How many sounds and letters are in the sound someone makes when they sneeze?

3Identity of Speech Sounds

Our linguistic knowledge allows us to

Determine when we judge physically different sounds to be the same.

Example compare tree and hatrack

Determine which sounds are not lingusitically relevant.

Example How (cough) are you? and How old are you?

Each language has an inventory of sounds that its speakers recognize as being linguistically relevant these are called phonemes, and they are the smallest units of language.

4Phonetic Inventories

Each languages inventory of phonemes is different.

That is, each language has a different set of sounds which are considered linguistically relevant and distinct from one another.

English vs. Thai

English vs. Korean

Well begin by mapping out the phonemes used in English.

5Spelling and Sound

How many different ways can you spell the first sound in the word ship in English?

Clearly, if we want to be able to talk scientifically about language sounds, well need a more regular set of symbols.

6Speech and SpellingWhy is English spelling the way it is?

Spoken language varies tremendously over time and space, but written language is fairly constant and resistant to change.

English words like knight actually do represent how they used to be pronounced.

English has been influenced greatly by other languages.

7The Phonetic Alphabet

In English orthography, the symbols we use dont always correspond very regularly to the phonemes of the language. Likewise, the same symbol can represent very different phonemes in different languages r, for example.

In a phonetic alphabet, there is a single symbol for each phoneme. Likewise, each phoneme is represented by a single symbol.

This clarity eliminates any possibility for confusion when representing sounds.

8(No Transcript) 9Making Sense of Phonetics

Articulatory Phonetics

10Describing Consonants

We use three features to describe consonants

Place of Articulation Where the sound is produced.

Manner of Articulation How the sound is produced.

Voicing Whether the vocal cords are vibrating.

11The Vocal TractA Map of Places of Articulation 12Some Consonants by Place of Articulation

(slashes around a symbol indicate that its a phoneme and not a letter)

13Manner of Articulation

Consonants with a significant obstruction of air are called obstruents. There are three types

Stops, where the airstream is completely stopped. (/p/, /k/, etc.)

Fricatives, where the airstream is severely obstructed and turbulent. (/f/, /s/, etc.)

Affricates, which are basically just a stop followed by a fricative (/tS/, the first sound in church, for example).

14Which of the following sounds are stops, fricatives and affricates?

15Manner of Articulation

There are two kinds of stops

Oral stops (stops), where the velum is raised and air does not pass through the nasal cavity. (/p/, /t/, etc.)

Nasal stops (nasals), where the velum is lowered and air may pass through the nasal cavity. (/m/, /n/, etc.)

16Manner of Articulation

Liquids (in English, /l/ and /r/), have some obstruction of the airstream, but not enough to cause any real friction.

Glides (or semivowels /w/ as in we and /j/ as in you) also have little obstruction, and the tongue moves rapidly either towards or away from a neighboring vowel.

A tap (or flap) occurs when the tongue makes a single quick touch on the alveolar ridge, as in butter (in most American English dialects).

17Voicing

The last quality we use to describe consonants is voicing in voiced consonants, the vocal folds are vibrating, while in voiceless consonants they are not.

A simple test for voicing as you speak, place your hand on your throat. If you can feel a vibration, the sound is voiced.

18Which of the following sounds are voiced? Which are voiceless? 19So!

Every consonant in English can be described by three things its place and manner of articulation, and its voicing.

The first sound in mat is a voiced bilabial nasal, and the last one is a voiceless alveolar stop.

This is also how the consonants are organized in the IPA

20The IPA Consonants (text p. 251) 21New and Troublesome Symbols

Think of two words containing each of the following phonemes

22Practice Description of Phonemes

ex /t/

word tell

description voiceless alveolar stop

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