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popular Arabic music, also known as shaabi, sha-bii or sha'bii. Chaabi was originally performed in markets, but is now found at any celebration or meeting. In Morocco, for example, chaabi songs typically end with a leseb, a swift rhythmic section accompanied by syncopated clapping

Chabara

(Korean) see bara

Chabarowsk

(German n.) Khabarovsk (the administrative center and the largest city of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some 30 km from the Chinese border)

Chablis

(English, German m.) Chablis wine (the Chablis region is the northernmost wine district of Burgundy, France)

Chabretta

(French f.) bellows-blown bagpipe from Limousin region of France

Chabrette

(French f.) bellows-blown bagpipe from Limousin region of France

Chacal

(French m.) jackal

Chácaras

(Spanish) large castanets from the Canary Islands

Chacarera

a folk dance and music originated in the northwest of Argentina in the nineteenth century. Chacarera is still played and danced in many provinces of Argentina, specially in Catamarca, Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, and Jujuy, and it can be also found in the south of Bolivia. Each Province has it own flavour of chacarera with subtle differences, mainly in the steps (Chacarera doble, Chacarera larga, etc)

the small bell mounted on the timbales and used for the chachachá, guajira and similar styles

Cha-Cha-Cha

(German m.) cha-cha-cha, chachachá (Spanish)

Cha-cha-cha

see chachachá (Spanish)

Chachachá

(Spanish) or 'cha-cha-cha', a dance and musical style evolving from the Nuevo Ritmo of the danzón style. Enganadora, by Cuban bandleader and violinist Enrique Jorrin, is generally considered to be the first chachachá, in 1953. As a dance, cha cha became popular in the 1950s and 1960s and is descended from mambo through triple mambo. It is in 4/4 time and follows a rhythmic pattern two crotchets (quarter-notes), three quavers (eighth-notes) and a quaver rest (eighth-rest)

(English, German f., French f.) or, in English, 'chacony', a slow stately dance with variations, popular during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, generally in triple time, played over a ground bass, similar to the passacaglia (Italian) or passecaille (French), that originated in Latin America in the late sixteenth century

(French) every man to his trade, let the cobbler stick to his last (figurative)

Chaddar

shawl

Chadera

(German n.) Hadera (a city located in the Haifa District of Israel)

Chador

(English, German m.) a cloth used as a head covering (and veil and shawl) by Muslim and Hindu women

Chadracha

modern, popular Cuban music

Chafing-dish

(from the Old French chauffer, "to make warm") a kind of portable grate ("a dish of Coles") raised on a tripod, originally heated with charcoal in a brazier, and used for foods that required gentle cooking, away from the fierce heat of direct flames. The chafing dish could be used at table or for keeping food warm on a buffet. Double dishes that provide a protective water jacket are known as bain-marie and help keep delicate foods such as fish warm while preventing overcooking. A chafing-dish heated by a small spirit-lamp is known in French as a veilleuse

enfermedad de Chagas (Spanish), mal de Chagas (Spanish), also called American trypanosomiasis, a tropical parasitic disease particularly found in the Southern American continent

Chagas-Krankheit

(German f.) Chagas disease

Chaghana

also called 'Turkish crescent', chapeau chinois or 'jingling johnnie', a ceremonial staff of ancient Central Asian origin which was adopted by the Turks and gained importance following their capture of Constantinople, when the crescent became the emblem of Turkish power. This symbolic and highly ornate staff is surmounted by a crescent and a metal ornament shaped like a Chinese hat. Attached are two horsehair tassels, and hanging at different points are a considerable number of bells and crotals which jingle as the staff is carried in procession. The chaghana was highly valued by Europeans as a war trophy during periods of conflict with Turkey and was incorporated in miltary bands following the Turkish custom. It still exists today

(German n.) shagreen (the rough hide of a shark or ray, covered with numerous bony denticles and used as an abrasive and as leather - formerly made from a horse's back, or that of an onager (wild ass))

(German n.) shagreen (the rough hide of a shark or ray, covered with numerous bony denticles and used as an abrasive and as leather - formerly made from a horse's back, or that of an onager (wild ass))

Chahut

(French m.) row, din

a noisy dance resembling the cancan

chahuter

(French) to make a row, to be rowdy with

Chahuteur (m.), Chahuteuse (f.)

(French) rowdy

Chai

(English, German m.) a beverage made by brewing tea with a mixture of aromatic spices

(English, German n. from Hebrew) a symbol and word that figures prominently in Jewish culture and consists of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet Het and Yod

Chail

(Hebrew, literally 'bored through') pipe or flute (1 Samuel 10:5)

Chain

(in tuning theory) a chain is a type of linear tuning which is theoretically infinite on both ends, for example 'Pythagorean'

see 'chains'

Chaîné

(French f.) chain, channel (television, satellite, etc.)

Chaîne de fabrication

(French f.) production line

Chaîne de montage

(French f.) assembly line

Chaîne de montagnes

(French f.) mountain range

Chaîne hi-fi

(French f.) hi-fi system

Chaînés

(French f. pl., literally 'chains', 'links') or deboulés (French), rolar (Portuguese), in dance, an abbreviation of the term tours chaînés déboulés, a series of rapid turns on demi-pointes in a straight line or in a circle

see 'chains'

Chaînette

(French f.) small chain

Chain form

binary form extended with more sections, for example ABCD, and particularly when including repeated sections, AABBCCDD

Chain mail

flexible and luxury fabric of many interwoven metal rings, used in suits of armor: a similar version called 'Oroton' was popularized by Versace in the 1980s

Chaînon

(French m.) link (in a chian)

Chain perforations

a term applied to the 'breaking up' of otherwise long perforations for when long sustained notes are called for on automatic music players using a paper roll. The long perforation is broken up into a series of small perforations set close together in a line down the roll which makes the roll stronger and less likely to tear or wrinkle. The separations are so small that the air-actuated tracker action does not detect them, seeing the perforations as being continuous. The resultant note is therefore unbroken

Chain rhyme

the linking together of stanzas by carrying a rhyme over from one stanza to the next

a percussion instrument made of lengths of metal chain. Schoenberg used chains in Gurrelieder

Chainse

a white long-sleeved undertunic of fine linen worn in the early Middle Ages. In feminine costume it was ground-length. Later it developed into the shirt and the chemise

Chaintanya

Bengali religious reformer of the 15th century AD., who is worshipped by his followers as an incarnation of Sri Krishna

Chair

(French f.) flesh

Chair à saucisses

(French f.) sausage meat

chair, (couleur)

(French) flesh-coloured

Chair de poule

(French m.) goose-flesh

Chaire

(French f.) pulpit (in a church), chair (university)

Chairman (m.), Chairwoman (f.), Chairmen (pl.), Chairwomen (f.pl.)

(English, German) also chair, the person who acts as the senior member of the board of a company, as the presiding officer of a meeting or assembly, or as the adminstrative head of an academic department in a university

(English, French f.) a day-bed, a kind of sofa with a back but one end

(French f.) deck-chair

Chaiti

folk songs of Uttar Pradesh, sung in the month of Chaitra (March-April)

Chajchas

(South America) a rattle made from goat or sheep hooves

Chakacha

traditional rhythm from Kenya

Chakasien

(German) Khakassia (a federal subject of the Russian republic located in south central Siberia)

Chakki

grinding wheel or mill

Chakra

(English, German n.) one of the seven centres of spiritual energy in the human body according to yoga philosophy

Chal.

abbreviation for chalumeau, an instruction in a clarinet part that the player should transpose the wirrten notes down an octave. The instruction is cancelled with the marking Clar.

Chalan

in Indian classical music, the characteristic movement of notes in a raga

Chaland

(French m.) barge

Chalazion

(English, German n.) inflammed lump in a meibomian gland (in the eyelid), which usually subsides, but may need surgical removal

Chalazium

(German n.) chalazion

Chalcedonian churches

churches that accept the definition given at the Council of Chalcedon (451 AD) of how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus Christ. While most modern Christian churches are Chalcedonian, in the 5th - 8th centuries AD the ascendancy of Chalcedonian Christology was not always certain. The dogmatical disputes raised during this Synod led to the Chalcedonian schism and as a matter of course to the creation of the non-chalcedonian body of churches known as Oriental Christianity. The Chalcedonian churches were the ones that remained united with Rome, Constatinople and the three Greek Orthodox patriarchates of the East (Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem), that under Justinian at the council in Trullo were organised under a form of rule known as the Pentarchy. The majority of the Armenian, Syrian, Coptic, and Ethiopian Christians rejected the Chalcedonian definition, and are now known collectively as Oriental Orthodox. However, some Armenian Christians (especially in the region of Cappadocia and Trebizond inside the Byzantine Empire) did accept the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon and engaged in polemics against the Armenian Apostolic Church, and churches of the Syriac tradition among the Eastern Catholic Churches are also Chalcedonian

a translucent or grayish semi-precious stone that is a variety of banded quartz

Chaldäer

(German pl.) Chaldeans

Chaldea

a Hellenistic designation for a part of Babylonia, mainly around Sumerian Ur, which became an independent kingdom under the Chaldees. It pursued military campaigns against the foreign ruling dynasties ruling southern Mesopotamia, mainly the Akkadians and the Babylonians. It became a Babylonian colony in the early days of Hammurabi, but retained special status in relation to other cities ruled by Babylon in the region. The 11th dynasty of the Kings of Babylon (6th century BC) is conventionally known to historians as the Chaldean Dynasty. Their kingdom in the southern portion of Babylonia lay chiefly on the right bank of the Euphrates. Though the name came to be commonly used to refer to the whole of Mesopotamia, Chaldea proper was the vast plain in the south formed by the deposits of the Euphrates and the Tigris, extending to about four hundred miles along the course of these rivers, and about a hundred miles in average width

(English, German n., French m.) chalet, a small wooden house of a Swiss peasant

Chaleur

(French f.) heat, warmth (intensity, colour, etc.), passion

chaleureusement

(French) with warmth

chaleureux (m.), chaleureuse (f.)

