Switzerland is leading the world in thermal waste management. There are 29 incinerators (KVA - Kehrichtverbrennungsanlagen) with a capacity of 3.7 million t.p.a. They are operated by industrial or municipal owners and by the Verein fuer Abfallentsorgung Buchs SG. (orig.)

The Institute of Automotive Engineering belongs to the oldest German Institutes of this kind at all. Founded in 1918, the Institute reviews a history of over 75 years. Students training at the Institute takes aim at a future emloyment in fields of research and development and design and computing. Both car manufactures and suppliers appreciate the practice-oriented education given at the Institute. Corresponding to the internal structure the Institute provides a training at following teaching and research fields: Internal Combustion Engines, Automotive Drive Engineering and Automotive Electrics/Electronics. For that the Institute is equipped with modern test bench facilities and CAD/CAE workstations. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das IVK blickt auf eine lange Tradition zurueck und zaehlt noch heute zu den fuehrenden Ausbildungs- und Forschungsstaetten fuer Kraftfahrzeug- und Motoreningenieure. Derzeit bestehen drei Professuren: Verbrennungsmotoren, Kraftfahrzeug- und Antriebstechnik sowie Kraftfahrzeug-Elektronik/-Elektrik. (orig.)

The annual report of the Saarland and Rheinland-Pfalz Mines Inspectorate outlines the economic and technical developments in mining in these two German states as well as the activities of the mining authorities in all fields of mining. (orig.) [Deutsch] Der Jahresbericht des Oberbergamtes fuerdas Saarland und das Land Rheinland-Pfalz gibt einen Ueberblick zur bergwirtschaftlichen und bergtechnischen Entwicklung in beiden Bundeslaendern und vermittelt einen umfassenden Einblick in die Taetigkeiten der Bergbehoerden in den vielfaeltigen Bergbauzweigen. (orig.)

The European Directive 2013/59 / Euratom (Euratom Directive) requires the Federal Government, pursuant to Article 106 of this Directive, to transpose the content of the directive into national law by 6 February 2018. The aim of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Construction and Reactor Safety (BMUB) is, in addition to the implementation of the directive, to simultaneously make use of the possibility to modernize, improve and make more effective the radiation protection law. Directive 2013/59 / EURATOM will be incorporated into German law by the new Radiological Protection Act (StrlSchG) and other regulations on the level of an ordinance. The Radiological Protection Act, the Radiation Protection Ordinance and the X-ray Ordinance will be replaced by the StrlSchG. It is interesting to see the year 2017 under the point of view that the regulations at the level of regulation need to be elaborated. In particular, since the separation in radiation protection and X-ray regulation is not continued. Users could also experience this time pressure in 2018 when, in addition to the Radiation Protection Act, a large number of ordinances become legally binding. [German] Durch die europaeische Richtlinie 2013/59/EURATOM (Euratom-Richtlinie) ist die Bundesregierung gemaess Artikel 106 dieser Richtlinie verpflichtet, die inhaltlichen Vorgaben bis 6. Februar 2018 in nationales Recht umzusetzen. Das Ziel des Bundesministeriums fuer Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) ist es, neben der Umsetzung der Richtlinie, gleichzeitig die Moeglichkeit zu nutzen, das Strahlenschutzrecht zu modernisieren, praxistauglich zu verbessern und vollzugsfreundlicher zu gestalten. Die Richtlinie 2013/59/EURATOM wird durch das neue Strahlenschutzgesetz (StrlSchG) und weiteren Regelungen auf Verordnungsebene in das deutsche Recht eingehen. Das Strahlenschutzvorsorgegesetz, die Strahlenschutzverordnung und die Roentgenverordnung werden vom StrlSchG abgeloest werden

On 17th December 2008 the German Federal Cabinet adopted the German Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change (DAS: Deutsche Anpassungsstrategie) (BUNDESREGIERUNG 2008). The DAS has created the framework for adapting to the consequences of climate change in Germany. First and foremost, the DAS contributes its guidelines at Federal level, to provide guidance for agents at other levels. The Strategy lays the foundation for a medium-term process. In conjunction with the individual Federal States and other groups representing various sectors of society, the Strategy provides a step-by-step assessment of the risks of climate change. Furthermore, it states the potential requirements for action, and defines the appropriate goals and potential adaptation measures to be developed and implemented in the process. The Strategy is divided into 13 action fields and two cross-sectional fields (=14+15). (1) Human health (2) Building sector (3) Water regime, water management, coastal and marine protection (4) Soil (5) Biological diversity (6) Agriculture (7) Woodland and forestry (8) Fishery (9) Energy industry (conversion, transport and supply) (10) Financial services industry (11) Transport, transport infrastructure (12) Trade and industry (13) Tourism industry (14) Spatial, regional and physical development planning (15) Civil protection. In due course, the Federal Environment Agency (UBA) will design a comprehensive set of tools to support and implement the DAS. This will be made available for download from www.anpassung.net. An integral part of this will be the 'Tatenbank' (www.tatenbank.anpassung.net), the 'Klimalotse' (www.klimalotse.anpassung.net), FISKA (special information system 'Adaptation') and an Indicator System to aid adaptation. The latter is one of the key tasks identified for the DAS. As far as the Indicator System is concerned, it has been decided to prepare a Report on Indicators for the challenges facing Germany and the

Goal of the study was to create a documentary system containing the relevant information available in the Federal Republic of Germany in order to provide a wide-scale presentation of the environmental situation. The theme catalogue which has been extended and modified in the course of the research work contains about 150 items. In order to obtain trend statements, a period of at least 10 years - between 1990 and 2000 - had to be evaluated. Since most of the available empirical time series do not go beyond 1998, projections based here on allowing a foresight on the medium-term developments in the subsequent two years or more were required. In two selected theme fields, scenarios until the year 2020 had to be developed: scenarios of emissions of greenhouse gases and precursors of greenhouse gases as well as for traffic development and environmental pollution caused by traffic. The basis for the documentary administration is the data bank 'DB Grunddaten' ('basic data'). This data bank was developed by the Federal Environmental Agency and had to be completed for the presentation system environment Germany. (orig.) [German] Fuer eine flaechendeckende Gesamtdarstellung des Umweltzustandes in Deutschland sollten die auf Bundesebene verfuegbaren Informationsbausteine in einem Dokumentationssystem bereitgestellt werden. Der im Lauf der Bearbeitung erweiterte und modifizierte Themenkatalog umfasste ca. 150 Positionen. Die Ordnung dieses Themenkataloges ist an den Pressure-State-Response-Ansatz angelehnt. Zur Ermoeglichung von Trendaussagen sollte dort, wo moeglich und sinnvoll, ein Darstellungszeitraum von mindestens zehn Jahren von 1990 bis 2000 gewaehlt werden. Da die verfuegbaren empirischen Zeitreihen meist nicht weiter als bis zum Jahr 1998 reichten, waren darauf aufbauende Projektionen der mittelfristigen Entwicklung ueber einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren oder mehr erforderlich. In zwei ausgewaehlten Themenbereichen waren auch ueber das Jahr 2000

The article is about a joint project between Germany and Senegal for the 'testing and propagation of photovoltaic solar power systems', sponsored by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ). The project, scheduled at present for a duration of five years (1987-1991), receives grants of just under DM 21 million and is to demonstrate to the rural population of the Western African state of Senegal how to meet their basic electric power demand for lighting, radio and television, because only a fraction of the more than 13 000 Senegalese villages may expect to be connected to the national power grid during the decades to come. Distances are too long and consumption rates too small to erect a conventional power grid at reasonable cost in this large country covering 200 000 km{sup 2} and populated by just under 10 million inhabitants only. (orig./ORU).

The paper reports results of the mesoscale transport, chemism and flow model METRAS for the period from 22 April to 11 May 1995. During this period, a measurement campaign was carried out in the area of the German Bight under the ``KUSTOS`` springtime scheme (``Coastal mass and energy transport processes - The transition from land to sea in the south-eastern North Sea``). In order to take instationary and inhomogeneous weather situations into account, the modellings used data provided by the German weather service, which form part of its Germany model (DM), both to initialize and drive the METRAS data. The modelling results of METRAS are compared with routine readings taken by the German weather service in some selected measuring sites. (orig./KW) [Deutsch] In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse des mesoskaligen Transport-, Chemie- und Stroemungsmodells METRAS fuer den Zeitraum vom 22. April bis zum 11. Mai 1995 vorgestellt, in dem die Messkampagne des KUSTOS-Fruehjahrsexperimentes (Kuestennahe Stoff- und Energietransporte - der Uebergang Land - Meer in der suedoestlichen Nordsee) im Bereich der Deutschen Bucht stattfand. Zur Beruecksichtigung instationaerer und inhomogener Wetterlagen bei den Modellrechnungen wurden sowohl zur Initialisierung als auch zum Antrieb von METRAS Daten des Deutschland-Modells (DM) des Deutschen Wetterdienstes verwendet. Die Modellergebnisse von METRAS werden mit Routinemessungen des Deutschen Wetterdienstes an einigen ausgewaehlten Messstationen verglichen. (orig./KW)

The PHON data acquisition system for the PHOENICS experiment at the stretcher ring ELSA in Bonn and its development is described. PHON is based on a fast parallel CAMAC readout with VME front-end processors and a VAX/VMS computer, allowing c omfortable control and programming. The current configuration of the PHON system at the PHOENICS detector uses two CAMAC branches that are read out in parallel. The data is transferred to the VAX by either the ethernet (max. rate 100 kByte/sec) or a bus coupler device (max. rate 650 kByte/sec). On the VAX the data can be stored on a harddisk and analyzed by several PHON online tasks. The harddisk limits the maximum data rate to a value of approximately 180 kByte/sec. The maximum trigger rate achieved is about 150 Hz. Two kinds of user shells are realized to control the PHON system. A command shell follows the standard of the control language of the VMS operating system and a graphic user interface uses the `X Window System`. The modular structure of the PHON system and the unique kind of creation of all PHON programs makes a further development of the system easy to do. (orig.). [Deutsch] Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Funktion des Datenerfassungssystems PHON. Das System basiert auf einer parallelen Auslese von CAMAC-Branchen mit VME-Front-End-Prozessoren und einem VAX/VMS-Hauptrechner, der eine komfortable Programmsteuerung und -Entwicklung erlaubt. Momentan werden an dem PHOENICS-Detektor zwei CAMAC-Branche von jeweils einem VME-Front-End-Prozessor ausgelesen. Die Daten koennen wahlweise ueber Ethernet (max. Uebertragungsrate ca. 100 kByte/sec), oder ueber einen Buskoppler (max. 650 kByte/sec) auf den Hauptrechner (VAXStation 3200) transferiert werden. Dort koennen sie auf einer Festplatte abgespeichert und von verschiedenen Analyseprozessen verarbeitet werden. In dieser Konfiguration werden Datenraten von 180 kByte/sec erzielt. Die maximale Triggerrate betraegt etwa 150 Hz. Die Steuerung des PHON

The current energy concept of Sachsen-Anhalt dates back to 2004. Since then, boundary conditions have changed. International energy markets are characterized by growing demand and rising energy prices. This has influenced Germany as well. Further, sustainable power supply and global climate change have become relevant issues during the past few years. Against this background, Sachsen-Anhalt intends to modify its energy concept. The first step will be the provision of a current information and data base on all aspects of world, national and state energy supply and all relevant boundary conditions. The 'Energiestudie 2007' was prepared by Institut fuer Energetik und Umwelt gGmbH. The contents are based on current studies and investigations. The 'Energiestudie' will provide an information base which may be maintained and updated by actors of Sachsen-Anhalt. (orig.)

The 1994 annual report of the Bundesforschungsanstalt fuer Ernaehrung describes the tasks, structure and staff and fields of research of this institution and its scientific cooperation with other institutions. The report is supplemented by an alphabetic list off all publications. The BFE specializes in research on nutritional, food and ecotrophological sciences. (vhe) [de

A beam diagnostic system, which is based on capacitive beam-position monitors combined with fast electronics, has been developed for the Bonn Electron Stretcher Accelerator ELSA. The position signal of each monitor is digitized at an adjustable sampling rate and the most recent 8192 position and intensity values are buffered. This allows a wide range of different beam diagnostic measurements. The main purpose is the closed-orbit correction, which can be carried out on various time scales. To optimize the duty factor of the extracted beam, the system can also be used as a fast relative intensity monitor resolving the intensity distribution of the bunches or of the injected beam. It is designed to support betatron tune and phase measurements with very high accuracy, offering the choice to select any of the beam position monitors. This enables the measuring of many optical parameters. Furthermore any pair of suitable monitors can be used for experimental particle tracking or phase space measurements. (orig.).

The success of the project depends on the accuracy in planning the design of electronic, hydraulic and mechanical systems in the motor car. This requires full-scale design tools from simulation models to prototype construction. The advantages of this Ixtronics strategy is illustrated by the development of an active hydraulic shock absorber for an offroad vehicle. (orig.)

The current debates in Swiss nuclear power policy about the power increase in one nuclear generating unit and about a repository for radioactive waste are used as models for strategic decisionmaking. For this purpose, two independent, but complementary, schools of thought are combined: First, a sensitivity model is employed to analyze societal mechanisms in a coherent, holistic frame of reference; secondly, a meta-analysis concentrates on the process of conflict management among the Federal Government, the managers of the electricity utilities, their political opponents, and the public. The way in which the participating groups make decisions and implement them is of critical importance to their behavior in the next phase. This is the stage at which models show how the behavior of the players will develop over time. The establishment of a highly flexible strategic knowledge base illustrates how the findings made can be employed in designing successful communication strategies. (orig.)

