Introduction
The Town of Southold natural resources are recognized as one of New York State’s most important assemblages. Flanked by two National Estuaries, the Long Island Sound and Peconic Estuary, the Town lands and waters are protected by numerous planning documents, multiagency regulations, and designations that recognize the quality of the areas and provide management strategies. In the future, management strategies will focus on protection, adaptation and sustainability. The importance of managing and preserving the natural resources while promoting responsible user experiences is paramount in maintaining the quality of life within the Town. Correspondingly, managing consumable resources to achieve balance and sustainability is also extremely important. With continued, proactive, collaborative management of resources the quality of the Town’s resources will improve. An integral element of the management approach is education that would increase knowledge and development of the necessary skills and expertise to address challenges and foster attitudes, motivations, and commitments to make informed decisions. This chapter expands on relevant goals and objectives outlined in a series of planning initiatives, plans, studies and reports conducted over the last twenty years and public input. Collectively, the documents create the vision of the Town with respect to natural resources and establish the fundamental goals and objectives to achieve the vision. The most applicable plan to this chapter is The Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP); adopted in 2005, the program provides a comprehensive analysis of the Town’s resources outlining a framework of goals for the developed coast, natural coast and public coast. The plan also includes detailed lists of projects that the Town has identified to be implemented. Rather than rewrite the detailed narratives of the LWRP, this document references sections of the plan (in part), inserting updates where necessary. In addition to the LWRP, the Fishers Island Strategic Plan 2007-2017 (Scopaz) provides an effective planning framework for the island putting forth community based recommendations that have been integrated within this plan. In addition, in 2012 Plum Island has been the subject of a Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) providing a comprehensive assessment of the Island’s resources. The DEIS was also referenced to formulate goals and objectives in this document. All of the above referenced plans are available on the Southold Town Website via the Weblink icon on the home page.

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Water Resources
Groundwater
The Town of Southold depends on a sole source aquifer for its potable water supply which is part of Groundwater Management Zone IV that encompasses Shelter Island and the northern and eastern portions of the South Fork in addition to the eastern portion of Riverhead. The aquifer is characterized by a series of isolated water-table mounds, each of which corresponds to a hydraulically distinct freshwater flow system. The North Fork is comprised of three oblong water-table mounds east of Mattituck Creek and James Creek that represent the principal freshwater flow systems. The freshwater flow systems contain a series of flow subsystems, each of which corresponds to the area contributing ground water to an individual water body. These flow subsystems are generally separated from one another by local and regional ground-water divides (creeks and bays) that extend inland from the coast and converge toward the respective water-table mounds; (The United States Geologic Service (USGS)). It is important to recognize that all drinking-water and irrigation-water supply on the North Fork is withdrawn from the upper glacial aquifer because ground water in the deeper aquifers is mostly saline. The importance of Southold’s groundwater resources are recognized by the designation of certain areas of the aquifer by the NYSDEC as Special Groundwater Protection Areas. These areas are particularly important to groundwater protection because they are the core areas of recharge to Southold’s aquifer (Figure1 (Not yet included in this draft). Precipitation provides the only natural source of replenishment to the groundwater supply. In Southold, precipitation averages approximately 44 to 45 inches per year. Part of this precipitation flows overland to the surrounding coastal waters, part is returned to the atmosphere via evapo-transpiration, and part percolates into the ground surface. A portion of the water which infiltrates the soil eventually reaches the fresh groundwater reservoir. The USGS estimates that the recharge rate is equal to about 50 percent of mean annual precipitation or approximately 22 to 22.5 inches per year or 1.9 billion gallons per year. The water supply, treatment, distribution and storage facilities for mainland Southold’s public water supply are owned and operated by the Suffolk County Water Authority (SCWA). In 2012 8235 customers were connected to SCWA public water in Southold (Smith). There is also significant usage of groundwater from private wells for residential, agricultural and commercial use. Fishers Island water supply is dependent upon a sole source aquifer and 22 miles of water mains, an equalization reservoir, a surface water treatment plant, a groundwater treatment facility, a well field and three surface water reservoirs: Barlow Pond, Middle Farm Pond and Treasure Pond. The numerous ponds on Fishers Island serve as the primary catchment and recharge areas for the islands aquifer. The hydrology of Fishers Island differs substantially from other portions of the Town of Southold. Due to its hilly topography, most of the precipitation that falls on Fishers
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Island flows to one of the numerous freshwater ponds or directly to the coastal shoreline. According to the Hydrogeologic Report Conducted on Fishers Island, New York (Groundwater, Inc., April 1990), Groundwater recharge on Fishers Island is estimated to be approximately 709 million gallons per year. The water supply, treatment, distribution and storage facilities for Fishers Island are owned and operated by the Fishers Island Waterworks, a subsidiary of the Fishers Island Development Corporation (FIDCO). The FIDCO water supply system, originally constructed in the early 1900's, services approximately 624 (Wall) customers. The Plum Island Draft Environmental Impact Statement (2012) identifies groundwater on Plum Island occurring within the sand and gravel of the Upper Pleistocene Glacial Deposits. The shallow sole-source aquifer extends from land surface at the wetlands to an approximate depth of 100 feet in the center of the Island and is separated from the aquifer underlying Long Island by Plum Gut. The aquifer is recharged solely by precipitation, which averages approximately 45 inches per year. Safe yield for the aquifer is estimated to range from 150,000 to 200,000 gallons per day (gpd). Goal 1. Conserve Water Quantity Currently, Suffolk County Water Authority (SCWA) has an installed capacity of approximately 10,100 gallons per minute (gpm), which includes the storage tank at Moore’s Lane in Greenport. Based on water demand and population projections, by 2030, 14,344 gpm will be required in order to satisfy the peak pumping rate (assuming that all residents are connected to public water). To address the projected water supply needs five scenarios were analyzed by the SCWA in the Draft Suffolk County Comprehensive Water Resources Management Plan (2010). They include: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Install a SCWA Riverhead Transmission Main with Supplemental Southold Wells Expand Existing Well System in Southold Existing System with Water Conservation Develop Wells in Pine Barrens, run transmission main from Pine Barrens to Southold Install SCWA Riverhead Transmission Main

The most practical scenario is to use the existing system with conservation measures (Scenario 3). If a conservation program is successful in reducing peak outdoor (irrigation) use during the summer months, SCWA forecasts that only three additional wells would be needed instead of the twenty-two forecasted in (Scenario 2). From an engineering standpoint the installation of less wells is the best approach as there are significant concerns with developing new wells including; salt-water up-coning/intrusion, impact to wetlands and surface water bodies, additional capacity, identification and acquisition of available land for well sites and potential treatment facilities and cost associated with construction of the additional wells, transmission mains and treatment facilities.

