Thursday, March 18, 2010

Tuesday, March 16, 2010

Women H9 Quiz 91. Even before the advent of the flapper, weight issues were in the minds of American women.2. The slenderized female was picked up from the French.3. Anorexia is caused by internal and external factors.4. In the 1930s drought plagued the U.S. from Virginia to Arkansas.5. Specialization in working conditions isolated individuals.

6. In the 1950s women in American media worked outside of the home.7. Working class women were unaffected by The Feminine Mystique.8. Concepts of “femininity” are the same for white and black women.9. Welfare kept families together.10. Black women were not part of the Civil Rights movement.Women H9 Quiz 101. Betty Friedman stated that women had not a “single fight left to fight.”2. The emergence of the pill left women half of their lives not taken up by the drive of their biology.3. The Civil Rights Bill did not include laws for equality of sexes.4. Some NOW members considered abortion too controversial to take on.5. Intitially there was only one Women ‘s Liberation Group.

6. By 1970 CR groups had become “the heart and soul of the women’s liberation movement.”7. Feminists wanted the choices to be limited.8. Feminists wanted women to have a yes/no choice in sex and if yes to have pleasure in the act.9. Minority women were a huge part of the early women’s movement.10. Because there are different feminists groups, there is room for all women.

Sunday, March 14, 2010

Here are the COMPLETE grades up to this point in the class. The total so far in the class is 315. This includes all points (including the blog points and attendence extra credit). The only remaining points left which aren not included in the total of 315, are: 15 points for class work (which will be done during Final Projects), 20 pts for Quiz 9 & 10, 100 points for Final Project, and 150 points for the midterm.

Gloria SteinmanHistoryFeminism and other empowerment oriented approaches grew out of the antiwar and civil rights movements of the 1960s and early 1970s.These movements demonstrated that dedicated individuals, acting together, in a generally non-violent way could change public attitudes significantly and thus change public policy.

Dolores Huerta

What began as the Women’s Movement developed quickly into a number of theoretical perspectives and methods of analysis for the understanding of human behavior.Feminism is not one thing but a number of different perspectives that share a common set of postulates.

Betty FriedmanClinical IllustrationThe Self-In-Relationship approach was largely used to inform the notion of “codependency”. – Defining one’s self as independent, assertive, aggressive, and separate – like a man – is good. – Defining one’s self as interdependent, connected to other, and empathic -- like a woman – is bad.

“Although the codependency construct is popular, it has been poorly defined, lacks empirical research, is culturally determined, and is used primarily in a discriminatory way to pathologize women’s gender-specific behavior” – Logan, TK; Walker, J.R.; Cole, J.; Leukefeld, C.G. (2002).Feminism Family TreeLiberal Feminism• Earliest perspective and most often popularlyidentified with feminism as a whole.• Men and women are the same because bothhave capacity for reason.• Disparities are based on culture not on ability.• Women need and deserve access to all thatmen have and have access to.• What is needed is a level playing field wheremen and women can compete based on abilityand merit.

• Classic Liberal Feminism– Government should protect everyone’s civilliberties.– Government should insure equal opportunitiesfor all people.• Welfare Liberal Feminism– Government should regulate the marketplaceto improve opportunities for women.– Government should ensure mechanisms toredress past injustice against women.Radical Feminism• Began as a reaction to the male centered civilrights movement.• Sexism is oppression and it is woven into thefabric of society.• “The personal is political.”• A radical change in society is necessary to endoppression of women.• Advocates for public provision of child care andan end to marriage or, at least, the privilegedstatus of marriage.Cultural Feminism• Grew out of and is a reaction to RadicalFeminism.• Men and women are different.• There are different ways of knowing andunderstanding.• Difference should be cultivated and valued.• Relationships among women should beencouraged and cultivated to develop andenhance a culture of women.

• Innate Cultural Feminism– The differences between men and women as regardsworld view, ways of knowing, and valuing are inbornand genetic in origin.– Men and women can never fully understand eachother.• Conditioned Cultural Feminism– The differences between men and women as regardsworld view, ways of knowing, and valuing are largely,if not entirely, socially learned.– With effort, men and women can understand andvalue each others perspectives.

Sally RideSocialist Feminism• Earlier feminist approaches focused primarily onthe personal and psychological effects ofpatriarchy Socialist Feminism focused on thesocial and economic effects.• Capitalism is a system developed out ofpatriarchy.• Women are treated as an underclass whoselabor is exploited to make life easier for men.• Homemaking and child rearing should be seenas societal and not parental responsibilities.Lesbian Feminism• A challenge to sexism and heterosexism.• Heterosexism is an outgrowth of patriarchy,people should not be privileged or discriminatedagainst because of who they choose to beintimate with.• All hierarchy serves patriarchy.• Women are taught to look to men to tell themhow to be women.• Women should look to women to definethemselves: “woman-identified woman.”• Women should abandon care taking of men.

Condoleezza RiceWomanism• Arose as a reaction to the perception thatfeminism was dominated by upper middleclass white women who did not appreciatethe situation of women of color.• Women have multiple identities: gender,race, class.• All of these identities have to be taken intoaccount in the work of liberation.

• The identity of women of color is fragmented and muchlike that of colonized people.• Activism is primary and should not be sacrificed to provesome abstract theoretical point.• Psychotherapeutic Decolonization– Recognize the systematic and societal process of colonizationand oppression and so become aware of the colonizedmentality.– Correct cognitive errors that reinforce a colonized mentality.– Assert and affirm racial and gender identity, developing a moreintegrated identity.– Increase self-mastery and achieve autonomous dignity.– Work toward transforming oneself and the colonized condition.

Ursula Burns – The 1st Black Female CEO of a Fortune 500 Company

Postmodern Feminism• Emphasis on socially constructed meaning definingone’s identity.• “Gender”, “class”, “race” are all constructs that arereductionistic and lead to only a superficialunderstanding of the human experience.• Recognizing the diversity of experience is critical.• Until men and women can move beyond such constructsthey will never be free to be fully themselves.• Anti-theoretical bias.• “Woman” is not a universal construct and therefore noindividual or group can speak for all women.Clinical Implications• Feminist approaches, like all approaches thatcenter on the plight of oppressed groups sharemuch in common with conflict theories.– Consciousness raising is a first step.– Recognition of the effects of oppression on personalidentity and self-definition.– Understanding that personal and social change arecoterminous.– Movement toward personal liberation and then socialchange.

• The object of intervention isempowerment.– Empowerment is increasing a person’s powerso that she can take action to improve herown situation and gain Clinical Implicationscontrol of her own life.– Raising awareness, validation of feelings, selfdisclosure, and building cohesive communityare all powerful tools to this end.

One of the wealthiest women in the worldFeminist Agenda: Intimate Violence• Societal Level (Macro):– Pass laws proscribing violence againstwomen which mandate consequencesincluding both punishment and intervention forbatterers.– Give women access to all the privileges andresources to which men have access.

• Community Level (meso)– Develop a coordinated community responseto intimate violence that includes all segmentsof the community.– Provide shelters and services for women whoare victims of intimate violence and theirchildren so that they can experience safety,security, and hope.

