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***NOTFORPUBLICATION***
UNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT
DISTRICTOFNEWJERSEY
________________________________________________
:
MUNICHREINSURANCE
:
AMERICA,INC.,
:
:
CivilActionNo.:09‐6435(FLW)
Plaintiff,
:
:
OPINION
v.
:
:
AMERICANNATIONAL
:
INSURANCECOMPANY,
:
:
Defendant. :
_______________________________________________ :
WOLFSON,UnitedStatesDistrictJudge:
In the instant motion for reconsideration, Defendant American National Insurance
Company(“ANICO”)askstheCourttoreconsidertwoaspectsoftheCourt’sSeptember28,
2012 ruling, which were both in favor of Plaintiff Munich Reinsurance America Inc.
(“Munich”).ANICOcontends:(a)thattheCourtfailedtofullyconsidertheapplicabilityof
Article XVI of the parties’ 2000 and 2001 agreements in connection with ANICO’s cross‐
motion for summary judgment on its untimely claim submission defense; and (b) with
respect to Article X of the parties’ agreements, that the Court erred in granting summary
judgmentonANICO’sprejudicedefensetoMunich’suntimelyclaimsubmissions.
WithrespecttoArticleX,theCourtgrantsANICO’smotionforreconsiderationofthe
Court’srulingontheprejudicedefense,yetaffirmsitspriorgrantofsummaryjudgmentto
Munich on that defense. With respect to Article XVI, the Court grants ANICO’s motion for
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reconsiderationofArticleXVI,andvacatesitsgrantofsummaryjudgmenttoMunichonthe
untimely claim submission defense regarding the 2000 and 2001 claims submitted after
December31,2007andDecember31,2008,respectively.Withregardtothe2000claims,
the Court now grants summary judgment to ANICO. With regard to the 2001 claims, the
Court denies summary judgment on both parties’ motions, finding that there is a genuine
issueofmaterialfactthatprecludessummaryjudgmentforeitherparty.
I.
BACKGROUND
My September 28, 2012 decision includes a detailed factual and procedural history,
and hence I recount here only that background related to this ruling. The retrocessional
agreements at issue are based upon Munich’s reinsurance relationship with Everest
National Insurance Company (“Everest”). Munich reinsures Everest’s workers
compensation insurance program under an excess of loss reinsurance treaty that covers
claimsdatedJanuary1,1998throughDecember31,2001.Seekingtoamelioratesomeofits
riskundertheMunich‐Everestagreement,Munichenteredintoretrocessionaltreatieswith
ANICO. The ANICO‐Munich retrocessional agreements are for the periods of November 1,
1999 through December 31, 2000 (“the 2000 Agreement”), and January 1, 2001 through
December31,2001(“the2001Agreement”).Forpurposesofthismotion,thepartiesagree
thatthesetwoagreementsareidenticalinsubstance.
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Generally, these agreements provide that ANICO will indemnify Munich for losses
MunichsustainsundertheMunich‐EverestreinsuranceagreementaslongasMunichgives
ANICOnoticeofthoseclaimsinthemannerdirectedbytheMunich‐ANICOagreements.See
LeBlanc Cert., Exh. 2 (“2001 Agreement”), Art. I(A). Article X of the agreements directs
MunichtoprovideANICOwithnoticeofallworkers’compensationclaimsMunichreceives
fromEverestand,forwhich,MunichintendstoseekretrocessionalcoverfromANICO:
A.
The Company [Munich] agrees to advise the Reinsurer
[ANICO]promptlyofallclaimscomingunderthisAgreementon
being advised by [Everest], and to furnish the Reinsurer with
such particulars and estimates regarding same as are in the
possession of the Company. An omission on the part of the
CompanytoadvisetheReinsurerofanylossshallnotbeheldto
prejudicetheCompany’srightshereunder.
B.
In addition, the following categories of claims shall be
reported to the Reinsurer immediately, regardless of any
questions of liability of the Company or coverage under this
Agreement:
1.
2.
3.
Any accident reserved at 50% of the reinsured
attachmentpoint;
Anyaccidentinvolvingabraininjury;
Any accident resulting in burns over 25% or
moreofthebody;or
Anyspinalcordinjury.
4.
C.
The Reinsurer agrees to pay the Company on demand,
the Reinsurer’s proportion of all losses and/or loss expenses
paid by the Company arising from the Underlying Agreement,
including any and all expenses incurred directly by the
Company in the litigation, defense and settlement of claims
made against the Company by the Original Ceding Company
undertheUnderlyingAgreement,excluding,however,all office
expenses of the Company and the salaries and expenses of its
employees.
2000AgreementatEndorsementNo.1.
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I explained, in my September 28, 2012 decision, how subsection A of Article X
operates:
Subsection A directs Munich to advise ANICO “promptly of all
claims coming under this Agreement [up]on being advised by
theOriginalCedingCompany...”Byusingtheterms“any”and
“all,” subsection A expressly covers each and every claim
covered by the parties’ agreement—including category B
claims.
SlipOp.at30(emphasisadded).
Thereafter,Iexplainedtheadditionaltemporalrequirementofimmediacyapplicable
toclaimsfallingwithinsubsectionB:
[S]ubsectionBmakesclearthatitstermsapply“inaddition”to,
notinlieuof,thoseofsubsectionA:
Inaddition,thefollowingcategoriesofclaimsshall
be reported to the Reinsurer immediately,
regardless of any questions of ... coverage under
thisAgreement....
By incorporating this additional requirement for category B
claims, . . . the drafters supplemented subsection A's language
with a special notice requirement (of immediate notice), just
forcategoryBclaims.
Id.(internalcitationsomitted).
Finally, subsection C of Article X addresses ANICO’s obligation to pay the claims for
whichMunichproperlyprovidednoticeundersubsectionsAorB,respectively.Pertheplain
text of subsection C, ANICO “agrees to pay the Company on demand, the Reinsurer’s
proportion of all losses and/or loss expenses paid by the Company arising from the
UnderlyingAgreement….”2000AgreementatEndorsementNo.1.
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SeparateandapartfromtheArticleXnoticerequirements,ArticleXVIdirectsMunich
toadviseANICOofallclaimswithinsevenyearsfollowingtheexpirationofeachagreement.
Seeid.,Art.XVI.ArticleXVIstates,inpertinentpart,
ARTICLEXVI–COMMUTATION
A. Seven years after the expiry of this Agreement, the
CompanyshalladvisetheReinsurerofallclaimsforsaidannual
period, [sic] not finally settled which are likely to result in a
claimunderthisAgreement.Noliabilityshallattachhereunder
for any claim or claims not reported to the Reinsurer within
thissevenyearperiod.
2001Agreementat5.Astheplaintextofthisarticlemakesclear,ANICOisnotobligatedto
paythoseclaimsnotnoticedwithinthisseven‐yearperiod,whichthepartiesrefertoasthe
“sunset”period.Indeed,accordingtoANICO,severalofMunich’sclaimswerenotnoticedin
thissevenyearperiod.1
ThetextoftheArticleXVInoticerequirementdiffersfromArticleXintwomaterial
respects.Forone,ArticleXVIisnotlimitedtothoseclaims“comingunderthisAgreement,”
asArticleXprovides.Rather,ArticleXVIappliestoallclaims“likelytoresultinaclaimunder
this Agreement.” In this way, Article XVI covers those claims that are not yet reportable
under Article X. Second, Article X directs Munich to provide “particulars and estimates” in
connectionwiththeclaimsnoticesmandatedtherein,whereasArticleXVIdoesnot.
Munich initially brought the instant action against ANICO in December 2009,
claiming that ANICO failed to pay all monies due under the retrocessional agreements.
Munich’s Complaint asserts two breach of contract claims—one relating to each
1
Moredetailsregardingtheseclaimsareincludedinmyanalysisinfra.
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retrocessional agreement—and a declaratory judgment claim regarding any future losses
undertheagreements.Initsamendedanswer,ANICOassertedseveralcounterclaimsagainst
Munich:fraudulentinducement,breachofthedutyofgoodfaithandfairdealing,breachof
thedutyofutmostgoodfaithowedtoareinsurer,rescissionoftheretrocessionagreements,
andbreachofcontract.
As noted, Munich moved for partial summary judgment on its claims and ANICO
cross‐movedforsummaryjudgmentoncertainofitsdefensesandcounterclaims.Igranted
inpartanddeniedinpartMunich’smotionsanddeniedANICO’scross‐motioninitsentirety.
Pertinent here, I granted Munich’s motion for summary judgment on ANICO’s untimely
claim submission affirmative defense based upon Article X of the agreements and,
consequently, denied ANICO’s cross‐motion on that same defense. ANICO seeks
reconsideration of this ruling, arguing that it presented sufficient evidence of prejudice to
withstandsummaryjudgment.Furthermore,ANICOarguesthatIdidnotfullyconsiderthe
applicability of Article XVI of the parties’ agreements to its untimely claim submission
defensetocertainoftheclaims.Thepartieshavesubmittedbriefing,includingresponding
tospecificinquiriesfromtheCourt,andhavealsopresentedoralargument.2
II.
STANDARDOFREVIEW
Local Rule 7.1(i) allows parties to seek reconsideration by the Court of matters
“which[it]believestheCourthasoverlooked”whenitruledontheinitialmotion.L.Civ.R.
2
In reviewing the parties’ papers and preparing for oral argument, the Court notes
thatitexpendedsignificanttimereadingthroughentiredepositiontranscriptsbecausethe
partiesfailedtoattachindexestothedepositionsandthedepositionswerenotelectronically
searchable.
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7.1(i). The burden on the moving party, however, is quite high. The movant must
demonstrateeither:“(1)aninterveningchangeincontrollinglaw;(2)theavailabilityofnew
evidence; or (3) the need to correct [a] clear error of law or prevent manifest injustice.”
Lazaridisv.Wehmer,591F.3d666,669(3dCir.2010).TheCourtwillgrantsuchamotion
only if the matters overlooked might reasonably have resulted in a different conclusion.
Bowersv.Nat'lCollegiateAthleticAssoc.,130F.Supp.2d610,613(D.N.J.2001)rev'donother
groundsby475F.3d524(3dCir.2007).
To be sure, the reconsideration vehicle may not be used by parties to “restate
arguments that the court has already considered.” Lawrence v. Emigrant Mortg. Co., Civil
ActionNo.11‐3569,2012WL5199228,*2(D.N.J.,Oct.18,2012).Normaybeitused“to
relitigateoldmatters,ortoraiseargumentsorpresentevidencethatcouldhavebeenraised
priortotheentryofjudgment.”NLIndus.,Inc.v.Comm.UnionIns.Co.,935F.Supp.513,516
(D.N.J.1996).Inotherwords,“[a]motionforreconsiderationshouldnotprovidetheparties
withanopportunityforasecondbiteattheapple.”Tishciov.Bontex,Inc.,16F.Supp.2d511,
532 (D.N.J. 1998) (internal citation omitted). Instead, “a difference of opinion with the
court’s decision should be dealt with through the normal appellate process.” Dubler v.
Hangsterfer'sLaboratories,CivilActionNo.09‐5144,2012WL1332569,*2(D.N.J.,Apr.17,
2012)(citingBowersv.Nat'lCollegiateAthleticAss’n,130F.Supp.2d610,612(D.N.J.2001)).
III.
DISCUSSION
In my September 28, 2012 decision, I devoted ten pages to discussion of ANICO’s
untimelyclaimsubmissiondefense.Ibeganbyacknowledgingthatthisdefenseisrootedin
ANICO’sSecondAffirmativeDefensethatMunich
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hasnotsatisfiedconditionsprecedenttoseekingdamagesfrom
[ANICO] herein or to seeking payment for claims under the
Retrocession Agreements as it has not satisfied the conditions
precedent of Articles I, X and XVI of the Retrocession
Agreement.[ANICO]isrelievedofanyliabilityforthepayment
ofclaimswhichwereinviolationoftheseconditionsprecedent,
including those claims submitted untimely or submitted with
inadequateinformation.