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If conservations measures are not implemented, the plan identifies that Scenario 5, “Install SCWA Riverhead Transmission Main” to serve Southold as the most cost effective approach to satisfy the 2030 water demand on the North Fork. This option requires the fewest new wells, however, numerous factors could affect the feasibility of this scenario. Complete details of each alternative can be found in the plan. Regardless of the short term supply projections, planning for a long term water supply in Southold is important and conservation practices should be developed. Conservation practices can be accomplished through public education and mandatory/voluntary homeowner participation. Objectives 1.1. Implement water conservation initiatives and strategies to conserve potable drinking water a. Consider mandatory water conservation measures for residential irrigation 1) Odd/even days for lawn irrigation. 2) Rain meters to prevent automatic sprinklers from activating on rainy days. b. Work with SCWA to implement the Water Conservation Plan Update (2011) Implement the SCWA groundwater conservation measures that include public education and outreach on water conservation practices including emergency measures in periods of drought through Town media. c. Develop water conservation, educational demonstration sites. Partner with local water conservation advocates to fund, design and construct educational demonstration sites at the Peconic School, Town Hall and on Fishers Island. d. Participate in the Peconic Estuary Program Homeowners Rebate Program for water conservation practices in sub-watersheds. The Peconic Estuary Program has initiated a Homeowner Rebate pilot program to provide water conservation opportunities to homeowners that surround the impaired waterbody Hashamomuck Pond in the hamlet of Southold. A total of $50,000.00 is available to homeowners for rain gardens, downspout re-direction, rain barrel, conservation landscaping and dry wells. Following this program additional programs in other watersheds are expected to be applied. Responsible Parties: Southold Town Board, Town of Southold Planning Department, Town of Southold Land Preservation Department,

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Possible Partnerships: Fishers Island Development Corporation, Fisher Island Water Works, Suffolk County Water Authority, Suffolk County Department of Health, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Peconic Estuary Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, United States Environmental Protection Agency Possible Funding Sources: CPF, New York State Environmental Protection Fund Timeline for Implementation: 2015 Goal 2. Protect Groundwater Quality. The protection of groundwater quality is crucial for the health of the residents and visitors of the Town. As indicated above, the Town contains two Special Groundwater Protection Areas (SPGA) for which water quality protection management strategies were developed: One area includes portions of the hamlets of Mattituck and Laurel and extends westerly to Riverhead. The second area includes portions of the hamlets of East Mattituck, Cutchogue and Peconic. The designation of the SGPAs was based on two considerations "namely, that this area represents a major portion of the locally significant deep recharge and that designation could facilitate the improvement and ultimate restoration of groundwater quality" (The Long Island Comprehensive Special Groundwater Protection Area Plan, 1992) The SGPA plan includes a detailed examination of environmental and physical conditions, an analysis of the problems and concerns and offers a detailed strategy for groundwater and environmental protection for each SGPA. According to the SGPA Plan, the primary groundwater quality issue within the Southold SGPA consists of contamination primarily from the historical use of pesticides used for agricultural purposes. Pesticides have contaminated groundwater throughout much of the horizontal and vertical extent below the Southold SGPA (Koppelman, et al, 1992). In addition, the SGPA Plan offers a comprehensive set of recommendations designed to reduce current and future groundwater contamination, avoid creating new sources of contamination and provide the maximum protection of the groundwater in the SGPAs (DGEIS). In addition to management strategies, water quality monitoring is also conducted for public water systems. The SCWA tests public water systems on a regular basis and publishes annual reports outlining the results for two SCWA distribution systems in Southold Town. One is known as Distribution Area 30, and is comprised of the 49 supply wells that serve most of Southold, except for Orient. The other is Distribution Area 35 and is comprised of one neighborhood in Orient know as Browns Hills (Figure 2 (Not yet included in this draft). In the 2011 report for Distribution Area 30, the SCWA found evidence of pollutants including compounds from pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (9 of the 16 compounds tested). Also found was Methyl Tert Butyl Ether (a volatile organic compound (VOC)) that was used as an additive in gasoline until it was banned in 2004. Nitrate was also found. Nitrate which is linked to red tide blooms in Peconic Bay was found to have an average value of
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3.78 mg/l and a high value of 7.97 mg/l. The results are lower than the established Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL) for drinking water quality for nitrates which is 10 mg/l. Also in 2011 the SCWA added filtration systems to Sunset Dr. #2A and #4A Mattituck wells to remove the contaminants Aldicarb sulfone and sulfoxide and Metolachlor ESA. Filtration was also added at the Rocky Point Rd. #4 East Marion well to remove the contaminants TCPA, Metolachlor. In the Browns Hill system 1 out of 16 pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products compounds tested were found and no VOC’s were found in 2011. Nitrate in this system was found to have an average value of 3.22 mg/l and a high value of 10.87 mg/l which exceeds the MCL (SCWA 2011). Full reports on water quality testing results are available for each area at http://65.36.213.246/dwqr2012/index_v2.html. Southold Town (excluding Fishers Island) has approximately 12,800 residences, and of those at least 4,800 (12,800 – 8,000 = 4,800) residences get their water from private wells. The Suffolk County Department of Health Services (SCDHS) permits and monitors commercial and residential water supply wells pursuant to Articles 4 Water Supply and Article 6 (Realty Subdivisions, Development and Other Construction Projects) of the Suffolk County Sanitary Code (2011). SCDHS also regulates 35 non community water system sites including Plum Island which contains 66 wells sites. A community water system means a public water system which serves at least five service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least twentyfive year-round residents. In the areas that lack a public water supply system, comprehensive water quality testing is conducted for all new subdivisions proposed with private wells. The department also manages a testing program for existing homes with private wells. The program provides a comprehensive water quality analysis and makes recommendations to property owners if necessary (SCDHS). The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) recommends annual testing of private wells for total coliform. Similarly, annual water quality testing of private wells for, at a minimum, total coliform, nitrates, total dissolved solids and pH is recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the National Ground Water Association (NGWA). The SCDHS offers private well testing program at a nominal cost. More information about the program can be found at: http://www.suffolkcountyny.gov/Departments/HealthServices/EnvironmentalQuality/WaterReso urces/PrivateWellWaterTestingProgram.aspx In addition to regulating private and non-community water systems, the SCDHS regulates subsurface sewage disposal systems pursuant to Section 760-502, of Article 5 (Sewage Disposal), and Section 760-710 of Article 7 (Water Pollution Control) of the Suffolk County
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Sanitary Code. Facilities designed and constructed in compliance with the standards will be in compliance with Suffolk County Sanitary Code. The heightened awareness of water quality problems has prompted the Town, numerous agencies and organizations to elevate the need for voluntary and regulatory changes to reduce the introduction of these types of pollutants in groundwater. To assist with sorting out where additions to the public water infrastructure are consistent with the Town’s goals, and where other measures are more appropriate, it is recommended that the Town form a Water Quality Protection and Conservation Committee to participate in assessment programs and initiatives and achieve the highest level of protection and conservation for public benefit. 2.1. Form a Town of Southold Water Quality Protection and Conservation Committee It is recommended that the Town Board appoint a committee of citizens and staff to focus on and promote the implementation of the water quality goals and objectives in the Town’s Comprehensive Plan. This committee would work with the SCDHS, SCWA, Long Island Groundwater Research Institute (LIGRI) at SUNY Stony Brook, the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Fishers Island Water Works and other interested parties to protect surface and groundwater quality and quantity through assessment, education and participation. 2.2 Work with SCWA, SCDHS and Fishers Island Water Works Corporation in developing mandatory groundwater and surface water quality protection measures by 2020. 2.3 Develop Aquifer Protection Overlay Districts Town. Protection of groundwater quality is a community responsibility centered on education and participation. One tool to accomplish the protection of groundwater quality is to develop and implement an Aquifer Protection Overlay District (APOD) which provides guidance to landowners and user groups on how to better protect groundwater. Effective management within an APOD ranges from voluntary changes in homeowner choice, application and disposal of pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers to land use controls in areas located within sensitive groundwater recharge areas. The Proposal for a Water Management Program for the Town of Southold study presented a mix of recommendations including taking preventive measures to minimize or eliminate additional groundwater contamination including: The establishment of a Town of Southold Water Management Program, public water systems in areas of existing development where groundwater is contaminated, protection of present and potential well sites, the use of clustering, large lot zoning, transfer of development rights and land acquisition to protect the areas with the deepest groundwater levels. This proposal was accepted by the Southold Town Board on June 2, 1987 however, some of the recommendations were not integrated into local ordinances. It is recommended that the Town re-evaluate the plan and update useful information into policy and/or regulations to protect ground water quality.
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2.4 Achieve consistency in Town land use and water source protection through the reevaluation of zoning including permitted uses in capture zones, wellhead and surface water (Fishers Island) reservoirs contributing areas. 2.5 Apply the most stringent pollution control measures practicable within 50-year capture zones to community supply wells (SCDHS). 2.6 Re-evaluate Chapter 215 Sewers and Sewage Disposal of the Southold Town Code. The section was adopted in 1983 and an update for applicability and effectiveness in preserving groundwater quality is necessary. The section contains a provision that requires that on-site wastewater disposal systems be inspected and pumped out a minimum of once every three years. 2.7 Evaluate and recommend Best Management Practices for the proactive reduction of volatile organic compounds (VOC) capable of entering ground water and surface waters. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with a myriad of products, such as plastics, adhesives, paints, gasoline, fumigants, refrigerants, and dry-cleaning fluids. Widespread and long-term use of VOCs and their ability to persist and migrate in ground water raise questions about possible adverse effects on public health and environment. Although only one VOC (gasoline) was found in Southold sampling of private wells, in 2010 SCWA testing revealed that almost 65 percent of the community supply wells in Suffolk County have susceptibility ratings of medium high, high or very high for VOCs, while over 35 percent of the wells are rated medium or low. The most effective method for preventing VOC contamination is to prevent the use or disposal in locations where they have the ability to enter groundwater. The reduction of use of such products is voluntary, albeit necessary to reduce the introduction of these compounds in groundwater. In surface waters the reduction of introduction of the compounds could result in a change of practices at marinas and waterfront uses. 2.8 Evaluate and recommend Best Management Practices for the proactive reduction of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in ground water and surface waters. In recent years, due to improved testing abilities, pharmaceuticals and personal care products have been detected in ground and surface waters. Pharmaceuticals refer to prescription and over-the-counter therapeutic drugs and veterinary drugs. Personal care products refer to products used for personal and cosmetic reasons such as soaps, fragrances, and cosmetics. Collectively these types of pollutants are referred to as PPCPs. PPCPs that are disposed of in septic systems, sewers or trash have the potential to enter our drinking water and ultimately our surface waters. Presently EPA has no health standards or guidelines for PPCPs in drinking water and does not require testing.

