Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Campylobacter coli was extracted by using digestive enzyme and hot phenol method. The effect of LPS on lymphocyte transform was studies by lymphocyte transformation index for twenty blood samples were collected from apparently healthy control.The results were showed significant differences (P< 0.05) between samples which treatrd with phytohemagglutnin PHA (66.1 ± 0.6) and the samples which treated with LPS of C. coli (74.2 ± 0.8) when compared with control, this lead to suggest that the LPS extracted from C. coli may play a role as a mitogen to transformed lymphocytes.

Lipopolysaccharide was extracted from invasive local isolate Klebsiella pneumonia previously isolated from neonate blood samples. LPS was extracted by phenol hot water method and partial purified by gel filtration chromatography on sepharose CL-6B gel. The results showed that the percentage of carbohydrate amount in the partially purified LPS extract was 9.5% while the percentage of protein in the same extract was 0.06% with no nucleic acids. Intravenous administration of (0.1and1)µg/kg of partial purified LPS in the rabbit led to increase body temperature in dose dependent manner (38.8° and 40.2°)C respectively. Intraperitonial administration with the dose 10µg/mouse cause an increasein serum cytokine (IL-1α, IL-6 and TNFα) level after 4 hr of the injection. Conclusion: LPS extracted from pathogenic isolate of K.pneumoniae with high purity, has immunomodulator effect by increasing serum cytokine (IL-6 & IL-1α) level which play a role in the elevation of body temperature, and TNFα after 4hr of intraperitonial administration of LPS.

Providencia rettgeri strains were isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs) patients and identified according to morphological and biochemical tests, furthermore, the identification was confirmed using the Hi 25 Enterobacteriaceae system. The crude lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was extracted from P.rettgeri isolate by sonication with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and then with enzymic digestion, then partially purified by an ion exchange chromatography .It have been revealed that the lethal dose 50% (LD50) of P.rettgeri was about 5.62 × 107 cell/mouse .The microscopic examination of stained tissue sections of organs obtained from mice injected with sub lethal doses of P.rettgeri and LPS, showed sever changes in kidney and bladder induced by bacterial suspension than LPS, while sever changes were shown in spleen ,liver , and intestine caused by LPS compared with control animals. In general, these histopathological changes included the congestion, hemorrhage, migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells, tissue necrosis and oedema but in spleen there were hypertrophy of white bulb and congestion of red bulb .

The paradigm of pathogen-driven neutrophil apoptosis is exemplified by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxic metabolite, pyocyanin that induce a dramatic acceleration of neutrophil apoptosis in Cystic fibrosis lung disease. Whether the course of pyocyanin-induced neutrophil apoptosis can be modulated or not by bacterial cell wall product present significantly in inflammatory foci is unknown.Materials and methods : Purification of neutrophils and preparation of exotoxin pyocyanin, bacterial sonicate and LPS-HE were performed according to many standard methods. Apoptotic neutrophils were identified microscopically based on morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis.Results: Pyocyanin-induced neutrophil apoptosis was significantly delayed at earlier time points of 6 hr. in the presence of bacterial sonicate recording of a neutrophil apoptosis rate of 24.8% when compared to 42.3% of apoptosis in the absence of bacterial product. Combinatorial preincubation of LPS-HE with sonicate cell wall product more decreased synergistically the apoptotic rate to reach 17.1% at the same time point of treatment.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that bacterial sonicate most probably cell wall components are an antiapoptotic stimulus for delaying pyocyanin-induced neutrophil apoptosis in vitro, thereby may contribute to attenuate the neutrophilic inflammation in lungs of Cystic fibrosis patients.

Gingival health status survey was conducted concerning 19-23 years old studentsin Al- Mustansiria University / college of dentistry.The total sample composed of 150 students (75 males and 75 females).The clinical examination was conducted by using blunt mouth probe, followingthe (GI) described by Silness and Loe (1963).Results of this study have shown that mean of gingivitis decreases with advancingclass level with a high significant difference between all classes due to higherawareness regarding prevention of dental diseases among finished dental students.Results also show that gingivitis among males is higher than that among females forall classes because of having better oral hygiene practices than males.

