All of the following are true of the nervous system, except
that it doesn't
A) respond rapidly to stimuli.
B) respond specifically to stimuli.
C) communicate by the release of neurotransmitters.
D) respond with motor output.
E) function independently of the endocrine system.

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.
A) Hormones
B) Neuropeptides
C) Neurotransmitters
D) Humoral antibodies
E) Antigens

A kinase is an enzyme that performs
A) phosphorylation.
B) as a membrane channel.
C) active transport.
D) protein synthesis.
E) as an antibody.

An activated G protein can trigger
A) the production of diacylglycerol.
B) the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane.
C) the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
D) a fall in cAMP levels.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
A) insulin
B) ACTH
C) epinephrine
D) cyclic AMP
E) TSH

All of the following are true of steroid hormones, except
that they
A) are produced by the suprarenal medulla.
B) are derived from cholesterol.
C) are produced by reproductive glands.
D) bind to receptors within the cell.
E) are lipids.

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
A) catecholamines
B) peptide hormones
C) eicosanoids
D) thyroid
E) catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

Steroid hormones
A) are proteins.
B) cannot diffuse through cell membranes.
C) bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
D) remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
E) are transported in the blood dissolved in the plasma.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the
A) hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane becomes depolarized.
C) second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
D) cell becomes inactive.
E) hormone is transported to the nucleus where it alters the activity of DNA.

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,
A) adenyl cyclase is activated.
B) cyclic nucleotides are formed.
C) G proteins are phosphylated.
D) gene transcription is initiated.
E) protein kinases are activated.

Hormone release may be controlled by which of the following factors?
A) blood level of an ion-like potassium
B) blood level of glucose
C) blood level of a hormone
D) nervous stimuli
E) All of the answers are correct.

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?
A) insulin
B) glucagon
C) cortisol
D) thyroxine
E) leptin

Destruction of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?
A) loss of ADH secretion
B) loss of GH secretion
C) loss of melatonin secretion
D) loss of emotional response
E) loss of loss of regulatory factor secretion

The primary function of ADH is to
A) increase the amount of sodium lost at the kidneys.
B) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.
C) decrease blood pressure.
D) increase digestive absorption.
E) delay urination.

If the median eminence of the hypothalamus is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
A) TSH
B) ACTH
C) PRL
D) ADH and OXT
E) TSH, ACTH, PRL

Neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture
A) CRF and GnRH.
B) TSH and FSH.
C) ADH and oxytocin.
D) FSH and PRL.
E) GHIH and GHRH.

The hypophyseal portal system
A) is a blood connection between the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
B) has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins.
C) carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
D) carries ADH and oxytocin.
E) All of the answers are correct.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is
A) FSH.
B) ADH.
C) TSH.
D) MSH.
E) ACTH.

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis, except
A) FSH.
B) oxytocin.
C) TSH.
D) corticotropin.
E) somatotropin.

The hormone oxytocin
A) promotes uterine contractions.
B) is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands.
C) triggers prostate gland contraction.
D) is produced in the hypothalamus.
E) All of the answers are correct.

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?
A) aldosterone
B) epinephrine
C) renin
D) ADH
E) cortisol

The term used to describe excess production of urine is
A) polyuria.
B) polydipsia.
C) hematuria.
D) glycosuria.
E) diabetes insipidis

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is secreted by the human pars intermedia
A) during pregnancy.
B) in very young children.
C) during fetal development.
D) in some disease processes.
E) All of the answers are correct.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9
E) 16

The hormone that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is
A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) just extra fluids.
E) both oxytocin and luteinizing hormone.

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?
A) sodium
B) iodine
C) potassium
D) iron
E) colloid

Which of the following cells are target cells for the hormone that causes a decrease in blood-calcium concentration?
A) alpha cells
B) osteoclasts
C) osteoblasts
D) C cells
E) All cells in the body, especially cartilage, bone, and muscle cells.

