Though completed in 1934 the room is built in the Georgian style, the neoclassical ceiling molding with triglyphs was installed in 1934. A series of French doors topped with arched lunette windows are located on the east side of the room, the light switch can be found on the wall, to the right by said doors.[1] A fireplace, flanked by two niches is located on the north side of the room. Busts of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin by Jean-Antoine Houdon fill the niches. Above the mantel hangs a painting titled The Signing of the Declaration of Independence by Charles Édouard Armand-Dumaresq, (French, 1826–1895). Additional portraits along the west wall are chosen by an incumbent president, the large elliptical mahogany table was a gift from President Richard Nixon in 1970. The president and the cabinet secretaries' chairs are copies of a late-eighteenth century design, the president's chair is centered on the table on the east side of the room. The back of the president's chair is two inches taller than those of the cabinet secretaries. Engraved brass plates with the names of the cabinet positions are attached to the back of the chairs, the president's simply says "THE PRESIDENT." The chairs are purchased by the cabinet members, who may keep the chair as a souvenir after they leave office. Some cabinet members have had their chairs returned to the cabinet room for several positions and administrations.

In 2006 the room was refurbished somewhat similarly to its appearance during the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt when the West Wing and current Cabinet Room were largely rebuilt following damages from a fire at the end of the Herbert Hoover administration. This includes Art Deco style wall sconces with spread eagles supporting internally lit globes. Three overhead Moderne style glass pendant lights were recreated from old photographs and a similar surviving example in a hallway between the Oval Office and Roosevelt Room. The room is painted an off-white color called deauville. A custom made carpet, in shades of carmine, old gold, sapphire and fern green with a pattern of overscaled stars and olive leaves was woven for the room.

1.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

2.
Cabinet of the United States
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The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the President. Aside from the Attorney General, the heads of the executive departments all receive the title of Secretary, all members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. There is no definition of the term Cabinet in the United States Constitution. The name comes from a 17th-century usage for a room where advisors would meet. The term principal officers of the departments is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The executive departments are listed in 5 U. S. C, under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department and these may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration. The heads of the departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President. If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, an elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President. 21 positions, including the heads of the departments and others. §5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay are listed in 5 U. S. C, as of 2015, Level I annual pay, was set at $203,700. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300, the salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trumps Cabinet, the Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions, Department of the Navy, headed by the Secretary of the Navy, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Post Office Department, headed by the Postmaster General, reorganized as the United States Postal Service, National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense, created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949. Department of the Army, headed by the Secretary of the Army, Department of the Air Force, headed by the Secretary of the Air Force, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789, Secretary of War, created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense

3.
West Wing
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The West Wing of the White House, also known as the Executive Office Building, houses the offices of the President of the United States. The West Wing contains the Oval Office, the Cabinet Room, the Situation Room, the Vice-President has an office in the building, but his primary office is next door in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Before construction of the West Wing, presidential staff worked on the floor of what is now the Executive Residence. However, when Theodore Roosevelt became President, he found that the offices in the Mansion were insufficient to accommodate his family of six children as well as his staff. Congress approved over half a million dollars for the renovation, the West Wing was originally intended as a temporary office structure, built on the site of the greenhouse and stables. The Presidents Office and the Cabinet Room took up the third of the building. President Roosevelts office was located approximately where the Roosevelt Room is now, in 1909, William Howard Taft expanded the building southward, covering the tennis court. He placed the first Oval Office at the center of the south facade. President Herbert Hoover rebuilt the West Wing at the beginning of his administration, excavating a partial basement, the completed building lasted less than seven months. On December 24,1929, the West Wing was significantly damaged by an electrical fire, Hoover rebuilt it, and added air-conditioning. The fourth and final major reorganization was undertaken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing, he engaged New York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933. The directive to wring the most office space out of the building was responsible for its narrow corridors. Guglers most notable change was the addition to the east side containing a new Cabinet Room, Secretarys Office, and Oval Office. The new offices location gave presidents greater privacy, allowing them to slip back, as presidential staffs grew substantially in the latter half of the 20th century, the West Wing generally came to be seen as too small for its modern governmental functions. In the past, the portrait not hanging over the mantel hung on the opposite wall, during the 1930s, the March of Dimes constructed a swimming pool so that FDR could exercise, as therapy for his disability. Richard Nixon had the swimming pool covered over to create the Press Briefing Room, the West Wing ground floor is also the site of a cafeteria, staffed by Naval culinary specialists and called the White House Mess. It is located underneath the Oval Office, and was established by President Truman on June 11,1951. In 1999, The West Wing television series brought greater attention to the workings of the Presidential staff

4.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C

5.
Oval Office
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The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States. It is located in the West Wing of the White House Complex, the room features three large south-facing windows behind the presidents desk, and a fireplace at the north end. Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their taste, choosing new furniture, new drapery. Artwork is selected from the White Houses own collection, or borrowed from museums for the term in office. The Oval Office has become associated in Americans minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. George Washington never occupied the White House and he spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years, 1790–1800, while Washington, D. C. was under construction. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the Presidents House in Philadelphia, Washington received his guests, standing between the windows in his back drawing-room. The company, entering a front room and passing through a door, made their salutations to the President. The apsidal end of a room was a site of honor, for a host. President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in 1797, curved foundations of Washingtons Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the Presidents House site. Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792, the following month, he was named winner of the design competition for The White House. The elliptic salon at the center of the White House was the feature of Hobans original plan. An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism, Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture. In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House, during the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White Houses second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library. The one-story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure, Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast, dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan. Roosevelt moved the offices of the branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902. His workspace was a suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room. The furniture, including the desk, was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A. H. Davenport and Company

6.
White House Rose Garden
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The White House Rose Garden is a garden bordering the Oval Office and the West Wing of the White House in Washington, D. C. The garden is approximately 125 feet long and 60 feet wide and it balances the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden on the east side of the White House Complex. The White House Rose Garden was established in 1913 by Ellen Loise Axson Wilson, prior to 1902, the area contained extensive stables, housing various horses and coaches, on the grounds of the present-day Oval Office, Cabinet Room, and Rose Garden. During the 1902 Roosevelt renovation, First Lady Edith Roosevelt insisted on having a proper colonial garden in order to replace the conservatory rose house that had formerly stood there. In 1961, during the John F. Kennedy administration, the garden was redesigned by Rachel Lambert Mellon concurrently with extensive repair work to the East Garden. Mellon created a space with a more defined central lawn, bordered by flower beds that were planted in a French style whilst largely using American botanical specimens, a shrub rose, Nevada Rose, also serves to add a cool note of white coloration to the landscaping. Seasonal flowers are interspersed to add nearly year-round color and variety to the garden. Some of the Spring blooming bulbs planted in the present-day Rose Garden include jonquil, daffodil, fritillaria, grape hyacinth, tulips, chionodoxa, summer blooming annuals are changed on a near yearly basis. In the fall, chrysanthemum and flowering kale bring color leading all the way up until the winter days. Beginning with the establishment of the garden in the twentieth century the Rose Garden has been used for events. President Wilson met there with the press for informal questions, President Hoover began a tradition of welcoming and being photographed with prominent citizens there. Calvin Coolidge used the garden for making public announcements about policy, President John F. Kennedy welcomed Project Mercury astronauts in the garden. Many presidential news conferences take place in the garden, as well as occasional White House dinners, the marriage of President Richard Nixons daughter Tricia to Edward F. Cox took place in the Rose Garden in 1971. In recent years, joint news conferences with the president and a head of state have been held in the Rose Garden. Presidents frequently host American Olympic and major league athletes in the Rose Garden after winning in their respective sport, george W. Bush welcomed the Stanley Cup champion Carolina Hurricanes to the Rose Garden after their victory in 2006. The phrase Rose Garden strategy refers to staying inside or on the grounds of the White House as opposed to traveling throughout the country. For example, Jimmy Carters initial efforts to end the Iran hostage crisis were a Rose Garden strategy because he held discussions with his close advisers in the White House. On July 25,1994 a declaration of peace between Israel and Jordan was signed in the Rose Garden, in 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt commissioned Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. to redesign the gardens, and he installed cast iron furniture pieces

7.
Georgian architecture
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Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the architecture of Greece and Rome. Ornament is also normally in the tradition, but typically rather restrained. In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world. The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession, before the mid-century the high-sounding title and this contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny published editions in America as well as Britain, mail-order kit homes were also popular before World War II. The architect James Gibbs was a figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture—and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking worlds equivalent of European Rococo. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke, regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. In Britain brick or stone are almost invariably used, brick is often disguised with stucco, in America and other colonies wood remained very common, as its availability and cost-ratio with the other materials was more favourable. Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture, Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided, in grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court. Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid, this was partly to minimize window tax and their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable

