(4 ed) 5.1 Two masses, m1 and m2,
situated on a frictionless, horizontal surface are connected by a massless
string. A force, F, is exerted on one of the masses to the right
(Fig P5.38). Determine the acceleration of the system and the tension, T,
in the string.

(4 ed) 5.2 Mass m1 on a frictionless horizontal
table is connected to mass m2 through a massless pulley P1
and a massless fixed pulley P2 as shown in Figure P5.46.

(4 ed) 5.3 Find the tension in each cord for the
systems shown in Figure P5.26. (Neglect the mass of the cords!).

(4 ed) 5.4 A magician attemps to pull a tablecloth
from under a 200-g mug located 30 cm from the edge of the cloth. If there
is a frictional force of 0.10 N exerted on the mug by the cloth, and the
cloth is pulled with a constant acceleration of magnitude 3.0 m/s2,
how far does the mug move on the tabletop before the cloth is completely
out from under it? (Hint: The cloth moves more than 30 cm before
it is out from under the mug!)

As always, a good diagram is essential!

Additional problems from Serway's fourth edition

Q5.5 Identify the action-reaction pairs in the following
situations:
a man takes a step;

The man's foot pushes on the sidewalk and the sidewalk pushes back on
his foot.

a snowball hits a woman in the back;

The snowball exerts a force on the woman's back and the woman's back exerts
a force on the snowball (this force probably stops the snowball).

a baseball player catches a ball;

The baseball player exerts a force on the ball (causing the ball to stop)
and the ball exerts a force on the baseball player (which he "feels"
in his hand).

a gust of wind strikes a window.

The wind exerts a force on the window and the window exerts a force back
on the wind, changing its direction.

Q5.7 If a car is traveling westward with a constant speed
of 20 m/s, what is the resultant force acting on it?

If the direction is constant -- as it is here with
constant speed and constant direction -- then the acceleration
is zero and that means the resultant force is zero as well.

Q5.10 What is wrong with the statement, "Because the car is at rest,
no forces are acting on it."? How ould you correct this statement?

"Because the car is at rest, the resultant force acting on it
is zero."

There may be many forces acting on it -- but the vector sum of all the forces
is zero since its acceleration is zero.

Q5.11 Suppose you are driving a car along a highway at a high speed. Why
should you avoid slamming on your brakes if you want to stop in the shortest
distance? Tht is, why should you keep the wkeels turning as your brake?

Q5.12 If you have ever taken a ride in an elevator of a high-rise building,
you may have experienced a nauseating sensation of "heaviness" and
"lightness" depending on the direction of the acceleration. Explain
these sensations. Are we truly weightless in free-fall?

Q5.14 In an attempt to define Newton's third law, a student states tha
the action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in directon
to each other. If this is the case, how can there ever be a net force on an
object?

The forces in the action/reaction pairs act on different objects.

Q5.15 What forces cause

(a) a propeller-driven airplane to move?

The propellers exert a force on the air and the air experts an equal and
opposite force on the propellers.

(b) a rocket?

The rocket engine exerts a force on the expanding gases (fuel and oxygen)
and those gases exert a force back on the rocket engine.

(c) a person walking?

A person's foot exerts a backward force on the floor and the floor exerts
a forward force on the person's foot.

Q5.17 If you push on a heavy box that is a rest, you must exert some force
to start its motion. However, once the box is sliding, you can apply a smaller
force to maintain that motion. Why?

You must exert a horizontal force equal to or greater than the force of friction.
The force of static friction -- when the box is still at rest
-- is greater than the force of sliding friction (or kinetic friction).

Q5.19 As a rocket is fired from a launching pad, its speed and acceleration
increase with time as its engines continue to operate. Explain why this occurs
even thought the force of the engines exerted on the rocket remains constant.

As fuel and oxygen are burned, the mass of the rocket decreases. From
Newton's Second Law, F = m a, a smaller mass will have a greater acceleration
if the force remains constant.

Problems from the current (5th) edition of Serway and Beichner.

5.4 A heavy freight train has a mass of 15 000 metric tons (a metric
ton is 1 000 kg). If the locomotive can pull with a force of 750 000 N, how
long does it take to increase the speed from 0 to 80 km/h?

