With illustrations including reproductions of writing from the earliest ages to the modern penmanship, showing the growth and progress

made

in the art of handwriting.

NEW YORK

ROBERT

R.

ROSS, PUBLISHER
1919

COPYRIGHT, 1919, by Hugo von Hagen.
All Rights Reserved.

DEDICATED TO MY FRIEND

GEORGE

W.

BREFFIT

CONTENTS
GRAPHOMETER KLINOMETER TELEMETER PACHOMETER
.
. .
.

.

.

'.

.
.

.

.

Frontispiece Frontispiece
Frontispiece Frontispiece

.

.

.

.

.

...

.

.

SCIENCE OF READING CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING HISTORY OF GRAPHOLOGY GENERAL POINTS GRAPHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN GRAPHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF EMILE ZOLA GRAPHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF LORD ROSEBERRY GRAPHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF CARMEN SYLVA GRAPHOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF GENERAL WILLIAM BOOTH
SIMPLIFIED GRAPHOMETER

FIRST STROKES OF LETTERS . . LAST OR END STROKES OF LETTERS UPPER AND LOWER PARTS OF LETTERS

PUNCTUATION

.

..-.'.

SIGNATURES HISTORICAL SIGNATURES

UNUSUAL WRITERS FAMILY RESEMBLANCE GRAPHOLOGICAL ALPHABET . . SPECIAL LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO PRESENT DAY,
.

.

.

INCLUDING GRAPHOLOGICAL SKETCHES INDEX TO CHARACTERISTICS

......
. . .

189 318

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
MY DEAE DOCTOR,
You have been kind enough
to dedicate to

me your new

book on Graphology, and, in thanking you for this token of friendship, I wish to add that the subject is especially interesting to me, as through all my life I have been fascinated with the study of handwriting, and I have never
ceased to be astonished at the immense variety met with. Every day there appear fresh proofs of the truth of

your deductions, but what strikes me most forcibly is that the formation of written letters is so frequently symbolical of the physical and psychic characteristics of a writer. This
leads

me

to advise the student of

Graphology

to seek for

peculiarities of this nature and thereby enlarge his own field of observation and deduction, to the ultimate benefit

of this branch of science.

privilege of reading this book in manuhave been greatly impressed with the simplicity of its arrangement, and I feel sure it will be found by all readers to be of practical value in business, social and other walks of life. In past years you have often pointed out tendencies toscript, I

Having had the

ward

certain characteristics in individuals which, though not apparent at the time, sooner or later became evident. In particular, I remember the case of that young clergyman

charged with murder, a delineation of whose character from his handwriting you gave me, indicating that he would do

and say certain
ing his trial. The excellent

tilings

all of

which actually occurred dur-

examples you have reproduced of the earlier stages of the Art of Writing cannot fail to be of

interest to all lovers of literature.

earnest hope that your book will meet with the popularity deserves,

With

my

it

I

am,
Sincerely yours,

GEOKGE W. BEEFFIT.

New York

City,

4 January, 1919.

PEEFACE
selves,

Surely people must know themso few ever think about anything else. Yes, they think what they
shall appear,

"

have,

what they shall get, how they what they shall do, perchance now and then what they shall be, but never, or hardly ever, what
they are."

Guesses at Truth.

IN 1902 I wrote a volume on GRAPHOLOGY, THE SCIENCE OF READING CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING, which was so well received that a second edition was published in 1903, which also was soon exhausted. The many requests by my friends for another volume
on so interesting- a subject finally induced me to launch the present book to fill the demand of a constantly growing number of students of graphology. Entirely new illustrations are now used and the arrange-

ment has been improved, making this book more helpful to the student and more interesting to the general reader. I have moreover added about fifty rare reproductions
illustrating the history of the Art of Writing interest graphologists as well as others.

which

will

To

the

many

friends

who have

so kindly, directly or

indirectly, contributed specimens of their handwriting, I express my hearty thanks and the hope that in this external

analysis of self they will learn to detect unerringly the internal reality.

HUGO
Atlantic City, N. J.

J.

VON HAGEN, Pn.D.

January, 1919.

WHEN you have read and studied this book, you are qualified to go further in the study of the Science of Graphology. For your particular benefit, a correspondence course, consisting of twenty lessons, is being prepared. This course will consist of written lectures and include practical work under the supervision
of expert graphologists in making character delineations from specimens of handwriting. Students will also have the privilege of submitting their individual graphological problems. This book is used as the text. The period of instruction will cover about four months. On completion of this course, an examination will be held and students securing satisfactory grade will be awarded a certificate of proficiency by the American Graphological Society. The Publisher maintains a staff of expert Graphologists and would be pleased to receive requests from readers for CharacterDelineations to be made from specimens of handwriting.

A PERSON'S HANDWRITING IS A PHOTOGRAPH OF HIS CHARACTER
As long as we are studying penmanship in school or at home it is a merely mechanical operation we simply follow
;

the copy-book or the blackboard letters written by the instructor, but after we have mastered the art of penmanship,

we become independent and

write and form letters

of the alphabet to suit our personal taste and ability. Our hand then becomes the unconscious instrument of

our brain and merely transcribes into letters, words and sentences, the active thoughts as they are formed. Having become used to writing the various letters of the alphabet, our hand ceases to record our thoughts, which is really done by the ever-active, thinking brain.

Our individual personality will therefore unconsciously form letters greatly at variance with the school copy-book, by changing some letters either through the addition or the omission of strokes which, in the school-room, we were
taught to make.

We

find just as

many

different kinds of handwriting as

there are people. Just as no two human beings in the world are exactly alike, so no two handwritings are similar
in every detail.

Through

brain-activity

we
1

express unconsciously in our

2

HOW

TO BEAD

we even

handwriting, our feelings, our desires and our will. If tried, when writing, to conceal them, we could not do so, for we cannot change our character overnight and a master of this science can easily detect, by a single
analysis, the real thought, feeling or will-effort dictating its obvious counterfeit.

reliable

Graphology, if not absolutely infallible, is at least most as a means of self-knowledge and self-develop-

ment in business and in private life, revealing, as it were, from moment to moment, in one's self and in others in all
his various relations with them, controlling influences that, by its application, lead to salutary development or dis
cipline,

corresponding to their nature and intensity. Parents may thus discover in the handwritings of their
children, characteristics, the culture or may be of vital importance in their

young and growing
future lives.

elimination of which

cultivate the good, generous and noble qualities of children and to help them to guard against evil inclinations is a religious duty, and the early revelation of

To

indispensable to parents, for upon it principally depend health or disease, success or failure, happiness or misery for the home and its inmates.

such tendencies

is

Employers can, by studying the handwriting of their employees, guard against laziness, deception, gambling and dishonest tendencies, for an analysis of their handwriting
will surely reveal these, if present. Physicians and other healers also

may be frequently a study of their patients' by handwriting. Obviously, if a physician can detect in his patient's handwriting indications of a threatened nervous relapse, or an athletic heart, he can, with greater accuracy
assisted in their diagnoses

and

confidence, treat

and possibly prevent an actual attack

involving the nervous system, the heart, or even produc-

ing insanity.

nature and
life,

Lastly, the study of Graphology will, by its engrossing its wide applicability to the details of daily

and private and without regard to age, sex, or occupation, amply repay the moments of profession habitual observation and analysis devoted to its pursuit
public

whether for pleasure or from a scientific point of view. My more than thirty years' experimental and scientific analysis and study of over ten thousand specimens of the
handwriting of men,

women and

children of

all nationali-

ties, classes and conditions, ranging from emperors, kings and other rulers of men, through millionaires and pro-

tagonists in all fields of human industry and achievement down to hod-carriers and criminals, have unerringly and

convincingly indicated the certain rules and methods of interpreting and reading character which have subsequently

withstood successfully further exhaustive tests, and are now therefore recorded and presented in this book for public use and approval.

HISTORY OF GRAPHOLOGY
IT

may

not be generally

known

that investigations for

drawing conclusions as to character from handwriting, reach back into the first century. The Roman historian Suetonius is supposed to be the first writer on record to have pointed out a handwriting peculiarity. Suetonius

Roman Emperor (Octavius) connected closely the letters of the last Augustus, always word on a line, in order to get the complete word on the line. This trait, or graphological sign, indicates economy, and a practical mind, which historians all agree were two
writes in A.D. 76 that the
characteristics of the

Emperor Augustus.

the art of writing gradually ceased to be a monopoly of the professional writers of the Middle Ages, and entered
into general use, we find that a corresponding interest was taken in handwriting peculiarities. In the year 1622, Baldo of Bologna published a small book Doctor Camillo
entitled "Trattato come da una lettera missiva si cognoscano la natura e qualita des-crittore." (How to judge the nature and character of a person from his letter). A translation of his book into Latin was published in 1664 in

As

Bologna.

France came next in taking up this interesting subject and during the reign of Louis XIV a graphologist in Versailles gave readings of character from handwriting. Among these was a remarkable presentment of the gallant Grand Monarque, as indicated by a specimen of his hand4

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

5

writing furnished by a lady of his Court who was quite ignorant of its royal source, and in which the King's foibles and vices were so faithfully pointed out and identified that the graphologist was imprisoned for a time and even came

near losing his head. The Poet Goethe, in 1820, wrote a small pamphlet on graphology, which was much used in later years. Lavater, Goethe's intimate friend, also wrote a booklet on graphological readings, in which he discussed the more logical

So did deductions of characteristics from handwriting. the Abbe Flandrin while Georges Sand also took much
interest in the subject.

The German, Adolf Henze, was one of the best known graphologists and handwriting experts of his time 1860 but his delineations were more the result of intuito 1866
tion than of logical deduction.
practical system, however, based upon psychical and psychological foundations, was for the first time worked

A

out by

the year 1881.

Abbe Michon and Crepieux-Jamin, both French, in About the same time the French Jesuit

Martin, wrote a pamphlet on a system of graphology. All these, however, fell short of laying down any fixed and definite system, or method, consisting of rules for deduc-

from habitual peculiarities of handwriting. Nevertheless, Abbe Michon 's system did evolve a set of logical deductions in writing and as this was the first undertaking
tions

of the kind, he might, notwithstanding his many inaccuraHis encies, be regarded as the father of graphology.

thusiasm on the subject started others, and in France today there are perhaps more graphologists than in any other On September 26, 1885, the Paris paper, country. " Figaro," in its literary columns, published graphological

character-readings of the principal candidates for high office and these delineations greatly assisted its readers in

making

their selections.

Hans Busse

of Bavaria,

and

J. J. Dilloo

and L. Meyer

of Germany, also have contributed largely to the success of graphology in Europe.

In Paris the "Societe de Graphologie" and in Berlin the ''Bureau der Graphologie," which teach only graphology, keep up the general interest in this practical and useful
science

and train

its

members and students

as handwriting

experts and graphologists for the law courts. In the United States the "American Graphological Society" with headquarters in the "World Tower Build-

ing" in New York City, has but recently been organized, and it is hoped that the society will soon have its own club house and graphological journal for the use of its members.

GENERAL POINTS ON GRAPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER DELINEATION
writing to be analyzed should be preferably written It is better to have a specimen of which was not written expressly to be analyzed. handwriting Intimate and personal letters are better than those of a
in ink on plain paper.

THE

formal and

official

character.

Business

letters, aside

from

their signatures, are not so good for the purpose. It is desirable when analyzing, to consider separately,

with its respective indication, all the habitual peculiarities of the specimen; after which to take a general view and consider them together as a single
itself

each one by

unit,

and draw a general deduction covering
is

all

character-

istics.

This book
that a

layman and beginner may

written in a plain and simple manner so at once take up the study

and in a short time be able to draw accurate deductions and make a complete analysis of a writer's character. The diagrams in the frontispiece illustrate some of the
appliances used by graphologists. A, for measuring the slopes of letters, the
is a graphometer numbers being the

degrees above or below the line as the case may be. B, a klinometer, is used for measuring the slope of the lines. C, is a telemeter for measuring the height of the letters above or below the line. D, is a pachometer to measure the
thickness of the strokes.

To

assist the beginner I give five readings
7

which show

8
the

HOW
manner

TO READ

of making analysis. The first is a handwriting of Emile Zola, the French author, critic and poet. specimen The second is the writing of Lord Rosebery, one of the

prime ministers of England. The third is the writing of Carmen Sylva, Queen of Roumania, famous as poetess and author. The fourth is that of the late General Booth, of
the Salvation

Army.

In addition to these, I give a character delineation of our

martyred President, Abraham Lincoln.

ABKAHAM LINCOLN
The graphological reading of Lincoln was made from the letter reproduced, and is of interest to the student of graphology, who can compare the historical sketch with the graphological reading and see how closely one resembles
the other in the familiar characteristics of the great martyr President, Abraham Lincoln.
characteristics, which stand out promiin Lincoln's handwriting, are nently

The principal

:

Activity ^Estheticism

Idealism
Individuality Levelheadedness

Aggressiveness

Ambition
Carefulness Cautiousness Clearness Common sense

Combat iveness, not openly
Concentration

Love of Family Life Love of Justice Love of Outdoor Life Memory, good Mental depression Modesty
Nobility of purpose Perseverance Persistence Plainness

Courage of his convictions Deduction
Diligence Eccentricity

Prudence
Reserve Resisting power, strong Sadness
Sensitiveness

Economy
Energy
Enterprise Exactness
Faithfulness

Simplicity

*/.

/

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
Forethought
Geniality
Spirituality

9

Suavity
Suffering Versatility Will-power, strong

Harmoniousness

Humor
Humility

to

we deduce, that his versatility and ability himself to whatever conditions arose, added power adapt to his acts, for long before his opponent had finished prethese

From

senting a matter, Lincoln had definitely decided what he should do regarding it. He rarely changed his opinion and almost never expressed it until he had had time to think it over, for his long forceful t dashes extending far

ahead of the t, indicate not only energy, enterprise and protectiveness, but deep thinking and precision. There was little conceit in Lincoln; there are no fancy flourishes or unnecessary strokes. There was no pretension

and almost no expression of enthusiasm, for the

downward signature is an indication that he was inclined to depreciate his own achievements, to be pessimistic, persevering, however, with a determination not easily lessened. While Lincoln possessed and used a fair amount of
logic, it

was largely

tion of the in each

his "looking ahead" and not the quesimmediate future that decided his actions, for

word is shown by the various slants, pressure of the pen, the immense amount of energy he applied. Economy was a pronounced trait; this seems to have

been interlinked with his lack of independence in regard to unnecessary expenditure. Wliile independent in affairs of the nation, of public interest, his writing shows sensitiveness and a tendency to shrink from any resemblance to an

argument in personal matters. Secretive to some extent and yet an able, influential talker, especially when prompted by what he thought was duty.

10

HOW

TO READ

Lincoln was keenly appreciative of music, his biographers say, but in his handwriting more than love of music, was musical inclination, and undoubtedly, had there been any development along this line, Lincoln would have produced
pleasing results.

GRAPHOLOGICAL, CHARACTER READING or EMILE ZOLA

Author.

Born

in 1840 in Paris; son of

an Italian engineer.

mind.

Many-sided brilliancy. Gifted, harmonious, philosophical Highly idealistic Enthusiastic toward all noble, beautiful and great thoughts in his own life, in others and
:

in nature.

Clear observer; allowed

proud and above

is either one way or the other. Decisive. heart. Either desires to proud be immensely happy, or desperately miserable, and the latter he has been frequently by the choice of his nature.

Oratorical gifts; eccentric and others. nature which

to escape him. steadfast in his own way,
little

A A

Dependent upon
beautiful nature.
critic,

Denies his own originally great, Quarrels with God and Fate. Merciless
others.

especially of all religious ideas. Pities all people. Angry with himself. Curses the day on which he was

hatred, and all this from mere self-pity, perhaps on account of unreturned love, just because things did not occur ac-

cording to his way of thinking. Obstinately nervous, sometimes losing control of his temper.

LORD ROSEBEEY

Born in 1847 in London. Son of Lord Dalmeny, British Prime Minister. High above others; unapproachable; a God upon earth.
Takes for granted that he will find in others absolute obedience and subservience. Looks after interests of his friends

and

servitors.

Spendthriftily generous.

Likes himself

afi'

patron and philanthropist. polished in manners.

Coldly polite

and courteous;

Strategical; always at the front. Woe to evildoers. Is a collector of curios; farsighted, makes sacrifices; aggressive and cannot be scared when attacked. Good investigator makes others follow him. Practical denies the means
;
;

12

HOW

TO READ
;

Determined equanimity and coolness. Will and nerve-power influence over others. Poetical taste; sense of the beautiful in Art and Nature. Seeks and uses light Clean, critical, logical reasoner. and truth in order to obey. Converses with his God. Willing to listen to others but Lives with a clear conscience. Knows what impatient. he wants and must do. Works sincerely and with pleasure. Thinks and acts without caring for opinion of the world. Needs room for his own expansion. Rules a great world of thought and ideas.

more than

the end or aim.

CABMEN SYLVA
Queen of Roumania, born in 1843 as Ottilie Luise Elizabeth. Princess of Wied; married 1869 to King Charles of Roumania. Poetess, under name of Carmen Sylva.

13

Hothouse plant; very sensitive, nervous nature. Runs with head against wall and pities the wound thus made. Cannot adapt herself to circumstances but wants circumstances to adapt themselves to her. Eternally desiring; never satisfied. Artistic soul. Never understood by others, Influenced by as she does not care to understand them. and sentiments. Must be handled carefully impressions with gloves. Loves to be worshipped. Wants to be admired and sought, but seems outwardly indifferent and Admires hercold, although most anxious to be found. Pities herself in a rough, coarse world. Sighs dreamself. ingly. Undertakes large and wonderful things in thought, but comes down considerably when executing them. Puts
blame upon others, demands perfection in others but cannot see faults in herself. Desires to direct others and make them subservient to her. Hysterically inclined. Enforces her way in all seeming humility. Never gives up a wish or desire once made. Loves warmly and sincerely as long as she can be the only queen of the heart she loves
at the time.

Naked, practical character. Likes himself in his position; lost himself in it. Rather narrow, one-sided, pedanInventive mind, tic; constructive and executive power. loves intrigues, possessed with ideas. Sensational; without taste and no harmony. Hard upon himself and others. Never has enough. Holds fast what he has. Enlarges his successes. Does not let his right hand know what his left hand does. Plays two numbers at same time, that is, he always has two strings to pull on same matter. Always sees two yolks in his egg. Shrewd and careful, reserved, never loses his place in argument. Untiring nerve and working power. Soul built up at cost of body and mind. Afraid of his own real character. "And if I talked with tongues of men and angels, but had not charity, I would be as sounding brass or a tinkling
' '

cymbal.

THE GRAPHOMETER
To make
it is

a thorough analysis of a specimen of handwriting well to use the simplified graphometer as illustrated

L/NE
of
<Ju.ra.tlt.rt*lccs

'of

5

here, which

shows the various degrees by which the slant or leaning of letters or words can be judged; helping, in conjunction with the other signs, to form a complete index
of the writer's characteristics.
will generally assume the character of the individual they picture themselves
r

Hypnotized persons, w hen writing,

to be

change their handwriting accordingly. For example, a dry goods clerk, of a weak physical nature and
will
15

and

16

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

writing a thin, weak hand, as in illustration Fig. 6, will, on being hypnotized, and told to assume the character of Napoleon I, write a strong, energetic hand, as in illustration Fig.
7.

**'

r

Normal writing

of subject.

After being hypnotized.
is, of course, very useful in court proceedin libel cases, forgery of wills and other documents ings,

Graphology

to discover

and many other matters, as it is easy for a graphologist from a sample of his usual handwriting whether
a person has written a particular script. No matter how careful a forger is, he will always unconsciously put into the forged instrument some of his own habitual strokes or marks by which he can be detected and convicted.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
MARGIN ON PAGE
observing a specimen of writing, one of the first peculiarities to be noticed is the margin the writer has left on each page. This is really of more value to the handwriting expert than to the graphologist as not many psychological characteristics are found in the margin. There are margins, of course, on top, below, to the left

WHEN

and

to the right of the page. No margin at all, as shown in

specimen Fig.

8, in

order

to utilize all the paper, indicates great economy in the writer. No matter how cheap' the paper used, a closefisted

miser or stingy person always tries to save and economize space and further emphasizes this characteristic

by writing

his

words and

lines

very close together.

/&rw&fc^

Qv+^i-

C

t

h

fc-

<&

17

18

HOW
Very wide margins,

TO READ

like Fig. 9, therefore, indicate the

opposite to the very narrow, namely: liberality and gen-

C^f.

erosity, also observance of social usage, with tendency to waste and extravagance.
will naturally differentiate, when anaa specimen, between a formal business letter and a lyzing friendly and intimate note.

The graphologist

Very evenly kept margins are quite rare; they indicate persons who love careful order and precision and who pos-

C/U^C^

TV?*-

y$/0

^^ f*^>

to

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
sess great evenness of

19

mind and temper. See the next which is the usual handwriting of a illustration, Fig. 10, charming gentleman, one of America's best living writers and poets. Very uneven margins, as in illustration Fig. 11, especially on the left of the page, indicate irregularity, unevenness in thought and action, carelessness, a changeable character and fickleness. Sometimes, if extremely uneven and irregular, we have great nervous unrest; and if such exceedingly uneven margins are made suddenly by persons who previously never used them, we have signs of a coming nervous breakdown and prostration.

