International Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism RSS FeedThis rss includes latest articles published in International Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolismhttp://endometabol.portal.toolsEnCopyright 2018, KowsarComparison of Metabolic and Hormonal Profiles of Women With and Without Premenstrual Syndrome: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Studyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=28422Conclusions: There was a significant association between PMS scores and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are needed to confirm and validate the relationships between lipid profile abnormalities and metabolic disorders with PMS.,Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the association of hormonal and metabolic factors with PMS among Iranian women of reproductive age.,Materials and Methods: This study was a community based cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, and metabolic disorders were compared between 354 women with PMS and 302 healthy controls selected from among 1126 women of reproductive age who participated in the Iranian PCOS prevalence study. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.,Results: Prolactin (PRL) and triglycerides (TG) were significantly elevated in women with PMS, whereas their testosterone (TES), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels were significantly less than they were in womSun, 14 Feb 2016 00:00:00 +0330Stata Modules for Calculating Novel Predictive Performance Indices for Logistic Modelshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=26707Results: The command is addpred for logistic regression models.,Conclusions: The Stata package provided herein can encourage the use of novel methods in examining predictive capacity of ever-emerging plethora of novel biomarkers.,Materials and Methods: We have written a Stata command that is intended to help researchers obtain cut point-free and cut point-based net reclassification improvement index and (NRI) and relative and absolute Integrated discriminatory improvement index (IDI) for logistic-based regression analyses.We applied the commands to a real data on women participating the Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS) to examine if information of a family history of premature CVD, waist circumference, and fasting plasma glucose can improve predictive performance of the Framingham’s “general CVD risk” algorithm.,Objectives: Lack of user-friendly statistical software has restricted implementation of novel model assessment methods while examining novel biomarkers. We intended, thus, to develop a userSat, 23 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0330Ramadan Fasting Decreases Body Fat but Not Protein Masshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=29687Conclusions: Ramadan fasting resulted in weight loss even it was only a temporary effect, as the weight was quickly regained within one month after fasting. The catabolism catabolic state, which is related to protein loss, was not triggered during Ramadan fasting. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of weight loss during Ramadan fasting in healthy individuals.,Results: By the 28th day of Ramadan, it was found that the body weight, BMI, body fat, water and mineral measures had decreased significantly (-0.874 ± 0.859 kg, P &lt; 0.001; -0.36 ± 0.371 kg/m2, P &lt; 0.001; -0.484 ± 0.597 kg, P &lt; 0.001; -0.293 ± 0.486 kg, P = 0.001; -0.054 ± 0.059 kg, P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Protein body mass and calorie intake did not significantly change (-0.049 ± 0.170 kg, P = 0.561; 12.94 ± 760.608 Kcal, P = 0.082 respectively). By 4 - 5 weeks after Ramadan, body weight and composition had returned to the same levels as on the first day of Ramadan.,Patients and Methods: The lonSat, 02 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0330Hypothyroidism and Lipid Levels in a Community Based Study (TTS)http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=22827Background: Thyroid hormones play an important role in lipid metabolism. Overt hypothyroidism is known to be associated with increased lipid profiles, but the effect of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) on lipid profile remains controversial.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between thyroid disorders and serum lipid levels.,Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted within the framework of Tehran lipid and glucose study (TLGS). Serum concentrations of TSH and FT4, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-C were measured in 5786 randomly selected subjects. Serum LDL was calculated according to the Friedwald formula.,Results: The study assessed 5154 subjects including 42.5% males and 57.5% females, with a mean age of 39.71 ± 14.2 years (ranged 20 - 90 years). Serum cholesterol was significantly higher in overt hypothyroidism in comparison to subclinical hypothyroidism (P = 0.003). Serum cholesterol, HDL –C, LDL-C and TG did not differ between subclinical hypothyroid and cMon, 16 Nov 2015 00:00:00 +0330Prevalent Practices of Thyroid Diseases During Pregnancy Among Endocrinologists, Internists and General Practitionershttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=29601Results: There were minor differences in treatment preferences for Graves’ disease in pregnancy and tests to monitor antithyroid drugs between endocrinologists and generalists; the major difference being targeted free thyroxin, and also thyroxin, depicted in the upper end of normal range, by the majority of endocrinologist and within the normal range, by generalists. Compared to generalists, endocrinologists perform more targeted screening and are more familiar with its risk factors. Predominantly, endocrinologists increase levothyroxine dose in hypothyroid women, upon confirmation of pregnancy and also indicate full dose in a pregnant woman, diagnosed with overt hypothyroidism, and treat thyroid peroxidase antibody positive or negative pregnant women with thyroid stimulating hormone (2.5 - 5 mU/L), as compared to generalists.,Conclusions: There is wide variation in the clinical practices of screening and management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy in East-Asia, with many clinicians, in particular geneSat, 07 Nov 2015 00:00:00 +0330Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence Predicts Salivary Cortisol in Early Adulthood Among Blacks; Sex differenceshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18041Background: Although the link between psychological distress and altered cortisol level has been already shown; very limited information exists about this association among Black youth.,Objectives: We tested sex differences in predictive role of symptoms of anxiety during adolescence on annual decline in morning salivary cortisol levels in early adulthood among Black youth.,Conclusions: Our findings suggest sex differences in the predictive role of anxiety symptoms during adolescence on the annual decline in cortisol level during early adulthood. While most research on this topic is among White middle class individuals, our findings shed more light on the longitudinal links between psychological distress and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function among Black youth.,Results: Higher level of anxiety symptoms at 1994 was predictive of a higher decline in morning salivary cortisol from 2000 to 2001 for all youths, while the effects of baseline socio-economics, depressive symptoms, and alcohol use Mon, 26 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0330Effect of Low Glycemic Index Diet Versus Metformin on Metabolic Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=23091Conclusions: This study supports the assumption that low glycemic index diet as well as metformin can positively affect metabolic syndrome components.,Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues to be highly prevalent and contributes to a rapidly growing problem worldwide. The most important therapeutic intervention for metabolic syndrome is diet modification, an intervention whose efficacy has been proven for metabolic syndrome.,Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of low glycemic index diet versus metformin on MetS components in adults with MetS.,Patients and Methods: Fifty-one adults with MetS participated in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated to two groups of metformin and low glycemic index diet. The intervention period was eight weeks. The studied participants were compared at baseline and the end of the trial, regarding the following factors: weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c and lSat, 17 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0330Hormone Inhibition During Mini-Puberty and Testicular Function in Male Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=25465Conclusions: The inhibition of mini-puberty period in male rats was demonstrated to have an effect on their testicular function to some extent.,Results: Serum T and LH levels peaked at two hours after birth, while FSH peaked at hour 0, and bilateral testicular weight peaked at four hours after birth. The rats that underwent ether inhalation five minutes after birth had markedly reduced serum hormone levels. The mini-puberty model group revealed visible morphologic alterations in the tests on postnatal day 45. Then, on postnatal day 75, the mRNA expression level of AMH significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in the same group.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hormone inhibition during mini-puberty on testicular function in male rats.,Materials and Methods: We measured serum testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in male rats at different time points after birth by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and established a “no Sat, 03 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0330Underestimating the Effect of Lipids on Cardiovascular Events: Regression Dilution Bias in the Population-Based Cohort of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Studyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=27528Conclusions: Using baseline measurements of lipids led to considerable underestimation in the association of these factors with CVD outcome in TLGS. The underestimation increased with time interval between baseline and follow-up measurements for TC and TG. TC had more attenuation on estimated HR due to stronger relation with CVD risk.,Results: By parametric method, based on reexamination three years after baseline, the strength of real association of usual levels of TC, TG and HDL-C with cardiovascular disease, considering β coefficients of related models, were underestimated about 42%, 51% and 81% in men and 40%, 43% and 62% in women, respectively. Underestimations were relatively independent of age, sex and body mass index. Correction for regression dilution bias led to more than 60% increase in estimated HR for TC adjusted for confounders.,Patients and Methods: Of 6327 eligible people in the original cohort followed for about 10 years to detect CVD events, 3063 (1224 men and 1839 women) had replicate meaSat, 03 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0330Heating Process in Pasteurization and not in Sterilization Decreases the Iodine Concentration of Milkhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=27995Conclusions: The present study showed that the iodine concentration is not decreased during the heating process in sterilization, indicating that supplemented sterilized milk could be a good alternative vehicle for dietary iodine in the prevention of iodine deficiency.,Results: The inclusion of KI in the diet of the dairy cows in these 2 separate experiments increased their milk iodine levels. Pasteurization decreased the iodine content of the milk (P &lt; 0.05), while no significant difference was observed in the iodine concentration of the sterilized milk.,Background: Iodine is a vital component of the thyroid hormones and is required for normal growth, development, and tissue metabolism in humans and animals.,Objectives: This study for the first time compares the effects of heating during pasteurization and sterilization on the iodine concentration of milk for an adequate provision of dietary iodine.,Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on multiparous Holstein Friesian lactating cows. Thirty HSat, 03 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0330The Association of Polymorphisms in Leptin/Leptin Receptor Genes and Ghrelin/Ghrelin Receptor Genes With Overweight/Obesity and the Related Metabolic Disturbances: A Reviewhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=19073Conclusions: In general, our study suggests that the association between LEP/LEPR and GHRL/GHSR with overweight/obesity and the related metabolic disturbances is inconclusive. These results may be due to unidentified gene-environment interactions. More investigations are needed to further clarify this association.,Results: The most prevalent leptin/leptin receptor genes (LEP/LEPR) and ghrelin/ghrelin receptor genes (GHRL/GHSR) single nucleotide polymorphisms studied were LEP G-2548A, LEPR Q223R, and Leu72Met, respectively. Nine studies of the 17 studies on LEP/LEPR, and three studies of the seven studies on GHRL/GHSR showed significant relationships.,Evidence Acquisition: The keywords leptin, ghrelin, polymorphism, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), obesity, overweight, Body Mass Index, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (MeSH headings) were used to search in the following databases: Pubmed, Sciencedirect (Elsevier), and Google scholar. Overall, 24 case-control studies, relevant to ourWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy and Obesity in Girlshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=23085Results: From 110 subjects with CPP, 46 girls (41.8%) were considered as intervention and 64 (58.2%) as control groups. The mean age at initial visit was 7.46 ± 1.03 years. The BMI standard deviation scores in both groups was not significantly different at sixth and 12th months of treatment compared with baseline (P = 0.257 and P = 0.839, respectively). The prevalence of obesity was not significantly different between study groups at baseline and at and sixth and 12th months of therapy (P = 0.11, P = 0.068, and P = 0.052, respectively).,Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) therapy on body mass index (BMI) in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).,Patients and Methods: The girls with onset of puberty before eight years of age or menarche before nine years of age were studied. The weight, height, BMI, and pubertal stage were determined before and at sixth and 12th months of treatment. The GnRHa (Triptorelin) was administered intramusculWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430Inventory of Determinants of Obesity-Related Behaviors in Adolescents: Development and Psychometric Characteristicshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=24618Conclusions: Results provided initial evidence that the IDOBA is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring determinants of obesity-related behaviors in Iranian adolescents, indicating that the questionnaire can be used in future weight management programs for Tehranian adolescents.,Results: All items were perceived as relevant and comprehendible by adolescents. Content validity was confirmed by the panel of experts. The internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients, exceeded the minimum reliability standard of 0.60 for eight subscales. No ceiling effects were observed. Detected floor effects ranged from 0.2% for perceived acceptability subscale score to 18.8% for lack of threat subscale score. The EFA suggested an eight-factor construct and the results of the CFA indicated acceptable fit indices for the proposed model. All subscales demonstrated satisfactory test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, 0.42 - 0.91) over one month.,Objectives: This study aimed to devWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430The Association of Dairy Intake With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in Adolescents: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Studyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=25201Conclusions: Results of this study did not support the hypothesis that dairy products consumption protects against MetS and its components.,Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 785 adolescent aged 10 to 19 years, participated from the fourth phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a valid semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total dairy, low fat and high fat dairy, milk, yoghurt and cheese were evaluated. Assessment of anthropometric, biochemical and blood pressure was performed and MetS was defined according to the de Ferranti criteria.,Results: The mean age of subjects was 14.8 ± 2.9 years. The prevalence of MetS was 22.2% (girls: 19.5% and boys: 25.2%). The most prevalent risk factor for MetS in boys was high waist circumference (53.4%) and among girls was low HDL-C (53.1%). Energy density and intake of protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, calcium and phosphor were higher in the highest quartile of dairy consumption than thWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430Relative Importance of Lean and Fat Mass on Bone Mineral Density in Iranian Children and Adolescentshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=25542Conclusions: These findings suggest that lean mass was the most important predictor of BMD in both genders. Physical activity appears to positively impact on lean mass and needs to be considered in physical education and health-enhancing programs in Iranian school children.,Background: Body weight is made up of lean and fat mass and both are involved in growth and development. Impression of these two components in bone density accrual has been controversial. ,Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between fat and lean mass and bone density in Iranian children and adolescents.,Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 472 subjects (235 girls, 237 boys) aged 9-18 years old in Fars Province. The participants&#039; weight, height, waist circumference, stage of puberty, and level of physical activity were recorded. Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Mineral Density (BMD), total body fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.,Results: ResulWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430A Longitudinal Study of Adherence to the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome in a Non-Mediterranean Populationhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=26128Conclusions: Adherence to the MedDiet, according to MDS and Sofi-MDS, may not predict MetS components and MetS incidence after 3 years of follow-up in Iranian adult populations.,Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, neither higher MDS nor higher Sofi-MDS were significantly associated with the mean values of MetS components and the risk of metabolic abnormalities incidence after 3 years follow-up. During the 3 years of follow-up, 246 developed MetS were identified. In multivariable model, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of developing MetS did not differ significantly in participants with the highest tertile of the MDS (OR (95% CI): 0.88 (0.62 - 1.23)) or sofi-MDS (OR (95% CI):1.12 (0.77 - 1.62)) compared to those in the lowest tertiles.,Background: Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been proposed to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS), but the association of the diet on MetS in non-Mediterranean populations remains unclear.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigateWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430Pituitary Stone or Calcified Pituitary Tumor? Three Cases and Literature Reviewhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=28383Conclusions: Radiological findings pleaded for a pituitary stone, but calcified adenomas in women, and calcified craniopharyngioma in the pediatric case could not be excluded, as our three patients were not operated on.,Introduction: Pituitary stone or pituitary calculus is a scientific enigma characterized by a large calcification in the pituitary sella. It can be discovered incidentally or in a patient with endocrine and/or neurological problems. Its mechanism is not understood. In this article, we described three patients harboring a large pituitary calcification.,Case Presentation: The first case was observed in a 27-year-old woman who consulted for secondary amenorrhea. The second case concerned a woman who consulted for infertility, and the third one was observed in an 11-year and nine-month-old girl who was sent to our department for short stature. Clinical examination was normal in both adults. The pediatric case had dwarfism with lack of pubertal development. Hormonal assessment showed hyperprolactinWed, 01 Jul 2015 00:00:00 +0430Acromegaly With Cardiomyopathy, Cardiac Thrombus and Hemorrhagic Cerebral Infarct: A Case Report of Therapeutic Dilemma With Review of Literaturehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18841Conclusions: The primary treatment for GH-producing adenoma is surgery; however, this patient has high surgical risk from her severe cardiomyopathy. Radiotherapy poses a greater risk because of increased cerebrovascular mortality. Somatostatin receptor ligands are significantly associated with improvement of cardiovascular and hemodynamic parameters. Dopamine agonists must be considered regardless of prolactin level and immunostaining. The risks and benefits of any treatment must be emphasized in the presence of conflicting clinical features such as in the case reported.,Introduction: Cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure (CHF) is a rare complication of growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma occurring in 3% of cases. We report a case of acromegaly complicated not only by CHF but also by the presence of intracardiac thrombus and cardioembolic stroke with hemorrhagic formation.,Case Presentation: A 46-year-old Filipino female presented with amenorrhea, progressive coarsening of facial features, Thu, 30 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430Prevalence of Lipohypertrophy and Associated Risk Factors in Insulin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitushttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=20776Conclusions: The LH is a common problem in insulin-treated Jordanian patients with T2DM. More efforts are needed to educate patients and health workers on simple interventions such as using shorter needles and frequent rotation of the insulin injection sites to avoid LH and improve glycemic control.,Results: The overall prevalence of LH was 37.3% (27.4% grade 1, 9.7% grade 2, and 0.2% grade 3). The LH was significantly associated with the duration of diabetes, needle length, duration of insulin therapy, lack of systematic rotation of insulin injection sites, and poor glycemic control.,Background: Secondary failure of oral hypoglycemic agents is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); thus, patients often need insulin therapy. The most common complication of insulin treatment is lipohypertrophy (LH).,Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of LH among insulin-treated patients with Patients with T2DM, to identify the risk factors for the development of LH, and to examineThu, 30 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430Cost-Benefit Analysis of Internet Therapeutic Intervention on Patients With Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=22803Conclusions: We have demonstrated that IBGMS, while not reaching statistical significance, may be associated with slightly reduced A1C and cost due to visiting physicians.,Results: There is a trend of lowered total cost in the intervention group compared to the control group. The control group spent $210.89 per year on visits to physicians; the intervention group spent $131.26 (P = 0.128). Patients in control group visited their endocrinologist 1.76 times per year, those in intervention group visited their endocrinologist 1.36 times per year, significantly less frequently than the control group (P = 0.014). Number of visits to other medical services is similar between the groups. Average A1C in intervention group is 7.57%, in control group is 7.69% (P = 0.309).,Background: With the emergence of IBGMS for allowing for patients to communicate their self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) readings with their health care providers, their impact on the management of diabetes is becoming well-supported with regards to Thu, 30 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430In Vivo and In Vitro Evidences of Dehydroepiandrosterone Protective Role on the Cardiovascular Systemhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=24660Conclusions: The identification of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of DHEA (S) and a better understanding of the involved mechanisms should be helpful to develop new strategies or pharmacologic approaches for many lethal diseases in Western countries.,Context: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S) have been considered as putative anti-aging hormones for many years. Indeed, while DHEAS the most abundant circulating hormone, its concentration is markedly decreased upon aging and early epidemiologic trials have revealed a strong inverse correlation between the hormone concentrations and the occurrence of several dysfunctions frequently encountered in the elderly. Naturally, hormonal supplementation has been rapidly suggested to prevent DHEA (S) deficiency and therefore, age-related development of these pathologies, using the same strategy as estrogen replacement therapy proposed in postmenopausal women.,Results: In this short review, we have focused onThu, 30 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430An Application of Association Rule Mining to Extract Risk Pattern for Type 2 Diabetes Using Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study Databasehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=25389Conclusions: Our study showed that ARM is a useful approach in determining which combinations of variables or predictors occur together frequently, in people who will develop diabetes. The ARM focuses on joint exposure to different combinations of risk factors, and not the predictors alone.,Background: Type 2 diabetes, common and serious global health concern, had an estimated worldwide prevalence of 366 million in 2011, which is expected to rise to 552 million people, by 2030, unless urgent action is taken.