ABSTRACT Autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a heterogeneous group of degenerations of the retina, can be due to mutations in the MFRP (membrane-type frizzled-related protein) gene. A patient with RP with MFRP mutations, one of which is novel and the first splice site mutation reported, was characterized by noninvasive retinal and visual studies. The phenotype, albeit complex, suggested that this retinal degeneration may be a candidate for gene-based therapy. Proof-of-concept studies were performed in the rd6 Mfrp mutant mouse model. The fast-acting tyrosine-capsid mutant AAV8 (Y733F) vector containing the small chicken β-actin promoter driving the wild-type mouse Mfrp gene was used. Subretinal vector delivery on postnatal day 14 prevented retinal degeneration. Treatment rescued rod and cone photoreceptors, as assessed by electroretinography and retinal histology at 2 months of age. This AAV-mediated gene delivery also resulted in robust MFRP expression predominantly in its normal location within the retinal pigment epithelium apical membrane and its microvilli. The clinical features of MFRP-RP and our preliminary data indicating a response to gene therapy in the rd6 mouse suggest that this form of RP is a potential target for gene-based therapy.

[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: Mutations in the membrane frizzled-related protein (MFRP/Mfrp) gene, specifically expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and ciliary body, cause nanophthalmia or posterior microphthalmia with retinitis pigmentosa in humans, and photoreceptor degeneration in mice. To better understand MFRP function, microarray analysis was performed on eyes of homozygous Mfrprd6 and C57BL/6J mice at postnatal days (P) 0 and P14, prior to photoreceptor loss. Data analysis revealed no changes at P0 but significant differences in RPE and retina-specific transcripts at P14, suggesting a postnatal influence of the Mfrprd6 allele. A subset of these transcripts was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In Mfrprd6 eyes, a significant 1.5- to 2.0-fold decrease was observed among transcripts of genes linked to retinal degeneration, including those involved in visual cycle (Rpe65, Lrat, Rgr), phototransduction (Pde6a, Guca1b, Rgs9), and photoreceptor disc morphogenesis (Rpgrip1 and Fscn2). Levels of RPE65 were significantly decreased by 2.0-fold. Transcripts of Prss56, a gene associated with angle-closure glaucoma, posterior microphthalmia and myopia, were increased in Mfrprd6 eyes by 17-fold. Validation by qRT-PCR indicated a 3.5-, 14- and 70-fold accumulation of Prss56 transcripts relative to controls at P7, P14 and P21, respectively. This trend was not observed in other RPE or photoreceptor mutant mouse models with similar disease progression, suggesting that Prss56 upregulation is a specific attribute of the disruption of Mfrp. Prss56 and Glul in situ hybridization directly identified Müller glia in the inner nuclear layer as the cell type expressing Prss56. In summary, the Mfrprd6 allele causes significant postnatal changes in transcript and protein levels in the retina and RPE. The link between Mfrp deficiency and Prss56 up-regulation, together with the genetic association of human MFRP or PRSS56 variants and ocular size, raises the possibility that these genes are part of a regulatory network influencing postnatal posterior eye development.

[Show abstract][Hide abstract]ABSTRACT: Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and pathogenesis. However, at the cellular and molecular level, the response to retinal injury is similar in all of them, and results in morphological and functional impairment of retinal cells. This retinal degeneration may be triggered by gene defects, increased intraocular pressure, high levels of blood glucose, other types of stress or aging, but they all frequently induce a set of cell signals that lead to well-established and similar morphological and functional changes, including controlled cell death and retinal remodeling. Interestingly, an inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways are common features in all these diseases. Furthermore, it is important to note the relevant role of glial cells, including astrocytes, Müller cells and microglia, because their response to injury is decisive for maintaining the health of the retina or its degeneration. Several therapeutic approaches have been developed to preserve retinal function or restore eyesight in pathological conditions. In this context, neuroprotective compounds, gene therapy, cell transplantation or artificial devices should be applied at the appropriate stage of retinal degeneration to obtain successful results. This review provides an overview of the common and distinctive features of retinal neurodegenerative diseases, including the molecular, anatomical and functional changes caused by the cellular response to damage, in order to establish appropriate treatments for these pathologies.