^

If the left margin begins narrow and grows wider toward the bottom of the page, as in Fig. 12, especially with the
lines

growing smaller and narrower, we can be sure that the writer wishes to control his natural tendency toward

20

HOW

TO READ

generosity and spending, but that this tendency will break out sooner or later.

found in the space being very wide at the top of the page and then narrowing down to a very small or almost no margin at the bottom of the page, as in Fig. 13. Such writers are likely to play "big" among outsiders, but they are very "small" at home; they will spend thousands as "a good fellow" or in liberal charity
to this last is

The opposite

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

21

donations, but they actually suffer pain and are grouchy if forced to give a few pennies for their regular household

expenses. Wives have hard work getting household allowances to pay grocery and butcher bills from husbands who

write thus.

Frequently we find the margin small at the top of the page, widening toward the center, and then growing smaller again toward the bottom, as in Fig. 14. Such writers are by nature careful and economical; finding themselves in some way spending more than they ought, they stop to consider, they think matters over and form new resolutions; they reform and thus begin to save again and be-

come

thrifty.

14

22

The opposite to the foregoing is seldom found; Fig. 15 however is an illustration of this style. Such writers act outwardly quite liberally, they start however to save, cut down and economize, become rather over-careful, on account of their natural tendency to do so then they remember perhaps their social or business standing, and again
;

display liberality.

margin on the right hand side of the page is used up carefully, as in Fig. 16, intermittent economy is indiIf the

/'7*~+

23
cated, just as if the writer

not hold out.
It is

was afraid his money would The Roman Emperor Augustus wrote thus.

very interesting to notice how a poor struggling person, who, through some change of fortune, suddenly becomes wealthy, at once, unconsciously, as it were, enlarges the margin on the page of his letter in "sympathy" with his suddenly acquired riches, while a spendthrift who is by circumstances forced to economize, will simultaneously narrow

down

the

margin of

his letter.

LINES

WHEN

analyzing handwriting, specimens are always preferred which are written on paper without lines, as im-

portant characteristics of the writer are found in the alignment of a page. Of course, there are persons who seem to be unable to write at all, except on lined paper, or with a heavily ruled paper underneath; nearly all such writers

may

down dependent natures, who
at once be set

as being rather weak, helpless and like to lean upon others for sup-

port and advice. Others again, even if forced by circumstances to use lined or ruled paper, do not follow the printed lines but write above, between or below them. Such writers possess an independent character which enables them to cut out

own way in life or to use an Americanism: "they paddle their own canoe."
their

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

25

Writers who always write a straight and steady horizontal line, even without lined or ruled paper, as in illustration Fig. 17, are as a rule steadfast characters who proceed on their daily way with an equanimity that is not disturbed by commonplace events they are generally trust;

in pen-strokes, word-endings and next illustration, Fig. 19, are executed

by the writer through centripetal movements.

press the opposite psychic characteristic to the rising lines and strokes. Psychic and physical depression, anguish and weariness, discouragement, lack of enterprise, laziness and cowardice, are some of the characteristics of such writers, especially when in addition to downward

They exupward or

26
lines they write a

HOW

TO READ

very thin round hand. Many such writers carry themselves, even when Walking on the street, in an unsteady, weak way, with body bent forward.

19

Others write upward and downward on the same line, causing a "wavy" line, similar to Fig 20. Careful study

20

&L^

/

/

-

20a

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

27

and weighing of other signs are necessary when analyzing such wavy-line writers. Wavy lines when accompanied round, fine, thin or w eak pen-strokes, indicate weakby ness, uncertainty and lack of independence.
r

such wavy lines are written with regular, evenpen-strokes, as in Fig. 21, we can be quite sure that chief among the writer's characteristics, are not only cunning, hypocrisy, diplomatic ability, power of deception, but also adaptability, smoothness and suavity of speech and manner.

When

21

made in upward curves, as in Fig. 22, we have a character who may have to use great effort to start new undertakings or perform duties, but who will surely
// lines are

carry out and

fulfill

them, no matter at what cost.

22
// the lines form a downward half-circle that is, open below as in Fig. 23, which was written by one of America's

foremost statesmen, we find characteristics opposite

28

HOW

TO READ

There is always much to those of the previous writer. interest and enthusiasm shown in matters of labor, passing

and duty by such writers, but little real an denergy. They always begin with great amwill-power bition many more enterprises than they are able to com" hustlers" who seem So-called plete, see also Fig. 24.
enterprise, love

23

A
24

always very busy, but in reality accomplish very
in this class.

little,

are

Many

their lines

writers are so easily impressed that they write and word-endings upward when they have heard

zs

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

29

good news, and downward when bad news has been received. See illustration Fig. 25. Others, again, have a tendency to change suddenly their usually even or upwardly
slanted lines to a strong downward line when becoming or when facing a sudden sorrow or trouble.
I
ill

have among my own friends a score of writers who have thus given premonitions of impending illness, especially of liver and kidney troubles, several days or even weeks before actual medical treatment, by a progressing tendency to write their lines and word-endings with a downward tendency. They unconsciously return to their former

and usual

style of writing after convalescence.

News of the sudden death of a dear one usually causes a temporary tendency to downward strokes and lines. The specimen of 25-a was the abnormal result of such a cause,
the normal handwriting of the writer being quite different.

HEIGHT OR SIZE OF THE WRITING

WE

call a writing, or penmanship specimen, "large" when both the capitals as well as the small letters are broad and It is called "small" or "fine" when both capitals long. and small letters are narrow and short. If the small letters are longer than usual, the specimen may be considered " large"; when not so, it may be considered "small."

hand, similar to Fig. 26, Fig. 26-a and Fig. 26-b, characteristic of royal and other personages, the aristocracy, and noble-minded men and women. Accordingly
is

A large

a large, elegant handwriting is frequently called "aristocratic."

26

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

31

26 B
rich also develop a tendency to large handwriting soon after the turn of the wheel of fortune. They seem all at once to be obsessed with a desire to employ

The suddenly

and exercise authority and power, which they manifest by a corresponding physical enlargement and elegance of handwriting. Specimens of writing of such newly rich taken ''before and after" are most interesting to persons
the graphologist.
Fig. 27

was written by a mining man

32

HOW
y

TO READ
in the
to the

when he was a " Captain" of a Prairie Schooner West, w hile Fig. 28 was written by him in a letter

author after he had amassed a fortune of many millions of dollars. The contrast between his old and his new life
is

most faithfully

reflected

by the respective specimens.

28

Extremely large letters, similar to illustration Fig. 29, are used frequently by fantastic persons, by many poetically inclined natures and by the affected and conceited writer whose estimate of himself far exceeds that of his acquaintances, and who depends for success in life, rather upon "luck" or bluff than upon real ability. This style
of handwriting is also affected by so-called "over-educated" persons, and extreme egotism bordering on and

eventually developing into real insanity,

is

often preceded

CHARACTER PROM HANDWRITING

33

and indicated by an enlarged and extremely sloped handwriting, years previous to an actual outbreak.

large and at the same time an elegant hand, indicates a desire to be someone of consequence or importance, and
it is

A

a

mark

glory.

of pride, self-consciousness, love of power and Writers who use this style in a natural way gen-

erally have a wide and broad horizon, and look at life as a whole unit, never caring much for details. Small writing, as in Fig. 30, naturally indicates the op-

posite to the large.

Those who are much preoccupied with

34
details, for

HOW

TO READ

example jurists, professors, literary and art teachers and others who are habitually segregated critics, from their fellowmen, often write a small hand; as do economical and parsimonious persons. A sudden change from a large to a small hand may frequently indicate a tendency
to affection of the brain.

Nearsighted persons often write a small hand, but as a complete analysis includes the consideration of all indicated characteristics it is easy to distinguish this condition. Small writing, when plain and without any loops and
other fanciful unnecessary decorations, similar to specimen Fig. 31, stands for simplicity, modesty, preference for family life, economy, little desire for power; a well de-

veloped faculty of observation, but limited horizon. Ladies whose handwriting is of this kind, delight in home work, like lacemaking and embroidery.

If only the capital or first letters of a word are very large but the other letters very small, as in Fig. 32, so

that the contrast

is

egotism, selfishness

made prominent and obvious, vanity, and affectation will be surely found.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
Hence, snobs and creatures whose only
is

35

limited to their

own

belief,

superiority are easily detected by this

title to

"earmark."

32

THE SLOPE OR SLANT OF THE WRITING
THE
observation of the slope of handwriting is essential. The graphometer (Fig. 5) is taken from my book: "Graphology," published in 1902. The correctness and value of

the instrument have been repeatedly tested and finally established so that it is now used universally by graphologists as the acid test of the real inner, or soul-life of the writer. This feature is indispensable to experts in cases of forgery where abnormal variation of slope or slant in

35
Graphologists have proved that the greater the slope or slant, the more sensitive, nervous and irritable the

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
writer.

37

Women

and

girls as a general rule, write

more

slantingly than males. Suffragettes are no exception and even students of vertical handwriting incline toward slant-

ing their letters.

The psychological explanation
to

of this sex difference in

handwriting consists in the fact that the female regard has the stronger and more sensitive feeling and generally temperament. The above specimen, Fig. 36, indicates that the writer has a fair amount of sensitiveness, but little
passion.
37, with a slant of about 30, indicates great sensitiveness, in fact, a nervous irritability;

The nexi specimen, Fig.

37

38

HOW

TO READ

intolerance of contradiction, which, followed by argument, finally ends in tears. If such slanting writing consists also
of strong, regular and heavy pen-strokes, as in the next

specimen (illustration Fig. 38), not only sensitiveness, but a strongly passionate nature are indicated. The writer
will not tolerate contradiction
:

his will

must
will

prevail, other-

wise tears, ensueWhen the slope or the slant of the writing becomes less than 25 as in Fig. 39 then we look for sickly-soul conditions

hard words, or even blows

and a pathological

irritability,

especially

if

the

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

39

Such writers writing is very thin, sharp and angular. have no control over their feelings and change quickly with surroundings hysterically inclined persons are similarly characterized and indicated. Writers who are able to keej cool and control their feelings, both in business and in
private affairs, make a rather straight slant say from 70 to 80, as in specimen Fig. 40, similar to that found in the next specimen. They make good business men and

40
business women. They reason deliberately and fully before allowing their hearts to run away with or even qualify their judgment. They are cool natures who completely

repress sentiment. An even, almost vertical hand

and Fig. 42 many angular, left and backhand strokes, indicates politeness and courtesy to strangers and natural good heartedness. Such writing is
like Fig. 41

rather neat and round, without

4I

40

HOW

TO READ

frequently adopted by ladies in middle behind them. See Fig. 43.

life

with "histories"

is

These naturally become more distant and reserved, as indicated not only in their writing but also by their

facial expression.

43

*,

41

When the slant is backward as in Fig. 43-a we may be sure of the writer's deceitfulness and hypocrisy. I have never in my 30 years' graphological experience, found a single case of backhand writing where the writer did not, sooner or later, conform to my graphometer. Such writers
are untrustworthy and unreliable, with a streak of deceit, hypocritical cunning and willingness to stab their best friend in the back, in business or in love.

The above specimens, Fig. 44 and Fig. 45, are those of two co-partners in a law firm; both pleasant, sociable fellows under certain circumstances; both smooth and overpolite when occasion demands; yet both succeeded for several years, in deceiving their best friends with hypocrisy

inspired by criminal selfishness. When analyzing backhand specimens, the graphologist must always make due allowance for naturally left-handed
writers and librarians

who have perhaps honestly

con-

tracted a vertical style. See illustration Fig. 46, written by a librarian of 30 years' experience.

42

HOW

TO READ

If, in

a writing, letters of a line or of a
to slanting

word vary from

backhand and straight

as illustrated in the

next specimen, Fig. 47 a constant conflict between the heart and the brain is indicated. Many persons write thus who do not live under congenial conditions.

JL,

i

47

If the vertical letters of a script are more frequent than the slanting letters, as shown in specimens Fig. 48, Fig. 49 and Fig. 50, it may be taken for granted that reason

and
are

self-control are in the saddle

;

but

if

the slanting letters
irri-

more numerous, then passion, anger and touchy

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
tability

43

Exclamation-points and questionpredominate. marks must be similarly read. Quick-tempered and passionate persons generally slant these very much, as is shown in the third illustrated specimen.

/
46

49-50

WOEDS WITH LARGER AND SMALLER ENDINGS
Children will generally write the letters of a word, especially one of two or more syllables, longer and larger toward the end of the wr ord than at the beginning, some-

what

like the

next specimen, Fig. 51.

In spite of the frequency or severity of correction, children will always resume this habit until it is outgrown. If we find such writing in cases of adults, we may safely put them down as persons with small and backward minds who nevertheless are likely to have positive, but narrow, childish views and ideas. Simple-minded people write in this manner, also elderly men and women with incipient dotage. This simply means that the persons are in their second childhood, able to reproduce with wonderful ac-

curacy what they did in their early years, while their memory fails to serve them in regard to how they did things
later in life.

The

last illustration, Fig. 51, is that of a

seven year old child, the next two are those of
44

men

over

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
seventy-five years of age who, wrote an even and correct hand.

45

when ten years younger,
See Fig. 52 and Fig. 52-a. a characteristic.

Forgetfulness has

now become

52

52a
Such writers are garrulous and tedious in company, it may be added, a person of middle age or younger who thus writes, and who may seem bright, active and
while
cultured, will probably be a victim of paresis Or paranoia at no distant day.

The next illustration, Fig. 53, is taken from a letter written by Oscar Wilde, when he was in his 28th year. It shows strong individuality, loquaciousness and imagination, self-consciousness and unconventionality, bordering en abandon, and a desire to overstep liberty and convention also a very active nervous system, or what the French call: "Une nature toujours vibrante." The script also reveals aesthetic sensuousness and a lack of resistancepower; a dreamer, to whom work is repugnant. View the next specimen, Fig. 54, written by him ten years later and observe how the weak sides of his character have become
;

4(5

HOW

TO READ
characteristics he

more pronounced than the few strong evinced when he wrote the first letter.
vades the whole writing.

Excitement perHis sensuousness has developed

considerably with a strong propensity to abandon himself to his proclivities, most unconventional and unnatural.

The opposite to the increasing is the diminishing endings of words and lines. Shrewd, cunning, smart people and
' '

' '

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
many
diplomats write thus.

47
il-

The next three specimens

lustrate this point fully, see Fig. 55-a, Fig. 55-b and Fig. 55-c. This writing creates the impression that the writer

actuated by the desire to retain possession, as it were, of the last syllable of his words or the endings of his sentences. This brings to mind the case of diplomats, who
is

exemplify this constant effort to retain, or conceal, thoughts ostensibly parting with, that is, expressing them. This means that they expressly conceal by their language, and retain buried deep in their souls that which they profess to openly express.

when

55

a,

/^C^C^L^
55 b

55 c
words or syllables end with a horizontal dash or line uniformly and not here or there throughout the script,
If

as in Fig. 56,

we may

safely include

among

the charac-

48

HOW

TO READ

56
and ability to disguise Such real feelings with the mask of an outward smile. people employ great cunning in their dealings. // word-endings diminish only slightly and do not anywhere run out into a horizontal line, as in Fig. 57, prudence
teristics of the writer, secretiveness

*^*

57
and reserve are
characters

who never

indicated, as in the case of worldly-wise tell all they know at one time, and

who

learn quickly through experience. find in the same specimen both increasing and diminishing word-endings, as shown in illustration Fig. 58,

When we

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
the writer
is

49

reserved and secretive as well as open and

conscientious.

Larger growing word-endings finishing with a heavy, thick, downward pen-stroke, which sometimes crosses the other letters of a word, as in Fig. 59, indicate energy and

<

ambition; also violence and passion. Such writers never stop to contemplate the consequences of their acts upon others, whom they hardly ever consider.

Whenever we

find

words with

or height, as in Fig. 60,

an even length growing neither larger nor smaller,
letters of

we may always
They are as a

feel safe in giving the writer a clean bill

of health as to morals and conscience.
rule trustworthy

and upright.

ROUND AND ANGULAR WRITING
All handwritings are either round or angular. It is easy for even a layman to understand that a jovial person of easy going habits, with smooth conversational ability and
a peace-loving nature, will write a round, smoothly flowing Conhand, somewhat like the next specimen, Fig. 61.

61

and hard-hearted would naturally make rather angular letters with person many sharp corners and points, like the following illusversely, the energetic, serene, stern, cold
tration, Fig. 62.

62
60

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
If handwriting of rounded

51

of thin,

and curved letters consists weak pen-strokes with the lines having downward

tendency, similar to the specimen Fig. 63,

we may

safely

analyze

it

who possesses

as that of a very easy going and lazy person little or no physical or moral courage.

A
ness

distinct graphological sign of love of justice and fairis found in sharp or angular writings that end at each

word with the last pen-stroke forming a right angle, similar to Fig. 64. Such handwriting indicates persons who are

generally most sincere, honest and good-hearted; they are the soul of justice and fairness, and they generally express themselves with a frankness which is bordering on rudeness.

52
Cruelty, brutality

HOW

TO READ

and animal instincts are expressed in angular handwritings, where all edges and corners of the
various letters look like sharp, prickling thorns, as in Fig. 65. All cruel natures write thus. I have examined per-

*^*^^^^*^<A^^rv^

haps

hundred specimens of the handwriting of prisconfined for murder, manslaughter, homicide. rape, and assault. Very seldom did I find this characteristic missing in these cases, perhaps in not more than 1%. When the final strokes of such writing are exceptionally sharp, thick and large, as in illustration Fig. 65-a,
five

oners

who were

65

a.

we have

power Members of the female sex who habitually use very angular letters and no round or curved strokes at all are

also great inconsiderateness, tyranny and use of for cruel and selfish ends.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
best let alone.

53

(See specimen Fig. 66.)

They invariably

develop into undesirable spinsters or old maids and never into good wives or mothers. They never tire of complaining that 'they have "such hard work to get along" with
their neighbors

and

their family.

They seldom make or keep friends. They must always have the last word, whether right or wrong. It is therefore advisable for both men and women to select as friends or life partners persons whose handwriting is composed of an equal number of round and angular letters or penstrokes, for this proportion will insure the combination of the good, severe qualities with amiability, sociability,
adaptability and courtesy.

PLAIN AND FANCY WRITING
Plain writing consists of letters made without any unnecessary strokes or fanciful additions. See illustration
Fig. 67.

&**^

-c

<*0+^
~^*<>-c

Persons of a strong and powerful intellectuality generThey have no ally write a very plain and simple hand. think of how they write but only of what they are time to writing. They produce, as a rule, clear, easily read chirography. Plain writing indicates clearness and level-headedness, while intermixed and interwoven letters and pen-strokes,
54

55
like Fig. 68,

signify either a

muddlehead or

a cunning,

tricky mind.

Persons who write very plain, pointed capital letters, as in Fig. 69, or the first letters of whose words throughout their writing are plain and pointed, always have much love
for art and the beautiful in nature; they see at once only
the beauty and goodness of their environment before even noticing the unpleasant side.

9

fe

tl

56

HOW
They have good

TO READ

rect

taste in general and a desire to be corand exact as well as plain in their daily life; they rarely care much for outward show. There are not many

women

of this class;

when you

find one, cultivate her.

One's occupation is frequently very plainly indicated in his handwriting. The writing of persons with large coarse hands, who are obliged to do manual labor, is generally heavy and clumsy, while others with delicate, thin tapering fingers, generally write in daintier style. The latter can, if required, make heavier strokes, but the heavy, clumsy or vulgar person cannot very well write an elegant hand.

70
Musicians frequently indicate their profession in their handwriting by unconsciously making letters similar to musical notes and cleffs. Fig. 70 is the signature of Paderew sky, the well-known pianist Many musicians make marks like violin bows or noteT

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

57

keys as part of their signatures.

Illustration Fig. 71 is

the signature of the famous tenor, Caruso, that of the violinist, Fritz Kreisler. Fig. 73

and Fig. 72
is

the signa-

ture of the opera singer, Geraldine Farrar.

All plainly

show

their musical proclivities in their handwriting. Professors and students of Latin, Greek and other dead

or oriental languages frequently

make

in their writings

letters that originated in the ancient alphabets and which are similar to Greek letters. Fig. 74 is the signature of a professor of Latin and Greek. Physicians and druggists often fashion certain of their letters to resemble chemical signs, just as employed when they are writing prescriptions. Figs. 75, 76 and 76-a are

58

HOW

TO READ
;

specimens of chemists and assayers Fig. 77 that of a prominent and successful physician and Fig. 77-a of a student of
biology.

76

J~*

X_-/CA^O-

>

76a

77

77a

The same

characteristic holds

ers of mathematics

make

letters single

good with regard to teachand to accountants. They very often or combined with others that much re-

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

59

semhle figures. The signatures Fig. 78 and Fig. 79 are those of a railroad accountant and a comptroller.

^Vt-v->.

