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Monday, April 4, 2016

Are Infants Afraid of Heights?

When I was in college, I worked at a lumberyard.One day, the boss asked me to climb to the
second level of a storage barn at the back of the property and do an inventory
on the 4’ by 8’ sheets of paneling in bins at the top of the barn.There was a one foot ledge in front of each
bin, and so I had to sit on that ledge, about 10 feet off the ground, and lift
each sheet of paneling in the bin to count them all.After the second bin, I slid over to the
ladder, climbed down, and gave up.I was
simply too scared of the drop to continue.

If you are familiar with research in developmental
psychology, then the answer might seem obvious.In the 1960s, there was a lot of research done on the visual cliff, which was developed by
Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues.The
visual cliff involves a ledge with a checkerboard pattern.There is glass at the dropoff of the ledge,
so that infants see the cliff, but do would not be hurt by stepping onto
it.Infants who have first learned to
crawl climb right out onto the cliff.Those with a few weeks of movement experience stop at the edge.

It seems straightforward to say that the infants stop at the
edge, because they are afraid of falling.And for years, that was the standard way of talking about infants’
performance on the visual cliff.

The problem is that infants don’t really display a true fear
reaction when they get to the edge of the cliff.They don’t climb out onto it, but they do
spend a lot of time peering over the edge.They reach out and explore the space.They do not display fear on their faces.They do not cling to their parents.

Infants of that age can display fear.For example, when infants of that age are
approached by strangers, they do cling to a familiar adult, have an increase in
heart rate, and have facial expressions and make noises that are fearful.So, infants can feel fear, they just don’t
seem to exhibit that fear to the cliff.

Instead, infants quickly discover that heights create
situations in which something can be learned.For example, infants learn about ramps and stairs.Over time, they learn which stairs can be
climbed up and down and which are too high.They learn what kinds of ramps are too steep to climb down.Work by Karen Adolph and her colleagues even
demonstrates that infants react differently to ramps depending on whether they
are wearing a vest with lead weights in it (which makes a ramp harder to
descend) or with feathers in it (which has little effect on their movements).

Early on, then, infants are curious about heights, but not
fearful.They recognize that they should
not immediately dive over a cliff, but they also spend time in that environment
trying to learn what they can and cannot do.

Eventually, of course, many children do display some fear of
heights.Some children may fall and
learn their fear in that way.However,
just watching someone else fall or even something else fall from a height may
be enough to help children realize the dangers of falling from heights.But, this fear does not kick in until after
children have had some opportunity to explore their environment.