2017-09-26T18:54:08Zhttp://www.bioline.org.br/oaicria:bioline:np:np020012002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02001E. D. NWOBODOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaReproductive health, Africans, Adolescent, CultureenREPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES OF THE ADOLESCENT IN AFRICA: REVIEW AND
COMMENTARYThere are yet many unmet reproductive health needs for the African
adolescents despite the many reproductive health programmes which have
been initiated in the last decade. It appears that the gains of the
programmes are not yet being felt across the continent. In this era of
HIV/AIDS and the peculiar reproductive health problems of the African
youth, there is an increasing need to identify the critical issues and
constraints. It is widely believed that much of the constraints are
cultural. It is also believed that much of the required interventions
will be social in nature. There are cultural constraints in programmes
design and implementation, and in services acceptance, access and
utilization. It is therefore important to identify the cultural
value-foundations of some of the reproductive health issues and
determine how to configure such issues in programmes and programmatic
approaches.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020022002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02002ANETOR, J.I., BABALOLA, O. O., ADENIYI, F.A.A., AKINGBOLA, T.S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAntioxidants, Environmental toxin, Haemopoietic system, from
homeostasis, Lead poisoningenOBSERVATIONS ON THE HAEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEMS IN TROPICAL LEAD POISONINGThe Haemopoietic system was one of the earliest principal targets of
lead (Pb) to be recognized and intensely studied but largely from
temperate developed countries. This study reports investigations into
the haemotobiochemical variations associated with occupational Pb
poisoning in a tropical developing country. One hundred and thirty
seven (137) subjects comprising 86 lead workers and 51 appropriately
matched controls were studied. The lead workers all males included
battery workers, home and autopainters, automechanics, welders,
gasoline dispensers and ceramic workers. They were classified according
to exposure categories based on the prevailing air lead level (PbA) at
the occupational environment. Blood lead (PbB) was significantly higher
in lead workers than in controls (P&lt;0.001). the PbB of controls
(occupationally unexposed) was also significantly higher than in
communities that have either reduced or eliminated lead from petrol.
Erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EPP) and prophobilinogen (PBG) were similar
in lead workers and controls. The haem degradative product bilirubin
was unlike EPP and PBG higher in controls (P&lt;0.05). Indices of iron
(Fe) homeostasis, serum Fe, total iron binding capacity (TIBC),
transferrin, and percentage Fe saturation did not differ between lead
workers and control (P&gt;0.05) in all cases. There was also no
alteration in RNA inetabolism as indicated by the absence of basophilic
stippling in the erythrocytes of lead workers. Some indices of
erythropoietic activity Hb, PCV and MCHC were all significantly
decreased in lead workers, compared with controls (P&lt;0.001) in all
cases. In contrast, the haem cofactor metals, copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)
levels were significantly elevated in lead workers compared with
controls (P&lt;0.01; P&lt;0.001) respectively. There was no variation
with exposure category. These complex observations may suggest the
interplay of acute phase and antioxidant responses of Cu in
caeruloplasmin and Copper-Zinc supper oxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) as
well as the inhilation ('supplementation') of Zn fume from the
occupational environment. This synergy appears to have significantly
restored the activity of the major haem pathway enzyme,
d-aminolaevulinate dyhydratase (ALA-D) a Zn dependent enzyme that is
exquisitely inhibited by Pb. Thus modulating the deleterious effect of
Pb on the haemopoietic system. These observations imply that the
combination of the well known Zn deficiency in many tropical countries
and the substantial environmental lead pollution may predispose the
general population to a significantly depressed haemopoietic system.
This may in turn increase the prevalence of subclinical or oven anaemia
of 'uncertain' aetiology in the presence of other haem pathway
stressors such as malnutrition.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020032002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02003R. E. ETTARH AND S. A. ADIGUNPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaVitamin C, Potassium, Magnesium, Vascular reactivityenVITAMIN ENHANCES RELAXATION OF RAT AORTIC RINGS INDUCED BY K+ AND Mg2+This study was designed to determine the effects of administration the
effects of administration of vitamin C on the relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle to K+ and Mg2+. The experiments were performed in two
groups of Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks. Both control and test
groups received rat chow and normal drinking water. In addition, the
test group received vitamin C (100mg/kg/day) by intragastric
administration for 8 weeks. At the end of this period aortic rings were
obtained from both groups and used for isometric recordings. The
relaxation responses to K+ and Mg2+ after precontraction with
noradrenaline (10-7M) were higher in the vitamin C-treated group
compared with the control group. There was no difference in the
relaxation responses to Mg2+ following K+ (40 mM) precontraction in the
two groups. The enhanced relaxation to K+ in vitamin C rats suggests an
increase in vascular Na+ -K+ ATPase activity. The increase in
relaxation to Mg2+ follow NA precontraction, which was not observed
with K+ precontraction, suggests that vitamin C enhances the mechanism
of Mg2+-induced relaxation following receptor-mediated, but not
depolarization-dependent contraction.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020042002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02004C.O. LADIPO, P.E. EGBE AND J.O. IBUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSalt-induced hypertension, baroreflex sensitivity, calcium supplement,
Sprague-Dawley ratsenCALCIUM SUPPLEMENT ENHANCES BAROREFLEX SENSITIVITY IN SALT-LOADED
SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATSDietary calcium is known to prevent salt-induced hypertension, although
the exact mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. One of the
proposed mechanisms of the pathogenesis of salt-induced hypertension is
the impairment of baroreflex sensitivity. Hence we investigated the
effect of calcium supplement on baroreceptor in salt-loaded rats. The
experiment was performed in male sprague-Dawley rats fed with measured
salt and/or calcium diets and given tap water ad libitum for 6 weeks.
Blood pressure and heart rate measurments were done in anaesthetised
animals through direct invesive method using Grass Polygraph. Bilateral
carotid occlusion test was used to determine the baroreflex sensitivity
in the rats. There was increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of
salt-loaded rats relative to control (132.6 ± 2.3 vs. 90.1 ±
1.5mmHg; n=8; P&lt;0.05), while dietary calcium alone did not have any
significant effect on the MAP (84.5 ± 1.7mmHg; n=8). During the
feeding period, the salt consumed by salt-loaded rats was significantly
higher than those of control but lower than that of salt-loaded-fed
rats. Also, water intake was highest in salt-loaded rats compared with
other experimental rats. However, the volume of urinary excretion was
higher in salt-loaded-calcium-fed rats than salt-loaded rats but both
were higher than control. These resulted in attenuated baroreflex
sensitivity of salt-loaded rats relative to control (0.55 ± 0.2
vs. 1.25± 0.1 beats/mmHg, n=7; P&lt;0.05). However, dietary
calcium enhanced baroreflex sensitivity in salt-loaded-fed rats (2.21
± 0.2 beats/min/mmHg, n=7; P&lt;0.05) compared with control and
salt-loaded rats. The study shows that salt-loading led to hypertension
probably through alteration of haemodynamic function and impairment of
baroreflex sensitivity. Calcium supplement prevention of salt-induced
hypertension seems to reverse these, thus resulting in maintenance of
water balance and baroreceptor integrity.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020052002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02005SINZINGER H. KEILER A. IGWEH, J.C., OFOEGBU E. N., FITSCHA P.O, GRADY
J.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaIsradipine, platelet adhesion, thrombus, eeubendotheliumenTHE CALCIUM ION CHANNEL BLOCKER ISRADIPINE INHIBITS PLATELET ADHESION
AND PLATELET THROMBUS FORMATION ON HUMAN VENOUS SUBENDOTHELIUMIn order to examine the effect of isradipine, a calcium antagonist of
the dihydropyridine family, on the platelet vessel wall interaction,
human sephanous vein subendothelium from patients (with or without
regular isradipine therapy), undergoing venous surgery was exposed to
citrated human blood ina Baumgartner perfusion chamber under arterial
blood flow conditions. Platelet adhesion and platelets thrombus
formation were morphormetrically quantified using the evaluation
technique of Baumgartner. The vessels were perfused either with
citrated blood taken from volunteers or hypertensives (not on therapy),
or from hypertensives 30 minutes after the intake of the last 2.5mg
isradipine either orally or in-vitro addition of 0.5, 1, and
5μg/ml. The source of the vessel did not influence
thrombogenicity. The surface induced platelet adhesion and platelets
thrombus formation both were significantly lower in experiments with
blood from patients having adjusted isradipine or with in-vitro
isradipine addition as compared to controlled and hypertensives without
medication. As the vascular segments used were no longer able to
produce any prostaglandin, the results in this perfusion model
indicates a platelet-derived improvement in platelet vessel wall
interaction by isradipine, which is not PGI2- mediated.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020062002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02006KONYA, ROSELINE, S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaTealia felina, potent vasoconstriction, mesenteric vesselsenPOTENT VASCOCONSTRICTION OF THE MESENTERIC VESSELS BY THE VENOM EXTRACT
OF THE SEA ANEMONE, Tealia felina Partially purified extract (extract IV) of the sea anemone, Tealia
felina was shown to have a vasoconstrictor effect on the mesenteric
vessels of the rat. The potent constriction by the extract was found to
be dose-related Extract IV-induced responses on the mesenteric vessels
were slow and long-lasting in contrast to the brief and short-lasting
response of noradrenaline. Extract IV-induced responses rose slowly to
a peak and lasted much longer after (time to peak = 2.5 min; duration
=12min). This response of the extract was not blocked by
α-blockers, as perfusion with indoramin (10-6M) and; phentolamine
(10-7M) blocked the responses of noradrenaline (NA) but had no effect
on the extract IV - induced vasoconstrictor responses. However,
indomethacin (60μg/ml) blocked the responses to extract IV.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020072002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02007ODIGIE, P. I., AND ADIGUN, S. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCitrate Clearance-Goldblatt 2K-IC-Renovascular Hypertension-Acid-Base
BalanceenDEFFERENTIAL CITRATE CLEARANCE IN 2-KIDNEY, 1-CLIP RENOVASCULAR
HYPERTENSIONThe systemic state of acid base balance exerts a dominant influence on
renal citrate handling and rats with 2K-IC renovascular hypertension
have been reported to exhibit a marked derangement in acid-base balance
status. Citrate clearance was therefore investigated in the clipped and
contralateral kidneys, I-Clip (2-K-IC) renovascular hypertensive rats,
in order to determine to what extent deranged acid-base balance affect
renal citrate handling. 2K-IC renovascular hypertension was induced in
male SD rats (100 ± 5g) by clipping the left renal artery using a
0.2mm silver clip under ether anesthesia. Control rats were
sham-operated. 2 weeks post renal artery clamping, the contralateral
kidney of 2K-IC rats exhibited elevated fractional excretion of citrate
(16.7 ± 6.30% vs. 1.70 ± 0.04%; P&lt;0.01), which was
sustained into the established stages of 2K-IC hypertension (10.2
± 4.8% vs. 6.2 ± 1.30%; P&lt;0.05 at 14 weeks). The
fractional; excretion of citrate from the clipped kidney was not
significantly different from those of controls. Since the excretion of
a citrate ion is equivalent to loss of 3 bicarbonate ions, the enhanced
citrate clearance of the contralateral kidney contributes to the
metabolic acidosis associated with 2K-IC renovascular hypertension.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020082002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02008N. AZAH, A. B. ANTAI, E. J. PETERS, E. E. OSIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGranite dust, lung, function, childrenenEFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO DUST GENERATED FROM CRUSHING OF CRANITE ROCKS ON
THE LUNG FUNCTION OF SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIAN CHILDRENWe measured and compared ventilatory function indices: forced vital
capacity (FVC); forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) and peak
expiratory flowrate (PEFR) of 442 granite dust-exposed Nigerian
children (221 males and 221 females) aged 6-16years to those of 472
(238 males and 234 females) aged, weight and sex-matched Nigerian
children not exposed to any known pollutant as control. The respirable
dust levels in the dusty (test) and control environments were also
measured. The respirable dust level in the dusty environment (0.064
± 0.003mg/m3) was significantly higher (P&lt;0.00) than in the
control environment (0.0133 ± 0.004mg/m3). The mean values of FVC,
FEV1, and PEFR of the dust-exposed children were significantly lower
(P&lt;0.001) than those of children in control sites. FEV1% was however
not significantly different, thus, indicating restrictive lung defect
in the dust exposed children. Chronic exposure to granite rock dust may
therefore impair lung function in children.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020092002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02009ADENIYI, BOLANLE A. AND ANYIAM, F. M.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAllium ascalonicum, anti-Helicobacter pylori, urease activity.enANTI- HELICOBACTER PYLORI EFFECTS OF THE METHANOL EXTRACTS OF Allium
ascalonicum (LINN.) LILIACEAE) BULB.Allium ascalonicum bulb of the family Liliaceae is an annual
herbaceous plant of smaller size than Allium cepa. The bulb is of
considerable importance in African cooking and in salads. Various
species have been reported to have anti-diabetic, hypolesterolaemic,
fibrinolytic, anti-ulcer and diuretic potentials. Crude methanol
extracts of Allium ascalonicum bulb was screened against three strains
of Helicobacter pylori (UCH 97001, UCH 98026 and UCH 97009) for
antibacterial activity by the agar diffusion method on Muller-Hinton
agar supplemented with defibrinated house blood and grown in a
microaerophilic incubator. All the strains were inhibited by the
extract. Further investigation on the effect of the extracts on the
urease activity of the Helicabacter pylori strains showed that urease
activity of all the strains decreased with increase in the
concentration of the extracts. Phytochemical screening of the plant
revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and
essential oils while tannins were not detected. Allium ascalonicum bulb
has some therapeutic potential against Hellicobacter pylori, which may
be explored by pharmaceutical companies and patients with
gastroduodenal disorders.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020102002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02010OLUWOLE, F. S., MADUABUCHI, N. O. AND ODETOLA, A. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPhyllanthus amarus, gastro-protective, peptic ulcerationenANTI-ULCEROGENIC EFFECTS OF Phyllanthus amarus IN RATSThe effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus amarus on
indomethacin-induced ulceration, gastric acid secretion and on some
haematological parameters in male albino rats were studied. The rats
for the study of indomethacin-induced ulcerationand haematological
parameters were divided into five groups of six rats per group. Aqueous
and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus amarus at both high and low doses
of 125mg/kg ad 6.25mg/kg respectively were administered orally to the
animals for a period of 15days. These doses significantly reduced
indomethacin-induced ulceration in the animals (P&lt;0.05). However,
the methanolic extract of P. amarus (MePa) appears to be more effective
than the aqueous extract of P. amarus. Some haematological parameters
namely Packed Cell Volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and
Red Blood Cell count (RBC) were investigated. While methanolic extract
of P. amarus caused significant increase on the investigated
haematological parameters, low dose of aqueous extract of P. amarus
significant (P&lt;0,05) reduced haematological parameters.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020112002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02011E. O. UDOSEN, O. A. UGWU AND E. E. EDETPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaIndices, Infertility, Thyroid dysfunction, HypothyroidismenTHYROID HORMONES PROFILE INDICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF INFERTILITY IN
NIGERIAN WOMENThe levels of thyroid hormonesl thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3),
and thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) were determined in non-pregnant
women (NPW), pregnant women (PW) and infertile women (IW). The levels
of T4 (nmol/L) in NPW, PW and IW were 70.8 ± 15.0 and 53.3 ±
13.0 respectively. The levels of T3 (nmol/L) were 19.5 ± 3.0, 9.2
± 2.0 and 9.8 ± 3.0 respectively, while that of TSH (mu/L)
values were 3.4, 2.4 and 1.8 respectively. The result showed that T4 in
IW is significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower than in NPW and PW. The T3 in NPW
is significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than PW and IW. The TSH values did
not change much in the three groups of women. From this study low
values of T4 , T3 and TSH hormones could be used as indices in the
assessment of infertility in women.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020122002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02012C. S. UFEARO; A. D. A. IGHOROJE; V. I. IYAWE; A. E. EHIGIEGBAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCaesarian section, prolactin activity, laction functionenSTUDIES IN HUMAN LACTATION: EFFECTS OF CAESARIAN SECTION ON LACTATION
FUNCTION IN POSTPARTUM NIGERIAN WOMENThe effect of caesarian section (c/s) on lactation was investigated in
31 postpartum women of term gestation. Their age range was 27-32 yrs.
Mean concentration of the breast milk macronutrients and ions were:
Total protein, 3.29±0.15 g/100ml in colostrum and transitional
milk and 1.47±0.16 g/100ml in the mature milk; total cholesterol,
16.0± 1.01 mg/100ml in colostrum and transitional milk and
15.78±1.84 mg/100ml in the mature milk; Na+ 6.72±0.25 g/100ml
in colostrum milk and 5.99±1. 19g/100ml in the mature milk; Na+
16.3±0.46 mmol/L in colostrum and transitional milk and
13.63±0.57 mmol/L in the mature milk; K+, 31.89±1.37 mmol/L
in colostrum and transitional milk and 13.63±0.57 mmol/L in the
mature milk. Mean concentration of total cholesterol was significant
lower (p&lt;0.007). However, analysis of the daily macronutrient levels
showed that in the c/s subjects, there was early depression in total
cholesterol and lactose levels that for about 7 weeks. These results
suggest that caesarian section procedure can induce a significant
alteration in lactation function.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020132002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02013A. E. ARCHIBONG, R. NDOMA-EGBA AND M.E.ASUQUOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaFunctional disturbances, faecal incontinence, constipation, stenosisenPOST-OPERATIVE ANORECTAL FUNCTIONAL DISTURBANCES IN CHILDREN IN
CALABAR, NIGERIABetween January 1993 and December 2001, 84 children aged between 0 and
15 years were treated with function problems of the anorectal region
following surgical operations in the region. The age of maximum
presentation was the 6 - 10 years age bracket. The main presenting
complains were faecal soilage and poor bowel habit. The children
notably presented late and they south medical attention as a result of
societal embarrassment at school. Before this age the child was within
the home environment hence partentd may not bother. Complications from
anal agenesis operation accounted for the majority of patients 45
children (54%) while Hirschsprung's disease accounted for 39 patients
(46%). Treatment in all cases started conservatively with diet
manipulation. Cleansing enema and physiotherapeutic training. However,
with non improvement in faecal soilage, a simple repair involving a
narrowing at the anorectal function was carried out. In a follow-up
period of between 6 - 12 months, 45 children had satisfactory clinical
status while in 27 children their general condition had improved. The
late presentation may have contributed to the overall improvement as
the fibres of the external sphincter muscle perhaps have further
develop.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np020142002-12-31np2002-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np02014S. G. AKPAN, A. I. ESHIET, H. E. O. EMAH AND A. E. ARCHIBONGPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2002 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBody Mass Index; Intermediate Surgery, OutcomeenTHE ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN THE POST - OPERATIVE OUTCOME OF
SURGICAL PATIENTA simple anthropometric of body mass index (BMI) and haematological
index of haemoglobin concentration were used to assess the nutritional
status of 64 patients per-operatively. These patients were scheduled
for intermediate surgery, (in term of invasiveness) at the University
of Calabar Teaching Hospital. The patients peri-operative course and
outcome were noted. Per-operatively, 19(29.7%) were malnourished having
a BMI of &lt; 20kg.m-2. These patients also had the least haemoglobin
concentration of 10.13 ± 1.5g.dl-1. Six (30%) of the patients in
this group with haemoglobin &lt; 10g.dl-l developed surgical wound
infection, with a mean length of hospital stay of 19.9± 6.66 days.
At discharge 24 (37.60%) were malnourished having a BMI of &lt; 20kg.
m-2. Although no mortality was recoded, it should be note that
malnutrition is potentially dangerous in surgical patients. Adequate
attention should therefore be given to the nutritional status of
surgical of surgical patients in the peri-operative period.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 17 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030012003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03001S. O. ODEY and J. O. IBUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHaemoglobin, packed cell volume, umbilical cordenLEVELS OF HAEMOGLOBIN AND PACKED CELL VOLUMES IN UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD
IN JOSHaemoglobin and packed cell volume have been studied in many neonatal
study populations, but in Jos, Nigeria, no real reference values exist.
On the other hand, disorders of the blood are common in this
environment, necessitating knowledge of the references values of blood
parameters as are applicable to neonates. Blood samples were taken from
121 umbilical cords at time of birth, and were analysed for haemoglobin
concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). The Hb concentration
was determined by the indirect colorimetric method, and the PCV by the
microhaematocrit centrifuge method. The mean values obtained were Hb
12.13 ± 0.11 g/dl and PCV 37.95 ± 0.49%. The mean umbilical
cord blood haemoglobin and packed cell volumes were compared with those
of the mothers, taken also at the time of delivery. The maternal values
were Hb 10.87 ± 0.012 g/dl and PCV 34.51 ± 0.045%. The
comparison shows statistically significant difference in Hb
(P&lt;0.0001, n =121) and PCV (P&lt;0.0001, n = 121). The study
establishes a baseline data on Hb and PCV in neonates in Jos.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030022003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03002M. U. ETENG, R. R. ETTARH, D. U. OWUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of Nigeriatheobromine, haematological indices, erythropoietic function, anaemiaenEFFECT OF THEOBROMINE EXPOSURE ON HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN RATSThis work was carried out to investigate the effect of theobromine
exposure on haematological indices in rats and thus evaluate whether
its use in chemotherapy may be associated with possible side effects
such as anaemia. Theobromine in two doses was administered by oral
gavage to albino Wistar rats of both sexes (n =8 for each group) for a
four day period. Haematological parameters - indices of blood and
erythropoietic status namely packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin
(Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC) and mean
cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were assessed in whole blood
obtained from the animals. The same parameters were assessed in the
control group (n =8) administered with only the vehicle. Theobromine
administration in moderate (600 mg/Kg body weight) to high (700 mg/Kg
body weight) doses produced a significant (P&lt;0.05 - 0.001) elevation
in PCV, RBC and WBC when compared with the control. Blood haemoglobin
concentration increased in treated animals relative to controls but the
increase was not significant. No adverse alterations in haematological
parameters were observed. The results indicate that there is normal
erythropoietic function and the absence of anaemia following exposure
to theobromine.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030032003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03003W. C. NWAFIA, J. O. ANEKE, N. EKWURIKEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPlatelet count, Heparin, Stored blood, AnticoagulantsenTHE SPARING EFFECT OF HEPARIN ANTICOAGULANT ON PLATELETS IN STORED
BLOODThe platelet counts were carried out on one hundred and fifty-(150)
blood samples stored in six different types of anticoagulants at
4°C. The samples were apparently healthy volunteers at the
University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu aged between 19
and 40yrs. The ratio of male to female was 7:3 The anticoagulants used
were dipotassium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (K2EDTA), sodium
flouride (NaF), heparin, sodium citrate (NaC), citrate phosphate
dextrose-adenine (CPD -A) and acid citrate dextrose (ACD). The platelet
counts were carried out daily for four consecutive days (days 0 - 3) in
each of the anticoagulant using an automatic Particle Counter (PCE -
90) of the ERMA PCE series (ERMA INC. TOKYO Japan). The mean values
obtained were recorded and statistically tested. There were reductions
in the platelet counts in the blood samples stored in all the six
anticoagulants. These reductions became more significant as the storage
period increased. The greatest effect was observed in the samples
stored in sodium fluoride. The highest number of platelets was obtained
from heparinised blood. Suggesting that heparin has a sparing effect on
platelet number. It is recommended that whenever platelet count cannot
be performed within the usual two hours of blood collection, heparin
could be used to store the blood. However, it is important that
platelet counts should always be performed on the same day of sample
collection.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030042003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03004I. P. ODIGIEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGlutamine, Glutamate, Superoxide Radicals, Experimental Renovascular
HypertensionenL-GLUTAMINE METABOLISM IS NOT A MAJOR SOURCE OF INCREASED FREE RADICAL
GENERATION IN GOLDBLATT RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSIONGlutamine has been implicated in the generation of free radicals and
free radicals-induced impairment of vascular responses to
nitrovasodilators may underlie the pathogenesis of vasospasm in 2K-1C
hypertension. Plasma glutamine levels were therefore determined in
2K-1C and 1K-1C hypertensive rats in order to ascertain the direction
of change of this amino acid in this model of renovascular
hypertension. Hypertension was induced in male SD rats (99±2.3 g)
by subjecting them to left renal artery clamping using a 0.2mm silver
clip (2K-1C, n=7) under ether anesthesia. Control rats (n=7) were
sham-operated (Sh-Op). Rats with 1K-1C hypertension (n=8) and
uni-nephrectomized controls (1K:, n=8), additionally underwent right
nephrectomy. 10 weeks (2K-1C) and 4 weeks (1K-1C) respectively after
renal artery clamping, clipped rats exhibited elevated blood pressures
(P&lt;0.001), which was sustained under anaesthesia. No significant
difference in plasma glutamine levels were found in hypertensive rats
compared to controls (11.3±1.3 mg/l in 2K-1C vs. 12.3±2.1
mg/l in Sh-Op, n=7 and 9.0±1.4 mg/l in 1K-1C vs. 9.6±1.4 mg/l
in 1K:, n=8). Serum creatinine and. serum electrolyte concentrations
were not significantly different in clipped rats compared to their
respective controls. This study shows that plasma glutamine level is
not altered in the established stages of Goldblatt renovascular
hypertension. The significance of this observation is unclear.
Nevertheless, these findings suggest that glutamine is not in the main
stream of free radicals generation and is therefore not a reliable
index of oxidative stress in this model of renovascular hypertension.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030052003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03005S. A. R. OGWUCHE, P. E. EGBE AND J. O. IBUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaElectrocardiogram (ECG), P wave duration, P. wave amplitude, prediction
equation, asymptomaticenP WAVE ANANYSIS IN ASYMPTOMATIC HEALTHY ADULT NIGERIAN STUDENTS: A
PRELIMINARY STUDYThe P wave amplitude and duration were measured and analyzed in the
12-lead ECG in a hundred and nine subjects aged between 19 and 30
years. The mean P wave duration was 0.07 ± 0.02 sec. Significant
correlation was found between P wave duration and amplitude and various
anthropometric measurements. Prediction equation was derived for the
mean P wave voltage and the systolic blood pressure. The study has
demonstrated the normal range for the P wave duration and amplitude. It
thus provides a reference guide for the quantitative interpretations of
the P waves of healthy adult Nigerians in Jos.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030062003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03006ADESANWO, J. K.; EKUNDAYO, O.; OLUWOLE, F. S.; OLAJIDE,O . A.; VAN DEN
BERGE, A. J. J. and FINDLAY, J. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBetulinic acid; Indomethacin; Gastric ulceration; Tetracera potatoria,
DilleniaceaeenTHE EFFECT OF Tetracera potatoria AND ITS CONSTITUENT BETULINIC ACID
ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION AND EXPERIMENTALLY- INDUCED GASTRIC
ULCERATIONThis study was designed to examine possible antiulcerogenic activity of
methanolic extract of Tetracera potatoria (MeTp) and betulinic acid
isolated from it. Results showed that various doses of the extract
(100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced
experimentally induced gastric ulceration in pretreated animals in a
dose-dependent fashion. Similarly, animals pretreated with 1 (0.2 and
2.0 mg/kg body weight) had significant reduction in mean ulcer indices
recorded (p&lt;0.05). The two doses of betulinic acid also
significantly reduced basal gastric acid secretion in the animals
(p&lt;0.05). Although no significant changes were observed in gastric
acid secretion with the low doses of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight of
the extract, there was however significant reduction in gastric acid
secretion with animals treated with 2.0 mg/kg body weight extract(P
&lt; 0..05). These results suggest that decreases in mean ulcer indices
in response to the extract and betulinic acid appear to be dependent on
the inhibition of gastric acid secretion.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030072003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03007Y. RAJI, U.S. UDOH AND O.O. OJOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPiper guineense, ulceration, ratsenGASTRIC ULCEROGENIC ACTIVITIES OF Piper guineense EXTRACT IN RATSAdministration of Piper guineense fruit extract caused a dose -
dependent mortality rate in rats. Doses of 200 mgkg-1 intravenously,
(i.v); 300 mgkg-1 intraperitoneally, (i.p) and 3200 mgkg-1 orally( p.o)
produced 100% mortality rate - giving LD50 of 85.1 mgkg-1 i.v ; 224
mgkg i.p and 1122 mgkg-1 p.o respectively. Piper extract significantly
stimulated gastric ulceration, total gastric acidity and in situ
gastric acid secretion in rats. Piper-induced gastric ulceration
appears to be similar to that induced by indomethacin (40 mgkg-1 b.w).
Atropine produced no effect on the stimulatory action of piper on
gastric acid secretion. However, gastric acid secretion in the presence
of histamine, and cimetidine appears to be augmented by piper extract
(25 mgkg-1 b.w). The results suggest that piper could stimulate gastric
acid secretion (and probably gastric ulceration) via the H2 - receptor
potentiation.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030082003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03008A. A. UMAR DIKKO AND ISA MARTIN IYORTIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaParathyroid Hormone related peptide (PTH-rP),Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)enCONTROL IN CELLULAR ACTIVITY BY INTERACTION OF PEPTIDESThe interaction between compounds of similar structure has been
studied, and often provides crucial information on the identity of the
receptor subtypes. The information obtained can be applied in
therapeutic and preventive medicine. An experiments was conducted in
the previous years using EGF, PTH-rP and PTH(1-34) to investigate the
interaction between these peptides on the proliferation of JAR human
chariocarcinoma cells. Here the interaction between some of the
fragments of hypercalcaemic factor PTH-rP and PTH(1-34) were considered
with the view to strengthening our earlier argument that PTH-rP and PTH
in JAR cells have a receptor which differs from the classical type I
receptor present in osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells and on the other hand to
show that fragment of the same or similar compound, could interact with
the father peptide and antagonize or agonise its action as this may be
one of the methods cells control proliferation, differentiation and
other functions. On the other hand it is possible that PTH(1- 34) and
PTH-rP(1-34) compete on the PTH/PTH-rP receptor in JAR since effects of
PTH(1-34) were only observed at higher concentrations. Potential
antagonist action of PTH-rP(7-34) and PTH(1-34) on PTH-rP(1-34) and
PTH-rP(186) stimulated cell proliferation were investigated using cell
proliferation and DNA assay as an end point. It was found that JAR
choriocarcinoma may not have the same receptor as in SaOS-2 and that
PTH-rP(7-34) and PTH(1-34) can regulate cell proliferation.
Furthermore, fragments of the same peptide may act in an opposing
manner providing an insight on how cellular functions are regulated.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030092003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03009F.S. OLUWOLE, A.O. FALODE AND O. O. OGUNDIPEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian vegetables, inflammation, oedemaenANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF SOME COMMON NIGERIAN VEGETABLESMethanol extracts of four common Nigerian vegetables; A.graveoleus,
C.argentia, T. triangulare and T.occidentalis were investigated for
anti-inflammatory activity in rats using carrageenan.
Carrageenan-induced oedema in the sub-plantar hind paw of vegetable
extracts treated rats was significantly inhibited. This finding becomes
quite relevant since these vegetables are non-steroidal compounds and
from natural source.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030102003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03010R. NIA., D. H. PAPER., E. E. ESSIEN., O. H. OLADIMEJI., K. C. IYADI,
AND G. FRANZPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, HET-CAM, DPPH assay, Asteraceae,
Tridax procumbensenINVESTIGATION INTO IN-VITRO RADICAL SCAVENGING AND IN-VIVO
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL OF Tridax procumbens Tridax procumbens , is a common annual weed in the West African
sub-region and other tropical zones of the world and is known as "coat
buttons". Traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) and the native
peoples of these areas use the leaves of the plant as a remedy against
several ailments ranging from conjunctivitis, diarrhoea, and dysentery
to wound healing and related inflammatory conditions. Preliminary
radical scavenging screenings proved positive and prompted further
investigations into its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
This, then necessitated the use of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
hydrate) and HET-CAM (Hen 's egg chorioallanthoic membrane) assays to
investigate the radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory potentials of
the plant. The results indicated that the chloroform (CHL) and the
aqueous (AQU) fractions had the highest and the lowest 50 % inhibitory
concentration of free radical oxidative species (FROS) at 1.92 and
4.22μg/mL in the DPPH assay. The HET-CAM (Hen 's eggs test on
chorioallanthoic membrane) assay, a novel assay for anti-inflammatory
evaluation revealed the ethylacetate (ETA) fraction as the most active:
96%: "very strong effect" in terms of restoration of an induced
inflammatory condition, while the ethanol extract (ETH) showed 92%:
"strong effect". The aqueous (AQU), the Hexane (HEX) and the chloroform
(CHL) fractions displayed a below 25 % inhibition. Serial dilutions of
the most active fraction: the ethylacetate fraction (ETA) revealed a
dose dependent trend. Chemical analysis of the whole plant showed the
presence of flavonoids and alkaloids in the chloroform (CHL) and
ethylacetate (ETA) fractions. Interestingly, these classes of natural
products have been implicated in radical scavenging and inflammation
activities in other studies and it is therefore probable that, they may
be playing similar functions in Tridax procumbens and consequently
would have justified its uses in traditional medical practices.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030112003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03011DR. A.A. UMAR DIKKO & HASSA A. DIKKOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHumoral Hypercalcaemia of Malignancy (HHM). PTH-rP Parathyroid related
peptide, JAR cell line a human choriocarcinomaenROLE OF DEXAMETHASONE IN THE TREATMENT OF HUMORAL HYPERCALCEMIA OF
MALIGNANCY (HHM) USING JAR HUMAN CHORIOCARCINOMA CANCER CELL LINE AS A
MODELTumors cause multiple effects on the skeleton and on calcium
homeostasis, but they do so in specific patterns which are becoming
better defined as the mediators responsible become more fully
characterized. Approximately 1,000,000 people die each year in Western
Europe and the United States from these three malignancies bone, lung,
and breast and the majority of these have bone metastases. Bone is the
third commonest site of metastatic disease in tumors of all types and
the second most common in breast and prostate cancers. PTH-rP produced
by tumor cells of various forms is a killer in at least 15% of the
1,000, 000 cases reported in U.S. and Western Europe a significant
number that is hard to ignore. The sole aim of this research is to
establish whether dexamethazone inhibit the action of PTH-rP in-vitro
and therefore providing a possible remedy for the ailing HHM. Here JAR
human choriocarcinoma cells was used with PTH-rP with and without
Dexamethasone also, DNA and thymidine incorporation proliferation
assays were carried out to determine the extent of stimulation by
PTH-rP or inhibition by dexamethasone. The stimulation aggravates HHM,
while the inhibition is assumed to alleviate the sufferings of patients
with HHM. Dexamethasone was found to inhibit the stimulated cell
proliferation by PTH-rP in JAR human choriocarcinoma cells. Thus, the
experiment may act as a spring board for alleviating the sufferings and
possible treatment of patients with Humoral Hypercalcaemia of
Malignancy (HHM)Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030122003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03012B. I. KUKOYI, Z. GUAN, L. C. COSTELLO, AND R. B. FRANKLINPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaZinc, electron transport system, Succinate and NADHenCYTOCHROME C AND THE ROLE OF ZINC IONS IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN RAT
LIVER MITOCHONDRIAThe inhibition of electron transfer by zinc ions in the electron
transport system of the rat liver mitochondria was investigated. There
was an increase in the rate at which oxygen was consumed in rat liver
mitochondria pre-incubated with cytochrome c. However, the rate of
inhibition of oxygen consumption by zinc ions was significantly reduced
[P&lt;0.01] in the liver mitochondria that was pre-incubated with
cytochrome c. Zinc ions inhibited the electron transfer at the complex
II, which is at the level of succinate electron transfer and not at the
level of NADH [Complex I] of the rat liver mitochondria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030132003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03013C. C. ONYENEKWE, S. C. MELUDU, N. K. NNAMMAHPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGossypol, Male, Anti-fertility, Biochemical, Hormones, ContraceptionenSEX HORMONES AND BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF MALE GOSSYPOL USERS IN
SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIAThe present study was designed to evaluate the effects of gossypol
administration on sex hormones and biochemical parameters of male
subjects. Twelve male subjects receiving 20mg daily gossypol at the
family planning clinic of University College Hospital, Ibadan were
studied. Blood samples collected from the subjects before, at 16 weeks
and 28 weeks of treatment with gossypol were used to determine the
blood levels of sex hormones and biochemical parameters. There were
significant reduction in spermatozoa count (P&lt;0.01), motility
(P&lt;0.01) and testosterone concentration (P&lt;0.01) but elevated
concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) (P&lt;0.05) and follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) (P&lt;0.01) following treatment with
gossypol. However, the seminal fluid volume was unchanged (P&gt;0.05).
Serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, transaminases, and alkaline
phosphatases during the period of treatment showed a significant
downward trend (P&lt;0.05 in each case). Whereas there was no
consistent pattern, in the serum concentrations of bilirubin, total
protein and albumin. The findings of the present study suggest that
gossypol is a potent male antifertility agent with capability of
causing organ impairment.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030142003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03014V. B. BRAIDE, C. A, AGUBE, G. E. ESSIEN and F. V. UDOHPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGarcinia kola seeds; alkaloids; gonadotrophins; sex hormonesenEFFECT OF GARCINIA KOLA SEED ALKALOID EXTRACT ON LEVELS OF GONADAL
HORMONES AND PITUTARY GONADOTROPHINS IN RAT SERUMThe effects of three tolerated oral doses (350 mg/kg, 1500 mg/kg, 2000
mg/kg) of methanolic alkaloid extract of Garcinia kola seed (GKA) on
serum levels of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, FSH and LH were
observed in female rats (125-170 g). The control animals received 2ml
oral doses of methanolic saline (0.9% NaCl) daily and the treatment
period of dosing for all animals lasted 3, 7 or 30 days, at the end of
which they were exsanguinated to collect serum for hormonal assays. In
another study, the effects of daily oral doses of GKA (350 mg/kg or
2000 mg/kg for days; 300 mg/kg, 1300 mg/kg or 2000 mg/kg for days; 1500
mg/kg for 14 days) on serum levels of testosterone, LH and FSH were
observed in male rats (150 - 175). The experiments showed that serum
LH, FSH and prolactin levels were lower, while estradiol and
progesterone levels were higher, than control values in females. There
was marked reduction in serum testosterone and a concomitant elevation
of serum FSH and LH in males. The findings suggest a possible
antifertility consequence of treatment with GKA.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030152003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03015S. J. ETUK and A. D. EKANEMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKnowledge; Attitude; Practice; Family Planning; Women with Unplanned
PregnancyenKNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF FAMILY PLANNING AMONGST WOMEN WITH
UNPLANNED PREGNANCY IN CALABAR - NIGERIAWomen with unplanned pregnancy who came to the University of Calabar
Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar, Nigeria, for antenatal care were
studied. The aim was to establish the knowledge, attitude and practice
of family planning amongst these women. The incidence of unplanned
pregnancy in our antenatal population is about 30%. The women
considered their pregnancies unplanned because they were unmarried
(31.4%), were still in school (25%) and were not economically prepared
for the pregnancy (25.1%). Over 85% of the women with unplanned
pregnancy were aware of, at least, one family planning method. Most of
them knew the benefits of contraception, about 86% of them agreed that
family planning is useful but only 8.7% of them ever used a family
planning method. The reason for non-use of contraceptive methods were:
refusal by husbands (54%), the belief that the methods "cause
infertility and ill-health" (35%) and that it was against their
religion (28%). Intensive male- targeted information, education, and
public enlightenment campaigns may reverse this trend.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030162003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03016G. A. ESSIET, A. ESSIET AND J. O. AKPANPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPain; Analgesia; PostoperativeenEFFICACY OF PHENYTOIN SODIUM IN THE MANAGEMENT OF POST OPERATIVE PAINPostoperative pain in three groups of Nigerian patients, comprising 15
cases each of minor, intermediate and major surgical operations, was
treated with phenytoin sodium, dihydrocodeine and paracetamol
respectively. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of
phenytoin sodium as a postoperative analgesic agent. Analgesia was
assessed using the results of verbal rating scale scores namely, PID
(pain intensity difference), SPID (sum of pain intensity difference)
and TOTPAR (total pain relief) and a modified global rating scale. The
results showed phenytoin sodium to be superior to paracetamol in the
treatment of all grades of postoperative pain. It was equipotent to
dihydrocodeine in mild and moderate pain, while dihydrocodeine was
superior in severe pain. It is concluded that Phenytoin sodium is an
efficacious analgesic agent in mild to moderate postoperative pain.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030172003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03017A. I. ESHIET, E. J. UDOMA, A.D. EKANEM, A. DADAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaObstetric anaesthesia; emergency caesarean section; morbidity and
mortalityenEFFECT OF ANAESTHESIA ON MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN EMERGENCY CAESAREAN
SECTION PATIENTS IN CALABAR, NIGERIAThe outcome of obstetric anaesthesia following emergency Caesarean
sections was studied retrospectively. The study which was carried out
in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital covered the period
between 1st August 1995 - 31st August 2000. The aim was to evaluate the
morbidity and mortality from anaesthesia during the period under
review. Out of 1533 Caesarean sections performed 920 were emergency
giving an emergency Caesearean section rate of 60%. The main
indications for the emergency Caesearean sections were obstructed
labour 220 (23.9%), foetal distress 193 (19.9%) and
pre-eclampsia/eclampsia 142 (15.4%). General anaesthesia was employed
in 555 (60.3%) while spinal was used in 365 (39.7%). Morbidity recorded
in the spinal anaesthesia group were severe hypotension 110(30%), post
dural puncture headache (PDPH) 46(2.6%) and transient neurologic
symptoms (TNSs) 1 (0.022%). No mortality was recorded in the spinal
anaesthesia group. Morbidity in the general anaesthesia group was
mainly sore throat 364(65.6%) Five deaths were recorded in the general
anaesthesia group. Four deaths occurred probably due to hypoxia
following failed intubation, while the fifth death followed an
unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an eclamptic patient, or
due to eclampsia. From this study, mortality was recorded in the
general anaesthesia group. Spinal anaesthesia, when there is no contra-
indication is therefore recommended for safe obstetric anaesthesia.
Brisk pre-operative evaluation, optimization of pre-operative clinical
status of parturients and competent anaesthetist are of paramount
importance.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030182003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03018K. C. IYADI, R. NIA, A. B. ANTAIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHymenocardia acidia, traditional medicine practice, anti-sickling
activity, red blood cells.enPHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTI-SICKLING PROPERTIES OF HYMENOCARDIA ACIDIA (Tul)The plant Hymenocardia. acidia is a member of the family
Euphorciaceae. The various morphological parts are used in Nigeria for
the treatment of eye infections, diarrhoea, dysentery, rheumatic pains
and most importantly sickle cell anaemia. The present study aims at
unveiling the reality or otherwise of its anti-sickling claim. To this
end, the plant was processed accordingly and assayed for anti-sickling
activity using a standard method. The stem-bark and leaves reversed
sickling red blood cells in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, this
study also revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins,
alkaloids, resins, steroids, terpenes, etc. Thus the use of the plant
in traditional medicine practice in the treatment of sickle cell
disorder might be justified.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np030192003-12-31np2003-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np03019B. A. ADENIYI, and F. M. ANYIAMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2003 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAllium ascalonicum, anti - Helicobacter pylori, urease activityenANTI- HELICOBACTER PYLORI EFFECTS OF THE METHANOL EXTRACTS OF ALLIUM
ASCALONICUM (LINN.) (LILIACEAE) BULB.Allium ascalonicum bulb of the family Liliaceae is an annual
herbaceous plant of smaller size than Allium cepa . The bulb is of
considerable importance in African cooking and in salads . Various
species have been reported to have anti-diabetic, hypocholesterolaemic,
fibrinolytic, anti-ulcer and diuretic potentials. Crude methanol
extracts of Allium ascalonicum bulb was screened against three
strains of Helicobacter pylori (UCH 97001, UCH 98026 and UCH 97009)
for antibacterial activity by the agar diffusion method on
Muller-Hinton agar supplemented with defibrinated horse blood and grown
in a microaerophilic incubator. All the strains were inhibited by the
extract. Further investigation on the effect of the extracts on the
urease activity of the Helicobacter pylori strains showed that urease
activity of all the strains decreased with increase in the
concentration of the extracts. Phytochemical screening of the plant
revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and
essential oils while tannins were not detected. Allium ascalonicum bulb
has some therapeutic potential against Helicobacter pylori, which may
be explored by pharmaceutical companies and patients with
gastroduodenal disorders.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 18 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040012004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04001E.U. EYONG; I. B. UMOH; P. E. EBONG; M.U. ETENG; A. B. ANTAI and A. O.
AKPAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHaematological Indices, Crude Oil, ShellfishenHAEMATOXIC EFFECTS FOLLOWING INGESTION OF NIGERIAN CRUDE OIL AND CRUDE
OIL POLLUTED SHELLFISH BY RATSThe haematological effects following ingestion of shellfish exposed to
crude oil polluted water or the pollutant perse were investigated in
albino Wistar rats. Feeding of four groups of rats for 28 days duration
with two reference casein or shellfish protein control diets (Group A
and B), and two test diets (Group C and D) supplemented at varying
levels with shellfish which had been previously exposed to crude oil
polluted water and the oral gavaging with crude oil at the rate of 3, 6
and 9 ml/kg body weight per day to three groups (groups II, III and IV
respectively) of rats for 7 days duration resulted in changes in packed
cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC)
counts, and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) of rats. Group C and D
respectively fed 10% and 20% polluted shellfish diets recorded
significant (P &lt; 0.05) decreases in PCV and RBC counts while Hb
concentration and WBC counts increased. Groups II, III and IV gavaged
with varying doses of crude oil recorded significant (P &lt; 0.05 -
0.01) dose dependent decrease in PCV and RBC counts when compared to
controls (group 1). Hb and WBC counts also increased for these groups
but the increase was only significant for WBC counts (P &lt; 0.05) when
compared with controls. The results suggest that the ingestion of
shellfish exposed to crude oil polluted water or the polluted perse
results in haematotoxicity.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040022004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04002R.O. NNELI; B.O. EKPO; O.C. OHAERI and J. EGENEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRhesus genes, ABO blood groups, prevalence, Pregnant women, HIV
seropositive.enPREVALENCE OF Rh AND ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN HIV SEROPOSITIVE PREGNANT
WOMEN IN ENUGU, NIGERIAHIV status and blood groups determination (Rhesus and ABO groups) in
3691 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at a Mission Hospital
and Maternity and 1199 non-pregnant women visiting the same institution
for marriage-related matters, or blood donation, or out-patient
department between 1999 - 2002 were studied. Blood sample from each
subject was screened for HIV using the quick test kits and tested for
blood group types with anti-sera A,B,AB, and D. Overall, the prevalence
of blood group O+ was higher than in the general population with
highest rate of 62.9% in HIV+ pregnant women followed by 58.4% in HIV-
pregnant women and 58.0% in non-pregnant women. No difference was
observed in groups A+, B+, AB+, O- for the three categories of subjects
studied. Blood groups B-, AB- were conspicuously absent in HIV+
pregnant women but non-significant in HIV- pregnant women and the
control. A- was very few in all the categories. Rh -ve accounted for
3.16%( HIV+), 3.46%( HIV-) and 2.67%( Control) while Rh +ve were
96.84%( HIV+), 96.06% ( HIV-) and 97.33%( Control). Thus, the higher
than normal prevalence of group O+ in HIV+ pregnant women is indicative
of the population size for this group. The very low prevalence of Rh
-ve in type A- suggests that incompatibility could be higher than in
this population and protective in HIV infection contrary to the
previous report in apparently healthy population. The obvious absence
of Rh- in AB group suggests that AB may have a higher percentage of
protection against immunization. Hence in group B, less incidence of Rh
incompatibility and haemolytic disease of the young in the mothers in
blood group AB will occur.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040032004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04003J. E. OKOKON, K. C. IYADI, C. O. EFFIONGPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCroton zambesicus, haemotological indices, anaemia, rats.enEFFECT OF SUB CHRONIC ADMINISTRATION OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF
CROTON ZAMBESICUS ON HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF RATSEthanolic leaf extract of Croton zambesicus was administered to rats
at doses of 100 - 400mg / kg for 21 days to investigate its effect on
the haematological indices of rats. Haematological indices, namely
packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) Red blood cell
count (RBC), Mean cell Haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Mean cell
volume (MCV), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH) were assessed from
whole blood obtained from the treated animals as well as those in the
control group. The extract at the doses administered was found to
caused reductions in PCV, HB, RBC, MCH, MCH and WBC, in a dose -
dependent fashion. However elevation of MCV was observed. This results
indicate that the extract has the potential of suppressing haemopoiesis
and causing anaemia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040042004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04004A. D. A. IGHOROJE, C. MARCHIE, and E. D. NWOBODOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaOccupational noise, hearing, impairment, Nigerians.enNOISE-INDUCED HEARING IMPAIRMENT AS AN OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTOR AMONG
NIGERIAN TRADERSNoise pollution in workplaces poses serious health risks including that
of cardiovascular disturbances and impairment of hearing. The objective
of this study was to assess the effects of occupational noise on
hearing among selected industrial workers in Benin City, Nigeria. Male
and female workers (n=150) in sawmills, Food Processing industries and
Marketers of recorded music who had been exposed to high levels of
occupational noise for between 1-14years were evaluated. We determined
the ambient noise levels in their workplaces to be over 90dB. We
analyzed the air and bone conduction defects for both their left and
right ears. The results showed that noise-induced hearing impairment
was present in 100% of the workers exposed for a period of 14 years. By
4-8 years, 100% of sawmill workers had developed hearing impairment. In
addition, air-conduction pathway in the right ear was affected more
than the left ear. In general, male workers were more susceptible to
noise induced hearing impairment. In a situation of low level of
awareness and dearth of enforced noise control laws in many developing
countries, noise pollution can pose severe hearing impairment and other
health risks.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040052004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04005S. A. BISONG, A. N. UMANA, V. ONOYOM-ITA, E. E. OSIM.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHearing Acuity, Noise, Grinding machine.enHEARING ACUITY LOSS OF OPERATORS OF FOOD GRINDING MACHINES IN CALABAR,
NIGERIA.Noise has been generally found to cause hearing impairment. This was
therefore a comparative study to determine whether chronic exposure to
noise generated from food grinding machine can impair hearing acuity.
Forty food grinding machine operators in Watt and Marian markets,
Calabar, who were exposed to noise for at least 6 months formed the
test subjects. Control subjects, however, were age- and sex-matched
staff and students of the University of Calabar and University of
Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, who were exposed to low noise
level. Results obtained showed that noise level in test sites (105.8
± 9.24dB) was significantly higher than that in the control sites
(55.5 ± 1.78dB; P&lt; 0.001). At every frequency tested, the
machine operators had poorer hearing acuity than control subjects. The
hearing threshold of the machine operators positively correlated with
their duration of exposure at 2000Hz and 4000Hz, (r = 0.357, P&lt;
0.001; r = 0.444, P&lt; 0.001 respectively) and age at 2000Hz, 4000Hz
and 8000Hz (r = 0.266, P&lt;0.05; r = 0.308, P&lt;0.01, r = 0.292,
P&lt;0.01 respectively). The prevalence of hearing loss among the
machine operators was significantly higher (62.5%), compared to control
(15.79%; P&lt;0.01). The incidence of symptoms such as tinnitus,
insomnia and headache was also significantly higher in the test group
(26.32%, 21.05% and 34.2%) than in the control (5.26%, 2.63% and 5.26%
respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Therefore,chronic exposure to food grinding
machine noise at 105.8 ± 9.24dB can impair hearing acuity and
associated risk factor appears to be prolonged exposure.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040062004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04006I. P.ODIGIE, C.O. LADIPO, R.R. ETTARH and M.C. IZEGBUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLow-level lead, Renal function, Hypertension, Renal ultrastructure.enEFFECT OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO LOW LEVELS OF LEAD ON RENAL FUNCTION AND
RENAL ULTRASTRUCTURE IN SD RATSChronic exposure to lead is associated with adverse effects on renal
function in laboratory animals and man. There is controversy concerning
the direction of change of renal function parameters following chronic
lead intoxication. The renal effects of low-dose lead exposure, as
opposed to acute and pharmacological doses, require further scrutiny.
In order to determine the effect of prolonged low-dose lead exposure,
male Sprague Dawley rats (initial weight, 150.5±17.4g; final
weight, 300.5 ± 17.4g; n=10) administered lead acetate (100
p.p.m.) in drinking water over a period of 3 months, were investigated
for renal function parameters. Treated rats had elevated blood
pressures (114.4±4.2 vs. 95.7±3.5 mmHg; P&lt;0.01). There was
no significant difference in renal blood flow (3.99±0.28 vs.
4.19±0.63 ml/min; P=NS). GFR was comparable in the two groups
(0.77±0.05 vs. 0.88±0.06 ml/min; P=NS). No significant
difference in serum creatinine was observed (57.8±7.5 vs.
49.0±2.7 mmol/l; P=NS). Renal histology showed minimal
interstitial changes in the experimental group. Interestingly,
significant sodium (P&lt;0.01); potassium (P&lt;0.05) and chloride
(P&lt;0.05) retention were observed in the lead treated rats. Elevation
of blood pressure occurred at a stage when low-level lead exposure did
not alter renal function parameters appreciably. These results suggest
that hypertension may be a forerunner of significant renal damage
following chronic exposure to low-levels of lead and further underscore
fluid and electrolyte retention as a significant mechanism responsible
for elevated blood pressure in the chronic stages of lead exposure.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040072004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04007A. E. ENO; U.E. IBOKETTE; O. E. OFEM; F. B. UNOH; E. NKANU; N. AZAH and
J. O. IBUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMistletoe leaf (Vicum album), blood pressure, non-adrenergic,
non-cholinergic.enTHE EFFECTS OF A NIGERIAN SPECIE OF VISCUM ALBUM (MISTLETOE) LEAF
EXTRACT ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF NORMOTENSIVE AND DOCA-INDUCED
HYPERTENSIVE RATS.Fresh leaves from V. album plant was collected and extracted using
standard methods. Acute toxicity studies showed that the crude extract
had an LD50 value of 417.5 mg/kg. mice, i.p. Based on this value, test
doses (5-160mg/kg) below the LD50 value were selected and used to
determine the effects of each dose of extract on the arterial blood
pressure (BP) and heart rate of normotensive and hypertensive rats.
Some pharmacological agents like propranolol, noradrenaline,
acetylcholine and atropine sulphate were also used to assess the
mechanism of action of the extract on blood pressure. From the results,
the extract produced a dose-dependent depression of blood pressure and
heart rate in both normo- and hypertensive rats. At doses of 5mg/kg and
160mg/kg, the extracts produced about 8.99 ± 3.2% and 54 ±
7.4% depression of BP respectively, in normotensive rats while the
corresponding values for the hypertensives were 4.8 ± 2.3% and
43.9 ± 5.5% respectively. The duration of action of the extract
was also found to be dose-dependent. Noradrenaline (1.5 μg/kg)
blocked the action of the extract. Both propranolol (1.0μg/kg) and
atropine (1.5μg/kg) failed to block or abolish the action of the
extract on rat BP. We suggest a non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
mechanism for the action of the extract on blood pressure.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040082004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04008S. E. UROM; A. B. ANTAI and E. E. OSIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLung function, Granite, Dust, SymptomsenSYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION VALUES IN NIGERIAN MEN AND WOMEN EXPOSED TO
DUST GENERATED FROM CRUSHING OF GRANITE ROCKS IN CALABAR, NIGERIA.This study was carried out to determine lung function and respiratory
and non-respiratory symptoms among men and women exposed to dust
emitted from crushing of granite rocks and to compare them with control
men and women not exposed to any known air pollutant. The sites were
the granite rock crushing industries in old Netim, Akamkpa Local
Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Respirable dust level
was higher in the dust-emitting sites (1.087±0.243mg/m3) than in
the control areas (0.099±0.007 mg/m3; p &lt;0.001). The mean
anthropometric parameters (age, body weight and height) between the two
groups were not significantly different. However, all the values of
lung function indices except FEV1% were significantly lower in the
dust-exposed group than their control group. (p &lt; 0.001 for FEV1,
FVC and PEFR) thus, suggesting restrictive lung defect among the
exposed workers. Lung function indices correlated negatively with
duration of service of the granite industry workers. The incidence of
the major respiratory symptoms viz: unproductive cough, chest pain,
catarrh and dyspnoea among the test group were higher (p&lt;0.05-0.001)
than in control group. Among the presenting non-respiratory symptoms,
headache and night sweat were more common in the dust-exposed group
than the control subjects (p&lt;0.001). Chronic exposure to dust
generated from crushing of granite rocks impairs lung function and
causes some respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms in men and women.
Length of service was a predisposing risk factor.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040092004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04009S. O. ODEH, I.E. AGABA, A. M. SABO , and R. A. ODANAOGUNPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLung function, Ascorbic acid, SalbutamolenPULMONARY PERFORMANCE IN ASYMPTOMATIC YOUNG NIGERIAN POPULATION
FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF ASCORBIC ACID AND SALBUTAMOLThe relationship between vitamin C and pulmonary function has been
reported to be a protection against pulmonary dysfunction.
Sympathomimetics like salbutamol are respiratory smooth muscle
relaxants. This study is aimed at investigating the roles of vitamin C
and salbutamol on pulmonary function in a Nigerian population.
Undergraduate medical students who gave their informed consent were
clinically screened and thirty (30) selected. The subjects were
grouped, and given Ascorbic acid and Salbutamol. Spirometry and peak
flow measurements were done on each subject. Ascorbic acid was given
orally at a dose of 1.50 mg /kg body weight; and salbutamol at a dose
of 70 μg/kg body weight, orally. Measurements were taken an hour
after each administration of the drugs. Results show mean PEFR in male
and female control as 485.76 ± 51.40 L/min, and 329.87 ±
34.90 L/min respectively. Ascorbic acid increases PEFR much more than
salbutamol VT, ERV, IC, VC and IRV were increased by ascorbic acid
while Salbutamol decreased ERV, IC, VC and IRV. The study supports the
performance - enhancing role of ascorbic acid, more pronounced in the
males than females. There do not seem to be any beneficial roles of
salbutamol in asymptomatic individuals.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040102004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04010A. E. ENO.; N. AZAH; E. E. EDET and E. H. ITAMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaElaeophorbia drupifera; gastric juice, muscarinic- and
histaminergic-receptors.enINDUCED SECRETION OF PEPSIN-RICH GASTRIC JUICE IN THE RAT BY THE CRUDE
EXTRACT FROM ELAEOPHORBIA DRUPIFERA LEAVES: A DUAL PATHWAY MECHANISMNinety male white Wistar rats (200 - 320g) were fasted for 48 hours,
and used in the experiments for the collection of gastric juice
according to the method of Shay et al, 1954. The extract (2.5 - 200
mg/kg) increased the secretion of gastric juice which was low in volume
but rich in pepsin concentration. The adrenergic drugs
dihydroergoergotoxine (hydergine) (1.25 mg/kg) and phentolamine (1.5
mg/kg) both also increased gastric secretion, which were high in
volume, titratable acidity and total acid output but low in pepsin
concentration. When the extract (20 mg/kg) was given in combination
with either of the two sympatholytic drugs, the pepsin concentration in
the juice was richer than that evoked by either of the two drugs alone.
Also, atropine-extract combination significantly (P&lt;0.01) increased
gastric juice secretion when compared to that produced by atropine
alone. Similar increase in acid secretion was observed when
cimetidine-extract combination was administered and compared to that
produced by cimetidine alone. We suggest a dual pathway mechanism of
action for the E. drupifera leaf extract-induced secretion of gastric
juice. One of which may be mediated by the muscarinic cholinoceptors
and the other via histamine H2-receptor subtype.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040112004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04011A. E. ENO and N. AZAHPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaE. drupifera, extract, leaves, intestinal contractions, increase,
cholinergic.enEFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT FROM ELAEOPHORBIA DRUPIFERA LEAVES ON THE
GASTROINTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE RABBITThe crude extract from E. drupifera leaves was prepared using standard
methods. The rabbit intestine was removed and separated into three
segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). About 3-4cm of each segment was
mounted in an organ bath containing Tyrode solution at 37 ±
1°C. The spontaneous and rhythmic contractions were recorded and
the effects of the crude extract (2-300μg/ml) on the tissue
responses were investigated. The effect of Ca2+ concentration and
temperature of the bathing fluid were also studied. From the results,
the extract (2-300μg/ml) increased the amplitudes of contractions
in a dose-dependent manner. However, regional differences occurred in
the responsiveness of the tissue preparations. The ED50 values were
found to be 25.12, 44.67 and 15.85 mg/ml for the duodenum, jejunum and
ileum respectively. Certain conditions such as calcium availability and
increase in bath temperature favoured the action of the extract on the
tissue preparations. Drugs like mepyramine or methysergide failed to
influence the action of the extract. However, the extract-induced
contractions were prevented or blocked by noradrenaline or atropine
sulphate. The contractions were however ameliorated by the addition of
acetyleholine or neostigmine to the bath solution. From the results, it
is likely that the extract causes increased contractions of the tissue
preparation via acetylcholine-like agent, which stimulates the
muscarinic cholinoceptors.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040122004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04012S. B. OLALEYE., J.M. OKE, A. K. ETU , I. O. OMOTOSHO . and R.A. ELEGBEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaVoacanga africana; anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities.enANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF A FLAVONOID FRACTION
FROM THE LEAVES OF VOACANGA AFRICANA In this study we used several models for evaluation of probable
anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the flavonoid
fraction of the leaves of Voacanga africana , using mice and rats. The
extract (50 - 150mg/kg, p.o) inhibited, in a dose-related manner,
carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats. The extract caused a
significant inhibition of the cotton-pellet granuloma. Vascular
permeability induced by acetic-acid in the peritoneum of the animals
was equally inhibited. The extract also exhibited significant analgesic
action in acetic acid- induced pain in mice. There was reduction of
writhings induced by acetic acid. In the formalin test, the extract
caused inhibition of the neurogenic (first phase) and inflammatory
phase (second phase) of formalin-induced pain. The extract also
produced anti-nociception in the animals, as assessed by the tail
flick, hot-plate and limb-withdrawal tests. These findings suggest that
the leaf extract of Voacanga africana has potent anti-imfiammatory and
anti-nociceptive action.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040132004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04013V. A. TOGUN; J. I. OKWUSIDI; O. A. AMAO; and S. U. ONYIAOHAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMoulting; Aged hens; Crude protein; Follicle Stimulation Hen-day,
menarche.enEFFECT OF CRUDE PROTEIN LEVELS AND FOLLICLE STIMULATION ON EGG
PRODUCTION OF AGED HENSThe effects of varying levels of crude protein and follicle stimulation
were studied on the recovery and performance of one hundred post
moulted, aged, Nera Black Hens. Moulting was induced at production
capacity of 33.6%. The birds were thereafter randomly assigned to four
(4) groups (each of two replicates). Two groups received 16% crude
protein (CP) level diets and the other two groups, 32%. One each of the
two groups received follicle stimulation, induced by administration of
Clomifene citrate (1.5mg/kg) via cathetered 5ml syringe through the
10week experimental period, with feed and water offered ad libitum. Egg
production ceased on day 5 of forced moulting. Post-moult menarche and
return to pre-moult status had occurred on days 4 and 8 respectively in
all the groups. Post-moult hen-day peak production performance was
87.5%, 91.7%, 68.0% and 83.3% for birds assigned to 16% CP diet without
follicle stimulation (Group 1 - control), 16% CP diet plus follicle
stimulation (Group 2), 32% CP diet without follicle stimulation (Group
3) and 32% CP plus follicle stimulation (Group 4). Post-moult mean
weekly production performance was 69.66%; 67.26%; 56.40% and 63.69% for
groups 1,2,3 and 4 hens respectively. Follicle stimulation enhanced
post-moult production performance especially the hen-day performance in
birds on 16% CP diet. Higher protein diet did not per se enhance peak
production, post-moult menarche and return to pre-moult status.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040142004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04014I. E. EBENSO, S. CHUKWU, S. UDO, C. U. UKPAI, M. T. UDO, U. UMANAH, A.
ISANG and A. AKAMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAfrican giant land snail, gramoxone, ecotoxicology.enSOME BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF LIMICOLARIA AURORA EXPOSED TO GRAMOXONEThe effects of 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5 and 2.0 % of combined oral and dermal
single-application of 0.1 M concentration of gramoxone (contact
herbicide, paraquat chloride) on Limicolaria aurora were determined
and compared with control using Amaranthus sp. as bait. Responses
were measured through normal feeding and crawling, head retraction into
the shell, swelling, excessive mucus secretion, lack of response to
mechanical stimuli (mortality). Results showed no effects on controls.
Snails exposed to gramoxone fed less as contamination increased.
