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Demystifying the Egyptian Pyramids with Hard Facts

It has always fascinated, and worried me at the same time, how many people I meet that are still mesmerized by aspects of the pyramids in Egypt that archeologists solved many years ago. The when, how, what and where aspects are all now understood, leaving “why” as the real mystery.

How Many People Built The Great Pyramid?

Archeologists, Engineers and amateur enthusiasts debate on exactly “how many” people contributed to the building of the pyramids in Egypt, which were erected for each of three pharaohs: Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Most Egyptologists over the last two decades have thought this number to be between to 20,000 or 30,000 based on the size of the tombs and the cemetery, but famed Egyptologist, Zahi Hawass, believes around 36,000 ancient Egyptians built the pyramids.

The first attempt at guessing what this elusive number might be was made by the Greek historian Herodotus, who estimated that “100,000 men worked in three shifts” to build the structures. The trouble with this account is that it was unclear whether each shift contained 100,000 men, or 33,000 men worked three shifts. According to a archeologist Mark Lehner of the Giza Plateau Mapping Project at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and Harvard Semitic Museum postulated a different number .

Map of the Giza Plateux by MesserWoland, work created in Inkscape. CC BY-SA 3.0

Lehner's team calculated how many men would be needed to deliver “340 stones each day” and determined there were likely 1,200 people in the quarry and 2,000 transporting the stones, while others must have cut stones and set them into place. He concluded that to have built the pyramid within a 20-40-year period, the process would have required "5,000 men to actually do the building and the quarrying and the schlepping from the local quarry.”

More recently, archeologist Richard Redding, the chief research officer at Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA), estimated the workforce at Giza to be around 10,000 people “for all three pyramids.” In a Live Science study published in 2013, Redding found that “enough cattle, sheep and goats were slaughtered every day to produce 4,000 pounds of meat, on average, to feed the pyramid builders” and he used the animal bone remains found at Giza, to calculate the “nutritional requirements for a person doing hard labor, to arrive at his number of 10,000.”

How Were The Pyramids Built?

Although many old school, pseudo-historians, will tell you that “if anybody tells you they know how the pyramids were built they are lying,” this is either a lie itself, or less sinisterly, ignorance. It is a fact that many thousands of highly qualified archeologists, engineers and anthropologists know precisely how pyramid structures were assembled.

A word of caution. When a writer or lecturer tells you that mystery surrounds how such massive stones blocks were shaped and transported for using in the pyramids, they are really saying “I wrote a cranky book in the 90’s and now “I can’t" admit archeologists understand how all this was done.” So, they continue to throw on layers of childish complexity and for every person that listens to this type of author, a thousand cry.

A fact that this type of writer holds back from readers, is that about 90% of the pyramid's blocks are soft limestone quarried "just across the river" from the pyramids. And while you are often told “no metal” was used in the pyramid’s construction, contrary to this, according to James A. Harrell and Per Storemyr, The University of Toledo, Ohio archeologists have found many copper wedges which were used with “wooden levers to mechanically fracture the soft limestone.”

In the face of spaceships, anti-gravity levitation mechanisms and magic, a papyrus found by the Red Sea explained precisely how the massive blocks were made easier to move using water. The papyri, found at Wadi al-Jarf informed that the limestone “used in the casing is from a quarry located at Turah, near modern-day Cairo,” and was shipped to Giza by boat over 4 days along the Nile River then along a series of canals. And most of the stones used to build Khufu's pyramid were quarried from a "horseshoe-shaped quarry located just south of the pyramid," said Mark Lehner who published his finds back in 1985 in the journal Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts.

Crumbling Rock temples were cut directly in the rocks at the Silsileh quarrying site, near Aswan, for use by quarry workers. CC BY-SA 3.0

Talking of what happened to the blocks once they were at the building site, a team of physicists from the University of Amsterdam found in a study published in the journal Physical Review Letters in 2004, that “Egyptians pushed and pulled large wooden sledges and that sand in front of the sledge was likely dampened with water , reducing friction, making it easier to move.” And this act of pouring “water in-front of sledges” was so central to the building process that it is depicted many times in ancient Egyptian artwork.

But how on earth could a civilization of farmers “all of a sudden” build massive pyramids?

Practice Makes Perfect

Again, pseudo-historians never talk of the scores of “failed” pyramids which speckle the Egyptian deserts, which all add to archeologists understanding of the Egyptian’s building chronology. It is in the collapsed attempts at pyramid building that archeologists have learned of the techniques used to build the Giza pyramids, which were developed over centuries, with all of the challenges and setbacks that any modern-day designer, engineer or builder would face.

A Live Science article described how archaeologist Sir Flinders Petrie discovered that pyramids originated from “simple rectangular "mastaba" tombs that were being constructed in Egypt over 5,000 years ago.” He noted a major advance in building skills during “the reign of the pharaoh Djoser (reign started around 2630 B.C).” According to Petrie, Djoser’s pyramid was developed into “a six-layered step pyramid with underground tunnels and chambers.”

