This blog Haiti Solutions supports the growth of political and economic freedom, good governance and human rights in Haiti by educating Haitian citizens, parties and governments on the values and practices of democracy.

It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light

Mwen se echantiyon yon ras kap boujonnen men ki poko donnen

Si vous voulez vous faire des ennemis essayer de changer les choses

Thursday, February 27, 2014

Haiti is a constitutional republic with a multi-party
political system. President Michel Martelly took office in May 2011 following a
two-round electoral process that, despite some allegations of fraud and irregularities,
international observers deemed generally free and fair. The government did not
hold partial Senate and local elections, delayed since October 2011, because of
a continuing impasse between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches over
the proper procedures to establish and promulgate an elections law and to
organize elections. Authorities maintained effective control over the security
forces, but allegations persisted that at times law enforcement personnel
committed human rights abuses.

The most serious impediments to human rights involved weak
democratic governance in the country; insufficient respect for the rule of law,
exacerbated by a deficient judicial system; and chronic corruption in all
branches of government.

Basic human rights problems included: isolated allegations
of arbitrary and unlawful killings by government officials; allegations of use
of force against suspects and protesters; overcrowding and poor sanitation in
prisons; prolonged pretrial detention; an inefficient, unreliable, and
inconsistent judiciary; rape, other violence, and societal discrimination
against women; child abuse; allegations of social marginalization of vulnerable
populations, including persons with disabilities and lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender (LGBT) persons; and trafficking in persons. Allegations
persisted of sexual exploitation and abuse by members of the UN Peacekeeping
Force in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Violence, crime, and forced evictions within the
remaining internally displaced persons (IDP) camps, which contained
approximately 172,000 IDPs as of November, remained a problem.

Although the government took some steps to prosecute or
punish government and law enforcement officials accused of committing abuses,
credible reports persisted of officials engaging in corrupt practices, and
civil society groups’ alleged that impunity was a problem.

Section 1. Respect
for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from: a. Arbitrary or
Unlawful Deprivation of Life

There were isolated allegations of police and other
government officials’ involvement in arbitrary or unlawful killings. Some of
these resulted in arrests; however, none resulted in convictions.

The law requires that authorities refer to the Haitian
National Police (HNP) Office of the Inspector General (OIG) all cases involving
allegations of HNP criminal misconduct. Despite installing a full cadre of six
inspectors during the year, the past shortage of investigators and expertise
impeded cases from being investigated or closed in a timely manner. Senior HNP
officials acknowledged receipt of several complaints alleging abuses committed
by HNP officers during the year, but noted that financial, staffing, and
training limitations prevented the institution from readily addressing all
reports of such misconduct.

In February a Cite Soleil mayoral private security official,
Marcel Fleurissaint, allegedly killed resident Fenol Preval. Authorities issued
two arrest orders against Fleurissaint and accomplice Dieuly Louna, and Cite Soleil
Mayor Jean Louis Barret said that the city would cover the costs of Preval’s
funeral expenses. As of December, neither Fleurissaint nor Louna had been
arrested.

HNP officers also were implicated allegedly in other
arbitrary killings of civilians. In April Port-au-Prince IDP Camp Accra
resident Civil Merius died while in police custody after an alleged beating by
HNP officers during his arrest, which, according to international NGOs,
occurred after a night of protests. HNP Inspector Jean-Faustin Salomon alleged
Merius took part in the demonstrations and that other protest participants
killed him (see section 2. d). Witnesses suggested that Merius – whose body
reportedly was bruised severely upon arrival at the police station – was taking
out his trash when HNP officers stormed the early morning protest and
forcefully took him into custody. In late May the lawyer for Merius and another
victim from the demonstration reportedly received threats because they publicly
spoke about the April incident. As of September there were no further
investigations.

Following the death of Port-au-Prince Civil Court
investigating magistrate Jean Serge Joseph on July 13 (see section 4), security
forces injured or killed several residents of L’Estere during a protest on July
17. Authorities deployed both MINUSTAH and HNP forces to restore order after
protesters erected barricades to block one of the country’s main highways.
While MINUSTAH officials present at the scene claimed MINUSTAH personnel only
fired rubber bullets during the demonstration, media reports suggested that
live rounds injured seven individuals. Among the victims, 24-year-old Rolcy
Ametis died on July 19 due to three gunshot wounds, and a three-month-old child
died of asphyxiation allegedly caused by inhaling tear gas. As of September
authorities had not investigated the alleged role played by HNP officers.

In September, authorities arrested former HNP police chief
Vanel Lacroix, who was implicated in the torture and murder of Serge
Demosthene. Demosthene was being held in custody at the Petionville police
station under Lacroix’s authority in 2011.

There were no developments in the case of the February 2012
shooting of Mary Sony Dorestant by Substitute Justice of the Peace for Chantal,
Barthelemy Vaval.

In late 2012 Port-au-Prince First Instance Court Judge
Wilner Morin launched an investigation into the April 2012 killing of HNP
traffic unit officer Walky Calixte. In the course of the investigation, gunmen
killed two HNP officers serving as witnesses in the case – Marcelin Jevousaime
and Jean Richard Ernest Cayo – in March and May 2013, respectively, before they
could provide testimony to Judge Morin. On March 19, Morin officially requested
that the Chamber of Deputies, one of the two parliamentary houses, suspend the
parliamentary immunity of two sitting deputies – Rodriguez Sejour and M’Zou
Naya Belange Jean Baptiste – whose testimony Judge Morin deemed critical to
advancing the investigation. The Chamber of Deputies leadership convened an
ad-hoc special commission to investigate the judge’s request and provide formal
recommendations to the full chamber. On June 18, citing a lack of evidence, the
commission recommended that the Chamber not lift Deputies Sejour’s and Jean
Baptiste’s parliamentary immunity, a recommendation the lower house unanimously
passed on August 27.

In March the Supreme Judicial Council (CSPJ) reinstated
Judge Fermo-Judes Paul, who the CSPJ earlier suspended from duty in December
2012 after he ordered the release of National Palace advisor Mercidieu Valentin
Calixte, the principal suspect in the April 2012 murder of Fond Parisien
resident Octanol Derissaint. Human rights and civil society organizations
condemned Judes-Paul’s reinstatement, claiming that it violated judicial
oversight norms.

b. Disappearance

There were no reports of politically motivated
disappearances by government agents during the year. The 2011 case of the
politically motivated kidnapping of one of three poster hangers working for the
Mirlande Manigat presidential campaign remained unsolved.

Allegations of current and former HNP officers’ alleged
involvement in kidnappings persisted. Nevertheless, kidnappings decreased
during the year. Through November police recorded 82 kidnappings, compared with
126 in 2012. International and domestic authorities credited the decline to the
increasing effectiveness of the HNP’s anti-kidnapping unit.

In July the Court of Appeals dismissed the pending charges
against six HNP officers imprisoned for their involvement in a kidnapping ring
dismantled following the October 2012 arrest of prominent businessperson
Clifford Brandt. Minister of Justice Jean Renel Sanon intervened to ensure that
the Supreme Court reviewed the appellate court’s decision before releasing the
officers. As of October the suspects remained incarcerated pending higher court
review.

c. Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

The law prohibits such practices; however, there were
several reports from international and domestic NGOs that members of the HNP
allegedly beat or otherwise abused detainees and suspects. Prisoners at times
were subject to degrading treatment, in large part due to overcrowded
facilities. Several reports noted corrections officers using physical
punishment and psychological abuse to mistreat prisoners.

In January HNP Mobile Intervention Brigade and Departmental
Order Maintenance Unit (UDMO) officers arrested and allegedly beat a
25-year-old Cite Soleil resident for “criminal conspiracy.” MINUSTAH officials
verified the victim’s injuries and requested his transfer to a hospital for
care. In February MINUSTAH also reported meeting with a different inmate at the
Mirebalais prison who claimed UDMO officials beat him with a wooden stick
during his arrest.

During the February Carnival in Cap Haitien, NGOs reported
that agents of the National Palace Security Unit beat two journalists working
for Radio RFM (see section 2.a.). Authorities indicated an investigation would
be launched but by the end of the year the status of the investigation remained
unresolved.

In separate incidents two individuals – a journalist from
Marigot and a literature teacher from Bainet – claimed that associates of their
deputies in parliament beat them. The journalist claimed the beating resulted
from an allegation he made during a radio show that the deputy from Marigot had
misappropriated funds. The teacher from Bainet alleged that HNP officers
watched while the bodyguard for the Bainet deputy assaulted him.

Allegations persisted that MINUSTAH soldiers were involved
in incidents of sexual abuse and exploitation. As a mandated UN peacekeeping
mission, MINUSTAH has an official “zero tolerance” policy regarding sexual
exploitation. By September, however, the New York-based UN Conduct and
Discipline Unit had received 13 allegations of MINUSTAH sexual exploitation and
abuse. Citizens filed six accusations against MINUSTAH military members, four
against MINUSTAH police, and three against civilians working for MINUSTAH. In
September local media reported that a member of the Sri Lankan military
contingent based in Leogane sexually assaulted an 18-year-old Haitian woman.
Both MINUSTAH and the local prosecutor’s office opened an investigation into
the allegation. Media outlets reported that a Sri Lankan military court found
the individual guilty and that he has since departed the country.

Prison and Detention
Center Conditions

Prisons and detention centers throughout the country
remained overcrowded, poorly maintained, and unsanitary.

Physical Conditions:
Following the destruction of numerous correctional facilities in the 2010
earthquake, prison and detention center overcrowding was severe, especially in
the National Penitentiary, the Petionville women’s prison, the Petit- Goave
jail, and the prisons in Jeremie, Les Cayes, Port de Paix, and Hinche. Only the
newly constructed prison in Croix des Bouquets conformed to international norms
and was not significantly overcrowded. Others, including the detention
facilities in Cap Haitien, Fort Liberte, Gonaives, Petionville, and Port de
Paix all held more than four times their maximum number of inmates. In some
prisons detainees slept in shifts due to lack of space. Some prisons had no
beds for detainees, and some cells had no access to sunlight. In others, cells
often were open to the elements and lacked adequate ventilation. Many prison
facilities lacked basic services such as plumbing, sanitation, waste disposal,
medical services, potable water, electricity, and isolation units for
contagious patients. Prisons generally used well water as a source for drinking
and bath water. A newly operational sanitation block in the Les Cayes prison
contained nine showers and 10 toilets serving a population of 572 inmates. Some
prison officials used chlorine to sanitize drinking water, but in general,
prisoners did not have access to treated drinking water.

observers indicated in 2012 that approximately 70 percent of
prisoners and detainees suffered from a lack of basic hygiene, malnutrition,
poor quality health care, and water-borne illness. In several prisons the
Department of Corrections (DAP) and the International Committee of the Red
Cross (ICRC) provided personal hygiene kits; in many others, inmates’ families
provided them. Human rights groups reported that prison authorities did not
allow prisoners to shower prior to appearing before a tribunal for their court
hearings. Because of the poor security, severe understaffing, and conditions of
some detention centers, some prisons did not allow prisoners out of their cells
for exercise. One human rights organization claimed a majority of the 37 inmate
deaths that occurred through October resulted from a lack of adequate medical
and sanitation services.

While some detention facilities contained clinics for
treatment of illnesses and diseases contracted while in custody, many did not.
Few prisons had the resources to treat serious medical situations. In some
prisons the incidence of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and drug-resistant tuberculosis
remained a serious problem, although the programs of several NGOs,
international organizations, and donor countries continued to reduce the
incidence of these diseases. Other common medical problems in prisons included
scabies and beriberi.

Prison conditions generally varied by inmate gender. Female
inmates in coed prisons enjoyed proportionately more space in their cells than
their male counterparts, but women at the Petionville women’s prison, like men
at mixed- gender prison facilities, still occupied less than 11 square feet of
cell space per person. Female prisoners also enjoyed a better quality of life
than did their male counterparts due to their smaller numbers, which wardens
suggested was a contributing factor to their ease of control. Access to water
and adequate plumbing was still a problem at the women’s prison, which had no
flushing toilets, and where one pit latrine served 296 inmates.

The DAP, which is part of the HNP, estimated that there were
approximately 10,400 prisoners in the country’s jails as of October. The DAP
also held prisoners in makeshift and unofficial detention centers, such as the
police stations in Petit- Goave, Miragoane, Gonaives, some parts of
Port-au-Prince, and other locations. Local authorities held suspects in
makeshift facilities, sometimes for extended periods, without registering them
with the DAP.

