Introduction to Payroll Accounting

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It's a fact of business—if a company has employees, it has to account for payroll and fringe benefits.

In this explanation of payroll accounting we'll introduce payroll, fringe benefits, and the payroll-related accounts that a typical company will report on its income statement and balance sheet. Payroll and benefits include items such as:

salaries

wages

bonuses & commissions to employees

overtime pay

payroll taxes and costs

Social Security

Medicare

federal income tax

state income tax

state unemployment tax

federal unemployment tax

worker compensation insurance

employer paid benefits

holidays

vacations

sick days

insurance (health, dental, vision, life, disability)

retirement plans

profit-sharing plans

Many of these items are subject to state and federal laws; some involve labor contracts or company policies.

Note: AccountingCoach.com focuses on financial statement reporting and not on income tax return reporting. You should consult with a tax professional or review the Internal Revenue Service publications to learn how employers and employees are required to report salaries, wages, and fringe benefits for income tax purposes.
For the years 2011 and 2012 only, the employee's tax rate for Social Security was 4.2% instead of the usual 6.2%. (The employer's rate remained at 6.2% and the employee and employer Medicare tax rates remained at 1.45%.)
Beginning in 2013 a Medicare surtax was introduced for certain employees (and self-employed individuals) who have reached a specified amount of earnings. The tax rates and wages bases for federal payroll taxes can be found at http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p15.pdf

Matching Principle

As we proceed with our explanation of payroll accounting, it will be helpful to recall the matching principle of accounting. This principle will guide us to better understand how payroll and fringe benefits are reported on financial statements. (We're assuming that a company follows the accrual method of accounting.)

The matching principle requires a company to match expenses to the accounting period in which the related revenues are reported. If a direct connection between revenues and an expense does not exist, then the expense should appear on the income statement for the accounting period in which it was incurred. Keep in mind that expenses are often incurred (or occur) in a different accounting period than when they are paid.

Let's use three payroll examples to illustrate this point:

A company employs a student to work a total of five days—from December 26 through December 30, 2018. On December 30 the student submits her time card. The company issues her payroll check on the next scheduled payday, January 5, 2019.

Even though the check is dated January 5, 2019, the matching principle requires that the company report the expense and the liability in December 2018 when the work was performed (and the company incurred the liability). Because the student was only employed for the last five days of December, the company would not have any wage or fringe benefits expense for her during January. The paycheck issued on January 5 merely reduces the company's liabilities and cash.

Let's assume that a company gives its sales manager an annual bonus of 1% of sales, to be paid on January 15, 2019. The bonus amount is calculated by multiplying the sales from January 1 through December 31, 2018 times 1%.

The matching principle requires that the company report 1% of sales as a Bonus Expense on its income statement (and a liability for the total amount owed must be reported on its balance sheet) in every accounting period in which sales occurred in 2018. If the company violates the matching principle by ignoring the bonus expense throughout the year 2018 (when sales actually occurred) and reports the entire bonus amount as an expense for just one day (January 15, 2019), every income statement pertinent to 2018 will report too much net income and the income statement that includes January 15, 2019 will report too little net income. The matching principle requires that the bonus expense pertinent to the 2018 sales be matched with the 2018 sales on the 2018 income statement.

If the entries are recorded properly, the balance sheet dated December 31, 2018 will report a current liability for the total bonus amount owed to the sales manager. On January 15, 2019 (when the company pays the bonus) the company will not have an expense; rather, the payment will reduce the company's cash and reduce the current liability that was established when the bonus was recorded as an expense in 2018.

A company has a vacation plan that will provide two weeks of vacation in the year 2019 if the employee worked the entire year of 2018. In the year 2018 (when the employee is working) the company reports the vacation expense on its 2018 income statement. The company's December 31, 2018 balance sheet will report a current liability for the two weeks of vacation pay that was earned by each employee but not yet taken. In 2019 (when employees take the vacations that were earned and expensed in 2018), the company will reduce its cash and its vacation liability.

As you learn about accounting for payroll and fringe benefits, keep the matching principle in mind. As the above examples show, the date on which a company pays wages or fringe benefits is not necessarily the date on which the company reports the expense on its financial statements.

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