Wednesday, March 10, 2010

Large Mexican immigrants began coming into the U.S. in the 20s, as MX was exempt from immigration lawsDuring Great Depression, exportedLabor strugglesCivil Rights MovementCeasar Chavez and Dolores HuertaImpact to Democratic PartyThe Chicano Movement

Hispanic women: isolated from external society because of demands in home (cultural)Limited by language and literacyPoor medical careDominated domestic and agricultural labor (provided cheap work force) but thus lacked decent working conditionsRacial disempowerment: both gender and raceAffirmative Action sought to repair some of the injustice

Congresswoman Nydia Velazquez became the first Puerto Rican woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as well as the first Hispanic woman to serve as chair or ranking member of a full committee in the history of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Issues of children being citizens (Logan, Ut example)1960s – 80s continued to be a time of struggling for economic and legal recognition, protection and equalityBecome a major demographic in political life (voting, lobbying etc)Black Women in America

Become a major demographic politicallyLargest registered voters/voter turn out of any minority groupHighest levels of education attained than any other minority groupUsually vote Democratic ticketCURRENT trends show a move toward re-segregation (by blacks, black primary schools)

Second largest consumer group in AmericaStill have wage disparity and poor at a rate not in line with whitesUnder represented in government like all minority groups in U.S.Asian Women in America

Less than 5% of U.S. populationMore urbanized than other minority groupsWomen more likely to workFewer children than other minority groupsImpacting various elements of culturalMedical – changed the landscape of American medicineHave the highest educational qualifications

Includes all of Asia (China, Japan, Pakistan, India, etc.)Highest rate of college degreesVincent Chin 1982Culturally disapprove of intermarriage but is more commonSeek more heavily to maintain independent cultureIn many, women have minimal freedomVictims to husbands

Other Minority Women in AmericaCultural, language, legalityEducationPoverty and IncomeFamilies

Tuesday, March 9, 2010

1. Discuss women in American History through WWI and the 1920s. What was life like for women before and then during WWI? What legal rights or limitations did they have? Work and educational opporutnities? What were the values for women up through WWI? Make sure to discuss the Comstock law, birthcontrol and early feminism. What happened for American women during WWI? How did work, education and home life change because of the war? What happened post war? Discuss music, styles and attitudes or cultural changes in the 1920s? What caused these changes in women? Give at least 3 specific examples of women from this era (from our reading or lectures) who are historically significant and explain why. (i.e. Margaret Sanger)

2. Discuss women in the U.S. after World War II. How did education, family and work change? How did birth control influence these changes? How did the politics of this time change? (Discuss Roe v. Wade and other important political issues for women). How did the women's movement emerge and what was it? What about life for minority women in the U.S. - what was it like, did they experience the same progress? Why or why not? Discuss modern feminism and explain at least two different types of it, and why it is important. Discuss at least two specific women from our readings and lectures, post WWII, who are historically significant and explain why.

1. Who was Helen Keller? Why was she important?2. Discuss the First Wave of Feminism. And suffrage. How did it shape and change life for U.S. women going into the 20th century? 3. Discuss the Comstock Mine.4. What were the Comstock Laws? What did they attempt to prevent or do? Why did some oppose them?5. Who was Margaret Sanger and what did she do regarding the Comstock Laws?6. What did Griswald vs. Connecticut do for women?7. What was the Woman Rebel and what issues did it addres?8. What was the American Birth Control League? Who founded it and for what purpose?9. Why weren't women allowed to know about their own bodies? Forms of birthcontrol? The need for medical care?10. When was the first oral birth control used and who developed it? The Pill? 11. How is the pill now different from when it was first made?12. What was the problem with estrogen using pills?13. What is an IUD? Why is it so widely used and why isn't it in the U.S.?14. Identify:Marie StewartSojourner TruthMargaret SangerFrank ColtonCarl DjerassiEnvoidBirth controlGregory Pincus

16. Discuss life for women in America before WWI in the U.S.? During WWI? After?17. How was WWI different from other wars? What role did women play? Discuss jobs, wages and family for women during WWI. What happened to women workers after men came home from the war?18. What was the Roaring 20s?19. How had life and values changed for and toward women? 20. What were 'Victorian Values'?21. Discuss jazz, speakeasies and prohibition. 22. Who were flappers? How were they viewed and why? What kinds of social activities, dancing and interests did these women have?23. What is a middle class? Why is it important? What kinds of industries were created because of a middle class? What values changed? 24. How did the Industrial Revolution influence life in America? For women? 25. Discuss early captialism: Who were the Robber Barons? Why were they important? What industries did they dominate? 26. Why were factories and industry important? How did they change urban and rural areas? How did these businesses and early capitalism impact Americans? The American family? Women?27. What was the Great Depression and when did it happen? How had the U.S. been able to avoid it for so long? Discuss the Stock Market Crash and Dust Bowl.28. What did FDR do to help in the depression? How were families and women impacted because of the depression?29. Discuss WWII. Who were the Axis and Allied Powers? How was this war different from previous wars? What happened to women in war and at home? What kinds of opporunities did they have?30. How did the U.S. finally become invovlved in WWII? Why so late? What was D-Day? Normandy? How did the change the tide of the war?31. What was the Holocaust? How many Jews in Europe were murdered because of this? What was the death toll of WWII?32. How did WWII change the lives of American women? Why were they not willing to givve up what they had gained in the war?33. What happened to Europe, Germany and the Allied countries after WWII? Where did the treaty talks occurr for WWII? How did this affect relations globally?34. What is the Cold War? Discuss Soviet and U.S. relations. How did this influence the U.S., culture and lives of women?35. Identify:Iron CurtainEastern BlocCold WarGorbachevYeltzinThatcherReaganThe WallEast GermanyWest GermanyMartin Luther KingMalcolm XSimone de BeauviorMother TheresaNelson Mandela

36. What was the Civil Rights Movement? Why is it important? How did it influence women in the U.S.? What areas of life did it seek to change?37. What was segregation? What kinds of laws prevented blacks from voting? What is Jim Crow? Discuss conditions in schools, public transport etc. (especially in the South) for blacks. How was it even more difficult for black women?39. Discuss minority women in the U.S. What special challenges did they face? How was it similiar or different to 'white' women?40. What is Modern Feminism? Discuss the different kinds of feminism in the U.S.41. What gains or losses have women in the U.S. experienced in the 21st century?

Abolitionism and Feminism• First Wave Feminist activism grew out ofAbolitionism– Which in itself led to the rise of a suffragistmovement• Originally to ensure the ending of slavery– Because it was assumed that women as a group wouldend slavery if given the vote

• But later as a basic human right– That had been denied women politically– In this latter sense, it needed to disprove theories aboutwomen’s supposed inability to exercise citizenship ontheir own behalf.

Abolitionism as bothInspiration and Experience• Women’s moral opposition to slavery– Part of Second Great Awakening• But also source for political experience– In abolitionist societies• Such as the Boston Women’s Antislavery Society– And as a place where women’s discoursecould be heard

• In part because of the support of leaders likeWilliam Lloyd Garrison• And because women were speaking to OTHERwomen as well as society as a whole.Women’s Voices in Abolitionism• One of the chief sites where women’spolitical voices can be heard in nineteenthcenturyAmerica• And even more interesting, a site wherewomen of broad class and racebackgrounds leave their publiclyexpressedpolitical thoughts behind for usto rediscover.