Doubtless assistance systems should contribute to the safety of car driving. They support simultaneously a comfortable use of the car. Especially the operation comfort is characterised by clarity, self explaining, robustness against errors, and so on. Operation comfort doesn't give an inessential contribution to a reliable and appropriate interaction between driver and vehicle that means also a contribution to a reliable function of the total system and thereby to safety. Therefore the subjective experience of assistance systems is of excellent importance with view on the subjective and public confidence in new assistance systems. Are they seen rather as a gain of comfort, as it is preferred by the producer by reasons of production related liability, or as an easing of the driver's behaviour providing safety? Consists in the last called tendency a new kind of danger? In this connection juristic problems may not be unmentioned. The driver may not or not completely be called to account for procedures on which he has no influence or thinks to have no influence. In this case the account for the not compensated damage is contributed to the producer of the system. Therefore, by considering human characteristics and abilities of the driver during the development of assistance systems unwanted juristic consequences should be prevented. (orig.) [German] Assitenzsysteme sollen zweifellos einen Beitrag fuer die Sicherheit des Autofahrers liefern. Zugleich dienen sie aber auch fuer eine komfortable Nutzung des Fahrzeugs. Speziell der Bedienkomfort ist durch leichte Verstaendlichkeit, Selbsterklaerbarkeit, Fehlerrobustheit u.ae. charakterisiert. Durch ihn wird ein nicht unwesentlicher Beitrag zur sicheren und zweckdienlichen Interaktion zwischen Fahrer und Fahrzeug geleistet, also auch ein Beitrag fuer die zuverlaessige Funktion des Systems und damit fuer die Sicherheit. Von herausragender Bedeutung insbesondere im Hinblick auf das subjektive und das oeffentliche

The Federal Ministry of Economy enhanced its funding for research in the field of non-nuclear energy in the programme ''Forschung fuer Energieeffizienz'' (Research for Energy Efficiency). The programme focuses on established areas like modern power plant technologies (''Moderne Kraftwerkstechnologien''), fuel cells and hydrogen (''Brennstoffzelle, Wasserstoff''), and energy-optimized building construction (''Energieoptimiertes Bauen''). New subjects are energy-efficient towns and cities (''Energieeffiziente Stadt''), power grids for future power supply (''Netze fuer die Stromversorgung der Zukunft''), power storage (''Stromspeicher''), and electromobility (''Elektromobilitaet''). The brochure presents research and demonstration projects that illustrate the situation in 2010 when the programme was initiated. (orig.)

The annual report 2013 of the Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz covers the following issues: from scientific research to preventive consumer protection, actual questions of radiation protection actual challenges in the frame of environmental radiation monitoring; radioactive waste disposal; actual questions on the safety of nuclear technology. The report includes a list of publications.

The continuing rise in cost pressure calls for measures for enhancing the efficiency of operation management and maintenance. At the same time it is necessary to maintain the requisite reliability of production and keep abreast of the ever more stringent requirements of working safety and environment protection. This paper presents an integral operation management system for production plants which does justice to both the productive and the and the conserving function of operation management. The development and introduction of this system to conventional power plants has meanwhile begun. The system consistently gives consideration to the fact that operation management depends on processing data and information of different properties. Whereas process data can show strong fluctuations, there are many kinds of information on the plant concerning, for example, plant installations, processes, damage, and maintenance which hardly fluctuate at all or only change over long time periods. These latter include plant and installation addresses, technical data on the system or on maintenance. In operation management systems designed for production plants it can therefore be useful to organise the handling of process data (dynamic data) and plant data (static data) separately. [Deutsch] Der immer staerkere Kostendruck erfordert Massnahmen zur Effizienzsteigerung der Betriebsfuehrung und der Instandhaltung bei Erhaltung der erforderlichen Zuverlaessigkeit der Produktion, steigenden Anforderungen an Arbeitssicherheit und Umweltschutz. Ein Gesamtbetriebsfuehrungssystem, das sowohl die Produktionsfunktion, als auch die Erhaltungsfunktion abdeckt, wurde fuer Produktionsanlagen konzipiert. Fuer konventionelle Kraftwerke wurde die Entwicklung und Einfuehrung begonnen. Dieses System beruecksichtigt konsequent, dass bei der Betriebsfuehrung Daten und Informationen mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften zu verarbeiten sind. Waehrend die Prozessdaten hoch fluktuierende Daten sein koennen

The annual report 2013 of the Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz covers the following issues: from scientific research to preventive consumer protection, actual questions of radiation protection actual challenges in the frame of environmental radiation monitoring; radioactive waste disposal; actual questions on the safety of nuclear technology. The report includes a list of publications.

The progress report submitted by Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz reveals that this federal radiation protection agency is not only entrusted with the fulfillment of the federal administrative tasks imposed by law but engages in applications-oriented research regarding the operational, metrological and health-related aspects of radiation protection, regarding nuclear safety and radioactive waste management. In addition, BfS takes care of public-relations tasks. The reports submitted by the BfS departments are completed by summaries of the main research results. (orig.) [de

This report begins with an overview of the Data Acquisition System (DAS), which supports several of PPPL's experimental devices. Performance measurements which were taken on DAS and the tools used to make them are then described

The explanations, which have been given in the talk are supposed to reveal, that the aim of the marketing for electric-powered vehicles is not to carry the idea of environmental protection into the society. It is far more important to use the power of the present environmental consciousness in order to guarantee the consumers demands for mobility, taking into consideration the ecological interests. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die vorstehenden Ausfuehrungen sollten insbesondere deutlich machen, dass das Ziel eines Marketing fuer E-Mobile nicht darin bestehen kann, den Umweltschutzgedanken in die Gesellschaft zu tragen. Vielmehr geht es darum, die Schubkraft vorhandenen Umweltbewusstseins dafuer zu nutzen, Mobilitaetsbeduerfnisse von Konsumenten unter Bewahrung oekologischer Interessen sicherzustellen. (orig.)

The volume on the 50th annual meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Neuroradiologie includes the abstracts concerning the following issues: infectious central nervous system diseases, neurodegenerations, infarction, petrosal bone pathology, neurointerventions.

The changes in the energy supply towards current and future needs call for new technologies and solutions resulting in the ''Smart Grid''. The smart kiosk substation describes an essential component for the additionally required optimization of the energy distribution networks - a complete functional unit of an economic and efficient compact substation, which successfully operates within the framework of a pilot project since the beginning of this year. In addition to an adjustable 630-kVA-local distribution transformer, control and signalling functions, to manage fault situations are included, allowing for the optimization of outage times. Measurement of network quality and an economic network protection complete the range of services. As is customary during the development of new products, high availability and free of maintenance (through utilization of standard components) whilst complying with current standards and regulations are being taken into account. Along with the demand for regenerative feed-ins to feed reactive power into the network as required, the regulating device allows for a much improved use of the voltage limits - in the low voltage grid as well. It is to be expected that the network expansion of the low voltage grid thus can be significantly optimized through these possibilities of regulation. (orig.)

In 1987, the intention of the former Swiss Federal Institute for Reactor Research was to initiate a transfer of know-how into practice by launching this project. The increasing need for software engineering tools by heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) companies demanded a new tool; to realise it, a joint venture project with private industry should concentrate the individual capabilities of each partner toward this goal. The present report describes the concept of the integrated engineering system, its user interface, the models, graphics, tools, multiuser operation and the system boundary. Results of field tests are presented together with information of the availability of the system. The annex contains the agreement for the usage of the public-domain-version of the system, experience reports of pilot clients and the end user`s and developer`s documentation. (author) figs., tabs., refs.

This final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) reports on the situation regarding the standardisation of battery charging systems for electric vehicles. The advantages of an international standard both for users and manufacturers of electrically-powered vehicles are discussed. The work done in the IEC and CENELEC technical committees is reviewed. Developments achieved since 1999 are reviewed and further developments and work to be done are examined. The most important points in the IEC standard 61851 are looked at and various connector interfaces are described. Direct and inductive charging systems according to IEC 61980 are examined and the special situation in Italy, where power available in homes for the charging of electrical vehicles is more limited, is reviewed.

This presentation made at the Swiss 2008 research conference on traffic by Professor Lino Guzzela from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ETH in Zurich, Switzerland, takes a look at drive systems for the car of the future. New concepts for increasing the efficiency of cars are discussed, including down sizing and supercharging, a pneumatic hybrid and recuperation systems. The results of simulations and measurements made on an actual pneumatic engine and supercharged units are presented and discussed. Finally, options for future work are presented and discussed.

Innovative technologies for the power supply of electric railway vehicles by stationary and mobile devices allow to operate the complete railway system in an energy efficient manner and therefore reduce the energy consumption considerably. So it is necessary to examine the power supply of the railway network as well as the railway vehicles and their own operational behaviour within the railway network. A complete tramway system was choosen as one example. (orig.)

The railway power supply system of the Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB) is characterised by major load fluctuations that are expected to increase in the future. The available power that is generated must be kept at absolute load peak level which causes high costs. Simulations show that a load management is a practicable way of noticeably reducing load peaks in the SBB railway power supply system without having an adverse effect on railway operations or the energy demand.

When buying a new appliances to have clear and understandable information on energy consumption to avoid later expensive surprices by to high power cost. But European classifiaction A to G of big household appliances is out of date and must be changed.(orig./GL)

Among the challenges on power supply companies seeking profitable growth are strategic corporate development in terms of product and process innovation and the management's and employees' capacity for change. This was the outcome of a survey conducted as part of the ''Value Creator III'' study performed among 130 executives of German, Austrian and Swiss companies operating in the energy sector. Based on a review of companies' past successes and expectations for the future the study presents business models for tomorrow's energy market and classifies companies within a past-and-future portfolio according to their market prospects.

The Microbial Database for Activated Sludge (MiDAS) field guide is a freely available online resource linking the identity of abundant and process critical microorganisms in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems to available data related to their functional importance. Phenotypic properties...... of some of these genera are described, but most are known only from sequence data. The MiDAS taxonomy is a manual curation of the SILVA taxonomy that proposes a name for all genus-level taxa observed to be abundant by large-scale 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of full-scale activated sludge...... communities. The taxonomy can be used to classify unknown sequences, and the online MiDAS field guide links the identity to the available information about their morphology, diversity, physiology and distribution. The use of a common taxonomy across the field will provide a solid foundation for the study...

The law for recycling and waste demands the utilization also for waste of asbestos cement (ac). The procedure of thermal utilization of ac in the flame of a rotary cement kiln was developed and patented by the research institute IBU-tec Weimar, Germany. The ac-material has to be pre-pulverized and grinded to a degree of fineness of R{sub 90}<15%. Considerations of safety engineering lead to the idea of common fine grinding of old oil (oo) and ac. This new procedure was searched in FuE-project in 1998/99 (financial support by BMBF). A mash of ac and oo was generated as a utilization product ready for firing which was injected into the flame of the rotary cement kiln. This particles of ac smelt to spherical shaped particles at a temperature above 1500 C. They were utilized by clinker formation. The material and gas stream leaving the kiln does not contain fibres of asbestos. This was demonstrated in a small equipment burning test. The industrial realization concerning cement plant Ruedersdorf, near Berlin, was searched, technologically described and safety engineeringly and financially assessed by a project study. Process-technical and financial advantages were seen for the dry fine grinding. The wet fine grinding with old oil could be used in cement plants using old oil as fuel. (orig.) [German] Das Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz (1994) fordert u.a. die stoffliche Verwertung auch fuer Asbestzementabfaelle (AZ). Das vom Institut fuer Baustoff- und Umweltschutz-Technologie Weimar 1995 entwickelte und patentierte Verfahren zur thermischen Verwertung von AZ in der Flamme eines Zementdrehrohrofens erfuellt diese Forderung. Das AZ-Material muss vorzerkleinert und bis zur Rohmehlfeinheit (R{sub 90}<15%) feingemahlen werden. Sicherheitstechnische Ueberlegungen fuehrten zu der Idee, die Feinmahlung zusammen mit Altoel (AOe) zu erproben. Diese Verfahrensvariante wurde im Rahmen eines FuE-Projektes 1998/99 untersucht (finanzielle Foerderung durch das BMBF). Als

The PVS simulation program for Windows was to be extended to the development and simulation of PV-supported equipment and small systems. The following new functions were to be integrated: a) Simulation and dimensioning of indoor power supply of systems with different light sources and independent outdoor systems. b)Integration of small wind generators in the simulation and dimensioning of isolated autonomous systems, including wind data and a component database for small wind turbines; c) Differentiation of the PVS battery model for different battery types (lead, Ni/Cd, Li etc.), optimized operating strategies and flexible dimensioning including an additional component database for battery types; d) Extensive cost analysis for PV-supported appliances and small systems, from investments to consumption, operation and maintenance. This will facilitate investment decisions and help systems of this type along in the market. All program components were designed for high flexibility. Users should be able to vary as many parameters as possible, and to generate and modify their own records. The current project focused on the user interface, i.e. input, data processing, and output. Parallel to this, the Fraunhofer ISE Institute worked on modifications of the computer hardware. [German] Das Projekt zielte auf eine Erweiterung des Simulationsprogramms PVS fuer Windows zur Entwicklung und Simulation von PV-versorgten Geraeten und Kleinsystemen hin. Das Entwicklungsprodukt sollte zusaetzlich zu den bisherigen Funktionen insbesondere Folgendes leisten: (a) Simulation und Dimensionierung der Energieversorgung von Geraeten im Indoor-Bereich, wobei unterschiedliche Lichtquellen verarbeitet werden muessen, sowie von sonstigen netzfreien (Outdoor-) Kleinsystemen. (b) Einbindung kleiner Windgeneratoren in die Simulation und Dimensionierung von netzfernen Systemen (Insel-Anlagen), einschliesslich Bereitstellung der Wind-Daten und einer zusaetzlichen Komponenten-Datenbank fuer kleine

Doctors today already frequently rely on positron emission tomography - PET for short - in cancer diagnostics. However, in order to use this method for other diseases, too, they need suitable tracer substances containing radioactive fluorine-18 - a challenge for Tobias Ritter and his team at the Max Planck Institut fuer Kohlenforschung in Muelheim an der Ruhr. The chemists are searching for ways to label diverse molecules with fluorine-18 and thus expand the range of possibilities for medical specialists.

