The Winchester Model 1906 was designed as a more inexpensive companion to the popular Model 1890, the main differences being the 1906's flat shotgun-style butt plate and rounded barrel, as opposed to the 1890s crescent butt plate and octagon barrel. When the Model 1906 first became available, it was chambered exclusively for the .22 Short cartridge, however this was modified after serial number 113,000 (in the second year of production, 1908) when it was made to cycle .22 Long and .22 Long Rifle interchangeably in order to ensure the rifle's continued popularity.[2] There were three different variants produced by Winchester; the .22 Short Model, the Standard Model, and the Expert Model.[3] The .22 Short Model was made until 1908, when the caliber modification came about. It was distinguishable by its flat, plain slide grip. The Standard Model was introduced after the 1908 change, and featured a grooved slide grip, while the Expert Model, the deluxe version produced from 1918 to 1924, had a plain fluted slide grip and a pistol gripped stock. The Expert Model was a favorite of Theodore Roosevelt's children and cousins.[4] Although production ended officially in 1932, a small number of Model 1906 rifles were built out of spare parts left in the factory until 1936. The last known serial number is 847,997, which does not match the number of rifles sold. This is attributed to the fact that large blocks of serial numbers were skipped during production.[5]

1.
Pump action
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A pump-action or slide-action firearm is one in which a forend can be moved forward and backward in order to eject a spent round of ammunition and to chamber a fresh one. It is much faster than a bolt-action and somewhat faster than a lever-action, once fired, the forend is slid rearward by hand and the expended cartridge ejected. It is then reloaded by manually moving the forend to the front, the first slide action patent was issued to Alexander Bain of Britain in 1854. This technique is called a slamfire, and was used in conjunction with the M1897 in the First World Wars trench warfare. Semi-automatic shotguns must use some of the energy of each round fired to cycle their actions, in addition, like all manual action guns, pump-action guns are inherently more reliable than semi-automatic guns under adverse conditions, such as exposure to dirt, sand, or climatic extremes. Thus, until recently, military combat shotguns were almost exclusively pump-action designs, the cycling time of a pump-action is quite short. The manual operation gives a pump-action the ability to cycle rounds of varying power that a gas or recoil operated firearm would fail to cycle. The simplicity of the relative to a semi-automatic design also leads to improved durability. It has also noticed that the time taken to work the action allows the operator to identify and aim on a new target. However, most are not truly ambidextrous, as the spent casing is ejected out the side in most designs, like most lever-action rifles, most pump-action shotguns and rifles do not use a detachable magazine. This makes for slow reloading, as the cartridges have to be inserted individually into the firearm, however, some pump action shotguns and rifles, such as the Russian Zlatoust RB-12, Italian Valtro PM5 and the American Remington 7600 series use detachable box magazines. A pump-action firearm is fed from a tubular magazine underneath the barrel. The rounds are fed in one by one through a port in the receiver, a latch at the rear of the magazine holds the rounds in place in the magazine until they are needed. If it is desired to load the gun fully, a round may be loaded through the port directly into the chamber, or cycled from the magazine. Pump shotguns with box magazines or even drums exist. Nearly all pump-actions use a motion of the forend to cycle the action. The forend is connected to the bolt by one or two bars, two bars are considered reliable because it provides symmetric forces on the bolt and pump. The motion of the back and forth in a tubular magazine model will also operate the elevator

2.
Rimfire ammunition
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Rimfire is a method of ignition for metallic firearm cartridges as well as the cartridges themselves. It is called rimfire because the pin of a gun strikes and crushes the bases rim to ignite the primer. Once the rim of the cartridge has been struck and the bullet discharged, while many other different cartridge priming methods have been tried since the 19th century, only rimfire technology and centerfire technology survive today in significant use. Frenchman Louis-Nicolas Flobert invented the first rimfire metallic cartridge in 1845 and his cartridge consisted of a percussion cap with a bullet attached to the top and the idea was to improve the safety of indoor shooting. In English-speaking countries, the Flobert cartridge corresponds to.22 BB, Rimfire cartridges are limited to low pressures because they require a thin case so that the firing pin can crush the rim and ignite the primer. Rimfire cartridges of.44 caliber up to.56 caliber were once common when black powder was used as a propellant, however, modern rimfire cartridges use smokeless powder which generates much higher pressures and tend to be of.22 caliber or smaller. Rimfire cartridges are typically inexpensive, primarily due to the inherent cost-efficiency of the ability to manufacture the cartridges in large lots, the price of metals used in the cartridges increased in 2002, the prices of the ammunition then further increased in 2012 possibly due to hoarding. The idea of placing a priming compound in the rim of the cartridge evolved from an 1831 patent, by 1845, this had evolved into the Flobert.22 BB Cap, in which the priming compound is distributed just inside the rim. The.22 BB Cap is essentially just a percussion cap with a round ball pressed in the front, intended for use in an indoor gallery target rifle, it used no gunpowder, but relied entirely on the priming compound for propulsion. Its velocities were very low, comparable to an airgun, the next rimfire cartridge was the.22 Short, developed for Smith & Wessons first revolver, in 1857, it used a longer rimfire case and 4 grains of black powder to fire a conical bullet. This led to the.22 Long, with the bullet weight as the short. This was followed by the.22 Extra Long with a longer than the.22 Long. The.22 Long Rifle is a.22 Long case loaded with the heavier Extra Long bullet intended for performance in the long barrel of a rifle. Larger rimfire calibers were used during the American Civil War in the Henry Repeater, the Spencer Repeater, the Ballard rifle and the Frank Wesson carbine. The early 21st century has seen a revival in interest in rimfire cartridges, a new and increasingly popular rimfire, the 17 HMR is based on a.22 WMR casing with a smaller formed neck which accepts a.17 bullet. The advantages of the 17 HMR over.22 WMR and other rimfire cartridges are its much flatter trajectory, the.17 HM2 is based on the.22 Long Rifle and offers similar performance advantages over its parent cartridge, at a significantly higher cost. While.17 HM2 sells for about four times the cost of.22 Long Rifle ammunition, it is significantly cheaper than most centerfire ammunition. A notable rimfire cartridge that is still in production in Europe and this cartridge can fire a small ball, but is primarily loaded with a small amount of shot, and used in smoothbore guns as a miniature shotgun, or garden gun

3.
John Browning
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He is regarded as one of the most successful firearms designers of the 20th century, in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms, and is credited with 128 gun patents. He made his first firearm at age 13 in his fathers gun shop, Browning influenced nearly all categories of firearms design. He invented or made significant improvements to single-shot, lever-action, and slide-action, rifles and his most significant contributions were arguably in the area of autoloading firearms. He developed the first autoloading pistols that were reliable and compact by inventing the telescoping bolt, integrating the bolt and barrel shroud into what is known as the pistol slide. Brownings telescoping bolt design is now found on every modern semi-automatic pistol. Browning also made significant contributions to automatic cannon development, some of these arms are still manufactured, often with only minor changes in detail and cosmetics to those assembled by Browning or his licensees. His guns are some of the most copied guns in the world, Browning was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served a two-year mission in Georgia beginning on March 28,1887. His father Jonathan Browning, who was among the thousands of Mormon pioneers in the exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois to Utah. John Moses worked in his fathers Ogden shop from the age of seven, where he was taught basic engineering and manufacturing principles, production examples of the Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle caught the attention of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, who dispatched a representative to evaluate the competition. Winchester bought the design for $8,000 and moved production to their Connecticut factory, Winchester manufactured several popular small arms designed by John M. Browning. For decades in the late 19th Century-early 20th Century, Browning designs and Winchester firearms were synonymous, as was the custom of the time, Brownings earlier designs had been licensed exclusively to Winchester for a single fee payment. With this new product, Browning introduced in his negotiations a continuous royalty fee based upon unit sales, if the new shotgun became highly successful, Browning stood to make substantially more fee income over the prior license fee arrangements. Winchester management was displeased with the change in their relationship. Remington Arms was also approached, however the president of Remington died of an attack as Browning waited to offer them the gun. This forced Browning to look overseas to produce the shotgun, however, Remington would later produce a copy of the Auto-5 as the Model 11 which was used by the US Military and was also sold to the civilian market. The Browning Auto-5 was continuously manufactured as a highly popular throughout the 20th century. This shift marked the end of an era of Winchester-Browning collaboration, John Browning was known as a dedicated and tireless innovator and experimenter who sought breakthrough consumer-oriented features and performance and reliability improvements in small arms designs. He did not retire from his career in his elder years, but dedicated his entire adult life—literally to his last day—to these pursuits

4.
Winchester Repeating Arms Company
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The Winchester Repeating Arms Company was a prominent American maker of repeating firearms, located in New Haven, Connecticut. The ancestor of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company was the Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson partnership of Norwich, Jennings rifle was a commercial failure, and Robbins & Lawrence ceased production in 1852. Smith designed a much-improved rifle based on Jennings, and the partners also hired away Robbins & Lawrence shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry. In 1855 the Smith & Wesson partnership, in order to manufacture what they called the Volcanic lever-action rifle and pistol, sought investors and its largest stockholder was clothing manufacturer Oliver Winchester. The Volcanic rifle had only limited success, the company moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester and his partner John M. Davies purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. After Smiths departure Benjamin Henry continued to work with a Smith development project, the self-contained metallic rimfire cartridge, Henry also supervised a new rifle design based loosely on the Volcanic to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, the Henry rifle ensured New Haven Arms success, and together with the Spencer rifle established the lever-action repeater in the firearms market. In 1866 Benjamin Henry, angered over what he believed was inadequate compensation, Oliver Winchester, hastening back from Europe, forestalled the move and reorganized New Haven Arms yet again as the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Another extremely popular model was rolled out in 1873, the Model 1873 introduced the first Winchester center fire cartridge, the. 44-40 WCF. These rifle families are known as the Gun That Won the West. The Model 1873 was followed by the Model 1876, a version of the 73. It was chambered for longer, more powerful cartridges such as. 45-60 WCF. 45-75 WCF, Oliver Winchester died in December 1880, his son and successor, William Wirt Winchester, died of tuberculosis four months later. William Wirt Winchesters widow, Sarah Winchester, used her inheritance, several of these are still in production today through companies such as Browning, Rossi, Navy Arms and others which have revived several of the discontinued models or produced reproductions. The early years of the century found the Winchester Repeating Arms Company competing with new John Browning designs. The race to produce the first commercial self-loading rifle brought forth the.22 rimfire Winchester Model 1903 and later centerfire Model 1905, Model 1907, and Model 1910 rifles. Winchester engineers, after ten years of work, designed the Model 1911 to circumvent Brownings self-loading shotgun patents, one of Winchesters premier engineers, T. C. Johnson, was instrumental in the development of these self-loading firearms and went on to superintend the designs of Winchesters classic Model 1912, Model 52 and Model 54