Corrections authorities in Port-au-Prince maintained separate
penitentiaries for adult men, women, and minors. Government reports suggested
that as of July, approximately 4.5 percent of prison detainees were female,
while 3 percent were children. In Port-au-Prince, all males under 18 years of
age were supposed to be held at the juvenile facility at Delmas 33, but given
the lack of sufficient documentation, authorities could not always verify the
ages of detainees. At times authorities detained minors believed to be older
and whose ages could not be confirmed with adult inmates. Authorities moved the
vast majority of these minors to juvenile detention centers within two months
of verifying their ages. Outside of Port-au-Prince, minors and adults often
occupied the same cells due to lack of available space. Authorities did not
hold girls separately from women at the Petionville women’s prison, but
separated convicts from pretrial detainees when possible. Due to lack of space,
resources, and oversight outside the capital, authorities often did not
segregate juveniles from adult prisoners or convicted prisoners from pretrial
detainees, as the law requires.

Corrections officers were severely under-resourced and
lacked basic riot control and self-defense capacity. Prisoners’ access to
adequate nutrition remained a problem. The HNP has contractual and fiscal
responsibility for the delivery of food to prisons. Some prisons had kitchen
facilities and employed persons to prepare and distribute food. Prison
authorities generally provided prisoners with one or two meals a day,
consisting of broth with flour dumplings and potatoes, rice and beans, or
porridge. None of the regular meals served to prisoners provided sufficient
calories, according to medical standards. As a result, authorities allowed
prisoners regular deliveries of food from relatives and friends. Human rights
groups reported that families sometimes paid prison staff to deliver
supplemental meals and clothing to prisoners.

The HNP also managed other service contracts at prisons,
such as sewage treatment. Most prisons had insufficient sewage facilities for
their populations. Since only one HNP central office handled all contracts for
law enforcement and prisons, attention to sewage problems often was lacking.

Administration:
The government did not keep adequate prison records. In 2009 the UN Development
Program (UNDP) and the government created a database that began to track prison
inmates. Its effectiveness was limited because the UNDP system was not
completely compatible with the internal HNP recordkeeping system. All prisons
utilized only handwritten paper files to document and manage inmates. There was
no alternative sentencing for nonviolent offenders. The law permits religious
observance in prison, and inmates could request to see a Protestant minister, a
Catholic priest, or a Vodou houngan (religious leader). In practice most
inmates gained access to religious services only once or twice a year. Prisons
provided few if any organized, regular religious services, but members of religious
organizations occasionally visited prisoners. Prison authorities were
supportive of NGOs providing services to prisoners, particularly at the
National Penitentiary in Port-au-Prince. NGOs provided limited medical
services.

There was no prison ombudsman to handle complaints; however,
the government’s Office of the Citizen Protector (OPC) maintained a presence at
several prison facilities and advocated for the rights and better conditions of
prisoners, especially juveniles in preventive detention. It also sponsored
several small clinics around the nation to bring judges to prisons to focus on
adjudicating pretrial detention cases, resulting in the release of 868
prisoners through September.

Independent
Monitoring: The OPC regularly visited prisons and detention facilities in
the country’s 18 jurisdictions and worked closely with NGOs and civil society
groups. The DAP permitted the ICRC, MINUSTAH, local human rights NGOs, and
other organizations to freely monitor prison conditions. These institutions and
organizations investigated allegations of abuse and mistreatment of prisoners,
resulting several times in the improvement of their situations.

Improvements:
Between January and March, the minister delegate for Human Rights and the Fight
against Extreme Poverty, Marie Carmelle Rose Anne Auguste, conducted several
needs assessments in various prisons throughout the country, including at the
National Penitentiary and the prisons at Saint Marc, Cap Haitien, Petionville,
and Gonaives. Her office, working in coordination with the DAP, provided
clothing, rolls of toilet tissue, cups, bowls, forks, pillows, and hygiene kits
to prisoners, as well as beds and reinforced tables and chairs for reading and
writing workshops to inmates at the National Penitentiary. Minister Delegate
Auguste also sponsored several reading, writing, and artistic workshops for
prisoners in the Petionville women’s prison between January and March.

In April the UN completed a detention renovation project in
the National Penitentiary, which upgraded several cells and added both training
classrooms and restroom facilities.

In September the government, with international assistance,
began the construction of new 200- and 220-bed prison facilities in Cabaret and
Petit-Goave. Renovations continued at the existing prisons in Cap Haitien,
Arcahaie, and the juvenile detention center at Delmas 33 in Port-au-Prince.

In October, as part of its plan to rehabilitate downtown
Port-au-Prince, the government initiated a project to close the National
Penitentiary and move inmates to detention centers in other jurisdictions. As
of December the government had not specified how it planned to re-house the
penitentiary’s approximately 4,100 inmates.

d. Arbitrary Arrest
or Detention

The law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the constitution
stipulates that authorities may arrest a person only if apprehended during the
commission of a crime or based on a warrant issued by a competent official such
as a justice of the peace or magistrate. Authorities must bring the detainee
before a judge within 48 hours of arrest. By routinely holding prisoners in
pretrial detention, authorities often failed to comply with these provisions.

The OPC’s national and 12 regional offices worked on behalf
of citizens to ensure that law enforcement and judicial authorities respected
the right to due process. When authorities detained persons beyond the maximum
allotted 48 hours, the responsibility of the OPC was to intervene on their
behalf to speed up the process. The OPC did not have the resources to intervene
in all cases of arbitrary detention.

In late July newly appointed Judge Lamarre Belizaire ordered
the arrest of Enold Florestal – the plaintiff in a corruption case against the
wife and son of President Martelly. The judge also issued an official summons
for one of his lawyers, Andre Michel, for allegedly planning the 2010 shooting
death of Frantzy Duverseau (Enold Florestal’s brother-in-law). The shooting was
carried out by individuals who at the time were active in the HNP. The same day
on Judge Belizaire’s orders, the HNP arrested Enold’s brother, Josue Florestal,
for his alleged involvement in the 2010 shooting. In August HNP officers beat
and arrested Enold, and submitted him for questioning by Belizaire about his
actions in the lead up to Duverseau’s death. Enold refused to answer
Belizaire’s questions without having his lawyer present. Human rights group
RNDDH visited Enold at the National Penitentiary after his arrest, and verified
that he had been beaten while in custody.

Human rights groups criticized Belizaire’s actions, arguing
that he did not follow proper judicial procedure in either re-launching the
investigation into Duverseau’s 2010 death or issuing arrest warrants and
summons for the Florestal brothers and Andre Michel. Led by Haitian Bar
Association-nominated CSPJ member Jacques Letang, the CSPJ opened an
investigation into Belizaire’s actions. After initially ignoring a late August
summons to testify before the members of the CSPJ in the affair, Belizaire
argued that Letang’s affiliation with the Bar Association (which had issued a
public note condemning Belizaire in early August) prevented him from
investigating him in an unbiased fashion. CSPJ member Alix Civil subsequently
replaced Letang as lead investigator. As of December, there were no
developments in Belizaire’s investigation by the CSPJ.

In late October HNP officers detained Andre Michel on
obstruction of justice charges after he refused to allow his car to be searched
during an evening traffic stop. Authorities held Michel for the remainder of
the night and most of the next day for questioning. While detained, Michel
spoke with counsel and other associates and was moved to several different
locations during the incident. Parliamentarians and bar colleagues joined
Michel at Port-au-Prince’s main courthouse during the afternoon of October 23,
unlawfully removed him from custody without violence to the Parliament
building, where he met with members of both the Chamber of Deputies and the
Senate. Michel’s detention prompted demonstrations in both Port-au-Prince and
Cap Haitian. Following the incident, the Haitian Bar Association initiated a
general strike to protest what they described as the judiciary’s harassment of
Enold Florestal and Andre Michel. Several government officials, including the
minister of justice, the president of the CSPJ, and representatives of the
Office of the Prime Minister, described Michel, who was also the subject of a
subpoena (mandate d’amener) in connection with the Duverseau murder case, as a
fugitive, although government officials did not serve him with the subpoena
when he was in police custody. In November, following negotiations with lawyers
affiliated with Michel, Judge Belizaire cancelled the subpoena against him.
Michel met with Belizaire at the Port-au-Prince Bar Association headquarters to
answer his questions. As of December the State Prosecutor was relieved of his
position and the strike ended.

Role of the Police
and Security Apparatus

The HNP is an autonomous civilian institution under the authority
of a single director general and includes police, corrections, fire, emergency
response, airport security, port security, and coast guard functions. The HNP’s
capabilities and professionalism improved during the year; in June, the HNP
dismantled a ring responsible for at least 12 kidnappings, made 72 arrests for
a range of other crimes, and seized seven firearms and 500 kilograms of
marijuana.

In September President Martelly welcomed the return of 40
Haitian students who participated in a nine-month military engineering
education and training program in Ecuador. The engineers joined a larger force
with border surveillance, counternarcotics, civil affairs, disaster
preparedness and environmental protection work and began working in the
Artibonite Valley with a non-MINUSTAH

Ecuadorian engineering unit already stationed there.

Impunity for alleged abuses committed by members of the
police force remained a problem during the year. Officially, the Ministry of
Justice and Public Security, through its minister and the secretary of state
for public security, provides oversight to the HNP. The HNP’s OIG is
responsible for conducting internal investigations into allegations of police
misconduct and recommending administrative action, as well as referring cases
of criminal police misconduct to the prosecutor. Neither the OIG nor the
prosecutors consistently managed cases effectively.

Women constituted approximately 10 percent of the police
force. The HNP Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) unit remained underresourced.
The unit had two satellite offices at Fort National and Delmas 33. SGBV unit
leadership noted that several Port-au-Prince-based police stations contained
HNP officers who had benefited throughout the year from training on GBV issues.

Since 2004 MINUSTAH, made up of 8,748 international military
and police officers and civilians as of October, has operated with a mandate to
assist and advise the government on security-related matters. MINUSTAH retained
responsibility for patrolling IDP camps, but without arrest authority and with
limited HNP support, it had difficulty controlling crime and violence that
occasionally erupted (see section 2.d.).

Foreign governments and other entities continued to provide
a wide variety of training and other types of assistance to increase HNP
professionalism.

Arrest Procedures and
Treatment of Detainees

The law permits police officers to make arrests when they
apprehend a suspect during the commission of a crime, or subsequently with a
court-authorized warrant.

Authorities generally allowed detainees access to family
members after arrest. While authorities generally acknowledged the right to
counsel, most detainees could not afford a private attorney. Some departmental
bar associations and legal assistance groups provided pro-bono counsel to
indigents. Some NGO attorneys also provided pro-bono services to the indigent,
but the government had no nationwide program to address these deficiencies. The
criminal procedure code does not afford a functional bail system.

Arbitrary Arrest:
MINUSTAH reporting confirmed instances in which, contrary to Haitian law,
police apprehended persons not actively committing crimes without warrants or
with improperly prepared warrants. Authorities frequently detained individuals
on unspecified charges. Persons arrested reported credible instances of
extortion, false charges, illegal detention, physical violence by HNP
personnel, and judiciary officials’ refusal to comply with basic due process
requirements. The judicial system rarely observed the constitutional mandate to
bring detainees before a judge within 48 hours, and prolonged pretrial
detention remained a serious problem. In some cases detainees spent years in
detention without appearing before a judge.

Pretrial Detention:
Prolonged pretrial detention remained a serious problem. Prison population
statistics did not include the large number of persons held in police stations
around the country for longer than the 48-hour maximum initial detention
period. Of the approximately 10,400 prison inmates, authorities held
approximately 7,414 (or 73 percent) in pretrial detention. Approximately 72
percent of adult male prisoners and 78 percent of adult female prisoners were
in pretrial detention, while 80 percent of male minors and 96 percent of female
minors were pretrial detainees. Pretrial detention was significantly more
prevalent in Port-au-Prince, where the pretrial detainee population represented
approximately 58 percent of the national pretrial detainee prison population.
As of July authorities had yet to try an estimated 91percent of
Port-au-Prince’s inmates.

In some jurisdictions outside of Port-au-Prince, the size of
the pretrial detention population was much closer to internationally defined
norms. Many pretrial detainees had never consulted with an attorney, appeared
before a judge, or been given a docket timeline. While statements from prison
wardens suggested that on average the majority of inmates spent between two and
five years in pretrial detention, reports indicated that time spent in pretrial
detention was much lower, and varied by geographic jurisdiction. The average
length of pretrial detention for inmates in the prisons in Saint-Marc, Fort
Liberte, and Cap Haitien were 4.0, 4.2, and 8.6 months, respectively. Prisoners
in the National Penitentiary and women’s prison spent an average of 15 and 21
months, respectively. Even so, several inmates in the National Penitentiary
claimed to Ministry of Justice representatives in March that they had spent
more than five years in pretrial detention, allegations that local ICRC staff
corroborated.