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cytoplasmic region, a transmembrane domain, and an ex-tracellular region with a C-terminal cysteine-rich domainsimilar to that observed in Wnt-binding frizzled proteins(Katoh, 2001; Kameya et al., 2002). Mfrp is expressed as oneelement of a dicistronic transcript (Kameya et al., 2002;Hayward et al., 2003; Mandal et al., 2006), which also encodesthe complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein-5(C1QTNF5/CTRP5). CTRP5 also has a human disease asso-ciation; specifically, a Ser163Arg mutation causes an auto-somal dominant late-onset retina-wide degeneration, whichcan feature neovascular macular degeneration (Milam et al.,2000; Jacobson et al., 2001; Hayward et al., 2003). The func-tional relationship between the two proteins remains underinvestigation (Fogerty and Besharse, 2011).With clinical trials of gene therapy ongoing for anotherautosomal recessive RPE disease leading to retinal degener-ation, RPE65-LCA (reviewed in Cideciyan, 2010), we in-quired whether MFRP-RP was a potential candidate for thisform of treatment. A patient with MFRP-RP was examined indetail by noninvasive studies and the results were comparedwith those of patients with other molecularly proven MFRP-RP in the literature. Like RPE65-LCA, there is an animalmodel of the MFRP-RP disease for proof-of-concept studies.The rd6 mouse has a naturally occurring autosomal recessiveretinal degeneration associated with a 4-bp deletion in asplice donor site in the Mfrp gene (Hawes et al., 2000;Kameya et al., 2002). This results in the skipping of exon 4and deletion of 58 amino acids from the Mfrp protein(Kameya et al., 2002). The present study uses subretinaldelivery of a self-complementary tyrosine-capsid mutantadeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) (Y733F) vectorcarrying the mouse Mfrp gene to determine whether photo-receptor degeneration can be prevented in rd6 mice, therebypaving the way for further proof-of-concept, dosing, andsafety studies in gene therapy en route to a clinical trial inpatients with MFRP-RP.Materials and MethodsHuman subjectsA patient with RP underwent a complete eye examinationand detailed studies of retinal phenotype. Genomic DNAfrom peripheral blood lymphocytes was obtained from thepatient and family members and molecular genetic analysesled to the identification of MFRP mutations (Ayala-Ramirezet al., 2006; Crespı ´ et al., 2008; Zenteno et al., 2009). Patientswith retinal degenerations, including other forms of RP(n=6; age, 7–78 years) and choroideremia (n=3; age, 13, 34,and 38 years), as well as normal subjects (n=34; age, 5–58),were included for comparison of phenotype. Informed con-sent was obtained for all subjects; procedures were in ac-cordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and wereapproved by the institutional review board.Human phenotype studiesFull-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were performed withbipolar Burian-Allen contact lens electrodes and a standardprotocol using an Espion system (Diagnosys, Lowell, MA)with methodology previously described (Jacobson et al.,1989; Aleman et al., 2002). Kinetic visual fields and dark- andlight-adapted chromatic static threshold perimetry (200-msecduration, 650- and 500-nm stimuli, dark-adapted, and600nm, light-adapted; 1.7? diameter target) were performedwith a modified HFA-750i analyzer (Zeiss-Humphrey, Du-blin, CA). Our methods for data collection and analyses havebeen published (Jacobson et al., 1986, 2010; Roman et al.,2005). Reflectance imaging and reduced-illuminance auto-fluorescence imaging (RAFI) were performed with near-infrared (NIR) and short-wavelength (SW) lights with aconfocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) (HRA2; Hei-delberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) as described(Cideciyan et al., 2007, 2011; Jacobson et al., 2011). Retinalcross-sectional imaging used a spectral-domain optical co-herence tomography (SD-OCT) unit (RTVue-100; Optovue,Fremont, CA) with published recording and analysis tech-niques (Cideciyan et al., 2011; Jacobson et al., 2011). Thethree-dimensional SD-OCT raster scans were performed fortopographic analysis. Postacquisition processing of OCTdata was performed with custom programs (MATLAB 6.5;MathWorks, Natick, MA). Further methodological details areprovided in the online supplement (supplementary data areavailable online at www.liebertonline.com/hum).Animal studiesrd6 mice (originally provided by B. Chang, Jackson La-boratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were bred and maintained in theUniversity of Florida Health Science Center Animal CareServices Facility (Gainesville, FL) under 12-hr-on/12-hr-offcyclic lighting. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice served as controlsand were from the University of Florida or University ofPennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) Animal Care Services Fa-cility. All experiments were approved by University ofFlorida and University of Pennsylvania Institutional AnimalCare and Use Committees and conducted in accordance withthe Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology(ARVO) Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic andVision Research.Recombinant AAV preparation and subretinaldelivery in miceA self-complementary AAV8 vector containing a Y733Fpoint mutation in a highly conserved surface-exposed capsidtyrosine residue was used for packaging the wild-type mu-rine Mfrp cDNA under the control of the ubiquitous, con-stitutive smCBA (small chicken b-actin) promoter. AAV8(Y733F) vector was produced by the two-plasmid co-transfection method in HEK 293 cells and purified accordingto previously reported methods (Petrs-Silva et al., 2009). Viraltiter was determined by real-time PCR. Subretinal injectionswere performed on postnatal day 14 (P14) under anesthesiaas described (Pang et al., 2008). In brief, the nasal cornea waspenetrated with a 30.5-gauge disposable needle; and a 33-gauge unbeveled, blunt-tip needle on a Hamilton syringewas introduced into the subretinal space. Each eye received1ll of vector at a titer of 1·1012genome copies/ml, leavingthe left eye as an untreated control. Preliminary experimentswere also performed with buffer-injected rd6 eyes as possiblecontrols, and it was observed that there was rapid degen-eration in these eyes, likely secondary to poor reattachmentafter retinal detachment. To avoid bias that would lead to anapparent treatment effect due to surgery-related damage tocontrol rd6 eyes, we chose to use an untreated control eye for368DINCULESCU ET AL.

