stratified randomization
(stratification, stratified allocation)
— The process of assigning participants in a study to treatment comparison groups based on characteristics (strata) thought to affect their prognosis; … (read more)

strength of recommendation
(grade of recommendation)
— The extent to which guideline developers are confident that the desirable consequences of adhering to a recommendation outweigh the undesirable consequences; … (read more)

study, before-after see before-after study
(before and after study, uncontrolled before and after study, uncontrolled before-after study)
— A type of non-randomized study in which health conditions are measured before and after a treatment; … (read more)

study, case-control see case-control study
(matched pair study)
— A type of non-randomized study comparing the characteristics of people with a particular health condition (cases) with the characteristics of people without that condition (controls), to find what may have caused the problem; … (read more)

study, cohort see cohort study
(longitudinal study, prospective study, retrospective study)
— A type of non-randomized study in which defined groups of people (cohort) are followed up over time to explore the effects of treatments or other factors that may affect health outcomes; … (read more)

study, controlled before-after see controlled before-after study
(controlled before and after study, CBA study,)
— A type of non-randomized study in which outcomes are measured before and after a treatment, both in a group that receives the treatment and in another comparison group; … (read more)

study, cross-sectional see cross-sectional study
(disease frequency survey, prevalence study)
— A study measuring the distribution of a health condition, or other characteristics in a population at a particular point in time; … (read more)

study, crossover see crossover study
(crossover trial)
— A type of randomized study in which the effects of two or more treatments are compared by giving them in different order (determined randomly) to each participant; … (read more)

study, factorial see factorial study
(factorial design, factorial trial)
— A type of randomized study in which the effects of two or more treatments are compared by giving them separately, together, or not at all; … (read more)

study, interrupted time series see interrupted time series study
(interrupted time series analysis, ITS study)
— A type of non-randomized study that measures an outcome at multiple time points before and after a treatment (the ”interruption”); … (read more)

study, non-randomized see non-randomized study
(non-experimental study, observational study,)
— A category of studies that does not use random allocation to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)

study, parallel group see parallel group study
— A type of study in which two or more groups of participants receive different treatments at the same time; … (read more)

study, qualitative see qualitative study
(qualitative research)
— A study based on analyses of interviews, focus groups or observations used for gathering non-numerical data to describe social phenomena, such as experiences of health problems and treatments; … (read more)

study, randomized see randomized study
(randomized control trial, RCT, randomized trial, randomized controlled trial (should not be used))
— A category of studies comparing two or more treatments in which random allocation is used to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)

study, repeated measures see repeated measures study
— A type of non-randomized study, similar to an interrupted time series study, in which outcomes are measured in the same participants at multiple time points; … (read more)

subgroup
— A subset of a participants in a study or a population who share one or more specified characteristics; e.g. women or children; … (read more)

summary of findings
(summary of findings, iSoF, interactive summary of findings)
— A table summarising key information about the most important treatment outcomes, including a summary of the results and the certainty of the evidence.; … (read more)

surrogate outcome
(proxy outcome, substitute outcome)
— Outcomes measured in a study, which are not of direct practical importance but are believed to reflect outcomes that are important; … (read more)

systematic review
— A summary of studies addressing a clear question, using systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant studies, and to collect and analyse data from them; … (read more)