Under the facts of this case and for the reasons fully set forth in the opinion, we hold: (1)
The actions of a county hospital in constructing and leasing a medical office building is a
proprietary and not a governmental function; (2) pursuant to K.S.A. 60-521, the limitations
periods prescribed in Article 5 of Chapter 60 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated apply to actions
brought in the name of the county hospital acting in a proprietary function or activity in the same
manner as to actions by private parties; (3) equitable estoppel does not exist to prevent an
architectural firm under a written contract with the county hospital from pleading and relying on
the statute of limitations defense; (4) the 3-year period of limitations of K.S.A. 60-512(1) applies
to and bars any recovery by the county hospital against the architectural firm for breach of
implied warranty of workmanlike performance; (5) the 5-year period of limitations of K.S.A.
60-511(1) applies to and bars any recovery by the county hospital against the architectural firm
for
breach of the terms of a written contract; and (6) the architectural firm is granted judgment
against the county hospital based on its statute of limitations defenses.

LARSON, J.: This is Everton Oglesby Askew Architects' (EOAA) direct appeal from (1)
the district court's ruling that Newman Memorial Hospital, d/b/a Newman Regional Health
Center (Newman) was not subject to EOAA's statute of limitations defense because Newman
was acting in a governmental and not a proprietary manner in building and leasing an office
building to physicians at commercial rates; (2) rulings relating to its contract for architectural
services to Newman; (3) rulings relating to the jury trial where EOAA was found liable for
damages of $907,693; (4) denial of EOAA's motion for judgment as a matter of law; (5) denial of
EOAA's motion alleging the jury's verdict was not supported by substantial competent evidence;
and (6) jury instructions given and denied which are claimed to constitute reversible error.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The medical office building

Newman is a county hospital located in Emporia, Lyon County, Kansas. It is organized
and exists pursuant to the provisions of K.S.A. 19-4601 et seq. which allow
establishment of a
hospital but do not require it. There is likewise no statutory or other legal obligations to build and
maintain an office building for physicians, but it is a permitted activity.

In 1994, the Newman Board of Trustees began consideration of constructing an office
building next to the hospital for rental to physicians or other tenants. The minutes of the Newman
Board of Trustees' meeting of June 28, 1995, contained the following statement relating to the
construction of a medical office building:

"Dr. Geitz advised he has had strong feelings about this building for 1-1/2 years
and the
need to have adequate space available for physicians being recruited. Physicians being brought in
who are not connected with any group have no place to go. He noted the community will have a
problem over the next few years with seven primary care doctors over the age of 60; it is already
difficult for people who need doctors to get in to see them. Dr. Geitz referred to Mr. Hanna's
concern that this project will be harmful to local developers; however, the need has not been met
by local developers. If the Hospital doesn't do something, something is
going to be done. Dr.
Geitz expressed his concern that an outside agency could come into the community and build the
necessary facility, establishing outpatient/radiology/lab services as well, and taking business
away
from the community and Hospital."

A decision was made by the Newman Board of Trustees to proceed with the project of
establishing a medical office building.

In June 1995, Newman contracted with EOAA to provide architectural services for the
design and construction of the medical office building. EOAA had previously provided
architectural services to Newman for a construction project.

The agreement for architectural services

On June 15, 1995, EOAA and Newman entered into a written agreement titled "Standard
Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect" (hereinafter "Agreement") which was the
standard contract published by the American Institute of Architects, but contained numerous and
substantial modifications involving deleted language and additions showing provisions of the
Agreement had been negotiated by the parties.

Numerous other parties became involved in the planning for and construction of the
office building. Some were initial defendants in this case, but all except EOAA either settled or
were dismissed prior to the jury trial. We will mention each one briefly but only as their
obligations and actions relate to the issues on appeal between EOAA and Newman.

Newman hired Walton Construction Company, Inc. (Walton) as its construction manager
for the project. Walton provided two full-time employees to supervise the work of contractors
and assure the quality of their work. Walton sought and obtained bids for the project, but each
contractor had its own contract with Newman, not with Walton.

Firms hired by Walton which had contracts with Newman included Belles &
Associates,
Inc. (Belles) for site grading, foundation, and structural steel, and Concordia Mirror and Glass
Company (Concordia) to furnish and install the windows.

Under the Agreement, Newman was required to furnish the services of a geotechnical
engineer to investigate, evaluate, and report on soil conditions at the building site. The
Agreement (paragraph 4.9) stated EOAA was entitled to rely on the accuracy and completeness
of the geotechnical engineer's report. Newman contracted with Barnett, Stuart, and Associates of
Topeka, a division of Terracon Consultants, to provide these services.

Although Newman selected and furnished the report of the geotechnical engineer referred
to above, EOAA hired numerous other engineering consultants for the project, including
structural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical engineers. For structural engineering services,
EOAA hired EMC Structural Engineers, who designated Mark Buchanan as structural engineer
of record for the project.

Certain provisions of the Agreement between EOAA and Newman are particularly
applicable to the issues in this case. The negotiated Agreement contained the following provision
dealing with the statute of limitations:

"9.3 Causes of action between the parties to this Agreement pertaining to acts or
failures
to act shall be deemed to have accrued and the applicable statutes of limitations shall commence
to
run not later than either the date of Substantial Completion for acts or failures to act occurring
prior to Substantial Completion, or the date of issuance of the final Certificate for Payment for
acts or failures to act occurring after Substantial Completion."

With regard to the construction phase of the project, the Agreement provided, in relevant
part:

"2.6.5 The Architect shall visit the site at intervals appropriate to the stage of
construction or as otherwise agreed by the Owner and Architect in writing to become generally
familiar with the progress and quality of the Work completed and to determine in general if the
Work is being performed in a manner indicating that the Work when completed will be in
accordance with the Contract Documents. However, the Architect shall not be required to make
exhaustive or continuous on-site inspections to check the quality or quantity of the Work. On the
basis of on-site observations as an architect, the Architect shall keep the Owner informed of the
progress and quality of the Work, and shall endeavor to guard the Owner against defects and
deficiencies in the Work. . . .

"2.6.6 The Architect shall not have control over or charge of and shall not be
responsible
for construction means, methods, techniques, sequences or procedures, or for safety precautions
and programs in connection with the Work, since these are solely the Contractor's responsibility
under the Contract for Construction. The Architect shall not be responsible for the Contractor's
schedules or failure to carry out the Work in accordance with the Contract Documents. The
Architect shall not have control over or charge of acts or omissions of the Contractor,
Subcontractors, or their agents or employees, or of any other persons performing portions of the
Work. However, if the Architect becomes aware of failures of the Contractor to carry out the
Work in accordance with the Contract Documents, the Architect shall immediately notify the
Owner of such failures."