5.
Winchester Model 1890
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The Winchester Model 1890 is a slide-action repeating rifle produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in the late 19th and early 20th century. On June 26,1888, a patent for the new design was issued to John, under this patent, Winchester created the first repeating slide action.22 rifle ever successfully developed and manufactured. The Model 1890 proved to be the most successful repeating rim fire rifle for all around shooting ever made by Winchester. Approximately 849,000 Model 1890 rifles were produced between 1890 and 1932, after which the Model 1890 was replaced by the Winchester Model 62 rifle, a final cleanup of stock on hand was completed in 1941. For many years, the Model 1890 was considered to be the standard for use in shooting galleries, the Model 1890 was a slide action, top ejecting rifle with an 18 inch magazine tube under the barrel. It had a 24 inch octagonal barrel, a walnut stock. Calibers for the rifle include.22 Short.22 Long.22 Long Rifle.22 Winchester Rimfire, the Model 1890 will only feed the round specific to that gun. The.22 Long Rifle version was added in 1919, pistol grip stocks were available on later rifles. The Model 1890 was produced in three distinct versions, the first model had a solid frame, a case hardened receiver, and a fixed rear sight. Approximately 15,000 of these were produced between 1890 and 1892, the second model was designed as a takedown rifle. It also had a case hardened receiver, but had a rear sight. In August 1901, the hardened receiver was changed to a blued version. Approximately 100,000 second model rifles were produced with case hardened receivers, a deluxe version was offered, which featured a fancy checkered walnut stock available in either straight or pistol grip and a grooved slide handle. The third model was produced as a takedown rifle

6.
Caliber
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In guns, particularly firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate internal diameter of the barrel, or the diameter of the projectile it fires, in hundredths or sometimes thousandths of an inch. For example, a 45 caliber firearm has a diameter of.45 of an inch. Barrel diameters can also be expressed using metric dimensions, as in 9mm pistol, when the barrel diameter is given in inches, the abbreviation cal can be used. Good performance requires a bullet to closely match the diameter of a barrel to ensure a good seal. While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are referred to by the cartridge name. Firearm calibers outside the range of 17 to 50 exist, but are rarely encountered. Larger calibers, such as.577.585.600.700, the.950 JDJ is the only known cartridge beyond 79 caliber used in a rifle. Referring to artillery, caliber is used to describe the length as multiples of the bore diameter. A 5-inch 50 calibre gun has a diameter of 5 in. The main guns of the USS Missouri are 1650 caliber, makers of early cartridge arms had to invent methods of naming the cartridges, since no established convention existed then. One of the early established cartridge arms was the Spencer repeating rifle, later various derivatives were created using the same basic cartridge, but with smaller-diameter bullets, these were named by the cartridge diameter at the base and mouth. The original No.56 became the. 56-56, and the smaller versions. 56-52. 56-50, the. 56-52, the most common of the new calibers, used a 50-cal bullet. Optionally, the weight in grains was designated, e. g. 45-70-405. Variations on these methods persist today, with new cartridges such as the.204 Ruger, metric diameters for small arms refer to cartridge dimensions and are expressed with an × between the bore diameter and the length of the cartridge case, for example,7. 62×51 NATO. This indicates that the diameter is 7. 62mm, loaded in a case 51mm long. Similarly, the 6. 5×55 Swedish cartridge has a diameter of 6.5 mm. An exception to rule is the proprietary cartridge used by U. S. maker Lazzeroni. The following table lists commonly used calibers where both metric and imperial are used as equivalents

7.
.22 Short
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.22 Short is a variety of.22 caliber rimfire ammunition. Developed in 1857 for the first Smith & Wesson revolver, the.22 rimfire was the first American metallic cartridge, the original loading was a 29 or 30 gr bullet and 4 gr of black powder. The original.22 rimfire cartridge was renamed.22 Short with the introduction of the.22 Long in 1871. Developed for self defense, the modern.22 Short, though used in a few pocket pistols. The.22 Short was popularly used in shooting galleries at fairs and arcades, several makes of starter pistols use.22 Short blank cartridges. Some powder-actuated nail guns use the.22 Short cartridge as a power source, most.22 Short bullets are made of lead in round nose or hollow point styles. Bullets for use at shooting galleries were often made of compressed powdered metal that disintegrated on impact to avoid ricochets and over-penetration of backstops. The standard velocity.22 Short launches a 29-grain bullet at 1,045 feet per second with 70 ft·lbf of energy from a 22 in rifle barrel and can penetrate 2 inches of soft pine. As a hunting round, the high velocity hollow point Short is useful only for small game such as tree squirrels, for small game hunting in general, the greater energy and wider ammunition selection of the.22 Long Rifle make it a more popular choice. In the American South, the.22 Short hollow point is very popular for use on raccoons. In some states, the.22 Short is the only round to use for such hunting. Although the.22 Long Rifle has surpassed the.22 Short in the place, many ammunition companies still produce.22 Shorts. Most makers utilize the standard 29-grain solid round nose bullet and 27-grain hollow point bullet weights for the.22 Short. The.22 Short high-velocity exceeds the performance of the.22 Long, fiocchi makes their Exacta Compensated Super Match SM200 with lead round nose at 650 ft/s. Remington produces a high velocity plated round nose at 1,095 ft/s, aguila makes both a match lead round nose at 1,095 ft/s, and a high speed round with plated bullet also listed at 1,095 ft/s. Also available is the RWS R25 match ammunition at 560 ft/s, eley also makes their rapid fire match cartridge at 750 ft/s. Most of the target oriented and CB Shorts are very quiet, when fired from a full-length rifle barrel, most.22 Short loadings are as quiet as if not quieter than, the average air rifle. There have been many rifles chambered for the.22 Short over the years, many rifles in.22 Short were made between 1901 and 1940, mostly intended for gallery shooting and small game hunting

8.
.22 Long
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For other.22 calibre variants, see.22.22 Long is a variety of.22 caliber rimfire ammunition. It was designed for use in revolvers, but was chambered in rifles as well, in which it gained a strong reputation as a small game cartridge. For a time there was a price difference between the.22 Long and.22 Long Rifle, and the.22 Long held on with budget-minded shooters until the price advantage finally disappeared. No new firearms are designed specifically to use.22 Long, many firearms designed for the.22 Long Rifle will chamber and fire the shorter round, though the.22 Long generally does not generate sufficient energy to operate semi-automatic guns. The one prominent survivor of the.22 Long is the.22 CB Long and this means that the.22 Long bullet actually slows down significantly before it exits the barrel. For those working on a farm, or those who only hunted squirrel or cottontail, often the lower report, and less penetration were actually desired. Descendants of the.22 Long still live on, modern Hypervelocity loadings of the.22 Long Rifle. The.22 Long is still produced as it survived the change over to smokeless powders, CCI currently loads a high-velocity.22 Long with a MV of 1215 fps and a ME of 95 ft. lbs

9.
.22 Long Rifle
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The.22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge is a long-established variety of ammunition, and in terms of units sold is still by far the most common in the world today. The cartridge is often referred to simply as.22 LR and various rifles, pistols, revolvers, and even some smoothbore shotguns have been manufactured in this caliber. American firearms manufacturer J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company introduced the cartridge in 1887 by combining the casing of the.22 Long with the 40-grain bullet of the.22 Extra Long. The round owes its origin to the Flobert BB cap of 1845 through the.22 Smith & Wesson cartridge of 1857 and it is one of the few cartridges that are accepted by a large variety of rifles, as well as pistols. The.22 Long Rifle and related cartridges use a bullet, which means that the bullet is the same diameter as the case. Low cost, minimal recoil, and relatively low noise make the.22 LR an ideal cartridge for recreational shooting, initial training, small-game hunting. Used by Boy Scouts for the rifle shooting merit badge, the cartridge is popular among novice shooters, a wide variety of rimfire ammunition is available commercially, and the available ammunition varies widely both in price and performance. Bullet weights among commercially available range from 20 to 60 grains. Promotional loads for plinking can be purchased in bulk for significantly less cost than precision target rounds, the low cost of ammunition has a substantial effect on the popularity of the.22 LR. For this reason, rimfire cartridges are used for target practice. The low recoil of the cartridge makes it ideal for introductory firearms courses, novice shooters can be surprised or frightened by the recoil of more powerful rounds. Beginners shooting firearms beyond their comfort level frequently develop a habit of flinching in an attempt to counter anticipated recoil, the resulting habit impedes correct posture and follow-through at the most critical phase of the shot and is difficult to correct. With high recoil eliminated, other errors in marksmanship technique are easier to identify, available for this round are AR-15 upper receivers and M1911 slide assemblies. Many handgun manufacturers have an upper pistol conversion kit to make it shoot.22 ammunition and these rimfire conversions allow shooters to practice inexpensively while retaining the handling characteristics of their chosen firearms. Additionally.22 conversion kits allow practice at indoor ranges which prohibit high-power firearms, annual production is estimated by some at 2–2.5 billion rounds. The NSSF estimates that half of the US production of 10 billion cartridges is composed of. 22LR, performance varies between barrel length and the type of action. For example, bolt-action rifles may perform differently from semiautomatic rifles, the.22 LR is effective to 150 yd, though practical ranges tend to be less. After 150 yd, the ballistics of the round are such that it will be difficult to compensate for the large drop, the relatively short effective range, low report, and light recoil has made it a favorite for use as a target-practice cartridge

10.
Action (firearms)
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In firearms terminology, an action is the mechanism that handles the ammunition or the method by which that mechanism works. Breech-loading weapons have actions, actions are not present on muzzleloaders. The mechanism that fires a muzzle-loader is called the lock, actions can be categorized in several ways, including single action versus double action, break action versus bolt action, and others. The term action can also short, long, and magnum if it is in reference to the length of the rifle’s receiver. The short action rifle usually can accommodate a cartridge length of 2.8 in or smaller, the long action rifle can accommodate a cartridge of 3.34 in, and the magnum action rifle can accommodate cartridges of 3.6 in, or longer in length. Manual operation is a term describing any type of firearm action that is loaded one shot at a time by the user rather than automatically. For example, break action is a form of operation using a simple hinge mechanism that is manually unlatched by the operator. These are actions wherein the breechblock lowers or drops into the receiver to open the breech, there are two principal types of dropping block, the tilting block and the falling block. In a tilting or pivoting block action, the breechblock is hinged on a pin mounted at the rear, when the lever is operated, the block tilts down and forward, exposing the chamber. The best-known pivoting block designs are the Peabody, the Peabody–Martini, the original Peabody rifles, manufactured by the Providence Tool Company, used a manually cocked side-hammer. The 1871 Martini–Henry which replaced the trapdoor Snider–Enfield was the standard British Army rifle of the later Victorian era, charles H. Ballards self-cocking tilting-block action was produced by the Marlin Firearms Company from 1875, and earned a superlative reputation among long-range Creedmoor target shooters. Surviving Marlin Ballards are today highly prized by collectors, especially those mounted in the elaborate Swiss-style Schützen stocks of the day. A falling-block action is a firearm action in which a solid metal breechblock slides vertically in grooves cut into the breech of the weapon. Examples of firearms using the falling block action are the Sharps rifle, in a rolling block action the breechblock takes the form of a part-cylinder, with a pivot pin through its axis. The operator rotates or rolls the block to open and close the breech, it is a simple, rugged, a break action is a type of firearm where the barrel are hinged and can be broken open to expose the breech. The earliest metallic-cartridge breechloaders designed for military issue began as conversions of muzzle-loading rifle-muskets. The upper rear portion of the barrel was filed or milled away, an internal angled firing pin allowed the re-use of the rifles existing side-hammer. The Allin action made by Springfield Arsenal in the US hinged forward, france countered in 1866 with its superior Chassepot rifle, also a paper-cartridge bolt action

