Once the density is reached, they communicate with each other through "quorum sensing" which signals the bacteria to work as a community rather than as individuals.

bacteria produce a polysaccharide that glues them together

holds population at stationary growth

antibiotics can't get into biofilms.

Eutrophication (5)

rise in nutrients

increase in combined metabolism of aerobic bacteria

Oxygen depletion

kills obligate aerobes

What are extremophiles? (5)

microorganisms that can survive extreme conditions

Psychrophiles (5)

a category of extremophile

adapted to survive in cold temps

more fluid, unsaturated lipis in cell wall and altered proteins that work in cold.

Mesophiles (5)

prefer middle, normal temperatures

Pathogens are mesophiles

optimum around 37 degrees

Thermophiles (5)

heat loving; grow at elevated temps

altered lipid make up to withstand high temps. Cross linked or saturated lipids.

Most thermophiles fall into Archea

Pasteurization (5)

heat killing bacteria

What are the parts of a virus? (6/11)

genome

capsule (protects genome)

enveloped viruses: membrane comes from last host. Not all viruses have an envelope.

Steps of a typical virus life cycle (6/11)

Attachment

Entry

Uncoating (sheds capsid to release genetic info)

Replication of genome

Biosynthesis

Assembly

Release (often lyses)

What are the four deoxynucleotides? (7)

Adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

How do DNA strands base-pair with each other? (7)

AT

CG

antiparallel

DNA replication enzymes

Helicase unzips helix

Primase lays down primer

DNA polymeraselays down DNA

RNase H removes RNA primer laid down by primase

DNA ligase rezips strands

Transcription (8)

RNA polymerase makes complimentary RNA strand

Sigma factor directs to the right gene.

Promoter recognized by sigma factor.

RNA made from gene is mRNA

Translation (8)

70 s Ribosome

takes mRNA and synthesizes a protein.

tRNA brings animo acids

What antibiotics affect protein synthesis? (8)

Streoptomycin

Erythromycin

Tetracycline

Chloramphenicol

Conjugation

the transfer of DNA through plasmids

horizontal gene transfer

Transformation

the uptake of free DNA

horizontal gene transfer

Transduction

transfer of genetic data via bacteriophage

horizontal gene transfer

Fermentation

the partial breakdown of organic food without net electron transfer to an inorganic terminal electron acceptor.

NO ETC

substrate level phosphorylation

Respiration

complete breakdown of organic molecules with electron transfer to a terminal electron acceptor such as O2

Uses ETC

oxidative phosphorylation

How do aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ?

Anaerobic respiration has an inorganic final electron acceptor other than oxygen

Aerobic respiration has a final electron acceptor of oxygen

What is a proton motive force and how is it made?

A difference in charges across a membrane

made by pumping out cations (H+) using ETC

Ways to start ETC

lithotrophy

phototrophy

Lithotrophy

a reduced form of some inorganic molecule is used to start this ETC

Phototrophy

ETC is energized by loght with electrons donated by a chlorophyll

ATP

energy carrying molecule

energy can be used pretty much anywhere in the cell

NADH

carries 2-3 times more energy than ATP

used in redox reactions

NAD+ to NADH

Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (EMP) Pathway

Net gain: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

more evolutionarily advanced

Entner-Doudoroff (ED) Pathway

net gain: 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 1 NADPH

most common in the GI tract

Immunogen

induces immune response

Antigen

is bound by antibody

Antibody

binds antigen

Adaptive Immunity

specific

has memory

two types: humoral and cell-mediated

Basic antibody structure

immunoglobulin or IgG

4 protein chains; (2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains). If you pulled out two, the tail end would most likely be the same or CONSTANT which is why it’s called Fc. The top half is the variable region or Fab (fragment with antigen binding)

Primary vs Secondary Response

IgG will respond immediately and more will be produced during the secondary immune response.