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comparison with treatment. Eleven rd6 mice had subretinalinjections of vector in the right eye. At 6 weeks postinjection,mice with no signs of injection-related trauma to the anteriorsegment were included in further studies.Electroretinography in miceFull-field ERGs were elicited in 2-month-old (P14-treated)rd6 mice (n=5) and wild-type C57BL/6 controls (n=20;mean age, 3.4 months; age range, 1 to 10 months), usingmethods previously reported (Roman et al., 2007; Pang et al.,2008; Caruso et al., 2010). A series of stimuli were gener-ated with a UTAS SunBurst system (LKC Technologies,Gaithersburg, MD) or a custom-built ganzfeld stimulatorwith a computer-based system (EPIC-XL; LKC Technolo-gies). Mice were dark-adapted (>12hr) and anesthetizedby injection of a mixture of ketamine-HCl (72mg/kg) andxylazine (5mg/kg). Pupils were dilated with topical agents(phenylephrine hydrochloride, 2.5%; tropicamide, 1%) underdim red light. Dark-adapted ERGs were elicited with 0.02and 2 scot-cd$sec$m–2stimuli. In wild-type mice, the dimmerflash produces a b-wave driven by rod postreceptoral ac-tivity whereas the brighter flash produces an a-wave domi-nated by rod photoreceptor activity and a b-wave that is drivenby both rod and cone postreceptoral neurons (Weymouthand Vingrys, 2008). In addition, cone-isolated ERGs wereelicited with 25 phot-cd$sec$m–2stimuli on a rod-suppressingbackground light after a preadaptation period. In wild-typemice, this flash produces a b-wave driven by cone post-receptoral neurons (Weymouth and Vingrys, 2008). Efficacyof the uniocular treatment in rd6 eyes was determined byevaluating interocular differences (IODs). IODs for all ERGparameters were expressed as the amplitude difference be-tween the two eyes divided by the mean value. t tests wereused to determine the statistical significance of differencesbetween IODs of rd6 mice and wild-type animals.Retinal histology and immunostainingFor morphological analysis, treated rd6 mice (n=4) hadboth eyes fixed in 10% formalin solution, processed forparaffin embedding, sectioned at a thickness of 4lm, andstained with hematoxylin and eosin. The sections were vi-sualized by light microscopy. Comparisons were made withadult C57BL/6 mice (n=4). The outer nuclear layer (ONL)thickness was measured at three locations from within themid-superior retina of wild-type, treated, and untreated rd6eyes (four animals per group). The differences between theONL thickness of AAV-treated and the uninjected contra-lateral left eyes were analyzed by Student t test for pairedsamples. A difference was considered significant at p<0.05.For immunostaining, deparaffinized tissue sections weredewaxed in xylene and rehydrated in a graded series ofethanol, and then incubated with 0.5% Triton X-100 for15min, followed by blocking with a solution of 2% albuminfor 30min. The sections were incubated with mouse MFRPaffinity-purified polyclonal antibody (AF3445, R&D Systems,Minneapolis, MN) or anti-ezrin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis,MO). Secondary antibodies were Alexa-594 or Alexa-488fluorophore (Molecular Probes/Invitrogen, Eugene, OR) di-luted 1:500 in 1· phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). All sec-tions were examined by fluorescence microscopy, using aLeica TCS SP2 laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica,Heidelberg, Germany). Albino control mouse retinas wereused as immunostaining controls to prevent the melanin inthe RPE from interfering with the signal.Western blot analysisAAV8 (Y733F)-smCBA-MFRP-treated and untreated rd6eyes were carefully dissected, and the MFRP protein wasdetected by Western blotting. The eyecups were homoge-nized by sonication in 1· PBS containing complete proteaseinhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany).After centrifugation, each pellet was resuspended in a buffercontaining 50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1% Triton X-100, 2%sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and 10% glycerol, and usedfor Western blot analysis. Aliquot extracts containing equalamounts of protein were subjected to SDS–polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis (PAGE), using a 4–12% gradient gel, andtransferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes(Millipore, Bedford, MA). After incubation for 1hr inOdyssey blocking buffer (Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE), the mem-branes were probed either with a primary antibody againstMFRP (mouse MFRP AF3445; R&D Systems) or an antibodyagainst a-tubulin (rabbit polyclonal ab4074; Abcam, Cam-bridge, MA) as an internal control. The signals were detectedwith an infrared IRDye 800 dye-conjugated secondary anti-body (Rockland Immunochemicals, Gilbertsville, PA). Vi-sualization of specific bands was performed with theOdyssey infrared fluorescence imaging system (Odyssey;Li-Cor).ResultsMFRP-RP