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2 I. WHAT TO LOOK FOR AND WHERE TO FIND IT a. SOURCES OF DATA The conventional ways to obtain information in divorce proceedings are well known: (1) Interrogatories; (2) Requests for Production; and (3) Depositions. Typically, interrogatories are aimed at gathering initial information and facts of the case that the opposing party could not recall without reference to particular documents. Interrogatories in conjunction with requests for production, then serve to produce the traditional sources of information for a divorce attorney. Staples include: (1) Bank Statements; (2) Individual Tax Returns; (3) Corporate or Partnership Tax Returns; (4) Mortgage Statements; (5) Rental or Lease Agreements; and (6) Telephone Records. These documents can then be used in conjunction with depositions to pin down the testimony of the opposing party for potential impeachment at trial, or simply to see how the opposing party will respond under oath to particular questions. Now, however, we have a broader array of materials with which we can target these traditional discovery tools. These new materials can be used for the same purposes, but they often pose new challenges. They include, but are not limited to: (1) Home and Work Computers; (2) Cell Phones and Tablets; (3) Flash Drives and External Hard Drives; and (4) Cloud Storage/Vendor s Servers. Many Computer and E-discovery issues are covered by federal statutes and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. However, it is also vital to check local rules of civil procedure in your jurisdiction. Below are various applicable Federal Rules of Civil Procedure that sometimes mirror state rules:

3 Fed. R. Civ. P. 1001(1) - Writings and recordings includes computers and photographic systems. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(a)(1)(C) - Obligates parties to provide opponents with copies of or descriptions of documents, data compilations, and tangible things in a party s possession, custody, or control. Fed. R. Civ. P Permits a party to serve on another party a request to produce data compilations (subpoena). This can include word processing files, spreadsheet files, investment data or databases, calendars, browser histories, contact lists, digital photographs, and social media. These and other miscellaneous information can be found on: hard drives, floppy disks, optical disks, flash drives, network storage, remote storage, cell and smart phones and virtually any electronic source. Note: Often these may be the only place where evidence exists on a particular issue. 1. Home and Work Computers The overarching federal statute is 18 U.S.C or the Computer Fraud and Abuse Statute. Section 1030 prohibits (a) intentionally accessing a computer without authorization from any protected computer if the conduct involved an interstate or foreign communication; (b) knowingly and with intent to defraud, accessing a protected computer without authorization, or exceeding authorized access, and by means of such conduct furthering the intended fraud; (c) intentionally accessing a protected computer without authorization, and as a result of such conduct, causing damage. A protected computer is any computer used in interstate or foreign commerce or communication, which is obviously quite broad, but the key in family law cases is typically use without authorization. Wiretapping statutes and Electronic Communication Privacy Act also come in to play with discovery and will be discussed later. State Courts have been all over the place on the balance between privacy and discoverability. Below are a few examples: Rosenberg v. Rosenberg, No. C , 2002 WL (Minn. Ct. App. Jan. 8, 2002): Wife believed there could be evidence on the husband s computer of hidden

4 assets, but otherwise, she had no real evidence of concealment. The court found the wife s requests for authorizations to access the husband s business computer to be invasive and based purely on conjecture. Thus, the appellate court upheld the denial of the discovery requests. Byrne v. Byrne, 650 N.Y.S.2d 499 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1996): Husband s laptop computer was owned by his employer, but was also used for his personal finances unrelated to his employment. The wife took the computer to her lawyer to have its memory copied. The real issue was not who possessed the computer, but who had access to the computer s memory. The court concluded that the computer, commonly located in the marital home, was akin to a file cabinet within the marital home. Clearly, the wife could have access to the contents of a file cabinet left in the marital residence. Likewise, she should have access to the contents of the computer. Stafford v. Stafford, 641 A.2d 348 (Vt. 1993): Wife found a file on the family computer called My List, which was similar to a notebook she had found detailing husband s sexual encounters with various women. The notebook disappeared before trial, but the court found the file on the family computer to be sufficient to identify notebook as a list of adulterous encounters. State v. Appleby, 2002 WL (Del. Super. Ct. July 18, 2002): Here, husband and wife routinely commingled computer hardware. Despite wife having possession at time of trial, it was theirs in every sense. The balance then between privacy and discovery appear to revolve around, first, whether it was marital property or was used by others in the home. The proponent is likely to encounter greater resistance if the information was password protected. Second, if it was not marital or readily used by others in the home, is there some credible reason to suspect relevant evidence will be discovered? Case law seems to indicate that you must have more than a mere suspicion, but it cannot hurt to try because on appeal it is often all about the standard of review. Frequently, an appellate court will be resistant to state that the trial court abused its discretion. 2. Cell phones and Tablets:

