Rhododendron Setosum, Wall. 1849- 1851. Lithograph, handcolored, image approximately 17 x 13 inches on sheet size 19 x 14 inches. A few spots in upper image area, overall very good condition. An exquisite botanical image of a white flowering rhododendron branch with botanical details below. This is plate XX from Joseph Dalton Hooker's "Rhododendrons of the Sikkim-Himalaya". The large folio size of this work, the artistry of J.D. Hooker and the very fine lithography by W.H. Fitch produce very evocative, beautiful and scientifically accurate images. Printed by Reeve & Nichols.

BOOLE, George.On the Theory of Probabilities, and in particular on Mitchell's Problem of the Distribution of the Fixed Stars. London: Taylor, 1851. A fine copy, in original wrappers, of Boole's first paper probability. The ideas he put forth in this work were later developed and included in his famous Laws of Thought (1854). "This seems to have been the first mention, by any author, of the close connection, both in essence and in form, between logic and probability and indeed of the dependence of the theory of probability on an underlying mathematical theory of logic" (MacHale, George Boole).In this paper, Boole applies his theory of probabilities to the specific problem of the distribution of fixed stars. This problem had been "creating considerable discussion among mathematicians and astronomers. Professor Boole felt much interest in it, both because of its intrinsic importance, and because of its close connection with a class of speculations in the pursuit of which he had long been engaged" (Robert Vaughan and Henry Allon, The British Quarterly Review, vol 44).Boole's paper is at once the beginning of the thought process that would develop into his seminal later work, as well as an answer to John Mitchell's fixed star problem and to James Forbes' own paper on the same subject. In: The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, Suppl. to vol. 1, no. 7, 4th series, pp. 521-530. 8vo (225 x 145 mm), the complete issue offered here in original blue printed wrappers, upper left corner of rear wrapper torn away, otherwise fine, uncut and unopened.

KOLLOCK, Cornelius (1824 - 1897)Lengthy Autographed Letter Signed about Dentistry and the early use of Chloroform Cheraw, SC, 1851. unbound. 4 pages (front and back), each two-page spread measuring 10.5 x 16.5 inches, Cheraw, South Carolina, Jan. 6, 1851, to Dr. Rufus Woodward, in small part: "...I gave chloroform in a few small operations which I have recently performed and some of the other Dr.'s are glad to make a handle of anything against me -- came out in the strongest denunciation in itself...and also as doing violence to the laws of nature and natures God. I made no reply to them other than by giving chloroform as often as an opportunity presented...Several persons, some of whom the most respected in the South came to me to pull their teeth saying 'the dentists all refuse to give them chloroform.' I never refused to do it for it gave me an opportunity of proving the good of chloroform and also of making $2.00. I have pulled a hat full of teeth at $2.00 a tooth -- $1.00 is the regular per for extraction a tooth...but as I am not a Dentist...and I do not care about the business...I charge them double. This I suppose would make them go to their own dentists -- but they like the chloroform too well..." Partial separation of the folds by the margins, slight chipping at the bottom of the pages with the loss of two words; fragile but neatly written, easy to read, and in good condition. Note: most surviving correspondence of Dr. Cornelius Kollock has long been collected by Historical Societies and Institutions with few items remaining in private hands. Provenance: The Rufus Woodward Archive -- sold at Alexander Autographs Feb. 2007. American surgeon and gynecologist who studied in Paris under Mssrs. Gerhard, Michel and Ricord and became one of the earliest proponents in the use of Chloroform. His groundbreaking and innovative surgical procedures is said to have saved thousands of lives and extended the lifespan of thousands more.

'DION' [BALFE, John Donnellan].Letters of Dion. Hobart: Hobart Town Advertiser Office, 1851. Slim octavo, viii, 48 pp., some early ink underlining; an excellent copy, handsomely bound in full brown crushed morocco by Sangorski. Most uncommon on the market, and a very attractive copy of this fiercely pro-transportation pamphlet, printed in Hobart.Penned under his pseudonym "Dion" this pro-transportation pamphlet was the work of John Donnellan Balfe (1816-1880). Balfe was a vociferous pro-transportationist and an able political journalist (see ADB) and these "letters" had their first publication in the Hobart Advertiser. As "Dion" Balfe had a taste for rather purple prose, and was particularly keen to explain that Tasmania is not the refuge of fierce bushrangers and cannibalistic ex-convicts. 'A spirited defence of the Transportation System and attack upon the objectives and leaders of the Australasian League, formed for the abolition of Transportation' (Ferguson).Hordern House is grateful to Raymond Howgego for bringing Donnellan's obituary to our attention (The Mercury, Hobart 12th December 1880, p.3) which establishes Balfe's authorship of this work. The paper slightly browned.

Cross, Osborne; Thomas S. JesupANNUAL REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL, of the Operations of the Quartermaster's Department for the Fiscal Year ending on the 30th June, 1850. The March of the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen to Oregon in 1849. Signed and inscribed by Major General Jesup C. Alexander, printer, Washington 1851 - [iv], 218 pages of text. Original printed paper binding is moderately soiled and worn, and the spine is cracked and worn and remaining relatively intact, though many pages are loose or neatly detached; protected in archival mylar. Presentation copy signed and inscribed on the top of the front cover "With the respects of Major Genl Thos. S. Jesup" who is a Quartermaster General who participated in gathering the data in this report. Contains 36 plates, 3 of which are fold-out. Seven of the first eight plates are lightly foxed, and several others have minor foxing or browning, and the final 100 pages of text are affected with waviness and in some cases staining from exposure to moisture, not affecting any plates. The final few pages are somewhat discolored. Ex-libris with a bookplate on the inside of the front cover with no further markings. With the exception of the printing date, this edition conforms with Howes C923[a] "anr. ed., with separate t., Wash 1850." Sabin 66974. Wagner/Camp 181; Streeter Sale 3057. A detailed description of the emigrant trail to Oregon from May 10 to October 5, 1849. Size: Octavo (8vo) [Attributes: Signed Copy; Soft Cover]

