Astronomers simplify their timekeeping by merely counting the days, and not months
and years. Each date has a Julian Day number (JD), beginning at noon, which is the
number of elapsed days since January 1st, 4713 B.C. For instance, January 1st, 1993,
was JD 2448989; January 2nd, 1993, was JD 2448990; and January 1st, 2000, was JD
2451545. Why the year 4713 B.C.? The Julian Day system of numbering the days is a
continuous count of days elapsed since the beginning of the Julian Period. This
period was devised by Joseph Justus Scaliger, a French classical scholar in the 16th
century. Scaliger calculated the Julian Period by multiplying three important
chronological cycles: the 28-year solar cycle, the 19-year lunar cycle, and the
15-year cycle of tax assessment called the Roman Indiction. To establish a beginning
point for his Julian Day system, Scaliger calculated the closest date before 1 B.C.
which marked the first day for the beginning of all three cycles. This day is
January 1, 4713 B.C., which is Julian Day number 1.