AmendedAnswer,¶47.Inshort,Inoted,ANICOarguedthatitmaydenypaymentofcertain
claims that were submitted by Munich in an untimely fashion because, under ANICO’s
interpretationoftheagreements,suchnoticeisaconditionprecedenttopayment.
“UnderNewYorklaw,whenareinsurancecontractexpresslyrequiresareinsuredto
provideitsreinsurerwithpromptnoticeofaclaimoroccurrenceasaconditionprecedentto
coverageandthereinsuredfailstodoso,thatfailureexcusesthereinsurerfromitsdutyto
perform,regardlesswhetherthereinsurersufferedprejudiceasaresultofthelatenotice.”
PacificEmployersIns.Co.v.GlobalReinsuranceCorp.ofAmerica,693F.3d417,421(3dCir.
2012) (applying New York law). Where, in contrast, the reinsurance agreement does not
expressly make prompt notice a condition precedent to coverage, the reinsurer (or
retrocessionnaire) “must show prejudice resulted from the delay.” Id. at 433 (quoting
ChristianiaGen.Ins.Corp.ofN.Y.v.GreatAm.Ins.Co.,979F.2d268,274(2dCir.1992)).
Against this legal backdrop, I interpreted ANICO’s untimely notice defense to hinge
upon Article X of the 2000 and 2001 retrocessional agreements. After reviewing the
languageandstructureofArticleXindetail,andconsideringtheThirdCircuit’sthen‐recent
decision in Pacific Employers, supra, which interpreted a similar reinsurance provision
under New York law, I concluded that Article X did not create a condition precedent to
payment. Having found that Article X did not create a condition precedent, I further
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concludedthatANICOhadtodemonstratethatitwasprejudicedbytheuntimelynoticein
ordertowithstandsummaryjudgmentonitsuntimelyclaimdefense.
Still focusing on Article X, I then concluded that ANICO failed to point to sufficient
record evidence in support of its contention that it had suffered prejudice. The evidence
presented by ANICO was based upon the testimony of Steven Schouweiler, Senior Vice
PresidentofHealthOperationsatANICO,whohad“overallresponsibilityfor...theMunich
Re/AmericanNationalcontracts.”Oct.26,2010SchouweilerDep.at6:14‐16;Oct.25,2011
Schouweiler Dep. at 6:5‐9. Specifically, ANICO argued that it was prejudiced by Munich’s
untimelyclaimnoticesbecause,inJune2003,itenteredintoacommutation3withitsown
retrocedent, Max Re, and that, had it received timely notice of Munich’s potential claims
undertheMunich‐ANICOagreements,itmaynothaveenteredintothecommutationwithits
retrocedent.SeeSchouweilerAfft.,pp.3‐4(“Thereportingoftheseadditionalclaimswould
have had a material effect on the decision I made to commute the reinsurance agreement
with Max Re.”). However, in making this argument, ANICO relied on a 2012 affidavit by
Schouweiler that I viewed as contradicting his earlier deposition testimony. Applying the
I explained that “[a] commutation is a settlement agreement reached between a
reinsured and a reinsurer by which the reinsurance obligation is terminated by an
agreement by the reinsurer to pay funds at present value that are not yet due under the
reinsuranceagreement.Similartoapolicybuy‐backwithaninsured,acommutationallows
thereinsuredtoreceivecashnowtoinvestforthepaymentofclaimsthatwillcomeduein
the future.” Larry P. Schiffer, Esq., To Commute or Not To Commute, that Is the Question,
http://www.irmi.com/expert/articles/2003/schiffer07. aspx (last visited September 18,
2012). This describes commutations in their simplest form—a commutation may also be
“partial,leavingsomelong‐termobligationsineffect,anditmaybeacontractforaseriesof
fixed future payments rather than a present lump sum.” Staring, Graydon S., Law of
Reinsurance § 14:6 (2012). In either case, the central purpose of the agreement is to
“terminate[]theliabilitiesforindemnitiesontheonehandandpremiumsontheother....”
Id.
9
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shamaffidavitdoctrine,IrejectedSchouweiler’s2012testimonyand,thus,foundthatANICO
has not presented sufficient evidence of prejudice to preserve that defense for trial. In
makingthisruling,IexplainedthatIexpressednoopinionwhetherMunich’sclaimnotices
wereactuallyuntimelyundertheretrocessionalagreements.
In addition, Munich had argued that certain claims appearing in an August 8, 2008
spreadsheetsubmittedviaemailweretimelynoticedbecausethespreadsheetentrieswould
haveconstitutedsufficientnoticeundertheagreements.Munichcontendedthattheseemail
noticesconstitutedbordereaureporting—aformofclaimreportingcustomarilyusedinthe
reinsuranceindustry.ANICOchallengedMunich’srelianceontheemailedreports,arguing
that the reports were inadequate. Because I concluded that timely notice was not a
conditionprecedenttopaymentunderArticleX,Ididnotaddresswhethertheemailnotices
would have constituted sufficient notice. But in framing Munich’s bordereau‐reporting
argument in this way, the opinion created the impression that the bordereau‐reporting
argumentrelatestoArticleXwhen,infact,itrelatestoArticleXVIinstead.Thiserrorisone
ofthebasesforANICO’smotionforreconsideration.
Asnoted,ANICOurgestheCourttoreconsidertwoaspectsofitsruling.First,ANICO
argues that the Court failed to fully consider the applicability of Article XVI of the parties’
agreementsinconnectionwithANICO’scross‐motionforsummaryjudgmentonitsuntimely
claim submission defense. Second, with respect to Article X of the parties’ agreements,
ANICO argues that the Court erred in granting summary judgment on ANICO’s prejudice
defense.Iaddressthislattercontentionfirst.
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A.
ArticleXPrejudiceDefense
At the outset, I note that the section of ANICO’s reconsideration brief addressing
prejudicefailstosatisfythereconsiderationstandard.Ratherthatdiscussinghowitsmotion
satisfiesthereconsiderationstandard,ANICOproceedsdirectlytoitsargumentonthemerits.
Substantively, ANICO argues that those aspects of Schouweiler’s testimony that appear
contradictory at first blush can be reconciled through a closer look at his deposition
testimony as compared with his 2012 affidavit. By structuring its argument in this way,
ANICO has not pointed to an “(1) an intervening change in controlling law; (2) the
availability of new evidence; or (3) the need to correct [a] clear error of law or prevent
manifest injustice.” Lazaridis, 591 F.3d at 669. Moreover, in its briefing on the initial
motions,ANICOdidnotpointtothedepositiontestimonytowhichitnowdirectstheCourt
initsreconsiderationbriefing.AsLocalRule7.1caselawmakesclear,reconsiderationmay
notbeused“toraiseargumentsorpresentevidencethatcouldhavebeenraisedpriortothe
entry of judgment.” NL Indus., 935 F.Supp. at 516. See also Tishcio v. Bontex, Inc., 16
F.Supp.2d 511, 532 (D.N.J. 1998) (“[a] motion for reconsideration should not provide the
partieswithanopportunityforasecondbiteattheapple.”)(internalcitationomitted).On
thisbasisalone,ANICO’smotioncouldbedenied.
Nevertheless,forthesakeofcompleteness,andbecauseIdidnotreachthesubstance
of the prejudice argument in my prior ruling in light of my reliance on the sham affidavit
doctrine, I will reconsider my decision and address ANICO’s prejudice proofs. This means
that I will consider Steven Schouweiler’s affidavit along with his deposition testimony and
otherrelevantevidenceofrecord.
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As noted, ANICO’s central prejudice argument is that, with knowledge of Munich’s
untimely claims, Steven Schouweiler would have not have commuted the Max Re treaty,
which decision would have afforded ANICO a greater economic benefit than the
commutationitself.TheevidencethatANICOpresentsinsupportofthisargumentfollows.
1.
PrejudiceDefenseBackgroundFacts
Schouweiler was the only ANICO employee involved in the Max Re retrocession.
October2011Sch.Dep.47:14‐19.TheretrocessionaltreatybetweenANICOandMaxRewas
“finite,”whichmeansthatitisatypeofquotasharereinsurancethattransfersriskuptoa
definedamountandthentransfersbackrisktothecedinginsurer.Seeid.at56:20‐58:16.4
EvincingtheMaxRetreatyisacovernote(alsoreferredtobythepartiesasa“coverslip”or
“placementslip”),thatdefinesthetermsofthereinsurance.Seeid.at59:7‐15.Covernotes
oftenlistthesummarydetailsoftheriskandpremiumunderatreaty.SeeCompagniedes
BauxitesdeGuineav.InsuranceCo.ofNorthAmerica,651F.2d877,879(3dCir.1981).The
New York Supreme Court decision of Sumitomo Marine & Fire Ins. Co., Ltd.‐U.S. Branch v.
Cologne Reinsurance Co. of America, describes the role of cover slips in reinsurance
contracts:
Typically, the details of the risk proposed to be ceded by the
reinsured are circulated to possible reinsurers, who in turn
indicate their willingness to accept some portion of the risk,
and to be bound by their agreement to do so. In the London
market . . . this was traditionally accomplished by the ceding
companyoritsbrokerpreparingaslipwithbriefdetailsofthe
risk to be placed; the slip was then taken to prospective
“Max Re . . . provides traditional, finite, and alternative risk transfer reinsurance of
long‐tailed liabilities to insurance and financial services companies.” Max Re A.M. Best
Rating,KleinCert.II,Exh.97.
4
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reinsurerswho,ifpreparedtoaccept,initialedit,indicatingthe
proportion of the risk they wanted. Under normal
circumstances, the initialing of the slip constituted a binding
agreement....Deliveryoftheoriginalinsurancepolicytothe
reinsurer and issuance by the latter of a formal certificate of
reinsurance may not occur until much later, and indeed are
technicallyunnecessaryforabindingagreement.
75 N.Y.2d 295, 301‐02 (1990) (quoting Butler & Merkin, Reinsurance Law, at A5.1‐02)
(emphasisadded).
Schouweilerassertsthat,whenhe,onANICO’sbehalf,enteredintotheretrocessional
agreementwithMaxRe,thecoversliphenegotiatedwasfollowedbyamoreformalwritten
agreement (hereinafter, “the final agreement”). October 2011 Schouweiler Dep. 59:7‐17.
However,heacknowledgedathisOctober2011depositionthathewasthesolepersonwho
storedANICO’scopyofthefinalagreement,thathecouldnotlocatethefinalagreementin
hisfiles,andthathehadnotseenthefinalagreementrecently.Id.at59:17‐61:5.Hefurther
noted that, while he had “a memory of it . . . [w]hether [his memory was] correct or not
[wa]sanotherquestionafter12years....”sincelastseeingthefinalagreement.Id.60:5‐12.
Intermsofhiseffortsinlocatingacopyofthefinalagreement,Schouweilertestifiedthat,to
his knowledge, no one else at ANICO searched for a copy and that he was otherwise
unsuccessful in locating a copy himself. Id. at 60:13‐23. Thus, and quite appropriately,
Schouweilerreferstothefinalagreementinhisdepositionas“thephantomagreement.”Id.
at111:16.
To be clear, while the term “cover slip” may evoke images of a one or two‐page
document marked by its brevity, in fact, the Max Re cover slip is fifteen pages long, and is
contentheavy,addressingsuchtopicsas,forexample,thetypesofbusinesscoveredbythe
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treaty,treatmentofallocatedlossadjustmentexpenses,claimreserveamount,aggregateloss
limit, and material breaches of underwriting guidelines. See generally Max Re Cover Slip,
KleinAfft.II,Exh.63B(“CoverSlip”).Theslipevenspecifiestheninetypesofreportsthat
ANICOmustremittoMaxReeverythirtydayswhiletheagreementisineffect.Seeid.at14.