(French) warm

Chalga

a form of Bulgarian popular music drawing from Balkan folk traditions and incorporating Turkish, Greek, and Roma (gypsy) influences, as well as motifs from Balkan traditional music, flamenco and klezmer music. Often indistinguishable from Bulgarian pop music, it remains popular with the proletariat - music played in dance clubs and pubs. The word chalga comes from a Turkish word pronounced chalguh, which means 'playing' or 'music' and is itself derived from Arabic

the lowest register (the first octave from the fundamental) playable by instruments of the clarinet family

the direction 'chalumeau' in music for clarinet or basset horn directs the player to 'play the music an octave lower than written'

Chalut

(French m.) trawl-net

Chalutier

(French m.) trawler

Chalzedon

(German m.) chalcedony

Cham

see 'Cham dance'

Chamade

the sounding of a drum to ask for a parley

chamade

see en chamade

Chameleon

lizard of Africa and Madagascar able to change skin color and having a projectile tongue

a changeable or inconstant person

Chamäleon

(German n.) chameleon

chamäleonartig

(German) chameleon-like, like a chameleon

Chamamé

polkas, mazurkas and waltzes came to Argentina with the immigrants, where they became mixed with African and Amerindian music. Chamamé emerged from this mix, a ravishingly beautiful, evocative folk style that emanated from the Corrientes and Misiones provinces of Argentina's far north east

chambarder

(French) turn upside down

Chamber

a prefix used to describe smaller-scale musical activities

in the organ, a room housing the pipes that opens into the main room

Chamber jazz

a fusion of impressionistic jazz and European classical music

Chamberlain

an officer of the royal household responsible for the Chamber, meaning that he controled access to the person of the king. He was also responsible for administration of the household and the private estates of the king. The Chamberlain was one of the four main officers of the court, the others being the Chancellor, the Justiciar, and the Treasurer

an opera of intimate character often accompanied by a chamber orchestra

Chamber orchestra

a small orchestra generally employing the forces that would have been usually in the second half of the eighteenth century

Chamber organ

a pipe organ designed for continuo use with a limited number of ranks. As a domestic instrument in England, the chamber organ was often perceived to be as much a piece of furniture as an item of musical equipment

also called sonata da camera (Italian) or Kammer Sonate (German), a suite from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, composed mainly of dance movements, generally for two or more soloists with accompaniment

associated with some sects of Buddhism, a lively dance which employs dancers wearing masks and ornamented costumes. The dance is accompanied by music played by monks using traditional Tibetan instruments. The dances often offer moral instruction relating to non-harm to sentient beings and are said to bring merit to all who observe them

(English, French m.) the European antelope or mountain goat, the skin of which is used as a wash-leather (when it is pronounced and sometimes written 'shammy')

Chamoisleder

(German n.) chamois leather

Chamoisleder für Reinigungszwecke

(German n.) chamois leather for cleaning

Chamomile

any of several plants of the aster family, with scented leaves and small daisylike flowers; the dried leaves and flowers were used in herbal cures

Chamonge guitar

made from a cooking pot strung with metal wires, it is one of the instrument particularly associated with the Borana who live in Kenya near the Ethiopian border. Their music reflects Ethiopian, Arab and other traditions

Chamorro

pertaining to the indigenous native islanders of the Mariana Islands consisting of Guam, Saipan, Rota, and Tinian

(English, German n.) an indigenous native islander of the Mariana Islands

Chamoru

(German n.) Chamorro

Champ

(French m.) field

(English, German m.) abbreviation of 'champion' (colloquial)

Champagne

(English, French m.) white sparkling wine from the Champagne region of Eastern France

(English) pale cream colour

Champagner

(German m.) champagne, champagnes, bubbly (colloquial)

champagnerfarben

(German) champagne-coloured

Champagnerflasche

(German f.) champagne bottle

Champagnerglas

(German n.) champagne glass

Champagnerherstellung

(German f.) champagne production

Champagnerlaune

(German f.) festive mood

Champagnersorbet

(German n.) champagne sorbet

Champagnerwein

(German m.) champagne wine

Champara

Kosovar Albanian small metallic finger cymbals

Champ de bataille

(French m.) battlefield

Champ de courses

(French m.) racecourse

Champeta criolla

Afro-Colombian music style and dance from Cartagena, on the Caribbean coast, it is a combination of indigenous rhythms, Caribbean beats and African influences, with lyrics that are usually satirical; also known as terapia criolla

(French) person who fights or argues on behalf of another or for a cause, person who surpasses all his or her rivals

Champion (m.), Championne (French f.)

(English, German, French) champion, champ (colloquial)

Champlevé

(French, 'raised field') Grubenschmelz (German m.), a form of enamel work in which the metal ground is engraved or hollowed out, the hollows being filled with opaque coloured enamel which is then fired

Chamrieng

Cambodian vocals

Chamsa

see hamsa

Cham-Tanz

(German m.) Cham Dance

Chanaqin

(German n.) Khanaqin (a city in eastern Iraq, south of Kurdish regions)

Chancay culture

a cultural grouping settled on the north central coast of Peru in the period 1000-1500 AD. The group is characterised by a distinctive ceramic style, typically an elongated jar with a face painted on a small neck. Numerous large cemeteries are known from this culture and the pattern of grave goods suggests marked social stratification. The group was conquered by the Inca empire in the sixteenth century

Chancay-Kultur

(German f.) Chancay culture

Chançay

a village and commune in the Indre-et-Loire département of central France

(from Latin, cancelli 'lattice') part of the apse, the word 'chancel' is a reference to the carving or construction of the rood screen often includes latticework, which makes it possible to see through the screen partially from the nave into the chancel. The 'chancel' itself is that part of a church around the main altar used by the priests and open to the choir and often enclosed by a lattice or railing

Chancel arch

the arch, generally stone, at the west end of the chancel

Chancel screen

see jubé

chanceler

(French) to stagger, to falter (figurative)

Chancelier

(French m.) chancellor

Chance music

see 'aleatoric'

Chancengleichheit

(German f.) equal opportunities, equal opportunity

chancenlos

(German) no-win, without a chance

Chance operations

see 'aleatoric'

chanceux (m.), chanceuse (f.)

(French) lucky

Chan-chiki

see atarigane

Chancre

(French m.) canker

Chandail

(French m.) sweater

Chandelier

(French m.) candlestick

in English, a branched candle-holder, suspended from the ceiling and often ornamented with cut-glass lustres

Chandelle

(French f.) candle

Chanelkostüm

(German n.) Chanel suit

Chanel-Kostüm

(German n.) Chanel suit

Chang

a harp from Iran that dates back to about 2000 BC. The strings are attached to a soundbox but rather than coming from a crossbar, they are attached at an oblique angle from a neck at one end of the soundbox

also called chang ko'uz and temir chang, a Jew's harp which has a flexible, thin lamella extending through the center of the iron frame to the handle

the ancient Uzbek chang dates as far back as the Middle Ages. Up to forty-two wire strings are stretched across a wooden trapezoidal body. The musicians produce stirring clinking sounds by striking the strings with two cane or bamboo sticks

the term was introduced in the seventeenth century for an accented passing note, but which has come now to mean an unaccented non-harmonic note that is quitted by a leap of a 3rd downwards (or by extension a 3rd upwards)

Changeless system

(in tuning theory) Ptolemy's name for the Perfect Immutable System (PIS), [systema teleion ametabolon] the amalgamation of the Greater Perfect System and the Lesser Perfect System into one "complete" system

(French m. pl., literally 'changing feet') a small or large jump in which the feet change position in the air

changer

(French) to change

changer d'avis

(French) to change one's mind

changer de direction

(French) to change direction

changer de jeu

(French) to change the stops in an organ or harmonium

changer de nom

(French) to change one's name

changer de place

(French) to change places

changer de vitesses

(French) to change gear

changer d'idée

(French) to change one's mind

Change-ringing

Wechselläuten (German n.), Variationsläuten (German n.), the ringing of a peal of church bells by a team of ringers, developed in England in the fifteenth century. It is a method of ringing tower bells or handbells for producing changes in the note sequences in sets of bells of various sizes. With four bells there are 24 possible changes; with eight, 40,320; and with twelve, 479,001,600. It is estimated that it would take nearly 36 years to ring, sequentially, the full number possible on a set of 12 bells; each bell rope is pulled by one member of the team; the term is also used to describe a peal performed by a team of hand-bell ringers

the set of chord changes (progressions), or harmonies, contained in the central theme or melody around which a piece has been built. In jazz, for example, changes refers to the set of harmonies around which an improvisational performance of that piece will be based

short for 'rhythmic changes'

short for 'chord changes'

the varied or altered passages produced by a peal of bells (see 'change-ringing')

(English, German m.) also Chang or Yangtze, the longest river of Asia which flows eastward from Tibet into the East China Sea near Shanghai

Chang ko'uz

see chang

Changó

in Yorùbá mythology, Shango (Xango), or Changó in Latin America, is one of the most popular Orisha, (also spelled Orisa and Orixa) a spirit that reflects one of the manifestations of Olodumare (God). He is the focus of a number of South American and Caribbean festivals

an early form of Cuban music, characterised by its strong emphasis on the downbeat, as well as being fast and very percussive. It is usually performed with an instrumentation that includes très, bongos, güiro, maracas, and the marímbula

(in electronics) a channel is a path for passing data. In MIDI, channels are used to separate different lines of a song that are going to play together. Each channel, which can contains note and non-note event data, is assigned to a single instrument in any particular instant of time. One channel is usually reserved for a percussion voice. Most MIDI devices can support up to 16 MIDI Channels at one time

Channelize

transmit, move from one channel to another

channelized

(English, German) moved from one channel to another, transmitted

Chanoine

(French m.) canon

Chanson

(French f.) song

(English, German m., French f., from the Latin cantio, via the Provençal canso, French, literally 'song') a style of fourteenth- to sixteenth-century French song for voice or voices, often with backing instrumental accompaniment; the structure could be like the troubadour canso (see above), through-composed (i.e. free form) or by the fourteenth century, normally following one of the formes fixes. While some three-part pieces written before 1520 were given a fourth part, the majority of concordant three- and four-part chansons show the reverse: four-part chansons before 1550 were most often turned into three-part pieces by removing a line, usually the contratenor

in the fifteenth century, the 'instrumental chanson' used one or more voices from the source forme-fixe chanson and added two or more repetitive and rhythmically dense parts as counterpoints against the source material; however, borrowed melodic lines were only used in part and never taken in entirety. This allowed for greater freedom and flexibility in instrumental chanson compositions. Phrase lengths varied more, since there were no textual considerations in instrumental music. Note values were often shortened to create more rhythmic uniformity among the parts. Sequential and repetitive devices were more common in the instrumental chansons in comparison to their vocal models, but such devices were commonly found in large sacred vocal works, where a more abstract relationship between the text and music invited the use of sequences and repetitive designs in the music. While instrumental music depends on a strong performance tradition, the most prominent pieces of instrumental music from the early sixteenth century were still composed by singer-composers who approached the instrumental medium from a vocal standpoint. Without true predecessors, instrumental works in the mid-sixteenth century either continued to borrow from vocal models or were newly invented

(French f.) Old French songs or poems in dialogue form. Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and wives, meetings between a lone knight and a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in the morning

Chanson à refrain

(French f.) chanson in which the refrain is repeated after each couplet

Chanson à succès

(French f.) hit song

Chanson à toile

(French f.) chanson de toile

Chanson d'amour

(French f.) love song

Chanson de charme

(French f.) crooning

Chanson de croisade

(French f., literally 'crusade song') Medieval song or lay on some aspect of the crusades, most commonly associated with the troubadours

Chanson de geste (s.), Chansons de geste (pl.)

