[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 132 (Wednesday, July 10, 2013)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 41609-41675]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2013-16281]
[[Page 41609]]
Vol. 78
Wednesday,
No. 132
July 10, 2013
Part IV
Department of Energy
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10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test Procedures for
Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers; Proposed Rule
Federal Register / Vol. 78 , No. 132 / Wednesday, July 10, 2013 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 41610]]
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
10 CFR Parts 429 and 430
[Docket No. EERE-2012-BT-TP-0016]
RIN 1904-AC76
Energy Conservation Program for Consumer Products: Test
Procedures for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of
Energy.
ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking and public meeting.
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SUMMARY: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today is issuing a notice
of proposed rulemaking to amend the test procedures for refrigerators,
refrigerator-freezers, and freezers that will be required for the
testing of products starting September 15, 2014. DOE is proposing to
amend the test procedure to address products with multiple compressors
and to allow an alternative method for measuring and calculating energy
consumption for refrigerator-freezers and refrigerators with freezer
compartments. DOE is also proposing to amend certain aspects of the
test procedure in order to ensure better test accuracy and
repeatability. Additionally, DOE is soliciting comment on a potential
test procedure to measure the energy use associated with making ice
with an automatic icemaker. If adopted, that procedure would become
effective in conjunction with any parallel energy conservation
standards rulemaking that DOE would need to conduct pursuant to the
six-year review process mandated under Federal law.
DATES: DOE will hold a public meeting on July 25, 2013, from 9 a.m. to
4 p.m., in Washington, DC. The meeting will also be broadcast as a
webinar. See section V, ``Public Participation,'' for webinar
registration information, participant instructions, and information
about the capabilities available to webinar participants. DOE will
accept comments, data, and information regarding this notice of
proposed rulemaking before and after the public meeting, but no later
than September 23, 2013. See section V, ``Public Participation,'' for
details.
ADDRESSES: The public meeting will be held at the U.S. Department of
Energy, Forrestal Building, Room 8E-089, 1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585. To attend, please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards at
(202) 586-2945. See section V, ``Public Participation'' for details.
Any comments submitted must identify the NOPR for Test Procedures
for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, and provide
docket number EERE-2012-BT-TP-0016 and/or regulatory information number
(RIN) number 1904-AC76. Comments may be submitted using any of the
following methods:
1. Federal eRulemaking Portal: www.regulations.gov. Follow the
instructions for submitting comments.
2. Email: #Res-Refrig-Freezer-2012-BT-TP-0016@ee.doe.gov. Include
docket number EERE-2012-BT-TP-0016 and/or RIN 1904-AC76 in the subject
line of the message.
3. Mail: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy, Building
Technologies Program, Mailstop EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585-0121. If possible, please submit all items on a
CD. It is not necessary to include printed copies.
4. Hand Delivery/Courier: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of
Energy, Building Technologies Program, 950 L'Enfant Plaza SW., Suite
600, Washington, DC 20024. Telephone: (202) 586-2945. If possible,
please submit all items on a CD. It is not necessary to include printed
copies.
For detailed instructions on submitting comments and additional
information on the rulemaking process, see section V, ``Public
Participation''.
The docket is available for review at regulations.gov, including
Federal Register notices, public meeting attendee lists and
transcripts, comments, and other supporting documents/materials. All
documents in the docket are listed in the regulations.gov index.
However, not all documents listed in the index may be publicly
available, such as information that is exempt from public disclosure.
A link to the docket Web page can be found at: http://www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EERE-2012-BT-TP-0016. This Web
page will contain a link to the docket for this notice on the
regulations.gov site. The regulations.gov Web page will contain simple
instructions on how to access all documents, including public comments,
in the docket.
For further information on how to submit a comment, review other
public comments and the docket, or participate in the public meeting,
contact Ms. Brenda Edwards at (202) 586-2945 or by email:
Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Lucas Adin, U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building
Technologies Program, EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue SW., Washington,
DC, 20585-0121, 202-287-1317, email: refrigerators_and_freezers@ee.doe.gov or Mr. Michael Kido, U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of the General Counsel, GC-71, 1000 Independence Avenue SW.,
Washington, DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-8145. Email:
Michael.Kido@hq.doe.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Background and Authority
II. Summary of the Proposal
III. Discussion
A. Products Covered by the Proposed Rule
B. Proposed Dates for the Amended Test Procedures
C. Proposed Test Procedure Amendments
1. Icemaking Test Procedure
2. Multiple Compressor Test
3. Triangulation
4. Anti-Circumvention Language
5. Incomplete Cycling
6. Mechanical Temperature Controls
7. Ambient Temperature Gradient
8. Definitions Associated with Defrost Cycles
9. Elimination of Reporting of Product Height
10. Measurement of Product Volume
11. Corrections to Temperature Setting Logic Tables
12. Minimum Compressor Run-Time Between Defrosts for Variable
Defrost Models
13. Treatment of ``Connected'' Products
14. Changes to Confidentiality of Certification Data
15. Package Loading
16. Product Clearance to the Wall During Testing
17. Other Minor Corrections
18. Relocation of Shelving for Temperature Sensors
D. Other Matters Related to the Test Procedure
1. Built-In Refrigerators
2. Specific Volume Measurement Issues
3. Treatment of Products That Are Operable As a Refrigerator or
Freezer
4. Stabilization Period
E. Compliance With Other EPCA Requirements
1. Test Burden
2. Changes in Measured Energy Use
3. Standby and Off Mode Energy Use
IV. Procedural Requirements
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act, 1999
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
[[Page 41611]]
J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government
Appropriations Act, 2001
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration
Act of 1974
V. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests to Speak
C. Conduct of Public Meeting
D. Submission of Comments
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
I. Background and Authority
Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C.
6291, et seq.; ``EPCA'' or ``the Act'') sets forth a variety of
provisions designed to improve energy efficiency. (All references to
EPCA refer to the statute as amended through the Energy Independence
and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007), Pub. L. 110-140 (Dec. 19, 2007).)
Part B of title III (42 U.S.C. 6291-6309), which was subsequently
designated as Part A for editorial reasons, establishes the ``Energy
Conservation Program for Consumer Products Other Than Automobiles.''
Refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers (collectively
referred to below as ``refrigeration products'') are all treated as
``covered products'' under this Part. (42 U.S.C. 6291(1)-(2) and
6292(a)(1)) Under the Act, this program consists essentially of three
parts: (1) Testing, (2) labeling, and (3) Federal energy conservation
standards. The testing requirements consist of test procedures that
manufacturers of covered products must use (1) as the basis for
certifying to DOE that their products comply with the applicable energy
conservation standards adopted under EPCA, and (2) for making
representations about the efficiency of those products. Similarly, DOE
must use these test requirements to determine whether the products
comply with any relevant standards promulgated under EPCA.
By way of background, the National Appliance Energy Conservation
Act of 1987 (NAECA), Public Law 100-12, amended EPCA by including,
among other things, performance standards for refrigeration products.
(42 U.S.C. 6295(b)) On November 17, 1989, DOE amended these performance
standards for products manufactured on or after January 1, 1993. 54 FR
47916. DOE subsequently published a correction to revise these new
standards for three product classes. 55 FR 42845 (October 24, 1990).
DOE again updated the performance standards for refrigeration products
on April 28, 1997, for products manufactured starting on July 1, 2001.
62 FR 23102.
EISA 2007 amended EPCA by requiring DOE to publish a final rule
determining whether to amend the energy conservation standards for
refrigeration products manufactured starting in 2014. (42 U.S.C.
6295(b)(4)) Consistent with this requirement, DOE initiated an effort
to consider amendments to the standards for refrigeration products. As
part of this effort, DOE issued a framework document on September 18,
2008, that discussed the various issues involved with amending the
standards and potential changes to the test procedure. 73 FR 54089. DOE
later prepared preliminary analyses that examined in greater detail the
impacts amended standards would be likely to have on a national basis.
DOE published a notice of proposed meeting (NOPM) to initiate a
discussion of these analyses, 74 FR 58915 (Nov. 16, 2009), and held a
public meeting on December 10, 2009, to discuss its preliminary
findings. At that meeting, and in submitted written comments,
interested parties indicated that the energy conservation standards for
refrigeration products should address the energy use associated with
automatic icemakers. They added, however, that a test procedure to
measure icemaking energy use had not yet been sufficiently developed to
provide a basis for the standards. (Energy Conservation Standards for
Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-
2008-BT-STD-0012; American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
(ACEEE), No. 46 at p. 1; California Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs),
No. 39 at p. 2; LG, No. 44 at pp. 2-3; Natural Resources Defense
Council (NRDC), No. 42 at p. 2; Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership
(NEEP), No. 41 at p. 1; Northwest Power and Conservation Council
(NPCC), No. 36 at p. 1; Sub-Zero, No. 43 at pp. 2-3; Appliance
Standards Awareness Project (ASAP), Public Meeting Transcript, No. 30
at pp. 28-29; Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM), No.
37 at p. 2; General Electric, No. 40 at p. 1)
DOE also initiated a test procedure rulemaking to help address a
variety of test procedure-related issues identified in the energy
conservation standard rulemaking's framework document. Taking these
issues into account, DOE published a notice of proposed rulemaking
(NOPR) on May 27, 2010. 75 FR 29824 (hereafter referred to as ``the May
2010 NOPR''). The May 2010 NOPR proposed to use a fixed value of 84 kWh
per year to represent the icemaking energy use for those refrigeration
products equipped with automatic icemakers. The NOPR also indicated
that DOE would consider adopting an approach based on testing to
determine icemaking energy use if a suitable test procedure could be
developed. Id. at 29846-29847. A broad group of stakeholders \1\
submitted a joint comment supporting DOE's proposal to use a temporary
fixed placeholder value to represent the energy use of automatic
icemakers. It also urged DOE to initiate a rulemaking no later than
January 1, 2012, and publish a final rule no later than December 31,
2012, to amend the test procedures to incorporate a laboratory-based
measurement of icemaking energy use. The joint comment further
recommended that DOE publish a final rule by July 1, 2013, amending the
energy conservation standards scheduled to take effect in 2014 to
account for the differences in energy use of icemakers measured using
the new test procedure as compared with the 84 kWh per year fixed
placeholder value. (Test Procedure for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-
Freezers, and Freezers, Docket Number EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003; Joint
Comment, No. 20 at 5-6)
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\1\ The signatories to these comments included the Association
of Home Appliance Manufacturers, the American Council for an Energy-
Efficient Economy, the Natural Resources Defense Council, the
Alliance to Save Energy, the Alliance for Water Efficiency, the
Appliance Standards Awareness Project, the Northwest Power and
Conservation Council, the Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships,
the Consumer Federation of America, the National Consumer Law
Center, Earthjustice, and the California Energy Commission.
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In keeping with the timeline suggested in the comment, AHAM
provided DOE in early January 2012 with a draft test procedure that
could be used to measure automatic icemaker energy usage. (AHAM
Refrigerator, Refrigerator-Freezer and Freezer Ice Making Energy Test
Procedure, Revision 1.0--12/14/11,\2\ No. 4) Subsequently, consistent
with the suggestions made by commenters and DOE's previously stated
intentions, DOE initiated work to develop today's notice. On July 18,
2012, AHAM provided DOE with a revised test procedure. (AHAM
Refrigerator, Refrigerator-Freezer and Freezer Ice Making Energy Test
Procedure, Revision 2.0--7/10/12,\3\ No. 5) Today's notice, which is
based in part on the approach suggested by AHAM, is designed to help
the agency improve the accuracy of certain aspects of the test
procedure that it recently promulgated. To ensure that any potential
technical issues are addressed, DOE is soliciting
[[Page 41612]]
comments from the public on the potential adoption of the icemaking
energy use measurement test that is detailed in today's notice. The
procedure would be added as a new and separate section to the test
procedure. Based on the comments received, DOE may adopt this testing
approach (along with any necessary modifications) as part of the
overall procedure but would require its usage to occur in parallel with
any energy conservation standards rulemaking that would result from the
mandatory review required under EPCA. See 42 U.S.C. 6295(m).
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\2\ Subsequently referred to as ``AHAM Draft Test Procedure''
\3\ Subsequently referred to as ``AHAM Revised Draft Test
Procedure''
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DOE does not anticipate, based on collected preliminary data that
its proposed changes to the current procedure would be likely to
require an adjustment to those standards that manufacturers must meet
starting in 2014. Additional details regarding these adjustments are
detailed below and explain why an adjustment to the 2014 standards will
not be necessary.
General Test Procedure Rulemaking Process
Under 42 U.S.C. 6293, EPCA sets forth the criteria and procedures
DOE must follow when prescribing or amending test procedures for
covered products. EPCA provides in relevant part that ``[a]ny test
procedures prescribed or amended under this section shall be reasonably
designed to produce test results which measure energy efficiency,
energy use . . . or estimated annual operating cost of a covered
product during a representative average use cycle or period of use, as
determined by the Secretary [of Energy], and shall not be unduly
burdensome to conduct.'' (42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3))
In cases where DOE is considering amending a test procedure (or
adding a new one), DOE publishes a proposal and offers the public an
opportunity to present oral and written comments. (42 U.S.C.
6293(b)(2)) When considering amending a test procedure, DOE must
determine the extent to which, if any, the proposal would alter the
measured energy use of a given product as determined under the existing
procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(1)) If DOE determines that the amended
test procedure would alter the measured energy use of a covered
product, DOE must also amend the applicable energy conservation
standard accordingly. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(2))
Today's rulemaking addresses amendments that, if adopted, would
apply to the test procedures that manufacturers must use to demonstrate
compliance with the energy conservation standards starting on September
15, 2014 (i.e., 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendices A and B). DOE
has determined that none of the amendments to the test procedures
proposed in this notice would be likely to significantly change the
measured energy use of refrigeration products. DOE's analyses
demonstrate that the proposed amendments to Appendices A and B, along
with the possible incorporation of an optional ``triangulation''
method, will not affect measured energy use to any significant extent
that would necessitate a change to any of the energy conservation
standards for the products that would be affected by today's proposal.
(42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(2)) Further, the preliminary data indicate that if
DOE were to adopt the icemaking energy measurement test procedure
detailed in today's notice, an adjustment to the standards be
unnecessary. To demonstrate the effects of these amendments under
consideration, DOE has conducted a preliminary evaluation of the
anticipated impacts presented by today's proposal. This evaluation is
discussed in further detail in section D.II of this notice. DOE notes
that the proposed icemaking energy measurement test procedure
amendments, if adopted, would not be required for manufacturers to use
unless DOE were to set new or amended standards for refrigeration
products after September 2014. Until such standards are developed,
manufacturers would continue following the method that is laid out in
Appendices A and B.
Refrigerators and Refrigerator-Freezers
DOE's test procedures for refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers
are found at 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendices A1 (currently in
effect) and A (required for rating products starting September 15,
2014). DOE initially established its test procedures for refrigerators
and refrigerator-freezers in a final rule published in the Federal
Register on September 14, 1977. 42 FR 46140. Industry representatives
viewed these test procedures as too complex and eventually developed
alternative test procedures in conjunction with AHAM that were
incorporated into the 1979 version of HRF-1, ``Household Refrigerators,
Combination Refrigerator-Freezers, and Household Freezers'' (HRF-1-
1979). Using this industry-created test procedure, DOE revised its test
procedures on August 10, 1982. 47 FR 34517. On August 31, 1989, DOE
published a final rule establishing test procedures for variable
defrost control (a control type in which the time interval between
successive defrost cycles is determined by operating conditions
indicating the need for defrost rather than by compressor run time)
refrigeration products, dual compressor refrigerator-freezers, and
freezers equipped with ``quick-freeze'' (a manually-initiated feature
that bypasses the thermostat and runs the compressor continuously until
terminated). 54 FR 36238. DOE amended the test procedures again on
March 7, 2003, by modifying the test period used for products equipped
with long-time automatic defrost (a control type in which defrost
cycles are separated by 14 hours or more of compressor run time) or
variable defrost. 68 FR 10957. The test procedures include provisions
for determining the annual energy use in kilowatt-hours (kWh) (54 FR
6062, Feb. 7, 1989) and the accompanying annual operating costs. 42 FR
46140 (Sept. 14, 1977).
DOE further amended the test procedures in a final rule published
on December 16, 2010. 75 FR 78810. These amendments helped clarify how
to test products for compliance with the applicable standards. The
amendments clarified certain elements in Appendix A1 to ensure that
regulated entities fully understand how to apply and implement the test
procedure. These changes included clarifying how refrigeration products
equipped with special compartments and/or more than one fresh food
compartment or more than one freezer compartment should be tested. The
amendments also accounted for the various waivers granted by DOE,
specifically with regard to variable anti-sweat heater controls. The
final rule also modified the regulatory definition of ``electric
refrigerator-freezer'' by requiring the storage temperatures in the
fresh food compartment of such a product to be at a level that would
effectively exclude the coverage of combination wine storage-freezer
products. See 10 CFR 430.2. The definition for ``electric
refrigerator'' had already been amended to clarify the characteristics
that distinguish it from related products, such as wine storage
products, as part of a final rule published on November 19, 2001. 66 FR
57845. However, the December 2010 final rule made additional
refinements to the definition. 75 FR at 78817 (Dec. 16, 2010). DOE is
considering further modifying its product definitions to cover wine
storage products as part of a separate rulemaking. See 77 FR 7547 (Feb.
13, 2012) (announcing the availability of DOE's framework document
regarding wine chillers and other miscellaneous refrigeration
products).
In the December 16, 2010 notice, DOE also established a new
Appendix A, via an interim final rule. The new
[[Page 41613]]
Appendix A included a number of comprehensive changes to help improve
the measurement of energy consumption of refrigerators and
refrigerator-freezers. These changes included, among other things: (1)
New compartment temperatures and volume adjustment factors, (2) new
methods for measuring compartment volumes, (3) a modification of the
long-time automatic defrost test procedure to ensure that the test
procedure measures all energy use associated with the defrost function,
and (4) test procedures for products with a single compressor and
multiple evaporators with separate active defrost cycles. DOE noted
that the compartment temperature changes introduced by Appendix A would
significantly impact the measured energy use and affect the calculated
adjusted volume and energy factor (i.e., adjusted volume divided by
energy use) values. Lastly, the interim final rule also addressed
icemaking energy use by including a fixed value for manufacturers to
add when calculating the energy consumption of those products equipped
with an automatic icemaker. Using available data submitted by the
industry, this value was set at 84 kWh per year. See 75 FR 78810, 78859
and 78871 (Dec. 16, 2010) (specifying daily value of 0.23 kWh for
products equipped with an automatic icemaker).\4\ In light of
stakeholders' strong recommendations that the test procedure and energy
conservation standards incorporate the energy use associated with
icemaking, AHAM's development efforts, and additional work performed by
NIST and DOE, DOE is soliciting the public for feedback on a possible
replacement for the ``fixed value'' approach by detailing a test
procedure based on these collective efforts that relies on laboratory
measurements to determine the energy use of automatic icemakers. Based
on the comments received, DOE may adopt this approach or consider other
alternatives.
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\4\ Multiplying 0.23 by 365 days per year yields 84 kWh.
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Freezers
DOE's test procedures for freezers are found at 10 CFR part 430,
subpart B, appendices B1 (currently in effect) and B (required for the
rating of products starting in 2014). DOE established its test
procedures for freezers in a final rule published in the Federal
Register on September 14, 1977. 42 FR 46140. As with DOE's test
procedures for refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers, industry
representatives viewed the freezer test procedures as too complex and
worked with AHAM to develop alternative test procedures, which were
incorporated into the 1979 version of HRF-1. DOE revised its test
procedures for freezers based on this AHAM standard on August 10, 1982.
47 FR 34517. The subsequent August 31, 1989 final rule established test
procedures for freezers with variable defrost control and freezers with
the quick-freeze feature. 54 FR 36238. A subsequent amendment occurred
to correct that rule's effective date. 54 FR 38788 (Sept. 20, 1989).
The current test procedures include provisions for determining the
annual energy use in kWh and annual electrical operating costs for
freezers.
As with refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers, the December 16,
2010 notice also clarified compliance testing requirements for freezers
under Appendix B1 and created a new Appendix B, the latter of which
manufacturers are required to use starting in 2014. That new test
procedure changed a number of aspects of the procedure detailed in
Appendix B1, including, among other things: (1) The freezer volume
adjustment factor, (2) methods for measuring compartment volumes, and
(3) the long-time automatic defrost test procedure. In addition,
Appendix B also addresses icemaking energy use by implementing for
freezers the same procedure adopted for refrigerator-freezers in which
a fixed energy use value is applied when calculating the energy
consumption of freezers with automatic icemakers. 75 FR 78810.
Finalization of the Test Procedure Rulemaking for Products Manufactured
Starting in 2014
The December 2010 interim final rule established comprehensive
changes to the manner in which refrigeration products are tested by
creating new Appendices A and B. In addition to the changes discussed
above, these new appendices also incorporate the modifications to
Appendices A1 and B1 that were finalized and adopted on December 16,
2010.
DOE provided an initial comment period on the interim final rule,
which ended on February 14, 2011, and subsequently reopened the comment
period on September 15, 2011 (76 FR 57612) to allow for further public
feedback in response to the promulgation of the final energy
conservation standards that were published on the same day. 76 FR
57516. This re-opening permitted interested parties to comment on the
interplay between the test procedure and the energy conservation
standards, and provided DOE with additional information to consider
before making any final changes to the test procedures of Appendices A
and B prior to their use by manufacturers starting on September 15,
2014. 76 FR at 57612-57613. That comment period ended on October 17,
2011. DOE also considered comments related to a petition for a test
procedure waiver that had a direct bearing on elements of the test
procedures used in Appendix A. See 76 FR 16760 (March 25, 2011)
(petition no. RF-018, Samsung Electronics America, Inc. (Samsung)).
During the comment periods that DOE provided, interested parties
raised a number of issues for DOE to consider with respect to the test
procedure. The submitted comments included suggestions that DOE modify
the test procedure for multiple compressor systems to reduce test
burden, modify the test period for the second part of the test for
products with long-time or variable defrost to assure proper accounting
of all energy use associated with defrost, develop separate test
procedures and standards for products combining wine storage with fresh
food compartments, allow use of an alternative three-test interpolation
approach as an option to potentially improve measurement accuracy at
the cost of greater test burden for those manufacturers choosing to use
it, adjust the test procedure's anti-circumvention provisions, and
adjust the default values of CTL and CTM (the
longest and shortest duration of compressor run time between defrosts)
to be used in the energy use equations for products that do not have
defined values for these parameters in their control algorithms. (Test
Procedure for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers,
Docket Number EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003; Sub-Zero, No. 42; AHAM, No. 43,
Whirlpool, No. 44) Stakeholders recommended that all but the last of
these changes be adopted in the current test procedures (Appendices A1
and B1) as well as the test procedures that will be required for
certification of compliance with the new energy standards starting
September 15, 2014 (Appendices A and B). The recommendation for
changing the default values of CTL and CTM
applied only to the latter set of test procedures.
On January 25, 2012, DOE published a final rule setting out the
test procedures for refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers (Appendix
A) and freezers (Appendix B) that manufacturers must use starting in
2014. 77 FR 3559. In finalizing the test procedures, DOE considered the
changes recommended by stakeholders, including recommendations for
certain amendments to be made to the current test procedures found in
10 CFR 430.23
[[Page 41614]]
and in Appendices A1 and B1. DOE declined to make the recommended
amendments for these appendices because the supplementary comment
period DOE provided had explicitly focused solely on issues related to
Appendices A and B. Aspects of Appendices A1 and B1 had already been
settled and finalized with the December 2010 final rule. Id. at 3568-
3571. Additionally, DOE declined to adopt certain changes recommended
for Appendices A and B. DOE declined to adopt these suggestions because
the nature of those recommendations had not, in DOE's view, been
presented in a manner that would have afforded the public with a
sufficient opportunity to adequately comment on those issues. Id.
Nevertheless, after finalizing the rule setting out Appendices A
and B, DOE reviewed these various suggestions and weighed their
possible inclusion as part of the test procedure framework for
refrigeration products. As a result of this review, DOE has decided to
propose the inclusion of some of these recommended amendments in
today's NOPR, including modified test procedures for products with
multiple compressor systems, use of an alternative method for measuring
and calculating energy use consumption at standardized temperatures for
refrigerator-freezers and refrigerators with freezer compartments, and
the modification of the anti-circumvention language currently found in
these appendices.
Waivers
DOE has granted a limited number of petitions for waiver from the
test procedures for refrigeration products since the publication of the
December 2010 final rule. On January 10, 2012, DOE published a decision
and order (D&O) responding to two waiver petitions from Samsung
addressing products with multiple defrost cycle types. 77 FR 1474. That
notice prescribed a procedure to account for the energy use associated
with the multiple defrost cycles of a single-compressor-based system.
The approach is identical to the procedure established for Appendix A
in the January 25, 2012, final rule that manufacturers will need to
follow starting in 2014. 77 FR 3559. DOE also issued a Decision and
Order (D&O) that granted a waiver to GE Appliances (GE) to use the same
test procedure for similar products. See 77 FR 75426 (Dec. 20, 2012)
(GE waiver). In effect, these waivers permit these companies to address
certain products that cannot be readily tested or that otherwise would
produce unrepresentative energy consumption measurements under the
currently required test in Appendix A1.
DOE also granted a waiver to Sub-Zero, Inc. (Sub-Zero) to address
that company's multiple-compressor products. See 77 FR 5784 (Feb. 6,
2012) (Sub-Zero waiver). That waiver permitted Sub-Zero to use the same
test procedure that AHAM had recommended that DOE adopt for both
Appendix A1 and Appendix A. (Test Procedure for Refrigerators,
Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket Number EERE-2009-BT-TP-
0003; AHAM, No. 43 at pp. 2-3) Today's NOPR proposes to add a test
procedure for multiple compressor products that is based on the Sub-
Zero waiver procedure.
Finally, on August 16, 2012, DOE granted a waiver to Sanyo E&E
Corporation (Sanyo) to address a hybrid refrigeration product, i.e., a
product combining wine storage compartments in a refrigerator. See 77
FR 49443 (Decision and Order granting Sanyo's petition (Sanyo waiver)).
The waiver cites a guidance document that DOE published in February
2011, which indicates that products combining a wine storage
compartment and a fresh food compartment are considered refrigerators
and should be tested as such.\5\ The waiver further explains that the
Sanyo hybrid product cannot be tested with its wine storage compartment
at the standardized temperature required for testing refrigerators
using Appendix A1 (i.e., 38 [deg]F), and that doing so would result in
a non-representative energy use measurement. Hence, DOE granted Sanyo's
request that it be allowed to test the product using a standardized
temperature of 55 [deg]F for the wine storage compartment. Id.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\5\ This guidance is posted in DOE's online Guidance and FAQ
database, and is available for viewing at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/guidance/default.aspx?pid=2&spid=1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
After granting a waiver, DOE waiver provisions generally direct the
agency to initiate a rulemaking to amend its regulations to eliminate
the continued need for the waiver. 10 CFR 430.27(m). Today's notice
addresses this requirement for the Sub-Zero waiver by proposing to
amend Appendix A to include a test procedure for multiple compressor
products that is based on the Sub-Zero waiver procedure. The Sub-Zero
waiver would terminate on September 15, 2014, the same date that
manufacturers must use the test procedures in Appendix A for testing.
The Samsung and GE waivers have already been addressed by the January
2012 final rule for products manufactured starting September 15, 2014.
DOE does not currently anticipate that additional products on the
market with single-compressor-based systems using multiple defrost
cycles will be introduced prior to 2014, since it is DOE's
understanding that this is a system design unique to those
manufacturers who are currently covered by these waivers. Hence, at
this time, DOE does not believe amending Appendix A1 to include this
particular alternative test procedure is necessary. As for hybrid
products such as the one identified by Sanyo, DOE will consider
developing appropriate test procedures for these and similar products
in a separate rulemaking. See 77 FR 7547 (Feb. 13, 2012).
II. Summary of the Proposal
DOE's December 2010 and January 2012 notices made a number of
changes to the previous versions of the test procedures. These changes
included modifying the current procedure and creating a substantially
revised procedure that manufacturers must begin to use when certifying
and rating refrigeration products starting in 2014. While the final
rules made a number of significant improvements to the test procedures,
there remained some pending issues that DOE was unable to address.
Today's notice attempts to address those remaining issues.
Some of the improvements proposed in this notice could be
considered for implementation in the current test procedures as well as
the procedures that will be required for certification starting in
2014. However, the current test procedures will continue to be used
only for a limited time. Hence, DOE is not proposing to make any
substantive amendments to these test procedures, which are contained in
Appendices A1 and B1. (The proposal does, however, include amendments
that would correct certain cross-references in these appendices to
sections of 10 CFR 429). DOE requests comments on its proposed
amendments to Appendices A and B, along with its tentative decision to
refrain from applying this approach to the currently required
Appendices A1 and B1.
The proposed amendments and issues on which DOE seeks public
comment are summarized below.
First, DOE is soliciting comment on its proposal to incorporate
laboratory-based test procedures for measuring energy use associated
with automatic icemaking to replace the standardized value used to
represent icemaking energy use that DOE adopted as part of the December
2010 test procedure interim final rule. See 75 FR at 78859 (Appendix A,
sec. 6.2.2.1.) and 78871
[[Page 41615]]
(Appendix B, sec. 6.2.1.1.). Responding to DOE's preliminary analysis
in 2009, a broad group of stakeholders agreed that DOE should regulate
icemaking energy use as part of the refrigeration product energy
conservation standards. The commenters recognized, however, that
suitable test procedures were not yet available to allow their
introduction in time for use with the 2014 energy conservation
standards. (See Energy Conservation Standards for Refrigerators,
Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2008-BT-STD-0012;
ACEEE, No. 46 at p. 1; and AHAM, No. 37 at p. 2) With this
understanding, many of these stakeholders collaborated to submit a
joint comment recommending that DOE conduct a rulemaking in 2012 to
amend its refrigeration product test procedures to incorporate
icemaking energy use. (Test Procedure for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-
Freezers, and Freezers, Docket Number EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003; Joint
Comment, No. 20 at pp. 5-6) AHAM submitted to DOE a ``draft'' version
of this test procedure in January 2012. Later, in July 2012, it
submitted a revised version of this earlier draft and recommended that
DOE adopt it. (AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4; and AHAM Revised Draft
Test Procedure, No. 5) \6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\6\ DOE's proposal is more consistent with the revised AHAM test
procedure than with AHAM's initial draft. However, it is instructive
to consider the contrast between the initial and revised AHAM test
procedures, since justification for certain complications present in
the DOE proposal for testing products that cycle compressors during
icemaking are best explained through comparison with the simpler,
but potentially less accurate, method of the initial AHAM draft.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Today's notice solicits comment on an approach that would measure
the energy use of automatic icemaking. That approach is based in part
on the suggested approach from AHAM. Depending on the nature of any
submitted comments, DOE may modify this approach. At this time, DOE is
proposing that manufacturers would not be required to use this
procedure until DOE amends the energy conservation standards for
refrigeration products as part of the mandatory review required under
EPCA. By linking this new measurement method with a new standards
rulemaking, DOE can better ensure that all of these new requirements
are coordinated within the context of a standards rulemaking (which
would include any potential impacts related to icemaking energy use)
and avoid any potential labeling issues that may arise, particularly
since the new standards that DOE promulgated in 2011 will not be
required for compliance purposes until 2014. See 76 FR 57516.
Further, DOE notes that manufacturers must base their written
representations of energy usage on a new test procedure within 180 days
of when the final rule for that procedure is published. See 42 U.S.C.
6293(c)(2). Given the upcoming transition to the new standards for
2014, it is possible that this requirement, if adopted, could lead to
confusion as consumers attempt to understand the meaning of the
reported values, particularly if the reported values differ between two
identical models that may have been tested under different provisions.
Additionally, manufacturers would need to adjust their testing and
labeling to account for the new icemaking energy measurement protocol.
In light of these concerns, it is DOE's tentative view that linking the
timing of when manufacturers should begin using the icemaking energy
use test method with the agency's statutorily-mandated review of the
2014 standards would reduce consumer confusion and minimize the overall
burdens faced by manufacturers while ensuring that a viable procedure
is in place for measuring the energy use from icemaking. DOE notes that
if it should adopt this measurement procedure, it would use that
procedure in evaluating potential adjustments to the energy
conservation standards as part of the mandatory review. This two-step
approach should help ensure a smoother transition to a potential new
set of standards based on any icemaking energy use test that DOE may
adopt. DOE also notes that if this procedure were adopted in the manner
described above, a manufacturer seeking to use the new procedure
earlier than required would need to obtain a test procedure waiver from
DOE in advance of doing so.
Second, today's notice proposes to add test procedures for products
with multiple compressor systems. These proposed procedures are based
on the waiver granted to Sub-Zero on February 6, 2012. 77 FR 5784. They
are proposed for inclusion only in Appendix A (i.e. procedures for
these products required starting in 2014). The approach is not
applicable to freezers and, hence, is not proposed for inclusion in
Appendix B.
Third, the proposal would address two issues raised by commenters
during the previous refrigeration product test procedure rulemaking.
The first would make modest changes to the ``anti-circumvention''
language of 10 CFR 430.23, which is found in paragraph (a)(10) for
refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers, and paragraph (b)(7) for
freezers. This proposed amendment would help clarify product design and
control system issues to ensure that the measurements from testing are
accurate and representative of expected consumer use. The second would
allow the optional use of a new, alternative method for measuring and
calculating the energy use of refrigerator-freezers and refrigerators
with freezer compartments. This method, commonly known as
``triangulation,'' may, for some products, provide a more accurate
measure of energy use--notably, for products with control systems that
are not balanced to simultaneously match the standardized temperatures
of both the freezer and fresh food compartments at the same positions
of the temperature controls for these compartments. Triangulation
involves the use of an additional test conducted using a third
temperature control setting. (Under Appendix A, only two temperature
control settings are used to calculate the energy usage of a given
refrigeration product.) The proposal would allow manufacturers to use
this test as an alternative for certification if a manufacturer
believed that the more comprehensive triangulation test would provide a
more accurate measurement of energy use than the simpler, ``two
temperature-control-setting'' method already provided in DOE's
regulations. The proposal would also require that certification reports
indicate whether triangulation has been used for testing. The NOPR
proposes that triangulation be adopted in Appendix A. This test method
is not applicable to freezers and, hence, is not proposed for inclusion
in Appendix B. Additionally, while manufacturers would have the option
of using either the two-part or triangulation test, DOE is proposing
that it would use the triangulation test for assessment and enforcement
testing in some cases.
Today's proposal also includes amendments associated with
certification of compliance. First, it includes a proposal to eliminate
the current requirement to report the height of refrigeration products
in certification reports starting September 15, 2014. This information
will no longer be necessary to classify products after this date,
because the compact product classes will no longer have a height limit.
See 76 FR 57515, 57538 (Sept. 15, 2011) and DOE Guidance (Oct. 6, 2011)
regarding compact products, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/pdfs/refr-frz_faq_2011-10-06.pdf. This change in
the certification report requirements of 10 CFR 429.14(b)(2) would, in
DOE's
[[Page 41616]]
view, reduce the overall reporting burden faced by manufacturers. The
proposal would also move the requirement to report whether a product
has variable defrost or variable anti-sweat heaters from section
429.14(b)(3) to section 429.14(b)(2) to reflect that DOE intends for
this information to be publicly available.
As a measure intended to reduce testing burden and potentially
improve the accuracy of reported data, today's proposal would permit
the use of volume calculations derived using computer aided design
(CAD) tools in lieu of physical measurements of each basic model. To
enable manufacturers to use this option, DOE is proposing changes to
the requirements of Appendices A and B for measuring volume, adding a
new section 429.72 establishing requirements applicable to volume
measurement, and adding a process in a new section 10 CFR 429.134 for
verifying the rated volume of a product. Finally, the references in
section 5.1 of Appendices A and B to certification test reports would
be corrected, changing references from 10 CFR 429.14 to 10 CFR 429.71.
The proposal also includes several clarifying amendments. These
include: (a) Clarifying the term ``incomplete cycling'' as it applies
to tested products and also modifying the test period for these
products to ensure more accurate energy use measurement, (b) more
specific instructions for setting mechanical temperature controls at
their warmest and coldest settings, (c) clarifying the requirements for
measuring ambient temperature and for maintaining ambient temperature
gradients during testing, (d) establishing definitions for several
commonly understood (but undefined) terms used in the test procedures,
(e) a correction to the definition of the term ``E'' as used in section
6.2.2.2 of Appendix A to reference the proper section of the procedure,
(f) required conditions for ``connected'' products during testing, (g)
more specific instructions regarding the required clearance to the rear
wall during testing, and (h) more specific instructions for relocation
of interior components, such as shelving, to allow placement of
temperature sensors in the required locations. In DOE's view, adopting
these proposed amendments would improve test accuracy and would help
ensure consistency when tests are carried out by different testing
laboratories. These proposals, which are not expected to lead to any
changes in measured energy usage, would be adopted in Appendices A and
B.
Today's proposal also includes corrections to the temperature
setting tables--Tables 1 and 2 of Appendix A and Table 1 of Appendix B.
These tables would be modified in the CFR to properly reflect the
intended temperature-setting progression from the initial test through
the final test. The proposal would eliminate some horizontal lines in
these tables to clarify the temperature-setting logic.
Further, DOE is seeking comments on a specific aspect related to
built-in products, namely, whether testing these products in their
built-in conditions would provide more representative and accurate
energy consumption measurements. Under the current procedures,
manufacturers are not required to test these products in a built-in
condition. However, data recently collected by DOE, described in
section III.D.1, suggest that some built-in products may yield
different energy use measurements depending on whether they are tested
in a built-in condition.
Finally, DOE has proposed amendments to address issues that DOE has
identified through product testing. The first involves products with
variable defrost, which are tested using provisions in Appendices A and
B that are designed to account for variation in compressor run time
between defrost cycles. DOE has observed in some cases that the actual
minimum time between defrosts during testing was less than the minimum
value reported to DOE in the model's certification report. To ensure
that measured values of energy use are representative of the actual
operation of models with variable defrost, DOE proposes to require use
of the minimum observed compressor run time between defrosts if it is
less than the certified value. The second proposal is to include more
specific instructions regarding loading of packages in freezers, as
required by Appendix B, which DOE believes will result in more
consistent performance of this aspect of the test procedure.
The proposed amendments discussed in this notice would, if adopted,
take effect 30 days after issuance of the final rule. However,
manufacturers would be required to use the modified versions of
Appendices A and B for rating products starting on the compliance date
for the 2014 standards, which is September 15, 2014. 76 FR 70865 (Nov.
16, 2011). With the exception of the proposed test method for icemaker
energy use, which would be addressed separately from the other proposed
amendments to Appendices A and B, these changes either involve
clarifications or provide alternatives to those methods that
manufacturers already must use--or otherwise permit manufacturers to
use a procedure that the industry has already largely developed and
vetted. None of these amendments would, to DOE's knowledge, alter the
measured energy use to any significant extent, and DOE does not
anticipate that manufacturers will need to make substantial efforts to
adjust to any of these proposed changes. With respect to the adoption
of the proposed icemaker-related amendments for Appendices A and B,
none of these changes would be required until DOE prescribes new or
amended standards for refrigeration products. Until that time,
manufacturers would continue using the fixed value approach prescribed
in the regulations to account for icemaking energy use. Should these
proposed amendments be adopted, manufacturers seeking to use this
procedure prior to DOE's promulgation of new or amended standards would
need to obtain a test procedure waiver in advance of doing so.
III. Discussion
This notice contains a number of proposed modifications to the
refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer, and freezer test procedures, and
DOE encourages stakeholders to submit comments on any aspect of these
proposals. Comments are especially encouraged if stakeholders wish to
provide supporting data, propose alternate approaches, and express
support for (or objections to) DOE's tentative views on the issues
discussed in this notice.
The following section discusses in further detail the various
issues addressed by today's notice. Table III-1 below lists the
subsections of this section and indicates where the proposed
amendments, along with the potential icemaking energy measurement test
that DOE is considering, would appear in each appendix. Section A
identifies the products covered by the proposal; section B specifies
the compliance dates that would apply to the proposed amendments;
section C discusses the test procedure amendments; section D discusses
testing of built-in products and requests comment on the discussion
without proposing a test procedure amendment; and section E discusses
compliance of the proposal with other EPCA requirements.
[[Page 41617]]
Table III-1--Discussion Subsections
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Affected appendices
Section Title ---------------------------------
A B
------------------------------------------------------------------------
III.A.............. Products Covered No proposed changes.
by the Proposed
Rule.
---------------------------------
III.B.............. Proposed Dates X X
for the Amended
Test Procedures.
1.................. Icemaking Test X X
Procedure.
2.................. Multiple X ...............
Compressor Test.
3.................. Triangulation.... X ...............
---------------------------------
4.................. Anti- *
Circumvention
Language.
---------------------------------
5.................. Incomplete X X
Cycling.
6.................. Mechanical X X
Temperature
Controls.
7.................. Ambient X X
Temperature
Gradient.
8.................. Definitions X X
Associated with
Defrost Cycles.
---------------------------------
9.................. Elimination of **
Reporting of
Product Height.
---------------------------------
10................. Measurement of X X
Product Volume
***.
11................. Corrections to X X
Temperature
Setting Logic
Tables.
III.C.12........... Default Minimum X X
Compressor Run-
Time Between
Defrosts for
Variable Defrost
Models.
III.C.13........... Treatment of X X
``Connected''
Products.
---------------------------------
III.C.14........... Changes to ***
Confidentiality
of Certification
Data.
---------------------------------
III.C.15........... Package Loading.. ............... X
III.C.16........... Rear Clearance X X
During Testing.
III.C.17........... Other Minor X X
Corrections
[dagger].
III.C.18........... Relocation of X X
Shelving.
---------------------------------
III.D.1............ Built-In No proposed changes.
Refrigerators.
---------------------------------
III.D.2............ Products that are ............... ...............
Operable as a
Refrigerator or
a Freezer.
1.................. Test Burden...... ............... ...............
2.................. Changes in ............... ...............
Measured Energy
Use.
3.................. Standby and Off ............... ...............
Mode Energy Use.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* This amendment would appear in 10 CFR 430.23, but would affect testing
using all four appendices.
** This amendment would appear in 10 CFR 429.14, but would affect
certification reporting for products tested using Appendices A and B.
*** This amendment includes proposed modifications to 10 CFR 429.14.
[dagger] This section also proposes an amendment to 10 CFR 430.2.
A. Products Covered by the Proposed Rule
Today's amendments cover those products that meet the definitions
for refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer, and freezer, as codified in 10
CFR 430.2. The definitions for refrigerator and refrigerator-freezer
were amended in the December 16, 2010 final rule. 75 FR at 78817 and
78848.
B. Proposed Dates for the Amended Test Procedures
This notice proposes amendments that would be made in sections
429.14 and 430.23 and in Appendices A and B.
The proposed amendments to sections 429.14 and 430.23 would be
effective 30 days after publication of a final rule. Manufacturers
would not be required to use the amended test procedures to rate their
products until 180 days after issuance of the final rule. See 42 U.S.C.
6293(c)(2).
Some of the proposed amendments that aim to improve measurement
accuracy by clarifying certain aspects of the test procedures or to
reduce test burden could potentially be considered for adoption in the
current test procedures (i.e., Appendices A1 and B1). However, these
appendices are scheduled to be obsolete after September 2014, so DOE is
not proposing to amend them. DOE requests comments on this approach.
The proposed amendments that would apply to Appendices A and B
would be effective 30 days after issuance of a final rule, but
manufacturers would not be required to use this procedure prior to
September 15, 2014. Once that date arrives, however, Appendices A and B
will be mandatory for making representations regarding the energy use
or operating costs of refrigeration products. Manufacturers would be
permitted to use Appendices A and B before this 2014 date if they
choose to do so, provided that they indicate in their certification
submissions that their ratings are based on Appendix A or B and that
the products satisfy the 2014 standards.
As discussed in section I, this NOPR addresses the joint comments
of a broad group of stakeholders who urged DOE to initiate a rulemaking
to amend the test procedures for refrigeration products to incorporate
a laboratory-based measurement of icemaking energy use. The joint
comment further recommended that DOE publish a final rule by July 1,
2013, and amend the energy conservation standards scheduled to take
effect in 2014 to account for the differences in measured energy use of
icemakers when using the new test procedure as compared with the 84 kWh
per year fixed placeholder value. (Test Procedure for Refrigerators,
Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket Number EERE-2009-BT-TP-
0003; Joint Comment, No. 20 at 5-6) However, as discussed in section 1,
DOE has tentatively determined that its proposal to address icemaking
energy use would not affect measured energy use to any significant
extent. Hence,
[[Page 41618]]
DOE believes at this time that adjusting the energy conservation
standards as suggested would not be necessary. Section 1 discusses
DOE's preliminary assessment of the likely impact of the icemaking test
procedure detailed in today's notice on energy consumption
measurements. Supporting data are provided to help illustrate this
impact.
As pointed out earlier, the proposed icemaking test procedure would
not be required until DOE prescribes new or amended standards for
refrigeration products. Until that time, manufacturers would continue
using the fixed value approach currently prescribed in DOE's
regulations to account for icemaking energy use. Should these proposed
amendments be adopted, manufacturers seeking to use this procedure
prior to DOE's promulgation of new or amended standards would need to
obtain a test procedure waiver in advance of doing so.