Maria W. Stewart (1803-79)• One America's first blackwomen political writers.• In 1832, in Boston, shemounted lecture platformto speak to assembledcrowd of men andwomen (promiscuousassembly) against thecolonization movement, ascheme to expatriateblack Americans back toWest Africa.• Her public career wasbarely 3 years long.2

Maria W. Stewart• After husband (a free black shipfitter) died in1829, underwent religious conversion and gaveself over to career of secular ministry of politicaland religious witness.• Stewart published a political pamphlet, acollection of religious meditations and delivered4 public lectures which were later printed.• Took public stage after the mysterious death ofDavid Walker, a black Boston author of aninflammatory pamphlet “Walker's Appeal,” a callfor slave rebellion in the American South.Maria W. Stewart• Stewart knew that she too faced dangerfor her unpopular political and abolitionistbeliefs, perhaps especially because of herrace.• "Many will suffer for pleading the cause ofoppressed Africa," she wrote, "and I shallglory in being one of her martyrs.“• Criticized Boston white society for racismand segregation, but ALSO criticizedBoston’s free black community for itspassivity and “cooperation” with slavery.Maria W. Stewart• Argued that women had not only the rightbut the duty to speak up about oppression• Especially those who were “doublyoppressed” by their race AND gender• Women must speak on behalf of eachother and children– Esp. on behalf of unprotected women (likeherself)– Who were targeted because of the doublestandardPositing Sisterhood• Angelina Grimké’s"Appeal to ChristianWomen of the South,"and "Appeal to Womenof Nominally FreeStates"• Theme of bothappeals:– sisterhood of black andwhite women.– "The female slaves areAngelina Grimké (1805–1879)• Angelina Grimké's"Appeal to Women inNominally FreeStates," which cameout of the 2nd annualwomen's antislaveryconvention:• "In consequence of theodium which thedegradation of slavery hasPositing Sisterhood• Both appeals, those of sisterhood and ofthe degradation of both black and white bythe existence of slavery, promoted politicalactivism among women based on thefamiliar ideas characterizing the cult of truewomanhood: women had greater moralvirtue, sensitivity, and piety.Positing Sisterhood3

Sojourner Truth(1797-1883)• Part of Second GreatAwakening• And attacked theexclusion of Black womenfrom the category ofwomanhood – “Ain’t I aWoman?” – in the midstof her argument forwomen’s suffrage(delivered 1851, atWomen's Convention,Akron, Ohio):Sojourner Truth, “Ain’t a Woman?” (1851)Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that 'twixt thenegroes of the South and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix prettysoon. But what's all this here talking about?That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to havethe best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me anybest place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gatheredinto barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as aman - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children,and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me!And ain't I a woman?Then they talk about this thing in the head; what's this they call it? [member of audience whispers, "intellect"]That's it, honey. What's that got to do with women's rights or negroes' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint,and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't awoman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman!Man had nothing to do with Him.If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these womentogether ought to be able to turn it back , and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, themen better let them.Obliged to you for hearing me, and now old Sojourner ain't got nothing more to say.Abolitionism and Feminism

• Abolitionism is the pre-history of theWoman’s Rights movement in the U.S.• Where “First Wave Feminism” is born andtempered• The internal politics of the Abolitionistmovement itself creates feministconsciousness and trains women to beable to conceptualize and express it.Abolitionism and Feminism• Within moral reform movement, womenhad to fight for their voices to be heard– But they also believed, because of “FemaleMoral Authority,” that women were morallycompelled to speak– So those who silenced them were, bydefinition, immoral.• Even if the silencers were clergymen or otherwisemoral leaders.Abolitionism and Feminism• The abolitionist movement taught women how toorganize– Abolitionist women emerged as leaders on a local and nationallevel• It was a small step for these leaders to argue that themost expedient way to end slavery was to give women(who were assumed to be antislavery as a group) thevote.– There was an assumption that even Southern women would voteto end slavery.• When abolitionist women argued at Seneca Falls in 1848that women needed the vote, many female leaderstransferred their activism to feminist activity in addition toabolition.– For abolitionist women after 1848, suffragism and abolitionismbecame the SAME movement.Abolitionism and Feminism• First Wave Feminism developed withinabolitionism because:– A) women in their struggle to speak and tocounteract the proslavery church and sexistclergy of the north developed a consciousnessof their own oppression– B) Garrisonian abolition taught women what todo with that perception and how to make amovement.• It gave women the ability to analyze institutions andprovided them with the assumption that absolutehuman equality was a first principle in both moralityand politics.4Abolitionism and Feminism• This linkage between abolition and feminism appearseven before 1848– See, for example, the 1836 "Annual Report" of the BostonFemale Anti-Slavery Society.• “We sometimes, but not often, hear it said--‘[Abolitionism] is such an odd, unladylike thing to do.'We concede that the human soul, in the full exerciseof its most God-like power of self-denial and exertionfor the good of others, is, emphatically, a veryunladylike thing. We have never heard this objection,but from that sort of a woman who is dead while shelives, or to be pitied as the victim of domestic tyranny.The woman who makes it, is generally one who hasstruggled from childhood up to womanhood, through aprocess of spiritual suffocation. (cont.)Abolitionism and Feminism• This linkage between abolition and feminism appears evenbefore 1848– See, for example, the 1836 "Annual Report" of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society.

• “…Her infancy was passed in serving as a convenience for thedisplay of elegant baby linen. Her youth, in training for a morepublic display of braiding the hair, and wearing of gold, andputting on of apparel…. This is the woman who tells us it isunladylike to ask that children may no longer be sold away fromtheir parents, or wives from their husbands, in the District ofColumbia, and adds, 'they ought to be mobbed who ask it.' Wepresent her the only argument she can comprehend — the factthat 80,000 of the noblest among the matronage of England,have annually entreated of their government, to do all in itspower for the extinctions of slavery, till they prevailed.” -- (3rdAnnual Report of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society(1836), p. 26.)

