Friday, January 8, 2016

The “Two Spaces After a Period” Thing

Once upon a time, I told my friend Chet Justice why he should start using one space instead of two after a sentence-ending period. I’m glad I did.

Here’s the story.

When you type, you’re inputting data into a machine. I know you like feeling like you’re in charge, but really you’re not in charge of all the rules you have to follow while you’re inputting your data. Other people—like the designers of the machine you’re using—have made certain rules that you have to live by. For example, if you’re using a QWERTY keyboard, then the ‘A’ key is in a certain location on the keyboard, and whether it makes any sense to you or not, the ‘B’ key is way over there, not next to the ‘A’ key like you might have expected when you first started learning how to type. If you want a ‘B’ to appear in the input, then you have to reach over there and push the ‘B’ key on the keyboard.

In addition to the rules imposed upon you by the designers of the machine you’re using, you follow other rules, too. If you’re writing a computer program, then you have to follow the syntax rules of the language you’re using. There are alphabet and spelling and grammar rules for writing in German, and different ones for English. There are typographical rules for writing for The New Yorker, and different ones for the American Mathematical Society.

A lot of people who are over about 40 years old today learned to type on an actual typewriter. A typewriter is a machine that used rods and springs and other mechanical elements to press metal dies with backwards letter shapes engraved onto them through an inked ribbon onto a piece of paper. Some of the rules that governed the data input experience on typewriters included:

You had to learn where the keys were on the keyboard.

You had to learn how to physically return the carriage at the end of a line.

You had to learn your project’s rules of spelling.

You had to learn your project’s rules of grammar.

You had to learn your project’s rules of typography.

The first two rules listed here are physical, but the final three are syntactic and semantic. Just like you wouldn’t press the ‘A’ key to make a ‘B’, you wouldn’t use the strings “definately” or “we was” to make an English sentence.

On your typewriter, you might not have realized it, but you did adhere to some typography rules. They might have included:

Use two carriage returns after a paragraph.

Type two spaces after a sentence-ending period.

Type two spaces after a colon.

Use two consecutive hyphens to represent an em dash.

Make paragraphs no more than 80 characters wide.

Never use a carriage return between “Mr.” and the proper name that follows, or between a number and its unit.

The rules were different for different situations. For example, when I wrote a book back in the mid 1980s, one of the distinctive typography rules my publisher imposed upon me was:

Double-space all paragraph text.

They wanted their authors to do this so that their copyeditor had plenty of room for markup. Such typography rules can vary from one project to another.

Most people who didn’t write for different publishers got by just fine on the one set of typography rules they learned in high school. To them, it looked like there were only a few simple rules, and only one set of them. Most people had never even heard of a lot of the rules they should have been following, like rules about widows and orphans.

In the early 1980s, I began using computers for most of my work. I can remember learning how to use word processing programs like WordStar and Sprint. The rules were a lot more complicated with word processors. Now there were rules about “control keys” like ^X and ^Y, and there were no-break spaces and styles and leading and kerning and ligatures and all sorts of new things I had never had to think about before. A word processor was much more powerful than a typewriter. If you did it right, typesetting could could make your work look like a real book. But word processors revealed that typesetting was way more complicated than just typing.

Doing your own typesetting can be kind of like doing your own oil changes. Most people prefer to just put gas in the tank and not think too much about the esoteric features of their car (like their tires or their turn signal indicators). Most people who went from typewriters to word processors just wanted to type like they always had, using the good-old two or three rules of typography that had been long inserted into their brains by their high school teachers and then committed by decades of repetition.

Donald Knuth published The TeXBook in 1984. I think I bought it about ten minutes after it was published. Oh, I loved that book. Using TeX was my first real exposure to the world of actual professional-grade typography, and I have enjoyed thinking about typography ever since. I practice typography every day that I use Keynote or Pages or InDesign to do my work.

Many people don’t realize it, but when you type input into programs like Microsoft Word should follow typography rules including these:

Never enter a blank line (edit your paragraph’s style to manipulate its spacing).

Use a single space after a sentence-ending period (the typesetter software you’re using will make the amount of space look right as it composes the paragraph).

Use a non-breaking space after a non-sentence-ending period (so the typesetter software won’t break “Mr. Harkey” across lines).

Use a non-breaking space between a number and its unit (so the typesetter software won’t break “8 oz” across lines).

Use an en dash—not a hyphen—to specify ranges of numbers (like “3–8”).

Use an em dash—not a pair of hyphens—when you need an em dash (like in this sentence).

Use proper quotation marks, like “this” and ‘this’ (or even « this »).

Of course, you can choose to not follow these rules, just like you can choose to be willfully ignorant about spelling or grammar. But to a reader who has studied typography even just a little bit, seeing you break these rules feels the same as seeing a sentence like, “You was suppose to use apostrophe's.” It affects how people perceive you.

So, it’s always funny to me when people get into heated arguments on Facebook about using one space or two after a period. It’s the tiniest little tip of the typography iceberg, but it opens the conversation about typography, for which I’m glad. In these discussions, two questions come up repeatedly: “When did the rule change? Why?”

Well, the rule never did change. The next time I type on an actual typewriter, I will use two spaces after each sentence-ending period. I will also use two spaces when I create a Courier font court document or something that I want to look like it was created in the 1930s. But when I work on my book in Adobe InDesign, I’ll use one space. When I use my iPhone, I’ll tap in two spaces at the end of a sentence, because it automatically replaces them with a period and a single space. I adapt to the rules that govern the situation I’m in.

It’s not that the rules have changed. It’s that the set of rules was always a lot bigger than most people ever knew.

Well, you missed one important point about letting the typesetter software deal with the single space after the period: many people have very strange ideas about what looks good. The example I have in mind is full justification; it can look horrible, especially with narrow columns. My poor eyes want to read words, and it is straining to put them in various places just so the right side lines up.

My eighth grade typing teacher, Mr. Watchfogel, taught me two spaces, and that's how it should be! Harumph! He had some cool 78rpm typing pace records, from the 40's I think.

I also took Mr. Lindemann's print shop in eighth grade. Don't drop the printer's tray! :-) Several of my classmates went on to become printers and silkscreeners. I wish schools now had shop classes like we did. Even those of us who went white collar benefited from them (and it seems to be finally coming back).

And now the rant:

I can't believe modern newspapers break words in the wrong places across lines! I may yet complain to the Ombudsman. We're talking circulation in the hundreds of thousands and they can't make their professional newspaper software break in the right part of words? And they also break words across pages? How hard can it be...? Almost worth tweeting them when I see them. Hmmm, I wonder what the search terms could be...

You know, now that I'm looking at all this and thinking about it, I'm becoming more convinced that two spaces would be a much better visual indicator of the end of sentences. The software is wrong. I am not alone.