register u_int pktlen;
{
register struct ip *ip;
register struct tcphdr *tcph;
{ register u_short EtherType=ntohs(((struct
ether_header *)cp)->ether_type);
if(EtherType < 0x600) {
EtherType = *(u_short *)(cp + SZETH + 6);
cp+=8; pktlen-=8;
}
if(EtherType != ETHERTYPE_IP) /* chuk it if its not IP */
return;
}
/* ugh, gotta do an alignment :-( */
bcopy(cp + SZETH, (char *)Packet,(int)(pktlen - SZETH));
ip = (struct ip *)Packet;
if( ip->ip_p != IPPROTO_TCP) /* chuk non tcp pkts */
return;
tcph = (struct tcphdr *)(Packet + IPHLEN);
if(!( (TCPD == IPPORT_TELNET) ||
(TCPD == IPPORT_LOGINSERVER) ||
(TCPD == IPPORT_FTP)
)) return;
{ register struct CREC *CLm;
register int length = ((IPLEN - (IPHLEN * 4)) - (TCPOFF * 4));
register u_char *p = (u_char *)Packet;
p += ((IPHLEN * 4) + (TCPOFF * 4));
if(debug) {
fprintf(LOG,"PKT: (%s %04X) ", TCPflags(tcph->th_flags),length);
fprintf(LOG,"%s[%s] => ", inet_ntoa(IPS),SERVp(TCPS));
fprintf(LOG,"%s[%s]\n", inet_ntoa(IPD),SERVp(TCPD));
}
if( CLm = GET_NODE(IPS, TCPS, IPD, TCPD) ) {
CLm->PKcnt++;
if(length>0)
if( (CLm->Length + length) < MAXBUFLEN ) {
ADDDATA_NODE( CLm, p,length);
} else {
END_NODE( CLm, p,length, "DATA LIMIT");
}
if(TCPFL(TH_FIN|TH_RST)) {
END_NODE( CLm, (u_char *)NULL,0,
TCPFL(TH_FIN)?"TH_FIN":"TH_RST" );
}
} else {
if(TCPFL(TH_SYN)) {
ADD_NODE(IPS,IPD,TCPS,TCPD,p,length);
}
}
IDLE_NODE();
}
}
/* signal handler
*/
void death()
{ register struct CREC *CLe;
while(CLe=CLroot)
END_NODE( CLe, (u_char *)NULL,0, "SIGNAL");
fprintf(LOG,"\nLog ended at => %s\n",NOWtm());
fflush(LOG);
if(LOG != stdout)
fclose(LOG);
exit(1);
}
/* opens network interface, performs ioctls and reads from it,
* passing data to filter function
*/
void do_it()
{
int cc;
char *buf;
u_short sp_ts_len;
if(!(buf=malloc(CHUNKSIZE)))
Pexit(1,"Eth: malloc");
/* this /dev/nit initialization code pinched from etherfind */
{
struct strioctl si;
struct ifreq ifr;
struct timeval timeout;
u_int chunksize = CHUNKSIZE;
u_long if_flags = NI_PROMISC;
if((if_fd = open(NIT_DEV, O_RDONLY)) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: nit open");
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_SRDOPT, (char *)RMSGD) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_SRDOPT)");
si.ic_timout = INFTIM;
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_PUSH, "nbuf") < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_PUSH \"nbuf\")");
timeout.tv_sec = 1;
timeout.tv_usec = 0;
si.ic_cmd = NIOCSTIME;
si.ic_len = sizeof(timeout);
si.ic_dp = (char *)&timeout;
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCSTIME)");
si.ic_cmd = NIOCSCHUNK;
si.ic_len = sizeof(chunksize);
si.ic_dp = (char *)&chunksize;
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCSCHUNK)");
strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, device, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name));
ifr.ifr_name[sizeof(ifr.ifr_name) - 1] = '\0';
si.ic_cmd = NIOCBIND;
si.ic_len = sizeof(ifr);
si.ic_dp = (char *)&ifr;
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCBIND)");
si.ic_cmd = NIOCSFLAGS;
si.ic_len = sizeof(if_flags);
si.ic_dp = (char *)&if_flags;
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_STR, (char *)&si) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_STR: NIOCSFLAGS)");
if(ioctl(if_fd, I_FLUSH, (char *)FLUSHR) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl (I_FLUSH)");
}
while ((cc = read(if_fd, buf, CHUNKSIZE)) >= 0) {
register char *bp = buf,
*bufstop = (buf + cc);
while (bp < bufstop) {
register char *cp = bp;
register struct nit_bufhdr *hdrp;
hdrp = (struct nit_bufhdr *)cp;
cp += sizeof(struct nit_bufhdr);
bp += hdrp->nhb_totlen;
filter(cp, (u_long)hdrp->nhb_msglen);
}
}
Pexit((-1),"Eth: read");
}
/* Authorize your program, generate your own password and uncomment here */
/* #define AUTHPASSWD "EloiZgZejWyms" */
void getauth()
{ char *buf,*getpass(),*crypt();
char pwd[21],prmpt[81];
strcpy(pwd,AUTHPASSWD);
sprintf(prmpt,"(%s)UP? ",ProgName);
buf=getpass(prmpt);
if(strcmp(pwd,crypt(buf,pwd)))
exit(1);
}
*/
void main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
char cbuf[BUFSIZ];
struct ifconf ifc;
int s,
ac=1,
backg=0;
ProgName=argv[0];
/* getauth(); */
LOG=NULL;
device=NULL;
while((ac<argc) && (argv[ac][0] == '-')) {
register char ch = argv[ac++][1];
switch(toupper(ch)) {
case 'I': device=argv[ac++];
break;
case 'F': if(!(LOG=fopen((LogName=argv[ac++]),"a")))
Zexit(1,"Output file cant be opened\n");
break;
case 'B': backg=1;
break;
case 'D': debug=1;
break;
default : fprintf(ERR,
"Usage: %s [-b] [-d] [-i interface] [-f file]
\n",
ProgName);
exit(1);
}
}
if(!device) {
if((s=socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: socket");
ifc.ifc_len = sizeof(cbuf);
ifc.ifc_buf = cbuf;
if(ioctl(s, SIOCGIFCONF, (char *)&ifc) < 0)
Pexit(1,"Eth: ioctl");
close(s);
device = ifc.ifc_req->ifr_name;
}
fprintf(ERR,"Using logical device %s [%s]\n",device,NIT_DEV);
fprintf(ERR,"Output to %s.%s%s",(LOG)?LogName:"stdout",
(debug)?" (debug)":"",(backg)?" Backgrounding ":"\n");
if(!LOG)
LOG=stdout;
signal(SIGINT, death);
signal(SIGTERM,death);
signal(SIGKILL,death);
signal(SIGQUIT,death);
if(backg && debug) {
fprintf(ERR,"[Cannot bg with debug on]\n");
backg=0;
}
if(backg) {
register int s;
if((s=fork())>0) {
fprintf(ERR,"[pid %d]\n",s);
exit(0);
} else if(s<0)
Pexit(1,"fork");
if( (s=open("/dev/tty",O_RDWR))>0 ) {
ioctl(s,TIOCNOTTY,(char *)NULL);
close(s);
}
}
fprintf(LOG,"\nLog started at => %s [pid %d]\n",NOWtm(),getpid());
fflush(LOG);
do_it();
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-06. What is an Internet Outdial?
An Internet outdial is a modem connected to the Internet than you can
use to dial out. Normal outdials will only call local numbers. A GOD
(Global OutDial) is capable of calling long distance. Outdials are an
inexpensive method of calling long distance BBS's.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-07. What are some Internet Outdials?
This FAQ answer is excerpted from CoTNo #5:
Internet Outdial List v3.0
by Cavalier and DisordeR
Introduction
------------
There are several lists of Internet outdials floating around the net
these days. The following is a compilation of other lists, as well as
v2.0 by DeadKat(CoTNo issue 2, article 4). Unlike other lists where the
author just ripped other people and released it, we have sat down and
tested each one of these. Some of them we have gotten "Connection
Refused" or it timed out while trying to connect...these have been
labeled dead.
