A clear winter day gave the MODIS on the Terra satellite this view of Iceland on February 2, 2009. Iceland is an island nation located between mainland Europe and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean. Iceland's icy exterior hides its steamy volcanic underpinnings. Running roughly northeast to southwest through the island country is the northern part of the vast Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the divergent boundary of the North American tectonic plate and the Eurasian plate. The two plates are diverging, essentially pulling Iceland apart, and often resulting in intense sub-glacial volcanic activity.

One of Iceland's most active volcanic centers, Grimsvotn, is locked beneath the 8300-square kilometer Vatnajvkull Glacier in southeast Iceland. This center has erupted around once every ten years during the past few hundred years. Beneath the enormous glacier, the intense geothermal activity continuously melts the ice to form a sub-glacial lake in the volcano's caldera (crater). The melt waters eventually flood the caldera, and pour out from underneath the glacier, resulting in often devastating glacial outburst floods that occur every 5-15 years.