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In 2010 the SCWA screened all of their wells for 16 PPCPs, and detected Dilantin and Carbamazepine. However, it is important to note that the noted compounds were not found in Southold wells in 2010 or 2011. Information on how to dispose of unwanted pharmaceuticals can be found at: http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/63826.html#Long 2.9 Work with regulatory agencies to reduce the use of pesticides and herbicides on residential properties. The SCDHS classifies pesticides as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides used to kill or control insect pests and nuisance vegetation that affect crops, turf, residential lawns and gardens, homes (e.g., termiticides), pets, and people. The Planning Board and the Board of Trustees strive to reduce turf areas through site design. In sensitive areas non-disturbance buffers are often established to reduce turf areas and the use of pesticides and herbicides to protect surface water bodies, however, impacts to surface and groundwater still occur from pesticide and herbicide use. The Town should work with regulatory agencies in the development and dispersal of best management practices for pesticide and herbicide use in Town. 2.10 Work with regulatory agencies and the golf course industry to reduce the use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides and in property management. Golf Courses use significant amounts of fertilizers and in some instances pesticides and herbicides. Suffolk County is working with Cornell University and Cornell Cooperative Extension to reduce nitrogen loads from East End golf courses through the development of best management practices to maintain nitrate levels in groundwater at less than 2 mg/L. The use of best management practices to reduce the application of pesticides and herbicides should also be developed. 2.11 Continue to purchase open space to achieve groundwater and surface water resource protection. The purchase of open space for groundwater and surface water protection is one of the most effective tools available. Since 1983 the Town has been active in the purchase of open space properties for a myriad of uses including groundwater protection. In addition to the program, the Town’s subdivision regulations require that wetlands be set aside as unbuildable land, and that a minimum of 60 percent of the buildable land area be preserved as open space if the parcel is over 7 acres. Suffolk County continues to purchase open space for many functions and values including groundwater recharge. New York State owned open space in Town equals 508.70 acres. Together these programs have resulted in preserving over 1780.12 acres of town/county/State open space.

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2.11.1 Develop an Open Space valuation index to evaluate parcels for groundwater (and surface) water quality protection and supply among other ecological benefits. Assessing the functions and values of open space parcels is challenging. As the inventory of parcels for purchase increase, the funding available to purchase such parcels has decreased. To assist the decision makers in assessing the functions and values of parcel it is recommended that the Town develop a parameter driven valuation index to assess the public and ecological benefits of each parcel proposed for open space purchase. 2.12 Develop and apply land use tools to preserve Plum Island water quality in the aquifer. Consider establishing a Ground Water Conservation District on Plum Island to serve Southold’s water supply needs in the future. Under the current ownership Plum Island water resources are a public asset and management strategies to preserve the quality and volume of groundwater should be developed for potential future public use. 2.13 Support Suffolk County Water Authority’s Groundwater Guardian Program. The Groundwater Guardian program is an international effort by the Groundwater Foundation to educate the public about the value of groundwater. Team members of the Groundwater Guardian program include The Suffolk County Water Authority, Citizens Campaign for the Environment, The Long Island Farm Bureau, Stony Brook University, and The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company. Team activities focus on awareness campaigns, pollution prevention, conservation, public policy initiatives, waterway cleanups and best management practices. (SCWA website) 2.14 Work with regulatory agencies and institutions to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous loads to groundwater due to residential fertilizer. Both the Long Island Sound and Peconic Estuary have experienced detrimental changes from increased nutrient loads to ground and surface waters. In the Long Island Sound and more recently in the Peconic Estuary low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions (hypoxia) develop due to excessive levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P). Hypoxia is a result from planktonic algae blooms that feed on the nutrients. The algae die and settle to the bottom of the water body then decay, using up dissolved oxygen in the process. The oxygen levels frequently fall below the levels necessary to sustain life and often results in fish and shellfish die offs. Correspondingly, the planktonic algae is also toxic to shellfish and finfish in high densities often resulting in the death of species. This problem is not limited to current events, to address the water quality problems in the Long Island Sound in 1985 the Environmental Protection Agency created the Long Island
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Sound Study (LISS) in partnership with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CTDEP) and the NYSDEC. Years of research, monitoring, and modeling helped the LISS to identify nitrogen sources in the Long Island Sound and levels of nitrogen control necessary to improve DO levels and meet water quality standards. The analysis led to the adoption of a 58.5 percent nitrogen reduction goal by 2014 to reduce the extent and duration of hypoxic conditions in the Long Island Sound. In the Peconic Estuary, after atmospheric deposition, groundwater is estimated as the second largest external source of nitrogen, totaling 21 percent of the total nitrogen load, or 7,450 lbs/day. Groundwater and other nonpoint sources are the primary contributors to water quality degradation of the Peconic Estuary contributing to algal blooms and hypoxia (SCDHS). In 2001 the Peconic Estuary Program adopted the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) for the estuary. The plan includes a Nutrient Management Plan that establishes goals and objectives to better manage nitrogen in the estuary. Recognizing the problem of nitrogen (nitrates) loading in ground and surface waters, the Suffolk County Legislature established a goal of reducing fertilization in residential areas by 10 to 25 percent, and passed Local Law 41-2007 to reduce nitrogen pollution countywide. The law states that “the quality of our water should be considered a higher priority than the aesthetics of lawns, and that high maintenance lawns require more nitrogen and are more likely to leach excess nitrogen, so that high maintenance lawns should be discouraged.” Correspondingly, in July 2010, New York State adopted the Dishwasher Detergent and Nutrient Runoff Law to reduce phosphorus loading to the state’s ground and surface waters. On August 14, 2010, the law prohibited the sale of newly stocked, phosphorus-containing dishwasher detergents for household use. Beginning on July 1, 2013, the law will also prohibit the sale of phosphorus-containing dishwasher detergents for commercial use. The law defines a commercial establishment as "Commercial establishment - means any premises used for the purpose of carrying on or exercising any trade, business, profession, vocation, or commercial or charitable activity, including but not limited to laundries, hospitals, and food or restaurant establishments”. More information on the law can be found at the NYSDEC website ( http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/74885.html ).