Brunlees (James) ;- Civil Engineer (Born 1816. Died 1892) ;-ORIGINAL ENGINEER'S DRAWING FOR THE LANCASHIRE & YORKSHIRE RAILWAY NORTH DOCKS BRANCH - PROPOSED VIADUCT AT LIVERPOOL TO LINK VICTORIA & NELSON DOCKS TO STANLEY DOCKS. SIGNED BY THE ENGINEER - JAMES BRUNLEES. Unpublished Original Drawing - 12th September 1851 - SIMPLY STUNNING Original Hand Drawn Plan extending to 20 Foot by 19". Coloured by Hand. Scale of 2" : 30'. Linen-backed and signed by the engineer. UNIQUE MUSEUM PIECE ! (Sir James Brunlees was the engineer for the Ulverston and Lancaster Railway. Also building the viaducts crossing the Kent & Leven estuaries. He built Grange-over-Sands Railway Station (there is a plaque to him there) He also worked on the Solway Junction Railway, The Mersey Railway & built the locks at Whitehaven and Avonmouth, aswell as piers at Southport and Southend. He was knighted in 1886 and was President of the Institution of Civil Engineers for 1882 - 3.) [Attributes: Signed Copy]

FITZMAURICE, F[rances] M[aria.]Recollections of a Rifleman's Wife, at Home and Abroad. London: Hope and Co.,, 1851. Large duodecimo. Original purple wavy-grain cloth, spine lettered in gilt and decorated in blind, covers decoratively panel-stamped in blind, yellow surface-paper endpapers. Book label of Cefntilla Court and pencilled inscription "Raglan" to the front pastedown. Spine rolled and sunned, similar fading along board-edges, a few pale markings to sides, internally clean. A very good copy. First and only edition, all published, of this uncommon military memoir, six copies traced in UK libraries, and six worldwide. From the library of Cefntilla Court, the seat of the Raglan family, originally purchased by public subscription for Richard Someset, 2nd Baron Raglan, in 1858, as a memorial to his father FitzRoy Somerset (1788-1855), commander of British troops in the Crimea. The author's husband was John Gerald FitzMaurice (1792-1865), an officer in 95th Rifle Regiment, renamed the Rifle Brigade in the reorganisation of the British Army after the Napoleonic Wars. He is often remembered as having fired the first shot at Waterloo, but in fact he did so at the Battle of Quatre Bras two days earlier. He was made a Knight of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, and finished his career has a major-general (gazetted 1861). Frances's memoir describes a quiet period in the existence of the brigade, including a posting to the 2nd Battalion's garrison at Clare Castle, Ireland, in 1827, a subsequent journey south through France to the Mediterranean, a long stay at Malta, and the eruption of Graham Island. The final chapter contains reminiscences on the earlier history of the regiment. An intended second part appears not to have been published.

LEE, Mrs R., formerly Sarah BOWDICH.Adventures in Australia, or the Wanderings of Captain Spencer in the bush and the wilds... London: Grant and Griffith, 1851. Small octavo, with four steel-engraved plates; good in original blue cloth, blind blocked boards and ornate gilt spine. First edition of an imaginary travelogue for children featuring detailed yet entirely concocted descriptions of Aboriginal life in the Australian wilderness. The tale follows the dashing Captain Spencer, shipwrecked on the north Australian coast and accompanied by a sortie of faithful pets (including a charismatic talking parrot), who set out on foot for the Swan River. Although obviously intended as fiction, the consistent emphasis on scientific description reflects the authors genuine if naïve interest in natural history and native customs. Sarah Wallis (1791-1856), artist and author, married the brilliant scholar and African traveller Thomas Edward Bowdich and this extraordinary narrative, however farcical, reflects their shared interest in exotic plants and animals.This curious book is an early example of romantic interest in the Australian bush - the Aborigines encountered are initially hostile and later helpful. One of the four plates by Skinner Prout depicts Captain Spencer among his new Aboriginal companions in a spectacular kangaroo hunt. Modest preliminary foxing, some wear to front joint.

Valentine, David ThomasManual of the Corporation of the City of New York, for the Year 1851 McSpedon & Baker, New York 1851 - Dark brown boards, blind embossed designs and small gilt design on front and back boards. Rebacked, with most of original spine pasted to new spine. Also has new pastedowns and endpapers. Title is gilt on spine. Corners are lightly bumped and top corners have some chipping. All edges have light soil. Gilt title is fading slightly. Binding is tight. Some light toning and one library stamp on bottom of title page, otherwise interior is clean. Included are 5 folding maps, and 12 plates and lithographs. There are two folding maps before the title page; one is a map of the city of New York, 1851 with fire districts and boundaries of wards; the other is a map of the state of New York exhibiting towns and counties from 1850, including Syracuse, Staten Island, Brooklyn, Utica, Buffalo and more. Valentine's manual provides a comprehensive portrait of New York City in the 19th century, using prints, maps, diagrams and text to illuminate the city's rich history and contemporary standing. This book catalogues religious and social institutions, a list of paintings at city hall, the city inspector's report, post office records, policemen and station houses, history of city council members, historical views of the city, early seals of the city and much more. ; 12mo 7" - 7½" tall; 480 pp [Attributes: Hard Cover]

[SIR JOSEPH BANKS] GILLRAY, James.The Great South Sea Caterpillar transform'd into a Bath butterfly. London: Henry Bohn, no date, but, 1851. Handcoloured engraving, 350 x 250 mm.;mounted. Rare satirical cartoon of Sir Joseph Banks, ridiculed for using the Royal Order of the Bath for self-promotion.Portraits of Banks by the most famous artists of the day strengthened his position as the great statesman of science, recognised by the king with the award of the Order of the Bath for increasing Britain's scientific, imperial and commercial reputation. But as social conditions in Britain were harsh, every opportunity was taken by the leading cartoonists to attack the monarchy and the people seen to be celebrated as their appointed heroes. In this light, the award to Banks attracted easy criticism, only exacerbated by the change that the award represented to the nature of the Order: although inaugurated by George I, for most of the eighteenth century it had been awarded chiefly for political, military or diplomatic appointments. Only towards the end of the century did it come to be more broadly given, with Banks one of the earliest to be so endowed.Gillray was certainly unimpressed, describing the great man with mock scientific rigour in the engraved text: 'Description of the New Bath Butterfly... taken from the Philosophical Transactions for 1795. This insect first crawl'd into notice from among the Weeds & Mud on the Banks of the South Sea and being afterwards placed in a warm situation, by the Royal Society, was changed by the heat of the Sun into its present form - it is notic'd and Valued Solely on account of the beautiful Red which encircles its Body, & the Shining Spot on its Breast; a Distinction which never fails to render Caterpillars valuable...'.This print was first printed and sold by in 1795. Gillray died in 1815 and his estate was subject to a large sale some twenty years later. Although Nan Kivell (p.17) notes an 1830 impression of The Great South Sea Caterpillar, the majority of the original copper plates came into the possession of London publisher Henry Bohn who made fresh impressions for a collected edition of Gillray's work sold in 1851. This print is a Bohn impression (indicated by the number engraved in the top right-hand corner) and presumably dates from the 1851 collected edition. Fine.