human phenotypeA 19-year-old female patient had spectacle correction inchildhood, There were some complaints of night and pe-ripheral vision disturbances as well as difficulty with read-ing; these visual symptoms were noted mainly from thesecond decade of life. Ancestry was German/English/French with no known parental consanguinity; parents andsiblings had no visual complaints. Visual acuity was 20/30with a refractive error of +11.00 sphere in each eye. Cornealcurvatures, ultrasound A-scan, and anterior chamber depthwere 52.00D sphericalequivalent43.95–1.470) (AlMahmoud et al., 2011), 16.4mm (normal,23.67–0.9) (Oliveira et al., 2007), and 2.2mm (normal,2.9–0.3) (Fontana and Brubaker, 1980), respectively. Cornealdiameters and intraocular pressures were normal. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance images of the fundus showedirregular margins of the optic nerve head, and peripheral reti-nal regions with chorioretinal atrophy and bone spicule-likepigment (Fig. 1A). Autofluorescence imaging with SW andNIR excitation were consistent with a *20? diameter centralregion of retained RPE with normal or nearly normal sig-nals originating from lipofuscin and melanin fluorophores.Surrounding the central region was an annulus of hyper-autofluorescence apparent in both SW- and NIR-RAFI.This annulus could originate from unmasking of existingfluorophores, accumulation of additional fluorophores, orchemical changes affecting their fluorescence efficiency.Surrounding the hyperautofluorescent ring was an interme-diate level of autofluorescence like that previously describedin other forms of RP (Cideciyan et al., 2011). Optic disc(normal mean–SD,OCULAR GENE THERAPY FOR MFRP-RP 369

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FIG. 1.imaging of the patient (top). Arrows point to bone spicule-like pigment. Melanin abnormalities are visible on reduced-illuminance autofluorescence imaging (RAFI) with NIR light (bottom left) and lipofuscin abnormalities are demonstrated onRAFI with short-wavelength (SW) light (bottom right). Insets: Representative normal images for each modality. Images areindividually contrast-stretched for visibility of features. (B) Electroretinography. Standard full-field elecroretinograms (ERGs)from a normal subject and a patient with MFRP-RP. Rod b-waves were reduced to 4% of mean normal; mixed ERGs hadreduced a-waves (11% of normal) and b-waves (7% of normal); and cone ERGs (1 and 30Hz) were reduced to 35% and 10% ofnormal, respectively. Stimulus onset was at the start of traces. Calibrations are shown to the right and below the waveforms.(C) Psychophysics. Dark- and light-adapted static threshold perimetry results are displayed as grayscale maps of rod andcone sensitivity loss. The physiological blind spot is shown as a black square at 12? in the temporal field. N, T, I, and S, nasal,temporal, inferior, and superior visual field, respectively. Kinetic perimetry results (inset, top right) illustrate some visual fieldconstriction (nasally) for the larger target (V-4e) with 70% of normal extent, and a central island with 10% normal extent,using the small target (I-4e). (D and E) Thickness topography of total retina, inner retina, and outer nuclear layer mapped inthe central retina for normal subjects (D, n=6; age, 21–41 years) and the patient with MFRP-RP (E). Insets in the lower right-hand corner of patient data indicate whether the thickness measurements are within normal limits (white), abnormally thin(blue, less than 2 SD), or abnormally thickened (pink, greater than 2 SD). (F–H) Retinal laminar architecture. Cross-sectionaloptical coherence tomography (OCT) images along the horizontal meridian through the fovea in a normal subject (F) arecompared with those of a patient with MFRP-RP (G). Examples of OCT cross-sections in other retinopathies with abnormalfoveal shapes are shown along with measurements of the hyperreflectivity at the vitreoretinal interface in normal subjects;patients with RP with cystoid macular edema (CME) and choroideremia (CHM); and the patient with MFRP-RP (H). Errorbars, 1 SD. MFRP-RP, MFRP (membrane-type frizzled-related protein) gene mutation-associated retinitis pigmentosa.Human MFRP-RP phenotype. (A) En face imaging. Digitally stitched wide-field, near-infrared reflectance (NIR-REF)370

