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\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-variant-link\u0022 \u003E\n \n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ca href=\u0022\/content\/pediatrics\/101\/6\/e3.full-text.pdf\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 class=\u0022aap-download-pdf link-icon\u0022 title=\u0022Download PDF\u0022\u003E\u003Ci class=\u0022aap-icon-page-pdf\u0022\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E Download PDF\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-separator\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n \n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\u0022highwire_reflinks_tooltip\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAbstract\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EObjectives.\u003C\/em\u003E\u2003To determine the prevalence of proper fencing around outdoor swimming pools among US households and to describe this fencing in relation to demographic and other household factors. To estimate the number of drownings among children \u0026lt;5 years of age that might be prevented by having proper fencing around all residential pools in the United States.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EMethods.\u003C\/em\u003E\u2003A 1994, randomly dialed national telephone survey contacted 5238 adults who reported demographic information and household characteristics including whether the household had an outdoor swimming pool and the fencing around the pool. Data were weighted to obtain national estimates and percentages. The number of preventable drownings was estimated with a population-attributable risk equation.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EResults.\u003C\/em\u003E\u2003Approximately 18.5 million American households owned or had access to an outdoor swimming pool in 1994, and 76% (13.9 million) of them appeared to have had adequate fencing. Adequate fencing was associated with household income and type of home. We estimate that 19% of pool-related drownings among children \u0026lt;5 years of age in 1994 (88 drownings) might have been prevented if all residential pools in the United States were properly fenced.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EConclusions.\u003C\/em\u003E\u2003Adequate pool fencing prevents a child from having access to a swimming pool if a responsible adult is not present and has been promoted as a method to prevent drowning. Our research suggests that even if all residential pools in the United States were properly fenced, most drownings among children \u0026lt;5 years of age would not be prevented. Thus, additional strategies to prevent drowning will be needed.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/%20text_abstract_title%3Aadequate%2Bfencing%20text_abstract_title_flags%3Amatch-phrase%20sort%3Apublication-date\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-adequate-fencing\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Eadequate fencing\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/search\/%20text_abstract_title%3Aswimming%2Bpools%20text_abstract_title_flags%3Amatch-phrase%20sort%3Apublication-date\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-swimming-pools\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Eswimming pools\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/drowning\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-drowning\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Edrowning\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/children\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-children\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Echildren\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EEvery year in the United States, \u223c600 children \u0026lt;5 years of age drown, making drowning the third most common cause of unintentional injury death for children in this age category.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E Studies show that young children are more likely to drown in residential swimming pools than in lakes or open bodies of water. The situation is reversed for older children and adults; they are more likely to drown in lakes or open bodies of water.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003E2-4\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022\u003EFencing that prevents direct access to a swimming pool from a house or yard has been suggested as a way of preventing young children from drowning, and it appears to be effective.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-6-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-6\u0022\u003E6\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E A 2-year study conducted in Maricopa County, AZ, estimated that 51% of drownings could have been prevented by proper pool fencing.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003E7\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EBecause the prevalence of adequate pool fencing in the United States is unknown, we cannot estimate the number of drownings nationally that could be prevented by their universal use. In 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducted a national telephone survey, the Injury Control and Risk Survey, designed to estimate the prevalence of risk factors for injuries. The findings of that survey on pool fencing are summarized in this report.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section methods\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EMETHODS\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003ETelephone numbers of households from all 50 states and the District of Columbia were selected randomly from a proprietary database containing telephone exchanges with at least two listed telephone numbers. Telephone exchanges with \u0026gt;10% of households occupied by minorities were oversampled to increase minority representation. At least six attempts were made to reach each number. Random selection procedures were used to ensure equal sex distribution of respondents. For households with more than one eligible individual of the selected sex, the individual with the most recent birthday was asked to participate in the study. Participants were English- or Spanish-speaking individuals \u226518 years of age.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EComputer-assisted telephone interviewing was used for questionnaire administration and data entry. Respondents reported on household and personal demographic information, including pretax household income, home ownership, highest level of education completed, and race. In addition, participants were asked whether they owned or had access to an outdoor swimming pool. Those who answered yes were asked whether there was a fence around the pool. Participants who had a fence around their pool were asked whether the fence had a self-closing and self-latching gate between their home and the pool.