An intermodal approach for the evaluation of transportation services on the municipal level was developed. Both non-motorised and motorised transportation were included. The approach aims at helping communities to provide an economically and ecologically viable transport policy. Least Cost Transportation Planning (LCTP) was developed to transfer the successful concept of Least Cost Planning from the energy sector to transportation. The conclusion from an analysis of LCTP literature and present evaluation methods was that an improved approach should be intermodal and integrate users, public bodies and transport companies as well as all planning sectors. An approach was developed firstly to identify and clarify transportation expenditures and incomes of a city within a year, and secondly for the evaluation of planning alternatives. This was illustrated for the access system of an industrial area with adjacent railway services in the town of Freiburg. Three alternatives were compared: the extension of a tramway line, the upgrading of the present bus system, and the development of a service and bicycle provision concept for rail stations and companies. Besides income and expenditure for each alternative, the effects on transport demand, the impact on air pollution and noise and on space consumption were presented. As a result, the bicycle concept is in most items better than its alternatives. The final report has three volumes and there is an extra guideline for implementing the method within municipalities. It includes a set of excel sheet tables for an easy application (all in German). (orig.) [German] Fuer die Verkehrsplanung wurde ein verkehrstraegeruebergreifendes Bewertungsverfahren fuer Kommunen entwickelt, das motorisierte und nicht motorisierte Verkehrstraeger einbezieht. Das Verfahren soll Gemeinden unterstuetzen, eine oekonomische und oekologisch vertraegliche Verkehrspolitik zu verfolgen. Least Cost Transportation Planning (LCTP) zielt darauf ab, dasfuer

A deep understanding of the microbial communities and dynamics in wastewater treatment systems is a powerful tool for process optimization and design (Rittmann et al., 2006). With the advent of amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the diversity within the microbial communities can now...... web platform about the microbes in activated sludge and their associated ADs. The MiDAS taxonomy proposes putative names for each genus-level-taxon that can be used as a common vocabulary for all researchers in the field....

Full Text Available [english] Since the winter semester of 2002/03, the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg has been using the electronic learning environment ATHENA. It is the "virtual bulletin board" for the exchange and provision of information on the study of medicine within the faculty. Since 2004/05, the platform has been operated using the open source system LRN. The system is used with the focus on document management. The use of the interactive learning contents and programme takes place as a web-based support of the required attendance classes and independent study. The tools available on the platform are used within the departments for the integration of computer-assisted examination concepts, and the conducting of online course evaluations. [german] Seit dem Wintersemester 2002/03 setzt die Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg die elektronische Lernumgebung ATHENA ein. Sie ist das "Virtuelle Schwarze Brett" für den Austausch und die Bereitstellung von Informationen zum Medizinstudium an der Fakultät. Seit 2004/05 wird die Plattform mit dem Open-Source-System .LRN betrieben. Das System wird eingesetzt mit dem Schwerpunkt der Kurs- und Dokumentenverwaltung. Die Nutzung der interaktiven Lerninhalte und -programme erfolgt als webbasierte Unterstützung der Präsenzveranstaltungen sowie im Selbststudium. Die in der Plattform verfügbaren Tools werden in den Fachbereichen zur Integration computerunterstützter Prüfungskonzepte sowie zur Durchführung von Online-Kursevaluationen eingesetzt.

Pulse tube or Gifford-McMahon coolers are related to Stirling engines. Extremely low temperatures - 1 K can be reached with these devices. As a cryogen-free system the devices need only small amounts of helium as working gas. This fact reduces the gaseous and liquid helium consumption of research labs considerably and allows new applications. The cost-efficiency of this alternative technique is important for research facilities that use superconducting magnets.

As a contribution to the German Aerosol-Lidar Network lidar backscatter measurements have been carried out at Garmisch-Partenkirchen in a wide range of the atmosphere from next to the ground to altitudes beyond 30 km. The investigations, on one hand, were devoted to establishing a climatology of the aerosol extinction coefficient for the northern Alps and to prolonging the long-term measurement series of the stratospheric aerosol. On the other hand, aerosol was used as a tracer of polluted air masses in atmospheric transport studies (orographically induced vertical transport, advection of Saharan dust, as well as aerosol advection from the North american boundary layer and from large-scale wild fire in the United States and Canada). These transport processes given the seasonal cycle of the aerosol throughout the troposphere. In the free troposphere a pronounced spring-time aerosol maximum was found. The stratospheric aerosol concentration had decayed to a background-type level during the reporting period. As a consequence, the influence of smaller aerosol contributions could be distinguished such as the eruption of the volcano Shishaldin (Alaska) and aircraft emissions. (orig.) [German] Im Rahmen des deutschen Aerosollidarnetzes wurden in Garmisch-Partenkirchen Lidar-Rueckstreumessungen in einem weiten Bereich der Atmosphaere von Bodennaehe bis in ueber 30 km Hoehe durchgefuehrt. Die Arbeiten dienten zum einen der Erstellung einer Klimatologie des Aerosol-Extinktionskoeffizienten fuer die Nordalpen sowie der Verlaengerung der seit 1976 erstellten Langzeitmessreihe des stratosphaerischen Aerosols. Zum anderen fanden atmosphaerische Transportstudien statt, bei denen das Aerosol als 'Tracer' fuer Luftverschmutzung verwendet wurde (orographisch induzierter Vertikaltransport, Advektion von Saharastaub und Aerosoladvektion aus der nordamerikanischen Genzschicht und von grossflaechigen Waldbraenden in den U.S.A. und Kanada). Diese Transportprozesse bestimmen den

The progress report submitted by Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz reveals that this federal radiation protection agency is not only entrusted with the fulfillment of the federal administrative tasks imposed by law but engages in applications-oriented research regarding the operational, metrological and health-related aspects of radiation protection, regarding nuclear safety and radioactive waste management. In addition, BfS takes care of public-relations tasks. The reports submitted by the BfS departments are completed by summaries of the main research results. (DG) [de

Observations of disturbances in the hormonal regulation mechanisms of humans and animals raised an interest in the potential hazards of environmental pollutants with hormonal, in particular estrogenic activity. The available information on the mode of action, dose dependence and exposure pathways (exposure scenarios) suggests that the hazard to humans may be low. On the other hand, the exotoxicological effects are less easily assessible, and further investigations will be required for a well-founded risk characterisation and assessment. There are now many research programmes in this field in various countries including Germany. For example, there are projects concerning 'Environmental chemicals affecting the endocrineous system (environmental hormones)' which are funded by the German state (German Bundestag 1998) and several projects funded by the Association of the Chemical Industry and various German states. Further information on terminated and current projects is available from the Federal Environmental Office where the national activities are coordinated. [German] Beobachtungen ueber die Beeinflussung hormoneller Regulationsmechanismen bei Mensch und Tier haben die Aufmerksamkeit auf eine moegliche Gefaehrdung durch Umweltstoffe mit hormoneller, insbesondere solche mit oestrogener Aktivitaet gelenkt. Die verfuegbaren Informationen ueber Wirkungsweise, Dosisabhaengigkeit und Art der Exposition (Expositionsszenarien) lassen das Ausmass der Gefaehrdung fuer den Menschen gering erscheinen. Die oekotoxikologischen Auswirkungen sind demgegenueber weniger klar. Fuer eine fundierte Risikocharakterisierung und Risikoabschaetzung sind weitgehende Untersuchungen erforderlich. Dem tragen zahlreiche Forschungsprogramme in verschiedenen Laendern Rechnung. Auch in Deutschland wird Forschung auf diesem Gebiet unterstuetzt. Zum Beispiel: etliche Vorhaben zum Thema ''Chemikalien in der Umwelt mitWirkung auf das endokrine System (Umwelthormone

With the translation of Agenda 21 all the documents released in connection with the United Nations Conference of Environment and Development (UNCED) at Rio de Janeiro (June 1992) have now been made generally available also in the German language. Agenda 21, which in 40 chapters discusses the basic political platforms of environment-oriented sustainable development, is an action programme for the 21st century adopted at Rio by more than 170 states. The action programme contains detailed instructions as to the practices to be abandoned to prevent any further deteriorations as well as strategies to be adopted to gradually relieve the situation and to ensure a reasonable and sustainable exploitation of our natural resources. One important approach to this goal is that environmental issues are considered within a global context, thus being a prominent factor in all political spheres. The rules set up in this action programme are applicable to industrial and developing countries alike. It offers - in broad outline - prescriptions for the combatting poverty, control of overpopulation, reconciliation of commercial and environmental interests, disposal of refuse and chemicals, for climate, energy and agricultural policies as well as the ways in which industrial and developing countries could cooperate both financially and in terms of shared technologies. The bilateral and multilateral development policies of the Federal Government are largely based on Agende 21. (orig./HP) [Deutsch] Mit der Uebersetzung der Agenda 21 sind nunmehr alle Dokumente der Konferenz fuer Umwelt und Entwicklung der Vereinten Nationen (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (June 1992) auch in deutscher Sprache der Oeffenlichkeit zugaenglich. Die Agenda 21, die mit ihren 40 Kapiteln alle wesentlichen Politikbereiche einer umweltvertraeglichen, nachhaltigen Entwicklung anspricht, ist das in Rio von mehr als 170 Staaten verabschiedete Aktionsprogramm fuerdas 21. Jahrhundert. Mit diesem Aktionsprogramm werden

Full Text Available Abstract Background The Distributed Annotation System (DAS has proven to be a successful way to publish and share biological data. Although there are more than 750 active registered servers from around 50 organizations, setting up a DAS server comprises a fair amount of work, making it difficult for many research groups to share their biological annotations. Given the clear advantage that the generalized sharing of relevant biological data is for the research community it would be desirable to facilitate the sharing process. Results Here we present easyDAS, a web-based system enabling anyone to publish biological annotations with just some clicks. The system, available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/panda-srv/easydas is capable of reading different standard data file formats, process the data and create a new publicly available DAS source in a completely automated way. The created sources are hosted on the EBI systems and can take advantage of its high storage capacity and network connection, freeing the data provider from any network management work. easyDAS is an open source project under the GNU LGPL license. Conclusions easyDAS is an automated DAS source creation system which can help many researchers in sharing their biological data, potentially increasing the amount of relevant biological data available to the scientific community.

Different oil condensing boilers, which were available on the German market, have been investigated in order to determine the relevant limit for sulphur content in domestic heating oil. Up to now, the condensate from oil condensing boilers has to be neutralized in many cases due to local legislation. The composition of the condensates from oil boilers came out to be similar to the condensate from gas condensing boilers, as long as the sulphur content of heating oil is below 100 mg/kg. As the neutralization of condensate from gas condensing boilers is usually not required up to 200 kW-boilers, there should be no technical reason for neutralization, as long as the sulphur content is below 100 mg/kg. However, boiler manufactures are convinced, that only if the sulphur content is as low as 50 mg/kg, it will be possible to develop reliable oil condensing boilers for a reasonable price. Calculations of the total energy consumption came to the result, that primary energy can be saved. The increase of efficiency on the boiler side has more influence than the energy needed for desulphurization. (orig.) [German] Zur Bestimmung eines technisch begruendeten Schwefelgrenzwertes fuer ein neues 'schwefelarmes' Heizoel EL wurden Untersuchungen mit Heizoelen unterschiedlichen Schwefelgehaltes an verschiedenen auf dem Markt verfuegbaren Oelbrennwertgeraeten durchgefuehrt. Zur Zeit wird durch das ATV Arbeitsblatt A-251 eine Neutralisation von Kondensaten aus Oelbrennwertanlagen gefordert. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bei Schwefelgehalten unter 100 mg/kg die Kondensate aehnliche Zusammensetzungen aufweisen wie Kondensate aus Gasbrennwertgeraeten. Die Voraussetzung fuer eine Befreiung von der Neutralisationsverpflichtung bei der Verwendung dieser Brennstoffe ist damit aus technischer Sicht gegeben. Fuer die Entwicklung von neuen, kompakten und preiswerten Oelbrennwertgeraeten wird von der Heizgeraeteindustrie ein Schwefelgehalt von max. 50 mg/kg fuer notwendig gehalten

The optimization of structures with respect to cost, weight or performance is a well-known application of the nonlinear optimization. However reliability-based structural optimization has been subject of only very few studies. The approaches suggested up to now have been unsatisfactory regarding general possibility of application or easy handling by user. The objective of this thesis is the development of general approaches to solve both optimization problems, the minimization of cost with respect to constraint reliabilty and the maximization of reliability under cost constraint. The extented approach of an one-level-method will be introduced in detail for the time-invariant problems. Here, the reliability of the sturcture will be analysed in the framework of the First-Order-Reliability-Method (FORM). The use of time-variant reliability analysis is necessary for a realistic modelling of many practical problems. Therefore several generalizations of the new approaches will be derived for the time-variant reliability-based structural optimization. Some important properties of the optimization problems are proved. In addition some interesting extensions of the one-level-method, for example the cost optimization of structural series systems and the cost optimization in the frame of the Second-Order-Reliabiity-Method (SORM), are presented in the thesis. (orig.) [German] Die Optimierung von Tragwerken im Hinblick auf die Kosten, das Gewicht oder die Gestalt ist eine sehr bekannte Anwendung der nichtlinearen Optimierung. Die zuverlaessigkeitsorientierte Strukturoptimierung wurde dagegen weit seltener untersucht. Die bisher vorgeschlagenen Ansaetze koennen bezueglich ihrer allgemeinen Verwendbarkeit oder ihrer nutzerfreundlichen Handhabung nicht befriedigen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist nun die Entwicklung allgemeiner Ansaetze zur Loesung der beiden Optimierungsprobleme, einer Kostenminimierung unter Zuverlaessigkeitsrestriktionen und einer

Modern passenger coaches for intercity trains with a top speed in the range of 230-250 km/h are creating new opportunities for travel by rail in Europe and offer an economically very attractive complement to high-speed services at speeds of more than 300 km/h. (orig.)

For some time, applications in the areas of home automation, ambient assisted living and e-health are discussed. These require reliable and energy-efficient communication solutions in the home environment. In addition, new concepts that go hand in hand with the concept of the smart grids need an access to devices within the home environment. In the realization of smart homes the diversity of market participants involved, the parallel existing business models, the application requirements and the available communication systems make special demands on the underlying network infrastructure. Different solutions should be able to communicate with each other and compatible. In addition, the user expects a simple operation and configuration as well as a long-term support of the products. In the best case, the user is confronted with a single, integrated network infrastructure. Instead of separate systems for reading out of smart meters for monitoring the solar system, for health monitoring and the settings of multimedia devices, the telephone system, or computer network, a fully integrated smart home communications infrastructure should come into operation. This smart home infrastructure should be free of unnecessary duplication of structures; all equipment should be taken into account with a communication interface. The authors of the contribution under consideration report on a possible architecture of such a network infrastructure. Different grades are identified. A protocol stack for different technologies and the linking of different network hierarchies are described.

In October 2006 when Mercedes-Benz introduced the model E 320 Bluetec, it brought the first production diesel passenger car to the market that met US Tier 2 Bin8 emission standards. Mercedes-Benz will continue its Bluetec offensive in 2008, offering the V6 diesel engine in the M, GL and R Classes in the USA, using the SCR/AdBlue technology which meets the US Tier 2 Bin5 emission standards and thereby all currently valid emission standards for diesel passenger cars worldwide. (orig.)