Gramoxone is molluscicidal, it can also result in behaviour-modifying
observations in snails which are non-target organisms in the ecosystem.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040152004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04015O. E. MESEMBE, I. IBANGA, and E. E. OSIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaFresh palm oil; Thermoxidized palm oil; RBC; WBC; Hb; PCV.enTHE EFFECTS OF FRESH AND THERMOXIDIZED PALM OIL DIETS ON SOME
HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN THE RATThe effects of fresh and thermoxidized palm oil diets on some
haematalogical indices in the rat were investigated in albino rats
(Wistar strain). The animals were divided into three groups namely, the
first group fed on thermoxidized palm oil (TPO) diet, a second group
fed on fresh palm oil (FPO) diet and a third fed on normal rat feed
(control) only respectively for 14 weeks. Each of the palm oil diets
contained 15% (w/w) thermoxidized or fresh palm oil. The packed cell
volume (PCV) of the TPO group (44.87 ± 0.8%) was significantly (P
&lt; 0.001) lower than that of the FPO group (52.50 ± 0.4%) and
control group (54.75 ± 1.3%). The haemoglobin (Hb) concentration
of the TPO group (11.66 ± 0.8g/dl) was significantly (P &lt;
0.001) lower than that of control group (13.14 ± 0.4g/dl) and the
FPO group (12.88 ± 0.8g/dl). The red cell count (RBC) of the TPO
group (6.06 x 106 ± 0.4 x 106 per mm3 of blood) was significantly
(P &lt; 0.001) lower than that of control group (7.28 x 106 ± 0.4
x 106 per mm3 of blood) and the FPO group (7.19 x 106 ± 0.2 x 106
per mm3 of blood). The white blood cell count (WBC) of the TPO group
(3.42 x 103 ± 0.1 x 103 per mm3 of blood) was significantly (p&lt;
0.001) higher than that of control group (2.39 x 103 ± 0.1 x 10
per mm3 of blood) and FPO group (2.51 x 10 3 ± 0.1 x 103 per mm3
of blood). There were no significant differences between the
heamatological indices of the fresh palm oil (FPO) and control groups.
Our results suggest that chronic consumption of thermoxidized palm oil
diet may result in anaemia and leucocytosis in the rat.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040162004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04016MESEMBE, O. E., IVANG, A. E., UDO-AFFAH, G., IGIRI, A. O., FISCHER, V.
A., AKPASO, M. ELUWA, M. A. and O. A.AKPAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCerebral Cortex; Cerebellum; Spinal Cord; Morphometry; Wistar Rats.enA MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF THE TERATOGENIC EFFECT OF ARTESUNATE ON THE
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE WISTAR RAT FOETUS.The teratogenic influence of maternal administration of artesunate on
the morphometry of foetal nervous system was studied. Twenty virgin
female Wistar rats weighing between 200g and 230g were used for this
study. The animals were divided into 4 groups of 5 rats each. Each
group was kept in a separate plastic cage. The rats were fed with
commercial rat feed and tap water ad libitum throughout the
experimental period. The females were caged overnight with sexually
mature male rats of the same strain. The presence of sperm (tailed
structures) in the vagina smears obtained the following morning
confirmed coitus and the sperm positive day was designated as day zero
of pregnancy. Oral doses of 0.2mg/kg, 0.4mg/kg and 0.8mg/kg body weight
of artesunate were administered to pregnant rats in 3 of the groups
respectively from the 7th to the 11th day of gestation. The fourth
group of rats was used as the control which received 2.0ml/kg body
weight of distilled water on the same days. Results show that the high
dose group rats demonstrated significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in all
parameters measured when compared to the control and the group that
received 0.2mg/kg of the drug. The foetal weight, crown-rump length,
tail length and brain weight were significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than
the corresponding values in the control group. The cerebral LAPD and
MAPD of the group that received 0.8mg/kg of artesunate were
significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than corresponding values of the
control group. The cerebral TD of the rats that received 0.8mg/kg of
the drug was similarly lower than that of the control. The cerebellar
APD and TD of the animals that received 0.8mg/kg of the drug were
significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than those of the control. The length
and transverse diameter of the spinal cord were significantly (p&lt;
0.05) lower in the animals that received 0.8mg/kg of the drug than in
the control animals. Our results suggest that high does of artesunate
may cause severe intrauterine growth retardation; and may be neurotoxic
to the developing nervous system of Wistar rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040172004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04017R. O. NNELI, F. C. AKPUAKA, V.N.EGBUONU C. OKWUONUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHIV infection, seroprevalence, plastic, orthopaedic, surgery,enSEROPREVALENCE OF HIV INFECTION AMONG ORTHOPAEDIC AND PLASTIC SURGERY
PATIENTS IN ENUGU, NIGERIA - A SIX MONTH STUDYAs the HIV pandemic continues to ravage every aspect of humanity, there
is a need to document its incidence and prevalence in various medical
subdivisions. This six-month study reports on the sero- prevalence of
HIV infection among orthopaedic and plastic surgery in- patients. Out
of a total of 121 patients screened using Capillus test kit for HIV-1 /
HIV-2, 10 patients were HIV positive while 111 patients were HIV
negative and this gave a seroprevalence of 8.26 percent. Out of these,
73 plastic surgery patients were screened of which 6 patients or 8.22
percent were HIV positive. This shows that the prevalence rates for
both categories of patients were significantly higher than the 5.8 per
cent national seroprevalence for HIV / AIDS. This raises a risk factor
for both surgeons and other patients undergoing elective procedures in
these two subdisciplines by contamination.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np040182004-12-31np2004-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np04018B. V. OWOYELE , S. B. OLALEYE , J. M. OKE, , R. A. ELEGBEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2004 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNothospondias staudtii, inflammation,, analgesic activity, alkaloidenANTI - INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITIES OF NOTHOSPONDIAS STAUDTII The aqueous (AENS), methanolic (MENS) and chloroform (CENS) extracts of
the leaves of Nothospondias staudtii Engl (Anacardianceae) were
screened for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in mice and
rats. Pain responses were studied in mice using the tail immersion and
acetic acid induced writing while carrageenan induced paw oedema was
used to access anti-inflammatory activity. The three extracts exhibited
significant analgesic compared with the control (saline, 10ml/kg) as
evidenced by (i) increased escape latency in the tail immersion assay
(ii) reduction in abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid. The
analgesic activity were higher in MENS &amp; CENS compared to aspirin
(150mg/kg). The extracts progressively reduced rat paw oedema induced
by subplantar injection of carrageenan, the methanolic extract showing
more pronounced effect than the aqueous and chloroform extracts.
Preliminary phyto-chemical screening shows the presence of alkaloids,
sugars, proteins and anti-oxidants in the extract.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 19 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050012006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05001DR R. S. KONYAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenTHE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAULTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (1)Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050022006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05002JONATHAN NSHAHOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenINNOVATIVE STRATEGIES IN TEACHING OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES TO HEALTH
PROFESSIONALSKnowledge and skills in biomedical sciences have reached a level, which
is difficult to pass on to students in the traditional one to two years
by traditional lecture methods and are still expanding. Recently,
innovative methods of enabling the students to acquire the knowledge
and skills have been evolved, and include student-centered and
problem-based learning strategies, among others. These are strategies
in which the student is taught how to learn for him/her self and then
becomes responsible for his/her own learning with a certain minimum
amount of guidance from the teachers. Other advantages of using these
strategies of learning and teaching include development of competencies
in continuous self and peer evaluation, self-directed learning leading
to continuing medical education for life, team work, professionalism
and professional ethics. These strategies also increase the chances of
attitudinal molding, enhancing good personal characteristics while
discouraging bad ones. Communication skills are greatly enhanced.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050032006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05003R. S. ORUAMABOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenTHE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAULTS ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (2)Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050042006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05004V. I. IYAWE and M. I. EBOMOYIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenCURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE PHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMANigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050052006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05005U.G. ESOMONU, A. B. EL-TAALU J. A. ANUKA, N. D. NDODO, M. A. SALIM, M.
K. ATIKU.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGarcinia Kola, Erythrocytes, Wistar rats, Flavonoid.enEFFECT OF INGESTION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF GARCINIA KOLA SEED ON
ERYTHROCYTES IN WISTAR RATSThe objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ingestion
of crude ethanol extract of Garcinia Kola seed on erythrocytes. Fifty
male Wistar rats with average weight of 200g were divided into 5
treatment groups of 10 rats per group. Group A, served as the control
and was fed with standard animal feed only while groups B, C, D and E
which were the treatment groups, in addition were force-fed
2g/kg/rat/day of the Ethanol extract of Garcinia Kola seed for 1,2,3
and 4 weeks respectively by means of an endogastric tube and syringe.
At the end of the experimental period for each group the animals were
sacrificed and the erythrocyte number, park cell volume (PCV), and
heamogloin concentration values were determined. The result on analysis
showed that erythrocyte-count, PCV and haemoglobin concentration values
showed significantly decreased values (p&lt;0.05) between group B (week
1) and Group A, but groups C, D and E values showed a steady rise which
were not significant (P&gt;0.05) when compared with Group A. None of
the values fell below the normal physiological range of the
experimental animals. This shows that Garcinia Kola seed which has
flavonoids as its active constituent has no long term significant
toxicological implication with respect to the concentration given on
the erythrocytes of mammals.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050062006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05006A. D. A IGHOROJE and D.V DAPPERPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of Nigeriafibrinogen, sex variations, blood pressure, viscosity.enTHE HAEMORHEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF HYPERTENSIVE --COMPARED WITH
NORMOTENSIVESSex variations in some haemorheological parameters: Haematocrit (Hct),
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Hemoglobin concentration (Hbc),
Fibrinogen concentration (FC), Relative Plasma Viscosity (RPV) and
Whole Blood Relative Viscosity (WBRV) were determined in 30 male and 20
female hypertensive subjects without complications, aged between 30 and
70 years. 30 male and 20 female normotensive subjects aged between 29
and 71 years, matched for age, weight and height with the hypertensive
group served as control. In both groups all the parameters were
determined using methods previously described by various workers
(Chien, 1977). Results obtained in normotensives showed a significantly
lower systolic blood pressure , mean arterial pressure, haematocrit and
whole blood relative viscosity and a significantly higher erythrocyte
sedimentation rate in female subjects compared to male subjects , no
significant correlation was found between any of the haemorheological
parameters and the blood pressure indices in both sexes. In the
hypertensives, only whole blood relative viscosity was found to be
significantly higher in females compared to males. In male
hypertensives significant positive correlations were found between
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and all the blood pressure parameters
and between relative plasma viscosity and systolic and mean arterial
pressures; negative correlations were found between haematocrit and
systolic and mean arterial pressures. In female hypertensives there
were positive correlations between relative plasma viscosity and all
the blood pressure parameters and between whole blood relative
viscosity and systolic blood pressure. The present study confirms that
significant sex variations occur in the various haemorheological
parameters in both normotensive and hypertensive Nigerian subjects.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050072006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05007H. U. NWANJOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaVernonia amygdalina, lipoproteins, oxidative status, Diabetic rats.enEFFICACY OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA ON PLASMA
LIPOPROTEIN AND OXIDATIVE STATUS IN DIABETIC RAT MODELS.Many minor components of foods, such as secondary plant metabolites,
have been shown to posses antioxidant activities, improving the effects
of oxidative stress on diabetes and other disease conditions. This
study evaluates the effect of aqueous extracts from Vernonia amygdalina
leaves on lipid profiles and oxidative stress in streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats. The results showed that the streptozotocin
induced diabetic rats were subjected to oxidative stress as was shown
by the extent of lipid peroxidation (high malondialdehyde levels)
present in the plasma. The aqueous extract of V. amygdalina leaves
possessed antioxidant activity as shown by decreases in malondialdehyde
levels. High values of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which
are typical of the diabetic condition, were also found in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The aqueous extract also
significantly reduced triglyceride levels and normalized cholesterol
concentrations. This shows that the aqueous extract of V. amygdalina
leaves have both hypolipidaemic and antioxidant properties.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050082006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05008S. C. MELUDU , L. ASOMUGHA, E. C. DIOKA, C. OSUJI, A. C. AGBASI, M.
IFEANYICHUKWU AND O. A. OLUBOYOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGlucose ingestion, Marathon exercise, Triglyceride, Cholesterol.enEXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN RELATION TO GLUCOSE DRINK AND THEIR EFFECT ON
SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS.This study was designed to determine the effect of glucose drink on
marathon running and on some biochemical parameters. Seven untrained
athletes (male students) participated in this study and were engaged in
marathon running with and without intake of glucose drink (1g/kg body
weight) in a double blind procedure. Blood samples were collected at 0,
30, 60 and 150 minutes for serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and
PCV estimation. There were significant increases in serum glucose
(F=13.01; P&lt;0.01) and triglyceride (F=6.87; &lt;0.01) following
pre-exercise glucose drink, while PCV remained unchanged with or
without pre-exercise glucose drink. Greater than 80% of the subjects
covered more distance with glucose intake than without glucose drink.
It is concluded that carbohydrate intake prior to exercise may enhance
exercise performance and spares glycogen and lipid utilization.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050092006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05009J. C. IGWEH, I.U. NWAGHA, J. M. OKAROPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMenopause, Dyslipidemia, CholesterolenTHE EFFECTS OF MENOPAUSE ON THE SERUM LIPID PROFILE OF NORMAL FEMALES
OF SOUTH EAST NIGERIADyslipidemia in menopause is a known feature in women, whether it leads
to significant increase in the development of coronary heart disease
(CHD) is still controversial, more so in our environment where little
work has been done. The present study is aimed at comparing the level
of total serum cholesterol, including its subunits in premenopausal
with that of their postmenopausal counterparts. This is to enable us
ascertain the relative risk of developing cardiovascular disease in
postmenopausal women in our environment. One hundred and twenty six
(126) apparently healthy, non-pregnant females (74 premenopausal and 52
postmenopausal) were recruited for the study. Serum total cholesterol
and their subfractions- high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density
lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and
triglycerides (TG) were estimated using enzymatic and established
mathematical methods. There was no significant difference in the total
serum cholesterol and triglyceride between the two groups. There was
however, a significant reduction of HDL and VLDL in the postmenopausal
group (P&lt;0.005) and a significant increase in the level of LDL in
the postmenopausal group (P&lt;0.005). The elevated LDL and the
reduction of cardio protective HDL and VLDL is an indication that
menopause is an independent risk factor for developing cardiovascular
disease in our environment.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050102006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05010C. C. UGWOKE, E. D. NWOBODO, P. UNEKWE, M. ODIKE, S. T. CHUKWUMA and G.
AMILO.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGasoline, Wistar, hormones, reproduction.enTHE REPRODUCTIVE DYSFUNCTION EFFECTS OF GASOLINE INHALATION IN ALBINO
RATS.Daily exposure to fuel vapour may pose significant health risk to
exposed individuals. Fifteen each of male and female albino rats
weighing between 110-230g were divided into test (10) and control (5)
groups each. The test animals were exposed to inhalation gasoline for
one hour daily for twenty-one consecutive days. All animals were then
bled and the serum levels of the reproductive hormones determined. The
results showed significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in the serum levels of
all the hormones of reproduction in both the male and female test
animals. The results suggest that inhalation gasoline exposure
significantly (P&lt;0.05) lowers the levels of reproductive hormones in
albino rats and may thus interfere with reproduction.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050112006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05011A. O. AKPANTAH , A. O., OREMOSU, A. A., NORONHA. C. C., T. B. EKANEM
& A. O. OKANLAWONPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGarcinia kola, ovulation, oestrous cycle, foetal development.enEFFECTS OF GARCINIA KOLA SEED EXTRACT ON OVULATION, OESTROUS CYCLE
AND FOETAL DEVELOPMENT IN CYCLIC FEMALE SPRAGUE - DAWLEY RATSThe effects of Garcinia kola seed extract on oestrous cycle,
ovulation and foetal development were studied in adult female
Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats. Cyclic female rats weighing 150 to 200g were
divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group 1 was
fed with 200mg/kg body weight of theextract on proestrous. Group 2
received 200mg/kg body weight of the extract daily for six weeks, while
group 3, consisted of pregnant rats which received the same dose of the
extract on days 1-5, 7-9th, 13th and 14th day of gestation. In groups 1
and 2, vaginal lavage was taken daily to monitor the oestrous cycle and
ovulation. In group 3, gestational parameters monitored were number of
total implants, resorption and dead foetuses. Live foetuses were
weighed and examined for external malformation and variation. The
results showed that the oestrous cycle was altered for the first two
weeks after commencement of extract but returned to normal from the
third week. This was indicated by the irregular pattern of oestrous
with a prolonged dioestrus observed in the treated rats. Ovulation was
partially blocked as shown by the reduced number of ova observed in the
oviduct from the treated rats compared with control (p&lt; 0.05). There
was a significant decrease in the weight of foetuses from the treated
rats (p &lt;0.05) while 7% of the foetuses from pregnant rats, which
received treatment for the first five days of gestation, had malformed
left upper limb. Results suggest that G. kola seed at 200mg/kg body
weight administered alters oestrous cycle in rats, partly inhibits
ovulation and may produce duration dependent teratogenicity in foetal
rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050122006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05012S. J. ETUK, I. S. ETUK and A. E. OYO-ITAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPre-disposing factors, increased incidence, pre-term birth, NigeriaenFACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE OF PRE-TERM BIRTH IN CALABAR, NIGERIAWomen who had pre-term birth in the University of Calabar Teaching
Hospital, Calabar, over a 21/2 year period were studied. The aim was to
establish the factors influencing the incidence of pre-term birth in
Calabar. Factors which significantly increase the incidence of pre-term
delivery included: previous induced abortion (P &lt; 0.0001),
nulliparity (P &lt; 0.001), out of wedlock birth (P &lt; 0.05) and lack
of antenatal care (P &lt; 0.01). Women with multiple pregnancy (P &lt;
0.001) or previous pre-term delivery (P &lt; 0.01), have a
significantly high risk for pre-term birth. Antenatal complications (P
&lt; 0.0001) particularly anaemia (P &lt; 0.001) or malaria (P &lt;
0.05) in the index pregnancy constitute risk factors for pre-term
delivery. However, educational status, social class and previous
spontaneous abortion did not seem to significantly influence the
incidence of pre-term birth in this study (P &gt; 0.05). Wider use of
family planning, less restrictive abortion laws and training of doctors
and nurses on the use of manual vacuum aspiration in the management of
post-abortion complications may help reduce the incidence of pre-term
birth in Calabar. Replacing pyrimethamine chemoprophylaxis for malaria
in pregnancy by intermittent treatment of malaria with
sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and deworming our women during antenatal
care may also help reduce the incidence of pre-term birth in our
community.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050132006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05013Y. O. ETIMITA, S. A. BISONG, A. B. ANTAI, C. O. NKU, E. E. OSIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaChloroquine, gastric acid secretion, HistamineenPRELIMINARY FINDINGS ON THE EFFECT OF CHLOROQUINE ON GASTRIC ACID
SECRETION IN ALBINO RATS.It is not certain whether chloroquine-induced pruritus is mainly
attributable to the liberation of histamine, a powerful gastric acid
secretagogue from mast cells, which may not be beneficial in peptic
ulceration. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out whether
chloroquine (CQ) can stimulate gastric acid secretion in the rat.
Gastric acid output was measured by the continuous perfusion of rats
stomachs under anaesthesia with normal saline at the rate of 1ml per
minutes. Thirty albino rats were divided into five groups of six rats
each. Three groups had intraperitoneal administration of the following;
normal saline (1ml/kg; control), CQ (3mg/kg; test) and Histamine H2
receptor antagonist, Ranitidine (4mg/kg) following CQ administration
respectively. The other two groups had subcutaneous administration of
histamine (100mg/kg) alone and histamine following CQ administration
respectively. The basal acid secretion, (4.71±
0.05μmol/10mins) in a group of rats was not significantly
increased in comparison with the peak acid output (p &gt; 0.05)
following normal saline administration (1ml/kg; i.p.). Administration
of CQ in a second group significantly increased acid secretion to a
peak of 7.2 ± 1.7μmol/10mins (p &lt; 0.05). Ranitidine
blocked CQ -induced acid secretion in a third group. Histamine
significantly increased acid secretion from control level of 4.85
± 0.14 μmol/10mins to 51.67 ± 5.07μmol/10mins (p
&lt; 0.001) in a fourth group, while CQ administered 2mins after
histamine administration significantly increased acid level from 4.72
± 0.12μmol/10mins to peak at 20.63 ±
3.28μmol/10mins (p &lt; 0.001) in a fifth group of rats. The peak
acid output in the fifth group was significantly lower than that
obtained with histamine alone. In conclusion, chloroquine is a weak
stimulant of gastric acid secretion rats. It inhibits
histamine-stimulated acid secretion probably by occupying histamine
H2-receptors in rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050142006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05014A. R. A., ALADA, H. M. SALAHDEEN, O.O. AKANDE AND G.O. IDOLORPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNitric oxide, Histamine, Carbachol, Acid secretion.enINFLUENCE OF NITRIC OXIDE ON HISTAMINE AND CARBACHOL – INDUCED
GASTRIC ACID SECRETION IN THE COMMON AFRICAN TOAD – BUFO
REGULARIS The study aimed to determine the influence of nitric oxide (NO) on the
action of histamine and carbachol on acid secretion in the common
African toad – Bufo regularis . Gastric acidity was determined
by titration method. The acid secretion was determined when nitric
oxide was absent following administration of NO synthase inhibitor;
N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and when nitric oxide was in
excess by administration of exogenous NO donor, sodium nitroprusside
(SNP). Histamine or carbachol increased acid secretion in the toad.
Acid output increased from 0.32 ± 0.04 mEq/15min to 0.56 ±
0.08 and 0.61 ± 0.05 mEq/15min for histamine and carbachol
respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Pretreatment of the toad with L-NAME
produced further increases in histamine (0.62 ± 0.06 mEq/15min) or
carbachol (0.74 ± 0.06 mEq/15min) induced acid secretion
respectively. SNP however, completely abolished the acid secretion
stimulated by either histamine or carbachol. It was therefore concluded
that nitric oxide has a negative influence on the histamine or
carbachol – stimulated acid secretion in the toad – Bufo
regularis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050152006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05015C. O. NKU; E. J. PETERS; A. I. ESHIET; O. OKU AND E.E OSIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLung function, street sweepers, dust, symptoms, oxygen saturation.enLUNG FUNCTION, OXYGEN SATURATION AND SYMPTOMS AMONG STREET SWEEPERS IN
CALABAR-NIGERIAChronic inhalation of dust impairs lung function and may cause
respiratory symptoms. However, knowledge about the type of dust that
can cause these problems is uncertain. Very little attention has been
paid to the health of workers chronically exposed to dust raised by
street sweeping without precautionary measures. Therefore, a study of
lung function, oxygen saturation and symptoms among female street
sweepers and their control groups in Calabar, Nigeria was carried out.
Ventilatory function tests were done using 200 female street sweepers
whose length of service was less than two years and 200 sex, age,
weight, and height - matched external controls who were not exposed to
any known air pollutant. The percentage of oxygen saturation( SPO2) of
both the subjects and their control population was determined using a
pulse oximeter. Respirable dust level in the test sites was 0.194
± 0.002mg/m3 and it was significantly higher (P&lt;0.001) than in
control sites, which was 0.015 ± 0.003mg/m3.There was no
significant difference in the mean values of SPO2 between the test and
control subjects. However, there was also a higher prevalence of back
pain (40.5% vs 2.0%; P&lt;0.001), cough (25.5% vs 12.0%; P&lt;0.001),
chest pain (13.0% vs 4.0%; P&lt;0.001); Catarrh and sneezing (6.0% vs
0.5%; P&lt;0.01) among the street sweepers than in their control. Lung
function values, namely; FVC, FEV1, FEV1% and PEFR were not
significantly different in the two groups. Street sweeping without
precautionary measures may predispose to respiratory and
non-respiratory symptoms.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050162006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05016M. I. EBOMOYI and V. I. IYAWEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPEFR, Anthropometry, Healthy adult NigeriansenVARIATIONS OF PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC
DETERMINANTS IN A POPULATION OF HEALTHY ADULT NIGERIANS.PEFR was measured in 300 healthy adult male and female staff and
students of the University of Benin, Benin City, and the College of
Education, Ekiadolor, near Benin. The variations of Peak Expiratory
Flow Rate (PEFR) with respect to height (ht), weight (wt) and chest
circumference (cc) were determined in these subjects. PEFR values fell
within the middle to the lower limits of the range for the general male
and female populations. There was a linear increase in PEFR with
respect to the three anthropometric variables (ht, wt and cc) only in
the young adult males, whereas in the older adult males and females,
PEFR fluctuated considerably with the variables. PEFR correlates more
with ht, wt and cc in young adults than in older adults. Respiratory
function indices collected from healthy young adults may be more
reliable and predictable than those from older adults.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050172006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05017E. A. ALAGWU., R. O. NNELIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of Nigeriaovariectomy, sex hormone, EstradiolenEFFECT OF OVARIECTOMY ON THE LEVELS OF PLASMA SEX HORMONES IN ALBINO
RATSThe study was carried out to evaluate the levels of sex hormones
(testosterone, progesterone &amp; estradiol), six weeks post normal
ovariectomy as against estimating the levels immediately or less 48
hours after operation. 28 adult female albino rats of Wistar strain
were used. They were fed twice a day with Guinea pellets and tap water
was offered ad libitum. The animals were grouped into three. Group one
was sham operated and served as the control, group two was unilaterally
ovariectomised (right removed), group three was bilaterally
ovariectomised. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the study by
decapitation and the blood collected and assayed for sex hormones. The
levels of the sex hormones were measured using radioimmunoassay
technique. The results showed significant increase in testosterone
level in group 3 with decrease in group 2 which was not significant
when compared to group 1. On the progesterone levels, there were
significant decrease in group 3 and not 2 when compared to group 1.
Estradiol level showed significant decrease in only group 3. The
decrease in group 2 was not significant when compared with the control.
This work therefore does not propose a longer period of hormonal
estimation beyond 48 hours following ovariectomy as the results
obtained 6 weeks post ovariectomy did not differ or alter significantly
beyond 48 hours when compared with the work of Bast and Greenwald 1977,
Bulcher 1977, De Jong et al 1978. It is therefore concluded that sex
hormone values obtained 6 weeks after normal ovariectomy did not differ
significantly as was observed by various workers and confirmed by the
present study.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050182006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05018A. M. KEMALKOLAM, SABO, A. B. A ADELAIYE and A. S. SAGAYPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of Nigeriathyroid hormones, Calcium receptor, cellular functions.enDEPENDENCE OF CALCIUM ON THYROID HORMONE FOR THE REGULATION OF CELLULAR
FUNCTIONSRecently, the thyroid hormone has been shown to cause increase in Ca2+
concentration by mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. The mobilization of
intracellular Ca2+ in the absence of transmembrane Ca2+ influx has been
accepted as evidence for a cell-surface Ca2+- receptor. The possible
role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of cellular functions by
Ca2+-channel was investigated using parameters proven to indispensably
involve Ca2+: Bleeding and clotting times and rat uterine muscle
activity in Ca2+-free Tyrode's solution. Adult female Wistar rats
divided into four groups, namely; (i) Control, (ii) Thyroidectomized,
(iii) Throidectomized-treated with thyroxine and (iv)
Thyroxine-treated; were fed on rat chow. While groups i and ii were
allowed access to tap waterad libitum for 60 days, groups iii and iv
received tyroxine (10mg/kg body weight) every alternate day and tap
water ad libitum for 60 days. All groups were kept in an
air-conditioned room till they were euthanized. The results showed that
thyroxine elicited biphasic contraction in Ca2+ - depletion and
potentiated uterine contraction during Ca2+- loading (P&lt;0.001).
Inhibition of contractions in thyroidectomy, showed dependency of Ca2+
on thyroid hormones for the regulation of cellular functions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np050192006-04-12np2006-04-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np05019N. E. UDOKANG, and B. A.AKPOGOMEHPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2005 - Physiological Society of NigeriaVolume loading, Diuresis, urinary electrolytes, palm wine, tea.enEFFECT OF VOLUME LOADING WITH WATER, NORMAL SALINE, PALM WINE AND
LIPTON TEA ON URINARY OUTPUT, pH, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SODIUM AND
POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS.A comparative study of the diuretic effect of water, normal saline,
palm wine and Lipton tea was carried out on forty (40) randomly
selected, apparently normal undergraduate students of Medicine and
Pharmacy at the University of Uyo, Nigeria. One and a half (1.5) litres
of water, normal saline, palm wine and Lipton tea were given on
separate days to the same subjects. The subjects were made to void
their bladder before ingesting these substances and the urine sample
collected was taken as control sample at the time zero. Thereafter, all
the subjects emptied their bladder hourly for 3 hours. The urinary
output, pH, specific gravity, sodium and potassium concentrations were
determined. The results showed that water, palm wine and Lipton tea
produced diuresis. Normal saline did not. Reduction of specific gravity
and pH of urine accompanied these diuretic effects. Administration of
normal saline and Lipton tea caused natriuresis. Potassium sparing
diuresis was seen with Lipton tea and palm wine, whereas, water
diuresis led to increased levels of potassium in urine. Volume loading
with the above substances affected not only urinary output but also
renal handling of sodium and potassium ions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 20 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060012007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06001V. S. EKAM, E. O. UDOSEN and A. E. CHIGBUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCarotenoids, Carrot, immunomodulatory effect, GNLD, white blood cells,
platelet countenCOMPARATIVE EFFECT OF CAROTENOID COMPLEX FROM GOLDEN NEO-LIFE DYNAMITE
(GNLD) AND CARROT EXTRACTED CAROTENOIDS ON IMMUNE PARAMETERS IN ALBINO
WISTAR RATSThe immunomodulatory effect of Carotenoid complex from Golden Neo-Life
Dynamite (GNLD) and carrot extracted Carotenoid was assessed using 24
albino Wistar rats. The rats were assigned to 4 groups of 6 rats each
consisting of group 1(control group treated with distilled water),
group 2 (treated with olive oil), group 3 (treated with carrot extract
+ olive oil) and group 4 (treated with GNLD Carotenoid complex + olive
oil). The concentration of carrot extracted Carotenoid and that of the
GNLD Carotenoid complex were 559mg/kg.The animals were sacrificed after
21 days of treatment and whole blood collected for analysis of immune
parameters. The parameters included; percentage lymphocytes, percentage
eosinophils, percentage monocytes and platelet count. There were
significant increases (P&lt;0.05) in groups 3 and 4 which received
carrot extract and Carotenoid complex supplement when compared to group
1 and 2 which received distilled water and olive oil. This supports the
claim that Carotenoids have immunomodulatory effects. However, it is
clear that there were significant increases (P&lt;0.05) in percentage
lymphocytes (40.15± 1.33), monocytes (2.50± 1.31),
neutrophils (60.08± 2.06) and platelet count (7.91± 0.53) in
group 4 which received carotenoid complex when compared to that of
group 3 which received carrot extract; lymphocytes (33.01 ± 3.20),
monocytes (1.52 ± 0.52), neutrophils (60.12 ± 1.50) and
platelet count (7.81 ± 0.52).These significant
increases(P&lt;0.05) show that both carotenoids have immunomodulatory
effects; and that the GNLD Carotenoid complex which consists of
alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein, Zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin,
lycopene and alpha-tocopherol is more potent in its immunomodulatory
effect compared to the carrot extracted carotenoid which contained
mostly alpha-carotene and beta-carotene alone.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060022007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06002A. LAWAN, M. A. ALI AND S. S. DAN BAUCHIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of Nigeria12 Lead ECG, QT Dispersion, Athletes and Non-AthletesenQT DISPERSION IN DYNAMIC AND STATIC GROUP OF ATHLETESMeasurement of QT dispersion as calculated from the 12-lead ECG has
emerged as a noninvasive assessment for degree of myocardial
inhomogeneity. Increased QT dispersion predicts sudden cardiac death in
variety of disease states such as acute myocardial infarction and
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. To improve identification of athletes at
high risk of sudden death, resting electrocardiograms were performed on
100 dynamic athletes (sprinters, middle and long distance runners), 50
static athletes (Hammer throwers, Weight lifters) and 100-matched
control group. QT dispersion was defined as maximum QT interval minus
minimum QT interval in a lead. The correlation between QT dispersion
and the athletes demographic characteristics revealed that significant
correlations existed between QT dispersion and age, SBP, DBP, MBP, body
temperature and duration of athletic activity (DAA) (P&lt;0.05).
Similarly, no significant correlation existed between QT dispersion and
Heart rate, height, weight and body mass index (BMI). This showed that
increased QT dispersion is found in Dynamic and Static group of
athletes and is significantly related to duration of athletic activity.
This finding could be used for the identification of athletes at high
risk of sudden death.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060032007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06003W. C. NWAFIA, J. O. ANEKE., C. U. OKONJIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSerum Iron. Total Iron Binding Capacity. ABO Blood Groups. Transferrin
Saturation.enSERUM IRON AND TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY LEVELS AMONG THE ABO BLOOD
GROUPS IN ENUGU, SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA.Iron deficiency anaemia is a common tropical disease. Iron plays a very
important role in the human body. The understanding of the different
blood groups ability to retain iron in their system can give an insight
into their ability to handle the disease Iron deficiency anaemia. Serum
Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and Percentage Transferrin
Saturation (%TS) levels were studied in 2260 apparently healthy
Nigerian volunteers in Enugu, Eastern Nigeria. The ABO blood groups of
the subjects were also determined. They were aged between 10 and 25
years, males were 1808 and females 452 (M/F ratio- 8:2).In all the
results obtained, the females had lower values. Serum iron (micromol/L)
was highest in the group A (26.3 ± 7.2 - males, 18.7 ± 5.2
-females) and lowest in group 0 (22.0 ± 4.7 males, 15.6 ±4.5
- females). Groups B and AB had values of 23.0 ±5.2 (males) 16.3
±3.2 (females) and 23.3 ± 3.8 (males), 16.5 ± 6.8
(females) respectively. The TIBC value (micromol/L) was highest in
group A (60.2 ± 9.0 - males, 42.7 ± 6.0 - females) and lowest
in group 0 (51.8 0 ± 14.2 - males, 36.8 ± 12.2 - females),
while the values for groups B and AB were 54.7 ±7.5 (males), 38.8
±2.5 (females) and 54.4 ±4.8 (males), 38.6 ± 3.8
(females) respectively. The percent TS was highest in the group A (43.7
±2.0 -males, 31.0 ±1.0 -females) and lowest in those of B
(42.0 ±1.4 -males, 29 ±0.4 females) while groups AB and 0 had
values of 42.8 ±1.0 (males), 30.4 ±3.0 (females) and 42.5
±1.9 (males), 30.2 ±4.8 (females) respectively. There were
significant differences between the intra group comparisons of the
results of groups A and O only in the serum iron and TIBC parameters.
No significant differences were observed in the percentage TS among the
different blood groups. The values obtained for the percentage
distribution of the different blood groups agrees with already
established values for the population. Since the values obtained for
the parameters studied all fall within the normal range, this work
provides useful data on the environment of South Eastern Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060042007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06004M. U ETENG, H. A. IBEKWE, T. E. AMATEY, B. J. BASSEY, F. U. UBOH, and
D. U. OWUPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaVitamin C, serum lipid electrolyte, atherosclerosis and hypertension.enEFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON SERUM LIPIDS AND ELECTROLYTE PROFILE OF ALBINO
WISTAR RATS.The effect of oral administration of vitamin C on serum lipids and
electrolyte profile were investigated in albino rats of the Wistar
strain. Eighteen (18) albino rats of opposite sexes weighing between
150-300g were used for the study and randomly assigned on the basis of
body weight and litter origin to three study groups of six animals
each. The control group received via oral route a placebo (4ml of
distilled water), while test groups 1 and II received 100mg/kg body
weight and 200mg/kg body weight of vitamin C in 2.5 ml and 5.0 ml of
the vehicle via gastric intubation respectively. The administration of
vitamin C for 30 days produced a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in
total cholesterol (TC), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low
density lipoprotein (LDL) in the test groups versus control but there
was no change in triglycerides (TG) and High density lipoprotein (HDL)
levels. Computed HDL: LDL ratio also increased in the treatments
relative to the control. Except for computed HDL: LDL ratio all the
other changes were dose dependent and there was a slight
non-significant increase in all electrolytes (Na+, K+ and HCO-3) ions.
The study confirms the hypocholesterolaemic effect of vitamin C and
that Vitamin C has no adverse effect on serum electrolytes. It is
suggested that its administration in moderate to high doses may protect
against atherosclerosis and hypertension.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060052007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06005E. C. AZINGE and D. M. BOLARINPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaE. C. AZINGE and D. M. BOLARINenOSTEOCALCIN AND BONE-SPECIFIC ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN SICKLE CELL
HAEMOGLOBINOPATHIESOsteocalcin or bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (gla) protein and
Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (b-AP) total protein levels were
evaluated as indicators of bone turnover in twenty patients with sickle
cell haemoglobinopathies and in twenty normal healthy individuals. The
serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase total protein level was
measured by immunoradiometric (IRMA) method. The concentrations of
serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase total protein were higher in
the study group than in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The serum
osteocalcin (BGP) showed no significant difference with the control
healthy subjects. There was no correlation between the serum
osteocalcin and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase total protein
in the patient group. In conclusion, serum bone-specific alkaline
phosphatase total protein determined or measured by IRMA can be
considered a sensitive marker of bone turnover and could be especially
useful as valuable non-invasive biochemical marker for identifying
sickle cell patients with bone complications.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060062007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06006B. I. KUKOYIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaZinc, brain mitochondria, oxygen consumption.enEFFECTS OF EXTRACELLULAR ZINC ION ON THE RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF
RAT BRAIN MITOCHONDRIAThe inhibitory effect of extracellular zinc ion on the rate of oxygen
consumption of rat brain mitochondria pre-incubated in 1.0 mM Ca2+EDTA
were determined. There was a significant increase [P&lt;0.01] in the
rate of oxygen consumption in the rat brain mitochondria pre-incubated
in 1.0 mM Ca2+EDTA in a succinate initiated reaction. The reverse was
the case when the concentration of Ca2+EDTA was increased to 10 mM. A
20μM zinc-aspartate was found to have no inhibitory effect on the
rate of oxygen consumption of the brain mitochondria pre-incubated with
1.0 mM Ca2+EDTA when compared with the control that lacked 1.0 mM
Ca2+EDTA, however there was a significant decrease [P&lt;0.01] in the
rate of oxygen consumption of the rat brain mitochondria in the control
experiment.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060072007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06007U. G. EGESIE, A. B. ADELAIYE J. O. IBU, and O. J. EGESIEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaOcimum gratissimum; Diabetes mellitus; Hypoglycaemia, Liver enzymes.enSAFETY AND HYPOGLYCAEMIC PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF OCIMUM
GRATISSIMUM IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.The claim by Nigerian traditional herbal medicine practitioners that
Ocimum gratissimum leaves have antidiabetic properties was
investigated. Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin and
graded doses of the aqueous leaf extract were administered orally to
the experimentally diabetic rats for 28 days. Administration of the
aqueous leaf extract caused a statistically significant reduction in
plasma glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The
extract appeared nontoxic as evidenced by normal serum levels of AST,
ALT, ALP, TPT, ALB and bilirubin. These data appear to agree with
claimed hypoglycaemic effects of Ocimum gratissimum.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060082007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06008A. D. ESSIEN and J. O. AKPANPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCharred meat, type 1 diabetes mellitus, serum insulin, blood glucose.enDIABETOGENIC PROPERTY OF CHARRED MEAT ON LITTERS OF PREGNANT ALBINO
RATSIntake of nitrosamine - rich food has been implicated in the
pathogenesis of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus. The present study
therefore examines a possible relationship between consumption of
charred meat, rich in nitrosamine during pregnancy and the
corresponding development of type 1 diabetes in their litters.
Determination of blood glucose and serum insulin levels in litters
showed percent charred meat related increase in the mean blood glucose
values of 64.1 ± 1.39mg/dl compared with the mean control value of
53.8 ± 3.78mg/dl and a corresponding reduction in the mean serum
insulin values of 2.0 ± 0.43 μU/ml compared with 5.8 ±
0.29 μU/ml in the control (P&lt;0.05). There were no significant
changes in the mean blood glucose level and serum insulin level among
the corresponding pregnant rats, hence, no evidence of diabetes
mellitus. These results suggest that meat, when subjected to charcoal
fire roasting may be harzardous to the foetus and a causative factor in
the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the litters.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060092007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06009C. O. NKU; E. J. PETERS; A. I. ESHIET; S. A. BISONG and E. E. OSIMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLung function, Nigerian women, Prediction equationenPREDICTION FORMULAE FOR LUNG FUNCTION PARAMETERS IN FEMALES OF SOUTH
EASTERN NIGERIA.This study was carried out to obtain normal lung function values for
women in south eastern Nigeria with a view to establishing prediction
equations for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at
the first second (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Lung
function values were measured in 600 apparently healthy Nigerian women
aged between 18 and 57 years. FVC and FEV1 were significantly related
to height (P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.01 respectively) and body weight
(P&lt;0.01), PEFR was also related to age (P&lt;0.01) and height
(P&lt;0.001). Prediction equations for the various lung function
indices were as follows: FVC = 0.145 + (1.390Ht) - (0.0076age) +
(0.0089wt); FEV1 = 0.240 + (1.045Ht) - (0.0055age) + (0.0064wt); PEFR =
-38.80 + (210.83Ht) + (1.650age) + (0.252wt). Ht is height in meters,
wt. is body weight in kilograms and age is age in years. The
ventilatory function indices were directly proportional to weight,
height and to age. All the observed or measured lung function indices
were not significantly different from their predicted values using the
above prediction equations. Therefore, we conclude that lung function
indices are influenced by the anthropometric parameters viz: age, body
weight and height, and the prediction equations stated for FVC, FEV1
and PEFR for Nigerian women between the ages 18 and 57 years are
reliable.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060102007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06010A. J. UGHEOKE, M. I. EBOMOYIand V. I. IYAWEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRespiratory symptoms, smoking, sawmill workers.enINFLUENCE OF SMOKING ON RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND LUNG FUNCTION INDICES
IN SAWMILL WORKERS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA.The study was done to assess the influence of smoking on respiratory
symptoms and respiratory function in sawmill workers in Benin City. 150
sawmill workers who were all males and aged between 18 and 50 years,
and had been in continuous employment in sawmill factories for a
minimum of one year were studied. They were selected by a two - stage
random sampling process from sawmills in Benin City. These were
compared to 150 age and sex matched controls in order to determine the
effect of sawdust exposure on the respiratory system. Questionnaire was
used to elicit morbidity patterns and anthropometric measurements were
also made. Respiratory rates, Peak Expiratory Flow Rates and Blood
Pressures were measured in both groups. Respiratory symptoms were more
common among sawmill workers compared to the controls. Smoking by some
of these workers further aggravated their respiratory symptoms.
Although blood pressure was similar in both groups, Respiratory rates
were higher and Peak Flow Rates were lower in the sawmill workers
compared to the controls (20.83 ± 2.02 cycles/minute and 516.72
± 38.48 L/minute for the sawmill workers; 15.45 ± 1.23
cycles/minute and 575.37 ± 27.34 L/minute for the controls,
respectively). Less than 5% of the sawmill workers wore protective
devices/clothing, and health and safety standards were neither
practiced nor enforced. The findings suggest that respiratory symptoms
especially sputum production and chest pain are common in sawmill
workers. Respiratory function is compromised in these workers.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060112007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06011E. E. BEN, A. E. ENO1, O. E. OFEM1, U. AIDEM1 and E. H. ITAMPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLipid profile, plasma protein, mistletoe, extract, safe.enINCREASED PLASMA TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS
PRODUCED BY THE CRUDE EXTRACT FROM THE LEAVES OF VISCUM ALBUM
(MISTLETOE).The effect of an aqueous extract prepared from the leaves of Viscum
album (Mistletoe) on plasma cholesterol and albumin levels in male
Wistar rats was studied. Lethality studies revealed that the extract
had an LD50­ value of 417.0mg/kg mice, intraperitoneally. The rats
were randomly divided into seven (7) groups of 5 rats per group with
one animal per metabolic cage. Group one served as the control (C1),
groups two to six were treated with extract (200mg/kg body weight
orally and daily) for a maximum of ten (10) weeks, whereas, group seven
(C2) received no extract treatment but was fed on normal rat chow. All
the rats had free access to rat food and drinking water. The first
group (C1) was sacrificed a fortnight after the commencement of the
experiment, while group seven (C2) was sacrificed at the end (10th
week) of the experiment. The extract-treated groups were sacrificed
respectively in the order 2,4,6,8 and 10 week of extract
administration. Whole blood was collected from these groups for
analysis. Results showed significant increases (P&lt;0.01) in the level
of total cholesterol (TC) from 1.92 ± 0.11mmol/L to 2.59 ±
0.02mmol/L (about 35% increase) and high density lipoproteins (HDL)
from 0.95 ± 0.02mmol/L to 1.50 ± 0.08mmol/L (about 58.50%
increase) at week 10. The LDL levels, the total protein and albumin
levels did not show any significant change from the control values.
From the results, it is suggested that the crude aqueous extract from
mistletoe leaf may be relatively safe for therapeutic use as it neither
predisposes to cardiovascular risk nor adversely affects protein
metabolism following prolonged period of administration.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060122007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06012H. U. NWANJO, M. C. OKAFOR and G. O. OZEPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDiabetes, lipid peroxidation, G. latifolium.enANTI-LIPID PEROXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF GONGRONEMA LATIFOLIUM IN
STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS.This study was designed to investigate the anti-lipid peroxidative
effects of aqueous extracts from Gongronema latifolium (Utazi) leaves
in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. We evaluated
plasma lipid peroxidation product (malondialdehyde, MDA) and
antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in all the animals.
Result demonstrated that the untreated diabetic rats were subjected to
oxidative stress as indicated by significantly (P&lt;0.05) low level of
their antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (49. 86 ± 2.04 U/mg
protein) and high plasma lipid peroxidation index (6.82 ± 2.04
nmol/ml) when compared with non-diabetic rats value of 82.5 ± 3.16
U/mg protein and 2.66 ± 0.72 nmol/ml respectively. The aqueous
extract of G. latifolium leaves reversed this situation as shown by
significantly (P&lt;0.05) increase in the activity of superoxide
dismutase (78.6 ± 3.26 U/mg protein) and decreased levels of
plasma malondialdehyde (4.02 ± 0.64). In conclusion, the results
suggest that aqueous extract of G. latifolium leaves possesses
hypoglycemic as well as anti-lipid peroxidative properties.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060132007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06013W. C. NWAFIA, J. C. IGWEH and I. N. UDEBUANIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaInfertility, Igbo Males, Eastern Nigeria, Semen AnalysisenSEMEN ANALYSIS OF INFERTILE IGBO MALES IN ENUGU, EASTERN NIGERIA.The semen samples of 1,110 (one thousand, one hundred and ten) Igbo
males attending infertility clinic, aged between 30-50 years were
collected and analyzed. The specimens were collected and analysed in
the microbiology laboratory of the University of Nigeria Teaching
Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, Eastern Nigeria. The standard method of
masturbation after 3-5 days of prior abstinence from sex before sample
collection was applied. The samples were examined for semen volume and
microscopically as a wet preparation for sperm motility, morphology and
count. The semen volume result showed that 91.0% were normal. 6.3%
sperm samples were motile. In the sperm count, only 7.3% had normal
cells, 62.0% showed abnormal morphology. The aetiology of male
infertility in the population studied seems to be related to the sperm
count, motility and morphology but not volume. Racial factor seems to
play no role and it is important to abstain from sexual intercourse
some days before collection of semen for analysis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060142007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06014A. M. OKORO, E. J. ANI, J. O. IBU, and B. A. AKPOGOMEHPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPetroleum products ,Haematological indices, Fuel attendantsenEFFECT OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS INHALATION ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES
OF FUEL ATTENDANTS IN CALABAR METROPOLIS, NIGERIAHaematotoxic implications of exposure to petroleum fumes through
inhalation in human subjects were investigated. A total of 400 subjects
(200 males and 200 females) aged between 18-30 years participated. Each
gender was further categorized into two groups of 100 each for control
and test, respectively. The test group was again subdivided into test 1
(T1) and test 2 (T2) in both sexes. T1 subjects were exposed to
petroleum fumes for two years and below while T2 subjects were exposed
for more than two years. Samples of blood were collected daily and
subjected to haematological analysis. The results obtained showed that
in males and females, red blood cell counts (106 /mm3) was
significantly (P&lt;0.001) decreased in T1 (4.4 ± 0.13) and T2
(3.85 ±0.07) compared to control (4.76 ± 0.01). There was a
significant decrease (P&lt;0.01) in white blood cell counts,
haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpusclular haemoglobin
concentration (MCHC) in both sexes of test groups when compared with
control. There was also a significant (P&lt;0.001) decrease in mean
corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in test
2 males compared with control. Most subjects exposed for longer than
two years (T2) had significantly (P&lt;0.001) lower values of red blood
cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit than those
exposed for less than two years. The odds/odds ratio that a subject
would become anaemic progressively rose from less than 1 in the control
to greater than 1 or infinity on exposure to petroleum fumes. These
results indicate that the petroleum fumes cause a reduction in
haematological indices which worsens with prolonged exposure.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060152007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06015R. E. UCHEYA and J. C. IGWEHPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaOver-the-Counter-mixture: paracetamol, kidney toxicity, PregnancyenHISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN KIDNEY STRUCTURE FOLLOWING A LONG - TERM
ADMINISTRATION OF PARACETAMOL (ACETAMINOPHEN) IN PREGNANT SPRAGUE
DAWLEY RATS.Histological changes in kidney structure following paracetamol
administration in pregnant Sprague - Dawley rats were studied. 10
Sprague-Dawley rats divided into five animals per group were used for
the study. They were divided into two groups (A and B). Group A served
as a control group, while group B received 7.3mgx3/kg/day of
paracetamol from 10th day of gestation till the 13th day after
parturition. The drug was administered by gavage. They were allowed
free access to feed and water ad libitum. The maternal rats were then
sacrificed for tissue processing. Three deaths were recorded amongst
the maternal rats in the paracetamol treated group during parturition
and a prolonged gestation period was also observed in the same animals
while two maternal rats had a normal gestation period and a safe
parturition. Histopathology results of the maternal control animals
showed normal kidney architecture (very minimal capsular spaces and
rounded glomeruli intimately surrounded by the Bowman's capsule). Two
of the paracetamol treated maternal rats that had a safe parturition at
the end of the normal gestation period and showed vascular congestion
and glomeruli haemorrhage, while one of the maternal rats that had
prolonged gestation period (44 days) with signs of abnormally high
bleeding during parturition showed higher degree of kidney derangement
which was evidenced by shrunken glomerulus's plus droplets in the
tubules, vascular congestion, haemorrhage and tubular necrosis. These
findings reflect derangement of kidney architecture. The results
suggest that paracetamol though considered safe at a considerable low
dose especially in pregnant state, could cause kidney derangement
during pregnancy.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060162007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06016K. AMADI, M. A. SABO and A. S. SAGAYPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCorpus Cavernosum, Contractility, Erection, PGE1, Sildenafil.enTHYROID HORMONE: THE MODULATOR OF ERECTILE FUNCTION IN THE RABBIT.The possible role of thyroid hormones in the Nitric Oxide (NO)-
mediated response to sexual stimulation, and on prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)
and Sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction was
investigated using the corpus cavernosum of the New Zealand rabbit
animal model. The parameters studied were penile erection monitored as
contractile force of the erectile tissue, sperm count and motility; in
parallel with the haematocrit, red cell count or rheology, Heart Rate
(HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH)
and Thyroixine levels. Hypothyroidism or thyroidectomy was found to
cause depletion of Endothelium Derived Relaxant Factor (EDRF) thereby
causing very feeble contraction of the cavernosum muscle, in both
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and Sildenafil, oligospermia and less than 45%
motile sperms. Thyroxine treatment produced contraction proportionate
to the concentrations of PGE1 and Sildenafil; providing evidence that
the erectogenic actions of both PGE1 and Sildenafil are possible only
in the presence of adequate thyroid hormone level.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np060172007-04-25np2007-04-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np06017A. A. BADRU, B. I. KUKOYI, and O. E. UKPONMWANPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2006 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPregnant rats, litters, and zinc supplement.enSOME EFFECTS OF ZINC ON MATERNAL AND FETAL INTERGRITY IN PREGNANCY.This study was undertaken to determine the effects of zinc sulphate on
the weights of pregnant rats, on the food and water consumption during
gestation, litters weight at birth, the number of litters at birth and
the accumulation of zinc in selected organs of the litters. Zinc
sulphate in the dose of 1 mg/liter and 20mg/liter drinking water was
administered to both pregnant and non-pregnant for the period of
gestation. The results indicated a significant (p&lt;0.005) increase in
body weights of pregnant rats when compared with the corresponding
controls (non-pregnant and zinc free rats). The values of food
consumption in the pregnant rats during 1st, 2nd and 3rd week were
significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than the value obtained for the
non-pregnant and the control of non-pregnant rats. Pregnant rats
administered with 20 mg/l of zinc drinking water showed a sharp decline
in the food consumption from the 3rd week and this was continuous till
the end of gestation. The quantity of water consumed by pregnant rats
was significantly (p&lt;0.005) higher than the control group (zinc free
non-pregnant rats). Non-pregnant rats that received 1 mg/l of zinc
drinking water significantly (p&lt;0.005) consumed more water than
those that received 20 mg/l zinc drinking water. There was no
significant difference between maternal weights of the experimental and
control rats at parturition. Rats administered with 1 mg/l zinc
delivered the biggest litters-size, which was significantly (p&lt;0.05)
different from either those administered with 20mg/l of zinc drinking
water or zinc free water respectively. The weights of the liver,
thyroid, and pancreas from the litters were significantly (p&lt;0.05)
higher than those from the control rats. The liver was found to
accumulate significant (p&lt;0.05) higher concentration of zinc when
compared with the control group.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 21 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070012008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07001NNELI, R. O.NWAFIA, W. C.OJI, J. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCancers, Ulcers, G.I disorders, Diet/Dietary fibres, Additives, Dietary
Habits.enDIETS/DIETARY HABITS AND CERTAIN GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN THE
TROPICS: A REVIEWAgainst the background that what one eats affects the gastrointestinal
tract (G.I T), the role of diet and dietary habits including fibres,
food additives and preservatives on the aetiology of gastric cancers,
colorectal cancers and other G.I disorders in the tropics are herein
reviewed. Carcinomas of the gut believed to be on the decline in the
developed countries have plateaued and increasing cases are being
reported in the tropics. Africa and Nigeria in particular, with little
or no cases previously are currently experiencing patterns of incidence
similar to those of the Western Hemisphere. All these developments are
premeditated by the nature of diets and dietary factors contained
therein. Some of these factors contain chemical carcinogens, irritants
as additives or preservatives, high cholesterol, highly spiced foods,
alcohol, nicotine, xanthines, caffeine, most of which provoke gastric
acid secretions dyspepsia and heartburn, and they lack vegetables and
dietary fibres known to protect the G.I tract against various diseases.
The roles of dietary hygiene implicating certain microorganisms
associated with G.I diseases like Helicobacter Pylori are also
discussed. It presupposes that well articulated diet and proper dietary
manipulations remain the cure for all diet induced G.I disorders while
avoidance of such habits that predispose to them must be encouraged to
ensure proper and healthy G.I.T.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070022008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07002EYONG, E.U.UMOH, I. B.OGU, T. I.EDET, E. E.ETENG, M. U.IGIRI, A. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian meals, total cholesterol, total triacylglycerol,
HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol.enATHEROGENIC POTENTIALS OF SOME NIGERIAN MEALSThe atherogenic potentials of peeled grated cocoyam (Xanthosoma maffafa
scot) "ekpang nkukwo", pounded yam (Discorea spp) with plain soup "afia
efere", and plantain porridge (Musa paradisiaca) "iwuk ukom" meals were
investigated. The three meals were fed to three different groups of
albino rats of Wistar strain for a period of twenty eight days. A
fourth group which served as control was feed with normal rat pellet.
The mean total plasma cholesterol level in the pounded yam with plain
soup fed group was significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) when compared to
the control and peeled grated cocoyam fed groups. The mean total plasma
triglyceride (MTPTG) level in the pounded yam with plain soup fed group
was significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) when compared to the control
group. However the MTPTG level in the peeled grated cocoyam and
plantain porridge fed groups were comparable to control. The mean
HDL-cholesterol level in the peeled grated cocoyam and plantain fed
groups were comparable control. The mean LDL-cholesterol level in the
peeled grated cocoyam and plantain porridge fed groups was
significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) than the control group. The
LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol in the pounded yam with plain soup
fed group was significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) when compared to control.
These findings suggest low atherogenic potentials of the pounded yam
with plain soup meal compared to the peeled grated cocoyam and plantain
porridge meals.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070032008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07003DAPPER, D. V.AZIAGBA, B. N.EBONG, O. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPhyllantus amarus; malaria; Antiplasmodial agent; Medicinal plants.enANTIPLASMODIAL EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTUS AMARUS
SCHUMACH AND THONN AGAINST PLASMODIUM BERGHEI IN SWISS ALBINO MICEPhyllantus amarus Schumach and Thonn is a medicinal plant used commonly
for the treatment of malaria-related symptoms by the general public in
southeastern Nigeria. The present study determines the possible
antiplasmodial effects of the aqueous extract of the leaves and stem of
the plant against Plasmodium berghei infection using Swiss albino mice
as models. The blood schizonticidal activity of the aqueous extract in
early infection and in established Plasmodium berghei infection was
assessed and compared to the activities of chloroquine and
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. The repository activity of the extract was
also assessed and compared to the activity of pyrimethamine. The LD50
of the aqueous extract of the leaves and stem of the plant was also
determined using albino Wistar rats. The results show that the LD50 of
the aqueous extract of Phyllantus amarus Schumach and Thonn was 650
mg/kg. In early infection, the extract at doses of 108.33 mg/kg, 165
mg/kg and 325 mg/kg was found to cause a significant dose-dependent
suppression of P berghei parasites (P&lt;0.05)
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine caused a similar significant suppression of P
berghei parasites (P&lt;0.05) while chloroquine at a dose of 5 mg/kg
did not cause a significant effect on P berghei parasites. Similarly,
the extract was found at all doses to cause a statistically significant
(P&lt;0.05) suppression of P berghei parasites via a repository action.
This effect was comparable to the effects of pyrimethamine a standard
repository agent. In established infection, the extract at all doses
administered, was found to significantly suppress P berghei parasites
at 24 and 72-hour periods (P&lt;0.05). Comparatively,
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine caused a similar statistical (P&lt;0.05)
suppression of the parasites of P berghei. However, the effects of
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine were more sustained over the 72-hour period.
The present study therefore validates the local use of the extracts of
Phyllantus amarus Schumach and Thonn as an antimalarial agent. Further
studies are however recommended to identify and possibly characterize
the potential antiplasmodial agents in the aqueous extract of the
plant.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070042008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07004UREME, S. O.IBEAGHA, I. D.MADUKA, I. G.IBEAGBULAM, O. G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMethaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin, tobacco snuff and haematological
parameters.enTHE CONCENTRATIONS OF METHAEMOGLOBIN, CARBOXYHAEMOGLOBIN AND SOME
HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN TOBACCO SNUFF ADDICTS IN IGBO OF NIGERIAMethaemoglobin, carboxyhaemoglobin concentrations and some
haematological parameters were studied in fifty tobacco snuff addicts
(40 males and 10 females) in some villages of Anambra State, Nigeria.
The aim was to investigate possible adverse effects of tobacco snuff in
addicts in Igbos of Anambra State. Fifty apparently healthy persons (25
males and 25 females) who do not inhale snuff were used as controls.
The age range of tests and control subjects was 25-65 years. The
results showed no statistically significant difference when the tests
group was compared with the control group. A comparison of the results
on the basis of sex, age and period of exposure, showed no significant
differences. Blood picture in test and control groups was normocytic
and normochromic. The results suggest that tobacco snuff may not have
any adverse effect on haemoglobin metabolism and erythropoiesis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070052008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07005TIMOTHY, C. O.NNELI, R. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCigarette smoking, intra ocular pressure (IOP), arterial blood pressure
(BP), ocular, hypertensionenTHE EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND ARTERIAL
BLOOD PRESSURE OF NORMOTENSIVE YOUNG NIGERIAN MALE ADULTSThis study was designed to determine the effects of cigarette Smoking
on intra ocular pressure and arterial blood pressure of normotensive
young male adults. Fifty male students (who met the screening
conditions and devoid of obvious ocular pathology and systemic diseases
and non-smokers) had their intra ocular pressure (IOP) measured with a
schiotz tonometer and blood pressure(BP) measured with standard
syphgmomanometer respectively prior to smoking of two sticks of
cigarette each day for one month and thereafter. The result showed a
significant (P&lt; 0.01] effect on the intra ocular pressure with a
mean control of 37.76±0.98 for both eyes and test of
41.93±0.98. Cigarette smoking increased the blood pressure from
mean control of 197.24±0.88 to 208.46±0.82. The increase of
both intra ocular pressure and arterial blood pressure was due to
nicotine, the principal constituent of cigarette. It is recommended
that health care workers should check regularly the IOP and BP of their
cigarette smoking patients for early diagnoses of ocular hypertension
(glaucoma) and hypertension.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070062008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07006IBHAZEHIEBO, K.DIMKPA, U.IYAWE, V. I.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBMI, Hypertension, Exercise, mean arterial pressureenHYPERTENSION, AND BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO GRADED EXERCISE IN YOUNG
OBESE AND NON- ATHLETIC NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.Hypertension, and the effect of graded exercise on Blood pressure (BP),
in 60 obese non-athletic young medical students (40 females and 20
males) with Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 30 were studied. The
subjects were in the age range of 18-22 years with mean age of
20.30±1.32 years. Twenty percent of the males and 7 percent of the
females were found to be hypertensives (P&lt;0.05) and the severity of
the hypertension significantly (P&lt; 0.05) increased linearly with
increase in BMI (r =0.6). Our study reveals a positive direct
correlation between obesity and socioeconomic status and BP. Marked
increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure
(DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), time of return (RT) were observed
in the obese individuals compared to control at all levels of graded
exercise with the highest rises seen during severe exercise. Among the
obese subjects, the increases in BP were more in the males than
females, but time of return was higher in females than males. This
study further confirms that obese young individuals are prone to early
onset of hypertension and thus other cardiovascular diseases and less
tolerant to physical exercises. Our results add to the evidence that
hypertension is common among obese young adults.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070072008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07007UNEKWE, P. C.OGAMBA, J. O.CHILAKA, K. C.OKONKWO, J. C.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMefloquine, mouse rectal muscle, contraction.enEFFECT OF MEFLOQUINE ON THE MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE MOUSE ISOLATED
RECTAL SMOOTH MUSCLEThe effects of mefloquine on the mechanical activity of the mouse
isolated rectal smooth muscle was studied. Mefloquine (4.1x10-5 -
5.2x10-3M) when applied alone and separately exerted variable effects
on the rectum. In some preparations, it caused slight phasic
contractions while in others no response was elicited. When the
external (Ca2+) was increased from 1.8mM to 300mM mefloquine produced
phasic contractile activity which was abolished on return to normal
1.8mM suggesting that the contractile activity was due to extracellular
Ca2+ influx. Meflaquine (4.1x10-6M – 4.1x10-4M) caused
contraction – dependent inhibition of KCL, Carbachol and CaCl2
(in depolarizing Tyrode Solution). Mefloquine (2.1x10-4M) blocked KCL,
but not carbachol contractions which were largely reversed by
increasing (Ca2+). The results show that mefloquine possesses
anticholinergic and appreciable calcium channel blocking activity.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070082008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07008ESSIEN, A. D.AKPAN, J. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCharred Meat; Growth Retardation; Tissue Morphology; Liver; Pancreas.enALTERED MORPHOLOGY OF LIVER AND PANCREAS TISSUES OF OFFSPRINGS OF
ALBINO RATS BY CHARRED MEATThe effects of food processing and or cooking practices in the
variations in morphological changes in tissues were investigated. The
relationship between consumption of charred meat, which is believed to
be rich in nitrosamine by pregnant mothers and the adverse effects on
the growth of their offsprings, alterations in morphology of tissues
like liver and pancreas were studied. Meat was subjected to charcoal
fire roasting without curing and was thereafter fed to pregnant rats.
The results shopwed growth retardation of the offsprings,
micromorphological changes in tissues such as liver (genernalized
apoptotic processes and hepatocellular necrosis) and pancreas
(increased islet cells density and scattered acinar hyperplasia with
solid cellular area) in the offsprings of the female albino rats that
were fed on 60 and 80 percent of charred meat regimen during gestation
and lactation periods when compared to control. These observations have
shown that meat curred or uncured when subjected to charcoal fire
roasting may cause alteration in the morphology of the foetal tissues.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070092008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07009DAVIES, K. G.ASANA, U.NKU, C. O.OSIM, E. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKeratoconjunctivitis, incidence, cataract, pterygium.enOCULAR EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO WELDING LIGHT ON CALABAR WELDERSIt was generally observed that welders in Calabar, Nigeria did not
always wear their protective goggles during welding. Since chronic
exposure to welding light can impair vision this study was done to
assess the effect of exposure to welding light on ocular function of
welders in Calabar, Nigeria. There were 195 subjects comprising 110
welders (test) and 85 control subjects. Both groups were all male and
had similar age range. The tests employed were clinical examination for
ocular disorders, assessment of visual acuity, and opthalmoscopy. Test
questionnaire was also used to record information on length of service,
precautionary measures at work place, age and past ocular illnesses.
