How I Read

Jul 2018

Until a few years ago, I didn’t spend much time reading. Today, I spend a few
hours every week reading, amounting to somewhere between 30 and 50 books a year.
My reading habit has evolved significantly over the past couple of years and
surely will continue to. In this post, I will describe how I approach my
reading. You may think it’s elaborate (other people’s reading systems rub me the
same way), however, keep in mind it’s evolved slowly over the years.

A complex system that works is invariably found to have evolved from a simple
system that worked. A complex system designed from scratch never works and
cannot be patched up to make it work. You have to start over with a working
simple system. – John Gall

It’s also worth noting that this is not an aspirational post. This is what I
actually do, and have done for a while—otherwise, I wouldn’t think it would be
worth sharing. I often think of the classic Charlie Munger quote on reading,
he’s not wrong:

In my whole life, I have known no wise people (over a broad subject matter
area) who didn’t read all the time – none, zero. You’d be amazed at how much
Warren reads–and at how much I read. My children laugh at me. They think I’m
a book with a couple of legs sticking out. – Charlie Munger

The post is divided into a section for each part of the reading process: (1:
Sourcing), (2: Choosing), (3: Reading), and (4: Processing).

1. Sourcing

Whenever I stumble upon a recommendation for a book, I will follow the link to
Amazon and send the page to Instapaper. I have a script that automatically
converts any Instapaper book links into rows in an Airtable. Endorsements from
trusted sources will be added, too. This
script will
automatically add metadata about the book from Goodreads such as genre, year
published, author, and so on.

What would I like to improve about choosing?

Whenever I send the book to Instapaper, I’d like to attach a name to it and
automatically add them as an endorser. There are also certain people whose book
recommendations I seek. Automatically adding their endorsed books to my feed
would be valuable. If I start going deep on a topic, I may want to read a
follow-up book on the topic and will go through my sourcing list first.
Attaching a summary or similar would help make the searches more fruitful. In
general, I would like someone else to solve this problem for me. Improving it
further to aid in choosing more would be a non-trivial amount of engineering—see
next section. See the next section, (2: Choosing), for a much more elaborate
answer to how I’d like to improve the sourcing and choosing process altogether.

What are changes I’ve made in sourcing?

I used to have a habit of buying the books I wanted to read instead of simply
sourcing them. That’s an expensive sourcing method. Inevitably, it grew into a
large number of unread books on my Kindle, which made me often dread opening it.
It felt like an ever-growing to-do list (where each item takes many hours to
complete). This is popularized as an
anti-library—I don’t think this
translates to the Kindle world well, but may work for the physical realm for
books you know you want to read. Most importantly, it means that finishing a
book always becomes a new adventure in choosing a new book without considering
the sunk cost of already having bought another book which may mean I read less
relevant books. Generally, I subscribe to not counting money spent on books.
It’s $10, and it could very easily change your life. That’s a bargain. I will
acknowledge this is a privileged argument, but libraries make good allies if
buying is too expensive. Old books (which have stood the test of time, see next
section) often cost pennies on Amazon.

2. Choosing

For choosing books, I have a couple of heuristics I apply as I scurry through my
sourcing list, Google, Goodreads, and other trusted sources:

1. What book is most applicable right now? If I can find a book that I can
start applying right now in whatever I’m dealing with, it’ll take precedence
over any other heuristic. If I’m about to recruit, reading books about building
teams and recruiting would be highly applicable. With an immediate opportunity
to put it into practice, it is much easier to have things stick and make an
impact. This is the most important heuristic, however, it is often challenging
to find such a book. Especially with the relatively poor sourcing tools I feel
that I have available.

2. Syntopical reading. If I’ve been diving into a single topic, I may try to
pick up a few more works in the same category to make sure I see the problem
from different angles. I find that this helps strengthen the concepts too, as I
get to run an internal mock dialog between the authors of the books where they
agree or disagree. If it’s on a topic that strongly satisfies (1), I am more
likely than not to do syntopical reading. On the other hand, if I am mostly
looking for an overview of a topic—I may save syntopical reading for the future.