The interior of the new C-Class sedan is created from high-quality materials, has a very upmarket appearance as well as optimal climate control in an area that offers the driver and all the occupants an outstanding degree of relaxing comfort and stress-reducing safety. The engineers' task was to combine a dynamic language of forms with the highest requirements for precision, while meeting the cost targets of the entire manufacturing chain, for instance in the assembly process. (orig.)

Within the jubilee meeting of the Renewable Energy Research association (Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) from 11th to 12th October, 2010, in Berlin (Federal Republic of Germany) the following lectures were held: (1) From the foundation idea to the research association solar power (Gerd Eisenbeiss); (2) Successes affiliated - Joint research and work on the energy supply of the future (Joachim Luther); (3) Research for the era of renewable energies (Wolfgang Eberhardt); (4) Energy research package of the Federal Government: Benchmarks for the 6th Energy Research Program (Knut Kuebler); (5) Research promotion of the Federal Environment Ministry for renewable energies (Kerstin Deller); (6) Vision of a sustainable energy system 2050 (Juergen Schmid); (7) Open Invention for the demands of a new electricity age (Michael Weinhold); (8) Safeguarding the future by means of innovations in the photovoltaic industry (Ralf Luedemann); (9) Silicon wafer solar cells - New horizons (Rolf Brendel); (10) Thin film solar cells - Technology of the future? (Michael Powalla); (11) Photovoltaics - New concepts (Vladimir Dyakonov); (12) Geothermal power generation - base load electricity for the renewable energy mix 2050 (Ernst Huenges); (13) Wind energy - Challenges for the development of technology (Andreas Reuter); (14) Solar thermal power plants - Integration of electricity and fuels in a European integrated grid (Robert Pitz-Paal); (15) Efficient utilization of biomass - Residual substances, competitive uses and cascade utilization (Frank Baur); (16) Sustainable energy supply of buildings for solar and energy efficient construction (Gerd Hauser); (17) The potential of technology development for the utilization of solar power (Gerhard Stryi-Hipp); (18) Energy storage and grid management (Adreas Hauer); (19) Systems and technologies for the transition to an energy efficient town (Christina Sager); (19) Economic consequences of a 100 % supply with renewable energy as a technology driver (Uwe Leprich); (20) Discussion: The research-political implementation of the energy concept of the Federal Government: How can the priority for the research promotion of renewable energy be attained? (Sylvia Kotting-Uhl).

Analyses are performed for three accident scenarios postulated to occur in the Goesgen Nuclear Power Plant, a 900 MWe Pressurised Water Reactor of Siemens design. The scenarios investigated comprise a Station Blackout and two separate cases of small break loss-of-coolant accident which lead, respectively, to high, intermediate and low pressure conditions in the reactor system. In each case the accident assumptions are highly pessimistic, so that the sequences span a large range of plant states and a damage phenomena. Thus the plant is evaluated for a diversity of potential safety challenges. A suite of analysis tools are used to examine the reactor coolant system response, the core heat-up, melting, fission product release from the reactor system, the transport and chemical behaviour of those fission products in the containment building, and the release of radioactivity (source term) to the environment. Comparison with reference values used by the licensing authority shows that the use of modern analysis tools and current knowledge can provide substantial reduction in the estimated source term. Of particular interest are insights gained from the analyses which indicate opportunities for operators to reduce or forestall the release. (author)

Climate change is seen as a global issue, with observations from around the world confirming its reality. However the nature of these changes is very variable across the globe, and to some extent, these changes can be seen as beneficial. Global mean temperature has risen by some 0.7 C in the last 100 years and a further increase of 2 to 4 C is predicted for the next 100 years. Predictions for Germany are that summers will be drier and winters wetter. (orig.)

The energy state of North-Rhine Westphalia (NRW) is one of the most modern and important energy regions in the world and the use of hydroelectric power has a long tradition. It contributes both to the supply of electrical energy and to climate protection. The technically usable potential of hydroelectric power is currently estimated in NRW at 800 GWh/a electricity, of which approx. 200 GWh/a has not been exploited to date. The Office for Hydroelectric Power was created within the framework of the EnergyAgency.NRW in 2001. Its functions include the networking of information and available facilities, as well as the establishment of short lines of communication between specialists from water authorities, environmental and nature conservation associations, fisheries and angling clubs and the operators of hydroelectric power plants. It is often faced with the task of moderation to transparency and acceptance of a sustainable use of hydropower to contribute. Against the backdrop of the EC Water Resources Framework Directive, NRW is engaged in expanding hydropower in a way that is harmless to the ecology of waterways, and to do this by reactivating and optimizing active hydropower plants and by using hydropower technology at existing dams and infrastructural facilities. (orig.)

For about 30 years Hermann Paus Maschinenfabrik GmbH has been in continuous and direct contact with mines throughout the world and during this period has developed a number of specific solutions, which offer mines a potential for performance of the respective tasks. The essential feature of each development is high individualisation of the equipment or high universality of the machine platforms used for this purpose to ensure that the costs are clear also in the case of special equipment. In particular for transport and the handling of Anfo concepts were already developed and tested jointly with the users at an early stage. (orig.)

Remote monitoring systems have increased their importance as an inherent part of environmental surveillance installations in the FRG and in other countries. The existing systems in Germany are designed to cover both, routine operation and emergency situations. They provide site specific meteorological data, gross effluent dose rates, and dose rate measurements at on-site and approximately 30 off-site locations in the vicinity of a plant. Based on such telemetric surveillance networks an advanced automatic on-line system named CAIRE (Computer Aided Response to Emergencies) has been developed as a real time emergency response tool for nuclear facilities. This tool is designed to provide decision makers with most relevant radiation exposure data of the population at risk. CAIRE allows the continuous feed-back of current measurements of environmental impacts into diagnostic calculations for bringing measurements and calculations into best correspondence. This is the main advantage of CAIRE compared to conventional emergency systems and it results in both, a consistent actual interpretation of a bulk of single measurements of dose rates and/or activity concentrations, and a more realistic set of model parameters. Subsequently these parameters are used as input data for the evaluation of actual dose commitments and projections of them by means of real-time calculation. A second advantage is a more realistic assessment of the source term if in-plant dose rate measurements are not available due to emissions out of leckages, e.g. In such cases the assessment of the source term can be based an of-plant dose rate measurements located on the ground within a source distance between 200 and 300 m. (orig./HP).

Active or passive radon gas measuring instruments are exposed during intercomparison exercises in the radon chamber of the Reference Laboratory for Radon Gas Concentration Measurements at Paul Scherrer Institut: The traceability of radon gas measurements to nationally and internationally acknowledged standards is inspected in the reference atmosphere of the chamber with calibrated {sup 222}Rn activity concentration. The use of secondary standards guarantees the traceability of the radon chamber reference atmosphere. Besides the principal secondary standard, a radon gas standard (secondary standard I), a {sup 226}Ra standard solution (secondary standard II) and a {sup 222}Rn emanation standard (secondary standard III) are used. The {sup 222}Rn activity delivered by one of these standards is quantitatively transferred into a reference volume and hence converted to an activity concentration serving for the calibration of a measuring instrument transfer standard consisting of scintillation cell and counter. By this way, the transfer standard calibration is related and traceable to the internationally acknowledged primary standard laboratories National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland (U.S.A.) or National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex (UK). The calibrated transfer standard is then used to calibrate the radon gas activity concentration in the radon chamber. For a single grab sampling determination of the {sup 222}Rn activity concentration in the radon chamber with the transfer standard, the estimation of Type A and Type B uncertainties yields a relative expanded uncertainty (95% confidence level) of minimum 3% for high concentration levels (10 kBqm{sup -3}) and maximum 30% for low concentration levels (0.2 kBqm{sup -3}). Extended evaluations of the reproducibility of calibration factor measurements obtained by calibration of the transfer standard with the secondary standards I, II and III show a very good reproducibility quality at the expanded uncertainty level (95% confidence level). Verification of the calibration with secondary standard I by a calibration with secondary standard II or III is thus used as a routine means for the quality assurance of the transfer standard calibration. (author) 13 figs., 9 tabs., refs.

This collection of short articles is dedicated to the promotion of the Swiss 'Minergie' building standard, covering the following points: 'Minergie' - a standard for the future; well-insulated and air-tight - two of the three main 'Minergie' requirements; solar collectors as a 'Minergie' component; radiators for low-energy-consumption buildings; hot water from the sun on six out of seven days; the 'Minergie' module as a factor for success; the 'Habitus' ventilation unit - a new Swiss product. The first contribution introduces the 'Minergie' Standard. Its application in the building and building technical services trades offers from considerable advantages and opportunities for profit. The Standard, which aims to increase the comfort and reduce the energy consumption of buildings, is introduced and the basic principles involved, including energy usage figures, are discussed. A second contribution describes two of the three main requirements for reaching the 'Minergie' Standard, air-tightness and good thermal insulation. The main advantage of the standard - a higher level of comfort - is emphasised and an example is given. The third short article takes a look at the use of thermal solar collectors as a source of heat in 'Minergie' buildings. A solution involving a combined solar heating and hot-water supply is discussed. The fourth contribution discusses the use of low-temperature radiators in 'Minergie' buildings. Examples are given of heat requirements calculation and the factors involved in dimensioning the radiators are discussed. A fifth article describes a commercially available compact solar hot-water system and discusses questions of solar fraction. Returning to basic aspects, the sixth contribution introduces a labelling system for the various components of a 'Minergie' building - such as ventilation units, insulation material, radiators, boilers etc. The final article returns to one of the main aspects of the standard - ventilation. A commercially available system module for low-flow mechanical ventilation is described.

The illustrated brochure presents the Rossendorf research site at a glance. There are two major new establishments, the Rossendorf Research Center and the Verein fuer Kernverfahrenstechnik und Analytik Rossendorf (VKTA), whose main activities cover basic research and tasks in the field of nuclear facilities decommissioning and radwaste management on site. (DG) [de

The annual report 2013/14 of the Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) includes projects and key activities on the following issues: reactor safety, waste disposal, radiation protection, environmental protection and the support of foreign authorities and TSO. The project executing organizations, the governmental funding, share holding and subsidiaries are summarized.

The responsibility of human beings for the creation in its ethical dimension can only be made clear against a scientific-technical and economic background since human beings have to act in their natural surroundings in view of the world that is becoming more and more complex and at the same time closer through technology, and in view of the fast growing world population and the possible hazards of the viability of the biotope Earth. After World War I, Max Weber differentiated in his famous essay 'Politics as a Vocation' between the ethics of believe and the ethics of responsibility. It can be discussed whether both streams are according to the opinion of Max Weber 'in abysmal contrast'. (orig.) [German] In dem Wort 'Verantwortung' steckt der Wortstamm 'antworten' -, und zwar zunaechst dem eigenen Gewissen zu antworten. Das aber basiert auf sittlichem Bewusstsein, aber auch auf Wissen und Urteilsfaehigkeit und damit auf der Moeglichkeit, zu werten. Werten zu koennen, das erfordert aber, den Wirkungszusammenhang des Geschehens und die Rolle des Menschen in ihm zu verstehen. Die Verantwortung des Menschen fuer die Schoepfung ist nur vor einem naturwissenschaftlich-technischen und einem volkswirtschaftlichen Hintergrund in ihrem ethischen Bezug zu verdeutlichen. (orig.)

It is reasonable to state that, given proper planning, erection and careful operation, both activated sludge plants and packed bed reactors with a biofilm are capable of meeting extremely high demands on the quality of the effluent. What was to be shown is the fact that operating behaviour and demands on measurement and control techniques differ considerably. Rating depends on different criteria, according to the technique chosen, and also cost calculation is largely determined in each case by special local conditions. All this makes it difficult to compare solutions with one another or to transfer experience gathered in one plant to another application. So the choice of the best possible method in a given case remains an interesting task.- One must try to make as objective a comparison as possible of different solutions according to the relevant criteria, beyond what is quantifiable merely in terms of finance.- Any decision taken on the basis of such a comparison is bound to reflect also the values that the decision-makers hold. But it should always be possible when taking decisions about processes to leave ideology out of consideration. (orig.) [Deutsch] Es kann festgestellt werden, dass sowohl Belebungsanlagen wie auch Biofilmreaktoren bei richtiger Planung, Errichtung und sorgfaeltigem Betrieb in der Lage sind, auch extrem hohe Ansprueche an die Ablaufguete zu erfuellen. Was gezeigt werden sollte, ist der Umstand, dass erhebliche Unterschiede im Betriebsverhalten und in den Anforderungen an die Mess- und Regeltechnik bestehen. Fuer die Bemessung sind je nach Verfahren andere Kriterien massgebend, und auch fuer die Kostenrechnung gilt, dass die speziellen oertlichen Bedingung bei jedem Anwendungsfall von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung sind. Das alles hat zur Folge, dass es sehr schwierig ist, verschiedene Loesungsmoeglichkeiten miteinander zur vergleichen, oder die Erfahrung von einer Anlage auf einen anderen Anwendungsfall zu uebertragen. Die Auswahl des ``besten

A central question of today's political debates is: Which means are there for ensuring a long-term and sustainable energy supply? Here, strategies for covering tomorrow's energy supply assign renewable energies a decisive role. In face of constantly rising prices for fossil fuels like carbon, oil and gas or the still open question concerning the removal of atomic waste, these discussions are eminently urgent. In order to confront climatic change, renewable energies are needed, so that also in the future a longterm and sustainable energy supply is secured. Sustainable energy supply is the context for the project Solarsupport, which has been supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (FKZ 0327613). The project has been coordinated by the Institute for Environmental Questions (''Unabhaengige Institut fuer Umweltfragen e.V.'' - UFU) and conducted in cooperation with the Institute for Future Studies and Technology Assessment (''Institut fuer Zukunfststudien und Technologiebewertung gGmbH'' - IZT) and the German Society for Solar Energy, Regional Association Berlin-Brandenburg (Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Sonnenenergie Regionalverband Berlin-Brandenburg e.V. - DGS). Particularly, the project is concerned with the pedagogical use of solar energy at school. Despite the relatively high number of solar plants at schools, only a few use their plants for pedagogical means. The project Solarsupport surveyed schools with solar plants. As the main reason for the insufficient pedagogical use of solar plants the interviewed teachers named the la ck of a pedagogical concept and their colleagues' disinterest, two factors which are able to reinforce one another. Moreover, it became clear that because of their insufficient technical equipment (no displays, no means for evaluating the plants' output, no connection with the school computers and internet) a high number of the

Demand for real-time computer assistance of experiments at PPPL has increased in volume and complexity. The PPPL data acquisition system based on an IBM-1800 has been servicing three experimental devices, ST, FM, and ATC, often concurrently. The requirements of real-time computer support, the acquisition, archiving, analysis, and display of data for these devices, are described. A presentation of the current DAS-1800 system which supports two devices, FM and ATC, includes summaries of additional experiments serviced

The annual report 2011 of the Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz (BfS) includes the following main articles: Fukushima and the consequences, new power lines across Germany and the management of radioactive wastes in Germany. Further topics of the BfS were reasonable exposure to sun and skin cancer prevention, individual health assessment of lung cancer with low-dose CT, occupational radiation exposure in medicine, radiation protection at setting up digital radio of security authorities and organizations, importance of laboratory ring experiments for incorporation monitoring, defence against nuclear hazards: cooperation and exercises in 2011, new developments with regard to radioactivity in drinking water, reportable events in nuclear facilities in 2011, decommissioning of a permanently shut down NPP. The environmental research program of the Federal Environmental ministry - research for strengthening nuclear safety and radiation protection: German uranium miners biobank: consequences of uranium mining and radiological impacts, German miners cohort study, health effects of strong magnetic fields of NMR imaging, radiation exposure due to nuclear medical examinations, national survey on the radio-cesium contamination of wild boars.

