1. PHYLUM : PORIFERA( Porus=pore; ferre=bear; sponges) :

1. PHYLUM : PORIFERA( Porus=pore; ferre=bear; sponges) Porifera are commonly called sponges, mostly marine but may live in fresh water.
Mostly sessile (stalk less) and attach to substratum.
They are asymmetrical.
They have cellular level organization.
They have a single large opening called osculum. (intake and exit of food through a single opening). They lack mouth, digestive cavity and anus.
Sponges are covered with hard outer skeleton.
Reproduction is both asexual as well as sexual.
Examples: sycon, euplectella , euspongia etc.

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SPONGE SYCON

2. PHYLUM : COELENTERATA/CNIDRIA(koilos=hollow; enteron= gut) :

These all organisms are aquatic (marine or fresh water.)
They may be solitary or colonial.
They have tissue level of organization but lacks organ and organ system. Symmetry is radial.
It has a single aperture, the mouth. It has no anus. Mouth bears tentacles (flexible processes).
They have special stinging cells, called cnidoblasts for defense purposes.
Reproduction is mainly asexual but sometimes undergoes sexual reproduction.
Fertilization may be internal or external. Hard skeleton occurs in corals
Example: hydra(fresh water polyp), obelia (the sea fur), Aurelia (jelly fish). 2. PHYLUM : COELENTERATA/CNIDRIA(koilos=hollow; enteron= gut)

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AURELIA (JELLY FISH) HYDRA SEAFUR (OBELIA)

3. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES(platys=flat; helmins=worm; flatworm) :

These are most primitive, soft, leaf or ribbon like organisms without segmentation.
These are mostly parasites, few are free living.
They attach to the host by suckers or hooks.
They are the first animals to have third primary germ layer, this shows tissue differentiation leading to organ formation.
Digestive track is incomplete. They have flame-cells for excretion.
They are mostly hermaphrophite (bisexual).
Examples: dugesia (planaria), fasciola (liver fluke), taenia solium (tape worms). 3. PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES(platys=flat; helmins=worm; flatworm)

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It is the largest phylum includes prawn, crabs, insects, spiders, etc.
They occur in soil, water and as parasites in plants and animals.
Body is segmented externally but not separated internally.
Body is divided into 3 regions: head, thorax and abdomen.
Interior part of the body forms head and bears sense organs and small brain. Sexes are separate.
Hard exoskeleton is made up of cuticle. Body contains blood, alimentary canal is complete, respiration take place by gills, trachea, book lungs etc.
Examples: prawn, lobsters, housefly, dragon etc. 6. PHYLUM : ARTHOPDA (Arthos=jointed; podos=foot; animals with jointed feet)

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9. PHYLUM : CHORDATA :

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. These animals have notochords at early stage of life.
. Notochord provides place for attachment of muscles, internal support and locomotory powers.
. These are mainly bilateral, unsegmented, triploblastic, have body cavity, marine, soft and have warm or vase like body.
Examples : amphioxus, balanoglossus, herd mania. Subphylum : PROTOCHORDATA

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amphioxus balanoglossus

Subphylum : VERTEBRATA :

. These are bilateral, triploblastic, have body cavity.
. The animal body consists of 4 regions: head, neck, trunk and tail.
. Well developed nervous system and sense organs.
. There are 2 pairs of appendages (fins or limbs).
. Respiration is through gills. Sexes are separate.
. Vertebrata is divided into 5 classes: Subphylum : VERTEBRATA

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Cold blooded animals having 2 chambered heart.
Body may be long, laterally compressed and spindle shaped.
It consists of head, trunk and tail. Skin is covered with scales.
They are egg laying animals.
Fertilization is external. Fishes breathe through gills. 1. PISCES

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2. AMPHIBIA :

The animals included in ambhibia are called amphibians.
Respiration can takes place by gills, skin and lungs. Heart is 3 chambered.
There are 2 pairs of pentadactyl limbs. The skin is smooth, moist, rich in mucous and poison glands. Scales are mostly absent.
Amphibians occur in fresh water and moist land. There are no marine forms.
Examples :- rana tigerina (Indian frog), bufo (toad), hyla (tree frog), necturus (mud puppy) etc. 2. AMPHIBIA

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF AMPHIBIANS

3. REPTILIA :

It includes lizards, snakes, tortoises, turtles, etc.
These are terrestrial animals and live in warmer regions.
These are cold blooded. Body is covered by waterproof scales.
Teeth are usually present in all reptiles except in tortoises and turtles. Respiration occurs by lungs.
Heart is 3 chambered. Most reptiles are carnivorous or insectivorous but tortoises are herbivorous.
Example: Hemidactylus (wall lizard), chameleon, varanus, python, Draco, cobra, crocodiles, etc. 3. REPTILIA

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF REPTILES

4. AVES :

The class aves includes birds which are the most beautiful. They range in size from smallest humming bird to largest ostrich.
There are 2 pairs of limbs. The forelimbs are modified into wings.
The body is covered by a n exoskeleton of feathers.
Mouth is surrounded by beak and there are no teeth. Respiration takes place by lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered.
Examples : columbo (pigeon), struthio (ostrich), kite, pea fowl, etc. 4. AVES

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIRDS

5. MAMMALIA :

Mammals are terrestrial. The body is divisible into head, neck, trunk and tail.
The body is covered by exoskeleton of hair. Respiration occurs by lungs.
Heart is 4 chambered. Mammals are mostly viviparous (alive-bearing) but some are oviparous and lay eggs like - platypus and echidna.
Examples: kangaroo, bat, rattus (rat), oryctolagus (rabbit), felis (cat), etc. 5. MAMMALIA