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify risk patterns for type 2 diabetes incidence using association rule mining (ARM).,Patients and Methods: A population of 6647 individuals without diabetes, aged ≥ 20 years at inclusion, was followed for 10-12 years, to analyze risk patterns for diabetes occurrence. Study variables included demographic and anthropometric characteristics, smoking status, medical and drug history and laboratory measures.,Results: In the case of women, the results showed that Thu, 30 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430Beneficial Effect of Troxerutin on Diabetes-Induced Vascular Damages in Rat Aorta: Histopathological Alterations and Antioxidation Mechanismhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=25969Conclusions: Troxerutin may reduce the vascular complications and tissue injuries induced by chronic diabetes in rat aorta through increasing the activity of tissue antioxidant system and reducing the level of lipid peroxidation.,Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8/each): control, control plus troxerutin, diabetic and diabetic plus troxerutin. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and lasted for 10 weeks. Troxerutin was administered orally in concentration of 150 mg/kg/daily for one month before killing rats. At the end of treatment period, thoracic aorta was isolated and divided into two parts; one part was immersed in 10% formalin for histopathological evaluations and the other was frozen by liquid nitrogen for assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA, the main product of lipid peroxidation), activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX).,Results: Lipid depositiThu, 30 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430Complementary and Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Obesity: A Critical Reviewhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=19678Evidence Acquisition: We searched PubMed, Google scholar and the Cochrane databases for systemic reviews, review articles, meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials up to December 2013.,Results: In this review, the efficacy and safety of the more commonly used CAM methods for the treatment of obesity, namely herbal supplements, acupuncture, and non-invasive body-contouring, are briefly discussed. The evidence supporting the effectiveness and safety of these methods is either lacking or point to a negligible clinical benefit, barely surpassing that of the placebo. Furthermore, several limitations are observed in the available scientific literature. These shortcomings include, without being limited to, uncontrolled trial designs, non-random allocation of subjects to treatment arms, small number of patients enrolled, short durations of follow-up, and ambiguous clinical and laboratory endpoints. ,Context: Obesity and its associated morbidities pose a major health hazard to the public. Despite a multiplex of avMon, 20 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430The Risk Factors and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Syndrome in Women With Previous Gestational Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=21696Patients and Methods: We extracted the demographic characteristics of 110 women with GDM who had delivered during 2004 - 2010 in three main hospitals of Zanjan City, Iran. The patients were recalled to perform oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and other necessary tests for MetS diagnosis. Anthropometric measurements were recorded of all the participants. ,Results: In this study, 110 women with a history of GDM were studied at one to six years since delivery. Among these women, 36 (32.7%) developed T2DM and 11 (10%) had impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Moreover, 22 women (20%) had developed MetS. among those with abnormal results in glycemic test, 93.6% had fasting blood sugar (FBS) ≥ 95 mg/dL (≥ 5.27 mmol/L)at the time of GDM diagnosis in the index pregnancy that was significantly higher than the normal glycemic test (NGT) group with 42.9% being affected (OR, 19.55; P &lt; 0.0001). There was a significant difference between those with abnormal results and NGT group in iMon, 20 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430Resveratrol-Dependent Down-regulation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products and Oxidative Stress in Kidney of Rats With Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=23542Conclusions: These results revealed that resveratrol has beneficial effects on kidney by extenuating the oxidative stress and down-regulation of RAGE expression.,Results: In resveratrol-treated rats with diabetes, malondialdehyde levels, plasma glucose and expression of RAGE were significantly reduced compared with the untreated group. Moreover, the total antioxidant and insulin levels significantly increased in treated rats. There was no significant difference in the AGEs contents among all the groups.,Background: Millions of people in the world have diabetes mellitus and its prevalence is growing. Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) play key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. New and safe strategies of remedy are needed for this disease. ,Objectives: We hypothesized that resveratrol may exert a renal protective effect on diabetic rats.,Materials and Methods: Male rats with diabetes were treated with or without resveratrol as 1, Mon, 20 Apr 2015 00:00:00 +0430Antimullerian Hormone and Its Receptor Gene Expression in Prenatally Androgenized Female Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=19511Conclusions: While AMH receptor expression was higher in experimental rats, their serum concentrations of AMH were decreased. Further researches with greater sample sizes and measurement of bioactive forms of hormones are recommended to confirm the findings of this study.,Background: Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels reflect the number of small antral follicles in ovaries and expression changes of AMH and its receptor are suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).,Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate gene expression of AMH and its receptor in immature and adult rats prenatally exposed to androgen excess.,Materials and Methods: Six pregnant Wistar rats in the experimental group were treated by subcutaneous injection of 5 mg free testosterone on day 20 of pregnancy, while controls (n = 6) received only 500 mL of solvent. Female pups of each mother were randomly divided into three groups as day 0 (newborn), 10-day old and days 75-85 (adult). RNAs were extractFri, 30 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330Anti-Thyroid Drugs-Related Myopathy: Is Carbimazole the Real Culprit?http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17570Case Presentation: A 28-year old Chinese female was treated with carbimazole (CMZ) for Graves’ disease with hyperthyroidism. Two weeks later, she developed myalgia and proximal muscle weakness. Investigations showed evidence of myopathy. CMZ was stopped and rapid improvement of clinical condition and biochemical parameters ensued.,Conclusions: Rapid decrement of thyroid hormone level is recognized as an important association for anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs)-related myopathy; however, the drug effects on muscle tissue cannot be excluded. Further elucidation of pathophysiology and identification of risk factors are needed. After commencing ATDs, early recognition of this rare condition and close monitoring are the essence of management. Different treatment strategies: dose reduction of ATDs, switching to alternative ATDs, with or without addition of thyroid hormone supplement can be applied depending on clinical situation.,Introduction: Anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs)-related myopathy is rarely reported in literature,Thu, 22 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330A Case Report of Thyroid Carcinoma Confined to Ovary and Concurrently Occult in the Thyroid: Is Conservative Treatment Always Advised?http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18220Introduction: Struma ovarii is an ovarian teratoma, represented in more than 50% by thyroid tissue. Five percent of struma ovarii cases have been proven to be malignant and, as in the thyroid gland, papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common histotype arising in struma ovarii. Because of the unusual occurrence of this tumor, its management and follow-up after pelvic surgery is still controversial. Usually, total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine treatment is the choice treatment in metastatic malignant struma ovarii, while these procedures are still controversial in non-metastatic thyroid cancer arising in struma ovarii.,Case Presentation: We report a female with follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma arising in struma ovarii. After pelvic surgery, thyroid morphofunctional examinations were performed and a single nodular lesion in the left lobe was discovered. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and histological examination showed a papillary carcinoma. Radioiodine-ablation of residuaThu, 22 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330Effect of Camel Milk on Blood Sugar and Lipid Profile of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Clinical Trialhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=21160Conclusions: Camel milk increased insulin level in patients with T2DM and might contribute to glycemic control in T2DM.,Results: Mean of insulin concentration was significantly increased from 64.59 to 84.03 pmol/L in the camel milk group during the study (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were shown in fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, and blood pressure between the two groups at the end of study. There was significant increase in homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) during the study in both groups, but no significant difference was seen between the two groups.,Background: It has been shown that camel milk consumption has a definite decreasing effect on the prevalence of diabetes. However, most of these studies were conducted on patients with type 1 diabetes, whereas studies on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are limited. In vitro experiments have shown that camel milk was able to decrease blood glucose concentration.,Objectives: The purpose of this study was to Thu, 22 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Control and Inflammatory Response in Type II Diabetes: A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trialhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=22604Conclusions: Vitamin D repletion for 12 weeks increased serum vitamin D concentrations and improved β-cell activity in vitamin D-deficient type II diabetes with no significant changes in HbA1c or insulin sensitivity.,Results: Median [IQR] 25(OH)D levels increased significantly in the vitamin D group as 58.1 [48, 67.3] nmol/L (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the change of HbA1c between the groups (P = 0.5) with a decrease of -0.1% [-1, 0.5] in the vitamin D group and an increase of 0.15% [0.1, 0.2] in the placebo group. A significant improvement was observed in the homeostasis model of assessment of β-cell activity (HOMA-%B) (P = 0.03) with vitamin D supplementation compared to baseline.,Objectives: We assessed whether vitamin D supplementation could be used in vitamin D deficient-type II diabetes to improve glucose metabolism, components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and specific inflammatory biomarkers.,Patients and Methods: A double blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in King Sat, 10 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330The Effect of Ghrelin and Estradiol on Mean Concentration of Thyroid Hormoneshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17988Results: The results indicated that ghrelin significantly decreased thyroid hormone concentrations, whereas estradiol increased these concentrations. The simultaneous injection of ghrelin and estradiol significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of ghrelin on thyroid hormone concentrations (P &lt; 0.05).,Conclusions: According to the results of this study, both ghrelin and estradiol affect the concentration of thyroid hormone but in opposite directions. This difference might be due to different underlying hormonal mechanisms such as HPA and/or HPT axis melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) systems could be suggested.,Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of interactions between ghrelin and estradiol (injected via ICV route) on plasma T3 and T4 concentrations in female rats.,Background: Ghrelin is a novel peptide hormone that has GH releasing activity and also other endocrine and metabolic functions. It can also increase food intake and decrease T3 and T4 concentrations. SeveraThu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330Effect of Mobile Phone Short Text Messages on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18791Conclusions: Mobile phone text messaging increased adherence to diabetes therapy and improved the clinical outcome in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes.,Results: In addition to significant improvement in patients’ knowledge, mean fasting blood glucose level improved from 8.60 ± 3.16 to 7.77 ± 3.11 mmol/L and mean HbA1c decreased from 9.9% ± 1.8% to 9.5% ± 1.7%.,Objectives: We conducted a study to evaluate the effect of mobile phone short message service (SMS) on glycemic control in Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes.,Patients and Methods: One hundred patients (mean age, 41 ± 9.5 years) were selected at the Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and provided with daily educational, reminding SMS messages for four months. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, frequency of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic attacks, and compliance with blood glucose monitoring were recorded before and after the trial.,Background: Mobile phone text messaging has rapidly become a socially popular form of communicatThu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330The Effects of Vitamin D on Insulin Release From Isolated Islets of Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=20620Results: Coincubation of islets with vitamin D (10 nM) and 11.1 mM glucose increased islet insulin release (37.27 ± 3.75 vs. 24.64 ± 2.83 ng/islet/24 hours; P &lt; 0.05), while vitamin D (1 and 10 nM) decreased insulin release in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose (21.14 ± 3.58 and 18.65 ± 3.84 vs. 37.71 ± 4.63 ng/ islet/24 hours; P &lt; 0.05). Islets preincubation with vitamin D (1 and 10 nM) increased GSIS in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose (4.39 ± 0.73 and 4.39 ± 0.63 vs. 2.07 ± 0.43 ng/islet/1 hour; P &lt; 0.05).,Background: Vitamin D (vit D) affects glucose metabolism. Receptors of vitamin D have been identified in β cells and studies show that vitamin D deficiency reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS).,Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin D on insulin release from isolated islets of rats.,Materials and Methods: Islets were isolated from male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 grams, using the collagenase digestion method. Insulin release was assessed follThu, 01 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0330Invasive Thyroid Angiosarcoma With a Favorable Outcomehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=15806Conclusions: We described a rare case of a usually aggressive thyroid angiosarcoma in a patient living in a non-Alpine region, with an unusual favorable outcome after the operation and radiotherapy.,Case Presentation: An asymptomatic 61-year-old woman presented with a right lobe thyroid nodule with fine needle aspiration cytology indicating “suspicious for malignancy” was reported in our study. Histological examination revealed a vascular 35mm neoplasm with areas of necrosis. Immunohistochemistry staining had negative results for MNF, CAM5.2, CD34, thyroglobulin, and positive for CD31. The findings described were compatible with angiosarcoma diagnosis. Besides, a 4mm papillary microcarcinoma was found in the left lobe. Computerized tomography (CT) scan performed about two months after the operation, showed a right neck nodular lesion, conditioning tracheal deviation. At our institution, the study performed was consistent with local recurrence (angiosarcoma). Tumor excision was performed and invasion to laWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Desmopressin Lyophilisate for the Treatment of Central Diabetes Insipidus: First Experience in Very Young Infantshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16120Introduction: In neonates and small infants, early diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus (CDI) and treatment with desmopressin in low doses (avoiding severe hypo- or hypernatremia) are important to prevent associated high morbidity and mortality in this particular age group. ,Case Presentetion: We described pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic results of the use of recently launched oral desmopressin lyophilisate (Minirin Melt®) in two infants with CDI, diagnosed at the age of 12 and 62 days, respectively. We observed that a starting dose of 60 μg of Minirin Melt® in the first case resulted in a pharmacokinetic profile largely exceeding the reference frame observed in children with nocturnal enuresis, while a dose of 15 μg in the second case resulted in acceptable concentrations. After initial dose adjustments, administration of sublingual lyophilisate resulted in rather stable serum sodium concentrations. ,Conclusions: Using Minirin Melt® in infants with CDI appears to be effective, easy to use and welWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Impact of Plasma Glucose Level at the Time of Fluorodeoxyglucose Administration on the Accuracy of FDG-PET/CT in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Lesionshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16429Results: Thirty-four patients were hyperglycemic and 127 non diabetic. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of FDG-PET/CT were 90%, 88%, 87% and 91% in non diabetic and 82%, 92%, 95% and 73% in hyperglycemic patients, respectively. Overall, the accuracy was higher in non diabetic than hyperglycemic patients (89% vs. 85%).,Conclusions: Accuracy of FDG-PET/CT for primary diagnosis of pancreatic lesions is higher in patients with FPG levels &lt; 126 mg/dL than in patients with FPG levels between 126 and 200 mg/dL.,Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, 161 patients who had FDG-PET/CT for initial diagnosis of pancreatic lesions were included. Fasting plasma glucose levels before FDG administration were recorded. Accuracy of FDG-PET/CT in diagnosis of pancreatic lesions was compared between patients who were non diabetic (FPG &lt; 126 mg/dL) and hyperglycemic (126 ≤ FPG &lt; 200 mg/dL).,Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FPG leWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Anti-Hyperglycemic and Insulin Sensitizer Effects of Turmeric and Its Principle Constituent Curcuminhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18081Context: Turmeric is obtained from the plant Curcuma longa L; its major constituent, curcumin, is a polyphenol with multiple effects which can modulate some signaling pathways.,Evidence Acquisition: Insulin resistance is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerotic, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. In addition, Insulin resistance in peripheral tissue is one of the most important reasons of hyperglycemia which can cause global or systemic effects. The present study reviewed studies published in PubMed from 1998 to 2013, indicating the role of curcumin in attenuation of many pathophysiological processes involved in development and progression of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance.,Results: Curcumin can reduce blood glucose level by reducing the hepatic glucose production, suppression of hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory state, stimulation of glucose uptake by up-regulation of GLUT4, GLUT2 and GLUT3 genes expressions, activation of AMP kinaseWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Association of Mean Platelet Volume With Androgens and Insulin Resistance in Nonobese Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18642Background: Mean platelet volume (MPV) is generally accepted as a new marker of cardiovascular disease risk in several studies.,Objectives: This study aimed to determine the association of MPV with androgen hormones and insulin resistance (IR) in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).,Patients and Methods: A total of 136 patients with newly diagnosed reproductive-age PCOS (regarding the criteria of new PCOS phenotypes, based on the Rotterdam criteria) who were nonobese with the mean age of 25 years (25.39 ± 5.51) and mean body mass index (BMI) of 21 kg/m2 (22.07 ± 2.13) were included. In addition, 59 healthy subjects with mean age of 26 years (22.07 ± 2.13) and mean BMI of 22 kg/m2 (21.52 ± 3.84) were recruited as control. Total blood count (including MPV), total testosterone, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS), and androstenedione levels were recorded. IR was calculated from blood chemistry measurements of fasting insulin and glucose accordinWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Association of Marital Status and Marital Transition With Metabolic Syndrome: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Studyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=18980Conclusions: Marital status may affect MetS risk z score differently in both genders.,Results: In comparison to participants who were married, no significant changes in MetS risk z score was found in single participants. Employed females in the transition to married group had significant increase in MetS risk z score than single employed females. No significant changes in MetS risk z score were observed between widowed/divorced subjects and compared to consistently married subjects.,Background: Most existing reports indicate that body weight gradually increases following marital status and thereby enhances health status and decreases mortality; however, the association between marital status and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has not been thoroughly investigated in a longitudinal study.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of marital status and marital transition on MetS during a 9.6-year follow-up in TehrWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Thyroid Function in Pregnancy and Its Influences on Maternal and Fetal Outcomeshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=19378Conclusions: We revealed that thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy was associated with IUGR and low Apgar score even in subclinical forms. Further studies are required to determine whether early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases, even in subclinical form, can prevent their adverse effect on fetus.,Background: Maternal thyroid function alters during pregnancy. Inadequate adaptation to these changes results in thyroid dysfunction and pregnancy complications.,Objectives: This prospective study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of thyroid diseases in pregnancy and its outcomes in south of Iran.,Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 600 healthy singleton pregnant women who aged 18 to 35 years old at 15 to 28 weeks of gestation. We investigated the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions in women. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the effect thyroid dysfunction on obstetric and neonatal outcome.,Results: Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels of 0.51, 1.18, 1.68, 2.4, aWed, 01 Oct 2014 00:00:00 +0330Ultralow-dose Dexamethasone to Preserve Endogenous Cortisol Stress Response in Nonclassical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A New Promising Treatment http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=14657Introduction: Nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is characterized by sufficient cortisol and aldosterone production at the cost of androgen overproduction. Hydrocortisone or dexamethasone in supraphysiological doses are current treatment; however, their downside is suppression of endogenous cortisol production resulting in corticosteroid dependency. We aimed to treat children with nonclassical CAH with a ultralow-dose dexamethasone to normalize androgen levels, without a detrimental effect on endogenous cortisol production. ,Case Presentation: We recruited five patients diagnosed with nonclassical CAH on the basis of clinical presentation, biochemical analyses, and genetic testing. Anthropometric as well as biochemical parameters and bone age were measured on a regular basis. During treatment, an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation test was performed. Outcome measures were normalization of androgens and deceleration of the bone age advancement with sufficient endogenous cortisol response. AnTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Visfatin and Resistin Serum Levels in Normal-Weight and Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=15503Conclusions: While the expression of visfatin and resistin may be upregulated in women with PCOS, it is not translated at serum level.,Results: Serum levels of resistin were higher among both obese and normal-weight women with PCOS in comparison with the controls (2.36 and 1.58 ng/mL in normal-weight women with PCOS and controls, respectively; and 2.10 and 1.91 ng/mL in obese women with PCOS and controls, respectively). Serum visfatin levels was higher in both obese women with PCOS and controls (3.46 and 3.49 ng/mL PCOS and control groups, respectively) in comparison with normal-weight women in both groups (3.16 and 3.15 in PCOS and control groups, respectively); however; there were no statistically significant differences in serum resistin and visfatin levels between PCOS and control groups (P &gt; 0.05). ,Objectives: This case-control study aimed to compare the serum levels of visfatin and resistin in women with PCOS in comparison with the healthy controls matched for age and body mass index (BMI).,PatientsTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Body Composition Profile of Young Patients With Phenylketonuria and Mild Hyperphenylalaninemiahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16061Background: There is evidence in support of low bone density in young patients with disorders of phenylalanine metabolism; however, little is known about muscle and fat mass in these patients, especially in those with mild hyperphenylalaninemia (mHPA).,Objectives: We aimed to evaluate body composition of children and adolescents with early-diagnosed disorders of phenylalanine metabolism.,Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in the Institute of Child Health, which is the national center that performs newborn screening. Bone, muscle, and fat mass of 48 patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) and 32 patients with mild mHPA, aged five to 18 years, were compared to 57 age- and sex-matched controls. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used for this purpose.,Results: Compared to controls, bone mineral density (BMD) was lower in patients with PKU (mean total body BMD z score, 0.11; P = 0.03) and in those with mild mHPA (mean lumbar BMD z score, -0.34; P = 0.01). Lean body mass and fat mass were not significantlTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Geriatric Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement Surgeryhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16713Background: Few studies have focused on patients’ characteristics that affects acute kidney injury (AKI) after total knee replacement surgery (TKR).,Objectives: The primary objective of this retrospective study was to identify patients’ characteristics associated with AKI after TKR.,Patients and Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2009, 659 patients with a mean age of 67.1 years (range, 39-99) underwent TKA at Regional Hospital Knee and Hip Institute. Retrospective chart review was done to identify patients’ characteristics that were associated with AKI after TKR. Logistic regression was used to evaluate AKI.,Results: AKI occurred in 21.9% of patients. AKI risk decreased between 2008 and 2009 (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, -0.37 to 0.82) but increased with age (P &lt; 0.001), diabetes mellitus (DM), and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) use (OR, -1.6; 95% CI, -1.0 to 2.5; and OR, -1.5, 95% CI, -1.0 to 2.3, respectively). However, the effects of DM andTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Alterations in Food Group Intakes and Subsequent Weight Changes in Adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Studyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17236Conclusions: Alterations in consumption of whole grains, vegetables, and added sugars are associated with body weight change, suggesting that it could be helpful in weight control. ,Results: In men, weight loss was significantly predicted only by decreased intake of added sugars (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.06-4.63). In women, weight gain was significantly predicted by decreased intake of whole grains (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.11-3.31) and weight loss was predicted by decreased intake of vegetables (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.21-0.91).,Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the association between alterations in food group intake and weight change over a 3 years follow-up period.,Materials and Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted on 851 adults in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Intakes of various foods were measured at baseline and after 3 years using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary data was grouped into 13 food groups. Alterations in food group intakes werTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Thyroid Nodule in an Eighteen-Year-Old Man as the First Presentation of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemiahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17364Introduction: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy of childhood. Patients with ALL commonly present with easy bruising and infections due to medullary involvement. The extra medullary involvements of ALL manifests as hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and testicular enlargement. Among extramedullary manifestations of the ALL, thyroid involvement is rare. Herein, we reported a case of ALL that manifested as a thyroid nodule.,Case Presentation: An 18-year-old young man with a thyroid nodule presented without any other symptom or sign. The excisional biopsy of the nodule was planned by the surgeon. After two months of lost to follow-up, the patient returned with a complaint of continuous bleeding after a tooth extraction. Peripheral blood smear (PBS) study and bone marrow aspiration proposed ALL and the flow cytometry confirmed the diagnosis. The R-Hyper-CVAD induction chemotherapeutic regimen (rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, anTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Alteration of Lipid Parameters in Patients With Subclinical Hypothyroidismhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17496Conclusions: High TC, TG and VLDL were observed in our patients with SCH.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess differences in lipid profile parameters between subjects with and without SCH in a north Indian population.,Patients and Methods: Serum lipid parameters of 70 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 100 age and sex matched euthyroid controls were evaluated in a cross-sectional study.,Results: Mean serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL) were significantly higher in patients with SCH than controls (P &lt; 0.05). Mean TC, TG and low-density cholesterol (LDL) concentrations were higher in patients with serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) greater than 10 mU/L than those with serum TSH equal to or less than 10 mU/L, but this difference was not statistically significant. No association was found between serum high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration and serum TSH level.,Background: Overt hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalitiTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Prevalence of Hypomagnesaemia among Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients Attending the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics (NCDEG)http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17796Conclusions: As the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes treated at the NCDEG was found to be 19% (95% CI, 16.8%-21.4%), we recommend periodic determination of magnesium level and appropriate magnesium replacement therapy particularly among the above defined groups.,Results: Out of 1105 patients with type 2 diabetes, 210 patients (19%) (95% CI, 16.8%-21.4%) were hypomagnesaemic. Female gender, hypertension, statin therapy, HbA1c between 7-7.9% or ≥ 9% and patients with diabetes duration more than five years were independent risk factors for hypomagnesaemia. No association between hypomagnesaemia and age distribution, smoking history, neuropathy and retinopathy was found. In comparison with individuals enrolled in the National Vitamin D study, diabetic patients in this study had a much higher prevalence of hypomagnesaemia (19% vs. 0.7%) with odd’s ratio of 32 (95% CI, 21-48.2).,Background: Some observations suggested that magnesium supplementation could be helpful in the treatmTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Detection of Thyroid Autoimmunity Markers in Euthyroid Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-Control Study From Syriahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=17954Conclusions: High prevalence of thyroid antibodies in euthyroid patients with PCOS refers to the importance of investigation for thyroid autoimmune state in those patients.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and levels of thyroid antibodies in euthyroid women with PCOS in Syria.,Patients and Methods: This study included 56 euthyroid women with PCOS and 30 healthy women as a control group. PCOS was defined according to the revised 2003 Rotterdam criteria. Thyroid function was evaluated by measurement of serum TSH and FT4 levels. Antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies (anti-TPO and anti-TG, respectively) were detected as markers for thyroid autoimmunity. All parameters were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. ,Results: Women with PCOS had higher serum levels of anti-TPO in comparison to controls (39.9 ± 59.5 and 18.9 ± 11.2 IU/mL, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) and no significant difference was found in serum levels of anti-TG, TSH, or FT4 between thTue, 01 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0430Factors Influencing Menarcheal Age: Results From the Cohort of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16130Background: Menarche is considered as a milestone in the women’s reproductive life. Most existing studies on factors influencing menarcheal age had cross-sectional designs and their finding were controversial.,Objectives: We aimed to determine some factors affecting the age at menarche in a cohort study with an average of ten-year follow-up; the study was conducted within the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).,Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the present study, we recruited all the females aged 12 to 18 years participated in TLGS whose menarche had not begun at the initiation of the study, but occurred during their follow-up. The effect of premenarcheal status of various factors including socioeconomic and anthropometric parameters, physical activity, energy expenditure, and exposure to tobacco smoke on menarcheal age was explored.,Results: The mean of age at menarche was 13.06 &#177; 1.24 years. There were significant statistical associations between age of the participants’ motTue, 10 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0430Serum Phospholipase A2-IIA, hs-CRP, and Lipids in Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidismhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16967Conclusions: SCH is associated with increased level of PLA2-IIA, which is independent of BMI. The stronger association of SCH with PLA2-IIA than with hs-CRP indicates that PLA2-IIA is an inducer of inflammation while hs-CRP is not.,Results: Serum levels of TG, cholesterol, and LDL were higher in the SCH group than the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups for HDL level. Likewise, no difference was observed for the serum level of hs-CRP. PLA2-IIA mean value was higher in the SCH group.,Objectives: The present study aimed to compare lipid serum levels in SCH patients and normal participants, also explore possible association between SCH and the two inflammatory markers hs-CRP and PLA2-IIA.,Patients and Methods: This study was performed on 77 women aged 20-45 (39 with SCH and 38 in the control group). TSH and T4 levels were measured by electrochemiluminescenceassay. Lipid profiles were analyzed using enzymatic-colorimetric methods. Hs-CRP and PLA2-IIA were determined Tue, 10 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0430Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Fundus Ghrelin Expression and Plasma Acylated Ghrelin level in Male Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=1648Background: Meta-analysis is a statistical technique in which the results of two or more independent studies, with similar objectives, are mathematically combined in order to improve the reliability of the results. The outliers, which may exist even in random models, can affect the validity and strength of meta-analysis results.,: The current study uses &quot;random effects variance shift model&quot; to evaluate and correct the outliers in performing a meta-analysis study of the effect of albendazole in treating patients with Ascaris lumbricoides infection.,: The study used data from 14 clinical trials; each article was composed of two groups, a treatment group and a placebo group. These articles compared the effect of single dose intakes of 400 mg albendazole in treating two groups of patients with Ascaris lumbricoides infection. The articles were published in a number of internationally indexed journals between 1983 to 2013. For both groups in each article, the total numberMon, 05 May 2014 00:00:00 +0430First Report of 3-Oxothiolase Deficiency in Iranhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10960Discussion: This is the first Iranian 3-oxothiolase deficiency case report as searched in the literature. Because of the high rate of consanguineous marriages in Iran, physicians should consider the 3-oxothiolase deficiency in the differential diagnosis of any patient with intractable vomiting and severe metabolic acidosis.,Case Presentation: This is a case report of 3-oxothiolase deficiency in a young Iranian boy with presentation of intractable vomiting and severe metabolic acidosis following a common cold in six months of age with abundant urinary 2-methyl-3- hydroxybutyric acid.,Introduction: Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (3-oxothiolase) deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder involving ketone body metabolism characterized by acute attacks of vomiting, acidosis, ketosis, and lethargy along with some laboratory criteria including excessive excretion of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid in urine.Tue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Surgical Management of an Atypical Presentation of a Thyroid Stormhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=13539Introduction: Thyroid storm is a rare complication of Graves&#039; disease that can carry a poor prognosis. In order to prevent major complications, thyroid storm must be quickly identified in patients and treatment must be promptly implemented. Medical treatment is usually initiated with antithyroid medications, such as propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole, and beta-blockers. However, some patients may experience adverse reactions to these medications and alternate treatment options must be explored.,Case Presentation: We report a case of a 30-year-old female initiated on PTU after diagnosis with Graves&#039; disease that later presented an acute thyroid storm.,Discussion: Therapy was changed to methimazole, yet the patient subsequently developed angioedema and dyspnea. Medical management was discontinued and emergent thyroidectomy was performed without complication.Tue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430The Experience of Women Affected by Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Qualitative Study From Iranhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=13612Background:: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common chronic endocrine disorder. It has significant and diverse clinical consequences including reproductive, metabolic, and psychological morbidities as well as predisposition to malignancies. It is unclear how women with PCOS experience symptoms of this syndrome.,Objectives:: The aim of this study was to clarify the dimensions and components of quality of life in iranian women with PCOS.,Patients and Methods:: This study was a qualitative study to explore and document perceptions of women with PCOS about their disorder and quality of life. Semi-structured interviews with open ended questions were conducted with 23 women with PCOS. The interviews were continued to reach data saturation. The study was conducted in the Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed. Constant comparative analysis of the data was conducted manually according to the Strauss anTue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Prevalence of Obesity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Yemenhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=13633Conclusions:: The prevalence of obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Yemen is high with respect to the Yemeni population, especially in females.,Objectives:: We conducted this study to assess the prevalence of obesity in Yemeni patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.,Patients and Methods:: Body mass index (BMI) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were 25-years-old or older was measured during their first visit to an endocrinology and diabetes clinic in Sana’a, Yemen over a 4-year period from May 2007 to May 2011. ,Results:: The BMI was measured in 1640 patients (721 males and 919 females) who attended the clinic. According to the measured BMI, 328 (45.5%), 314 (43.5%), 79 (11%) of the male patients were non-obese (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), respectively. On the other hand, 256 (28%), 369 (40.0%), and 294 (32%) of the female patients were non-obese (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI Tue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Gender Differences in Risk Factors of Congenital Hypothyroidism: An Interaction Hypothesis Examinationhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=13946Background:: Several studies have demonstrated an increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in girls in comparison to boys.,Objectives:: The aim of this study was to determine the potential