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Thornton , ruling that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government. Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits continue to garner popular support.

As of , the advocacy group " U. Term Limits " found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent. As of , term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life, and are not subject to election or to term limits.

Congress remains since the Thornton decision of without electoral limits. The short-lived Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the American Civil War , most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address. Roosevelt president, — was the first and only U.

He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term. This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U. As ratified in , the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice". Reformers during the early s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states.

Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one. In May , the U. Supreme Court ruled 5—4 in U. Thornton , U. In the elections, part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress.

After winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms.

Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits. Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations remain in force, however, in fifteen states.

In Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power.

Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:. Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States.

Currently, Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life "during good behavior". A sentiment has developed, among certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances. Calebresi and James Lindgren, professors of law at Northwestern University, argued that, because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average, between and , for Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years.

Calebresi, Lingren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal.

Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While there might be others, below are three known examples:.

Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times. The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of , and the colonial frame of government of the same year, both authored by William Penn , provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council —the upper house of the colonial legislature. At present, 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors.

To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen , in the Democratic primary, which was, in those days, the real contest in Alabama.

It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power.

She won the election, but only served 16 months before dying in As indicated above, in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation, i. In another six states, however, state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional. In the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits, enacted by a public vote in , ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature.

Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits, while the governors of 14 states, Puerto Rico , and the Mayor of Washington, D. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes.

Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa. Unique in its restriction, Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves for a second term, although former governors are reeligible after four years out of office. The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms, but are reeligible after four years out of office: Conversely, the Governors of Montana [68] and Wyoming [69] are restricted to two terms, limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years.

Finally, the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited for life to two terms: The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors or equivalent in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: The Governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.

Some local governments have term limits. In Philadelphia , the mayor cannot be elected three consecutive times, but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor. Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in and ; he attempted to repeal the term limit, but failed and could not run in He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in but he lost to Wilson Goode. In , he switched to the Republican Party, and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of and Limits vary from city to city even within the same state.

For example, Houston , Texas , has a limit of 2 four-year terms prior to November 3, , 3 two-year terms dating back to , while San Antonio , Texas, has a limit of 4 two-year terms.

Both Houston and San Antonio's term limits are absolute; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common. On November 3, , however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a third term.

The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in In Los Angeles the mayor serves up to two four-year terms since , while the City Council serve up to three four-year terms. In Cincinnati , Ohio , the term limit for mayor is two successive four-year terms.

Council members are limited to two successive four-year terms. There is no limit to total terms that may be served, just a limit on successive terms.

In New Orleans , City Council members are limited to two four-year terms. However, a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at-large seats on the council once they reach the two-term limit, and vice versa. There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime. Since , the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four-year elected terms, but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four-year term.

When the new city plan of government was adopted, the mayor at the time, DeLesseps Story Morrison , was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause. Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in , the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four-year terms, which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four-year terms in Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at-large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body, which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members, and more frequently district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Constitution of the United States Law Taxation. Presidential elections Midterm elections Off-year elections. Democratic Republican Third parties. This section has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Comparison of State Governments. No limit, two-year terms.

One; reeligible after four years. Two; reeligible after four years. Two; eligible 8 out of 12 years. Two; eligible 8 out of 16 years. Fagan, Penn State University Office-holding at Rome was based on two important concepts: The key is to drop your opiate level slowly over a period of weeks or months, using oral doses in smaller quantities to help deal with the withdrawals.

At some point though, you'll need to deal with withdrawals in force, and it's not fun. Anti-anxiety and anti-nausea meds will help, as well as a sedative. It takes the body about a month to recover, so if you can do it, make sure that you've got someone around who can help, and that your schedule is clear for the duration. Opiates alter the brain's perception of not only pain, but your own strength. If you're weak physically at the time, you'll be pretty weak as it leaves your system, but eventually you'll bounce back as your system recovers.