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EIn collapsing responses about pool ownership, \u201cdon\u0027t know\u201d responses (\u003Cem\u003En\u003C\/em\u003E = 8) were classified as \u201cno,\u201d and \u201crefusal\u201d\u0027 responses (\u003Cem\u003En\u003C\/em\u003E = 2) were classified as \u201cmissing\u201d. To analyze whether participants had adequate pool fencing, we combined questions regarding whether participants had a fence around their pool and whether they had a fence or gate between their home and the pool. Adequate pool fencing was defined conceptually as fencing that surrounded the pool and prevented access to the swimming pool from inside the house or yard. For questions used to determine the adequacy of pool fencing, \u201cdon\u0027t know\u201d and \u201crefusal\u201d responses were classified as \u201cmissing.\u201d In collapsing responses to questions on other behaviors, \u201cdon\u0027t know\u201d responses were classified as \u201cno,\u201d and \u201crefusal\u201d responses were classified as \u201cmissing.\u201d\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EWeights were used to adjust for unequal selection probabilities and to combine a sampling weight and a ratio adjustment. The ratio adjustment scales household records upward to represent fully all households within the same metropolitan statistical area with data from the March 1994 Current Population Survey. Weighted national prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals were obtained by using SUDAAN.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-8-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-8\u0022\u003E8\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E Statistical significance of associations among variables was tested with the log likelihood \u03c7\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003Estatistic.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EWe used a population attributable risk equation (population at risk [PAR] = ((P [population]) (relative risk [RR] \u2212 1))\/((P) (RR \u2212 1) + 1) to estimate the proportion of drownings among children \u0026lt;5 years of age that could have been prevented by fencing around all pools in the United States in 1994. The RR estimate was obtained from published studies\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003E7\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E and the prevalence of inadequate fencing in P was obtained from this study. The number of drowning deaths among children was obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics,\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E and the percentage of pool-related drownings was estimated from studies of drowning.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003E7\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-9-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-9\u0022\u003E9\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E We conducted a sensitivity analysis of the population attributable risk using low and high estimates of RR (low RR = 2; high RR = 3.76),\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003E7\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003E10\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E the prevalence of inadequate fencing in the population (low prevalence = 21%; high prevalence = 27%, obtained from this study), and the percentage of pool-related drownings (low = 50%; high = 89%).\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-9-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-9\u0022\u003E9\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-11-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-11\u0022\u003E11\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section results\u0022 id=\u0022sec-2\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003ERESULTS\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003EQuestionnaires were completed for 5238 households, resulting in a response rate of 56.1% (response rate = 5238 completed interviews\/(5238 completed interviews + 3630 refusals + 474 incomplete interviews)).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022\u003EOf all households, 1055 (weighted 19% = 18.5 million households) reported owning or having access to an outdoor swimming pool. Swimming pool ownership increased with income and was associated with residence in the western or southern part of the country, renting a dwelling in an apartment house with greater than five units, and having completed some college education (Table\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022 id=\u0022T1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline table-callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-inline first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022##\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/74569\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/74569\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\n\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable 1.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ENational Estimates of the Prevalence of Adequate Pool Fencing by Demographic Characteristic, 1994\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003EOf all households with outdoor swimming pools, 76% (weighted 13.9 million) were estimated to have adequate pool fencing. Adequate fencing was associated with renting a dwelling and residing in an apartment house or an attached house (a one-family house attached to one or more homes, eg, townhouse) (Table\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E). Individuals residing in detached houses and those with a household income exceeding $50\u2009000 were significantly less likely to report having adequate fencing than others. Households with children \u0026lt;5 years of age were not significantly more likely to have adequate pool fencing than were households without young children.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EThere were \u223c548 drownings among children \u0026lt;5 years in 1994.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E From drowning studies, we estimated that 466 (85%) of the drownings were pool-related. Using a RR of 2 and a prevalence of 24%, we estimated that 19% (88) of pool-related drownings among children in this age category were attributable to inadequate fencing and thus could have been prevented by proper fencing around all residential pools in the United States.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-21\u0022\u003ESensitivity analysis revealed that PAR ranged from 17% to 43% and was most sensitive to the RR estimate.