Journal of the New York Botanical Garden

VOL. XXXVII MAY, 1936 No- 437
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM
ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM
THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC PLANT
W. H. CAMP
TWENTY- ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE
STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK
IN NEW YORK AND LONDON
WITH OUR COLLABORATORS
W. H. CAMP
CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS
MARSHALL A. HOWE
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
CAROL H. WOODWARD
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
THE GARDEN DICTIONARY
MARSHALL A. HOWE
LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES
D. T. WALDEN
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII
FORMAN T. MCLEAN
SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS
CAROL H. WOODWARD
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ( FORDHAM BRANCH POST OFFICE)
Entered at the Poat Office in New York, N. Y., as second- class matter.
Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
B O A R D OF M A N A G E RS
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1937: HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN ( Vice- president), CHLLDS FRICK,
ADOLPH LEWISOHN, HENRY LOCKHART, JR., D. T. MACDOUGAL, and JOSEPH
R. SWAN.
Until 1938: L. H. BAILEY, MARSHALL FIELD, MRS. ELON HUNTINGTON
HOOKER, JOHN L. MERRILL ( Vice- president and Treasurer), COL. ROBERT H.
MONTGOMERY, H. HOBART PORTER, and RAYMOND H. TORREY.
Until 1939: ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, HENRY W. DE FOREST ( President),
MARSHALL A. HOWE ( Secretary), CLARENCE LEWIS, E. D. MERRILL, HENRY DE
LA MONTAGNE, JR. ( Assistant Treasurer), and LEWIS RUTHERPURD MORRIS.
II. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS
FIORELLO H. LAGUARDIA, Mayor of the City of New York.
ROBERT MOSES, Park Commissioner.
GEORGE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
TRACY E. HAZEN, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. HARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNOTT, and MARSTON T.
BOGERT, appointed by Columbia University.
G A R D E N STAFF
MARSHALL A. HOWE, P H . D., SC. D Director
H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Deputy Director and Head Curator
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE, JR. Assistant Director
JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., SC. D Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories
FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D., SC. D Curator
BERNARD O. DODGE, P H . D Plant Pathologist
FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., P H . D Supervisor of Public Education
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant
PERCY WILSON Associate Curator
ALBERT C. SMITH, P H . D Associate Curator
SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian
H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
HAROLD N. MOLDENKE, P H . D Assistant Curator
W. H. CAMP, P H . D Assistant Curator
CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant
ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
CAROL H. WOODWARD, A. B Editorial Assistant
THOMAS H. EVERETT, N. D. HORT Horticulturist
G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent
OTTO DEGENER, B. S., M. S Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
ETHEL ANSON S. PECK HAM.. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VOL. XXXVII MAY, 1936 No. 437
NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM*
When one uses the term " new" in connection with daffodils in
the United States it is only relative, as we are so far behind
other countries that what is beginning to be old with them is still
new to us. This state of affairs has been caused by two things:
a quarantine {$ 7) which was wrongly treated as a tariff and a
period with lack of good gardening, caused, I believe, by the
newness of the country and the necessity for the population to
concentrate upon other things because of the pioneer struggle.
So far as daffodils are concerned, times have changed very
materially, and there are now available here many good sorts,
whereas thirty- five years ago there were no really new ones except
in one or two gardens of amateurs. Even those were not top-notch
varieties because of the backward condition of gardening
in general, and the majority of people would not think of paying
more than fifty cents a dozen for bulbs. When Mr. Chester Jay
Hunt began selling by tens for a fixed price, they thought that
two dollars and a half for ten was a very large sum. Their hair
stiffened at this; then when Mr. Scheepers showed a dozen pots
of bulbs at " each" prices ( about five dollars for the highest), it
rose and remained standing!
How different it is now with the tremendous garden club move­ment
and a daffodil society just formed ! The International Flower
Show and other spring exhibits had some fine displays of really
good varieties of daffodils. Besides, there are many nurseries
where good collections are being grown both on trial and for the
* Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden April 11 by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham.
105
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bulbs and flowers. It will pay to visit all of these, some on Long
Island, some in New Jersey, some in Gloucester County, Virginia,
and some gardens of specialists in the vicinity of Washington,
D. C If you were on the Pacific Coast you would have a fine
opportunity to see splendid collections there in the states of Wash­ington
and Oregon. Many of the bulbs grown in the Xorthwest
are offered here in catalogues of reputable dealers right in our
own New York City. They are good bulbs, as the difficulties of
our climate have been overcome and much more is now known
about the proper treatment for correct curing and resting.
It is much the most satisfactory way of doing when choosing
varieties to go directly to a place where the plants can be seen in
bloom. One gets an idea of what is in season together, of relative
heights and of combinations of types that look well or contrast
well together. I would never think of buying any variety of plant
sight unseen on someone else's recommendation. Shows and trial
gardens are for us to look at, and the best education for mind
and memory is through the eye. It is well to study any group of
plants that one spends money on, to learn the suitable soil, the
right exposure required by different varieties, and the proper
treatment.
Fortunately, daffodils do not need much attention if one puts
them in the right place in the beginning. Those in the trumpet
group need deep soil and they prefer it of heavier quality than
those of the pocticus or Leedsii groups. The trumpet group also
desires full sun for practically all of the day. whereas the others
mentioned will do in semi- shade. Giant Leedsii varieties need
more sun than the flat sorts, and the incomparabilis varieties with
the large cups also require more sun. Probably these types have
more trumpet blood in their ancestry, hence their demands. Pocti­cus
sorts like a more moist soil, though it must be well drained.
Xo bulbous plant, in fact, likes to stand steadily in water.
When buying. I would rather invest my money in a few bulbs
of the really fine sorts, for they will increase just as rapidly as
the poor ones. By adding a few good ones each year, one can have
a garden that sets a higher standard than when only one or two
varieties of poorer types are planted in quantity to give a quick
showing. The varied collection will give a long season of bloom
if properly chosen, whereas the other will be all over within a
few days.
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Photograph by courtesy of M. Van Wavcren & Sous, Inc.
FIGURE 1. Mme. Van Waveren is one of the largest among the trumpet
daffodils, and is found excellent for every purpose.
Photographs by courtesy of M. Van W'avcrcn & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 2. Two splendid daffodils. At the left, Killigrew, an incomparabilis
which has proved itself good in American gardens and shows. Right, John
Evelyn, lovely in the garden and useful for variety in show groups.
In selecting the varieties for a well- balanced collection, not only
is diversity of style, height, size, and shape to be considered, but
also whether the plant is a sturdy grower and whether the flowers
remain in good condition for a long time. Have they a strong
enough stem to hold up the flowers until they are over? In the
flowers we need what we call substance, that heaviness of petal,
that firmness which allows it to keep in good condition through
the sudden changes of cold nights, hot sunny days, dry, strong
winds, and heavy rain or even hail. Not only should the shape
be good for the variety or type but this substance must be present.
Then, too, we need clear, fine color, not streaked or faded in
places, and a color that also resists strong sun and beating rain.
Flowers should have a quality, that indescribable element of out­standing
worth that arrests one and that is generally seen even
by the novice, though he is unaware of what it is that holds his
attention. Size, and the coarseness that is bound to come with
size alone, will not give quality, for quality is a combination of
the best in light, shade, color, shape, balance of form and make-
109
up, and carriage of the flower, resulting in a dignity, a subtle
beauty, that comes only when each attribute is properly blended
into the perfect whole.
I would have the would- be daffodil- grower ( collector, if you
will) learn what these attributes are and what constitutes a good
flower, and then select others to plant nearby which will be in
harmony, each augmenting the beauty of the other. Planting like
this should be done with knowledge, not just adding varieties be­cause
they are pure novelties. Let them be new so long as they
are better than what you already have, but be sure your discrim­ination
is real, a trained one, and then you will be headed in the
right direction.
Here is a list of some of the newer daffodils worth grozving:
Trumpet: Golden Harvest, Slieve Bermagh, Alfred Hartley, Mus-tapha,
Morven, Brimstone, Loyalist, Carmel, Honey Boy,
Mme. Van Waveren, Beersheba, Lola Leak.
Iiicomparabilis: Royalist, Aerolite, Pilgrimage, St. Egwin, Golden
Frilled, Wheel of Fortune, Coverack Gem, Killigrew, For­tune,
Fortune's Cheer, Tregoose. Franciscus Drake, Coverack
Perfection, Beauty of Radnor, John Evelyn, Rewa, Orange
Glow, Red Cross.
Barrii: Croesus, Sunstar, Rosebud, Quetta, Crucible, Stamboul,
Seraglio, Magician, Rodosto, Eva, Firetail, Crimson Braid,
Lady Diana Manners.
Leedsii: Silver Star, Sundew, Tenedos, Gertie Millar, Kenbane,
Tullia, Silver Salver, Mitylene.
Triandrus hybrids: Harvest Moon, Agnes Harv;- y, Moonshine,
Venetia.
Jonquilla hybrids: Golden Cycle, Trewirge.
Cydamineus hybrids: Beryl, Golden Sceptre, Solleret.
Taactta hybrids: Silver Chimes, Golden Perfection, Medusa.
Pocticus: Caedmon, Red Rim, Wide Wing, Sarchedon.
Doubles: Mary Copeland, Twink, Indian Chief, Daphne, Cheer­fulness,
Valencia.
ETHEL AXSON S. PECKHAM.
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THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC
PLANT
In the thousands of years since man has been making rational
use of the plants in his environment, the climate has, in many
cases, so changed over large areas that all traces of the basic,
ancestral species have been obliterated. It is therefore probable
that we may never know the endemic area of many of our culti­vated
plants. Excavations incident to anthropological researches
have occasionally given clues; in other instances we have been
forced to rely on the etymon— the basic root- word— and its vulgar
or folk derivatives in related ethnic groups.
In applying this latter method in an attempt to locate the place
where hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) was first cultivated, the problem
is not a simple one, for it seems, even in prehistoric times, to have
been recognized as a useful plant throughout most of Asia. It is
probable that it was indigenous on at least the Pamir Plains, the
cradle of the ancient Aryan peoples, for it followed them in their
various migrations. It was also accepted by the early peoples
with whom they came in contact, for in each instance it carried
a name derived from the same root word.
The name appears in the old Sanskrit as banga or gangika,
and in the modern Indian and Persian as bang or bhang; in Ben-galese
it is ganya. The Latin cannabis is derived directly from the
Greek kannabis and reappears in the canapa of the Italian, canamo
of the Spanish, and canhamo of the Portuguese. In various parts
of Russia, hemp is referred to as kanaple, kunapli, and konopel.
The Bohemians refer to it as konope, and the Poles as konop.
The word haencp appeared in Old English as early as 1150.
apparently derived from an Old Teutonic word.
The Germans generally use the word hanf; the Danish term is
hmnp and the Swedish ham pa. The English word is hemp; the
Dutch, hcnucp. While at first some of the words seem but little
related to the common root, a study of obsolete or little- used
terms suggests a relationship and common origin, for we find the
cannep, kcnncp, henncp, hanep, hamp, and hemp of the Dutch;
the henncp, hannf, hanf, and the occasional hampf and hamp of
the Germans; and the canabe, canabier, canve, and chanvre of the
French.
I ll
FIGURE 1. These ten- foot plants are one of the Chinese varieties of hemp
from which fiber is obtained. Inconspicuous flowers are borne at the tip of
each stalk. The form from which the narcotic drug is taken is a low-growing
plant with compact, leafy spikes of flow- ers.
112
It is therefore obvious that the Indian, Persian, Bengalese,
Greek, Latin, Russian and Germanic words for hemp, as well as
their many linguistic variations, have been derived from the root
ang ( or an) of the ancient Sanskrit banga.