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drusen were detectable as small hyperautofluorescent dotson SW-RAFI.Thehigh hyperopiawithprompted questions concerning whether the patient hadMFRP-RP (Ayala-Ramirez et al., 2006; Crespı ´ et al., 2008;Zenteno et al., 2009; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010). Partialnucleotide sequencing of MFRP exon 5 from the probandshowed a heterozygous 1-bp deletion (Supplementary Fig.S1A; c.498delC, arrow) (supplementary data are availableonline at www.liebertonline.com/hum), which predicts aprematurely truncated protein (p.Asn167ThrfsX25). Thenormal exon 5 sequence is shown (Supplementary Fig. S1B).In the second allele a novel heterozygous G-to-T mutation(Supplementary Fig. S1C, arrow) at the conserved 5¢ donorsplice site was demonstrated at exon/intron 9. The normalexon/intron 9 sequence is also illustrated (SupplementaryFig. S1D). Parental DNA analysis showed that the fathercarried one allele with the one base deletion and the mothercarried one allele with the splice site mutation.Full-field ERGs were abnormal (Fig. 1B). Rod b-waveswere barely detectable (11lV; normal, 299–52lV); a mixedcone–rod ERG had reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes (a-wave, 33lV [normal, 297–65lV]; b-wave, 35lV [normal,497–111lV]); and cone ERGs were reduced in amplitude(for single flash, 61lV [normal, 173–32lV]; and for flicker,17lV [normal, 172–35lV]). A rod sensitivity loss map bypsychophysics showed no detectable rod function in the farperipheral field, but there was some retained rod sensitivity(between *1.5 and 2.5 log10units reduced) in a wide regionof the central field (Fig. 1C, left). Cone sensitivity loss wasmost evident in the nasal field, but there was detectable conefunction elsewhere in the field. At fixation, cone sensitivitywas within normal limits but was reduced by 0.5–1.5 log10units with increasing eccentricity into the temporal periph-eral field (Fig. 1C, right). A kinetic visual field showed slightgeneralized constriction (more evident in the nasal field) tothe V-4e target (70% of normal extent; 90% is 2 SD less thanthe normal mean) (Jacobson et al., 1989); the I-4e target wasdetected only centrally (10% of normal extent; 90% is 2 SDless than the normal mean) (Fig. 1C, inset).Topographical maps using OCT of retinal thickness andmaps of inner retina and photoreceptor outer nuclear layer(ONL) are shown for normal subjects compared with thepatient with MFRP-RP (Fig. 1D and E). Whereas retinalthickness was within normal limits across most of the retinaexcept in the very central macula, the inner retina was sig-nificantly thicker than normal across the retinal area studied.The ONL, on the other hand, was thicker than normal at thefovea, within normal limits in the parafoveal region, butthinner than normal across the remainder of the retinasampled (Fig. 1D and E, insets, are comparison maps tonormal limits). Cross-sectional images revealed abnormalretinal laminar architecture in the patient with MFRP-RP. Anormal fovea has a structural pit due to the concentricdisplacement of an inner nuclear layer (INL) and limitedhyperreflective tissue vitreal to the cone outer nuclear layer(Fig. 1F). In contrast, the MFRP-RP fovea was devoid of anormal central depression and had substantial inner retinallamination with a discernable INL, microcystic changes an-terior to the ONL, and considerable tissue vitreal to the INL(Fig. 1G). The deep hyporeflective layer had no cysticstructures and measured 182.8lm (normal foveal ONL in thepigmentary retinopathycentral 0.6mm, 90.1–10.5lm; n=16; age, 11–28 years) (Ja-cobson et al., 2007).We then asked whether the inner and outer segment (IS/OS) layer thickness was also different from normal in thepatient with MFRP-RP and found the thickness across thecentral 4mm to be within normal limits (data not shown).This would suggest that this hyperthick layer may be com-plicated by Muller cell swelling, such as we suggested maybe the cause of a similar-appearing effect in patients withchoroideremia (CHM) (Jacobson et al., 2006). Thickness at thefovea with concomitant loss of the foveal pit at certain stagesof CHM could reach 150–190lm, similar to that seen in thispatient with MFRP-RP. A more common cause of thickenedcentral structure in RP is cystoid macular edema (CME), butno cysts were visible within the ONL layer scans of the pa-tient with MFRP-RP. The thick hyperreflective inner retinallayer across the foveal region in this patient measured160lm, which is in dramatic contrast to the relatively thinfoveal hyperreflectivity at the vitreoretinal interface in nor-mal subjects (9.8–1.5lm; n=7; age, 9–45 years). Patientswith CHM with hyperthick foveal hyporeflectivity and nocystic changes (n=3; age, 13, 34, and 38 years) and patientswith RP with CME (n=6; age, 7–78 years) showed thickerthan normal hyperreflectivity at the vitreoretinal interface,but the values were small (average, RP with CME, 34.8lm;CHM, 30.7lm) by comparison with that in the patient withMFRP-RP (Fig. 1H).Retinal function and morphology in AAVvector-treated rd6 miceThe natural history of retinal function in the rd6 mouse hasbeen reported to show a decrease in ERG amplitude detect-able by P25 followed by a progressive decline (Hawes et al.,2000; Won et al., 2008). Dark-adapted ERGs, dominated byrod function, show greater reduction than light-adaptedERGs, mediated by cone function, at early disease stages(Won et al., 2008). Representative ERG waveforms driven bythe activity of