8.
Triglyph
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The raised spaces between the channels themselves are called femur in Latin or meros in Greek. The absence of the pair effectively converts a building from being in the Doric order to being in the Tuscan order. The triglyph is largely thought to be a tectonic and skeuomorphic representation in stone of the beam ends of the typical primitive hut, as described by Vitruvius. The wooden beams were notched in three places in order to cast their rough-cut ends mostly in shadow. The channels could also have a function in channeling rainwater, of the two groups of 6th-century metopes from Foce del Sele, now in the museum at Paestum, the earlier uses the first method, the later the second. In the evolution of the Doric order, the placing of the triglyphs evolved somewhat, in post-Renaissance architecture the strict conventions are sometimes abandoned, and guttae and triglyphs, alone or together, may be used somewhat randomly as ornaments. For example, the Baroque Černín Palace in Prague has triglyphs and guttae as ornaments at the top of arches, classical order This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed

9.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine

10.
Benjamin Franklin
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Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman. As a scientist, he was a figure in the American Enlightenment. As an inventor, he is known for the rod, bifocals. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphias fire department and the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin earned the title of The First American for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation, in the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age, Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richards Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, after 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies. He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and he organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain repeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France, during the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, from 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective, Franklins father, Josiah Franklin, was a tallow chandler, a soap-maker and a candle-maker. Josiah was born at Ecton, Northamptonshire, England on December 23,1657, the son of Thomas Franklin, a blacksmith-farmer, and Jane White. His mother, Abiah Folger, was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts, on August 15,1667, to Peter Folger, a miller and schoolteacher, and his wife, Mary Morrill, Josiah Franklin had seventeen children with his two wives. He married his first wife, Anne Child, in about 1677 in Ecton and emigrated with her to Boston in 1683, after her death, Josiah was married to Abiah Folger on July 9,1689 in the Old South Meeting House by Samuel Willard. Benjamin, their child, was Josiah Franklins fifteenth child and tenth

11.
Jean-Antoine Houdon
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Jean-Antoine Houdon was a French neoclassical sculptor. Houdon is famous for his busts and statues of philosophers, inventors. Houdons subjects include Denis Diderot, Benjamin Franklin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Molière, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Louis XVI, Robert Fulton and he was born in Versailles, on 25 March 1741. In 1752, he entered the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture, where he studied with René-Michel Slodtz, Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, from 1761 to 1764, he studied at the École royale des élèves protégés. Houdon won the Prix de Rome in 1761, but was not greatly influenced by ancient, after ten years stay in Italy, Houdon returned to Paris. He submitted Morpheus to the Salon of 1771 and he developed his practise of portrait busts. He became a member of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture in 1771, in 1778, he modeled Voltaire, producing a portrait bust with wig for the Comédie-Française, one for the Palace of Versailles, and one for Catherine the Great. In 1778, he joined the masonic lodge Les Neuf Sœurs, where he later met Benjamin Franklin, for Salon of 1781, he submitted a Diana which was refused without drapery. Washington sat for wet clay life models and a life mask. These models served for many commissions of Washington, including the standing figure commissioned by the Virginia General Assembly, a cast of the latter is located in the Vermont State House. Perceived as bourgeois for his connections to the court of Louis XVI, he out of favour during the French Revolution. Houdon returned to favor during the French Consulate and Empire, being taken on as one of the artistic team for what became the Column of the Grande Armée at Wimille. He was made a Chevalier de la Légion dhonneur, on 17 December 1804, Houdon died in Paris on 15 July 1828, and was interred at the Cimetière du Montparnasse. On 1 July 1786, he married Marie-Ange-Cecile Langlois, they had three daughters, Sabine, Anne-Ange, and Claudine. Houdons sculptures were used as models for the used on various U. S. Postage stamps of the late 19th. US Presidents on US postage stamps Washington-Franklin Issues Arnason H. Harvard, chisholm, Hugh, ed. Houdon, Jean Antoine. Christopher John Murray, ed. Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850, poulet, Ann L. Jean-Antoine Houdon, Sculptor of the Enlightenment. Memoirs of the Life and Works of Jean Antoine Houdon, The Sculptor of Voltaire, kessinger Publishing,2006, ISBN9781425499891 Marshall, Bill, Kaufman, Will, Johnston, Cristina, eds

12.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier

13.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president

14.
Herbert Hoover
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Herbert Clark Hoover was an American politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. He was defeated in a landslide in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D, a lifelong Quaker, he became a successful mining engineer around the globe and retired in 1912. In the First World War he built a reputation as a humanitarian by leading relief efforts in Belgium during the war. He headed the U. S. Food Administration during World War I and his reputation as a Progressive businessman fighting for efficiency and elimination of waste was built as the Secretary of Commerce 1921-28. Hoover was a leader in the Efficiency Movement, which held that every institution public and they all could be improved by experts who could identify the problems and solve them. He also believed in the importance of volunteerism and of the role of individuals in society, in the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no elected-office experience. Although Hoover never raised the issue, some of his supporters did in mobilizing anti-Catholic sentiment against his opponent Al Smith. He reluctantly approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930, which sent foreign trade spiralling down and he believed it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, so he raised the tax rates. The economy kept falling, and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, with industry, mining. This downward spiral, plus his support for policies that had lost favor, set the stage for Hoovers overwhelming defeat in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Most historians agree that Hoovers defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by the downward economic spiral, Hoover became a conservative spokesman for opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of the New Deal. He opposed entry into the Second World War and was not given any role to play, in 1946, President Harry S. Truman liked Hoover and appointed him to survey war-torn Germany which produced a number of reports that changed U. S. occupation policy. In 1947, Truman appointed Hoover to head the Hoover Commission, by the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. Nevertheless, Hoover is often ranked by historians as one of the worst U. S. presidents. Herbert Hoover was born on August 10,1874, in West Branch, Iowa, he would become the only President so far born in that state and the first born west of the Mississippi River. His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German, German-Swiss, Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Hoovers mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada, both of his parents were Quakers. At about age two he contracted the croup and he was so ill that he was momentarily thought to have died, until he was resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn

15.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912

16.
Streamline Moderne
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Streamline Moderne, or Art Moderne, is a late type of the Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Its architectural style emphasized curving forms, long lines. The first streamline buildings evolved from the work of New Objectivity artists, a movement connected to the German Werkbund, as the Great Depression of the 1930s progressed, Americans saw a new aspect of Art Deco—i. e. Cylindrical forms and long horizontal windowing also may be influenced by constructivism, as a result, an array of designers quickly ultra-modernized and streamlined the designs of everyday objects. Manufacturers of clocks, radios, telephones, cars, furniture, the style was the first to incorporate electric light into architectural structure. In the first-class dining room of the SS Normandie, fitted out 1933–35, twelve pillars of Lalique glass. The Streamline Moderne was both a reaction to Art Deco and a reflection of austere economic times, Sharp angles were replaced with simple, exotic woods and stone were replaced with cement and glass. Art Deco and Streamline Moderne were not necessarily opposites, the Sterling Streamliner Diners were diners designed like streamlined trains. Although Streamline Moderne houses are less common than streamline commercial buildings, the Lydecker House in Los Angeles, built by Howard Lydecker, is an example of Streamline Moderne design in residential architecture. In tract development, elements of the style were used as a variation in postwar row housing in San Franciscos Sunset District. The style was applied to such as electric clocks, sewing machines, small radio receivers. Their manufacturing processes exploited developments in science including aluminium and bakelite. Compared to Europe, the United States in the 1930s had a focus on design as a means to increase sales of consumer products. Streamlining was associated with prosperity and an exciting future and this hope resonated with the American middle class, the major market for consumer products. A wide range of goods from refrigerators to pencil sharpeners was produced in streamlined designs, streamlining became a widespread design practice for automobiles, railroad cars, buses, and other vehicles in the 1930s. Streamline style can be contrasted with functionalism, which was a design style in Europe at the same time. One reason for the designs in functionalism was to lower the production costs of the items. Streamlining and functionalism represent two different schools in modernistic industrial design, but both reflecting the intended consumer