3. Books that have aged well. If the book has been out 10 years, it’s
likely it might still be relevant another 10 years from now.
If it’s been out for 100 years, it’s likely it’ll be around for another 100
years. If I am diving into recruiting due to heuristic (1), I’ll look for the
book that’s 10 years old, not the one that was published this spring. In
fast-moving fields, newer can be better, in which case I may start with new, and
then read the old. This applies to e.g. software, where I’ll likely default to
what was published recently but often go back and understand how we ended up
here by reading older material. In most sciences, old is good. I found Darwin’s
original work surprisingly readable.

4. What discipline or topic am I weak in? I believe that at some point,
optimizing for breadth in your reading to complement your depth becomes more
impactful than going even deeper. As Munger puts it, accumulate the big ideas
from the big disciplines. There are so many disciplines where people learn to
think in different ways to solve different problems. Over time, I’d like to get
a rudimentary understanding of most of the major disciplines: law, biology,
economics, history, physics, and the list goes on. This will take a lifetime,
but I think the process will be both enjoyable and useful. I attempt to balance
disciplines, but this easily gets thrown off by other heuristics. There’s a fine
balance with (1). Breadth, (4), is most useful with depth, (1).

5. Modern translations or interpretations are not inherently bad, especially
as introductions to a topic. Old is good, but can be taken too far. I enjoyed
reading A Guide to the Good
Life from
2008 as an introduction to stoicism much more than Letters from a
Stoic from BC
something something. Here, the concepts applied (Stoicism) have stood the test
of time—but it may be easier to apply if written by someone in the 21st century.
If you’re really into it, by all means, go to the primary source (I did).
Similarly, wanting to take advantage of knowing Danish I started reading
Kirkegaard a few years ago. I preferred the English translation because you
won’t get chastised for modernizing a translation the same way you would for
modernizing the origin language. If you’re really into a topic, it’s silly to
not go to the primary source a book or two into the topic, though. If you’re
into stoicism (as pointed out here), go to the original works. They’re very
readable, otherwise, the ideas would not have aged as well as they did.

6. What are my friends reading? If my friends have read a book, that’s a
free opportunity to talk with them about it or ask them whether it fits my
criteria. It’s a free book club opportunity, helping to nudge the concepts into
long-term memory and get perspective. I don’t want to have 100% overlap with my
friends, but once in a while, if the stars align—I like this opportunity. In
general, I abuse friend’s reading more to assist with (1: Applicability), as
these can be difficult books to find.

7. Audiobooks for narrative, Kindle for anything else. While less of a
heuristic for choosing the next book, this is still something that I find
useful. If a book has a narrative, such as history, biographies, or novels—then
it falls in the Audiobook bucket for me. I may experiment with re-reads as audio
at some point. For anything else, I’ll read it on my Kindle. Some narratives are
too technical for Audiobooks to me, for example, I started listening to a book
about the fall of Enron–too difficult to follow through audio due to a large
amount of industry and finance jargon.

8. Skim the free sample of your top x books. I learned from Dan Doyon
that Amazon will send you free samples of books. His Kindle is ladled with
Kindle samples, and he’ll choose his next book by skimming through 10s of these
to hit one he finds most interesting at that moment. I’ve started adopting
skimming the top samples that come out of the other heuristics. I find this a
useful supporting heuristic for e.g. (1: Applicability) and (4: Breadth). It’s
easy to choose a book especially on a new topic where the idea of knowing
about it (e.g. basic accounting) sounds intriguing, but you may just not be in
the right place and time that it’s interesting enough for you to follow through.

What would I like to improve about choosing?

