[Contrary to popular
opinion, most of the value of the world
economy comes from the normal
functioning of the world resources, not
from pulling things out of them.
A look at some natural wonders is
featured.]

Abu-Lughod, Janet L. 1989. Before European
Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350. New York: Oxford
University Press.

[Challenging Wallerstein"s
singularized world system
hypothsis.]

Abu-Lughod,
Janet L. 1993. "Discontinuities and Persistence: One
World System
or a Succession of Systems?" 278-291 in Andre Gunter Frank
& Barry
K. Gills, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five
Thousand?
London, New York: Routledge.

[Challenges
Wallerstein"s argument that only the system after
1450 is interesting
and worthy of being called a world system. The book
itself is an
expression of this debate. Some interesting maps of trade
routes over
time.]

Abu-Lughod, Janet Lippman. 1984.
"Culture, "Modes of Production,"
and the Changing Nature of Cities
in the Arab World," 94-119 in
John Agnew, John Meercer & David
Soper (eds.) The City in
Cultural Context. Boston, MA: Allen
& Unwin.

Ahmad, Nesar. 1988.
"Origins of Hindu-Muslim
Conflict: Impact of the World Economic
Crisis (1873-96)," 139-148
in Francisco O. Ramirez (ed.),
Rethinking the Nineteenth Century:
Contradictions and Movements,
(Studies in the Political Economyof
the World System: Contributions in
Economics and Economic History, No.
76.) New York: Greenwood Press.

[Britain needed India to export capital to help
it ease its
balance of payment deficits with Europe and North America.
Quotes
Tomlinson, "...India formed the vital third leg in a triangular
pattern
of settlements between Britain and the rest of the world,
financing over
two-fifths of Britain"s balance ofpayments deficit..."
Quotes Bagchi,
"...the systematic manner in which Britain was investing
capital in the
white colonies by generating export surplus out of the
nonwhite
colonies..." The shift from a dual silver/gold-based currency
system to
a purely gold-based one, inherently disadvantaged the
silver-based
countries (India and China). Suggests that the crisis (the
"Great
Depression") created economic policies within colonial India that
favored
the Hindu commercial elite over the Muslim
landowning-elite.]

Altschull, J.H. 1984. Agents of Power: The Role
of News Media
in Human Affairs. New York: Longman.

Amin, Samir. 1991. "The Ancient World-Systems
Versus the Modern
Capitalist World-System," Review, v14n3
(Summer 1991):
349-385. (Reprinted in Frank & Gills, 1993, The
World System:
Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? London, New York:
Routledge.)

[Surveys the structure of proto-capitalist
exchange, and
estimates flows of trade and trade surpluses between 300BC
and 1500AD.
Makes two time-lines: 3000BC-200BC and 300BC-1500AD.
Critique of
capitalism at the world-system level, in that, since capital
and goods
are free to move, but not labor, prices tend to even out but
not wages.
Shows systemic constraints of certain forms of
capitalism.]

Anand, A. 1993. „Introduction,¾
1-24 in Women¼s Feature Service (ed.),
The Power to Change: Women in
the Third World Redefine their
Environment. New Jersey: Zed Books.

[Feminist epistemology as the branch of naturalized, social
epistemology that studies the various influences of norms and conceptions
of gender and gendered interests and experiences on the production of
knowledge. This understanding avoids dubious claims about feminine
cognitive differences.]

[Rapid urbanization
is creating cities that are full of new
opportunities for economic and
social advance but also beset by grave
physical, financial, and
management shortcomings that endanger the hopes,
and even the health, of
their swelling populations. New and determined
efforts are made to
ensure environmental protection, adequate
infrastructure, and fiscal
reforms. Such shifts in investment and
government policies are urgent
and affordable.]

[Of the many inequalities in human development, the most
striking is that along gender lines. A gender-sensitive HDI--Human
Development Index--from the UN"s "Human Development Report 1992" is
presented.]

[The importance
of integrating women into AID¼s programs is
discussed. The importance
of women¼s contributions to households in LDCs
is even more important
today because they are often the sole bread
winners.]

[General analysis of structural
adjustment programmes (SAPs),
their impact on women and gender
relations, reviews the roles of women
and men in economy, society and
policy-making. Several ways to modify
SAPs based on an analysis of
linkages between SAPs and changes in gender
relations and women¼s
positions.]

[The UK¼s Office for National Statistics has produced a
set of
pilot accounts that attempt to set environmental costs of
different
sectors of the economy against their contribution to GDP.
These measures
will be beneficial in measuring the true costs of
economic growth. The
„genuine progress indicator¾ or „GPI¾ is an
alternative indicator that
includes the work done at home. The GPI is
useful in assessing the true
economic health of a nation.]

[Argues that irrepairable damage is being done to the planet by
wasting precious resources and using inefficient economic methods.
Advocates eco-efficiency in production processes, taxes on fossil fuels,
and targeted subsidies as strategies. No citations.]

[To assess progress
toward sustainable development, a suitable
set of indicators is clearly
needed, such as air quality indices and
water quality classifications.
Some recent attempts at „green accounting¾
and the issues they raise are
discussed.]

[Discusses the debate on the extent to which poverty, or
development
progress in general, should be measured by income or by a
broader set of
objectives. Advocate a basic set of three social
indicators for
measuring progress.]

[Three sorts of environmental change: the underlying forces of
economic and population growth; indicators of the environment itself;
and changes in management and institutions. Using quantifiable, objective
measures only.]

[Argues that well-established
trajectories that raise the
efficiency with which people use energy,
land, water and materials can
cut pollution and leave more soil
unturned. In altering the landscape so
dramatically, humans have
secured a new insecurity in that more has been
transformed than is
needed or prudent.]

[In the transition from a traditional to a developed
economy,
pollution first intensified and then eased. The total volume
of
emissions traced an S-shaped curve. As the industrial structure
diversified from agro-processing into capital- and skill-intensive
intermediates, and finally into research-intensive products, emissions
shift from water-borne organic pollutants:to urban-centred airborne
pollution and solid waste, followed by high growth of hazardous
materials. South East Asian countries support this pattern, but
differences between countries in natural resource endowment, industry and
environment policies, and institutional capacity will continue to modify
the pollution intensity curve as economic development proceeds.]

Auvinen, Juha Y. 1996. "IMF Intervention and Political
Protest in
the Third World: A Conventional Wisdom Refined,"
Third World
Quarterly, v17n3 (Sep 1996): 377-400.

[Challenges public and policy statements in US. Some arguments
strong,
others at least interesting and provocative.]

Bagchi, Amiya Kumar. 1982. The Political Economy of
Underdevelopment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Banerjee, Tridib. 1996. "Role of
Indicators In
Monitoring Growing Urban Regions: The Case of Planning In
India¼s
National Capital Region,¾ Journal of the American Planning
Association, v62n2 (Spring 1996): 222-235.

[Demonstrates how various indicators based on easily obtained
data can help in making strategic choices about managing future growth in
the case of India¼s National Capital Region (Delhi and its
hinterland).]

[Examines the
reshaping of local understandings of the village
among the Maisin people
of Oro Province. Three contexts within which
Maisin notions of the
village have been formed: colonial models of
village government imposed
before the Second World War; Christian village
cooperatives in the
post-war colonial period; and village meetings in the
1980s. Idea of
the village complex, overlapped.]

[Introduces a special edition on the theme of
åenvironmental
transformations in developing countries¼. Many recent
studies of
political ecology or constructivist approaches to environment
either
overlook biophysical aspects of environmental change, or
uncritically
accept åorthodox¼ explanations of physical degradation
without
appreciating the social and political construction of such
models. This
paper, and those following, attempt to outline ways in
which
environmental research may remain sensitive to political and
cultural
debates, yet also give insights to practical environmental
management of
biophysical resources åexternally real¼ to human
experience. It is
argued that understanding human impacts on
environment may only be
achieved through long-term environmental
histories compiled using
locally-based åhybrid¼ social and physical
research methods; plus an
awareness of the social and political
construction of environmental
åorthodoxies¼ by powerful domestic and
global agendas. As such,
åtransformations¼ may be viewed as both
physical changes in factors such
as land cover or health hazards; but
also as the socio-economic
transitions in the driving forces of
environmental degradation and
perceptions of risk which in turn fuel new
orthodoxies in research and
policy.]

[The call for action on the danger of global warming is an
unjustifiable
diversion of attention from the far more serious
environmental problems
facing developing countries. The likely economic
damage done by climate
change would be negligible compared to the results
of inadequate access
to safe drinking water and sanitation, or of urban
air pollution. These
should be given priority over the interests of
future
generations.]

[In the longer run, economic growth is essential for
environmental
protection. It leads to the requisite change in public
priorities and
provides the required resources. The speed with which
growth leads to
environmental protection varies from country to country,
and from
time-period to time-period, according to how rapidly the
necessary
policies are introduced.]

[Critique of the gender blindness of
the dominant International
Relations (IR) theories. Offers gender
analysis as an alternative
approach to the study of world politics.
Discusses issues such as: "how
strategies for economic development and
the operations of the
international political economy affect women; how
the interplay of class,
nationality, ethnicity and gender characterizes
the struggle of Third
World women and create a tension between their
gender interests and their
national interests; how international
development assistance affects
women¼s roles and power in the developing
world.]

Bell, Judith Kjellberg. 1992.
"Women, Environment and Urbanization
in a Third World Context: A
Guide to the Literature," Women
& Environments, v13n2
(Spring 1992): 12(6).

[Explores the effects of
trade policy on employment
(specifically women¼s employment), issues of
gender and technology, the
feminization of the labour force, free trade
zones (FTZs), and the gender
and trade aspects of structural
adjustment.]

[The socialist movement initially sought the total
transformation of Western society and the creation of a new set of
institutions. Contemporary historical and philosophical debate about
socialism attaches to the collapse of the USSR.]

Blaikie, P. 1985. The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing
Countries. Development Series. London: Longman.

Blaut, J.M. 1992. The Colonizer"s Model of the
World:
Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York,
London:
The Guilford Press.

[That the "rise" of
Europe over other civilizations did not
begin until 1492--the
colonization of the Americas. This gave Europe its
edge. Challenges
the "myth of the European Miracle." Well
referenced.]