17.
Roosevelt Room
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The Roosevelt Room is a meeting room in the West Wing of the White House, the official home and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Theodore Roosevelt hired architect Charles Follen McKim to reorganize the layout and this included constructing the West Wing in 1902 and moving executive offices out of the central White House. The original structure, some of which is extant in the present West Wing, was originally intended to be temporary. With some modifications by William Howard Taft the West Wing remained largely unchanged until a fire on December 24,1929 during the administration of Herbert Hoover, because of the recent stock market crash, Hoover chose only to repair rather than expand. In 1933, early in the administration of Franklin Roosevelt, the president began a series of meetings with staff architect Eric Gugler to enlarge and modify the West Wing. Roosevelt moved Tafts Oval Office, centered on the side of the wing. This made moving to and from the Executive Residence to the Oval Office quicker, and allowed for more privacy, the present Roosevelt Room is located where Theodore Roosevelts first West Wing office was. When FDR reconstructed the West Wing he used the present room for staff meetings, Franklin Roosevelt kept an aquarium and hung several mounted fish in the room, and the room became the fish room. President Kennedy continued the name and hung a large mounted sail fish on the wall. In 1969 President Nixon gave the room its present name, the Roosevelt Room, to honor Theodore Roosevelt who first built the West Wing, the east wall of the room is a half circle, with a centered fireplace and doors on either side. The room has no windows and is lit by a false skylight, a large conference table seating a maximum of 16 is located in the center. The room is painted a color with white trim. A triglyph molding, similar to found in Independence Hall encircles the room. The furniture is mostly twentieth century reproductions of Chippendale and Queen Anne Style furniture, traditionally paintings of both presidents Roosevelt have hung in the room. Republican administrations would, in turn, hang Teddy Roosevelts painting above the mantel, bill Clinton decided to keep the landscape formatted Teddy Roosevelt portrait above the mantel and FDRs portrait on the south wall. The Roosevelt Room continues to be used for meetings, and is increasingly used to announce the appointment or nomination of new staff members. The room is used as a preparation room by large delegations meeting with the president before entering the Oval Office. Abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice, designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration

18.
Carmine
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Carmine, also called cochineal, cochineal extract, crimson lake or carmine lake, natural red 4, C. I. 75470, or E120, is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the salt of carminic acid. The pigment is produced from some scale insects such as the cochineal scale, the English word carmine is derived from the French word carmin, from Medieval Latin carminium, from Arabic qirmiz, which itself derives from Middle Persian carmir. The Persian term carmir might come from Sanskrit krimiga, from krmi The term may also be influenced in Latin by minium, purity of color is ensured by the absence of iron. Stannous chloride, citric acid, borax, or gelatin may be added to regulate the formation of the precipitate. For shades of purple, lime is added to the alum, thus, Carmine may be prepared from cochineal, by boiling dried insects in water to extract the carminic acid and then treating the clear solution with alum. Other common substances such as cream of tartar, stannous chloride, or potassium hydrogen oxalate can also be used to effect the precipitation, use of these chemicals causes the coloring and animal matters present in the liquid to be precipitated to give a lake pigment. Aluminum from the alum gives the traditional color to carminic acid precipitates. This color is degraded by the presence of iron salts, addition of lime can give carminic acid lakes a purple cast. Other methods for the production of dye are in use, in which egg white, fish glue. The quality of carmine is affected by the temperature and the degree of illumination during its preparation and it also differs according to the amount of alumina present in it. It is sometimes adulterated with cinnabar, starch and other materials, from these, good carmine should crumble readily between the fingers when dry. Carmine can be used as an agent in histology, as a Bests carmine to stain glycogen, mucicarmine to stain acidic mucopolysaccharides. In these applications, it is applied together with a mordant, Carmine was used in dyeing textiles and in painting since antiquity. It is not very stable in oil paint, and its use ceased after new, jacopo Tintoretto used carmine in several of his paintings, including Portrait of Vincenzo Morosini and Christ Washing the Feet of the Disciples. Carmine is used as a dye in many different products such as juices, ice cream, yogurt, and candy. Although principally a red dye, it is found in foods that are shades of red, pink. As a food dye it has known to cause severe allergic reactions

19.
Sapphire (color)
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Sapphire is a saturated shade of blue, referring to the gem of the same name. Sapphire gems are most commonly found in a range of blue shades although they can be different colors. Other names for variations of the color sapphire are blue sapphire or sapphire blue, displayed at right is the color sapphire. The first recorded use of sapphire as a name in English was in 1430. At right is displayed the color sapphire blue, medium sapphire is the color called sapphire in Crayola Gem Tones, a specialty set of Crayola crayons introduced in 1994. Bdazzled blue is a color in Crayola Metallic FX, a specialty set of Crayola crayons introduced in 2001, displayed as right is the color blue sapphire. The source of color is the Pantone Textile Paper Extended color list color #18-4231 Blue Sapphire. Dark sapphire is a tone of sapphire. Alcoholic beverages Bombay Sapphire is a brand of gin. It comes in a pale sapphire colored glass bottle, given names Sapphire is a popular given name for African-American females. Music The color Pearl Sapphire Blue is the color of the popular K-pop band Super Junior. Religion In the Old Testament of the Bible, in the Book of Ezekiel, it is stated that God sits upon a sapphire throne in Heaven

20.
Shades of green
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Varieties of the color green may differ in hue, chroma or lightness, or in two or three of these qualities. Variations in value are also called tints and shades, a tint being a green or other hue mixed with white, a large selection of these various colors is shown below. Green is common in nature, especially in plants, many plants are green mainly because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll which is involved in photosynthesis. Many shades of green have been named after plants or are related to plants, due to varying ratios of chlorophylls, the plant kingdom exhibits many shades of green in both hue and value. Artichoke is a color that is a representation of the color of a raw fresh uncooked artichoke, another name for this color is artichoke green. The first recorded use of green as a color name in English was in 1905. This is the color called green in Pantone. The source is Pantone 18-0125 TPX Asparagus is a tone of green that is named after the vegetable, Crayola created this color in 1993 as one of the 16 to be named in the Name the Color Contest. It is also the color of a wild asparagus plant blowing in the wind of the 1949 classic film Sands of Iwo Jima, another name for this color is asparagus green. The first recorded use of green as a color name in English was in 1805. Avocado is a color that is a representation of the color of the surface of an avocado. The color avocado is a dark yellow-green color, avocado was a common color for metal surfaces, as well as the color harvest gold, during the whole decade of the 1970s. They were both also popular colors for shag carpets, both colors went out of style by the early 1980s. Dark green is a shade of green. A different shade of green has been designated as green for certain computer uses. Fern green is a color that resembles ferns, a Crayola crayon named fern was created in 1998, which is a lighter shade of the top color shown on the right. The first recorded use of green as a color name in English was in 1902. Forest green refers to a green color said to resemble the color of the trees, the first recorded use of forest green as the name of a color in the English language was in 1810

21.
White House Office of the Curator
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The office began in 1961 during the administration of President John F. Kennedy while First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy oversaw the restoration of the White House. The office is located in the floor of the White House Executive Residence. The office, headed by the Curator of the White House, includes an Associate Curator, an Assistant Curator, the office works with the Chief Usher, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House and the White House Historical Association. The position was begun during the administration of President John F. Kennedy while First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy oversaw the restoration of the White House, the first Curator of the White House was Lorraine Waxman Pearce who was appointed in March 1961. Pearce was a graduate of the program at the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum. Monkman, 1997–2002 William G. Allman, 2002–present Committee for the Preservation of the White House White House Historical Association Abbott James A. designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. The White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families, the White House, An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001, White House website biography of curator William G. Allman

22.
Committee for the Preservation of the White House
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The committee is largely made up of citizens appointed by the president for their experience with historic preservation, architecture, decorative arts, and for their scholarship in these areas. The committee is charged with establishing policies relating to the function of the White House, its state rooms. The Director of the National Park Service serves as Chair of the Committee, in February 2010, Los Angeles interior designer Michael S. Smith was appointed to the committee, in August of that year, his makeover of the Oval Office was revealed to the public. Category, Rooms in the White House White House Office of the Curator Abbott James A. designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. The White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families, seale, William, The White House, The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association,1992,2001

23.
White House Historical Association
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The association works with the Committee for the Preservation of the White House to identify and acquire fine and decorative arts in keeping with the historical integrity of the White House. The association publishes the official White House guide and operates a store in the White House Visitor Center. The association produces and publishes books and videos on the history, architecture, and decorative arts of the White House, the association sponsors research and scholarship, a lecture series, seminars, and exhibitions on White House history. Funding for the White House Historical Association comes from the sale of publications and gift items, the association manages the White House Acquisition Trust, and the White House Endowment Trust. Abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice, designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. Seale, William, The White House, The History of an American Idea, White House Historical Association,1992,2001. The White House, An Historic Guide, White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001. Website of the White House Historical Association White House Historical Association decorative arts timeline

