Medical Glossary

Asthma

Hyper-responsive airways manifested by a narrowing of the airway.

Bariatric Products

Designed to
have a weight capacity of 300 pounds (or more) for those who need that
extra support. Bariatric chairs maximize the patient's ability to sit
and stand with reduced effort, and lessens the chance of lifting injury
to the caregiver.

Bariatric beds have extra bracing integrated into the home care bed
frame, along with a wider surface and truss assembly, in order to
provide maximum support.

Bi-PAP

A device that provides ventilation for patients by delivering air to the lungs at two levels of pressure, either cyclically in an anaesthetized patient or triggered by the patient’s attempts at breathing when awake.

Bili Light

Also known as phototherapy, used to help infants with jaundice, a yellow coloring of the skin and eyes related to abnormal liver function.

Cane

Adjustable height canes can improve balance
and reduce fatigue. Travel canes can fold up and be carried in a travel
case. Standard crook canes are lightweight and durable to help improve
balance and reduce fatigue . Quad canes are used when there is a need
for additional stability. Quad canes have a base with four legs,
affording greater stability than straight canes. Quad canes can be
ordered with narrow or wide bases.

CHF

Heart failure in which the heart is unable to
maintain adequate circulation of blood in the tissues of the body or to
pump out the venous blood returned to it by the venous circulation

Child/Junior Wheelchair

Children and young adults need
chairs that can accommodate their changing needs as they grow. In
addition, it is important that wheelchairs for children or teens be
adaptable to classroom environments and be "friendly looking" to help
the user fit more readily into social situations. Manufacturers today
are becoming increasingly sensitive to these market demands and are
attempting to address them with innovative chair designs and a variety
of "kid-oriented" colors and styles.

Commode

3-in-1 Commodes are adjustable and include
back, pail w/lid, toilet seat, and cover. Some can be used as a
free-standing commode or a raised toilet seat. Lift/commode is a FDA
registered medical device, ideal for people with musculoskeletal or
neuromuscular limitations. It is motorized and designed to operate as a
lift system and as an adjustable height commode. It can be used as a
bedside commode (helps reduce bedpan use) or as a transfer system to
move a person from a bed to a seated or standing position.

Compression Stocking

Problems with the veins of the
leg occur in both men and women of all ages but certain factors
increase the risk of venous problems. Health conditions, lifestyle
habits, heredity, injury, surgery, age, and pregnancy all play a role.
A broad range of compression hosiery from knee, thigh high, waist
chaps, open toe and closed toe are manufactured to meet your needs. For
more information visit http://www.jobst-usa.com.

Continuous Passive Motion (CPM)

Devices are
available for synovial joints (hip, knee, ankle, shoulder, elbow,
wrist, and TMJ) following surgery or trauma (including fracture,
infection, etc). The device moves the affected joint continuously on a
24-hour basis, without patient assistance. The device is held in place
across the affected joint by Velcro straps. An electrical power unit is
used to set the variable range of motion and speed. The speed and range
of motion can be adjusted depending on joint stability, patient comfort
level, and other factors assessed intraoperatively.

COPD

A catch-all term for a number of respiratory diseases. The diseases of
COPD include chronic bronchitis, pulmonary emphysema, asthma, and
bronchiectasis (a chronic inflammatory or degenerative condition of one
or more bronchi or bronchioles marked by dilatation and loss of
elasticity of the walls).

CPAP

One of the most common sleep disorders is sleep apnea - a disorder that causes a person's airway to close several times during one night's sleep. For those with sleep apnea, relief usually comes with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) devices deliver a prescribed level of positive pressure non-invasively to the upper airway for the treatment of sleep apnea. Extremely easy to use, CPAPs come with different features such as ramping to allow comfortable adjustment to the pressure; software to capture specific usage and breathing events; and automated altitude adjustment. Accessories, such as nasal interface applications and humidification devices are provided to afford maximum comfort to ensure patient compliance.

Crutch

Cylinder

Available in various sizes. Carrying cases or carts are used for the different size tanks

M2 – Weighs less than 2 pounds and only 7.9 inches in length, this
extremely lightweight, compact medical oxygen cylinder is the perfect
solution for anyone who needs a convenient, easily transportable
medical oxygen supply for a short amount of time. This cylinder is the
smallest aluminum oxygen cylinder in the world yet can supply up to 2
hours of oxygen.

M4 – medical oxygen cylinder is a great solution for
anyone who needs a convenient, easily transportable medical oxygen
supply for a short amount of time. This cylinder weighs under 3 pounds
and is only 12 inches in length. This cylinder can supply up to 7 hours
of oxygen.

M6 – extremely popular medical oxygen cylinder is the
perfect balance between portability and oxygen supply duration. The M6
cylinder is less than 15 inches in length and weighs only 3 pounds and
can supply up to 10 hours of oxygen.

ML6 - Similar to the M6 cylinder, the ML6 is a great balance between
portability and oxygen supply duration. This cylinder weighs under 4
pounds and is shorter and wider than the M6 cylinder. This cylinder can
provide up to 10 hours of oxygen.