It is probable that hemp was introduced into western Europe
about 1500 B. C, at the time of the Scythian invasion. It did not
come into Europe by way of the Mediterranean, for the ancient
Arabs, Hebrews, and Egyptians did not know of the plant until
they came into contact with the Persians. It is quite probable,
however, that it was reintroduced at various times and from dif­ferent
sources, for certain types or varieties of the plant are
grown in different parts of the continent. This distribution of
varieties can not be explained entirely by climatic selection, for
many of them apparently succeed equally well under various con­ditions,
although the peoples of northern Europe grow varieties
which mature in less time than those of the southern part.
There are various reasons for the wide dispersal and introduc­tion
of the plant. It is probable, however, that the more important
are its value as a fiber plant ( FIGURE 1) and its use as a source
for the drug hashish, a potent narcotic with intoxicating and
aphrodisiac properties. The crude drug is obtained from the
flowering stem- tips of the female plant, care being taken that
fertilization does not occur. Since hemp is normally dioecious,
this is accomplished by removing the male plants from the field.
The crude drug, consisting of these flowering stems with their
unfertilized flowers, leaves, and bracts, after drying, is generally
shredded and used directly, but may be mixed with a " carrier"
such as opium or tobacco, or a combination of both. The active
drug is associated with the oil and resin of the large glands found
abundantly on the structures of the female inflorescence ( FIGURE
2). These glands, although present, are not so numerous or well
developed on the floral organs of the male or on the vegetative
structures of either plant.
The culture of hemp has not been limited solely to the Aryan
races, for the Mongol- Tartar peoples have cultivated it since
antiquity. The Chinese equivalent for hemp is ma, and the more
common names are fire- hemp, yellow- hemp and Han- hemp. It
is mentioned in the Chinese Shu- King of about 500 B. C., and
appears in two earlier works of the Chou Dynasty written about
1050 B. C.
113
In China various parts of the plant are used in the preparation
of medicine. An ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia1 contains a list
of more than one hundred ailments whose cures were supposedly
effected by its use, including female weakness, gout, rheumatism,
malaria, beri- beri, boils, constipation and absent- mindedness.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Lyster H. Dewey of the United
States Department of Agriculture, who supplied the seed, the
FIGURE 2. Surface view of the bract of a female flower, showing the
glands which secrete the narcotic substances, magnified 450 diameters. The
lighter glands, which are immature, show the individual cells of secretion
in each, while the darker ones show the secreted globules of oil and masses
of resin with which the active drug is associated.
1 Sheng Nung, et al. Revised classification of medicinal plants. Vol. 22.
Shanghai. 1921.
This interesting work is a reprint in ancient characters of the " Chinese
pharmacopoeia" supposed to have been first compiled by Sheng Xung about
3000 B. C. Various editors have revised and enlarged it, among them being
Yu Chang Wu, about 225 B. C., and Chin Chu Li, about 1500 A. D.
The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. L. C. Li and Dr. C. H. Chung, who
translated parts of this and other Chinese manuscripts for him.
114
writer has been able to grow a number of varieties, the original
seed of which was collected in various parts of the world. The
plants were grown in adjacent plots for several summer and
winter seasons in the garden and greenhouses of the Botany
Department of The Ohio State University, and carefully examined
for morphological differences. Although the varieties observed
differed in size, date of blooming, productivity of seed, quality
of fiber, and drug content, the writer found no differences, except
in one known mutant, sufficient to separate the various groups
( Cannabis pedcmontana, C. chinesis, and C indica) and prefers
to include them all under Cannabis sativa L.
Since the various forms of hemp are so similar, although they
have been cultivated and differentially selected by various and
widespread racial groups since antiquity, it would seem, therefore,
that hemp is truly a monotypic genus. And further, since both the
Mongol- Tartar and Aryan stocks arose in different areas and both
made early use of the plant, it would seem that hemp, in the wild
state, was originally distributed over a large portion of temperate
Asia, large areas of which are now too arid to support the plant.
W. H. CAMP.
TWENTY- ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE
Certificates were presented to twenty- one graduates of the
Course for Professional Gardeners given by The New York
Botanical Garden at the headquarters of the Horticultural Society
of New York, Monday evening, April 20. This was the third
and largest class since the course was organized in the fall
of 1932.
Nine of this spring's graduates have been student gardeners
at the Botanical Garden. One of them, Howard Swift, was the
first exchange student to be sent for a year of work at Kew Gar­dens
in London. Another, Donald Dodds, left the Botanical
Garden a few months ago for a new position on a Long Island
estate. The others included Joseph W. Tansey, Robert E. Weid-ner,
Stephen G. Cutting, Frank Regan, George W. Lupton, Hilde­gard
Schneider and Kathryn Quinn.
115
Among the other graduates were Mrs. Rose L. Carlson, Mrs.
J. F. Mowbray- Clarke, landscape architect for Rockland County,
N. Y.; Charles Meissner, a florist; Jules Bernard and Per H.
Thelin, nurserymen; Henry Funk, from the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden; and Norman J. Opie, William Sheane, Tage Casten-schiold,
William Bauer, Carl Schutt, and Christian Wolf, all pro­fessional
gardeners.
Brief addresses were given by Dr. E- W. Sinnott, representing
the Board of Managers; by Kenneth Hadland and John S. Doig,
of the National Association of Gardeners; by Edwin Beckett, a
former graduate; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director, who
presented the certificates.
STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK
IN NEW YORK AND LONDON
The first exchange student gardeners between The New York
Botanical Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in
England started their work at these two institutions the last of
April.
Howard Swift, who has been working at the Botanical Garden
since September 1, 1934, and who this year completed the Course
for Professional Gardeners, sailed April 18 on the American
Trader for London, where he was to begin working and studying
at Kew at once.
Meanwhile, C. J. Collins, a student gardener at Kew, was on
his way to America to work and study at The New York Botanical
Garden, arriving here April 20, just in time to witness the gradu­ating
exercises of the student gardeners.
Traveling expenses for the two students are being met by the
English Speaking Unions in England and America. The New
York organization recently gave a series of lectures on gardens
of foreign countries in order to raise the fund for the trip. Both
student gardeners will be paid allowances while they are pursuing
their work away from home.
This exchange of students between the two countries is part of
116
a broad program being launched by The New York Botanical
Garden in order to give American gardeners the finest possible
training, with the opportunity of study abroad for picked men.
At the same time, a selected student gardener from Kew will be
given the privilege of broadening his experience by working in
America.
The scholarships which make possible this exchange of student
gardeners are for the duration of one year.
The New York Botanical Garden's Science Course for Pro­fessional
Gardeners, inaugurated in the fall of 1932 in order to
give student gardeners a firm background in the sciences under­lying
their work, is part of the institution's plan for broadening
the training of men who come under its supervision. The course
has been modeled upon similar courses given at botanic gardens
abroad.
WITH OUR COLLABORATORS
Among the interesting herbarium specimens sent to the Garden
this year by Dr. Delzie Demaree is a fine series of the midland
fawn- lily ( Erythronium mesachoreum) from Oklahoma. This
species, whose perianth segments are tinted with deep lavender,
is quite distinct from the white fawn- lily ( Erythronium albidum)
and ought to be tried in our eastern gardens.
Mr. T. MacDougall has recently returned from Mexico with
another of his valuable collections. Since 1934, Mr. MacDougall
has been spending the winter seasons on the Isthmus of Tehaun-tepec
and in the state of Chiapas, and has brought back some
hundreds of living plants, mainly orchids, bulbous plants, cacti
and other succulents, as well as numerous seed collections of
plants having horticultural possibilities. Although the majority
of the specimens have not as yet flowered and therefore remain
unidentified, a sufficient number have come to maturity to in­dicate
the importance of the collections. Some have already been
found to be Central American species heretofore not known from
Mexico, and a few others will undoubtedly prove to be new
species.
117
Of particular botanical significance is the rediscovery of Tagetes
Seleri and Villadia albiflora, both of which have apparently been
known only from the original collections made during the last
century.
The trees and shrubs which he has brought back will, of course,
be tender in our climate, but will make valuable additions to our
conservatory collections. We look with especial anticipation,
however, to the annuals, for some of the more showy ones seem
to possess great possibilities as bedding and border plants.
W. H. CAMP.
CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS
A letter from Mrs. Joseph Clemens, dated January 21, 1936,
at Finschhafen, Morobe, New Guinea, addressed to relatives in
the United States, brings the sad news of the death of her hus­band,
apparently a day or two previously.
Joseph Clemens was born at St. Just, Cornwall, England, on
December 9, 1862, and came to Pennsylvania with his parents
in 1867. He received from Dickinson College the degree of
A. B. in 1894 and A. M. in 1897, became a Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, and in 1902 joined the United States Army as chaplain,
with the rank of captain. He was retired for disability in the
line of service in France in 1918. In 1894 he was married to
Mary Knapp Strong, who was interested in plants and nature-study
in general and communicated to her husband a considerable
share of her enthusiasm. While stationed at various army posts,
especially in California, Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas, Chaplain
and Mrs. Clemens made collections of herbarium specimens, but
their main activity in the field came after the Chaplain's retire­ment
in 1918. Noteworthy among their later collecting grounds
were various parts of the Philippine Islands, from northern
Luzon to southern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, including
many of the highest and most inaccessible mountains; British
North Borneo; Chihli and Shantung provinces, China; Anam,
French Indo- China; and. recently, Xew Guinea. Most of their
Oriental collections were studied by Dr. E. D. Merrill, recently
Director of The New York Botanical Garden, and their gather­ings
are well represented in the Garden herbarium. Clemcusia
118
Merrill, a genus of Meliaceae, and Cleincnsiella Schlechter, a
genus of Asclepiadaceae, commemorate the family. In an article
on " Botanical Exploration in Borneo," published in this JOURNAL
in August, 1930, Dr. Merrill stated: " The botanical collections
made by Mrs. Clemens in the past 25 years exceed 20,000 num­bers.''
In that article, Dr. Merrill published a very interesting
letter from Chaplain Clemens, describing the experiences of Mrs.
Clemens and himself in plant collecting in Sarawak. In closing
the narrative, the Chaplain remarks:
" Yes, it's a strange manner of holiday diversion; especially
when we have only the love of wild places as our excuse for doing
it, but I married a wife, and she owns part of the time, and
chooses this manner of playing the game— and why not?"
Mrs. Clemens plans to continue " playing the game" in far- away
New Guinea!
MARSHALL A. HOWE.
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE*
Dr. Agnes Arber writes of " A Recent Discovery in Sixteenth
Century Botany" in Nature for February 15, describing the early
herbarium which has lately been unearthed at the Botanical In­stitute
of Bern. Professor Walther Rytz, who has examined the
nine folios— one of which consists of 650 woodcuts— has iden­tified
the collection as having been made by Felix Platter, a six­teenth
century physician who received specimens from Clusius,
Gesner, and Camerarius. The herbarium, says Dr. Arber, dates
from a period in which the new art of drying plants ( taught by
the Italian scientist, Luca Ghini) was practised extensively by
the savants of the day, who thus laid the foundation of present-day
systematics through their mutual exchange of specimens.
Studies in nomenclature of forest trees, their diseases and
pests, and the structure and properties of wood are included in
the eleventh annual report of the Imperial Forestry Institute of
the University of Oxford. Copies of the English edition of the
* All publications mentioned here— and many others— may be found in the
Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.
119
new International Classification System for Forest Bibliography,
it is announced in this volume, may be obtained for six shillings
plus postage from the Librarian, Department of Forestry, Oxford
University.
The controversy over whether the Olympic Mountains should
be kept as a national forest or made into a national park occupies
the bulk of the April number of American Forests. The separate
articles, which are magnificently illustrated, are followed by an
editorial comment.
The supplement plate in the Gardeners' Chronicle for Feb­ruary
22 shows Clematis macropetala, which is described in that
issue by Ernest Markham as one of the six best species for garden
cultivation in England. A new pink seedling of C. macropetala,
called var. Markhami, won the Royal Horticultural Society's
Award of Merit last year.
