Let $G$ be a finitely presented group with generators $g_1, g_1^{-1},\ldots, g_n, g_n^{-1}$. Let $L(G)$ be the language of all those words in $g_1, \ldots, g_n$ which represent the trivial element of $G$. It's well known that there exists a Turing machine $T$ which accepts $L(G)$ (it doesn't necessary always stop).

Conversely, given an alphabet $A$ consisting of symbols $g_1, g_1^{-1}, \ldots, g_n, g_n^{-1}$, and a language $L$ on $A$ accepted by a Turing machine $T$ it's easy to give neccesary and sufficient conditions on $L$ so that for some group $G$ we have $L=L(G)$. Namely $L$ should be closed under (1) concatanation (2) reductions and additions of the terms $g_ig_i^{-1}$ and $g_i^{-1}g_i$, (3) "conjugation" i.e. given $w\in L$ the words $gwg^{-1}$ and $g^{-1}wg$ are also in $L$.

Question 1. Is there a set of conditions on a Turing machine $T$ which assures that the language $L(T)$ accepted by $T$ fulfills the conditions (1)-(3) above?

For the purpose of this question "a set of conditions" means an algorithm which always stops, which takes as the input a Turing machine $T$, and if $L(T)$ fulfills (1)-(3) then the algorithm returns YES (if it returns NO then it can be either way).

Of course I'm interested in algorithms which output YES on a possibly big set of Turing machines.

Question 2. Is there an algorithm as above which returns YES exactly on the set of those machines $T$ such that $L(T)$ fulfills conditions (1)-(3).

In your conditions (1)–(3), don’t you also need (4) closed under inverse (defined in the natural way) and (5) L is nonempty? For example, I do not think that your conditions (1)–(3) rule out the language L which corresponds to the semigroup generated by the elements conjugate to g_1.
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Tsuyoshi ItoJul 20 '11 at 20:09

5 Answers
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The answer to Question 2 is no, by Rice's theorem. The intuitive content of that theorem is that any non-trivial property of the (partial) function computed by a Turing machine will be undecidable as a property of the machine's program.

There are the so-called Miller machines (see my paper ). These are not quite Turing machines, but can be easily converted into Turing machines. It is defined by a collection of words $r_1,...,r_n$. The commands are $q\to r_i^{\pm 1} q$, $q\to aqa^{-1}$ where $a$ is any letter of the alphabet, $q$ is the (only one!) state letter. Unlike a Turing machine, a Miller machine works with words which may contain inverses of the letters, and reduces a word after every step (this is a particular case of the so-called S-machines). The word $w$ is accepted if the machine takes $wq$ to $q$. Clearly the set of words accepted by the Miller machine is exactly the set of words equal to 1 modulo relations $r_i=1$, $i=1,...,n$.

Given a Turing machine $T$, one can close it under the conditions (1), (2), (3) as follows. Given the word $w$, run machine $T$ on $w$ as well as all the words $w'$ obtained by concatenating, reducing, and conjugating. The set of such words $w'$ is recursively enumerable. Then, simply dovetail the computations which correspond to each word $w'$. If any $w'$ acecpts, output YES. Otherwise, the machine runs indefinitely.

This process produces a Turing machine $T'$ which is closed under the conditions (1) -- (3). Furthermore, it is easy to check if a given machine $T'$ is produced in this way. (i.e. $T'$ is formed by closing some other machine $T$).

necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary subset $W$ of the set of words $\Sigma^*$ over a nonempty alphabet $\Sigma$ to be the word problem of a group having $\Sigma$ as monoid generating set are established. These are:

Further to Derek Holt's answer, the negative answer would appear to still apply to the conditions stated in his answer. In fact, you can't even decide if a PDA (let alone a TM) accepts the word problem of a group, as stated in the introduction to: