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232
neighborhood of Brooklyn along North
Fourth Street. Although some businesses
remained in areas popular in the 1897
directory, the overall numbers were
significantly lower. For example, in 1897,
there were 76 black businesses located along
street in the city’s central business district.
By 1900, the number was down to 33. A
slight increase was seen in the numbers of
businesses located in the Fourth Street
business district. By 1946, the African
American community had worked to revive
its black businesses and boasted 196
businesses, ranging from 63 grocers and 22
barbers to 6 doctors and 50 beauty parlors.
Reverend J. Irving Boone of Central Baptist
Church led an effort to advertise the
successes of the city’s black entrepreneurs.
As such, Boone published directories of
black businesses in the city in 1945 and
1946. Boone profiled some of the business
leaders, and others touted their history in the
city in their advertisements. Shaw’s funeral
home still operated in the city, having been
in business for 50 years and had branched
into operating funeral parlors in 10 other
cities. Some of the business leaders arrived
after 1898. For example, the Red Cross
Shoe Shop and the People’s Shoe Shop had
been in operation for over 25 years. A
survey of the directory demonstrates that
many of the black businesses established for
black consumption managed to prosper and
survive over decades following the
violence. 18
Most of the city’s black workers,
however, were laborers employed by whites.
These workers were the ones most affected
by the white supremacy campaign’s
promises of jobs for white workers. Skilled
18 R. Irving Boone, ed., Negro Business and
Professional Men and Women: A Survey of Negro
Progress in Varied Sections of North Carolina v. 2
( Wilmington, by the author, 1946); R. Irving Boone,
ed., Directory of Negro Businesses in Wilmington
and Southeastern North Carolina ( Wilmington: by
the author, 1945).
workers saw the most losses in the city over
the years following the coup. By the time
the 1902 city directory was printed, skilled,
semi- skilled, and transportation workers had
been displaced, and the number of unskilled
and unemployed workers had grown. Cody
surmised that when combined with the
changes to the city’s demographics as a
result of a continuous out- migration by
blacks, black residents were either forced
from higher status, i. e. higher paying jobs, to
those of lower pay as unskilled workers, or,
“ those in higher- status occupations left and
blacks migrating into the city took unskilled
jobs.” 19
Professional positions in the city
were dominated by attorneys, doctors,
teachers, and ministers before the violence.
Of the leaders banished from the city, most
were from these categories. As a result of
the banishment and intimidation campaign,
four attorneys left the city, and no African
American attorney practice law in the city
until 1902. By 1902, the professional blacks
in the city were still predominately teachers
and ministers plus three doctors. Mid- level
professional jobs, mainly those of postal
clerks, were also affected. In 1897, there
were nine blacks affiliated with the postal
system in various positions and by 1902
only two remained. 20
Out- migration from the city posed
problems for both white employers and the
local black community. A continued exodus
of black workers plagued the city into 1899
19 Cody, “ After the Storm,” 99- 100. Cody also
acknowledged that it was possible that methods of
data collection for the city directory changed over
time and comparison across directories is not a
dependable paradigm. The issue of migration will
be discussed further later in this chapter.
20 Postal workers had been targeted by the white
supremacy campaign as especially dangerous
workers since they came in daily contact with white
women in public situations. The documented black
postal workers of 1902 were employed in behind- the-scenes
jobs and did not deal with the public. Cody,
“ After the Storm,” 106- 108.

232
neighborhood of Brooklyn along North
Fourth Street. Although some businesses
remained in areas popular in the 1897
directory, the overall numbers were
significantly lower. For example, in 1897,
there were 76 black businesses located along
street in the city’s central business district.
By 1900, the number was down to 33. A
slight increase was seen in the numbers of
businesses located in the Fourth Street
business district. By 1946, the African
American community had worked to revive
its black businesses and boasted 196
businesses, ranging from 63 grocers and 22
barbers to 6 doctors and 50 beauty parlors.
Reverend J. Irving Boone of Central Baptist
Church led an effort to advertise the
successes of the city’s black entrepreneurs.
As such, Boone published directories of
black businesses in the city in 1945 and
1946. Boone profiled some of the business
leaders, and others touted their history in the
city in their advertisements. Shaw’s funeral
home still operated in the city, having been
in business for 50 years and had branched
into operating funeral parlors in 10 other
cities. Some of the business leaders arrived
after 1898. For example, the Red Cross
Shoe Shop and the People’s Shoe Shop had
been in operation for over 25 years. A
survey of the directory demonstrates that
many of the black businesses established for
black consumption managed to prosper and
survive over decades following the
violence. 18
Most of the city’s black workers,
however, were laborers employed by whites.
These workers were the ones most affected
by the white supremacy campaign’s
promises of jobs for white workers. Skilled
18 R. Irving Boone, ed., Negro Business and
Professional Men and Women: A Survey of Negro
Progress in Varied Sections of North Carolina v. 2
( Wilmington, by the author, 1946); R. Irving Boone,
ed., Directory of Negro Businesses in Wilmington
and Southeastern North Carolina ( Wilmington: by
the author, 1945).
workers saw the most losses in the city over
the years following the coup. By the time
the 1902 city directory was printed, skilled,
semi- skilled, and transportation workers had
been displaced, and the number of unskilled
and unemployed workers had grown. Cody
surmised that when combined with the
changes to the city’s demographics as a
result of a continuous out- migration by
blacks, black residents were either forced
from higher status, i. e. higher paying jobs, to
those of lower pay as unskilled workers, or,
“ those in higher- status occupations left and
blacks migrating into the city took unskilled
jobs.” 19
Professional positions in the city
were dominated by attorneys, doctors,
teachers, and ministers before the violence.
Of the leaders banished from the city, most
were from these categories. As a result of
the banishment and intimidation campaign,
four attorneys left the city, and no African
American attorney practice law in the city
until 1902. By 1902, the professional blacks
in the city were still predominately teachers
and ministers plus three doctors. Mid- level
professional jobs, mainly those of postal
clerks, were also affected. In 1897, there
were nine blacks affiliated with the postal
system in various positions and by 1902
only two remained. 20
Out- migration from the city posed
problems for both white employers and the
local black community. A continued exodus
of black workers plagued the city into 1899
19 Cody, “ After the Storm,” 99- 100. Cody also
acknowledged that it was possible that methods of
data collection for the city directory changed over
time and comparison across directories is not a
dependable paradigm. The issue of migration will
be discussed further later in this chapter.
20 Postal workers had been targeted by the white
supremacy campaign as especially dangerous
workers since they came in daily contact with white
women in public situations. The documented black
postal workers of 1902 were employed in behind- the-scenes
jobs and did not deal with the public. Cody,
“ After the Storm,” 106- 108.