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Map of UN member states
Note that this map does not represent the view of its members or the UN concerning the legal status of any country,[1] nor does it accurately reflect which areas's government have UN representation.

^These, as well as international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can only become United Nations General Assembly observers, allowed to speak, but not vote, in General Assembly meetings.

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.The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.^Instead of a united body of nations determined to counter aggression from any quarter, the world was divided first between ideologies, then between newly independent states and the traditional powers, and then between rich countries and poor.

.It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.^Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.

Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers21 January 2010 16:24 UTCwww.worldometers.info [Source type: Original source]

^A reform audit should also examine whether some of the functions of the United Nations can be carried out more efficiently by other organizations.

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^Available evidence coupled with the United Nations' unwillingness to undergo a thorough audit raise serious questions about its mission and the means used to carry it out.

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Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers21 January 2010 16:24 UTCwww.worldometers.info [Source type: Original source]

^However, although today all UN members are fully sovereign states, four of the original members (Belarus, India, the Philippines, and Ukraine) were not independent at the time of their admission.

Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers21 January 2010 16:24 UTCwww.worldometers.info [Source type: Original source]

^Also included is a letter of transmittal detailing the State Department report on current U.N. activities, as well as a copy of Truman's official Report to Congress on the state of American activities in the U.N. during the year 1948.

.From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year.^This year alone, US payments to the UN system (including the UN and specialized agencies and programs but not the World Bank) will total about $700 million.

^These, as well as international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can only become United Nations General Assembly observers, allowed to speak, but not vote, in General Assembly meetings.

Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers21 January 2010 16:24 UTCwww.worldometers.info [Source type: Original source]

^Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.

Countries in the United Nations - Worldometers21 January 2010 16:24 UTCwww.worldometers.info [Source type: Original source]

.The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.^Even non-UN member South Korea has done so.

^The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of -the United States of America.

^The United States could theoretically pursue that project alone, but without the cooperation of the Japanese, Russians, Germans, French, British, and to a much lesser extent, the Chinese, the UN bureaucracy, as in the past, would be well positioned to stymie a grand audit.

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History

.Following in the wake of the failed League of Nations (1919–1946), which the United States never joined, the United Nations was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems.^To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and .

^These include: membership, voting procedure and the abuse of the veto in the United Nations, conflict in Greece and Korea, the establishment of an interim committee on peace and security, and the regulation and reduction of conventional armaments.

^The various specialized agencies, established by intergovernmental agreement and having wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related fields, shall be brought into relationship with the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of Article 63 .

.The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization was begun under the aegis of the U.S. State Department in 1939. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term 'United Nations' as a term to describe the Allied countries.^The United Nations is under increasing attack by critics in the United States and other countries.

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^Ban returns to the United Nations headquarters in New York on Monday for a Security Council meeting to discuss coordination of the massive international relief effort under way in Haiti.

^UNESCO met to discuss how to preserve world heritage sites, like the Tower of London and the Great Barrier Reef , from the effects of global warming ; the United States said that the organization had no brief to discuss an unproven theory.

.The term was first officially used on 1 January 1942 when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war effort.^I believe that the continuing efforts spearheaded by the government of the United States and others to reform the United Nations, testify to our steadfast adherence to the original intent of the framers of the UN Charter.

^The original Members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110 .

.The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.^The present Charter shall come into force upon the deposit of by the Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist, the United King- dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, and by a majority of the other signatory states.

In the United States, an early opponent of the UN was the John Birch Society, which began a "get US out of the UN" campaign in 1959, charging that the UN's aim was to establish a "One World Government." After the Second World War, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that aimed at creating the new organization. .Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it le machin ("the thingie"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintaining world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.^To make sure that the latter would not happen, the UN Security Council--in effect, its five permanent members--was given the power to decide what measures should be taken in case of a threat to the peace.

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^American Wilsonian internationalists saw the United Nations as a second--and perhaps final--chance to create a world body that would preserve the peace through collective security.

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^Finally, they suggest the treaty would bolster U.S. national security.

^The UN wants the implementation of UN treaties such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and compulsory jurisdiction over all states by the International Criminal Court.

.Four of the five principal organs are located at the main United Nations headquarters located on international territory in New York City.^A summit of world leaders met at the United Nations in New York City .

^U.S. membership in the United Nations after a four-year transition period.

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.The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi.^A state which is not of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

.The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish,[2] while the Secretariat uses two working languages, English and French.^The present Charter, of which the Chinese, French, Russian, English, and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall remain deposited in the archives of the Government of -the United States of America.

.Five of the official languages were chosen when the UN was founded; Arabic was added later in 1973. The United Nations Editorial Manual states that the standard for English language documents is British usage and Oxford spelling, the Chinese writing standard is Simplified Chinese.^Date: Oct 1, 1990 10/1/90 Category: Fact Sheets Country: United States Subject: Trade/Economics , United Nations [TEXT] Background .

^Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the US ambassador to the UN during the administration of Gerald Ford, will later admit in his memoirs: “The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook [with regard to East Timor].

.This replaced Traditional Chinese in 1971 when the UN representation of China was changed from the Republic of China to People's Republic of China.^Location objects provide a representation of their document's current address , and allow the current entry of the browsing context 's session history to be changed, by adding or replacing entries in the history object.

^Letters, dated, July 19, 1946, from John Foster Dulles and Michigan Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg to President Harry S. Truman, Dulles thanking Truman for reappointment as an alternate U.S. representative to the United Nations General Assembly, and Vandenberg thanking Truman for a July 18th letter.

.Composed of all United Nations member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions under a president elected from among the member states.^Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, speaking at the United Nations in New York , proclaimed his love for all the world's peoples, and suggested that the United States halt domestic fuel production and buy its energy from him “at a fifty percent discount.” .

^Series of letters, spanning June 1, 1950-June 13, 1950, between Sumner Welles, Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace, and President Harry S. Truman, initiated by a June 1, 1945 letter from Welles to Wallace in which Welles emphatically stated that the proposed United Nations Charter should provide for a definite date when proposed revisions to the charter be considered by a Constitutional Assembly of all the member states.

.Over a two-week period at the start of each session, all members have the opportunity to address the assembly.^Attached is correspondence related to Lie's invitation to Truman to address the opening of the 1946 session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, and two notes regarding Truman's meetings with Lie.

.Traditionally, the Secretary-General makes the first statement, followed by the president of the assembly.^The drag-and-drop feedback must be generated from the first of the following sources that is available: .

.The first session was convened on 10 January 1946 in the Westminster Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.^Statement, dated August 24, 1950, by President Harry S. Truman declaring his nominations for U.S. representatives to the 5th Session of the United Nations General Assembly.

^Radiogram, dated January 10, 1946, from William Green of the American Federation of Labor, to James F. Byrnes regretting that the AFL was denied the opportunity to be represented at the United Nations Conference and setting forth the AFL's positions on U.N. organizational issues.

.When the General Assembly votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required.^The general assembly has 53 voting members from Africa compared to 3 voting members from North America.

.Examples of important questions include: recommendations on peace and security; election of members to organs; admission, suspension, and expulsion of members; and, budgetary matters.^The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12 , may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

^These questions shall include: recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security, the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council, the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 86, the admission of new Members to the United Nations, the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of Members, questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system, and budgetary questions.

All other questions are decided by majority vote. .Each member country has one vote.^Chance that a U.N. member country other than the U.S. or Israel did not vote for a 1999 ban on “an arms race in space ”: 0 .

Apart from approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. .The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under Security Council consideration.^The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and, except as provided in Article 12 , may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.

^The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly, to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.

^The General Assembly may discuss any questions relating to the maintenance of inter- national peace and security brought before it by any Member of the United Nations, or by the Security Council, or by a state which is not a Member of the United Nations in accordance with Article 35 , paragraph 2, and, except as provided in Article 12 , may make recommendations with regard to any such questions to the state or states concerned or to the Security Council or to both.

.Conceivably, the one state, one vote power structure could enable states comprising just eight percent of the world population to pass a resolution by a two-thirds vote.^Because the United States pays approximately one quarter of the United Nations' expenses, about 25 percent of Sevan's legal fees will be paid by American taxpayers.

^This Document must then be populated with DOM nodes that represent the tree structure of the input passed to the parser, as defined by the XML specification, the Namespaces in XML specification, and the DOM Core specification.

.September 2007" style="white-space:nowrap;">[citation needed] However, as no more than recommendations, it is difficult to imagine a situation in which a recommendation by member states constituting just eight percent of the world's population, would be adhered to by the remaining ninety-two percent of the population, should they object.^No armies should be needed -- just our United Nations.

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Security Council

.The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries.^The Security Council resolutions will be enforced—the just demands of peace and security will be met—or action will be unavoidable.

.While other organs of the United Nations can only make 'recommendations' to member governments, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member governments have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.[7] The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.^The United Nations passes Resolution 678.

.The Security Council is made up of 15 member states, consisting of 5 permanent members – China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States – and 10 non-permanent members, currently Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Gabon, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Turkey, and Uganda.^The Trusteeship Council shall consist of the following Members of the United Nations: .

.The five permanent members hold veto power over substantive but not procedural resolutions allowing a permanent member to block adoption but not to block the debate of a resolution unacceptable to it.^The Charter gives a special role to the five "permanent members" (China, France, United Kingdom, US, and USSR), any of which can veto a resolution.