11.
Takedown gun
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A takedown gun is a long gun designed to be taken apart significantly reducing its length, making it easier to store, pack, transport and conceal. A variety of barrel, stock, and receiver designs have been invented to facilitate takedown, for example, the hinged design of many break-action firearms allows takedown. Some regular firearms can be modified to allow takedown after custom gunsmithing, since the late 1800s, American gun manufacturers including Marlin, Savage, and Winchester and Ruger have made takedown rifles. The Browning semiautomatic.22 rifle and centerfire rifle made by FN, both centerfire and rimfire rifles are available in takedown configuration. Most single barrel and double barrel shotguns readily break down into separate buttstock, barrel, among repeating shotguns, the Winchester Model 97 and Model 12 shotguns were factory made as takedown guns. Savage also makes a series of takedown over/under rifle/shotgun combination guns, today, takedown guns like the Marlin Model 70P and Henry U. S. Survival are frequently stowed in vehicles used in areas for emergency forage or defense use

12.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr

13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

14.
Winchester rifle
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Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Developed from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters, the Model 1873 was particularly successful, being colloquially known as The Gun that Won the West. In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his Volition Repeating Rifle incorporating a tubular magazine, the Hunt rifle fired what he called the Rocket Ball, an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullets hollow base. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut acquired the Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence and its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester. Smiths cartridge, the.22 Short, would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is manufactured today. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smiths cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, confederates called the Henry that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week. After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, the company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle, the Model 1866. It retained the.44 Henry cartridge, was built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent. 44-40 centerfire cartridge, in 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876. The first Winchester rifle – the Winchester Model 1866 – was originally chambered for the rimfire.44 Henry. Nelson Kings improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round, france purchased 6,000 Model 1866 rifles along with 4.5 million.44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War. The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 muskets and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871, the Model 1866 compelled Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin–Nagant, after the war. The Swiss Army initially selected the Model 1866 to replace their existing single-shot Milbank-Amsler rifles, however, ensuing political pressure to adopt a domestic design resulted in the Vetterli Model 1867, a bolt-action design utilizing a copy of the Winchesters tubular magazine, being adopted instead. Due to public demand, the Model 1866 continued to be manufactured and sold until 1899, the Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, with Winchester marketing it as The Gun that Won the West. Still an icon in the day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923

15.
Rifle
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A rifle is a firearm designed to be fired from the shoulder, with a barrel that has a helical groove or pattern of grooves cut into the barrel walls. The raised areas of the rifling are called lands, which contact with the projectile. When the projectile leaves the barrel, this spin lends gyroscopic stability to the projectile and prevents tumbling and this allows the use of aerodynamically-efficient bullets and thus improves range and accuracy. The word rifle originally referred to the grooving, and a rifle was called a rifled gun, the word rifle is now used for any long hand-held aimed device activated by a trigger, such as Air rifles and the Personnel halting and stimulation response rifle. Rifles are used in warfare, hunting and shooting sports, formerly, rifles only fired a single projectile with each squeeze of the trigger. Modern rifles are capable of firing more than one round per trigger squeeze, some fire in an automatic mode. Thus, modern automatic rifles overlap to some extent in design, in fact, many light machine guns are adaptations of existing automatic rifle designs. A militarys light machine guns are chambered for the same caliber ammunition as its service rifles. Generally, the difference between a rifle and a machine gun comes down to weight, cooling system. Modern military rifles are fed by magazines, while machine guns are generally belt-fed, many machine guns allow the operator to quickly exchange barrels in order to prevent overheating, whereas rifles generally do not. Most machine guns fire from a bolt in order to reduce the danger of cook-off. Machine guns are often crewed by more than one soldier, the rifle is an individual weapon, the term rifle is sometimes used to describe larger crew-served rifled weapons firing explosive shells, for example, recoilless rifles. In many works of fiction a rifle refers to any weapon that has a stock and is shouldered before firing, the origins of rifling are difficult to trace, but some of the earliest practical experiments seem to have occurred in Europe during the 15th century. Archers had long realized that a twist added to the feathers of their arrows gave them greater accuracy. This might also have led to a increase in accuracy. Rifles were created as an improvement in the accuracy of smooth bore muskets, the black powder used in early muzzle-loading rifles quickly fouled the barrel, making loading slower and more difficult. Since musketeers could not afford to take the time to stop and clean their barrels in the middle of a battle, rifles were limited to use by sharpshooters, muskets were smoothbore, large caliber weapons using ball-shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity. Due to the high cost and great difficulty of manufacturing, and the need to load readily from the muzzle

16.
Henry rifle
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Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. It was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War, many later found their way West, notably in the hands of the Sioux and Cheyenne in their obliteration of Custers U. S. Cavalry troops in June 1876. Modern versions of the weapon are produced by A. Uberti Firearms, most replicas are chambered in. 44-40 Winchester or.45 Long Colt. The original Henry rifle was a sixteen shot.44 caliber rimfire, lever-action, the Henry was an improved version of the earlier Volition Repeating Rifle, and later Volcanic Repeating Rifle. The Henry used copper rimfire cartridges with a 216 grain bullet over 25 grains of gunpowder, production was very small until the middle of 1864. Nine hundred were manufactured between summer and October 1862, by 1864, production had peaked at 290 per month, by the time production ended in 1866, approximately 14,000 units had been manufactured. For a Civil War soldier, owning a Henry rifle was a point of pride, letters home would call them Sixteen or Seventeen Shooters, depending whether a round was loaded in the chamber. Just 1,731 of the rifles were purchased by the government during the Civil War. The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased a further 50, however 6 to 7 thousand saw use by the union on the field through private puchases by soldiers who could afford it. The relative fragility of Henrys compared to Spencer repeating rifles hampered their official acceptance, more Henrys were purchased by soldiers than by the government. Many infantry soldiers purchased Henrys with their reenlistment bounties of 1864, most of these units were associated with Shermans Western Troops. When used correctly, the brass framed rifles had a high rate of fire compared to any other weapon on the battlefield. Soldiers who saved their pay to buy one believed it would save their lives. To the amazed muzzleloader-armed Confederates who had to face this deadly sixteen shooter, it was called a rifle that you could load on Sunday, the Henry rifle used a.44 caliber cartridge with 26 to 28 grains of black powder. This gave it significantly less muzzle velocity and energy than other repeaters of the era, the lever action, on the down-stroke, ejected the spent cartridge from the chamber and cocked the hammer. A spring in the magazine forced the next round into the follower, locking the back into position pushed the new cartridge into the chamber. As designed, the Henry lacked any form of safety, when not in use its hammer rested on the cartridge rim, any impact on the back of the exposed hammer could cause a chambered round to fire. If left cocked, it was in the position without a safety

17.
Winchester Model 1886
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The Winchester Model 1886 was a lever-action repeating rifle designed by John Browning to handle some of the more powerful cartridges of the period. Originally chambered in. 45-70. 45-90 WCF and. 40-82 WCF, it was offered in a half dozen other large cartridges. The Model 1886 continued the trend towards chambering heavier rounds, and had an all-new and it was designed by John Moses Browning, who had a long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. William Mason also contributed, making improvements to Brownings original design. In 1935 Winchester introduced a slightly modified M1886 as the Model 71, Winchester Repeating Arms Company Winchester Rifle

18.
Winchester Model 1892
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When asked by Winchester to design an improved lever action to compete with a recent Marlin offering, John Browning said he would have the prototype completed in under a month or it would be free. Within 2 weeks, Browning had a prototype of the 92. Calibers for the rifle vary and some are custom-chambered, the original rounds were the. 32-20. 38-40, and. 44-40 Winchester centerfire rounds, followed in 1895 by the new. 25-20. A few Model 92s chambered for.218 Bee were produced in 1936-38, rifles in. 44-40 proved to be most popular, far outstripping sales of the other chamberings. The Winchester Models 53 and 65 were relabeled Model 1892s, admiral Robert E. Peary carried an 1892 on his trips to the North Pole. and Secretary of War Patrick Hurley was presented with the one millionth rifle on December 13,1932. Famous Amazon explorer Percy Fawcett carried a Winchester 92 on his expeditions,1,007,608 Model 1892 rifles were made by the original Winchester company. The Depression greatly effected sales of the Winchester 92, and at the start of World War Two Winchester dropped production when it retooled for the war effort, production was not resumed after the war. Model 92 manufacture was resumed in the 1970s by Amadeo Rossi in Brazil, more recently by Chiappa Firearms, an Italian factory, by Browning in Japan, and by Winchester in Japan. In its modern form, using updated materials and production techniques, the Model 1892s action is strong enough to chamber high pressure handgun rounds, such as.357 Magnum.44 Magnum, and.454 Casull. Despite being designed for cartridges, the 1892s dual forward locking-block action is actually stronger than Brownings rear-locked Model 1894. John Wayne famously carried Model 92s in dozens of films and owned several personally, other notable screen 92s were those of Chuck Connors in The Rifleman TV series, and Steve McQueens Mares Leg in Wanted, Dead or Alive. This latter practice mirrored the real cowboys, who found it convenient to carry a rifle and a revolver chambered with the same ammunition. Garate, Anitua y Cia of Eibar, Spain copied the Model 1892 as El Tigre in.44 Largo with a 22-inch barrel,12 shot magazine, military sights, many were made with sling swivels. Production between 1915-1937 totalled 1,034,687 rifles, from 1923 on they were issued to various Spanish services including the Guardia Civil. El Tigre carbines were exported in large numbers to South American countries, Winchester ended production of the Model 1892 in 1941, however, arms manufacturers such as Browning, Chiappa and Rossi have continued to produce copies. Versions of the Model 1892 have continued to be produced almost continuously since Winchester ended its production run and they range in quality and price from midrange firearms to highly decorated presentation pieces. Winchester produced limited numbers of the Model 1892 in 1997, in November,2006, Winchester announced the Model 1892 John Wayne 100th Anniversary Rifle, chambered in Win 44-40. Since then, Winchester has offered several versions of the Model 1892, in early 2012, Winchester produced a limited number of Large Loop Carbines in 4 calibers.44 Magnum.357 Magnum. 44-40 and.45 Colt