What bothers me most about my choosing and sourcing is that it’s at the wrong
abstraction level. I should be choosing topics and skills and sorting
those by the applicability heuristic, rather than books. While books are useful,
the ultimate goal here is not to read books—but to learn. There are other ways
to learn than books: courses, classes, conversations, exercises, travel, coding
ideas, crafts, and so on. “Reading” as a way to acquire knowledge is useful, and
I see the majority of my time being spent here for personal development—however,
I would like to not choose the next book but the next topic. Not: “This
book about photography” but rather “The topic of photography” with the
supporting sourcing and choosing tooling that’ll allow me to then dig into
books.

The tooling I have now does not support my (1: Applicability) and (4: Breadth)
heuristics well. Self-assessing which skills I’m weak assumes I have no blind
spots, which would be incredibly naïve to believe. (6: Friends) and what they
read help shed some light on those blind spots, but are largely disconnected
from what might be useful for me. I am not sure exactly what I want, but I feel
that I should move towards a list of topics I would like to get into and sort
them by attributes such as current knowledge about the topic, upper-bound return on
investment, lower-bound return on investment, applicability, enjoyment, and
perhaps a couple others. This would allow me to go much wider, from playing
chess (which I likely don’t have a single book in my sourcing list about) to a
rudimentary understanding of a new language (no Spanish grammar books in my
sourcing list, I am afraid), because it would gain me the ability to visualize
my opportunity cost more clearly and put myself another level away from the
currently fairly subjective choice of next book. I would certainly not challenge
that there can be a serendipitous highly positive benefit to at times choosing
semi-random, recommended books in a broad topic such as management. I feel
that’s what I end up doing most of the time, and I crave more.

I crave too much structure, but I feel that significant investment into this
aspect would pay serious dividends. It’s likely that I will experiment with an
Airtable for this over the coming years and make changes to this article. Most
of all I hope someone else will build this, but most likely it’s far too
systematic. It is also possible that chaos here is possible, but I refuse to
believe I cannot get a system that outperforms chaos by at least 10-20%—which
would be a major win over a lifetime.

What are changes I’ve made in choosing?

This used to be “go down the list on Audible” or “go down the list on the
Kindle” of books already purchased. However, “just in time” choosing has been
much more effective to satisfy the most important heuristic (1): What book can
have the biggest impact for me right now? In general, I would advise looking at
your choosing akin to an efficient factory. You shouldn’t have massive piles of
inventory in front of every machine, but rather optimize the overall throughput
through the factory.

3. Reading

Typically, I have about 3 books on the go: An Audiobook, a fiction book on the
Kindle, and a non-fiction work on the Kindle. When reading, I attempt to focus
on a couple of things. The majority of them to improve retention.

1. Highlights. I will highlight the interesting parts of a book. Often, I
take notes too as I have too many times been in the situation where returning to
the highlight I have a hard time figuring out why I found it important at the
time of reading. Typing on the Kindle is painful to begin with, but you get the
hang of it eventually. I use Readwise for working with my highlights (more on
this in the processing stage), and use
tags, special
tags to combine highlights on the fly, and their header tags to add sections for
a table of contents. I also highlight words I don’t know (or don’t use), to
later process them into my vocabulary.

2. Skimming and skipping. I make fairly liberal use of skimming and
skipping, especially in non-fiction where not every chapter will have an
equivalent impact for me. Skimming the first and last few pages of a chapter
often gives you a great idea about whether the chapter is worth reading for you.
For example, years ago I went to Brazil, and before going I wanted to read a
short book about the history and culture of the country. There were 3 chapters
about sports in Brazil, something I wasn’t interested in. I got the gist of it
from the first and last few pages and simply skipped. When I read Principles, I
skipped the biography and went straight to the principles, deciding I’d read the
biography chapter later if the principles were interesting enough. It felt oddly
liberating when I realized there’s no book police that’ll come knocking on your
door when you skip a chapter.

