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(1725–74). The real founder of Great Britain’s former empire in India was Robert Clive, an outstanding soldier and a fine administrator. He started his remarkable career as a writer, or clerk, for the British East India Company.

Robert Clive was born on Sept. 29, 1725, in Shropshire, England. At school he was lazy and unruly. When he was 18 years old, he went to India. His first job was at Madras, a trade center on the east coast of southern India. The young man was lonely and spent much time in the governor’s library studying, making up for his wasted years at school.

At this time there were many disputed claims to the thrones of the Indian states because of the decline of the once powerful Mughal Empire (seeIndia). The French and British each wanted rulers who were friendly to them. In 1746 the French took Madras. Clive escaped from the town and joined the East India Company’s military forces. Peace was soon made, however, and the young man had to go back to his clerkship. Five years later his great opportunity came. The French and the British were again fighting, and Clive went back to the army as a captain.

With a few hundred soldiers, part Europeans and part Sepoys, or Indian troops, Clive marched inland from Madras and took the fort of Arcot. For some weeks he held out against a host of Indians who attacked the fort. When his enemies finally withdrew, he followed them and defeated them in battle. The French and their allies were forced to leave the rich coastal district, the Carnatic, to a nawab, or native ruler, who favored the English.

After ten years in India, Clive married Margaret Maskelyne and returned to England in 1753. There he was elected a member of Parliament. The siege of Arcot had given him a great military reputation, and in 1756 the East India Company recalled him to Madras with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Clive had scarcely reached the port when he heard of the outrage known as the Black Hole of Calcutta. Calcutta was the trade center of Bengal. There the Indian rulers of Bengal were friendly to the English until Siraj-ud-daula succeeded his uncle as nawab. In a dispute with the English about strengthening the city, Siraj-ud-daula captured the old fort of Calcutta and plundered it on June 20, 1756. Many of the English were able to escape in ships, but more than 60 men were captured and imprisoned in a small room on a stifling hot night. The next morning only 21 came out alive from the “black hole.”

Clive was given command of a relief expedition and set sail for Calcutta on Oct. 16, 1756. On Jan. 2, 1757, he routed the nawab’s forces. Clive forced the nawab to restore the East India Company’s privileges and to allow the English to fortify Calcutta.

On June 23 at the battle of Plassey he defeated the enormous army of Siraj-ud-daula, who fled from the field on a camel. Clive, meanwhile, had entered into negotiations that put an elderly general, Mir Jafar, on the throne of Bengal instead of Siraj-ud-daula.

The grateful Mir Jafar took Clive through the rich treasury, filled with rupees, gold and silver plate, and jewels, and begged him, as representative of the East India Company, to take what he wanted. For his personal share Clive took an amount equal to £235,000 and a quitrent, or annuity, from the lands in Bengal amounting to £30,000 a year.

After years of incessant activity, Clive’s health gave way. He returned to England in 1760 and was received as a conqueror. He was again elected to Parliament, and in 1762 he was given the title Baron Clive of Plassey in the Irish peerage as a reward for his services. He was in 1764.

In 1765 Lord Clive returned to India as governor of Bengal and army commander. He consolidated the East India Company’s rule over Bengal, the Carnatic, and other Indian states, reformed the administration, and reorganized the armed forces.

Clive tried also to end the evils of private trading, which had been carried on by the employees of the company. This effort was not successful and was resented by employees who had reaped rewards that were much less princely than Clive’s own suddenly acquired fortune.

When Clive returned home in 1767, he had to defend in Parliament the wealth he had amassed. Against men who were far more corrupt than himself, he boldly and frankly defended his acts, and when telling Parliament how Mir Jafar had invited him to take all he wanted, he said: “At this moment I stand astonished at my own moderation.” In the end he was vindicated, and Parliament passed a motion declaring that “Robert, Lord Clive, did render great and meritorious service to his country.”

The bad effect of the climate of India together with the bitter attacks upon him so affected Clive’s health and mind that he committed suicide in his home on Nov. 22, 1774. He had a host of admirers as well as many bitter enemies. In India his military successes and leadership were responsible for a remarkable expansion of British influence.

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