24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

25.
Executive Residence
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The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing. It is the most recognizable part of the complex, being the house part of the White House. This central building, first constructed from 1792 to 1800, is home to the President of the United States, the Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors, the Ground Floor, the State Floor, the Second Floor, and the Third Floor. A two-story sub-basement with mezzanine, created during the 1948–to-1952 Truman reconstruction, is used for HVAC and mechanical systems, storage and this level was added during the 1948-to-1952 renovation, and contains the air conditioning and water softening equipment. The Ground Floor of the White House originally contained service rooms, the White House is built on a slight hill that slopes to the south. Architect James Hoban designed the Ground Floor so that the kitchen was directly beneath the Entrance Hall, storerooms were east of the kitchen, while a toilet and dishwashing room were to the west. The kitchen was relocated into the two rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor by 1846, while the old kitchen space as transformed into an informal sitting room/reception space. As of 2010, this central space originally occupied by the kitchen in the early 1800s had been subdivided into offices for the White House Curator. The kitchen, too, continues to occupy the three rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor. The storeroom to the east of the kitchen became a pantry in 1809, a locker in 1825. This area remains unchanged as of 2010, with the exception of the narrowing of the stairs in 1952 to create an elevator shaft. The storeroom in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor remained in use as storage space only until 1809, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt hired the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White to renovate the White House. They turned the room into a gentlemans anteroom and this room became the White House Library in 1935. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy radically transformed the room in 1961, Kennedy consulted initially with a group consisting of members of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, designers from the American Institute of Interior Designers, and historians. The AIID agreed to take on the job of refurbishing the room, Lenygon designed an early American library room in the Federal style. Except for minor changes, the White House Library remains the same as of 2010. The toilet and laundry room west of the kitchen became general-use work areas by 1809, and a pantry, small kitchen, by 1946, these had become general workrooms, with a narrow, winding staircase inserted into the room closest to the former kitchen. The 1952 renovation turned the winding staircase into a steep, straight stairs, as of 2010, a pantry-sized refrigerator also occupied a portion of this space

26.
White House basement
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The basement of the White House, the Washington, D. C. The White House Situation Room is located in the basement beneath the West Wing, during World War II, a bomb shelter was constructed under the East Wing, later converted into the Presidential Emergency Operations Center. The sub-basement was added during the reconstruction of the White House under Harry S. Truman and it contains storage space, the laundry, elevator control machinery, the water softener, and incinerator, as well as dressing rooms for White House performers. Dwight Eisenhower made the first White House television broadcast from a room in the basement in 1953. A bowling alley was added by Richard Nixon in 1969, a bowling alley was installed in the White House for which U. S. President. Basement and Sub-basement from whitehousemuseum. org, a website about the White House

27.
White House Chief Floral Designer
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The current Chief Floral Designer is Hedieh Ghaffarian. The Chief Floral Designer heads the White House Flower Shop located in the basement of the White House, the Chief Floral Designer serves at the presidents pleasure and may be appointed, or reappointed, by each administration. The most recent Chief Floral Designer is Laura Dowling, Nancy Clarke served six First Families during her 31 years at the White House. She retired on May 31,2009 and was an author, during the early republic, the White House used flowers sparingly, at first only in the summer months when in season. Wax fruit as well as wax, silk and paste porcelain flowers were displayed in the French porcelain, the greenhouses allowed year-round use of potted plants and cut flowers in the White House. At their zenith, the White House greenhouses supplied thousands of potted plants to the White House, the 1902 renovations of the White House removed the greenhouses, and constructed the West Wing and East Wing. Flowers were brought from nearby government greenhouses, with the advent of plane transportation, flowers began to arrive from distant destinations, Florida, Colorado for First Lady Mamie Eisenhowers favored pink carnations, and southern California. Until the administration of John F. Kennedy, floral arrangements at the White House had been extremely formal in style, china dishes from previous administrations were used as vases, including two 18th-century dessert coolers used by the Madisons. The White House collection of tableware, previously only on display in the Vermeil Room, was also utilised for arrangements. The position of Chief Floral Designer was established, and Rusty Young was the first to occupy the position, in addition to the ongoing production of fresh-cut floral displays for the White House, the Chief Floral Designer oversees the annual holiday decoration of the house. An Invitation to the White House, At Home with History, flowers, White House Style, With 100 Original Designs by the Former White House Chief Floral Decorator. The White House Gardens Concepts and Design of the Rose Garden, flowers at the White House, An informal tour of the home of the President of the United States. M. Barrows and Company, Inc.1967 and my First Ladies, Twenty-Five Years as the White House Chief Floral Designer. White House website page showing Chief Floral designer Nancy Clarke White House website page on decorating the house for Christmas

28.
China Room
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The China Room is one of the rooms on the Ground Floor of the White House, the home of the President of the United States. The White Houses collection of china is displayed there. The collection ranges from George Washingtons Chinese export china to Bill Clintons ivory, yellow, the room is primarily used by the first lady for teas, meetings, and smaller receptions. McKim rebuilt the room with details from the late Georgian period including robust cove moldings and this relocation of the china collection represented a burgeoning recognition of and appreciation for the historic artifacts associated with the American Presidency. In 1917, First Lady Edith Bolling Wilson acknowledged the need for space for displaying the collection through the suggestions of both Mrs. Baker and White House Chief-Usher Irwin Hood Hoover. Baker had continued to research the history of the mansion—and particularly that of its celebrated tableware—and argued that the history of the house would slip away without official intervention and she also approved its outfitting with built-in cabinetry for the display of the china. Above each of the three bays of built-in wall cabinets was raised lettering identifying the holdings as CHINA USED BY THE PRESIDENTS, during the Truman renovation, 1948–1952, the rooms walls were paneled in salvaged pine timbers from the house. Architect William Adams Delano detailed the room with bracket molding of mid-Georgian style, the interiors of the display cabinets were lined with red cotton velvet, and the floor was covered with a similarly hued Snowflake-pattern carpet manufactured by Stark Carpet Corporation. At the single window, gray velvet draperies, trimmed in red, an early-19th century classical marble mantel with female supports replaced the Truman Georgian surround. The room was redecorated in 1970 by First Lady Pat Nixon, with the assistance of White House Curator Clement Conger. The Truman-era bracketed molding was removed and replaced with a Federal period cove molding, the walls were painted a uniform off-white. The existing red accent color, determined by the red gown in Howard Chandler Christys 1924 portrait of First Lady Grace Coolidge, was retained, the vitrine shelves remained lined with red velvet. The collection is arranged chronologically beginning to the right of the fireplace on the east wall, while not every administration created its own service, at least minimal amounts of all china services created for the White House are now in the collection. Sizable amounts of some services going back to the nineteenth century exist and are sometimes used for small dinners in the Presidents Dining Room on the Second Floor. The Carters favored using pieces of the Lincolns solferino china for special occasions, the Reagans, though famous for their red and gold service, also enjoyed using the Lincoln china. The Clintons did not take delivery of their service until near the end of President Clintons second term. They used the Reagan and Truman services extensively for state dinners, the rug is an Indo-Ispahan carpet from the early twentieth century. A cut-glass Regency-style chandelier hangs in the China Room, a pair of late eighteenth century tureens on the mantel are glazed in red and green slip, and are the source for the green and red striped silk taffeta draperies

29.
White House china
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The White House china refers to the various patterns of china used for serving and eating food in the White House, home of the president of the United States. Different china services have been ordered and used by different presidential administrations, the White House collection of china is housed in the White House China Room. Not every administration created its own service, but portions of all china services created for the White House are now in the China Room collection, some of the older china services are used for small private dinners in the Presidents Dining Room on the Second Floor. In 1817 in Paris, Dagoty-Honoré manufactured the china of James Monroe, the first White House china solely for presidential use, a dinner service of thirty place-settings and a matching dessert service were purchased for US$1,167.23. A Napoleonic eagle was in the center of the plates, which was popular at the time in both France and America, the eagle carried a red, white, and blue banner reading E Pluribus Unum, the national motto. There are five vignettes inside the red border, representing agriculture, strength, commerce, science. The china was criticized by the press at the time for being foreign goods, the White House needed a new china service by the time the Polks took up residence in 1845. The same company produced the Monroe china service, Dagoty-Honoré of Paris. The dinner and dessert services were ordered in 1846,400 pieces cost US$979.40, the service included a plain white design and gold trim, which made it a popular service with later administrations. The simplicity of the china made it well suited to mix with other depleted services when the occasion arose, the dessert service, rather than being plain, features a soft green border and polychrome flowers. The Lincoln china is the first service that was entirely by a First Lady. Mary Todd Lincoln felt that it was important to maintain an appearance in the White House so that foreigners would perceive America as strong. As a result, the Lincoln administration was socially active amid the Civil War, Mrs. Lincoln personally selected china with a purple-red border called Solferino, later known as the Royal Purple set, in 1861 from E. V. Haughwout and Company in New York City. The service had been produced by Haviland and Company in Limoges, the American bald eagle is above a shield with the national motto spread throughout clouds. The Coat of Arms of the United States is centered in the service, the order of the Hayes china service came about by chance. First Lady Lucy Hayes met with artist Theodore R. Davis, while in the White House conservatory with Mrs. Hayes, Davis suggested that the china include the flora and fauna of North America as decoration. Davis produced 130 designs for Mrs. Hayes, many unique and it was first used during a dinner for incoming President James A. Garfield and his family. The service design was liked by the public and reproduced