Important here, the cover slip explicitly addresses commutation and contains the
financialformulaapplicabletoanysuchcommutation.Id.at11.Theformulaprovides:
Commutation...willresultinaCommutationpaymentdueto
theReinsuredequalto95%ofthefollowing:
‐SectionA‐BNetReinsurancePremiumscreditedtotheCRA,
plus
‐Section‐FNetReinsurancePremiumspaidtotheReinsurer,
minus
‐ Reinsurer’s margin subject to a minimum margin of
$1,900,000,minus
‐ClaimspaidfromtheCRA5,minus
‐ClaimspaidbytheReinsurer.
Id. Stated more simply, the cover slip’s commutation formula was: [premiums paid by
ANICO to Max Re] ‐ [commissions and fees retained by Max Re] ‐ [claims already paid by
MaxRe]=commutationamount.WhelanDep.70:7‐13.
Inadditiontoexplicitlyprovidingforcommutation,thecoverslipspeakstothelayers
of risk assumed by ANICO and places caps on Max Re’s risk. In a section titledAggregate
Loss Corridor, the slip provides: “[ANICO] shall retain . . . Claims otherwise recoverable
hereunderequaltotheamountbetween95%and108.5%oftheNetReinsurancePremium
...receivedby[MaxRe]forSectionF.”CoverSlipat10.InthesectiontitledAggregateLoss
5
CRA refers to the Claim Reserve Account, a Max Re account funded by ANICO’s
monthly premiums and, from which, claims payable to ANICO were to be paid. Id. at 9.
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Limit,thesliplimitsMaxRe’sexposureto95%oftheNetReinsurancePremiumforSections
C, D,E, and F combined.” Id. Both of these provisions apply to the Munich worker’s
compensationclaims,whichclaimsfallwithinthesectionFcoveragecategory.Seeid.at8
(“F. Accident and Health Reinsurance Limit”); October 2011 Schouweiler Dep. 67:22‐67:1
(agreeing that “the special risk business . . . was within section F of the coverage being
provided”).6
At his October 2011 deposition, Schouweiler testified that his recollection of the
termsofthefinal,writtenagreementdifferfromthatofthecoverslip.Herecalledthatthe
final agreement “provided for a corridor risk to the reinsurer that attached at some point
somethingontheorderof110to115%.”October2011SchouweilerDep.62:7‐11.Interms
ofANICO’srisk,herecalledthatANICO“wouldretainsomelevelofrisk...beyond,Ithink,
thissays95%or99%,somethinglikethat,uptogenerally110or112or115%,depending
onthestructureoftheprogram;andthenthereinsurerwouldhavecomeinatthatupper
levelandwouldhavecomebackinforsomethinggenerallyontheorderof5or10additional
percent and then the risk would have reverted back to [ANICO].” Id. at 62:16‐63:4.
However,whenaskedwhetherherecalled“whatthespecificretainedlevelofriskwasfor
ANICO,”heresponded,“Idonot.”Id.at63:11‐14.
Uponfurtherquestioning,Schouweileradmittedthatheexecutedthecoverslipand
thathereaditbeforesigning.Id.at64:1‐18.Ironically,incontemporaneouslyforwardinga
copyoftheexecutedcoversliptoGregWhelan,theComptrolleratIOARe,andrequesting
6
Thepartiesagreethatworker’scompensationclaimsarecategorizedasspecialrisk
business.
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that Whelan disburse funds to consummate the agreement, Schouweiler referred to the
“executedversion”ofthecoverslipas“theMaxRetreaty.”CoverSlipat1(emphasisadded).
Nevertheless, at his deposition, Schouweiler persisted that the cover slip is distinct
from the final agreement. He recalled having a discussion with a broker, in which he
indicated that the terms of the deal, as expressed in the cover slip, needed to be altered.
October 2011 Schouweiler Dep. at 64:23‐65:7. But, he could not recall whether that
conversation was before or after he signed the cover slip. Id. Furthermore, Schouweiler
acknowledgedthatthetermsfoundinthecoverslipwerehonoredbytheparties.Bywayof
example,thecedingcommissionmoneywaspaidunderthetermsofthecoverslip.7
Moreimportantly,Schouweileragreed,inhisdeposition,thatonceMaxReandANICO
decidedtocommutetheirtreaty,thepartiesutilizedthecommutationformulafoundinthe
cover slip. Id. at 69:12‐22; 81:11‐15. He further noted, with respect to the commutation
process, that both the timing of the commutation and his decision to commute were
influencedbyhisbelief—contrarytothetermsofthecoverslip—thatpotentialfuturelosses
under the Munich treaty could have affected the commutation amount. Id. at 75:5‐16
(agreeing that “the actual commutation value included both IBNR and outstanding case
reserves,” and that Munich’s late notices affected “the calculation and the timing of the
commutation”). 8 However, when confronted with the plain language of the cover slip
formula,andwithanemailbyGregWhelan,IOARe’sComptroller,whoactuallycalculatedthe
7
WhileMunich’scounselreferstothe“contract”inthissectionofthetranscript,itis
clear from context that he is referring to the cover slip. See id. at 67:6‐8.
8
In this excerpt of his testimony, Schouweiler uses the term “IBNR” to refer to one
categoryofpotentialfuturelosses.IBNRstandsforclaimsincurredbutnotreported.Seeid.
at76:25‐77:1.
16
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commutation value without reference to future losses, Schouweiler conceded at his
depositionthattheformuladidnottakeintoaccountsuchlosses.Id.at76:1‐81:15.With
respect to any economic losses suffered by ANICO on account of the untimely claims,
Schouweileradmitted,athisdeposition,thathecouldnotquantifyANICO’slosses.October
2010SchouweilerDep.115:6‐10;116:9‐15;117:5‐18.
Followinghisdeposition,SchouweilerexecutedanaffidavitandANICOpresentedthat
affidavit in connection with the then‐pending motions for summary judgment. In his
affidavit, Schouweiler adds that, if he had been presented with Munich’s untimely claim
submissions at the time he was deciding whether to commute the Max Re treaty it would
have affected his decision to commute. Schouweiler Afft. at 4 (“The reporting of the[ ]
additional claims would have had a material effect on the decision Imade to commute the
reinsurance agreement with Max Re.”). Operating under the impression that the final
agreement terms provided ANICO greater insurance protection than that set forth in the
coverslip,Schouweilerattemptstoexplainwhyitwouldhavebeenmoreadvantageousfor
ANICOtoforegocommutation:
[I]tismyunderstandingthatif[ANICO]hadnot...commuted
with Max Re, and as losses exceeded the claim accounts and
[ANICO]/IOA RE’s [sic] retained risk, then Max Re would have
been responsible, up to its limit,for lossesin excess of the net
premium it received. For instance, 8.5% of the net premium
related to the special risk treaty business would have been
equaltoapproximately$1,056,854.
Id.at3.Thathisargumentispremisedonthetermsofthefinal“phantom”agreementis
clearfromhisaffidavittestimony,whereinhestates,explicitly,“myrecollectionofthefinal
17
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reinsurance agreement with Max Re concerning this additional band of risk in excess of
100%ofnetpremiumsappearstodifferfromtheplacementslip.”Id.
WithrespecttothedataSchouweilerrelieduponinmakinghisdecisiontocommute
theMaxRetreatyin2003,SchouweileraversthatIOARe“maintainedrecordswithrespect
to individual [Munich] claims, including individual claim paid losses and reserve
information,” and that “[t]his information was then provided to [ANICO], along with
informationrelatedtootherreinsuranceagreements,asanaggregatenumber,includingan
amountforoutstandinglossreserve,”which,inMarchof2003,“wasonly$500,000.”Id.at3.
According to him, “[a]t the time these financial calculations were made by IOA Re, IOA Re
wasawareofonly4or5claimsrelatedtotheTreaties.”Id.HeimpliesthatMunich’sfailure
toprovideIOARewithtimelynoticeofallclaimsdeflatedIOARe’scalculations,andthatthe
underreported claims “would have had a material effect on the decision [he] made to
commutethereinsuranceagreementwithMaxRe.”Id.
InmySeptember2012decision,IrejectedcertainaspectsofSchouwelier’saffidavit
testimony.Ireasoned:
Schouweiler testified in his deposition that ANICO did not
maintain specific loss information, see October 25, 2011
Schouweiler Dep. 45:24–46:14, yet he provides specific loss
information in his affidavit: “As of March 31, 2003, when
financialcalculationsweremadebyIOAReconcerningpotential
commutation, the outstanding loss reserve relative to the
[agreements]wasonly$500,000.”SchouweilerAfft.,p.4.
September28thOpinion,SlipOp.at35‐36.9
9
IalsorejectedSchwouweiler’stestimonythatthereshouldhavebeenatleasttwiceas
manyclaimsreportedtoIOARe...bythetime[of]commutation....,”findingthatstatementin
conflict with his earlier deposition testimony that “there was no allocation of the
18
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Thereafter, I explained that, where an affidavit is offered solely for the purpose of
defeating summary judgment, and that affidavit testimony conflicts with the party’s prior
deposition testimony, “it is proper for the trial judge to conclude that no reasonable jury
couldaccordthataffidavitevidentiaryweightandthatsummaryjudgmentisappropriate.”
Id.(quotingJiminezv.AllAm.Rathskeller,Inc.,503F.3d247,253(3dCir.2007)).Ifurther
noted that,in ruling on the sham affidavitdoctrine, courts consider whether the party has
explainedawaythediscrepancies,whichANICOdidnotdoinitsbriefing.Lastly,Inotedthat
theonlyexceptiontotheshamaffidavitdoctrineisthatacourtshouldconsidertheaffidavit
wherethereisindependentevidencetobolsterthecontradictorytestimony.Id.SinceANICO
did not point to any such evidence, I applied the doctrine, granted summary judgment to
Munich,anddeniedANICO’scross‐motion.
2.
Analysis
Thepartiesagreethat,underNewYorklaw,todemonstrateprejudicefromuntimely
filed claims a retrocessionnaire, like ANICO, “bears the burden of showing that it suffered
tangibleeconomicinjury....”UnigardSec.Ins.Co.,Inc.v.NorthRiverIns.Co.,4F.3d1049,
1069(2dCir.1993);FolksamericaReinsuranceCo.v.RepublicIns.Co.,CivilActionNo.03
Civ.0402(HB),2003WL22852737,*9(S.D.N.Y.2003)(“Anyrelevantprejudiceasaresultof
late notice must take the form of tangible economic injury.”) vacated on other grounds
by182 Fed.Appx. 63 (2nd Cir. May 26, 2006). Cf. CIH Intern. Holdings, LLC v. BT United
commutationto...anyoneunderlyingcontract”betweenMunichandANICO,andthat,atthe
time of commutation, [Schouweiler] did not expect IOA Re to be performing any
commutation analysis of each underlying contract.” Slip Op. at 36 (internal citations
omitted).
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States,LLC,821F.Supp.2d604,612(S.D.N.Y.2011)(“UnderNewYorklaw,topleadprejudice
for purposes of a breach of contract claim, a plaintiff ‘bears the burden of showing that it
sufferedtangibleeconomicinjury’asaresultoftheallegedbreach.”)(citingUnigard,4F.3d
at1069).
At oral argument, ANICO’s counsel made clear that ANICO’s sole argument with
respect to tangible economic loss hinges on Schouweiler’s statement in his affidavit
regardingtheadditional8.5%insuranceprotectiontowhichhebelievesthatANICOwould
have been entitled under the “phantom” agreement. However, at oral argument, ANICO’s
counsel conceded that many of the logical inferences necessary to support Schouweiler’s
avermentsarenotfoundintherecord.
To accept Schouweiler’s position that ANICO would have been entitled to the
additional band of coverage, the factfinder would have to credit his testimony that the
“phantom” agreement, in fact, exists. But no reasonable factfinder could credit this
testimony because, as Schouweiler candidly acknowledges, the terms of the “phantom”
agreementflatlycontradictthetermsofthecoverslip,noone(otherthanhe)atANICOhas
seenthisagreement,andhecannotproduceacopyofitfromhisownfiles.Moreover,there
appearstohavebeennoattempttolocateorobtainacopyofthefinalagreementfromMax
Re, nor has ANICO produced even an unsigned copy or a prior draft of this agreement.10
There also exists no email chain or correspondence discussing such a separate written
agreement.Inthefaceofacoverslipthatcontainstermscontradictingthepurportedfinal
10
ANICO’s counsel acknowledged at oral argument that no such evidence is in the
record.
