Distribution: eastern Atlantic from Portugal, Madeira, the Canaries, southward along African coasts to South Africa, also Mediterranean and Black Sea. Elsewhere, subcosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas.

DeKay, J. E. 1842. Zoology of New York, or the New York fauna. Comprising detailed descriptions of all the animals hitherto observed within the state borders. Class V. Fishes. Natural History of New York Geological Survey, Albany, 1 (3-4), Fishes: 415 pp., 79 pl.

Jordan, D. S.; Evermann, B. W. 1896-1900. The Fishes of North and Middle America, a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the isthmus of Panama. Bull. U.S. natn. Mus., (47), Part I, 1896: Ix + 1-1240; Part II, 1898: xxx + 1241-2183 ; Part III, 1898: xxiv + 2184-3136; Part IV, 1900: ci + 3137-3313, 391 pl. (958 fig.).