The coordination center of the Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz is performing annual ring experiments for in-vivo and in-vitro measuring points. This procedure allows checking the measuring data and the competence of the personnel. In the last years these tests included also radionuclides that are important in radiation emergency protection. Case studies for dose determination based on incorporation scenarios are included.

The annual report 2013/14 of the Gesellschaft fuer Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) includes projects and key activities on the following issues: reactor safety, waste disposal, radiation protection, environmental protection and the support of foreign authorities and TSO. The project executing organizations, the governmental funding, share holding and subsidiaries are summarized.

The study presented here describes the development of a laboratory test system for the determination of aerobic biodegradability of substances at low concentrations in surface water. It was aimed to prepare a draft guideline for a biodegradation simulation test according to OECD format. The experimental approach was based on a literature study conducted within the frame of this project. Further useful information on the possible test design was derived from the German BBA guideline 5-1. Natural water and sediments were collected. Radiolabelled Lindane or 4-Nitrophenol was added. The test vessels (reactors) were aerated and incubated under controlled conditions for up to 92 days. The results showed biological stability of the sediment/water systems even without addition of nutrients and adherence to non-reducing conditions. Mineralisation of 4-Nitrophenol was influenced by the sediment type, the method of aeration and temperature. Factors affecting the mineralisation of Lindane were the method of application and again, the sediment type and temperature. Considerable amounts of the radioactivity were bound to the sediment and were to a large extent unextractable. The potential of a reactor to mineralise a test substance could not be correlated with the biological parameters measured. (orig.) [Deutsch] Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Labortestverfahrens zur Pruefung des aeroben Abbaus niedrig konzentrierter Stoffe in Oberflaechengewaessern. Dabei war es ein Ziel, das Verfahren so weit abzusichern, dass ein Entwurf fuer eine Pruefrichtlinie als Simulationstest im Format der OECD-Richtlinien abgefasst werden konnte. Grundlage fuer die Konzeption war eine zuvoerderst durchgefuehrte Literaturstudie. Hinweise auf ein moegliches Testdesign ergaben sich auch aus der BBA-Richtlinie 5-1. Wasser und Sediment wurden der Natur entnommen und nach Zugabe der radioaktiven Pruefsubstanz Lindan oder 4-Nitrophenol in einem beluefteten Gefaess unter

Mounting systems for solar generators must be solid and reliable as long as possible so that they carry the modules. Which material is best? [German] Montagesysteme fuer Solargeneratoren muessen solide sein, damit sie moeglichst lange und zuverlaessig die Module tragen.

This assessment is a feasibility study according to ISO 14024. It deals with the question whether an ecolabel is suitable for wood pellet heating systems and how concrete criteria for an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants could be specified. The study begins with a comprehensive market analysis in order to identify possible plants for which an ecolabel would make sense. In the main part of the study, the environmental relevance of the chosen plants is analysed. For this analysis, plant manufacturers were interviewed and a comparison between wood pellet heating systems and heating systems which use gas, oil or wood was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, it was possible to derive a number of criteria which were discussed with company representatives and other experts in this field. As a result of this dialogue and the investigation process as a whole, the introduction of an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants can be recommended. Wood pellet heating systems are characterized by their high level of automatation and the use of standardized fuels with constant high quality. Thus, they reach high combustion quality with low emission rates, and risks of misuse are minimized. They may contribute to the increased use of renewable energies and thereby to the achievement of climate protection goals. The proposed certification principles comprise requirements regarding (a) the efficient energy use (efficiency factor under partial load and nominal load, plant's supplementary energy consumption), (b) emission values for CO, NO{sub x}, dust and organic substances, (c) the offer of additional services, as well as (d) requirements with regard to the operating instructions. The transcription of the label is proposed as 'Ecolabel.. because low emission and energy-efficient'. (orig.) [German] Beim vorliegenden Gutachten handelt es sich um eine Machbarkeitsstudie nach ISO 14024. Es behandelt die Frage, ob ein Umweltzeichen fuer Holzpelletfeuerungen

This assessment is a feasibility study according to ISO 14024. It deals with the question whether an ecolabel is suitable for wood pellet heating systems and how concrete criteria for an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants could be specified. The study begins with a comprehensive market analysis in order to identify possible plants for which an ecolabel would make sense. In the main part of the study, the environmental relevance of the chosen plants is analysed. For this analysis, plant manufacturers were interviewed and a comparison between wood pellet heating systems and heating systems which use gas, oil or wood was carried out. On the basis of this analysis, it was possible to derive a number of criteria which were discussed with company representatives and other experts in this field. As a result of this dialogue and the investigation process as a whole, the introduction of an ecolabel for wood pellet heating plants can be recommended. Wood pellet heating systems are characterized by their high level of automatation and the use of standardized fuels with constant high quality. Thus, they reach high combustion quality with low emission rates, and risks of misuse are minimized. They may contribute to the increased use of renewable energies and thereby to the achievement of climate protection goals. The proposed certification principles comprise requirements regarding (a) the efficient energy use (efficiency factor under partial load and nominal load, plant's supplementary energy consumption), (b) emission values for CO, NO{sub x}, dust and organic substances, (c) the offer of additional services, as well as (d) requirements with regard to the operating instructions. The transcription of the label is proposed as 'Ecolabel.. because low emission and energy-efficient'. (orig.) [German] Beim vorliegenden Gutachten handelt es sich um eine Machbarkeitsstudie nach ISO 14024. Es behandelt die Frage, ob ein Umweltzeichen fuer Holzpelletfeuerungen

There are various options for retrofitting Russian prefabricated concrete-slab buildings of the first period of industrial construction, so-called khrushchevki, with the object of bringing them up to European standards of thermal insulation technology. In the given case the basis of calculations was the German EnEV 2007 (Building Energy Conservation Ordinance). The analysis of sample building data opened up a large range of possibilities for increasing its energy efficiency. For instance, calculations ascertained that relatively inexpensive methods of enhancing a buildings thermal insulation can achieve a significant decrease in energy consumption for heating. In addition, this thesis analyzes possible variations of retrofitting and reconstruction using different types of materials and heating systems. The results clearly illustrate that residential houses e.g. type series 1-507 have a future as comfortable and functional housing space. In fact, and in contrast to common prejudices, their fate is far from hopeless. Even the climatic circumstances of a northern city such as St. Petersburg do not preclude the use of alternative energy sources such as solar energy. On the contrary, it is a conceivable method of support for heating systems. In summary, the investigations show that the retrofitting of prefabricated concrete-slab buildings of the first construction period is a sensible project, especially when taking into account the further development of fossil energy prices. In its most sophisticated form (the passive house), retrofitting will result in energy savings of up to 90 %. [German] Fuer russische Wohnhaeuser der ersten Periode des industriellen Bauens, so genannte ''Chruschtschowki'', besteht ein hoher Sanierungsbedarf. Im Rahmen der nachfolgenden Betrachtungen werden moegliche energetische Sanierungsmassnahmen fuer diese typischen russischen Wohngebaeude vorgestellt. Das Ziel ist eine Angleichung an das europaeische Waermeschutzniveau

The aim of this chair at the Institute for Mining at Clausthal Technological University is to familiarise the future engineer with the state of the art in the field of mechanical equipment. The main emphasis of the teaching is in particular the description of coal-mining and roadheading machines as well as conveying and storage technology. In the field of research basic investigations are currently being conducted on flexible bulk material containers, on determination of heat characteristics of insulating and construction materials as well as development of direct methanol fuel cells. (orig.) [German] Den zukuenftigen Ingenieur mit dem Stand der Technik im Bereich der maschinellen Betriebsmittel vertraut zu machen, ist das Ziel dieser Professur des Instituts fuer Bergbau an der TU Clausthal. Schwerpunkte der Lehre sind insbesondere die Darstellung von Gewinnungs- und Vortriebsmaschinen sowie die Foerder- und Lagertechnik. Auf dem Gebiet der Forschung werden zur Zeit Grundlagenuntersuchungen an flexiblem Schuettgutbehaeltern, an der Ermittlung waermetechnischer Kennwerte von Isolier- und Baustoffen sowie die Entwicklung von Direkten Methanolbrennstoffzellen betrieben. (orig.)

The attorney general of the European Court of Justice considers the German minimum pricing regulation for electricity from renewable energy sources, as contained in the StrEG (act on enhanced use and minimum pricing of electricity from RES), to be in compliance with the EC prohibition on aid. This statement however does not terminate all debates, as he considers the act to be a 'barrier to trade' in the internal market in electricity. (orig./CB) [German] Der Generalanwalt des Europaeischen Gerichtshofes sieht die Mindestpreisregelungen nach dem Stromeinspeisungsgesetz (StrEG) nicht als staatliche Beihilfen. Allerdings gibt es einen neuen Knackpunkt: Der Generalanwalt sieht das Einspeisungsgesetz als 'Handelshindernis'. (orig./CB)

The Monopolies Commission has published once more a special report on the energy market, which is now 71. In this they examined regularly for many years as well the competition in the German electricity and gas markets work and how he is developping foreseeable. Especially the five-member Commission comments current changes of the regulatory framework and gives the legislature from competitive economic perspective suggestions for possible need for adaptation. In the current special report itself the Monopolies Commission therefore also daels with the current plans of the Federal Government for an electricity market law apart, outlined in the Green and White Papers of the Federal Government to the electricity market 2.0. This contribution begins with an overview of the investigation by the Monopolies Commission on the situation of competition in the German energy markets since the last special report (Point A). Proceeding from this point is the analysis of Monopolies Commission with the projects of the electricity market law ist taken up and assessed (point B). Closing the authors draw a conclusion (point C). [German] Die Monopolkommission hat wieder einmal ein Sondergutachten zum Energiemarkt veroeffentlicht, das mittlerweile 71. In diesen begutachtet sie seit vielen Jahren regelmaessig, wie gut der Wettbewerb auf den deutschen Strom- und Gasmaerkten funktioniert und auch, wie er sich absehbar entwickelt. Insbesondere kommentiert die fuenfkoepfige Kommission aktuelle Aenderungen des ordnungspolitischen Rahmens und gibt dem Gesetzgeber aus wettbewerbsoekonomischer Perspektive Anregungen fuer etwaigen Anpassungsbedarf. Im aktuellen Sondergutachten setzt sich die Monopolkommission daher auch mit den aktuellen Plaenen der Bundesregierung fuer ein Strommarktgesetz auseinander, angelegt im Gruen- und Weissbuch der Bundesregierung zum Strommarkt 2.0. Dieser Beitrag beginnt mit einem Ueberblick ueber die Untersuchungen der Monopolkommission zur Lage des Wettbewerbs auf den

This special report focuses on measurements of elements whose scope goes far beyond the routine monitoring for metals. The present studies are intended to extend the existing knowledge on the pollution situation of the Elbe and certain of its tributaries as well as provide a basis for formulating future guidelines for action. The first step towards this goal is sampling by means of an helicopter. The sampling is followed by a very involved and costly analysis programme, accompanied by extensive quality assurance measures. This is the only way of reliably analysing a large number of elements occurring in extremely low concentrations. Once the data have been recorded the question arises how they are to be evaluated. What schemes are suitable for categorising a large number of elements measured in either the suspended matter or the water compartment? What elements are to be regarded as the result of anthropogenic influences and what are their respective background concentrations in the fluvial system under study? These questions are approached by means of statistical methods which permit identifying elemental patterns and pollution sources as well as optimising the selection of measuring points for future studies. [German] In diesem Sonderbericht steht die Bestimmung von Elementen, die in ihrem Umfang ueber die routinemaessig erfassten Metalle deutlich hinausgeht, im Vordergrund. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sollen das bereits vorhandene Wissen zur Beschreibung der Immissionssituation der Elbe und von bestimmten Nebenfluessen erweitern, verbunden mit der Moeglichkeit, zukuenftige Handlungsmaximen zu erarbeiten. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels steht zu Beginn die Probenahme mit einem Helicopter. Im Anschluss an die Probenahme folgt eine sehr aufwendige und teure Analytik, die begleitet wird von umfassenden Massnahmen zur Qualitaetssicherung. Nur so ist es moeglich, eine grosse Vielzahl von Elementen in extrem niedrigen Konzentrationen sicher analysieren zu koennen. Sind