The last sentence of paragraph 2.6.6 was a typed-in addition to the standard AIA contract
language.

The geotechnical report, building design, and construction

Barnett's report documented EMC's findings based on subsurface exploration and made
recommendations for foundation construction noting the medical office building was planned to
have a "slab-on-grade" at the first floor level. A slab-on-grade is a concrete floor placed directly
on the soil with a structural slab being one that supports itself without coming into contact with
the soil. Comparatively speaking, a slab-on-grade floor is very economical in that it can cost only
one-fifth of the cost of a structural slab floor.

The Barnett report made detailed recommendations regarding both foundation support
and the preparation of the site for that type of foundation. As to the risk of floor movement, the
report stated:

"The procedures recommended above for moisture control during and after
construction
of the floor slab subgrade and use of low plasticity and low volume change material should
reduce
the potential for subgrade volume change and floor slab movement resulting from variations in
moisture content. However, since highly plastic soils on the site extend to a considerable depth,
some long term volume change of the subgrade could occur and should be considered. If it is
desired to further reduce the potential for subgrade volume change, the use of a greater thickness
of low plasticity soil beneath the floor slab would be necessary. To eliminate the risk of floor
movement, a structural slab should be considered."

The medical office building was constructed using a slab-on-grade on the first floor, as was
an
adjacent building for which EOAA had been the architect.

Construction was completed on the medical office building to the point where it could be
occupied by tenants in late February or early March 1997; this point and time in the construction
process is known as "substantial completion." The certificate of substantial completion referred
to in paragraph 9.3 of the Agreement was issued on February 18, 1997.

The record reflects that by July 17, 1997, Newman had knowledge of water leaking
through or around the windows in the medical office building and that the leaking caused damage
to interior finishes. Concordia was the window contractor. It is also uncontroverted that by May
5, 1998, Newman was aware that the first floor concrete slab was heaving, causing damage to
brick veneer, floor tile, doors, and drywall. Belles was the contractor that installed the slab.
Belles and Concordia were obligated contractually to correct defects upon notice, which was
given, and warranty work was apparently done during late 1997 and 1998.

Filing of this lawsuit and pretrial proceedings

Although negotiations between the parties apparently existed, the record reflects that on
July 31, 2002, Newman filed a petition against EOAA, Walton, Fairbury Glass Co., Inc., d/b/a
Concordia Mirror and Glass Company, Belles, and AMCO Insurance Company alleging breach
of contract, breach of express and implied warranties, negligence, and strict liability. Newman
subsequently added as defendants David J. Sprague, d/b/a Concordia Mirror and Glass Company,
Concordia Mirror and Glass Company, Inc., Belles, Inc., and Fidelity and Deposit Company of
Maryland (Fidelity). In their answers, the defendants, including EOAA, denied liability and
alleged affirmatively as a defense that Newman's causes of action were barred by the applicable
statute of limitations.

After a period of discovery, EOAA and the other defendants filed a joint motion for
summary judgment, contending Newman's construction and leasing of the medical office
building were proprietary functions and, therefore, Newman's claims were subject to the
applicable statute of limitations and time barred because they were filed after the expiration of
the longest applicable limitations period of 5 years as provided in K.S.A. 60-511(1).

Newman responded and admitted it was aware of the window and slab problems
respectively by July 1997 and May 1998, but considered these facts immaterial or irrelevant
because defendants continued to negotiate with Newman concerning remedial repairs throughout
2000 and 2001. Newman did not controvert the defendants' statement that EOAA design services
did not include an express warranty on EOAA's professional services.

Additionally, Newman filed a cross-motion for summary judgment, claiming immunity
from the statute of limitations based on the contention that its construction of the medical office
building was a governmental, not proprietary, function. Alternatively, Newman argued if it was
not immune from the statute of limitations, its claims of breach of contract and breach of express
warranty did not accrue until sometime after July 31, 1997, and, thus, those claims were not time
barred. Finally, Newman urged the district court to find the defendants were estopped from
asserting a statute of limitations defense due to their deliberate engagement in continued
negotiations regarding remedial repairs.

After a hearing on the summary judgment motions and some additional briefing where
Newman asserted its cause of action against EOAA accrued August 13, 1999, the date EOAA
advised Newman it had contacted the window manufacturer regarding remedying the window
problems, the district court denied the defendants' joint summary judgment motion. In doing so,
the district court order stated:

"It is the Court's ruling that there is an issue of material fact whether the movants are
estopped
from asserting defenses of expiration of the limitation statute. As to Concordia Mirror and Glass
and Belles & Associates, Inc., there are material issues of fact as to whether the statute of
limitations expired on or before 31 July 2002.

"If there are material issues of fact whether the statute of limitations expired as to
Concordia Mirror and Glass and Belles & Associates, there are material issues of fact
whether the
statute of limitations expired as to the architect and general contractor."

The district court, however, granted Newman's cross-motion for summary judgment,
holding Newman was not subject to the statute of limitations defense because its construction
and leasing of the medical office building was a governmental and not a proprietary function. In
doing so, the court relied on the language contained in a property tax exemption statute, K.S.A.
2002 Supp. 79-201a Second. The court stated that if narrowly construed, the statute
would apply
only to ad valorem taxation but if broadly construed, it would conclusively
determine the
construction and operation of the medical office building was a governmental function, which the
district court so found.

As the result of settlements, Newman claims against Walton, Fairbury, Sprague,
Concordia, AMCO, and Belles were dismissed with prejudice. Fidelity was later granted
summary judgment. This left EOAA as the sole remaining defendant at the time the case went to
a jury trial.

Jury trial proceedings

Newman's claims against EOAA were based at trial on breach of contract and breach of
implied warranty of performance in a workmanlike manner of the contract for architectural
services in the following ways:

"1. Defective design which did not properly take into consideration expansive soil
on
site;

"2. Providing inadequate design details;

"3. Failure to follow up on soil report and to properly take the expansive nature of
the
soil under the site into consideration in the design of the building;

"6. Improperly allowed installation of grade beams without requiring they be tied
to
piers;

"7. Improperly gave certification for payment of work of contractors when such
work
was defective and deficient; and

"8. Improperly accepted building despite defects in design and work."

