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Crunch Reminds Investors That Slowdowns Carry a Price

The realization that
Sunbeam(SOC), a company once loved on Wall Street and now trading for pennies, might find it difficult to pay off something like $2.4 billion in debt has set off a flurry of worrying among investors.

Bank Stocks to Avoid as Credit Worries Mount

Junk-Bond Funds Face Growing Risk of Telecom and Tech Defaults

Credit Quality Issues Rear Their Ugly Heads Again

The stocks of two banks that participated in a $1.7 billion syndicate loan to Sunbeam in March 1998,
First Union(FTU) and
Bank of America(BAC - Get Report), have fallen under heavy pressure over the past two trading sessions. And inevitably, the market is jittery over the possibility that other banks will see big debts go sour. Particularly hard hit today were regional banks -- outfits like
Bank One(ONE - Get Report),
Wachovia(WB - Get Report) and
KeyCorp(KEY - Get Report) -- which lack the diversity of their larger cousins.

It's not for nothing that the market is worrying. The Sunbeam loan -- along with this week's Chapter 11 filings from competitive local exchange carrier
ICG Communications(ICGX) and bed and bath furnishings maker
Pillowtex(PTX - Get Report) -- has reminded investors that economic slowdowns come with a price.

Lagging Indicators

When the economy is flush, as it was so spectacularly until relatively recently, cash is not a hard thing to come by. Everybody is doing well, and there's a feeling that the good times will continue. Creditors become a little less stringent, and loan growth accelerates. Your lay-about brother gets a loan for a new truck, and the corporate equivalents of your brother -- companies like Pillowtex -- get loans, too.

Credit Trouble? Commercial and industrial delinquencies as a percentage of outstanding debt, quarterly

Source: Federal Reserve.

When the economy begins to contract, these marginal borrowers are the first ones to run into trouble. Your brother is among the first laid off from the plant (in this particular slowdown, that has so far not happened) and the repo man makes a visit. The Pillowtexes of the world find that they're not taking in enough money to meet their payments.

Pillowtex is not the only sign. We've seen a sharp fall in the high-yield, or junk-bond, market, which never fully recovered from the 1998 credit crisis. Junk yields are nearly as much above the benchmark 10-year Treasury as they were in March 1991, the trough of the last recession. Commercial and industrial loan delinquencies and charge-offs (debt that's been written off), though not as high as in the early '90s, have been rising steadily. Loan growth is slowing.

PlungingHigh-yield debt issuance, in millions of dollars

Source: Thomson Financial Securities Data

"A lot of this is a lagged response to the easy lending of a couple of years ago," says
Lehman Brothers senior economist Ethan Harris. "What you're seeing now is a tighter borrowing environment, so the more marginal borrowers are in trouble."

Sanford and Son

So far, it has been the junk-bond market where the tightening credit environment has had the greatest measurable effect. With the ballooning of yields, the issuance of high-yield debt has all but dried up. This has a knock-on effect -- companies that were depending on the high-yield market to finance their way to profitability are running into financing troubles. Particularly hard hit in the high-yield market have been CLECs like ICG and
GST Communications, which was also driven to bankruptcy. And those high-profile bankruptcies themselves have hurt the high-yield market.

"The percentage of distressed issues in the high-yield universe has grown and driven average yields, and thus spreads, wider," says
Bear Stearns high-yield analyst Mike Taylor. "About a quarter of the market is now distressed."

But just because there isn't any kind of systemic risk doesn't mean that equity investors shouldn't be wary. As the economy continues to slow, there will be more companies that will fail to meet payments, more defaults, more bankruptcies. More bad days for the firms that made those dud loans.