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Instruction sizes can be between 8 to 64 bits. Intel has pages for their processors that show their specifications, I don't know if AMD does though. Here's the link http://ark.intel.com/#@Processors

Cache is a type of memory that resides in the CPU to make access to certain data faster and searching cache is easier than searching RAM because it's size is smaller. L1 is the first level of cache that processor reaches and L2 is the second level that feeds L1. L1 is smaller than L2 therefore it's easy to search for data, if the processor cant find the data in L1 then it moves on to L2.

The fastest clock speed I know of is 3.47 Ghz that's 3 470 000 000 Hz which is equal to 2.88 x 10^-10 seconds. So 3 Ghz would be 3.33 x 10^-10 seconds, and this is the amount of time the processor needs to send out 1 instruction from one of its cores. Most processors have 2 or 4 cores so the amount of instructions they can send per second is either doubled or quadrupled. So if you want to explain this to a child just say they are so fast they can send billions of instructions per second