Blitzer, Sylvia et al. 1988. Outside the Large Cities: Annotated
Bibliography and Guide to the Literature on Small and Intermediate Urban
Centres in the Third World. London; Washington, D.C.: International
Institute for Environment and Development, Human Settlements Programme.

[Nice discussion of patterns of negotiation
within traditional
marital structures at the crossroads of urbanization.
Discusses the ways
in which "economic, cultural and affective dynimics"
intersect,
challenges stereotypes and conventional description.]

[Describes the socio-econmic stratification of women in an
urban context, where the affluence of one group is related to the poverty
of the other, and the tensions that arise from this.]

Boulding, Kenneth E. 1963. "The Death of the City: A
Frightened
Look at Postcivilization," 133-145 in Oscar Handlin
& John
Burchard (eds.), The Historian and the City.
Cambridge, MA: The
MIT Press & Harvard University Press.

[Panel regression analysis to assess the
validity of theories
that posit modernization, urban bias, and economic
dependency as causes
and effects of Third World urbanization. Some
support for each theory is
found, but some previous studies are also
contradicted.]

[An attempt is made to
further clarify the distinction between
economic growth and economic
development. Some recognition of this
problem is evident in the older
literature of development
economics.]

Brockway,
George P. 1985. Economics: What Went Wrong, and Why, and
Some
Things to Do About It. New York: Harper & Row.

Brockway, George P. 1991. The End of Economic
Man: Principles
of any Future Economics. New York: Cornelia &
Michael Bessie
Books.

Brockway, George P. 1995.
Economists Can Be Bad
for Your Health: Second Thoughts on the Dismal
Science. New York:
W.W. Norton,.

Bromley, Ray. 1988. "Working in the Streets:
Survival Strategy,
Necessity, or Unavoidable Evil?" 161-182 in Gugler,
Josef. 1988.
"Overurbanization Reconsidered," 74-92 in Josef
Gugler (ed.),
The Urbanization of the Third World. New York:
Oxford University
Press.

[Categories and political economy
characteristics of street
occupations based on Cali,
Columbia--increasing competition, reducing
cost of living, encouraging
consumerism. That, in the main, the informal
sector is an asset and
policies should support rather than
repress.]

[Questions existent frameworks of frontier urbanization
applied
to third-world regions. Reviews conceptual frameworks of
urban-system
evolution in frontier settings and related generalizations.
Provides
overview of Ecuador and its Oriente. Evaluates the
applicability of
conceptual frameworks to this region by considering
changes in settlement
pattern, urban size, and urban economic functions,
which are the elements
of urban-system evolution.]

Brown, Lester et al. 1997. State of the World 1997: A Worldwatch
Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. New York:
Norton.

[Members of the
International Press Institute express grave
concern about calls by
ministers of information of non-aligned countries
to resurrect the
concept of a „new world information and communication
order¾ at the
United Nations, UNESCO and elsewhere.]

["The US-Mexico economic partnership has become a highly
influential
model for the rest of the world. However, the neoliberal
economic
policies which have cleared the way for booming crossborder
trade and
investment are wreaking havoc on workers and small businesses.
(The
book) explains the nuts and bolts of globalization and free trade
(and)
offers alternative strategies that can promote business interests
while
still protecting workers¼ rights and the environment."]

[Bye
and Mounier address the relations between the history of
industrialization in the north in the past and economic and social
development in the south today. Their main concern is whether economic
development theories provide relevant tools to explain the fast-growing
spread of industrialization to new spaces.]

[„...correspondents, editors, pundits, and publishers who
work
for major media outlets tend to see themselves as members of an
opinion-making elite. They consider themselves on an intellectual and
social par with high-level policymakers, an attitude that increases the
prospect of their being co-opted by ambitious and determined
policymakers.¾]

[Challenge notion that recent growth of informal economy is a
temporary phase. Instead, the root form of all market organization.
Informal economy not just survival strategy of poor. All work
unregulated by legal and sociat institutions, but not including criminal.
Can refer to: status of labor; conditions of work; form of management.
New informalization different from historical forms. Post-fordist
production.]

["An excellent anthology by over twenty economists and
researchers which reviews the history and policies of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank . The contributing authors offer
engaging ideas for reforms in order to confront the economic devastation
that these organizations have created in the Third World."]

[Colonialism and Orientalism as newcomers to the
discourse of
„rethinking the canon.¾ An 1830s urban design intervention
in Algiers
Algeria and the thematic repertory of Ottoman artist Osman
Hamdi are
discussed.]

Chant, Sylvia. 1991.
Women and Survival in
Mexican Cities: Perspectives on Gender, Labour
Markets, and Low-Income
Households. Manchester, New York: Manchester
University Press;
Distributed in the USA and Canada by St. Martin"s
Press.

[Frank¼s polemics in the 1960s challenged the
very idea of
modernization by arguing that many countries became
underdeveloped
because of colonial rule and capitalist penetration,
stressing the role
of history (the development of underdevelopment) and
of external forces
(the salience of colonialism and
neocolonialism).]

[The efforts of contemporary Indian writer
Shashi Tharoor to
break out of Western discursive constrictions in order
to recover and
rearticulate events on the subcontinent in the 20th
century are
examined.]

[Most Americans
are not experiencing an economic boom in spite
of improvements in the
GDP and other indicators. A group called
Redefining Progress proposes
replacing the GDP with the genuine progress
indicator, which would
measure the social value of economic activity.
Article also at http:
//www.theatlantic.com/election/connection/ecbig/gdp.htm]

[Brief article. Flaws in the GDP and reasons why a Genuine
Progress Indicator (GPI) more accurately measures US economic conditions
are discussed. The GPI comes much closer to the economy that Americans
actually experience than does the GDP.]

[The possibility of developing an economic order
that is geared
to meeting the needs of people rather than increasing
production. Such
an economy would be decentralized and organized from
the bottom
up.]

Courant,
Paul N. 1994. „How Would You Know a Good
Economic Development Policy
if You Tripped Over One? Hint: Don"t Just
Count Jobs,¾ National Tax
Journal, v47n4 (Dec 1994): 863-881.

[Economists concerned with economic development should direct
more
energy to examining the potential for improving economic welfare as
distinct from measuring the consequences of development
programs.]

Crosby, Alfred W. 1988. "Ecological
Imperialism: The Overseas Migration of Western Europeans as a Biological
Phenomenon," 103-117 in Donald Worster (ed.), The Ends of the
Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.

[Environmental economics
is usually taught in colleges and
practiced in government agencies and
development banks as microeconomics.
The development of a system of
environmental macroeconomics is
discussed.]

Danaher, Kevin (ed.).
1994. 50 Years is Enough:
The Case Against the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund.
Boston: South End Press.

[Argues that free markets, åopen door¼ investment
policies, and
privatization (the recipes of the World Bank and the IMF
for
ådevelopment¼, which go by the name of åstructural adjustment¼) are
synonymous with declining standards of living, massive cuts in social
welfare, large scale unemployment, economic polarization, environmental
degradation, extreme poverty and all around human suffering. Examines
the structure and purpose of the World Bank and International Monetary
Fund, and how they have contributed to the debt burden and economic
devastation in the South. Offers case studies from various third world
countries, ranging from the vast foreign debt in Brazil and agricultural
structural adjustment in Costa Rica to postapartheid neoliberalism in
South Africa. Also examines worldwide environmental concerns and gender
and ethnic inequalities, and argues that there is an urgent need to
redefine „economic development¾ in order to find solutions to crushing
and dehumanizing poverty caused by current economic policies around the
globe.]

[That LDC urbanization is not similar to urbanization paths in
industrialized countries.]

Davis, Kingsley. 1973.
"The First Cities: How and Why Did They
Arise?" 9-17 in Cities:
Their Origin, Growth, and Human Impact.
(Readings from Scientific
American.) San Franicisco, CA: W.H. Freeman
& Co.

[Reprinted in Press & Smith 1980: 133-143.]

Davison, Graeme. 1983. "The City as a Natural System: Theories
of
Urban Society in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain," 349-394 in
Derek Fraser & Anthony Sutcliffe (eds.), The Pursuit of Urban
History, London: Edward Arnold.

[History
of natural history approaches to the study of urban
society--organic
metaphors and ecological analogies. Role of health care
and sanitation
in directing urbanization.]

Dawson, Philip &
Sam B. Warner. 1963. "A Selection of Works
Relating to the
History of Cities," 271-290 in Oscar Handlin &
John Burchard
(eds.), The Historian and the City. Cambridge, MA:
The MIT Press
& Harvard University Press.

[Thematic
bibliography.]

de Jesus, Carolina Maria. 1962.
Child of the Dark: The Diary of
Carolina Maria de Jesus. New
York: The New American Library.

[Powerful
narrative of the everyday lives of the favelados,
lived in monotony and
hope. Radical in that some reforms took place after
its
publication.]

[That three of the most influential environmental theories were
formally stated by English economists. The Malthusian doctrine of
population growth and scarcity, John Stuart Mill¼s theory of the
steady-state economy, and the neoclassical notion of efficient markets
together offer a comprehensive scheme for solving environmental
problems.]

[That the image (and
imageability) of places is conditioned by
public and politic media
depictions, which are necessarily partial.
Marketing strategies can
then manipulate these partialities to re-present
realities. Uses Rio de
Janeiro and Curitiba as a case.]

Desai, M. 1994.
Greening of the HDI? (Background paper for
United Nations
Development Programme, Human Development Report 1994.)
New York: UNDP.

[Brief
description of the various indices and ratios used in
constructing
UNDP"s Human Development Report.]

Drakakis-Smith,
David. 1987. "The Historical Perspective: The
Changing Nature of
Colonial and Post-Colonial Urbanization," 11-28
in David
Drakakis-Smith, The Third World City. London, New York:
Methuen.

Drakakis-Smith, David. 1987. The Third World
City (Methuen Introductions to Development). New York: Methuen &
Co.

[Cities in developing countries are mired in environmental
problems, including overcrowding, pollution and inadequate waste disposal
facilities. Since cities draw a large number of rural migrants, they
transform into volatile areas, where residents dissatisfied with the
delivery of social services could create social disorder. The central
government cannot provide everything for the city dwellers. The private
sector should play a bigger role in the delivery of social services and
in the promotion of sustainable urban development.]