The study also compared incidence of ocular disorders between the two
groups of welders (arc and carbide welders). The mean ages of the
welders and their control were not significantly different (27.53
± 10.0 vs 27.78 ± 8.5 yrs respectively). There was a
significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher incidence of pingueculum, cataract,
allergic conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, and keratoconjunctivitis (arc
eye) in welders than in their control subjects. However, visual acuity,
incidence of pterygium and glaucoma were similar. Between the two
groups of welders, the incidence of pterygium, corneal opacity and
keratoconjunctivitis was significantly (P&lt; 0.01) higher in arc
welders than carbide welders. The incidence of pingueculum and glaucoma
were however, similar. In conclusion, chronic exposure to welding light
without adequate precaution may cause ocular disorders. Arc welding is
more dangerous to ocular function than carbide welding. Length of
service and age are predisposing factors to ocular disorders in the
welding business.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070102008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07010KOLAWOLE, O. T.MAKINDE, J. M.OLAJIDE, O.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRusselia equisetiformis, Phenobarbitone, stereotypy, anticonvulsant,
Picrotoxin, amphetamine.enCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF RUSSELIA EQUISETIFORMISThe central nervous system depressant activity of the crude methanol
extract (REC) and fractions (RE1, RE2, and RE3) of Russelia
equisetiformis were evaluated in mice using the following models:
amphetamine – induced stereotypy, picrotoxin – induced
convulsion and phenobarbitone sleeping time. At 200-400mg/kg, REC
significantly increased phenobarbitone-sleeping time (p&lt; 0.05) in a
dose- dependent manner and also reduced the sleep latency significantly
(p&lt; 0.05). The fractions, at doses 1.5mg/kg for RE1 and 20mg/kg for
RE2 and RE3 also significantly prolonged Phenobarbitone sleeping time
and sleep latency (p&lt; 0.05). Picrotoxin – induced convulsion
was not prevented by 100-400mg/kg of REC but this dose range
significantly prolonged seizure latency. A significant reduction (p&lt;
0.05) in amphetamine – induced stereotype behavior was observed
with 200mg/kg REC, but there was no protection against amphetamine
– induced mortality. The results of this study suggest that
Russelia equisetiformis methanol extract possesses central nervous
system depressant activities.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070112008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07011EKAM, V. S.EBONG, P. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaParacetamol, liver enzymes, cafeinated paracetamol, vitamins A and EenSERUM PROTEIN AND ENZYME LEVELS IN RATS FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF
ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS DURING CAFFEINATED AND NON-CAFFEINATED PARACETAMOL
INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITYThe effects of caffeinated and non-caffeinated paracetamol
administration, with or without vitamins A and E supplementation on the
protein and enzyme levels in Wistar albino rats were investigated using
cafeinated paracetamol and paracetamol as caffeinated and
non-caffeinated paracetamol respectively, and water soluble acetic acid
derivatives of vitamins A and E. Serum AST, ALT and ALP levels (u/l)
significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) following paracetamol
administration. Caffeination as well as administration of vitamins A
and E caused significant decreases (P&lt;0.05) in AST and ALP levels in
all test groups when co-administered with paracetamol and in ALT level
except in the cafeinated paracetamol + Vitamin E group in which ALT and
ALP level except in the cafeinated paracetamol + vitamin E group in
which ALT and ALP levels significantly increased (P&lt;0.05). Total
serum protein level (g/100ml) significantly increased following
caffeination as well as during co-administration of cafeinated
paracetamol and Vitamin E; and significantly decreased during
co-administration of paracetamol and vitamin A. Paracetamol
administration without caffeination or supplementation with vitamin A
and E can therefore cause increases in serum liver enzymes that is
suggestive of liver necrosis which can be ameliorated to varying
degrees by caffeine, vitamin A and E.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070122008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07012OBOCHI, G. O.ABARA, A. E.MALU, S. P.EKAM, V. S.UBOH, F. U.UMOH, I. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAlcohol, Kolanut, Gene expression, DNA, RNA, Protein.enEFFECT OF ALCOHOL AND KOLANUT INTERACTION ON BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF
NEURONAL GENE EXPRESSION IN WISTAR ALBINO RATSEffect of alcohol and kolanut interactions on biochemical indices of
neuronal gene expression in Wistar albino rats was studied. Thirty
Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups of five (5) rats per
group. The control group (1) received via oral route a placebo (4ml of
distilled water). Groups 2 - 6 were treated for a period of 21-days
with (10% v/v) 50mg/kg body weight of alcohol, 50mg/kg body weight of
kolanut, 50mg/kg body weight of caffeine, 50mg/kg body weight of
alcohol and 50mg/kg body weight of kolanut, and 50mg/kg body weight of
alcohol and 50mg/kg body weight of caffeine in 4.0ml of the vehicle via
gastric intubation respectively. One day after the final exposure, the
brain of each rat was harvested and processed to examine several
biochemical parameters, i.e., total protein, DNA, RNA and protein/RNA
ratios. The status of neuronal gene expression was monitored through
assessment of these parameters. The results showed that alcohol-kolanut
co-administration decreased brain total protein, DNA, RNA levels and
protein/RNA ratios, and inhibited gene expression. These effects, in
turn, inhibited DNA transcription, MRNA splicing and protein synthesis,
and polypeptide expression, which are necessary for the growth,
development, differentiation and cell survival.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070132008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07013ABARA, A. E.OBOCHI, G. O.MALU, S. P.OBI-ABANG, M.EKAM, S.UBOH, F. U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCoconut water, coconut milk, caffeine, protein, RNA, aminotransferases,
liver and enzymes.enEFFECT OF CAFFEINE -COCONUT PRODUCTS INTERACTIONS ON INDUCTION OF
MICROSOMAL DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN WISTAR ALBINO RATSEffect of caffeine-coconut products interactions on induction of
drug-metabolizing enzyme in wistar albino rats was studied. Twenty rats
were randomly divided into four groups: The control group (1) received
via oral route a placebo (4.0ml of distilled water). Groups 2 to 4 were
treated for a 14-day period with 50mg/kg body weight of caffeine,
50mg/kg body weight of caffeine and 50mg/kg body weight of coconut
water, and 50mg/kg body weight of caffeine and 50mg/kg body weight of
coconut milk in 4.0ml of the vehicle via gastric intubation
respectively. One day after the final exposure, the animals were
anaestheticized by inhalation of an overdose of chloroform. The blood
of each rat was collected by cardiac puncture while the liver of each
rat was harvested and processed to examine several biochemical
parameters, ie, total protein and RNA levels, protein/RNA ratios, and
activities of alanine and aspartate amino transferase (ALT and AST,
respectively). The results showed that while ingestion of coconut milk
and coconut water increased the values of protein and protein/RNA
ratios, it decreased alanine and aspartate amino transferase (ALT and
AST) activities. These effects, in turn, enhanced the induction of the
metabolizing enzymes and a resultant faster clearance and elimination
of the caffeine from the body, there by reducing the toxic effect on
the liver.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070142008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07014ITA, S. O.ETIM, O. E.BEN, E. E.EKPO, O. F.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAgeratum conyzoides, rats, haemoglobin, white blood cell, haemopoietic
potential, anaemia.enHAEMATOPOIETIC PROPERTIES OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF AGERATUM
CONYZOIDES (GOAT WEED) IN ALBINO RATS.The potential haematological effects associated with the administration
of ethanolic leaf extract of AGERATUM CONYZOIDES was investigated in
rats. 27 rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group
had 6 rats and served as control, the remaining 3 experimental groups
and had 7 rats each. These later groups were gavaged with the extract
of Ageratum conyzoides in concentrations of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and
500mg/kg respectively for 30days at a dose of 0.1ml/body weight. The
control group was gavaged with 0.9% sodium chloride at a dose of
0.1m1/body weight as placebo. The extract at the doses administered was
found to increase in a dose-related fashion PCV and Hb (p&lt;0.01 for
200mg/kg and p&lt;0.001 for 400mg/kg and 500mg/kg), RBC (P&lt;0.05 for
400mg/Kg and 500mg/kg) and marginal increases that were not significant
(P&gt;0.05 for 200mg/kg); MCH and MCV (P&lt;0.05 and P&lt;0.01 for
400mg/kg and 500mg/kg respectively) 200mg/kg was not significant. MCHC
recorded no significant change. WBC recorded marginal increases that
were not significant (P&gt;0.05), similarly, the differential white
blood cell recorded marginal increases that were not significant,
except lymphocytes that recorded significant increase in group 4
(P&lt;0.05). Marginal Decreases in body weight were also observed,
these decreases were however not significant. The result of this study
thus indicate haematopoietic potentials of the extract and could
possibly remedy anaemia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070152008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07015E. I. ODOKUMAA. C. OKOLOP.C. ALOAMAKAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenDISTRIBUTION OF ABO AND RHESUS BLOOD GROUPS IN ABRAKA, DELTA STATEBlood group systems are determined early in intrauterine life, specific
to the individual and therefore significant in management and
identification. Seven hundred and ninety five volunteer students of the
Abraka campus of Delta State University were analyzed in this 4-year
retrospective study. Amongst ABO system, blood group O was most common
followed by A, B and AB respectively. Rhesus positive was more common
than Rhesus negative in the rhesus system. Gender had no significant
effect on both blood group systems studied. In the combined ABO and
Rhesus blood groups, O positive was most common followed by A positive,
B positive, AB positive O negative and A negative respectively. This
study documents ABO and Rhesus blood group distribution patterns
amongst south southern Nigerians. Findings will be useful in
maintaining a register of possible donors, for effective management of
medical emergencies.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070162008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07016PETERS, E. J.ESSIEN, O. E.IMMANANAGHA, K. K.INAH, G. A.PHILLIP-EPHRAIM, E. E.AGBULU, R. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCD4, Respiratory, complications, HIV/AIDS, Calabar.enCD4 COUNT LEVELS AND PATTERN OF RESPIRATORY COMPLICATIONS IN HIV
SEROPOSITIVE PATIENTS IN CALABAR, NIGERIA.A prospective observational study was carried out to describe the
pattern of pulmonary complications in hospitalized patients with Human
Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) infection at the University of Calabar
Teaching Hospital, Calabar between January 2005 to December 2006. One
hundred and twenty-four patients which consists 60 males and 64
females, aged between 20 – 60 who met the inclusion criteria
formed the subjects for the study. The mean age of the subjects was
34.60+ 1.2 years. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain the
demographic data, clinical information and CD4 lymphocyte count.
Radiological analysis of chest was done with the chest X-ray of each
subject. Chronic productive cough topped the list of respiratory
symptoms (89%) followed by chest pain (74%) and dyspnea (62%). Lung
consolidation was the commonest respiratory sign as seen in 44% of the
cases. Hilar lymphadenopathy was seen in (35%), Pleural effusion (32%),
lung fibrosis (21%) and finger clubbing (15%). The clinical and
radiological pattern of most patients with chronic cough was highly
suggestive of mycobacterial infection such as tuberculosis, although
only 40% of cases had positive Acid Fast Baccilli. The mean CD4
lymphocyte count level was 174.8 + 5.4 cells/ml and this may be
responsible for the respiratory findings as opportunistic lung
infections are said to be commoner at CD4 count levels below 200
cells/ml. However, four patients had mediasternal masses which may
suggest neoplasms. Concerted efforts and continuous evaluation of these
patients are needed to determine the spectrum of respiratory illnesses
among HIV positive patients in Calabar.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070172008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07017OBOCHI, G. O.ABARA, A. E.MALU, S. P.OBI-ABANG, M.EDU, F. E.ETENG, M. U.UMOH, I. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAlcohol, Kolanut, Caffeine Interaction, Na+ ­ k+ - ATPase,
activityenEFFECT OF ALCOHOL AND KOLANUT INTERACTION ON BRAIN SODIUM PUMP ACTIVITY
IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS.Effect of alcohol - kolanut interaction on Sodium Pump activity in
wistar albino rats was studied. Thirty wistar albino rats were divided
into six groups of five (5) rats per group and used for the study. The
control group (1) received via oral route a placebo (4ml of distilled
water). Groups 2 to 6 were treated for a period of 21 days, with (10%
v/v) of alcohol (group 2), 50mg/kg body weight of kolanut (group 3),
50mg/kg body weight of caffeine (group 4), 4ml of 10% v/v of alcohol
and 50mg/kg body weight kolanut (group 5), 4ml of 10% v/v of alcohol
and 50mg/kg body weight of caffeine in 4.0ml of the vehicle via gastric
intubation respectively. A day after the final exposure, the brain of
each rat was harvested and processed to examine several biochemical
parameters, i.e., total ATpase, ouabain-insensitive ATpase, ouabain
sensitive ATpase (Na+ - K+- ATpase), non-enzymatic breakdown of ATP and
inorganic phosphate (Pi) released. The results showed that the
essential enzyme of the brain responsible for neuronal function, Na+ -
K+- ATpase, was inhibited by alcohol-kolanut co-administration relative
to control, resulting in a decrease in Na+ - K+- ATpase activity, ATP
production, ion transport and action potential, leading to loss of
neuronal activities.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070182008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07018UGWU, A. C.ETEUDO, A. N.NJOKU, C. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMilk ultrasonography, gallbladder contraction index, gallbladder
disease.enGRADES OF GALLBLADDER DISEASES USING THE GALLBLADDER CONTRACTION INDEX:
A PILOT STUDYThe aim of this study was to develop a pilot model for the assessment
of the severity of gallbladder diseases based on gallbladder
contraction index, clinical and sonographic appearances of the
gallbladder. The gallbladder contraction index (GBCI) was obtained as
the average of the first ten and the first 20minutes contraction
indices. A range of 5% to 77% previously obtained in normal subjects
was adopted in this study. Gallbladder contraction index in combination
with other variables: sonographic appearances and clinical
presentations were used for the grading of gallbladder diseases in the
present study. This pilot model may have a good diagnostic performance
but a clinical prospective evaluation is needed to confirm its actual
value.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070192008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07019MOJIMINIYI, F. B. O.ANIGBOGU, C. N.SOFOLA, O. A.ADIGUN, S. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaExperimental hypertension, inbred Hooded (Aguti) rat.enENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT AND -INDEPENDENT RELAXATIONS IN AORTIC RINGS
OBTAINED FROM HYPERTENSIVE HOODED (AGUTI) RATS.Experimental hypertension studies are few in the hooded (Aguti) rat.
The present study was designed to investigate the usefulness of this
rat strain for experimental hypertension studies and to test the
hypothesis that the hypertension may be associated with a diminution of
endothelium dependent and independent relaxations. Hypertension was
induced in inbred hooded rats (n=8 each) by administering 8% salt in
the diet and /or 100 mg/kg/day Nω-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester
(L-NAME) in the drinking water for six and/or four weeks respectively.
The rats were anaesthetized using a 25% urethane and 1% chloralose
mixture given intraperitoneally at a dose of 5mg/kg. Their blood
pressure was measured invasively. Thereafter, relaxations of rat aortic
preparations to acetylcholine, histamine and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)
were assessed using standard organ bath conditions. P&lt;0.05 was taken
as statistically significant. The mean arterial pressure (MAP;mm Hg)
rose significantly in all test groups (Salt: 148.3±4.6; L-NAME:
181.7±8.3; Salt+L-NAME:154.9±8.7) compared with control
(94.2±6.8; P&lt;0.05). The MAP was significantly (P&lt;0.05)
higher in the L-NAME group than in all the other groups. The heart rate
fell significantly in the salt + L-NAME group compared to control
(P&lt;0.05).The IC50 of acetylcholine in aortic rings from L-NAME rats
(7.9 x 10-1 ± 6.0 x 10-3) was significantly higher than in rings
from control (9.4 x 10-8 ± 2.8 x 10-8), salt (7.8 x 10-7 ±
4.7 x 10-7) and salt + L-NAME (3.3 x 10-7 ± 2.1 x 10-7) rats
(P&lt;0.05). The IC50 of histamine and SNP in the rings from the test
groups of rats showed no significant difference from control. These
results suggest that the hooded rat may be useful for experimental
hypertension studies. Also, endothelium dependent and independent
relaxations were preserved in the various forms of hypertension studied
except in chronic NOS inhibition where the former was attenuated in
response to acetylcholine.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070202008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07020ANYAEHIE, U. S. B.NWOBODO, Ed.NJOKU, C. J.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMedical education, active learning, cohort, studentsenCOMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ACTIVE LEARNING AND THE TRADITIONAL LECTURES
IN PHYSIOLOGY: A CASE STUDY OF 200 LEVEL MEDICAL LABORATORY STUDENTS OF
IMO STATE UNIVERSITY, OWERRI.Currently, understanding of Physiology and disease patterns is
undergoing a fundamental paradigm shift with attendant shift in
education of health professionals worldwide towards active learning to
encourage exploration of connections and their relationships. We
introduced problem-based learning to Physiology teaching of medial
laboratory students to confirm worldwide reports that active learning
environments offer better learning opportunities over the traditional
methods which is the predominant teaching method in Nigerian
universities. Our findings indicate that Problem-based learning
increases students’ attendance/participation in classes and
performance in examination. We recommend the integration of active
learning into physiology curriculum of Nigerian Universities.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070212008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07021UGWU, A. C.EGWU, O. A.OCHIE, K.EWUNONU, E. O.OVUOBA, K. N.NJOKU, C. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBiomechanical stress, psychosocial stress, radiographers.enINCIDENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG MEDICAL RADIOGRAPHERS: A
POPULATION BASED ZONAL SURVEY.Biomechanical and Psychosocial stresses are capable of destabilizing
any health care professional. The current health sector reform in
Nigeria, which lays emphasis on service delivery on a background of
very few radiographers, may lead to an increase in stress level. This
study investigated the incidence of occupational stress among
radiographers in southeastern Nigeria. 50 self-completion
questionnaires were delivered to radiographers in the southeastern
Nigeria. The questionnaires included questions seeking information on
the demographic profile of the radiographer, anatomical regions of
biomechanical systems/stress and Visual analogue scale (VAS), which
rated job satisfaction and anxiety levels. 32 questionnaires were
returned and analyzed statistically. Biomechanical stress was observed
in all anatomical regions studied. Job satisfaction rating was 61.3%
and anxiety level was 45.3%. This study has provided a baseline stress
level and prevalence among radiographers with which future studies in
view of the on going health sector reform in Nigeria could be compared.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070222008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07022ELIAS, S. O.LADIPO, C. O.ODUWOLE, B. P.EMEKA,P. M.OJOBOR, P. D.SOFOLA, O. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMorinda lucida, uterine contraction, nitric oxide, miceenMORINDA LUCIDA REDUCES CONTRACTILITY OF ISOLATED UTERINE SMOOTH
MUSCLE OF PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT MICEThe present work investigated the effect of MORINDA LUCIDA (M.
lucida) extract on isolated uterine smooth muscle of pregnant and
non-pregnant mice. Pregnant and non-pregnant mice were pretreated with
oral stilboesterol (0.1mg/kg body weight) and killed by cervical
dislocation. Thin strips of the uterus were cut and mounted in a 20-ml
organ bath containing De Jalon solution bubbled with 95%O2-5% CO2 gas
mixture. The strips were connected to a force transducer coupled to a
Grass 7D Polygraph for the recording of isometric tension. Effects of
graded concentrations of oxytocin (OXY; 10-5–10-2 mol/L),
acetylcholine (ACh; 10-9-10-5 mol/L) and M. lucida extract
(0.015–1.5mg/ml) were recorded. Fresh uterine strips were then
incubated with M. lucida extract for 5mins and cumulative response to
OXY was repeated. Another set of fresh strips was incubated in L-NAME
for 15mins and the cumulative responses to M.lucida extract were
repeated. OXY resulted in increased contractile responses in both
pregnant and non-pregnant uterine muscles. M. lucida resulted in
relaxation of the uterine smooth muscle in both pregnant and
non-pregnant mice at all doses. However, at 1.500mg/ml, M. lucida
completely blocked spontaneous uterine contractions. Following
incubation with L-NAME, M. lucida extract led to a slightly greater
relaxation of the uterine strips. In conclusion, M. lucida reduced
contractility of uterine smooth muscle in both pregnant and
non-pregnant mice as well as blocking contractile responses to OXY and
Ach in uterine smooth muscle of pregnant and non-pregnant mice. There
was no significant alteration of M. lucida activity by L-NAME
suggesting that the action of the compound on uterine muscle is not
associated with impaired nitric oxide synthase.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np070232008-07-07np2008-07-07http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np07023ASUQUO, O. R.IGIRI, A. O.OLAWOYIN, O. O.EYONG, E. U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2007 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSeminiferous tubules, Inter-tubular stroma, Chloroquine phosphate,
Testes, CorrelationenCORRELATION OF HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOMETRIC CHANGES IN RATS TESTES
TREATED WITH CHLOROQUINE PHOSPHATEHistological and histometric changes in the testes of albino Wistar
rats were correlated. Wistar rats weighing between 180-240g were
randomly divided into three groups of ten rats each. One group served
as control and the rats were given normal saline. The second and third
groups received 2mg/kg and 4mg/kg body weights of chloroquine phosphate
daily for thirty days respectively. Seminiferous tubules of animals
treated with chloroquine phosphate were irregular in shape and were
also isolated compared to control. Marked disruption of the
inter-tubular stroma of testes in the treated groups was also observed.
Histometric variations in testicular tissue was observed in the
experimental animals following treatment with chloroquine phosphate.
The 2mg/kg body weight and 4mg/kg body weight animals recorded
significantly lower (P&lt; 0.05) relative germinal epithelial volume of
43.95% and 32.70% respectively when compared to the control (51.75%).
The volume of stroma in the third group (49.33%) was significantly
higher (P&lt;0.05) when compared to the control (16.83%) and 2mg/kg
body weight rats (22.83%). We observed negative correlation coefficient
between lumen and seminiferous tubular volume in the control group
compared to the other groups which showed a positive correlation.
Correlation between germinal epithelium and seminiferous tubular volume
were positive in all groups. These findings have thrown more light on
recognized histological changes by accurately grading these changes
which offers objectivity and increased precision compared with direct
visual appraisal.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 22 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080012008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08001Okon, U. A.Antai, A. B.Osim, E. E.Ita, S. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDiabetes mellitus, ABO blood group, Rhesus factorenThe Relative Incidence Of Diabetes Mellitus In Abo/Rhesus Blood Groups
In South-Eastern NigeriaA total of 224 diabetics and 221 non-diabetics (control) were involved
in this study, to determine the relative incidence of diabetes mellitus
in ABO/Rhesus blood group. The current criteria for the diagnosis f
diabetes mellitus were applied in differentiating the diabetics from
the non-diabetics. Blood group, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and random
blood sugar (RBG) were determined using standard methods. Type I, Type
II and gestational diabetes mellitus were identified in this study.
Biodata information were obtained during history taking and from
subject hospital case note. The mean age of diabetics was 50.9 + 11.4
(SD) with age range of 24-72 years. Mean age for control was 49.21 +
9.25 with age range of 24-70 years. There were no significant
differences between the mean ages of the two groups. Blood group O- and
A+ were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher among the diabetics than non
diabetics. Blood group O+ was significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower in
diabetics than in the control population. Blood group O- and A+
therefore appears to be more susceptible to diabetes mellitus.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080022008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08002Egesie, U. G.Egesie, O. J.Usar, I.Johnbull, T. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaABO and Rhesus blood groups, Haemoglobin electrophoresis.enDistribution Of Abo, Rhesus Blood Groups And Haemoglobin
Electrophoresis Among The Undergraduate Students Of Niger Delta
University NigeriaThe distribution of ABO, Rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin
electrophoresis among 200 undergraduate students of Niger Delta
University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria randomly selected were studied.
Blood samples were collected by venepuncture from the antecubital vein.
The blood sample were transferred into EDTA bottle and mixed. The
determination of the ABO, Rhesus (RhD) blood groups and haemoglobin
electrophoresis was done. The results showed that blood group O had the
highest percentage distribution of 49% followed by blood groups A and B
with 22% respectively and the least percentage distribution was blood
group AB which is 7%. Rh-D positive rate was 98% and that of Rh-D
negative was found to be 2%. The percentage distribution for the
haemoglobin electrophoresis pattern for HbAA, HbAS, HbSS, HbAC and HbSC
were 66%, 26%, 2%, 2%, and 4% respectively. HbAA and HbAS occurred more
frequently than other haemoglobin variants in this study.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080032008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08003Egesie, O. J.Joseph, D. E.Isiguzoro, I.Egesie, U. G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaG6PD activity, males, Nigerians.enGlucose -6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Activity And Deficiency In A
Population Of Nigerian Males Resident In JosThe activity of red blood cell Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
in one hundred and twenty six healthy male individuals who are
Nigerians residing in Jos was evaluated. The enzyme activity was
determined quantitatively by spectrophotometer assay method. The
activity of red cell G6PD enzyme was subnormal in 20% of the population
studied. This agrees with previous report of the prevalence of G6PD
deficiency in Nigerian males from the Western region of the country
which is between 20 and 26%. The proportion of Nigerian males with
subnormal G6PD activity is relatively constant irrespective of their
geographical location.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080042008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08004Ikpi, Daniel E.Nku, Clement O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDennettia tripetala, haematological indices, red blood cell, white
blood cellenEffect Of Ethanolic Extract Of Dennettia tripetala fruit On
Haematological Parameters In Albino Wistar RatsThe effect of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Dennettia
tripetala fruits on haematological parameters in albino Wistar rats
was investigated. Lethality studies revealed that the extract had an
LD50 value of 251.19mg/kg mice intraperitoneal. Fifteen (15) male
albino wistar rats weighing between 150 - 200g were used for the study
and randomly assigned into three study groups of five animals each. The
group 1 control received via oral route a placebo (4ml of normal
saline), while test groups 2 and 3 received 85mg/kg body weight and
170mg/kg body weight of D. tripetala extract in 2.0ml and 4.0ml of the
vehicle (normal saline) via oral route respectively. The administration
of ethanolic extract of D. tripetala for 14 days produced a significant
(P&lt;0.05) decrease in RBC and WBC counts in group 2 versus group 1
(control) but the decrease in RBC and WBC counts in group 3 were not
significant compared to group 1. There was no significant difference in
PCV and haemoglobin levels in groups 2 and 3 compared to control. The
differential WBC results showed a significant increase (P&lt;0.001) in
neutrophil count in group 2 versus group 1. While neutrophil count in
group 3 was significantly decreased (P&lt;0.001) compared to group 1.
There was a significant decrease (P&lt;0.01) in eosinophil count in
groups 2 and 3 when compared to the control group. From the results,
there was a significant decrease (P&lt;0.001) in lymphocyte count in
group 2 while a significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in lymphocyte count
was observed in group 3 when compared to the control group. There were
no significant differences in basophils and monocytes counts in groups
2 and 3 compared to the control group. The study shows that D.
tripetala extract, given at moderate to high doses may have hematotoxic
effect, but the effect was worse with moderate doses.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080052008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08005Obembe, A. O.Antai, A. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of Nigeriapregnancy primagravidae, multiparity, grand multiparous serum
electrolyte, blood pressureenEffect Of Multiparity On Electrolyte Composition And Blood PressurePregnancy affects the physiology of the pregnant woman particularly the
endocrine, cardiovascular and the renal systems. This work was
therefore set to ascertain the state of electrolytes in pregnancy and
how it affects blood pressure using multiparity as a factor. One
hundred and twenty (120) women were used in this study. The
non-pregnant groups were the nulliparous (control) and grand
multiparous women who have stopped gestation (GMS) for at least five
years. The pregnant groups were made up of 30 primigravidae (PG) and 30
grand multiparous (GMP). The pregnant groups (PG and GMP) were further
divided into first, second and third trimesters. The subjects were aged
matched with controls. Serum electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) were
measured using standard methods. The results show that there was no
significant difference in the electrolyte composition among the groups
and between trimesters. There was also no significant difference in
blood pressure among the groups and between trimesters in the pregnant
groups irrespective of parity. Multiparity therefore may not pose any
severe threat to health.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080062008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08006Olaleye, Samuel. B.Owoyele, Victor B.Odukanmi, A. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLandolphia owariensis, antiulcer, gastric secretion, ratenAntiulcer And Gastric Antisecretory Effects Of Landolphia owariensis
Extracts In RatsWater, Methanol and Chloroform Extracts of Landolphia owariensis were
investigated for their effects on gastric acid secretion and ulceration
in male albino rats. Two models of gastric lesion induced in
experimental Wistar rats- HC1/ethanol- induced gastric lesions and
Pylorus ligation-induced gastric lesions – were employed. In both
models, the antiulcer activity of LA was compared with that of
cimetidine (100 mg kg p.o.). In the HCl/Ethanol model,ulcer index and
mucus production was determined. In pylorus ligated rat, ulcer index,
mucus production, total volume of gastric juice and gastric acidity
level were measured. Pre-treatment of animals with the aqueous extracts
(100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) orally once daily for two weeks significantly
reduced formation of ulcers induced by HCl/ethanol mixture, the
percentage inhibition being 43.8% and 55.27% respectively. The
Chloroform extract afforded the least protection with 23.07% and 14.77%
inhibition. This was also accompanied by significant increases in
gastric mucus production. In pylorus ligated rats, total volume of
gastric juice and gastric acidity was significantly decreased as
compared to control group, to levels comparable to that produced by
cimetidine. The results indicate that the leaf extracts of LO contains
antiulcer principles.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080072008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08007Olayaki, L. A.Soladoye, A. O.Salman, T. M.Joraiah, B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPhotoperiod, Sperm motility, Sperm viability, Sperm counts, Testicular
weight.enEffects Of Photoperiod On Testicular Functions In Male Sprague-Dawley
RatsVariation in reproductive status in response to photoperiods has been
observed in laboratory rats. We investigated the effects of photoperiod
on testicular activity in Sprague-Dawley rats ( Rattus norvigicus )
maintained in experimental photoperiodic condition. Twenty four adult
male rats weighing 170±10g were conditioned to different lighting
conditions of Light/Dark (LD) Cycle for 6 weeks. Group 1, Control group
(LD12:12, light on from 07:00hr to 19:00hr). Group 2, Short Photoperiod
group (LD 8:16hr, light on from 09:00hr to 17:00hr). Group 3, Long
Photoperiod group (LD 16:8hr, light on from 05:00hr to 21:00hr). A
significant influence of different lighting conditions on the
testicular parameters was observed. Short photoperiod showed a
suppressing effect (P&lt;0.001) on testicular weight, sperm motility
sperm viability and sperm counts, while long photoperiod had an
inducing, though insignificant, effect on the measured parameters. The
results confirmed that Sprague-Dawley rats are photoresponsive and
changes in the photoperiod could influence their reproductive
functions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080082008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08008Saganuwan, S.A.Ahur, V. M.Yohanna, C.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAcute, toxicity, potassium permanganate, albino, miceenAcute Toxicity Studies Of Potassium Permanganate In Swiss Albino MiceAcute toxicity study of potassium permanganate was carried out in Swiss
albino mice. Potassium permanganate was administered at dose rate of
0.0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 and 3500mg/kg body weight to
groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, ten per group for LD50 determination.
The dead animals were posted for gross lesions. A predetermined dose of
160mg/kg of the chemical was administered to experimental group of 12
mice, whereas control group of 12 mice received 16ml/kg body weight of
distilled water for a period of 7 days. Grower’s marsh and water
were provided ad libitum. The animals were weighed daily before
administration of potassium permanganate. On the eighth day 1ml of
blood sample was collected from both control and experimental mice for
haematology and plasma biochemistry into ethylene diamine tetraacetic
acid bottles. The median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated at
1449.7mg/kg body weight. There was no significant difference between
the mean weight of control and experimental group. Haematological and
biochemical parameters of both control and experimental groups did not
increase significantly though there was a significant (P&lt;0.05)
decrease in chloride ion level in plasma. Toxicity signs observed are
rapid and shallow respiration, rough hair coat, dullness, diarrhoea,
bloat, gastroenteritis, congestion of liver, paleness of lungs and
hypochloraemia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080092008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08009Lawal, H. A.Atiku, M. K.Khelpai, D. G.Wannang, N. N.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMurraya koenigii, Hypoglycaemia, diabetes mellitus, plasma glucoseenHypoglycaemic And Hypolipidaemic Effects Of The Aqueous Leaf Extract Of
Murraya koenigii InNormal And Alloxan – Diabetic RatsThe hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Murraya koenigii
was studied in normal and alloxan- induced diabetic rats. The extract
was administered orally at 100 mg/Kg, 150 mg/Kg and 200 mg/Kg
bodyweight each to respective groups of animals (Groups I, II and III)
for seven days. Group IV received normal saline and served as control
for the normal rats. For the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the same
dosage pattern was administered to three groups of rats for seven days
(Groups V, VI and VII) while group VIII which received normal saline
served as control. At the various dose levels administered, the glucose
lowering effect was more pronounced in the alloxan-diabetic rats than
in control rats. When compared with chlorpropamide, the glucose
lowering effect of aqueous extract of Murraya koenigii was
significantly (p &lt;0.05) lower at the dose levels administered in
both normal and alloxan-diabetic rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080102008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08010Anetor, J. I.Ajose, F.Anetor, G. O.Iyanda, A. A.Babalola, O. O.Adeniyi, F. A. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCadmium, Carcinogenesis, Cadmium:zinc ratio, Smokers, Prostate cancer,
Biomarker, MutationenHigh Cadmium / Zinc Ratio In Cigarette Smokers: Potential Implications
As A Biomarker Of Risk Of Prostate Cancer.Tobacco smoke may be one of the most common sources of cadmium (Cd) in
the general population, particularly in the rising population of
smokers in developing countries. Although a relationship between both
cigarette smoking and environmental Cd contamination with prostate
cancer exist, the mechanisms are unclear. Most prospective cohort
studies found a positive association between current smoking and a
fatal cancer of the prostate. We investigated the interaction between
zinc and cadmium and the potential risk of prostate cancer in smokers.
Serum cadmium level was significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher in smokers
compared with non-smokers, the level in smokers was three-fold that in
non-smokers. In contrast zinc was significantly (P&lt;0.001) reduced in
smokers compared with non-smokers. Unlike Zn, Cu was significantly
(P&lt;0.05) higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Iron (Fe) though
higher in smokers was not significantly different. Zinc: cadmium ratio
was very significantly (P&lt;0.001) reduced, implying high cadmium:
zinc ratio. This ratio was 4.5-fold the level in non-smokers. Total
protein, albumin and total globulin levels were all significantly
(P&lt;0.001) reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers respectively.
Potassium (K+) was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in smokers than in
non-smokers. Magnesium (Mg) was significantly (P&lt;0.01) reduced in
smokers compared to non-smokers. Altered Zn status culminating in high
Cd:Zn ratio appears the central factor in smokers; leading to oxidative
stress, DNA damage, mutation, impaired DNA repair, P53 expression,
angiogenic effect of Cu and impaired vitamin A metabolism. These
converge in the risk of the carcinogenic process, suggesting high Cd:
Zn ratio as the critical determinant of the risk of prostate cancer in
smokers and possibly a biomarker of susceptibility to this
environmental disease.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080112008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08011Ekong, M. B.Igiri, A. O.Mesembe, O. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAmodiaquine, anxiety, exploration, neurobehaviour, total locomotor
activity, Wistar rat.enThe Effect Of Administration Of Amodiaquine On Some Parameters Of
Neurobehaviour Of Wistar RatsThe effect of administration of Amodiaquine (AQ) on some parameters of
neurobehaviour of Wistar rats was carried out. Twenty adult Wistar rats
weighing between 160-190g were divided equally into four groups. Group
1 served as the control, while groups 2, 3 and 4 were the experimental
groups. The control group received distilled water. Groups 2 and 3 were
treated with 8.75mg/kg and 17.50mg/kg respectively of AQ for three
days, while group 4 was treated with 8.75mg/kg of AQ for six days.
Neurobehaviour test using the open field was carried out twelve hours
after the last administrations. There were no significant differences
between the control and the experimental groups in total locomotor
activity (TLA), central square duration (CSD), stretch-attend (SA) and
defecation. In the central square frequency (CSF), group 3 was
significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than all the groups, while the control
was the same as group 4, but higher than group 2, with the difference
not being significant. In conclusion, AQ increased TLA and exploration,
while simultaneously reducing anxiety in Wistar rats and these were
dose dependent.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080122008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08012Jombo, G. T. A.Enenebeaku, M. N. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRicinus communis, Fermented, Seed Extracts, Antimicrobial
Susceptibility.enAntibacterial Profile Of Fermented Seed Extracts Of Ricinus communis :
Findings From A Preliminary AnalysisThe study was carried out to ascertain the antibacterial properties
inherent in fermented seed extracts of Ricinus communis . Dry seeds of
R. communis (Castor oil plant) were deshelled, grounded to powder,
fermented, and then extracted both with alcohol and water using Soxhlet
machine. Different concentrations of the extracts were tested against
selected bacteria using diffusion method of susceptibility testing on
sensitivity testing agar medium. Klebsiella pneumoniae , Escherichia
coli , Proteus vulgaris , and Staphylococcus aureus were highly
susceptible to both the methanol and water extracts of the seed while
Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed reduced susceptibility. Enterococcus
faecalis on the other hand was resistant to all the preparations
tested. The active antimicrobial ingredients in fermented R. communis
seeds should be identified while its medicinal value to humans properly
investigated.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080132008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08013Amadi, K.Sabo, A. M.Ogunkeye, O. O.Oluwole, F. S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaThyroid Hormone, HIV/AIDS, TSH, T4, Seropositive / Negative,
Hypothyroidism.enThyroid Hormone: A "Prime Suspect" In Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
(HIV/AIDS) Patients?Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final and most serious
stage of the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus. The Immune
system is the target of AIDS. We investigate presently any possible
involvement of thyroid hormone, the deficiency of which gives rise to
oedema and susceptibility to nonspecific infections; with a view to
finding the primary factor seeding the disease. It has been reported
that circumcision reduced the incidence of HIV/AIDS infection. Beyond
circumcision however there might be some constitutional factor that
comprises HIV infection to clinical AIDS. It is against this background
that our research team turned to possible dyshormonopoisis and to
thyroid hormone as a prime suspect among other possible factors that
cause clinical AIDS. Moreover the hormone has been reported to be
crucial for optimum immune function. A population of 200 seropositive
AIDS patients were investigated against a control of 50 subjects made
up of 25 healthy circumcised males and 25 healthy females; all of who
were seronegative for the disease. The parameters investigated include
thyrotropin (TSH), Thyroxine (T4), Total protein (TP), Albumin (Alb),
Globulin (Glob), Immune complex (IC3) and Bence Jones proteins (BJP)
levels in serum or urine. All seropositive clinically HIV/AIDS patients
were hypothyroid. Seronegatives had significantly higher T4, TP, and
Alb levels at P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.05 for Glob than seropositives.
Seropositive females exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher levels
of IC3 than seronegative males. The globulin levels of all HIV patients
were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than control. BJP was also
isolated in the urine of patients. The findings suggest that thyroid
hormone deficiency is a primary culprit for the other inert or dormant
factors to be activated.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080142008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08014Nwagha, U. I.Ugwu, O. V.Nwagha, T. UAnyaehie, U. S. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAntenatal care, Parity, Socio-dermographic characteristicsenThe Influence Of Parity On The Gestational Age At Booking Among
Pregnant Women In Enugu, South East NigeriaAntenatal care utilization is influenced by several factors. Due to our
peculiar socioeconomic and cultural circumstances, gestational age at
booking may be affected by certain variables. The aim of this study was
to determine the influence of parity and other socio demographic
factors on gestational age at booking amongst pregnant women in Enugu,
South Eastern Nigeria. This is a prospective multicenter survey of
randomly selected 928 pregnant women attending antenatal care for the
first time in three hospitals in Enugu between January1 2006 to
December 31, 2007. The average age was 30.22 ± 5.2 yrs. The
average age of the primigravidae at booking was 29.16 ±5.6yrs. The
average gestational age at booking for all the pregnant women studied
was 26.12± 7.6 weeks. Parity significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced
the gestational age at booking (24.00 ±7.9weeks versus 27.16
±7.5weeks versus 26.12±7.6weeks for the primigravidae,
multigravidae and grandmultiparous women respectively. 856 (92.24%)
booked late for antenatal care after the first trimester. Occupation
did not have significant influence on gestational age at booking. It is
concluded that parity significantly influenced the gestational age at
booking in Enugu.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080152008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08015Iyare, E. E.Adegoke, O.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHibiscus sabdariffa; delayed puberty onset; rat offspringenMechanism Of The Delayed Puberty Onset In Offspring Of Rats That
Consumed Aqueous Extract Of Hibiscus sabdariffa During PregnancyConsumption of extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (family: malvaceae)
during pregnancy has been shown to cause maternal malnutrition which
has been linked to various adverse conditions like increased postnatal
weight gain, delayed puberty onset and elevated body weight and body
mass index at onset of puberty in the female offspring. The present
study was designed to investigate the possible mechanism underlying
this. Eighteen in-bred pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were on day 1 of
pregnancy, randomly divided into three groups of six animals each.
Group A (control) was given tap water to drink. Group B was given 0.6g
extract/100ml while Group C was given 1.8g extract/100ml as their
drinking solution. All groups received normal rat chow and their
drinking solution ad libitum. Fluid and food intake and dam weights
were measured daily throughout pregnancy. On gestational day 18, blood
sample was withdrawn from each rat for estimation of plasma Na ion and
corticosterone levels. On the day of delivery, the solutions of the
extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa were withdrawn and replaced with tap
water. After 21 days, the pups were weaned to tap water and food ad
libitum. Pups weight and age and body mass index at onset of puberty
were measured. The results of the present study showed that the
increased postnatal weight gain, delayed puberty onset and elevated
body mass index at onset of puberty in the offspring of rats that
consumed HS during pregnancy was associated with elevated maternal
plasma Na ion and corticosterone levels during pregnancy.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080162008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08016Oluwole, F. S.Ayo, J. A.Omolaso, B. O.Emikpe, B. O.Adesanwo, J. K.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaTetracera potatoria, gastroprotective, gastric mucus secretion,
superoxide dismutaseenMethanolic Extract Of Tetracera potatoria , An Antiulcer Agent
Increases Gastric Mucus Secretion And Endogenous AntioxidantsIn this study, the possible mechanism underlying the antiulcer activity
of the methanolic extract of the root of Tetracera potatoria (MeTp)
was studied in albino rats. Misoprostol and omeprazole were used as
reference drugs. The animals had MeTp administered to them at varying
doses of 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. MeTp significantly
(P&lt;0.05) increased gastric mucus secretion and gastric mucus cell
counts when compared to control. MeTp treated animals also showed
significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the activity of superoxide
dismutase (SOD) with concurrent decrease in the level of malonialdehyde
(MDA) with respect to control. These findings suggest that part of the
gastroprotective property of MeTp is associated with the ability of the
extract to cause stimulation of gastric mucus secretion through
increased number of gastric mucus cells. Increased SOD-activity and
decreased MDA-levels further lend support to its gastroprotective
effect.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080172008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08017Ibeawuchi, C. U.Ajayi, O. I.Ebeigbe, A. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKetamine; Vascular Smooth Muscle; Rabbit AortaenVascular Effects Of Ketamine In Isolated Rabbit Aortic Smooth MuscleThe precise mechanism by which ketamine induces relaxation of vascular
smooth muscle is not clear. The goal of this study was to further
characterize the vascular actions of ketamine in rabbit aortic smooth
muscles. Ring segments (2mm) of rabbit aortae were suspended in 20ml
organ baths containing physiological salt solution (PSS) and isometric
contractions were recorded at 37°C and pH 7.4. The medium was
bubbled with 95% O2, 5% CO2, and rings were given an initial load of
2g. An equilibration period of 90 minutes was allowed. Three protocols
were examined: (a) Effect of ketamine on baseline tension (b)
relaxation-responses to ketamine following precontractions induced by
10-7 M phenylephrine or high K+ (40mM) PSS and (c) Influence of
presence or absence of endothelium on the relaxation response to
ketamine. Ketamine produced relaxation of contractile responses induced
by both phenylephrine and High K+. The respective maximum relaxation
responses induced by ketamine following precontractions by
phenylephrine and high-K+ were 76.8 ± 2.3 and 71.2 ± 8.0 (p
&gt; 0.05). Ach-induced relaxation was observed only in rings with
intact endothelium whereas ketamine-induced relaxation was observed in
intact as well as endothelium-denuded rings; this suggests that
ketamine-induced relaxation of rabbit aortic smooth muscle is
independent of vascular endothelium.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080182008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08018Iyare, E. E.Adegoke, O. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHibiscus sabdariffa; postnatal weight gain; onset of pubertyenMaternal Consumption Of An Aqueous Extract Of Hibiscus sabdariffa
During Lactation Accelerates Postnatal Weight And Delays Onset Of
Puberty In Female OffspringThe present study was designed to investigate whether maternal
consumption of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) during
lactation will affect the postnatal growth and onset of puberty in the
female offspring. Eighteen in-bred virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats
aged between 10-12 weeks and weighing 125 ± 5.5g (mean ± SEM)
with two consecutive regular 4-day estrus cycles were randomly assigned
to one of three groups of 6rats/group. One group had tap water
(Control); another had 0.6g/100ml while the third group had 1.8g/100ml
in their drinking water throughout lactation (21 days). Results showed
that HS consumption during lactation significantly (P&lt;0.05)
decreased maternal fluid and food intake, increased postnatal weight
gain and delays the onset of puberty in the female offspring.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080192008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08019Obembe, A. O.Okwari, O. O.Owu, D. U.Antai, A. B.Osim, E. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPalm oil, intestinal motility, transit, atropineenIntestinal Motility And Transit Following Chronic Ingestion Of
Different Forms Of Palm Oil DietsThis study was aimed at finding the effect of palm oil diets on the
small intestinal motor activity and transit in rats. Adult albino
Wistar rats were divided into three groups of ten rats each. The first
group was fed on rat chow containing 15% (wt/wt) of fresh palm oil
diets for fifteen weeks. The second was fed on rat chow containing 15%
(wt/wt) thermally oxidized diet while the third group was the control
and so was fed on rat chow only. Water and feed were allowed freely to
all the groups. Intestinal motility and transit were measured after the
feeding period. Results show that there was a significant increase
(P&lt;0.05) in basal tone of the ileum from rats fed on thermally
oxidized palm oil diet when compared with fresh palm oil fed and
control diets respectively. Contraction to acetylcholine (10-11 –
10-5 M) showed a biphasic tone with highest contraction at lower doses
of acetylcholine and lowest tone at 10-7 M in both fresh palm oil-fed
and thermally oxidized oil-fed groups when compared with control. There
was a significant (P&lt;0.05) attenuation of inhibition of atropine
effect in the oxidized oil fed group when compared with control while
there was a significant (P&lt;0.01) increase in transit of food
material in the intestine of oxidized oil-fed group when compared with
control and fresh palm oil-fed groups. These results show that chronic
ingestion of oxidized palm oil diet causes an increase in basal tone of
ileum and enhances intestinal motility and transit in the rat.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080202008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08020Olabiyi, A. O.Akpantah, A. O.Oyerinde, O. FGbotolorun, S. C.Eluwa, M. A.Ekanem, T. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHair distribution, Phalanges, Hand, Yoruba.enThe Distribution Of Hair On The Phalanges Of A Sample Population Of
Nigerian Yorubas In Relation To Sex, Age And Job TypeFive hundred adults aged between 18 - 35 years were used for the study.
The aim of this study was to provide a reference document for Nigerians
on the distribution of phalangeal hair using a sample population of
Yorubas resident in Ilorin and to assess the effect of job type, age
and sex hair distribution. With the help of a hand lens, the pattern
and frequency of hair distribution on the proximal, intermediate and
distal were randomly chosen from the population. Proximal phalangeal
hair was absent in 10 (2%) individuals who were all males. The highest
frequency distribution (51%) was found on the 2-3-4-5, digits of
proximal phalanges (26% in males and 25% females) while the least (1%)
was the 3-5; 1-2-3-5 digital pattern. It was observed that the
frequency of middle phalangeal hair was low (1%). Females had less
phalangeal hair. Hair was absent on the distal phalanges. Distribution
is similar to other populations reported. Age was not a factor in the
distribution but individual's job type and sex had effect on hair
distribution. Hence people engaged in wet work should wear gloves.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080212008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08021Jombo, G. T. A.Jonah, P.Ayeni, J. APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAntimicrobial Susceptibility; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; UTIenMultidrug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa In Contemporary Medical
Practice: Findings From Urinary Isolates At A Nigerian University
Teaching HospitalPseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacterium that is often encountered in
urinary tract infection (UTI) worldwide and has shown varied antibiotic
susceptibility patterns. This study was therefore designed to ascertain
the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the organism in Jos. Data on
antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa generated from urine
samples by the Microbiology laboratory of Jos University Teaching
Hospital (JUTH) was compiled for a period of three years (July 2001-
June 2004). Additional information was obtained from the records
department of the hospital. Samples were collected, stored and
processed using standard laboratory procedures. The rate of isolation
of P. aeruginosa from urine samples was found to be 4.6% (n=127) from
12,458 samples. From male population 34% (n=43) were isolated and 66%
(n=84) were recovered from females population with a significant (P
&lt; 0.05) gender difference. All the 100% isolates of P. aeruginosa
were resistant to penicillin, cloxacillin, tetracycline, nitrofurantoin
and nalidixic acid. While 67% were sensitive to augmentin, sensitivity
to ofloxacin was 92%, ciprofloxacin 92% and cefuroxime (86%). The
resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa from urine against antibiotics was
extremely high. Prophylactic antibiotic medication against UTI should
be carefully weighed against this undesirable possible outcome
(resistance). Susceptibility testing should be adopted as a basic
routine laboratory procedure in hospitals and clinics in order to guide
appropriately on the right choice of antibiotics. Finally, ofloxacin,
ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime should be considered on isolation of P.
aeruginosa from UTI, especially in the absence of a sensitivity report
as well as for prophylactic options.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080222008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08022Mojiminiyi, F. B. O.Merenu, I. A.Ibrahim, M. T. O.Njoku, C. H.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCement dust exposure; haematologic parameters; liver function tests.enThe Effect Of Cement Dust Exposure On Haematological And Liver Function
Parameters Of Cement Factory Workers In Sokoto, NigeriaThis study measured haematological and liver function parameters in
workers occupationally exposed to cement dust in order to test the
hypothesis that cement dust exposure may perturb these functions.
Assessment of haematological parameters and liver function were
performed in 23 workers occupationally exposed to cement dust (mean
years of exposure = 9.6± 1.5 years) and 46 matched unexposed
controls. The haemoglobin concentration (P&lt; 0.001) and packed cell
volume (P&lt; 0.02) of exposed workers were significantly lower and the
platelet (P&lt;0.01) and white cell counts (P&lt; 0.05) were
significantly higher than in the unexposed workers. There was no
significant difference in the total granulocyte and lymphocyte/monocyte
counts. The liver function parameters remained similar in the exposed
workers compared to the unexposed except serum aspartate
aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities which were
significantly lower (P&lt;0.05). These results suggest that
occupational exposure to cement dust may perturb haemopoietic function
while preserving liver function.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np080232008-06-02np2008-06-02http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np08023Mojiminiyi, F. B. O.Owolabi, M. E.Igbokwe, U. V.Ajagbonna, O. P.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2008 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCa2+; Vasorelaxant activity; Viscum album, .EGTA, KClenThe Vasorelaxant Effect Of Viscum album Leaf Extract Is Mediated By
Calcium-Dependent MechanismsViscum album leaf extract has a folk reputation as an
antihypertensive agent in Nigeria. Evidence suggests that it has a
relaxant effect on smooth muscle. The present study was designed to
investigate the role of calcium in the vasorelaxant effect of this
extract. Concentration response studies to noradrenaline, KCl and CaCl2
were carried out in rat aortic rings with and without the extract in
physiological salt solution (n=6 each). Also the role of intracellular
calcium mobilisation was studied by measuring the phasic response to
noradrenaline in Ca2+-free EGTA physiological salt solution (n=6). The
contractile responses to noradrenaline or KCl were attenuated
(P&lt;0.05) and shifted to the right in the presence of the extract.
Also the contractile response to CaCl2 in the presence of noradrenaline
or KCl was attenuated (P&lt;0.05) and shifted to the right, while the
phasic response to noradrenaline was significantly (P&lt;0.05)
diminished These results suggest that the vasorelaxant effect of Viscum
album extract may be mediated by a non-specific non-competitive
inhibition of Ca2+ influx as well as inhibition of Ca2+ mobilization
from intracellular stores. This implies that it may contain
vasorelaxant agents that may have calcium antagonistic potential.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 23 Num 1-2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090012010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09001Obianime, A. W.Aprioku, J. S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSemen parameters, testis, spermatogenesis, Leydig cells, synergy and
ACT.enComparative Study Of Artesunate, Acts And Their Combinants On The
Spermatic Parameters Of The Male Guinea-PigIn this study, the comparative effects of half, normal and double
clinical doses of artesunate; artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine;
artesunate/amodiaquine and their combinants (sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
and amodiaquine) on the semen parameters- total sperm count, motility,
morphology, debris and premature/primordial cell count of the male
guinea-pig were investigated. The agents caused significant (p&lt;0.05)
decreases in total sperm count and sperm motility, with increases in
abnormal sperm cells (morphology), debris and premature sperm cells.
The effects were maximal at the subclinical doses and synergistic in
the ACTs, compared to those of the individual partner agents.
Artesunate, amodiaquine and artesunate/amodiaquine caused 54, 28 and
84% decreases in total sperm count, with 13, 31 and 64% decreases in
sperm motility respectively. Conversely, the above drugs increased
baseline morphology by 70, 30 and 264% respectively. Similar
synergistic responses were obtained with
artesunate/sufadoxine/pyrimethamine. These results may be explained in
terms of the oxidative effects of these agents, through generation of
free radicals, resulting in pathological damage to testicular
structure/function.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090022010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09002Iranloye, B. O.Bolarinwa, A. F.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNicotine administration, cigarette smoking, visceral organsenEffect Of Nicotine Administration On Weight And Histology Of Some Vital
Visceral Organs In Female Albino RatsIt has been emphasized that cigarette smoking is not always synonymous
with nicotine administration but the toxic effect of cigarette has
often been associated with the nicotine content in cigarette.
Epidemiologic studies have clearly indicated that cigarette smoking
have many deleterious effects on visceral tissues in women. However it
is not certain whether this effect is produced entirely by nicotine as
cigarettes contain other toxic substances. Using an animal model the
direct effect of nicotine administration on viscera tissues in female
albino rats was investigated. Twenty-four female rats with regular
oestrous cycle in the same phase of the cycle were divided into two
equal groups with each group receiving 0.5mg/kg nicotine and 0.9%
normal saline S.C. daily respectively. Six rats from each group were
killed by cervical dissociation after 30 and 60 days treatment. The
ovary, uterus, brain, kidney, heart, adrenal, pituitary and the liver
were removed weighed and histological study carried out. Weights of the
ovary, kidney, pituitary and uterus were significantly reduced (P&lt;
0.05) following nicotine treatment while weights of the heart and liver
increased with 60days treatment with the appearance of cartilaginous
cells in the heart and deposition of adipose around the portal vein in
the liver. Necrosis, congestion, fibrosis, follicular and endometrial
degeneration were observed in the brain, pituitary, kidney, ovary and
uterus respectively. No significant difference between the weekly
growth rates in nicotine treated (5.13 ± .29)and control (5.25
± 0.18) animals. Nicotine has deleterious effects on some vital
visceral organs with observations similar to those reported in women
smokers.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090032010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09003Udoh, P. B.Udoh, F. V.Umoren, E. B.James, U. W.Okeke, C. P.Agwu, B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAlkaloid extracts, Caricapryl, infertility and pituitary
gonadotrophins, male rats.enEffect Of Caricapryl-99 Seed Alkaloid Extract On The Serum Levels Of
Sex Hormones And Pituitary Gonadotrophins In Male Albino RatsActivity of alkaloid extract of caricapryl–99 seeds ( Carica
papaya Linn seeds) on the serum levels of steroid hormones was
studied in adult male albino rats. Three tolerated doses obtained from
the graph of percectage toxicity (10, 50 and 150 mg/kg) were separately
administered orally, daily for three days to three groups of male rats
(n=5) while group four of 5 rats received the vehicle (corn oil) as
control. The results showed that 10mg/kg/d caused increase serum levels
of FSH and estrogen but decrease in the serum levels of LH and
testosterone compared to control; 50mg/kg/d elevated the serum levels
of FSH, estrogen but inhibited testosterone; while 150mg/kg/d
pretreatments caused a significant decrease (p&lt;0.01) in the serum
levels of FSH, LH and testosterone. The results permitted the
conclusion that caricapryl-99 treatment inhibited the serum level of
the androgen, testosterone which might result in a male infertility.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090042010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09004Garba, S. H.Sambo, N.Bala, U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKohautia grandiflora, paracetamol, liver enzymes, hepatotoxicityenThe Effect Of The Aqueous Extract Of Kohautia grandiflora On
Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage In Albino RatsThis study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effect
of the aqueous extract of Kohautia grandiflora on paracetamol induced
hepatotoxicity in rats. A total of 20 albino rats of the Wister strain
weighing 120-180g were used for the study. The animals were divided
into 4 groups of 5-rats each (I-IV). Groups I, II and III served as the
normal, paracetamol and plant extract controls and were administered
with normal saline, 500mgkg-1 of paracetamol and 300mg/kg of the plant
extract respectively for 7 days while rats in group IV served as the
treatment group and were pre-treated with 300mg/kg of the plant extract
respectively for 7 days before 500mg/kg of paracetamol was administered
on the 8th day. At the end of the experimental period, blood was
obtained from each rat for the determination of serum levels of
aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline
phosphatase (ALP), albumin and bilirubin. Biochemical analysis of the
serum obtained showed a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in the levels
of AST, ALT, ALP and Albumin in rats administered with 500mg/kg of
paracetamol and 300mg/kg of the extract respectively. Pre-treatment of
the animals with the extract caused a decrease in the levels of these
enzymes. Histopathological assessments of the liver sections of rats
administered with 500mg/kg of paracetamol and 300mg/kg of the extract
showed congestion of the venous sinusoids, necrosis, edema, mononuclear
infiltration and cloudy swellings with the severity higher in the
paracetamol treated group. Pre-treatment with 300mg/kg of the extract
revealed a slight hepatoprotection compared with the rats that were
administered with paracetamol alone. This study has shown that the
aqueous extract of Kohautia grandiflora possesses slight
hepatoprotective property.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090052010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09005Obika, L. F. O.Idu, F. K.George, G. O.Ajayi, O. I.Mowoe, R. S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDehydration, Thirst perception, Fluid intake, Gargling, Drinking.enThirst Perception And Drinking In Euhydrate And Dehydrate Human
SubjectsStudies on how the body senses the need to correct extracellular and
intracellular volumes and ionic concentration changes is relatively
scanty. The present studies were designed to determine the effect of
oral distilled water (DW) and saline loads, gargling with DW and DW
preload on thirst perception (TP) and drinking in euhydrate and
dehydrated subjects. The subjects were healthy male volunteers between
the ages of 17 and 35 years. Group A subjects were given DW or various
concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) orally. Subjects in groups B,
C and D were dehydrated for 18 hours before the experiment. Group B
gargled 500ml of DW in divided volume of 50ml at five minutes interval
over a period of 50 minutes. Group C gargled with DW and different
concentrations of NaCl. Group D were preloaded with four volumes of DW
before ad libitum DW intake. TP was rated using the Visual Analogue
Scale. Results showed that in Group A, drinking DW reduced TP,
suggesting that baseline TP in normal euhydrate subjects is slightly
elevated. Drinking DW reduced TP more than drinking NaCl solutions.
Gargling resulted in a gradual fall in TP. The decrease in TP was
statistically significant after 30 minutes of gargling. Gargling with
different concentrations of NaCl solutions resulted in significant
reductions in TP in all the groups. There was a significant decrease in
TP in the group preloaded with 1000ml of distilled water at 5 minutes
of rehydration. At 20 minutes TP was abolished suggesting that
approximately 1000ml of water was needed for the rehydration. These
results show that baseline TP in euhydrates is elevated and that TP
increases in dehydrated subjects. Gargling reduces TP, but did not
abolish thirst. It is suggested that a fall in plasma osmolality due to
drinking may be responsible for abolishing thirst.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090062010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09006Salahdeen, H. M.Alada, A. R. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCaffeine, kolanut, dog, glucose uptake, hindlimbenEffects Of Caffeine And Ethanolic Extract Of Kolanut On Glucose Uptake
In The Canine Hindlimb At Rest And During ContractionThe study investigated the effects of caffeine and ethanolic extract of
kolanut (EEK) on glucose uptake in the canine hindlimb at rest and
during contraction. Thirty male anaesthetized Mongrel dogs (11 - 13kg)
were divided into six groups (5dogs/group). Caffeine (6mg/kg), EEK
(5mg/kg), or normal saline (control) was administered intravenously to
each group at rest. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected at
0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes after drug
administration. Blood glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method.
Arterio-venous (A-V) glucose difference was calculated and venous blood
flow (VBF) was measured during the sampling period. Hindlimb Glucose
Uptake (HGU) was calculated as the product of (A-V) glucose and blood
flow. After sampling at rest, the experiments were repeated with the
right femoral nerve stimulated using electrical stimulator at 5Hz. At
rest, (A-V) glucose increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) from
4.2±0.2mg/dl to 29.8 ± 8.6, and 24.4±2.6 for caffeine
and EEK respectively. VBF decreased to 2.0±0.9 and
6.0±0.6ml/min for caffeine and EEK respectively. However, HGU
significantly increased from 34.8±0.1mg/min to 74.5±3.2mg/min
and 175.8±3.4mg/min for caffeine and EEK, respectively.