5 In the realm of cell phones and tablets lurk two significant federal statutes: Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control Act and Electronic Communications Privacy Act of Together, they prohibit interception of oral and electronic communication without consent of at least one party to the communication. These apply to traditional telephones, wireless phones, and cell phones. As a practical note, secretly recorded oral communications are almost always excluded at trial, whereas electronic communications are almost never automatically excluded. For example, in Conner v. Tate, a woman had a cause of action against her lover s wife who was intercepting phone conversations and recording voic messages. 130 F. Supp. 2d 1370 (N.D. Ga. 2001). The most common application for cell phones in a divorce matter is to subpoena the carrier for itemized billing. This is because most carriers routinely delete text messages within a day or two. However, forensic experts can often pull deleted text messages sent or received long ago from the device itself. Outside of intercepting telephone conversations or voic s, smart phone data and tablets akin to a computer. 3. Flash Drives and External Hard Drives Knowing the technology can be crucial in E-discovery so that you know what and how to retrieve data. Both flash drives and external hard drives are back up storage mechanisms for a user s computer. Generally, each may be used to store all of the types of data found on a traditional computer or internal hard drive, including: word processor documents, spreadsheets, photos, and videos. An external hard drive may be set up to automatically back up any files saved on the main computer and may be worth looking at if you suspect something is missing from the main drive. An external hard drive may be composed of one of many types of memory, but typically are a hard disk drive like those found in a traditional computer. External hard drives with the capacities of up to a massive 8TB of storage (1TB equaling approximately 140 million pages of text) can now be purchased readily by consumers. A hard disk drive records data by magnetizing a thin magnetic material on a spinning disk. It may be important to know what type of drive is used in a computer or

6 externally because when you delete a file in windows it does not remove the magnetic coding from the disk. Deleting merely removes the location of that file from the directory with which an application would access it. The file itself may remain there undisturbed until a later application saves something over it. The flash drive is probably the biggest competitor of traditional hard disk drives. Originally invented in 1980, they have rapidly gained in popularity for their portability and durability. Flash drives unlike their hard drive counter parts, do not have any moving parts and can retain data without a power source. They typically connect to a computer through a USB port and boast an impressive capacity of up to 2TB in Flash drives, like a hard drive are often re-writable, and memory deletion typically operates in a fashion similar to hard disk drives. Similar to a computer, a spouse may have a right access to an external hard drive or flash drive used in the home, but if not such items are discoverable materials under Fed. R. Civ. P. 34. If planning to offer into evidence, you still must ensure it is relevant, authentic, non-hearsay or meeting an exception and that its probative value outweighs any prejudice. 4. Cloud Storage While over the past decade courts have to some extent learned to cope with electronic discovery from computers, cell phones, and extra storage drives, cloud services present a few new challenges. The National Institute of Science and Technology defines Cloud computing as a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Essentially, the cloud allows for internet based services to provide users with remote access to software, resources, and information stored elsewhere. The computer systems and servers storing the data or applications are often operated by a third party, not the person or company using the resources.