[Tests assumption that public concern for
environmental quality
is dependent on affluence, and is therefore
stronger in wealthy nations
than in poor nations using results from a
1992 international survey
conducted by the George H. Gallup
International Institute that obtained
data on a wide range of
environmental perceptions and opinions from
citizens in 24 economically
and geographically diverse nations.
Aggregate, national-level scores
for a variety of measures of public
concern for environmental quality
were created and correlated with per
capita gross national product.
Although the results vary considerably
depending upon the measure,
overall national affluence is more often
negatively rather than
positively related to citizen concern for
environmental
quality-contradicting conventional wisdom.]

[Results of the Health of the Planet Survey, an international
survey of public opinion about the environment, are discussed. They
indicate a strong public concern for environmental protection exists in
many nations.]

Dunn, J. 1993. Western
Political Theory in the Face of the
Future, 2nd Ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.

[Useful one-page summary arguing that the way
the GNP is
calculated may be part of the country¼s economic problems.
The GNP
ignores many key figures, such as distribution of income,
estimation of
resource depletion and international borrowing.]
{Economic indicators;
Gross National Product; GNP}

Dwyer, D.J. (ed.). 1974. The City in the Third World, New York,
NY: Harper and Row Publishers.

Dwyer,
D.J. 1974. "Attitudes Towards
Spontaneous Settlement in Third
World Cities," 204-218 in D.J.
Dwyer (ed.), The City in the
Third World, New York, NY: Harper
and Row Publishers.

[Discusses strategies for introducing gender
analysis into
macroeconomic models underpinning the design of structural
adjustment
programs. Evaluates strengths and weaknesses of the models
from a gender
perspective.]

[The uses of, and popular responses to, "sustainable
development" and
other development strategies in Bogota, Colombia, show
that the
development discourse is neither as monolithic nor as hegemonic
as some
critics suggest.]

Ezrahi, Yaron. 1995. "The Theatrics and
Mechanics of Action:
The Theater and the Machine as Political Metaphors,"
Social
Research, v62n2 (Summer 1995): 299-322.

[Argues that the political metaphors of the theater and the
machine
played an important role in the amoralization of behavior as an
object
of scientific inquiry and the definition of modern categories of
social,
political, economic, or psychological phenomena.]

[A car crash or an oil spill may be
„good¾ for the economy when
measured in traditional economic terms.
Perhaps it is time to rethink
the approach to economics. If a healthy
community is a whole community,
then an economics is needed that goes
beyond dollars and that will
measure and maximize the true community
wealth.]

Frank, David
John. 1997. Science, Nature, and the
Globalization of the Environment,
1870-1990," Social Forces,
v76n2 (Dec 1997): 409-435.

[Data on the themes of international
environmental treaties
from 1870 to 1990 are used to demonstrate an
historical shift in the
definition of „nature¾ from resource to
life-sustaining global ecosystem.
This newer scientific model increased
nature¼s relevance to world
society, and thus catalyzed an exponential
rise in international
discourse and activity concerning the environment.
Two organizational
changes also played a role in the proliferation of
international
environmental treaties: the overall structuration of the
world polity had
a positive effect, and the consolidation of an official
intergovernmental
environmental domain had a negative effect, even with
the effects of
population growth and industrial degradation held
constant.]

Friedmann, John. 1986 (1995). "The World City
Hypothesis,"
Development and Change, v17n1 (1986): 69-83.
(Reprinted
in Paul L. Knox & Peter J. Taylor (eds.), World Cities
in a
World System. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
317-331.)

[Some cities are different than
others. There"s a spatial
pattern and hierarchy to their relative place
in global economy. These
cities generate social costs that exceed the
capacity of the state, and
the weak increasingly pay the price.]

Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. "Reflections on
The
End of History, five years later," History and Theory,
v34n2 (May 1995): 27-43.

[Defense of his 1989
argument for the normative principles of
liberal democracy as the "least
worst" hope for mankind. That "the
progressive unfolding of modern
natural science determines in broad
outline the economic modernizaion
process, which in turn creates a
predisposition toward liberal
democracy."]

Gale Research Inc. 1995. Gale
Country and World Rankings
Reporter. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc.

[Third in trilogy of
review articles. Considers four key
elements of urban life in third
world cities--poverty, work, gender roles
and the environment. The ways
in which these have been affected by
shifts in the nature of world
organization and development. Some
nay-saying, some slippery
preconceptions.]

[It is argued that the present phase of
world-system
development is shaped by finance capital and debt
dependency. Although
debt might once have stimulated economic growth,
current levels of debt
service and stocks on nonconcessional loans may
hinder growth.]

[It is argued that the
present phase of world-system
development is shaped by finance capital
and debt dependency. Although
debt might once have stimulated economic
growth, current levels of debt
service and stocks on nonconcessional
loans may hinder growth.]

[Study of "Guadalajara¼s working-class households poised on the
cusp of
Mexico¼s „lost decade¾ of debt crisis, structural adjustment, and
neoliberal reform. Her project is squarely situated at the end of an era
that has been called the „paradox of modern Mexico,¾ involving the
persistence and indeed growth of poverty within a context of overall
dynamic economic growth."]

[A study integrated the four
fundamental process of long-term
economic development--the exploitation
of increasing returns to
specialization, the transition from household
to market production,
knowledge and human-capital accumulation and
industrialization--into a
coherent framework for examining economic
history.]

[The character of modern societies is defined to a significant
extent by
the specific character of their nationalism. At the same time,
the very
fact of adopting national identity and defining the polity as a
nation
determines certain fundamental qualities and thereby ensures
profound
similarity between societies thus defined: nationalism makes a
society
modern. To claim that one nation--say, an economically
successful,
liberal democratic one--is more modern than another
(economically
unsuccessful and a dictatorship) is as little justified as
to insist
that a university professor, for instance, is more human than
an
illiterate farmer or a new-born infant. Modernity is a qualitative,
not
a quanititative concept. Nice intro to history of the idea of
development in first three pages. Rest seems tedious.]

Greenhalgh, Susan. 1996. "The Social Construction of
Population
Science: An Intellectual, Institutional, and Political
History of
Twentieth-Century Demography," Comparative Studies
in Society
and History, v38n1 (Jan 1996): 26-66.

[Very thick writing.]

Greenpeace. 1992.
The World Bank¼s Greenwash: Touting
Environmentalism While Trashing
The Planet. Greenpeace International,
April 1992.

[An attempt is made to reconcile the opinions of
various
activist-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) on the
use of
gender analysis as a policy tool in the field of international
development and macroeconomic policy. The evolving relationship between
international financial institutions and grassroots environmental NGOs
seeking reform in macroeconomic policy is described.]

Gugler, Josef. 1988. "Overurbanization
Reconsidered," 74-92 in Josef Gugler (ed.), The Urbanization of
the Third World. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Overurbanization if if shift in population causes
misallocation of labor or increases social costs. Discusses the economic
rationale for rural-urban migration, argues for targeted redistribution
of surplus investment.]

[That urban dwellers lived in a
dual sytem; committed to urban
life and to the rural community from
which they had come. The 1987
replication of a survey carried out in
1961 in Enugu, the largest city in
southeastern Nigeria, allows an
assessment of changes in urban-rural ties
over a generation. Indicates
the need to distinguish between different
patterns and consequences of
rural-ruban migration .]

[African writer Ngugi wa Thiong"o"s novels "Petals of Blood"
and "Devil
on the Cross" depict a shift in emphasis from evaluation of
the
privileged class in Kenya to neo-colonialism. The latter book
focuses
on foreign capitalists who dominated the Kenyan economy while
"Petals of
Blood" gives a true picture of the privileged class who had
almost total
political power in Kenya. The books have similar themes but
differ in
structure, language and content.]

[The practice of conditionality as developed by the IMF
and its
membership over the first 45 years of the institution"s
existence is
discussed, and current issues and practices in the
implementation of
conditionality are featured.]

Hagen, Everett E.
1962. On the Theory of Social Change.
Homewood, IL: Dorsey.

[Sources of entrepreneurship. "Withdrawal
of Status
Respect." The progeny of individuals who have been
humiliated, after a
few generations, rebel. Reject traditional roles and
strike out in
creative ways.]

Hamill, Pete. 1996.
Piecework: Writings on Men
and Women, Fools and Heroes, Lost Cities,
Vanished Friends, Small
Pleasures, Large Calamities, and How the Weather
Was. Boston: Little,
Brown and Company.

[Partial contents: The cities of New York; The lawless decades;
Mexico;
Out there; The talent in the room; Position papers; Rolling the
dice.]

Hamlin, Christopher. 1995. „Could You
Starve to Death in England in
1839? The Chadwick-Farr Controversy and
the Loss of the „Social¾ in
Public Health," American Journal of
Public Health, v85n6
(Jun 1995): 856-866.

[Hamlin explores an 1839 controversy between the statistician
William Farr and the pioneering sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick on the
role of starvation as a cause of death. The controversy is considered in
relation to the social implications of „constitutional¾ medicine.

[Introduces (?) the 1992 Human Development Report, and the
central
thesis of these reports--that people, their role in the
development
porcess, and the consequences of the development process for
them, is
what needs to be measured.]

Haq, Mahbub ul. 1995.
Reflections on Human Development: How the
Focus of Development
Economics Shifted from National Income Accounting to
People-Centred
Policies. New York: Oxford University Press.

[Argues that there"s too much attention to national income
targets and physical capital, insufficient attention to human capital.
Strong criticism of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
for urging countries to reduce the size of their governments without
distinguishing between useful and nonuseful programs. That the „quality
of government action¾ is a neglected factor of development. He"s one of
the people credited with pushing the UN to develop their Human
Development Index.]

Haq, Mahbub ul, et al (eds.).
1995. The UN and the Bretton Woods
Institutions: New Challenges For
The Twenty-First Century. New York :
St. Martin¼s Press.

[An historical perspective / H.W. Singer -- The vision and
the
reality / Mahbub ul Haq -- A changing institution in a changing
world /
Alexander Shakow -- The Keynesian vision and the developing
countries /
Lal Jayawardena -- An African perspective on Bretton Woods /
Adebayo
Adedeji -- A West European perspective on Bretton Woods / Andrea
Boltho
-- A comparative assessment / Catherine Gwin -- A blueprint for
reform /
Paul Streeten -- A new international monetary system for the
future /
Carlos Massad -- On the modalities of macroeconomic policy
coordination /
John Williamson -- Gender priorities for the twenty-first
century /
Khadija Haq -- Biases in global markets : can the forces of
inequity and
marginalization be modified? / Frances Stewart -- Poverty
eradication and
human development : issues for the twenty-first century
/ Richard Jolly
-- Role of the multilateral agencies after the Earth
Summit / Maurice
Williams -- New challenges for regulation of global
financial markets /
Stephany Griffith-Jones -- A new framework for
development cooperation /
Mahbub ul Haq.]

