Head and neck malignancies comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies that cause significant morbidity to those affected. These malignancies are associated with specific risk factors and exposures, some of which impact prognosis. The most common risk factors for developing head and neck cancers are tobacco and alcohol use. Marijuana and e-cigarettes, occupational exposures, and use of topical substances have also been linked to head and neck cancers. Human papilloma virus has been associated with oropharyngeal cancer...

The Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) can commensally colonize the upper respiratory tract, but also cause life threatening disease including epiglottitis, sepsis and meningitis. The H. influenzae capsule protects the bacteria against both phagocytosis and opsonization. Encapsulated H. influenzae strains are classified into serotypes ranging from a to f dependent on their distinct polysaccharide capsule. Due to the implementation of vaccination the incidence of invasive H. influenzae type b (Hib) infections has strongly decreased and infections with other capsulated types, including H...

BACKGROUND: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare, benign disease of the aerodigestive tract, especially the larynx, caused by infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 or 11. Current management focuses on surgical debulking with microdebrider of papillomatous lesions with or without concurrent adjuvant therapy, e.g. Cidofovir®. This retrospective study evaluates the results of patients treated at a department of the university clinic between 1990 and 2012 and compares the results of the conventional treatment with a new treatment approach using adjuvant vaccination with Gardasil®...

The Centre for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Sweden has noted in its annual report a substantial increase in the incidence of invasive cervical cancer, especially during the two years 2014 and 2015. I have sub-grouped the data according to age, using the same statistical database of the National Board of Health and Welfare as used by the authors of the above-mentioned report. The increase in the incidence of cervical cancer was shown to be most prominent among women 20-49 years of age while no apparent increase was observed among women above 50...

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are at increased risk for cervical neoplasia likely due to infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) and should be considered for HPV vaccination. We sought to determine frequency of HR-HPV infection and uptake of HPV vaccination in our regional female lupus population. METHODS: For this retrospective cohort study, data were analyzed from our electronic health records EPIC for women with International Classification of Diseases -10 or International Classification of Diseases -9 billing codes for SLE seen June 6, 2007, to May 1, 2017...

Persistent infection with high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma. HPV58 is the third most common HPV genotype in China after HPV16 and HPV18. HPV E6 and E7 are oncoproteins and are constitutively expressed in HPV-associated cancer cells, therefore they are considered to be ideal target antigens for immunotherapy, including HPV therapeutic vaccine. In the present study, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope peptides were predicted and screened from HPV58 E7 antigen and their immunogenicity was subsequently determined...

In 2012 Colombia launched human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination program for girls aged 9-12 and in 2013 the target age was expanded to 9-17 years. Monitoring the changes of HPV infection prevalence among young women has been proposed as an endpoint for early assessment of HPV vaccination programs. However, the data on HPV prevalence in young ages is very limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV infection and the distribution of genotypes in a group of non-vaccinated women aged 18-25 years old in three Colombian cities as baseline for the monitoring of the HPV national vaccination program...

OBJECTIVE: The researchers aimed to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions of first year female nursing students about human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical cancer (CC) and HPV vaccination. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 690 female nursing students from sampled universities between April and June 2015. METHODS: Students were surveyed by using a pretested HPV and CC awareness questionnaire. RESULTS: More than half of the students (65...

Treatments for gynecological cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, overall survival is not improved, and novel approaches are needed. Immunotherapy has been proven efficacious in various types of cancers and multiple approaches have been recently developed. Since numerous gynecological cancers are associated to human papilloma virus (HPV) infections, therapeutic vaccines, targeting HPV epitopes, have been developed. The advancing understanding of the immune system, regulatory pathways and tumor microenvironment have produced a major interest in immune checkpoint blockade, Indeed, immune checkpoint molecules are important clinical targets in a wide variety of tumors, including gynecological...

BACKGROUND: Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine was introduced in Bangladesh through the arrangement of a demonstration project in Gazipur district in 2016, targeting grade five female students and non-school going girls (age range 10-12 years). HPV vaccination is expected to be eventually included in the nationwide immunization program if the demonstration project is successful. However, introduction and implementation of such a vaccination program raises various ethical concerns. This review paper illustrates a step by step assessment of the ethical concerns surrounding the HPV vaccination implementation in Bangladesh considering specific elements in administering and conducting the program as well as the intended results...