C. Proposed Test Procedure Amendments
The following discussion addresses aspects of DOE's proposal to
amend 10 CFR 430.23 and Appendices A and B. DOE seeks comment on all
aspects of its proposal as described below.
1. Icemaking Test Procedure
Nearly all refrigerator-freezers currently sold either have a
factory-installed automatic icemaker or are ``icemaker-kitable''--i.e.,
they are manufactured with the necessary water tubing, valve(s), and
icemaker mounting hardware to allow quick installation of an automatic
icemaker at any time after the product leaves the factory. Ice
production increases the energy use of a refrigerator-freezer in two
ways: (1) Some icemaker components (e.g., the mold heater and the gear
motor) consume energy, and (2) additional refrigeration is required to
cool and freeze incoming water and to remove the heat generated by
icemaker components (e.g., the mold heater).
The current test procedure for refrigerators and refrigerator-
freezers does not measure the energy use associated with ice
production. Specifically, HRF-1-1979, section 7.4.2 (which is
incorporated by reference into the current test procedures of Appendix
A1) states, ``Automatic icemakers are to be inoperative during the
test''.\7\ In the May 2010 NOPR, DOE indicated that energy use
associated with automatic icemaking represents 10 percent to 15 percent
of the rated energy use of typical refrigeration products. See 75 FR at
29846-29847 (May 27, 2010). As discussed in section I of this notice,
stakeholders commented in response to DOE's presentation of its
preliminary analysis supporting the recently completed energy
conservation standard rulemaking that the test procedures and energy
conservation standards for refrigeration products should address
icemaking energy use (see, for example, Energy Conservation Standards
for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No.
EERE-2008-BT-STD-0012; ACEEE, No. 46 at p. 1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\7\ DOE has published guidance documents clarifying how to
render icemakers ``inoperative'' during a test. See, for example,
``Additional Guidance Regarding Application of Current Procedures
for Testing Energy Consumption of Refrigerator-Freezers with
Automatic Ice Makers'', http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/residential/pdfs/rf_test_procedure_addl_guidance.pdf.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
However, stakeholders also commented that a test procedure to
measure icemaking energy use had not yet been sufficiently developed.
(Energy Conservation Standards for Refrigerators, Refrigerator-
Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2008-BT-STD-0012; AHAM, No. 37
at p. 2: General Electric, No.40 at p. 1) To avoid delaying the energy
conservation standard rulemaking, DOE published the new Appendix A test
procedure and related energy conservation standard with a fixed
placeholder energy use value of 84 kWh/year for products with automatic
icemakers, to represent the average amount of energy consumed in ice
production. 75 FR at 78842-78843 (Dec. 10, 2010) and 76 FR at 57538
(Sept. 15, 2011). (The 84 kWh/year value is equivalent to the 0.23 kWh/
day value found in Appendices A and B, Section 6.2.2.1. That 0.23 kWh/
day value is multiplied by 365 (see, for example, 10 CFR 430.23(a)(1)),
which yields an annual consumption of 84 kWh/year.)
As part of the 2010 industry and efficiency advocate consensus
agreement, AHAM agreed to develop an icemaking test procedure before
January 1, 2012. (Test Procedure for Residential Refrigerators,
Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003,
Joint Comment, No. 20 at p. 5).
Summary of AHAM's Initial Draft and Revised Draft Icemaking Test
Procedures
A key aspect to determining annual energy use associated with
icemaking is the average daily ice production. AHAM presented some
information to DOE in late 2009 regarding this value in a document
summarizing the status of its test procedure development work, titled
``AHAM Update to DOE on Status of Ice Maker Energy Test Procedure--
November 19, 2009''.\8\ (AHAM Ice Making Test Update, AHAM, No. 7 at p.
5). That document also included data suggesting that using a daily
production rate of 1.8 pounds of ice per refrigeration product would be
appropriate. This value was based on a total ``sample size'' of 155.
However, the document did not elaborate further on the sample size
other than to indicate that it had been derived using the combined data
from three consumer surveys and three separate field tests.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\8\ Subsequently referred to as ``AHAM Ice Making Test Update''.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In early January 2012, AHAM provided DOE with a draft of its
icemaking test procedure, ``AHAM Refrigerator, Refrigerator-Freezer,
and Freezer Ice Making Energy Test Procedure, Revision 1.0--12/14/11''.
(AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4) That draft indicated that it applies
to refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers and freezers, as defined in 10
CFR 430.2, that were equipped with a single automatic icemaker
(including non-icemaker-equipped models that could be readily
retrofitted with an optional automatic icemaker).
In July 2012, AHAM provided DOE with a revision of its icemaking
test procedure, ``AHAM Refrigerator, Refrigerator-Freezer, and Freezer
Ice Making Energy Test Procedure, Revision 2.0--07/10/12''. (AHAM
Revised Draft Test Procedure, No. 5) The AHAM Revised Draft Test
Procedure applies to products that have one or more automatic
icemakers. In addition, it includes several revisions to the AHAM Draft
Test Procedure. The paragraphs below summarize the AHAM Revised Draft
Test Procedure and highlight provisions from the AHAM Draft Test
Procedure relevant to the detailed procedure on which DOE seeks
comment.
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure does not address the average
ice production rate and does not include a value to apply when
converting the measured icemaking energy use into a value of energy use
per daily cycle. In contrast, the earlier AHAM Draft Test Procedure
retained the current assumed 1.8-pound daily ice production rate
through the use of an annual ice consumption value set at 657 pounds.
Dividing this value by 365 days yields an ice production rate of 1.8
pounds per day. (AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4 at pp. 7-8)
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure would require an ambient test
room temperature of 90 [deg]F, which is consistent with the DOE
procedures (see, e.g., Appendix A, section 2.1). It
[[Page 41619]]
would also require target compartment temperatures of 39 [deg]F for
fresh food compartments and 0 [deg]F for freezer compartments. These
temperatures match the standardized temperatures prescribed by the DOE
energy tests (see Appendix A, section 3.2 for refrigerator-freezers and
Appendix B, section 3.2 for freezers). While the AHAM revised draft
test does not mention the freezer compartment standardized temperature
for refrigerators, which the DOE test sets at 15 [deg]F (see Appendix
A, section 3.2), it does indicate that its scope would extend to
refrigerators. See AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, section 2.1.
In view of the above, DOE requests comment on whether any
refrigerators (i.e., ``electric refrigerator'' as defined in 10 CFR
430.2, and not a refrigerator-freezer) are sold with automatic
icemakers (including non-icemaker-equipped models that could be readily
retrofitted with an optional automatic icemaker). (DOE's review found
none.) If so, DOE also seeks comment on whether test procedures for
automatic icemakers should cover these ``electric refrigerators'' and
to what extent, if any, the test procedure would need to be modified to
accommodate the testing of these products. DOE is seeking comment on
this issue in part to ascertain whether this aspect of today's proposal
should apply to refrigerators as opposed to only refrigerator-freezers.
DOE is currently unaware of any refrigerator that is sold equipped with
an automatic icemaker.
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure also does not mention whether
the test procedure would apply to refrigeration products with manual
defrost. Such products are tested with frozen food packages in their
freezer compartments (see, for example, Appendix B, section 2.2 and
HRF-1-2008, sections 5.5.3 and 5.5.5.3). Any icemaking test procedure
would likely require that such products be tested with the frozen food
packages removed, since some of the test operations, such as removing
ice from the ice bin, may be impossible if the freezer compartment is
full of packages. DOE requests comment on whether any manual defrost
refrigerator-freezers or freezers are sold with automatic icemakers and
whether any test procedure modifications would be required to address
such products.
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure specifies the use of target
compartment temperatures, equal to the standardized compartment
temperatures already prescribed in Appendices A and B, for a baseline
test involving no icemaking. However, rather than following the DOE
procedure of requiring tests to measure icemaking energy use at the
median and cold (or warm) settings of the temperature controls and
calculating energy use as a weighted average of the measurements at the
two selected settings (see Appendix A, section 3.2.1), the AHAM Revised
Draft Test Procedure, if adopted, would require that a single test be
conducted with the temperature controls adjusted to achieve a
compartment temperature within 2 [deg]F of the target temperature. The
temperature controls would not be adjusted further during the phases of
the test in which the product is producing ice.
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure would also require that the
test setup be in accordance with the setup already prescribed by the
DOE test procedure (or ``DOE energy test''). It also specifies that the
supply water for the icemaker must have a temperature range of 90 +/- 2
[deg]F and a pressure range of 60 15 pounds per square inch
gauge pressure (psig).\9\ No further setup requirements are provided.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\9\ Gauge pressure is absolute pressure minus barometric
pressure, i.e., the pressure that a pressure gauge connected to the
water supply piping would indicate.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
In calculating the energy use per pound of ice produced, the AHAM
Revised Draft Test Procedure would require subtracting the average
energy use per day (in kWh/day) measured during a baseline test (during
which the product is not making ice) from the average energy use per
day (in kWh/day) measured during an icemaking test, and dividing the
difference between the results of the two tests by the average rate of
ice production (pounds per hour) during the icemaking test. This
calculation would yield a final value in kilowatt-hours per pound (kWh/
lb). The energy use for both the baseline and icemaking tests would be
measured under the proposed procedures during steady-state operation
and not during a defrost.
The test period for the baseline test could consist of at least
seven hours of operation equivalent to the procedure for confirming
steady-state conditions during the DOE energy test (see Appendix A,
section 2.9). For products with cycling compressors, this test period
would include two periods of at least two hours each, both comprising a
whole number of compressor cycles, separated by one period of at least
three hours. Although this test period is used only to confirm steady-
state conditions in the DOE test procedure, the AHAM Revised Draft Test
Procedure would also use this period as the test period for measuring
energy use when the product is not making ice.
According to the AHAM Revised Draft Test procedure, the icemaking
part of the test for products that do not cycle their compressors
during icemaking would require a test period of at least 24 hours and
consist of multiple complete icemaker cycles. If the test is
interrupted by a defrost or if the ice storage bin fills before 24
hours have elapsed, the test period would be the maximum time between
defrost cycles or the maximum time before the ice bin is filled with
ice.
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure would calculate icemaking
energy use in products that cycle their compressors during icemaking
differently from the initial AHAM Draft Test Procedure. Specifically,
the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure would use a measurement of
average ice production per hour that would be adjusted to account for
differences in compressor run time of a first test period based on
compressor cycles (which would be used to determine average energy use
during icemaking) and a second test period based on icemaker cycles
(which would be used as the basis for measuring the energy use per
icemaking cycle and the mass of harvested ice). (AHAM Revised Draft
Test Procedure, No. 5 at p. 8). The adjustment would be based on the
two measurements of energy use associated with the two test periods. In
contrast, the AHAM Draft Test Procedure relied on energy use and
harvested ice mass measured for a single test period based on icemaker
cycles, irrespective of whether the compressor cycles during icemaking
(AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4 at p. 7). The contrast between these
two approaches is highlighted because, as discussed in more detail
below, the approach DOE is considering would include the more
comprehensive approach of the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure.
Under the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, the final calculated
result would be the incremental icemaking energy use per mass of ice in
kilowatt hours per pound of ice. There would be no further conversion
of this value into energy use per daily cycle or per year. In contrast,
the AHAM Draft Test Procedure included a conversion calculation to
yield an annual ice production rate. (AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4
at p. 7-8)
Potential Approach Under Consideration
The approach DOE is considering for measuring icemaking energy use
is based on the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure. It differs from that
draft in
[[Page 41620]]
that the DOE approach would include greater detail to improve clarity
and testing consistency. If adopted, DOE would likely add this
icemaking energy measurement procedure as a new section 8 for both
Appendices A and B. While this discussion touches on a number of key
aspects related to the potential approach, DOE encourages interested
parties to review it carefully and to comment on all of its aspects.
The key modifications DOE is considering compared with the AHAM
test procedure would attempt to:
(1) Establish a definition for ``ice piece'' in addition to the
definitions suggested by the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure.
(2) Clarify that the anti-sweat heater must be turned off during
the icemaking test period, and that the water filter must be installed.
(3) Require that measurements be recorded during testing at time
intervals not exceeding one minute.
(4) Clarify the points at which an icemaker cycle begins and ends.
Many icemakers have mold heaters that are energized with 100W or more
power input for more than a minute. This temporary increase in power is
easily recognizable when evaluating the wattage data for a refrigerator
test. Icemakers without mold heaters do not provide such an indication
that one icemaking cycle has ended and the next has started. These
icemakers would require the use of an alternative method to identify
the beginning and end of icemaker cycles. The proposal would specify
three alternative options: measuring the icemaker mold temperature,
measuring the water supply temperature, or monitoring the activation of
the water supply solenoid valve.
(5) Require that each compartment's average temperature during the
baseline part of the test be no more than 1 [deg]F warmer than its
standardized temperature
(6) Require that each compartment's average temperature during
icemaking be no more than 1[deg]F (0.6 [deg]C) warmer than its
temperature during the baseline test, and require adjustment of
temperature control settings if necessary to meet this temperature
requirement. Also, the proposed test procedure would require products
with a feature that automatically reduces the freezer compartment
temperature setpoint or maintains compressor operation at an elevated
duty cycle or speed during icemaking to be tested with this feature
enabled.
(7) Prescribe the use of a baseline test period consistent with the
test period specified in the DOE test procedure in Appendix A, section
4.1, rather than using the stabilization test period as the test period
for baseline energy use calculation.
(8) Prescribe the use of equations that are equivalent, but not
identical to, those of the AHAM Revised Draft, making more direct use
of values measured during the test and involving fewer intermediate
calculations.
(9) Apply a temperature stability criterion to the icemaking test
period.
(10) Specify that icemaking would be initiated earlier than
specified in the AHAM Revised Draft after completion of defrost.
(11) Address refrigeration products with multiple icemakers by
requiring that such units be tested with only one of these icemakers
operating during the test, rather than all of them simultaneously. The
approach DOE is considering would also specify which icemaker to
operate.
(12) Specify a daily ice production rate of 1.8 pounds per day in
order to allow calculation of the contribution of icemaking to annual
energy use. DOE is also considering requiring that products that cycle
their compressors during icemaking would have their energy use
calculated in a manner similar to the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure
(i.e., calculate energy use both for test periods comprising a complete
(whole) number of compressor cycles and for test periods comprising
complete icemaker cycles). The two calculations would be performed
using the data from the same single icemaking test, as recommended in
the AHAM Revised Draft. Using this approach would, in DOE's view, help
improve measurement accuracy for the reasons described below.
Potential Icemaking Section
As noted above, DOE is considering incorporating an icemaking test
based on AHAM's Revised Draft Test Procedure into Appendices A and B
(i.e. the test procedures manufacturers must use starting in September
2014) by adding a new Section 8 to both appendices. Separating this new
method from the other sections would, in DOE's view, help reduce the
risk of confusion and improve the overall clarity of the procedures.
Icemaking Definitions
To help ensure clarity during testing, DOE proposes to add four
definitions to provide background for the terminology that would be
used in conjunction with whatever potential icemaking test procedure
DOE adopts. Two of these definitions are identical to those used in the
AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure and are commonly understood in the
industry but are currently undefined:
``Harvest'' means the process of freeing or removing ice pieces
from an automatic icemaker.
``Ice Storage Bin'' means a container in which ice can be stored.
In addition, DOE proposes to define ``Ice Piece'' as a piece of ice
made by an automatic icemaker and that has not been reduced in size by
crushing or other mechanical action. Although people often refer to ice
pieces as ice ``cubes'', DOE proposes to use ``pieces'' instead to (a)
avoid the suggestion that ice pieces must have a specific shape, and
(b) avoid confusion with DOE's energy conservation standards for
automatic commercial ice makers, which include a definition for ``cube
type ice''. (See 10 CFR 431.132) DOE also notes that the AHAM Revised
Draft Test Procedure does not use the term ``cube'' and has established
the precedent of using the term ``ice piece'', as seen in the
definition for ``harvest'' discussed above.
Finally, since neither the test procedures in Appendices A and B
nor the HRF-1-2008 test procedure specifically define the term
``through-the-door ice/water dispenser'' and because this term or
similar terms are used both in the sections addressing measurement of
ice making energy use and in the volume calculation method, DOE
proposes to incorporate a definition for this term in both Appendices A
and B to read as follows: ``Through-the-door ice/water dispenser''
means a device incorporated within the cabinet, but outside the
boundary of the refrigerated space, that delivers to the user on demand
ice or water from within the refrigerated space without opening an
exterior door. This definition includes dispensers that are capable of
dispensing ice and water, ice only, or water only.
DOE requests comment on these proposed definitions.
Anti-Sweat Heater Operation
To minimize test variation and potential error, particularly for
products with variable anti-sweat heater control, the proposed
procedure would require all anti-sweat heater switches to be in the
``off'' position for the test. Variable anti-sweat heater control is a
feature that energizes the anti-sweat heaters only as much as needed,
depending on ambient humidity and other conditions, to prevent the
condensation of water vapor on the door gaskets and cool surfaces near
them.
This requirement is proposed for two reasons: (1) To avoid the
random activation of variable anti-sweat heaters
[[Page 41621]]
during testing should the ambient humidity levels in the test room vary
during the test and (2) to help clarify the power input measurement of
the test by removing the power consumption associated directly with
anti-sweat heaters. Because random activation of variable anti-sweat
heaters could add extra power consumption to one part of the test and
not the other, complete removal of anti-sweat heater power use from the
measurement may ease the interpretation of power consumption signals
measured during the test. Hence, DOE proposes that the heaters be
turned off both to avoid change in anti-sweat heater energy between
portions of the icemaking test and to allow for better evaluation of
the power input measurements that will be used to define test periods
and the number of icemaker cycles--these factors would improve the
accuracy and repeatability of the test.
A potential issue with this proposal is that it may be susceptible
to circumvention by products that have an anti-sweat heater switch if
the icemaker's operation is modified once the switch is turned off. For
example, a manufacturer may be able to reduce icemaking energy use at a
lower ice production rate by reducing fan and/or compressor speed when
the switch is turned off, which would violate the anti-circumvention
provision. An alternative proposal to address the potentially random
activation of variable anti-sweat heaters would be to require that
icemaking tests be conducted with the anti-sweat heater switch turned
on and the test chamber humidity level set sufficiently low to prevent
heater activation--this proposed change would apply to products without
anti-sweat heater switches, as described below. However, this approach
would add more testing burden, since it would require that all
refrigerators with variable anti-sweat heating be tested in this
fashion, which requires using test facilities capable of reducing
humidity levels as needed. Another approach would be to require that
humidity levels in the test facility be maintained within a narrow
range for which the variation in energy use of any variable anti-sweat
heater would be insignificant. However, this could also add
significantly to test burden, since many existing test facilities do
not have the necessary equipment to control humidity levels. If it
subsequently becomes clear that some manufacturers are exploiting this
flexibility in a manner that would yield unrepresentative measurements
of energy use, DOE may implement one of the alternative proposals in a
future rulemaking.
For products with variable anti-sweat heater control but with no
anti-sweat heater switch, the proposal would require that the test be
performed in an ambient condition with humidity levels sufficiently low
to prevent the anti-sweat heater from being energized. The proposal
would not specify the humidity level required to assure that the heater
is not energized, which DOE expects would maximize testing flexibility
and minimize the burden associated with meeting this requirement since
not all variable anti-sweat heater control systems will start to
energize the heaters at the same humidity level. Data regarding the
humidity levels at which variable anti-sweat heater systems energize
are provided to DOE by manufacturers of products with this feature in
certification reports. (See 10 CFR 429.14(b)(3)) These data suggest
that this threshold humidity level is close to 35 percent relative
humidity. DOE may consider the possibility of specifying an ambient
humidity level depending on the nature of the feedback it receives in
comments to this proposal.
DOE is aware of potential issues with its proposal for products
with variable anti-sweat heater control but without anti-sweat heater
switches and may consider alternative options to ensure that the
objectives of the proposal are met. One potential issue is that some
test facilities may not have the capability to sufficiently control
humidity levels to assure that variable anti-sweat heaters would not be
energized during testing. Based on DOE's review of available
refrigeration products, every product examined that is equipped with a
variable anti-sweat heater control also uses an anti-sweat heater
switch. As a result, it is DOE's belief that, in spite of the potential
inability of some existing test facilities to reduce humidity
sufficiently to avoid variable anti-sweat heater activation, all or
nearly all variable anti-sweat heater products can be readily tested
using the proposed procedure by turning off their anti-sweat heater
switches, which would reduce or eliminate the need for upgrades to
testing facilities. Accordingly, DOE does not anticipate any new
burdens associated with its proposed humidity requirements.
DOE requests comments on whether there are other alternative
approaches it should consider to help ensure that random activation of
variable anti-sweat heaters will not affect the accuracy of the
measurements. DOE also seeks comment on the testing approaches it has
proposed in today's notice to address this issue.
Setup for Icemaking
The test procedures in Appendix A and Appendix B do not require
water lines or water filters to be connected or installed; they do,
however, require the ice storage bin to be empty of ice. To properly
execute the icemaking test that DOE is considering, DOE would revise
sections 2.6(a) and 2.6(g) of Appendix A and sections 2.4(a) and 2.4(g)
of Appendix B to read as follows:
(a) Connection of water lines and installation of water filters are
required only when conducting the icemaking test described in section
8;
* * * * *
(g) Ice storage bins shall be emptied of ice, except as required
for the icemaking test described in section 8.
These modifications would ensure that testing would be conducted
consistent with current practice when measuring the energy use not
associated with icemaking, but would clarify that these requirements
would change when conducting the icemaking test. Also, the new section
8 would indicate that water lines and water filters must be installed
for the icemaking test.
DOE seeks comments on this approach.
Ambient Temperature and Water Inlet Specifications
Currently, DOE is considering requiring that the icemaking test be
conducted in a 90 [deg]F ambient condition, identical to the condition
required by the current test. While this temperature is not a typical
household condition, it is intended to account for the energy use
associated with door openings and other thermal loads (e.g., cooling
down warm food) that would occur during usage in a typical household
environment (with an ambient temperature of approximately 70 [deg]F),
and its use in the DOE tests has been reaffirmed through rulemakings
several times since DOE initially adopted the Appendix A1 and Appendix
B1 test procedures in a final rule published August 10, 1982. 47 FR
34517. DOE would apply this condition to the icemaking test to reduce
the complexity that would be incurred by imposing a different ambient
temperature requirement. Using the same temperature will allow all
tests to be conducted sequentially without waiting for the test chamber
to adjust and stabilize at a different temperature.
Water inlet temperature affects the thermal load (i.e., heat) that
refrigeration systems must remove from the cabinet to make ice, and
water inlet pressure could potentially affect the water
[[Page 41622]]
quantity that flows into the icemaker mold during each icemaker cycle.
For the reasons that follow below, adopting the same inlet conditions
specified in the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure (i.e., 902 [deg]F inlet water temperature and 6015 psig inlet
water pressure) is also under consideration.
DOE recognizes that the water inlet temperature noted above is not
consistent with typical household water supply temperatures. However,
due to the intermittent flow of water supplying an icemaker, and the
relatively long periods between successive fillings of the icemaker
mold with water, the temperature of water entering the refrigeration
product's water supply system will always be very close to the ambient
temperature since most of the supply line is located outside the
refrigerated cabinet. For example, the ice production rate of automatic
icemakers in refrigeration products tested by DOE ranged from 4 to 5.5
pounds per day, with icemaker cycle times of an hour or more. Unless
there is significant use of water for features other than icemaking,
such as the water dispenser of a product with through-the-door ice and
water dispensing, the water that will be supplied to the cabinet at the
start of each icemaker cycle will have been stagnant in the supply tube
of the product for at least one hour. This is sufficient time for the
temperature of the supply water to equilibrate (i.e., achieve balance)
with the ambient air temperature, and the same equilibration will occur
during an icemaking test.
Supplying water to the cabinet at any temperature other than
ambient would require using a water temperature conditioning system
located adjacent to the cabinet, or a recirculating loop to ensure that
the supply temperature at the cabinet water inlet remains at a
specified temperature other than the ambient temperature. DOE believes
that requiring such a system would represent an undue test burden
because specifying an inlet water temperature equal to a typical
household ambient condition rather than 90 [deg]F would have a limited
impact on the overall test result. The heat that must be removed from
the water to make ice at 0 [deg]F (i.e. ``Q'') is equal to the sum of
three separate components: (a) The heat capacity of water (1 Btu/lb-
[deg]F) multiplied by the temperature reduction from the supply
temperature down to 32 [deg]F, (b) the heat of fusion of water (144
Btu/lb), and (c) the heat capacity of ice (0.5 Btu/lb-[deg]F)
multiplied by the temperature reduction from 32 [deg]F to 0 [deg]F.
This value equals 218 Btu/lb for testing with a water inlet temperature
of 90 [deg]F--see below.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.028
In contrast, requiring an inlet water temperature of 72 [deg]F,
which would occur in 72 [deg]F ambient conditions more typical for a
household, the heat removed during icemaking would be 200 Btu/lb, only
8 percent less. Because the impact of using a 90 [deg]F water supply
temperature is modest and because the test burden associated with
attempting to simulate a more typical household water supply
temperature would be significant, the DOE proposal retains the water
inlet temperature requirement, 902 [deg]F, as specified in
the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure.
DOE also recognizes that the pressure range under consideration is
broad. However, refrigeration products are designed to be used in
settings that can have a wide range of water supply pressures. For
example, the installation instructions for a typical refrigeration
product indicate that it can be used with water supply pressures
ranging from 20 to 125 psig. See Typical Water Line Installation
Instructions, No. 3 at p. 1 (providing instructions for installing the
water dispenser line for a typical refrigeration product, including
indication of the acceptable water pressure range). The quantity of
water supplied for each icemaker cycle is regulated by the product to
be within a narrow range regardless of the water supply pressure.
Because these products are designed to operate consistently with a
relatively wide range of water supply pressures, and because allowing
the proposed range will reduce the potential need for test facilities
to boost or reduce the pressure of the supply water, DOE may adopt the
same wide range of allowable pressures as suggested in the AHAM Revised
Draft Test Procedure. Adopting this approach would minimize the testing
burden faced by manufacturers when compared with an equally viable
alternative that would require testing facilities to fine-tune water
pressure during testing.
DOE seeks comment on the approach discussed above regarding water
temperature and pressure conditions.
Frequency of Measurement
DOE is considering requiring that the temperature, input power, and
energy use measurements needed to evaluate steady-state conditions and
calculate energy use be recorded at intervals not exceeding one minute.
DOE is aware that most test facilities record data for refrigeration
product energy tests at a frequency of once per minute. The current DOE
test procedures allow a recording interval of up to four minutes (see,
for example, Appendix A1, section 5.1.1). Because the icemaking test
involves multiple recurring events (i.e., icemaker cycles and
compressor cycles) that are not synchronized, a shorter recording
interval would improve the accuracy of the measurements. Additionally,
updating the requirements to reflect the increased accuracy of the
equipment routinely employed by test facilities would ensure that the
procedure adequately accounts for the improved technology already used
in the field. DOE believes that the test burden associated with this
requirement, if any, would be insignificant since most, if not all,
test facilities already use one-minute recording intervals during
testing.
DOE requests comment on the requirement for this proposed limit on
the data acquisition time interval and its assumptions.
Icemaker Cycle Indication
Determining the start and end of icemaker cycles is essential for
the icemaking test in order to properly correlate ice production with
the energy used to produce the ice. Most automatic
[[Page 41623]]
icemakers used in refrigeration products have a mold heater (or harvest
heater) that is used to release ice from the mold. The input power
measurements for the cabinet can readily be used to determine when this
heater is energized, thus allowing for easy identification of the start
and end of icemaker cycles.
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure indicates that the icemaker
harvest cycle test period starts and ends upon the initiation of
harvest. (AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, No. 5 at p. 7) In
contrast, DOE would define the icemaking cycle as starting and ending
when the icemaker mold heater shuts off. DOE is considering this
delineation between icemaker cycles to ensure that both the energy used
to freeze the ice (which occurs prior to the harvest) and to operate
the harvest heater are associated with the harvested ice for purposes
of calculating overall energy use. DOE requests comment on this
specification for icemaker harvest cycles.
DOE notes that icemakers in some refrigeration products use
harvesting methods that do not involve mold heaters. One example is the
``twist tray'' icemaker, which has a plastic ice mold and employs a
motor that rotates one end of the ice mold at slow speed, turning the
mold upside-down, and then twisting the mold as the rotation is stopped
by a catch at the mold's other end, thus releasing ice into the ice
storage bin. To address icemakers of this type, and future designs that
may be able to harvest ice without mold heaters, DOE would require one
of three alternative methods to be used to determine when ice is
harvested, since the examination of the power input data may not
reliably reveal the time of harvest.
The three alternative methods under consideration are: (1)
measuring mold temperature, (2) measuring water supply temperature, or
(3) detecting actuation events of the icemaker water supply solenoid
valve. Each of these methods would provide an equally reliable and
readily identifiable indication of when water for the next batch of ice
flows into the mold. Hence, DOE would define icemaker cycles for these
methods based on when the given method indicates that water starts
flowing or has entered the mold.
In addition, each of these methods has certain practical advantages
that readily lend themselves to being appropriate indicators of ice
harvesting. The ice mold temperature can reliably indicate the
occurrence of ice harvesting because it rapidly rises when the solenoid
valve dispenses warm water into the ice mold. Similarly, the water
supply temperature can reliably indicate ice harvesting because the
solenoid valve must dispense water into the ice mold for every round of
ice production. Although water supply temperatures must remain in the
90 2[emsp14][deg]F range at all times during the test, the
temperature of water in the inlet tube typically may change slightly
during the filling of the icemaker mold due to temperature gradients
within the test laboratory. If this change in water supply temperature
is large enough, for example greater than 0.5 [deg]F, this temperature
change could be used to indicate the start of an icemaker cycle. NIST
test data show a shift in water inlet temperature of roughly 0.9[deg]F
(0.5 [deg]C) when the solenoid valve opens during testing of a
refrigerator that has an icemaker without a mold heater. (NIST
Technical Note 1759, No. 6 at p. 22-23) Finally, monitoring of the
solenoid valve input voltage, current, or power will indicate that a
new harvest cycle has started because the solenoid valve must be
energized to supply water to the icemaker mold. To accommodate
differences in individual product design or laboratory instrumentation
capabilities which may favor one method over another, and because DOE
sees no apparent difference in precision among these three methods, DOE
proposes to include these three approaches and require that one of them
be used if the icemaker has no mold heater. Further, the approach would
require that the test report state in these cases which of these
methods is used.
DOE requests comment on the proposed requirement to monitor harvest
cycles if the product does not have a mold heater, the details of the
three proposed alternate methods to accomplish this monitoring, and the
proposed requirement that the test report indicate which one of these
three methods was used. DOE further requests comment on whether other
alternative methods could be used and/or should be allowed in the test
procedure, including details of these alternative methods. DOE also
seeks comment on whether it should specifically identify when one of
these three alternative approaches must be used.
DOE's method would also clearly specify the start and end points of
icemaker cycles for icemakers without mold heaters. As mentioned above,
under the proposal, these time periods would occur when the mold heater
is de-energized for products with mold heaters. For products without
mold heaters, the proposed test procedure would indicate that the start
and end points would occur when frozen ice drops into the ice storage
bin and/or at the initiation of water flow into the icemaker mold. DOE
requests comment on this proposed specification.
Control Settings
DOE would adopt generally the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure's
requirement to use a single compartment temperature setting for the
baseline test and the icemaking test, rather than specifying separate
tests at median and warm or cold settings. Following this approach
would limit the overall test burden faced by manufacturers.
However, DOE is concerned that significant differences in
compartment temperatures between the baseline and icemaking tests could
result in unrealistic indications of icemaking energy use. In
particular, if the temperature of either compartment rises
significantly during the icemaking test, the portion of the measured
energy use associated with maintaining compartment temperatures would
decrease significantly, which could potentially result in a value of
energy use associated with icemaking that is lower than the actual
amount. The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure approach would treat any
such deviation in temperature between baseline and icemaking operation
for fixed positions of the temperature control settings as typical for
operation in the field, since homeowners are not expected to adjust
temperature control settings when the icemaker starts making ice. (AHAM
Revised Draft Test Procedure, No. 5 at p. 5)
However, DOE notes that there are some distinct differences between
icemaking in the laboratory and icemaking in the field that weigh in
favor of making temperature adjustments in some circumstances. First,
the icemaking test would be conducted with no load in either the
freezer or fresh food compartment, while a refrigerator in the field
would generally be stocked with food. This load in a typical
refrigerator, acting as a thermal mass, significantly dampens
variations in compartment temperatures during icemaking. In an
icemaking test conducted in a refrigeration product without any loaded
food products, the compartment temperature could respond much more
rapidly to the added load associated with icemaking.
Second, the icemaking test would be conducted with the icemaker
operating at full capacity, meaning that for the entire icemaking test
period, it would continually produce successive batches of ice without
stopping. In contrast, in the field, continuous icemaking would
typically occur only for the initial filling of the bin, and successive
icemaker
[[Page 41624]]
cycles would occur after a portion of ice has been withdrawn from the
ice bin. The comparison of daily ice production with the ice production
rate of tested refrigerators discussed in the following paragraph helps
illustrate this point.
AHAM's ice production value of 1.8 pounds per day represents
typical daily average ice production (AHAM Ice Making Test Update, No.
7 at p. 5). DOE compared this value to measured icemaking production
rates when typical refrigerators operate continuously. The production
rates measured by the National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) for four tested residential refrigerator-freezers ranged from
3.7 to 10.6 lb/day, at least double AHAM's average daily production
rate. (NIST Technical Note 1697, No. 6). Hence, even the icemaker of
this test with the lowest production rate would operate less than half
a day to produce the amount of ice specified by the AHAM estimate (1.8
lb/day). This means that the product does not continually make ice and
would have time to recover compartment temperatures between icemaker
cycles. As a result, even if the compartment temperatures rise slightly
during icemaking, they could recover to their ``baseline'' levels
before the next icemaker cycle starts.
The tendency of the food product thermal mass to limit the
compartment temperature rise that could occur during icemaking and the
ability of the system to recover to steady state temperatures between
icemaking cycles suggests that the average increase in cabinet
temperatures during icemaking in the field may be significantly less
than would occur for a laboratory test of continuous icemaking in an
empty cabinet. This observation casts significant doubt on the premise
of the AHAM position that the compartment temperature rise in the field
would be comparable to that in the test, and likewise casts doubt on
AHAM's suggestion that allowing the temperature to rise in this fashion
during the test would lead to energy use measurements for icemaking
that are representative of field operation. For these reasons, DOE
believes that a laboratory-based icemaking energy use measurement for a
product whose temperatures drift upwards during icemaking would be more
representative of field energy use if an adjustment were made during
the icemaking portion of the test to ensure that the compartment
temperatures are no warmer than their temperatures measured during the
baseline test, perhaps within a 1 [deg]F allowance. Hence, DOE's
approach would require controls to be adjusted to cooler settings
during the icemaking portion of the test, if necessary, to ensure that
the compartment temperatures are no warmer than 1 [deg]F above their
averages during the baseline test.
DOE selected this 1 [deg]F maximum compartment temperature rise
between the baseline and icemaking tests by considering the one percent
maximum threshold for uncertainty discussed in the section above and
reviewing the results of icemaking tests conducted by NIST (NIST
Technical Note 1697, No. 6; NIST Technical Note 1759, No. 8). Test
Samples 3 and 4 of NIST Technical Note 1697 and Test Samples 1 and 2 of
NIST Technical Note 1759 were tested using an icemaking test procedure
consistent with the approach under consideration but using three sets
of temperature control settings for the baseline and for icemaking
portions of the test rather than the single set being proposed. The
results obtained using the three temperature control settings permit
one to calculate the results that would be expected for any desired
combination of compartment temperatures close to those measured during
the tests--these results can be calculated using the triangulation
approach. See section III.C.3. DOE used this approach to calculate
total annual energy use, including the energy use associated with
icemaking for the tested samples, for compartment temperature
conditions matching the standardized temperatures (0 [deg]F in the
freezer and 39 [deg]F in the fresh food compartment), and for
conditions in which either the fresh food or freezer compartment
temperature shifts 1 [deg]F or 2 [deg]F from its standardized
temperature during the icemaking test. (Assessment of Icemaking Test
Temperature Control Setting Tolerance, No. 9). The results of the
calculations are summarized in Table III-2 below.
Table III-2--Impact on Energy Use of Shift in Compartment Temperature During Icemaking
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Change in annual energy use
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product class 2011 Sample 3 2011 Sample 4 2012 Sample 1 2012 Sample 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5A (percent) 5A (percent) 5 (percent) 5 (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fresh Food Compartment Temperature Change
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-2 [deg]F....................... +0.4 +0.3 +0.1 +13.5
-1 [deg]F....................... +0.2 +0.1 +0.1 +6.6
+1 [deg]F....................... -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -6.3
+2 [deg]F....................... -0.4 -0.3 -0.1 -12.3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freezer Compartment Temperature Change
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 [deg]F........................ +1.2 +3.5 +1.8 -1.5
-1 [deg]F....................... +0.6 +1.7 +1.0 -0.8
+1 [deg]F....................... -0.6 -1.5 -1.0 +0.9
+2 [deg]F....................... -1.3 -2.9 -2.1 +1.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
``2011'' samples are those discussed in NIST Technical Note 1697, while ``2012'' samples are those discussed in
NIST Technical Note 1759.
The calculations reflected in the above table show that the 1
[deg]F shift in compartment temperature during icemaking can change the
annual energy use measurement by as much as 6.6 percent. However, this
extreme case occurred for the one test sample among the group of four
that is not typical of most products in the U.S. market. (NIST
Technical Note 1759, No. 8 at p. 20) The calculated annual energy use
results for the other three products showed little sensitivity to
temperature shifts in the fresh food compartment during the icemaking
test. One of the test samples
[[Page 41625]]
showed a calculated change in annual energy use as high as 1.7 percent
when the freezer compartment temperature shifted 1 [deg]F. This change
would yield a variation of 11 kWh over an entire year--the annual
energy use of this product was calculated to be 671 kWh assuming all
compartment temperatures match their standardized temperatures during
all tests. This analysis shows that even the 1 [deg]F compartment
temperature tolerance that DOE has considered for the icemaking test
leads to overall measurement uncertainty larger than the desired one
percent threshold discussed in the section above.
On the other hand, limiting compartment temperature variation to
less than 1 [deg]F between the baseline and icemaking tests could pose
considerable test burdens because of the potential difficulty of
achieving such tight control for both compartments of a refrigeration
product. To mitigate these burdens, DOE would allow an increase in
compartment temperatures of no more than 1 [deg]F between the two
tests, and would not impose a lower limit on the compartment
temperatures for the icemaking test. In cases where the compartment
temperature increases for the icemaking test, DOE would require
adjustment of the temperature control to the warmest settings for which
the compartment temperature is no more than 1 [deg]F warmer than
measured during the baseline test.
DOE's method would not allow disabling of ``quick freeze''
operation during icemaking for products that use this feature to
accelerate icemaking. Quick freeze is an operating mode that, when
selected by the user, runs the compressor without stopping for a
specified interval in order to rapidly reduce the compartment
temperature (see Appendix B1, section 1.9). DOE tested a product with a
control system that automatically activated a ``quick freeze''
operation whenever the product was making ice. Such a product clearly
would be incurring additional energy use associated with continuous
compressor operation during icemaking in the field. Hence, DOE would
require that such control features remain active (not disabled) during
the icemaking test.
Additionally, the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure contained a
requirement that compartment temperatures be within 2 [deg]F of their
standardized temperatures for the baseline test, and that if both the
freezer and fresh food compartments cannot be maintained in this range,
then the freezer compartment must be maintained in this range and the
fresh food compartment must be maintained as close to this range as
possible (AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, No. 5 at p. 5). DOE
conducted an analysis using the NIST icemaking test data discussed
above to determine the impact of deviation in compartment temperatures
from their standardized temperatures for the baseline test. The
analysis, summarized in Table III-3, shows that the 2 [deg]F allowance
can result in an increase in the total annual energy use measurement of
2 percent or more. (Assessment of Icemaking Test Temperature Control
Setting Tolerance, No. 9) Hence, DOE considered proposing a tighter
tolerance of 1 [deg]F, which, for most products, would limit the
variation on the total annual energy use measurement to roughly one
percent. However, DOE recognizes that the precision with which
compartment temperatures can be set during testing may be insufficient
to use a 1 [deg]F tolerance. In recognition of this limitation, DOE
would require temperature controls to be set during baseline testing in
the warmest settings for which the compartment temperatures are no more
than 1 [deg]F warmer than their standardized compartment temperatures.
Using this approach would mean that the fresh food and freezer
compartment temperatures would be no warmer than 40 [deg]F and 1
[deg]F, respectively, during the baseline test.
Table III-3--Impact on Energy Use of Deviation in Compartment Temperature from Standardized Temperatures
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Change in annual energy use
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product class 2011 Sample 3 2011 Sample 4 2012 Sample 1 2012 Sample 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5A (percent) 5A (percent) 5 (percent) 5 (percent)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fresh Food Compartment Temperature Deviation from 39 [deg]F
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-2 [deg]F....................... -0.1 -0.1 -0.4 +1.5
-1 [deg]F....................... -0.1 0.0 -0.2 +0.7
+1 [deg]F....................... +0.1 0.0 +0.2 -0.7
+2 [deg]F....................... +0.1 +0.1 +0.4 -1.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freezer Compartment Temperature Deviation from 0 [deg]F
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 [deg]F........................ +0.7 +2.3 +0.4 -0.6
-1 [deg]F....................... +0.4 +1.1 +0.2 -0.3
+1 [deg]F....................... -0.4 -1.0 -0.2 +0.4
+2 [deg]F....................... -0.7 -1.9 -0.5 +0.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
``2011'' samples are those discussed in NIST Technical Note 1697, while ``2012'' samples are those discussed in
NIST Technical Note 1759.
As discussed above, DOE is considering using the warmest
temperature control settings that satisfy the compartment temperature
requirements for the baseline and icemaking tests. By preventing the
use of excessively cold settings, this approach would help to ensure
consistency between tests conducted by different laboratories. For
products with mechanical temperature controls, DOE proposes requiring
that the temperature settings be those for which the temperature
setting indicator aligns with a control symbol. This provision will
prevent setting the indicator at undefined positions between the
symbols and thus will also help to ensure consistency between tests
conducted by different laboratories.
DOE requests comment on all aspects of its approach regarding
temperature settings.
Test Periods
DOE is considering using an approach that would modify the test
periods
[[Page 41626]]
suggested in AHAM's Draft Test Procedure in two key ways. The proposal
would include: (a) A test period for the baseline test that is more
consistent with the existing DOE test procedure and (b) an energy use
calculation based upon two test periods for products that undergo
compressor cycles during icemaking. The first of these proposed changes
diverges also from the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, while the
latter one is consistent with the more recent AHAM approach.
Baseline Test Period
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure would allow use of the
stabilization test period for measuring baseline energy use. In
contrast, DOE is proposing that the stabilization and energy
measurement test periods be defined as they are in the DOE test
procedure (see, for example, Appendix A, sections 2.9 and 4.1).
However, in order to minimize testing burden, DOE is proposing to
permit the overlap of these test periods in order to avoid the three or
more hours of additional test time that would be required if no overlap
were allowed. The proposal would permit this overlap only if the
baseline test period ends no later than the stabilization test period
ends.
Icemaking Test Period
For products that do not cycle their compressors during icemaking,
there is no potential distinction between compressor cycles and
icemaker cycles. For such products, DOE is considering adopting the
same icemaking test period suggested in both the initial and revised
AHAM Draft Test Procedures. This test period would incorporate a
complete (whole) number of icemaker cycles, beginning when the first of
these cycles starts and ending with the completion of the last cycle.
On the other hand, for products that cycle their compressors during
icemaking, DOE considered whether energy use measurements should be
based on compressor cycles or icemaker cycles. The initial AHAM Draft
Test Procedure suggested a test period based on icemaker cycles for the
icemaking portion of the test, but AHAM later altered this approach in
its revised draft, suggesting instead that both compressor and icemaker
cycles be part of the test period. NIST reviewed several icemaking test
procedure approaches and concluded that average power input is a much
stronger function of compressor cycles than icemaker cycles. (NIST
Technical Note 1759, No. 8 at p. 48) Hence, when subtracting the
average power of the baseline test from the average power of the
icemaking test, as is done to determine the energy use associated with
icemaking (AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4 at p. 7), a much more
stable and repeatable result is attained if the average power is
calculated for a test period based on compressor cycles.
In contrast to the average power input during icemaking, the ice
mass must be correlated with the icemaker cycles rather than with
compressor cycles because ice production occurs in batches that are
harvested at the end of icemaker cycles. Furthermore, the NIST work
shows that, assuming the product is in stable operation during
icemaking, the energy use per icemaker cycle stays relatively constant,
even though the time between harvests may vary. NIST recommended an
approach that calculates average power based on compressor cycles and
average energy use per pound of ice produced using the same test data.
Without increasing test time, the approach improves accuracy and
repeatability in determining the energy use associated with ice
production, as compared to the use of the same calculation based only
on icemaker cycles. NIST's suggested calculation of energy use expended
per pound of ice produced, abbreviated as EIM, in kilowatt-hours per
pound, can be expressed as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.029
Where:
PI3 is the icemaking test average power input in Watts, measured
based on compressor cycles;
PI1 is the baseline test average power input in Watts;
EPI2 is the energy use in kilowatt-hours, measured based on icemaker
cycles;
MICE--CYC is the mass of ice in pounds produced per
icemaker cycle; and
NCYC is the number of icemaker cycles in the test period
associated with the energy measurement EPI2.