M9 – a popular cylinder is a great balance between
portability and oxygen supply duration. The M9 is less than 16 inches
in length and weighs only 4.5 pounds yet can supply up to 14 hours of
oxygen.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

A life-threatening disorder that causes severe lung damage and nutritional deficiencies. CF is an inherited (genetic) condition affecting the cells that produce mucus, sweat, saliva and digestive juices. Normally, these secretions are thin and slippery, but in CF, a defective gene causes the secretions to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways, especially in the pancreas and lungs. Respiratory failure is the most dangerous consequence of CF. Each year approximately 3,200 white babies are born in the United States with CF. The disease is much less common among black and Asian-American children. Most babies born with CF are diagnosed by age 3, although mild forms of the disease may not be detected until the third, fourth, or fifth decade of life. In all, about 30,000 American adults and children are living with the disorder. Although there's still no cure, the emerging field of gene therapy may someday help correct lung problems in people with CF.

Diabetes

Disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal

Type 1 diabetes:
diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or
adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin
secretion resulting from atrophy of the islets of Langerhans and
causing hyperglycemia and a marked tendency toward ketoacidosis -- called
also insulin-dependent diabetes, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,
juvenile diabetes, juvenile-onset diabetes, type 1 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes:
a common form that develops especially in adults and most often in obese individuals and that is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production -- called also adult-onset diabetes, late-onset diabetes, maturity-onset diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetic Supplies

Blood glucose monitoring – there
are a variety of systems available that allow testing on arms, fingers
or thighs, with fast and accurate results and minimal cleaning
required.

Environmental Control Unit

Permit remote control of electronic devices in the immediate
surroundings. A person can independently turn lights, radio, and
television on and off, answer or initiate phone calls, and unlock a
door. Essentially any aspect of the environment can be controlled
depending upon the system's complexity. For more information and
products visit http://www.makoa.org/ecu.htm.

Helios Portable Oxygen System and Reservoir

Small,
lightweight, and long-lasting, encourages an active lifestyle for
long-term oxygen therapy patients. No tubes, heavy canisters or
batteries are required. The system is also extremely economical. Its
pneumatic oxygen conserving device gives it a conservation ratio over
continuous flow oxygen of approximately 4:1. This provides up to 10
hours of use at a setting of 2. The portable unit can be refilled in
about 40 seconds from the home reservoir, which typically lasts four to
six weeks between refills.

Hepatitis C HCV

An inflammation of the liver causing soreness and
swelling. It is the most common chronic blood-borne infection in the United
States. The hepatitis C virus usually is transmitted through contact with
infected blood, most commonly by sharing needles during intravenous drug use, or
getting a blood transfusion before 1992. Hepatitis C also may be spread through
unprotected sexual intercourse, but this is uncommon. Most people don't feel
sick when they are first infected with hepatitis C. Instead, the virus stays in
their liver and causes chronic liver inflammation.

Hospital Bed

Allows for positioning and safety not
possible with standard beds. There are basically three (3) types of
hospital beds available for home use: Semi-Electric Beds – allow for
raising and lowering the head and the knee break through the use of an
automatic hand-held control. Raising the entire bed height is
accomplished through use of a manual crank. Manual Beds – allow for
raising and lowering the head of the bed and the knee break through the
use of a manual crank. Full or half-side rails are available.
Full-Electric Beds – allow for the raising and lowering functions of
the head and knee break, and the entire bed height adjustment is
operated by a hand-held control.

Hypertension

Blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg.

Institutional/Nursing Home/Depot Wheelchair

The
least expensive type of chair available, an institutional chair, is
designed for institutional usage only, such as transporting patients in
hospitals or nursing homes. It is not an appropriate alternative for
anyone who requires independent movement, as the institutional chair is
not fitted for a specific individual. These types of chairs are now
also used as rental chairs and by commercial enterprises (such as
grocery stores and airports) for temporary use.

Lifts/Seating System

Power lift chairs gently move the person to a standing, seated, or reclined position.

Lightweight/Sports Wheelchair

The most popular type
of wheelchair for everyday use for a person with good upper body
mobility is the lightweight manual wheelchair. Lightweight chairs
provide maximum independence of movement with a minimum of effort. Many
active wheelchair users also prefer the sportier look of the
lightweights compared with the more standard-looking everyday chair. It
should be noted, however, that heavy or obese persons may be unable to
use these types of chairs because the lighter weight of the frame
results in a reduced user capacity as compared to standard everyday
chairs. Once used primarily by wheelchair athletes, the lightweight
chair today is used by people in virtually all walks of life as a
preferred mode of assisted mobility. Three-wheeled chairs, also
developed for such sports as tennis and basketball, are also an
everyday chair alternative.

Liquid Oxygen System

Consists of a large main tank
and one or two portable units. The portable units are used as needed
for travel outside of the home. When they are empty, they can be
refilled from the large tank. Portable units can be carried with a
shoulder strap or cart. Liquid oxygen will evaporate if not used
frequently. Therefore the portable units should be filled just prior to
use.

