World History Notes Italy Unification Pdf Download for UPSC

World History Notes Italy Unification Pdf Download for UPSC

World History Notes Italy Unification Pdf Download for UPSC for Mains . These Notes are Prepared By UPSC Topper . You can trust these notes .World History Notes Italy Unification Pdf Download for UPSC.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY

Reasons?

Common bond of unity among Italian states.

Italy was the gateway of Europe and it was always the bone of contention between Austria and France. This led to the exploitation by different empires.

Napolean abolished smaller states and established republics implementing uniform political and administrative structure. This acted as a catalytic for Italian unification.

Italian cities were centres of Renaissance

Events?

Carbonary

Carbonary. Birth of secret organisation. The objective was to revolt and work for unification but in the absence of powerful and external support Carbonary was doomed to fail and Austria suppressed such revolts e.g suppression of revolts in 1820.

Failure of carbonary gave the message to intellectual class that mass awakening is the important priority of unification.

Mass Awakening

The most important role was played by Mazzini who is also called the profet of Italian unification. He established Young Italy Movement which was a secret organisation. The motive was to awaken people. Austria was the biggest hurdle in unification.

Cavour

Played a very crucial role in unification. It gained strength from Vienna Congress and was never under the domination of Austria. The ruler Victor Immanuel was a liberal who introduced constitutional reforms in Sardinia. So it was an ideal stage to take up the cause.

Cavour was appointed the Chancellor of Sardinia. He was brave, forsighted and possessed intellectual personality.

He took steps for economic and military empowerment of Sardinia.

He was clear that foreign assistance was required for unification. To seek help from England and France he sent his army to Crimea to fight in the Crimean War against Russia although he had no grudge against Russia. Italian army played a very important role.

In the Paris Peace Conference (1856) Cavour was invited as a representative of Italy. This was a diplomatic victory as Italy got acceptance as separate identity. But Italy got only assurance but there was no practical help.

He turned towards France and promised Napolean III big gifts in return for his help. By the Treaty of Plombiers. Napolean accepted to give assistance. Sardinia fought a war against Austria and was successful.

Austria traced the support to France and convinced Napolean III to stay away. Napolean III was a fickleminded person and so he pulled back his support. This was a blow to Cavour but the first phase of unification was completed.

Impact of Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

Awakened people started demanding responsible government and constitution.

Formation of revolutionary councils in 1860 in which activeness of people compelled most of the states to join Italian union.

Garibaldi

Naples, Sicily and Papal states had still not joined the union. Garibaldi with his Force of Thousands entered Naples and he was successful in getting complete mass support and forced the ruler of Naples to surrender. The story was repeated in Sicily and Papal states. Italy became a unified country and lived happily ever after !

World History Notes Unification of Italy Pdf Download for UPSC

EASTERN EUROPE

Background

In 1453 Turks occupied Constantinople. One of the major areas of contention was Balkan countries. It had been under the rule of Ottoman Turks. They started entering into Europe and occupied Eastern Europe. Turkish rulers never gave equal status to the people of Eastern Europe.

The suppression and exploitation of Eastern European countries by Turks created the inspiration of independence among Eastern European Countries

In 19th century Ottoman empire had begun to collapse. This led to revolts by various nationalities for independence. This came to be known as Eastern Question. There was a struggle between Turkey and Eastern European Nation.