In the framework of an international collaboration a new electron-positron linear accelerator (ILC) with a c. m. energy up to 500 GeV is planned. For the International Large Detector Concept (ILD) a time projection chamber (TPC) shall perform precise measurements of the particle tracks. In order to fulfil the high requirements on the resolution, a microstructure gas-amplification system is used for read-out. For research and development of the detector principle for the application at the ILC at DESY a large TPC prototype is developed. For the operation of the detector it is necessary to monitor its state and especially that of the measurement gas. For this purpose in the framework of this thesis a slow control system is built, which shall make possible for the different collaboration partners to operate the prototype and to integrate the slow control data into their measurement. For this with an object-oriented control system a graphic user interface was created, which makes an overview over the applied measurement devices and a driving allows. Furthermore the influence of impurities of the gas mixture by oxygen was studied. For this with a small TPC prototype measurements of the electron attachment coefficient at different oxygen concentrations were performed with a magnetic flux density of 4 T. From the amplitude of the measurement signal a rate for the electron attachment could be determined. The values obtained for this agree sufficiently in comparison with literature values. [German] Im Rahmen einer internationalen Kollaboration ist ein neuer Elektronen-Positronen-Linearbeschleuniger (ILC) mit einer Schwerpunktsenergie bis zu 500 GeV geplant. Fuerdas International Large Detector Concept (ILD) soll eine Zeitprojektionskammer (TPC) praezise Vermessungen der Teilchenspuren durchfuehren. Um die hohen Anforderungen an die Aufloesung zu erfuellen, wird ein Mikrostruktur-Gasverstaerkungssystem zur Auslese verwendet. Zur Erforschung und Entwicklung des

Today, besides the agricultural utilization of liquid and drained sludge and the composting, there are the following different disposal ways which come into consideration: - sludge combustion in an independent plant or with garbage together; - utilization as a combustible both in cement and asphalt industry as well as in thermal power stations; - additives in commercial fertilizer or direct utilization as a dry fertilizer in agriculture (phosphorus fertilizer). All these ways demand a sludge product, with a dry content of 55 up to approximately 90 percent. During specification of an as flexible as possible plant in the waste water treatment plant Zurich-Werdhoelzli therefore, was demanded a double stage drying, for the production of both products, one with about 55 percent of dry matter (for combustion without supplementary combustibles) and one of these with 85-95 percent of dry matter. An indirect thin film contact extrusion gear was chosen in order to hold the odour and dust problems as small as possible, a high drying degree, in order to allow the desired corrected piling up and a better handling. This in turn should bring a further flexibility for trading of the sewage sludge product what has again favorable influence on the costs. (orig./SR) [Deutsch] Zur Zeit kommen neben der landwirtschaftlichen Verwertung von fluessigem und entwaessertem Schlamm sowie dem Kompostieren folgende Entsorgungswege in Frage: - Schlammverbrennung in einer eigenstaendigen Anlage oder zusammen mit Muell; - Einsatz als Brennstoff sowohl in der Zement- und Asphaltindustrie wie auch in thermischen Kraftwerken; - Zuschlagstoff in Handelsduenger oder direkter Einsatz als Trockenduenger (Phosphorduenger) in der Landwirtschaft. Alle diese Wege verlangen ein Schlammprodukt, das einen Trockengehalt von 55 resp. rund 90 Prozent aufweisen muss. Bei der Spezifikation einer moeglichst flexiblen Anlage in der Klaeranlage Zuerich-Werdhoelzli wurde deshalb eine zweistufige Trocknung verlangt, die

The hot gas particulate removal of many advanced coal fired power generation technologies works at temperatures above 800 C. The filter elements for these applications are often based on ceramic materials, e.g. silicon carbide. However, the mostly clay bonded silicon carbide is subject to creep and oxidation due to probable changes of the binder phase. In this work the development of new ceramic filter materials based on silicon carbide and alumina is described. The goal of the development was to increase the potential application temperature. To obtain the goal, the work was performed together with ceramic powder manufacturers, developers of ceramic materials and components as well as with companies who operate test facilities. Different routes were chosen to increase the high temperature resistance in consideration of corrosion resistance, fracture strength and pressure loss of the filter materials. One of these routes was the optimization of the binder phase of the silicon carbide materials. Other routes were concentrated on the base material and the investigation of other possibilities for the silicon carbide bonding, i.e. a recrystallization process of SiC (RSiC) or a self bonding of granulated small grained silicon carbide powder. Additionally filter materials based on alumina were developed. The report covers these material development oriented topics as well as the additional work in materials reliability, coating development and modeling of microstructure. (orig.) [German] In der Kombikraftwerkstechnik wird insbesondere bei Kohlefeuerung die Heissgasreinigung oft bei Temperaturen ueber 800 C eingesetzt. Die Filterelemente fuer diese Anwendungen bestehen oft aus keramischen Materialien. Das haeufig eingesetzte tongebundene Siliciumcarbid unterliegt jedoch besonders aufgrund der Beschaffenheit der Bindephase Kriech- und Oxidationsschaedigungen. In diesem Bericht wird die Entwicklung von neuen keramischen Filtermaterialien, die auf Siliciumcarbid oder

In chapter 14 of the anthology about building control the single room control for achieving user-optimised room air conditions is described. The following aspects are discussed: What is comfort? What is economic efficiency? Systems for secondary air treatment, adapted functions of the measurement and control technique, management functions, orientation of the demand at the use, investment and amortisation. (BWI) [Deutsch] Kapitel 14 des Sammelbandes ueber Building control ist dem Thema der Einzelraumregelung zur Erzielung eines nutzungsoptimierten Raumklimas gewidmet. In diesem Zusammenhang werden folgende Themenbereiche angesprochen: Was ist Komfort? Was ist Wirtschaftlichkeit? Systeme fuer sekundaere Luftbehandlung; Angepasste Funktionen der MSR-Technik; Managementfunktionen; Bedarfsorientierung an der Nutzung; Investition und Amortisation. (BWI)

In cooperation with the Ford Research Center Aachen a trimodal version of the Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe (MADE) has been developed further and implemented into the EURAD model system. Model components for aerosol cloud interactions and secondary organic aerosols have implemented. Parameterizations of aerosol cloud interactions have verified in cooperation with the Institut fuer Troposphaerenforschung (IFT) and the university of Cottbus (BTU). Model results for episodes in summertime and wintertime 1997 have compared with measurements of PM{sub 10}-concentrations from the department of the environment of Northrine-Westfalia. Inside the area of Northrine-Westfalia the modelled PM{sub 10}-concentrations are largely in agreement with the assessment principles for air quality models recommended by the European Union. Modelled sulphate and TSP-concentrations have compared with measurements at stations from the EMEP network. The developed aerosol dynamics model is useful for the realization and control of air quality directives passed by the European Union. The numerical simulation of modifications of the Actinic flux caused by aerosols have prepared. Technical problems remain concerning the numerical description of the size-composition distribution of cloud droplets. Furthermore the determination of the soot fraction of aerosol particles is very uncertain at the moment. For this reasons an implementation of the numerical simulation of modifications of the Actinic flux caused by aerosol particles have put on the back burner. (orig.) [German] In Kooperation mit dem Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen (FFA) wurde eine trimodale Version des Modalen Aerosol-Dynamik Modells fuer Europa (MADE) in das EURAD-Modellsystem implementiert und weiterentwickelt. Weiterhin wurden Module fuer die Wechselwirkungen von Aerosolen und Wolken sowie zur Bildung von sekundaerem organischen Aerosol implementiert. Die Funktionsfaehigkeit dieser Module wurde mit Modellrechnungen ueberprueft

This volume contains 17 contributions on fuel cell technology and on the infrastructure required for hydrogen production and supply, in the form of abstracts and short reports. [German] Dieser Band enthaelt 17 Beitraege zum Themenkreis Brennstoffzellentechnologie und die dazu erforderliche Infrastruktur fuer die Wasserstofferzeugung und -versorgung in Form von Kurzfassungen und Vortragsfolien.

The Institut fuer Datenverarbeitung in der Technik (Institute for Data Processing in Engineering) works in the field of applied computer and systems analysis. The present report describes the activities of this Institute within the following KfK-projects: Reprocessing, Fusion Technology, Nuclear Material Safeguards, Nuclear Safety, and the Fast Breeder Project. (WB) [de

Modern recording systems form the basis for competitive services. They are, however, only successful when integrated precisely into a lean running organization. By means of practical examples the necessity to place great emphasis on the costs of a system besides the investment costs when deciding about a recording system, will be examined. The significant changes on the energy market and the increasing demand of the housing economy for a comprehensive offer of services from the supply industry are main initiators for a whole new line of businesses on the supply economy sector. The great challenge for the supply industry lies in the task to install lean and effective system which are on one hand reliable and easy to handle for the whole duration of the contract and on the other hand are so cost efficient, that an adequate profitability can be ensured (see also: 'The secret winners', Zfk October 1999). A decisive factor for this reason is the metering technology, which has to ensure for the whole duration of the contract that correct consumption values are registered, on the basis of which as fast and punctual as possible a legally safe invoicing can be prepared. (orig.) [German] Moderne Erfassungssysteme bilden die Grundlage fuer wettbewerbsfaehige Dienstleistungen, die jedoch erst bei sauberer Einbindung in eine schlanke Ablauforganisation erfolgreich sind. Anhand von Praxisbeispielen wird die Notwendigkeit betrachtet, bei der Entscheidung fuer ein Erfassungssystem neben den Investitionskosten den Systemkosten entscheidendes Gewicht zu verleihen. (orig.)

The Institut fuer Nukleare Entsorgungstechnik performs research and development work on the treatment, solidification and final storage of radioactive wastes. The main target of the work is to develop processes and concepts for a safe disposal of radioactive wastes from nuclear plants. The work on waste treatment is carried out within the framework of the reprocessing and waste treatment project. It comprises of the development and characterization of ultimate storable waste products as well as the development of processes for the treatment and solidification of radioactive wastes mainly from reprocessing irradiated nuclear fuels. The studies on the ultimate storage are carried out together with the 'Gesellschaft fuer Strahlen- und Umweltforschung'. Their main concern is the analysis of processes in the neighbourhood of ultimate storage (waste product, packing, filling and immediate surrounding storage medium) for normal and accident conditions and their safety technical optimization. The report is supplemented by a list of publications and lectures of the institute coworkers in 1980. (orig./RB) [de

The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, founded after the 1986 Chernobyl accident, has channeled the debate about the causes and the impact of that event. German power utilities, associations, and industries have tried to mitigate the consequences to the persons affected by organizing relief campaigns. Support granted by individual states and by the EU, but also private assistance schemes, are helping the operators of nuclear power plants in the young democracies to develop ways and means of helping themselves. Western know-how is adapted to the conditions prevailing in those countries. Eastern expertise should increasingly be used in the development of new reactor lines in the West. Technology can be transferred abroad only if it finds support and acceptance in its countries of origin. The terrorist actions accompanying the shipment of radioactive waste from La Hague to Gorleben in April 1996 have shown the decisive dependence on the preservation of public law and order of the peaceful uses of nuclear power. A s a consequence, the problems of spent fuel and waste management must be separated from further acceptance issues and solved as a matter of priority. Also with respect to the back end of the fuel cycle the polluter pays principle must be applied, according to which radioactive waste arising in German nuclear power plants must be stored in interim stores and repositories in the country, irrespective of any future internationalization of the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle. (orig.) [Deutsch] Das BMU, das nach dem Unfall in Tschernobyl 1986 eingerichtet wurde, hat die Diskussion um Ursachen und Folgen eines Ereignisses gepraegt. Deutsche EVU, Verbaende und Industrieunternehmen haben versucht, die Folgen fuer die Betroffenen durch Hilfsaktionen zu mildern; Unterstuetzungen durch Einzelstaaten und EU, aber auch private Patenschaften, begleiten die Kernkraftwerksbetreiber in den jungen Demokratien mit Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe. Westliches Know-how wird in

We introduce in this short note some aspects of the Moyal momentum algebra that we call the Das-Popowicz Mm algebra. Our interest on this algebra is motivated by the central role that it can play in the formulation of integrable models and in higher conformal spin theories. (author)

The implementation of innovative systems in passenger vehicles requires a stable electric power supply. Moreover, the increasing demand on electric energy causes a larger influence on the fuel consumption. The task of an intelligent Power Management System is to optimise power generation as well as to achieve a reliable supply for electric loads. This paper deals with tools for development and evaluation of these functions. The preliminary design of control concepts is based on simulation. The simulation models are completely described by an object-oriented modeling language. Parameters of components from present power systems are extracted from measurements in the vehicle and with the help of a Hardware-in-the-Loop test bench. First simulation results indicate the quality of the new power management concepts. In parallel, these concepts can be approved on the test bench. (orig.)

To use the FASTBUS data acquisition system for the experiment ELAN at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA a new software tool has been developed. This tool manages to readout parallel CAMAC with a VME front-end-processor and FASTBUS with the special FASTBUS processor segment AEB. Both processors are connected by a 32 bit high speed VSB data bus. (orig.).

The data acquistion system SOS has been developed for the SAPHIR experiment at the Bonn stretcher ring ELSA. It can handle up to 280 kilobytes of data per second or a maximum triggerrate of 200 Hz. The multiprocessor based online system consists of twenty VIP-microprocessors and two VAX-computers. Each component of the SAPHIR experiment has at least one program in the online system to maintain special functions for this specific component. All of these programs can receive event data without interfering with the transfer of events to a mass storage for offline analysis. A special program SOL has been developed to serve as a user interface to the data acquisition system and as a status display for most of the programs of the online system. Using modern features like windowing and mouse control on a VAX-station the SAPHIR online SOL establishes an easy way of controlling the data acquisition system. (orig.).

The aim of this thesis consists in the construction and test of an external light-calibration system based on light-emitting diodes (LED) for the application at the symmetric Moller/Bhabha (SYMB) luminosity monitor. In chapter 2 the theoretical foundations of the OLYMPUS experiment, especially of the SYMB luminosity monitor are explained. Thereafter in chapter 3 the details of the setup of the OLYMPUS experiment and the fundamental properties of the SYMB detectors are discussed. In chapter 4 the whole concept of the LED light-pulser system is treated. In chapter 5 then test measurements with the ready LED light-pulser system are described. Thereby the light source shall be optimized in the shape that thereafter light pulses with short signal width are producable. Also different measurements for the unique characterization of the systems are performed. In chapter 6 light-intensity measurements during the operation of the LED light-pulser system are described.

In all technological disciplines, experts disagree about fundamental aspects. Publications on these issues are confusing and subjective. In the field of heating engineering, there are three questions that must be answered for every single installation: In what cases should wall-mounted systems or stationary systems be preferred? What are the preferred applications for single boiler systems versus cascade systems? When should large-volumes be preferred and when small-volume systems? The contribution attempts to answer these questions. (orig.)