Contraction of the hindlimb muscle alone significantly increased the
(A-V) glucose (68%), VBF (26%) and HGU (120%) when compared with the
control. During contraction, (A-V) glucose increased from
4.3±1.5mg/dl to 35.6±3.0mg/dl, and 27.0±2.2mg/dl for
caffeine and EEK respectively. VBF also increased from
8.4±0.3ml/min to 12.8±0.3ml/min for EEK. Although,
contraction improves VBF (7.3±0.5ml/min) to the hindlimb in
response to caffeine, the value was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower
than that of control (8.4±0.5ml/min). Contraction also
significantly increased HGU from 35.8±3.6mg/min to 249.0±3.3
and 286.72±2.0mg/min for caffeine and EEK, respectively. The
results showed that caffeine and EEK significantly increased HGU and
that these effects are due to the increases in glucose extraction
((A-V) glucose) caused by caffeine and EEK.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090072010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09007Ahumibe, A. A.Braide, V. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGarcinia kola; erythrocyte osmotic fragility; haematological
parameters; serum cholesterol triglyceridesenEffect Of Gavage Treatment With Pulverised Garcinia kola Seeds On
Erythrocyte Membrane Integrity And Selected Haematological Indices In
Male Albino Wistar RatsThis study examines the effect of the whole seed of Garcinia kola
(GKS) on various blood parameters, in adult male albino rats. Five
groups, of 6 animals per group, were treated by gavage with suspensions
of graded concentrations of GKS daily for 5 weeks. The animals were
then sacrificed and blood was obtained for estimation of the data
herein presented. Packed red cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin
concentration (Hb), and red blood cell count (RBC) showed significantly
(P &lt; 0.05, Student’s t-test) increased response to treatment
with GKS; while the platelet and white blood cell (WBC) counts showed
no corresponding increase with increasing GKS dosage. The mean red
blood cell volume (MCV) and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) levels decreased
with increasing GKS dosage. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial
thromboplastin time (APPT) were both prolonged with increased GKS
dosage; while the serum lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides)
decreased significantly (P&lt; 0.05, Student’s t-test) with
increased GKS dosage.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090082010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09008Agada, P. O.Braide, V. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGarcina kola seeds; electrolytes; trace metalsenEffect Of Dietary Garcinia kola Seed On Selected Serum Electrolytes
And Trace Metals In Male Albino RatsThe effects of various doses of dietary intake of Garcinia kola seed
powder [incorporated in animal feed at levels of 5% w/w, 10% w/w and
20% w/w and fed daily for six weeks] on serum levels of selected
electrolytes (K+, Na+, CI-, HCO-3, Mg2+ and Ca2+) and trace metals
(Cu2+ Zn2+ and Mn2+) were studied in male albino rats (100-150g body
wt). The pair –fed controls received basal feed diet daily for
six weeks. Results showed a significant (P&lt; 0.05) dose dependent
elevation of serum CI-, HCO-3, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+. These
findings point to a possible relationship with already documented
histopathology of various organs (such as the gonads) induced by
Garcinia kolaseed. It is also conjectured that the documented
antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, antidiabetic and
antifertility effects of Garcinia kola seed may have underlying
involvement of alterations in body levels of trace metals and
electrolytes.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090092010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09009Achukwu, P. U.Ufelle, S. A.Ukaejiofo, E. O.Ejezie, F. E.Nwachukwu, D. N.Nwagha, U. I.Nworie, W. C.Anyaehie, U. S. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPotassium bromate, blood count, reduced platelet count.enThe Effect Of Potassium Bromate On Some Haematological Parameters Of
Wistar RatsPotassium bromate used widely in foods has been associated with various
complications in humans. However there is paucity of literature on
adverse effects on haematological parameters. Thus we decided to carry
out an experimental study to determine the effects of potassium bromate
on some blood indices using Wister rats. Twenty (20) male Wister rats
aged 2-3 months obtained from the department of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Nigeria Nsukka were acclimatized for two weeks. They were
divided into five groups and fed with graded doses of potassium bromate
solution for six weeks. One of the groups served as the control. Pre
and post administration blood samples were collected and analyzed the
same day using standard methods. The results revealed significant
decrease in the platelet count when compared with the controls
(P&lt;0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the
mean Cell haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, and total leukocyte
counts between the test and control rats. Potassium bromate is
injurious to health if consumed continuously and in high quantity. It
has been shown to reduce platelet count in rats, and thus may cause
thrombocytopenia in humans. It is therefore imperative to take adequate
measures to eliminate the use of potassium bromate in the preparation
of food productsNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090102010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09010Nwobodo, EDAnyaehie, U. B.Nwobodo, N.Awiwa, C.Ofoegbu, E.Okonkwo, C.Aligekwe, C.Burdick, B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaStudents, horizontal integration, learning experiences, curriculum.enStudents Performance And Perception Of Neurophysiology: Feedback For
Innovative Curricular Reform In A Nigerian Medical SchoolThis study aimed at ascertaining the status of students' performances
and their perception of the learning of neurophysiology in a Nigerian
medical school. The goal of the study was to determine ways of
addressing identified negative perceptions for the purpose of improving
upon the overall learning and use neurophysiology knowledge by
structured curricular reform. We analyzed and compared the performances
of students in three areas of physiology at the second professional
examinations over a three-year period (n=300). We also surveyed
learning experience of a batch of graduating doctors in neurosciences
(n=50) and surveyed the staff and students’ perception of the
teaching of neurophysiology. The students performances in
neurophysiology was comparatively poorer than in cardiovascular and
endocrinology aspects of the subject over a three year period at the
second professional examinations. The reported students perception of
their neurophysiology learning included uninteresting, abstract
concepts, lack of real examples and conflicting facts with their prior
basic knowledge. Over 50% of the graduands rated their learning
experiences as poor or very poor or below average for the neuroscience
courses. The analyses of the curricular contents of neurophysiology in
the preclinical departments indicted asynchrony and redundancy in
topics that may reduce the learning and reduce teaching time efficiency
of the neuroscience courses. It is suggested that learning experiences
of medical students should be routinely monitored and structured to
ensure that the graduate doctor is able to understand and transfer
learned experiences into clinical studies and practice. A horizontally
integrated curriculum may be one way of raising students knowledge,
attitude and skills in neuroscience courses as taught in the
preclinical departments and is suggested.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090112010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09011Ikpi, D. E.Obembe, A. O.Nku, C. O.Awiwa, C.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRothmannia longiflora, diabetes mellitus, basal metabolic rate,
electrolytesenAqueous Leaf Extract Of Rothmannia longiflora Improves Basal
Metabolic Rate And Electrolyte Parameters In Alloxan Induced Diabetic
RatsThis study evaluated the action of aqueous leaf extract of Rothmannia
longiflora on basal metabolic rate and electrolyte profile of
alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Fifteen male Wistar (135 – 140g)
were assigned to 3 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1 which served as
control received placebo treatment; Group 2 - the diabetic (untreated)
group also received placebo treatment whereas Group 3 – the
extract treated diabetic group was administered the extract (15g/kg
body weight) by oral administration for 14 days. Results of BMR
measurement showed a significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in BMR level of
Diabetic untreated group (1.03±0.02ml/hr/g) when compared to the
Control group (0.79±0.07ml/hr/g). Extract treatment significantly
decreased (P&lt;0.05) BMR in the diabetic rats. Results of analyses of
serum electrolytes and glucose showed significant decreases (P&lt;0.01)
in sodium and chloride concentrations in the diabetic untreated group
when compared to the control. However, sodium and chloride
concentrations in the extract treated diabetic were not significantly
different from those of their control values. There was no significant
difference in potassium and urea concentrations in the extract-treated
diabetic rats with respect to their control values. Extract treatment
significantly reduced (P&lt;0.05) serum glucose level of the extract
treated group when compared to the diabetic untreated group. This
suggests that oral administration of Rothmannia longiflora might be
beneficial for the restoration of basal metabolic rate and the
improvement of electrolyte profile in diabetes mellitus.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090122010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09012Umoren, E. B.Osim, E. E.Udoh, P. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKola nut, caffeine, food and water intake, body weight, locomotion.enThe Comparative Effects Of Chronic Consumption Of Kola Nut ( Cola
nitida ) And Caffeine Diets On Locomotor Behaviour And Body Weights In
MiceThe comparative effects of chronic (28 days) consumption of kola nut
and its active constituent, caffeine diets on locomotor behaviour and
body weights in mice were investigated. 30 adult Swiss white mice
(15-30g body weight), were used for the study. The open field-maze was
employed for the evaluation of locomotor behaviour. Mice in the control
group (n = 10) were fed normal rodent chow, mice in the kola nut-fed
group (n = 10) were fed kola diet (25% wt/wt of rodent chow) while
those in the caffeine-fed group (n = 10) were fed caffeine diet (0.66%
wt/wt of rodent chow) for 4 weeks. All animals were allowed free access
to clean drinking water. Daily food intake, water intake and body
weight change were also measured. Daily food intake in the kola nut and
caffeine-fed group of mice was significantly (P&lt;0.001 respectively)
lower than the control. There was also a significant (P&lt;0.001)
decrease in daily water intake in the caffeine-fed group compared to
the control whereas, the apparent decrease of water intake in the kola
nut-fed group was not significantly different from the control. Body
weight change was also significantly (P&lt;0.001 and P&lt;0.05
respectively) lower in the kola nut and caffeine-fed groups of mice
when compared to the control. The frequency of rearing in the open
field was significantly (P&lt;0.01) lower in the caffeine-fed group of
mice when compared to the control. The frequency of grooming was also
significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in the caffeine-fed group of mice when
compared to the control. There was also a significant (P&lt;0.05)
decrease in the frequency of light-dark transitions in the light/dark
transition box for the caffeine-fed group when compared to the control.
The results showed that chronic consumption of kola nut and caffeine
diets caused decrease in food intake and body weight. Consumption of
caffeine-diet also significantly decreased water intake and locomotor
activity. The effect of kola nut-diets on water intake and locomotor
activity was not significant. Hence, the effect of kola nut on
locomotor behaviour and water intake may not be due to caffeine only.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090132010-02-26np2010-02-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09013Antai, A. B.Ofem, O. E.Ikpi, D. E.Ukafia, S.Agiang, E. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGonglonema latifolium, root extract, Phytochemistry, blood.enPhytochemistry And Some Haematological Changes Following Oral
Administration Of Ethanolic Root Extract Of Gonglonema latifolium In
RatsGonglonema latifolium is a climbing perennial plant that belongs to
the family of asclepidaceae. The medicinal uses of the leaves and stem
bark extract of Gonglonema latifolium has been reported in many
scientific literatures to include anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-ulcerative
etc. There is paucity in scientific reports on the medicinal properties
of the root extract. This study was therefore designed to elucidate the
phytochemical constituents and effect of ethanolic root extract of
Gonglonema latifolium on some hematological parameters. Eighteen (18)
albino Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 6 rats each.
Group 1 (control) was fed on normal rat chow + drinking water, the test
groups (group 2 and 3) in addition received extract treatment (p.o) at
a dose of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg respectively. The feeding regimens
lasted for 14 days. Results show that the extract contains polyphenols,
glycosides, reducing sugars and alkaloids. The mean RBC count for
control was 4.44 ± 0.15 x 106 cells/mm3, this did not differ
significantly from the test groups. The total WBC counts were 3.79
± 0.15 x 103 cells/mm3 , 3.37 ± 0.19 x 103 cells/mm3 and 5.54
± 0.39 x 103 cells/mm3 for groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively. WBC
was significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher in the high dose (group 3)
compared with control. Mean PCV (%) were 33.60 ± 0.81, 37.20
± 0.80 and 34.80 ± 1.35 for groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
The PCV was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in low dose extract
recipients (group 2) than in control. Hb content, MCV and MCH did not
differ significantly among the groups, but MCHC was significantly lower
in the test groups compared with control group. Neutrophils were
significantly (P&lt;0.001) reduced in the test groups, while the
eosinophils and monocytes count were significantly increased in the
test groups than in controls. In conclusion, the extract has little or
no effect on RBC count, PCV, MCV and MCH. But low doses of the extract
significantly increased the Hb count while high doses significantly
increased WBC count, probably due to increase in eosinophil and
monocyte counts. MCHC was dose-dependently reduced. The extract was
also observed to contain polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides and
reducing sugars.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090142009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09014Etuk, S.J.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.enReproductive health: Global infertility trendNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090152009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09015Etuk, I. S.Anah, M. U.Eyong, M. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Glomerulonephritis, prevalence, children, patientsenEpidemiology and clinical features of acute glomerulonephritis in
Calabar, NigeriaA retrospective study of children with acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)
over a 10-year period (January 1997-December 2006) was carried out with
the aim to establish the prevalence, the population at risk, and the
predisposing factors. Out of a total of 6,026 admissions during the
study period, 76 (1.3%) had acute glomerulonephritis. Forty of the 76
were males while 28 were females with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1.
The mean age for males was 7.2±4.3 years and that of females was
6.5±3.2 years. The overall age range was 3-13 years with a modal
age of 5 years for both sexes. The annual prevalence showed two peaks,
May-July and October-January. Eighty two percent of patients were of
the low while 11.8% were of the middle socio-economic classes.
Haematuria, oedema, proteinuria and hypertension were the major
presenting features. Hypertensive encephalopathy and acute renal
failure were the complications recorded and also emerged as the causes
of death. Childhood AGN is common in Calabar compared to other centres
in Nigeria, afflicting largely those of low socio-economic status and
displays a peak in the middle of both dry and rainy seasons of the
year. The outcome is good but could be better if facilities are
provided for dialysis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090162009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09016Ogbodo, S. O.Nwagha, U. I.Okaka, A.N.C.Ogenyi, S. C.Okoko, R. O.Nwagha, T. U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia, Anaemia, Pregnancy, poor
socioeconomic settingsenMalaria parasitaemia among pregnant women in a rural community of
eastern Nigeria; Need for combined measuresMalaria in pregnancy is a major contributor to adverse maternal and
perinatal outcome. In hyper endemic areas like ours, it is a common
cause of anaemia in pregnancy in both immune and non-immune individuals
and is aggravated by poor socioeconomic circumstances. The aim of this
study is to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia
among pregnant women in a rural setting. 272 pregnant women, aged
between 18 and 40 years in some remote rural areas of Ebonyi State,
Nigeria were recruited between January 2007 and March 2008.Their blood
samples were collected and examined for malaria parasite, haemoglobin
and packed cell volume using standard methods. Our results showed 59.9%
prevalence of parasitaemia with the highest prevalence occurring in the
first trimester (84.1%).Among the positive cases, mild parasitaemia was
recorded in 47.2% moderate parasitaemia in 37.4% while severe
parasitaemia was recorded in 15.3% of cases. These differences were
statistically significant (P&lt;0.016). Furthermore the distribution of
malaria densities in different gravidity groups showed an inverse
relationship, 45.4% in primigravidae, (31.9%) in secundigravidae and
(10.4%) among people with more than five pregnancies. These findings
were statistically significant (P&lt; 0.0001). The prevalence of
anaemia in pregnancy in this study was 62.4%. Apart from the use of
nets, drugs and vector control, the prevention of malaria in pregnancy
in very poor socioeconomic settings should make provision for
nutritional support.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090172009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09017Obianime, A. W.Aprioku, J. S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Testosterone, ACTs, artesunate, hormones and Guinea pigenComparative study of artesunate, ACTs and their combinants on the
hormonal parameters of the male Guinea-pigIn this study, the effects of half, normal and double clinical doses of
artesunate; artesunate/sulfadoxine/ pyrimethamine;
artesunate/amodiaquine and their combinants (sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
and amodiaquine) on the basal serum levels of testosterone, FSH, LH and
prolactin of the guinea-pig were investigated. The results of this
study showed that the agents caused significant decreases (p&lt;0.05)
in serum testosterone level, with varying effects on LH, FSH and
prolactin. Testosterone level was decreased by artesunate (37%),
sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (22%), amodiaquine (14%),
artesunate/sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (41%) and artesunate/amodiaquine
(49%) at the clinical dose, compared to the serum levels in control
animals. Furthermore, artesunate and amodiaquine also caused moderate
decreases in the serum concentrations of LH and FSH, without an effect
on prolactin. The effects of these agents may be due to oxidative
stress on the reproductive system of the organism.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090182009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09018Ajibola, E. S.Adebayo, A. O.Thomas, F. C.Rahman, S. A.Gbadebo, A. M.Odunbaku, T. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Hexamethonium, Tetanic fade, Bufo regularis, CholinoceptorsenHexamethonium produces both twitch and tetanic depression without fade
in common African toad ( Bufo regularis )The study was designed to investigate the nature of the cholinoceptors
at the sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle junction of the common
African toad (Bufo regularis). Using myographic technique, the twitch
properties of the sciatic-gastrocnemius muscle preparation of the
common African toad was studied. Both the twitch height and peak
tetanic height were measured as a percentage of control. Hexamethonium
at a concentratration of 0.1mM significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced the
mean twitch height from 2.62cm to 1.0cm and mean peak tetanic height
from 5.38cm to 4.32cm. Hexamethonium, however does not produce tetanic
fade at the same concentration.We hypothesized that the cholinoceptors
of the neuromuscular junction of the common African toad (Bufo
regularis) resemble the developing synapse of African clawed toad (
Xenopus laevis ) and may contain muscarinic M1 autoreceptors at the
pre juntional membrane.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090192009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09019Udia, P. M.Braide, V. B.Owu, D. U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Garcinia kola, small intestine, acetylcholine, antispasmodic effectenAntispasmodic and spasmolytic effects of methanolic extract from seeds
of garcinia kola on isolated rat small intestineThe antispasmodic and spasmolytic effects of methanolic extract of
seeds of Garcinia kola Heckel were studied on smooth muscle
preparations in vitro. The influence of the extract on rat duodenum,
jejunum and ileum was investigated using acetylcholine and barium
chloride as agonists. The extract exhibited dose-dependent
antispasmodic effects on contractions induced by acetylcholine, and
dose-dependent spasmolytic effects on spasms induced by cumulatively
increased concentrations of acetylcholine and barium chloride. The
graded log concentration-response curves for acetylcholine were
non-parallel but shifted to the right in the presence of the extract.
It is concluded that the Garcinia kola extract inhibits smooth muscle
activity via other mechanisms but not involving neither cholinergic nor
adrenergic receptor interaction.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090202009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09020Antai, A. B.Eyong, E. U.Eteng, M. U.Itam, E. H.Eko, M. E.Ita, S. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Ageratum conyzoides, rats, toxicological effectenSerum protein and enzyme levels in rats following administration of
ethanolic leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides (goat weed)The potential hepatotoxic effects following oral administration of
ethanolic leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides (goat weed) was
investigated in albino Wistar rats. Twenty eight (28) adult male Wistar
rats were uniformly divided into four groups of seven rats each. Group
1 served as control while groups 2, 3 and 4 were respectively gavaged
with 200mg/kg body weight, 400mg/kg body weight and 600mg/kg body
weight of the extract daily for 21 days. At the end of treatments,
animals were sacrificed, serum and liver tissues obtained for assay of
total protein concentration and levels of ALT, AST and ALP. Results
showed that treatment of rats with the respective doses of the extract
did not significantly alter the serum and liver levels of total
protein, ALT, AST and ALP in all test groups. This result suggests that
ingestion of the extract may not be toxic at the doses investigated.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090212009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09021Ozoene, J. O.Enosolease, M. E.Ajayi, O. I.Agoreyo, F. O.Obika, L. F. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Thirst Perception, Dehydration, Drinking, Sickle Cell Disease, AnaemiaenThirst perception in dehydrated sickle cell disease patients in steady
stateLiberal fluid intake is one of the key management strategies in sickle
cell anaemia (SCA) patients in steady state, but less work has been
done on the desire of patients to drink water. Using the Visual
Analogue Scale we studied thirst perception (TP) in 20 euhydrated SCA
patients and 28 control (HbA) subjects, as well as during dehydration
in 13 SCA patients and 9 HbA subjects. Serum and urine samples were
collected and analyzed for Na, K ions, creatinine concentrations and
haematocrit and specific gravity of urine were determined. During
euhydration, TP was significantly [P&lt;0.05] higher in male SCA
patients compared to the HbA subjects. In females, TP in SCA patient
was not statistically significant compared with HbA subjects. After 13
hours of dehydration, TP was significantly [P&lt;0.05] reduced in
female. While dehydration increased TP in HbA subjects, it reduced TP
in SCA patients. Fluid intakes after dehydration in SCA patients were
not significantly different from the control HbA subjects in both male
and female. It can be concluded that female SCA patients do not have
normal response to dehydration with regards to TP after a period of
dehydration. Since dehydration stimulates the release of vasoactive
hormones like vasopressin, this may explain why female patients are
less prone to crisis than their male counterparts.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090222009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09022Ogli, S. A.Enyikwola, O.Odeh, S. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Infertility, antioxidant vitamins, semen, sperm motilityenEvaluation of the efficacy of separate oral supplements compared with
the combined oral supplements of vitamins C and E on sperm motility in
Wistar ratsInfertility is a major reproductive and social problem with a worldwide
prevalence of 10-15%. While 11.8-39.0% of infertility cases are
attributable to the female, 15.8-42.4% is attributed to the male and
8.0-11.1% to unknown factors. The study investigated the efficacy of
the single versus combined regimes of antioxidant vitamins C and E oral
supplements on sperm motility in the reproductively matured Wistar
rats. Twenty (20) male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks and weighing between
182g and 252g were randomly grouped into 4 experimental blocks (A-D) of
5 rats each. Block A rats were served combined daily dose of 90mg
vitamin C and 15mg vitamin E, block B rats had no treatment and served
as control, block C rats were served daily dose of 15mg vitamin E only
while block D rats were served daily dose of 90mg vitamin C only; all
treatments were administered for 28 days. On the 29 th day, the rats
were humanely sacrificed and semen analyzed for sperm motility. The
study showed that treatment with vitamins C and E as single regime
significantly improved (p&lt;0.01) the forward, progressive (category
′a′) mean percentage sperm motility by 70 and 75 folds
respectively while significantly decreasing (p&lt;0.01) the
non-progressive (category ′c′) mean percent sperm motility
by 8 and 5 folds respectively compared to the control mean percent
sperm motility. We therefore conclude that sperm motility in the Wistar
rats is significantly improved with the separate oral supplements of
vitamins C and E as compared with the combined supplements.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090232009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09023Alhassan, A. W.Bauchi, Z. M.Adebisi, S. S.Mabrouk, M. A.Sabo, A. M.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Glucocorticoids, learning, memory, brain, ratenThe effect of early administration of glucocorticoids on learning and
spatial memorySynthetic Glucocorticoids are commonly administered to early low-birth
weight infants to prevent the onset of chronic lung disease. During
this period, the brain is undergoing significant structural and
functional changes and is therefore particularly vulnerable to external
influences. It has been observed that steroids administered postnatally
may have transient retarding effect on learning and memory functions,
and that animal age and sex may modify such effects. This study aims to
illustrate the effect of early administration of glucocorticoids on
learning and spatial memory. Wistar rat pups were grouped into two
(control and treatment) of six pups each. 0.5mg/kg of dexamethasone was
administered to four day old pups for a period of three days. At 35
days the pups were subjected to spatial memory testing. Spatial memory
was assessed using a Y-Maze. It was observed that the animals in the
treatment group preferred to return to the start arm or explore the
other arm. This is indicative of impaired spatial memory. Steroids
administered postnatally may have transient retarding effect on
learning and memory functions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090242009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09024Salahdeen, H. M.Alada, A.R.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Adrenergic receptors, Caffeine, dog, Glucose uptakeenRole of adrenergic receptors in the caffeine-induced increase in
glucose uptake by the canine hindlimbThe present study was designed to investigate the effects of alpha and
beta adrenergic receptor blockers on caffeine-induced increase in
canine hindlimb glucose uptake. The study was carried out on fasted
male anaesthetized dogs divided into five groups (5dogs per group).
Each dog was given a bolus injection of normal saline, caffeine
(6mg/kg) caffeine after pretreatment with prazosin (0.2mg/kg). Caffeine
(6mg/kg), caffeine after pretreatment with prazosin (0.2mg/kg),
propranolol (0.5mg/kg) or combination of prazosin (0.2mg/kg) and
propranolol (0.5mg/kg). The experiments were carried out under resting
and exercising conditions of the hindlimb. Hindlimb glucose uptake
(HGU) was calculated as the product of blood flow and arterio-venous
glucose difference. Blood glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase
method and blood flow to the hindlimb was determined by time-collection
method. The results showed that pretreatment of the animal with either
prazosin or propranolol significantly reduced caffeine-induced
hyperglycemia, glucose extraction and hindlimb glucose uptake at rest.
The two blockers also separately reduced caffeine-induced hyperglycemia
during contraction of the hindlimb. Prazosin or propranolol did not
however influence the effect of caffeine on glucose extraction and
hindlimb glucose uptake during contraction of the hindlimb. It was
therefore concluded that alpha and beta adrenergic receptors are
involved in caffeine induced responses at rest and not during hindlimb
contraction.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090252009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09025Eliakim-Ikechukwu, C. F.Riman, E. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Alchornea cordifolia, aorta, Wistar rats, HistologyenThe effect of aqueous ethanolic extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf on
the histology of the aorta of Wistar ratsSixteen Wistar rats weighing 160-180g were used in this research work.
The rats were divided into three groups, designated A, B, and C. Group
A served as the control and consisted of four rats, whereas groups B
and C consisted of six rats each and served as the experimental groups.
A. cordifolia leaf extract was administered to the experimental groups
B and C orally at a dose of 250mg/kg/day and 500mg/kg/day respectively.
The control group received 0.5ml of normal saline. The administration
lasted for fourteenth days. All the animals were given feed and water
freely. The rats were sacrificed after the fourteenth day of
administration of herbal extract and the aortae harvested and processed
histologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining technique. Tissue
sections revealed that A. cordifolia is capable of inducing
elastogenesis in the aorta. This attribute of the herb may be
beneficial in increasing elastic recoil of the aortic wall and may
reduce blood pressure.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090262009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09026Eliakim-Ikechukwu, C. F.Obri, A. I.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Pancreas, Alchornea cordifolia, diabetes mellitus, Wistar ratsenHistological changes in the pancreas following administration of
ethanolic extract of Alchornea cordifolia leaf in alloxan-induced
diabetic Wistar ratsTwenty-four wistar rats weighing between 150 and 170g were used in this
research work. They were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D of six
rats each. Diabetes was induced in Groups B, C, and D using a single
intraperitoneal injection of 150mg/kg of Alloxan after an overnight
fast. Group A served as the normal control while Group B served as the
diabetic control and each received 0.5ml of normal saline daily. Groups
C and D received 250mg/kgbwt/day and 500mg/kg /day of the plant extract
respectively through orogastric intubation. All the animals were given
normal rat chow and water freely. The experiment lasted for 28 days.
The animals were anaesthetized using chloroform inhalation and the
peritoneum stripped open and the pancreas removed and prepared for
histological observation using haematoxylin and eosin staining
technique. Histology showed regenerative changes of pancreatic islet
cell at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090272009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09027Anyaehie, Ugochukwu B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.IRAB, dogonyaro, Malaria, NigeriaenMedicinal properties of fractionated acetone/water neem (Azadirachta
indica) leaf extract from Nigeria: A reviewThe global scenario is now supporting the development of modern drugs
from less toxic plant products with proven medicinal properties. Each
part of neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) reportedly has various
medicinal properties and has been in use in many continents for
centuries. Recently, a fractionated neem-leaf extract known as IRAB
with reported activities against Malaria, HIV/AIDS and cancer has been
developed into a drug and currently marketed in Nigeria as IRACAP
®. This paper reviews the medicinal properties, clinical studies
and safety concerns of this fractionated acetone-water neem leaves
extract as a footstep to further studies both on the extract and/or its
chemical constituents.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090282009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09028Inegbenebor, U.Ebomoyi, M. I.Onyia, K. A.Amadi, K.Aigbiremolen, A. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Effect, Alligator pepper, Herbal remedy, Nutrition, PregnancyenEffect of alligator pepper (zingiberaceae aframomum melegueta) on first
trimester pregnancy in Sprague dawley ratsAlligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) is a spice that is widely used
in many cultures for entertainment, religious rites, food flavor and as
a part of many traditional doctors medications. Pregnant women are
among those who ingest Alligator pepper in these activities. This
experiment was carried out to determine the health risk or benefit of
Alligator pepper to pregnant women if any. Fifteen male rats and
fifteen female rats of proven fertility from a pilot study were
randomly paired in fifteen cages in a well ventillated room. After
three days of mating, the males were withdrawn from the females, which
were allowed to stay in their separate maternity cages for 18-25 days.
The females in the control group were fed with normal rat chow and
clean drinking water ad libitum for the duration of the experiment.
Each of the rats in the experimental group was served 20 g of rat chow
mixed with 50mg of Alligator pepper for one day only and thereafter fed
with normal rat chow and clean drinking water ad libitum for 18-25
days. The rats in the control group had a mean of 7 litters each, while
the rats in the experimental group did not litter at all. It was
concluded that ingestion of large quantities of Alligator pepper poses
a health risk to women in their first trimester of pregnancy.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090292009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09029Inegbenebor, U.Ebomoyi, M. I.Onyia, K. A.Amadi, K.Aigbiremolen, A. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Gestational weight gain, Aqueous Extract, Intra-peritoneal injection,
Alligator Pepper, NutritionenEffect of aqueous extract of alligator pepper (zingiberaceae Aframomum
melegueta) on gestational weight gainIncreased gestational weight gain is associated with higher rates of
complications of pregnancy and delivery. Gestational weight gain of
9-12 Kg has been associated with the best outcome for both mothers and
infants. However, weight gain in most pregnant women is not within this
range, perhaps due to the difficulty of calculating the exact quantity,
timing and duration of dietary restriction in individual patients that
would bring their weight gain within the normal range. There is
therefore a need to develop a drug or food supplement that would reduce
weight gain without causing adverse effects on the fetus. Aframomum
melegueta is widely used in Nigeria by most people including pregnant
women for various purposes. It is against this background that the
present investigation examines the possibility of its beneficial
effects on pregnancy, using Sprague Dawley rat as the animal model.
Twenty female and ten male Sprague-Dawley rats of proven fertility from
a pilot study were randomly mated in groups of two females and one
male. Three days later, female rats in the experimental groups were
given intra-peritoneal injections of 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg and 2 mg of
aqueous extract of alligator pepper respectively while the control had
2 ml of distilled water.. All rats were observed for 18-25 days. There
was a significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in gestational weight gain of
the experimental rats. The litters were not adversely affected. It is
suggested that the active component of aqueous extract of alligator
pepper be determined because of its beneficial effect of gestational
weight gain reduction.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090302009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09030Sambo, N.Garba, S. H.Timothy, H.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Psidium guajava, liver, liver enzymes, histologyenEffect of the aqueous extract of Psidium guajava on
erythromycin-induced liver damage in ratsThe effect of Psidium guajava extract on erythromycin-induced liver
damage in albino rats was investigated using 30 normal rats grouped
into six . Group I and II served as the normal and treatment controls
that were administered with normal saline and 100mg/kg body weight of
erythromycin stearate daily for 14 days respectively. Rats in group III
were administered 450mg/kg body weight of Psidium guajava only for 7
days while rats in groups IV, V and VI were administered Psidium
guajava extract for 7 days and 100mg/kg body weight of erythromycin for
14 days. Histopathological investigation of the liver tissues revealed
striking oedema and mild periportal mononuclear cell infiltration of
hepatic cords in the liver of rats administered 100 mg/kg of
erythromycin stearate and 300/450 mg/kg of Psidium guajava extract.
Pretreatment with 150 mg/kg of Psidium guajava extract showed a slight
degree of protection against the induced hepatic injury caused by 100
mg/kg of erythromycin stearate. Biochemical analysis of the serum
obtained revealed a significant increase in serum levels of hepatic
enzymes measured in the groups administered with 100 mg/kg of
erythromycin stearate and 300/450 mg/kg of Psidium guajava extract
compared to the control groups and those pretreated with 150 mg/kg of
Psidium guajava extract. This study has shown that the aqueous extract
of psidium guajava leaf possesses hepatoprotective property at lower
dose and a hepatotoxic property at higher dose but further studies with
prolonged duration is recommended.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090312009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09031Obianime, A. W.Roberts, I. I.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.vitamin C, cadmium, kidney, testes, hormones, antioxidantsenAntioxidants, cadmium-induced toxicity, serum biochemical and the
histological abnormalities of the kidney and testes of the male Wistar
ratsThe effects of different doses of cadmium (CD) on some biochemical,
hormonal and histopathological parameters of the liver, kidney and
testes of the Wister rate were investigated. Cadmium (CD) in the dose
range 0-40mg/kg while causing a time-and dose-dependent decrease of the
basal serum levels of alkaline phosphatese (ALP) also caused a
dose-dependent increase in the serum concentration of the acid and
prostatic acid phosphatases. The value of the ALP changed from
148.7±1.0 IU/L in the control to 53.7±0.098 at 40mg/kg of
cadmium. While the ACP and ACPT changed from 32.6±0.72 and 7
±Units in the control to 54 and 17 units respectively at 40mg/kg
of CD. Furthermore Cadmium also caused positively correlated dose-and
time-dependent destruction of the histology of the liver, kidney and
testes. These were characterized by vascular congestion, vacuolation,
destruction of the seminal epithelial layers, focal necrosis of
nucleus, Oedema of the seminal epithelia layers, focal necrosis of
nucleus, oedema of the seminiferous tubules and reduction of
spermatogenesis. CD also caused granular and eosinophilic cytoplasm,
enlargement of sinusoids with kupffer cells, haemorrhage and apoptosis
of cells. Finally pre-treatment with vitamin C (0.0015/kg), vitamin E
(1.51/gm) and selenium (0.25mg) which on their own had little or no
effects on the serum basal phosphatases, hormonal and histological
stability caused a reversal of the cadmium-induced biochemical,
hormonal and histological toxicities of the liver, kidney and testes.
These results may be explained by the oxidational/antioxidational
properties of these xeonobiotics and their mechanisms of actions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090322009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09032Obianime, A. W.Gogo-Abite, M.Roberts, I. I.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.vanadium, female hormones, blood count, histology, uterusenThe effects of ammonium metavanadate on biochemical hormonal,
haematological and histopathological parameters of the female Wistar
ratsThe effects of different doses of Ammonium metavanadate on the
biochemical, haematological, hormonal and histopathological parameters
of stilbesterol treated female Wistar rats were investigated. Ammonium
metavanadate in the dose-range 0-6mg/kg caused a bi-phasic and
time-dependent response on the acid (total and prostate) phosphatase..
Furthermore ammonium metavanadate caused a dose-dependent inhibition of
the serum alkaline phosphatases. The maximal inhibitory response at
5mg/kg of ammonium metavanadate was 40.0 ±1.69 compared to 65.0
±0.94 control values. Ammonium metavanadate also caused a
positively correlated biphasic response in the serum female hormonal
concentrations with an initial increase, followed by a time-dependent
decrease in the serum values of luteinizing (LH), follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH), prolactin . Furthermore ammonium metavanadate also
caused time-and dose-dependent effects on the haematological
parameters. The effects were biphasic-increase within 72 hours and a
reduction in the values of haemoglobin and packed cell volume within
7-28 days. The white blood count and lymphocyte counts were also
reduced significantly at P≤0.05. However the neutrophil counts
were increased dose-and time-dependently. Finally, ammonium
metavanadate caused a dose-dependent destruction of the liver and
female reproductive organs namely the uterus, ovary and fallopian
tubes. These were characterized by necrosis, oedema, eosinophilic
deposits and vacuolation. These results may be explained by the
oxidative effects caused by the free oxygen (O2 ) radical generated by
the metavanadate ions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090332009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09033Maduka, S. O.Osim, E. E.Nneli, R. O.Anyabolu, A. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Lung function, Snuff, Occupation, SymptomsenEffect of occupational exposure to local powdered tobacco (snuff) on
pulmonary function in south eastern NigeriansThe effect of occupational exposure to local powdered tobacco (snuff)
on pulmonary function was studied. Snuff industry workers in Onitsha
and Enugu markets were studied and compared with age-, weight-, and
height-matched control not exposed to any known air pollutant. The
pulmonary indices studied include; forced vital capacity (FVC), forced
expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and ratio of FEV1/FVC as
percentage using a vitalograph spirometer and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
(PEFR), using a mini Wright Peak Expiratory Flow Meter. The respiratory
and non-respiratory symptoms frequently associated with these workers
were also analyzed and dust sampling in both test and control
environments was also done. The mean anthropometric parameters, (age,
height and body weight) between the two groups were not statistically
different. The results obtained showed statistically significant
impairment of lung function of workers chronically exposed to snuff.
FVC, FEV1 and PEFR in the exposed (test) subjects were significantly
decreased in comparison with the control subjects (P&lt;0.05). However,
the mean value of FEV1/FVC (%) of the test subjects was 86.8% which was
within the normal range and was not significantly different from
control. This signified that the test subjects had restrictive pattern
of lung function defect. All respiratory symptoms, such as cough, chest
tightness had a higher prevalence in test subjects than their control
group. The lung function indices of snuff-producing workers
proportionately decreased with their length of exposure in the
industry. The respirable dust level in the vicinity (indoor) of the
snuff-workers (1.11±0.35mg/m 3 ) was significantly higher than in
the control environment,[(0.37±0.086mg/m 3 ) (P&lt;0.001)].
Although it was not possible to determine all the factors that may be
responsible for lung function impairment, the dust sampling result
showed that chronic exposure to Nigerian snuff (powered tobacco) dust
impairs lung function and the effect is progressive with time.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np090342009-12-31np2009-12-31http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np09034Alagwu, E. A.Nneli, R. O.Okwariand, O. O.Osim, E. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2009 Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences.Chronic consumption, honey, bile secretion, cholesterolenBile secretion in albino rat following chronic honey intakeThis study was carried out to evaluate the effect of honey intake on
bile secretion, bile electrolytes, bilirubin and cholesterol levels
including plasma cholesterol in albino rats. 20 male albino rats
(200-210g) were used in the study. The rats were assigned randomly into
2 groups (control and honey-fed groups), each group containing 10 rats.
The control was fed on normal rat feed and water while the test group
was fed on normal rat feed with honey added to its drinking water (1ml
of honey to every initial 10ml of water) for 22 weeks. After 22 weeks
the animals were starved for 12hrs before the experiment, weighed and
anaesthetized with sodium thiopentone (6mg/100mg body weight)
intraperitoneally. The common bile duct was cannulated and bile
collected for 3hrs. The rate of bile flow was noted, the concentrations
of bile electrolytes and bilirubin, bile and plasma cholesterol levels
were determined in the control and test groups. The results obtained
showed a significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in the rate of bile flow in
the test (0.30±0.03ml/hr) compared with the control groups
(0.45± 0.04ml/hr). There were no significant differences in the
concentration of bile electrolytes and bilirubin in the two groups.
However, there was a significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the bile
cholesterol and decrease in plasma cholesterol levels in the test rats
compared with the control. It is therefore concluded that chronic
consumption of unprocessed Nigerian honey resulted in decrease bile
flow, increase bile cholesterol and decrease plasma cholesterol in
albino rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 24 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100012013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10001Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenNJPS: LOOKING FORWARDNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlEDcria:bioline:np:np100022013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10002Glew, Robert HPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of Nigeriagluconeogenesis, ketones, acetone, acetoacetate, glucose, fatty acid
metabolism, even-carbon fatty acidsenYou Can Get There From Here: Acetone, Anionic Ketones and Even-Carbon
Fatty Acids can Provide Substrates for GluconeogenesisAlthough the literature contains studies published more than 30 years
ago showing that acetone is not metabolically inert, it is common to
find biochemistry textbooks and current research publications asserting
that acetone is a ‘dead-end’ metabolite. In fact, acetone
derived from the non-enzymatic breakdown of acetoacetate in ketotic
individuals or from the oxidation of ingested isopropanol can be
metabolized to D-lactate and pyruvate, and ultimately glucose. This
report describes the reactions and pathways that account for the
metabolism of acetone in humans.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlRAcria:bioline:np:np100032013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10003Olaleye , S.BWu, W.K.KCho , C.HPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCathecholamines; RGM-1; Cell proliferation; cell cycle; flow cytometry,
[3H]-thymidineenCatecholamines Inhibit Gastric Epithelial [RGM-1] Cell Proliferation
via Beta AdrenoceptorsCatecholamines have been implicated in the modulation of normal cell
growth, exerting inhibitory or excitatory control depending on the cell
type. However, there is a dearth of information on the role of
adrenergic mediators in gastric cell proliferation. In the present
study, the effects of adrenaline (ADR) and noradrenaline (NOR) on
mucosal cell growth and the cell cycle were evaluated in vitro using a
normal rat gastric mucosal cell line RGM-1. Cell proliferation was
assessed using [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell cycle patterns
were determined by DNA labeling with propidium iodide and flow
cytometric quantification. The expressions of adrenoceptors in RGM-1
were determined by Western blot. ADR (0.01 – 10μM) and NOR
(0.01 – 10μM) inhibited the growth of RGM-1 cells in a
concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of cells with ADR and NOR
also inhibited the proliferation stimulated by epidermal growth factor
(EGF). Neither phentolamine (non-selective α-adrenergic blocker),
methoxamine (α1-selective agonist) nor clonidine
(α2-selective agonist) significantly affected the inhibition of
cell proliferation produced by ADR and NOR. Propranolol (non-selective
β-adrenergic blocker) and butoxamine (selective β2-adrenergic
blocker) significantly (but not totally) reversed the inhibitory action
of ADR on cell proliferation. Furthermore, procaterol (selective beta-2
agonist) but not dobutamine (selective beta-1 agonist) had effects
similar to those produced by ADR and NOR. Exposure of RGM-1 cells to
both ADR and NOR caused significant inhibition of the G1 – S
cycle progression as evidenced by the higher percentage of the G0/G1
phase and a decreased S- phase. This effect was blocked by
pre-treatment with propranolol but not phentolamine These results
indicate that catecholamines inhibit the proliferation of RGM-1 cells
probably partly through beta-2 receptors.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100042013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10004Obochi, G. O.Amali, O.O.E.Ochalefu, D.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of Nigeriamelatonin, caffeine, oxidative stress, sleeps disorders and free
radicalsenEffect of Melatonin and Caffeine Interaction on Caffeine Induced
Oxidative Stress and Sleep DisordersEffect of interaction of melatonin and caffeine on caffeine induced
oxidative stress and sleep disorders was studied. Fifteen wistar rats
were randomly assigned into three study groups. The animals in group 1
(the control) received a placebo of 10.0 ml distilled water via gastric
intubation. The hosts in groups 2 and 3 were treated with 100 mg
caffeine/ kg, or melatonin/ kg, respectively, in a total volume of 10.0
ml vehicle. The experiment lasted for 30 days. One day after the final
exposure, the animals were euthanized by inhalation of overdose of
chloroform. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Serum was obtained
by centrifugation (6000 Xg, 30 mins), and used for serum total protein
and serum blood urea nitrogen levels. The brain of each rat was also
harvested and processed into whole homogenate, frozen in liquid
nitrogen (N2), and maintained at -80 °C until used for total brain
cholesterol and tryptophan levels. The results showed that interaction
of melatonin and caffeine enhanced protein synthesis; stimulated
gonadotrophin release, and could be used as oral contraceptive for
women, and may be beneficial in the treatment of impotence (androgen
depression), leading to improved reproductive and sex life; stimulated
tryptophan metabolism, which prevents vitamin B6 deficiency, anemia,
negative nitrogen balance, tissue wasting and accumulation of
xanthurenic acid, which promotes sleep; and could be beneficial in the
treatment of hyper cholesterolemia, thereby preventing coronary heart
disease, and post menopausal osteoporosis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100052013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10005Das , P.Bandyopadhyay , M.Baral, K.Paul, R.Banerjee, A. K.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCOPD, dyselectrolytemia, sodium, potassium.enDyselectrolytemia in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases with acute
exacerbationChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the leading
causes of mortality and morbidity world wide. Due to lack of awareness
about the precipitating factors and predictors of prognosis, cases of
acute exacerbation of COPD often suffer the fatal outcomes. In our
study we assessed the levels of serum sodium and potassium in subjects
with acute episodes of COPD and their healthy controls. We found a
significantly low level of serum sodium (133 ± 6.86 meq/lit) and
potassium (3.39 ± 0.96 meq/lit)) in subjects with acute
exacerbation of COPD than their healthy counterparts [sodium-142 ±
2.28 meq/lit and potassium- 4.52 ± 0.02 meq/lit (p&lt;0.05)].
Therefore, our study findings suggest that, serum sodium and potassium
levels may get deranged in subjects with acute exacerbations of COPD
which should be routinely checked for to avoid fatal outcomes.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100062013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10006Gbadegesin, M.AOdunola, O.APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaOcimum basilicum, hepatotoxicity, sodium arsenite, γ-glutamyl
transferase, environmental contaminantenAqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil)
protect against sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar ratsWe evaluated the effects of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of
Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) on sodium arsenite-induced
hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats. We observed that treatment of the
animals with the extracts before or just after sodium arsenite
administration significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced mean liver and serum
γ-Glutamyl transferase (γGT), and serum alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) activities when compared with the group administered the toxin
alone. In addition, treatments of the animals with aqueous or ethanolic
extract of O. basilicum before the administration of sodium arsenite
resulted in the attenuation of the sodium arsenite-induced aspartate
and alanine aminotransferase activities: ALT (from 282.6 % to 167.7 %
and 157.8 %), AST (from 325.1 % to 173.5 % and 164.2 %) for the group
administered sodium arsenite alone, the aqueous extracts plus sodium
arsenite, and ethanolic extracts plus sodium arsenite respectively,
expressed as percentage of the negative control. These findings support
the presence of hepatoprotective activity in the O.basilicum extracts.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100072013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10007Onasanwo, S.A.Singh, G.D.Olaleye, S.B.Singh, S.Johri, R.K.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHedranthera barteri, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-nociceptive
activity, anti-histaminic activityenAnti-­Histaminic Potential of the Fractions from Hedranthera
Barteri [(Hook F.) Pichon] Root in Laboratory RodentsHedranthera barteri L. (HB) is used in the treatment of painful
conditions and oedema amongst its folkloric use. The hexane and ethyl
acetate fractions of the root of H. barteri were investigated for
anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory properties and probable mechanism
of action. Hot plate, tail flick, formalin-induced oedema and acetic
acidinduced writhing tests were employed to investigate the
anti-nociceptive activity while the anti-inflammatory activity was
investigated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Anti-histaminic
potential of HB root extracts on the rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs)
was explored through spectrofluorometric method. The root was screened
for its phytochemical components. The HB root contains alkaloids,
cardenolides and saponins. HXHBR exhibited higher anti-inflammatory
potentials (P&lt;0.001). HXHBR dose-dependently (P&lt;0.01) reduced the
histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells which is
comparable with a standard anti-histaminic drug, ketotifen. These
results showed that EAHBR and HXHBR possess anti-nociceptive and
anti-inflammatory activities, and suggested its mechanism of action
through the inhibition of histamine, an inflammatory mediator, usually
released during the early phase of allergic responses and chronic phase
of inflammatory pain. Flavonoids, alkaloids and/or saponins present in
HB root may be responsible for its anti-nociceptive and
anti-inflammatory properties.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100082013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10008Oladokun, A.Arulogun, O.Oladokun, R.Adenike, Bello F.Morhason-Bello, I.OBamgboye, E.A.Adewole, I.F.Ojengbede, O.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaInfertility, Adoption, Assisted ConceptionenAttitude of Infertile Women to Child Adoption in NigeriaInfertility has serious consequences especially in Africa where a high
premium is place on child bearing. An interviewer-administered
questionnaire was administered on 396 consenting women seeking
infertility treatment at the gynaecological clinic of the University
College Hospital, Ibadan in an attempt to assess the attitude of
infertile women in Nigeria to child adoption and its acceptability as a
management option for infertility. Most (64%) believed its culturally
unacceptable and only 17% will try it as an option. Sustained advocacy,
community mobilization and enactment of supportive laws were some of
the suggestions made by respondents to improve its uptake.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlSCcria:bioline:np:np100092013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10009Bamitale, K.D.SAkanmu, M. A.Ukponmwan, O.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnaphe, chewing, cholinergic, opioid, GABA, receptor, behaviour, ratenAnaphe venata larva extract-induced purposeless chewing in rats: the
role of cholinergic, GABAergic and opioid systemsSeasonal ataxia was reported in humans following the consumption of
Anaphe venata larva as protein supplement in diet and altered motor
function in rodents when the extract was administered
intraperitoneally. In this study we investigated the effect of the
crude aqueous and Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) extracts of this larva
on altered spontaneous rat behavior in a novel environment particularly
chewing behaviour, with a view to determine the mechanism(s) involved
in these behavioural alteration. Animals were randomly assigned into
four groups (n = 6-12 per group) and graded doses of aqueous and PBS
extracts (100-400 mg/kg) were administered dissolved in saline
intraperitoneally (i.p.) to each animal in the experimental groups. The
control group received an equivalent volume of saline. Behavioral
scores were recorded for a period of 30 minutes after the
administration of saline or extract. The role of various receptors in
the extract induced chewing was evaluated using known receptor
agonist/antagonists. Results revealed a significant increase in
purposeless chewing (F (7, 95) = 7.85; p&lt;0.05) by the aqueous
extract compared to saline control at all dose levels, which was
significantly attenuated by scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p) and thiamine (1
mg/kg, i.p) respectively (p&lt;0.05); while flumazenil (2 mg/kg, i.p)
and naloxone (2.5 mg/kg, i.p) did not alter the induced purposeless
chewing behaviour. Also, administration of PBS induced a significant (F
(7, 95) = 6.11; p&lt;0.05) increase in chewing behaviour but only at
400 mg/kg dose level which was attenuated by scopolamine (3 mg/kg,
i.p); while flumazenil (2 mg/kg, i.p), naloxone (2.5 mg/kg, i.p), and
thiamine (1 mg/kg, i.p) potentiated purposeless chewing behaviour
respectively. It may therefore be concluded from this study that Anaphe
extract-induced purposeless chewing behaviour in rat is mediated via
the activation of cholinergic neurotransmission which is modulated by
GABAergic and opioid receptor systems.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100102013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10010Ajibola, E.S.Adeleye, O.E.Okediran, B.S.Rahman, S.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnacardium occidentale, aqueous extract, gastric acid secretion, rats,
intragastricenEffect of Intragastric Administration of Crude Aqueous Leaf Extract Of
Anacardium occidentale on Gastric Acid Secretion in RatsThe effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale on
gastric acid secretion was tested in rats. Twenty (20) Wistar albino
rats were used for the gastric acid assay experiment. The rats were
divided into 2 groups of 10 each. Gastric acid output was determined by
continuous perfusion of rat stomach in urethane anesthetized rats.
Control gastric acid output was obtained using 0.9% sodium chloride as
perfusate and extract induced gastric acid output was obtained by
perfusion with 0.1% solution of Anacardium occidentale Intragastric
administration of the extract caused significant increase in mean
gastric output (P&lt;0.05). Atropine (5μg/100g,) lM and Cimetidine
(5mg/100g), IM. significantly inhibited the extract induced gastric
acid secretion via muscarinic and histaminic receptors respectively.
Our findings showed that the use of the plant extract as a single
anti-gastric ulcer therapy may not involve lowering of acid secretions
rather it may be due to its anti Helicobacter pylori effect.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100112013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10011Iranloye, B.Oyeusi, K.Alada, A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPhyllanthus amarus, Implantation, Abortifacient.enEffect of Aqueous Extract of Phyllanthus amarus Leaves on
Implantation and Pregnancy in RatsPhyllanthus amarus is a medicinal plant used widely in the treatment
of many diseases. It has a long tradition of use in the Hindu Ayurvedic
system of medicine and it has long been used as a medicinal agent in
cultures around the world. Traditionally, in the Yoruba speaking part
of western Nigeria it is used in treating sterility and difficult
childbirth. This experiment was therefore design to scientifically test
the effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus (AEPA) leaves on
implantation and pregnancy. Animals were divided into two groups of 18
rats each after pregnancy has been established. Group I received
0.2mg/100g body weight of AEPA from day 1 of pregnancy. Group II
received equal volume of distilled water serving as the control. Six
rats from each group were sacrificed on days 6, 8 and 19 respectively.
Implantation and pregnancy were assessed. AEPA reduced the time frame
for implantation in the treated rats and caused abortion of pregnant
rats. Although the aqueous extract of phyllanthus amarus reduces the
time frame for implantation, its abortificent effect does not support
the traditional claim that it can treat sterility.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100122013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10012Adewoye, E.O.Ige, A.O.Adeyanju, O.Bekibele, E.B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaProtein diet, Membrane proteins, Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase activity, Calcium.enEffect of diet of Varying Protein concentrations on the Activity of
Erythrocyte Membrane Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase in DogsAlterations in protein diet have been reported to result in alterations
in calcium homeostasis in the body. Ca2+Mg2+ATPase is an ubiquitous
enzyme important in calcium homeostasis in the body. The effect of
varying protein diet on the activities of Ca2+ pump across cell
membranes is however yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, the
activity of erythrocyte membrane calcium pump in response to varying
protein concentration in diet was therefore studied in the dog. The
study was carried out in 24 dogs, randomly divided into 4 groups. The
groups were fed with diets containing 30%, 26%, 16% and 0% proteins
(high, medium, low and zero) for six weeks respectively. Blood samples
were collected from each animal to determine packed cell volumes,
hematocrit, blood urea, electrolyte studies and erythrocyte ghost
membrane studies. The effects of Ca2+ and ATP on the activity of
Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase were determined in the isolated ghost membrane. The
result of the study shows that there was a protein diet dependent
increase in the activity of Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase in the presence and absence
of ATP in all the groups with the highest activity recorded in the high
protein diet group and the lowest activity observed in the zero protein
group. There was also a protein diet dependent increase in the protein
concentration of the membranes in all groups observed with the highest
protein concentration recorded in the high protein diet group and the
lowest activity observed in the zero protein group.. There was a
significant decrease in K+ concentration (P&lt;0.05) and a significant
increase in urea concentration of animals fed with high protein diet
(P&lt;0.05). There was also a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in HCO3-
concentration in the animals fed with medium protein diet and no
significant difference in the PCV and heamatocrit values in all groups.
This study has shown that high protein diets increase the activity of
the Ca2+Mg2+ ATPase in the presence and absence of ATP.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100132013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10013Oyeyipo, I.P.Olatunji, L.A.Akhigbe, R.E.Arokoyo, D.SSoladoye, A.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCalcium, oral contraceptives, food intake, feeding centre, body weightenEffect of Increased Dietary Calcium on Body Weight, Food and Water
Intake in Oral Contraceptive Treated Female RatsThe effects of high calcium diet on body weight in OC treated rats are
unknown. This study therefore investigated the effect of increasing
dietary calcium from 0.9% to 2.5% on body weight, food ingestion, water
intake, heart weight index and renal weight index in female
Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a combination of OC steroids
(ethinyloestradiol + norgestrel). The rats were assigned into three
groups of average of 11 rats each; control, OC-treated and OC + Calcium
– treated groups and administered orally for 10 weeks. Food and
water intake, body weight, cardiac weight index, left ventricular
weight index, renal weight index and serum calcium level were
determined. The result shows that OC treated rats had significantly
lower serum calcium concentration, body weight gain, food, water and
calcium intake than those of the control rats. The OC + Calcium –
treated rat had significantly higher serum calcium concentration, food,
water and calcium intake but significantly lower body weight than those
of the OC – treated rats. OC + Calcium – treated rats had
significantly higher water intake, calcium intake and significantly
lower body weight and food intake when compared with the control rats.
Cardiac weight index and renal weight index was comparable in all
groups. In conclusion, combined OC-induced reduction in weight gain
might be associated with inhibition of the feeding center and
consequent inhibition of the thirst center. Co-administration of
dietary calcium augmented the reduction in weight gain seen in
OCtreated rats probably by further suppression of the feeding and
thirst centers.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100142013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10014Oyeyipo, I.P.Raji, Y.Emikpe, B.O.Bolarinwa, A.F.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNicotine, testosterone, reproductive organ, ratenEffects of Oral Administration of Nicotine on Organ Weight, Serum
Testosterone Level and Testicular Histology in Adult Male RatsThis study investigated the effects of oral administration of nicotine
on body and reproductive organ weight, serum testosterone level and
testicular histology in adult male rats. Forty male rats divided into
five groups and treated for a period of 30 days with 0.5mg/kg (low
dose) and 1.0mg/kg (high dose) body weight of nicotine while the
control rats received 0.2 ml/kg normal saline. The fourth and fifth
groups were gavaged with 0.5mg/kg and 1.0mg/kg body weight of nicotine
but were left untreated for another 30 days. These groups served as the
recovery groups. At the end of each experimental period, the animals
were scarified and their reproductive organs were removed and weighed
immediately. There was no significant change in the body weight. There
was a significant decrease (p &lt;0.05) in the testicular and
epididymal weight of rats for both treatments while the decrease in the
seminal vesicle weight for both treatment groups was not significant.
The prostate weight was not significantly increased in both groups. The
recovery groups showed appreciable recovery in their organ weight.
Serum level of testosterone of both groups was significantly decreased
in a dose dependent manner when compared with those of the control
rats. The histological section showed testicular degeneration and
disorganization in the cytoarchitecture, as the observed changes were
pronounced in the high dose group than the low dose group. However,
there were both regeneration of the germinal epithelium and
restructuring of the interstitum towards normal in the recovery groups.
No lesion was observed in the epididymis of the rats. The results
suggest that nicotine has deleterious effect on the male reproductive
organ of albino rats ameliorated by nicotine cessation.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100152013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10015Fagbohun, T. R.Odufunwa, K. T.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnacardium Occidentale, Tolbutamide., Hypoglycaemia, Alloxan-Induced
DiabetesenHypoglycemic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Anacardium occidentale
leaves in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic RatsAnacardium occidentale Leave (Anacardiaceae), a plant natively grown
in wastelands in Africa is used as a folk remedy for diabetes mellitus.
Previous studies, reported the hypoglycemic effect of the aqueous leaf
extract of A. occidentale in diabetic rats and its prophylactic
activity against the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin This study
evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of a methanolic extract of
streptozotocin leaves and its fractions in Alloxan-induced diabetic
rats in comparison to Tolbutamide, a reference drug. For moderately
diabetic rat, A. occidentale caused a 79.2 % change over 4 hours and
Tolbutamide caused a 63.1 % change over this same time period. When the
rat were considered to be severely diabetic, the A. occidentale
decreased the blood glucose levels by 20.8% change over four hours and
the mean percent change over 4 hours for Tolbutamide was 47.63 %. These
values were not considered significant (p&gt;0.05). So the same
conclusion can be made about the efficacy of A. occidentale, when
compared to the reference drug, Tolbutamide. These results that show
that A. occidentale has a similar ability compared with Tolbutamide to
lower blood glucose levels.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100162013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10016Ugwu, A. C.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenGlobal Climate Change and Body FunctionsNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100172013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10017Raji, YinusaAkinola, Adeniran,Oyeyipo, Ibukun PFemi-Akinlosotu, OmowumiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaQuassin, Female rat, Reproduction, EstrogenenReproductive activities of female albino rats treated with quassin, a
bioactive triterpenoid from stem bark extract of Quassia amara To evaluate the effect of quassin on female reproductive functions, 42
albino rats (35 females and 7 males) were used. The female albino rats
were divided into seven groups of five rats each. Group I served as the
control group and received distilled water while Groups II, III and IV
rats were treatedorally with 0.1mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg body
weight of quassin for 60 days respectively. Groups V, VI and VII rats
were also treated orally with 0.1 mg/kg, 1.0mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg body
weight of quassin for 60 days but were left untreated for another 30
days, to serve as the recovery groups. At the end of each experimental
period, blood samples were collected from each rat. Fertility study was
done by cohabiting one untreated male with the five female rats in each
group for 10 days. Quassin did not adversely affect the weight of the
kidney, heart, liver and the body of the rats. However there was a
significant decrease(P &lt; 0.05) in the weight of the ovary and uterus
in all the groups relative to the control. There was also a significant
decrease (P &lt;0.05) in serum estrogen levels in quassin treated rats.
The quassin treated rats had a significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05)
mean litter number and weight. Histological studies show a
disorganization and degeneration in the ovary while the uterus showed
signs of vacuolation and disorganization. However, these effects were
ameliorated after quassin was withdrawn from the rats. The results
suggest that quassin has female anti-fertility properties, possibly
acting via inhibition of estrogen secretion.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100182013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10018Raji, YinusaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnaemia, Quassinoid, Quassin, 2-methoxycanthine-6-one, RatsenEffects of bioactive principles from stem bark extract of Quassia amara
, Quassin and 2-methoxycanthine-6-one, on haematological parameters in
albino ratsThe effect of Quassia amara extract and two isolated compounds from
the extract, quassin and 2-methoxycathine-6-one on haematological
parameters was studied in rats. All doses of the extract and those of
the quassin significantly increased (p &lt;0.05) red blood cell count,
packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration. However, there was no
significant increase (P&gt;0.05) in the total white blood cell count.
There was also no significant change (P&gt;0.05) in all parameters
studied with 2-methoxycanthine-6-one. The results suggest that quassia
extract possesses antianaemic property.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100192013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10019Iji, O.TOyagbemi, A.AAzeez, O.IPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAloe vera, Haematology, Osmotic fragility, Plasma biochemistryenAssessment of Chronic Administration of Aloe Vera Gel On Haematology,
Plasma Biochemistry, Lipid Profiles and Erythrocyte Osmotic Resistance
in Wistar RatsThe study was designed to investigate the effects of chronic
administration of Aloe vera gel extract on markers of hepatic damage,
lipid profiles and erythrocyte osmotic fragility using the Wistar rats.
Forty male Wistar rats divided into four groups of ten rats per group
were used in the study. Group I which served as the control received
0.9% physiological saline while those in groups II, III and IV received
Aloe vera gel (100, 250 and 500mg/kg), respectively, for four weeks.
There was significant increase in the haemoglobin concentration while
the PCV, RBC count, MCH and MCHC though showed some marginal increases
but the increases were not significant in all the treated rats. No
significant change was also observed in the erythrocyte osmotic
fragility. However, there were significant reductions in plasma ALT
(P&lt;0.001), AST (P&lt;0.05) and ALP (P&lt;0.05) levels in animals
that received the gel compared with the control while the plasma
albumin (P&lt;0.01) and total protein (p&lt;0.05) values were higher
than those of the control. All the animals that received the gel also
showed significant reduction in plasma total cholesterol (P&lt;0.001),
triglycerides (P&lt;0.001) and LDL-cholesterol ratio (p&lt;0.01)
compared with the control. In a similar manner, those animals that were
administered with 500mg/kg gel had significantly higher (P&lt;0.001)
HDL-cholesterol ratio than those of the control. This study showed
that, chronic administration of Aloe vera gel extract had no
significant effects on the haematological parameters of the rats and
did not affect erythrocyte osmotic resistance. It however showed some
cholesterol lowering action.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100202013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10020Okwusidi, J.I.Alabi, K. I.Olatunji, L.A.Oyesola, T.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHypercalcemic-diet, Oral contraceptive, Plasma electrolytes,
Hypertension, Female-albino-ratsenIs Hypercalcemic Diet A Possible Antidote To Oral Contraceptive-Induced
Hypertension?Administration of oral contraceptive (OC) has been associated with body
fluid retention and in high doses over a long period, promotes
hypertension (Oelkers 1996). This present investigation tests the
hypothesis that the dietary calcium supplementation increases salt and
water excretion in OC (norgestre/ethinylestradiol) treated 32 female
albino rats randomly distributed into four (1-4) groups of 8 rats each:
Control, OC-treated, OC-treated+ Calcium diet fed and Calcium diet fed
only respectively. OC was administered to the appropriate groups by
gavage. Experimental diet contained 2.5% calcium supplement. Plasma and
urinary [Na+] [K+] were evaluated after 8 weeks of experimentation by
flame photometry and plasma [Ca2+] by colorimetric method. OC-treatment
induced a significant fall in urinary [Na+]. Water excretion was
significantly reduced in these animals (control, 3.1±0.56 Vs
OC-treated rats, 1.47±0.16; p&lt; 0.05). OC-treated rats had
significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) plasma [K+] compared to control rats.
Calcium supplementation induced increases in plasma [Na+], [K+] and
augmented urinary Na+ excretion (OC-treated + Ca2+ diet Vs OC-treated
only, p&lt;0.05). Compared with the control rats, high Ca2+diet fed
rats exhibited significant increases in plasma [Na+] and [K+]
accompanied by significant decreases in urinary H20 excretion
(p&lt;0.05). These results strongly suggest that high dietary Ca2+
supplementation increases salt and water excretion in OC-treated rats
and potentially moderates fluid retention and blood pressure in these
animals, and may be of clinical significance in OC-induced abnormal
fluid retention and perhaps OC-induced hypertension.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100212013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10021Adisa, W.A.Otamere, H.O.Osifo, C.U.,Idonije, O.B.,Nwoke, E.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKola nut, Testosterone, Luteinizing hormone, RatenEffects of Aqueous Extract of Kola Nut ( Cola Nitida Rubra ) on
Reproductive Hormones in RatsOur previous study suggests that aqueous extract of kola nut had effect
on reproductive hormones in male rats. This study evaluates the effects
of kola nut extract on plasma level of testosterone and luteinizing
hormones in male rats. 30 adult male rats were used. These were divided
into three groups: group A served as control and it received water
only, group B and C received kola nut extract only (8mg/kg body
weight), C served as recovery group. All the groups were treated for
four weeks. The C which served as recovery group was allowed to recover
for another four weeks at the end of the extract administration period.
The plasma level of testosterone was significantly increased
(p&lt;0.05) while that of luteinizing hormone was significantly
decreased (p&lt;0.05) when compared with control animals. The recovery
group showed values that were insignificantly lowered but a bit closer
to those of the control animals. This showed that the rats were able to
recover to some extent after the extract administration.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100222013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10022Emuebie Okonji, RaphaelKuku, AdenikePhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRhodanese, Arginase, Cigarette smoking, Plasma.enA comparative study of the plasma level of arginase and rhodanese in
smokers and non-smokersThe purpose of this investigation was to determine and compare the
activities of arginase and rhodanese in the blood plasma of cigarette
smokers and non-smokers. The activity of arginase in the blood plasma
of smokers was higher than arginase activity in the non-smokers (NS),
however, in the smokers with diseases (SWD), the increase was
significant (p&lt;0.0007). The comparison between the activity of
rhodanese in the SWD, smokers without diseases (SWOD) and NS blood
plasma revealed a decrease in the activity of rhodanese in NS and no
significant difference in the three groups with p&lt;0.8677. This paper
reported the enhancing effect of cigarette smoking could have on the
disease state of smokers due to high arginase activity.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100232013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10023Iyanda, A.A.Anetor, J.I.Oparinde, D.PAdeniyi, F.A.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaParacetamol formulation, Vitamins, Trace elementsenEffects of Methionine Containing Paracetamol Formulation on Serum
Vitamins and Trace Elements in Male RatsMethionine is an effective antidote in the treatment of
paracetamol-induced toxicity but at large doses it has been reported to
induce or aggravate a number of pathological conditions. It also alters
plasma levels of many vital elements and molecules. This study was
designed to identify if the alteration observed for antioxidant
vitamins and minerals especially at sub-toxic and toxic levels of
exposure in our earlier study of 24-hour exposure period may warrant
trace elements supplementation. This was investigated by carrying out a
48-hour study to test the ability of a living organism to restore
homeostasis of these vital molecules and elements. The levels of
antioxidant minerals and vitamins were estimated in the serum samples
obtained from adult male Wistar rats exposed to paracetamol tablets. At
100 mg\kg BW (body weight) vitamin A, niacin, riboflavin, selenium and
manganese were not significantly different from the control group
(p&gt;0.05). Moreover at 350 mg\kg, all these indices except zinc were
not significantly different in the exposed group compared with controls
(p&gt;0.05) whereas at 1000 mg\kg level of exposure manganese, selenium
and vitamin E were not significantly decreased at the end of 48 hours
of exposure but copper, niacin and vitamin A were significantly
increased in the exposed group compared with the controls (p&lt;0.05).