While it is easier to think of the speed in units of km/h, it is easier to
do the calculations if we know the speed in units of m/s. Therefore, we start
with a simple units conversion -- remember, converting units is just "multiplying
by 'one'".

vf = 80 km/h [1 000 m/km][h/3
600 s]

vf = 22.2 m/s

Now we're ready for the "real" problem. We need to
apply Newton's Second Law, F = ma, to find the acceleration and then use our
normal kinematics equation, vf = vo + a t, to find the
time.

F = m a

750 000 N = (15 000 000 kg) a

a = 750 000 N / 15 000 000 kg

a = (750 000/15 000 000) m/s2

a = 0.05 m/s2

vf = vo + a t

22.2 m/s = 0 + (0.05 m/s2) t

t = (22.2/0.05) s

t = 444 s

t = 7.4 min

5.13 If a man weighs 900 N on Earth, what would he weigh on Jupiter,
where the acceleration due to gravity is 25.9 m/s2?

we know the direction of the acceleration is the same as
the direction of the net force

Fnet = F
= F1 + F2 + F3

Of course, this one vector equation really means two scalar equations

Fnet,y = F
y = F1y + F2y + F3y

and

Fnet,x = Fx
= F1x + F2x + F3x

Fnet,x = Fx
= ( - 2.00 + 5.00 - 45.0 ) N = - 42.0 N

Fnet,y = F
y = (2.00 - 3.00 + 0 ) N = - 1.00 N

tan = opp
/ adj = | Ry | / | Rx | = 1 / 42 = 0.0238

= tan-1
( 0.0238 ) = 1.4o

measured from the negative x-axis, as shown in the diagram

F = SQRT [ Fx2 + Fy2 ]
= SQRT [ ( - 42 )2 + ( - 1 )2 ] = 42.01 N

(b) What is the mass of the object?

F = m a

m = F / a = (42.01 N) / (3.75 m/s2) = 11.20 kg

(c) If the object is initially at rest, what is its speed after 10.0
s?

v = vi + a t

v = 0 + (3.75 m/s2) ( 10 s ) = 37.5 m/s

(d) What are the velocity components of the object after 10.0 s?

v = vi + a t

v x = - v cos
= - (37.5 m/s) (0.9997) = 37.5 m/s

v y = - v sin
= - (37.5 m/s) (0.0238) = 0.893 m/s

5.24 A bag of cement weighs 325 N and hangs from three cables as shown
in Figure P5.24. Two of the cables make angles of 1
= 60o and 2
= 25o with the horizontal. If the system is in equilibrium, find
the tensions T1, T2, and T3.

Clearly

T3 = w = 325 N

In terms of components,

T3x = 0

T3y = - 325 N

Look at all the forces at the knot or the junction where the
three cables come together,

T1 + T2 + T3
= 0

But remember this is a vector equation so it really means

T1x + T2x + T3x = 0

T1x + T2x + 0 = 0

T1x = - T2x

T1x = - T1 cos 60o = - 0.500 T1

T2x = T2 cos 25o = 0.906 T2

- 0.500 T1 = - 0.906 T2

T1 = (0.906/0.500) T2

T1 = 1.812 T2

T1y + T2y + T3y = 0

T1y + T2y - 325 N = 0

T1y + T2y = 325 N

T1y = T1 sin 60o = 0.866 T1

T2y = T2 sin 25o = 0.423 T2

0.866 T1 + 0.423 T2 = 325 N

0.866 T1 + 0.423 T2 = 325 N

0.866 (1.812 T2) + 0.423 T2 = 325 N

[0.866 (1.812) + 0.423] T2 = 325 N

(1.569 + 0.423) T2 = 325 N

1.992 T2 = 325 N

T2 = 325 N/1.992

T2 = 163 N

T1 = 1.812 T2 = (1.812) (163 N)

T1 = 296 N

5.33 A block is given an initial velocity of 5 m/s up a frictionless
20o incline. How far up the incline does the block slide before
coming to rest?

First, make a good, clear free-body diagram of all the forces on the block.
Then determine the net force and use that to find the acceleration.

