Age-related macular degeneration is a common, chronic, progressive, degenerative disease that causes central loss of vision due to abnormalities that occurs in the pigment, neural and vascular layers of the macula.
The macular disorder may have one or more of the following:
- Formation of drusen which are localized deposits of extracellular material usually concentrated in the macula
- Abnormalities in the retinal pigment epithelium (eg hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation)
- Retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris geographic atrophy
- Neovascular (exudative) maculopathy
Decreased central vision and distortion of seeing straight lines are the most common symptoms.

The risk of band keratopathy may be greatly increased in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and significant risk factors are iridocyclitis and degenerated eye, according to a Taiwan-based cohort study billed as the largest to ever be conducted on the relationship between the two conditions.

Intravitreous administration of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor ranibizumab does not increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), according to a recent study.

A number of clinical tumour and treatment parameters, most of which are shown to reflect initial tumour size, appear to contribute to the regression of choroidal melanoma after brachytherapy, a recent study has shown.

Eating dark chocolates may have short-term beneficial impacts on vision, according to a recent study, which reports significant improvements in contrast sensitivity and visual acuity following dark vs milk chocolate consumption.