Abraham Lincoln and Mohandas Gandhi were
arguably the two giant personalities of the nineteenth and twentieth century
respectively. Their lives are a study in differing, often contrasting styles of
leadership, even though both sought similar goals. It is a matter of history,
that Lincoln united a splitting nation, and Gandhi, despite best effort, was
tragic witness to a partition of the country. The American Civil War was fought
mainly on the issue of slavery. Gandhi's civil disobedience movement was
to liberate India from British slavery.

Two particular incidents illustrate their
differences in approach to the question of means versus ends. These are only
illustrative and by no means capture the entire complexity and richness of
their lives' work. For Lincoln, as the Civil War was ending, it was important
that slavery be abolished by amending the constitution.The story relating to Lincoln !!

Merely using his War Powers and proclaiming the
emancipation of slaves was not going to be a lasting solution. It had to be
encoded in the constitution, which meant that two thirds of the majority in the
upper and lower Houses (called the Senate and the Congress) had to approve the
amendment. It would then have to be ratified by the individual States of the
Union. Lincoln's Republican Party had the necessary majority in the Senate, but
did not have the numbers in the Congress.

The amendment resolution passed in the Senate in
April 1864, but failed to pass in Congress in June, falling short by 13 votes.
Lincoln was reelected in the Presidential election in November, and was
determined to get the resolution passed in Congress (the lower house) by
"any means necessary". He asked his secretary of state (i.e.
minister) to procure votes from opponents by offering inducements including
bribes. In fact a special fund for bribery was created. Ultimately in a
marathon session on January 31, 1865, the Congress approved the amendment by a
very narrow vote.

One of Lincoln's close allies said, "the greatest
measure of the nineteenth century was passed by corruption, aided and abetted
by the purest man in America". The greatest goal and Lincoln's lasting
legacy was achieved, but perhaps by tainted means.

The story relating to Gandhiji !

Now think about the Chauri Chaura incident of
February 1922. Gandhiji had called for nationwide civil disobedience movement
in response to the emergency measures of the Rowlatt Act of 1919, intensified
after the Jalianwalla Bagh massacre. This was the non-cooperation movement
whose goal was swaraj, or total independence from British rule.

It was based on satyagraha, and its abiding
principle was nonviolence. During the next couple of years the principle of
nonviolence was tested, but not seriously breached. At Chauri Chaura (near
Gorakhpur) volunteers were nonviolently protesting against rising meat prices.
After a lathi charge, and arrest of some of their leaders, a much bigger
protest the next day turned violent after the police fired shots and killed 3
protestors. Tempers rose, and the angry crowd took revenge by burning down the
police chowki, and killing all 23 Indian policemen trapped inside. Most were
burnt to death, and some of them were hacked and thrown back into the fire, as
they tried to flee.

This incident shocked Gandhi so much, that he
suspended the noncooperation movement, went on a five day fast, and said that
India was not ready for swaraj. Nonviolence was paramount, and if people could
not exercise restraint, then the goal should be abandoned. The means of the
pursuit of the goal, were more important. Ends did not justify means.

Immanuel Kant

The philosopher Immanuel Kant said that rational human beings
should be treated as an end in themselves and not as a means to something else.
The fact that we are human has value in itself.

If a person is an end-in-themself it means their inherent value
doesn't depend on anything else - it doesn't depend on whether the person is
enjoying their life, or making other people's lives better. We exist, so we
have value.

Most of us agree with that - though we don't put it so formally.
We say that we don't think that we should use other people, which is a plain
English way of saying that we shouldn't treat other people as a means to our
own ends.

KEY TAKEAWAYS

·When the means justify
the ends, ethical consideration focuses on what you do, not the consequences of
what you’ve done.

·Traditionally, focusing
on means instead of ends leads to an ethics based on duties or rights.