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section discussion\u0022 id=\u0022sec-3\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EDISCUSSION\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022\u003EAlthough urging parents and caregivers to be vigilant when supervising children playing in recreational water is important, it is insufficient to prevent all drownings. Many parents of children who drowned in swimming pools noticed that the child was missing for only a few minutes. Children can move quickly, escape the caretaker\u0027s notice, and drown within 30 seconds.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-12-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-12\u0022\u003E12\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E Furthermore, children do not usually splash when they are having difficulty; they slip silently into the water.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-13-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-13\u0022\u003E13\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-23\u0022\u003EFencing is intended to prevent a child from having access to a pool unless a responsible adult is present. Fencing at least 4 feet high, with vertical openings \u0026lt;4-inches wide and with a self-closing and self-latching gate is considered adequate.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003E3\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-12-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-12\u0022\u003E12\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-14-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-14\u0022\u003E14\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the installation of fencing at least 5 feet high.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003E15\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E These characteristics distinguish pool fencing from property-line fencing, which merely separates yards with swimming pools from neighboring properties.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-24\u0022\u003EIn our survey, 76% of respondents reported having access to an adequately fenced swimming pool. As a result, we estimated that 19% of pool-related drownings among children \u0026lt;5 years of age might have been prevented with adequate fencing. This estimate is similar to estimates of the percentage of drownings prevented by pool fencing in Australia and New Zealand in the late 1970s.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-6-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-6\u0022\u003E6\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-25\u0022\u003EBased on the highest documented RR estimate (3.76), our sensitivity analysis suggests that at most, 43% of pool-related drownings among children in this age group could have been prevented. However, most studies we reviewed reported RR of \u223c2.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003E7\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E Using a RR of 2 with the low and high values for prevalence and the percentage of pool-related drownings, we obtained PAR estimates that ranged from 17% to 21%. Therefore, we believe our PAR estimate of 19% is reasonable.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-26\u0022\u003EBecause of the effectiveness of pool fencing, some jurisdictions (eg, Maricopa County, AZ, and Contra Costa County, CA) require that it be installed around all newly constructed swimming pools. Few states, however, require retrofitting of existing pools. Laws regarding pool fencing vary among states and even among some counties within states; however, where isolation fencing legislation has been adopted, pool-related drownings among children have decreased dramatically.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-5\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003E5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022xref-sep\u0022\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-6-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-6\u0022\u003E6\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E This is true even where isolation fencing is required for new construction alone.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-27\u0022\u003EThe limitations of this survey must be considered. The response rate of 56% seems low; however, comparisons of households included in this study with census data suggests that we obtained data typical of telephone surveys (income and highest educational level are slightly higher than in the general population).\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003E16\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E Given that the highest education category is overrepresented in our sample and that individuals in this category have greater pool access and are less likely to have adequate fencing, our total estimate of adequate fencing is deflated causing an overestimate of the percentage of preventable cases. Another limitation is that our survey did not clearly define the dimensions required for adequate pool fencing. We also did not differentiate between pool ownership and access to a pool.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-28\u0022\u003EThe findings of this research suggest that even if all residential pools in the United States were fenced adequately, most of the pool-related drownings that occur among children \u0026lt;5 years would not be prevented. Other prevention strategies need to be considered (eg, pool covers and alarms). Research to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of new prevention strategies is warranted.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-29\u0022\u003EIn addition, caretakers should be educated about water safety including the importance of constant monitoring of children at pools, the need for a telephone and rescue equipment at the pool, and the value of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. In addition, caretakers should be instructed to remove toys from the pool after use so children are not tempted to retrieve them. Community education efforts have proven to be an effective means to decrease drowning rates among children.\u003Csup\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003E3\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/sup\u003E Because households with young children are not more likely to have adequate fencing, caretakers should be cautious when allowing young children to visit households with swimming pools.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section fn-group\u0022 id=\u0022fn-group-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EFootnotes\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022history-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli xmlns:hwp=\u0022http:\/\/schema.highwire.org\/Journal\u0022 class=\u0022received\u0022 hwp:start=\u00221997-07-28\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022received-label\u0022\u003EReceived \u003C\/span\u003EJuly 28, 1997.