Since the block is going to move along the incline, choose
that direction for the x-axis and the perpendicular as the y-direction and
then resolve the forces into their components. Remember, while it is convenient
to write F = m a, that always means Fnet
= m a. We always need the net force.

F = m a

Fx = m ax

Fx = Fx, net = - w sin 20o

- w sin 20o = m ax

- m g sin 20o = m ax

ax = - g sin 20o

ax = - (9.8 m/s2)(0.342)

ax= - 3.35 m/s2

Fy = m ay

ay = 0

Fy = m (0) = 0

Fy = Fy, net = N - w cos 20o = 0

N = m g (0.94)

N = (9.21 m/s2) ( m )

Interesting, but unneeded.

v2 = vo2 + 2 a x

0 = (5 m/s)2 + 2 ( - 3.35 m/s2) x

x = (25/3.35) m

x = 7.46 m

5.44 A woman at an airport is towing her 20-kg suitcase at constant speed
by pulling on a strap at an angle
above the horizontal (Fig. P5.44). She pulls on the strap with a force of magnitude
35 N. And the frictional force on the suitcase is 20 N. Draw a free-body diagram
for the suitcase.

(a) What angle does the strap make with the horizontal?

(b) What normal force does the floor exert on the suitcase?

Draw in all the forces acting on the suitcase.

(a) What is the angle ?

Fx = (35 N) cos

Fy = (35 N) sin

w = (20 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 196 N

Fy
= Fy + n - w = 0

(35 N) sin
+ n - 196 N = 0

Fx
= Fx - 20 N = 0

Fx = 20 N

(35 N) cos =
20 N

cos = 20 / 35
= 0.571

=
55o

(b) What normal force does the ground exert on the suitcase?

Fy
= Fy + n - w = 0

(35 N) sin
+ n - 196 N = 0

(35 N) sin 55o + n - 196 N = 0

(35 N) (0.821)+ n - 196 N = 0

28.7 N+ n - 196 N = 0

n = 167.3 N

5.41 A 25-kg block is initially at rest on a horizontal surface. A horizontal
force of 75 N is required to set the block in motion. After it is in motion,
a horizontal force of 60 N is required to keep the block moving with constant
speed. Find the coefficients of static and kinetic friction from this information.

For this special or particular case of a horizontal surface,
the normal force n turns out to be equal to the weight w because of

Fy
= w - n = m ay = 0

since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction.

n = w = mg

Fx
= Fext - Ffrict = m ax

Initially the block is at rest, so ax = 0

Ffrict = Fext = 75 N

Ffrict = s
n = s
m g = s
(25 kg) (9.8 ms/2) = s
245 N

s
245 N = 75 N

s
= 0.31

Once the block starts to move, a smaller external force,

Fext = 60 N

keeps it moving with ax = 0.

Ffrict = Fext = 60 N

Ffrict = k
n = k
m g = k
(25 kg) (9.8 ms/2) = k
245 N

k
245 N = 60 N

k
= 0.24

5.50 Three masses are connected on the table as shown in Figure P5.59.
The table has a coefficient of sliding friction of 0.35. The three masses are
4.0 kg, 1.0 kg, and 2.0 kg, respectively and the pulleys are fricitionless.

(Different printings of Serway's text have different values
of the masses!)

(a) Determine the acceleration of each block and their directions.

(b) Determine the tensions in the two cords.

The 4.0 kg block should accelerate downward. The 2.0 kg block
should accelerate to the left. The 1.0 kg block should accelerate upward.
Draw three clear free-body diagrams for the three masses.

Do not draw in all the forces on a single diagram. That gets far
too confusing!

For the 4.0 kg mass and its motion, take the downward direction
to be positive.

Fnet = w - Tl = m a

m g - Tl = m a

(4.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2) - Tl = (4.0 kg) a

39.2 N - Tl = (4.0 kg) a

Since the 1.0 kg block slides to the left, the force of friction,
Ffrct, is directed toward the right.