" Planting Roses the Modern Way" is the subject of an article
in Horticulture for April 1, giving sensible, simple, and up- to-date
planting directions.
New varieties and interesting arrangements of asters for all
seasons are described by Ray M. Koons in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of America for April. " Azaleas for Spring Glory" are
the subject of Paul F. Freese.
Effects of illuminating gas on greenhouse plants, especially gas
which comes from city mains, are discussed in the March and
April issues of Nursery Disease Notes of the New Jersey Agri­cultural
Experiment Station. Symptoms of gas injury on many
greenhouse crops comprise part of the work.
A new publication being welcomed by many botanists is The
Journal of the recently organized Southern Appalachian Botanical
Club. Three numbers— January, February and March— have ap­peared,
under the editorship of Earl L. Core. Published at the
University of West Virginia, Morgantown, W. Va., this new
journal fulfills for the southern Appalachian region the interests
served by Rhodora and Torreya further north.
120
The much- discussed new two- column format of the American
Journal of Botany appeared with the January number, 1936.
Among the articles in this issue is one by H. A. Gleason and A. J.
Panshin describing Swietenia Krukovii, a new species of mahog­any,
specimens of which were collected by B. A. Krukoff on the
Jurupary River in Brazil, in 1933, and the type deposited in the
herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden.
CAROL H. WOODWARD.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Doctors Marshall A. Howe, R. A. Harper, and B. O. Dodge
attended the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in
Washington, D. C, April 27- 29, at which Dr. Dodge presented a
paper on " Interspecific Crosses Involving Lethals for Ascus
Abortion."
* * *
Dr. H. A. Gleason was in Washington April 25 for the meet­ing
of the National Research Council.
* * *
During the Easter holidays, Doctors William C. Steere and
Alexander Smith from the University of Michigan spent a week
doing research at The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Steere
continued his task of sorting the Mitten collection of mosses, some
of which were gathered nearly 100 years ago, and preparing
duplicate specimens for exchange, while Dr. Smith worked in the
mycological herbarium, making a critical study of some of the
types of species of the higher fungi described by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.
* * *
Another recent visitor was William R. Van Dersal, of the Soil
Erosion Division of the United States Department of Agricul­ture,
who is gathering information on native plants and their use­fulness,
especially in protecting soil from destruction by water.
* * *
Dr. Mildred E. Mathias returned to the Garden last month to
continue her work on the Umbelliferae.
121
Dr. E. D. Merrill spent several days in April in New York,
checking identifications and doing preliminary work on the prepa­ration
of duplicate sets of a collection of plants from the Island
of Hainan, China. This collection, which consists of 7,500 num­bers
with from one to ten duplicates of each, was made in co­operation
with Sun Yatsen University, and made possible through
a gift from Henry W. deForest.
* * *
About forty posters showing diseases and pests of ornamental
plants which are in common cultivation have been on exhibit in
the Museum Building during parts of February, March, and
April. Prepared under the direction of Dr. B. O. Dodge, who
lectured April 18 on plant diseases and pests and their control,
they have been made by artists employed through the Works
Progress Administration.
* * *
Beginning the third week in April, the gates to the Thompson
Memorial Rock Garden, in the glade east of the Museum Build­ing,
will be open from 10 a. m. to 4: 45 p. m. daily. The first ex­tensive
display of spring flowers in the rock garden is expected
about the middle of May. Meanwhile, however, there will con­tinue
to be many individual plants of exceptional interest coming
into bloom. Some of these are species new or rare in cultivation,
some are recently developed horticultural varieties, and some are
native plants being adapted to garden use.
William Hertrich, Director of the Huntington Botanic Garden
in California, visited The New York Botanical Garden April 20,
on his way to Europe.
Henry Teuscher, for the past three years Dendrologist at The
New York Botanical Garden, left May 1 for Canada, where he
becomes Superintendent and Chief Horticulturist of the newly
established Botanical Garden of Montreal. His work there com­prises
first of all the planning and the preliminary planting and
construction at this new institution, of which Frere Marie- Victorin
is Scientific Director. Mr. Teuscher was born and educated in
Germany, where he received from the Botanical Garden at Berlin-
Dahlem the equivalent of a master's degree in this country. He
has been in America since 1922, and is a citizen of the United
States.
122
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
THE GARDEN DICTIONARY*
The Garden Dictionary, edited by Norman Taylor, and pub­lished
by the Houghton- Mifflin Co., is certainly a notable addition
to the literature of American horticulture. Besides an excellent
quality of paper, and clean and easily legible press- work, the new
book has other desirable features that quickly catch the eye. A
feature that appears to be quite novel is a map of each state of
the Union and each province of Canada with indications of zones
of hardiness. In many of the states these zones run essentially
east and west, the northern zones being naturally colder than the
southern. However, in California, influenced by the proximity of
the Pacific Ocean and a more or less north and south coast line
and by the more or less north- and south- ranging mountains, the
zones of hardiness run more or less north and south. The zoning
system is not original with Mr. Taylor, and not entirely so with
Dr. Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, who applied it in
his " Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs." Mr. Taylor, how­ever,
has added a Zone 9 to Rehder's 8, to cover the southern tip
of Florida, and has worked out the zone system in much more
detail than Rehder and has applied it to each state. The maps
of the different states of the Union and provinces of Canada show
the average annual rainfall, with regional details in the case of
the larger states, such as California, in which the rainfall ranges
from 5 inches or less a year in ths Death Valley country to
80 inches along the northwest coast, in Del Norte and Humboldt
counties.
The book includes 11,300 alphabetically arranged entries, in­cluding
non- technical descriptions of 7,785 species, varieties, and
forms of plants; articles on special groups of plants, such as roses,
lilies, daylilies, dahlias, chrysanthemums, narcissi, orchids, etc.,
written by recognized experts ; directions for growing vegetables,
shrubs, trees, vines, etc., and for making rock gardens, aquatic,
cactus, fern, Japanese and penthouse gardens, coldframes, hot­beds,
conservatories; for contending with diseases, insect pests,-—
* The Garden Dictionary. 896 pages, with numerous text- figures and several
plates, colored and uncolored. Houghton- Mifflin Company, Boston and New
York. 1936. Sold by subscription, $ 16.25.
123
in fact, the book contains virtually everything that a modern
gardener needs to know.
The publishers have been remarkably successful in reproducing
the actual color of flowers in their colored plates, as in those of
the lilies, roses, and chrysanthemums.
The indicated pronunciations of Latin names, based, in critical
cases, on the results of a referendum among scholars and bota­nists
qualified to hold an opinion, add to the value of this new
book, as do the definitions of all the more common botanical and
horticultural terms.
Although The Garden Dictionary enters a field that has been
considered by some to be already well covered, its practical up- to-date
treatment of the whole range of horticultural subjects in one
volume will commend it highly to the rapidly increasing number
of people in the United States and Canada who are actively in­terested
in the growing of plants. The editor. Mr. Norman
Taylor, and its publishers, the Houghton- Mifflin Company, are
to be congratulated upon their initiative and success in bringing
out one of the handsomest and most worth- while books in the
field of horticulture.
MARSHALL A. HOWE.
LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES
The purpose of this book,* " to facilitate the study and deter­mination
of the ferns of the Local Flora Area," is fulfilled by
the attractiveness as well as by the completeness of presentation.
The brevity of the glossary indicates with what slight recourse to
technical terms the labor has been accomplished. Written out of
a rich background of knowledge, the book is invaluable for refer­ence
and delightful for many vistas into unexplored fields.
The flora area designated, covering a radius of 100 miles out­side
of Manhattan, abounds in fern plants, and remains, to a
surprising extent, botanically unexplored. If any publication can
stimulate further activity, this book will do that; fern students
are not likely to confine their interest to a single area, and there
is sufficient new information, data, and original inquiry here to
start the student upon a re- examination of all his previous de­terminations.
Ninety species of true ferns and fern allies are
described and excellently illustrated. No detail has been ac­cepted
without verification, leading to frequent divergence from
statements in popular manuals. To cite an example, in the dis­cussion
of the difficult and confusing species of Dryopteris,
D. intermedia, D. spinulosa, and D. campyloptcra Clarkson, at
least eight essential points of difference among the three are
* Small, John Kunkel, Ferns of the vicinity of New York. 285 pages, 85 line
cuts and map. The Science Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1935. $ 2.50.
124
demonstrated. Throughout the book, four unusual points of iden­tification,
among others, are specified: the form, as well as the
habit, of the rootstock; the vernation and completeness of the
crown ( where present) ; the pattern and angular direction of the
leaflets and segments; and the exact position of the sori on the
veins ( the last- named also clearly indicated in the drawings). In
other instances where determination is doubtful, as in Lycopodium
flabcllifonnc Fernald vs. L. tristachyum, the differences are care­fully
stressed in the comment following the botanical description
This work is not intended for beginners; and yet the drawings
alone would serve as a fairly safe guide. They are sensitive to
the least variations in the cutting of leaflet, segment and tooth­ing,
and though the leaf- silhouette may be a dangerous criterion
in itself, it is one which many students have had to ignore because
of crude or faulty illustrations. Ferns which vary notoriously,
like Cystopteris fragilis, might better have been illustrated by two
or three drawings: the form portrayed in this book has sharply
toothed, spreading segments, whereas an equally common form
in our region has segments often obovate, even wedge- shaped in
small specimens, and more decurrent on the midrib. It is this
form, too, which is sometimes confused with Woodsia obtusa.
Two details of the drawings appear to be at variance with the
text: the segment ( pinnule) of Dryopteris intermedia shows sori
terminal on the veins, the segment of D. spinulosa shows sori not
quite terminal.
In the matter of taxonomy Dr. Small retains, for the most
part, the established classifications, a conspicuous exception being
in the segregation of Diplaaium angustifolium Butters as
Homalosorus pycnocarpus. Reasons for the change are fully
stated and acceptable, if not finally convincing. Phegopteris and
Thelypteris, it is good to see, have been retained, contrary to some
modern tendencies, though here again Phegopteris is placed in the
group Dryopterideae, whereas, based on sorus and indusium,
Phegopteris belongs more properly with the Polypodieae. But this
is an old debate, and the effect of Dr. Small's distinctions is to
promote a liberal and realistic viewpoint.
D. T. WALDEN.
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII
With the assembling of the second volume of the Flora Hawaii­ensis,*
the general plan and destiny of this tremendous under­taking
is becoming clear. It is a looseleaf flora, each sheet being
devoted to one species, with an excellent detailed drawing of the
plant and its structure on the reverse side. Additional sheets are
* Degener, Otto, Flora Hawaiiensis, Vol. 2, published by the author, 2220
University Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, 1936. $ 4 a volume.
125
inserted where required, for family and genus descriptions and
analytical keys. The descriptions are very full, and are supple­mented
by economic and geographical notes that make the subject
matter as valuable to the layman as the botanist.
Each volume consists of one hundred species descriptions, mak­ing
the first two volumes only a beginning toward a complete
Hawaiian flora. Many of the plants treated are pantropic in dis­tribution,
and as many more are endemics of these isolated islands.
The desire to preserve a record of the fast disappearing native
flora has evidently served as a motive for this work— and a worthy
one deserving of our best wishes and support. Mr. Degener car­ries
on this project in close cooperation with The New York
Botanical Garden.
There is no regular order in which the groups of plants are
studied and figured, and the first two volumes give samples of
most of the great families of the vascular plants, from ferns to
composites. Since the new sheets as they appear will be inserted
as interleaves in the looseleaf binders, no page numbers are given.
Instead there is a family key number, from 1 to 344. and a
generic and specific name which serve as guides to the assembly
of the pages. Genera and species are to be arranged alphabetically.
This strictly logical but unconventional looseleaf treatment,
coupled with the issue of each sheet separately, with its own pub­lication
date, makes this the despair of the bibliographer, since it
can be cited by neither page nor volume. The pages that were
issued in the first volume ( first century) are now distributed
through two. As each new century is completed, they will be
again reassembled and spread through more volumes. So how
shall a new species, described on one of these separate sheets, be
cited in the literature?