The Bruce Power nuclear power plant (BP NPP) in Ontario, Canada, is the largest nuclear generating station in the world, operating 8 nuclear reactors producing 6300 MW. In correlation with Bruce Power's safety culture, ''Safety first'' and continuous improvements are essential and substantial parts of the Bruce Power philosophy and management system. After the Fukushima nuclear accident the existing radiological emergency monitoring was analyzed and improved.

The thesis begins with a short introduction in the theory of astroparticle physics. Especially the processes, which lead to signal respectively background events in neutrino detectors, are discussed. Thereafter follows the descripotion of the basing detection principle and the detectors AMANDA and IceCube. The following chapter considers the two data-acquisition systems of the AMANDA detector and explains the motivation for the construction of a new data-acquisition system. The newly designed trigger system is then extensively treated. First a completely on software basing system is discussed, and then the implemented version is considered more detailedly. A procedure to detect and to mark events from atmospheric muons directly on trigger level is presented.

conduction and radiation. The sphere is assumed to be sufficiently small so that Reynolds number, Peclet number and Bouguer number are much smaller than one. The results are obtained by an asymptotic expansion.

The goal of the KATRIN(KArlsruhe TRIritium Neutrino) Experiment is to directly determine the neutrino rest mass from the kinematics of the tritium-{beta}-decay. KATRIN uses the high resolution and luminosity of a spectrometer following the MAC-E filter principle. Based on the experience of the successful predecessor experiments in Mainz and Troisk and the improved experimental technology, KATRIN aims to reach a sensitivity on the neutrino mass of 0.2 eV/c{sup 2} (90% C.L.). One of the few systematic uncertainties that have to be reduced to meet this goal is the uncertainty of measuring and monitoring the potential of the electrostatic filter of the spectrometer. In tritium measurement mode voltages of about U{sub 0} =-18.6 kV have to be permanently monitored with a maximum uncertainty of 3.3 ppm ({approx} 61mV at U{sub 0}), in order not to add more than {delta}m{sup 2}{sub {nu}{sub ec}}{sup 4} {<=} 0.0075 eV{sup 2} to the total systematic uncertainty. The goal of this work is to build a new precision high voltage divider in cooperation with PTB Braunschweig that reaches an uncertainty of about 1 ppm at voltages up to 35 kV. The divider is based on a new type of precision resistors, which have been screened with respect to their warm up drift and their temperature coefficient at the ppm level. By combining 100 of the best matching samples, the mutual warm up effect could be reduced to a computed value of <0.02 ppm. The precision resistors are mounted in a shielded and temperature stabilized vessel under N{sub 2} gas. The properties of both installed low voltage outputs with the ratios 1972:1 and 3944:1 have been repeatedly calibrated with about one year time difference at the DC high voltage laboratory (division 2.31) of PTB. The performance of the new divider in real measurements has been tested with the prototype of the new condensed {sup 83m}Kr calibration source (CKrS) [Ost08] at the Mainz spectrometer. Detailed stability investigations of the energy of the {sup 83m}Kr-K{sub 32} conversion electrons show that it is possible to determine the line position in serial measurements with a relative stability of 1 ppm ({approx}18 meV). (orig.)

An enhancement of the energy efficiency has to enable a satisfaction of needs with less energy expenditure. For this, mobility management is a prime example. This will provide a contribution to energy saving and climate protection. The contribution under consideration documents the results and a collection of possible measures for mobility management.

It is an undisputed fact that brand value plays a significant role in ensuring corporate value added. What ultimately determines the value of the brand is the image in the consumer's mind. To discover what actually leads consumers to make purchase decisions is consequently one of the fundamental challenges faced by brand managers, advertisers and marketing specialists. What persuades the consumer to opt for one product and not for another? The answers to these questions form a key source of new know-how for use in successful marketing. (orig.)

Wellness temples have an economic development. The interest at fitness and relaxation has let to a development of a whole industry. In order to pass the competition successfully, companies such as Felicitas Buehrle (Rust, Federal Republic of Germany) must have good ideas for investments, and simultaneously pay attention to lower operating costs. A heat pump system can be such a solution, as the contribution under consideration shows.

The present volume 2 of the radiology compendium discusses clinical radiology with the list of subjects to be studied in the 2nd section of clinical training. It is dealing with the following themes: Internal medicine, paediatrics, urology, general surgery, radiological methods in gynaecology and obstetrics, orthopaedics, neurology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dentistry and orthodontology, radiotherapy in dermatology.

Simulated Annealing (SA) is an optimization method analogous to the thermodynamic method and is a new alternative for optimising the energy production of hydropower systems with storage capabilities. The SA-Algorithm is presented here and it was applied for the maximization of the energy production of the Baghdara hydropower plant in Afghanistan. The results were also compared with a non-linear optimization method NLP. (orig.)

The second law of thermodynamics is crucial for the realization of energy-related processes. The second law makes statements about the value of the energy or the energy degradation in power engineering processes. Such considerations have to be included in the design, planning and optimization of integrated energy systems in the case of an efficient use of energy. With this in mind, the book under consideration explains the physical background as well as the reasons of losses. Furthermore, the possibility of evaluating and improving processes are highlighted.

With the phase-out of nuclear energy, the consistent utilization of renewable energies increasingly is becoming important. Thus, the power supply performs a change in which the development of networks does not come along in part. At the same time, consumers of electric power also are producers. Instead of speaking about consumers, now one may speak about prosumers. In this context, the Smart Grid is on everyone's lips. Smart components are less common. Without smart components, smart grids are not feasible. Seemingly small components such as data radio modems can play an important role.

The significance of process knowledge for the monitoring and closed loop control of biotechnical processes is demonstrated. An important problem of the development of chemometric models is the expense of calibration measurements required to calculate values of process variables from unselective measurements. To reduce this expense a method was developed which uses a dynamic process model instead of measurements. As an example the chemometric modeling will be discussed of a baker's yeast cultivation measuring fluorescence spectra and estimating biomass, glucose, and ethanol concentrations. We demonstrate the exploitation of process knowledge during an Escherichia colifermentation for the closed loop control of glucose concentration by using an extended Kalman filter. Here the effective dead time and the measurement noise will be compensated by this method. The glucose set point is 0.05g/L. The yield of the process exceeds by far that of batch fermentations. (orig.)

Because of the upgrade in the LHC (2020-2022), in which the luminosity is increased to above 5.10{sup 34} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}, in the CMS tracker a much higher radiation exposure than hitherto is to be expected. Therefore radiation-hardened sensors are required. For this reason in the framework of the Hamamatsu-Photonics-KK campaign among others Mpix sensors are studied. Furthermore they are tested concerning their material properties by characterizing befor and after the irradiation. Also the optimal geometry is searched for. This thesis studies two substrate types of the same thickness with two isolating mechanisms. Thereby also the influence of the geometry and different bias structures is regarded in order to draw conclusions on the radiation hardness.

The established concept of radiation protection with its basic principles justification, optimization, and limitation has proved its value and is going to be continued. In its deeper meaning, however, the concept is rather subtle and complex. Furthermore, in some aspects there remain some breaches or inconsistencies. This is just true for the terms dose limit, reference lever, and constraint that are tightly associated with the radiation protection principles. In order to guarantee the ability of radiation protection in whole extent, the subtle differences of meaning have to be communicated. There is a permanent need to defend the conceptual function of these terms against deliberate or undeliberate misinterpretations. Reference levels are definitely not the same as dose limits and they may not be misused as such. Any attempt to misinterpret fundamental radiation protection principles for selfish purposes should discouraged vigorously.

In the future sensors will be necessary to control the compliance with hydrocarbon limiting values, allowing a direct detection of the hydrocarbons. Appropriate sensor-active functional materials are metal oxides, which have a hydrocarbon sensitivity but are also dependent on the oxygen partial pressure. It is proposed that the gas-sensing layer should be integrated into an electrochemical cell. The authors show that the integration of a resistive oxygen sensor into a pump cell allows a defined oxygen concentration level at the sensor layer in any exhaust gas.

In the framework of this thesis a data-acquisition system was developed and successfully taken into operation. The software of the system was on the base of C++ completely newly implemented and the number of the source-code rows amounts to 82,494 rows. A system was created, which is ''to above'' open, i.e.: Hardware components were applied, which are coupled via standardized procedures (TCP/IP, Linux, C++,..). By this a power increasement of the system is possible by exchange of hardware components.

This comprehensive final report for the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) discusses work done in 2006 within the framework of the International Energy Agency's Geothermal Implementing Agreement (GIA). Information exchange with representatives of countries where geothermal energy is used is discussed as are the contributions made in this area by Swiss representatives. In particular, comprehensive appendices to the report present the Swiss Country Report, a basic paper on geothermal sustainability, comments on the environmental impact of geothermal energy development and risks posed by fluid injection in enhanced geothermal systems.

The investigation under consideration provides a detailed data base regarding a final and useful energy demand in Germany. It serves as a basis for a future assessment of energy efficiency developments in separate sectors, applications and purposes. The project was conducted with data for the reference year 2007. The project focused on three final consumption sectors 'Private Household', 'Trade, commerce and services' and 'industry'. It did not cover the transport sector. The first chapter presents a calculation of the energy demand for the year 2008. Especially, it addresses the issue of changes in the procedure in comparison to the previous year. The second chapter presents the results of a differentiated final energy consumption for the year 2008 in the case of the three final consumption sectors. The results for the year 2008 are very good loadable.

When the project started in mid-June 2009 the ''energy turnaround'' had not been invented yet. Today it is a generic catchword which stands for the dynamic growth of decentralised energy production with the goal of creating a CO{sub 2}-neutral electricity supply system based on renewable energies. The goal of Smart Country is to develop an electricity transmission system to match. Specifically, it aims to ensure that the rising requirements on rural transmission grids resulting from the increase in electricity production from renewable energies are met.

Data management is a challenge for all energy suppliers. Whether master data, device management, malfunction analysis, network planning, customer management or billings - quite often, huge amounts of data have to be controlled and evaluated flexibly. The industry systems are not suitable for all tasks. Microsoft Excel is overstrained with the flood of data. Thus, the public utility Niebuell (Federal Republic of Germany) applies an easy to handle analysis tool which is designed for a rapid and easy analysis of huge amounts of data.

The Goesgen nuclear power plant (KKG) received its operational licence on September 9, 1978. The operational start-up of the plant went on into the year 1979, but there was a short interruption because of the accident in the Three Mile Island reactor on March 28, 1979. In May 1985 KKG submitted a request for raising the thermal reactor power from the then 2808 MW to 3002 MW. Based on the examination by the Federal Agency for the Safety of Nuclear Installations (HSK), the Swiss Federal Council granted the licence in two steps: in December 1985 for raising the thermal power to 2900 MW, and, in April 1992, to 3002 MW. The licence for the second step was given under the condition that some more experience was to be gained concerning the fuel rod cladding under higher loading. As part of the yearly re-licensing on restart after fuel assembly reloading, HSK confirmed that the plant status conformed to the legal requirements. In November 1986, HSK asked all Swiss nuclear power plant managers to state their opinions on proposed measures concerning severe accidents. Some of the measures were already in discussion; the Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986, accelerated their implementation and was also a reason for the introduction of the measures against severe accidents. In this context, KKG carried out a risk study which led to the installation of a filtered pressure release system for the containment. Another consequence of the Chernobyl accident was the introduction of technical Periodical Safety Reviews (PSR) for all operating nuclear power plants. Central points of the PSR are: a) comparison with the continuously improving state-of-the-art of science and technology concerning safety precautions; b) a systematic evaluation of operating experience and plant status; c) the taking into account of probabilistic safety analyses in the overall evaluation of the plant. Within the framework of the examination of the overall plant, HSK also checks how its requirements concerning plant safety and radiation protection are taken into account. Even if the plant manager considers the guarantee of plant safety as his duty, an overall investigation by the authorities makes sense because it also looks into rare accident scenarios for which there are, of course, no actual working experience and which can only be considered within the framework of extended plant examinations. The PSRs on the Swiss nuclear power plants therefore complement the continuous control activities of the HSK; they are carried out about every 10 years. For KKG the PSR process was initiated by a letter from the HSK in February 1994. The areas to be considered were: a) examination of design and fulfilment of technical safety systems and comparison with the actual state-of-the-art of science and technology; b) evaluation of operational experience; c) review of the technical precautions against severe accidents including the preparation of emergency measures; d) review of the emergency organisation; e) examination of the plant protection against radioactivity; f) future dismantling at the end of operational life and disposal of the radioactive wastes; g) evaluation of accident analyses and of the KKG probabilistic safety analysis; h) review of plant organisation and plant management. The examination confirmed that, at KKG, there are very many technical safety precautions. KKG operational experience is good, the results show a high degree of operational availability and a very low number of incidental shut-downs. In international comparison the collective doses of the staff are low and the release of radioactive materials to the environment is negligible; on this account KKG is one of the world's best plants operating pressurised water reactors. Up to now the examinations have not brought any ageing deterioration to light concerning the status of safety-relevant components or ducts

The study on the probability of occurrence of extreme weather events in Germany is based on compiled data covering ground-level temperature, precipitation and wind during the time period 1901 to 2000. The data processing approach is based on two methodologies: a time-gliding extreme value analysis and a structure-oriented time-series analysis. The results show a significant increase of very hot months and at the same time a decrease of extreme cold months within the 20th century. In the time period after 1951 the probability of very high daily maximum temperatures increased for all seasons. Concerning the precipitation the increase of extreme values and higher variabilities are observed for the winter period. The results concerning the wind are not so clear. Summarizing the extreme behavior of temperature and precipitation has shown strong variations during the last century.

