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As water cools it becomes denser. At 3.98°C (39.16°F) it reaches maximum density. Below this point, it crystallizes into ice. As water moves into a solid state* it becomes less dense.

Ice does not form all at once at the freezing point of 0°C (32°F), but crystallizes continuously until all liquid turns solid. Temperature does not drop any further until all the liquid water freezes, even though heat continues to leave.

This produces non-sensible heat – a change in heat energy that cannot be sensed with a thermometer.

The non-sensible heat lost when water goes from liquid to solid state is called the latent heat of fusion.

Sensible heat is that which you can sense with a thermometer.

* State is an expression of a substance’s form as it changes from solid, to liquid, to gas with the addition of heat.

Latent Heat of Vaporization

Latent heat of vaporization is the heat required to vaporize a substance.

It takes more latent heat to vaporize water than to freeze it because when water freezes only some of the hydrogen bonds break.

When it vaporizes, all the hydrogen bonds must break, which requires more energy.

Dense water is heavy and sinks below less dense layers. The three commonly found density layers are:

1. Surface zone – varies in places from absent to 500 meters (1,640 feet). In general it extends from the top to about 100 meters (328 feet). This zone accounts for about only 2% of the ocean’s volume.

2. Thermocline – separates the surface zone from the deep zone. It only needs a temperature or salinity difference to exist. This zone makes up about 18% of the ocean’s volume.

3. Deep zone – lies below the thermocline. It is a very stable region of cold water beginning deeper than 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) in the middle latitudes, but is shallower in the polar regions. The deep zone makes up about 80% of the ocean’s volume.

The volume of a sphere increases with the cube of its radius and the surface area increases with the square of its radius.

If a cell were to increase diameter 24 times original size, the volume would increase 64 times, but the surface areawould increase only 16 times.

High surface-to-volume ratio is important for cell function. The bigger the cell, the lower the surface-to-volume ratio, which means that there’s less relative area through which to exchangegases, nutrients, and waste.

This is why large organisms are multicellular rather than a giant single cell.

Buoyancy

Archimedes’ Principle states that an object immersed ina gas or liquid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weightof the gas or liquid displaced.

This means marine organisms don’t have to expend much energyto offset their own weight compared to a land-based existence.

It allows entire communities to exist simply by drifting.

It allows organisms to grow larger than those on land.

It allows many swimming creatures to live without ever actually cominginto contact with the bottom.