20
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agreement,andconsidering(i)thatSchouweilerhimselfreferredtotheslipasthe“treaty”in
hisletterforwardingtheexecutedcopytohisco‐workers,(ii)thatnootherrepresentativeof
Max Re or ANICO has testified as to the existence of such an agreement, and (iii) that no
other documentary evidence referencing such an agreement has been produced, no
reasonable factfinder could conclude, based upon Schouweiler’s testimony standing alone,
thattherewasafinalwrittenagreementwhichincludedthefavorable8.5%coverageterms
uponwhichANICObasesitstheoryofeconomicloss.
TheproblemforANICOonthismotion,innothavingshowntheexistenceofthese
favorabletreatyterms,iscompoundedbythegenerallyspeculativenatureofSchouweiler’s
testimony.ANICOwouldhavethefactfinderbelievethat,hadSchouweilerbeenadvisedof
theuntimelyclaimspriortodecidingwhethertocommutetheMaxRetreaty,hewouldhave
consideredtheeffectofthoseclaimsonthecommutation,andthen,havingconsideredthat
effect,hewouldhavechosennottocommutetheMaxRetreatyaltogether.
As to this latter contention—that Schouweiler would have cancelled the entire
commutation—ANICOpointstoSchouweiler’stestimony,inhisdeposition,that,withnotice
oftheuntimelyclaims,hewouldhaveforegonecommutationoftheMaxRetreatyasawhole.
October 2011 Schouweiler Dep. 113:2‐7. At oral argument, the Court expressed its
skepticismofthistestimony,astheMaxRecommutationinvolvedover1,500treatiesandit
seems unlikely that Schouweiler would have foregone the commutation of that large
number—the entire book of business with Max Re—on account of the two Munich
treaties.11 In response, ANICO’s counsel posited that the reason Schouweiler would have
11
ANICO’s counsel agreed, at oral argument, that the commutation cancelled out an
21
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cancelled the commutation altogether is that claims covered by the Munich treaties, i.e.,
worker’s compensation, special risk claims with long tails, are inherently more risky than
theothertypesofclaimsincludedinthecommutation;thelong‐tailclaimshavethepotential
for much greater exposure. However, the Court’s review of Schouweiler’s deposition
testimonyandaffidavitdoesnotrevealthatSchouweilermadeanysuchdistinctionbetween
theMunichtreaties,whichcoverlong‐tailclaims,andothercommutedtreatiesthatdonot
coverlong‐tailclaims,andneitherdidANICO’scounselpointtoanysuchtestimonyinthe
record.
AstoANICO’sformercontention—thatSchouweilerwouldhaveconsideredtheeffect
oftheuntimelyclaimsinconnectionwithhisdecisiontopursuecommutation—ANICOhas
not pointed to testimony to support this contention either. Nowhere in Schouweiler’s
depositiontestimonyoraffidavitdoeshestatethat,atthetimeofthe2003commutation,he
consideredthenumberofclaimsthathadbeensubmittedbyMunich.Whilehesuggestsin
hisaffidavitthatIOARemaintainedclaim‐specificdatainitsrecordkeepingsystem,andthat
IOAReprovidedthedatainaggregatedformtoANICO,SchouweilerAfft.at3,heneverstates
that he actually reviewed the claim‐specificdata or understood, in2003, howmany claims
hadbeensubmittedbyMunichatthatpointintime.12ANICO’scounselconcededasmuch
entireyear’sbookofbusiness.
For example, Schouweiler states in his deposition that he reviewed an aggregated
“paid” report that combined “all the special risk business written by IOA Re on behalf of
ANICO during [the treaty] year”—not claim data related specifically to the 2000 and 2001
Munichtreaties.October2011SchouweilerDep.82:17‐85:12.Schouweiler,further,states
that,whilehelookedatanunderwritingreportthatreflectedoutstandingreservesandIBNR,
thatreportwasalsoaggregatedtoincludeallofthespecialriskbusinesswrittenbyIOARe.
Id.
22
12
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atoralargument.IfANICOcannotdemonstratethatSchouweileractuallytookintoaccount
thenumberofclaimssubmittedin2003whenhemadethedecisiontocommute,thenthere
certainlyisnobasisforthefactfindertoconcludethatnoticeoftheuntimelyclaimswould
have altered his decision to commute. Accordingly, it also cannot be a basis to defeat
summary judgment. Schouweiler’s statement in his affidavit that the claims would have
made a difference is wholly conclusory and not entitled to any weight. “[S]peculation and
conjecture,”ofthissort,“cannotcreateamaterialfactualdispute.”SouthCamdenCitizensin
Actionv.NewJerseyDept.ofEnviromentalProtection,CivilActionNo.01‐702(FLW),2006
WL1097498,*20(D.N.J.Mar.31,2006).SeealsoPodobnikv.U.S.PostalServ.,409F.3d584,
594 (3d Cir. 2005) (“To survive summary judgment, a party must present more than just
bare assertions, conclusory allegations or suspicions to show the existence of a genuine
issue.”) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,
325,106S.Ct.2548,91L.Ed.2d265(1986)).
Finally,evenifSchouweiler’stestimonyregardingtheexistenceofafinalagreement’s
termscouldbecredited,underthebestevidencerule,histestimonycouldnotbeadmittedat
trial to prove the agreement’s terms. The best evidence rule, found in Federal Rule of
Evidence 1001‐1002, requires that “[t]o prove the content of a writing, recording, or
photograph, the original writing, recording, or photograph is required ….”13 Fed.R.Evid.R.
The only caveat to this rule is that, pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 1004, an
originaldocumentisnotrequiredif:
(a) all the originals are lost or destroyed, and not by the
proponentactinginbadfaith;
23
13
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1002.SeealsoAcumedLLCv.AdvancedSurgicalServices,561F.3d199,222(3dCir.2009);
United States v. Miller, 248 Fed.Appx. 426, 429 (3d Cir. 2007) (“[A] party [must] produce
originaldocumentsifawitnesstestifiestotheactualcontentofawriting.”).Furthermore,
onlyevidenceadmissibleattrialmaycreateagenuineofissueofmaterialfactonsummary
judgment.SeeFed.R.Civ.P.56(c)(4)(“Anaffidavitordeclarationusedtosupportoropposea
motionmust...setoutfactsthatwouldbeadmissibleinevidence....”);Bristolv.Settle,457
Fed.Appx. 202, 204 (3d Cir. 2012). Here, that ANICO cannot produce a final, written
agreementrendersitsrelianceonthetermsofthatagreementtodefeatMunich’smotionfor
summary judgment, or to prove its own motion for summary judgment, on its prejudice
defense,problematic.SeeNewYorkexrel.Spitzerv.SaintFrancisHosp.,94F.Supp.2d423,
428(S.D.N.Y.2000)(strikingparagraphinaffidavitofferedforsummaryjudgmentinwhich
affiantattestedtothecontentsofcorrespondencenotintherecord).
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, in reconsidering my grant of summary
judgment to Munich on ANICO’sprejudice defense, I affirm my prior ruling that summary
(b) an original cannot be obtained by any available judicial
process;
(c) the party against whom the original would be offered had
control of the original; was at that time put on notice, by
pleadingsorotherwise,thattheoriginalwouldbeasubjectof
proofatthetrialorhearing;andfailstoproduceitatthetrialor
hearing;or
(d)thewriting,recording,orphotographisnotcloselyrelated
toacontrollingissue.
Fed.R.Evid.1004.SeealsoNewYorkexrel.Spitzerv.SaintFrancisHosp.,94F.Supp.2d423,
428(S.D.N.Y.2000).ANICOhasnotmadeashowingastoanyoftheaboveexceptionstothe
bestevidencerule.
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judgmentisappropriate.ANICOhasnotpresentedsufficientevidencetocreateagenuine
issue of material fact as to whether notice of the untimely claims would have affected
Schouweiler’sdecisiontocommute,thathewouldhavechosennottocommute,andthat,as
a result, ANICO would have been in a better economic position. These attenuated, and
unsupported, leaps of logic do not demonstrate a tangible economic loss. Cf. Black Car
Assistance Corp. v. New Jersey, 351 F.Supp.2d 284, 286 (D.N.J. 2004) (stating that the
nonmoving party must “point to concrete evidence in the record which supports each
essential element of its case.”) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322‐23) (emphasis added). For
thesereasons,sinceANICOhasfailedtopresentsufficientevidencefromwhichafactfinder
could conclude that ANICO was prejudiced by Munich’s late notice under Article X of the
parties’ agreement, I affirm my prior ruling granting summary judgment to Munich on
ANICO’sArticleXprejudicedefense.
B.
ArticleXVISunsetProvision
Contrary to my ruling on ANICO’s Article X prejudice defense, a different result
attends for that aspect of ANICO’s reconsideration motion relating to Article XVI of the
parties’agreements.UponreviewofmySeptember28thdecision,IconcludethatIdidnot
treatANICO’s argument to be that Article XVI—as opposed to, and apart from, Article X—
createsitsownconditionprecedenttopaymentundertheparties’agreements.Basedupon
themannerinwhichANICObriefedthisissue,IdidnotappreciateANICOtobearguingthat
therewasspecificlanguageinArticleXVIthatcreatesaconditionprecedent.WhileANICO’s
brief states that Article XVI is a condition precedent, that statement was buried in one
sentenceinthemiddleofitsthirty‐ninepagemovingbrief,andANICOdidnotengageinany
25
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legal analysis as to why the Court should conclude that Article XVI creates a condition
precedent,otherthantocitetogeneralcontractinterpretationprinciples. 14SeeDef.Br.in
Supp.ofitsMot.forSumm.Jgmt.at25.
Nevertheless, because I conclude that ANICO intended for the Court to consider
Article XVI as an independent basis for its untimely claim submission defense, I find
reconsideration appropriate on this issue. My failure to discuss Article XVI in my prior
rulingcouldrisetothelevelofaclearerroroflawifthat articledoes,infact,operateasa
condition precedent. Moreover, as noted, Munich’s bordereau‐style reporting argument
relates solely to ArticleXVI and my prior opinion creates the impression that itapplies to
ArticleXinstead.Havingconcludedthatreconsiderationisappropriate,Inowturntothelaw
governinginterpretationofArticleXVIandthefactsrelatingtomyanalysis.
1.
SunsetDeadlineBackgroundFacts
AsexplainedinmydiscussionofArticleXoftheMunich‐ANICOagreements,Munich
wasobligatedtopromptlyadviseANICOofallclaimscomingundertheiragreements.For
certainclaims,MunichwasobligatedtonotifyANICOimmediately,asfollows:
[T]he following categories of claims shall be reported to the
Reinsurer immediately, regardless of any questions of liability
oftheCompanyorcoverageunderthisAgreement:
1.
Any accident reserved at 50% of the reinsured
attachmentpoint;
14
TheonlylegalcitationthatisevenrelatedtoconditionprecedentsisANICO’scitation
toOppenheimerCo.,Inc.v.Oppenheimer,Appel,Dixon&Co.,86N.Y.2d685,690,660N.E.2d
415, 636 N.Y.S.2d 734 (1995), which ANICO cited for the general proposition that “[a]
condition precedent is ‘an act or event, other than a lapse of time, which, unless the
condition is excused, must occur before a duty to perform a promise in the agreement
arises.’”
26
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2.
3.
Anyaccidentinvolvingabraininjury;
Any accident resulting in burns over 25% or
moreofthebody;or
Anyspinalcordinjury.
4.
2000AgreementatEndorsementNo.1,subsectionB.Forthoseclaimsthatdidnotrequire
immediate notice, Article X directed Munich to “promptly” report those claims. Id.,
subsectionA.