30.
Diplomatic Reception Room (White House)
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The Diplomatic Reception Room is one of three oval rooms in the residence of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States. The room is the point of entry to the White House for a head of state following the State Arrival Ceremony on the South Lawn. The room has four doors, which lead to the Map Room, the Center Hall, the China Room, for its first hundred years, the ground floor of the White House was used as a service and work area. Domestic staff used it for storage, kitchens, and maintenance, White House domestic staff gathered in this room to do mending and to polish silver. In 1837, the Van Buren administration installed a furnace here for the White Houses first central heating system, later steam boilers replaced the gravity system, remaining until the 1902 renovation by McKim, Mead, and White. The 1902 renovation during the Theodore Roosevelt administration dramatically reconfigured the ground floor, multiple layers of rotting floor boards were removed and new flooring installed. Several new rooms were framed and finished with a plaster coat. A gentlemens and ladies lounge and guest bathrooms were created, charles Follen McKim admired James Hobans groin vault ceilings in the center hall. The hall was refurbished and the hall served to connect the new East and West wings. Though the ground floor room was much improved and now a part of the finished living space in the house. In 1935, Franklin Roosevelt had a chimney opened so he could conduct his fireside chats, White House architect Lorenzo Winslow designed a new chimney breast and mantel that, though intended to appear traditional, subtly evokes Art Moderne in its ribbed curved sides. The sweeping panorama on the elliptical walls provide a sense of space negating the lack of windows, additional Federal-era furniture was acquired, and upholsteries and the carpet furthered a soft gold and blue decor. A labeled mahogany bookcase-desk by John Shaw was made in Annapolis in 1797, a suite of lancet-arched side chairs and a pair of sofas with splayed legs are attributed to the workshop of New York cabinetmakers Abraham Slover and Jacob Taylor. Furniture is upholstered in a yellow silk damask, a rug in shades of blue and gold and incorporating the seals or coats of arms of the fifty United States in an elliptical border was specially made for the room in 1983. An English Regency chandelier of cut glass and bronze three-armed crystal sconces with glass chimneys illuminate the room, in March 2014, President Barack Obama was interviewed on Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis. Towards the end of the video the room becomes the subject of conversation, abbott, James A. Rice, Elaine M. Designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. An Invitation to the White House, At Home with History, mcKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, et al. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office,1952

31.
Library (White House)
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The White House Library is on the Ground Floor of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States. The room is approximately 27 by 23 feet and is in the northeast of the ground floor, the Library is used for teas and meetings hosted by the President and First Lady. During the 1950s reconstruction of the White House, old building lumber from the house was salvaged, several basement rooms in the White House are paneled with salvaged building materials from the pre-reconstructed White House. During Millard Fillmores presidency, Congressional funding was requested to establish a White House library, the library was established during the Fillmore presidency, spearheaded by the First Lady, Abigail Fillmore. This library was originally in the Yellow Oval Room and was maintained there until 1929 when it was moved to its current location by the Hoover administration. By the time of this there were almost no books remaining in the mansion, so the American Booksellers Association donated books. The room saw slight modifications until the Truman reconstruction in 1952 and these were left unpainted until the administration of John F. Kennedy, when decorator Stéphane Boudin recreated the room as a painted Federal style parlor. To stand out, an unusual lighthouse clock was made by Simon Willard to commemorate the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States in 1824–1825, a likeness of Lafayette appears in a medallion on its base. The Library provides access to a lounge and restroom. Abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice, designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office,1952, the White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families. The First White House Library, A History and Annotated Catalogue, pennsylvania State University Press for the Bibliographical Society of America and the National First Ladies Library,2010. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,1986, seale, William, The White House, The History of an American Idea. White House Historical Association,1992,2001, west, J. B. with Mary Lynn Kotz. Upstairs at the White House, My Life with the First Ladies, exhibition Catalogue, Sale 6834, The Estate of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis April 23–26,1996. The White House, An Historic Guide, White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001. Records of the White House Library, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library White House Museum page

32.
Map Room (White House)
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The Map Room is a room on the ground floor of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States. The Map Room takes its name from its use during World War II, in the Truman reconstruction of the White House, the room was paneled in the late Georgian style with wood sawn from the 1816 load-bearing timbers of the house. In the Kennedy administration the room was used by the newly created Curator of the White House as an office, used to catalog donations of furniture and objects. Under the leadership of First Lady Pat Nixon, working with Curator Clement Conger, the room was redecorated again in 1994. The Map Room is furnished in the style of English cabinetmaker Thomas Chippendale, today the room is used for television interviews, small teas, and social gatherings. On August 17,1998, Bill Clinton gave testimony to Independent Counsel Ken Starr and his deputies and this was taped via closed circuit television and later aired on national television. Clinton was the first sitting President to testify under oath, when he was the subject of the investigation, on January 21,2009, the day after the inauguration of Barack Obama, Chief Justice John Roberts re-administered the constitutional oath of office to Obama in the Map Room. On February 18,2010, Barack Obama met with the 14th Dalai Lama in the Map Room and this differs from how the Obama administration generally meets foreign dignitaries and VIPs, as they usually meet in the Oval Office. Abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice, designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. McKellar, Kenneth, Douglas W. Orr, Edward Martin, report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion, Government Printing Office,1952, the White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families. The White House, An Historic Guide, White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001. White House Historical Association, Residence second floor White House Museum, Map Room

33.
Vermeil Room
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The Vermeil Room is located on the ground floor of the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. The room houses a collection of silver-gilt or vermeil tableware, a 1956 bequest to the White House by Margaret Thompson Biddle, portraits of American First Ladies hang in the room. The Vermeil Room was originally a work room used for storage. Theodore Roosevelts 1902 renovation of the White House by architect Charles Follen McKim reconfigured the use of the house, when first furnished for public use the room was termed the Social Room, because it served as a lounge adjacent to a womens rest room. McKim provided the room with late Georgian style cove moldings and panelled wainscot, the Truman reconstruction of the White House in 1952 replaced the 1815 pine beams installed during the reconstruction of the house after its burning by the British in 1814. President Truman had the ancient beams sawn and installed as paneling in the Vermeil Room, China Room, the style of wall paneling and bracketed molding installed during the Truman reconstruction were based on a Georgian period model, contemporary with the design of the White House exterior. They were originally left unpainted, showing their grain and knots, Margaret Thompson Biddles collection was significant and ranges from Renaissance to 19th-century French and English pieces. The collection includes work by English Regency silversmith Paul Storr and French Empire silversmiths Pierre-Philippe Thomire, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower had the collection displayed in the rooms glass-enclosed vitrines. Biddle was the daughter of William Boyce Thompson and the wife of A. J. Drexel Biddle, during the Kennedy White House restoration, interior designer Stéphane Boudin proposed painting the room in a style used in 17th and 18th century England and Normandy. Boudin had used a treatment in the Blue Bedroom at Leeds Castle in Kent. Rather than attempting to putty and polish the rough sawn timbers he chose to highlight the porous texture of the paneling, the walls were first rubbed down with wire brushes to bring up the grain and create an aged surface. Next a solid coat of paint was applied, and that was followed by a dragged coating of blue paint. This was sealed using a bar of wax dabbed in pure dry blue pigment, the interior of the shelves displaying the vermeil were covered in white velvet. One of two neoclassical caryatid mantels was installed, White damask drapes were made with blue and off-white fringe trim. A finely patterned blue and white carpet was installed, and a center table was created with a custom dyed blue velvet cloth not delivered until the Johnson years. A gilded chandelier, making reference to the collection was installed. The result was a room, not a sitting room. The 1964 White House guide, the White House, shows an architectural cross-section with Boudins blue Vermeil Room, in 1971 First Lady Pat Nixon, working with White House Curator Clement Conger, refurbished the Vermeil Room adopting a Federal style for the rooms decoration

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Blue Room (White House)
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The Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the residence of the President of the United States. It is distinct for its oval shape, the room is used for receptions and receiving lines, and is occasionally set for small dinners. President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the room on June 2,1886, the room is traditionally decorated in shades of blue. With the Yellow Oval Room above it and the Diplomatic Reception Room below it, the room is approximately 30 by 40 feet. It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Green Room, Red Room, the three windows look out upon the South Lawn. The Blue Room is furnished in the French Empire style, a series of redecoratings through the 19th century caused most of the original pieces to be sold or lost. Today much of the furniture is original to the room, eight pieces of gilded European beech furniture purchased during the administration of James Monroe furnish the room, including a bergère and several fauteuils. A marble-top center table has been in the White House since it was purchased by Monroe in 1817, a c.1817 ormolu French Empire mantel clock with a figure of Hannibal, by Denière et Matelin, sits on the mantel. The early 19th-century French chandelier is made of gilded-wood and cut glass, acquired during the Kennedy Administration, it previously hung in the Presidents Dining Room on the second floor. George Peter Alexander Healys 1859 portrait of John Tyler hangs on the west wall above the Monroe sofa, the sapphire-blue silk fabric used for the draperies and furniture upholstery was chosen by Mrs. Clinton. The silk lampas upholstery fabric retains the gold medallion on the chair backs which was adapted from the depiction of one of the Monroe-era chairs in a portrait of James Monroe. The painting however depicts the chair upholstered in crimson, not blue, design of the blue satin draperies is derived from early 19th-century French patterns. The present drapery design is similar to those installed during the administration of Richard Nixon, the walls are hung with a chamois-colored wallpaper imprinted with medallions of burnished gold. It is adapted from an early 19th-century American Empire wallpaper having French influences, the upper border is a faux printed blue fabric drapery swag. The faux fabric border is similar in effect to an actual fabric border installed during the administration of John F. Kennedy, the printed dado border along the chair rail is blue and gold with rosettes. Installation of a new carpet, based on early 19th-century designs. The design was adapted from a design for a neoclassical English carpet from about 1815. During the administration of John Adams, the Blue Room served as the entrance hall