A cooperative effort of the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (ZSW) and Phototronics Solartechnik GmbH (PST) aimed at the transfer of highly efficient solar cells developed on a laboratory scale, to large-area thin-film solar modules suitable for production. This work was based on research and development at the Institute for Physical Electronics (IPE) of Stuttgart University and ZSW on one hand, and on the know-how of PST in regard to large-area module fabrication on the other hand. The various thin-film layers of the cells and modules comprize molybdenum as rear contact, copper-indium(gallium)-diselenide (CIGS) as absorber material, the combination of cadmium sulphide (CdS) and ZnO as window layer. To produce these layers on large areas (30x30 cm{sup 2}), equipment was constructed and procedures were developed. Monolithic series connection of cells, used in other thin-film technologies, was studied and optimized by suitable patterning procedures, such as laser-scribing, mechanical scribing or lift-off techniques. Central to the PST efforts was the large-area deposition of Mo followed by patterning for the monolithic series connection, and furthermore important contributions in regard to the ZnO window layer as well as aspects of the module technology. The latter include film removal along the module edges, contacting and cable attachment, lamination, module measurements and temperature/humidity tests. The main goal, namely the basic development of equipment and procedures to fabricate large-area (30x30 cm{sup 2}) modules with an efficiency of 10-12%, was reached (best module with 11.7% efficiency referenced to the aperature area). (orig.) [Deutsch] Um die im Labormassstab entwickelten hocheffizienten Solarzellen in industriell relevante grossflaechige Duennschichtmodule umzusetzen, arbeiteten das Zentrum fuer Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung (ZSW) Baden-Wuerttemberg und die Phototronics Solartechnik GmbH (PST) zusammen. Ausgangsbasis waren

Solar energy will surely continue to be the most important renewable energy source. Since 1985, solar cell production has doubled every five years while the per unit price decreased continuously. This trend is expected to continue. Germany made important contributions both in the construction of new solar cell production plants and in the development of new PV materials and material combinations, as well as in technology and PV plant construction. The states of Thuringia and Saxony were significant contributors. In Thuringia, two solar cell production plants were constructed, while Saxon vacuum coating technology was used in nearly all new German production plants. This workshop presented the activities in Thuringia in Saxony. Contacts were to be established between partners from industry and research, joint projects were to be initiated, and society and politicians were to be informed on the success and new chances achieved. The workshop was held on the occasion of the termination of construction and the starting of experimental production of the ANTEC Solar GmbH factory at Rudisleben. [German] Im Mix der erneuerbaren Energien spielt die Solarenergie kuenftig wohl die wichtigste Rolle. Seit 1985 verdoppelt sich die Solarzellenproduktion in jeweils fuenf Jahren, gleichzeitig sank der Preis pro Leistungseinheit kontinuierlich. Dieser Trend wird weiter anhalten. Deutschland leistete in den letzten Jahren wichtige Beitraege zu dieser Entwicklung, sowohl beim Aufbau neuer Fertigungskapazitaeten fuer Solarzellen, als auch bei der Entwicklung neuer Photovoltaik-Materialien bzw. -Materialkombinationen und auf den Gebieten der Technologie und des Anlagenbaus. Der Anteil Thueringens und Sachsens an dieser positiven Entwicklung ist groesser als generell vermutet. In Thueringen entstanden zwei Unternehmen fuer die Solarzellenproduktion, der saechsische Vakuumbeschichtungs-Anlagenbau war am Aufbau fast aller neuen deutschen Fertigungsstaetten beteiligt. Auf dem Workshop werden

It was the aim of the interdisciplinary and interinstitutional research program to investigate the possibilities of HC generation from pre-Westphalian sediments in the North German basin in space and time. Potential source rock horizons exist within all pre-Westphalian structural units in Northern Europe, ranging from Cambrian to the Namurian in age and deposited in different environments. The structural framework of the basement of the North German Permian basin was described, the position of the Variscan outer front newly defined and the maturation history during the Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cainozoic deciphered. Pyrolysis experiments have shown that HC generation, especially from type III kerogen, is possible even beyond a maturity of 4% Rmax. Detailed geochemical and isotope-geochemical investigations of the natural gases from all North German fields indicate gas contributions from pre-Westphalian sources in special regions (Ems Estuary region, Altmark). By integrating all the results of the study an estimation of the possibilities of pre-Westphalian gas occurrences in Northern Germany could be made and the most promising areas for prospecting have been outlined. (orig.) [Deutsch] Aufgabe des interdisziplinaeren und interinstitutionellen Forschungsvorhabens war es, die Moeglichkeiten der Kohlenwasserstoff-Bildung aus praewestfalen Sedimenten im Norddeutschen Becken in Raum und Zeit zu erkunden. In allen praewestfalen strukturellen Grosseinheiten Nordeuropas existieren potentielle Muttergesteinshorizonte kambrischen bis namurischen Alters aus unterschiedlichen Ablagerungsmilieus. Das strukturelle Inventar des Untergrundes des norddeutschen Permbeckens, der Verlauf der Variszidenfront in Norddeutschland und die Reifungsgeschichte der praewestfalen Muttergesteine im Verlauf der jungpalaeozoischen, mesozoischen und tertiaeren Entwicklung wurden entschluesselt. Pyrolyseversuche zeigten, dass eine KW-Genese, vor allem fuer Kerogen des Typs III, auch jenseits

Central switching plants and a highly individual design of the MSR-technology and the programming continue to be standard for the control of ventilation and air condition plants. In the field of heating boilers it generally became established several years ago, to transfer the control and supervision function directly to the plant component. The disadvantage very often proved to be, that an integration into the building control technology was only limited and could only be realised at high costs. Due to the introduction of the open bus technology in the field of building automation, these interface problems do not any longer occur and it proves to be useful to transfer the intelligence for ventilation and air condition plants to the field level as well. (orig.) [German] Zur Steuerung und Regelung von Lueftungs- und Klimaanlagen sind zentrale Schaltanlagen und eine hohe Individualitaet bei der Ausfuehrung der MSR-Technik und der Programmierung noch aktueller Standard. Bei Heizkesseln hat es sich hingegen bereits vor mehreren Jahren durchgesetzt, die Steuerungs- und Ueberwachungsfunktionen direkt an das betreffende Anlagenteil zu verlagern. Nachteilig war allerdings oftmals, dass eine Einbindung in die Gebaeudeleittechnik nur begrenzt oder mit hohem Kostenaufwand verbunden, moeglich war. Durch den Einzug der offenen Bustechnologie in die Gebaeudeautomation entfallen derartige Schnittstellenprobleme und es bietet sich an, auch fuer die Lueftungs- und Klimaanlagen die Verlagerung der Intelligenz in die Feldebene vorzunehmen. (orig.)

Data assimilation methods rely on numerous assumptions about the errors involved in measuring and forecasting atmospheric fields. One of the more disturbing of these is that short-term model forecasts are assumed to be unbiased. In case of atmospheric moisture, for example, observational evidence shows that the systematic component of errors in forecasts and analyses is often of the same order of magnitude as the random component. we have implemented a sequential algorithm for estimating forecast moisture bias from rawinsonde data in the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS). The algorithm is designed to remove the systematic component of analysis errors and can be easily incorporated in an existing statistical data assimilation system. We will present results of initial experiments that show a significant reduction of bias in the GEOS DAS moisture analyses.

The available products on the German market were found out and given an opinion on. The offered systems do not meet all requirements on a competent and adequate education in the field of photovoltaic. Within the scope of the intention a photovoltaic-experimental system for the instruction at schools will be developed. As a complete system with the components fit into a special bag it should master all tass. After providing the first draft, an examination for using components being already on the market followed, as well as the experimental building up and testing of new developments. Selecting the most qualified components, several models were manufactured and later on a complete system was built up with having regard to the still necessary modifications. Ensuing the didactic material was achieved and the complete system was tested in practical operation. The result is a photovoltaic-experimental system capable of being produced in series production according to the target. With the developed product it is possible to show and to impart quick and easy the fundamentals in the field of photovoltaic. (orig.) [German] Die auf dem deutschen Markt erhaeltlichen Produkte wurden ermittelt und bewertet. Die angebotenen Systeme entsprechen nicht oder nur eingeschraenkt den Anforderungen an eine kompetente, umfassende und dem Thema Photovoltaik angemessene Ausbildung. Im Rahmen des Vorhabens wird ein Photovoltaik-Experimentiersystem fuer den Unterricht an allgemeinbildenden Schulen entwickelt. Als Komplettsystem mit der Unterbringung des Experimentiermaterials in einem speziellen Koffer soll es schueler-, themen-, und praxigerecht sein. Nach der Konzepterstellung erfolgte die Untersuchung zur Nutzung bereits auf dem Markt befindlicher Komponenten sowie die labormaessige Erstellung von Neuentwicklungen und deren Erprobung. Nach Vorauswahl der Komponenten wurden mehrere Muster hergestellt und spaeter mit noch notwendigen Aenderungen ein Gesamtsystem erstellt. Anschliessend

The research project started in April, 2008 before adoption of the cabinet report of the Federal Government to the German strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change. The German Strategy for Adaptation emphasizes the meaning of information about requirements for adaptation and the active involvement of all social groups in the other process of the strategy. For this the research project has made concrete proposals for the information, communication and participation of social groups. These proposals are based in the essentials on an interest analysis about interviews with stakeholders and the economy to their demands and expectations to the German strategy for Adaptation. Besides we have researched international examples for the adaptation to the climate change for the public relations. For the interactive development of the Internet platform www.anpassung.net concrete proposals were developed. (orig.)

Full Text Available To politicize the world of things – This review presents A comunicação das coisas: teoria ator-rede e cibercultura [The communication of things: Actor-network theory and cyberculture], by André Lemos, raising its key aspects. In a constant dialogue with Bruno Latour's theory, and other like-minded authors, Lemos offers to Brazilian readers more than a book about cyberculture, but a deep reflection about communication and hybridization between people and things, namely, humans and non-humans, dealing with the political, ethical and pedagogical consequences of the hybrids in society.

Evaluation of land use changes was conducted at DAS Babalan. The research was conducted since July 2012 until December 2012. The purpose of this research are to assess changes in forest land into oil palm land, mapping land suitability classes for palm oil and to know the quality of forest land and land oil palm. Method to assess changes in the land area is done by utilizing remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). assessing the changes was conducted by overlayed land use maps...

Within the context of the project the IFF Stuttgart develops Life Cycle Management (LCM) concepts for heating systems and machine-tools, which where presented within the World Exhibition EXPO 2000. The Vaillant GmbH, manufacturer of heating systems, cooperates with the IFF in order to develop the prototype of an LCM controlled system. At the World Exhibition it was possible to control a complete heating system via the Internet and in this way to, say, monitor temperatures, switch on and off the pumps, fix errors or eliminate malfunctions. IFF has developed and realized a remote control of all parameters of the system, which may be controlled via Internet, e-mail or using the software program HZClient. In addition, an Internet-based software was developed, which will support customers to choose the heating system suited best for their individual needs. Finally, Life Cycle Costing (LCC) calculations for machine tools has presented demonstrating the proposed LCC approach in the sphere of capital goods. Therefore, the IFF has developed an interactive simulation tool which allows the economically oriented inspection of product life cycles and generates its overall economic result. The results of the project are transferable particularly on heating-systems of different manufactures. (orig.) [German] Das IFF Stuttgart entwickelte im Vorhaben Life Cycle Management-Konzepte am Beispiel von Heizungsanlagen und Werkzeugmaschinen, die den Besuchern des 'Global Dialogues' auf der EXPO 2000 vorgestellt wurden. In Kooperation des Heizungsherstellers Vaillant GmbH und dem Fraunhofer IPA wurde ein Prototyp einer nach dem LCM gesteuerten Heizungsanlage entwickelt. Hierzu hat das IFF Stuttgart die Fernsteuerung eines modernen Gas-Wandheizgeraetes realisiert. Saemtliche Parameter der Heizung koennen somit per Internet, Softwareprogramm sowie per E-Mail gesteuert werden. Ausserdem wurde ein web-basiertes Programm entwickelt, das Kunden bei ihrer Entscheidung ueber die fuer

If we apply the multistep method of W. Gear for the integration of a system of ordinary differential equations to the nonlinear heat conduction equation in the implementation EPISODE, this results in memory problems due to the band structure of the Jacobian, because EPISODE uses a LU-decomposition with pivoting. The report describes measures which suit this method to the actual conditions. If we use the storage scheme for sparse matrices from Liebau, Rudolphi, only the nonzero elements of the Jacobian are stored. In case of a linear problem, this matrix only has to be computed once. The BI-CGSTAB-method, an iterative method, replaces the LU-decomposition resp. the solution of the linear (and possibly non-symmetric) system of equations resulting from the corrector step. If {tau} is the time step length and h the space step length, this BICG-variant has good convergence properties for a moderate ratio of {tau}/h{sup 2}. The report also includes a short description of the program INSTATCP developed in Borland Delphi 4/Object Pascal. Two applications from the field of fire protection and thermal insulation in buildings (fire insulated steel column and vertically perforated brick) show that the modifications of the Gear method work effectively. (orig.) [German] Wird das Mehrschnittverfahren von W. Gear zur Integration eines Systems gewoehnlicher Differentialgleichungen in der Implementation EPISODE auf die nichtlineare Waermeleitungsgleichung angewandt, so ergeben sich aufgrund der Bandstruktur der Jacobi-Matrix Speicherplatzprobleme, da EPISODE eine LU-Zerlegung mit Pivot-Wahl benutzt. Der Bericht beschreibt Massnahmen, mit denen das Verfahren an die hier vorliegende Situation angepasst wird. Durch die Verwendung des Speicherschemas fuer Sparse-Matrizen aus Liebau, Rudolphi werden nur die Nichtnullelemente der Jacobi-Matrix gespeichert. Liegt insbesondere ein lineares Problem vor, so braucht diese Matrix nur einmal berechnet zu werden. Das BI-CGSTAB-Verfahren, also

Full Text Available Pretende-se analisar o estatuto de uma modalidade peculiar de fantasmatização para a qual propomos o nome de 'fantasias vazias'. No campo das fantasias vazias, a ambigüidade e a polissemia das palavras são postas de lado e seus enunciados se tornam absolutos e unívocos, de modo a anularem quaisquer possibilidades metafóricas ou simbólicas. Investigamos os limites que as fantasias em questão impõem à teoria do significante, propondo, em seguida, concebê-las como uma escritura balizada por uma série de elementos que denominamos 'referenciais discursivos'.From empty fantasies to dissertational reference. The purpose of the article is to analyze the state of a peculiar modality of fantasizing which we have named empty fantasies. Thus, in the field of empty fantasies, the ambiguity and the multiple meaning of the words are put aside and, for that reason, their statement becomes obsolete and univocal, in a way that they eliminate any metaphoric or symbolic possibilities. We investigate the limits that those fantasies impose to the theory of the signifier, proposing, then, to conceive them as a writing delimitated by a series of elements that we have called discourse references.