Molecular mechanisms: Maternal infection linked to autism

Lasting effects: Pups born to mice treated with immune-stimulating molecules are less likely than controls to communicate and interact with other mice.

Molecules generated by an immune reaction in pregnant rats affect the brains of their offspring, leading to changes in gene expression, according to a study published 30 January in Brain, Behavior and Immunity1.

The offspring of immune-stimulated mice also display behaviors that mirror the core symptoms of autism — social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors — according to another study published in the same issue2.

Together, the studies provide further support for the immune activation model of autism, which suggests that an immune response in a pregnant woman, due to infection or an autoimmune disease, could lead to autism symptoms in her children.

A 2010 study also shows that abnormally high levels of one cytokine, IL-8, in the blood of pregnant women are associated with altered brain development in their children.

And treating pregnant mice with molecules that provoke an immune reaction leads to a number of deficits reminiscent of schizophrenia in their pups, including an enhanced fear response.

The second of the two new studies expands on these findings by examining the male pups of mice that were treated with an immune-stimulating molecule during pregnancy for deficits in each of the core symptoms of autism.

The pups are less likely than controls to emit ultrasonic vocalizations, mouse cries that are inaudible to humans, when separated from their mothers, and as adults when they encounter either male or female mice. They are also only half as likely as controls to urinate on a female scent-mark, even though they investigate the marked area as often as controls do. Both findings suggest deficits in communication.

The pups of treated mothers also spend less time than controls investigating another mouse in an adjacent chamber, an indicator of social deficits; and they bury almost three times as many marbles placed in their cages as controls do, suggesting they have restricted interests.

The first new study gets at the mechanism behind these deficits, by looking at the levels of cytokines in the blood and amniotic fluid of immune-activated pregnant rats and in the brains of their offspring.

Three cytokines — TNF alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 — are elevated in all three locations compared with controls. The highest levels are found in the mother’s blood, followed by the amniotic fluid and lastly, fetal brains, the study found. Despite this, the genetic messages that code for the cytokines are not elevated in fetal brains, suggesting that the cytokines reach the fetus through the amniotic fluid.

Four hours after a pregnant rat receives an injection to stimulate her immune system, the brains of her unborn pups show several alterations in gene expression, one of the most significant being changes in genes that affect the development and function of the nervous system. There are no changes in gene expression in the fetal rats 24 hours after immune activation, however.

Pups born to the immune-activated mothers in this study also show less interest in a novel mouse in their cages than controls do, the study found.

The results suggest that a spike in cytokine levels in pregnant rats can lead to short-term changes in gene expression in key pathways at a crucial stage of brain development.

Tags:

Comments

Name:
Gerard Barbanel

22 March 2012
-
3:27PM

Jessica,

Analyzing the recent paper of Oskvig et al., you conclude that their results "suggest that a spike in cytokine levels in pregnant mice can lead to short-term changes in gene expression in key pathways at a crucial stage of brain development".

I think that their results indeed emphasize that the cytokines rise in the fetal brains did not originate from the fetus, but from the mother's blood. These cytokines may participate, but there is no evidence that they may be instrumental to the pathological processes.

There is another possible mechanism possibly responsible of the impairments induced by in utero infection. Oskvig et al indeed evidenced the enhancement of several genes related to oxidative stress. This result nicely confirms our previous reports that an oxidative stress occurred within the fetal brain as early as 1 hour after the LPS injection (Lanté et al. Free Radic Biol Med 42 (2007) 1231-45).

This oxidative stress may be instrumental in the perturbations induced by the LPS challenge, among them the glutamate neurotransmission (Escobar et al. Biological Psychiatry 70 (2011) 992-999). Indeed, treatment with an antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine, given either before (Lanté et al. Free Radic Biol Med 42 (2007) 1231-45), or after the endotoxin challenge (Lanté et al. Hippocampus 18 (2008) 602-609), prevented the consequences of that challenge.

Moreover, most of the behavioral impairments induced by prenatal LPS occurred only in male offspring, which is consistent with most of the epidemiological surveys that report an unexplained skewed male to female ratio in ASD.