GILLRAY, James.The Great South Sea Caterpillar, transform'd into a Bath Butterfly. London: J. Gillray, n.d. 1851. Original etching, 350 x 250 mm.; fine; mounted. (Two caricatures verso). Rare satirical cartoon of Sir Joseph Banks, ridiculed for using the Royal Order of the Bath for self-promotion.Portraits of Banks by the most famous artists of the day strengthened his position as the great statesman of science, recognised by the king with the award of the Order of the Bath for increasing Britain's scientific, imperial and commercial reputation. But as social conditions in Britain were harsh, every opportunity was taken by the leading cartoonists to attack the monarchy and the people seen to be celebrated as their appointed heroes. In this light, the award to Banks attracted easy criticism, only exacerbated by the change that the award represented to the nature of the Order: although inaugurated by George I, for most of the eighteenth century it had been awarded chiefly for political, military or diplomatic appointments. Only towards the end of the century did it come to be more broadly given, with Banks one of the earliest to be so endowed.Gillray was certainly unimpressed, describing the great man with mock scientific rigour in the letterpress: 'Description of the New Bath Butterfly... taken from the Philosophical Transactions for 1795 (on publication of the first issue). This insect first crawl'd into notice from among the Weeds & Mud on the Banks of the South Sea and being afterwards placed in a warm situation, by the Royal Society, was changed by the heat of the Sun into its present form - it is notic'd and Valued Solely on account of the beautiful Red which encircles its Body, & the Shining Spot on its Breast; a Distinction which never fails to render Caterpillars valuable...'.First issued in 1795 and re-issued in this form in 1851, this etching is from Henry Bohn's folio of Gillray's etchings.

HALÉVY, Jaques Fromental 1799-1862Fine large bust-length portrait lithograph by Zéphirin Belliard (1798-?1857) Paris: Lith. de Grégoire et Deneux, [1843-1851]. The composer is depicted in formal dress holding a quill pen poised over a leaf of blank music manuscript paper. "F. Halévy" printed to foot of image. 292 x 355 mm. Minor browning to edges. A fine impression on wove paper with large margins. Published in the series "Célébrités contemporaines." A French composer, teacher and writer on music, Halévy was a pupil of both Cherubini and Méhul. His pupils at the Conservatoire included Gounod, Bizet, Lecocq and Saint-Saëns. Of Jewish parentage, his first serious grand opera, La Juive, became the greatest success of his career.

BERNABO, Paul.Two fascinating broadsheets for his travelling zoo. Germany? circa, 1851. Two broadsheets (400 x 243 mm.; 218 x 380 mm.). Two wonderful German broadsheets, advertising a travelling zoo. Among the fascinating animals listed as being exhibited, the Australian dingo makes a rather surprising inclusion.The 1840s and 1850s had witnessed a distinct rise in the popularity of travelling menageries throughout the world; one thinks of the Beaumont-Waller exhibits held in Hyde Park in Sydney in 1847. A staple of such exhibits was a wide variety of animals from the far-flung reaches of the globe, with the exotic and the ferocious equally prized. Although we have not found much recorded about Paul Bernabo ('from Italy' notes one of the broadsheets here), he had clearly learnt the lessons of showmanship, as can be seen from his use of a dramatic woodcut of a snake strangling a tiger.Indeed, it is apparent that Bernabo's travelling zoo brought an impressive range of wild animals to the German public, with tigers, lions and other wild cats from Africa, an anaconda from Brazil, a sable from Japan, as well as two crocodiles (with a note from Bernabo that they have never been seen before). However, the listing of especial Australian interest is for the "Schakal aus Neu-Holland", which literally translates as the New Holland Jackal and refers, presumably, to the dingo.The sheet with the woodcut is dated 1851; the second is undated but approximately the same age. A little marked but very good.

HOFMEISTER, Wilhelm Friedrich BenediktVergleichende Untersuchungen der Keimung, Entfaltung und Fruchtbildung höherer Kryptogamen (Moose, Farrn, Equisetaceen, Rhizocarpeen und Lycopodiaceen) und der Samenbildung der Coniferen. Leipzig: Verlag von Friedrich Hofmeister, 1851. 1st Edition. Hardcover. 4to - over 9¾ - 12" tall. 4to (265 x 217 mm). viii, 179 [1] pp. and 33 numbered engraved plates bound at end, each with numerous figures illustrating plant structure. Contemporary half sheep, gilt-lettered spine, re-sprinkled edges (extremities and boards rubbed, corners worn, leather at spine and boards partially chipped, upper inner hinge broken). Internally little marginal browning, occasional minor spotting and soiling, plates generally quite fresh. Provenance: Collecta Friesia. Elias Fries (1794-1878); Thore M. Fries (1832-1913, signed on first flyleaf); Robert Fries (1876-1966); Magnus Fries (1917-1987); Robert Fries (b. 1952). All in all a fine and unsophisticated copy, extremely rare in contemporary binding as here (the Norman copy is in a modern binding).----Norman 1083; Evans 89a; Nissen BBI 902; Waller 11538; D.S.B. VI, p.465-7; cf. Dibner 34 (1862 English edition only). EXTREMELY RARE FIRST EDITION OF A CLASSIC IN THE HISTORY OF BOTANY. Son and heir of the Leipzig music publisher, Hofmeister was almost entirely self-educated in science and mathematics. Possibly because of his severe myopia, he was attracted to the study of botany early on and became an excellent microscopist. Like many of his generation, he was heavily influenced by Schleiden's textbook, which introduced a new methodology to the study of plant morphology and urged researchers to focus on cell structure and the study of life history. Hofmeister's early work in this area earned him a highly unusual honorary doctorate of philosophy in 1851, shortly before publication of the present work, "for which he is now remembered" (D.S.B.). In it Hofmeister presents without introduction the morphology and life cycles of several cryptogamic species (non-flowering plants such as mosses, ferns, lichens, etc.), in order of increasing complexity. Hofmeister "revealed the process of fertilization in non-flowering plants... as a regular alternation of sexual and asexual generations in the mosses, ferns. horsetails and liverworts. [He showed thatj the asexual generation propagated by means of spores, altemating with one in which spermatozoids unite with ova" (Dibner). "The amount of new information presented is immense; the errors are minor and do not affect the overall picture... With this single publication, the core of botany passed from its Middle Ages to the modern period" (D.S.B.). Hofmeister's researches led him to the "revolutionary conclusion that all green land plants undergo a regular alternation of dissimilar generations in their complete life histories" (Norman), a major step toward a unitary classification of plant life. The extension of Hofmeister's classification to the higher taxonomic groupings of conifers and flowering plants "could not fail to foster the growth of phylogenetic and evolutionary ideas" (Morton, History of botanical science, London 1981, p. 403). Hofmeister's work is presented without commentary and requires for comprehension a straight page-by-page reading. In 1852, the English botanist Arthur Henfrey published an expanded version, complete with commentary and other features that brought the work "from the level of the research worker down to that of the student" (DSB); this version appeared in the Tagungsberichte über die Fortschritte der Natur- und Heilkunde. A second edition, an English translation incorporating supplementary papers and revisions by the author, was published in 1862. According to DSB, of approximately 100 extant copies of this first edition, only five have appeared on the market in the past several decades. We can only trace one copy (the Norman copy) at auction in the past 70 years and another copy offered by Goldschmidt in a 1939 catalogue. * Elias Fries (1794-1878)*, famous Swedish mycologist and botanist. His most important work was "Systema mycologicum" published in 1821-32. Very Good.

