Legal Aspects of Managing Technology

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Legal Aspects of Managing Technology addresses the ways in which law protects a wide range of intellectual assets that must be understood by any manager involved with technological innovations. Legal, social and regulatory issues are intertwined with intellectual property discussions. Concepts are defined and supplemented with excerpted court cases. Additionally, hypothetical and real-world thread cases show students how to critically think about legal choices for new intellectual property. This book focuses on integral technology topics, analyzes the most current and interesting issues, engages readers in controversial and important social issues, and demonstrates the public policy process.

1 An Overview of the Technology Policy Environment in the United States

1

(28)

The Intellectual Property System

3

(7)

Patents

6

(1)

Copyrights

6

(2)

Trade Secrets

8

(1)

Trademarks

8

(2)

The Public Policy Process in the United States

10

(11)

The Power Struggle: Federal versus State

10

(5)

How Intellectual Property Policies Are Made in the United States

15

(4)

The Expanding Scope of Intellectual Property Protection

19

(2)

The Rising Importance of the First Amendment in Technology Policy Disputes

21

(4)

Two Running Examples

25

(4)

The Self-Adjusting Stair Climber

26

(1)

DeCSS

27

(2)

2 The International Technology Policy Environment

29

(50)

Unilateral Measures: Actions Against Imports into the United States

32

(2)

Private Actions for Unauthorized Imports into the United States

32

(1)

The Customs Service and Section 337

33

(1)

Bilateral Arrangements and the Importance of Trade Sanctions

34

(5)

Section 301 and Trade Sanctions

34

(1)

Special 301 and Intellectual Property Protection

35

(4)

Multilateral Approaches

39

(16)

Global Intellectual Property Agreements

39

(4)

World Trade Organization

43

(10)

Regional Trade Pacts

53

(2)

International Law and the Internet

55

(24)

Personal Jurisdiction: Where Can the Lawsuit Be Brought?

56

(16)

What Law Applies?

72

(1)

Can a Judgment Be Enforced?

73

(1)

Example 1: The Yahoo! Litigation

74

(2)

Example 2: The ElcomSoft Controversy

76

(3)

3 Fundamental Requirements for Patent Protection in the United States

79

(45)

Overview of Patent Policies and Processes

81

(9)

Basic Requirements

82

(3)

Patent Duration

85

(4)

Enforcement Issues

89

(1)

Novelty

90

(17)

Is the Invention New?

93

(6)

Was the Patent Application Filed in Time?

99

(4)

Who Gets the Patent When There Are Multiple Inventors?

103

(4)

Nonobviousness

107

(7)

Patentable Subject Matter and Utility

114

(3)

Patentable Subject Matter

114

(1)

Utility

115

(2)

Design Patents

117

(7)

International Protection of Industrial Designs

121

(3)

4 Obtaining and Defending Patent Rights in the United States and Globally

124

(49)

The Patent Application Process: A Brief Overview

125

(15)

Who May File the Patent Application?

126

(1)

Invention Assignment Agreements

127

(1)

When to Apply

128

(3)

Dealing with the PTO

131

(6)

Loss of Patent Rights

137

(3)

Disclosure: Enablement and Best Mode

140

(7)

Enablement

140

(6)

Best Mode

146

(1)

Infringement and Remedies

147

(12)

Literal Infringement

148

(1)

Doctrine of Equivalents

149

(2)

Prosecution History Estoppel

151

(4)

Infringement of Process Patents

155

(4)

International Patent Protection Issues

159

(14)

Substantive Patent Policy Issues

159

(7)

Procedural Patent Policy Issues

166

(7)

5 Patent Protection for Computer Programs and Internet Business Methods

173

(31)

Patent Protection for Computer Programs: The Long and Winding Road

174

(11)

Computer Processes Are Patentable Subject Matter

174

(3)

Old Standards and the Importance of Physical Transformations

177

(2)

The Modern Trend

179

(1)

1996 PTO Examination Guidelines for Computer-Related Inventions

180

(1)

The Dual Impact of the Federal Circuits State Street Decision

180

(4)

Revised PTO Examination Guidelines for Computer-Related Inventions

184

(1)

Other Issues Regarding Patents for Computer Programs

185

(7)

Receiving a Patent from the PTO

185

(1)

Disclosure

186

(1)

The Possibility of Copyright Protection

187

(1)

International Patent Protection of Computer Programs

188

(2)

The Controversy Continues: Should Patent Protection Be Extended to Computer Programs?

