Globalisation and Migration

Idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries.

Globalisation is the result of many processes, including the growth of communication systems and global media, the creation of global markets, the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the expansion of the European Union.

Globalisation produces rapid social changes, such as international migration, (movement of people across borders)

Acceleration

There has been a speeding up of the rate of migration.

According to United Nations (2013), between 2000 and 2013 international migration has increased by 33% to reach 232 million of 3.2% of the world's population. In the same year, 862,000 people either entered or left the UK

Differentation

Many types of migrant

permanent settlers

temporary workers

spouses

forced migrants e.g. refugees, asylum seekers

Some have legal entitlement others enter without permission

Students are now a major group of migrants in the UK in 2014, there were more Chinese born (26%) than UK born (23%) postgraduate students

Before 1990s, immigration to the UK came from former British colonies.

Most had a right to settle and become citizens

Formed a small number of stable, geographically concentrated and homogenous ethnic communities

Super Diversity

Since 1990s globalisation has led to what Stephen Vertovec (2007) calls 'super diversity'

Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries.

Robin Cohen (2006) distinguishes three types of migrant

Citizens - full citizenship rights. Since 1970s government has made it harder to acquire these rights

Denizens - privileged foreign nationals welcomed by state

Helots - most exploited group. State and employers view them as 'disposable units of labour power', reserve of army labour. Unskilled, poorly paid, include illegally trafficked workers, those legally tied to particular employers, e.g. domestic servants

Feminisation of migration

In the past most were men workers, today half of all migrants are female.

Women migrants are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women's roles as carers or providers of sexual services

Barabara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild (2003) observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in Western…