These results suggest that with time the body may be capable of
bringing about restoration of the levels of some of these
elements\vitamins. This was more evident at 350 mg\kg level of exposure
than a higher dose of 1000 mg\kg level.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100242013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10024Kehinde, A.OOkesola, A.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaM. tuberculosis, Isolates, Epidemiology, IbadanenEpidemiology of Clinical Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at
Ibadan, NigeriaDespite the huge burden of tuberculosis (TB) in Nigeria, case detection
rate of infectious cases still remain low, thus constituting obstacle
to eradication of the disease in the community. We carried out a 15
month (1st January 2008 to 30th March 2009) retrospective review of
epidemiology of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated at TB
regional reference laboratory at the department of Medical Microbiology
and Parasitology, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Fifty
isolates were recovered from 720 specimens during the period of study
with a recovery rate of 6.9%. Sixty- two (8.6%) of the specimens were
contaminated. Thirty eight (76.0%) isolates were from the specimens of
male subjects and 12 (24.0%) from female subjects giving a male to
female ratio of 3.2: 1.0 Majority (62.0%) of the isolates were from
subjects aged 20 years and above with an isolation rate of 7.3% while
only two clinical isolates (4.0%) were recovered from specimens from
children. A high yield of 20.8% was recovered from specimen collected
from Hausa ethnic group who predominantly domiciled in a particular
part of the metropolis. In terms of socio-economic status, clinical
isolates recovered from specimens from unskilled workers (76.0%) was
more than thrice from that obtained from the professionals (24.0%).
Seven (14.0%) of the total isolates were recovered from extra-pulmonary
lesions while the majority 43 (86.0%) were for pulmonary TB. The
isolation rate from children and extra-pulmonary sites are low. This
suggests a need to pay more attention to diagnosis of childhood and
extra-pulmonary TB in Ibadan, Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100252013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10025Saba, ABOyagbemi, AAAzeez, OIPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHepatotoxicity, Haemotoxicity, Carbon tetrachloride, Cnidoscolus
aconitifolius, Rats.enAmelioration of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and
haemotoxicity by aqueous leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius
in ratsThis study was conducted to explore possible protective effect of
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (CA) leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and haemotoxicity in experimental animal
models. Thirty six rats of six per group were used in this study. Group
I received 10ml/kg normal saline as control. Group II-VI rats were
administered with 1.25ml/kg body weight (bwt) of carbon tetrachloride
intraperitonealy. Animals in groups III, IV, V and VI were however
pre-treated with aqueous extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius at 100,
250, 500 and 750mg/kg body weight (bwt) respectively. Administration of
CCL4 in untreated rats led to microcytic hypochromic anaemia,
thrombocytopenia, increased erythrocyte fragility and stress induced
leucocytosis accompanied with significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in
neutrophils and decrease (P&lt;0.01) in lymphocyte counts. CCl4 also
led to significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in serum transaminases (ALT and
AST) and phosphatase (ALP) respectively compared with control animals.
Also, CCL4 produced significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in serum blood
urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine compared with normal rats.
Pre-treatment with Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract brought about
significant restoration of the haematological parameters to values that
were comparable to those of the control with concomitant decrease
(P&lt;0.05) in the activities of the marker of hepatic damage enzymes
(ALT, AST and ALP), in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, serum levels
of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were also brought to near
normal by the CA in a dose-dependent manner. From this study, we
conclude that pre-exposure to Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extract
considerably reduced the effect of CCl4 on the blood parameters and
ameliorated hepatic damage by the haloalkane.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100262013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10026Ozolua, Raymond I.Eboka, Chuks J.Duru, Comfort N.Uwaya, Dickson O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBryophyllum pinnatum; Tracheal rings; Anti-asthmatic; Antispasmodic;
Herbal medicineenEffects of aqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum on guinea pig
tracheal ring contractilityAqueous leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum Lam (Crassulaceae) is
used as a cough remedy and for the prophylaxis of asthma. Since drugs
used for the prophylaxis of asthma may be acting on airway smooth
muscles, we investigated the effects of aqueous leaf extract of the
plant on the contractile responses of isolated tracheal rings. Guinea
pigs were grouped into non-sensitized, ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized,
OA-sensitized but 200 mg/kg/day x 21 extract-treated, and OA-sensitized
but 400 mg/kg/day x 21 extract-treated. The extract was administered
orally. Tracheal rings obtained from the four groups were mounted in
organ baths and used to test spasmolytic and antispasmodic effects of
the extract on histamine or carbachol-induced contractions.
Concentrations of 0.125 – 1.0 mg/ml of the extract did not relax
histamine or carbachol-induced precontractions. The presence of 0.25
– 1.0 mg/ml of the extract in organ baths significantly (p&lt;
0.0001) reduced the maximal contractile responses (Emax) to cumulative
concentrations of histamine or carbachol irrespective of the
experimental group. pD2 values were significantly reduced for histamine
(p&lt; 0.05) and carbachol (p&lt; 0.002) in rings obtained from 400
mg/kg/day x 21 extract-treated group. It is concluded that aqueous leaf
extract of B. pinnatum possesses antispasmodic effects on the guinea
pig tracheal rings. The results lend credence to the use of the extract
for the prophylaxis of asthma in ethnomedicine.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100272013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10027Olopade, J.OOkandeji, M.EPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRostrofacial, Regional anaesthesia, Nerve block, Mastication,
Morphophysiology, PigsenA Study of Some Rostrofacial Indices Related to Regional Anaesthesia of
the Porcine: Implications as an Animal Model for Dental ResearchThere has been a widespread use of pigs in medical and biomedical
training and research due to many similarities in the morphophysiology
of tissues between swine and humans The aim of this study was to
measure some rostrofacial indices of some indigenous pigs in Nigeria,
with a view to providing basic information on some clinically important
parameters. Using 26 pigs, the mean values for the mandibular lenghts
MDL-1 and MDL-2 were 16.74± 1.76cm and 15.98± 2.32cm for the
males and 18.03± 3.04 and 17.07± 2.54 for the females. The
mean distance of the infraorbital foramen to the root of the alveolus
of premolar three was relatively constant between sexes and age group
however, significant differences was found in the distance between the
medial mental foramen and the mandibular foramen, between age group
within sexes. Several lateral foramina were observed on either side of
the bodies of the mandibles, with an average of 6 in the males and 7 in
the females with the implications for anaesthesia discussed. With
increasing use of the porcine species as experimental models for
improvement of human dental implants, this work will further aid the
knowledge of the regional anaesthesia of this species in dental implant
studies and could be of value in the surgical intervention of priced
animalsNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100282013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10028Arinze-Onyia, S. U.Onwasigwe, C. N.Uzochukwu, B. S. C.Nwobi, E. A.Ndu, A. C.Nwobodo, EdPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKnowledge, Attitudes, Emergency contraception, Health education, Female
students, Tertiary institutions.enThe Effects of Health Education on Knowledge and Attitudes to Emergency
Contraception by Female Students of a Tertiary Educational Institution
in Enugu, South East Nigeria.This was an intervention study to assess the effects of health
education on the knowledge and attitudes to emergency contraception
(EC) by female students of University of Nigeria in southeast Nigeria.
A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 337 female
students of a tertiary educational institution (150 in the study group
and 187 from the control group) who were selected by multistage
sampling. Subsequently, health education was conducted only among
students in the study institution. Three months after this
intervention, its effects were assessed through a survey using the same
structured questionnaire employed in the baseline survey. Unlike the
pre-intervention results, knowledge of EC was significantly higher (P
&lt; 0.05) among the study group than the controls. Attitudes to EC
were also more favourable at the post- intervention survey among the
study group. Health education can effectively improve knowledge and
attitudes to EC among female students of tertiary institutions and this
should be encouraged.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100292013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10029Ghazali, S. MAbbiyesuku, F. MPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaThyroid dysfunction, Diabetes, Ibadan, NigeriaenThyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetics seen at the University College
Hospital, Ibadan, NigeriaThyroid dysfunction complicates the metabolic derangement observed in
Diabetes Mellitus (DM). It is necessary to recognize and treat it when
present in order to achieve stability of metabolic control in these
patients. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type-2 diabetics in
our environment is not known. This study was therefore designed to
determine the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Type 2 diabetics
seen at the Metabolic Research Unit of University College Hospital,
Ibadan, Nigeria. Serum TSH, Free T3 and Free T4 assays were performed
using Automated Enzyme Immunoassay platform on fresh sera from
volunteers comprising 64 adult type 2 diabetics and 36, age matched,
non diabetic controls; weight, height and blood pressures were measured
in all subjects. In addition, past lipid profile results of type 2
diabetics were retrieved from medical records. Thyroid dysfunction was
present in 19 (29.7%) of 64 type 2 diabetics and 1 (2.8%) of 36 non
diabetic controls (P&lt; 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction
is 32.4% in females and 25.9% in males. Secondary hypothyroidism was
seen in 78.9%, sub-clinical hypothyroidism in 15.8%, and sub-clinical
hyperthyroidism 5.2% of subjects with thyroid dysfunction. Abnormal
lipid profiles were seen in 35.4% of euthyroid type 2 diabetics and
100% of hypothyroid type 2 diabetics (P&lt;0.05). 87.5% of type 2
diabetics and 38.8% of controls were hypertensive (P&lt;0.05). 7.8% of
type 2 diabetics and 50% of controls were obese (P&lt;0.05). The
prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 2 is higher in type 2
diabetics than in controls. More of Type 2 diabetics were obese and
more of them were hypertensive compared to controls. The approach of
using TSH first in screening for thyroid dysfunction is not sufficient
in type 2 diabetics. Routine screening for thyroid dysfunction should
be carried out in type 2 diabetics.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100302013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10030Okwari, O.O.Nneli, R. OOsim, E.EPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaXylopia aethiopica, Glucose, Absorption, Jejunum, Ileum, RatenEffect of Aqueous Fruit Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica on Intestinal
Fluid and Glucose Transfer in RatsIntestinal fluid and glucose absorption was studied in jejunal and
ileal segments in Xylopia aethiopica fed rats using inverted sac
technique. Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups of
10 rats each; control, 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg Xylopia aethiopica treated
groups. The control group received normal rat chow and water while the
low dose and high dose groups received oral administration of Xylopia
aethiopica extract at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight
respectively in addition to daily rat chow and water intake for 28
days. The results showed significant reduction and increase in fluid
transfer in the jejunum and ileum respectively (P&lt;0.01) compared
with control. 100mg/kg increased gut fluid uptake in the ileum while
200mg/kg treatment reduced uptake in jejunum compared with control.
Both doses had significantly increased jejunal and ileal glucose
transfer. Gut glucose uptake was increased in jejunum and ileum of
Xylopia aethiopica treated groups. Both doses increased the crypt depth
but significantly decreased the villus height in the ileum (P&lt;0.05).
In conclusion, increased ileal gut fluid uptake may be beneficial in
diarrheal state while an enhanced glucose uptake implies that glucose
substrate may be made available to cells for synthesize of ATP for
cellular activities.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np100312013-01-24np2013-01-24http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np10031Ghazali, S. M.Sanusi, R. APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2010 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnthropometric indices, Metabolic Syndrome, NigerianenWaist circumference, waist to hip ratio, and body mass index in the
diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in Nigerian subjectsMetabolic syndrome is the commonest controllable precursor of
cardiovascular and end stage renal diseases. While central obesity is
recognized universally as its strongest component, there is the need
for an accurate and affordable tool to screen for the presence of
metabolic syndrome in every community. The easiest and cheapest
measures of obesity are the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference
(WC) and waist to hip ratio (WHR). This study investigated the
potential of BMI, WHR and WC in diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS) in
Nigerian subjects.This cross sectional study involved three hundred and
thirty eight apparently healthy adult Nigerians recruited within the
University College Hospital and its environs were evaluated for the
features of metabolic syndrome using the World Health Organisation and
the NCEP ATP 111 criteria. BMI, WC, WHR, Blood Pressure, Fasting Lipid
Profile and Fasting Plasma Glucose were measured in each participant.
Correlation between BMI, WC, WHR and Blood Pressure, Fasting Lipid
Profile and Fasting Plasma Glucose which are other components of MS was
determined and empirical Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC)
analysis was used to evaluate each of them as predictors of MS. The
prevalence of MS in the studied population was significantly higher
(36.7%) using NCEP definition than (23.7%) using WHO definition
(p&lt;0.05). By both definitions, this prevalence was higher in females
than in males (p&lt;0.05). WC was positively correlated with FPG and TG
(r=0.560 and 0.436 respectively; P=0.000) in the NCEP category while WC
was positively correlated with FPG, SBP and DBP (r=0.254, 0.480, and
0.490 respectively; P&gt;0.05) in the WHO category. ROC Analysis shows
WC having the highest AUC (0.785) hence diagnoses MS more accurately
than both BMI (0.733) and WHR (0.783) using in the NCEP ATP 111
criteria. The highest Area Under Curve (AUC) was observed in WHR
(0.837) followed by WC (0.799) in the WHO category. Both WC and WHR are
shown to be good predictors of the presence of MS. It will be
appropriate to incorporate WC measurement into routine general physical
examination in our clinics.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 25 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110012013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11001John, Theresa AdebolaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaProtein kinase G, Nitric oxide synthaseenProtein Kinase G May Exert Pro-Degradation Inhibition on Nitric Oxide
SynthaseNitric oxide synthase (NOS) is regulated by protein-protein
interactions. We had earlier shown that PKG inhibits activated NOS in
endothelial cells and speculated that PKG phosphorylation of NOS
terminates its activity. The present work examines if PKG activation
increases breakdown of NOS. Diamino-fluorescein fluorescence
spectrometry of real time NO production was used to establish that
isolated ovine lung microvascular endothelial cells responded to PKG
modulation as previously reported. Fluorescence activated cell sorter
(FACS) analysis was used to establish that 8-Br-cGMP, a PKG activator,
caused carboxy terminal deletion on NOS, a sign of degradation. Western
blot analysis was used to investigate NOS fragments in control and 5
min 8-Br-cGMP treated cells. PKG activator 8-Br-cGMP, at 20 nM, 200 nM,
and 2 μM, decreased nitric oxide production in a dose dependent
manner (p&lt;0.05 in all cases). PKG inhibitors: 100 μM
Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS, 50 nM Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, or 4 μM Rp-8-Br-cGMPS Na
significantly increased NO production (p&lt;0.05) showing that PKG
normally inhibits basal NO production. 8-Br-cGMP (100 nM) abrogated the
elevation in NO production produced by the PKG inhibitors. FACS
analysis revealed that PKG decreased NOS carboxy terminal labeling.
Western blot analysis revealed that 8-Br-cGMP increased N-terminal
serine-116 phosphorylated NOS fragments of molecular weights of about
60, 50 and 35 kDa. PKG may be a post-activation inhibitor of NOS,
possibly important for the degradation of the spent enzyme.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110022013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11002Nworah, D.C.Chike, C.P.R.Akpa, M.R.Nwafor, A.Dapper, D.V.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHypertension, Diabetes mellitus, Cardiovascular disease, Left
ventricular hypertrophyenPrevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive and
normotensive type 2 diabetic females in Port HarcourtThis study investigated the prevalence of electrocardiographically
determined left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive and
normotensive type 2 diabetic females who went for consultation at the
University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Rivers State,
Nigeria. Two hundred participants mean age 52years, attending the
medical outpatient clinic over a 6-month period were recruited for the
study. Of the population studied, 16.5% of the hypertensive and 13.0%
of the normotensive diabetics had left ventricular hypertrophy.
Cardiovascular abnormalities notably bifascicular block, left atrial
block, right ventricular enlargement, and right atrial enlargement were
predominately among hypertensive diabetes and also notably was
arrhythmia and atrial flutter among normotensive diabetes. The
significance of these findings is discussed.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110032013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11003Olatunji, L.A.Aaron, A.O.Michael, O.S.Oyeyipo. I.P.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGender, Heart rate, orthostatic challenge, Pulse pressure, Water
ingestionenWater ingestion affects orthostatic challenge-induced blood pressure
and heart rate responses in young healthy subjects: gender implicationsEvidence exists that women have lower orthostatic tolerance than men
during quiescent standing. Water ingestion has been demonstrated to
improve orthostatic tolerance in patients with severe autonomic
dysfunction. We therefore sought to test the hypothesis that water
ingestion would improve orthostatic tolerance in healthy young women
more than in aged-matched men. Thirty seven (22 men and 15 women)
healthy subjects aged 22.5± 1.7 and 21.5±1.4 (means±SD)
respectively, ingested 50ml (control) and 500ml of water 40min before
orthostatic challenge on two separate days of appointment in a
randomized controlled, cross-over design. Seated and standing blood
pressure and heart rate were determined. Orthostatic tolerance was
assessed as the time to presyncope during standing. Ingesting 500ml of
water significantly improves orthostatic tolerance by 22% (32.0 ±
5.2 vs 26.2 ± 2.4min; p&lt; 0.05) in men and by 33% (24.2±2.8
vs 18.3 ± 3.2; p&lt; 0.05) in women. Thirty minutes after
ingesting 500ml of water, seated systolic blood pressure, diastolic
blood pressure, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure rose
significantly in men while only systolic blood pressure and pulse
pressure rose significantly in women. However ingesting 500ml of water
did not have significant effect on seated heart rate in both men and
women. Ingestion of 500ml of water significantly attenuated both the
orthostatic challenge-induced increased heart rate and decreased pulse
pressure responses especially in women. Diastolic blood pressure tended
to be positively correlated with orthostatic tolerance strongly in men
than in women. Pulse pressure correlated positively while heart rate
correlated negatively to orthostatic tolerance in women but not in men
independent of other correlates. Water ingestion is associated with
orthostatic tolerance strongly in women but weakly in men independent
of other correlates. In conclusion, the findings in the present study
demonstrated that water ingestion caused improvement strongly in young
women than in young men. This improvement is associated with increased
pulse pressure and decreased tachycardiac responses during orthostatic
challenge.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110042013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11004Ajala, O.O.Fayemi, O.O.Kolawole, T.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaErythrocytic parameters, Pregnancy, Pseudopregnancy, BitchesenErythrocytic parameters as indicators for differentiating between the
pregnant and pseudopregnant bitches in NigeriaThe erythrocytic parameters during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in
bitches were studied and compared in 8 bitches aged 2 -3 years and
weighing 10–12 kg. Blood samples were collected from the bitches
before mating, during the three trimesters of pregnancy and the post
partum period. The packed cell volume (PCV %), haemoglobin
concentration (Hb gm/dl), red blood cell count(x106/μl) were
determined using standard methods. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were then
calculated. Six of the bitches were pregnant and 2 were pseudopregnant.
The results showed that in pregnant bitches, the PCV decreased
significantly from the premating values of 51.37+0.94% to 34.00+8.04%
during the third trimester of pregnancy (P&lt;0.05). There was also a
significant decrease in Hb values (P&lt;0.05) from the premating period
(16.30 ± 0.20gm/dl) to the third trimester of pregnancy
(11.25±1.80gm/dl). The values of Red blood cells (RBCx106/μl)
during the premating period (12.70+3.15) were not significantly
different from the values during the first second and third trimesters
(11.13+3.87, 10.38+4.54 and 12.24+3.15, respectively). The trend of
decrease in PCV and Hb values were not observed in the bitches with
pseudopregnancy. This shows that these erythrocytic parameters can be
used to detect and differentiate between pregnancy and pseudopregnancy
in bitches as early as the first 20 days post mating.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlSCcria:bioline:np:np110052013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11005Avidime, O. M.Avidime, S.Olorunshola, K. V.Dikko, A.A.U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnogenital distance, Ethnicity, Umbilical cord testosterone,
Anthropometry.enAnogenital distance and umbilical cord testosterone level in newborns
in Zaria, Northern NigeriaThe anogenital distance (AGD) is the distance between the anus and the
base of the penis in males and anus to fourchette (AF) distance in
females and is a sexually dimorphic index that, on average, is twice as
great in males as in females, so it is used as an indicator of
appropiate masculine development. In this study, the anogenital
distance (AGD) and anthropometric measurements such as birth weight,
birth length, head circumference and placenta weight of 200 newborns
(100 male, 100 female) were taken and umbilical cord serum was assayed
for testosterone concentration using Radioimmunoassay (Microwell). Data
obtained were analysed using Student t-test and Pearson’s
Correlation Analysis as applicable. Results revealed that mean total
anogenital distance was 22.53±0.70mm, and it was significantly
higher in males: 31.11±0.64mm than in females: 13.89±0.26mm
and we observed that there was positive correlation between birth
weight and AGD in females. In males head circumference correlated
positively with AGD. The mean cord testosterone concentration was
2.78±0.30ng/ml in males and 2.09±0.22ng/ml in females and did
not have any significant correlation with anogenital distance. It was
concluded that AGD of the population studied, though high was not
significantly higher than AGD in other parts of the world and umbilical
cord testosterone level did not have any significant effect on AGD.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110062013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11006Egwurugwu, J.N.Nwafor, A.Chike,C.P.RUfearo, C.S.Uchefuna, R.C.Iwuji, S.C.Okwara, J.E.Alagwu, E.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBody mass index, Semen quality, Male sex hormones,
Fertility/infertility.enThe relationship between body mass index, semen and sex hormones in
adult maleThis study was aimed at evaluating the relationship between body mass
index, sex hormones and semen characteristics in male adults. 120 male
adults aged 20 to 50 years who consented to participate in the study
were used. Serum samples collected from each subject were analyzed for
Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Prolactin
(PRL), Progesterone, Estradiol and testosterone by classical ELISA
method. Semen samples obtained by masturbation after 72 hours of
abstinence were analyzed for sperm count and motility. The results
showed statistically significant correlations at 99% confidence level
between body mass index and serum concentrations of progesterone and
oestradiol and sperm count. No significant correlations were observed
between body mass index and sperm motility, serum concentrations of
prolactin, testosterone and luteinizing hormone. In conclusion, this
study has shown that statistically significant correlations exist
between body mass index, semen characteristics and male sex hormones
and may broaden our understanding of the physiology of male
fertility/infertility.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110072013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11007Emokpae, MAOsadolor, HBOmole Ohonsi, APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSub clinical hypothyroidism, Hyperprolactinaemia, Primary infertility,
Secondary infertilityenSub-clinical hypothyroidism in infertile Nigerian women with
hyperprolactinaemiaStudies on the impact of subclinical hypothyroidism in infertility are
scarce and this seeks to determine the proportion of infertile Nigerian
women with hyperprolactinaemia that had subclinical hypothyroidism.
Serum prolactin and thyroid stimulating hormone were determined using
ELECSYS 1010 auto analyzer. Two hundred infertile women were evaluated
and 67(33.7%) had hyperprolactinaemia. Subclinical hypothyroidism was
observed in 14.9% of women with hyperprolactinaemia, 4.5% and 10.5% of
women with primary and secondary infertility, while hyperprolactinaemia
was observed in 29.9% and 70.1% in primary and secondary infertility
respectively. Mean levels of thyroid stimulating hormone and prolactin
were higher in secondary infertility than primary infertility.
Subclinical hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinaemia were higher in
secondary infertility than primary infertility. The ratio of
proportions between hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinaemia was 1:7.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110082013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11008Alagwu, E.A.Nneli, R.O.Egwurugwu, J N.Osim, E.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHoney, Gastric mucosa, Cytoprotection.enGastric Cytoprotection and honey intake in Albino RatsBeneficial effect of honey has been widely reported particularly on
wound healings, gastrointestinal disorders and as antibacterial agent.
However, there is paucity of report on its cytoprotective effect on the
gastric mucosa despite its common usage worldwide including Nigeria.
This study was therefore carried out to evaluate the effect of this
widely consumed substance on gastric mucosa using animal model and also
to explore possible mechanism of its action on the gastric mucosa
.Twenty male adult albino rats of Wistar strain, weighing between
210-220g were used in the experiment. They were randomly assigned into
two groups, the control group and the honey-fed (test) group, each
containing ten rats. The Control group was fed on normal rat feed and
water while the test group was fed on normal rat feed with honey added
to its drinking water (1ml of honey for every initial 10ml of water for
each rat daily) for twenty two weeks. After twenty two weeks the rats
were weighed after being starved overnight. They were anaesthetized
with urethane (0.6ml/100g body weight). Gastric ulceration was induced
using 1.5ml acid-alcohol prepared from equivolume of 0.1NHCl and 70%
methanol introduced into the stomach via a portex cannula tied and left
in place following an incision made on the antralpyloric junction of
the stomach. The acid-alcohol was allowed to stay for 1hr. After 1hr,
laparatomy was performed and the stomach isolated, cut open along the
greater curvature, rinsed with normal saline and fastened in place with
pins on a dissecting board for ulcer examination and scores. The result
obtained showed mean ulcer scores of 14.5+0.70 for the control group
and 1.6+0.11 for the test group. The result showed that honey
significantly reduced ulcer scores as well as caused scanty haemorrhage
in the test group compared with increased ulcer scores and multiple
haemorrhage in the control group. It is therefore concluded that honey
intake offered cytoprotection on the gastric mucosa of albino ratsNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110092013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11009Raji, Y.Oyeyemi, W.A.Shittu, S.T.Bolarinwa, A.F.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaFicus asperifolia, Gastric ulcer, Gastro-protection, Antioxidant, RatenGastro-protective effect of methanol extract of Ficus asperifolia
bark on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in ratsThe gastro-protective and antioxidant effects of methanol extract of
Ficus asperifolia bark on indomethacin induced gastric ulcer were
investigated in male rats. Thirty two male rats divided into 4 equal
groups and were treated as follows: group1 (control), 0.5ml of 5% tween
80 (vehicle for the extract), groups 2 and 3, 100 and 500mg/kg of Ficus
asperifolia extract respectively and group 4, cimetidine (100mg/kg).
After two weeks of daily oral administration of vehicle, extract or
cimetidine, gastric ulcer was induced in all rats with indomethacin (40
mg/kg, p.o). Gastric juice pH, gastric acid concentration, gastric
ulcer score, percentage gastric ulcer inhibition, activity levels of
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and malondiadehyde (MDA) were
determined. Ficus asperifolia extract significantly increased gastric
pH (p&lt;0.05) but decreased (p&lt;0.01) gastric acid secretion in dose
dependent manner when compared with the control. Inhibition of gastric
ulcer in extract and cimetidine treated rats was similar. Activities of
SOD and catalase were significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) while MDA was
significantly decreased (p&lt; 0.05) in extract treated rats when
compared with the control. The results suggest that Ficus asperifolia
possesses gastro-protective and antioxidant properties against gastric
ulcer induced by indomethacin.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110102013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11010Okwuosa, C.N.Okoi-Ewa, R.Achukwu, P.U.Onuba, A.C.Azubuike, N.CPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaGastroprotection, Antisecretory, Sesamum indicum, Ulcers, Necrotizing
agent, Histamine.enGastro-protective effect of crude hexane leaf extract of Sesamum
Indicum in RabbitsThe gastroprotective effect of the hexane extract of the leaves of
Sesamum Indicum (HESI) was investigated in twenty-eight male rabbits.
Gastroprotective activity against necrotizing agent induced ulceration
was studied. Gastric wall mucus was determined by standard methods.
Anti-secretory activity was determined in twelve pyloric-ligated
rabbits. Phytochemical and acute toxicity tests were performed. Results
showed that the hexane extract of S. indicum significantly reduced
gastric ulcers induced by necrotizing agent when compared with values
obtained with the negative control (p&lt;0.01). Pre-treatment with
graded doses of HESI significantly increased gastric mucous in a dose
dependent manner when compared with negative control (p&lt;0.001).
Misoprostol significantly protected rabbits from necrotizing agent
induced ulceration by 99.9% when compared with negative control
(p&lt;0.01). Misoprostol also significantly increased mucous turnover
with mean gastric mucous of 597.75 ± 4.70μg Alcian blue/g wet
tissue when compared with the negative control (p&lt;0.001).
Additionally, treatment with HESI resulted in a significant increase in
gastric fluid after histamine stimulation in pyloric-ligated rabbits
when compared with the negative control (p&lt;0.001). The extract of S.
indicum also significantly decreased titratable acidity of histamine
treated rabbits and increased gastric pH when compared with negative
control (p&lt;0.001). HESI significantly protected rabbits from
ulceration after histamine administration in 4 hour pyloric ligated
rabbits with a percentage protection of 79.3% (p&lt;0.001). The extract
also increased the volume of gastric fluid significantly after 4 hr
pyloric ligation (p&lt;0.01). Cimetidine protected pyloric-ligated
rabbits from ulceration (92.1%) (p&lt;0.001) and also raised the
gastric pH (p&lt;0.001), protein concentration in the gastric fluid
(p&lt;0.001), and reduced the titratable acidity (p&lt;0.001) when
compared with the negative control. The leaves of S. indicum possess
gastroprotective properties.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110112013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11011Olopade, J.OFatola, I.OOlopade, F.EPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaVanadium, Vitamin E, Vertical administration, Neuroprotection.enVertical Administration of Vanadium through Lactation Induces
Behavioural and Neuromorphological Changes: Protective Role of Vitamin
EThe work investigated the protective role of vitamin E on vanadium
induced neurotoxicity. Three adult female rats were divided into three
groups, A-C with each dam and her pups forming a group. Group A served
as control. The dam in Group B was given 3mg/kg b.w./day of vanadium
from PND 1 while the Group C dam were given 3mg/kg b.w./day of
vanadium, for 14 days and 500mg/kg b.w. of vitamin E 72 hourly in the
same time frame. The results showed that pups from Group B, exhibited
behavioural deficits in most tests, a significant reduction in body
weight gain and absolute brain weight; in addition immunohistochemistry
showed reactive astrogliosis induced by vanadium exposure. All these
findings were however attenuated in pups whose dam was exposed to
vanadium and vitamin E depicting the significant protective effects of
this antioxidant against vanadium. This study is novel in that both
vanadium and vitamin E were introduced through the lactation route. We
conclude that though caution remains essential in the posology of
vitamin E, the management of lactating mothers who have been exposed to
vanadium occupationally, environmentally or therapeutically with
supplementation of this antioxidant may be beneficial at least in the
short term to both mother and offspring.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110122013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11012Adenkola, A. Y.Ayo, J. O.Sackey, A.K.B.Adelaiye, A. B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAscorbic acid, Behavioural responses, Harmattan season, Pigs, Road
transportation.enModulatory Role of Ascorbic Acid on Behavioural Responses of Pigs
Transported By Road during the Harmattan SeasonExperiments were performed on adult local pigs with the aim of
investigating the modulatory role of ascorbic acid (AA) on their
behavioural responses to 4-h, road transportation during the harmattan
season. Sixteen adult pigs administered with AA at the dose of 250
mg/kg dissolve in sterile water served as experimental animals, and 13
others administered with sterile water were used as control animals.
All the pigs were transported for 4-h at speed of 40-50 km/h covering a
distance of 140 km. The behavioural activities were determined before
and after road transportation. The behavioural activities were higher
(P&lt;0.05) in the experimental than control pigs immediately after
transportation. In conclusion, AA ameliorates behavioural stress
induced by road transportation of pigs for 4 h and may be of value in
reducing adverse effects of road transportation in pigs.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110132013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11013Ibironke, G.FAji, K.EPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPain threshold, Variation, Estrus cycleenPain threshold variations in female rats as a function of the estrus
CycleIn this study, the response of female rats in different phases of the
estrus cycle to nociceptive stimulation was evaluated using thermal
(hot plate and tail immersion) and chemical (formalin) tests. In the
hot plate test, the paw licking latency fell significantly (p &lt;
0.05) in the metestrus and diestrus phases compared with the proestrus
and estrus phases. The observations in the tail immersion test also
followed the same pattern. The significant reductions in the paw
licking and tail withdrawal latencies due to a lowered threshold denote
an increase in pain sensitivity in the metestrus and diestrus phases.
In the formalin test, the licking time fell significantly from the
metestrus to the diestrus phase compared with the proestrus and estrus
phases, the reduction in this test which was due to an increased
threshold connotes a decrease in pain sensitivity. The results
therefore seem test dependent. In conclusion, pain threshold in female
rats depends on the estrus state.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110142013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11014Onasanwo, SASaba, AB,Oridupa, OAOyagbemi, AAOwoyele, BVPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaLagenaria breviflora, Whole fruit, Anti-nociceptive, Anti-inflammatoryenAnti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic
extract of Lagenaria breviflora whole fruit in rat and miceThe present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and
anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanol extract of whole fruit of
Lagenaria breviflora (LB) in rat and mice. Analgesic activity was
measured by hot plate, formalin-induced paw licking, and acetic
acid-induced abdominal writhing tests, while anti-inflammatory activity
was determined by inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema.
Extract-treated animals exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher pain
threshold, lower number of licking of paws in response to
formalin-induced irritation and writhing movements in response to
acetic acid-induced writhing movement. There was significant
(P&lt;0.05) inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats
pre-treated with the extract (50, 100, 200mg/kg) by 6.4%, 27.5%, 55.9%
respectively. Analgesic effect of the extract (50, 100, 200mg/kg) in
hot plate test was observable within 30 minutes of administration with
maximum effect obtainable 90 minutes post-administration. Also, the
effect of the extract (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) was dose dependent in both
the early (88.17±6.21, 80.33±3.49 and 72.33±5.16) and
late (72.50±3.95, 53.83±3.96 and 35.83±3.78) phases of
formalin-induced paw licking, and in acetic acid-induced writhing with
inhibition of 26.8%, 48.1% and 58.1% respectively. Its effect was
comparable especially at 200mg/kg body weight to those of diclofenac,
indomethacin and ibuprofen. It could be suggested from the findings of
this experiment that the extract may be mediating its action as a
central analgesic agent but the peripheral analgesic effect was
preponderant based on its outcome from the pain models..Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110152013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11015Owoyele, B.V.Okoye, O.C.Dolor, R.O.Oloruntola, O. P.Soladoye, A. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAcalypha wilkesiana, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic,
Anti-ulcerenAnalgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the ethanol
extract of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves in ratsThe leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana are commonly used for the treatment
of pain, fever and ulcer by traditional medical practitioners without
any scientific data to evaluate the appropriateness of some of the
practices. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine whether
the ethanol extract of Acalypha wilkesiana has analgesic,
anti-inflammatory and antipyretic as well as anti-ulcer effects. The
hot plate latency assay and formalin- induced paw licking models were
used to evaluate analgesic effects. Animals were divided into groups
comprising of five rats each. There were control (administered saline)
and reference (administered indomethacin) groups. Also there were three
extract groups administered 25, 50 or 100 mg/Kg body weight of
extracts. Ulcer was induced using absolute ethanol followed by pylorus
ligation in all animals; inflammation was induced using carrageenan
while pyrexia was induced by injecting brewer’s yeast
intramuscularly into the dorsal part of the abdominal cavities of the
rats. Different sets of rats were used for the anti-ulcer,
anti-inflammatory and antipyretic studies although animal grouping for
extract administration were as in analgesic studies. The results show
that the extract produced dose-dependent and significant (p&lt;0.05)
analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The extract also
significantly protected against ethanol induced ulcer. Likewise, the
extract significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the pyretic states of the
animals. This study has therefore further provides evidences that may
support the ethnomedicinal uses of the ethanolic extracts of Acalypha
wilkesiana leaves.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110162013-01-25np2013-01-25http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11016Adewoye, E.OIge, A.OLatona, C.TPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMusa Sapientum, Gastrointestinal transit time, Alloxan diabetesenEffect of Methanolic extract of Musa sapientum leaves on
Gastrointestinal Transit time in Normal and Alloxan induced Diabetic
rats: Possible Mechanism of ActionDisorders of gastrointestinal motility have been associated with
Diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycaemia particularly has been reported to
inhibit gastrointestinal transit time while glibenclamide, a
sulphonylurea and insulin, both increased transit time. Musa sapientum
has also been reported as an antidiabetic agent but there is dearth of
information on the effect of this plant on gastrointestinal motility.
This study was therefore carried out to investigate the effect of
methanolic extract of Musa sapientum leaves (MEMSL) on Gastrointestinal
Transit time (GITT) in male albino rats with and without hyperglycaemia
and to elucidate possible mechanism by which this extract functions.
Fifty five albino rats were divided into 11 groups of five animals
each. All animals were fasted for 24hrs before the begining of the
experiment. Group 1 served as control; while the remaining groups (2
– 11) were treated with 250mg/kg; 500mg/kg MEMSL; diabetic
control; diabetic treated with 250mg/kg; 500mg/kg MEMSL; diabetic
treated with glibenclamide (5mg/kg); normal rats treated with
Nifedipine (50mg/kg); normal rats treated with calcium chloride (CaCl2)
only (10mg/kg); groups 10 and 11 were both pretreated with CaCl2 and
subsequently treated with 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg MEMSL respectively. All
plant extracts used for treatments were dissolved in normal saline and
administered orally using orogastric tube. Charcoal meal was used as
marker in the estimation of GITT. The study showed significant decrease
in GITT in the normal rats treated with 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg of
extract. However, in the diabetic rats treated with 500mg/kg MEMSL,
there was significant increase in GITT and this is comparable with the
gut response to glibenclamide (5mg/kg). Musa sapientum extract produced
significant decrease in transit time in the calcium chloride
pre-treated normal rats and this is comparable to the effect observed
in Nifedipine treated group. The significant reduction in GITT produced
by MEMSL in the normal rats reflects a strong possibility of MEMSL
acting as calcium channel antagonist through the voltage gated calcium
channel which may be due to the presence of alkaloids, saponins,
cardenolides. There is the possibility of the extract acting as an
inhibitor of potassium channel at higher concentration as observed in
glibenclamide treated groups.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110172013-06-26np2013-06-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11017Adenkola, A.YAyo, J.OAsala, O.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPigs; Harmattan season; Hot-dry season; Haematological parameters;
Erythrocyte osmotic fragilityenVariations in Haematological Parameters and Erythrocyte Osmotic
Fragility of Pigs during Hot-Dry and Harmattan Season in Northern
Guinea Savanna Zone of NigeriaExperiments were performed with the aim of investigating the effect of
season on haematological parameters and erythrocyte osmotic fragility
(EOF) of pigs. A total of 23 local pigs including males, non-pregnant
and non-nursing females, aged 9 to 12 months were used for the study,
ten animals were used during the hot-dry season and thirteen during the
harmattan season. Blood sample was taken from each animal for the
determination of EOF and other haematological parameters as well as
total protein. The PCV value of 39.7±1.9 % obtained during the
hot-dry season was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) than 32.00 ±
0.9 % obtained during the harmattan season. Total leucocyte count of
18,836.5±1727.1 obtained during the harmattan season was higher (P
&lt; 0.05) than the value 15,920.00±1119.1 recorded during the
hot-dry season. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio value was significantly
(P&lt;0.05) higher during the harmattan season, with a value of
0.61±0.0 than the recorded value of 0.43 ± 0.0 during the
hot-dry season. The percentage haemolysis values obtained during the
harmattan season at NaCl concentration of 0.5–0.9 % with a value
of 92.03±0.02 % respectively were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher
than those recorded during the hot-dry season. In conclusion, the
haematological values showed that harmattan season was more stressful
to pigs than the hot-dry season in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone of
Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110182013-06-26np2013-06-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11018Ozolua, R.I.Adejayan, AAigbe, Osaretin P.Uwaya, D.OArgawal, APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAndrographis paniculata; Andrographolide; Tracheal rings; Theophylline;
Ca2+enSome Characteristic Relaxant Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of
Andrographis paniculata and Andrographolide on Guinea pig Tracheal
RingsThe ethnomedicinal uses of the aqueous leaf extract of Andrographis
paniculata Nees (AP) include treatment of pain and inflammation,
malaria, asthma and common cold. We designed this study to characterize
some effects of AP and those of its andrographolide constituent. Guinea
pig tracheal rings suspended in organ baths containing PSS were
precontracted with histamine or carbachol and then exposed to
cumulative concentrations of AP, andographolide or theophylline. The
effect of AP was tested in Ca2+-depleted tracheal rings stimulated with
the EC50 of histamine in Ca2+-free PSS. IC50 and Emax values were
calculated for each relaxant. Results showed that both AP and
andrographolide possessed relaxant effects on the tracheal smooth
muscle. While AP was more effective on histamine-induced contraction,
andrographolide and theophylline were more effective on
carbachol-induced contraction. The IC50 values of andrographolide were
significantly (p&lt; 0.05) higher than those of theophylline in the two
contractile agents. The presence of AP significantly (p&lt; 0.0001)
attenuated the contractile force produced by 6.4 x 10-3 M Ca2+ in
Ca2+-depleted rings. It is concluded that andographolide contributes at
least in part to the relaxant action of AP on tracheal smooth muscles.
The mechanism of action is related to inhibition of Ca2+ influx into
tracheal smooth muscle cells.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110192013-06-26np2013-06-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11019Gbadegesin, M.ABeeching, J.RPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCassava; transposable-elements; retrotransposons; retroviruses; Manihot
esculenta; Ty1/CopiaenAnalysis of heterogeneity of Copia-like retrotransposons in the genome
of Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)Retrotransposons are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and now proving
to be useful genetic tools for genetic diversity and phylogenetic
analyses, especially in plants. In order to assess the diversity of
Ty1/Copia-like retrotransposons of cassava, we used PCR primers
anchored on the conserved domains of reverse transcriptases (RTs) to
amplify cassava Ty1/Copia-like RT. The PCR product was cloned and
sequenced. Sequences analysis of the clones revealed the presence of 69
families of Ty1/Copia-like retrotransposon in the genome of cassava.
Comparative analyses of the predicted amino acid sequences of these
clones with those of other plants showed that retroelements of this
class are very heterogeneous in cassava. Cassava is widely grown for
its edible roots in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
Cassava roots, though poor in protein, are rich in starch (makes up
about 80% of the dry matter), vitamin C, carotenes, calcium and
potassium. It has a great commercial importance as a source of starch
and starch based products. Realizing the importance of cassava, it
stands out as a crop to benefit from biotechnology development.
Heterogeneity of Mecops (Manihot esculenta copia-like Retrotransposons)
showed that they may be useful for genetic diversity and phylogenetic
analyses of cassava germplasm.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110202013-06-26np2013-06-26http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11020Falodun, ANworgu, Z.A.MOsayemwenre, EPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Physiological Society of NigeriaJatropha curcas; Triterpene; Smooth muscle; Tocolytic effectenSmooth muscle relaxant evaluation of Jatropha Curcas Linn
(Euphorbiaceae) and isolation of triterpenesJatropha Curcas is a herbal preparation used in the tropics for the
treatment of threatened abortion and related problems associated with
pregnancy. The Stem bark of Jatropha curcas is used ethno medicinally
in Nigeria especially in the eastern part of the country for the
treatment of infertility and spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). The
present study was undertaken in order to validate the folkloric claim,
using scientific experimental procedures and bioassay guided
fractionation. The crude powdered sample was subjected to phytochemical
screening testing for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and
carbohydrates. Chromatographic analysis (TLC and VLC) were carried out
using various solvent systems. The effect of methanolic extracts on rat
uterine contractions was studied in vitro, in 40ml organ baths
containing physiological salt solution of De Jalon maintained at 37OC,
aerated with 95%O2 and 5%CO2 with an isometric transducer connected to
an UgoBasile recorder under a resting tension of 750mg. The result of
the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides,
tannins, saponins and alkaloids. The extract abolished significantly
(P&lt;0.0001) the spontaneous contraction of the uterus and reduced
acetylcholine induced uterine contractions at a dose of 50mg/ml. The
tocolytic effects indicate the presence of active principle(s) which
would explain the ethno medicinal use of the stem bark of Jatropha
curcas to treat spontaneous abortion.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110212014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11021Ibironke, G. F.Mordi, N. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesRestraint stress; Thermal stimulation; Hyperalgesia; HistamineenEffect of restraint stress on nociceptive responses in rats: role of
the histaminergic systemSummary: Stress induced analgesia (SIA) is well known, but the reverse
phenomenon, hyperalgesia is poorly documented. This study investigated
the role of the histaminergic system in restraint stress hyperalgesia
in rats, using thermal stimulation method (hot plate and tail flick
tests). Paw licking and tail withdrawal latencies were taken before and
after restraint for about one hour. Significant decreases (p&lt; 0.05)
were obtained in these latencies after the restraint in both tests.
Administration of H1 and H2 receptor blockers, chlorpheniramine and
cimetidine respectively 30 mins before the restraint still resulted in
significant (p&lt;0.05) reductions in these latencies, connoting the
persistence of hyperalgesia, showing that histamine H1 and H2 receptors
did not participate in the mechanism of restraint stress hyperalgesia.
We therefore suggest a histaminergic independent mechanism for
restraint stress induced hyperalgesia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlSCcria:bioline:np:np110222014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11022Ibhazehiebo, K.Koibuchi, N.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesPhthalate; Thyroid hormone; Thyroid hormone receptor; TranscriptionenThyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription is suppressed by low
dose PhthalateSummary: Phthalates are synthetic chemicals used mainly as solvents,
additives and plasticizers in polyvinylchloride (PVC) products to
increase their flexibility. Phthalate plasticizers are not chemically
bound to PVC, so they easily leach into the environment. There is
currently heightened concern about potential health risk, especially
endocrine disrupting effects associated with the use of these
chemicals. We therefore investigated the effects of phthalate on
thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated transcription using transient
transfection studies and found that low dose phthalate (10-7) M
suppressed thyroid hormone (TH)-induced TR-mediated transcription by
30%. We further examined the effect of phthalate on TR-thyroid hormone
response element (TRE) binding, and found no dissociation of TR from
TRE. Phthalate did not also dissociate coactivator (steroid receptor
coactivator-1) from TR neither did it recruit corepressor (nuclear
corepressor; NCoR) to TR in the presence of TH. Our results indicate
that low phthalate can disrupt TR-mediated gene expression and
interfere with TH balance in TH-sensitive organs including the
developing brain.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110232014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11023Iyanda, A.A.Adeniyi, F.A.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesParacetamol; Toxicity; Absorption; Liver biochemistry; Liver histologyenBiochemical and histologic presentations of female wistar rats
administered with different doses of paracetamol/methionineSummary: This study was carried out to compare the hepatoprotective
effect of methionine on paracetamol treated rats at both the peaks of
toxicity and absorption. Female Wistar rats were divided into 17 groups
consisting of eight rats per group and treated with different doses of
paracetamol/methionine (5:1). Each control rat received 5 ml of
physiologic saline. The study was terminated at two different end
points –the 4th &amp; 16th hours. Results show that rats
administered with toxic doses (1000 mg/kg; 3000 mg/kg; 5000 mg/kg BW)
of paracetamol exhibited significant increases (p&lt;0.05) in the
levels of ALT, AST, γ- GT compared with controls. These increases
were much higher at the 16th than 4th hour but serum total protein,
albumin and globulin were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) by the
end of the 16th hour. Histology results of rats in the 3000 &amp; 5000
mg/kg (by the end of the 16th hour) confirmed hepatic damage; light
microscopic evaluation of liver showed remarkable centrilobular
necrosis. Moreover, the presence of mononuclear cells in liver section
of rats intoxicated with APAP (5000 mg/kg) suggests a possible
involvement of inflammatory process which resulted in regurgitation of
bilirubin leading to its elevated level as well as increase activity of
ALP. The hepatoprotective effect of methionine, on the other hand, was
demonstrated in these rats at the 4th &amp; 16th hours, and both
results were comparable and therefore not significantly different
(p&gt;0.05) but elevation in GGT level still persisted. In conclusion,
data obtained from this study suggest that these agents may be capable
of inducing GGT, although further study is required to establish a
possible relationship between methionine and this enzyme in some other
animal species.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110242014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11024Alagwu, E. A.Okwara, J. E.Nneli, R. O.Osim, E.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCardiovascular disease; Honey; Cholesterol; Lipoproteins; TriglycerideenEffect of honey intake on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and
lipoprotein levels in albino rats and potential benefits on risks of
coronary heart diseaseSummary: The beneficial effect of honey has been widely reported
particularly in the treatment of wounds and gastrointestinal tract
disorders. However there is paucity of reports on its effect on the
plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), very low density lipoproteins
(VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) including
cholesterol levels despite common consumption of honey worldwide
including, Nigeria. The effect of the widely consumed unrefined Nigeria
honey on plasma HDL, VLDL, LDL, TG, cholesterol and cardiovascular risk
predictive index (CVPI) was studied using 20 adult male albino rats to
ascertain its scientific and clinical relevance. The rats were randomly
assigned into 2 groups, the control and honey-fed (test) groups, ten in
each group. The rats weighed between 190-200gm at the start of the
study. The control group was fed on normal rat (Pfizer-Nigeria) while
the test group was fed on normal rat feed and honey (1ml of honey was
added to 10ml of drinking water given once every day) for 22 weeks. At
the end of the experiment, the rats were anesthetized with thiopentone
sodium and blood collected by cardiac puncture. Serum TG, HDL, VLDL,
LDL and total cholesterol in the control and the test groups were
determined. The results showed significant increase in the level of
plasma TG, HDL, and VLDL in the test group when compared with the
control group (P&lt;0.01). In contrast, there were significant
decreases in the levels of plasma LDL and total cholesterol in the test
when compared with the control group (P&lt;0.01). Computed values of
CVPI showed significant increase in the test values compared to that of
the control (P&lt;0.01). It is concluded that consumption of unrefined
Nigeria honey significantly improved lipid profile and computed
cardiovascular disease predictive index in male albino rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110252014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11025Bolaji, O.M.Happi, T. C.Oduola, A.M.J.Bababunmi, E. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesPlasmodium falciparum; Ca2+-ATPase; Chloroquine phosphate; Lead
acetate; Chloroquine resistant strain; Mean Inhibitory ConcentrationenEffect of chloroquine phosphate and toxic concentrations of lead
acetate on Ca2+-ATPase activity in isolates and clones of Plasmodium
falciparum Summary: The basal activity of Ca2+-ATPase in two isolates (NL56, UNC)
and two clones (D6, W2) of P.falciparum was assessed. The effects of
various concentrations of chloroquine phosphate and toxic
concentrations of lead acetate were also evaluated in the clones and
strains of P.falciparum. The Ca2+-ATPase activity was measured by
monitoring the rate of release of inorganic phosphate from the
gamma-position of ATP on spectrophotometer at 820nm wavelength. The
various concentrations of chloroquine (3, 6, 9, 12, 18μg/ml) and
lead acetate (5, 10, 20, 30, 40μg/ml) on Ca2+-ATPase activity were
measured respectively. Chloroquine phosphate inhibited Ca2+-ATPase
activity in both the isolates and the cloned strains of P.falciparum in
concentration dependent manner. Median Inhibitory concentration of
chloroquine (MIC50) estimated from the plot of activity against
chloroquine concentration was found to be 2.6g/ml at pH 7.4 for
both the isolates and cloned strains examined. Lead acetate at
concentrations 5-20μg/ml inhibited Ca2+-ATPase activity in
concentration dependent manner in clone W2 (Chloroquine resistant
strain) while the same range of concentrations of lead acetate
stimulated the activity of the enzyme in clone D6 (Chloroquine
sensitive strain).The inhibitory effect of lead acetate on the enzyme
in clone D6 was observed at concentrations above 20μg/ml. The
result also suggests that lead ions could modulate and moderate calcium
ion homeostasis in P. falciparum via its effect on Ca2+-ATPase
activity. Also sufficient influx of lead ions into P. falciparum may
transform the biochemical or bioenergetics nature of chloroquine
sensitive strain of P. falciparum (D6) to that similar to chloroquine
resistant strain (W2). In conclusion, inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase
activity of P.falciparum may be part of the mechanism of action of
chloroquine in its use as chemotherapy for malaria. The study implies
that populations simultaneously exposed to lead pollution and malaria
infection may experience failure in chloroquine therapy.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110262014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11026Amah-Tariah, F.S.Ojeka, S.O.Dapper, D.V.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesSerum transferrin; Pregnancy; Serum iron; Total iron binding capacity;
Unsaturated iron binding capacity; Mean platelet volume; Plateletcrit;
NigeriansenHaematological values in pregnant women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria II:
Serum iron and transferrin, total and unsaturated iron binding capacity
and some red cell and platelet indicesSummary: Previous studies on the normal values of serum iron,
unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding capacity, serum
transferrin, percent transferrin saturation, red cell distribution
width, and various platelet indices: Platelet count, mean platelet
volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit and platelet larger
cell ratio in pregnant subjects in Nigeria are relatively scanty.
Present study aims to determine the values of these parameters in
apparently healthy pregnant subjects residing in Port Harcourt south
eastern Nigeria; and help establish normal reference ranges of these
parameters for the population under reference. Cross sectional
prospective study involving 220 female subjects attending for the first
time, the ante-natal clinics of a tertiary health care facility in Port
Harcourt. Subjects were divided into 73, 75 and 72 subjects in the
first, second and third trimester of pregnancy respectively. Serum iron
and unsaturated iron binding capacity, red cell distribution width,
platelet count and platelet distribution width were determined by
automated methods; total iron binding capacity, serum transferrin
concentrations, percent transferrin saturation, mean platelet volume
and plateletcrit were calculated using appropriate formulas. The values
of serum iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding
capacity and serum transferrin concentrations were found to show
significant variations between the various trimesters of pregnancy.
However, while serum iron showed significant decreases during
pregnancy; unsaturated iron binding capacity, total iron binding
capacity and serum transferrin concentrations were found to show
significant increases during pregnancy amongst our subjects
(p&lt;0.05). By contrast the values of red cell distribution width,
platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width,
plateletcrit and platelet larger cell ratio did not show any
significant differences at the different trimesters of pregnancy in our
subjects (p&gt;0.05). The present study reports, for the first time,
normative values for these parameters in apparently healthy pregnant
subjects in Port Harcourt south eastern Nigeria. Apparently, increases
in unsaturated and total iron binding capacity and serum transferrin
values seen amongst our subjects with increasing gestation may perhaps
be a mechanism to ensure a fetal adequate iron delivery on account of
the decreasing serum iron concentration with gestation in our subjects.
The study suggests that values of serum transferrin are perhaps a more
useful screening tool for iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy
amongst our subjects.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110272014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11027Balogun, S.T.Adeyanju, O.A.Adedeji, A.A.Fehintola, F.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMalaria; Pregnancy; Asymptomatic; Parasitaemia; WomenenPredictors of asymptomatic malaria in pregnancySummary: A number of studies have described malaria parasitaemia in
pregnancy as mostly an asymptomatic condition, however information
about predictors of asymptomatic malaria is largely lacking. We
investigated the prevalence of symptoms and potential predictors of
asymptomatic malaria in pregnant women attending Ante-Natal Clinic
(ANC) of two public maternity hospitals in Ibadan, Southwest-Nigeria.
Demographic data, history of previous and present pregnancy were
obtained from the subjects and blood smears were examined for malaria
diagnosis by light microscopy. Seventy – seven parasitaemic
pregnant women attending antenatal clinic were evaluated for presence
or absence of symptoms that may be associated with malaria.
Thirty-seven women (48%) were asymptomatic whereas 40 (52%) presented
with symptoms such as weakness, headache and general body ache and
fever. Parasite density was significantly higher in symptomatic
patients (P = 0.042), while asymptomatic patients had low level
parasitaemia but significantly higher gametocyte carriage (P = 0.035).
In conclusion, parasitaemic pregnant women resident in hyper- or
holo-endemic malaria region are likely to be symptomatic with
increasing density of the parasitaemia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110282014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11028Bolaji, O. M.Olabode, O. O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCyanide toxicity; Telfairia Occidentalis; Liver enzymes; Ocular lesion;
Nasal dischargeenModulating effect of aqueous extract of Telfairia occidentalis on
induced cyanide toxicity in ratsSummary: The effect of lyophilised aqueous extract of Telfairia
occidentalis (TO) on induced cyanide toxicity in rats was
investigated. Twenty 3-week old male wistar albino rats were randomly
distributed into one control and three treatment groups of five rats
each: control group (group1), group treated with 3mg/kg body wt of
cyanide only (group2), group treated with 3mg/kg body wt. each of
cyanide and extract (group3), and a group treated with 3mg/kg Body wt
of extract only (group4) were used for the investigation. Cyanide
toxicity reduced both food and water intake (p&lt;0.05), while the food
intake was improved in group3, this effect of the extract on food was
not observed on water intake. Cyanide reduced average body weight of
rats significantly (p&lt;0.05). The reduction effect of cyanide on body
weight was countered by Telfairia occidentalis extract. The extract did
not have an observable effect on rats’ body weight. Ocular lesion
was observed in 67% of rats in group2 . This ocular effect of cyanide
was mitigated significantly by Telfairia occidentalis as only17% of the
rats in group3 had ocular lesion. Cyanide toxicity produced nasal
discharge in 39% of the rat population in group2 while there was a
partial but considerable reduction (21%) in the severity of nasal
discharge in group 3. There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05)
in the organ/body wt.ratio between the treatments and the control
groups for all the organs examined in the study. Biochemical analysis
of liver enzymes showed that cyanide (group2) damaged the liver as
there was significantly elevated presence (p&lt;0.05) of Aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALP) above those
of the control group. The damaging effect of cyanide on the liver was
ameliorated by Telfairia occidentalis considerably.Histopathological
effect of cyanide toxicity on the organs examined included multifocal
degeneration and necrosis of the liver, mild kidney congestion and
congestion of the brain. These effects were moderated mildly by
Telfairia occidentalis. Group 4, treated with the vegetable alone had
none of the observed histopathology in the organs examined. We
concluded that lyophilised aqueous extracts of Telfairia occidentalis
showed good potential as a safe antidote for cyanide poisoning when
administered concomitantly or very shortly after ingestion of
sub-lethal dose of cyanide. However, further bioassay guided
fractionation and analytical studies are needed to identify the actual
chemical compound or molecule in the vegetable responsible for or
associated with the observed effects.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110292014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11029Ekpenyong, C. E.Davis, K. J.Akpan, U. P.Daniel, N. E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesAcademic stress; Menstrual disorders; Female undergraduates; NigeriaenAcademic stress and menstrual disorders among female undergraduates in
Uyo, South Eastern Nigeria – the need for health educationSummary: The aim of this study was to determine the association between
academic stress and menstrual disorders among female undergraduates in
Uyo, South Eastern Nigeria. Three hundred and ninety-three (393) female
students of the University of Uyo, ages between 16 and 35 years were
randomly selected from different departments in the University, and
studied during the 2009/2010 academic session. Menstrual history and
Student’s Stress Assessment Questionnaire (SSAQ) were used for
this assessment. They were distributed for participants to fill out.
Prevalence of menstrual disorder among participants was 34.6%. A direct
association between menstrual disorder and academic stress was
observed. Commonest menstrual disorder was menorrhagia (37.5%). Others
were: Pre-menstrual Syndrome (PMS 33.1%), Oligomenorrhea 19.9%, and
amenorrhea 5.9% (P &lt; 0.05). Those who experienced academic stress
had about 2 times chances of having menstrual disorders. (OR : 2.0, C.I
= 1.224-2.837) at P &lt; 0.05. This study demonstrated a significant
association between academic stress and menstrual disorder among
females undergraduate in Uyo, South Eastern Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110302014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11030Ogwumike, O.O.Arowojolu, A.O.Sanya, A.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesEndurance exercise; Adiposity; Flexibility; Menopausal; Body mass
index; Waist hip ratioenEffects of a 12-week endurance exercise program on adiposity and
flexibility of Nigerian perimenopausal and postmenopausal womenSummary: Menopause is a sign of aging in the woman. Loss of ovarian
function induces a reduction in resting metabolic rate, physical energy
expenditure, fat-free mass and abdominal adipose tissue accumulation.
Location of adipose tissue deposit in abdominal region plays an
important role in occurrence of hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension
and atherosclerosis. Although regular participation in physical
exercise have been suggested to improve adiposity and body flexibility
which are important health related components of physical fitness, few
published studies are available on the effect of exercise on Nigerian
menopausal women. This study investigated effects of a twelve-week
endurance exercise program (EEP) on central and abdominal obesity as
well as flexibility of perimenopausal and postmenopausal Nigerian
women. The study employed a pretest- posttest control group design
comprising a sample of 175 apparently healthy, literate, sedentary
women within age range 40-59 years. They were workers in state and
federal establishments in Ibadan North Local Government Area of Oyo
State, Nigeria. Based on history of their last menstrual period, women
with regular or irregular menstrual cycle status were allocated into
perimenopausal group and those who no longer menstruated into
postmenopausal group. A table of random numbers was used for further
allocation into perimenopausal exercise group (PEMEG, 45),
postmenopausal exercise group (POMEG, 45) perimenopausal control group
(PEMCG, 42) and postmenopausal control group (POMCG, 43). Waist Hip
Ratio (WHR), Body Mass Index (BMI) as well as Hip and Trunk Flexibility
(HTF) were evaluated at baseline and 4weekly intervals until end of
12th week. EEP consisted of a 10-station circuit of cardiovascular
endurance, flexibility, coordination, abdominal and pelvic floor muscle
exercises. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential
statistics. Mean age of participants was 52.3± 4.1 years, 95% C.I
(51.64-52.88) years. Significant reduction occurred between baseline
and end of 12th week mean values of WHR in PEMEG (0.86 ± 0.08 vs
0.71 ± 0.07)and POMEG groups (0.88± 0.06 vs0.77 ±
0.07)p&lt;0.05 while significant increases were observed between
baseline values and end of 12th week mean values of HTF in PEMEG (18.84
± 4.23vs28.27± 3.82) and POMEG (19.51 ±
4.02vs25.97± 2.36) (p&lt;0.05). Significant changes did not occur
in BMI in both groups even though mean differences were observed in
baseline values compared with end of 12th week mean values of these
variables. In PEMCG and POMCG groups, there were no observable changes
in mean values of WHR, BMI and HTF from baseline to end of study.
Participation in endurance exercise program is essential for
perimenopausal and postmenopausal Nigerian women for improved central
and abdominal adiposity as well as flexibility.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110312014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11031Adisa, R.A.Ogunbayo, O.A.Olorunsogo, O.O.Ademowo, O.G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesSulphadoxineipyrimethamine; Lipid peroxidation; oxidative stress;
Blood; RabbitenSulphadoxine-pyrimethamine alters the antioxidant defense system in
blood of rabbitSummary: Sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) despite reported resistance
remains an important drug of choice for the treatment and control of
malaria in most endemic areas. Exacerbation of intra-erythrocytic
oxidative stress might contribute to the process of elimination of
malaria parasites in the body. The effect of treatment with SP on the
antioxidant defense system was investigated using rabbit as a model.
Ten male rabbits were divided into two groups of five animals each. The
first group was administered with normal saline and served as control.
The second group received a single dose of SP (26.25mg/kg body weight).
Blood samples were collected before and at 6, 12 and 24 h after drug
administration. Activity of cellular enzymatic antioxidants, superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and level of reduced glutathione
(GSH) were assayed using standard spectrophotometric methods. Serum
lipid peroxidation was assessed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid
reactive species (TBARS) while protein content was assayed by the
method of Lowry et al., 1951. SOD activity was observed to increase
progressively by 4.9, 63.4 and 120.8% at 6, 12 and 24 h respectively,
after drug administration. Similarly, CAT activity increased by 44.5,
82.6 and 116.3% at 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. TBARS level also
increased significantly by 45.5, 118.2 and 186.4%, respectively.
However, the level of GSH decreased by 41.9% at 6 h and remained so up
till the 12 h, but by 24 h after drug administration, the level of the
thiol substance has increased considerably up to 48.4% above the
baseline level. SP treatment altered the antioxidant defense system in
blood and may therefore induce oxidative stress by generating reactive
oxygen species. This might play significant role in the therapeutic and
adverse effects associated with the drug.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110322014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11032Nwokocha, C. R.Ozolua, R.I.Owu, D. U.Nwokocha, M.I.Ugwu, A. C.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesBlood pressure; Garlic; Renal hypertension; 2K-1C; Heart rate;
BradycardiaenAntihypertensive properties of Allium sativum (garlic) on
normotensive and two kidney one clip hypertensive ratsSummary: Allium sativum (garlic) is reported to act as an
antihypertensive amidst an inconsistency of evidence. In this study, we
investigated the cardiovascular effects of aqueous garlic extracts
(AGE) on normotensive and hypertensive rats using the two-kidney
one-clip (2K1C) model. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart
rate (HR) were measured in normotensive and 2K1C rat models
anesthetized with thiopentone sodium (50 mg/kg body weight i.p.)
through the left common carotid artery connected to a recording
apparatus. The jugular vein was cannulated for administration of drugs.