<*./.;/ /kA/JL^

When one's writing, especially that of a female, shows sudden thickening of various down strokes, similar to Fig. 80, we may safely interpret this peculiarity as a yearning for someone to love. Many spinsters write thus, and the

60

HOW

TO READ

life, the more do they emphasize sudden thickening of the downward strokes of one or more letters of a word. Such writers attach much importance to outward show and to etiquette. They love to fondle and caress little children and members of the opposite sex. Tendency to vanity and a desire to please are among their

further they plod through

this

characteristics.
cially in

write in
Fig. 81.)

Of course there are also many men, espeprofessional and student life, and widowers, who this style; friends often call them "fussy." (See

81

very plain copy-book hand, like Fig. 82 such as many clerks, bookkeepers and professionals write is of little value for analyzing character. It is better to get an intimate letter from such a person. If however, he always uses such a regular school-hand, even in his friendly and love letters,

A

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
we may deduce
that he has
little

61

or no originality, ingenuity

or intuition, nor should it puzzle never attains a higher position in

him
life

to explain why he than that of a clerk

or bookkeeper. There are "dirty" handwritings, like the specimen Fig. 83 that is to say, we receive such an impression with our
;

first

look at the specimen.

For instance

there are exceed-

ingly heavy penstrokes combined with ink-spots and fingermarks scattered here and there, just as if greasy fingertips impressed the paper; little or no care is taken to

preserve margin or space; all of which imparts to the whole letter a soiled appearance. Such writing we would of

course at once ascribe to persons of careless, even uncleanly habits, in their daily life; they frequently allow their clothing to be without buttons; their finger-nails and other parts of their person manifest an innocence of soap

and water, and they display indifference cleanliness, and order.

to comeliness,

SPECIMENS of handwriting which are regular throughout,
similar to Fig. 84, indicate a steady, constant character. Persons who love to pursue "the even tenor of their way"
in

whose views and thoughts and ideals are not changed quickly by any chance misadventure of the molife;

to

ment, write thus; their letters maintain from beginning end a uniform width and length.

Of course,

if

we happen

to find writings

where the regu-

larity of the letters, the margins on the left of the page, the distance between the lines, and especially the placing of

^\r^Okr-oCcxJoofr-^>.

<w_j-s3C/Vv.

"$CvO^-

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

63

commas, periods and question marks and exclamationsimilar to points, seem rather systematic and deliberate
Fig. 85

we conclude
writer
is

istics of the

that one of the principal characterpedantry, with scarcely any power of
his

adaptability.

Such a person must generally have

own

way who

There are others, again, now and then vary and make slight departures from their usually stiff and formal letters, as in Fig. 86. These people are at least open to conviction and are more considerate of other people. Whenever handwriting is irregular and varies as to the letters as shown in specimen Fig. 87, it indicates an eccenin everything or be

unhappy.

write a very regular hand, but

64

HOW

TO READ

Such irregularity however may be very limited, in which case it may simply denote activity and love of change and diversion. Fickleness in love affairs is frequently found in such writers like that of Fig. 88 yet I have known several
trie or fickle character.

88

persons of both sexes, who were

each of them

according

to their viewpoint, absolutely in love with two persons of the opposite sex at the same time, and who were actually true and faithful to both. Their nature simply seemed to

demand
theless

from the one to the other idol, but nevercharacter remained to preserve the worship enough
a change

of the old

and

first love.

65

Nervous, whimsical people who have little or no sense of order or time, often make strong, irregular changes in their
handwriting. Observe specimen Fig. 89. // such changeable handwriting is composed of very thin and fine pen-strokes, as in Fig. 90, casually made and with-

o

90
out any fixed plan, the writer
others.
is

very easily influenced by

66

HOW
When we

TO READ

find such a very irregular hand, especially if thin and fine, and at the same time rather broad and very wide, similar to Fig. 91 and Fig. 92, with frequent omis-

sions
their

of

strokes,

These are writers

we have indications of superficiality. who are very indulgent in extenuating
vices

own pleasant

and those of

their

immediate

families, especially in regard to laws of morality, but they

are unmerciful in their denunciation of strangers late the moral law.

who

vio-

and then we come upon handwriting where a certain forced irregularity of letters is very obvious and plain.

Now

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
(See Fig. 93 and Fig. 94.)

67

Such specimens are written

4

LJL*^*,
-/^L-^rtA/-\_

~fa^L

L~*

^

-

J^L
cu/.while the person was exerting all his will power in order to suppress bodily pain or nervous weakness so that he could do his duty or some task he had undertaken to do. I

have accordingly seen many notes written by wounded or dying soldiers and therefore under terrible nervous strain

94

if

and yet their writing was far more regular and even than penned under normal conditions.

WIDE AND NARROW WRITING
All writing at first glance, seems to be either wide or narrow. It is easy to analyze the broad, wide writing as that of a person, free, and more liberal and generous than of a person whose writing is smaller and tapers toward the

S-^f
end of each
person,
is also

v
,

line

and page.

who needs more room

Just as the liberal, generous for himself in his daily life,

freer with the use of a sheet of paper when writing in the same manner and to the same extent like Fig. 95

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

69

in the opposite direction does the close-fisted, very economical person skimp in paper, similar to Fig. 96. He crowds
all letters closely together and he leaves hardly any space between the lines and seldom any margin. The careful, saving person, although compelled to conform to society's laws and leave a fair margin on the left side of the pages of his letters, will always make up for this by completely filling the right margin of the page. Mean, stingy, avaricious and miserly people write still more skimpily, somewhat like Fig. 97 and Fig. 98. They leave no margin as a rule, make hardly any end strokes

97

words and use sharp and rather vertical letters. Incidentally, these characteristics are an additional graphological symptom of egotism and selfishness.
to their

v

""

98

CUtAMtJ <ht&S* * *~* ~ ~^

Sometimes we find a rather narrow handwriting like Fig. 98, with rounded and curved pen-strokes. The writer while

70
thrifty,

HOW
A

TO READ

economical and saving, is also generous, and is entitled to be called generous in spite of thrift and economy.
large,

round and wide hand, which

is

never backhand-

like Fig. 99

indicates liberality; often long end strokes are

X?

&*-<+&(.

J^-^c

found, but the writing as a whole looks rather orderly and
regular. If however, the foregoing characteristic is combined with very irregular margins and extremely long end-strokes, or

words with

letters

very wide and large and round, written

quickly and often at an angle, of 40 degrees or less, as Fig. 100, we may be safe in interpreting it as the writing of an
over-liberal person.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

71

All spendthrifts write in this style and if bank-tellers and cashiers have a tendency to write thus, it is always a safer
to discharge them, for sooner or later, the right opportunity presents itself, with the temptation at hand, such natural spendthrifts are very likely to yield. They often repent, 'tis true, but only when too late

and wiser course

when

(X
"v^ns

<^L

AAjJ^Aj^

r^XT^
101

\lf-

to retrace their steps, to make amends or to to wipe out the stain and loss of character.

undo the

past,

strong, broad hand, such as is illustrated in specimen Fig. 101, indicates liberality as well as adaptability. wide and broad hand, somewhat like Fig. 102 means that

A

A

the writers live outside their

own

little

world; they have

72

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
interests, are versatile, polite

many-sided
strangers.

and courteous

to

IQZ

a.

very narrow hand would naturally indicate none of the preceding characteristics but rather the opposite ones. Such writers feel more at home when revolving in their own narrow circle than when thrown into general intercourse
with their fellow-men; they are more apt to be stiff and formal than free and easy, while at the same time courteous and respectful. They have not what the French term

A

" savoir

faire."

(See Fig. 102A.)

THIN AND THICK WKITINO
Heavy down
strokes of the pen in letters
is

considered

thick writing, while thin and fine down strokes, made without much pressure of the pen, is called thin writing. Of

and consider what kind of a pen whether fountain or stub, hard, soft or sharp was used, also what kind of ink, thick or thin. Fig. 103 illustrates thick writing and Fig. 104 is a fair specimen of thin writing.

course, graphologists, ing, always ascertain

when analyzing

a specimen of writ-

103

general rule, materialists who have strong passions, write a thick hand, while the fine hand is used more by the
idealistic,

As a

mens written with

spiritual-minded and passionless natures. Specipencil are of little value for estimating

heavy and set low, this indicates a strong passion for the other sex, sensuousness, and a fondness for the luxuries of " life, especially the pleasures of the table," and little desire or ambition to stick to a job or position where discomforts and hard work are necessary. Such writers will often take

76

HOW

TO READ

trouble and even suffer great discomfort to please a friend, but this they do hoping that at some future day they will be amply recompensed, even should the reward be only
transient.

There are also thin handwritings, well illustrated in Fig. 109, which indicate great sensuousness, affording no indication of energy, steadfastness or perseverance. Such writing always inclines at a very sloping angle on the line, with the lines running downward. Such writers have very little

power of resistance to sexual excitement and temptation. They yield easily on account of this weakness and are apt to lapse into sexual excesses and degeneracy. // in addition to the preceding features we find very large and wide curving loops of the lower parts of the letters g, y, f and z, as show n in the specimen Fig. 110, we detect great
T

sexual desire; a dangerous passionateness which,

if

not

X

,A**JL*J>

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
gratified,

77

may

frequently lead to pathological and criminal
life.

cases in later

Very

energetic, courageous

sons often

make both

the

and initiatively active perup and down strokes of letters
in

heavy and with even pressure, as

specimen Fig. 111.

\\\

On

the other hand, the hesitating, diffident and bashful

person, generally intuitively, makes hardly any heavy strokes his pen just glides over the paper, as in Fig. 112.
;

7
Then again we

/z? '

and there a down stroke

find specimens of handwriting where here is made very thick and heavy, in

striking contrast to the previous or subsequent strokes of perhaps the same letters, as illustrated in Fig. 113. This

/O~<^^

78
peculiarity

HOW
we can

TO READ

who has
tinuity.

interpret as characteristic of a person energetic inclinations at intervals, but no con-

are

Where the up and down strokes of the various letters made deliberately plain and distinguishable, and the

is strong, steady and even, and not too sloping similar to Fig. 114 a very strong passionate nature, which is however always under control, is indicated.

whole hand

114

Strong-willed men and women of great force and desire write thus. They have acquired control of their feelings and desires, but have not completely suppressed or sub-

dued them.
It is also

found that persons who write a strong, thick

hand which stands out in bold relief from the paper, somewhat like Fig. 115 and Fig. 116, generally like heavy, bright and deep colors in their surroundings and, on the other

When strong, heavy and thick writing also shows common inharmonious forms, especially in its capital letters,
we can safely contend that the writer, although a gourmet, yet loves loud, glaring, contrasting colors, and has little good taste in general.
as in Fig 118,

SEPARATE AND CONNECTED LETTERS
As a general rule indorsed by all graphologists, people who connect all their letters and sometimes even their words,
as in illustrations Fig. 119 and Fig. 120, are practical, logi-

1

20

cal thinkers
ries

and reasoners. Such writers have good memoeasily seize and assimilate the ideas of others, but are stubborn, more set in their ways and harder to they convince than writers who disconnect their letters and keep and
81

82

HOW

TO READ
and Fig.
letter.

them separate, as

in Fig. 121

even divide the parts of each

and sometimes These writers have
122,

J2I

or no logic, but are generally quite intuitive and perand apprehend quickly. Persons who are naturally inclined toward occultism, astrology and clairvoyance write their letters with separate strokes. I have often discovered
little

ceive

and denounced palmists and astrologists as fakers and mountebanks because their handwriting gave no indication
of intuitive ability; they posed as professors of the occult merely as a money-making business and their professional
capital was strictly limited to a general knowledge of the rules of palmistry. In making analyses we, of course, come

upon handwriting where

letters are partly connected

and

partly separated. In such cases we must make our own deductions. If, as in the specimen illustrated here, Fig. 123, the connected and separated letters are equally divided, in

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
number or quantity on a page, we have a character equilibrium. The writer has the ability to organize
his

83
in ideal

own

ideas and thoughts into valuable units as well as to seize what is valuable in other people's ideas and utilize it.

We

have here idealism and realism, observation and judgment,
adaptability as well as psychic independence.

123

When more letters are separated than connected, as in the next specimen shown, Fig. 124, the writer is more intuitive

&s
184

V

/

than deductive.

occupy himself,

He has his own ideas of matters likes now with this and now with that plan
;

to

or

undertaking, but lacks the logical or deductive ability to profit by comparing them. Practical persons generally connect more letters than

84

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

they separate in their writing, as shown in specimen Fig. 125. A strong sense of the practical and useful has con-

tracted, but not entirely minimized, in such writers their desire for speculation and theory, and they are often fooled

by the
sons.

smooth talk or "slick" plans of designing perMany letters and even words are often connected or
glib,

strung together, that is to say, they are written in one penstroke, as appears in the next illustration, Fig. 126. They

12*
write thus ha?e very little ability or initiative to originate ideas, but they excel in adopting those of others and in even utilizing them more successfully than the originators,

who

and they often do
Writers who

this quite intuitively. always keep the first letter of a

rated while the rest of the letters of the

word sepaword are connected,

as in Fig. 127, have a fine sense of direction and locality;

127

" they are careful to pause and determine whether a bridge is safe or not before they attempt to cross it." They are close observers and able to form correct judgment of persons and conditions.

There are many different ways of making the first stroke in writing or forming a letter of the alphabet. Some writers use a long straight line; others use a curved stroke; still others use no first stroke at all, but start right in with the body itself of the letter. Writers who do not make a first or initial stroke, in which case the formation is started at once with a downstroke, as in Fig. 128, generally have a

128

positive nature

thoughts quickly and grasp immediately the point

they can, as a rule, concentrate their in question or at issue; they have therefore little love for preliminary details, which they generally consider unnecessary.
;
.

It is consequently not surprising to find that such writers are very efficient as fighters in war or business.

Long
lar

horizontal initial strokes,

when combined with angu-

to Fig. 129, indicate considerable spirit in opposition, in argument, in debate or any matter in which the \vriter takes part. He -may be depended

and sharp writing, similar

upon

to take the opposite

view on every question and
85

is

86

HOW

TO READ
or hard to be on good

what the French term terms with.

difficile"

'&*><s&---r^7**^

If these long initial strokes are found in conjunction with round and curved writing, as in No. 130, a milder form of opposition is indicated an opposition which is more born

130

rather of the social enjoyment of a discussion and a genuine desire for enlightenment, than of pugnacity or coarseness. If we find that the last stroke of letters is very sharp,

131

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
ending in a
fine point, as in

87

where the

we

specimen Fig. 131, especially strokes of letters are long and horizontal, rest assured of discovering among the writer's charfirst

pronounced inclination to oppose or contradict, at the risk even of affecting sincerity of the writer and of sacrificing his honest convictions, and there is also a strong desire, and often the ability, for effective general criticism. Round and curved first strokes, somewhat like Fig. 132 indicate jollity, humor, wit and the ability to entertain.
acteristics a

132

In addition to the preceding large pen-strokes, consisting of big curves, many carefree, easy-going, sanguine persons
with fertile imaginations, frequently
circles, especially

make bows and

half-

when beginning

their capital letters

and

signing their names, as in Fig. 133.

// these curves and half-circles are very large throughout a writing, the writer is inclined to be talkative and prefers a certain kind of rather desultory, " small-talk " or social

88
chat,

which does not require much mental endowment or
first

energy. well-defined curve of the

A

stroke of capital letters,

154

pleasing to the eye and not inharmonious, generally beginning well under the letter itself, like the specimen shown
if

in the next illustration, Fig. 134, indicates oratorical ability.

135

The more elegant the curve, the greater the eloquence. A more "witliin-itself" curved first stroke, like Fig. 135, is made by many actors, on and off the stage. It denotes a

J36

89
talent for imitating', for mimicry and acting. If this initial line consists of several curves or circles within each other, like that in the two illustrations, Fig. 136 and Fig. 136-a,

then a disposition for quarreling, avarice and envy
cated.

is indi-

Another kind of initial stroke which is generally seen combined with sinking lines, illustrated in Fig. 137, is the

137

so-called "line-cut-through-life." It more frequently occurs in capital letters. Persons who are depressed through misfortune or death or sorrow whose careers, prospects or
;

hopes have been blighted, write in this manner. So do many others of both sexes, who have been disappointed in love or whose " course of true love" has not "run smooth."

A
and

Fig. 138,

sharp right-angled heavy hook, similar to the specimen means a dangerous combination of envy, jealousy
brutality.

When

the pen-stroke of the letters starts

90

HOW

TO READ

with a round point or period, as illustrated in the next specimen Fig. 139, you may be sure of finding in the writer the ability to earn and to keep what he earns and to remem-

19*

ber and use what he learns.
ful,

which

is

He is generally wise and careoften indicated by his habitual pose, when
downward with an expression

writing, of pausing, looking

159

of deep thought, and with his pen still in hand resting on the paper, thus picturing deep consideration before
action.

Backward turned

first strokes, like

Fig. 140, are gener-

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
ally

91

who 'always endeavor to conceal their or private. They try to have someone past history public else "pull their chestnuts out of the fire." Double-tongued

made by

writers

and double-faced persons use

this stroke

very often.

First strokes of letters, especially capital letters, curved once within themselves, as shown in Fig. 141 and Fig. 142,

142

generally indicate a love of family and home life; if they are well-rounded they are evidence of amiability and courtesy. Combined with the foregoing round-point penstroke, they indicate flattery and the sort of amiability

which looks forward to a reward of some kind. Adaptability to circumstances is found in the softly made curves of the first stroke as shown in the next illustration, Fig. 143. Writers of this style yield very quickly to opposition and are easily influenced by others. Business ability is always indicated by the curved hooks

r
(43

92

HOW

TO READ

of the

first letters,

many

successful merchants

somewhat like Figs. 143-a and 144, and and salesmen will be found to

use them.
Secretiveness, cunning and shrewdness are often revealed by a small dot, or circle, or letter enclosed within a capital

K4
letter like the

Fig. 145A. cated here.

Self-praise, conceit,

two specimens shown here, Fig. 145 and and egotism are also indi-

93

Dreamers, fantastic persons and many poets, authors and artists use a very long and curved capital, like Fig.
146; such writers are inclined to soar into the upper air;

146

to be builders of air-castles.

See the two specimens shown

here, Fig. 147

and Fig.

148.

147

THE LAST OR END-STROKES OF LETTERS
These end-strokes of letters, while not absolutely necessary to form a letter, are however, of great importance to graphologists and handwriting experts. Forgers are more quickly discovered by the end or last strokes of a letter or word than by the first or starting stroke of the pen. Frequently there are no end-strokes at all, like Fig. 149
;

this indicates

thrift,

saving and economy.

If the last strokes are very heavy and clublike, as in Fig. 150 and Fig. 150A, great lack of consideration for the
feelings

of

others
in self.

is

indicated
is

a nature

wrapped up

This

always more or

less

completely accom-

panied by violence and brutality. Of course, in analyzing, it should be said that we must not fail to consider all

CHAEACTER FROM HANDWRITING
characteristics
;

95

we must not jump

at conclusions based

upon

merely one or two of them.

See also Fig. 150-b.

^VE^l*v

150b

Endings which gently curve upwards
ness and an amiable nature.

like the

ones shown
if

in the next illustration Fig. 151, symbolize courtesy, polite-

On

the other hand,

such

151

rounded endings of

letters

illustrated in Fig. 152, they indicate

and words curve downward, as an internal unhappi-

ness and discontent which the writer tries to conceal.

96
Little

HOW

TO READ

hooks combined with a small curve of the last

cate always

stroke of a letter, as shown in the specimen Fig. 153, indimore or less egotism and also a love of flattery

and praise.

far M
153

Long, straight end-strokes of words, as in Fig. 154, combined with writing that is, in general, large, indicate liberality and generosity, provided all the words have such endstrokes, and the whole of the handwriting is broad and

154
round,
careful persons, wiseacres and those

who

are dis-

trustful of others, generally make a large end-stroke on the last word of each line, as in Fig. 155, as though they feared

''55*156

i

I

u&^L T

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
someone might write additional words on the
line or

97

above
fill

their signature. To prevent this, they are careful to all available space.

up

When

all

word-endings

consist

of

short,

horizontal

strokes or dashes, as shown in Fig. 156, with rather pointed endings, they indicate exclusiveness, reserve and power of
resistance combined with straight regular writing and even and horizontal lines, as in Fig. 157, these short horizontal dashes will indicate a love of fairness and justice; and if
;

157
they are heavy, they indicate concentration upon one idea single-mindedness. Whenever the last stroke of a word looks like a circle or curve turned inward, as shown in this illustration, Fig. 158, it indicates that the writer is inclined to be "a regular Tar-

158

tar" and tyrant at home and rather vain in small matters. Very long and sharp endings, like Fig. 159, indicate a

159

98
critical

HOW

TO READ

mind and an inclination toward positive expression. Whenever such long, sharp endings rise upward but end

with a daggerlike point, as illustrated in specimen Fig. 160, then we may add quarrelsomeness to the writer's characteristics.

