Anti-Baha'i Polemics

1. 'al-Baha'iyun
fi Misr: Fu'ad Siraj al-Din yatastaru 'ala 'udwiyya muwazzafin kubbar fi
<<'l-Baha'iyya>>' [Baha'is in Egypt: Fu'ad Siraj al-Din conceals
the membership of high officials in the Baha'i movement].' al-Khalij
(Sharjah) (1 April 1985a): Argues that officials in the Egyptian Ministry of
the Interior between 1950 and 1951 were Baha'is, but that the then Interior
Minister (and leader of the Wafd party) concealed this fact.

2. ' 'Aqa'id' [Beliefs].' al-Musawwar (Cairo) (2014 17 May 1963):

3. '<<al-Muslimun tuhakim al-Baha'iyin: 56 miliyunan saqatu fi
shibak al-Baha' wa Qurrat al-'Ayn' [Al-Muslimun puts the Baha'is on
trial: 56 million have become ensnared in the toils of Baha' and Qurrat
al-'Ayn].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) 1 (44 7 December 1985a):
1. Preliminary to a longer piece in the same issue (item x). The figure of 56
million is a gross overestimate.

8. '300 Muslim divines declare unlawful the further continuance of the war
between Iraq and Iran: text of the final statement and resolutions of the
popular Islamic conference, Baghdad, April 1985.' al-Watan (Kuwait) (17
May 1985):

20. 'Abd al-'Al, Siham. 'The lawyer intervening in the Baha'i case says to
al-Sharq al-awsat: "The propagation of the Baha'i message is an affront
to the feelings of every Muslim".' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (24
February 1986):

25. 'Abd al-Rahim, Haji Shaykh. Rajm al-Shaytan fi radd ahl al-Bayan.
n.p. [Iran?]: n.d. On the surface, this appears to be a Muslim refutation of an
anonymous Babi apologia entitled Kitab al-iman fi izhar Nuqtat al-Bayan.
However, the latter work is quoted in full with only brief passages refuting
it, all of them extremely weak, and it has been suggested that the entire
volume is really the work of a Babi writer. It is discussed by Browne in
Materials (section x, item xx) pp.192-3 (the title given there being
incorrect).

37. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). '<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: al-qanun mu'attal, wa 'l-dawla
la tadri' [A reading of the documents of Baha'ism: the law is in abeyance, and
the state does not know].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (23 May 1985a): 13. Further
details of legal proceedings against Baha'is in Egypt.

38. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). '<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: al-saratan' [this is a
proclamation to the people: a reading of the documents of Baha'ism: the
cancer].' 'Uman (Muscat) (30 May 1985): 10. Details of the legal
situation of the Baha'is in Egypt arounbd 1940.

45. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). '<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: nihayat al-umma
al-Muhammadiyya, w qiya al-sa'a' [This is a proclamation to the people: a
reading of the documents of Baha'ism: the end of the Muhammadan community and
the coming of the last hour].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (7 June 1985): 15.
Alleges Baha'i influence on the development of theories concerning the number
19 in the Qur'an and prophecies based on it.

48. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). '<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: wakr al-Shaytan [This is a
proclamation to the people: a reading of the documents of Baha'ism: Satan's
nest].' 'Uman (Muscat) (27 May 1985): 8. Also published in
al-Ra'y, Amman, 25 May; Kayhan al-'Arabi, Tehran, 5:536:18, 7 July
1985. On Zionist plotting during and after World War I. The home of 'Abbas
Effendi in Haifa is depicted as a centre of intrigue.

50. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). '<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: yawm al-furqan' [This is a
proclamation to the people: a reading of the documents of Baha'ism: the day of
proof.' al-Ahram (Cairo) (5 June 1985a):

51. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). ''<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: al-madkhal wa 'l-dhara'i''
[This is a proclamation to the people: new documents of Baha'ism: a reading of
the documents of Baha'ism: the way in and the pretexts].' al-Ittihad
(Abu Dhabi City) (4 June 1985,): On Baha'ism as a post-colonial means of
infiltrating Islamic countries with Western ideas.

52. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). ''<<Hadha balagh li
'l-nas>> Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya: al-madkhal wa 'l-dhara'i''
[This is a proclamation to the people: new documents of Baha'ism: a reading of
the documents of Baha'ism: the way in and the pretexts].' al-Watan
(Kuwait) (4 June 1985a): 12.

64. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'Hadha balagh li 'l-nas: innahu
kid sahir' [This is a proclamation to the people: it is the deceit of an
enchanter].' al-Watan (Kuwait) (11 June 1985):

65. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'Hadha balagh li 'l-nas: kashf
al-ghita'' [This is a proclamation to the people: the veil removed].'
al-Ahram (Cairo) (13 June 1985): 13. Further remarks on the number 19,
with citations from Baha'i works on prophecy.

69. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'Hadha balagh li 'l-nas: tajawub
al-asda'' [This is a proclamation to the people: a harmony of echoes].'
'Uman (Muscat) (6 June 1985b): 10. Parallels between Baha'i Qur'an
interpretation and that of some modern allegorizers.

79. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya:
al-madkhal wa 'l-dhara'i'' [A reading of the documents of Baha'ism: a reading
of the documents of Baha'ism: the way in and the pretexts].' 'Uman
(Muscat) (4 June 1985b): 8.

80. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'Qira'a fi watha'iq al-Baha'iyya:
al-qanun mu'attal, wa 'l-dawla la tadri' [A reading of the documents of
Baha'ism: the law is in abeyance, and the state does not know].' al-Ra'y
(Amman, Jordan) (23 May 1985c): 10.

83. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'This is a Proclamation to the
People: A Reading of the Documents of Baha'ism: The Law is In Abeyance... and
the State Does Not Know.' al-Watan (Kuwait) (23 May 1985d):

84. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'This is a Proclamation to the
People: A Reading of the Documents of Baha'ism: The Scattered Cells.'
al-Watan (Kuwait) (24 May 1985c):

85. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'This is a Proclamation to the
People: New Documents of Baha'ism: Ambiguity and Equivocation.' al-Watan
(Kuwait) (20 December 1985d):

86. 'Abd al-Rahman, 'A'isha (Bint al-Shati'). 'This is a Proclamation to the
People: New Documents of Baha'ism: The Hidden Degrees.' al-Ahram (Cairo)
(17 January 1986b):

90. 'Abd al-Wahid, Dr. Mustafa. 'Forgotten Pages From the History of the Baha'i
Misteaching in Egypt (4): Campaign of al-Manar and fatwas of the
Doctors of Law.' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (9 April 1986):

91. 'Abd al-Wahid, Dr. Mustafa. 'Forgotten Pages From the History of the Baha'i
Misteaching in Egypt (5): The Experience of a Writer Whom They Tried To Bring
Into Their Movement.' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (14 April 1986):

92. 'Abd al-Wahid, Dr. Mustafa. 'Pages From the History of the Baha'i
Misteaching in Egypt (1): The Baha'i Leader's Visit to Egypt 75 Years Ago: Its
Reasons Exposed.' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (24 March 1986):

93. 'Abd al-Wahid, Dr. Mustafa. 'Pages From the History of the Baha'i
Misteaching in Egypt (2): The Newspaper Misr al-Fatah Unveils the Truth
About the Baha'is and Their Proclamation Activity.' al-Sharq al-awsat
(London) (26 March 1986):

94. 'Abd al-Wahid, Dr. Mustafa. 'Pages from the History of the Baha'i
Misteaching in Egypt (3): What Did al-Ahram Say About the Baha'i
Leader?.' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (7 April 1986):

96. 'Ahmadism and Bahaism in the Same Boat.' The Moslem World 31 (1 Jan.
1941): 94-95. Collins 11.34

97. 'Akhbar Islamiyya: al-Masuniyya ta'lan al-harb 'ala 'l-Islam' [Islamic
News: Freemasonry declares war on Islam].' al-Qabas (Kuwait) (7 January
1986): Refers to Baha'ism as part of an international anti-Islamic conspiracy
along with Freemasonry and Zionism.

98. 'al-'Allaqa al-ghamida bayna 'l-Baha'iyya wa nawadi al-Rutari wa 'l-Liunz:
hal 'adat al-Masuniyya ila 'l-bilad al-Islamiyya min al-bab al-khalfi?' [The
obscure relationship between Baha'ism and the Rotary and Lions Clubs: has
Masonry returned to the Islamic lands by the back door?].' al-Muslimun
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (7 23 March 1985a): 6-7. All the organizations named are
fronts for a wider Jewish/Zionist plot. Baha'ism only mentioned in passing.

109. 'al-Baha'iyya wa 'l-'aqida wa 'l-hurriyya' [Baha'ism, belief, and
freedom].' Uktubir (Cairo) (437 10 March 1985): 17-20. A discussion of
the problem posed by Baha'ism for the concept of 'freedom of belief' in the
Egyptian constitution.

117. 'al-Baha'iyya: haraka mu'adia li 'l-Islam, sana'aha 'l-Yahud wa naffadhuha
bi-wasita asma' Islamiyya' [Baha'ism: a movement hostile to Islam; the Jews
brought it into being and spread it under Islamic names].' al-Liwa'
al-Islami (Cairo) (167 4 April 1985): 3-5. Part of a report of a meeting on
anti-Islamic movements held at the Islamic Club in Isma'iliyya. Comments by
four panelists.