(French f., literally 'a song of deeds') lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and their feudal lords that were sung, or rather declaimed from memory, by a minstrel to the accompaniment of a vielle (a mediæval fiddle played with a bow) or a lyre. Over eighty texts survive, of which the most popular today is the Chanson de Roland (French: The Song of Roland)

(German m., French m.) a song- or ballad-writer, a writer of satirical songs or lampoons

(French m.) a medieval French collection of songs, a song book

(French m.) the earliest chansonniers preserve the work of the troubadours, trouvères, stilnovisti and Minnesinger, manuscripts variously furnished with illuminations, music, even fanciful biographies of the poets

(French f.)a term for a French drinking song, frequently coupled with chanson pour danser (or "song for dancing"). It was used in from about 1627-1670. It is different from the air à boire primarily by the period the term was used, and that chansons pour boire are usually for one voice with lute accompaniment, and airs à boire are for multiple voices with lute accompaniment

(French f.) traditional folk song, the model for many noël-parodies, chanson rustique existed in both monophonic and polyphonic versions and are said to have been the invention of Mathieu Gascongne and Antoine de Févin. Few sixteenth-century chansons rustiques survive, although some of the popular monophonic tunes can be reconstructed from polyphonic chansons that incorporate the original. These preexisting tunes are most often found as a cantus firmus in the tenor of the new work, with or without new text added to the free voices; as two cantus firmi in canon surrounded by new material; as a cantus firmus in the superius; or paraphrased in multiple voices. Polyphonic chansons rustiques prior to 1500 show more contrast between the new and preexistent material, while those after 1500 integrate imitation more carefully. Composed works in this manner indicate that the division between popular and courtly style was beginning to dissolve

(French f. pl.) refrains found in chansons à refrain appear interpolated in other works, often with their own melodies, or borrowed (with or without music) in chansons avec des refrains

Chanson spirituelle

(French f.) the French equivalent of the Italian madrigale spirituale, the chanson spirituelle is a spirtual song encouraged and disseminated by the Calvinists for performance in the home. Except for one collection, all extant chansons spirituelles are in the form of text, meant to be set to well-known secular songs. The exception is a collection by Jacques Buus from 1550. Four of his pieces are based on preexisting works. In these chansons Buus's method of composition involves the reshaping of a tune by compression or fragmentation, which is then surrounded by new material. In an earlier secular chanson anthology (1543), Buus parodies eight models. Typically, he either quotes the existing material exactly and surrounds it with new material, or treats each voice as a model to be paraphrased, with one in particular dominating

(from 'plainchant', 'plainsong') plainchant manuscripts began to survive in some quantity in Western Europe from about 890. There were some isolated and intriguing examples prior to this period, but they pose many difficulties of interpretation. Generally speaking, as chant evolved from the medieval era into modern times, its rhythm became more regular and less varied. This fact is partly conjectural, as early chant notation did not include rhythm. The medieval era saw the creation of many varieties of plainchant, especially if one includes those of Byzantine provenance. Even restricted to Western Europe there was Roman chant, Ambrosian (Milanese) chant, Mozarabic (Spanish) chant, Sarum (English) chant, and even Cistercian (a monastic order) chant. The type of chant mainly identified with "Gregorian" today is what might be called Carolingian chant, the style installed in France under Charlemagne, with the help of advisors from Rome

the vocal line or voice part of a song as opposed to the accompaniment

Chantage

(French m.) blackmail

Chantage psychologique

(French m.) emotional blackmail

Chant anglican

(French m.) Anglican chant

chantant

(French) tunable, cantabile, in a singing style

Chant à plusiers voix

(French m.) part-song

Chant à répondre

(French m.) call and response

Chant des oiseaux

(French m.) bird-song

Chant des Partisans

the Chant des Partisans was the most popular song in Free France. Based on a Russian song written by Anna Marly, it was written in London in 1943. Joseph Kessel and Maurice Druon wrote the French lyrics. Performed by Anna Marly and broadcast by the BBC, it was then adopted by the maquis. After the war the Chant des Partisans was so popular that it was proposed as the new national anthem of France. Indeed, for a short time, it became the unofficial national anthem

the Chant du Départ (French, 'Song of departure') is a revolutionary and war song written by Étienne Nicolas Méhul (music) and Marie-Joseph Chénier (words) in 1794. It was the official anthem of the First Empire. The song was nicknamed "brother of the Marseillaise" by Republican soldiers. It was presented to Robespierre, who called it "magnificent and republican poetry way beyond anything ever made by the Girondin Chénier"

a poem written by Marie-Joseph Chénier (1764-1811) which, in 1791, was set for for three voices, men's chourus and wind orchestra by François-Joseph Gossec (1734-1829). The song was sung in the Écoles Normales until the Second World War

(Anglicized form of 'cantor') the superintendent or leader of a cathedral choir

chanter

(French) to sing

chanter à livre ouvert

(French) to sing at sight

chanter avec âme

(French) to sing with a lively and impassioned expression, with feeling or with taste

chanter à vue

(French) to sing at sight

chanter comme une seringue

(French slang) to sing badly, with a grating voice, out of tune

Chanterelle

(French f.) top string on a stringed instrument (for example, the top e" string of a violin, or the top string on a lute, etc.), cantino (Italian), Sangsaite (German), Singsaite (German)

chanter en canon

(French) to sing a round

Chanter en choeur

(French) choral singing

chanter faux

(French) to sing out of tune, with poor intonation

chanter juste

(French) to sing in tune, with perfect intonation

Chanterres

(French) the singers of songs or ballads in the medieval period

chanter trop bas

(French) to sing flat

chanter trop haut

(French) to sing sharp

Chanteur (m.), Chanteuse (f.)

(French) singer

Chanteur compositeur

(French m.) singer-songwriter

Chanteur de charme (m.), Chanteuse de charme (f.)

(French) crooner

Chanteur interprète

(French m.) singer-songwriter

Chanteur soloiste

(French m.) solo singer, vocal soloist

Chantey

(from the French chanter, 'to sing') shanty

Chant funèbre

(French m.) lament, dirge. funeral song

Chant hispanique

(French m.) Spanish chant

Chantier

(French m.) building site

Chantier naval

(French m.) shipyard

Chantilly

whipped cream, sweetened and flavoured with vanilla

Chantilly lace

named after the northern French town of Chantilly, a finely decorative floral lace sewn onto a sheer hexagonal mesh ground

Chantilly sauce

a sauce is mainly used on poultry dishes

Chantilly-Sauce

(German f.) chantilly sauce

Chant mozarabe

(French m.) Mozarabic chant

Chant nuptial

(French m.) wedding song

chantonnement

(French) humming

chantonner

(French) to hum, to croon (to sing softly)

Chantoosie

slang term for a 'female singer' (corruption of chanteuse (French f.))

Chantor

synonymous with 'chanter', the precentor in a choir

Chant parlé

(French m.) speech-song

see Sprechgesang

Chant pastoral

(French m.) a pastoral song

Chant profane

(French m.) profane song

Chantre

(French m.) chanter, cantor, precentor, singer

Chantrerie

see 'chantry'

Chantry

or 'chantrerie', a endowed chapel where masses are said for the souls of the donors

Chantry chapel

or 'chantrerie', a chapel in which masses for the soul of a dead person are recited

Chantry priests

priests who are appointed to sing in the chantry

Chant sacré

(French m.) sacred song

Chant sans paroles

(French m.) song without words

Chants des marins

(French m. pl.) Breton sailor songs

Chant sur le livre

(French m.) an extemporised counterpoint added by one or more singers to the canto fermo sung by another, identical to contrappunto alle mente

Chantuelle

see bélé

(Trinidad and Tobago) as calypso developed, the role of the griot (traveling musician in West Africa) became known as a chantuelle and eventually, calypsonian

Chantwell

(Windward Islands, Caribbean, corruption of chantuelle) the female singer who sings the socially aware or satirical lyrics in 'Big Drum' music and is accompanied by dancers in colourful skirts and headresses

an eight-day Jewish holiday commemorating the re-dedication of the Temple of Jerusalem in 165 BC

Chanvre

(French m.) hemp

Chanz

Mongolian long-necked spiked lute with an oval wooden frame and snakeskin covering stretched over both faces. The three strings are fixed to a bar, which is inserted in the body. The instrument is struck or plucked with a plectrum made of horn or with the fingers. As the tones do not echo, every note is struck several times

Chanzy

three-stringed Tuvan bowed string instrument

Chaos

(English, French m., German n.) utter confusion, disorder, havoc, mayhem, turmoil, anarchy (figurative: disorder), mess, a term applied to music that lacks a clear structure

from Thailand, a pair of small cymbals. Held in the right and left hands and struck together either with the flat surfaces facing each other or at a right angle. Immediately after striking they are held slightly apatt to allow them to reverberate

(Spanish) a dense undergrowth of thorns, brambles, etc. as commonly found in Texas and Mexico

Chapati

(Hindi) a small flat unleaved bread made of flour

Chapbook

a generic term to cover a particular genre of pocket-sized booklet (usually of 24 pages bearing a paper cover illustrated with a woodcut generic to the content), popular from the sixteenth through to the later part of the nineteenth century. No exact definition can be applied. Chapbook can mean anything that would have formed part of the stock of chapmen, a variety of pedlar. The word chapman probably comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for barter, buy and sell. The term chapbook was formalised by bibliophiles of the nineteenth century, as a variety of ephemera. It includes many kinds of printed material, such as pamphlets, political and religious tracts, nursery rhymes, poetry, folk tales, children's literature and almanacs

(French m.) a three-cornered hat, designed to be carried under the arm

Chapeau chinois

(French m.) alternatively, Turkish crescent, bell tree, albero di sonagli or Schellenbaum, an instrument met in some marching bands, which consists of a staff (called the 'carriage'), a crescent with two horse-tails, and a metal ornament like a Chinese hat, to the latter parts being attached a number of small bells, which will sound when the staff is shaken

Chapeau claque

(German m., French m.) opera hat

Chapel

a part of a church with a separate altar, which may be dedicated differently to the church as a whole

a self contained building dedicated to worship, the saying of prayers or the celebration of masses for the dead, but which does not serve the functions of a parish church

a church which serves parochial needs, but which is dependent upon another church within the parish, sometimes called a chapel of ease

a group of musicians associated with a private chapel or church the cost of which would be met by a person of some considerable rank, for example, a king, queen, other members of the royal family, duke, cardinal, bishop, etc.