Ideology: Sexual difference• In 1870-1890, many suffragists, such asStanton and Anthony, argued that women werehuman beings first and females second.– Important argument because• it implied that the lives of women consistedof more than their sex roles or theirbiological capacity for childrearing.Ideology: Sexual difference• This “sexual difference” argument challengedthe 19th-century views– that the family was the basic social unit andthat the male head of the family was the linkbetween the family and the broader society(both politically and economically).– that men knew the best interests of womenand that, within marriage, the interests ofhusband and wife were inseparable andunited.– that men acted in the interests of women andchildren when they represented them at thepolls and in their political deliberations.Ideology: Sexual difference• The suffragists proclaimed that the interests ofall women, those who married and those whodid not, were denied by their absence from thepolitical world.• These suffragists challenged the male monopolyon citizenship in the interests of sexual equality.Ideology: Sexual difference• Suffragists expected women to use the vote toopen the public sphere to women– so that as women gained greater rights in thepublic world,– they would demand more rights in the privatearena, such as:• divorce,• the right to pursue self-expression,• self-actualization,• the right to control their own bodies in marriage,• the right to protect themselves from male lust andviolence, etc.Ideology: Sexual difference• Women with the vote could then protectthemselves and pursue their own intellectual,occupational, spiritual development free fromdependence upon men and fully equal to them.• In arguing for women’s citizenshipbecause of their equality first, suffragistsattacked the concept of “truewomanhood,” even the politicallyexpedient variant of “female moralauthority”Ideology: Sexual difference• But in the 1870s, suffragists argued thatwhile this might be true, women should begiven the vote because they were equal ashuman beings, as individuals.• If given equal access to education andopportunity, women could achieve at thesame level that men could, even if theywould still be different from men.• This point is FEMINISM – First WaveFeminism.6Ideology: Sexual difference• Yet, even while arguing for equality,suffragists continued to argue that womenwere different from men – and that womenvoters would vote differently (in a positivesense) than would men.• Suffragists argued that women’s votes –hard-won and thus appreciated – would beless corruptible than men’s (especially thevotes of immigrants – but more on thatlater).Ideology: Sexual difference• Indeed, women could be counted upon touse their votes to do the civic work thatthey did in their own households: “SocialHousekeeping”• Women would teach children, clean upurban messes, care for the sick andelderly, and create a more humane andless corrupt society if they were allowed tovote.• See for example, Jane Addams:Ideology: Jane Addams & Social Housekeeping• “[Life in] the modern city is ... going badly[because] the quickly-congregatedpopulation has not yet learned to arrangeits affairs satisfactorily. Unsanitaryhousing, poisonous sewage,contaminated water, infant mortality, thespread of contagion, adulterated food,impure milk, smoke-laden air, illventilatedfactories, dangerousoccupations, juvenile crime,unwholesome crowding, prostitution anddrunkenness are the enemies which themodem cities must face and overcome,would they survive. Logically theirelectorate should be made up of thosewho can bear a valiant part in thisarduous context, those who in the pasthave at least attempted to care forchildren, to clean houses, to preparefoods, to isolate the family from moraldangers.... (cont.)Ideology – Jane Addams & Social Housekeeping• “…City housekeeping has failed partlybecause women, the traditionalhousekeepers, have not beenconsulted.... The men have beencarelessly indifferent to much of this civichousekeeping, as they have always beenindifferent to the details of the household.The very multifariousness andcomplexity of a city government demandthe help of minds accustomed to detailand variety of work, to a sense ofobligation for the health and welfare ofyoung children and to a responsibility forthe cleanliness and comfort of otherpeople. Because all these things havetraditionally been in the hands of women,if they take no part in them now they arenot only missing the education which thenatural participation in civic life wouldbring to them but they are losing whatthey have always had."Challenge: Racism and Ethnocentricity in the Movement• Anthony used the “Race Card”• This led many Black First wave feminists toorganize separately.• In 1896, Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, Margaret Murray Washington, FannyJackson Coppin, Frances Ellen WatkinsHarper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, and formerslave Harriet Tubman meet in Washington,D.C., to form the National Association ofColored Women (NACW).– And, of necessity, they will have to address issuesof race (esp. lynching)Ida B. Wells-Barnett“A white woman has only onehandicap to overcome, a greatone, true, her sex; a coloredwoman faces two-her sex and herrace.” -- Mary Church Terrell7Margaret Murray WashingtonCharlotte Forten GrimkéRacism and Ethnocentricity• Although the later phase of First WaveFeminism will reflect efforts to inviteAfrican American women back into themovement– Women of color will be understandably wary• The strategies of the second phase ofsuffrage will create a serious chasmbetween white feminists and feminists ofcolor which is still being felt in thefeminist movement today.– And which may even render feminismirrelevant to many women today

Jumba was derivative (from South – African influence)Done in speakeasies by flappersSeen as lewd or improperCan be dances as a solo or with a partnerMimics those in supportive of prohibition

20s Started off with the ratification of women’s suffrageExtend through the Jazz age1921 Margaret Sanger founds American Birth Control League1923 Edna St. Vincent Millay receives Pulitzer Prize for poetry (1st woman)1923 Equal Rights Ammendment sponsored by Alice Paul introduced to Congress

1925 Nellie Taylor Ross becomes governor of WY (1st female governor of a state)1925 The World’s Exposition of Women’s Progress opens in Chicago (first women’s fair)1927 Supreme Court upholds Buck vs. Bell – eugenic sterilization law (forced sterilization for the ‘health of the state’ with people i.e. mentally retarded)1928 Women earn 35% of the college degrees1928 Olympics – Women compete in field sports for the first time1929 Gerty and Carl Cori develop theory of “Cori Cycle” (how energy moves in body) and would win Nobel Prize for this in 19471929 Mildred Wirt writes her first Nancy Drew novels

Gretta Garbo

THE FLAPPERShort dresses, short hair, stockings rolled down, and powdered kneesNot confined to just home and familySocially aware and seen as a little ‘fast’Accessories and fashion changed: hat, long beads, handbags, bright colorsBras are introduced (no corset)

Cotton Club was a famous restaurant and night club in NYCPlayed live Jazz and had dancingDuke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and many famous musicians played there1920 - Jack Johnson opened it (heavy weight champion) on 142nd St in Harlem.A gangster would later take over the club by 1923 during prohibition

The decade following World War I would one day be caricatured as "the Roaring Twenties," and it was a time of unprecedented prosperity — the nation's total wealth nearly doubled between 1920 and 1929, manufactures rose by 60 percent, for the first time most people lived in urban areas — and in homes lit by electricity. They made more money than they ever had before and, spurred on by the giant new advertising industry, spent it faster, too — on washing machines and refrigerators and vacuum cleaners, 12 million radios, 30 million automobiles, and untold millions of tickets to the movies, that ushered them into a new fast-living world of luxury and glamour their grandparents never could have imagined. Meanwhile, at the polls and in the workplace as well as on the dance floor, women had begun to assert a new independence.

The Parisian Red Heads, 1927Image courtesy of Frank Driggs Collection Nothing quite like it had ever happened before in America. And by the mid-1920s, jazz was being played in dance halls and roadhouses and speakeasies all over the country. The blues, which had once been the product of itinerant black musicians, the poorest of the southern poor, had become an industry, and dancing consumed a country that seemed convinced prosperity would never end. There were "all-girl" orchestras on the road now — including Babe Egan's Hollywood Red Heads, a band billed as the Twelve Vampires, and the Parisian Red Heads, all of whom actually came from Indiana. More than 100 dance bands regularly criss-crossed the wide-open spaces between St. Louis and Denver, Texas and Nebraska, playing one-nighters. They were called "territory bands" — the Coon-Sanders Nighthawks; the Alphonso Trent and Doc Ross and Troy Floyd and Benny Moten Orchestras; the Deluxe Melody Boys and Happy Black Aces; Jesse Stone's Blue Serenaders; George E. Lee and his Singing Novelty Orchestra; Walter Page and his Blue Devils; and Andy Kirk's Clouds of Joy. "People didn't think anything about going 150 to 200 miles to dance back in those times," one territory band veteran remembered. They'd say, "We came 200 miles to see y'all."

Meanwhile, radio and phonograph records — Americans bought more than 100 million of them in 1927 — were bringing jazz to locations so remote that no band could reach them. And the music itself was beginning to change — an exuberant, collective music was coming to place more and more emphasis on the innovations of supremely gifted individuals. Improvising soloists, struggling to find their own voices and to tell their own stories, were about to take center stage.

