(T)Raumschiff Surprise - Periode 1 is a German movie made in 2004 by Michael Herbig. As a spiritual successor to Der Schuh des Manitu, (T)Raumschiff Surprise - Periode 1 is based on a recurring skit from Herbig's TV show Bullyparade, "Unser (T)Raumschiff", a spoof of the 1960s American television series, Star Trek. The title and plot allude to Raumschiff Enterprise, the German title of Star Trek. Raumschiff is the German word for spacecraft; Traumschiff means "dream ship", which was also a reference to Das Traumschiff, a German television series, similar to the series The Love Boat. The movie parodies several science fiction films.

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Several characters from the original Star Trek movie are parodied, the main characters speak with a very strong Bavarian accent in the German soundtrack. Herbig once described the movie as "a group of girl-roommates on adventure".[citation needed] The names are all parodies of the original characters of Star Trek. Captain Kork (Christian Tramitz) is a take on Captain Kirk, Korken means "cork"); Mr. Spuck (Michael "Bully" Herbig) is a take on Spock, Spucke means "spit"; and the engineer, Schrotty (Rick Kavanian) is a play on Scotty, Schrott means "trash/junk". The characters act stereotypically gay.[1] Kavanian also plays Jens Maul, a play on Darth Maul, Maul means "maw", despite the fact the character looks like Darth Vader). Doc Pulle is a parody of Leonard McCoy's character's German nickname, Pille, which means "pill". Pulle is a German colloquialism for "bottle", as in "eine Pulle Rum" (a bottle of rum) or "eine Pulle Bier" (a bottle of beer).

The movie begins at a place which appears to be Nevada's legendary Area 51. A visiting general is led down into an underground complex where he is shown a captured alien, the alien resembles a chubby Vulcan in a cowboy costume, and greets the general with a "What are you looking at so stupidly?".

The next scene opens 300 years later, in 2304. Earth is under attack by the fleet of the Mars Regulator and his asthmathic right hand (and son) Jens Maul,[2] with most of Earth's forces destroyed, the Queen Metapha (from "metaphor", played by Anja Kling) of Earth and her secretaries debate their last options. They decide to call for the crew of the Surprise, Earth's last available, penis-and-testicles-shaped starship, to travel 300 years back in time, their mission is to destroy a UFO which had crashed in Nevada in 2004. Its technology had enabled mankind to colonize Mars in the first place,[3] hence its destruction would prevent the attack 300 years later. (A similar theme appears in the Terminator movie series.)

At first, Captain Kork is very reluctant to follow the order to return to Earth immediately (because he, Spuck and Schrotty intend to try out for a 'Miss Waikiki' contest),[3] but ultimately, he changes his mind. Technical problems ("damage done by martens") prevent direct transport, however, so Kork orders Schrotty to call a space taxi, the taxi is driven by Rock (played by Til Schweiger), who is found attractive by both Kork and Spuck. Rock manages to break through the Martian blockade, but during the action, the taxi is chased and damaged heavily, finally crashing beside the Queen's palace. Kork, Spuck and Schrotty are advised on their mission and are then seated into the time machine, which looks like an old sofa. When the Regulator's forces attack the capital city, Rock and Metapha join Kork and Spucky "in" the device, while Schrotty remains behind. Jens Maul acquires the time machine's manual, builds his own and follows the foursome back in time.

Under constant harassment by Jens Maul, the travellers have a couple of unplanned sojourns; in 1304 Britain, they are forced to participate in a tournament held by Lord William the Last (Sky du Mont), then in Nevada during the Wild West era, they run afoul of Santa Maria (du Mont in a reprisal of his role in Der Schuh des Manitu). Upon arrival in the West, the time sofa is smashed by a speeding train, but the group captures Maul's time machine and uses it to reach the year 2004. Once more, they encounter Maul, who has painstakingly reassembled the ruined time sofa, and witness the UFO (which turns out to be no bigger than a football) crashing. A beer-guzzling alien the size of a human hand emerges and, in its haste to consume more alcohol, it begins to choke. Spucky tries to help by offering Maul's asthma spray, but the pressure created by the device blows up the creature, the group obliterates the UFO and scrambles onto the sofa, just as the local military arrives. The control panel shows an overload of 76.375 kilograms – Spucky's exact weight. With a heavy heart, Spucky remains behind.

The story switches back to Area 51, where Spuck has just finished telling his tale, the government officials are not convinced until Spuck provides proof in the form of a futuristic piece of technology, a thermometer with a vibrating alarm, which he had inserted just before departure. As Kork, Rock and Metapha get back to the future, Spuck is already awaiting them. Spuck has survived because he's a Vulcanette, who have extraordinarily long lifespans, and has been busy re-decorating Earth within the last 300 years (it is now all in pink). Kork and his men get to participate in the Miss Waikiki contest after all - but the ever-relentless Jens Maul has the last word.

After the success of Der Schuh des Manitu, Michael "Bully" Herbig had asked his Bullyparade audience to decide his next movie project. Open for selection were: a sequel to Der Schuh des Manitu; (T)Raumschiff Surprise; a movie about another regular sketch in the show centered on Sissi (which was eventually realized as the computer-animated film Lissi und der wilde Kaiser); a "Movie No One Would Ever Expect" with the same name; or an advice to Herbig to keep his hands off making movies altogether.

The scene in which Kork and Spuck attempt to beam off the Surprise by stepping onto several lighted numbered floor panels, is a reference to the German TV children's game show Eins, Zwei oder Drei (the German version of Runaround). The panels are part of a triple-choice quiz system, and any children who stand on the correct panel (i.e. with the number of the correct answer) may collect points for their respective team.

The title and incidental music was composed by Ralf Wengenmayr, the closing title song, Space Taxi by Stefan Raab featuring Spucky, Kork and Schrotty, was released as a single which reached #2 in Austria and Germany and #7 in Switzerland.[4]

1.
Michael Herbig
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Michael Herbig is a German film director, actor and author. His nickname Bully became integral part of his name as Michael Bully Herbig as a comedian. His career began in 1992 with regular appearances on radio, leading to appearances on television shows. He gained wider fame as writer, actor and director of the comedy show Bullyparade, the show featured him as the host, his good friend Rick Kavanian, Christian Tramitz and Diana Herold as a dancer and occasional actress in the skits. The show featured many different themes, including stereotypical gay archetypes in a Star Trek parody, an homage to westerns, on the show, he let the audience vote which theme to use for each of his movies based upon characters from the show. The first, the 2001 Der Schuh des Manitu was seen by over 11.7 million people and his second film, Raumschiff Surprise - Periode 1 was also a commercial success, cementing his career. On January 7,2008, Variety reported that Herbig was set to film an adaptation of animated series Vicky the Viking. The film was released in 2009,2001 Bavarian Film Awards 2000 in film Michael Herbig at the Internet Movie Database

2.
Rick Kavanian
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Richard Rick Horatio Kavanian is a German actor, comedian, author and dubber of Armenian descent. He is famous for his cooperation with Michael Herbig, which led to popular movie comedies and parodies. Rick Kavanian grew up with his parents, both Armenian who emigrated from Bucharest to Munich in the 1950s, and his grandmother. As a child he learned to speak Romanian from his parents who used to live in Romania, Armenian from his grandmother and learned German, from 1990 to 1994 Kavanian studied political science, North American history and psychology in Munich and Augsburg. The cooperation with Michael Herbig began in 1990, when worked as authors and speakers for a German comedy radio show. In 1995 Kavanian moved to New York City and studied acting at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, after his return to Germany he played several roles alongside Herbig in the TV comedy show Easy Bully, which later fades to the successful TV comedy show Bullyparade. Henceforward Rick starred in comedy movies, had many TV appearances. Kavanian lives in Munich together with his wife Ilka and his personal idol is the British actor Peter Sellers

3.
Til Schweiger
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Tilman Valentin Til Schweiger is a German actor, director, and producer. He runs his own company, Barefoot Films, in Berlin. Schweiger was born in Freiburg, West Germany, to two teachers and he grew up in Heuchelheim near Giessen in Hesse, where he went to school. Later he took acting lessons at Der Keller in Cologne and graduated in 1989, schweigers debut as a producer and director came in 1997 with Knockin on Heavens Door. He also directed and produced Der Eisbär in 1998, Schweiger won a Bambi Award for Barfuss in 2005, which he wrote, directed, and starred in. He also won a Bambi for his role in Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1. In 2007, Keinohrhasen, written, produced, and directed by Schweiger, the film won a Bambi, a Bavarian Film Award, the German Comedy Award, two DIVA Awards, a Jupiter Award and the Ernst Lubitsch Award. The sequel, Zweiohrküken, was released the year with over 4.2 million viewers. Schweiger then went on to direct, produce and star in 1½ Knights – In Search of the Ravishing Princess Herzelinde, the movie Kokowääh debuted in German cinemas in February 2011. Schweigers daughter Emma stars beside him, and the movie is directed, co-written. Schweiger and Emma reprised their roles as Henry and Magdalena, respectively, in its sequel, the film was released on 7 February 2013. In 2012 Schweiger made a film alongside his daughter Luna named Schutzengel, onscreen, Schweiger first appeared as an actor in 1989 in the TV series Lindenstraße. His first film came in 1991 with Manta, Manta. Additional TV and film followed, including Der bewegte Mann, Männerpension, Das Mädchen Rosemarie, Bastard, Bang Boom Bang, Der große Bagarozy, Was tun, wenns brennt. Lucky Luke, The Red Baron, Wo ist Fred, Phantomschmerz, Männerherzen, Schweiger has also appeared as supporting actor in American films, including Already Dead, King Arthur, In Enemy Hands, Magicians, Tomb Raider, The Cradle of Life, Driven, SLC Punk. Investigating Sex, Joe and Max, The Replacement Killers and New Years Eve and his latest big screen appearance was as Hugo Stiglitz in Quentin Tarantinos Inglourious Basterds. He also made an appearance in 2014s Muppets Most Wanted, Schweiger married American model Dana Carlsen on 19 June 1995. They have four children, Valentin Florian Schweiger, Luna Marie Schweiger, Lilli Camille Schweiger, Schweiger and Carlson separated in 2005 and were divorced in 2014

