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Dna Transcription

DNA Transcription The process of transcription is where a copy of a gene is made within DNA to use as RNA. It is located in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the nucleoid of prokaryotes. DNA stores information encoded in a genetic code. The code consists of four letters and they are T (thymine), G (guanine), A (Adenine), and C (cytosine). One gene codes for on protein. RNA is a molecule that copies information that is coded in another genetic code. This code also consists of the same four letters as in DNA yet with U (uracil), which is a substitute for T (thymine). RNA is a single strand, and has ribose sugar and not deoxyribose sugar. Transcription happens when information from DNA is copied into RNA so it can then produce protein. The first step is transcription is when the RNA (polymerase) enters and opens the DNA promoter at the TATA box which is the promoter region. DNA promoters are specific sequences that begin the RNA ride along the DNA strand. After connection with the RNA polymerase and promoter occurs the DNA strand is opened and the nucleotides are then exposed. Elongation begins when the RNA polymerase has reached the coding region of the DNA strand. The coding region is what contains the code that orders the amino acids that make up the protein produced. As the RNA polymerase molecule moves along the strand, it produces a growing mRNA strand that continues to grow as the nucleotides extend one by one. This process continues until RNA polymerase has reached the termination signal which is one of the three stop codon (UGA, UAA, and UAG). The termination signal is where the process ends, causing the mRNA to fold back upon itself. The process of transcription ends and the RNA and mRNA falls apart and separates from the DNA strand. In the RNA molecule an eukaryotic cell is usually interrupted by a section called introns which is the non coding regions. This section must be removed by splicing and the molecule rejoins in the correct order.

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...Dna replication is the biological process that happens to occur in all organisms and it copies thier DNA, it’s the basic process for biological inheritance. This process all begins when one double helix DNA molecule produces two exact identical copies of the molecule. Then the cell cycle begins, consisting of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Each original strand of the double helix serves as an template for the production of the complementary strand. DNA replication begins at the “origin” which is located in the genome. DNA adds nucleotides matching to the template strand, a number of other proteins are associated with the initiation and the continuation of DNA synthesis.
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...﻿The upper most strand is the (coding strand) DNA base sequence (triplet) of the gene codes for synthesis of a particular polypeptide chain. The second strand is the mRNA base sequence (template strand used for copying) codon of the transcribed mRNA. The process for going from the upper stand to the second strand is called Transcription and involves an enzyme called polymerase. The polymerase attaches to the promoter region (start codon) and reads the nucleotide base sequence until it gets to a termination signal (stop codon) and then it jumps off because it has the whole recipe copied. The polymerase uses complimentary base pairing to attach RNA nucleotides to the second strand with the exception that it attaches Uracil in place of Thymine. The row of “guitars” represent the transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers a specific active amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosomal site of protein synthesis during translation. Each tan ball in the diagram represents an amino acid. The multi-color “piano keys’ represent the four nucleotide bases A, G, T, and C. In the (first) upper stand the A, G, T, and C bases are grouped into a sequence of three, called a triplet. Each triplet specifies a particular amino acid. The second strand contains RNA which differs from DNA because it is single stranded and it has the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, and the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). Unlike DNA, the...

...﻿DNATRANSCRIPTION
OVERVIEW
Changes DNA to mRNA
Happens in nucleus
mRNA is an RNA copy of the DNA for the protein
The mRNA will carry the message to the ribosomes to be translated into a protein
STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION IN PROKARYOTES
In order for transcription to take place the strand must be unzipped but only the area where the gene is on the chromosome
RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for reading and unzipping the strand
Two strands on DNA- one is read and one is not
Sense strand- the strand that is not read
Anti-sense strand/template- strand used to make RNA
RNA polymerase binds to the anti sense strand at a place called the promoter
Promoters usually have bases that go TATA
TATA box
Begins to read strand in 3’ to 5’ direction; builds mRNA in a 5’ to a 3’ direction
RNA polymerase add bases as it goes takes ribonucleside triphosphates, clips off two phostphates, creates ribonucleotides
Clipping of phosphates creates energy needed to form bonds with ribonucleotides
Continues until it reaches an area called the terminator
Terminator causes mRNA and polymerase to release
Product: mRNA transcript
Transcript then goes to the ribosome to be translated
DIFFERENCES IN EUKARYOTES
1. Transcription continues past termination sequence for a significant number of nucleotides
2. Eukaryotic has long stretches of non-coding regions
a....