Early in the treaty administration process, Munich employee Joe Kanuncio was
responsibleforoverseeingEverest'sclaimsandfordecidingwhichofthoseclaimsshouldbe
reported to ANICO. Giacobbe Dep. 66:7‐75:7. In 2002, Arthur Giacobbe took over for
Kanuncio.Giacobbetestifiedathisdepositionthat,intakingoverthatposition,hedidnot
review the Munich‐ANICO agreements; he simply followed in Kanuncio’s footsteps. Id. at
77:9‐10; 95:14‐96:15; 381:23‐382:6. Giacobbe’s practice—like his predecessor—was to
report to ANICO only those Everest claims that had reached a $500,000 retention
threshold.15Id.at148.Insodoing,GiacobbefailedtocomplywiththetermsofArticleXby
notreportingclaimsat50%ofthereinsuredattachmentpoint.Id.at176:23‐180:8.
At one point during Giacobbe’s tenure, an employee at IOA Re challenged his
reporting procedure. Specifically, Lisa Hoekstra, an underwriter at IOA Re, sent an email
dated October 23, 2003 to Timothy Schmidt, that was then forwarded to Giacobbe. The
emailaddressesanEverestclaimsubmittedtoANICOforpayment:
This is the second claim (of 2) I've reviewed from
Everest/[Munich]thathasbeenreportedtousAFTERreserves
havegoneovertheretention.Mostofourinsurancecontracts
Tobeclear,whenGiacobbedeterminedthataclaimshouldbereportedtoANICO,he
forwardedareporttoAmReBrokers'employee,TimothySchmidt,whothenreportedthe
claimtoIOARe.Inthisway,AmReservedasanintermediaryonMunich'sbehalf.
27
15
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call for loss notice at 50% of attachment. . . . [W]hy such late
noticeingeneral?‟Precautionary”notices,beforetheybreach
our attachment, are most appreciated and protect [Munich]
fromthesunsetclause.
KleinCert.,Appx.III,Exh.3.Inaddition,onDecember17,2005,CyndiCharneyatIOARe
emailedGiacobbetoexpresslynotifyhimthatheshouldbereportingseriousinjuryclaims
at 50% retention. Giacobbe Dep. 335:18‐341:13. Nonetheless, Giacobbe continued
reportingclaimsonlyatthepointwhentheEverestclaimsreached$500,000inretention.
Seeid.at337:24‐338:4;341:8‐13.
In2007,MunichemployeeSamFredatookoverforGiacobbeandhe,likeGiacobbe
and his predecessor, reported only those claims that had reached a $500,000 retention
threshold.FredaDep.101:13‐102:15.However,inAugust2008,Fredabecameawarethat
Munich's reporting procedure was flawed and that there were multiple claims under the
2000 and 2001 agreements that should have been reported at 50% of the reinsured
attachment point but were not. Id. at 96:11‐99:24. Armed with this knowledge, Freda
reviewedtheEverestclaimfilesandcompiledaspreadsheetofallthoseclaimsthatshould
have been reported. See id. at 107:8‐110:17; 282:6‐284:3 (describing his review of those
Everest claims that had not yet reached $500,000 retention but were at 50% of ANICO's
attachmentpoint).HeforwardedthisspreadsheettoTimothySchmidt.16
After Schmidt received this spreadsheet, he forwarded it via email to Cathy
WashburnatIOARe,whoreceivedallclaimreportingonANICO'sbehalf.Schmidt’scover
emailread:
While Freda's testimony does not expressly state that the spreadsheet he compiled
and forwarded to Schmidt is the same spreadsheet that Schmidt emailed to Washburn on
August8,2008,Munichcounsel'sconcededasmuchatoralargument.
28
16
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LeBlancCert.,Exh.15.
This August 8, 2008 spreadsheet listed all of the claims submitted by Everest to
Munich. It included the name of each insured, the date of loss, and the attachment point,
however, the spreadsheet did not delineate which of the claims were likely to result in a
claim under the retrocessional agreements. In response to Schmidt's email, Cathy
WashburnrepliedonApril11,2008that“[t]hislistingisnotconsideredadequatenoticeof
loss. Individual notices must be provided for each claimant and should include claimant
name, complete claim details, and financial data broken down by medical, indemnity, and
expense.”Id.Tothis, TimothySchmidtresponded:“Cathy,weagree.Weareworkingon
gettingyouthenecessarybackupdocumentation.”Id.Thereafter,Munichfollowedupwith
more detailed notices for the particular claims. The more detailed notices were provided
beginningonMarch25,2009andthroughSeptember28,2011.
AroundthesametimethatFredatookoverreportingfromGiacobbe,in2007,Freda
andGiacobbeconductedanauditofEverest’sclaimfiles.Theyalsoconductedafollow‐up
auditin2008.Id.at193:13‐194:13.Throughtheaudits,itbecameapparentthatEverest
hadapracticeofprovidinglatenoticeofcertainclaimstoMunich.Seeid.at195:6‐199:14.
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2.
RulesofContractInterpretation
Asexplainedsupra,theparties’retrocessionalagreementsaregovernedbyNewYork
law.UnderNewYorklaw,“[a]reinsurancecontractisgovernedbytherulesofconstruction
applicable to contracts generally.” Christiania General Ins. Corp. of New York v. Great
AmericanIns.Co.,979F.2d268,274(2dCir.1992)(citationomitted).Thatis,thetermsof
unambiguous contracts are enforced as written. An ambiguous contract is one subject to
different, reasonable interpretations. Where the terms of the contract are ambiguous,
“reference to extrinsic evidence provides guidance to the parties’ intent.” Id. (citation
omitted).
Extrinsic evidence may include evidence of custom and usage. Excess Ins. Co. v.
FactoryMut.Ins.Co.,3N.Y.3d577,590–591,789N.Y.S.2d461,822N.E.2d768,777(2004)
(‟Our precedent establishes that where there is ambiguity in a reinsurance certificate, the
surrounding circumstances, including industry custom and practice, should be taken into
consideration.”)(Read,J.,dissenting)citedwithapprovalinStolt‐NielsenS.A.v.AnimalFeeds
International Corp., 130 S.Ct. 1758, 1769 n.6 (2010). Moreover, “when resortto extrinsic
evidence is necessary to shed light on the parties’ intent summary judgment ordinarily is
notanappropriateremedy,andmustbedeniedunless,viewingtheevidenceinalightmost
favorabletothenonmovantandresolvingalldoubtsinitsfavor,noreasonabletrieroffact
couldfindagainstthemovant.”Christiania,979F.2dat274(internalcitationsomitted).
3.
Analysis
Asnoted,thepertinentpartofArticleXVIofboththe2000and2001retrocessional
agreementsreadsasfollows:
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ARTICLEXVI–COMMUTATION
A. Seven years after the expiry of this Agreement, the
CompanyshalladvisetheReinsurerofallclaimsforsaidannual
period, [sic] not finally settled which are likely to result in a
claimunderthisAgreement.Noliabilityshallattachhereunder
for any claim or claims not reported to the Reinsurer within
thissevenyearperiod.
2001 Agreement at 5 (emphasis added). Following subsection A, the remainder of Article
XVIsetsforththetermsofthecommutationprocess,stating,forexample,thateitherparty
mayrequestcommutation“sevenyearsfromthedateofoccurrenceoftheclaim....”Id.at
subsectionB.TheArticlealsodirectsthatdisputesrelatedtothevalueoftheclaimstobe
commuted be settled by independent third parties in the event Munich and ANICO cannot
agreeonthevalue.Id.atsubsectionD.
ANICO argues that the “no liability shall attach” language operates as a condition
precedentthatrelievesitfromitspaymentobligationsundertheretrocessionalagreements.
AccordingtoNewYorklaw,“[a]conditionprecedentisanactorevent,otherthanalapseof
time,which,unlesstheconditionisexcused,mustoccurbeforeadutytoperformapromise
in the agreement arises.” Oppenheimer & Co. v. Oppenheim, Appel, Dixon & Co., 86 N.Y.2d
685,636N.Y.S.2d734,660N.E.2d415,418(1995)(internalquotationmarksomitted).See
alsoMHRCapitalPartnersLPv.Presstek,Inc.,12N.Y.3d640,884N.Y.S.2d211,912N.E.2d
43,47(2009)(quotingsame).Failuretofulfillsuchacondition“excusesperformanceby
theotherpartywhoseperformanceissoconditioned.”MerrittHillVineyardsInc.v.Windy
HeightsVineyard,Inc.,61N.Y.2d106,113,460N.E.2d1077,1081(1984).NewYorkcourts
recognize certain terms as indicating the presence of a condition precedent: “if”, “unless”,
and“until”aresomeofthetermsthatcourtsinterpretascreatingacondition.MHR,912
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N.E.2dat47.Aconditionprecedentmustbedistinguishedfromamerepromisethatmay
specifythetimingduringwhichperformanceisexpectedbutdoesnotoperatetorelievethe
other party of its obligations under the agreement in the event of non‐compliance. See
EdelmanArts,Inc.v.ArtIntern.(UK)Ltd.,841F.Supp.2d810,824(S.D.N.Y.2012)(applying
New York law and distinguishing between a mere timing provision and a condition
precedent).
In determining whether a condition precedent exists, courts look for clear and
unambiguous language that unmistakably creates a condition to performance. Seeid.
“Whethercontractuallanguageisdeemedtobelanguageofconditionorlanguageofpromise
is,asisthecasewithmostmattersofinterpretation,generallydependentupontheintention
oftheparties....[T]hedeterminationwhetheracontracttermisapromiseoraconditionis
a problem of interpretation, so that each case turns on its own facts.” Edelman, 841
F.Supp.2dat824(quoting13WillistononContracts§38:13).SeealsoGreenfieldv.Philles
Records, Inc., 98 N.Y.2d 562, 750 N.Y.S.2d 565, 780 N.E.2d 166, 170 (2002) (“[It is a]
fundamental...preceptofcontractinterpretation...thatagreementsareconstruedinaccord
with the parties' intent.”). Where the contract language is ambiguous, courts hesitate to
interpretthelanguageasaconditionprecedent.Oppenheimer,660N.E.2dat418.Seealso
Ashkenaziv.KentSouthAssocs.,LLC,51A.D.3d611,857N.Y.S.2d693,694(2008)(stating
that if contract “language is in any way ambiguous, the law does not favor a construction
whichcreatesaconditionprecedent.”).However,insuchaninstance,itisappropriatefor
thecourttoconsiderextrinsicevidencetoresolvetheambiguity.Edelman,841F.Supp.2dat
826(discussingNewYorkcaselaw).
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Before turning to the language of Article XVI, I first provide context for my
interpretation by briefly outlining how the Munich‐ANICO agreements are structured as a
whole. As noted, through the agreements, ANICO agrees to indemnify Munich for the
original ceding insurer’s—Everest’s—workers’ compensation claims filed within a given
year.See2001Agreementat1.ANICO,ofcourse,canonlyindemnifythoseclaimsofwhich
it is aware, and hence it is Munich’s responsibility to notify ANICO once it receives claim
informationfromEverest.AsexplainedinmySeptember28,2012Opinion,ArticleXofthe
agreements directs Munich to notify ANICO “promptly of all claims coming under this
AgreementonbeingadvisedbytheOriginalCedingCompany....”See2001Agreementat4.
MunichmustthenfurnishANICOwithcostestimatesrelatingtotheclaims.Id.,ArticleX.A.
ANICO,inturn,“agreestopay[Munich]ondemand...[forMunich’s]losses....”Id.,Article
X.C.
Againstthisbackdrop,ArticleXVIprovidesanouterlimitforthereportingofclaims
by stating that “no liability shall attach” to any claims not reported within seven years.
Thesesortsofprovisionsarereferredtointhereinsuranceindustryas“sunsetprovisions.”