4.
Sky du Mont
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Sky du Mont is a German actor. He is known for his role in Eyes Wide Shut, as Santa Maria in Der Schuh des Manitu, du Mont was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He has been married five times and his current wife is Mirja Dumont and his third and oldest son is called Justin Neven du Mont. He made an appearance in Das Boot as an officer aboard the resupply ship Weser. While he only appears in the background in the theatrical and directors cut and he appears in Traumschiff Surprise – Periode 1 as Herzog William der Letzte, and he plays one of the Nazi killers in The Boys from Brazil. Sky du Mont also does a lot of work for commercials as well as television continuity for German channel Pro 7

5.
Stefan Raab
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Stefan Konrad Raab is a German entertainer, comedian, musician and former television host. Raab began his career hosting the comedy show Vivasion in 1993. He became well known in 1994 after composing a hit single spoofing national football coach Berti Vogts, from 1999 to 2015, he hosted the late-night comedy show TV total and has also created a number of other television shows, such as Schlag den Raab and Bundesvision Song Contest. Raab has been considered the most powerful man in German entertainment television, Raab is also known for his recurring role as producer, writer and performer of German entries to the Eurovision Song Contest beginning in 1998. He was the initiator of the national pre-selection show Unser Star für Oslo, Raab grew up in Cologne with his sister and his parents, who owned a butchers shop. He attended Jesuit boarding school Aloisiuskolleg in Bonn, before entering the entertainment business, he worked as a butcher in his parents shop and studied law before dropping-out of university after five semesters. Raab lives in a suburb of Cologne and has two daughters with his girlfriend Nike, other than this, very little is known about Raab, who deliberately hides his private life from the media. Stefan Raab became popular as host of the comedy show Vivasion for the German music television channel VIVA from 1993 to 1998, in 1999, he created TV total which began airing in April 2001 on ProSieben, four times a week. He also brought fun and variety to the show by invented new sports, In November 2003, he initiated the first official World Wok racing Championship in Winterberg, modified Chinese woks are used to make timed runs down an Olympic bobsled track. The championship has taken every year since, most recently in March 2011 in Innsbruck. The first Autoball EM, autoball being a version of football played in cars, in 2006, Raab invented the game show Schlag den Raab, in which he competes against a contestant in various disciplines – some episodes of the show lasted more than five hours with excellent quotas. Raab frequently organizes PokerStars. de Nacht, an event featuring some celebrity names in German entertainment. In September 2012, he announced that he will be hosting a new show on ProSieben which will include political guests. It will stand in competition with the self-titled talk show hosted by Günther Jauch. In September 2013 Raab was one of four hosts at the election debate between chancellor Angela Merkel and her challenger Peer Steinbrück. In mid-2015, Raab announced his retirement from television and stated that he would remain hosting until the end of the year, the last episode of his show TV total aired on 16 December and the last episode of Schlag den Raab aired on 19 December 2015. Raab began working as a producer and composer of jingles. From 1994 onwards, he produced a number of songs, including Böörti Böörti Vogts, Hier kommt die Maus, Maschendrahtzaun, Wir kiffen

6.
Der Schuh des Manitu
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Der Schuh des Manitu is a 2001 German parody of western films. Directed by Michael Herbig, it is a adaptation of the Winnetou sketches from his ProSieben television show Bullyparade. With earnings of about 65 million Euro and 11.7 million visitors in cinemas, Abahachi, chief of the Apache, and his blood brother Ranger are an inseparable pair since Ranger saved Abahachi from a speeding train at an unguarded railroad crossing. Santa Maria kills Stinking Lizards son, who was supposed to deliver the loan, unfortunately, Santas right hand man Hombre overheard the blood brothers plans and Santa wants to get the treasure for himself. They enable the two escape, in which they inadvertently kill Stinking Lizards pet rabbit, prompting the Shoshone chief to declare war on them. To gather the parts of the map, Abahachi and Ranger travel across the land to meet with Abahachis twin brother Winnetouch on his ranch-turned-beauty-plaza. Winnetouch remembers who Abahachi gave the map pieces to, setting Winnetouch on Uschis and Dimitris trail. The trio notices Santa Marias gang surrounding them, so Winnetouch dresses up as Abahachi to distract them while Abahachi, knowing they are short on time, they decide to split up, Abahachi goes to find Dimitri while Ranger seeks out Uschi. Meanwhile, Winnetouch is captured and held at the Powder Rose Ranch under Hombres watch, just as Uschi, whom Ranger finds as a singer in a bar, gets ready to give Ranger her piece of the map, Santa Maria finds and captures them. When the two of them dont show up at the point, Abahachi and Dimitri, whom Abahachi found as the propietor of a dingy bar. During the rescue attempt Abahachi gets captured as well, bringing Santa Maria in possession of all the map pieces. He takes off with his gang to head for the treasure, taking Uschi with him since she tattooed the map on her back, however, before they burn to death, Dimitri comes to their rescue. Santa Maria finds the mountain in which the treasure is hidden and goes inside, Abahachi, Winnetouch and Ranger manage to save Uschi and convince Hombre to join them. While Dimitri distracts the rest of the gang, the others go after Santa Maria and they get the treasure, a diamond necklace, from Santa Maria, who triggers and falls into a mud trap. In the ensuing shenanigans, they lose the necklace, and upon their exit of the mountain they find themselves surrounded by the Shoshone, in the subsequent fight, Santa Marias gang is defeated and Hombre returns the embezzled gold to Stinking Lizard, ending the hostilities. In the end, each character realizes their dream and Uschi, while pregnant with her and Rangers child, urges him to set off with Abahachi, and both heroes ride into the sunset for new adventures. It is also hinting at Winnetou and the Half-Breed, which is a movie by Karl May from the 60s. Ranger, the name of his blood brother sounds very much like Stewart Granger, moreover, it’s an allusion to a character of the American Western named Lone Ranger

7.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry

8.
The Love Boat
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The Love Boat is an American television series set on a cruise ship which aired on the ABC Television Network from May 5,1977, until May 24,1986, three-hour specials aired in 1986–87 and 1990. The show revolves around the captain and a handful of its crew, with several passengers – played by different guest actors for each episode – having romantic. It was part of ABCs popular Saturday night lineup that included Fantasy Island until that ended in 1984. The original 1976 made-for-TV movie on which the show was based was itself based on the nonfiction book Love Boats by Jeraldine Saunders, two more TV movies would follow before the series began its first season in September 1977. The executive producer for the series was Aaron Spelling, who produced several TV series for ABC from the 1960s into the 1980s. In 1997, the episode with segment titles Hidden Treasure, Picture from the Past, the Love Boat ran for nine seasons plus four specials. A made-for-TV movie, titled The Love Boat, A Valentine Voyage, starring four of the original cast members, aired on February 12,1990. Gavin MacLeod as Captain Merrill Stubing Bernie Kopell as Dr. Fred Grandy was in every episode throughout the run of the series, MacLeod was not the captain in the first two TV movies, however. However, when MacLeods character was introduced, there was mention of him being the new captain, among the series attractions was the casting of well-known actors in guest-starring roles, with many famous film stars of yesteryear making rare television appearances. The show was followed on Saturday nights on ABC by Fantasy Island, which was produced by Aaron Spelling. The one-hour sitcom was set aboard a Princess Cruises cruise liner called Pacific Princess. Other ships used were twin sister Island Princess, Stella Solaris, Pearl of Scandinavia, Royal Viking Sky and Royal Princess, the series was filmed primarily on sets in California—20th Century Fox Studios for seasons one through five and Warner Hollywood Studios for the remainder of the series. Another unique aspect of The Love Boat was its writing format, every episode contained several storylines, each written by a different set of writers working on one group of guest stars. As a result, episodes ended up with titles like Disco Baby/Alas, Poor Dwyer/After the War/Ticket to Ride/Itsy Bitsy. This also led to continuity errors, most notably in Julies outfits during boarding and disembarkation. Even though the cast of Charlies Angels had been on separate episodes of the show, on rare occasions there would be crossovers between the stories. In one episode actors Robert Reed and Florence Henderson, formerly of The Brady Bunch, in one scene, the two pass each other in a corridor, exchange a Do I know you. Double-take, and then continue on their separate ways without talking, in a one-time Fantasy Island crossover episode, the cruise ship makes a detour to deliver a troubled woman to the mysterious island, and her storyline continued on that show

9.
Science fiction film
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Science fiction films have often been used to focus on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues like the human condition. The genre has existed since the years of silent cinema. The next major example in the genre was the film Metropolis - being the first feature length science fiction movie, from the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubricks landmark 2001, A Space Odyssey, the fiction film genre was taken more seriously. This definition suggests a continuum between empiricism and transcendentalism, with science fiction film on the side of empiricism, and horror film, however, there are numerous well-known examples of science fiction horror films, epitomized by such pictures as Frankenstein and Alien. The visual style of fiction film can be characterized by a clash between alien and familiar images. This clash is implemented when alien images become familiar, as in A Clockwork Orange, as well, familiar images become alien, as in the films Repo Man and Liquid Sky. For example, in Dr. Strangelove, the, distortion of the make the familiar images seem more alien. Finally, alien and familiar images are juxtaposed, as in The Deadly Mantis, Science fiction films appeared early in the silent film era, typically as short films shot in black and white, sometimes with colour tinting. They usually had a theme and were often intended to be humorous. In 1902, Georges Méliès released Le Voyage dans la Lune, generally considered the first science fiction film, several early films merged the science fiction and horror genres. Examples of this are Frankenstein, a adaptation of Mary Shelleys novel. Taking a more adventurous tack,20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a based on Jules Verne’s famous novel of a wondrous submarine. In the 1920s, European filmmakers tended to use science fiction for prediction and social commentary, as can be seen in German films such as Metropolis and Frau im Mond. In the 1930s, there were big budget science fiction films, notably Just Imagine, King Kong, Things to Come. Starting in 1936, a number of science fiction comic strips were adapted as serials, notably Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers and these serials, and the comic strips they were based on, were very popular with the general public. Other notable science fiction films of the 1930s include Frankenstein, Bride of Frankenstein, Doctor X, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, F. P. The 1940s brought us Before I Hang, Black Friday, Dr. Cyclops, The Devil Commands, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Man Made Monster, It Happened Tomorrow, It Happens Every Spring and The Perfect Woman

