FDA Requires Bar Codes on Drugs – IG resigns

FDA Requires Bar Codes on Drugs-IG resigns

Date: Fri, 14 Mar 2003

On a positive note, the FDA has finally come up with a proposal to cut medical errors in hospitals. Drug manufacturers will be required to put drug bar codes on every prescription drug to protect patients from fatal errors. In 1999, the Institute of Medicine estimated that hospital “errors” kill 98,000 people–of these 7,000 were attributed to drug errors. We know of no study that estimated the overall number of prescription drug related deaths. Under the current voluntary reporting system, only 1% to 10% doctors report adverse drug effects to the FDA.

The NY Times reports that the VA hospitals have already adopted drug bar codes and agency officials claim that at the VA’s 150 hospitals there were “virtually no dispensing errors.”

Of course an additional–cost-free–measure to help reduce adverse drug reactions and deaths would be for the FDA to prohibit drug companies from giving similar names for different drugs.

Another positive development, the resignation of the Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services after a contentious stewardship during which key senior staff members were fired amid accusations that her decisions were politically motivated. [See below] “Her decision to delay the audit was among a number of actions that had led to an investigation of her management by Congress and a committee of fellow agency inspectors general.”

Under the previous Inspector General, June Gibbs Brown, the agency produced a highly critical report about the current system for protecting human research subjects. See: Institutional Review Boards: At Time for Reform, June 1998 and a follow-up report: Protecting Human Research Subjects: Status of Recommendations, April, 2000.

oving to cut the high rate of medical errors, the Food and Drug Administration announced yesterday that it would require bar codes on all medications so that hospitals could use scanners to make sure patients get the correct dose of the right drug.

The new requirement is one of several steps the agency said it was taking to fight medical errors, which claim tens of thousands of lives a year in the United States.

The food and drug commissioner, Dr. Mark B. McClellan, estimated that the bar-code requirement, introduced as a proposal expected to gain final adoption after a 90-day period of public comment, would prevent 400,000 bad drug reactions — from headaches to death — over the next 20 years.

Under bar-code systems, already in use at veterans’ hospitals and some others, doctors enter prescriptions for hospitalized patients into a computer, which checks those prescriptions against parameters like the patient’s age, weight, diagnosis and other drugs taken.

Then, at bedside, a nurse scans a bar code on the patient’s bracelet and a bar code on the medication. The computer instantly reads whether the medication is the same drug, with the same dose, dispensing time and delivery method, that the doctor ordered, and sounds an alarm if there is a mismatch.

“I’m really happy about this,” said Michael R. Cohen, president of the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, a consumer safety group. “Early studies show massive reductions in errors, over 50 percent reductions.”

Dr. David W. Bates, a Harvard Medical School professor who studies patient safety, called the announcement “an enormously positive development.”

The F.D.A. also announced that it was revamping its system for reporting bad medication reactions and bad reactions to blood or blood products.

Under the new drug-reaction rules, minor reactions must be reported more promptly by pharmaceutical companies, which will also be required to report even “near misses,” such as a wrong drug’s being nearly given to a patient because of confusion over similar medication names.

Blood banks and blood product makers will have to report all suspected serious reactions, not just fatalities as at present.

As for bar-coded dispensing, the Veterans Health Administration, an agency of the Department of Veterans Affairs, is a pioneer, having built a nationwide pharmacy system using drugs ordered by computer, packed by robots and checked at the bedside of veterans’ hospital patients by nurses using bar-code scanners.

Dr. Jonathan B. Perlin, an official of the agency, said some of its 150 hospitals now had “virtually no dispensing errors,” in contrast to findings of previous studies that, he said, showed that one in seven hospitalizations nationally was complicated by a bad reaction to a drug.

The V.A. prints its own bar codes, but that would be too expensive for most hospital pharmacies. The F.D.A., which regulates drug makers, not hospitals, will order the pharmaceutical companies to come up with codes identifying each drug and dosage. Whether lot numbers and expiration dates will be included is still under consideration.

The Food and Drug Administration estimated that it would cost pharmaceutical companies $50 million to put bar codes on every product and that hospitals would spend over $7 billion on scanners and computers.

Hospital groups acknowledged the high price to them, but said enhanced patient safety would be worth the cost.

“There is a concern that it will cost a lot of money,” said John Combes, a spokesman for the American Hospital Association, who represents the organization on hospital safety panels. But because it protects patients, “there’s a lot of interest in getting this going,” he said.

The Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences estimated in 1999 that medical errors killed as many as 98,000 people a year in the United States, more than car crashes. About 7,000 of those deaths were attributed to drug errors, including wrong drugs, wrong doses or fatal combinations. A 2002 study of 368 hospitals blamed overworked nursing staff, doctors’ handwriting and computer-entry errors for drug mistakes.

Pharmacists have reported many mix-ups in drugs with similar names, like the anti-convulsant Lamictal and the anti-fungal Lamisil, or the antihistamine Zyrtec and the ulcer drug Zantac. The most common hospital mistakes are doses missed because a patient is out of the room, said Mr. Cohen, the consumer advocate. But patients have been given wrong drugs because they have names like other patients, because a nurse has handed out drugs without realizing a previous nurse did so, or because doses get mixed up.

Bar codes now appear on only about 35 percent of all hospital medications, which are typically packaged in single doses of a pill or two or in a single syringe ampul. The UPC bar codes used in supermarkets are too big for those packages, and drug companies have had difficulty settling on a standard, a representative of their trade association said. And without the codes, hospitals have been reluctant to buy scanning equipment.

But Alan Goldhammer, vice president for regulatory affairs for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, a drug industry trade group, said several companies had adopted a bar code only about 20 millimeters long — some four-fifths of an inch — by 3 millimeters high.

ASHINGTON, March 11 — A draft of an audit delayed by the inspector general for the Department of Health and Human Services, Janet Rehnquist, concludes that Florida’s state pension fund owes the federal government more than $500 million, officials who have seen the report said today. The request for the delay came from the office of Gov. Jeb Bush of Florida.

The draft found that the retirement system had more money than it needed to pay pensions.

“We recommend that the Florida Department of Management Services, Division of Retirement, repay” the $517.1 million federal share of excess funds “or reduce future contributions accordingly,” the draft said, said government officials who provided The Associated Press with an excerpt.

The amount owed was held by the retirement fund as of July 1, 2002, the draft said. The total excess was more than $3 billion.

A spokeswoman for Ms. Rehnquist, daughter of Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, said she could not comment on the draft. But the spokeswoman, Judy Holtz, added that it took several months before a draft audit became final and that the amount owed was subject to change.

Ms. Rehnquist informed the White House last week that she would resign in June to spend more time with her family. Her decision to delay the audit was among a number of actions that had led to an investigation of her management by Congress and a committee of fellow agency inspectors general.