7 Cloud computing has its advantages for users, and disadvantages for litigants. Cloud computing is growing rapidly for good reason. It substantially minimizes information technology (IT) costs, offers potentially limitless storage capacity, does not require self-management, can be tailored to individual needs and provides instant mobile access. It is the limitless capacity and lack of self management that poses the challenges for litigants. While computer hard drives now contain vastly more data than ever before, creating even more items of evidence to sort through, cloud storage only exacerbates that difficulty. The particularly interesting aspect is the lack of direct control the cloud user typically has over his or her stored data. Traditionally, companies stored and owned their own data located at specifically constructed data centers. Even if the company or individual leased the space, they at least owned the hardware and data itself. Cloud services change this to where the user no longer owns the hardware they operate. Cloud services follow three basic service models. The most general model is the Software as a Service (SaaS) model where an individual pays only for existing applications in the cloud. The user has no control over how data is stored or altered within the system. For lawyers, a familiar example of this is Westlaw or LexisNexis. The second model is the Platform as a Service (PaaS) model, which gives the user the ability to install and tailor their own software applications in the cloud. The user still, though, has no control over the servers or storage provided. Finally, the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) model offers clients the most control. There the user rents access to the cloud s servers and hardware, but may use its own operating system and software that enables the cloud to work for the user. Importantly, the service provider may still re-locate data from one physical location to another. The ability of the cloud provider to re-locate data becomes important in looking at Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(a), which defines discoverable information as in the responding party s possession, custody, or control. Federal courts have held that data in the possession of a third party to be within Rule 34(a) so long as the party has the right, authority, or practical ability to obtain the documents from a non-party to the action. Goodman v. Praxair Services, Inc., 632 F. Supp. 2d 494 (D. Md. 2009). The problem

8 that generally arises though is locating and preserving the data for pending litigation. Third party control, through a cloud, may leave the user subject to sanctions when the data has been moved, altered, or is otherwise inaccessible. In discovery, the responding party has the burden to preserve, identify, and collect ESI stored in the cloud. While the comments to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(e) states A preservation obligation may arise from many sources, including common law, statutes, regulations, or a court order in the case, and it also states that the duty to preserve evidence attaches when the party reasonably anticipates litigation. For those operating under any cloud model but the IaaS model, a responding litigant will not be able to prevent any auto-delete functions associated with the cloud. Important data may also be lost if the service provider chooses to terminate cloud services provided to the user. For instance, Amazon s 2012 service agreement provided that termination of the agreement terminated all rights to any of the data stored in the cloud. This inability to retrieve ESI from the cloud may trigger sanctions for the responding party. Court may impose sanctions for spoliation under Rule 37 when they deem it just. The standard seems to vary by circuit, as some will grant a sanction if the responding party is culpable in any way, which is if they have any responsibility or control. Other courts require a showing of bad faith. Under either standard, it is important that you know the cloud structure and operating methods that your client employs. Having a basic knowledge of your provider will help you negotiate the service agreement to begin with, locate data when the time arises, and ensure that the data is unaltered when it comes time to produce. Moreover, it will enable you to create a prospective litigation plan that may save you time and money in the future. If you are the party requesting data from the cloud, a basic idea of how the cloud operates will also be useful. It may inform you that the targeted party does have significant control over their data as they are employing an IaaS cloud model or that the documents or the meta-data contained in the documents you have received may have been altered in the cloud. It may even tip you off that other documents may have been

9 deleted, perhaps innocently, while contained in the cloud. Either way, a rudimentary knowledge of the opposition s system will only help your discovery efforts. b. TYPES OF DATA These new sources can be used to target pieces of information beyond those found in the traditional sources of information. The amount of electronically stored information today is staggering compared to say just twenty years ago. This is because, in 1990, the cost of storing a gigabyte of data was approximately $20,000 while today that cost is under $1. This wealth of information is becoming increasingly available for attorneys in dissolution proceedings. Today, in divorce litigation, the primary costs come from reviewing all of the data out there and that counsels a thoughtful approach. Securing access to these sources of data may lead to the discovery of: (1) s; (2) Cell phones and Text messages; (3) Social Media Use; (4) Browser History; and (5) Geolocation Data. It is then important to determine which of these may provide your client with the most pertinent information. 1. The use of by opposing spouses falls within the interplay of wiretapping and electronic stored communications laws, and consequently, courts have had some difficulty in determining which, if any, apply. The predominant approach seems to be that s prior to being sent or once received do not fall within wiretapping statute. Take for example Evans v. Evans, 610 S.E.2d 264 (N.C. Ct. App. 2005). There, sexually explicit s offered by the husband in a divorce action did not violate ECPA where interception of s was not contemporaneous with transmission. The s were recovered from hard drive of family computer. (citing Fraser v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 352 F.3d 107, 113 (3d Cir. 2003).

10 However, one Florida Court has concluded that spyware capturing s in a family law case did violate ECPA and admission of these s was within the discretion of trial court. See, O Brien v. O Brien, 899 So.2d 1133, 1138 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005). In this case, the court granted an injunction against using or disclosing the information gained. Most spyware/keystroke capture programs remain legal, as long as they are not capturing contemporaneous transmission of communication (outside of Florida). It is not, however, wise to advise a client to use these because the law on the topic is vague. You can counsel your client to search for spyware planted by the opposing party, but often such programs are not really there. With further regard to the discovery of s, subpoenaing internet service providers will typically only generate the sender and recipient of a message. ISP s, like cell phone providers, often delete this information quickly. However, certain service providers do retain the data so it may be worth the attempt. 2. Cell Phones and Text Messages In the realm of cell phones and tablets lurk two significant federal statutes: Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control Act and Electronic Communications Privacy Act of Together, they prohibit interception of oral and electronic communication without consent of at least one party to the communication. These apply to traditional telephones, wireless phones, and cell phones. As a practical note, secretly recorded oral communications are almost always excluded at trial, whereas electronic communications are almost never automatically excluded. For example, in Conner v. Tate, a woman had a cause of action against her lover s wife who was intercepting phone conversations and recording voic messages. 130 F. Supp. 2d 1370 (N.D. Ga. 2001). The most common application for cell phones in a divorce matter is to subpoena the carrier for itemized billing, but that is changing. Text messages or Short Message Service (SMS) messages may be worth tracking down because a lot may be said in the 224 characters that some phones now allow. SMS messages may also transmit photos, sounds, and videos. As many people now communicate far more frequently through text

11 message than phone call, these may provide an excellent source of information when it comes to proving the behavior of the opposing party. Outside of intercepting telephone conversations or voic s, smart phone data and tablets are akin to a computer. 3. Social Media There are numerous social networking sites out there including: Facebook (over 750 million users); Twitter (over 200 million users); Google Plus; Linked-In; My Space; and a variety of others. People often use these websites daily, which contain a treasure trove of information. As proof of this, eighty-one percent of American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers (1600 surveyed) recently reported increased use of social media evidence. The reason for this is that discovery utilizing these websites may reveal: postings that display a time line of actions; time spent away from children or spouse; boastings of compensation, promotions, or use of unknown assets; photographs of inappropriate behavior; potential witnesses (thereby minimizing the need for private investigators); and/or extreme ideologies or beliefs. 4. Browser History There are numerous software applications out there, commonly referred to as web browsers, which are used to navigate the internet. Browsers interpret the URI or URL and allow you to access the content on a webpage. Browsers can also be used to navigate web servers in private networks or files in file systems. Common examples include: Microsoft s Internet Explorer; Google Chrome; and Mozilla s Firefox. If the client has a right of access to the computer, it can certainly be worth investigating the browser history, or if not, it may be an excellent choice for a targeted subpoena. Most of us are familiar with the idea that our web browsers track a history of the websites we visit. This is often a matter of convenience, so that we do not have to continue to remember unwieldy URL s. Web browsers typically delete the history of web pages visited after a given period of time and manually removing the history is also easily accomplished.

