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BOSTON (August 11) – Tufts Medical Center and Tufts University scientists have found exciting, new functions of the protein angiogenin (ANG) that play a significant role in the regulation of blood cell formation, important in bone marrow transplantation and recovery from radiation-induced bone marrow failure. Since current bone marrow transplantations have significant limitations, these discoveries may lead to important therapeutic interventions to help improve the effectiveness of these treatments. The findings were published in an article, “Angiogenin promotes hematopoietic regeneration by dichotomously regulating quiescence of stem and progenitor cells,” in the August 11, 2016 issue of the journal Cell.

In the paper, the researchers show for the first time that ANG simultaneously reduces proliferation of stem cells and promotes proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells that give rise to mature myeloid cells. They further report that these two-pronged processes are accomplished by a novel molecular regulating mechanism, a first-ever such finding.

These findings have significant implications for both human stem cell transplantation and for radiation exposure. Cancer patients undergoing stem cell transplantation face two hurdles: the short-term challenge of having enough white blood cells to fight possible infections immediately following the transplant and the long-term challenge of sustaining stem cell function to maintain immunity. People exposed to large doses of radiation face challenges due to bone marrow failure induced by such exposures.

“We knew that ANG was involved in promoting cell growth so it was not unexpected to find that ANG stimulates proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells,” said Guo-fu Hu, PhD, Investigator in the Molecular Oncology Research Institute at Tufts Medical Center, and the paper’s senior author. “But it was surprising to find that ANG also suppresses growth of stem cells and that it accomplishes these divergent promotion or suppression functions through RNA processing events specific to individual cell types. Our discoveries suggest considerable therapeutic potential.”

In a series of experiments, the team from Tufts MC and the Sackler School at Tufts, which collaborated with scientists at Massachusetts General Hospital, isolated and described the divergent regulatory functions of ANG. They demonstrated how ANG stimulates proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. They showed how ANG maintains stem cells by inducing a state of quiescence, or cellular dormancy, the first known evidence of ANG’s suppressive activity. Quiescence preserves stem cells over time so that they will be available in the future to help maintain immunity.

In another novel finding, the team demonstrated that ANG achieves these dual functions by inducing RNA processing that is different in various cell types. In hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, ANG induces processing of a specific type of RNA (tiRNA) that is quiescence-related whereas in myeloid progenitor cells, ANG induces processing of a specific type of RNA (rRNA) that is proliferation related. tiRNA is a type of small RNA that suppresses global protein synthesis, while rRNA or ribosomal RNA is a type of RNA molecule that enhances protein synthesis.

“Proper blood cell production is dependent on functioning hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells that are destroyed during conditioning procedures for transplantation or following bone marrow injury,” said the study’s first author Kevin A. Goncalves, who performed this research as part of his PhD studies in cellular and molecular physiology at the Sackler School. “Our study demonstrates that ANG regulates critical functions of both clinically-relevant cell types.”

In further studies, the researchers tested the capacity of ANG to prevent and mitigate radiation-induced bone marrow failure, and in pre-clinical models, they found that survival following radiation exposure was increased after treatment with recombinant ANG protein.

A complementary paper, “Proximity-Based Differential Single-Cell Analysis of the Niche to Identify Stem/Progenitor Cell Regulators,” published online on August 11, 2016 in the journal Cell Stem Cell, reports the discovery and confirmation of ANG as a niche regulator.

Additional authors are Shuping Li, MD, PhD, Miaofen G. Hu, MD, PhD from Tufts Medical Center; Hailing Yang, PhD, a recent graduate of the Sackler School; and Lev Silberstein, PhD and Nicolas Severe, PhD from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University. David Scadden, MD, also from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University is co-corresponding author.

This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, specifically the National Cancer Institute (award R01CA105241), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (award R01NS065237), the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (awards R01HL097794 and F31HL128127), and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (award R01DK050234); the United States Department of Defense (W81XWH-15-1-02070); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81272674); the Leukemia & Lymphoma Research UK/Leukemia & Lymphoma Society fellowships; a Sackler Dean’s Fellow award; and a Sackler Families Collaborative Cancer Biology award.

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About Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children

Tufts Medical Center is an exceptional, not-for-profit, 415-bed academic medical center that is home to both a full-service hospital for adults and Floating Hospital for Children. Conveniently located in downtown Boston, the Medical Center is the principal teaching hospital for Tufts University School of Medicine. Floating Hospital for Children is the full-service children's hospital of Tufts Medical Center and the principal pediatric teaching hospital of Tufts University School of Medicine. Tufts Medical Center is affiliated with the New England Quality Care Alliance, a network of more than 1,800 physicians throughout Eastern Massachusetts. For more information, please visit www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org.

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Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences are international leaders in medical and population health education and advanced research. Tufts University School of Medicine emphasizes rigorous fundamentals in a dynamic learning environment to educate physicians, scientists, and public health professionals to become leaders in their fields. The School of Medicine and the Sackler School are renowned for excellence in education in general medicine, the biomedical sciences, and public health, as well as for innovative research at the cellular, molecular, and population health level. The School of Medicine is affiliated with six major teaching hospitals and more than 30 health care facilities. Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School undertake research that is consistently rated among the highest in the nation for its effect on the advancement of medical and prevention science.