Multiple Sclerosis

A chronic, potentially debilitating disease that affects your brain and
spinal cord (central nervous system). The illness is probably an autoimmune
disease, which means your immune system responds as if part of your body is a
foreign substance. In MS, your body directs antibodies and white blood cells
against proteins in the myelin sheath surrounding nerves in your brain and
spinal cord. This causes inflammation and injury to the sheath and ultimately to
your nerves. The result may be multiple areas of scarring (sclerosis). The
damage slows or blocks muscle coordination, visual sensation, and other nerve
signals. The disease varies in severity, ranging from a mild illness to one that
results in permanent disability. Treatments can modify the course of the disease
and relieve symptoms. An estimated 400,000 Americans have MS. It generally first
occurs in people between the ages of 20 and 50. The disease is twice as common
in women as in men.

Muscular Dystrophy (MS)

A group of rare inherited muscle diseases in which muscle fibers are
unusually susceptible to damage. Muscles, primarily your voluntary muscles,
become progressively weaker. In the late stages of muscular dystrophy, fat and
connective tissue often replace muscle fibers. In some types of muscular
dystrophy, heart muscles, other involuntary muscles and other organs are
affected. There are many forms of muscular dystrophy, some noticeable at birth
(congenital muscular dystrophy), others in adolescence (Becker MD), but the 3
most common types are Duchenne, facioscapulohumeral, and myotonic. The various
types of the disease affect more than 50,000 Americans. There's no cure, but
medications and therapy can slow the course of the disease.

Nebulizer

A type of inhaler that provides a fine
mist of medication to the lungs. This is performed by breathing the
medicated mist through a mouthpiece or mask attached to the nebulizer
device, which is driven via a plastic tubing, attached to the
compressor unit. The medications used in nebulizers help you by
loosening the mucus in the lungs so it can be coughed out more easily,
and by relaxing the airways so that more air can move in and out of the
lungs. Nebulizer treatments take approximately 15 minutes to deliver
the medication and are prescribed by your physician.

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

Also known as wound V.A.C therapy, this device uses negative pressure through a controlled suction to
close large wounds and promote faster healing. This patented,
FDA-approved device is composed of a sophisticated pump, hoses, and
monitoring system held within a portable compact case weighing less
than 20 pounds. It is recognized as an advanced line therapy
alternative for patients when traditional dressing changes are not
effective. It is a method that is considered among recovering patients
in hospitals, nursing homes, and other home health care settings. It
meets the needs of most cost-effective modalities and an estimated 5
million American patients suffering from chronic or acute wounds.

Osteoporosis

A disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced,
leading to weakness of the skeleton and increased risk of fracture, particularly
of the spine, wrist, hip, pelvis, and upper arm. Osteoporosis and associated
fractures are an important cause of mortality and morbidity.

In many affected people, bone loss is gradual and without warning
signs until the disease is advanced. Osteoporosis is also known as "the
silent crippler" because a person usually doesn't know they have it
until it's too late. Unfortunately, in many cases, the first real
"symptom" is a broken bone. Loss of height – with gradual curvature of
the back (caused by vertebral compression fractures) may be the only
physical sign of osteoporosis.

In the United States,
osteoporosis causes more than 1.5 million fractures every year — most
of them in the spine, hip, or wrist. And although it's often thought of
as a women's disease, osteoporosis affects many men as well. About 8
million American women and 2 million American men have osteoporosis,
and nearly 18 million more Americans may have low bone density. Even
children aren't immune.

Ostomy Supplies

Pouching systems may include a
one-piece or two-piece system. Both kinds include a faceplate/flange
(barrier or wafer) and a collection pouch. The pouch (one-piece or
two-piece) attaches to the abdomen by the faceplate/flange and is
fitted over and around the stoma to collect the diverted output, either
stool or urine. The barrier is designed to protect the skin from the
stoma output and to be as neutral to the skin as possible.

One-piece Pouching System
The ostomy pouch and skin barrier are
joined together permanently. The pouch and skin barrier are applied and
removed together – in one piece. Easy to apply and remove and more
flexible than a two-piece pouching system.

Two-piece Pouching System
The ostomy pouch and skin barrier are separate. The
pouch can be removed without removing the skin barrier. Because it is
separate from the pouch, the skin barrier can be more easily positioned
around the stoma.

Pediatric Pouching Systems
Available as either one-piece products or two-piece products and are designed for premature babies, infants, and children. These systems can also be used to manage adult conditions such as small wounds, drain sites, and fistulas. Irrigation systems – Some colostomates can "irrigate," using a procedure analogous to an enema. This is done to clean stool directly out of the colon through the stoma. This requires a special irrigation system, consisting of an irrigation bag with a connecting tube (or catheter), a stoma cone, and an irrigation sleeve. A special lubricant is sometimes used on the stoma in preparation for irrigation. Following irrigation, some colostomates can use a stoma cap, a one- or two-piece system which simply covers and protects the stoma. This procedure is usually done to avoid the need to wear a pouch.

