Here we label numbers based on their value, and at the end QuickCheck tells us how many were in each set. As you might expect, the underlying QuickCheck implementation contains a Map String Int to record how many tests get each label.

Unfortunately, the implementation in QuickCheck-2.8.1 has a space leak, meaning that the memory usage is proportional to the number of tests run. We can provoke such a space leak with:

When running with ghc --make Main.hs -rtsopts && Main +RTS -K1K we get the error:

Main: Stack space overflow: current size 33624 bytes.

Using -K1K we have detected when we evaluate the space leak, at the end of the program, when trying to print out the summary statistics. The approach taken by QuickCheck for label is to generate a separate Map String Int per run, then at each step merge these Map values together using unionWith (+). As such, there are two likely culprits for the space leak:

Perhaps the values inside the Map are not evaluated, so in memory we have Map {"foo" = 1 + 1 + 1 + ...}.

QuickCheck avoids the first space leak by keeping its intermediate state in a record type with a strict field for the Map. QuickCheck suffers from the second problem. As usual, actually fixing the space leak is easy - just switch from importing Data.Map to Data.Map.Strict. The Strict module ensures that the computations passed to unionWith are forced before it returns, and the memory usage remains constant, not linear in the number of tests.

I detected this space leak because the Shake test suite runs with -K1K and when running one particular test on a Mac with GHC 8.0 in profiling mode it caused a stack overflow. I did not diagnose which of those factors was the ultimate cause (it may have even been the random seed at a particular point in time - only certain inputs call label).

Many space leaks are now easy to detect (using -K1K), moderate difficulty to debug (using the -xc technique or just by eye) and usually easy to fix.