The evolution from “step pyramids” came during the reign of the pharaoh Snefru (reign started around 2575 BC), whose architects developed designs for smooth-faced, true pyramids, as we know them today. Practicing as they built, learning from mistakes, Snefru’s architects constructed what is known today as the "bent pyramid" because the angle of the pyramid changes course half-way up, by accident. Then, we see this design flaw being corrected at a second pyramid at Dahshur, the "red pyramid" which has a constant angle from base to tip, making it the first “true pyramid.” In conclusions, Snefru’s son Khufu, learned from all of his father’s construction mistakes and applied his learning in what we know as the "Great Pyramid” at Giza, the largest stone pyramid in the world.

In a report published recently in an AERA newsletter , Glen Dash, an engineer who studies the pyramids at Giza noted that Khufu's pyramid is aligned “to true north within one-tenth of a degree.” Admittedly, how exactly the ancient Egyptians did this is not fully clear, but Dash wrote that the builders “used a circumpolar star like Polaris and lines of rope” to achieve this accuracy. And if you take a rope into your backyard and lay out 10 alignments to the celestial north pole, and average them, you get pretty close to this accuracy.

Top image: An illustration depicting the construction of the Egyptian pyramids ( TES Teach )

Ashley

Ashley is a Scottish historian, author and documentary filmmaker presenting original perspectives on historical problems, in accessible and exciting ways. His books, articles and television shows explore lost cultures and kingdoms, ancient crafts and artefacts, symbols and architecture, myths and legends... Read More

Comments

The real question is how many tetraploid humans were involved in the building of the pyramids. Until archaelogists recognize that is was the tetraploid humans that started civilization (The Mes) and built many pyramids around the globe, including the Antarctic (formerly Atlantis), then we will never know the truth.

Secrets of the Pink Kush proves the existence of tetraploid humans and their accomplishments.

The ancients know about precession, both the Minoans and the Sumerians used gryphons when referring to the cone that the earth wobbles around, the ancient seemed to know that the pole star was changing, they built stone circles and buildings to record it’s current position for future generations. It was a bit like building deep thought to answer the ultimate question, but in antiquity, what is the centre of the life, the universe and everything. Both cultures had great maths, fractional trigonometry and Fibonacci sequences/Pi, respectively. They could work out angles very well. There may be a clue to the architects, the Minoans would build anything for metal, the Egyptians were not short of gold. The clue might be the water technology. For example, the Minoans had hot and cold water running into dwellings, sewers and aqueducts. They built a palace for Baal, it was recorded as having, steam rooms, doors that opened by fire (steam) and advance irrigation for gardens. They could build anything, and I suspect were trying to strengthen ties with those in power around the region to support trade, it is known they installed their own people towards the end of the period, but perhaps they were trying to do so for millennia. They were know to the Egyptians as Keftui or Captor, the Egyptians just knew they came once a year with everything they needed in exchange for the things the Minoans needed (papyrus for records, ivory and gold). I’m not suggesting the Egyptians were not building pyramids before, but if you wanted the best civil engineers on the planet then they had them. There are loads of things in Egyptian tombs from Minoan origin. I don’t think many appreciate exactly how much influence they had, tin from Iberia in the west, copper from Cyprus and the Levant (Asia) to the East, Agricultural bulks from the North and specialist papyrus, flax, ivory and gold to the south. They connected the three continents and all the worlds knowledge and commodities flowed through their ports. It wasn’t just the most valuable personal possessions in the world they crafted, it was everything, from weapons to supply of experts (for metal), such as engineers, priestesses for study of the stars or Palace accounting (or Quantity surveying)! These people were precise, they loved craftmanship, they were not only good with stone but every material (you need these for the tooling and rigs), they knew mathematics, they studied the stars, were organised, and could build all the other things you need to pull this off: the machines and jigs, cranes to process huge quantities of material in a lifetime! It’s the use of water, canals for moving blocks and making precise cuts, that has all the hallmarks of Minoan architects and engineering. By example, the Egyptians didn’t even have sea worthy ships, the Minoans had Minos composite hulls by comparison (that’s right: white, shiny, low drag composite hulls of linen, pine resin and limestone additive, they may have had copper bottoms to, that would be four millennia before the Royal Navy, the Egyptians were tinkering around in reed boats). That stone jig and water level for ensuring the same precision across the course of blocks is genius! The Pharos name is interesting in this context. My take is the engineers and architects for this project were Minoan, to be knocked down by good argument.

I have no academic qualifications, but am interested in things ancient. This article appears to me to have been written with the tongue firmly in cheek. The delivery of stones to the pyramid site at the rate of 340 per day will take some doing, and will also not be enough to finish in 20 to 40 years. I would like to see Aswan granite floated down the Nile. To provide flotation for 80 tons of granite, you would need a volume of about 40000 litres of air bladders (camel stomachs?).
However there is also the matter of the engineering involved in building the pyramids by people supposedly scarcely out of the stone age. For me there are still many mysteries surrounding the pyramids.

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