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli xmlns:hwp=\u0022http:\/\/schema.highwire.org\/Journal\u0022 class=\u0022accepted\u0022 hwp:start=\u00221998-02-04\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022accepted-label\u0022\u003EAccepted \u003C\/span\u003EFebruary 4, 1998.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022fn-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EReprint requests to (C.M.B.) National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, NE (K-63), Atlanta, GA 30341.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022fn-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-30\u0022\u003EThe following are members of the ICARIS (Injury Control and Risk Survey) project, which designed and conducted the survey from which these data were obtained: principal investigator: Jeffrey J. Sacks, MD, MPH; project core group: Barbara Houston, Marcie-jo Kresnow, MS, Joann M. O\u0027Neil, BA, and Suzanne M. Smith, MD, MPH, all of NCIPC; James Hersey, PhD, Rick Williams, PhD, and Aiman Zeid, MS, of Battelle; and Sherry Marcy, MPH, and Deborah J. Zivan, BA, of DataStat.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022fn-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-31\u0022\u003EProject associates: Julie Bolen, PhD; Christine M. Branche, PhD; Peter Briss, MD; Terence Chorba, MD, MPH; Alex Crosby, MD, MPH; Yvette Davis, VMD, MPH; Jennifer Friday, PhD; Arlene Greenspan, DrPH, PT; James Mercy, PhD; Phil McClain, MS; Lloyd Potter, PhD, MPH; and Kenneth E. Powell, MD, MPH, all of NCIPC; and Thomas Matte, MD, MPH, of the National Center for Environmental Health.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section glossary\u0022\u003E\u003Cdl id=\u0022def-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdt id=\u0022def-item-1\u0022\u003EPAR\u003Cspan class=\u0022def-item-dt-sep\u0022\u003E = \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/dt\u003E\u003Cdd\u003Epopulation attributable risk\u003Cspan class=\u0022def-item-dd-sep\u0022\u003E \u2022 \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/dd\u003E\u003Cdt id=\u0022def-item-2\u0022\u003ERR\u003Cspan class=\u0022def-item-dt-sep\u0022\u003E = \u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/dt\u003E\u003Cdd\u003Erelative risk\u003C\/dd\u003E\u003C\/dl\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ref-list\u0022 id=\u0022ref-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EREFERENCES\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-1-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 1 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003ENational Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). \u003Cem\u003E1994 Mortality Tapes\u003C\/em\u003E. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1997\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-2-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 2 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-2\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.2\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1001\/jama.1994.03510440066035\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBrenner\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ERA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGordon\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESmith\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EMB\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EOverpeck\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EMD\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1994\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDivergent trends in childhood drowning rates, 1971 through 1988.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EJAMA.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E271\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1606\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1608\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DBrenner%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%2BA.%26rft.volume%253D271%26rft.issue%253D20%26rft.spage%253D1606%26rft.epage%253D1608%26rft.atitle%253DDivergent%2BTrends%2Bin%2BChildhood%2BDrowning%2BRates%252C%2B1971%2BThrough%2B1988%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.1994.03510440066035%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8182814%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1001\/jama.1994.03510440066035\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=8182814\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1994NL75800030\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-2-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 3 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-3\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.3\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELiller\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EKD\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKent\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EEB\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EArcari\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMcDermott\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ERJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1993\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ERisk factors for drowning and near-drowning among children in Hillsborough County, Florida.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EPublic Health Rep.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E108\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E346\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E353\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPublic%2Bhealth%2Breports%26rft.stitle%253DPublic%2BHealth%2BRep%26rft.aulast%253DLiller%26rft.auinit1%253DK.%26rft.volume%253D108%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D346%26rft.epage%253D353%26rft.atitle%253DRisk%2Bfactors%2Bfor%2Bdrowning%2Band%2Bnear-drowning%2Bamong%2Bchildren%2Bin%2BHillsborough%2BCounty%252C%2BFlorida%2B%255Bpublished%2Berratum%2Bappears%2Bin%2BPublic%2BHealth%2BRep%2B1993%2BJul%253B108%25284%2529%253A528%255D%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8497573%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=8497573\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1993LF94900012\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-2-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 4 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-4\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.4\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBoyle\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EWE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBull\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EMJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKatcher\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EML\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-etal\u0022\u003Eet al.