Even in its present preliminary form, the Flora is an excellent
guide for travelers in Hawaii, and a useful reference for anyone
interested in tropical crops and plants. Billbergia, Cordylinc
( Sansevieria in common usage), Belamcanda. Hcdychiuvi.
Spathoglottis, Ariocarpus ( jack- fruit) Macadamia, Stylurus
( Grevillea). Artistolochia and Antigonon are among the many
world- wide forms which are treated. Mr. Degener has the pro­pensity—
not peculiarly his— of digging up new or unfamiliar
names for old familiar plants— but he is kind to us in giving us
full synonymy. No student of tropical plant life, whether bota­nist,
gardener, planter or globe- trotter, should be without this
Flora, which combines scientific treatment and popular utility.
FORMAN T. MCLEAN.
SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS
The book market is besieged month after month with new vol­umes
on gardening. How to raise this kind of plant, how to con-
126
struct a garden of this or that sort, what to do in the north, in
the south, in the greenhouse, or in the bay- window are told in
small books of one or two hundred pages, scarcely deserving the
name of volume. The bulk of these have been coming of late
from Doubleday- Doran.
Some of them seem to have fairly adequate information for
beginning gardeners ; others give only the semblance of the story
they ought to tell. As a whole, they are coarsely printed and
illustrated with drawings in which a hair- line is given the thick-,
ness of a rope.
DELPHINIUM CULTURE
Take, for instance, Dr. Leonian's book on delphinium culture. 1
There is no question but that the author knows his subject thor­oughly,
and he no doubt answers many problems for the amateur
grower; yet the beginner who wants to grow delphiniums finds,
first, 26 pages describing these flowers, to the accompaniment of
highly inaccurate drawings; then the advice to add peat- moss to
the soil if it is either too sandy or too heavy— despite the fact
that delphiniums prefer a limy mixture, and peat- moss has an
acid content. Eventually, directions are given for sowing seeds;
but one never finds out just when to expect the flowers from
seeds sown at different times of the year.
PLANTS UNDER COVER
The same publisher's new books on house plants and on garden­ing
in a greenhouse are both extremely personalized reports, tell­ing
what one individual has done rather than what many others
might do with growing plants under cover. Mrs. Sulzer's senti­mental
volume2 contains, nevertheless, quite a bit of practical in­formation,
provided one does not take too seriously such stories
as that about Ficus pandurata ( which should be called F. lyrata)
supposedly being the fig- tree of the " weak- willed Eve." But the
drawings only now and then resemble the subject treated.
For the novice who gloats over other novice's trials, Anne
Dorrance's book:{ will provide an evening's amusement and per­haps
some practical help; but as in the delphinium book, too much
space is given to descriptions which seem to get the reader 110-
1 Leonian, Leon H., How to Grow Delphiniums. 96 pages, illustrated.
Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. V., 1935. $ 1.
2 Sulzer, Marjorie Norrell, House Plants, Modern Care and Culture. 156
pages, illustrated. Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1935. $ 1.50.
3 Dorrance, Anne, Gardening in the Greenhouse. 129 pages, illustrated.
Doubleday- Doran, 1935. $ 1.50.
127
where. The chapter relating the author's experiences with Z6
plant subjects gives some ideas as to how these few plants may
or should not be handled.
POINTERS FOR PLANTS OUTDOORS
Four new books of pamphlet size have been written by Victor
H. Ries, 4 one on the proper handling of trees and shrubs, one
each on annuals and perennials, and one on pests and diseases.
A gardener may not agree with all of the author's ideas for
combining annuals, but the general directions he gives, both in
this book and in the one on perennials, show that he knows the type
of questions amateur gardeners ask year after year. One hopes,
however, that many will not search for " Acrolinum" in catalog
lists of everlastings at his recommendation; especially since
Acroclinium ( although few seedsmen know or heed the change)
was long ago shifted to the genus Heliptcrum.
What to do about pests and diseases on 100 kinds of plants,
including the commonly planted trees, shrubs, and garden flowers,
is told in the last half of Ries's book, " Plant Welfare." " Know
your pests" and " Know your diseases" he advises in two of the
preceding chapters . . . but one scarcely could get acquainted
with either through his brief, loose descriptions. The directions
for treatment are clear enough so far as they go, but there is not
enough detail as to symptoms to determine a plant's real ailment
in every case. He is an optimist who thinks that only aphis infest
chrysanthemums, who omits ( perhaps wisely!) any mention of
mosaic disease on lilies, and who neglects hawthorn altogether, as
though it were always disease- free. Xevertheless, the amateur
gardener will at least get a start toward keeping his garden healthy
through this book, especially as to the proper mixing of sprays
and dusts.
The information given in " Pruning and Repairing of Trees,
Shrubs and Ornamentals" is hardly dependable enough to be well
recommended. The book is intended for amateurs, and they above
all need faultless directions for the care of their plants. The sec­tion
on pruning for shape is not clearly expressed, and may easily
lead to wrong practices. Moreover, it is not considered good
gardening to prune a plant that is too large for its situation. Re­placing
is the only remedy here. The author rather overemphasizes
4 Ries, Victor H., How to Grow Annual Flowers, 96 pages, illustrated, $ 1;
How to Grow Perennial Flowers, 94 pages, illustrated, $ 1.; Plant Welfare:
Recognition and Control of Pests and Diseases, 96 pages, illustrated, $ 1; Prun­ing
and Repairing of Trees, Shrubs, and Ornamentals, 95 pages, illustrated,
$ 1. Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1936.
128
fertilization, forgetting that often shrubs do not bloom because
they are planted in too rich a soil and neglecting the importance
of a properly prepared planting hole, in the right locality and
with the right exposure.
A MISFORTUNE IN FERNS
It has taken a long time to decide what to say about " American
Ferns","' a Macmillan publication. At least four different people—
all, apparently, with kindly hearts— refused to review the book
because of its many inaccuracies. One critic pointed out errors
noted in the habitats of ferns, such as accrediting the bog- loving
Aspidium cristatum to an oak association; another in the ideas of
where certain ferns belonged in the garden, such as the placing
together of a lime- loving and an acid- loving species. A tabulated
list of faults that have been found in this unfortunate work would
occupy the space of a chapter.
The title itself is somewhat of a misnomer, as the book con­cerns
mainly the ferns of northeastern United States, omitting
those of mid- western, western, and southern distribution.
Is there any reason for a presumably reliable publisher letting
so many errors get into print? The public is in no position to
recognize such mistakes, and some innocent but enthusiastic
gardener may make a complete failure of an attempt to identify,
gather, and raise ferns by trying to follow this book. There are
plenty of experts who would have been glad to correct these mis­takes
in the manuscript, instead of having to find them in print
to talk about afterward.
CAROL H. WOODWARD.
5 Roberts, Edith A., and Lawrence, Julia R., American Ferns and How to
Grow Them, 98 pages, illustrated with photographs. Macmillan, New York,
1935. $ 2.50.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
Arthur M. Anderson
• Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson
George Arents, Jr.
• Mrs. George Arents, Jr.
Vincent Astor
John W. Auchincloss
Dr. Raymond F. Bacon
• Mrs. Robert Bacon
Prof. L. H. Bailey
Mrs. James Baird
Stephen Baker
Henry de Forest Baldwin
Sherman Baldwin
Prof. Charles P. Berkey
C. K. G. Billings
George Blumenthal
Prof. Marston T. Bogert
Prof. William J. Bonisteel
George P. Brett
• Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler
Prof. Gary N. Calkins
• Mrs. Andrew Carnegie
Prof. W. H. Carpenter
• Miss E. Mabel Clark
W. R. Coe
Richard C. Colt
• Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs
Charles Curie
• Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise
Henry W. de Forest
Edward C. Delafield
Moreau Delano
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow
Julian Detmer
• Mrs. Charles D. Dickey
• Mrs. John W. Draper
Benjamin T. Fairchild
Marshall Field
William B. O. Field
• Mrs. Henry J. Fisher
Harry Harkness Flagler
• Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox
Childs Frick
• Miss Helen C. Frick
* fMrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff
• Mrs. Frederick A. Godley
• Mrs. George McM. Godley
Murry Guggenheim
Edward S. Harkness
Prof. R. A. Harper
T. A. Havemeyer
Prof. Tracy E. Hazen
A. Heckscher
• Mrs. William F. Hencken
• Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
Capt. Henry B. Heylman
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes
• JMrs. Elon H. Hooker
Dr. Marshall A. Howe
Archer M. Huntington
Pierre Jay
• Mrs. Walter Jennings
* fMrs. F. Leonard Kellogg
• Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel
Clarence Lewis
Adolph Lewisohn
Henry Lockhart, Jr.
• Mrs. William A. Lockwood
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
• Mrs. David Ives Mackie
Mrs. H. Edward Manville
Parker McCollester
�� Mrs. John R. McGinley
Dr. E. D. Merrill
John L. Merrill
• Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr.
Ogden L. Mills
George M. Moffett
H. de la Montagne, Jr.
Col. Robert H. Montgomery
Barrington Moore
Mrs. William H. Moore
J. Pierpont Morgan
Dr. Lewis R. Morris
Dr. Robert T. Morris
B. Y. Morrison
Chas. Lathrop Pack
• Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
• Mrs. James R. Parsons
Rufus L. Patterson
• Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
• Mrs. George W. Perkins
Howard Phipps
James R. Pitcher
H. Hobart Porter
• Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
• Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam
Stanley G. Ranger
Johnston L. Redmond
Ogden Mills Reid
John D. Rockefeller
Prof. H. H. Rusby
Hon. George J. Ryan
• Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee
John M. Schiff
• Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz
• Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
• § Mrs. Townsend Scudder
Mrs. Samuel Seabury
Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott
• Mrs. Samuel Sloan
Dr. John K. Small
James Speyer
Col. J. E. Spingarn
Mrs. Charles H. Stout
Nathan Straus, Jr.
• Mrs. Theron G. Strong
Joseph R. Swan
B. B. Thayer
Dr. William S. Thomas
Raymond H. Torrey
Prof. Sam F. Trelease
• Mrs. Harold McL. Turner
Felix M. Warburg
Allen Wardwell
• Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder
• II Mrs. Nelson B. Williams
Bronson Winthrop
Grenville L. Winthrop
John C. Wister
• Mrs. William H. Woodin
Richardson Wright
• Member also of the Advisory Council.
tChairman of the Advisory Council.
t Vice- Chairman of the Advisory Council.
i Treasurer of the Advisory Council.
! Secretary of the Advisory Council.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract.
Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plants.
Gardens, including a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial
border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings.
Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries. ;
Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of daffodils, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water- lilies, dahlias, and
chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse- blooming plants.
A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plants; also historic microscopes.
An herbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character­istic
flora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical and horticultural literature, comprising nearly
45,000 books and numerous pamphlets.
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical and horticultural topics,
continuing throughout the autumn, winter and spring.
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above fea­tures
and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
forestral subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Annual Member annual fee $ 10
Sustaining Member annual fee 25
Garden Club Membership annual fee for a club
Fellowship Member annual fee 100
Member for Life single contribution 250
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Benefactor single contribution 25,000
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests
may be made in the form of securities, money, or additions to the collections. The
following is an approved form of bequest:
/ hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of .
Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or any
designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime.
Fellowships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period
may be established for practical student- training in horticulture or for botan­ical
research.
All requests for further information should be sent to
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ( FORDHAM BRANCH POST OFFICE)

Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.

New Daffodils and How to Use Them; The Antiquity of Hemp as an Economic Plant; Twenty-one Graduate from Science Course; Student Gardeners on Exchange Begin Work in New York and London; With Our Collaborators; Chaplain Joseph Clemens; A Glance at Current Literature; Notes, News, and Comment; Reviews of Recent Books.