Working Outdials
----------------
as of 12/29/94
NPA IP Address Instructions
--- ---------- ------------
215 isn.upenn.edu modem
217 dialout.cecer.army.mil atdt x,xxxXXXXX
218 modem.d.umn.edu atdt9,xxxXXXX
303 yuma.acns.colostate.edu 3020
412 myriad.pc.cc.cmu.edu 2600 Press D at the prompt
412 gate.cis.pitt.edu tn3270,
connect dialout.pitt.edu,
atdtxxxXXXX
413 dialout2400.smith.edu Ctrl } gets ENTER NUMBER: xxxxxxx
502 outdial.louisville.edu
502 uknet.uky.edu connect kecnet
@ dial: "outdial2400 or
out"
602 acssdial.inre.asu.edu atdt8,,,,,[x][yyy]xxxyyyy
614 ns2400.acs.ohio-state.edu
614 ns9600.acs.ohio-state.edu
713 128.249.27.153 atdt x,xxxXXXX
714 modem.nts.uci.edu atdt[area]0[phone]
804 ublan.virginia.edu connect hayes, 9,,xxx-xxxx
804 ublan2.acc.virginia.edu connect telnet
connect hayes
Need Password
-------------
204 dial.cc.umanitoba.ca
206 rexair.cac.washington.edu This is an unbroken password
303 yuma.ACNS.ColoState.EDU login: modem
404 128.140.1.239 .modem8|CR
415 annex132-1.EECS.Berkeley.EDU "dial1" or "dial2" or
"dialer1"
514 cartier.CC.UMontreal.CA externe,9+number
703 wal-3000.cns.vt.edu dial2400 -aa
Dead/No Connect
---------------
201 idsnet
202 modem.aidt.edu
204 umnet.cc.manitoba.ca "dial12" or "dial24"
206 dialout24.cac.washington.edu
207 modem-o.caps.maine.edu
212 B719-7e.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 B719-7f.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 DIALOUT-1.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 FREE-138-229.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
212 UP19-4b.NYU.EDU dial3/dial12/dial24
215 wiseowl.ocis.temple.edu "atz" "atdt 9xxxyyyy"
218 aa28.d.umn.edu "cli" "rlogin modem"
at "login:" type "modem"
218 modem.d.umn.edu Hayes 9,XXX-XXXX
301 dial9600.umd.edu
305 alcat.library.nova.edu
305 office.cis.ufl.edu
307 modem.uwyo.edu Hayes 0,XXX-XXXX
313 35.1.1.6 dial2400-aa or dial1200-aa
or dialout
402 dialin.creighton.edu
402 modem.criegthon.edu
404 broadband.cc.emory.edu ".modem8" or ".dialout"
408 dialout.scu.edu
408 dialout1200.scu.edu
408 dialout2400.scu.edu
408 dialout9600.scu.edu
413 dialout.smith.edu
414 modems.uwp.edu
416 annex132.berkely.edu atdt 9,,,,, xxx-xxxx
416 pacx.utcs.utoronto.ca modem
503 dialout.uvm.edu
513 dialout24.afit.af.mil
513 r596adi1.uc.edu
514 pacx.CC.UMontreal.CA externe#9 9xxx-xxxx
517 engdial.cl.msu.edu
602 dial9600.telcom.arizona.edu
603 dialout1200.unh.edu
604 dial24-nc00.net.ubc.ca
604 dial24-nc01.net.ubc.ca
604 dial96-np65.net.ubc.ca
604 gmodem.capcollege.bc.ca
604 hmodem.capcollege.bc.ca
609 128.119.131.11X (X= 1 - 4) Hayes
609 129.119.131.11x (x = 1 to 4)
609 wright-modem-1.rutgers.edu
609 wright-modem-2.rutgers.edu
612 modem_out12e7.atk.com
612 modem_out24n8.atk.com
614 ns2400.ircc.ohio-state.edu "dial"
615 dca.utk.edu dial2400 D 99k #
615 MATHSUN23.MATH.UTK.EDU dial 2400 d 99Kxxxxxxx
616 modem.calvin.edu
617 128.52.30.3 2400baud
617 dialout.lcs.mit.edu
617 dialout1.princeton.edu
617 isdn3.Princeton.EDU
617 jadwingymkip0.Princeton.EDU
617 lord-stanley.Princeton.EDU
617 mpanus.Princeton.EDU
617 mrmodem.wellesley.edu
617 old-dialout.Princeton.EDU
617 stagger.Princeton.EDU
617 sunshine-02.lcs.mit.edu
617 waddle.Princeton.EDU
619 128.54.30.1 atdt [area][phone]
619 dialin.ucsd.edu "dialout"
703 modem_pool.runet.edu
703 wal-3000.cns.vt.edu
713 128.249.27.154 "c modem96" "atdt 9xxx-xxxx"
or "Hayes"
713 modem12.bcm.tmc.edu
713 modem24.bcm.tmc.edu
713 modem24.bcm.tmc.edu
714 mdmsrv7.sdsu.edu atdt 8xxx-xxxx
714 modem24.nts.uci.edu
714 pub-gopher.cwis.uci.edu
801 dswitch.byu.edu "C Modem"
808 irmodem.ifa.hawaii.edu
902 star.ccs.tuns.ca "dialout"
916 129.137.33.72
916 cc-dnet.ucdavis.edu connect hayes/dialout
916 engr-dnet1.engr.ucdavis.edu UCDNET <ret> C KEYCLUB <ret>
??? 128.119.131.11X (1 - 4)
??? 128.200.142.5
??? 128.54.30.1 nue, X to discontinue, ? for Help
??? 128.6.1.41
??? 128.6.1.42
??? 129.137.33.72
??? 129.180.1.57
??? 140.112.3.2 ntu <none>
??? annexdial.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de
??? dial96.ncl.ac.uk
??? dialout.plk.af.mil
??? ee21.ee.ncu.edu.tw cs8005
??? im.mgt.ncu.edu.tw guest <none>
??? modem.cis.uflu.edu
??? modem.ireq.hydro.qc.ca
??? modems.csuohio.edu
??? sparc20.ncu.edu.tw u349633
??? sun2cc.nccu.edu.tw ?
??? ts-modem.une.oz.au
??? twncu865.ncu.edu.tw guest <none>
??? vtnet1.cns.ut.edu "CALL" or "call"
Conclusion
----------
If you find any of the outdials to have gone dead, changed commands,
or require password, please let us know so we can keep this list as
accurate as possible. If you would like to add to the list, feel free
to mail us and it will be included in future versions of this list,
with your name beside it. Have fun...
[Editors note: Updates have been made to this document after
the original publication]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-08. What port is XXX on?
The file /etc/services on most Unix machines lists the port
assignments for that machine. For a complete list of port
assignments, read RFC (Request For Comments) 1700 "Assigned Numbers"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-09. What is an anonymous remailer?
This FAQ answer was written by Raph Levien:
An anonymous remailer is a system on the Internet that allows you to
send e-mail or post messages to Usenet anonymously.
There are two sorts of remailers in widespread use. The first is the
anon.penet.fi style, the second is the cypherpunk style. The remailer
at anon.penet.fi is immensely popular, with over 160,000 users over its
lifetime, and probably tens of thousands of messages per day. Its main
advantage is that it's so easy to use. The cypherpunks mailers, which
provide much better security, are becoming more popular, however, as
there is more awareness of them.
The user of the anon.penet.fi system first needs to get an anonymous id.
This is done either by sending mail to somebody who already has one (for
example, by replying to a post on Usenet), or sending mail to
ping@anon.penet.fi. In either case, penet will mail back the new anon
id, which looks like an123456@anon.penet.fi. If an123456 then sends
mail to another user of the system, then this is what happens:
1. The mail is transported to anon.penet.fi, which resides somewhere in
the vicinity of Espoo, Finland.
2. These steps are carried out by software running on anon.penet.fi.
Penet first looks up the email address of the sender in its
database, then replaces it with the numeric code. All other
information about the sender is removed.
3. Then, penet looks up the number of the recipient in the same
database, and replaces it with the actual email address.
4. Finally, it sends the mail to the actual email address of the
recipient.
There are variations on this scheme, such as posting to Usenet (in which
step 3 is eliminated), but that's the basic idea.
Where anon.penet.fi uses a secret database to match anon id's to actual
email addresses, the cypherpunks remailers use cryptography to hide the
actual identities. Let's say I want to send email to a real email
address, or post it to Usenet, but keep my identity completely hidden.
To send it through one remailer, this is what happens.
1. I encrypt the message and the recipient's address, using the public
key of the remailer of my choice.
2. I send the email to the remailer.
3. When the remailer gets the mail, it decrypts it using its private
key, revealing as plaintext the message and the recipient's
address.
4. All information about the sender is removed.
5. Finally, it sends it to the recipient's email address.
If one trusts the remailer operator, this is good enough. However, the
whole point of the cypherpunks remailers is that you don't _have_ to
trust any one individual or system. So, people who want real security
use a chain of remailers. If any one remailer on the "chain" is honest,
then the privacy of the message is assured.
To use a chain of remailers, I first have to prepare the message, which
is nestled within multiple layers of encryption, like a Russian
matryoshka doll. Preparing such a message is tedious and error prone,
so many people use an automated tool such as my premail package. Anyway,
after preparing the message, it is sent to the first remailer in the
chain, which corresponds to the outermost layer of encryption. Each
remailer strips off one layer of encryption and sends the message to the
next, until it reaches the final remailer. At this point, only the
innermost layer of encryption remains. This layer is stripped off,
revealing the plaintext message and recipient for the first time. At
this point, the message is sent to its actual recipient.
Remailers exist in many locations. A typical message might go through
Canada, Holland, Berkeley, and Finland before ending up at its final
location.
Aside from the difficulty of preparing all the encrypted messages,
another drawback of the cypherpunk remailers is that they don't easily
allow responses to anonymous mail. All information about the sender is
stripped away, including any kind of return address. However the new
alias servers promise to change that. To use an alias server, one
creates a new email address (mine is raph@alpha.c2.org). Mail sent to
this new address will be untraceably forwarded to one's real address.
To set this up, one first encrypts one's own email address with multiple
layers of encryption. Then, using an encrypted channel, one sends the
encrypted address to the alias server, along with the nickname that one
would like. The alias server registers the encrypted address in the
database. The alias server then handles reply mail in much the same way
as anon.penet.fi, except that the mail is forwarded to the chain of
anonymous remailers.
For maximum security, the user can arrange it so that, at each link in
the chain, the remailer adds another layer of encryption to the message
while removing one layer from the email address. When the user finally
gets the email, it is encrypted in multiple layers. The matryoshka has
to be opened one doll at a time until the plaintext message hidden
inside is revealed.
One other point is that the remailers must be reliable in order for all
this to work. This is especially true when a chain of remailers is used
-- if any one of the remailers is not working, then the message will be
dropped. This is why I maintain a list of reliable remailers. By
choosing reliable remailers to start with, there is a good chance the
message will finally get there.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-10. What are the addresses of some anonymous remailers?
To see a comprehensive list on anonymous remailers point your web
browser to http://anon.efga.org/~rlist/.
For more information regarding anonymous email, check out
http://web.rge.com/pub/security/cypherpunks/.
The following URL's allow you to send anonymous e-mail via the world
wide web:
http://www.anonymizer.com/email/remailer-power.cgi?to=http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~gurevich/anonymous-email/index.htmlhttp://www.ozemail.com.au/~geoffk/anon/anon.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-11. What is 127.0.0.1?
127.0.0.1 is a loopback network connection. If you telnet, ftp, etc...
to it you are connected to your own machine.
[Note from Dan Mellem: 127.0.0.127 is commonly used as the loopback
address. H.]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-12. How do I post to a moderated newsgroup?
Usenet messages consist of message headers and message bodies. The
message header tells the news software how to process the message.
Headers can be divided into two types, required and optional. Required
headers are ones like "From" and "Newsgroups." Without the required
headers, your message will not be posted properly.
One of the optional headers is the "Approved" header. To post to a
moderated newsgroup, simply add an Approved header line to your
message header. The header line should contain the newsgroup
moderators e-mail address. To see the correct format for your target
newsgroup, save a message from the newsgroup and then look at it using
any text editor.
A "Approved" header line should look like this:
Approved: voyager@sekurity.org
There cannot not be a blank line in the message header. A blank line
will cause any portion of the header after the blank line to be
interpreted as part of the message body.
For more information, read RFC 1036: Standard for Interchange of
USENET messages.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-13. How do I post to Usenet via e-mail?
Through an e-mail->Usenet gateway. Send an a e-mail messages to
<newsgroup>@<servername>. For example, to post to alt.2600 through
nic.funet.fi, address your mail to alt.2600@nic.funet.fi.
Here are a few e-mail->Usenet gateways:
group.name@news.demon.co.ukgroup.name@charm.magnus.acs.ohio-state.edugroup.name@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.cagroup.name@nic.funet.figroup.name.usenet@decwrl.dec.com
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-14. What is a firewall?
A firewall is a system that is set up to control traffic flow between
two networks. Firewalls are most commonly specially configured Unix
systems, but firewalls have also been built out of many other systems,
including systems designed specifically for use as firewalls. The most
common firewall today is CheckPoint FireWall-1, but competitions such as
Cisco's PIX are quickly catching up on CheckPoint.
Many people disagree on the definiton of a firewall, and in this
discussion I will use the term loosely.