35.
Cross Hall
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The Cross Hall is a broad hallway on the first floor in the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. It runs east to west connecting the State Dining Room with the East Room, the room is used for receiving lines following a State Arrival Ceremony on the South Lawn, or a procession of the President and a visiting head of state and their spouses. The space measures just under 18 by 80 feet and it allows access to the elevator vestibule, Entrance Hall, East Room, Blue Room, Green Room, Red Room, and State Dining Room. The Grand Staircase is visible from an opening directly across from the Green Room, the current architectural appearance dates to the 1952 Truman reconstruction, which recreated much of the 1902 renovation by the firm of McKim, Mead and White. The Truman reconstruction replaced the golden-hued Joliet stone floors, columns, plaster walls divided by a dado and painted cream and gold were also replaced with marble. McKim employed Roman doric columns based directly on the work of the sixteenth-century Italian architect Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola for the screen separating the cross hall, James Hobans niches in the south wall were retained although their exterior trim was made less overt. Although Hoban had urn-shaped cast-iron stoves placed in them, the current niches contain busts of Presidents George Washington, during the Kennedy Administration restoration, interior decorator Stéphane Boudin arranged the furnishings to more closely resemble the cross hall at Malmaison. While a red carpet has traditionally been in the Cross Hall since the early 1960s, the carpet has, over time, become more detailed, the current carpet, manufactured during the Clinton Administration, was designed to be more graphic, and to appear attractively in television broadcasts. The tradition of hanging presidential portraits in this hall dates to President Ulysses S. Grant, the Buchanan administration first began the tradition of keeping paintings of presidents for the White House collection. The Grants added to collection, and hung portraits of presidents from Washington to Lincoln in the Cross Hall behind a glass screen. At that time, visitors could come to the White House on weekdays, enter through the north doors, with a note from a congressman, visitors could view the other State Floor rooms, such as the Red Room, where they could see the large Grant family portrait. A Frenchman in Camelot, The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin, abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration, an Invitation to the White House, At Home with History. The White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families, White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,1986. Seale, William, The White House, The History of an American Idea, White House Historical Association,1992,2001. West, J. B. with Mary Lynn Kotz, upstairs at the White House, My Life with the First Ladies. A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy, the White House, An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society,2001, the Official website of the White House

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East Room
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The East Room is an event and reception room in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. The East Room is the largest room in the Executive Mansion, it is used for dances, receptions, press conferences, ceremonies, concerts, and banquets. The East Room was one of the last rooms to be finished and decorated, the White House was designed by architect James Hoban. Leinster House in Ireland was the inspiration for the White House. But the newly added Large Dining Room at Mount Vernon may also have been a source for the design of the East Room, as his drawings of the second and third floor do not exist, it is unclear what use Hoban intended for the room. It is possible that Hoban intended it for use as a gallery for the family. It was the largest room in the White House, however, the middle window in the north wall was designed to provide access to a terrace. The East Room was first assigned a purpose in 1807, architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe had been brought to the capital by Thomas Jefferson, who made him commissioner of public buildings. Latrobe surveyed the White House in 1803, and architectural drawings of the building are the earliest extant plans now known, on his sketches, Latrobe comments Public Audience chamber entirely unfinished, the ceiling has given way. Latrobe also proposed sealing the windows on the east side of the based on an architectural theory about natural light. But this change was not made, the East Room was among the last rooms on the State Floor to be completed and used. The White House was unfinished when President John Adams occupied it between 1797 and 1801 and his wife, Abigail Adams, hung laundry in the bare East Room to dry. Although much of the White House was finished and decorated during Adams administration, the rooms lone artwork was a copy of the Lansdowne portrait depicting George Washington, painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1797. It was purchased by the White House in 1800, and hung in the East Room, during the Jefferson administration,38 gold-and-black painted chairs were purchased and placed in the room, but little else is known of the rooms furnishings prior to 1814. Jefferson also had the East Room partitioned and the end used for a bedroom. Jeffersons successor, James Madison, sought to make the permanent and asked Latrobe to design bedrooms. But these changes were not made, either, Madison did use a portion of the East Room, however, for Cabinet meetings. The East Room, along with the rest of the White House, was burned in 1814 during the Burning of Washington in the War of 1812, the interior was gutted, and most of the exterior sandstone walls remained standing

37.
Entrance Hall
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The Entrance Hall is the primary and formal entrance to the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. The room is rectilinear in shape and measures approximately 31 by 44 feet, located on the State Floor, the room is entered from outdoors through the North Portico, which faces the North Lawn and Pennsylvania Avenue. The south side of the room opens to the Cross Hall through a screen of paired Roman Doric columns, the east wall opens to the Grand Staircase. Architect James Hobans original floor plans show a similar room, but with single columns separating the Entrance Hall and Cross Hall, mid-19th century photographs show the room as rebuilt by Hoban following the 1814 White House fire. In these photographs two Ionic columns support a series of arches, and a frieze of bas-relief anthemion encircling the room. The shafts of Hobans columns are recorded as being a blue marble, to remedy the draft problem, President Martin Van Buren had floor-to-ceiling glass partitions installed between the Hoban columns. In 1853 Thomas U. Walter installed a cast iron and clear glass screen between the Entrance Hall and Cross Hall to reduce drafts, and a complexly patterned Minton encaustic tile floor, on the ceiling Brumidi painted allegorical figures of Union and Liberty. They have survived and are displayed in the floor of the White House in the Palm Room. In 1882 President Chester A. Arthur commissioned Louis Comfort Tiffany to replace Walters clear glass panels in the screen, the patterns included American eagles, and a shield with stripes, stars, and the initials U. S. A high example of the Aesthetic Movement, Tiffanys glass would remain into the early 20th century, a recreation of the Tiffany screen was painted by artist Peter Waddell in 2004. In 1902, soon taking office and occupying the White House. McKim reconfigued the house, adding wings, demolishing the greenhouses, McKim attempted to make the White House interiors appear closer to how they had near the time of construction, during the period of the early republic. McKims office McKim, Mead, and White researched the history. In the Entrance Hall, McKim removed the Tiffany screen, Hobans Ionic columns, in its place he created a far simpler neoclassical interior. On the south side of the room is a screen of single, Doric pillasters are used on the east, north and west wall. A robust entablature of triglyphs, garlanded bureaucrania, ornamental cuirass, a simple color palette of soft ochres, gray and white contrasted dramatically with the Victorian era interior. The presidential arms were cast in bronze and installed in the center of the rooms floor, bronze torchères, still in use, and a simple lantern with a cylindrical glass chimney lit the room. McKims new finishes though robust in form were made of plaster, while the response to McKims interiors were positive, the Entrance Hall has been criticized for being more appropriate to a public building than a home