Newman primarily contended the design of the building was defective, EOAA failed to take
into
account the expansive soil at the building site and improperly called for slab-on-grade under
those conditions, and improperly inspected the work of contractors, especially that dealing with
the installation of windows.

EOAA denied that it breached the design contract; alleged it was contractually entitled to
and did rely on Barnett's geotechnical report which included recommendations for a
slab-on-grade construction; and with respect to the inspection allegation, contended it notified
Newman
and Walton when it became aware of the leaking windows and is not responsible under the
design contract for the contractors' failure to follow the contract documents.

Trial testimony

The jury trial covered a 9-day period with numerous expert witnesses testifying and a
large number of exhibits presented, including the contract for architectural services between
Newman and EOAA.

It is not necessary for the result we reach to detail the testimony of each witness, but we
will highly summarize Newman's main contentions and the evidence presented relative thereto
and EOAA's numerous defenses and the applicable evidence supporting them.

Central to Newman's claims that EOAA's building design was faulty was the usage of
slab-on-grade flooring which had heaved up 2 inches, causing substantial damage to the building.
Evidence showed the architect knew that soil movement can be counteracted by use of caissons,
a raised structural slab which supports itself or the removal of elastic soil under a building and its
replacement with engineered-approved fill soil.

Newman's expert, Stan Pedersen, a Kansas licensed architect, testified the design team
failed to fully consider Barnett's report which suggested use of structural slab to eliminate
movement and further did not adequately inquire as to the magnitude of expected soil movement.

Mark Peterman, a licensed structural engineer, testified for Newman and opined the
design team failed to design for ground movement, failed to even consider a structural slab and
that it was a departure from standard engineering practice to design the floor without so
inquiring.

Newman argues on appeal that the testimony of EOAA's structural engineer, William
Francis O'Donnell, did not reflect much disagreement with their expert. O'Donnell testified his
design was based on not over 1/2 inch of soil movement but faulted the Barnett report for not
providing proper recommendations.

Newman also presented a soil engineer, Ron Reed, who concluded the damage to the first
floor was caused by expansive clay under the slab. He testified the Barnett report was sufficient
without specifying the amount of soil movement expected. Reed opined that a much larger
replacement of the clay soil should have been utilized, up to 12 to 14 feet.

EOAA countered by showing EOAA and Barnett had both worked on an adjacent
building in which a slab-on-grade floor had been used successfully with a replacement of 24
inches of low plasticity. On the medical office building, the Barnett report had recommended
only replacement of a minimum of 18 inches of low plasticity soil although up to 4 feet of soil
had ultimately been replaced.

EOAA further showed that although Peterman testified the slab-on-grade should be
replaced with a structural slab in a letter to Newman, he had indicated that such a replacement
was "not economically feasible." Peterman acknowledged another building which was adjacent
to the medical office building had been built with a slab-on-grade first floor and did not
experience significant slab movement. In addition, Newman's architectural expert Pedersen
testified he has not recommended the use of a structural slab for a building in the past 10 years.

EOAA said the Barnett report had suggested the structural slab to eliminate the risk of
soil movement but did not affirmatively recommend implementation of a structural slab on the
project. Central to EOAA's defense was the fact its agreement with Newman stated it should
"rely upon both the accuracy and completeness of [geotechnical report]."

As to damages, EOAA contended Newman's evidence was premised on tearing out the
entire first floor and replacing it with a structural slab floor, which EOAA claimed was not
intended or practical. Half of the first floor had been completed slab-on-grade without any
problem and the testimony of Newman's expert, Philip Schultze, of a general contracting firm,
was "preliminary," could be off plus or minus 20 to 30 percent and did not properly calculate the
floor to be replaced.

Newman countered the EOAA's damage arguments by pointing to the testimony of
Schultze being admitted showing his estimate of the cost of making the building "right," the
testimony of Peterson as to the cost of the structural slab, and the testimony of Harold Blits,
Newman's director of facility management, concerning the costs of repairs taken and those
needed.

It is sufficient to say there was conflicting testimony as to the building design and the
damages or absence thereof. The legal effect of the contractual language was a question for the
court and not the jury.

There was also conflicting evidence as to the responsibility for and the inspection of the
installation of the windows. Newman presented testimony showing the windows were not
installed as required by the manufacturer's instructions and that EOAA's on-site architect, Sam
Anderson, should have viewed an installation in detail, which he failed to do. Newman's
testimony was that EOAA should have performed 28 visits over "80-some-odd man days" but
only 13 observation reports of the required 28 contractual visits could be found.

EOAA's testimony showed that adequate and sufficient inspections were made, Newman
received reports as soon as defects were known, primarily the alleged defects in the windows
were the result of Newman's contract with the window installer, and the specific provision of the
agreement between Newman and EOAA stated that EOAA "shall not be responsible for the
contractor's . . . failure to carry out the work in accordance with the contract documents."

There were numerous trial rulings and instructions which were objected to by EOAA
which we need not now detail but which were reserved and raised.

At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found EOAA breached both its contract with
Newman and the implied warranty of workmanlike performance. The jury awarded damages of
$1,059,289 for the cost of repairs to the medical office building and $133,404 for loss of rental
income. The verdict was accepted, but the district court found EOAA was entitled to a credit of
$285,000 against the jury's award of damages for amounts received by Newman in settlements
with other parties. The judgment entered was for $907,693 plus costs.

Posttrial proceedings

Although EOAA had unsuccessfully moved for judgment as a matter of law after
Newman concluded its presentation of evidence contending as a matter of law it was not
contractually responsible for the contractors' faulty work on windows and masonry and, further, it
was contractually entitled to rely on the accuracy and completeness of the geotechnical engineer's
report regarding the slab, EOAA again moved posttrial for judgment for the same reasons.

In the alternative, EOAA moved for a new trial challenging the court's admission of
damages relating to the costs of a structural slab, asserting violations of an order in limine,
challenging the failure to give a betterment instruction, and challenging the changing of an
instruction regarding the contract after defense counsel completed his closing argument.

The district court denied EOAA's motion for judgment as a matter of law, finding the jury
was properly instructed and there was substantial evidence to support the jury's verdict. The court
refused to grant a new trial, finding because the damage award was less than what was requested
by Newman, the court would not speculate as to the type of floor the jury considered in
determining the amount of damages for the first floor repairs.

EOAA has timely appealed, raising numerous issues.