[Examines economic structural change and policy reactions to
programs
that deal with cities adapting to a global economy after the
Habitat I
conference in 1976. Comments on the relevance of structural
change
policies to spatial change.]

[Oscar Lewis" subculture of
poverty theory has been
misunderstood for 30 years as a concept which
argues that poor people are
themselves to be blamed for their poverty.
This common interpretation is
in error since Lewis" idea is based on a
Marxist argument against
capital. Lewis" theory is therefore a salute
for the poor people"s
flexibility and resourcefulness instead of a
defamation of needy
people.]

[Argues that dialectical materialism is the only way to
understand the dynamic relationship between questions of population and
resource use. Rejects the notion that science is ideology-free and hence
ethically neutral. Uses material from Malthus on to argue the
constructedness of ideas such as overpopulation, which are more
expressions of social relations than of objective fact.]

Harvey, David L. 1989. The Condition of PostModernity: An
Enquiry
into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, MA:
Blackwell.

[The types of
flexibility that can be seen in capitalism
include flexibility in
relation to the labor processes, flexibility in
labor markets,
flexibility in state policy and flexibility in geographic
mobility.]

Harvey, David L. 1992.
"Capitalism: The Factory of Fragmentation
(Time, Form and Ethics
in the Wake of Modernism)," New
Perspectives Quarterly,
v9n2 (Spring 1992): 42(4).

[The postmodern
worldview denies a general and systematic
principle that can explain the
course of history. The historical
materialist view refutes this claim
and asserts that political and
economic developments are influenced by
the motive to acquire capital.
Growth, change and conflict are
inevitable results of
capitalism.]

[Social justice and social
rationality in urban planning have
changed. Negative consequences of
dominant power relations and market
mechanisms can be confronted by an
appeal to notions of social
justice.]

[Reviews current debate about new indicators of
wealth and
progress and how the meaning of "development" is changing.
The goal of
sustainable development is to clarify the confusion of means
with truly
evolutionary human development as the ends to be pursued
within the
ecological tolerances of the Earth.]

Henderson, Hazel. 1996. "What¼s Next in the Great Debate about
Measuring Wealth and Progress?,¾ Challenge, v39n6 (Nov 1996):
50-56.

[The inadequacy of incorporating
additional new indicators into
GDP measures is addressed. It is better
to have separate indicators that
more clearly define GDP
measurements.]

[Hicks proposes a method to
incorporate a concern for
distributional inequalities of income,
education, and longevity into the
framework of the Human Development
Index as it is designed by the United
Nations Development
Programme.]

Hilhorst, J.G.M & M. Klatter.
1985. Social Development in the
Third World: Level of Living
Indicators and Social Planning. London;
Dover, NH: Croom Helm (In
co-operation with the Institute of Social
Studies at the Hague).

Hojman, David E. 1996. "Poverty and
Inequality
in Chile: Are Democratic Politics and Neoliberal Economics
Good for
You?," Journal of Interamerican Studies and World
Affairs,
v38n2/3 (Summer 1996): 73-96.

[Discusses the free-market, open-economy model adopted by
Chile¼s
civilian, democratically elected adminstrations and analyzes
whether
this model has affected the country¼s distribution of income and
degree
of poverty. The Chilean model is extremely good for the
upper-middle
quintile.]

[An examination of the World Bank¼s 1993 World Development
Report, entitled „Investing in Health: World Development Indicators,¾ is
presented. The report assumes that the wealthy industrial nations will
continue to consume more than 90% of global health resources.]

[Uses the World Values Surveys to
explore orientations toward
religion, politics, work, economic growth,
family values, sexual norms,
and gender roles. Examines linkages
between the value systems of given
societies and their economic,
linguistic, religious, geographical, and
political characteristics,
using multivariate cluster analysis.]

[Nine point scale of attitudes
and individual character pre
requisite to economic growth.]

Inkeles, Alex. 1969. "Making Men Modern: On the Causes
and
Consequences of Individual Change in Six Countries,"
American
Journal of Sociology, v75 (Sep 1969): 208-225.

Inkster, Ian. 1991. Science and Technology
in
History: An Approach to Industrial Development. New Brunswick,
NJ:
Rutgers University Press.

[The links
among science, technology, and industrial
development in the world
economy of the 18th and 19th centuries, and
briefly upto the mid-1980s.
Argues that the ability of the state, in
Japan, to promote information
flows, to reduce the risks of innovation,
and to maintain authority
through the transition to rapid growth is of
central importance. The
governments of 19th-century India and China
lacked this ability, and so
were doomed to backwardness in the age of
consumerism.]

[Evocative description of the rise and role of industry as
an
engine of economic growth. That cities would have to have arisen
before
agriculture, or that agriculture would not have arisen without
the forces
that generated cities in the first place.]

Jameson, Kenneth P. & Charles K. Wilber, 1996.
The
Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment. 6th ed.
New
York NY: McGraw-Hill.

Jellinek, Lea.
1997. "Displaced by Modernity:
The Saga of a Jakarta
Street-Trader"s Family from the 1940s to the
1990s," 139-155 in
Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in the
Developing World: Issues, Theory,
and Policy. New York: Oxford
University Press.

[Account of a woman"s resilient efforts to keep pace with
changing circumstances.]

Jencks, Charles. 1996.
"The City That Never Sleeps," New
Statesman (1996),
v9n409 (Jun 28, 1996): 26-28.

[History of
urban life as one of both planned change and
chaotic flux. Debates on
London¼s future.]

[The GDP and other broad economic measures were not meant to
measure
well-being--but until now, nothing better existed. A new index
gets
beyond economic numbers to see how well Americans are really
doing.]

Kamarck, Andrew M. 1976. The Tropics
and Economic Development: A
Provocative Inquiry into the Poverty of
Nations. Baltimore, London:
The Johns Hopkins Universty Press,
published for The World Bank.

[Industrialized
countries are in cold, temperate climates and
developing countries are
in hot, tropical. Rejects notion of sloth or
inherent inferiority,
traces characteristics of climate significant to
different sectors in
economic development. Argues that there are
material reasons grounded
in geography and climatology for differences in
the nature and pace of
development across nations.]

[Grassroots environmental movements following
Gandhian
nonviolent tradition are expanding in India. The Chipko
movement in the
Himalaya, Save the Narmada movement in central India and
the Silent
Valley movement in the Malabar region of southern India are
discussed.]

[A review of recent reports and papers linking poverty and
the
poor to environmental concerns reveals limited and selective
documentation of the causal relationships between poverty and
environmental degradation, but implicitly assume of a strong relationship
between the two. An assessment of what global overviews, country
comparisons, and local and regional case studies exist that link poor
people to threatened environments should provide insights into the
validity of this assumption.]

Kates, Robert W.
& William C. Clark. 1996. "Expecting the
Unexpected?"
Environment, v38n2 (Mar 1996): 6-7+
[ Environmental surprises, such as ozone depletion
and legionnaire¼s
disease, have four characteristics in common--they
confound social
expectations, they are not completely unpredictable,
they are often
dangerous and they open a window for increasing
capabilities to deal with
environmental problems.]

[Employs a sequence of
four temporal frames--ages, millenia,
centuries and decades--to examine
the dynamics of population, resources
and technology. It appears that
the Earth is about halfway in numbers
into the third great population
surge.]

[The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change¼s Second
Assessment Report discusses the impact of human-induced climate change as
well as possible methods for responding to that change. Forests, coastal
zones and small islands, human health, and agriculture were named as the
four areas particularly vulnerable to climate change. The gap between
U.S. decarbonization and emissions rates will not change substantially
until the public bridges the gap between what they view as dangerous and
what they are willing to do about it. For this reason, the forthcoming
assessment in the year 2000 will need to address ideology as well as
technology.]

[Editorial: Indonesian Pres
Suharto has called the smog and
haze that blanketed portions of his
country, Malaysia, Thailand and
Singapore a „national natural disaster,¾
but there is nothing natural or
national about it. This unnatural
disaster stems directly from human
action.]

[Excerpt,
Chapter 4, "Globalisation: Gender Implications."
Examines how
globalisation affects the work of different groups of women
and men in
developing countries. General discussion. Two short lists of
obstacles
and disadvantages.]

Khoury, Nabil F. & Valentine M. Moghadam (eds.). 1995.
Gender
and Development in the Arab World: Women"s Economic
Participation
Patterns and Policies. London; Atlantic Highlands, NJ:
Published for
the United Nations University, World Institute for
Development Economics
Research by Zed Books and United Nations
University Press, Tokyo.

[Assesses the impact of
decentralisation of government
expenditures and revenues upon human
development. Reviews the literature
on decentralisation, to argue a lack
of quantitative and rigorous
studies. Suggests that detailed analysis
of the various dimensions of
decentralisation - participation, financing
and comparative priorities -
and of the relevant effects upon
efficiency, resource availability and
equity, may provides some
lessons.]

Knox,
Paul L. 1995. "World Cities in a World
System," 3-20 in
Paul L. Knox & Peter J. Taylor (eds.),
World Cities in a World
System. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge
University Press.

[Globalization of economy--corporations are anational and
focused on US, Europe, Japan. World cities as control points.
Functional scales at which world cities can be described. Core-periphery
divided by speed of processes--Toffler"s fast world, where time has
increasing marginal returns.]

[In a reversal of the classic notion
of city as progress, the
Africanized city came to signify barbarism for
white South Africans, who
then proposed a counter-civitas, a perverse
modernity defined not by
urban civility but by isolation in the country.
This essay takes the
tensions between and within the racial
appropriations of country and city
in apartheid¼s perverse modernity as
the point of departure for a
critical revaluation of the affinities and
differences among African,
Afrikaans, and white English drama and
performance in South
Africa.]

[Argues against the
implicit assumption of "global glut" in
current development policy (US?)
--that 3rd world countries are growing
too fast, capitalism is too
successful for the good of industrialized
countries, and fear that
production will outstrip demand.]

