I would like to ask if there exist pedagogical expositions of the Mordell-Weil theorem (wikipedia). What parts of number theory (algebraic geometry) one should better learn first before starting to read a proof of Mordell-Weil?

For elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$, the proof is quite elementary, especially if you assume that the points of order 2 are rational. For elliptic curves over a number field, you need to know the finiteness of the class number and the finite generation of the group of units (basic facts in algebraic number theory). For abelian varieties, you need to know rather a lot of algebraic geometry. You should be able to find what you want in online lecture notes.
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anonAug 8 '11 at 17:01

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There are already eight (perfectly fine) references in the answers. I wanted to comment that, apart from different emphases on various parts or a choice of heavy machinery vs computation, these are all the same proof. Namely, prove weak MW by finiteness of division fields, construct heights and do the descent argument. I wonder if there is a really different proof of MW.
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Felipe VolochAug 8 '11 at 19:50

After reading this proof, I never understood why other proofs looked so complicated.
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zebOct 29 '12 at 21:42

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This proof only considers elliptic curves over $\bf Q$ whose points of order 2 are $\bf Q$-rational. This gives the following simplifications: * the algebraic geometry of Abelian varieties is reduced as its minimum; * no algebraic number theory is required; * the height machine is elementary; * the Galois cohomology construction can be treated by hand. That's why the general proof is more complicated.
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ACLNov 12 '12 at 23:23

There is a very elementary and self-contained (modulo a few things proved earlier in the book) proof in Chapter 19 of the book of Ireland and Rosen, "A classical introduction to modern number theory". One might object that it can be misleading to use explicit but obscure polynomial identities instead of more intrinsic facts from algebraic geometry, but the text has lots of good remarks and references to go beyond this elementary approach.

On the other hand one might also object that it's misleading to use "intrinsic facts from algebraic geometry" without explaining how these naturally generalize explicit techniques going back to Fermat. Those techniques aren't even that unnatural or obscure: the only tricky point is that on $y^2 = x (x^2 + ax + b)$ the $x$-coordinate gives a homomorphism from the elliptic curve group to $k^*/(k^*)^2$, and that was probably observed experimentally before looking for a proof by polynomial identities --- which still happened long before it could be interpreted in terms of Galois cohomology.
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Noam D. ElkiesAug 7 '11 at 22:58

I completely agree! (Which is why I said "might" and "can"...). And Ireland and Rosen give many references; a student following them gets a very good motivated introduction to Galois cohomology...
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Denis Chaperon de LauzièresAug 8 '11 at 5:10

Manin's proof of Mordell-Weil theorem (for abelian varieties over number fields) has appeared as an appendix to Russian translation of First edition of Mumford's ``Abelian varieties". Eventually it was translated into English and published as an appendix to Second and Third editions of Mumford's book.

Weil's generalization of Mordell's theorem (and subsequent generalizations) was usually referred to as the Mordell-Weil Theorem. Mordell himself strongly
disapproved of this usage and frequently insisted (in public and in private) that what
he had proved should be called Mordell's Theorem and that everything else could, for
his part, be called simply Weil's Theorem.

There is a very affordable book by Milne (Elliptic curves, BookSurge Publishers, Charleston, 2006) and a very motivating one by Koblitz (Introduction to elliptic curves and modular forms, Springer, New York, 1993). Tate's Haverford Lectures also served as the basis for Husemoller (Elliptic curves, Springer, New York, 2004).

A belated comment: I am currently teaching a course on elliptic curves, primarily out of Silverman's first text (which is, of course, wonderful). I used Cassels' LEC as a supplementary text, and I have to say that the proof of Mordell-Weil (for elliptic curves over number fields) is where LEC really shines. He makes a beeline to Mordell-Weil and gives a simple, but not overly computational proof, in an impressively short span of pages.
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Pete L. ClarkOct 29 '12 at 18:51

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Especially, there is a part of the proof of Mordell-Weil which is traditionally proved using aspects of the reduction theory of elliptic curves over local fields. (There are other ways, e.g. Chevalley-Weil, but I decided to bypass them for various reasons.) Silverman devotes an entire chapter to elliptic curves over local fields and another entire chapter to formal groups, to prove the key fact that the kernel of reduction contains no torsion of order prime to the residue characteristic. Cassels gives a simply beautiful proof of this that takes about two pages.
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Pete L. ClarkOct 29 '12 at 18:54

Actually, the wikipedia article you cite cites Joe Silverman's book, which contains such a "pedagogical" exposition. The book is not entirely self-contained, but I am sure the preface explains the prerequisites.

The standard proof of the weak Mordell theorem in Silverman unnecessarily translates the "putative finiteness of $E(L)/nE(L)$ into a statement about certain field extensions of $L$". There are simpler proofs that directly relate the finiteness to the finiteness of the class number of $L$ and the finite generation of its units.
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anonAug 8 '11 at 0:34

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I did not say Silverman had the BEST possible proof (indeed, I am sure opinions vary on what the best proof is),but it IS pedadgogical, which is all the OP asked for, and the reference was staring him in the face (since he was quoting the wiki article).
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Igor RivinAug 8 '11 at 2:22

This is one of the best books available on the subject, but it is certainly not the easiest. (Of course it is still "pedagogical", but it seems that the OP is looking for something with minimal prerequisites.)
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Pete L. ClarkAug 7 '11 at 21:31

Another text at the undergraduate level that covers Mordell's theorem (i.e., the Mordell-Weil theorem for elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$) is Washington's "Elliptic Curves: Number Theory and Cryptography" (see Chapter 8).

If you are looking for a proof of the Mordell-Weil theorem in its utmost generality (i.e., for abelian varieties over number fields), I would suggest Hindry and Silverman's "Diophantine Geometry: An Introduction" (see Part C).