Fnet,y = n - w = m ay = 0

n = w = (1.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 9.8 N

Therefore,

Ffrct = n
= (0.35) (9.8 N) = 3.43 N

Fnet,x = Tr + Ffrct - Tl
= m ( - a)

Notice that we have put the acceleration in with a minus sign, as
- a, since we expect the acceration to be to the left and we have
taken right to be positive. Notice, too, that the tension
need not be the same on the left as on the right.

Tr + 3.43 N - Tl = (1.0 kg) ( - a)

Since this 2.0-kg mass accelerates upward, we will take up
as positive.

Fnet = Tr - w = m a

Tr - m g = m a

Tr = m g + m a

Tr = (2.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2) + (2.0 kg) a

Tr = 19.6 N + (2.0 kg) a

Now we have a set of three simultaneous equations in three
unknowns, a, Tr, and Tl.

39.2 N - Tl = (4.0 kg) a

Tr + 3.43 N - Tl = (1.0 kg) ( - a)

Tr = 19.6 N + (2.0 kg) a

Solve for Tl from the first one,

Tl = 39.2 N - (4.0 kg) a

We already have Tr from the third one. Now substitute those
values into the second equation,

5.68 A 5.0-kg block is placed on top of a 10-kg block (Fig. P5.74). A
horizontal force of 45 N is applied to the 10-kg block, and the 4.0 kg block
is tied to the wall. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the moving
surfaces is 0.20.

(a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block and identify the action-reaction
forces between the blocks.

Fnet,x = Ffrct - T = m ax = 0

Ffrct = T

ax = 0 since this block does not move.

Fnet,y = n - w = m ay = 0

n = w = m g = (5.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 49 N

Ffrct = n
= (0.20) (49 N) = 9.8 N

Ffrct = 9.8 N

(b) Determine the tension in the string and the magnitude of the acceleration
of the 10-kg block.

T = 9.8 N

The two friction forces Ffrct are an action - reaction
pair of forces; these are the forces of friction exerted by each block on
the other. We already know the value of these forces,

Ffrct = 9.8 N

The two normal forces exerted on the blocks by each other are an action-reaction
pair. We already know the value of these forces,

nblock = 49 N

Now we can apply Newton's Second Law to this 10-kg mass,

Fnet,y = nplane - w - nblock = 0

nplane - (10 kg) (9.8 m/s2) - 49 N = 0

nplane = 147 N

This allows us to calculate the friction force exerted by the plane on
the bottom block, Ffrct,plane.

Ffrct,plane = nplane
= (0.2) (147 N) = 29.4 N

Now we know all the forces acting on the 10-kg mass,

Fnet,x = 45 N - Ffrct - Ffrct,plane = m
a

45 N - 9.8 N - 29.4 N = (10 kg) a

5.8 N = (10 kg) a

a = 0.58 m/s2

Additional problems from the fourth edition of Serway

(4 ed) 5.1 Two masses, m1 and m2, situated on a
frictionless, horizontal surface are connected by a massless string. A force,
F, is exerted on one of the masses to the right (Fig P5.38). Determine
the acceleration of the system and the tension, T, in the string.

Draw a free-body diagram for each mass.

Very little of interest happens in the y-direction for this problem. From
the y-components of the forces on the two masses we find that

n1 = m1 g

n2 = m2 g

This information would be useful -- and necessary -- if there were friction
present. Since this is a frictionless surface, this information is
merely interesting.

But, from the x-components of the forces, we have

F1x
= T = m1 a

F12x
= F - T = m2 a

These form a system of two simultaneous equations with two unknowns,

F - (m1 a) = m2 a

F = m1 a + m2 a

F = ( m1 + m2 ) a

a = F / (m1 + m2)

T = m1 a

T = m1 F / (m1 + m2)

T = [ m1 / (m1 + m2)
] F

(4 ed) 5.2 Mass m1 on a frictionless horizontal table is connected
to mass m2 through a massless pulley P1 and a massless
fixed pulley P2 as shown in Figure P5.46.

(a) If a1 and a2 are the magnitudes of the accelerations
of m1 and m2, respectively, what is the relationship
between these accelerations?

Why is there a question about a1 and a2 rather
than just "the acceleration?