This equation uses the icemaking test average power based on
compressor cycles (the more stable test period for measuring average
power) when subtracting the average power of the baseline test. This
approach of using the more stable power measurement based on compressor
cycles in the calculation helps to minimize the potential error
associated with the measurement, since any variation in the measurement
of PI3 is amplified by subtracting the baseline test average power PI1.
However, to maximize accuracy, the calculation must also use the
measurement based on the icemaker cycles, since the energy use
measurement based on compressor cycles is not correlated to the ice
production. The improvement in accuracy afforded by this approach is
illustrated in Table III-4 below, which shows test data for an
icemaking test for a 22 cu. ft. refrigerator-freezer with a bottom-
mounted freezer and no through-the-door ice service. The table compares
successive icemaker cycles from results based on the AHAM Draft Test
Procedure against those results obtained using the NIST-recommended
approach of the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure. The data show that
it takes more than roughly 15 icemaker cycles for the results of the
two tests to be consistently close to each other.
The data also indicate that test results using the AHAM Draft Test
Procedure fluctuate between icemaker cycles during testing, indicating
that this test method's accuracy depends on whether the test period
ends on a cycle that happens to experience no fluctuations--an
extremely unlikely event based on the inherent variability built into
the AHAM Draft Test Procedure. In cases where the test must terminate
early due to the filling of the ice storage bin or initiation of a
defrost, the test would end and the error would not be corrected by the
additional icemaker cycles exhibited for this test. Because of its
significantly improved accuracy over the AHAM Draft Test Procedure, and
the absence of any increase in testing time, DOE is considering the
approach recommended by NIST that the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure
ultimately adopted for products with cycling compressors during
icemaking.
[[Page 41627]]
Table III-4--Comparison of Draft AHAM and NIST Icemaking Test Results
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cumulative energy use per ice
produced (kWh/lb)
-------------------------------
Icemaker cycle No. NIST
AHAM Draft recommended
Test test (AHAM
revised draft)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1....................................... 0.010 0.165
2....................................... 0.151 0.186
3....................................... 0.192 0.189
4....................................... 0.148 0.191
5....................................... 0.177 0.191
6....................................... 0.194 0.192
7....................................... 0.169 0.192
8....................................... 0.186 0.193
9....................................... 0.196 0.193
10...................................... 0.178 0.193
11...................................... 0.189 0.193
12...................................... 0.194 0.193
13...................................... 0.180 0.192
14...................................... 0.188 0.192
15...................................... 0.194 0.192
16...................................... 0.182 0.192
17...................................... 0.189 0.192
18...................................... 0.194 0.192
19...................................... 0.184 0.192
20...................................... 0.191 0.193
21...................................... 0.193 0.193
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In light of these recorded data, DOE seeks comment on whether the
NIST approach it is considering would be reasonably sufficient for
purposes of assessing icemaking energy use.
Icemaking Test Stability
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure does not require temperature
stability during the icemaking portion of the test. DOE has tested a
product that significantly reduces its freezer temperature during
icemaking, from 0 [deg]F to roughly -12 [deg]F. This reduction in
temperature requires three to four icemaker cycles to occur. During the
initial reduction in freezer compartment temperature, the energy use
per icemaker cycle was much higher than after the compartment
temperature stabilized, starting at 0.28 kWh/lb and dropping to 0.20
kWh/lb. A test that included the initial icemaker cycles, during which
the compartment temperature was dropping significantly, would have
resulted in a significantly higher measurement of icemaking energy use.
The data also showed that selecting a temperature stability threshold
of 3 [deg]F (i.e. the maximum allowable variation for the freezer
compartment temperature from its average during the selected test
period) is sufficient to reduce the potential error to less than one
percent of the product's overall energy use. (Examination of Icemaking
Test Period Stability, No. 10) These test data show that a stability
requirement for the icemaking test is important in order to obtain
repeatable results. Hence, DOE is weighing whether to include a
requirement that the temperature for the freezer compartment remain
within 3 [deg]F of the compartment's temperature average for the full
test period for the icemaking part of the test. For products with non-
cycling compressors, the proposal would apply this requirement by
comparing the freezer compartment temperatures for complete icemaker
cycles. For products with cycling compressors, the requirement would be
applied by comparing average temperatures for complete compressor
cycles and would also be applied to the freezer compartment.
DOE seeks comment on this potential approach.
Duration of the Icemaking Test Period and Initiation of Icemaking
The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure would require test periods
lasting 24 hours, if this is possible during steady icemaking operation
between defrost cycles, and that the ice storage bin be able to hold 24
hours of ice production. The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure also
specifies that if 24 hours of icemaking operation are not possible
between two defrost cycles, the icemaker would be enabled after the
product has recovered from a defrost. DOE would adopt nearly identical
requirements for the test duration and initiation of test, except that
the DOE approach would specify that icemaking should be initiated
shortly after the start of compressor operation following a defrost
cycle. The DOE approach would reduce the overall testing time compared
to the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure approach because the AHAM
approach may lead to the start of a second ``recovery'' period after
the initiation of icemaking, since the cabinet temperatures may shift
after icemaking starts. The shifting of these temperatures would
require additional time for the unit under test to reach the new steady
operating condition.
DOE seeks comment on these potential durations and initiation
periods.
Ice Mass
Measuring the ice mass produced by a test sample is a necessary
prerequisite to determine the energy use required per pound of ice
produced. The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure requires that the
amount of ice produced during the test be determined by weighing the
ice storage bin with the ice in it and subtracting the weight of the
empty ice storage bin. It would also provide that the weight
measurement must not include the ice harvested prior to the test period
or after the initiation of the
[[Page 41628]]
last harvest cycle. (AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, No. 5 at p. 8)
To properly correlate total ice production with the test period
used for the energy use measurement, DOE's approach would require
calculating the mass of ice produced per icemaker cycle in pounds. This
value would be multiplied by the number of icemaker cycles within the
test period in the equation used to calculate energy use per pound of
ice produced (see the equation for EIM above). This approach would
enhance test accuracy by explicitly assuring proper correlation of ice
production with the test period used for measuring energy use.
DOE seeks comment on its potential approach.
Products with Multiple Icemakers
DOE is aware of very few refrigerator models with multiple
icemakers. The only such products of which DOE is aware are French Door
refrigerator-freezers with one icemaker serving a through-the-door ice
dispenser and a second icemaker located in the bottom-mounted freezer
compartment. The AHAM Draft Test Procedure did not address multiple
icemaker products. (AHAM Draft Test Procedure, No. 4 at p. 4) However,
the AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure included methods for testing
products with multiple icemakers. Specifically, the test would require
that all icemakers make ice during the icemaking part of the test.
(AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure, No. 5 at p. 10) The icemaking test
would continue for 24 hours, until interrupted by a defrost, or until
all ice bins are full.
For products with one icemaker serving a through-the-door dispenser
and another that does not, DOE is considering requiring that
manufacturers account for icemaking energy use by measuring the energy
consumption only for the icemaker serving the through-the-door
dispenser. This approach would minimize the testing burden while
providing a measurement of energy use that should be reasonably
representative of actual usage since the icemaker serving the through-
the-door dispenser would likely be more frequently used. This
expectation of more frequent use of the through-the-door icemaker is
based on the fact that this ice is much more convenient for consumers
to access. Taking this approach would also make the test simpler to
perform. As discussed above, one of the complications of measuring the
energy use associated with icemaking is the lack of coordination
between icemaker and compressor cycles. The test approach described
above is a compromise that balances the need for accuracy and the need
to limit test burden by using two test periods based on the same
icemaking test. If two icemakers were operating, the test procedure
would have to address the non-synchronized cycles of two icemakers and
the compressor. The AHAM Revised Draft Test Procedure does not fully
address how this issue should be handled other than indicating that
icemaking for both icemakers would be initiated after recovery from
defrost and that the test may continue until both ice bins are full.
Because of these unresolved complications and DOE's expectation that
most of the ice would be produced by the icemaker serving the through-
the-door feature, DOE's approach would involve testing only this
icemaker. DOE seeks comment on its tentative approach and expectations.
Additionally, DOE's approach would not address other configurations
of products with multiple icemakers. As a result, DOE seeks comment on
(a) whether any such products exist or are likely to exist, (b) what
their configuration details might be, and (c) what test procedure
modifications should be developed to address these products.
Ice Production Rate
DOE initially obtained ice production rate information from AHAM,
based on available survey data it reviewed. That data indicated that
1.8 pounds per day would be a representative ice production rate. (AHAM
Ice Making Test Update, No. 7 at p. 5). DOE used this production rate
as the basis for the fixed icemaking energy use placeholder it adopted
in the Appendix A and B test procedures. 75 FR at 78842-3 (Dec. 16,
2010).
Subsequently, NEEA sponsored a field study that monitored daily
refrigerator energy use, kitchen ambient temperature, and the number of
icemaking harvest cycles for refrigerators at 80 sites. (NEEA Icemaking
Field Study Data Summary Spreadsheet, No. 11). The study showed that
the average number of icemaking cycles per day for the field test sites
was 3.3 cycles/day. The spreadsheet did not include data indicating the
mass of ice produced per icemaking cycle for any of the test sites.
Hence, calculating the average ice production per refrigerator per day
requires applying a representative value of ice production per
icemaking cycle to the NEEA data. Values of this parameter measured
during tests conducted by DOE and NIST are summarized in Table III-5
below. The average of these measurements is 0.21 lb/cycle. Multiplying
the 3.3 cycles/day of the NEEA study by this average gives an average
daily ice production rate of 0.7 lb/day.
Table III-5--Ice Production per Icemaking Cycle
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ice
Product production
Data Source class (lb) per
cycle
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NIST 2011 Sample 1........................... 3 0.31
NIST 2011 Sample 2........................... 7 0.21
NIST 2011 Sample 3........................... 5A 0.15
NIST 2011 Sample 4........................... 5A 0.12
NIST 2012 Sample 1........................... 5 0.2
NIST 2012 Sample 2........................... 5 0.15
DOE Sample 1................................. 7 0.19
DOE Sample 2................................. 3 0.26
DOE Sample 3................................. 5A 0.26
Average 0.21
------------------------------------------------------------------------
``NIST 2011'' samples are those discussed in NIST Technical Note 1697,
``NIST 2012'' samples are those discussed in NIST Technical Note 1759,
and ``DOE'' samples are those tested by DOE.
The NEEA data suggest that daily ice consumption rate may be half
of the 1.8 lb/day initially selected for the test procedure. However,
the field study was limited to sites in the northwest region of the
United States and its representativeness as a national average ice
production rate is not certain. The 1.8 lb/day value was initially
proposed by AHAM as a representative value based on its own testing,
and DOE has insufficient information about the details of its
development to question its validity. Hence, DOE is considering
retaining the 1.8 lb/day production rate for use in the test procedure.
Impact of the Icemaking Test Procedure on Energy Consumption
Measurement
DOE conducted testing to validate the feasibility of its potential
icemaking test procedure. The test results can be examined to determine
if they suggest that icemaking energy measurements using the proposed
test procedure would differ significantly from the 84 kWh/year fixed
value currently used in Appendices A and B. As noted above, this annual
energy use is based on a daily production rate estimate of 1.8 lb/day
(1.8 lb/day multiplied by 0.128 kWh per pound of ice multiplied by 365
days per year). The section above discusses the daily ice production
rate. This section examines data currently available to DOE regarding
icemaking energy use per pound of ice and
[[Page 41629]]
calculations of annual energy use based on these data.
Table III-6 summarizes the icemaking energy test results conducted
by DOE and NIST. Measured icemaking energy consumption per pound values
range from 0.092 kWh/lb to 0.192 kWh/lb, with an average of 0.139 kWh/
lb. Note that this average includes the measurement for DOE test 3B but
not 3A (see Table III-6, below), since these measurements were made for
separate icemakers of a single product. In DOE's view, the product used
in tests 3A and 3B is not sufficiently representative of icemaking in
refrigeration products, in large part because it has two automatic
icemakers, an uncommon feature currently. As a result, DOE sought to
prevent double-counting (i.e., results from both icemakers of this one
unit which may not be representative of the market) when calculating
the average energy usage measurements and, therefore, DOE included only
one of its measurements in the average. Consistent with the approach
contained in today's notice, DOE included only the measurement for the
ice maker serving the through-the-door dispenser of this product to
determine the average for the tested samples. DOE requests additional
data indicating the energy use associated with icemaking, using test
methods as nearly identical as possible to the test method detailed in
today's notice.
Table III-6--Icemaking Test Results
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Through-the-door Icemaking Icemaking
ID No. Product class (TTD) ice Ice mold energy use energy use
delivery? heater? (kWh/lb) (kWh/year)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NIST
2011-1.................. 3 No.............. Yes............. 0.143 94
2011-2.................. 7 No.............. Yes............. 0.150 99
2011-3.................. 5A TTD............. Yes............. 0.170 112
2011-4.................. 5A TTD............. Yes............. 0.113 74
2012-1.................. 5 No.............. Yes............. 0.125 82
2012-2.................. 5 No.............. No.............. 0.092 60
DOE
1....................... 7 TTD............. Yes............. 0.134 88
2....................... 3 No.............. Yes............. 0.134 88
3A...................... 5A No.............. No.............. 0.169 111
3B...................... 5A TTD............. Yes............. 0.192 126
Averages 0.139 92
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The averages include data for DOE icemaker 3B but not icemaker 3A (both are part of the same test sample
refrigerator-freezer).
The test data show that the initial icemaking energy use estimate
of 0.128 kWh per pound of ice is a very good approximation, as is the
84 kWh annual energy use. The samples tested by NIST and by DOE were
selected to provide a range of icemaker styles with which to evaluate
the icemaking test procedure, rather than to provide the actual average
of the icemaking performance of refrigeration products currently on the
market. Hence, DOE does not consider the 8 kWh difference in annual
energy use measurement (84 kWh as compared with 92 kWh) to be
significant. Given the closeness of these values, DOE may also
consider, as an alternative to the test procedure detailed in today's
notice, retaining the 84 kWh/year value to denote the energy usage
stemming from icemaking.
DOE requests comments and alternative data addressing the energy
use expended for production of a pound of ice, and DOE's tentative
conclusion that the impact of the proposed test procedure changes on
energy use measurements is not significant.
2. Multiple Compressor Test
Refrigerator-freezers combine a fresh food compartment and a
freezer compartment in a single cabinet. Most refrigerator-freezers use
a single-compressor refrigeration system that directly cools the
freezer compartment; cooling for the fresh food compartment is achieved
by circulating air between the two compartments. This approach cools
the fresh food compartment with cold freezer air and allows the
freezer-located refrigeration system to remove heat gained by the fresh
food compartment. However, some refrigerator-freezers have a separate
refrigeration system serving each individual compartment. This approach
has been adopted by some manufacturers to improve food preservation in
the fresh food compartment. By preventing the introduction of dry
freezer air into the fresh food compartment, its humidity can be
maintained at higher levels, which can improve food preservation. (See,
e.g., Sub-Zero Dual Refrigeration User Manual Excerpt, No. 2 at p. 1)
DOE first recognized that testing products with more than one
compressor requires different test procedures from those that apply to
single compressor system-based products as early as 1989. See 54 FR
36238 (introducing a dual compressor system test procedure). The 1989
proposal introduced a two-part procedure that separately measures each
compressor system's energy use. The first part measures the energy use
during stable operation between defrosts, while the second, conducted
separately for each defrost, measures the energy use contribution of
the defrost cycle for each compressor system. This second part of the
test, like the second part of the test for products with long-time or
variable defrost, measures total energy use during the defrost cycle.
See 10 CFR part 430, subpart B, appendix A1, section 4.2.3.
In order to determine the amount of energy use associated with
defrost using the measurements for the second part of the test, the
test procedure requires that the average energy use for stable
operation for a period of time exactly equal to the elapsed time of the
second part of the test be subtracted from the total energy use
measured for the second part of the test. This difference is then
adjusted by the defrost frequency in order to calculate its
contribution for each 24-hour daily cycle (see, e.g., Appendix A1,
section 5.2.1.2).
However, when measuring the defrost energy use for one of the
compressors of a dual-compressor system, the second compressor
continues to operate. If its average energy use per unit of time during
the second part of the test exactly matches its average energy use per
unit of time expended during the
[[Page 41630]]
first part of the test, this compressor's energy use cancels out in the
equation, and the calculation provides an accurate indication of the
first compressor's defrost energy use. The timing of cycles of the two
compressors generally is not synchronized. If the average duty cycle
(i.e. the fraction of time the compressor runs) of the second
compressor is different during the second part of the test than it was
during the first part of the test, the equation does not properly
cancel out its energy use, which would create an error in the
calculated defrost energy use. As an example, the second compressor may
have completed a whole number of compressor cycles during the first
part of the test, but may have completed 4.5 compressor cycles during
the second part of the test. The additional half compressor cycle may
represent the time period when the second compressor is not running.
Hence, the average duty cycle for the second part of the test would be
less than for the first part of the test, and the defrost energy use
for the first compressor would not be correctly calculated.
The same issue applies during the first part of the test. Each of
the two compressors has an average duty cycle and a cycle time, which
are not likely identical. In order to ensure that the single time
period selected to measure the energy use of both compressors reflects
the average duty cycle for both, this time period must be equal to a
whole number of compressor cycles for both. However, this is not
generally possible unless the cycle times of the two compressors are
identical or are perfect multiples of each other. If they are not, a
portion of one of the compressor's last cycles is cut from the test
period, resulting in a ``truncated'' test period. If the average energy
use of this compressor for this truncated time is different from its
average duty cycle, the result is a truncation error. This error can
either increase or decrease the energy use measurements of either part
of the test.
By requiring the energy use of the two compressor systems to be
separately measured, the current procedure eliminated the truncation
error, since the measurements focus on each individual system rather
than the combined unit. Because the energy use of each compressor is
evaluated and calculated separately, different test periods equal to
whole compressor cycles can be selected for each compressor system,
thus avoiding truncation error.
As part of the most recent rulemaking to address the test
procedures for refrigeration products, DOE amended the dual compressor
system equation definitions. See 75 FR at 78830. These amendments
clarified two areas of the procedure. First, DOE modified the text in
section 4.1.2.4 of Appendix A1 to explicitly include the compressor and
defrost heater in the list of components associated with each system
that must have their energy use separately measured. Second, DOE
corrected errors in the energy use equation that addresses this class
of products (section 5.2.1.4 of Appendices A1 and A). Id.
AHAM had expressed concerns during that prior rulemaking about the
continued test burden associated with separately measuring the energy
used by the two systems, as well as the problem that some of the
components of existing dual compressor products are shared by the two
compressor systems. As a result of the shared nature of these
components, their energy use cannot be readily assigned to one system
or the other as required by the test. (See Test Procedure for
Residential Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket
No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003; AHAM; No. 16 at p. 7; No. 43 at pp. 2-3) Sub-
Zero, a manufacturer of dual-compressor products also expressed similar
concerns and supported AHAM's views (Test Procedure for Residential
Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-
2009-BT-TP-0003; Sub-Zero; No. 23 at p. 1; No. 42 at pp. 1-2).
On September 6, 2011, Sub-Zero filed a petition for waiver from the
test procedures for its products that use more than one compressor. DOE
published a decision and order granting this waiver request (the ``Sub-
Zero waiver'') on February 6, 2012. 77 FR 5784. The Sub-Zero waiver
prescribed an alternative test procedure that does not require separate
measurement of each system's components but includes specific
provisions to minimize the measurement error associated with
truncation. The test does this by requiring a duration of 24 hours for
key parts of the test, including the stabilization period, along with
the first and second parts of the test. Id. By increasing the test
period to 24 hours, the total energy use measured during the test is
much greater than the possible truncation error, thus reducing the
error to an insignificant magnitude. This result is illustrated with
test data in the discussion below.
The last set of comments AHAM submitted in response to the December
2010 interim final rule recommended that DOE replace the dual
compressor system test procedure with one that is essentially identical
to the Sub-Zero waiver test procedure. (Test Procedure for Residential
Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-
2009-BT-TP-0003, AHAM, No. 43 at pp. 2-3)
DOE declined to adopt AHAM's proposed test procedure during the
last round of rulemaking because stakeholders did not have an
opportunity to comment on the AHAM procedure. Given the complexity of
the proposed dual compressor test, and the extent to which it differed
from the existing DOE test, DOE believed that, prior to modifying the
test procedure in the manner suggested by AHAM, all interested parties
should have an opportunity to fully vet and comment on that approach.
DOE also noted the limitations of the existing dual compressor test
procedure and indicated it would consider revising the procedure in a
future rulemaking. 77 FR at 3570-1 (Jan. 25, 2012). Today's notice is
addressing these issues.
Summary of AHAM's Proposed Multiple Compressor Test Procedure
The multiple compressor test procedure being proposed by DOE today
is based in part on the multiple compressor test procedure previously
suggested by AHAM--and that DOE ultimately permitted Sub-Zero to use in
response to that company's waiver request. The proposed procedure would
determine energy use based on a measurement of power input at the
product's power cord rather than requiring a separate measurement of
the power input of the two compressor systems. The energy use
calculated for a multiple compressor product would include: (a) energy
use measured during the first part of the test, which involves stable
operation (excluding events associated with defrost), and (b) a defrost
energy use contribution for each compressor that undergoes defrost
cycles, based on measurements made during a second part of the test,
which would be conducted for each of the defrosting compressor systems.
To ensure that the product has stabilized after adjusting the
temperature controls, the AHAM procedure would require waiting 24 hours
rather than evaluating steady-state conditions as currently prescribed
in Appendix A1, section 2.9.
The revised draft AHAM procedure would require the first part of
the test to be at least 24 hours long in order to minimize the
truncation error (see the discussion above explaining truncation
error). The test period would consist of a whole number of freezer
compressor cycles. The procedure would allow this test period to be a
summation of several running periods that do not include any
[[Page 41631]]
of the events associated with defrost cycles. To ensure stability
during the first part of the test, the procedure would require that the
compartment temperatures measured for the compressor cycle at the start
and end of the test period (or of each individual running period
comprising the test period, if there is more than one) be within
1.0[emsp14][deg]F of the test period's temperature average, and that
these measurements for fresh food temperature be based on the complete
fresh food compressor cycles that are closest to the start and end of
the test period.
The revised draft AHAM procedure would require the second part of
the test for each measured defrost cycle to be at least 24 hours in
duration, running from a time of stable compressor operation (normal
compressor cycling) through all events associated with the measured
defrost to a later time of stable compressor operation. The test
procedure would allow additional non-continuous running periods of
stable operation to be added to the test period if needed to achieve a
total test duration of 24 hours. To ensure stability during the second
part of the test, AHAM's revised procedure would require the
compartment temperature averages for the first and last compressor
cycle of this test period to be within 1.0[emsp14][deg]F of their
averages for the first part of the test. DOE notes that this approach
is less stringent than the current Appendix A requirement for long-time
or variable defrost systems. That provision requires that compartment
temperature averages for compressor cycles just prior to and after the
second part of the test be within 0.5[emsp14][deg]F of their averages
for the first part of the test (see Appendix A, section 4.2.1.1).
Proposed Amendment
DOE proposes to replace its dual compressor test procedure with a
modified version of the test procedure recommended by AHAM. The key
differences between the DOE proposal and the Sub-Zero/AHAM test
procedure are:
(1) The proposal would define the term ``multiple compressor'' to
help enhance the clarity of this term and to ensure that a uniform
definition applies to this term. Adopting such a definition would
lessen the risk of confusion.
(2) The proposal would allow an examination of temperature cycles
as an alternative to an examination of compressor cycles as the basis
for test period duration and for compartment temperature calculation.
Also, a definition is proposed for the term ``complete temperature
cycle'' to support this change.
(3) The proposal would use a stabilization period consistent with
the existing test procedure rather than requiring 24 hours for
stabilization.
(4) The proposal would allow a single-part test if only one
compressor system has defrost and it is a timed defrost with less than
14 hours of compressor run time between defrosts.
(5) In cases where only one compressor in a multiple-compressor-
based product cycles, the proposal would specify a test period
consisting of a complete number of compressor or temperature cycles
lasting at least three hours for the first part of the test, similar to
single-compressor products. Similarly, if none of the compressors
cycle, the procedure would allow a 3-hour test period for the first
part of the test.
(6) Under the proposal, if at least one compressor cycles, the test
periods would be based on temperature cycles or compressor cycles of a
``primary'' compressor system. This would be the freezer compressor
system, if its compressor cycles.
(7) For the first part of the test, the proposal would require 24
hours of continuous stable operation if there is no defrost
interruption. It would also require at least 18 hours of continuous
stable operation if there is a defrost interruption, rather than
allowing use of non-continuous running periods, as suggested by AHAM.
(8) For the second part of the test, the proposal would not require
24 hours of operation.
(9) The proposed test would require that, for both the first and
the second parts of the test, the temperature averages for the first
and last cycle of the test period (either compressor or temperature
cycles) for each system must be within 0.5 [deg]F of the temperature
average for the first part of the test.
These modifications and other details of the implementation of the
proposed procedure are discussed in more detail below. DOE seeks
comment on this approach, including on the details that follow below.
Multiple Compressor Definition
The term ``multiple compressor'' is currently undefined. In light
of this gap, and the accompanying need to ensure clarity for
manufacturers, DOE is proposing to define this term. This term would be
used in lieu of the term ``dual-compressor'' in order to provide
general applicability to all refrigeration products that have more than
one compressor. Although DOE is not aware of any current refrigeration
products with more than two sealed compressor systems, taking this
broader approach in defining this particular term would ensure that
products using more than two sealed refrigeration systems that might be
manufactured and sold in the future are addressed by DOE's regulations.
The new definition in Appendix A, for example, would read as follows:
``Multiple Compressor'' refrigerator or refrigerator-freezer means a
refrigerator or refrigerator-freezer with more than one compressor.
DOE requests comment on this proposed definition.
Temperature Cycles
DOE is proposing that test periods for multiple compressor
refrigeration products be determined by either compressor operation or
compartment temperatures. Reliably identifying individual compressor
cycles from power data based on a single power measurement of all the
energy use for multiple compressor refrigeration products may be
difficult because identifying compressor cycle starts and stops may be
challenging and it might not be obvious which events are associated
with each compressor unless some means of differentiating these events
applies. As an alternative, the proposed test procedure would allow the
selection of test periods based on the cycles of the compartment
temperatures associated with the multiple compressor systems. Complete
temperature cycles are equivalent to complete compressor cycles because
the starts and stops of each temperature cycle coincide nearly exactly
with the starts and stops of the compressor cycles for the compressor
associated with the considered compartment temperature. Since it is the
operation of the compressor that causes the refrigeration system to
reduce compartment temperatures, compressor and temperature cycles are
inherently equivalent. This approach may be easier to apply to some
multiple compressor products because the compartment temperature
measurements of separate compressor systems are not combined like total
product power inputs are. In general, these temperature cycles would
coincide with their corresponding compressor cycles (i.e. the
compartment temperature falls as the compressor operates and it rises
when the compressor is not operating), but the use of temperature
cycles may make identification of test periods easier.
DOE proposes to use a definition for ``complete temperature cycle''
that would refer to a cycle based on compartment temperature
variations. To maintain flexibility, the proposal would allow the
selection of both temperature
[[Page 41632]]
cycles that start when the temperature is at a maximum and those that
start when the temperature is at a minimum--such temperature cycles
would correspond to compressor cycles that start when the compressor
starts or when it stops, respectively. Under the ``maximum
temperature'' approach, the time period would be based on a starting
point that coincides with the compartment temperature reaching its
maximum temperature and would end once the compartment temperature
returns to an equivalent maximum (within 0.5[emsp14][deg]F of the
starting temperature). During the course of the temperature cycle, the
compartment temperature must have fallen to a minimum temperature for
the period before rising again to reach the maximum temperature.
Likewise, under the ``minimum temperature'' approach, the time period's
starting point would occur once the compartment temperature reaches a
minimum and ends when the compartment temperature returns to an
equivalent minimum (within 0.5[emsp14][deg]F of the starting
temperature), having, in the interim, risen to a maximum and
subsequently fallen again to reach the second minimum.
By defining the complete temperature cycle in this way, this
proposed definition should resolve the potential difficulties in
identifying test periods based on compressor cycles, because, as
mentioned above, the compartment temperature measurements would be made
separately for the different compressor systems, whereas the power
input measurement combines all of the product's power input. DOE
requests comment on this proposed definition that would define a
``complete temperature cycle'' in a manner that would permit the use of
temperature cycles to identify test periods.
Measurement Frequency
The current test procedure allows temperature measurements to be
taken at up to four-minute intervals (see Appendix A sections 2.9 and
5.1.1). This approach, however, carries with it an inability to further
reduce the risk of truncation error beyond a certain degree. The Sub-
Zero and revised draft AHAM procedures would further reduce this risk
by requiring the measurement of multiple-compressor systems to be
recorded at regular intervals not to exceed one minute (Test Procedure
for Residential Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers,
Docket No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003, AHAM, No. 43 at p. 3).
In DOE's view, increasing the frequency of measurement periods
would provide a more accurate picture regarding the energy usage of
refrigeration products. DOE is aware that most test facilities record
data for refrigeration product energy tests at a frequency of once per
minute. DOE believes that there would be, at most, an insignificant
test burden associated with this requirement since most test facilities
already use one-minute recording intervals. Accordingly, DOE proposes
to adopt a data collection interval that would not exceed one minute in
length. DOE requests comment on the requirement for this proposed limit
on the data acquisition time interval for test of multiple compressor
products.
Stabilization Period
Instead of requiring a stabilization period of 24 hours as AHAM
suggests, DOE is proposing to apply the existing stabilization
requirements (see Appendix A, section 2.9). The DOE proposal would also
permit the use of temperature cycles rather than compressor cycles to
determine steady-state conditions. For example, while the current
section 2.9 requires the comparison of temperature averages for two
periods lasting at least two hours comprising complete compressor
cycles, the proposal would allow this comparison to consider periods
comprising complete temperature cycles or complete compressor cycles.
As described above, it may be easier in certain cases to identify
individual temperature cycles than individual compressor cycles for a
multiple compressor system. DOE proposes to offer this alternative to
reduce test burden for the majority of products, which achieve
stabilization in less than 24 hours, and to ensure that the existing
stabilization requirement is met for any product that requires more
than 24 hours to achieve stabilization. DOE requests comments on this
proposal.
One-Part Test Simplification
DOE proposes using a one-part test for multiple compressor products
where (a) only one compressor system has automatic defrost and (b) the
defrost is a ``short-time'' defrost (i.e., not a ``long-time defrost''
with more than 14 hours of compressor operation between defrosts (see
Appendix A, Section 1.12) or variable defrost). The proposed test
period would start at a point during a defrost period and end at the
same point during the subsequent defrost period, as does the existing
test procedure for single-compressor products with automatic defrost
that is neither long-time nor variable (see Appendix A, section 4.2).
DOE proposes to allow use of the single test period to minimize the
test burden for products with short-time automatic defrost for only one
of the compressor systems.
Such a one-part test introduces the possibility of truncation error
associated with the second compressor system. However, the clock time
(as opposed to the compressor run time upon which CT values are based--
see Appendix A section 5.2.1.2) between defrosts for short-time defrost
systems is generally about 24 hours. (For example, one of the
refrigerators tested and reverse-engineered as part of the September
2011 refrigeration product energy conservation standard rulemaking had
a defrost timer with a 10.5-hour timer interval, and clock time between
defrosts of 22 hours for a test with temperature controls in the median
setting). (Refrigerator with Defrost Timer Example, No. 12) As
described below in the discussion addressing truncation error
associated with the first part of a two-part test, a test duration of
24 hours is sufficiently long to minimize the overall impact of this
type of error.
DOE requests comments on its proposal to allow a one-part test for
multiple compressor products in which only one compressor system has a
defrost cycle that is neither long-time nor variable.
Test Simplifications for Tests With One or No Cycling Compressors
AHAM's Revised Draft Test Procedure does not consider potential
test simplifications that could be implemented for multiple compressor
refrigeration products for which one or more of the compressors does
not cycle. The DOE proposal would address this possibility by providing
details on how to determine test periods and the intervals over which
compartment temperatures should be measured if the tested unit has one
or no cycling compressors. Specifically, if only one of the compressors
cycles, the test period for the first part of the test would be at
least three hours long and comprise two or more complete cycles of the
cycling compressor. Further, if none of the compressors cycle, the test
period for the first part of the test would be three hours long. These
test periods are nearly identical to the test periods for products with
single compressors. (e.g. Appendix A, section 4.1) This approach, which
would reduce manufacturer testing burdens, is justified because
truncation error is essentially eliminated when only one compressor
cycles or when no compressors cycle.
The proposed test procedure would use a similar simplification for
the second part of the test for such products. For example, for a
product
[[Page 41633]]
with one cycling compressor, it would require that the second part of
the test start and stop when the single cycling compressor starts or
stops. In addition, the criteria for compartment temperatures at the
test period start and stop times would be based on temperature
measurements made for full cycles of the single cycling compressor.
Again, using this approach for the second part of the test is, in DOE's
view, merited since truncation error is eliminated with one or no
compressors cycling.
DOE requests comment on this proposed approach to help simplify the
test periods for both the first and second parts of the test when less
than two of the compressors of a multiple compressor product cycle
during a test.
First Part of a Two-Part Test for a System With at Least Two Cycling
Compressors
DOE's proposal would require that the first part of the test for
multiple compressor products have a test duration of at least 24 hours
if the test period is not interrupted by a defrost cycle. The proposal
would require test periods to be selected based on the compressor or
temperature cycles of a ``primary'' compressor. A primary compressor
would normally be the freezer compressor, if it cycles. If the freezer
compressor does not cycle, a fresh food compressor would be the primary
compressor, and the test periods would be based upon the compressor or
temperature cycles of this fresh food compressor. DOE proposes to
require that the first part of the test would include a whole number of
primary compressor cycles or temperature cycles. If a defrost cycle
occurs prior to the completion of the 24-hour test period, the DOE
proposal would allow a shorter test duration of 18 hours. This proposal
contrasts with the AHAM test procedure proposal, which would permit
multiple segments of running time that add up to at least 24 hours.
DOE's reasoning for its approach is described below.
DOE is adopting this modified approach of AHAM's revised draft
procedure because the accuracy of the test is not necessarily improved
by allowing the use of multiple segments of running time to increase
the total test period time to 24 hours. This is because each segment
that is used to comprise the test period would introduce its own
contribution to truncation error. Hence, the benefit to accuracy
associated with adding additional time to the test period would be
reduced or eliminated by the additional truncation error introduced by
each additional segment of test period time. DOE recognizes that there
may be situations in which it is difficult to obtain 24 hours of
uninterrupted stable operation. Based on a review of the test data for
tests of multiple compressor products described below, DOE has
tentatively concluded that shortening the test period time to 18 hours
is a reasonable compromise in such cases, but that further reductions
may not be acceptable because of the potential for the truncation error
to become unreasonably large.
At the same time, an 18-hour test period would be possible without
combining non-continuous running periods, assuming that most multiple
compressor products have variable defrost. Multiple compressor products
are generally premium products with electronic control and variable
defrost as standard convenience features. DOE is aware of products sold
by Sub-Zero, Liebherr, Bosch, LG, and GE (under that company's Monogram
line of appliances) that use multiple compressor systems. To the extent
DOE could determine based upon the certification information in its
product listing database, models of this type all have variable defrost
systems. Occasionally, defrost cycles may occur with less than 18 hours
of stable operation between them, but variable defrost products would
increase the defrost time interval during testing. DOE expects that in
all cases, the period of stable operation after the second defrost
would extend to at least 18 hours. The DOE test would continue to be
conducted with the product doors closed, creating little opportunity
for moisture to enter the cabinet. Under these conditions, the need for
frequent defrost is eliminated, and a variable defrost product would
increase the time duration between defrosts to significantly longer
intervals. Hence, DOE believes that an 18-hour minimum continuous test
period is reasonable for multiple compressor products.
DOE selected the 18-hour minimum test period duration after
considering truncation error--both the actual truncation error
associated with a given refrigerator test and the maximum possible
truncation error that could occur for the product, given the compressor
cycle times and compressor duty cycles exhibited in the examined tests.
In order to conduct this evaluation, DOE examined the test data of two
multiple compressor refrigerator-freezer products. Table III-7 below
summarizes the test data showing the relationship between truncation
error and test period duration. DOE was able to distinguish between the
operation of the separate compressors of the two products based on an
examination of power input and temperature data. This allowed DOE to
determine the truncation error (including the maximum possible
truncation error) by calculating the difference in measured energy use
between a test period with whole fresh food cycles and a test period
based on freezer cycles with a truncated fresh food cycle. This method
was used because the test period for the first part of the tests
includes a whole number of freezer compressor cycles. In general, it
includes a whole number of fresh food compressor cycles plus a fraction
of a fresh food compressor cycle. The actual truncation error is the
difference in energy use for the fresh food compressor between its
actual energy use for this fraction of a fresh food compressor cycle
and the energy use it would have incurred had it operated at its
average wattage for the same amount of time. The maximum possible
truncation error is calculated assuming that for the remaining fraction
of a fresh food compressor cycle the compressor either runs
continuously or is not energized.
Table III-7--Truncation Error Data for First Part of Test *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product Number...................... 1
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product Class....................... 4
5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature Setting................. Mid........................ Warm....................... Mid........................ Cold
Hours............................... 32.9....................... 31.0....................... 21.9....................... 21.1
Actual Error........................ 0.2%....................... 0.6%....................... 0.0%....................... 0.1%
Maximum Error....................... 1.0%....................... 1.1%....................... 0.6%....................... 0.6%
Hours............................... 12.3....................... 13.4....................... 12.6....................... 15.1
Actual Error........................ 1.1%....................... 1.0%....................... 0.2%....................... 0.1%
Maximum Error....................... 2.6%....................... 2.5%....................... 1.1%....................... 0.9%
[[Page 41634]]
Hours............................... 6.8........................ 8.0........................ 5.6........................ 10.7
Actual Error........................ 2. 6%...................... 1.1%....................... 0.4%....................... 0.4%
Maximum Error....................... 4.7%....................... 4.2%....................... 2.4%....................... 1.2%
Hours............................... 4.1........................ 4.1........................ 2.1........................ 5.3
Actual Error........................ 2.6%....................... 4.5%....................... 0.2%....................... 0.4%
Maximum Error....................... 7.8%....................... 8.1%....................... 6.3%....................... 2.4%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Error is presented as a percent of total energy use including defrost energy use.
The data show that the truncation error could be substantially less
than one percent for a test period of 24 hours, although in a worst
case (the maximum truncation error) scenario, it could be approximately
one percent. Hence, if more than 24 hours of run time is present
between defrost cycles, using a 24-hour test period would provide
acceptably accurate measurements. DOE test data also show that the
potential error could be significantly greater than one percent for a
test period of 12 hours. Hence, the test period should exceed 12 hours
in length in order to reduce this error.
As mentioned above, in cases where a first stable period between
defrosts is not long enough, it would be expected that the next stable
period would be long enough, since most multiple compressor products
have variable defrost. However, DOE believes that an 18-hour test
period would be acceptable in order to balance the needs of accuracy
and the limitation of test burden. As a result, DOE is proposing to
require that the first part of the test include at least 18 hours of
stable compressor operation if the 24-hour requirement cannot be met
due to an interruption by a defrost cycle. DOE seeks comment on this
proposed minimum test period duration.
To ensure stability during the 24-hour first part of the test, the
revised draft AHAM procedure would require that compartment
temperatures measured for the compressor cycles at the start and end of
the test period (or of each individual running period comprising the
test period if there is more than one) be within 1.0 [deg]F of this
test period's temperature average. Measurements for fresh food
compartment temperatures would be based on the complete fresh food
compressor cycles that are closest to the start and end of the test
period. Because of the duration of the required test period, this
temperature requirement would help ensure temperature and average
energy use stability throughout the test. However, as described in
section III.C.8, DOE is proposing to establish a definition for the
term ``stable operation.'' This definition would provide a temperature
tolerance based on a temperature change rate of 0.042 [deg]F per hour,
which is consistent with the existing test procedure requirements for
determining steady-state operation (see, for example, Appendix A,
section 2.9). In essence, DOE proposes to require that the first part
of the test for products with multiple compressors be a period of
stable operation consistent with this definition, thus obviating the
need for additional requirements specific for multiple compressor
products. DOE requests comments on this proposal.
Second Part of the Two-Part Test
The draft AHAM test procedure would require the second part of the
test to have a 24-hour duration that would start before a defrost cycle
during stable operation and continue through the defrost cycle
(including any precooling and post-defrost temperature recovery) to the
next period of stable operation. If additional defrosts limit the test
period to less than 24 hours, the revised draft AHAM procedure would
require that additional periods of stable operation be appended to the
test period to ensure a total duration of at least 24 hours, even if
the test period is not continuous.
The DOE proposal would not require a 24-hour test period for the
second part of the test, and would not permit non-continuous running
periods to comprise the full test period. The DOE proposal would
clarify that the test period may be defined by compressor cycles or
temperature cycles, and would require that it start and end when the
product is at equivalent states. For example, it can both start and
stop at the start of a compressor on-cycle. Similarly, it can both
start and stop at the end of a compressor on-cycle.
As described above for the first part of the test, combining
multiple running periods to create a test period does not reduce the
impact of truncation error. This observation also applies to the second
part of the test. Hence, the DOE proposal would not allow combined
multiple running periods to comprise the second part of the test.
DOE's analysis and testing show that increasing the duration of
this part of the test would not reduce the risk of truncation error.
The energy use associated with defrost would be calculated as the
energy use measured during the second part of the test minus the energy
use that would have been measured during the same time period if the
product had been in stable operation for this time with no influence of
events associated with defrost (as done with single-compressor
products--see, for example, Appendix A, section 5.2.1.2). A longer test
period duration would not minimize the truncation error in this
calculation because the calculation would not involve dividing by the
test period duration in hours, as would be done for the contribution to
daily energy use of the first part of the test. Hence, the duration of
the second part of the test would have no direct influence on the
magnitude of truncation error associated with the non-synchronous
operation of the compressors during this part of the test. The
truncation error would instead be minimized by the ratio 12/CT, which
adjusts the entire energy use contribution of defrost according to the
defrost frequency. Consequently, DOE does not believe that there is a
benefit to requiring a 24-hour duration for the second part of the test
because increasing test period duration would not reduce the magnitude
of the truncation error that might occur.
DOE investigated truncation error associated with the second part
of the test in multiple compressor refrigeration products. Table III-8
below contains data from testing that DOE conducted. The data show that
the duration of the second part of the test makes little difference to
either the actual truncation error measured for the test or the maximum
possible truncation error. These errors are calculated in the same
manner described in the discussion above involving the first part of
the test. DOE found that the maximum possible truncation error
associated with the second part of the test did not exceed 0.5% of the
total daily energy use measurement, and there is no significant
difference in this maximum truncation error associated with the length
of the test period. Hence, DOE concludes that requiring a 24-hour test
period for the second part of the test is unnecessary, and is proposing
that the test period start and end during stable operation.
[[Page 41635]]
Table III-8--Truncation Error Data for Second Part of Test *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product Number...................... 1
2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product Class....................... 4
5
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Temperature Setting................. Mid........................ Warm....................... Mid........................ Cold
Hours............................... 25.9....................... 27.8....................... 25.1....................... 27.2
Actual Error........................ 0.2%....................... 0.1%....................... 0.2%....................... 0.2%
Maximum Error....................... 0.4%....................... 0.5%....................... 0.3%....................... 0.3%
Hours............................... 2.5........................ 3.6........................ 7.4........................ 10.7
Actual Error........................ 0.1%....................... 0.1%....................... 0.0%....................... 0.3%
Maximum Error....................... 0.4%....................... 0.5%....................... 0.3%....................... 0.3%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Error is presented as a percent of total energy use including defrost energy use.
The revised draft AHAM procedure for the second part of the test
specified its start and end points as follows: ``The test period shall
start at the beginning of [a] normal compressor cycle after the
previous defrost occurrence (refrigerator or freezer). The test period
includes the target defrost and following normal compressor cycles
until the next defrost occurrence (refrigerator or freezer).'' (Test
Procedure for Residential Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and
Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003, AHAM, No. 43 at p. 3) DOE
believes that this approach is not sufficiently precise since (a) the
term ``beginning of [a] normal compressor cycle'' does not clarify
whether the start can occur at the start of an on-cycle, start of an
off-cycle, or at either point in the test, and (b) there is no clear
end point for the test period. The AHAM approach would, however,
specify that the temperature average for each compartment for the first
and last compressor cycle of the test period must be within 1.0 [deg]F
of the temperature average for the first part of the test, which would
ensure that the test period does not omit any portion of the defrost
cycle, such as precooling or temperature recovery. (Id.) The 1.0 [deg]F
temperature requirement is essentially designed to ensure that the
second part of the test both starts and ends during steady state
operation. By having the start and end points occur during steady state
operation, the procedure would ensure that all of the events associated
with defrost occur after the start and before the end of the second
part of the test. By having all of the events occur in this manner
during testing, all additional energy use associated with defrost would
be captured by the procedure.