Amnesty: In March
the government granted amnesty to 104 prisoners and commuted the life sentences
of six other inmates to 15 years. The Port-au-Prince

First Instance Court also amnestied four women. The Ministry
of Justice and Public Security collaborated closely with human rights
organizations prior to releasing the prisoners to ensure that individuals
selected for amnesty had not been convicted of gross violations of human
rights. In October, in commemoration of the World Day for Prisoners, the
government granted amnesty to an additional 64 detainees, including 27 women
and girls housed at the Petionville Women’s Prison.

e. Denial of Fair
Public Trial

Although the law provides for an independent judiciary,
senior officials in the executive and legislative branches exerted significant
influence on the judicial branch and law enforcement. Allegations of high-level
executive intimidation of judicial officials and corruption were frequent. MINUSTAH
and international and local NGOs repeatedly criticized the government for
attempting to influence judicial officials. Judges assigned to politically
sensitive cases complained about interference from the executive branch. In one
high-profile case, senior government officials in the National Palace, Ministry
of Justice and Public Security, and Prime Minister’s Office were accused of
pressuring Serge Joseph, a judge investigating allegations of corruption
involving members of President Martelly’s family. Parliamentary officials
rarely cooperated with the judiciary to investigate accusations of corruption
and crime involving sitting parliamentarians (see section 1.a.). Internal
political divisions and organizational, funding, and logistical problems often
hampered the efficient functioning of the CSPJ, charged with independently
overseeing judicial appointments, the discipline of judges, ethics issues, and
the management of the judiciary’s financial resources.

Pervasive and longstanding problems, primarily stemming from
a lack of judicial oversight and professionalism, contributed to a large
backlog of criminal cases. In addition, the justice system sustained
significant losses in the 2010 earthquake, hampering prosecutions and
effectively denying those in the system the right to a speedy trial.

The code of criminal procedure does not clearly assign
criminal investigation responsibility, which it divides among police, justices
of the peace, prosecutors, and investigating magistrates. As a result,
authorities often failed to question witnesses, complete investigations,
compile complete case files, or conduct autopsies. While the law provides
magistrates two months to request additional information from investigators,
authorities were not supposed to invoke this delay more than twice for a given
case. Magistrates often did not follow this requirement in practice, and
investigators often dropped cases or did not return them within the two-month
limit. Practically, this resulted in extended pretrial detention for numerous
detainees.

Corruption and a lack of judicial oversight also severely
hampered the judiciary. Human rights organizations reported that several
judicial officials, including judges and court clerks, arbitrarily charged fees
to initiate criminal prosecutions, and that judges and prosecutors failed to
respond to those who could not afford to pay. There were widespread, credible
allegations of unqualified and unprofessional judges who received appointments
as political favors. There were also persistent accusations that court deans –
who are responsible for assigning cases to judges for investigation and review
– at times assigned politically sensitive cases to judges with close ties to
figures in the executive and legislative branches. In response, human rights
organizations often formally requested that the CSPJ investigate the behavior
and review the judicial decisions of judiciary officials.

The CSPJ was not always effective in ensuring judicial
accountability and transparency. Many judicial officials also held full-time
occupations outside the courts, even though the 1987 constitution bars judges
from holding any other type of employment except teaching.

There were no developments in the 2012 Senate inquiry
investigating the controversial 2012 firing of Port-au-Prince prosecutor Jean
Renel Senatus by Minister of Justice Sanon.

Trial Procedures

The judicial apparatus follows a civil law system based on
the Napoleonic Code and has remained largely unchanged since 1880. Authorities
widely ignored certain constitutionally guaranteed trial and due process
rights. The constitution also expressly denies police and judicial authorities
the right to interrogate suspects unless legal counsel or a representative of
the suspect’s choice is present or the suspect waives this right.

The constitution provides defendants a presumption of
innocence, as well as the right to attend trial, confront hostile witnesses,
and call witnesses and evidence on their own behalf. Judges often denied these
rights. The perception of widespread impunity also discouraged some witnesses
from testifying at trials. Defendants and their attorneys had access to
government-held evidence before trial, and defendants had the right of appeal.

After the April release of a government anti-corruption unit
(ULCC) report on the embezzlement of funds from the national free education
program, Gonaives prosecutor Enock Gene Genelus arrested and detained several
local school directors – including the presumed Gonaives mayoral candidate and
vice president of the political party Christian Movement for a New Haiti,
Pastor Roosevelt Augustin – along with Delinois Dalencourt and Emmanuel
Baptiste. Augustin’s lawyers quickly protested the arrests, and Gonaives First
Instance Court Dean Berry Petit-Frere ordered the immediate release of the
three detainees. In May, after Genelus initially refused to acknowledge the
order, Gonaives Deputy Sadrac Dieudonne, who led the Christian Movement for a
New Haiti political party, claimed the arrests were politically motivated and
designed to benefit Neil Latortue, the brother of a presidential advisor, who
also planned to run for mayor of Gonaives in the next municipal election. In
late May the Senate Justice Commission convoked Minister of Justice Sanon and
Genelus to a special session to testify about the ULCC report-related arrests.
In his testimony Genelus denied having ever received Dean Petit-Frere’s orders
calling for the school directors’ release. The Senate Justice commission
promptly instructed Sanon to request the Gonaives prosecutor to release
Augustin and the others, who were freed shortly after.

The functioning of civil courts (tribunaux de paix), the
lowest courts in the judicial system, was poor. Judges presided in chamber
based on their personal availability and often maintained separate, full-time
jobs. Law enforcement personnel rarely maintained order during court
proceedings, and frequently there was no court reporter. Bribes were often the
principal factor in a judge’s decision to hear a case.

In multiple locales, especially in rural areas, elected
communal administrators (CASECs) took the place of state judges and asserted
powers of arrest, detention, and issuance of legal judgments. Some CASECs
turned their offices into courtrooms.

Political Prisoners
and Detainees

There were no reports of political prisoners or detainees.

Civil Judicial
Procedures and Remedies

Victims of alleged human rights abuses were legally able to
bring their cases before a judge for cessation of the violation. Courts could
award damages forwas difficult and rarely successful.

The investigation into former president Jean-Claude
Duvalier’s alleged involvement in human rights abuses during his time in power
continued as a class of plaintiffs pursued an appeal of the trial court’s
January 2012 decision to dismiss charges of human rights violations and crimes
against humanity. In January Court of Appeals judges formally requested
Duvalier’s presence to provide testimony, which Duvalier attempted to avoid
several times until compelled to do so in late February. The same court in
February also rejected Duvalier’s lawyer’s efforts to dismiss the case because
the plaintiffs – victims of violence during the Duvalier regime – did not
possess legal standing and the Court of Appeals did not have subject matter
jurisdiction. In April Court of Appeals judges began to hear the testimony of
witnesses claiming to have suffered abuse at the hands of the Duvalier regime.
Hearings ended in May, but the prosecutor’s order remained pending as of November.

Cases involving violations of an individual’s human rights
may be submitted through petitions by individuals or organizations to the
Inter-American Commission of Human Rights, which in turn may submit the case to
the Inter- American Court of Human Rights. The court can order civil remedies
including fair compensation to the individual injured.

Property Restitution

There were isolated reports that the government failed to
provide proportionate and timely restitution or compensation for governmental
takings of private property.

The law prohibits such actions, and the government generally
respected these prohibitions; however, there were several reports of government
agents assisting in unauthorized forced evictions and relocations of IDPs (see
section 2.d.).

Section 2. Respect
for Civil Liberties, Including:

a. Freedom of Speech
and Press

The law provides for freedom of speech and press, and the
government and elected officials generally respected these rights in practice.
The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views without
restriction. There were allegations of officials and security agents harassing
or threatening journalists who criticized the government (see section 1.c.).

Press Freedoms:
The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views without
formal restriction. There were several incidents, however, of reported threats
of violence and reprisals against journalists by national and local government
officials. As a result, some independent media claimed to feel unable to freely
critique the government. In July human rights organization Platform of Haitian
Human Rights Organizations condemned what it said was increased aggression against
journalists on the part of public officials during the year. Some journalists
and NGOs persisted in criticizing the Martelly Administration’s treatment of
the press. There were several reports that uniformed police officers and other
government officials harassed or assaulted journalists in the course of doing
their job.

In February, prior to the annual Carnival festival, Minister
of Justice Sanon issued a press release noting his ministry’s renewed emphasis
on applying the country’s laws against defamation, and highlighted that threats
and incitement to violence in the media would not be tolerated. In response,
the National Association of Haitian Media (AMHN) criticized Sanon’s decision,
citing the government’s use of such defamation laws in 1986 to limit freedom of
expression. The Senate called Sanon to testify in late February, and during the
session, the minister noted that he was simply carrying out his mandate to
enforce laws that parliament had passed, and legislators should revoke the
defamation law if they deemed it a threat to press freedom.

Violence and
Harassment: Several journalists were subject to threats, harassment, and
physical assault due to their reporting throughout the year. In some instances,
government authorities participated in these acts. There were some developments
in prominent cases from previous years.

In January the Hinche Court of Appeals dropped the charges
against Jean Soverne Delva, the former mayor of Thomonde accused of hiding and
protecting a member of his security team, Jean-Robert Vobe, after the latter
shot and seriously injured Tele Zenith journalist Wendy Phele in Thomonde in
April 2011. In late February Delva was nominated to serve again as Thomonde
Mayor. Radio Tele Zenith owner Rony Colin and Liliane Pierre-Paul of the AMHN
wrote public letters to both Minister of Justice Sanon and First Lady Sophia
Martelly criticizing the appellate court’s decision.

In February two Radio RFM journalists, Watson Phanor and
Etzer Cesar, claimed that they were repeatedly beaten by agents of the National
Palace Security Unit during the Carnival in Cap Haitien (see section 1.c.).
There were no arrests made as a result of this incident.

The 2000 killing of journalist Jean Dominique remained
unsolved; however, judicial authorities called several high-profile figures to
testify in the case’s investigation, which was re-opened by local judiciary
officials. The court summoned former presidents Rene Preval and Jean Bertrand
Aristide, and they offered their testimony to investigating judges in March and
April, respectively.

In May Mirebalais Justice of the Peace for Saut d’Eau Sauter
Floris accused three journalists working for Radio Rezistans FM – Simon Lionel,
Israel Roger Claudy, and Rabeau Louis – of defamation for their reporting on a
land dispute issue involving Floris. Floris and his lawyers summoned the
journalists to demand a public apology, which the journalists refused to
provide. Following the incident, the Association of Mirebailais Journalists
denounced the official’s behavior.

Also in May, Davidson Alcime, journalist for the Cap
Haitien-based “Radio Paradis” and “Tele Paradis” claimed he received several
death threats from North Department director of the Ministry of Sports and
Youth Welsy Borgella after conducting a broadcast assessing Borgella’s and
President Martelly’s first two years in office. Following the broadcast,
Borgella allegedly threatened Alcime during a chance encounter. Alcime spoke
during a press conference following the encounter to denounce the threats.

During a June session of parliament in which Prime Minister
Laurent Lamothe was testifying, parliamentary security assaulted journalists
Fegentz Canes Paul and Patrick Souvenire. Paul claimed that he suffered broken
ribs and a head injury after being repeatedly hit with the butt of one of the
agents’ revolver. The two journalists filed complaints against the
parliamentary security agents with the Port- au-Prince First Instance Court. As
of September there were no further developments in the case.

Censorship or Content
Restrictions: There were no reported cases of government- sponsored
censorship. Libel Laws/National Security: There were no libel laws used or
national security provisions cited to suppress the publication of material
criticizing government policies or public officials.

Internet Freedom

There were no government restrictions on access to the
internet or credible reports that the government monitored e-mail or internet
chat rooms without appropriate legal authorization. According to the International
Telecommunication Union, approximately 11 percent of citizens used the
internet.

Academic Freedom and
Cultural Events

There were no government restrictions on academic freedom or
cultural events.

b. Freedom of
Peaceful Assembly and Association

The constitution guarantees the right to peaceable assembly
and freedom of association, and the government generally respected these
rights.

Freedom of Assembly

In contrast to previous years, there were no deaths observed
in the holding of annual festivals celebrating Carnival in February and July.

There were some instances when the police used force to
impose order during demonstrations (see section 1.a.). Citizens must apply for
a permit to hold legal demonstrations. Impromptu political demonstrations in some
instances provoked aggressive law enforcement responses. In some cases law
enforcement authorities did not grant permits to prospective demonstrators for
fear that the protests would lead to greater violence (see section 6).

Throughout the country, groups held impromptu demonstrations
in front of key government facilities or on major public thoroughfares. These
groups often erected barricades, sometimes with burning tires and debris, and
occasionally threw rocks and bottles at passing motorists and at government,
HNP, and UN vehicles.