3. Visualizing. Ever since reading Moonwalking with Einstein I’ve incorporated
memory palaces into more aspects of my life. I’ve experimented with summarizing
a book as I go in a memory palace, and this worked out quite well. It generally
meant that it was easier for me to remember the book in general. Memory palaces
aren’t just about being able to memorize a list, but also a concrete way to
connect key points into your wetware. What I found surprising was that when
something would remind me of the points from a book I’ve built a palace for for,
I’m thrown right into the memory edifice to connect it. While in the palace, I
find that I will often spend time going backwards and forwards and re-iterate
the other concepts—a form of spaced repetition. There’s still more to explore
here, but there’s certainly something to it. Think of it like when you read a
novel, you’re always visualizing what’s going on. The more effort you put into
this, the easier the novel is to remember. The longer you put an effort in, the
easier it gets to create more and more elaborate images over time. I haven’t
been as diligent with this practise for the past few books, but I plan to
continue to experiment with it.

4. Metaphors and relations. This relates back to visualization; anything you
can do to make a book more vivid helps. If you can relate concepts from the book
to something else, it does wonders. A while ago, it felt overdue to gain a
technical understanding of how simple Blockchains work. A friend asked me to
explain it to him, and we constantly related each concept back to concepts and
metaphors we already understood. In about an hour he gained a deep enough
understanding that he could go explain it to someone else, in quite elaborate
technical detail. I attribute that to relating everything to a real-life
metaphor, e.g. ‘hashing’ in cryptography was conceptualized as akin to a fire
turning into ash; impossible to reverse, and the slightest adjustment in initial
conditions would make the configuration of ashes different. One of the most
important relations I find is to attempt to see if the concept would’ve made a
scenario in your life play out differently, had you known it. I like to think of
each past event having n lessons you can extract out of it. It’s important to
not leave any lessons on the table, and to suck these experiences dry—you
need to revisit them for decades to come. It’s a bit like a machine learning
algorithm (it’s actually exactly like a machine learning algorithm, which of
course, is inspired by humans). You’re constantly adding to the algorithm with
new mental models and an enriched understanding of the world. When you’ve
changed the algorithm, you need to re-train it on your data-set consisting of
your collected experience.

5. Summarize every chapter in your head. I don’t remember where I read or
heard this, but someone said that one of the best pieces of advice they’d ever
gotten was that every time they’d leave a room, they should stop at the door and
summarize to themselves what just happened. What did you just learn? What just
happened in that meeting? What was on that person’s mind? When I finish a
chapter in a book, I try to quickly summarize it in my head. If I’m building a
palace for the book, I’ll attempt to make up an image and plant it. This is
often surprisingly hard, but I’ve noticed improvements as a result. It’s like
the end of a (good) meeting, where someone will summarize all the actions and
outcomes. Ever been to one where that doesn’t happen? It can feel like a waste
of time.

6. Re-read. The best books I will try to read again. I’ve done it so far for
perhaps half a dozen books and it’s been rewarding every time. In general, I
think we can treat the best books and articles more like music playlists.
Reading them again and again, with sufficient repetition in between to make them
relevant and fresh anew. For articles, I have a script that’ll feed them back to
me on a spaced repetition schedule automatically in Instapaper. I wrote more
about this here.

What would I like to improve about reading?

My retention here is still not quite as good as I would like, although I think a
fair bit of that comes from the processing (next section). I would like to more
diligently build palaces. I haven’t done it for the past 5-10 books I’ve read,
but the ones I did I’ve found myself going back to more often than not. I don’t
take as many notes to my highlights as I’d like to, I think more focus on these
two will make the biggest difference currently because they’ll both benefit the
processing stage.

I dream of the day where I can see the highlights of friends. This would be a
fantastic opportunity to start interesting conversations with people and build a
deeper understanding of the book while feeling much less forced than a book
club.

What are changes I’ve made to reading?

My reading process has been fairly additive. I’ve mostly added more and more
structure to the way I read, any more effort I can put in here to twist and turn
the points made end up being better than not doing it. The fear here is doing
too much. As mentioned in the processing stage, to simplify, I will need to
figure out what works and what doesn’t.

4. Processing

Reading, to me, is worth the most if I can remember the ideas. I don’t think you
will always be able to map an idea back to its source, meaning, just because you
can’t summarize Thinking Fast and Slow eloquently, doesn’t mean it didn’t
influence you.