119. 'al-Hukm fi qadiyyat al-Baha'iyya 2 Disambir. al-Baha'iyya
<<ridda>> wa 'l-qanun al-jina'i la yu'aqib 'alayha!' [Decision in
the Baha'i case due on 2 December: Baha'ism is apostasy and the criminal code
has no penalty for it!].' al-Ittihad (Abu Dhabi City) (18 October 1985):
Report of deferment of the Baha'i case by 'Abidin court. At the end, the State
Security Prosecutor's Office is quoted to the effect that it was not among the
aims of the Baha'is to foment sedition, denigrate any of the divine religions,
to undermine state unity or public order, and that the only grounds for their
indictment were non-compliance with the decree of 1960 disbanding Baha'i
assemblies.

124. 'al-Kumbyutir yashtaraku fi mu'amara al-raqm 19. Id'a' Baha'i: al-'alam
yantahi sana 1709 H.' [The computer shares in the number 19 conspiracy. Baha'i
claim: the world ends in 1709 AH].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) 1
(8 30 March 1985a): 1. First of two articles in the same issue on the alleged
conspiracy to interpret the Qur'an on the basis of occurrences of the number 19
(a Baha'i sacred number).

126. 'al-Madhahib al-dalla/nadwa al-ra'y' [Errant creeds/ Forum of opinion].'
al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (21 29 June 1985): 23. Announcements
for two television programmes, the first dealing with religious sects deemed
dangerous to Islam, the second with the number 19 controversy.

127. 'al-Mu'amara mustamirra: al-kumbyutir yashtarik fi mu'amara al-raqm 19:
maza'im al-kumbyutir hawla nihayat al-'alam ba'da 300 sana: muhandis
al-kumbyutir al-Baha'i yaz'amu ma'rifata ma fi 'l-arhamÆ [The conspiracy
continues: the computer joins in the conspiracy of the number 19: claims of the
computer about the end of the world after 300 years: the Baha'i computer expert
claims to know what is in the wombs].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia) 1 (8 30 March 1985b): 6.

129. 'Al-Muslimun discusses the question of false prophets: the positive
law is not commensurate with the ugliness of the crime.' al-Muslimun
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (5 April 1986a):

130. 'Al-Muslimun reveals the secrets of the Baha'i movement: how did
the painter Bi kar fall into the trap of the Baha'is: Baha'ism is a way to
fame and money.' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (16 March 1985a):

135. 'al-Qurra' yastaftuna: al-Baha'iyun wa hukm al-ridda' [Readers seek
advice: the Baha'is and the law of apostasy].' al-Sharq al-awsat
(London) (3 December 1985): 10. Reply to a question from a reader studying in
the United States. Laments the fact that Westerners construe the application of
Islamic penalties as 'barbaric' etc.

139. 'Al-raqm 19 akhir fada'ih al-haraka al-Baha'iyya. 'Ulama' al-Islam
yaquluna: hadaf al-la'ba shughl al-Muslimin 'an mashakilihim al-haqiqa.' (The
number 19 is the latest scandal of the Baha'i movement, say the Ulama: the
purpose of the game is to distract the Muslims from their true concerns).'
al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) 1 (9 6 April 1985): 1. Summary of
fuller article in the same issue (item x)

141. 'Al-Siyasa confirms its success in uncovering the secrets of the
Baha'is: all Fatwa committees are unanimous in declaring the Baha'i s to be
infidels and in cautioning against following their vain and empty teachings.'
al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (14 March 1986a):

145. 'Ali Sa'd, Zayd. 'Special session in the People's Assembly to discuss the
phenomenon of false prophets: anyone who claims prophethood is an infidel and
whoever follows him is an infidel and liable to the penalty for apostasy.'
al-Akhbar (Cairo) (10 April 1986):

146. 'Allahu akbar: al-Muslimun's campaign against the Baha'i aberration
has begun to bear fruit -- banning of Baha'i writings and graphics from
Egyptian newspaper is a first step.' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia)
(22 February 1986b):

147. 'Allahu-Akbar! First victory against Baha'ism: the campaign of al-Sharq
al-awsat and al-Muslimun has succeeded.' al-Sharq al-awsat
(London) (14 February 1986a):

151. 'An important Iranian meeting in Dubai: the participants decide to
institute a secret organization to promote the aims of Cento.' al-Tali'a
[check spelling] (Kuwait) (22 May 1985):

152. 'An international campaign against Baha'ism. Mecca: the Islamic World
League declares war on the Baha'is everywhere. Amman: the Council Of Islamic
Organizations calls upon Islamic governments to execute them.' al-Muslimun
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (19 April 1986b):

161. 'Azhar affirms: Baha'ism is an organization that has deviated from Islam:
formation of a committee of top-ranking scholars to counter destructive ideas,
The.' al-Liwa' al-Islami (Cairo) (21 March 1985c):

169. 'Bad' al-tahqiqat maa 'l-majmu'a al-Baha'iyya allati yataza'muha al-fannan
Bikar. Al-Baha'iyun la yu'minuna bi 'l-anbiya' wa 'l-adyan... wa yatawajahuna
fi salatihim ila Hayfa.' (Start of Investigations into the Baha'i group led by
the artist Bikar: the Baha'is do not believe in the prophets and the
religions...and they turn in their prayers to Haifa).' al-Wafd (Cairo) 1
(51 28 February 1985a): 1. Selective statements from a deposition made by
leading Egyptian Baha'i, Husayn Bikar, under interrogation by the State
Security Prosecutor's Office.

183. 'Bayan li 'l-nas min mashyakhat al-Azhar al-sharif' [Announcement to the
public from the body of shaykhs of the noble Azhar (University)].' Majallat
al-Azhar (Cairo) (Sha'ban 1405/April-May 1985): 1269-1270. Complete text of
a widely-reported statement on the Baha'is.

184. 'Bayan li 'l-nas min mashyakhat al-Azhar: al-Baha'iyun murtaddun 'an
al-Islam: al-ta'amul ma'ahum haram... wa ta'amuhum mahram' (Statement to the
people from the professoriate of the Azhar [University]: the Baha'is are
apostates from Islam: it is forbidden to have dealings with them... and their
food is prohibited).' al-Akhbar (Cairo) (15 March 1985a): 3.

185. 'Bi kar... and the accusation of belonging to the Baha'i
organization.' al-Qabas (Kuwait) (26 December 1985):

203. 'Dolgoruki', 'Count Dimitri Ivanovich'. "I'tirafat-i siyasi ya
yad-dashtha-yi Kinyaz Dulquruki [Political Confessions, or the Memoirs of
Count Dolgoruki].' In Salnama-yi Khurasan [Khurasan Yearbook], Historical
Section, 1st. Reprinted Tehran, 1323 Sh/1943-44; many later editions with
numerous alterations, some in newspapers. No proper publishing history for this
document exists. (Give details of other known editions, including Arabic
versions) ed., Vol. Mashhad, Iran: 1322 Sh/1942-43. Purporting to be memoirs of
the diplomat Prince Dmitrii Ivanovich Dolgorukov (Russian minister in Tehran
1845-54), this document has become the chief source in Iran for claims that
Babism was part of an imperialist conspiracy. Although the whole thing is a
transparent forgery, and several Iranian writers have condemned it as such, its
contents are still widely believed and cited. See Bahthi dar radd-i
yad-dashtha-yi maj'ul [section x, item xx].

204. 'Don't involve the computer in the Book of God: sham plot against the
Muslims under cover of the computer.' al-Bayan (Dubai) (9 September
1985):

205. "'Dr. 'Abd al-Ghaffar 'Aziz, member of the Egyptian Parliament: bills
designed to introduce the Islamic penalty for apostasy.' al-Sharq
al-awsat (London) (23 March 1986a):

206. 'Egypt interdicts writings and drawings of Baha'is: the rector of the
Azhar calls for a stand to be taken against the Baha'i threat.' al-Sabah
(Tunis) (16 February 1986):

217. 'goodly example: what is wanted of the People's Assembly, The.'
al-Ahram (Cairo) (14 February 1986b):

218. 'Hadatha fi mithli hadha 'l-yawm' [It happened on a day like today].'
al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (12 June 1985): Notes that it was on this
date the Babi movement was started.

219. 'Hadhihi haqiqatuhum' [This is the truth about them].' al-Khalij
(Sharjah) (2146 1 March 1985b): 4. A short letter from 'An Arab studying in
America', showing an advertisement placed in a university newspaper by the
Baha'i Club, who were showing a film entitled 'Israel: The Holy Land'.

224. 'Hudur-i qutb-i Baha'iyan muqim-i Bilzhik dar jashn-i salgard-i fitna-yi
Khumayni' [The presence of the leader of the Baha'is resident in Belgium at the
anniversary of the Khumayni revolution].' Junbish/Djonbesh mouvement
(Brussels) 4 (74 21 March 1983): 8-22.Reports on how a member of the Baha'i
national assembly of Belgium attended a new year gatheing at the Iranian
embassy, and remarks on his 'unfortunate comments'. BWC index Pam 140-317

235. 'Islamic Research Academy in Cairo calls for a stand to be made against
Baha'ism and the Baha'is, The.' al-Rayah (check) (Doha) (22 January
1986):

236. 'Islamic Research Academy proclaims: the Baha'is are apostates from all
religions: any religion not divinely revealed is rejected, The.'
al-Akhbar (Cairo) (21 January 1986a):

237. 'Itlaq al-majmu'a al-Baha'iyya fi Misr' [Release of the Baha'i group in
Egypt].' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) 7 (2290 6 March 1985c): A short
report on the temporary release of a second group of Baha'is arrested at the
end of February.