Gsvv

160

All gently rising end-strokes, similar to Fig. 161, indicate the same as upward slanting lines, namely, activity, enthu-

siasm and also more or less love of a life full of fun and joy. If the strokes end with small hooks, we have in addi-

161

perseverance, considerable "sticktoittiveness" and contrariness. When heavy clubs are added to the endstroke or rather, when the ending of a letter runs into and
tion,

finishes with a

heavy

we

find energy, with brutality

club-like end-stroke, as in Fig. 162 and violence. If these club-

5

162

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
like end-strokes are small, as

99

shown

in Fig. 163, it

merely

indicates that the writer has little or no consideration for

others but
clusively.

is

inclined to always look out for himself ex-

/-

163

weak-looking, downward-curving stroke, something like the end-stroke in the next illustration, Fig. 164, seems to

A

164
indicate a certain sad, depressed feeling in the writer, if il is a thin, fine stroke. But if, however, it is heavy and
strong, as in Fig. 165,
it

may

be safely translated thus:

"I

am

very busy and must not be disturbed."

This type of

165

100

man is very persistent in the prosecution of his plans, and combative and pugnacious in all his undertakings. Gruffness and harshness alike to friend and foe, are also among Observe closely the illustration Fig. his characteristics. ^f Napoleon's signatures. 166, one

(66

THE UPPER AND LOWER PARTS OF A LETTER
rule which, after rigid testing, has been generally adopted by graphologists is, that if in a specimen of hand-

The

writing the upper parts of the small letters f, p, g, y, are longer than the parts of such letters below the base line, as

167
in Fig. 167, this indicates in a general way that the writer possesses more psychic and spiritual inclinations and more

mental ability than those who write the lower parts longer, as shown in the next illustration Fig. 168. The latter are supposed to have greater inclination for practical matters,
for athletics

and bodily

exercise.

102

HOW

TO READ

Specimens of writing in which both upper and lower parts of those letters are fairly well and evenly balanced and developed, as in Fig. 169, indicate a well rounded character, in which organizing and executive ability and physi-

169
cal activity are in perfect equilibrium with

mental energy

and achievement.

When upper

or lower parts of letters do not stand out

clear, but mix and jumble and run into each other throughout a page, as shown in the specimen Fig. 170, it is evident

-cr
^t
^M-C_

CHAKACTER FROM HANDWRITING
that the writer
difficult to
is

103

unable to think clearly and even finds it express himself clearly or correctly and cannot

differentiate or decide quickly. must, of course, at the same time bear in

We

mind that

this characteristic

becomes emphasized in proportion to the increase in the mixed and jumbled condition mentioned. Those who carefully write down each word separately and whose letters do not slope too much or too little, like Fig. 171, are characterized by level-headedness and clear-

171

thinking, with ability to distinguish with aptitude for business.

and

differentiate,

and

advice of others; cutive ability, and

Persons who are very dependent upon the judgment and who have little or no initiative or exe-

who hardly ever

attain positions of con-

sequence, generally write a school-copy-book hand, like Fig. 172. Their writing may look pretty and correct but it

shows no independence, no character.

104

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

the lower parts of the letter are made extremely long, something like the next illustration, Fig, 173 we have an infallible indication of vanity and egotism

Wherever

letics

combined with a love of the practical and a liking for athand other sports. Self-praise and desire for the

praise of others are also indicated.

OM

oJLs*J<s^+

<L~~4

l*w~fa

173

PUNCTUATION
Wlien we
find periods

and commas frequently omitted, as

in Fig. 174, we may deduce forgetfulness, lack of concentrative power and sometimes carelessness. Carefulness in
fc^_

o/ kt

fc^^^

174

making

all i dots, commas and periods and other punctuation signs, indicate order, system, promptness and attention to detail.

Characteristics can also be deduced

from exclamation

thin and very sloping writpoints and question marks. like Fig. 175 and Fig. 175A, as a whole, denotes sensiing,

A

175
105

106

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

I75A
tiveness,

which is pictured in bold relief by leaning and exclamation points, provided they are thin and fine. sloping Nearly all mediums, clairvoyants, psychics and occultists are indicated by such handwriting. Upright, strong, heavy exclamation points, such as are shown in the next illustration, Fig. 176, connote energy

and

self-control.

I
176

When such heavy and strongly marked exclamation points are made sloping similar to those shown next, in Fig. 177 they add to the writer's characteristics, anger,
quick temper and explosiveness of speech under excitement.

177

SIGNATURES
persons add to their signatures every time they write them, unnecessary and superfluous strokes. These additions are sometimes straight, sometimes curved, as seen in the signatures Fig. 178 and Fig. 179. This habit

Many

is

indulged in by kings and emperors and exalted personages in common with persons of humble station, such as laborers, and even by thieves and murderers. No satisfactory explanation has yet been discovered; nevertheless the various forms of these strokes can be safely inter107

108
preted.

HOW
On
the one
roles

TO READ

hand many men who have played most on the world's stage have not deigned thus prominent to adorn their handwriting, while on the other hand, just as many equally celebrated contributors to the historical

Ift!

record of achievement have unhesitatingly and liberally adopted it. Among these are the Emperor Napoleon 1st, Fig. 180, Munkacsky the painter, Fig. 181, and President

Woodrow Wilson, Fig. 182. Some persons use one style

of signature for business or

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
official

109

letters

letters.

style for social and intimate It is therefore better to make character readings

and another

from the

latter.

An

illegible

signature like Fig. 182A stands sponsor for

hypocrisy, deceit

and

intrigue.

plain signature without underlining or other penstrokes, and even without a dot at the end, shows great

A

independence or pride in natural endowments and gift of

mind and body.

185

/S4

A small, plain signature indicates modesty, and simplicity
of speech and demeanor, while frequently a very large and heavy signature reflects faithfully pride and vanity.

185

110

HOW
^3i

TO READ

y

186

oo.
IS7 peiiod and dash placed behind the signature indicates is fairly freighted with precaution and carefulness, creating the impression of fear that someone may
that the writer

A

188

189

190

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
add
to Ms signature. Periods also indicate precaution.

111

made

after the date of a letter

191

Sometimes we

find a period in front of a signature.

This

92
indicates
still

greater caution.

Such writers, as well as
their signature often so much so that

those

who make two or more periods behind

are always suspicious of others and they easily slide into the practice of self-protection against

193

fraud by priority of use.

They thus become unscrupulous

and dishonest.

112

195

196

A straight line underneath the signature
pride, also egotism

indicates family

and a fondness for domineering.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

113

197

The same characteristic, only more developed, cated by a straight line above the signature. This may indicate diplomacy also.

downward, however, and especially if the downward, we find depression and dis-

couragement, creating the feeling that the w riter fears that he and his work are not sufficiently appreciated.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

115

A wavy and curved signature indicates much doubt of one's ability to succeed.

adaptability, also

203

204
Circular or coil-like loops are frequently attached to their signatures by men and women who are conscious of their

charms.

secretiveness

These loops also indicate, shrewdness, cunning, and coquetry.

205

206

116

HOW

TO BEAD
upward
slope proclaims ambi-

A
tion,

signature with a strong

aggressiveness and push.

Z07

curve around a signature, similar to the next illustration, indicates a strong sense of family life, also family

A

209

pride and family egotism and fondness for protectiveness.

itj

210

A

wavy

line

bility, also shrewdness

underneath the signature indicates adaptaand humor.

213

118 Several

HOW

TO READ
greater

wavy curves show

humor and

jollity.

216

sharp used by many careful but also quick-acting, and " aggressive persons. They always carry a chip on their
point
is

A signature with a double line which returns with a

shoulders."

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

Zigzag lines underneath signatures indicate violent and combative characters. When analyzing a writer's character, it is of course understood that an opinion should not be formed from the signature alone, but from the whole writing, detecting and interpreting each and every mark and characteristic by itself; after doing which, to combine and interpret the

specimen as a whole.

The following are reproductions of fifty signatures of and literary characters, a study of which will be very interesting to the layman, and others, as well as to
historical

graphological students. These specimens faithfully reveal the characters which correspond to the several graphological indications

and which have been confirmed and

verified

by history.

SOME INTERESTING SIGNATURES OF WELLKNOWN HISTORICAL CHARACTERS

219

PRINCE BISMARCK

Germany's Iron Chancellor, the

man who

ruled his

King

EMPEROR WILHELM I OF GERMANY The King who was ruled by his Chancellor.

121

DR.

KARL PETERS, THE AFRICAN EXPLORER
130

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

121

222

MAJOR HERMANN VON WISSMANN
Both African explorers and travelers but unsuccessful in managing natives. Why? Look at the rawhide, whip-like
dashes over their signatures.

223

POPE LEO XIII

Who

could fathom the reserve and intrigue of the

lines

under his signature?

//
POPE ALEXANDER VI
torians as the most brutal

the other rulers of his age he is considered by hisand sensuous. Observe his heavy, thick writing.
all

Of

122

HOW TO READ

EMILE ZOLA The noted French novelist.

226

CHOPIN The celebrated Polish composer.

227

JOSEPH JOACHIM

The celebrated

violinist

and composer, with a

violin

bow

under his signature.

228

QUEEN VICTORIA
With the long stroke of the first letter, as if she wishes to take the whole world under her protection.

The distinguished composer and musician whose signature looks, or rather sounds, like one of his symphonies.

233

MUEAT
of the leaders of the French revolution, whose brutality and cruelty are plainly expressed.

One

23+

ROBESPIERRE

The celebrated French Revolutionist, stands out in his long sharp dash.

whose

cruelty

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

125

235

WM. McKiNLEY,
Wide-open
character.
letters

PRESIDENT U.

S.

A.

show the

nobility and frankness of his

.236

WM.

R. SHAFTER, MAJOR GENERAL U. S. A. DURING SPANISH- AMERICAN WAR

Indecision and lack of energy well indicated here.

237

NELSON A. MILES, GENERAL U.

S.

A.

remarkable signature of the old Indian fighter his way up from a private in the ranks.

A

who won

126

HOW TO READ

238

The U. Merrimac

S.

RICHMOND P. HOBSON Naval Officer who blew up the U.
CAPT.

S. Collier

in an attempt to block Santiago Harbor.

Y
I

,

0-\

V~XA

239

ROBERT Louis STEVENSON Observe the small hand of the author of " Treasure
Island."

240
JOSE M. HERNANDEZ

The Venezuelan

revolutionist

who

lost his right

arm

in

ousting President Cipriano Castro.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

127

241

LEO TOLSTOY The famous Russian novelist and
religious mystic.

social reformer,

and

EMPRESS EUGENIE

The

beautiful

Empress of France whose ambition made

her an Empress and unmade her.

243

CAPTAIN VON PAPEN
pelled
ture.

The German military attache in Washington, who was exfrom the United States. Observe his tapering signa-

128

HOW

TO READ

244

GENERAL VON KLUCK OF GERMANY

Who

almost reached Paris.

Scan well the hook

at the

beginning and end of his signature.

245

MARSHAL FOCH OF FRANCE The strategical fighter who directed and won
for victory.

the battles

Very truly yonre

246

MAJOR GENERAL JOHN
with Marshal Foch.

J.

PERSHING, U.

S.

A.

Our American "Black Jack" Pershing who cooperated

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

129

247

EMPEROR NAPOLEON I

A

signature of Napoleon after the Battle of Waterloo

showing much discouragement.

EDITH CAVELL, THE BRITISH NURSE EXECUTED AS A SPY Written the day before her execution, the signature shows
remarkable composure.

240

CARDINAL GIBBONS, OF BALTIMORE

Shows

the energy of this

Roman

Catholic prelate.

130

HOW

TO READ

250

ABRAHAM LINCOLN
The martyr President
getic.

simple, strong, sincere

and ener-

J.

WILKES BOOTH

The signature

of the

man who

shot Lincoln.

2.5Z

GEORGE WASHINGTON

The signature

of the first President of the U. S. A.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

131

253

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN The signature of the American diplomat and
witty and energetic.

inventor-

254

W. M. THACKERAY

An unusual

signature of the celebrated English author.

z&s

SAMUEL GOMPERS The signature of this leader of the American workingmen shows energy and persistency in the sharp strokes.

132

HOW

TO READ

Major General Commandant*
256

MAJOR GENERAL GEORGE BARTLETT The fighting commander of the U. S. Marines.

257

POPE Pius

X
in

A remarkable
given name

signature of the

Pope

which he uses his

in a confidential letter to a friend.

25ft

E. VENIZELOS

The Greek Statesman and revolutionary
President of Greece.

leader,

now

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

133

259

JOHN

D. ROCKEFELLER

Signature of the organizer of the Standard Oil Company, one of the greatest business systems in the world.

JOHN D. ARCHBOLD
Mr. Rockefeller's associate and Standard Oil Company.
late president

of the

261

W. LLOYD GEORGE
The signature
organizer.
of the British

Premier

a fighter and

134

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

262

QUEEN ALEXANDRIA
Great Britain's "queen mother" showing love for music and art.
a rather artistic hand

262

U.

S.

GRANT

General of the Federal forces at the close of the Civil

War.

264

BUFFALO BILL

The signature of Col. W. Cody, known throughout the world by the name of Buffalo Bill. Generous to a fault, loyal to his friends and always courageous and without
fear.

UNUSUAL WEITEKS

Fig. 266 is a specimen of the handwriting of Lord Nelson, Great Britain's naval hero, written with his right hand, and the next illustration, Fig. 267, shows a specimen of his

handwriting after he had

lost his right

arm.

267

The next specimen was written with who was born without arms and legs.
135

the

mouth by a man

136

HOW

TO READ

68

bank director who writes equally well Handwriting with either hand and who wrote the next two specimens
of a

for me.

269

270

The

portrait painter

Aimee Rapin, born without arms,

wrote Fig. 271 with her foot, with which she also paints her world-famous portraits.

271

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

137

The next signature was written for me by a very pleasant lady who used either hand equally well but who wrote
habitually with her left hand.

777

^
Q
272

What can be done by unfortunate cripples is the two following specimens of a French soldier

shown in who gave

Z/
cu.

,

t.,*C>

G

//>

Or

AoJ

(**

ott^/
'

-

''

V

^

<y^' l&a&mv

3* <*~

<AA4#T*c*

73

both arms to his country in the World War. Fig. 273 was written by him before he entered his country's service.

138

HOW TO BEAD

Fig. 274 was written with his new artificial hand and seems to be clearer writing than his former penmanship.

27*

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

139

Another unusual and very interesting handwriting is the following by a prominent railroad director who writes

X
e
I

275

equally well and habitually with both hands, whichever more convenient for him at the time.

is

275 a

/

A comparison
afford an

of the following specimens of handwriting interesting object-lesson to illustrate the accu-

27*

/
277
140

^

141

racy with which resemblances of character between members of the same family English in this case can be
detected from an analysis of corresponding resemblances
in their handwriting.

4ATTM--/-*X

278
Fig. 276 is the handwriting of the grandmother at the age of 87, and Fig. 277 that of the grandfather since deceased written at the age of 46. Fig. 278 is their son's writing,

He

at the age of 64. It is very similar to that of his father. the son married the lady who wrote Fig. 279. Their oldest son,

now

a Major in the British

Army, when 30 years

142
old,

HOW

TO READ
old,

wrote Fig. 280, and their youngest son, 12 years wrote Fig. 281.

(LiLtfCUM *K></L
Q

280

til

The other children of Fig. 276 and Fig 277 are two sons, and two daughters, whose handwritings are here shown. The sons' handwritings are Fig. 282, at 27 years of age, and
Fig. 283 at 51 years of age.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

143

263

/

264

285

286

144
Fig. 284, written at 62 of age, she being a spinster, and Fig. 285, a specimen years of the other daughter at the age of 48 years, who married Fig. 286, age 53 years, whose son wrote Fig. 287.

The daughters' handwritings are

x-^*

t/3

267
Clearness, love of order, logic, sincerity and optimism, are shown in all these specimens, which also reveal culture,

courtesy and refinement of characters, all corresponding exactly with the physical peculiarities of their handwriting.

THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET
No two persons write the letters of the alphabet alike, even should their copy-book, school and teacher have been
identical.

grow older and begin to think independently, conceiving their own ideas, in school and at home, and as they commence to write letters without closely following the
children

As

black-board or writing-book, they begin limited variations of their own which is the introduction leading to that assertion of personality as it were, which gradually becomes fixed and permanent and develops an inter-relation of heart

and hand which the author has elaborated and systematized
into the science of graphology. It is decidedly interesting to watch the development of a boy's handwriting, and to be able to classify and distinguish

those characteristics which are merely transient indications of an embryonic formation of character, from others that

are fundamental and destined to become essential constituents of the
until

warp and woof

of his real and

permanent
final

self,

having

fully played his part,
life.

he makes his

bow

and

retires

from the stage of

childhood to middle age man gradually becomes a definite and ultimate unit by the winnowing of the fleeting from the fixed, and it is therefore logically unsound to make a definite and final estimate of his character from partial indications derived from an isolated specimen of his handwriting. Furthermore, a graphologist must always weigh

From

145

146

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

the majority of the indications found in an entire specimen of handwriting as a unit and not allow the suggestions of
single letters to influence or prejudice him because they are, perhaps, as it were, obvious and insistent.

Following are the letters of the alphabet, large and small, in many-sided variations, with indications as to the writer's characteristics.

THE ALPHABET AND

ITS

GRAPHOLOGICAL SIGNS

3

288

1.

Closed

secretiveness, economy.

2. 3.

Open

frankness, loquaciousness.

Inside loop open at top loquaciousness, and at the same time secretiveness. Inside

4.

loop

and closed

at

top

shrewdness

and

cunning.
5.
6.

Second stroke pressed together exclusiveness. Open at bottom hypocrisy, deceitfulness, dishonesty.

147

148

HOW

TO READ

T/~
8
I
'

9

9

289
7.

Second loop forming loop exaggeration, and if frequent, and connected with other letters, prevarication.

8.
9.

10.

strokes and open imagination, activity. Small with cross stroke originality. Connected with next letter activity with energy

Long

and

logic.

a

01,
,

Us
z

GL^
3

&s
4
5

/
6

7

90
1.

Closed

secretiveness, economy.

2. 3.

Open

frankness, loquaciousness.

Inside loop and open at top loquaciousness, and at the same time secretiveness.
Inside

4.

loop

and closed

at

top

shrewdness

and

cunning.
5.
6.

7.

Second stroke pressed together exclusiveness. Open at bottom hypocrisy, deceitfulness, dishonesty. Second stroke forming loop exaggeration, and if frequent and connected with other letters, prevarication.

upward weakness in yielding to others, leaning upon friends, dependence. Long loop upward fantastic ideas, narrowness. Very large loop bordering on wild imagination,
ought to be under physician's care; garrulous. Loop connected with next letter logic. Loop formed on backward stroke despotism, unrestrained intolerance of environment.

Middle stroke like knot power of resistance, perseverance and positiveness. Middle stroke like loop pride of family and achievement.
Strokes close together shyness, simplicity. Long downward end-stroke will-power, energy.

6.
7.

1. 2.

With curved first stroke and dot earning capacity. First stroke above line arrogance, insolence, selfconsciousness.
Consisting
of

Dot connected with next letter prudence, concentration of thought and adaptation of ideas to talent.

K

1.

2.

3.

Plain typographical self-control, plainness, order. stubborn and persistent comPlain, but with hooks bined with amiability. With many bows and made in one penstroke cunning, shrewdness, sharp dealing. Connected with previous letter splendid, concentration, a combination of ideas and plans.

Last stroke very heavy energy, strength. First stroke starts with period love of possession, ambition and acquisitiveness. Long, small step-like stroke bashfulness, combined with pride and sensitiveness.

10.

Wavy

lines of strokes

artistic taste, amiability, en-

thusiasm.
11. 12.

Long ending loop underneath love of domestic life. Bounded below and open like letter u u" great amiability, friendliness, generosity.

m w 97?
13

*

(

'6

,7

I8

32*
13.

Down

strokes

looped
easily.

friendliness,

talkativeness,

makes friends

166
14.

HOW

TO READ

Short first cross-stroke dry humor, slow wit, combined with selfishness.

SOME SPECIAL LETTEKS OF THE ALPHABET
Methodical, sober-minded and imaginative persons, such as teachers, mathematicians, and other professional men frequently write letters which look like figures, making it

easy to diagnose their characteristics.

J3
3S9

1*1

360

4H-4-

3
.p

3
361

2
362
187

HIERATIC WRITING

ABOUT

2500

B.C.

BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE, PARIS
THIS specimen is from the ''Oldest Book in the World." The Egyptians used the most elaborate system of hieroglyphics but at the same time developed a script which could be easier written than the pictures of the hieroglyphics.

This particular specimen of hieratic writing was probably written by an Egyptian priest during the time of the builders of the Pyramids and records the regrets of an old man that times are not what they once were.

189

190

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

ASSYRIAN TABLET

ASSYRIAN TABLETS
750
B.C.

BRITISH
THESE

MUSEUM
most extraordinary
lot of

tablets belong to the
all

documents of

the rare treasures in the British

Museum.

The writing was executed with some sharp instrument on
brick-clay, after which it was baked. This accounts for the splendid state of preservation in which these tablets were

found.

They are

year 750 B.C. enth tablet of the famous Babylonian creation-epic The Story of the Deluge (Gilgamesh). The story is told by Ut-Naphistim and seems to have set at rest many of the doubters of the Bible version of the Deluge.

they were inscribed in about the and the specimen reproduced here is the elevold, for

191

192

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

BRITISH

MUSEUM

reproduction of a Chinese book of picture writing from Moso, in the Province of Yunan, China. It it written on native paper, similar to that used in Thibet.

