Hanna Carter, 5, of Roanoke, Va., takes a dosage of peanut protein from Nurse Practitioner Pam Steele at the Duke South Clinic at Duke University in Durham, N.C. Hanna is being treated for peanut allergies.

WASHINGTON — Scientists have the first evidence that life-threatening peanut allergies may be cured one day.

A few kids now are allergy-free thanks to a scary treatment — tiny amounts of the very food that endangered them.

Don’t try this at home. Doctors monitored the youngsters closely in case they needed rescue, and there’s no way to dice a peanut as small as the treatment doses required.

But over several years, the children’s bodies learned to tolerate peanuts. Immune-system tests show no sign of remaining allergy in five youngsters, and others can withstand amounts that once would have left them wheezing or worse, scientists reported Sunday.

Are the five cured? Doctors at Duke University Medical Center and Arkansas Children’s Hospital must track them years longer to be sure.

“We’re optimistic that they have lost their peanut allergy,” said the lead researcher, Dr. Wesley Burks, Duke’s allergy chief. “We’ve not seen this before medically. We’ll have to see what happens to them.”

More rigorous research is under way to confirm the pilot study, released Sunday at a meeting of the American Academy of Asthma and Immunology. If it pans out, the approach could mark a major advance for an allergy that afflicts 1.8 million people in the United States.

‘A burden lifted’For parents of these little allergy pioneers, that means no more fear that something as simple as sharing a friend’s cookie at school could mean a race to the emergency room.

“It’s such a burden lifted off your shoulder to realize you don’t have to worry about your child eating a peanut and ending up really sick,” said Rhonda Cassada of Hillsborough, N.C. Her 7-year-old son, Ryan, has been labeled allergy-free for two years and counting.

It’s a big change for a child who couldn’t tolerate one-sixth of a peanut when he entered the study at age 2 1/2. By 5, Ryan could eat a whopping 15 peanuts at a time with no sign of a reaction.

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Millions of people have food allergies and peanut allergy is considered the most dangerous, with life-threatening reactions possible from trace amounts. It accounts for most of the 30,000 emergency-room visits and up to 200 deaths attributed to food allergies each year. Although some children outgrow peanut allergy, that’s rare among the severely affected.

There’s no way to avoid a reaction other than avoiding peanuts. Those allergy shots that help people allergic to pollen and other environmental triggers reduce or eliminate symptoms — by getting used to small amounts of the allergen — are too risky for food allergies.

Oral desensitizationEnter oral immunotherapy.

Twenty-nine severely allergic children spent a day in the hospital swallowing minuscule but slowly increasing doses of a specially prepared peanut flour, until they had a reaction. The child went home with a daily dose just under that reactive amount, usually equivalent to one-thousandth of a peanut.

After eight months to 10 months of gradual dose increases, most can eat the peanut-flour equivalent of 15 peanuts daily, said Burks, who two years ago began reporting these signs of desensitization as long as children took their daily medicine.

Sunday’s report goes the next big step.

Nine children who had taken daily therapy for 2 1/2 years were given a series of peanut challenges. Four in the initial study report — and a fifth who finished testing last week — could stop treatment and avoid peanuts for an entire month and still have no reaction the next time they ate 15 whole peanuts. Immune-system changes suggest they’re truly allergy-free, Burks said.

Scientists call that tolerance — meaning their immune systems didn’t forget and go bad again — and it’s a first for food allergy treatment, said Dr. Marshall Plaut of the National Institutes of Health.

“Anything that would enable kids to eat peanuts would be a major advance,” Plaut said, cautioning that more study is needed. “This paper, if it’s correct, takes it to the next level. ... That is potentially very exciting.”

Arkansas Children’s Hospital has begun a study randomly assigning youngsters to eat either peanut flour or a dummy flour. It’s not over, but after the first year, the treated group ate the equivalent of 15 peanuts with no symptoms while the placebo group suffered symptoms to the equivalent of a single peanut, Burks said.

The treatment remains experimental, Burks stressed, although he hopes it will be ready for prime time in a few years.

He isn’t taking chances with the first five allergy-free kids. They’re under orders to eat the equivalent of a tablespoon of peanut butter a day to keep their bodies used to the allergen.

Ryan Cassada says his mom sometimes “hides them in things so she can force me to eat it.” Peanut butter cookies are OK, he says, just not straight peanut butter.

The battle is a small price, his mother said. “As much as I can get into him is fine with me. It’s huge knowing he won’t have a reaction.”