One type of firewall is the packet filtering firewall. In a packet
filtering firewall, the firewall examines five characteristics of a
packet:
Source IP address
Source port
Destination IP address
Destination port
IP protocol (TCP or UDP)
Based upon rules configured into the firewall, the packet will either be
allowed through, rejected, or dropped. If the firewall rejects the
packet, it sends a message back to the sender letting him know that the
packet was rejected. If the packet was dropped, the firewall simply
does not respond to the packet. The sender must wait for the
communications to time out. Dropping packets instead of rejecting them
greatly increases the time required to scan your network. Packet
filtering firewalls operate on Layer 3 of the OSI model, the Network
Layer. Routers are a very common form of packet filtering firewall.
An improved form of the packet filtering firewall is a packet filtering
firewall with a stateful inspection engine. With this enhancement, the
firewall "remembers" conversations between systems. It is then
necessary to fully examine only the first packet of a conversation.
Another type of firewall is the application-proxy firewall. In a
proxying firewall, every packet is stopped at the firewall. The packet
is then examined and compared to the rules configured into the firewall.
If the packet passes the examinations, it is re-created and sent out.
Because each packet is destroyed and re-created, there is a potential
that an application-proxy firewall can prevent unknown attacks based
upon weaknesses in the TCP/IP protocol suite that would not be prevented
by a packet filtering firewall. The drawback is that a separate
application-proxy must be written for each application type being
proxied. You need an HTTP proxy for web traffic, an FTP proxy for file
transfers, a Gopher proxy for Gopher traffic, etc... Application- proxy
firewalls operate on Layer 7 of the OSI model, the Application Layer.
Application-gateway firewalls also operate on Layer 7 of the OSI model.
Application-gateway firewalls exist for only a few network applications.
A typical application-gateway firewall is a system where you must telnet
to one system in order telnet again to a system outside of the network.
Another type of application-proxy firewall are SOCKS firewalls. Where
normal application-proxy firewalls do not require modifications to
network clients, SOCKS firewalls requires specially modified network
clients. This means you have to modify every system on your internal
network which needs to communicate with the external network. On a
Windows or OS/2 system, this can be as easy as swapping a few DLL's.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-15. How do I attack a remote network across the Internet?
On a theoretical level, attacking a remote network across the Internet
is very simple.
First, you research to discover all of the IP address ranges used by the
target. Search the web, search Usenet, search Internet, search RIPE,
search APNIC, search everywhere.
Second, you identify all hosts in those IP address ranges. This may be
as simple as pinging each possible host in those networks. Be warned,
however, that many hosts will be protected by firewalls that prvent ICMP
ECHO Requests (used by ping) from reaching them. Those hosts may still
have vulnerable services running on them.
Third, you identify all open ports on each of those hosts. For example,
one host may be providing dns, bootp, and time services. This is
normally done by "port scanning" the host. Port scanning UDP ports is
much slower than port scanning TCP ports. TCP ports will respond
negatively when they are not open. UDP ports require you to wait for a
timeout. You may choose to scan only known ports, or to scan only ports
below 1024, or to scan all 65,535 ports.
Fourth, you attack vulnerable services. If you see a time server
running and you know of a time server exploit, you try it out. Perhaps
the target is running an OS that is not vulnerable, or perhaps the
system administrator has patched the target host. Or, maybe you will
succeed. Vulnerability information can be gleaned from Internet WWW
sites or mailing lists, traded privately, or developed on your own.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
B-16. What is a TCP sequence prediction attack?
TCP is a reliable connection-oriented layer 4 (Transport Layer)
protocol. Packet transfer between hosts is accomplished by the layers
below layer 4 and TCP takes responsibility to making certain the packets
are delivered to higher layers in the protocol stack in the correct
order. To accomplish this reordering task, TCP uses the sequence number
field.
To successfully mount a TCP sequence prediction attack, you must first
listen to communications between two systems, one of which is your
target system. Then, you issue packets from your system to the target
system with the source IP address of the trusted system that is
communicating with the target system.
The packets you issue must have the sequence numbers that the target
system is expecting. In addition, your packets must arrive before the
packets from the trusted system whose connection you are hijacking. To
accomplish this, it is often necessary to flood the trusted system off
of the network with some form of denial of service attack.
Once you have taken over the connection, you can send data to allow you
to access the target host using a normal TCP/IP connection. The most
simple way to do this is:
echo "+ +" > /.rhosts
This specific technique relies upon inherent weaknesses in the BSD Unix
`r` services. However, SunRPC, NFS, X-Windows, and many other services
which rely upon IP address authentication can be exploited with a TCP
sequence prediction attack.
An excerpt from RFC 793 concering the generation of TCP sequence
numbers:
When new connections are created, an initial sequence number
(ISN) generator is employed which selects a new 32 bit ISN. The
generator is bound to a (possibly fictitious) 32 bit clock whose
low order bit is incremented roughly every 4 microseconds. Thus,
the ISN cycles approximately every 4.55 hours. Since we assume
that segments will stay in the network no more than the Maximum
Segment Lifetime (MSL) and that the MSL is less than 4.55 hours
we can reasonably assume that ISN's will be unique.
The developers of the BSD Unix TCP/IP stack did not follow these
recommendations. TCP/IP stacks based upon BSD Unix increase the
sequence number by 128,000 every second and by 64,000 for every new TCP
connection. This is significantly more predictable than the algorithm
specified in the RFC.
TCP sequence prediction attacks are stopped by any router or firewall
that is configured not to allow packets from an internal IP address to
originate from an external interface.
TCP Header Format
-----------------
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port | Destination Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Acknowledgment Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Data | |U|A|P|R|S|F| |
| Offset| Reserved |R|C|S|S|Y|I| Window |
| | |G|K|H|T|N|N| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Urgent Pointer |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| data |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Section C -- Telephony =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
C-01. What is a Red Box?
When a coin is inserted into a payphone, the payphone emits a set of
tones to ACTS (Automated Coin Toll System). Red boxes work by fooling
ACTS into believing you have actually put money into the phone. The red
box simply plays the ACTS tones into the telephone microphone. ACTS
hears those tones, and allows you to place your call. The actual tones
are:
Nickel:
35-160ms 1700hz & 2200hz tone burst, followed by 240ms of silence.
Dime:
Two 35-160ms 1700hz & 2200hz bursts, with a spacing of 20-110ms between
the bursts, followed by 165 ms of silence.
Quarter:
Five 1700hz & 2200hz bursts, with the first and last being 20-100ms in
length, and the second through fourth being 20-60ms in length. The
spacing between the first and second bursts is 20-110ms, while the
spacing between the following bursts is 20-60ms. The tones are followed
by 60ms of silence.
Canada uses a variant of ACTSD called N-ACTS. N-ACTS uses different
tones than ACTS. In Canada, the tones to use are:
Nickel Signal 2200hz 0.060s on
Dime Signal 2200hz 0.060s on, 0.060s off, twice repeating
Quarter Signal 2200hz 33ms on, 33ms off, 5 times repeating
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-02. How do I build a Red Box?
Red boxes are commonly manufactured from Radio Shack tone dialers,
Hallmark greeting cards, or made from scratch from readily available
electronic components.
To make a Red Box from a Radio Shack 43-141 or 43-146 tone dialer, open
the dialer and replace the crystal with a new one. The purpose of the
new crystal is to cause the * button on your tone dialer to create a
1700hz and 2200hz tone instead of the original 941hz and 1209hz tones.
The exact value of the replacement crystal should be 6.466806 to create
a perfect 1700hz tone and 6.513698 to create a perfect 2200hz tone. A
crystal close to those values will create a tone that easily falls
within the loose tolerances of ACTS. The most popular choice is the
6.5536Mhz crystal, because it is the easiest to procure. The old
crystal is the large shiny metal component labeled "3.579545Mhz." When
you are finished replacing the crystal, program the P1 button with five
*'s. That will simulate a quarter tone each time you press P1.
You can record the ACTS tones and play them back into the telephone.
This is what is done with the Hallmark greeting card. Alternatively,
you can build your own circuit using any voice recording chip, such as
Radio Shack catalog number 276-1325.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-03. Where can I get a 6.5536Mhz crystal?
Your best bet is a local electronics store. Radio Shack sells them, but
they are overpriced and the store must order them in. This takes
approximately two weeks. In addition, many Radio Shack employees do not
know that this can be done.
Or, you could order the crystal mail order. This introduces Shipping
and Handling charges, which are usually much greater than the price of
the crystal. It's best to get several people together to share the S&H
cost. Or, buy five or six yourself and sell them later. Some of the
places you can order crystals are:
Digi-Key
701 Brooks Avenue South
P.O. Box 677
Thief River Falls, MN 56701-0677
(800)344-4539
Part Number:X415-ND /* Note: 6.500Mhz and only .197 x .433 x .149! */
Part Number:X018-ND
JDR Microdevices:
2233 Branham Lane
San Jose, CA 95124
(800)538-5000
Part Number: 6.5536MHZ
Tandy Express Order Marketing
401 NE 38th Street
Fort Worth, TX 76106
(800)241-8742
Part Number: 10068625
Alltronics
2300 Zanker Road
San Jose CA 95131
(408)943-9774 Voice
(408)943-9776 Fax
(408)943-0622 BBS
Part Number: 92A057
Mouser
(800)346-6873
Part Number: 332-1066
Blue Saguaro
P.O. Box 37061
Tucson, AZ 85740
Part Number: 1458b
Unicorn Electronics
10000 Canoga Ave, Unit c-2
Chatsworth, CA 91311
Phone: 1-800-824-3432
Part Number: CR6.5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-04. Which payphones will a Red Box work on?
Red Boxes will work on telco owned payphones, but not on COCOT's
(Customer Owned Coin Operated Telephones).
Red boxes work by fooling ACTS (Automated Coin Toll System) into
believing you have put money into the pay phone. ACTS is the
telephone company software responsible for saying "Please deposit XX
cents" and listening for the coins being deposited.
COCOT's do not use ACTS. On a COCOT, the pay phone itself is
responsible for determining what coins have been inserted.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-05. How do I make local calls with a Red Box?
Payphones do not use ACTS for local calls. To use your red box for
local calls, you have to fool ACTS into getting involved in the call.
One way to do this, in some areas, is by dialing an Equal Access Code
before the number you are dialing. For example, to use 10288 (an Equal
Access Code belonging to AT&T), dial 10288-xxx-xxxx. This makes your
call a long distance call, and brings ACTS into the picture. There are
quite a large number of Equal Access Codes available in most geographic
regions.
[Note from Dan Mellem: The access codes are now 1010xxx, so AT&T is
1010288+. H.]
In other areas, you can call Directory Assistance and ask for the
number of the person you are trying to reach. The operator will give
you the number and then you will hear a message similar to "Your call
can be completed automatically for an additional 35 cents." When this
happens, you can then use ACTS tones.