Reading and experience train your model of the world. And even if you forget the experience or what you read, its effect on your model of the world persists. Your mind is like a compiled program you’ve lost the source of. It works, but you don’t know why. – Paul Graham

It’s a cliché to complain about the length of books: “This idea could be
explained in five pages! Why would they write an entire book?” This statement
bothers me to no end. If you possess the discipline it takes to incorporate an
idea into your wet-ware from article-length with no fail—then you’ve got some
discipline that you would not self-discount with a blanket statement like
that. No-one I’ve talked to who reads 10s of books a year, and have done so for
years, would dream of saying this. They understand that reading is not just
about passing words through your head.

Then why are books long? I’ll gently navigate around the “publisher’s require it
to be 200+ pages” conspiracy, and instead focus on two points. First, it’s a
form of spaced repetition. This wonderful, proven technique that can be applied
to almost every corner of your life. It turns out, if a book is 200 pages, it’s
going to take you a few spaced repetition cycles to read it, which raises the
probability it’ll stick for you. Unless you are diligent about repetition, my
pet theory is that most things that stick are somewhat random. You hear
something today, and then in the next spaced repetition window a few days from
now; you hear about it again. Then a week or so after that. If you consider how
many new things we hear every day, I don’t think this is so crazy. Especially
given how hyper-aware our brain is for these things, it wants to recognize
them. I’ve noticed this is how most new English words transition from a
spreadsheet to my real, active vocabulary. There’s a hint of random in there.

The second reason books are long, is that different ways of explaining an idea
resonate with different people. For you, it may be that antifragility is best
explained through a fitness analogy; you break down muscle, build them back up,
ta-daa you are now stronger. For the foodie who makes an annual pilgrimage to
New York, antifragility may draw the most connections (and thus stick best) when
applied to why the ramen seems better every time you go back. Remembering an
idea is some combination of the number of connections you can draw and spaced
repetition. Anecdotally, I’ve observed that I remember new information in the
space of software well. I can usually connect it to half a dozen things fairly
quickly, which makes it hard to forget. If you tell me something I don’t know
about the state of Crude Oil, I have little to connect it with and most likely I
will not remember it tomorrow unless I put in more effort; spaced repetition, or
ask enough questions that that half a dozen connections start appearing. But
that’s work.

Turns out forming new memories needs to be hard. Otherwise, how is your
brain to know what to remember and what not to? Imagine if every time you looked
at a dining table, every single memory ever that had to do with a table was
readily available. That’d be pretty uncomfortable. (The eyes with the cupcake on
top below is my poor imitation of the exploding head emoji: 🤯)

Here are some of the steps I do after having read a book that I’ve done for a while.

1. Writing a review/summary. A few weeks after reading a book, typically
I’ll write a short summary and review and publish it on Goodreads
(example).
This forces me to extract the key lessons from the book. Typically, I’ll use my
highlights from Readwise.io to assist in extracting the
key lessons from the book and throw them into the summary. You can see all my
reviews on my Goodreads profile.

2. Converting highlights to index cards. Either at the same time as doing
the review/summary or later, I will go through my highlights and find the ones
I like most. Often, I end up spending hours (typically on a Saturday or Sunday
morning) going into rabbit holes as part of polishing my highlights. This is
fine, if they’re interesting, it helps me to build connections and stick them in
long-term memory. For the best points in the books, often a combination of
highlights and themes, I’ll create a physical index card. I try as much as
possible to draw on the card and think of references to other books.