There were no developments in the investigations following
the July killing of four Parc La Visite squatters during a
government-facilitated forced eviction.

The law provides for freedom of internal movement, foreign
travel, emigration, and repatriation, and the government generally respected
these rights. The government cooperated with international and humanitarian
organizations, as well as other countries, in providing protection and
assistance to internally displaced persons, refugees, returning refugees,
asylum seekers, stateless persons, and other persons of concern (see section
1.d.). Local and international human rights organizations, however, highlighted
government consent of or active participation in the forced eviction of several
IDPs from remaining tent camps.

Foreign Travel:
The Institute for Social Well-Being and Research (IBESR), under the Ministry of
Social Affairs and Labor, maintained its policy of requiring minors departing
the country without their parents to have parental documentation authorizing
the travel. According to IBESR officials, this policy helped deter instances of
child trafficking and smuggling throughout the year (see section 6).

Emigration and
Repatriation: Reports by human rights and humanitarian groups contended
that Dominican law enforcement officials carried out arrests and repatriations
of Haitian laborers and migrants in the Dominican Republic in ways that
violated Haitians’ civil rights. The International Organization for Migration
(IOM) worked with Haitian authorities to facilitate the repatriation of
Haitians living and working in the Dominican Republic. Local migration NGO
Jeannot Success Border Network criticized the situation and blamed Haitian
government immigration authorities for not engaging with their Dominican
counterparts to ensure the safe repatriation of Haitians.

Internally Displaced
Persons (IDPs)

The government engaged in efforts to promote the safe,
voluntary return, or resettlement of post-earthquake IDPs but required
substantial operational and financial support from international partners.
These actions contributed to the significant decline of the IDP population
during the year. The presence of IDP camps in the country persisted, with a large
concentration of the estimated 306 remaining camps located in the greater
Port-au-Prince metropolitan area. September estimates placed the number of IDPs
remaining in camps at approximately 172,000 persons with approximately 113,300
IDPs departing camps or being resettled during the year. Statistics from the
IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix suggested that by September the overall
post-earthquake IDP population had decreased 89 percent from the estimated peak
of internal displacement in July 2010.

The government, with the aid of international partners,
continued with its flagship IDP resettlement program, the 16/6 Project. By the
end of 2012, 11,000 families residing in IDP camps benefitted from this
project, which completely emptied many highly visible camps on public land in
Port-au-Prince. Several NGOs and international partners implemented similar
resettlement programs. Approximately 90 percent of all IDP households who
departed camps during the year left because of the support they received from national
or internationally supported resettlement programs.

According to the IOM’s July report, a substantial portion of
the remaining camp population had no viable means of paying for rented housing
or alternatives in the event of emergency. While some of the larger IDP camps
had support from NGOs, the UN, and domestic law enforcement, many others were
unregulated, with severely strained resources and extremely limited access to
clean water and sanitation.

Through the UN police force (UNPOL), MINUSTAH maintained its
presence in IDP camps and provided 24-hour security in some camps with high
levels of reported violence. Nonetheless, even in camps with a law enforcement
presence, residents and international observers reported little in the way of
effective protection from violence, including SGBV, urban crime, and forced
evictions. MINUSTAH and UNPOL members did not have arrest authority and
typically functioned as a deterrent force, rather than one actively engaged in
law enforcement. International arrangements governing MINUSTAH’s operations
require an HNP officer to be present for any law enforcement operation, which
effectively prevented MINUSTAH officers from engaging in crime prevention in
the IDP camps without an HNP presence. Understaffing by the HNP sometimes
prevented this partnership from functioning effectively. International workers
in the camps noted that the HNP and MINUSTAH did not always enjoy positive
relationships with IDPs. Camp residents and NGO workers reported that most
police patrols, both UNPOL and HNP, monitored only the perimeter of camps and
typically did not patrol after dark.

Some IDPs who received money, services, or a combination of
both as incentives to move out of camps did so successfully, while others
simply moved to different unregulated camps.

Data on forced evictions from the reports of international
organizations working with IDPs suggested that through September, approximately
4.3 percent of IDPs (4,908 persons) leaving camps during the year were forcibly
evicted.

As of September IOM reported 75 percent of remaining IDP
camps occupied privately owned land and that landowners, in some cases, acted
on their own initiative to forcibly evict IDPs. In several instances, private
landowners initiated the illegal forced eviction of IDP camp residents, at
times with the participation of local government officials and HNP officers. In
April an Amnesty International report concluded that municipal and law
enforcement officials often exceeded their authority in forcibly evicting IDP
residents from private land. According to the report, the law specifies a
complex and time-consuming procedure to initiate a forcible eviction. MINUSTAH
sources indicated that since 2010 not a single forced eviction proceeding had
been filed in court.

In late April, Minister Delegate Auguste issued a statement
questioning the Amnesty International report and claiming that the government
was doing all it could to ensure the dignity and protection of the IDP
population, specifically through its 16/6 program. Local and international
human rights and humanitarian groups noted that the government failed to
respond adequately to illegal forced evictions facilitated by public officials
and law enforcement during the year.

In April the HNP responded to disturbances triggered by an
attempted forced eviction at the Accra IDP camp, allegedly situated on property
belonging to Jean Claude Duvalier’s lawyer Reynold George. One person died in
the violence (see section 1.a.).

In June authorities forcibly evicted approximately 150
families from the Bristou IDP camp in Peguy-Ville. According to witnesses, in
April the presumed landowner, Julius Dufrense – a close friend and business
partner of President Martelly – threatened the residents and ordered them to
leave. Returning on June 4 with other civilians, three HNP vehicles with 14
officers, and Mario Brutus (the husband of the Martelly-appointed mayor of
Petionville), Dufrense proceeded with the eviction, which lasted until the next
morning and resulted in a tractor destroying 12 IDP tents. According to the
reports of UNPOL officers present at the scene, the camp inhabitants fought
back, and the HNP arrested 11 persons. The next day, Dufresne and Brutus
returned with the same 14 HNP officers, a tractor, and a garbage truck and
destroyed remaining tents and effects. Part of the Bristou property allegedly
rested on the site of a government-planned sports park. Government officials
similarly noted that many HNP officers participating in forced evictions were
likely being paid by municipal council members or private landowners, and were
not operating under HNP authority when engaged in these activities. After the
Bristou incident, Minister Delegate Auguste contacted both the Secretary of
State of Public Security Reginald Delva and the prime minister to demand an
investigation and to urge dialogue to prevent further incidents.

Protection of
Refugees

Access to Asylum: The
law provides for the granting of refugee status or asylum through Haitian
missions or consulates abroad. In addition, individuals could petition for
asylum through the local office of the UN high commissioner for refugees
(UNHCR). There were no reports, however, of requests for such status. In 2012
the UNHCR registered 11 Cuban asylum seekers.

Stateless Persons

The country’s dysfunctional civil registry system yielded no
reliable estimates on the number of stateless persons within the country.

Section 3. Respect
for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government

The law provides citizens the right to change their
government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through
periodic, free, and fair elections based on universal suffrage.

Elections and
Political Participation

Recent Elections:
The country held two rounds of presidential and legislative elections in 2010
and 2011. Michel Martelly won the presidential run-off, during which there were
isolated incidents of fraud, flawed voter registration lists, ballot stuffing,
intimidation, and some violence. International observers and civil society
generally considered the second round to be free and fair.

Due to a continuing impasse between the executive,
legislative, and judicial branches over the proper procedures to establish and
promulgate an elections law and to organize elections, the government had yet
to hold partial Senate and local elections, which in some cases have been
delayed for several years. The terms of all local and municipal officials
expired in May 2011 while the terms of one-third of the Senate expired in May
2012. While the 10 Senate seats have not been filled – causing significant
quorum problems in the upper house – many of the local and municipal officials
whose terms expired in May 2011 have been replaced by executive branch
appointees seen as friendly to the current administration. The replacement of
democratically elected officials with political appointees at the local level
fueled criticism of President Martelly. On April 19, the Transitional College
of the Permanent Electoral Council (CT/CEP), which consisted of three members
from each of the three branches, took office, thereby ending a nine- month
standoff over its creation.

Charged with organizing elections, the CT/CEP engaged with
civil society and political party representatives and drafted an electoral law,
which it forwarded to the executive branch on July 1. The Martelly
administration convened its own task force, which studied and revised the bill
for two months. Civil society, opposition political parties, and
parliamentarians criticized these actions, alleging President Martelly was
intent on delaying the electoral process.

President Martelly also cited the 2008 electoral law to
advocate a one-year curtailment of the six-year terms for the 10 senators
sworn-in in 2009. This position drew opposition from domestic political figures
and from international community representatives, who concluded the
constitution allowed for the additional year.

On August 27, the Executive Branch forwarded a heavily
revised draft 2013 electoral law to parliament that in Article 245 provides for
the earlier (January 2014) expiration of the 2009 Senate mandates. On the last
day of its session on September 9, the lower house of parliament passed an
amended version of the bill, which rejected the president’s interpretation of
the Senate terms issue, and set January 2015 as the expiration date. The Senate
passed a further amended version of the bill on October 2, which also set
January 2015 as the expiration date for the terms of the 10 senators elected in
2009.

On October 14, under the auspices of the ecumenical group
Religions for Peace, President Martelly and parliamentary leadership began
discussions on resolving the months-long dispute over the electoral law,
electoral calendar, and related issues. Following the initial discussion, which
led to an agreement on the modalities for substantive talks, the Executive
Branch engaged in broad consultations with several deputies and senators in
early November to negotiate a way forward on elections.

In November President Martelly convened an extraordinary
session of the legislature (a National Assembly) in order to allow the Chamber
of Deputies to vote on the version of the electoral law passed by the Senate on
October 2. The lower house voted in favor of the Senate’s version of the bill
on November 27. A final electoral law was sent by parliament to the executive
for signature and publication on December 4. On December 10, the government
promulgated a new electoral law setting the stage elections in 2014. In signing
the law, President Martelly accepted provisions that represented concessions to
the parliamentary opposition.

Political Parties:
In April the Chamber of Deputies passed a long-awaited law governing the
creation, functioning, and financing of political parties that the Senate had
previously passed in April 2012. Civil society and political party leaders
viewed this law as important for governing upcoming and future elections. The
Martelly administration refused to sign and publish the legislation, returning
it to parliament with significant revisions to the majority of the articles.
The law was included as part of President Martelly’s November convocation of
the legislature, allowing the parliament to resume consideration of the law. In
early December the lower house voted to reject the Executive’s suggested
revisions. The political parties’ law was pending in the Senate, awaiting its
assessment of the Executive’s revisions.

Participation of
Women and Minorities: Five female members served in the Chamber of Deputies,
and no women served in the Senate. In May 2012 President Martelly promulgated a
set of constitutional amendments, including one that recognized the principle
of “at least 30 percent women’s participation in national life and in public
service.” As a result, there was a marked increase in the number of women
serving in appointed executive branch positions during 2012-13. As of November,
eight of 23 ministers and one of 10 secretaries of state were women. Four out
of the nine CT/CEP counselors appointed in April were women, as was the
council’s director general. One of the nine members of the CSPJ and one of the
nine members of the Cessation Court were women. In December the parliament
inaugurated an office of gender equity, led by Deputy Josie Marie Etienne,
which will focus on comprehensively incorporating gender into pending
legislation, as well as drafting new legislation aimed at addressing
inequities.

Election laws since 2008 provided significant financial
incentives for political parties to field women candidates, but parties have
consistently failed to meet the incentive criteria. The gender provisions in
the draft 2013 electoral bill met significant resistance in the lower house of
parliament; during its review process, the Chamber of Deputies removed
virtually all of the gender provisions the CT/CEP and the executive included in
their drafts. On October 2, the Senate reinstated most of the gender
provisions, citing its obligation to follow the recent constitutional amendment
mandating 30 percent women’s participation. The lower house adopted the
Senate’s revisions in late November. Women’s groups criticized the fact that no
provisions in any version of the electoral law addressed the issue of ensuring
adequate women’s representation in parliament.

Section 4. Corruption
and Lack of Transparency in Government

The law provides criminal penalties for corruption by
officials; however, the government did not implement the law consistently or
effectively, and officials frequently engaged in corrupt practices with
impunity. There were numerous reports of government corruption during the year.
Law enforcement authorities and the government’s anti-corruption agencies
launched several investigations that led to the arrest of some government
officials. Although the government continued to implement legal,
administrative, and management reforms designed to increase accountability in
several ministries and government institutions, corruption remained widespread
in all branches and at all levels.

Corruption: In
February the Senate heard the case of Luckerson Laguerre, a former diplomat
serving in Santiago, Dominican Republic, who was involved in a visa scandal.
The government recalled the consul from his posting and suspended his salary
pending investigation. The same month, law enforcement also arrested Merline
Torez, a former diplomat who was also involved in a continuing visa scandal.