239. 'Jordan: the claims of Baha'ism in a book.' al-Muslimun (Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia) (8 February 1986b):

240. 'Judgement pronounced in Baha'i case the day after tomorrow: millions of
Muslims await judgement: new legislation needed to make a misdemeanour into a
crime.' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (29 March 1986b):

252. 'Mu'amara al-raqm 19: taqdis al-raqm 19 zahira mushtaraka bayna
'l-Baha'iyin wa 'l-Masun.' [The conspiracy of the number 19: veneration of the
number 19 is a feature common to the Baha'i s and Freemasons.'
al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (7 23 March 1985b): 1. Intimations of
a plot involving Baha'is, Freemasons, Rotary Clubs, and Lions Clubs. (See
further item x, from the same issue.)

253. 'Mufaja'a fi muhakamat al-Baha'iyin' [Surprise in the trial of the
Baha'is: Moroccan witness affirms Bikar travelled to Morocco to promote his
beliefs].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (21 December 1985b):
Preliminary to longer article in the same issue (item x). Attempts to tie in
the Egyptian Baha'i Husayn Bikar to Baha'i activity in Morocco in the 60s.

258. 'Nash'a Baha'i fi Wizarat al-Ashghal al-'Amma' [The emergence of a Baha'i
in the Ministry of Public Works].' al-Mujtama' (Kuwait) 319 (5 October
1976): 11.Deals with the employment of a Baha'i, Khusraw Khusravi, as head of
planning in the construction department of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Public
Works. BWC Pam 142-686

263. 'Next Monday in Cairo: the verdict in the case of the fifty persons
accused of engaging in the activity of the Baha'i assemblies.' al-Sharq
al-awsat (London) (28 March 1986):

264. 'No-one can know the time of the Last Hour... the reason for the world
ending in 2280 or 1710 AH is that they are both divisible by 19, and this is
what Baha'ism wants!.' al-Watan (Kuwait) (10 May 1985):

265. 'opinion of al-Muslimun: the head of the viper, The.'
al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (8 March 1986b):

266. 'Persian Rival to Jesus and His American Disciples, The.' The Moslem
World 6 (2 Apr. 1916): 203. Collins 11.797 (title suggests that this is by
Robert P. Richardson -- same as his article in The Open Court)

267. 'Picture of the verdict reveals the belief.' al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (3
September 1985):

277. 'Rector of the Azhar calls on the Muslims to resist the contumacious
creeds: the Ministry of Awqaf forbids Mother's Day celebrations if they should
coincide with Baha'i festivities, The.' al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (21 March
1986b):

278. 'Rector of the Azhar in his statement about Baha'is and Baha'ism:
"Baha'ism is a false creed, and whoever follows it is an unbeliever and an
apostate from Islam, The.' al-Ahram (Cairo) (2`1 January 1986):

280. 'Religion and life: a new Islamic study about Baha'ism: thought and belief
2: a refutation of Babi and Baha'i claims and an exposition of the falsity of
their creed.' al-Ahram (Cairo) (18 March 1986b):

285. 'Salatless "Saviours" of Islam?.' Al-Islam 2 (2 Feb./Mar. 1985): 1,
6. Collins 11.892 'Salatless' refers to the fact that Baha'is do not perform
the Muslim ritual prayer or 'salat' (although they do have their own form of
salat).

298. 'Tatiq al-shari'a al-Islamiyya yabda'u min al-usra; wa 'l-mujtama' qadir
an yaja'ala 'l-shari'a mutbiqa fi'lan' [Application of the Islamic shari
'a starts at home, and society is capable of applying it in its entirety
straight away.].' al-Liwa' al-Islami (Cairo) (6 June 1985): 3. Report of
a seminar held at the Arabic Language College of Mansura Unniversity, with
comments on Husayn Bikar and the punishment for apostasy (which is defined as
the death penalty).

303. 'Ukasha, Rida'. 'al-Baha'iyya: kayfa bada'at wa min ayna ja'at?'
[Baha'ism: how did it start and where did it come from?].' al-Liwa'
al-Islami (Cairo) (28 March 1985): Some serious errors of fact. Calls for
the death penalty for Baha'is.

311. 'Weekly Letter: Secretary General of the Islamic World League: 4000
missionary institutions at work in Muslim lands: Qadiyanism and Baha'ism among
the most dangerous enemies of Islam.' al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (3 January
1986a):

315. 'Zawaj al-Baha'iyya mahdur shar'an wa qanunan ila an tu'mina bi-diyana
samawiyya' [A Baha'i woman may not be taken in wedlock in either religious or
civil law until she embraces a heavenly creed].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (3
January 1986b): Short report of a statement by former Head of the Court of
Cassation in Cairo, Ahmad Hasan Haykal.

319. M. T., Dr. Muhakama wa bar-rasi dar 'aqa'id wa ahkam wa adab wa
tari kh-i Bab wa Baha'. 3rd. ed.,Vol.1. Tehran: Intisharat-i Burhan,
1344 Sh/1965b. The first of three useful volumes based entirely on Babi and
Baha'i sources, though heavily antipathetic in orientation. Arranged under a
discussion of ten 'basic principles of Islam', the author examines Babi and
Baha'i teachings on God, worship, resurrection, prophecies, etc. There is also
a short section on social and administrative teachings. The citations from Babi
and Baha'i texts are often out of context, but are still valuable.

322. H. B., [= 'Abd al-Karim Malik]. Wasila-yi sa'adat ya ahkam-i
Baha'iyyat-i Aqdas. 3rd. printing. Reissued 1347 Sh./1969 as
Baha'iyyat [sic] -i gumrah-ra bi-shinasid, with the author's name
in full ed., 176. [Tehran]: Privately printed, 1341 Sh./1963.The author appears
to have been a merchant with little knowledge of his subject. The text, which
concentrates on the laws of the Kitab al-aqdas, has even more errors
than usual. Murad gives name of author as Muhammad Hasan Burushaki [?]

334. Afrasiyabi, Bahram. Baha'iyyat bi-rivayat-i tarikh [Baha'ism
according to the testimony of history]. 279. [Tehran]: Nashr-i Parastish,
1366/1988.A basic history with copious reproduction of photographs and
documents. Very similar to the author's Tarikh-i jami'-i Baha'iyyat
[item x]

335. Afrasiyabi, Bahram. Tarikh-i jami'-i Baha'iyyat -- Naw-masuni) [A
comprehensive history of Baha'ism -- Neo-Freemasonry]. 791. Tehran:
Instisharat-i Sukhan, 1368 Sh./1990.Basically an expanded version of the
author's Baha'iyyat bi-rivayat-i tarikh (item x). For a book of its
size, it has a disconcertingly tiny bibliography. Numerous photographs and
documents are reproduced.

352. al-Dasuqi, Muhammad. 'What Comes After the Azhar's Statement About
Baha'ism?: The Muslim Clergy Seek the Application of the Penalty for Apostasy
to the Baha'is.' al-Huda (Abu Dhabi) (14 February 1986)

353. al-Fasi , Muhammad 'Allal. al-Islam wa tahaddiyya al-'asr
(Islam and the menace of the age), Rabat, Nashr wa Tawzi' Maktbat Matba'a
al-Ummiyya, 1978, 31 pp. (Part of a series, Silsila fi sabi l
al-Islam ?). Al-Fasi (1906-73) was a cleric and a founder and leader
of the Moroccan Istiqlal Party. He led a campaign against the Baha'is in
Morocco in 1962 and 1963.

362. al-Huda'i [al-'Iraqi], Mirza Abu Turab. Baha'iyyat din nist. 3rd.
ed., 227. Tehran: Mu'assisa-yi Intisharat-i Farahani, c. 1370/1951. In spite of
the title, this is a relatively standard attack. The concept that Baha'ism is
not a religion, however, has acted as a spurious legitimation for anti-Baha'i
activity in Iran.

368. al-Jizawi, Mahmud. 'The Whole Story of the Relationship Between Zionism,
Babism and Baha'ism: Why Did Baha' Appoint Haifa as the Direction to be Faced
in Prayer...How Did He Come to Assign to Palestine the Appellation of "Land of
Return"?.' al-Umma al-Islamiyya (Cairo) (1 April 1985):

393. al-Samara'i, 'Abd Allah Salum. al-Qadiyaniyya wa 'l-Isti'mar al-Injli
zi. 269. Baghdad: Wizarat al-Thiqafa wa 'l-I'lam (Ministry of Culture and
Information), 1981. The book is devoted to a study of the Ahmadi (Qadiyani)
sect of Islam, but the last sections are devoted to links between it and
Baha'ism.

398. al-Shandwili, Muhammad. 'Claimants To Prophethood: How Should We Deal With
Them? The Penalty is Insufficient to Deter Those Who Transgress Against the
Faith.' al-Liwa' al-Islami (Cairo) (3 April 1986):

400. al-Sharabati, Dr. Ahmad. 'al-Baha'iyya mu'amara 'ala 'l-Islam' (Baha'ism
is a conspiracy against Islam, [Pt. 3].' al-Nasr (Constantine, Algeria)
(17 June 1985): Includes a survey of the role of Baha'ism in Egypt.