Intravenous injection of AGE (5-20 mg/kg) caused a significant
(p&lt;0.05) decrease in both MAP and HR in a dose-dependent manner in
both the normotensive and 2K1C models, with more effects on
normotensive than 2K1C rat model. The dose of 20mg/kg of AGE
significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced systolic (16.7 ± 2.0%),
diastolic (26.7 ± 5.2%), MAP (23.1 ± 3.6%) and HR (38.4
± 4.3%) in normotensive rats. In 2K1C group, it significantly
(p&lt;0.05) reduced systolic (22.2 ± 2.1 %), diastolic (30.6
± 3.2%), MAP (28.2 ± 3.1%) and HR (45.2 ± 3.5%) from
basal levels. Pulse pressure was significantly (P&lt;0.05) elevated
(33.3 ±5.1%) in the 2K1C group. Pretreatment of the animals with
muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine (2 mg/kg, i.v.), did not
affect the hypotensive and the negative chronotropic activities of the
extract. AGE caused a decrease in blood pressure and bradycardia by
direct mechanism not involving the cholinergic pathway in both
normotensive and 2K1C rats, suggesting a likely involvement of
peripheral mechanism for hypotension.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np110332014-01-08np2014-01-08http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np11033Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2011 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesenAbstracts of the proceedimgs of the 31st annual scientific conference
of the societyNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 26 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlABcria:bioline:np:np120012013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12001Anetor, John I.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCadmium, DNA repair inhibition, Environmental pollutants, Genome
instability, Micronutrient intervention, Industrial activities,
Oxidative stressenRising environmental cadmium levels in developing countries: Threat to
genome stability and healthCadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant of increasing
worldwide concern. It is thought to be of greater concern to rapidly
industrializing developing countries because of the increasing pace of
industrial activities in these countries with increasing consumption
and release into the environment. Traditionally, health concerns in
exposed human populations have revolved around the association of Cd
with bone disease, emphysema and possibly hypertension. Accumulating
evidence suggest that Cd is involved in the disruption of many genomic
processes, the mechanisms of which are being gradually understood.
Changes in DNA Methylation may be induced by cadmium leading to
epigenetic alterations. Additionally, though Cd is not thought to
induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly because it is not capable
of accepting or donating electrons under physiological conditions,
8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (a marker of oxidative stress to DNA
and a risk factor for cancer among others) has been shown to be
elevated in the DNA of testes from rats treated with cadmium chloride,
at least in part because Cd inhibits DNA repair mechanisms. Cadmium is
also a metabolic antagonist to Zinc (Zn), an important micronutrient
involved in numerous molecular activities. This antagonism alters the
physiological stoichiometric relationship between Cd and Zn leading to
high Cd/Zn ratio, one consequence of which is high error rate and lack
of efficient DNA repair systems leading to high mutation and genome
instability culminating in many carcinogenic states, particularly
prostate carcinogenesis. Cadmium has also been shown to replace Zn in
the tumor suppressor protein, p53 thereby impairing p53's DNA binding
activity and associated repair processes. The expression of the p53
protein is significantly depressed by cadmium. Although the rising
level of Cd in the environment is widely acknowledged, the occult
threat it poses to genome stability largely through inhibition of
normal DNA damage repair, oxidative stress and apoptosis and health is
poorly recognized. This paper examines the involvement of Cd in the
molecular pathways of human disease, providing insight for the
prevention of genome instability and associated disease susceptibility
particularly cancer across populations through micronutrient
intervention, aiding upregulation of the antioxidant defense and DNA
repair systems.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlRAcria:bioline:np:np120022013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12002Oloyo, Ahmed KoladeElias, Simiat OlanikeSofola, Olusoga AdekunlePhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaNitric oxide, Potassium ions, Endothelium, Acetylcholine, abdominal
aorta, Thoracic aorta.enDifferential responses to endothelial–dependent relaxation of the
thoracic and abdominal aorta from male Sprague-Dawley ratsRegional heterogeneity exists in reactivity of different vascular beds
to vasoactive substances. Experiments were designed to determine if
there are differences between thoracic and abdominal aorta response to
acetylcholine-induced relaxation. Ten male Sprague-Dawley rats with a
weighing between 200g-250g were used. The aorta was isolated and 3mm
aortic rings were cut and suspended in organ baths containing
physiological salt saline (PSS). Contractile and relaxation responses
to noradrenaline (NA) and ACh, in the presence or absence of L-NNA and
high K+ concentration were studied. Contractile response to NA was
similar along the aorta. At the higher doses, ACh elicited a greater (p
&lt; 0.05) relaxation in the abdominal aorta when compared with the
thoracic aorta. However, inhibition of eNOS was more effective
(p&lt;0.05) in preventing ACh-induced relaxation in the thoracic aorta
when compared with the abdominal aorta. Conversely, inhibition of
endothelial hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) by high K+ concentration
blocked ACh-induced relaxation to a greater extent in the abdominal
aorta (p&lt;0.05) when compared with the thoracic aorta. ACh-induced
relaxation differs in the thoracic and abdominal aorta. Differences in
the EDHF activity along the aorta underlie the differential response of
the thoracic and abdominal aorta to ACh-induced relaxation.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120032013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12003Kingsley, IbhazehieboNoriyuki, KoibuchiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBrain development, DE71, granule cell, Purkinje cell, Thyroid hormone.enDE71 suppresses thyroid hormone-mediated dendritogenesis and
neuritogenesis in the developing cerebellumPolybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) are synthesized chemicals
essential to minimize accidents and deaths resulting from
fire-outbreaks. Despite their usefulness, public health concern is on
the increase over their use. PBDE is global in use, persistent in the
environment, and possess the ability to bio-accumulate. Previous
studies have suggested that they may interfere with thyroid hormone
homeostasis, and are neurotoxic. We therefore investigated the effects
of DE71 (a PBDE mixture) on thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated developments
in the cerebellum. Employing primary cerebellar culture from new born
rats, our study revealed that low dose DE71 significantly suppressed
TH-mediated Purkinje cell dendrite arborization. Also, low dose DE71
remarkably impaired neurite extension of granule cells obtained from
reaggregate culture of new born rat cerebella. Taken together, our
study clearly reveals that DE71 can impair TH-mediated neuronal
development in the cerebellum and may therefore interfere with normal
TH-induced brain growth and function.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120042013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12004Emikpe, B.OAkpavie, S.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaPneumonia, West African Dwarf goats,Lung morphometry, Infection.enClinicopathological observations in experimental Peste Des Petit
Ruminants virus and Mannheimia Haemolytica A:2 co-infection in goatsThe experiment describes for the first time the clinicopathological
features of the co-infection of Peste des petit Ruminants (PPR) virus
and Mannheimia Haemolytica ,in goats. Twentyclinically healthygoats,
six months of age were used. 15 goats were infectedby intratracheal
inoculation of 1ml of pure cultured 106.5 TCID50 PPR virus grown in
Baby hamster kidney cell lines, and a week later,1ml of pure culture
(109 CFU) of Mannheimia haemolytica (MH)A2 to study its
clinico-pathological features andfive goats served as controls. The
clinical signs were observed and two goats were euthanized at
predetermined intervals for gross examinations, bacteriological,
virological and histopathological investigations on tissues collected
using standard techniques. The clinical signs were severe and the order
of manifestation was anorexia, pyrexia, dyspnea, oculo-nasal discharge,
recumbency and death. The lesions observed were severe fibrinous
bronchointerstitial pneumonia and pleurisy with thickened alveolar
septa, edema and neutrophilic infiltrations of the interstitium with
giant cells. There was also marked erosive stomatitis and acute
enteritis. The average percentage lung consolidation for the infection
was 7.01% and the right lung was more affected (p&lt;0.05) while the
overall mortality was 33.3%. MHA:2 and PPR virus were re-isolated from
the lungs. The clinicopathological features observed showed that goats
were susceptible to co- infection of PPR and Mannheimiosis which was
severe and fatal. The data should help veterinarians and other medical
experts to recognize cases of bacterial complicated viral infection and
be informed of the approach to the treatment of such conditions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120052013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12005Adaramoye, OluwatosinAkanni, OlubukolaAdesanoye, OmololaLabo-Popoola, OwoolaOlaremi, OlabanjiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaToxicity, Diabetes, Glibenclamide, Metformin.enEvaluation of toxic effects of metformin hydrochloride and
glibenclamide on some organs of male ratsMetformin hydrochloride (MET) and glibenclamide (GB) are used in the
management of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). This study was designed to
investigate the toxic effect of MET and GB in the Liver, kidney and
testis of rats. Twenty one rats were divided into three groups of seven
rats each; group 1 served as control, groups 2 and 3 received GB and
MET at doses of 5 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, for 21 days by oral
gavage. Results indicate that MET and GB treatment did not affect body
weight-gain in the rats. Also, there were no treatment-related changes
in the absolute and relative weights of liver, kidney, and testis in
MET and GB-treated rats relative to controls. However, significant
increase (p&lt;0.05) in testicular lipid peroxidation levels were
accompanied by reduction in epididymal sperm count and motility in MET
and GB-treated rats, whereas sperm live/dead ratio was unaffected.
Specifically, MET and GB decreased sperm count and motility by 34%, 31%
and 25%, 28%, respectively. Activities of hepatic and renal superoxide
dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), serum alkaline phosphatase, lactate
dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase were not significantly
(p&gt;0.05) affected in MET and GB-treated rats, whereas testicular
SOD, CAT, glutathione, serum aspartate aminotransferase and conjugated
bilirubin were markedly affected by MET treatment. Histopathological
results showed marked necrosis, degeneration of seminiferous tubules
and defoliation of spermatocytes in testis of MET-treated rats. Taken
together, MET and GB induced lipid peroxidation, affected seminal
qualities and decreased antioxidant status. These drugs may interfere
with normal biochemical processes in testis and liver of the rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120062013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12006Pepple, Dagogo J.Young, Lauriann E.Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana M.Carroll, Robert G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaMedical education, Students assessment, Basic sciences, Grades,
Correlation.enComparison and Prediction of Preclinical Students' Performance in the
MBBS Stage I Examination at the University of the West Indies, Mona
CampusThis retrospective study involved the analysis of the grades of
ninety-four preclinical students who took the Bachelor of Medicine and
Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Stage I Examination in Anatomy,
Biochemistry, Physiology, Social and Preventive Medicine, and
Pharmacology between December1997 and May 1999 at the Mona Campus of
The University of the West Indies (UWI). A statistically significant
correlation was observed among the basic science subjects.
Additionally, a statistically significant prediction was found between
the performances of the students in one discipline and the others, with
Physiology being the most predicted. The data support the hypothesis
that students who performed well in one discipline were likely to
perform well in the other disciplines; and also that the performance in
some subjects could predict the performance in others. This result may
also justify further investigation as to whether the performance in
certain basic sciences disciplines at the preclinical stage can be used
to predict performance in the clinical disciplines.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120072013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12007Ozegbe, P.C.Omirinde, J.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaCuscuta australis, Protein-energy malnutrition, Testis, Plasma
luteinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, TestosteroneenComparative morphophysiological evaluation of the testis of adult
Wistar rats fed low protein-energy diet and dosed with aqueous extracts
of Cuscuta australis Cuscuta australis (C. australis) seed and stem are historically used
by the local population as dietary supplement for the management of
infertility. This study, therefore, evaluated the effect of orally
administered aqueous extracts of C. australis seed and stem, 300mg/kg
body weight/day for seven days, on the testis of the adult Wistar rat
fed either low or normal protein-energy diets. The control group
received water. The relative weight of the testis was non-significantly
increased (p&gt;0.05) in the Low Protein-energy diet-Water-treated
(LPWA), Low Protein-energy diet-Seed-treated (LPSE) and Normal
Protein-energy diet-Seed-treated (NPSE) groups relative to the Normal
Protein-energy diet-Water-treated (NPWA). The weight of the testis was
also non-significantly increased (p&gt;0.05) in the Low Protein-energy
diet-Stem-treated (LPST), but decreased in the Normal Protein-energy
diet-Stem-treated (NPST), relative to LPWA and NPWA. Heights of
germinal epithelium were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) in the
LPWA, LPSE and LPST relative to the NPWA, NPSE and NPST. Diet
significantly influenced (p&lt;0.001) the effect of stem extract on the
height of germinal epithelium. The NPSE, LPSE, NPST, LPST and LPWA
showed significantly decreased (p&lt;0.001) plasma levels of
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
relative to NPWA. The LPWA, LPSE and NPST also showed significantly
decreased (p&lt;0.001) levels of testosterone relative to NPWA and
LPST. Diet significantly influenced (p&lt;0.001) the effect of seed on
the level of LH. Seed-diet interactions significantly affected the
levels of FSH (p&lt;0.001) and LH (p&lt;0.05), but not testosterone.
Diet significantly influenced (p&lt;0.001) the effects of stem extract
on the levels of FSH, LH and testosterone. Stem-diet interactions
significantly affected (p&lt;0.001) the levels of FSH, LH and
testosterone. Our data suggest that the aqueous extract of C. australis
stem is more potent than the seed extract and that dietary
protein-energy intake may influence the efficacy of orally administered
aqueous extracts of C. australis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120082013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12008Olorunshola, K. V.Eze, K. O.Achie, L. N.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaRoad transport, Stress, Harmattan, Season, Erythrocyte Osmotic
Fragility, Humans, Zaria, Northern NigeriaenEffect of road transport stress on Erthrocyte Osmotic Fragility (EOF)
of healthy young adult Nigerians during the harmattan seasonRoad transportation and harmattan season have been reported to be
stressful to live stock species. This study was conducted with the aim
of investigating the effect of two and half hours of road
transportation on the erythrocyte osmotic fragility of 23 healthy young
adults Nigerians (15 males and 8 females) during the harmattan season.
After an overnight fast, venous blood was collected from each subject
for the determination of serum cortisol, glucose concentration and
erythrocyte osmotic fragility. The subjects were then transported at a
speed of 65 - 75Km/h covering a distance of 180km. Thereafter venous
blood was again collected (within 10 minutes) for the determination of
serum cortisol concentration, glucose concentration and erythrocyte
osmotic fragility using standard methods. There was a statistically
significant decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in percent haemolysis recorded at
Nacl concentration of 0.50% after transportation. There was also
significant decrease (P &lt; 0.001) in percent haemolysis at Nacl
concentration of 0.60 and 0.70% in the male subject after road
transportation as compared to values obtained before transportation.
There was a statically significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) between the
serum concentrations of cortisols in the subjects before and after road
transportation. The results of this study indicated that road
transportation was stressful to the subjects and measurement of
erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) could be used as a biomarker of
stress in humans.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120092013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12009O. O.,ObembeS. A., OnasanwoY., RajiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBuchholzia coriacea, antifertility, epididymis, testes, sperm.enPreliminary study on the effects of Buchholzia coriacea seed extract
on male reproductive parameters in ratsThe effects of methanol extract of Buchholzia coriacea seed was
studied on male reproductive system of albino rats. Administration of
200mg/kg b.w.(p.o.) of the extract for 6 weeks resulted in significant
reduction (P&lt;0.05) in the weight of the epididymis and seminal
vesicle, but not the testes and prostate gland. Also the weight of the
visceral organs- lungs, liver, heart and kidney were unaffected. A
marked decrease (P&lt;0.05) in sperm motility and volume was also
observed in sperm collected from the caudal epididymis of the treated
animals. Sperm count and morphology were not significantly affected
(P&gt;0.05). Total tissue protein of the epididymis and testes of the
treated rats was significantly increased (P&lt;0.05) and fertility was
zero in the treated rats. Histological section showed that the
epididymal ducts were mostly empty, though the epithelial lining
appeared normal. There were fewer spermatozoa and late stage spermatids
in the testes, with normal testicular epithelium. The results suggest
that the extract of Buchholzia coriacea may have antifertility effects
in male rats, the site of action most probably the epididymis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120102013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12010Arikawe, A. P.Oyerinde, A.Olatunji-Bello, I.I.Obika, L.F.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDiabetes mellitus, Insulin resistance, LH, FSH, Testosterone,
Cholesterol.enStreptozotocin diabetes and insulin resistance impairment of
spermatogenesis in adult rat testis: central Vs local mechanismMammalian reproduction is dynamically regulated by the pituitary
gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH). These hormones are synthesized in the pituitary gland
following stimulation by the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and
act by stimulating steroid production and gametogenesis in both males
and females. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats (120 – 140 g) were
randomly divided into 7 groups. Group 1 &gt; Control group; fed on
normal rat pellets. Group 2 &gt; Streptozotocin group; received a
single dose IP injection of streptozotocin 45 mg/kg BW in Na+ citrate
buffer pH 4.5. Group 3 &gt; Streptozotocin-insulin treated group;
received a single dose IP injection of streptozotocin as in group 2
above and treated with insulin sub-cutaneously. Group 4 &gt;
Streptozotocin-ginger treated group; received a single dose IP
injection of streptozotocin as in group 2 above and treated with 500
mg/Kg Ginger extract orally. Group 5 &gt; Insulin resistant group; fed
ad libitum on a special diet containing 25% fructose mixed with 75%
normal rat chow (w/w). Group 6 &gt; Insulin resistant-pioglitazone
treated group; fed ad libitum on a special diet as in group 5 above and
treated with Pioglitazone 15 mg/kg orally. Group 7 &gt; Insulin
resistant-ginger treated group; fed ad libitum on a special diet as in
group 4 above, and also treated with 500 mg/Kg Ginger extract orally.
Hormonal and tissue biochemistry analyses revealed that both central
and local mechanisms are implicated in the impairment of
spermatogenesis by diabetes but the hypothalamo-pituitary testicular
axis alteration might not likely have a major impact as the local
defect on steroidogenesis in the testis. This local defect could also
predispose to male hypogonadism, i.e. failure of gonadal function.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120112013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12011Olaifa, Flora EyibioPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaWSF, C.gariepinus , Toxicity , Heavy metals , THC,BioconcentrationenBioassay using the water soluble fraction of a Nigerian Light Crude oil
on Clarias gariepinus fingerlingsA 96-hour bioassay was conducted using the water soluble fraction of a
Nigerian light crude oil sample on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. 0,
2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mls of water soluble fractions (WSF) of the oil
were added to 1000 litres of de-chlorinated tap water to form 0, 25, 50
, 75 and 100 parts per million representing treatments 1 to 5
respectively. Each treatment had two replicates with fifteen fish per
replicate. At the end of the 96-hour period of exposure, the fish were
transferred into separate bowls containing fresh water without oil for
recovery for ten more days. Heavy metal and total hydrocarbon contents
of the water and fish were analyzed at 96 hour and 14 days which marked
the end of the recovery period. No mortalities were recorded on all
treatments during the 96-hour period. Mortalities were observed between
120 and 144 hours after the onset of the experiment with the maximum
number of dead fish (p&lt;0.05) from treatment 5(100 ppm WSF) during
the recovery period indicating a delayed response to the WSF by the
fish. No mortalities were recorded after 144 hours till the termination
of the experiment at 14 days . The 96-hour LC50 could not be calculated
since no deaths occured during the period. The Total hydrocarbon
contents of the water were 0, 0.026 ,0.316 ,0.297, 0.253 mg/l for
treatments 1(0 ppmWSF)) to 5(100ppmWSF) respectively. Lead , iron and
cadmium were not detected in water during the study, lead was also not
detected in fish muscles from all treatments. The iron contents of all
the treatments were lower than the control except for treatment 3(50
ppm WSF). THC concentrations in fish were higher at 96 hours and 14days
than in the water indicating bioconcentration in fish and a retention
in the fish long after exposure.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120122013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12012O.D, EyarefeB.O., EmikpeS.O, AkinloyeT.O, AlongeO.E, FayemiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBowel, Epithelial cell, Proliferation, Honey, Glutamine.enEffects of honey, glutamine and their combination on canine small bowel
epithelial cell proliferation following massive resectionThe effects of honey, glutamine and honey/glutamine combination on the
healing and adaptive process of the bowel following massive small bowel
resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of dogs. 24
dogs (3-4months old) of mixed sexes with mean body weight of
4.42±0.70 kg were studied. They were randomized into four
treatment groups following 70% small bowel resection. Group A dogs were
placed on glutamine treatment, Group B on oral glutamine/honey and
group C on honey and group D normal saline (control). Their body
weights were evaluated for 15 days and the pre- and post-treatment gut
biopsy samples were obtained and processed for morphometric evaluation.
All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation
(Glutamine/honey&gt;glutamine &gt;&gt; honey &gt; control) at the end
of the experiment (4 weeks). Glutamine/honey combination, glutamine and
honey had gradual increase in body weight from days 3-15 of weight
evaluation. The control group, however, had a remarkable drop in body
weight compared with other groups. Oral glutamine/honey combination
showed the best overall effect based on body weight gain, intestinal
mucosal growth and adaptation, evidenced by increased in residual bowel
Villi height (27.71μm), Villi weight (14.51μm), Crypt depth
(11.25μm), and Villi density (3.40μm). Glutamine showed a
better result than honey with a significant increase in villi height
(38.08μm), width (8.48μm) and crypt depth (40μm).
Histologically, an improved villi branching was observed with
glutamine/honey combination. Our results showed that honey/glutamine
combination had comparative therapeutic advantage over glutamine or
honey and may be a preferred treatment for short bowel syndrome
patients.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120132013-08-29np2013-08-29http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12013F.B.O., MojiminiyiZ., AuduE.U., EtukO.P., AjagbonnaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHibiscus sabdariffa calyx, salt-induced hypertension, anti-hypertensive
effect, High dietary K+, K+:Na+enAttenuation of salt-induced hypertension by aqueous calyx extract of
Hibiscus Sabdariffa The aqueous calyx extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa (HS) has a folk
reputation as an antihypertensive agent. On account of its antioxidant
properties and probably high K+ concentration, we hypothesized that HS
may attenuate the development of salt-induced hypertension.
Sprague-Dawley rats (n=8 each) were treated for 12 weeks as follows:
control (normal diet + water), salt-loaded (8% salt diet + water), HS
(normal diet + 6mg/ml HS), salt+HS (8% salt diet + 6mg/ml HS) and
furosemide (normal diet+ 0.25mg/Kg furosemide). Their blood pressure
and heart rates were measured and responses to noradrenalin and
acetylcholine (0.01mg/kg respectively) were estimated. The cationic
concentration of 6mg/ml HS was determined. The Na+ and K+
concentrations of 6mg/ml HS were 3.6 and 840mmol/l respectively. The
mean arterial pressure (MAP±SEM; mmHg) of salt loaded rats
(184.6±29.8) was significantly higher than control
(113.2±3.0; P&lt;0.05), HS (90.0±7.4; P&lt;0.001) salt+HS
(119.4±8.9; P&lt;0.05) and furosemide (94.9±11.5; P&lt;0.01).
The MAP of salt+HS and control rats did not differ significantly and
the effect of HS was comparable to furosemide. The pressor response to
noradrenalin or vasodilator response to acetylcholine remained similar
in all groups. These results suggest that HS attenuated the development
of salt-induced hypertension and this attenuation may be associated
with its high K+ content or high potassium: sodium ratio and not with
altered pressor/depressor response to noradrenalin or acetylcholine.
Also the effects of HS and furosemide on blood pressure are comparable.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120142013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12014Alada, A.R.APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenIn Memoriam: Professor Gabriel Chukwujekwu Ezeilo MBBS (Lond),
DTM&amp;H (Liverpool), MSc (Roch. N.Y),MD (Lond), FRCP (Glas), FRCP
(Edin) (1934 – 2011)Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlEDcria:bioline:np:np120152013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12015Amabebe, E.Idu, F.Obika, LFOPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaThirst perception; Arginine vasopressin; Plasma osmolalityenRelationship between thirst perception and plasma arginine vasopressin
concentration in manWe examined the possibility that measurements of thirst perception in
man using the visual Analogue Scale (VAS) can be used to estimate
plasma arginine vasopressin concentration in man. In thirty normal
subjects (male=15 and female=15), thirst perception (TP, cm) was rated
and 5.0ml blood samples were collected for the measurement of plasma
arginine vasopressin (PAVP) using Enzyme Immunoassay kit. Male subjects
were statistically significantly older and taller than the females.
However, the blood pressures, body weight and body mass index were
similar. There was no significant difference, male vs. female in TP
(5.26±0.51 vs. 5.39±0.53cm), calculated plasma osmolality
from TP, Posm (298.5±1.7 vs. 299.0±1.8mOsm/kgH2O) and
measured plasma arginine vasopressin, PAVP (4.85±0.30 vs.
4.71±0.31pg/ml). Furthermore, the calculated PAVP from TP, PAVP-TP
was similar (5.40±0.69 vs.5.60 ±0.70pg/ml). When PAVP was
calculated from plasma osmolality, PAVP-Posm the values were also
similar (6.10±0.70 vs. 6.30±0.80pg/ml). There was no
statistically significant difference between the measured PAVP as well
as those calculated from TP and from plasma osmolality. It is thus
reasonable to conclude that plasma arginine vasopressin concentration
maybe estimated using thirst perception and/or plasma osmolality.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120162013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12016Ibhazehiebo, KKoibuchi, NPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBDE209; Cerebellum; Purkinje cells; Thyroid hormoneenTemporal effects of thyroid hormone (TH) and decabrominated diphenyl
ether (BDE209) on Purkinje cell dendrite arborizationThyroid hormones (TH) 3,3’,4-tri-iodothyronine (T3) and
3,3’,4,4’-tetra-iodothyronine (T4) plays crucial role in
cerebellar development. Deficiency of TH consistently results in
aberrant growth and development of the cerebellum including reduced
growth and branching of the Purkinje cells. In rodents, the critical
period of thyroid hormone action on cerebellum development is within
the first two to three weeks, after which thyroid hormone replacement
cannot fully reverse abnormal cerebellar development induced by thyroid
hormone insult. Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE209) is an industrial
reagent used as an additive flame retardant to reduce flammability of
various commercial and household produce. BDE209 has bio-accumulative
potential and is neurotoxic. Previously, we have shown that T4 (10-8 M)
induced extensive dendrite arborization of Purkinje cells and low dose
BDE209 (10-10 M) remarkably suppressed TH-induced Purkinje cell
dendrite arborization. In the present study, we show that the critical
period for TH-induced Purkinje cell growth and dendrite arborization in
culture is much earlier than reported in animal models. Also, we show
for the first time that low dose BDE209 suppressed TH-induced dendrite
arborization in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, our study
indicates that hypothyroidism and exposure to BDE209 during critical
stage of cerebellar development can lead to impaired Purkinje cell
growth and dendrite arborization and may consequently disrupt normal
cerebellar functions.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120172013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12017Idonije, O.BAkinlade, K.SIhenyen, OArinola, OGPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSchizophrenia; Complement factors; Immunity; TreatmentenComplement factors in newly diagnosed Nigerian schizoprenic patients
and those on antipsychotic therapyThe role of Complement factors in the pathogenesis of psychiatric
disorders is enormous, but the data on levels and functions of
complement factors in patients with schizophrenia are scanty and
conflicting. To address this issue, levels of Complement regulators (C1
inhibitor and C3 activator) and complement factors (C1q, C3c, C4 and
C5) were determined in the serum of newly diagnosed drug free
schizophrenic patients, schizophrenic patients on medication and
healthy subjects using immune-plates. C1q was significantly reduced in
newly diagnosed schizophrenic patients or schizophrenic patients on
medication compared with the controls. C3c was significantly reduced in
newly diagnosed schizophrenic patients compared with controls or
schizophrenic patients on medication. The levels of C3 activators, C1
inhibitors and C4 were similar in the two groups of schizophrenic
patients compared with the controls. It may be concluded from this
study that C1qis deficient in schizophrenic patients; and that C3c may
differentiate newly diagnosed schizophrenia from schizophrenic patients
on medication.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120182013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12018Anigbogu, C. N.Isichei, C. V.Ajuluchukwu, J. N.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBlood pressure; Heart Rate; ECG; Cardiovascular reflexes; Hypertension;
NigerianenBlood Pressure, Heart Rate, Cardiovascular Reflexes and
Electrocardiographic changes in some Hypertensive NigeriansThe effects of hypertension on resting and reflex cardiovascular
function were investigated in this study. Blood pressure, heart rate
and electrocardiogram were recorded in male and female control subjects
and hypertensive Nigerian patients. Blood pressure was measured, using
the sphygmomanometer/auscultatory method. Heart rate was determined
from palpating the radial pulse or from the resting electrocardiograph.
The systolic and diastolic blood pressures were high in the
hypertensive patient (160.90 ± 2.06 mmHg and 110.8 ± 1.95
mmHg respectively compared with control subjects (119.3 ± 2.05 and
73.58 ± 1.09mmHg; P&lt;0.01). Pulse pressure and mean arterial
pressures were also higher in the hypertensive patients. Heart rate was
higher in the hypertensive compared to the control groups (86.93
±+ 2.83 cf 71 ± 1.35 beats per minute, P&lt;0.01). ECG
analysis showed that the intervals were lower in the controls than in
the hypertensive group except for PR intervals (0.21 ± 0.01 cf
0.23 ± 0.01 sec). The amplitude of the waves was also lower in the
control group than the hypertensive group. Cardiovascular response to
exercise assessed from the post-exercise recovery graph showed that the
aggregate recovery (6min after) was lower in the hypertensive subjects
(22% cf 28%, p&lt;0.05) than in controls. This suggests that the
baroreflex sensitivity was higher in the control than in the
hypertensive subjects. Results from this study suggest that in
hypertension there may be increased heart rate, altered
electrocardiograph readings indicating ventricular hypertrophy and
delay in ventricular conduction. In hypertension baroreflex sensitivity
may be reduced.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120192013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12019Salami, H.AJohn, A.IEkanem, A.UPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAllium cepa (onion); Allium sativa (garlic); Osmotic fragility; Red
blood cells; Membrane stability; % HaemolysisenThe effect of aqueous preparation of Allium Cepa (onion) and Allium
Sativa (garlic) on erythrocyte osmotic fragility in wistar rats: in
vivo and in vitro studiesAllium Cepa (onion) and Allium Sativa (garlic) are bulbous herbs
used as food item, spice and medicine in different parts of the world.
The effects of onion and garlic on the osmotic fragility of red blood
cells in albino rats were assessed in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo
studies, five albino rats weighing between 150 – 200g composed
each of three study groups. Group A were administered 150mg/Kg body
weight aqueous onion preparation; Group B 75mg/Kg body weight aqueous
onion and 75mg/Kg body weight garlic preparations; and Group C served
as the control and were administered distilled water. The treatment
regimens were orally administered thrice a week, for a period of four
weeks by gavages. The in vitro erythrocyte osmotic fragility was also
evaluated in 12 wistar rats that were not pre-treated with either onion
alone or onion and garlic. The animals were divided into three groups.
Blood samples from group A rats were treated with 150mg onion while
blood from group B rats was treated with 75mg onion and 75mg garlic
extracts. Group C served as the control and were treated with normal
saline and osmotic fragility assays were carried out. The degree of
haemolysis was greater (P&lt;0.05) in the treatment group compared to
control and the percentage haemolysis was greater in blood samples with
onion and garlic compared to the onion group (P&lt;0.05). The same
observation was made in the in vitro study, but the degree of
haemolysis was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in in vitro than the in
vivo experiments. It is concluded that onion and garlic increase the
osmotic fragility of red blood cells in albino rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120202013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12020Bolaji, O.M.Happi, T.C.Bababunmi, EAPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaP.Falciparum; Ca2+-ATPase activity; SDS-PAGE; Chloroquine Sensitivity
ATPenAssessment and Characterization of Ca2+ - ATPase expression in selected
isolates and clones of Plasmodium Falciparum Ca2+-ATPase expression in 15 selected isolates from malaria patients at
the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan and two cloned strains
(W2-chloroquine resistant, D6-chloroquine sensitive) of P. Falciparum
was assessed using spectrophotometric assay method. The kinetics of
activity of Ca2+ - ATPase in three isolates (NCP 14, NCP5, NCP1) and
two clones (W2, D6) also assessed. 12% SDS – PAGE analysis of
total proteins in one isolate (NCP14) and two clones (W2, D6) was also
investigated. All the selected isolates and the two cloned strains
exhibited measurable Ca2+-ATPase activity. The Ca2+ - ATPase activity
in cloned strain D6 (6.50 ± 0.74μmolPi/min/mg protein) was
higher than in cloned strain W2 (3.93 ± 0.61μmolPi/min/mg
protein. The Ca2+-ATPase activity in isolates from malaria patients
varied widely (1.95 ± 0.74 – 21.56
±1.43μmolPi/min/mg protein). The kinetic constants obtained
for the two cloned strains showed that clone W2 had a higher Vmax (Vmax
= 363μmolPi/min/mg protein) than clone D6 (Vmax =
74μmolPi/min/mg protein). All the isolates and the two cloned
strains showed similar affinity for ATP (Km ~ 10mM). Scan of SDS-PAGE
gel of total proteins in the isolate and cloned strains showed the
presence of oligopeptide bands of molecular weights range of 148-176
KDa; 116-123 KDa respectively. These suggest the presence of predicted
polypeptide of Ca2+ - ATPase nature of molecular weight estimate of 139
KDa. The study agrees with previous findings that Ca2+-ATPase is
functionally expressed in P.falciparum, The study also indicates that
Ca2+ - ATPase functional expression may vary with isolate or clone but
the ATP binding mechanism to the enzyme is similar in all isolates and
clones of P.falciparum. The study further suggests a possible
association between acquisition of chloroquine resistance and Ca2+-
ATPase functional expression in P.falciparum.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120212013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12021Ofem, O.E.Eno, A.E.Antai, A.B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaOcimum gratissimum; gastric acid; gastric ulcer; gastric ulcer; mucus;
ratenGastric acid anti-secretory, anti-ulcerogenic and mucogenic effects of
aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum in ratsIn this study, albino Wistar rats were placed on normal rats chow +
drinking water and/or 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg body weight of the Ocimum
gratissimum extract orally, once daily for 28 days and gastric acid,
mucus and ulcers determined. All the rats received normal rat chow +
drinking water ad libitum for 28 days. Gastric acid, mucus secretion
and ulcer scores were determined with standard procedures. Results
showed that the mean basal gastric acid output for control, low dose
and high dose groups were 11.28 ± 0.70, 8.04 ± 0.57 and 6.14
± 0.67 μmol/hr respectively. The high dose extract recipients
had a significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced gastric acid output compared
with control and low dose. Increase in gastric acid output as induced
by histamine was highest in high dose (599.02%), followed by low dose
426.28%, then control (221.28%). Administration of ranitidine was
observed to attenuate the effect of histamine in all the groups. The
high dose group also had a significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher mean
gastric mucus and lower (P&lt;0.05) ulcer levels compared with other
groups. In conclusion, the aqueous leaves extract of Ocimum gratissimum
decrease gastric acid secretion and ulceration, it also produced an
increase in the gastric mucus secretion. If these results are applied
to man, it could be beneficial in the management of peptic ulcers and
other related complications.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120222013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12022Ajala, Oluwatoyin O.Fayemi, O.EOyeyemi, M.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaReproductive parameters; Nigerian local bitches; IbadanenSome reproductive indices of the Nigerian local bitches in Ibadan,
NigeriaSome reproductive parameters of the Nigerian local bitches were studied
at the kennel of the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Reproduction,
University of Ibadan using 6 bitches and 1 stud aged between 2 and 3
years, weighing 10 to 12kg. The bitches were mated naturally by the
stud at the second day of cytological oestrus and allowed to carry the
pregnancy to term. The bitches and puppies were weighed weekly and
observed till weaning. Mean gestation length was 63.5 ± 0.3 day.
Mean litter size was 7.0 ± 2.0 puppies. Litter sex ratio was 1.25
females to 1 male puppy. Mean birth weights were 308.3 ± 15.3 and
286.3 +11.8 grammes for male and female puppies respectively, while the
respective weaning live weights were 1.5 ± 0.2 and 1.8 ±
0.1kg. Litter size affected the birth weight; the mean birth weight of
puppies with the litter size 10 was significantly lighter (p&lt; 0.05)
than those with litter sizes 7, 6 and 4 puppies. Mean age at testicular
descent was 6.1 ± 0.6 days while eyes of puppies were opened at
mean age 15.4 ± 0.2 days. Mean duration between whelping and first
oestrus was 3.9 ± 0.07 months. The neonatal mortality rate was
35.3%, more female puppies (26.4%) than male puppies (5.9%) died during
the first week of life. These high mortalities might be due to cold and
maternal negligence. With these basic data, the reproductive potential
of the Nigerian local bitch can be harnessed.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120232013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12023Raji, YHart, V.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaBonny Light Crude Oil; Fertility; Male; Female; RatenInfluence of prolonged exposure to Nigerian Bonny light crude oil on
fertility indices in ratsThe effect of Bony Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on some sperm functions
during short term exposure has been reported. The present study
investigated the effect of long term ingestion of BLCO on fertility
indices in male and female albino rats. Adult male rats in groups of
five were exposed daily to 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BLCO (orally, p.o)
dissolved in olive oil which served as the control, for six weeks. The
male rats were cohabited with untreated adult female rats (for mating)
during the last 6th week of treatment. Similarly, adult female rats in
groups of five were exposed daily to 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg BLCO
(p.o) for 6 weeks. The rats were mated with untreated male rats during
the last 6th week of treatment. Body weights of the treated rats remain
unaffected. However, a significant decrease (p&lt; 0.05) in the weight
of the testis, epididymis, cauda epididymal sperm count, motility,
viability and normal morphology of the spermatozoa was observed. There
was 100% mating success as all untreated female rats with a significant
decrease (p&lt;0.05) in number, birth weight and survival rate of
offspring delivered. BLCO treated female rats had irregular oestrous
cycle with increased frequency of oestrous and metestrous phases and a
decrease in the diestrous phase. A dose-dependent reduction in
fertility success, number and birth weight of offspring of the BLCO
treated females mated with normal males was recorded. Histological
study of the epididymis and testis showed BLCO treatment-related
lesions. The results suggest that, Bonny light crude oil reduced
fertility indices of male and female rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120242013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12024Onasanwo, SAFabiyi, TDOluwole, FSOlaleye, SBPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaAnacardium occidentalis; analgesic; anti-inflammatory; rats; miceenAnalgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the leaf extracts of
Anacardium occidentalis in the laboratory rodentsAnacardium occidentalis (family: Anacardiaceae) is a plant of the
tropical climate widely used by folklore to treat pain and
inflammation. This study was conducted to evaluate the analgesic and
anti-inflammatory effects of the leaf extracts in rat and mice using
different models in other to confirm folkloric claims. The aqueous,
hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts (AEAO, HEAO, DEAO and
MEAO respectively) were investigated for analgesic effects in acetic
acid induced pain in mice. They significantly reduced the number of
writhing (p&lt;0.001) and the highest analgesic effect was seen in DEAO
extract. DEAO was further studied on various analgesic and
anti-inflammatory models in graded doses. The extract significantly
reduced writhing induced by acetic acid and the number and time of paw
licking induced by formalin (P &lt; 0.05) in a dose related manner. It
inhibited the neurogenic and inflammatory phases of formalin (P &lt;
0.05). Analgesia was shown in the inhibition of nociception induced by
tail immersion in 55oC hot water. The extract prolonged the latencies
of tail withdrawal to a similar degree as pentazocine. The extract
caused significant inhibition of carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats
(P &lt; 0.05) in a dose dependent manner. These findings suggest that
the leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentalis are highly potent
analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Phytochemical analysis showed
that the leaf extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins and
cardenolides.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120252013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12025Saba, A.BOridupa, O.APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaA. caudatus; S. melongena; Ileal contraction; M- receptors; H1-
receptorsenPharmacological reactivity of isolated guinea pig ileum to ethanol leaf
extracts of Amaranthus caudatus and Solanum melongena The pharmacological reactivity of guinea pig ileum to ethanol leaf
extract of Amaranthus caudatus and Solanum melongena were
determined in vitro. Parameters evaluated include the threshold value
and the concentration ratio (CR). The potency of the plant extracts as
expressed by EC50, the Emax (maximum response) and its corresponding
concentration were determined from the concentration response curve in
the absence or presence of 2X10-7 M atropine or 2X10-7 M mepyramine.
The study showed that the extract of Amaranthus caudatus or Solanum
melongena produced a dose-dependent contraction of the smooth muscle of
the guinea pig ileum with threshold values at 80 or 100mg/ml
respectively. 2X10-7 M atropine or 2X10-7 M mepyramine individually
caused a right shift on the cumulative concentration-response curve for
each plant extract. The potencies of the plant extracts were
significantly (p&lt;0.05) decreased, and the concentration producing
Emax was significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased in the presence of the
antagonists. The ileal contraction produced by A. caudatus was more
sensitive to mepyramine antagonism. The EC50 (373.80±51.56mg/ml)
and the concentration producing Emax (855.00±75.00mg/ml) for A.
caudatus extract increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) to
849.00±29.16 mg/ml and 875.00±25 respectively in the presence
of atropine, indicating that the extract interacted with muscarinic
receptors. The mean EC50 and the concentration eliciting the Emax for
S. melongena extract increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) from
288.91±32.46mg/ml and 600.00±22.00mg/ml to
385.21±19.20mg/ml and 800±0.00 mg/ml respectively in the
presence of mepyramine thus indicating stimulation of the histaminergic
H1 receptors of the gastrointestinal tract. Taken together, this study
demonstrated that A. caudatus predominantly stimulates muscarinic
receptors to produce contraction of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle,
while S. melongena predominantly stimulates histaminergic H1 receptors.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120262013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12026Lasisi, T.J.Fasanmade, A.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSalivary flow rate; Composition; Type 2 diabetes mellitusenSalivary flow and composition in diabetic and non-diabetic subjectsThe study investigated the effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on
salivary flow and composition in humans compared to healthy sex and age
matched controls. Forty adult human subjects divided into 20 diabetic
and 20 non-diabetic healthy subjects were included. Saliva samples were
collected and analysed for glucose, total protein, calcium, sodium,
potassium, chloride and bicarbonate. Salivary flow rate was also
determined. The results showed that salivary glucose and potassium
levels were significantly higher (p = 0.01 and 0.002 respectively) in
diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic participants. It was also
found that the diabetic patients had significant reduction in salivary
flow rate when compared with non-diabetic individuals. In contrast,
there was no significant difference in levels of total protein, Na+,
Ca++, Cl- and HCO3- between the two groups. These results suggest that
some oral diseases associated with diabetes mellitus may be due to
altered levels of salivary glucose, potassium and flow.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120272013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12027Akinrinmade, J.FAkinrinde, A.S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHematology; Serum biochemistry; WAD goats; Foreign body rumen impactionenHematological and serum biochemical indices of West African dwarf goats
with foreign body rumen impactionHematological and biochemical parameters were determined in 82 West
African Dwarf goats with foreign body rumen impaction (FBR) and 40
normal WAD goats without foreign body rumen impaction (WFBR) in order
to evaluate their influence on the etio-pathogenesis of rumen
impaction. The mean PCV (26.22%), RBC (9.03 X 106/μL), Hb
(8.38g/dl) and MCHC (32.20g/dl) were significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) in
FBR than in WFBR. The values obtained for serum sodium, potassium,
calcium and magnesium in FBR goats were not significantly different
(P&lt;0.05) from that of WFBR goats. Mean values of serum total protein
(4.02gm/dl), phosphorus (3.38mg/dl), glucose (29.33gm/dl), zinc
(0.72mmol/L) and copper (0.49mmol/L) in FBR goats were significantly
lower than in WFBR goats. The results suggest that foreign body rumen
impaction in WAD goats is influenced by some hematological (PCV, RBC,
Hb, MCHC) and serum biochemical (total protein, phosphorus, glucose,
zinc, copper) parameters and can be used as a basis for formulating
preventive measures.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120282013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12028Ajeigbe, K.OEmikpe, B.OOlaleye, S.BPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaChloroquine; Amodiaquine; Gastric acid secretion; Histamine; Parietal
cell massenAugmentation of gastric acid secretion by chloroquine and amodiaquine
in the rat stomachGastrointestinal mucosal integrity has been shown to be altered by
chloroquine and amodiaquine, although the exact mechanism is not clear.
Since Gastric Acid Secretion (GAS) plays significant role in the
etiology of ulcer, the present study was aimed at investigating the
effect of chloroquine and amodiaquine on GAS, Parietal Cell Mass (PCM)
and Gastric Mucous Cell Population (GMP) in rats. Male albino wistar
rats were randomly assigned into three groups viz: control, chloroquine
(CQ, 3 mg/kg), amodiaquine (AQ, 10 mg/kg). Basal GAS as well as
secretion in response to histamine and carbachol was measured by
continuous perfusion of the stomach with normal saline (1ml/minute)
under urethane anaesthesia (0.6 mg/100 g). After obtaining a steady
basal output response to normal saline in all animals, the antimalaria
drugs were administered intramuscularly and the peak responses to each
drug obtained. Further assessment of the roles of histaminergic and
muscarinic receptors were done using ranitidine (H2 antagonist) and
atropine (M antagonist) in the treated animals. PCM and GMP were
determined in the stomach samples by histometry. The basal acid output
was 0.70 ± 0.01 mmol/10 mins. Chloroquine and amodiaquine produced
increase in acid output to a peak of 1.35 ±0.03 mmol/10 mins
(92.9%, p&lt;0.001) and 1.40 ± 0.03 mmol/10 mins (100%,
p&lt;0.001) respectively. Histamine and carbachol elicited 107% and
100% increase acid secretion when compared with the basal output
respectively. CQ and AQ potentiated histamine-induced secretory rate
which peaked at 1.60 ± 0.02 mmol/10 mins and 1.70 ± 0.03
mmol/10 mins respectively. Similarly, the carbachol-induced acid
secretory response was potentiated by CQ and AQ to a peak of 1.45
± 0.02 mmol/10 mins and 1.50 ± 0.03 mmol/10 mins (p&lt;0.05).
Ranitidine and atropine attenuated histamine and carbachol induced acid
secretion, but did not abolish it. CQ and AQ increased significantly
the parietal cell numbers in the gastric mucosa (21±0.7 and
24±0.7 versus 15.2±0.8 control; p&lt;0.05). On the other
hand, mucus cell population was significant decreased by CQ and AQ
(15±0.3 and 13±0.85 versus 17.4±0.5 control; p&lt;0.05)
respectively. Chloroquine and amodiaquine increased gastric acid
secretion in rats. They stimulated histamine (H2) and muscarinic (M3)
receptors, and enhanced parietal cell mass.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120292013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12029Maruf, F.A.Ogochukwu, U.N.Dim, P.A.Alada, A.R. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDiastolic blood pressure; Systolic blood pressure; Dynamic exercise;
Sex differenceenAbsence of sex differences in systolic blood pressure and heart rate
responses to exercise in healthy young adultsThe influence of sex on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate
(HR) responses associated with cardiovascular morbidity, in healthy
young adults was determined in ninety healthy young adults (47 females
and 43 males) exercised using Bruce protocol. SBP and HR were measured
pre- and post-exercise, and during recovery. SBPresponse (peak minus
pre-exercise SBP), %SBPresponse [(peak minus pre-exercise
SBP)÷pre-exercise SBP]x100, SBP3 (SBP 3 minutes into recovery),
SBP4 (SBP 4 minutes into recovery), SBP3:peak (SBP3÷peak SBP),
%SBPd3 [(peak SBP minus SBP 3 minutes into recovery)x peak SBP]x100,
%SBPd4 [(peak SBP minus SBP 4 minutes into recovery)x peak SBP]X100,
HRresponse (Peak HR minus pre-exercise HR), %HRresponse [(peak HR minus
pre-exercise HR)÷pre-exercise HR]x 100, HR3 (HR 3 minutes into
recovery), HR4 (HR 4 minutes into recovery), %HRd3 [(peak HR minus HR 3
minutes into recovery)÷peak HR]x100, %HRd4 [(peak HR minus HR 4
minutes into recovery)÷peak HR]X100, and HR50-70 (HR between 50th
and 70th seconds into recovery) were derived from SBP and HR
measurements. SBPpeak, HRresponse and %HRresponse were higher
(p&lt;0.05) in males than in females whereas, SBPresponse, %SBPresponse
and HRpeak were not different (p&gt;0.05). There were no significant
differences (p&lt;0.05) in the post-exercise SBP and HR responses of
males and females except for SBP3, SBP4, HR3 and HR4. After adjusting
for exercise duration, body mass index (BMI), and resting SBP and HR,
these variables became similar (p&gt;0.05). Sex differences in some SBP
and HR responses to exercise, become nonexistent after adjusting for
BMI, exercise duration, and resting SBP and HR.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np120302013-09-11np2013-09-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np12030NonePhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2012 - Physiological Society of NigeriaenProfessor Gabriel Chukwujekwu Ezeilo MBBS (Lond), DTM&amp;H
(Liverpool), MSc (Roch. N.Y),MD (Lond), FRCP (Glas), FRCP (Edin) (1934
– 2011)Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 27 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlEDcria:bioline:np:np130012013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13001John, Theresa AdebolaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaTechniques; Biomedical Science; PhD; ResearchenImportant techniques in today’s biomedical science research that
PhD candidates should be exposed to: a perspective from the FASEB
journalThe need for best evidence has driven researchers into
multidisciplinary, collaborative approaches which have become mainstay
in today’s biomedical science. The multidisciplinary and
collaborative approaches to research in research-intensive academic
medical centres in the USA and in other countries of affluence has
brought in significant advancement in knowledge as well as colossal
progress and financial benefits. Therefore the author speculates that
for Nigerian and other African PhD graduates in the basic medical
sciences to become successful researchers, effective peer reviewers,
reliable mentors, and progressive administrators in research-based
academia, they need some exposure to multidisciplinary approaches to
research during their subject-based training. The present report sought
to substantiate this need. Thirty three published articles in the April
2012 FASEB Journal were studied for the methodologies employed and the
results showed that the papers utilized an average of nine major
biomedical science techniques, 9 being the mean, median, and mode
showing the global status quo of diversity of methodology per
scientific paper. The most popular procedures and techniques recorded
in more than 1/3 of the published articles were: cell isolation; cell
culture; in vivo or in situ whole animal studies; animal models of
disease; gene/protein expression, sequencing and cloning; transfection,
constructs, and genomic interference and silencing; western blotting;
fluorescence and confocal microscopy; ELISAs and cell-based assays; and
ready-made biotech assay kits. The most popular statistics testing were
various forms of student’s t-tests at 0.05 confidence levels and
ANOVAs. The GraphPad Prism software was the most frequently used
statistic software.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130022013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13002Adaramoye, Oluwatosin A.Arisekola, MuritalaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaKolaviron; Testis; Ethanol; Reproduction; ToxicityenKolaviron, a biflavonoid complex from Garcinia kola seeds,
ameliorates ethanol-induced reproductive toxicity in male wistar ratsIn previous studies, we established that kolaviron (KV) (a biflavonoid
from Garcinia kola seeds) elicited anti-oxidative and
hepatoprotective effects in Wistar rats chronically treated with
ethanol. The present study investigates the possible ameliorative
effect of KV against ethanol-induced reproductive toxicity in male
Wistar rats. Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups
of seven animals each; Group 1 (control) was administered corn oil,
group 2 was given 45%v/v ethanol at 3g/kg body weight, group 3 received
ethanol and KV (200mg/kg) simultaneously and group 4 received KV alone.
All drugs were given daily by oral gavage for 21 consecutive days.
Ethanol treatment resulted in a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in
relative weight of testis of the animals. In the spermatozoa, ethanol
intoxication resulted in 54%, 21% and 38% decreases in testicular
protein content, sperm motility and count, respectively. In addition,
ethanol administration enhanced lipid peroxidation (LPO) process
assessed by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the testis.
Precisely, MDA level was increased by 121% in the testis of
ethanol-treated rats relative to the control. Furthermore, levels of
testicular glutathione and activities of testicular antioxidant enzymes
such as superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly
(p&lt;0.05) reduced in ethanol-treated rats. Histopathology showed
extensive degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules and defoliation
of spermatocytes in testis of ethanol-treated rats. Interestingly,
co-administration of KV with ethanol led to almost complete inhibition
of testicular LPO thereby enhancing antioxidant status of the testis.
Overall, KV ameliorates ethanol-induced toxic assault on testis and
improves seminal qualities of the rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130032013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13003Egwurugwu, J.N.Ifedi, C.U.Uchefuna, R.C.Ezeokafor, E.N.Alagwu, E.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaZinc sulphate; Male sex hormones; Sperm qualityenEffects of zinc on male sex hormones and semen quality in ratsThis study assessed the effects of zinc on male sex hormones and semen
quality in male albino wistar rats. Forty rats weighing between 150-
210g, grouped into 5 of 8 rats each, were used for the research that
lasted for six weeks. Group I, the control group, received normal rat
chow and water ad libitum. The four test groups II-V, received 20g,
40g, 60g and 80g of zinc sulphate mixed with their rat chow
respectively in addition to water for six weeks. Blood samples were
collected and assayed for Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH), Prolactin (PL), testosterone (T),
progesterone and oestradiol. Semen was also analysed for sperm
motility, sperm count and morphology. Results showed statistically
significant decrease in serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) (p&lt; 0.05) in groups II and IV with mean values of
0.10±0.00 and 1.20±0.00 respectively when compared with the
control (1.10±0.10). The results also revealed statistically
significant increase in the serum levels of testosterone in groups II,
III and IV with mean values of 3.60±1.40, 4.5±0.30 and
0.80±0.70 respectively when compared with the control with a value
of 0.35±0.15. The increase in testosterone levels were dose
dependent as there were consistent increment in groups II and III after
which the levels decreased with increasing zinc concentrations. There
was statistically significant dose dependent decrease in sperm motility
and morphology in the test groups compared with the control
(p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, zinc sulphate has some significant positive
effects on male sex hormones and sperm quality at doses within
physiological levels but harmful at higher doses.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130042013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13004Obiandu, COkerengwo, AADapper, DVPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaImmunoglobulin; Immunity; IgA; IgG; IgMenLevels of serum immunoglobulins in apparently healthy children and
adults in Port Harcourt, NigeriaSerum levels of the immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA and IgM were determined
by the single radial immunodiffusion technique of Mancini in a total of
122 apparently healthy subjects consisting of 43 children (20 males; 23
females) aged 5-12 years and 79 adults (39 males; 40 females) aged
18-65 years resident in Port Harcourt, southeastern Nigeria. The
effects of age and sex on the serum levels of the various
immunoglobulin types were also determined. The mean values and ranges
for the various immunoglobulin types are presented for both children
and adults. Although, female children were found to have significantly
lower mean values of IgA compared to male children (p&lt;0.05), there
were no significant differences in the mean values of both IgG and IgM
between male and female children involved in the present study
(p&gt;0.05). However, female adults had significantly higher mean
values of IgG and significantly lower mean values of IgA compared to
male adults (p&lt;0.05); suggesting a significant gender difference in
the value of both IgG and IgA amongst adult subjects. No significant
differences were observed in the mean values of any of the various
types of immunoglobulin between adults and children. The present study
reports mean values of the various types of immunoglobulin in
apparently healthy children and adults resident in Port Harcourt,
southeastern Nigeria. Significant gender differences were observed for
some of the immunoglobulin types only amongst adults. Our results
suggest that these gender differences amongst adults were apparently a
gradual build-up from childhood. The results also confirm suggestions
that levels of some immunoglobulin types seen amongst African adults
may have possibly been attained during childhood. Our study could be of
value since previous reports in this regard have been relatively scanty
especially in this part of Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130052013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13005Olorunshola, K.V.Audu, L.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaABH secretor status; Sickle cell disease; Saliva; Urine; Morbidity
susceptibilityenABO (H) secretor status of sickle cell disease patients in Zaria,
Kaduna State, NigeriaCertain individuals secrete ABO blood group antigens in body fluids and
secretions while others do not. In this study, the presence of water
soluble agglutinogens in body fluids such as blood, saliva and urine of
64 sickle cell disease patients and 75 AA genotype subjects who served
as control were taken and tested by hem-agglutination inhibition
method. Data obtained was expressed in percentages. Results revealed
that 84.4% sickle cell patients were secretors while 15.6% were non
secretors. Amongst the control, 97.3% were secretors while 3.1% were
non secretors. 81.2% SS and 3.2% SS+F patients were secretors while
15.6% SS were non secretors, 68% AA were secretors and 29.3% AS were
secretors while 2.7% AA were non secretors. The result showed that a
non secretor is more likely to be an SS than a secretor and Secretor
status is influenced by hemoglobin genotype.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130062013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13006Rajalakshmi, R.Vageesh, Vijaya Y.Nataraj, S. M.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaOverweight; Obesity; Steady exercise; MVO2enMyocardial oxygen consumption at rest and during submaximal exercise:
effects of increased adiposityOverweight and obesity are major risk factors for cardiovascular
diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of
increased adiposity on myocardial oxygen consumption at rest and during
submaximal exercise in young adults. The study consisted of 85 young
adults (18-22years) grouped into 3 based on their body mass index as
normal (NW, n=30), overweight (OW, n=25) and obese (OB, n=30). Steady
dynamic exercise test equivalent to Grade 2 Bruce protocol was carried
out on treadmill for 5min. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded
before, during 3rd min of exercise, immediately after cessation of
exercise and during 5th min of recovery. MVO2 was measured by the Rate
Pressure Product (RPP) calculated as product of heart rate and systolic
blood pressure. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and
regression analysis. The mean resting RPP was significantly higher in
overweight and obese groups when compared with the normal weight group
(p&lt;0.05). There was significant increase in RPP changes to exercise
[mean difference in NW-8270.93 bpm.mmHg (99.61%), OW-10593.12 bpm.mmHg
(118.39%) and OB-10897.33 bpm.mmHg (118.10%), p&lt; 0.05] and the value
did not return to baseline after 5 mins of recovery in study groups
(p&lt; 0.05). BMI and Waist stature ratio were the most important
independent parameters in prediction of RPP. The study shows that
overweight and obese young adults have elevated resting RPP and much
higher RPP response to exercise indicating increased (MVO2) at rest and
during exercise suggesting higher hemodynamic stress to the heart.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130072013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13007Emokpae, Abiodun M.Abdu, AliyuPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaEssential hypertension; Hyperuricaemia; NigeriaenSerum Uric Acid Levels among Nigerians with Essential HypertensionThere is an ongoing debate on the role of serum uric acid as an
independent risk factor for hypertension and renal disease. This study
determined the serum uric acid levels of Nigerians with essential
hypertension and also evaluated the association between serum uric acid
levels and blood pressure of these patients. A retrospective
case-control study of three hundred and fifty one patients with
essential hypertension seen at the hypertension clinic of Aminu Kano
Teaching Hospital, Kano between January 2004 and December 2008. The
control group comprised of one hundred apparently healthy non
hypertensive subjects. The clinical characteristics including blood
pressure measurement, serum uric acid, urea, creatinine, lipid profile
and glucose were evaluated.The mean systolic and diastolic blood
pressures of the male patients were 156mmHg and 101mmHg respectively,
while those of the male controls were 120 ± 6.0 and 80 ± 5
respectively. The mean serum uric acid, fasting blood glucose, urea and
creatinine were 483umol/L, 5.7mmol/L,6.61mmol/L, 93umol/l respectively
compared to those of the male controls which were 326
±10μmol/l, 5.0± 0.5mmol/l, 4.2± 0.12mmol/l,
5.16mmol/l ± 0.12 and 69±2.71μmol/l respectively. The
mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the female patients were
158mmHg and 101mmHg, while those of the female controls were 101±2
and 62±9 respectively. The mean serum uric acid, fasting blood
glucose, urea and creatinine of the female patients were 434umol/L,
5.3mmol/L 6.20mmol/L, and 88umol/L respectively while those for the
female controls were 290±9μmol/l, 4.8±0.5mmol/l,
5.02±0.28 mmol/l, 62±0.36μmol/l respectively.
Hyperuricaemia was observed in 59.3% of the male study patients and 62%
of the female study patients. Serum uric acid correlated positively
with both systolic blood pressure (r=0.192, p&lt;0.001) and diastolic
blood pressure (r=0.216; p&lt;0.001). Hyperuricaemia is common among
Nigerian patients with essential hypertension and there is an
association between serum uric acid level and blood pressure. Further
studies on the pathophysiologic significance of hyperuricaemia in these
patients are recommended.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130082013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13008Ogungbemi, S.I.Anigbogu, C.N.Kehinde, M.O.Jaja, S.IPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaSickle cell anemia; Change in posture; L-arginine; Pressor and heart
rate changes; Nitric oxideenL-arginine increases nitric oxide and attenuates pressor and heart rate
responses to change in posture in sickle cell anemia subjectsPressor and heart rate changes following change in posture without or
with L-arginine supplementation (1g/day for 6 weeks) were studied in 28
sickle cell anemia (SCA) and 32 non-sickle cell anemia (NSCA) subjects.
Change in posture increased HR (p&lt;0.01), RPP (p&lt;0.05) in both
groups of subjects, MABP (p&lt;0.05) in SCAS but reduced MABP
(p&lt;0.01) in NSCAS and PP (p&lt;0.01) in SCAS. L-Arginine
supplementation increased plasma L-Arginine concentration ([R]) in both
groups of subjects (p&lt;0.001 in each group) and serum nitric oxide
metabolites concentration ([NOx]) (p&lt;0.01 in each group). Change
(Δ) [R] correlated positively with Δ [NOx] in both groups (+
0.7 in each group). L-Arginine supplementation caused greater reduction
of MABP (p&lt;0.001) in NSCAS than in SCAS. However, reduction in HR
was greater (p&lt;0.001) in SCAS than in NSCAS. After supplementation,
MABP and PP responses to change in posture were attenuated in the two
groups. However, while HR and RPP responses in SCAS were attenuated,
the same responses were enhanced in NSCAS by change in posture after
supplementation. In conclusion, study shows that oral, low dose,
chronic supplementation with L-arginine increased NO availability and
attenuated pressor and heart rate responses to change in posture in
sickle cell anemia subjects.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130092013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13009Ajadi, R. AdetolaGazal, N. AyoolamideTeketay, D. HelmieGazal, S. OladelePhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaTribromoethanol; Buprenorphine; Ketamine; Xylazine; Anaesthesia; Rats;
OvariectomyenEvaluation of tribromoethanol, tribromoethanol-buprenorphine and
ketamine-xylazine combinations for anaesthesia in Sprague-Dawley rats
undergoing ovariectomyEffect of premedication with buprenorphine (BP) on efficacy and safety
of tribromoethanol (TBE) - induced anaesthesia was evaluated and
compared with anaesthesia induced by ketamine (K) and xylazine (X)
combination in rats undergoing ovariectomy. Fifteen Sprague -Dawley
rats (mean weight 246.5 ± 13.1g) were randomly divided into three
groups. Group (TBE) received tribromoethanol solution (250mg/kg). Group
(TBE+BP) was premedicated with BP (0.02mg/kg) and 30 minutes later with
TBE (250mg/kg). Group KX was anaesthetized with mixture of K
(43.5mg/kg) and X (6.5mg/kg). All injections were administered
intraperitoneally. Anaesthetic parameters determined were onset of
anaesthesia (OAN), duration of antinociception (DAN), duration of sleep
(DSP) and recovery time (RCT). Rectal temperatures (RT) and respiratory
rates (RR) were recorded immediately after loss of righting reflex and
at ten minute interval up to 90 minute. In addition, rats were
monitored for adverse signs up to one week after ovariectomy.
Anaesthetic indices were compared using Student’s t-test, while
RR and RT were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two rats in
TBE group and one rat in TBE+BP group died three days after
ovariectomy. Duration of antinociception (DAN) was significantly (P=
0.0015) longer in TBE than in KX anaesthetized rats but not
significantly (P= 0.054) different between TBE and TBE-BP anaesthetized
rats. Also, DSP was significantly (P=0.001) longer in KX anaesthetized
rats than TBE- anaesthetized rats. Similarly, the DSP was significantly
(P= 0.013) shorter in TBE group than TBE+ BP anaesthetized rats. Both
RR and RT decreased significantly (P&lt; 0.0001) with time following
anaesthesia in all groups. It was concluded that KX mixture provided
better anaesthesia than TBE and TBE+BP, and addition of BP to TBE did
not have any beneficial effect.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130102013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13010Emerole, C. G.Nneli, R.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaDrivers; Visual acuity; Road safety; Road traffic accidents; NigeriaenVisual indices of motor vehicle drivers in relation to road safety in
NigeriaThis study assessed the visual profile of motor vehicle drivers in
Owerri, Nigeria and to analyse the relationship between the various
aspects of visual function in relation to road safety. A
cross-sectional descriptive study of 150 commercial vehicles drivers
and 130 private vehicles drivers was conducted between November 2005
and February 2006. Data were obtained using structured interviewer
administered questionnaires and clinical examination was done.
