----------------------------------------------------------- Compare the two different sentences in question 4 below while doing the same tasks respectively as above:

4. (1) Humans are spiritual. (2) Only humans are spiritual.

(NB: "only" makes the predicate a consequent of the conditional)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------3. on alternative symbols for quantifiers

You will get to use two kinds of what has been known as "quantifier," (1) Universal and (2) Existential, both of which require unusual symbols that are difficult to write. As we have adopted alternative notations which are easily put in pure text format (ASCII characters) for the connectives, we shall do the same thing for the two quantifiers in Predicate Logic: