Penalty for performing melachah [prohibited tasks] on Shabbat

Notes on terminology
On this page, the ruling that one who performs a certain action on Shabbat is "patur" means that he is not liable for a penalty in human courts, but the action is forbidden. [Shabbat 107a]
On this page, "Melachah" refers to one of the tasks prohibited on Shabbat, "Av Melachah" refers to one of the central categories of melachah, "Toladah" refers to one of the sub-categories of an Av Melachah, "Melachot" is the plural of Melachah, "Avot Melachah" is the plural of "Av Melachah" and "Toladot" is the plural of Toladah.
On this page, "Korban" refers to an offering brought in the Beit haMikdash, and "Korban Chatat" is a sin offering, specifically. "Korbanot" is the plural of "Korban" and "Korbanot Chatat" is the plural of "Korban Chatat."

Avot and Toladot - Central forms of prohibited tasks, and their descendant forms

Source for the existence of toladah sub-categories, with their own penalties: Shabbat 70b, 103b
That which was in the mishkan [Tabernacle] is considered an Av Melachah: Shabbat 96b, Bava Kama 2a
The avot melachah have scriptural sources: Shabbat 96b
Violators of avot and toladot receive sekilah for intentional violation, and bring a chatat for accidental violation: Bava Kama 2a
Whether violation of two different avot melachah, or two different toladot of the same melachah, incurs two separate punishments: Shabbat 96b [2x]; Pesachim 48a; Bava Kama 2a; Makkot 21b; Keritot 2b, 16a-b

Different ways in which one's violation of Shabbat might be considered "accidental"

Requiring that the perpetrator be warned regarding the type of melachah which will be violated: Shabbat 138a
One who forgets that there is such a thing as Shabbat: Shabbat 67b, 68a-69a, 72b; Keritot 16a-17a
One who forgets that today is Shabbat: Shabbat 67b, 68a-69a, 103b; Keritot 3a, 16a-17a
One who forgets that a specific act of melachah is forbidden: Shabbat 67b-68a, 68a-69a, 103b; Keritot 3a, 16a-17a
One who forgets the existence of Shabbat and of melachah, together: Shabbat 69a, 70b; Keritot 16b-17a
One who thinks he is doing a permitted act, but in fact is doing something else: Shabbat 73a
One who forgets that he will incur a chatat with this action: Shabbat 68b-69a
One who remembers the prohibition during the action, but not at the beginning and not at the end: Shabbat 102a; Keritot 17a

Determining liability for accidental violation of Shabbat

One who accidentally saves a life while breaking Shabbat: Menachot 64a
Source for the possibility of owing just one korban for many transgressions: Shabbat 69b
Source for the possibility of owing many korbanot for violations of just one type of melachah: Shabbat 69b
Logic for how we assign liability for violation of many melachot or violation of one melachah: Shabbat 70a
Treating the melachah of burning as a special case: Shabbat 70a, Pesachim 5a-b
Possibility of liability for separate korbanot chatat for violation of the same melachah on multiple Shabbatot: Shabbat 67b, 68a-b; Keritot 16a-17a
Melachah performed during "bein hashemashot", as Shabbat begins/ends, so that only part occurs on Shabbat itself: Keritot 19a, 19b
Treating violation across multiple Shabbatot as one violation where the error was in forgetting the day of the week, vs. where the error was in forgetting that the melachah was prohibited on Shabbat: Keritot 16a-b
Possibility of liability for separate korbanot chatat for multiple violations of the same type of melachah in one span of forgetting the law: Shabbat 71a, 72b, 93b-94a; Keritot 15a
Possibility of liability for separate korbanot chatat for multiple violations of the same type of melachah in one span of forgetting the law, if one finds out about the violations at two separate times: Shabbat 93b-94a
Possibility of liability for separate korbanot chatat for violations of multiple melachot during one span of forgetting/intentional violation: Shabbat 70a-b, 72b, 103b
Separate korbanot chatat for forgetting and committing two different types of melachah: Shabbat 69a, 70b, 73b
Separate korbanot chatat for violating Shabbat with an av melachah and its toladah, within one span of forgetting the law: Shabbat 68a, 73b, 75b, 96b, 97b; Bava Kama 2a; Keritot 15a
Combining two separate forgettings, without knowledge of the law in between: Shabbat 70b-71a
Combining three separate forgettings, without knowledge of the law in between: Shabbat 71a
Separate korbanot chatat for forgetting two different eligibilities for kareit [Divine ex-communication] for violation of Shabbat: Shabbat 69a, 70b, 73a
Whether knowledge-and-subsequent-forgetting of the techum [Shabbat-Limit on Travel] qualifies as knowledge of Shabbat, in order to mandate a korban chatat: Shabbat 69a, 70b, 73a