402. al-Shimri, Muhammad Sulayman. 'Anwar Islaiyya: sura hukm yafdah 'aqida'
[Islamic lights: a court ruling exposes a creed].' al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (1
September 1985): Reminiscences of 'Ali 'Ali Mansur, an Egyptian judge who
turned down a request from the Egyptian Baha'is in 1952 for recognition of
their religion. He also comments on Baha'ism in Libya

403. al-Shimri, Muhammad Sulayman. 'Exclusive to al-Siyasa: Publication of
Secret Correspondence of Baha'is around the world: Baha'ism apreads through
science, art, and 70 prominent officials around the World receive backing under
the cover of "Peace".' al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (28 March 1986):

406. al-Tarabishi, Mustafa. 'Niyaba Amn al-Dawla al-Ulya: al-Baha'iyun
murtaddun wa kana yata'ayyanu tatbiq ahkam al-shari'a 'alayhim' [The Chief
State Prosecution Office: the Baha'is are apostates and should have been liable
to the penalties of shari'a law.' al-Ahram (Cairo) (20 June
1985): An important statement setting out the official position on legislation
affecting freedom of religion.

408. al-Tunisi, Khalifa 'Abd Allah. 'Da'wat al-iltiqa' bayna 'l-Muslimin wa ahl
al-Kitab mardud 'alayha dinian wa siyasian' [A call for dialogue between
Muslims and people of the book is objected to on religious and political
grounds].' al-Siyasa (Kuwait) (25 October 1985): Review of 'Ala mizan
al-Qur'an al-karim by Husayn Naji Muhammad Muhyi 'l-Din, in which proposals
in an earlier book for dialogue between Muslims, Jews and Christians are
rejected. Baha'is are mentioned a couple of times.

412. al-Zarqani, Muhammad. 'Boycott of the Baha'is: The Shaykh of the Azhar
Calls on the Muslims to Have No Dealings With Any Baha'i: Buying and Selling,
Barter and Marriage With Baha'is Are Forbidden By Law.' al-Muslimun
(Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (15 March 1986):

413. Ali, Maulana Muhammad. History and Doctrines of the Babi Movement.
Lahore, Pakistan: Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha'at-i-Islam, 1933, ii, 94 pp. A polemic
by one of the leaders of the Ahmadiyya sect, a Muslim group itself accused of
heresy by the mainstream and often bracketed with the Baha'is as latter-day
enemies of Islam. Collins 7.45

418. Amirpur, 'Ali. Khatamiyyat wa pasukh bi-sakhta-ha-yi Baha'iyyat.
194. Tehran: Sazman-i chap wa intisharat-i Marjan, 1340/1961 Reprinted
1343/1964; 1351/1972. A general Shi'ite refutation, summarizing Babi and Baha'i
history, writings, and laws. The second half, however, is devoted to a
consideration of the theological problems surrounding the Babi/Baha'i claims
that Muhammad was not the Seal of the Prophets and that the Day of Judgement
has arrived.

420. Anjuman-i Hujjatiyya: nasli ma'yus az harakat wa inqilab [The
Hujjatiyya Society: a generation deprived of movement and revolution]. 136.
[Tehran]: Intisharat-i Rah-i Mujahid, 1368 Sh./1990.An important collection of
articles from the radical revolutionary journal Rah-i Mujahid, dealing
mainly with the ideological failings of the Hujjatiyya Society, a Muslim group
originally formed to combat Baha'ism in the 1950s. The articles touch on the
Baha'is and the reciprocity of their activities with those of the Hujjatiyya,
both groups being accused of promoting the separation of politics and religion
as part of an imperialist scheme.

424. Anon. The Origin of Baha'ism? Shiraz, Iran: n.d. A short (34 small pp.)
booklet written by a Muslim group for Western Baha'is, in which standard
accusations of Babi and Baha'i collusion with imperialist powers are trotted
out in highly deficient English.

435. Badawi, Jamal. 'Ihtaris: al-Baha'iyya ilhad wa zindiqa, wa 'l-Islam bari'
minha' (Beware: Baha'ism is apostasy and heresy and Islam has nothing to do
with it).' al-Wafd (Cairo) (7 March 1985): 3. First part of a series.
Focuses on Egypt.

439. Baha'i. [11]. Bromley, Kent: Christian Information Centre, n.d.
[197-?].Antagonistic pamphlet by a member of the New Religious Movement, The
Children of God, and not, therefore, conventionally Christian in approach.
Collins 7.112

451. Bahjat, Ahmad. 'Sunduq al-dunya: al-dasturiyya' [The box of delights:
constitutionalism].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (7 July 1985): A letter addressed
to an advocate in the Court of Cassation on civil legislation and Islamic law,
referring to the disbanding of Baha'i assemblies.

453. Bahjat, Ahmad. 'Sunduq al-dunya: hulafa' al-Baha'iyya' [The box of
delights: the allies of Baha'ism].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (5 July 1985): The
usual suspects: British imperialism, Freemasonry, Zionism. Claims that Baha'
Allah was sent by the British to India.

455. Bahjat, Ahmad. 'Sunduq al-dunya: milad ta'is' [The box of delights: a
wretched nativity].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (4 July 1985): On Baha' Allah's
early attempts to create a role for himself within the Babi movement.

461. Bikar, Husayn and Salah Muntasir. 'Mujarrad ra'y' [Just a thought: from
and to Bi kar].' al-Ahram (Cairo) (17 April 1985): 7. A brief
correspondence between the Baha'i artist Husayn Bikar and a colleague, Salah
Muntasir, who praises his art but condemns his beliefs.

462. Bixby, James T. 'Babism and the Bab.' New World 6 (Dec. 1897):
722-50. Collins 11.204

463. Bixby, James T. 'What is Behaism?.' North American Review (195 June
1912): 833-46. Collins 11.205 Add note on controversy this caused

478. Cole, J. R. 'Rashid Rida on the Baha'i Faith: A Utilitarian Theory of the
Spread of Religions.' Arab Studies Quarterly 5 (1983): 276-91. A study
of the writings on Baha'ism of a leading Egyptian Muslim thinker (d. 19--)

479. Conway, J.D. 'What Would You Like to Know About the Church.' The
Catholic Digest (Jan. 1964): 124-7. Collins 11.289 Discusses Baha'ism from
a Catholic viewpoint

486. David, Moses [pseud]. "The Temple Prophecy". 4. London/Dallas: Children of
God Trust, 1971 (My copy has 1971 alongside the publishing details on p.2, but
has Copyright 1973 on p.1, suggesting a 1973 reprint of a 1971 first edition.).
A very strange document of two and a half pages, written by the American
founder of the Children of God movement. David recounts visions in the Shrine
of the Bab (incorrectly called a Temple) in Haifa. After a rambling account of
his experiences and various prophecies, he appears to conclude that Baha' Allah
was once a true prophet but that he had later become false.

489. Duma, Sayyid Abu. 'Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazali Says: The (Muslim)
Missionaries Should Take Action to Counter Movements Aiming at the Subversion
of Islam and Come to Terms with Concerns of the Age.' al-Ahram (Cairo)
(7 February 1986):

491. Durri, Jalal. Chahar shab-i jum'a [Four Thursday evenings]. 72.
[Tehran]: Shirkat-i Chapkhana-yi Firdawsi, 1353/1934.A record (apparently
authentic) of four meetings held on Thursday evenings in 1933. The text
recounts a series of discussions between the author and three Baha'is and is
free of the rancour normally found in these materials.

493. Easton, Peter Z. 'The Babis of Persia.' The Missionary Review of the
World 17 (June 1894a): 451-3. An unusually violent attack for the period by
an American Presbyterian missionary to Iran. This article inspired the Baha'i
author Gulpaygani to write his XXXXXX. Collins 11.357

495. Easton, Rev. Peter Z. 'The Babis of Persia.' Missionary Review of the
World Vol.17 (June 1894b): pp.451-53. The first of several attacks by
American Prebyterian missionaries. Highly unsympathetic to what he regards as
'this devilish, this satanic system'.

496. Easton, Rev. Peter Z. 'Wahabiism and Babism: Bibliography.' Missionary
Review of the World Vol.17 (July 1894b): pp.529-30. A very short listing of
works on Babism, together with titles on the earlier Arabian sect of Wahhabism.
[Also place under 'bibliography'.]

497. Easton, Rev. Peter Z. Evangelical Christendom : [Article referred
to in Balyuzi, 'Abdu'l-Baha, pp.149-50.] [Also check which article is the one
to which Gulpaygani replied.]

498. Elder, Dr. Earl. E. 'The Moral and Spiritual Situation in Iran.' Moslem
World Vol.38 (1948): pp.100-112. Includes references to Baha'i celebrations
of their centenary, defections from the movement in Iran, and the dictatorial
nature of the Baha'i administrative system.