12 What is to some extent lesser known, is that when your web browser accesses a file on the internet it caches it, or stores it. The browser does this so that when you click on the back or forward tabs, the software application does not have to re-retrieve the data. This cached file is essentially a snapshot of the web page and may include text and any images on the webpage. Here, too, cached files can be manually deleted, but this is less likely for the computer novice. Along with cached files, your web browser will create cookies at the request of the website. Cookies are stored on your computer and contain user specific information so that the website can re-access that information when the user re-visits the site. These files allow the website to personalize the user s visit or speed up the user s authentication by remembering passwords. Cookies can even contain the web address the user visited before entering its website. In some operating systems, a cookie will also reveal the user who was logged in when the website was accessed. Also, clicking on the file s properties will reveal the date the cookie was created and the date the site was last visited. Many browsers will automatically clear cookies after they have reached a certain age, but to a computer forensic, cookies may provide insight into the user s online behavior. The ability of the cookie to speed up authentication can allow one to copy it and enter a website as if you were the originating user. While this may be problematic as an offensive strategy, it may prove a useful defense when claiming your client was not the individual accessing the website. Also, a file called INDEX.DAT provides a subdirectory of cookies which lists at least a partially plain text listing of every website that dropped a cookie on the system. 5. Geolocation Data In the last quarter of 2010, for the first time, mobile phones outsold personal computers. This is important because by the end of 2005 cell phone providers were tasked with making calls location capable for 911 services. This meant that cell phone usage needed to be traceable to within 300 meters. While in prior years, location data was pulled from cell phone towers, today nearly every phone is equipped with a GPS

13 device accurate within a few meters. Also, today s phones are WiFi capable, which means they also store data about the networks they are using. All of these: cell tower data, GPS, and WiFi serve to create geolocation data. They create a record of where you were and when. The previously discussed sources of information: s, text messages, and social media, all provided subjective information about your location (i.e. Tom said he was at the cafeteria late last night). The data provided by cell phones and GPS enabled apps provides objective evidence that Tom was not at the cafeteria late last night. Moreover, most GPS enabled camera phones also embed the longitude and latitude data of photos when they were taken (many apps exist for converting latitude and longitude into a street address). This data known as Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif) metadata is typically not stripped when the image is ed or uploaded. This allows for the verification of photos and videos without even having access to the device that captured the image. This also means that even a stationary computer can be important in terms of geolocation data. The computer itself reveals its location and the user s during use, but also it contains a litany of files that may contain geolocation data. Moreover, many tablets or smart phones can be synced with the computer as a sort of back up drive. This means that all of the geolocation data stored on the phone or tablet, may also be found on the home computer. This can be particularly important if the spouse has a right of access to one device, but not another. c. WHAT TYPE OF INFORMATION TO LOOK FOR Simply put, what to look for depends on what type of case you have and what types of allegations you are seeking to prove or disprove. Knowledge of what you need to prove your point is crucial because of the volumes of potential ESI out there. Not only will a broad meandering search waste a lot of your client s money, but also such attempts are likely to be characterized as an impermissible fishing expedition by the court. Let traditional sources inform your use of new electronic sources. If you would typically subpoena bank records and credit card statements you might consider examining a computer s spreadsheets for financial information. Or, perhaps you would