rods, both rods and cones (mixed rod–cone),and cones are shown for a wild-type mouse and for theuntreated and treated eyes of a 2-month-old rd6 mouse (Fig.2A). At the ages studied, for rod b-wave amplitudes, themean of untreated rd6 eyes was 58% of mean wild-type,whereas, for cone-isolated b-waves, the mean of untreatedrd6 eyes was 89% of mean wild-type. Despite the tendencyfor lower values compared with wild-type, all rd6 eyes werewithin normal limits for these parameters. For mixed rod–cone ERGs, the majority (60%) of the untreated rd6 eyes hadabnormally reduced amplitudes with mean values beingreduced to 45 and 56% of mean wild-type for a- and b-waves, respectively.ERGs performed 6 weeks after the uniocular subretinalinjection of 1ll (109total vector genomes) of AAV8 (Y733F)vector carrying wild-type mouse Mfrp cDNA showed therewere higher amplitudes in treated versus untreated rd6 eyes.ERGs for all treated rd6 eyes were within normal limits. Forthe representative rd6 mouse (Fig. 2A), the treated eye had arod-isolated b-wave amplitude of 462lV as compared with225lV in the untreated eye (interocular difference, 69%).Across all rd6 animals, treated eyes had larger amplitudes(range, 316–462lV) compared with untreated eyes (160–238lV) with interocular differences (treated minus untreated)OCULAR GENE THERAPY FOR MFRP-RP 371

averaging 54% (range, 34–69%) as compared with 3% (range,-21 to +31%) in wild-type mice (Fig. 2B). With the mixedrod–cone ERGs, the treated rd6 eyes had larger amplitudes (a-wave range, 132–265lV; b-wave range, 326–604lV) as com-pared with untreated eyes (a-wave range, 47–147lV; b-waverange, 153–369lV) with interocular differences averaging 83%(range, 35–99%) for a-waves and 57% (range, 40–72%) forb-waves. Wild-type mice for the mixed rod–cone ERGs had amean interocular difference near zero (range, -24 to +32%)(Fig. 2B). For the cone-isolated ERG, the treated rd6 eyes alsohad larger b-wave amplitudes (range, 129–175lV) as com-pared with untreated eyes (range, 84–128lV), with interoculardifferences averaging 35% (range, 22–50%). Interocular dif-ferences in wild-type mice for the cone-isolated ERG had amean near zero (range, -35 to +38%) (Fig. 2B). In summary,interocular differences for all four ERG parameters in rd6 micewere significantly larger than in wild-type mice. Taken to-gether with the fact that untreated eyes at this age had re-duced retinal function compared with wild-type, the resultssuggest that the vector–gene injection rescued rod- and cone-mediated ERG function in the rd6 mice.Light microscopy was used to evaluate the effect of thegene therapy on rd6 mice (Fig. 2C). Treated eyes had greaternumbers of photoreceptor nuclei compared with the con-tralateral untreated eyes. The ONL of untreated rd6 eyes wasabout 5–7 nuclei thick (Fig. 2C, middle), whereas the vector-injected retina had 9 or 10 nuclei (Fig. 2C, right), which issimilar to that in the wild-type eyes (Fig. 2C, left). ONLthickness (mid-superior retina) was 47.8–4.9lm in treatedretinas compared with 29.9–1.7lm in untreated rd6 retinas(p<0.05) (Supplementary Fig. S2A). Treated rd6 retinasalso had well-organized, normal length outer segments, incontrast to the untreated eye, in which outer segments wereboth shortened and disorganized. Abnormal cells, likely ofphagocytic nature (Hawes et al., 2000), were visible in thesubretinal space of untreated rd6 mice (Fig. 2C, arrows,middle) but absent in treated eyes.MFRP expression after gene therapy in rd6 miceMFRP expression was evaluated by immunohistochemis-try in retinal sections (Fig. 3). Previous studies have shownthat MFRP in wild-type mice is predominantly expressed inthe RPE and ciliary epithelium whereas MFRP protein is notdetected in rd6 eyes (Kameya et al., 2002; Mandal et al., 2006a;Won et al., 2008). This is confirmed in the present study (Fig.3A and B). After gene therapy, intense labeling was present inthe RPE (Fig. 3C), and it was similar to the pattern of MFRP inwild-type retina (Fig. 3A). When viewed at low magnification,the treated rd6 eye displayed widespread and nearly contin-uous expression of MFRP in the RPE (Fig. 3C, inset). Thisindicates that a wide expanse of retina was included in thesubretinal injection. In addition, MFRP expression, as drivenby the ubiquitous smCBA promoter, was detectable in pho-toreceptor inner segments and ONL when the images werepurposely overexposed to enhance the low-level non-RPEtransgene expression pattern throughout the retina (Supple-mentary Fig. S2B).Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of an im-munoreactive MFRP band in treated eyes only (Fig. 3F). TheMFRP immunoreactive band migrated at about 120kDa, amuch larger size than the predicted molecular mass of65kDa of wild-type protein, but consistent with results ofprevious studies (Won et al., 2008; Fogerty and Besharse,2011). This high molecular weight band suggests that MFRPmay exist as a dimer in RPE cells. Previous studies haveshown that some of the frizzled proteins are capable offorming homodimers, and a region containing the cysteine-rich domain is implicated in this process (Carron et al., 2003).Cysteine-rich domains have also been shown to form aconserved dimer interface within crystal structures, sug-gesting that dimerization may have a biological function infrizzled receptor signaling (Dann et al., 2001).In earlier studies MFRP expression was found to be re-stricted to the base of the RPE apical membrane (Mandalet al., 2006a), but we observed intense labeling of RPE mi-crovilli in both wild-type and treated rd6 mice (Fig. 3D andE). We further confirmed this finding by staining with ananti-ezrin antibody, a marker of RPE apical processes (Sup-plementary Fig. S3).DiscussionMFRP-RP: A complex phenotype showingdevelopmental and degenerative abnormalitiesBefore relatively routine molecular analysis, clinical re-ports noted the rare association of high hyperopia, micro-phthalmos, and retinal degeneration with or without otherocular abnormalities (e.g., Buys and Pavlin, 1999; Ghoseet al., 1985; MacKay et al., 1987). The MFRP gene, first iden-tified more than a decade ago (Katoh, 2001), was initiallyassociated only with humans having high hyperopia, re-duced axial length, but no retinal degeneration (Sundin et al.,2005). Screening for MFRP mutations in a wide spectrum ofretinal degenerations was negative (Pauer et al., 2005) andspecies differences were used to explain the lack of retinaldegeneration in humans (Sundin, 2005). More recently,however, autosomal recessive families with MFRP mutationswere identified with RP, posterior microphthalmos, fovealabnormalities, and optic disc drusen (Ayala-Ramirez et al.,2006; Crespı ´ et al., 2008; Zenteno et al., 2009; Mukhopadhyayet al., 2010). A list of clinical and molecular features of the 16published patients (age range, 16–60 years), representing 7families, is provided (Supplementary Table S1). Visual acu-ities varied from 20/25 to no light perception (NLP). All hadhigh hyperopia (range, +13.50 to +29.00) and abnormalERGs. Corneal diameters were normal. Data from the MFRP-RP patient in the present study are consistent with theclinical phenotype in these other reports (SupplementaryTable S1).The convexity forming a domelike configuration in thecentral retina with persistent inner retinal structure acrossthe presumptive fovea in human MFRP disease suggests adisturbance in the complex early cell migrations that lead tonormal foveal development. Nine of the previously pub-lished patients with MFRP-RP had OCT scans and allshowed the lack of a foveal pit and thickening of inner retinaltissue across the foveal region (Ayala-Ramirez et al., 2006;Crespı ´ et al., 2008; Zenteno et al., 2009; Mukhopadhyay et al.,2010). We postulate that this is the result of foveal mal-development (Sundin et al., 2008), likely complicated by ef-fects of degenerative retinal disease. Formation of the normalfoveal pit occurs during the second half of gestation and isdue to progressive thinning of ganglion cell and innerOCULAR GENE THERAPY FOR MFRP-RP373

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nuclear cell layers that overlie the foveal cone cells due totheir centrifugal displacement (reviewed in Provis et al.,1998). The process is complete at about 1 year of life. Anotherprocess, but a centripetal one, leads to increasing cone celldensity in the foveal pit and this continues for years afterbirth. Taken together, the good visual acuity in many pa-tients with MFRP-RP (Supplementary Table S1), normal in-ner and outer segment thickness measurements in ourpatient, and thicker than normal foveal ONL suggest that thecone cell centripetal movement has occurred. It is also con-ceivable that Muller cell swelling secondary to noncysticmacular edema is the basis of the thickened hyporeflectivelayer (Jacobson et al., 2006). The excessively thickened su-perficial hyperreflective layer above the cone cells suggestspersistence of tissue that should have moved centrifugally ifthere was normal development. A comparison with differentretinopathies indicated that even the thickest of other pre–cone cell layers we examined are far thinner than the MFRP-RP layer. The OCT appearance without a foveal depressionhas some similarities but also differences from other mal-development retinopathies such as albinism (Marmor et al.,2008; McAllister et al., 2010) and nanophthalmic eyes withoutretinal degeneration (Bijlsma et al., 2008). The findings in theextracentral retina of photoreceptor degeneration and innerretinal thickening point to retinal remodeling in MFRP-RP,as we have noted in many retinal degenerative diseases (e.g.,Jacobson et al., 2006; Aleman et al., 2009; Cideciyan et al.,2011).Gene therapy in the rd6 mouse modelof MFRP diseaseThe AAV8 (Y733F) tyrosine capsid mutant has emerged asa promising vector for the treatment of rapidly