The Ev.Luth.Sem. of Can. was founded 1911 at Waterloo, Ont., by the Ev.Luth.Syn. of Can. and the Ev.Luth.Syn. of Cen.Can.; Waterloo Coll. School was est. 1914 in connection with the sem. The coll. expanded 1924 into the Waterloo Coll. of Arts; the faculty of arts under the name Waterloo Coll. became affiliated with the U. of Western Ont. 1925; preparatory courses of the coll. school were abandoned 1929. The Ev.Luth.Sem. of Can. became Waterloo Luth.U. 1959/60, and at that time Waterloo Coll. terminated affiliation with the U. of Western Ont. and began granting degrees as Waterloo U.Coll. In 1973 Waterloo Luth.U. severed ties with the Eastern Canada Syn. (LCA) in order to become a provincially assisted school renamed Wilfrid Laurier U. The sem., federated with the new university, came under a separate bd. of governors.

H. A. Ott, A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Kansas (Topeka, Kans., 1907); Story of the Midwest Synod ULC(A) 18901950 (n. p., n. d.).

4. Florida Syn. (of the ULC(A)) (Syn. of Florida). Organized 1928 Lakeland, Florida, by pastors and congs. formerly constituting the Florida Conference of the Ev.Luth.Syn. and Ministerium of Georgia and Adjacent States (see 5); joined ULC 1928.

D. R. Poole, History of the Georgia-Alabama Synod of The United Lutheran Church in America 18601960 (n. p., n. d.).

6. Icelandic Syn. 19th-c. immigrants from Iceland to Am. settled mainly in Man., Can., and in Minnesota and the Dakotas. An Icelandic Luth. service was conducted 1874 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by Jon Bjarnason. The Icelandic Syn. organized Winnipeg, Man., Can., June 1885 after a preliminary meeting January 1885 Mountain, North Dakota; Icelandic name: Hins evangeliska láterska kirkjufélags lslendinga í Vesturheimi (The Ev.Luth.Ch. Organization of Icelanders in the Western Hemisphere); Eng. name since 1951: Icelandic Ev.Luth.Syn. in (or of) (N.) Am.; const. provided for female suffrage. In the 1 st decade of the 20th c. the syn. was torn by strife over Biblical inspiration and the meaning of confessional subscription; some Icelanders and their pastors later became Unitarian. Joined ULC 1940. See also Canada, B 13; Thorgrimson, Hans Baagöe.

M. L. Wagner, The Chicago Synod and Its Antecedents (Waverly, Iowa, n. d.); T. W. Brosche et al., Progress of a Century: A History of The Illinois Synod of the United Lutheran Church in America 18511951 (n. p., n. d.).

10. Kentucky-Tennessee Syn. Formed 1934 by some mems. of the Indiana Syn. (see 8) and Ohio Syn. (see 19), but not congs. in eastern Tenn. which retained membership in the Virginia Syn. (see 29).

11. Maryland, Ev.Luth.Syn. of (Maryland Syn.). Organized 1820 by the Virginia Conf. of the Pennsylvania Ministerium as The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland, Virginia, and so forth; name changed 1822 to The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland and Virginia, 1833 to The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland (the Ev.Luth.Syn. of Virginia [Virginia Syn.] had been formed 1829). Helped form The General* Syn. of the Ev.Luth.Ch. in the USA. When the Maryland Syn. refused to sanction the Definite* Syn. Platform, B. Kurtz* withdrew and led in organizing the Melanchthon Syn. 1857; the latter rejoined the Maryland Syn. 1869. 1961: See also 29; American Lutheranism.

A. R. Wentz, History of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland of The United Lutheran Church in America 18201920 (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1920).

Meantime, F. W. T. Steimle* and others withdrew 1866 for confessional reasons from the New York Ministerium and formed the Ger.Ev.Luth.Syn. of New* York and Other States (also known as Steimle Syn.); the syn., but not Steimle, rejoined the New York Ministerium 1872.

J. Nicum, Geschichte des Evangelisch-Lutherischen Ministeriums vom Staate New York und angrenzenden Staaten und Ländern (n. p., 1888); H. J. Kreider, History of the United Lutheran Synod of New York and New England, I, 17861860 (Philadelphia, 1954); N. van Alstine, Historical Review of the Franckean Evangelical Lutheran Synod of New York (Philadelphia, 1893); S. G. Trexler, Crusaders of The Twentieth Century: A Lutheran Story in the Empire State (New York, 1926).

16. North Carolina, United (Ev.Luth.) Syn. of. Ger.Luths. from Pennsylvania began to settle in North Carolina bet. 1745 and 1750. Congs. began to form. A special appeal to Eur. for a pastor 1772 brought A. Nussmann.*C. A. G. Stork* was sent 1788 from Ger. to help Nussmann. Paul Henkel (see Henkels, The, 2) was active in North Carolina and helped organize the Ev.Luth.Syn. and Ministerium of North Carolina (also known as North Carolina Syn.) 1803, whose membership soon extended into South Carolina, Virginia, and Tenn.