[In an interview, economist and writer Hazel
Henderson
discusses her economic theories, including her proposal for an
alternative to the GNP. Paul Glover discusses Ithaca NY¼s use of local
paper money, and Olaf Egeberg explains how his Washington DC neighborhood
uses a neighborhood exchange directory.]

Kurian,
George T. 1984. The New Book of World Rankings. New
York:
Facts on File Publishers.

[Analysis of survey data of
male and female heads of households
in low-income settlements in
Monrovia Liberia, Lacey and Sinai to
explore the shelter and related
needs of female-headed households.
Results indicate that while women
represent the poorest families in the
settlements, they obtain shelter
of similar quality to that of
men.]

[The nation¼s
dependence on statistical temperature-taking is
transforming politics
into a form of numerical warfare. While evidence
suggests that
Americans are doing much better than many indexes suggest,
the numbers
indicate with clarity that income inequality has been on the
rise for
more than 20 years.]

Lambert, Thomas. 1995.
"What they Missed in Cairo: Defusing the
Population Bomb,"
USA Today: The Magazine of the American
Scene, v123n2596
(Jan 1995): 33-35.

[In the context of the Sep
5-13, 1994 International Conference
on Population and Development in
Cairo, questions the widely held belief
that the planet cannot sustain
an increasing population.]

[Ozone levels and
smog levels in Los Angeles, CA, have fallen
since the 1970s as a result
of pollution research and control efforts
that began in the 1940s.
Pollution-control measures include reducing
certain pollutants and using
technologies that do not pollute the
air.]

[Empathy, imagine oneself in some other role, as key
personality
trait.]

Lewandowski, Susan J. 1984. "The
Built Environment and Cultural
Symbolism in Post-colonial Madras,"
237-254 in John Agnew, John
Meercer & David Soper (eds.)
The City in Cultural Context.
Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.

[Suggests that looming changes in cultural and
social views can
be read from changes in the built environment. Shows
the case of an
emergent Hindu fundamentalism.]

[The
Human Development Index (HDI) of a nation is the average
of its score,
relative to all other nations, on three basic indicators:
gross domestic
product per person, life expectancy and literacy. Results
from research
using the HDI suggest that the index is potentially a
powerful
instrument for world social development.]

[The rhythm of urban history as: the rise, collapse, and
occasional rebirth of cities as disease, changes in trade and technology,
and shifting political fortunes rewarded some cities and penalized
others. Rhythm has been interrupted in the developing world, where urban
populations almost always rise.]

[Attempts to disaggregate the category of women,
in general,
and women activists, in particular.]

Lomnitz, Larissa. 1997. "The Social and Economic Organization of a
Mexican Shanty-Town," 204-217 in Joseph Gugler (ed.), Cities in
the Developing World: Issues, Theory, and Policy. New York: Oxford
University Press.

London, Bruce. 1987.
"Structural Determinants
of Third World Urban Change: An
Ecological and Political Economic
Analysis," American
Sociological Review, v52n1 (Feb 1987):
28-43.

[Examines roles of human ecology and political economy play in
peripheral urbanization. Both theories important to a complete analysis
of Third World urbanization.]

[Makes the case for a
wider adoption of both feminist content,
and feminist and critical
pedagogies in the teaching of development
communication, international
communication, and international journalism
courses.]

[The idea that the US is in decline might itself have been
expected to decline with the collapse of the USSR and the US¼s emergence
as the only remaining superpower. However, declinism, instead of
disappearing, has shifted its focus from the political, ideological and
military conflict with the USSR to the issue of economic competition,
especially with Japan. Views supporting and criticizing this new school
of declinist thought are presented.]

[The growing awareness of gender in the urban
policies of OECD
nations is discussed. The discussion in several OECD
committees has
helped strengthen the integration of the gender variable
into OECD
policies.]

[In order for planning theory to understand the full range of
visions and choices that are available to communities, it must be more
open to different types of knowledge and new methods of obtaining
information.]

[Mexico City exemplifies the megacities of the Third
World.
Like other megalopolises in developing countries, the Mexican
capital is
plagued by such problems as heavily polluted air, land
subsidence due to
pumping groundwater and poor solid waste
management.]

Makhijani, Arjun. 1992. From
Global Capitalism to Economic Justice:
An Inquiry into the Elimination
of Systemic Poverty, Violence and
Environmental Destruction in the World
Economy. New York: The Apex
Press, the Council of International and
Public Affairs.

[No index; no biblio.
Transform capitalism for benefit of the
Third World, and severely limit
the power of global corporations.
Critique of "the racist, sexist, and
ecologically destructive elements of
the status quo, without getting
trapped in statism or former
Soviet-style economies."]

Malthus, Thomas Robert. 1992
(1798, 1803). An
Essay on the Principle of Population, Or, A View of
its Past and Present
Effects on Human Happiness: With an Inquiry Into
Our Prospects Respecting
the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils
Which it Occasions.
Cambridge UK; New York: Cambridge University
Press.

[Selected and introduced by Donald
Winch using the text of the
1803 edition as prepared by Patricia James
for the Royal Economic
Society, 1990, showing the additions and
corrections made in the 1806,
1807, 1817, and 1826 editions.]

[Marxsen comments
on Herman E. Daly"s article on environmental
economics. The concept of
a Plimsoll mark is hardly foreign to the best
known texts of classical
economic literature. Daly replies to
Marxsen.]

[Remarks the polarization of urban society, and the
opportunities and obstacles emerging as formal and informal institutions
evolve over time.]

Mayne, Alan James C. 1993.
The Imagined Slum: Newspaper
Representation In Three Cities
1870-1914. Leicester, UK; New York:
Leicester University Press;
Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by St.
Martin¼s Press

[Developing countries strive for mass
industrialization but may
find mass disappointment. Mayur and Daviss
discuss the new approach that
is needed for industrial
development.]

Mazumdar, Krishna. 1996. „Level of
Development of a Country: A Possible
New Approach,¾ Social
Indicators Research, v38n3 (Jul 1996):
245-274.

[Attempts to find income elasticities of eight social
indicators
of development with respect to per capita real gross domestic
product
adjusted for purchasing power parity and expressed in
international
dollars.]

Mazumdar, Krishna. 1996. „Level of
Development of a Country: A Possible
New Approach,¾ Social
Indicators Research, v38n3 (Jul 1996):
245-274.

[Attempts to find income elasticities of eight social
indicators
of development with respect to per capita real gross domestic
product
adjusted for purchasing power parity and expressed in
international
dollars.]

[That there is a "mental virus," n-Ach (need to
Achieve), and
the move tp modernization is seen when samples of thought
from a society,
eg. from popular literature, show high incidence of urge
to do better
(more efficiently, faster) the next time.]

McElrath,
Dennis. 1968. "The New Urbanization,"
3-12 in Scott Greer et al.
(eds.), The New Urbanization. New
York, NY: St. Martin Press.

[Reprinted in Press & Smith, 1980:
214-223.]

McGee, Terence G. 1967. "The
Emergence of the Colonial City,"
52-75 in Terence G. McGee,
The Southeast Asian City: A Social
Geography of the Primate Cities of
Southeast Asia. London: G. Bell
and Sons, Ltd.

McGee, Terence G. 1967. "The Impact of the West
and the
Beginnings of the Colonial City," 42-51 in Terence G.
McGee,
The Southeast Asian City: A Social Geography of the Primate
Cities of
Southeast Asia. London: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd.

[Need for policymakers to simultaneously tackle environmental
and
macroeconomic problems. Draws on an IMF seminar held on May 11,
1995,
attended by about 80 individuals from the IMF, the World Bank,
academic
institutions, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).]

[Some of the
items in Canada¼s economic tool kit have become
blunt instruments. The
real condition of the economy is often obscured
by outdated measurements
of progress and prosperity.]

McMurtry, John. 1997.
"The Contradictions of Free Market Doctrine:
Is There a Solution?"
Journal of Business Ethics, v16n7 (May
1997): 645-662.

[Considers six standard arguments in favour of an
unfettered
free market, argues incoherence on the grounds that the
market doctrine
systematically omits non-business costs and benefits
from its
analysis.]

[Exposure to the mass media is
associated with relatively
positive, but not necessarily well-informed,
images of foreign countries
and to the perception of these countries as
being successful. Attempts
to provide some evidence bearing on the
effects of the mass media on
international news and on people¼s images
of nations. Results of a study
from Venezuela are discussed.]

[Hispanics in the labor force :
an introduction to issues and
approaches / Edwin Melendez, Clara E.
Rodriguez, and Janis Barry Figueroa
-- An even greater „u-turn¾: Latinos
and the new inequality / Raul
Hinojosa-Ojeda, Martin Carnoy, and Hugh
Daley -- The effects of literacy
on the earnings of Hispanics in the
United States / Francisco L.
Rivera-Batiz -- The effect of race on
Puerto Rican wages / Clara E.
Rodriguez -- Labor market structure and
wage differences in New York City
: a comparative analysis of Hispanics
and non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites
/ Edwin Melendez -- Latinos and
industrial change in New York and Los
Angeles / Vilma Ortiz -- Hispanic
employment in the public sector : why
is it lower than Blacks¼? /
Cordelia Reimers and Howard Chernick. Racial,
ethnic, and gender
employment segmentation in New York City agencies /
Walter Stafford -- A
comparison of labor supply behavior among single and
married Puerto
Rican mothers / Janis Barry Figueroa -- Work and family
responsibilities
of women in New York City / Terry J. Rosenberg -- Wage
policies,
employment, and Puerto Rican migration / Carlos E. Santiago --
Latino
research and policy : the Puerto Rican case / Andres Torres and
Clara E.
Rodriguez -- Latinos, class, and the U.S. political economy :
income
inequality and policy alternatives / Rodolfo D. Torres and Adela
de la
Torre -- Epilogue / Edwin Melendez, Clara E. Rodriguez, and Janis
Barry
Figueroa.]

Melkote, S. 1991. Communication for
Development in the Third World:
Theory and Practice. New Delhi;
Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

[Useful
summaries of timelines in development theory,
interleaved with
developments in communication theory. Nice base from
which to discuss
mutually constitutive relationships in social
theory.]

