Political Islam can be progressive, not alien. It can drive Muslims to be engaged in society, not at odds with it.

1: Remove barriers to integration. Structural problems in the four key areas of education, housing, employment and health have left many in Muslim communities feeling trapped. Social mobility is restricted, and the labour market participation rate among Muslim women from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds is lower than among women from Indian Muslim backgrounds. We must invest to stop people being cut off and reach out directly to women and community elders to challenge internal cultural barriers.

2: Develop programmes to demonstrate that the politicisation of Islam can encourage active citizenship and participation in society. Political Islam can be progressive, not alien. It can drive Muslims to be engaged in society, not at odds with it. It can be pro-human rights and pro-gender equality without losing any of the essential creeds and codes of the faith. In Switzerland, Muslim scout groups engage in civic duties such as helping out at retirement homes, improving their knowledge of their country. Such groups exist in Britain, but they need expansion.

3: Support youth initiatives. One in three British Muslims is under the age of 15. It is critical to build their confidence and expectations of life, shielding them from online propaganda. Digital literacy classes are a start. A hotline for worried parents is another possible measure. The story of what happened to Kadiza is a potential lesson in itself.

4: Review security programmes. Britain has been spared the severe terror attacks endured by our European neighbours. But the Government’s counter-extremism “Prevent” strategy still has a problem, in that it is viewed by Muslim communities as a securitisation tool imposed upon them. British Muslim communities must be encouraged to move away from this mentality, and participate in such strategies with greater confidence. Enhanced police outreach is crucial in developing positive community relations and feedback loops.

5: Jail. People locked up in prisons such as Belmarsh are often further radicalised. Dispersing them in the prison system simply spreads the problem. But there are de-radicalisation programmes that offer some success, including for those returning from Syria. The successful Aarhus method, pioneered in Denmark’s second city, involves direct interventions with returnees, and mentoring, often from senior local Muslims.