(French f., literally 'burning chapel') chapel of rest, a chapel used for the lying-in-state of a distinguished person

Chapel Royal

Chapel Royal referred originally not to a building but an establishment in the Royal Household. It is a body of priests and singers to serve the spiritual needs of the Sovereign. Over time the term has become associated with a number of chapels used by monarchs for worship over the centuries. Today the two main Chapels Royal are located at St James's Palace in London: The Chapel Royal and The Queen's Chapel. Since such establishments are outside the usual diocesian structure, they are known as royal peculiars

(English, German n., French m., literally 'little hood') a woman, usually someone older, who accompanies a young unmarried woman on social occasions usually for the sake of propriety

Chaperone

erroneous spelling of chaperon

Chaperonfunktion

(German f.) chaperone function

chaperonner

(French) to chaperon

Chapiteau

(French m.) big top (circus), capital (column)

Chapitre

(French m.) chapter, subject (figurative)

chapitrer

(French) to reprimand

Chaplain

a priest who was paid an annual wage to serve in a parish church or dependent chapel

Chaplet

flower arrangement (wreath) consisting of a circular band of foliage or flowers for ornamental purposes

a band worn around the head, made of metal with repoussé decoration or embellished with gemstones and pearls

a moulding in the form of a string of beads

a term used commonly to designate Roman Catholic prayer forms which use prayer beads (but are not necessarily related to the Rosary)

Chapman (s.), Chapmen (pl.)

itinerant seller of chapbooks, broadside ballads, and other items in early modern Britain

Chapman Stick

a guitar-like musical instrument devised by Emmett Chapman in the early 1970s. He set out to create an instrument designed for the tapping technique and the first production model of the Chapman Stick was shipped in 1974

in literature, any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. E. M. Forster describes characters as "flat" (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or "round" (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of growth and change during the course of the narrative). The main character of a work of a fiction is typically called the protagonist; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is one), is the antagonist. If a single secondary character aids the protagonist throughout the narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's "side-kick"). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist. These terms originate in classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of deuteragonist, and a bass would play the tritagonist

Charaktertanz (German m.), a style of dancing derived from national, traditional or folk dances, for example, mazurka (Polish), csárdás (Hungarian), bolero (Spanish), gigue (French). The term character dance also refers to roles that are largely
mimed or comic such as the role of Dr. Coppélius in the ballet Coppélia (1870) by Léo Delibes (1836-1891)

Character indelibilis

(German m.) indelible character

Characteristic interval

(in tuning theory) the largest and nominally uppermost interval in the tetrachord - the size of this interval is the principal determinant of the genus, as diatonic, chromatic or enharmonic

Characteristic note

or 'characteristic tone', the leading note

a note (tone) that distinguishes a particular key from its near relations

Characteristic tone

(US) characteristic note

Characterization

an author or poet's use of description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and realistic

(English, French f.) riddle in which each syllable of a word, and finally the word itself, forms part of a brief dramatic scene (although originally the term was used too for a written puzzle along similar lines)

a Cuban musical group, developed in the early twentieth century, which played danzón and danzonete (a combination of the danzón and the Cuban son), and later chachachá

Cuban groups that interpret the danzón style, initially called charanga francèse, French-influenced in their instrumentation with flute, strings section and rhythm section of string bass, European tympani (which later became the timbales) and the güiro. This chamber music ensemble performed a repertoire of minuets, waltzes and contradanses at the parties and grand balls of the elite. Many flautists continued using the 5-key flute developed by Georg Tromlitz of Bavaria in the early nineteenth century, instead of the more modern Boehm flute, because of its warm sound, its subtlety, and its facility in the fourth octave, as well as because of a desire to keep with tradition

the smallest of the mounted timbale bells, used for the tipico charanga style

Charanga orchestra

the first charanga orchestra was formed at the turn of the twentieth century by Antonio María Romeu. These orchestras play lighter and faster versions of the danzón without a brass section, emphasising flutes, violins, and piano. The movement climaxed in the 1930s

Charanga-vallenato

1980s mixture of salsa, charanga and vallenato

Charango

the first charangos, from Potosi (Bolivia), a mountain once fabulously rich in minerals as well as the city that prospered around it before the earth was stripped of its wealth, were almost certainly made of wood in the style of a vihuela and had a vaulted back. But the Andes, while rich in minerals, are poor in forests. Over time, as it became a typical instrument of what are now Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and part of northern Chile and Argentina, the charango came to be made from the shells of the quirquincho, the abundant Bolivian relative of the armadillo, or, in the valleys, carved from solid wood. Although charangos are made in a variety of sizes, the instrument best known today is small enough to be cradled in the musician's arms. It carries five double strings, the third, or middle, of which includes the bass string and its octave, an arrangement that at least one author traces to 1780. The same author, Campos Iglesias, traces the name to the quechua charaancu (dried tendon) and the aymara chara ancu (leg tendon), and relates it also to the quechua words chajhuancu (noisy) and chajhuncu (joyful). The charango is strummed with the middle finger or plucked, for different effects such as accompanying the lead musician or carrying a melody. The standard charango has a smaller cousin called waylacho (also hualaycho, or maulincho) as well as two larger relatives ronroco and rocongo both large and lower sounding

(English, from Greek) the goddesses of charm, beauty, nature, human creativity and fertility. They ordinarily numbered three, from youngest to oldest: Aglaea (Beauty), Euphrosyne (Mirth), and Thalia (Good Cheer). In Roman mythology they were known as the Gratiae (Graces). Although the Graces usually numbered three, according to the Spartans, Cleta, not Thalia, was the third, and other Graces are sometimes mentioned, including Auxo, Charis, Hegemone, Phaenna, and Pasithea

for more information refer to Customs in Common by E. P. Thompson - chapter VIII - Rough Music

Charkha

spinning wheel

Charkiw

(German n.) Kharkov (former capital of the Ukraine, a city in northeastern Ukraine)

Charkow

(German n.) Kharkov (former capital of the Ukraine, a city in northeastern Ukraine)

Charkula

every aspect of the culture of the Braj region of Uttar Pradesh is associated with Lord Krishna, so it would have been impossible for any dance form or song, story or legend of Braj to have remained untouched by the Krishna legend! So with the charkula dance, a folk dance of the Braj area, which has also finds its origin in this legend. It is believed that the charkula dance celebrates the happy victory over Indra by Krishna and the cowherd community of Braj. This dance, therefore, became a symbol of happiness as well as joyful rapture. Krishna raised the mount Gobardhan and as if to re-enact the Gobardhan, Leela the dancing damsel of Braj, raises the 60 kg charkula on her head while performing the charkula dance. Wearing long skirts that reach her toes and a blouse, the dancing damsel covers her body and face with the odhani and with its lighted lamps on her head and lighted lamps in both the hands, she dances, synchronizing her steps with the beat of the drum. Her movements are limited because of the heavy load on her head. She cannot bend her body, nor can she move her neck. In spite of these limitations the slim, sturdy and courageous dancer dances, gliding, bending, pirouetting to the tune of the song. The climax is reached when enraptured by the collective merriment of the occasion, the singers also starts dancing and, with the swift beat of music and movement, the onlookers find themselves carried away by the rejoicings

(English, German f.) also Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus (meaning Charles the Great), arguably the founder of the Frankish Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne was the elder son of Pepin the Short (714--768: reigned 751-768) and his wife Bertrada of Laon (720-783); he was the brother of the Lady Bertha, mother of Roland (who may have been the same Roland, the legendary hero of medieval minstrelry, the title character of the 12th century Song of Roland, which recounts Roland's final stand against the Muslims during the Battle of Roncevaux Pass). Charlemagne later became the first Carolingian king

Charles-Bonnet-Syndrom

(German n.) Charles Bonnet syndrome

Charles Bonnet syndrome

a disease that causes patients to have complex visual hallucinations

Charleston

(English, German m.) a social dance characterized by a lively syncopated rhythm, cut-time with rhythmic pattern repeating over two bars (measures) quaver (quarter note), quaver rest (eighth note rest), followed by a quaver tied to a minim (eighth note tied to an half note)

(English, German m.) a 19th-century English reformer who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people

chartorientierter Spekulant

(German m.) chartist (a person who relies on the price charts to make investment decisions)

Chartreuse

(English, German f.) a liqueur flavoured with orange peel, hyssop and peppermint oils, is made in France by Carthusian monks at a monastery near Grenoble, France. There are two varieties - the green is 110 proof and is said to contain over 230 botanicals, while the yellow, coloured with saffron, is 86 proof and contains fewer herbs

in popular music, an extremely popular recording identified by its inclusion in a ranked list of top selling records, records getting the most air play, etc.

Chartular (s.), Chartularien (pl.)

(German n.) cartulary, chartulary

Chartulary

or cartulary, a register, or record, as of a monastery or church

or cartulary, an ecclesiastical officer who had charge of records or other public papers

Charumera

(Japan, name derives from the Portuguese charamela) an oboe with a wheat straw reed, used by night-time noodle vendors, which probably derives from the Chinese suona brought to Japan sometime in the sixteenth century

(English, German f.) in Greek mythology, a whirlpool off the Sicilian coast, opposite the cave of Scylla

Chasápikos

alternative name for hasapiko

Chasaren

(German pl.) Khazars (a semi-nomadic Turkic people who dominated the Pontic steppe and the North Caucasus from the 7th-10th century AD)

Chaschuri

(German n.) Khashuri (a town in central Georgia)

Chase

(English, German n./f.) chases are most often associated with blues and jazz performances, occurring during improvisations where one player performs a melodic riff and other members in the band take up the theme, often adding additional phrases, each trying to outplay the others[entry amended by Michael Zapf]

an iron or steel frame containing letterpress type or block images, that when locked together for printing on a press bed, create a form

Chase The Rabbit

one of the figures unique to, or traditionally associated with, square dancing

short for chasse-café, a liqueur or spirit taken after coffee (in French, the correct term is pousse-café

Chassé

(French, literally 'chased') in dance, a series of steps in each of which one foot literally chases (i.e. displaces) the other foot out of its position

Châsse

(French f.) shrine, reliquary

chasse, Cor de

(French m.) hunting horn

Chasse-cousin(s)

(French f.) an inferior dinner served with bad wine, designed to discourage unwelcome guests

Chassé-croisé

(French f.) a dance movement in which partners repeatedly change places (the term is used more generally in a figurative sense, for situations where people or objects are repeatedly changing places)

Chasse d'eau

(French f.) (toilet) flush

Chasse-neige

(French m.) snow-plough

Chassepot

(English, French) named for the French inventor, Antoine Alphonse Chassepot (1833-1905), a breechloading rifle introduced into the French army in 1866

Chassepotgewehr

(German n.) chassepot

chasser

(French) to hunt, to chase away, to get rid of (smell, staff, etc.)

Chasse sous-marine

(French f.) underwater fishing

Chasseur

(French m.) page-boy, fighter (plane), a tout (for a night-club or similar establishment)

Chasseur (m.), Chasseuse (f.)

(French) hunter

Chasseur alpin (s.), Chasseurs alpins (pl.)

(French m.) a member of a French light infantry regiment, all experienced mountain climbers

Chassidic

of or pertaining to a Jewish sect (Chassidism) that developed in the 18th- and 19th-centuries in Poland and the Ukraine. The theoretical structures and conceptual framework for music are found in the Zohar which includes angelic harmonies, secret melodies, a disregard for art music and inspired melodies and rhythms as music is spontaneously sung while participants revel in a state of ecstasy

Chassidim

(German pl.) also, in English, Hassidim, Hasidim, Chassidism or Chasidim, a Jewish sect that developed in the 18th- and 19th-centuries in Poland and the Ukraine

chassidisch

(German) Hassidic, Chassidic, Chasidic, Hasidic

Chassidism

also Hassidim, Hasidim or Chasidim, a Jewish sect that developed in the 18th- and 19th-centuries in Poland and the Ukraine

Chassis

(English, German n., from the French, châssis) the frame on which a canvas is stretched, the framework of a car, bus, etc.

Châssis

(French m.) (window) frame, (car) chassis

chaste

(French) chaste

Chasteté

(French f.) chastity

Chastushki

humorous, often anti-establishment Russian folk songs

Chasuble

item of mass vestments; simple loose sleeveless garment with an opening for the head

a château (plural châteaux) is a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally - and still most frequently - in French-speaking regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a château fort, such as Château fort de Roquetaillade. Care should be taken when translating the word château into English: it is not used in the same way as "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was located in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles. The urban counterpart of château is palais, which in French is applied only to grand houses in a city. This usage is again different from that of the term "palace" in English, where there is no requirement that a palace must be in a city, but the word is rarely used for buildings other than the grandest royal residences

a moderated chat group with a well-defined purpose, for example, offering support for a particular piece of software

Chat-Forum

(German n.) chat forum

Chatgroup

(English, German f.) primarily meant to refer to direct one-on-one chat or text-based group chat (formally also known as 'synchronous conferencing'), using tools such as instant messengers, Internet Relay Chat, talkers and possibly MUDs

Chat-Group

(German f.) chat group

Châtelain (m.), Châtelaine (f.)

