Official Table Tennis Rules ExplainedThe Serve

What do the official table tennis rules say about a good serve?Why do the service rules keep changing? Find out here...

by courtesy of the ITTF

Throughout the history of table tennis the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) have amended the service rules many times.

As the best players develop ever more elaborate service techniques in order to gain an advantage over their opponent, the ITTF respond by
amending the service rules in an attempt to reduce their effectiveness.

However, as any table tennis player will tell you, this is a never ending process.

So let's take a closer look at what the official table tennis rules currently say about the service.

The Table Tennis Rules and Regulations Explained

A brief history

by courtesy of the ITTF

In the early days of table tennis, the service was used simply as a way of putting the ball into play. But as the game evolved it started to become
more and more important ... and soon it became just another opportunity to score a point.

Service techniques became more and more elaborate as players tried to gain an advantage over their opponent ... so much so that during the 1980s and
1990s, the top players were using service techniques which completely obscured their opponent's view of the ball during their service action.

They would either serve with their back to their opponent and use their upper body to obscure the ball, or stand sideways and use their free
arm to obscure the ball.

But why did that matter?

Well, if your opponent was unable to see your racket striking the ball, he couldn't judge how much spin you were imparting onto the ball ... so his
chances of making a good return were significantly diminished.

Therefore in an attempt to give the receiver a better chance of returning the serve, and to make the game more attractive for spectators, the ITTF
have had to constantly amend these official table tennis rules in order to curb the creativity of the best players and coaches.

So let's take a quick look at what the official table tennis rules say, and the reasons behind them...

Starting your serve

Rule 2.06.01 states that...

"Service shall start with the ball resting freely on the open palm of the server's stationary free hand".

by courtesy of the ITTF

The purpose of this rule is to prevent a player from imparting spin onto the ball (with his fingers or his hand) as he throws it up.

In the 1930s, finger spin serves were very popular and players were able to impart heavy spin onto the ball
before they struck it with their racket.

The service rules were therefore amended several times during the 1930s and 1940s in order to prevent these
types of service.

However, umpires are now told that they should concentrate on ensuring that the ball is resting freely on the palm of the server's hand ... so that no spin
can be imparted as the ball is thrown upwards ... rather than be too concerned with the precise curvature of the server's free hand.

Throwing the ball upwards

Rule 2.06.02 states...

"The server shall then project the ball near vertically upwards, without imparting spin, so that it rises at least 16cm (approx 6 inches)
after leaving the palm of the free hand and then falls without touching anything before being struck".

by courtesy of the ITTF

The purpose of this rule is to ensure that the server strikes the ball as it's falling from the vertical.

Before adding this requirement for the ball to rise by at least 16cm, it was difficult for the umpire to establish whether the ball was being struck
on the way up or on the way down.

Also, by requiring the server to throw the ball upwards within a few degrees of the vertical (rather than a previous rule which stated it had to be
within an angle of 45°), the umpire can be sure that the ball has been thrown upwards and not sideways or diagonally.

This prevents a player from throwing the ball directly onto his racket, thereby generating extra speed on his serve.

Also, by specifying that the ball must rise at least 16cm (approx 6 inches) from when it leaves your hand ... it means you must
throw it well clear of your hand. Therefore it's not a legal serve if you lift the ball up with your hand to shoulder height, then only throw it up less
than 16cm.

It's also worth noting that, as soon as the server has deliberately thrown the ball upwards, the ball is "in play", so if the server does
not make contact with the ball or serves incorrectly, he loses the point.

Once the ball has been thrown upwards, the official table tennis rules also specify how you must...

Strike the ball

Rule 2.06.03 states that...

"As the ball is falling the server shall strike it so that it touches first his court and then touches directly the receiver's court; in doubles, the ball shall touch successively the right half court of server and receiver."

The purpose of this rule is to ensure that the server can't serve overarm like in tennis. This would potentially make every serve unreturnable!

It also ensures that the ball must be struck as it's falling and not as it's rising.