A VERY curious

age is unknown. Painting being the most prominent art of China, and intimately connected with writing, it is not to be wondered at that the latter should also be deemed a fine art, demanding a similar skill and power in the use of the brush. When we bear in mind that the Chinese painter insists upon his picture suggesting a poetic idea rather than upon reproducing material objects; when it is considered that the phrase: "A picture is a voiceless poem," has long ago
Its

passed into proverbial speech in China, we will easily understand how it happens that in the origin of writing, Chinese differs from European, and even from Oriental languages. As an almost invariable rule, writing originates in symbolic representations of speech. In China, however, the development of spoken and written speech began at a very early day to diverge and differ. Very little, indeed, is recorded concerning the evolution of the Chinese language; so we have no means of

knowing how it was spoken or pronounced in ancient times. The Chinese Script is, indeed, as the lawyers say sui
generis.
It is

unique

;

it is

positively fascinating even
193

when

194

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

the brush, instead of the usual pen, is manipulated by the hand of the humble, patient, industrious celestial laundryman. Do we not, as we view him so engaged, have a feelingsomewhat akin to the charm and admiration that we feel for another artist, who wields his brush on the canvas? Has the present-day Chinaman not come honestly by this talent? It is his by inheritance, for although the universal rule derives all writing from pictures, yet in Chinese alone of
all living languages, these original pictographs survive, while they were at a very early stage of evolution, first transformed into hieroglyphics and ultimately absorbed

into the alphabet of other existing languages.

There are one or two myths current with the Chinese concerning the origin of their script, two of which may be

One origin is ascribed to a appropriately mentioned. mythical emperor, Fu-Hsi, 3000 B.C., who is said to have been inspired with the idea of a system of written characters by the marks on the back of a dragon-horse a
legend which induces one to suspect an ingenious attempt thus to account for the adoption of the dragon as an imperial emblem. Another origin of script is assigned to a
tion
sort of demigod, a being of fabulous powers whose inspirawas derived from the "foot-prints" so to speak, of a bird's claws upon the sand. The former explanation seems

to be the

more probable.

TAX RECEIPTS FROM THEBES
210
B.C.

BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS specimen is of very early origin, being one of the collection of Greek writing on papyrus recovered in Egypt and is for the payment of tax on land and was issued by Hermocles, son of the collector of taxes in Thebes. Written in demotic character on a long sheet of papyrus attached to the deed of sale of a piece of land. Those which are actually dated range between 275 B.C. and A.D. 680, a period of more than 900 years. These discoveries have given us a very fair knowledge of the writing of the Second and Third Centuries B.C., but not of the First Century, and we have an abundant and almost uninterrupted series of documents for the first 250 years
of the Christian Era.

discovery of Greek papyri was made during the excavation of Herculaneum in 1752, but we are chiefly indebted to Egypt for other discoveries.

The

first

Egyptian discovery of Greek writing was in 1778, consisting of about fifty rolls of papyrus, after which there was no find of any consequence until 1820, when the well-known Second Century B.C. documents were found at Memphis, on the site of the Serapeum. Subsequently came the period of literary papyri dating from the last book of
first
195

The

196

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

197

Homer's Iliad, called the Bankes Homer in 1821, down to the funeral oration of Hyperides discovered in 1856.
large and extensive discovery of papyri was made during the excavations in the later part of the Nineteenth Century, all of which are now in London, Paris, Oxford and

A

The greatest and most important find however occurred in 1896-97, during excavations conducted by Grenfell and Hunt for the Egypt Exploration Fund at Behnesa the ancient Oxyraynchus. The material recovered here amounted to several thousands of papyri and includes the Logia or Sayings of our Lord, and some parts of the Gospel of St. Matthew and of classical authors and covers the first seven hundred years of the Christian Era. There have been other smaller groups of discoveries, the most interesting of which is that of W. M. Flinders Petrie
Berlin.
;

in 1889-90, taken from mummy-cases found in the Necropolis of Fayum This find was important in that it supplied
.

samples of writing of the Third Century, thus extending our knowledge of ancient Greek writing to another period. The changes that occurred from time to time in the Greek writing in Egypt, correspond with the changes in the political administration of the country. The Ptolemaic style is
clearly

marked

mies from 323 to 30
question.

in the writing practiced during the PtoleB.C., which includes the specimen in

Then followed the period of Roman rule dating from Augustus and extending to the reign of Diocletian A.D. 284, which is characterized by the distinctive Roman hand. Lastly, when Egypt was placed under the Byzantine administration, down to the conquest by the Arabs A.D. 640, there was a third change characteristic also of the ruling element and distinguishable as the Byzantine style of
writing.

198

CHAEACTEE FROM HANDWRITING

'

tO
Uw
>

'

*

- '^
,C-

DEED FKUAI ARS1NUE

A.D.

30

BRITISH

MUSEUM

Greek for produce of land, as rent in kind, paid by Petantis, Pethis and Maries, farmers, to Chaeremon, dated the 30th of the month of Caesarius (September) in the eighth year of Tiberius (A.D. 20). Written in rough uncials of generally normal shapes. The most fruitful source of Greek papyri from Egypt are the excavations which were made near the end of the last century. These are even now in progress, but a large find was uncovered in 1877 on the site of Arsinoe, and evidently
of a receipt in

A COPY

a late date the Byzantine period. Unfortunately, although the documents were abundant, they were not in a sound condition, being fragmentary and not of a literary
of

character.

The period covering the history of Greek writing begins with the Second Century B.C. and extends to the Fifteenth Century. As far as we are able to discover from the Greek MSS. which have survived, writing passed through two
stages, exemplified by the uncial or large letters, running from the earliest specimens to the Ninth Century; and by

the minuscules or small letters,

from the Ninth Century

to

the discovery of printing.
199

200

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

THE OLDEST GREEK

BIBLE,

EXTANT

FOURTH CENTURY

A.D.

BIBLIOTHECA VATICANA, ROME
THIS Bible has been in the Vatican Library at Rome since 1448, for it is entered in the Catalogue compiled by Pope
Nicholas VI.
It was written, probably in the Fourth Century, on fine vellum in triple columns of 42 lines and on 759 leaves, each 10 Yz by 10 inches. It is well preserved for a handwritten book 1,600 years old. To the Hellinistic Jews of Alexandria, we are indebted

for the Septuagint, the earliest Greek Bible.

The word "Septuagint" was intended

to

apply only to

the Pentateuch, but was afterwards extended in its application to the other books as they were translated. This version was accepted as Scripture by the Jews about the

First Century A.D., Christian Church.
It

when it was

also accepted as such

by the

was not long however before the authority of the SepThis resulted partly from the tuagint was questioned. that arose between the Christians and early disputations the Jews, but principally from the disagreements that arose between it and the Hebrew version, which had been established by Rabbi Akiba and his school. This questioning of
authority led to the introduction of three
201

new

versions

202

HOW

TO READ

Symmachus, Aquila and Theodotion (Second Century A.D.). Aquila's version was favorably accepted by the Hellenistic Jews and soon superseded the old Septuagint, but unfortunately no trace of it has come down to us. The only part
of the Septuagint* version which has been preserved is a manuscript of the Book of Daniel.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

203

v

gfe f r^^^;^'^t
.

;

? AK

-

.

i

.

i

f

t

GREEK LETTER

GREEK LETTER
350
A.D.

BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS letter, written in Greek, is from Actius to his "lord and brother" about a shipment of a supply of corn, oil and It was on papyrus, measuring 9% by 4 inches, hides. written in an upright, cursive hand in mixed uncials and
minuscules.

204

205

GRANT TO THE CHURCH OF RAVENNA

SEVENTH CENTURY

A.D.

LIBRARY OF THE EARL OF CRAWFORD AND BALCARRES
THIS document, written on papyrus, early in the Seventh Century, shows a part of a grant from Captain Johannes to the Church of Ravenna. It was in the form of a roll, The five feet four inches long and twelve inches wide. Some letters are is medium-sized Roman cursive. writing joined to those following, but b, d, h, i, m, n, w, x, are never
joined, but stand out separately. In this grant to the Church at Ravenna,

which was during

the period of Roman rule, the writing is characterized by roundness of style, in strong contrast to the stiffness and rigid linking of the Ptolemaic hand. Curves take the place

of straight strokes in the individual letters and even ligatures are formed in pliant sweeps of the pen. This transition from the stiff to the flexible, finds something of a parallel in the development of the curving charter-hand of the Fourteenth Century from the rigid hand of the Thirteenth Century; following, it would seem, the natural law
of relaxation.

Roundness of

style is characteristic of

Greek

cursive writing in the papyri of the first three centuries of the Christian Era, however much individual hands, or

groups of hands, might vary.
206

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

207

After the Third Century of the Christian Era, if we may judge from the meager material that has been recovered, there appears to have been a reform of the Roman hand which marks the entry of Greek writing into the new phase of the Byzantine period. The characteristic features of the new style are its large scale and its formality a deliberate calligraphic effort which culminated in the bold or artificial hand of the Sixth and Seventh Centuries.

208

CHARACTEE FROM HANDWRITING

THE KORAN
EIGHTH CENTURY
BRITISH
THIS
is

MUSEUM
Eighth Century
A.D.

part of a page from a fragment of a manuscript

copy of the

Koran made

in the

It is

written on vellum in an easy, flowing style. The part reproduced here tells of the advice Mohammed gave to "the
faithful," to the effect that they deceivers.

must beware

of poets as

Koran may be said to be Mohammed's claim that it was sent down to him by God, and that this "sending down" was not done at any one or
of the

The principal feature

any particular time, but at different times and in different pieces or "revelations." One of these pieces, like the entire collection, was called "Kor'an" or "recitation"
at

hence the familiar term applied to the book. Like other oriental visionaries, who had led austere and ascetic lives, whose nervous systems therefore had been

made

acutely sensitive and responsive to an emotional and imaginative temperament, Mohammed was thoroughly qualified for spasmodic visits from angels bearing to him messages from Heaven and commanding him to reveal them
as the

"word

of

God."

Mohammed never recorded anything in but that he had, through the services of others at writing
It is believed that
209

210

HOW

TO READ

Mecca, where the art of writing was more widely practiced than at Medina, started the written record of his "revelations."

The subject matter of the Koran varies widely. We have in some parts pious moral reflections, not very unlike those of Marcus Aurelius, though more primitively expressed,
interlarded with the detailed manifestation of the omni-

and righteousness of God in Nature, His inspired messengers and especially in Mohammed. Then there are vivid pictures of celestial paradise, the tortures of Hell, and the arraignment and judgment of the world on the "last day." Nor does he fail to propound large instalments of religious and moral instruction accompanied by solemn warnings and threats to sinners, and the unfaithful, not neglecting to prove to and convince the unbeliever that "Allah is Allah and Mohammed is His Prophet." Other parts of the book are devoted to laws for the regulation of various religious and social ceremonies, in which Mohammed's harem is included.
potence, the goodness
in

At the time of Mohammed's death, the Koran existed in different pieces of material which were widely scattered. The Calif-Abu-Bekr under the persuasion of Omar, committed to one of the prophet's amenuenses, Zaid, the task of collecting these parts into one whole, of which he wrote a fair copy and gave it to Abu-Bekr. From him it descended to Omar, his successor, who again bequeathed it to his daughter Hafsa, one of the widows of the Prophet. This copy, however, was not received with entire favor so
(A.D. 650-651) intrusted this work to of the former collection, and he prepared Zaid, the compiler a canonical edition of the work, dictating to three associates

that the Calif

Othman

from the copy he had previously made. These three manu-

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

211

scripts, according to tradition, were sent as standard copies to the metropolitan cities, Basra, Kufa and Damascus, and

a copy was retained at Medina. There have been other manuscripts, but they have all been derived from these four.

212

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

"
' '

nt

eii
i

mp ^
I

l; p.tttrrajft:

fec-e

&

'

*"* I V

:$&;^<5me^ (pa

mm gemfe

'

on

fco/i

BEOWULF

BEOWULF
A.D.

1000

BRITISH
THE Epic

MUSEUM

of Beowulf forms parts of a single MS. written about 1000 A.D. and is a remarkable relic of old English

This poem, which is remarkable for its lucidity, construction and for the vivid imaginative and narrative power of its author, tells of the prowess, daring and
literature.
skill of

physical accomplishments of Beowulf, a Scandinavian hero who, with fourteen companions, went over to Denmark and delivered its king from the ravages of a terrible monster, Grandel, that rendered his hall uninhabitable. Beowulf returns to his native land and becomes its king. After reigning many years, his country is ravished by a fiery dragon. Beowulf, in spite of his now being an aged monarch, goes forth, with eleven chosen warriors, and gives battle. Beowulf is almost overpowered when Wiglat, a

Episodes are introduced which have no relation whatsoever to the hero, apparently for the purpose of including and preserving Germanic myths and traditions. This work is obviously a poetical blending of fact and fable of myth and history of the mythical Beaw with the historical Beowulf, the former a Scandinavian fiction, the latter an English personage.
; ;

213

214

HOW
existing

TO READ

The

MS.

is

written in the West-Saxon dialect,

but the prevailing opinion is that it was transcribed from an Anglican that is, from a Northumbrian or Mercian
original.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

215

p^ ^\
\JJ

o

__

\**
vx>

>,

2

~~n

r

^

^

rr-

? "^

^

DOMESDAY BOOK
1086
A.D.

EXETEE LIBRARY
vellum.

PART of a page of the "Exon Domesday," written on The handwriting changes frequently in a single where several scribes made their entries, showing a page, narrow cramped hand with last strokes drawn to a point and also rounder forms of writiDg with shorter vertical
strokes.

A

as a

The Domesday Book no doubt suggested itself to William means of ascertaining and determining the King's

fiscal rights after

such a political upheaval as the Norman Conquest and the wholesale confiscation of estates that resulted from it. This record contained not only the names of the new landholders, but an estimated annual valuation of all the land subject to assessment first, at the time of King Edward's death, second, at the time when the Norman successors received it, and, third, at the time when the

survey was made. On account of its very early date, the "Domesday" is not generally interesting except as a relic of the past; on this account it is unintelligible to all but the archaeologist. It however was frequently invoked as testimony in the middle ages, and is, at this day, used for this purpose but with no appeal from its record, to which circumstance its name
316

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
11

217

Domesday"

or " Doomsday"

is

due.

Another interesting
register is

feature connected with this

ancient

that

it

records the list of landowners by their Christian names only, thus failing to serve the pretentious claims of families whose "origins" date from the Conquest.

218

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
"

I

'

~~

ol&u,

?'

K
<

.r

in

9
^S*

TIRONIAN LEXICON

TIRONIAN LEXICON

TENTH CENTURY
BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS plate represents the Notae Senecae, a lexicon of the Tironiaii shorthand signs, as invented by Marcus Tullius
This Tironian system was apparently partly alphabetic, partly ideographic and partly
Tiro, the

freedman of Cicero.

arbitrary.

219

220

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

PU

PIPE ROLL
A.D.

1130

the Great Roll of the Exchequer, or Roll of the for the thirty-first year of Henry I, i.e. from MichaelPipe, mas 1129 to Michaelmas 1130. Written in a bold official

PART of

hand, guided by ruled lines, with many large letters, many of which are stilted. There were two sources in England for the derivation of a national hand the Irish monasteries in the north and the

Roman
these

missionaries, who taught their style of writing in The former prevailed throughout monasteries.

Britain and was finally adopted as the national hand after receiving the distinctive marks as such from the English
scribes.

The first stage of English writing was the round hand of which there were two kinds bookwriting of a very beautiful character of which the Lindisfarne Gospels or "Durham Book" is a fine specimen. This style of hand prevailed in the north. In the south a less pretentious and plainer
style

was employed.

The next

stage, that of the

more con-

venient pointed hand, was reached about the Eighth Century, and continued during the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, when the foreign minuscules became a controlling element From this time the evolution of the in English writing.
national

hand in the progressive changes of the pointed can be easily traced in the Facsimiles of Ancient style Charters in the British Museum and in the Facsimiles of

Anglo-Saxon

MSS

of the Rolls series.
221

222

THE ANGLO-SAXON POEM OF CAEDMON

ELEVENTH CENTURY
BODLEIAN LIBRARY
PAGE of the poems in Anglo-Saxon which bore Caedmon 's name. The Saxon minuscules are rather square but change toward the end. It was probably executed by Ailfivine, Abbot of New Minster or Hyde Abbey at Winchester
A.D.

A

1035.

Caedmon, the earliest English Chrisfrom Baeda, "The Venerable Bede," who informs us that Caedmon was a herdsman and that he
All that
of
tian poet, is derived

we know

received his call as a poet in a dream. Having failed, from lack of ability, to comply with a request, which was

made upon him on

a particular occasion, to sing to the harp,

he went to bed and fell asleep. He then had a dream in which some one appeared to him and requested him to sing " of the beginning of created things." He objected, alleging inability, but was compelled to obey, and found himself uttering verses that he had never before heard. Baeda has given a prose paraphrase of this song, but tells us that it represents the sense only, not the words themselves nor their arrangements in fact, not the poetry, because, of course, no poem can be rendered in a foreign
;

tongue without losing much of
all

its

the verses of the

poem

that
223

beauty. Upon awaking, Caedmon had sung in his

224

HOW
to him, to

TO BEADHe
told

dream came
all this to his

which he made additions.

employer, who thereupon took him to a neighboring monastery at Streanaeshalch, now called Whitby, where the Abbess discovered that Caedmon had received the divinus afflatus from Heaven. She tested him by proposing
certain portions of sacred history for poetical treatment. He complied, fulfilled his task and took up his abode at the

monastery, where thenceforth the learned monks expounded him scripture history and Christian doctrine, all of which he rendered into exquisite poetry. He reproduced The Creation and The Fall of Man, The Departure from Efiypt and The Entrance into the Promised Land, The Immaculate Conception, The Passion, The Resurrection, The Ascension of the Savior of Mankind, The Coming of the Holy Ghost' and The Teaching of the Apostles. He also wrote many songs of the terrors of the coming judgment, of the horrors of hell, of the sweetness of Heaven and of the mercies and judgments of God. The song which Caedmon is said to have composed in his dream, is still extant and is preserved in the poet's own dialect in a MSS. of the Eighth Century. It is the only one of his abundant works that can be identified with certainty.
to

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

225

rA

v.

T*-*

^>

,

14 ^^i -4*1 ^ t^T ^
ff
'
'

Pf^-v., &
:

1

.^^

^
<5

>j

v>

t

i
!.

fc^rl^-

RICHARD
A.D.

I

1189

BRITISH
THIS document
certain lands in
is

MUSEUM
of

from the charter

King Richard

the

First and confirms to his steward Alured de S. Martin

Eleham and Bensington in Oxfordshire. The deed is written in court hand, with plenty of capitals and flourished letters.
This
is

a specimen of the second stage in the evolution

of the British national handwriting, which, as has been stated in the preceding article on the Pipe Roll of the

Exchequer, A.D. 1130, was reached in the Eighth Century and developed during the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, when it was superseded by the foreign element resulting in this pointed style of the national hand.

226

GRANT TO MARGAN ABBEY
A.D.

1329

TALBOT CHARTER
a grant from William la Zouche, Lord of and Alianora, his wife, to Margan Abbey of cerMargan,

THIS

is

tain lands.

It is

dated at Hanley, 18th of February, in

the third year of the reign of Edward III (A.D. 1329), and is written on vellum, measuring 11 by 8 inches. Written

hand of transitional character, advancing from the round toward the later, angular style.
in a court

a specimen of the English cursive, charterwas developed side by side with the more hand, formal book-hand of the Middle Ages. From the Twelfth Century, distinct and clean-cut, cursive styles of handwriting were started in the various countries, and these styles can be easily identified with corresponding politiis

This

that

cal periods.

ever, subject that governed the evolution of the book-hand.

The changes in the cursive hand were, howto the same laws of organic development

With regard to the court-hand or charter-hand, which had been introduced into England after the Norman Concharacterized quest, in the Twelfth Century, it is exaggeration in the strokes above and below the line

by
a

legacy of the old Roman cursive. There is also a tendency to form the tops of tall, vertical strokes, as. in b, h,
227

228

O

1,

with a notch or

cleft.

The

letters are well

made and

vigorous, though often rugged. As the century advanced the long limbs are brought into better proportion; and

early in the Thirteenth Century, a very delicate fine-stroked hand comes into use, the clearing of the tops being now a

regular system, and the branches formed by the cleft falling in a curve on either side. This style remains the writing

John and Henry III. Towards the latter part of the Thirteenth Century, the letters grow rounder, there is generally more contrast of light and heavy strokes, and the cleft tops begin, as it were,
of

shed the branch on the left. In the Fourteenth Century the changes thus introduced make further progress, and the
to

round letters and single-branched vertical strokes become normal through the first half of the century. Then, however, the regular formation begins to give way, and irregularity sets in.

230

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

du

4L*a-

^

^Srt^y
I

duftW^"

yd*

MANDAEAN PRAYER

MANDAEAN PRAYERS
A.D.