...DNA Worksheet
Answer the following in at least 100 words:
1. Describe the structure of DNA.
A molecule of DNA is made up of long chains of polymers and monomers called nucleotides. Those chains, two in particular that compose a strain of DNA, are formed by the grouping of nucleotides into polynucleotides. A nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group make up the composition of a nucleotide. In the case of DNA, the four nucleotides that are found along the chain of DNA are thymine (T), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and guanine (G). Those nucleotides are joined by their covalent bonds, more specifically the sugars and phosphates which compose the sugar-phosphate backbone of the polynucleotide.
2. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype?
A person’s genotype comes directly from their genetic makeup, whereas a person’s phenotype relates directly to their physical attributes via protein development. The two are intertwined by the process of synthesis with transcription and translation. DNA is transcribed into RNA which then uses that DNA as a template to translate into a polypeptide forming the trait or attribute. Depending on the DNA or genotype, the RNA or phenotype is conversely related. The process of synthesis with the gene to a protein is based on a triplet code, or a three-base word called codons....

...DNA – RNA Notes
The sugar in DNA is called deoxyribose. The sugar in RNA is called ribose.
-RNA is a single strand of nucleotides. DNA is made of two strands of nucleotides.
-DNA is a double helix with hydrogen bonds linking the nitrogen bases. RNA is a linear strand with no hydrogen bonds.
-The bases of DNA are: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine. The bases of RNA are: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.
-RNA does not have Thymine, and DNA does not have Uracil.
-In DNA, Adenine pairs with Thymine while Cytosine pairs with Guanine. In RNA, Adenine pairs with Uracil instead, while Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
-DNA is found only in the nucleus. RNA can be found in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell.
-DNA's main function is to control cell activities, like telling each organelle what to make and what to do. RNA's main function is to make proteins.
Transcription, or RNA synthesis, is the process of creating an equivalent RNA copy of a sequence of DNA. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA in the presence of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which produces a...

...﻿DNA Research Paper
DNA Structure:
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the code for life; it makes up the genetic material of living organisms. DNA is a long molecule made up of many subunits, or monomers, called nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides contain a sugar-phosphate backbone and bases. There are four bases in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. A (adenine) always pairs with T (thymine), and C (cytosine) always pairs with G (guanine). These pairings are joined by hydrogen bonds and are called complementary base pairs. [Stephen Taylor, i-bilogy.net]
Nucleotide Molecule Double Helix
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When forming a DNA molecule, nucleotides link together through covalent bonds. Together they form a double-helix, meaning the two strands twist around each other. The strands are antiparallel; they run in opposite directions. There can be millions of base pairs in each strand. The double-helix looks like a ladder, twisted as if it was a spiral staircase.
DNA Replication:
Replication is an essential function of DNA. It must be able to replicate itself accurately so that as a cell divides, it will be able to pass its hereditary information and its genetic code to its daughter cells....

...covalent bonds while the nitrogenous base bonds with it’s compliment by hydrogen bonds.
2. Summarize the role of covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA.
The role of covalent and hydrogen are as follows. hydrogen bonds, being easy to break, allow the DNA to break so that copies can be made. Whereas covalent bonds keep the sugar and phosphate together, which allows proper placement and structure.
3. Relate the role of the base pairing rules to the structure of DNA.
The bases in a strand of DNA relate to the base pairing rule due to the combination of GC and AT, make equal strand, that is held together by a hydrogen base.
4. What is the primary function of DNA? What is DNA long chains of?
The primary function of DNA is to code for information. DNA consists of long chains of amino acids.
5. State the names of the nitrogenous bases using purines and pyrimidines .
The bases in a strand of DNA relate to the base pairing rule due to the combination of GC and AT, make equal strand, that is held together by a hydrogen base.
6. Explain Chargaff’s rule of base-pairing.
Chargaff observed that the percentage of adenine equals the percentage of thymine, and the percentage of cytosine equals that if guanine in the DNA of a variety of...