Which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues?
A) increased oxygen consumption
B) increased heart rate
C) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation
D) increased body temperature
E) All of the answers are correct.

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?
A) in lysosomes
B) in rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) in the lumen of the thyroid follicle
D) in pinocytotic vesicles
E) in apical microvilli

Inadequate iodine in the diet may lead to
A) hypothyroidism.
B) cretinism.
C) myxedema.
D) high blood levels of TSH.
E) All of the answers are correct.

The action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps except one. Identify the incorrect step.
A) binding to a hormone receptor in the plasma membrane
B) specific transport into the target cell
C) binding to a cytoplasmic receptor protein
D) activation of a specific gene
E) activation of mitochondria

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?
A) thyroid glands; calcitonin
B) parathyroid glands; calcitonin
C) parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone
D) thyroid glands; levothyroxine
E) parathyroid glands; levothyroxine

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following, except
that it doesn't
A) stimulate osteoclast activity.
B) inhibit osteoblast activity.
C) build up bone.
D) stimulate the formation and secretion of calcitriol at the kidneys.
E) enhance the reabsorption of calcium at the kidneys.

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
A) stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
B) increases the level of calcium ions in the blood.
C) increases the level of sodium ions in the blood.
D) increases the level of potassium ions in the blood.
E) increases the level of glucose in the blood.

Damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in
A) the loss of axillary and pubic hair.
B) increased volume of urine formation.
C) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood.
D) decreased ability to convert amino acids to glucose.
E) increased water retention.

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following, except
A) the rate of glucose synthesis by the liver.
B) the rate of glycogen formation by the liver.
C) the level of fatty acids in the blood.
D) fatty acid metabolism by muscle cells.
E) ACTH levels.

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?
A) increase of insulin
B) decrease of insulin
C) increase of blood glucose
D) decrease of blood glucose
E) both an increase of insulin and an increase in blood glucose

Which of these statements about melatonin is false?
A) exposure to light inhibits production
B) exposure to light stimulates production
C) inhibits releases of GnRH
D) produced by pinealocytes
E) made from serotonin

Pinealocytes produce
A) MSH.
B) FSH.
C) LH.
D) melanin.
E) melatonin.

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland, except that it
A) is a component of the epithalamus.
B) is a component of the hypothalamus.
C) secretes melatonin.
D) contains pinealocytes.
E) responds to light and darkness.

In persons with untreated diabetes mellitus,
A) blood glucose levels are very high.
B) excessive thirst is shown.
C) glucose is present in the urine in large amounts.
D) a large excretion of urine occurs.
E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?
A) glycosuria
B) ketoacidosis
C) high blood glucose
D) low blood glucose
E) polyuria

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the suprarenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, to grow extensive body hair, and to stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the
A) zona glomerulosa.
B) zona fasciculata.
C) zona reticularis.
D) suprarenal medulla.
E) pars intermedia.

Which of the following hormones stimulates skeletal muscle fibers to take in glucose from the blood?
A) calcitonin
B) cortisol
C) insulin
D) glucagon
E) parathyroid hormone

Which of the following directly regulates the secretion of insulin?
A) parasympathetic nervous system
B) sympathetic nervous system
C) blood-glucose concentration
D) hypothalamus
E) tropic hormones from the pituitary gland

The pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
A) contain four types of endocrine cells.
B) make up almost half of the pancreas.
C) produce some digestive enzymes.
D) secrete hormones into the pancreatic duct.
E) secrete hormones to regulate blood-calcium levels.

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
A) bone marrow of the skeletal system.
B) splenic pulp of the lymphatic system.
C) endothelial linings of the cardiovascular system.
D) hypothalamus of the nervous system.
E) epidermis of the integumentary system.

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by
A) failure of electrolyte balance.
B) increasing ability to produce glucose from glycogen.
C) increased pumping effectiveness of the heart.
D) a sharp increase in motivation and energy.
E) an increase in urine output.