The question presented in this discussion is definitely one that has no easy answer. I will start by saying, a obligation is defined by what a person is bound to from either tradition or law. If I took a relative approach I would say that morals and ethical obligation are subjective. I personally believe that to a extent humans do have a obligation to animals. To go out of your way to depict cruelty to any creature illustrates a flaw in your own character. However, humans don't have to have a diet that includes meat but most do. Even in these cases the way that the livestock is going to be treated does not have to be treated cruelly, or put in discomfort. I remember watching a show in which the farmer said, that his cows tasted so good because they lived a happy life. In many ways he treated the cows akin to a pet, by feeding them properly, making sure their living quarters are clean, and showing them affection. His belief was that by doing this his cow's meat was more tender, then if he hadn't done these practices. Do I believe this maybe, maybe not. However, this does illustrate that the livestock that we consume does not have to be treated in a cruel manner. Yet, in theory in our society animals do not perform any function but companionship and food, which means humans really don't have a obligation to them. However, I feel it is boorish to depict cruelty to any creature or anyone.

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PHI208: Ethics and Moral Reasoning
Peter Singer – “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”
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In reading the Peter Singer – “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” article I believe his argument is to help those in need. He has a lot of good points and I think he does a good job in arguing and defending from different perspectives. And in doing this makes it easier for the reader to see both sides. Singer’s argument to help others with food and shelter, as long as we are not sacrificing anything morally significant then it is in our power to help others in need. Singer also makes points on giving to charities and assuming others will give so I don’t need to give. Or giving in the aspect or thought that others will not give. He wants us all to give within our means and help others without doing damage to our own family or putting ourselves in a hardship.
Singer argues the fact that most of us help out or would be more likely to help out someone near us. But he argues why not help others even if they are far. Why only help those who are near us. The fact that a person is physically near to us, so that we have personal contact with him, may make it more likely that we shall assist him, but this does not show that we ought to help him rather than another who happens to be further away. If we accept any principle of impartiality, universalizability, equality, or whatever, we cannot discriminate against someone merely...

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Famine, Affluence, and Morality
PHI208 Ethics and Moral Reasoning
Famine, Affluence, and Morality
In Peter Singer’s 1972 post titled “Famine, Affluence and Morality”, he conveys that wealthy nations, for example the United States, has an ethical duty to contribute much a lot more than we do with regards to worldwide assistance for famine relief and/or other disasters or calamities which may happen. In this document, I will describe Singers objective in his work and give his argument with regards to this problem. I will describe 3 counter-arguments to Singer’s view which he tackles, and after that reveal Singer’s reactions to those counter-arguments. I will explain Singer’s idea of marginal utility and also differentiate how it pertains to his argument. I will compare how the ideas of duty and charity alter in his suggested world. To conclude, I will provide my own reaction about this problem supporting singer’s argument. Should wealthier nations have a moral duty to relieve poorer nations if a disastrous event were to happen? I think that we all must contribute in times of need even if this means substantially modifying the way in which we live for the objective of assisting other people so long as it doesn't cause us to suffer.
The primary objective of Singer’s post is to convey that we the folks have the capacity to assist men and women in need that is less lucky since it's our moral duty...

...﻿PHI208 (Religion)
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The Bible gives witness to two facts regarding the knowledge God. First, it teaches us that God is incomprehensible, and but then it also declares that God is knowable. Both are true, but not in an absolute sense. To say that God is incomprehensible simply means that finite man cannot know everything there is to know about God who is an infinite being. To say that God is knowable means that, though incomprehensible, God can be known and man can grow in the knowledge of God, at least in a limited sense and to the degree that is needed for man to trust God and have a personal and growing relationship with Him.
Is proof for the existence of God necessary?
When you talk about proof, you are talking about establishing some degree of certainty about the existence of God. That is where Faith comes in Faith is: The assurance, confirmation, and the title deed of the things we hope for. The proof of things we do not see. The conviction of their reality and it perceives as real fact what is not revealed to the senses (Hebrews 11). It takes greater faith to believe that an unseen God exists than it does to just dismiss Him because you cannot physically confirm that He is there. No-one can ever prove that God exists by scientific methods. Religion and faith in God is based on individual beliefs. This is where the problem seems to lie, because most people...

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This file PHI 445 Week 2Discussion Questions has right solution to the following tasks: 1. What are the differences between Capitalist, Socialist, Fairness, and Libertarian notions of justice? What are the strongest and weakest parts of each theory? 2. Assess the promotional practices of the companies in terms of the moral standards that you think are appropriate for the sort of environment in which the companies are operating. Relate your assessment to the three theories of the manufacturer's duties discussed in the chapter. Are any of these three theories particularly appropriate or inappropriate for the Third World context within which the infant formula companies operate? Evaluate the advertisements used by the companies. Do companies have a duty to ensure that consumers do not misuse their products? Do the duties of the manufacturer end at the point of sale?
Philosophy - General Philosophy
Psychological Egoism . After reviewing Chapter 1 in your textbook and watching “Virtue Ethics,” find a contemporary article showing how the theory of psychological egoism in a corporation resulted in an ethical dilemma.
a. Is there a way that the decision-making process within a large corporation can overcome this fact of human selfishness?
b. What would be a solution in this scenario?
c. How does the theory of psychological egoism fit within your personal body of ethics and values?
d. How does the...