["The culmination of
several years of intellectual exchange
between the State University of
New York at Albany and the University of
Costa Rica in San Jose. The
book offers diverse perspectives on economic,
political and social
development in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
and Nicaragua. It
also outlines how political-economic restructuring
ought to be planned
in the future, including such factors as agrarian
policy,
industrialization and foreign investment. Finally, it addresses
the
economic integration of Central America into the global
economy."]

[A news flow study using dailies from Africa and Latin America.
Seeks to test hypotheses proposed by structural theorists like Johan
Galtung, or the proponents of the New World Information Order (NWIO):
that developing nations are dependent on Western news agencies; that
this news dependency promotes the adoption of Western news values and
subsequent cultural imperialism; and finally, that this news dependency
is neo-colonial, in the sense that not only does information flow in
"vertical" channels (North to South), but that there are distinct spheres
of influence controlled by each of the major Western news agencies. This
establishes a cultural hegemony and sets up power relations not unlike
any other form of colonization.]

[A picture taken after the free
elections in South Africa in
1994 depicts a black man and a white woman
showering off together at a
beach. Mills considers the contradictions
that the photograph presents
in order to explore some of the
difficulties of theorizing
postcolonialism and its constitution in
discursive structures.]

Mohanty, C.T.
(1991). „Under Western Eyes: Feminist
Scholarship and Colonial
Discourses.¾ 51-80 in C.T. Mohanty (ed.),
Third World Women and the
Politics of Feminism. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press.

[Two metaphors commonly used by the environmental movement--the
web of life metaphor and the spaceship metaphor. Examines their
implications.]

Munasinghe, Mohan & Walter
Shearer (eds.). 1995. Defining and
Measuring Sustainablity: The
Biogeophysical Foundations. Washington,
DC: The United Nations
University (UNU) and The World Bank.

Murphey, Rhoads. 1984. "City as a Mirror of
Society: China,
Tradition and Transformation," 186-204 in John
Agnew, John Meercer
& David Soper (eds.) The City in Cultural
Context. Boston,
MA: Allen & Unwin.

[Scholars need to recognize how sexist biases
shape the
assumptions, models and methods of analysis used in the field
of economic
analysis, which reflects deep-seated, gender-related biases
closely
linked to cultural notions of masculinity.]

[Uses the life-histories of three women migrants to explore
survival strategies and the role of matri-focal linkages in economic
advancement.]

Nelson, Nici. 1997. "How Women
and Men Got By, and Still Get By
(Only Not So Well): The Gender Division
of Labour in a Nairobi
Shanty-Town," 156-170 in Joseph Gugler
(ed.), Cities in the
Developing World: Issues, Theory, and
Policy. New York: Oxford
University Press.

[Gender plays a significant role in generic movements.
Over a
20-year period, an urban squatter settlement in Brazil
experienced five
collective campaigns, not one of which was gender
conscious not had
gender-specific goals, but all were shaped by gender.
In these
campaigns, everything was grounded in the gender-based division
of labor
in the community.]

[Nielsen and Alderson examine the determinants
of inequality in
the distribution of family income in approximately
3,100 counties of the
US in 1970, 1980, and 1990. Such a study provides
a window on global
trends in social inequality during the period, which
spans the tail end
of the Kuznets curve and the more recent upswing in
income
inequality.]

[It is argued that the inverted-U shaped
relationship between
income inequality and development is largely
accounted for by
transitional development processes related to the
dualism of traditional
and modern sectors of developing
societies.]

[To address the question of whether ideology or technology has
been the more powerful force shaping societies and their development,
log-linear models are used to assess the association of typologies based
on religious beliefs and on subsistence technology with indicators of
community size, political complexity, stratification, marital patterns
and premarital sex norms.]

[Discusses
competing models of women in development, and
compares the merits of the
liberal integration model, the marginalization
model, the capitalist
exploitation model and the socialist feminist
model.]

[The empirical status of Kuznet¼s U-curve hypothesis (UCH) is
reassessed using three indicators of development. The results indicate
that the use of radically different measures of development does not
appear to invalidate the UCH.]

Olpadwala, Porus
& William W. Goldsmith. 1992. "The
Sustainability of
Privilege: Reflections on the Environment, The Third
World City, And
Poverty. (Special Issue: Linking Environment to
Development: Problems
and Possibilities)," World
Development, v20n4 (Apr 1992):
627(14).

[Combine discussion of urbanization,
problems of the
environment, and poverty , using concepts of social
class to make the
connections. Stress the human element over matters of
inanimate
technology or nature. By disaggregating society into
competing groups it
reveals environmental problems to be essentially
those of people and
social and political organization, not of nature and
technology.
Improvement of the environment in large cities of the Third
World will
require social change.]

[The wastelands of
Mongolia and western China are being scoured
for fossils as it is
assumed that central Asia was the cradle of
humanity. The great Silk
Road, lying along the northern and southern
margins of the Tarim Basin
in China, is the site of much archaeological
activity and is
discussed.]

[Summarizes the current state
of understanding about the
varying effects of welfare states on gender
relations and vice versa,
using a comparative historical
approach.]

Ostergaard, Lise (ed.). 1992.
Gender and Development: A Practical
Guide. (Based on a study
prepared for the Directorate-General for
Development Commission of the
European Communities.) London; New York:
Routledge, 1992.

[Argues that the Bank should not retire at the
age of 50.
Mission should be restructured to benefit from the growth of
private
sector financial resources and help coordinate the work of
nongovernmental organizations.]

[Present a method for
measuring socio-economic inequality using
a composite social indicator,
Life-Quality Index, derived from two
principal indicators of
development, the Real Gross Domestic Product per
person and the life
expectancy at birth. The proprosed approach is
illustrated using data
from urban Canada.]

[Commentary on the absence of
macroeconomic training for gender
specialists and macroeconomists¼ lack
of knowledge of gender analysis.
Reports on a training course designed
to integrate gender analysis and
macroeconomics.]

[The major Western news agencies, UPI, AP, Reuters, and Agence
France,
publish 90% of international news. Little of the coverage deals
with
developing countries. This situation leads to information
imperialism.]

[Estimate how much of Earth¼s renewable fresh water is
realistically accessible to humanity; what portion of this accessible
supply humanity now uses directly, diverts into human-dominated systems,
or appropriates; and by how much human access to fresh water is likely to
expand over the next 30 years. Derive an indicator of Earth¼s carrying
capacity, as well as a measure of the sustainability of current water
trends.]

[The rate of urban
growth in some African countries has slowed
considerably, and there is
also some evidence that new forms of „reverse
migration¾ from urban to
rural areas have occurred. Potts assesses this
evidence, drawing on
examples from different countries.]

[Estimate the
effect of income on health using cross-country,
time-series data on
health (infant and child mortality and life
expectancy) and income per
capita. They conclude that over a half a
million child deaths in the
developing world in 1990 alone can be
attributed to the poor economic
performance in the 1980s.]

[Relevance of structural
economic adjustment to countries in
transition from socialism to
capitalism and to LDCs. Evalutes structural
adjustment process, and
argues the emergence of a dominant new political
economy (NPE) as the
basis for a new city-regional theory and practice of
development,
written as operating guidelines.]

[One of the fastest-growing cities in a nation of urban booms,
Curitiba
has less pollution, a slightly lower crime rate, and a higher
educational level among its citizens than other cities, although its
poverty and income profile is typical of the region.]

Razavi, Shahrashoub & Carol Miller. 1995.
"From WID to
GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development
Discourse," United
Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(UNRISD) Occasional
Paper No.1, for UN Fourth World Conference On Women.
<
http://www.unicc.org/unrisd/html/op/opb/opb1/op1_gop.txt>

Redfield, Robert &
Milton Singer. 1954 (1980).
"The Cultural Role of Cities,"
Economic Development and
Cultural Change, v3 (1954):
53-73.

[Colonization not just about external imposition. Interplay of
diverse
relationships between colonised and colonising societies affect
all
aspects of material culture, interpreting and incorporating elements
in
ways relevant to their own society.]

Renner,
Michael. 1996. Fighting for Survival: Environmental
Decline,
Social Conflict, and the New Age of Insecurity. New York,
NY:
Norton.

[As the debate on the effects of globalization
on countries
continues, it is getting more confusing. The impact of
globalization,
taken as part of a larger process of marketization, on
nations is
discussed.]

Rosenberg, Nathan & L.E. Birdzell, Jr. 1986.
How the West Grew
Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial
World. New York:
Basic Books.

[Conventional but useful
account, based on (unexplained) traits
of innovation, experimentation,
encouraging diversity in human wants and
in the means to satisfy them,
giving autonomy to merchants. All these
treated as neutral, objective,
factual descriptions.]

[Rostow notes that three dimensions
of the Marshall Plan
increase in significance with the passage of time,
including the plan¼s
role in producing a postwar global economy that
would avoid the problems
that plagued the West after WWI.]

Rowbotham, Sheila & Swasti Mitter (eds.) 1994.
Dignity and Daily
Bread: New Forms of Economic Organizing Among Poor
Women in the Third
World and the First. New York: Routledge.

["Compares the lives of women in the First and
Third Worlds,
and examines how women around the world have resisted and
reorganized
existing forms of production to create alternative, more
human
circumstances of work and daily life. Offering a wide range of
stories -
from street vendors of India and garment workers of Mexico, to
homeworkers in Britain - the contributors work to break down the
ideological barriers that imperial colonialism and racism have built
among women."]

[Sassen posits that the urban level and the
community level
need to be incorporated in the analysis of economic
globalization and the
study of new information technologies. This
requires going beyond the
relative powerlessness of localities
confronted with hypermobile
capital.]

[Interest on urban environmental issues has been growing
following Habitat II, the second UN Conference on Human Settlements held
in June 1996. A report examines urban infrastructure in developing
countries and details efforts to build sustainable economies.
Disagreements by analysts are included.]

[Discuss how the poor,
particularly the women and the South,
subsidize the rich, particularly
the men and the North, through the
international finance system. Women
are more than 50 per cent of the
world¼s population. They do two thirds
of the world¼s work, yet receive
only 10 per cent of the wages and own
less than one per cent of the
property. Further, people in the north are
only 25 per cent of the
world¼s population, yet, they consume 73 per
cent of the world¼s
non-renewable resources. They propose that increased
popular awareness of
sustainable approaches to housing finance could
provide leverage that
would enable new policy directions to be
created.]

Scargill, David I. 1979.
"Modernization and the Non-Western City,"
213-253 in David
I. Scargill, The Form of Cities. New York,
NY: St. Martin"s
Press.