degeneratinganimal models of RP caused by mutations in photoreceptorcells (Pang et al., 2011). Here, we demonstrate the ability of asubretinally delivered AAV8 (Y733F) vector containing asmCBA promoter driving expression of the murine Mfrpgene to rescue retinal function and prevent photoreceptorcell death in the rd6 mouse, the early-onset RPE-based modelof MFRP-RP. To minimize the surgical trauma associatedwith subretinal injections and to still be able to provide rapidand widespread transgene expression before the initiation ofcell death, treatment was provided on P14 in rd6 mice, co-incident with eye opening when the photoreceptor cell layerwas still fully intact. AAV8 (Y733F)-smCBA-MFRP vectordelivery at this age led to significantly higher ERG ampli-tudes relative to untreated eyes when assessed 6 weeks later.Histology of treated retinas revealed preserved photorecep-tor ONL with better organized inner and outer segmentsthan control untreated rd6 retinas. Moreover, accumulationof abnormal, phagocytic-like cells in the subretinal space wasnot observed in vector-treated eyes. Treatment also led tointense and widespread expression of the MFRP transgene,predominantly localized to the apical RPE membrane and itsmicrovilli, where the wild-type protein normally resides inunaffected controls.The function of the MFRP protein is not clear at this time,and the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration in rd6mice could be multifactorial. The presence of MFRPthroughout the apical membrane and its actin-rich micro-villi, both in wild-type and treated rd6 mice, suggests that itmay play a structural role by maintaining the normalmorphology of the RPE apical processes. MFRP expressionnormally increases markedly after birth, coincident with thedevelopment of microvilli and outer segments in mice (Wonet al., 2008). Thus, rd6 retinal degeneration may be causedby compromised RPE microvilli leading to adhesion defectsbetween RPE and photoreceptor outer segments. In addi-tion, experiments suggest that MFRP and CTRP5 physicallyinteract, and could therefore be both functionally andtranscriptionally dicistronic (Mandal et al., 2006a; Shu et al.,2006). CTRP5 contains a short-chain collagen sequence anda C-terminal globular complement 1q (C1q) domain thatappears to bind the extracellular MFRP region containingtandem repeats of two cubilin (CUB) domains and a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related sequence (Shu et al.,2006). C1q is a key component of the classical pathway ofcomplement activation, and is known to be involved inmany critical processes including innate and adaptive im-munity, inflammation, apoptosis,monocyte chemotaxis (Kishore et al., 2004; Lu et al., 2008).Interestingly, a study describing a murine Mfrp null mutanthas shown that CTRP5 is upregulated in both rd6 andMfrp174delG(Fogerty and Besharse, 2011). Thus, the lack ofMFRP protein might lead to uncontrolled signaling byCTRP5, triggering the migration of phagocytic cells fromthe choroid into the subretinal space, as seen in rd6 mice.Morphological characterization of an Mfrp/Ctrp5 double-knockout mouse could prove useful for testing this hy-pothesis in future studies.celladhesion,andRealistic potential for gene-based therapy in MFRP-RPIs MFRP-RP a target for future gene therapy trials? Al-though a limited number of patients have been reported todate, there is a recognizable human phenotype with a dra-matic refractive error that should make clinical and geneticscreening more productive in the future than previously(Pauer et al., 2005). Evidence of central retinal maldevelop-ment and early peripheral retinal degeneration with loss ofnormal retinal architecture indicating remodeling makes acomplex target for gene therapy as it is currently performed.Despite reports of safety and efficacy of subretinal genetherapy as currently performed in the RPE65 form of LCA(reviewed in Cideciyan, 2010), a surgically induced subfovealretinal detachment in a well-functioning but maldevelopedcentral retina may present more risk than benefit. The patientwith MFRP-RP whom we examined, however, had preservedalthough abnormal peripheral retinal function (at the end ofthe second decade of life) by ERG and psychophysics, both forrod and cone photoreceptor systems. This suggests the non-foveal retina is a potential therapeutic target. In terms of rel-evant rd6 experiments to perform, our relatively short-termand preliminary studies with one vector serotype demand tobe confirmed and extended to longer term efficacy and safetystudies, dose–response experiments, and future work to ad-dress the potentially safer approach of intravitreal delivery ofMfrp cDNA driven by RPE cell-specific promoters (e.g., ty-rosine capsid mutant AAV vectors; Petrs-Silva et al., 2011).AcknowledgmentsSupported in part by NIH grants R01EY11123 andP30EY021721, and by grants from the Macula Vision374 DINCULESCU ET AL.