2.14.1 Develop education programs that discuss the impacts of residential fertilizer use, as well as impacts from household products that end up in the septic system on surface and ground waters through public service announcements, and through Town media channels and brochures linking public use of consumer products to water quality. Include education about existing regulations. Lawn fertilizers containing phosphorus are prohibited, except for establishment of new lawns, or if data confirms that phosphorus is required. Application of lawn fertilizers on impervious surfaces is prohibited.
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Application of lawn fertilizers are prohibited within 20 feet of a surface water body except in cases where a vegetative buffer of ten feet or more exists, or special application techniques are employed; Application of fertilizer between December 1 and April 1 is prohibited statewide. Require a maximum of 1lb per 1000 sq. ft. /per year of turf application rate. Phosphorus-containing dishwasher detergents for household use are prohibited. Continue to include N and P best management practices in subdivision covenant and restrictions. Require the use of native, drought tolerant vegetation in landscaping. Maximize widths of non-fertilized, vegetated buffers on parcels adjacent to water bodies to minimize turf area and improve water quality protection. 2.15 Continue to support education programs that achieve agricultural nitrogen load reductions which include promoting agricultural best management practices, expanding Agricultural Environmental Management (AEM) strategies, and promoting organic farming among other initiatives. The application of fertilizer and pesticides are necessary in crop farming; a staple in the Town’s economy. In addition to on site wastewater systems, agriculture remains a source of nitrogen loads to the aquifer. The type of agriculture affects the resulting groundwater nitrate level, since nitrogen loading can vary considerably depending on crop-specific fertilization requirements. The data shows average nitrogen concentrations in groundwater for row crops at 13.4 mg/L and average nitrogen concentrations in groundwater for vineyards at 5.1 mg/L (Suffolk County Comprehensive Water Resources Management Plan (2011). The same plan indicates that crop type also has a significant impact on the type and volume of pesticides that are observed in downgradient groundwater. In a past report titled Water Quality Monitoring for Pesticides in Nassau & Suffolk County, Vineyard Monitoring Draft Report 20032006 (SCDHS) the fungicide metalaxyl used on grapes was the most frequently detected compound in monitoring wells. In addition to the low levels of registered pesticides that were detected, low levels of historically applied pesticides and breakdown products not associated with vineyard applications were also reported, including metolachlor, alachlor and aldicarb. It is important to note that many of the pesticides and pesticide-breakdown products detected have been banned in Suffolk County for decades, but are still present in the aquifer system due both to their solubility and persistence in the environment.
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Agricultural Stewardship Programs are currently implemented by Suffolk County and the Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County to improve agricultural BMPs by reducing the amounts of nitrogen and pesticides reaching ground and surface waters. More than 100 local vegetable, nursery, sod, fruit farms and vineyards are participating in a tiered strategy of AEM practices. The Agricultural Environmental Stewardship 5–Year program goal is to significantly reduce nitrogen leaching and run-off. More information on the New York State AEM program can be found at http://www.nys-soilandwater.org/aem/index.html. Responsible Parties: Southold Town Board, Town of Southold Water Quality Protection Committee, Fisher Island Water Works, Town of Southold Planning Department, Town of Southold Land Preservation Department, Possible Partnerships: Fishers Island Development Corporation, Fishers Island Conservancy, Suffolk County Water Authority, Suffolk County Department of Health, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Peconic Estuary Program, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, United States Environmental Protection Agency Possible Funding Sources: CPF, New York State Environmental Protection Fund Timeline for Implementation: 2015

Surface Water
All of the Town’s coastal waters are assigned a classification by the NYSDEC based on best usage of a particular water body. The classifications set attainment goals and discharge standards for point sources, but do not necessarily indicate existing water quality conditions. Most coastal waters in the Town are classified as SA. The SA designation indicates that the primary use of the water-body is shellfishing for market purposes, primary and secondary contact recreation, and fishing. These waters shall be suitable for fish propagation and survival (LWRP). By classifying waters as SA, the NYSDEC has set a management goal to achieve a level of water quality which is capable of supporting shellfish harvesting. This does not imply that the waters which are so designated are always considered harvestable. Although much of Southold's coastal waters are classified as SA, many of these same water bodies are not certified for direct market harvesting of shellfish due to the seasonal occurrence of pathogens. The classification is also important from an ecological and economic standpoint because healthy, productive waters support tourism and marine uses. Town departments and numerous organizations work to retain high quality surface waters through local laws, The Local Waterfront Revitalization Program, the Peconic Estuary Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan and the Long Island Sound Study. Goal 3. Protect surface water quality There are many challenges to protecting the quality of our creeks, bays and other surface waters. Although today there are more regulations in place to do so than in the past, the increased number of potential sources of pollution calls for us to keep a vigilant watch on the health of our
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surface waters. The Town’s economy and quality of life are inextricably tied to our coastal waters being clean and productive for many uses including swimming, fishing, shellfishing, and boating. 3.1. Continue to implement the Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (LWRP), Peconic Estuary Program Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) and Long Island Sound Study (LISS) goals and objectives to address target issues on surface water quality. The Town code and Local Waterfront Revitalization Program goals and policies support the long-term protection of Peconic Bay, Gardiners Bay and Long Island and Block Island Sound. Additionally, they reflect existing laws and authority regarding development and environmental protection, including that of the PEP CCMP and the LISS. Taken together, the goals and policies and their associated standards are used to determine the appropriate balance between development and preservation that will prevent adverse effects on Southold's coastal resources. The Town of Southold can further these policies through the participation and implementation of the plans. More information on the on the Peconic Estuary and Long Island Sound Study can be found in Appendix A. 3.2 Continue to participate and support the East End MS4 Coalition to implement the Municipal Separate Stormwater System (MS4) program. The NYSDEC regulates storm water discharges in the Town under the New York State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (“SPDES”) Permit for Discharges from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (“MS4s”) GP-0-010-002 (“MS4 Permit”). The MS4 General Permit regulations establish a number of required planning, legislative and implementation actions that the Town must complete by 2015. The program is designed to reduce overall pollutant loads to waterbodies. The MS4 Permit requires that the Town accomplish these efforts based on six Minimum Control Measures, which include: public education and outreach, public involvement, illicit discharge detection and elimination, construction site stormwater control, post construction stormwater management and pollution prevention for municipal operations. The challenges of managing stormwater are complicated and diverse. Infrastructure ownership, age and funding all pose issues that the Town will need to address as we meet regulations. As sea levels rise, the challenges will exacerbate and become even more difficult. Recognizing that water quality impairments caused by stormwater runoff can negatively impact living resources, recreational opportunities, water-related businesses, and quality of life in the Town, the Town Board adopted a Storm Water Management Code in 2010. That same year the Board formed The Stormwater Committee which in 2011 was renamed the MS4 Compliance Committee.
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The MS4 Compliance Committee was established to monitor and evaluate the town’s compliance with the New York State Phase II Stormwater Permit and to make recommendations to the Town Board. Since inception, the New York Sea Grant program and the PEP has spearheaded the formation of a coalition to manage storm water and meet regulations. Participation in the coalition will save the Town money and time through shared information and technology from the other East End towns. It is recommended that the Town continue to collaborate with the East End MS4 Coalition, Sea Grant, The Peconic Estuary Program and NYSDEC to achieve greater understanding of and compliance with the MS4 Permit requirements, including net reductions in nitrogen and pathogen loading to waterbodies and seek State and Federal funding for remediation projects. 3.3 Increased understanding and awareness of the potential impacts of stormwater pollution and activities that contribute to water quality impairments through public education efforts. The Town has worked closely with the Peconic Estuary Program and other environmental organizations in producing educational initiatives on the impacts of stormwater. The Town will continue to work with the Program in the development of Best Management Practices to further the MS4 program and natural resource protection. Best management practices will be developed for: 1. Development and Construction 2. Stormwater Runoff 3. On-site wastewater treatment 4. Boats and Marinas 5. Agriculture 6. Protecting Groundwater Quality 3.4. Minimize illicit discharges into surface waters. Southold Town Code Chapter 236 Stormwater defines Illicit Discharge as including but not limited to “discharge of solid waste; human and animal waste; antifreeze, oil, gasoline, grease and all other automotive products; flammable or explosive materials; metals in excess of naturally occurring amounts, whether in liquid or solid form; chemicals not normally found in uncontaminated water; solvents and degreasers; painting products; drain cleaners; commercial and household cleaning materials; pesticides; herbicides; fertilizers; acids; alkalis; ink; steam-cleaning waste; laundry waste; soap; detergent ammonia; chlorine; chlorinated swimming pool or hot tub water; domestic or
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sanitary sewage; roof structure runoff; animal carcasses; food and food waste; yard waste; dirt; sand; and gravel. Illicit discharges include any direct or indirect discharge to the MS4, except as exempted in § 236-25A (discharge prohibitions) and/or as permitted by the Town.” The Town has always strived to control and prevent illicit discharges capable of impairing water quality. Over the past four years, however, the Town has made significant advances in water quality protection with the passing of a Stormwater Control law in 2007 and a revised Stormwater Control law in 2012. Also in 2012, the Town Board revised Chapter 83 Animals to include better management of domestic pet waste. These regulations include best management practices that aim to reduce pollutant loads into water bodies. Efforts to identify and rectify sources of illicit discharges will continue to protect and restore surface waters. 3.5. Avoid and minimize non-point pollution of coastal waters. Non-point pollution is defined as “Pollution from any source other than from any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyances and shall include, but not be limited to, pollutants from agricultural, silvicultural, mining, construction, subsurface disposal, residential, commercial and urban runoff sources.” To address non point pollution, the Town is working to integrate green infrastructure into drainage designs. For example, the Planning Board is requiring the use of constructed swales and vegetated, retention areas to treat stormwater in subdivisions and site plans. In addition efforts to reduce pollutant loads to coastal waters by managing unavoidable non-point sources and by using appropriate best management practices as determined by use, site characteristics, design standards, operational conditions, and maintenance programs are being implemented. One of the most influential sub-surface structures that contributes pollutants to surface waters is conventional on-site wastewater disposal systems. The SCWA indicates that approximately 70 percent of Suffolk County residents are dependent on these systems to dispose of sanitary waste reducing organic loading to the environment. However, reported nitrogen removal rates within household systems vary widely ranging from ten to fifty percent. In addition, the treatment of personal care products and pharmaceuticals are becoming problematic in groundwater as a result of disposal to these systems. On-site wastewater systems are upgraded on a case by case basis prompted by new construction or renovation of structures. If construction or renovation of structures on a parcel is not proposed, upgrades are not required and there is no indication if the system is properly functioning. Relocation of the structures is often not required unless additional distances to existing water supply wells or a protected natural feature is required. Better management (include monitoring) of these systems is necessary to minimize impact to ground and surface waters.