19.
Winchester Model 1894
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The Winchester Model 1894 rifle is a lever-action repeating rifle that became one of the most famous and popular hunting rifles. It was designed by John Browning in 1894 and originally chambered to fire two metallic black powder cartridges, the. 32-40 Winchester and. 38-55 Winchester and it was the first rifle to chamber the smokeless powder round, the.30 WCF. The 1894 was produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company through 1980, Repeating Arms under the Winchester brand until they ceased manufacturing rifles in 2006. Reproductions are being made by the Miroku company of Japan and imported into the United States by the Browning Arms company of Morgan, the Model 1894 has been referred to as the ultimate lever-action design by firearms historians such as R. L. Wilson and Hal Herring. The Model 1894 is the credited with the name Winchester being used to refer to all rifles of this type and was the first commercial sporting rifle to sell over 7,000,000 units. The Winchester Model 1894 was the first commercial American repeating rifle built to be used with smokeless powder, the 1894 was originally chambered to fire 2 metallic black powder cartridges, the. 32-40 Winchester and. 38-55 Winchester. In 1895 Winchester went to a different steel composition for rifle manufacturing that could handle higher pressure rounds and offered the rifle in. 25-35 Winchester, the. 30-30 Winchester, or. 30WCF, is the cartridge that has become synonymous with the Model 1894. Starting in 1899, the Model 1894 was also chambered in.32 Winchester Special, as a result, it was the first sporting rifle to sell over 7,000,000 units. The United States government purchased 1,800 commercial Model 1894s with 50,000. 30-30 cartridges during World War I and these rifles in the 835800 to 852500 serial number range were marked atop the receiver ring with a flaming bomb and U. S. The rifles were intended for United States Army Signal Corps personnel stationed in the Pacific Northwest to prevent interruption of spruce timber harvesting for aircraft production, the rifles were sold as military surplus after the war. To release Lee–Enfield rifles for use, the Royal Navy purchased approximately 5,000. 30-30 caliber Model 94 rifles in 1914 for shipboard guard duty. France purchased 15,100 Model 1894 carbines equipped with sling swivels on the side of the buttstock and barrel band. These French carbines were issued to motorcycle couriers, artillery troops, trench railway personnel, some of these rifles acquired Belgian proofmarks when sold as surplus through Belgium. In mid-1964, the manufacturing of the 94 was changed in order to make the firearm less expensive to produce, generally referred to as pre-64 models, the earlier versions command a premium price over post-change rifles. The limited number of production models produced prior to the changeover are considered quite desirable. The Winchester 1894s design allowed the cycling of cartridges than the Winchester 1892 carbines could permit. When the lever is pulled down, it brings the bottom of the receiver with it, opening up more space, the mechanism is complex but very reliable. Complete stripping of the action is a task that must be accomplished in precise sequence

20.
Winchester Model 1895
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This allowed the rifle to safely chamber military and hunting cartridges with spitzer bullets. The M1895 was also the last of the rifles to be designed by John Browning. By today’s standards however, the design is considered relatively weak, around serial number 5000, a new receiver profile was introduced which had fluted sides, as opposed to the original flat sided design. This new receiver reduced the weight of the rifle by a small amount, by serial number 6000, it is thought that the last of the flat sided M1895s left the factory. These early rifles are now exceedingly rare, rifles made for the Russian contract had a longer than standard barrel fitted with an extended forestock and bayonet lug. Initial delivery of the rifles was delayed because adaptation to Russian standards, particularly the charger guide, Winchester later sold these rejected rifles on the US commercial market. Russia issued many of their Winchester Model 1895 rifles to troops from Finland, at least 9,000 Model 1895 rifles are known to have been provided by the Soviet Union in 1936 to the Spanish Republicans for use in the Spanish Civil War. Other nations adopted the rifle in more limited numbers, the United States ordered 10,000 in caliber. 30/40 Krag for the Spanish–American War, but the war ended before they arrived at the front. These rifles were marked U. S. atop the receiver ring, many parts were marked K. S. M. by ordnance inspector Kelly S. Morse. One hundred of these rifles were issued to the 33rd Volunteer Infantry for field testing in the Philippine–American War, the report of testing completed on 25 December 1899 stated the Krag–Jørgensen was greatly superior for military service. The remaining 9,900 rifles were sold to M. Harley Company, some of these rifles found their way to Mexico, where they were favored by Pancho Villa’s troops during the Mexican Revolution. Theodore Roosevelt also personally purchased and equipped each of his officers in the Rough Riders with a M1895 Winchester in.30 Army during the same timeframe. Winchester strongly disputed the results of the contest, arguing that the competition had been rigged in Savages favor, as with previous Winchester rifles, a new serial number range was launched with the M1895, beginning with serial number 1. Including military contract rifles, a total of 425,881 rifles were produced, the standard barrel length varied from 24 to 28 inches, depending on chambering and configuration, and the Standard finish on all rifles was blue. Theodore Roosevelt took two M1895 rifles with him on his 1909 safari to East Africa, both in.405 Winchester. Additionally, Kermit Roosevelt accompanied his father on the trip and brought two more M1895 rifles, one was chambered in.405 Winchester, and the other in. 30-03 Springfield. While the serial number of Kermits. 30-03 has been lost, the Model 1895 in both its rifle and carbine configuration was popular with the Texas Rangers and Arizona Rangers in both the 30-40 Krag and 30-06 Springfield calibers. Also Kenneth DS Anderson used this gun in 0.405 Winchester to shoot most of the man eating Tigers and Panthers he hunted in South India in his life time, in 1985, the Browning Arms Company reintroduced the M1895 rifle in. 30-06 Springfield

21.
Winchester Model 71
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The Winchester Model 71 was a lever-action rifle introduced in 1935 and discontinued in 1958. The Model 71 was conceived as a replacement for both the Model 1886 and Model 1895 as a complement to the Winchester Model 70 bolt-action rifle and to replace a raft of cartridges with just one. The rifle and cartridge were very effective against any North American big game in heavy timber, including the great bears and it was once very popular for hunting in Canada and Alaska. Cartridges of the World remarks that factory ammunition was available in 150,200, only the 200-grain weight is still available in factory ammunition. Browning re-issued the Model 71 as an edition in the mid 1980s. The Winchester and Browning versions showed very high degrees of craftsmanship, as of August,2013, the Winchester Repeating Arms website again lists model 71s as available, new from the factory. The Cody Firearms Museum research office Barnes, F, Cartridges of the World Madis, George, houson, Arts and Leisure Press,1971

22.
Winchester Model 88
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Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Developed from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters, the Model 1873 was particularly successful, being colloquially known as The Gun that Won the West. In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his Volition Repeating Rifle incorporating a tubular magazine, the Hunt rifle fired what he called the Rocket Ball, an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullets hollow base. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut acquired the Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence and its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester. Smiths cartridge, the.22 Short, would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is manufactured today. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smiths cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, confederates called the Henry that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week. After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, the company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle, the Model 1866. It retained the.44 Henry cartridge, was built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent. 44-40 centerfire cartridge, in 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876. The first Winchester rifle – the Winchester Model 1866 – was originally chambered for the rimfire.44 Henry. Nelson Kings improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round, france purchased 6,000 Model 1866 rifles along with 4.5 million.44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War. The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 muskets and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871, the Model 1866 compelled Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin–Nagant, after the war. The Swiss Army initially selected the Model 1866 to replace their existing single-shot Milbank-Amsler rifles, however, ensuing political pressure to adopt a domestic design resulted in the Vetterli Model 1867, a bolt-action design utilizing a copy of the Winchesters tubular magazine, being adopted instead. Due to public demand, the Model 1866 continued to be manufactured and sold until 1899, the Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, with Winchester marketing it as The Gun that Won the West. Still an icon in the day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923

23.
Winchester Model 9422
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Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Developed from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters, the Model 1873 was particularly successful, being colloquially known as The Gun that Won the West. In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his Volition Repeating Rifle incorporating a tubular magazine, the Hunt rifle fired what he called the Rocket Ball, an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullets hollow base. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut acquired the Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence and its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester. Smiths cartridge, the.22 Short, would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is manufactured today. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smiths cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, confederates called the Henry that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week. After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, the company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle, the Model 1866. It retained the.44 Henry cartridge, was built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent. 44-40 centerfire cartridge, in 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876. The first Winchester rifle – the Winchester Model 1866 – was originally chambered for the rimfire.44 Henry. Nelson Kings improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round, france purchased 6,000 Model 1866 rifles along with 4.5 million.44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War. The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 muskets and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871, the Model 1866 compelled Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin–Nagant, after the war. The Swiss Army initially selected the Model 1866 to replace their existing single-shot Milbank-Amsler rifles, however, ensuing political pressure to adopt a domestic design resulted in the Vetterli Model 1867, a bolt-action design utilizing a copy of the Winchesters tubular magazine, being adopted instead. Due to public demand, the Model 1866 continued to be manufactured and sold until 1899, the Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, with Winchester marketing it as The Gun that Won the West. Still an icon in the day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923

24.
Winchester Hotchkiss
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The Winchester Hotchkiss was a bolt-action repeating rifle patented by Benjamin B. Hotchkiss in 1876 and produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, a joint production program was undertaken after the Winchester design passed United States Army Ordnance Department tests in 1878. Springfield Armory assembled rifles from Winchester actions and hardware with barrels, sights, cleaning rods, and stock hardware were nearly identical to contemporary production for the single-shot trapdoor Springfield Model 1873. The Army ordered 513 Hotchkiss First Model Rifles for infantry units stationed on the frontier including Texas. Springfield subsequently modified 501 of these rifles to First Model and Second Model Carbines for testing by cavalry units, Carbines have a shorter barrel and stock and the rear sight is marked HC for Hotchkiss Carbine. The United States Navy ordered 1,474 First Model Rifles with 28.75 inches barrels rather than the 32.25 inches barrels on Army rifles, Hotchkiss First Model Rifles are identified by the circular knob safety and magazine cutoff on the right side of the stock. The knob weakened the stock, and was replaced by two levers atop the receiver on Hotchkiss Second Model Rifles, the Navy purchased 999 Second Model Rifles in 1880 and 1881, and Springfield Armory converted most of the Army First Model Rifles to Second Model Carbines. A few rifles were manufactured for the Army with two piece stocks variously identified as the Model of 1883 or Third Model Hotchkiss Rifles, the Chinese Empire purchased 15,000 Winchester-Hotchkiss rifles in 1881. Winchester also produced a civilian sporting version of the Hotchkiss, likewise in caliber. 45-70 Government, until 1899