FOUCAULT, Jean Bernard Leon... Demonstration physique du movement de rotation de la terre au moyen du pendule.... Paris: Bachelier, 1851. 1st Edition. Hardcover. 4to - over 9¾ - 12" tall. In: Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences 32, Paris, Bachelier, 1851. 4to. (266 x 216 mm); pp. 135-138 (entire volume: 1010 pages). New endpapers. Library stamp of Universitätsbibliothek Paderborn and some additional library markings on the lower margin of page 2. Pages 959 to 1010 (index according to author and topic) in facsimile. Modern cloth with gilt-embossed spine. ----PMM 130 (offprint), Dibner 17, Norman 818 (offprint). - THE FIRST MECHANICAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE EARTH'S ROTATION FIRST EDITION, RARE. To postulate astronomical behaviour is one order of thought, to prove its demonstration is of quite another order. The rotation of the earth had been accepted since Copernicus but it remained for Foucault to demonstrate it. He suspended an iron ball pendulum from the dome of the Pantheon in Paris, set it swinging and chartered its constantly rotating angular shift and proved it to rotate completely in one day." (Dibner, Heralds of Science 17). Although the rotation of the earth had been accepted since Copernicus, it was Foucault who first demonstrated it by experiment."His early experiments were private, but Louis Napoleon (later Napoleon III) became so interested that he arranged for them to be repeated publicly. This was a splendid affair which took place in the Pantheon in 1851 before a fashionable audience. A heavy ball was suspended from the dome on a wire 220 feet long; beneath the ball was a table 12 feet in diameter covered with sand on which the ball would leave a mark. This is known as 'Foucault's pendulum'. It soon became apparent that the plane in which the pendulum was swinging moved in a clockwise direction and in about thirty-two hours the plane of vibration had completed a full circuit... The audience in the Pantheon was greatly impressed; some ladies fainted with excitement, while other spectators maintained that they could feel the earth move beneath them" (PMM 330). "Continuing to experiment on the mechanics of the earth's rotation, Foucault in 1852 invented the gyroscope, which, he showed, gave a clearer demonstration than the pendulum of the earth's rotation and had the property, similar to that of the magnetic needle, of maintaining a fixed diretion. Foucault's pendulum and gyroscope had more than a popular significance (which continues to this day). First, they stimulated the development of theoretical mechanics, making relative motion and the theories of the pendulum and the gyroscope standard topics for study and investigation. Second, prior to Foucault's demonstrations, the study of those motions on the earth's surface in which the deflecting force of rotation plays a prominent part (especially winds and ocean currents) was dominated by unphysical notions of how this force acted. Foucault's demonstrations and the theoretical treatments they inspired showed conclusively that this deflecting fore acts in all horizontal directions, thus providing the sound physical insight on which Buys Ballot, Ferrel, Ulrich Vettin, and others could build" (Dictionary of Scientific Biography V, p. 86). Very Good....

COASTAL SURVEY MAPS)Sketches Accompanying the Annual Report of the Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, 1851. 32nd Congress, 2d Session. Ex. Doc. No. 3. Washington, D.C. United States Coast Survey. 1851. 58 black and white folding charts, maps and diagrams (map no. 25 not bound in), embossed gilt lettered cloth covered boards (hardbound)11 1/2 x 9 1/2 inches. Covers rubbed and lightly soiled, cloth spine missing (now replaced with reinforcing cloth tape); label to front paste-down ("With the compliments of A.D. Bache").The first four large folding charts each have a repaired tear from the lower gutter edge, and some separations at folds (several of which are long); the large charts later in the volume apparently were subject to less handling and are intact. All are clean and bright. A collection of charts, maps, and diagrams of varying sizes including locations on both east and west coasts. Included are: "Chart exhibiting the course and velocity of ebb current in Boston Harbour", "Holmes's Hole", "Preliminary sketch of Hatteras inlet", "Showing the progress of the survey at Cedar Keys, Bahia Honda, Key Biscayne, Key West, and Dry Tortugas", "Preliminary sketch of Galveston bay", "Reconnoissance of the western coast, No.1, with view of Point Pinos", "San Diego entrance, and general sketch of San Diego bay," 3 sheets showing the "Reconnoissance of the western coast," "Mouth of the Columbia River" etc. The map number 25, Sketch E No. 6 of Bull's bay was apparently never bound in, but has been loosely laid in.

BILLE, Steen.Beretning om Corvetten Galathea's Reise. Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzel, 1849-1851. Three volumes, octavo, tinted lithographs; uncut in the original quarter purple cloth with printed labels, brown boards. Scarce official account of the first Danish circumnavigation. The Galathea made her voyage between 1845 and 1847. Forbes notes that the purpose of the mission was the exploration '(with the idea of establishing a colony) of the Nicobar Islands; encouraging and wherever possible forming trade agreements with foreign governments; and scientific exploration and discovery'. Bille's book describes the various visits made: of particular interest are the expedition's calls in the East Indies; at Singapore, Pulo Penang and Java; at Macao, Hong Kong, Shanghai and Canton; Hawaii and Tahiti; and in South America.The Hawaiian section spreads to most of three chapters. Though much of Bille's narrative centres on the modern political history of the islands, he also reports his audience with the king and queen, provides an insightful description of Honolulu and even details its social life. The plates are lithograph reproductions of Paul Plum's drawings. Three of them concern Hawaii - one of them a fine portrait of Kamehameha III and his queen. Forbes details the significance of this publication in some depth. A very good set, binding of first volume rubbed.