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3.5.1. Avoid non-point pollution by limiting non-point sources capable of entering coastal waters. 3.5.2. Reduce or eliminate introduction of materials which may contribute to non-point pollution. 3.5.3. Avoid activities which would increase off-site stormwater runoff and transport of pollutants. 3.5.4. Retain or establish native vegetation to maintain or provide soil stabilization or filtering capacity in littoral zones. 3.5.5. Preserve natural hydrologic conditions maintaining natural watercourses and drainage systems where present. 3.5.6. Where drainage systems are absent or incapable of handling the anticipated runoff demands: 3.5.6.1. Develop open vegetated drainage systems as the preferred approach and design these systems to include long and indirect flow paths and to decrease peak runoff flows. 3.5.6.2. Use closed drainage systems only where site constraints and stormwater flow demands make open water systems infeasible. 3.5.7. Site, upgrade and manage on-site disposal systems to achieve maximum pollutant control: 3.5.7.1 Allow on-site disposal systems only when impractical to connect with public sewer system. 3.5.7.2 Protect surface and groundwater against contaminates and other pollutants by keeping septic effluent adequately separated from groundwater. 3.5.7.3 Work with an institution to develop and implement a pilot program whereby waterfront residents can volunteer to have dye tests done on their septic systems to determine if the systems are constructed properly. 3.5.7.4 Require systems located in critical lands, within the SGPA or soil groups with severe limitations for sewage disposal be pumped out once every three years. 3.5.7.5 Require the use of alternative or innovative on-site sanitary waste systems to achieve the highest level of effluent treatment attainable in new construction projects. Set a benchmark for systems using new technology to less than 5 mg/L of N located within the Town.
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3.5.7.6 Require the use of alternative or innovative on-site sanitary waste systems to achieve the higher level of effluent treatment attainable on the redevelopment of parcels. Set a benchmark for systems using new technology to less than 5 mg/L of N located within the Town 3.5.7.7 Consider approaching New York State to implement a Personal Income Tax Credit for replacement of a Failed Cesspool or Septic System modeled after The State of Massachusetts program 3.5.8. Encourage new marina uses to participate in the NOAA’s Clean Marina Initiative The Clean Marina Initiative is a voluntary, benefit-based program promoted by NOAA and others that encourages marina operators and recreational boaters to protect coastal water quality by engaging in environmentally sound operating and maintenance procedures. Marinas that participate in the Clean Marina Program are recognized for their environmental stewardship. More information on the program can be found at http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/marinas.html. Responsible Parties: Southold Town Board, Town of Southold Planning Department, Town of Southold Board of Trustees, Town of Southold Agricultural Advisory Committee, Possible Partnerships: Fishers Island Conservancy, Fishers Island Development Corporation, Fishers Island Water Works, Peconic Estuary Program, Town of Southold MS4 Committee, Suffolk County Water Authority, Suffolk County Department of Health, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Long Island Sound Study, The Nature Conservancy, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, National Oceanic and Atmosphere Association, United States Environmental Protection Agency Possible Funding Sources: New York State Environmental Protection Fund, Peconic Estuary Program, Long Island Sound Study, Suffolk County Water Authority. Timeline for Implementation: 2015

Goal 4. Watershed Management The Town is comprised of distinct watersheds. Historically, the Town has addressed land use challenges as they occurred within each watershed; however in recent years a pro-active approach to assess the impacts of development in each watershed has been implemented. Currently, two watershed management plans and two conceptual plans have been completed. The Town will continue to model, map and plan each watershed to improve knowledge of existing conditions in each watershed and develop a framework for pragmatic decision making to address land use challenges. Within each watershed/sub-watershed the Town will also delineate and map sewersheds (an area where stormwater enters one of the Town’s control structures etc…) to comply with New York State MS4 requirements.