The alternate test procedure DOE permitted in the Sub-Zero waiver
specifies the start and end of the test period for the second part of
the test slightly differently: ``The test period shall start at the end
of a regular freezer compressor on-cycle after the previous defrost
occurrence (refrigerator or freezer). The test period also includes the
target defrost and subsequent regular freezer compressor cycles, ending
at the end of a regular freezer compressor on cycle before the next
defrost occurrence (refrigerator or freezer).'' 77 FR at 5785-5786
(Feb. 6, 2012). The Sub-Zero waiver procedure also shares the same
requirement as the AHAM test procedure proposal regarding the
temperature average for each compartment for the first and last
compressor cycle of the test period--these must be within 1.0 [deg]F of
the temperature average for the first part of the test. Id.
The specified start and end times for the Sub-Zero waiver test
procedure are consistent with the start and end times specified by DOE
for long-time and variable defrost in Appendix A in the January 2010
test procedure final rule. 77 FR at 3564-3565 (Jan. 25, 2012). The test
procedure final rule required that the test period both start and end
at the end of a compressor on-cycle, because this method provides a
more accurate measurement of defrost energy use. Id. DOE believes that
measurement accuracy will improve for all refrigeration products with
long-time or variable defrost, including those with multiple
compressors because starting and ending the test period at the same
part of a compressor cycle ensures that the product is in the same
state (i.e. having the same compartment temperatures) at the end of the
test period that it was in at the start of the test period.
The DOE proposal would adopt a similar approach to the Sub-Zero
procedure described above for the second part of the test for multiple
compressor systems. However, DOE's proposal would permit a test to
start and end at the start of the on-cycle of the primary compressor,
or to start and end at the start of the off-cycle. In this way, the DOE
proposal would allow greater flexibility in conducting the test, while
ensuring the improved accuracy associated with starting and ending the
test period when the refrigeration product is in the same state. The
DOE proposal would also specify that if the test periods are defined
based on temperature cycles rather than compressor cycles, the test
period for the second part of the test would both start and end when
the temperature associated with the primary compressor system is at a
minimum, or it would both start and end when it is at a maximum. This
strategy is equivalent to requiring that the test period both start and
end either when the compressor starts or when it stops, ensuring that
the product is in the same state at the end of the test period as it
was at the start. Hence, this approach would ensure accuracy in
measuring the energy use associated with defrost for products tested
using test periods based on temperature cycles.
In addition, the DOE proposal for multiple compressor systems would
remain consistent with Appendix A's requirement that the test period
for the second part of the test for products with long-time or variable
defrost must start and end during stable operation. Appendix A requires
that the compartment temperatures for the compressor cycles prior to
and after the second part of the test be within 0.5 [deg]F of their
temperature averages for the first part of the test (see Appendix A,
section 4.2.1.1), as opposed to the 1.0 [deg]F requirement of the Sub-
Zero waiver and the AHAM proposal. DOE believes that this same
tolerance for ensuring that the test period does not include any events
associated with the defrost cycle (such as precooling or recovery)
should apply to multiple compressor systems as it does for single-
compressor systems because the events before, during, and after the
defrost cycles of both types of products have the same basic functions
(removing frost from the evaporator) and same basic control sequence
(optional precooling, heating, temperature recovery).
However, the DOE proposal for multiple compressor systems would
[[Page 41636]]
also require that the compressor cycles examined to confirm stable
operation at the start and end of the second part of the test be the
first and last compressor cycles (or temperature cycles) within the
test period, consistent with the AHAM proposal and Sub-Zero waiver. DOE
believes that this approach would better ensure that the test period
starts and ends during stable operation since it examines compressor or
temperature cycles within the test period, not the cycles that may fall
outside of it.
In the special case in which there are no cycling compressors, the
DOE proposal would require that the test period start and end when the
compartment temperatures are within 0.5 [deg]F of their averages for
the first part of the test--this is also consistent with the Appendix A
test procedure (see Appendix A, section 4.2.1.2).
DOE seeks comments on its proposals for the second part of the
test.
Energy Use Equations
The energy use equations proposed by AHAM for the multiple
compressor system test procedure and contained in the Sub-Zero waiver
are similar to those already found in Appendix A for products with
single compressors and multiple defrost cycle types tested using the
two-part test. The similarity stems from the fact that the energy use
for each compressor system's defrost is added separately using its
appropriate CT (i.e. hours of compressor operation between defrosts)
value to adjust the measurement so that it represents a tested unit's
average energy use over 24 hours (see Appendix A, section 5.2.1.5). The
DOE proposal for this energy use equation is essentially identical to
the AHAM proposal and Sub-Zero waiver. However, the DOE proposal would
also include a test for products where only one of the compressor
systems has automatic defrost--and that defrost is neither long-time
nor variable. The proposal for this test, which is described above,
would reduce the test burden for these types of products. Hence, DOE is
also proposing to apply the energy use equation for products tested
using a single test period (see Appendix A, section 5.2.1.1) to those
multiple compressor products that can use the single-part test.
Scope of Amendments
DOE proposes to replace the existing test procedure in Appendix A
for products with dual compressor systems with the new test procedure
described in this section for products using multiple compressor
systems. When modifying test procedures, DOE considers the extent to
which the energy use or energy efficiency measurement may be altered
under a proposed procedure. (42 U.S.C. 6293(e)(1)) The test procedures
of Appendix A will not be required for certifying compliance until the
new refrigeration product energy conservation standards take effect on
September 15, 2014. 77 FR 3559 (Jan. 25, 2012). DOE is aware of very
few products that have multiple compressor systems and has received a
petition for waiver from the existing test procedure only from Sub-
Zero--DOE has granted this petition. 77 FR 5784 (Feb. 6, 2012). In
DOE's tentative view, today's proposal would not affect the manner in
which those Sub-Zero products covered under the waiver are measured for
energy usage. DOE seeks information on whether any other products are
currently tested using the dual compressor test procedure, whether
their measured energy use would change as a result of the proposed test
procedure amendment, and by how much the measurement would change. DOE
notes that, consistent with its regulations, if it adopts the proposed
amendments in Appendix A to address multiple compressor products such
as those covered by the Sub-Zero waiver, that waiver would terminate
once the amendments to the procedure are required to be used to
demonstrate compliance with DOE regulations--i.e., on September 15,
2014.
DOE notes that the discussion in this section focused only on
multiple compressor system products with automatic defrost. DOE
recognizes that the issues associated with truncation error would also
affect multiple compressor products with manual defrost. However, DOE
is not aware of any such products and has for this reason not proposed
to address them in its test procedures. DOE requests comment on whether
any such products exist and whether provisions for assuring the
accuracy of testing them should be incorporated into the test procedure
as part of this rulemaking.
DOE is also interested in receiving general comments regarding the
proposed multiple compressor test procedure.
3. Triangulation
The energy use of refrigeration products is sensitive to the
temperature(s) maintained within the cabinet.\10\ For this reason, the
DOE test procedures for refrigeration products specify standardized
compartment temperatures that form the basis of the energy use
measurements (see, for example, Appendix A1, section 3.2). However,
conducting a test in which the product's compartment(s) temperatures
exactly match the standardized temperatures is generally impossible.
Particularly, today's electronic controls often provide only integer
options for temperature control set points. The lack of smaller
increments would make tuning to the standardized temperature within a
tight tolerance impossible if the control did not exactly match the
standardized temperature for one of the available settings. Even if
smaller control increments are available, such as with mechanical
controls, to try to approach the standardized temperatures within tight
tolerances would require several iterations of adjusting the
temperature controls, followed by re-stabilization and evaluation of
the new steady state. This approach is particularly difficult for
refrigerator-freezers and refrigerators with freezer compartments
because the temperatures of two compartments must be adjusted, rather
than just one, and because the compartment temperatures can affect each
other.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\10\ See DOE's discussion regarding the impact of the new
Appendix A standardized compartment temperatures on energy use
measurement in the refrigeration product energy conservation
standard technical support document at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/pdfs/refrig_finalrule_tsd.pdf
(Chapter 5, section 5.4.2.1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To avoid these difficulties, the current test procedures require
two tests in which the controls are adjusted so that the measured
compartment temperatures bound the standardized temperatures (i.e., the
compartment temperature is warmer than the standardized temperature for
one test and cooler for the second). The energy consumption is
calculated as a weighted average of the measurements of the two tests,
with averaging weights based on the measured compartment temperatures
for the two tests in order to account for their respective variation
from the standardized temperatures. In other words, the two
measurements establish the relationship of energy use as a function of
the compartment temperature(s). DOE's existing test procedure under
Appendix A assumes this relationship is linear, which means that the
energy use is calculated using linear interpolation (i.e., a method to
fit a straight line between a set of points). For example, the energy
use equation of section 6.2.1.2 of Appendix A, which applies to all-
refrigerators (i.e., refrigerators without freezer compartments or with
freezer compartments of 0.5 cubic feet capacity or less, see Appendix
A, section 1.2), simply determines the value of this
[[Page 41637]]
function at the standardized temperature.
For refrigerator-freezers and refrigerators with freezer
compartments, the two-test approach is complicated by two independent
variables--the temperatures of the fresh food and freezer compartments.
The energy use depends on both of these temperatures. However, based on
information provided by two tests, it is mathematically impossible to
determine how the product's energy use varies as both of the
temperatures vary independently. As a result, when using two tests, it
is generally not possible to determine what the product's energy use
would be when both compartments are at their standardized temperatures.
However, there is one exception to this rule: it is possible to
determine the energy use in the special case where the temperature
controls are perfectly tuned to the standardized temperatures. In this
special case, on a chart showing freezer temperature as a function of
fresh food temperature, the line passing through the points defined by
the compartment temperature pairs measured for the two tests would also
pass through a point defined by the standardized temperatures. For this
exception, if the energy use is calculated separately for the fresh
food and freezer compartments' standardized temperatures (assuming
energy use is a linear function of fresh food temperature for one of
these calculations and assuming it is a linear function of freezer
temperature for the other), the two energy use calculations would give
the same result. For the general case in which such energy use
calculations are not equal, the test procedure indicates that the
larger of these measurements is used as the basis for the product's
rating (see Appendix A, section 6.2.2.2). For this general case, this
higher energy use calculation applies to an operating state in which
one of the compartments is at its standardized temperature and the
other is cooler than its standardized temperature. Consequently, this
calculation overestimates the energy use that would occur if both
compartments were at their standardized temperatures. It is this
overestimation that the so-called triangulation approach eliminates for
products that have both fresh food and freezer compartments.
DOE believes the triangulation approach could provide a more
accurate estimate of energy use at the standardized temperatures by
requiring a third test. If conducted with appropriate control settings,
this third test would provide additional information regarding the
dependence of energy use on the compartment temperatures, specifically
providing the information needed to determine the energy use for any
chosen pair of compartment temperatures. Hence, the approach allows a
more accurate calculation of energy use when both compartments are at
their standardized temperatures.
In most cases, the error in the calculated energy use when using
the two-test method is small because temperature controls are
reasonably well-tuned for the standardized temperatures. The modest
overestimation of energy use associated with the two-test approach is
acceptable in these cases because it avoids the additional test burden
of conducting a third test. However, there may be circumstances in
which conducting the third test would avoid excessive measurement
error. These cases can be identified by observing when the two energy
use calculations required in Appendix A, section 6.2.2.2 yield
significantly different results. Table III-9 below quantifies the
difference in fresh food and freezer interpolations to calculate energy
use for six refrigerator-freezer samples tested by DOE using Appendix
A. The difference between the two compartment interpolations ranges
from a potential overestimation of energy usage of 15 to 51 kWh/year.
Table III-9--Fresh Food and Freezer Interpolation Comparison
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Difference
Fresh food Freezer between Percent
Sample No. Product class interpolation interpolation interpolations difference %
(kWh/yr) (kWh/yr) (kWh/yr)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............................................. 7............................... 599 548 51 8.5
2............................................. 3............................... 580 617 37 6.0
3............................................. 5A.............................. 631 595 37 5.9
4............................................. 5............................... 646 683 37 5.4
5............................................. 4............................... 595 562 33 5.5
6............................................. 3............................... 471 485 15 3.1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Australian/New Zealand Standard 4474.1-2007 \11\ (AS/NZ 4474.1-
2007) includes a triangulation method that involves three tests
conducted using three temperature control setting combinations to allow
calculation of energy use for the product that would occur when both
compartment temperatures exactly equal their standardized temperatures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\11\ ``Australian/New Zealand Standard, Performance of Household
Electrical Appliances--Refrigerating Appliances, Part 1: Energy
Consumption and Performance'', AS/NZS 4474. 1:2007, Appendix M,
available for purchase at http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/results2.aspx?searchType=simple&publisher=all&keyword=AS/NZS%204474.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stakeholders suggested in oral and written comments to the 2010
NOPR that DOE should adopt the triangulation method outlined in AS/NZS
4474.1-2007 to improve the flexibility and repeatability of the test
procedure. 75 FR at 78822 (Dec. 16, 2010). In the interim final rule,
DOE declined to adopt this method because it had not been subject to
stakeholder evaluation and comment. Id. AHAM commented again in
response to the interim final rule that DOE should adopt the
triangulation method in the test procedures, indicating that it should
be introduced as an optional approach for setting temperature controls
for testing. AHAM also indicated that DOE could have put this topic up
for stakeholder comment in the interim final rule, and added that if
the DOE permits triangulation, it must also use triangulation for
enforcement purposes. (Test Procedure for Residential Refrigerators,
Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003,
AHAM, No. 39 at pp. 3-4) In the January 2012 final rule, which
finalized Appendices A and B, DOE noted that the triangulation approach
departs sufficiently from current procedures for setting temperature
controls such that it would have been inappropriate for DOE to
incorporate it based solely on the strength of the very limited number
of NOPR comments, which contained little to no supporting data. 77 FR
at 3571 (Jan. 25, 2012).
[[Page 41638]]
Further, interested parties did not have an adequate opportunity to
fully evaluate and comment on this issue. Hence, DOE did not
incorporate the triangulation approach into DOE's test procedure in the
January 2012 final rule.
However, the rulemaking initiated with today's notice provides an
opportunity to present the triangulation approach and subject it to
full stakeholder consideration and comment. DOE has evaluated the
triangulation approach, determined that it has merit, and is proposing
to adopt it as an alternative approach, as described below.
DOE conducted testing to evaluate the triangulation approach and to
quantify the difference in measurement when using it as compared to the
two-test method currently required. Table III-10 below summarizes test
results for two of the tested refrigerator-freezers. The first product
has a side-mounted freezer and electronic temperature controls, and the
second product has a top-mounted freezer and mechanical temperature
controls. These are the two products of Table III-9 that have the
greatest discrepancy between the two energy use calculations based on
the fresh food and freezer compartment standardized temperatures.
Table III-10--Triangulation Test Results
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[emps] [emps] [emps] [emps] [emps] [emps] [emps]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sample 1 (Side-Mount)
Sample 2 (Top-Mount)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test Number.................. 1.................. 2.................. 3.................. 1................. 2................. 3
Setting (Freezer/Fresh Food). (Mid/Mid).......... (Cold/Cold)........ (Mid/Warm)......... (Mid/Mid)......... (Warm/Warm)....... (Mid/Cold)
Fresh Food Temperature 39.9............... 32.6............... 40.4............... 36.4.............. 44.9.............. 37.4
([deg]F).
Freezer Temperature ([deg]F). -1.4............... -5.6............... 4.9................ -0.3.............. 7.8............... -3.4
Energy Consumption (kWh/day). 1.60............... 1.92............... 1.52............... 1.70.............. 1.34.............. 1.81
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test Results:
Fresh Food at Std. Temp.:
Energy Use (kWh/day). 1.64
1.59
Freezer Temperature -1.9
([deg]F).
2.2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freezer at Std. Temp.:
Energy Use (kWh/day). 1.50
1.69
Fresh Food 42.3
Temperature ([deg]F).
36.7
Energy Use Difference (%) 8.5%
6.0%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Triangulation Result (kWh/ 1.62
day).
1.67
Triangulation and Two-Test -1.2%
Percent Difference (%).
-1.2%
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As mentioned above, the existing DOE test procedure requires a
rating based on the higher of the two test results (Appendix A, section
6.2.2.2). Hence, for Sample 1, the daily energy use measured using the
current test procedure is 1.64 kWh, based on a weighted average of
results using the fresh food compartment temperatures to determine
averaging weights. At this level of energy use, the fresh food
compartment temperature would be equal to the standardized temperature
of 39 [deg]F--and the freezer compartment temperature would be -1.9
[deg]F. The equivalent freezer compartment temperature for this test is
calculated by applying the same averaging weights used for the energy
use calculation to determine a freezer compartment average temperature.
The triangulation energy use result, which was determined by matching
the standardized temperatures for both compartment temperatures, is
1.62 kWh--lower than the two-test result by approximately 1.2 percent.
This difference in measured energy use reflects the difference between
the freezer compartment temperatures of the two test methods. The table
shows similar results for a second tested sample. These results
illustrate the limitations of the current test procedure's two-test
approach to exactly determine the energy use of a product when both
compartments are at the standardized temperatures and provide an
indication of the magnitude of the potential difference in results
obtained when using the triangulation method. DOE concludes that the
triangulation method can make, at most, a modest difference in the
measured energy use for a subset of products. Since DOE expects this
difference to be small in the vast majority of cases, and since use of
the two-setting test will always result in a more conservative
measurement of energy use, DOE believes that this generally does not
merit a mandatory third test when considering the additional test
burden that such a requirement would cause.
Because DOE recognizes that there may be circumstances in which the
additional test may be more representative of a given product's energy
use, particularly in cases where a product's temperature controls are
not tuned well to the standardized temperatures, which may result in
more significant measurement differences. In such cases, DOE believes
that it is appropriate to allow ratings based on use of the
triangulation approach to obtain more precise energy use measurements.
Hence, DOE proposes in this notice to adopt in Appendix A a modified
version of the AS/NZS triangulation approach as a voluntary testing
option that manufacturers may choose to use. DOE requests comments on
its proposal to allow triangulation as an optional approach.
Implementation of Triangulation in DOE's Test Procedures
DOE proposes to permit triangulation as an optional method to
certify refrigeration products where, due to the basic model's
operational characteristics, use of the triangulation method could
result in a more representative measurement of energy use than the two-
setting test. DOE's approach would be to permit this option in Appendix
A. These procedures would incorporate by reference parts of Appendix M
of AS/NZS 4474.1-2007 as an optional linear interpolation method. A new
section 3.3 of the test procedure would reference subsections M3.a
through M3.c and Figure M1 of appendix M of AS/NZS 4474.1-2007 to
outline the requirements for the three-setting test procedure as an
alternative to using the requirements of section 3.2 of Appendix A. The
procedure would
[[Page 41639]]
clarify that the target temperatures txA and txB
discussed in the Australia/New Zealand procedure would be the
standardized temperatures as defined in section 3.2 of the DOE test
procedure. However, the DOE proposal would require that the first two
of the three tests comply with the requirements for the DOE two-test
method as described in Appendix A, section 3.2.1.
A new section 6.2.2.3 would set the required energy calculation for
the triangulation option. The section would reference section M4.a of
AS/NZS 4474.1-2007 to determine the energy consumption of the unit and
add to it the icemaking energy use, which would be defined in section
6.2.2.1 and which would, if adopted, be measured as described in the
new section 8 that DOE is considering adding to its test procedure.
DOE requests comments on this approach for implementing
triangulation into the DOE test procedure.
Certification
DOE is also proposing that manufacturers identify which method they
have used to rate and certify a particular basic model. This proposed
amendment would require a manufacturer to indicate whether
triangulation serves as the basis for the certified rating. This change
would be made in section 429.14(b). DOE recognizes that more than one
test is conducted for each rating (see, for example, 10 CFR 429.11(b),
which indicates a sample size minimum of two units). DOE proposes to
require that all units of a given model that are tested for
certification purposes be tested using the same test method and
proposes to require that the certification report indicate whether the
triangulation method was used. This requirement would be added to the
sampling plan for residential refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and
freezers in 10 CFR 429.14.
Since the two-test method generally yields results that are more
conservative than the triangulation test (i.e., higher energy use), DOE
would permit manufacturers to continue using the two-part test at their
discretion. By permitting manufacturers to continue using the simpler
two-part test, DOE's intention is to limit the overall burdens that are
placed on the industry. In those instances where individual
manufacturers believe that use of the triangulation method will give a
more representative value of the energy use of a given basic model,
those manufacturers can elect to follow the more comprehensive steps of
the triangulation method.
However, given that tests conducted using the triangulation
approach may potentially, for certain basic models, yield more
representative results, DOE is proposing to use this particular method
when conducting assessment testing, pursuant to 10 CFR 429.104, and
enforcement testing, pursuant to 10 CFR 429.110, if certain conditions
are observed during the first two tests of a given unit of a basic
model that suggest that a third test would clearly yield a more
representative measurement than the two-test method. Specifically, if
the difference in the energy use calculated using the two compartment
temperatures measured for the two sets of tests for any one unit of a
basic model is greater than five percent, DOE would use the
triangulation method for any assessment or enforcement testing of units
in that basic model. This approach may, in certain circumstances,
require conducting a third test of particular units of a basic model on
which DOE has recently conducted assessment or enforcement testing. DOE
requests comment on this five percent threshold. As noted, whether used
optionally for manufacturer certification testing or for assessment or
enforcement testing, DOE would require that all units of a basic model
be tested using the same method.
DOE welcomes comment on its proposal to require manufacturers to
state in their certification reports whether the triangulation approach
was used to determine energy use of a product, and on the proposals to
use triangulation for assessment and enforcement if (a) the product was
certified using this method, or (b) the measurement results calculated
based on the first two tests differ by more than five percent using the
two different compartment temperatures for the interpolations.
4. Anti-Circumvention Language
Revisions Addressing Past Stakeholder Comments
The current test procedure requires very specific conditions during
testing that would normally not exist during consumer use in the field.
For example, products are tested in 90[emsp14][deg]F ambient
temperature conditions (see, for example, Appendix A1, section 2.1),
which is much warmer than typical room temperature. Recognizing that
manufacturers could design product control systems to detect energy
test conditions and modify their operation during testing to obtain a
more favorable rating, AHAM introduced ``anti-circumvention'' language
into the 2007 version of HRF-1. (HRF-1-2007, section 1.2) AHAM revised
this language slightly in HRF-1-2008.
In the December 2010 final rule, DOE added similar language to 10
CFR 430.23(a)-(b), which contain general provisions applicable to
Appendices A and A1 and Appendices B and B1, respectively.
Specifically, the final rule added a new section 430.23(a)(10) and a
new section 430.23(b)(7), which require that all refrigeration products
tested under the DOE test procedures operate during the prescribed
testing in a manner equivalent to their operation during representative
average consumer use. Both of these provisions included four examples
of situations in which a manufacturer must obtain a waiver under 10 CFR
430.27. However, the anti-circumvention language adopted by DOE was not
identical to the language contained in either HRF-1-2007 or HRF-1-2008.
77 FR at 3568 (Jan. 25, 2012).
DOE issued an interim final rule covering amendments to Appendices
A and B in conjunction with the final rule that added the anti-
circumvention language to 10 CFR 430.23. During the comment period for
the interim final rule, AHAM and Whirlpool urged DOE to adopt anti-
circumvention language identical to HRF-1-2008's. (Test Procedure for
Residential Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket
No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003, No. 16 at p. 4, No. 12 at p. 2)
In the January 2012 final rule for Appendices A and B, DOE noted
that amendments made to 10 CFR 430.23 as part of the December 2010
final rule were already final and not subject to further amendment.
However, DOE noted that it would consider making such revisions in a
future rulemaking. 77 FR at 3568 (Jan. 25, 2012).
In this notice, DOE proposes to adopt AHAM's suggested revisions to
sections 430.23(10)(a)(ii) and 430.23(7)(a)(ii), and to adjust the
order of the parts of these sections. The modified anti-circumvention
language would duplicate the HRF-1-2008 text, as recommended by AHAM in
its comments on the interim final rule, which address the four examples
providing test procedure instructions for specific control features.
(Test Procedure for Residential Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers,
and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003, No. 16 at p. 4, No. 12
at p. 2)
In addition, DOE proposes to move the discussion of the
circumstances that would lead to the requirement for a waiver to the
end of the anti-circumvention section. Currently, the four examples
mentioned above appear directly after the waiver requirements
[[Page 41640]]
discussion. However, their format providing test procedure instructions
(e.g., ``Energy used during adaptive defrost shall continue to be
tested and adjusted per the calculation provided for in this test
procedure.'') is inconsistent with their appearance directly after the
waiver discussion. Hence, DOE proposes to reorder the sections, so that
the four examples instead follow the sentence, ``Energy consuming
components that operate in typical room conditions (including as a
result of door openings, or a function of humidity), and that are not
exempted by this test procedure, shall operate in an equivalent manner
during energy testing under this test procedure, or be accounted for by
all calculations as provided for in the test procedure''. The
discussion of circumstances leading to the requirement to obtain
waivers would appear at the end of the section.
DOE welcomes stakeholder comment on DOE's proposed revisions to the
anti-circumvention language and on the reordering of the language.
Components That Operate Differently During Testing
The DOE test procedure simulates typical room conditions
(approximately 70[emsp14][deg]F) with door openings by testing at
90[emsp14][deg]F without door openings. See 10 CFR 430.23(a)(10). DOE's
adoption of a modified version of AHAM's anti-circumvention language
for refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers was intended to prevent
manufacturers from designing products that actively reduce the energy
use of key components when they sense that the product is undergoing
energy testing. DOE's test procedure is designed to permit passive
changes in operation because a product under test is expected to
operate differently in certain respects than it would under typical
room conditions to remove the higher thermal load imposed by the test
conditions while continuing to maintain the same thermostatically-
controlled internal temperature (e.g., compressor percent run time
would be expected to increase during operation at a room temperature of
90 [deg]F as compared with typical room conditions). In this case, the
added thermal load to simulate door-openings and the insertion of warm
food products is the reason for conducting the test in the 90 [deg]F
ambient rather than at approximately 70 [deg]F.
On August 27, 2012, Whirlpool Corporation submitted a petition for
waiver from the DOE test procedure for basic models of refrigeration
products that use a dual-speed condenser fan motor. (Whirlpool
subsequently altered its waiver request into a request for guidance.)
These basic models run their condenser fans at low speed in typical
room conditions, increasing condenser fan speed when sensors detect
ambient temperatures greater than 80[emsp14][deg]F. Increasing
condenser fan speed increases the heat rejection from the condenser to
a consumer's home, which reduces the condensing temperature and
potentially increases the measured efficiency of the refrigeration
system during testing if the reduction in compressor energy use exceeds
the increase in fan energy use. Whirlpool indicated that fan noise
necessitated the use of a lower fan speed below 80[emsp14][deg]F in
order to maintain consumer acceptance.
Based on Whirlpool's description, this feature represents an active
operation change that would require the filing of a waiver request from
a manufacturer under 10 CFR 430.23(a)(10)(i), since this feature
appears to cause the product to operate differently during energy
testing than it would during representative average consumer use. See
also 10 CFR 430.27 (regarding general test procedure waiver
requirements). In its petition, Whirlpool acknowledged that such a
feature may conflict with section 430.23(a)(10), but argued that
disabling this feature in order to force the test unit to operate in a
manner equivalent to typical room conditions would be intrusive to the
product's operation and could introduce concerns about test accuracy.
In effect, Whirlpool requested that DOE waive the conditions of section
430.23(a)(10) with respect to this particular feature and permit
testing and rating of models with this feature without the use of an
alternative test procedure. Whirlpool also indicated that it had
determined through testing that Samsung has already introduced models
using such a control feature.
As a related matter, on March 7, 2013 Samsung Electronics America
Inc. (Samsung) submitted to DOE a petition for waiver for several
models that use a multi-speed condenser fan motor, with a description
similar in nature to the petition submitted by Whirlpool. The petition
did not indicate the specific impact on the measured energy use
resulting from the use of this feature or propose an alternative test
method, but requested that DOE confirm whether, in fact, the use of
this feature represents a violation of the language in 10 CFR
430.23(a)(10) requiring that energy consuming components that operate
in typical room conditions (including as a result of door openings, or
a function of humidity), and that are not exempted by the DOE test
procedure, shall operate in an equivalent manner during energy testing
under the DOE test procedure, or be accounted for by all calculations
as provided for in the DOE test procedure. Samsung stated that the
general purpose of this feature is to induce a condensing rate that is
appropriate for the given ambient room conditions, thus minimizing
stress on the refrigerant system and improving system performance and
durability.
To address these types of issues generally, DOE initially proposed
modified language in its May 27, 2010 NOPR (see 75 FR at 29856), but
did not adopt this language due to valid concerns expressed in
stakeholder comments. In response to the issues raised by Whirlpool and
Samsung, DOE issued guidance on this matter on May 28, 2013, that
provides a framework for assessing the potential need for a waiver
within the context of the existing anti-circumvention provisions.\12\
In the absence of more specific details about the expected energy
impact of this feature, DOE is unable to propose a specific amendment
to the provisions of 430.23(a)(10) (and 430.23(b)(7) for freezers) that
would address these concerns. However, DOE requests comments as to
whether modifications to the anti-circumvention language are needed in
order to address control algorithms similar to the control described
above as well as any available data regarding the net impacts on the
measured energy consumption for such a feature and the impacts on the
representativeness of related ratings. DOE may consider revising the
test procedure accordingly in this or a future test procedure
rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\12\ This guidance is posted in DOE's online Guidance and FAQ
database, and is available for viewing at: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/guidance/default.aspx?pid=2&spid=1.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Incomplete Cycling
The refrigeration circuit compressor, which is a key component of
refrigeration products, generally is the component that consumes the
most energy. Most products use single-speed compressors with sufficient
capacity for peak demand conditions, such as when doors are frequently
opened. Hence, when testing a product with the doors closed,
compressors cycle on and off as the thermostat in the cabinet
intermittently energizes the compressor to provide more cooling. Energy
use is high when the compressor is operating and low or even zero when
it is not. In order to provide a meaningful measurement of average
product energy use to maintain specified compartment temperatures, the
measurements must be made for a whole number of compressor cycles. A
full compressor cycle includes both the time when the compressor is
operating and the time
[[Page 41641]]
when it is not. At the end of a full compressor cycle, the cabinet is
in the same state as at the start of the cycle, where the start of the
cycle is marked by the time at which the compartment thermostat (or
electronic control system) switches the compressor on (or,
alternatively, both the start and end of the cycle occur when the
compressor is turned off). For this reason, the DOE test procedure
requires that when measuring energy use, test periods must include at
least two whole compressor cycles (see, for example, Appendix A,
section 4.1).
However, some refrigeration products may, for some test conditions,
have compressor cycles lasting many hours. In such cases, the specified
test period (two whole compressor cycles) could last significantly
longer than a day. To limit the testing burden, the test procedure
currently limits the test period to a maximum of 24 hours. The test
procedures use the term ``incomplete cycling'' to denote this condition
in which two compressor cycles last more than 24 hours.
In DOE testing, several freezers had compressor cycles lasting
longer than 12 hours each, thus invoking the requirements associated
with incomplete cycling. (Test Data for Incomplete Cycling Freezers,
No. 13) Table III-11 shows the potential measurement error associated
with the 24-hour test period as compared with a test period comprising
a whole number of compressor cycles. DOE determined that this
measurement error varied from 3 to 14 percent for these products. While
products that operated with incomplete cycling did so only for one of
the two temperature control settings used for the test, the errors
shown are based on the energy use associated with the standardized
compartment temperature, based upon the weighted average of energy use
measurements made for the two settings. The magnitude of the error and
its direction (i.e., whether it results in overestimating or
underestimating energy use) depend on whether the 24-hour test period
begins when the compressor starts or when it stops. The current DOE
test procedure does not specify when such a 24-hour period should
start. For these tests, the error is reported based on 24-hour test
periods that begin when the compressor starts. In each case, the 24-
hour test overestimates the energy use that would have been calculated
using test periods consisting of whole numbers of compressor cycles.
Table III-11--Measurements Error Associated With 24-Hour Test Period for Incomplete Cycling
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Product Class.................. 10................. 10................ 10................ 10
Total Volume (cuft)............ 12.9............... 14.3.............. 12.9.............. 14.7
Settings used in Test.......... Mid, Warm.......... Mid, Warm......... Mid, Warm......... Mid, Warm
Setting with Incomplete Cycling Mid................ Mid............... Mid............... Mid
Energy use 24-hour limit (start 347................ 367............... 404............... 391
w/compressor start).
Energy use whole number of 336................ 356............... 349............... 377
cycles.
Percent Impact................. -3.2%.............. -3.0%............. -13.6%............ -3.6%
Test start..................... 5/7/10............. 7/28/10........... 11/4/10........... 8/7/10
End............................ 5/18/10............ 8/18/10........... 11/15/10.......... 8/17/10
Duration in hours.............. 264................ 504............... 264............... 240
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assessment of Added Test Time
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Two full cycles:
Test period (hr)........... 47.1............... 42.1.............. 27.9.............. 50.8
Additional time (hr)....... 23.1............... 18.1.............. 3.9............... 26.8
(percent test time).... 9%................. 4%................ 2%................ 11%
Single cycle:
Test period (hr)........... 23.5............... 21.0.............. 14.0.............. 25.4
Test time change (hr)...... -0.5............... -3.0.............. -10.0............. +1.4
(percent test time).... -2%................ -13%.............. -42%.............. +6%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The table also summarizes the increase in test time for these
products if a two-cycle or one-cycle test period were specified rather
than the current 24-hour test period. For two-cycle test periods, the
total test time would increase from 2 to 11 percent. For a single-cycle
test period, the total test time could increase up to 6 percent but
would on average decrease.
DOE also conducted a theoretical analysis calculating the magnitude
of the error associated with the current 24-hour test period. For this
analysis, DOE considered variation in (a) The ratio of compressor
``on'' time relative to ``off'' time, (b) the duration of full
compressor cycles, and (c) whether the 24-hour test period starts when
the compressor starts or when it stops. This analysis shows that the
error associated with the 24-hour test period can be as large as 40
percent for a temperature setting for a product operating with
incomplete cycling and demonstrates that the current 24-hour test
period limit for incomplete cycling products can, in certain
circumstances, result in significant errors in measurement as compared
with the products' actual average energy use. (Theoretical Analysis of
Potential Measurement Error for Incomplete Cycling Products, No. 1)
Based on the test data and its analysis, DOE tentatively concludes
that the current test procedure's approach for incomplete cycling
products requiring a 24-hour test period has the potential for a large
measurement error. Further, DOE's test data show that requiring,
instead, the use of a full compressor cycle would not add significant
test burden and would in most cases reduce test time. For this reason,
DOE proposes to eliminate the current 24-hour test period for products
exhibiting incomplete cycling. In order to mitigate the test burden of
this change, DOE proposes to allow the test period to consist of a
single compressor cycle. DOE requests comments on this proposal.
Temperature Measurement for Incomplete Cycling or Non-Cycling Products
As discussed in section III.C.3, the energy use of refrigeration
products is sensitive to the temperatures maintained in the
compartments. However, the compartment temperatures for most products
are not constant. The temperatures of refrigeration product
compartments vary as the compressor cycles, dropping when the
compressor is operating and
[[Page 41642]]
rising when it is not operating. In order to provide a meaningful
measurement of compartment temperature, the measurement must be an
average for one or more whole compressor cycles, which includes both
the off-time and on-time of the compressor.
The December 2010 interim final rule modified the test period for
measuring temperature for products tested starting in 2014. This
change, implemented in Appendices A and B (see, e.g., Appendix A,
section 5.1.2), requires that the test period for temperature
measurement coincide with the test period for energy measurement,
regardless of whether the product's compressor cycles regularly, does
not cycle, or exhibits incomplete cycling. These changes were
incorporated into Appendices A and B as part of amendments made to the
second part of the test for products with long-time or variable
defrost. 75 FR at 78836 (Dec. 16, 2010).
However, DOE has become aware that requiring the same test periods
for temperature measurement and energy use, as done for Appendices A
and B as described above, may not be appropriate for products with an
automatic defrost cycle that is neither long-time nor variable in
nature (i.e., ``short-time defrost'' products). In Appendices A1 and
B1, the temperature measurement is made during one or more complete
compressor cycles, one of which shall be the last complete compressor
cycle in the test period (i.e., the test period specified for energy
measurement) (see, e.g., Appendix A1, sections 5.1.2 and 5.1.2.1). For
products with short-time defrost, the test period is from one point
during a defrost cycle to the same point during the next defrost cycle
(see, e.g., Appendix A1, section 4.2). The last complete compressor
cycle in such a test period occurs during stable cycling of the
compressor just before the defrost timer initiates the defrost cycle.
Hence, modifying the test period for temperature measurement to be the
same as the test period used for measuring energy usage would be
inconsistent with DOE's current test procedures for such products.
To ensure the accuracy and consistency of the soon-to-be required
test procedures for short-time defrost products, DOE is proposing to
address the inconsistency associated with temperature measurements for
short-time defrost products. Specifically, DOE proposes to require that
the compartment temperatures for such products shall be the average of
the measured temperatures taken in a compartment during a stable period
of compressor operation containing no defrost cycle or events
associated with a defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery, that
includes at least two complete compressor or temperature cycles (if the
compressor(s) or temperatures cycle) and is at least three hours in
duration--essentially the same test period specified in section 4.1 of
the test procedure for products with manual defrost. This provision
would apply to Appendices A and B. This proposed approach for defining
temperature measurement invokes several definitions described elsewhere
in this notice: The term ``complete temperature cycles'' is described
in section III.C.2, while ``precooling'', ``recovery'', and ``stable
operation'' are discussed in section III.C.8. As described in these
sections, DOE proposes to add these definitions to Appendices A and B
to support already-established test procedures for products with long-
time or variable defrost (see, for example, Appendix A, section 4.2.1),
and to support the multiple compressor test procedures proposed for
Appendix A.
DOE welcomes comment on its proposed revision to section 4.1 to
reduce the potential error while limiting test burden for incomplete
cycling products, as well as the proposed revisions to section 5.1 to
ensure consistency regarding measurement of compartment temperature.
6. Mechanical Temperature Controls
As discussed in section III.C.3 of this notice, DOE's procedure
requires testing at two temperature settings. Appendix A, section 3.2.1
requires that temperature controls be set to the median setting for the
first test. The test procedure then calls for a second test to be
performed with all controls set at their warmest setting or all
controls set to their coldest setting.
Achieving either the warmest or coldest setting for electronic
control products is straightforward because controls are set to either
the highest or lowest temperature setting that the electronic control
allows. However, DOE has received questions about how to properly
position a mechanical control to obtain the highest or lowest
temperature setting. More specifically, DOE has become aware that there
may be confusion as to the meaning of the term ``setting'' for the
purposes of this aspect of the test, particularly for products with
mechanical controls that have a range of motion extending beyond the
printed indications on the knob or label. In such cases, DOE proposes
to clarify whether the control should be set either with a pointer
aligned to the highest or lowest number or letter on the dial or to the
warmest or coldest end of the range by turning the dial completely
until it is physically unable to be turned further. In doing so, DOE is
seeking to ensure test consistency to avoid different lab
interpretations of the temperature control setting requirements, which
could generate inconsistent results.
To improve test result consistency, DOE is considering modifying
section 3.2.1 of Appendices A and B to indicate that the warmest and
coldest setting should be achieved by aligning mechanical temperature
control dials to the highest or lowest numeral or symbol that indicates
a temperature setting. The new approach, which is intended to
standardize testing practices while accounting for variability in
design of mechanical temperature controls, would be inserted in section
of 3.2.1 of Appendices A and B. It would read, ``. . . the warmest and
coldest settings shall correspond to the positions in which the
indicator is aligned with control symbols indicating the warmest and
coldest settings.'' The remainder of section 3.2.1 would not be
changed.
DOE welcomes stakeholder comment on its proposal to modify section
3.2.1 of the current test procedure to clarify mechanical control
settings during testing.
7. Ambient Temperature Gradient
DOE has observed that the key sections of the two industry-based
protocols (i.e., HRF-1-1979 and HRF-1-2008) on which the DOE procedures
rely contain inconsistencies regarding specified ambient temperature
and vertical ambient temperature gradient requirements. Vertical
ambient temperature gradient is the rate of temperature variation with
height. For example, the temperature gradient measured by two
temperature sensors separated vertically but otherwise at the same
location in a room is equal to the difference in measured temperature
divided by their vertical separation.
The key requirements for ambient temperature sensors, ambient
temperature, ambient temperature gradients, and temperature sensor
shielding are summarized in Table III-12 below. All of these factors
are significant for purposes of specifying the ambient temperature
conditions surrounding a test sample because each one can affect the
measured energy use. For example, the ambient temperature sensor
location affects the measured value of ambient temperature since
temperatures generally are not completely uniform throughout the test
chamber. Also, the ambient temperature level directly affects the
cabinet thermal
[[Page 41643]]
load that must be removed by the refrigeration system.
Table III-12--Key Ambient Temperature Requirements
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Requirement Appendix A1 Appendix A
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ambient Temperature Sensor The ambient Not specified
Location. temperature is to (missing from HRF-1-
be recorded at 2008).
points located 3
feet (91.5 cm)
above the floor
line and 10 inches
(25.4 cm) from the
center of the two
sides of the
cabinet. (HRF-1-
1979, section
7.4.3.1).
Ambient Temperature......... The ambient The ambient
temperature shall temperature shall
be 90.0 be 90.01 [deg]F
minus>0.6 [deg]C) (32.20.6 [deg]C)
stabilization during the
period and the test stabilization
period. (Appendix period and the test
A1, section 2.1). period (Appendix A,
section 2.1).
Ambient Temperature Gradient The vertical ambient The vertical ambient
Sensor Locations. temperature temperature
gradient in any gradient at
foot of vertical locations 10 inches
distance from 2 (25.4 cm) out from
inches (5.1 cm) the centers of the
above the floor or two sides of the
supporting platform unit being tested
to a height of 7 shall be maintained
feet (2.17 m) or to during the test.
a height 1 foot Unless the area is
(30.5 cm) above the obstructed by
top of the cabinet, shields or baffles,
whichever is the gradient shall
greater, is not to be maintained from
exceed 0.5 [deg]F 2 inches (5.1 cm)
per foot (0.9 above the floor or
[deg]C per meter). supporting platform
(HRF-1-1979, to a height 1 feet
section 7.2.1) Also (30.5 cm) above the
see text below unit under test.
under ``Maintaining The vertical
Ambient Temperature ambient temperature
Gradient During the gradient in any
Test''. foot of vertical
distance is not to
exceed 0.5 [deg]F
per foot (0.9
[deg]C per meter)
(HRF-1-2008,
section 5.3.1).
Ambient Temperature Gradient See above (HRF-1- See above (HRF-1-
1979, section 2008, section
7.2.1). 5.3.1).
Maintaining Ambient * * * the vertical See above (HRF-1-
Temperature Gradient During ambient temperature 2008, section
the Test. gradient at 5.3.1).
locations 10 inches
(25.4 cm) out from
the centers of the
two sides of the
unit being tested
is to be maintained
during the test.
Unless the area is
obstructed by
shields or baffles,
the gradient is to
be maintained from
2 inches (5.1 cm)
above the floor or
supporting platform
to a height 1 foot
(30.5 cm) above the
unit under test.
(Appendix A1,
section 2.2).
Shielding of Temperature Temperature Temperature
Sensors. measuring devices measuring devices
are to be located shall be located or
or shielded so that shielded so that
indicated indicated
temperatures will temperatures are
not be affected by not affected by the
the operation of operation of the
the condensing condensing unit or
unit. (HRF-1-1979, adjacent units (HRF-
section 7.4.3.1). 1-2008, section
5.3.1).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test temperature requirements for freezers, described in Appendices
B1 and B, are the same as those summarized in the table above--the
Appendix B1 requirements are identical to those of Appendix A1, and the
Appendix B requirements identical to those of Appendix A.
Location of Ambient Temperature Sensors
DOE notes that Appendices A and B do not specify the locations of
the ambient temperature measurement sensors, since these locations are
not specified in HRF-1-2008. To remedy this gap, DOE proposes to add
requirements for these sensor locations in a new section 2.1.1 to be
added for these two appendices. The addition of these requirements
would help ensure testing consistency. DOE requests comment on this
proposed amendment.
Shielding
DOE notes one issue with the shielding requirements (as specified
in section 5.3.1 of HRF-1-2008, which is incorporated by reference in
Appendices A and B): the requirements suggest that relocating the
sensors is appropriate in order to avoid the impact of the warming
effect of the condensing unit.
DOE does not believe that relocating temperature sensors is an
appropriate means to remedy the effects of the condensing unit or
adjacent products under test. As Table III-12 clearly lays out, the
requirements for temperature sensor placement are precise, providing
manufacturers with the necessary specificity in setting up sensors for
the test. See HRF-1-2008, sec. 5.3.1. An attempt to relocate these
sensors in a manner that conflicts with these requirements would, in
DOE's view, undermine the procedure's purpose to ensure that an
accurate measurement of energy usage is obtained. Hence, to remove any
potential ambiguity or potential loophole, DOE is proposing to
eliminate the current sensor relocation option. DOE proposes to
implement this change in Appendices A and B by moving the shielding
requirement, without the option for sensor relocation, to a new section
2.1. Making a change in this manner would, as described below, permit
the removal of related references to section 5.3.1 of HRF-1-2008
currently contained in Appendices A and B.
DOE requests comment on its proposals to disallow relocation of
ambient temperature sensors in order to prevent them from being
affected by the test sample's condensing unit or adjacent test samples.