(French) lord of the manor, lady of the manor

Châtelaine

(French f.) a bunch of keys, etc, worn suspended from the waist

Chatham-Inseln

(German pl.) Chatham Islands

Chatham Islands

a group of ten Pacific Islands east of New Zealand

châtier

(French) to chastise, to refine (style)

Châtiment

(French m.) punishment

Chaton

(French m.) kitten

Chatouillement

(French m.) tickling

chatouiller

(French) to tickle

chatouilleux (m.), chatouilleuse (f.)

(French) ticklish, touchy

Chatoyance

(English, German f., French f.) chatoyancy, iridescence, variable in colour or lustre (a term applied to materials like shot silk, certain jewels, etc.)

Chatoyancy

(English from French oeil de chat, literally 'cat's eye') the property of movement, illumination or opalescence found within many gemstones which are always cut en cabochon, for example moonstone and tigers eye

Chatoyant

having a changeable, varying lustre or colour

chatoyer

(French) to glitter, to shine like a cat's eyes

Chat, pas de

see pas de chat

châtrer

(French) to castrate

chatten

(German) to chat

Chatter (m.), Chatterin (f.), Chatter (pl.)

(German) chatterer

Chatting

having an informal conversation

in popular music, one of many alternative Jamaican terms for what in other parts of the world is called 'rapping', 'toasting' or 'Deejaying'

Chaturang

a Hindustani classical music composition with four distinct features - khayal, bols of tabla, sargam and tarana

Chatzozerah

(Hebrew) the straight trumpet (Psalms 98:6)

Chaucha

a giant wild pod up to two feet long that is dried and filled with seeds or beans. It is used as a rattle in traditional Andean melodies

Chaucerism

in the Renaissance, experimental revivals and new word formations that were consciously designed to imitate the sounds, the "feel," and verbal patterns from an older century - a verbal or grammatical anachronism

(French m.) a culinary dish composed of cooked chicken served cold in jelly or sauce

Chaudière

(French f.) boiler

Chaudron

(French m.) cauldron

Chauffage

(French m.) heating

Chauffage central

(French m.) central heating

Chauffant

(French) pan of hot salted water used for reheating foods

Chauffard

(French m.) reckless driver (pejorative)

chauffer

(French) to heat, to heat up

Chauffe-eau

(French m.) water-heater

Chauffeur (m.), Chauffeuse (f.)

(English, German, French) a servant paid to drive a car

in France, the term is applied also to an owner-driver

chauffieren

(German, dated) to chauffeur

chauffierend

(German) driving

chauffiert

(German) driven, chauffeured

Chaume

(French m.) thatch

Chaunter

alternative spelling of 'chanter'

Chaussée

(German f., French f.) road, roadway, causeway, country road, highway

chausser

(French) to put on (shoe, shoes), to put shoes on (or onto) a child

chausser bien

(French) to fit well

Chausse-pied

(French m.) shoehorn

Chausseur

(French m.) shoemaker

Chaussette

(French f.) sock

chaussieren

(German) to macadamise

chaussierend

(German) macadamising

chaussiert

(German) macadamises

Chausson

(French m.) slipper, bootee (of a baby)

Chausson (aux pommes)

(French m.) turnover, apple turnover

Chaussure (s.), Chaussures (pl.)

(French f.) shoe

Chaussures de ski

(French f. pl.) ski boots

Chaussures de marche

(French f. pl.) hiking boots

Chaussures vernies

(French f.) patent leather shoes

Chautal

see dhrupad

Chau van

(Vietnam) mediums' trance songs, an ancient form of goddess worship

chauve

(French) bald

Chauve-souris (s.), Chauves-souris (pl.)

(French f.) bat

Chauvin (m.), Chauvine (f.)

(French) chauvinist

chauvin (m.), chauvine (f.)

(French) chauvinistic

Chauvinisme

(French m.) chauvinism

Chauvinism

or jingoism, fanatical patriotism

Chauvinismus

(German m.) chauvinism, jingoism

Chauvinist (m.), Chauvinistin (German f.)

(English, German) fanatical patriot, jingoist

chauvinistisch

(German) jingoistic, chauvinistic, chauvinist

Chaux

(French f.) lime

chavirer

(French) to capsize (boat)

Chavittunatakom

a Christian musical drama from Kerala in Southern India that evolved at the turn of the sixteenth century during the Portuguese colonization and bears many traces of the European Christian 'miracle play'. In this musical drama, the actors wear Greco-Roman costumes and even the stage props show foreign influences. In the past, the Chavittunatakom was performed on open stages, though sometimes the interior of a church was also a venue. It is performed in a language that is a colloquial mix of Tamil and Malayalam

Chazzanut

cantorial singing

chbr

abbreviation of 'chamber'

che

(Italian) who, than, which

Cheap

(archaic) to buy or sell (which meaning survives in the London street name Cheapside)

costing little, low in price or cost, or lower in price than might be expected

brassy, tastelessly showy, tawdry, gaudy, garish, flashy

embarrassingly stingy, reluctant to spend money, sometimes to the point of forgoing even basic comfort

Cheb

(Arabic, literally 'young') a singer of raï, a form of folk music, originated in Oran, Algeria from Bedouin shepherds, mixed with Spanish, French, African-American and Arabic musical forms, which dates back to the 1930s and has been primarily evolved by women in the culture

Check-action

the check is a contrivance in the pianoforte that prevents the hammers from rebounding

checken

(German) to check, to clock (colloquial: notice)

Check-in

(English, German m./n.) the process of confirming one's arrival at hotels or airports

Check-in-Bereich

(German m.) check-in area (for example, at an airport)

Checking

a term for the cracking found in lacquer finished guitars Checking is the result of the wood of a guitar expanding and contracting with changes in temperature and humidity. The term is also used more generally for a small splits that might form in a piece of timber that is not properly seasoned

Check-in-Schalter

(German m.) check-in counter, check-in desk

Checklist

(English, German f.) a list of items (names or tasks etc.) to be checked or consulted

Checkliste

(German f.) check list

Checkpoint

(English, German m.) a place (as at a frontier) where travellers are stopped for inspection and clearance

Checksum

a digit representing the sum of the digits in an instance of digital data, used to check whether errors have occurred in transmission or storage

Checksumme (s.), Checksummen (pl.)

(German f.) checksum

Cheddar

(German m.) cheddar (cheese)

Cheddar cheese

a hard smooth-textured cheese, originally made in Cheddar in Somerset, England

Cheddarkäse

(German m.) cheddar cheese

Cheek

the shortest side of a harpsichord, connected to the bentside and opposite the spine, usually to the right (treble) side of the wrestplank

(English, German m.) a hamburger which has been topped with a thin sheet of melted cheese

Cheesecloth

thin, loosely-woven cloth

Cheesed (off)

bored, fed up (slang)

Cheese-paring

stingy (tight, for example, with money)

Chef (m.), Chefin (German f.)

(German m., French m.) leader, head, head cook (in this case, short for chef de cuisine, although the full form is never used), chief (tribal), boss, employer, manager (m.), manageress (f.), principal, gaffer, top dog (colloquial) (familiar), guv (colloquial)

(French m.) the chief town of a district, especially of a French département

Chefökonom

(German m.) chief economist

Chefportier

(German m.) bell captain

Chefredakteur (m.) , Chefredakteurin (f.)

(German) chief editor, editor in chief, head editor

Chefredaktion

(German f.) (chief) editorship, main editorial office

Chefsache

(German f.) matter for the boss

Chefschreibtisch

(German m.) executive desk, boss's desk

Chefsekretär (m.), Chefsekretärin (f.)

(German) chief secretary, director's secretary, personal assistant

Chefsessel

(German m.) executive chair, executive arm chair

Chef Sous

(French m.) second in command, in the kitchen

Chefsprecher

(German m.) anchor

Chefsteward (m.), Chefstewardess (f.)

(German) purser

Chefsyndikus

(German m.) general counsel

Cheftexter

(German m.) copy chief

Cheftheoretiker

(German m.) chief theoretician

Chefunterhändler (m.), Chefunterhändlerin (f.)

(German) chief negotiator

Chefverteidiger

(German m.) lead defence attorney

Chefvolkswirt (m.), Chefvolkswirtin (f.)

(German) chief economist

Chef vom Dienst

(German m.) duty editor

Cheikh

(Arabic, literally 'old') a singer of chaabi (also called 'sha-bii' or 'sha'bii'), a popular music of North Africa

(French m.) sheikh

Cheiloschisis

(English, German f.) or, in English, chiloschisis, cleft lip (a congenital cleft in the middle of the upper lip

Cheironomic notation

or chironomic notation, symbols that represent the gestures of the hand that inform singers of the correct note to sing in a chant. Cheironomy (i.e. the hand signs themselves) was used in ancient Egypt and is evident today in isolated Jewish religious practice and other traditions lacking a written notation, including Vedic, Byzantine and Roman chants. Unheighted neume notation is sometimes called 'cheironomic notation', as it indicates the general melodic shape, rather than specific note pitches

(from the Greek khier, 'hand' and nomos, 'law') or 'chironomy', the use of hand signals to direct vocal music performance. Whereas in modern conducting the notes are already specified in a written score, in cheironomy the hand signs indicate melodic curves and ornaments

a proposed method for indicating long vowels and standardizing spelling first suggested by Sir John Cheke (1514-1557), in Renaissance orthography. Cheke would double vowels to indicate a long sound. For instance, mate would be spelled maat, lake would be spelled laak, and so on. Silent e's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and an i used in its place

based in and around Manresa Road, Chelsea, London, and founded during the 1880s, a group of artists living in the rundown riverside area. Most of the members were also members of the New English Art Club

Chelseaporzellan

(German n.) Chelsea ware

Chelsea ware

chinaware made in the mid-18th century at a factory in Chelsea, London, the finest example of which were inspired by Sèvres porcelain. Characteristic figure subjects were produced, as were miniatures for curtain tiebacks, scent bottles, dressing-table accessories, and toys

Chelys

(from Greek, literally 'lyre') a name applied to members of the viol family during the 16th- and 17th-centuries

Chelys hexachorda

a six-stringed member of the viol family, on which the fourth-third tuning is employed (as on other members of the viol family), described by Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680) in his important musicological work Musurgia Universalis (1650)

Chelys lyra

(ancient Greek) using a tortoise shell covered by leather and the instrument used at weddings (epithalamia), symposia, and komoi (activities where men danced), it was played by women (hetairai or courtesans who entertained at the symposia) or by respectable women who played at weddings or for their own entertainment. It was believed to have been discovered by Hermes when, at the age of one day, he climbed out of his cradle and he found the shield of a turtle. He stretched the skin of a cow around it, fixed two horns through the holes were once the paws of the animal stood and he tied strings at the horizontal connection between the arms

paper made by cooking wood chips in a bisulphate of lime or a caustic soda at high temperatures. This reduces wood into pure cellulose that can be further processed into different paper types. It is often bleached and sometimes combined with other types of fibres. It contains a high chemical residue that eventually causes paper made with this pulp to yellow and become brittle with age

Chemie

(German f.) chemistry

Chemiebuch

(German n.) chemistry book, book about chemistry, book on chemistry

Chemiefaser

(German f.) chemical fibre, synthetic fibre, man-made fibre

chemiefrei

(German) untreated

Chemikalie (s.), Chemikalien (pl.)