Also in February North West Department Instruction Judge
Vinx Etienne indicted 63 individuals, including Alcidonis Henry, a former
education official, before a criminal tribunal on suspicion of embezzling 10
million Haitian gourdes (HTG) ($230,400) from the government’s national free
education program funds. Many of those indicted fled the country, including
several executives from the Haitian National Bank of Credit as well as Port de
Paix’s Ministry of Education representative. The Central Financial Enquiry Unit
(UCREF) of the Ministry of Finance froze the bank accounts of all those
involved in order to recover the embezzled funds.

In March Judge Wilmer Morin formally requested parliament
lift the immunity of two sitting deputies in order to facilitate a criminal
investigation into the murder of an HNP officer (see section 1.a.). After a
formal inquiry involving several deputies interviewing witnesses to the crime,
the Chamber of Deputies formally denied Morin’s request in August. Human rights
advocates criticized the decision, which they claimed provided legislators
unreasonably broad shelter from prosecution.

In late June and early July, law enforcement and judiciary
officials arrested several individuals with close connections to the National
Palace – long-time Martelly associate Jojo Lorquet, presidential driver Patrick
Maitre, and Haitian media figure, journalist, and radio personality Ernest
Laventure Edouard (Konpe Moloskot) – for their presumed involvement in
corruption. Authorities arrested Lorquet for the alleged selling of forged
government badges. Authorities accused Edouard, a regular employee of the
customs directorate until September 2012, of posing as general customs
coordinator and distributing fake badges allowing access to the government’s
various customs offices around the country. President Martelly publicly
acknowledged having been friends with Edouard but denied any involvement in his
presumed corrupt activity. Edouard claimed that he received permission from the
National Palace to distribute the forged badges. The cases of these three
individuals remained pending in September.

The constitution mandates that the Senate prosecute
high-level officials and parliament members accused of official corruption,
instead of handling such cases within the judicial system. Although the Senate
brought no such prosecutions, both houses of parliament launched investigations
into the alleged roles played by high level executive officials, including
President Martelly, Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe, and Minister of Justice
Sanon, in pressuring Judge Serge Jean Joseph to drop his corruption case
against members of the Martelly family (see section 1.e.). Joseph died of a
stroke a few days following an alleged meeting with the group, and local
medical authorities confirmed that Joseph died of natural causes. Nonetheless,
the hastily prepared and undocumented August report of a special Senate
commission leading the inquiry concluded that authorities exerted strong
pressure on Joseph to compel him to abandon his investigation and recommended
that the judiciary and Port-au-Prince prosecutor follow up with separate
investigations to determine the exact nature of the coercion. Shortly
afterwards, the Chamber of Deputies released a report with similar findings. By
September the full Senate had not yet approved the report or acted on its
findings. President Martelly, Lamothe, and Sanon all denied participating in
any meeting with Joseph.

The day following the release of the Senate report, then
Port-au-Prince prosecutor Lucmane Delille began interviewing witnesses
connected to the death of Joseph, and announced his office would begin
investigating the case. The CSPJ similarly opened its own inquiry into the role
that judiciary officials allegedly played in setting up the alleged meeting
with Joseph in August. By the end of that month, however, several CSPJ members
had signed and published an open letter describing how the CSPJ president, Anel
Alexis Joseph (also president of the Cassation Court and close partner of
President Martelly), was interfering with the internal investigation into the
matter. CSPJ member Jacques Letang, charged with leading the inquiry, recused
himself shortly after citing President Joseph’s obstruction.

There were frequent reports of corruption in the HNP. For
instance, affluent prisoners at times obtained favorable conditions of
detention. The HNP investigated some allegations of police malfeasance. The
Brandt kidnapping resulted in the arrest and prosecution of several HNP
officers who were accused of being members of his kidnapping gang (see section
1.b.). In September Ralph Stanley Jean Brice replaced HNP Inspector General
Erick Cherisca, who HNP leadership removed amid allegations of involvement in
illegal activities.

The UCREF has responsibility for combating financial crimes.
As of September there was no update in the prosecution of the 16 corruption
cases that the ULCC had referred to the office of the Port-au-Prince prosecutor
in 2012. The case of Edrick Leandre, a former director general of the Office of
Third Party Vehicle Insurance, whom authorities arrested in 2011 on charges of
corruption and embezzlement of public funds, remained pending as of September.
The ULCC was widely perceived as having sufficient funding, and it enjoyed a
positive reputation, although it did not enjoy any major successes stemming
from high- level investigations beyond inquiries into the embezzlement of
public funds by government officials early in the year.

Whistleblower
Protection: In May 2012 a draft whistleblower protection project law was
deposited in parliament, but the draft law remained stalled in the Senate
during the year.

Financial Disclosure:
The law requires all senior officials of the government to file financial
disclosure forms within 90 days of taking office and within 90 days of leaving
office. The official must report his or her assets, and those of his or her
immediate family. There is no requirement for periodic reporting. The ULCC is
the governmental unit responsible for collecting and verifying these reports.
While the entity reported all high level government officials had filed the
necessary financial disclosure forms for 2012, it remained unclear whether
officials newly appointed in 2013 had done so or whether the ULCC had engaged
in the requisite verification protocols. The sanction for failure to file the
report was a withholding of 30 percent of the official’s salary. In practice,
the ULCC did not apply this sanction. When filed, these disclosure reports were
confidential and not available to the public.

Public Access to
Information: No law requires the government to provide citizens access to
government information.

A number of domestic and international human rights groups
generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing
their findings on human rights cases. Government officials generally cooperated
in addressing the views of various human rights groups, although they disagreed
at times on the scope of certain human rights problems and the most appropriate
means of addressing human rights issues.

There were some reports of governmental efforts to restrict
or otherwise suppress criticism, specifically by journalists (see section
2.a.). Prominent human rights advocacy organizations were often able to elicit
supportive responses from the CSPJ after publically calling for investigation
into perceived violations of human rights and the rule of law by members of the
judiciary.

Government Human Rights Bodies: In May the Martelly
administration issued a decree creating an interministerial human rights
committee (CIDH) to coordinate and harmonize the country’s laws and public
policies with constitutionally guaranteed and internationally recognized human
rights. The CIDH is statutorily composed of representatives from the office of
the prime minister, the minister delegate, the justice ministry, the labor
ministry, the Ministry of Women’s Affairs and Women’s Rights, Ministry of
Public Health, Ministry of Education and Professional Training, Ministry of the
Interior and Territorial Collectivities, and Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Worship. The CIDH was also responsible for creating and implementing a national
human rights policy strategy. The decree creating the CIDH stipulated that the
body must meet at least quarterly and is to receive its funding from the
Ministry of Planning and External Cooperation.

Minister Delegate Auguste provided the prime minister with
human rights policy guidance and implemented several national poverty
alleviation programs. In June Auguste and Prime Minister Lamothe noted that
several of these social programs affected over 70,000 persons since starting in
January. The minister delegate also led the government in several human
rights-related initiatives, including the development of a national human
rights institute, follow-up on the 122 recommendations received during the
country’s Universal Periodic Review, facilitating the creation and work of the
CIDH, and preparing reports for international human rights bodies. Auguste also
consulted with international organizations and multilateral partners to
coordinate government responses to the forced eviction of IDPs (see section
2.d.). She also led the country’s diplomatic representation at several
international conferences and symposiums on human rights issues.

The constitution provides a seven-year mandate to the OPC,
the government’s human rights ombudsperson, a post held by Florence Elie, whose
term ends in 2016. During the year the OPC took a more active role in
investigating allegations of human rights abuse and worked collaboratively with
international organizations. The OPC’s regional representatives implemented its
assistance programs throughout the country. In January the OPC published a
report defining its operational mandate, and detailing the scope of its
activities and accomplishments between 2009 and 2012. For fiscal year 2013, the
OPC had a budget of 31.9 million HTG ($735,000). OPC Director Elie stated that
despite its budget and international donor support, the institution did not
possess the necessary funding or physical or human capacity to implement its
strategic development and advocacy plan in each of the 10 departments. Human
rights advocates and international partners noted that the OPC remained one of
the country’s most important national institutions responsible for
independently monitoring potential human rights abuses, especially in detention
centers (see sections 1.c., and 1.d.).

The OPC, but not Minister Delegate Auguste, sometimes
conducted investigations into the many allegations of governmental corruption
during the year.

The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate each had a human
rights committee. Both parliamentary chambers launched investigations into
allegations of executive meddling in the continuing judicial inquiry of
corruption by members of the

The law does not specifically prohibit discrimination on the
grounds of race, gender, language, sexual orientation or gender identity, or
social status, but the preamble to the constitution specifically reiterates the
importance of adhering to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which
prohibits all forms of discrimination. Nonetheless, no effective governmental
mechanism administered or enforced such provisions.

Women

Rape and Domestic Violence: While the law prohibits rape, it
does not recognize spousal rape as a crime. The penalty for rape is a minimum
of 10 years of forced labor, increasing to a mandatory 15 years if the survivor
was less than 16 years old or if the rapist was a person of authority. In the
case of gang rape, the maximum penalty is lifelong forced labor. Actual
sentences were often less rigorous, and prosecution frequently was not pursued
due to lack of reporting and follow-up on survivors’ claims. By June the HNP
reported having received 301 complaints of rape and rape-related crimes since
the January 2010 earthquake. Suggesting that the actual number of documented
rape cases exceeds what police authorities have reported, one prominent women’s
rights NGO claimed that approximately 600 rape cases had been reported to the
HNP and forwarded to the judiciary for prosecution during that same period; of
these, however, only five cases had resulted in a conviction or sentencing for
the perpetrator. The criminal code excuses a husband who kills his wife or her
partner found engaging in an act of adultery in his home, but a wife who kills
her husband under similar circumstances is subject to prosecution.

The law similarly does not classify domestic violence
against adults as a distinct crime. Women’s rights groups and human rights
organizations reported that domestic violence against women remained
commonplace and underreported. Police rarely arrested the perpetrators or
investigated the incidents, and the survivor sometimes suffered further
harassment and reprisals from perpetrators. Judges often released suspects
arrested for domestic violence and rape.

SGBV was a chronic problem. In August MINUSTAH noted in its
Special Representative’s Report a “lack of diligence on behalf of police and
judicial authorities in treating [SGBV] cases, leading to a high degree of
impunity.” The weakness of the justice system made it difficult for SGBV survivors
to find redress, and the fear of reprisals and social stigma attached to being
a survivor of SGBV contributed to underreporting.

Human rights groups and lawyers said barriers to reporting
rape remained high and included stigmatization, fear of reprisal, and distrust
of the judiciary and legal system. They also said there were wide disparities
in access to and the quality of medical services from hospitals treating rape
survivors. Multiple credible groups said that legal authorities often asked
rape survivors inappropriate questions, such as whether the survivor was a
virgin before the incident and what clothing the survivor was wearing at the
time of the alleged rape. In some cases, authorities advised survivors against
pressing charges in order to avoid the public humiliation of a trial. Survivors
of rape and other forms of sexual violence faced major obstacles in seeking
legal justice, as well as access to protective services such as women’s
shelters.

MINUSTAH’s August report on the police and judicial response
to rape cases gathered and analyzed data from seven of the country’s 10
departments between January 2012 and March 2013. The data showed that various
actors in the criminal justice system inadequately handled the vast majority of
rape cases. The report concluded that the state failed in its obligation to
conduct investigations and to ensure that rape victims had sufficient access to
victims’ services or the judicial system. The barriers to justice for rape
survivors included the requirement that women obtain a medical certificate
verifying the rape. Justices of the Peace, who statutorily had no jurisdiction
to handle this type of crime, also at times attempted to “amicably resolve”
rape complaints by negotiating a financial settlement for the victim in
exchange for dropping the complaint. The lack of clerical rigor in properly
registering rape complaints also contributed to systemic underreporting.

The vast majority of rape survivors never filed a complaint.
Those who did choose to file a complaint could do so with the police, the
prosecutor’s office, or with a justice of the peace. Survivors could also
request the doctor at the medical center call the HNP on their behalf. While
the UN report found that 81 percent of women who chose to file a rape complaint
did so with the police, very few of those cases that formally entered the
judicial system via the police, prosecutor’s office, or the justices of the
peace were ever resolved. According to the report: (1) police handled only 47
percent of the cases reported to them; (2) the justices of the peace forwarded
to the proper judicial authorities 61percent of the cases they received from
either the police or victims; (3) prosecutors pursued 64 percent of all rape
cases they received; (4) investigating magistrates’ chambers only pursued 10
percent of the cases received from victims or prosecutors; and (5) first
instance courts only handled 34 percent of the cases they received from the
investigating magistrates’ chambers. Overall, only a small percentage of
complaints filed went to trial. The data suggested that, in practice, fewer
than 2 percent of rape complaints made it to the trial phase, and an even
smaller percentage resulted in a conviction.