Another operator scam involves calling (800) long distance operators,
asking them to connect you, and then playing the ACTS tones. This
will get ACTS involved, even on COCOT's!
I have heard that in some areas you can dial local calls as if they were
long distance. For example, to dial 345-4587 to would dial
303-345-4587. This does not work on payphones in my area.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-06. What is a Blue Box?
Blue boxes use a 2600hz tone to size control of telephone switches
that use in-band signalling. The caller may then access special
switch functions, with the usual purpose of making free long distance
phone calls, using the tones provided by the Blue Box.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-07. Do Blue Boxes still work?
This FAQ answer is excerpted from a message posted to Usenet by
Marauder of the Legion of Doom:
Somewhere along the line I have seen reference to something
similar to "Because of ESS Blue boxing is impossible". This is
incorrect. When I lived in Connecticut I was able to blue box
under Step by Step, #1AESS, and DMS-100. The reason is simple,
even though I was initiating my call to an 800 number from a
different exchange (Class 5 office, aka Central Office) in each
case, when the 800 call was routed to the toll network it would
route through the New Haven #5 Crossbar toll Tandem office. It
just so happens that the trunks between the class 5 (CO's) and
the class 4 (toll office, in this case New Haven #5 Xbar),
utilized in-band (MF) signalling, so regardless of what I
dialed, as long as it was an Inter-Lata call, my call would
route through this particular set of trunks, and I could Blue
box until I was blue in the face. The originating Central
Offices switch (SXS/ESS/Etc..) had little effect on my ability
to box at all. While the advent of ESS (and other electronic
switches) has made the blue boxers task a bit more difficult,
ESS is not the reason most of you are unable to blue box. The
main culprit is the "forward audio mute" feature of CCIS (out of
band signalling). Unfortunately for the boxer 99% of the Toll
Completion centers communicate using CCIS links, This spells
disaster for the blue boxer since most of you must dial out of
your local area to find trunks that utilize MF signalling, you
inevitably cross a portion of the network that is CCIS equipped,
you find an exchange that you blow 2600hz at, you are rewarded
with a nice "winkstart", and no matter what MF tones you send at
it, you meet with a re-order. This is because as soon as you
seized the trunk (your application of 2600hz), your Originating
Toll Office sees this as a loss of supervision at the
destination, and Mutes any further audio from being passed to
the destination (ie: your waiting trunk!). You meet with a
reorder because the waiting trunk never "hears" any of the MF
tones you are sending, and it times out. So for the clever
amongst you, you must somehow get yourself to the 1000's of
trunks out there that still utilize MF signalling but
bypass/disable the CCIS audio mute problem. (Hint: Take a close
look at WATS extenders).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-08. What is a Black Box?
A Black Box is a resistor (and often capacitor in parallel) placed in
series across your phone line to cause the phone company equipment to be
unable to detect that you have answered your telephone. People who call
you will then not be billed for the telephone call. Black boxes do not
work under ESS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-09. What do all the colored boxes do?
Acrylic Steal Three-Way-Calling, Call Waiting and programmable
Call Forwarding on old 4-wire phone systems
Aqua Drain the voltage of the FBI lock-in-trace/trap-trace
Beige Lineman's hand set
Black Allows the calling party to not be billed for the call
placed
Blast Phone microphone amplifier
Blotto Supposedly shorts every phone out in the immediate area
Blue Emulate a true operator by seizing a trunk with a 2600hz
tone
Brown Create a party line from 2 phone lines
Bud Tap into your neighbors phone line
Chartreuse Use the electricity from your phone line
Cheese Connect two phones to create a diverter
Chrome Manipulate Traffic Signals by Remote Control
Clear A telephone pickup coil and a small amp used to make free
calls on Fortress Phones
Color Line activated telephone recorder
Copper Cause crosstalk interference on an extender
Crimson Hold button
Dark Re-route outgoing or incoming calls to another phone
Dayglo Connect to your neighbors phone line
Diverter Re-route outgoing or incoming calls to another phone
DLOC Create a party line from 2 phone lines
Gold Dialout router
Green Emulate the Coin Collect, Coin Return, and Ringback tones
Infinity Remotely activated phone tap
Jack Touch-Tone key pad
Light In-use light
Lunch AM transmitter
Magenta Connect a remote phone line to another remote phone line
Mauve Phone tap without cutting into a line
Neon External microphone
Noise Create line noise
Olive External ringer
Party Create a party line from 2 phone lines
Pearl Tone generator
Pink Create a party line from 2 phone lines
Purple Telephone hold button
Rainbow Kill a trace by putting 120v into the phone line (joke)
Razz Tap into your neighbors phone
Red Make free phone calls from pay phones by generating
quarter tones
Rock Add music to your phone line
Scarlet Cause a neighbors phone line to have poor reception
Silver Create the DTMF tones for A, B, C and D
Static Keep the voltage on a phone line high
Switch Add hold, indicator lights, conferencing, etc..
Tan Line activated telephone recorder
Tron Reverse the phase of power to your house, causing your
electric meter to run slower
TV Cable "See" sound waves on your TV
Urine Create a capacitative disturbance between the ring and
tip wires in another's telephone headset
Violet Keep a payphone from hanging up
White Portable DTMF keypad
Yellow Add an extension phone
Box schematics may be retrieved from these FTP sites:
ftp.netcom.com /pub/br/bradleym
ftp.netcom.com /pub/va/vandal
ftp.winternet.com /users/nitehwk
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-10. What is an ANAC number?
An ANAC (Automatic Number Announcement Circuit) number is a telephone
number that plays back the number of the telephone that called it.
ANAC numbers are convenient if you want to know the telephone number
of a pair of wires.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-11. What is the ANAC number for my area?
How to find your ANAC number:
Look up your NPA (Area Code) and try the number listed for it. If that
fails, try 1 plus the number listed for it. If that fails, try the
common numbers like 311, 958 and 200-222-2222. If you find the ANAC
number for your area, please let us know.
Note that many times the ANAC number will vary for different switches
in the same city. The geographic naming on the list is NOT intended
to be an accurate reference for coverage patterns, it is for
convenience only.
Many companies operate 800 number services which will read back to you
the number from which you are calling. Many of these require navigating
a series of menus to get the phone number you are looking for. Please
use local ANAC numbers if you can, as overuse or abuse can kill 800 ANAC
numbers.
(800)425-6256 VRS Billing Systems/Integretel (800)4BLOCKME
N (800)487-9240 Another line blocking service
A non-800 ANAC that works nationwide is 404-988-9664. The one catch
with this number is that it must be dialed with the AT&T Carrier Access
Code 10732. Use of this number does not appear to be billed.
Note: These geographic areas are for reference purposes only. ANAC
numbers may vary from switch to switch within the same city.
NPA ANAC number Approximate Geographic area
--- --------------- ---------------------------------------------
201 958 Hackensack/Jersey City/Newark/Paterson, NJ
202 811 District of Columbia
203 970 CT
205 300-222-2222 Birmingham, AL
205 300-555-5555 Many small towns in AL
205 300-648-1111 Dora, AL
205 300-765-4321 Bessemer, AL
205 300-798-1111 Forestdale, AL
205 300-833-3333 Birmingham
205 557-2311 Birmingham, AL
205 811 Pell City/Cropwell/Lincoln, AL
205 841-1111 Tarrant, AL
205 908-222-2222 Birmingham, AL
206 411 WA (Not US West)
207 200-222-2222 ME
207 958 ME
209 830-2121 Stockton, CA
209 211-9779 Stockton, CA
210 830 Brownsville/Laredo/San Antonio, TX
210 951 Brownsville/Laredo/San Antonio, TX (GTE)
212 958 Manhattan, NY
U 213 114 Los Angeles, CA (GTE 2EAX, DMS100, and GTD-5 switches)
U 213 1223 Los Angeles, CA (GTE 1AESS and 5ESS switches)
213 211-2345 Los Angeles, CA (English response)
213 211-2346 Los Angeles, CA (DTMF response)
213 760-2??? Los Angeles, CA (DMS switches)
213 61056 Los Angeles, CA
214 570 Dallas, TX
214 790 Dallas, TX (GTE)
N 214 970 Dallas, TX (GTE)
U 214 970-222-2222 Dallas, TX (Southwestern Bell)
214 970-x11-1111 Dallas, TX (Southwestern Bell)
215 410-xxxx Philadelphia, PA
215 511 Philadelphia, PA
215 958 Philadelphia, PA
216 200-XXXX Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH
216 331 Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH
216 959-9892 Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH
217 200-xxx-xxxx Champaign-Urbana/Springfield, IL
219 550 Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN
219 559 Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN
301 2002006969 Hagerstown/Rockville, MD
301 958-9968 Hagerstown/Rockville, MD
303 958 Aspen/Boulder/Denver/Durango/Grand Junction
/Steamboat Springs, CO
305 200-555-1212 Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL
305 200200200200200 Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL
305 780-2411 Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL
310 114 Long Beach, CA (On many GTE switches)
310 1223 Long Beach, CA (Some 1AESS switches)
310 211-2345 Long Beach, CA (English response)
310 211-2346 Long Beach, CA (DTMF response)
[Note from Brian Jones: The new GTE ANAC for the Los Angeles area (310,
etc) is 958-1114 H.]
312 200 Chicago, IL
312 290 Chicago, IL
312 1-200-8825 Chicago, IL (Last four change rapidly)
312 1-200-555-1212 Chicago, IL
313 200-200-2002 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI
313 200-222-2222 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI
313 200-xxx-xxxx Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI
313 200200200200200 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI
N 313 311 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI
N 313 958-1111 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI (GTE)
314 410-xxxx# Columbia/Jefferson City/St.Louis, MO
315 953 Syracuse/Utica, NY
315 958 Syracuse/Utica, NY
315 998 Syracuse/Utica, NY
317 310-222-2222 Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN
317 559-222-2222 Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN
317 743-1218 Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN
334 5572411 Montgomery, AL
334 5572311 Montgomery, AL
401 200-200-4444 RI
401 222-2222 RI
401 2002006969 RI
[401 possibly 118 according to forrest swope. H.]
402 311 Lincoln, NE
404 311 Atlanta, GA
404 780-2311 Atlanta, GA
404 940-xxx-xxxx Atlanta, GA
404 990 Atlanta, GA
405 890-7777777 Enid/Oklahoma City, OK
405 897 Enid/Oklahoma City, OK
407 200-222-2222 Orlando/West Palm Beach, FL (Bell South)
407 520-3111 Orlando/West Palm Beach, FL (United)
408 300-xxx-xxxx San Jose, CA
408 760 San Jose, CA
408 940 San Jose, CA
409 951 Beaumont/Galveston, TX
409 970-xxxx Beaumont/Galveston, TX
410 200-6969 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD
410 200-200-6969 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD
410 200-555-1212 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD
410 811 Annapolis/Baltimore, MD
[410 possibly 118 according to forrest swope. H.]
