List Of Business Entities
A BUSINESS ENTITY is an entity that is formed and administered as per
corporate law in order to engage in business activities, charitable
work, or other activities allowable. Most often, business entities are
formed to sell a product or a service. There are many types of
business entities defined in the legal systems of various countries.
These include corporations , cooperatives , partnerships , sole
traders , limited liability company and other specifically permitted
and labelled types of entities. The specific rules vary by country and
by state or province. Some of these types are listed below, by
country
[...More...]

Kolkata
KOLKATA /koʊlˈkɑːtə/ (Bengali pronunciation: ), formerly
CALCUTTA /kælˈkʌtə/ until 2001 , is the capital of the Indian
state of
West BengalWest Bengal . Located on the east bank of the
Hooghly RiverHooghly River ,
it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of
East
IndiaIndia , while the
Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating
port and its sole major riverine port. The city is widely regarded as
the "cultural capital" of India, and is also nicknamed the "City of
Joy". In 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, while the
population of the city and its suburbs was 14.1 million, making it the
third-most populous metropolitan area in India
[...More...]

Research And Development
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D, R+D, or RN\'D), also known in Europe
as RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT (RTD), is activities in
connection with corporate or government innovation. Research and
development constitutes the first stage of development of a potential
new service or product. R"> of an R&D department either staffed by engineers and tasked with
directly developing new products , or staffed with industrial
scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or
technological fields, which may facilitate future product development.
R"> and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on
investment . However R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the
market through the marketization of new products
[...More...]

Corporation
A CORPORATION is a company or group of people authorized to act as a
single entity (legally a person ) and recognized as such in law. Early
incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc
act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature).
Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through
registration . Corporations enjoy limited liability for their
investors, which can lead to losses being externalized from investors
to the government or general public. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by
the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered into two kinds:
by whether they can issue stock or not, or by whether they are formed
to make a profit or not
[...More...]

Leveraged Buyout
A LEVERAGED BUYOUT (LBO) is a financial transaction in which a
company is purchased with a combination of equity and debt, such that
the company's cash flow is the collateral used to secure and repay the
borrowed money. The use of debt, which has a lower cost of capital
than equity, serves to reduce the overall cost of financing the
acquisition. This reduced cost of financing allows greater gains to
accrue to the equity, and, as a result, the debt serves as a lever to
increase the returns to the equity. The term LBO is usually employed when a financial sponsor acquires a
company. However, many corporate transactions are partially funded by
bank debt, thus effectively also representing an LBO. LBOs can have
many different forms such as management buyout (MBO), management
buy-in (MBI), secondary buyout and tertiary buyout, among others, and
can occur in growth situations, restructuring situations, and
insolvencies
[...More...]

Japanese Yen
The YEN (Japanese : 円, Hepburn : en, symbol : ¥ ; code : JPY; also
abbreviated as JP¥) is the official currency of
JapanJapan . It is the
third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the
United States dollarUnited States dollar and the euro . It is also widely used as a
reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro, and the pound
sterling . The concept of the yen was a component of the Meiji government's
modernization program of Japan's economy; which postulated the pursuit
of a uniform currency throughout the country modeled after the
European decimal currency system. Before the
Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration ,
Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu , in an
array of incompatible denominations
[...More...]

Patent Exhaustion
The EXHAUSTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS constitutes one of the
limits of intellectual property (IP) rights. Once a given product has
been sold under the authorization of the IP owner, the reselling,
rental, lending and other third party commercial uses of IP-protected
goods in domestic and international markets is governed by the
principle. After a product covered by an IP right, such as by a patent right,
has been sold by the IP right owner or by others with the consent of
the owner, the IP right is said to be exhausted. It can no longer be
exercised by the owner. This limitation is also referred to as the
EXHAUSTION DOCTRINE or FIRST SALE DOCTRINE
[...More...]

Information Technology
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) is the application of computers to store,
retrieve, transmit and manipulate data , or information , often in
the context of a business or other enterprise. IT is considered to be
a subset of information and communications technology (ICT). In 2012,
Zuppo proposed an ICT hierarchy where each hierarchy level "contain
some degree of commonality in that they are related to technologies
that facilitate the transfer of information and various types of
electronically mediated communications". The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer
networks, but it also encompasses other information distribution
technologies such as television and telephones. Several industries are
associated with information technology, including computer hardware ,
software , electronics , semiconductors , internet , telecom equipment
, and e-commerce
[...More...]

Slate (magazine)
Optional for Slate Plus and commenting only (US readers)
Metered paywall (non-US readers) LAUNCHED
1996; 21 years ago (1996) CURRENT STATUS
ActiveSLATE is an online magazine that covers current affairs, politics,
and culture in the United States. It was created in 1996 by former New
Republic editor
Michael Kinsley , initially under the ownership of
MicrosoftMicrosoft as part of
MSNMSN . On 21 December 2004, it was purchased by
The Washington PostThe Washington Post Company , later renamed the Graham Holdings
Company . Since 4 June 2008, Slate has been managed by The Slate Group
, an online publishing entity created by the Graham Holdings Company
to develop and manage web-only magazines. Slate is based in New York
City, with an additional office in Washington, DC
[...More...]

Lexington Herald-Leader
The LEXINGTON HERALD-LEADER is a newspaper owned by The McClatchy
Company and based in the U.S. city of
Lexington, KentuckyLexington, Kentucky . According
to the 1999 Editor "> Former offices on Walnut Street The Herald-Leader was created by a 1983 merger of the LEXINGTON
HERALD and the LEXINGTON LEADER. The story of the Herald begins in
1870 with a paper known as the Lexington Daily Press. In 1895, a
descendant of that paper was first published as the Morning Herald,
later to be renamed the Lexington Herald in 1905. Meanwhile, in 1898 a
group of Fayette County Republicans began publication of a competing
afternoon paper named the
KentuckyKentucky Leader, which became known as the
Lexington Leader in 1901. In 1937, the owner of the Leader, John Stoll, purchased the Herald.
The papers continued as independent entities for 46 years
[...More...]

Writ Of Certiorari
CERTIORARI (/ˌsɜːrʃəˈrɛəraɪ/ , /-ˈrɛəri/ , or
/-ˈrɑːri/ ), often abbreviated CERT. in the United States, is a
writ seeking judicial review . It is issued by a superior court ,
directing an inferior court, tribunal, or other public authority to
send the record of a proceeding for review. CONTENTS * 1 Etymology * 2 Historical and modern jurisdictions * 2.1 Ancient Rome
* 2.2
Common lawCommon law and Commonwealth * 2.3 United States * 2.3.1 Federal courts
* 2.3.2 State courts
* 2.3.3
Administrative lawAdministrative law * 2.4
PhilippinesPhilippines * 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
* 6 External links ETYMOLOGYThe term comes from the words used at the beginning of these writs
when they were written in Latin: certiorārī (volumus) "(we wish) to
be informed"
[...More...]

Equity (finance)
In accounting , EQUITY (or OWNER\'S EQUITY) is the difference between
the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something
owed. It is governed by the following equation: Equity =
Assets Liabilities {displaystyle
{text{Equity}}={text{Assets}}-{text{Liabilities}}} For example, if someone owns a car worth $15,000 (an asset), but owes
$5,000 on a loan against that car (a liability), the car represents
$10,000 of equity. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds
assets. SHAREHOLDERS\' EQUITY (or stockholders' equity, shareholders'
funds, shareholders' capital or similar terms) represents the equity
of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred
stock . Negative shareholders' equity is often referred to as a
shareholders' deficit. Alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a
corporation . The value of the stock depends on the corporation's
future economic prospects
[...More...]