Scargill, David I. 1979.
"The Colonial City,"
204-212 in David I. Scargill, The
Form of Cities. New York:
St. Martin"s Press.

Scargill, David I. 1979. The Form of Cities.
New York, NY:
St. Martin"s Press.

Scargill, David Ian.
1979. "The Pre-Industrial
City," 182-203 in David I.
Scargill, The Form of Cities.
New York, NY: St. Martin"s Press.

[Elements of scholarly
perspectives that deal with political
and economic power, legal
imperialism and dependency in different ways
are examined. The
contributions of contemporary scholars, like Shapiro,
have set the stage
for the development of indicators of considerably
greater precision for
transnational relationships.]

[Elements
of scholarly perspectives that deal with political
and economic power,
legal imperialism and dependency in different ways
are examined. The
contributions of contemporary scholars, like Shapiro,
have set the stage
for the development of indicators of considerably
greater precision for
transnational relationships.]

Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of
Resistance: Hidden
Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Seabrook, Jeremy. 1996. In the Cities of the
South: Scenes
From a Developing World. New York, NY: Verso.

[Hugely distorted portraits of "shock" scenes, with benefit of
doubt always being given to establishing the dirt, danger, squalour, and
pathos of masses beyond hope. No virtues, no redeeming
features.]

[Discusses problems of migration, income, food supply, poverty
and
women¼s rights in the context of the upcoming International
Conference
on Population and Development in Cairo Egypt. Argues that,
just as
alarmism builds on the recognition of a real problem and then
magnifies
it, complacency may also start off from a reasonable belief
about the
history of population problems and fail to see how they may
have changed
by now. The current anxiety in the West about the „world
population
problem¾ is founded on the belief that destitution caused by
fast
population growth in the third world is responsible for the severe
pressure to emigrate to the developed countries of Europe and North
America. There are two distinct questions here: first, how great a
threat of intolerable immigration pressure does the North face from the
South, and second, is that pressure closely related to population growth
in the South, rather than to other social and economic factors? There
are reasons to doubt that population growth is the major force behind
migratory pressures.]

Serageldin, Ismail &
Andrew Steer (eds.). 1994. Valuing the
Environment: Proceedings
of the First Annual International Conference
on Environmentally
Sustainable Development held at the World Bank,
Washington, D.C.,
September 30-October 1, 1993. (Environmentally
sustainable development
proceedings series; no. 2.) Washington, DC:
World Bank.

Serageldin, Ismail & Michael A. Cohen & K.C.
Sivaramakrishnan (eds.). 1995. The Human Face of the Urban
Environment: A Report to the Development Community on the Second
Annual Conference on Environmentally Sustainable Development sponsored by
the World Bank and held at the National Academy of Sciences and the World
Bank, Washington, D.C., September 19-23, 1994. (Environmentally
sustainable development proceedings series; no. 5.) Washington, DC:
World Bank.

[This policy paper addresses the issue of
raising incomes of
workers in the informal sector. The paper identifies
a number of areas
where both policies and action programmes can be
improved. More
importantly it emphasizes the need to consider certain
reforms and the
creation of an enabling environment for the poor to help
themselves.]

[Argues for a two-pronged strategy of structural
adjustment-oriented market reforms and highly targeted poverty
alleviation and social programs. "When a woman is diagnosed with
cancer, her friends may lament the suffering she must endure in
chemotherapy treatments, but they are unlikely to discourage her from
undergoing the very activity that may cure her. Instead they busy
themselves babysitting the children, bringing in meals, cleaning the
house and helping pay the doctor¼s bills."]

Shuman,
Michael. 1994. Towards a Global Village: International
Community
Development Initiatives. Boulder, CO: Pluto Press.
[Analyzes the
emerging global movement of community-based development
initiatives, or
CDIs--policies and actions undertaken jointly by NGOs,
community groups,
and local governments to promote global development
that reaches beyond
the borders of a local community. Explores reasons
behind development
of CDIs, different CDI methodologies used to respond
to diverse
political, economic and environmental issues, and challenges
the
movement now faces. Concludes with short summaries of the CDI
movement
in 22 countries and a list of key contact people, publications,
and
other resources."]

Slovo, Gillian & Sarah Crowe. 1995. "Going
Home to a New
World/Meet the New Neighbors," World Press Review,
v42n142n1 (Jan
1995): 11?-143.

[Change in South Africa is
uneven, a lurch into the new world
followed by a step backward. South
Africa¼s problems of giving
dispossessed blacks their land back from
farmers operating the land are
discussed. Elliot Shevel and Shirley
Shevel have seen their property
overrun in South Africa by squatters.
The Shevels know that with the ANC
government in control, their hopes of
living in their retirement home are
shattered.]

["Highlights the connections between democratic
politics and
marketplace logic - a link reinforced by the „Washington
Consensus¾ of
freemarket reforms promoted by policy makers in the
International
Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the U.S.
government. Leading
U.S. and Latin American political scientists,
economists, and
sociologists analyze the factors shaping democratization
and economic
restructuring and assess alternative scenarios for politics
and economics
in the region."]

Solow, Robert M.
1992. "Sustainability: Our Debt to the Future,"
USA
Today: The Magazine of the American Scene, v121n2568
(Sep 1992):
40-42.

[Sustainability as a moral obligation
is a general, not a
specific, one. It is not a commitment to preserve
this or that. It is
an obligation to maintain the capacity to be as
well off as we are. That
does not preclude preserving specific
resources, if they have an
independent value and no good substitutes.
However, we should be aware
that is part of their value, not a
consequence of any idea of
sustainability.]

Solow,
Robert M. 1997. "How Did Economics Get That Way and What
Way Did
It Get?" Daedalus, v126n1 (Winter 1997): 39-58.

[Details the evolution of economics over a 50-year span.
Formalist economics starts with a small number of assumptions about the
behavior of individual economic agents, and a few more about their
interactions with each other, and goes on to study what can then be said
about the resulting economic system. Modern mainstream economics is not
all that formal. What the outsider really sees is model-building, which
is an altogether different sort of activity. It is important, then, to
understand what a model is and what it is not.]

[In proposing guidelines for the construction of a
sustainability strategy, Solow demonstrates that adjustments for the net
depletion of natural resources and environmental assets can be made in
the very same national income accounts that account for depreciation of
fixed capital. He then outlines what each generation should give back in
exchange for depleted natural resources and spent environmental
assets.]

[Effective official control of urban growth and
international
insulation prevented Chinese cities from experiencing the
general Third
World pattern of overurbanization and imbalances. Urban
bias is a
concomitant of reintegration into the global economy.]

[The gross domestic product (GDP) is not a
complete measure of
happiness and well-being. Southeast Asia and its
disregard for the
environment is a good example of this; forest fires in
this region are
devastating natural resources and crippling the
area.]

[Despite the impressions of the
evils of the history of
industrialization, Americans welcomed
mechanization with open arms,
believing that such evils could never
infiltrate a democratic society.
The Edenic expectations of new
technologies and three myths that are
important to US cultural stability
are discussed. that the world presents
unlimited opportunity; that the
general interest of the nation is best
served when free citizens act in
their own self-interest; and, in the US,
a sense of „manifest destiny,¾
a responsibility for remaking the world in
its own image.]

[The UN Development Programme"s
Human Development Index is
critically examined, after a definition of
human development, its
indicators and its institutional setting is
offered. Human development
is defined as the enlargement of the range
of people"s choices.]

[Many US companies rely on computer software developed and
tailored to
their needs in Bangalore and other Indian cities. India is
positioned
to become a major force in the global software
marketplace.]

[The rise of modernity can be taken either as a change
from
earlier centuries to today, involving something like „development,¾
as
the demise of a „traditional¾ society and the rise of the „modern.¾
This
is an acultural theory that conceives of modernity as the growth of
reason, defined as the growth of scientific consciousness, or the
development of a secular outlook, or the rise of instrumental
rationality, or an ever-clearer distinction between fact-finding and
evaluation. But modernity is not that one form of life toward which
every culture converges as it discards beliefs. Nor is it a set of
transformations that any and every culture can go through--and that all
will probably be forced to undergo. Modernity is a movement from one
background of understandings to another. Outlines the terms of a
cultural theory.]

Third World Editors. 1990.
The World as Seen by the Third World:
Third World Guide, 1989-90,
Facts, Figures, Opinions. Montevideo, Rio
De Janeiro, Lisbon: Third
World Editors.

[That race, ethnicity, religion, and
nationalism, together with
gender, form a „cultural bundle¾ of
attributes which are neither
„ascribed¾ nor „acquired,¾ but rather are
subject to continuing
construction and reconstruction. A central
argument of this essay is that
it is critical to treat this „bundle¾ as
a dynamic set of factors
creating modernity, rather than as constants or
residuals in the general
process of modernization. At different
periods, these elements may have
different values in providing
motivation for change in the mobilization
of social actors.]

[Reprinted in Press &
Smith 1980: 143-167. Proceedings of
a meeting of the Research Seminar
in Archaeology and Related Subjects,
London University, 1970.]

Tsai, Kellee S. 1996. "Women and the State in
post-1949 Rural
China," Journal of International Affairs, v49n2
(Winter 1996):
493-524.

[Position of women
in rural China in both the Mao and post-Mao
reform periods. Persistence
of gender inequalities in socialist countries
despite their ideological
commitment to the emancipation of women.
Proposes a synthesis of
state-centered and women-in-development (WID)
theories for explaining
gender inequalities under socialism.]

[The 1492 „Columbian encounter¾ set in motion
the most dramatic
changes in land use and land cover induced by human
action up to that
time. A historical narrative of the changes that took
place around the
world is given.]

UNCHS. 1996. "The Global Context: Global
Population Change
and Urbanization," 11-31 in UNCHS, An
Urbanizing World: Global
Report on Human Settlements, 1996. New York:
Oxford University Press
for the United Nations Centre for Human
Settlements (HABITAT).

UNCHS. 1996. An Urbanizing World: Global
Report
on Human Settlements, 1996. New York: Oxford University Press
for the
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT).

UNEP/WHO. 1994. "Air Pollution in the
World"s
Megacities: A report from the United Nations Environment
Programme and
the World Health Organization," Environment,
v36n2 (Mar
1994): 4+.