One high-profile cases illustrated weaknesses of the justice
system and the stigma faced by rape survivors when reporting SGBV. In late
November 2012, 27-year- old Ministry of Interior secretary Marie Danielle
Bernadin accused Josue Pierre- Louis – a one-time minister of justice and first
president of the electoral council created by President Martelly in August 2012
– of assault and rape. Pierre-Louis denied the allegations, claiming the two
were involved in a long-term, consensual relationship. He also filed his own
charges against Bernadin, alleging she engaged in “espionage” by accessing
files on his cell phone. Bernadin’s family volunteered that associates of
Pierre-Louis had offered significant financial and professional inducements in
an attempt to persuade her to drop the case. In December 2012 the investigative
judge handling the case recused himself, and the media reported he was
threatened by Pierre-Louis’ family. While the president eventually removed
Pierre-Louis from his position on the electoral council, authorities never
prosecuted him because Bernadin eventually dropped her complaint.

Attorneys who represented rape survivors said that
authorities were reasonably responsive to cases involving the rape of minors,
as the law is clear and judicial measures exist to deal with such cases, which
often were accompanied by outrage from local communities. Authorities, however,
frequently dropped or did not pursue cases when the offender was also a minor
or the survivor was an adult due to the lack of clear legal or administrative
structures to deal with such cases. The attorneys claimed authorities often
“provisionally released” juvenile offenders in rape cases back to their
parents’ recognizance as allowed for in the law.

Through international donor funding and support, the
government took significant measures to combat SGBV. Since June 2012
authorities referred over 2,300 SGBV survivors to voluntary counseling and
testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, as well as
reproductive health and psychological support services. Similarly, health care
providers at 30 different facilities were trained to identify and manage GBV
cases and provide referrals to social and legal services. In addition,
authorities sensitized and surveyed approximately 9,200 persons on SGBV,
including 113 medical staff and over 9,000 patients. These developments were
part of a much larger, multi-year public awareness and survey project that
specifically targeted SGBV and reached approximately 115,000 persons living in
high-risk areas.

Students at the magistrate school – who serve as new judges,
prosecutors, and court clerks upon graduation – received training on SGBV and
strategies for improved investigation and prosecution of such crimes, victim
assistance, and evidentiary procedures. Funding from the international community
added a special advisor to the HNP’s SGBV Unit to strengthen law enforcement’s
capacity to prevent and respond to SGBV crimes. International institutions and
NGOs also provided training to 40 women from the Jean Marie Vincent IDP camp to
serve as mediators in family disputes to mitigate the incidence of domestic
violence through dialogue between partners.

Government and international partners also conducted
mentoring sessions on SGBV as part of pilot program for chief judges,
prosecutors, and justice of the peace courts in Hinche and Mirebalais in order
to increase the number of SGBV cases sent to the prosecutors’ office for
prosecution. Since the project began in 2011, Hinche saw a 75 percent increase
in the number of SGBV cases sent to the prosecutors’ office (28 by July 2013).

Sexual Harassment:
The law does not specifically prohibit sexual harassment, although the labor
code states that men and women have the same rights and obligations. Data
concerning sexual harassment in the workplace were not available, although
observers suggested that sexual harassment was common, particularly in
factories. Such incidents were unreported because of high unemployment and
because survivors had little confidence in the ability of the judicial system
to provide protection.

Anecdotal evidence also suggests that sexual harassment and
other derogatory treatment was a particular problem for female law enforcement
officers, who constituted 10 percent of the HNP. Female police officers
interviewed early in the year reported facing challenges their male
counterparts did not, including co- worker gossip, more limited access to
training, fewer promotion opportunities, and discriminatory administrative
policies.

Reproductive Rights:
Couples and individuals had the legal right to decide the number, spacing, and
timing of children and have the information and means to do so free from
discrimination. According to the UN Population Fund, the contraceptive
prevalence rate for married women or women in union ages 15 to 49 increased from
24.8 percent in 2006 to 31.3 percent in 2012. According to the 2012 Haiti
Demographic Health Survey (DHS), approximately 73 percent of women could
participate in decisions about their own health care. Despite high levels of
general knowledge of contraceptive methods and the government’s active
engagement in this domain, social, cultural, and legal barriers often impeded
women from acquiring additional information on family planning methods and
reproductive health care. In the largely conservative society, modern
contraception was often socially discouraged. A lack of adequate family
planning resources continued to hamper protection of women’s reproductive
rights. Young, sexually active women found it especially difficult to gain
access to family planning services. Governmental family planning services,
often located in public health facilities such as hospitals, generally did not
have private or confidential screening areas for patients.

The UN Population Fund reported that only 25 percent of all
deliveries in 2011 occurred in health institutions or with a skilled attendant
present. Most women used “matrons,” often experienced but untrained local
women, to help them give birth at home or in nonmedical facilities. Health-care
professionals attributed this practice to the poor and inconsistent quality of
maternity services at hospitals and clinics. According to the DHS,
approximately 90 percent of pregnant women went for at least one prenatal
visit. While most women in rural provinces chose to deliver at home, many women
in urban areas with access to professional delivery services also chose to
deliver at home.

UN, World Bank, and local health professional estimates of
health trends placed the maternal mortality rate between 300 and 670 per
100,000 live births, although this number could not be confirmed, since
authorities conducted no nationwide survey since 2005. A combination of strict
laws, unmet family planning needs, lack of medical services, lack of emergency
obstetrics, and a high level of unwanted pregnancies contributed to the high
maternal mortality rate.

Discrimination:
Women did not enjoy the same social and economic status as men, despite the
constitutional amendments recognizing the principle of “at least 30 percent
women’s participation in national life and notably in public service,” but
conditions improved during the year. Increased civil society and government
advocacy heightened awareness of the link between women’s empowerment and
national development.

In some social strata, tradition limited women’s roles. The
majority of women in rural areas remained in the traditional occupations of
farming, marketing, and domestic labor. Very poor female heads of household in
urban areas also often faced limited employment opportunities, working in domestic
labor, sales, and as merchants. International partner institutions and NGOs
provided social support mechanisms to various groups, including women. Minister
Delegate Auguste used the various social and poverty reduction programs her
ministry had responsibility for to help economically empower small business
owners and single mothers, and provided opportunities for cultural expression
to disadvantaged youth and detainees (see section 5).

While women continued to be underrepresented in supervisory
or managerial positions in government and in the private sector, more women
held such positions than in previous years. The HNP also saw sustained and
significant increases in the number of female recruits and inducted officers.
The December 2012 23rd promotion class included 6 percent female cadets, while
almost 10 percent of the 24th promotion class (nearly1,000 cadets), which
graduated in November, were women.

Under the law, men and women have equal protections for
economic participation. In practice, however, women faced barriers to accessing
to economic inputs such as land ownership, reaping of profits from work
(particularly agricultural labor), securing collateral for credit, as well as
information on lending programs, as well as resources for financial security
and growth for themselves, their families, and/or their businesses.

Children

Birth Registration: Citizenship is derived through an
individual’s parents; only one parent of either sex is necessary to transmit
citizenship. Citizenship can also be acquired through a formal request to the
Ministry of the Interior. The government did not register all births
immediately and did not keep statistics concerning the number of unregistered
births each year. Birth registry is free until the age of two, after which it
can be difficult and expensive to get a birth certificate, particularly in the
provinces.

Birth documents are legally necessary to open bank accounts,
apply for credit, gain admission to hospitals, and vote. Individuals who did
not possess required birth documents were not denied emergency medical services
or educational opportunities on that basis. The 2010 earthquake destroyed many
official documents. As a result, the National Archives saw its requests for
certified copies of documents more than triple upon reopening after the
earthquake, and the Office of National Identification remained underresourced
and overwhelmed by demand.

In August the government launched a program designed to
facilitate the registration of births and procurement of national
identification cards for citizens in the provinces and rural communities.

Education:
Constitutional provisions require the government to provide free and compulsory
primary education for all children; however, neither primary nor secondary
education was compulsory, free, and universal. The government continued to
implement President Martelly’s free national education program, which provided
primary education for the children of poor families without taking children’s
previous student status into consideration. According to unofficial reports
from the Ministry of Education and Professional Training, during the year
approximately 655,000 student beneficiaries were able to attend private schools
through the government’s program, while 385,994 student beneficiaries were able
to attend public schools. The UN Children’s Fund and other international bodies
contributed millions of dollars to subsidize the cost of schooling. Many
families who were not able to get their children into a public school paid for
their children to attend private schools, which were generally unaccredited and
unregulated.

Child Abuse: The
law prohibits domestic violence against minors. The government continued to
lack sufficient resources and an adequate legal framework to fully support or
enforce existing mechanisms to promote children’s rights and welfare but made
some progress in institutionalizing protections for children. In September the
Chamber of Deputies passed both a comprehensive draft adoptions reform bill as
well as a draft law penalizing human trafficking. The president’s promulgation
of the adoptions reform law remained pending as of November. The Chamber of
Deputies submitted a draft anti-trafficking law to the Senate.

Additionally, the government continued to station outside
the capital more personnel from the Brigade for the Protection of Minors (BPM)
and IBESR. The BPM and the IBESR expanded partnership with international
organizations and training opportunities for government officials on how to
better recognize victims of child abuse and exploitation. Both offices had
representatives in each of the 10 departments, as well as a presence at
official border crossing points. The IBESR continued its collaborative efforts
with local community-based organizations to promote children’s rights
throughout the country.

While it was recognized nationally that accurate statistics
for children working in indentured servitude (referred to as “restaveks”) did
not exist, authorities estimated that there were between 250,000 and 500,000 such
children, the majority of whom were girls, in the country during the year.
Adoptive families often abused restaveks and subjected them to domestic
servitude (see section 7.c.). The IBESR continued to work with international
and local NGO partners to promote and strengthen community dialogue on the
problems and abuses and trafficking associated with the restavek system.

Port-au-Prince’s population of several thousand street
children, the majority of whom were boys, included not only many who were
dismissed from or fled employers’ homes or abusive families, including
situations of domestic servitude, but also some children who lost parents or
caretakers in the 2010 earthquake. NGOs reported that street children were
likely to be sexually or otherwise abused, received little or no education, and
were easily exploited and subjected to forced prostitution by trafficking
recruiters. Criminal gangs also reportedly enlisted minors to commit illegal
acts. The labor ministry, the minister delegate, and the OPC as well as several
NGOs and international organizations provided direct social support services
and other assistance to street children and victims of exploitation.

The IBESR has official responsibility both for child
protection and for monitoring and accrediting the country’s numerous
residential care centers. In partnership with other governmental agencies and
international actors operating through the Vulnerable Children’s Working Group
(created after the 2010 earthquake), the IBESR made significant effort to
expand protections for youth. The IBESR deployed numerous frontline workers and
inspectors to bring residential child care centers under its control. In 2012
the institution had identified 724 centers, registered the 16,955 children
residing in them, and assessed 468 of the centers.

Forced and Early
Marriage: The legal age of marriage is 18. Eighteen percent of women
between the ages of 20 and 24 were married by the age of 18, compared with just
3 percent of men. No data were available regarding early and forced marriage,
but early marriage was not a widespread custom.

Sexual Exploitation
of Children: The minimum age for consensual sex is 18. The law prohibits
the corruption of youth under the age of 21 years, including by prostitution,
with penalties ranging from six months’ to three years’ imprisonment for
offenders. The draft antitrafficking law, passed by the Chamber of Deputies in
September, stipulated that individuals engaging in sexual activity with
trafficking victims receive a sentence of one to three years imprisonment and a
fine of up to 100,000 HTG ($2,300). Inefficiencies in reporting and
investigating allegations of rape contributed to uncertainties regarding penalties,
if any, for statutory rape. Child prostitution was reported in IDP camps as
well as on the streets.

Recruitment of children for sexual exploitation,
pornography, and illicit activities was illegal, but the UN reported that armed
gangs recruited children as young as 10 years old for such purposes.

Displaced Children:
A large population of displaced children continued to reside in 306 IDP camps
and were at risk for exploitation and abuse (see section 2.d.).

Institutionalized
Children: Children residing in orphanages and residential care centers were
at times at risk of being abused or placed in a situation of forced labor. For
more information, see the Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report
at www.state.gov/j/tip.

International Child
Abductions: The country is not a party to the 1980 Hague Convention on the
Civil Aspects of Child Abduction.

