Fa Ngum was the grandson of Souvanna Khamphong, the last in a long line of local rulers of the principality of Muang Swa, later called Luang Prabang, on the upper Mekong River. According to local legend, Souvanna Khamphong banished Fa Ngum’s father for having seduced one of his concubines. The family is said to have fled to the Cambodian capital at Angkor, where Fa Ngum was reared and married a......

...in nearly 40,000 casualties, Dunant organized emergency aid services for the Austrian and French wounded. In Un Souvenir de Solférino (1862; A Memory of Solferino), he proposed the formation in all countries of voluntary relief societies for the prevention and alleviation of suffering in war and peacetime, without distinction of......

...in his work in an incidental manner, much as they were used in the work of the 17th-century painter Claude Lorrain. In the 1860s Corot invented a new kind of landscape, the Souvenirs, in which he made compositions out of standardized elements—usually a lake with diaphanous trees painted in an overall silvery tonality—to evoke a mood of gentle......

Vigée-Lebrun was a woman of much wit and charm, and her memoirs, Souvenirs de ma vie (1835–37; “Reminiscences of My Life”; Eng. trans. Memoirs of Madame Vigée Lebrun), provide a lively account of her life and times. She was one of the most technically fluent portraitists of her era, and her pictures are notable for freshness, charm, and......

...Aurelius, again a self-portrait, it is dominated by the author’s preoccupation with death. Since 1876 Renan had been working on his memoirs, Souvenirs d’enfance et de jeunesse (1883; Recollections of My Youth, 1883), in which he reconstructs his life so as to show that he was predestined to become a prêtre manqué (failed priest) and that, in spite of heavy......

At age 15 Eleanor enrolled at Allenswood, a girls’ boarding school outside London, where she came under the influence of the French headmistress, Marie Souvestre. Souvestre’s intellectual curiosity and her taste for travel and excellence—in everything but sports—awakened similar interests in Eleanor, who later described her three years there as the happiest time of her life.......

Nov. 13, 1935Bocaiúva, Braz.Aug. 9, 1997Rio de Janeiro, Braz.Brazilian social activist who was an outspoken champion of the poor and was nominated in 1994 for the Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to improve their living standards and to combat hunger. Souza was in his 20s when he helpe...

one of India’s best-known contemporary painters whose style was not easily characterized, though it was decidedly modern in outlook. His subjects ranged from still lifes, landscapes, and nudes to Christian themes such as the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Souza’s paintings rejected convention and the banality of everyday life, and many of them explored erotic subjects....

one of India’s best-known contemporary painters whose style was not easily characterized, though it was decidedly modern in outlook. His subjects ranged from still lifes, landscapes, and nudes to Christian themes such as the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Souza’s paintings rejected convention and the banality of everyday life, and many of them explored erotic subjects....

Nov. 13, 1935Bocaiúva, Braz.Aug. 9, 1997Rio de Janeiro, Braz.Brazilian social activist who was an outspoken champion of the poor and was nominated in 1994 for the Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to improve their living standards and to combat hunger. Souza was in his 20s when he helpe...

Dec. 8, 1918Angers, FranceAug. 17, 2004Antibes, FranceFrench concert and opera singer who performed in concerts and recitals around the world for more than three decades and made hundreds of recordings; he was best known for his sensitive interpretation of French and German art songs. Souza...

In 1936 Germany produced Agfacolor, a single-strip, three-layer negative film and accompanying print stock. After World War II Agfacolor appeared as Sovcolor in the Eastern bloc and as Anscocolor in the United States, where it was initially used for amateur filmmaking. The first serious rival to Technicolor was the single-strip Eastmancolor negative, which was introduced in 1952 by the Eastman......

...edition—“Carefully Corrected, and Purged from abundance of Errors which escaped in the former Impression”—was published in Boston in 1720 with the title The Soveraignty and Goodness of God, Together with the Faithfulness of His Promises Displayed: Being a Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson. The vividly......

The next important change in the coinage was the introduction in 1489 of the sovereign, a splendid gold coin of 240 grains, current for 20 shillings, with, obverse, Henry VII seated on an elaborate throne and, reverse, a Tudor rose with central shield of arms. Henry also issued the first English shilling, a handsome, though scarce, coin with a fine portrait, probably by John Sharp, formally......

a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions....

a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions....

