4 Three ImagesKenneth N. Waltz: Man, the State, and War. A theoretical analysis. New York 1954Leitfrage: What are the causes of war?Third Image: The International SystemSecond Image: The StateFirst Image: Human nature

6 Incomplete explanation1st Image: Human NatureOptimistsPessimistsPeople are basically goodSocial Reform, EducationCrime and war are deviant behaviorsProgress is possible, perhaps inevitableHuman nature is flawedPassion and egoism are fundamentalCrime and war are normalUtopian ideals are not achievableBut...But...Incomplete explanationDoes knowledge lead to peace?Does knowledge imply samepreferences for everybody ?

9 The StateLiberalismReason and progress make the eventual elimination of war possibleImmanuel Kant ( )On Perpetual PeaceHistorical evolutionTechnology leads to more brutal warsStates will be compelled to become more peaceful as citizens have to bear the cost of warfareRepublics < i.e. states ruled by law > will be inclined towards peaceCommerce creates incentives to pursue peaceWorld Society as voluntary association of peaceful states in legal federation

10 The State Marxism-LeninismThe mode of production determines social relationsGovernment represents dominant class interestsUnder capitalismExpanding production leads to diminishing returnsSearch for profits leads to demand for new markets and investment opportunitiesConflict among capitalist statesHarmony among socialist states

11 3rd Image: International anarchyThomas Hobbes ( ). Leviathan (1651)Human beings are animals that seek pleasure and survivalIn the state of nature, others are threats, so all are at warLife is “nasty, brutish and short”To transcend anarchy, we surrender our natural rights to an absolute sovereign in a social contractInternational anarchyState of NatureState of War

13 Multi-Level GovernanceFlexibly organised common problem solving among different communities from the local via the regional and state to the international level (and vice versa)In International Relations:Concept covers the mechanisms, agreements, and patterns neces-sary to insure, in an anarchical international system* transnational cooperation* balances (of power/influence)* stabilitywithout formalised and insti-tutionalised organisations andtreaty systemsgovernance without governmentIn Domestic Politics:Concept gains importance in contexts in which political institutions and their decision-makers lose part of their autonomy to act; political direction and problem solving has to relyon cooperation of political AND societal actors in networks and negotiation systems (Round Tables etc.)