25.
M1895 Lee Navy
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The Lee Model 1895 was a straight-pull, cam-action magazine rifle adopted in limited numbers by the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps in 1895 as a first-line infantry rifle. It fired a 6mm cartridge, which used a smokeless powder, was semi-rimless. The 6mm U. S. N. or Lee Navy Cartridge was also used in the version of the Colt–Browning Model 1895 machinegun. By 1894, the U. S. Navy desired to adopt a modern small-bore, Naval authorities decided that the new cartridge should be adaptable to both rifles and machine guns. On August 1,1894 a naval test board was convened at the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, per the terms of the Notice to Inventors, the new government-designed 6mm U. S. N a. k. a. Ball Cartridge, 6mm was the only permitted for rifles tested before the Naval Small Arms Board. The rifle action was required to withstand the firing of five overpressure cartridges with a pressure of 60,000 psi. In a second set of trials the Model 1893/94 Luger 6-mm Rifle, the Durst prototype fractured the receiver in firing and was withdrawn from the test, while the Luger Rifle performed excellently. Lugers submission had only one major disadvantage, it failed to meet government specifications, the Lee turning bolt design was considered to be a good one, but marred by its magazine system, which the Small Arms Board found to be problematic. The Board thought so highly of the Luger Rifle that it recommended purchase of either a prototype or an option to purchase the rights to manufacture. Apparently this never came to pass, as Luger not only declined to submit its design in the Navys government 6mm chambering, the first naval contract for the M1895 was let to Winchester for 10,000 rifles in January 1896. However, deliveries of the shipment of 10,000 rifles were not completed until 1897, owing to delays caused by manufacturing issues. The latter included a significant change in specification, which required extensive test firings followed by recalibration of the sights. Of the 10,000 rifles produced under the first contract,1,800 were issued to the U. S. Marine Corps, rifles with a serial number below 13390 were made prior to December 31,1898. The additional small quantity purchases by the Navy as well as all sporting models fall into the 10000–15000 serial range, military rifles have 28-inch barrels and navy anchor stamp, while rifles made for civilian sale have 24-inch barrels and no anchor. A second contract was let on February 7,1898 for an additional 5,000 rifles at $18.75 each and this second contract began delivery in August 1898 and was completed in December 1898. Overall, the Lee had a reputation for reliability in the field, beginning in 1898, during the Marine expeditionary campaign in Cuba, reports emerged from the field criticizing the floating extractor design. Designed by inventor James Paris Lee, the rifle weighed 8.3 pounds and was about 48 in long

26.
Winchester Model 52
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The Winchester Model 52 was a bolt-action. 22-caliber target rifle introduced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1920. For many years it was the premier smallbore match rifle in the United States, known as the King of the. 22s, the Model 52 has been called by Field & Stream one of the 50 best guns ever made and by Winchester historian Herbert Houze perfection in design. The rifle to be designated the Model 52 was designed from the ground up as an accuracy rifle — the worlds first production.22 to be so conceived. It was initially hoped that the Army could be persuaded to buy a bolt-action smallbore training rifle in addition to-or in place of-its existing contracts for Model 1885s. Yet despite the appearance of its early versions, the Model 52 was never a military rifle, as the Army only purchased 500 of the initial production for trial. In February 1918 the company assigned designers Thomas Crosley Johnson and Frank Burton to begin work on the new match rifle. Johnson quickly obtained approval for a receiver based closely on that of the Model D, with the externals settled, Johnson and Burton turned to developing the action for what was now Experimental Design No.111. Each built a prototype of his own design in Winchesters Model Shop, whelen further recommended that pre-production samples be rushed out in time for the National Matches at Caldwell, New Jersey that August. Six G22R prototypes were readied, and equipped five individual event winners and the victorious U. S. Dewar Cup team, accordingly, full production as Model 52 was authorized on 11 September 1919 and commenced in April 1920. The Model 52 was a non-rotating, rear-locked bolt-action design, the Model D-derived receiver was cylindrical, bored and machined from a forged billet, and of substantial thickness. The bolts dual locking lugs were part of the rotating bolt-handle collar, the bolt itself was undercut for the forward third of its length and rode on polished flats, a projecting lug at the front edge caught the top cartridge in the magazine. The bolt face was rebated so as to surround the case rim, dual-opposed sprung claw extractors were inlet into the sides of the bolt, providing controlled cartridge feed. A fixed blade-type ejector was located at the rear of the loading platform, the one-piece striker terminated in a Springfield-like knurled cocking-piece. The wing safety was mounted on the side of the receiver. The Model 52 went through many alterations over its sixty years and these changes were not systematic, improvements to the action, stock and so on were made on an ad hoc basis, and it is clearer to treat these alterations so separated rather than as models. From beginning to end the barrels were marked Winchester Model 52 without a letter, Winchester catalogs and advertising literature did not mention letter designators until the 1950s. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Model 52D represented an upgrade of the entire rifle. In addition, Burton redesigned the firing pin so as to reduce its travel from approximately.5 to.125, all of which resulted in a much faster lock time, at this time the original models knurled cocking-piece disappeared, replaced by a short trapezoidal boss

27.
Winchester Model 54
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The Winchester Model 54 is a bolt-action rifle manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The 54 was the first successful production run civilian centerfire bolt action for Winchester, using a Mauser 98-type action, the 54 was a less-expensive derivation of the limited-production handmade Model 51 Imperial of 1919. The Model 54 was produced until 1936 when, with some modifications, the Model 54 had a relatively heavy two stage trigger pull, which was greatly improved in the Model 70. Standard chamberings included the.22 Hornet.220 Swift. 250-3000 Savage.257 Roberts.270 Winchester, 30-30 Winchester. 30-06 Springfield, 7x57mm Mauser,7. 65x53mm Argentine, and 9x57mm Mauser. Special order chamberings were made in. 25-35 Winchester.32 Winchester Special, introduced prior to the popularity of telescopic sights, it was intended for use with open or aperture sights, and the bolt throw makes the addition of a scope difficult. Winchester rifle T. C. Johnson Bolt Action Rifles, De Haas and Zwoll, p.576 Exploded view

28.
Winchester Model 67
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The Winchester Model 67 was a single-shot, bolt-action.22 caliber rimfire rifle sold from 1934 to 1963 by Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Based on the earlier Model 60, the Model 67 was the mainstay of Winchesters inexpensive single-shot rifle lineup, a rare variant, the Model 677, was produced with telescopic sights and no provisions for Iron Sights. The Model 67 had a 27-inch barrel with a simple post front sight, when it was first introduced, the rifle could chamber.22 Short.22 Long, or.22 Long Rifle cartridges interchangeably. Several variants of the Model 67 were produced, the Model 68 was conceived as a replacement for the slow-selling Model 60A Target model which was designed for the competition market. The Model 68 was basically a Model 67 with a front sight. In August 1937, acting on a suggestion by Adolph Topperwein, Winchester introduced a smaller version intended to be marketed as a childs first rifle. This barrel was shortened to 20 inches, the length of pull of the stock was reduced by 1.19 inches and this model was known as the Junior Model or, perhaps more popularly, the Boys Rifle. In September 1937, a version intended for short-range varmint control was introduced, chambered for.22 Short.22 Long.22 Long Rifle. Other than the absence of rifling, it was similar to the standard model. Winchester-branded telescopic sights were first offered in January 1937 with the introduction of the Model 677 and this model featured integral scope bases mounted on the barrel and no provisions for iron sights. Options were a 2¾-power scope or a 5-power scope with crosshairs, the scopes were boxed separately and attached to integral bases on the barrel by the rifles buyer. Other than the scope and the absence of iron sights, the Model 677 was identical to the Model 67, also in November 1937, the same three scope options became available for the standard model, and the post scope was offered on the Boys Rifle. Open sights were retained and could be viewed through special split scope bases, all telescopic sights were formally dropped in 1942 when supplies of optical glass were diverted to meet World War II arms production demands. Production of the Model 677 had actually ceased in 1938 due to poor sales. The Model 677 has the lowest production total of any Winchester single-shot rimfire model with only 1,400 produced, the Model 67 was introduced alongside the Model 68 in May 1934 and immediately proved popular. As with other Winchester models, various changes were made over time. The finger grooves in the stock were eliminated in late 1935, the bolt retaining spring was eliminated in August 1937. The stock was enlarged in October 1937 so the takedown screw would fit flush with the bottom, the forearm was changed to a shape

29.
Winchester Model 68
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The Winchester Model 68 was a single-shot, bolt-action.22 caliber rimfire rifle sold from 1934 to 1945 by Winchester Repeating Arms Company. While almost identical to the slightly cheaper Winchester Model 67, it offered an aperture sight, the early 1930s were a period of intense competition amongst American rifle manufacturers such including Winchester, Iver Johnson, and Mossberg. In an attempt to win the loyalty of entry-level single-shot rimfire rifle buyers, with the insert removed, the sight was less accurate but offered more light—making it better for small game hunting and informal plinking. The Model 68 was introduced alongside the Model 67 in May 1934, the Model 68s sales rapidly outpaced the more expensive but slightly better-equipped Model 60A, which was still being sold from inventory, although production had been placed on hiatus in April 1934. The Model 68s sales eventually undercut the Model 60A to such an extent that production of the rifle was never resumed. Production changes to the Model 68 generally paralleled the Model 67, an optional.22 WRF chambering was added in April 1938, somewhat later than its 1935 introduction on the Model 67. Winchester-branded telescopic sights were first offered in 1937, options were a 2¾-power scope with crosshairs or a vertical aiming post and a 5-power scope with crosshairs. Open sights were retained, the scopes were boxed separately and attached to integral bases on the barrel by the rifles buyer, the telescopic-sight options were discontinued in 1939. Sales from inventory continued into 1945 and the rifle was listed in the 1946 price list although stocks had already been depleted, approximately 98,496 to 100,730 Model 68s were produced. The Model 68 was never produced with serial numbers, which were not required on American firearms prior to the Gun Control Act of 1968, the First 100 model 68 rifles were serial numbered Henshaw, Thomas, The History of Winchester Firearms 1866-1992 6th Ed. Clinton, NJ, USA, New Win Publishing, Inc.1993, to the dreams of youth, Winchester.22 Caliber Single Shot Rifle. Iola, WI, USA, Krause Publications, Inc.1993, ISBN 0-87341-237-0 COLLECTORS CORNER, Collecting the Bolt-Action Winchester.22 Rifle http, //www. ogca. com/boltaction22rifle. htm Fjestad, S. P. Blue Book of Gun Values 30th Ed, minneapolis, MN, USA, Blue Book Publications, Inc.2009