LPS of P.rettgeri was extracted and purified in our previous study, the present study found that the injection of 150μg/ Kg of LPS (intramuscularly and subcutaneously) was able to stimulate humoral immune response at both systemic and mucosal levels which was detected by passive haemmaglutination test and the mean values of systemic antibody titer (6826.6) was higher than the mucosal (at appendix) antibody titer (512). Some cytokines concentrations such as IL-2 ,IL-4,IL-6 and IL-1ß were detected using ELISA kits. The study was observed that, the concentrations of IL-2 (3.21 pg/ml ) , IL-4(5.84 pg/ml ) and IL-6 (4831 pg/ml) were increased significantly in LPS immunized animals group compared with control group which were 2.05 , 2.34 and 3121.06 pg/ml for IL-2,IL-4 and IL-6 respectively, while the concentration of IL-1ß (115.7 pg/ml ) was decreased significantly in LPS immunized animal group than control group which was 177.24 pg/ml.

Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by EDTA and the effect of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied on the immune response of mice treated with LPS compared with untreated mice (control) . Total and defferential WBC count of peripheral blood and innate immune response represented by the phagocytic index were the criteria taken in to consideration . Result showed a significant increase in the total white blood cell count in the blood of mice treated with LPS with an increase in lymphocyte and Monocyte , and a decrease in neutophile and variation in Eosinophile was noticed in Blood films of Lps of treated mice, basophile was observed only in the Blood films of mice treated with concentration of 10 Mg/20g of body weight , An increase in the Non specific immune response was noticed through the increase of the phagocytic index .

Nowadays laser in medicine is a rapidly growing field in both researches and applications and many studies have been done in bacteriology against different types of lasers. The effect of the laser depends on many factors, one of the laser factors was the wavelength. The red wavelength band has been considered as a stimulated wavelength for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In this study, three clinical species of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were exposed to 650 nm band of red region wavelength by a diode laser. The effect of that wavelength appeared on the growth curves for each species along 3 days after laser treatment. The energy density (E.D.) 2.8 J/cm2 gave a positive effect on growth curve for these three species, while the 5.6 J/ cm2 have a stimulation effect on both P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The Phagocytic killing Assay (PKA) by PMN cells was tested against irradiated bacteria, and the 2.8 J/cm2 appeared to have a significant (P<0.05) effect on PKA of all that three types of bacteria, on the other hand the 5.6 J/cm2 affected significantly (P<0.05) on the PKA of P. mirabilis, and P. aeruginosa. These findings suggested that the E.D. 2.8 J/cm2 was much effective than the 5.6 J/cm2 on the growth curves and PKA values of the three bacteria species.

Topographic survey uses to determine the relative locations of points (coordinates) on the earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances, differences in elevations and directions. Generally speaking the production of large scale topographic maps requires precise topographic survey with land surveying instrument such as (Total Station) which is costly and time consumed. The objective of this research is to produce topographic maps using an unconventional means through application analytical close range photogrammetry. The analytical close range photogrammetric method is characterized by low efforts and cost, the speed of topographic survey works, as well as the possibility of measuring and / or assessing places inaccessible. Photos strip was selected at University of Technology as a case study with area (400 m2). The fieldwork started with generation of ground control points around the area. A theodolite (wild T2) was used to measure the ground (X, Y, and Z) coordinates for GCPs within the study area. The strip consists of eight overlapped images, overlap more than 60% were captured using a single non metric digital camera (Canon EOS D500) (with a resolution of 15.10 mega pixels). After capturing images for study area two steps were used for processing data.The first step was used to process these images for producing 3D coordinates from 2D images with different methods by using two software. The first software using Matlab2014b dealing with different methods Sequential (R-I) and bundle adjustment (BA) methods, and another software ERDAS IMAGINE (LPS) using block bundle adjustment. The second step was used GIS software to producing large scale topographical map.The computed Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for three methods (Resection – Intersection, Bundle Adjustment and Bundle Adjustment Block) and it was found that the RMSE in R-I method is (2.917cm) , RMSE in B-A method is (2.882cm) and RMSE in Bundle Block Adjustment method is (3.112cm). The final result was a topographic map with scale (1:100 and 1:200).