WASHINGTON—The U.S. economy started 2019 with a pop, growing rapidly despite multiple headwinds, including weaker domestic demand, suggesting the current expansion has more room to run in its 10th year.

Gross domestic product—the value of all goods and services produced in the U.S., adjusted for inflation and seasonality—rose at a 3.2% annual rate from January through March, the strongest rate of first-quarter growth in four years, the Commerce Department reported Friday.