30.
Winchester Model 69
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The Winchester Model 69 was a bolt-action.22 caliber repeating rifle first produced in 1935 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was marketed as Winchesters mid-priced bolt-action rimfire sporting rifle, positioned above inexpensive single-shot rifles such as the Model 68, an uncommon Model 69 variant, the Model 697, was offered with a telescopic sight and no provisions for iron sights. During the early 1930s, Winchester management was disappointed with the sales of the Model 56. Potential buyers considered the Model 56 and 57s 22 in barrels too short, the Model 69 was conceived as a lower-priced replacement with a longer 25 in barrel. The Model 69 used the same standard 5-round box magazine as the Models 52,56,57 and 75, allowing optional 10-round magazines and single-shot adapters to be shared. The magazine was released by depressing a button on the left-hand side of the stock. The rifle was a design, the barreled action was easily removed by turning a screw under the stock using a penny. A removable sheetmetal hood for the front sight was available, rear sight choices included a barrel-mounted buckhorn sight that was drift-adjustable for windage and a more sophisticated receiver-mounted peep sight. A composition buttplate was used on all models, in August 1935, the bolt was redesigned to incorporate a rebounding firing pin in compliance with Canadian import regulations. In October 1937, the stock was enlarged so the takedown screw would fit flush with the bottom, the forearm was changed to a shape. Winchester-branded telescopic sights were first offered in 1937, options were a 2¾-power scope with crosshairs or a vertical aiming post and a 5-power scope with crosshairs. Open sights were retained, the scopes were boxed separately and attached to integral bases on the barrel by the rifles buyer, in November 1937, several substantial design changes were made. The trigger mechanism also incorporated a screw adjustment, allowing the owner to adjust the trigger pull weight to some degree. The improved rifle was designated as the Model 69A, the Model 69 was originally marketed primarily for hunting and informal plinking rather than formal target shooting. Both new Model 69 variants had a larger stock than the standard rifle and were chambered in.22 Long Rifle only. The generally unpopular factory telescopic sight options were dropped in 1941, in January 1937, Winchester introduced the Model 697, a Model 69 variant with the same telescopic sight options as the standard model but without any provisions for open sights. The new model was first shipped in June 1937 and was updated to the improved Model 69A standard. The Model 697 was unpopular due to dissatisfaction with the scope mounts and was permanently discontinued in 1941

31.
Winchester Model 70
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The Winchester Model 70 is a bolt-action sporting rifle. It has a place in American sporting culture and has been held in high regard by shooters since it was introduced in 1936. The action has some similarities to Mauser designs and it is a development of the earlier Winchester Model 54. The Model 70 was originally manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company between 1936 and 1980, from the early 1980s until 2006, Winchester rifles were manufactured by U. S. Repeating Arms under an agreement with Olin Corporation, allowing USRA to use the Winchester name, Model 70s were built in New Haven, Connecticut, from 1936 to 2006, when production ceased. In the fall of 2007, the Belgian company FN Herstal announced that Model 70 production would resume, as of 2012, new Winchester Model 70 rifles were being made by FN Herstal in Columbia, South Carolina. In 2013, assembly was moved to Portugal, in 1936, Winchester introduced the Model 70 bolt-action rifle to the American market. The Model 70 was largely based on the Model 54, and is still highly regarded by shooters and is often called The Riflemans Rifle. In 1999 Shooting Times magazine named the Model 70 the Bolt-action Rifle of the Century, throughout its life, the Model 70 has been offered in many grades and styles. The pre-1964 Model 70s were manufactured from 1936 through 1963 after which time significant changes in the design, pre-1964 Model 70s bring a substantial price premium due to a public perception that they were better, as they had several desirable features that the post-1964 version did not. The best way to identify a pre-1964 Model 70 Winchester rifles is the serial number, Model 70 rifles with serial numbers below 700,000 are the pre-1964 variety. The receivers of these Model 70s were machined from bar stock steel, the original Model 70 quickly established an excellent reputation with American sportsmen. It was a high-quality action of considerable strength, with 2 forward locking lugs and this feed is called controlled round feeding and is favored by a number of shooters who prefer rifles to feed reliably, especially those who pursue dangerous game. The main benefit of the blade type ejector is it is simpler, competing as it did with the Remington Model 700, it was decided that changes needed to be made in the face of rising labour costs. Accordingly, in 1964 Winchester made a number of changes to the Model 70. Few to none of these changes were popular with the rifle-buying public, the changes included dropping the controlled round feed feature, a change to the basic stock shape and the use of impressed checkering rather than cut checkering. Jack OConnor, long a proponent of the Model 70, wrote of the version that I was informed by Winchester brass that the Model 70 was being redesigned. I told them that I was glad to get the information so I could lay in four or five more before they loused the rifle up, then I saw the pilot model of New Model 70

32.
Winchester Model 121
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The Winchester Model 121 is a single-shot bolt-action.22 caliber rimfire rifle that was produced from 1967 to 1973 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The 121 can fire.22 Short.22 Long, or.22 Long Rifle cartridges from its 20¾ barrel, the barrel rifling is 1 turn in 16 inches with a right-hand twist. The bolt is a controlled-round feed design and utilizes dual locking lugs on the front, the Model 121 came with iron sights, with the rear sight being adjustable for elevation and windage. The receiver is grooved to accept a scope if one is so desired. The Model 121s stock is a one-piece modified Monte Carlo, made of American hardwood with a Walnut finish, the Winchester 121 was also available as a Deluxe model or a Youth model. The 121 Deluxe featured a stock with a comb, sling swivels, a front ramp sight with a dovetailed bead. The 121 Youth used a shorter length-of-pull stock that measured 12¼ inches, the Winchester Model 131 is a clip feed bolt action repeater. Unlike the model 121 the safety is manual and it is not turned on when a round is loaded, the safety may be on or off when a round is loaded. Incorrect assembly of the safety mechanism on the Model 131 can cause accidental discharge, verify the safe operation of the safety mechanism before operating this firearm. This firearm was also sold as a Sears Model 2C and should be given the same consideration, the Winchester Model 141 is a tubular feed bolt action repeater. Sears and Roebuck sold a private version of the 121

33.
Winchester Model 1903
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The Winchester Model 1903 was the first commercially available semi-automatic firearm made by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The Winchester Model 1903 was designed by T. C, johnson, who had joined Winchester in 1885 and had become nationally known as an inventor of successful rifles. It was first chambered for the.22 Winchester Automatic cartridge, in 1919, the Model 1903 moniker was shortened to Model 03, and following a partial redesign in the 1930s, was renamed the Model 63. In addition to changes, the model fired the.22 Long Rifle cartridge. This cartridge was more popular than the.22 Winchester Automatic cartridge, the Model 63 was first available for purchase in 1933 and remained in production until 1958. Production totaled approximately 126,000 Model 1903 rifles and approximately 175,000 Model 63 rifles, the Model 1903/Model 63 featured a 20-inch round barrel. A 23-inch barrel was approved for manufacturing in 1933, and the 20-inch barrel was discontinued in 1936, the Model 1903/Model 63 had a tubular magazines in the butt stock. The magazine held ten cartridges, and was loaded through a slot in the side of the butt stock. The Model 1903 and Model 63 were takedown rifles, the takedown mechanism on the Model 1903 required the user to press the takedown screw-lock down through a slot in the tang to release the lock from the ratchet. The Model 63 featured an improved mechanism that required the user to turn the takedown screw to the left until the mechanism released. The self-loading feature of the Model 1903/Model 63 was accomplished by use of a simple blow-back operated mechanism and this mechanism featured a balanced breech bolt, meaning that the breech bolt contained a quantity of metal proportioned to the weight and velocity of the bullet. This balances the recoil forces so that the bolt does not move rearward until the bullet has left the muzzle of the barrel. The original design of this mechanism required Winchester to design a custom cartridge to go along with it. This mechanism was redesigned for the Model 63 to allow it to fire the.22 Long Rifle cartridge, the Model 1903 was advertised as an automatic rifle. In modern times, it is appropriately referred to as a semi-automatic rifle since the loading mechanism required the trigger to be pulled for each shot. The Model 1903 was available in a standard and a deluxe version, the standard version had a plain walnut stock with a plan straight grip. The deluxe version had a checkered pistol grip stock with a checkered forearm. A tubular magazine located in the buttstock held ten cartridges, the first 5000 rifles were produced without a safety mechanism

34.
Winchester Model 1905
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The Winchester Model 1905, is a blowback-operated, semi-automatic rifle produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company beginning in 1905 and discontinued in 1920. This rifle loads cartridges from a 5 or 10-round capacity, detachable box magazine located immediately forward of the trigger guard, Winchester offered factory chamberings in. 32SL and.35 Winchester Self-Loading. Notably, a Model 1905 in.35 WSL was used by Harry Payne Whitney on an arctic expedition, the rifle proved reliable in extreme low-temperatures, yet insufficiently powerful enough for taking of large game such as musk ox. The basic design for the Winchester Model 1905 is covered by U. S, patent 681,481 issued August 27,1901 and assigned to Winchester by Thomas Crossley Johnson, a key firearms designer for Winchester. In addition to the standard or plain finish model, a deluxe or fancy finish model was offered with pistol grip stock and checkering on the forearm, the plain finish rifles were offered in 1905 at a list price of $28, the fancy finish rifles for $43. The Vintage Semi-Automatic Sporting Rifles Forum - Winchester Model 1905 - http, //vintagesemiautorifle. proboards105. com/index. cgi. board=win05

35.
Winchester Model 1907
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The Winchester Model 1907 is a blowback-operated, semi-automatic rifle produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company beginning in 1906 with production ending in 1958. It fired a cartridge of intermediate power, cycled through an operating mechanism. It was fed from a 5,10, or 15 round detachable box magazine located immediately forward of the trigger guard, in size and handling, it is much like an M1 carbine, though the 1907 is heavier and fires a much harder hitting round. The only cartridge offered by Winchester as a chambering in the Model 1907 was the. 351SL centerfire. The energy of this cartridge at the muzzle approximates the original loading of the 30-30 or the modern 35 Remington at approximately 75-100 yards. In addition to the standard or plain finish model, a deluxe or fancy finish model was offered with pistol grip stock and checkering on the forearm, the plain finish rifles were offered in 1907 at a list price of $28. That equates to approximately $7302016 dollars, a barrel sleeve with Krag bayonet mount and front sight was also an option with the Police Rifle. The basic design for the Model 1907 is covered by U. S, patent 681,481 issued August 27,1901 and assigned to Winchester by Thomas Crossley Johnson, a key firearms designer for Winchester. Patent 681,481 Small cartridge, Winchester Model 1903 U. S, patent 720,698 Large cartridge, self-loading, box magazine, takedown rifle U. S. Patent 963,444 Buttstock bolt The government initially ordered 300 Model 1907 rifles in October 1915 from Winchester, ammunition orders for these rifles exceeded 1.5 million cartridges of. 351SL before 1917. Subsequent orders in 1917 and 1918 totaled 2,200 Model 1907 rifles, according to factory records, these rifles were modified for fully automatic fire and fitted with Lee-Navy rifle bayonets. These rifles were designated by the name of Winchester Model 1907/17, they used either a 15-round magazine or 20-round magazine and these rifles were specially modified for aerial use and intended to arm airplane rear seat observers. The Imperial Russian government is recorded by Winchester as purchasing 500 Model 1907 rifles and 1.5 million rounds of. 351SL ammunition through the J. P. Morgan Company in May 1916. According to factory records, the 1st Aero Squadron of the U. S. Army Signal Corps Air Service was shipped 19 Model 1907 rifles and 9000 cartridges of. 351SL ammunition. The 1st Aero Squadrons shipment was sent to Columbus, New Mexico and was used in arming their aircraft while in support of General Pershings Punitive Expedition. The Federal Bureau of Investigation acquired some Model 1907 rifles in response to the 1933 Kansas City Massacre, ribeyrolles 1918 automatic carbine The Vintage Semi-Automatic Sporting Rifles Forum - Winchester Model 1907