VOL. XXXVII MAY, 1936 No- 437
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM
ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM
THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC PLANT
W. H. CAMP
TWENTY- ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE
STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK
IN NEW YORK AND LONDON
WITH OUR COLLABORATORS
W. H. CAMP
CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS
MARSHALL A. HOWE
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
CAROL H. WOODWARD
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
THE GARDEN DICTIONARY
MARSHALL A. HOWE
LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES
D. T. WALDEN
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII
FORMAN T. MCLEAN
SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS
CAROL H. WOODWARD
PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ( FORDHAM BRANCH POST OFFICE)
Entered at the Poat Office in New York, N. Y., as second- class matter.
Annual subscription $ 1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
B O A R D OF M A N A G E RS
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1937: HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN ( Vice- president), CHLLDS FRICK,
ADOLPH LEWISOHN, HENRY LOCKHART, JR., D. T. MACDOUGAL, and JOSEPH
R. SWAN.
Until 1938: L. H. BAILEY, MARSHALL FIELD, MRS. ELON HUNTINGTON
HOOKER, JOHN L. MERRILL ( Vice- president and Treasurer), COL. ROBERT H.
MONTGOMERY, H. HOBART PORTER, and RAYMOND H. TORREY.
Until 1939: ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, HENRY W. DE FOREST ( President),
MARSHALL A. HOWE ( Secretary), CLARENCE LEWIS, E. D. MERRILL, HENRY DE
LA MONTAGNE, JR. ( Assistant Treasurer), and LEWIS RUTHERPURD MORRIS.
II. EX- OFFICIO MANAGERS
FIORELLO H. LAGUARDIA, Mayor of the City of New York.
ROBERT MOSES, Park Commissioner.
GEORGE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
TRACY E. HAZEN, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. HARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNOTT, and MARSTON T.
BOGERT, appointed by Columbia University.
G A R D E N STAFF
MARSHALL A. HOWE, P H . D., SC. D Director
H. A. GLEASON, P H . D Deputy Director and Head Curator
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE, JR. Assistant Director
JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., SC. D Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. STOUT, P H . D Director of the Laboratories
FRED J. SEAVER, P H . D., SC. D Curator
BERNARD O. DODGE, P H . D Plant Pathologist
FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., P H . D Supervisor of Public Education
JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant
PERCY WILSON Associate Curator
ALBERT C. SMITH, P H . D Associate Curator
SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian
H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer
ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
HAROLD N. MOLDENKE, P H . D Assistant Curator
W. H. CAMP, P H . D Assistant Curator
CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant
ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
CAROL H. WOODWARD, A. B Editorial Assistant
THOMAS H. EVERETT, N. D. HORT Horticulturist
G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent
OTTO DEGENER, B. S., M. S Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
ETHEL ANSON S. PECK HAM.. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VOL. XXXVII MAY, 1936 No. 437
NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM*
When one uses the term " new" in connection with daffodils in
the United States it is only relative, as we are so far behind
other countries that what is beginning to be old with them is still
new to us. This state of affairs has been caused by two things:
a quarantine {$ 7) which was wrongly treated as a tariff and a
period with lack of good gardening, caused, I believe, by the
newness of the country and the necessity for the population to
concentrate upon other things because of the pioneer struggle.
So far as daffodils are concerned, times have changed very
materially, and there are now available here many good sorts,
whereas thirty- five years ago there were no really new ones except
in one or two gardens of amateurs. Even those were not top-notch
varieties because of the backward condition of gardening
in general, and the majority of people would not think of paying
more than fifty cents a dozen for bulbs. When Mr. Chester Jay
Hunt began selling by tens for a fixed price, they thought that
two dollars and a half for ten was a very large sum. Their hair
stiffened at this; then when Mr. Scheepers showed a dozen pots
of bulbs at " each" prices ( about five dollars for the highest), it
rose and remained standing!
How different it is now with the tremendous garden club move­ment
and a daffodil society just formed ! The International Flower
Show and other spring exhibits had some fine displays of really
good varieties of daffodils. Besides, there are many nurseries
where good collections are being grown both on trial and for the
* Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden April 11 by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham.
105
106
bulbs and flowers. It will pay to visit all of these, some on Long
Island, some in New Jersey, some in Gloucester County, Virginia,
and some gardens of specialists in the vicinity of Washington,
D. C If you were on the Pacific Coast you would have a fine
opportunity to see splendid collections there in the states of Wash­ington
and Oregon. Many of the bulbs grown in the Xorthwest
are offered here in catalogues of reputable dealers right in our
own New York City. They are good bulbs, as the difficulties of
our climate have been overcome and much more is now known
about the proper treatment for correct curing and resting.
It is much the most satisfactory way of doing when choosing
varieties to go directly to a place where the plants can be seen in
bloom. One gets an idea of what is in season together, of relative
heights and of combinations of types that look well or contrast
well together. I would never think of buying any variety of plant
sight unseen on someone else's recommendation. Shows and trial
gardens are for us to look at, and the best education for mind
and memory is through the eye. It is well to study any group of
plants that one spends money on, to learn the suitable soil, the
right exposure required by different varieties, and the proper
treatment.
Fortunately, daffodils do not need much attention if one puts
them in the right place in the beginning. Those in the trumpet
group need deep soil and they prefer it of heavier quality than
those of the pocticus or Leedsii groups. The trumpet group also
desires full sun for practically all of the day. whereas the others
mentioned will do in semi- shade. Giant Leedsii varieties need
more sun than the flat sorts, and the incomparabilis varieties with
the large cups also require more sun. Probably these types have
more trumpet blood in their ancestry, hence their demands. Pocti­cus
sorts like a more moist soil, though it must be well drained.
Xo bulbous plant, in fact, likes to stand steadily in water.
When buying. I would rather invest my money in a few bulbs
of the really fine sorts, for they will increase just as rapidly as
the poor ones. By adding a few good ones each year, one can have
a garden that sets a higher standard than when only one or two
varieties of poorer types are planted in quantity to give a quick
showing. The varied collection will give a long season of bloom
if properly chosen, whereas the other will be all over within a
few days.
107
Photograph by courtesy of M. Van Wavcren & Sous, Inc.
FIGURE 1. Mme. Van Waveren is one of the largest among the trumpet
daffodils, and is found excellent for every purpose.
Photographs by courtesy of M. Van W'avcrcn & Sons, Inc.
FIGURE 2. Two splendid daffodils. At the left, Killigrew, an incomparabilis
which has proved itself good in American gardens and shows. Right, John
Evelyn, lovely in the garden and useful for variety in show groups.
In selecting the varieties for a well- balanced collection, not only
is diversity of style, height, size, and shape to be considered, but
also whether the plant is a sturdy grower and whether the flowers
remain in good condition for a long time. Have they a strong
enough stem to hold up the flowers until they are over? In the
flowers we need what we call substance, that heaviness of petal,
that firmness which allows it to keep in good condition through
the sudden changes of cold nights, hot sunny days, dry, strong
winds, and heavy rain or even hail. Not only should the shape
be good for the variety or type but this substance must be present.
Then, too, we need clear, fine color, not streaked or faded in
places, and a color that also resists strong sun and beating rain.
Flowers should have a quality, that indescribable element of out­standing
worth that arrests one and that is generally seen even
by the novice, though he is unaware of what it is that holds his
attention. Size, and the coarseness that is bound to come with
size alone, will not give quality, for quality is a combination of
the best in light, shade, color, shape, balance of form and make-
109
up, and carriage of the flower, resulting in a dignity, a subtle
beauty, that comes only when each attribute is properly blended
into the perfect whole.
I would have the would- be daffodil- grower ( collector, if you
will) learn what these attributes are and what constitutes a good
flower, and then select others to plant nearby which will be in
harmony, each augmenting the beauty of the other. Planting like
this should be done with knowledge, not just adding varieties be­cause
they are pure novelties. Let them be new so long as they
are better than what you already have, but be sure your discrim­ination
is real, a trained one, and then you will be headed in the
right direction.
Here is a list of some of the newer daffodils worth grozving:
Trumpet: Golden Harvest, Slieve Bermagh, Alfred Hartley, Mus-tapha,
Morven, Brimstone, Loyalist, Carmel, Honey Boy,
Mme. Van Waveren, Beersheba, Lola Leak.
Iiicomparabilis: Royalist, Aerolite, Pilgrimage, St. Egwin, Golden
Frilled, Wheel of Fortune, Coverack Gem, Killigrew, For­tune,
Fortune's Cheer, Tregoose. Franciscus Drake, Coverack
Perfection, Beauty of Radnor, John Evelyn, Rewa, Orange
Glow, Red Cross.
Barrii: Croesus, Sunstar, Rosebud, Quetta, Crucible, Stamboul,
Seraglio, Magician, Rodosto, Eva, Firetail, Crimson Braid,
Lady Diana Manners.
Leedsii: Silver Star, Sundew, Tenedos, Gertie Millar, Kenbane,
Tullia, Silver Salver, Mitylene.
Triandrus hybrids: Harvest Moon, Agnes Harv;- y, Moonshine,
Venetia.
Jonquilla hybrids: Golden Cycle, Trewirge.
Cydamineus hybrids: Beryl, Golden Sceptre, Solleret.
Taactta hybrids: Silver Chimes, Golden Perfection, Medusa.
Pocticus: Caedmon, Red Rim, Wide Wing, Sarchedon.
Doubles: Mary Copeland, Twink, Indian Chief, Daphne, Cheer­fulness,
Valencia.
ETHEL AXSON S. PECKHAM.
110
THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC
PLANT
In the thousands of years since man has been making rational
use of the plants in his environment, the climate has, in many
cases, so changed over large areas that all traces of the basic,
ancestral species have been obliterated. It is therefore probable
that we may never know the endemic area of many of our culti­vated
plants. Excavations incident to anthropological researches
have occasionally given clues; in other instances we have been
forced to rely on the etymon— the basic root- word— and its vulgar
or folk derivatives in related ethnic groups.
In applying this latter method in an attempt to locate the place
where hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) was first cultivated, the problem
is not a simple one, for it seems, even in prehistoric times, to have
been recognized as a useful plant throughout most of Asia. It is
probable that it was indigenous on at least the Pamir Plains, the
cradle of the ancient Aryan peoples, for it followed them in their
various migrations. It was also accepted by the early peoples
with whom they came in contact, for in each instance it carried
a name derived from the same root word.
The name appears in the old Sanskrit as banga or gangika,
and in the modern Indian and Persian as bang or bhang; in Ben-galese
it is ganya. The Latin cannabis is derived directly from the
Greek kannabis and reappears in the canapa of the Italian, canamo
of the Spanish, and canhamo of the Portuguese. In various parts
of Russia, hemp is referred to as kanaple, kunapli, and konopel.
The Bohemians refer to it as konope, and the Poles as konop.
The word haencp appeared in Old English as early as 1150.
apparently derived from an Old Teutonic word.
The Germans generally use the word hanf; the Danish term is
hmnp and the Swedish ham pa. The English word is hemp; the
Dutch, hcnucp. While at first some of the words seem but little
related to the common root, a study of obsolete or little- used
terms suggests a relationship and common origin, for we find the
cannep, kcnncp, henncp, hanep, hamp, and hemp of the Dutch;
the henncp, hannf, hanf, and the occasional hampf and hamp of
the Germans; and the canabe, canabier, canve, and chanvre of the
French.
I ll
FIGURE 1. These ten- foot plants are one of the Chinese varieties of hemp
from which fiber is obtained. Inconspicuous flowers are borne at the tip of
each stalk. The form from which the narcotic drug is taken is a low-growing
plant with compact, leafy spikes of flow- ers.
112
It is therefore obvious that the Indian, Persian, Bengalese,
Greek, Latin, Russian and Germanic words for hemp, as well as
their many linguistic variations, have been derived from the root
ang ( or an) of the ancient Sanskrit banga.