14 consider looking for s to or from known business associates. If you are looking to prove some sort of conduct between the parties, you might start with s and text messages. Communications might provide for abundant examples of verbal abuse or promises broken. If allegations of substance abuse or adultery have been leveled, you might consider mining for geolocation data that can show husband or wife was at the bar instead of the soccer game. Finally, consider often overlooked aspects of social media, like status updates and friends lists. The uses for ESI are as broad, if not broader, than the traditional sources of information. This means you even need to be efficient once you locate your ESI source. Careful selection of keyword searches can be crucial to obtaining information relevant to your case. Through the various social networking web pages valuable information can be obtained regarding adverse parties, key players in your case, and expert and non-expert witnesses. Keyword searches can be performed in various search engines, including Google, Yahoo or Bing. Research can also be performed on Westlaw. Through these vehicles, you can often find invaluable information including contact information, employment information, social information, and habits of various parties in your case. There are some important basics to know about key word searching. For instance, it can sometimes be wise to focus on items most likely to be discarded or overwritten first, like s and instant messages. When doing so, and in searching in general, consider the Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of your case. Be sure to remember assistants or those who may handle your target s files or s. Additionally, if at all possible, remember to discuss with the custodian of the system possible abbreviations used by the party in question. Try to focus on important dates which might help sift through potentially voluminous amounts of information. Finally, do not be over confident in your search abilities based on Google, Yahoo, Bing or even Westlaw experience. Sifting through data on a computer can be an entirely different animal, so here are a few additional suggestions to fashion queries: (1) Start with pleadings, interrogatories, and requests for production to see what information you already have;

15 (2) Seek Input from key parties and witnesses; (3) Examine what you've got and the tools you will use; (4) Communicate and collaborate; (5) Incorporate likely misspellings, abbreviations and synonyms; (6) Filter and duplicate first; (7) Tweak the queries and retest; and (8) Check the discards. If the opposing party is somewhat cunning or deceptive, you might need to partake in a somewhat more detailed examination. d. PROS AND CONS OF USING OUTSIDE INVESTIGATORS The Pros: The advantages of hiring an outside investigator can be numerous. To begin, if well selected the individual will be a professional at their trade. In terms of e- discovery, this means that the expert may be able to find all sorts of deleted data from financial records to stored s. Sometimes this information has not even been deleted, it merely requires someone with the right know how to uncover it. Also, there are instances in which hiring a professional forensic computer analyst to examine a computer or hard drive is the only way important evidence can be found. Useful information may come from unexpected sources as even meta data, which is really data about data, can provide the smoking gun. Other advantages are that professionals can access and often mirror a computer or device without damaging any of the files or hardware. This is something even an experienced attorney cannot always be certain of. Also, the process is usually pretty quick. A forensic image of a hard drive often only takes four to six hours and a comprehensive report from a forensic examiner usually takes between two to four weeks. Finally, a forensic report can be a very useful way to prove spoliation of evidence. The Cons: As with anything, hiring an outside investigator has it disadvantages as well. First and most obvious is that the process can be expensive. Often there are charges for the duplication of any device or hard drive, additional charges for any forensic report produced, and yet more fees for the expert to provide testimony at trial.

16 Moreover, there is no guarantee that the expert will find anything. This may be because the party has used sophisticated programs to wipe out data or obscure data such that even an expert cannot identify it. Also, and perhaps commonly, there is the risk that there is simply no incriminating evidence to be found on the device. Further, it is a good idea to make certain that the individual you are hiring really is an expert. You do not want to damage potentially valuable evidence merely because you hired the first person you found who claimed to be knowledgeable about computers. It is even better if they have some idea of the law and admissibility standards. Finally, if using an outside investigator to examine computer hardware, you must maintain the chain of custody. Check your local standards, but typically shipping via Fed-Ex with a tracking number will suffice. e. CASE LAW UPDATE Quite often, social media evidence and electronic evidence in general is the icing on the cake in divorce litigation. For instance, in In re Marriage of Bates, the court cited an from the wife to the husband saying, You will never feel so much pain when I m done with you I m going to embarrass [sic] you make the kids hate you. 817 N.W.2d 32 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012). This supported an evaluator s finding of alienation and the court upheld an award of sole legal custody to the father. For the purposes of awarding sole physical custody, mother s posts on Facebook stating that the children have a really bad father were relevant as oldest child could clearly access Facebook. At trial, the wife claimed the s were influenced by her medications and stress; and on appeal, the court rejected her subsequent assertions that the s had been altered. Highlighting the ever changing view of courts on social media evidence Romano v. Steelcase, which allowed the discovery of an entire Facebook profile, was recently disagreed with by the Federal Eastern District of New York in Giacchetto v. Patchogue- Medford Union Free School District. 907 N.Y.S.2d 650 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2010); No. CV (ADS)(AKT), 2013 WL , (E.D. N.Y. May 6, 2013). In Giacchetto, the federal judge examining claims both under federal and state law held that only the social

