Postcranial bones

Postcranial bones, mainly fragmentary and permitting very few measurements, help less than cranial or dental remains to relate hominid
taxonomy to the geochronology or stratigraphy of the Sima de las Palomas breccia. Our upper cutting has undoubtedly Neanderthal teeth and although most
human remains in it are unburnt some postcranial bones here show definite signs of burning, even though the soil here (Plate 29) is neither ashy nor visibly burnt (laboratory analyses are underway); is <50-60,000 years. Future
resarch may confirm the still conjectural relationship between unstratified burnt "pre"-Neanderthal cranial fragments, especially from dirt and rubble piled
up below lenses of burnt soil low down in the breccia column, and the lenses themselves, though their cranial morphology is incompatible with a time later
than the last interglacial period, when the base of the column was deposited.

Plate 29: Sima de las Palomas - excavating in the upper cutting

Among human bones excavated in the upper cutting are a distal phalangeal bone, a child's humeral fragment of the head and neck with an
unobliterated epiphyseal line, and a burnt fragment of humeral head (Plate 30 and 31).

Unburnt bones from our upper cutting include an infant mandible, various
phalangeal bones, a metacarpal or metatarsal fragment, carpal
and tarsal fragments, a patella, sacral fragments, a baby's or foetal ulna, a
symphyseal pubic fragment, another possibly pelvic fragment, and various
long-bone fragments. Fragments of hominid long-bone shafts have come from
sieved mine rubble; their narrow medullary cavities and thick cortical bone are
distinctive. Two axis vertebrae (CG-8, CG-9) were found during
clearance of rubble: one is burnt and adult, the other unburnt and adolescent or
juvenile because the tip of its odontoid process had not yet fused to the body.
Our upper cutting excavation gave both a vertebral neural arch fragment and a
body of a child's (thoracic?) vertebra.