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4.1. Update and conduct a needs analysis on the recommendations made in the Mattituck Watershed Study (2009). Due to the age of the study it is recommended that a needs analysis be conducted on the recommendations included in the plan to determine applicability and create updated implementation strategies. 4.2. Continue to implement the Goldsmith Inlet, Hashamomuck Pond and Jockey, Town, Goose and Richmond Creeks Watershed and Sub-watershed Management Plans. The Town has partnered with the local citizens, Suffolk County and New York State to fund, assess, plan and implement a restoration plan that addresses water quality, invasive species, sedimentation and debris within Goldsmiths Inlet. In addition, the Town has partnered with the Peconic Estuary Program and New York State to create a subwatershed management plan for Hashamomuck Pond. In 2011/2012 three stormwater retrofit projects were constructed mitigating stormwater impacts to the waterbody under this plan. The Town will continue to implement the plan and address stormwater control and water quality issues in the watershed. All of the projects are funded by New York State Department of State Environmental Protection Fund Program Local Waterfront Revitalization Program (NYSDOS EPF). 4.3. Develop watershed management plans for all remaining watersheds. 4.3.1 Form a Watershed Planning Management Team The tasks necessary to manage watersheds are complex ranging from land use planning to engineering and community involvement. It is recommended that the Town Board identify a core team and ongoing management structure that will oversee watershed plan implementation and tracking, and indicate how stakeholders and partners will be involved. 4.3.2 Identify and map watersheds and sewersheds within the Town. The Town will implement a new GIS based watershed model in order to better define the extent of the watersheds for each body of water and regulated wetland within its boundaries. This proposal will expand on two New York Department of State LWRP EPF funded projects in which the Town and Peconic Estuary Program design conceptual storm water retrofits for the Hashamomuck Pond (C006975) and Jockey, Town, Goose and Richmond Creek (C006880) watersheds and subwatersheds. The plans delineated watersheds and subwatersheds and proposed conceptual stormwater treatments and designs. The projects are currently in process.

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The modeling tool will utilize LiDAR elevation data and detailed storm sewer maps to delineate each remaining watershed and provide a breakdown of the type and acreage of the various land uses within the watershed. The land use information will provide the Town with an estimate of the average imperviousness within each watershed so that stormwater runoff can be more accurately assessed. This approach will be used to assess potential sources of water pollution, identify areas which can benefit from structural and nonstructural best management practices and to design engineering retrofit projects to mitigate stormwater impacts. Within each watershed/sub-watershed the Town will also delineate and map sewersheds to comply with New York State MS4 requirements. Model water body inputs and design appropriate green infrastructure to improve water quality through the elimination of pathogens (fecal coliform bacteria) and pollutants (road salt, nitrogen, phosphorous) from non-point source, stormwater contributors. Once completed the Town will prioritize stormwater abatement projects in each watershed relative to significant nonpoint source contributing areas (those associated with closed shellfish beds, impaired living resources, and bathing beaches that experience periodic closures due to water quality concerns). Projects will take into account flood zones, storm surge, groundwater levels and sea level rise in design. 4.4. Limit the potential for adverse cumulative impacts of watershed development on water quality and quantity. Protect water quality by ensuring that proposed expansion or intensification of existing watershed development results in: 1. protection of areas that provide important water quality benefits, 2. maintenance of natural characteristics of drainage systems, and 3. Protection of areas particularly susceptible to erosion and sediment loss. Responsible Parties: Southold Town Board, Town of Southold Planning Department, Watershed Planning Management Team Possible Partnerships: Town of Southold Land Preservation Department, Peconic Estuary Program, Long Island Sound Study, The Nature Conservancy, Cornell Cooperative Extension of Suffolk County, National Oceanic and Atmosphere Association, United States Environmental Protection Agency Possible Funding Sources: New York State Environmental Protection Fund Grants, Peconic Estuary Program, Long Island Sound Futures Fund, Suffolk County Water Authority. Timeline for Implementation: 2015