503. Fada'i , Yusuf. Tahqiq dar tarikh wa falsafa-yi Babigari,
Baha'igari, wa Kasravigara'i (sic). 2nd. ed., 1977, 336 pp. ed., 274.
Tehran: Mu'assisa-yi Matbu'ati-yi Farrukhi, n.d. [1972]; 6th. ed., Tehran,
Ata'i, 1984 (?), 292 pp.. A critical survey of Babism, Baha'ism, and what the
author terms 'Kasravi-ism' (i.e. the ideas of the late Ahmad Kasravi). Fada'i
wrote the present work while completing his doctoral thesis in religious
studies at Tehran University. The book is intended as an impartial academic
study, and although it falls short of that ideal (see particularly the note at
the beginning), it is at least an attempt in a difficult climate.

511. Farhat, Yasir and Muhammad al-Dasuqi Muhammad. 'Egyptian Public Opinion
Awaits the Verdict in the Baha'i Case: A Unanimous Call For the Application of
the Law of God to the Baha'is....' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia)
(15 March 1986):

514. Ferguson, Charles Wright. 'Bahaism.' In The New Books of
Revelation, pp.231-50. Originally published as The Confusion of
Tongues, Garden City, NY, Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1928 English ed.,
Vol. New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company Inc., 1928.

518. Friend', 'A. The Bahai God. [Tehran]: n.d. A short (25pp.)
English-language booklet written by a Muslim group in Iran, aimed at European
and American converts to Baha'ism. The author cites Qur'anic verses on the
nature of God before quoting numerous passages from writings of Baha' Allah in
which he identifies himself as the divinity.

523. Ghanim, Amir. 'Wa nahnu nuwaddi'ukum: al-Baha'iyya fi Misr... mara ukhra'
[We bid you farewell: Baha'ism in Egypt... once again].' Kayhan al-'Arabi
(London) (9 June 1985): Alleges close links between the Baha'is and the
Egyptian government (which is seen as pro-Zionist and pro-Israeli).

530. Hafiz, Hisham and Muhammad 'Ali. 'Risalat al-nashir' [Letter from the
Publisher].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (14 December 1985``): 1.
An expression of support for an anti-Baha'i campaign as outlined by the editor,
Salah Qabadaya, in an article for al-Sharq al-awsat (item x).

531. Hafiz, Hisham and Muhammad 'Ali. 'Risalat al-nashir' [Letter from the
publisher].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (4 January 1986):
Expressing pleasure at the volume of readers' letters inspired by articles on
Baha'ism and other topics.

533. Hamadani, Aqa Muhammad Taqi. Ihqaq al-haqq. 474. n.p.: n.d. [about
1326/1908].Despite its many defects, this work was regarded by Browne as 'on
the whole the best refutation of thirty heretical Babi and Baha'i doctrine from
the Muhammadan point of view which I have met with'. Criticizes at length
Gulpaygani's Fara'id [Section x, item xx]. The 'thirty heretical doctrines' are
summarized by Browne in Materials [section x, item xx], pp.325-39. (The
date may be conjectured from the appended commendations from two
mujtahids, both dated 4 Muharram 1326/7 February 1908.)

534. Hamadani, Khaliil. Dinsazan-i qarn-i bistum [Founders of false
religions in the twentieth century]. 55. n. p. [Tehran?]: Sahil Press, 1352
Sh./1974. The title notwithstanding, the book deals only with the Babis and
Baha'is.

540. Hashimi, Abdul Quddus. 'No. 19 Theory on the Qur'an aids and Advances the
Cause of Bahaism.' The Muslim Digest (JULY-AUG. 1981): 137-41. One of
several criticisms by Muslim writers, directed against a theory advanced by
Rashad Khalifa that the text of the Qur'an is built around the number 19. See,
in particular, 'A'isha 'Abd al-Rahman (item xxx) Collins 11.468

545. Hilal, Marzuq; 'Isa Murshid; Muhammad Hasan al-Banna'. 'Qararat wa tawsiat
hamma li 'l-mu'tamar al-'alami al-rabi' li 'l-sira wa 'l-sunna al-nabawiyya
al-yawm. Bayan shamil li-Fadila Shaykh al-Azhar fi 'l-jalasa al-khitamiyya'
[Important decisions and recommendations from the Fourth International
Conference on the Life and Way of the Prophet Today. A comprehensive speech by
his excellency the Rector of the Azhar (University) in the course of the final
session].' al-Akhbar (Cairo) (7 November 1985): 8.

546. Hilal, Marzuq; 'Isa Murshid; Muhammad Hasan al-Banna'. 'Recommendations of
the Fourth International Conference on the Way and the Life of the Prophet.'
al-Akhbar (Cairo) (8 November 1985):

547. Holmes, G.W. "???????" (1904):

548. Howaidi, Fahmy, Aslam Abdullah, Ahmed Abu Junaid. 'Baha'i File: The
politics of a faith.' Arabia: The Islamic World Review (East Burnham,
nr. Slough, Bucks., U.K.) 4 (46 June 1985): 37-45. Collins 11.101 A lengthy
composite article by three Washington-based writers, varying in quality from
one author to the other. There is an interesting final section on
constitutional questions raised by Baha'ism in Egypt.

559. Isfahani, Muhammad Baqir Husayni Zafra'i. Qissa-yi 'ajib-i isti'mar. Ba
tarikhche-yi paydayish-i Wahhabiyyat dar Hijaz wa Baha'iyyat dar Iran [The
strange tale of imperialism. With a brief history of the appearance of
Wahhabism in the Hijaz and Baha'ism in Iran]. 174. Qum, Iran: Dar al-Nashr,
1368 Sh./1990.The bulk of the book is taken up with a standard 'conspiracy
theory' exposition of imperialist plotting against Islamic countries. The
section detailing Babi and Baha'i links is from p. 122. This part relies
heavily on the forged 'memoirs' of Dolgoruki [item x]

560. Isfahani, Sayyid Hasan Husayni Yazdi. Radd al-Sahifa al-'Alawiyya
min ta'lifat ba'd al-Babiyya ['Refutation of the Sahifa al-'Alawiyya,
written by a Babi']. Iran: 1338.Published in the margins of another work,
Burhan al-mutaqqin. The Babi work this is supposed to be a refutation of is not
known. Murad p. 137, from al-Dhari'a

562. Isik, Huseyn Hilmi (check spelling). 'Bahais and Bahaism' (check
spelling).' In The Religion Reformers in Islam, pp.313-16. 6th. ed. ed.,
Vol. Istanbul: Isik Kitabevi (check spelling), 1970. The funniest of the
polemics in any language. Apparently Isik's book has been translated into
innumerable languages -- all by the author himself. One may draw one's own
conclusions.

563. Isma'il, Faraj. 'Mashyakhat al-Azhar tuhadhdhiru min al-Baha'iyin wa
mudda'i 'l-nubuwwa: la tasaharuhum wa la ta'kalu ta'amahum wa la yadkhaluna
'l-masajid' (The professoriate of the Azhar [University] cautions against the
Baha'is and claimants to prophethood: do not enter into wedlock with them: do
not eat their food and do not let them enter the mosques).'
al-Jumhuriyya (Cairo) (15 March 1985): Contains transcript of statement
by the al-Azhar shaykhs.

575. Jessup, Dr. Henry Harris. 'The Babites.' Outlook (June 1901): pp.451-56. A
short account, including a record of an interview with 'Abd al-Baha', by an
American Presbyterian missionary based in Beirut from 1860 to 1909.

578. Jinayat-i 'aji b dar Abarquh-i Yazd bi-dast-i Baha'i -ha wa
bayanat-i Aqa-yi Hajj Sayyid Mahdi Radawi Qummi mawqi'-i mahakama-yi
mutahhimi n ['A curious crime committed by the Baha'is in Abarquh near
Yazd, with comments made by Hajj Sayyid Mahdi Radawi Qummi, on the occasion of
the trial of the accused']. 60. Qum: Kitabforushi -yi Barqa'i ,
[1371/1952]. Listed Murad p. 135; in possession. This appears to be the speech
made by the prosecution in a case of a woman and her five children murdered in
Abarqu, supposedly by a number of Baha'is [precise details are not given in the
text]. Most of the speech is devoted to a conventional diatribe against
Baha'ism as such. Radawi was defence counsel in other cases involving the
murder of Baha'is and the assassination of Ahmad Kasravi.

579. Jordan, S.M., , and ???????? [An old note of mine says he published an
article in 'The Mohammedan World' (Cairo) around 1912]. :

585. Kasravi, Ahmad. Baha'igari. 1st. ; 2nd. ed., Tehran, 1323 Sh/1944;
3rd. ed., Tehran, 1327 Sh/1948 ed., Tehran: Chapkhana-yi Payman, 1321 Sh/1942.
One of the best known studies of the subject published in Iran, written by one
of the country's leading secluarist thinkers (d.1946). The book is a
compilation of materials orignally published in Payman and Parcham journals.
There are surprisingly few original insights and little information not readily
available elsewhere, but it is refreshing to read an Iranian critique not based
on religious prejudice.

595. Kirmani, Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan. Al-shihab al-thaqib fi rajm
al-nawasib. Kerman, Iran: Sa'adat Press, 1353 Sh/1975-76. The third
(1265/1849) of Kirmani's attacks on the Bab, in which the author examines the
nature of faith and unbelief, the specifics of the Bab's heresy, and the
inimitability of the Qur'an. Includes several quotations from writings of the
Bab, including a letter to Kirmani himself (pp.25-27).