Maintaining the Ambient Temperature Gradient During Testing
The requirement for maintaining the temperature gradient during the
test was added to the test procedure during the rulemaking that adopted
sections of HRF-1-1979 by reference. 47 FR 34517 (Aug. 10, 1982). DOE
proposed amendments to its then-existing test procedure based on the
test methods of HRF-1-1979. See 45 FR 47396 (July 14, 1980). These
amendments incorporated HRF-1-1979, section 7.2.1 to require that the
vertical temperature gradient in the test room in every foot of
vertical distance must be no more than 0.5 [deg]F per foot. On August
10, 1982, DOE revised its test procedures by adding a requirement that
the ambient temperature gradient be maintained during testing to
address comments pointing out that the proposal lacked
[[Page 41644]]
such a requirement. 47 FR at 34522-34523. This new language was
incorporated into Appendix A1, section 2.2. DOE tentatively believes
that amending this requirement may be necessary because (a) it is not
clear that the temperature gradient requirement applies when
temperature sensors are shielded, and (b) there are no specific details
provided in the referenced HRF-1 procedure regarding the measurements
that would demonstrate successful compliance with this requirement.
The current temperature gradient maintenance language indicates
that the temperature gradients should be maintained during testing.
However, the next part of the requirement states, ``Unless the area is
obstructed by shields or baffles, the gradient is to be maintained from
2 inches (5.1 cm) above the floor or supporting platform to a height 1
foot (30.5 cm) above the unit under test.'' (See Appendix A, section
2.2) This language is unclear as to whether the ambient temperature
gradients must be maintained as described if there are shields or
baffles. DOE is unaware of any refrigeration product equipped with
shields or baffles in the specified locations. Hence, DOE concludes
that such shields or baffles would be those placed in the vicinity of
the temperature sensors during testing to comply with the requirements
to shield the sensors from the effects of the condensing unit or
adjacent products under test. (See, e.g., HRF-1-1979, section 7.4.3.1)
DOE proposes to eliminate the ambiguity regarding whether the
temperature gradients are to be maintained when the temperature sensors
are shielded by removing the qualifying text, ``unless the area is
obstructed by shields or baffles''.
DOE has observed during testing that the gradients are often
difficult to maintain during testing. It is DOE's understanding that
test laboratories generally shield the temperature sensors as required
and strive to arrange the shields to ensure that the temperature
gradients are maintained during the test at the specified location 10
inches from the sides of the units. For example, DOE is aware that test
laboratories have generally placed temperature sensors 10 inches from
the sides of the unit at heights 2 inches above the floor, 36 inches
above the floor, and 12 inches above the top of the unit. The 36-inch
high sensors are monitored to ensure they remain within the 90 +/-1
[deg]F specified ambient temperature range required under the
procedure. The laboratories also strive to maintain temperature
gradients between the lower and higher pairs of temperature sensors on
each side of the unit (i.e., between the 2-inch and 36-inch sensors and
also between the 36-inch and highest sensors). Often, one of these
gradients exceeds 0.5 [deg]F per foot for a few minutes after the start
of a compressor ``on''-cycle, when condenser heat release is highest.
In order to rectify this situation, the laboratories shield the
sensors (or adjust the shielding as needed) and recheck whether the
gradients are maintained. The condensing unit as well as the operation
of adjacent test units can impact the temperature measurements by
raising the temperature in some locations in the test chamber. The
condensing unit rejects heat from the product's refrigeration system by
transferring it to the air surrounding the cabinet, either by drawing
air through the condensing unit, or by direct transfer to the air from
a condenser mounted on the outside of the cabinet. If this warm air
passes near a temperature sensor after leaving the warm condenser, the
temperature measured by the sensor will rise.
Further, if this temperature rise is sufficiently greater at one
temperature sensor than at the temperature sensor below it, the
measured vertical ambient temperature gradient will increase,
potentially above the maximum 0.5 [deg]F per foot. Such a condition
indicates a failure to ``maintain the vertical ambient temperature
gradient during the test'', as required by the test procedure. DOE
recognizes that it may be difficult to maintain the temperature
gradient during testing if some of the temperature sensors are exposed
to the warm air of the condensing unit or adjacent test units and
requests comment on whether maintaining the gradient at a location 10
inches from the side of the unit as specified is essential to assure
repeatable results. Intrinsic to this issue is whether maintaining the
temperature gradient can be demonstrated using a different location.
However, DOE also recognizes that the test procedure does not specify
how to demonstrate that the temperature gradient is maintained during
the test. DOE proposes to require the use of sensors on both sides of
the test sample at three heights, as described above--at 2 inches above
the floor, 36 inches above the floor, and one foot above the top of the
cabinet--and that the gradient must be maintained during the test
between the two pairs of vertically-adjacent sensors on each side (i.e.
between the 2-inch and 36-inch temperature sensors and also between the
36-inch and highest sensors). In addition, DOE would require that the
temperatures measured by these sensors be recorded in the test data
underlying certifications in accordance with 10 CFR 429.71. DOE
proposes these changes for Appendices A and B.
DOE requests comments on its proposal to modify the requirements
for maintaining the ambient temperature gradient during testing. In
addition, because DOE is aware that it may be difficult to maintain the
gradients when temperature sensors are affected by the heat of the
condensing unit or adjacent units, DOE also requests comments on
whether verification of temperature gradient maintenance should be
performed in a different location.
Revising Ambient Temperature Requirements for Appendices A and B
Several of the ambient temperature requirements of Appendices A and
B appear in section 5.3.1 of HRF-1-2008, which is incorporated by
reference. DOE is proposing to modify some of these requirements,
particularly those related to maintaining the temperature gradient
during testing, as described above. In order to make the necessary
changes related to temperature gradient and ambient temperature sensor
location requirements while retaining certain other requirements, DOE
proposes to move these requirements directly into Appendices A and B,
in new sections 2.1.1 through 2.1.3, and to remove the incorporation by
reference for HRF-1-2008 section 5.3.1.
DOE requests comments on the proposed changes to ambient
temperature and ambient temperature gradient requirements, and on the
proposed approach to implement these changes.
8. Definitions Associated With Defrost Cycles
DOE's amendments in the January 2012 final rule included
modifications to test periods for products with long-time and variable
defrost (see, for example, Appendix A, section 4.2.1). 77 FR at 3563-
3568 (Jan. 25, 2012). That rule provided that the first part of the
test would be a stable period of compressor operation that includes no
portions of the defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery. See 77
FR at 3563 (Jan. 25, 2012) for a detailed explanation of the concepts
of ``precooling'' and ``temperature recovery.'' However, DOE did not
define the terms ``precooling'' and ``temperature recovery'', nor did
it define what comprises a ``stable period of compressor operation.''
To address any potential issues that may arise from this gap, today's
notice proposes definitions for each of these terms.
[[Page 41645]]
These definitions would also clarify two other proposed sections of
the test procedures, should they be adopted. Today's notice proposes
adopting test procedures for multiple compressor refrigeration products
that use the same concepts of stable operation, precooling, and
recovery that are important in describing the test procedure for
products with long-time or variable defrost (see section III.C.2). That
procedure would be added as part of Appendix A. In addition, this
notice proposes to alter the manner in which to determine compartment
temperatures in Appendices A and B for products with short-time defrost
(automatic defrost that is neither long-time nor variable defrost).
Determining compartment temperatures under today's proposal would
invoke the concepts of precooling, recovery, and stable operation.
The proposed definitions are as follows:
``Precooling'' means operating a refrigeration system before
initiation of a defrost cycle to reduce one or more compartment
temperatures significantly (more than 0.5 [deg]F) below its minimum
during stable operation between defrosts.
``Recovery'' means operating a refrigeration system after the
conclusion of a defrost cycle to reduce the temperature of one or more
compartments to the temperature range that the compartment(s) exhibited
during stable operation between defrosts.
``Stable operation'' means operation after steady-state conditions
have been achieved but excluding any events associated with defrost
cycles. During stable operation the rate of change of all compartment
temperatures must not exceed 0.042 [deg]F (0.023 [deg]C) per hour. Such
a calculation performed for compartment temperatures at any two times,
or for any two complete cycles, during stable operation must meet this
requirement.
(A) If compartment temperatures do not cycle, the relevant
calculation shall be the difference between the temperatures at two
points in time divided by the difference, in hours, between those
points in time.
(B) If compartment temperatures cycle as a result of compressor
cycling or other cycling operation of any system component (e.g., a
damper, fan, or heater), the relevant calculation shall be the
difference between compartment temperature averages evaluated for whole
compressor cycles or complete temperature cycles divided by the
difference, in hours, between either the starts, ends, or mid-times of
the two cycles.
``Stable period of compressor operation'' is a period of stable
operation of a refrigeration system that has a compressor.
The proposed definition for stable operation uses the same rate of
temperature change specified in the current test procedures as the
indication of steady-state conditions (see, for example, Appendix A,
section 2.9).
DOE seeks comment on its proposal to add these definitions to
Appendices A and B.
9. Elimination of Reporting of Product Height
Before 1997, DOE made no class distinctions by product size, and
compact refrigerators were governed by the same standards as full-size
refrigerators. In 1997, DOE issued a final rule that added new product
classes for compact refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers,
which included products with a total volume of less than 7.75 cubic
feet that are also 36 inches or less in height. 62 FR 23102, 23111
(Apr. 28, 1997). DOE explained in its July 1995 proposal that it was
considering treating compact products separately from standard-sized
products because compact products had fewer design options to help
reduce their energy consumption. 60 FR 37388, 37396 (July 20, 1995).
The July 1995 NOPR proposed a 36-inch height limit for compact class
products and explained that this limit was established in recognition
of the design constraints faced by manufacturers, particularly with
respect to top and bottom panel insulation thicknesses. See 60 FR at
37397 (July 20, 1995).
However, the majority of compact products are not undercounter
products that fall within these specified dimensions. To account for
this situation, the September 2011 Energy Conservation Standard final
rule (September 2011 Final Rule) eliminated the 36-inch height
restriction in the definition for compact products, effectively
expanding the ``compact'' definition to include products with a total
volume less than 7.75 cubic feet and height exceeding 36 inches. 76 FR
at 57538 (Sept. 15, 2014). As described in DOE guidance, the 36-inch
height requirement still forms part of the classification of a product
as ``compact'' until the new standards final rule is required for
compliance in September 2014.\13\ To confirm the proper classification
of products as compact or standard size before the change in the
definition takes effect, DOE has required reporting of product height
in certification reports (see 10 CFR 429.14(b)(2)). However, such
reporting will no longer be necessary after the new definition applies.
Consequently, DOE proposes removing this remaining reporting
requirement from 10 CFR 429.14(b)(2). DOE requests comments on this
proposal.
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\13\ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/pdfs/refr-frz_faq_2011-10-06.pdf.
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10. Measurement of Product Volume
The current DOE test procedures for refrigerators, refrigerator-
freezers, and freezers in Appendices A1 and B1 require that the total
refrigerated volume of these products be measured according to HRF-1-
1979. In contrast, Appendices A and B require that volume be measured
according to HRF-1-2008. In general, these referenced procedures
describe the dimensions that must be measured, list volumes to include
or deduct in the final calculation, and specify the appropriate
rounding of the final calculated values. However, the procedures do not
specify whether measurements may be based on design specifications or
if physical measurement of the actual test unit is required. With
respect to the latter approach, the procedures do not specify the types
of instruments that would be appropriate or should be used for
performing these measurements, leaving it to the test laboratory to
determine the best means by which to conduct this portion of the test.
Since the January 2012 final rule was published, DOE has become
aware that some manufacturers use computer programs to calculate these
volumes based on computer-aided design (CAD) models of the product in
lieu of physical measurements. While DOE understands that this practice
may allow for more precise measurement of these products, especially
where the measured volumes include irregular shapes and textured
surfaces, and recognizes that neither the referenced AHAM test
procedures nor the DOE test procedures specifically prohibit it, DOE
has identified two potential issues involved with measuring volumes in
this manner. First, the use of measurements based upon design models
for the purposes of certification represents an assumption that the
actual production units will be exactly consistent with the designs,
which may not actually occur. Second, independent verification of the
manufacturer's rated volume by a test laboratory that does not possess
these models can be difficult, particularly when a product's interior
volume includes irregularly shaped
[[Page 41646]]
surfaces or volumes that cannot easily be measured by hand. Because
permitted maximum annual energy use is a function of volume within a
given product class, discrepancies between the volumes measured
directly during lab testing and the volumes manufacturers calculate
using CAD models could potentially, under the current regulations,
affect whether a tested unit of a given basic model meets the
applicable energy conservation standard.
In recognition of the practical difficulties associated with
measuring the volumes of many products currently on the market, DOE is
proposing to explicitly permit the use of CAD models for measuring and
computing the volume of refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and
freezers for the purposes of certifying compliance with the DOE energy
conservation standards for these products. This proposal is intended to
ensure that manufacturers are able to accurately measure the volumes of
their products and that test laboratories are able to verify these.
In addition to a general provision that permits the use of CAD
models for determining the volume for the purposes of certification,
DOE would also require that manufacturers retain measurements derived
using CAD as part of the test records that underlie certifications
pursuant to 10 CFR 429.71. These provisions would include a requirement
that the manufacturer make these records available to DOE upon request
in the form of printed diagrams and/or spreadsheets that demonstrate
the calculations of volume performed using the CAD model (rather than
computer files that would require use of CAD software to read, such as
.dwg files). For the purposes of volume verification, DOE would ensure
that the volume measured by the test laboratory is within a prescribed
tolerance of the total refrigerated volume certified by the
manufacturer. DOE could also request documentation of the
manufacturer's volume measurements as needed.
DOE would modify section 5.3 of Appendices A and B to incorporate
the requirements allowing use of CAD for volume calculation.
In determining the appropriate tolerance for assessing the validity
of volume ratings, DOE considered information from two primary sources.
First, DOE considered the AHAM Refrigerator, Refrigerator-Freezer, and
Freezer Verification Program Procedural Guide, which uses a 2 percent
tolerance for verification of manufacturer volume ratings. To ensure
that this threshold would be appropriate, DOE evaluated its own test
data and compared volume measurements taken over the past three years
for nearly 300 individual test units representing over 100 models. DOE
found that, on average, manufacturers' reported adjusted volumes are
slightly less than 0.5 percent larger than the adjusted volumes
measured by the test laboratory and that less than 20 percent of units
had an adjusted volume more than two percent larger than their
certified adjusted volume. Among the tested units that exceeded the 2
percent threshold, more than 70 percent were beyond 3 percent and
nearly one third were beyond 4 percent. There was also greater
variation in the frequency of results above the 2 percent threshold
compared with the units below the threshold, with the frequency of
observations below 2 percent following a roughly normal distribution
and the frequency of results above 2 percent appearing more erratic.
Finally, DOE observed that the impact of a difference in reported
adjusted volume of 2 percent resulted in an impact on the calculated
energy conservation standard of only 0.5%, probably less than the
impacts of other potential errors in measurement and data reporting.
This all suggests that the 2 percent threshold is appropriate and that
the vast majority of measurements should fall well within this margin.
Based upon this analysis, DOE is proposing to adopt requirements
that are essentially the same as those used by AHAM for its
verification program. Specifically, the test laboratory's measurement
of volume must be no more than 2 percent smaller than the
manufacturer's rated volume. If 2 percent of the rated volume is
smaller than 0.5 cubic feet for standard-size products or 0.2 cubic
feet for compact products, then a 0.5 (or 0.2) cubic feet tolerance
would be used. For example, if a product's rated volume is 29.2 cubic
feet, the 2 percent margin would be 0.6 cubic feet. Since this is
larger than 0.5 cubic feet, the 2 percent margin would be used;
therefore, under the proposed approach, the laboratory measurement
would have to be at least 28.6 cubic feet for the rating to be
considered valid. If DOE determines that the rated volume is not valid,
the energy conservation standard applicable to the tested model would
be calculated based upon the volume measured by the laboratory. DOE
proposes to add a new section 429.134 of 10 CFR part 429 to address the
volume verification protocol. DOE also proposes to amend the
certification requirements in section 429.14 to require reporting of
the total refrigerated volume of each compartment instead of the
adjusted volume. This will enable direct comparisons between the
certified volume of a basic model and independently measured volumes
for the same model and will also harmonize the DOE reporting
requirements for refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers
with those of the Federal Trade Commission.
As a related matter, DOE noted during its review of test data and
manufacturer ratings of adjusted volume that some volumes may have been
improperly reported or calculated. Specifically, in some cases it
appeared that the adjusted volume may have been calculated based on a
total refrigerated volume that was rounded to the nearest whole cubic
foot rather than the nearest 0.1 cubic foot as required by section
4.2.3 of AHAM HRF-1-1979, which is referenced by the DOE test
procedure. In the most extreme theoretical case, this error could
result in the reporting of a total refrigerated volume that is larger
by up to 0.5 cubic feet. For a product such as an upright freezer with
automatic defrost (product class 9 in the DOE energy conservation
standards), this would result in a difference in adjusted volume of
0.865 cubic feet, and a resultant increase in calculated energy
conservation standard for that basic model of nearly 11 kWh/year. Such
a margin could make the difference between a model meeting the standard
or failing to do so. In any evaluation of a product's certified total
refrigerated volume, DOE will consider all aspects of the volume
calculation, including the rounding of the measured total volume that
was used in the calculation to help determine whether a manufacturer
derived its certified value of total refrigerated volume in conformity
with the DOE test procedure.
DOE seeks comment on its proposal to add a provision permitting use
of CAD for measurement of product volume to section 429.72 and
procedures for verifying rated volumes to section 429.134, including
the proposed tolerance range. DOE also requests information on the
documentation kept by manufacturers of CAD modeling used for
calculations of volume and whether this documentation is in or could be
converted to a format that would allow review by DOE without use of CAD
software.
11. Corrections to Temperature Setting Logic Tables
The December 16, 2010 Interim Final Rule established tables in
Appendices A and B to illustrate the requirements for setting
temperature controls during testing. 75 FR at 78840-78842. However, the
tables were presented in the notice without the necessary horizontal
lines to properly divide the
[[Page 41647]]
different test result possibilities and next steps. The tables were
then entered into the CFR with horizontal lines in locations that
effectively confused the information that the tables were intended to
present. DOE proposes to correct these errors and ensure that the
tables in the CFR are corrected to properly show the sequence of
temperature control settings required for testing.
12. Minimum Compressor Run-Time Between Defrosts for Variable Defrost
Models
The DOE test procedures in Appendices A and B provide specific
provisions for calculating the energy use of models with variable
defrost, which DOE defines generally as an automatic defrost system in
which successive defrost cycles are determined by an operating
condition variable or variables other than solely compressor operating
time. For such models, the periodicity of defrost cycles may vary based
on factors other than the time since the last compressor cycle, such as
ambient temperature and humidity, length and frequency of door
openings, and other factors that may affect the formation of frost on
the evaporator or provide an indication of how much frost may have
accumulated. As noted in the definition, this differs from models with
non-variable automatic defrost, which generally perform defrosts of the
evaporator based solely on compressor operating time. The energy use of
variable defrost products is measured using a two-part test which
separately measures the energy use associated with defrost in the
second part of the test.
To properly account for energy use associated with defrost,
Appendices A and B both provide calculations specifically for models
that have variable defrost. These calculations estimate the
contribution to energy use based upon the values for the minimum
compressor run-time between defrosts (CTL) and the maximum
compressor run time between defrosts (CTM). Some models have
control algorithms with specific values for CTL and
CTM, which DOE requires manufacturers to report as part of
their certifications of compliance. These values must be known in order
to calculate the representative average value CT for compressor run
time between defrosts, which is used to calculate defrost frequency and
therefore also defrost contribution to energy use. In any subsequent
verification or enforcement testing, DOE uses the values of
CTL and CTM reported by the manufacturer. For
models that are not programmed with fixed CTL and
CTM values, tests must be conducted using default values of
6 and 96, respectively. For descriptions of these calculations, see
sections 5.2.1.3 and 5.2.1.5 of Appendix A, and section 5.2.1.3 of
Appendix B.
In general, use of the CTL and CTM values
reported by the manufacturer rather than the default values should
result in measurements of energy use that are more representative of
the product's actual operation because they represent the actual
minimum and maximum amounts of compressor run time between defrosts
that the model's control system is designed to use. Thus, the
compressor run time between defrosts should never be less than
CTL and never greater than CTM. However, in
certain DOE testing of models for which the manufacturer reported
values of CTL and CTM in the certification
report, DOE has found that the number of hours of compressor operation
between defrost cycles observed in the test data was less than the
CTL value reported by the manufacturer in its certification
report. This difference suggests either that the certified value was
erroneous or that the model did not operate as designed. In either
case, the energy use calculated using the values reported by the
manufacturer would not be representative of how the model actually
performed during the test and how it would be expected to perform in
the field. To ensure that the energy use calculations will reflect the
actual operation of the unit as tested, DOE is proposing to require the
use of a value for CTL for the energy use calculation that
is equal to the shortest compressor run time between defrosts observed
during the test, if this observed time is less than the value of
CTL reported in the certification report. If the model did
not have values of CTL and CTM reported in the
certification report, the observed value of CTL would only
be used if it is less than the default value of 6 hours. This change is
proposed for sections 5.2.1.3 and 5.2.1.5 of Appendix A and section
5.2.1.3 of Appendix B.
13. Treatment of ``Connected'' Products
As part of the Version 5.0 ENERGY STAR Specification for
Residential Refrigerators and Freezers, DOE is developing, in
cooperation with the EPA, specifications and test methods for
refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers that have the capability to
enable consumer-authorized energy related commands, such as demand-
response signals from a utility.\14\ Products with this capability are
referred to generally as ``connected'' products in the final draft
ENERGY STAR specification and in the associated test method (ENERGY
STAR Connected Refrigerators and Freezers Final Draft Test Method, No.
14). The draft test method addresses aspects of testing specific to the
demand response functionality, but refers to the DOE test procedure in
Appendix A to Subpart B of 10 CFR Part 430 for test setup and test
conditions. However, the current Appendix A test procedure does not
address the condition of the communication module of a connected
product during the standard DOE energy test, which is used in section 6
of the demand response test to establish the baseline energy
consumption and can be placed by the user in either an active
communication mode or a non-communicating mode (ENERGY STAR Connected
Refrigerators and Freezers Final Draft Test Method, No. 14, p. 3). DOE
views this feature as subject to section 5.5.2.e of AHAM HRF-1-2008,
incorporated by reference in Appendix A, which states that customer
accessible features, not required for normal operation, which are
electrically powered, manually initiated, and manually terminated,
shall be set at their lowest energy usage positions when adjustment is
provided. In keeping with this requirement, and to ensure that Appendix
A provides sufficient clarity on the condition of the communication
module of connected products during the DOE energy test, DOE is
proposing to amend section 2 of the Appendix A test procedure to
specify that the communication module, if integrated into the cabinet,
must be energized but placed in the lowest energy use position, and
there shall be no active communication during testing. DOE understands
that some products will be manufactured without an integrated
communication module, and instead will have the capability to allow
connection of a module supplied by another manufacturer. In these
cases, DOE cannot specify a test condition for the communication module
since the module used for the test will not be standardized. Thus, the
proposed requirement in section 2 of the test procedure does not
require connection of communication modules for products designed for
use of an externally-connected module. Finally, while the ENERGY STAR
specification for connected products addresses only refrigerators and
refrigerator-freezers, DOE is also proposing to add the same provisions
to Appendix B to accommodate any future provisions made for connected
freezers.
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\14\ For additional background on the ENERGY STAR Version 5.0
Specification for Residential Refrigerators and Freezers, go to
https://energystar.gov/products/specs/node/125.
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[[Page 41648]]
14. Changes to Confidentiality of Certification Data
Section 429.14(b) specifies the data that manufacturers of
residential refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers must
provide to DOE in certifications of compliance for each basic model.
Data submitted for the items in paragraph (b)(2) are treated by DOE as
public data whereas the data for items in paragraph (b)(3) are
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The items listed in paragraph (b)(3)
include specific information related to variable defrost control,
variable anti-sweat heater control, and the use of alternate
temperature sensor locations. For models with variable defrost and
variable anti-sweat heaters, this includes not only the specific
operational details of those features, but whether the model has those
features at all. Since the publishing of the current version of section
429.14, DOE has determined that there is no clear reason that the
indications as to whether a model has variable defrost or variable
anti-sweat heater control or the use of alternate temperature sensor
locations should be treated as non-public and proposes to move them to
paragraph (b)(2), which would make them public data. The other details
of variable defrost operation and variable anti-sweat heater control
would remain in paragraph (b)(3). These changes would take effect 30
days after publication of the final rule.
15. Package Loading
Section 2.2 of the DOE test procedure for residential freezers,
which is located in appendix B1 to subpart B of 10 CFR part 430
(Appendix B1), references the AHAM HRF-1-1979 test procedure for
provisions related to certain operational conditions. Among these is a
specific provision described in section 7.4.3.3 of AHAM HRF-1-1979,
which requires that the freezer compartment be loaded to 75% of the
maximum number of filled packages that can be fitted into the
compartment, and that the 75% load is to be fitted into the compartment
as to permit air circulation around and above the load. The
requirements applicable to these products in appendix B to subpart B of
10 CFR part 430 (Appendix B) and the section it references in AHAM HRF-
1-2008 procedure (section 5.5.5.3), are essentially identical except
that package loading is required only for manual defrost freezers
whereas it is required by HRF-1-1979 for all freezer types.
DOE has learned that there may be ambiguity about how to
consistently determine the actual number of packages that fulfills the
75% loading requirement for a given basic model. To clarify, DOE views
the appropriate method of accomplishing this requirement as consisting
of two steps. The first step is to determine the number of packages
that represents 75% of the maximum capacity of the freezer compartment,
and the second step is to arrange the 75% load such that the air gap of
0.5 to 1.5 inches between the load and the compartment wall and the
pyramid or tiered form needed for placement of the thermocouples are
both established, as required by section 7.4.3.3 of the AHAM HRF-1-1979
procedure (or section 5.5.5.3 of AHAM HRF-1-2008).
For determining the number of packages that represents 75% of the
load, the compartment should be filled completely with the packages
that are to be used for the test, such that the packages fill as much
of the usable refrigerated space within the compartment as is
physically possible. Once this has been accomplished, a number of
packages is removed from the compartment so that the compartment
contains 75% of the packages that were placed in the compartment to
completely fill it. The remaining packages would then be arranged as
necessary in order to achieve the necessary air gap and the tiered or
pyramid form needed for thermocouple placement.
To ensure that this practice is used consistently, DOE proposes to
place a description of this practice in section 2.9 of Appendix B. The
proposed text also specifies that the number of packages representing
the completely filled condition and the number left in the compartment
for the test should both be recorded in the test data, and maintained
as part of the test record in accordance with 10 CFR 429.71. Because
section 5.5.5.3 of HRF-1-2008 also applies these requirements to each
shelf of a multi-shelf freezer, the requirement to count and record the
number of packages would apply on a per-shelf basis for such products.
DOE requests comment on these clarifications and proposed
amendments to Appendix B.
16. Product Clearance to the Wall During Testing
In the December 16, 2010 interim final rule, which established
Appendices A and B, DOE included provisions to address product
clearances to the wall during testing. 75 FR 78810. Specifically,
section 2.8 of Appendix A and section 2.6 of Appendix B both require
that the space between the plane of the cabinet's back panel and the
vertical surface behind the cabinet (i.e., the test chamber wall or
simulated wall) be the minimum distance in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions or 2 inches, whichever is less. If the
product has permanent rear spacers that extend beyond this distance,
the product is to be located with the spacers in contact with the
vertical surface. However, DOE received a request for guidance from
AHAM dated May 22, 2013 (AHAM Guidance Request) indicating that these
provisions may not be sufficiently clear for cases in which the back of
the test unit is not all on one plane due to protrusions or surface
irregularities rather than a uniformly flat panel. (AHAM Guidance
Request, No. 15, p. 2). AHAM requested that DOE clarify these sections
by referencing the Committee Draft for Vote (CDV) version of Part 1 of
IEC 62552.2 Household refrigerating appliances--Characteristics and
test methods. As explained by AHAM, this reference provides guidance on
product spacing that is consistent with section 2.8, but is more
specific regarding the treatment of irregular surfaces.
Because the IEC reference that AHAM suggested has not been
finalized as of the date of this notice, and because DOE generally
seeks to limit the number of external references incorporated in the
DOE test procedure, DOE declines to incorporate by reference the IEC
procedure suggested by AHAM. However, since clarification of this item
may result in more consistent application of the DOE test procedure,
DOE proposes to adopt revised language for section 2.8 that is intended
to accomplish the same objective. Specifically, DOE proposes to specify
that, for the purposes of determining the appropriate clearance to the
wall for the test, the rear plane of the cabinet is the largest flat
surface at the rear of the cabinet. The test procedure would also
indicate where individual features, such as brackets, the compressor,
or the condenser protrude from the rear plane, that these could not to
be used as the basis for determining the rear clearance. To account for
products that are required by the manufacturer's instructions to be set
up with the front of the unit slightly higher off the floor than the
rear, such that the top of the cabinet is closer to the wall behind the
cabinet than the bottom, the proposed language specifies that the
reference point for the maximum 2 inch clearance is lowest part of the
rear plane of the cabinet. The proposed language also permits the top
of the cabinet to touch the vertical surface if necessary to meet the
clearance requirement at the bottom, and for the clearance requirement
to be
[[Page 41649]]
exceeded if the bottom edge is still more than 2 inches from the
vertical surface when the top edge is in contact with the vertical
surface. Similarly, the proposed language is consistent with the
existing Appendix A test procedure, which allows for the 2-inch
clearance requirement to be exceeded if individual features extend more
than 2 inches beyond the rear plane, provided these features are in
contact with the vertical surface during the test. DOE proposes to
incorporate this language in section 2.8 of Appendix A and section 2.6
of Appendix B, and requests comment on these proposed additions.
17. Other Minor Corrections
In reviewing the text of Appendix A, DOE observed that the version
adopted in the January 25, 2012 final rule contained a minor error in
section 6. Calculation of Derived Results From Test Measurements.
Section 6.2.2.2, which provides the method for calculating average per-
cycle energy use (``E'') for refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers
through interpolation based on compartment temperatures, states that
``E'' is defined in section 6.2.1.1.'' Section 6.2.1.1, however, does
not define the term ``E'' and contains only a formula for E = ET1 +
IET, which does not clarify the meaning in section 6.2.2.2. Since the
term ``E'' itself has the same basic meaning for all portions of
section 6.2, DOE proposes to place the definition of this term in the
introductory text of section 6.2 and modify the text in the follow-on
sections so that it is referred to consistently. For consistency, DOE
has proposed nearly identical changes for Appendix B.
DOE has also noted that a certain aspect of the definition of
``compact refrigerator/refrigerator-freezer/freezer'' in 10 CFR 430.2,
which distinguishes the product classes in section 430.32(a) for
compact products from the classes for standard-size products, could
potentially cause confusion. Specifically, the definition limits the
applicability of the compact product classes to products smaller than
7.75 cubic feet in volume. The volume referred to in the definition is
the total refrigerated volume measured as specified in section 5.3 of
Appendices A, A1, B, and B1. However, the definition uses the term
``rated volume,'' which is not defined or listed elsewhere in DOE's
test procedures or reporting requirements for these products, and could
potentially be confused with the ``adjusted volume,'' which is a
different measurement. To prevent confusion regarding the applicability
of this definition, and to ensure standard terminology is used
throughout DOE's regulations, DOE proposes to amend the definition of
``compact refrigerator/refrigerator-freezer/freezer'' in 10 CFR 430.2
to specifically indicate that the definition applies based upon the
product's total refrigerated volume.
Also, in its guidance request to DOE dated May 22, 2013, referred
to previously in section III.C.15, AHAM raised additional issues. One
of these was about a portion of the existing definition of ``Defrost
cycle type'' found in section 1.9 of Appendix A. Specifically, AHAM
referred to the last sentence of the definition, which states that ``.
. . defrost achieved regularly during the compressor off-cycles by
warming the evaporator without active heat addition is not a defrost
cycle type,'' and indicated that this sentence may be causing confusion
by implying that this type of defrost, which is commonly referred to as
``off-cycle defrost'' does not constitute automatic defrost. (AHAM
Guidance Request, No. 15, p. 2) DOE inserted the clause regarding off-
cycle defrost as part of the December 2010 Interim Final Rule in
response to AHAM's concern that off-cycle defrost should not be
considered a defrost cycle type. 75 FR at 78838 (Dec. 16, 2010).
However, as pointed out by AHAM in its recent comments, this does not
imply that off-cycle defrost is not a form of automatic defrost. DOE
agrees and made its position on this topic public as part of the
preliminary analysis for the energy conservation standard rulemaking
that ended September 15, 2011. (Energy Conservation Standards for
Residential Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, 2009-
12-10 Public Meeting Presentation Slides, Docket No. EERE-2008-BT-STD-
0012, No. 28 at p. 21) However, DOE understands AHAM's concerns that
the definition of defrost cycle types may be misinterpreted. The clause
in question was intended to distinguish off-cycle defrosts from the
unique types of defrost cycles that involve a defrost heater, which
must be identified individually to establish test periods as required
by section 4.2 of the test procedure. To clarify this intent, DOE has
proposed a revision to the definition of ``defrost cycle type'' in
section 1.9 of Appendix A.
Finally, another issue raised in AHAM's May 22, 2013 guidance
request addressed test periods for products with automatic defrost that
is neither long-time nor variable. (AHAM Guidance Request, No. 15, p.
3) Section III.C.5 addresses this issue.
18. Relocation of Shelving for Temperature Sensors
HRF-1-2008, section 5.5.4, which is incorporated into the DOE test
procedures by reference, requires at least one inch of air space
separating the thermal mass of a temperature sensor from contact with
any surface. In the case of interference with hardware at the specified
sensor locations, section 5.5.4 requires that the temperature sensors
be placed at the nearest locations such that there will be a one inch
air space separating the sensor mass from the hardware. In the case of
proximity of the sensor to shelving or other components whose position
is adjustable by the consumer, DOE believes that it is more appropriate
to relocate the shelf or component than to relocate the sensor.
However, HRF-1-2008 section 5.5.2(a) requires that shelves and bins be
evenly spaced throughout the compartment. DOE proposes to revise the
test procedures to indicate that temperature sensor location would take
precedence over the position of shelving and components whose position
is adjustable by consumers, even if this means that the shelving
closest to the temperature sensors would not be in their evenly spaced
locations. Specifically, DOE proposes to add language to Appendices A
and B, section 5.1 indicating that consumer-movable shelves and other
components should be moved to maintain temperature sensor clearance
requirements. While DOE intends that this action would take precedence
over the even-spacing requirement, to minimize variation in such
repositioning DOE also proposes to specify that any placement adhere as
closely as practicable to the setup instructions of section 5.5.2 of
HRF-1-2008 (including the requirement that shelves and door bins be
evenly spaced). For example, if shelves are repositioned from the
exactly evenly spaced positions to accommodate temperature sensors,
they should still be spaced as nearly evenly as possible while meeting
the required minimum 1-inch separation between the temperature sensor
thermal mass and the shelf. DOE requests comments on this proposal.
D. Other Matters Related to the Test Procedure
1. Built-In Refrigerators
In the course of evaluating the proposed amendments to the DOE test
procedures for residential refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and
freezers, DOE tested several current models of these products. Included
were three ``built-in
[[Page 41650]]
refrigerator/refrigerator-freezer/freezer'' models, as defined in 10
CFR 430.2. That provision generally applies to products that (1) Have
unfinished sides that are not intended to be viewable after
installation, (2) are designed exclusively to be installed totally
encased by cabinetry, fastened to the adjoining cabinetry, walls, or
floor, and (3) are either equipped with a factory-finished face or
accept a custom front panel.
While the tests that DOE conducted on these models were generally
associated with evaluating the proposed amendments discussed in this
notice, DOE also conducted testing to evaluate any additional impact on
measured energy use that may result from being tested in a built-in
condition in the test laboratory. DOE performed these tests by
enclosing the models in simulated cabinetry and conducting a round of
tests using Appendix A, and then compared the results from this round
of tests to the results of tests conducted using Appendix A with the
products in a freestanding condition. DOE conducted these tests to
address questions that DOE received from testing organizations
regarding the proper test conditions for products of this type under
the DOE test procedure and to ensure that the DOE test procedures
prescribed as a result of this rulemaking will result in measures of
energy consumption that are representative of average use, as required
under 42 U.S.C. 6293(b)(3). Because these products are, by definition,
designed to operate when enclosed by cabinetry, DOE tentatively views
the built-in condition during testing as more accurately representing
the average use condition of these products than testing these products
in a free-standing condition.
DOE expects that many manufacturers and testing organizations are
unlikely to test these products in a built-in condition in the
laboratory, however, and that in some cases it may not be necessary.
DOE believes this to be the case generally because some models of this
type use a refrigeration system that, because of the way they reject
heat from the refrigeration system, are designed to consume little or
no additional energy as a result of being installed in cabinetry,
meaning that the difference in measured energy use would essentially be
zero. The heat rejection from the condenser of the refrigeration system
of these units is achieved by drawing air in from the front of the
product and blowing the air back out the front, after the air is warmed
by the condenser and the compressor. Enclosing such a product in
cabinetry adds no restriction to the air flow path--hence, there should
be no significant impact on energy use (see, for example, the test
results for Samples No. 1 and 3 shown in Table III-13).
However, there are competing designs in which the flow of air used
to remove refrigeration system heat can be restricted when the
refrigeration product is built into cabinetry. As a result, these
products could, in DOE's tentative view, consume more energy when
tested in a built-in condition than in a free-standing one.
DOE conducted tests on a model of each type of design, and the
results were consistent with the expectations noted above. More
specifically, two models demonstrated essentially no change in measured
energy use, and the other model demonstrated an increase in measured
energy use of approximately 5 percent when tested in a built-in
condition. Table III-13 summarizes available DOE data for refrigerator-
freezer samples tested in a freestanding configuration and a built-in
configuration according to UL 250 sections 8.65 and 11.2. Samples 1 and
3 reject heat through the front and the test results show change in
energy use of 0.5% or less, for the built-in test, which very likely
represents test variation rather than the impact of testing in the
built-in configuration. Sample 2 rejects heat through the back of the
unit and has a significant increase in energy consumption for the
built-in test.
Table III-13--Freestanding and Built-In AEU Comparison
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Freestanding annual Percent difference
Sample No. Heat rejection energy consumption (kWh/ Built-in annual energy between freestanding
location year) consumption (kWh/year) and built-in tests (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............... Front.............. 679 675 -0.5
2............... Rear............... 576 607 5.1
3............... Front.............. 485 487 0.4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
While testing products in a built-in condition would theoretically
yield the most accurate results, there may be added costs. Assuming
that built-in manufacturers do not already have the facilities and
testing set-up to test their products in a built-in condition, the
primary added cost in this instance stems from the added time and
material required for technicians to set up a built-in unit to be
tested in a configuration comparable to the manner in which it would be
installed in the field. That additional requirement could be
significant but it may also represent a first-time-only cost if
manufacturers were able to continue using the same built-in
configuration set-up for all subsequent built-in products that would
need to be tested.
In order to ensure that DOE has considered all relevant aspects of
this matter prior to proposing a specific requirement in the test
procedure for these products to be tested in a built-in condition, DOE
is requesting more information from manufacturers, testing
organizations, and any other interested parties on several aspects of
this element of the test. Specifically, DOE is interested in receiving
information about whether testing in a built-in condition would
generally be more representative of energy consumption in average use
and, if so, the extent to which testing in this condition would be
expected to affect the measured energy use of these products. DOE is
also interested in receiving information about the amount of additional
test burden, if any, that would be imposed as result of a specific
requirement for all manufacturers of these products to test them in a
built-in condition in order to determine their rated value of energy
consumption for the purpose of assessing compliance with the energy
conservation standards in 10 CFR 430.32.
2. Specific Volume Measurement Issues
As part of the same May 22, 2013 guidance request referred to
previously in this notice, AHAM requested clarification of certain
provisions of DOE's prescribed method for measuring product interior
volume in section 5.3 of Appendices A and B, which both reference AHAM/
ANSI HRF-1-2008. Section 4.2.2 of the HRF-1-2008
[[Page 41651]]
procedure lists several components that are required to be deducted
from the measured interior volume, among which is ``the volume of air
ducts required for proper cooling and operation of the unit.'' AHAM
requested guidance on DOE's interpretation as to whether this
particular provision includes only air ducts that supply cold air to
the fresh food and freezer compartments, or to all air ducts within the
unit (AHAM Guidance Request, No. 15, p. 2). The guidance request did
not include specific examples of ducts other than those which supply
air to the fresh food and freezer compartments, which are both clearly
required for proper cooling and operation of the unit. DOE is aware
also of air ducts used to cool icemaking compartments--such ducts would
also be required for proper operation of any refrigeration product that
is equipped with an automatic icemaker, or any kitable product with an
icemaking compartment that could have an automatic icemaker installed
after shipment. DOE is not aware of any other specific examples.
However, since the volume measurement method generally excludes volumes
occupied by components that are not intended to be removed by the user
and that occupy space that cannot be used for storage, which are both
likely to apply to an air duct, DOE takes the view that any air duct in
the interior of the cabinet should be deducted from the measured
product volume.
In a separate communication from a manufacturer, DOE received a
question as to whether a water tank within the fresh food space should
be included in the measured volume as measured using HRF-1-2008. The
tank in question is used for chilling water prior to use in the
product's water dispenser and is located downstream of the valve that
admits water into the cabinet from the household water supply. DOE
notes that such features were addressed in sections 4.2.1.1(a) and
6.2.1 of HRF-1-1979, which treated ``water coolers'' as special
features and required that they be included in the measured volume. The
text of section 4.2.2 of HRF-1-2008, which addresses the determination
of volume, is more general than the provisions in HRF-1-1979 and does
not specifically address features such as water coolers. Section 4.2.2
of HRF-1-2008 did add a clarification that through-the-door ice and
water dispensers and the insulating hump are not included in the volume
and that generally no part of the dispenser unit shall be included as
volume. DOE understands this to mean that if the water cooler unit is
integral to the dispenser, and thus a part of the dispenser unit, it
would be deducted from the volume. However, if the water cooler is
separate from the dispenser unit and located within the refrigerated
space, it would be included in the volume measurement.
To limit the potential for future confusion regarding components
such as those discussed in the preceding paragraphs, DOE proposes to
amend section 5.3 of Appendices A and B to clarify the general intent
of the volume measurement procedure and the treatment of general
categories of components. Specifically, the proposed amendment to
section 5.3 would state that the measured volume is to include all
spaces within the refrigerated volume of each compartment, with the
exception of the volumes that are required to be deducted in accordance
with section 4.2.2 of HRF-1-2008. As discussed in section III.C.1 of
this notice, DOE has also proposed a definition for ``through-the-door
ice and water dispenser'' for inclusion in Appendices A and B. With
this definition, and the proposed clarification in section 5.3
regarding the general volume to be measured, DOE intends to remove any
ambiguity regarding the components to be deducted from the volume and
the boundaries between these components and the measured refrigerated
volume.
DOE requests comment on these interpretations and the proposed
modifications to section 5.3 of the test procedures in Appendices A and
B addressing volume measurement.
3. Treatment of Products That Are Operable as a Refrigerator or Freezer
Since completion of the last test procedure rulemaking, DOE has
received questions regarding the appropriate test setting for products
with a single compartment that can be operated in either the
temperature range for an electric refrigerator or the temperature range
for a freezer, as defined in 10 CFR 430.2. DOE notes that section 2.7
of Appendix A1 and Section 2.7 of Appendix A both require compartments
that are convertible (e.g., from fresh food to freezer) to be operated
in the highest energy use position. In the case of a product for which
the convertible compartment is the only compartment (i.e., the entire
product is convertible), the product effectively meets the definitions
of two different covered products. If the product is marketed as both
an electric refrigerator and as a freezer, the product must be tested
as both covered products, must meet both applicable standards, and must
be certified as meeting both standards.
If, however, the product is marketed only as a refrigerator or only
as a freezer, the product must be tested in accordance with the
applicable test procedure, must meet the appropriate standard for that
product, and must be certified accordingly.
4. Stabilization Period
AHAM's May 22, 2013 guidance request asked whether the
stabilization period (see section 2.9 of Appendix A1 for an example)
has a maximum time constraint. (AHAM Guidance Request, No. 15, p. 4)
The stabilization period for products with cycling compressors consists
of two time periods of at least two hours duration comprising a whole
number of compressor cycles, and the time interval between these two
periods, where there is an elapsed time of at least three hours between
the two time periods. Specifically, AHAM asked whether the two time
periods in question have a maximum duration or if they must be selected
to be as short as possible while still satisfying the requirements.
(Id.) Neither of these requirements is explicitly stated in the test
procedure, and neither is implied. The two time periods in question may
be extended, for example, if there is irregular cycling of the
compressor that makes the first possible selection of such a time
period non-representative of the average compartment temperatures for
the captured time period. However, it would not be consistent with the
test procedure to select two sets of time periods that would allow
stability to appear to have been achieved when it has not. Alternative
selections of time periods that satisfy the test procedure requirements
should also demonstrate that stability has been achieved. DOE does not
believe that changes to the test procedure regulatory language are
required as clarification for this issue.
E. Compliance With Other EPCA Requirements
In addition to the issues discussed above, DOE examined its other
obligations under EPCA in developing the amendments in today's notice.