(German f.) chemical

Chemiker (m.), Chemikerin (f.), Chemiker (pl.)

(German) chemist

Chemin

(French m.) path, road, way (direction)

Chemin de fer

(French m.) railway

(French m.) a card-game resembling baccarat

Chemin de halage

(French m.) towpath

Chemin vicinal

(French m.) by-road

Cheminée

(French f.) chimney, fireplace, mantelpiece, funnel (of a boat)

Cheminement

(French m.) progress

cheminer

(French) to plod, to progress (figurative)

Cheminot

(French m.) railwayman

chemisch

(German) chemical, chemically

chemisch behandelt

(German) chemically treated

chemisch frei von

(German) chemically free from

chemisch rein

(German) chemically pure

chemisch reinigen

(German) to dry-clean

chemische Analyse

(German f.) chemical analysis

chemische Behandlung

(German f.) chemical treatment

chemische Formel

(German f.) chemical formula

chemische Reinigung

(German f.) dry cleaner's, dry cleaning

chemisches Zeichen

(German n.) (chemical) symbol (in the periodic table)

chemische Veränderung (s.), chemische Veränderungen (pl.)

(German f.) chemical change

chemische Zusammenstellung

(German f.) chemical composition

Chemischreinigung

(German f.) dry cleaning

Chemischreinigungsechtheit

(German f.) fastness to dry-cleaning

Chemise

(English, originally French) woman's loose-fitting linen undergarment or long bodice, or any dress resembling these

(French f.) shirt, folder, (book) jacket

Chemise de bain

(French f.) a linen gown worn in the bath for the sake of modesty

Chemise de nuit

(French f.) a woman's nightgown

Chemisette

(French f.) short-sleeved shirt, an ornamental panel of lace or muslin which fills the open neck of a woman's dress

the part of body enclosed by the ribs (anatomical), a large strong box or small cabinet (for valuables, for medicines, etc.)

see 'wind chest'

Chesterkäse

(German m.) Cheshire cheese (an English cheese)

Chestnut

(Kastanie (German f.), Châtaigne (French), Kastanje (Dutch), European Species: Castanea sativa,
American Species: Castanea dentata: Average Weight: 36 pounds per cubic foot) Chestnut is native to southern Europe, but was introduced to England by the Romans. The wood was widely used as a substitute for Oak (to which is very similar in appearance), especially in Mediterranean regions. The nuts were a major source of grazing for swine and were used as food by the poor. European chestnut, like its American cousin, is highly weather-resistant and is used by French farmers for outdoor applications[corrected by Michael Zapf]

a set of six viols of various sizes (although commonly 2 trebles, 2 tenors and 2 basses) - used in the 16th- and 17th-centuries for consort playing

Chest organ

Truhenorgel (German f.), where full sized pipe organs were impractical, through reasons of space or expense, portable chests containing a small number of sets of pipes (called 'ranks'), fitted with a single keyboard, and with bellows generally placed on the top of the chest, were built to serve the functions of a larger instrument[supplementary information by Michael Zapf]

Brustregister (German n.), alternatively 'chest voice', 'chest tone' or Brustton (German m.), an adjustment that produces heavy tones suitable for loud singing and the lower range of the voice, where the singer feels the voice coming from the chest as opposed to the head[supplementary information by Michael Zapf]

diaphragmatic vibrato or Zwerchfellvibrato (German n.), whether slow or fast, chest vibrato is a pitch-, intensity-, and timbre vibrato. Delusse writing in his L'Art de la Flûte Traversieres (c. 1760) writes: "There is yet another kind of Tremblement flexible, called Tremolo by the Italians, which, when used properly, adds a great deal to the melody. It is done only by "blowing" the syllables "Hou, hou, hou, hou, etc." actively with the lungs ..."

Corrette in his sonata for flute and continuo no. 5 op. 13 (c. 1735) entitles one of the airs Imitation du tremblant
doux de l'Orgue, par Bordet and comments: "To play this piece in the correct style, ... you may also play it like the soft organ
tremolo .... This is accomplished by causing the air to pulsate as it leaves the chest and passes through the throat, creating an effect similar to that of an organ valve."[supplementary information provided by Michael Zapf]

(Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a kind of bag-pipe

chiaramente

(Italian) clearly, neatly, purely

Chiaranzána

(Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) see chiarantána

Chiara quarta

(Italian f.) perfect fourth

Chiara quinta

(Italian f.) perfect fifth

Chiarezza

(Italian f.) clarity, brightness, neatness, purity

Chiarina

(Italian f.) species of trumpet, clarion

Chiarintána

(Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) a kinde of Caroll or song full of leapings like a Scotish gigge, some take it for the Almaine-leape

Chiarintanáre

(Italian, mentioned in John Florio's Queen Anna's New World of Words (1611)) to dance the chiarantána

chiaro (m.), chiara (f.)

(Italian) clear, brilliant, unconfused

Chiaroscuro

(Italian, literally 'light dark') in painting, the modelling of form (the creation of a sense of three-dimensionality in objects) through the use of light and shade. The introduction of oil paints in the fifteenth century, replacing tempera, encouraged the development of chiaroscuro, for oil paint allowed a far greater range and control of tone. The term chiaroscuro is used in particular for the dramatic contrasts of light and dark introduced by Caravaggio. When the contrast of light and dark is strong, chiaroscuro becomes an important element of composition

in music, a term used to describe the various levels of piano and forte

Chiasmus

(English, German m., from Greek "cross" or "x") in rhetoric, chiasmus is the figure of speech in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point; that is, the two clauses display inverted parallelism. Chiasmus was particularly popular in Latin literature, where it was used to articulate balance or order within a text

(Italian f.) also called chiave alte or chiavi trasportate - a notation system widely used in the seventeenth century for voice parts whereby the notes were placed higher on the staff than they were meant to be performed (often a fourth or fifth higher) to avoid the use of ledger lines and excessive chromatic notation. This system is not specifically noted in the score and so has caused confusion in modern times. Its use can often be indirectly inferred via analysis. See Kurtzman, J. The Monteverdi Vespers of 1610 for examples[entry supplied by Ed Batutis]

Chibol

a type of small onion no longer cultivated

Chic

(French m.) style, elegance (of a superior kind)

chic

(English, German, from French) smart, kind, elegant, stylish

Chica

(Spanish) early form of fandango

Chicago blues

a form of blues music that developed in Chicago, Illinois by adding electricity, drums, piano, bass guitar and sometimes saxophone to the basic string/harmonica Delta blues. The music developed mainly as a result of the "Great Migration" of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities of the North, and Chicago in particular, in the first half of the twentieth century

a form of soul music that arose during the 1960s in Chicago. Along with Motown in Detroit and hard-edged, gritty performers in Memphis, Chicago soul helped spur the album-oriented soul revolution of the early 1970s

or chicken pickin', a lead guitar style or technique used in country music where the plucked strings are pulled outward by the fingers of the dominant hand and the note played immediately dampened by decreasing the pressure of the other hand's finger on the fret

a perennial herb (Cichorium intybus) of the composite family, native to the Old World and widely naturalised in North America, having rayed flower heads commonly with blue florets. The dried, roasted, ground roots of this plant are used as an adulterant of or a substitute for coffee

Chicotén

a hammered chordophone, also called salterio in Castile, ttun-ttun in the Basque country or generically "stringed drum". It seems to be derived from the medieval psalteries, producing the sound with a stick that hits a series of tense strings on a lengthened resonance box. When used indoors, it accompanies a three-holed pipe (the Basque txistu or Gascon flabuta), providing the pedal note, bass and rhythm

Chief

(English, German m.) the boss, the top man, the head (man), the one in charge

Chien (m.), Chienne (f.)

(French) dog (m./f.), bitch (f.)

Chien de garde

(French m.) watch-dog

Chien-loup (s.), Chiens-loups (pl.)

(French) wolfhound

Chiesa

(Italian f., literally 'church') pertaining to the church, as in musica di chiesa, baroque chamber music, usually implying a four movement style of composition, alternately a slow, a fast, a slow and a fast movement, that contrasts with musica da camera or chamber music

concerto di chiesa (Italian: concerto for performance in church)

Chieuve

(French) bagpipe from Berry

Chiff

organ pipes that have a clear edge to the sound are often described as having 'chiff'. Any kind of pipe can have 'chiff' but principals almost always have this clear attack point

Chiffarobe

(German f.) chifforobe

Chiffon

(French m.) rag

(English, German m.) a diaphanous silk muslin

Chiffonier

(English, German n., French m.) in France, a tall chest of drawers, not to be confused with a chiffonnier (see below)

(English) a low set of shelves with a mirror back and a marble top, the shelves used for books

Chiffonkleid

(German n.) chiffon dress, chiffon gown

Chiffonnade

(French) finely shredded, usually lettuce

chiffonner

(French) to crumple, to bother

Chiffonnier

(French m.) rag-and-bone man

Chiffonrock

(German m.) chiffon skirt

Chiffons

(French m. pl.) ornamental accessories of feminine dress

Chifforobe

a closet-like piece of furniture that combines a long space for hanging clothes (that is, a wardrobe or armoire) with a chest of drawers. Typically the wardrobe section runs down one side of the piece, while the drawers occupy the other side

(French m.) in musical notation, the lower figure (chiffre inférieur) of a time signature (chiffre indicateur) indicating the species of note length which when multiplied by the upper figure (chiffre numérateur or chiffre supérieur) will determine the total note length of a single bar or measure

Chiffre inférieur

(French m.) the denominator (or lower figure) of a time signature

Chiffre numérateur

(French m.) in musical notation, the upper figure (chiffre supérieur) of a time signature (chiffre indicateur) which when multiplied by the species of note length given by thelower figure (chiffre dénominateur or chiffre inférieur) will determine the total note length of a single bar or measure

Chiffrenummer (s.), Chiffrenummern (pl.)