Gary Giddins, criticOn Prohibition, speakeasies and Jazz(Audio Excerpt from JAZZ A Film by Ken Burns)

But for many of the millions of people for whom the 1920s never roared at all, fearful of such rapid change and nostalgic for the small-town America of the turn of the century, jazz music came to seem not merely an annoyance but a threat, one more cause of loosening morals and frightening dislocation. Ragtime had been bad enough, with its insinuating rhythms and daring couple-dancing, but the jumpy, rancorous version of New Orleans polyphony projected by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and many of its imitators seemed much worse. "As I understand it," said Professor Henry Van Dyck of Princeton University, "it is not music at all. It is merely an irritation of the nerves of hearing, a sensual teasing of the strings of physical passion. Its fault lies not in syncopation, for that is a legitimate device when sparingly used. But "jazz" is an unmitigated cacophony, a combination of disagreeable sounds in complicated discords, a willful ugliness and a deliberate vulgarity." The editor of Musical Courier reported on a poll of academically trained musicians: most found "the 'ad libbing' or 'jazzing' of a piece ... thoroughly objectionable," he said, "and several of them advanced the opinion that this Bolshevistic smashing of the rules and tenets of decorous music" spelled disaster for American music.

Entertainer at Small's Paradise Club in Harlem, 1929Image courtesy of UPI/Corbis-BettmanFor some, jazz simply became synonymous with noise. Thomas Edison, whose invention of the phonograph had made its sudden rapid spread possible, claimed that he played jazz records backward because "they sound better that way." When the New York Times reported that the citizens of one Siberian village had driven hungry polar bears from its streets by banging pots and pans, the headline read "Jazz Frightens Bears," and when a celebrated British conductor collapsed while visiting Coney Island, the same paper blamed the jazz bands — now loudly competing with one another along boardwalk — for his demise.

Jazz — and the dancing it inspired — was also said to be having a catastrophic impact on the national character. "Moral disaster is coming to hundreds of young American girls," reported the New York American, "through the pathological, nerve-irritating, sex-exciting music of jazz orchestras." In just two years in Chicago alone, the Illinois Vigilance Association reported in 1923, the downfall of one thousand girls could be traced directly to the pernicious influence of jazz music. In Cincinnati, the Salvation Army obtained a court injunction to stop construction of a theater next to a home for expectant mothers on the grounds that "the enforced proximity of a theater and jazz palace" would implant dangerous "jazz emotions" in helpless infants. A social worker reported on the "unwholesome excitement" she now encountered even at small-town dances in the Midwest. "Boy-and-girl couples leave the hall in a state of dangerous disturbance. Any worker who has gone into the night to gather the facts of activities outside the dance hall is appalled ... by the blatant disregard of even the elementary rules of civilization ... We must expect a few casualties in social discourse, but the modern dance is producing little short of holocaust."

Beyond its disturbing sounds, its fast pace, and its supposed impact on morals, jazz was also condemned because of its origins. Many white older Americans were appalled to see their children dancing to music that was believed to have emerged from what the music critic of the New York Herald Tribune called "the Negro brothels of the South." "Jazz," said the editor of Etude, "is often associated with vile surroundings, filthy words, unmentionable dances." It was originally "the accompaniment of the voodoo dancer," declared Mrs. Max Obendorfer, national music chairman of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, "stimulating the half-crazed barbarian to the vilest deeds ... [It] has also been employed by other barbaric people to stimulate barbarity and sensuality." Blacks were not the sole sources of the jazz contagion. The critic Carl Engel also worried about the effects on Anglo-Saxon youth of what he called "Semitic purveyors of Broadway melodies," while Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent blamed what it called "the abandoned sensuousness of sliding notes" on sinister Jews.

There was nothing new in these attitudes. Twenty years earlier, many whites had deplored ragtime in part because it was based on black songs and dances, just as their descendants would one day denounce rock 'n' roll because of its links to the African-American blues tradition. But something altogether new really was happening here and there across the country. A few white youths — living in small towns and comfortable suburbs as well as big-city slums — started to see more than mere novelty and excitement in this new primarily black music, began actually to hear their own feelings mirrored in the playing of African-Americans, and to look for ways they might participate in it themselves. In a country in which by law and custom blacks and whites were forbidden to compete on anything like an equal basis in any arena — even boxing (the heavyweight title was then off-limits to black challengers) — these young men were willing to brave a brand new world created by black Americans and in which black musicians remained the most admired figures.

50 million people died20 million of them in the Soviet Union17 million in battle18 million civilians78,000 in Hiroshima and Nagasaki6 million in Nazi gas chambers1 million Jews in the Einsatzgruppen80,000 racially “unfit, mental and physical defects” by T-4The War is Over!

Pearl Harbor, Dec 1941Roosevelt died April 12, 1945Harry Truman

Teheran, Yalta, and PotsdamUnited NationsGermany is dividedRussia gets Eastern Europe (annexed Poland)Japan is reduced and put under U.S. influenceColonial holdings reconfirmedRepositioning of the WestLoss of populationEnd of colonial empiresAdvanced weapons monopoly declinesTrade monopoly declinesEconomic strengthening of non-Western nationsTechnology made isolation impossibleDefining the 20th CenturyWWIThe Great DepressionWWIIResolution of the Cold WarGlobal population tripled

The Industrial Revolution1848Britain to Western Europe to the United StatesChange social structure and cultural values foreverChanged working environments and revenue potentialSocial ChangesPeople left the country, for city lifeChild labor decreased, children became valuedMore adults used to run factories

Consolidation of the Industrial OrderContinued after 1850Unification in Germany and ItalyRise of socialismStandard of living improvedSlow population growthRise of capitalism and industry (U.S.)RailroadsWestern WorldEconomic dependency, political support, colonizationBroadening reach:Social/cultural valuesInstitutionsArts/science/philosophiesRising tensions in EuropeLoss of coloniesTriple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, ItalyTriple Entente: Britain, Russia, France

Move away from monarchiesParliamentsRepresentationFreedom of ideas and speechAwareness and interest of the peopleLimited power: government, churchMarket economies

American Revolution

The Stamp Act 1765“ No taxation without representation”Divergence of national interestsNeed for different laws

Forces of Change

Population boom in EuropePotato cropsImprovement in agricultureIndustrialization of factoriesShift in intellectual thoughtSpread of ideas: communicationEducation and literacyWestern expansionDevelopment of new ruling/business models

“…the three foremost exponents of business enterprise: Morgan, Carnegie and Rockefeller. The first because he had created a virtual monopoly in banking, a “money Trust”; the second because of his death-grip on the key industry of the country; the third, Rockefeller, because of his amassing of industrial profit continued at such a high rate that an immense reservoir of cash was accumulated, which sought outlet through investment-banking operations of a size exceeding even those of Pierpont Morgan.” -Josephson p 388Cornelius Vanderbilt1794-1877Born to poor Dutch peasants in Staten IslandLeft school at 11 to help his fatherSelf educated At 16, borrowed $100 from his parents, bought a small boat and started a ferry service to NYC1818 sold his ships and became a steam ferry captain, eventually managing the fleet1829 established a line of steamboats1846 moved to NYC