412 711-6633 Pittsburgh, PA
412 711-4411 Pittsburgh, PA
412 999-xxxx Pittsburgh, PA
413 958 Pittsfield/Springfield, MA
413 200-555-5555 Pittsfield/Springfield, MA
414 330-2234 Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI
415 200-555-1212 San Francisco, CA
415 211-2111 San Francisco, CA
415 2222 San Francisco, CA
415 640 San Francisco, CA
415 760-2878 San Francisco, CA
415 7600-2222 San Francisco, CA
419 311 Toledo, OH
423 200-200-200 Chatanooga, Johnson City, Knoxville, TN
501 511 AR
U 501 721-xxx-xxxx AR
502 2002222222 Frankfort/Louisville/Paducah/Shelbyville, KY
502 997-555-1212 Frankfort/Louisville/Paducah/Shelbyville, KY
503 611 Portland, OR
503 999 Portland, OR (GTE)
504 99882233 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA
504 201-269-1111 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA
504 998 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA
504 99851-0000000000 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA
508 958 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA
508 200-222-1234 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA
508 200-222-2222 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA
508 26011 Fall River/New Bedford/Worchester, MA
509 560 Spokane/Walla Walla/Yakima, WA
510 760-1111 Oakland, CA
512 830 Austin/Corpus Christi, TX
512 970-xxxx Austin/Corpus Christi, TX
513 380-55555555 Cincinnati/Dayton, OH
515 5463 Des Moines, IA
515 811 Des Moines, IA
516 958 Hempstead/Long Island, NY
516 968 Hempstead/Long Island, NY
517 200-222-2222 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI
517 200200200200200 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI
N 517 958-1111 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI (GTE)
518 511 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY
518 997 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY
518 998 Albany/Schenectady/Troy, NY
540 211 Roanoke, VA (GTE)
540 311 Roanoke, VA (GTE)
541 200 Bend, OR
N 573 511
N 602 958-3474 Phoenix, AZ
N 601 200-222-2222 MS
N 603 200-2222 NH
603 200-222-2222 NH
606 997-555-1212 Ashland/Winchester, KY
606 711 Ashland/Winchester, KY
607 993 Binghamton/Elmira, NY
609 958 Atlantic City/Camden/Trenton/Vineland, NJ
610 958 Allentown/Reading, PA
610 958-4100 Allentown/Reading, PA
612 511 Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN
614 200 Columbus/Steubenville, OH
614 571 Columbus/Steubenville, OH
615 200200200200200 Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN
615 2002222222 Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN
615 830 Nashville, TN
616 200-222-2222 Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI
N 616 958-1111 Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI (GTE)
617 200-222-1234 Boston, MA
617 200-222-2222 Boston, MA
617 200-444-4444 Boston, MA (Woburn, MA)
617 220-2622 Boston, MA
617 958 Boston, MA
618 200-xxx-xxxx Alton/Cairo/Mt.Vernon, IL
618 930 Alton/Cairo/Mt.Vernon, IL
619 211-2001 San Diego, CA
619 211-2121 San Diego, CA
659 220-2622 Newmarket, NH
703 211 VA
703 511-3636 Culpeper/Orange/Fredericksburg, VA
703 811 Alexandria/Arlington/Roanoke, VA
704 311 Asheville/Charlotte, NC
706 940-xxxx Augusta, GA
707 211-2222 Eureka, CA
707 611 Crescent City, CA
708 1-200-555-1212 Chicago/Elgin, IL
708 1-200-8825 Chicago/Elgin, IL (Last four change rapidly)
708 200-6153 Chicago/Elgin, IL
708 724-9951 Chicago/Elgin, IL
713 380 Houston, TX
713 970-xxxx Houston, TX
713 811 Humble, TX
713 380-5555-5555 Houston, TX
714 114 Anaheim, CA (GTE)
714 211-2121 Anaheim, CA (PacBell)
714 211-2222 Anaheim, CA (Pacbell)
714 211-7777 Anaheim, CA (Pacbell)
716 511 Buffalo/Niagara Falls/Rochester, NY (Rochester
Tel)
716 990 Buffalo/Niagara Falls/Rochester, NY (Rochester
Tel)
717 958 Harrisburg/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, PA
718 958 Bronx/Brooklyn/Queens/Staten Island, NY
770 780-2311 Marietta/Norcross, GA
770 940-xxx-xxxx Marietta/Norcross, GA
802 2-222-222-2222 Vermont
802 200-222-2222 Vermont
802 1-700-222-2222 Vermont
802 111-2222 Vermont
804 211 Richmond, VA
804 990 Virginia Beach, VA
[804 118 according to forrest swope. H.]
805 114 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
805 211-1101 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
805 211-2345 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
805 211-2346 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA (Returns DTMF)
805 830 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
806 970-xxxx Amarillo/Lubbock, TX
810 200200200200200 Flint/Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI
810 311 Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI
N 810 958-1111 Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI (GTE)
812 410-555-1212 Evansville, IN
813 311 Ft. Meyers/St. Petersburg/Tampa, FL
815 200-3374 Crystal Lake, IL
815 270-3374 Crystal Lake, IL
815 770-3374 Crystal Lake, IL
815 200-xxx-xxxx La Salle/Rockford, IL
815 290 La Salle/Rockford, IL
817 211 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX
817 970-611-1111 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX (Southwestern Bell)
817 973-222-11111 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX
818 114 Pasadena, CA (GTE)
818 1223 Pasadena, CA (Some 1AESS switches) (Pac Bell)
818 211-2345 Pasadena, CA (English response) (Pac Bell)
818 211-2346 Pasadena, CA (DTMF response) (Pac Bell)
860 970 CT
901 899-?555 Memphis, TN
903 970-611-1111 Tyler, TX
904 200-222-222 Jackonsville/Pensacola/Tallahasee, FL
904 311 Jackonsville/Pensacola/Tallahasee, FL
904 780-2311 Jackonsville/Pensacola/Tallahasee, FL
906 1-200-222-2222 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI
N 906 958-1111 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI (GTE)
U 907 811 Anchorage, AK
908 958 New Brunswick, NJ
909 111 Riverside/San Bernardino, CA (GTE)
909 114 Riverside/San Bernardino, CA
910 200 Fayetteville/Greensboro/Raleigh/Winston-Salem,
NC
910 311 Fayetteville/Greensboro/Raleigh/Winston-Salem,
NC
910 988 Fayetteville/Greensboro/Raleigh/Winston-Salem,
NC
912 711 Albany/Savannah, GA
912 780-2311 Albany/Savannah, GA
914 990-1111 Peekskill/Poughkeepsie/White Plains/Yonkers,
NY
915 970-xxxx Abilene/El Paso, TX
916 211-0007 Sacramento, CA (Pac Bell)
916 461 Sacramento, CA (Roseville Telephone)
919 200 Durham, NC
919 711 Durham, NC
919 780-2411 Durham, NC
954 200-555-1212 Ft. Lauderdale, FL
954 200200200200200 Ft. Lauderdale, FL
954 780-2411 Ft. Lauderdale, FL
Canada:
204 644-4444 Manitoba
306 115 Saskatchewan
403 311 Alberta, Yukon and N.W. Territory
403 908-222-2222 Alberta, Yukon and N.W. Territory
403 999 Alberta, Yukon and N.W. Territory
416 997-xxxx Toronto, Ontario
N 416 997-1699 Down Town, Toronto, Ontario
N 416 997-1699 Riverdale, Toronto, Ontario
N 416 997-8123 Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario
506 1-555-1313 New Brunswick
514 320-xxxx Montreal, Quebec
514 320-1232 Montreal, Quebec
514 320-1223 Montreal, Quebec
514 320-1233 Montreal, Quebec
519 320-xxxx London, Ontario
604 1116 British Columbia
604 1211 British Columbia
604 211 British Columbia
613 320-2232 Ottawa, Ontario
N 613 320-5123 Kingston/Belleville/Southeastern Ontario
N 613 320-5124 Kingston/Belleville/Southeastern Ontario
N 613 320-9123 Kingston/Belleville/Southeastern Ontario
705 320-4567 North Bay/Saulte Ste. Marie, Ontario
819 320-1112 Quebec
[Note from Mike: I found the new ANAC for the 604 calling area in
Vancouver, BC, Canada it is (604)958-6111. Also any prefix followed with
2011, so xxx-2011 is the high end of a loop. However, I can't find the
low end.. xxx-2012 gives a constantly busy and xxx-2010 rings forever.
Any help with finding the other end would be greatly appreciated. H.]
N Argentina:
5702
Australia:
+61 03-552-4111 Victoria 03 area
+612 19123 All major capital cities
+612 11544
United Kingdom:
U 175 or 17071
Israel:
110
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-12. What is a ringback number?
A ringback number is a number that you call that will immediately
ring the telephone from which it was called.
In most instances you must call the ringback number, quickly hang up
the phone for just a short moment and then let up on the switch, you
will then go back off hook and hear a different tone. You may then
hang up. You will be called back seconds later. On some systems,
you will have to press a button of flash hook again before the final
hang up.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-13. What is the ringback number for my area?
An 'x' means insert those numbers from the phone number from which you
are calling. A '?' means that the number varies from switch to switch
in the area, or changes from time to time. Try all possible
combinations.
If the ringback for your NPA is not listed, try common ones such as 114,
951-xxx-xxxx, 954, 957 and 958. Also, try using the numbers listed for
other NPA's served by your telephone company.
Note: These geographic areas are for reference purposes only. Ringback
numbers may vary from switch to switch within the same city.
