I have a friend that is allergic to hops and can not drink our beer (or just about any others for that matter). What alternatives do I have if I want to make a beer for him? What could I substitute for bittering? What would my options be for aroma and flavoring hop alternatives? If I could even just get a bittering component into the beer, I would have

6 Answers
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I'd recommend the book Sacred and Herbal Healing Beers. Don't let the name put you off, it's packed with lots of useful historical information on brewing before the advent of hop usage. The Homebrewer's Garden is also a good book on this subject, and a bit more succinct.

Yarrow is good for bittering, and grows wild throughout the US. It can be more of an 'upper' compared to hops, which have a sedative effect.

Artemesia vulgaris, aka mugwort, is a good bittering option and was used extensively before hops gained prominence.

Artemesia absinthia, aka wormwood, the signature ingredient in absinthe, is powerfully bitter, and somewhat controversial as an ingredient. I once made a tea out of it to test it's bitterness ,and... goddamn. Bitter, bitter stuff. Use caution with this one, since it contains a supposed neurotoxin, thujone, which is also cited for the magic 'green fairy' effect of absinthe.

For an aroma addition, there are lots of options. Moonlight brewing makes an interesting spruce tip beer. Juniper berries can also be used. You could do a wit-like beer with coriander, orange peel and pinch of chamomile for aroma additions. Maybe focus on yeast estery styles, such as saison, belgians, hefeweizen, etc. that don't call for a strong hop flavor and aroma addition.

I made a beer a while back in which I substituted tea for hops. Tea seems to have similar properties in that if you boil for a long time, you'll get bitterness, and less time will give you flavor and aroma.

The result was interesting (I used green tea and a bud light clone recipe because I wanted to make sure I tasted the tea). In hindsight, the tea flavor was fairly robust and could have stood up to a stronger beer.

Heather has been used in a variety of beers; even one without any hops at all in the Iron Brewer contest in Toronto 2014. It really is interesting and the amount of heather needs to be tuned-in due to its intense taste. A combination of hops and heather tasted - as far as I could say - not as good, or let me say more unexpected.
Heather might serve as an alternative, I think.