Temperatures in Metro Manila are hitting the mid-30s, and if you find that too hot for you, blame it on the fast urbanisation of the metropolis.

Urbanisation has distorted the heat balance in Metro Manila, leading to an increase in felt temperature by 1 degree to 2 degrees Celsius, according to a study by Nivagine Nievares, a weather specialist at the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Pagasa).

Nievares said the 2010 study was her masteral thesis, and her findings showed that rapid development is a major cause of the stifling heat that the city’s 14 million residents have been complaining about in recent days.

“It has a huge effect. There is a difference of 1 degree to 2 degrees Celsius in temperature between Metro Manila and a neighboring area like Bulacan [province],” Nievares said in an interview with the Philippine Daily Inquirer Monday.

Her study found that the surface of a city, the materials and shapes of its structures affect the distribution of heat. She noted that building materials like asphalt and concrete absorb and trap heat from the sun.Built with such materials, Metro Manila has become an urban heat island, Nievares said.

So the heat that Metro Manila residents feel on a hot summer day is not just radiated heat from the sun, but also heat that emanates from buildings, houses, and roads, Nievares said.

“Later in the day, as net solar radiation increases, most of the urban surface materials absorb and store a lot of energy [and] convert most of this energy into sensible heat flux,” Nievares said. “The increase of sensible heat flux contributes to the increase of temperature over the urbanised area.”

Pollutants in the atmosphere also block the rise of heat from the surface to the atmosphere. This is the reason why it is hot in the city even at night, Nievares said.

Urbanisation has also affected rainfall, wind circulation and the breeze from Manila Bay, Nievares found.

As summer peaks, the temperature in Metro Manila has been rising, Pagasa said.

On Saturday, the city sizzled at 35.9 degrees Celsius, so far this year’s highest temperature in Metro Manila.

The hottest temperature so far this year was recorded earlier this month at 38.4 degrees Celsius in Clark, Pampanga province, a rapidly urbanising area.