not as severe as mania. These symptoms are not severe enough to interfere with daily functioning and do not involve hallucinations or delusions.

Cyclothymic disorder

▫ alternates between episodes of hypomania and moderate depression chronically over at least a two year period.

Learned helplessness theory

the type of stressful event most likely to lead to depression is uncontrollable negative events.

Depressive attributional style

take responsibility for failures and attribute to self, positive things are attributed to others. People who habitually explain negative events by causes that are internal, stable, and global blame themselves for these negative events, expect negative events to recur in the future, and expect to experience negative events in many areas of their lives.

Cognitive errors and negative schemas

things are always going to be bad, future, past, and present.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Take as long as two to eight weeks to start working

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)

amino acid that breaks down monoamines (serotonin and norepinephrine) in the synapse. MAOI decrease the action of MAO and thus bring about increases in the levels of the neurotransmitters in the synapses.

Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)

block the reuptake of serotonine. Takes four to six weeks to work.

Lithium

remains the drug of choice for bipolar disorder. It's a mood stabilizer. It stabilizes a number of neurotransmitter systems, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate. Prevents mania and depression (more effective for mania). However, lithium is toxic.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Effective for depression. Usually delivered to only one side of the brain, usually the right side, because it is less involved in learning and memory. As a result, patients undergoing modern ECT do not tend to experience significant or long-term memory or learning difficulties.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

cognitions and behaviors and changing them. Aimed to change the negative, hopeless pattern of thinking. It also aims to help people with depression solve concrete problems in their lives and develop skills for being more effective in their worlds, so that they no longer have the deficits in reinforcers.

Interpersonal therapy

their perception is that they don't have a supportive social network. We need to change this perception.