When the North Carolina Syn. planned to help form the Gen.Syn., Paul, Philip, and D. Henkel and others formed the Ev.Luth. Tenn. Syn. (see also 29) in protest 1820. The North Carolina Syn. suffered other losses by organization of the Ev.Luth.Syn. of South Carolina 1824 (see also 27), the Western Virginia Syn. 1842 (see also 29), and the Ev.Luth.Syn. of Miss. 1855 (see also 13). In 1863 the North Carolina Syn. withdrew from the Gen.Syn. and helped organize the The Gen.Syn. of the Ev.Luth.Ch. in Confederate* States of Am., which became The Ev.Luth.Gen.Syn. in N.Am. 1866. In 1870 the North Carolina Syn. withdrew from the latter, which in 1876 became The Ev.Luth.Gen.Syn. South. The North Carolina Syn. (re)joined the latter 1881. In 1886 the North Carolina Syn. helped organize The United Syn. of the Ev.Luth.Ch. in the S. In 1921 the Tenn. Syn. reunited with the North Carolina Syn. to form the United Ev.Luth.Syn. of North Carolina, which that yr. came into ownership and control of Lenoir Rhyne Coll.

History of the Lutheran Church in North Carolina (18031953), ed. J. L. Morgan et al. (n. p., n. d.).

20. Pacific Syn. (of the Ev.Luth.Ch.). Organized 1901 by 10 pastors of the Northwest Syn. (see 17) living W of the Missouri R.; joined General* Council of the Ev.Luth. ;Ch. in (N.) Am. 1901; territory included Washington, Oregon, Idaho, British Columbia, Alaska. Pacific Sem., est. 1910 Portland, Oregon, moved 1914 to Seattle, Washington, suspended operation 1932, closed as a sem. 1934; its capital resources were used 1950 to help found Pacific Luth.Theol.Sem., Berkeley, California (see also 21).

E. Bracher, The First FiFty Years of the Pacific Synod (Seattle, Washington, 1951).

Documentary History of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and Adjacent States: Proceedings of the Annual Conventions from 1748 to 1821 (Philadelphia, 1898); H. E. Pfatteicher, The Ministerium of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1938); T. E. Schmauk, A History of The Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania (16381820), I (Philadelphia, 1903); T. G. Tappert, Two Hundred Years of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania, 1948 Minutes of the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Evangelical Lutheran Ministerium of Pennsylvania and the Adjacent States (n. p., n. d.), pp. 297303.

23. Pennsylvania, Ev.Luth.Syn. of Central (Central Pennsylvania Syn. [of the ULC(A)]). Formed 1938 by merger of the West Pennsylvania Syn. (see 22), Alleghany (Allegheny) Ev.Luth.Syn. of Pennsylvania (Alleghany [Allegheny] Syn.; formed 1842 by mems. of the West Pennsylvania Syn.), East Pennsylvania Syn. (see 22), and Susquehanna Syn. (of the ULC(A)). The latter organized 1867 as the Susquehanna Syn. of the Ev.Luth.Ch. in the US; merged 1923/24 with the Ev.Luth.Syn. of Central Pennsylvania [Central Pennsylvania Syn.; formed 1855 by mems. who withdrew from the West Pennsylvania Syn.] to form the Susquehanna Syn. of Central Pennsylvania of the Ev.Luth.Ch. [name shortened 1932 to Susquehanna Syn.]). New Jersey mems. were dismissed 1950 to the New Jersey Syn. (see 14).

W. H. B. Carney, History of the Alleghany Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Pennsylvania, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1918); The Susquehanna Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States: A History 18671917, ed. F. P. Manhart et al. (n. p., 1917); L. G. Shannon, A Short History of the Central Pennsylvania Synod of the United Lutheran Church in America (n. p., 1958).

J. Mgebroff, Geschichte der Ersten Deutschen Evangelisch-Lutherischen Synode in Texas (n. p., 1902); History of the First Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Texas, comp. M. Heinrich (n. p., n. d.); History of the Evangelical Lutheran Texas Synod of the United Lutheran Church in America (Philadelphia, 1926); H. C. Ziehe, A Centennial Story of the Lutheran Church in Texas (Seguin, Texas, 1951).

History of the Lutheran Church in Virginia and East Tennessee, ed. C. W. Cassell et al. (Strasburg, Virginia, 1930); W. E. Eisenberg, The Lutheran Church in Virginia, 17171962, including an Account of the Lutheran Church in East Tennessee (Roanoke, Virginia, 1967).