...What can we know?
Joseph Ransford
PHI208: Ethics and Moral Reasoning (GTP1306D)
Michele Clearman-Warner
03/12/13
Epistemology or theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy related to the scope and nature of knowledge. The subject focuses on examining the nature of knowledge, and how it relates to beliefs, justification, and truth. Epistemology contract with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. “Epistemology is the philosophical investigation into this question: What can we know? The question, at first, seems pretty simple: It seems pretty obvious that I know that 3+5+8, that the sun will rise tomorrow and that my chances of winning the lottery aren’t very good. I also know how to tie my shoes, boil water, and send an email.” (Mosser, 2010) The core of this questions and area of study is Skepticism, in which there have been many approaches involved in trying to disprove a particular form of this school. This paper will discuss the Epistemology school of Skepticism, the contributors whom created the school; the evolution of how the school grew out of it’s the original field of Epistemology, and a few examples of real-life applications pertaining to the school.
Epistemology arisen either in defense of or in opposition to certain forms of skepticism. Skepticism is an attitude of doubt and uncertainty as expressed in everyday language and an identifiable school of thought in history ideas. It’s most...

...“Famine, Affluence, and Morality”
In Peter Singer’s 1972 article titled “Famine, Affluence and Morality”, he suggests that wealthy nations have an ethical duty to contribute much more than they do to other nations who are suffering through a natural disaster, extreme poverty, famine or other issues. In this paper, I will describe Singers objective and give his argument with regards to this issue. I will describe three counter-arguments to Singer’s view which he addresses, and after that reveal Singer’s reactions to those counterarguments. I will explain Singer’s idea of marginal utility and also differentiate how it pertains to his argument. I will compare how the ideas of duty and charity alter in his suggested world. To conclude, I will provide my own position in response to Singer’s argument.
The primary objective of Singer’s article is to express that we as people have the capacity to assist those in dire need as it is our moral duty to do so. He uses the disaster in East Bengal as an example. “Continuous poverty, a cyclone, and a civil war have turned a minimum of 9 million people into abandoned refugees; nonetheless, it's not beyond the capability of the wealthier countries to provide sufficient help to decrease further suffering to very small proportions (Singer 1972).” He thinks that there's no reason at all for individuals to suffer if other people have the ability to assist and prevent it from happening or getting worse. It’s our moral responsibility to...

...Module 2: The Scientific Method and Matter
The Scientific Method
Step 1: Performing Experiments
Step 2: Making Observations
Step 3: Proposing a Hypothesis
Step 4: Confirming the Hypothesis
Step 5: Proposing a Scientific Law
Scientific Notation
It is a mathematical expression in which a number is expressed as N x 10^n where N contains only one nonzero digit to the left of the decimal and n is an integer.
Rules for Determining Significant Figures (digits)
- All nonzero digits are significant figures
- Counting begins from the left with the first nonzero number
- Zeros between nonzero digits are counted as sig. figures
- Terminal zeros (zeros to the right of the right of a number) are always significant if the value contains a decimal point.
Ex: 2.3700 g: 5 significant figures
17.50 mL: 4 significant figures
Rule 1- In calculations involving measured values (with a certain # of sig. figs), the number of sig figs in the final answer depends on the operation performed.
Rule 2- In multiplication and division of measured quantities, the final answer contains the same number of sig figs as are in the measurement with the least number of sig figs.
Rule 3- In the final answer of a calculation involving exact numbers, unit conversion factors and constants, the number of significant figures is dictated by the measured quantity involved.
Density = Mass/ Volume
Matter:
The term matter is used to...

...The study of logic can aid us understand the advantages of critical thinking and reasoning. It also helps us create valid points in order to make a quality argument. “Logic examines the structure and content of arguments, and helps describe various kinds of arguments. It also evaluates those arguments, seeing why good arguments work and why bad arguments fail,” it says in our textbook ( Mosser, 2011, Sec. 1.1). When I reflect about the debate over whether prayer should be allowed in public school automatically refer to my faith. Unfortunately this is not logical but more personal. This is why the topic is such a sensitive one. Although we all have our own beliefs we cannot force prayer on someone else. At the same time, we should not tell someone that they cannot prayer. If we keep our thoughts unbiased on both sides of an argument we can better understand each other based on the premises and the conclusion. My mom always said there is a logical reason for everything. There are arguments all around us. It states in our text that, “Logic cannot guarantee that we will win all of our arguments, but it can help us determine when we have good reasons for something and when we do not.” (Mosser, 2011, Sec.1.3). Using logic basically allows us to recognize a suitable debate, the kind of argument, and what reasons may or may not be applicable to the conclusion. Besides that, we need facts to be put into an argument to determine truth. Just because an argument is valid does not...