Once your service has hit your side of the table it must pass over or around the net and then hit your opponent's side of the table.

The ball must bounce at least once on your opponent's side of the table and you can serve from and to, any part of the table.

However, in doubles, the serve must be played diagonally, i.e. within the right half courts only, whereas
in singles you can serve from and to, any part of the table.

If your opponent doesn't hit the ball after it has bounced once, you win the point (unless it touched the net when you served - then you replay the point).

Whilst serving, the official table tennis rules also say that you must keep the ball...

Above the playing surface

Rule 2.06.04 states that...

"From the start of service until it is struck, the ball shall be above the level of the playing surface and behind the server's end line, and it shall
not be hidden from the receiver by the server or his or her doubles partner or by anything they wear or carry."

by courtesy of the ITTF

This means that the ball must both be above the level of the
playing surface and behind the end line, during your entire service action.

(The end line is regarded as extending indefinitely in both directions).

Other parts of your body (for example your arm and parts of your hand), may be over the playing surface, but the ball must not.

The main purpose of this rule is to ensure that the ball is visible at all times to your opponent, however ... there's no specific
requirement for your opponent to be able to see your racket before you strike the ball, so you could begin your service action with your
racket concealed, for example, behind your back or under the table.

But, the most significant change in recent years to the official table tennis rules is that you must now make sure that the receiver can see the ball at
all times throughout the service...

No hiding

Rule 2.06.05 now states that...

"As soon as the ball has been projected, the server's free arm and hand shall be removed from the space between the ball and the net."

by courtesy of the ITTF

The main purpose of this rule is to make sure that the receiver (and the umpire) can see the ball throughout the service action.

This means that the receiver will be able to see the racket as it strikes the ball and therefore the receiver will have a much better chance of
reading the spin and, therefore, returning the service.

This rule is an extension of rule 2.06.04 and was introduced to stop players from hiding the contact point of the racket on the ball ... because if
your opponent can't see your racket striking the ball, he can't judge how much spin you're imparting onto the ball ... so his chances of
making a good return are significantly diminished.

Taking responsibility for your service

Rule 2.06.06 states that...

"It is the responsibility of the player to serve so that the umpire or the assistant umpire can be satisfied that he or she complies with the
requirements of the Laws, and either may decide that a service is incorrect."

This means what it says!

It's the responsibility of the player to serve so that the correctness of his service action can be seen by the umpire.

Warnings and penalties

Rule 2.06.06.01 also states that...

"If either the umpire or the assistant umpire is not sure about the legality of a service he or she may, on the first occasion in a match, interrupt
play and warn the server; but any subsequent service by that player or his or her doubles partner which is not clearly legal shall be considered
incorrect."

This means that an umpire who suspects, but isn't sure, that your service action is illegal, may warn you without awarding a point to your opponent.

However, the umpire will only give you one warning during a match ... so if any of your subsequent serves in that match are of doubtful legality, for
the same or any other reason ... your opponent will be awarded the point.

Whether or not the umpire gives you a formal warning, the umpire can advise you informally, between rallies, that your service may be incorrect and that
it may be punished if it doesn't improve.

But, contrary to popular belief, a player is not entitled to a warning for a first illegal service. A clear failure to meet the requirements of the
service law should always be penalised by the umpire awarding a point to your opponent.

The Table Tennis Rules and Regulations Explained

For more information about the rules of table tennis, take a look at my other articles which explain the Official
Laws of Table Tennis and the additional Regulations (for higher level play) in more detail...

The Laws of Table Tennis

The basic rules of table tennis
If you're just starting to play and you need to know the basic rules of table tennis,
you'll find them here...

The official rules of table tennis
The official rules of table tennis are known as
The Laws of Table Tennis ...
so if you need to check the official wording, you can read them here...

What do the rules say about playing doubles?
Whether you're playing singles or doubles, the rules of table tennis are essentially the same.
However, for doubles play
there are a few subtle variations. Read them here...

What do the rules say about volleying the ball?
Do the table tennis rules allow you to volley the ball?
Yes and No... Let me explain