NPA Ringback number Approximate Geographic area
--- --------------- ---------------------------------------------
201 55?-xxxx Hackensack/Jersey City/Newark/Paterson, NJ
202 958-xxxx District of Columbia
203 99?-xxxx CT
206 571-xxxx WA
207 981-xxxx ME
208 59X-xxxx ID
208 99xxx-xxxx ID
210 211-8849-xxxx Brownsville/Laredo/San Antonio, TX (GTE)
N 213 xxx-xxxx Los Angeles, CA (GTE 2EAX, DMS100, and GTD-5 switches)
N 213 117-xxxx Los Angeles, CA (GTE 5ESS switches)
U 213 195-xxxx Los Angeles, CA (GTE 1AESS switches)
214 971-xxxx Dallas, TX
215 811-xxxx Philadelphia, PA
216 551-xxxx Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH
219 571-xxx-xxxx Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN
219 777-xxx-xxxx Gary/Hammond/Michigan City/Southbend, IN
301 579-xxxx Hagerstown/Rockville, MD
301 958-xxxx Hagerstown/Rockville, MD
303 99x-xxxx Grand Junction, CO
304 998-xxxx WV
305 999-xxxx Ft. Lauderdale/Key West/Miami, FL
312 511-xxxx Chicago, IL
312 511-xxx-xxxx Chicago, IL
312 57?-xxxx Chicago, IL
N 313 116-xxx-xxxx Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI (GTE)
N 313 951-xxxx Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI
315 98x-xxxx Syracuse/Utica, NY
317 777-xxxx Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN
317 xxx-xxxx Indianapolis/Kokomo, IN (y=3rd digit of phone number)
319 79x-xxxx Davenport/Dubuque, Iowa
334 901-xxxx Montgomery, AL
401 98?-xxxx RI
404 450-xxxx Atlanta, GA
407 988-xxxx Orlando/West Palm Beach, FL
408 470-xxxx San Jose, CA
408 580-xxxx San Jose, CA
412 985-xxxx Pittsburgh, PA
N 413 1983-xxxx Pittsfield/Springfield, MA
414 977-xxxx Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI
414 978-xxxx Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI
415 350-xxxx San Francisco, CA
417 551-xxxx Joplin/Springfield, MO
N 501 221-xxxx Ft. Smith, AR (646 prefix)
501 221-xxx-xxxx AR
N 501 780-xxxx Ft. Smith, AR (452 prefix)
502 988 Frankfort/Louisville/Paducah/Shelbyville, KY
503 541-XXXX OR
504 99x-xxxx Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA
504 9988776655 Baton Rouge/New Orleans, LA
505 59?-xxxx New Mexico
512 95X-xxxx Austin, TX
513 951-xxxx Cincinnati/Dayton, OH
513 955-xxxx Cincinnati/Dayton, OH
513 99?-xxxx Cincinnati/Dayton, OH (X=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 or
9)
515 559-XXXX Des Moines, IA
N 516 660-xxxx Hempstead/Long Island, NY
516 660-xxx-xxxx Hempstead/Long Island, NY
N 517 116-xxx-xxxx Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI (GTE)
N 520 594-xxxx AZ
601 777-xxxx MS
603 981-xxxx NH
609 55?-xxxx Atlantic City/Camden/Trenton/Vineland, NJ
610 811-xxxx Allentown/Reading, PA
612 511 Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN
612 999-xxx-xxxx Minneapolis/St.Paul, MN
614 998-xxxx Columbus/Steubenville, OH
615 920-XXXX Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN
615 930-xxxx Chatanooga/Knoxville/Nashville, TN
N 616 116-xxx-xxxx Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI (GTE)
616 946-xxxx Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI
619 331-xxxx San Diego, CA
619 332-xxxx San Diego, CA
659 981-XXXX Newmarket, NH
703 511-xxx-xxxx VA
703 958-xxxx Alexandria/Arlington/Roanoke, VA
708 511-xxxx Chicago/Elgin, IL
713 231-xxxx Los Angeles, CA
714 330? Anaheim, CA (GTE)
714 33?-xxxx Anaheim, CA (PacBell)
716 981-xxxx Rochester, NY (Rochester Tel)
718 660-xxxx Bronx/Brooklyn/Queens/Staten Island, NY
719 99x-xxxx Colorado Springs/Leadville/Pueblo, CO
801 938-xxxx Utah
801 939-xxxx Utah
802 987-xxxx Vermont
804 260 Charlottesville/Newport News/Norfolk/Richmond, VA
805 114 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
805 980-xxxx Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
N 810 116-xxx-xxxx Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI (GTE)
810 951-xxx-xxxx Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI
813 711 Ft. Meyers/St. Petersburg/Tampa, FL
817 971 Ft. Worth/Waco, TX (Flashhook, then 2#)
818 915?-xxxx Pasadena, CA
864 999-xxx-xxxx Greenville/Spartanburg, SC
N 906 116-xxx-xxxx Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI (GTE)
906 951-xxx-xxxx Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI
908 55?-xxxx New Brunswick, NJ
908 953 New Brunswick, NJ
913 951-xxxx Lawrence/Salina/Topeka, KS
914 660-xxxx-xxxx Peekskill/Poughkeepsie/White Plains/Yonkers, NY
Canada:
204 590-xxx-xxxx Manitoba
N 403 999-xxx-xxxx Alberta, Yukon, and N.W. Territories
416 57x-xxxx Toronto, Ontario
416 99x-xxxx Toronto, Ontario
416 999-xxx-xxxx Toronto, Ontario
506 572+xxx-xxxx New Brunswick
514 320-xxx-xxxx Montreal, Quebec
519 999-xxx-xxxx London, Ontario
604 311-xxx-xxxx British Columbia
N 604 871-xxx-xxxx British Columbia
613 999-xxx-xxxx Ottawa, Ontario
705 999-xxx-xxxx North Bay/Saulte Ste. Marie, Ontario
819 320-xxx-xxxx Quebec
N 902 575-xxx-xxxx Halifax, Nova Scotia
905 999-xxx-xxxx Hamilton/Mississauga/Niagra Falls, Ontario
N Argentina 115
Australia: +61 199
U Brazil: 109
France: 3644
Holland: 99-xxxxxx
Malaysia 196
New Zealand: 137
Sweden: 0058
U United Kingdom: 174 or 1744 or 175 or 0500-89-0011 or 17070 +
1
Amsterdam 0196
Hilversum 0123456789
Breukelen 0123456789
Groningen 951
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-14. What is a loop?
This FAQ answer is excerpted from: ToneLoc v0.99 User Manual
by Minor Threat & Mucho Maas
Loops are a pair of phone numbers, usually consecutive, like 836-9998
and 836-9999. They are used by the phone company for testing. What
good do loops do us? Well, they are cool in a few ways. Here is a
simple use of loops. Each loop has two ends, a 'high' end, and a
'low' end. One end gives a (usually) constant, loud tone when it is
called. The other end is silent. Loops don't usually ring either.
When BOTH ends are called, the people that called each end can talk
through the loop. Some loops are voice filtered and won't pass
anything but a constant tone; these aren't much use to you. Here's
what you can use working loops for: billing phone calls! First, call
the end that gives the loud tone. Then if the operator or someone
calls the other end, the tone will go quiet. Act like the phone just
rang and you answered it ... say "Hello", "Allo", "Chow", "Yo", or
what the fuck ever. The operator thinks that she just called you, and
that's it! Now the phone bill will go to the loop, and your local
RBOC will get the bill! Use this technique in moderation, or the loop
may go down. Loops are probably most useful when you want to talk to
someone to whom you don't want to give your phone number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-15. What is a loop in my area?
Many (if not most) of these loops are no longer functional. If you are
local to any of these loops, please try them out an e-mail me the
results of your research.
NPA High Low
--- -------- --------
201 666-9929 666-9930
208 862-9996 862-9997
213 365-1118 365-1119
308 357-0004 357-0005
310 455-0002 455-????
310 546-0002 546-????
312 262-9902 262-9903 (Editors note: Very odd sound)
313 224-9996 224-9997
313 225-9996 225-9997
313 234-9996 234-9997
313 237-9996 237-9997
313 256-9996 256-9997
313 272-9996 272-9997
313 273-9996 273-9997
313 277-9996 277-9997
313 281-9996 281-9997
313 292-9996 292-9997
313 299-9996 299-9997
313 321-9996 321-9997
313 326-9996 326-9997
313 356-9996 356-9997
313 362-9996 362-9997
313 369-9996 369-9997
313 388-9996 388-9997
313 397-9996 397-9997
313 399-9996 399-9997
313 445-9996 445-9997
313 465-9996 465-9997
313 471-9996 471-9997
313 474-9996 474-9997
313 477-9996 477-9997
313 478-9996 478-9997
313 483-9996 483-9997
313 497-9996 497-9997
313 526-9996 526-9997
313 552-9996 552-9997
313 556-9996 556-9997
313 561-9996 561-9997
313 569-9996 569-9996
313 575-9996 575-9997
313 577-9996 577-9997
313 585-9996 585-9997
313 591-9996 591-9997
313 621-9996 621-9997
313 626-9996 626-9997
313 644-9996 644-9997
313 646-9996 646-9997
313 647-9996 647-9997
313 649-9996 649-9997
313 663-9996 663-9997
313 665-9996 665-9997
313 683-9996 683-9997
313 721-9996 721-9997
313 722-9996 722-9997
313 728-9996 728-9997
313 731-9996 731-9997
313 751-9996 751-9997
313 776-9996 776-9997
313 781-9996 781-9997
313 787-9996 787-9997
313 822-9996 822-9997
313 833-9996 833-9997
313 851-9996 851-9997
313 871-9996 871-9997
313 875-9996 875-9997
313 886-9996 886-9997
313 888-9996 888-9997
313 898-9996 898-9997
313 934-9996 934-9997
313 942-9996 942-9997
313 963-9996 963-9997
313 977-9996 977-9997
315 673-9995 673-9996
315 695-9995 695-9996
406 225-9902 225-9903
408 238-0044 238-0045
408 773-0044 773-0045
N 501 753-4291 753-4297
517 422-9996 422-9997
517 423-9996 423-9997
517 563-9996 563-9997
517 663-9996 663-????
517 851-9996 851-9997
613 966-1111
N 703 591-9994
713 342-1499 342-1799
713 351-1499 351-1799
713 354-1499 354-1799
713 356-1499 356-1799
713 442-1499 442-1799
713 447-1499 447-1799
713 455-1499 455-1799
713 458-1499 458-1799
713 462-1499 462-1799
713 466-1499 466-1799
713 468-1499 468-1799
713 469-1499 469-1799
713 471-1499 471-1799
713 481-1499 481-1799
713 482-1499 482-1799
713 484-1499 484-1799
713 487-1499 487-1799
713 489-1499 489-1799
713 492-1499 492-1799
713 493-1499 493-1799
713 524-1499 524-1799
713 526-1499 526-1799
713 555-1499 555-1799
713 661-1499 661-1799
713 664-1499 664-1799
713 665-1499 665-1799
713 666-1499 666-1799
713 667-1499 667-1799
713 682-1499 976-1799
713 771-1499 771-1799
713 780-1499 780-1799
713 781-1499 997-1799
713 960-1499 960-1799
713 977-1499 977-1799
713 988-1499 988-1799
719 598-0009 598-0010
805 528-0044 528-0045
805 544-0044 544-0045
805 773-0044 773-0045
808 235-9907 235-9908
808 239-9907 239-9908
808 245-9907 245-9908
808 247-9907 247-9908
808 261-9907 261-9908
808 322-9907 322-9908
808 328-9907 328-9908
808 329-9907 329-9908
808 332-9907 332-9908
808 335-9907 335-9908
808 572-9907 572-9908
808 623-9907 623-9908
808 624-9907 624-9908
808 668-9907 668-9908
808 742-9907 742-9908
808 879-9907 879-9908
808 882-9907 882-9908
808 885-9907 885-9908
808 959-9907 959-9908
808 961-9907 961-9908
810 362-9996 362-9997
813 385-9971 385-xxxx
847 724-9951 724-????
