Group selection describes natural selection operating between groups of organisms, rather than between individuals. This would produce adaptations that benefit the group, rather than the individual. Darwin's theory of evolution was based upon individual selection, and he rejected the idea of group selection.

Artificial selection is the selective breeding carried out by humans to alter a population. It is a procedure often used in agriculture: artificial selection has been used to alter the number of eggs laid by hens, the meat properties of bullocks, and the milk yield of cows.

Asexual reproduction is the production of offspring by virgin birth or by vegetative reproduction: that is, reproduction without sexual fertilization of eggs (see sexual reproduction). Dandelion are example of one

Adaptation is the condition of organisms being well designed for life in their environments. Adaptation refers to all the structural, functional and behavioral characteristics that enhance the organism's reproductive success in its natural environment. Classic examples include:

• The beak of the woodpecker and the Galapagos finches. • The almost faultless camouflage of organisms such as stick insects. Not all evolutionary changes are the result of adaptation. Some are caused by non-adaptive processes such as genetic drift. However, all changes that are the result of adaptation can be explained by natural selection, and the stages in the evolution of the eye provide a good example of this. Adaptations in nature are subject to various constraints.

What is the cost of sex? Put simply, it is the cost of males. Consider two populations: one is asexual, and one is fully sexual. Both have a stable sex ratio of 1:1. For simplicity, suppose that each female produces two offspring. In the asexual case, the population will double every generation, since each member of the population produces two offspring. In the sexual case, the population will remain constant, since half of all offspring are males, and only contribute to the next generation by fertilizing the females. Fifty per cent is a large cost. The problem of explaining sex is to find a compensating advantage of sexual reproduction that is large enough to make up for its cost. The problem is not trivial. Indeed, G.C. Williams has described it as 'the outstanding puzzle in evolutionary biology'. Several possible advantages of sex have been suggested.

Natural selection may be directional: it may favor, for example, smaller individuals and will, if the character is inherited, produce a decrease in average body size. Directional selection could, of course, also produce an evolutionary increase in body size if larger individuals had higher fitness.

Natural selection can sometimes favor extremes over the intermediate types. This is called disruptive selection

evolution as "descent with modification": the change in a lineage of populations between generations. The theory of evolution has four main components: • Population genetics provides the fundamental theory of the subject. If we know how any property of life is controlled genetically, population genetics can be applied to it directly. • The theory of adaptation; how features of an organism evolve within its environment. • The diversity of life; what a species is, how new species originate, and how to classify and reconstruct the history of life. • Evolution on a grand scale; the fossil record is the main testing ground for large evolutionary events, which occur over the geologic time scale of tens or hundreds of millions of years. Evolution is seen as a branching tree

Biologists call a behavior pattern altruistic if it increases the number of offspring produced by the recipient and decreases the number of offspring of the altruist. The altruism of the sterile 'workers', in such insects as ants and bees (pictured opposite), is one undoubted example; here the altruism is extreme, as the workers do not reproduce...

...1. What nursing action is required b4 you measure fundal height= empty bladder full bladder make the fundal height higher.
2. What should a nurse do to prevent heat loss from evaporation= dry them up and remove the wet linen.
3. Child with cephalohematoma. What condition is associated with cephalohemetoma = jaundice
4. Why do we perform gestational age in a baby= to identify developmental level
5. What kind of exam do we perform to access for gestational age = ballot score
6. A baby has...

...Reasons for Immigration to the Colonies
Although economic and political values led to much of the English migration to the New World, religious tumult in England was undoubtedly the main cause for the immigration.
James I, who believed in the divine right of kings, thought he was allowed to disobey Parliament because he answered to no one but God. He started a conflict with Parliament that gained momentum under Charles I's reign. This conflict finally sparked a civil war lasting seven...

... industries, farms and cities just to mention a few. All these components of the environment have a maximum contribution to the teaching and learning of SocialStudies. School stakeholders often forget how much can be learnt by children by interacting with neighbours, friends and family members, by critically observing and exploring the social reality around them while simultaneously enabling them to experience human values like freedom, mutual...

...﻿AP Bio EvolutionStudyGuide (Ch 22-25)
Chapter 22: Descent with Modification
 Know the basic ideas that predated the ideas of Darwin
Natural Theology
Cuvier
Lyell
Linneaus
 Lemarck
Theory of Use and Disuse
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
 Darwin
Voyage of the Beagle (How did this lead to his ideas regarding evolution?)
Adaptations (What are they? How are they involved in evolution? How do they come about in a...

...﻿Studyguide for Evolution
Chapter 16
What is Evolution?
Process of change over time.
What did Darwin observe on his travels?
He observed different species and their characteristics and habititats.
How did come to form his theory?
Because of his travels and earlier works of Malthus and Lamarck.
What does Darwin mean by “Evolution by Natural Selection”?
Natural selection is the process by which organisms with...

...﻿EvolutionEvolution- change in a population over time
Charles Darwin:
A Naturalist (type of biologist)
Sailed with an explorer on the HMS Beagle to the Galapagos Island in 1831 (22 years old)
He observed
Turtles: On the island they were huge and had to eat food up high (the neck would extend) over time, the shell changed. The ones with the short necks died off because of lack of food
Published the book: Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection (to...

...How racial prejudice (toward African Americans) has changed since the 1940’s
4. Describe the research by Clark and Clark
5. Cross cultural study from 27 countries on gender
6. Social Dominance Orientation- Characteristics, career choice/social dominance
7. Altmeyer’s research on social dominance
8. Church membership and prejudice
9. Pettigrew’s study in South Africa- Who was the most prejudiced?
10. Theories of...