During the CA gold rush, devised a plan to sail people to Nicaragua, where he then built a RR that could take them up the coast to CAThe “Commodore” was involved in nautical interests (shipping, etc.), and then RRs1857 invested in NY & Harlem RR1875 owned most of the RR systems in coming into NY and in the Midwest/East coast areaConsidered one of the greatest Railroad BaronsNever too concerned with philanthropy, but gave $1 million to Central Univ. in Nashville, which thus became Vanderbilt Univ.When he died he was the richest man in NYC and left his fortune to William, one of his thirteen children

Andrew Carnegie 1835-1919Born in Dunfermline, Scotland and emigrated in 1848At 14, worked as a bobbin boy in a textile factory, loved “progress”Optimistic, by 17 he was a telegrapher ($800 a year) Always looking for a way to get ahead, never let opportunity pass him by – even if meant breaking some rules

The Gospel of Wealth: the rich should help enrich society, not ‘waste’ it on those who don’t have wealth (social Darwinist)Made his largest fortunes in steel, mass producing for rail linesAlso owned other businesses (Pittsburgh Locomotive, Car Works)1901 sold his steel holdings to JP Morgan for $250 million (negotiated in secret by Charles Schwab)By the time he died, he’d given away $350,695,653 and the last $30,000,000 at his death was also given to various interests“Rags to Riches”

J.P. Morgan1837-1913Educated in Boston and Germany, later did banking for his father and then became a partner in Drexel, Morgan and Co.Collected antiquity art, books and was a philanthropistVery secretive, avoided too many public appearances, was embarrassed by a deformed noseHead of JP Morgan (1895) and member of Cromwell’s banking houseArranged merger of two major electric companies, creating General Electric

Cromwell helped Morgan create the largest company in the world: United SteelOwned over 5000 miles of American RailroadsIn this he also became in Panama and funded the purchase of the French Canal CompanyAlso lent the money for Panama’s independence, and later administered the country’s treasuryHad incredible financial prowess with connections in the U.S. and Europe 1904 Northern Securities Corp. dissolved by Supreme Court (violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act)Sat on numerous boards and influenced most of the nations’ major corporations; influenced politics, regulatory and financial laws, industry, etc.Upon his death his art collection (very extensive) was donated to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NYJohn D. Rockefeller1839-1937By 16 he worked as book keeper1859 partner in a small produce businessWithin 4 years, he entered the oil refinery business1870 organized Standard OilCame to dominate the oil refinery business (mergers, eliminating competition, gaining large capital, agreements with competitors, crushing small businessmen)

1882 all of his diversified holdings were placed together under the Standard Oil Trust Also an accomplished financerAlso an accomplished financerOne of the directors of the 1901 U.S. Steel Corp.Had massive holdings in petroleumSeveral times the government forced Rockefeller to dissolve his interestsAlso avoided public attention Deep religious faithDonated to the Baptist Church, YMCA, etc. 1892 founded the University of ChicagoWould start numerous foundations for public health, medical research, child welfare, etc.

Heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne (Archduke Francis Ferdinand) was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.Austria-Hungary declares war on SerbiaRussia mobilizes for warGermany, as Austria’s ally, declares war on Russia

France, agrees to support Russia soGermany declares war on FranceGermany invades neutral Belgium to get to FranceBritain, upset by this violation, declares war on GermanyA New Kind of WarTrench warfareHandheld machine gunsTanksPoison gasSubmarinesAirplanes

Austria-Hungary was divided into Czechoslovakia, Hungary and YugoslaviaGermany lost land to Poland and France and its colonial empire was dividedGermany had to pay $33 billion to the alliesRussia lost territory to Poland and the Baltic states

Europe after 1918

Hunger, disease, lack of men to work farmland, and industry (and reproduce)Ottoman Empire ceasedArabs gained a nation, but under British supervisionJewish/Palestinian conflict is fueledRussia shifted into the communist eraArmenians were displacedMore than 400,000 children orphaned in France aloneThe Great DepressionOctober 1929World wide economic depressionU.S. and European industry sufferedLong term economic instabilities elsewhere, led to crisisExtremist political groups stagnated economic growthInflation (currency devaluation)

Start of chronic over production in farmsPrices dropped NEW YORK stock market crashed 1929Defaulted loansBanks failedInvestment capital dried upIndustrial production fell furtherLow wages, high unemploymentNational policies could not remedy

First silver deposit found in U.S. in 1859Created Virginia City NVGrew the Port and city of San Francisco1859-1878Comstock bought the mines from the death of the Grosh brothers who never realized the wealth of the mine

1877 peak year: $14 Million in gold and $21 Million in silverVirginia City became a center of economic wealth and importance

ComstockDug down to 3200 feet Used tunnels to excavateSurface digging was too difficultOre was soft and could be lifted by shovelsDangers of cave-insCollapsing tunnelsFloodingComstockAdvanced mining technologySquare set timberingDevelopment of hoisting cagesUse of compressed air in drills and fans was pioneeredWire rope was created

ComstockLoads were shipped out first on mules and horses, then via RR to SFThe wealth of the mines allowed SF to boomWhy NV is often called the ‘Silver State’

Comstock

Yielded $400 million in silver and goldCreated Industry and growthMen like Hertz became millionairesVirginia City was the most important city between Denver and SFAt its peak it would host 30,000 residentsBy the 1950s about 500 people remained

FeminismThe Search for EqualityWhat is Feminism?How would you define it as an ideology?

What comes to mind when you think of the word “feminism”?Text definitionAn ideology that “opposes the political, economic, and cultural relegation of women to positions of inferiority.”

Simply put, feminism affirms women’s equality with men, and rejects patriarchy.What does patriarchy mean?In the text:“the rule of men as a social group over women as a social group,” and“a system based on sexual hierarchy,” with men at the top and women below.

Examples of denial of equalityEconomicallyWomen paid less than men throughout the world. In U.S., pay gap about 75% (controlling for all other factors).Women represent the majority of the world’s poor.Examples of denial of equalityPoliticallyGlobally, only 23 women ever elected head of state (only 6 served in 1995).Also underrepresented in legislatures. Political institutions don’t provide equal protection & equal access to the vote.

Examples of denial of equalityPoliticallyin U.S.

Examples of denial of equalityEducationallyGirls denied education in many countries; 2/3 of the world’s illiterate adults are women, higher in some places.Under certain regimes, females punished for seeking an education (as under the Taliban).Examples of denial of equalityAccess to basic health care & foodFemales less likely to receive adequate nutrition or health care.Females subjected to female genital mutilation (FGM) in some cultures.Examples of denial of equalityViolence:Femicide, the murder of women because they are women.Outside the home, women vulnerable to assault and rape.In the home, women beaten and even murdered by husbands or boyfriends, family members, and in-laws (dowry deaths).Female babies much more likely to be subjected to infanticide in some cultures that value sons.