SeeApplemanonInsurance2d§106.8(describingsunsetclausesas“restrict[ing]thetime
formakingclaimunder...reinsurancecoverage.”)Whiletheyaregenerallyrare,theyare
moretypicallyfoundinworkerscompensationreinsurancepolicies.SeePennsylvaniaBar
Institute(PBI),ReinsurancePrinciples&Practice:FromtheFormationoftheAgreementto
theCourtroomat21(2012).Thatreinsurersandretrocessionnaireswouldfinditusefulto
placeatimelimitontheirexposureisnotsurprising—occurrencebasedpolicies,i.e.,claims
thatarebaseduponthehappeningofaneventduringthepolicyperiod,canproducelong
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tails that obligate insurers to pay claims ten to fifteen years after the expiration of the
policy.17Theirliabilityislinkedtothedateofoccurrenceoftheclaimasopposedtothedate
ofreporting.
On its face, the sunset provision here is straightforward: it prevents Munich from
reportingclaimsinperpetuam,byexcludingfromcoveragethoseclaimsnotnoticedwithin
seven years following the expiration of each retrocessional agreement. Article XVI.A also
serves the purpose of providing a foundation for commutation. As noted above, the
remainderofArticleXVIdelineatestheprocessbywhicheitherpartymayseektocommute
theagreement.ThelikelyimpetusbehindArticleXVIistoensurethatbothpartieshavean
accurate understanding of ANICO’s exposure at the seven‐year mark. Such an accurate
appreciationofANICO’seconomicliabilitywouldundoubtedlyinformeachparty’sposition
oncommutation.BasedupontheclearandunmistakablelanguageofArticleXVI,Iconclude
thatitcreatesaconditionprecedenttopayment.18
WhileArticleXVIisclearonitsface,apointthatMunichconcededatoralargument,
Municharguesthatanotherprovisionfoundintheagreements—ArticleXIII—isadefenseto
itsfailuretocomplywithArticleXVI.ArticleXIIIreads:
17
Forgoodreasons,cedingcompaniesoftenwantto‘buyout’old
policies—because of concern about unknown losses, and/or
because of the virtual uncertainty that the policies will in due
coursepay(forexample)asbestoslosses.
Allen,ThomasA.,CurrentHotTopicsinReinsuranceDisputesinPBI,IntrotoReinsurance
Law(2004).
18
Accordingly, ANICO need not prove that it was prejudiced by any claims not
submittedwithinthesunsetperiodinordertodenypaymentforthoseclaims.
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Any error, omission or oversight in reporting losses or
premiums by [Munich] shall in no way invalidate the
reinsurance hereunder, provided that such error, omission or
oversightshallbecorrectedpromptlyafterdiscoverythereof.
2001Agreementat5.Referringtoitasan“errorsandomissions”clause,seeMunichSupp.
Br.at1‐2,Municharguesthatthisprovisionservesasatypeofgenerally‐applicableescape
valvethatallowsittocorrectanyfailuretoreportaclaimwithintheseven‐yearperiod.
ANICO attacks Munich’s reading of Article XIII on two fronts. First, citing to the
depositiontestimonyofitsexpert,LindaBarber,ANICOarguesthatArticleXIIIwasintended
to correct “mere inadvertence,” and to catch the one claim that “fell through the cracks.”
BarberDep.73‐74.19Second,ANICOarguesthat,evenifArticleXIIIcouldbereadtoexcuse
wholesalenon‐compliancewithArticleXVI,thetime‐honoredrulethataspecificprovision
overrides a general one dictates that the specific provision of Article XVI trump the more
general language of Article XIII. See Muzak Corp v. Hotel Taft Corp., 1 N.Y.2d 42, 46, 150
N.Y.S.2d 171, 133 N.E.2d 688 (1956) (“[I]f there [is] an inconsistency between a specific
provisionandageneralprovisionofacontract...thespecificprovisioncontrols.”).
Consideringbothparties’arguments,andtheplainlanguageofArticleXVIandArticle
XIII, Ifind that ArticleXIII is notas broadas Munich urges. For one, by using the phrase
“error, omission or oversight,” Article XIII invokes the notion of inadvertent, rather than
intentional,errors.Here,thereasonunderlyingMunich’sreportingofclaimsoutsideofthe
seven‐year window is that its cedent, Everest, did not cede claims to Munich in a timely
19
Barber references her expert report in her deposition testimony. The Court notes
that,whileANICOhaspointedtoBarber’sdepositiontestimonyandprovidedcopiesthereof
totheCourt,nocopyofBarber’sexpertreporthasbeenprovided.Thatsaid,itappearsthat
thesubstanceofherreportisfullyaddressedinherlengthydepositiontestimony.
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fashion, see Freda Dep. 195:6‐11; 196:15‐199:14; 199:1‐10, and because Munich
erroneouslydidnotreportclaimsuntiltheyreachedthe$500,000retentionthreshold.See
GiacobbeDep.93:18‐24;105:7‐10;147‐48;176:23‐180:8.SeealsoFredaDep.96:11‐99:24;
107:8‐110:17; 282:6‐284:3; 298:16‐305:4.20 Indeed, with regard to this latter reason, the
recordreflectsthatGiacobbewasarecipientofatleasttwoemailsthatspecificallysuggested
that his practice of not reporting claims until they reached the $500,000 threshold was
inconsistentwiththetermsoftheMunich‐ANICOagreements,andthatMunichshouldfile
its notices more promptly in order to protect itself from application of the sunset clause.
Certainly, no reasonable factfinder could conclude that it was ‟inadvertent” error on
Giacobbe'sparttocontinuetoreportclaimslatefollowingthoseemails.Inshort,basedon
therecordevidence,Munichhasnotcreatedagenuineissueofmaterialfactastowhether
itslatereportingwasduetoan“inadvertent”error.21
20
MunichconcededatoralargumentthatthesereasonscausedMunichtoreportthe
2000 claims outside of the sunset period, and to report the 2001 claims near the sunset
deadline.
21
Munich's expert, Susan Mack, states in her expert report that it was within the
standard of care, in 2000 and 2001, for claim examiners not to review the underlying
contractgoverningtheirnoticeobligationsbecause,asamatterofpragmatics,‟reinsurance
claimshandlersmustprioritizehundredsofclaimsfiles,”andhence‟streamliningreviewcan
beimportanttoassurethatimportanttasks...canbehandledefficiently.”MackRep.at10.
Mack'sstatementdoesnotaltermyanalysisbecausethedecisiontostreamlineclaim
handlinginthisfashionreflectsanintentionalchoice,notaninadvertenterror,andcannot
beusedasanexcusetodisregardcontractualobligations.Indeed,nearly100yearsago,in
AtlanticFruitCo.v.HamiltonFireIns.Co.,251N.Y.98,104(Ct.App.N.Y.1929),theNewYork
CourtofAppealsheldacompanyaccountableforitsemployees’intentionaldecisionnotto
aligntheirperiodicreportingpracticestothegoverningcontractlanguage.Reasoningthat
“a willful and persistent failure to make accurate . . . reports” was not an inadvertent or
occasionalerror,id.at103,theCourtfurtherconcluded:
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Moreover, were I to hold that this sort of conduct by Munich constituted an error
encompassedbytheArticleXIIIerrorsandomissionsclause,thatfindingwouldnullifythe
intentofArticleXVI.Asnoted,ArticleXVIbarsclaimsnotnoticedwithinthesunsetperiod.
Thepurposeunderlyingthisarticleis,asMunichconcededatoralargument,tocut‐offclaims
wholesale. Under Munich's proposed interpretation, which posits that non‐inadvertent
errors fall within the protective ambit of Article XIII, the preclusive effect of Article XVI
wouldbeeviscerated.22
Even if I were to hold that Article XIII is ambiguous, I would reach the same result
becausemyinterpretationthatArticleXIIIappliestoinadvertenterrorsisconsistentwith
industry usage of errors and omissions clauses. Courts generally consider the usage and
customs of an industry in interpreting agreements, and that is especially true for the
reinsuranceindustrywithitsinsularterminologyandpractices.SeeExcess,supraat590‐
91.SeegenerallyMellonBankv.Aetna,619F.2d1001,1013(3dCir.1980)(“Tradeterms,
By its own showing, [the company] calculated averages in a
manner inconsistent with the contract .... The breach is not
excusedbysayingthatitwastheactofsubordinatesinCuba.If
the plaintiff left to subordinates the supervision of its records
andthepreparationofdataforitsreports,itmustabidebywhat
theydid.
Id.at106.Sotoo,here,Munichshouldnotbeabletoskirtanyfailuretocomplywiththe
agreements’noticeprovisionbysuggestingthatitisindustrypracticeforitsemployeesnot
toreviewthegoverningcontractlanguage.
Additionally, at oral argument, Munich argued that Article XIII must be read in
conjunction with the error and omission language found in Article X of the agreements.
ArticleXprovidesthat‟[a]nomissiononthepartoftheCompanytoadvisetheReinsurerof
anylossshallnotbeheldtoprejudicetheCompany’srightshereunder.”2001Agreement,
ArticleX.A.IdonotfindMunich'sreferencetoArticleXhelpfulbecausethequotedlanguage
isfoundwithinArticleXand,therefore,itsapplicationislimitedtothatarticle.ArticleXIII,in
contrast,isastand‐aloneprovisionapplicabletotheentireagreement.
37
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legaltermsofart,numbers,commonwordsofacceptedusageandtermsofasimilarnature
shouldbeinterpretedinaccordwiththeirspecializedoracceptedusage....”)Historically,
errors and omissions clauses were intended to protect ceding insurers from denial of
coverage in the event of an inadvertent omission or error in reporting claims via a
bordereaureport.SeeStrain,ReinsuranceContractWordingat89(3ded.1998).And,while
atthetimethe2000and2001agreementsweredrafted,theterminologyhadbecomemore
sophisticated, and an errors and omissions clause might expressly state that it applied to
"inadvertent"errors,nonetheless,throughouttheyears,suchclauseswerealwaysintended
to apply only to inadvertent errors, whether that limiting term was expressly stated or
not.23Seeid.See,e.g.,AtlanticFruitCo.v.HamiltonFireIns.Co.,251N.Y.98,104(Ct.App.
N.Y. 1929) (interpreting an error or omissions clause to be limited to only inadvertent
errors); see also id. at 104‐05 (describing early history of errors and omissions clauses in
UnitedStates’andBritishcourts).
In sum, because Article XVI operates as a condition precedent, it makes clear that
ANICO is obligated to indemnify only those claims that were noticed within seven years
followingtheexpirationoftherelevantretrocessionalagreement.Thismeansthat,forthe
In this connection, Munich points to sample contract language developed by the
Brokers & Reinsurance Markets Association (BRMA). While BRMA is a well‐respected
industry association (it has been granted leave to submit amicus briefs on reinsurance
matterstotheSupremeCourt),theCourtdoesnotfindthesamplecontractlanguagecited
by Munich helpful in this case. The draft language appears to have been drafted in 2005,
whichisseveralyearslaterthantheclausesinthe2000and2001agreementsweredrafted.
SeeMunichFeb.22,2012Supp.Br.,Exh.A.Reinsuranceclauseshaveundergonechangesin
thepasttenyears,thus,relianceonpost‐2001clausesisinappropriate.SeePBI,supraat11
(noting that a contract certainty drafting movement began in the New York reinsurance
industryin2004).
23
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2000agreementthatexpiredonDecember31,2000,MunichwasobligatedtonotifyANICO
byDecember31,2007ofallworkers’compensationclaimsthatoccurredduringthe2000
calendar year. Munich concedes that the claims under the 2000 agreement were not
reported by this sunset deadline, and therefore, summary judgment is granted to ANICO
withrespecttotheseclaims.Withrespecttothe2001agreement,Munichwasobligatedto
notify ANICO of all 2001 claims by the sunset deadline of December 31, 2008. Munich
contends that it provided notice of those claims via the August 8, 2008 spreadsheet.
Accordingly, I now turn to whether Munich’s claims under the 2001 agreement were
sufficientlynoticedbythatspreadsheet.
2.