THE APPEAL

Issues raised on appeal

EOAA raises the following issues on appeal:

"1. [Newman] filed this action after the statute of limitations expired.

"A. Did the trial court err in holding that constructing and owning
a medical office building for lease to commercial tenants was
a governmental function in which plaintiff was immune from
a statute of limitations defense?

"B. Did the trial court err in holding that EOAA was estopped to
assert a limitations defense when the purported ground for the
estoppel was conduct of other defendants (e.g., investigation
of a bond claim by a subcontractor's surety)?

"2. [Newman] claimed EOAA was liable for . . . (leaking windows damage)
resulting from breach of contract by the construction manager/general contractor
and its supplier/installation subcontractor in installing windows and masonry.

"A. Did the trial court err in denying architect EOAA judgment as
a matter of law because its contract with plaintiff expressly
provided (1) that EOAA was not liable for the contractors'
failure to carry out the work in accordance with their contracts
and (2) that EOAA only agreed to inspect for purposes of
being 'generally informed' of progress and to report defects
actually known?

"B. Did plaintiff fail to prove the essential element of damages
because it had no evidence of any separate damages
attributable to the architect's alleged failure to adequately
inspect?

"3. The geotechnical engineer's report gave specific directions it deemed adequate
for installing a slab-on-grade first floor. [Newman] claimed [EOAA] . . . should
have discovered that the report was inaccurate and incomplete and, upon
requesting additional information, should have recommended construction of a
much more costly structural slab floor.

"A. Did the trial court err in denying EOAA judgment as a matter
of law because EOAA's contract with plaintiff expressly
provided that EOAA could rely on both the 'accuracy and
completeness' the geotechnical engineer's report?

"B. Did plaintiff fail to prove an essential element of a breach of
contract claim because it did not prove any compensable
damages, claiming instead damages for an upgrade or
betterment not contracted for which no witness recommended
and was admitted to be 'not economically feasible' by
plaintiff's own expert?

"4. In addition or in the alternative, should the court reverse judgment because the
verdict was not supported by substantial evidence?

"5. In addition to or in the alternative, . . . should the court reverse and remand for a
new trial based on numerous trial court errors in rulings of law, jury
instructions, and admissions of evidence?"

Newman, as would be expected, argues that it is immune from the statute of limitations
for its cause of action arising out of the construction of the medical office building; K.S.A.
60-521 is inapplicable as its construction and operation of the medical office building is a
governmental function under the KPERS test; the legislature has not waived immunity from the
statute of limitations for actions related to real estate; substantial evidence at trial supports the
jury verdict finding the architect breached its contract; damages awarded by the jury were
supported by substantial competent evidence; and there were no trial errors requiring reversal
and, if there were errors, they were harmless.

Standards of review

As the standards of review differ as to each issue raised, they will be set forth as we
consider the issues in our opinion.

ARGUMENTS, ANALYSIS, AND DECISION

Summary of arguments EOAA first argues the trial court
erred in entering summary judgment in favor of
Newman and against EOAA on its contention that the 5-year statute of limitations applicable to
contract claims (K.S.A. 60-511[1]) barred Newman's contract cause of action. EOAA further
contends Newman's claim for breach of the implied warranty of workmanlike performance is
subject to a 3-year statute of limitations as provided by K.S.A. 60-512(1), relying on Zenda
Grain & Supply Co. v. Farmland Industries, Inc., 20 Kan. App. 2d 728, 742, 894 P.2d
881
(1995).

The specific district court ruling EOAA claims to be erroneous is that Newman's
construction and leasing of the medical office buildings constituted a governmental function,
leaving Newman immune from the applicable statute of limitations, K.S.A. 60-521. EOAA
specifically takes issue with the district court's exclusive reliance on language found in a tax
exemption statute, K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a Second.

EOAA relies on the uncontroverted facts that substantial completion of performance
under the architectural services contract occurred no later than March 1997 and the alleged
breaches of contract by EOAA (failure to properly inspect window installation and failure to
design a structural slab floor) all occurred prior to the date of substantial completion of the
medical office building.

Finally, EOAA disputes Newman's estoppel argument, claiming it did nothing to induce
delay and/or inaction by Newman and that it is not chargeable with the acts or actions of other
parties Newman contracted directly with. Therefore, EOAA maintains Newman's claims were
and are time barred.

Newman strongly argues K.S.A. 60-521 is not applicable because its construction and
operation of the medical office building is a governmental function, leaving Newman not subject
to any limitations period. Newman argues health care is an essential governmental function,
relying on K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 76-3302(a)(1) and the provisions of K.S.A. 79-201a
Second which
specifically state that the lease of real property to provide office space necessary for the
performance of medical services "shall be construed to be a governmental function."

EOAA recites the K.S.A. 60-256 language as to the granting of summary judgment being
proper where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact found in Bracken v. Dixon
Industries, Inc., 272 Kan. 1272, 1274-75, 38 P.3d 679 (2002). Newman suggests there is
no
dispute as to the material facts by either party, making our court's review de novo, citing
Ekan
Properties v. Wilhm, 262 Kan. 495, 501, 939 P.2d 918 (1997). While these issues may
have been
initially raised by summary judgment motions, they are in reality issues of law and statutory
construction over which we have unlimited review. See T.S.I. Holdings, Inc. v.
Jenkins, 260 Kan.
703, 716, 924 P.2d 1239 (1996).

Governmental or proprietary function

K.S.A. 60-521 provides (subject to two exceptions not applicable here) that

"[a]s to any cause of action accruing to the state, any political subdivision, or any
other
public body, which cause of action arises out of any proprietary function or activity, the
limitations prescribed in this article shall apply to actions brought in the name or for the benefit
of
such public body in the same manner as to actions by private parties . . . ."

Thus, by negative implication, K.S.A. 60-521 "retains governmental immunity from the
statute of
limitations for causes of action arising out of a governmental function. [Citations omitted.]"
State
ex rel. Stovall v. Meneley, 271 Kan. 355, 384, 22 P.3d 124 (2001). The rationale behind
K.S.A.
60-521 is rooted in the public policy that "public rights and causes of action should
not be lost by
the acts or admissions of public officers. [Citations omitted.] Public rights, however
are not at
issue when a municipality's cause of action arises out of a proprietary function." City of
Wichita,
Kan. v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 828 F. Supp. 851, 861-62 (D. Kan. 1993) (quoting in
KPERS v. Reimer
& Koger Associates, Inc., 262 Kan. 635, 660, 941 P.2d 1321 [1997]).