596. Kirmani, Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan. Iqaz al-ghafilin wa ibtal al-batilin
dar radd-i Bab-i khusran-ma'ab. Tehran: n.d.-b.One of several [see items
xx, xxx, xxxx] works attacking the Bab, written by the third head of the
Shaykhi sect (d.1870) and the Bab's main rival in the earliest period.

597. Kirmani, Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan. Izhaq al-batil. Kirman, Iran:
Matba'a al-Sa'ada, 1351 Sh/1392/1972. The first of several attacks on the Bab
by Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani, head of the Shaykhi sect in Kirman from
about 1844 and the Bab's leading rival in the early stages of his career.
Written in 1261/1845, this is the first ever Muslim polemic against Babism. The
book also contains lengthy discussions of points of Shi'ite doctrine. Of
particular importance are the copious quotations from the Bab's earliest major
work, the Qayyum al-asma', only recently completed. For details, see MacEoin
'Shaykhi Reactions' [Section x, item xx, pp.30ff.].

598. Kirmani, Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan. Risala -yi tir-i shihab dar randan-i
Bab-i khusran-ma'ab in Majma' al-rasa'il Farsi, vol.1, pp.161-242.
Kerman, Iran: Sa'adat Press, 1386/1966-67. The second of several anti-Babi
treatises penned by the Bab's chief rival. The text was originally written in
1262/1846. Shows some knowledge of early writings of the Bab, which Kirmani had
by then received, and provides details of the first stages of the Bab's career,
including his recent arrest in Shiraz. For a summary of some of the book's
contents, see MacEoin 'Shaykhi Reactions' [Section x, item xx], p.30ff.

599. Kirmani, Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan. Risala dar radd-i Bab-i murtad,
published with separate pagination with Risala-yi tazyil dar radd-i Hashim-i
Shami by Hajj Zayn al-'Abidin Khan Kirmani, Kirman, 1384/1964; Arabic
translation, Kirman, 1383/1963. Kerman: Sa'adat Press, 1384/1964-65. The fourth
and last of Kirmani's attacks on the Bab, written in 1283/1867 at the request
of Nasir al-Din Shah. Includes a more complete account of the Bab than those in
the author's previous works, as well as references to the Babi diaspora in
Baghdad. Quotes from a range of the Bab's writings, including the Bayan, from
which he cites numerous ordinances.

603. Kirmani, Hajj Muhammad Khan. Taqwim al-'awj. 1st. ed. Photomechanic
reprint, Kerman, Sa'adat Press, n.d. [197?] ed., Bombay: 1311/1893-94. Written
in response to a request from one of the author's followers to refute various
'doubts' about Islam raised by Babis (and Baha'is). Muhammad Khan (1846-1906)
was the son of Hajj Muhammad Karim Khan and his successor as head of the
Shaykhi school. The book is in two parts: the first devoted to eight separate
questions, the second to countering Babi interpretations of Shi'ite traditions.
Written in 1304/1887.

604. Kirmani, Hajj Zayn al-'Abidin Khan. Mi'raj al-sa'ada. 2nd. printing
ed., Kerman, Iran: 1351/1972. A short treatise written for Mirza 'Ali Rida Khan
Wakil al-Dawla in reply to a question raised by a Baha'i on the invalidity of
miracles as evidence. Written in 1333/1954.

605. Kirmani, Hajj Zayn al-'Abidin Khan. Risala-yi sa'iqa dar radd-i Bab-i
murtab. 2nd. ed. This ed. also printed in the volume Majma'
al-rasa'il, vol.9, Kerman, Sa'adat Press, 1352/1973 ed., Kerman, Iran:
Sa'adat Press, 1352 Sh/1973. By the second son and successor of Hajj Muhammad
Karim Khan, head of the Shaykhi sect. Written in response to a request from a
Mukhabir al-Mulk in refutation of several points of Babi/Baha'i doctrine,
notably the belief in progressive revelation.

614. Madhhab ya maslak? [Religion or sect?]. [Iran]: n.d. [197?]. A
booklet produced by a Muslim anti-Baha'i group, rehearsing the standard charge
that Babism and Baha'ism were created as part of a Russian and British plot to
undermine Islam in Iran. Makes use of the discredited 'Memoirs of Prince
Dolgoruki' (item x)

632. McCormick, Jim. The History and Doctrines of the Baha'i Faith. 20.
Belfast, N.I.: Great Joy Publications, n.d. [1985]. Collins 7.1475 Largely
based on William McE. Miller's What Is the Baha'i Faith?

634. Miller, William McElwee and Ed. Wiliam N. Wysham. What is the Baha'i
Faith? 151. Grand Rapids, Mich: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1977. A
shortened version of the author's second study of the subject (The Baha'i
Faith, item x) produced by Wysham.

635. Miller, William McElwee. 'The Baha'i Cause Today.' Moslem World
Vol. 30 (1940): pp.379-404. Reprinted separately, New York, The Moslem World,
1940, 26 pp. A general survey of Baha'i history and teachings. Includes a
review of Standwood Cobb's Security for a Failing World (Section x, item
xx).

638. Miller, William McElwee. Baha'ism, Its Origin, History and
Teachings. 214. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1931. The first of two
antipathetic studies by Miller (see also item x), published twelve years after
his arival in Iran as a Presbyterian missionary.7.1567

639. Miller, William McElwee. The Baha'i Faith: Its History and
Teachings. xix, 443. South Pasadena, Ca.: William Carey Library, 1974. A
very much up-dated version of the author's earlier critical study [item x].
Although the biases are obvious, this work does provide a useful (if far from
academic) counterbalance to orthodox presentations of Babi-Baha'i history,
which Miller (echoing Browne) claims is bowdlerized. Contains full reprint of
Elder/Miller translation of Aqdas [Section x, item xx], with minor alterations.
For a critical discussion by a Baha'i, see item xx. (Douglas Martin, 'The
Missionary as Historian', Baha'i Studies, v.4 (Dec. I978), pp. I-29;
World Order, V.IO no.3 (Spring I976), pp. 43-63)

640. Miller, William McElwee. What is the Baha'i World Faith? 23. Santa
Ana, Ca.: Christian Apologetics, Research and Information Service, 1977. A
short (23 pp.) booklet summarizing the author's main criticisms of Baha'ism
from a Christian viewpoint. 7.1568a (cites Bjorling as source)

656. Murtadavi, Muhammad Mahdi. Imshi bi-hasharat-i Baha'i [Insecticide
for the Baha'i insects]. 168. Qum: 'Allama, 1340/197? A title not unworthy of
the Third Reich.

657. Musawi, 'A [not on title page]. Nuqta-yi Ula! Jamal-i Abha! Markaz-i
Mithaq! Tehran: Intisharat-i Jihan, 1348/1969. A fairly standard refutation,
concentrating on history. Three of the final chapters are devoted respectively
to God, prophethood, and resurrection according to the Bab and Baha' Allah.

658. Mutawalli, Fadi. 'Habs a'da' al-tanzim al-Baha'i: yahramuna 'l-jihad wa
'l-din. Wa qiblatuhum 'Akka. Majma' al-Buh]uth al-Islami: Murtaddun 'an
al-Islam' (Imprisonment of members of the Baha'i organization: they proscribe
holy war and religion... And their qibla is Acre: Islamic Research
Academy: apostates from Islam.' al-Jumhuriyya (Cairo) (1 March 1985):
Based on statements made by a prominent Egyptian Baha'i, Husayn Bikar, during
interrogation by the State Security Prosecution Office. Also includes a
statement for the Prosecution Office prepared by Dr. Muhammad al-Husayni
Hashim, Secretary of the Islamic Studies Academy.

660. Najafi, Sayyid Muhammad Baqir. Baha'ian. 778. Tehran: Kitabkhana-yi
Tuhuri, 1399/1357 Sh/1979. A lengthy work published just after the Islamic
revolution in Iran, although prepared over a fifteen-year period prior to that.
The usual charges are levelled at the Baha'is, particularly that of collusion
with foreign powers. The text is, however, outstanding for its detail and the
abundance of references. Circumstances made it impossible to provide a
bibliography and index.

661. Naji, Husayn. 'Christian Proselytization: the Danger and the
Confrontation: Baha'ism is the Most Effective Weapon to Strike Islam and Weaken
it in the Hearts of the Muslims.' al-Qabas (Kuwait) (21 February 1986):

662. Naqavi, Ali Raza. 'Babism and Baha'ism: A Study of Their History and
Doctrines.' Islamic Studies 14 (3 Autumn, 1975): 185-217. Collins 11.731
Purporting to be a scholarly article by a Reader in the Islamic Research
Institute at Islamabad, this is a very poorly researched piece containing
numerous absurd errors and owing more to traditional Islamic polemic than
modern academic conventions. See letter by MacEoin in subsequent issue [item
x]. Reply by Denis MacEoin, v.15 no.2 (Summer, 1976), pp.143-50

668. Nida, Samir. 'Misr wa 'l-thawra 'ala 'l-Baha' al-Dajjal' [Egypt and the
revolt against the Antichrist Baha'].' Alif Ba' (Baghdad) (21 March
1979): 18.Argues that the Baha'is were, not only the main supporters of the
Shah of Iran, but also major influences on the entourage, ideas, and behaviour
of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat.

669. Nigahi bi-kashkul-i Darvi sh Muhammad (A peep into
Darvi sh Muhammad's begging-bowl). Isfahan, Iran: 1352 Sh/1973. A short
(15 pp.) booklet which examines a few verses from Baha' Allah's writings and
makes fun of their content. 'Darvish Muhammad' is the name adopted by Baha'
Allah during his Sufi period in Kurdistan.