Background: The incidence of cervical cancer in younger women remains high. This is worrisome as it affects future generations. Therefore Malaysia implements human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination as a national vaccination program. Parents play an important role in determining the success of this HPV vaccination program among schoolaged girls by their compliance. Objective: To assess parental knowledge, decision-making and acceptance of HPV vaccination. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted among 280 randomly selected parents of primary school students aged 11 in Kota Bharu using a pre-validated self-administered questionnaire to assess knowledge and decision-making with regard to HPV vaccination...

The Japanese immunization program has made considerable recent progress. The introduction of several new vaccines, especially foreign-produced vaccines, and the inclusion of important new vaccines in the National Immunization Program (NIP) are closing the "vaccine gap", i.e., the delay in the Japanese immunization program relative to programs in other developed countries. Major progress in the Japanese immunization program since 2014 includes (1) elimination of measles in March 2015, (2) introduction of a varicella vaccine as a routine immunization in the NIP in October 2015, and (3) introduction of hepatitis B virus vaccines as routine immunizations in the NIP in October 2016...

The human papilloma virus (HPV) causes approximately 30,700 annual cancer cases of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, oral cavity, and anus. Nurse practitioners can use their unique relationships with patients to advocate for the HPV vaccine. The purpose of this article is to update NPs on current knowledge regarding the HPV vaccine while providing appropriate information necessary for counseling patients and parents.

When the meningococcus B vaccine was introduced into Italy in 2017, it was recommended for newborns based on national epidemiological data indicating that they were at greater risk. However, the vaccination service of the local health authority of L'Aquila had already been receiving spontaneous parental requests to provide vaccination for children in lower-risk age groups from the beginning of 2016. We therefore decided to use a self-administered questionnaire in order to investigate the parents' socio-demographic data; their children's history of other recommended vaccinations (against measles, mumps and rubella, varicella, meningococcus C and, for females, human papilloma virus); the information sources concerning meningococcal vaccination; and the timing of its administration...

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and vaccination awareness among members of the general population across three Nigerian States. A descriptive cross-sectional study among 758 persons selected by convenience sampling was conducted from March to July 2016. Structured questionnaires were administered to consenting participants and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods in SPSS V20. Awareness to HPV infection and vaccination was very low at 1...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the patterns and prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes in people who are not vaccinated with HPV vaccines in Zunyi. METHODS: We retrospectively collected all HPV testing results in 3,393 patients at the Third Affiliated Hospital in Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China between January 2014 and December 2016. The prevalence of HPV genotypes based on different stages of cervical lesions and age groups was analyzed. The clinical data of 347 HPV-positive inpatients were also retrospectively collected, and difference in the age at first sexual encounter, smoking, pregnancy, and abortion status were compared...

Human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are a group of double-stranded DNA viruses known to be the primary cause of cervical cancer. In addition, evidence has now established their role in non-melanoma skin cancers, head and neck cancer (HNC), and the development of other anogenital malignancies. The prevalence of HPV-related HNC, in particular oropharyngeal cancers, is rapidly increasing, foreseeing that HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers will outnumber uterine cervical cancers in the next 15⁻20 years. Therefore, despite the successful advent of vaccines originally licensed for cervical cancer prevention, HPV burden is still very high, and a better understanding of HPV biology is urgently needed...

In the United States, an estimated 20 million people, or 15% of the population, are currently infected with human papilloma virus (HPV). The prevalence of HPV is increasing in females aged 14 to 24 years. Assessing allied health students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HPV was performed using a 34-question survey. The survey was in four sections: general information, measuring knowledge of HPV and the vaccine, HPV vaccine, and HPV screening and diagnosis. Physicians were noted by 31.6% of the participants as the first individual who gave them information about HPV...

Cancer immunoprevention is based on the fact that a functioning immune system controls tumor onset and development in humans and animals, thus leading to the idea that the enhancement of immune responses in healthy individuals could effectively reduce cancer risk later in life. Successful primary immunoprevention of tumors caused by hepatitis B and papilloma viruses is already implemented at the population level with specific vaccines. The immunoprevention of human tumors unrelated to infectious agents is an outstanding challenge...