Graphic acronyms and other abbreviations in English

In the letter, we are often faced with different kinds of cuts in the Russian language, we do not think about them as they are well understood: and so on, et al., Sat, Sun, ie., Without a / n and m / n, and others. Such reductions we find in books, newspapers, advertisements. Also today, the popular chat via the Internet, social networks, ICQ, Skype. Those who constantly speaks in this way, «own» special «language». Of course, the language of the Internet has a lot of abbreviations and acronyms.

As you know, the English language tends to be laconic, respectively, in it too much (in fact, much more than in Russian) of the various cuts. About them and referred to in the article.

In English, there are four basic types of cuts:

Graphical shortening (graphical reduction).

Lexical (lexical).

Blending (Mergers).

Digispeak (digital language).

Graphic abbreviation can be found:

In the letters:

St — Street — Street

Rd — Road — Road

c / o — care of — to take care of

Mr — Mister — an appeal to the man

Mrs — Missis — appeal to a married woman

Ms — Miss — appeal to a girl

Dr. — Doctor — Doctor

PS — Afterword

PPS — posleposleslovie

IMHO — In My Humble Opinion — in my humble opinion (often found on the Internet))

w / o — without — without

w / — with — with

DC — District of Columbia — DC

WA — Washington — Washington

In scientific books, dictionaries:

n. — cuschestvitelnoe

v. — verb

adj. — adjective

adv. — adverb

prep. — excuse

eg — for example,

p. — Page

pp. — Page

pto — please turn over — perelistnite

par — par.

etc — and so on

Advertisements (ads), announcements (messages, notifications):

arr. — arrive — Arrival

dep. — depart — departure

Jan., Feb., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., etc — months

Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., Sat., Sun. — days of the week

in. — inch

sec. — seconds

gm. — gram

cm. — centimeter

qt — qt

cc — cc

mph — miles per hour — miles per hour

kph — kilometres per hour — km / h

ft. — foot — foot (30 cm to 48 mm)

lb — libra — Libra (400 gr)

oz — ounce — an ounce (28 grams)

d — denarius — denarius (a Roman silver coin)

Tel. — Telephone — telephone

No., no. — Number — number

WYSIWYG — what you see is what you get — what you see is what you get

POTUS — president of the USA — the US president

VPOTUS — vice-president of the USA — US Vice President

FLOTUS — first lady of the USA — the first lady of the United States

Matrimonial advertisements (matrimonial ads):

attract. — attractive — attractive

corresp. — correspondent — the leading correspondence

div. — divorced — diluted (a)

f’ship — friendship — friendship

gd-lkng — good-looking — attractive

gent — gentleman — a man

gfrnd — girlfriend — girlfriend

GP — general practitioner — a medical practitioner

hum — humour — c humorous

marr. — marriage — family

med — medium — medium height

mting — meeting — meeting

N / D — no-drinker — teetotal

N / S — no-smoker — non-smoker

OHAC — own house and car — his own house and car

pls — please — please

poss. — possible — possible

R — are — currently the plural verb to be

sgle — single — one

sks — seaks — looking for

U — you — you

VGSOH — very good sense of humour — a very good sense of humor

LTR — long-term relationship — long-term relationship

WLTM — would like to meet — like (a) to meet

Wwphoto — write with photo — answer with photos

yr — years

Other abbreviations Angliysky language:

a VIP — a very important person — a very important person

asap — as soon as possible — as soon as possible

a SF story — a science fiction story — a sci-fi story

IBM — international business machine — manufacturer of hardware and software, as well as its powerful brands

R. and D. — research and development programme — program of research and development

V-day — Victory day — Victory Day

H-bomb — the hydrogen bomb

X-mas — Christmas

V-neck — V-neck

V-shaped — in the form V

VJ Day — the day of victory over Japan

HM The Queen — Her Majesty The Queen — Her Majesty the Queen

An NC-17 — no children under 17 — not recommended viewing for children under 17 years

G — general audience — there are no restrictions for viewing

R — restricted — up to 17 years of watching adults

In English, many Latin abbreviations:

am — ante meridiem — in the morning

pm — post meridiem — in the afternoon

ie — id est — that is

AD — Anno Domini — of our era

BC — before Christ — BC

eg — exempli gratia — for example

Examples of truncation in the English language:

sis — sister — sister

doc — doctor — Doctor

telly — television — TV

phone — telephone — telephone

plane — airplane — the plane

vator — elevator — Lift

zine — magazine — magazine

specs — spectacles — sunglasses

fridge — refrigeration — refrigerator

flu — influenza — the flu

comfy — comfortable — comfortable

imposs — impossible — impossible

mizzy — miserable — miserable

The truncation of the names:

Alf — Alfred

Ed — Edward

Sam — Samuel

Bess — Elizabeth

For English, this method is characterized by the formation of new words, as a merger — the one word of two truncated. This method is less popular, but you can bring some interesting examples:

Amerasian — American + Asian — man-American of Asian descent

botel — boat + hotel — hotel ship

docudrama — documentary drama — docudrama

earwitness — ear + witness — a witness who heard

foodaholic — glutton

fruice — fruit + juice — Fruit juice

medicare — medical care — medical care, supervision

medinews — medical news — medical news

mimsy — miserable + flimsy — goner

netizen — internet + citizen — man Internet

pomato — potato + tomato

slimnastics — slim + gymnastics — exercises for weight loss

wordrobe — word + wardrobe — vocabulary

workaholic — a workaholic

Recently popular DIGISPEAK — Digital language:

CYO — see you on-line — see you in the network

DIKY — do I know you? — I know you?

FOAF — friend of a friend — each other

In this article I will try to highlight based on the method of abbreviations in English, and has led a number of examples. Hopefully, they will help you when reading books and various periodicals, as well as to socialize. Enjoy English!