...Industrial Revolution in England, and the restoration of the walled medieval cities at Suzdal and Vladimir in Russia. In Australia the heyday of the gold rush has been re-created in the form of the Sovereign Hill Historical Park, at the gold-mining town of Ballarat. Gorée, a small island off the Senegal coast that served as a major entrepôt for the Atlantic slave trade, has been......

a religious military order that was founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century and that, headquartered in Rome, continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names and jurisdictions....

The late Elizabethan galleon that began the true fighting ship of the line reached its culmination in England’s Prince Royal of 1610 and the larger Sovereign of the Seas of 1637, along with similar great ships in other European navies. These two English ships mounted broadside guns on three decks; the Sovereign of the Seas, the most......

in political theory, the ultimate overseer, or authority, in the decision-making process of the state and in the maintenance of order. The concept of sovereignty—one of the most controversial ideas in political science and international law—is closely related to the difficult concepts of state and government and of independence and democracy. Derived from the Latin term ...

...attributable to the corruption and mismanagement of the Bourassa government, it took advantage of its position by pushing for separation, at least in the form of limited independence known as sovereignty-association—an arrangement in which Quebec would keep the economic advantages of federation with Canada (e.g., a common currency, central bank, and free-trade zone) but also have......

river port, Kaliningrad oblast (region), western Russia, on the Neman River. The city was founded by the Teutonic Knights in 1288 and was the site of the treaty negotiated between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I in 1807. Until 1945 the city belonged to Prussia. Today it has wood and food industries ...

seaport, Khabarovsk kray (territory), eastern Russia. Situated on the southeastern shore of a deep, narrow gulf of the Tatar Strait, the port has one of the best natural harbours of far-eastern Russia. Its development began only on the eve of World War I, and city status was achieved in 1941. Its principal economic activities include woodworking and fis...

...from the Siberian mainland by Long Strait. Wrangel Island is part of the region of Arctic tundra, much of it low-lying lichen. Although the highest part of the island reaches 3,596 feet (1,096 m) at Sovetskaya Mountain, discovered in 1938, there are no glaciers. Geologically, Wrangel Island consists of crystalline slates, granites, and gneisses together with alluvial sands. There are many small...

state-operated agricultural estate in the U.S.S.R. organized according to industrial principles for specialized large-scale production. Workers were paid wages but might also cultivate personal garden plots. Its form developed from the few private estates taken over in their entirety by the state in the original Soviet expropriations. The number of sovkhozy increased during the period of collectiv...

council that was the primary unit of government in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and that officially performed both legislative and executive functions at the all-union, republic, province, city, district, and village levels....

...in October (November, New Style) 1917, managed to secure and head a solely Bolshevik government—the Council of People’s Commissars, or Sovnarkom. The Bolsheviks also had a majority in the Soviet Central Executive Committee, which was accepted as the supreme law-giving body. It was, however, the Central Committee of the Communist Party, the Bolsheviks’ party, in which true power came......

...with Labour prospects in Britain, went to the U.S.S.R. and “fell in love,” as they said, with what they found there. The next three years were spent writing their last big book, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation? (1935), in which they seemed to abandon their belief in gradual social and political evolution. In 1928 they had already retired to their Hampshire home......

...and economy were crumbling, the KGB survived better than most state institutions, suffering far fewer cuts in its personnel and budget. The agency was dismantled, however, after an attempted coup in August 1991 against Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in which some KGB units participated. In early 1992 the internal security functions of the KGB were reconstituted first as the Ministry of......

invasion of Afghanistan in late December 1979 by troops from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union intervened in support of the Afghan communist government in its conflict with anticommunist Muslim guerrillas during the Afghan War (1978–92) and remained in Afghanistan until mid-February 1989....

law developed in Russia after the communist seizure of power in 1917 and imposed throughout the Soviet Union in the 1920s. After World War II, the Soviet legal model also was imposed on Soviet-dominated regimes in eastern and central Europe. Later, ruling communist parties in China, Cuba, North Korea, and Vietnam adopted variations of Soviet law. Soviet law, w...

The newspaper was founded in March 1917 in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) as an organ of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies. After the October Revolution that year, control of Izvestiya passed from the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries into the hands of the Bolsheviks, and the paper’s main offices were moved to Moscow. ......