Oxygen Concentrator

Electronically powered device
with a series of filters that extract oxygen from room air. Also, a
backup system, usually a stationary compressed gas system must always
accompany a concentrator in case of power failure or other emergency.
Regular household current is sufficient for its use. In limited cases,
a humidifier bottle may be necessary to increase moisture to the oxygen
as it passes through the tubing to the mask or cannula.

Common Diagnoses:

Chronic Obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

Emphysema

Asthma

Chronic Bronchitis

Lung Cancer

Acute Myocardial Infarction

Acute Pulmonary Heart Disease

Congestive Heart Failure

Viral Pneumonia

Bacterial Pneumonia

Bronchlectasis

Oxygen Conserver

A type of regulator, which
conserves the amount of gaseous oxygen in portable cylinders. Oximetry
testing is required to ensure proper oxygen saturation during use of a
conserver.

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease belongs to a group of conditions called movement disorders.
It is both chronic, meaning it persists over a long period of time, and
progressive, meaning its symptoms grow worse over time.

Parkinson's disease occurs when a group of cells, in an area of the
brain called the substantia nigra, that produce a chemical called
dopamine begin to malfunction and eventually die. Dopamine is a
neurotransmitter, or chemical messenger, that transports signals to the
parts of the brain that control movement initiation and coordination.
When Parkinson's disease occurs, for unexplained reasons, these cells
begin to die at a faster rate and the amount of dopamine produced in
the brain decreases.

Four Primary Symptoms:

Tremor of the hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face

Rigidity or stiffness of the limbs and trunk

Bradykinesia or slowness of movement

Postural instability or impaired balance and coordination

Patient Lifts

For assistance
with patient transferring. Lift/commode is an FDA registered medical
device, ideal for people with musculoskeletal or neuromuscular
limitations. It is motorized and designed to operate as a lift system
and as an adjustable-height commode. It can be used as a bedside
commode (helps reduce bedpan use) or as a transfer system to move a
person from a bed to a seated or standing position.

Pediatric Nebulizer

A special breathing device
usually used 3 or 4 times daily as needed; or as directed by your
doctor. It works in the lungs by opening breathing passages to make
breathing easier. This device is intended for use in children but may
also be used for adults requiring smaller doses.

Phototherapy

Also known as a bili light, used to help infants with jaundice, a
yellow coloring of the skin and eyes related to abnormal liver
function.

Portable E-Tank

Portable smaller units called E
tanks are used for transport. A key is required to turn the tank on and
off. The portable tanks must be replaced when empty. Therefore, the
family must plan ahead for trips outside of the home. Portable E tanks
may be used for backup in case of power failure.

Portable Lifting Cushion

Provide that extra lift
needed to help you get in and out of any armchair on your own by
shifting your weight forward and pushing off gently with your arms
and/or legs. The pneumatic lift will help to gently raise you up to an
almost standing position. The cushion is portable and weighs
approximately 9 pounds and flattens quickly for easy transport.

Portable Oxygen System

Incorporate either the
electronic conserving device, the pneumatic conserving device, or
standard flow regulators. These systems provide individuals with a
convenient, lightweight supply of oxygen. Systems are available with
one or multiple M4, M6, M9, MD, or ME cylinders, fiber-wrapped
cylinders, shoulder, horizontal, backpack, or fanny pack style carrying
bags, cart, regulator, cannula, and supply tubing. All systems are also
available with a straight post valve, handtight or a toggle CGA870
valve.

Powered Wheelchair

A powered wheelchair must be selected carefully in order to ensure it
not only meets the needs of the individual who will use it but also
represents good value for the money being invested in it. Physical
considerations include posture, strength, sensation, visual acuity and
perception, and the ability to learn how to use the wheelchair safely.
A functional evaluation should include actual use of the wheelchair in
everyday settings; an evaluation of the individual's ability to get in
and out of the wheelchair; and the ability to perform needed activities
from the wheelchair. Transportation to and from various settings also
is an important consideration: Is a van available to transport the
individual in the chair, or is it necessary for the chair to fold or
disassemble in order to be carried in an automobile trunk?

Powered Wheelchair Armrest

Armrests also come in several styles or
with a combination of features. They may be full- or desk-length, or
wraparound, and they may be fixed, removable, pivoting, and/or
adjustable height.

Powered Wheelchair Battery

A determining factor in the range and
power of a powered chair. Generally, the larger the chair's batteries,
the greater the power and the longer the chair's range between charges.
Many chairs require two rechargeable 12-volt batteries. Most
wheelchairs utilize U1, group 22 or 24 batteries, although other
batteries are also used. More manufacturers are designing chairs around
the group 24 battery because it affords a longer range. The type of
battery required is also an important consideration in terms of safety,
maintenance, and transport. Powered chairs may utilize lead acid, gel
cell, or sealed wet batteries. Gel cell batteries require the least
maintenance and have less danger of leaking than do the other battery
types. Gel cell batteries are also required by a number of airlines
when transporting powered chairs.

