaponry which concerns cluster munitions. The nature of the problem posed by such weapons is disclosed and operational ...
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This chapter focuses on the most recent initiative for a change in the law of weaponry which concerns cluster munitions. The nature of the problem posed by such weapons is disclosed and operational experience is given. The military utility of cluster munitions is explained and early discussions of the problem within the context of CCW are referred to. After giving an account of further developments both in and out of CCW, the Oslo Declaration and its interpretation are discussed. The UK position on that initiative is outlined and the text of the Cluster Munition Convention adopted at the Dublin Conference in 2008 is set out. The prospects for CCW action on the subject are then considered.Less

Cluster Munitions

William H. Boothby

Published in print: 2009-04-02

This chapter focuses on the most recent initiative for a change in the law of weaponry which concerns cluster munitions. The nature of the problem posed by such weapons is disclosed and operational experience is given. The military utility of cluster munitions is explained and early discussions of the problem within the context of CCW are referred to. After giving an account of further developments both in and out of CCW, the Oslo Declaration and its interpretation are discussed. The UK position on that initiative is outlined and the text of the Cluster Munition Convention adopted at the Dublin Conference in 2008 is set out. The prospects for CCW action on the subject are then considered.

This chapter discusses the implications of the Copyright Act of 1709 for Ireland. The reprinting of works first issued in other countries was therefore legitimate work for the Dublin printers. It ...
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This chapter discusses the implications of the Copyright Act of 1709 for Ireland. The reprinting of works first issued in other countries was therefore legitimate work for the Dublin printers. It became the staple of the Dublin book trade, but only in those popular works that the trade considered would have an assured sale in Ireland. Throughout the 18th century, the London booksellers were understandably resentful and they were loud in their accusations of piracy. Once the Copyright Act was passed, London booksellers had two causes of grievances against the Irish book trade. The official complaint was of the importation into Britain of cheap Irish reprints which threatened the market at home. Quite as important, though never formally expressed, was the damage done to the market in Ireland. It was only after the Act of Union that Ireland, under the Copyright Act of 1801, was forced to recognize the existence of literary property in law which led to a close relationship between two countries as illustrated by the importing of English books, subscription collection and commitment in imprints on both sides.Less

The Implications of the Copyright Act: Dublin's Relations with London

M. Pollard

Published in print: 1990-01-25

This chapter discusses the implications of the Copyright Act of 1709 for Ireland. The reprinting of works first issued in other countries was therefore legitimate work for the Dublin printers. It became the staple of the Dublin book trade, but only in those popular works that the trade considered would have an assured sale in Ireland. Throughout the 18th century, the London booksellers were understandably resentful and they were loud in their accusations of piracy. Once the Copyright Act was passed, London booksellers had two causes of grievances against the Irish book trade. The official complaint was of the importation into Britain of cheap Irish reprints which threatened the market at home. Quite as important, though never formally expressed, was the damage done to the market in Ireland. It was only after the Act of Union that Ireland, under the Copyright Act of 1801, was forced to recognize the existence of literary property in law which led to a close relationship between two countries as illustrated by the importing of English books, subscription collection and commitment in imprints on both sides.

This chapter reiterates the official complaint made by London booksellers in 1735 and again fifty years later that the Dublin trade was able to substantially undercut London book-prices. This is a ...
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This chapter reiterates the official complaint made by London booksellers in 1735 and again fifty years later that the Dublin trade was able to substantially undercut London book-prices. This is a point of considerable importance because it depends on the viability of the entire reprint trade. Given the choice of the London original or the Dublin reprint at the same price, Irish readers would invariably have chosen the former, except perhaps in times of patriotic boycott of English goods. Cost-cutting was equally important in what export trade in books was allowed by British law. The trade depended largely on reprints, and the foreign and colonial customer would again prefer the Dublin reprint only if there was a distinct price advantage. The English booksellers objected to the Irish reprint trade for two reasons: it spoilt the market for their own editions in Ireland, and illegally imported copies threatened their sales in the English provinces and to some extent in the colonies.Less

Prices, Exports, Imports

M. Pollard

Published in print: 1990-01-25

This chapter reiterates the official complaint made by London booksellers in 1735 and again fifty years later that the Dublin trade was able to substantially undercut London book-prices. This is a point of considerable importance because it depends on the viability of the entire reprint trade. Given the choice of the London original or the Dublin reprint at the same price, Irish readers would invariably have chosen the former, except perhaps in times of patriotic boycott of English goods. Cost-cutting was equally important in what export trade in books was allowed by British law. The trade depended largely on reprints, and the foreign and colonial customer would again prefer the Dublin reprint only if there was a distinct price advantage. The English booksellers objected to the Irish reprint trade for two reasons: it spoilt the market for their own editions in Ireland, and illegally imported copies threatened their sales in the English provinces and to some extent in the colonies.

This chapter considers the organization of the Dublin book trade in Ireland. It also discovers how its members dealt together, what books were published by them, how these books were published, and ...
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This chapter considers the organization of the Dublin book trade in Ireland. It also discovers how its members dealt together, what books were published by them, how these books were published, and to whom they were sold. In the absence of firm regulation by the Guild, rules that made possible co-existence amongst booksellers appear to have developed through the trial and error of practice until tradition could be quoted as authority. Such rules governed the pressing problems of ownership of ‘copyright’ in reprints, rights in later editions, and rights in original Irish writing.Less

The Dublin Book Trade and the Home Market

M. Pollard

Published in print: 1990-01-25

This chapter considers the organization of the Dublin book trade in Ireland. It also discovers how its members dealt together, what books were published by them, how these books were published, and to whom they were sold. In the absence of firm regulation by the Guild, rules that made possible co-existence amongst booksellers appear to have developed through the trial and error of practice until tradition could be quoted as authority. Such rules governed the pressing problems of ownership of ‘copyright’ in reprints, rights in later editions, and rights in original Irish writing.