...metres]). The ranges are separated by deep ravines. To the east of the Yazgulem Range, in the central portion of the Pamirs, is the east-west Muzkol Range, reaching 20,449 feet (6,233 metres) in Soviet Officers Peak. South of it stretches one of the largest ranges of the Pamirs, called Rushan on the west and Bazar-dara, or Northern Alichur, on the east. Still farther south are the Southern......

...countries. Underground resistance was especially effective in the Soviet Union because it functioned behind fronts on which the German armies were still engaged in battle with the Red Army. The Soviet Partisans, as they were called, could thus covertly receive arms, equipment, and direction from the Soviet forces at the front itself. Soviet Partisans, like the members of other nations’......

Balanchivadze was one of the first ballet dancers to leave the Soviet Union, initially to tour with a small group, the Soviet State Dancers, which also included Aleksandra Danilova, Tamara Gevergeva (later Geva), and Nicolas Efimov. They toured Germany, London, and Paris, where in June 1925 he joined Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes. (It was Diaghilev who at that time simplified Balanchivadze......

organization formed in 1932 by a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that abolished existing literary organizations and absorbed all professional Soviet writers into one large union. The union supported Communist Party policies and was the defender and interpreter of the single Soviet literary method, Socialist Realism. Besides establishing fees, privileges, ...

(August 23, 1939), nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that was concluded only a few days before the beginning of World War II and which divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence....

The Kemalists had already begun to gain European recognition. On March 16, 1921, the Soviet-Turkish Treaty gave Turkey a favourable settlement of its eastern frontier by restoring the cities of Kars and Ardahan to Turkey. Domestic problems induced Italy to begin withdrawal from the territory it occupied, and, by the Treaty of Ankara (Franklin-Bouillon Agreement, October 20, 1921), France agreed......

The Sovietization of Poland, accompanied by terror, included the nationalization of industry and the expropriation of privately owned land parcels larger than 125 acres (50 hectares). Yet in some areas (namely, matters concerning the church and foreign policy), the communists trod lightly during this transition period. The test of strength between Mikołajczyk and the PPR first occurred......

state-operated agricultural estate in the U.S.S.R. organized according to industrial principles for specialized large-scale production. Workers were paid wages but might also cultivate personal garden plots. Its form developed from the few private estates taken over in their entirety by the state in the original Soviet expropriations. The number of sovkhozy increased during the period of collectiv...

state-operated agricultural estate in the U.S.S.R. organized according to industrial principles for specialized large-scale production. Workers were paid wages but might also cultivate personal garden plots. Its form developed from the few private estates taken over in their entirety by the state in the original Soviet expropriations. The number of sovkhozy increased during the period of collectiv...

state-operated agricultural estate in the U.S.S.R. organized according to industrial principles for specialized large-scale production. Workers were paid wages but might also cultivate personal garden plots. Its form developed from the few private estates taken over in their entirety by the state in the original Soviet expropriations. The number of sovkhozy increased during the period of collectiv...

...from the continent, followed by German victories in Yugoslavia and Greece, plainly left the U.S.S.R. as a potential target of Nazi attack. But Stalin (who on May 6, 1941, became chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, in addition to his general secretaryship of the Central Committee) concluded that a Nazi invasion might be avoided; he felt that in any case an invasion would......

(1836–66; “The Contemporary”), Russian literary and political journal founded in 1836 by the poet Aleksandr Pushkin. In its first year, the journal established its literary prestige by publishing Pushkin’s novel Kapitanskaya dochka (1836; The Captain’s Daughter) and Nikolay Gogol’s story “Nos” (1836; “The Nose”). Pyotr Pletnev was editor from 1837 to 1847. Nikolay...

...and its long tracking shots demonstrate what was to become a Taviani trademark. They made one more film with Orsini before striking out on their own in the mid-1960s. I sovversivi (1967; The Subversives) mixes documentary footage with a fictional story about the death of a leader and the end of an era for the Italian Left. Their first major success, Padre Padrone (1977;......

any of certain small, terrestrial crustaceans of the order Isopoda, especially members of the genus Oniscus. Like the related pill bug, it is sometimes called the wood louse. O. asellus, which grows to a length of 18 mm (0.7 inch), is widely distributed in Europe and has also been introduced into North America. The oval, gray body, which is rather flattened and arc...

