Harvest cycles are based on an estimate of the time required for a seedling to grow into a merchantable tree with diameter at breast height (DBH) of 5060 cm (Kumari 1995). Transport costs were not included in timber value, as logs are generally transported to mills in a raw state. Road transport was calculated as the Euclidian distance to one of the two existing mills (Mentangai, Manusup; Fig. 1) overland at a cost of $0.75 per m3·km-1. River transport was calculated as the Euclidian distance to the nearest canal or river at the same overland rate, with river transport at a cost of $0.1 per m3·km-1. A floor cost of $5 per m3 was also applied. This resulted in transport costs ranging from $5 - $28 per m3. We assumed constant costs and prices in real terms over time. Values were calculated on a 50 × 50 m grid aligned with the current land cover.