The thirty years after 1968 saw great contributions in all aspects of creative activity in Ireland. This was the period of immense growth in the arts; for people, it was not unusual to witness some ...
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The thirty years after 1968 saw great contributions in all aspects of creative activity in Ireland. This was the period of immense growth in the arts; for people, it was not unusual to witness some of the finest literary achievements, like Seamus Heaney's North or Brian Friel's Translations. A lot of these works were brought about by the playwright's experience and opinion on the piling up of atrocities, injustices, lies, and humiliations amongst the people of Ireland, and people widely received these themes. The Dublin Trilogy — the Gunman, Juno, and The Plough — were a compound of emotional readiness and dramatic technique, answers to the public and private feelings of persuasion. Further into the chapter, T. C. Murray's series of lectures on the Irish Theatre for the Catholic Writers Guild is presented.Less

1926–1951: ‘The birth of a nation is no immaculate conception’

Robert Welch

Published in print: 1999-10-21

The thirty years after 1968 saw great contributions in all aspects of creative activity in Ireland. This was the period of immense growth in the arts; for people, it was not unusual to witness some of the finest literary achievements, like Seamus Heaney's North or Brian Friel's Translations. A lot of these works were brought about by the playwright's experience and opinion on the piling up of atrocities, injustices, lies, and humiliations amongst the people of Ireland, and people widely received these themes. The Dublin Trilogy — the Gunman, Juno, and The Plough — were a compound of emotional readiness and dramatic technique, answers to the public and private feelings of persuasion. Further into the chapter, T. C. Murray's series of lectures on the Irish Theatre for the Catholic Writers Guild is presented.

Theatre is a business. Managing it requires planning in every step, and budget. All actions are monitored and projects that needed money are reviewed by a board of directors and by people who supply ...
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Theatre is a business. Managing it requires planning in every step, and budget. All actions are monitored and projects that needed money are reviewed by a board of directors and by people who supply funds before getting approval. A theatre, like a business, is an incorporation of interests needing a balance between visionary expansiveness and steely management. The directors of the Abbey Theatre have shown such a depth of commitment that made the company strong — from Yeats and Lady Gregory to Blythe; Macken to Mason. In this chapter, the objectives of the men and women who led the Abbey Theatre are discussed. Each director has proved to be adaptive to the times, and had objectives corresponding to what Ireland as a nation was going through at that particular time: for instance, Yeats and Lady Gregory had objectives that were national and nationalistic, given the political turmoil apparent in their era. Robinson, meanwhile, was influenced by his experiences in the Dublin Drama League, making his visions more European or Internationalist than Yeats' or Lady Gregory's, although he too had elements from the past that moved the theatre to create a cultural movement. Other directors were also sympathetic to what was happening around the theatre.Less

1951–1966: ‘I remember everything’

Robert Welch

Published in print: 1999-10-21

Theatre is a business. Managing it requires planning in every step, and budget. All actions are monitored and projects that needed money are reviewed by a board of directors and by people who supply funds before getting approval. A theatre, like a business, is an incorporation of interests needing a balance between visionary expansiveness and steely management. The directors of the Abbey Theatre have shown such a depth of commitment that made the company strong — from Yeats and Lady Gregory to Blythe; Macken to Mason. In this chapter, the objectives of the men and women who led the Abbey Theatre are discussed. Each director has proved to be adaptive to the times, and had objectives corresponding to what Ireland as a nation was going through at that particular time: for instance, Yeats and Lady Gregory had objectives that were national and nationalistic, given the political turmoil apparent in their era. Robinson, meanwhile, was influenced by his experiences in the Dublin Drama League, making his visions more European or Internationalist than Yeats' or Lady Gregory's, although he too had elements from the past that moved the theatre to create a cultural movement. Other directors were also sympathetic to what was happening around the theatre.

This chapter discusses allusions in the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, Branwen, to Irish geography: the former rivers between Britain and Ireland called Lli and the Archan and the submerged kingdoms; ...
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This chapter discusses allusions in the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, Branwen, to Irish geography: the former rivers between Britain and Ireland called Lli and the Archan and the submerged kingdoms; the river Liffey and Dublin; and the origin story of the ‘five fifths of Ireland’. The last is compared with Lebor Gabála Érenn and Giraldus Cambrensis, with the Lot story in Genesis 19, with the stories of Cairbre Cattchenn and Túathal Techtmar, and with the ‘Treachery at Scone’.Less

The Irish Geography of Branwen

Patrick Sims‐Williams

Published in print: 2010-11-01

This chapter discusses allusions in the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, Branwen, to Irish geography: the former rivers between Britain and Ireland called Lli and the Archan and the submerged kingdoms; the river Liffey and Dublin; and the origin story of the ‘five fifths of Ireland’. The last is compared with Lebor Gabála Érenn and Giraldus Cambrensis, with the Lot story in Genesis 19, with the stories of Cairbre Cattchenn and Túathal Techtmar, and with the ‘Treachery at Scone’.