This brings us to the controlling question. Was Newman's construction and leasing of the
medical office building a governmental or a proprietary function or activity?

It is instructive to first examine the uncontroverted facts concerning Newman and the
planning for, construction of, and leasing and operation of the medical office building which are
central to this case.

Newman is a county hospital authorized but not required to be operated pursuant to
K.S.A. 19-4601 et seq. Newman had the right but not the legal obligation to build
and lease
office space for physicians.

The minutes of the Newman Board of Trustees recognized the medical office building
would aid in recruiting new physicians to Emporia but would compete with private individuals,
groups, or other entities who might compete with the hospital.

The medical office building was financed by the sale of taxable revenue bonds. No tax
revenues have been used to pay interest, principal, or other expenses of the medical office
building.

The medical office building generated gross profit (operating revenue less operating
expenses) for Newman in years 1999, 2000, and 2002. Medical office building tenants are not
required to be members of the Newman medical staff and pay rent to Newman at the market rent
of $12.50 per square foot per year in accordance with written lease agreements. Federal law
requires the leases to be set at fair market value to avoid criminal prosecution under the federal
anti-kickback statute. See 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b (2000); 42 U.S.C. § 1395nn (2000);
and 42
U.S.C. § 1320a-7(a)(1) (2000).

The purpose of the medical office building is to provide needed health care to Emporia,
Lyon County, and the surrounding community. The use of the medical office building for rental
to physicians fulfills a recognized public benefit. Newman's services are open to all persons in
Kansas without regard to their locality and Newman renders emergency services without regard
to the ability of the person needing such services to pay.

In explaining the difference between what is a governmental versus what is a proprietary
function, our Supreme Court succinctly said in State ex rel. Stovall v. Meneley, 271
Kan. at 384:

"Governmental functions are those performed for the general public with respect
to the
common welfare for which no compensation or particular benefit is received. Proprietary
functions, on the other hand, are exercised when an enterprise is commercial in character or is
usually carried on by private individuals or is for the profit, benefit, or advantage of the
governmental unit conducting the activity. McAfee, 2 Kan. App. 2d at 276. See also
International
Ass'n of Firefighters v. City of Lawrence, 14 Kan. App. 2d 788, Syl. ¶ 3, 798 P.2d
960 rev.
denied, 248 Kan. 996 (1991) (governmental powers are exercised to 'administer the affairs
of the
state and promote the public welfare generally')."

The International Ass'n of Firefighters v. City of Lawrence, 14 Kan. App. 2d
788, 798
P.2d 960 (1990), cited above, set forth the same basic difference between governmental and
proprietary functions when it opined:

"Governmental or legislative powers are exercised to administer the affairs of the state
and
promote the public welfare generally. [Citation omitted.] Proprietary or administrative powers
are
exercised to accomplish private corporate purposes in which the public is only indirectly
concerned and as to which the municipality is regarded as a legal individual. [Citation omitted.]"
14 Kan. App. 2d at 794.

Newman strongly points us to the statement from KPERS v. Reimer & Koger
Associates,
Inc., that "[a] statute of limitations does not run against the state unless expressly so
provided,
and all doubts as to whether it shall run are to be resolved in favor of the state." 262 Kan. 635,
Syl. ¶ 4. However, it must be pointed out the facts in KPERS are completely
different from our
case with clear state action there involved while we consider the construction and leasing of a
medical office building for what is basically commercial purposes. In addition, the
KPERS
opinion quoted in detail and at length from City of Wichita, Kansas v. United States
Gypsum Co.,
828 F. Supp. at 861-62, where it was said that a favorable resolution of "all doubts" was not
required. The full discussion is set forth in KPERS, 262 Kan. at 660, but concludes:
"'The court
concludes that no rule of law favors either defendants or plaintiff in determining whether
plaintiff's cause of action arises out of a proprietary or governmental function.'"

We have fully considered, but will not needlessly repeat in this opinion, all of the cases
cited and the accompanying discussions on the governmental versus proprietary question found
in KPERS, 262 Kan. at 648-65.

There are, however, two Kansas cases which have a direct application to our case, as they
involve whether actions of hospitals located in Kansas are governmental or proprietary in nature.
While both involve immunity rather than limitations questions, they are on point as to the
proprietary versus governmental function we face.

The Kansas Supreme Court has twice held that when a governmental entity operates a
hospital, it acts in a proprietary function. In Stolp v. City of Arkansas City, 180 Kan.
197, 303
P.2d 123 (1956), the court held that the operation of a hospital by a city was a proprietary
function rather than a governmental function and, therefore, not immune from tort liability. In
Carroll v. Kittle, 203 Kan. 841, 849-50, 457 P.2d 21 (1969), the Kansas Supreme
Court extended
Stolp by holding that the Kansas Board of Regents' operation of the University of
Kansas
Medical Center is a proprietary function. The court stated: "[W]e see no reason why the rule
applied to city hospitals in the Stolp case should not now be given general
application." 203 Kan.
at 850.

In the Stolp case, the proprietary finding appears to have been based in part
on the
contractual relationship between the hospital and a patient, as the court said:

"[T]he type of municipal hospital provided here is one which possesses the elements of a
proprietary rather than a governmental function in that primarily any contract between a patient
and the city is one of a private and personal nature for pay and the proceeds are placed in a
hospital fund which provides a direct profit, benefit, or advantage to the city and its inhabitants
as
against a benefit to the public in general." 180 Kan. at 203-04.

In Carroll, which is better known for the Kansas Supreme Court's
abolishment of the
judicially created doctrine of governmental immunity, the opinion was firm in its holding that
operating the hospital was a proprietary function and opined:

"We have no hesitancy in concluding that in the operation of the hospital at the
University Medical Center the Board of Regents was engaged in a proprietary rather than a
governmental function. The operation of a hospital is usually carried on by private individuals or
private companies; private patients in the University hospital paid rates comparable to those
which
were charged in private hospitals; the hospital was receiving an annual income of approximately
$6,000,000.00 a year from private patients, and obtained 97 doctors for the medical school's
faculty at a nominal salary of $3,600.00 a year because of the hospital facilities furnished them
for
their private patients." 203 Kan. at 850.