Powered Wheelchair Brakes

Most powered chairs utilize a dynamic
braking system in which the motor and brakes work together to slow and
stop the chair when the joystick or other controller is released, and
which automatically engages the brakes when the power is off or when
the chair is not being powered in a forward or reverse motion with the
controller.

Powered Wheelchair Controls

Powered chairs generally include as a
standard feature a manually controlled joystick to regulate the chair's
speed and direction. However, most manufacturers offer customized
control options to accommodate the varied abilities of the user,
including sip-n-puff systems, head and chin switches, push-button
controls, trackballs, and tillers. Many chairs also have programmable
control features which allow the user or a dealer to adjust or set the
chair's speed and control limits as the user's abilities change.

Powered Wheelchair Drive System

The means by which power is delivered
to the chair's wheels. Standard drive systems include gear drive,
direct drive, and belt drive. The type of drive system affects the
power available to propel the chair and the amount and type of
maintenance the chair requires.

Powered Wheelchair Footrest

A variety of footrest assemblies are
available on both types of wheelchairs. They may be a rigid single
unit, 90 degree-90 degree platforms, folding, flip-up, detachable,
adjustable length, hemi- height, or have a combination of features.

Powered Wheelchair Frame

Many traditional-style models utilize the
traditional cross-brace frame which allows the chair to be folded or
collapsed for storage and transport once the batteries have been
removed. Other traditional models and some power base chairs
disassemble for transport. A number of chairs, however, are designed to
be transported while carrying the user; consequently, they do not fold
or disassemble.

Powered Wheelchair Seating System

Sold separately from the
wheelchairs themselves, as seating must be chosen on an individual
basis. It is important when selecting a wheelchair or a seating system
to ensure that the two components are compatible. Power base chairs,
because of their more modular construction, frequently feature
customized chair-style seating systems.

Powered Wheelchair Special Power Features

Powered
chairs may offer specialized powered features to meet the user's needs,
either as customization or options on a standard chair or as a chair
designed specifically for a particular purpose. Among the available
features are elevating and lowering seats, and reclining and/or
tilt-in-space seats. Specialized chairs have the capacity to raise the
user to a standing position, to negotiate stairs, or to be used as a
lift or in transferring.

Powered Wheelchair Upholstery

For wheelchairs must withstand daily
use in all kinds of weather. Consequently, manufacturers provide a
variety of options to users, ranging from cloth to new synthetic
fabrics to leather. Many manufacturers also offer a selection of
upholstery colors, ranging from black to neon, to allow for individual
selection and differing tastes among consumers.

Powered Wheelchair Wheels/Tires

Power base chairs typically use four
wheels of the same size, usually 8 to 10 inches in diameter. These
chairs may have pneumatic, semi-pneumatic, or solid tires.

Ramp

Portable ramps for wheelchairs and scooters
roll up for easy carrying with storage bag. Scooter ramps have side
rails and center panels that slide easily into place, locking securely
to provide a solid drive surface. Suitcase ramps are convenient and
compact, fold up easily and have a built-in carrying handle. Telescopic
channel ramps each extend to be used on steps, vans, or curbs. For
storage, simply pick up each rail and depress the guide buttons to
collapse. Chair lifts allow you to lift and carry your power chair
fully assembled.

Scooter

Typically, scooter users
have some ability to walk, but are limited in distance or
stamina--stroke survivors or people with milder forms of cerebral
palsy, multiple sclerosis, post-polio syndrome, arthritis, and cardiac
conditions, among others. Scooters are used to increase and extend the
range of personal mobility and help conserve energy. Scooter users
often have difficulty propelling manual wheelchairs, but do not require
the sophisticated electronic controls and seating systems common in
powered wheelchairs.

A number of other physical factors
must also be evaluated when determining whether a scooter is an
appropriate mobility aid. A scooter user generally must be able to sit
upright for extended periods and have sufficient seated balance to
maintain an erect posture. Further, sufficient upper body and arm
strength to master the controls and steer and maneuver the unit are
required. In addition, uncorrected vision disabilities, or conditions
which may cause confusion or memory loss or which inhibit proper safety
awareness may render a scooter an unsatisfactory mobility aid.

Scooter Accessories

In addition to the standard
features common to all scooters discussed above, manufacturers offer a
variety of standard features and optional accessories. Most scooters
are equipped with a key lock for turning the scooter on and off, thus
conserving battery life and preventing unauthorized use; a
battery-level indicator and a proportional speed controller to limit
maximum speed.

A wide range of accessories also are
offered on most scooters, such as crutch and cane holders, oxygen
carriers, front and rear baskets, trailers, headlights, tail lights,
horns, canopies, and others. Some manufacturers even offer sidecars to
allow an additional passenger. As when purchasing a car, options and
additional features increase the base cost of the unit, but accessories
should be evaluated in light of their capacity to create a mobility aid
which provides maximum user independence. At the same time, it should
be kept in mind that some options may decrease battery life,
maneuverability, and/or travel range.

Scooter Armrest

Another consideration in seating. Some
scooters offer armrests only as an option; others offer fixed armrests
as standard with flip-up armrests available.