...thistles, have spiny stems and flower heads without ray flowers. Canadian thistle (Cirsium arvense) is a troublesome weed in agricultural areas of North America, and more than 10 species of sow thistle (Sonchus) are widespread throughout Europe. Some species of globe thistle (Echinops) are cultivated as ornamentals. The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland....

...in 1900. There was an early series of Yoruba school readers, Iwe kika Yoruba (1909–15), containing prose and poetry. The first written poetry, by such poets as J. Sobowale Sowande and A. Kolawole Ajisafe, dealt with personal and historical experiences. These poems combined traditional poetic structures and contemporary events as well as religious......

filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of the black fly Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the west coast to Ethiopia on the east; in Africa its northern edge is about 15° N of t...

urban complex in Gauteng province, South Africa. Originally set aside by the South African white government for residence by blacks, it adjoins the city of Johannesburg on the southwest; its name is an acronym derived from South-Western Townships. It is the country’s largest black urban comp...

...measures, surviving ANC cadres kept the organization alive in Tanzania and Zambia under Tambo’s leadership. The ANC began to revive inside South Africa toward the end of the 1970s, following the Soweto uprising in 1976, when the police and army killed more than 600 people, many of them children. About 1980 the banned black, green, and gold tricolour flag of the ANC began to be seen inside......

Trees or plants may be propagated by seeding, grafting, layering, or cutting. In seeding, seeds are usually planted in either a commercial or home nursery in which intensive care can be given for several years until the plants are of a size suitable for transplanting on the desired site. In soil layering, the shoots, or lower branches of the parent plant, are bent to the ground and covered with......

Canadian writer and reformer. After marrying in 1896, she became prominent in the temperance movement. Her Sowing Seeds in Danny (1908), a novel about life in a small western town, became a national best seller. She lectured widely on woman suffrage and other reforms in Canada and the United States and served in the Alberta legislature (1921–26)....

...Guinea. The Sande initiate girls by teaching them domestic skills and sexual etiquette, as well as the religious significance of female power and womanhood. The society’s sacred mask of the spirit Sowo is an iconographic depiction of the association of women and water spirits and attests to the creative power of both. (Masks are an important part of ritual in many African religions; they often....

private Confucian academies of the Korean Chosŏn (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910), founded by the members of the ruling class who did not hold official posts; their purpose was the educating of local yangban, or aristocratic youth. Sŏwŏn were usually built on sites associated with famous Confucian scholars of the pas...

Soybean is milled to produce soy flour. The flour is often used in a proportion of less than 1 percent in bakery operations. It stiffens doughs and helps to maintain crumb softness. Unprocessed soy flour, because of its lipoxidase enzyme system, is employed with high-speed mixing to bleach the flour in a dough....

Soybean milk is produced and used in the fresh state in China and as a condensed milk in Japan. In both of these preparations, certain antinutritive factors (antitrypsin and soyin) are largely removed. In the Western world most soy products are treated chemically or by heat to remove these antinutritive factors along with the unpopular beany taste. Such processing affects the enzymatic activity......

...Honshu, Japan, between the Edo and the Tone rivers. The city served as an important river port during the Edo (Tokugawa) era (1603–1867), when it first became known for its production of soy sauce. The central area of Noda now contains numerous soy sauce factories and other factories related to its production. Since World War II Noda has gradually developed as a residential suburb of......

annual legume of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its edible seed. The soybean is economically the most important bean in the world, providing vegetable protein for millions of people and ingredients for hundreds of chemical products....

...Hedvig (1939), Dage på en sky (1947; Days on a Cloud), and Skriget (1961; “The Scream”). C.E. Soya was an important playwright of the period and a novelist and fine short-story writer; although uneven in quality, some of his daring experiments with the theatre were very successful....

international waterway between the islands of Sakhalin (Russia) and Hokkaido (Japan). The strait, named after the French explorer Jean-François de Galaup, Count de La Pérouse, separates the Sea of Okhotsk from the Sea of Japan. It is 27 miles (43 km) wide at its narrowest part, between Cape Krilon (Sakhalin) and Cape Sōya (Hokkaido) and varies in depth from 167 to 387 feet (51 to 118 m). The strai...

international waterway between the islands of Sakhalin (Russia) and Hokkaido (Japan). The strait, named after the French explorer Jean-François de Galaup, Count de La Pérouse, separates the Sea of Okhotsk from the Sea of Japan. It is 27 miles (43 km) wide at its narrowest part, between Cape Krilon (Sakhalin) and Cape Sōya (Hokkaido) and varies in depth from 167 to 387 feet (51 to 118 m). The strai...

annual legume of the pea family (Fabaceae) and its edible seed. The soybean is economically the most important bean in the world, providing vegetable protein for millions of people and ingredients for hundreds of chemical products....