These requirements are addressed in greater detail below.
1. Test Burden
EPCA requires that the test procedures DOE prescribes or amends be
reasonably designed to produce test results which measure the energy
efficiency, energy use, or estimated annual operating cost of a covered
product during a representative average use cycle or period of use.
These
[[Page 41652]]
procedures must also not be unduly burdensome to conduct. See 42 U.S.C.
6293(b)(3). DOE has concluded that the amendments proposed in today's
notice satisfy this requirement.
Some of the proposed test procedure amendments would clarify how
the test should be conducted, or otherwise represent minor changes to
the test that do not affect the equipment required for testing, nor the
time required to conduct it. These proposed amendments include changes
to the anti-circumvention language and ambient temperature gradient
requirements, and clarifications to help with setting mechanical
temperature controls.
The proposal would also make other changes, none of which would
have a significant impact on burden. First, the proposed change in the
test procedure for incomplete cycling products could increase or
decrease test time, as illustrated in section III.C.5. However, based
on tests conducted by DOE, the impact on test time for the proposed
amendment does not appear significant. Second, the proposed change to
the test procedure to allow use of the triangulation approach for
products with two temperature controls would create an optional test
and not affect test burden.
Additionally, the proposed modification of test procedures for
products with multiple compressors is expected to reduce overall test
burdens for manufacturers. This expectation is consistent with
information DOE received in written comments such as those from Sub-
Zero, which cited the test burden of the current test procedure as an
issue in its comments as part of the recent refrigerator test procedure
rulemaking. (Test Procedure for Residential Refrigerators,
Refrigerator-Freezers, and Freezers, Docket No. EERE-2009-BT-TP-0003,
Sub-Zero, No. 42 at p. 1)
Regarding the proposed changes to the requirements for ambient
temperature measurement and ambient temperature gradients, these
changes would also not increase the burden faced by manufacturers since
they would not impose an additional recurring test requirement. The
proposed amendments to the anti-circumvention language, the
specifications for setting mechanical temperature controls, and the
adoption of new definitions associated with defrost cycles would
clarify the test procedures but not add any new requirements that would
increase test burden. To the extent that there is any burden, the
proposed elimination of the current product height reporting
requirement would, in DOE's view, reduce overall burdens on
manufacturers.
After reviewing each of the changes under consideration, DOE
believes that the icemaking test procedure under consideration would be
the only change detailed in this notice that would be likely to
increase test burden. That procedure would involve additional
measurements and set up requirements not included in the current test
procedure. Specifically, it would require the installation of a water
supply; the measurement of several additional parameters, including ice
weight and water pressure; additional test time; and (for products with
icemakers that have no harvest heaters) the monitoring of icemaker mold
temperature, water supply temperature, or solenoid valve activity in
addition to the measurements already required for the DOE refrigeration
product test procedures.
Providing the required water supply to a test facility will likely
require some investment. Assuming that the building housing the test
facility has water available, the cost of extending this supply to the
test facility will require some length of \1/2\-inch outer-diameter
copper tubing, possibly with insulation to prevent water vapor
condensation, and a pressure gauge to confirm that the supply pressure
is within the required range specified by the procedure under
consideration. Such a water supply system may also require a pressure
regulating valve to reduce the supply pressure to the required range if
the water supply pressure in the test facility exceeds the pressure
required by the test procedure. Assuming $100 for materials and one day
for installation at a $75 per hour loaded labor rate, the water supply
system cost would be roughly $700 per test chamber. The cost of a scale
to weigh ice and the other additional items (temperature sensors, etc.)
required for conducting the icemaking test are not expected to exceed
$100. The resulting overall test facility cost increase of $800 is
insignificant compared to the overall anticipated cost of a test
facility suitable for testing refrigeration products.
The additional set-up time for connecting the water supply to the
product and, if necessary, a temperature sensor to the icemaking mold,
may represent an additional half hour of time. The more significant
impact on test burden of the icemaking test would be the additional
time required to conduct the test. The product would first have to
stabilize at the temperature settings used for the icemaking baseline
test. During this first phase of the test, there may be some
readjustment of the settings required to assure that compartment
temperatures are within the specified tolerance limits of the
standardized temperatures. DOE estimates that the stabilization,
readjustment, and baseline test duration will typically be 24 hours.
The proposed test procedure would require that the duration of the
icemaking portion of the test be 24 hours, unless interrupted by
defrost or termination of icemaking because the ice storage bin fills.
Hence, DOE expects that the icemaking test will typically add two days
of test time. While this is not an insignificant addition to the time
required to test a refrigeration product, DOE believes it is warranted
in light of the complexity associated with making a measurement of
icemaking energy use.
DOE welcomes any comment regarding DOE's stance on test burden
impacts of the potential amendments discussed in this notice.
2. Changes in Measured Energy Use
When DOE modifies test procedures, it must determine to what
extent, if any, the new test procedure would alter the measured energy
use of covered products. (42 U.S.C 6293(e)(1)). For the reasons
described below, DOE has tentatively determined that the projected
impact on measured energy use of covered products would not be
significantly altered by any of the proposed test procedure amendments.
The test procedure amendments proposed in this notice would, if
adopted, primarily affect aspects related to testing after September
15, 2014, when the new energy conservation standards take effect. Table
III-1 indicates which parts of DOE's test procedures would be affected
by the proposed amendments. The discussion in this section focuses on
the potential impact on energy measurements regarding other aspects of
DOE's proposal that would be required starting in 2014 (Appendices A
and B).
Impact of Proposed Changes To Testing Using Appendices A and B
Many of the proposed changes to Appendices A and B would clarify
how the test should be conducted, or otherwise represent minor changes
to the test or reporting requirements that would not affect measured
energy use. These proposed amendments include changes to the anti-
circumvention language, clarifications for setting mechanical
temperature controls, modified ambient temperature gradient
requirements, new definitions to help clarify test requirements,
elimination of the requirement to report product height, use of CAD
models for measuring refrigerated volume, and
[[Page 41653]]
corrections to the temperature setting logic tables.
The proposed change that would modify the test period of those
products that experience incomplete cycling could increase or decrease
measured energy use for a small minority of products and only to a
minimal extent. To DOE's knowledge, the only products that exhibit
incomplete cycling are chest freezers. As described in section III.5,
the energy use measured for such products could increase or decrease,
depending on how test laboratories currently interpret the requirements
for the test period for such products, but the measured energy use
would be more likely to decrease. For these reasons, DOE does not
believe an adjustment of the energy conservation standard is necessary
for this test procedure change.
The proposed modification to address products with multiple
compressors is not expected to alter the measured energy use for these
products. The test procedure is functionally equivalent to the test
procedure of the Sub-Zero waiver, differing primarily in the
requirements for confirming that the unit has reached steady state and
in the length and composition of test periods. It also provides
guidelines for testing multiple-compressor units that may differ in
design details from the Sub-Zero products identified in the waiver,
such as multiple compressor products with non-cycling compressors, and
it provides more flexibility in how to define test periods. None of
these changes would be likely to affect the measured use of any
products currently known to DOE.
As described in section III.3, the triangulation test method may,
in certain cases, provide a slightly more accurate measurement of the
actual energy consumption of a given product. This method would yield
lower energy use measurements for some products as compared with the
two-test method of the current DOE test procedures (see Appendix A1,
section 3.1.2). However, the proposed alternative test would be
optional. DOE believes that the majority of products would continue to
be tested using the current two-test method, since the test time
required for the triangulation approach would be roughly 50 percent
greater. Further, DOE testing showed that the products for which the
energy use measurement would be most likely to change, i.e., those
products for which the two interpolations of the current test
procedures (based on the freezer temperature for one calculation and
the fresh food temperature for the other), would yield, at most, a 1.2
percent decrease in measured energy usage when using the triangulation
method. Therefore, DOE tentatively concludes that the overall impact of
this optional test on energy use measurement will likely be
insignificant and that it would not require any change to the relevant
standards.
In addition to the amendments discussed above for Appendices A and
B, DOE is considering adopting a laboratory-based test procedure to
measure the energy use associated with automatic icemaking. DOE
conducted testing to validate the feasibility of the proposed icemaking
test procedure and to evaluate if icemaking energy measurements using
the procedure detailed above differ significantly from the 84 kWh/year
fixed value used for automatic icemakers in the current test
procedures. The test data and discussion of the results are presented
in section III.1. Measured icemaker energy consumption values in the
sample of products that DOE and NIST tested ranged from 60 kWh/year to
126 kWh/year, with an average of 92 kWh. While it is unclear precisely
how well the group of products DOE tested represents any given set of
products equipped with automatic icemakers, DOE believes that the
average icemaking energy use of the group is sufficiently close to the
fixed value of the current test procedure as to demonstrate that the
test method proposed in today's notice is likely to have a minimal
impact on the measured energy use of the products that would be
evaluated using this method. Hence, DOE tentatively concludes that this
potential impact would be de minimus and, if adopted, would not require
a change to the energy conservation standard. (See 42 U.S.C 6293(e)(1-
2)) DOE seeks additional input from the public regarding the accuracy
of this assessment.
However, because the DOE test procedure for measurement of
icemaking energy use has not yet been finalized, DOE expects that
manufacturers will require additional time after the test method is
finalized to conduct testing of their products and assess their ability
to comply with a measurement-based standard. In anticipation of such
factors, the joint petition submitted to DOE during the energy
conservation standards rulemaking had requested that any measurement-
based standard for icemaking energy use take effect three years after
publication of the final rule establishing such a standard (see Docket
EERE-2008-BT-STD-0012, No. 49, p. 17). The schedule laid out in the
joint petition would have resulted in a final rule establishing a
measurement-based standard for icemaking energy use in mid-2013 with a
compliance date in mid-2016. Although the standards and test procedure
final rules did not commit to a specific timeline for implementing a
standard based on a test requiring laboratory measurement of icemaking
energy use, DOE acknowledges that development of this test has required
additional time to ensure that any potential issues have been
sufficiently addressed.
In addition, because EPCA requires that, not later than 6 years
after publication of a final rule establishing new or amended standards
for a covered product, DOE must publish either a notice of proposed
rulemaking with new proposed standards or a notice of determination
that such standards do not need to be amended, DOE expects to commence
an energy conservation standards rulemaking for residential
refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers that would result in
publication of such a notice by late 2017. 42 U.S.C. 6295(m)(1).
Because of the expected overlap between this future energy conservation
standards rulemaking and the potential compliance delay period for the
icemaking energy standard if an adjustment proved to be necessary,
along with the potential difficulties that a short transition period to
2014 could impose if an icemaking test were required by September 15,
2014, DOE has tentatively concluded that adoption of an energy
conservation standard for icemaking energy use would more appropriately
occur as part of this future rulemaking. DOE would also link the
required use of a new test procedure that includes an icemaking energy
use measurement test with any new standards rulemaking. By following
this approach, DOE believes that there will be more than sufficient
time to address any remaining technical issues and for manufacturer
compliance once those dates are set. Thus, until the compliance date of
any such standard, the 84 kWh per year placeholder value would remain
in effect for both the test procedure and the energy conservation
standards.
Depending upon the comments DOE receives on this proposed approach,
DOE may also consider alternatives. DOE invites commenters to offer
other alternatives to help ensure both the maximum amount of energy
savings along with ensuring that the test procedures that are
ultimately adopted will sufficiently address icemaking energy use.
DOE also requests comments on its assessment of the impacts on
energy use measurements of the proposed test procedure amendments. DOE
further
[[Page 41654]]
requests comments to support any potentially claimed change in the
measured energy use, including data, if any, that would weigh in favor
of adjusting the standards set to take effect on September 15, 2014,
for products with automatic icemakers. DOE further requests comment on
whether the fixed placeholder value for the icemaking energy use should
be retained, rather than adopting a laboratory measurement, and whether
to consider adopting a measurement-based standard to occur as part of a
future energy conservation standards rulemaking for refrigerators,
refrigerator-freezers, and freezers.
3. Standby and Off Mode Energy Use
EPCA directs DOE to amend test procedures to include standby mode
and off mode energy consumption, and requires that this energy
consumption be integrated into the overall energy consumption
descriptor for the product, unless DOE determines that the current test
procedures for the product already fully account for and incorporate
the standby and off mode energy consumption of the covered product. (42
U.S.C. 6295(gg)(2)(A)(i)). The DOE test procedures for refrigeration
products involve measuring the energy use of these products during
extended time periods that include periods when the compressor and
other key components are cycled off. All of the energy these products
use during the ``off cycles'' is already included in the measurements.
A given refrigeration product being tested could include auxiliary
features that draw power in a standby or off mode. In such instances,
HRF-1-1979 and HRF-1-2008, both of which are incorporated in relevant
part into DOE's test procedure, generally instruct manufacturers to set
certain auxiliary features to the lowest power position during testing.
In this lowest power position, any standby or off mode energy use of
such auxiliary features would be included in the energy measurement.
Hence, no separate changes are needed to account for standby and off
mode energy consumption, since the current (and as proposed) procedures
address these modes. DOE requests comments on this determination.
IV. Procedural Requirements
A. Review Under Executive Order 12866
The Office of Management and Budget has determined that test
procedure rulemakings do not constitute ``significant regulatory
actions'' under section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866, Regulatory
Planning and Review, 58 FR 51735 (Oct. 4, 1993). Accordingly, this
action was not subject to review under the Executive Order by the
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) in the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB).
B. Review Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601, et seq.) requires
preparation of an initial regulatory flexibility analysis for any rule
that by law must be proposed for public comment, unless the agency
certifies that the proposed rule, if promulgated, will not have a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.
As required by Executive Order 13272, ``Proper Consideration of Small
Entities in Agency Rulemaking,'' 67 FR 53461 (August 16, 2002), DOE
published procedures and policies on February 19, 2003, to ensure that
the potential impacts of its rules on small entities are properly
considered during the rulemaking process. 68 FR 7990. DOE has made its
procedures and policies available on the Office of the General
Counsel's Web site (http://www.energy.gov/gc).
DOE reviewed the test procedures in today's proposed rule under the
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the procedures and
policies published on February 19, 2003. This proposed rule would
prescribe test procedures to test compliance with energy conservation
standards for the products that are the subject of this rulemaking.
Specifically, DOE proposes to make changes and additions to the
existing test procedure for refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and
freezers. Changes to the existing rule as described above have
potential impacts on manufacturers who will be required to revise their
current testing procedures for compliance. As described in section 1,
DOE believes the implementation of an icemaking test procedure is the
only test procedure amendment proposed in today's notice that would
represent an increase in test burden.
The Small Business Administration (SBA) considers an entity to be a
small business if, together with its affiliates, it employs less than a
threshold number of workers specified in 13 CFR part 121, which relies
on size standards and codes established by the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). The threshold number for NAICS code
335222, which applies to Household Refrigerator and Home Freezer
Manufacturing, is 1,000 employees.
DOE conducted a market survey to determine whether any
manufacturers of products covered by this rulemaking were small
businesses. During its market survey, DOE used all available public
information to create a list of companies that manufacture
refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, or freezers covered by this
rulemaking. DOE reviewed these data to determine whether the entities
met the SBA's definition of a small business manufacturer of
refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, or freezers and screened out
companies that do not offer products covered by this rulemaking, do not
meet the definition of a ``small business,'' or are foreign owned and
operated. DOE identified three small businesses that manufacture
refrigeration products.
DOE then determined the expected impacts of the rule on affected
small businesses and whether an IRFA was needed (i.e., whether DOE
could certify that this rulemaking would not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities).
One of the three small businesses identified by DOE primarily
manufactures compact refrigerators and related compact products such as
wine chillers and stand-alone ice makers. These ice makers differ from
the automatic icemakers installed in many refrigeration products in
that they are separate icemaking appliances designed solely for the
production and storage of ice. DOE reviewed the refrigerator,
refrigerator-freezer, and freezer products manufactured by this small
business and concluded that none of them are sold with automatic
icemakers installed. Hence, it would not be required to rate products
using the proposed icemaking test procedure. A second of the three
small businesses primarily manufactures undercounter refrigeration
products, most of which are compact. DOE reviewed the products
manufactured by this small business and concluded that none of them are
sold with automatic icemakers installed. The third small business, on
the other hand, was found to manufacture refrigeration products with
automatic icemakers and thus would be subject to the additional testing
requirements proposed in today's test procedure. This small business
has 800 employees.
Most of the test procedure amendments proposed in this notice would
not affect test burden. One of the amendments would simply incorporate
a test procedure for multiple compressor products that manufacturers
already use in accordance with test procedure waivers they have
received from DOE in order to test and rate these products.
[[Page 41655]]
Many of the other amendments clarify how to conduct the test rather
than create any fundamental change in the way the test is conducted. An
amendment addressing incomplete cycling would apply to a very small
minority of products, much less than one percent of refrigeration
product models. Amendments addressing the reporting of product height
and the measurement of refrigerated volume would reduce measurement and
reporting burden. Also, an amendment allowing for use of a third test
for products whose control systems are not tuned to match both fresh
food and freezer compartment standardized temperatures simultaneously
(triangulation) is optional.
The primary incremental cost for small businesses under this
rulemaking would result from the aforementioned automatic icemaker
testing requirements. The cost to provide a required water supply for a
test facility to address icemaking testing is estimated at $800. The
buildings in which the test facilities are housed would already have a
water supply--this additional cost would be the cost of extending that
supply to the interior of a test facility. The additional test burden
impact estimated by DOE is associated with additional test time. DOE
estimates that the additional cost associated with this test time is
$1,250 per test, based on an assumption that test time would increase
50% as compared with the current test (e.g., extension of test duration
from four to six days) and based also on the costs DOE incurred to
conduct testing using the proposed procedure. Since certification for
refrigeration products is generally based on testing of three products,
the incremental testing cost impact for this small business
manufacturer associated with test time is estimated to be $3,750 per
refrigeration product.
These costs were applied to the number of existing models subject
to testing requirements outlined in this rulemaking, which DOE
estimated at 20 basic models, based on its review of the number of
products that would have automatic icemakers offered by the examined
manufacturer. DOE assumed that the costs would be incurred in the year
preceding the implementation of the new testing requirements, which,
for the purposes of the analysis, is assumed to take effect coincident
with a revision of the 2014 energy conservation standards in 2021. The
test costs are assumed to occur in the preceding year as the
manufacturer certifies the new product models in preparation for the
potential adjustment in energy conservation standards. Based on these
assumptions, incremental testing costs for small businesses were
estimated at $76,000 in 2020.
As explained below, the findings of the DOE analysis suggest that
small business manufacturers of refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers,
and freezers would not be disproportionately impacted by the proposed
test procedure, relative to their competition. DOE conducted an
analysis to evaluate the testing cost burden that would likely be
affected by the inclusion of the proposed procedure for automatic
icemakers relative to the estimated annual R&D budget of the small
manufacturer. The analysis utilized financial data gathered from other
public sources (including Hoover's and financial statements from
publicly-traded manufacturers in the industry) to derive the estimated
average annual R&D budget of the small business impacted by this rule.
The average industry R&D expenditure was estimated at 2.4 percent of
revenues. The average annual revenues for a small business manufacturer
of residential refrigeration products was estimated based on revenues
of these manufacturers as reported by Hoover's. The annualized costs
associated with this rulemaking were then compared to estimated R&D
expenditures to determine the magnitude of the cost impacts of this
test procedure on small businesses. Based on this analysis, DOE
estimates that the cost burden of the proposed test procedure to this
small manufacturer represents a one-time cost of approximately 5
percent of the annual R&D budget for an average small business
manufacturer of residential refrigeration products. Based on this
analysis, DOE concludes that this value would be unlikely to represent
a significant economic impact on this small manufacturer in light of
the small additional one-time cost that would be incurred to conduct
the proposed procedure.
Based on the criteria outlined above, DOE has determined that the
proposed test procedure amendments would not have a ``significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities,'' and the
preparation of a regulatory flexibility analysis is not warranted. DOE
will transmit the certification and supporting statement of factual
basis to the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business
Administration for review under 5 U.S.C. 605(b).
DOE seeks comment on its estimated additional cost of testing due
to the new requirements for testing presented in this NOPR.
Specifically, DOE seeks comment on the impacts of the additional cost
of testing on small manufacturers. DOE also seeks comment on its
reasoning that the proposed test procedure changes would not have a
significant impact on a substantial number of small entities.
C. Review Under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995
Manufacturers of refrigeration products must certify to DOE that
their products comply with the applicable energy conservation standard.
In certifying compliance, manufacturers must test their products
according to the DOE test procedure for refrigeration products,
including any amendments adopted for that test procedure. The
information collection requirement for certification and recordkeeping
is subject to review and approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction
Act (PRA). This requirement has been submitted to OMB for approval. DOE
received OMB approval to collect this information and has established
regulations for the certification and recordkeeping requirements for
all covered consumer products and commercial equipment, including the
refrigeration products addressed by today's proposed rule. 76 FR 12422
(March 7, 2011). The public reporting burden for the certification is
estimated to average 20 hours per response, including the time for
reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the
collection of information. While DOE has proposed to add a new
reporting requirement (whether the manufacturer used the triangulation
method for its certification tests), it has also proposed to remove a
requirement (reporting of product height). Thus, DOE has determined
that there is effectively no change in the reporting burden for these
products.
Notwithstanding any other provision of the law, no person is
required to respond to, nor shall any person be subject to a penalty
for failure to comply with, a collection of information subject to the
requirements of the PRA, unless that collection of information displays
a currently valid OMB Control Number.
D. Review Under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
In this notice, DOE proposes to amend its test procedure for
refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers. These proposed
amendments would improve the ability of DOE's procedures to more
accurately account for the energy consumption of products that
incorporate a variety of new technologies that were not contemplated
when the current procedure was promulgated. DOE has determined that
[[Page 41656]]
this proposed rule falls into a class of actions that are categorically
excluded from review under the National Environmental Policy Act of
1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) and DOE's implementing regulations at 10
CFR part 1021. Specifically, this rule proposes to amend an existing
rule without changing its environmental effect, and, therefore, is
covered by the Categorical Exclusion in 10 CFR part 1021, subpart D,
appendix A6. See 76 FR 63764, 63788 (Oct. 13, 2011). The exclusion
applies because this proposed rule would establish a strictly
procedural requirement by revising existing test procedures. These
proposed revisions will not affect the amount, quality, or distribution
of energy usage, and, therefore, will not result in any environmental
impacts. Accordingly, neither an environmental assessment nor an
environmental impact statement is required.
E. Review Under Executive Order 13132
Executive Order 13132, ``Federalism,'' imposes certain requirements
on agencies formulating and implementing policies or regulations that
preempt State law or that have Federalism implications. 64 FR 43255
(Aug. 10, 1999). The Executive Order requires agencies to examine the
constitutional and statutory authority supporting any action that would
limit the policymaking discretion of the States and to carefully assess
the necessity for such actions. The Executive Order also requires
agencies to have an accountable process to ensure meaningful and timely
input by State and local officials in the development of regulatory
policies that have Federalism implications. On March 14, 2000, DOE
published a statement of policy describing the intergovernmental
consultation process that it will follow in developing such
regulations. 65 FR 13735. DOE examined this proposed rule and
determined that it will not have a substantial direct effect on the
States, on the relationship between the national government and the
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the
various levels of government. EPCA governs and prescribes Federal
preemption of State regulations as to energy conservation for the
products that are the subject of today's proposed rule. States can
petition DOE for exemption from such preemption to the extent, and
based on criteria, set forth in EPCA. (42 U.S.C. 6297) No further
action is required by Executive Order 13132.
F. Review Under Executive Order 12988
Regarding the review of existing regulations and the promulgation
of new regulations, section 3(a) of Executive Order 12988, ``Civil
Justice Reform,'' 61 FR 4729 (Feb. 7, 1996), imposes on Federal
agencies the general duty to adhere to the following requirements: (1)
Eliminate drafting errors and ambiguity; (2) write regulations to
minimize litigation; (3) provide a clear legal standard for affected
conduct rather than a general standard; and (4) promote simplification
and burden reduction. Section 3(b) of Executive Order 12988
specifically requires that Executive agencies make every reasonable
effort to ensure that the regulation specifies the following: (1) the
preemptive effect, if any; (2) any effect on existing Federal law or
regulation; (3) a clear legal standard for affected conduct while
promoting simplification and burden reduction; (4) the retroactive
effect, if any; (5) definitions of key terms; and (6) other important
issues affecting clarity and general draftsmanship under any guidelines
issued by the Attorney General. Section 3(c) of Executive Order 12988
requires Executive agencies to review regulations in light of
applicable standards in sections 3(a) and 3(b) to determine whether
they are met or whether it is unreasonable to meet one or more of them.
DOE has completed the required review and determined that, to the
extent permitted by law, this proposed rule meets the relevant
standards of Executive Order 12988.
G. Review Under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Pub.
L. 104-4; 2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.) requires each Federal agency to assess
the effects of Federal regulatory actions on State, local, and Tribal
governments and the private sector. For a regulatory action resulting
in a rule that may cause the expenditure by State, local, and Tribal
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector of $100 million
or more in any one year (adjusted annually for inflation), section 202
of UMRA requires a Federal agency to publish estimates of the resulting
costs, benefits, and other effects on the national economy. (2 U.S.C.
1532(a)-(b)) UMRA also requires a Federal agency to develop an
effective process to permit timely input by elected officers of State,
local, and Tribal governments on a proposed ``significant
intergovernmental mandate,'' and requires an agency plan for giving
notice and opportunity for timely input to potentially-affected small
governments before establishing any requirements that might
significantly or uniquely affect such governments. On March 18, 1997,
DOE published a statement of policy on its process for
intergovernmental consultation under UMRA. 62 FR 12820. (The policy is
also available at http:/www.gc.doe.gov/gc/office-general-counsel).
Today's proposed rule contains neither an intergovernmental mandate nor
a mandate that may result in an expenditure of $100 million or more in
any year, so these requirements do not apply.
H. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act,
1999
Section 654 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 1999 (Pub. L. 105-277) requires Federal agencies to issue a Family
Policymaking Assessment for any rule that may affect family well-being.
Today's proposed rule would not have any impact on the autonomy or
integrity of the family as an institution. Accordingly, DOE has
concluded that it is not necessary to prepare a Family Policymaking
Assessment.
I. Review Under Executive Order 12630
DOE has determined, under Executive Order 12630, ``Governmental
Actions and Interference with Constitutionally Protected Property
Rights,'' 53 FR 8859 (March 18, 1988), that this proposed regulation
would not result in any takings that might require compensation under
the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
J. Review Under the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act,
2001
Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations
Act, 2001 (44 U.S.C. 3516 note) provides for agencies to review most
disseminations of information to the public under guidelines
established by each agency pursuant to general guidelines issued by
OMB. OMB's guidelines were published at 67 FR 8452 (Feb. 22, 2002), and
DOE's guidelines were published at 67 FR 62446 (Oct. 7, 2002). DOE has
reviewed today's proposed rule under OMB and DOE guidelines and has
concluded that it is consistent with applicable policies in those
guidelines.
K. Review Under Executive Order 13211
Executive Order 13211, ``Actions Concerning Regulations That
Significantly Affect Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use,'' 66 FR 28355
(May 22, 2001), requires Federal agencies to
[[Page 41657]]
prepare and submit to OIRA a Statement of Energy Effects for any
significant energy action. A ``significant energy action'' is defined
as any action by an agency that promulgates or is expected to lead to
promulgation of a final rule and that (1) Is a significant regulatory
action under Executive Order 12866, or any successor order; and (2) is
likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply,
distribution, or use of energy; or (3) is designated by the
Administrator of OIRA as a significant energy action. For any
significant energy action, the agency must give a detailed statement of
any adverse effects on energy supply, distribution, or use if the
regulation is implemented, and of reasonable alternatives to the action
and their expected benefits on energy supply, distribution, and use.
Today's proposed regulatory action is not a significant regulatory
action under Executive Order 12866. It has likewise not been designated
as a significant energy action by the Administrator of OIRA. Moreover,
it would not have a significant adverse effect on the supply,
distribution, or use of energy. Therefore, it is not a significant
energy action, and, accordingly, DOE has not prepared a Statement of
Energy Effects.
L. Review Under Section 32 of the Federal Energy Administration Act of
1974
Under section 301 of the DOE Organization Act (Pub. L. 95-91; 42
U.S.C. 7101 et seq.), DOE must comply with section 32 of the Federal
Energy Administration Act of 1974, as amended by the Federal Energy
Administration Authorization Act of 1977 (FEAA). (15 U.S.C. 788)
Section 32 essentially provides in part that, where a rule authorizes
or requires use of commercial standards, the rulemaking must inform the
public of the use and background of such standards. In addition,
section 32(c) requires DOE to consult with the Attorney General and the
Chairman of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) concerning the impact of
the commercial or industry standards on competition.
The proposed modifications to the test procedures addressed by this
proposed action incorporate testing methods contained in certain
sections of the commercial standard, HRF-1-2008, and a separate
standard adopted by the Australian and New Zealand governments--
Australian/New Zealand Standard 44474.1:2007, Performance of household
electrical appliances--Refrigerating appliances, Part 1: Energy
consumption and performance. DOE has evaluated this standard and is
unable to conclude whether it fully complies with the requirements of
section 32(b) of the FEAA (i.e., whether it was developed in a manner
that fully provides for public participation, comment, and review). The
Attorney General and FTC will be consulted about the impact on
competition of using the methods contained in this standard, prior to
the issuance of a final rule.
V. Public Participation
A. Attendance at the Public Meeting
The time, date, and location of the public meeting are listed in
the DATES and ADDRESSES sections at the beginning of this document. If
you plan to attend the public meeting, please notify Ms. Brenda Edwards
at (202) 586-2945 or Brenda.Edwards@ee.doe.gov. Please note that
foreign nationals visiting DOE Headquarters are subject to advance
security screening procedures. Any foreign national wishing to
participate in the meeting should advise DOE as soon as possible by
contacting Ms. Edwards to initiate the necessary procedures. Please
also note that those wishing to bring laptops into the Forrestal
Building will be required to obtain a property pass. Visitors should
avoid bringing laptops, or allow an extra 45 minutes. Persons can
attend the public meeting via webinar. For more information, refer to
the Public Participation section near the end of this notice.
In addition, you can attend the public meeting via webinar. Webinar
registration information, participant instructions, and information
about the capabilities available to webinar participants will be
published on DOE's Web site http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/current_rulemakings-notices.html. Participants
are responsible for ensuring their systems are compatible with the
webinar software.
B. Procedure for Submitting Requests to Speak
Any person who has plans to present a prepared general statement
may request that copies of his or her statement be made available at
the public meeting. Such persons may submit requests, along with an
advance copy of their statement in PDF (preferred), Microsoft Word or
Excel, or text (ASCII) file format, to the appropriate address shown in
the ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this notice. The request and
advance copy of statements must be received at least one week before
the public meeting and may be emailed, hand-delivered, or sent by mail.
DOE prefers to receive requests and advance copies via email. Please
include a telephone number to enable DOE staff to make a follow-up
contact, if needed.
C. Conduct of Public Meeting
DOE will designate a DOE official to preside at the public meeting
and may also use a professional facilitator to aid discussion. The
meeting will not be a judicial or evidentiary-type public hearing, but
DOE will conduct it in accordance with section 336 of EPCA (42 U.S.C.
6306). A court reporter will be present to record the proceedings and
prepare a transcript. DOE reserves the right to schedule the order of
presentations and to establish the procedures governing the conduct of
the public meeting. After the public meeting, interested parties may
submit further comments on the proceedings as well as on any aspect of
the rulemaking until the end of the comment period.
The public meeting will be conducted in an informal, conference
style. DOE will present summaries of comments received before the
public meeting, allow time for general statements by participants, and
encourage all interested parties to share their views on issues
affecting this rulemaking. Each participant will be allowed to make a
general statement (within time limits determined by DOE) before the
discussion of specific topics. DOE will permit, as time permits, other
participants to comment briefly on any general statements.
At the end of all prepared statements on a topic, DOE will permit
participants to clarify their statements briefly and comment on
statements made by others. Participants should be prepared to answer
questions by DOE and by other participants concerning these issues. DOE
representatives may also ask questions of participants concerning other
matters relevant to this rulemaking. The official conducting the public
meeting will accept additional comments or questions from those
attending, as time permits. The presiding official will announce any
further procedural rules or modification of the above procedures that
may be needed for the proper conduct of the public meeting.
A transcript of the public meeting will be included in the docket,
which can be viewed as described in the Docket section at the beginning
of this notice. In addition, any person may buy a copy of the
transcript from the transcribing reporter.
D. Submission of Comments
DOE will accept comments, data, and information regarding the
proposed rule before or after the public meeting, but
[[Page 41658]]
no later than the date provided in the DATES section at the beginning
of this notice. Interested parties may submit comments using any of the
methods described in the ADDRESSES section at the beginning of this
notice.
Submitting comments via regulations.gov. The regulations.gov Web
page will require you to provide your name and contact information.
Your contact information will be viewable to DOE Building Technologies
staff only. Your contact information will not be publicly viewable
except for your first and last names, organization name (if any), and
submitter representative name (if any). If your comment is not
processed properly because of technical difficulties, DOE will use this
information to contact you. If DOE cannot read your comment due to
technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, DOE
may not be able to consider your comment.
However, your contact information will be publicly viewable if you
include it in the comment or in any documents attached to your comment.
Any information that you do not want to be publicly viewable should not
be included in your comment, nor in any document attached to your
comment. Persons viewing comments will see only first and last names,
organization names, correspondence containing comments, and any
documents submitted with the comments.
Do not submit to regulations.gov information for which disclosure
is restricted by statute, such as trade secrets and commercial or
financial information (hereinafter referred to as Confidential Business
Information (CBI)). Comments submitted through regulations.gov cannot
be claimed as CBI. Comments received through the Web site will waive
any CBI claims for the information submitted. For information on
submitting CBI, see the Confidential Business Information section.
DOE processes submissions made through regulations.gov before
posting. Normally, comments will be posted within a few days of being
submitted. However, if large volumes of comments are being processed
simultaneously, your comment may not be viewable for up to several
weeks. Please keep the comment tracking number that regulations.gov
provides after you have successfully uploaded your comment.
Submitting comments via email, hand delivery, or mail. Comments and
documents submitted via email, hand delivery, or mail also will be
posted to regulations.gov. If you do not want your personal contact
information to be publicly viewable, do not include it in your comment
or any accompanying documents. Instead, provide your contact
information on a cover letter. Include your first and last names, email
address, telephone number, and optional mailing address. The cover
letter will not be publicly viewable as long as it does not include any
comments.
Include contact information each time you submit comments, data,
documents, and other information to DOE. If you submit via mail or hand
delivery, please provide all items on a CD, if feasible. It is not
necessary to submit printed copies. No facsimiles (faxes) will be
accepted.
Comments, data, and other information submitted to DOE
electronically should be provided in PDF (preferred), Microsoft Word or
Excel, WordPerfect, or text (ASCII) file format. Provide documents that
are not secured, written in English and are free of any defects or
viruses. Documents should not contain special characters or any form of
encryption and, if possible, they should carry the electronic signature
of the author.
Campaign form letters. Please submit campaign form letters by the
originating organization in batches of between 50 to 500 form letters
per PDF or as one form letter with a list of supporters' names compiled
into one or more PDFs. This reduces comment processing and posting
time.
Confidential Business Information. According to 10 CFR 1004.11, any
person submitting information that he or she believes to be
confidential and exempt by law from public disclosure should submit via
email, postal mail, or hand delivery two well-marked copies: One copy
of the document that includes all of the information believed to be
confidential, and one copy of the document marked non-confidential with
the information believed to be confidential deleted. Submit these
documents via email or on a CD, if feasible. DOE will make its own
determination about the confidential status of the information and
treat it according to its determination.
Factors of interest to DOE when evaluating requests to treat
submitted information as confidential include the following: (1) A
description of the items; (2) whether and why such items are
customarily treated as confidential within the industry; (3) whether
the information is generally known by or available from other sources;
(4) whether the information was previously made available to others
without obligation concerning its confidentiality; (5) an explanation
of the competitive injury to the submitting person that would result
from public disclosure; (6) when such information might lose its
confidential character due to the passage of time; and (7) why
disclosure of the information would be contrary to the public interest.
E. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Comment
Although DOE welcomes comments on any aspect of this proposal, DOE
is particularly interested in receiving comments and views of
interested parties concerning the following issues:
1. Modifications to Appendices A1 and B1
DOE is primarily proposing changes to the test procedures that will
be required for certification starting in 2014. Many of these changes
would help improve measurement accuracy by clarifying certain aspects
of the test procedures, and would reduce test burden, but would not
affect measured energy use. While the current test procedures are
scheduled to be obsolete after September 2014, DOE may consider
proposing these amendments also in the current test procedures to allow
for the earlier adoption of these improvements and to smooth the path
for their possible adoption in the test procedures that will be
applicable after September 2014. DOE requests comments on whether any
of the proposed amendments should also be considered for the current
test procedures of Appendices A1 and B1.
2. Icemaking Test Procedure Request for Comments
DOE requests comments on any aspects of the proposal for
measurement of energy use associated with icemaking. DOE further
requests comment on the following details of the test procedure
proposal.
a. Refrigerators With Automatic Icemakers
DOE requests comment on whether any refrigerators (i.e., ``electric
refrigerator'' as defined in 10 CFR 430.2 rather than ``electric
refrigerator-freezer'') are sold with automatic icemakers. If so, DOE
also seeks comment on whether test procedures for automatic icemakers
should cover these ``electric refrigerators'' and to what extent, if
any, the test procedure would need to be modified to accommodate the
testing of these products. DOE is seeking comment on this issue in part
to ascertain whether this aspect of today's proposal should apply to
refrigerators as opposed to only refrigerator-freezers. DOE is
currently unaware of any refrigerators that are also equipped with an
automatic icemaker.
[[Page 41659]]
b. Manual Defrost Products With Automatic Icemakers
DOE requests comment on whether any manual defrost refrigerator-
freezers or freezers are sold with automatic icemakers and whether any
modifications to the proposed test procedure are required to address
such products.
c. Icemaking Definitions
DOE requests comment on the proposal to establish definitions for
``Harvest'', ``Ice storage bin'', and ``Ice piece'' in the test
procedures.
d. Anti-Sweat Heater Switch
DOE requests comment on the proposed requirements that products
with anti-sweat heater switches be tested with the switches in the off
position and that products with variable anti-sweat heater control
without an anti-sweat heater switch be tested in an ambient environment
with sufficiently low humidity to prevent the anti-sweat heaters from
being energized. DOE also requests suggestions regarding how the
objectives of these requirements could be satisfied with alternative
approaches.
e. Setup for Icemaking
DOE requests comment on the proposed modification of the setup
requirements, specifically the requirements addressing water lines,
water filters, and ice storage bins.
f. Icemaking Water Temperature and Pressure Conditions
DOE seeks comment on its proposal to require 90 +/-2 [deg]F water
inlet temperature and 60 15 psig inlet pressure
conditions.
g. Icemaking Data Collection Rate for Icemaking Test
DOE requests comments on the proposed one minute maximum data
collection interval for the proposed icemaking test and its assumption
that most test facilities record data for refrigeration product energy
tests at a frequency of at least once per minute.
h. Icemaker Cycles
DOE requests comment on its proposed delineation between icemaker
cycles at the end of the harvest of a batch of ice.
i. Alternative Icemaker Cycle Indication
DOE requests comment on its proposal for monitoring icemaker cycles
for products whose icemakers have no mold heaters, on the details of
the three proposed methods, on the requirements that one of the three
identified methods be used to indicate icemaker cycles and that the
test report indicate which one was used, and whether DOE should propose
requirements indicating under what circumstances which of the three
alternatives must be used. DOE further requests comment on whether
additional alternative methods should be allowed by the test procedure.
Finally, DOE requests comments on its proposal that the delineation
between icemaking cycles determined by the proposed alternative methods
would be when water is flowing into the icemaker mold.
j. Icemaker Field Operation
DOE assumes that in the field, continuous icemaking would typically
occur only for initial filling of the bin and successive icemaker
cycles would occur after a portion of ice has been withdrawn from the
ice bin. DOE seeks comment and data confirming DOE's assumption or, if
that assumption is incorrect, information suggesting an alternative
approach and description with respect to icemaking operation in the
field.
k. Icemaking Temperature Setting
DOE requests comments on its proposed variation limits on
compartment temperatures during different parts of the icemaking test,
which would require that (1) Compartment temperatures be set to their
warmest setting for which compartment temperatures are no more than 1
[deg]F warmer than their standardized temperatures for the baseline
test, (2) if the compartment temperatures increase during icemaking
that they be adjusted to their warmest setting for which compartment
temperatures are no more than 1 [deg]F warmer during the icemaking test
than they were in the baseline test, (3) for mechanical controls these
settings be aligned with symbols on the temperature dial, and (4)
products that use quick-freeze control during icemaking be tested
without disabling this feature during the test.
l. Test Period for Baseline Part of Test
DOE requests comments on its proposal to adopt a test period for
the baseline part of the test that is equivalent to its existing test
period for products with manual defrost, i.e. consisting of a period of
time at least three hours in duration and, if the product's compressor
cycles, comprising at least two complete compressor cycles. DOE further
requests comment on the proposal to allow overlap of the stabilization
period and the test period for the baseline part of the test as long as
the stabilization period ends no later than the test period for the
baseline part of the test.
m. Test Periods for Icemaking Part of Test
With respect to refrigeration products that cycle their compressors
during icemaking, DOE requests comments on its proposal to (1)
establish test periods for the icemaking part of the test based both on
icemaker cycles and on compressor cycles and (2) require that energy
use be calculated using both of these test periods and applying them to
the same period of icemaking in order to provide a more accurate
calculation of icemaking energy use. Likewise, DOE requests comment on
its proposal to allow use of only the test period based on icemaker
cycles for refrigeration products that do not cycle their compressors
during icemaking.
n. Icemaking Test Period Stability Tolerance
DOE requests comment on its proposal to include a temperature
stability requirement in the icemaking test procedure that would
require the temperature in the freezer compartment, measured for any
compressor cycle (if the refrigeration product cycles its compressor
during icemaking) or any icemaker cycle (if the refrigeration product
does not cycle its compressor during icemaking) within the test period,
to be within 3 [deg]F of the compartment's temperature average for the
full test period.
o. Icemaking Test Period Duration
DOE requests comment on its proposal to adopt a minimum test period
duration of 24 hours for the icemaking portion of the test, if this is
possible prior to a defrost cycle occurrence or filling of the ice
storage bin. Additionally, DOE requests comments on its proposal to
require icemaking to be initiated shortly after the start of compressor
operation following a defrost cycle.
p. Ice Mass
DOE requests comment on its proposed method of measuring ice mass.
q. Multiple Icemakers
The DOE proposal addresses refrigeration products with one icemaker
serving a through-the-door feature and another not serving this
feature, proposing that icemaking energy use be measured only for the
icemaker serving the through-the-door feature. DOE requests comment on
this approach for testing these products. DOE also requests comment on
whether
[[Page 41660]]
products with multiple icemakers using other configurations exist, what
their design details are, whether DOE should consider modifying the
proposed test procedure to address these products, and how the proposed
test procedure should be modified to address them.
r. Ice Production Rate
DOE seeks information on consumer daily ice production to help
determine the most appropriate ice production rate for the test
procedure. DOE further seeks comment on whether the proposed 1.8 pounds
per day ice production rate should be retained or whether a lower rate,
as suggested by data provided by the Northwest Energy Efficiency
Alliance, should be considered.
s. Measurements of Energy Use Associated With Icemaking
DOE seeks icemaking energy use data for typical products sold with
automatic icemakers, using the test procedure proposed in this notice.
DOE seeks these data in order to improve confidence in the
understanding of typical icemaking energy use per pound of ice of
residential refrigeration products.
t. Impact on Energy Use Measurement
DOE requests comments on its assessment of the impacts on energy
use measurements of the proposed test procedure amendments. DOE further
requests comments to support any potentially claimed change in the
measured energy use, including data, if any, that would weigh in favor
of adjusting the standards set to take effect on September 15, 2014,
for products with automatic icemakers. DOE further requests comment on
whether the fixed placeholder value for the icemaking energy use should
be retained, rather than adopting a laboratory measurement, with
adoption of a measurement-based standard to occur as part of a future
energy conservation standards rulemaking for refrigerators,
refrigerator-freezers, and freezers.
3. Multiple Compressor Test Procedure Request for Comments
DOE is interested in receiving general comments regarding the
proposed multiple compressor test procedure and specific comments
regarding the following items.
a. Multiple Compressor Definition
DOE requests comment on its proposed definition of refrigerator-
freezers or refrigerators with multiple compressors.
b. Temperature Cycles
DOE requests comment on its proposal to allow use of temperature
cycles as alternative indicators for start and stop times for multiple
compressor test periods.
c. Data Collection Rate
DOE requests comments on the proposed one minute maximum data
collection interval for the proposed multiple compressor test.
d. Multiple Compressor Stabilization Period
DOE requests comment on its proposal to apply the current
stabilization requirement of Appendix A, section 2.9 to multiple
compressor products and also on its proposal to allow evaluation of
temperatures based either on temperature cycles or compressor cycles
when evaluating stabilization.
e. One-Part Multiple Compressor Test
DOE requests comments on its proposal to allow a one-part test for
multiple compressor products where only one compressor system has a
defrost cycle (but this system's defrost control is neither long-time
nor variable).
f. Test Periods for Products With One or No Cycling Compressors
DOE requests comment on its proposal allowing simplified test
periods for both the first and second parts of the test (consistent
with the test periods used for products with single compressors) when
testing multiple-compressor products in which one or no compressor
cycles during a test.
g. Duration of the First Part of the Test
DOE seeks comment on its proposal to require the first part of the
test to be a single continuous period lasting at least 24 hours, if
this period is not interrupted by a defrost, and that the test period
be no less than 18 hours long if it is interrupted by a defrost.