Scooter Base Unit

Basically the body of the scooter.
Generally it consists of a steel, aluminum, or composite frame with a
fiberglass or composite floor to support the feet and batteries. Some
scooter bases also include a shroud over the front wheel and drive
head, creating a dashboard for the unit. The base also includes the
wheels and the drive train. In some scooters, the seat post is also
part of the base. The base unit is the primary determinant of whether
the scooter is designed for indoor or outdoor use, the vehicle's
maneuverability, the size of its wheelbase, its ground clearance, its
turning radius, and its overall dimensions.

A scooter should not tip easily during sharp turns or on inclines
such as curb cuts (if the scooter is designed for outdoor use).
Anti-tip wheels should be included as part of the frame to help support
and stabilize the scooter. On front-wheel drive units, anti-tips are
often located laterally just behind the front wheels because they
generally lack the power for steep inclines. Because most rear-wheel
drive scooters are intended to negotiate more rugged terrain, they are
usually equipped with rear anti-tips to support the scooter on hills.
Side anti-tip wheels are sometimes offered as options. It should be
noted that lateral anti-tippers may cause difficulties on curb cuts and
ramps.

On some scooters, the base unit may be comprised
of modular units or may otherwise be disassembled for transport and
storage. These same features may also allow the scooter to be converted
from three- to four-wheeled models and/or from indoor to outdoor use.

Scooter Battery

Most scooters utilize 12- or 24-volt
motors and electrical systems generally with one or two 12-volt
batteries to power the drive train and controls. Twelve-volt systems
are most frequently found on front-wheel drive scooters, and usually
require one 12-volt battery, although two six-volt batteries are
sometime used. Some manufacturers offer add-on units for 12-volt
systems which allow them to utilize two batteries to extend the
scooter's range between charges, although speed and power are not
affected. Rear-wheel drive systems generally require two twelve-volt
batteries to power 24-volt systems.

These batteries are
"deep cycle" batteries intended for wheelchairs and scooters and
generally last between 12 and 18 months, although with conservation and
regular charging, longer life may be achieved. Deep cycle batteries are
designed to provide a steady supply of power and be discharged and
recharged on a regular basis. Automotive and marine batteries, on the
other hand, are designed to be starter batteries, providing short
bursts of power only. Consequently, marine and automotive batteries
should never be substituted for deep cycle batteries.

There
are three basic types available for use with scooters: Lead acid (or
wet cell) batteries, sealed lead-acid batteries, and gel cell
batteries. Lead acid batteries are the least expensive of the three
types, but they also require the most maintenance. In addition to
regular charging, electrolyte and water levels must be checked
regularly, with water added frequently to maintain appropriate levels.
Because these batteries are not sealed, there is danger of acid
spillage and explosion if the batteries are not handled properly.
Despite these potential problems, lead-acid batteries provide the
benefits of a two- to six-month longer battery life and up to a ten
percent greater running time than other battery types. Sealed lead
acid batteries are maintenance-free versions of these batteries.
Because they are sealed in cases, it is unnecessary to add water and
the danger of acid spillage is reduced or eliminated. The cases are
vented to prevent gas build-up that can lead to an explosion. Finally,
gel cell batteries are the most commonly used battery type on scooters.
They are sealed in their cases and require no maintenance other than
regular charging. Gel cells are the safest of the battery types, with
no danger of spillage and limited risk of explosion. However, gel cells
are more expensive, and may have a somewhat shorter life than other
battery types.

Scooter Brakes

Most rear-wheel drive
scooters utilize an electronic or electro-mechanical dynamic,
regenerative braking system. This type of braking system works in
tandem with the motor, first to slow and then stop the vehicle when the
pressure is released on the thumb levers or the controls are otherwise
disengaged. When the scooter is not being powered forward or in
reverse, the brakes are engaged, thus preventing the scooter from
moving. During the application of the brakes, excess power from the
motor is channeled to the batteries, providing recharging. Because the
brakes are engaged when the scooter is being actively powered, most
scooters with this braking system are equipped with a clutch on the
motor or another release lever to manually disengage the brakes to
allow the scooter to be pushed in case of emergency.

Some
scooters also use disc brakes or disc brakes in combination with the
braking system discussed above. Some scooters--usually front-wheel
drive models--are not equipped with electronic or electro-mechanical
brakes. In the absence of a brake system, a manual parking brake
applied by lever to a rear wheel is provided. Manual parking brakes may
also be offered either as optional or standard features on other
scooters to provide extra braking on hills and inclines.

Scooter Drive Train, Brakes and Power System

The drive
train is an integral part of the base unit and provides either front-
or rear- wheel drive for the scooter. Front-wheel drive is usually
found on smaller scooters designed primarily to be used indoors or
outdoors on flat, paved surfaces. The motor of the front-wheel drive
scooter is located over the front wheel and drives only that wheel.
Because of the motor and wheel configuration, front-wheel drive
scooters are usually direct-drive units, eliminating chains and belts.
However, this also means that the front wheel pulls the weight of the
unit and the rider. Consequently, these types of scooters have a lesser
capacity to move their load than do rear-wheel drive models, and are
therefore less capable of handling hills, curb cuts, and other outdoor
terrain. This is compounded by the fact that front-wheel drive models
generally have smaller motors, causing them to have a shorter range,
less speed and power, and a smaller rider weight capacity.