10.
Austro-Bavarian
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Bavarian, is a major group of Upper German varieties spoken in the southeast of the German language area, largely covered by Bavaria and Austria. It forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants, the Bavarians as a group formed in the early medieval period, as the population of the Duchy of Bavaria, forming the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Germany. The Old High German documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as Altbairisch, the dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German and West Upper German becomes more tangible in the Middle High German period, from about the 12th century. Three main dialect groups in Bavarian are, Northern Bavarian, mainly spoken in Upper Palatinate, southern Bavarian in Tyrol, South Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland. Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states, for example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a difference between eastern and western central Bavarian, roughly coinciding with the border between Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects, in Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city. In contrast to other varieties of German, Bavarian differs sufficiently from Standard German to make it difficult for native speakers to adopt standard pronunciation. All educated Bavarians and Austrians, however, can read, write and understand Standard German, in those regions, Standard German is restricted to use as the language of writing and the media. It is therefore referred to as Schriftdeutsch rather than the usual term Hochdeutsch. Bavaria and Austria officially use Standard German as the medium of education. This accent usually only exists in families where Bavarian is spoken regularly, families that do not use Bavarian at home usually use Standard German instead. In Austria, some parts of grammar and spelling are taught in Standard German lessons, as reading and writing in Bavarian is generally not taught at schools, almost all literate speakers of the language prefer to use Standard German for writing. Regional authors and literature may play a role in education as well, although there exist grammars, vocabularies, and a translation of the Bible in Bavarian, there is no common orthographic standard. Poetry is written in various Bavarian dialects, and many pop songs use the language as well, although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence, is preferred in the mass media. On the use of Bavarian and standard German in Austria see Austrian German, ludwig Thoma is a noted author who wrote works such as Lausbubengeschichten in Bavarian. There is a Bavarian Wikipedia, completely in Bavarian, notes, The phoneme /h/ is frequently realised as or word-internally, while it is realised as word-initially. Intervocalic /s/ can be voiced to, Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, as is common for Germanic languages

11.
Soundtrack
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In movie industry terminology usage, a sound track is an audio recording created or used in film production or post-production. Initially the dialogue, sound effects, and music in a film each has its own track, and these are mixed together to make what is called the composite track. A dubbing track is later created when films are dubbed into another language. This is also known as a M & E track containing all sound elements minus dialogue which is supplied by the foreign distributor in the native language of its territory. The contraction soundtrack came into public consciousness with the advent of so-called soundtrack albums in the late 1940s and these phrases were soon shortened to just original motion picture soundtrack. More accurately, such recordings are made from a music track, because they usually consist of the isolated music from a film, not the composite track with dialogue. The soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first commercially issued film soundtrack. It was released by RCA Victor Records on multiple 78 RPM discs in January 1938 as Songs from Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues. The first live-action musical film to have a commercially issued soundtrack album was MGM’s 1946 film biography of Show Boat composer Jerome Kern, the album was originally issued as a set of four 10-inch 78-rpm records. Only eight selections from the film were included in this first edition of the album, in order to fit the songs onto the record sides the musical material needed editing and manipulation. Needless to say, it was several generations removed from the original, the playback recordings were purposely recorded very dry, otherwise it would come across as too hollow sounding in large movie theatres. This made these albums sound flat and boxy, the phrase is also sometimes incorrectly used for Broadway cast recordings. While it is correct in some instances to call a soundtrack a cast recording it is never correct to call a cast recording a soundtrack, contributing to the vagueness of the term are projects such as The Sound of Music Live. Which was filmed live on the set for an NBC holiday season special first broadcast in 2013, film score albums did not really become popular until the LP era, although a few were issued in 78-rpm albums. Like the 1967 re-release of the film, this version of the score was artificially enhanced for stereo, in recent years, Rhino Records has released a 2-CD set of the complete Gone With the Wind score, restored to its original mono sound. One of the film scores of all time was John Williams music from the movie Star Wars. Many film score albums go out-of-print after the films finish their theatrical runs, in a few rare instances an entire film dialogue track was issued on records. The 1968 Franco Zeffirelli film of Romeo and Juliet was issued as a 4-LP set, as a single LP with musical and dialogue excerpts, and as an album containing only the films musical score

12.
Captain Kirk
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James Tiberius Jim Kirk is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise. Kirk first appears in Star Trek, The Original Series and has portrayed in numerous films, books, comics, webisodes. As the captain of the starship USS Enterprise, Kirk leads his crew as they explore where no man has gone before, often, the characters of Spock and Leonard McCoy act as his logical and emotional sounding boards, respectively. Kirk, played by William Shatner, first appears in the broadcast pilot episode, The Man Trap, Shatner continued in the role for the shows three seasons, and later provided the voice of the animated version of Kirk in Star Trek, The Animated Series. Shatner returned to the role for Star Trek, The Motion Picture, chris Pine portrays a young version of the character in the 2009 reboot Star Trek film, with Jimmy Bennett playing Kirk as a child. Pine reprised his role in Star Trek Into Darkness and in Star Trek Beyond, other actors have played the character in fan-created media, and the character has been the subject of multiple spoofs and satires. The character has been praised for his leadership traits and criticized for his relationships with women, James Tiberius Kirk was born in Riverside, Iowa, where he was raised by his parents, George and Winona Kirk. Although born on Earth, Kirk lived for a time on Tarsus IV, James Kirks brother, George Samuel Kirk, is first mentioned in What Are Little Girls Made Of. and introduced and killed in Operation, Annihilate. Kirk was granted a commission as an ensign and posted to advanced training aboard the USS Republic. He was then promoted to lieutenant junior grade and returned to Starfleet Academy as a student instructor, students could either think or sink in his class, and Kirk himself was a stack of books with legs. Upon graduating in the top five percent, Kirk was promoted to lieutenant and he received his first command, a spaceship roughly equivalent to a destroyer, while still quite young. Kirk became Starfleets youngest captain after receiving command of the USS Enterprise for a five-year mission, Kirks most significant relationships in the television series are with first officer Spock and chief medical officer Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy. McCoy is someone to whom Kirk unburdens himself and is a foil to Spock, robert Jewett and John Shelton Lawrences The Myth of the American Superhero describes Kirk as a hard-driving leader who pushes himself and his crew beyond human limits. Terry J. Erdman and Paula M, although Kirk throughout the series becomes romantically involved with various women, when confronted with a choice between a woman and the Enterprise, his ship always won. Roddenberry wrote in a memo that Kirk is not afraid of being fallible. J. M. Dillards novel The Lost Years describes Kirks promotion to rear admiral, in Star Trek, The Motion Picture, Kirk is chief of Starfleet operations, and he takes command of the Enterprise from Captain Willard Decker. Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberrys novelization of The Motion Picture depicts Kirk married to a Starfleet officer killed during a transporter accident. At the beginning of Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan, Kirk takes command of the Enterprise from Captain Spock to pursue his enemy from Space Seed, the movie introduces Kirks son, David Marcus

13.
Spock
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Spock, commonly Mr. Spock, is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spocks rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock. In the 2009 film Star Trek, Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, both reprised their roles in the 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and Quinto reprised his role again in 2016s Star Trek Beyond. Spock serves aboard the starship Enterprise, as officer and first officer. Spocks mixed human-Vulcan heritage serves as an important plot element in many of the characters appearances, Kirk and Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, he is one of the three central characters in the original Star Trek series and its films. After retiring from Starfleet, Spock serves as a Federation ambassador, born to the Vulcan Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, Spock has a troubled childhood due to his mixed heritage. On his homeworld, he was bullied and tormented by full-blooded Vulcan children. For a time, he grew up alongside his older half-brother Sybok, in the episode Amok Time, it is revealed that Spock became betrothed to TPring during his childhood. Sarek supported Spocks scientific learning and supporting his application to the Vulcan Science Academy, in the 2009 film Star Trek, Spock is seen rejecting his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because Spock did not enter the VSA, and sought to join Starfleet instead, Spock appeared as the science officer on the USS Enterprise in the first pilot for the series, The Cage. Spock was one of the members of the team who joined Captain Christopher Pike on a mission to Talos IV in order to investigate a distress call. Spock did appear in the pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before. During the events of that pilot, Spock became concerned at the risk to the ship posed by Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell, the earliest appearance of Spock in the series as broadcast was The Man Trap, the first such episode. When he needs to knock out a version of Kirk in The Enemy Within. Together with Chief Engineer Montgomery Scotty Scott work together to rejoin the good and evil versions of the Captain, during Miri, he finds himself to be the only member of the landing party to be immune to the physical affects of the disease affecting human adults on the planet. However, he realises that he is probably a carrier and could infect the Enterprise if he were to return, doctor Leonard McCoy manages to devise a cure, allowing the team to return to the ship. When Simon van Gelder enters the bridge armed with a phaser in Dagger of the Mind and he later conducts a mind meld with van Gelder as part of the investigation into the activities of the nearby colony. After the power to the colony is shut down, and a force field drops