interactions that are able to change the effect of gender on congenital hypothyroidism.,Patients and Methods:: We conducted a matched 1:4 case-control study in Hamadan Province, western of Iran, from 2005 to 2011. Based on screening program data, neonates with TSH ≥ 10 mU/L and T4 ≤ 6.4 μg/dL were considered as congenital hypothyroidism (Cases). Cases and controls were matched regarding the year and place of birth. Data was analyzed using two different approaches including propensity score and multiple conditional logistic regression model.,Results:: A total of 277 cases and 1036 controls were included in the study. Girls accounted for 57.4% of the cases and 51.2% of controls (P = 0.065). Based on the multiple conditional logistic regressions, only the interaction of gender (girl) and birth season (summer) incrTue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Hormones and Hemodynamics in Pregnancyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=14098Context:: Normal pregnancy is associated with sodium and water retention, which results in plasma volume expansion prior to placental implantation. The explanation offered for these events is that pregnancy ‘resets’ both volume and osmoreceptors.,Evidence Acquisition:: The mechanisms for such an enigmatic ‘resetting’ in pregnancy have not previously been explained. However, recent human pregnancy studies have demonstrated that the earliest hemodynamic change in pregnancy is primary systemic arterial vasodilation. This arterial underfilling is associated with a secondary increase in cardiac output and activation of the neurohumoral axis, including stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, sympathetic, and non-osmotic vasopressin systems. Resistance to the pressor effects of angiotensin and sympathetic stimulation in pregnancy is compatible with an increase in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity.,Results:: In contrast to the sodium and water retention which occur secondary to the primary Tue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Serial Explantation After Parathyroid Autotransplant for Recurrent Hypercalcemia in Chronic Renal Failurehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=14102Case Presentation:: This case illustrated the development of secondary and subsequently tertiary hyperparathyroidism in a 66-year-old man with a history of chronic renal failure. The patient was managed surgically by parathyroid autotransplantation and serial explantation.,Discussion:: Refractory hypercalcemia due to autonomous parathyroid tissue following parathyroidectomy can be managed with greater ease and efficacy by serial explantation of autotransplanted tissue versus a more difficult re-exploration of the neck.,Introduction:: Development of autonomous parathyroid gland function can occur in cases of long standing renal disease, leading to hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia. Debate exists over the optimum surgical treatment strategy and the choice lies with the individual surgeon. We illustrated the method of total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation to the forearm and proposed it to be superior to both total and subtotal parathyroidectomy.Tue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Efficacy of Different Protocols of Radioiodine Therapy for Treatment of Toxic Nodular Goiter: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literaturehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=14424Context:: To evaluate treatment success and hypothyroidism following main methods of radioiodine therapy of toxic nodular goiter (TNG); calculated versus fixed dose and high versus low dose of radioiodine.,Evidence Acquisitions:: We searched MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases from inception till July 2013, for clinical trials that compared two different methods of radioiodine administration in TNG. The trials were classified into two groups, those that compared fixed versus calculated dosimetry method and those that assessed high fixed dose versus low fixed dose method. Treatment response was defined as euthyroidism or hypothyroidism, one year after radioiodine administration. We calculated the risk ratio and risk difference of treatment response as well as permanent hypothyroidism as outcome variables. Random effects model was used for data pooling.,Results:: The literature search yielded 2538 articles. Two randomized and five non-randomized clinical trials with 669 patients met the eligibility criteria for the meTue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430The Effect of Leptin and Adiponectin on KiSS-1 and KissR mRNA Expression in Rat Islets of Langerhans and CRI-D2 Cell Linehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=15297Background:: Leptin and adiponectin are the two key metabolic hormones secreted from adipocytes to control food intake and energy expenditure. The action of both hormones in regulation of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) secretion from the hypothalamus is mediated through Kisspeptins. Kisspeptins are products of KiSS-1 gene. Leptin and adiponectin are modulators of KiSS-1 expression in the hypothalamus. These peptides have also important roles in pancreatic β-cells to control insulin synthesis and secretion and their receptors are detected in Langerhans islets. We hypothesized that leptin and adiponectin might alter KiSS-1 and Kiss Receptor mRNA expression in the islets.,Objectives:: The aim of this study is to investigate any modulatory effect that leptin and adiponectin may have on the expression of Kiss-1 and KiSSR gene in Langerhans islets.,Materials and Methods:: We isolated the islets from adult male rats by collagenase and cultured CRI-D2 cell lines to investigate the effect of leptin and adiponeTue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430The Time of Prenatal Androgen Exposure Affects Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Phenotype in Adulthood in Female Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=16502Background:: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common reproductive disorders in women. Previous studies have shown that prenatal exposure of female fetuses to androgen can be considered an important factor in the development of PCOS.,Objectives:: In the present study we aimed to examine the effects of prenatal exposure of female rat fetuses to previously documented doses of testosterone on different embryonic days on the development of PCOS phenotype in adulthood.,Materials and Methods:: Pregnant rats were divided into four groups, experimental and control groups. Three mg of free testosterone was administered subcutaneously to experimental group 1 on gestational days 16-19, daily and 20 mg on day 20, to experimental group 2, and the controls received solvent at the same times. Female offspring of these mothers aged between 90-100 days were examined for development and function of the reproductive system. Independent-sample student t test was used to compare the results between the experimenTue, 01 Apr 2014 00:00:00 +0430Drug Transport Mechanism of Oral Antidiabetic Nanomedicineshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8984Context:: Over the last few decades, extensive efforts have been made worldwide to develop nanomedicine delivery systems, especially via oral route for antidiabetic drugs. Absorption of insulin is hindered by epithelial cells of gastrointestinal tract, acidic gastric pH and digestive enzymes.,Evidence Acquisition:: Recent reports have identified and explained the beneficial role of several structural molecules like mucoadhesive polymers (polyacrylic acid, sodium alginate, chitosan) and other copolymers for the efficient transport and release of insulin to its receptors.,Results:: Insulin nanomedicines based on alginate-dextran sulfate core with a chitosan-polyethylene glycol-albumin shell reduced glycaemia in a dose dependent manner. Orally available exendin-4 formulations exerted their effects in a time dependent manner. Insulin nanoparticles formed by using alginate and dextran sulfate nucleating around calcium and binding to poloxamer, stabilized by chitosan, and subsequently coated with albumin showed a tWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Radioiodine Contamination Artifacts and Unusual Patterns of Accumulation in Whole-body I-131 Imaging: A Case Serieshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9329Conclusions:: This study provides detailed information and case samples of radiodine contamination artifacts and non-physiological, non-metastatic extra-thyroidal I-131 accumulation in whole-body I-131 imaging.,Introduction:: Radioactive iodine has been used for more than 50 years for the treatment of thyroid diseases. Differentiated thyroid cancers have the ability to trap iodine. Therefore, radioiodine can be used both diagnostically and therapeutically. In the follow-up of patients, it is critical to interpret radioiodine scans correctly.,Case Presentation:: Non-physiological Iodine-131 (I-131) extra-thyroidal uptake detected on post-therapy or diagnostic I-131 scanning are not always interpreted as functioning metastatic thyroid cancer.Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330An Extracellular Matrix Molecule, Secreted by the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition is Associated With Lymph Node Metastasis of Thyroid Papillary Carcinomahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10748Results: There were 39 cases with lymph node metastasis in 59 malignant tumors, and 0 cases in 6 benign follicular type tumors. The staining scores by JT-95 of the 39 tumors with lymph node metastasis were 5+ in eight cases and 6+ in 31 cases. On the other hand, the scores of 20 malignant tumors without lymph node metastasis were &lt; 4+ in all of the cases. In the co-cultured assay, numerous adhesions were observed between the SW1736 and Daudi cells. In contrast, the inhibition of adherences was observed in proportion to the concentrations of JT-95.,Patients and Methods: Immunostaining with JT-95 was performed in 45 papillary thyroid carcinoma cases, and 20 follicular type tumors, to investigate the association between the quantity of fibronectin expression and the frequency of lymph node metastasis. The thyroid carcinoma cell line (SW1736), which secreted fibronectin, and the B cell-lymphoma cell line (Daudi), which held integrin on the cell surface, were co-cultured to observe the adhesion of cells to eachWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Hypogonadism and Metabolic Syndrome in Nigerian Male Patients With Both Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertensionhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10749Results:: This study showed significantly lowered concentrations of testosterone (3.11 nm/L ± 0.34) and HDL (0.39 mmol/L ± 0.02), in addition to the expected increased concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (9.61 mmol/L ± 0.37) in the subjects compared to controls (P &lt; 0.05). An inverse significant correlation was observed between the serum testosterone concentration and metabolic syndrome (BMI, r = -0.477; waist/Hip ratio, r = -0.376 and dyslipidemia, r = -0.364, P &lt; 0.05). Also, the testosterone level decreased with increase in central obesity (P &lt; 0.05).,Conclusions:: This study established a strong association between low serum testosterone and metabolic syndrome in subjects with both type 2 diabetes and hypertension. It may therefore be advisable to include routine measurement of the testosterone level in the management of patients presented with both diabetes and hypertension. Furthermore, these patients may benefit from testosterone replaWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Diagnosing Thyroid Lymphoma: Steroid Administration May Result in Rapid Improvement of Dyspnea : A Report of Two Caseshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=11463Conclusions:: The potent effect of corticosteroids in the rapid improvement of respiratory compromise associated with thyroid lymphoma represents an important clinical finding. This opens the possibility for the favorable response to corticosteroid therapy to be regarded as a possible preliminary diagnostic tool for thyroid lymphoma in acute respiratory distress patients in the absence of tracheal compression. Subsequent retrospective studies are necessary to verify this hypothesis.,Case Presentation:: Here we describe two patients with suddenly enlarging thyroid nodules, who developed acute respiratory compromise in the absence of tracheal compression. Their symptoms rapidly improved with administration of corticosteroids, and in subsequent workup, both were diagnosed as thyroid lymphoma.,Introduction:: Thyroid nodules, whether benign or malignant, are slow growing masses. There are certain clinical situations where sudden rapid growth may occur and cause acute respiratory compromise secondary to tracheal coWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Anthropometric and Biochemical Characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in South Indian Women Using AES-2006 Criteriahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=12470Conclusions:: Anthropometric, biochemical, and ultrasonographic findings showed significant differences among PCOS subgroups. The PCOS subgroups with regular menstrual cycles (HA+PCO), had high insulin resistance (IR) and gonadotropic hormonal abnormalities, compared with the IM+HA+PCO subgroups and controls. ,Results:: The PCOS subgroups with regular menstrual cycles (HA+PCO), had more luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and high insulin resistance (IR) expressed as the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) score, compared with the IM+HA+PCO subgroups and controls. Similarly, the obese PCOS had high BMI, waist to hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, LH, LH/FSH, fasting insulin, HOMA score (IR), and dyslipidemia, compared with lean PCOS and controls. Unilateral polycystic ovary was seen in 32 (15.7%) patients, and bilateral involvement in 172 (84.3%) patients. All the controls showed normal ovaries.,Background:: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one oWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330 Interactions of Morphine and Peptide 234 on Mean Plasma Testosterone Concentration http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=12554Background:: Kisspeptin-GPR54 system stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; dysfunction of the gene encoding the GPR54 receptor causes hypogonadism and infertility. Opioid peptides inhibit the reproductive axis. Peptide 234 is a GPR54 receptor antagonist and blocks the stimulatory effects of kisspeptin on HPG axis. ,Objectives:: Interactions of morphine, kisspeptin and peptide 234 on mean plasma testosterone concentration was investigated in rats. .,Materials and Methods:: In the present experimental study, seventy male Wistar rats in 14 groups (n = 5 in each group) received saline, different doses of kisspeptin (100 pmol, 1 or 3 nmol, Intracerebroventricular (ICV)), P234 (1 or 2.5 nmol) or Co- administration of kisspeptin, P234, morphine and naloxone at 09:00 - 09:30 am. In the co-administrated groups, kisspeptin was injected at 15 min following P234, morphine or naloxone injections. Blood samples were collected 60 min following injections. Plasma testosterone concentration was measured uWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Can Procalcitonin Be an Accurate Diagnostic Marker for the Classification of Diabetic Foot Ulcers?http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=13376Background:: The differentiation of infected diabetic foot ulcers (IDFU) from non infected diabetic foot ulcers (NIDFU) is a challenging issue for clinicians.,Objectives:: Recently, procalcitonin (PCT) was introduced as a remarkable inflammatory marker. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of PCT in comparison to other inflammatory markers for distinguishing IDFU from NIDFU.,Conclusions:: These results suggest that PCT can be a diagnostic marker in combination with other markers like ESR and CRP to distinguish infected from non-infected foot ulcers, when clinical manifestations are un specific. Additional research is needed before the routine usage of PCT to better define the role of PCT in IDFU.,Materials and Methods:: We evaluated PCT serum level as a marker of bacterial infection in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Sixty patients with diabetic foot ulcers were consecutively enrolled in the study. A total of 30 patients were clinically identified as IDFU by an expert clinician, taking as criteria for puruleWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Clinical Conundrums in Management of Hypothyroidism in Critically Ill Geriatric Patientshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=13759Conclusions:: The current review is aimed at analyzing and managing various clinical aspects of hypothyroidism in hospitalized elderly, and critically ill geriatric patients.,Context:: Articles in various international and national bibliographic indices were extensively searched with an emphasis on thyroid and hypothyroid disorders, hypothyroidism in elderly hospitalized patients, hypothyroidism in critically ill geriatric population, thyroxine in elderly hypothyroid, drug interactions and thyroid hormones, and thyroid functions in elderly.,Evidence acquisition:: Entrez (including PubMed), NIH.gov, Medscape.com, WebMD.com, MedHelp.org, Search Medica, MD consult, yahoo.com, and google.com were searched. Manual search was performed on various textbooks of medicine, critical care, pharmacology, and endocrinology.,Results:: Thyroid function tests in elderly hospitalized patients must be interpreted with circumspection. The elderly are often exposed to high iodide content and critical care settings. This may occurWed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0330Macrocytic Anemia and Thrombocytopenia Induced by Orlistathttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6721Case Report:: Besides the interaction with other drugs (mainly warfarin and amiodarone).
Orlistat´s mainly side effects are gastrointestinal disorders such as the existence of oily spotting from the rectum, abdominal pain or discomfort, fecal urgency. There are also side effects at other levels, like flu symptoms, hypoglycemia, heathache or upper respiratory infections. There are other side effects with very low incidence but clinically relevant like pancreatitis, subacute liver failure, severe liver disease, myopathy, or tubular necrosis secondary to oxalate nephropathy induced by Orlistat.,Introduction:: The overall incidence of obesity and its prevalence is increasing continuously. The obesity is a cardiovascular risk factor whose importance is increasing too. It is associated with many chronic conditions such as type II diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular diseases. The obesity is also implicated as a risk factor for several kinds of cancer such as esophagus, pancreas, colon, rectum, breast cancer in menTue, 01 Oct 2013 03:30:00 +0330Depicting Medullary Thyroid Cancer Recurrence: The Past and the Future of Nuclear Medicine Imaginghttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8156Context: Inherited and sporadic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an uncommon and medically challenging malignancy. Even if the extent of initial surgery is deemed adequate, the recurrence rate remains high, up to 50% in most series. Measurement of serum calcitonin is important in the follow-up of patients with MTC, and reliably reflects the existence of the disease. ,Evidence Acquisition: There is no single sensitive diagnostic imaging method to reveal all MTC recurrences or metastases. Conventional morphologic imaging methods (U/S, CT, and MRI) and several methods of nuclear medicine have been used for this purpose with variable accuracy.,Results: The main role of nuclear medicine imaging is the detection of residual or recurrent tumor in the postoperative follow-up. In this review we present the radiopharmaceuticals used in the diagnosis of MTC recurrence, and comparison among them.,Conclusions: The most used radiopharmaceuticals labelled with γ emitters are: Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), labelled with Tue, 01 Oct 2013 03:30:00 +0330Plasma Acylated Ghrelin Response to One Session Circuit Resistance Exercise in Fasted and High Carbohydrate Meal in Healthy Young Menhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8568Background: Ghrelin, a 28 amino acid peptide, is effective in control of appetite and body weight. Acylated ghrelin peptide is the active form of this peptide which plays a major role in the body’s energy balance.,Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the possible effect (s) of intensive resistance exercise on acylated ghrelin, growth hormone, glucose, insulin, and cortisol plasma levels.,Patients and Methods: Forty male students with the mean age of 19.22 ± 0.26 years and BMI 21.02 ± 0.33 (kg/m2) were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Experimental group performed a single session of circuit resistance exercise with 80% 1RM in both fasting and high carbohydrate meal. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise to measure the concentrations of mentioned variables.,Results: Two-way ANOVA showed that acylated ghrelin and fasting plasma glucose levels after exercise in both high-carbohydrate and fasting groups were significantly increased compared tTue, 01 Oct 2013 03:30:00 +0330Health-Related Quality of Life of Diabetic Patients in Tehranhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=7945Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important factor for self-management behaviors of diabetic patients. These behaviors have special importance in preventing complications of diabetes. ,Objectives: This study has been conducted to evaluate HRQoL of diabetic patients referred to Tehran hospitals.,Patients and Methods: In this descriptive study patients were selected from diabetes clinics of general hospitals in Tehran. A demographic and disease characteristics questionnaire and short-form of health survey (SF-36) were used for the data collection. The data were analyzed with SPSS software.,Results: 140 diabetic patients with average age of 47.3 ± 12.7 years participated in this study. The range of HRQoL scores in different domains varied from 46.2 ± 13 for general health perceptions to 64.1 ± 26.6 for physical functioning. There were significant differences according to age, sex, educational level, type of diabetes, type of treatment, and different HRQoL dimensions. ,Conclusions: HRQoTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Sex Differences in Heat Shock Protein 72 Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Acute Exercise in the Heathttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8739Background: Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) is responsible for maintaining critical cellular function during heat stress. Hsp72 confers thermotolerance and may play a role in heat acclimation. Animal research suggests a difference between sexes in Hsp72 expression in response to exercise, however, human data is lacking.,Conclusion: Our findings suggest that men and women differ in their cellular stress response. Men up-regulated Hsp72 after a single bout of exercise in the heat, which persists for 12 days, suggesting an accumulation of Hsp72 which may lead to acquired cellular thermotolerance. ,Results: Men and women differed in their Hsp72 response after exercise (time X sex X trial interaction; P &#60; 0.05). Men increased Hsp72 after exercise more than women. Both men and women produced less Hsp72 during trial 2 compared to trial 1. Estrogen (r = 0.24; P &#62; 0.05) and progesterone (r = 0.27, P &#62; 0.05) concentrations were not correlated with Hsp72.,Objectives: To determine sex differences in intracellulTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Androgenic Anabolic Steroid, Cocaine and Amphetamine Abuse and Adverse Cardiovascular Effectshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8755Introduction: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), a synthetic derivate of testosterone, have become a popular drug among athletes and bodybuilders to enhance muscle mass and improve the athletic performance. Many pathological effects such as hepatic and endocrine dysfunction, behavioural changes and cardiovascular complications have been reported.,Case Report: Within these ast ones, we find an increase in left ventricular muscle mass, concentric myocardial hypertrophy, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, arterial hypertension, prothrombotic effects, changes in the concentration of cholesterol levels, particularly a reduction in HDL cholesterol concentration, myocardial infarctions in relation to endothelial dysfunction, vasospasms or thrombosis and sudden cardiac death.,Discussion:: We report the case of a 32-year-old patient with a history of arterial hypertension, depressive syndrome and consumption of cocaine, amphetamines and AAS who developed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction and myocardiaTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Daily Versus Alternate Day Thyroxine Therapy to Maintain Euthyroidism in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidismhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9499Background:: Daily administration of thyroxine has proven efficacy in treatment of children with hypothyroidism. However, the possibility of treatment with longer dosing intervals that offers flexibility and choice in maintaining euthyroid state has not been tested in children.,Objectives:: To study the efficacy of an alternate day regimen to maintain euthyroidism in children with congenital hypothyroidism,Patients and Methods:: Forty patients given alternate day therapy, while 30 children continued on their daily regimen were followed up at monthly intervals for 3 months. Clinical and laboratory assessments were performed at each follow up visit.,Results:: The clinical and anthropometric parameters remained similar in both groups of patients during the study indicating a maintained euthyroid state clinically. The thyroid profiles also remained within normal limits suggesting biochemical euthyroidism status with alternate day therapy. However the baseline serum aminotransferase levels showed mild elevation inTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Female Pattern Hair Losshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9860Results:: The most important diseases to consider in the differential diagnosis of FPHL include Chronic Telogen Effluvium (CTE), Permanent Alopecia after Chemotherapy (PAC), Alopecia Areata Incognito (AAI) and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA). This review describes criteria for distinguishing these conditions from FPHL.,Conclusions:: The only approved treatment for FPHL, which is 2% topical Minoxidil, should be applied at the dosage of 1ml twice day for a minimum period of 12 months. This review will discuss off-label alternative modalities of treatment including 5-alfa reductase inhibitors, antiandrogens, estrogens, prostaglandin analogs, lasers, light treatments and hair transplantation.,Context: : Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) also known as female androgenetic alopecia is a common condition afflicting millions of women that can be cosmetically disrupting. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for obtaining optimal outcome.
This review addresses the clinical presentation of female pattern hair losTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Leemoo, a Dietary Assessment and Nutritional Planning Software, Using Fuzzy Logichttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10169Results: All databases are flexible for updating. The program can calculate the amounts of nutrients and food group intakes and compare these with Dietary Reference Intakes and MyPyramid recommendations. This software has the ability of nutritional planning and estimates normal intake ranges of seven food groups based on person need. ,Objectives: The aim of this research was to describe the applications of this newly introduced software.,Methods and Materials: Leemoo contains the following databases: food, nutrients, MyPyramid equivalents and physical activity. These databases facilitate diet analysis and planning. The food composition database includes 2920 Iranian food items, with the nutrient composition for up to 64 nutrients.,Background: Leemoo is a user-friendly software designed for nutritional planning and dietary assessment applications by cooperation of Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, which uses fuzzy logic for the first time. It provides Tue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Comparing the Effects of Ginger and Glibenclamide on Dihydroxybenzoic Metabolites Produced in Stz-Induced Diabetic Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10266Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ginger and glibenclamide on oxidative stress markers. Oxidative stress is caused by an unbalance between a relative overload of oxidants and depletion of antioxidants, as implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Regarding the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, we investigated the effect of ginger and glibenclamide in diabetic rats induced bystreptozocin (STZ).,Objectives: This study assessed the effects of ginger and glibenclamide on dihydroxybenzoic acid metabolites in diabetic rats.,Materials and Methods: In this study 30 Wistar strain male rats were divided into five groups: Group 1: Normal control receiving normal saline (0.9 0/0), Group 2: control DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) (as solvent of glibenclamide), Group 3: Diabetic control receiving Streptozocin (STZ ) (50 mg/kg) ,Group 4: diabetic&#43; Ginger Extract: this group received gingeTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Insulin-Related Biomarkers to Predict the Risk of Metabolic Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10418Conclusions: The mathematical meaning of the two insulin-related biomarkers examined was the same, and the odds ratios of the two biomarkers were almost the same after adjustments for other independent variables.,Objectives: A one-year follow-up study was conducted to determine the ability of the insulin-related biomarkers to predict the risk of MetS development.,Patients and Methods: A total of 2642 male workers of a Japanese company free from MetS at the baseline were monitored. The homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) were selected as the insulin-related markers.,Results: The incidence of metabolic syndrome after one year was 8.8%. A multiple logistic regression analysis identified regular physical activity, age (≥ 45 years old), serum uric acid (≥ 7 mg/dL), serum alanine aminotransferase (≥ 45 IU/L), serum C-reactive protein (≥ 0.1 mg/L) and HOMA-IR (≥ 2.5) as significant risk factors for the development of MetSTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330S-allylcysteine Improves Streptozotocin-Induced Alterations of Blood Glucose, Liver Cytochrome P450 2E1, Plasma Antioxidant System, and Adipocytes Hormones in Diabetic Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10927Conclusions: The results of the present investigation suggest that SAC could be used as a food supplement in the treatment of diabetes characterized by provoked antioxidant status, altered blood glucose, and hormones level.,Results: The levels of glucose, CYP2E1 activity, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydroperoxide, and ceruloplasmin were increased significantly; whereas, the levels of plasma insulin, reduced glutathione, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, leptin and adiponectin were decreased in experimental diabetic rats. Administration of SAC to diabetic rats led to a decrease in the levels of glucose, CYP2E1 activity, TBARS, and ceruloplasmin. In addition, the levels of plasma insulin, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants leptin and adiponectin were increased in SAC treated diabetic rats. Gliclazide, a standard drug for diabetes, was used for the comparative purpose.,Materials and Methods: Diabetic rats were administered SAC (150 mg/kg b.w) orally for 45 days. At 46thTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field and GABAA Receptors on Serum Testosterone Level of Male Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=11029Conclusions: No interactivity is present in modulatory effects of GABAA receptors and ELF-EMFs on serum testosterone of male rats.,Patients and Methods: Fifty adult male rats were randomly assigned into 10 groups. Groups 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 were exposed to ELF-EMF for 30 days 8hrs per day; while, the remaining groups (1, 3, 5, 7, and 9) were sham exposed animals. At the end of the experiment, animals in groups 1 and 2 received normal saline; while, animals in groups 3 and 4 were treated with 1 mg/kg of bicuculline methiodide, and for animals of groups 5 and 6,3 mg/kg of bicuculline was injected. Animals of groups 7 and 8 were treated with 0.5 mg/kg of muscimol hydrobromide and rats in groups 9 and 10 received 2 mg/kg muscimol hydrobromide. About forty minutes after the injection, blood samples were collected and serum testosterone level was assayed using RIA. ,Results: Administration of muscimol hydrobromide at both doses to sham exposed rats significantly decreased serum testosterone level as compaTue, 01 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0330Liraglutide Improves the Survival of INS-1 Cells by Promoting Macroautophagyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8088Results: Apoptosis induced by PA in INS-1 cells was significantly resolved after Liraglutide treatment. Simultaneously, autophagy was enhanced with the treatment of PA and Liraglutide. Conclusions: Liraglutide appears to protect INS-1 cells from apoptosis FFA-induced by promoting autophagy. ,Conclusions: These findings provide a novel role for GLP-1 analogue in preventing or treating with T2D. ,Objectives: We aim at proving that Liraglutide improves the survival of INS-1 cells by promoting autophagy.,Materials and Methods: Cell survival was assessed by CCK8 assay. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometric assay after Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Expression of LC3 was detected by western blotting. MDC staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used in the measurement of autophagy.,Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by dysfunction of pancreatic beta cell and insulin resistance. Liraglutide, which has many special anti-diabetes bWed, 10 Jul 2013 04:30:00 +0430Effect of Ethnicity, Dietary Intake and Physical Activity on Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations Among Malaysian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitushttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8298Background: The Malaysian Health and morbidity Survey (2006) reported the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the Indian population compared to the Malay and Chinese populations. Many studies have supported the important role of adiponectin in insulin-sensitizing, which is associated with T2DM. These studies have raised a research question whether the variation in prevalence is related to the adiponectin concentrations or the lifestyle factors.,Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the adiponectin concentrations differ between the Malay, Chinese and the Indian populations with T2DM. It is to investigate the association of adiponectin concentrations with ethnicity, dietary intake and physical activity too.,Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 210 T2DM patients with mean (SD) age of 56.73 (10.23) years were recruited from Penang, Malaysia. Data on demographic background, medical history, anthropometry (weight, height, visceral fat, perWed, 10 Jul 2013 04:30:00 +0430Designing Fuzzy Algorithms to Develop Healthy Dietary Patternhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9927Conclusions: Using fuzzy logic provides an elegant mathematical solution for finding the optimum point of food groups in dietary pattern.,Results: The optimum (lower attention – upper attention) recommended servings per day for fruits, vegetables, grain, meat, dairy, and oils of the 2000 kcal diet were 4.06 (3.75-4.25), 6.69 (6.25-7.00), 5.69 (5.75-6.25), 4.94 (4.5-5.2), 2.75(2.50-3.00), and 2.56 (2.5-2.75), respectively. The fuzzy pattern met most recommended nutrient intake levels except for potassium and vitamin E, which were estimated at 98% and 69% of the dietary reference intake, respectively.,Objectives: The purpose of this research was to find the best fuzzy dietary pattern that constraints energy and nutrients by the iterative algorithm.,Materials and Methods: An index is derived that reflects how closely the diet of an individual meets all the nutrient requirements set by the dietary reference intake. Fuzzy pyramid pattern was applied for the energy levels from 1000 to 4000 Kcal which estimated thWed, 10 Jul 2013 01:00:00 +0430Liraglutide Improves the Survival of INS-1 Cells by Promoting Macroautophagyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8088Results: Apoptosis induced by PA in INS-1 cells was significantly resolved after Liraglutide treatment. Simultaneously, autophagy was enhanced with the treatment of PA and Liraglutide. Conclusions: Liraglutide appears to protect INS-1 cells from apoptosis FFA-induced by promoting autophagy. ,Conclusions: These findings provide a novel role for GLP-1 analogue in preventing or treating with T2D. ,Objectives: We aim at proving that Liraglutide improves the survival of INS-1 cells by promoting autophagy.,Materials and Methods: Cell survival was assessed by CCK8 assay. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined by flow cytometric assay after Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Expression of LC3 was detected by western blotting. MDC staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used in the measurement of autophagy.,Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by dysfunction of pancreatic beta cell and insulin resistance. Liraglutide, which has many special anti-diabetes bMon, 01 Jul 2013 04:30:00 +0430Effect of Ethnicity, Dietary Intake and Physical Activity on Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations Among Malaysian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitushttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8298Background: The Malaysian Health and morbidity Survey (2006) reported the highest prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among the Indian population compared to the Malay and Chinese populations. Many studies have supported the important role of adiponectin in insulin-sensitizing, which is associated with T2DM. These studies have raised a research question whether the variation in prevalence is related to the adiponectin concentrations or the lifestyle factors.,Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the adiponectin concentrations differ between the Malay, Chinese and the Indian populations with T2DM. It is to investigate the association of adiponectin concentrations with ethnicity, dietary intake and physical activity too.,Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 210 T2DM patients with mean (SD) age of 56.73 (10.23) years were recruited from Penang, Malaysia. Data on demographic background, medical history, anthropometry (weight, height, visceral fat, perMon, 01 Jul 2013 04:30:00 +0430The Role of Estrogen in the Treatment of Men with Schizophreniahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6615: Schizophrenia is a debilitating and pervasive mental illness with devastating effects on many aspects of psychological, cognitive and social wellbeing. Epidemiological and life-cycle data point to significant differences in the incidence and course of schizophrenia between men and women, suggesting that estrogen plays a “protective” role . Adjunctive estrogen therapy has been shown to be effective in enhancing the treatment of schizophrenia in women. In men, consideration of estrogen therapy has been impacted by concerns of feminisation, however, clinical trials using estrogen to treat prostate cancer, bone density loss and even aggression in men with dementia or traumatic brain injury, show estrogen to be a safe and effective therapy. Findings do, however, suggest that further exploration of a therapeutic role for adjunctive estradiol treatment in men with schizophrenia is warranted. The development of the new estrogen compounds - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) which do not cause feminiMon, 01 Jul 2013 01:00:00 +0430The Effect of Community-Based Education for Lifestyle Intervention on The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Studyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5443Background:: It has been shown that life style modification may decrease the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, but this intervention has not been reported in community setting.,Objectives: Effect of lifestyle modification on prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components were assessed in an urban population.,Materials and Methods:: In 6870 participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study aged 20-74 years, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components were measured before and after a 3.6 years interval. Lifestyle intervention was employed at a community level including 2961 individuals and also 3909 subjects which were recruited as controls. Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, sex and medications.,Results: After 3.6 years, the rise in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was less prominent in intervention than control group (P &lt; 0.002 for increase of metabolic syndrome prevalence between groups), with an OR of 0.84 (confidence interval 0.75-0.95). After interventMon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Coexistent Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis – Diagnosis on Fine Needle Aspiration Cytologyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=7453: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with an increased risk of developing papillary carcinoma of thyroid. We hereby report a case of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with papillary carcinoma in a 45-year-old ear old female diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) which was later confirmed on histopathological examination .Such an occurrence, when both lesions are picked up on FNAC in a patient with no palpable thyroid nodule is rare. The case is presented here for its rarity.Mon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Role of Insulin in the Type 2 Diabetes Therapy: Past, Present and Futurehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=7551Context: Since 2006 a relevant number of therapeutical algorithms for the management of type 2 diabetes have been proposed, generating a lively debate in the scientific community, particularly on the ideal timing for introduction of insulin therapy and on which drug should be preferred as add-on therapy in patients failing to metformin. At the moment, there is no real consensus. The aim of the present review is to summarize established knowledge and areas for debate with respect to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes.,Evidence Acquisition: In type 2 diabetic patients, insulin represents a therapy with a long and well-established history, but, considering the modern insulin therapy, several points must be carefully examined. The role played by the introduction of insulin analogues, the choice of insulin regimens, the ongoing debate on insulin and cancer, the cardiovascular effects of insulin, the role of insulin on β-cell protection and the actual clinical perspective in the treatment of the disease. NeverthelMon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Is Hypothyroidism and Hypogonadism an Issue After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-An Institutional Experience?http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8241Conclusions: Chronic hypothyroidism and hypogonadism is not an issue in aneurysmal SAH patients,Results: Serum prolactin was raised in 17.80% (13/73) and FSH, LH and testosterone levels were reduced in 12.32% (9/73) of patients in the acute phase at admission. After 9 months follow-up, serum prolactin normalized in all except one patient and in all the males, testosterone level increased significantly. Two patients (3%) developed central hypothyroidism on follow-up.,Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the endocrine profile of our patients who had presented with aneurysmal SAH.,Patients and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted over a period of three years in patients of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The serum samples for levels of free T4, free T3, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH and testosterone were analyzed at the time of admission and at a follow-up period between 9-12 months. Patients with known endocrine abnormalities, liver or kidney disease and patients with hemodynamic abnormalitMon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Effects of Nutrition Education on Levels of Nutritional Awareness of Pregnant Women in Western Iranhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9122Conclusions: A nutritional education intervention will have a positive effect on nutritional awareness of pregnant women.,Results: The awareness level of pregnant women about healthy nutrition was significantly increased from 3% before intervention to 31% after the nutritional education intervention (P &lt; 0.001). This significant difference was independent from maternal characteristics of age and levels of literacy and in obese mothers in particular.,Objectives: The present study aimed at determining effects of nutrition education on levels of nutritional awareness of a representative group of pregnant women in Western Iran.,Patients and Methods: A quasi-experimental intervention was undertaken on a random sample of pregnant women (n = 100) attending urban health centers in Ilam city (western Iran) during the year 2011 for prenatal care. A nutritional education program containing two to four lessons was undertaken for small groups of between six to ten women. Nutritional knowledge was assessed before intervMon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Expression and Localization of Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) and ErbB2/ErbB4 Receptors in Main Endocrine Organs of the Rhesus Monkeyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9871Background: Although Neuregulin-1 （Nrg1）and its receptors have been indicated at the mRNA level in partial human endocrine organs and its functional roles have been evaluated in vitro, their morphological distribution in higher animals are