Standards procedures were used to determine visual indices. Data from
the better eye (eye with a better visual acuity according to
international and national standards) were reported, except in the
analysis of near vision of the respondents. Twenty percent of the study
group had normal visual acuity of ≥6/6 compared with 46.2% in the
control group. The tonometric value in 88.0% and 93.1% of study and
control groups respectively was less than 24mmHg. Both groups (96.8%)
had normal confrontation visual field while 95.3% of study group and
97.7% of control group had normal colour vision. The most prevailing
eye conditions that may reduce visual acuity were pterygium (51.3% in
study group and 13.8% in the control group), retinopathy (16.7% of
study group and 6.2% of control group) and glaucoma (12.0% and 6.9% of
study and control groups respectively). Nineteen percent of the study
group had regular eye examination compared with 38.5% in the control
group. Alcohol consumption was 64.7% in the study group and 32.3% in
the control group. Most of the commercial motor drivers in Owerri,
Nigeria did not meet the Federal Road Safety Commission visual acuity
standard for commercial motor drivers. Visual impairments and poor
visibility are strongly associated with RTA among Nigerian motor
vehicle drivers. Visual acuity and visual health care were poor among
commercial motor drivers. There is need for renewed efforts to enforce
a compulsory periodic visual examination for drivers, and to ensure
that visual requirements for driving are met.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130112013-09-13np2013-09-13http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13011Azeez, O. IOyagbemi, A. A.Olawuwo, O. SOyewale, J. OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2013 - Physiological Society of NigeriaHaematological parameters; erythrocyte osmotic fragility; laughing
dove; captivityenChanges in haematology, plasma biochemistry and erythrocyte osmotic
fragility of the Nigerian laughing dove ( Streptopelia senegalensis )
in captivityThe haematology, plasma biochemistry and erythrocyte osmotic fragility
of the Nigerian laughing dove ( Streptopelia senegalensis ) were
studied after 4 and 8 weeks in captivity. At 8 weeks, there was a
normocytic hypochromic anaemia characterized by reduced values for
packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb)
concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular
haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), but the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
was unaltered compared with the corresponding values at 4 weeks. The
platelet count, total white blood cell count, heterophil, lymphocyte
and monocyte counts were also lower at 8 weeks than those of the birds
sampled at 4 weeks in captivity. There was also a stress induced
increased heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and the erythrocytes were more
fragile in hypotonic solution in birds sampled at 8 weeks. Plasma
aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and
alkaline phosphate (ALP) increased at 8 weeks, though
non-significantly, which might have been due to muscle wasting
consequent upon decreased muscular activities associated with prolonged
captivity. The results suggest that maintaining wild birds in captivity
for a prolonged period could be stressful as shown by the
heterophil/lymphocytes ratio and reduced erythrocyte osmotic
resistance, and could lead to decreases in erythrocyte parameters and
muscle wasting.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130122014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13012Ibhazehiebo, K.Iyawe, V.I.Koibuchi, NoriyukiPhysiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMethamidophos; Thyroid hormone; Purkinje Cells; Granule cell; Neuronal
developmentenEffect of Methamidophos on cerebellar neuronal cellsSummary: Methamidophos is a toxic organophosphorus compound that
inhibits acetlycholinesterase activity, and induces neurotoxicity. It
is a synthetic chemical commonly used as pesticides to limit pest
damages to cultivated plants. Currently, there is serious public health
concern over its safety and use due to its global nature, persistence
and bioaccumulations. We have previously reported that methamidophos
suppressed thyroid hormone receptor (TR)-mediated transcription, but
did not dissociate the interaction between TR and its response element
(thyroid hormone response element; TRE), neither did it interact with
nuclear cofactors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of
methamidophos on cerebellar neuronal cells. Using primary cerebellar
culture from new born rats, We observed that Purkinje cell dendrite
arborization were greatly impaired in the absence of thyroid hormone
(TH), However, low dose methamidophos 10-6 M did not significantly
impair dendrite arborization of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the
presence of thyroid hormone (TH). However, using granule cell
reaggregate culture, we observed that low dose methamidophos 10-6 M
remarkably suppressed granule cell neurite extension in the presence of
TH. Taken together, our study shows that low dose methamidophos may
negatively impact TH-mediated cerebellar neuronal cell development and
function, and consequently could interfere with TH-regulated neuronal
events.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130132014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13013Tenuche, OremeyiEmikpe, B.O.Sabri, M.Y.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCellular responses; intranasal recombinant Mannheimia hemolytica
bacterine; Nigerian goatenCellular and mucosal immune responses in the respiratory tract of
Nigerian goats following intranasal administration of inactivated
Recombinant Mannheimia hemolytica bacterineSummary: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the cellular and
mucosal responses in the respiratory tract of Nigerian goats vaccinated
intranasally with recombinant Mannheimia hemolytica bacterine. Twenty
one goats were divided into five groups, five goats each in three
vaccinated groups while three goats each in two other groups serve as
positive and negative control. Group A was vaccinated once; group B was
vaccinated twice at one week interval, and group D at twice at two
weeks interval. Group C1 were the unvaccinated and challenged, while
group C2 were unvaccinated and unchallenged. The bronchoalveolar lavage
differential counts and bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)
responses were measured using Giemsa stained thin smear of the cell
fraction of the lavage and histomorphometry. ANOVA were employed and
significance was at p&gt;0.05. The post-challenge macrophage to
neutrophil (M:N) ratio values of group B goats was the highest and the
ratio differed from other groups which had much lower M:N values. The
exposure in group B resulted in significant increase in number and size
of BALTs as well as the number of lymphocytes in BALT than those of the
other groups. This study showed that intranasal vaccination of the
recombinant Mannheimia hemolytica bacterine twice at a week interval
was more efficient in inducing strong mucosal and defensive cellular
responses in the respiratory tract.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130142014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13014Ighodaro, IgbeEric, Omogbai KellyAdebayo, OyekanPhysiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesDOCA; Indinavir; Fenofibrate; PPARα; Nephropathy; GLUT4enInteractions of PPAR α and GLUT4 in DOCA/salt-induced renal injury
in miceSummary: Diminished insulin sensitivity is a characteristic feature of
various pathological conditions such as hypertension and activation of
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα) has been
shown to enhance insulin resistance and reduce capacity for glucose
uptake in muscles. The present study was designed to evaluate the
interactions of PPARα and GLUT4 in a model of hypertensive renal
injury by studying deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt induced
hypertension in wild-type (WT) and PPARα knockout (KO) mice.
PPARα WT and KO mice were uninephrectomized (UNx) and implanted
subcutaneously DOCA and drank 1% sodium chloride/1% potassium chloride
with or without a GLUT4 antagonist, indinavir (20 mg/kg/day, s.c) or
PPARα ligand, fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/day, orally). DOCA/salt
treatment increased urinary sodium excretion and urine volume
(p&lt;0.05) in PPARα KO mice compared to WT littermates. Indinavir
increased proteinuria (p&lt;0.01) in DOCA/salt-treated PPARα KO
mice compared to WT littermates but did not affect heart and kidney
weight index in DOCA/salt KO or WT-treated mice. Urinary sodium
excretion (UNaV) and urine volume (UV) were increased by indinavir
(p&lt;0.01) and fenofibrate (p&lt;0.05) in DOCA/salt-treated PPARα
KO mice compared to WT mice. Urinary nitric oxide was greater in both
fenofibrate (p&lt;0.05) and indinavir-treated WT mice (p&lt;0.05)
compared to KO mice. These data suggest that in hypertensive
nephropathy, GLUT4 probably exerts a renoprotective role that was
enhanced with the activation of PPARα receptors by a mechanism
that may be related to increased nitric oxide production.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130152014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13015Akintola, A.O.Kehinde, A.O.Adebiyi, O.E.Ademowo, O.G.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCrinum jagus; Chromatographic fractions; Mycobacterium tuberculosis;
In-vitroenAnti-tuberculosis activities of the crude methanolic extract and
purified fractions of the bulb of Crinum jagus Summary: Tuberculosis (TB) is of great public health burden globally
especially in developing countries of Africa and Asia . Current TB
regimen involves multiple therapies and of long duration leading to
poor patient adherence. There is also the challenge of multidrug
resistant TB. Hence, there is a need for discovery of new anti- TB
drugs. This study was designed to investigate the in –vitro
activity of the crude methanolic extract and chromatographic fractions
of the bulb of Crinum jagus against Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates. The extracts were screened for anti- TB activity against
three different M. tuberculosis isolates and a drug susceptible
reference strain H37Rv using Lowenstein Jensen (L-J) medium and
Middlebrook 7H10agar. The crude extract was prepared using soxhlet
extraction apparatus while the purified fractions were obtained by
column chromatography. The two media were inoculated with M.
tuberculosis strains, after which the crude and purified extracts were
added. After 4-6 weeks incubation, colony forming units were counted
and percentage inhibition calculated. The crude extract and the
purified fractions showed inhibitory activity on all the isolates
tested including the reference strain. Fraction 3 showed the highest
inhibitory percentage (86%) among the extracts. At a concentration of
1.0mg/ml, the percentage inhibition of fraction 3, rifampicin and
isoniazid against M. tuberculosis strain 3 were 83%, 95% and 86% in L-J
medium respectively while 86%, 96% and 89% were obtained respectively
in Middle brook medium. Results showed that the crude methanolic
extract and the purified fractions of the bulb of Crinum jagus
exhibited anti-mycobacterial activity which is an indication of
promising potential of this plant for the development of
anti-tuberculosis agent.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130162014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13016Ajiwhen, I. O.Bisong, S. A.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCarpolobia lutea root; Cognitive Memory; Visuospatial memory; MiceenEffect of ethanolic extract of Carpolobia lutea G. Don (polygalaceae)
root on learning and memory in CD1 miceSummary: Carpolobia lutea , commonly called cattle stick or poor
man’s candle, is used by traditional herbalists in eastern
Nigeria to treat ‘madness’. It has a reported analgesic and
anti-nociceptive effect. The effect of its ethanolic root extract on
learning and memory was investigated. Thirty mice were divided into
three groups of ten each. One group of mice served as the control and
was given normal saline (p.o.) while the other two groups were given
acute low dose (1500mg/kg, p.o.) and high dose (2500mg/kg, p.o.) (LD50
3338.83mg/kg). The effect of the extract on cognitive memory was
investigated using the Novel Object recognition task (NORT) while the
effect on visuospatial learning and memory was studied using the Morris
Water maze (MWM). The results obtained in the NORT show that the index
of habituation was significantly lower following acute treatment with a
low dose of C. lutea extract compared to control. However, the index of
habituation did not differ following treatment with a high dose of C.
lutea compared to control but it was higher compared to the low dose.
Following treatment with a low dose of the extract, the index of
discrimination was significantly higher compared to control. The index
of discrimination in the high dose treatment group did not differ from
control, but it was lower compared to the low dose treatment. This
indicated that there was improved cognitive memory only in the low dose
treatment group. In the MWM there was no significant difference in swim
latency during Acquisition and Reversal training. There also was no
significant difference in quadrant duration during probe trial. The
swim latency during the visible platform test showed that all mice used
had good visual acuity. Therefore, the ethanolic extract of C. lutea
root enhanced cognitive memory. However it did not affect visuospatial
learning and memory.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130172014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13017Omotoso, G. O.Ibitolu, J. O.Femi-Akinlosotu, O. M.Akinola, O. B.Enaibe, B. U.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCortex; Histology; Prenatal nicotine; Adolescent rats; Neurological
abnormalitiesenMorphological and neurohistological changes in adolescent rats
administered with nicotine during intrauterine lifeSummary: Tobacco smoking has been linked to many preventable diseases
affecting various organs and systems of the body, including the brain.
The current study was conducted to demonstrate the histological changes
observable in the cerebral cortex of young Wistar rats exposed to
nicotine during gestation. Vaginal smearing was conducted for the
female Wistar rats to determine their oestrous cycle, after which they
were exposed to male rats overnight, for mating. Pregnancy was
confirmed and the pregnant rats were divided into 3 groups based on the
3 trimesters (A, B, C), with each group having a control and a treated
subgroup. The Control Groups (A1, B1, C1) were given 0.1 ml of normal
saline i. p., while the Treated Groups (A2, B2, C2) received 0.06
mg/kg/0.1 ml of nicotine intra-peritoneally. Treatment was for a period
of 6 days only within each trimester for all subgroups. The pregnant
animals were allowed to litter, and at postnatal day 35 they were
sacrificed. The skull was dissected to expose and remove the brain; the
temporal and parietal cortices were excised and fixed in 4%
paraformaldehyde for histological tissue preparation, using cresyl fast
violet staining techniques. Exposure of the developing brain to
nicotine during gestation resulted in various degrees of abnormalities
in the cytoarchitecture of the parietal and temporal cortices of young
rats. The gestational period of nicotine exposure and specific cortical
affectation are important factors to consider while investigating
neurological abnormalities in offspring of tobacco smokers.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130182014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13018Onuwe, H. A. K.Amadi, KOdeh, S. OPhysiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCryotherapy; Double-modality therapy; Musculoskeletal injury;
Phonophoresis; UltrasoundenComparison of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Double-Modality Therapy,
Phonophoresis and Cryotherapy in the Management of Musculoskeletal
Injuries in Adult Nigerian SubjectsSummary: This study was designed to compare the efficacy of
double-modality therapy, phonophoresis and cryotherapy in the
management of pain among subjects who suffered from musculoskeletal
injuries (MSIs).Sixty (60) subjects were assigned randomly to one of
three groups: DMT group (n=20) received cryotherapy and 15% methyl
salicylate phonophoresis, PHONO group (n=20) received 15% methyl
salicylate phonophoresis and CRYO group (n=20) received cryotherapy and
sham phonophoresis. Ultrasound at an intensity of 1.5
W/cm² and frequency of 1MHz was used to apply methyl salicylate
while intermittent cryotherapy was the mode of application.
Subjects pre- and post-treatment pain perception scores (PPS)
using visual analogue scale (VAS) were assessed and the sessions of
treatment in all groups were recorded. Treatment was administered on
alternate days and discharges were made in all groups when subjects
were pain free. A total of 275 treatment sessions was recorded –
72 (26.2%) in DMT, 105 (38.2%) in PHONO and 98 (35.6%) in CRYO group
respectively which indicated no significant difference (P&gt;0.05).
Nineteen (19), thirteen (13) and twelve (12) subjects were pain free in
DMT, CRYO or PHONO groups respectively after 1 to 5 treatments. The
difference in the severity of pain was significant (P&lt;0.05) in each
group post-treatment which suggests that DMT, phonophoresis and
cryotherapy were equally effective. The study has demonstrated
therapeutic efficacy of DMT, but it was not superior to the single
treatment protocol of phonophoresis or cryotherapy. However, it might
take fewer sessions in the DMT group to treat and make more than 90% of
the subjects pain free and fit to return to active performance.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130192014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13019Akinlade, K.S.Atere, A.D.Rahamon, S.K.Olaniy, J.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCopeptin; Cortisol; Severitry score; Sickle cell anaemia; Systolic
blood pressure; Vaso-occlusive crisisenSerum levels of copeptin, C-reactive protein and cortisol in different
severity groups of sickle cell anaemiaSummary: It is well known that individuals with SCA undergo constant
physiological stress even, in steady state. However, there is little
information on the relationship between the severity of sickle cell
anaemia (SCA) and serum levels of biomarkers of stress. This study
therefore determined the serum levels of copeptin, cortisol and CRP in
adults with SCA in different severity groups. Sixty adults with sickle
cell anaemia in steady state (27.1±6.3 years) and in
vaso-occlusive crisis (24.9±4.9 years) were recruited into this
cross-sectional study. Degree of severity (mild, moderate or severe)
was determined using a scoring system incorporating annual number of
blood transfusions, crisis and presence of anaemia, vaso-occlusive pain
and organ complications. Standard methods were used for the
determination of packed cell volume (PCV), total white blood cell count
(WBC), blood pressure measurements and anthropometric indices. Serum
levels of copeptin, cortisol and CRP were determined using ELISA with
the ratios calculated accordingly. Data obtained were statistically
analyzed using the Student’s t-test, Mann Whitney U and
Chi-square test as appropriate. P&lt;0.05 was considered significant.
The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and copeptin level were
significantly higher in subjects with moderate SCA compared with those
with mild SCA. Similarly SBP, pulse, WBC, copeptin and cortisol were
significantly higher while body weight was significantly lower in
subjects with severe SCA compared with subjects with mild SCA. However,
WBC and cortisol-to-copeptin ratio were significantly higher in
subjects with severe SCA compared with subjects with moderate SCA.
There was progressive rise in serum levels of CRP from mild SCA through
severe SCA but the differences were not statistically significant.
Also, proportions of subjects with elevated SBP and WBC were higher
than the proportion of subjects with lower SBP and WBC in the severe
SCA group. Serum levels of cortisol, copeptin, and their ratio could
differentiate severe SCA from mild or moderate SCA. Also, elevated
systolic blood pressure and total white blood cell count are associated
with severe sickle cell anaemia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130202014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13020Oladunni, M.O.Sanusi, R.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesAthletes; Nutritional Status; Dietary Pattern; Ibadan; NigeriaenNutritional Status and Dietary Pattern of Male Athletes in Ibadan,
South Western NigeriaSummary: Several factors, including nutritional status and dietary
pattern are paramount to optimum performance among athletes.
Notwithstanding, risky behaviours that limit or impair athletic
performance are widely prevalent among athletes; these include
excessive weight reduction and inappropriate dietary practices. This
study was conducted to provide information on the nutritional status
and dietary pattern of athletes in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. This was
a cross sectional descriptive study, involving 207 athletes aged 17 to
40 years in Ibadan. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric
indices: Body Mass Index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF). BMI was
calculated from weight and height measurements and %BF was estimated
from the sum of skin-fold thickness at 4 sites (triceps, biceps,
sub-scapular and supra-iliac skin-folds). Dietary pattern was assessed
by food habits and food frequency questionnaire. Descriptive and
inferential statistics were conducted to describe and examine
relationships between variables. Mean (SD) for variables were: age;
26.09(±4.77) years, weight; 72.13(±0.45) kg, height;
1.74(±0.06)m, and BMI; 23.89(±3.34)kg/m2. Only 4(1.93%) of
the participants were underweight, 39(18.84%) were overweight and
8(3.86%) obese. Mean (SD) of %BF among overweight athletes was
14.25(±3.12) and maximum %BF among overweight athletes was 21.2. A
strong and positive correlation was observed between BMI and %BF and
%BF increased with age among overweight athletes. About 72% of the
athletes skipped meals, 77% drank water or sports drinks during
sporting activities, about 11% spent less than #40.00 for each meal.
About 49% ate before sports. Foods most frequently consumed by athletes
in this study were meat, fish, roots/tubers, cereals, vegetables and
fruits. Milk and legumes were less frequently consumed by these
athletes. Most of these athletes had nutritional status adequate for
their sport activity. With regards to food habits, most of these
athletes performed poorly in frequency of meals intake but did
considerably well in intake of fluids. With regards to dietary pattern,
sources of daily intakes comprised of mostly of meats, fish, roots and
tubers, cereals and vegetables.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130212014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13021Alagwu, E.A.Egwurugwu, J.N.Nneli, R.O.Oguike, FOsim, E.EPhysiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesHoney; Intestinal motility; Intestinal transit,; Diarrhoea treatmentenEffect of honey consumption on intestinal motility in male albino ratsSummary: This study investigated the effects of honey on intestinal
motility and transit using twenty (20) male albino rats of Wistar
strain weighing 210-220g. The rats were randomly grouped into control
and honey-fed (test) groups of ten (10) rats each. The control group
was fed on normal rat chow ( Pfizer Company, Nigeria ) and water while
the test group was fed on rat feed, water and honey ( 1 ml of honey to
every 10 ml initial drinking water daily) for twenty two (22) weeks
after which the rats were starved over night before the experiment and
sacrificed by stunning. Laparatomy was immediately performed, proximal
and distal portions of the intestine identified, cut and put in aerated
tyrode solution. Cut sections of the ileum (2-3cm) were mounted on
organ bath instrument for motility experiment with varying
concentrations of acetylcholine and carbachol. Contractions were
recorded as well as the intestinal transit in each group and lengths of
intestine with total mean values calculated. Results obtained showed
that honey significantly decreased (p&lt;0.01 ) intestinal transit in
the test group (21.15±0.75 ) compared with the control group (
35.96±1.15); decreased intestinal motility in the test group
compared with the control and caused significant percentage reduction
of intestinal motility with varied concentrations of acetylcholine and
carbachol in the test group ( Ach-75.00±0.75%;
Carbachol-79.00±0.28%) compared with the control group
(Ach-62.00±0.39%; Carbachol-51.00±0.39%). In conclusion,
unprocessed Nigerian honey decreased intestinal transit, caused
intestinal smooth muscle inhibition and motility and reduced
sensitivity of gastrointestinal tract to cholinergic agents.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130222014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13022Morakinyo, AOAdekunbi, DADada, KAAdegoke, OAPhysiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCoffee; Glucose Tolerance; Insulin resistance; Oxidated Stress; SucroseenCoffee Consumption Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Glucose
Intolerance in Rats fed on High-Sucrose DietSummary: Several epidemiological evidences indicate that consumption of
coffee is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) however; there is dearth of experimental data to support these
observations. Given that associations do not necessarily infer
causality, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of
coffee consumption on glucose regulation, T2DM and the probable
mechanisms of action, using an animal model. The effect of coffee
(2-fold dilution) by oral gavage on normal and high sucrose-solution
(HSS) fed (30 % w/v) rats was evaluated. The results showed that
consumption of coffee significantly increase glucose tolerance and
insulin sensitivity (p&lt;0.05) along with significant improvement in
SOD and GSH activities. In addition, lipid indices such as TG and LDL
as well as the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) were markedly reduced
(p&lt;0.05) in rats fed with coffee compared with that of the HSS fed
rats. These findings suggest that coffee consumption improves insulin
sensitivity, glucose tolerance in HSS-fed rat possibly via inhibition
of oxidative stress.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130232014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13023Kehinde, A.OAdebiyi, E.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMolecular diagnosis; MDR-TB; GenoType MTBDRplus 96assay; Ibadan;
NigeriaenMolecular diagnosis of MDR-TB using GenoType MTBDRplus 96 assay in
Ibadan, NigeriaSummary: Multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is
of great public health importance worldwide. This three month
laboratory- based study (1st September-30th November, 2011) was carried
out at the TB laboratories of the University College Hospital, Ibadan,
Nigeria to determine the magnitude of MDR-TB using molecular based
GenoType MTBDRplus 96 assay. Two sputum samples were collected from
each subject. These were processed using Ziehl -Neelsen (ZN) reagents.
The sputa were cultured on Loewenstein-Jensen egg –based medium
and incubated at 37°C for eight weeks. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTBC) was confirmed by colonial morphology and repeat ZN
staining. All the Acid-fast bacill (AFB) positive smears and culture
positive isolates were tested for genetic identification and drug
susceptibility testing (DST) using PCR- based GenoType MTBDRplus 96
assay (HAINs Lifesciences, GmbH, Nehren, Germany) according to
manufacturers’ instructions. Of the 68 samples processed, 11
(16.2%) were AFB positive while six (8.8%) were positive for culture.
Eleven (64.7%) out of the 17 samples tested for genetic identification
were MTBC while six were Non Tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM). All NTM
were from AFB positive sputum while none was from culture positive
isolates. Of the six culture isolates tested for DST, three (33.3%)
were susceptible to isoniazid and rifampicin; one (16.7%) showed
mono-resistance to isoniazid while two (30.0%) were resistant to the
two drugs. This study shows that MDR-TB is present in Ibadan. There is
a need to make DST diagnostic facilities more available and accessible
in Nigeria.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130242014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13024Adewoye, E.OSalami, A.T.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMagnesium; Ulcer; Parietal Cell; Mucus CellenAnti-ulcerogenic mechanism of magnesium in indomethacin induced gastric
ulcer in ratsSummary: The gastric mucosa is continuously exposed to various agents
like food condiments, spices, alcohol, acids and drugs, some of which
are implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer. Magnesium
compounds commonly used as laxatives and antacids have been reported to
prevent ulcer formation but the mechanisms underlying this potential is
unknown. This study therefore seeks to evaluate the gastro-protective
mechanism of magnesium in the stomach through its effect on the
parietal and mucus cells. Thirty-six male albino rats divided into 6
groups of 6 rats each were used. Group 1 was control, Group 2 was ulcer
induced and untreated, Group 3 was treated with 500mg/kg b.w magnesium
alone, Group 4 was pre-treated with 500mg/kg b.w magnesium before
inducing ulcer, Group 5 was pre-treated with 500mg/kg b.w magnesium and
20mg/kg omeprazole 4 hours before inducing ulcer, Group 6 was treated
with 20mg/kg omeprazole 4 hours before inducing ulcer. Animals were
sacrificed 6 hours after ulcer induction and their stomachs were
removed for ulcer scoring and histological analysis. A significant
reduction was observed in the ulcer scoring of magnesium pre-treated
ulcerated rats (9.4±0.8) compared with ulcerated untreated
(20.8±0.9) groups. Parietal cell count of magnesium pre treated
ulcerated group significantly decreased (169.7±18.9) compared with
ulcerated untreated group (310.5±34.7). Mucous cell count of
magnesium pre-treated ulcerated group (264.6±8.3) significantly
increased compared with ulcerated untreated group (170.0±17.7).
This study shows that magnesium possesses anti-ulcerogenic properties
due to its ability to reduce the number of parietal cell and increase
mucous cell counts.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130252014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13025Pepple, Dagogo J.Young, Lauriann E.Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana M.Carroll, Robert G.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMedical education; preclinical grades; clinical grades; predictors of
performanceenPre-Clinical Grades Predict Clinical Performance in the MBBS Stage II
Examination at the University of the West Indies, Mona CampusSummary: In the preclinical sciences, statistically significant
predictive values have been reported between the performances in one
discipline and the others, supporting the hypothesis that students who
perform well in one discipline were likely to perform well in the other
disciplines. We therefore decided to conduct a retrospective study to
investigate the predictive effects of preclinical subjects on clinical
subjects from 87 students of The University of the West Indies (UWI),
Mona Campus who took the MBBS Stage II examination at various times
between May 2000 and May 2002. The grade in Pathology was significantly
predicted by scores in Anatomy and Pharmacology; Medicine by Physiology
and Pharmacology scores; Surgery by Anatomy and Social and Preventive
Medicine scores; while, the Obstetrics and Gynecology grade was
predicted by the Anatomy score. The results support the hypothesis that
the scores in some preclinical subjects can predict the performance in
specific clinical subjects, which could be interpreted to suggest that
poor performance in specific preclinical disciplines could be a warning
sign of future poor performance in the related clinical disciplines.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130262014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13026Iyanda, A. A.Anetor, J. I.Oparinde, D. P.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciencescombined oral contraceptive; magnesium; renal function; alcohol;
cigaretteenImpact of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoke on renal function and
select serum elements in female subjects using combined oral
contraceptiveSummary: Drugs and life style choices such as alcohol consumption and
smoking are capable of independently altering levels of essential trace
elements as well as tissue or organ function. The purpose of the study
is to determine how differences in degree of exposure to cigarette
smoke and alcohol consumption will alter serum magnesium (Mg), Cobalt
(Co) and Manganese (Mn) levels in female subjects using combined oral
contraceptives. Thirty female subjects who have used combined oral
contraceptive for at least 5 years as well as 30 age-matched control
women who are using rhythm method as birth control method were
recruited from drinking joints/bars by random sampling technique. Serum
trace element concentrations were determined using atomic absorption
spectrometry and K+, Na+, albumin, globulin, total protein, urea and
creatinine were also determined. Data obtained were analyzed using
Student‘t’ test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA). Na+ was significantly
higher in combined oral contraceptive users compared with controls
(p&lt;0.05), whereas Mg was decreased (p&lt;0.05). Co, Mn, urea,
creatinine, total protein, albumin, globulin, K+ were not significantly
different in combined oral contraceptive users compared with the
controls (p&gt;0.05). MANOVA results revealed that binge
drinkers/smokers group recorded a significant lower (p&lt;0.05)
magnesium level than the passive smokers/social drinkers group and
controls. The results of this study suggest that subjects using
combined oral contraceptive, consuming alcohol and exposed to cigarette
smoke may be at greater risks of diseases linked with magnesium
depletion.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130272014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13027Bamaiyi, A.J.Adelaiye, A.B.Igbokwe, V.U.Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesSingleton; Trimester; Anthropometry; Haematological; Gestation; ParityenRelationship between anthropometric and haematological parameters among
third trimester pregnant women in Sokoto State, Northwest NigeriaSummary: The pregnancy state in a woman's life is a unique state in
terms of the desirable physiological changes and the exciting reversal
of the changes soon after the termination of the pregnancy. It is
considered essential that to guarantee a good feto-maternal outcome the
attainment of optimum anthropometric and haematological parameters are
key. Our study assessed the anthropometric and haematological changes
and also looked at the relationship that exists between these
parameters among pregnant women.We carried out a cross-sectional
descriptive study which considered 160 apparently healthy, singleton,
third trimester pregnant women attending ANC at the State Specialist
Hospital and 58 apparently healthy non-pregnant controls sourced from
the Sokoto metropolis population. Each subject or control enrolled was
contacted 3 times at 2 weekly intervals. And at each occasion they are
assessed for changes in the anthropometric and haematological
parameters. The response rate was 93.6% (3 pregnants and 11 controls
were loss to follow up). The pregnant and control subgroups mean ages
were 28.02 ± 6.81 years and 26.89 ± 5.84 years respectively
(p = 0.265). Weekly weight gains of 0.48kg among the pregnant sub-group
against 0.13kg obtained in the control group were recorded. BMI
increase of about 0.19kg/m2 per week among the pregnant sub-group and
only 0.05kg per week in the controls. 95% of the distribution of
pregnant sub-group has haemoglobin and haematocrit of ≥8.9g/dL
and ≥26% respectively. Among the pregnant sub-group, mean weekly
haemoglobin and haematocrit drop of 0.24g/dL and 0.74% were
respectively recorded. A steady rise in WBC was recorded but platelets
counts dropped at an average of 5.04 x 103 /μL per week. A
positive correlation between BMI and haemoglobin levels was observed (r
&gt; 0 and p &lt; 0.05). No particular regularity in the relationship
between BMI and WBC was noticed. We conclude that there was optimum
weight gain and good haematological indices for those with good BMI
during the third trimester of pregnancy. There was a positive
correlation between BMI and plasma haemoglobin level but WBC showed no
particular relationship with the anthropometric changes. We therefore,
recommend that good education to improve the socio- economic wellbeing
of the girl-child be encouraged to boost self sufficiency for better
weight gains and to facilitate access to good healthcare so that the
ideal anthropometric and haematological parameters can be achieved
during pregnancy to guarantee good feto-maternal outcome.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np130282014-06-16np2014-06-16http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np13028Physiological Society of NigeriaNigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesenABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXXIIIrd ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC
CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETYNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 28 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlABcria:bioline:np:np140012015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14001Ogwumike, Omoyemi O.Adeniyi, Ade F.Badaru, UmarOnimisi, Joan O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesNew-born; Brachial plexus Palsy; Incidence; Physiotherapy; NigeriaenProfile of children with new-born brachial plexus palsy managed in a
tertiary hospital in Ibadan, NigeriaNew-born Brachial Plexus Palsy (NBPP) is birth injury resulting from
traction to the brachial plexus at birth. It is an injury to two or
more cervical or thoracic nerve roots. It has been reported to be one
of the most common birth injuries of the new-born. Persistent
presentation of children with NBPP in Nigeria paediatric practice
necessitates the need to examine prevalence, patterns and possible
predisposing factors. This study therefore investigated
retrospectively, profiles of children who presented with NBPP over a
ten year period and were managed at the Physiotherapy department of the
University College Hospital, Ibadan Nigeria. A retrospective
cross-sectional survey, in which files of children with NBPP located
from the database of the Physiotherapy department were retrieved in
order to assess infant and maternal information. One hundred and
seventy children, 93 (54.7%) males and 77 (45.3%) females were studied.
Their mean birth weight was 4.21±0.54 kg, 99 (58.2%) were
delivered in private (non-government) hospitals, majority 163 (95.9%)
presented with Erb’s Palsy. Mothers, 54 (31.8%) were mostly
primiparous and a seemingly persistent elevation in two-yearly
incidence of NBPP was observed. Improved healthcare policy in child
delivery is encouraged in non-government hospitals in Nigeria to
provide preventive measures toward incidence of NBPP. Documentation of
physiotherapy management of children with NBPP should include outcomes
from admission through to discharge.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140022015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14002Ebeigbe, Anthony B.Talabi, Olufunke O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesHistamine; Vascular smooth muscle; EndotheliumenVascular Effects of HistamineFour subtypes of receptors (H1, H2, H3 and H4) mediate the actions of
histamine. In the vascular wall, the effects of histamine are mediated
via H1 and H2 receptors and the actions are modulated by H3 receptor
subtype located on presynaptic neurones. Alterations in vascular
responses to histamine are associated with experimental as well as a
human form of hypertension, suggesting a role for histanine in
cardiovascular regulation.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlRAcria:bioline:np:np140032015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14003Adeniyi, O.S.Akomolafe, R.O.Ojabo, C.O.Eru, E.U.Olaleye, S.B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesDiarrhea; Zinc; Intestinal motility; Adrenergic receptor; Calcium
channelenEffect of zinc treatment on intestinal motility in experimentally
induced diarrhea in ratsZinc supplementation is a critical new intervention for treating
diarrheal episodes in children. Recent studies suggest that
administration of zinc along with new low osmolarity oral rehydration
solutions / salts (ORS) can reduce the duration and severity of
diarrheal episodes for up to three months. Several mechanisms of action
of zinc has been proposed, however there is dearth of information about
the effect of zinc on intestinal motility during diarrhea. Male albino
Wistar rats (80-100g) were used. The effect of different doses of zinc
sulphate (25, 50, 100, 150mg/Kg) on the number of wet faeces was
investigated. Intestinal motility during castor oil induced diarrhea
was assessed using activated charcoal meal and the mechanisms of action
of zinc sulphate on motility were investigated. The effective dose of
zinc sulphate (100mg/Kg) significantly reduced (p&lt; 0.001) the number
of wet faeces (3.0 ± 0.00) compared with control (6.8 ± 0.25)
during diarrhea. This antidiarrheal effect of zinc was abolished by
propranolol and nifedipine. Zinc sulphate significantly reduced (p&lt;
0.05) intestinal transit time (60.7 ± 7.13%) compared with control
(85.7 ± 2.35%). It is concluded that zinc sulphate reduces the
frequency of wet faeces output and intestinal motility during diarrhea
via activation of β adrenergic receptor and L-type Ca2+ channel.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140042015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14004Emerole, C.G.Nneli, R.O.Osim, E.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesVisual acuity; Vision; Gender; Age; EnvironmentenGender and environmental influences on visual acuity in Owerri, NigeriaThis study assessed the gender and environmental influences on visual
function among adults in Owerri, Nigeria. Visual acuity (V.A.) is a
measure of visual function in health and disease. Visual disability
together with other disabling conditions is a barrier to development,
yet there is little known about the visual acuity and determinants of
visual function in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Results of a
cross-sectional analytical study conducted between September 2007 and
November 2009 using 3451 adults living in Owerri, Nigeria consisting of
2606 persons (test) and 845 persons( control), randomly selected are
presented. Data were obtained using interviewer administered structured
- questionnaires and standard procedures were used to determine gender
and environmental influences on visual acuity. There were more females
with poor vision than males in both study and control groups. The
majority of the subjects were aged 40-49. At 6 metres, 20.9% and 39.1%
of study and control groups in the right eye; 31.8% and 41.2% of study
control groups respectively in the left eye had unaided V.A. ≥
6/6. Similarly at 6m, 18.0% and 4.3% of study and control groups in the
right eye; 15.2% and 5.0% of study and control groups respectively in
the left eye had unaided V.A. &lt; 6/18. Twenty-nine per cent and 25.0%
of study and control groups respectively had unaided V.A. at near of
N5. Over 70.0% had ≤ N6 at near and V.A. improvement with
pin-hole device. Emmetropia was found in 20.5% (study) and 23.2%
(control). The percentage prevalence of reduced VA was higher among
ametropics and rural dwellers. The contributory factors were poor
nutrition &amp; irrational and uncontrolled use of chloroquine as first
line drug for malaria treatment. Health education on diet, drug use and
safe environmental health practices especially for persons living in
rural areas in developing countries are recommended.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140052015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14005Gbadegesin, M.A.Adegoke, A.M.Ewere, E.G.Odunola, O.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesIrvingia gabonensis; Sodium arsenite; Hepatotoxicity; Clastogenicity;
Oxidative stress; transaminasesenHepatoprotective and anticlastogenic effects of ethanol extract of
Irvingia gabonensis (IG) leaves in sodium arsenite-induced toxicity
in male Wistar ratsConsumption of arsenic contaminated water has been associated with
diverse health defects such as cancer and skin lesions. Some plants of
medicinal value have been reported to show protective effects against
toxins. In this study, the effects of ethanol extract of the leaves of
Irvingia gabonensis (IG) against sodium arsenite (SA) induced
hepatotoxicity and clastogenicity in male Wistar rats was investigated.
Eight groups of five rats each were used for the study. They were
administered with 250 or 500 mg/kg body weight of IG with or without SA
at 2.5 mg/kg body weight. IG extract has a significant (p&lt;0.05)
reducing effect on serum liver function enzymes, aspartate
aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma
glutamyltransferase (γGT) activities. This was corroborated with
the histopathological analysis findings. Also the groups treated with
both the extract and SA recorded significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced
number of micronuclei when compared with the group treated with SA
only. IG extract also reduced the oxidative stress induced by SA as
measured by the reduced generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and
significant (p&lt;0.05) difference in the CAT and SOD activities
between the groups treated with both SA and extract, and the positive
control group administered SA alone. This study therefore shows that
the ethanol leaf extract of Irvingia gabonensis have hepatoprotective
and anticlastogenic effects against sodium arsenite-induced toxicity
possibly by enhancing the antioxidant status in the Wistar rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140062015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14006Obika, L.F.O.Okpere, S.O.Ozoene, J.O.Amabebe, E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesDehydration; Rehydration; Oropharyngeal Receptors; Thirst perception;
Drinking; GarglingenThe role of oropharnygeal receptors in thirst perception after
dehydration and rehydrationThis study examined the effect of drinking and gargling on thirst
perception (TP) in 33 young dehydrated female subjects (18-25yrs),
using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Group A subjects drank, while
group B gargled the fluid provided - 0.0%, 0.9% and 1.8% NaCl (7.0
ml/kg body weight of fluid). The procedure was alternated two weeks
later. All subjects dehydrated for 18 hours prior to the study, and the
last 12-hour urine was collected and volume recorded. Subject who
provided a 12hr urine volume greater than 400ml was excluded from the
study. After recording the baseline TP, and voiding the bladder,
drinking/gargling was done within 5 minutes, and the subsequent TPs
were recorded at 5 minutes interval for 25 minutes. Blood samples were
collected before and at the end of the 30 minutes, when urine volumes
were recorded. Drinking (0.0% and 1.8% NaCl) resulted in an initial
decrease in thirst perception, which was statistically significant
(p&lt;0.05) only up to 10 minutes. Water intake ad libitum (mean ±
SEM) at the end of the 30 minutes was statistically significantly lower
(p&lt;0.05) only in the group that drank 0.0% NaCl. Gargling on the
other hand did not affect TP and water intake throughout the period of
study. It can be concluded that drinking, but not gargling reduces
thirst perception irrespective of the tonicity of the fluid as earlier
reported (Obika et. al., 2009; Salata et. al., 1987). This study
suggests that the oropharyngeal receptors for TP are activated by
recurrent stimulation by the act of drinking rather than gargling.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140072015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14007Omotoso, Gabriel OlaiyaBabalola, Farouq AbiodunPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCerebellar histology; cerebellar dysfunction; cigarette smoke; ratsenHistological changes in the cerebelli of adult wistar rats exposed to
cigarette smokeThe different constituents of tobacco smoke have been linked to
different diseased conditions. In this work, the histological effects
of cigarette smoke on the cerebellum of adult male Wistar rats were
studied. Sixteen Wistar rats with mean weight of 153.24 ± 4.12 g
were grouped equally into four. The Control Group A was exposed to
fresh air, while Groups B, C and D animals were each exposed to smoke
from one, two and three sticks of cigarette respectively. Each stick of
cigarette was completely consumed within an average duration of 11
minutes. Improvised smoking chambers were constructed and used for the
exposure daily, while treatment lasted for 28 days. The animals were
thereafter sacrificed by cervical dislocation, the cranium was exposed
and the brain gently removed and weighed; the cerebellum was excised,
weighed, and fixed in formol calcium, and subsequently processed for
histological observation using the Haematoxylin and Eosin staining
principle. Loss of weight and reduction in weight gain were noticed in
the treatment groups, with corresponding reduction in cerebellar
weights, in a dose-dependent pattern. Histology also revealed loss of
white matter, reduction in thickness of cell layers and their cellular
components. Increasing dosage of cigarette smoke could predispose to
progressive compromise in the structural integrity and composition of
the cerebellum, and this might result in cerebellar dysfunction.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140082015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14008Anukam, Kingsley C.Oge, UchePhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesLactobacillus pentosus; folate biosynthesis; dihydrofolate reductase;
probioticsenBioinformatic analysis of dihydrofolate reductase predicted in the
genome sequence of Lactobacillus pentosus KCA1Physiologic studies of Lactobacillus species show that some species
cannot synthesize folate de novo, which is required for growth. Folate
plays a critical role in regulating the amount of tetrahydrofolate in
the cell that is utilized for DNA replication, and proliferation of the
erythropoietic system. We recently sequenced the genome of
Lactobacillus pentosus KCA1, isolated from a Nigerian subject. The
genome has open reading frames coding for the complete genes required
for folate biosynthesis. Our previous study shows that rats fed with L.
pentosus KCA1 led to enhancement of haematological parameters.
Bioinformatic tool such as ClustalW algorithm was used to analyze
dihydrofolate reductase (folA/dfrA) encoded in the genome sequence of
L. pentosus KCA1 for comparative multiple sequence alignments. I-TASSER
was used to predict the 3-D model structure of the protein and
potential active binding site residues. Result show that two unique
amino acid substitutions were found in KCA1_1610 sequence at position
85 with alanine (A-Ala85), while other strains have aspartic acid
(D-Asp) for other L. pentosus and threonine (T-Thr) for L. plantarum
strains at the same position. The result suggests that dihydrofolate
reductase can be used as a distinguishing marker between L. pentosus
KCA1 and other pentosus including L. plantarum strains. The secondary
structure prediction with I-TASSER revealed 5 alpha helices and 8
beta-strands. Twelve binding site residues were predicted in KCA1_1610
relative to the template protein 2zzaA in protein database (PDB). The
predicted structure of KCA1_1610 dihydrofolate reductase can serve as a
new template as an addition to structural genomics and generation of
models for use in drug screening and physiological function inference.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140092015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14009Omirinde, J.O.Ozegbe, P.C.Oyeyemi, M.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCuscuta australis; protein-energy malnutrition; spermiogram; sperm
morphologyenComparative evaluation of the sperm characteristics and morphology of
adult Wistar rats fed either low or normal protein-energy diets and
orally dosed with aqueous Cuscuta australis extractsCuscuta australis (C. australis) seed and stem are commonly used as
dietary supplements in a maize-meal, “Ogi”, by the local
population for the management of male and female reproductive
dysfunctions. This study, as a part of on-going efforts, therefore,
evaluated and compared the effects of Low Protein-energy (LP) and
Normal Protein-energy (NP) diets on the sperm morphology and
characteristics of adult Wistar rats orally dosed aqueous extracts of
C. australis seed (LPSE and NPSE) and stem (LPST and NPST), 300mg of
extract/kg body weight of rat/day, for seven days. The control groups
(LPWA and NPWA) received vehicle, water. Live-dead ratio and percentage
of sperms with curved tail were significantly decreased (p&lt;0.01) in
the NPST relative to the NPWA, LPWA, LPST, NPSE and LPSE. Total
abnormal sperm counts, acephalic sperms and tailless head sperms were
significantly decreased (p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.05 and p&lt;0.001,
respectively) in the LPST and NPST relative to LPSE, NPSE, LPWA and
NPWA. The LPSE, LPST and NPST showed significantly decreased
(p&lt;0.05) percentages of sperms with either bent mid-piece or curved
mid-piece relative to the LPWA. Significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05)
percentage of sperms with curved mid-piece was also observed in the
NPSE relative to LPWA. Protein-energy diet significantly influenced (at
least p&lt;0.05) the effect of each extract on sperm motility and
percentage of sperms with curved tail. Stem extract significantly
decreased (p&lt;0.01) the percentages of acephalic sperms and tailless
head sperms. Diet-stem extract interaction significantly influenced
(p&lt;0.05) live-dead ratio. Our data suggest that orally administered
aqueous extracts of C. australis generally enhanced the sperm
morphology and characteristics of the male Wistar rat and that the stem
extract maintained sperm morphology better than the seed extract. It
also showed that the stem extract decreased live-dead ratio and that
the efficacy of orally administered aqueous C. australis stem extract
may be affected by variations in dietary protein-energy levels.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140102015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14010Ayoka, A.O.Ogunlade, O.Akintomide, A.O.Akomolafe, R.O.Ajayi, O.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesNormal limits; Electrocardiogram; Cut-off values; Left ventricular
hypertrophy; Young AdultsenNormal Limits of Electrocardiogram and Cut-Off Values for Left
Ventricular Hypertrophy in Young Adult NigeriansThis study assessed healthy young adults to determine the normal limits
for electrocardiographic variables and cut-off values for left
ventricular hypertrophy. It was a cross sectional descriptive study in
which the participants were evaluated clinically by standard 12-lead
resting electrocardiogram (ECG) at 25mm/s during quiet respiration. The
heart rate, P wave duration, axis and amplitude, PR and QT intervals,
QRS duration, axis and amplitude and T wave axis were assessed. Three
hundred and twenty four (324) volunteers comprising of 175 males and
149 females aged 20 to 30 years (mean, 23.01±2.88years)
participated in the study. The normal limits for heart rate, P wave
duration, amplitude and axis in lead II, QRS duration and axis, T wave
axis, PR interval, QT interval and QTc respectively were; 61-93beats
per
minute,0.08-0.12s,1.00-2.00mm,22.00-79.000,78.00-106.00ms,15.50-81.000,
24.25-69.000,0.12-0.19s, 0.32-0.40s and 0.36-0.44s. The cut-off values
for Sokolow-Lyon, Cornell and Araoye criteria for assessment of left
ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were higher than those previously in use
in medical practice. Gender difference exists in some cut-off values
for LVH. This study defined the normal limits for electrocardiographic
variables for young adult Nigerians. Racial factor should be taken into
consideration in interpretation of ECG.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140112015-03-12np2015-03-12http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14011Adeneye, A.A.Adenekan, S.O.Adeyemi, O.O.Agbaje, E.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesHunteria umbellata; Alloxan-induced diabetes; Fasting blood glucose;
Liver glycogen; Glucose-6-phosphatase; Oxidative stress markersenGlucose utilization and anti-oxidative mechanisms of the aqueous
hunteria umbellata seed extract in alloxan-induced diabetic ratsIn South-west Nigeria, water decoctions of hunteria umbellata seeds
are highly valued by traditional healers in the local management of
diabetes mellitus, obesity and hyperlipidemia. Previous studies
hypothesized one of the antihyperglycemic mechanisms of the aqueous
seed extract of Hunteria umbellata (HU) to be mediated probably via
increased peripheral glucose utilization. The present study, therefore,
was designed at evaluating the peripheral glucose utilization and
anti-oxidative mechanisms of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of HU in
alloxan-induced diabetic rats in Groups IV-VI rats as well as in the
control groups (Groups I-III). Experimental type 1 DM was induced in
male Wistar rats through intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of
alloxan monohydrate in cold 0.9% normal saline after which the diabetic
rats were orally treated with 50-200 mg/kg of HU for 14 days. Effects
of HU on the rat body weight, percentage body weight changes and
fasting blood glucose (FBG) were determined on days 1 and 15 of the
experiment. Also, on day 15 of the experiment, HU effect on serum
insulin, liver enzyme markers, proteins, albumin, triglyceride, total
cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase as well as on hepatic tissue
oxidative stress markers, liver glycogen and glucose-6-phosphatase were
determined after sacrificing the rats under diethyl ether anesthesia.
Results showed that oral treatments with 50-200 mg/kg of HU caused
significant (p&lt;0.0001) improvements in the weight loss caused by
alloxan-induced diabetes, while causing significant (p&lt;0.05,
p&lt;0.001 and p&lt;0.0001) dose-related reductions in the FBG levels
despite causing non-significant (p&gt;0.05) alterations in the serum
INS levels in the treated rats. Also, repeated oral treatment with HU
caused significant (p&lt;0.0001) reversal in the decrease and increase
in the hepatic glycogen levels and glucose-6-phosphatase activity,
respectively, caused by alloxan-induced diabetes. Similar significant
(p&lt;0.0001) and complete reversal effects were recorded in the serum
hepatic enzyme markers, total protein, albumin, triglyceride, total
cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase as well as on hepatic tissue
oxidative stress markers such as superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase
(CAT), malonialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) of HU
-treated rats when compared to that of untreated alloxan-induced
diabetic rats. In conclusion, results of this study showed HU treatment
to significantly ameliorate the hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in
alloxan-induced diabetic rats which was mediated via increased hepatic
glycogen deposit, decreased hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity and
improvement in antioxidant/free radicals scavenging activities.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140122015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14012Olatunji-Akioye, A. O.Fayemi, O.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesIntestinal Ischaemia-Reperfusion injury; semen charactieristics; West
African Dwarf bucksenIntestinal Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury and Semen Characteristics in
West African Dwarf BucksIncreasing production of goats takes their reproductive potential and
fertility, into consideration. Gastrointestinal obstructive lesions can
set up an intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion. Testicular torsion is an
established cause of testicular damage and infertility and is a form of
ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This study investigates the effect of
intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury on semen characteristics
in WAD bucks. Six healthy adult male WAD goats were divided into two
groups of three, a control and IIR group, one hour ischaemia and two
hours of reperfusion were achieved in the intestinal
ischaemia-reperfusion (IIR) group after all goats underwent a
laparotomy. Semen collection was done using the electro-ejaculator
method pre-operatively and weekly for four weeks post-operatively. The
semen concentration, percentage of normal sperm cells, abnormal sperm
cells and percentage abnormality were evaluated. In control animals,
there was an increase in semen concentration postoperatively followed
by a decrease whereas in IIR animals, a decrease was observed
postoperatively till the 4th week. Total normal sperm cells decreased
postoperatively and then increased to preoperative levels whereas a
decrease was seen in IIR animals till the 3rd postoperative week.
Abnormalities in sperm cells, normal head without tail, normal tail
without head, bent mid-piece, curved mid-piece and rudimentary tail
were all increased by the 4th week in IIR group though the total number
of abnormal cells was observed to have decreased. The main effect of
intestinal ischaemic-reperfusion injury on the semen characteristics of
WAD goats is an increase in abnormalities with an adequate quantity of
semen. Many of the abnormalities involved midpiece and tail
abnormalities which are very vital to propulsion and may cause an
inability of the sperm cells to fertilize. This hitherto silent
phenomenon in farm animals may be the reason for iatrogenic causes of
infertility.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlSCcria:bioline:np:np140132015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14013Salman, T.MAlada, A.R.AOyebola, D.D.OPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesHexoses administration; Adrenergic receptors; Glucose uptake; DogenRole of Adrenergic Receptors in Glucose, Fructose and Galactose-Induced
Increases in Intestinal Glucose Uptake in DogsThe study investigated the role of adrenergic receptors in glucose,
fructose-, and galactose- induced increases in intestinal glucose
uptake. Experiments were carried out on fasted male anaesthetized
Nigerian local dogs divided into seven groups (with five dogs per
group). Group I dogs were administered normal saline and served as
control. Dogs in groups II, III and IV were intravenously infused with
glucose (1.1 mg/kg/min), fructose (1.1 mg/kg/min) and galactose (1.1
mg/kg/min) respectively. Another three groups, V, VI and VII were
pretreated with prazosin (0.2mg/kg), propranolol (0.5mg/kg) or a
combination of prazosin (0.2mg/kg) and propranolol (0.5mg/kg) followed
by glucose infusion, frutose infusion or galactose infusion
respectively. Through a midline laparatomy, the upper jejunum was
cannulated for blood flow measurement and blood samples were obtained
for measurement of glucose content of the arterial blood and venous
blood from the upper jejunal segment. Glucose uptake was calculated as
the product of jejunal blood flow and the difference between arterial
and venous glucose levels (A-V glucose). The results showed that
pretreatment of the animal with prazosin had no effect on glucose and
galactose induced increases in glucose uptake. However, pretreatment
with propranolol completely abolished glucose, fructose and
galactose-induced increases in intestinal glucose uptake. Prazosin also
significantly reduced galactose-induced increase in intestinal glucose
uptake. The results suggest that the increases in intestinal glucose
uptake induced by glucose and fructose are mediated mostly by beta
adrenergic receptors while that of galactose is mediated by both alpha
and beta adrenergic receptors.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140142015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14014Adesanoye, O.A.Farombi, E.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesAntioxidants; assay methods; correlation coefficient; free radicals;
radical scavenging activity; Vernonia amygdalinaenIn Vitro Antioxidant Properties of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Vernonia
Amygdalina DelVarious methods employed in evaluating antioxidant activities of
various samples gives varying results depending on the specificity of
the free radical or oxidant used as a reactant. This study investigated
the antioxidant /radical scavenging properties of the methanolic
extract of Vernonia Amygdalina (MEVA) leaves and studied the
relationship between the assay methods. Antioxidant capacity of MEVA
was evaluated by measuring the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of
MEVA on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), nitric
oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (HP), hydroxyl radical (OH•)
scavenging activity (HRSA), lipid peroxidation inhibition activity
(LPIA) against 2,2,-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH) and
Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) of MEVA against
2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium
salt (ABTS+) radicals as well as the reducing power (RP). Assay methods
were subjected to regression analysis and their correlation
coefficients calculated. Results were analysed using student's t-test
and ANOVA. MEVA exhibited highest percentage RSA of 85.8% on HP,
followed by DPPH• (29.6%), OH• (26.4%) and least on
NO• (21.8%). MEVA inhibited AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation by
30.0% and ABTS-induced radical by 1489% with a marked RP of
0.242±0.01. DPPH correlated excellently with RP (r2 = 0.86), TEAC
(r2 = 0.94) and HRSA (r2 = 0.89), the four having good relationship
with each other, while LPIA correlated moderately with HP (r2 = 0.48
and NO (r2 = 0.34). MEVA exhibited significant free radical scavenging
and antioxidant activities. The assay methods correlates very well and
could therefore be employed for investigating and understanding
antioxidant properties and scavenging activities of plant materials.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140152015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14015Pepple, Dagogo J.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciencesstandard setting; absolute grading method; students’ performance;
preclinical educationenComparison of Outcome of Students’ Performance Using the Standard
Setting Method with the Absolute Grading Method in Preclinical
ExaminationThis study compared the outcome of students’ performance using
the standard setting method with the equivalent outcome they would have
obtained using the absolute grading method. It involved the comparison
of fail, pass, honors and distinction grades in Digestive System,
Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System and Health and the Environment
courses in the MBBS Stage I examination. The performance in
Cardiovascular System was significantly better with the standard
setting method (χ2 = 27.53; p &lt; 0.01), median score in the
honors range compared with the absolute grading method where the median
score was in the pass range. On the other hand, the performance in
Endocrine System was significantly better using the absolute grading
method (χ2 = 27.30; p &lt; 0.01), with median score in the honors
range compared with the standard setting method where the median score
was in the pass range. There was no difference in the performance in
Digestive System (χ2 = 7.45; p = 0.06), median score in the pass
range and Health and the Environment (χ2 = 6.34; p = 0.09), median
score in the honors range; between the standard setting and absolute
grading methods (Wilcoxon’s signed rank). The overall pass,
honors, distinction and failure rates were also identical in both
methods (Mann Whitney U test). This suggests that overall the outcome
of the students’ performance in the standard setting method
compared with the absolute grading method were not significantly
different.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140162015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14016Omobowale, T.O.Oyagbemi, A.AAbiola, J.O.Azeez, I.O.Adedokun, R.A.M.Nottidge, H.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMoringa oleifera; toxicity; hepatic damage; kidneyenEffect of Chronic Administration of Methanol Extract of Moringa
Oleifera on Some Biochemical Indices in Female Wistar RatsThe study was conducted to investigate safety associated with prolonged
consumption of Moringa Oleifera leaves as beverage. Fourteen rats
were used in this study. They were divided into 2 groups each
containing 7 rats. Rats in group I received 2ml/kg of corn oil
(standard vehicle drug). Animals in groups II were administered with
400mg/kg body of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (MEMO) for five
weeks respectively. Serum collected was analyzed for alanine
aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total
protein, albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine.
There was significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in serum total protein,
albumin, globulin and AST activity. The activity of ALT decreased but
not significant. Similarly, 400mg/kg body of MEMO led to significant
(P&lt;0.05) decrease in serum BUN and creatinine. All experimental
animals that received 400mg/kb of MEMO had significant (P&lt;0.05)
decrease in body weight from week to week 4 of the experiment. Taken
together, 400mg/kg body of MEMO seemed to be toxic to the liver with
apparently no toxicity in the kidney. Hence, prolonged exposure is not
advisable as such could portend danger to the liver.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140172015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14017Adenkola, A.Y.Oluremi, O.I.APhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesErythrocyte osmotic fragility; Excitability score; Hibiscus sabdariffa;
Rabbits; Haematological parametersenErythrocyte Osmotic Fragility and Excitability Score in Rabbit fed
Hibiscus Sabdariffa in Graded LevelThis study was conducted for 10 weeks with the aim of investigating the
erythrocyte membrane integrity as measured by erythrocyte osmotic
fragility and excitability scores of rabbits fed graded level of
Hibiscus Sabdariffa calyx (HSC). Twenty weaners’ rabbit of both
sexes were used for the study and were placed on four experimental
diets which contain the following percentages of HSC 0 %, 25 %, 50 %,
75 %, as feed additive and were added at 0 g, 62.5 g, 125 g, 187.5 g
designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 experimental diets. Excitability scores
were measured weekly as described by Voisnet et al. (1997). At the end
of the experiment, the rabbits were slaughtered by severing the
jungular vein. A Blood sample (2 ml) was collected from each rabbit
into sampled bottles, containing the Na EDTA as anticoagulant for
hematological analysis. Packed cell volume (PCV) Haemoglobin
concentration (Hb), Total red blood cell (RBC) count, Total leukocyte
count as well as differential leukocyte was determined using standard
method. The percentage haemolysis recorded at 0.3 % to 0.8 % was
significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in rabbits in T1 compared to the
remaining 3 diets. The result of excitability score shows that rabbit
on diet 1 and 2 had a lower value which was significantly (P &lt; 0.05)
lower than rabbits on diets 3 and 4 with a value of 65.5 ± 5.0 and
70.00 ± 5.50 % respectively. In conclusion this study demonstrated
for the first time that chronic administration of HSC improves
haematological parameters, brain mood and function as well as
maintaining erythrocyte membrane integrity.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140182015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14018Obika, L.F.OOzoene, J.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesArginine vasopressin; Thirst perception; Plasma OsmolalityenEstimation of Plasma Arginine Vasopressin Concentration Using Thirst
Perception and Plasma Osmolality ValuesIn human, thirst and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are controlled by
similar sensitive osmoregulatory mechanisms such that above a certain
osmotic threshold (280-288 mOsm/kg H20) there is a linear relationship
between the increase in plasma osmolality and increase in ADH and
thirst. The purpose of this study was to estimate plasma arginine
vasopressin (PAVP) using thirst perception (TP) and plasma osmolality
(POSM) values before and at 60 minutes in control or euhydrate (group
A, 0.0 ml/kg body weight of distilled water), hydrated (group B,
7.1ml/kg body weight of distilled water) and dehydrated (group C, 0.0
ml/kg body weight of distilled water) subjects. A total of twenty five
(25) subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 years were used for the
study. Calculated POSM and TP values were used to estimate the PAVP
concentration. Data were presented as Mean ± SEM. Analyses of
results were done using ANOVA and Student t-test. The estimated values
of PAVP using TP and POSM respectively at baseline levels were similar
in euhydrate (2.22±2.00 vs 2.40±2.10 pg/ml), hydrate
(2.22±1.34 vs 2.40±1.72 pg/ml) and in dehydrate
(7.05±1.70 vs 6.92±1.94 pg/ml). Sixty minutes later, the
values remained similar in euhydrate (3.29±2.40 vs 4.16±2.10
pg/ml), hydrate (1.92±1.60 vs 1.79±1.25 pg/ml) and in
dehydrate (8.40±1.40 vs 9.20±1.50 pg/ml). The results show
that there was a positive relationship between PAVP calculated from TP
and POSM values. We therefore concluded that plasma arginine
vasopressin concentration may be estimated using thirst perception
and/or plasma osmolality values. Estimation of PAVP using plasma
osmolar changes affected by glucose and urea may be inappropriate.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140192015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14019Olaolorun, F.A.Obasa, A.A.Balogun, H.A.Aina, O.O.Olopade, J.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesVanadium; Vitamin E; Histotoxicity; AntioxidantenLactational Vitamin E Protects Against the Histotoxic Effects of
Systemically Administered Vanadium in Neonatal RatsThe work investigated the protective role of lactational vitamin E
administration on vanadium-induced histotoxicity. Three groups of
Wistar rats, with each group comprising of two dams and their pups,
were used in this study. Group I pups were administered intraperitoneal
injection of sterile water at volumes corresponding to the dose rate of
the vanadium (sodium metavanadate) treated group from postnatal day
(PND) 1-14 while those in Group II were administered intraperitoneal
injection of 3mg/kg vanadium from PND 1-14. Group III pups were
administered intraperitoneal injection of 3mg/kg vanadium while the dam
received oral vitamin E (500mg) concurrently every 72hours. The results
showed that group II pups exhibited histopathological changes which
included seminiferous tubule disruption of the testes characterised by
vacuolar degeneration and coagulative necrosis of spermatogonia and
Sertoli cells with reduction in mitosis, and areas of interstitial
thickening with fibroblast proliferation. In addition, the lungs showed
disruption of the bronchiolar wall and denudation of the bronchiolar
respiratory epithelium while the liver showed hydropic degeneration and
coagulative necrosis of the centrilobular hepatocytes. These histotoxic
changes were ameliorated in the vanadium + vitamin E group. We conclude
that lactational vitamin E protects against the histotoxic effects of
vanadium and could be a consideration for supplementation in the
occupationally and environmentally exposed neonates. However, caution
should be taken in vitamin E supplementation because there is still
equivocal evidence surrounding its benefits as a supplement at the
moment.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140202015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14020Aliyu, B.Oyeniyi, Y.J.Mojiminiyi, F.B.O.Isezuo, S.A.Alada, A.R.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesHibiscus sabdariffa; Cold pesssor test; Hand grip exercise; Blood
pressure; Heart rateenThe Aqueous Calyx Extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Lowers Blood
Pressure and Heart Rate via Sympathetic Nervous System Dependent
MechanismsThe antihypertensive effect of Hibiscus Sabdariffa (HS) has been
validated in animals and man. This study tested the hypothesis that its
hypotensive effect may be sympathetically mediated. The cold pressor
test (CPT) and handgrip exercise (HGE) were performed in 20 healthy
subjects before and after the oral administration of 15mg/Kg HS. The
blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses were measured
digitally. Mean arterial pressure (MAP; taken as representative BP) was
calculated. Results are expressed as mean ±SEM. P&lt;0.05 was
considered significant. CPT without HS resulted in a significant rise
in MAP and HR (111.1±2.1mmHg and 100.8±2.0/min) from the
basal values (97.9±1.9mmHg and 87.8±2.1/min; P&lt;0.0001
respectively). In the presence of HS, CPT-induced changes
(ΔMAP=10.1±1.7mmHg; ΔHR= 8.4±1.0/min) were
significantly reduced compared to its absence (ΔMAP=
13.2±1.2mmHg; ΔHR= 13.8±1.6/min; P&lt;0.0001
respectively). The HGE done without HS also resulted in an increase in
MAP and HR (116.3±2.1mmHg and 78.4±1.2/min) from the basal
values (94.8±1.6mmHg and 76.1±1.0/min; p&lt;0.0001
respectively). In the presence of HS the HGE-induced changes
(ΔMAP= 11.5±1.0mmHg; ΔHR= 3.3±1.0/min) were
significantly decreased compared to its absence
(ΔMAP=21.4±1.2mmHg; ΔHR= 12.8±2.0/min; P&lt;0.0001
respectively). The CPT and HGE -induced increases in BP and HR suggest
Sympathetic nervous system activation. These increases were
significantly dampened by HS suggesting, indirectly, that its
hypotensive effect may be due to an attenuation of the discharge of the
sympathetic nervous system.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140212015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14021Umar, Z.U.Abubakar, M.B.Ige, J.Igbokwe, U.V.Mojiminiyi, F.B.O.Isezuo, S.A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCell phone radio waves; Blood pressure; ElectrocardiogrammeenEffect of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on
Cardiovascular Parameters in Apparently Healthy IndividualsSince cell phones emit radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs),
this study tested the hypothesis that cell phones placed near the heart
may interfere with the electrical rhythm of the heart or affect the
blood pressure. Following informed consent, eighteen randomly selected
apparently healthy male volunteers aged 21.44 ± 0.53 years had
their blood pressure, pulse rates and ECG measured before and after
acute exposure to a cell phone. The ECG parameters obtained were: heart
rate (HR), QRS complex duration (QRS), PR interval (PR) and Corrected
QT interval (QTc). Results are presented as mean ± SEM.