14.
Scotty (Star Trek)
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Montgomery Christopher Jorgensen Scotty Scott is a fictional character in the science fiction franchise Star Trek. Simon Pegg has assumed the character and appeared in the 2009 film Star Trek and its sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness, Chris Doohan, son of James Doohan, has taken on the role of Scotty in the popular web series, Star Trek Continues. Chris has also had roles in the J. J Abrams films Star Trek, the character almost did not make it to the show after series creator Gene Roddenberry sent Doohan a letter informing him, We dont think we need an engineer in the series. Only through the intervention of Doohans agent did the character remain, Doohan tried a variety of accents for the part and decided to use a Scottish accent on the basis that he thought Scottish people make the best engineers. Doohan himself chose Scottys first name, Montgomery, in honor of his maternal grandfather James Montgomery, in a third-season production memo, Roddenberry said Doohan is capable of handling anything we throw at him and that the dour Scot works better when being protective of the ships engines. Scotty spent part of his life in Aberdeen, Scotland, on March 3,2222, Doohan claimed to have based Scottys accent on an Aberdeen accent he once heard. Scottys technical knowledge and skill allow him to devise unconventional and effective solutions to dire problems. Scottys identity is connected to the Enterprise itself, and the character often takes a paternal attitude toward the ship. He is frequently the liaison between Captain James T. Kirks ambitious tactical plans and what is feasible in the realm of the starships capabilities. Scotty oversaw the Enterprises refit prior to the events of Star Trek, The Motion Picture, and is part of the crew when the Enterprise confronts Khan Noonien Singh in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. After Scotty was promoted to captain of engineering of the USS Excelsior in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, he sabotages the new ship, Scotty joins Kirks crew aboard the USS Enterprise-A at the end of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. In Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, he helps Kirk, Spock and Dr. Leonard McCoy escape the brig, Scotty kills Colonel West before the latter can assassinate the Federation president in Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. Scotty joins Kirk and Pavel Chekov for the USS Enterprise-Bs maiden voyage in Star Trek Generations, in September 2007, Paul McGillion auditioned for the Scotty role in the 2009 Star Trek movie and received James Doohans son Chris endorsement. However, Simon Peggs casting was announced on October 12,2007, with assistance from Spock Prime and James Kirk, he joins the Enterprise crew and becomes the ships chief engineer. Slate. com called Peggs performance of Scotty in the 2009 Star Trek film juicily comic. The character of Scotty has a role in the film Star Trek Beyond, in which he meets an alien woman named Jaylah, who leads him to the crashed Federation starship. Working together, the two make the ship again flightworthy and Scotty helps Jaylah to see the value of working together with a crew, following Doohans death, several Scottish towns campaigned to be named Scottys official birthplace. Scripts, production materials and Doohans family support Linlithgows claim to being Scottys birthplace, however, Scotty says in Wolf in the Fold that he is an old Aberdeen pub crawler, and Aberdeen city leaders proposed plans to erect a monument to the actor and character

15.
Darth Maul
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Darth Maul, later referred to as just Maul, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Trained as Darth Sidiouss first apprentice, he serves as a Sith Lord and he first appears in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, and later makes appearances in Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels, voiced by Samuel Witwer. After getting frustrated with a drawing of production designer Gavin Bocquet, both he and Lucas liked the result, described as a kind of Rorschach pattern. The final drawing had McCaigs own face, with the skin removed, another concept had Maul a masked figure, something that could rival Darth Vader, while the senatorial characters would sport painted and tattooed faces. It was later decided to apply the painted and tattooed faces to Maul rather than the senator, Darth Maul was physically portrayed by actor and martial artist Ray Park in The Phantom Menace. While actors Gregg Berger, Jess Harnell, Stephen Stanton, Clint Bajakian, David W. Collins, introduced in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Darth Maul is ordered by Darth Sidious to capture Queen Padmé Amidala. On Tatooine, Maul fights Qui-Gon Jinn while approaching the Queens starship, while Anakin Skywalker gets on board, Qui-Gon engages Maul in a lightsaber duel, but the Jedi Master escapes. Eventually, Maul fights Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan Kenobi at the same time, Maul duels Qui-Gon and eventually kills him. Darth Maul appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the animated series Star Wars, Mauls tattoos are described as the markings of a warrior. Talzin has Savage Opress find his long lost brother, in the fourth season, Darth Maul has become insane and suffers amnesia since Obi-Wan defeated him. Opress finds Maul and brings him to the devastated Dathomir, where Talzin restores Mauls mind, Maul learns that the Clone Wars have started without him as he is aided by Opress to exact his revenge on Obi-Wan. Maul proceeds to attack a village on planet Raydonia as his first attempt on Obi-Wans life, in the fifth season, Darth Maul continues to appear with Savage Opress. With Opress as his apprentice, Maul begins building a criminal empire, needing followers, they travel to Florrum and manage to convince Weequay pirate Jiro and his crew to join them and betray their leader Hondo Ohnaka. Maul once again duels Obi-Wan, while Opress fights and kills Jedi Master Adi Gallia, Maul and Opress are later found by the Death Watch Mandalorian warriors, led by Pre Vizsla, who gives Maul a new set of legs and Opress a new mechanical arm. Maul offers Vizsla the chance to reclaim Mandalore by recruiting the Black Sun and Pyke crime families, but when Vizsla has no intention of releasing him, Maul decides to replace him with the prime minister Almec, whom Satine had imprisoned for corruption. Easily breaking free, Maul challenges Vizsla to a duel to take over the Death Watch and Mandalore, he succeeds in killing Vizsla and he wins the loyalty of most Death Watch members, but Bo Katan retreats along with those loyal to their previous leader. Maul then anticipates Satine being broken out of prison and her attempt to contact the Jedi Council as part of his plan to get Obi-Wan to Mandalore. Once Obi-Wan arrives and attempts to rescue Satine, Maul captures him, Obi-Wan is freed by the Night Owl rebels, however

16.
Darth Vader
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Darth Vader, also known by his birth name Anakin Skywalker, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. The character was created by George Lucas and has been portrayed by numerous actors and his appearances span the first six Star Wars films, as well as Rogue One, and his character is heavily referenced in Star Wars, The Force Awakens. He is also an important character in the Star Wars expanded universe of television series, video games, novels, literature and comic books. Originally a Jedi prophesied to bring balance to the Force, he falls to the side of the Force and serves the evil Galactic Empire at the right hand of his Sith master. He is also the father of Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia Organa, grandfather of Kylo Ren, Darth Vader has become one of the most iconic villains in popular culture, and has been listed among the greatest villains and fictional characters ever. The American Film Institute listed him as the third greatest movie villain in history on 100 Years. 100 Heroes and Villains, behind Hannibal Lecter and Norman Bates, however, other critics consider him a tragic hero, citing his original motivations for the greater good before his fall to the dark side. After the success of the original Star Wars, series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him and they held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Lukes father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Lukes father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke, Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her. With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself, in this draft, he made use of a new plot twist, Vader claiming to be Lukes father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, the new plot element of Lukes parentage had drastic effects on the series. Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi. This change in character would provide a springboard to the Tragedy of Darth Vader storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy, after deciding to create the prequel trilogy, Lucas indicated the series would be a tragic one depicting Anakins fall to the dark side. He also saw that the prequels could form the beginning of one story that started with Anakins childhood. This was the step towards turning the film series into a saga. For the first prequel, Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Movie trailers focused on Anakin and a one-sheet poster showing him casting Vaders shadow informed otherwise unknowing audiences of the characters eventual fate. The movie ultimately achieved a goal of introducing audiences to Anakin

17.
Leonard McCoy
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Bones McCoy is a character in the American science fiction franchise Star Trek. Karl Urban assumed the role of the character in the 2009 film Star Trek, McCoy was born in Atlanta, Georgia, January 20,2227. In 2266, McCoy was posted as chief officer of the USS Enterprise under Captain James T. Kirk. McCoy and Kirk are good friends, even brotherly, the passionate, sometimes cantankerous McCoy frequently argues with Kirks other confidant, science officer Spock, and occasionally is bigoted toward Spocks Vulcan heritage. McCoy often plays the role of Kirks conscience, offering a counterpoint to Spocks logic, McCoy is suspicious of technology, especially the transporter. As a physician, he prefers less intrusive treatment and believes in the bodys innate recuperative powers, the characters nickname, Bones, is a play on sawbones, an epithet for physicians qualified as surgeons. Kirk orders McCoys commission reactivated in Star Trek, The Motion Picture, Spock transfers his katra—his knowledge and experience—into McCoy before dying in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. This causes mental anguish for McCoy, who in Star Trek III, McCoy Kirks crew aboard the in Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home. In Star Trek V, The Final Frontier, McCoy reveals that he helped his father commit suicide to him of his pain. Shortly after the suicide, a cure was found for his fathers disease, Kelley reprised the role for the Encounter at Farpoint pilot episode of Star Trek, The Next Generation, insisting upon no more than the minimum Screen Actors Guild payment for his appearance. In the Star Trek, The Animated Series episode The Survivor, McCoy mentions he has a daughter, chekovs friend Irina in the original series episode The Way to Eden was originally written as McCoys daughter, but changed before the episode was shot. This line, improvised by Urban, explains how McCoy earned the nickname Bones, McCoy later helps get Kirk posted aboard the USS Enterprise. Kelley had worked with Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry on previous television pilots, however, for the rejected pilot The Cage, Roddenberry went with director Robert Butlers choice of John Hoyt to play Dr. Philip Boyce. For the second pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before, although Roddenberry wanted Kelley to play the character of ships doctor, he did not put Kelleys name forward to NBC, the network never rejected the actor as Roddenberry sometimes suggested. Kelleys first broadcast appearance as Doctor Leonard McCoy was in The Man Trap, Kelley was apprehensive about Star Treks future, telling Roddenberry that the show was going to be the biggest hit or the biggest miss God ever made. Kelley portrayed McCoy throughout the original Star Trek series and voiced the character in the animated Star Trek, fontana said that while Roddenberry created the series, Kelley essentially created McCoy, everything done with the character was done with Kelleys input. Exquisite chemistry among Kelley, William Shatner, and Leonard Nimoy manifested itself in their performances as McCoy, Kirk and science officer Spock, respectively. For the 2009 film Star Trek, writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman saw McCoy as an arbiter in Kirk and they chose to reveal that McCoy befriended Kirk first, explaining the bias in their friendship and why he would often be a little dismissive of Spock

18.
Nevada
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Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges

19.
Area 51
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The United States Air Force facility commonly known as Area 51 is a highly classified remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base, within the Nevada Test and Training Range. According to the Central Intelligence Agency, the names for the facility are Homey Airport and Groom Lake. Other names used for the facility include Dreamland and nicknames Paradise Ranch, Home Base, the special use airspace around the field is referred to as Restricted Area 4808 North. The bases current primary purpose is unknown, however, based on historical evidence, it most likely supports the development and testing of experimental aircraft. The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories, although the base has never been declared a secret base, all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information. Area 51 is located in the portion of Nevada in the western United States,83 miles north-northwest of Las Vegas. Situated at its center, on the shore of Groom Lake, is a large military airfield. The site was acquired by the United States Air Force in 1955, the area around Area 51, including the small town of Rachel on the Extraterrestrial Highway, is a popular tourist destination. The original rectangular base of 6 by 10 miles is now part of the so-called Groom box, the area is connected to the internal Nevada Test Site road network, with paved roads leading south to Mercury and west to Yucca Flat. Leading northeast from the lake, the wide and well-maintained Groom Lake Road runs through a pass in the Jumbled Hills, the road formerly led to mines in the Groom basin, but has been improved since their closure. Its winding course runs past a security checkpoint, but the area around the base extends further east. Area 51 shares a border with the Yucca Flat region of the Nevada Test Site, the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository is 44 miles southwest of Groom Lake. Groom Lake is a flat in Nevada used for runways of the Nellis Bombing Range Test Site airport on the north of the Area 51 USAF military installation. The lake at 4,409 ft elevation is approximately 3.7 miles from north to south and 3 miles from east to west at its widest point. Located within the namesake Groom Lake Valley portion of the Tonopah Basin, the origin of the Area 51 name is unclear. The most accepted comes from a grid numbering system of the area by the Atomic Energy Commission, while Area 51 isnt part of this system, another explanation is that 51 was used because it was unlikely that the AEC would use the number. The interests in Groom were acquired by J. B. Osborne and partners and patented in 1876, claims were incorporated as two 1916 companies with mining continuing until 1918 and resuming after World War II until the early 1950s. The airfield on the Groom Lake site began service in 1942 as Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Field, the Groom Lake test facility was established in April 1955 by the Central Intelligence Agency for Project Aquatone, the development of the Lockheed U-2 strategic reconnaissance aircraft