3. Reviewing index cards. I have two containers for my index cards. One with
index cards that have been processed at least once (left) and one for cards that
have yet to be processed (right). As you can see, the top card in the left box
is the one that was most recently reviewed (2nd of July, 2018) and the card on
top of the right box hasn’t been reviewed yet (only one date). As you see on the
card above, and the card below, there are little symbols under the date. These
symbols have special meanings for what I did with the card at the same time. I
have a dozen or so symbols to experiment with what works best for retention over
time. W below means that I wrote at least 200 words about the content of the
card, attempting to draw new connections and elaborate on the idea. R is
followed by a number and rates how much I’ve applied this idea since last time.
U followed by a number is how useful this idea is, on a scale from 1 to 7.
These numbers are long-term to inform a better sorting algorithm if there are two
cards I can review now, I’d prefer the one with a low R value (not applied
yet), high U value (very useful), and where a long time has passed since last
reviewed. I may digitize this at some point (I’m terrified of losing these
cards), but this has worked well so far. Again, as with (2: Choosing), I think I
can beat randomness and sorting by date by at least 10%, which is a significant
improvement over the long-term. However, I’ll need some data first. Below, you
can see a full list of my symbols. Some are not deprecated, but many I continue
to use.

When I travel, I usually bring the box of unprocessed cards with me and spend
some time reflecting on those cards. Some call this a “Commonplace Book”; i.e. a
book with all the best snippets from everywhere. Why index cards and not a
notebook? Well, notebooks can only grow so much in size, and are hard to change
without becoming messy. Often, I’ll tear cards apart on a second review and
re-write them for more clarity and backfill the dates. I can sort them however I
want, which is difficult. Airtable would be a fantastic candidate for the
Commonplace book but the physical aspect currently intrigues me.

If you’re after something similar, Readwise has a great
feature to send you some of your highlights every day. Takes minutes to set up
if you’re already using a Kindle.

4. Listening to Podcasts with the author After a book, I often find myself
with a slew of questions I wish I could ask the author. That’s exactly why they
get invited to various Podcasts (if they’re alive). With Podcast search
engines it’s easy to find a Podcast with the
author. The show notes will often reveal what types of questions the interviewer
is going after.

What would I like to improve about processing?

As mentioned, I may need a new home for these nuggets instead of index cards.
It’s tough to sort them properly, so currently it’s a simple queue based on last
review date. I am about a year behind (i.e. I review cards now I wrote about a
year ago), so typically I produce cards faster than I can process them. For the
time being, I’m OK with it. I destroy a lot of cards when I review that are not
relevant to me, or I think are covered by something else. I’ve scurried through
them quite a few times to try to find something I was sure I had on a card—this
is a frustrating experience. I just don’t have the perfect software for it yet,
and I worry a lot about putting this somewhere and having to convert it around.
To some extent, this has become my most prized possession in that it’s
impossible for me to replace.

Going forward, I’ll likely digitize them to make them searchable. A year or two
from now, I’m going to go through them and review the R and U scores and
correlations with other symbols to find out what works, and what doesn’t. Based
on this, I will create a sorting algorithm for the digitized index cards. Again,
the software in this space is lacking, so it may be a fancy use of Airtable if
nothing better exists by that time.

What are changes I’ve made to processing?

This is the step I’ve invested the most in in the past few years because I feel
this is where the most impact is had. In general, I think that people should
spend 50-60% of their time in this stage over all others. Most spend the
majority of their time in reading. I’ve come to many great realizations writing
about cards and applying them to my life and current situations. My past self
can recognize an idea as useful, and recognize that there’s no immediate
application of it, transcribe it to a card and hope it pops up at a better time.
This setup poises me to increase the probability I get the right idea, at the
right time. The right time being when it’s most likely to be applied.

Overall, I have not made many changes here other than gradually adding to this
system. I hope in a few years to go through the data on the cards and the
ratings, to figure out which methods work best for retention. Writing? Flash
cards? Memory palaces? Talking to a friend?

Future

I will continue to iterate on this, likely, for the rest of my life. I think
everyone deserves a good reading system. It takes years to build one, you can’t
start out with this, or any other system—you need to gradually build it over
time. The reading habit is most important, then you start paying more attention
to what you read, you start highlighting, you start taking notes, you start
writing summaries, and slowly a complex system that works for you will evolve
and evolve. I hope this can inspire you to invest more in your reading process.