Further, DOE seeks comment on its proposal that this test period
comprise a whole number of cycles of a ``primary'' compressor (or a
whole number of temperature cycles of the compartment associated with
the ``primary'' compressor), and that the ``primary'' compressor be the
freezer compressor, if the freezer compressor cycles during the test.
h. Stabilization for the First Part of the Test
DOE requests comment on its proposal to require that the first part
of the test consist of a period of stable operation. DOE also seeks
comment on its proposed definition for stable operation, which would
require compartment temperature changes during the period to not exceed
0.042 [deg]F per hour.
i. Second Part of the Test
DOE requests comment on its proposal that the second part of the
test that would be conducted for each compressor system that has a
defrost cycle must include start and end points that occur during
stable operation while surrounding the defrost cycle being measured.
Further, DOE requests comment on the proposal that both the start and
end of the test period occur either (a) when the primary compressor on-
cycle starts or (b) when the primary compressor on-cycle stops--or
alternatively that both the start and end of the test period occur
either (c) when the compartment temperature associated with the primary
compressor is at a maximum or (d) when the compartment temperature
associated with the primary compressor is at a minimum. Finally, DOE
requests comment on its proposal to allow start and end times for the
test period for products with non-cycling compressors to occur when the
compartment temperatures are within 0.5 [deg]F of their averages for
the first part of the test.
j. Measurement Changes for Multiple Compressor Products
DOE requests information regarding any refrigeration products with
multiple compressors (other than those already covered by test
procedure waivers) and whether the proposed test procedure would alter
the measurement of energy use of any multiple compressor products. If
the proposed test procedure would alter the measured energy use, DOE
requests information regarding how large the change would be and what
aspects of the proposed test would be most responsible for that change.
k. Multiple Compressor Products With Manual Defrost
DOE requests comment on whether any multiple compressor
refrigeration products with manual defrost exist and whether the test
procedure proposal should address such products.
4. Triangulation Approach
DOE welcomes comment on its proposal to include the triangulation
approach as an optional interpolation method in the test procedure,
including comment on the proposed approach for implementing this method
in the test procedure and the proposed requirement to indicate in
certification
[[Page 41661]]
reports that triangulation has been used for certification. DOE also
welcomes comment on its proposal to use triangulation for assessment
and enforcement testing if (a) the product was certified using this
method, or (b) the measurement results calculated based on the first
two tests differ by more than five percent using the two different
compartment temperatures for the interpolations.
5. Anti-Circumvention Language
a. Modification to Anti-Circumvention Language
DOE invites stakeholder comment on its proposal to modify the anti-
circumvention language.
b. Components That Operate Differently During Testing
DOE seeks comment on potential revisions to the anti-circumvention
language that would, in limited circumstances, permit the use of
control algorithms that may cause a system to operate differently
during testing from how it would operate in the field.
6. Incomplete Cycling
DOE seeks comment on its proposed amendment to the incomplete
cycling definition and the associated modification of the test period
for such products from 24 hours to one whole compressor cycle. DOE also
seeks comment on its proposal to alter the test period requirements of
Appendices A and B for products with automatic (but not long-time or
variable) defrost so that the temperature measurements are made during
test periods that do not include any of the events associated with
defrost cycles. DOE also requests comment on whether temperature
measurement requirements for incomplete cycling or non-cycling products
in Appendices A1 and B1 should be made consistent with the temperature
measurement requirements in Appendices A and B, i.e., that the
temperature measurement and energy measurement test periods would
coincide.
7. Mechanical Control Settings
DOE invites stakeholder comment on its proposal to modify its test
procedures to clarify the setting of mechanical controls during
testing.
8. Ambient Temperature Conditions
DOE requests comment on its proposed changes to ambient temperature
and ambient temperature gradient requirements and its proposed approach
to implementing these changes.
9. Definitions Associated With Defrost Cycles
DOE welcomes comment on the proposed definitions for terms
associated with defrost cycles--``precooling'', ``recovery'', ``stable
operation'', and ``stable period of compressor operation''.
10. Elimination of Product Height Reporting
DOE invites comment on its proposal to eliminate the certification
requirement for reporting product height starting September 15, 2014.
11. Measurement of Product Volume
DOE seeks comment on its proposal to permit the use of CAD models
to measure product volumes for the purposes of certification, the
proposed 2 percent (or 0.5/0.2 cubic foot) allowance with respect to
differences between the certified and measured volumes, and the
requirements for retention of CAD-generated volume calculations as part
of certification test reports. DOE also requests information on the
documentation kept by manufacturers of CAD modeling used for
calculations of volume and whether this documentation is in or could be
converted to a format that would allow review by DOE without use of CAD
software.
12. Package Loading
DOE requests comment on its clarifications of the appropriate
method for determining that the 75% package loading requirement for
manual defrost freezers in section 5.5.5.3 of HRF-1-2008 has been met
and the proposed amendments to the text of Appendix B to address this
issue.
13. Product Clearance to the Wall During Testing
DOE requests comment on its proposed revisions to the text of
Appendices A and B to address product clearance to the wall during
testing.
14. Relocation of Shelving
DOE requests comments on its proposal to require that shelving and/
or other components whose position is adjustable by consumers be
relocated to assure that temperature sensors maintain the required
clearance from hardware, while indicating that the shelving be
installed as evenly as possible if relocation for temperature sensors
is required.
15. Built-in Refrigerators
DOE requests comment on whether testing in a built-in condition
would generally be more representative of energy consumption in average
use and, if so, the extent to which testing in this condition would be
expected to affect the measured energy use of these products. DOE is
also interested in receiving comment on whether there would be a
significant additional test burden resulting from a requirement that
specifies these products be tested in a built-in condition.
16. Measurement of Product Volume
DOE requests comment on its interpretations of the volume
measurement provisions of AHAM HRF-1-2008 pertaining to air ducts and
water coolers, and its proposed revisions to section 5.3 of the test
procedures in Appendices A and B addressing volume measurement.
17. Test Burden
DOE seeks comment regarding its assessment of the test burden
impacts of the test procedure amendments proposed in this notice.
18. Changes in Measured Energy Use
DOE invites stakeholder comment regarding DOE's assessments of the
potential changes in measured energy use associated with the proposed
test procedure changes. DOE requests comment on whether any of the
proposed amendments to the test procedures could alter energy use
measurements, and, if so, DOE requests data showing the magnitude of
the measurement changes.
19. Standby and Off/Mode Energy Use
DOE tentatively proposed that no separate changes are needed to
account for standby and off mode energy consumption, since the current
(and as proposed) procedures already address energy consumed in standby
and off modes. DOE requests comments on this determination.
20. Regulatory Flexibility
DOE requests comment on its initial conclusion that there are no
small business manufacturers of refrigeration products that would be
affected by the proposed changes in the test procedures for products
with automatic icemakers.
VI. Approval of the Office of the Secretary
The Secretary of Energy has approved publication of this proposed
rulemaking.
List of Subjects
10 CFR Part 429
Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business
information, Energy conservation,
[[Page 41662]]
Household appliances, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
10 CFR Part 430
Administrative practice and procedure, Confidential business
information, Energy conservation, Household appliances, Imports,
Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations, Small
businesses.
Issued in Washington, DC, on June 28, 2013.
Kathleen B. Hogan,
Deputy Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
For the reasons stated in the preamble, DOE proposes to amend parts
429 and 430 of chapter II of title 10, of the Code of Federal
Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 429--CERTIFICATION, COMPLIANCE, AND ENFORCEMENT FOR CONSUMER
PRODUCTS AND COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
0
1. The authority citation for part 429 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6317.
0
2. Section 429.14 is amended by adding paragraphs (a)(3) and (a)(4),
and by revising paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) to read as follows:
Sec. 429.14 Residential refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers and
freezers.
(a) * * *
(3) Where the test procedures for these products provide more than
one means for measuring the energy consumption of a basic model, all
units of the basic model must be tested using the same method.
(4) The value of total refrigerated volume of a basic reported in
accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section shall be the mean of
the total refrigerated volumes measured for each tested unit of the
basic model or the total refrigerated volume of the basic model as
calculated in accordance with Sec. 429.72.
(b) * * *
(2) Pursuant to Sec. 429.12(b)(13), a certification report shall
include the following public product-specific information: The annual
energy use in kilowatt hours per year (kWh/yr); the fresh food
compartment volume in cubic feet (ft\3\) and the freezer compartment
volume in cubic feet (ft\3\), as applicable; whether the basic model
has variable defrost control; whether the basic model has variable
anti-sweat heater control; whether testing has been conducted with
modifications to the standard temperature sensor locations specified by
the figures referenced in section 5.1 of appendices A1, B1, A, and B to
subpart B of part 430; and whether the optional triangulation approach
of section 3.3 of appendix A was used for certification testing.
(3) Pursuant to Sec. 429.12(b)(13), a certification report shall
include the following additional product-specific information: for
models with variable defrost control, the values, if any, of
CTL and CTM (for an example, see section 5.2.1.3
in appendix A to subpart B of part 430) used in the calculation of
energy consumption; and, for models with variable anti-sweat heater
control, the values of heater watts at the ten relative humidity levels
(5%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, 55%, 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95%) used to calculate
the variable anti-sweat heater ``Correction Factor''.
0
3. Add Sec. 429.72 to read as follows:
Sec. 429.72 Alternative methods for determining non-energy ratings.
(a) General. Where Sec. Sec. 429.14 through 429.54 authorize the
use of an alternative method for determining a physical or operating
characteristic other than the energy consumption or efficiency, such
characteristics must be determined either by testing in accordance with
the applicable test procedure and applying the specified sampling plan
provisions established in those sections or as described in the
appropriate product-specific paragraph below. In all cases, the models,
measurements, and calculations used to determine the rating for the
physical or operating characteristic shall be retained as part of the
test records underlying the certification of the basic model in
accordance with 10 CFR 429.71.
(b) Testing. [Reserved]
(c) Residential refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers.
The total refrigerated volume of a basic model of refrigerator,
refrigerator-freezer, or freezer may be determined by performing a
calculation of the volume based upon computer-aided design (CAD) models
of the basic model in lieu of physical measurements of a production
unit of the basic model. Any value of total refrigerated volume of a
basic model reported to DOE in a certification of compliance in
accordance with Sec. 429.14(b)(2) must be calculated using the CAD-
derived volume(s) and the applicable provisions in the test procedures
in part 430 for measuring volume, and must be within two percent, or
0.5 cubic feet (0.2 cubic feet for compact products), whichever is
greater, of the volume of a production unit of the basic model measured
in accordance with the applicable test procedure in part 430.
0
4. Add Sec. 429.134 to read as follows:
Sec. 429.134 Product-specific enforcement provisions.
(a) General. The following provisions apply to enforcement testing
of the relevant products.
(b) Refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers.
(1) Verification of total refrigerated volume. The total
refrigerated volume of the basic model will be measured pursuant to the
test requirements of part 430 for each unit tested. The results of the
measurement(s) will be averaged and compared to the value of total
refrigerated volume certified by the manufacturer. The certified volume
will be considered valid only if:
(i) The measurement is within two percent, or 0.5 cubic feet (0.2
cubic feet for compact products), whichever is greater, of the
certified volume, or
(ii) The measurement is greater than the certified volume.
(A) If the certified total refrigerated volume is found to be
valid, that volume will be used as the basis for calculation of maximum
allowed energy use for the basic model.
(B) If the certified total refrigerated volume is found to be
invalid, the average measured volume will serve as the basis for
calculation of maximum allowed energy use for the tested basic model.
(2) Reserved.
(b) Test for Models with Two Compartments and User Operable
Controls. The test described in section 3.3 of the applicable test
procedure for refrigerators or refrigerator-freezers shall be used if:
(1) The certification report indicates that the basic model was
certified using this method, or
(2) The difference between the two values calculated as described
in section 6.2.2.2 of the test procedure is greater than five percent
of the larger value for any one unit of the basic model.
PART 430--ENERGY CONSERVATION PROGRAM FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS
0
5. The authority citation for part 430 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6291-6309; 28 U.S.C. 2461 note.
0
6. Section 430.2 is amended by revising the definition of ``compact
refrigerator/refrigerator-freezer/freezer'' to read as follows:
Sec. 430.2 Definitions.
* * * * *
[[Page 41663]]
Compact refrigerator/refrigerator-freezer/freezer means any
refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer or freezer with total refrigerated
volume less than 7.75 cubic foot (220 liters) (total refrigerated
volume as determined in appendices A1 and B1 of subpart B of this part
before appendices A and B become mandatory and as determined in
appendices A and B of this subpart once appendices A and B become
mandatory (see the notes at the beginning of appendices A and B)).
* * * * *
0
7. Section 430.3 is amended by adding paragraph (e) to read as follows:
Sec. 430.3 Materials incorporated by reference.
* * * * *
(e) AS/NZS. Australian/New Zealand Standard, GPO Box 476, Sydney
NSW 2001, (02) 9237-6000 or (12) 0065-4646, or go to
www.standards.org.au/Standards New Zealand, Level 10 Radio New Zealand
House 144 The Terrace Wellington 6001 (Private Bag 2439 Wellington
6020), (04) 498-5990 or (04) 498-5991, or go to www.standards.co.nz.
(1) AS/NZS 4474.1:2007, Performance of Household Electrical
Appliances--Refrigerating Appliances; Part 1: Energy Consumption and
Performance, August 15, 2007, IBR approved for Appendix A to Subpart B.
(2) Reserved.
* * * * *
0
8. Section 430.23 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(10) and (b)(7)
to read as follows:
Sec. 430.23 Test procedures for the measurement of energy and water
consumption.
* * * * *
(a) * * *
(10) The following principles of interpretation should be applied
to the test procedure. The intent of the energy test procedure is to
simulate typical room conditions (approximately 70 [deg]F (21 [deg]C))
with door openings by testing at 90 [deg]F (32.2 [deg]C) without door
openings. Except for operating characteristics that are affected by
ambient temperature (for example, compressor percent run time), the
unit, when tested under this test procedure, shall operate in a manner
equivalent to the unit in typical room conditions.
(i) The energy used by the unit shall be calculated when a
calculation is provided by the test procedure. Energy consuming
components that operate in typical room conditions (including as a
result of door openings, or a function of humidity), and that are not
exempted by this test procedure, shall operate in an equivalent manner
during energy testing under this test procedure, or be accounted for by
all calculations as provided for in the test procedure.
Examples:
A. Energy saving features that are designed to operate when there
are no door openings for long periods of time shall not be functional
during the energy test.
B. The defrost heater shall not either function or turn off
differently during the energy test than it would when in typical room
conditions. Also, the product shall not recover differently during the
defrost recovery period than it would in typical room conditions.
C. Electric heaters that would normally operate at typical room
conditions with door openings shall also operate during the energy
test.
D. Energy used during adaptive defrost shall continue to be tested
and adjusted per the calculation provided for in this test procedure.
(ii) DOE recognizes that there may be situations that may not be
completely addressed by the test procedures. A manufacturer must obtain
a waiver in accordance with the relevant provisions of 10 CFR part 430
in such cases, if:
A. A product contains energy consuming components that operate
differently during the prescribed testing than they would during
representative average consumer use; and
B. Applying the prescribed test to that product would evaluate it
in a manner that is unrepresentative of its true energy consumption
(thereby providing materially inaccurate comparative data).
(b) * * *
(7) The following principles of interpretation should be applied to
the test procedure. The intent of the energy test procedure is to
simulate typical room conditions (approximately 70 [deg]F (21 [deg]C))
with door openings by testing at 90 [deg]F (32.2 [deg]C) without door
openings. Except for operating characteristics that are affected by
ambient temperature (for example, compressor percent run time), the
unit, when tested under this test procedure, shall operate in a manner
equivalent to the unit in typical room conditions.
(i) The energy used by the unit shall be calculated when a
calculation is provided by the test procedure. Energy consuming
components that operate in typical room conditions (including as a
result of door openings, or a function of humidity), and that are not
exempted by this test procedure, shall operate in an equivalent manner
during energy testing under this test procedure, or be accounted for by
all calculations as provided for in the test procedure.
Examples:
A. Energy saving features that are designed to operate when there
are no door openings for long periods of time shall not be functional
during the energy test.
B. The defrost heater shall not either function or turn off
differently during the energy test than it would when in typical room
conditions. Also, the product shall not recover differently during the
defrost recovery period than it would in typical room conditions.
C. Electric heaters that would normally operate at typical room
conditions with door openings shall also operate during the energy
test.
D. Energy used during adaptive defrost shall continue to be tested
and adjusted per the calculation provided for in this test procedure.
(ii) DOE recognizes that there may be situations that may not be
completely addressed by the test procedures. A manufacturer must obtain
a waiver in accordance with the relevant provisions of 10 CFR part 430
in such cases, if:
A. A product contains energy consuming components that operate
differently during the prescribed testing than they would during
representative average consumer use; and
B. Applying the prescribed test to that product would evaluate it
in a manner that is unrepresentative of its true energy consumption
(thereby providing materially inaccurate comparative data).
* * * * *
0
9. Appendix A to subpart B of part 430 is amended:
0
a. In section 1. Definitions, by:
0
1. Redesignating section 1.5 as 1.6;
0
2. Redesignating section 1.6 as 1.7;
0
3. Redesignating section 1.7 as 1.9;
0
4. Redesignating section 1.8 as 1.10;
0
5. Redesignating section 1.9 as 1.11 and revising the newly designated
section 1.11;
0
6. Redesignating section 1.10 as 1.12;
0
7. Redesignating section 1.11 as 1.14;
0
8. Redesignating section 1.12 as 1.17;
0
9. Redesignating section 1.13 as 1.21;
0
10. Redesignating section 1.14 as 1.22;
0
11. Redesignating section 1.15 as 1.23;
0
12. Redesignating section 1.16 as 1.26;
0
13. Redesignating section 1.17 as 1.28;
0
14. Redesignating section 1.18 as 1.29;
0
15. Adding sections 1.5, 1.8, 1.11, 1.13, 1.15, 1.16, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20,
1.24 1.25, and 1.26;
0
b. In section 2. Test Conditions, by:
0
1. Revising sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, and 2.8;
0
2. Adding sections, 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, and 2.11;
0
c. In section 3. Test Control Setting, by:
0
1. Revising section 3.2.1;
0
2. Adding section 3.3;
[[Page 41664]]
0
3. Revising Tables 1 and 2;
0
d. In section 4. Test period, by:
0
1. Revising sections 4.1, 4.2, and 4.2.3;
0
2. Adding sections 4.2.3.1, 4.2.3.2, 4.2.3.3, 4.2.3.4, 4.2.3.4.1,
4.2.3.4.2, 4.2.3.4.3;
0
3. In section 5. Test Measurements, by revising sections 5.1, 5.1.1,
5.1.2, 5.2.1.1, 5.2.1.3, 5.2.1.4, 5.2.1.5, and 5.3;
0
e. In section 6. Calculation of Derived Results from Test Measurements,
by:
0
1. Revising sections 6.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2; and;
0
2. Adding section 6.2.2.3;
0
f. Adding section 8. Icemaking Test.
The additions and revisions read as follows:
Appendix A to Subpart B of Part 430--Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Electric Refrigerators and Electric
Refrigerator-Freezers
* * * * *
1. Definitions
* * * * *
1.5 ``AS/NZS 44474.1:2007'' means Australian/New Zealand
Standard 44474.1:2007, Performance of household electrical
appliances--Refrigerating appliances, Part 1: Energy consumption and
performance. Only sections of AS/NZS 44474.1:2007 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3) specifically referenced in this test
procedure are part of this test procedure. In cases where there is a
conflict, the language of the test procedure in this appendix takes
precedence over AS/NZS 44474.1:2007.
* * * * *
1.8 ``Complete temperature cycle'' means a time period defined
based upon the cycling of compartment temperature that starts when
the compartment temperature is at a maximum and ends when the
compartment temperature returns to an equivalent maximum (within 0.5
[deg]F of the starting temperature), having in the interim fallen to
a minimum and subsequently risen again to reach the second maximum.
Alternatively, a complete temperature cycle can be defined to start
when the compartment temperature is at a minimum and ends when the
compartment temperature returns to an equivalent minimum (within 0.5
[deg]F of the starting temperature), having in the interim risen to
a maximum and subsequently fallen again to reach the second minimum.
* * * * *
1.11 ``Defrost cycle type'' means a distinct sequence of control
whose function is to remove frost and/or ice from a refrigerated
surface. There may be variations in the defrost control sequence
such as the number of defrost heaters energized. Each such variation
establishes a separate distinct defrost cycle type. However, defrost
achieved regularly during the compressor off-cycles by warming of
the evaporator without active heat addition, although a form of
automatic defrost, does not constitute a unique defrost cycle type
for the purposes of identifying the test period in accordance with
section 4 of this appendix.
* * * * *
1.13 ``Harvest'' means the process of freeing or removing ice
pieces from an automatic icemaker.
* * * * *
1.15 ``Ice piece'' means a piece of ice made by an automatic
icemaker that has not been reduced in size by crushing or other
mechanical action.
1.16 ``Ice storage bin'' means a container in which ice can be
stored.
* * * * *
1.18 ``Multiple compressor'' refrigerator or refrigerator-
freezer means a refrigerator or refrigerator-freezer with more than
one compressor.
1.19 ``Precooling'' means operating a refrigeration system
before initiation of a defrost cycle to reduce one or more
compartment temperatures significantly (more than 0.5 [deg]F) below
its minimum during stable operation between defrosts.
1.20 ``Recovery'' means operating a refrigeration system after
the conclusion of a defrost cycle to reduce the temperature of one
or more compartments to the temperature range that the
compartment(s) exhibited during stable operation between defrosts.
* * * * *
1.24 ``Stable operation'' means operation after steady-state
conditions have been achieved but excluding any events associated
with defrost cycles. During stable operation the rate of change of
all compartment temperatures must not exceed 0.042 [deg]F (0.023
[deg]C) per hour. Such a calculation performed for compartment
temperatures at any two times, or for any two complete cycles,
during stable operation must meet this requirement.
(A) If compartment temperatures do not cycle, the relevant
calculation shall be the difference between the temperatures at two
points in time divided by the difference, in hours, between those
points in time.
(B) If compartment temperatures cycle as a result of compressor
cycling or other cycling operation of any system component (e.g., a
damper, fan, or heater), the relevant calculation shall be the
difference between compartment temperature averages evaluated for
whole compressor cycles or complete temperature cycles divided by
the difference, in hours, between either the starts, ends, or mid-
times of the two cycles.
1.25 ``Stable period of compressor operation'' is a period of
stable operation of a refrigeration system that has a compressor.
1.26 ``Through-the-door ice/water dispenser'' means a device
incorporated within the cabinet, but outside the boundary of the
refrigerated space, that delivers to the user on demand ice or water
from within the refrigerated space without opening an exterior door.
This definition includes dispensers that are capable of dispensing
ice and water, ice only, or water only.
* * * * *
2. Test Conditions
2.1 Ambient Temperature Measurement. Temperature measuring
devices shall be shielded so that indicated temperatures are not
affected by the operation of the condensing unit or adjacent units.
2.1.1 Ambient Temperature. The ambient temperature shall be
recorded at points located 3 feet (91.5 cm) above the floor and 10
inches (25.4 cm) from the center of the two sides of the unit under
test. The ambient temperature shall be 90.0 1.0 [deg]F
(32.2 0.6 [deg]C) during the stabilization period and
the test period.
2.1.2 Ambient Temperature Gradient. The test room vertical
ambient temperature gradient in any foot of vertical distance from 2
inches (5.1 cm) above the floor or supporting platform to a height
of 7 feet (2.2 m) or to a height 1 foot (30.5 cm) above the top of
the unit under test, whichever is greater, is not to exceed 0.5
[deg]F per foot (0.9 [deg]C per meter). The vertical ambient
temperature gradient at locations 10 inches (25.4 cm) out from the
centers of the two sides of the unit being tested is to be
maintained during the test. To demonstrate that this requirement has
been met, test data must include measurements taken using
temperature sensors at locations 2 inches (5.1 cm) and 36 inches
(91.4 cm) above the floor or supporting platform and at a height of
1 foot (30.5 cm) above the unit under test.
2.1.3 Platform. A platform must be used if the floor temperature
is not within 3 [deg]F (1.7 [deg]C) of the measured ambient
temperature. If a platform is used, it is to have a solid top with
all sides open for air circulation underneath, and its top shall
extend at least 1 foot (30.5 cm) beyond each side and front of the
unit under test and extend to the wall in the rear.
2.2 Operational Conditions. The unit under test shall be
installed and its operating conditions maintained in accordance with
HRF-1-2008, (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), sections
5.3.2 through section 5.5.5.5 (excluding section 5.5.5.4).
Exceptions and clarifications to the cited sections of HRF-1-2008
are noted in sections 2.3 through 2.8, and 5.1 of this appendix.
* * * * *
2.6 The unit under test and its refrigerating mechanism shall be
assembled and set up in accordance with the printed consumer
instructions supplied with the unit. Set-up of the unit shall not
deviate from these instructions, unless explicitly required or
allowed by this test procedure. Specific required or allowed
deviations from such set-up include the following:
(a) Connection of water lines and installation of water filters
are required only when conducting the icemaking test described in
section 8 of this appendix;
(b) Clearance requirements from surfaces of the unit shall be as
described in section 2.8 of this appendix;
(c) The electric power supply shall be as described in HRF-1-
2008 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), section 5.5.1;
(d) Temperature control settings for testing shall be as
described in section 3 of this appendix. Settings for convertible
compartments and other temperature-controllable or special
compartments shall be as described in section 2.7 of this appendix;
(e) The unit does not need to be anchored or otherwise secured
to prevent tipping during energy testing;
[[Page 41665]]
(f) All the unit's chutes and throats required for the delivery
of ice shall be free of packing, covers, or other blockages that may
be fitted for shipping or when the icemaker is not in use; and
(g) Ice storage bins shall be emptied of ice except as required
for the icemaking test described in section 8 of this appendix.
For cases in which set-up is not clearly defined by this test
procedure, manufacturers must submit a petition for a waiver (see
section 7 of this appendix).
* * * * *
2.8 Rear Clearance.
(a) General. The space between the lowest edge of the rear plane
of the cabinet and a vertical surface (the test room wall or
simulated wall) shall be the minimum distance in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, unless other provisions of this section
apply. The rear plane shall be considered to be the largest flat
surface at the rear of the cabinet, excluding features that protrude
beyond this surface, such as brackets, the compressor, or rear-wall-
mounted condensers.
(b) Maximum clearance. The clearance shall not be greater than 2
inches (51 mm) from the lowest edge of the rear plane to the
vertical surface, unless the provisions of subsection (c) of this
section apply.
(c) If permanent rear spacers or other components that protrude
beyond the rear plane extend further than the 2 inch (51 mm)
distance, or if the highest edge of the rear plane is in contact
with the vertical surface when the unit is positioned with the
lowest edge of the rear plane at or further than the 2 inch (51 mm)
distance from the vertical surface, the appliance shall be located
with the spacers or other components protruding beyond the rear
plane, or the highest edge of the rear plane, in contact with the
vertical surface.
* * * * *
2.11 Refrigerators and Refrigerator-Freezers with Demand-
Response Capability. For refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers
that have a communication module for demand-response functions,
whether integrated within the cabinet or external to the cabinet and
connected by the consumer, the communication module must be
installed, energized, and connected to a network, but there shall be
no active communication during testing.
* * * * *
3. Test Control Settings
3.2 * * *
3.2.1 A first test shall be performed with all compartment
temperature controls set at their median position midway between
their warmest and coldest settings. For mechanical control systems,
(a) knob detents shall be mechanically defeated if necessary to
attain a median setting, and (b) the warmest and coldest settings
shall correspond to the positions in which the indicator is aligned
with control symbols indicating the warmest and coldest settings.
For electronic control systems, the test shall be performed with all
compartment temperature controls set at the average of the coldest
and warmest settings--if there is no setting equal to this average,
the setting closest to the average shall be used. If there are two
such settings equally close to the average, the higher of these
temperature control settings shall be used. A second test shall be
performed with all controls set at their warmest setting or all
controls set at their coldest setting (not electrically or
mechanically bypassed). For all-refrigerators, this setting shall be
the appropriate setting that attempts to achieve compartment
temperatures measured during the two tests that bound (i.e., one is
above and one is below) the standardized temperature for all
refrigerators. For refrigerators and refrigerator-freezers, the
second test shall be conducted with all controls at their coldest
setting, unless all compartment temperatures measured during the
first part of the test are lower than the standardized temperatures,
in which case the second test shall be conducted with all controls
at their warmest setting. Refer to Table 1 of this appendix for all
refrigerators or Table 2 of this appendix for refrigerators with
freezer compartments and refrigerator-freezers to determine which
test results to use in the energy consumption calculation. If any
compartment is warmer than its standardized temperature for a test
with all controls at their coldest position, the tested unit fails
the test and cannot be rated.
Table 1--Temperature Settings for All Refrigerators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
First test Second test
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Energy calculation based on--
Settings Results Settings Results
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mid................................. Low.................... Warm................... Low................... Second Test Only.
High.................. First and Second Tests.
High................... Cold................... Low................... First and Second Tests.
High.................. No Energy Use Rating.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2--Temperature Settings for Refrigerators With Freezer Compartments and Refrigerator-Freezers
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
First test Second test
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Energy calculation based on--
Settings Results Settings Results
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fzr Mid............................. Fzr Low................ Fzr Warm............... Fzr Low............... Second Test Only.
FF Mid.............................. FF Low................. FF Warm................ FF Low................
Fzr Low First and Second Tests
FF High................
FF High
Fzr High First and Second Test.
FF Low
Fzr High First and Second Test.
FF High
Fzr Low................ Fzr Cold............... Fzr Low............... No Energy Use Rating.
FF High................ FF Cold................ FF High............... No Energy Use Rating.
Fzr Low............... First and Second Tests
FF Low................
Fzr High............... Fzr Cold............... Fzr High.............. No Energy Use Rating.
FF Low................. FF Cold................ FF Low................
Fzr Low............................. First and Second Tests.
FF Low................
Fzr High............... Fzr Cold............... Fzr Low............... First and Second Tests.
FF High................ FF Cold................ FF Low................
Fzr Low............................. No Energy Use Rating...
[[Page 41666]]
FF High...............
Fzr High............................ No Energy Use Rating...
FF Low................
Fzr High............................ No Energy Use Rating...
FF High.............................
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes: Fzr = Freezer Compartment, FF = Fresh Food Compartment.
* * * * *
3.3 Optional Test for Models with Two Compartments and User
Operable Controls. As an alternative to section 3.2, in addition to
the two tests described in section 3.2.1, perform a third test such
that the set of tests meets the ``minimum requirements for
interpolation'' of AS/NZS 44474.1:2007 (incorporated by reference;
see Sec. 430.3) appendix M, section M3, paragraphs (a) through (c)
and as illustrated in Figure M1. The target temperatures
txA and txB defined in section M4(a)(i) of AS/
NZ 44474.1:2007 shall be the standardized temperatures defined in
section 3.2 of this appendix.
4. Test Period
* * * * *
4.1 Non-Automatic Defrost. If the model being tested has no
automatic defrost system, the test period shall start after steady-
state conditions (see section 2.9 of this appendix) have been
achieved and be no less than three hours in duration. During the
test period, the compressor motor shall complete two or more whole
compressor cycles. (A compressor cycle is a complete ``on'' and a
complete ``off'' period of the motor.) If no ``off'' cycling occurs,
the test period shall be three hours. If incomplete cycling occurs
(fewer than two compressor cycles during a 24-hour period), then a
single complete compressor cycle may be used.
4.2 Automatic Defrost. If the model being tested has an
automatic defrost system, the test period shall start after steady-
state conditions have been achieved and be from one point during a
defrost period to the same point during the next defrost period. If
the model being tested has a long-time automatic defrost system, the
alternative provisions of section 4.2.1 may be used. If the model
being tested has a variable defrost control, the provisions of
section 4.2.2 shall apply. If the model is a multiple compressor
product with automatic defrost, the provisions of section 4.2.3
shall apply. If the model being tested has long-time automatic or
variable defrost control involving multiple defrost cycle types,
such as for a product with a single compressor and two or more
evaporators in which the evaporators are defrosted at different
frequencies, the provisions of section 4.2.4 shall apply. If the
model being tested has multiple defrost cycle types for which
compressor run time between defrosts is a fixed time of less than 14
hours for all such cycle types, and for which the compressor run
times between defrosts for different defrost cycle types are equal
to or multiples of each other, the test period shall be from one
point of the defrost cycle type with the longest compressor run time
between defrosts to the same point during the next occurrence of
this defrost cycle type. For such products not using the procedures
of section 4.2.4, energy consumption shall be calculated as
described in section 5.2.1.1 of this appendix.
* * * * *
4.2.3 Multiple Compressor Products with Automatic Defrost.
4.2.3.1 Measurement Frequency. Measurements shall be taken at
regular intervals not exceeding one minute.
4.2.3.2 Steady-state Condition. The requirements of section 2.9
of this appendix shall be met for the compartment temperature of
each compartment served by each of the compressors of the multiple
compressor product. As an alternative to evaluating steady-state
conditions based on complete compressor cycles, this evaluation may
be based on complete temperature cycles for the compartments served
by each of the compressors.
4.2.3.3 Short-Time Defrost for a Single Compressor. For multiple
compressor products where (a) only one compressor system has
automatic defrost and (b) this is a short-time defrost (i.e., not
long-time or variable), the test period shall start after steady-
state conditions have been achieved and be from one point during a
defrost period to the same point during the next defrost period.
4.2.3.4 If the conditions of section 4.2.3.3 do not apply, the
two-part method shall be used. The first part is a stable period of
compressor operation that includes no defrost cycles or events
associated with a defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery, for
any compressor system. The second part is designed to capture the
energy consumed during all of the events occurring with the defrost
control sequence that are outside of stable operation. The second
part of the test shall be conducted separately for each automatic
defrost system present.
4.2.3.4.1 Multiple Compressor Products with at Least Two Cycling
Compressors. For a multiple compressor product with at least two
cycling compressors, test periods shall be based on compressor or
temperature cycles associated with the primary compressor system
(these are referred to as primary compressor cycles or primary
temperature cycles). If the freezer compressor cycles, it shall be
the primary compressor system. The first part of the test shall
include a whole number of complete primary compressor cycles or a
whole number of complete primary temperature cycles comprising at
least 24 hours of stable operation. If a defrost occurs prior to
completion of 24 hours of stable operation, the first part of the
test shall be at least 18 hours long.
The second part of the test starts during stable operation
before all portions of the defrost cycle at the beginning of a
complete primary compressor or temperature cycle. The test period
for the second part of the test ends after all portions of the
defrost cycle and after all compartment temperatures have fully
recovered to their stable operation conditions at the termination of
a complete primary compressor or temperature cycle. If the test
period is based on compressor cycles, the start and stop shall both
occur either when the primary compressor starts or when the primary
compressor stops. If the test period is based on temperature cycles,
the start and stop shall both occur either when the primary
compartment temperature is at a maximum or when it is at a minimum.
For each compressor system, the compartment temperature averages for
the first and last complete compressor or temperature cycles that
lie completely within the second part of the test must be within 0.5
[deg]F (0.3 [deg]C) of the average compartment temperature measured
for the first part of the test. If any one of the compressor systems
is non-cycling, its compartment temperature averages during the
first and last complete primary compressor or temperature cycles of
the second part of the test must be within 0.5 [deg]F (0.3 [deg]C)
of the average compartment temperature measured for the first part
of the test.
4.2.3.4.2 Multiple Compressor Products with Non-Cycling
Compressors. For a multiple compressor product with no cycling
compressors, the first part of the test is a stable period of
compressor operation that includes no defrost cycles or events
associated with a defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery,
that shall start after steady-state conditions (see section 2.9 of
this appendix) have been achieved, and shall be three hours in
duration.
[[Page 41667]]
The second part of the test starts during stable operation
before all portions of the defrost cycle when the compartment
temperatures of all compressor systems are within 0.5 [deg]F (0.3
[deg]C) of their average temperatures measured for the first part of
the test. The second part stops during stable operation after all
portions of the defrost cycle when the compartment temperatures of
all compressor systems are within 0.5 [deg]F (0.3 [deg]C) of their
average temperatures measured for the first part of the test.
4.2.3.4.3 Multiple Compressor Products with One Cycling
Compressor. For a multiple compressor product with one cycling
compressor, the first part of the test is a stable period of
compressor operation that includes no defrost cycles or events
associated with a defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery,
that shall start after steady-state conditions (see section 2.9 of
this appendix) have been achieved, shall be no less than three hours
in duration, and shall consist of two or more whole compressor or
temperature cycles of the cycling compressor system.
The second part of the test shall be as described in section
4.2.3.4.1 for the second part of the test for multiple compressor
products with at least two cycling compressors. The single cycling
compressor system shall be considered the primary compressor system.
* * * * *
5. Test Measurements
* * * * *
5.1 Temperature Measurements. Temperature measurements shall be
made at the locations prescribed in Figures 5.1 and 5.2 of HRF-1-
2008 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3) and shall be
accurate to within 0.5 [deg]F (0.3 [deg]C). No freezer
temperature measurements need be taken in an all-refrigerator model.
If the interior arrangements of the unit under test do not
conform with those shown in Figure 5.1 and 5.2 of HRF-1-2008, the
unit may be tested by relocating the temperature sensors from the
locations specified in the figures to avoid interference with non-
adjustable hardware or components within the unit, in which case the
specific locations used for the temperature sensors shall be noted
in the test data records maintained by the manufacturer in
accordance with 10 CFR 429.71, and the certification report shall
indicate that non-standard sensor locations were used. If the
temperature sensor placement required by this section is impeded by
adjustable shelves or other components that could be relocated by
the consumer, those components shall be repositioned as necessary to
allow for placement of the sensors in the required locations. Any
repositioning of components shall adhere as closely as practicable
to the set-up instructions specified in section 5.5.2 of HRF-1-2008
while maintaining a minimum 1-inch air space between the sensor
thermal mass and adjacent hardware.
5.1.1 Measured Temperature. The measured temperature of a
compartment is the average of all sensor temperature readings taken
in that compartment at a particular point in time. Measurements
shall be taken at regular intervals not to exceed 4 minutes.
Measurements for products with multiple compressor systems shall be
taken at regular intervals not to exceed one minute.
5.1.2 Compartment Temperature. The compartment temperature for
each test period shall be an average of the measured temperatures
taken in a compartment during the test period as defined in section
4 of this appendix. For long-time automatic defrost models,
compartment temperatures shall be those measured in the first part
of the test period specified in section 4.2.1 of this appendix. For
models with variable defrost controls, compartment temperatures
shall be those measured in the first part of the test period
specified in section 4.2.2 of this appendix. For models with
automatic defrost that is neither long-time nor variable defrost,
the compartment temperature shall be an average of the measured
temperatures taken in a compartment during a stable period of
compressor operation that (a) includes no defrost cycles or events
associated with a defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery, (b)
is no less than three hours in duration, and (c) includes two or
more whole compressor cycles or two or more complete temperature
cycles. If neither the compressor nor the temperature cycles, the
stable period used for the temperature average shall be three hours
in duration.
* * * * *
5.2 * * *
5.2.1 * * *
5.2.1.1 Non-automatic Defrost, Automatic Defrost, and Multiple
Compressor Products in which only one compressor system uses
automatic defrost (but not long-time or variable). The energy
consumption in kilowatt-hours per day shall be calculated equivalent
to:
ET = EP x 1440/T
Where:
ET = test cycle energy expended in kilowatt-hours per day;
EP = energy expended in kilowatt-hours during the test period;
T = length of time of the test period in minutes; and
1440 = conversion factor to adjust to a 24-hour period in minutes
per day.
* * * * *
5.2.1.3 Variable Defrost Control. The energy consumption in
kilowatt-hours per day shall be calculated equivalent to:
ET = (1440 x EP1/T1) + (EP2 - (EP1 x T2/T1)) x (12/CT),
Where:
1440 is defined in 5.2.1.1 and EP1, EP2, T1, T2, and 12 are defined
in 5.2.1.2;
CT = (CTL x CTM)/(F x (CTM -
CTL) + CTL);
CTL = the shortest compressor run time between defrosts
observed for the test--or the shortest compressor run time between
defrosts used in the variable defrost control algorithm (greater
than or equal to 6 but less than or equal to 12 hours)--whichever is
shorter, in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour;
CTM = maximum compressor run time between defrosts in
hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour (greater than
CTL but not more than 96 hours);
F = ratio of per day energy consumption in excess of the least
energy and the maximum difference in per-day energy consumption and
is equal to 0.20.
For variable defrost models with no values for CTL
and CTM in the algorithm, the default values of 6 and 96
shall be used, respectively. However, the shortest compressor run
time between defrosts observed for the test shall be used for
CTL, if it is less than 6.
5.2.1.4 Multiple Compressor Products with Automatic Defrost. For
multiple compressor products that do not meet the conditions of
section 4.2.3.3 of this appendix, the two-part test method in
section 4.2.3.4 of this appendix must be used. The energy
consumption in kilowatt-hours per day shall be calculated equivalent
to:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.030
Where:
1440, EP1, T1, and 12 are defined in 5.2.1.2;
i = a variable that can equal 1, 2, or more that identifies each
individual compressor system that has automatic defrost;
D = the total number of compressor systems with automatic defrost.
EP2i = energy expended in kilowatt-hours during the
second part of the test for compressor system i;
T2i = length of time in minutes of the second part of the
test for compressor system i;
CTi = the compressor run time between defrosts for
compressor system i in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an
hour, for long-time automatic defrost control equal to a fixed time
in hours, and for variable defrost control equal to
(CTLi x CTMi)/(F x (CTMi-
CTLi) + CTLi);
Where:
CTLi = for compressor system i, the shortest compressor
run time between defrosts observed for the test--or the shortest
compressor run time between defrosts used in the variable defrost
control algorithm (greater than or equal to 6 but less than or equal
to 12 hours)--whichever is shorter, in hours rounded to the nearest
tenth of an hour;
[[Page 41668]]
CTMi = maximum compressor run time between defrosts for
compressor system i in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour
(greater than CTLi but not more than 96 hours);
F = default defrost energy consumption factor, equal to 0.20.
For variable defrost models with no values for CTLi
and CTMi in the algorithm, the default values of 6 and 96
shall be used, respectively. However, the shortest compressor run
time between defrosts observed for compressor system i during the
test shall be used for CTLi, if it is less than 6.
5.2.1.5 Long-time or Variable Defrost Control for Systems with
Multiple Defrost Cycle Types. The energy consumption in kilowatt-
hours per day shall be calculated equivalent to:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.031
Where:
1440 is defined in 5.2.1.1 and EP1, T1, and 12 are defined in
5.2.1.2;
i is a variable that can equal 1, 2, or more that identifies the
distinct defrost cycle types applicable for the refrigerator or
refrigerator-freezer;
EP2i = energy expended in kilowatt-hours during the
second part of the test for defrost cycle type i;
T2i = length of time in minutes of the second part of the
test for defrost cycle type i;
CTi is the compressor run time between instances of
defrost cycle type i, for long-time automatic defrost control equal
to a fixed time in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour,
and for variable defrost control equal to
(CTLi x CTMi)/(F x (CTMi -
CTLi) + CTLi);
CTLi = for defrost cycle type i, the shortest compressor
run time between defrosts of this type observed for the test--or the
shortest compressor run time between defrosts of this type used in
the variable defrost control algorithm (greater than or equal to 6
but less than or equal to 12 hours for the defrost cycle type with
the longest compressor run time between defrosts)--whichever is
shorter, in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour;
CTMi = maximum compressor run time between instances of
defrost cycle type i in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an
hour (greater than CTLi but not more than 96 hours);
For cases in which there is more than one fixed CT value (for
long-time defrost models) or more than one CTM and/or
CTL value (for variable defrost models) for a given
defrost cycle type, an average fixed CT value or average
CTM and CTL values shall be selected for this
cycle type so that 12 divided by this value or values is the
frequency of occurrence of the defrost cycle type in a 24 hour
period, assuming 50% compressor run time.
F = default defrost energy consumption factor, equal to 0.20.
For variable defrost models with no values for CTLi
and CTMi in the algorithm, the default values of 6 and 96
shall be used, respectively. However, the shortest compressor run
time between defrosts observed for defrost cycle type i during the
test shall be used for CTLi, if it is less than 6.
D is the total number of distinct defrost cycle types.
5.3 Volume Measurements. The unit's total refrigerated volume,
VT, shall be measured in accordance with HRF-1-2008 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3), section 3.30 and sections 4.2 through
4.3. The measured volume shall include all spaces within the
insulated volume of each compartment except for the volumes that
must be deducted in accordance with section 4.2.2 of HRF-1-2008, and
be calculated equivalent to:
VT = VF + VFF
Where:
VT = total refrigerated volume in cubic feet,
VF = freezer compartment volume in cubic feet, and
VFF = fresh food compartment volume in cubic feet.
In the case of products with automatic icemakers, the volume
occupied by the automatic icemaker, including its ice storage bin,
is to be included in the volume measurement.