Rear-wheel drive scooters are powered by motors connected to the rear
axle, either via a chain, a belt, a transaxle unit, or some
combination. Because the scooter is driven by the rear wheels, they
push the combined weight of the unit and the rider, rather than pull
it. The combined weight of the rider, the motor, and the batteries over
the rear wheels, generally create better traction than that usually
provided by front-wheel drive models. The increased traction combined
with the more powerful motors used on rear-wheel drive scooters results
in better climbing ability. The units also have a greater maximum
speed, a longer traveling range between battery charges, and a larger
rider weight capacity. These scooters have a wider wheel base and a
greater overall length, making them less maneuverable and rendering
some models unsuitable for indoor use. They may also be too large for
van or bus lifts.

Scooter Seating

The most common seat found on scooters is a
chair-style seat similar to those found on boats. The basic seat is
molded hard plastic or fiberglass, but most manufacturers offer a
padded-seat option, usually with a choice of vinyl or fabric
upholstery. Vinyl upholstery is frequently less expensive, but because
it is a slipperier surface, it may not be the best choice for those
whose disability makes it difficult to maintain position or balance.

Scooter Tiller

The control and steering mechanism for the
scooter, usually containing the controls to drive the scooter forward
or in reverse, as well as steering the front wheel or wheels. Most
scooters offer one type of standard tiller with other controllers
available as options. Possibilities include thumb levers, loop handles,
joysticks, and others. Thumb levers are the most common controls,
allowing the user to keep both hands on the handle bars while using the
left thumb to power the scooter in reverse and the right to power the
scooter forward. The amount of pressure applied to the lever will
determine the speed of the vehicle (unless it is equipped with a
proportional speed control). Consequently, a fair amount of hand
control is necessary for safe operation. Finger control levers or a
joystick may be alternatives. Some manufacturers may also be able to
adapt controls to user requirements at extra cost.

The
tiller itself is often an upright post attached to the front wheel.
However, it is also becoming common to find flexible, accordion-style
tillers which can be adjusted for height and/or position. This not only
enables the user to place the tiller in the most comfortable position
while driving, but also allows it to be moved up and out of the way
during transfers. In the absence of a dashboard or shroud over the
front wheel, a control box with the key lock, battery level indicator,
speed controller, and other features may be
affixed to the tiller handlebars.

Since
a joystick controls both speed and direction, scooters equipped with
them generally do not have the post-and-handlebar tiller; the joystick
is usually attached to an armrest or to an armrest extension, with a
choice of right or left mounting. While this frees the space in front
of the user and may accommodate easier transitions for some, the lack
of handlebars may make transfers more difficult for others.

Scooter Wheels/Tires

The size of the wheels and tires
on a scooter have a direct effect on the scooter's ability to surmount
obstacles and its stability. Scooters are generally equipped with six-,
eight-, or ten-inch wheels, although other sizes may also be used. Some
models use the same size wheels both front and rear, while others may
have smaller wheels in front and larger rear wheels. Smaller wheels are
generally found on front-wheel drive scooters intended for indoor use.
As a rule, the intended use of the scooter should dictate the size of
the wheels and tires. The larger the wheels, the more stable the unit.
Similarly the larger and wider the tires, the greater the unit's
traction and capacity to manage such obstacles as curb cuts and uneven
outdoor terrain.

Several types of tires are available
for scooters. Manufacturers generally offer a specific tire as standard
equipment, with others available as extra-cost options. Pneumatic tires
include air-filled tubes and are similar to those found on automobiles.
Air pressure should be checked regularly to maintain proper levels, and
tires may need to be replaced if punctured. The addition of an
anti-flat compound before inflation reduces the risk of tires going
flat. They provide good shock absorption when properly inflated. Foam
filled tires are similar to pneumatic tires, but include foam inserts
rather than air-filled tubes. These tires cannot be deflated and,
therefore, require less maintenance. They may be more expensive than
pneumatic tires and may not offer a consistently comfortable ride. The
least expensive tire option is the solid rubber tire. These tires
require the least maintenance, but provide minimal shock absorption and
are intended primarily for indoor use.

Sleep Apnea

A chronic medical condition where the
affected person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep. These episodes
last 10 seconds or more and cause oxygen levels in the blood to drop.
It can be caused by obstruction of the upper airway, resulting in
Obstructive Sleep Apnea, or by a failure of the brain to initiate a
breath, called Central Sleep Apnea. It can cause and worsen other
medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and diabetes.