670. Niku, Hajj Mirza Hasan. Falsafa-yi Niku. Vol.1 first published
Tehran, Chapkhana-yi Khavar, 1306 Sh/1927; Vol.2 first published as above, 1307
Sh/1928; Vol.3 first published Tehran, Chapkhana-yi Farhumand, 1310 Sh/1931;
Vol.4 first published Tehran, Chapkhana-yi Taban, 1325 Sh/1946; numerous
printings. Vol.1 translated into English but not, to my knowledge, published.
ed., Vol. 4 vols. in 1. Tehran: Mu'assisa-yi Intisharat-i Farahani, n.d. [1343
Sh/1964]. A singularly jumbled, tedious, and nasty diatribe by a former convert
eager to prove that he had never really been a Baha'i. Contains numerous
badly-reproduced photographs, including some of Baha' Allah. Makes serious
allegations against the Baha'i leadership. Needs to be used with extreme
caution.

672. North, A. A Christian Looks at the Baha'i World Faith. [12]. New
South Wales: Standing Committee of the Presbyterian Church of Australia in the
State of N.S.W., n.d. [1963?]. Collins 7.2034

673. Nuri, Ayat Allah Allama Yahya [on English title: Ayatollah Allama Yahya
Noori]. Khatimiyyat-i payambar-i Islam wa ibtal-i tahlili-yi Babigari,
Baha'igari, Qadiyanigari [English title page reads: Finality of Prophethood
and a Critical Analysis of Babism, Bahaism, Qadiyanism]. Reissued Tehran,
Majma'-i Mutali'at wa Tahqiqat-i Islami wa Majma'-i Ma'arif-i Islami, 1360
[1981-82], xiii, 65, 106 pp. ed., 60, 44, 110. No.8 of Islam-shinasi series,
Tehran: Majma'-i Mutali'at wa Tahqiqat-i Islami wa Majma'-i Ma'arif-i Islami,
1360 Sh/1402/1981. One of the first Shi'ite anti-Babi/Baha'i polemics to be
published in Iran after the revolution. A short section on the Ahmadi
(Qadiyani) sect of Islam is tagged on at the end. Both tone and content are
typical of the genre and show little knowledge or understanding of the subject
or of 'critical analysis'. The photographs are of poor quality, most of them
being devoted to the charitable exploits and massive ego of the author.

683. Qabadaya, Salah. 'The Baha'is Are Coming!.' al-Sharq al-awsat
(London) (3 December 1985): 9. Warns of a coming rise in the numbers and
influence of the Baha'is and examines ways of countering their propaganda.

684. Qadiani, Sadr al-Din (Mawlawi Fadil) Ahmadi. Shamshir-i burran dar
radd-i Baha'iyyat. 75. Tehran: Chapkhana-yi Firdawsi, 1326 Sh./1948.This is
possibly the only critique of Baha'ism from an Ahmadi Muslim point of view
published in Iran. This is possibly the only critique of Baha'ism from an
Ahmadi Muslim point of view published in Iran.

685. Qindil, Sharif. 'Ru'asa' al-mahafil yad'una: al-Baha'iyya tariq al-shuhra
wa 'l-mal. 'ulama' al-Muslimin: al-Muslim al-Baha'i murtadd wa 'alayhi an
yatuba aw yuqtil.' [Leaders of the assemblies claim: Baha'ism is the way to
fame and fortune: Muslim clergy say: the Baha'i Muslim is an apostate who
should repent or be killed.' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (6 16
March 1985): 6-7. General article with inserts about Babism, the number 19,
etc.

687. Ra'in, Isma'il. Inshi'ab dar Baha'iyyat pas az marg-i Shawqi Rabbani [The
Schism within Baha'ism after the Death of Shoghi Effendi. Tehran: Mu'assasa-yi
Tahqiqi-yi Ra'in, n.d. [about 1357 Sh/1979 -- see p.373]. A somewhat rambling
work containing numerous egregious errors, both of fact and interpretation. The
early chapters reiterate the standard accusations of political involvement with
the imperial powers. The body of the book is concerned with internal problems
following the death of Shoghi Effendi in 1957, but there is surprisingly little
hard information. Nevertheless, a few nuggets can be found, including
reproductions of little-known documents.

688. Rahmani, Masih Allah. Rah-i rast. vol. 2, 95 pp. [Mashhad ?]
Khurasan, Iran: Privately published, 1352 Sh./1974.By a former Baha'i who had
been chairman of the Baha'i assembly of Bushru'iyya and reconverted to Islam.
Includes recollections of 'Abd al-Baha' and Shoghi Effendi. By a former Baha'i
who had been chairman of the Baha'i assembly of Bushru'iyya and reconverted to
Islam. Includes recollections of 'Abd al-Baha' and Shoghi Effendi. [double
listing]

696. Richards, J.R. Baha'ism. London: Society for the Promotion of
Christian Knowledge, 1965. A short ( pp.) pamphlet presenting a conservative
Christian view of the topic, rather more harshly than in the author's
full-length work [item x].

697. Richards, J.R. The Religion of the Baha'is. London/New York:
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1932. The only full-length study by
Richards, then an Anglican missionary in Shiraz (he later became Bishop of St.
David's). More intelligent than other Christian polemics (e.g. Wilson, Miller),
it reiterates the usual charges of the bowdlerization of Babi-Baha'i history.
The chapters on Baha'i doctrine are better than average, although the themes
relate more to Christian than Baha'i or Islamic theology. Has a short but
interesting bibliography.

699. Richardson, Robert P. 'The Persian Rival to Jesus and His American
Disciples.' The Open Court 29 (Aug. 1915): 460-83. Collins 11.862 See
another piece with this title: Anon., The Moslem World 1916

700. Richardson, Robert P. 'The Precursor, the Prophet, and the Pope:
Contributions to the History of the Bahai Movement.' The Open Court 30
(10; 11 Oct. 1916/Nov. 1916): 617-37; 657-85. Collins 11.863

701. Richardson, Robert P. 'The Rise and Fall of the Parliament of Religion at
Greenacre.' Open Court Vol.45 (March 1931): pp.129-66. An intelligent and
readable account of the process whereby the Parliament of Religion summer
schools, held by Sarah Farmer at Greenacre in the years following the 1892
Columbian Exposition, were gradually transformed into Baha'i events and the
Greenacre property finally made over to the Baha'i cause.

706. Sabra, Muhammad, and Muhammad Al-Shandwili. 'The 'Ulama' Affirm...The
Pretender to Prophethood is an Infidel & is Liable to the Penalty For
Apostasy.' al-Liwa' al-Islami (Cairo) (17 April 1986)

707. Sadiq, Mahmud. 'Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazali in a comprehensive interview
with al-Sharq al-awsat (3): Islam is an integral whole and application
of shari'a law must be comprehensive,".' al-Sharq al-awsat
(London) (15 March 1986):

708. Sadiq, Muhammad. 'Shaykh al-Ghazali to al-Sharq al-Awsat: Beware the
Dangers of the Poisons of the Baha'is: The Islamic World Should Take a Firm
Stance Against Them.' al-Sharq al-awsat (London) (6 February 1986):

711. Salihi-Adhari, Muhammad. Shigifti dar chist? [What are you
surprised at?]. 72. Mashhad, Iran: Chapkhana-yi Khurasan, 1349 Sh/1970. The
first part of this strange booklet examines various scientific and
philosophical claims for longevity, then argues for the continued existence of
the twelfth Imam; the second half begins by showing that the Bab shared this
belief and goes on to argue the inconsistency of this with Baha'i views about
the twelfth Imam, before examining other points at random.

712. Salihi-Adhari, Muhammad. Sukhani kutah dar bara-yi akharin pishva
[A short word concerning the last leader]. Mashhad, Iran: Chapkhana-yi
Khurasan, 1348 Sh/1389/1969. A short (40 small pp.) booklet discussing the
question of the identity of the Mahdi and criticizing Baha' Allah's claim to be
the Baqiyyat Allah (Remnant of God), a title of the twelfth Imam. Uses
extensive quotations from Islamic traditions and the Qur'an, as well as the
writings of the Bab. Shows a lack of historical and textual sophistication.

718. Sell, Canon Edward. The Bab and the Babis. First published in the
Christian College Magazine ed., Madras, India: 1895. A fairly straightforward
account, based on the works of Browne by a noted Christian writer on Islam.
[Possibly transfer to surveys.] Also listed under Babi History.

727. Shalabi, Dr. 'Abd al-Wadud. 'Baha'iyya jadida... fi thawb Masihi' [A new
form of Baha'ism...in a Christian cloak].' al-Sharq al-awsat (London)
(19 October 1985): The 'new Baha'ism' is, in fact, the Unification Church of
Sun Myung Moon. The article (unusually for a Muslim publication) refers to a
line of religious claimants from Baha' Allah through Ghulam Ahmad, 'Hari
Krishna', the 'Maharishi [Mahesh Yogi]', and Jim Jones. It also (less
unusually) draws in Lions Clubs and Freemasonry.