20.
Vulcan (Star Trek)
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Vulcans are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid species in the Star Trek franchise who originate from the planet Vulcan. In the various Star Trek television series and movies, they are noted for their attempt to live by logic and they were the first extraterrestrial species in the Star Trek universe to observe first contact protocol with humans. Vulcans are depicted as similar in appearance to humans, the main physical differences are their eyebrows and ears, the former are arched and upswept, while the latter feature pinnae that taper to a point at the top. The ears have been the subject of jokes on many occasions, Vulcans have been portrayed as various races. Most caucasoid-like Vulcans typically appear with a greenish hue to their skin, due to Vulcans copper-based blood. Other features described include an inner eyelid, or nictitating membrane, which protects their vision from bright lights, Vulcans are vegetarians by choice and were omnivores in ages past. Vulcans are repeatedly stated to be herbivorous in the TAS episode The Slaver Weapon, Vulcans do not like to touch their food with their hands, preferring to use utensils whenever possible. It is a Vulcan custom for guests in the home to prepare meals for their hosts, Vulcans are said to not drink alcohol, though they are depicted indulging on special occasions or as a storyline warrants. In the Star Trek, Voyager episode Repression, humans and Vulcans are shown drinking a Vulcan alcoholic drink called Vulcan Brandy, in Star Trek, First Contact, when the Vulcans first meet Zefram Cochrane, Cochrane serves them alcoholic beverages, which they take in lieu of dancing. In non-canon Trek-related literature, such as the novelization of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home, There are references to Vulcans becoming inebriated by ingesting chocolate. The novelization of Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home also shows Spock reacting almost as if drunk to the ingestion of sucrose, or common table sugar and he tells Kirk that it has the same effect on Vulcans as alcohol does on humans. Once triggered, a Vulcan must have intercourse with someone. If this is not possible, meditation may be used to stabilize their chemical imbalances and help them cope, in the event that neither of these solutions can be achieved, the Vulcan will face insanity, loss of self-control, and death. If a mate is not available, there are ways to relieve the effects of the pon farr. The first is meditation, by means of which the Vulcan must overcome the urge to mate through mental discipline and this is seen in the Voyager episode Blood Fever, when BElanna Torres and Ensign Vorik fight in the traditional Vulcan manner. The violence ends the pon farr, the other option is extreme shock, in the TOS episode Amok Time, Spock believed he had killed James T. Kirk, his best friend, thus providing sufficient shock to nullify the effects of pon farr. When he experienced pon farr, Tuvok of the USS Voyager made use of a simulation of a temporary mate that resembled his wife. Infection is another mechanism writers have used to induce pon farr in Vulcan characters, likewise in the film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, the regenerated adolescent Spock went through at least two pon farr episodes at accelerated speed

21.
Cowboy
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A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the traditions of northern Mexico and became a figure of special significance. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle, in addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. There are also cattle handlers in many parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas, over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the world, the cowboys equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree. The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work, the word cowboy appeared in the English language by 1725. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback and it was derived from vaca, meaning cow, which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero, originally, the term may have been intended literally—a boy who tends cows. By 1849 it had developed its sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word cowboy appeared later, cowhand appeared in 1852, and cowpoke in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, the word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word cowherd was used to describe a cattle herder, and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy and this word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000. In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, on western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for cowboy work on the ranch. The term cowboy was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence, in the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys, there were two separate groups, the skinners fought for the pro-independence side, the cowboys supported the British

22.
Mars
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Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, after Mercury. Named after the Roman god of war, it is referred to as the Red Planet because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a planet with a thin atmosphere, having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of Earth. The rotational period and seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth, Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and second-highest known mountain in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyons in the Solar System. The smooth Borealis basin in the northern hemisphere covers 40% of the planet, Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids, similar to 5261 Eureka, a Mars trojan, there are ongoing investigations assessing the past habitability potential of Mars, as well as the possibility of extant life. Future astrobiology missions are planned, including the Mars 2020 and ExoMars rovers, liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure, which is about 6⁄1000 that of the Earths, except at the lowest elevations for short periods. The two polar ice caps appear to be largely of water. The volume of ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted. On November 22,2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior, Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye, as can its reddish coloring. Its apparent magnitude reaches −2.91, which is surpassed only by Jupiter, Venus, the Moon, optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 kilometers across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earths atmosphere. Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth with an area only slightly less than the total area of Earths dry land. Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earths volume and 11% of Earths mass, the red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron oxide, or rust. It can look like butterscotch, other common colors include golden, brown, tan. Like Earth, Mars has differentiated into a metallic core overlaid by less dense materials. Current models of its interior imply a core with a radius of about 1,794 ±65 kilometers, consisting primarily of iron and this iron sulfide core is thought to be twice as rich in lighter elements than Earths. The core is surrounded by a mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet

23.
Metaphor
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A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers, for rhetorical effect, to one thing by mentioning another thing. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas, antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile are all types of metaphor. The Philosophy of Rhetoric by rhetorician I. A. Richards describes a metaphor as having two parts, the tenor and the vehicle, the tenor is the subject to which attributes are ascribed. The vehicle is the object whose attributes are borrowed, other writers employ the general terms ground and figure to denote the tenor and the vehicle. Cognitive linguistics uses the target and source, respectively. Metaphors are most frequently compared with similes, a simile is a specific type of metaphor that uses the words like or as in comparing two objects, whereas what is commonly referred to as a metaphor states that A is B or substitutes B for A. What is usually referred to as a metaphor asserts the two objects in the comparison are identical on the point of comparison, a simile merely asserts a similarity, for this reason a common-type metaphor is generally considered more forceful than a simile. The metaphor category also contains these types, Allegory, An extended metaphor wherein a story illustrates an important attribute of the subject. Antithesis, A rhetorical contrast of ideas by means of parallel arrangements of words, clauses, or sentences Catachresis, A mixed metaphor used by design and accident. Hyperbole, Excessive exaggeration to illustrate a point Metonymy, A figure of speech using the name of one thing in reference to a different thing of which the first is associated, example, in lands belonging to the crown the word crown is metonymy for ruler or monarch. Parable, An extended metaphor narrated as an anecdote illustrating and teaching such as in Aesops fables, pun, Similar to a metaphor, a pun alludes to another term. However, the difference is that a pun is a frivolous allusion between two different things whereas a metaphor is a purposeful allusion between two different things. Metaphor, like other types of analogy, can usefully be distinguished from metonymy as one of two modes of thought. Thus, a metaphor creates new links between otherwise distinct conceptual domains, whereas a metonymy relies on the links within them. A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of an image has become absent. Examples, to grasp a concept and to gather what youve understood use physical action as a metaphor for understanding, the audience does not need to visualize the action, dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché, others use dead metaphor to denote both. A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first, e. g. Checkmate

24.
Unidentified flying object
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An unidentified flying object, or UFO, in its most general definition, is any apparent anomaly in the sky that is not identifiable as a known object or phenomenon. Culturally, UFOs are associated with claims of visitation by extraterrestrial life or government-related conspiracy theories, UFOs are often identified after their sighting. Sometimes, however, UFOs cannot be identified because of the low quality of evidence related to their sightings, during the late 1940s and through the 1950s, UFOs were often referred to popularly as flying saucers or flying discs. The term UFO became more widespread during the 1950s, at first in technical literature, UFOs garnered considerable interest during the Cold War, an era associated with a heightened concern for national security. Various studies have concluded that the phenomenon does not represent a threat to national security nor does it contain anything worthy of scientific pursuit, the Oxford English Dictionary defines a UFO as An unidentified flying object, a flying saucer. The first published book to use the word was authored by Donald E. Keyhoe, the acronym UFO was coined by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, who headed Project Blue Book, then the USAFs official investigation of UFOs. He wrote, Obviously the term flying saucer is misleading when applied to objects of every conceivable shape, for this reason the military prefers the more general, if less colorful, name, unidentified flying objects. Other phrases that were used officially and that predate the UFO acronym include flying flapjack, flying disc, unexplained flying discs, unidentifiable object, the phrase flying saucer had gained widespread attention after the summer of 1947. On June 24, a pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing nine objects flying in formation near Mount Rainier. Arnold timed the sighting and estimated the speed of discs to be over 1,200 mph, at the time, he claimed he described the objects flying in a saucer-like fashion, leading to newspaper accounts of flying saucers and flying discs. In popular usage, the term UFO came to be used to refer to claims of alien spacecraft, between 5% and 20% of reported sightings are not explained, and therefore can be classified as unidentified in the strictest sense. The term Ufology is used to describe the efforts of those who study reports. UFOs have become a prevalent theme in culture, and the social phenomena have been the subject of academic research in sociology and psychology. Unexplained aerial observations have been reported throughout history, an example is Halleys Comet, which was recorded first by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC and possibly as early as 467 BC. Such sightings throughout history often were treated as supernatural portents, angels, or other religious omens. On January 25,1878, the Denison Daily News printed an article in which John Martin, Martin, according to the newspaper account, said it appeared to be about the size of a saucer, the first known use of the word saucer in association with a UFO. In April 1897, thousands of people reported seeing airships in various parts of the United States, scores of people even reported talking to the pilots. Thomas Edison was asked his opinion, and said, You can take it from me that it is a pure fake, the largest had an apparent size of about six Suns, he said

