Tag: AIIMS PG

Question

The following two regions in the world are known for making an illegal drug.Identify this drug.

A. Marijuana

B. Cocaine

C. Alcohol

D. Opium

Show Answer

Correct Answer » D

Explanation

Ans:D. Opium

Illicit Opium production areas

The Golden Crescent is the name given to one of Asia’s two principal areas of illicit opium production This space overlaps three nations, Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan, whose mountainous peripheries define the crescent..

The other being the Golden Triangle, located at the crossroads of Central, South, and Western Asia.

Opium

It is a highly addictive narcotic drug prepared from inspissated juice of the unripe capsules of the Papaver somniferum(poppy plant)

The most important active principles of opium are the alkaloids morphine(used to make illegal drug-heroin) and codeine.

Opiods are widely used as Analgesics.

Opiate toxicity should be suspected when the clinical triad of central nervous system (CNS) depression, respiratory depression, and pupillary miosis are present.

These are different giant cells found with light microscopy in biopsies from individuals with Hodgkin’s lymphoma

They are usually derived from B lymphocytes, classically considered crippled germinal center B cells, meaning they have not undergone hypermutation to express their antibody. Seen against a sea of B cells, they give the tissue a moth-eaten appearance.

Classification of Hodgkin’s is based on the reactive cell mixture. Immunomarkers are used (e.g., CD15 and CD30).

Reed–Sternberg cells are large 30–50 microns and are either multinucleated or have a bilobed nucleus with prominent eosinophilic inclusion-like nucleoli (thus resembling an “owl’s eye” appearance).

Reed–Sternberg cells are CD30 and CD15 positive, usually negative for CD20 and CD45.

The presence of these cells is necessary in the diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma – the absence of Reed–Sternberg cells has very high negative predictive value.

They can also be found in reactive lymphadenopathy (such as infectious mononucleosis immunoblasts which are RS like in appearance, carbamazepine associated lymphadenopathy) and very rarely in other types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma may show RS like cells also.

Testing Quiz

Description

This quiz consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. To be successful with the weekly quizzes, it’s important to thoroughly read chapter 5 in the textbook. It will also be extremely useful to study the key terms at the end of the chapter and review the Test Your Knowledge activity at the end of the chapter.

Instruction

This quiz consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. To be successful with the weekly quizzes, it’s important to thoroughly read chapter 5 in the textbook. It will also be extremely useful to study the key terms at the end of the chapter and review the Test Your Knowledge activity at the end of the chapter. Keep the following in mind:

Multiple Attempts – You will have three attempts for this quiz with your highest score being recorded in the grade book.

Timing – You will need to complete each of your attempts in one sitting, as you are allotted 30 minutes to complete each attempt.

Answers – You may review your answer-choices and compare them to the correct answers after your final attempt.

To start, click the “Take the Quiz” button. When finished, click the “Submit Quiz” button.

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Q. 1

After how many days of ovulation embryo implan­tation occurs ?

A

3 – 5 days

B

7 – 9 days

C

10 – 12 days

D

13 – 15 days

Q. 1

After how many days of ovulation embryo implan­tation occurs ?

A

3 – 5 days

B

7 – 9 days

C

10 – 12 days

D

13 – 15 days

Ans.

B

Explanation:

7 – 9 days

“From the time a fertilized ovum enters the uterine cavity from the fallopian tube (which occurs 3-4 days after ovulation) until the time ovum implants (7-9 days after ovulation) the uterine secretions called uterinemilk provide nutrition for the early dividing ovum“

“At the time of implantation, on days 21-22 of menstrual cycle the predominant morphologic feature is edema of the endometrial stroma.”

Important facts :

Oogenesis begins in ovary at 6-8 weeks of gestation.°

Maximum number of oocytes (6-7 million) are attained at 20 weeks of gestation.°

All the primary oocytes in the ovary of a newborn are arrested In the late prophase (of meiosis) till puberty.°

At puberty as a result of mid cycle preovulatory surge, meiosis is resumed and compTetedjust prior to ovulation.°

Therefore first polar body is released just prior fo ovulation

The second division starts immediately after_ it and is arrested in metaphase.°

At the time of fertilization second division is completed which results in the release of oocyte and second polar body.

Therefore second polar body release occurs only at the time of fertilisation.°

LH surge preceedes ovulation by 34-36 hours.o

LH peak preceedes ovulation by 10-16 hours.o

Prior to ovulation :- Follicle reaches a size of 18-20mm.

– Endometrium is 9-10 min trick.o

– Endometrium show triple line on USG.o

Ovulation occurs 14 days before the next menstruation.°

Maximum action of corpus luteum is at 22 day of menstruation° (following which it starts regressing ~ 8 years after ovulation).°

In absence of fertilisation and implanation the corpus leteum persists for 12-14 days.o

Maximum growth of corpus lutem of pregnancy is at 8th week of gestation and degenerates at 6 months of gestation.o

Fertilisation occurs in the ampullary part of fallopian tube.°

Fertilised egg enters the uterus on day 18 – 19 of the cycle.°

Q. 2

In a young female ot reproductive age with regular menstrual cycles of 28 days, ovulation occurs around 14th day of periods. When is first polar body extruded ?