Feminism’s roots in liberalismIn many ways similar to liberalism: emphasis on equality, on personal autonomy (the right and ability of individuals to make decisions for themselves), on the importance of democratic processes, on the right of revolution against tyranny. Female subordinationWomen’s inferiority to men legitimated historically by:Enlightenment writers such as Rousseau and JeffersonSome religious traditionsAristotle (classical Greece)Western democracies in the 19th & early 20th centuries U.S. Historical TrendsFirst wave of feminism: abolition movement. Mid-19th centurySecond wave of feminism: suffrage movement. Late 19th to early 20th c.Third wave of feminism: equal legal rights & political participation. Mid to late 20th century.Types of feminismsLiberal feminismRadical feminismDiversity feminismLiberal feminismShared with liberalism these ideas:Human equalityHuman rationalityImportance of individual rightsEarly liberal feministsMary Wollstonecraft Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady StantonSusan B. Anthony

WollstonecraftMary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft in the late 18th century used classical liberal arguments in favor of women’s rights: Women are human beings, “rational and capable of self-determination and liberty.” Patriarchy distorts women’s personalities so that they seem to be the worst stereotypes (vain & shallow).Modern liberal feministsBetty FriedanGloria SteinemWorking within the existing democraticsystem. Seeing patriarchy as hurting men as well as women. Liberal feminist viewsRadical feminismsMultiple types of radical feminisms, but they all share a common critique of liberal feminism for accepting the status quo economic and social structures.

The status quo operates with the male model as the norm (e.g., seeing the world as competitive and aggressive).Types of Radical FeminismsSocialist feminists argue that patriarchy & capitalism are linked; both exploitive.Lesbian feminists criticize society’s definition of heterosexuality as normal, & all other sexualities as deviant.Anti-pornography feminists argue that pornography fosters violence against women. Liberal feminists, in contrast, emphasize 1st amendment free speech rights.Diversity feminismThe needs and perspectives of non-Anglo, non-Western, and non-affluent women must be considered. Liberal feminism ignores different perspectives.Women’s issues change across cultures and across time; no single feminist voice or viewpoint.

Feminism as an emerging ideologyImpacts include:New thinking about public policy priorities.The “gender gap” in U.S. politics.New thinking about traditional assumptions regarding gender roles.Opens new areas of study in social science.

Feminism as an emerging ideology, continuedImpacts include:New thinking about war & war crimes.Realization that rape can be a weapon of war.New studies of impact of war on children.

The French and Indian War1754 to 1763 war fought over the land in America between the English and French.It was called the Seven Years War in Europe.Called the French and Indian War because the Indians helped the French in the war against the British. The Indians had nothing to lose. The British were taking their land, the French were not. The British won, but at a cost a lot of money.

Proclamation of 1763

Forbid colonists to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. Created to protect colonists from the IndiansMany colonists reacted with anger toward the Proclamation. They did not like being told what to do or where they could live.

The American Revolution was like a parent/child relationship.Let’s examine what this means.TaxesFrench and Indian War cost a lot of money.Parliament (the British government) decided to tax to colonies to help pay for it. The first tax was the Sugar Act of 1764. It placed a tax on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies. Stamp Act of 1765 placed a tax on all printed material, such as newspapers and playing cards.This tax upset the colonists even more.

No Taxation without Representation The colonists claimed “no taxation without representation” because they were being taxed but had no vote in Parliament and had no say in how the colonies were being governed. The colonists started a boycott, or a refusal to buy certain goods, from the British.

Sam Adams and the Sons of LibertySamuel Adams led the protests in Boston against the taxes.He began a secret society called the Sons of Liberty.Tar and FeatherThe Sons of Liberty used violence to scare off the tax collectors.The Stamp Act was repealed (to do away with) because of all the protests.

The Boston MassacreColonial men were shouting insults at the British soldiers. They started throwing things, probably snow balls and rocks. Someone yelled “fire” and the Red Coats (what the British soldiers were called) shot. Five colonists were killed. These were the first Americans killed in the War for Independence.Sam Adams started calling the incident the Boston Massacre. He used the incident to get more people angry at the British.

A Tax on TeaParliament began taxing tea. Tea was the most important beverage in the colonies. The colonists decided to boycott all British tea.The Boston Tea PartyColonists dressed up like Mohawk Indians and boarded three British ships full of tea.The colonists dumped all the tea into the harbor, about 90,000 pounds.King George III was furious!

The Intolerable ActsLaws passed to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party.The port of Boston was closed until the tea was paid for.The Quartering Act was put into place which forced colonists to quarter, or house and supply British soldiers. More Tea PartiesBoston was not the only city to have a “tea party.” They took place in Charleston, New York, Annapolis, and others.

Edenton Tea PartyThe Edenton Tea Party was one of the earliest organized women’s political actions in United States history. The women joined in the boycott of British tea. First Continental CongressA group of important men met to discuss the crisis in the colonies. Militias were set up. (citizen soldiers)The “Shot Heard Round the World”British soldiers in Boston were sent to capture the militias weapons. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Israel Bissell warned the colonists that, “The Red Coats are coming.”British troops marched to Concord to capture colonial leaders and the ammunition and weapons that were stored there.The first two battles of the American Revolution were fought at Lexington and Concord, when the American militia met up with British forces.

The Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia to discuss the next move of the colonists. Appointed George Washington as commander of the colonial army. War with Great Britain was imminent.

Common Sense

Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine was a pamphlet that encouraged colonists to declare independence from Great Britain.Common Sense was very influential because it was read by many people. The Declaration of IndependenceThe United States first needed to declare independence from Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson, at the young age of 33, wrote the Declaration of Independence.The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776.That is why we celebrate Independence Day on July 4th.This is the day that the United States of America declared their independence from King George and Great Britain.

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin, one of the most famous men in the world, was sent to France to ask for military aid as well as a loan. And so the war began

Declaration of IndependenceQuakers and other groups opposed slaveryDevelopment of secret runaway slave communitiesUnderground RailroadInternational laws forbidding slavery1776 – Independence would be the beginning of an actual end to slavery in the U.S.Abolition Groups Society of FriendsPennsylvania Antislavery SocietyNew York Manumission Society(NY abolished slavery 1799 – members like Alexander Hamilton)

Influence of Anti-Slavery CampaignsRobert Carter III – freed more slaves than any other owner in history: 450 in 1791Freed slaves in the Upper Southern States went from 1% to 10% after 1776Many men who free slaves were influenced by their fight in the Revolution and it’s principles of equality for all men

Anti-Slavery society formed in 1787Slave trade abolished in 1807, bye Britain Slaves in British colonies set free in 1834

Arguments for abolition…Moral Argument: ‘it was wicked’Economic Argument: ‘slavery was not worth it’Legal Argument: ‘slavery was illegal’Religious Argument: ‘slavery was unchristian’Political Argument: ‘slaves hated slavery’Revolutionary Argument: ‘slavery would lead to more revolts’Moral Argument‘Slavery is an evil of the first magnitude. It is a most horrible iniquity to traffic with the souls of men. Any man who deals with his fellow creatures with such wickedness should be held as the abomination of all mankind. Those who are the procurers and holders of slaves are the greatest villains in the world.’Economic ArgumentIn 1776 Adam Smith, in his book The Wealth of Nations argued that slave labour was inefficient, maintaining that a person with no rights had no reason to work hard.By the 1790s, French sugar was costing 20% less than British sugar. London merchants were no longer able to make good profits from the sugar trade.They started to transfer their investments from Caribbean plantations to the new cotton mills in Lancashire or the Empire in India.Legal ArgumentBy the 1770s there were some 15,000 black people in Britain. Most, brought by their owners from the West Indies, worked as household servants.

A number of test cases seemed to show that slavery was not legal under British law

Somerset case 1771-72: a slave, James Somerset, had been brought to England and now refused to be taken, against his will, back to the colonies. The law decided that he could not be forced to go.