25.
Terminator (franchise)
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The Terminator series is a science-fiction franchise created by James Cameron and Gale Anne Hurd. As of February 2010, the franchise has generated $3 billion in revenue, the central theme of the franchise is the battle for survival between the nearly-extinct human race and the world-spanning synthetic intelligence that is Skynet. Skynet is positioned in the first film as a U. S. strategic Global Digital Defense Network computer system by Cyberdyne Systems which becomes self-aware, upon activation, it immediately perceives all humans as a security threat, and formulates a plan to systematically wipe out humanity itself. Due to time travel and consequent ability to change the future, in Terminator 2, Judgment Day, Sarah states that Judgment Day will occur on August 29,1997. However, Terminator 3, Rise of the Machines shows that the Judgment Day holocaust has been postponed to July 24,2003. In Terminator, The Sarah Connor Chronicles, Judgment Day was delayed further to April 21,2011, in Genisys, however, that Terminator unit is destroyed and subsequently dissolved in acid by the Guardian, thus preventing Cyberdyne from reverse engineering it. This serves to postpone Judgment Day even further and this concept of never being able to fully prevent Judgement Day but only being able to delay its arrival is at the heart of the Terminator films both technically and artistically. only postponed. This in-universe explanation provides an explanation for more Terminator movies to be made, therefore. This television news spot attempted to compare and contrast how far present day technology, the Terminator is a 1984 science fiction film released by Orion Pictures, co-written and directed by James Cameron and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton and Michael Biehn. It is the first work in the Terminator franchise, in the film, machines take over the world in the near future, directed by the artificial intelligence Skynet. With its sole mission to completely annihilate humanity, it develops android assassins called Terminators that outwardly appear human, a man named John Connor starts the Tech-Com resistance to fight the machines, defeat Skynet and free humanity. With the fate of humanity at stake, John sends soldier Kyle Reese back to protect his mother, also starring Emmy winner Paul Winfield. It is co-written, directed, and produced by James Cameron and stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Edward Furlong and Robert Patrick. After machines fail to prevent John Connor from being born, they try again in 1995, this time attempting to terminate him as a child by using a more advanced Terminator, the T-1000. As before, John sends back a protector for his younger self, also starring Emmy winner Joe Morton. It was released on July 3,1991 to critical acclaim and grossed $519.8 million worldwide Terminator 3, Rise of the Machines, as a result of the destruction of Cyberdyne at the end of T2, the Skynet takeover has been postponed, not averted. After Connors future self is terminated by a doppelgänger of his previous protector, Kate reprograms it and it was released on July 2,2003 to mixed reviews and grossed $433.4 million worldwide.4 million. It was written by John D. Brancato, Michael Ferris, Paul Haggis, Shawn Ryan, Jonathan Nolan, and Anthony E. Zuiker, directed by McG, and stars Christian Bale as John Connor

26.
Time travel
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Some ancient myths depict skipping forward in time. The Buddhist Pāli Canon mentions the relativity of time, in the period of our century, one hundred years, only a single day, twenty four hours would have passed for them. The Japanese tale of Urashima Tarō, first described in the Nihongi tells of a fisherman named Urashima Taro who visits an undersea palace. After three days, he returns home to his village and finds himself 300 years in the future, where he has forgotten, his house is in ruins. Early science-fiction stories feature characters who sleep for years and awaken in a changed society. Among them LAn 2440, rêve sil en fût jamais by Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving, Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, prolonged sleep, like the more familiar time machine, is used as a means of time travel in these stories. Decades-long and centuries-long sleep is featured in ancient myths. Like forward time travel, backward time travel has an uncertain origin, the narrator rides to ancient Greece on a hippogriff, meets Aristotle, and goes on a voyage with Alexander the Great before returning to the 19th century. While the narrator waits under a tree for a coach to take him out of Newcastle and he encounters the Venerable Bede in a monastery and explains to him the developments of the coming centuries. However, the story never makes it clear whether these events are real or a dream, charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol has early depictions of time travel in both directions, as the protagonist, Ebenezer Scrooge, is transported to Christmases past and future. However, these might be interpreted as visions rather than as time travel because Scrooge experiences the time periods as a rather than as a participant. A clearer example of time travel is found in the popular 1861 book Paris avant les hommes by the French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard. This may have been the first story to feature an alternate history created as a result of time travel. Early time machines One of the first stories to feature time travel by means of a machine is The Clock that Went Backward by Edward Page Mitchell, however, the mechanism borders on fantasy. An unusual clock, when wound, runs backwards and transports people nearby back in time, the author does not explain the origin or properties of the clock. Enrique Gaspar y Rimbaus El Anacronópete may have been the first story to feature a vessel engineered to travel through time, H. G. Wellss The Time Machine popularized the concept of time travel by mechanical means. In technical papers, physicists generally avoid the language of moving or traveling through time. Movement normally refers only to a change in position as the time coordinate is varied

27.
American frontier
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Frontier refers to a contrasting region at the edge of a European-American line of settlement. American historians cover multiple frontiers but the folklore is focused primarily on the 19th century west of the Mississippi River. As defined by Hine and Faragher, frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. They explain, It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, thus, Turners Frontier Thesis proclaimed the westward frontier as the defining process of American history. As the American frontier passed into history, the myths of the West in fiction and film took firm hold in the imagination of Americans, America is exceptional in choosing its iconic self-image. David Murdoch has said, No other nation has taken a time and place from its past, the frontier line was the outer line of European-American settlement. It moved steadily westward from the 1630s to the 1880s, Turner favored the Census Bureau definition of the frontier line as a settlement density of two people per square mile. The West was the settled area near that boundary. Thus, parts of the Midwest and American South, though no longer considered western, have a frontier heritage along with the western states. In the 21st century, however, the term American West is most often used for the area west of the Mississippi River, in the colonial era, before 1776, the west was of high priority for settlers and politicians. The American frontier began when Jamestown, Virginia was settled by the English in 1607, English, French, Spanish and Dutch patterns of expansion and settlement were quite different. Although French fur traders ranged widely through the Great Lakes and mid-west region they settled down. French settlement was limited to a few small villages such as Kaskaskia. They created a rural settlement in upstate New York. Areas in the north that were in the stage by 1700 generally had poor transportation facilities. The wealthy speculator, if one was involved, usually remained at home, the class of landless poor was small. Few artisans settled on the frontier except for those who practiced a trade to supplement their primary occupation of farming, there might be a storekeeper, a minister, and perhaps a doctor, and there were a number of landless laborers. However frontier areas of 1700 that had good river connections were transformed into plantation agriculture

28.
Christoph Maria Herbst
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Christoph Maria Herbst is a German actor and comedian. After passing the Abitur, Herbst became an apprentice and was active at the free theatre scene in Wuppertal at the same time. In 1986, he was a member of the private Theater in Cronenberg. Hes still performing in German theatres, most recently, he performed Männerhort at the Theater am Kurfürstendamm in Berlin together with Bastian Pastewka, Michael Kessler and Jürgen Tonkel. Herbst made his first appearance in German television in the show Sketchup - The next generation in 1997, from 2002 to 2004, he performed as a supporting actor in Ladykracher. In 2004, he had his first leading role in the ProSieben series Stromberg, in October 2006, the work on the third season of Stromberg began, airing in early 2007. Herbst also appeared in the Sesamstraße in 2006, and in Anke Engelkes show Ladyland, in 2007, his 7-piece series Die schlimmste Woche meines Lebens, an adaptation of the British Series The Worst Week of My Life, was broadcast. Herbsts movie career began in 1998 in the movie Der wirklich letzte Junggeselle, in 2006, Herbst teamed up again with Michael Herbig in the movie Hui-Buh, das Schlossgespenst, starring as King Julius, the 111th. 2006 Urmel aus dem Eis 2007 Stromberg Staffel 32007 Die Aufschneider 2007 Neues vom WiXXer 2007 Hilfe

29.
Empress Elisabeth of Austria
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Duchess Elisabeth in Bavaria was the wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I, and thus Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, and many others. Born into the royal Bavarian house of Wittelsbach, Elisabeth enjoyed an informal upbringing before marrying Emperor Franz Joseph I at the age of sixteen, the marriage thrust her into the much more formal Habsburg court life, for which she was ill-prepared and which she found uncongenial. Early in the marriage she was at odds with her mother-in-law, Archduchess Sophie, the birth of a male heir, Rudolf, improved her standing at court considerably, but her health suffered under the strain, and she would often visit Hungary for its more relaxed environment. She came to develop a deep kinship with Hungary, and helped to bring about the monarchy of Austria–Hungary in 1867. The death of her only son Rudolf, and his mistress Mary Vetsera and she withdrew from court duties and travelled widely, unaccompanied by her family. She was obsessively concerned with maintaining her youthful figure and beauty, while travelling in Geneva in 1898, she was stabbed to death by an Italian anarchist named Luigi Lucheni. Elisabeth was the longest serving Empress of Austria, at 44 years, maximilian was considered to be rather peculiar, he had a childish love of circuses and traveled the Bavarian countryside to escape his duties. The family home was at Possenhofen Castle, far from the protocols of court, Sisi and her siblings grew up in a very unrestrained and unstructured environment, she often skipped her lessons to go riding about the countryside. Although the couple had never met, Franz Josephs obedience was taken for granted by the archduchess, the Duchess and Helene were invited to journey to the resort of Bad Ischl, Upper Austria to receive his formal proposal of marriage. Fifteen-year-old Sisi accompanied her mother and sister and they traveled from Munich in several coaches and they arrived late as the Duchess, prone to migraine, had to interrupt the journey, the coach with their gala dresses never did arrive. The family was still in mourning over the death of an aunt so they were dressed in black, while black did not suit eighteen-year-old Helenes dark coloring, it made her younger sisters blonder looks more striking by contrast. Helene was a pious, quiet woman, and she and Franz Joseph felt ill at ease in each others company. He did not propose to Helene, but defied his mother and informed her that if he could not have Elisabeth, five days later their betrothal was officially announced. The couple were married eight months later in Vienna at the Augustinerkirche on 24 April 1854, the marriage was finally consummated three days later, and Elisabeth received a dower equal to todays 240,000 USD. Within a few weeks, Elisabeth started to display health problems, she had fits of coughing and became anxious and she was surprised to find she was pregnant and gave birth to her first child, a daughter, Archduchess Sophie of Austria, just ten months after her wedding. When a second daughter, Archduchess Gisela of Austria, was born a year later, the fact that she had not produced a male heir made Elisabeth increasingly unwanted in the palace. One day she found a pamphlet on her desk with the following words underlined. The natural destiny of a Queen is to give an heir to the throne. If the Queen bears no sons, she is merely a foreigner in the State, and her mother-in-law is generally considered to be the source of the malicious pamphlet