Schoolcraft, Henry R.; Eastman, Seth [Illustrator]Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (Parts 1 & 2) Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 1851 - The first two volumes of a series of six. Original full morocco with ornate gilt stamping and edges and apparent original star-patterned white endpapers edged in gilt, binding apparently unrestored. First edition. (Both published by L. and Grambo, not later imprint. Vol. 1 with full title. Sabin L. 77849, Howes S-183.) Very Good, internally better, very clean and bright. Covers rubbed, spines darkened and a bit stained, worn at extremities (especially foot of Vol. 1) and along edges with exposed tips. Gift inscription on both volumes' title pages. Vol. 1 cover splitting along gutter but binding intact. A disorganized, beautifully-illustrated, bewildering array of observations on Native North Americans commissioned by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. [Attributes: First Edition; Hard Cover]

Rudolph Alois FR HLICH (fl. 1840 -1872)], Author; Albert A. WENEDIKT (1820 Ð 1896), Publisher.SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1851: DIE TOTALE SONNENFINSTERNISS AM 28. JULI 1851 EINE DER GR SSTEN DIESES JAHRHUNDERTS UND DIE H CHST MERKW&#134;RDIGEN UND R&#128;THSELHAFTEN ERSCHEINUNGEN, WELCHE DABEI ZU BEOBACHTEN SIND. MIT BESONDERER R&#134;CKSICHT AUF WIEN UND DIE STERR. Vienna: Verlag von Albert A Wenedikt 1851 - 16¡ (15 x 11 cm / 6 x 4.5 inches): Collation Complete - [1, Title], Folding Map, 60 pp., bound in original printed paper wrappers (Very Good, original wrappers lightly toned with stain in upper left part of front cover, contemporary inscription in pen to lower margin of front cover, but internally overall nice and clean). An excellent little treatise on the appearance of the Solar Eclipse of July 28, 1851 over the Austrian Habsburg Empire, illustrated with a custom map - extremely rare Ð 1 of only 2 known examples. This excellent and extremely rare little work, illustrated with its own custom map, describes the Solar Eclipse of July 28, 1851, and specifically its appearance over the Austrian Habsburg Empire. The Solar Eclipse of July 28, 1851 was a complete eclipse whose central track ran across Northern Canada, Greenland and Iceland, before traversing Continental Europe over southern Norway and Sweden, before heading east-southeast across Poland and then into the Ukraine. Due to the advent of modern technology, the eclipse was well documented, and was famously was the subject of the earliest scientifically useful photograph of a total solar eclipse, made by Julius Berkowski at the Royal Observatory in K&#154;nigsberg, Prussia (today Kaliningrad, Russia), which remains an object of great fascination and beauty. The present work, issued in Vienna shortly after the event itself, features a detailed, yet well-written, textual description of the Eclipse by Rudolph Alois Fr&#154;hlich. It is illustrated by a custom map, ÔDie Sonnenfinsterni§ am 28 Juli 1851Õ (folding, 15 x 18 cm), that focuses on the Austrian Habsburg Empire, extending from G&#154;ttingen, in the northwest, and Rome, in the southwest, all the way over to Odessa, Ukraine, in the east. The map correctly shows the path of the total eclipse running across the upper-left of the map, as well as bands of where the eclipse is visible in its majority, further to the southwest. As shown, while the total eclipse was not visible anywhere in Austrian territory, it was visible in its majority virtually everywhere in the empire, allowing astronomers to make meaningful observations. Indeed, some of the highest quality observations of the eclipse from anywhere in Europe were made at the Vienna Observatory by Karl Ludwig Edler von Littrow (1811 Ð 1877). It is likely that much of the information supplied by this work was derived from Littrow and his associates. Interestingly, the work concludes with a list of the anticipated solar eclipses that would occur in the future, from 1857 to 1900. The publisher of this pamphlet, Albert A. Wenedikt (1820 Ð 1896, sometimes spelled ÔWenedictÕ or ÔBenediktÕ), was the son of the printer Josef Wenedikt, and founded his own publishing and bookselling business in 1849, at premises located at B&#159;rgerspitalplatz 1100, Vienna. A boutique firm, Wenedikt focused on publishing small, but well researched, scientific works, such as the present eclipse pamphlet, as well works on linguistics. While his name is not mentioned anywhere in the work itself, the sterreichischen Nationalbibliothek attributes the authorship of the present pamphlet to Rudolph Alois Fr&#154;hlich (fl. 1840-72), a Vienna based writer closely associated with the Wenedikt family. Fr&#154;hlich was best known for his works on Slavic languages, such as Kurz Gefasste Tebellarisch Bearbeitete Anleitung Zur Schnellen Erlernung Der Vier Slawischen Hauptsprachen (Vienna: Josef Wenedikt, 1847) and Handw&#154;rterbuch der ilirischen und deutschen Sprache (Vienna: Albert A. Wenedikt, 2 vols., 1853-4). The present work is extremely rare. We cannot trace any references in literature and can find only a single other example, at the sterreichischen Nationalbibliothek. References: sterreichischen Bibliothekenverbund (OBV): AC05897510.

PRESCOTT, William H. (1796-1859).The Works of W.H. Prescott. Including: The Conquest of Mexico, The Conquest of Peru, Ferdinand and Isabella. Phillip the Second, and Charles the Fifth. London: Richard Bentley, 1851. 10 volumes; Large 8vo. (23 x 35cm). The Seventh Edition. A lovely set in contemporary full calf with twin, red and green titles to spines with gilt and blank tooled box design, coat of arms in gilt to two compartments; same gilt coat of arms to centre of boards with gilt rule; marbled end papers and edges. Lightly rubbed to extremities, corners bumped. Bookplate of A.W.W. Steel to paste downs with old tiny blue bookseller's label. With portrait frontispieces. Markings to a few boards. Shows extremely well.