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1993\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDrowning in infants, children, and adolescents.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EPediatrics.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E92\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E292\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E294\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.issn%253D0031-4005%26rft.aulast%253DCommittee%2Bon%2BInjury%2Band%2BPoison%2BPrevention%26rft.auinit1%253D%2B%26rft.volume%253D92%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D292%26rft.epage%253D294%26rft.atitle%253DDrowning%2Bin%2BInfants%252C%2BChildren%252C%2Band%2BAdolescents%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8337035%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTA6InBlZGlhdHJpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiOTIvMi8yOTIiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNToiL3BlZGlhdHJpY3MvMTAxLzYvZTMuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-5-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 5 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-5\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.5\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPearn\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENixon\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1977\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EPrevention of childhood drowning accidents.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMed J Aust.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E616\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E618\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMedical%2BJournal%2Bof%2BAustralia%26rft.stitle%253DMedical%2BJournal%2Bof%2BAustralia%26rft.aulast%253DPearn%26rft.auinit1%253DJ.%26rft.volume%253D1%26rft.issue%253D17%26rft.spage%253D616%26rft.epage%253D618%26rft.atitle%253DPrevention%2Bof%2Bchildhood%2Bdrowning%2Baccidents.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F875811%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=875811\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1977DC82100006\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-6-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 6 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-6\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.6\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFergusson\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EDM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHorwood\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ELJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1984\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ERisks of drowning in fenced and unfenced domestic swimming pools.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENZ Med J.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E97\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E777\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E779\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNZ%2BMed%2BJ.%26rft.volume%253D97%26rft.spage%253D777%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F6593628%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=6593628\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-7-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 7 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-7\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.7\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth cit-collab\u0022\u003ECenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1990\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EChild drownings and near drownings associated with swimming pools\u2014Maricopa County, Arizona, 1988 and 1989.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMMWR.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E39\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E441\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E442\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMMWR.%2B%2BMorbidity%2Band%2Bmortality%2Bweekly%2Breport%26rft.stitle%253DMMWR%2BMorb%2BMortal%2BWkly%2BRep%26rft.volume%253D39%26rft.issue%253D26%26rft.spage%253D441%26rft.epage%253D442%26rft.atitle%253DChild%2Bdrownings%2Band%2Bnear%2Bdrownings%2Bassociated%2Bwith%2Bswimming%2Bpools--Maricopa%2BCounty%252C%2BArizona%252C%2B1988%2Band%2B1989.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2113171%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=2113171\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-8-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 8 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-8\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.8\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003EShah BV. \u003Cem\u003ESUDAAN Survey Data Analysis Software\u003C\/em\u003E. Release 6.34. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 1993\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-9-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 9 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-9\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.9\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1001\/jama.1988.03410030096037\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EO\u0027Carroll\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EPW\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAlkon\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWeiss\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EB\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1988\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDrowning mortality in Los Angeles County, 1976 to 1984.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EJAMA.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E260\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E380\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E383\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.stitle%253DJAMA%26rft.issn%253D0002-9955%26rft.aulast%253DO%2527Carroll%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%2BW.