In a charter recorded in the cartulary of Saint Victor of Marseille dating from the twelfth century, a cross fixed on an oak tree was used to mark the limits of a territory or fields: quercum in qua crux fixa est (Guerard 1857).

In A Problem of Self, 2005, for example, the black strokes that form the stripes of tigers, the faint outlines that mark the limits of their bodies, and the way that they stand on the open expanse of white paper are all consistent with pictorial conventions that date back many centuries.

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