(German f.) box number

chiffrer

(French) to set a figure to, to assess, to encode (a text)

Chiffres arabes

(French m. pl.) Arabic numerals

Chiffres indicateurs

(French m.) time signature

Chiffres romains

(French m. pl.) Roman numerals

Chiffre supérieur

(French m.) the numerator (or upper figure) of a time signature

chiffrieren

(German) to encrypt, to codify, to encode

chiffrierend

(German) codifying, encrypting, encoding

Chiffriergerät

(German n.) scrambler

chiffriert

(German) in cypher, in cipher, in code

Chiffrierung

(German f.) codification, encryption

Chiffrierungsverfahren

(German n.) cypher

Chiffrierverkehr

(German m.) ciphony, cyphony (the use of cyphering for telecommunication signals, typically for confidentiality)

Chiflo

Spanish three hole flute from Aragon

Chiftelia

a Kosovar Albanian three-stringed instrument from the same family as the saz

a music manuscript originating in Flanders. According to Herbert Kellman, it was created sometime between 1498 and 1503, probably at the behest of Philip I of Castile. It is currently housed in the Vatican Library under the call number Chigiana, C. VIII. 234

(English, German m., French m.) a bun (a large coil of hair wound round a pad and worn at the back of the head)

Chigovia

(Mozambique) wind instrument similar to the ocarina

Chihuahua

(English, German m.) named after the people of Chihuahua, Mexico, this dance is a combination of European waltz and polka. It is danced at festivals and in theatres, and has become popular since the 1910 revolution

Chijin

(Japan) a double-headed drum widely used in folk performing arts of Amami

a collection of 305 ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants, collected by Francis James Child in the late nineteenth century. The collection was published as The English and Scottish Popular Ballads between 1882 and 1898 by Houghton Mifflin in 10 volumes

one of a number of Merovingian kings: Childeric I (c.437-c.482), king of the Salian Franks; Childeric II (c.653-675) who was the king of Austrasia from 662 and of Neustria and Burgundy from 673 until his death, making him sole King of the Franks for the final two years of his life; Childeric III (died c.753) was the last king of the Franks in the Merovingian dynasty from 743 to his deposition in 751

also 'Chill out', 'chillout' or just 'chill', a term derived from a slang injunction to relax, emerged in the early and mid-1990s as a catch-all term for various styles of relatively mellow, slow-tempo music made by contemporary producers in the electronic music scene

(English) the earliest mentioned 'chill out room' was at the legendary Manchester nightspot, Konspiracy. In these rooms, visitors would find couches, comfortable pillows, psychedelic light shows projecting trippy images and music that was decidedly downtempo, especially when compared to what was going on a few feet away on the dance floor

Chilperic I(c.539-584)

king of Neustria (or Soissons) from 561 to his death

Chilperich I.

(German) Chilperic I

Chimaera

(Greek) or 'chimera', a grotesque monster formed of the parts of different animals

a figment of the imagination, a fantasy

chimär

(German) chimaeric

Chimäre

(German f.) chimaera

chimärisch

(German) chimaerical

Chimb

or 'chime', the edge or brim of a cask, barrel, or the like, formed by the ends of the staves projecting beyond the head or bottom

Chimbangueles

see 'Venezuelan drums'

Chime

(Early English chymme bells, from chymbals, derived from the Latin cymbala) a set of bells usually numbering up to 16 (but not more than 22) and hung stationary. They are played melodically - occasionally with simple harmony - either by automatic action, from an electric keyboard, or from a chime stand of wooden levers and sometimes pedals. If sounded automatically, the chime may be set off by clock action or by controls which permit designated periods of play

see 'chimb'

to 'chime' refers to the automatic ringing of the bells of the chime. In England it also refers to the ordinary swinging of a church bell in a limited arc (as opposed to the full circle of 360 degrees for bells in change ringing

Chimera

chimaera

Chimère

(French f. from the Greek) a figment of the imagination, fantasy

chimérique

(French) imagined, fanciful

Chimes

(English, German pl.) or 'tubular chimes', suspended from a frame, a set of tubular bells arranged like a keyboard, each tuned to a definite pitch (from c' to f'' on the treble clef), sounded by means of a hammer

mark tree (also known as a 'chime tree' or 'set of bar chimes') is a percussion instrument used primarily for musical colour. It consists of many small chimes - typically cylinders of solid metal approximately 6 mm (one-quarter inch) in diameter - of varying lengths mounted hanging from a bar. The chimes are played by sweeping a finger or stick through the length of the hanging chimes. They are mounted in pitch order to produce rising or falling glissandos. Unlike tubular bells, another form of chime, the chimes on a mark tree do not produce a definite pitch, as they produce inharmonic (rather than harmonic) spectra

a term used for harmonics produced on the guitar by lightly touching a string and plucking along the sounding length

Gerard Manley Hopkins refers to cynghanedd, a Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme, as chimes. Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in the same pattern at the beginning and end of the next word or line - but the vowel sounds between the consonants change slightly

a term used for harmonics produced on the guitar by lightly touching a string, usually at or close to the twelfth fret, and plucking along the sounding length

Chimie

(French f.) chemistry

Chiming barrel

also 'chiming cylinder' or 'chiming drum', part of a mechanism to enable the automatic ringing of chimes, a metal or wooden cylinder whose surface is perforated, often with thousands of holes, for receiving projecting pegs or cogs, is mounted on a horizontal axis, so that it may rotate. Formerly, this rotation was powered by a suspended weight whose cable unwound from the barrel shaft. The pegs engage levers attached by wire to hammers mounted outside the bells, and as the barrel revolves, the levers are pushed down, thereby pulling the hammers away from the bells. When the levers become disengaged, the hammers fall through a spring to strike the bells. Sometimes there are as many as five hammers per bell in order to permit the rapid repetition of a note

Chiming cylinder

see 'chiming barrel'

Chiming drum

see 'chiming barrel'

chimique

(French) chemical

Chimiste

(French m./f.) chemist

Chimki

(German n.) Khimki (a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, situated just northwest of Moscow, at the west bank of the Moscow Canal)

Chimney flute pipe

or rohrflute, half-stopped flute pipe with a tubular chimney at the top, which when played with a strong vibrato effect are called 'jazz flutes'

Chimpanzé

(French m.) chimpanzee

Chimta

a percussion instrument from India, consisting of a long strip with jingles

Chimurenga

popular style of music from the Shona people of Zimbabwe, based on Shona and Ndebele rhythms and spirituality, adapting the playing of the mbira (lamellaphone) and the hosho maracas

long narrow Chinese zither with very smooth top surface, traditionally the most honored of Chinese instruments

China Clay

or 'kaolin', a white clay mineral kaolinite (hydrous aluminum silicate), formed by the decomposition of aluminum silicates, particularly feldspar. The Chinese have used kaolin since the 7th century in the manufacture of porcelain. Today it is most widely used in the coating of papers to create a bright glossy surface

Chinaholzöl

(German n.) China wood oil

Chinakohl

(German n.) Chinese cabbage, Chinese leaves

Chinakohlsalat

(German n.) Chinese cabbage salad, Chinese leaf salad

Chinakrepp

(German n.) crepe de chine (anglicised form), crêpe de Chine (French m.), crêpe de Chines (French m.), woven from raw silk, an opaque fabric with a semi-dull lustre, and a texture that slightly crinkles and falls in a soft drape

also called tung oil, China wood oil is pressed from the seed of the Tung oil tree (Aleurites fordii), a deciduous shade tree native to China. It belongs to the Euphorbia Family (Euphorbiaceae) along with the candlenut tree (Aleurites molucanna), another species with seeds rich in unsaturated oils. For centuries tung oil has been used for paints and waterproof coatings, and as a component of caulk and mortar. It is an ingredient in ink and is commonly used for a lustrous finish on wood. Some woodworkers consider tung oil to be one of the best natural finishes for wood

Chin chin

Chinese 4 string banjo with aluminum body

Chine

(French f.) China (country)

(French m.) rice-paper, china (vase, etc.)

Chine collé

(French m.) or chine appliqué, a process in which a thin sheet of paper with a light dried coating of water soluble paste on its back is placed between an inked intaglio plate and a thicker sheet of moist paper during printing. When pulled from the plate after printing, a bond is formed between the two papers creating one single sheet. Traditionally a China paper made from bamboo was used, but the technique is possible with most thin papers. Though sometimes employed to create a finer impression on heavy stock, these papers were most often used to create a toned or colour backdrop to the image that normal printing papers did not offer. Chine collé was also used in a collage fashion to create decorative elements within an image

Chinese (s.), Chinesin (German f.), Chinesen (German pl.)

(English, German) Chinese

Chinese bells

terms relating to Chinese bells and other related ideophones:

Bell pavilion

a low structure of wood or masonry whose bell hangs a few feet off the ground. It is the housing in East Asia for the main temple bell

Ch'ing

resting bell

a metal bowl placed open side up on a cushion and struck with a stick. It is used in Buddhist and Taoist services

Chung

general name for all bells without clappers

Chung lou

bell tower

a municipal tower of moderate height whose bell signals the time of day, sounds the curfew, and warns of common danger

Feng Ling

wind bell hung under corners of roofs of temples, pagodas, pavilions, public buildings, and private houses

Hsü Pan

hanging resonant board used in monasteries for various signaling purposes. Producing a sort of ring, it might be regarded as a wooden substitute for the metal bell. Similar boards have been used in other parts of Asia and in Europe

Ling

a small bell with clapper, hand-rung by Buddhist and Taoist priests

Lo

circular brass gong

Mu Yü

wooden fish of highly ornamented camphor wood, partly hollow with a loose wooden pellet inside. Struck with a knobbed stick, it produces a short ring of recognizable pitch

Pien Ch'ing

chime of 16 L-shaped marble stones suspended in a framework in two rows of eight and used in the Confucian service in conjunction with the Pien Chung. They are struck with mallets. Dating from neolithic times, the Pien Ch'ing is one of the oldest of musical instruments

Pien Chung

chime consisting of 16 tuned bronze bells placed in two rows of eight in a rectangular framework and played by priests using mallets. Dates to at least 2000 B.C.

Po Chung

metal counterpart of T'e Ch'ing

single bell suspended in a framework, which is used in Confucian services. There are two Po Chung, one for spring and another for autumn

Ta Chung

great bell

term applied to huge bells in temples, monasteries, or municipal towers

T'e Ch'ing

single L-shaped slab of sonorous stone suspended in a framework and used in Confucian services. Each temple has two, as with the Po Chung

T'ish Ma, Yen Ma, Yü K'o

small plates of metal, stone, or glass, hung under eaves or in doorways to jingle in the breeze. Of ancient origin, these wind chimes are now familiar to everyone

with a shape quite different from ordinary cymbals, Chinese cymbals have a turned up edge. The sound is generally short and abrasive, though when struck with a stick, the sound is similar to a gong. Chinese cymbals are better than the tradition form when bowed using a cello bow which tmoves perpendicular to the plane of the cymbal across the edge, as the harmonics are obtained more reliably

a musical instrument composed of a pole with several transverse crescent-shaped or otherwise shaped brass plates, generally terminating at the top with a conical pavilion or hat. On all the small parts are hung small bells, which the performer causes to jingle by shaking the instrument held vertically up and down

Chinese rock

although often and inaccurately described as a style of music which combines Chinese musical instruments with techniques of Western-style rock and roll, Chinese rock typifies the essential nature of rock and roll music which in matters of attitude and lifestyle, it sees no borders or ethnic identity; therefore, Chinese rock music is in simplest terms, Chinese music with modern orchestration (with or without traditional Chinese musical instruments), exemplified by an attitude and a lifestyle not compliant to mainstream market and state-approved entertainment

although there are many so called 'Chinese scales', this five note scale is known particularly by this name

Chinese tom-tom

a drum with a slightly convex wooden shell and a rather thick head, nailed on and decorated, usually with dragons. The sound is rather 'darker' and 'flatter' than a conventional tom-tom. It is best used with a soft beater

Chinese viola

see zhonghu

Chinese violin

see erhu

Chinese wax

a white to yellowish-white, gelatinous, crystalline water-insoluble substance obtained from the wax secreted by certain insects, used chiefly in the manufacture of polishes, sizes, and candles

Chinesisch

(German n.) Chinese

chinesisch

(German) Chinese, Sino- (prefix)

chinesische Becken

(German pl.) Chinese cymbals

chinesische Klassiker

(German pl.) Chinese classics

chinesische Literatur

(German f.) Chinese literature

Chinesische Mauer

(German f.) Great Wall of China

chinesische Mundorgel

(German f.) sheng

chinesische Pfanne (s.), chinesische Pfannen (pl.)