Newman argues that it provides services to all residents of Kansas. It must then also be in
competition with hospitals operated by private individuals or corporations which are located in
our state. The Newman trustees were concerned about competitive actions of private groups. All
of these factors weigh heavily for a finding that Newman is acting in a proprietary manner in the
construction and leasing of the medical office building at issue in our case.

We take guidance as our Supreme Court did in KPERS v. Reimer from
immunity cases
where the governmental versus proprietary question was at issue and, while Carroll
and Stolp are
not controlling, they demonstrate that a hospital owned by a governmental entity can and often
does engage in proprietary functions.

Factors which have been utilized by Kansas courts in determining whether a
governmental entity is carrying on a proprietary or governmental function include (1) whether the
activity is for the state as a whole or special local benefit (in our case, the economic benefit of the
medical office building flows to Newman and Lyon County); (2) whether the activity arises out
of a statutory duty or a privilege granted (in our case, it was a permitted and not a mandated
duty); (3) whether the activity is normally done by private entities (in our case, Newman charges
market rates and normally makes a gross profit–indicia of a proprietary business); and (4)
whether the entity's actions were commercial in nature (in our case, the leasing of a building is a
commercial act). These factors all point to requiring a holding that the actions of Newman in this
case were proprietary in nature.

Statutory provisions

Newman raises three statutory provisions in its defense of the district court's holding that
Newman's construction of the medical office building was a governmental function. The
provisions of K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 76-3302(a)(1) and K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a
Second were
raised below and will be considered. K.S.A. 60-509 is raised for the first time on appeal and will
not be considered. See Board of Lincoln County Comm'rs v. Nielander, 275 Kan.
257, 268, 62
P.3d 247 (2003).

In asserting the preservation of public health and providing health care are essential
governmental functions, Newman relies on the language of K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 76-3302(a)(1) that
states: "Provision of health care is an essential governmental function protecting and promoting
the health and welfare of the citizens of the state of Kansas." This statement is made, however, in
the narrow context of a 1998 act establishing and creating the "University of Kansas Hospital
Authority." See K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 76-3301 et seq.

The language relied on by Newman is further explained as relating to education and
research at a teaching hospital and such functions are specifically stated to be deemed "matters of
public necessity for the entire state." K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 76-3302(b).

This policy statement is limited to the creation of a specific instrumentality of the State of
Kansas in the establishment of a specific hospital authority and is not controlling in the
determination of whether Newman's construction and leasing of the medical office building is a
proprietary or governmental act. What we must look to and evaluate are all of the facts and
circumstances regarding the reasons for and the effects of Newman's decision to establish the
medical office building.

The other statutory provision in issue, K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a Second, is
a tax
exemption provision amended by the legislature in 1994 to give tax exempt status to medical
office buildings. The district court relied on its language solely in upholding Newman's summary
judgment motion.

K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a contains 20 subsections designating property that is exempt
from property and ad valorem taxes. The first sentence of K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a identifies
the scope of the provision: "The following described property, to the extent herein specified,
shall be exempt from all property or ad valorem taxes levied under the laws of the state of
Kansas." K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a Second then provides:

"All property used exclusively by the state or any municipality or political
subdivision of
the state. All property owned, being acquired pursuant to a lease-purchase agreement or operated
by the state or any municipality or political subdivision of the state, including property which is
vacant or lying dormant, which is used or is to be used for any governmental or proprietary
function and for which bonds may be issued or taxes levied to finance the same, shall be
considered to be used exclusively by the state, municipality or political subdivision for the
purposes of this section. The lease by a municipality or political subdivision of the state of any
real property owned or being acquired pursuant to a lease-purchase agreement for the purpose of
providing office space necessary for the performance of medical services by a person licensed to
practice medicine and surgery or osteopathic medicine by the board of healing arts . . . shall
be
construed to be a governmental function, and such property actually and regularly used for
such
purpose shall be deemed to be used exclusively for the purposes of this paragraph." (Emphasis
added.)

Interestingly, the L. 1997, ch. 126, sec. 36, added dentistry, optometry, and podiatry services
and
L. 1998, ch. 146, sec. 1, added psychology services to the professions whose leasing of office
space from a municipality or political subdivision of the state is exempt from property or ad
valorem taxes.

The district court, in its opinion, opined there was no evidence the legislature intended to
overrule Stolp and Carroll but that the intent was a response to several
Board of Tax Appeals and
court rulings, Salina Airport Authority v. Board of Tax Appeals, 13 Kan. App. 2d
80, 761 P.2d
1261 (1988), and Tri-County Public Airport Auth. v. Board of Morris County
Comm'rs, 245 Kan.
301, 777 P.2d 843 (1989), that government property used for proprietary uses would be subject to
ad valorem taxes. This is our long-time rule. There is no evidence these amendments were in any
way intended to apply to any of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure and simply
provided a tax benefit to certain health care professionals.

In utilizing only the statement that for tax exemption purposes, a proprietary usage would
be construed, the district court failed to acknowledge language that the property at issue might
"be used for any governmental or proprietary function" as was stated in the preceding sentence.
We question whether the language utilized by the district court should be given the broad and
binding effect that it was given in the courts below.

The arguments of the parties to us on appeal are predictable. EOAA challenges the
district court's sole reliance on K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a Second and contends it
relates only to
a tax exemption and has nothing to do with a statute of limitations question under K.S.A. 60-521.

Newman maintains the district court's reliance on K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a
Second
was proper and that such provision can be regarded as in pari materia with K.S.A.
60-521.

"Statutes are considered to be in pari materia when they relate to the same person
or
thing, to the same class of persons or things, or have the same purpose or object . . .
[c]haracterization of the object or purpose is more important than characterization of subject
matter in determining whether different statutes are closely enough related to justify interpreting
one in light of the other."

The Kansas case relied on by Singer in discussing whether statutes "have the same purpose
or
object" is State v. Bradley, 215 Kan. 642, 527 P.2d 988 (1974), which states in
syllabus ¶ 5:

"Where two statutes are enacted in the same session of the legislature, have the
same
effective date and relate to public employees performing dangerous and vital duties, having a
common purpose to protect that class of persons, they are in pari materia and must
be read
together when interpreting them."