In the end though, it comes down to quality of life, and I resigned myself long ago to the possibility I'd require opiates for the rest of my life. We're all on a journey toward death anyway - how we get there, and what we're able to do in that time is the important thing. If it takes opiates to do it, then so be it. How long are the terms of US senators and representatives? US Senators hold office for six-year terms and Representatives serve two-year terms.

How long is a senator's term in office? It depends on the legislation of the country in question. In the US, a senator may serve as many 6-year terms as he wishes, as long as he is re-elected. How long is a US Senator's term of office? Thereis no limit on how many terms a Senator can be elected to serve. How long is the term of a US congressman? Two years is the length of a term in the US House of Representatives. There are no restrictions on how many times a representative can be re-elected. The words "Congressman", "Congresswoman" and "congressmen" are often used to describe only members of the house, but be sure to know that the US Congress includes the Senate as well as the House of Representatives.

Elections for the House and Senate are held on the same day in November every two years. What is a short-term and long-term effect for using drugs? It all depends what drugs you're talking about. Some can kill you while some have little to no long term effects, or even help you deal with a disease or condition. Again, depending on the drug, undesirable effects can include: Problems with memory and learning;. Distorted perception sights, sounds, time, touch.

Trouble with thinking and problem-solving. Increased heart rate, anxiety. What is the length of a Senator's term? A Senator holds office for six years, although they can be continuously elected for their life.

What are the long term effects of marijuana use? Long Term effects of Marijuana. Short and long term memory loss. Rewiring of nerve cells containing dopamine.

Mild increase in addiction vulnerability. Decreased ability to deal with stress. These symptoms occur in fewer individuals: Depending on the method of intake, smoke from the marijuana can cause lung problems including coughs and colds, emphysema, cancer. Higher incidence of schizophrenia. It is currently unknown whether Marijuana may simply be a trigger for those already vulnerable to the disease, or a cause. Fines and jail time varies from region to region. How long is the US vice president's term?

The same as the President's. If the current President dies, the Vice President completes his term as the President. A Vice President-elect normally assumes office shortly before the new President noon on January 20 following the election.

Under the 25th Amendment, a new vice president is nominated and confirmed whenever the office is vacant, assuming that it is not a very short period before a new President and Vice President are to be inaugurated. Can spermicide be used long term? How long is a state senator's term? A "state senator" is one elected to the upper chamber of a state legislature. In my home state of Washington, the term for a Senator is 4 years.

The length of the term varies by state. How long is the term of office for the US Senate? There are no term limits, and 'seniority' rules mean thatthose elected repeatedly often wield more authority in committees. How long is a term in the US House of Representatives? A term for a member of the U. House of Representatives is twoyears. To retain their seats, members must run for re-electionevery two years. Elections for House members are held in Novemberof every even-numbered year. There is no limit to the number of times a House member may bere-elected, and many representatives are re-elected year afteryear.

The term of office for the US House of Representatives is two years; there are no term limits. Representatives may be elected for as many terms as the voters wish, for as long as the Representative chooses to serve. What is the difference between a senator's term of office and that of a representative? The main difference between a Senator's term and that of aRepresentative in the United States Congress is length. Senatorsare elected to terms of 6 years, and the terms for the House are 2years.

Long term effections of using marijuana? People who have been using pot for a long time get brown circles under their eyes for one. Secondly they get grumpy when they don't have their daily joints and don't let anyone ever tell you it's not addictive, as it is very addictive. They soon develope a harsh cough which is dry and while it's not a proven fact depending on how the person smokes it, but it can be a cause for Cancer as pot smokes hot, and people who smoke it long term could get Cancer of the mouth or lips.

What is long term affects of using phetermine? Phentermine is not recommended for long term usage, and has beenlinked to several side effects.

The most common were dry mouth,dizziness, but could escalate to high blood pressure, tremors andpalpitations. What are the dangers of long term tranxene use?