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Goal 5. Freshwater and Marine Habitats The NYSDEC regulates tidal or freshwater wetlands at the state level pursuant to Article 24 and Article 25 of the Environmental Conservation Law. In addition to State regulations, some of Southold’s wetlands are protected under the Federal Clean Water Act, Riverhead Harbors Act of 1899, the US Army Corps of Engineers Title 33, US Environmental Protection Agency, Section 404 permit program. These wetlands have been identified in the National Wetlands Inventory and can include wetlands as small as one acre. The federal wetlands are defined by three criteria: type of vegetation, period of inundation, and presence of hydric soils, whereas the state designated wetlands are defined by vegetation only. More information on Town classification of wetlands can be found in Appendix B. In 2002-2003 the Town Planning office mapped both tidal and freshwater wetlands in the Town (Figure 3) Any proposed development activities near these wetland systems require permits from both the NYSDEC Bureau of Environmental Protection (for freshwater wetlands) and the Southold Board of Trustees. 5.1. Identify, protect and enhance quality of coastal habitats. Wetlands within the Town of Southold are critical natural resources that provide benefits including: open space, habitat for fish and wildlife, water quality enhancement, flooding and erosion protection, scenic value, and opportunities for environmental education. Over the years, many wetland areas have been lost or impaired by degradation or functional loss. Wetlands and their benefits are also dependent upon the condition of adjacent lands which provide buffers between wetlands and surrounding uses. Large areas of adjacent lands that previously provided a buffer for wetlands have been physically lost to development or functionally lost through changes in land use, including inappropriate or incompatible landscaping. These losses and impairments to the wetlands and their functions cumulatively have impacted the Town of Southold’s ecosystem. Protecting and improving the remaining tidal and freshwater wetlands and restoring lost or impaired wetlands are the most appropriate ways to achieve an increase in quality and quantity of wetlands. Historical losses and alterations, which have occurred in many locations in Southold, present numerous opportunities for restoration. In addition to protecting and improving the Town's wetlands, adjacent lands that provide buffers to wetlands must be maintained and enhanced, and where appropriate, reestablished. These buffers are necessary to ensure the long term viability of the Town's wetlands. Where these lands are in private ownership, educating residential owners as to the long-term benefits of compatible land use and landscaping techniques will be essential to maintaining the ecological health of some wetland areas. The Town recognizes the value of wetlands to its ecosystem, its economy and its aesthetic character. It also recognizes that federal and state regulations concerning
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wetlands do not fully cover local conditions, and in some cases, are less restrictive than local regulations. The Town Board of Trustees has local expertise in the management of the Town’s wetlands and in this capacity espouses a “no net loss” of wetlands policy, as espoused by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (LWRP) 5.1.1. Continue to identify and protect environmentally sensitive wetland and coastal resources, including marine habitats and species on Fishers Island and surrounding waters. 5.1.2. Develop Harbor Management Plans for Town water bodies, update Fishers Island West Harbor Management Plan. 5.2. Protect tidal and freshwater wetland habitats. 5.2.1. Continue to achieve a “no net loss” policy of tidal and freshwater wetlands. Since 2002 tidal and freshwater wetlands have been mapped at the Town level. It is recommended that the wetland map be updated to the greatest extent practicable and that the Town Board and Board of Trustees adopt a “no net loss” of wetland systems. No net loss is a mitigation policy goal aiming to prevent and offset the destruction or degradation of wetlands. Under this policy, wetlands currently in existence should be conserved if possible through a coordinated effort of wetlands protection creation of new wetlands restoration, enhancement, and management education, research, and information This policy would apply to the jurisdictional boundary of a wetland system itself exclusive of the regulatory buffers. 5.2.2. Develop Dredging and Spoil Deposition Guidelines to prioritize and dredge Town inlets to allow for critical tidal flushing of water bodies and habitat restoration. Dredging of water bodies is a necessary event for many of the creeks/harbors to improve access and sustain marine uses that support the local economy. Responsible dredging is also necessary to support ecological processes in estuarine environments. Dredging in the Town of Southold is overseen by The United States Army Corps of Engineers, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and accomplished in partnership with Suffolk County Department of Public Works. The timing of dredging for most of the Town’s water bodies revolves around winter flounder spawning and shorebird migration. Dredging can be conducted
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when the species have migrated south usually between September 15th and December 15th. The dates are established by the NYSDEC for the water bodies. Dredging in areas not maintained by the Federal government or the SCDPW, must be performed through private contracts. Generally, homeowner's associations or other private individuals retain private contractors to perform the dredging. All dredging actions require approval from the Board of Trustees, through the issuance of a permit pursuant to Chapter 275 of the Town Code in addition to applicable State and Federal permits. In response to unsuccessful dredging requests made to the NYSDEC and ACOE the Town Board established the Dredging Advisory Committee in 2012 to monitor the process of dredging applications by and to other government entities relative to waterways within the Town of Southold and report to the Town Board and Southold Board of Trustees the status of such applications. It is recommended that a Dredging and Spoil Deposition Guidelines be developed taking into account new available information e.g. Dredge Site Habitat Assessment (2012) conducted by the Group for the East End. 5.2.3. Work with the Suffolk County Department of Public Works (SCDPW), New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) to achieve a more streamlined process for dredging applications 5.2.4. Support efforts that study the positive and negative impacts of dredging on marine species. 5.2.5. Support efforts that study the positive and negative impacts of the placement of dredge spoil on shorebird species e.g. slope of dredge spoil on beach. 5.2.6. Protect water quality of coastal waters from adverse impacts associated with excavation, fill, dredging, and disposal of dredged material. 5.2.7. Work with the EPA, ACOE, New York State and other involved parties to immediately cease the dumping of dredge spoil in Long Island Sound/Fishers Island Sound specifically at the New London and Cornfield Shoals sites. 5.2.8. Provide adequate buffers (in width and composition) between wetlands and land uses and activities to ensure protection of the wetland's water quality, functions and values. Vegetated buffers located adjacent to wetlands provide water quality protection and groundwater recharge, reduce amount and velocity of run-off, provide flood and storm surge protection and wildlife habitat. Vegetated buffer widths from 50 -100 feet are typically recommended to protect water quality and buffers widths
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of 100 to 350 feet or more are recommended to provide important wildlife functions. Buffer widths as proposed in Appendix C assumes that a buffer is vegetated with a native plant community necessary to provide adequate buffer functions. If a buffer (existing or otherwise) is sparsely vegetated, grass, or dominated by invasive species, the buffer should be enhanced with appropriate native species or widened. It is important to note that improving buffer vegetation (species composition and percent cover) is more effective in maintaining and/or enhancing buffer values and functions than widening the buffer. Consequently, the concept of reducing buffer widths in exchange for enhancement through the planting of native vegetation is supported by the best available science and is the most practicable approach for the Town based upon the many smaller lots that occur along our shorelines. Recognize, however, that buffers should be designed to achieve the highest level of effectiveness while conforming to the limitations of parcel configuration and use. 5.2.8.1 Design and establish new buffers using existing vegetation (in its natural state) wherever possible, while allowing for appropriate maintenance. Where no vegetation exists, require re-vegetation of a buffer area with native, drought tolerant vegetation. 5.2.8.2 Restore degraded buffers through the re-establishment of native, drought tolerant vegetation. 5.2.8.3 Maintain densely vegetated buffers to achieve high filtration of surface runoff. 5.2.8.4 Provide adequate buffers (in width and composition) to abate storm surge resulting from hurricane/storm events. 5.2.8.5 Amend buffer definitions in the Southold Town Code to achieve consistency between Chapters 275 Wetlands and Shorelines and Chapter 268 Coastal Consistency Review and establish minimum design standards. 5.2.8.6 Partner with local institutions to develop optimum buffer designs to achieve the highest effectiveness practicable. Incorporate a fecal coliform bacteria sand trap in buffer design coupled with high density vegetation Incorporate drought tolerant, vegetation in buffers that waterfowl do not feed upon
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5.2.8.7.Exempt residential actions from LWRP coastal consistency review that include minimum wetland buffer widths in design as indicated in Appendix C. 5.3. Restore tidal and freshwater wetlands habitats to foster their continued existence as natural systems. The wetlands in the Town of Southold have experienced and continue to experience impacts from human disturbance. This includes construction of docks and bulkheading; filling and dredging; removal of vegetation; impacts from adjacent land uses; and impacts resulting form recreational activities, such as fishing, hunting and boating. The degree of impact depends on the nature and scale of human interactions within or adjacent to the wetlands (LWRP). 5.3.1 Restore former wetlands in areas adjacent or contiguous to the site according to the following priorities: 5.3.1.1. Where restoration of former wetlands in areas adjacent or contiguous to the site is not appropriate or practicable, restore former wetlands in close physical proximity and in the same watershed, to the extent possible. 5.3.1.2. Where restoration of former wetlands is not appropriate or practicable, create new wetlands in suitable locations as determined by sediment, exposure, shoreline characteristics, and water regime; include consideration of loss of resource values which may exist at the mitigation site. 5.3.1.3. Where wetlands are restored or wetlands created: Provide equivalent or greater area of mitigation wetland. Base the actual area of wetland provided on the following factors: characteristics of the mitigation site, proposed wetland creation or restoration methods and designs, and quality of the wetland restored or created relative to the wetland lost. Provide equivalent or greater value or benefit to that of the wetland area lost, as defined by class of freshwater wetland, as ranked in 6 NYCRR Part 664 or, tidal wetland zones, as described in 6 NYCRR Part 661. A lesser area of mitigation wetland may be allowed in cases where the mitigation wetland and its benefits would clearly be a greater value than the wetland lost. Guarantee success of the compensatory mitigation. Wetland mitigation is considered successful if functional attributes of the wetland have been reached and maintained, including a plant density which approaches the design density.
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When a series of small, unavoidable wetland losses requires mitigation, combine mitigation projects to create larger contiguous wetland areas whenever the resulting ecological value would be greater than that achieved through pursuing discrete, separate efforts. 5.4. Promote sustainable use of marine habitats and resources in the Town of Southold. 5.4.1. Zone marine underwater lands to insure ecological quality and sustainability of public underwater lands and waters. 5.4.2. Preserve ecological quality and public access to lands and waters by managing private docks in Peconic and Gardiners Bay. The Town goals and policies support the long-term protection with consideration of the economic and cultural associations afforded by Peconic Bay and Gardiners Bay. Additionally, they reflect existing laws and authority regarding development and environmental protection. Taken together, these goals and policies and their associated standards are used to determine the appropriate balance between development and preservation that will prevent adverse effects on Southold's coastal resources. The Town of Southold can further these policies through the adoption of technical design standards that prohibit and/or manage the dock structures within these sensitive public areas. It is recommended that the Town Board consider the report titled Recommendations on the Management of Private, Recreational Dock Structures in the Peconic Bays and Gardiners Bay in Southold prepared by the Planning Board office in 2009. The report provides a comprehensive analysis of impact of dock structures and makes design standard recommendations to avoid and/or minimize the impacts from dock structures. Correspondingly, with any effort to minimize impacts from dock structures it is strongly recommended that the Town develop a Mooring Management Plan for affected waters. 5.4.3. Preserve ecological quality of public lands and waters by reducing the density of future docks structures in Town Creeks and/or water bodies through the establishment of common easements and common docks. 5.4.4. Mitigate impacts to public lands and waters through the establishment of bottomlands lease fee (e.g. five year intervals) for docks located on Town bottomlands. Use fees to establish shellfish spawning sanctuaries/seeding programs and habitat restoration. 5.4.5. Manage the number of future permanent docks in Town creeks through the use of alternative and seasonal moorings. 5.4.6. Amend the Fisher Islands Harbor Management Plan and Chapter 157 Harbor Management of the Southold Town Code to afford better protection of marine water quality and give the Fishers Island Harbor Committee better tools to implement the plan.
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Appendix A
Peconic Estuary Dubbed one of the "Last Great Places" in the western hemisphere, the Peconic Estuary is situated between the north and south forks of Long Island. The watershed begins at Brookhaven National Lab with the headwaters of the Peconic River, spans the several bays from Flanders to Gardiners, and ends in Block Island Sound between Plum Island and Montauk Point. More than 125,000 land acres and 158,000 surface water acres are included in the Peconic Study Area. In 1993, the Peconic Estuary became the 20th estuary in the nation to receive the designation as an “Estuary of National Significance” by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As part of the National Estuary Program (NEP), the Peconics were charged with developing and implementing a watershed-based comprehensive management plan. A new alliance was necessary to carry out this large task, and the Peconic Estuary Program (PEP) was born. The PEP is an innovative partnership of local, state, and federal governments, citizen and environmental groups, businesses and industries, and academic institutions. After years of hard work, the PEP Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP) was formally approved on November 15, 2001. There are an ambitious 340 management tasks included in the CCMP; priority topics include brown tide, nutrients, habitat and living resources, pathogens, toxic pollutants, and critical lands protection. (PEP) Long Island Sound Long Island Sound is one of the most significant coastal areas in the nation, with a 16,000 square mile watershed that traverses all of Connecticut and parts of New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. More than 170 species of finfish can be found in the Sound, including at least 50 species that spawn in the Sound and 21 tropical species that stray into this region on a seasonal basis. Post World War II the ecological health of the Sound began to decline. To address the decline, the LISS was authorized by Congress in 1985, establishing a collaborative partnership federal, state, interstate, and local government agencies, industries, universities, and community groups to effort to restore and protect the Sound. LISS partners work together to implement a Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan to maintain the health of the ecosystem, restore coastal habitats, and increase public awareness of the Sound. The environmental concerns affecting the Sound cross political boundaries; by working together LISS partners can share ideas, coordinate actions, and leverage scarce financial resources to protect an entire ecosystem. For more information about LISS visit www.longislandsoundstudy.net.