1329

BODLEIAN LIBRARY
WRITTEN on paper about 5 by 4 inches, in Howaiza on the Tigris in the year 1329. This is the oldest dated Mandaean Manuscript in Europe or America up to the
present time.
.

A most interesting, as well as remarkable, fact concerning
the Mandaeans, or St. John's Christians not to mention, Sabians or Nasoreans, by which they are also known is
the only surviving composite of Christian, Jewish and Pagan constituents, based upon the amalgamation of Greek philosophy, oriental theosophy and that their religion
is

speculative Christianity, called Gnosticism. Our knowledge of the Mandaeans dates only from the first Christian missionaries among them in the Seventeenth

Century, but we have recent accounts of their manners and customs derived from a converted Mandaean and published

by M. M.
doctrines

Siouffi in 1880.
is

Our knowledge

of their religious

obtained entirely from their sacred books, consisting only of ancient fragments of a still more ancient literature. The largest of these is the Sidra Rabba (Great

Book) comprising two parts, the larger of which is called yamina (to the right hand), and the smaller s-mala (to the The former is for the use of the living, and left hand).
231

232

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

the latter contains only prayers for the burial service of the priests. The date of these books may be fixed as early as

600 and 900, but the MSS. are not older than the Sixteenth Century. In the religious system of the Mandaeans, the origin of all things is Pira, with whom are Ayar ziva rabba "the great shining ether" and Mana rabba "the great spirit of glory." Mana rabba called into being the highest of the

between

A.D.

aeons properly so-called Hayye Kadmaye "Primal Life," is the Mandaean God, and every prayer, as well as every section of the sacred books, begins by invoking him. The number of Mandaeans existing in the Eighteenth Century was about 20,000 families, but at the present day there are only about 1,200 souls. They have a peculiar death-bed rite, consisting first of a warm bath and afterwards a cold one the body is clothed in a shroud of seven pieces, the feet directed to the north and the head to the south facing the pole star.

who

;

DANTE
A.D.

1379

BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS is part of one of the pages of the Divina Commedia Dante with interlinear glosses. It was written at Ferrara. The document is written in set Italian minuscules, regular at first but more or less carelessly written toward
of

the end.

The pivot upon which the life of this immortal poet turned was the love of Beatrice Portinari, who for thirteen years was his beacon light and whose death in 1290 was the
purification of his later life and the inspiration of his poetic revelations of Paradise. He first met her when he

was only nine years moment, he says,
' '

At that age. I saw most truly that the spirit of life which hath its dwelling in the secretest chamber of the
old and she of the

same

' ;

' '

heart began to tremble so violently that the least pulses of my body shook therewith." Beatrice, however, married

another Simone de' Bardi, for which Dante, when a prisoner and an exile, consoled himself by reading the Book of Boetius and Tully's treatise on friendship. This must have caused him to recover from the shock of her death for in 1292 he married Gemma, daughter of Marietta Donati, by whom he had two sons and two daughters, but whom he never mentions in his Divina Commedia.

234

HOW

TO READ

.

.

^

)

CWM?

find tv^ UttnC^d?crbt(b*avo

trjtTv*

t v*<'k-wi tn*w* ***"

l~cv'^c*

r

btftae

Invon

i?gmt; opeww.
.n Kcti

cittto co tmttx*

ft

>^<l^-Vt

*^ir-+
^

rewind

DANTE

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

235

Dante soon after commenced to take part in politics. He held public office and became one of the leaders of the Bianchi or Whites, as against the Neri or Blacks two political factions who contended for power in Florence in the Thirteenth Century. The Blacks were victorious and on January 27th, 1302, Dante was charged with "baratteria" or corrupt robbery and speculation while in public office. Not appearing he was fined 5000 L. and sentenced to be burned alive if found. The charge was preposterous because of his well-known poverty, but the sentence was not
formally reversed until 1494 by the Medici. Ultimately Dante, sick with the petty quarrels of the contending factions, eagerly looked for the coming of a universal Monarch who should unite all men and countries under institutions best suited to them, should do the work for which they were best fitted and thus promote their welfare and happiness. This was the dream of the
poet, a dream that lasted to the end of his days, and, so far as his mother country was concerned, was fully realized 500 years after in the United Italy of modern

Dante's great epic, the Divina Commedia, is symfrom commencement to end, illustrating the "conversion" from the sinful life, the judgments and punishments for sin and path to earthly Paradise, where Beatrice appears and leads him through the various spheres of which Heaven is composed to the Empyrean or Seat of God, where, for an instant, he has an "intuitive vision of Deity and the comprehension of all Mysteries, his will is wholly blended with that of God, and the poem ends." The writing in the manuscript indicates, especially in the marginal references, much intuition and vision, combined however with logic and humor.
times.
bolical

236

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

<^DT'O i ftuimtous pet

mitm t

.

uiijid fern wui/cts t^iirc ft(2fi)|c

as

WYCLIFFE'S BIBLE

WYCLIFFE 'S BIBLE
A.D.

1390

BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS is a part of the earliest Wycliffe translation of the Bible, and was owned by Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of
Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III, who was put to death by Richard II in 1397. The inventory of his goods contained this Bible. It is written in bold English Minuscules.

Wycliffe 's Bible prose

is

the earliest classic middle

English.
title of "founder of English due to political causes; to a prose-writing" entirely question agitated between Church and State; the question of the jurisdiction and power of the Church over man's civil rights and its right to receive and hold temporal endowments. Two serious but futile attempts were made to punish Wyckliffe for his political writings, which were

Wyckliffe's claim to the
is

directed against the folly

and corruption of the clergy, and ultimately developed into a systematic attack upon the " whole established order in the Church." It therewas, dogmatic but the political policy of the papacy that came under the lash of his criticism in his treatise De
Civili

fore, not the

domino, or "civil lordship." In this propaganda he for the first time boldly and bpenly proclaimed that "righteousness is the sole indefensible title
237

238

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

to dominion and to property; that an unrighteous clergy has no such title, and that the decision as to whether the property of ecclesiastics should be taken away, rests with

the civil power." Wyckliffe's agitation and propaganda had hitherto been rather academic. He determined to make
it

popular, and inaugurated the institution of his poor or "simple" priests to preach his doctrines throughout the country, and he undertook the translation of the Vulgate
* '
' '

version of the Bible into English. This, together with the translation of his other works of the same character, fully entitle him to the claim as the founder of English prosethis, Wyckliffe can be justly credit of having convinced his countrymen, at least, of their dependence upon God alone, requiring no mediation of priest or sacrament of the Church; and, even

writing.

In addition to

awarded the

more than this, of having, through the effort of his celebrated disciple, John Huss, raised his, Wyckliffe's doctrine, to the dignity of a national religion in Bohemia.

LETTER OF HENRY IV
A.D.

1400

BRITISH

MUSEUM
official

A LETTER in Latin of Henry IV of England,
ary 20th
(A.D.

1400).

Written in an

dated Februcourt-hand with

is derived from same source as the more leisurely and formal bookhand used in copying MSS., namely the "Caroline Minuscule of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries and is found in English documents from the conquest 1066 to A.D. 1500. Both types acquired their distinctive features about the Tenth Century, the court-hand attaining its greatest grace and beauty about the latter half of the Thirteenth Century and deteriorating rapidly during the next two centuries. The earlier, curved form of handwriting was replaced by a smaller hand, somewhat oblique. Strokes are much emphasized and thickened, especially in the tail of g and s, and in marks of abbreviation. Diagonal downstrokes, such as that of d and v are on the whole thicker than vertical downstrokes and the head of b, I and h show an increasing tendency to split and to become floreated. This last tendency brings about an increase in the thickness of the downstrokes which gradually become

angular letters, but compact and upright. The handwriting employed in this letter
the

' '

wedge-shaped while the writing as a whole increases in
239

size

240

i

"i

^

-

* *

']

I Hi I'll if
w/
^""""^3

?

f^v

*K

^-.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

241

towards the end of the Thirteenth Century. Particularly characteristic of this period is the "S" with a greatly enlarged tail and a very small head more or less resembling an and very easily mistaken for it. The old story of

M

a case in point. In the Fourteenth Century, the exaggerated, horizontal strokes disappear and the writing at first becomes more

Sumpsimus

for

Mumpsimus

is

vertical, giving it a

much neater appearance

:

the wedge-

shaped downstrokes persist but gradually come to be floreated or split at the top, a plain hook being substituted. The accent which preceded the dot is more regularly placed
over the i, the single i being now quite usually so marked. As time goes on, the writing becomes both rounder and clumsier, so that a bad hand of this date is sometimes superAfter ficially like a bad hand of a hundred years before. the middle of the century a certain angularity begins to appear in the letters, especially in those with looped heads

and

this

forms the transition to the writing of the following

century.

242

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

-=5
^h*
feQ
j

<*
.

**
'

ttv

T

tfvg-!S''5 *^y ^T^
'

KT

*J

**

^^

J

**

S i
-i^
t^

p
~
m
1

'*$

:**

5

ka

SLAVONIC GOSPELS

FIFTEENTH CENTURY
BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS reproduction is part of a page of the Fifteenth Century copy of the Gospels in Slavonic, written on vellum. It illustrates the uncial and cursive forms of the Cyrillic Russian Alphabet. This early Russian script was used
almost exclusively for ecclesiastical purposes. The ecclesiastical history of this period plays an important part in tracing the evolution of the Slavonic script and language, for it is simply the record of the means by which the Slavonic nations became converted to Christianity.

We

know

that in 861 A.D. Rostislav of Moravia, fearing

the influence of the Latin missionaries, applied to Byzantium for teachers who might preach the Gospel in the

vulgar tongue. The Emperor sent two brothers for the purpose, one of whom, Constantine, changed his name to Cyril. He was a scholar, philosopher and linguist. He and his brother Methodius, not only taught letters and the Gospel, but translated the necessary liturgical books. This attempt to set up the Slavonic liturgy was strongly opposed. Pope Nicholas I sent for the brothers but when they arrived at Rome the Pope was dead. His successor,

Adrian

II,

received them

warmly and accepted
243

their trans-

244
lations.

HOW

TO READ

Constantine died, and Methodius was tried and im-

prisoned by the German Bishop. Subsequently Pope John VIII, in 873, liberated him and permitted Slavonic service. The Pope openly supported him and restored to him his archbishopric in 880. Upon the death of Methodius in 886 his suffragan, Wiching, a German, succeeded him and through the aid of the new Pope Stephen VI, the Slavonic service-books and those that used them were driven out and took refuge in
Bulgaria.

In spite of this expulsion,

it

does not appear that the

Slavonic Liturgy was suppressed in the West. It lingered in Moravia until the Magyars overran the latter; and it appears to have secured a foothold during the ministration of Methodius in Bohemia, Poland and Croatia. The Latin

Church, however, ultimately prevailed in those places and thus became permanently separated from the orthodox Bulgarians, Russians and Servians. It would seem therefore
that Cyril did invent a Slavonic alphabet, "translated at any rate a Gospel lectionary, perhaps the psalter and the chief service-books into a Slavonic dialect and it seems that

Methodius translated the epistles, some part of the Old Testament, a manual of the canon law and further liturgical matter." But we do not know for certain who invented Cyrillic, or the date of Cyril's earliest translations, or what that is, the language we call the people used his dialect Old Church Slavonic,
;

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

245

V

1

(

-^t
.

^

_ ^^ TV 5
i

^V

I

.

J

v*
I

'^^M
f

i

vT\

,?^>f
J rf

t

t

K
*

f

t It ^

*

U

**

Iv^.^l >< c
r

F
jS
\

A

o

v;i,

:

>-

^4.4 r -* i

k

r^

t

-

|

^v

-v

THE CHURCH SLAVONIC ALPHABET
ABOUT
BRITISH
1700
A.D.

MUSEUM

VERY curious document, in the form of a roll of paper 16 feet 6 inches long and 8% inches wide. It gives the various cursive forms of the Church Slavonic Alphabet with ornamental variations. This alphabet was the basis of
the alphabets adopted by the Russians, Bulgarians and by the Illyrian division of the Slavs. It originally contained

A

48 symbols. The Slavonic languages employ three alphabets, corresponding to three respective religious rituals the Latin for those requiring Latin services, the Cyrillic, which is used by the orthodox Slavs and is simply the liturgical Greek uncial of the Ninth Century with certain ornamentations, and the Glagolitic or form used in old Slavonic documents, which has survived in places where the Roman Church
:

liturgy prevails, and in Montenegro. Peter the Great caused a version of the Cyrillic alphabet to be made for Russian use, which is also largely employed

by Bulgaria. The first among the Slavs to adopt an adequate system of writing were the Czechs, and their alphabet has been
adopted by other Slavonic peoples who use Latin letters. The Oldest Slavonic writing to be found is a Cyrillic inscription of the Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, A.D. 993.
246

BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS letter was written by Montaigne while Mayor of Bordeaux to the Marechal de Matignon, dated Bordeaux,

May

22nd, 1585.

This celebrated French essayist was born at the Chateau Montaigne near Bordeaux (as he is very particular in informing us) between 11 A.M. and noon on February 28th, 1533. He appears to have been the subject of great solicitude and care, both as to his health and his education. He was put out to nurse with strong, robust peasant women, and he was provided not only with a German tutor but with servants who were skilled Latinists. It is even said
that the delightful and fanciful method was employed of waking him by the ''concord of sweet sounds" and soft

music, also a novel and mechanical arrangement for teachmust ing him Greek was tried but without success.

We

however always bear in mind that almost all that we know about Montaigne has come from himself. After a life of mixed activity as a courtier, a counsellor of parliament and a soldier, he retired to a life of study, contemplation and learned ease at Chateau Montaigne. His fame rests upon his essays. He is credited with having perfected a style
all his

own.

It

may

be safely con-

247

248

HOW

TO READ

*

<*

3

<

*4

Hx*

V V*

\>SX Sfe^

fc&lfc v
y *

v

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

249

tended that the essay, such as he originated and perfected, has no modern predecessor, or ancient prototype. His style and language are modelled after Plutarch, but with an inde-

pendence that makes him perfectly original in his ease and
flexibility.

250

CHAEACTEE FEOM HANDWEITING
^
^ G

MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI

DATE
BRITISH
Rome

1508

MUSEUM
letter

THIS plate shows part of a to his father, Lodovico was written in June 1508.
It is
fails
its

di

from Michelangelo in Buonarroti Simoni, and

perhaps fortunate for posterity that genius often at first to realize, or even to suspect, the existence of

greatest natural adaption, thereby forcing upon others the opportunity of doing for some that which they had seemingly been unable to do for themselves namely detect
the particular excellence or greatness for which nature has

destined them.

A

who was

striking example of this is the case of Michelangelo easily the protagonist among the matchless

painters who flourished during the revival of learning in the Fifteenth Century. Indeed it is well known that his " natural inclination turned his attention and efforts origiliving proof of his excellence in this nally to sculpture." field is his colossal statue of "David the Giant." Again,

A

he is also said to have confessed that painting was not his "business" not his "metier" as the French term it.
It was left for Pope Julius to select Michelangelo and therefore to detect in him the abnormal, artistic ability for the execution of the greatest scheme of painting perhaps ever conceived. Such a work was the series of fresco-paint251

252

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
Pope
Julius,

by decree, intended to embelChapel at Rome and which he intrusted to the magical brush of the great Florentine painter. It was not without much misgiving and lack of
lish the ceiling of the Sistine

ings with which

confidence that Michelangelo entered upon the undertaking, especially as the scheme, originally confined to the apostles,

was subsequently enlarged

to the

more ambitious

effort of

reproducing the whole of the Mosaic Cosmogony and Fall of Man from the Creation to the Flood, together with the
accessory personages of prophets and sibyls dreaming on new dispensation of Christ. The whole was to be inclosed and to be divided by a framework of painted architecture with a multitude of nameless human shapes supporting its several members or reposing among them; the shapes meditating, as it were, between the features of the inanimate framework and those of the great and prophetic
the

THIS letter, in Latin, was written by Martin Luther to his friend Georgius Spalatinus, a noted German Reformer. It
is

dated Wittenberg, November 8th, 1519.

Soon after taking holy orders and commencing to lecture, the careful thinking imposed by his spiritual obligations, gave birth to those doubts which ultimately crystallized and conflicted with the scholastic theology of his early days. His first point of attack was the sale of Indulgences, which
raised the question of the Pope's supremacy in spiritual matters. Luther thus became the champion of the ortho-

dox priesthood which led to his excommunication and the opening of the first Diet at Worms in January, 1521. Though Luther suddenly disappeared, the natural revolt against Rome the Lutheran movement had been organized and was spreading rapidly and peaceably, when interrupted by the Peasants' War. This was crushed by the ruling classes and with Luther's active aid one of the few mistakes of his life. The natural movement then became an ecclesiastical one, splitting into three parts, of one of which, the Evangelical churches, Luther became the leader.
In the course of the conflict, the Diet of Speyer (1529) deprived the Protestant churches of any share of the
253

254

HOW

TO READ

U

H,

U

U

H

n

<

j-r

n

n

n

n

ttr

-

rtr

trr

rrr

SLAVONIC ALPHABET

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

255

revenues of the Medieval church, regarding which they protested, thereby becoming historically known as Protestants. Then followed the conference of Luther with Zwingli, resulting in the cortinued effort to crush Protestantism, the League of Protestant Princes, the retirement of Luther,
the succession of Melanchthon, the Evangelical Church.

and the reorganization of

Luther now suffered
task of preventing the

ill-health,

Roman

but devoted himself to the Curia from regaining its grip

on his country. He was assisted in this by the Evangelical Princes, which accounts for his sanctioning the bigamy of Philip of Hesse. In 1546 he went to Eisleben. While there in a sermon he stated This and much more is to be said about the Gospel, but I am too weak and I must close here." This was on February 14th, he died on the 18th. Luther has been accused of profligacy and intemperance in eating and drinking. It must be admitted that he was fond of liquor and extremely convivial, so much so that he has been described as a "joyous, frolicsome companion." It is also true that his conversation, his lectures, even his sermons often contained unsavory expressions, and stories. We must, however, bear in mind that the standard of behavior and of morality in those days was very low; that intemperance was habitual and treated with indulgence,
1 1
:

and writing was frequently vulgar, and that other offences were immune from condemnation. Luther was, however, a devoted husband and father, and found his greatest happiness in his serene and peaceful
that conversation

home which, with

his loving wife, he regarded as God's best an earnest exhorter and promoter of cheergifts. Although fulness, he was himself subject to frequent fits of depression and melancholy. He nevertheless devoted him-

256

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

enormous labors of his life with great fervor, unremitting attention and courage, and with such indifference to personal sacrifice as to indicate a striking and fearself to the

less personality.

TORQUATO TASSO
A.D.

1588

BRITISH

MUSEUM

THIS reproduction is from a volume entitled, "Torismondo, Tragedia del Signor Torquato." It is an autograph copy in a vellum binding. Tasso was, indeed, an " infant prodigy." He was born
in 1544 in 1552 he

was attending

a school kept

by the

Jesuits at Naples, where his precocious intellect and religious fervor attracted attention and admiration. At this

handsome and

he was already famous; He became a man with a most auspicious young start in life. Success and happiness seemed certain, but they never came. In their stead he found only disappointage
8

years

brilliant

ment,

ill-health, insanity and It is true that for a short

premature death.
time

from 1565

to 1570

he

enjoyed the only happy

period of his existence.

He was

then, young, handsome, accomplished, accustomed to the society of the great and learned, illustrious by his published works in verse and prose and he had become the idol of the

most

Court in Italy the Court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este, destined to be for him the scene of a short-lived happiness and of much suffering. It was there that he became on terms of familiar association with the Princesses Lucrezia and Leonora d'Este, with the latter of whom there
brilliant
257

258

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
was

259

the old, old story of love. Both sisters however undoubtedly wielded great influence in the promotion of his
interests,

and it is therefore a matter of regret that he should have allowed a certain tactless freedom of speech

to betray
It

him

was

at this time that he

into a difference with his patron. produced his "Aminta"

and

only about 31 years old, but it appears that his most excellent work had been given to the world and with it went his last days of sunshine and good fortune. It would seem as if some malign influence led him into error from which his judgment should have recoiled. He actually sent manucopies of his famous poem to a number of literary script
notables for the purpose of securing their criticism and suggestions, which he expressed his willingness to follow

completed his

"Gerusalemme Liberata."

He was

they should differ from him. Of course they differed and he unfortunately played directly into their hands. Instead of publishing his poem as he had conceived it instead of launching it upon the world with the touch of his genius upon it, he deliberately sacrificed himself to the critical From this time his troubles began. theories of others.
if
;

His poem was laid aside. His health began

to fail, his

mind

yielded to delusions and he was in constant fear of being denounced by the Inquisition and of being poisoned. In if not actually insane fact Tasso was now so far mentally deranged that he was of no service to himself and was a burden to his friends. Nevertheless, the Duke of

Ferrara, with whom he had quarreled, invited him to return to his court provided he would consent to a course of medical treatment for his malady. Tasso accepted this friendly welcome and at first improved but his malady reappeared and he again went away and after wandering hither and

260
thither,

he was

finally sent to a lunatic

During cal and ethical dialogues, but little poetry. Part of his " was also Gerusalemme published; and shortly afterwards the whole poem. In six months seven editions of it were issued. Tasso was, at the intercession of Vincenzo Genzaga, Duke of Mantua, allowed to leave St. Anna in 1586, but he soon after went away to Rome feeling himself neglected by the Duke and thence he took up his residence at Mantua, where he wrote "Torrismondo." Then he went to Naples, where he wrote his "Gerusalemme Conquistata" in which he reconstructed his previous poem, depriving it of its chivalrous and mystical elements. Posterity has however reversed his decision, and his fame now rests securely on the work of his early life. He died at Rome shortly after the laurel crown was con' '

his confinement he

asylum at St. Anna. composed numerous philosophi-

ferred upon

him by

the Pope.