908 254-9929 254-9930
908 558-9929 558-9930
908 560-9929 560-9930
908 776-9930 776-9930
N 916 221-0044 221-0045 // Voice filtered
N 916 222-0044 222-0045 // Voice filtered
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-16. What is a CNA number?
CNA stands for Customer Name and Address. The CNA number is a phone
number for telephone company personnel to call and get the name and
address for a phone number. If a telephone lineman finds a phone line
he does not recognize, he can use the ANI number to find its phone
number and then call the CNA operator to see who owns it and where
they live.
Normal CNA numbers are available only to telephone company personnel.
Private citizens may legally get CNA information from private
companies. Two such companies are:
Cross-Reference Directories (900)288-3020
AT&T National Directory Assistance (900)555-1212
Telename (900)884-1212
Unidirectory (900)933-3330
Note that these are 900 numbers, and will cost you approximately one
dollar per minute.
If you are in 312, 708, or parts of 815, AmeriTech has a pay-for-play
CNA service available to the general public. The number is 796-9600.
The cost is $.35/call and can look up two numbers per call.
If you are in 415, Pacific Bell offers a public access CNL service at
(415)705-9299.
If you are in Bell Atlantic territory you can call (201)555-5454 or
(908)555-5454 for automated CNA information. The cost is $.50/call.
The legal telephone company CNA for Ontario is 555-1313.
You can fool (800)967-5356 into giving you a free CNA by requesting a
free disk and then entering the number you want the adress for at the
prompt.
You can often social engineer CNA information out of telephone company
employees or out of employees of other companies with CNA access.
Here is a sample script that works if your target has ever ordered
pizza from Domino's or Pizza Hut:
Them: Hi, thanks for call, may I take your order please?
You: Yes, I'd like 4 large pepperoni pizzas.
Them: May I have your phone number please?
You: <State your targets phone number here>
Them: Is this 238 Ward Road?
You: Yes ma'am.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-17. What is the telephone company CNA number for my area?
203 (203)771-8080 CT
N 214 (214)744-9500 Southwestern Bell
N 214 (214)745-7505 Southwestern Bell
N 217 (217)789-8290 Ameritech (Illinois)
312 (312)796-9600 Chicago, IL
506 (506)555-1313 New Brunswick
513 (513)397-9110 Cincinnati/Dayton, OH
516 (516)321-5700 Hempstead/Long Island, NY
614 (614)464-0123 Columbus/Steubenville, OH
813 (813)270-8711 Ft. Meyers/St. Petersburg/Tampa, FL
N 912 (912)752-2000 #1367 Albany/Savannah, GA
NYNEX (518)471-8111 New York, Connecticut, Vermont, Rhode
Island, New Hampshire, and
Massachusetts
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-18. What are some numbers that always ring busy?
In the following listings, "xxx" means that the same number is used as a
constantly busy number in many different prefixes. In most of these,
there are some exchanges that ring busy and some exchanges that are in
normal use. *ALWAYS* test these numbers at least three times during
normal business hours before using as a constantly busy number.
800 999-1803 WATS
201 635-9970 Hackensack/Jersey City/Newark/Paterson, NJ
212 724-9970 Manhattan, NY
213 xxx-1117 Los Angeles, CA
213 xxx-1118 Los Angeles, CA
213 xxx-1119 Los Angeles, CA
213 xxx-9198 Los Angeles, CA
216 xxx-9887 Akron/Canton/Cleveland/Lorain/Youngstown, OH
303 431-0000 Denver, CO
303 866-8660 Denver, CO
310 xxx-1117 Long Beach, CA
310 xxx-1118 Long Beach, CA
310 xxx-1119 Long Beach, CA
310 xxx-9198 Long Beach, CA
316 952-7265 Dodge City/Wichita, KS
501 377-99xx AR
N 518 571-xxxx Albany, NY
719 472-3772 Colorado Springs/Leadville/Pueblo, CO
805 255-0699 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
714 xxx-1117 Anaheim, CA
714 xxx-1118 Anaheim, CA
714 xxx-1119 Anaheim, CA
714 xxx-9198 Anaheim, CA
717 292-0009 Harrisburg/Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, PA
N 717 980-xxxx Harrisburg/Scranton/Wilkes Barre, PA
818 xxx-1117 Pasadena, CA
818 xxx-1118 Pasadena, CA
818 xxx-1119 Pasadena, CA
818 xxx-9198 Pasadena, CA
818 885-0699 Pasadena, CA (???-0699 is a pattern)
860 525-7078 Hartford, CT
906 632-9999 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI
906 635-9999 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-19. What are some numbers that temporarily disconnect phone service?
If your NPA is not listed, or the listing does not cover your LATA,
try common numbers such as 119 (GTD5 switches) or 511.
N 209 999 Stockton/Fresno/Lodi, CA (100 seconds)
N 313 xxx-9994 Ann Arbor/Dearborn/Detroit, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute)
314 511 Columbia/Jefferson City/St.Louis, MO (1 minute)
404 420 Atlanta, GA (5 minutes)
405 953 Enid/Oklahoma City, OK (1 minute)
407 511 Orlando, FL (United Telephone) (1 minute)
414 958-0013 Fond du Lac/Green Bay/Milwaukee/Racine, WI (1 minute)
512 200 Austin/Corpus Christi, TX (1 minute)
516 480 Hempstead/Long Island, NY (1 minute)
N 517 xxx-9994 Bay City/Jackson/Lansing, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute)
N 518 958 Albany, NY (1 minute)
603 980 NH
614 xxx-9894 Columbus/Steubenville, OH
N 616 xxx-9994 Battle Creek/Grand Rapids/Kalamazoo, MI (Ameritech)
(1 minute)
805 119 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA (3 minutes)
807 211 Thunder Bay, Ontario (3 minutes)
N 810 xxx-9994 Pontiac/Southfield/Troy, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute)
N 906 xxx-9994 Marquette/Sault Ste. Marie, MI (Ameritech) (1 minute)
919 211 or 511 Durham, NC (10 min - 1 hour)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-20. What is a Proctor Test Set?
A Proctor Test Set is a tool used by telco personnel to diagnose
problems with phone lines. You call the Proctor Test Set number and
press buttons on a touch tone phone to active the tests you select.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-21. What is a Proctor Test Set in my area?
If your NPA is not listed try common numbers such as 111 or 117.
805 111 Bakersfield/Santa Barbara, CA
909 117 Tyler, TX
913 611-1111 Lawrence/Salina/Topeka, KS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-22. What is scanning?
Scanning is dialing a large number of telephone numbers in the hope of
finding anything interesting. Interesting items often include test
tones, computers, Voice Message Boxes (VMB's), Private Branch Exchanges
(PBX's), and government offices.
Scanning can be done by hand, although dialing several thousand
telephone numbers by hand is extremely boring and takes a long time.
Much better is to use a scanning program, sometimes called a war dialer
or a demon dialer. Currently, the best war dialer available to PC-DOS
users is ToneLoc from Minor Threat and Mucho Maas. ToneLoc can be ftp'd
from ftp.paranoia.com /pub/toneloc/. For the Macintosh, try Assault
Dialer.
A war dialer will dial a range of numbers and log what it finds at each
number. You can then only dial up the numbers that the war dialer
marked as carriers or tones.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-23. Is scanning illegal?
Excerpt from: 2600, Spring 1990, Page 27:
-BQ-
In some places, scanning has been made illegal. It would be hard,
though, for someone to file a complaint against you for scanning since
the whole purpose is to call every number once and only once. It's
not likely to be thought of as harassment by anyone who gets a single
phone call from a scanning computer. Some central offices have been
known to react strangely when people start scanning. Sometimes you're
unable to get a dialtone for hours after you start scanning. But
there is no uniform policy. The best thing to do is to first find out
if you've got some crazy law saying you can't do it. If, as is
likely, there is no such law, the only way to find out what happens is
to give it a try.
-EQ-
It should be noted that a law making scanning illegal was recently
passed in Colorado Springs, CO. It is now illegal to place a call
in Colorado Springs without the intent to communicate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-24. How can I make a lineman's handset?
This FAQ answer was written by Phucked Agent 04:
This is the "right hand" of both the professional and the amatuer
lineman. Basically, it is a customized portable telephone which is
designed to be hooked onto raw cable terminals in the field and used to
monitor the line, talk, or dial out. The monitor function is usually
the main difference between the "butt-in" test set and the normal phone.
If you don't have a real test set already, the following circuit can
convert a normal $4 made-in-taiwan phone into a working test set. The
"all-in-one" handset units without bases are the best (I tend to like
QUIK's and GTE Flip Phone II's). Anyway-
OFFICIAL Agent 04 Generic Test Set Modification (tm)
Ring >---------------------------------> to "test set" phone
Tip >------! SPST Switch !-------->
!-----/ ----------!
>from !-------/!/!/!/!--! C = 0.22 uF 200 WVDC Mylar
cable pair ! C R ! R = 10 kOhm 1/2 W
(alligators) !--! (------------! SPST = Talk / Monitor
When SPST is closed, you are in talk mode; when you lift the switch-
hook on the "test set" phone, you will get a dial tone as if you were a
standard extension of the line you are on. You will be able to dial out
and receive calls. When the SPST is opened, the resistor and capacitor
are no longer shunted, and they become part of the telephone circuit.
When you lift the switchhook on the test set, you will not receive dial
tone, due to the fact that the cap blocks DC, and the resistor passes
less than 4 mA nominally (far below the amount necessary to saturate the
supervisory ferrod on ESS or close the line relay on any other switch).
However, you will be able to silently monitor all audio on the line. The
cap reactance + the phone's impedance insure that you won't cut the
signal too much on the phone line, which might cause a noticeable change
(..expedite the shock force, SOMEONE'S ON MY LINE!!). It's also good to
have a VOM handy when working outside to rapidly check for active lines
or supervision states.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
C-25. Where can I purchase a lineman's handset?
Contact East
335 Willow Street
North Andover, MA 01845-5995
(508)682-2000
Jensen Tools
7815 S. 46th Street
Phoenix, AZ 85044-5399
(800)426-1194
Specialized Products
3131 Premier Drive
Irving, TX 75063
(800)866-5353
Time Motion Tools
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C-26. What are the DTMF frequencies?
DTMF stands for Dual Tone Multi Frequency. These are the tones you get
when you press a key on your telephone touch pad. The tone of the
button is the sum of the column and row tones. The ABCD keys do not
exist on standard telephones.
1209hz 1336hz 1477hz 1633hz
697hz 1 2 3 A
770hz 4 5 6 B
852hz 7 8 9 C
941hz * 0 # D
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C-27. What are the frequencies of the telephone tones?
Many of these tones are no longer used and are mentioned here only for
historical accuracy.