State v. Bradley was also discussed in In re Adoption of Baby Girl
H, 12 Kan. App. 2d
223, 227-28, 739 P.2d 1 (1987), which recited similar language to that previously set forth in
Singer that is attributed to Clark v. Murray, 141 Kan. 533, 537, 41 P.2d
1042 (1935):

"Statutes in pari materia are those which relate to the same person or
thing, or to the
same class of persons or things, or which have a common purpose, and although an act may
incidentally refer to the same subject as another act, it is not in pari materia if its
scope and aim
are distinct and unconnected. It is a well-established rule that in the construction of a particular
statute, or in the interpretation of its provisions, all statutes relating to the same subject, or having
the same general purpose, should be read in connection with it, as together constituting one law,
although they were enacted at different times, and contain no reference to one another." 12 Kan.
App. 2d at 227.

In resolving these principles and deciding whether statutes should be read in pari
materia,
Singer further suggests:

"Although broad categories are obviously not helpful for determining what statutes
should be
construed in pari materia, the principle that related statutes, or statutes on the same subject or
having the same purpose should be construed together does not show on its face how broadly or
narrowly the classification should be defined. The guiding principle, however, is that if it is
natural and reasonable to think that the understanding of members of the legislature or persons to
be affected by a statute, be influenced by another statute, then a court called upon to construe the
act in question should also allow its understanding to be similarly influenced. Because this is a
pragmatic kind of test, the best way to understand and predict what statutes the courts would
consider closely enough related is by examining and comparing examples of the kinds of statutes
that have been held to be in pari materia and those which were held not to be." 2B Singer,
§ 51.03,
pp. 212-13.

The following Kansas cases are then listed as those where statutes have been considered
to be in pari materia:

The General Motors Corporation v. State Commission of Rev. & Taxation,
182 Kan. 237, 320
P.2d 807 (1958), case involved the sales tax and the use tax; the Fincher v. Fincher,
182 Kan.
724, 324 P.2d 159 (1958), case found statutes relating to divorce and residence, both in chapter
60 should be construed together; although listed above as In re Smith's Estate, the
correct case
name actually is Smith v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 183 Kan. 158, 325 P.2d 63
(1958), and it
held two statutes enacted together dealing with the taking of private property for public use were
in pari materia; and Custom Built Homes Co. v. Kansas State Commission of
Rev. and Taxation,
184 Kan. 31, 334 P.2d 808 (1959), cited the General Motors case and construed
together taxation
statutes.

We need not discuss each case factually further or in more detail, as they all show the
closeness that must exist where statutes are construed to be in pari materia. It is clear
to us that
the scope and aim of a taxation exemption statute (K.S.A. 2005 Supp. 79-201a
Second) is
distinct and unconnected from a Code of Civil Procedure statute (K.S.A. 60-521), and the clear
connectivity which is shown by the cases cited above do not exist under the facts we face in our
case. Based on this analysis, the two statutes in issue in our case are not in pari
materia. We are
not required to override all of the overwhelming facts showing the construction and leasing of the
medical office building to be a proprietary function by the single statutory provision relied on by
the district court.

We need not restate all the facts and circumstances surrounding Newman's construction
and leasing of the medical office building which demonstrate Newman's actions were proprietary
and not governmental. When these facts and circumstances are unchanged by any applicable
statutory enactment, we hold that pursuant to K.S.A. 60-521 the 5-year statute of limitations
period of K.S.A. 60-511(1) applied to Newman's contract cause of action against EOAA and the
district court erred in holding otherwise.

As we have previously stated, the contract for architectural services between Newman
and EOAA was the subject of apparent negotiations, with language added and provisions struck,
but contained a specific agreement as to the date from which any applicable statute of limitations
would run as was set forth in paragraph 9.3 of the agreement which states:

"Causes of action between the parties to this Agreement pertaining to acts or
failures to
act shall be deemed to have accrued and the applicable statutes of limitations shall commence to
run not later than either the date of Substantial Completion for acts or failures to act occurring
prior to Substantial Completion, or the date of issuance of the final Certificate for Payment for
acts or failures to act occurring after Substantial Completion."

Based on the specific time established for a cause of action to accrue, it is uncontroverted
that the date of substantial completion of construction of the medical office building took place
on February 17, 1997, and under the facts, no later than the end of March 1997. Neither party has
discussed the time the certificate of payment was issued which is not a question we must
consider. It is clear that the alleged breach of contract by EOAA, failure to witness and properly
inspect window installation, and failure to design a suitable slab floor, occurred on or before the
date of substantial completion which we establish as being uncontroverted to have occurred prior
to March 31, 1997.

The present action was filed by Newman on July 31, 2002. This is clearly 4 months
beyond the latest time in which Newman had to bring a claim for breach of contract against
EOAA, and the district court erred in failing to find Newman's breach of contract claim under the
agreement for architectural services was barred by the provisions of the applicable statute of
limitations, K.S.A. 60-511(1).

The district court found in ruling on the joint motion for summary judgment of EOAA
and other defendants that it was not disputed that (1) construction was substantially completed on
the medical office building in late February or early March 1997; (2) Newman was aware of the
window leaks and resulting damage by July 17, 1997; and (3) Newman was aware by May 5,
1998, that the concrete floor was heaving and causing other damage. With Newman's claim for
breach of implied warranty of workmanlike performance being subject to a 3-year statute of
limitations provided in K.S.A. 60-512(1), it is clear that this limitation period had also expired by
the time Newman filed its petition against EOAA on July 31, 2002.

Unfortunately, the district court faced an extremely difficult task in considering a joint
summary judgment with defendants subject to different contractual terms and different actions in
response to the problems the construction of the medical office building presented. In denying
the joint defendant motion for summary judgment, the district court erroneously found there were
issues of material fact regarding whether the statute of limitations had expired as to Newman's
claims against EOAA. The court specifically based this finding on a determination there were
material issues of fact with respect to whether the statute of limitations had expired as to
Newman's claim against Concordia and Belles and then ruled: "If there are material issues of fact
whether the statute of limitations expired as to Concordia Mirror and Glass and Belles and
Associates, there are material issues of fact whether the statute of limitations expired as to the
architect and general contractor." This is simply an incorrect conclusion, as there is no mention
of material issues of fact as to EOAA and no legal or contractual relationship between EOAA
and Concordia or Belles upon which this conclusion could be based.

It appears that in analyzing whether the statute of limitations had expired, the district
court looked only to paragraphs 12.2.2 and 13.7.1.2 of Newman's contract with the contractors
and did not acknowledge the fact that EOAA's contract with Newman contained entirely different
language. Newman's contracts were direct with Belles and Concordia and provided in paragraph
13.7.1.3 that as to acts or failures to act occurring after the issuance of the certificate for payment,
the statutory limitations period commenced to run

"not later than the date of any act or failure to act by the Contractor pursuant to any
warranty
provided under Paragraph 3.5, the date of any correction of the Work or failure to correct the
Work by the Contractor under Paragraph 12.2, or the date of actual commission of any other act
or
failure to perform any duty or obligation by the Contractor or Owner, whichever occurs last."