GALILEO GALILEI

DATE
BRITISH

1609

MUSEUM

PART of a letter from Galileo Galilei to Michelangniolo Buonarroti the younger, nephew of the painter. Galileo was occupying the chair of Mathematics of the University of Padua, when he wrote this letter. It is dated, Padua,

December 4th, 1609. If it had not been for an attack of opthalmia, the world's list of remarkable astronomers would have been seriously curtailed and the Roman hierarchy correspondingly enriched. Galileo was making rapid and brilliant progress
in his studies at the Florentine

monastery of Vallombrosa,
a

when he suddenly manifested
religious life
flicted so

strong inclination for

and actually joined the

much

novitiate, which conwith his father's plans for his son's career,

that the former turned to account a

somewhat severe

in-

flammation of the eyes, as a reason for withdrawing Galileo from the monastery and entering him at the University of Pisa, when he was only 18 years old. Here he displayed

same phenomenal talents a versatility, a natural aptitude in various intellectual directions that undoubtedly would have brought him to the forefront in painting, music, invention, or any other of the arts or sciences.
the
;

Again accident interposes, makes Galileo an unpremeditated listener at a court lecture which causes him to aban261

262

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

V

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

263

don the pursuit of medicine, for which his father had destined him, and follow the calling of Euclid and Archimedes.

From

this

moment

his progress is one of uninterrupted

success, so that within three years after leaving the university he writes a treatise on the "Center of Gravity in Solids/' which brings him the appointment of lecturer on

mathematics at the university and the of ''The Archimedes of his time."
It will

title

and reputation

be remembered that at this period the Copernican theory of the solar system was not popular but this did not deter Galileo from adopting it, though he refrained from
;

publicly declaring the fact. From this restraint he was, however, soon relieved by the invention of the telescope

which was really due to the genius of Johannes Lippershey, an optician of Middleburg. Its employment in the study of the heavens, and in the
dissipation of many hitherto well-established theories in astronomy, reinforced by Galileo's courage of conviction, brought to a head, as a question of open and deliberate discussion, the long suspected conflict between the new theories of our solar system and Scripture that had up to this

moment been only

hinted at and carefully avoided. And so he Galileo, however, was not to be silenced. boldly went to Rome and with his wonted enthusiasm and

eloquence presented his views to the pontificial court. Its theologians rejected them, declaring his statement; that the earth revolved around the sun as an immovable center to be "absurd in philosophy and formally heretical"

because expressly contrary to Scripture, and his claim that the earth revolved daily on its own axis, to be "open to the same censure in philosophy and at least erroneous as
to faith."

264

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
;

By papal decree Galileo was enjoined not "to hold, teach or defend the condemned doctrines " to which he promised
obedience, but he took with him from
tificate to the effect that
of,

Rome

a written cer-

"no abjuration had been required or penance imposed upon him," which induced him to

believe that the papal decree of 1616 would be revoked, or at least ignored. It was therefore with no apprehension or

fear as to his future that he wrote and published his famous, but ill-fated work, the Dialogo dei due massimi
sistemi del mondo.
It was received with universal praise, throughout Europe and with good reason, for it would be difficult to find a work that could pretend to be its rival in respect of "animation and elegance of style combined with strength and clearness of scientific exposition." This only

added to its offence, for it was an undisguised, forcible and persistent reassertion of Copernican principles, and as such, a flagrant flouting of the papal decree of 1616 and a violation of Galileo's pledge of conformity. Of course its

was immediately forbidden and Galileo was summoned to appear at Rome by the Inquisition when he was condemned as "vehemently suspected of heresy," and sentenced to imprisonment. The sum and substance of Galileo's astronomical work consisted in aiding to establish mechanics as a science, and this consisted in his being the first to "grasp the idea of force as a mechanical agent and
sale

apply to the physical world the principle of the invariability of the relation between cause and effect.
to
' '

BEN JONSON
DATE
BRITISH
1609

MUSEUM

1

THIS is part of a manuscript by Ben Jonson entitled: 'The Masque of Queenes, cerebrated from the House of Fame by the most absolute in all States and titles, Anne, Queene of Great Britayne, etc., with her honorable ladyes, at White Hall, Feb. 2, 1609." Ben Jonson is best remembered by his play Every Man in his Humor and he still lives in his Conversations, for which we are indebted to the hospitality of the great Scottish poet, William Drummond of Hawthornden, who entertained Jonson during his visit to Scotland in 1618 of which The host had here an visit Conversations is a record. of studying his guest's character, and ample opportunity he tells us that he was "a great lover and praiser of himself; a contemner and scorner of others." Further confirmation of this leading feature of Jonson 's
character
at
is

furnished by Howell,

who

states that during a

the poet's house supper spoiled the relish of the feast

where the host had almost by vilifying others and mag-

nifying himself,
that ''though

edge, yet it other precepts of morality, forbid self-commendation."
265

Thomas Carew buzzed in the writer's ear Ben had barreled up a great deal of knowlseemed he had not read the Ethics, which among

266

HOW

TO READ

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267

Combativeness, invariably found co-existing with selfwas Jonson's most salient characteristic. Nearly the whole of his early life was an unbroken succession of quarrels. This pugnacity was of course but too well calculated to irritate such a gentle and peaceful temperament
conceit,

as

Drummond's, and

dissatisfaction.

provoke a quiet expression of his Happily this habitual self-abandonment to
to

the indulgence of prejudices acted as a safety-valve, so that there was no residue of bitterness, still less of malice in

Jonson.
It is therefore not strange that he was very anxious to be esteemed for his honesty, and that he well deserved this reputation both quite consistent with his ever-present

self-consciousness and sense of excellence over others.

claimed on Jonson's behalf that he was imparopinions, which hardly coincides with his strong disposition for likes and dislikes. He was however proof against flattery, which again may be received as evidence of excellence and no doubt accounts for his utter indifference to, if not contempt of, public opinion which he certainly was This independence at no pains to cultivate or consult. him stand out prominently among the mastermakes writers of his age.
It is also
tial in his

His literary style was classical, in which polish and simplicity predominated. His grave is in Westminster Abbey, and on his monument England tersely expresses its judgment of him in
the inscription
:

Rare Ben Jonson.

268

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
3

*

IJ

BRITISH
THIS
is

MUSEUM

part of a Notary's Certificate concerning the dis-

position of the goods of Franchise Rouseau and signed by Moliere and others. Dated January 25th, 1664, in which

year the celebrated comedian was 44 years old. Moliere was not the first nor the only one among prominent censors of public morals to pay the inevitable penalty

was

of gibbeting the social infirmities of his day. Especially this the case when his success as the first true comic

satirist of contemporary foibles was immediate and immense with the production of his "Les Precieuses Ridicules," November 18, 1659, and by his "Le Festin de Pierre," February 15, 1665. The nature of the calumnies with which his critics and other enemies assailed him, amply He was accused of attest the effectiveness of his satire. marrying his own daughter and of insulting the King, offending the Queen-mother and corrupting virtue

charges, that, independently of the disproof of direct testimony, were disposed of finally by the King's acting as godfather to his child and the King's adoption of Moliere 's company as his servants and pensioning them.

Further confirmation of his personal worth is contributed by his actors, who indignantly repelled the effort of certain older companies to entice them away from him. They declared that they would always share his fortunes. It is
269

270

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
when
this occurred, Moliere 's successful career

true that

and position were already well assured, but this was reinforced by his rare genius, the charm of endearing manners, high sense of honor and nobility of character. Hence, as La Grange, his friend and comrade tells us, his company
"sincerely loved him", while he enjoyed the patronage of a great prince. "Le Misanthrope" has been considered his masterpiece. True it is that it was not popular nor as well received by
the public as by the critics but the reason is obvious. It was, at that time, something new and even offensive for a

playwright to substitute the real refinement of a real civilization for the mock refinement of a false civilization and
to "subject to its influence the eternal passions

and

senti-

This Moliere did; and was therefore more successful with the critics than with the public. In our day the case would be reversed. Moliere 's death furnished a striking coincidence. While playing the title role in his "Malade Imaginaire", he burst a blood-vessel in a fit of coughing and died within an hour
after.

ments of human nature".

A

profound detestation of hypocrisy

is

perhaps the

dis-

tinguishing feature of Moliere 's character, while scrupulous

honor and refinement run a close second place, followed by great generosity and gentleness. He has been pronounced the greatest of all social comedy writers as ranking among the foremost in the literature of France, and next to Shakespeare in modern drama. He
;

was denied all priestly ministration in his last moments and buried without any religious ceremony, without even a stone to mark his resting-place.

"Unknown is

the grave of Moliere."

SIR ISAAC

NEWTON
1682

DATE
BRITISH
PART of a
letter

MUSEUM

to Dr. William on his "Theory of Vision". Dated Briggs commenting Trinity College, Cambridge, June 20, 1682. Newton's achievements were those of a purely philosophic genius. His was not the inventive faculty nor the

from Sir Isaac Newton

intuitive perception of the poet, but the incessant, patient and persevering study and labor of the philosopher. His

mental qualities therefore must not be determined by the early period of life at which he plucked Nature's secrets from her repository, nor by the rapid succession of his
discoveries.

The world has consequently

felt itself
;

session of his scientific revelations

secure in the posfor in these are rooted

an unparalleled industry and perseverance that have filled the human mind with a corresponding confidence and faith. Newton was highly favored at birth with a rare and infallible combination: the faculty of lucid simplicity and simple lucidity of statement combined with speculative profundity, which is not only confined to his purely scientific writings but also beautifies and adorns even his theological treaties.

Naturally enough then we find observation and experiment playing an important part in Newton's method of
investigation, so

much

so,

that certain over-enthusiastic
271

272

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TO READ

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CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

273

worshipers at Bacon's shrine have ascribed Newton's discoveries to the application of the Baconian method of induction, but, truth to tell, inductive research was employed

by many distinguished predecessors of Bacon in the philosophic field. Newton therefore merely followed in the wake of Masters, whose example was also adopted and recom-

mended in the No rum Organon. Newton might have cultivated with
some of those
eccentricities

success and credit

which are believed by not a few, indicate genius, but his intellectual endowments, his to modesty and his philosophic sincerity and dignity forbade

made it impossible. He was always "modest, candid and affable, suiting himself to every company and speaking of himself and others in such a manner that he was never even suspected of vanity." The key to Newton's character as a man and as a philosopher is furnished by those memorable words uttered by him a short time before his death: "I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovthis; in fact

ered before me."

274

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

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JOSEPH ADDISON

DATE
BRITISH
PART of a

1699

MUSEUM

letter from Joseph Addison to Charles MonEarl of Halifax, written while he was on the Contitagu, .nent. Dated, Paris, October 14, 1699. Addison is one of the few men of letters of the Eight-

eenth Century
It is therefore

who

faithfully reflect the spirit of their day. unfortunate that he furnishes such limited

materials for biography.

Johnson, Steele and Pope are amply provided for in this regard, but of Addison hardly any record can be found that gives any account of his life and character. The only contemporary source of interest that is open to us is Pope Addison 's enemy who is not remarkable for a scrupulous regard for truth when wielding his trenchant satiric pen to
describe an opponent or a foe. Addison 's own writings afford no help; his letters and his masterpiece the Spectator are highly polished formal dissertations; they do not touch or concern the author in his early life, conduct or intercourse. Such light as is shed upon him, reveals a man that commanded the respect and admiration of his contemporaries, notwithstanding: the fact that he was naturally very shy and reserved in his demeanor. It must be remembered that chief among these contempo275

276

HOW

TO READ

raries were such men as Steele, Swift, Pope all of whom have "left their mark" upon their age and were altogether unlikely to have respected and admired any one unless he at least had attained the same level of excellence as they had in all essentials of mind and energy of character. It is, however, doubtful if Addison could have accom-

plished the great wo'rk that distinguished his life from that of the shining lights of the Eighteenth Century, if he had been compelled to rely merely upon elegance and refinement as a writer, upon his intellectual power to fascinate other

Addison 's great achievement consisted in his having been the "Chief Architect of public opinion in the Eighteenth Century" a public opinion which "in spite of its durable solidity, seems like the great Gothic Cathedrals, to absorb into itself
intellects

that were

"haughty and cynical."

the individuality of the architect." The task was a great The recent Civil Wars had overthrown constituted one. authority, Episcopalianism had been supplanted by Pres-

hyterianism and the whole population had been torn and riven asunder by Civil War. It was these, which are only a summary of the apparently unsurmountable difficulties under which Addison, with the instrumentality of the Spectator, restored order out of the chaos of conflict, in matters, religious, moral and artistic, which prevailed in the period between the Restoration and the succession of the House The individuality of the man who accomof Hanover. plished this must have been indeed great, since it predominated so largely as to almost completely obscure his
other characteristics.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

277

EXTRACTS IN PERSIAN AND ARABIC

FROM THE KORAN
1734
A.D.

A BEAUTIFULLY illuminated manuscript of extracts from Persian and Arabic authors, quoting the Koran. The first line reads "Wealth does not escape the hands of an experienced man." There are no capital letters in Arabic and
:

nothing marks the beginning of a sentence as in English.

278

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

279

FRANCOIS MARIE ARONET DE VOLTAIRE

DATE
BRITISH
PART of a
letter in

1760

MUSEUM

English from Voltaire to George

Keats, F.R.S., in which he expresses his admiration for the freedom of living in England. Dated, January 16, 1760.

Nothing so adequately measures the genius, the mental
less intrepidity taire's assaults

energy, the all-inclusive universal intellectuality, the fearand earnestness, the telling force of Volupon the ''persecuting and the privileged

ness and malice of his
the

orthodoxy" of his time, as the virulence, variety, bittercritics. Foremost among them were
orthodox sectarians, who described him as
"hell-

sprung"; as the embodiment of "Satan, sin and death." Next we see him attacked by the inevitable type of censor, the man so utterly encased in the impenetrable armor of
be prejudiced beyond conceding the possibility of fallibility in himself or merit in others in whose opinion infallible of course, Voltaire and Rousseau were so equal in crime that "it would
self-conceit, of fancied self-superiority, as to

be

difficult

The

to proportion the inequality between them." evil that such a critic does is in proportion to the

extent to which he discredits, in the opinion of the average man, such genuine and effective social reformers as
Voltaire.
380

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

281

The principal charge then, the charge in fact which includes all those others that are laid at Voltaire's doorinfidelity.

This proceeds from either ignorance and

in-

True that Voltaire attacked with bitter and crushing force, the popular beliefs of his day, but this is quite a different matter from attacking It was not religion religion, which he always respected. nor even the church as such that Voltaire inveighed
tolerance or religious prejudice.
against.

He

rather sought to destroy tyranny and the

superstition that disgraced the church, and indeed this evil was incorporated in the corrupt and monstrous system that

prevailed everywhere, a system all the more dangerous because rooted in the conventional orthodoxy that was all powerful in his day and crushed under its iron heel all
opposition to its tyranny and oppression. It was this monster not God, not Christ, not Christianity that he described in the phrase that recurs constantly throughout all his works even in his private letters ecrasez 1'in fame

"Crush persecuting and privileged orthodoxy," but Volown recorded words utterly refute the accusation of For example "I believe in God," in that beinfidelity. "In the belief that there is lief, "one finds difficulties." no God, absurdities." "The wise man attributes to God
taire's

no human affections. He recognizes a power, necessary, eternal, which animates all Nature."

There

Intellectually considered, Voltaire stands well-nigh alone. is no department of literary work that he did not

touch not only to adorn but to

make

it

breathe forth his

own

living originality. But after all, more important than anything that Volno matter how excellent was taire ever thought or wrote

what he

did.

His true

title to

fame, to the remembrance and

282

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

gratitude not only of his country but of the world, is, that he was chief among those who helped to earn freedom for man a freedom to think, to speak, to act, according to the dictates of conscience; a freedom that imposes no limit or restrictions other than those of protecting and assuring to our neighbor his rights, and of worshiping God as he wills.

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

DATE
BRITISH

1784

MUSEUM

LETTER from Benjamin Franklin, then ambassador to France, to Captain and Commodore Paul Jones, about a settlement of expenses incurred in Holland. Dated, Passy,

A

March 23, 1784. If we wish to put our
the feature which over

finger accurately, as

it

and above

all

others

were, upon sums up the

many

the viewpoint of "friend race."
first to last in

sidedness of Franklin's character, we may well adopt and benefactor to the human
lived

When we bear in mind that Franklin's life was
;

from

the limelight of the world that his own and subsequent generation have with cordial unanimity given him an abiding home in their hearts, which regard increases as time goes on, we can hardly fail to be convinced that, great man as he was, goodness, even grandeur, of soul, predominated. clear idea of his spiritual excellence is afforded by the fact that although surrounded by intolerant

A

religious sects who bitterly attacked each other, he yet lived at peace and even in friendship with them all. He could

have done

this only by virtue of a soul that recognized in fellow creature, the presence of the same Eternal every Principle in spite of opinions and beliefs, even of human
283

284

HOW

TO READ

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BENJAMIN FRANKLIN

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
frailties

285

and errors.

His was

in fact that godlike tolerance

of the spirit of Christ which enabled him to spread wherever he went among his fellow men while at the

good same

time he served them in public

life

with unremitting energy,

and

distinction.

This unparalleled
distinguished
find

human

tolerance

was emphasized by an

utter absence of vanity

by a simplicity and modesty that
after success
It

him even

crowded thick upon him.
another

man

in

whom

and public honors had would indeed be difficult to self-love was so completely
;

repressed.

Of course, Franklin had
all,

faults he was only human after but these faults were, at their worst, essentially super-

and so habitually indulged in his day that they hardly created a ripple on the moral surface. These were groSsness and vulgarity. The severest blame perhaps which has been
ficial,

visited

upon Franklin is obviously inseparable from that narrowness, bigotry and intolerance which, in matters of religion or forms of faith, can see no difference between
impiety and philosophic tolerance. It was the latter, and the latter only that explains Franklin's criticism that the " popular belief in the divinity of Christ was a beneficial error." Consistently with this philosophic indifference to orthodox intolerance, we find in him independence of

and social and political liberality. He was also plentifully endowed with strong common sense, a wonderful talent of homely ridicule of vice and prejudices, and a devotion to the practical and the useful in preference to the purely ornamental and superficial. Domestic purity and affection, cheerfulness, plentiful humor and wit, conversational charm, philanthropy, scrupulous honesty, firm faith in a Divine omniscience and
thought,

286

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

omnipotence and in man's immortality all these round out a fulness of character in which the owner plainly declared " dedicate himself to virtue and the his life's purpose to public good."

ROBEET BURNS

DATE
BRITISH

1787

MUSEUM

LETTEK from Robert Burns to Dr. John Moore telling about his own life, dated Mauchline, August 2, 1787. All writers reveal themselves to a greater or less extent in their works, but Burns has so minutely, so completely unfolded his inner self the real man in his writings, that in them, we seem to have ever present the living, breathing author. He may, indeed, be said to "live, move and have

A

being" in his thoughts, creations and expressions, which are poured forth with such simple sincerity, such unselfconsciousness, such obvious anxiety to declare and establish the truth, that he succeeds, as it were, in "wearing his heart upon his sleeve." Spontaneity, simplicity and sincerity lie therefore on the surface of Burns' character. With whatever qualities were necessary to constitute a great lyric poet, he was most richly endowed. He was aglow with a poetic fervor that made luminous every feelhis

every sentiment, every experience, everything in fine that was human. He was warm-hearted but at the same time saved from sentimentality by a robust manliness, which was most harmoniously blended with the most delicate sensibility to beauty not alone the beauty of the female form divine, but of nature in all her moods and
ing,
287

288

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CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
aspects.

289

She was as dear to him as the ''ruddy drops that sometimes visited his sad heart." Not only woman's tear-

ful eye, or melting voice, but the sufferings of the dumb, silent, specimens of God's creative skill came in for a share

"common-blooded affinity of his rich human heart." Burns possessed the strong common-sense, the physical and mental robustness of his countrymen, and as a result he was "strong in thought and intense in emotion." His was not the idealistic or contemplative quality of poetic
of the

temperament, nor could he boast claimed for himself scholarship.

he certainly never even was, however, skilled in the rapid reading of human thought and character; in penetrating to the innermost recesses of secret, hidden motives and sagacious and shrewd in judgment of conduct. Patriotism is also one of Burns' virtues, and no doubt intended to endear him to his countrymen at a time when, as Carlyle informs us, this quality was very much at a discount in the literary world of Scotland. Burns shared very largely with Goethe what has been termed "a great zest of life," which naturally accounts fo::

He

his social success

"the universal charm of his

social inter-

course."