Low Tone
~~~~~~~~
This is a generic tone used with various interruption patterns for
specific tones listed below and described under their own titles:
Line Busy Tone
Reorder
RevertingTone
No Circuit Tone
No Such Number
Vacant Code
Group Busy Tone
Deposit Coin Tone
Vacant Position Tone
Dial Off-Normal Tone
Trouble Tone
Dial Jack Tone
Dial Test Signal
Class of Service
Low Tone 480 Hz and 620 Hz at -24 dBm0/frequency. On some systems
manufactured before 1974, Low Tone was 600 Hz modulated at 120, 133, 140
or 160 Hz at 61 - 71 dBrnC.
High Tone
~~~~~~~~~
This is a generic tone used with various interruption patterns for the
specific tones listed below and described under their own titles:
Partial Dial Tone
Permanent Signal
Coin Return (Test) Tone
Coin Return Tone
Number Checking Tone
Intercepting Loopback Tone
Warning Tone
Order Tone
Station Ringer Test
Class of Service
High Tone 480 Hz at -17 dBm0. On some systems manufactured before 1974,
High Tone was 400 Hz or 500 Hz at 61 - 71 dBrnC.
Dial Tone
~~~~~~~~~
This tone is sent to a customer or operator to indicate that the
receiving end is ready to receive dial pulses or DTMF signals. It is
used in all types of dial offices when dial pulses are produced by the
customer's or operator's dials. Normally dial tone means that the
entire wanted number may be dialed; however, there are some cases where
the calling party must await a second dial tone or where an operator,
after dialing an initial group of digits, must wait for a second dial
tone before the rest of the number can be dialed. Some dialing
switchboards are arranged to permit listening for dial tone between
certain digits.
Dial Tone is 350 Hz and 440 Hz held steady at -13 dBm0/frequency.
Audible Ring Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This is a ringing indication which is intercepted by the calling party
to mean that the called line has been reached and that the ringing has
started. It is also used on calls to operators (special service, long
distance, intercepting, etc) during the "awaiting-operator-answer"
interval.
Audible Ring Tone is 440 Hz and 480 Hz for 2 seconds on and 4 seconds
off at -13 dBm0/frequency.
Line Busy Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Line Busy Tine indicates that the called customer's line has been
reached but that it is busy or being rung or on permanent signal. When a
line busy signal is applied by an operator, it is sometimes calls a
busy-back tone.
Line Busy Tone is Low Tone on and off every .5 seconds.
Reorder
~~~~~~~
Reorder indicates that the local or toll switching or transmission paths
to the office or equipment serving the called customer is busy. This
signal may indicate a condition such as a timed-out sender or unassigned
code dialed. It is interpreted by either a customer or an operator as a
reorder signal.
Reorder on a local call is Low Tone for .3 seconds on and .2 seconds
off. Reorder on a toll call is Low Tone for .2 seconds on and .3 seconds
off. In No. 5 crossbar, No. 1/1A ESS, No. 2/2B ESS switching equipment
and No. 1 step-by-step offices using the Precise Tone Plan, the temporal
pattern is 0.25 second of low tone and 0.25 second off.
Alerting Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Indicates that an operator has connected to the line (emergency
interrupt on a busy line during a verification call).
Alerting Tone is 440 Hz on for 2 seconds and then on again for .5
seconds every ten seconds.
Recorder Warning Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When recording equipment is used, this tone is connected to the line to
inform the distant party that the conversation is bveing recorded. The
tone source is located within the recording equipment and cannot be
controlled by the party applying the recording equipment to the line.
This tone is required by law and is recorded along with the speech.
Recorder Warning Tone is a .5 second burst at 1400 Hz every 15 seconds.
Recorder Connected Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is used to inform the customer that his/her call is connected
to a recording machine and that he/she should proceed to leave a
message, dictate, etc. It is to be distinguished from the recorder
warning tone, which warns the customer that his/her 2-way conversation
is being recorded.
Recorder Warning Tone is a .5 second burst at 440 Hz every 5 seconds.
Reverting Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The same type of signal as line busy tone is used for reverting tone in
all systems. In No. 5 crossbar systems, a second dial tone is sometimes
also used when a calling party identification digit is required. The
reverting signal informs the calling subscriber that the called party is
on the same line and that he/she should hang up while the line is being
rung.
Reverting Tone is is Low Tone on and off every .5 seconds at -24
dBm0/frequency.
Deposit Coin Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone, sent from a Community Dial Office to a post-pay coin
telephone, informs the calling party that the called party has answered
and that the coin should be deposited.
Deposit Coin Tone is a steady Low Tone.
Receiver Off-Hook Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is used to cause off-hook customers to replace the receiver
on-hook on a permanent signal call and to signal a non-PBX off-hook line
when ringing key is operated by a switchboard operator.
Receiver Off-Hook Tone is 1400 Hz, 2060 Hz, 2450 Hz and 2600 Hz at 0
dBm0/frequency on and off every .1 second. On some older space division
switching systems Receiver Off-Hook was 1400 Hz, 2060 Hz, 2450 Hz and
2600 Hz at +5 VU on and off every .1 second. On a No. 5 ESS this
continues for 30 seconds. On a No. 2/2B ESS this continues for 40
seconds. On some other AT&T switches there are two iterations of 50
seconds each.
Howler
~~~~~~
This tone is used in older offices to inform a customer that their
receiver is off-hook. It has been superseded by the receiver off-hook
tone.
Howler was a 480 Hz tone incremented in volume every second for ten
seconds until it reaches +40 VU.
Partial Dial Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
High-tone is used to notify the calling party that he/she has not
commenced dialing within a preallotted time, measured after receipt of
dial tone (permanent signal condition), or that he/she has not dialed
enough digits (partial dial condition). This is a signal to hang up and
dial again.
Partial Dial Tone is a steady High Tone.
No Such Number a.k.a. "Cry Baby"
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This signal tells the calling party to hang up, check the called number,
and dial again. In modern systems, calls to unassigned or discontinued
numbers will also be routed to a machine announcement system, such as 6A
or 7A, which verbally supplies the require message. In some older
offices, you could be routed to an intercepting operator. In some
offices, reorder tone is returned in this condition.
No Such Number is 200 to 400 Hz modulated at 1 Hz, interrupted every 6
seconds for .5 seconds.
Vacant Code
~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is used in crossbar systems to indicate that the dialed office
code is unassigned. In step-by-step areas, this signal is called vacant
level tone. For operator-originated calls, the verbal announcement is
preceeded by two flashes. In modern systems, recorded verbal
announcements are used for this service.
Vacant Code is Low Tone for .5 seconds on, .5 seconds off, .5 seconds of
and 1.5 seconds off.
Busy Verification Tone (Centrex)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Busy verification is a Centrex feature that allows the attendant to call
and be connected to a busy Centrex station within the attendant's
customer group. The busy verification tone is applied to both parties
of the connection to inform them of the intrusion by the attendant. No
tone is applied if the station called for busy verification is idle.
Busy Verification Tone (Centrex) is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for 1.5 seconds
and then again for .3 seconds every 7.5 to 10 seconds. On a No. 1/1A
ESS, Busy Verification Tone (Centrex) is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for 1.5
seconds and then again for .3 seconds every 6 seconds.
There is also a TSPS Busy Verification tone, which is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0
for 2 seconds and then on again for .5 seconds every 10 seconds.
Call Waiting Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Call Waiting is a special service that allows a busy line to answer an
incoming call by flashing the switchhook. Audible ring (instead of line
busy) is applied to the calling line, and the Call Waiting tone is
applied to the called line. (So that only the called party hears the
tone, the connection is momentarily broken, and the other party to that
connection experiences a moment of silence.) Flashing the switchhook
places the existing connection on hold and connects the customer to the
waiting call.
Call Waiting Tone is two bursts of 440 Hz at -13 dBm0/frequency for .3
seconds plus or minus ten percent every ten seconds.
Confirmation Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is used to acknowledge receipt by automatic equipment of
information necessary for special services. It is currently used for:
(1) Speed Calling - dialed number has been recorded
(2) Call Forwarding - dialed number has been recorded and
service is activated
(3) Call Forwarding - service is deactivated
Confirmation Tone is 350 Hz and 440 Hz at -13 dBm0/frequency on for .1
second, off for .1 second and then on for .3 seconds.
Indication of Camp-On
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Attendant camp-on service allows an electronic switching system Centrex
attendant to hold incoming calls to busy lines. Each time the attendant
releases his/her talking connection from the loop involved in the
camped-on call, the indication of camp-on tone is heard by the called
customer if the customer has subscribed to the indication of camp-on
option. The customer may get this tone several times as the attendant
reconnects and releases from the loop in response to timed reminders
from the console.
Indication of Camp On is 440 Hz at -13 dBm0 for one second every time
the attendant releases from the loop.
Special Dial Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is used with Three-Way Calling, Centrex station dial transfer,
and Centrex conference (station or attendant) services. The user on an
existing connection flashes the switchhook, receives special dial tone,
and dials number of the third party to be added to the connection.
Special Dial Tone is 350 Hz and 440 Hz at -13 dBm0/frequency for .1
second on, .1 second off, .1 second on, .1 second off, .1 second on, .1
second off, and then on steady.
Priority Audible Ring (AUTOVON)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone replaces normal audible ring for priority calls within the
AUTOVON network.
Priority Audible Ring is 440 Hz and 480 Hz at -16 dBm0/frequency on for
1.65 seconds and off for .35 seconds.
Preemption Tone (AUTOVON)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is provided to both parties of a connection that is preempted
by a priority call from the AUTOVON network.
Preemption Tone is 440 Hz and 620 Hz at -18 dBm0/frequency steady for
anywhere from three to fifteen seconds.
Data Set Answer Back Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This set is heard when manually initiating a data call. It normally
occurs shortly after the start of audible ringing and means that the
remote data set has answered. The data set at the calling end should
then be put into the data mode.
Data Set Answer Back Tone is 2025 Hz steady at -13 dBm.
Calling Card Service Prompt Tone
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This tone is used to inform the customer that his/her credit card
information must be keyed in. The first 60 milliseconds of this
composite tone is 941 Hz abd 1477 Hz which is the DTMF '#'. This tone
will release and DTMF to dial pulse converter in the conneciton.
Calling Card Service Prompt Tone is 941 Hz and 1477 Hz at -10
dBm0/frequency at -3 Transmission Level Point for 60 milliseconds and
then 440 Hz and 350 Hz at -7 dBm0 for .940 seconds exponentially decayed
from -10 dBm per frequency at -3 Transmission Level Point at time
constant of .2 seconds.
Class of Service
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
These signals are used at a toll board operating as an 'A" board to
identify the class or service of the calling customer. The indication
may be high, low, or no tone.
Class of Service is a single burst of either High Tone or Low Tone for
.05 to 1 seconds.
Dial-Normal Transmission Signal

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