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Appendix B
The classification of tidal and freshwater wetlands is based on the vegetation they support which distinguishes the different types of wetlands. The type of vegetation is largely determined by the salinity of the surface water. A second important feature of a wetland is hydrology, more specifically the frequency and duration that water occurs in the system. Both tidal and freshwater wetlands serve many ecological and environmental functions including: food production; wildlife habitat; flood, storm and hurricane protection; sedimentation control and filtration; nutrient and contaminant uptake; education and research; open space; recreation; and aesthetic appreciation (LWRP). The New York State Environmental Conservation Law defines tidal wetlands as "those areas which border on or lie beneath tidal waters, such as, but not limited to, banks, bogs, salt marsh, swamps, meadows, flats or other low lands subject to tidal action, including those areas now or formerly connected to tidal waters.. " (ECL Sect 25-0103). Specific zones within tidal wetlands are further defined and delineated by the types of vegetation they support. NYSDEC has inventoried all the tidal wetlands in Southold and classified them according to the type of vegetation that they support. These wetland classifications are as follows: High Marsh or Salt Meadow - the uppermost tidal wetland zone usually dominated by salt meadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata); designated as HM on NYSDEC inventory maps. Intertidal Marsh - the vegetated zone generally lying between the average high and low tidal elevation, usually dominated by smooth cordgrass designated as IM on NYSDEC inventory maps. Coastal Shoals, Bars and Mudflats - the zone which is not vegetated and is covered by water at high tide, and is either exposed or covered by a maximum of one foot of water at low tide; designated as SM on NYSDEC inventory maps. Littoral Zone - the zone of open water with a maximum depth of six feet measured from mean low water elevation; designated as LZ on NYSDEC inventory maps. Coastal Fresh - these areas are uncommon in New York, and are found primarily where freshwater runoff is backed up by daily tides. They are usually bordered by rushes (Jjuncus spp.), cattails (Typah spp.), and brackish water cordgrass, as well as by pickerel weed (Pontederia spp.) and marsh roses(Sabatia spp). This type of wetland is highly productive and has extremely high value for wildlife; designated as FM on NYSDEC inventory maps.
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Formerly connected tidal wetlands - includes wetlands which have been partially blocked from receiving normal tidal flows, or are in the process of being shut out. The original vegetative community still dominates, although the zone may also support a stand of common reed; designated as FC on NYSDEC inventory maps. Chapter 275 of the Southold Town Code administered by the Board of Trustees defines tidal wetlands as: (1) All lands generally covered or intermittently covered with, or which border on, tidal waters, or lands lying beneath tidal waters, which at mean low tide are covered by tidal waters to a maximum depth of five feet, including but not limited to banks, bogs, salt marsh, swamps, meadows, flats or other low-lying lands subject to tidal action; (2) All banks, bogs, meadows, flats and tidal marsh subject to such tides and upon which grows or may grow some or any of the following: smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), salt hay grass (Spartina patens), black grass (Juncus gerardii), saltworts (Salicornia spp.), sea lavender (Limoneum spp.), marsh elder (Iva frutescens), groundsel (Baccharis halimfolia), marshmallow (Hibiscus spp.) Tidal wetlands comprise the many creeks and inlets in the Town of Southold. The largest contiguous tidal wetland areas in the Town are located in the Long Beach Bay/Hallocks Bay Area. Another extensive tidal wetland complex is located around Cutchogue Harbor. This complex encompasses Wickham Creek, East Creek, Mud Creek, Broadwater and Haywater Coves. Other extensive tidal wetland complexes exist in Mattituck Inlet and Creek, in Dam Pond, along the Orient Causeway, in West and Downs Creek , and Brushes Creek . There are many smaller tidal wetlands scattered throughout Southold along the tidal inlets and creeks and although these are not part of a large complex and may only be a few acres in size, they still have important ecological values (LWRP). Actions in and near Tidal wetlands are regulated by The Army Corps of Corps of Engineers, NYSDEC Bureau of Marine Habitat Protection, Southold Board of Trustees. The Town of Southold Conservation Advisory Council and Local Waterfront Coastal Consistency program provide recommendations to the discretionary regulatory boards. Freshwater wetlands are located throughout the Town of Southold. The largest concentration of freshwater wetlands is between Hashamomuck Pond and Chapel Lane in the Hamlet of Southold. Known as Arshamomaque Preserve, this entire wetland complex is targeted for preservation. Other significant freshwater complexes can be found in Moores’ Woods, (owned by the Village of Greenport, but within the Town’s jurisdiction), the area around Goldsmith’s inlet, Peconic Dunes County Park and Great, near Marion Lake in and around Laurel Lake, Horton Creek and Marratooka Lake.

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Freshwater wetlands that encompass at least 12.4 acres in area, and smaller wetlands determined to be of unusual local importance, are regulated by the New York State Freshwater Wetlands Act (1975). The State definition of a freshwater wetland is contained in ECL Article 24 and is based on vegetation that are considered wetland indicators such as wetland trees and shrubs, emergent vegetation, rooted and free floating vegetation, wet meadow vegetation, bog mat vegetation, and submergent vegetation. Many freshwater wetland indicator species can be found in the Town of Southold, including: Wetland trees such as Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Willows (Salix spp.), Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor), Silver Maple (Acer saccharinnum) and Black Gum or Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica); Wetland shrubs including Alders (Alnus spp.), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), Sweet Pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia), Spicebush (Lindera benzoin), Leatherleaf (Chameadaphne calyculata), and Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum); Wet meadow species such as Rushes (Juncus spp.), Sedges (Carex spp.); and Emergent and submerged plants including Cattails (Typha spp.), Arrowheads (Sagittaria spp.), Loosestrife (Lythrum spp.) and Waterlilies (Nymphaea spp.).