30.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars

31.
The Fifth Element
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The Fifth Element is a 1997 English-language French science fiction action film directed and co-written by Luc Besson. It stars Bruce Willis, Gary Oldman and Milla Jovovich, Dallas joins forces with her to recover four mystical stones essential for the defence of Earth against an impending attack. Besson started writing the story that became The Fifth Element when he was 16 years old, Besson wanted to shoot the film in France, but suitable locations could not be found, filming took place instead in London and Mauritania. Comics writers Jean Moebius Giraud and Jean-Claude Mézières, whose comics provided inspiration for parts of the film, were hired for production design, Costume design was by Jean Paul Gaultier. The Fifth Element received mainly positive reviews, although it tended to polarize critics and it has been called both the best and worst summer blockbuster of all time. The film was a success, earning more than $263 million at the box office on a $90 million budget. The Mondoshawans promise their human contact, a priest from a secret order, in 2263, the great evil appears in deep space in the form of a giant ball of black fire, and destroys an attacking Earth spaceship. The Mondoshawans’ current contact on Earth, priest Vito Cornelius, informs the President of the Federated Territories of the history of the great evil and the weapon that can stop it. As the Mondoshawans return to Earth they are ambushed by Mangalores, a race hired by the industrialist Jean-Baptiste Emanuel Zorg, the Mondoshawans’ spacecraft is destroyed, though the stones are not on board, the only item recovered is a hand of The Fifth Element. Scientists take it to a New York City laboratory and use it to reconstruct a powerful woman who takes the name Leeloo. Terrified of the surroundings, she breaks out of confinement and jumps off a high ledge, crashing into the flying taxicab of Korben Dallas. Dallas delivers Leeloo to Cornelius and his apprentice, David, whereupon Cornelius learns that the Mondoshawans entrusted the four element stones to the alien Diva Plavalaguna, an opera singer. Zorg kills many of the Mangalores because of their failure to obtain the stones, meanwhile, Cornelius instructs David to prepare the ancient temple designed to house the stones, then stows away on the space plane transporting Dallas to the cruise liner. Plavalaguna is killed when the Mangalores attack the ship. During his struggle with the Mangalores he kills their leader, discovering the case to be empty, Zorg returns to the ship and deactivates his bomb, but a dying Mangalore sets off his own device, destroying the ship and killing Zorg. Dallas, Cornelius, Leeloo, and talk-show host Ruby Rhod escape with the stones aboard Zorg’s spacecraft, the four join up with David at the weapon chamber in the Egyptian temple as the great evil approaches. They arrange the stones and activate them with their corresponding elements, Dallas confesses his love for Leeloo and kisses her. In an interview Besson stated The Fifth Element was not a big theme movie and he wanted viewers to reach the point where Leeloo states Whats the use of saving life when you see what you do with it

32.
Back to the Future
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Back to the Future is a 1985 American science-fiction adventure comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox as teenager Marty McFly, who is sent back in time to 1955, where he meets his future parents in high school and accidentally becomes his mothers romantic interest. Christopher Lloyd portrays the eccentric scientist Dr. Emmett Doc Brown, Marty and Doc must also find a way to return Marty to 1985. Zemeckis and Gale wrote the script after Gale mused upon whether he would have befriended his father if they had attended school together, various film studios rejected the script until the financial success of Zemeckis Romancing the Stone. Zemeckis approached Steven Spielberg, who agreed to produce the project at Amblin Entertainment, the first choice for the role of Marty McFly was Michael J. Fox. However, he was filming his television series Family Ties. Consequently, Eric Stoltz was cast in the role, during filming, Stoltz and the filmmakers decided that the role was miscast, and Fox was again approached for the part. Now with more flexibility in his schedule and the blessing of his shows producers, Fox managed to out a timetable in which he could give enough time. Back to the Future was released on July 3,1985, grossing over $381 million worldwide, ronald Reagan even quoted the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address. Teenager Marty McFly is an aspiring musician dating girlfriend Jennifer Parker in Hill Valley and his father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. While dissatisfied with Martys relationship with Jennifer, Lorraine recalls how she met George when her father hit him with a car, on October 26,1985, Marty meets his scientist friend, Dr. Emmett Brown, at a shopping mall parking lot. Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists, Doc demonstrates the navigation system with the example date of November 5,1955, the day he conceived the machine. A moment later, the Libyans arrive and shoot him, apparently killing him, Marty escapes in the DeLorean, but inadvertently activates the time machine, and arrives in 1955 without the required plutonium needed to return. There, Marty encounters the teenage George, who is bullied by classmate Biff, after Marty saves George from an oncoming car and is knocked unconscious, he awakens to find himself tended by an infatuated Lorraine. Marty leaves and tracks down Docs younger self to help him return to 1985, with no plutonium, Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electrical power for the time machine is a bolt of lightning. Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the courthouse the coming Saturday night. Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting and Doc warns Marty that he will be erased from existence if he not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine. Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning while Marty sets about introducing his parents, when Lorraine asks Marty to the upcoming school dance, Marty plans to have George rescue Lorraine from Martys inappropriate advances

33.
The Time Machine (1960 film)
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The Time Machine is a 1960 American time travel science fiction film in Metrocolor from MGM, produced and directed by George Pal, that stars Rod Taylor, Yvette Mimieux, and Alan Young. The film was based on the 1895 novella of the name by H. G. Wells that was hugely influential on the development of science fiction. In 1985 elements of film were incorporated into the documentary The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal. The Time Machine received an Oscar for its time-lapse photographic effects, on January 5,1900 four friends arrive for a dinner at the London home of their inventor friend H. George Wells. Bedraggled and exhausted, George arrives and begins to describe the experiences he has had since the group last met. At their earlier dinner on New Years Eve, George described time as the dimension to David Filby, Dr. Philip Hillyer, Anthony Bridewell. He shows them a small time machine and asks a guest to press a tiny lever. The device disappears, validating his claim, but his friends remain unconvinced, George bids his guests a good evening, then heads downstairs where his full-size time machine awaits. He presses a lever and moves forward through time 17 years into the future and he meets Filbys son, James, who tells him of Filbys death in the Great War. People are hurrying into a fallout shelter amid the blare of air raid sirens. An elderly James Filby urges George to immediately take cover, a nuclear explosion causes a sudden volcanic eruption around him. George continues his journey forward as the lava cools and hardens. He travels much farther into the future until the rock eventually erodes away, revealing a lush, green, George stops in AD802,701 near the base of a towering sphinx. He goes exploring and finds a group of young men and women with simple clothing gathered at a stream. One woman, carried off by the current, screams for help, George rescues her and is surprised when, revived, she walks away without a word, later, she seeks him out and gives him a flower. She says her name is Weena and tells George her people are called the Eloi, the Eloi do not operate machines, work, or read, and know little of mankinds history. That night, George discovers his machine has been dragged into the sphinx, Weena follows, telling him Morlocks, who only come out at night, have moved it. A Morlock jumps out from behind bushes and tries to drag her away, Weena has never seen fire before

34.
Independence Day (1996 film)
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Independence Day is a 1996 American science fiction action film directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich. The film focuses on disparate groups of people who converge in the Nevada desert in the aftermath of a attack by an extraterrestrial race of unknown origin. Along with the rest of the world, they launch a counterattack on July 4 – Independence Day in the United States. While promoting Stargate in Europe, Emmerich came up with the idea for the film when fielding a question about his own belief in the existence of alien life. He and Dean Devlin decided to incorporate a large-scale attack having noticed that aliens in most invasion films travel long distances in space only to remain hidden when reaching Earth. Shooting began in July 1995 in New York City, and the film was completed on June 20,1996. The film grossed over $817.4 million worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1996, and briefly, as of June 2016, it ranks 55th on the list of highest-grossing films, and was at the forefront of the large-scale disaster film and sci-fi resurgence of the mid-1990s. The film has an rating of 61% on Rotten Tomatoes. It won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing, a sequel, Independence Day, Resurgence, was released on June 24,2016. David Levinson, an MIT-trained satellite technician, decodes a signal embedded in the satellite transmissions that he determines is a timer counting down to a coordinated attack. Whitmore, the Levinsons, and a few others narrowly escape aboard Air Force One as the capital is destroyed, on July 3, international leaders begin ordering individual counterattacks. Their aviation forces attack destroyer ships positioned above the ruins of the cities, each destroyer launches a swarm of attack fighters, which wipe out the human fighter squadrons. He subdues the injured pilot and flags down a convoy of refugees. They transport the alien to nearby Area 51 where Whitmores group has landed. Area 51 houses the refurbished alien fighter and three alien corpses recovered from the crash, when eccentric scientist Brackish Okun examines the alien captured by Hiller, it regains consciousness and attacks. It telepathically invades Okuns mind and uses his vocal cords to communicate with Whitmore before launching an attack against him. Whitmore sees visions of the plans, their entire civilization travels from planet to planet, exterminating all indigenous life. On July 4, Levinson demonstrates that the key to defeating the aliens lies in deactivating their force fields and he proposes using the refurbished alien fighter to implement the plan, which Hiller volunteers to pilot