It is probable that hemp was introduced into western Europe
about 1500 B. C, at the time of the Scythian invasion. It did not
come into Europe by way of the Mediterranean, for the ancient
Arabs, Hebrews, and Egyptians did not know of the plant until
they came into contact with the Persians. It is quite probable,
however, that it was reintroduced at various times and from dif­ferent
sources, for certain types or varieties of the plant are
grown in different parts of the continent. This distribution of
varieties can not be explained entirely by climatic selection, for
many of them apparently succeed equally well under various con­ditions,
although the peoples of northern Europe grow varieties
which mature in less time than those of the southern part.
There are various reasons for the wide dispersal and introduc­tion
of the plant. It is probable, however, that the more important
are its value as a fiber plant ( FIGURE 1) and its use as a source
for the drug hashish, a potent narcotic with intoxicating and
aphrodisiac properties. The crude drug is obtained from the
flowering stem- tips of the female plant, care being taken that
fertilization does not occur. Since hemp is normally dioecious,
this is accomplished by removing the male plants from the field.
The crude drug, consisting of these flowering stems with their
unfertilized flowers, leaves, and bracts, after drying, is generally
shredded and used directly, but may be mixed with a " carrier"
such as opium or tobacco, or a combination of both. The active
drug is associated with the oil and resin of the large glands found
abundantly on the structures of the female inflorescence ( FIGURE
2). These glands, although present, are not so numerous or well
developed on the floral organs of the male or on the vegetative
structures of either plant.
The culture of hemp has not been limited solely to the Aryan
races, for the Mongol- Tartar peoples have cultivated it since
antiquity. The Chinese equivalent for hemp is ma, and the more
common names are fire- hemp, yellow- hemp and Han- hemp. It
is mentioned in the Chinese Shu- King of about 500 B. C., and
appears in two earlier works of the Chou Dynasty written about
1050 B. C.
113
In China various parts of the plant are used in the preparation
of medicine. An ancient Chinese pharmacopoeia1 contains a list
of more than one hundred ailments whose cures were supposedly
effected by its use, including female weakness, gout, rheumatism,
malaria, beri- beri, boils, constipation and absent- mindedness.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Lyster H. Dewey of the United
States Department of Agriculture, who supplied the seed, the
FIGURE 2. Surface view of the bract of a female flower, showing the
glands which secrete the narcotic substances, magnified 450 diameters. The
lighter glands, which are immature, show the individual cells of secretion
in each, while the darker ones show the secreted globules of oil and masses
of resin with which the active drug is associated.
1 Sheng Nung, et al. Revised classification of medicinal plants. Vol. 22.
Shanghai. 1921.
This interesting work is a reprint in ancient characters of the " Chinese
pharmacopoeia" supposed to have been first compiled by Sheng Xung about
3000 B. C. Various editors have revised and enlarged it, among them being
Yu Chang Wu, about 225 B. C., and Chin Chu Li, about 1500 A. D.
The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. L. C. Li and Dr. C. H. Chung, who
translated parts of this and other Chinese manuscripts for him.
114
writer has been able to grow a number of varieties, the original
seed of which was collected in various parts of the world. The
plants were grown in adjacent plots for several summer and
winter seasons in the garden and greenhouses of the Botany
Department of The Ohio State University, and carefully examined
for morphological differences. Although the varieties observed
differed in size, date of blooming, productivity of seed, quality
of fiber, and drug content, the writer found no differences, except
in one known mutant, sufficient to separate the various groups
( Cannabis pedcmontana, C. chinesis, and C indica) and prefers
to include them all under Cannabis sativa L.
Since the various forms of hemp are so similar, although they
have been cultivated and differentially selected by various and
widespread racial groups since antiquity, it would seem, therefore,
that hemp is truly a monotypic genus. And further, since both the
Mongol- Tartar and Aryan stocks arose in different areas and both
made early use of the plant, it would seem that hemp, in the wild
state, was originally distributed over a large portion of temperate
Asia, large areas of which are now too arid to support the plant.
W. H. CAMP.
TWENTY- ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE
Certificates were presented to twenty- one graduates of the
Course for Professional Gardeners given by The New York
Botanical Garden at the headquarters of the Horticultural Society
of New York, Monday evening, April 20. This was the third
and largest class since the course was organized in the fall
of 1932.
Nine of this spring's graduates have been student gardeners
at the Botanical Garden. One of them, Howard Swift, was the
first exchange student to be sent for a year of work at Kew Gar­dens
in London. Another, Donald Dodds, left the Botanical
Garden a few months ago for a new position on a Long Island
estate. The others included Joseph W. Tansey, Robert E. Weid-ner,
Stephen G. Cutting, Frank Regan, George W. Lupton, Hilde­gard
Schneider and Kathryn Quinn.
115
Among the other graduates were Mrs. Rose L. Carlson, Mrs.
J. F. Mowbray- Clarke, landscape architect for Rockland County,
N. Y.; Charles Meissner, a florist; Jules Bernard and Per H.
Thelin, nurserymen; Henry Funk, from the Brooklyn Botanic
Garden; and Norman J. Opie, William Sheane, Tage Casten-schiold,
William Bauer, Carl Schutt, and Christian Wolf, all pro­fessional
gardeners.
Brief addresses were given by Dr. E- W. Sinnott, representing
the Board of Managers; by Kenneth Hadland and John S. Doig,
of the National Association of Gardeners; by Edwin Beckett, a
former graduate; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director, who
presented the certificates.
STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK
IN NEW YORK AND LONDON
The first exchange student gardeners between The New York
Botanical Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in
England started their work at these two institutions the last of
April.
Howard Swift, who has been working at the Botanical Garden
since September 1, 1934, and who this year completed the Course
for Professional Gardeners, sailed April 18 on the American
Trader for London, where he was to begin working and studying
at Kew at once.
Meanwhile, C. J. Collins, a student gardener at Kew, was on
his way to America to work and study at The New York Botanical
Garden, arriving here April 20, just in time to witness the gradu­ating
exercises of the student gardeners.
Traveling expenses for the two students are being met by the
English Speaking Unions in England and America. The New
York organization recently gave a series of lectures on gardens
of foreign countries in order to raise the fund for the trip. Both
student gardeners will be paid allowances while they are pursuing
their work away from home.
This exchange of students between the two countries is part of
116
a broad program being launched by The New York Botanical
Garden in order to give American gardeners the finest possible
training, with the opportunity of study abroad for picked men.
At the same time, a selected student gardener from Kew will be
given the privilege of broadening his experience by working in
America.
The scholarships which make possible this exchange of student
gardeners are for the duration of one year.
The New York Botanical Garden's Science Course for Pro­fessional
Gardeners, inaugurated in the fall of 1932 in order to
give student gardeners a firm background in the sciences under­lying
their work, is part of the institution's plan for broadening
the training of men who come under its supervision. The course
has been modeled upon similar courses given at botanic gardens
abroad.
WITH OUR COLLABORATORS
Among the interesting herbarium specimens sent to the Garden
this year by Dr. Delzie Demaree is a fine series of the midland
fawn- lily ( Erythronium mesachoreum) from Oklahoma. This
species, whose perianth segments are tinted with deep lavender,
is quite distinct from the white fawn- lily ( Erythronium albidum)
and ought to be tried in our eastern gardens.
Mr. T. MacDougall has recently returned from Mexico with
another of his valuable collections. Since 1934, Mr. MacDougall
has been spending the winter seasons on the Isthmus of Tehaun-tepec
and in the state of Chiapas, and has brought back some
hundreds of living plants, mainly orchids, bulbous plants, cacti
and other succulents, as well as numerous seed collections of
plants having horticultural possibilities. Although the majority
of the specimens have not as yet flowered and therefore remain
unidentified, a sufficient number have come to maturity to in­dicate
the importance of the collections. Some have already been
found to be Central American species heretofore not known from
Mexico, and a few others will undoubtedly prove to be new
species.
117
Of particular botanical significance is the rediscovery of Tagetes
Seleri and Villadia albiflora, both of which have apparently been
known only from the original collections made during the last
century.
The trees and shrubs which he has brought back will, of course,
be tender in our climate, but will make valuable additions to our
conservatory collections. We look with especial anticipation,
however, to the annuals, for some of the more showy ones seem
to possess great possibilities as bedding and border plants.
W. H. CAMP.
CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS
A letter from Mrs. Joseph Clemens, dated January 21, 1936,
at Finschhafen, Morobe, New Guinea, addressed to relatives in
the United States, brings the sad news of the death of her hus­band,
apparently a day or two previously.
Joseph Clemens was born at St. Just, Cornwall, England, on
December 9, 1862, and came to Pennsylvania with his parents
in 1867. He received from Dickinson College the degree of
A. B. in 1894 and A. M. in 1897, became a Methodist Episcopal
clergyman, and in 1902 joined the United States Army as chaplain,
with the rank of captain. He was retired for disability in the
line of service in France in 1918. In 1894 he was married to
Mary Knapp Strong, who was interested in plants and nature-study
in general and communicated to her husband a considerable
share of her enthusiasm. While stationed at various army posts,
especially in California, Utah, Oklahoma, and Texas, Chaplain
and Mrs. Clemens made collections of herbarium specimens, but
their main activity in the field came after the Chaplain's retire­ment
in 1918. Noteworthy among their later collecting grounds
were various parts of the Philippine Islands, from northern
Luzon to southern Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, including
many of the highest and most inaccessible mountains; British
North Borneo; Chihli and Shantung provinces, China; Anam,
French Indo- China; and. recently, Xew Guinea. Most of their
Oriental collections were studied by Dr. E. D. Merrill, recently
Director of The New York Botanical Garden, and their gather­ings
are well represented in the Garden herbarium. Clemcusia
118
Merrill, a genus of Meliaceae, and Cleincnsiella Schlechter, a
genus of Asclepiadaceae, commemorate the family. In an article
on " Botanical Exploration in Borneo," published in this JOURNAL
in August, 1930, Dr. Merrill stated: " The botanical collections
made by Mrs. Clemens in the past 25 years exceed 20,000 num­bers.''
In that article, Dr. Merrill published a very interesting
letter from Chaplain Clemens, describing the experiences of Mrs.
Clemens and himself in plant collecting in Sarawak. In closing
the narrative, the Chaplain remarks:
" Yes, it's a strange manner of holiday diversion; especially
when we have only the love of wild places as our excuse for doing
it, but I married a wife, and she owns part of the time, and
chooses this manner of playing the game— and why not?"
Mrs. Clemens plans to continue " playing the game" in far- away
New Guinea!
MARSHALL A. HOWE.
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE*
Dr. Agnes Arber writes of " A Recent Discovery in Sixteenth
Century Botany" in Nature for February 15, describing the early
herbarium which has lately been unearthed at the Botanical In­stitute
of Bern. Professor Walther Rytz, who has examined the
nine folios— one of which consists of 650 woodcuts— has iden­tified
the collection as having been made by Felix Platter, a six­teenth
century physician who received specimens from Clusius,
Gesner, and Camerarius. The herbarium, says Dr. Arber, dates
from a period in which the new art of drying plants ( taught by
the Italian scientist, Luca Ghini) was practised extensively by
the savants of the day, who thus laid the foundation of present-day
systematics through their mutual exchange of specimens.
Studies in nomenclature of forest trees, their diseases and
pests, and the structure and properties of wood are included in
the eleventh annual report of the Imperial Forestry Institute of
the University of Oxford. Copies of the English edition of the
* All publications mentioned here— and many others— may be found in the
Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.
119
new International Classification System for Forest Bibliography,
it is announced in this volume, may be obtained for six shillings
plus postage from the Librarian, Department of Forestry, Oxford
University.
The controversy over whether the Olympic Mountains should
be kept as a national forest or made into a national park occupies
the bulk of the April number of American Forests. The separate
articles, which are magnificently illustrated, are followed by an
editorial comment.