17 media postings, which referenced events alleged in the teacher s complaint, were relevant and discoverable. Social media content can be helpful in unexpected ways, like proving the size of a business. In Safdar v. AFW, Inc., the plaintiff filed suit against former employer to recover unpaid overtime wages under the Fair Labor and Standards Act. 279 F.R.D. 426, 430 n. 41 (S.D. Tex. 2012). The cause was submitted on affidavit, and plaintiff used print outs from defendant s Facebook page to corroborate his story regarding the size of defendant s business. The defendant s Facebook page listed nine stores, the same number cited in the plaintiff s affidavit, whereas the defendant had claimed just two stores in his own affidavit. Additionally, in Blade v. Harrah s Entertainment, Inc., the plaintiff in an age discrimination case was able to use LinkedIn to show that he was indeed an employee of Harrah s. No. 2:08-cv BBD-cgc, 2010 WL , at *1 (W.D. Tenn. Dec. 17, 2010). His supervisor had testified in court that neither he nor the plaintiff were employees of Harrah s, but after the supervisor s LinkedIn profile listed Harrah s as his employer, the court found the supervisor to lack credibility. At least one court has held that threats posted by a defendant on a social networking website were sent to the recipient. O Leary v. State, 109 So.3d 874 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013). Social media evidence can also prove to be the tipping point even when alone it is insufficient for the judge to rule in your favor. In a divorce action, wife placed a motion for default on husband s desk in marital home. Leenhouts v. Leenhouts, No. M COA R3 CV, 2013 WL , at *2 *4 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 31, 2013). Husband, several days later, placed messages on Facebook to the tune of you thought you had me followed by several expletives. While the court was hesitant to use the post as proof of service, husband s testimony, that he could not recall who his Facebook post was directed at, damaged his credibility to extent that the court believed he had received service. The Stored Communications Act ( SCA ) can also come into play in a variety of electronic discovery settings. An electronic communication service ( ECS ) is defined

18 as any service which provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or electronic communications. A remote computing service ( RCS ) is defined as one that provides computer storage or processing services by means of an electronic communications system. ECS providers are prevented from knowingly disclosing the contents of an electronic communication while in electronic storage by that service. A provider of a remote computing service is permitted to release the contents of a communication to the addressee or intended recipient, but cannot disclose electronic communications carried or maintained by that service solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer processing. Several courts have held that data held by an ECS are exempt from the reach of subpoenas in civil actions. In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to AOL, LLC, 550 F. Supp. 2d 606, (E.D. Va. 2008). While not considered in Romano v. Steelcase, in Crispin v. Christian Audigier, Inc., the court applied the Electronic Stored Communications Act to Facebook in quashing the portion of subpoena that applied to communications in parts of the profile the user had selected as private. 717 F. Supp. 2d 965 (C.D. Cal. 2010). The court held that general postings viewable to the public on Twitter or Facebook were discoverable, but private messages where the website was acting as an ECS were not. SCA also complicates the acquisition of location data from an ECS or RCS service provider. A company might be an ECS under the SCA even without providing communication services to the public. See Devine v. Kapasi, 729 F. Supp. 2d 1024, (N.D. Ill. 2010). But customers can obtain their own data from an ECS and RCS. Some courts have ordered customers who are civil litigants to request data from ECSs and RCSs that could not be subpoenaed directly by the non-customer or opposing party under the SCA. See Fhigg v. City of Detroit, 252 F.R.D. 346, (E.D. Mich. 2008). In Garcia v. City of Laredo, Tex., 702 F.3d 788 (5th Cir. 2012), the Fifth Circuit affirmed the district court s interpretation of the Stored Communications Act ( SCA ) and concluded that it does not apply to data stored in a personal cell phone. These were text messages and photographs. Similarly, in another case, the plaintiff s supervisor

