COCHA CASHU BIOLOGICAL STATION, Peru (National Geographic News) – Ernesto Ráez-Luna, a prominent Peruvian ecologist and environmentalist, has spent his career fighting for the Amazon rain forest. In 2011, he was appointed as an adviser to Peru's Ministry of the Environment. In this role, Ráez-Luna was involved in organizing the 20th Conference of the Parties (COP20) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change-the world's most important climate meeting; Peru is hosting the COP20 in December.

National Geographic interviewed Ráez-Luna in Manú National Park, one of the largest remaining tracts of unlogged rain forest, where he is "recharging his batteries" in nature after his stint in politics.

You resigned because you could not support a law that reduced or removed fines for companies that break environmental laws, among other rollbacks of environmental protections. Why did President Ollanta Humala's administration enact such a law in the first place?

The government blames the decline in our economic growth-a decline of only a few months-on too many environmental rules and red tape. This was a version of events promoted by a group linked to extractive industries that published a lot of newspaper articles and gained the ear of the president. This was officially Peru's year of "corporate responsibility and climate commitment," and I was the liaison between the ministry and civil society. I couldn't tell them lies about this law.

Besides repealing this law, what needs to be done to help the rain forest?

We need protected areas. You cannot strictly protect 100 percent of the forest because native people have a right to stay. And people will want to build roads and mine the oil and gas under the forest, and I think that you can do that with a very small impact. The technology is available; you can have development and protection of the forest. But is it done that way? No.

But we also need to change consumption patterns. We are losing the rain forest because of the boom in the middle class of China and their desire to eat more pork. Our soy feeds the pigs, and we grow the soy on what used to be rain forest. (Editor's note: Ráez-Luna is referring to the Brazilian part of the Amazon; Peru doesn't export soybeans.) So it is about changing our own lives. You can't drive an SUV and call yourself an environmentalist, for example. [more]