A

24 hours prior to ovulation

B

Accompanied by ovulation

C

48 hours atter the ovulation

D

At ths time of fertilization

Q. 2

In a young female ot reproductive age with regular menstrual cycles of 28 days, ovulation occurs around 14th day of periods. When is first polar body extruded ?

A

24 hours prior to ovulation

B

Accompanied by ovulation

C

48 hours atter the ovulation

D

At ths time of fertilization

Ans.

B

Explanation:

Accompanied by ovulation

Q. 3

ln which of the following transmission, meiosis occurs :

A

Primary to secondary spermatocyte

B

Secondary spermatocyte to globular spermatid

C

Germ cells to spermatogonium

D

Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte

Q. 3

ln which of the following transmission, meiosis occurs :

A

Primary to secondary spermatocyte

B

Secondary spermatocyte to globular spermatid

C

Germ cells to spermatogonium

D

Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte

Ans.

A

Explanation:

Primary to secondary spermatocyte

Q. 4

Primary oocyte :

A

ls formed after single meiotic division

B

Maximum in number in 5 month fetus

C

ls in prophase arrest

D

Option B and C both

Q. 4

Primary oocyte :

A

ls formed after single meiotic division

B

Maximum in number in 5 month fetus

C

ls in prophase arrest

D

Option B and C both

Ans.

D

Explanation:

Ans. is b and c i.e. Maximum in number at 5th month of the fetus; and ls in the prophase arrest

The process involved in the development of mature ovum is called Oogenesis.The primitive germ cells take their origin from the yolk sac at about the end of 3rd week and migrate to the developing gonadal ridge, at aboul the end ol 4th week.

Oogenesis :

Primordial

↓

Enters the gonad of a genetic female & differentiate into

↓

Oogonlum tl4 XX

↓ Mitosis (not meiosis, as given in option)

Primary Oocyte 44 xx

↓ (At birth no more mitosis occur & all oogonium are replaced by primary oocyte)

Enters Ist meiotic division

↓

Anested in prophase

↓

Ist meiotic division is completed after puberty, just prior to ovulationo

↓ releasing

___________________________________________

↓ ↓

Secondary Oocyte 22 X

First Polar Body 22 X

↓ 2nd meiotic oivision

Arrested in metaphase

↓ At the time of Fertilisation

_________________________________

↓ ↓

Ovum 22 X

2nd Polar Body 22 X

lmportant facts

Oogenesis begins in the ovary at 6-8 A weeks of gestationo

Maximum number of oocytes/oogonia are in the ovary at 5th month of ddvelopmento (20 weeks of gestation)o.

Al birth total content ol both ovaries is 2 million primary oocytes.o

At puberty is further decreased and is ~ 300000 – 500000, of which only 500 are distined to mature during an individual’s life time.o

Q. 5

Normal pH ot cervix ls :

A

2

B

3

C

8

D

11

Q. 5

Normal pH ot cervix ls :

A

2

B

3

C

8

D

11

Ans.

C

Explanation:

8

The secretion of cervix are akaline and has a pH of 7.8.

The glands of cervix are racemose in type and secrete mucus with a high content of fructose which renders it attractive to sperm.

Q. 6

From which of the following layers the regeneration of endometrium take place :

A

Zona basalis

B

Zona pellucidum

C

Zona compacta

D

Zona spongiosum

Q. 6

From which of the following layers the regeneration of endometrium take place :

A

Zona basalis

B

Zona pellucidum

C

Zona compacta

D

Zona spongiosum

Ans.

A

Explanation:

Zona basalis

Endometrium

Superficial layer (2/3)

Deep layer (1/3)

It consists of stratum compactum stratum spongiosum These Layers are supplied by sprial which undergo vasocostriction during secretory phase

↓

This causes necrosis or sloughing of these layers at the time of menstruation

Stratum basale (Zona basalis) it is supplied by basllar arteries

↓

During secretory phase these basilar arteries remain straight, so the blood supply stratum basale remains intact. Therefore this layer is not shed and during secretory phase it causes the regeneration.

Q. 7

True about galactorrhoea :

A

Found in pregnancy and lactation

B

Always B/L

C

Surgery done

D

A/w adrenal gland tumor

Q. 7

True about galactorrhoea :

A

Found in pregnancy and lactation

B

Always B/L

C

Surgery done

D

A/w adrenal gland tumor

Ans.

C

Explanation:

Surgery done

Galactorrhea refers to mammary secretion of milky fluid which is not physiological (not related to pregnancy or needs of child) and is persistent and sometimes excessive.

Colour of fluid : Usually white, but can be yellow/green (local breast disease).

Hormonally induced secretions come from multiple duct openings in contrast to pathological discharge that usually comes from a single duct.

lt can be bilateral or unilateral

Any galactorrhea demands evaluation in a multiparous woman and if atleast 12 months have elapsed since the last pregnancy or weaning in a parous woman.

ln case of pituitary tumors : Treatment of Choice is medical management with dopamine agonist but incase medical management tails, Transsphenoidat resection of tumor can be done which is more successfulin case of Microprolactinomas than larger tumors (Macro Protactinomas

Surgery is one of the treatment modalities but not the IoC and since no other option is conect so, for thisquestion it is our option of choice.