The supplement plate in the Gardeners' Chronicle for Feb­ruary
22 shows Clematis macropetala, which is described in that
issue by Ernest Markham as one of the six best species for garden
cultivation in England. A new pink seedling of C. macropetala,
called var. Markhami, won the Royal Horticultural Society's
Award of Merit last year.
" Planting Roses the Modern Way" is the subject of an article
in Horticulture for April 1, giving sensible, simple, and up- to-date
planting directions.
New varieties and interesting arrangements of asters for all
seasons are described by Ray M. Koons in the Gardeners'
Chronicle of America for April. " Azaleas for Spring Glory" are
the subject of Paul F. Freese.
Effects of illuminating gas on greenhouse plants, especially gas
which comes from city mains, are discussed in the March and
April issues of Nursery Disease Notes of the New Jersey Agri­cultural
Experiment Station. Symptoms of gas injury on many
greenhouse crops comprise part of the work.
A new publication being welcomed by many botanists is The
Journal of the recently organized Southern Appalachian Botanical
Club. Three numbers— January, February and March— have ap­peared,
under the editorship of Earl L. Core. Published at the
University of West Virginia, Morgantown, W. Va., this new
journal fulfills for the southern Appalachian region the interests
served by Rhodora and Torreya further north.
120
The much- discussed new two- column format of the American
Journal of Botany appeared with the January number, 1936.
Among the articles in this issue is one by H. A. Gleason and A. J.
Panshin describing Swietenia Krukovii, a new species of mahog­any,
specimens of which were collected by B. A. Krukoff on the
Jurupary River in Brazil, in 1933, and the type deposited in the
herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden.
CAROL H. WOODWARD.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Doctors Marshall A. Howe, R. A. Harper, and B. O. Dodge
attended the meeting of the National Academy of Sciences in
Washington, D. C, April 27- 29, at which Dr. Dodge presented a
paper on " Interspecific Crosses Involving Lethals for Ascus
Abortion."
* * *
Dr. H. A. Gleason was in Washington April 25 for the meet­ing
of the National Research Council.
* * *
During the Easter holidays, Doctors William C. Steere and
Alexander Smith from the University of Michigan spent a week
doing research at The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Steere
continued his task of sorting the Mitten collection of mosses, some
of which were gathered nearly 100 years ago, and preparing
duplicate specimens for exchange, while Dr. Smith worked in the
mycological herbarium, making a critical study of some of the
types of species of the higher fungi described by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.
* * *
Another recent visitor was William R. Van Dersal, of the Soil
Erosion Division of the United States Department of Agricul­ture,
who is gathering information on native plants and their use­fulness,
especially in protecting soil from destruction by water.
* * *
Dr. Mildred E. Mathias returned to the Garden last month to
continue her work on the Umbelliferae.
121
Dr. E. D. Merrill spent several days in April in New York,
checking identifications and doing preliminary work on the prepa­ration
of duplicate sets of a collection of plants from the Island
of Hainan, China. This collection, which consists of 7,500 num­bers
with from one to ten duplicates of each, was made in co­operation
with Sun Yatsen University, and made possible through
a gift from Henry W. deForest.
* * *
About forty posters showing diseases and pests of ornamental
plants which are in common cultivation have been on exhibit in
the Museum Building during parts of February, March, and
April. Prepared under the direction of Dr. B. O. Dodge, who
lectured April 18 on plant diseases and pests and their control,
they have been made by artists employed through the Works
Progress Administration.
* * *
Beginning the third week in April, the gates to the Thompson
Memorial Rock Garden, in the glade east of the Museum Build­ing,
will be open from 10 a. m. to 4: 45 p. m. daily. The first ex­tensive
display of spring flowers in the rock garden is expected
about the middle of May. Meanwhile, however, there will con­tinue
to be many individual plants of exceptional interest coming
into bloom. Some of these are species new or rare in cultivation,
some are recently developed horticultural varieties, and some are
native plants being adapted to garden use.
William Hertrich, Director of the Huntington Botanic Garden
in California, visited The New York Botanical Garden April 20,
on his way to Europe.
Henry Teuscher, for the past three years Dendrologist at The
New York Botanical Garden, left May 1 for Canada, where he
becomes Superintendent and Chief Horticulturist of the newly
established Botanical Garden of Montreal. His work there com­prises
first of all the planning and the preliminary planting and
construction at this new institution, of which Frere Marie- Victorin
is Scientific Director. Mr. Teuscher was born and educated in
Germany, where he received from the Botanical Garden at Berlin-
Dahlem the equivalent of a master's degree in this country. He
has been in America since 1922, and is a citizen of the United
States.
122
REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS
THE GARDEN DICTIONARY*
The Garden Dictionary, edited by Norman Taylor, and pub­lished
by the Houghton- Mifflin Co., is certainly a notable addition
to the literature of American horticulture. Besides an excellent
quality of paper, and clean and easily legible press- work, the new
book has other desirable features that quickly catch the eye. A
feature that appears to be quite novel is a map of each state of
the Union and each province of Canada with indications of zones
of hardiness. In many of the states these zones run essentially
east and west, the northern zones being naturally colder than the
southern. However, in California, influenced by the proximity of
the Pacific Ocean and a more or less north and south coast line
and by the more or less north- and south- ranging mountains, the
zones of hardiness run more or less north and south. The zoning
system is not original with Mr. Taylor, and not entirely so with
Dr. Alfred Rehder of the Arnold Arboretum, who applied it in
his " Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs." Mr. Taylor, how­ever,
has added a Zone 9 to Rehder's 8, to cover the southern tip
of Florida, and has worked out the zone system in much more
detail than Rehder and has applied it to each state. The maps
of the different states of the Union and provinces of Canada show
the average annual rainfall, with regional details in the case of
the larger states, such as California, in which the rainfall ranges
from 5 inches or less a year in ths Death Valley country to
80 inches along the northwest coast, in Del Norte and Humboldt
counties.
The book includes 11,300 alphabetically arranged entries, in­cluding
non- technical descriptions of 7,785 species, varieties, and
forms of plants; articles on special groups of plants, such as roses,
lilies, daylilies, dahlias, chrysanthemums, narcissi, orchids, etc.,
written by recognized experts ; directions for growing vegetables,
shrubs, trees, vines, etc., and for making rock gardens, aquatic,
cactus, fern, Japanese and penthouse gardens, coldframes, hot­beds,
conservatories; for contending with diseases, insect pests,-—
* The Garden Dictionary. 896 pages, with numerous text- figures and several
plates, colored and uncolored. Houghton- Mifflin Company, Boston and New
York. 1936. Sold by subscription, $ 16.25.
123
in fact, the book contains virtually everything that a modern
gardener needs to know.
The publishers have been remarkably successful in reproducing
the actual color of flowers in their colored plates, as in those of
the lilies, roses, and chrysanthemums.
The indicated pronunciations of Latin names, based, in critical
cases, on the results of a referendum among scholars and bota­nists
qualified to hold an opinion, add to the value of this new
book, as do the definitions of all the more common botanical and
horticultural terms.
Although The Garden Dictionary enters a field that has been
considered by some to be already well covered, its practical up- to-date
treatment of the whole range of horticultural subjects in one
volume will commend it highly to the rapidly increasing number
of people in the United States and Canada who are actively in­terested
in the growing of plants. The editor. Mr. Norman
Taylor, and its publishers, the Houghton- Mifflin Company, are
to be congratulated upon their initiative and success in bringing
out one of the handsomest and most worth- while books in the
field of horticulture.
MARSHALL A. HOWE.
LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES
The purpose of this book,* " to facilitate the study and deter­mination
of the ferns of the Local Flora Area," is fulfilled by
the attractiveness as well as by the completeness of presentation.
The brevity of the glossary indicates with what slight recourse to
technical terms the labor has been accomplished. Written out of
a rich background of knowledge, the book is invaluable for refer­ence
and delightful for many vistas into unexplored fields.
The flora area designated, covering a radius of 100 miles out­side
of Manhattan, abounds in fern plants, and remains, to a
surprising extent, botanically unexplored. If any publication can
stimulate further activity, this book will do that; fern students
are not likely to confine their interest to a single area, and there
is sufficient new information, data, and original inquiry here to
start the student upon a re- examination of all his previous de­terminations.
Ninety species of true ferns and fern allies are
described and excellently illustrated. No detail has been ac­cepted
without verification, leading to frequent divergence from
statements in popular manuals. To cite an example, in the dis­cussion
of the difficult and confusing species of Dryopteris,
D. intermedia, D. spinulosa, and D. campyloptcra Clarkson, at
least eight essential points of difference among the three are
* Small, John Kunkel, Ferns of the vicinity of New York. 285 pages, 85 line
cuts and map. The Science Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1935. $ 2.50.
124
demonstrated. Throughout the book, four unusual points of iden­tification,
among others, are specified: the form, as well as the
habit, of the rootstock; the vernation and completeness of the
crown ( where present) ; the pattern and angular direction of the
leaflets and segments; and the exact position of the sori on the
veins ( the last- named also clearly indicated in the drawings). In
other instances where determination is doubtful, as in Lycopodium
flabcllifonnc Fernald vs. L. tristachyum, the differences are care­fully
stressed in the comment following the botanical description
This work is not intended for beginners; and yet the drawings
alone would serve as a fairly safe guide. They are sensitive to
the least variations in the cutting of leaflet, segment and tooth­ing,
and though the leaf- silhouette may be a dangerous criterion
in itself, it is one which many students have had to ignore because
of crude or faulty illustrations. Ferns which vary notoriously,
like Cystopteris fragilis, might better have been illustrated by two
or three drawings: the form portrayed in this book has sharply
toothed, spreading segments, whereas an equally common form
in our region has segments often obovate, even wedge- shaped in
small specimens, and more decurrent on the midrib. It is this
form, too, which is sometimes confused with Woodsia obtusa.
Two details of the drawings appear to be at variance with the
text: the segment ( pinnule) of Dryopteris intermedia shows sori
terminal on the veins, the segment of D. spinulosa shows sori not
quite terminal.
In the matter of taxonomy Dr. Small retains, for the most
part, the established classifications, a conspicuous exception being
in the segregation of Diplaaium angustifolium Butters as
Homalosorus pycnocarpus. Reasons for the change are fully
stated and acceptable, if not finally convincing. Phegopteris and
Thelypteris, it is good to see, have been retained, contrary to some
modern tendencies, though here again Phegopteris is placed in the
group Dryopterideae, whereas, based on sorus and indusium,
Phegopteris belongs more properly with the Polypodieae. But this
is an old debate, and the effect of Dr. Small's distinctions is to
promote a liberal and realistic viewpoint.
D. T. WALDEN.
ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII
With the assembling of the second volume of the Flora Hawaii­ensis,*
the general plan and destiny of this tremendous under­taking
is becoming clear. It is a looseleaf flora, each sheet being
devoted to one species, with an excellent detailed drawing of the
plant and its structure on the reverse side. Additional sheets are
* Degener, Otto, Flora Hawaiiensis, Vol. 2, published by the author, 2220
University Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, 1936. $ 4 a volume.
125
inserted where required, for family and genus descriptions and
analytical keys. The descriptions are very full, and are supple­mented
by economic and geographical notes that make the subject
matter as valuable to the layman as the botanist.
Each volume consists of one hundred species descriptions, mak­ing
the first two volumes only a beginning toward a complete
Hawaiian flora. Many of the plants treated are pantropic in dis­tribution,
and as many more are endemics of these isolated islands.
The desire to preserve a record of the fast disappearing native
flora has evidently served as a motive for this work— and a worthy
one deserving of our best wishes and support. Mr. Degener car­ries
on this project in close cooperation with The New York
Botanical Garden.
There is no regular order in which the groups of plants are
studied and figured, and the first two volumes give samples of
most of the great families of the vascular plants, from ferns to
composites. Since the new sheets as they appear will be inserted
as interleaves in the looseleaf binders, no page numbers are given.
Instead there is a family key number, from 1 to 344. and a
generic and specific name which serve as guides to the assembly
of the pages. Genera and species are to be arranged alphabetically.