36.
Winchester Model 1910
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The Winchester Model 1910 is a blowback operated semi-automatic rifle produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company beginning in 1910 with production ending in 1936. This rifle is fed from a 4-round capacity, detachable box magazine located immediately forward of the trigger guard, Winchester only chambered the model 1910 in the.401 Winchester Self-Loading or.401 WSL cartridge. The basic design for the Model 1910 is covered by *U. S, patent 681,481 issued August 27,1901 and assigned to Winchester by Thomas Crossley Johnson, a key firearms designer for Winchester. In addition to the standard or plain finish model, a deluxe or fancy finish model was offered with checkering on the forearm, the plain finish rifles were offered in 1910 at a list price of $30. A subsequent December 7,1917 order of 400,000. 401SL cartridges is believed to indicate additional Model 1910 rifles were acquired by the French Republic through other means. Russian Empire Winchester records show orders of about 500 Model 1910 rifles by the Imperial Russian government dating to 1915 and 1916, further details are not available regarding orders of. 401SL. The Vintage Semi-Automatic Sporting Rifles Forum - Winchester Model 1910 - http, //vintagesemiautorifle. proboards105. com/index. cgi. board=win10

37.
Winchester model 30
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The Winchester Model 30 was an experimental self-loading rifle offered to the United States War Department as an alternative to the M1 Garand. Winchester Repeating Arms modified the design to a selective fire Winchester Automatic Rifle after military field trials favored the Garand, development had not progressed beyond limited-production prototypes when official interest faded at the end of World War II. Soon after adoption of the Garand, the Ordnance Department hired Winchester to evaluate the new M1 rifle, Winchester engineers believed the Garand required unnecessarily expensive manufacturing procedures which would make it impractical for mass production in times of emergency. Winchester then acquired rights to a self-loading. 30-06 Springfield rifle designed by John Brownings half-brother Jonathan E. Browning. Following the designers death in 1939, Winchester modified the design to use David Marshall Williams short-stroke piston later successful in the M1 carbine, the Ordnance Department tested the initial model G30 prototype at Aberdeen Proving Ground in September 1940. The United States Marine Corps tested a prototype model G30M in comparison to the Garand. The Marines evaluated the Winchester model G30M as the least satisfactory of the four rifles tested, the model G30R was provided with detachable box magazines with capacities of 5,10,20 or 30 cartridges. The Ordnance Department designated the model G30R as the T10E1, the Winchester Automatic Rifle tested by the Ordnance Department in December 1944 was several pounds lighter than the BAR

38.
Winchester Model 63
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The Winchester Model 1903 was the first commercially available semi-automatic firearm made by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The Winchester Model 1903 was designed by T. C, johnson, who had joined Winchester in 1885 and had become nationally known as an inventor of successful rifles. It was first chambered for the.22 Winchester Automatic cartridge, in 1919, the Model 1903 moniker was shortened to Model 03, and following a partial redesign in the 1930s, was renamed the Model 63. In addition to changes, the model fired the.22 Long Rifle cartridge. This cartridge was more popular than the.22 Winchester Automatic cartridge, the Model 63 was first available for purchase in 1933 and remained in production until 1958. Production totaled approximately 126,000 Model 1903 rifles and approximately 175,000 Model 63 rifles, the Model 1903/Model 63 featured a 20-inch round barrel. A 23-inch barrel was approved for manufacturing in 1933, and the 20-inch barrel was discontinued in 1936, the Model 1903/Model 63 had a tubular magazines in the butt stock. The magazine held ten cartridges, and was loaded through a slot in the side of the butt stock. The Model 1903 and Model 63 were takedown rifles, the takedown mechanism on the Model 1903 required the user to press the takedown screw-lock down through a slot in the tang to release the lock from the ratchet. The Model 63 featured an improved mechanism that required the user to turn the takedown screw to the left until the mechanism released. The self-loading feature of the Model 1903/Model 63 was accomplished by use of a simple blow-back operated mechanism and this mechanism featured a balanced breech bolt, meaning that the breech bolt contained a quantity of metal proportioned to the weight and velocity of the bullet. This balances the recoil forces so that the bolt does not move rearward until the bullet has left the muzzle of the barrel. The original design of this mechanism required Winchester to design a custom cartridge to go along with it. This mechanism was redesigned for the Model 63 to allow it to fire the.22 Long Rifle cartridge, the Model 1903 was advertised as an automatic rifle. In modern times, it is appropriately referred to as a semi-automatic rifle since the loading mechanism required the trigger to be pulled for each shot. The Model 1903 was available in a standard and a deluxe version, the standard version had a plain walnut stock with a plan straight grip. The deluxe version had a checkered pistol grip stock with a checkered forearm. A tubular magazine located in the buttstock held ten cartridges, the first 5000 rifles were produced without a safety mechanism

39.
Winchester Model 100
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The Winchester Model 100 was a semi-automatic rifle manufactured by Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was first introduced in 1961, and was manufactured until 1973, a total of approximately 262,838 were manufactured. Variants of the weapon are capable of firing a.308.243, the barrel is 22 inches long. Winchester offered to do repairs on the gun free of charge

40.
Winchester Model 1885
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The Winchester Model 1885 is a single-shot rifle with a falling-block action. It was principally designed by John Browning, two models were produced, the Low Wall and the High Wall. In 1878, the 23-year-old Browning designed a falling-block single-shot rifle, Browning and his brother commenced making the rifles by hand in their second-floor workshop in Ogden, Utah, with limited success. It was produced principally to satisfy the demands of the sport of long-range Match Shooting. Winchester produced nearly 140,000 Single Shot rifles from 1885 to 1920, the falling block action was so strong that the Winchester Company used it to test fire newly created rifle cartridges. To satisfy the needs of the shooting and hunting public, the Model 1885 Single Shot was eventually produced in more calibers than any other Winchester rifle. Winchester also produced a number of Single Shots in.22 caliber for the US Army as a marksmanship training rifle. In 2005, Winchester reintroduced their famed 1885 Single Shots, labeled the Limited Series, however, four of those Limited Series Model 1885 SSs were subtitled Traditional Hunters. Their rifling, in the case of the. 38-55, are the one complete turn within eighteen inches with rifle grooves at.376. The. 45-70 is by far the most readily available of these four vintage cartridges, the overall length of a Model 1885 with a 28-inch barrel is the same basic length as a Winchester bolt-action Model 70 with a 24-inch barrel. With a longer barrel more powder is burned, resulting in bullet velocities that are increased over bolt-action rifles that have the same overall length. Falling-block List of Winchester models Single-shot Winchester Repeating Arms Company Winchester Rifle McLerran, Browning Model 1885 Black Powder Cartridge Rifle - 3rd Edition, A Reference Manual for the Shooter, Collector & Gunsmith. Kelver, Gerald O. Major Ned H. Roberts and the Schuetzen Rifle, pioneer Press Winchester Repeating Arms Recently Historic Rifles Winchester Repeating Arms Currently Produced Rifles Modern cartridges, hunting experiences and bullet velocities in the Model 1885

41.
Shotgun
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Shotguns come in a wide variety of sizes, ranging from 5. A shotgun is generally a smoothbore firearm, which means that the inside of the barrel is not rifled, preceding smoothbore firearms, such as the musket, were widely used by armies in the 18th century. The direct ancestor to the shotgun, the blunderbuss, was used in a similar variety of roles from self-defense to riot control. It was often used by cavalry troops because of its shorter length and ease of use. In the 19th century, however, these weapons were replaced on the battlefield with breechloading rifled firearms. The military value of shotguns was rediscovered in the First World War, since then, it has been used in a variety of roles in civilian, law enforcement, and military applications. The shot pellets from a spread upon leaving the barrel, and the power of the burning charge is divided among the pellets. In a hunting context, this makes shotguns useful primarily for hunting birds, however, in a military or law enforcement context, the large number of projectiles makes the shotgun useful as a close quarters combat weapon or a defensive weapon. Militants or insurgents may use shotguns in asymmetric engagements, as shotguns are commonly owned civilian weapons in many countries, shotguns are also used for target shooting sports such as skeet, trap, and sporting clays. These involve shooting clay disks, known as clay pigeons, thrown in various ways, shotguns come in a wide variety of forms, from very small up to massive punt guns, and in nearly every type of firearm operating mechanism. The common characteristics that make a unique center around the requirements of firing shot. These features are the typical of a shotgun shell, namely a relatively short, wide cartridge, with straight walls. Ammunition for shotguns is referred to in the USA as shotgun shells, shotshells, the term cartridges is standard usage in the United Kingdom. The shot is fired from a smoothbore barrel, another configuration is the rifled slug barrel. The typical use of a shotgun is against small and fast moving targets, the spreading of the shot allows the user to point the shotgun close to the target, rather than having to aim precisely as in the case of a single projectile. The disadvantages of shot are limited range and limited penetration of the shot, which is why shotguns are used at short ranges, and typically against smaller targets. Larger shot sizes, up to the case of the single projectile slug load, result in increased penetration. Aside from the most common use against small, fast moving targets, First, it has enormous stopping power at short range, more than nearly all handguns and many rifles

42.
Winchester Model 1893
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Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever-action repeating rifles manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Developed from the 1860 Henry rifle, Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters, the Model 1873 was particularly successful, being colloquially known as The Gun that Won the West. In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his Volition Repeating Rifle incorporating a tubular magazine, the Hunt rifle fired what he called the Rocket Ball, an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullets hollow base. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut acquired the Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence and its largest stockholder was Oliver Winchester. Smiths cartridge, the.22 Short, would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is manufactured today. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by the end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the firms assets from the remaining stockholders. Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smiths cartridge concept, and perfected the much larger, Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only the general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, confederates called the Henry that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week. After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, the company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle, the Model 1866. It retained the.44 Henry cartridge, was built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent. 44-40 centerfire cartridge, in 1876, in a bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876. The first Winchester rifle – the Winchester Model 1866 – was originally chambered for the rimfire.44 Henry. Nelson Kings improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round, france purchased 6,000 Model 1866 rifles along with 4.5 million.44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War. The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 muskets and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871, the Model 1866 compelled Russians to develop a new rifle, the Mosin–Nagant, after the war. The Swiss Army initially selected the Model 1866 to replace their existing single-shot Milbank-Amsler rifles, however, ensuing political pressure to adopt a domestic design resulted in the Vetterli Model 1867, a bolt-action design utilizing a copy of the Winchesters tubular magazine, being adopted instead. Due to public demand, the Model 1866 continued to be manufactured and sold until 1899, the Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, with Winchester marketing it as The Gun that Won the West. Still an icon in the day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923

