Autism

Autism is included in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual 5 (DSM5, 2013) under the broad category of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. It is now diagnosed with a dyad of impairments instead of a triad and is termed Autism Spectrum Disorders. The term Pervasive Developmental Disorders is no longer in use.

The following points contain the Diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder according to DSM V:

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive):

Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interaction.

Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviours used for social interaction, ranging, for example, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.

Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships, ranging, for example, from difficulties adjusting behaviour to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers.

2. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities, as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive;)

Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat food every day).

Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus (e.g, strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interest).

Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interests in sensory aspects of the environment (e.g., apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement).

3. Symptoms must be present in the early developmental period (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities, or may be masked by learned strategies in later life).

4. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning.

These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability
(intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay. Intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder frequently co-occur; to make comorbid diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, social communication should be below that expected for general developmental level.
This might be a cohesive explanation of autism but is not explanation enough to describe children or people have it. Autism may have a pattern but does not reincarnate in every child in identifiably similar ways. The variation in the degree of autism is proof to their uniqueness. Hence, the truth of children with autism lies far beyond the mere identification of the disorder.

autism (o'tiz'em), n.a disorder in development that usually begins before the age of four, characterized especially by an inability to relate socially to other people. autistic (o tis' tik), adj. of or characterized by autism; lacking interest in or awareness of external reality, --n. an autistic person, especially a child