This strictly logical but unconventional looseleaf treatment,
coupled with the issue of each sheet separately, with its own pub­lication
date, makes this the despair of the bibliographer, since it
can be cited by neither page nor volume. The pages that were
issued in the first volume ( first century) are now distributed
through two. As each new century is completed, they will be
again reassembled and spread through more volumes. So how
shall a new species, described on one of these separate sheets, be
cited in the literature?
Even in its present preliminary form, the Flora is an excellent
guide for travelers in Hawaii, and a useful reference for anyone
interested in tropical crops and plants. Billbergia, Cordylinc
( Sansevieria in common usage), Belamcanda. Hcdychiuvi.
Spathoglottis, Ariocarpus ( jack- fruit) Macadamia, Stylurus
( Grevillea). Artistolochia and Antigonon are among the many
world- wide forms which are treated. Mr. Degener has the pro­pensity—
not peculiarly his— of digging up new or unfamiliar
names for old familiar plants— but he is kind to us in giving us
full synonymy. No student of tropical plant life, whether bota­nist,
gardener, planter or globe- trotter, should be without this
Flora, which combines scientific treatment and popular utility.
FORMAN T. MCLEAN.
SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS
The book market is besieged month after month with new vol­umes
on gardening. How to raise this kind of plant, how to con-
126
struct a garden of this or that sort, what to do in the north, in
the south, in the greenhouse, or in the bay- window are told in
small books of one or two hundred pages, scarcely deserving the
name of volume. The bulk of these have been coming of late
from Doubleday- Doran.
Some of them seem to have fairly adequate information for
beginning gardeners ; others give only the semblance of the story
they ought to tell. As a whole, they are coarsely printed and
illustrated with drawings in which a hair- line is given the thick-,
ness of a rope.
DELPHINIUM CULTURE
Take, for instance, Dr. Leonian's book on delphinium culture. 1
There is no question but that the author knows his subject thor­oughly,
and he no doubt answers many problems for the amateur
grower; yet the beginner who wants to grow delphiniums finds,
first, 26 pages describing these flowers, to the accompaniment of
highly inaccurate drawings; then the advice to add peat- moss to
the soil if it is either too sandy or too heavy— despite the fact
that delphiniums prefer a limy mixture, and peat- moss has an
acid content. Eventually, directions are given for sowing seeds;
but one never finds out just when to expect the flowers from
seeds sown at different times of the year.
PLANTS UNDER COVER
The same publisher's new books on house plants and on garden­ing
in a greenhouse are both extremely personalized reports, tell­ing
what one individual has done rather than what many others
might do with growing plants under cover. Mrs. Sulzer's senti­mental
volume2 contains, nevertheless, quite a bit of practical in­formation,
provided one does not take too seriously such stories
as that about Ficus pandurata ( which should be called F. lyrata)
supposedly being the fig- tree of the " weak- willed Eve." But the
drawings only now and then resemble the subject treated.
For the novice who gloats over other novice's trials, Anne
Dorrance's book:{ will provide an evening's amusement and per­haps
some practical help; but as in the delphinium book, too much
space is given to descriptions which seem to get the reader 110-
1 Leonian, Leon H., How to Grow Delphiniums. 96 pages, illustrated.
Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. V., 1935. $ 1.
2 Sulzer, Marjorie Norrell, House Plants, Modern Care and Culture. 156
pages, illustrated. Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1935. $ 1.50.
3 Dorrance, Anne, Gardening in the Greenhouse. 129 pages, illustrated.
Doubleday- Doran, 1935. $ 1.50.
127
where. The chapter relating the author's experiences with Z6
plant subjects gives some ideas as to how these few plants may
or should not be handled.
POINTERS FOR PLANTS OUTDOORS
Four new books of pamphlet size have been written by Victor
H. Ries, 4 one on the proper handling of trees and shrubs, one
each on annuals and perennials, and one on pests and diseases.
A gardener may not agree with all of the author's ideas for
combining annuals, but the general directions he gives, both in
this book and in the one on perennials, show that he knows the type
of questions amateur gardeners ask year after year. One hopes,
however, that many will not search for " Acrolinum" in catalog
lists of everlastings at his recommendation; especially since
Acroclinium ( although few seedsmen know or heed the change)
was long ago shifted to the genus Heliptcrum.
What to do about pests and diseases on 100 kinds of plants,
including the commonly planted trees, shrubs, and garden flowers,
is told in the last half of Ries's book, " Plant Welfare." " Know
your pests" and " Know your diseases" he advises in two of the
preceding chapters . . . but one scarcely could get acquainted
with either through his brief, loose descriptions. The directions
for treatment are clear enough so far as they go, but there is not
enough detail as to symptoms to determine a plant's real ailment
in every case. He is an optimist who thinks that only aphis infest
chrysanthemums, who omits ( perhaps wisely!) any mention of
mosaic disease on lilies, and who neglects hawthorn altogether, as
though it were always disease- free. Xevertheless, the amateur
gardener will at least get a start toward keeping his garden healthy
through this book, especially as to the proper mixing of sprays
and dusts.
The information given in " Pruning and Repairing of Trees,
Shrubs and Ornamentals" is hardly dependable enough to be well
recommended. The book is intended for amateurs, and they above
all need faultless directions for the care of their plants. The sec­tion
on pruning for shape is not clearly expressed, and may easily
lead to wrong practices. Moreover, it is not considered good
gardening to prune a plant that is too large for its situation. Re­placing
is the only remedy here. The author rather overemphasizes
4 Ries, Victor H., How to Grow Annual Flowers, 96 pages, illustrated, $ 1;
How to Grow Perennial Flowers, 94 pages, illustrated, $ 1.; Plant Welfare:
Recognition and Control of Pests and Diseases, 96 pages, illustrated, $ 1; Prun­ing
and Repairing of Trees, Shrubs, and Ornamentals, 95 pages, illustrated,
$ 1. Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1936.
128
fertilization, forgetting that often shrubs do not bloom because
they are planted in too rich a soil and neglecting the importance
of a properly prepared planting hole, in the right locality and
with the right exposure.
A MISFORTUNE IN FERNS
It has taken a long time to decide what to say about " American
Ferns","' a Macmillan publication. At least four different people—
all, apparently, with kindly hearts— refused to review the book
because of its many inaccuracies. One critic pointed out errors
noted in the habitats of ferns, such as accrediting the bog- loving
Aspidium cristatum to an oak association; another in the ideas of
where certain ferns belonged in the garden, such as the placing
together of a lime- loving and an acid- loving species. A tabulated
list of faults that have been found in this unfortunate work would
occupy the space of a chapter.
The title itself is somewhat of a misnomer, as the book con­cerns
mainly the ferns of northeastern United States, omitting
those of mid- western, western, and southern distribution.
Is there any reason for a presumably reliable publisher letting
so many errors get into print? The public is in no position to
recognize such mistakes, and some innocent but enthusiastic
gardener may make a complete failure of an attempt to identify,
gather, and raise ferns by trying to follow this book. There are
plenty of experts who would have been glad to correct these mis­takes
in the manuscript, instead of having to find them in print
to talk about afterward.
CAROL H. WOODWARD.
5 Roberts, Edith A., and Lawrence, Julia R., American Ferns and How to
Grow Them, 98 pages, illustrated with photographs. Macmillan, New York,
1935. $ 2.50.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
Arthur M. Anderson
• Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson
George Arents, Jr.
• Mrs. George Arents, Jr.
Vincent Astor
John W. Auchincloss
Dr. Raymond F. Bacon
• Mrs. Robert Bacon
Prof. L. H. Bailey
Mrs. James Baird
Stephen Baker
Henry de Forest Baldwin
Sherman Baldwin
Prof. Charles P. Berkey
C. K. G. Billings
George Blumenthal
Prof. Marston T. Bogert
Prof. William J. Bonisteel
George P. Brett
• Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler
Prof. Gary N. Calkins
• Mrs. Andrew Carnegie
Prof. W. H. Carpenter
• Miss E. Mabel Clark
W. R. Coe
Richard C. Colt
• Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs
Charles Curie
• Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise
Henry W. de Forest
Edward C. Delafield
Moreau Delano
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow
Julian Detmer
• Mrs. Charles D. Dickey
• Mrs. John W. Draper
Benjamin T. Fairchild
Marshall Field
William B. O. Field
• Mrs. Henry J. Fisher
Harry Harkness Flagler
• Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox
Childs Frick
• Miss Helen C. Frick
* fMrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff
• Mrs. Frederick A. Godley
• Mrs. George McM. Godley
Murry Guggenheim
Edward S. Harkness
Prof. R. A. Harper
T. A. Havemeyer
Prof. Tracy E. Hazen
A. Heckscher
• Mrs. William F. Hencken
• Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
Capt. Henry B. Heylman
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes
• JMrs. Elon H. Hooker
Dr. Marshall A. Howe
Archer M. Huntington
Pierre Jay
• Mrs. Walter Jennings
* fMrs. F. Leonard Kellogg
• Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel
Clarence Lewis
Adolph Lewisohn
Henry Lockhart, Jr.
• Mrs. William A. Lockwood
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
• Mrs. David Ives Mackie
Mrs. H. Edward Manville
Parker McCollester
�� Mrs. John R. McGinley
Dr. E. D. Merrill
John L. Merrill
• Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr.
Ogden L. Mills
George M. Moffett
H. de la Montagne, Jr.
Col. Robert H. Montgomery
Barrington Moore
Mrs. William H. Moore
J. Pierpont Morgan
Dr. Lewis R. Morris
Dr. Robert T. Morris
B. Y. Morrison
Chas. Lathrop Pack
• Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
• Mrs. James R. Parsons
Rufus L. Patterson
• Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
• Mrs. George W. Perkins
Howard Phipps
James R. Pitcher
H. Hobart Porter
• Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
• Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam
Stanley G. Ranger
Johnston L. Redmond
Ogden Mills Reid
John D. Rockefeller
Prof. H. H. Rusby
Hon. George J. Ryan
• Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee
John M. Schiff
• Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz
• Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
• § Mrs. Townsend Scudder
Mrs. Samuel Seabury
Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott
• Mrs. Samuel Sloan
Dr. John K. Small
James Speyer
Col. J. E. Spingarn
Mrs. Charles H. Stout
Nathan Straus, Jr.
• Mrs. Theron G. Strong
Joseph R. Swan
B. B. Thayer
Dr. William S. Thomas
Raymond H. Torrey
Prof. Sam F. Trelease
• Mrs. Harold McL. Turner
Felix M. Warburg
Allen Wardwell
• Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder
• II Mrs. Nelson B. Williams
Bronson Winthrop
Grenville L. Winthrop
John C. Wister
• Mrs. William H. Woodin
Richardson Wright
• Member also of the Advisory Council.
tChairman of the Advisory Council.
t Vice- Chairman of the Advisory Council.
i Treasurer of the Advisory Council.
! Secretary of the Advisory Council.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract.
Plantations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plants.
Gardens, including a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial
border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings.
Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries. ;
Flower shows throughout the year— in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of daffodils, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water- lilies, dahlias, and
chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse- blooming plants.
A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plants; also historic microscopes.
An herbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character­istic
flora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical and horticultural literature, comprising nearly
45,000 books and numerous pamphlets.
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical and horticultural topics,
continuing throughout the autumn, winter and spring.
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above fea­tures
and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
forestral subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Annual Member annual fee $ 10
Sustaining Member annual fee 25
Garden Club Membership annual fee for a club
Fellowship Member annual fee 100
Member for Life single contribution 250
Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Benefactor single contribution 25,000
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests
may be made in the form of securities, money, or additions to the collections. The
following is an approved form of bequest:
/ hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of .
Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or any
designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime.
Fellowships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period
may be established for practical student- training in horticulture or for botan­ical
research.
All requests for further information should be sent to
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ( FORDHAM BRANCH POST OFFICE)