The rock upon which Burns split was the indulgence of his impetuous passions and "jovial compotations in the
Globe tavern at Dumfries," but above all .things, he possessed great honor and nobility of character. As he himself says in one of his letters "My beloved household Gods
are independence of spirit and integrity of soul," confirming which Carlyle remarks, "Many poets have been poorer than Burns no one was ever prouder.
' ' ;

290

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

3

FRIEDRICH

VON

SCHILLEE

DATE

1802

PART of a
July
5,

letter

from

Schiller to

one of his warmest friends and confidants.
1802.

Karl Theodor Koerner, Dated Weimar,

literary reputation which Schiller enjoys is almost entirely due to the standard that Germany adopts in deter-

The

mining the merit and rank of her men of

letters.

She does

not estimate them according to the general extent of their influence upon the domain of literature, but according to
the degree in which they have incorporated themselves with and molded the literary life of the German people. Judged by this standard Schiller undoubtedly well deserves his fame and name as a poet, historian and dramatist. When we give due weight to the unlimited extollation which he received from his countrymen, we have an ade-

quate explanation of his popularity. Schiller was blessed with a noble, dignified presence, with which his devotion to truth, beauty and freedom harmonized completely. He was also a model of the domestic virtues, a fond husband and father, and a firm and loyal friend. Another element that contributed very largely to his popularity, was his cheerfulness and hopefulness in spite of suffering and poverty, and what may be called his artistic conscientiousness which despised mercenary motives.
291

292

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

Schiller, we have extravagant eulogies from de Stael and from Goethe. The former praises his virtues which were "as admirable as his talents," and his conscience which was his "muse." Goethe in his Epilogue, confirms and reinforces this eulogy which unwittingly led to a war of words as to the respective genius and accomplishments of Schiller and of Goethe himself.

Regarding

Madame

It

happened,

exalted

somewhat above

therefore, that Schiller was doubtless his natural and just deserts and,

indeed, almost canonized as a saint. If we* exclude from our considertion the struggle with ill health that he was forced to make during his life, there remains nothing that
justifies

any substantial claim

to

heroism.

Nor

is

he

entitled to extraordinary praise for his meditative philosophy and artistic conscientiousness as compared to certain

others.
It does not require a very profound analysis to discover that Schiller did not possess those sublime creative qualities that constitute poetic greatness such as would entitle him

to a place among poets of the first rank. The truth appears to be that he was, as a poet, a rare interpreter and exponent of the national instincts and ideals, and that he awoke in the

hearts of his countrymen vibrations which were largely independent of the poet, as poet, and to which the hearts of

strangers were not attuned.

JOHANN WOLFGANG
DATE

VON

GOETHE

1811

THIS is part of a letter from the German poet Goethe about returning a manuscript, dated Weimar, August 4,
1811.

are as a rule too much disposed to exaggerate the part that innate gifts play in human evolution as compared to environment and opportunity. As has been often said,
the mightiest oaks require the richest soils to attain full growth. Similarly the natural birth-gifts of Goethe, ex-

We

traordinary though they were, could neither have produced the intellectual phenomenon that he became, had he lived anywhere else than on German soil. The truth is that
greatness in every field of human effort, depends upon opportunity, and external influence as well as upon inborn qualities. It is obvious that we cannot determine the condi-

under which we are born, but we can utilize them we can enrich them to an extent commensurate with our natal endowments and with our susceptibility to development. Selecting Goethe for illustration, we easily detect in the
tions
;

atmosphere prevailing in Germany during the latter part of the Eighteenth Century, the conditions of time and place, and in Goethe himself, the qualities of mind and heart indispensable for the production of his "Werther."
293

Simi-

294

HOW

TO BEAD

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
larly,

295

Weimar
and led
intellect

an apparently accidental meeting with the Duke of furnished Goethe with a fresh field of opportunity
to the full revelation

and expression of his mighty This evolution resulted in an unparalleled combination of every human element and accounts for his apparently extraordinary contradictions in conduct and achievement. On the one hand, his imagination attains the highest flights of poetic excellence; he lives in the unreal realm of fancy and of dreams, he loses himself and character.
busy men and in their practical activities. hand he rivals a Newton in scientific achievement, competes with the surgeon and the jurist in their respective fields, and hardly yields precedence to a Talleyrand or a Rochefoucauld in knowledge of the world and in ability to penetrate the hidden thoughts and motives of men. He creates a Faust who barters his soul for mortal love and sensual delight, but at the same moment abandons both to a mocking and triumphant Mephistopheles. Thus we may run through the long list of Goethe's virtues and achievements to find that we have failed to include the philanthropist, the tender and self-sacrificing friend, the idol of a home where peace and happiness are mingled with the worship, love, and homage which he receives from the cultivated and the enlightened, as well as from those that are near and dear to him. And even after supplying
in the throngs of

On

the other

this omission, we are confronted with the realization that we have not done justice to Goethe by our failure to still add the negatives of all that is highest and best in human char-

acter

and thus completely and faithfully reproduce his seemingly contradictory nature and personality. Having done this we arrive at this summary which has

been made by those

who knew him

best.

They conclude

296
that he

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
;

was the most humane of men, with highly developed powers of soul, and physical perfection a man whose physical life fully retained its independence and thoroughly permeated the spiritual all this uniting in such striking proportions as to impress those who knew him with the fact that they had never before met such a being.

CHARLES DICKENS

DATE
BRITISH
THIS
letter

1835

MUSEUM
to

from Charles Dickens

Thomas Fraser was

in reference to writing a series of articles for the Evening Chronicle. It is dated Furnival's Inn, January 20, 1835.

The
that he

secret of Dickens' universal literary popularity is was endowed by Mother Nature with a combination

of qualities of mind and heart which demanded neither the tempering of experience, nor the evolution of labor and of
years.

These qualities seemed
in

to attain their fullest develit

opment

him simultaneously, making
predominating one. for example, shall we find

almost impossible

to single out the

Where,
sphere of
or in
cere

any other man in his human achievement who was more consummately
love and devotion to that

adapted to his special work by special natural endowment,

whom

work was more

sin-

in fact, consuming? Among what records, must we delve to unearth another human heart that pulsated more

completely in sympathy with the frailties, the nobilities, the aspirations, the joys and sorrows of the human race? In what corner of the globe would we look for a mortal whose mental or physical eye is as keenly sharp and observant, is as acutely microscopic in detecting and revealing all that serves to make up humanity in both its private and
297

298

HOW

TO READ

CHARLES DICKENS

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING
;

299

public relations in all its complexities of character, of conduct and experience; in the mysteries of its purpose and destiny? Nor must it be forgotten that in accomplishing

wonderful work, he has not sacrificed a single friend, actual enemy. On the so completely has Dickens identified himself with contrary, his fellow-creatures of all sorts and conditions, that he may be truly said to have spoken with their tongue, written with their pen, felt with their heart thus exemplifying the dramatists characterization of ''Two souls with but a single thought; two hearts that beat as one." We therefore find in this remarkable man, the following prominent characteristics boundless imagination exalted,
his

wounded a human being or made one

;

:

noble,

sublime,

as

well

as

grotesque;

fantastic,

wild

imagery; exuberant, frolicsome, cheerful, mirth; laughter and fun; open, good-hearted capacity for full and exhaustive enjoyment of life in all its moods, manifestations and pleasures; delight in the enjoyment of home and family; intense sympathy with every human emotion and aspiration; an almost superhuman keenness of observation of human character, mannerisms, peculiarities of conduct and behavior, with an innate genius for penetrating and sympathizing with the joys and sorrows, the daily, domestic and intimate life of poor, uncultured, humble folk, so that he actually succeeded in revealing to them a new world of their own better than that they were familiar with, and in even inspiring them with a higher purpose.

300

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

JL

WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY

DATE
BRITISH

1849

MUSEUM
to

A LETTEE from
ton,
' '

Thackeray

the Printed Books in the British

Antonio Panizzi, Keeper of Museum. Dated, Kensing-

May, 1849.
' '

Thackeray's earliest manifestation of literary talent was Timbucktoo, a burlesque of the poem with which his contemporary and life-long friend, Tennyson, carried off the Chancellor's prize at Trinity College, Cambridge. His detestation of the genus "snob" also came to the surface at the same stage of his career, and increased as time ran on.

Although no laurels crowned

his labors at school or col-

lege, he was laying the foundation for his subsequent successes by omnivorous reading of the romantic literature of the day, which was the mental pabulum for which Nature

had richly prepared and adapted his brain. Thackeray was endowed with the power of acute observation and used his eyes to such good purpose that he stored up a rich fund of experience which, combined \.dth his close
association with such

men

as Liddell, Tennyson, Fitzgerald,

Kinglake and Monckton Milnes, could not fail to help furnish him with the necessary equipment for his subsequent successes. Thus equipped, his patrimony dissipated, with no employment to fall back upon, it was natural that he should seek refuge in the harbor of literature. As Trollope says
;

301

302

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

a profession that requires no capital, no special education, no training. If a man can command a table, a chair, a pen, paper and ink, he can commence his trade as a
It is

"

literary

man."

Accordingly Thackeray entered this field armed with his romantic pen and the irresistible charm and power of that breeding and nobility which are the hall-mark of the English university.

expect to find, simplicity was one of the characteristics of the man whose pet aversion was leading snobbery. His diction religiously avoids bombast, pomposity and involved sentences. He was also utterly lacking in conceit, so much so that he did not hesitate to make this confession: "One of Dickens' immense superiorities over

As we should

me

great fecundity of imagination," and yet he himself had a liberal amount of imagination. Not a few of his friends and admirers Charlotte Bronte for example regarded him as a social reformer, whose censure proceeded from the heart rather than the head for he was profoundly sincere. It must be admitted that irony
is his
;

and satire were habitual with him, but only as an aid moral purpose of regeneration. He has been accused
:

to his

of the

very offense that he gibbeted so fiercely snobbery, toadying to the great and repelling his inferiors. In so far as objecting to the familiarity of the "Bob Bowstreets" and

"Tom
is

no doubt true,

Garbages" of Grub Street is concerned, this charge for, Thackeray was not only diffident but
qualities that can be easily mistaken for fact

also sensitive

pride and brusqueness, and are reconcilable with the
that he

was

essentially a composite of the sentimentalist

and the

cynic.

BRITISH
SPECIMEN reproduced
is

MUSEUM

part of a letter in French from

Victor Hugo to the publisher Charles Griffin in which he declines to correct the proof of the sketch of his life in
the "Dictionary of Contemporary Biography." Hautville House, March 1, 1860.
less, sightless, voiceless

It is

dated

We are told that Victor Hugo came into the world "colorand so poor a weakling that all despaired of him except his mother." Life, indeed, appeared about to erase from its book a child "whose short day of existence seemed destined to pass into night without a morn." These are Victor Hugo's own words his description of himself as he entered upon his long and eventfrom 1802 to 1885. That such an entity should ful life have survived; that he should have developed into a phe-

nomenal protagonist

in the loftiest field of

man's

intellec-

tual achievement, is convincing proof that nothing is impossible. There must, indeed, have been some purpose in it

possibly human progress and development through Victor Hugo's genius. There are few men of note whose inmost nature has been more difficult to reach, for the reason that he has no doubt unintentionally mystified us in this respect. He did

example, in his Feuilles d'Automne (Autumn Leaves), published in 1831 a work breathing throughout, sadness, melancholy, disappointment, grief, suffering.
this,

for

303

304

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

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'V
i
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j

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'*

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fe

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j>

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.:

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t ^
:<

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Si

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V

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^

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i
.;

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it'l*

r\

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

305

That Hugo should at this period of his life, when his physical and mental forces were at their highest, although he was but 29 years of age when the whole world was before him when he had just published one of his greatest works "Notre Dame de Paris" ; when his fame and name were already established and had brought him distinction and hosts of perfervid worshipers; when domestic peace and happiness were his that he should, at this glorious springtime of his accumulating greatness, have sounded a note so
;
;

:

;

plaintive

a touching wail of his departed youth

is

indeed

strange. The true psychological explanation is not discoverable in his career his external life and can be found

only in his inherent, temperamental sadness, and it does not matter even if in middle life and up to its close, he fought
bitter enemies, political persecution, with all the hopeful-

and courage of a character that knew not or despair. complaint Forster, the author of a "Life of Charles Dickens", and Legouve, French Academician, coincide precisely in praise
ness, tenacity

what he invariably was; anecdote and pleasantry." unaffected, amusing, Even in later years M. Lesclide,his private secretary speaks of the "charm of his conversation which was easy, simple yet full of color, and when he was animated, of an ardent enthusiasm." De Banville also expresses his admiration for Hugo's modesty and urbanity and adds that he was
of

Hugo

as being "in private life
full

of

"affable, full of welcome, thinking of everyone, forgetful of himself and retaining no trace of his aristocratic breeding,

save an exquisite politeness and familiar courtesy.

When

in his house you felt at home, free, happy, at ease, and warmed by a pleasant atmosphere of affection and

tenderness

with hospitality of the right kind.

306
It

HOW

TO READ

nobility.

Miserables," particular, open record of his abhorrence of the "social damnation creating artificial hells in the midst of civilization, and complicating destiny with an element of human fatality." It is a wonderful contribution to the solution of four problems; "the

was after he had reached middle life, and during his and residence at Guernsey, that he published his greatest works. His house there was really a part of himself as was Abbotsford of Sir Walter Scott. There, was revealed the aesthetic side of his character. For example, at a time when blue china, old oak and tapestry were practically unknown, Hugo's home was plentifully adorned and embellished, and one can easily gauge the congeniality of his labor, its productiveness, and its phenomenal success. Victor Hugo's works give a clear insight into his moral " Les in is an
exile

degradation of man through proletarianism, the fall of woman through hunger, and atrophy of the child through night, and social asphyxia through ignorance and misery." In 1864 Victor Hugo returned to France, still the same,
faithful, loyal friend, companion and confidential comrade of his sons, their equal in alertness and activity radiant, gay and at all times gracious and good. He was kindness

and ever indulgent to them, while his benevolence and good will extended beyond the sacred walls of home to all without its gates. He was something even more and greater than "master, pontiff, king," he was the "man, the 'kindly relation, the friend, and as each he was most lovable." Victor Hugo was essentially great in every sense of the
itself to his family,

word;

in private life, gentle, simple, kind, genial; in his

public relations, filled with profound convictions for which

he was ever ready to

fight

and

to suffer.

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

307

s

Xr\ou*-^

UV\ Oj?

C5>S

V^ V v

"V

^-

t>

JU x/

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW

HENEY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW DATED 1864 BRITISH MUSEUM
a letter from Longfellow dated Cambridge, Mass., February 1, 1864, to Hiram Corson, the publisher, who issued the edition of Chaucer's "Legende of Good Women," and for a copy of which Longfellow thanks him. If Longfellow had never written a line of poetry, he would have transmitted to posterity a fame in no degree less lustrous than that which has actually been accorded him. "Evangeline," commonly considered the best of his poems, and "Tine Song of Hiawatha" won for him the admiration, affection and tender remembrance, not only of his countrymen, but of his friends in foreign lands, and caused them to cherish him as one of the sweetest, kindest, tenderest and noblest of men. It is indeed difficult to name a single human virtue that

THIS

is

was not revealed in Longfellow, and the highest praise that can be bestowed upon him as a poet, and the greatest tribute
that can be paid to his

memory

is

to say that his life itself
to
is

was the best, the noblest of poems. To specifically describe his character would be merely sum up almost all that is divine in human nature. It

therefore sufficient to conclude with the statement that he
virtue

"united in his strong, transparent humanity almost every that no man ever lived more completely in the light than Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.
; ' '

308

RALPH WALDO EMERSON
DATE
BRITISH
1867

MUSEUM

REPRODUCTION of part of the original manuscript of an address read before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, Harvard
University, July 18, 1867, by Ralph Waldo Emerson. It was later published in " Letters and Social Aims" in 1876. Emerson sounded the keynote of his character at a very early period of his career, when from the pulpit he declared his rejection of the orthodox acceptance of the Sacrament
of the Lord's Supper. He viewed this as intended merely as a token of spiritual remembrance and he therefore

dropped the material elements associated with it. Here we have a fearless demonstration of uncompromising, spiritual independence and sincerity of character. Not long after, he expressed himself sincerely in his address to the graduating class of the Divinity School at Cambridge in 1838, in which he protested against the unquestioning acceptance
of the personal authority of Jesus.

This was obviously

an attack upon historical Christianity as well as Unitarianism, and in the very citadel of puritanism, thus affording
further convincing proof of that independence, self-reliance and sincerity that were the foundations of Emerson's character.

Starting with this strong mental and moral equipment, he came under the influences of such distinguished con309

310

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

311

temporaries as Carlyle, Swedenborg and Coleridge, resulting in the rare, finished, unique, productions as poet, philosopher, mystic and optimist, his Doctrines crystallizing into the philosophy known as Transcendentalism. Briefly described, this philosophy taught that man contained within himself all evil and all good that the spiritual man has its material counterpart in the external w orld or
;

r

nature.

It therefore follows that the

knowledge of self, which leads to the revelations the God in Man.
It is true that

purpose of life is most exalted of all

fads and extravagancies marked Emerson's Concord School of Philosophy, and more or lass compromised such distinguished colleagues and followers

many

Bronson Olcott, Theodore Parker, MarHenry Thoreau but while this philosophy identified Emerson with them and subjected him to the derision that was indulged at their expense, there was in him something peculiar; something which seemed superior
as Doctor Ripley,

garet Fuller and

;

to all that characterized these other

eminent persons, some-

thing that turned the point of all

glance harmless from him.

weapons and made them This was the impenetrable

Emerson's most unique personality the very atmosphere of his personal presence, marked by imperturbable calm, and serene expression. Then there was his cheerfulness and trustful repose all indicating that placid he had found the inner "kindly light" leading him to the spiritual freedom that completely emancipated him from all conventional, earthly restriction and limitations.

armor

of

312

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

U

5-.

3

LORD ALFRED TENNYSON

DATE
BRITISH
THIS
is

1873

MUSEUM

to "Idylls of the Victoria.

part of the original manuscript of the Epilogue King," addressed to her Majes'ty, Queen

"When the news of Byron's death reached Tennyson, it was for him "a day when all the world seemed darkened," and he straightway went into the woods and carved upon a rock He was then only 15 years old. Byron is dead. So much for the impression that Byron had made upon him. Afterwards, and before he was permitted to leave the paternal roof and enter Trinity College, Cambridge, his father compelled him to recite from memory the odes of Horace, by no means a task, for by this time Tennyson had become very productive prematurely so having already written an epic of 6,000 lines at twelve, and a drama in
'
'

' '

:

blank verse at fourteen. Tennyson was a great poet at 24 years of age. His volume of poems published at the time, proclaimed him a finished genius; his "Poems Chiefly Lyrical/' brought out in 1830 when he was only 21, revealed "amazing magnificence of fancy," "voluptuous pomp of imagery" and

for a time seriously threatened his health and his work. On the other hand it caused him to "devote his whole soul to the art of poetry," which finally gained for him the title
of leading poet of his age, this title being coincident with the publication in 1842 of a two-volume edition of his

poems, including "Locksley Hall," "Ulysses" and "Sir Galahad."

Another happening enfeebled Tennyson's health and blunted his pen. Through the persuasion of a promoter he was induced to invest all he possessed and a part of his brothers' and sisters' fortunes in a Patent Decorative
Carving Company which collapsed and left him penniless and a victim of nervous prostration. From the effects of this he never recovered completely, although his friend Henry Hallam caused Sir Robert Peel to relieve him personally with an annual pension of 200. With Tennyson's marriage in June, 1850, to Emily Sarah Ellwood, came the turning-point in his worldly fortunes and domestic affairs. It brought him ample compensation for On the the affliction and misery of his previous years. death of Wadsworth, he became poet laureate and devoted
himself almost exclusively to the study of ancient literature, especially Homer and Virgil, Milton was also a favorite.

With each succeeding year Tennyson continued
laurels to his

to

add

crown

until he reached the

summit

of success

with his Idylls of the King in 1859, and even in his old age he added to his popularity and greatness by his Holy Grail.
is perhaps the most prominent of all his qualia simplicity that despised convention. He was, howties, ever, extremely sensitive, affectionate and shy, gentle and sweet, with a tendency to sadness and melancholy, and was

Simplicity

keenly alive to the influence of beauty.

CHARACTER, PROM HANDWRITING
England.

315

Tennyson certainly ranked among the foremost poets of

He

achieved the

maximum

of excellence with the

minimum of imperfection, the secret of his popularity being in the fact that he was, first of all, an artist.

316

CHARACTER FROM HANDWRITING

t

7

**

*g

^L

*+

Z

a

4
JAPANESE DIARY

JAPANESE DIAEY
THE Japanese borrowed
Chinese,
that
is

they

their system of writing from the borrowed rather the characters.

These characters are much alike in appearance but they are so utterly different in meaning that the Japanese to-day find it more difficult to learn Chinese than English or
French.

317

INDEX TO CHARACTERISTICS
to 250 of the characteristics found in the specimens reproduced in this book. The number immediately following each characteristc is the corresponding number illustrated. Many more may be found by the reader.
Activity, 18, 169, 323(6)