Look at pulley P1. What happens when it moves a distance x (or
what happens when it moves a distance of 1 cm)? Mass m2 also
moves a distance x (or 1 cm) but mass m1 moves twice that distance,
2 x (or 2 cm)! That means that the distance m1 moves is twice the distance
moved by m2, or

x1 = 2 x2

So the velocity of m1 must be twice the velocity of m2

v1 = 2 v2

and the acceleration of m1 must be twice the acceleration of
m2,

a1 = 2 a2

Find expressions for (b) the tensions in the string and

(c) the accelerations a1 and a2 in terms of
m1, m2, and g.

Draw good free-body diagrams for the forces on each mass and
on pulley P1

From the forces on mass m1, we find

T1 = m1 a1

and

n = w1 = m1 g

From the forces on pulley P1, we can see that

2 T1 = T2

Since mass m2 is accelerating downward, let's take down
as positive this time.

F = w2
- T2 = m2 a2

m2 g - T2 = m2 a2

T2 = m2 g - m2 a2

T2 = m2 ( g - a2 )

2 T1 = m2 ( g - a2 )

2 m1 a1 = m2 ( g - a2 )

2 m1 (2 a2) = m2 ( g - a2
)

4 m1 a2 = m2 g - m1 a2

5 m1 a2 = m2 g

a2 = m2 g / 5 m1

a2 = ( m2 / 5 m1
) g

a1 = 2 a2

a1 = 2 m2 g / 5 m1

a1 = ( 2 m2 / 5 m1) g

T1 = m1 a1

T1 = ( 2 m2 / 5 m1 ) m1
g

T1 = ( 2 m2 / 5 ) g

T1 = ( 2 / 5 ) m2 g

T2 = 2 T1

T2 = ( 4 / 5 ) m2 g

(4 ed) 5.3 Find the tension in each cord for the systems shown in Figure
P5.26. (Neglect the mass of the cords!).

T3 = w = m g = (5.0 kg ) (9.8 m/s2) = 49 N

Fnet = F
= T1 + T2 + T3 =
0

Fnet,x = Fx
= T1x + T2x + T3x = 0

T1x + T2x + T3x = - T1 cos
40o + T2 cos 50o + 0 = 0

- T1 (0.766) + T2 (0.643) = 0

0.766 T1 = 0.643 T2

T1 = 0.643 T2 / 0.766

T1 = 0.839 T2

Fnet,y = Fy
= T1y + T2y + T3y = 0

T1y + T2y + T3y = T1 sin
40o + T2 sin 50o - 49 N = 0

T1 sin 40o + T2 sin 50o =
49 N

T1 (0.643) + T2 (0.766) = 49 N

(0.839 T2 ) (0.643) + T2 (0.766) = 49 N

(0.539 + 0.766) T2 = 49 N

1.305 T2 = 49 N

T2 = 49 N / 1.305

T2 = 37.53 N

T1 = 0.839 T2 = 0.839 (37.53 N)

T1 = 31.49 N

T3 = w = m g = (10.0 kg ) (9.8 m/s2) = 98 N

Fnet = F
= T1 + T2 + T3 =
0

Fnet,x = Fx
= T1x + T2x + T3x = 0

T1x + T2x + T3x = - T1 cos
60o + T2+ 0 = 0

- T1 (0.500) + T2 = 0

0.500 T1 = T2

Fnet,y = Fy
= T1y + T2y + T3y = 0

T1y + T2y + T3y = T1 sin
60o + 0 - 98 N = 0

T1 (0.866) = 98 N

T1 = (98 / 0.866) N

T1 = 113.2 N

T2 = 0.500 T1 = 0.500 (113.2 N)

T2 = 56.6 N

T3 = 98 N

(4 ed) 5.4 A magician attemps to pull a tablecloth from under a 200-g
mug located 30 cm from the edge of the cloth. If there is a frictional force
of 0.10 N exerted on the mug by the cloth, and the cloth is pulled with a constant
acceleration of magnitude 3.0 m/s2, how far does the mug move on
the tabletop before the cloth is completely out from under it? (Hint:
The cloth moves more than 30 cm before it is out from under the mug!)