The above language and paragraphs referred to by the district court are not
included in or made a
part of the contract for architectural services between EOAA and Newman.

We hold the language of Newman's agreements with Walton, Belles, or Concordia has no
legal effect on EOAA's arguments concerning the applicability of the statute of limitations. The
applicable statute of limitations has run against both of the claims which were tried to the jury in
this case unless EOAA is estopped from asserting such a defense as the result of its actions.

Estoppel

As we have previously stated, Newman argued in its cross-motion for summary judgment
below that EOAA and the other defendants should be equitably estopped from asserting a statute
of limitations defense due to their continued actions regarding remedial repairs. The district court
only found in paragraph 10 of its ruling that "[t]here is a material issue of fact whether the
actions taken by Concordia Mirror and Glass after the date of substantial completion constitutes a
waiver, which estops them from relying on the defense of limitations. Iola State
Bank, 233 Kan.
at 458 and 459."

No finding was made that specifically related to EOAA, but in its ruling the district court
stated: "[T]here is an issue of material fact whether the movants are estopped from asserting
defenses of expiration of the limitation statute." On appeal, EOAA argues it is not estopped from
pleading the statute of limitations, contending it took no action that induced delay or inaction and
mere negotiations regarding settlement do not result in an estoppel.

Newman did not address this issue in its brief on appeal although it is properly raised by
the appellant. In considering this issue, we will look to and consider all the arguments made in
Newman's brief on its cross-motion for summary judgment in the district court.

We consider this issue as it is properly raised by EOAA and a remand is not necessary
because the record in our case contains sufficient factual information for us to reach a decision.
See Wright v. U.S.D. No. 379, 28 Kan. App. 2d 177, 14 P.3d 437, rev.
denied 270 Kan. 904
(2000). Our standard of review is as has been previously set forth.

"'A party asserting equitable estoppel must show that another party, by its acts,
representations, admission, or silence when it had a duty to speak, induced it to believe certain
facts existed. It must also show it rightfully relied and acted upon such belief and would now be
prejudiced if the other party were permitted to deny the existence of such facts.' United
American
State Bank & Trust Co. v. Wild West Chrysler Plymouth, Inc., 221 Kan. 523, 527,
561 P.2d 792
(1977).

Each element of estoppel must be proven or the claim will fail. Estoppel will not be held
to exist
where facts are ambiguous or subject to more than one construction. Ram Co. v. Estate of
Kobbeman, 236 Kan. 751, Syl. ¶ 5, 696 P.2d 936 (1985).

"Equitable estoppel can be applied to bar a party from relying on the defense of
the
statute of limitations. Where a defendant has 'by deception or in violation of his duty toward
plaintiff, caused him to subject his claim to the statutory bar, defendant must be charged with
having wrongfully obtained an advantage . . . and this can be done by his silence when under an
affirmative duty to speak. [Citation omitted.]' Klepper v. Stover, 193 Kan. 219, 222,
392 P.2d 957
(1964)."

As was stated in Coffey v. Stephens, 3 Kan. App. 2d 596, 599, 599 P.2d 310
(1979), to
establish estoppel, plaintiff must prove "some representation or course of conduct which amounts
to affirmative inducement sufficient to cause plaintiff to delay bringing the action." The
affirmative inducement must have been relied on in good faith by plaintiff. Coffey, 3
Kan. App.
2d at 597.

A review of the uncontroverted facts demonstrates Newman failed to establish the
requisite elements of estoppel as pertains to the actions of EOAA. In asserting its estoppel
argument below, Newman, in its brief, largely refers to the actions of the defendants generally
and fails to specify any actions taken by EOAA upon which Newman allegedly relied in delaying
filing of this suit.

The district court found that Concordia Glass had represented it would fix window
problems under its warranty and sent workers to do remedial work as late as October 1998 and
Newman issued work orders to Belles in December 1997 and January 1998, but these findings
have nothing to do with EOAA and do not, in any event, support an estoppel.

The uncontroverted facts, at best, tested by the standards of review of summary judgment
motions, do show a claim of reliance as to Concordia and/or Walton only. Paragraph 38 of the
uncontroverted facts as stated in Newman's cross-motion for summary judgment referenced only
those two defendants within the context outlining Newman's decision to take legal action.
Paragraph 38 stated:

"The first time Terry Lambert recalls the Board talking about legal action was in
1999 or
2000, but it may have been in 2001 because they kept trying to get a resolution of the problem so
Newman Memorial kept thinking that it could get this worked out. Newman Memorial kept
discussing it with Concordia and Walton was involved and Newman Memorial kept thinking it
was going to get this fixed somehow."

There is mention that EOAA was involved in some discussions regarding remedial
repairs but under the Coffey test, EOAA's mere involvement in those discussions is
grossly
insufficient to warrant the application of equitable estoppel to any actions by EOAA. Newman
presented no evidence that EOAA ever requested that Newman delay filing suit against them. In
fact, Newman's witness, Lambert, admitted in a deposition that he knew of no promise made to
plaintiff to prevent it from filing a lawsuit.

It is clear from the uncontroverted facts that Newman's estoppel claim may have raised
triable issues as to other defendants but totally lack any merit when tested against EOAA's
actions. The district court erred in finding there was any genuine issue as to a material fact
relating to EOAA and its determination as to the existence of equitable estoppel to assert a statute
of limitations defense by EOAA is reversed.

There are a multitude of other issues raised by EOAA which we need not reach or
consider in light of the result we have reached.

In summary, we hold the actions of Newman in constructing and leasing the medical
office building at issue in this case is a proprietary function making Newman subject to the
limitations periods prescribed in Article 5 of Chapter 60 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated;
equitable estoppel does not exist to prevent EOAA from pleading and relying on the statute of
limitations defense; and, the 3-year period of limitations of K.S.A. 60-512(1) and the 5-year
period of limitations of K.S.A. 60-511(1) apply to and bar any recovery by Newman under the
two theories of recovery, breach of implied warranty of workmanlike performance and breach of
a written contract, tried in this case.

The judgment of the district court is reversed, and EOAA is granted judgment against
Newman based on its statute of limitations defenses.