BABBAGE, Charles.The exposition of 1851; or, views of the industry, the science, and the government, of England. London: John Murray, 1851. The Analytical Engine. First edition, rare, especially in the original publisher's cloth. Chapter 13, entitled 'Calculating engines,' contains a description of the current state of development of Babbage's Analytical Engine. Conceived by him in 1834, this machine was designed to evaluate any mathematical formula and to have even higher powers of analysis than his original Difference Engine of the 1820s. Only part of the machine as a trial piece was completed before Babbage's death in 1871. "The Analytical Engine was a quantum leap in logical conception and physical size, and its design ranks as one of the startling intellectual achievements of the century... The Analytical Engine features many essential principles found in the modern digital computer and its conception marks the transition from mechanized arithmetic to fully-fledged general purpose computation... It is on the Analytical Engine that Babbage's standing as 'the first computer pioneer' largely rests" (computerhistory.org). The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the outstanding public event of the Victorian era. Housed in Joseph Paxton's glass and iron Crystal Palace, it presented a vast array of objects, technologies and works of art from around the world. The first industrial exhibition of international scope, contemporary commentators attributed much wider significance to it. Prince Albert, in particular, argued that the Great Exhibition would bring nations together in a spirit of friendly rivalry, following the social upheavals of the previous decade."Lyon Playfair, who played a leading role in organizing the exhibition, had originally suggested that Babbage be put in charge of the exhibition's Industrial Commission, but Playfair's suggestion was rejected by the British government, which was still at loggerheads with Babbage over funding for his calculating engines. Babbage was also refused permission to display the completed portion of his Difference Engine no. 1 at the exhibition, even though the exhibition's purpose was to display the latest advances in industry, and Babbage's machine, though built twenty years earlier, was arguably the finest product of precision mechanical engineering to date."Angered at these slights, Babbage published this vitriolic history of the exhibition, in which he skewered the insularity and snobbism of its organizers, put forth his own ideas about how the exhibition should have been run, and sounded off on the corrupt state of science in England..." (OOC)."Charles Babbage (1791-1871), one of the most original thinkers of the nineteenth century, is best remembered as the pioneer of computing technology, but he also made significant contributions to mathematics, mechanical engineering, philosophy and political economy. This book, first published in 1851, is an example of his active and effective campaigning for the role of scientists and the place of science, technology and technical education in society. Ahead of his time, Babbage was critical of government and the scientific community for not valuing science and technology in education. The work develops these themes, using the Great Exhibition as a backdrop to highlight the political and cultural factors that can impede scientific and technological progress. Britain's industrial supremacy, he argued, disguised the need to develop technical education. As relevant and persuasive today as in 1851, Babbage's arguments emphasise the fundamental importance of technology to the advancement of society" (from the introduction to the Cambridge University Press reprint, 2012).A second edition was published later in the same year.Origins of Cyberspace 67. A. W. Van Sinderen, 'The printed papers of Charles Babbage,' Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 2, 1980, pp. 169-850, no. 61. For a detailed account of the analytical engine, see A. G. Bromley, 'Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine 1838,' Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 4, 1982, pp. 196-217). 8vo (225 x 141 mm), pp. xvi, 231, [1], [4:adverts for other works by Babbage], 16 (publisher's general adverts), original green cloth stamped in gilt and blind, some light spotting to front fly leaf and half title as well as the last page of adverts and rear fly leaf, otherwise fine and clean throughout, engraved book plate to front pastedown and previous owner's signature to fly leaf. A very fine and completely unrepaired copy.

[TAHITI] DAVIES, John.A Tahitian and English Dictionary, with Introductory Remarks on the Polynesian Language, and a Short Grammar of the Tahitian Dialect: with an Appendix containing a list of Foreign Words used in the Tahitian Bible, in Commerce, etc., witk (sic) the sources from whence they have been derived. Tahiti: Printed at the London Missionary Society's press, 1851. Octavo, a very attractive copy in a contemporary binding of marbled sheep, flat spine decorated in gilt, red leather label. First edition: a beautifully produced book, printed by the missionaries in Tahiti. The first complete dictionary of the Tahitian language, this was the first such book of its kind to be printed in Tahiti, and was only the third dictionary printed in the Pacific (preceded only by Andrews' Hawaiian Vocabulary, printed at Lahaina in 1836, and a Tongan dictionary of 1841). The first attempt at a Tahitian vocabulary by Guillaume de Humboldt had appeared in Berlin in 1843, appended to a larger work on the languages of the Marquesas Islands and Tahiti by Johann Carl Eduard Buschmann.The compiler, John Davies (1772-1855), was a pioneer missionary in the Pacific; he had compiled a short grammar of Tahitian which was printed on the mission's press in 1823. His grammar also appears here, revised and printed for only the second time as part of this larger work. The important dictionary was the result of the collective work of the first missionaries sent to Tahiti by the London Missionary Society, edited by Davies, with considerable input from his colleague missionary Orsmond. The dictionary contains over 10,000 words, many of which have since fallen out of use. In fine clean condition.

[AUSTRALIAN JOCKEY CLUB] FITZROY, George.Autograph letter signed to James Gibson regarding the Homebush race meeting. Government House, Sydney: 12 May, 1851. Manuscript letter, 230 x 180 mm., laid paper folded to form four pages. Original letter concerning a race meeting at Homebush in 1851. Fitzroy thanks James Gibson, head agent for the Van Diemen's Land company, for sending four deer from Tasmania, and goes on to discuss the imminent race: 'we are busy preparing for the Homebush meeting which it is expected will eclipse those of former years.'The letter dates from the earliest phase of racing at Homebush, at a time when George FitzRoy served as secretary to his father Governor-General Sir Charles FitzRoy (former Governor of New Zealand and commander of the Beagle expedition). Horseracing was enjoyed from the earliest days of the colony: the First Fleet had collected horses at Cape Town and the first thoroughbreds arrived from Britain in 1802. Hyde Park was the site of our first race ground, followed by Bellevue Hill and Camperdown. Some years later, in March 1841, the first Homebush races attracted a staggering 9000 of the city's 45,000 inhabitants. The Australian Jockey Club, which had been formalised in 1842 and continued to hold race meetings at Homebush and Randwick, attracted the best and brightest in the colony, including army officers, entrepreneurs and aristocrats such as the Fitzroys. By the mid-nineteenth century Australian bloodlines had been refined with expensive imported Arabians, many from India, and owning a champion became a sure path to social prestige in the flourishing colony. Excellent condition.