not fully studied. The present research focused on expression of Nrg1 and its main receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 in main endocrine organs of the rhesus monkey. ,Materials and Methods: The morphological expression of Nrg1 and its receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 as well as their potential co-localization were determined by double immunofluorescence in the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal gland sample tissues. The expression level of Nrg1 on each sample was indexed by the fold of integrative fluorescence intensity (IFI) relative to that of one cortical tissue. ,Results: Differential expression of Nrg1 and their cognate receptors ErbB2 and ErbB4 were found selectively expressed in endocrine organs we tested, with higher expression levels detected in the adrenal gMon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Designing Fuzzy Algorithms to Develop Healthy Dietary Patternhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9927Conclusions: Using fuzzy logic provides an elegant mathematical solution for finding the optimum point of food groups in dietary pattern.,Results: The optimum (lower attention – upper attention) recommended servings per day for fruits, vegetables, grain, meat, dairy, and oils of the 2000 kcal diet were 4.06 (3.75-4.25), 6.69 (6.25-7.00), 5.69 (5.75-6.25), 4.94 (4.5-5.2), 2.75(2.50-3.00), and 2.56 (2.5-2.75), respectively. The fuzzy pattern met most recommended nutrient intake levels except for potassium and vitamin E, which were estimated at 98% and 69% of the dietary reference intake, respectively.,Objectives: The purpose of this research was to find the best fuzzy dietary pattern that constraints energy and nutrients by the iterative algorithm.,Materials and Methods: An index is derived that reflects how closely the diet of an individual meets all the nutrient requirements set by the dietary reference intake. Fuzzy pyramid pattern was applied for the energy levels from 1000 to 4000 Kcal which estimated thMon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Leksell Gamma Knife : An Effective Non Invasive Treatment for Rare Case of Nelson’s Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=10225: Nelson’s syndrome nowadays a rare entity results from an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)–secreting pituitary adenoma in patients with refractory Cushing's disease after a therapeutic bilateral adrenal gland removal. We report a case of 25 year old female with cushing’s disease who was initially managed with medical treatment, but in view of severe persistent hyper cortisol state was subjected to bilateral adrenalectomy following which she developed Nelson’s syndrome after a gap of six years, which was difficult to diagnose because of limited investigations available. Patient was managed with stereotactic radiosurgery (gamma knife surgery).Mon, 01 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0430Associations of Estrogen and Testosterone With Insulin Resistance in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women With and Without Hormone Therapyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5333Results: Serum estradiol levels tended to have a negative correlation with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in premenopausal women but not in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, free testosterone levels tended to have a positive correlation with HOMA-IR in postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women. Serum SHBG levels showed significant negative correlations with HOMA-IR in both pre- and postmenopausal women. SHBG level was significantly increased, free testosterone level was significantly decreased and HOMA-IR was significantly decreased at 12 months after CEE administration. However, there were no significant correlations of changes between estradiol, SHBG or free testosterone and HOMA-IR.,Conclusions: The associations of sex steroid hormones with insulin resistance are different depending on the estrogen status.,Background: Estrogen deficiency due to natural menopause or surgical menopause has been suggested to have an adverse effect on insulin resistance. TestosterMon, 01 Apr 2013 04:30:00 +0430Mid-Trimester Maternal Serum hCG and Alpha Fetal Protein Levels: Clinical Significance and Prediction of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5014Context: Maternal serum human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) and Alpha Fetal Protein (AFP) were originally introduced to detect trisomy 21 and neural tube defects. However, in the absence of aneuploidy or neural tube defects, mid-trimester maternal serum hCG and/or maternal serum AFP associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancies with unexplained mid-trimester elevation in maternal serum hCG and/or maternal serum AFP, are at increased risk for pregnancy complications resulting from placental insufficiency.,Evidence Acquisition: Mid-trimester maternal serum hCG&gt;2.5 MoM associated with an increased risk for pregnancy complications including: late fetal loss, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery and intrauterine fetal death(IUFD). Mid-trimester maternal serum AFP levels &gt;2.5 MoM are thought to reflect a defect in placentation and associated with an increased risk for pregnancy complications including: late fetal loss, gestational hypertensiMon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430GnRH Analogues in the Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5034Abstract: The GnRH analogue (agonist and antagonist GnRH) changed ovarian stimulation. On the one hand, it improved chances of pregnancy to obtain more oocytes and better embryos. This leads to an ovarian hyper-response, which can be complicated by the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). On the other hand, the GnRH analogue can prevent the incidence of OHSS: GnRH antagonist protocols, GnRH agonist for triggering final oocyte maturation, either together or separately, coasting, and the GnRH analogue may prove useful for avoiding OHSS in high-risk patients. We review these topics in this article.Mon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Sudden Cardiac Death As a Result of Neglected Hypopituitarismhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5374: Cardiac involvement infrequently occurs in hypopituitarism, and lethal cardiac arrhythmias are rarely reported. We present a middle age female who died as a consequence of refractory ventricular arrhythmia whose medical history and previous laboratory investigation were consistent with hypopituitarism. We conclude that hypopituitarism may lead to electrocardiographic changes and malignant ventricular arrhythmia and should be included in laboratory investigation and differential diagnosis of patients presenting with long QT syndromeMon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Metastatic Carcinoid Tumor Presenting As Right Sided Heart Failurehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6927: Carcinoid tumor is a slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor, originating in the enterochromaffin cells and secreting mainly serotonin. The diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, hormone levels, radiological and nuclear imaging, and histological confirmation. The clinical symptoms are characterized by flushing, diarrhea, abdominal pain, telangiectasia and/or bronchoconstriction. However, most patients have metastatic disease at diagnosis because the clinic goes unnoticed or are ascribed to other abdominal conditions. We report the clinical symptoms, hormone levels, radiological and nuclear imaging, histological diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of a 44-year-old female patient with congestive heart failure secondary to carcinoid heart disease in the context of liver metastases of an ileum carcinoid tumor.Mon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Precipitating Factor for Perioperative Diabetic Ketoacidosishttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=7183: Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) is a common disease entity in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is not only one of the major complications of Diabetes Mellitus but also a significant challenging clinical entity for the patients undergoing any elective or emergency surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) being done in a patient with DKA has not been reported. We are presenting a rare case with DKA in whom CABG was carried out in a hospital devoted exclusively to cardiac cases. Insulin was given in very large doses as a part of therapeutic regimen and the outcome was favorable. This report concludes that if a patient undergoing urgent cardiac surgery incidentally develops DKA after induction of anesthesia, then the operation can be carried out provided DKA is managed aggressively. Also, major stress factors like cardio pulmonary bypass (CPB) and hypothermia should be avoided and care should be taken to avoid cerebral edema.Mon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Anthropometry and Menarcheal Status of Adolescent Nigerian Urban Senior Secondary School Girlshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8052Materials and Methods: In this school-based cross-sectional survey, a pre-tested structured self-administered questionnaire was set for obtaining the socio-demographic data (age at menarche, number of siblings, occupation and educational attainment of their parents, etc.), while the anthropometric status data was obtained by direct measurement of weight and height. The body mass index (BMI) and the ponderal index (PI) of each participant were computed from their respective weight and height values. The study was designed to include all the students in the two schools that were randomly selected. The anthropometric indices of pre- and post-menarcheal girls were compared.,Results: Out of a total population of 2,166 students, 2,159 (99.7%) participated but 9 questionnaires were incompletely filled and were rejected, leaving 2,150 (510 were pre-menarcheal and 1,640 were post- menarcheal) for further analysis. The mean menarcheal age was 13.44 ± 1.32 years (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 13.38-13.5). Girls from fMon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430The Effects of Rope Training on Lymphocyte ABCA1 Expression, Plasma ApoA-I and HDL-c in Boy Adolescentshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8178Conclusions: The findings of this study proved that eight-week interval endurance rope training can have positive effects on lymphocyte ABCA1 protein expression (as gatekeeper of reverse cholesterol process) and lipid profiles among overweight and obese boy adolescents.,Objective: The current study aimed to investigate ABCA1 expression in lymphocytes, plasma apolipoprotein A-I and HDL-C in response to eight-week interval endurance rope training in overweight and obese boy adolescents.,Patients and Methods: Thirty students (17.3 ± 1.1yr, 85.73 ± 11.68 kg and 28.41 ± 2.36 kg / m²) volunteered and were randomly assigned into training (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. Exercise protocol was interval endurance rope training (8 wk, 4 d/wk and 40 min/d). Cell hemolysis and sensitive Elisa method was used for Lymphocyte ABAC1 protein expression.t-test was employed.,Results: The independent-samples T-Test results showed that after 8 weeks IERT, the levels of lymphocyte ABCA1 expression(P = 0/001) and VO2max(P =Mon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Liver and Plasma Nesfatin-1 Responses to 6 Weeks of Treadmill Running With or Without Zizyphus Jujuba Liquid Extraction in Female Rathttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8438Background: Nesfatin-1 is a protein derived from a precursor molecule of the nucleobindin-2 gene, and acts as an anorexigenic peptide on food intake behavior, and its level isinfluenced by nutritional status, food composition [fat and carbohydrate (CHO)], and physical exercise.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of treadmill running (at high intensity) program with and without zizyphus jujuba (high carbohydrate content) crud extraction on liver nesfatin-1, ATP, glycogen, and its plasma concentrations in female rats.,Conclusions: The Findings indicate that higher liver nesfatin-1 and glycogen content by ZJ extraction might be due to the ZJ high CHO content, and it could be consideredas an anti-appetite herb.,Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight Wistar female rats (6-8 weeks old100-120 g of weight) were randomly assigned to saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), zizyphus jujuba-control (ZJC), and zizyphus jujuba-training (ZJT) groups. Rats ran on a motor-driven treadmMon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Adipose Tissue Characteristics Related to Weight Z-Score in Childhoodhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8744Results: The results showed that children with a higher weight Z-score spend more time in sedentary activities and less time running or involved in active games. SCD-1 activity index, arachidonic/linoleic index, and adipocyte volume were significantly higher in children with a weight Z-score greater than 0. The preadipocyte number and the genetic expression of the studied genes did not differ between the groups. A multiple regression analysis was done to determine which variables were related to the weight Z-score. R2 values indicated that the model which included adipocyte volume, SREBP-1c, SCD-1 expression, and activity index, predicted 59% of the variability in the weight Z-score among the children. The main variables associated with adipocyte volume were PPARγ, Adiponectin, CB1R expressions, as well as the SCD-1 activity and normalized weight.,Background: Childhood obesity has grown very fast over recent decades and now it represents a serious public health problem. The number of adipocytes is set in chiMon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430The Effect of Ramadan Fasting and Physical Activity on Body Composition, Serum Osmolarity Levels and Some Parameters of Electrolytes in Femaleshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9602Conclusions: According to this result, regular exercise in case of fasting in Ramadan led to some changes in serum osmolarity index, electrolytes and water. Therefore, it is important for female athletes to consider applying a suitable nutritious diet and sufficient water consumption during Ramadan,Results: The mean differences were as follows: significant weight loss, BMI, WHR, in two groups at the end of Ramadan (P &lt; 0.05). The mean of weight, BMI, WHR, body fat, protein, mineral and total water showed no difference between groups (P &gt; 0.05). Potassium, creatinine, urea and uric acid had been decreased significantly in both groups (P &lt; 0.05). Variance between groups was significant only in variable urea (P &lt; 0.05). Variations within group had been changed in FBS; sodium, phosphorus and osmolarity levels were not changed significantly.,Background: So far, there have been a few and incoherent results about the effects of physical activities. Fasting in Ramadan has an effect on the level of osmolarMon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 +0430Non-Contraceptive Benefits of Oral Hormonal Contraceptiveshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4158Abstract: It is becoming evident that oral hormonal contraceptives –besides being well established contraceptives – seem to become important medications for many functional or organic disturbances. So far, clinical effectiveness has been shown for treatment as well as prevention of menstrual bleeding disorders and menstrual-related pain symptoms. Also this is true for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual disphoric disorder (PMDD).\r\nParticular oral contraceptives (OCs) containing anti-androgenic progestogens were shown to be effective medications for treatment of androgenisation symptoms (seborrhea, acne, hirsutism, alopecia).\r\nThrough perfect suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis OCs have proven to be effective in elimination of persistent follicular cysts. Endometriosis/adenomyosis related pain symptoms are well handled similar to other drugs like Gonadotropine Releasing Hormone agonists but are less expensive, with less side effects, and possibility to be used for longer perFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Value of Exercise Tolerance Testing in Evaluation of Diabetic Patients Presented With Atypical Chest Discomforthttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4284Background: Coronary artery disease is the single most important cause of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. Electrocardiographic stress test is a non-invasive modality to screen significant coronary involvement in minimally symptomatic diabetics.,Objectives: We investigated the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of this test in comparison with coronary angiography.,Materials and Methods: 130 diabetic patients with atypical chest discomfort were studied and tested using Exercise Tolerance Test (ETT) among which 100 cases showed positive results that further were studied invasively by selective coronary angiography.,Results: The positive predictive value of ETT for diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)among diabetic patients presented with atypical chest discomfort was 77%.,Conclusion: We conclude that electrocardiographic stress test is a valuable inexpensive non-invasive screening test in diabetic patients with atypical chest discomfort.Fri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Evaluation of Serum Prolactin Levels in Intellectually Disabled Patients Using Antipsychotic Medicationshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4366Background: Patients with intellectual disabilities may be treated with antipsychotic medications for a variety of diagnoses. Use of this category of medication can increase prolactin levels and place the patient at risk for sexual dysfunction and lower bone mineral density. The proposed mechanism of action is affinity for the dopamine receptor. Use of bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor antagonist, was proposed to attenuate hyperprolactinemia.\r\n,Objectives: The objectives of this study were to (1) review serum prolactin (PRL) elevations associated with the use of antipsychotic (AP) medications in an intellectually disabled adult population and (2) determine if any association existed between the level of elevation and AP used.,Patients and Methods: Medical records for adult patients at two Oklahoma facilities for the intellectually disabled were reviewed to evaluate prolactin levels for individuals prescribed antipsychotics. A linear regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between prolactin lFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330The Structure of Metabolic Syndrome Components Across Follow-Up Survey From Childhood to Adolescencehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4477Background: The choice of what parameters are needed for the diagnosis of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been criticized due to the lack of an actual “gold standard” diagnostic test even in adults. This problem seems to be greater in children and adolescents.,Objectives: Stability assessment of factor structure underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) components from childhood to adolescence in a panel study.,Patients and Methods: A total number of 643 (305 boys and 338 girls) children (from 1999 to 2001), aged 6-10 years, with a complete median follow-up of 6.7 years (from 2006 to 2008) were selected among participants of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. We proposed 6 measured variables based on risk factors defined in Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines to describe clustering of MetS components.,Results: The Goodness of fit of the two-factor model, extracted from exploratory factor analysis, was appropriate for boys and girls in both stages of the study using confirmatory factor analysis. Systolic blood presFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Temporal Changes in Plasma Concentration of Leptin, IGF-1, Insulin and Metabolites Under Extended Fasting and Re-Feeding Conditions in Growing Lambshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6529Background: A fall in plasma concentration of energy status related hormones (leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin) and body energy expenditure occurs in response to short term fasting. Nevertheless, the relations of the fasting-induced changes in energy related hormones and metabolites with fasting energy expenditure (FEE) under extended fasting condition have received little attention so far.,Objectives: It is not clear how energy status related hormones coordinate to cope with feed deprivation under extended fasting time conditions and how quickly these hormones re-bound to fed-state values in response to re-feeding. Thus the objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the effects of extended fasting on plasma concentration of leptin, IGF-1, insulin, glucose, NEFA, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and urea; and 2) to study the relations of energy status related hormones with FEE and substrate oxidations under extended fasting conditions.,Materials and Methods: Eighteen six-month-old growiFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Serum Leptin Level Is Reduced in Non-Obese Subjects with Type 2 Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6535Background: Leptin, a protein released from adipose tissue, could have significant role in pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.,Conclusions: It is speculated that lower serum leptin levels in diabetic patients may be a consequence of male gender. Moreover, results suggest that serum leptin level in women is influenced differently than that in men.,Results: The serum leptin level in type 2 diabetic patients (19.32 ± 11.43 ng/mL) was significantly lower than that in non-diabetic subjects (32.16 ± 11.02 ng/mL). Serum leptin level was strongly and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.658, P &lt; 0.0001) and calculated body fat percentage (r = 0.431, P &lt; 0.0001) in all the study subjects with a better corrlation in the control subjcts compared to control cases (r = 0.661 for BMI and r = 0.466 for body fat). On the other hand, leptin showed a positive and significant correlation with insulin and HOMA- β (homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function) in both groups. FurFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Acute Myocardial Infarction Secondary to Catecholamine Release Owing to Cocaine Abuse and Pheochromocytoma Crisishttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6562Abstract: Most pheochromocytomas are not suspected clinically while a high percentage of them are curable with surgery. We present the case of an adult cocaine-addicted male patient with an underlying pheochromocytoma and repeated myocardial infarctions. Computed tomography showed a left round adrenal mass, also high 24-hour urine levels of catecholamines and metanephrines were detected from urinalysis. The patient was given alpha and beta blockers, moreover a laparoscopic left adrenalectomy was performed. Cocaine can block the reuptake of noradrenaline, leading to increasing its concentration and consequently its effects as well, and induce