[Excerpts from the
Global Environment Monitoiing System/Air
(GEMS/Air) 1992 report,
Urban Air Pollution in Megacities of the
World, published by
Blackwell Publishers, 1992, on behalf of WHO
and UNEP.]

UNESCO. 1989. World Communication Report. Paris: UNESCO.

United Nations Dept. of Economic Affairs. 1951..
Measures for the Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries;
Report by a Group of Experts Appointed by the Secretary-General of the
United Nations. New York, United Nations.

United Nations. (1990, 1993, 1995, 1997).
World Economic and Social
Survey: Trends and Policies in the World
Economies. Prepared by the
Department of Economic and Social
Information and Policy Analysis. New
York: United Nations Press.

United Nations. 1993. Integrated
Environmental
and Economic Accounting: Interim Version. Department
for Economic and
Social Information and Policy Analysis (Studies in
Methods. Series F;
No.61). New York, NY: United Nations.

[„Handbook of National Accounting.¾]

Uribe, Victor M. 1997. "The Enigma of Latin American Independence:
Analyses of the Last Ten Years," Latin American Research
Review, v32n1 (1997): 236-255.

[Useful
discussion of key issues and positions. Comparative
book review of
„Response to Revolution¾ by Michael Costeloe, „La
Independencia¾ edited
by German Colmenares, „The Independence of Latin
America¾ edited by
Leslie Bethell, and „Trade, War, and Revolution¾ by
John R.
Fisher.]

[Cities shaped by three categories of forces:
those derived
from a supracity level, those internal to the city but
structural to
general city form and those particular to specific cities.
General
tendencies such as globalization, economic restructuring,
demographic
shifts, racism, and the declining welfare role of the state
affect all
cities. But each city has its own historical shape, and
political,
economic, and social characteristics. No uniform spatial
pattern should
be expected to be found in all cities.]

Van Rossem, Ronan. 1996. "The World System Paradigm as General
Theory of Development: A Cross-National Test," American
Sociological Review, v61n3 (Jun 1996): 508-527.

[Defines a role-based rather than stage of development based
definition of world system standing (core, semi-periphery, periphery).
Case by case discussion of role relations, that roles affect
dependencies, and dependencies affect economic performance.]

[Emerging developments of social indicators are examined
through the
experience of a health planning initiative begun in 1986
under the
coordination of the World Health Organization. The three stages
of
indicator development are understanding, consensus, and commitment.
Indicators are client-driven historical artifacts.]

Waggoner, Paul E. & Jesse H. Ausubel & Iddo K. Wernick. 1996.
"Lightening the Tread of Population on the Land: American
Examples," Population and Development Review v22n3
(Sep1996):531-545.

[That land covered by the
built environment increases less than
in proportion to population.
Declining use of lumber combined with
improved forestry kept forest area
steady as population rose. Rising
yields and changing tastes countered
the impact of rising population and
wealth on cropland area. A
lightening tread of Americans on the land in
the next century could
spare over 90 million hectares for nature, an area
equal to 100 times
the size of Yellowstone National Park.]

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1988.
"Should We Unthink
the Nineteenth Century?" 185-191 in Francisco
O. Ramirez (ed.),
Rethinking the Nineteenth Century: Contradictions
and Movements,
(Studies in the Political Economyof the World
System: Contributions in
Economics and Economic History, No. 76.) New
York: Greenwood Press.

[Identifies four basic
premises of social science and history
studies: that new is better than
old; that simple precedes the complex;
that knowledge (scientific)
becomes increasingly certain and predictive
(nomothetic); and that
boundaries of the state express fundamental units
of society. Together,
these as sources of most "anomalies" in social
science. Proposes five
steps to undo these: replace "society" with
"historical system;"
deidealize, historicize and particularize the
gemeinschaft-gesellschaft
antinomy; erase the separation between "arenas"
of activity--economy,
polity, and culture (liberals), or base and
superstructure (Marxists);
undo the association between culture and
pastness, and rethink the
distinctions between the past and the present;
and fifth, undo the
notion that science simplifies, or even, is
completely distinct from
art. No footnotes or citations.]

Wallerstein,
Immanuel. 1992. "The West, Capitalism, and the Modern
World
System," Review, v15n4 (Fall 1992): 561-619.

[Defines capitalism as (and only) "the system based on a
structural priority given to the ceaseless (emphasis) accumulation of
capital." Argues that the move to capitalism was not progressive, but
rather a descent. Suggests four reasons in the collapse of: the
seigniors, the states, the Church, and the Mongols. This dismantled the
existing world trade system. "For one moment in historical
space-time the protective anticapitalist gates were opened up, and
capitalism "snuck in," to the loss of all of us." Wallerstien,
1993.]

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1993. "World
Systems versus World System: A
Critique," 292-296 in Andre Gunter Frank
& Barry K. Gills, The
World System: Five Hundred Years or Five
Thousand? London, New York:
Routledge.

[Part of the three way debate between Frank & Gills,
Abu-Lughod, and
Wallerstein. Provides context for his arguments, shows
misunderstnadings
in debate. "My "world-system" is not a system "in the
world" or "of the
world." It is a system"that is a world." Hence the
hyphen, since
"world" is not an attribute of the system." Many
world-systems could
and did coexist prior to the 19th century. But after,
there was only
one--capitalism.]

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1995.
„The Insurmountable Contradictions of
Liberalism: Human Rights and the
Rights of Peoples in the Geoculture of
the Modern World-System,"
South Atlantic Quarterly, v94n4
(Fall 1995): 1161-1178.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1995. „What are We
Bounding,
and Whom, When We Bound Social Research," Social
Research,
v62n4 (Winter 1995): 839-856.

[In the context of dividing research roles within university
structures,
questions the dichotomies of past/present, West/non-West, and
state/market/civil society. Traces the history of their emergence, since
1850. Questions their historical justification. Suggests macro/micro,
global/local as one way of dividing the research space, using mechanisms
of „overlap¾ and „life-limited floating groups.¾ Discussion of East/West
useful in showing the „othering¾ of the non-Western world.]

Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1997. „Social Science and the Quest
for a Just
Society," American Journal of Sociology, v102n5
(Mar 1997):
1241-1257.

[The question of whether
Christopher Columbus was a master
mariner or merely a dedicated amateur
is addressed. The state of
geographical knowledge at the time Columbus
set sail and the use he made
of it are discussed.]

Walton, John. 1984. "Culture and Economy in the Shaping of Urban
Life: General Issues and Latin American Examples," 76-93 in John Agnew,
John Meercer & David Soper (eds.) The City in Cultural
Context. Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin.

Ward, Kathryn B. 1984. Women in the World System:
Its Impact
on Status and Fertility. New York: Praeger.

[The
Earth is in the midst of a global "extinction event"
resulting from an
internally generated dynamic--seemingly unrestrained
human population
growth and the pattern of accentuated parasitism that it
has unleashed.
Theories of human survival of population growth are
discussed.]

[Mortality rates
in the developed world are no longer related
to per capita economic
growth but are now related to the scale of income
equality in each
society. This represents a transition from the primacy
of material
constraints to social constraints as the limiting condition
on the
quality of life.]

[Women¼s issues that were recently
dealt with by international
development organizations including the
International Monetary Fund,
World Bank and the USAID Office of Women in
Development (WID) are
presented. Various WID initiatives and projects
within their Gender Plan
for Action are described.]

Williams, Raymond. 1973. "The City and the Future,"
272-278
in Raymond Williams, The Country and the City. New
York: Oxford
University Press.

[Traces ideas
of the future city in literature, from H.G. Wells
to science fiction,
utopia and dystopia.]

Williams, Raymond. 1973.
"The New Metropolis," 279-288 in
Raymond Williams, The
Country and the City. New York: Oxford
University Press.

[An account of the way ideas of country as hinterland were
projected out to other countries, the "colonies." The rise of
Imperialism as a continuum of the process of dichotomizing city and
country.]

Williams, Raymond. 1973. The Country
and the City. New York:
Oxford University Press.

[Examines the nature of environmental problems in Third World
cities and the relationship between the environment, poverty and shelter.
Illustrates themes by reference to a case study of Calcutta. The
question of how best to manage and plan the urban environment is
examined. In particular, recent proposals by influential international
agencies such as the World Bank are considered.]

[It is argued that there is a substantial body of economic
advice, roughly summarized in the "Washington consensus," that deserves
to be endorsed across the political spectrum. Other economic issues
would have to be determined by the outcome of the political
process.]

[Capitalism is not irrelevant to morality: It
assumes the
existence of certain moral dispositions, strengthens some of
them, and
threatens others. For people worried about inequality or
environmental
degradation, the question is not whether capitalism has
consequences but
whether its consequences are better or worse than those
of some feasible
economic alternative.]

Wirth,
Louis. 1938. "Urbanism as a Way of Life," American
Jouranl of Sociology, v44 (1938): 1-24.

World Bank. 1997. Five Years After Rio :
Innovations in Environmental Policy. (Environmentally Sustainable
Development Studies and Monographs Series; no. 18.) Washington, D.C. :
World Bank.

World Resources Institute.
1997. World Resources
1996-97: A Guide to the Global
Environment. (Annual.) Washington,
DC: World Resources Institute.

Worster, Donald (ed.). 1988. The Ends of the
Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press

Wouter van
Dieren (ed.). 1995. Taking Nature into
Account: A Report to the
Club of Rome. New York: Copernicus,
Springer-Verlag.

[Indicators used to direct economic policy (GDP, national
income, etc.) may not tell the whole story: continued deterioration of
the environment is leading us closer to crisis. Meanwhile, policymakers
and the public are basing decisions on dangerously incomplete
information. Leading experts make the ethical, historical, economic, and
ecological arguments for including environmental factors when measuring
fiscal health. Initiated by the Club of Rome (an international group of
influential businessmen, statesmen, and scientists), and written in
cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature, this report reviews
existing methodologies and makes recommendations for adjusting the way we
think about and measure the economy.]

[The current discourse on
gender, development, and the
environment has emerged from a convergence
of feminist and
environmentalist critiques of economic development.
Zein-Elabdin
proposes an alternative conceptual framework for redrawing
this
discourse, particularly with regard to the treatment of
gender.]

[The range of Indian women¼s market
participation and the ways
in which gender, class and ethnicity
interacted to foster considerable
diversity in women¼s activities and at
the same time limit their economic
possibilities are explored.]