BordereauReporting
Thisanalysisappliesonlytothoseclaimsunderthe2001retrocessionalagreement
foundwithinthespreadsheetthatAmReBrokersemployeeTimothySchmidtattachedtoan
August8,2008emailtoCathyWashburnatIOARe:
LeBlancCert.,Exh.15.Washburnrespondedthat‟[t]hislistingisnotconsideredadequate
notice of loss. Individual notices must be provided for each claimant and should include
claimantname,completeclaimdetails,andfinancialdatabrokendownbymedical,indemnity,
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andexpense.”Id.And,Schmidtreplied:“Cathy,weagree.Weareworkingongettingyou
thenecessarybackupdocumentation.”Id.
Munich argues that, although the April 8, 2008 spreadsheet did not specifically
identifythoseclaimsbyEverestthatwerelikelytoresultinaclaimundertheretrocessional
agreements, the spreadsheet was a form of bordereau notice that is an accepted type of
noticeinthereinsuranceindustry.Forthereportingoflossesinareinsurancerelationship,
abordereaureporthasbeendefinedasfollows:
Furnished periodically by the reinsured, a detailed report of
reinsurance premiums or reinsurance losses. . . . A loss
bordereaucontainsadetailedlistofclaimsandclaimsexpenses
outstanding and paid by the reinsured during the reporting
period, reflecting the amount of reinsurance indemnity
applicable thereto. Bordereau reporting is primarily applicable
toproratareinsurancearrangementsandtoalargeextenthas
beensupplantedbysummaryreporting.
Strain, supra at 747. According to another source, “[g]enerally, the loss bordereau will
contain risk details such as the insured's name, claimant's name, policy number, claim
number, effective date, date of loss, loss reserve, expense reserve, and any paid losses or
expenses.” Larry P. Schiffer, Patton Boggs, LLP, Reinsurance Terminology Explained:
Bordereau, http://www.irmi.com/expert/articles/2011/schiffer08‐insurance‐reinsurance‐
law.aspx(August2011).Thisreportisoften“providedinelectronicformatandoftenina
standardized design. On a quota share treaty, the loss bordereau is often the only way the
reinsurerwillobtaininformationaboutthelossesbeingcededtothetreatyunlessthereare
special reporting requirements for certain risks. . . . [T]he loss bordereau will be the tool
againstwhichthereinsurerwillmakeselectionswhendoingaclaimsaudit.”Id.
In many instances, the reinsurance contract will specify the type of reporting
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contemplated—bordereau or otherwise. For example, a contract could specify that a
bordereaureportisrequired:
TheCompanyshallfurnishtheReinsurerwiththefollowing:
1. Bordereau within 30 days after the last day of each month,
payable within 60 days after the last day of each month. The
bordereauistoincludethefollowingitems:
A.NameofInsured
B.PolicyNumber
C.Effective/ExpirationDates
D. Type of Transaction (New, Renewal, Endorsement, or
Cancellation)
E.PolicyLimit
F.Premium
G.CedingCommission
H.NetPremium
Id.Manycontractsalsoprovideforshorter,summaryreportingofclaims.Suchaprovision
mightread:“[t]heCompanyshallrenderamonthlyaccountwithin_x_daysaftertheendof
theperiod.Thisaccountshallsummarize...lossespaid,lossadjustmentexpensespaid,and
salvage recovered. The account shall also reflect the balance due by either party.” Id.
“Where the reinsurance contract does not prescribe detailed bordereau reporting, the
reinsurermustauditperiodicallytotestthebusinessbeingcededandtoensurecompliance
withthetermsofthereinsurancecontract.”Id.
Here,thereinsuranceagreementsdonotspecifywhatsortofreportingisrequired;
theArticleXnoticeprovisiondoesnotaddressreportingatall,otherthantostatethatnotice
must be made promptly and, in some cases, immediately, and Article XVI simply provides
that Munich must “advise” ANICO of all Everest claims likely to result in a retrocessional
claim. ANICO contends that such lack of guidance in the agreements is no impediment to
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summaryjudgmentinitsfavorbecauseNewYorkcaselawrejectsthenotionthatareport,
containing hundreds of claims, which fails to designate which claims will be eventually
tendered to the retrocessionaire, constitutes sufficient notice. ANICO relies upon Steadfast
Ins.Co.vSentinelRealEstateCorp.,283A.D.2d44(NewYorkSup.Ct.App.Div.2001),for
thisproposition.
In Steadfast, the New York appellate court addressed whether a commercial policy
holder’ssubmissionofa“lossrun”reportconstitutedtherequisitenoticetoitscommercial
generalliabilityinsurer.Thisreportwasalistofallopenclaimsagainsttheinsurer.Id.at
51.Afterfirstdeterminingthatthenoticeprovisionintheinsurancepolicyinthatcase,like
here, did not specify what sort of notice was required, the court examined extrinsic
evidence—including correspondence contemporaneous to the execution of the policy—to
concludethatthepolicy’snoticeprovisionwasnotintendedtoencompasslossrunreports.
Id. at 52.24 Accordingly, the court concluded that the loss run report did not satisfy the
policy’snoticeprovision.Inreachingthisconclusion,thecourtfurtherstated,indicta,that
“[e]venifitisassumedthatthelossrunreportcontainedsufficientinformationaboutthe
claimtocomplywiththePolicy’snoticecondition,thefactthatthereportlistshundredsof
claims, most of which were not going to reach the SIR limit and, therefore, would never
24
In this connection, the Court notes that ANICO’s contrasting citation to the excess
insurancecaseofLexingtonIns.Co.v.UnitedHlthGrp.,Civ.ActionNo.09CV10504‐NG,
2011WL573609(D.Mass.Feb15,2011),isnothelpful.Thatcaseheldthatalossreport
constituted sufficient notice under a contract that specifically allowed for reporting via
loss report, unlike the agreements here which fail to designate the type of notice
contemplated. See Lexington Ins. Co. v. United Health Group Inc., Civ. Action No. 09 CV
10504‐NG,2011WL1467939,*2‐3(D.Mass.Apr18,2011)(amendedopinion).While
ANICOsuggeststhatLexingtonstandsforthepropositionthatlossreportsareacceptable
only when specifically referenced in the contract, Lexington does not make such a
pronouncement,andthus,Idonotfinditinstructiveorpersuasivehere.
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become the insurer's responsibility, makes the report entirely unsuitable to be deemed to
satisfythenoticecondition.”Id.
Implicit in the Steadfast court’s decision is the conclusion that the notice provision
wasambiguousbecauseitdidnotspecifywhatsortofnoticewasrequired.Sotoo,here,I
concludethatArticleXVIisambiguouswithrespecttoboththeformofnoticerequiredand
theprecisecontentsthatmustbeincludedinthenotice.HavingconcludedthatArticleXVIis
ambiguous,I,liketheSteadfastcourt,turntoextrinsicevidenceheretodeterminewhether
the email spreadsheet submitted by Munich fits within the sort of reporting that was
contemplatedbythepartiesatthetimeofcontracting.
ANICOpointstotheemailcorrespondencefollowingthesubmissionoftheAugust8,
2008 spreadsheet as probative of the parties’ intent. In its view, that Cathy Washburn
informed Timothy Schmidt on April 11, 2008 that the spreadsheet was not considered
adequatenoticeofloss,andthatSchmidtresponded“weagree,”conclusivelydemonstrates
thatthepartiesintendedthatArticleXVInoticewouldnotencompassspreadsheetreporting
thatdidnotdelineatewhichclaimsfromtheoriginalcedinginsurerwerelikelytoresultina
claimundertheretrocessionalagreements.
OnecouldarguethatthisevidenceisnotasconclusiveasANICOsuggests.Timothy
Schmidt’sfullresponsewas“Cathy,weagree.Weareworkingongettingyouthenecessary
backupdocumentation.”Whilethisstatementcouldbeinterpretedbyafactfindertomean
thatSchmidtunderstoodthattheAugust8thspreadsheetwasinsufficient,itcouldalso be
read to suggest that Schmidt believed that the spreadsheet was sufficient notice under
Article XVI but that back up documentation was required before ANICO would pay on the
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claim.Asnotedabove,lossbordereaureportsareoftenusedastoolsbyareinsurerwhen
making selections for a claims audit.25 Hence it is plausible that Schmidt viewed Cathy’s
objection as an audit request. Indeed, in his deposition, Schmidt testified that individual
claim details are not contemplated by the Article XVI notice provision, and that it was his
understandingthatANICOcouldalwaysrequestareviewofclaimrecordsperArticleXIIof
theMunich‐ANICOagreement.SeeSchmidtDep.162:2‐9.
However,Schmidtalsoacknowledgesthat,priortotheAugust8,2008email,AmRe
Brokers generally provided more claim detail in its notices. Id. at 166:6‐11. In this
connection,MunicharguesthattheclaimreportingSchmidtwasreferencingrelatedsolely
togeneralbillingcyclereportingundertheagreements,i.e.,ArticleXreporting.Accordingto
Munich,whileitistruethatMunichtypicallyreportedonanindividualclaimbasis,noneof
thepriorinstancesofreportinginvolvedreportingunderthesunsetclause.
Insupportofthisargument,Munichpointstowhatitconsidersdifferinglanguagein
thereportingrequirementsofArticlesXandXVI.ArticleXprovidesthatMunich‟agreesto
advisethe[ANICO]promptlyofallclaimscomingunderthisAgreementonbeingadvisedby
the Original Ceding Company, and to furnish the Reinsurer with such particulars and
estimatesregardingsameasareinthepossessionoftheCompany.‟Conversely,ArticleXVI
providesthat‟[s]evenyearsaftertheexpiryofthisAgreement,theCompanyshalladvise
theReinsurerofallclaimsforsaidannualperiod,[sic]notfinallysettledwhicharelikelyto
resultinaclaimunderthisAgreement.Noliabilityshallattachhereunderforanyclaimor
claims not reported to the Reinsurer within this seven year period.” 2001 Agreement,
25
In referring to bordereau reports here, I do not hold that Munich’s spreadsheet
constitutedabordereaureport.
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ArticleXVI(emphasisadded).
In Munich's view, that Article XVI uses the term ‟reported” makes clear that the
parties contemplated a more abbreviated form of notice for sunset purposes. Moreover,
Munich argues, the purposes underlying Articles X and XVI differ—while individual claim
reportingisnecessarytoprovideANICOwithsufficientdatatojustifypaymentunderArticle
X,suchdetailedreportingisnotnecessary,underArticleXVI,toalertANICOthatadditional
claimsmaybecomepayableoutsideofthesunsetperiod.
ComparingArticlesXandXVIlinebyline,therearebothsimilaritiesanddifferences
between the two provisions. The first line of each provision directs Munich to ‟advise”
ANICOofclaims.CompareArticleX(statingthat‟[T]heCompanyagreestoadvise[ANICO]
promptlyofallclaimscomingunderthisAgreementonbeingadvisedbytheOriginalCeding
Company ....”) with Article XVI (‟Seven years after the expiry of this Agreement, the
Company shall advise the Reinsurer of all claims for said annual period, [sic] not finally
settledwhicharelikelytoresultinaclaimunderthisAgreement.”).However,asnoted,the
secondandthirdlinesofArticleXdifferfromArticleXVIinthatArticleXdirectsMunichto
“furnishtheReinsurersuchparticularsandestimatesregardingsameasareinpossession
oftheCompany.”NosuchlanguageisfoundinArticleXVI.ThatArticleXrequiresMunichto
submit“particularsandestimates,”whereasArticleXVIdoesnot,lendssupporttoMunich’s
argumentthatthenoticecontemplatedunderthetwoarticlesisnotoneandthesame.
In addition, Munich points to the expert report and testimony of its expert, Susan
Mack,insupportofitsargumentthattheAugust8,2008spreadsheetconstitutesthetypeof
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bordereaureportingcommonlyusedintheindustry.26Mackstatesinherexpertreportthat
itiscommon,inthereinsurancefield,forcedinginsurerstoutilizebordereau‐stylereporting
forsunsetdeadlines.Sheopines:
Id.at11.