Anti-Semitism

The Jewish community numbered fewer than 100, and there were
no reports of anti-Semitic acts.

The 2010 earthquake substantially increased the size of the
community of persons with disabilities and focused international attention on
the need to bolster support mechanisms for this group. Because of widespread
and chronic poverty, a shortage of public services, and limited educational
opportunities, persons with disabilities remained disadvantaged. Additionally,
individuals with disabilities faced significant social stigma because of their
condition. As a group, people with mental or developmental disabilities were
consistently marginalized, neglected, and abused in society. While information
about the number of persons with disabilities was scarce at the national level,
the Office of the Secretary of State for the Integration of Handicapped Persons
(BSEIPH), which falls under the labor ministry, estimated that 10 percent of citizens
had disabilities. International and local NGOs continued to provide most direct
services to persons with disabilities. Access to quality medical care posed a
significant challenge for persons with disabilities. Hospitals and clinics in
Port-au-Prince did not have sufficient space, human resources, or public funds
to treat such individuals. Where facilities existed to treat and rehabilitate
them, the conditions were below international standards.

In spite of these challenges, the government continued to
develop a legal framework for the protection and social integration of persons
with disabilities. The 1987 constitution stipulates for persons with
disabilities the means to provide for their autonomy, education, and
independence. The country is also a party to the UN and Inter-American
conventions on rights for persons with disabilities. A 2012 law provides a
legal mandate for BSEIPH’s work, prohibits any discrimination in employment
practices against persons with disabilities, requires the government to
integrate such persons into the state’s public services, and imposes a 2
percent quota for persons with disabilities in the workforces of private sector
companies. There was no information available on the extent of government
enforcement of these legal protection mechanisms. Government officials also
took steps to include protections for persons with disabilities to vote.

The BSEIPH is the lead government agency responsible for
providing assistance to persons with disabilities and ensuring their civil,
political, and social inclusion. During the year BSEIPH prioritized five areas
for engagement: 1) reinforcing the office’s – and local disabled people’s
organizations advocacy NGOs’ – institutional capacity; 2) increasing
opportunities for educational access and professional training for persons with
disabilities; 3) expanding access to social support, employment, and
entrepreneurship for persons with disabilities; 4) rendering government
buildings more accessible; and 5) reinforcing the country’s legislative and
judicial framework for persons with disabilities.

The BSEIPH opened several departmental offices outside the
capital, and continued to refine a strategic development plan to guide the
institution’s efforts. The BSEIPH also offered scholarships and grants to
students with disabilities, and initiated a program to help fund the study of
disabilities-related issues at the Haitian State University. In partnership
with international donors, BSEIPH also launched a project to renovate seven
schools and universities in Jacmel, Hinche, Les Cayes, Port-au-Prince,
Mirebalais, and other areas to render them more accessible for persons with
disabilities. The government continued to hold public awareness campaigns to
change the societal norms of weakness associated with being physically or
mentally disabled.

The government took several steps to continue strengthening
and expanding local understanding of the existing legal framework for its
citizens with disabilities. Following up on the recent publishing of the state’s
anti-discrimination law for persons with disabilities, the BSEIPH translated
and disseminated the 2012 law in Creole and Braille, and similarly disseminated
French and Creole-language audio versions of the law. With international and
local partners, the government also conducted training sessions to educate 411
judges and other public servants on the key elements of the 2012
anti-discrimination law. Prime Minister Lamothe pressed public officials to
apply the 2012 law’s provisions requiring the hiring of persons with
disabilities in public administration and other government agencies, though it
is unclear what effect this advocacy had in enforcing that law’s quota.

State Secretary Oriol also took steps to ensure that
existing efforts to craft or reform legislation took into account the needs of
persons with disabilities. His office provided technical assistance to
governmental efforts to reform the labor code, domestic adoptions framework,
and building code (in partnership with representatives from the labor ministry,
IBESR, and the Ministry of Public Works, Transport, and Communications).
Similarly, the BSEIPH worked with international NGO Handicap International and
the Ministry of Public Health to develop standardized training protocols for
the country’s physical therapists and other health practitioners.

Following a 2012 high-level government-private sector
business forum designed to push private industry to embrace hiring disabled
persons, the government, with support from NGOs and international donors, held
the country’s first job fair for persons with disabilities in September. The
event provided persons with disabilities searching for employment with the
opportunity to establish relationships with businesses that positively
responded to the government’s call for increased engagement.

Societal Abuses,
Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity

There were no laws criminalizing sexual orientation or
consensual same-sex conduct between adults, nor were there any reports of
police officers actively perpetrating or condoning violence against the LGBT
community. There were, however, reports that in several instances judiciary
officials denied LGBT persons access to justice because of their sexual
orientation. In June an LGBT person, who claimed to have been the victim of
verbal and physical assault in Croix-des- Bouquets, forwarded a complaint to
the regional justice of the peace, who in turn issued an arrest warrant for the
alleged perpetrator. When asked to explain his actions before the judge, the
suspect claimed that the victim had molested him during his sleep. Using
derogatory epithets, the judge summarily threw out the victim’s case.

There were no antipropaganda laws or laws criminalizing the
changing of one’s gender or sex; however, local attitudes remained hostile to
outward LGBT identification and expression, particularly in Port-au-Prince. In
response to increased advocacy and activism by LGBT and other human rights
groups during the year, LGBT persons experienced a higher degree of hostility
from more conservative or traditional segments of society, including government
officials, than in previous years. Religious and other conservative
organizations actively opposed the social integration of LGBT persons and
discussion of their human and civil rights. Parliamentarians publicly noted
that they would not and should not consider any type of LGBT rights
legislation, particularly one calling for marriage equality.

There were no antidiscrimination laws that protected LGBT
persons and minority groups. In addition, traditional mistrust of law
enforcement and judiciary officials, along with a historically low rate of
successful prosecution of SGBV and related crimes, hindered LGBT advocates and
community members from successfully cooperating to reduce the violence and
discrimination experienced by the group. Human rights advocates claimed that in
the greater Port-au-Prince area, HNP authorities were only willing to register
the claims of LGBT victims at the commissariats in Petionville, Kenscoff, and
Canape Vert. HNP officials working at the commissariats in Martissant,
Carrefour, Pompier, Port-au-Prince, Cafeteria/Marche en Fer, Cite Soleil, Grand
Ravine, Tabarre, Lapleine, Lilavois, and Croix des Bouquets were reportedly
generally unhelpful and unwilling to document or investigate LGBT persons’
claims of abuse, according to civil society activists and the leaders of
women’s groups.

LGBT advocacy groups in the capital reported a greater sense
of insecurity and less trust of government authorities than did groups in rural
areas. In the face of visibly increased intimidation against the LGBT community
during the year, police and government officials responded with calls for
tolerance, understanding, and dialogue. Several local NGOs and international
organizations provided direct support to LGBT persons who alleged
discrimination due to their sexual orientation or gender identity or being
victims of SGBV.

LGBT advocacy and human rights groups, as well as
international organizations, confirmed that LGBT persons consistently
experienced great difficulty in formally registering complaints of abuse and
discrimination with government authorities. Reporting of rape and sexual
assault remained low across all demographics of the LGBT community, though
advocates and international partner institutions insisted that the incidence of
such abuse remained high and was increasing throughout the year. Women’s
victims organization KOFAVIV claimed that since the 2010 earthquake, few cases
of rape and other forms of SGBV perpetrated against women, children, and LGBT
persons rarely yielded both arrests and convictions of the perpetrators.

In opposition to growing local LGBT advocacy and
developments in international LGBT movements, the Haitian Coalition of
Religious and Moral Organizations (HCRMO) led an anti-gay march and rally in
downtown Port-au-Prince in July. Over 1,000 persons participated. While the
march and rally were deemed generally peaceful by outside observers,
journalists and others noted its threatening and stigmatizing overtones, as
well as the potential for incitement to violence. Witnesses observed numerous
rally participants of all ages describing LGBT individuals as “masisi,” a
derogatory term for a gay man, and calling for their death by burning and
beating.

Following the July rally, LGBT organizations reported a
nationwide increase in anti-LGBT societal attitudes. Local human rights groups
and LGBT advocacy organizations recorded an estimated 70 incidents. Victims
reported only a few of these cases of abuse to authorities out of fear of
reprisal from family and community members if victims’ sexual orientation were
to become known. One confirmed incident was a mob attack against a private
Port-au-Prince residence during an engagement party for two men. In this
instance, the HNP responded and escorted guests to safety.

In response to confirmed and unconfirmed reports of violence
and intimidation against LGBT persons, the Ministry of Justice and the minister
delegate, along with the OPC, issued strong statements condemning violence and
calling for tolerance. Leaders from the Protestant Federation also condemned
the reported violence and incitement to violence, and noted that before the
July rally they had advised the HCRMO organizers of the need to adopt a
peaceful approach. They also noted that after the rally they disseminated a
note to the leaders of the federation’s major church organizations stressing
the need to oppose hate speech and violence.

In August a mob threatened three gay men and forced them out
of a house in Port- au-Prince, and subsequently burned the dwelling. A group of
local residents surrounded the property and stoned the three men while they
exited the home. After retreating indoors, the mob set the house on fire and
the men were again forced to exit and flee. The men safely escaped and sought
shelter at a safe house. According to the advocacy group Kouraj, police
responded to the crime scene. The victims filed a formal report with the HNP;
however, attempts to pursue justice further in the legal system stalled (see
section 1.e.).

Also in August OPC Elie released a statement decrying the
wave of anti-LGBT sentiment, calling for the respect of LGBT persons’ right to
equality and freedom from persecution, stigmatization, or discrimination for
personal choices. The OPC also called upon police and judicial authorities to
take action against perpetrators of violence.

In July and August, effective action by civil society and
local government prevented additional planned anti-gay rallies from resulting
in violence and intimidation against LGBT persons. In Jacmel dialogue between
rally organizers and civil society resulted in a peaceful event, whereas in Les
Cayes a planned rally did not receive a permit after the HNP determined that
its personnel strength was insufficient to guarantee security.

Other Societal
Violence or Discrimination

There were several allegations of forced relocations by both
private citizens and the government of squatter communities (see section 2.d.).

According to MINUSTAH reports, vigilante reprisals remained
a common practice, especially in rural areas outside the capital. Limited or
nonexistent presence of law enforcement and judicial authorities meant that in
practice it carried few or no legal repercussions. Through June the HNP
recorded 63 cases of lynching, compared with 106 cases reported in all of 2012.
Citizens often retaliated against police officers, particularly after incidents
in which police officers attempted to quell mob violence.

Section 7. Worker
Rights

a. Freedom of
Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining

The law provides for the right of some workers, excluding
public sector employees, to form and join unions of their choice and strike
(with restrictions). Although the law allows for collective bargaining, it does
not require employers to meet or negotiate with unions. The law prohibits
firing workers based on union activities, and employers are subject to a
monetary fine for each individual violation. The law does not, however, require
employers to reinstate workers illegally fired for union activity, although
illegally fired workers have the right to recoup any compensation to which they
are entitled.

The law places several restrictions on these rights. For instance,
it requires that any union obtain prior authorization from the government in
order to be recognized. The law limits legal strikes to four types: striking
while remaining at post, striking without abandoning the institution, walking
out and abandoning the institution, and striking in solidarity with another
strike. Public utility service workers and public sector enterprise workers may
not strike. The law defines public utility service employees as essential
workers who “cannot suspend their activities without causing serious harm to
public health and security.” A 48-hour notice period is compulsory for all
strikes, and strikes may not exceed one day.

The law does not cover freelance workers or workers in the
informal economy, and in practice does not cover the vast majority of workers
nationwide, including agricultural workers, civil servants, miners, and
domestic workers.

The government made efforts to enforce labor laws. During
the year the labor ministry recognized 17 new unions. Government officials,
unions, and factory- level affiliates also continued to expand their dialogue.
Labor courts, which function under the supervision of the ministry, are
responsible for adjudicating private sector workplace conflicts. There was one
labor court in Port-au-Prince. In the provinces, plaintiffs had the legal
option to use municipal courts for labor disputes. During the year, the
Port-au-Prince labor court ruled in favor of 51 workers who had been wrongfully
dismissed in 2010 because of protected union activity and required the employer
to pay 1,322,000 HTG ($30,460) in damages to the workers.

The law requires ministry mediation before filing cases with
the labor court. During the year, the HOPE Commission’s Labor Ombudsperson for
the textile sector and the ministry provided mediation services to workers and
employers in Port-au-Prince, Caracol, and Ouanaminthe. Due to the judiciary’s
limited capacity, the mediation services of the Textile Sector Labor
Ombudsperson and the ministry were often the only official recourse for
workers’ grievances. In Port-au-Prince, where the labor court does exist,
ministry mediation could be an extra step that would unnecessarily prolong the
conflict resolution process to the employee’s disadvantage. The Ombudsperson
mediated 46 disputes between workers and management in textile factories during
the year. Through October, the Ombudsperson negotiated the reinstatement of 110
workers who employers dismissed for union activity in four Port-au-Price
factories.