(German f.) wok

chinesischer Amerikaner

(German m.) Chinese American

chinesischer Gelehrter

(German m.) Chinese scholar

chinesischer Gong

(German m.) Chinese gong

chinesischer Pavillon

(German m.) Chinese pavilion

chinesischer schwarzer Tee

(German m.) congou (a grade of Chinese black tea, obtained from the fifth and largest leaf gathered from the shoot tip of a tea plant)

or 'hi-hat sock jingle', a metal or wooden frame with tambourine jingles mounted upon it, that fits on top of a Hi-Hat

Ching-hu

smallest of Chinese bowed lutes

Chin rest

invented by Louis Spohr (1784-1859) in 1820, a chin rest is attached to the lower part of the violin body to make up the difference between the depth of the violin body and the distance from the player's chin to his or her shoulder to assist in holding of the violin during playing

or chinor, an instrument of the harp or psaltery family referred to in the Bible

Chinois

(French m.) Chinese (language)

(French m.) in cooking, a conical strainer

Chinois (m.), Chinoise (f.)

(French) Chinese

chinois (m.), chinoise (f.)

(French) Chinese

Chinoiserie

(French) introduced to Europe in the late 1600s by the large scale arrival of imported goods and pictures from China, an European artistic style which reflects Chinese influence and is characterised through the use of fanciful imagery of an imaginary China, asymmetry and whimsical contrasts of scale, the use of lacquerlike materials and decoration. Chinoiserie's popularity peaked around the middle of the eighteenth century, when it was easily assimilated into rococo

the scroll is the carved spiral found just above the pegs at the very top of the neck of a violin, viola, etc. - if the instrument bears a carving of a face, animal, etc. then it is called a head and not a scroll

Chionophobia

an abnormal fear of snow

Chionophobie

(German f.) chionophobia

Chios

(English, German n.) or Khíos, an island in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey, that belongs to Greece

Chiot

(French m.) pup, puppy

Chip

(English, German m.) electronic equipment consisting of a small crystal of silicon semiconductor fabricated to carry out a number of electronic functions in an integrated circuit

of or relating to an 18th-century style of furniture made by Thomas Chippendale (1718-1779), a British cabinetmaker remembered for his graceful designs (especially of chairs) which influenced his contemporaries

Chippendalestuhl

(German m.) Chippendale chair

Chipping

the rough tuning of the strings during the piano making process

Chipping Camden[1902-1909]

a community founded by C. R. Ashbee in this sleepy Cotswold town that became the home for the Guild of Handicrafts. Some 150 East End craftsmen moved into the town setting up workshops in the old silkmill just off the centre of town and renting accomodation throughout the town. The Guild had a major impact on the town both economically and socially, setting up a band, sports club, drama society and allotment association and building a swimming pool. Cheap mass produced imitations of their work led to the end of the Guild

Chips

(German pl., French m. pl.) crisps

Chipsatz

(German m.) chipset

Chipstüte

(German f.) bag of crisps

Chiptune

or chip music, music written in sound formats where all the sounds are synthesized in realtime by a computer or video game console sound chip, instead of using sample-based synthesis. The "golden age" of chiptunes was the mid 1980s to early 1990s, when such sound chips were the only widely available means for creating music on computers

(English, German m.) a mechanical device invented in Engliand in about 1815 by Johann Bernhard Logier (1777-1846). It was designed to prevent movements of the hand and arm. It secures a fixed hand position at the keyboard and ensures that only the fingers are involved in playing. Liszt is known to have recommended its use to some of his pupils

Chiropractic

a health care approach and profession that emphasizes diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine, under the hypothesis that these disorders affect general health via the nervous system. It is generally considered to be complementary and alternative medicine, a characterization that many chiropractors reject. The main treatment involves manual therapy including manipulation of the spine, other joints, and soft tissue; treatment also includes exercises and health and lifestyle counseling. Traditionally, chiropractic assumes that a vertebral subluxation or spinal joint dysfunction interferes with the body's function and its innate intelligence, a notion that brings ridicule from mainstream science and medicine

in the fifteenth century, the Italian chitarra and chitarino, the Spanish guitarra, the French quitare and quinterne and the English gyterne refer to the round-backed instrument that later developed into the mandolin. Only in the sixteenth century did many of these terms come to be used for members of the guitar family

Chitarra atiorbata

(Italian f.) guitar with extra bass strings

Chitarra basso

(Italian f.) bass guitar

Chitarra batente

(Italian f.) guitar from Calabria (southern Italy), also known as 'Renaissance guitar'. The body is made from walnut or chestnut wood. It has four or five metal strings

Chitarra battente

(Italian f., literally 'struck guitar') also known as the 'Italian guitar'. When used for the style of guitar playing used in or the instruments particularly associated with jazz, the Italian term chitarra battente is synonymous with the jazz guitar, chitarra jazz (Italian), Schlaggitarre (German), Jazzgitarre (German), guitare de jazz (French)

in the fifteenth century, the chitarra battente was a five course instrument (tuned a-d-g-b-e) with a sound box with a gently curved striped back (rather than flat), tied-on gut frets and a lute-like bridge glued to the soundboard used as an instrument to be strummed. By the sixteenth century, it was both plucked and strummed

an important string instrument in Italian popular music, chitarra battente is smaller than a classical guitar, now usually played with four or five metal strings and used mainly in Calabria to accompany the voice

Chitarra coll'arco

(Italian f.) bowed-guitar

Chitarra decachorda

(Italian f.) ten-string bass guitar which first appeared towards the end of the eighteenth century. The instrument had a series of extra strings off the neck (called 'floating' strings) attached to a separate tuning box. Such an instrument, made by Gérard J. Deleplanque (1782), has six single strings on the neck and four bass strings outside the neck. This type of guitar would become extremely popular in the second half of the nineteenth century and continued to be used through into the early twentieth century

the Italians first used the term chitarra spagñuola to identify a plucking style, that derived from vihuela technique, from the sixteenth-century Italian strumming style. Later the meaning of the term was widened to become a general term

Chitarrata

(Italian f.) a piece for piano that imitates the guitar

Chitarrina

in 1589, the Italian composer, producer, organist, diplomat, choreographer and dancer, Emilio de' Cavalieri (c.1550-1602), specified a chitarrina alla Spagnola and a chitarrina alla Napoletana for the lavish ballo that concludes the sixth Florentine intermedio. According to court documents they were sent up from Rome. Cavalieri was the director of all cultural activities at the Medici court between 1588 and 1600. This provides early documented use of these guitar-like instruments

Chitarrista

(Italian m./f.) guitarist

Chitarrone

(English, German f., Spanish, from the Italian, literally, 'big guitar') also called the arch-lute, a long-necked member of the lute family fitted with extra bass strings, used to accompany solo singers, which was popular in the 16th- and 17th-centuries

(Spanish) alternative name for the guitarrón, a very large, deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic bass guitar played in Mariachi bands

a plucked bass instrument specially designed in the early 1900s by Italian luthiers, their main goal being to create a bass with a sound that matched with the overall sound of a plucked string orchestra mainly of mandolins and guitars. Other makers saw the necessity of the chitarrone moderno, as a counterpart to the bowed bass of the violin family

Chitende

see bobre

Chitin

(English, German n.) a tough semitransparent horny substance, similar to fingernails, the principal component of the exoskeletons of arthropods

Chitlin' circuit

The "chitlin' circuit" was the collective name given to the string of performance venues throughout the eastern and southern United States that were safe and acceptable for African American musicians, comedians, and other entertainers to perform at during the age of racial segregation in the United States (from at least the late 1800s through the 1960s). The name derives from the soul food item chitterlings (stewed pig intestines)

(Pakistan) a sitar with 3 courses of steel strings, the first and third, a double course, and the second a single. Melody is played on the first course, while the other courses function harmonically and as drones

(Italian, literally 'closed') closed, stopped (as when a horn player places his hand in the instrument's bell)

see bocca chiusa

see canone chiuso

a conclusive ending in a fourteenth-century vocal work, in contrast to the more inconclusive ending, the aperto

the inconclusive ouvert or aperto in the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century vocal forms corresponds to the prima volta or first time bar we use today. In turn, the more conclusive clos or chiuso corresponds to the seconda volta or second-time bar

Chivalric romance

another term for medieval romance

Chivalry

an idealized code of military and social behavior for the aristocracy in the late medieval period. The word "chivalry" comes from Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means "horsemanship". This code became of great popular interest to British readers in the 1800s, leading to a surge of historical novels, poems, and paintings dealing with medieval matters. Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement, William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe, and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in Tennyson's Idylls of the King

(Corsica) an improvised poetic joust, which requires a exceptional virtuosity from the performers

Chladni figures

Chladni-Figuren (German pl.), chladnische Figuren (German pl.), named for Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (1756-1827). If sand is dusted on the surface of a horizontal metal plate and the plate is forced into motion by drawing a violin bow across one edge of the plate, the sand forms patterns or figures on the surface demonstrating the acoustic properties of the metal plate. This research was built on the early experiments of Robert Hooke (1635-1703) at Oxford University. On July 8th 1680, Hooke performed an experiment, putting flour on a glass plate, and bowing on the edge of glass. Hooke had observed that the vibrations of the glass plate were perpendicular to the plate's surface, and that the shape of patterns so produced depended on where the plate was bowed. This was the phenomenon rediscovered by Chladni in the eighteenth century, although Chladni used thin metal plates and sand. This demonstration was to influence the English scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) in his thinking about magnetic fields and lines of force

the Chleuh (or Shluh) belong to the Masmuda branch of sedentary Berbers inhabiting the Grand-Atlas and Anti-Atlas Mountains and the plain of the Sous River Valley in southern Morocco

Chlodwig

(German m.) the old form of 'Ludwig', Lewis, Clovis (kings of the Franks)

Chlor

(German n.) chlorine

Chlorbleiche

(German f.) chlorine bleach

Chlorbutanadienkautschuk

(German m.) neoprene

Chlorbutadien-Kautschuk

(German m.) neoprene

Chlore

(French m.) chlorine

Chloren

(German n.) chlorination

chloren

(German) to chlorinate

chlorend

(German) chlorinating

chlorfrei

(German) chlorine-free

chlorhaltig

(German) chlorinated (water), containing chlorine

Chloroform

(English, German n.) or trichloromethane, a clear, colourless, heavy, sweet-smelling liquid, CHCl3, used in refrigerants, propellants, and resins, as a solvent, and sometimes as an anesthetic. Chloroform, once widely used in human and veterinary surgery, has generally been replaced by less toxic, more easily controlled agents

to treat with chloroform to anesthetise, render unconscious, or kill

chloroformieren

(German) to chloroform

Chloropren

(German n.) chloroprene

Chloroprenkautschuk

(German m.) chloroprene rubber

Chlorung

(German f.) chlorination

Chlorzink

(German n.) zinc chloride, a white, water-soluble crystalline compound, ZnCl2, used as a wood preservative, as a soldering flux, and for a variety of industrial purposes, including the manufacture of cements and paper parchment