19 proceeded to read previously read personal, but not deleted s, on a former employee s blackberry. Lazette v. Kulmatycki, No. 3:12CV , WL (N.D. Ohio June 5, 2013). The employee thought the device had been cleansed of personal communications, but still did not have an action under the SCA as to opened, but not deleted , because it was the server that was the protected storage device, not the smart phone. In White v. White, the wife hired a computer expert to find and copy her husband's s that were stored on the hard drive of the computer in the family home. 781 A.2d 85 (N.J. Super. Ch. 2001). The court held that the wife did not violate the SCA, because it determined the was not in electronic storage when it was accessed because the computer hard drive was not electronic storage. They also determined that the access was not without authorization. Perhaps signaling a trend with regard to the admissibility of geolocation data the court in United States v. Walker, 771 F. Supp. 2d 803, (W.D. Mich. 2011), justified the GPS device attached to the bumper of the defendant s car by saying the attachment was no more intrusive than duct-taping an iphone to Defendant s bumper. The court seemed to reason that because so many people now carry GPS enabled phones, they cannot reasonably expect privacy as to their location. In civil litigation, it is even less likely for location data to be problematic as the 4 th amendment applies to government action, not private. Bear in mind as well that often it is harder to destroy ESI than it is to assure that it has been retained. For instance, in Flagg v. City of Detroit, 25 F.R.D. 346 (E.D. Mich. 2008), a minor child, through his next friend, sued the mayor of Detroit alleging an inadequate investigation of the mother s death. The plaintiff discovered that some four years after the incident the wireless carrier, SkyTel, still had messages about the shooting that he believed might be relevant to the case. The court ordered SkyTel to produce the text messages. Id. at 357. This also shows that sometimes carriers retain text data. Confirming that proving spoliation may be difficult, the court in PTSI Inc., v. Haley, refused to issue sanctions for spoliation of messages on a phone. No. 684 WDA

20 2012, 2013 WL , at *15 (Pa. Super. Ct. May, ). The record was clear that the party routinely deleted messages due to volume of conversations to ensure that the party could still utilize the messaging function of the phone. The appellate court was suspicious of the deletion of s, but it would not hold the trial court abused its discretion in not awarding sanctions based on the deletion of s. II. FACEBOOK DISCOVERY HOW-TO S a. SUBPOENAING FACEBOOK FOR RELEVANT RECORDS Once you have decided that social media content will be or could be important to your case, you have several initial options. First, you can obtain the consent of the other party to produce the requested data. Second, you can attempt to subpoena the provider. Finally, you can attempt to compel the opposing party to produce the data. Your best two options are typically to acquire consent or to subpoena the opposing party. If you subpoena the opposing party, you may be forced to explain to the judge why such materials are relevant, and you may have difficulty with access and the formatting of information. Users are only able to provide the information in screenshots and may not even have access to all of their historical data. Even still, user consent or a subpoena to the user may be your best option, because often social media providers are not particularly cooperative, and even if they are helpful, they are still expensive. For example, Facebook, at one time, charged a non-refundable $500 processing fee in addition to a $100 notarized declaration of the records authenticity. Additionally, in the case of Facebook, you need either a valid California or federal subpoena. Even if you are successful in subpoenaing Facebook, you may receive limited information. The company has over 30,000 servers located in several data centers across the United States. If the company responds, it may provide a Neoprint, which it describes as an expanded view of a given user profile. This may include the user's physical address, address, phone number, and IP address. Facebook also may provide a Photoprint, which is a compilation of all photos uploaded by the user that have not been deleted, along with all photos uploaded by any user which have the requested user tagged in them. Some speculate that in the wake of Crispin and the SCA

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