During the year, in one case mediated by the Textile Sector
Labor Ombudsperson, 146 workers received monetary compensation for wrongful
dismissal following a May 2011 work stoppage and demonstration. Management of
the factory had placed the fired workers on a “blacklist” and circulated it to
multiple other factories. In May the employer signed an agreement with the
dismissed workers, their legal representative, and the Ombudsperson, and paid
each worker with more than three years’ experience at the time of dismissal
7,500 HTG ($173) and each less experienced worker 5,000 HTG ($115). The
employer agreed to rehire 101 of the 146 workers, claiming that it rightfully
dismissed 45 workers.

The penalty under the law for interference with union
activities is 1,000 to 3,000 HTG ($23 to $69). The fines were not high enough
to deter violations, and authorities did not impose or collect them. During the
year the government required some factories to remedy labor violations,
including related to freedom of association. One apparel factory offered
reinstatement to 54 workers who dismissed in late 2011 after they had begun
organizing a group to discuss and address their terms and conditions of
employment and had collectively expressed these concerns to management. The
labor court was in the process of deliberating a final order for compensation
by the employer to 51 workers that will include both benefits and bonuses.

Antiunion discrimination persisted. Workers reported acts of
suspension, termination, and other retaliation by employers on the grounds of
legitimate trade union activities, membership, collective action, and other
associational activity. The textile sector was increasingly unionized; there
were 17 unions registered in the sector in the year, up from 11 in 2012 and two
in 2011. High unemployment and antiunion sentiment among some factory workers
and employers were obstacles to union organizing efforts.

Workers exercised the right to strike in practice. Workers
in many of the country’s manufacturing plants organized strikes in protest over
production-based wages and transportation. Despite the prohibition on public
sector strikes, there were several demonstrations during the year, including
teachers’ demonstrations.

The April and October reports of the International Labor
Organization and International Finance Corporation’s Better Work program noted
reports of employer interference in union activity in the apparel industry. For
instance, in one case, management employees allegedly attempted to manipulate
the union by submitting a written request to the ministry to dissolve the
union. The employer later implemented internal policies to prohibit management
interference in protected union activities. In another factory, the employer
gave disciplinary warnings to trade union representatives based on factually
unsupported grounds not included in the internal work rules. Similar warnings
were not observed for other workers.

b. Prohibition of
Forced or Compulsory Labor

The law prohibits all forms of forced or compulsory labor;
however, the government did not effectively enforce the law in all sectors of
the economy. In the textile industry, the ministry and the Labor Ombudsperson
made efforts to address intimidation and employer abuse and worked with factory
owners to ensure that working hours complied with national labor law. In the
case of one factory found non-compliant in regards to forced labor, MAST
conducted several inspections, and issued several letters to the company
requesting full remediation. Penalties for violations of forced labor laws
ranged from 1,000 to 3,000 HTG ($23 to $69), but were insufficient to deter
violations.

There were reports that forced or compulsory labor occurred,
specifically, instances of forced labor among child domestics, or restaveks
(see section 7.c). In the apparel sector, there were reports of several
practices that, when taken together, were inconsistent with international
standards on forced labor. These practices included: requiring workers to work
overtime in excess of the legal limit; threatening them with dismissal or
suspension if they refused to do so; and physically preventing workers from
freely leaving the facility by posting armed guards at the exit, locking gates
so workers could not leave without the assistance of guards, and frequently denying
exit passes required for leaving the facility.

Workers in one apparel factory were compelled to work more
than the legal limit for overtime, and reported they were not permitted to
leave their workstations if they did not reach their production quota.
Management reported taking some steps to remedy the issues related to forced
labor, including by allowing workers to leave the facility freely. However, at
year’s end, there were ongoing concerns related to forced labor at the factory.

The minimum age for employment in industrial, agricultural,
or commercial companies is 15. The minimum age for apprenticeships is 14. The
law prohibits young persons and children from performing any work that is
likely to be hazardous, interferes with their education, or is harmful to their
physical, mental, spiritual, moral, or social health and development, including
the use of children in criminal activities. The law also prohibits minors from
working under dangerous or hazardous conditions, such as mining, construction,
or sanitation services, and prohibits night work in industrial enterprises for
minors under 18.

There is no minimum age restriction for work in domestic
service, and there are no legal penalties for employing children in domestic
labor unless the nature or condition of domestic service harms their health,
safety, or moral development. The law requires employers to pay domestic
workers over the age of 15, thereby allowing employers of domestic workers to
use “food and shelter” as a means of unregulated compensation for those under
15. Although the law stipulates free and compulsory primary education for all
children, children are required to attend school only for six years, making
children, who are 12 to 14 and are not required to attend school but also are
not legally allowed to work, particularly vulnerable to illicit child labor,
including the worst forms of child labor.

Young people between the ages of 15 and 18 seeking
employment must obtain a work authorization from the labor ministry unless they
are employed in domestic service. Companies that employ minors without work
authorization risk being fined between 3,000 and 5,000 HTG ($69 to $115).

The law prohibits servitude, forced or compulsory labor and
the use of children in criminal activities or armed conflict. The law also
criminalizes child trafficking and the recruitment of children for sexual
exploitation, such as pornography, and for illicit activities. There are no
penalties assessed for breaking the law.

The labor ministry, through the IBESR, is responsible for
enforcing child labor laws. While enduring resource constraints hindered the
IBESR’s ability to conduct effective child labor investigations, the IBESR and
the HNP’s BPM responded to reports of abuse in homes and orphanages where
children work. The government does not report statistics on investigations into
child labor law violations or the penalties imposed. Although the government
and international donors allocated supplemental funds for the IBESR to acquire
a new administrative space and to hire more staff, the IBESR continued to lack
sufficient social protection programs and effective legislation to eliminate
the worst forms of child labor. The ministry directed law enforcement resources
to rescue trafficked children working in the informal economy.

The interministerial committee that included civil society
actors, unions, and employers to address the issue of child labor continued to
meet throughout the year on an informal basis to discuss the challenges
associated with implementing existing laws on child labor.

The BPM is responsible for investigating crimes against
children. The BPM referred exploited and abused children to the IBESR and
partner NGOs for social services. Although the BPM has the authority to respond
to allegations of abuse and apprehend persons reported as exploiters of child
domestic workers, the BPM did not pursue restavek cases for investigation
because there were no legal penalties it could impose on those who exploited
children in this manner.

Children under the age of 15 commonly worked in the informal
sector to supplement family income. Activities and sectors in which children
worked included domestic work, subsistence agriculture, and street trades, such
as selling goods, washing cars, serving as porters in public markets and bus
stations, and begging. Children also worked with parents on small family farms,
although the high unemployment rate among adults kept significant numbers of
children from employment on commercial farms.

The worst forms of child labor, including forced child
labor, continued to be problematic and endemic – particularly in domestic
service. A May 2012 an IOM survey estimated that 250,000 to 500,000 children
were employed in domestic work as restaveks. An estimated 225,000 children
worked as restaveks in urban areas of the country. Most restaveks were girls
between the ages of five and 17.

Exploitation of restaveks typically included families
forcing them to work excessive hours on physically demanding tasks without
commensurate pay or adequate food, refusing to provide an education, and subjecting
them to physical or sexual abuse. Girls were often placed in domestic servitude
in private urban homes by parents who were unable to provide for them, while
boys more frequently were exploited for labor on farms. Restaveks who did not
run away from families usually remained with them until age 14. Many families
forced restaveks to leave before age 15 to avoid paying them wages as required
by law. Others ignored the law, often with impunity.

Working on the streets exposed children to a variety of hazards,
including severe weather, vehicle accidents, and crime. Abandoned and runaway
restaveks constituted a significant proportion of the population of children
living on the street, many of whom criminal gangs forced into prostitution or
street crime, while others became street vendors or beggars.

The minimum daily wage for re-exporting industrial companies
is 200 HTG ($4.60). At the same time, the minimum wage law also stipulates that
production quotas in re-exporting factories must be set in a manner that
permits workers to earn at least 300 HTG ($6.90) for an eight-hour workday. For
all other industrial and commercial work, the daily minimum wage was fixed at
200 HTG ($4.60) for eight hours of work. In August, the government formed a
tripartite, nine-member Superior Wage Council tasked with evaluating the
minimum wage and proposing resolutions and recommendations on issues regarding
the minimum wage. In July the Center for American Progress and the Worker
Rights Consortium (WRC) issued a report which noted that real wages of garment
workers rose by 48.2 percent during the period 2001 to 2011. The report
attributed the significant growth in real wages to the substantial increase in
the minimum wage over the time period. At the same time, however, the report
also noted that 42 years of further growth at the same rates would be needed
before workers reached a living wage. Approximately 80 percent of the
population lives under the poverty line of 86 HTG ($2) per day.

The law sets the standard workday for industrial,
commercial, and agricultural establishments at eight hours and the workweek at
48 hours, with 24 hours of rest

and paid annual holidays. It also requires payment of
overtime, prohibits excessive compulsory overtime, and sets the maximum number
of overtime hours allowed at 80 per trimester. The law does grant exemptions to
health care, lodging, food and beverage, and entertainment establishments;
managerial positions; and family establishments that employ only family
members. The Labor Directorate may grant exemptions for other employers not
specifically exempted by the law. The law is silent with respect to prohibiting
overtime for public sector employees, and it is similarly vague about domestic
workers’ rights regarding working hours, salary, vacation, and severance. The
law establishes minimum health and safety regulations.

Although the law charges the ministry with enforcement of a
range of labor-related issues, legislation on wage and hour requirements,
standard workweek, premium pay for overtime, and occupational safety and health
were not effectively enforced. Penalties were not sufficient to deter
violations, and authorities often did not impose them. The penalty for not
applying the occupational safety and health provisions of the labor code is 200
to 2,000 HTG ($4.60to $46) or up to three months in prison. The penalty for
violating the minimum wage or hours of work provisions of the labor code is
from 1,000 to 3,000 HTG ($23 to $69).

The ministry’s capacity to enforce the labor provisions in
national and international law was limited by human resource and other
constraints. There were 100 labor inspectors, of whom 20 were technicians
trained as labor inspectors. During the year the ministry proceeded with 574
inspections in assembly factories in the Port- au-Prince metropolitan area,
Caracol, and Ouanaminthe. Labor inspections in the capital and elsewhere faced
challenges including a lack of funding, questionable professionalism, and
support from law enforcement.

Different interpretations of the minimum wage law and the
absence of a clear interpretation of the criteria for the piece-rate production
wage were significant challenges to ensuring compliance in the sector. The
October ILO Better Work report found that, of the 23 textile factories
assessed, none was fully compliant with the piece rate requirement in the
minimum wage law. The ILO Better Work report defined “fully compliant” as at
least 90 percent of experienced workers earning at least 300 HTG ($6.90) per
day during regular working hours. All 23 textile factories assessed in the
October report, however, paid at least a base wage rate of 200 HTG ($4.60). In
October, the WRC also released a report on working conditions in the apparel
sector. WRC reported that garment sector workers in Port-au-Prince were denied
32 percent of the wages they were legally due, while Caracol workers were paid
34 percent less than required by law. WRC attributed these problems to frequent
payroll errors, unattainable production quotas, and non- compliance with
overtime regulations, including frequent off-the-clock work to meet production
quotas.

Most citizens worked in the informal sector and subsistence
agriculture, for which minimum wage legislation does not apply, and where daily
wages of 20 to 30 HTG ($0.46 to $0.69) were common. Many women worked in
domestic service, which was also exempted from minimum wage legislation.

There continued to be reports of noncompliance regarding
compensation, paid leave, social security and other benefits, contracts, health
services and first aid, and worker protection in the industrial and assembly
sectors. Although overall compliance remained low, several improvements were
noted during the year including in compliance efforts for employment contracts,
granting required for weekly rest days, maternity leave and annual leave, and
paying social security payments and forwarding worker contributions.

No group collected formal data, but unions alleged
job-related injuries occurred frequently in the construction and public works
sectors.

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013

United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy,
Human Rights and Labor

13 fire fighters from Haiti led by Chief Ardouin Zephirin arrived in Rockville for two weeks of fire and rescue training at Montgomery County Fire Rescue Training Academy http://www.rockvilleliving.com/blog/entries/2009_05_firefighters_from_haiti

Stanley Lucas and Richard R. Bowers, Jr, Chief of the Montgomery County (MD) Fire and Rescue Service (MCFRS