190

(2)

Patent Protection for Internet Business Methods

192

(12)

The Controversy Over Amazons One-Click Business Method Patent

194

(7)

The PTO 'S Business Method Patent Initiative

201

(1)

Legislative Measures and New Proposals

202

(2)

6 Biotechnology: Patent Issues and Other Policy Matters

204

(39)

Basics of Genetic Engineering

205

(5)

The Human Genome Project

207

(3)

Cloning of Organisms

210

(4)

Animal Cloning

210

(2)

Human Reproductive Cloning

212

(2)

Biotechnology Patent Issues

214

(14)

Patents for Higher Life Forms

217

(2)

Patents on Human Beings and Human Cloning Techniques

219

(1)

Patent Rights and the Ownership of Progeny

220

(1)

Patents on Genes

221

(3)

An Important Pharmaceutical Patent Issue

224

(1)

International Patent Issues

225

(2)

Other Biotechnology Patent Issues

227

(1)

Other Biotechnology Controversies

228

(15)

Biological Safety and Diversity

228

(4)

Food: Labeling and Other Regulatory Matters

232

(4)

Gene Therapies

236

(1)

Embryonic Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning

237

(3)

Genetic Testing, Discrimination, and Behavioral Issues

240

(3)

7 Protection of Secret Information

243

(54)

Rationales for Trade Secret Laws

247

(5)

Important Aspects of Trade Secret Laws

252

(25)

Definition of Trade Secret

253

(3)

Misappropriation

256

(8)

Proving Misappropriation

264

(1)

Remedies for Trade Secret Misappropriation

264

(13)

Trade Secret Protection Measures

277

(8)

Federal Economic Espionage Act

285

(5)

International Trade Secret Protection

287

(2)

Concluding Remarks About Trade Secret Protection

289

(1)

Presenting Unsolicited Ideas to Third Parties

290

(7)

How Companies Handle Unsolicited Ideas

293

(2)

Advice for Offering Unsolicited Ideas

295

(2)

8 Fundamental Aspects of Copyright Protection

297

(55)

What May Be Protected by Copyright

301

(12)

Protection of Original Expressions

301

(7)

Protection of Databases

304

(4)

Copyright Protection of Product Designs

308

(5)

Rights Provided by Copyright

313

(8)

The Basic Exclusive Rights

313

(4)

The Digital Transmission Right for Sound Recordings

317

(4)

Fair Use and Other Exceptions to Copyright Protection

321

(8)

Copyright Ownership

329

(7)

Works Made for Hire

329

(6)

Joint Works

335

(1)

Moral Rights

335

(1)

How to Obtain Copyright Protection

336

(8)

Registration and Deposit

336

(6)

Copyright Notice

342

(1)

Duration of Copyright Protection

343

(1)

Infringement and Remedies

344

(8)

The Substantial Similarity Standard

344

(5)

Remedies

349

(3)

9 Copyright Protection for Computer Programs and Digital Media

352

(54)

The Importance of Distinguishing Ideas from Expressions in Computer Programs

353

(9)

Levels of Abstractions in Copyrighted Works

353

(4)

The Availability of Alternative Expressions

357

(2)

Levels of Abstraction for Computer Programs

359

(3)

The Original Approach in Computer Copyright Cases

362

(9)

Protection for Computer Programs

362

(4)

Protection for User Interfaces

366

(5)

The Modern Approach in Computer Copyright Cases

371

(13)

Protection for Computer Programs

371

(7)

Protection for User Interfaces

378

(4)

International Copyright Protection of Computer Programs

382

(2)

Reverse Engineering of Computer Programs and Clean-Room Techniques

384

(8)

Copyright and Artistic Media: Digital Sampling, Imaging, and Multimedia Works