Without any knowledge of the drug:. I was put on tranxene in and each attempt to take me off of it puts me in the ER with severe hypertension, and arterial fibulation, why is this and how can I explain this to doctors who are hesitant about refilling my prescriptions. When does South Dakota's senator's term end?

United States senators have a term of six years. A senator may runfor office as many times as they would like. What is the purpose for the length of a Senator's term of office? This motivates the Senator to be honest and to work for the peopleor state that elected them. They won't get too comfortable in theirposition. How long is the term for a US Federal judge? United States District Judges in federal district courts , United States Court of Appeals Judges in the courts of appeals , and United States Supreme Court Justices are appointed pursuant to Article III of the United States Constitution, "hold their offices during good behavior," meaning they're appointed for life until they die, retire, or are impeached.

Other types of judges, such as United States Magistrate Judges, Bankruptcy Judges, Administrative Law Judges, and some specialty court judges are appointed pursuant to Congress's power to create courts of limited jurisdiction in Article I of the Constitution. Judges of US Special Courts generally serve fifteen year terms. Magistrate Judge, on the other hand, is appointed for 8 years, but may be reappointed.

What are the long term effects of tobacco use? Nicotine is an acid, it makes you ulcers hurt. Cancer likes the acid in nicotine and tar and it likes the acid environment, create a healthy environment and cancer cannot exist. How long is a term for a us representitive? Each term for a United States Representative is for two years. How long is a senator's term? US Senators serve for 6 years. However, the number of times they can run for reelection is unlimited.

Why did the Framers set each Senator's term at six years instead of two? The framers of the Constitution felt that by having terms at sixyears it would always ensure that the Senate is full. The Senate isdivided into 3 classes and one class holds an election every 2years. How long is the term of a US Representative? How long is the term for a US attorney general? There is no term limit to cabinet level positions. Attorney General Janet Reno served as the only attorney general in President Clinton's administration, making her the longest-serving attorney general.

What are long term effects of using Fentanyl? Having used Fentanyl Duragesic patches for over 10 years, I can say that of course opiate dependence is the primary effect. As I write this, I am going through my second voluntary withdrawal in the past few months, the need for it no longer exists.

It is not easy at all - I've been steadily dropping my dependence levels for 6 months, and from dosages of mcg 2 mcg patches and up to Percocet 10's per month. To say I've been catching up on my Supervisor work here at WA is an understatement, as the mental distraction really helps.

Other than dependence and the increased tolerance level it brings, if you tolerate opiates well there aren't any real other problems I've incurred, aside from the occasional bout of constipation, but any opiate patient learns to deal with that. I will say though, that one thing that surprised me was that it was hard to realize when I fully recovered from my last spinal surgery check my bio page for the full skinny that the pain I was having was actually from withdrawal and not my back.

This second period is longer than the first one - previously, I was only able to go 5 days before requiring another patch, the hold was just too much. This time, I've gone over a week now and believe I've made the switch back to pills, which are much easier to get off of.

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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprises the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution.

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The U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives make up the two chambers of Congress. The Senate has members, 2 from each state, who are elected to serve for a term of 6 years. Agency Details.

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Current Senate leaders and officers as well as links to historical essays, lists, and artwork depicting former leaders. Former Senators Links to historical lists and statistics, art work, images, and research collections of former senators. Senators in 31 states have a four-year term. Senators in 12 states have a two-year term. Senators in seven states (Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey and Texas) have terms that are sometimes two years and sometimes four years, depending on the proximity of the election to the legislative re-apportionments that .

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The US Constitution, Article I, Sections 2 and 3, sets the term lengths and qualifications for US Senators and Congressmen. Article I sets the term of office for members of th e US House of Representatives at two years (Section . The U.S. Senate, together with the U.S. House of Representatives, makes up the U.S. Congress. The Senate holds certain unique powers and obligations. Its makeup is different too: two senators represent each state, and senators serve staggered six-year terms. Since the Senate Historical Office.