Legal ArgumentZong case 1781: the slave ship Zong had left Africa with 470 slaves and a crew of 17. By the time it was nearing Jamaica, most of the slaves were ill. The captain knew that he would not be able to sell the slaves in such poor condition so he ordered the sick slaves to be thrown overboard. He claimed that he had to do this to save the lives of the others and the crew because he was short of water. This allowed him to claim on the insurance value of the slaves. In fact, the insurers refused to pay and the case went to court. The ship owners claimed that the slaves were ‘goods and property’, not human beings. This case caused widespread horror, and helped to get the Anti-Slavery campaign going.Religious Argument‘repugnant to our religion’ (Barnsley Methodists)‘A system full of wickedness, hateful to God, and a curse and disgrace to Britain’ (Derby)‘A system revolting to the feelings of mankind and inconsistent with the counsels of Heaven’ (Hereford Ladies)Agitation to abolish the slave trade began in Britain in the 1760s. Many of its first members were Quakers.They received massed support from the Baptists and Methodists and, in 1787, persuaded Granville Sharp to become the chairman of the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.Problems in the CaribbeanThere was never a time when the white British rulers of their Caribbean islands felt totally secure.Slavery was never accepted, by the Africans particularly, but also by the native born black populations.There were a number of serious revolts:1730-40 First Maroon war, Jamaica1735-36 Revolt in Antigua1760 Tacky’s revolt in Jamaica1763 Kofi’s revolt in Guyana1795-96 Second Maroon War in Jamaica1795-97 Fedor’s rebellion, Grenada The Revolutionary ArgumentThe idea of fighting against oppression was encouraged by the ideas and activities of the French Revolution.The French island of Saint Domingue was the richest colony in the world, and the biggest slave market in the Americas. The French Revolution began in 1789 and, in 1791, the French Government declared all people equal.The whites in Saint Domingue would not accept this, and the slaves rose up in revolt.The Revolutionary Argument

Their leader was Toussaint L’Ouverture and, in 1794, the French Government granted all slaves in Saint Domingue their freedom.The British, and other slave-owning countries in the Caribbean were horrified and sent troops to crush the rebellion.They were easily defeated by Toussaint L’Ouverture.In 1798 he became the first ruler of an independent black state.Slave Abolition Act 1833After 1807 slaves were still held, just not soldAct 1833 Was given approval from British crown:Ended slavery, but forced into indentured servants with apprecticeships (1834)Apprenticeships slowly ended (1840)After 1807 slaves were still held, just not sold

Quiz 6 (History 9) A- True B- FalseBy the late 19th century the theory of female moral superiority had become a truism in America.Reform movements were justified by the fact ‘women had kept homes pure’.Social Darwinism claimed that society would evolved to higher levels.

4. Three groups helped organize reform: local, national and reform agencies.Addams bought an old mansion in Chicago and it was a settlement mansion.By 1900 there were 5 million female wage earners.Women were demanding better conditions in factories.

The Declaration of Sentiments challenged law and social practice in America.By the end of the 19th century laws protecting married women were being passed.Sojouner said “I have heard the bible and have learned that Eve caused man to sin. Well if woman upset the world, do give her a chance to set it right side up again.”Quiz 7 (History 9) A- True B- FalseBy 1890 the women’s movements in New York and Boston were still fighting each other.The women who led the suffrage movement in the early 20th century were not realistic about their ideas.Alice Paul was a less radical suffragette.

4. By the early 20th century their were no women in the U.S. who were opposed to women’s suffrage.Emma Goldman believed that women should give up everything to have a career.In the 1920s women began to reject ideas of modern sexuality.Women had sexual freedom before birthcontrol.

Illegal abortions did nto become a problem till late in the 20th century.Recognition of female sexuality led to sexual emancipation for women.Freud’s theory of female sexuality resolved conflicts about the nature of women’s sexuality.Quiz 8 (History 9) A- True B- FalseAlexander Hamilton was called the most polarizing figure of his time.The Bill of Rights was not supported by the Antifederalists.Alice Paul was a less radical suffragette.

4. By the early 20th century their were no women in the U.S. who were opposed to women’s suffrage.Emma Goldman believed that women should give up everything to have a career.In the 1920s women began to reject ideas of modern sexuality.Women had sexual freedom before birthcontrol.

Illegal abortions did nto become a problem till late in the 20th century.Recognition of female sexuality led to sexual emancipation for women.Freud’s theory of female sexuality resolved conflicts about the nature of women’s sexuality.

Classroom Policies

AttendanceAttendance is mandatory. During each class meeting class work, a quiz, or test will be given. If you miss this work you are counted as absent. Quizzes cannot be made up. If you miss more than four classes, you will be dropped. If you stop attending class after the official drop date, I will have to fail you.

If you intend to drop it is your responsibility to do so before the official deadline.

Class Etiquette and ParticipationClass participation is required. There will be many opportunities to discuss material in class and to dialogue with other students when appropriate. There will be class work, quizzes and written work that cannot be made up if you are not in class.You must have your reading done before you come to class. If you do not, you will be asked to sit in the back and finish your reading and will not be able to take the quiz for that day. You will also be expected to make comments on the class blog about your reading assignments, the lectures or films seen in class or as related to homework.

No food or drinks in the classroom. No cell phones. You will be asked to leave if you bring a cell phone, PDA or any other electronic device that is a distraction.You will be expected to follow DeAnza’s College official policy of mutual respect.

ADA StatementIf you require reasonable accommodations because of a physical, mental, or learning disability, please notify the instructor of this course within the first two weeks of class.

Class Work/ProjectsClass work will be assigned and done in class either individually or in groups. It cannot be made up if it is missed.The Project is an ongoing assignment which will be due toward the end of the quarter and will be discussed more in class.

PlagiarismAccording to the MLA Handbook, “To use another person’s ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the sources is to plagiarize. Plagiarism, then, constitutes intellectual theft.” (p 30)If you do not follow DeAnza’s Colllege official policy of academic integrity you will be failed from the course and turned into the college.

CHEATING AND PLAGIARISM will not be tolerated.

Quizzes and TestsThere will be two exams given in this course, one midterm and one final. There will be ten quizzes. Missed quizzes due to tardiness or absenteeism will result in a ‘zero’ grade for that particular quiz and may not be made up.

Late Work/Missed ExamsI do not accept late work. I do not allow for makeup exams, unless you speak with me personally before the exam date.You may not take the final early. Missed quizzes cannot be made up.

All percentages will be rounded down. Example: 79.8 = 79% or a C. (See Extra Credit.)No emailed assignments unless requested by the instructor.

Extra CreditEvery student begins the semester with 20 extra credit points. You may keep these points by attending class. Ten points are lost for each absence. If you have extra credit attendance points at the end of the semester, this is to your advantage. The rounding down policy will not apply to you - your grade percentage for the course will be rounded up (74.5 is 75 but 74.4 is still 74).

CHECK the blog regularly. FOLLOW THE BLOG. I will update assignments, post notes for PP or lectures, share information, post grades and do a myriad of other things that you will be responsible for knowing.

If you ask me about quizzes, assignments, tests, study guides, homework, etc. I will only respond: Check the BLOG.

You will also be required to make comments on the blog, as discussed in class.