local or diffuse coronary vasoconstriction in normal coronary artery segments per se, cocaine can also trigger pheochromocytoma crisis, and therefore, cardiac complications such as myocardial infarction due to these additive effects are intended to occur. For this reason, in the presence of typical clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma, such as sustained or paroxysFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Changes in Serum Leptin During Phases of Menstrual Cycle of Fertile Women: Relationship to Age Groups and Fertilityhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6872Results: There was a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05) in leptin levels on day 14 (12.75 + 5.8 ng/mL) and day 21 (12.91 + 3.2 ng/mL) for age group 18-30 years compared to day 14 (11.60 + 3.2 ng/mL) and day 21 (11.60 + 3.2 ng/mL) for age group 31-40 years. Leptin was positively correlated with FSH on day 14, with LH on day 7 and day 21; likewise, with progesterone on day 21 and day 28 and with estradiol on day 7 and day 14 for both age groups.,Conclusions: The serum leptin level was at the lowest level during the menstrual and secretory phase and the highest level was around the luteal phase. The significant increase ofleptin in the younger age group raise this question whether circulating leptin has any role to play in the age of pregnancy and fertility. Data in this study shows that leptin level was affected with increase in age; therefore changes in leptin level will affect fertility in this study suggest that there may be a relation between leptin levels and fertility.,Patients and Methods: A total of 118Fri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330A Novel Medical Treatment of Cushing's Due to Ectopic ACTH in a Patient With Neurofibromatosis Type 1http://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=6898: A 64-year-old male presented with neurofibromatosis 1 and Cushing’s syndrome. Clinically he was over weight, depressed with extensive skin bruising and hypertension. His 24 hours urinary metanephrines, urinary 5HIAA, gut peptides and chromgranin levels were normal. His renal function and renal MRI scan was also normal. His cortisol failed to suppress on overnight dexamethsone suppression test. His low dose dexamethasone suppression with CRH stimulation showed failure of suppression of cortisol to &lt; 50 nmol/L and ACTH was measurable at 10 ng/L on day 3. There was no response of ACTH or cortisol to CRH stimulation. His ACTH precursors were high at 126 pmol/L consistent with defective pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) processing suggesting an ectopic source of ACTH production. The MRI scan of his pituitary and CT scan of the adrenal glands was normal. His octreotide scan was negative. The source of his ectopic ACTH was most likely a large retroperitoneal plexiform neurofibroma seen on CT abdomen that had undergFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Number of Components of the Metabolic Syndrome; Smoking and Inflammatory Markershttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=8403Background: The association between inflammatory markers and the combination of the smoking status plus a number of components of the metabolic syndrome was not fully evaluated in male Japanese subjects.,Objectives: To demonstrate the association between inflammatory markers and the number of components of the metabolic syndrome by considering smoking status.,Patients and Methods: A total of 3,017 male subjects (1,047 current smokers, 1,970 non-smokers) were included. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined by the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. The smoking status was categorized in a binary manner into current smokers or non-smokers.,Results: The geometric mean value of the serum CRP increased linearly as the number of components of MetS increased (P &lt; 0.05). In contrast, the mean values of the total WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts showed peak values when the number of MetS components was 3 or 4. The log-transformed serum CRP levels and the WFri, 21 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Prevalence and Risk Factors for Non-Vertebral Fractures in Patients Receiving Oral Glucocorticoidshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3442Background: Glucocorticoids taken orally increase the risk of fractures. It has been noted that a dose as low as 2.5 mg/day increases the risk of vertebral fracture. What is less clear is the possible influence of other risk factors for osteoporosis on the presence of non-vertebral fractures in patients taking glucocorticoids.,Objectives: A cross-sectional study, performed on 513 men and women from Spain, who were taking at least 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone for a minimum of 3 months. A questionnaire was developed, through which information on risk factors was collected.,Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study, performed on 513 men and women from Spain, who were taking at least 7.5 mg/day of oral prednisone for a minimum of 3 months. A questionnaire was developed, through which information on risk factors was collected.,Results: 28.3% of the patients who were taking glucocorticoids at a daily oral dose of 7.5 mg/day for a minimum of 3 months had suffered at least one non-vertebral fracture. The risk inSat, 01 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Management of Subclinical Hyperthyroidismhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3447: The ideal approach for adequate management of subclinical hyperthyroidism (low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] and normal thyroid hormone level) is a matter of intense debate among endocrinologists. The prevalence of low serum TSH levels ranges between 0.5% in children and 15% in the elderly population. Mild subclinical hyperthyroidism is more common than severe subclinical hyperthyroidism. Transient suppression of TSH secretion may occur because of several reasons; thus, corroboration of results from different assessments is essential in such cases. During differential diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, pituitary or hypothalamic disease, euthyroid sick syndrome, and drug-mediated suppression of TSH must be ruled out. A low plasma TSH value is also typically seen in the first trimester of gestation. Factitial or iatrogenic TSH inhibition caused by excessive intake of levothyroxine should be excluded by checking the patient’s medication history. If these nonthyroidal causes are ruled out during diffSat, 01 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Hashimoto Encephalopathy: A Rare Intricate Syndromehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4174: Recently, several patients have been reported with various signs of encephalopathy and high thyroid antibody levels together with good responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy. Despite the various clinical presentations, these cases have been termed “Hashimoto encephalopathy” (HE). Although all of the pathogenic components have not yet been clearly elucidated, it is believed that brain vasculitis and autoimmunity directed against common brain-thyroid antigens represent the most likely etiologic pathway. The most common clinical signs include unexplained or epilepsy-like seizures resistant to anti-convulsive treatment, confusion, headaches, hallucinations, stroke-like episodes, coma, impairment of cognitive function, behavioral and mood disturbance, focal neurological deficits, disturbance of consciousness, ataxia, and presenile dementia, together with the presence of high thyroid antibody levels, especially against thyroperoxidase (TPOab). In most cases, the thyroid function is normal oSat, 01 Dec 2012 03:30:00 +0330Serum Intact Parathyroid Hormone Level After Total Thyroidectomy or Total Thyroidectomy Plus Lymph Node Dissection for Thyroid Nodules: Report From 296 Surgical Caseshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3462Background: Transient hypocalcemia is one of the postoperative complications of thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules, and intraoperative and postoperative intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) assays are used to predict postoperative hypocalcemia.,Objectives: The current study was conducted to evaluate a single serum iPTH measurement on postoperative day 1 (POD 1) as a means to predict hypocalcemia occurrence after total thyroidectomy (TT).,Patients and Methods: The subjects consisted of 36 patients who underwent TT and 260 patients who underwent TT plus lymph node (LN) dissection for thyroid nodules treatment. The TT performance procedure to prevent postoperative hypoparathyroidism combines parathyroid gland preservation in situ with autotransplantation of resected or devascularized parathyroid glands. The patients’ serum iPTH level was measured on POD 1, and their serum calcium level was measured on POD 1 and on POD 3 while they were still inpatients. The serum iPTH level was subequently measured at each outpatiSat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Cardiovascular Risk in Women With PCOShttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4020: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or Stein-Leventhal syndrome, is a common endocrine disorder defined by two of the three following features: i) oligoovulation or anovulation, ii) clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, or iii) polycystic ovaries, once the related endocrinological and gynaecological disorders have been excluded. PCOS does not exclusively involve the reproductive apparatus , it has a complex number of systemic relevancy symptoms. It leads to Metabolic Syndrome, with severe consequences on the cardiovascular apparatus. Many clinical studies have underlined the connection between PCOS and the cardiovascular risk profile of such female patients, due to a lipid/glucose altered metabolism, hypertension, systemic inflammatory condition (assessable by markers such as VES, TNF-alfa, citokines and C-reactive protein (hsPCR) levels), and vascular injuries. Considering the early onset of the disease, PCOS could be considered as a real cardiovascular risk factor which affects the quality Sat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Diagnosis of Men-I Syndrome on 68Ga-DOTANOC PET-CT and Role of Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy With 177Lu-DOTATATEhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4313Abstract: MEN-I is a rare genetic disorder classically characterized by a predisposition to tumors of the parathyroid glands, anterior pituitary gland, and pancreatic islet cells. We present a case of MEN-I syndrome diagnosed using predominantly nuclear medicine imaging followed by radionuclide therapy, thus emphasizing the role of nuclear imaging in diagnosing and treating MEN-I.Sat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: A New Approach to an Old Problemhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4510Background: Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a hereditary, autosomal dominant syndrome which is manifested by a range of different benign and malignant tumors. This disease can present with different clinical presentations such as; retinal angioma (RA), hemangioblastoma (HB) of the central nervous system (CNS), pheochromocytoma (Pheo), and epididymal cystadenoma. Tumors are usually accompanied with cysts.,Objectives: As the disease can display different clinical presentations, which are mainly unspecific, and considering the importance of an early diagnosis and the proper and early management of it, this study was carried out to present a general overview of VHL. Moreover, the present article reviews screening methods and emphasizes the need for increasing the awareness of different health care professionals to diagnose and refer the patients in the early stages. ,Materials and Methods: A thorough search of internet medical databases, such as PubMed, was carried out on known or suggested; clinical presentatSat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Postprandial Peaking and Plateauing of Triglycerides and VLDL in Patients with Underlying Cardiovascular Diseases Despite Treatmenthttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4783Background: Dyslipidemia is associated with cardiovascular morbidities and mortality. Currently, fasting lipid profile determination is used to monitor treatment response. Recently, postprandial lipemia is of increasing interest because of its atherogenic and thrombogenic potential and also was found to be more predictive for cardiovascular diseases.,Objectives: To demonstrate postprandial lipemia among patients with cardiovascular diseases despite low fat diet, normal fasting lipid profile and even statin regimen.,Patients and Methods: Patients aged 40-80 years old with cardiovascular diseases (i.e. coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease) more than 6 months, on statin treatment for more than 6 months and normal fasting lipid profile (according to NCEP ATP III guidelines) were included.
Study exclusion criteria were pregnancy, acute cardiovascular events < 6 months, hepatic or renal failure. Finally, twelve patients were included.,Results: The triglyceride level showed a significant rise from faSat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Bone density in patients with late onset Pompe diseasehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4967Background: Pompe disease is an inherited metabolic disorder characterized by α-glycosidase deficiency, which leads to lysosomal glycogen accumulation in many different tissues. The infantile form is the most severe with a rapidly fatal outcome, while the late onset form has a greater phenotypic variability, characterized by skeletal muscle dysfunction and early respiratory involvement. Bone mineral density (BMD) has been recently reported to be reduced in many patients with both forms of the disease. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is now available with an undefined, impact on BMD in patients with late onset disease.,Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate BMD in patients with late onset form of Pompe disease before and after ERT initiation.,Patients and Methods: Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was examined in four newly diagnosed patients with late onset Pompe disease and in four adults under ERT before and after ERT initiation with a treatment duration of 18 to 36 months.,Results: The initialSat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Reduced Antioxidant Potential of LDL Is Associated With Increased Susceptibility to LDL Peroxidation in Type II Diabetic Patientshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5029Conclusions: In type II diabetes, the increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation is related to hyperglycemia and low AOP.,Background: Type II diabetes mellitus is a complex heterogeneous group of metabolic conditions characterized by an increased level of blood glucose, due to impairment in insulin action and/or insulin secretion. Hyperglycemia is a major factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is recognized as one of the major processes involved in the early stages of atherosclerosis in type II diabetes. LDL contains different antioxidants, which increase LDL resistance against oxidative modification, this is known as its antioxidant potential (AOP).,Objectives: The present study has been carried out to investigate the sensitivity of LDL to oxidation, AOP of LDL and to assess whether hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus is associated with increased LDL oxidizability, and whether these relationships are related to diabetic complicationSat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330ABCG8 Gene Responses to 8 Weeks Treadmill Running With or Without Pistachia atlantica (Baneh) Extraction in Female Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5305Background: It is well established that the excess cellular cholesterol concentration, as well as high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol levels are strongly correlated with the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a term used to describe the efflux of excess cellular cholesterol. ABCG8 is a member of ABCG family that play a critical role in this process.,Objectives: The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of endurance exercise with or without Pistachia atlantica (Baneh) extraction on small intestine and kidney ABCG8 gene, also plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), glucose, and estrogen levels in female rats.,Materials and Methods: In this study twenty Wistar female rats (six to eight weeks old, 125-135 g weight) were used. Animals were randomly assigned into training (n = 10) and control (n = 10) groups and further divided into saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), Baneh-control (BSat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Recombinant TSH and Lithium Overcomes Amiodarone-Induced Low Radioiodine Uptake in a Thyrotoxic Femalehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=5406Introduction:: Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone(rhTSH) increases radioactive iodine uptake(RAIU) in selected populations, while lithium is used as an adjunct to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy in Graves’ disease with low RAIU. In this report, both drugs used in combination, overcame low iodine-131 uptake in a Graves’ patient.,Clinical Case:: A 39-year old female with Graves’ disease, acquired thionamide-induced agranulocytosis, and severe hypokalemia, subsequently went into cardiorespiratory arrest. On resuscitation, she had ventricular tachyarrhythmias which were cardioverted using amiodarone. She was subsequently placed on IV hydrocortisone amiodarone and propranolol. On admission, she was normotensive, tachycardic, and afebrile. She had fine tremors, hyper reflexia, and diffuse, non-tender thyromegaly. Initial investigations showed normal complete blood count, hypokalemia and elevated alanine transaminase levels. Levels of thyroid stimulating hormone were low (0.03 uIU/L, N = 0.27-3.75)Sat, 29 Sep 2012 03:30:00 +0330Advantage of Applying OSC to 1H NMR-Based Metabonomic Data of Celiac Diseasehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3058Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a disorder associated with body reaction to gluten. After the gluten intake, an immune reaction against the protein occurs and damages villi of small intestine in celiac patients gradually.,Objectives: The OSC, a filtering method for minimization of inter- and intra-spectrometer variations that influence on data acquisition, was applied to biofluid NMR data of CD patients.,Patients and Methods: In this study, metabolites of total 56 serum samples from 12 CD patients, 15 CD patients taking gluten-free diet (GFD), and 29 healthy cases were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and associated theoretical analysis. Employing ProMetab (version ProMetab_v3_3) software, data obtained from NMR spectra were reduced and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) effect on celiac disease metabonomics before and after the separation by principle component analysis (PCA) was investigated.,Results: The three groups were separated by OSC and findings were analyzed by partial least squareSat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Physical Activity as a Strategy to Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractureshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3309ABSTRACT: Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for the skeleton. Mechanical load has then been shown to be one of the best stimuli to enhance not only bone mass, but also structural skeletal adaptations, as both contributing to bone strength. Exercise prescription also includes a window of opportunity to improve bone strength in the late pre- and early peri-pubertal period. There is some evidence supporting the notion that skeletal gains obtained by mechanical load during growth are maintained at advanced age despite a reduction of physical activity in adulthood. The fact that former male athletes have a lower fracture risk than expected in their later years does not oppose the view that physical activity during growth and adolescence is important and it should be supported as one feasible strategy to reduce the future incidence of fragility fractures.Sat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Testosterone and Aggressive Behavior in Manhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3661: Atavistic residues of aggressive behavior prevailing in animal life, determined by testosterone, remain attenuated in man and suppressed through familial and social inhibitions. However, it still manifests itself in various intensities and forms from; thoughts, anger, verbal aggressiveness, competition, dominance behavior, to physical violence. Testosterone plays a significant role in the arousal of these behavioral manifestations in the brain centers involved in aggression and on the development of the muscular system that enables their realization. There is evidence that testosterone levels are higher in individuals with aggressive behavior, such as prisoners who have committed violent crimes. Several field studies have also shown that testosterone levels increase during the aggressive phases of sports games. In more sensitive laboratory paradigms, it has been observed that participant’s testosterone rises in the winners of; competitions, dominance trials or in confrontations with factitious opponents. Sat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Effect of Ghrelin on Aldolase Gene Expression in the Heart of Chronic Hypoxic Rathttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3914Background: Chronic hypoxia causes apoptosis of cardiac myocytes, however, energy production by anaerobic glycolysis protects myocardium against hypoxia injuries. Aldolase A is a well-characterised key enzyme of the glycolysis pathway. Ghrelin, a 28-amino-acid peptide, synthesizes in the stomach and has protective roles in cardiovascular systems and also affects metabolic pathways.,Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ghrelin on aldolase A gene expression after chronic hypoxia in the rat hearts.,Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups. Hypoxic rats with saline or ghrelin treatment were placed in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (O2 11 %), for two weeks. Controls remained in room air. Aldolase A gene expression was measured by Real-Time RT-PCR.,Results: the transcriptiom rate of Aldolase A in hypoxic animals did not change significantly compared to negative control ones. During chronic hypoxia, ghrelin treatment increasSat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Health Locus of Control in Patients With Graves-Basedow Disease and Hashimoto Disease and Their Acceptance of Illnesshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3932Conclusions: Beliefs in health locus of control and type of illness in female patient group are predictors of illness acceptance (P = 0,0009).,Patients and Methods: Three methods were applied: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale by K.A. Wallston, B.S. Wallston and R. DeVellis; the Acceptance of Illness Scale by B.J. Felton, T.A. Revenson, and G.A. Hinrichsena; and a personal questionnaire. Two groups were subject to the research: 68 patients with Graves-Basedow disease and 54 patients with