Total refrigerated volume is determined by physical measurement
of the test unit. Measurements and calculations used to determine
the total refrigerated volume shall be retained as part of the test
records underlying the certification of the basic model in
accordance with 10 CFR 429.71.
* * * * *
6. Calculation of Derived Results From Test Measurements
* * * * *
6.2 Average Per-Cycle Energy Consumption. The average per-cycle
energy consumption for a cycle type, E, is expressed in kilowatt-
hours per cycle to the nearest one hundredth (0.01) kilowatt-hour
and shall be calculated according to the sections below.
6.2.1 All-Refrigerator Models. The average per-cycle energy
consumption shall depend upon the temperature attainable in the
fresh food compartment as shown below.
* * * * *
6.2.2 Refrigerators and Refrigerator-Freezers. The average per-
cycle energy consumption shall be defined in one of the following
ways as applicable.
6.2.2.1 If the fresh food compartment temperature is at or below
39 [deg]F (3.9 [deg]C) during both tests and the freezer compartment
temperature is at or below 15 [deg]F (-9.4 [deg]C) during both tests
of a refrigerator or at or below 0 [deg]F (-17.8 [deg]C) during both
tests of a refrigerator-freezer, the average per-cycle energy
consumption shall be:
E = ET1 + IET
Where:
ET is defined in 5.2.1;
IET, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle, equals 0 (zero) for
products without an automatic icemaker, and for products with an
automatic icemaker, shall be equal to 0.23 until the energy
conservation standards at 10 CFR 430.32(a) are amended. Beginning on
the compliance date of any such amended standards, the icemaking
energy shall be calculated as described in section 8.3.6 of this
appendix; and
The number 1 indicates the test period during which the highest
freezer compartment temperature was measured.
6.2.2.2 If the conditions of 6.2.2.1 do not exist, the average
per-cycle energy consumption shall be defined by the higher of the
two values calculated by the following two formulas:
E = ET1 + ((ET2 - ET1) x (39.0 - TR1)/(TR2 - TR1)) + IET
and
E = ET1 + ((ET2 - ET1) x (k - TF1)/(TF2 - TF1)) + IET
Where:
ET is defined in 5.2.1;
IET is defined in 6.2.2.1;
TR and the numbers 1 and 2 are defined in 6.2.1.2;
TF = freezer compartment temperature determined according to 5.1.4
in degrees F;
39.0 is a specified fresh food compartment temperature in degrees F;
and k is a constant 15.0 for refrigerators or 0.0 for refrigerator-
freezers, each being standardized freezer compartment temperatures
in degrees F.
6.2.2.3 Optional Test for Models with Two Compartments and User
Operable Controls. If the procedure of section 3.3 of this appendix
is used for setting temperature controls, the average per-cycle
energy consumption shall be defined as follows:
E = Ex + IET
Where:
E is defined in 6.2.1.1;
IET is defined in 6.2.2.1; and
Ex is defined and calculated as described in AS/NZS
44474.1:2007 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3) appendix
M, section M4(a). The target temperatures txA and
txB defined in section M4(a)(i) of AS/NZS 44474.1:2007
shall be the standardized temperatures defined in section 3.2 of
this appendix.
* * * * *
[[Page 41669]]
8. Icemaking Test
This section would apply to manufacturers seeking to demonstrate
compliance with any new or amended energy conservation standard that
DOE may issue in a final rule for refrigerators, refrigerator-
freezers, and freezers that DOE may issue after September 15, 2014.
Absent the issuance of a test procedure waiver by the Department of
Energy permitting the earlier use of this section, this section is
not required unless and until such final rule is issued.
8.1 Special Test Conditions.
8.1.1 Multiple Icemakers. If one of the automatic icemakers in a
product with multiple icemakers serves a through-the-door ice
dispenser, initiate icemaking only for this icemaker when conducting
the icemaking part of the test of section 8.3.
8.1.2 Anti-sweat Heater. The anti-sweat heater switch shall be
off for the icemaking test. In the case of a product equipped with
variable anti-sweat heater control but without an anti-sweat heater
switch, the test shall be conducted in an ambient humidity condition
that will prevent the anti-sweat heater from being energized.
8.1.3 Connection of water lines and installation of water
filters are required. Inlet water temperature shall be 90 +/- 2
[deg]F. The water supply system shall be designed to assure that
inlet water temperature stays within this specified range at all
times during the test. Inlet water pressure shall be 60 +/- 15 psig.
8.1.4 Data collection frequency for temperatures, power, and
energy shall be no less than once per minute.
8.1.5 Icemaker Cycle Indication. The end of one icemaker cycle
and the start of the following icemaker cycle is defined to occur
when the mold heater (to release ice pieces) is turned off. When
measuring energy use for an icemaker (a) without a mold heater or
(b) for which review of test data does not allow easy determination
of the times that a mold heater was turned off, the end of one
icemaker cycle and the start of the following icemaker cycle is
defined to occur when one of the methods described in this section
indicates the initiation of water flow into the icemaker mold. One
of the following measurement approaches shall be used to indicate
the start and end of icemaker cycles using measurements at a data
acquisition time interval no greater than the data acquisition time
interval used for the test's energy and temperature measurements.
The test data record maintained in accordance with 10 CFR 429.71
shall indicate which of these three methods is used.
8.1.5.1 Mold Temperature. Measure icemaker mold temperature
during the test with a temperature sensor adhered to the bottom of
the icemaker mold. Ensure that the temperature sensor is installed
so that the icemaker operation, including operations such as
twisting of the icemaker mold and ice dropping into the ice bin,
will not be impeded by the temperature sensor and its connecting
wire(s), and that neither the temperature sensor nor its connecting
wire(s) will be dislodged or damaged by icemaker operation.
8.1.5.2 Water Supply Temperature. Measure the temperature of the
water at a location in the water supply line where the measured
temperature changes (within the 90 +/-2F supply temperature range)
when water is supplied to the icemaker, thus reliably indicating the
start of an icemaking cycle. If the temperature changes measurably
when the icemaker water supply valve opens, this change may be used
to provide an indication of when a new icemaker cycle has started.
8.1.5.3 Solenoid Valve Activation. Measure power input, voltage,
or current supplied to the icemaker water supply solenoid valve to
indicate when the valve is energized. Make this measurement at a
frequency sufficient to identify individual valve activation events,
or use an event counter to track valve activation events.
Alternatively, measure energy use of the valve with a precision
sufficient to indicate individual activation events.
8.2 Baseline Test. Render the icemaker inoperative as described
in HRF-1-2008 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), section
5.5.2(c), and empty the ice storage bin before beginning the
baseline test.
8.2.1 Baseline Test Temperature Control Settings. Baseline test
compartment temperatures shall be as defined in sections 5.1.3 and
5.1.4 of this appendix and measured during the same test period used
to determine baseline test average power, as described in section
8.2.3. Temperature controls shall be adjusted to their warmest
settings for which baseline test compartment temperatures are no
more than 1 [deg]F (0.6 [deg]C) warmer than their standardized
temperatures, as defined in section 3.2 of this appendix. For
products with a single temperature control, this requirement shall
apply to the freezer compartment. For mechanical temperature
controls, only settings corresponding to positions in which the
indicator is aligned with a control symbol shall be used.
Temperature controls shall be readjusted and stabilization shall be
repeated, if necessary to meet this requirement. Temperature
controls shall not be adjusted between the icemaking baseline test
and subsequent parts of the icemaking test except as described in
section 8.3.2.2.
8.2.2 Stabilization. After setting the temperature controls as
described in section 8.2.1, wait until steady-state conditions have
been confirmed, as described in section 2.9 of this appendix.
8.2.3 Baseline Test Average Power. The test period shall be as
described in section 4.1 of this appendix and shall not include any
defrost cycles or events associated with a defrost cycle, such as
precooling or recovery. The stabilization period and the baseline
test period may overlap, provided the baseline test period ends no
earlier than the stabilization period. The baseline test average
power, expressed in Watts (W), shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.032
Where:
EPI1 = Energy use measured for the baseline test period (Icemaking
Test Period 1), expressed in kilowatt-hours;
TI1 = Length of time in minutes of the baseline test period;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust kilowatt-hours to watt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3 Icemaking Test.
8.3.1 Initiation and Duration of Icemaking Operation.
8.3.1.1 For units that can complete 24 hours of icemaking or can
fill their ice storage bin without encountering a defrost or the
precooling preceding the defrost, or for units for which the defrost
can be disabled or bypassed by the tester, verify that the ice
storage bin is empty and initiate icemaking during a compressor on
cycle. Continue the icemaking operation until either:
(a) The ice storage bin becomes full and stops the icemaker, or
(b) an icemaker harvest occurs at least 24 hours after the
initial icemaker harvest.
8.3.1.2 For units that cannot complete 24 hours of icemaking
without encountering a defrost or the precooling preceding the
defrost, verify that the ice storage bin is empty and initiate
icemaking shortly after the start of the compressor after a defrost.
Continue the icemaking operation until either (a) the ice storage
bin becomes full and stops the icemaker, or (b) the next defrost
cycle occurs.
8.3.2 Compartment Temperatures.
8.3.2.1 Compartment Temperature Measurement. For products with
cycling compressors during icemaking, the compartment temperatures
shall be as measured for Icemaking Test Period 3, which is defined
in section 8.3.5.2 and comprises a whole number of compressor
cycles. For products with non-cycling compressors during icemaking,
compartment temperatures shall be as measured for Icemaking Test
Period 2, which is defined in section 8.3.4.1 and comprises a whole
number of icemaking cycles.
8.3.2.2 Temperature Control Settings. If either compartment
temperature is warmer during the icemaking test than it was during
the baseline test without making temperature control setting
adjustments, the compartment temperature controls shall be adjusted
to their warmest settings for which compartment temperatures are no
more than 1 [deg]F warmer than their temperatures measured for the
baseline test. For products with a single temperature control, this
requirement shall apply to the freezer compartment. For mechanical
temperature controls, only settings corresponding to positions in
which the indicator is aligned with a control symbol shall be used.
For products with controls that automatically reduce compartment
temperature settings or automatically increase compressor duty cycle
or compressor speed to enhance cooling for icemaking, this enhanced
cooling feature shall not be disabled during icemaking, and
temperature control settings shall not be adjusted.
8.3.3 Ice Mass per Icemaker Cycle.
8.3.3.1 Total Ice Mass. After completion of icemaking, determine
the total mass of ice produced, MICE, expressed in
pounds, by weighing the ice storage bin when it contains the ice
made during the test and subtracting the weight of the empty ice
storage bin.
[[Page 41670]]
8.3.3.2 Total Number of Icemaker Cycles. Count the total number
of icemaker cycles (i.e., number of harvests), TNCYC,
that have occurred between initiation of icemaking and ice weight
measurement based on examination of the recorded power input data or
the measurements described in section 8.1.5.
8.3.3.3 The Ice Mass per Icemaker Cycle, expressed in pounds,
shall be calculated as:
MICE--CYC = MICE/TNCYC
Where:
MICE is defined in section 8.3.3.1; and
TNCYC is defined in section 8.3.3.2.
8.3.4 Energy Use per Ice Mass for Non-Cycling Compressor During
Icemaking. This section describes the calculation of energy use per
mass of ice produced if the compressor does not cycle during the
icemaking test. Icemaking Test Period 2 can be used to measure both
energy use per icemaker cycle and icemaking test average power.
8.3.4.1 Icemaking Test Period 2. The test period shall include a
whole number of icemaker cycles (defined in section 8.1.5). The
following stability requirement shall apply for the chosen test
period: the average temperature of the freezer compartment for each
complete icemaker cycle included in the test period shall be within
3 [deg]F (1.7 [deg]C) of its temperature average for the full test
period. The number of icemaker cycles within the test period is
designated NCYC, which can be less than or equal to
TNCYC.
8.3.4.2 Icemaking Test Average Power. The test period shall be
as described in section 8.3.4.1. The icemaking test average power,
expressed in Watts (W), shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.033
Where:
EPI2 = Energy use measured for the icemaking test period (Icemaking
Test Period 2), expressed in kilowatt-hours;
TI2 = Length of time in minutes of the icemaking test period;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust kilowatt-hours to watt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3.4.3 Energy Use per Ice Mass. The energy use per mass of ice
produced, EIM, expressed in kilowatt-hours per pound, shall be
calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.034
Where:
PI2 and TI2 are defined in section 8.3.4.2;
PI1 is defined in section 8.2.3;
MICE--CYC is defined in section 8.3.3.4;
NCYC is defined in section 8.3.4.1;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust watt-hours to kilowatt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3.5 Energy Use per Ice Mass for Cycling Compressor During
Icemaking. This section describes the calculation of energy use per
mass of ice produced if the compressor cycles during the icemaking
test. Icemaking Test Period 2 shall be used to measure energy use
per icemaker cycle and Icemaking Test Period 3 shall be used to
measure icemaking test average power.
8.3.5.1 Icemaking Test Period 2. The icemaking test period for
measuring energy use per icemaker cycle shall be as described in
section 8.3.4.1, except that the stability requirement shall be
evaluated for Icemaking Test Period 3 rather than for Icemaking Test
Period 2 as follows: the average temperature of the freezer
compartment for each compressor cycle within Test Period 3 must be
within 3 [deg]F (1.7 [deg]C) of the average temperature of the
freezer compartment during Icemaking Test Period 3, which comprises
a whole number of compressor cycles. The stability requirement is
satisfied if the freezer compartment temperature determined for each
compressor cycle contained in the test period is within 3 [deg]F
(1.7 [deg]C) of the compartment's temperature for Icemaking Test
Period 3.
8.3.5.2 Icemaking Test Period 3. The test period for measuring
icemaking average power shall be the longest period that can be
selected from the test data that includes a whole number of
compressor cycles starting after the start of Icemaking Test Period
2 and ending before the end of Icemaking Test Period 2.
8.3.5.3 Icemaking Test Average Power. The test period for
measuring average power shall be as described in section 8.3.5.2.
The icemaking test average power, expressed in Watts (W), shall be
calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.035
Where:
EPI3 = Energy use measured for Icemaking Test Period 3, expressed in
kilowatt-hours;
TI3 = Length of time in minutes of Icemaking Test Period 3;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust kilowatt-hours to watt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3.5.4 Energy Use per Ice Mass. The energy use per mass of ice
produced, EIM, expressed in kilowatt-hours per pound, shall be
calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.036
Where:
PI3 is defined in section 8.3.5.3;
PI1 is defined in section 8.2.3;
EPI2 = Energy use, expressed in kilowatt-hours, measured during
Icemaking Test Period 2, defined in section 8.3.4.1;
MICE--CYC is defined in section 8.3.3.4; and
NCYC is defined in section 8.3.4.1;
8.3.6 The icemaking energy use per cycle, IET, expressed in
kilowatt-hours per cycle, shall be calculated as:
IET = 1.8 x EIM
Where:
EIM = Energy use per ice mass, defined in section 8.3.4.3 or
8.3.5.4; and
1.8 = Daily ice production in pounds.
0
10. Appendix B to subpart B of part 430 is amended:
0
a. In section 1. Definitions, by:
0
1. Redesignating section 1.6 as 1.7;
0
2. Redesignating section 1.7 as 1.8;
0
3. Redesignating section 1.8 as 1.10;
0
4. Redesignating section 1.9 as 1.13;
0
5. Redesignating section 1.10 as 1.15;
0
6. Redesignating section 1.11 as 1.17;
0
7. Redesignating section 1.12 as 1.18;
0
8. Redesignating section 1.13 as 1.19;
0
9. Redesignating section 1.14 as 1.22;
0
10. Redesignating section 1.15 as 1.24;
0
11. Adding sections 1.6, 1.9, 1.11, 1.12, 1.14, 1.16, 1.20 1.21, and
1.23;
0
b. In section 2. Test Conditions, by;
0
1. Revising sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.6;
0
2. Adding sections 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.8, and 2.9;
0
c. Revising section 3.2.1 and Table 1 in section 3. Test Control
Settings;
0
d. Revising section 4.1 in section 4. Test Period;
0
e. Revising sections 5.1, 5.1.2, 5.2.1.3, and 5.3 in section 5. Test
Measurements;
0
f. In section 6. Calculation of Derived Results from Test Measurements,
by:
0
1. Revising section 6.2;
0
2. Removing section 6.2.1
0
3. Redesignating section 6.2.1.1 as 6.2.1 and revising the newly
designated section 6.2.1;
0
4. Redesignating section 6.2.1.2 as 6.2.2 and revising the newly
designated section 6.2.2;
0
5. Redesignating section 6.2.2 as 6.2.3 and revising the newly
designated section 6.2.3;
0
g. Adding section 8, Icemaking Test.
The additions and revisions read as follows:
Appendix B to Subpart B of Part 430--Uniform Test Method for Measuring
the Energy Consumption of Freezers
* * * * *
1. Definitions
1.6 ``Complete temperature cycle'' means a time period defined
based upon cycling of compartment temperature that starts when the
compartment temperature is at a maximum and ends when the
compartment temperature returns to an equivalent maximum (within 0.5
[deg]F of the starting temperature), having in the interim fallen to
a minimum and subsequently risen again to reach the second maximum.
Alternatively, a complete temperature cycle can be defined to start
when the compartment temperature is at a minimum and ends when the
compartment temperature returns to an equivalent minimum (within 0.5
[deg]F of the starting temperature), having in the interim risen to
a maximum and subsequently fallen again to reach the second minimum.
* * * * *
[[Page 41671]]
1.9 ``Harvest'' means the process of freeing or removing ice
pieces from an automatic icemaker.
* * * * *
1.11 ``Ice piece'' means a piece of ice made by an automatic
icemaker that has not been reduced in size by crushing or other
mechanical action.
1.12 ``Ice storage bin'' means a container in which ice can be
stored.
* * * * *
1.14 ``Precooling'' means operating a refrigeration system
before initiation of a defrost cycle to reduce one or more
compartment temperatures significantly (more than 0.5 [deg]F) below
its minimum during stable operation between defrosts.
* * * * *
1.16 ``Recovery'' means operating a refrigeration system after
the conclusion of a defrost cycle to reduce the temperature of one
or more compartments to the temperature range that the
compartment(s) exhibited during stable operation between defrosts.
* * * * *
1.20 ``Stable operation'' means operation after steady-state
conditions have been achieved but excluding any events associated
with defrost cycles. During stable operation the rate of change of
all compartment temperatures must not exceed 0.042 [deg]F (0.023
[deg]C) per hour. Such a calculation performed for compartment
temperatures at any two times, or for any two complete cycles,
during stable operation must meet this requirement.
(A) If compartment temperatures do not cycle, the relevant
calculation shall be the difference between the temperatures at two
points in time divided by the difference, in hours, between those
points in time.
(B) If compartment temperatures cycle as a result of compressor
cycling or other cycling operation of any system component (e.g., a
damper, fan, or heater), the relevant calculation shall be the
difference between compartment temperature averages evaluated for
whole compressor cycles or complete temperature cycles divided by
the difference, in hours, between either the starts, ends, or mid-
times of the two cycles.
1.21 ``Stable period of compressor operation'' is a period of
stable operation of a refrigeration system that has a compressor.
* * * * *
1.23 ``Through-the-door ice/water dispenser'' means a device
incorporated within the cabinet, but outside the boundary of the
refrigerated space, that delivers to the user on demand ice or water
from within the refrigerated space without opening an exterior door.
This definition includes dispensers that are capable of dispensing
ice and water, ice only, or water only.
* * * * *
2. Test Conditions
2.1 Ambient Temperature Measurement. Temperature measuring
devices shall be shielded so that indicated temperatures are not
affected by the operation of the condensing unit or adjacent units.
2.1.1 Ambient Temperature. The ambient temperature shall be
recorded at points located 3 feet (91.5 cm) above the floor and 10
inches (25.4 cm) from the center of the two sides of the unit under
test. The ambient temperature shall be 90.0 1.0[emsp14][deg]F (32.2 0.6 [deg]C) during the
stabilization period and the test period.
2.1.2 Ambient Temperature Gradient. The test room vertical
ambient temperature gradient in any foot of vertical distance from 2
inches (5.1 cm) above the floor or supporting platform to a height
of 7 feet (2.2 m) or to a height 1 foot (30.5 cm) above the top of
the unit under test, whichever is greater, is not to exceed 0.5
[deg]F per foot (0.9 [deg]C per meter). The vertical ambient
temperature gradient at locations 10 inches (25.4 cm) out from the
centers of the two sides of the unit being tested is to be
maintained during the test. To demonstrate that this requirement has
been met, test data must include measurements taken using
temperature sensors at locations 2 inches (5.1 cm) and 36 inches
(91.4 cm) above the floor or supporting platform and at a height of
1 foot (30.5 cm) above the unit under test.
2.1.3 Platform. A platform must be used if the floor temperature
is not within 3[emsp14][deg]F (1.7 [deg]C) of the measured ambient
temperature. If a platform is used, it is to have a solid top with
all sides open for air circulation underneath, and its top shall
extend at least 1 foot (30.5 cm) beyond each side and front of the
unit under test and extend to the wall in the rear.
2.2 Operational Conditions. The freezer shall be installed and
its operating conditions maintained in accordance with HRF-1-2008
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), sections 5.3.2 through
section 5.5.5.5 (but excluding sections 5.5.5.2 and 5.5.5.4). The
quick freeze option shall be switched off except as specified in
section 3.1 of this appendix. Additional clarifications are noted in
sections 2.3 through 2.9 of this appendix.
2.3 Anti-Sweat Heaters. The anti-sweat heater switch is to be on
during one test and off during a second test. In the case of an
electric freezer with variable anti-sweat heater control, the
standard cycle energy use shall be the result of the calculation
described in 6.2.3.
2.4 The unit under test and its refrigerating mechanism shall be
assembled and set up in accordance with the printed consumer
instructions supplied with the unit. Set-up of the freezer shall not
deviate from these instructions, unless explicitly required or
allowed by this test procedure. Specific required or allowed
deviations from such set-up include the following:
(a) Connection of water lines and installation of water filters
are required only when conducting the icemaking test described in
section 8 of this appendix;
(b) Clearance requirements from surfaces of the unit shall be as
described in section 2.6 of this appendix;
(c) The electric power supply shall be as described in HRF-1-
2008 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3) section 5.5.1;
(d) Temperature control settings for testing shall be as
described in section 3 of this appendix. Settings for special
compartments shall be as described in section 2.5 of this appendix;
(e) The unit does not need to be anchored or otherwise secured
to prevent tipping during energy testing;
(f) All the unit's chutes and throats required for the delivery
of ice shall be free of packing, covers, or other blockages that may
be fitted for shipping or when the icemaker is not in use; and
(g) Ice storage bins shall be emptied of ice except as required
for the icemaking test described in section 8 of this appendix.
For cases in which set-up is not clearly defined by this test
procedure, manufacturers must submit a petition for a waiver (see
section 7 of this appendix).
* * * * *
2.6 Rear Clearance.
(a) General. The space between the lowest edge of the rear plane
of the cabinet and a vertical surface (the test room wall or
simulated wall) shall be the minimum distance in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, unless other provisions of this section
apply. The rear plane shall be considered to be the largest flat
surface at the rear of the cabinet, excluding features that protrude
beyond this surface, such as brackets, the compressor, or rear-wall-
mounted condensers.
(b) Maximum clearance. The clearance shall not be greater than 2
inches (51 mm) from the lowest edge of the rear plane to the
vertical surface, unless the provisions of subsection (c) of this
section apply.
(c) If permanent rear spacers or other components that protrude
beyond the rear plane extend further than the 2 inch (51 mm)
distance, or if the highest edge of the rear plane is in contact
with the vertical surface when the unit is positioned with the
lowest edge of the rear plane at or further than the 2 inch (51 mm)
distance from the vertical surface, the appliance shall be located
with the spacers or other components protruding beyond the rear
plane, or the highest edge of the rear plane, in contact with the
vertical surface.
* * * * *
2.8 Freezers with Demand-Response Capability. For freezers that
have a communication module for demand-response functions, whether
integrated within the cabinet or external to the cabinet and
connected by the consumer, the communication module must be
installed, energized, and connected to a network, but there shall be
no active communication during testing.
2.9 For products that require the freezer compartment to be
loaded with packages in accordance with section 5.5.5.3 of HRF-1-
2008, the number of packages comprising the 75% load shall be
determined by filling the compartment completely with the packages
that are to be used for the test, such that the packages fill as
much of the usable refrigerated space within the compartment as is
physically possible and removing from the compartment a number of
packages so that the compartment contains 75% of the packages that
were placed in the compartment to completely fill it. For multi-
shelf units this method should be applied to each shelf. The
remaining packages may be arranged as necessary to provide the
required air gap and thermocouple placement. The
[[Page 41672]]
number of packages comprising the 100% and 75% loading conditions
should be recorded in the test data maintained in accordance with 10
CFR 429.71.
3. Test Control Settings
* * * * *
3.2 * * *
3.2.1 A first test shall be performed with all temperature
controls set at their median position midway between their warmest
and coldest settings. For mechanical control systems, (a) knob
detents shall be mechanically defeated if necessary to attain a
median setting, and (b) the warmest and coldest settings shall
correspond to the positions in which the indicator is aligned with
control symbols indicating the warmest and coldest settings. For
electronic control systems, the test shall be performed with all
compartment temperature controls set at the average of the coldest
and warmest settings--if there is no setting equal to this average,
the setting closest to the average shall be used. If there are two
such settings equally close to the average, the higher of these
temperature control settings shall be used.
A second test shall be performed with all controls set at either
their warmest or their coldest setting (not electrically or
mechanically bypassed), whichever is appropriate, to attempt to
achieve compartment temperatures measured during the two tests that
bound (i.e., one is above and one is below) the standardized
temperature. If the compartment temperatures measured during these
two tests bound the standardized temperature, then these test
results shall be used to determine energy consumption. If the
compartment temperature measured with all controls set at their
coldest setting is above the standardized temperature, the tested
unit fails the test and cannot be rated. If the compartment
temperature measured with all controls set at their warmest setting
is below the standardized temperature, then the result of this test
alone will be used to determine energy consumption. Also see Table 1
of this appendix, which summarizes these requirements.
Table 1--Temperature Settings for Freezers
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
First test Second test
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Energy calculation based on--
Settings Results Settings Results
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mid................................. Low.................... Warm................... Low................... Second Test Only.
High.................. First and Second Tests.
High................... Cold................... Low................... First and Second Tests.
High.................. No Energy Use Rating.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
4. Test Period
* * * * *
4.1 Non-automatic Defrost. If the model being tested has no
automatic defrost system, the test period shall start after steady-
state conditions (see section 2.7 of this appendix) have been
achieved and be no less than three hours in duration. During the
test period, the compressor motor shall complete two or more whole
compressor cycles. (A whole compressor cycle is a complete ``on''
and a complete ``off'' period of the motor.) If no ``off'' cycling
occurs, the test period shall be three hours. If incomplete cycling
occurs (less than two compressor cycles during a 24-hour period),
then a single complete compressor cycle may be used.
* * * * *
5. Test Measurements
* * * * *
5.1 Temperature Measurements. Temperature measurements shall be
made at the locations prescribed in Figure 5.2 of HRF-1-2008
(incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3) and shall be accurate
to within 0.5[emsp14][deg]F (0.3 [deg]C).
If the interior arrangements of the unit under test do not
conform with those shown in Figure 5.2 of HRF-1-2008, the unit may
be tested by relocating the temperature sensors from the locations
specified in the figures to avoid interference with non-adjustable
hardware or components within the unit, in which case the specific
locations used for the temperature sensors shall be noted in the
test data records maintained by the manufacturer in accordance with
10 CFR 429.71, and the certification report shall indicate that non-
standard sensor locations were used.
If the temperature sensor placement required by this section is
impeded by adjustable shelves or other components that could be
relocated by the consumer, those components shall be repositioned as
necessary to allow for placement of the sensors in the required
locations. Any repositioning of components shall adhere as closely
as practicable to the set-up instructions specified in section 5.5.2
of HRF-1-2008 while maintaining a minimum 1 inch air space between
the sensor thermal mass and adjacent hardware.
* * * * *
5.1.2 Compartment Temperature. The compartment temperature for
each test period shall be an average of the measured temperatures
taken in a compartment during the test period as defined in section
4 of this appendix. For long-time automatic defrost models,
compartment temperature shall be that measured in the first part of
the test period specified in section 4.2.1 of this appendix. For
models with variable defrost controls, compartment temperature shall
be that measured in the first part of the test period specified in
section 4.2.2 of this appendix. For models with automatic defrost
that is neither long-time nor variable defrost, the compartment
temperature shall be an average of the measured temperatures taken
in a compartment during a stable period of compressor operation
that;
(a) Includes no defrost cycles or events associated with a
defrost cycle, such as precooling or recovery,
(b) Is no less than three hours in duration, and
(c) Includes two or more whole compressor cycles or two or more
complete temperature cycles. If neither the compressor nor the
temperature cycles, the stable period used for the temperature
average shall be three hours in duration.
* * * * *
5.2.1.3 Variable Defrost Control. The energy consumption in
kilowatt-hours per day shall be calculated equivalent to:
ET = (1440 x K x EP1/T1) + (EP2-(EP1 x T2/T1)) x K x (12/CT),
Where:
ET, K, and 1440 are defined in section 5.2.1.1;
EP1, EP2, T1, T2, and 12 are defined in section 5.2.1.2;
CT = (CTL x CTM)/(F x (CTM -
CTL) + CTL)
Where:
CTL = the shortest compressor run time between defrosts
observed for the test--or the shortest compressor run time between
defrosts used in the variable defrost control algorithm (greater
than or equal to 6 but less than or equal to 12 hours)--whichever is
shorter, in hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour;
CTM = maximum compressor run time between defrosts in
hours rounded to the nearest tenth of an hour (greater than
CTL but not more than 96 hours);
F = ratio of per day energy consumption in excess of the least
energy and the maximum difference in per-day energy consumption and
is equal to 0.20.
For variable defrost models with no values for CTL
and CTM in the algorithm, the default values of 6 and 96
shall be used, respectively. However, the shortest compressor run
time between defrosts observed for the test shall be used for
CTL, if it is less than 6.
5.3 Volume Measurements. The unit's total refrigerated volume,
VT, shall be measured in accordance with HRF-1-2008 (incorporated by
reference; see Sec. 430.3), section 3.30 and sections 4.2 through
4.3. The measured volume shall include all spaces within the
insulated volume of each compartment except for the volumes that
must be deducted in accordance with section 4.2.2 of HRF-1-2008.
In the case of freezers with automatic icemakers, the volume
occupied by the automatic icemaker, including its ice storage
[[Page 41673]]
bin, is to be included in the volume measurement.
Total refrigerated volume is determined by physical measurement
of the test unit. Measurements and calculations used to determine
the total refrigerated volume shall be retained as part of the test
records underlying the certification of the basic model in
accordance with 10 CFR 429.71.
* * * * *
6. Calculation of Derived Results From Test Measurements
* * * * *
6.2 Average Per-Cycle Energy Consumption. The average per-cycle
energy consumption for a cycle type, E, is expressed in kilowatt-
hours per cycle to the nearest one hundredth (0.01) kilowatt-hour,
and shall be calculated according to the sections below.
6.2.1 If the compartment temperature is always below
0.0[emsp14][deg]F (-17.8 [deg]C), the average per-cycle energy
consumption shall be equivalent to:
E = ET1 + IET
Where:
ET is defined in 5.2.1;
The number 1 indicates the test period during which the highest
compartment temperature is measured; and
IET, expressed in kilowatt-hours per cycle, equals 0 (zero) for
products without an automatic icemaker, and for products with an
automatic icemaker shall be equal to 0.23 until the energy
conservation standards at 10 CFR 430.32(a) are amended. Beginning on
the compliance date of any such amended standards, the icemaking
energy shall be calculated as described in section 8.3.6 of this
appendix.
6.2.2 If one of the compartment temperatures measured for a test
period is greater than 0.0[emsp14][deg]F (17.8 [deg]C), the average
per-cycle energy consumption shall be equivalent to:
E = ET1 + ((ET2 - ET1) x (0.0 - TF1)/(TF2 - TF1)) + IET
Where:
IET is defined in 6.2.1 and ET is defined in 5.2.1;
TF = freezer compartment temperature determined according to 5.1.3
in degrees F;
The numbers 1 and 2 indicate measurements taken during the first
and second test period as appropriate; and
0.0 = standardized compartment temperature in degrees F.
6.2.3 Variable Anti-Sweat Heater Models. The standard cycle
energy consumption of an electric freezer with a variable anti-sweat
heater control (Estd), expressed in kilowatt-hours per day, shall be
calculated equivalent to:
Estd = E + (Correction Factor) where E is determined by 6.2.1, or
6.2.2, whichever is appropriate, with the anti-sweat heater switch
in the ``off'' position or, for a product without an anti-sweat
heater switch, the anti-sweat heater in its lowest energy use state.
Correction Factor = (Anti-sweat Heater Power x System-loss Factor) x
(24 hrs/1 day) x (1 kW/1000 W)
Where:
Anti-sweat Heater Power = 0.034 * (Heater Watts at 5%RH)
+ 0.211 * (Heater Watts at 15%RH)
+ 0.204 * (Heater Watts at 25%RH)
+ 0.166 * (Heater Watts at 35%RH)
+ 0.126 * (Heater Watts at 45%RH)
+ 0.119 * (Heater Watts at 55%RH)
+ 0.069 * (Heater Watts at 65%RH)
+ 0.047 * (Heater Watts at 75%RH)
+ 0.008 * (Heater Watts at 85%RH)
+ 0.015 * (Heater Watts at 95%RH)
Heater Watts at a specific relative humidity = the nominal watts
used by all heaters at that specific relative humidity,
72[emsp14][deg]F ambient (22.2 [deg]C), and DOE reference freezer
(FZ) average temperature of 0[emsp14][deg]F (-17.8 [deg]C).
System-loss Factor = 1.3
* * * * *
8. Icemaking Test
This section would apply to manufacturers seeking to demonstrate
compliance with any new or amended energy conservation standard that
DOE may issue in a final rule for refrigerators, refrigerator-
freezers, and freezers after September 15, 2014. Absent the issuance
of a test procedure waiver by the Department of Energy permitting
the earlier use of this section, this section is not required unless
and until such final rule is issued.
8.1 Special Test Conditions.
8.1.1 Multiple Icemakers. If one of the automatic icemakers in a
product with multiple icemakers serves a through-the-door ice
dispenser, initiate icemaking only for this icemaker when conducting
the icemaking part of the test of section 8.3.
8.1.2 Anti-sweat Heater. The anti-sweat heater switch shall be
off for the icemaking test. In the case of a freezer equipped with
variable anti-sweat heater control but without an anti-sweat heater
switch, the test shall be conducted in an ambient humidity condition
that will prevent the anti-sweat heater from being energized.
8.1.3 Connection of water lines and installation of water
filters are required. Inlet water temperature shall be 90 +/- 2
[deg]F. The water supply system shall be designed to assure that
inlet water temperature stays within this specified range at all
times during the test. Inlet water pressure shall be 60 +/- 15 psig.
8.1.4 Data collection frequency for temperatures, power, and
energy shall be no less than once per minute.
8.1.5 Icemaker Cycle Indication. The end of one icemaker cycle
and the start of the following icemaker cycle is defined to occur
when the mold heater (to release ice pieces) is turned off. When
measuring energy use for an icemaker (a) without a mold heater or
(b) for which review of test data does not allow easy determination
of the times that a mold heater was turned off, the end of one
icemaker cycle and the start of the following icemaker cycle is
defined to occur when one of the methods described in this section
indicates the initiation of water flow into the icemaker mold. One
of the following measurement approaches shall be used to indicate
the start and end of icemaker cycles using measurements at a data
acquisition time interval no greater than the data acquisition time
interval used for the test's energy and temperature measurements.
The test data record maintained in accordance with 10 CFR 429.71
shall indicate which of these three methods is used.
8.1.5.1 Mold Temperature. Measure icemaker mold temperature
during the test with a temperature sensor adhered to the bottom of
the icemaker mold. Ensure that the temperature sensor is installed
so that the icemaker operation, including operations such as
twisting of the icemaker mold and ice dropping into the ice bin,
will not be impeded by the temperature sensor and its connecting
wire(s), and that neither the temperature sensor nor its connecting
wire(s) will be dislodged or damaged by icemaker operation.
8.1.5.2 Water Supply Temperature. Measure the temperature of the
water at a location in the water supply line where the measured
temperature changes (within the 90 2F supply temperature
range) when water is supplied to the icemaker, thus reliably
indicating the start of an icemaking cycle. If the temperature
changes measurably when the icemaker water supply valve opens, this
change may be used to provide an indication of when a new icemaker
cycle has started.
8.1.5.3 Solenoid Valve Activation. Measure power input, voltage,
or current supplied to the icemaker water supply solenoid valve to
indicate when the valve is energized. Make this measurement at a
frequency sufficient to identify individual valve activation events,
or use an event counter to track valve activation events.
Alternatively, measure energy use of the valve with a precision
sufficient to indicate individual activation events.
8.2 Baseline Test. Render the icemaker inoperative as described
in HRF-1-2008 (incorporated by reference; see Sec. 430.3), section
5.5.2(c), and empty the ice storage bin before beginning the
baseline test.
8.2.1 Baseline Test Temperature Control Settings. Baseline test
compartment temperatures shall be as defined in section 5.1.3 of
this appendix and measured during the same test period used to
determine baseline test average power, as described in section
8.2.3. Temperature controls shall be adjusted to their warmest
settings for which baseline test compartment temperatures are no
more than 1 [deg]F (0.6 [deg]C) warmer than their standardized
temperatures, as defined in section 3.2 of this appendix. For
mechanical temperature controls, only settings corresponding to
positions in which the indicator is aligned with a control symbol
shall be used. Temperature controls shall be readjusted and
stabilization shall be repeated, if necessary to meet this
requirement. Temperature controls shall not be adjusted between the
icemaking baseline test and subsequent parts of the icemaking test
except as described in section 8.3.2.2.
8.2.2 Stabilization. After setting the temperature controls as
described in section 8.2.1, wait until steady-state conditions have
been confirmed, as described in section 2.7 of this appendix.
8.2.3 Baseline Test Average Power. The test period shall be as
described in section 4.1 of this appendix and shall not include
[[Page 41674]]
any defrost cycles or events associated with a defrost cycle, such
as precooling or recovery. The stabilization period and the baseline
test period may overlap, provided the baseline test period ends no
earlier than the stabilization period. The baseline test average
power, expressed in Watts (W), shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.037
Where:
EPI1 = Energy use measured for the baseline test period (Icemaking
Test Period 1), expressed in kilowatt-hours;
TI1 = Length of time in minutes of the baseline test period;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust kilowatt-hours to watt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3 Icemaking Test
8.3.1 Initiation and Duration of Icemaking Operation
8.3.1.1 For units that can complete 24 hours of icemaking or can
fill their ice storage bin without encountering a defrost or the
precooling preceding the defrost, or for units for which the defrost
can be disabled or bypassed by the tester, verify that the ice
storage bin is empty and initiate icemaking during a compressor on
cycle. Continue the icemaking operation until either:
(a) The ice storage bin becomes full and stops the icemaker, or
(b) An icemaker harvest occurs at least 24 hours after the
initial icemaker harvest.
8.3.1.2 For units that cannot complete 24 hours of icemaking
without encountering a defrost or the precooling preceding the
defrost, verify that the ice storage bin is empty and initiate
icemaking shortly after the start of the compressor after a defrost.
Continue the icemaking operation until either:
(a) The ice storage bin becomes full and stops the icemaker, or
(b) The next defrost cycle occurs.
8.3.2 Compartment Temperature.
8.3.2.1 Compartment Temperature Measurement. For products with
cycling compressors during icemaking, the compartment temperature
shall be as measured for Icemaking Test Period 3, which is defined
in section 8.3.5.2 and comprises a whole number of compressor
cycles. For products with non-cycling compressors during icemaking,
compartment temperatures shall be as measured for Icemaking Test
Period 2 (defined in section 8.3.4.1) and comprises a whole number
of icemaking cycles.
8.3.2.2 Temperature Control Settings. If the compartment
temperature is warmer during the icemaking test than it was during
the baseline test without making temperature control setting
adjustments, the compartment temperature control shall be adjusted
to its warmest setting for which compartment temperature is no more
than 1 [deg]F warmer than its temperature measured for the baseline
test. For mechanical temperature controls, only settings
corresponding to positions in which the indicator is aligned with a
control symbol shall be used. For products with controls that
automatically reduce compartment temperature settings or
automatically increase compressor duty cycle or compressor speed to
enhance cooling for icemaking, this enhanced cooling feature shall
not be disabled during icemaking, and temperature control settings
shall not be adjusted.
8.3.3 Ice Mass per Icemaker Cycle
8.3.3.1 Total Ice Mass. After completion of icemaking, determine
the total mass of ice produced, MICE, expressed in
pounds, by weighing the ice storage bin when it contains the ice
made during the test and subtracting the weight of the empty ice
storage bin.
8.3.3.2 Total Number of Icemaker Cycles. Count the total number
of icemaker cycles (i.e., number of harvests), TNCYC,
that have occurred between initiation of icemaking and ice weight
measurement based on examination of the recorded power input data or
the measurements described in section 8.1.5.
8.3.3.3 The Ice Mass per Icemaker Cycle, expressed in pounds,
shall be calculated as:
MICE--CYC = MICE/TNCYC
Where:
MICE is defined in section 8.3.2.1; and
TNCYC is defined in section 8.3.2.2.
8.3.4 Energy Use per Ice Mass for Non-Cycling Compressor During
Icemaking. This section describes the calculation of energy use per
mass of ice produced if the compressor does not cycle during the
icemaking test. Icemaking Test Period 2 can be used to measure both
energy use per icemaker cycle and icemaking test average power.
8.3.4.1 Icemaking Test Period 2. The test period shall include a
whole number of icemaker cycles (defined in section 8.1.5). The
following stability requirement shall apply for the chosen test
period: the average temperature of the freezer compartment for each
complete icemaker cycle included in the test period shall be within
3 [deg]F (1.7 [deg]C) of its temperature average for the full test
period. The number of icemaker cycles within the test period is
designated NCYC, which can be less than or equal to
TNCYC.
8.3.4.2 Icemaking Test Average Power. The test period shall be
as described in section 8.3.4.1. The icemaking test average power,
expressed in Watts (W), shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.038
Where:
EPI2 = Energy use measured for the icemaking test period (Icemaking
Test Period 2), expressed in kilowatt-hours;
TI2 = Length of time in minutes of the icemaking test period;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust kilowatt-hours to watt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3.4.3 Energy Use per Ice Mass. The energy use per mass of ice
produced, EIM, expressed in kilowatt-hours per pound, shall be
calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.039
Where:
PI2 and TI2 are defined in section 8.3.4.2;
PI1 is defined in section 8.2.3;
MICE--CYC is defined in section 8.3.3.4;
NCYC is defined in section 8.3.4.1;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust watt-hours to kilowatt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3.5 Energy Use per Ice Mass for Cycling Compressor During
Icemaking. This section describes the calculation of energy use per
mass of ice produced if the compressor cycles during the icemaking
test. Icemaking Test Period 2 shall be used to measure energy use
per icemaker cycle and Icemaking Test Period 3 shall be used to
measure icemaking test average power.
8.3.5.1 Icemaking Test Period 2. The icemaking test period for
measuring energy use per icemaker cycle shall be as described in
section 8.3.4.1, except that the stability requirement shall be
evaluated for Icemaking Test Period 3 rather than for Icemaking Test
Period 2 as follows: the average temperature of the freezer
compartment for each compressor cycle within Test Period 3 must be
within 3 [deg]F (1.7 [deg]C) of the average temperature of the
freezer compartment during Icemaking Test Period 3.
8.3.5.2 Icemaking Test Period 3. The test period for measuring
icemaking average power shall be the longest period that can be
selected from the test data that includes a whole number of
compressor cycles starting after the start of Icemaking Test Period
2 and ending before the end of Icemaking Test Period 2.
8.3.5.3 Icemaking Test Average Power. The test period for
measuring average power shall be as described in section 8.3.5.2.
The icemaking test average power, expressed in Watts (W), shall be
calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.040
Where:
EPI3 = Energy use measured for Icemaking Test Period 3, expressed in
kilowatt-hours;
TI3 = Length of time in minutes of Icemaking Test Period 3;
1,000 = conversion factor to adjust kilowatt-hours to watt-hours;
and
60 = conversion factor to adjust minutes to hours.
8.3.5.4 Energy Use per Ice Mass. The energy use per mass of ice
produced, EIM, expressed in kilowatt-hours per pound, shall be
calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP10JY13.041
Where:
PI3 is defined in section 8.3.5.3;
PI1 is defined in section 8.2.3;
[[Page 41675]]
EPI2 = Energy use, expressed in kilowatt-hours, measured during
Icemaking Test Period 2, defined in section 8.3.4.1;
MICE--CYC is defined in section 8.3.3.4; and
NCYC is defined in section 8.3.4.1;
8.3.6 The icemaking energy use per cycle, IET, expressed in
kilowatt-hours per cycle, shall be calculated as:
IET = 1.8 x EIM
Where:
EIM = Energy use per ice mass, defined in section 8.3.4.3 or
8.3.5.4; and
1.8 = Daily ice production in pounds.
[FR Doc. 2013-16281 Filed 7-9-13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P