Soybean milk is produced and used in the fresh state in China and as a condensed milk in Japan. In both of these preparations, certain antinutritive factors (antitrypsin and soyin) are largely removed. In the Western world most soy products are treated chemically or by heat to remove these antinutritive factors along with the unpopular beany taste. Such processing affects the enzymatic activity......

Soybean (Glycine max) is not a cereal but a legume; because of its widespread use in the baking industry, it may appropriately be dealt with here. Soybean provides protein of high biological value. Although Asia is its original source, the United States became the major world producer in the late 20th century....

Feb. 24, 1923Philadelphia, Pa.Feb. 25, 2010New York, N.Y.American musician who cofounded (1964) the world-renowned Guarneri String Quartet, for which he served as cellist until his retirement in 2001. The Guarneri, which also consisted of violinists Arnold Steinhardt and John Dalley and vio...

...a band into which feathers of birds have been pierced. The footwear is also symbolic—iron deer hooves, birds’ claws, or bears’ paws. The clothing of the shamans among the Tofalar (Karagasy), Soyet, and Darhat are decorated with representations of human bones—ribs, arm, and finger bones. The shamans of the Goldi-Ude tribe perform the ceremony in a singular shirt and in a front and......

Nigerian playwright and political activist who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986. He sometimes wrote of modern West Africa in a satirical style, but his serious intent and his belief in the evils inherent in the exercise of power usually was evident in his work as well....

Soylent Green (1973) was a cautionary science-fiction tale that featured Charlton Heston as a 21st-century police officer and Edward G. Robinson, in his last film, as an elderly researcher. Although the movie received mixed reviews, it developed a cult following. After several largely forgettable films, Fleischer directed Mr. Majestyk (1974), in......

...the 16th century. In 1911, when the modern Mongolian state was first established, its yellow flag bore in the centre in blue a traditional emblem known as the soyombo (or soyonbo). This consists of figures (flame, sun, moon, yin-yang, triangles, and bars) representing philosophical principles inherent in Mongolian culture and religion. Below the soyombo wa...

any member of an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the autonomous republic of Tyva (Tuva) in south-central Russia; the group also constitutes a small minority in the northwestern part of Mongolia. The Tyvans are a Turkic-speaking people with Mongol influences. They live among the headwaters of the Yenisey River, in an area that has characteristics of both Siberian taiga and Centr...

The promising literary career of Sevgi Soysal was cut short by her untimely death in 1976. Born in Istanbul, Soysal studied philology in Ankara and archaeology and drama in Germany. Her first novel, Yürümek (1970; “To Walk”), features a stream-of-consciousness narrative and a keen ear for local dialogue; its treatment of sexual issues was unusually......

any of several versions of Soviet/Russian crewed spacecraft launched since 1967 and the longest-serving crewed-spacecraft design in use. Originally conceived in Soviet aerospace designer Sergey Korolyov’s design bureau (Energia) for the U.S.S.R.’s Moon-landing program (officially canceled in 1974), the modular craft has se...

first major liberal political group in Russia. The Union was founded in St. Petersburg in January 1904 to be a covert organization working to replace absolutism with a constitutional monarchy. Originally the creation of liberal nobility, it soon was dominated by middle-class, professional people, who gave the union a new militance....

organization formed in 1932 by a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that abolished existing literary organizations and absorbed all professional Soviet writers into one large union. The union supported Communist Party policies and was the defender and interpreter of the single Soviet literary method, Socialist Realism. Besides establishing fees, privileges, ...

...six months of cosmonaut training at the Yury Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in Star City, Russia, between March and August 1998. He flew his only space mission as a research cosmonaut on Soyuz TM-29, which launched on Feb. 20, 1999, and docked with Mir on February 22. Bella was accompanied on Soyuz TM-29 by a Russian cosmonaut, Viktor Afanasyev, and a French astronaut, Jean-Pierre......