35.
A Knight's Tale
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A Knights Tale is a 2001 medieval adventure comedy film written, produced, and directed by Brian Helgeland. The film stars Heath Ledger, Shannyn Sossamon, Mark Addy, Alan Tudyk, Rufus Sewell, Paul Bettany as Geoffrey Chaucer, and James Purefoy as Sir Thomas Colville/Edward, the Black Prince. Told in a style with many modern references, the film follows a peasant who pretends to be a knight, along with his companions. William poses as a knight and competes in tournaments, winning accolades and acquiring friendships with such figures as Edward. The film takes its title from Chaucers The Knights Tale in his Canterbury Tales, garnering $117,487,473 with a budget of $65 million, it was a modest success at the box office. At a jousting tournament in 14th-century Europe, young squires William Thatcher, Roland, If he had completed one final pass he would have won the tournament. Destitute, William wears Ectors armour to impersonate him, winning the tournament, although only nobles are allowed in tournaments, William is now inspired to compete and win more prizes. Roland and Wat would rather take their share of coins and leave, at the tournament, William is brought before Simon the Summoner and Peter the Pardoner, Chaucer has a gambling problem and is in their debt. William demands Chaucer be released and promises payment, in the course of competition, Williams armour is damaged. He goads Kate, a blacksmith, to repair it without payment, the proceedings are observed by Jocelyn, a noblewoman with whom William has become infatuated, and Count Adhemar, a rival both in the joust and for Jocelyns heart. In the final joust of the tournament, Adhemar defeats William, Kate joins Williams party and forges new lightweight armour allowing him greater mobility. In the following tournament, Adhemar and William are both assigned to tilt against Sir Thomas Colville, but they learn that he is actually Edward, Adhemar withdraws, but William continues the match and then addresses the prince by name, further earning Edwards respect. Adhemar is called away to the battlefield, and William achieves several victories in his absence. William proves his love for Jocelyn by complying when she first asks him to deliberately lose, the group travels to London for the World Championship. William recalls leaving his father to squire for Sir Ector and learn to become a knight hoping to change his stars, Adhemar has also arrived in London and announces that he is in negotiations with Jocelyns father for her hand in marriage. William dominates at the tournament and he returns to visit his father, now blind and living alone in Cheapside, but is discovered by Adhemar, William is placed in the pillory, but is defended from the hostile crowd by his friends. Just as the mob reaches its frenzy, Prince Edward emerges from the crowd, in acknowledgement of Williams honour, Edward announces that, William is in fact, beyond contestation, descended from a noble lineage, and knights him Sir William. William returns to the tournament to face Adhemar in the final match, entering the final pass, William is losing by two lances and must unhorse Adhemar to win

36.
Men in Black (1997 film)
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Men in Black is a 1997 American science fiction action comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld and produced by Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald. The film featured the effects and makeup of Rick Baker. It received worldwide acclaim, with critics praising its witty, sophisticated humor, Jones and Smiths performances. The film received three Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Best Original Score, and Best Makeup, the film has spawned two sequels, Men in Black II and Men in Black 3, and an animated series. A reboot of the series has been discussed and is in development. Alien refugees live in secret on Earth, disguised as humans, Men in Black is a secret agency that polices these aliens, protects the Earth from intergalactic threats and uses memory-erasing neuralyzers to keep alien activity a secret from the public. Men in Black agents have all traces of their former identities erased and retired agents are neuralyzed, NYPD officer James Darrell Edwards III pursues a supernaturally fast and agile suspect in New York City. Men in Black agent K interviews James about his encounter, then neuralyzes him, Edwards goes to the address and undergoes a series of tests, for which he finds unusual solutions. While the other candidates are neuralyzed, K offers Edwards a position with the Men in Black, Edwards accepts and his identity is erased, becoming Agent J, the newest Men in Black recruit. In upstate New York, an alien crash-lands and kills a farmer named Edgar to use his skin as a disguise, the alien goes into a New York restaurant and kills two aliens disguised as humans. He steals from them a container, searching for something, after investigating the crash landing at the farm, K concludes that Edgars skin was taken by a bug, a species of aggressive cockroach-like aliens. He and J head to a morgue to examine the bodies the bug killed, inside one body they discover a dying Arquillian alien, who says that the galaxy is on Orions belt. The alien, who used the name Rosenberg, was a member of the Arquillian royal family, K fears his death may spark war. Men in Black informant Frank the Pug, an alien disguised as a dog, J deduces that the galaxy is hanging on the collar of Rosenbergs cat Orion, which refuses to leave the body at the morgue. J and K arrive just as the bug takes the galaxy and kidnaps the coroner, the Arquillians deliver an ultimatum to Men in Black, return the galaxy within a galactic standard week, or an hour of Earth time, or they will destroy Earth. The bug arrives at the towers of the New York State Pavilion at Flushing Meadows. It escapes on one saucer, but K and J shoot it down, the bug sheds Edgars skin and swallows J and Ks guns. K provokes it until he too is swallowed, the bug tries to escape on the other ship, but J slows it down by taunting it and crushing cockroaches, angering it

37.
Minority Report (film)
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Minority Report is a 2002 American science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg and loosely based on the short story of the same name by Philip K. Dick. Spielberg has characterized the story as fifty percent character and fifty percent very complicated storytelling with layers and layers of murder mystery, the films central theme is the question of free will versus determinism. It examines whether free will can exist if the future is set, the film was first optioned in 1992 as a sequel to another Dick adaptation, Total Recall, and started its development in 1997, after a script by Jon Cohen reached Spielberg and Cruise. Production suffered many delays due to Cruises Mission, Impossible II and Spielbergs A. I. running over schedule, Minority Report has a unique visual style. It uses high contrast to dark colors and shadows, much like a film noir picture. The films overlit shots feature desaturated colors which were achieved by bleach-bypassing the films negative in post-production, Minority Report was one of the best reviewed films of 2002. It received praise for its writing, visuals and themes, the film was nominated for and won several awards. The film was a success, earning over $358 million worldwide against an overall budget of $142 million. Over four million DVDs were sold in its first few months of home release, in April 2054, Washington, D. C. s PreCrime police stops murderers before they act, reducing the murder rate to zero. Murders are predicted using three mutated humans, called Precogs, who previsualize crimes by receiving visions of the future, would-be murderers are imprisoned in their own happy virtual reality. The Federal government is on the verge of adopting the controversial program, since the disappearance of his son Sean, PreCrime Captain John Anderton has both separated from his wife Lara and become a drug addict. While United States Department of Justice agent Danny Witwer is auditing the program, Anderton does not know Crow, but flees the area as Witwer begins a manhunt. Anderton seeks the advice of Dr. Iris Hineman, the creator of PreCrime technology, Anderton resolves to recover the minority report to prove his innocence. Anderton goes to a black market doctor for an eye transplant so as to avoid the citywide optical recognition system. He returns to PreCrime and kidnaps Agatha, shutting down the system, Anderton and Agatha go to Crows hotel room as the 36-hour time nears, finding numerous photos of children, including Seans. Crow arrives and Anderton prepares to him, accusing him to be a serial child killer. Agatha talks Anderton out of shooting Crow by telling him that he has the ability to choose his future now that he is aware of it. Crow however begs to be killed, having been hired to plant the photos, Crow grabs Andertons gun and pushes the trigger, killing himself

38.
High Noon
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High Noon is a 1952 American Western film produced by Stanley Kramer from a screenplay by Carl Foreman, directed by Fred Zinnemann, and starring Gary Cooper. The plot, depicted in real time, centers around a town marshal, though mired in controversy with political overtones at the time of its release, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards, and won four as well as four Golden Globe Awards. The award-winning score was written by Russian-born composer Dimitri Tiomkin, in Hadleyville, a small town in New Mexico Territory, Marshal Will Kane, newly married to Amy Fowler, is preparing to retire. Millers gang—his younger brother Ben, Jack Colby, and Jim Pierce —await his arrival at the train station, for Amy, a devout Quaker and pacifist, the solution is simple—leave town before Miller arrives, but Kanes sense of duty and honor is strong. Theyre making me run, he tells her, ive never run from anybody before. Besides, he says, Miller and his gang will hunt him down anyway, Amy gives Kane an ultimatum, She is leaving on the noon train, with or without him. While waiting at the hotel for the train, she meets Helen Ramírez, who was once Millers lover, and then Kanes, and is leaving as well. Amy understands why Helen is fleeing, but the reverse is not true, Helen tells Amy that if Kane were her man, Kanes efforts to round up a posse at the tavern, and then the church, are met with fear and hostility. Some townspeople, worried that a gunfight would damage the towns reputation, others are Millers friends, and resent that Kane cleaned up the town in the first place. Kanes young deputy Harvey Pell, who is bitter that Kane did not recommend him as his successor, says he will stand with Kane only if Kane goes to the city fathers, Kane rejects the quid pro quo, and Pell turns in his badge. Kane writes out his will as the clock in his office ticks toward high noon, at the stables, Pell saddles a horse and tries to persuade Kane to mount it and leave town. Their conversation becomes an argument, and then a fist fight, Kane finally knocks his former deputy senseless, then goes into the street to face Miller and his gang. In one of the most iconic shots in film history, the camera rises, the outlaws approach and the gunfight begins. Kane guns down Ben Miller and Colby, but is wounded in the process, as the train is about to leave the station, Amy hears the gunfire, leaps off, and runs back to town. Choosing her husbands life over her religious beliefs, she picks up Ben Millers gun and shoots Pierce from behind, leaving only Frank Miller, Amy claws Millers face and he pushes her to the ground, giving Kane a clear shot, and he shoots Miller dead. Kane helps his bride to her feet and they embrace, as the townspeople emerge and cluster around him, Kane surveys them with bitter contempt, wordlessly throws his marshals star in the dirt, and departs with Amy on their wagon. Foreman had once been a member of the Communist Party, but he declined to identify fellow members, as a result, he was labeled an uncooperative witness by the committee, making him vulnerable to blacklisting. After his refusal to name names was made public, Foremans production partner Stanley Kramer demanded a dissolution of their partnership

Science fiction film (or sci-fi) is a genre that uses speculative, fictional science-based depictions of phenomena that …

Metropolis (1927) by Fritz Lang was one of the first feature length science fiction films in history. It was produced at Studio Babelsberg, Germany. (Photo shows the statue of the film figure Maria at Filmpark Babelsberg)

2001: A Space Odyssey, the landmark 1968 collaboration between filmmaker Stanley Kubrick and classic science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke featured groundbreaking special effects, such as the realization of the space ship Discovery One (pictured here)

Portrait of Elisabeth depicting her long hair (by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1864), one of two so-called "intimate" portraits of the empress; although its existence was kept a secret from the general public, it was the emperor's favourite portrait of her and kept opposite his desk in his private study

The bar and ring paradox is an example of the relativity of simultaneity. Both ends of the bar pass through the ring simultaneously in the rest frame of the ring (left), but the ends of the bar pass one after the other in the rest frame of the bar (right).