BecauseclaimssubjecttoreportingpursuanttoaCommutation
Clause may be in the very early stages of development,
bordereaureportingisappropriate.Particularlywithworkers'
compensation carve‐out claims (similar to other ‟long‐tail”
claims), where a relatively short period of coverage for the
original claim is followed by a lengthy period during which
medical expenses and disability costs develop and aggregate, it
isnearlyimpossibleto[predict]thepreciseactualvalueofthe
individual workers' compensation carve‐out claim once fully
developed. Some claims may develop and some may not.
Further,itmaywellbethecasethatlittlenarrativeback‐upyet
existswithrespecttothespecificsof...earlystageclaims.
In this connection, Mack opines that the notice requirements of Articles X and XVI
differ. In her view, bordereau‐style reporting is acceptable for Article XVI, though not for
ArticleX:
You have to view Article X and Article XVI differently for
purposes of the sunset clause. An excess of loss treaty for an
individualclaim[requires]acertainkindofclaimreporting,but
ArticleXVIstandsalone....[U]nderArticleXVI,forpurposesof
giving initial notification of loss prior to the sunset date of all
claims...[bordereaureporting]issufficient.
See Mack Dep. 271:5‐12. Thus, while she concedes that the industry standard for the
reporting contemplated by Article X is individual claim notices, she disputes that this
Mack is a seasoned attorney, with an extensive background and approximately 25
years of experience in reinsurance law. ANICO has not challenged her qualification as an
expert.
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industrystandardapplieswithequalforcetosunsetclauses.Id.at272:4‐273:13.
With respect to ANICO’s argument that the August 8, 2008 spreadsheet is over‐
inclusive and fails to designate which claims are likely to breach ANICO’s layer, Mack
concludesthat‟itisindeedthecontemporaneousstandardintheinsuranceandreinsurance
industries to provide reporting of all possible claims—new or well‐developed—that could
possibly penetrate the reinsurance coverage of an agreement via the summary format of
bordereau.”27 Mack Report at 11‐12 (emphasis in original). According to Mack, ceding
companiestypicallyprepare“abordereauofallclaimsthatwouldconceivablycomewithin
the sunsetclause, give it to the reinsurer or retrocessionnaire, to cover [them]selves with
respect to the claims, in some instances even before [they] had individual claim data, and
what [the companies] would then do, since [they had gotten] the bordereau in before the
date of the sunset bar, is [to] follow up with more particularized claim notifications with
respecttoeachclaim.”MackDep.275:15‐276:3;id.at276:7‐9(“[T]hat’showeverybodyI
knewdiditwithintheindustryatthistime.”)
ANICO’s expert, Barber, takes issue with Mack’s reasoning on several fronts. First,
Barber disagrees that bordereau reporting is appropriate for sunset purposes because
certainclaimsmaystillbeintheveryearlystagesofclaimdevelopment.Inherdeposition,
Barber testifies that with workers’ compensation claims, the reinsurer (in this case,
Munich) should have notice of all claims within seven years of expiration of the parties’
agreement.BarberDep.224:6‐225:9.Inherview,“there’sabeliefbyunderwritersthatat
ItisclearfromthecontextofthisstatementinMack’sreportthat,byusingtheterm
“contemporaneous,” she is referring to the dates of the 2000 and 2001 Munich‐ANICO
agreements.
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that point in time [seven years], [the claim] would be mature enough to find a basis to
commute….ThesecondorthirdyearI’dcallveryearly,butsevenyears,no.”Id.at225:1‐9.
ThisaspectofBarber’stestimonydirectlycontradictsMack’sexpertopinionthatworkers'
compensationcarve‐outclaimsareoftenfollowedbyalengthyperiodduringwhichmedical
expensesanddisabilitycostsdevelopandaggregate,andthatitisnotreasonabletoexpect
cedingreinsurers,likeMunich,topossesstheclaimdataneededtoprovidetoANICOwhatis
typicallyincludedinanindividualclaimreportunderArticleX.
Second, Barber challenges Mack’s opinion that individual claim reporting is not
mandatedbyArticleXVI.Tobeclear,Barber,agreeswithMackthatitisindustrypracticefor
acedingreinsurertoutilizebordereau‐stylereporting,althoughsuchreportingisnotused
as often in excess of loss contracts like the one here. Id. at 182:1‐184:16. 28 While she
generally disagrees with Mack on this point, Barber, however, does not expressly address
how the language of the agreements makes clear that the form of notice under Article XVI
maydifferfromthatunderArticleX.Rather,sheseemstoapplyArticleXtoallclaims.
Specifically, Barber states in her deposition that the August 8, 2008 email did not
satisfyArticleX’s“particularsandestimates”requirement.BarberDep.159:16‐23;163:10‐
12; 171:6‐11; 173:8‐15. Yet, she does not explain why the Article X requirement should
applytoclaimsfirstnoticedunderArticleXVIandnotyetsubjecttoreportingunderArticle
X.Thisaspectofherdepositiontestimonyappearstocontradictearliertestimonyofhers
that Article XVI encompasses those claims not yet reportable under Article X. See id. at
Barber further opines that the August 8, 2008 email does not satisfy Article XVI’s
dictates because the spreadsheet does not designate which claims are likely to result in a
claim under the Munich‐ANICO agreements. See id. at 184:8‐16. I address this aspect of
Barber’sexpertopinioninfra.
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146:16‐147:14(agreeingthat“totheextentthatotherreportingrequirementshaven’tbeen
triggered by other clauses,” Article XVI “contemplates that claims will be reported up to
sevenyearsaftertheexpirationofthecontract”).
UnderArticleX,Munichisnotobligatedtoreportclaimsuntilitreceivesnoticefrom
Everest,theunderlyingcedinginsurer.TheArticleX.A.noticerequirementistriggeredonce
EverestreportsitsclaimstoMunichandMunichconcludesthatsuchclaimsarecoveredby
theMunich‐ANICOagreements.TheArticleX.B.immediatenoticerequirementistriggered
whenEverestreportstoMunichanyaccidentinvolvingabraininjury,certaintypesofburns,
oraspinalcordinjury.Inaddition,underArticleX.B.,Munichmustreportanyaccidentfor
which it has reserved at 50% of ANICO’s attachment point. The Article XVI notice
requirement, in contrast, could apply where none of these occurrences have taken place.
Because Article XVI, by its terms, serves as an absolute bar to all claims that “are likely to
resultinaclaimunderthisAgreement,”ArticleXVIplacestheonusonMunichtoreportany
possible claims of which Munich was aware or should have been made aware. That being
the case, it is not clear from Barber’s deposition testimony why she believes the Article X
“particulars and estimates” requirement would apply to claims not yet subject to Article X
butsubjectonlytotheArticleXVIsunsetbar.
Furthermore,BarberreliesontheArticleX“particularsandestimates”requirement
in support of her conclusion that the spreadsheet did not contain sufficient detail. In her
view, the following data should have been listed on the spreadsheet: “the name of the
claimant, the date of the accident, the nature of the injury, and description of the claim,
potentialsubrogation,theamountsthathavebeenpaid,theamountofthereserve,howthat
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reserve was arrived at ….” Id. at 161:14‐22. To Barber, this data “is the particulars and
estimates and information that goes to providing a complete picture of the claim.” Id. at
161:22‐162:1. With Article X guiding her inquiry, she concludes that the August 8, 2008
spreadsheet,whichshereferstoas“thatonelongreport,”wasinsufficient.Id.at162:12‐
163:12. See also id. at 228:18‐229:8 (when asked “what is required to be reported . . .
according to Article 16,” Barber responds “you need to provide, if you haven’t already, the
particularsandestimatesregardingthatclaim,aswellasthecriticaldatapointswhichwould
be necessary for the reinsurer to understand the key elements of the claim for valuation
purposes.”). I do not find that this aspect of Barber’s deposition testimony sufficiently
contradictsMack’stestimonythatindustrycustomallowsforadifferent,moreabbreviated
formofnoticeforsunsetprovisionpurposesthanforbillingpurposesunderaprovisionlike
Article X because Barber bases her conclusion on the application of Article X’s particulars
andestimateslanguagetosunsetreporting.
Thatsaid,BarberfurtheropinesthattheAugust8,2008spreadsheetinappropriately
fails to specify which claims are likely to result in a claim under the Munich‐ANICO
agreements. See Barber Dep. 184:8‐16. I find that this opinion testimony provides some
supportforANICO’sargumentthatthespreadsheetdoesnotmeetArticleXVI’sdictates.As
noted, Barber acknowledges in her deposition that it is industry practice for a ceding
reinsurertoutilizebordereau‐stylereporting,althoughsuchreportingisnotusedasoftenin
excessoflosscontractsliketheonehere.Id.at182:1‐184:16;223:19‐224:5.Heropinionis
consistentwiththerationaleexpressedbytheSteadfastCourtthatabordereauorsummary
reportshoulddesignatewhichclaimsarelikelytoresultinaclaimtotheretrocedent.
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Insum,anduponreviewofeachparties’experts’depositiontestimony,Mack’sexpert
report,theSchmidt‐Washburne‐mailchainregardingtheAugust8,2008spreadsheet,and
therationaleoftheSteadfastcourt,Iconcludethatthereexistsagenuineissueofmaterial
fact as to whether Munich's prior practice of individual claim reporting under Article X
should be determinative of what type of reporting the parties intended with respect to
ArticleXVI.Thiskeyfactualdisputeispartofalargergenuineissueofmaterialfactastothe
type of notice contemplated by Article XVI. Each party has presented evidence which, if
believed,couldsupportafindingbythefactfinderthatthespreadsheetwaseithersufficient
orinsufficientnoticeunderthatArticle.
Inreachingthisconclusion,InotethatNewYorklawmakesclearthatambiguityin
contract language ‟must be resolved by determining the parties’ intent at the time of
contracting, either from within the four corners of the document, if possible, or, as a last
resort,fromwhateverextrinsicevidenceisavailable.”Cortesev.Redmond,199A.D.2d785,
786(N.Y.1993)(emphasisadded).SeealsoFecteauv.Fecteau,97A.D.3d999,1000(New
York App. Div. 2012). Neither party has pointed to this sort of extrinsic evidence in its
papersoratoralargument.29Lackingextrinsicevidenceofintentatthetimecontracting,
theparties’courseofdealingnecessarilybecomestheCourt’scentralfocusand,sincethere
is a genuine issue of material fact as to that course of dealing, summary judgment is
inappropriate at this juncture. Resolution of whether the August 8, 2008 spreadsheet
29
Forexample,MunichpointstoVictorMarques’testimonythatbordereaureportingis
“thewayeveryonedoesit.”MarquesDep.135:16‐137:17.However,histestimonymakes
clearthat,whileheplacedtheretrocessionalagreementwithANICO,hedidnotparticipate
innegotiatingthetermsoftheagreement.Seeid.at25:1‐5;26‐27;43:14;48:9‐49:24;51:4‐
53:12.
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constitutedsufficientnoticeunderArticleXVIofthe2001agreementmustbeleftfortrial.
IV.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court reconsiders its September 28, 2012 decision.
TheCourtherebyamendsitsgrantofsummaryjudgmenttoMunichontheuntimelyclaim
submission defense to deny that aspect of Munich’s motion regarding the 2000 and 2001
claimssubmittedaftertherespectivesunsetdeadlinesofDecember31,2007andDecember
31, 2008. With regard to the 2000 claims, the Court now grants summary judgment to
ANICO. With regard to the 2001 claims, the Court denies summary judgment on both
parties’motions,havingfoundthatthereisagenuineissueofmaterialfactastowhether
theAugust8,2008spreadsheetconstitutedsufficientnoticewithinthesunsetdeadlinefor
thoseclaims.
RegardingtheCourt’sgrantofsummaryjudgmenttoMunichonANICO’sprejudice
defense, which applies to those claims not timely noticed pursuant to Article X of the
agreements, the Court’s prior grant of summary judgment stands for the reasons stated
herein.
Dated:March28,2013
52
/s/FredaL.Wolfson
FredaL.Wolfson,U.S.D.J.