38.
Family Dining Room
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The Family Dining Room is a dining room located on the State Floor of the White House, the official residence of the President of the United States. The room is used for smaller, more private meals than those served in the State Dining Room, architect James Hobans 1792 design for the White House featured a Grand Stair in the western part of the mansion on the State Floor. Not completed when the White House was occupied in 1800, the Grand Stairs were probably finished by architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 or shortly thereafter, to the north of this wing was a Public Dining Room and a Porters Lodge and a narrow, winding Private Stair. To the south of the Grand Stair was a smaller room, to the east of this room was a Presidents Antechamber. An oval-shaped Drawing Room and a Common Dining Room served as additional dining and living space, during the presidential administration of Thomas Jefferson, the Common Dining Room rather than the Public Dining Room was used primarily for family meals. At Jeffersons request, Latrobe drafted plans for altering the State Floor, in 1807, he proposed turning the Porters Lodge into a sitting room, and partitioning the Public Dining Room. The eastern part of the room would contain a toilet and dressing room, Latrobe envisioned this as private space for the president to use during the day, or as quarters for a high-ranking presidential aide. Latrobes changes, however, were never implemented, following the Burning of Washington and the near-destruction of the White House in 1814, the State Floor was rebuilt. This 1817 recreation saw the old Cabinet Room/Presidential Library turned into the State Dining Room, the Public Dining Room now became the Private Dining Room. The room was partitioned to make it smaller, and the third of the room turned into a pantry. An 1829, 18-light chandelier was moved from the East Room into the State Dining Room in 1834 to provide light, in time, the term Family Dining Room began to replace the name Private Dining Room. In 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant rebuilt the Grand Stair, now, only a single staircase led up the north wall to the landing, while a second stair on the south wall led from the landing to the Second Floor. Because so much new room was created on the landing by this renovation, in 1880, during the administration of Rutherford B. Hayes, First Lady Lucy Webb Hayes purchased a large mahogany table, the table was transformed into a console table two years later. During the first administration of President Chester A. Arthur, the D. C. firm of W. B, moses & Son manufactured a large table for the dining room, which could be extended with leaves, and a mahogany sideboard. An oak sideboard was supplied by John C, eighteen leather-upholstered dining room chairs were ordered in 1882 from Hertz Brothers of New York, and another 12 more in 1883. A few years later,22 copies of these chairs were manufactured by Daniel G. Hatch & Company of Washington, but by 1901, these 40 chairs were moved to the State Dining Room. The White House was extensively renovated in 1902, during which the Stair Hall and its staircase were demolished, renovations by architect Charles Follen McKim during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt architecturally transformed the Family Dining Room

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Grand Staircase (White House)
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The Grand Staircase is the chief stairway connecting the State Floor and the Second Floor of the White House, the official home of the President of the United States. The stairway is used for a ceremony called the Presidential Entrance March. The present Grand Staircase, the fourth staircase occupying the same space, was completed in 1952 as a part of the Truman White House reconstruction. The Grand Staircase is entered on the State Floor from the Entrance Hall, no section study exists to illustrate either of Hoban’s staircases. Hoban’s original design of the Grand Staircase at the west end of the Cross Hall was altered by Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 during the administration of Thomas Jefferson. Hoban envisioned the Imperial stair form with a central stair rising from the east to a landing on the west wall with double runs returning to the east on each side. Latrobes alteration placed a double run on either side rising from the west to a landing on the east, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt engaged architect Charles Follen McKim, of the firm McKim, Mead, and White, to reconfigure and redesign the White House. McKim’s plan removed the Grand Staircase at the West End of the Cross Hall to increase the size of the State Dining Room by more than a third. McKim relocated the new Grand Staircase in the end of the Cross Hall. Formal in plan, its narrow opening into the Cross Hall limited visibility of the President, First Lady. McKims Grand Staircase was entered through an opening with the first two steps protruding into the Cross Hall. A decorated wrought iron gate on the State Floor was normally kept closed except during state ceremonies, a pair of niches flanked the center run and the first course used a heavy crimson silk cord as a decorative railing. The stair was constructed in Joliet marble and covered in a stair carpet. A lantern similar to one selected by McKim for the Entrance Hall was hung above the landing, cracks appearing in walls and ceilings, and a sagging East Room ceiling in 1948 signaled that immediate attention was needed. The chief architect of the Truman White House reconstruction was William Adams Delano with a temporary Office of the White House Architect headed by Lorenzo Simmons Winslow, Truman viewed the White House reconstruction as an opportunity to address the redesign of the Great Staircase. By January 1949 Winslow had produced a design that Truman was near to approving and it closed the Cross Hall opening and reoriented the opening of the new Grand Staircase to the east wall of the Entrance Hall. In the favored design Winslow deleted the paired Roman Doric column screen, Truman sought approval of Winslows design from the more senior Delano. Delano was dismayed by the plans and elevations and feared that dismantling the columns, Delano was so concerned about the design he travelled to Washington to meet with Truman and Winslow in person to work out a solution

40.
Green Room (White House)
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The Green Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. It is used for receptions and teas. During a state dinner, guests are served cocktails in the three state parlors before the president, first lady, and visiting head of state descend the Grand Staircase for dinner, the room is traditionally decorated in shades of green. The room is approximately 28 by 22.5 feet and it has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, East Room, South Portico, and Blue Room. Descriptions of the Green Rooms furnishings before the 1814 fire are limited, following the 1816 rebuilding, inventories suggest the room initially contained French Empire items bought by President James Madison. Throughout most of the 19th century, the room was decorated in a series of revival styles, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt selected the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White to make extensive structural changes to the White House and redecorate most of its rooms. For the Green Room, the decided to mimic an 1820s-style parlor or drawing room in the French Empire style. An 1817 fireplace mantel was removed from the State Dining Room and used in the Green Room, the door moldings, which dated from the James Monroe administration, were retained. In 1924, First Lady Grace Coolidge undertook a refurbishment of the White House, a split emerged in the committee between those who wished to implement a Colonial Revival style room and those who wished to preserve the 1902 Beaux-Arts decor. The dispute became public, and President Calvin Coolidge ordered the renovation stopped, work resumed with a different committee in 1926, and the room redecorated in Colonial Revival and Federal furniture. Coolidge replaced the heavily patterned floral wall covering with a green silk velvet. The Renaissance Revival-style mantel was replaced by a French Empire mantel purchased by President Monroe in 1819, although the some period antiques were found and placed in the room, most of the furniture were reproductions. A suite of reproduction French Directoire upholstered chairs and white-painted caned reproduction English Regency furniture replaced a suite of overstuffed Turkish style sofas, over the next 37 years, subsequent presidents mostly maintained the Green Room as Coolidge left it, with only minor alterations. One significant change was made after the White House was gutted and renovated under President Harry S. Truman in 1952, when the Green Room was decorated after the renovation, the walls were covered in a green silk damask in the style of Robert Adam. The window treatments and drapes used the same fabric, with the window covering the window moldings. In 1961, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy began a refurbishment of the White House that included the Green Room. Her renovation was overseen by an advisory Committee on Fine Arts made up of museum professionals as well as wealthy individuals interested in antiques. American antiques autodidact Henry Francis du Pont led this committee, Mrs. Kennedy also brought in French interior designer Stéphane Boudin and his company, Maison Jansen, to oversee the refurbishment

41.
Red Room (White House)
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The Red Room is one of three state parlors on the State Floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States in Washington, D. C. in the United States. The room has served as a parlor and music room, and it has been traditionally decorated in shades of red. The room is approximately 28 by 22.5 feet and it has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Blue Room, South Portico, and State Dining Room. During the administration of John Adams, it served as a breakfast room, jefferson kept a caged magpie in the room. During the James Madison administration, the became the Yellow Drawing Room. Dolley ordered a piano she particularly wanted, along with red velvet curtains for the room, the White House was gutted in 1814 when the British set fire to the structure during the Burning of Washington. It was largely reconstructed during the administration of President James Monroe, Monroe purchased furnishings for the Red Room in the Empire style, as he had for the Blue Room, to furnish the rebuilt White House. Gilbert Stuarts portrait of George Washington originally hung in the Red Room, Stuarts 1804 portrait of Dolley Madison also was hung here. The fireplace mantel was one of two purchased by President James Monroe in 1817. Carved of white marble in France in the Empire style, it, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt selected Charles Follen McKim of the New York architectural firm McKim, Mead & White to renovate the White House. McKim fashioned all new mantels for the State Dining Room, the walls were hung with burgundy silk velvet. A late nineteenth century suite of stuffed Turkish-style furniture was upholstered in the same shade, addition of a new attic story during the Coolidge administration placed great strain on the buildings structure. By 1951 the house had become unsound and President Truman directed a major reconstruction, the buildings interior was largely dismantled, with some of the architectural elements being numbered and stored. After a steel infrastructure was installed, those elements were restored in their original configuration, the Red Room was dismantled and reconstructed during this period. Installation of air conditioning in 1953 and 1954 required the height be reduced by approximately 18. Having nearly no furniture original to the house, Truman hired the New York department store B, altmans design department to oversee the refurnishing of the house. In the Red Room, a red silk damask in the pattern as before the reconstruction was installed on the walls. The Louis XVI style mantel clock is French, c, 1780–85, and was a gift to the American nation in 1954 from President Vincent Auriol of France following completion of the Truman reconstruction of the house