Tallis, John / Rapkin, John. (1817 - 1876)New York - Large map and city plan with a most wonderful engraving of New York, viewed from Williamsburgh. With Vignettes and illustrations of A New York Steamer, Brooklyn, City Hall, Custom House, The Narrows from Fort Hamilton. J & F. Tallis,, 1851. London & New York, J & F. Tallis, 1851. Original steel engraving / Vintage map. Drawn and engraved by John Rapkin. Partly hand-coloured. Size of the actual map: 37,4 cm x 53,5 cm. This is the original plan and map, NOT a Reproduction. Some minor fraying to the outer margins and three tiny defects to the townplan and Hudson only. Very good condition. John Tallis (7 November 1817 ? 3 June 1876) was an English cartographic publisher. His company, John Tallis and Company, published views, maps and atlases in London from roughly 1838 to 1851.nTallis set up as a publisher with Frederick Tallis in Cripplegate in 1842; the business moved to Smithfield in 1846, and was dissolved in 1849. From 1851 to 1854 Tallis operated as John Tallis and Company. He started The illustrated news of the world and national portrait gallery of eminent personages in 1858, selling it for £1,370 in 1861; it folded in 1863. (Wikipedia)nnThe most important project John Tallis undertook, was the 'Illustrated Atlas' from 1851. The original map we offer here, was part of this exceptional Atlas and all the maps it contained are still today considered as the last reminder of an era of lavish map production. Tallis worked the project together with John Rapkin (1815-1876) and it was Rapkin's style and talent that we have to thank for when we marvel at these maps today. What makes these maps so special is the detail of engraved vignettes that surround the map and often show indigenous scenes, people in their environment and even more so, historical buildings or historical views of towns and cities, architecture and landscape.nnThe project of 'The Illustrated Atlas' was designed to be finished just in time for the anxiously awaited "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 11 October 1851. It was the first in a series of World's Fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century, and it was a much anticipated event. nnThe Great Exhibition was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria. It was attended by numerous notable figures of the time, including Charles Darwin, Samuel Colt, members of the Orléanist Royal Family and the writers Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll, George Eliot and Alfred Tennyson. Music for the opening was under the direction of Sir George Thomas Smart and the continuous music from the exhibited organs for the Queen's procession was "under the superintendence of William Sterndale Bennett". (Wikipedia)

APPERLEY, CHARLES JAMES.Memoirs of the Life of the Late John Mytton, Esq., of Halston, Shropshire . . . with Notices of his Hunting, Shooting, Driving, Racing, Eccentric and Extravagant Exploits. By Nimrod [pseud]. Third edition, third issue; this is the first edition to contain the life of Apperley by Robert Surtees. London: Rudolph Ackermann, 1851. 8vo, navy blue full crushed morocco by Wallis, gilt rules, decorations and lettering, a.e.g. Engraved title and 18 hand colored plates. Original blue cloth front cover and spine bound in. Bound without the four pages of terminal ads. A handsome copy of one of the classics of sporting literature in its best edition. Edges very slightly rubbed; fine copy, enclosed in a quarter morocco clamshell box.

Tallis, John / Rapkin, John. (1817 - 1876)Boston map and city plan with Vignette of the Bunkers Hill Monument and the State House as well as a beautiful engraving of the city of Boston by J. Watkins. One of the most beautiful 19th century depictions of Boston. J & F. Tallis,, 1851. London & New York, J & F. Tallis, 1851. Original steel engraving / Vintage map. Drawn and engraved by John Rapkin. Partly hand-coloured. Size of the actual map: 27 cm x 37 cm. Very good condition. John Tallis (7 November 1817 ? 3 June 1876) was an English cartographic publisher. His company, John Tallis and Company, published views, maps and atlases in London from roughly 1838 to 1851.nTallis set up as a publisher with Frederick Tallis in Cripplegate in 1842; the business moved to Smithfield in 1846, and was dissolved in 1849. From 1851 to 1854 Tallis operated as John Tallis and Company. He started The illustrated news of the world and national portrait gallery of eminent personages in 1858, selling it for £1,370 in 1861; it folded in 1863. (Wikipedia)nnThe most important project John Tallis undertook, was the 'Illustrated Atlas' from 1851. The original map we offer here, was part of this exceptional Atlas and all the maps it contained are still today considered as the last reminder of an era of lavish map production. Tallis worked the project together with John Rapkin (1815-1876) and it was Rapkin's style and talent that we have to thank for when we marvel at these maps today. What makes these maps so special is the detail of engraved vignettes that surround the map and often show indigenous scenes, people in their environment and even more so, historical buildings or historical views of towns and cities, architecture and landscape.nnThe project of 'The Illustrated Atlas' was designed to be finished just in time for the anxiously awaited "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations" or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 11 October 1851. It was the first in a series of World's Fairs, exhibitions of culture and industry that became popular in the 19th century, and it was a much anticipated event. nnThe Great Exhibition was organized by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria. It was attended by numerous notable figures of the time, including Charles Darwin, Samuel Colt, members of the Orléanist Royal Family and the writers Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll, George Eliot and Alfred Tennyson. Music for the opening was under the direction of Sir George Thomas Smart and the continuous music from the exhibited organs for the Queen's procession was "under the superintendence of William Sterndale Bennett". (Wikipedia)