Statistical analyses were done using two-tailed paired t test for blood
pressure and pulse rate data and one way ANOVA with a post hoc Tukey
test for the ECG data. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically
significant. The blood pressure and pulse rates before and after
exposure to the cell phone showed no significant difference. The ECG
parameters (HR: beats/min, QRS:ms, PR:ms and QTc respectively) did not
differ before (66.33 ± 2.50, 91.78 ± 1.36, 151.67 ± 5.39
and 395.44 ± 4.96), during (66.33 ± 2.40, 91.11 ± 1.61,
153.67 ± 5.06 and 394.33 ± 4.05) and after calls (67.22
± 2.77, 91.11 ± 1.67, 157.44 ± 4.46 and 396.56 ±
4.93) compared to baseline (67.17 ± 2.19, 94.33 ± 1.57,
150.56 ± 4.93 and 399.56 ± 3.88). These results suggest that
acute exposure to EMFs from cell phones placed near the heart may not
interfere with the electrical activity of the heart or blood pressure
in healthy individuals.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140222015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14022Idu, Faustina KemdinumGeorge, Gladys OvigueObika, Leonard F.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesTears; Desmopressin; Osmolality; Antidiuretic hormone; Schirmer strip;
Lacrimal glandenThe Effect of Intranasal Desmopressin Spray on Basal and Total Tear
Secretions in Healthy SubjectsMany hormones have been implicated in dry eye syndrome. This study was
carried out to investigate the effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on
tear secretion. Fifty (50) healthy male and female volunteers between
the ages of 21 and 70 years were studied. They were given exogenous ADH
in the form of intranasal desmopressin spray (DDAVP). Total and basal
tear secretions were assessed using the Schirmer strip at baseline and
at 30 minutes intervals for a period of 180 minutes after the nasal
administration of 10 μg desmopressin spray into each nostril.
Blood samples were taken before and 60 minutes after desmopressin
administration for the determination of plasma osmolality and plasma
ADH concentrations. Results showed a significant reduction (p&lt;0.001)
in the means of total and basal tear secretions from baselines of 20.04
± 1.19 and 14.64 ± 1.00 mm/5mins to 12.80 ± 0.75 and
9.68 ± 0.72 mm/5mins peak reductions respectively. The peak
reduction was observed at 90 minutes assessment time after desmopressin
administration. The difference in mean total tear secretions between
males and females were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). The
difference in mean plasma osmolality before and 60 minutes after
desmopressin administration was not statistically significant. However,
there was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in mean ADH concentration
after DDAVP administration. It is concluded from this study that
exogenous ADH reduces tear secretion in man with associated increase in
ADH concentration but no change in plasma osmolality.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140232015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14023Ola-Mudathir, K.F.Maduagwu, E.N.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesOnion; Sodium thiosulphate; Lipid peroxidation; Antioxidant; CyanideenAntioxidant Effects of Methanol Extract of Allium cepa linn on
Cyanide-induced Renal Toxicity in Male Wistar RatsThe protective effects of onion was assessed in the Kidney of rats
following sub-acute exposure to cyanide. These effects were compared to
those of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), a classical antidote of cyanide
toxicity. The rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. Group
1 was administered distilled water, Group 2,3,4, 5, and 6 were
administered 600 mg onion/kg bwt/day, 7 mg KCN/kg bwt/day, 300 mg
onion/kg bwt/day+ 7 mg KCN/kg bwt/day, 600 mg onion/kg bwt/day+
7mgKCN/kg bwt/day, 600mg Na2S2O3/kg bwt/day+ 7mgKCN/kg bwt/day
respectively for 2 weeks. Group 3, 4 and 5 were pre-administered with
300mg onion/kg bwt/day, 600mg onion/kg bwt/day and 600mg Na2S2O3 /kg
bwt/day respectively for 2 weeks. Serum and urine creatinine and urea
level were assessed as a measure of kidney function. Oxidative stress
and antioxidant parameters were estimated in Kidney. Serum creatinine
and urea levels were significantly higher in the cyanide treated rats
compared with control. This was accompanied by significant reduction in
the urine level of creatinine and urea. Co-administration with onion
extract and Na2S2O3 reverse the situation in both the serum and urine.
The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats treated with cyanide
(3.846±0.20μg/g) was significantly increased in the kidney
relative to control (0.691±0.15μg/g). This was accompanied
with a decreased in antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
(2.0±0.09U/mg), Catalase (CAT)
(0.014±0.001katf),Glutathione-S-Tranferase (GST)
(0.015±0.009nMol/mg) and non-enzymatic antioxidant Reduced
Glutathione (GSH) (4.006±0.09μg/ml) compared with control
(4.8±0.13 U/mg, 0.047±0.001 katf, 0.022±0.0013 nMol/mg,
6.802±0.2 μg/ml respectively). Co-administration with onion
extract and Na2S2O3 significantly increased these antioxidant enzymes
and significantly decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde in the
kidney. The results indicate that onion extract reduced lipid
peroxidation in the kidney and increased antioxidant status of animals
exposed to cyanide in a dose dependent mannerNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140242015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14024John, Theresa AdebolaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesOrganizational Change; Biomedical Science; FASEB; Biomedical Research;
Nigeria; AfricaenSome Aspects of the State-of-the-Arts in Biomedical Science Research: A
Perspective for Organizational Change in African AcademiaIn the biomedical sciences, there is need to generate solutions for
Africa’s health and economic problems through the impact of
university research. To guide organizational transformation, the author
here presents some aspects of the state-of-the-arts of biomedical
science research in advanced countries using a perspective derived from
the FASEB journal publications. The author examines the thirty three
peer reviewed scientific research articles in a centennial (April 2012)
issue of the FASEB Journal [Volume 26(4)] using the following
parameters: number of authors contributing to the paper; number of
academic departments contributing to the paper; number of academic
institutions contributing to the paper; funding of the research
reported in the article. The articles were written by 7.97±0.61
authors from 3.46±0.3 departments of 2.79±0.29 institutions.
The contributors were classified into four categories: basic sciences,
clinical sciences, institutions and centers, and programs and labs.
Amongst the publications, 21.2% were single disciplinary. Two tier
collaboration amongst any two of the four categories were observed in
16/33 (48.5%) of the articles. Three tier and four tier collaborations
were observed amongst 7/33 (21.2%) and 3/33 (9%) of the articles
respectively. Therefore 26/33 (78.7%) of the articles were
multidisciplinary. Collaborative efforts between basic science and
clinical science departments were observed in 9/33 (27.3%) articles.
Public funding through government agencies provided 85 out of a total
of 143 (59.5%) grants. The collaborative and multidisciplinary nature
and government support are characteristic of biomedical science in the
US where research tends to result in solutions to problems and economic
benefits.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np140252015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14025Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesenABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXXIIIrd ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC
CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETYNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlABcria:bioline:np:np140262015-06-23np2015-06-23http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np14026Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2014 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesenABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE XXXIVth ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC
CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETY AND IUPS REGIONAL TEACHING RESEARCH WORKSHOPNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 29 Num 2http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlABcria:bioline:np:np150012016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15001Ugwu, A. C.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesenThe Role of Physiologists in Health Care Delivery Through ExerciseNigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlEDcria:bioline:np:np150022016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15002Olayaki, L.A.Sulaiman, S.O.Anoba, N.B.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesSleep Deprivation; Lipid Peroxidation; Plasma Cortisol; Plasma Insulin;
Plasma GlucoseenVitamin C Prevents Sleep Deprivation-induced Elevation in Cortisol and
Lipid Peroxidation in the Rat PlasmaSleep deprivation (SD) is biological stressor that alters metabolic
parameters, induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Previous
studies have shown that antioxidants substances such as melatonin,
tryptophan, vitamin E and vitamin C improved stress tolerance in
laboratory animals. In this study, we examined the potential protective
effects of administration of vitamin C on acute and chronic sleep
deprivation-induced metabolic derangement. In addition, possible
processes involved in vitamin C effects on acute and chronic sleep
deprivation-induced metabolic derangement were determined. Thirty-five
rats (120-250g) were used. The rats were divided into 7 groups of 5
rats each as Control (CTRL), Acute sleep deprived untreated with
vitamin C (AC), Acute sleep deprived treated with vitamin C (AWC),
Chronic sleep deprived untreated with vitamin C (CC), Chronic sleep
deprived treated with vitamin C (CWC), Chronic sleep deprived +
Recovery untreated with vitamin C (RC), and Chronic sleep deprived +
Recovery treated with vitamin C (RWC). The SD was carried out for 20h
for 1 day on the acute groups, and for 20h/day for 5 days on the
chronic group, using the Multiple Modified Platforms (MMP) after oral
administration of 300mg/kg of vitamin C to all vitamin C-treated
groups. The recovery groups were further observed for five days after
SD. The control group were treated with vitamin C and without stress in
their home cages. At the end of the experiment, the animals were
sacrificed and blood was collected for estimation of plasma glucose,
insulin, cortisol and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that
acute and chronic SDs significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased MDA and
cortisol levels, while significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the levels of
insulin. Treatment with vitamin C reversed the changes in the MDA,
cortisol and plasma insulin levels. Additionally, allowing the rats to
recover for 5 days after sleep deprivation corrected the observed
changes. Plasma glucose was significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced in all
the sleep deprived groups compared to the control. In conclusion, sleep
deprivation induced metabolic, hormonal and lipid peroxidation
derangement, and treatment with vitamin C prevented these impairments.
Thus, the effects of vitamin C could improve stress tolerance in rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150032016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15003Kolawole, T.A.Oyeyemi, W.A.Adigwe, C.Leko, B.Udeh, C.Dapper, D.V.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesNicotine; Honey; FSH; LH; Testosterone; RatsenHoney Attenuates the Detrimental Effects of Nicotine on Testicular
Functions in Nicotine Treated Wistar RatsEffect of honey on reproductive functions of male rats exposed to
nicotine was examined in this study. Thirty-two adult male wistar rats
(n=8/Group) were grouped as Control (distilled water), Nicotine
(1.0mg/kg bwt), Honey (100mg/kg bwt) and Nicotine with Honey. The
animals were orally treated for 35 days consecutively. Epididymis sperm
motility, viability, morphology and counts were estimated, serum
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and
Testosterone were assayed using ELISA method and testicular histology
were also assessed. Significant reduction in percentage sperm motility,
viability, morphology and counts were observed in nicotine group
(p&lt;0.05) compared to control. Serum FSH, LH and testosterone levels
were significantly reduced in nicotine group(p&lt;0.05) when compared
with the control. There was significant improvement in sperm motility,
viability, morphology, counts, FSH, LH and Testosterone in group
co-treated with nicotine and honey (p&lt;0.05) relative to nicotine
group. Also, the degenerative seminiferous tubule architecture due to
nicotine was improved by honey. In conclusion, honey may suppress
nicotine toxic effect on reproductive functions in male Wistar rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150042016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15004Atalabi, Omolola MojisolaAfolabi, Oluniyi S.Asinobi, Adanze O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesPaediatric; Nephrotic Syndrome; Renal; Resistive Index; Pulsatility
IndexenRenal Doppler Indices in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome: Findings
from a Tertiary Hospital in NigeriaThe resistive and pulsatility indices are known tools for assessing
renal function in kidney diseases, especially in proteinuric conditions
like Paediatric Nephrotic syndrome (NS) which is a glomerular disease.
However, there is a limited knowledge in the use of Doppler Resistive
and pulsatility indices in the management of this disease condition.
This was a case control study involving 53 cases and 57 controls. The
Doppler parameters, resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) of
the renal interlobar arteries were determined for the upper, middle,
and lower poles bilaterally for both controls and cases. The mean RI on
the right and left were 0.59 ± 0.06 and 0.58 ± 0.06
respectively for the NS cases whereas for the controls it was 0.61
± 0.05 and 0.60 ± 0.04 on the right and left respectively.
The mean PI on the right and left measured 0.96 ± 0.16 and 0.94
± 0.15 respectively for the NS cases while that for the control
cases measured 0.98 ± 0.13.and 0.95 ± 0.12 on the right and
left respectively. Although, the interlobar arteries mean RIs were
generally less than that for the controls, but only the left middle
pole showed statistically significant mean difference (p= 0.004). There
was also statistically significant mean difference (p= 0.048) between
the cases and controls in the left middle pole PI. However, no
correlation was found when the renal RI and PI are compared with the
serum albumin and creatinine. Although there was no statistical
significance between the mean RI and PI of the NS cases and controls,
except in the left middle pole RI, it is recommended that Doppler
ultrasound should still be part of management of Nephrotic syndrome
patients especially those who have developed end stage renal disease in
order to monitor their renal function.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150052016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15005Olude, M.A.Idowu, A.O.Mustapha, O.A.Olopade, J.O.Akinloye, A.K.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesAfrican giant rat; spinal cord; spinal tract; nuclei; spinal segment;
morphometryenSpinal Cord Studies in the African Giant Rat ( Cricetomys gambianus ,
Waterhouse)The African giant rat, AGR, is known for advantageous behavioural
patterns among which are cognition and dexterous locomotion. This study
investigated the morphological, morphometric and possible functional
aspects of the AGR spinal cord (SC) anatomy. Ten adult (5 males and 5
females) AGR were used to determine the gross and histological features
of the SC which were typically of rodent features. The mean SC weight
and length given as 2.50±0.24g and 15.87±0.24cm respectively
for the male and 2.32±0.16g and 15.40±0.61cm for the female
showed no sexual dimorphism (p&lt;.05). A positive linear relationship
between the tail length and SC weight were found in both sexes (r =0.81
males; r =0.95 females) suggesting significant contribution of the
filum terminale to SC weight. Forty-three internal structures including
nuclear aggregations and tracts were traced. Eight nuclear aggregations
of neurons involved in nociception and limb coordination were observed
to be prominent and larger than in laboratory rats. Same was noted for
the dorsal, ventral and lateral funicular tracts which control the
limbic system. This study provides morphometric baseline research
information and delineates the functional aspects of the AGR SC
anatomy. The information provided further strengthens the drive
proposing the AGR as an indigenous research model for regional
anaesthesia and locomotor disease.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150062016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15006Onwuchekwa, C.Oluwole, F.S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesBetulinic acid; Gastric acid; Mucus secretion; MalondialdehydeenAnti-Gastric Ulcer Effect of Betulinic Acid in Male Albino RatsBetulinic acid (BA) is a lupane-type triterpene that has been
identified and isolated from various plant species used in
ethnomedicine in various cultures across the world. This study was
undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the anti-ulcer effect
of Betulinic acid. The effect of BA on indomethacin-induced ulcer,
gastric mucus secretion, gastric mucus cells count, basal and
histamine-induced gastric acid secretion and levels of malondialdehyde
formation were studied using dose of 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 mg/kg. The
results showed that BA reduced indomethacin-induced ulceration
significantly and significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05) gastric mucus
secretion in the 1.5 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg BA treated rats compared to
the control rats. There was a significant increase (p &lt; 0.05) in the
mucus cells count in all the treated groups which is in a dose-
dependent manner compared to the control group. There was significant
decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in gastric acid secretion in each of the BA
treated groups compared to the control. Malondialdehyde concentration
significantly decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in all the treated groups compared
to the control. The anti-gastric ulcer effect of BA may be mediated via
decreasing gastric acid secretion, increasing gastric mucus secretions,
increasing the number of gastric mucus cells and also by reducing the
level of MDA concentration.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150072016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15007Ishola, Ismail O.Olayemi, Sunday O.Oreagba, Ibrahim A.Ifeanyi, Chikaodili I.Popoola, Temidayo D.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesComplete Freund's adjuvant; L-arginine-nitric oxide; nociception;
antioxidant; rheumatoid arthritis; serotonergicenAntinociceptive and anti-arthritic properties of hydroethanolic leaf
extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth (Rutaceae) in
Rodents: possible mechanism of actionsThe leaves of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth (Rutaceae) is
used in Traditional African medicine for the treatment of various
ailments including arthritis. The present study sought to investigate
the antinociceptive and anti-arthritic properties of hydroethanolic
leaf extract of Clausena anisata (HeCA). HeCA (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg,
p.o.) was administered 1 h before intraplantar injection of formalin
1%v/v in saline to evaluate antinociceptive effect. Moreover, its
possible mechanism of antinociceptive action was investigated through
pretreatment of mice with antagonists of receptors implicated in
nociception. Anti¬inflammatory effect of the extract was
investigated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema and complete
Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis models in rats. HeCA (400
mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced the duration of paw
licking/biting during both in the early (42.12%) and late (75.79%)
phases of formalin-induced nociception. However, the antinociceptive
effect elicited by HeCA was reverse by pretreatment of mice with
naloxone, prazosin, yohimbine, ketanserin, L-arginine, and
parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). HeCA produced dose-dependent and time
course decrease in carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Pre- and
post-treatment of rats with HeCA ameliorated CFA-induced arthritis
evidenced in the significant decrease in arthritic index comparatively
similar to the effect of celecoxib. CFA- induced oxidative and
nitrosative stress were attenuated by subchronic treatment with HeCA.
Findings from this study shows that C. anisata possesses
antinociceptive activity through possible interaction with opioidergic,
noradrenergic, L-arginine-nitric oxide and serotonergic pathways as
well as anti-arthritic property which could be attributed to its
ability to prevent the release of inflammatory mediators and oxidative
stress.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150082016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15008Ogunwole, EuniceAkindele, Opeyemi O.Oluwole, Omobola F.Salami, S. A.Raji, Y.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCaffeine; Anogenital distance index; Wistar rat; Sperm motility;
TestosteroneenEffects of Oral Maternal Administration of Caffeine on Reproductive
Functions of Male Offspring of Wistar RatsCaffeine was investigated for its possible fetal programming effects on
reproductive function of male offspring. Sixty-five pregnant Wistar
rats were grouped into four. Group 1 was control and received distilled
water. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were treated orally with 1.14, 3.42 and 5.70
mg/kg body weight of caffeine respectively. Each group was subdivided
into four based on gestation days (GD) 1-7, 8-14, 15-21 and 1-21. The
day of parturition was taken as postnatal day zero (0). Male offspring
were sacrificed on postnatal day 70. Parameters determined were: weight
at birth, body weight at postnatal day 21 and 70, anogenital distance
(AGD) index, sperm parameters, reproductive organ weight, histology and
hormonal profile (testosterone, FSH and LH). Data were analyzed using
Analysis of Variance. Level of significance was taken at P&lt;0.05.
Male offspring belonging to caffeine treated dams showed dose dependent
significant decreases in birth weight. Male offspring from dams treated
with caffeine during GD 1-7 and GD 1-21 had a significant increase in
their AGD index. Also, male offspring from dams treated with 1.14 and
5.70 mg/kg body weight of caffeine during GD 8-14 had a significant
increase in AGD index. Dams treated with 3.42 mg/kg body weight of
caffeine during GD 15-21, had a significant increase in the AGD index
of their male offspring. The sperm motility of offspring from dams
treated with 5.70 mg/kg body weight of caffeine during GD 1-7 and GD
1-21 were significantly increased. Offspring of GD 8-14 and GD 15-21
dams treated with 3.42 and 5.70 mg/kg body weight of caffeine
respectively, showed significantly reduced serum testosterone level.
There was a significant decrease in the weight of testes of offspring
from dams treated with caffeine during GD 8-14. Histological sections
of testes of offspring from caffeine treated dams showed interstitial
congestions, edema, reduced germinal epithelial height and detached
basal membrane. Maternal caffeine exposure during different gestational
periods adversely affected birth weight and some reproductive indices
in male offspring of Wistar rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150092016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15009Deborah, Fabiyi TemitopeAdedipe, Fasanmade AdesojiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesThyroidectomy; Thyroxine; Gastrointestinal organs; Everted sac; Glucose
transferenEffects of Hypothyroidism and Exogenous Thyroxine on Gastrointestinal
Organs of RatThyroxine (T4) is important in gut development and maturation, and its
use in treating hypothyroidism is becoming more popular. This study was
conducted to evaluate the effect of thyroidectomy and thyroxine
replacement on some gastrointestinal organs. Ten out of 20
thyroidectomised rats received 100pg/kgbw of T4 for five weeks to
become euthyroid while the rest were left to become hypothyroid. Ten
sham operated rats were made hyperthyroid by giving 100pg/kg.bw of T4
for five weeks, while the other ten sham operated rats served as
control. 10mg/kg.bw intraperitoneal injection of ketamine was given as
anesthesia for thyroidectomy and sham operation. At the end of the
fifth week, the animals were sacrificed. Liver, stomach and small
intestine were harvested and their morphological dimensions measured.
Everted sacs were made from the small intestine for glucose transfer
studies and slides for histomorphometry. There was no significant
difference in the weights of the liver and stomach of the groups when
compared with the control group. There was significant (p&lt;0.05)
increase in length and diameter but reduced wall thickness in the
hyperthyroid small intestine; unlike that of hypothyroid which had
significant (p&lt;0.05) shorter length, decreased diameter but
increased wall thickness. Villi length and crypt depth was higher in
hyperthyroid (p&lt;0.01) but smallest in the hypothyroid (p&lt;0.05).
Glucose transfer was lesser in the hypothyroid but greater in the
hyperthyroid intestine. These findings show that hypothyroidism
diminishes the morphological variables of absorption in the small
intestine as a mechanism to reducing its transfer capacity, while
thyroxine replacement increases these variables as mechanism to
increasing intestinal transfer capacity.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150102016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15010Abi, I.Magaji, R.A.Magaji, M.G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesMethionine; Memory; Learning; MWM; EPM; Y-MazeenAcute Administration of Methionine Affects Performance of Swiss Mice in
Learning and Memory ParadigmsMethionine, an essential amino acid, plays an essential role in the
central nervous system CNS development. It serves as a crucial
intermediate in the methylation, trans-sulfuration and amino-
phosphorylation pathways, necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids,
phospholipids, hormones, neurotransmitters, antioxidants, polyamines,
catecholamines and other biogenic amines. The effect of methionine on
learning and memory in mice was investigated using Morris water maze
(MWM), Elevated plus maze(EPM) and Y maze (YM). Animals were
administered with distilled water (control), methionine (1,700mg/kg);
folate (3mg/kg) or methionine (1700mg/kg) plus folate (3mg/kg) for 14
days. Escape latency and time spent in target quadrants; transfer
latency and percentage spontaneous alternations were measured in the
MWM, EPM and YM respectively. The animals were anaesthetized with
inhalational chloroform and their brains subsequently harvested,
homogenized and assayed for acetylcholinesterase24 hours after the
experiment. Folate significantly(p&lt;0.05) increased transfer latency
(53.33 ± 12.62) as compared to control (20.1 ± 5.01) and
reduced spontaneous alternations significantly (25.0 ± 8.9) when
compared to control (44.33 ± 3.07). When folate was combined with
methionine there was also a significant increase in transfer latency
(43.0 ± 14.39) when compared with control (20.1 ± 5.01).
Folate-methionine combination also significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced
spontaneous alternations (20.4 ± 8.4) as compared to the control
(44.33 ± 3.07) much more than folate alone. Acetylcholinesterase
activities in all groups were not statistically significant. It can be
concluded that acute methionine administration has some benefits in
memory enhancement. However, a short course folate supplementation
impairslearning and working memory especially when combined with
methionine which may be as a result of sudden overwhelming of the
methylation cycle, leading to homocysteinemia which is pro-dementia.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150112016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15011Eyarefe, Oghenemega D.Idowu, AderayoAfolabi, Jeremiah M.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesInfected wound; Moringa oleifera; Staphylococcus aureus; TetracyclineenHealing Potentials of Oral Moringa Oleifera Leaves Extract and
Tetracycline on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infected
Wounds of Wistar ratsThe effects of oral dose of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and
tetracycline antibiotics on cutaneous wounds infected with
Staphylococcus aureus were studied in eighteen adult wistar rats
(159±31.5g) randomized into three groups: Group A, n = 6, Moringa
oleifera-(300 mg/kg). Group B, n = 6, tetracycline (9.4 mg/kg) and
Group C, n = 6, Sterile water (control). Six millimetres diameter nape
wound, created on each rat under 2% xylazine (5 mg/kg) and 5% ketamine
(35 mg/kg), was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (108 Colony
Forming Unit (CFU). Following infection, treatment was commenced with
daily oral dose of test preparations and the wounds were evaluated
every other day i.e., day 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 for wetness (wound
exudation), wound edge oedema, hyperaemia, granulation tissues and
contraction (diameter). Severe wound exudation existed in all the
groups between days 0-3 (p = 1.00). A significantly less (p&lt;0.05)
wound exudation was observed at days 3-5 (p = 0.000) and 5-9 (p =
0.003) (Control&lt; Tetracycline &lt;Moringa). Wound edge oedema was
significantly less (p&lt;0.05) on days 5-9 (p = 0.000) and 9-15 (p =
0.001) (Control&lt;Moringa&lt;Tetracycline). Hyperaemia was pronounced
in all the groups from days 0-3, but became significantly less
(p&lt;0.05) at days 5-7 (p = 0.002) and 9-15 (p = 0.001)
(Control&lt;Moringa&lt;Tetracycline). A significantly (p&lt;0.05) more
wound granulation tissue was observed among the groups at days 5-9 (p =
0.002) and 9-15 (p = 0.001) (Control&gt; Moringa&gt; Tetracycline).
Differences in wound diameter was not significant except at days 5-9 (p
= 0.013) (Control&gt; Moringa &gt;Tetracycline). Oral doses of Moringa
oleifera extract (300mg/kg) and tetracycline (9.4mg/kg) are not
effective as antimicrobial or immune-boosting agents to enhance healing
of wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus and hence not recommended
for rapid clearance of Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150122016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15012Awobajo, F.O.Onokpite, B.O.Ali, Y.M.Babaleye, T.A.Uzor, P.O.Tijani, K.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesGenistein; embryonic implants; pregnancy; thyroid hormone; leptin; C -
reactive proteinenGenistein Precipitated Hypothyroidism, Altered Leptin and C-Reactive
Protein Synthesis in Pregnant RatsGenistein is an isoflavone constituent of soya. This study examined the
mechanism by which genistein produced adverse effects in pregnant
laboratory rats. Pregnant rats were divided into control (Con) and
genistein (Gen) force fed (2 mg/kg) groups. At terminal gestation day
(GD) ranging from 0-20, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples and
amniotic fluids were collected. Thyroid hormone, C-reactive protein
(CRP) and leptin assay was carried using the blood samples. Leptin was
also assayed in the placenta and amniotic fluid supernatant. Oral
exposure of pregnant rats to genistein significantly altered maternal
T3, (GD18; Con 1.65 ± 0.01, Gen 1.03 ± 0.04 nmol/L), T4 (GD6;
Con 29.60 ± 0.00, Gen 36.04 ± 1.29 nmol/L), Leptin (Placenta
GD20; Con 0.08 ± 0.01, Gen 0.31 ± 0.02 ng/ml, amniotic fluid
;GD 20; Con 0.02 ± 0.00, Gen 0.35 ± 0.05 ng/ml) in genistein
group. These changes were accompanied with loss of embryonic implants
and a decrease in fetal and placental weights. The CRP level was
significantly decreased and increased at the onset and toward late
pregnancy respectively. Oral exposure of pregnant rats to genistein
precipitated hypothyroidism, altered some metabolic hormones with a
reduction in fetal and placental growth and increased resorption of
embryonic implants.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150132016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15013Ayinla, Tayo MaryamOwoyele, B. VictorYakubu, M. ToyinPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesGlibenclamide; Senna Fistula; Diabetes Mellitus; Packed Cell Volume;
MalondialdehydeenEffect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Senna Fistula on some
Haematological Parameters, Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress in
Alloxan-induced Diabetic RatsIncreasing evidence in both experimental and clinical studies suggests
that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis of both
types of diabetes mellitus. The disease is also known to adversely
affect some haematological parameters and cause dyslipidemia. This
study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic administration
of ethanolic leave extract of Senna fistula on haematological values,
oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in experimental diabetic rats.
Twenty-four albino rats weighing 120-150 g were divided into 4
experimental groups of six rats each; control, diabetic untreated,
diabetic treated with glibenclamide and diabetic treated with 100 mg/kg
b.w of Senna fistula. Diabetes was induced by 100 mg/kg b.w. of alloxan
monohydrates. The control and diabetic groups received normal saline
while the diabetic treated groups were administered with 5mg/kg and
100mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide and ethanolic leaves extract of
Senna fistula respectively for 28 days. At the end of experimental
period blood samples were taken from the animals for the determination
of Red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin
concentration (Hb), total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high density
lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and malondialdehyde
(MDA), marker of lipid peroxidation. The result showed that in diabetic
rats, PCV, RBC and Hb were decreased but the application of the extract
increased the parameters (P&lt;0.05, n=6). Similarly, the result showed
a significant increase in total cholesterol, TG and LDL level of the
diabetic group when compared with the control, glibenclamide and
extract treated diabetic groups, however, there was no significant
difference in HDL level in all the groups. The result also showed a
significant decrease in elevated MDA (P&lt;0.05, n=6) of diabetic
treated rats. These findings suggest that ethanolic leaves extract of
Senna fistula might improve the diabetic induced disturbances of some
haematological parameters, reduces the plasma lipid imbalances and
decreases the production of free radicals associated with diabetes.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150142016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15014Oore-Oluwapo, I. Daramola1Opeyemi, O. AkindeleAdeyombo, F. BolarinwaYinusa, RajiPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesT. occidentalis; Wistar rats; Estrous cycle; diestrus; EstrogenenEffects of Telfairia Occidentalis Seed Oil on Female Reproductive
Functions in Wistar RatsThe effects of Telfairia occidentalis seed oil on some female
reproductive indices were investigated in Wistar rats. The study was
divided into two phases: (estrous cycle and pregnancy). Animals were
grouped into four: group A received distilled water (control), groups
B, C and D received 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg bw of T. occidentalis seed
oil respectively. The pattern of estrous cycle was determined for three
weeks before and during the treatment. Thereafter, each group was sub-
divided into two. The sub-group-1 rats were mated with male breeders,
the litter size and birth weight of their offsprings was determined.
Sub-group-2 rats were sacrificed and histology of organs and serum
levels of LH, FSH and estrogen were assayed. There was no significant
difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment estrous cycle
length. However, there was a significant decrease in the frequency of
diestrus phase during treatment in all the experimental groups when
compared with pre-treatment period (p &lt; 0.05) but there was no
significant difference in the diestrus phase when compared with the
control group. Serum estrogen concentration was significantly reduced
(p &lt; 0.05) in the group that was treated with 800 mg/kg bw of T.
occidentalis seed oil. Histology of the ovary and uterus in the
experimental groups were similar to that of the control group. Birth
weight of pups was significantly increased in the group treated with
600 mg/kg bw of T. occidentalis seed oil when compared with the control
group (p &lt; 0.05). The results of this study suggest that T.
occidentalis seed oil does not alter estrous cycle in Wistar rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150152016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15015Azeez, L.Salau, A.K.Adewuyi, S.O.Osineye, S.O.Tijani, K.O.Balogun, R.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesOsun river; Haematology; Biochemical parameters; Heavy metals; Volatile
Organic CompoundsenSafety Evaluation of Osun River Water Containing Heavy Metals and
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in RatsThis study evaluated the pH, heavy metals and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in Osun river water. It also evaluated its safety in
rats. Heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry (AAS) while VOCs were determined by gas
chromatography coupled with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Male
and female rats were exposed to Osun river water for three weeks and
then sacrificed. The abundance of heavy metals in Osun river followed
the trend Pb &gt; Cd &gt; Zn &gt; Fe &gt; Cr &gt; Cu while VOCs
followed the trend benzene &lt; ethylbenzene &lt; toluene &lt; xylene.
The concentrations of Pb, Cd and benzene were higher than the
permissible limits of Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) and World
Health Organization (WHO) respectively. Rats exposed to Osun river
water for three weeks had increased WBC, thiobarbituric acid reactive
substances (TBARS), serum proteins and serum aminotransferases. There
were also significant decreases (P &lt; 0.05) in HCT, PLT, liver
aminotransferases and liver glutathione compared to the control. These
results show that the pollutants in Osun river water are capable of
inducing hematological imbalance and liver cell injury. The toxicity
induced in blood was sex-dependent affecting female rats more than male
rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150162016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15016Adekola, A.A.Jagun, A.T.Emikpe, B.O.Antia, R.E.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesHaematological parameters; Erythrocyte morphological changes; South
Western NigeriaenBaseline Haematology and Erythrocyte Morphological Changes of
Apparently Normal Dogs Raised in Ibadan, Oyo StateThis study evaluates the haematological parameters and the observed
erythrocytes morphological changes in dogs raised in Ibadan, Oyo State
in the south western part of Nigeria. Blood samples were collected from
sixty-four apparently healthy dogs. The haematological parameters of
the blood samples collected were evaluated with the quantification of
the percentage erythrocyte morphological abnormalities. The result of
the quantitative count of the erythrocyte morphological abnormalities
were also converted using reference guide to give the
numerical/descriptive clinical grade of the associated morphological
abnormalities. There was a significant difference between the
haematological parameters reported in this study and the commonly used
dog haematological reference ranges from temperate regions used in
laboratories in Nigeria. Some of the morphological abnormalities
observed in this study include echinocyte (4.12±0.35%), macrocyte
(2.61±0.22%) and spherocyte (2.17±0.29%) and eccentrocyte
(0.39±0.06%) while other such as acanthocyte (1.39±0.19),
leptocyte (0.71±0.13), schizocyte (0.703±0.104) and codocyte
(0.50±0.11) were also seen. These study findings show that the
associated morphological changes were all not significant and fall
within the acceptable range using the reference guide for erythrocyte
morphological abnormalities even when the haematological values differ
significantly from the reference value. This study provides baseline
information on the haematological parameters and the novel correlation
of the associated erythrocyte abnormalities seen as a corresponding
proof of the apparently healthy status of the dogs raised in Ibadan
used for this study. The study while serving as an important means of
verification of the reference range of haematological parameters also
shows that clinical case interpretation using haematological baseline
data from the temperate region should be used with caution in our
tropical environment. This thus necessitates the need for an advocacy
to build a reference range of haematological parameters that can be
used as a working baseline value for the tropical environment.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150172016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15017Taye, J. LasisiMartins, E. DuruBukola, B. LawaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesSaliva; Malaria; Salivary flow rate; Salivary electrolytes; Salivary
pH; Salivary total proteinenSalivary Secretion and Composition in Malaria: A Case-control StudyNo previous studies have documented changes in salivary secretion in
patients with malaria. This study aimed to compare salivary secretion
and composition in malaria positive and malaria negative individuals.
Ninety participants composed of 40 malaria parasite positive and 50
malaria parasite negative individuals (age and gender matched) were
included. Malaria diagnosis was achieved by microscopic examination of
Giemsa stained thick and thin film of blood smears. A self-administered
questionnaire was used to assess presence or absence of oral symptoms
in the malaria parasite positive individuals. Whole saliva samples were
collected and analyzed for flow rate, pH, total protein and
concentrations of electrolytes (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, PO42- and HCO32-).
Data were analysed using Independent-Samples t-test and
Spearman’s correlation test. The salivary flow rate was
significantly reduced in malaria parasite positive individuals (P =
0.001). Oral symptoms were present in 82.5% of the malaria parasite
positive individuals. There was no significant difference in the
salivary pH, total protein and electrolyte ion concentrations between
the two groups. Also, Spearman’s correlation test showed no
significant relationship between the presence of oral symptom and the
salivary parameters. Salivary flow rates are reduced in the individuals
with malaria. However, presence of oral symptoms in these individuals
may not be attributed to the reduced salivary flow rate. Further
studies are needed to validate our findings and elucidate mechanisms
involved.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150182016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15018Omotosho, IshiaqPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesABO antigen; Rhesus D; Blood group; Haemoglobin genotype; Blood
substitutesenA Survey of ABO, Rhesus (D) Antigen and Haemoglobin Genes Variants in
Oyo State, NigeriaA survey of ABO and Rhesus (Rh D) antigens and variants of haemoglobin
genes (HbGen) in Oyo state was carried out. This longitudinal study
involved the determination of ABO and Rh(D) antigens in 3241 and HbGen
in 2622 male and female adults (aged 26-65years) respectively using
standard methods. 94.5% of the subjects were Rh(D) positive while 5.5%
were Rh(D) negative respectively based on the detection (Positive) or
absence (Negative) of Rh(D) antigen. 22.8% of the subjects had ABO
blood group A, 26.4% were group B, 4.1% were group AB while 46.7% were
group O. Further analysis revealed that 695 (21.4%) of the group A were
Apositive while 44 (1.4%) were Anegative. 800 of these subjects (24.7%)
were Bpositive while 56 (1.7%) were group Bnegative. 133 (4.1%) showed
group AB out of which 125 (3.8%) were ABpositive and 8 (0.3%) were
ABnegative. 1513 (46.7%) were group O out of which 1444 (44.6%) were
Opositive while 69 (2.1%) were Onegative. HbGen determination showed
that 1933 of the subjects (73.7%) had HbGen AA; 553 (21.1%) were AS;
119 (4.5%) were AC; 11 (0.4%) were SC while 3 subjects representing
0.1% and 0.2% each had HbGen SS and CC respectively. Although the
results were similar to earlier ones; however, the need for sustained
counselling towards eradication of SS genes and increased research
towards identifying artificial blood substitutes was highlighted in
this work. The increasing need for blood transfusion especially with
the increase in various politically/communally motivated emergency
situations underscores this fact.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np150192016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np15019Jeje, S.O.Raji, Y.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2015 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesDexamethasone; Lactation; Oxidative Stress; Liver; offspringenEffects of Maternal Dexamethasone Exposure During Lactation on
Metabolic Imbalance and Oxidative Stress in the Liver of Male
Offsprings of Wistar RatsIt has been reported in human and animal studies that early exposure to
glucocorticoids could retard growth and subsequent development of
cardio metabolic diseases. Chronic exposure to glucocorticoids induced
oxidative stress. Therefore, the role of oxidative stress in some of
the observed metabolic imbalance needs to be elucidated. This study
examined the effects of lactational dexamethasone exposure on metabolic
imbalance and oxidative stress marker in the liver of male offspring of
exposed mother. Twenty lactating dams were divided into 4 groups of 5
animals each. Group 1 was administered 0.02 ml/100gbwt/day normal
saline through lactation days 1-21. Group 2, 3, and 4 were administered
100 μg/kgbwt/day dexamethasone for lactation days 1-7, 1-14, and
1-21 respectively. The male offspring were thereafter separated and
sacrificed at 12weeks of age for evaluation of lipid profile and
oxidative stress marker in the liver. Results from this study indicate
that Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TAG) and LDL- cholesterol
(LDL-C) were significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in the Dex 1-7, Dex 1-14
and Dex 1-21 groups when compared with the control. HDL-Cholesterol
(HDL-C) was significantly (p&lt;0.001) reduced in the Dex 1-7, Dex 1-14
and Dex 1-21 groups relative to the control. Basal Fasting Blood Sugar
(FBS) was also significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in the Dex 1-14 and
Dex 1-21 groups when compared with the control. Liver malondialdehyde
was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in the Dex1-14 and Dex1-21 group
compared to the control. However, liver catalase and SOD activity were
all significantly (p&lt;0.001) lower in Dex 1-7, Dex 1-14 and Dex 1-21
groups relative to control. Liver protein was significantly
(p&lt;0.001) lower in the Dex1-14 and Dex1-21 treatment groups when
compared with the control. Findings from this study suggest that there
is possible increase in metabolic imbalance in the offspring of mother
exposed to dexamethasone during lactation and these effects may be
secondary to increase oxidative stress in the liver.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 30 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160012016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16001Adeneye, A.A.Benebo, A.S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity; Renal function parameters; Oxidative
markers; HistopathologyenChemopreventive Effect of Tadalafil in Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity
in RatsNephrotoxicity remains a common untoward effect of cisplatin therapy
with limited effective chemopreventive options available till date.
This study aims to evaluate the possible chemopreventive effect and
mechanism(s) of action of 2 mgkg-1 and 5 mgkg-1 of Tadalafil in
cisplatin-induced nephrotoxic rats. In this study, twenty-five male
Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 5 rats per
group) and daily pretreated with oral doses of distilled water (10
mLkg-1), ascorbic acid (100 mgkg-1), Tadalafil (2 mgkg-1 and 5 mgkg-1)
for 7 days before cisplatin (5 mgkg-1, intraperitoneal) was
administered. 72 hours post-cisplatin injections, rats were sacrificed
humanely and blood samples for serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine
and renal tissues for reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase
(SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and
malonialdehyde dehydrogenase (MAD) assays and histopathology were
collected. Results showed that cisplatin injection caused significant
decreases in the serum sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate
(HCO3-), calcium (Ca2+), phosphate (PO42-) and concomitant significant
increases in the serum urea and creatinine levels. In addition, there
were significant decreases in the renal tissue GSH, SOD, CAT and
increased MAD and GSH-Px levels which were corroborated by
histopathological features of tubulonephritis. However, these
histo-biochemical alterations were significantly attenuated by ascorbic
acid and Tadalafil pretreatments. Overall, results of this study showed
the chemopreventive potential of Tadalafil against cisplatin-induced
nephrotoxicity which was possibly mediated via antioxidant and
anti-lipoperoxidation mechanisms.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160022016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16002Usende, Ifukibot LeviLeitner, Dominque F.Neely, ElizabethConnor, James R.Olopade, James O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesVanadium; iron deficiency; hypomyelination; behavioural deficits;
neurotoxicityenThe Deterioration Seen in Myelin Related Morphophysiology in Vanadium
Exposed Rats is Partially Protected by Concurrent Iron DeficiencyOligodendrocyte development and myelination occurs vigorously during
the early post natal period which coincides with the period of peak
mobilization of iron. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are
easily disturbed by any agent that affects iron homeostasis and its
assimilation into these cells. Environmental exposure to vanadium, a
transition metal can disrupt this iron homeostasis. We investigated the
interaction of iron deficiency and vanadium exposure on the myelination
infrastructure and its related neurobehavioural phenotypes, and
neurocellular profiles in developing rat brains. Control group (C) dams
were fed normal diet while Group 2 (V) dams were fed normal diet and
pups were injected with 3mg/kg body weight of sodium metavanadate daily
from postnatal day (PND) 1-21. Group 3 (I+V) dams were fed iron
deficient diet after delivery and pups injected with 3mg/kg body weight
sodium metavanadate from PND1-21. Body and brain weights deteriorated
in I+V relative to C and V while neurobehavioral deficit occurred more
in V. Whereas immunohistochemical staining shows more astrogliosis and
microgliosis indicative of neuroinflammation in I+V, more intense OPCs
depletion and hypomyelination were seen in the V, and this was
partially protected in I+V. In in vitro studies, vanadium induced glial
cells toxicity was partially protected only at the LD 50 dose with the
iron chelator, desferroxamine. The data indicate that vanadium promotes
myelin damage and iron deficiency in combination with vanadium
partially protects this neurotoxicological effects of vanadium.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160032016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16003Morakinyo,Ayodele O.Ajiboye, Kolawole I.Oludare, Gabriel O.Samuel, Titilola A.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesStress; Glucose tolerance; Insulin sensitivity; Glucose transporter-4;
CorticosteroneenRestraint Stress Impairs Glucose Homeostasis Through Altered Insulin
Signalling in Sprague-Dawley RatThe study investigated the potential alteration in the level of insulin
and adiponectin, as well as the expression of insulin receptors (INSR)
and glucose transporter 4 GLUT-4 in chronic restraint stress rats.
Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: the control
group and stress group in which the rats were exposed to one of the
four different restraint stressors; 1 h, twice daily for a period of 7
days (S7D), 14 days (S14D) and 28 days (S28D). Glucose tolerance and
insulin sensitivity were evaluated following the final stress exposure.
ELISA were performed to assess the level of insulin and adiponectin as
well as expression of INSR and GLUT4 protein in skeletal muscle. Plasma
corticosterone level was also determined as a marker of stress
exposure. Restraint stress for 7 days caused transient glucose
intolerance, while S14D rats demonstrated increased glucose intolerance
and insulin insensitivity. However, restraint stress for 28 days had no
effect on glucose tolerance, but did cause an increase in glucose
response to insulin challenge. The serum level of adiponectin was
significantly (p&lt; 0.05) lower compared with the control value while
insulin remained unchanged except at in S28D rats that had a
significant (p&lt;0.05) increase. The expression of INSR and GLUT4
receptors were significantly (p&lt; 0.05) decreased in the skeletal
muscle of restraint stress exposed rats. There was a significant (p&lt;
0.05) increase in the plasma corticosterone level of the stress rats
compared with their control counterparts. Restraint stress caused
glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity in male Sprague-Dawley
rats, which becomes accommodated with prolonged exposure and was likely
related to the blunted insulin signalling in skeletal muscle.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160042016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16004Jarikre, T.A.Emikpe, B.O.Ohore, O.G.Akinremi, T.A.Akpavie, S.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesBronchoalveolar lavage; Haematology; Pneumonia; Comparative; CaprineenBronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cellular and Haematological Changes in
Different Types of Caprine PneumoniaGoats in the tropics are often reared under the traditional extensive
and semi-intensive management systems. These and other factors
influence the pattern of pneumonia complex in goats. We investigated
the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) cellular changes and
haematological response in different types of caprine pneumonia in
Nigeria. Haematological indices and BALf cells were analysed from 300
goats randomly selected from 700 goats comprising different breed, age
and body scores. The pneumonia status was well characterised using
standard pathological tools. Data is summarized as Mean ± SEM and
compared using non-parametric statistics at 5% significance. There was
leukocytosis in the pneumonic animals. The overall lavage recovery rate
was 55.5%. The differences in Haemoglobin concentration, and
Lymphocyte-Neutrophil ratio were significant (p&lt;0.05). BALf changes
in the neutrophil, macrophage and eosinophil counts were significantly
different (p&lt;0.05). The diagnostic features including increased
percentage neutrophils, Macrophage-Neutrophil ratio and eosinophils
observed in BAL were reliable and also correlated positively to the
pathological findings. BAL should be considered a component of the
diagnostic approach to caprine pneumonia complex, as it may accurately
aid diagnosis and identification of the causal organisms.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160052016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16005Ajadi, Temitope A.Gazal2, Oladele S.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesSurgical castration; immunosterilization; dogs; GnRH vaccine;
Testosterone; Luteinising hormoneenEffect of Surgical and Immunological Castration on Haematological
Variables, Reproductive Hormones and Ejaculate Characteristics in
Mongrel DogsWelfare concerns are growing regarding surgical castration (SC) in
pets, necessitating the need for non-surgical alternatives.
Administration of vaccines against gonadotropins releasing hormone
(GnRH) have been reported as alternative to SC. This study determined
the effect of surgical and immunological castrations (IC) on complete
blood counts, plasma testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH)
concentrations and ejaculate characteristics in mongrel dogs. Ten
intact male dogs were randomly divided into two groups (A &amp; B).
Dogs in group A were surgically castrated, while dogs in group B were
immunologically castrated with single subcutaneous injection of GnRH
vaccine (Improvac®). Blood and semen were collected before SC or
IC and fortnightly until sixteen weeks. Blood was analyzed for packed
cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC), haemoglobin
concentration (Hb), absolute neutrophil (NEUT) and lymphocyte counts
(LYMP), T and LH. Sperm volume (SV), concentration (C), motility (SM),
live-dead ratio (LDR) and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa were
determined for the semen. Data were presented as mean ± standard
deviation and compared using analysis of variance. The PCV and HB of
dogs surgically castrated increased progressively up to16th week after
castration but only up to10 weeks in dogs immunologically castrated.
Both PCV and HB decreased progressively after 10 weeks in dogs
immunologically castrated. Similarly, the WBC of dogs surgically
castrated steadily increased from 2 weeks up to week 16, while it
increased from 6 weeks up to 16 weeks in dogs immunologically
castrated. However, PCV, Hb, WBC, NEUT and LYMP did not differ
significantly (p &gt; 0.05) between SC and IC. In both groups, the SV,
SC, SM, LDR and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa did not differ
significantly. It was therefore concluded that there is no significant
haematological or endocrinological changes between surgical and
immunological castration and that immunological castration may provide
safer alternative.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160062016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16006Kooffreh-Ada, M.Okpokam, D.C.Okaormhe, Z.A.Nna, V.U.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesChronic liver disease; Co-infection; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis C; CalabarenFrequency of Hepatitis B and C Co-Infection in Chronic Liver Disease
Patients in Calabar, Cross River State, NigeriaHepatitis B (HBsAg) and C (HCV) virus are becoming a significant
causative factors in the aetiology of chronic liver disease (CLD)
worldwide. However, the information on the frequency of HBsAg and HCV
virus co-infection in CLD is sparsely reported in Nigeria. In this
study, we assessed the frequency of HBsAg and HCV co-infection in CLD.
One hundred and eleven subjects aged 19 - 76 years, comprising of 76
CLD patients and 35 apparently healthy subjects without CLD were tested
for both HBsAg and HCV virus antibodies using ELISA test kits. Out of
the 111 subjects recruited for this study, 76 (68.5%) were CLD patients
tested positive for HBsAg and 35 (31.5%) tested negative for HBsAg and
served as control. Out of the 76 CLD patients that tested positive for
HBsAg, 34 (44.7%) of them also tested positive for HCV, thus, having
co-infection with HBV. Incidence of co-infection was highest in those
aged 36 - 45 years, and greater in males than females. Among the
control group, 4 (11.4%) of the subjects (3 males and 1 female) tested
positive for HCV, while 31 (88.6%) subjects (20 males and 11 females)
tested negative. This work has shown that the co-infection with HBV and
HCV among chronic liver disease patients and the incidence of HCV is
high in our locality. Also, some of the supposed apparently healthy
subjects in this study tested positive for HCV, hence the need for
improving the awareness of this virus. It is therefore necessary to
give immunization and test for HBsAg and HCV in both rural and urban
areas.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160072016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16007Ige, O.Edem, V.F.Arinola, O.G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesTuberculosis Patients; Biomarkers; Chemotherapy; LymphocytesenPlasma Adenosine Deaminase Enzyme Reduces with Treatment of Pulmonary
Tuberculosis in Nigerian Patients: Indication for Diagnosis and
Treatment MonitoringTuberculosis(TB)-specific host biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring
of treatment response have been identified as priorities for TB
research. Macrophage and T cell lymphocytes play vital roles in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis immune response and their associated
biomarkers could form good candidates for diagnosis and treatment
monitoring. The enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) is produced mainly by
monocytes and macrophages and increase in biological fluids in the
course of infection with microorganisms infecting macrophages. This
study comprised sixty-eight (68) participants; twenty-four (24)
multi-drug-resistant TB(MDR-TB) patients, twenty-four (24)
drug-sensitive TB patients(DS-TB) and twenty (20) non-TB apparently
healthy individuals. Five (5) milliliters of blood was drawn before
commencement of chemotherapy and 6 anti-TB therapy. In DSTB and MDR-TB
patients before commencement of chemotherapy and 6 months of anti-TB
treatment, the mean plasma levels of ADA were significantly increased
compared with control. At 6 months of anti-TB chemotherapy of DSTB or
MDR TB patients, ADA level was significantly decreased compared with
before chemotherapy. Plasma ADA in DSTB patients before and 6 months of
chemotherapy were not significantly different compared MDR TB patients.
Plasma ADA level is a promising biomarker for the screening and
treatment monitoring of pulmonary tuberculosis but not to differentiate
MDR TB from DSTB patients.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160082016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16008Owu, Daniel U.Nwokocha, Chukwuemeka R.Ikpi, Daniel E.Ogar, Emmanuel I.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesDiabetes mellitus; electrolytes; Haematological parameters; Platelet
aggregation; Red cell indices; Vitamin CenEffect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Platelet Aggregation and Serum
Electrolytes Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in RatsDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease condition characterised by
hyperglycemia; free radical and abnormal haematological indices.
Vitamin C can reduce free radical generation and ameliorate adverse
conditions of diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present study is to
investigate the effect of vitamin C on platelet aggregation and
electrolyte levels in Type 1 DM. Male Wistar rats were divided into
four groups namely control, DM, DM +Vitamin C and Vitamin C groups.
Rats were made diabetic with a single dose of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg)
intraperitoneally. Vitamin C was administered orally to diabetic and
normal rats at 200 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Blood samples were
analyzed for hematological parameters, platelet aggregation, and serum
electrolyte levels. Blood glucose in DM+ Vitamin C group (9.9 ±
1.8 mmol/L) was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.01) compared to DM group
(32.2 ± 2.1 mmol/L) and significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than
control (4.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L). Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in DM
group (12 ± 0.1 g/dL) was significantly reduced (p&lt;0.01) when
compared with control groups (14 ± 0.24 g/dL) and significantly
increased (p&lt;0.05) in the DM+vitamin C group (13.5 ± 0.5 g/dL)
compared with the diabetic group. The mean corpuscular volume values in
DM (68.66 ± 0.5 fL) and DM+vitamin C groups (68.11 ± 0.4 fL)
were significantly higher (p&lt;0.01) than the control (59.49 ±
0.5fL). Platelet count in DM group (523 ± 8.5 x109/L) was
significantly raised (p&lt;0.01) when compared to control (356 ±
6.2 x109/L) and significantly reduced (p&lt;0.01) in DM+vitamin
C-treated group (385 ± 7.8 x109/L) compared with DM group.
Platelet aggregation and serum sodium/potassium ratios was
significantly reduced (p&lt;0.01) in DM+vitamin C compared with DM
group. These results suggest that oral vitamin C administration
increases haemoglobin, reduced plasma glucose level, platelet count,
serum sodium/potassium ion ratio and inhibits platelet aggregation in
streptozotocin-induced DM in rats.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160092016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16009Moses, M.O.Duduyemi, B.M.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesBody mass index; Waist-to- hip ratio; Body fat; Body water; Blood
pressure; Heart rateenSports Participation, Anthropometric and Physiological Profiles of
University AthletesSports participation has been adjudged to enhance healthy living. This
study described anthropometric and physiological (A-P) profiles of
university athletes based on types of sports (ToS) and duration (in
years) of participation (DoP). One hundred and twenty-nine athletes (69
males, 60 females), aged l5-36, who had played averagely for
5.78±0.29years, from nine games and preparing for Ghana University
Sports Association (GUSA) 2014 participated in the study. Ex-post facto
research design was adopted. Data on ToS, DoP, age, height, weight,
body mass index, waist and hip circumference, body fat and water, blood
pressure and heart rate were collected, entered into SPSS Data Editor
17.0 and exported to STATA 11 where multiple regression analysis and
t-test were carried out. ToS has significant effects on anthropometric
[F(7,121) = 2.478, p&lt;0.05] and physiological [F(5,123) = 5.532,
p&lt;0.05] profiles. DoP has significant effects on physiological
profiles [F(7,121) = 5.185, p&lt;0.05] of the athletes. Significant
differences existed in age, height, weight, BMI, WHR and SBP
(p&lt;0.05) based on gender. BMI and HR values were not sufficiently
healthy for athletes. Clinical intervention is imperative to determine
actual cardiovascular risks of the sample because they might be unfit
for national assignment if not properly monitored and trained to be
consistent in moderate fitness lifestyles.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160102016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16010Tanko, Y.Jimoh, A.Ahmed, A.Mohammed, A.Ayo, J.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesCholesterol diet; Lipidaemia; Rabbit; Resveratrol; LDL-c; HDL-c; TC; TGenResveratrol Protects Rabbits Against Cholesterol Diet-Induced
HyperlipidaemiaThe excessive consumption of high cholesterol diet has been associated
with an increased incidence of lipidaemia. Lipidaemia is enhanced by
formation of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and hyperglycaemia.
The aim of these experiments was to investigate the protective effect
of resveratrol co-administered with cholesterol diet induced
hyperlipidaemia in rabbits. Thirty rabbits divided into six groups of
five animal (group= 5) each: group 1 = normal control, group 2 =
cholesterol diet/high fat diet group only (HFD), group 3 = resveratrol
200 mg/kg (R200), group 4 = resveratrol 400 mg/kg (R400), group 5 = HFD
+ R200 and group 6 = HFD + R400. The normal group was fed with standard
animal feeds only; while the HFD groups were fed with standard animal
feeds + cholesterol diet (10% Groundnut oil, 20% Groundnut mill and 2%
cholesterol). Resveratrol-treated rabbits received resveratrol
suspended in 10 g/L carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the control group
received the vehicle only, CMC. The preparations were administered for
8 weeks of experimental protocol. At the end of the study period, the
animals were sacrificed. Blood and plasma samples were collected. Serum
evaluation of lipid profile such as total cholesterol (TC),
triacylglycerol (Tg), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDP-c) and
high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were also assessed. The
results obtained show significant (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in total
cholesterol (TC), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDP-c), total
triacylglycerol and an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-c) in resveratrol treated groups compared to HFD group only. In
conclusion, the findings indicated that Resveratrol may contain polar
products able to lower plasma lipid concentrations and might be
beneficial in treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160112016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16011Adetola, Ajadi RasheedOluwatobiloba, Ashogbon RashidatAbosede, Adeniyi AbisolaPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesBody mass index; Lipid profile; obesity; osteoarthritis; BoerboelenEvaluation of Body Mass Index and Plasma Lipid Profile in Boerboel DogsThis study evaluated the body mass index (BMI) and plasma lipid profile
in Boerboel dogs. Body weights (BW), height (H) at shoulder and waist
circumference (WC) were obtained from fifty-three Boerboels to
determine the BMI while, body condition score (BCS) was determined
subjectively. Also 5mls of blood was obtained from the dogs for
determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TRIG), low
density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Data
were presented as means ± standard deviation and results were
compared using analysis of variance. Relationship between BW, H and WC
was determined using regression analysis. Value was accepted
significant at p &lt; 0.05. There were no significant differences (P
&gt; 0.05) in BW, WC, BMI and GAS between male and female Boerboels,
however, H was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in male (62.0 ±
1.6 cm) than female Boerboels (57.0 ± 1.5 cm). BMI and HDL were
significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower in Boerboels &lt;23 months (112.4
± 2.8 Kg/m2; 36.0 ± 2.4mg/dl) compared with those 24 –
47 months (133.4 ± 1.8Kg/m2; 40.1 ± 2.2mg/dl) and &gt;48
months (137.9 ± 1.6kg/m2; 45.8 ± 2.6mg/dl) respectively.
However, there were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in TC,
TRIG, HDL and LDL between Boerboels with BCS &gt; 5 compared to those
with BCS &lt; 5. BMI linearly increased with decreasing H and WC in
Boerboel dogs.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160122016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16012Luther Agbonyegbeni, AgagaTheresa Adebola, JohnPhysiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciencespharmacology; medical students; biomedical science; education; NigeriaenConception of Pharmacological Knowledge and Needs Amongst Nigerian
Medical Students at Lagos State University College of Medicine:
Implication for Future Biomedical Science in AfricaIn Nigeria, medical students are trained in more didactic environments
than their counterparts in research-intensive academic medical centers.
Their conception of pharmacology was thus sought. Students who are
taking/have taken the medical pharmacology course completed an
18-question survey within 10min by marking one/more choices from
alternatives. Instructions were: “Dear Participant, Please treat
as confidential, give your true view, avoid influences, avoid
crosstalk, return survey promptly.” Out of 301 students, 188
(62.46%) participated. Simple statistics showed: 61.3% respondents
associated pharmacology with medicine, 24.9% with science, 16.8 % with
industry, and 11.1% with government; 32.8% want to know clinical
pharmacology, 7.1% basic pharmacology, 6.7% pharmacotherapy, and 34.2%
want a blend of all three; 57.8% want to know clinical uses of drugs,
44.8% mechanisms of action, 44.4% side effects, and 31.1% different
drugs in a group; 45.8% prefer to study lecturers’ notes, 26.7%
textbooks, 9.8% the Internet, and 2.7% journals; 46.7% use standard
textbooks, 11.5% revision texts, 2.66% advanced texts, and 8.4% no
textbook; 40.4% study pharmacology to be able to treat patients, 39.1%
to complete the requirements for MBBS degree, 8.9% to know this
interesting subject, and 3.1% to make money. Respondents preferring
aspects of pharmacology were: 42.7, 16, 16, and 10 (%) respectively for
mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and drug lists.
Medical students’ conception and need for pharmacology were based
on MBBS degree requirements; they lacked knowledge/interest in
pharmacology as a science and may not be the potential trusts for
Africa’s future pharmacology.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAAcria:bioline:np:np160132016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16013Ude, A.N.Edem, V.F.Onifade, A.A.Arinola, O.G.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesIllnesses; Cancers; DNA methylation; alcohol; micronutrientsenSerum Levels of Selected Vitamins and Trace Elements in Nigerian
Consumers of Alcoholic Beverage: A Suggestion for DNA HypomethylationFolic acid, vitamins and Zinc play essential role in DNA methylation
but alcohol consumption is known to affect the levels of these
micronutrients leading to risk of developing various illnesses and
certain cancers. This study determined the levels of DNA methylation
dependent-micronutrients (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, zinc and
selenium) and homocysteine as a suggestion for DNA methylation status
in Nigerian alcohol consumers compared with non-consumers of alcohol.
Venous blood (5ml) was obtained from thirty-four males that consume
alcoholic beverages for at least 10 years and thirty-two male controls
that did not consume alcoholic beverages at least 10 years. Serum
concentrations of folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, homocysteine (Hcy),
selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were determined using High Performance
Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
(AAS) as appropriate. Independent Student t-test was used to compare
the mean values between alcohol consumers and control. Mean differences
were considered significant at p&lt;0.05. The mean serum levels of Zn
and Se were significantly raised in alcohol consumers when compared
with non-alcohol consumers while the mean levels of Vitamin B6 and Hcy
were significantly reduced in alcohol consumers when compared with
non-alcohol consumers. There were no statistically significant
differences in the mean serum levels of Vitamin B12 and folate in
alcohol consumers when compared with non-alcohol consumers. Since
vitamin B6 and Hcy are required for DNA methylation, reduced vitamin B6
and Hcy levels in consumers of alcoholic beverages might suggest DNA
hypomethylation in alcohol consumers.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlSCcria:bioline:np:np160142016-11-11np2016-11-11http://www.bioline.org.br/abstract?id=np16014Onasanwo, S.A.Faborode, S.O.Ilenre, K.O.Physiological Society of NigeriaCopyright 2016 - Nigerian Journal of Physiological SciencesBuchholzia coriacea; Serotonergic system; Cholinergic system;
Adrenergic systemenAntidepressant-like Potentials of Buchholzia Coriacea Seed Extract:
Involvement of Monoaminergic and Cholinergic Systems, and Neuronal
Density in the Hippocampus of Adult MiceBuchholzia coriacea , taken by elderly, has phytochemicals that have
neuro-active metabolites, and the folklore documented its use in
neuro-behavioral despairs. Previous study in our laboratory shows that
methanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea (MEBC) seeds possess
antidepressant-like potentials in laboratory rodents. This present
study was conducted to investigate the probable mechanism(s) of action
by which MEBC potentiates its effects using laboratory rodents.
Involvements of serotonergic, cholinergic and adrenergic systems were
studied using Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST)
models of behavioral despair. Antagonists which including: Prazosin, an
alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blocker (62.5 μg/kg, i.p.),
metergoline, a 5HT2 receptor blocker (4 mg/kg, i.p.) and atropine, a
-muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker (1mg/kg i.p.) were
administered before effective dose of MEBC (50mg/kg). Also, the
hippocampi of the animals were studied for changes in neuronal density
using Nissl Staining. Our findings showed that mobility was reversed in
animals pre-treated with atropine, prazosin, and metergoline
significantly (P˂0.05), showing a possible involvement of the
corresponding systems. However, there was a significant reduction in
immobility time (P&lt;0.001) during FST after chronic administration of
the MEBC. The hippocampus showed no significant changes (P&lt;0.05) in
neuronal density. In conclusion, MEBC probably potentiates its
antidepressant-like potentials via the cholinergic, adrenergic and
partly by serotonergic systems.Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences (ISSN: 0794-859X) Vol 31 Num 1http://www.bioline.org.br/npOrigin of publication: NigeriahtmlAA