Specialty Wheelchair

Because of the diverse needs of
wheelchair users, wheelchairs have been designed to accommodate many
lifestyles and user needs. Hemi chairs, which are lower to the floor
than standard chairs, allow the user to propel the chair using leg
strength. Chairs that can be propelled by one hand are available for
people who have paralysis on one side. Oversized chairs and chairs
designed to accommodate the weight of obese people are also offered.
Rugged, specially equipped chairs are available for outdoor
activities. Aerodynamic three-wheeled racing chairs are used in
marathons and other racing events. Manual chairs that raise the user to
a standing position are available for people who need to be able to
stand at their jobs, or who want to stand as part of their physical
conditioning routine. These and other specialized chair designs
generally are manufactured by independent wheelchair manufacturers who
are trying to meet the needs of specific target markets.

Standard/Everyday Wheelchair

Some wheelchair users still
prefer or require a standard wheelchair, which is characterized by a
cross-brace frame, built-in or removable arm rests, swing-away
footrests, a mid- to high-level back, and push handles to allow
non-occupants to propel the chair.

T.E.N.S. Dual Channel Unit

A transcutaneous
electro-nerve stimulator; pain control that goes where you do. A small
medical device slightly larger than a beeper, attaches to your pants or
belt and helps alleviate pain while you wear it.

T.E.N.S. Unit

Dispensed by doctors to
their patients for home use. They operate on a 9v. transistor battery
and have small wires and pads that adhere to a painful area and
alleviate pain. Tiny free nerve endings secrete a chemical called
"substance P" that transmits pain signals to our brain. T.E.N.S. units
artificially stimulate free nerve endings, thereby depleting them of
substance P, literally stopping the pain signal in its tracks.

Urinary Incontinence

Incontinence is the inability to
control the passage of urine. This can range from an occasional leakage
of urine to a complete inability to hold any urine. Urinary
incontinence affects approximately 13 million people in the United
States and is more common in women than in men. It occurs in 10 percent
to 25 percent of women younger than age 65 and in 15 percent to 30
percent of women older than age 60 who do not live in nursing homes.
Among nursing home residents, incontinence is even more common,
affecting more than 50 percent of female patients.

Urinary Pouching System

Urostomates can use
either one or two-piece systems. However, these systems also contain a
special valve or spout which adapts to either a leg bag or to a night
drain tube connecting to a special drainable bag or bottle.

Ventilator

An automatic
mechanical/pneumatic device designed to reduce or provide the work required
to move gas into and out of the lungs.

Walker

Available in a variety of styles to
meet individual needs. Folding, adjustable walkers can be easily
transported in vehicles. Hemi-walkers allow for one-hand utilization.
Wheeled walkers minimize lifting. Many accessories, such as walker
trays, baskets or pouches are available.

Wheelchair Armrest

Many lightweight manual chairs are designed
to be used without armrests. The absence of armrests makes it easier
for the user to roll up to a desk or table, and many active wheelchair
users prefer the streamlined look of a chair with no armrests. However,
armrests are helpful if the user has difficulty with upper body balance
while seated. Armrests come in a variety of styles including desk
length (to allow the user closer access to desks and tables) or full
length and both types may be flip-up, fixed, or detachable.

Wheelchair Brakes

Brakes or wheel locks are available in several
different designs, and can be mounted at various heights to maximize
convenience to the user.

Wheelchair Footrest

Usually are incorporated into the frame of
the chair as part of the design. Cross-brace folding chairs often have
footrests which swivel, flip up, and/or can be removed.

Wheelchair Frame

The two most common types of frames currently
available are rigid frame chairs (where the frame remains in one piece
and the wheels are released for storage or travel), and the standard
cross-brace frame (which enables the frame to fold for transport or
storage).

Wheelchair Seating System

Sold separately from the
wheelchairs themselves, as seating must be chosen on an individual
basis. It is important when selecting a wheelchair or a seating system
to ensure that the two components are compatible.

Wheelchair Upholstery

Must withstand daily use in all kinds of
weather. Consequently, manufacturers provide a variety of options to
users, ranging from cloth to new synthetic fabrics to leather. Many
manufacturers also offer a selection of upholstery colors, ranging from
black to neon, to allow for individual selection and differing tastes
among consumers.

Wheelchair Wheels/Tires

Most wheelchairs use four wheels, with
two large wheels at the back and two smaller ones (casters) at the
front. The standard tire used for the rear wheels on most wheelchairs
is a pneumatic tire, for which the standard size is 24 inches. Smaller
and larger sizes, however, also are available. Many manufacturers now
also offer other types of tires--such as solid tires, semi-pneumatic,
or radial tires--at extra cost. Mag wheels and off-road wheels also are
options on some chairs. Casters, too, vary in size (ranging from six to
eight inches in diameter) and composition (pneumatic, solid rubber,
plastic, or a combination of these).

Wound V.A.C Therapy

Also known as negative pressure wound
therapy, this device uses negative pressure through a controlled suction to
close large wounds and promote faster healing. This patented,
FDA-approved device is composed of a sophisticated pump, hoses, and
monitoring system held within a portable compact case weighing less
than 20 pounds. It is recognized as an advanced line therapy
alternative for patients when traditional dressing changes are not
effective. It is a method that is considered among recovering patients
in hospitals, nursing homes, and other home health care settings. It
meets the needs of most cost-effective modalities and an estimated 5
million American patients suffering from chronic or acute wounds.