...Endeavour space shuttle visited the International Space Station (ISS). The flight lasted 12 days. His fifth space mission was in 2000–01, when he served as flight engineer on Soyuz TM-31 as part of the first resident crew (Expedition 1) on the ISS. He spent 141 days in space during this mission. In 2005 he went into space for the sixth time, to the ISS as commander on......

Williams flew to the ISS again on July 15, 2012, as part of the crew of Soyuz TMA-05M. She was a flight engineer on Expedition 32, and on September 16 she became commander of Expedition 33. She made three more space walks, totaling more than 21 hours, retaining her space walk record with a total time outside the ISS between her two flights of more than 50 hours. She also completed a triathlon......

...when she visited the ISS in September 2006. The following year American billionaire Charles Simonyi joined the ranks of spaceflight participants when he shared a ride with two cosmonauts on board Soyuz TMA-10 for a 10-day stay on the ISS. The sixth spaceflight participant, American video game developer Richard Garriott, was launched in October 2008. In making his flight, Garriott became the......

Whitson traveled into space for a second time on Oct. 10, 2007—aboard Soyuz TMA-11 with Yury Malenchenko of Russia and Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor of Malaysia—as the commander of the Expedition 16 mission. The first female commander of the ISS, Whitson supervised and directed a significant expansion of the living and working space on the ISS, including the installation of components......

Garriott became the sixth space tourist when, after training at the Yury Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in Star City, Russia, he launched aboard Soyuz TMA-13 on Oct. 12, 2008, with commander Yury Lonchakov of Russia and flight engineer Edward Fincke of the United States. He arrived at the International Space Station (ISS) two days later. Garriott’s work on the ISS included communicating with......

On March 27, 2015, Scott returned to the ISS aboard Soyuz TMA-16M as part of a special mission in which he and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Korniyenko spent 340 days in space, which was the longest spaceflight by an American astronaut. Scott broke the American record for most cumulative time in space, having spent 520 days in orbit on his four flights. A special part of the mission was the twins......

In 2001 Duque was chosen to attend the first advanced training class for the International Space Station (ISS). In 2003 Duque flew for a second time in space, as flight engineer on Soyuz TMA-3 during the Cervantes mission to the ISS. During this 10-day mission (October 18 to 28), Duque visited the ISS during a crew changeover, launching with Expedition 8 and returning with Expedition 7....

Two crew-exchange missions, Soyuz TMA-6 and 7, were flown to the International Space Station (ISS). Each carried an American and Russian replacement for American and Russian crew members who had completed a six-month stay on the ISS. In addition, the TMA-6 mission carried an Italian scientist and TMA-7 a space tourist....

...Soviet spacecraft design organization, as an engineer in 1981 and became a civilian trainee cosmonaut four years later. He flew his first space mission in 1988–89 as flight engineer on Soyuz TM-7, during which he spent 151 days in space aboard the Mir space station. He was in the public eye in 1991–92 during his second mission, also to Mir, for being in space during the dissolution......

...state film trust (then called Sovkino) from the jurisdiction of the Commissariat of Education and placed it under the direct authority of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Reorganized as Soyuzkino, the trust was turned over to the reactionary bureaucrat Boris Shumyatsky, a proponent of the narrowly ideological doctrine known as Socialist Realism. This policy, which came to dominate.....

...stantsii; RTS), which repaired the machinery, supplied spare parts, and continued to rent machines for special purposes—e.g., road building. In 1961 the RTS were replaced by the All-Union Farm Machinery Association (Soyuzselkhoztekhnika). ...

...the late 1960s. Afterward he worked as a government administrator until 1973, when he left to concentrate on his literary career. His first novels were Songs in a Time of War and Sozaboy (both 1985); the latter, written in pidgin English, satirized corruption in Nigerian society. He reached his largest audience with Basi and Company, a......

...abandoning the “ethical socialism” of Karl Höchberg, the wealthy patron of Die Zukunft. With Marx’s consent, he became the editor of the Zürich edition of Der Sozialdemokrat, a periodical that was the rallying centre of the underground socialist party. Expelled from Switzerland at the request of Bismarck in 1888, Bernstein continued the publication......