Similar presentations

3 Essentially“The only true basis of enduring peace is the willing cooperation of free peoples in a world in which, relieved of the menace of aggression, all may enjoy economic and social security” “It is our intention to work together, and with other free peoples, both in war and peace, to this end.”

4 First Washington ConferenceCodename : “Arcadia Conference”Arcadia, GreeceDec. 22, 1941 – Jan. 14, 194226 signatoriesRoosevelt first decides that the priority is to be GermanyDeclaration by “United Nations” signed on JanPromised to create the U.N.Created the ETO-European Theatre of Operations

6 Malta and Yalta Malta (Jan. 30 – Feb. 5 1945)Veto Power in U.N. proposed for “Great Powers”Eden and Hiss agreed to invite France and China, in addition to the Soviet Union, to future talks.Held due to Roosevelt’s HealthYalta (Feb. 4 – Feb )RussiaAgrees to vetoProposes seats for 16 Soviet Republics.14 denied."Yalta revealed cracks in the Grand Alliance. Only the common objective of defeating Hitler had kept it together.“ – Jeremy Isaacs

7 San Diego Conference Apr. 26 – June 25 San Diego, Ca.“ You must regardless of party, race, creed or color, to support our efforts to build a strong and lasting United Nations organization.“ – Harry S. TrumanSecretary of State : Cordell HullEstablished the Charter of the United NationsIt was put fully into effect after it was ratified by all of the “Great Powers” on October 24

9 Preamble WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINEDTo save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, andTo reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, andTo establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, andTo promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,AND FOR THESE ENDSTo practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbors, andTo unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, andTo ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, andTo employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMSAccordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

10 The Purposes of the United Nations are: (Article 1)1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;2. To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

11 MembersHas 192 members out of approximately 195 nations of the world. (Taiwan, Kosovo, Holy See, Vatican City).Permanent members: China, Russia, United Kingdom, United States, and France.

12 Obligations of Members (Article 2)3. All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.5. All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.7. Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter;

13 Article 43All Members of the United Nations, in order to contribute to the maintenance of international peace and security, undertake to make available to the Security Council, on its call and in accordance with a special agreement or agreements, armed forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

14 Action by the United NationsThe Security Council may decide what measures not involving the use of armed force are to be employed to give effect to its decisions, and it may call upon the Members of the United Nations to apply such measures. These may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations

15 The Army (or not so much)The peace keeping troops carry light to medium grade weapons.They are merely equipped to handle small scale confrontations.They do not have capability to overthrow a nation.

16 How come?Justification: UN Charter- National sovereignty is one of the biggest ideologies of the United Nations.Article 2. Sec 1. The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.Article 2 Sec 4. All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.

19 General Assembly One country, one vote Every member gets a seatLasts 2 weeks and held annuallyMajority Vote on Most Issues“Recommendations” only except with the budget2/3 VoteAdmission, Suspension, and Expulsion of MembersBudgetAmendment of U.N. Charter

20 Security Council Peace and Security Mandates"to maintain or restore international peace and security"Korean WarMandatesFive Permanent Members: U.S., U.K., Russ., Fr., China9 votes w/o veto requiredTen Other members are elected regionally by the General AssemblyDon’t possess a veto

22 TOO BAD THAT:There has never been an embargo placed on a member of the Security Council, despite the fact of justification.The Security Council would vote on it, but because the members are primarily, if not all, are industrialized nations.Therefore, why would they place a sanction on themselves?

23 Secretariat Research OrganizationMakes suggestions to other U.N. bodiesEmployees not rep. are in this U.N. organHeaded by the Secretary General who is currently Ban Kai MoonPower to put anything before any U.N. body for discussion

24 International Court of Justice (ICJ)Located in the Hague Netherlands (only organ not in the U.S.)15 judges elected by United Nations MembersSettles questions regarding compliance with charter and other international lawsAlso acts as legal council to all aspects of the U.N. including subsidiary organizations such as the WHO etc.

25 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)Promotes economic and/or social cooperationPresident elected from small and middle powersMeets in July annually54 MembersJobs:Gathering InfoAdvising MembersMaking Recommendations to other bodies

32 FailuresVenezuelaPrevention of Hugo Chavez taking power through rigged electionsCreation of IsraelMade an eternal Arab-Israeli WarSuez CanalTried to create peace, but France and U.K. vetoedIranNuclear Weapon DevelopmentFunding of TerrorismHuman Rights ViolationsHanging of Juvenile OffendersCleansing of gaysSexist PunishmentIraqKurdish CleansingSudanAfter hundreds of thousands of deaths there is still no recognition

33 Failures Continued Russia Occupation of Sphere U.S. Cuba Bay of PigsAssassination attemptsNicaraguaPrisonsGuantanamo BaySomaliaOne group given money then turned on interestsClimate ControlKyoto Protocol CreationNorth KoreaDevelopment of Nuclear WeaponsZimbabweExpulsion of White Farmers