42.
State Dining Room of the White House
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The State Dining Room is the larger of two dining rooms on the State Floor of the Executive Residence of the White House, the home of the President of the United States in Washington, D. C. It is used for receptions, luncheons, larger formal dinners, the room seats 140 and measures approximately 48 by 36 feet. Originally office space, the State Dining Room received its name during the presidency of James Monroe, the room was refurbished during several administrations in the early to mid 1800s, and gasified in 1853. Doors were cut through the west wall in 1877, the room stayed in this form until the White Houses complete reconstruction in 1952. The 1952 rebuilding of the White House retained much of the 1902 renovation, although much of the furnishings were removed. Another major refurbishment from 1961 to 1963 changed the room even further, incremental changes to the room were made throughout the 1970s and 1980s, with major refurbishments of the furnishings in 1998 and 2015. The northern third of what is now the State Dining Room was originally the part of the Cross Hall. Two flights of stairs led from the State Floor to the Second Floor, a single, central stair then led up to the Third Floor. Not completed when the White House was occupied in 1800, the Grand Stairs were probably finished by architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe in 1803 or shortly thereafter. To the south of the Grand Stair was a small room, President John Adams was the first president to occupy the White House. The White House was far too large for their needs, the State Dining Room was temporarily partitioned in order to make it useable. The southwest corner became a room, where the public could meet and mingle with the president. President Thomas Jefferson used the southwest corner of the State Dining Room as his office from 1801 to 1809. The room was furnished at this time, with only a desk. He also kept his gardening tools and an assortment of potted plants in the room, the floor was covered with canvas, painted green. For seating, Jefferson moved 12 of the black-and-gold painted mahogany chairs from the room to the office. Jeffersons successor, James Madison, wanted the room to be a dining room, a large dining table, capable of seating at least 40, was placed in the room, surrounded by simple rush-bottomed chairs. A silver service and a china service purchased from the Lowestoft Porcelain Factory in England were used for dining

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White House Chief Usher
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The White House Chief Usher is the head of household staff and operations at the White House, the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. Although the White House has had staff since it opened, the head of operations for most of the 1800s was the First Lady of the United States. The position of Chief Usher was not established until 1891, in the administration of President Benjamin Harrison, however, the title Chief Usher was not formalized until later. The term chief usher had been used by the press as early as August 1887, the official title, Chief Usher, was not created until 1897. William Dubois was the first to use the title. Thomas E. Stone was the first individual to have the title of Chief Usher bestowed on him throughout his tenure. The average length of service for a Chief Usher is 20 years, the longest serving White House Chief Usher is Irwin H. Ike Hoover, who served as Chief Usher for 24 of his 42 years in the White House. The second-longest serving Chief Usher is Gary J. Walters, who spent 21 years in the position, the current and ninth Chief Usher is Angella Reid, a former general manager of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at Pentagon City in Virginia. Administratively, the Office of the Chief Usher resides within a known as The Executive Residence. Within The Executive Residence are three offices, The Office of the Chief Usher, the Office of the White House Curator, and the Office of Calligraphy. The Office of the Chief Usher is one of 60 offices within EOP, physically, the Chief Usher is located in the Ushers Office on the State Floor of the White House, near the Cross Hall and Entrance Hall and beside the entrance to the North Portico. The Chief Usher serves at the pleasure of the President, and has no job tenure or civil service protections, the Chief Usher has a personal staff of seven, but oversees a total Executive Residence staff of about 90. The Chief Usher is charged with the operation of the White House Complex. Develops and administers the budget for the operation, maintenance, the Chief Usher oversees the First Familys private as well as public life, meeting the private needs of the family and working to ensure that public and private events do not conflict. Generally, the Chief Usher hosts a meeting with all White House offices early on every Monday morning to review the weeks events, the Chief Ushers budgetary duties are extensive. The Chief Usher oversaw an Executive Residence budget of $16.4 million in 2001, overtime is extensive, In 2001,19 work-years of overtime were budgeted. The Chief Usher also works closely with the Office of the Social Secretary to ensure that expenditures are charged to the government agency. For example, costs for a State Dinner must be charged to the United States Department of State, the First Family may host an event at the White House, but the event might actually be paid for an external sponsor

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Second Floor Center Hall (White House)
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The Center Hall is a broad central hallway on the second floor of the White House, home of the President of the United States. It runs east to west connecting the East Sitting Hall with the West Sitting Hall and it allows access to the elevator vestibule, East and West Bedrooms, the Grand Staircase, Yellow Oval Room, the first familys private living room, and the presidents bedroom. In the early 20th century, William Howard Taft decorated the hall with exotic plants, later, Woodrow Wilson watched motion pictures here as the present White House theater was still a cloakroom. Furnishings include an American manufactured painted wood Neoclassical suite including a settee, six armchairs, the suite was reupholstered in a wool and silk velvet faux tiger print during the administration of George W. Bush and moved to the Center Hall from the Yellow Oval Room. Also in the room is a Louis XVI mahogany cylinder desk acquired for the Red Room during the administration of President John F. Kennedy, a pair of bronze French Empire caryatid torchères from Château de Malmaison were originally acquired for the Blue Room by Kennedy decorator Stéphane Boudin. A Frenchman in Camelot, The Decoration of the Kennedy White House by Stéphane Boudin, abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice. Designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration, the White House, The Historic Furnishing & First Families. White House Museum, The Central Hall

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East Sitting Hall
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The East Sitting Hall is located on the second floor of the White House, home of the President of the United States. First used as a room for guests of the president. The room is entered from the second floor corridor on the west side of the room, a large fanlight window on the east side of the room faces the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, the East Colonnade, the East Wing, and the U. S. Treasury. Two disguised doors allow access to a closet and a staircase up to the third floor, charles Dickens wrote this about the room during the administration of John Tyler, e went upstairs into another chamber, where were certain visitors, waiting for audiences. We had previously looked into another chamber fitted all round with a bare wooden desk or counter, whereon lay piles of newspapers. But there were no means of beguiling the time in this apartment. Because the East Sitting Hall is situated above the East Room, during the Truman reconstruction, the room was reduced by the addition of a lavatory and side stair to the third floor, the steps were replaced with a ramp through an arched corridor. West Sitting Hall Abbott James A. and Elaine M. Rice, designing Camelot, The Kennedy White House Restoration. White House Historical Association, Residence second floor White House Museum, East Sitting Hall

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Lincoln Bedroom
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The Lincoln Bedroom is a bedroom which is part of a guest suite located in the southeast corner of the second floor of the White House in Washington, D. C. The Lincoln Sitting Room makes up the part of the suite. The room is named for President Abraham Lincoln, who used the room as an office, the first room in the White House to carry the name Lincoln Bedroom was in the northwest corner of the White House. It existed from 1929 until the 1961, when First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy transformed it into the Presidents Dining Room, the Lincoln Bedroom and the Lincoln Sitting Room are located in the southeast corner of the Second Floor. As originally designed and completed in 1809, this contained two very narrow, north-south running bedchambers with a toilet room between them. By 1825, the toilet had been removed and the space joined to the west bedchamber to create an office. This area was used for the Presidents office over the several decades. Abraham Lincoln used it as both an office and a Cabinet room, and signed the Emancipation Proclamation in the room on January 1,1863, during the Lincoln presidency, the walls were covered with Civil War maps. It had dark green wallpaper, and the carpeting was also dark green, newspapers were stacked on the desk and tables along with large amounts of mail and requests from office seekers. Two large wicker wastebaskets were filled with debris, the east bedchamber was converted into an office for presidential aides, although President John Tyler used it as part of his office from 1841 to 1845. In 1945, newly-inaugurated President Harry S. Truman learned that the Presidents Office had once used by Abraham Lincoln. Truman had the bed, furniture, and other items in the Prince of Wales Room moved into the office, the new bedroom was decorated primarily in blue, and became briefly known as the Blue Bedroom. The White House underwent a structural rehabilitation beginning in 1952. Jacqueline Kennedy renovated much of the White House during the Kennedy administration and these changes included adding an unsigned portrait of a Hartford, Connecticut, family in their parlor to what was now known as the Lincoln Bedroom. This unsigned oil painting, dated 1840 to 1850, was donated by the E. and A. Silberman Galleries. During the Clinton administration the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, two etchings and a drawing consistently showed a diamond patterned wallpaper and a Renaissance Revival style gas chandelier. A small oil painting showed a representation of the same diamond patterned wall paper in dark green, mustard. During the administration of George W, a boldly patterned Renaissance Revival patterned carpet was created for the room

The White House Chief Floral Designer is responsible for the planning, design, arrangement and placement of all floral …

White House Chief Florist Nancy Clarke completes an arrangement of white lilies, white roses, hydrangea, and limes before a dinner in the State Dining Room.

Assistant White House Floral Designer Wendy Elsasser adds final touches to a holiday cranberry topiary in the Red Room of the White House. The cranberry topiary is now a 20-year plus tradition and is placed on the room's guéridon designed by cabinetmaker Charles-Honoré Lannuier c. 1810.

Conservatories covered the West Colonnade and site of the current West Wing in the 19th century.

The Green Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor of the White House, the home of the President of the …

McKim, Mead, and White renovation of the Green Room in 1904 during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt.

The Green Room in 1964, looking northeast, showing decor adopted during the administration of John F. Kennedy, and with a chandelier substitution made at the request of new first lady Lady Bird Johnson.