THOMSON, William (Lord Kelvin).On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam. [Bound with:] On a method of discovering experimentally the relation between the mechanical work spent, and the heat produced by the compression of a gaseous fluid. [Together two offprints from Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XX, Part II, 1851]. Edinburgh: Printed for the Society by Neill and Co. 1851. First edition, the extremely rare offprints, of these groundbreaking papers in which Kelvin outlined the view, as based on recent experiments by Joule and others, that "heat is not a substance ['caloric'], but a dynamical form of mechanical effect; we perceive that there must be an equivalence between mechanical work and heat, as between cause and effect." "His great paper on The Dynamical Theory of Heat, published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1851, fully established the bases of thermodynamics" (Wyllie, p. 89). "In 1851 he laid down two fundamental propositions, the first a statement of Joule's proposition of the mutual equivalence of work and heat, and the second a statement of Carnot's criterion for a perfect engine... [He] accepted as a fundamental principle what he soon termed the universal dissipation of energy... This reasoning provided the basis for Kelvin's 'second law of thermodynamics': 'it is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects'" (Companion to the History of Modern Science, p. 334). "In these papers, Thomson outlined the basic principles of the new science of thermodynamics that had emerged from his attempts at making sense of Carnot and Joule's apparently contradictory positions. Over the next few decades, Thomson, Joule, and others would succeed in placing this new thermodynamic science at the very heart of 19th-century physics" (Morus, p. 122). COPAC lists one copy only (Cambridge); ABPC/RBH list only the Plotnick copy (in modern boards) (sold Christie's 2002, lot 271, $1135). "In 1847 William presented to the Glasgow Philosophical Society A Notice of Stirling's Air Engine, a subject already well known but not well understood. At this time the only lucid, though incomplete, account of the principles of heat engines was that produced by the French engineer, Sadi Carnot, in 1824 [Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres a développer cette puissance] which Thomson probably knew through an even less complete account by Emile Clapeyron. Carnot's theory was based on an analogy with hydraulic engines in which he supposed that the work done by a heat engine was to be drawn from the fall of heat from higher to lower temperature without loss of heat, just as work done by a water wheel is drawn from the fall of water from an upper to a lower level without loss of matter. In spite of the falsity of this supposed conservation of heat, Carnot and his successors contrived to give a correct account of a number of phenomena, and these successes made it hard to accept the contrary rule, that in an ideal heat engine the work done is in an invariable proportion to the heat which disappears. "Already in 1847, James Prescott Joule had presented to the British Association meeting at Oxford the results of his careful experiments which showed that, in dissipative fluid flow, the energy lost reappeared as an equivalent amount of heat. Thomson was present during Joule's talk and was deeply impressed by the potential importance of the result; however, it seems that his reservations about its accuracy were only finally dispelled by the repetition of some of Joule's results in his own laboratory. "In 1848 Thomson obtained a copy of Carnot's original memoir from Lewis Gordon, professor of engineering at Glasgow. One consequent suggestion was that it should be possible using a reversible engine as a heat pump to freeze large amounts of water at freezing point without expenditure of energy. In late 1847 or early 1848, James [Thomson, William's elder brother] had remarked that since water expands on freezing, work would be done by that expansion against the ambient pressure, and deduced that the freezing point of water should be lowered by applied pressure. William subsequently designed an ether thermometer to measure the small temperature shift and succeeded in verifying the effect. In 1849 he also presented a full and clear account of Carnot's theory to the Royal Society of Edinburgh. "Joule's careful work had now convinced the Thomson brothers that dissipated mechanical or electrical energy was transformed to heat in unvarying proportion but they remained unconvinced of the reverse. On the other hand, a general law of conservation of energy, now formulated as the First Law of Thermodynamics, was a speculative commonplace with European thinkers and it was Rudolf Clausius in 1850 who combined that with the statement that 'heat cannot of itself pass from a cooler to a hotter body' to formulate a correct theory of thermodynamics. Thomson was happy then and later to admit Clausius' priority in publication, but insisted, probably correctly, that he had independently reached equivalent conclusions before reading Clausius' paper" (Wyllie, pp. 87-88). In the present paper, Kelvin "acknowledged the contributions of Rankine and Clausius at the outset. He then spelled out what he called two propositions. The first, which he attributed to Joule, was that whenever heat is produced from thermal sources, or lost in thermal effects, equal amounts of heat are put out of existence or generated. He, thus, completely abandoned the caloric theory, accepting Joule's ideas in their entirety, and becoming perhaps the main advocate from that moment of what he called the dynamical theory of heat ... "The second proposition, attributed by William to Carnot and Clausius, states that the most efficient engine acting between particular temperatures of source and refrigerator is a reversible one. William expressed this proposition in his own terms a little later in the paper: 'It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects'. This became his famous statement of the second law of thermodynamics. "So far he had broadly repeated the concepts of Clausius, and to an extent, of Rankine. But the difference between them was that Clausius's interests were rather narrow, being largely restricted to the theory of heat engines; it might be said that his paper was an admittedly brilliant but technical solution to a technical problem. Rankine too was a comparative newcomer to the topic. William, in contrast, had spent the best part of a decade worrying practically incessantly about the conceptual and cosmological significance of the problems he had been considering. With the solutions now understood in principle, he had much to say about their implications. He began in the remainder of this paper, and continued for the rest of his life. "First, he became the apostle for the new idea of energy. Until that time, physics had been constructed around the Newtonian idea of force, which was immensely useful in mechanics but not so useful elsewhere in physics. With the understanding that heat, light, sound, electricity and magnetism could all be expressed in terms of energy, with the full appreciation of what we now call kinetic and potential energy, and paying regard to the idea of transformations between the various types of energy, it became clear, at least to William, that all the various areas in physics could very fruitfully be discussed in the new paradigm of energy. The treatise he and Tait wrote together is a celebration of this new belief, and today their evangelism has been so successful that it is almost regarded as tautological to describe physics as the science of energy. "Even more significant was William's long concern, together with James, with the question of waste. What for Clausius was little more than a logical explanation of what happened when heat could have produced work but had failed to do so - extra heat was deposited in the cold reservoir, for William became the solution to his central conceptual problems, and the key to his new worldview. This heat was not lost in the material world, thus satisfying William's demand that only God could create or destroy. Nevertheless, this energy is 'lost to man irrecoverably'. Thus, William's worldview was one of dissipation and irreversibility, with an arrow of time leading to the so-called heat death, where everything is at the same temperature, and any interesting features in the universe have been lost. It was a most beautiful solution to the worries that William and James had shared over many years, and this major conceptual development played a deservedly large part in building up William's towering reputation through the second half of the nineteenth century" (Whittaker, pp. 86-87). The first offered paper is divided into 60 sections and three parts, the first six sections comprising the introduction. Part I, 'Fundamental principles in the theory of the motive power of heat,' comprises sections 7 - 23; Part II, 'On the motive power of heat through finite ranges of temperature,' sections 24 - 43; and Part III, 'Application of the dynamical theory to establish relations between the physical properties of all substances,' sections 44 - 60. The second paper has sections numbered 1 - 20, but in a subsequent paper published in the same volume of the Edinburgh Transactions, 'On the dynamical theory of heat. Part 5. On the quantities of mechanical energy contained in a fluid in different states, as to temperature and density,' Kelvin tells us that the second offered paper should be considered as Part IV and its sections should have been numbered 61 - 80: "A preceding communication (April 21, 1851) published, in the Transactions (Vol. xx., Part ii.), under the title, "On a Method, of Discovering Experimentally the Relation between the Mechanical Work spent, and. the Heat produced, by the Compression of a Gaseous Fluid," will be referred to as Part IV of a series of Papers on the Dynamical Theory of Heat; and the numbers of its sections will be altered accordingly, so that its first section will be referred to as § 61, and its 20th and last, as § 80." A sixth part, which dealt with thermoelectric currents, followed in 1854, and a seventh, on thermoelastic and thermomagnetic properties of matter, was mostly written in 1855, though it was first published in Kelvin's collected papers. It is worth noting that the imprint of these offprints is different from that of the journal volume in which they appeared: the latter is Edinburgh: Robert Grant & Son, 1853. The often thorny question of whether the journal issue or offprint of a paper takes precedence is thus settled clearly in this case in favour of the offprint. Morus, "A Dynamical Form of Mechanical Effect': Thomson's Thermodynamics,' pp. 122-139 in Kelvin: Life, Labours and Legacy, Flood et al. (eds.), 2008; Whittaker, 'James and William Thomson: the creation of thermodynamics,' Chapter 3 in Kelvin, Thermodynamics and the Natural World, Collins et al. (eds.), 2015; Wyllie, 'William Thomson, Lord Kelvin,' in No Mean Society: 200 Years of the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, 2003. 4to (290 x 227 mm), pp. [ii], 261-288; [ii], 289-298. Original plain wrappers, title in manuscript on front wrapper.