733. Shedd, J.H. 'Babism: Its Doctrine and Relation to Mission Work.' The
Missionary Review of the World 17 (Dec. 1894): 844-904. Collins 11.915

734. Shedd, Rev. J. H. 'Bahaism and Its Claims.' The Missionary Review of
the World Vol.34 (October 1911): pp.727-34. Second of two articles on the
subject by this American missionary.

735. Shedd, Rev. J. H. Baha'ism and its Claims. [I have an old note saying
Shedd also wrote Bah'ism and Its Claims, London, n.d.] Possible reprint of his
article? ed.,

736. Shedd, Rev. J.H. 'Babism: Its Doctrine and Relation to Mission Work.' The
Missionary Review of the World Vol.17 (December 1894): pp.894-904. A general
survey by yet another American Presbyterian missionary based in Iran.

748. Stileman, Bishop Charles Henry. 'A Week with the Babis.' Church
Missionary Intelligencer (July 1893): pp.512-16. An account of a visit to
Najafabad, Iran, where the author met and talked with members of the Baha'i
community.

749. Subhi Muhtadi, Fadl Allah [also given as Muhtadi Subhi] and (Intro. by
Sayyid Hadi Khusrawshahi). Khatirat-i Subhi dar bara-yi Babigari wa
Baha'igari [Originally titled Kitab-i Subhi]. 5th. ed. 1st. ed.,
Tehran, Matba'a-yi Danish, 1312 Sh/1933; 2nd. ed., Tabriz, Chapkhana-yi
'Ilmiyya, 1343 Sh/1964; 3rd. ed., Tabriz, Chapkhana-yi 'Ilmiyya, 1344 Sh/1965;
4th. ed., Qum, Chapkhana-yi 'ikmat, 1351 Sh/1972 ed., Tehran: Markaz-i
Intisharat-i Dar al-Tabligh-i Islami, 1354 Sh/1975. The first of two books (see
also item x) by a former Baha'i missionary and secretary of 'Abd al-Baha' who
later left the movement and converted to Islam. Written in a light style, the
book contains engaging and sometimes informative reminiscences of Baha'i life
in the 1910s and 1920s. The port-rait of 'Abd al-Baha' is affectionate, but
that of other Baha'is less so. Of some interest for descriptions of Baha'i life
in Palestine after World War I.

752. Sultanzada, Rida. Sayri dar kitabha-yi Baha'iyan: khudaparasti dar
Baha'iyyat [A journey through the books of the Baha'is: the worship of God
in Baha'ism]. 2nd. ed., 169. Tehran: Dar al-Kutub al-Islamiyya, n.d.
[197-].Devoted to the subject of Baha' Allah's claim to divinity. Uses a wide
variety of Baha'i sources. The inside title page reads 'Number One' before the
sub-title, implying that this was originally intended as the first volume of a
series.

753. Surush, Ahmad. Mud'ian-i mahdaviyyat az badr-i Islam ta 'asr-i hadir,
tarikhcha-yi paydayish-i Bab wa Baha', tahlili az afkar-i madhhabi wa adabi-yi
Sayyid Ahmad Kasravi Tabrizi. 2nd. ed., Tehran: Bungah-i Ma'bu'ati-yi
Afshari, 1348 Sh/1969. A general account of claimants to the status of Mahdi,
of which the larger part (pp.90-205) is given over to an account of the Bab,
Subh-i Azal, and Baha' Allah, mainly the former. A final section deals with the
life and ideas of the twentieth-century thinker Ahmad Kasravi. The Babi/Baha'i
section is full of egregious mistakes.

768. Vahid, Sina. Qurrat al-'Ayn: dar amadi bar tarikh-i bi-hijabi dar
I ran [Qurrat al-'Ayn: a prelude to the history of unveiled (women) in
Iran]. 48. [Tehran?]: Mu'assisa-yi Tahqiqati wa Intisharati-yi Nur, 1363
Sh./1985.A highly critical and at times salacious account of the Babi heroine
Qurrat al-'Ayn Tahira, who is regarded as the first Iranian woman to remove her
veil in public.

772. Vatralsky, Stoyan Krstoff. 'Mohammedan Gnosticism in America: The Origin,
History, Character and Esoteric Doctrines of the Truth-Knowers.' American
Journal of Theology 6 (1 Jan. 1902): 57-78. Collins 11.1044 A virulent
attack on what the author describes as 'a worse and more pernicious cult than
Mormonism'. His aim is to demonstrate that Babism/Baha'ism is merely a Muslim
sect now transplanted to America. Summarizes the history and teachings of the
movement, not always accurately, and sometimes confuses Babi and Baha'i belief.
The author's lecture tour in 1899 raised some controversy in Wisconsin.

774. Wa Islamah, ummah, hal tabra'i na ila' llah min 21 Mars? [O
Islam, O mother, are you guiltless in the eyes of God with regard to the 21st
of March?]. [Kuwait?]: 1985a. BWC Pam 142-257 The author is under the
misapprehension that the 21st of March (the Iranian and Baha'i New Year) is a
sort of Baha'i Mother's Day.

782. Wifqi, Hamid Abu 'Ali. 'Risalat al-usbu': al-ghaya tubarriru 'l-wasila
mabda' al-Sahyuniyya' [Letter of the Week: the end justifies the means: the
principle of Zionism].' al-Muslimun (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) (5 October
1985): Passing reference to Baha'ism as one of numerous movements set up over
centuries by Jews to further their plan of world dominion.

783. Wilson, Dr. Samuel Graham. 'Babism: A Failure' (in two parts).' Missionary
Review of the World Vol.27 (Feb and March 1904): pp.91-97, 207-211. A
strongly-worded and inaccurate piece by the leading American opponent of the
movement at this period.

784. Wilson, Dr. Samuel Graham. 'Bahaism and Its Relation to the State.' Church
Missionary Review (1915a): pp.19-26. The same as chapter 6 of the author's
full-length study [item x]. Provides a brief but largely sound account of Babi
militancy, discusses relations between Baha'is and the State in Iran through to
the Constitutional period, and outlines (rather sketchily but with some
perception) aspirations for a Baha'i state.

785. Wilson, Dr. Samuel Graham. 'Bahaism and Religious Assassination.'
Moslem World Vol.4 (1914a): pp.231-45. An early version of what appeared
as chapter 10 in the author's full-length study [item x]. Accuses (in some
cases correctly) Baha'is of carrying out assassinations of opponents, mainly
Azali Babis, and claims connivance on the part of the movement's leadership.

786. Wilson, Dr. Samuel Graham. 'Bahaism and the Woman Question.' Missionary
Review of the World Vol.37 (1914b): pp.739-45, 915-19. An early version of
chapter 7 of the author's full-length study [item x]. Examines the general
attitudes toward women within the movement, records Baha' Allah's several
wives, discusses marriage and divorce, and argues that Baha'i women in the East
are scarcely more emancipated than Muslim women.

790. Wilson, Samuel Graham. 'Bahaism and Religious Deception.' Moslem World
Vol.5 (1915c): pp.166-84. A version of chapter 8 of the author's full-length
study [item x]. Alleges moral failings of the Baha'i leaders in matters such as
the bowdlerization of history, false claims to martyrs, the use of
dissimulation, concealment of the true facts concerning Azal's succession,
etc.

796. Wilson, Samuel Graham. 'Bahaism: Its Failure in Moral Conduct.' Moslem
World Vol.5 (1915d): pp.268-82. A version of chapter 9 of the author's
full-length work [item x], this being a continuation of chapter 8 and the
article 'Bahaism and Religious Deception' [item xx]. Attacks the Baha'is for
their hatred toward Shi'ite Muslims and alleges widespread use of alcohol and
opium.

799. Wilson, Samuel Graham. 'The Claims of Bahaism.' The East and the
West 12 (July 1914c): 249-70. Collins 11.1103

800. Wilson, Samuel Graham. Bahaism and Its Claims. 1st. ed. Reprinted,
New York, AMS Press, 1970 ed., 298. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1915b. The
only full-length study by a highly-critical American Presbyterian missionary
resident in Tabriz. This is an extremely hostile presentation, in which the
author accuses the Baha'is of gross moral failings. Interesting chapters on
'Bahaism and the State', 'Bahaism and Woman', 'Religious Assassination', and
'Bahaism in America'. Despite its many exaggerations and inaccuracies, the book
raises several important topics for the first time.

822. Yazdi, Haji Fath Allah Maftun. Bab wa Baha-ra bishinasid [Know the Bab and
Baha' (Allah)]. [Haydarabad]: Rafiq Machine Press, n.d. [1371/1952]. A
straightforward example of the raddiyya genre, in three main sections:
1) on the Bab; 2) on Baha' Allah; and 3) on Qurrat al-'Ayn. The author was a
teacher of Persian at an orphanage in Haydarabad.

825. Za'im al-Dawla, Dr. Mirza Muhammad Mahdi Khan. Ta'rikh al-Babiyya aw
Miftah bab al-abwab. 440, [8]. Cairo: Al-Manar al-Islamiyya, 1321/1903. One
of the first substantial Shi'ite Muslim refutations of Babism and Baha'ism,
written by an eminent Iranian emigre writer, editor of the newspaper Hikmat.
Although the tone is markedly hostile, the text contains some useful
eye-witness material and ample quotations from writings of the Bab and Baha'
Allah. The historical sections deal most fully with the Bab and his disciples
and rather less with the Baha'is. Also published in a Persian translation (item
x)