Siderophores are known virulence factors, and their biosynthesis is a target

September 4, 2017
By cancercurehere
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Siderophores are known virulence factors, and their biosynthesis is a target for new antibacterial agents. specificity from the wild type with respect to nonnatural substrates. This change can be rationalized on the basis of our structural data. That this change in specificity is accompanied by no loss in activity suggests that AcsD and other members of the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-independent siderophore superfamily may have biotransformation potential. (formally known as carboxyl group with ATP. The resulting enzyme-bound homochiral citryl adenylate reacts with l-serine to generate the first committed intermediate, (3ester formation. Results Substrate utilization profile for acyl transfer reaction of AcsD Using a coupled enzyme fluorescence activity assay described previously,20,22 we investigated l-serine and 16 other potential buy Diacetylkorseveriline substrates (Fig. 2a and Fig. S1) for their ability to promote the conversion of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate by AcsD in the presence of citric acid. We have previously shown that in the absence of a nucleophile (l-serine), there is still a measurable rate for this reaction, which we attributed to decomposition of the reactive citryl adenylate by water (hydrolysis). We deemed a compound to be a possible substrate if it gave a higher reaction rate than the background hydrolysis. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) unambiguously confirmed the molecular formulae of the products resulting from the five most reactive nucleophiles (Fig. S2). As previously discussed,20 even when the molecular formula is established, there can be ambiguity regarding the arrangement of atoms within the product. Briefly, this arises when there is more than one nucleophilic atom in the acyl acceptor buy Diacetylkorseveriline substrate. For example, an oxygen atom (i.e., an alcohol) gives an ester whereas a nitrogen atom (i.e., an amine) gives an amide. l-Serine is one example of where this can arise, because it contains both alcohol and amine groups. We employed tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to resolve any such ambiguities (Fig. S3), having previously established that citryl esters and citryl amides produce distinctive fragmentation patterns.20 In the case of l-cysteine, which is a poor substrate, mass spectrometry (MS) identified an ion consistent with citryl-l-cysteine that is only present when enzyme is added (Fig. S4). However, our identification of this product has to remain tentative, because we were unable to obtain HRMS data and, although MS/MS appears to rule out the amide (Fig. S4), there are buy Diacetylkorseveriline no fragment ions that can be unambiguously interpreted as arising from the thioester. Our data show that hydroxylamine forms amide and ester products (Figs. S3 and S5). For the other substrates where any such ambiguity can arise, either one or the other product is formed, but not a mixture (within the limits of detection). Fig. 2 Nucleophile specificity of AcsD: Chemical structures of tested nucleophiles with numbers indicating their percentage reactivity relative to l-serine. Nucleophiles that react twice as fast as water (which has 5% of the reactivity of l-serine) are highlighted … In total, 10 substrates (including l-serine) showed activity significantly higher than the background rate of adenylate hydrolysis (Fig. 2). The resulting products include both esters and amides, confirming that AcsD can utilize both oxygen and nitrogen atoms as nucleophiles. Amines are about twice as reactive as the corresponding alcohols, seen by comparing l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid with l-serine, ethanolamine with ethylenediamine, and l-2,3-dihydroxy propionic acid with l-isoserine (in each case, the oxygen atom buy Diacetylkorseveriline in the former is replaced by a nitrogen atom in the latter). Examination of the structures of the acyl acceptor substrates for which activity is observed reveals that the most conserved feature is an amino group separated by two intervening carbon atoms from the nucleophilic Rabbit Polyclonal to Collagen I alpha2 atom. The three-carbon-atom separation between the amino groups seen in l-2,4-diamino butyric acid results in activity that is only just above background. Substrates lacking an amino group two carbon atoms away from the nucleophile (with the exception.