Hashimoto disease.,Results: Patients with Graves-Basedow disease, women above all, have their health locus of control in other persons (P = 0,001) and are less inclined to accept their illness (P = 0,005) when compared to patients with Hashimoto disease. A statistically significant correlation occurred between the age of patients and external (i.e., in other persons) health locus of control.,Background: Adaptation to a chronic somatic disease depends on a variety of factors, including belief in health locus of coSat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Effect of Interaction Between Testosterone and Morphine on Serum Ghrelin Concentration in Sheep Fed on Different Dietary Energy Levelshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4211Background: Ghrelin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. It also decreases testosterone and opioid secretion.,Objectives: The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of testosterone, morphine or simultaneous injection of testosterone and morphine on mean serum ghrelin concentration in sheep.,Conclusions: There is a direct correlation between food restriction, testosterone and ghrelin concentration in ruminants. However, a simultaneous injection of testosterone and morphine did not exert an additive effect on ghrelin secretion.,Materials and Methods: Ten sheep were divided into two groups (n = 5 in each group), they were fed with either 50 % or 100 % of their dietary energy needs for 10 days. Body weight was measured on the 1st and 10th day of the experiment. Animals in both groups received testosterone (60 μg/kg), morphine (0.15 mg/kg), or a simultaneous infusion of testosterone (60 μg/kg) and morphine (0.15 mg/kg), on the 8th, 9th, or 10th day of the exSat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Urinary Total Protein as the Predictor of Albuminuria in Diabetic Patientshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4236Background: In order to detect nephropathy, measurement of total (24 hrs) urinary albumin or albumin/creatinin ratio in random urine samples is being recommended. But methods of albumin measurement are not available in all laboratories and also cost about 6 times more than that of urinary total protein measurement.,Objectives: This Study was performed to determine appropriate cut off point in 24 hours urine total protein to diagnose micro- and macroalbuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus.,Patients and Methods: In this study, 204 patients with diabetes mellitus type I and II were selected. In collected 24 hours urine from patients, protein and albumin were measured by using Pyrogallol and Immunoturbidimetry methods, respectively.,Results: Normoalbuminuri (albumin < 30 mg/24 hrs urine), microalbuminuri (albumin = 30-300 mg/24 hrs urine), and macroalbuminuri (albumin > 300 mg/24 hrs urine) were detected in 130, 51, and 23 patients, respectively. In 24 hrs urine collections, amounts of protein and albumin Sat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Tuberculous Cervical Lymphadenitis Masquerding as Metastatis From Papillary Thyroid Carcinomahttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4500: Clinically apparent cervical lymphadenopathy has been found at the initial presentation in 23 to 56 % of cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Here we report tuberculous lymphadenitis mimicking metastatic lymph nodes from papillary thyroid carcinoma and suggest that tuberculosis apart from metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma should also be considered in the etiology of enlarged lymph nodes in such patients, especially in those with risk factors for tuberculosis. Therefore, the importance of careful pre-operative evaluation of cervical lymph node metastasis cannot be overestimated, so that patients do not undergo unnecessary neck dissection for other benign conditions.Sat, 30 Jun 2012 04:30:00 +0430Construction of Plasmid Insulin Gene Vector Containing Metallothionein IIA (pcDNAMTChIns) and Carbohydrate Response Element (ChoRE), and Its Expression in NIH3T3 Cell Linehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=4540Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is one of the metabolic diseases that cause insulin-producing pancreatic ß cells be destroyed by immune system self-reactive T cells. Recent­ly, new treatment methods have been developed including use of the stem cells, ß islet cells transplantation and gene therapy by viral and non-viral gene constructs.,Objectives: The aim of this project was preparing the non-viral vector containing the glucose inducible insulin gene and using it in the NIH3T3 cell line.,Materials and Methods: Cloning was carried out by standard methods. Total RNA was extracted from pancreatic tissue, RNA was converted to cDNA using RT-PCR reaction and preproinsulin gene was amplified using specific primers. PNMTCH plasmid was extract­ed and digested by NotI, HindIII, and MTIIA and ChoRE genes were purified and cloned into pcDNA3.1 (-) plasmid and named pcDNAMTCh. Finally, the preproinsulin genes were cloned into pcDNA3.1 (-) plasmid and pcDNAMTChIns was built. ,Results: The cloned gene constructs wSat, 30 Jun 2012 00:00:00 +0430Effects of Circuit Resistance Training Intensity on the Plasma Ghrelin to Obestatin Ratios in Healthy Young Womenhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=2459Background: Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively. It appears that an accurate balance between theses peptides is important for regulating energy homeostasis and body weight.,Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the possible mechanisms by which circuit resistance training influences energy homeostasis and weight control.,Patients and Methods: Twenty-seven female students with the mean age of 22 ± 1.54 years and mean body mass index (BMI) of 20.76 ± 1.86 kg/m2 were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects performed circuit resistance training with 40% and 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for 4 weeks. Total plasma ghrelin, obestatin, and glucose levels and the ghrelin to obestatin ratio were measured for all subjects before and after training.,Results: One-way ANOVA tests showed that, the plasma ghrelin to obestatin ratio increased significantly in the 80% 1RM group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant reductFri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430Postprandial Effect of Orlistat on the Peaking of Lipid Level After Sequential High Fat Mealshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=2920Background: Postprandial lipemia has been found to be strongly associated with atherosclerosis due to its atherogenic and thrombogenic lipoprotein changes. This phenomenon occurs even in normal subjects especially after high fat meals. Orlistat, an anti- obesity drug, has been shown to address postprandial lipemia after a single high fat meal.,Objectives: To compare the effects of orlistat and placebo on the postprandial lipid levels after sequential high-fat meals in healthy individuals with normal fasting lipid levels.,Patients and Methods: Thirty-one healthy adult volunteers with normal fasting lipid levels were fed 50% fat meals (3 meals and 2 snacks of pre-weighted butter and bread). The subjects were blindly randomized to receive either placebo or orlistat 120 mg before each main meal. The outcome parameters were total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very-low–density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels meFri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticianshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3505: Statistical errors are common in scientific literature and about 50% of the published articles have at least one error. The assumption of normality needs to be checked for many statistical procedures, namely parametric tests, because their validity depends on it. The aim of this commentary is to overview checking for normality in statistical analysis using SPSS.Fri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430An Update on Plant Derived Anti-Androgenshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3644: Anti-androgens are an assorted group of drugs and compounds that reduce the levels or activity of androgen hormones within the human body. Disease states in which this is relevant include polycystic ovarian syndrome, hirsutism, acne, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and endocrine related cancers such as carcinoma of the prostate.
We provide an overview and discussion of the use of anti-androgen medications in clinical practice and explore the increasing recognition of the benefits of plant-derived anti-androgens, for example, spearmint tea in the management of PCOS, for which some evidence about efficacy is beginning to emerge. Other agents covered include red reishi, which has been shown to reduce levels 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that facilitates conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT); licorice, which has phytoestrogen effects and reduces testosterone levels; Chinese peony, which promotes the aromatization of testosterone into estrogen; green tea, which contains epigallocatechins and alsFri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430Tetralogy of Fallot Associated With Invasive Adrenocortical Tumor in an Adult Womanhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3769: Migration of cardiac neural crest cells into the pharyngeal arches and the pharyngeal and splanchnic mesoderm contributes to the development of the cardiac outflow tract. The adrenal cortex is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm. Neuroblastoma is more prevalent in patients with congenital heart disease than in the general population, because both originate from embryonal neural crest-derived cells. Similarly, and in light of recent embryological findings, abnormal development or migration of splanchnic mesoderm, possibly due to an underlying genetic defect, could contribute to the association of adrenocortical carcinoma and tetralogy of Fallot. We present the case of a cardiologically asymptomatic 49-year-old woman with total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in the first year of life.Fri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430Effects of Raloxifene on Bone Metabolism in Hemodialysis Patients With Type 2 Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3794Background: Osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease are common conditions in older adults, and often occur concurrently. Bone disease is caused by increased bone turnover accompanying secondary hyperparathyroidism, and by factors such as bone metabolic disorder accompanying kidney disease and postmenopausal or age-related osteoporosis, even in hemodialysis patients. Raloxifene is commonly used for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in the general population, and may be a treatment option for osteoporosis in hemodialysis patients. However, the effects of raloxifene in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes have not been examined in detail.,Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of raloxifene on bone turnover markers and bone density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were undergoing hemodialysis in Japan.,Patients and Methods: The subjects were 60 female patients on maintenance hemodialysis (non-diabetic, n=30; diabetic, n=30). Raloxifene hydrochlorFri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430Effect of Arginine Infusion on Ghrelin Secretion in Growth Hormone-Sufficient and GH-Deficient Childrenhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3826Background: The physiological link between ghrelin and growth hormone (GH) has not yet been fully clarified. Furthermore, the existence of a negative feedback mechanism between growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor (GH–IGF)-I axis and ghrelin and the influence of amino acids on ghrelin secretion in children remain matters of debate.,Objectives: To understand the regulation of ghrelin secretion and clarify the relationship between ghrelin and GH secretion in GH-deficient (GHD) and GH-sufficient (GHS) children.,Patients and Methods: Ten GHD (male/female [M/F], 6/4; age [mean ± SEM], 10.7 ± 0.9 years) and 10 GHS prepubertal children (M/F, 6/4; age [mean ± SEM], 10.3 ± 0.6 years), underwent an arginine (ARG) test (infusion, 0.5 g/kg, iv). Levels of GH, total ghrelin, and acylated ghrelin (AG) were assayed every 30 min from 0 to +120 min.,Results: Peak GH values were lower in GHD subjects than in GHS subjects (P < 0.0001). The baseline levels, peak levels, or area under the curves (AUC) for total ghrelFri, 20 Apr 2012 04:30:00 +0430Effect of Hypothyroidism on Bone Repair in Mature Female Ratshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=3858Introduction: Thyroid hormones are major regulators of bone metabolism and development. In hyperthyroidism, bone resorption is increased, however, the mechanism by which thyroid hormones increase osteoclasts activity and its growth remains unknown. This research was designed to study the effect of hypothyroidism on the bone repair.,Materials and Methods: Sixty mature female rats were randomly divided into two groups: control and methimalole treated groups. In the methimazole treated group, hypothyroidism was induced. Medial surfaces of right tibia of control and methimazole treated groups were drilled; all the rats were killed after three weeks by choloroform inhalation. Bone samples were obtained from defected regions and were subjected to histomorphometric study.,Results: The weight, length and periosteum thickness of tibia of the rats were significantly decreased in methimazole treated group as compared to the controls. There was significant decrease in osteoblast numbers (19.2±3.6 vs 34.1±3.1, pThu, 01 Sep 2005 04:30:00 +0430Leptin Levels in Obese and Non-Obese African and Caucasian Subjects With Type 2 Diabeteshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9596: It has previously been demonstrated that circulating levels of leptin show ethnic differences when controlled for the confounding influence of adiposity. This study examined leptin levels in non-obese and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes of African versus Caucasian origin.,Materials and Methods: Non-obese and obese subjects with type 2 diabetes of either African origin living in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (n=22) or Caucasian origin living in Malmo, Sweden (n=24) were studied by taking a fasting sample for analysis of insulin and leptin after an overnight fast. All subjects were treated with metformin alone or with sulfonylurea with or without addition of metformin.,Results: It was found that age, BMI, waist circumference,blood pressure and fasting glucose or insulin did not differ between Africans and Caucasians, when divided into obese and nonobese subjects. However, leptin levels were 50°/., higher in the African subjects than in the Caucasians, when controlled for gender and BMI (P=O.01).,Conclusion: WeWed, 01 Sep 2004 04:30:00 +0430Timing of the Effect of Iodine Supplementation on Intelligence Quotients of Schoolchildrenhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9668: Iodine deficiency is the most important preventable cause of mental deficiency. The aim of this study was to specify the phase during fetal and postnatal development when iodine supplementation would have optimum effect on the prevention of brain damage.,Materials and Methods: Forty schoolchildren aged 7-13 years, from the previously iodine deficient villages of Kiga and Randan, were divided into 3 subgroups: in subgroup I the mother had received iodized oil 1-4 years prior to conception and infant consumed iodized salt from the age 14 years onwards; in subgroup II mothers received iodized oil during pregnancy and the child received iodized salt from the age 2-4 years and in subgroup III the child received iodized oil injection from age 1-3 and iodized salt from 3-6 years of age onwards. Serum T4, T3, TSH and TJ uptake and urine iodide concentrations were measured. Bender-Guestalt and Raven tests were employed for psychomotor evaluation. A group of 40 age and sex matched schoolchildren from Tehran served asWed, 01 Sep 2004 04:30:00 +0430Effects of Purified Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Lipoproteins and Malondialdehyde in Postmenopausal Fat Women Receiving Hormone Replacement Therapyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9669Introduction: Regular intake of n-3 fatty acids of marine origin have desirable effects on serum lipoproteins and reduce coronary vascular disease (CVD). n-3 fatty acid supplementation decreased serum triglyceride concentrations in studies in which most of the subjects were male. The effects of n-3 fatty acids supplementation in fat women especially postmenopausal fat women have received little attention. The aim of this study was to determine whether purified n-3 fatty acids have desirable effects on serum lipoproteins, malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipoprotein risk factors for CVD in postmenopausal fat women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT).,Materials and Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of parallel design, 35 postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy were randomly allocated to receive 2 g purified n-3 fatty acids or placebo for 10 weeks. Serum lipoproteins and MDA were determined on days 0 and 70.,Results: Serum levels of triglycerides (TG) decreased significantlWed, 01 Sep 2004 04:30:00 +0430Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-l (VCAM-l) in Graves' Disease: Its Association to Thyroid Status and Thyroid Receptor Stimulating Antibodieshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9606Materials and Methods: Patients were given fixed daily dose of 20 mg carbimazole for 3 months and blood samples were collected at baseline and end of the study. Thirty-eight patients were recruited from the Endocrine Clinic, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, consisting of 26 females and 12 males, age ranging from 16 to 65 years. Blood samples collected before and at end of study were analysed for TSH, Free TJ, Free T4J thyroid receptor stimulating antibodies (TRAb), sVCAM-1, sICAM-1 and lL-6.,: Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) have been shown to be elevated in patients with Graves'disease and may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. The objective of this study was to measure the levels of sVCAM-1, sICAM-l, IL-6 and thyroid receptor stimulating antibodies (TRAb) in a cohort of hyperthyroid patients and determine their associations to thyroid hormones status, before and after 3 months thexapy with carbimazole.,ResultThu, 01 Jan 2004 03:30:00 +0330Relation Between Pre-and Post-Dexamethasone Test Cortisol Values in Cushing's Diseasehttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9635Introduction: The dexamethasone test has been widely used for diagnosing hypercortisolism.,Materials and Methods: We assessed the relationship between the basal and suppressed cortisol values in urine and plasma during a low-dose dexamethasone test in patients with proved Cushing's disease.,Results: A statistically highly significant correlation was found (for urine cortisol: r = 0.66, P Thu, 01 Jan 2004 03:30:00 +0330Body Mass Index in Turner Syndrome Before and After Growth Hormone Therapyhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9660Introduction: Turner syndrome is the most common chromosomal abnormality in females. Girls with Turner syndrome have an abmormal or missing X choromosme that causes short stature, ovarian failure, renovascular and cardiac anomalies. It has been shown that there is a tendency to obesity in the Turner syndrome. This prospective study has been done to evaluate whether body mass index (BMI) is different in girls with Turner syndrome as compared to normal girls and also whether it is affected by growth hormone (GH) therapy.,Materials and Methods: Materials and methods: BMI (kg/m2) was calculated for 21 girls with Turner syndrome at baseline (at the diagnosis), and after 6 months treatement with GH D.l IUJkglday subcutaneously at bedtime. The results were analyzed with the SPSS and the statistical significance was established at a pThu, 01 Jan 2004 03:30:00 +0330A Study of 558 Cases of Cold Thyroid Nodules, 1991-1999; Comparison to a Decade Earlierhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9667Introduction: Although thyroid nodules are usually benign, malignancy must always be ruled out. Many efforts have been made to find. malignant nodules and reduce the number of unnecessary operations. In this study, our aim was to examine, after the more extensive use of fine needle aspiration (FNA), whether the incidence of cancer finding has been increased. ,Materials and Methods: We studied retrospectively the medical records of the patients who were operated during 1991 through 1999 in the university hospital setting. Age, sex, FNA and complete pathologic reports, and whether the lesion was multinodular or a solitary nodule, were studied. The results were then compared with those of a previous study performed in the same center a decade earlier.,Results: Patients' age was 39±12.7 year with benign nodules, and 45±15 year with malignant lesions (PThu, 01 Jan 2004 03:30:00 +0330A Study of 558 Cases of Cold Thyroid Nodules, 1991-1999; Comparison to a Decade Earlierhttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9667Introduction: Although thyroid nodules are usually benign, malignancy must always be ruled out. Many efforts have been made to find. malignant nodules and reduce the number of unnecessary operations. In this study, our aim was to examine, after the more extensive use of fine needle aspiration (FNA), whether the incidence of cancer finding has been increased. ,Materials and Methods: We studied retrospectively the medical records of the patients who were operated during 1991 through 1999 in the university hospital setting. Age, sex, FNA and complete pathologic reports, and whether the lesion was multinodular or a solitary nodule, were studied. The results were then compared with those of a previous study performed in the same center a decade earlier.,Results: Patients' age was 39±12.7 year with benign nodules, and 45±15 year with malignant lesions (PThu, 01 Jan 2004 03:30:00 +0330Correlation Between Serum Levels of Cholesterol and Homocysteine with Oxidative Stress in Hypothyroid Patientshttp://endometabol.portal.tools?page=article&article_id=9831Introduction: A bnormaJities in cholesterol and homo­ cysteine metabolism have been reported in thyroid diseases. Since elevated lev­ els of both parameters are involved in atherogenesis, and thyroid hormones are modu­ lators of oxidative stress. In this study, the corre­ lation between serum levels of cholesterol, and homocysteine, and oxidative stress was assessed in patients with thyroid dysfunction.,Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients with thyroid dysfunction (30 with hypothyroid­ ism and 30 with hyperthyroidism) were included in this study. Thirty apparently healthy sex and age-matched individuals were :;elected as control group. The mean age of hypothyroid, hyperthy­ roid and control groups were 43±7.7, 39±12 and 40±7.9 years, respectively. Serum levels of homo­ cysteine were measured by HPLC and those of thyroid hormones (T3, T", T3 R. uptake and TSH) by radioimmunoassay techniques. Levels of total antioxidant capacity, lipid profThu, 01 Jan 2004 03:30:00 +0330