43.
Winchester Model 1897
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The Winchester Model 1897, also known as the Model 97, M97, or Trench Gun, was a pump-action shotgun with an external hammer and tube magazine manufactured by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The Model 1897 was an evolution of the Winchester Model 1893 designed by John Browning, from 1897 until 1957, over one million of these shotguns were produced. The Model 1897 was offered in numerous barrel lengths and grades, chambered in 12 and 16 gauge, the 16-gauge guns had a standard barrel length of 28 inches, while 12-gauge guns were furnished with 30-inch length barrels. Special length barrels could be ordered in lengths as short as 20 inches, since the time the Model 1897 was first manufactured it has been used by American soldiers, police departments, and hunters. The Winchester Model 1897 was designed by American firearms inventor John Moses Browning, the Model 1897 was first listed for sale in the November 1897 Winchester catalog as a 12 gauge solid frame. However, the 12 gauge takedown was added in October 1898, the 1897 introduced a take down design, where the barrel could be taken off, a standard in pump shotguns made today, like the Remington 870 and Mossberg 500 series. The Winchester Model 1897 was in production from 1897 until 1957 and it was in this time frame that the modern hammerless designs became common, like the Winchester Model 1912 and the Remington 870 and the Model 1897 was superseded by the Winchester Model 1912. However, the gun can still be today in regular use. While designing the new Model 1897, many of the present in the earlier Model 1893 were taken into account. These improvements included, The frame was strengthened and made longer to handle a 12 gauge 2¾-inch shell, the top of the frame was covered so that the ejection of the fired shell was entirely from the side. This added a great amount of strength to the frame of the gun, the action could not be opened until a slight forward movement of the slide handle released the action slide lock. In firing, the recoil of the gave a slight forward motion to the slide handle. In the absence of any recoil, the handle had to be pushed forward manually in order to release the action slide lock. A movable cartridge guide was placed on the side of the carrier block to prevent the escape of the shell when the shotgun was turned sideways in the act of loading. The stock was made longer and with less drop, of these improvements, the slide lock is the one that made the Model 1897 into a safe firearm. This improved slide lock kept the shotgun locked until actual firing occurred which prevented it from jamming in the case of a misfire, the Model 1897 is an external hammer shotgun lacking a trigger disconnector. This means that the user can hold the trigger down while cycling the shotgun, the firearm itself is classified as a slide action pump shotgun. It was the first truly successful pump-action shotgun produced, throughout the time period the Model 1897 was in production, over a million of the type were produced in various grades and barrel lengths

44.
Winchester Model 1912
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The Winchester Model 1912 is an internal-hammer, pump-action, shotgun with an external tube magazine. Popularly named the Perfect Repeater at its introduction, it set the standard for pump action shotguns over its 51-year high-rate production life. From August 1912 until first discontinued by Winchester in May 1964, initially chambered for 20 gauge only, the 12 and 16 gauge versions came out in 1913, and the 28 gauge version came out in 1934. A.410 version was never produced, instead, a version of the Model 12 known as the Model 42. The Model 1912 was the step from the Winchester Model 1897 hammer-fired shotgun. The Model 12 was designed by Winchester engineer T. C, johnson, and was based in part on the M1893/97 design by John M. Browning, in that it used a sliding forearm or pump action to cycle the mechanism. It was initially available in 20 gauge only, the Model 12 was a very successful internal hammer pump-action shotgun. Its tubular magazine was loaded through the bottom of the gun, empty shotgun shells ejected to the right. Depending on the wooden plug installed in the magazine, two, three, or four shells could be stored in the tubular magazine. The magazine holds six 2¾-inch 12 ga. shells, when no plug is installed, with forged and machined steel parts, the ultimate reason for discontinuation in 1964 was that it was too expensive to produce at a competitive price. The primary competition at this came from the much less expensive Remington Model 870. The early 20 gauge Model 12 guns had chambers that were 2½, careful inspection by a gunsmith is always recommended to determine whether or not it is safe to fire a modern 2¾-inch shotgun shell in older Model 12s. Special production examples were produced by Winchester, the U. S, repeating Arms Company, and Miroku after 1964 through 2006 through specialized gun collector purchase programs, but the Perfect Repeater shotgun was never mass-produced after 1964. Repeating Arms Company announced a complete closing of the New Haven, Connecticut factory facility in January 2006, thus ending the Model 12s long, versions of the Model 12 were type classified as the Model 12 or M12 for short. More than 80,000 Model 12 shotguns were purchased during World War II by the United States Marine Corps, Army Air Forces, and Navy, mostly for use in the Pacific theater. Riot gun versions of the Model 12, lacking the heat shield and bayonet, were purchased by the Army for use in defending bases, the Navy similarly purchased and used the riot gun version for protecting Navy ships and personnel while in foreign ports. The Marine Corps used the trench gun version of the Model 12 to great success in taking Japanese-occupied islands in the Pacific, during the Korean War, the Marines used the Model 12 extensively. The Ithaca 37 soon filled the void caused by the end of the Model 12s production, unlike most modern pump-action shotguns, the Winchester Model 12 had no trigger disconnector

45.
Winchester Model 1200
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The Model 1200 and Model 1300 are two pump-action shotguns that were manufactured by the Winchester-Western Division of Olin Corporation. It was produced in 12-, 16- and 20-gauge, the military version of the 1200 has the ability to have a bayonet fixed on the end of the barrel to be used in close quarter combat. The Winchester Model 1200 was introduced in 1964 as a low-cost replacement for the venerable Model 12, a small number of these weapons were acquired by the United States Army in 1968 and 1969. The military style Model 1200 was essentially the same weapon as the version, except it had a ventilated handguard, sling swivels. The Model 1200 was succeeded by the Winchester Model 1300 in 1983 when U. S, repeating Arms Company became the manufacturer of Winchester firearms. Production of the Model 1300 ceased in 2006, when USRAC went bankrupt, the slide action, also known as a pump-action, means that the shotgun has a moving bolt system which is operated by a wooden or composite slide called the fore-end. The fore-end is located on the underside of the barrel and moves front to back, the weapon can hold a maximum of five rounds total with four in the tubular magazine and one in the chamber. It has an action which means that there is no external hammer spur. There is only a pin which strikes the primer on the shell to ignite the powder in the round. The Model 1200 was the first shotgun to utilize a bolt with four locking lugs secured within the barrel extension. The 1200 was Winchesters first shotgun to incorporate the companys patented Winchoke system, a bayonet could be attached to the front end of the barrel of the Military version of the Model 1200. The primary uses of the bayonet on the model 1200 are for close combat, guarding prisoners, the most commonly used bayonet with the Model 1200 was the M1917 bayonet. After World War I ended, there was a surplus of the M-1917 bayonets because the Army decided to keep the M1903 Springfield as the standard issued rifle. The M-1917 bayonet did not fit the Springfield rifles so instead of just getting rid of them, Model 1200 shotguns with bayonet lugs and ventilation ribs were still in U. S. Army inventories as late as the invasion of Iraq 2003. During the Iraq war the Model 1200 shotguns were phased out in favor of Mossberg 500 shotguns, Model 1200, Standard capacity model with four-shell tubular magazine Model 1200 Defender, Increased capacity model with six-shell tubular magazine. Model 1200 Police, Increased capacity variant of the Model 1200 Defender with an electrolysis nickel-plated satin barrel, Model 1200 Marine, Increased capacity variant of the Model 1200 Defender with an electrolysis nickel-plated polished barrel and magazine tube. Model 1200 Riot, Standard capacity model with 18.5 barrel, ted Williams Model 200, Standard Model 1200 marketed by Sears Model 1200 Hunting, 28-inch barrel with a built-in choke and a five-shell tubular magazine. Model 1300, Slightly updated version with five-shell tubular magazine Model 1300 Defender, Model 1300 Marine, Increased capacity variant of the Model 1300 with an electroless nickel-plated barrel and magazine tube

46.
Winchester Model 1887/1901
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The Model 1887 was one of the first successful repeating shotguns. Its lever-action design was chosen at the behest of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, Browning responded by designing a breech-loading, rolling block lever-action. To Winchesters credit, however, they introduced a Browning designed pump-action shotgun known as the Model 1893. Shotgun shells at the time used black powder as a propellant, both 10 and 12-gauge models were offered in the Model 1887, 12-gauge variants used a 2 5/8 shell, 10-gauge variants fired a 2 7/8 shell. The standard barrel length was 30 with 32 available as a special order, in 1888 a 20 barrelled version could be ordered and Winchester offered the shotguns with Damascus barrels. A 12-gauge chambering was not offered, as Winchester did not want the Model 1901 to compete with their successful 12-gauge Model 1897 pump-action shotgun, other distinguishing characteristics of the Model 1901 are, The shotgun was offered with only a 32 barrel. A two piece finger lever with a block to prevent accidental discharge. The Winchester trademark stamp was moved to the tang, behind the hammer. The choke type was stamped on the side of the barrel near the receiver. Model 1887 production totaled 64,855 units between 1887 and 1901, between 1901 and 1920, an additional 13,500 Model 1901 shotguns were manufactured before the Model 1887/1901 product line was discontinued. ADI Limited of Australia, produced a trial run of modern Model 1887/1901 shotguns. The Australian National Firearms Agreement regulates lever action shotguns as Category A guns, commercial production on this firearm by ADI was anticipated for 2007, following several years of delays due to distribution issues, but this has not yet happened. As the only legal repeating shotgun for non-Primary Producer firearms owners in Australia, it has very popular with hunters. In recent years, this particular firearm has become popular with regular American and Canadian firearm owners, the Italian firm Chiappa Firearms manufactures modern reproductions of the Winchester Model 1887 series shotguns. The shotguns appeared on the Australian and the European firearms markets in late 2008, chiappa’s replicas are offered with barrels ranging from 28 to 18.5 inches. They also offer a model with a barrel and two models with pistol grips. The Model 1887 was prominently used by the character in the film Terminator 2, Judgment Day. One of the used in the film was modified with a pistol grip

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Winchester Model 20
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The Winchester Model 20 is a single-barreled shotgun that was produced from 1920 to 1924. It is not semi-automatic or pump-action, and is loaded manually by lifting up the barrel and this is called a break or hinge action. The model 20 came in.410 bore, the total production reached approximately 24,000

A cartridge is a type of firearm ammunition packaging a projectile (bullet, shots or slug), a propellant substance …

A modern cartridge consists of the following: 1. the bullet, as the projectile; 2. the case, which holds all parts together; 3. the propellant, for example gunpowder or cordite; 4. the rim, which provides the extractor on the firearm a place to grip the casing to remove it from the chamber once fired; 5. the primer, which ignites the propellant.