More Watermelons – Understanding Assumptions describe this unfamiliar concept, a loophole in the rules of logic. It’s counterintuitive and thus somewhat difficult to grasp, but understanding it can help us avoid many cognitive pitfalls.

3. The Flaw of Averages
This one has undergone some name changes over the years, because I don’t want you to confuse it with a book of the same name.

References
If you need to dig deeper, check out this curated list of references–analytical tools of math and stats–for engineers.