%26rft.volume%253D260%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D380%26rft.epage%253D383%26rft.atitle%253DDrowning%2BMortality%2Bin%2BLos%2BAngeles%2BCounty%252C%2B1976%2Bto%2B1984%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.1988.03410030096037%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F3379748%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1001\/jama.1988.03410030096037\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=3379748\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1988P139200032\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-10-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 10 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-10\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.10\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPitt\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EWR\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBalanda\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EKP\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1991\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EChildhood drowning and near-drowning in Brisbane: the contribution of domestic pools.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMed J Aust.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E154\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E661\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E665\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMedical%2BJournal%2Bof%2BAustralia%26rft.stitle%253DMedical%2BJournal%2Bof%2BAustralia%26rft.aulast%253DPitt%26rft.auinit1%253DW.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D154%26rft.issue%253D10%26rft.spage%253D661%26rft.epage%253D665%26rft.atitle%253DChildhood%2Bdrowning%2Band%2Bnear-drowning%2Bin%2BBrisbane%253A%2Bthe%2Bcontribution%2Bof%2Bdomestic%2Bpools.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2034145%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=2034145\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fpediatrics%2F101%2F6%2Fe3.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1991FN65700008\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-11-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 11 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-11\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.11\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EQuan\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EL\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGore\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EEJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWentz\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAllen\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ENovack\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EAH\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1989\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ETen-year study of pediatric drownings and near-drownings in King County, Washington: lessons in injury prevention.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EPediatrics.\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E83\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1035\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1040\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.stitle%253DPediatrics%26rft.issn%253D0031-4005%26rft.aulast%253DQuan%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%26rft.volume%253D83%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D1035%26rft.epage%253D1040%26rft.atitle%253DTen-Year%2BStudy%2Bof%2BPediatric%2BDrownings%2Band%2BNear-Drownings%2Bin%2BKing%2BCounty%252C%2BWashington%253A%2BLessons%2Bin%2BInjury%2BPrevention%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F2726330%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTA6InBlZGlhdHJpY3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6OToiODMvNi8xMDM1IjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjU6Ii9wZWRpYXRyaWNzLzEwMS82L2UzLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-sep cit-reflinks-variant-name-sep\u0022\u003E\/\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-full-text\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022free-full-text\u0022\u003EFREE \u003C\/span\u003EFull Text\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-12-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 12 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-12\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.12\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003EBranche CM. What is happening with drowning rates in the United States? In: Fletemeyer, ed. \u003Cem\u003EThe Etiology of Drowning With Perspectives in Intervention and Prevention\u003C\/em\u003E. Boston, MA: Jones and Barlett; In press\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-13-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 13 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-13\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.13\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003EPia F. Observations on the drownings of nonswimmers. \u003Cem\u003EJ Phys Educ.\u003C\/em\u003E 1974;71:164\u2013167:181\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-14-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 14 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-14\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.14\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003EUS Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). \u003Cem\u003EChildren and Pools: A Safety Checklist. \u003C\/em\u003EPublication 357. Washington, DC: US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC); 1993\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-15-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 15 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-15\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.15\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Injury Prevention Program (TIPP). \u003C\/em\u003EElk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 1988\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-16-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference 16 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-16\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-other\u0022 id=\u0022cit-101.6.e3.16\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata unstructured\u0022\u003EIkeda RM, Dahlberg LL, Sacks JJ, Mercy JA, Powell KE. Estimating intruder-related firearm retrievals in US households, 1994.\u003Cem\u003EViolence Vict\u003C\/em\u003E. In press\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003ECopyright \u00a9 1998 American Academy of Pediatrics\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-end\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan id=\u0022related-urls\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/pediatrics.aappublications.org\/content\/101\/6\/e3.abstract\u0022 class=\u0022hw-link hw-link-article-abstract\u0022\u003EView Abstract\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cscript type=\u0022text\/javascript\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/pediatrics.aappublications.org\/sites\/default\/files\/js\/js_N1Je29Wlcn59ycMk36Z5Omjqd_XOnidui7GB190GtDw.js\u0022\u003E\u003C\/script\u003E\n\u003C\/body\u003E\u003C\/html\u003E"}