^They want the veto power of the five permanent members of the Security Council to be abolished, thus reducing the influence of the US at the UN. The UN held a grandiose Millennium Assembly Sept 5-9 2000 in New York City.

^A state which is not of the United Nations may become a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice on to be determined in each case by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Secretariat

.The United Nations Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide.^November 1960 Article The untold story of the UN's Congo army By Joseph Kraft SEE ALSO: Afro-Asian politics ; Career as United Nations secretary-general ; Civil War, 1960-1965 ; Hammarskjöld, Dag ; Diplomatic negotiations in international disputes ; United Nations ; Zaire PDF IMAGES .

^The Economic and Social Council may make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health, and related matters and may make recommendations with respect to any such matters to the General Assembly, to the Members of the United Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.

.It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.^The General Assembly and, under its authority, the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their functions, may: .

^The Secretary-General shall act in that capacity in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council, and of the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform such other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs.

.The United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the "highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," with due regard for the importance of recruiting on a wide geographical basis.^Due regard shall be paid to the importance of recruiting the staff on as wide a geographical basis as possible.

^The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity.

^All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.

.The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each UN member country is enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its staff.^In the performance of their duties the Secretary-General and the staff shall not seek or receive instructions from any government or from any other authority externa to the Organization.

^Each Member of the United Nations undertakes to respect the exclusively inter- national character of the responsibilities of the Secretary-General and the staff and not to seek to influence them in the discharge of their responsibilities.

.The Secretary-General's duties include helping resolve international disputes, administering peacekeeping operations, organizing international conferences, gathering information on the implementation of Security Council decisions, and consulting with member governments regarding various initiatives.^We helped to create the Security Council.

^He neglects to mention, however, that 297.1(c) requires mandatory dispute resolution if it is alleged that, in exercising its sovereign rights governing resources, the coastal state acts in contravention of international standards "which are applicable to the coastal State and which have been established by this Convention or through a competent international organization or diplomatic conference in accordance with this Convention."

^The General Assembly may consider the general principles of co-operation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council or to both.

.Key Secretariat offices in this area include the Office of the Coordinator of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.^Harper's Index Source: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations (N.Y.C.) .

.The Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that, in his or her opinion, may threaten international peace and security.^The Security Council resolutions will be enforced—the just demands of peace and security will be met—or action will be unavoidable.

^Kofi Annan , the secretary general of the United Nations , called for an international peacekeeping force in Liberia ; President Bush called for the resignation of President Charles Taylor; Taylor invited Bush to send American troops to make peace.

Secretary-General

The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary-General, who acts as the de facto spokesman and leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon, who took over from Kofi Annan in 2007 and will be eligible for reappointment when his first term expires in 2011.[9]

.Envisioned by Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", the position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer",[10] but the Charter also states that the Secretary-General can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security",[11] giving the position greater scope for action on the world stage.^Gives the geographical position of the person or organization.

^These goals interlock with the goal of preserving international peace because the UN's founders realized that a peaceful world needed to be a prosperous one, and that prosperity could not be achieved without guarantees of individual rights, chief among which is the right to self-determination.

.The position has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization, and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.^At the same time, a hopeful agreement on a potential UN role in Cambodia was forged by the permanent members of the Security Council.

.The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, any member of which can veto,[12] and the General Assembly can theoretically override the Security Council's recommendation if a majority vote is not achieved, although this has not happened so far.^Jacques Bernard, director-general of the nine-member electoral council, denied accusations that the council voided many votes for Preval.

[13].There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years, that the post shall be appointed on the basis of geographical rotation, and that the Secretary-General shall not originate from one of the five permanent Security Council member states.^We are a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

^In its editorial, Post editors lament: Since that country began serving a term on the U.N. Security Council last year, the government of President Thabo Mbeki has consistently allied itself with the world's rogue states and against the Western democracies.

International Court of Justice

.The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations.^May 1949 Article A warning on world government By Warren R. Austin SEE ALSO: International organization ; 1945-1953 ; United Nations PDF IMAGES .

^Within the United Nations system, programs, funds and specialized agencies work to improve the conditions of particular populations and oversee the enforcement of specific rights, such as the right to health, through the World Health Organization , and labor rights, through the International Labor Organization .

^When a country becomes a member of the United Nations, it undertakes the obligations set forth in the Charter of the United Nations , which includes the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people.

.The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court.^Is the small, but tenacious, opposition rooted in traditional conservative mistrust of international legal bodies, such as the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court?

.It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law.^Harper's Index Source: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (The Hague, the Netherlands) .

Several of the Court's current judges are either alumni or former faculty members of the Academy. Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and continues to hear cases.[16]

.A related court, the International Criminal Court (ICC), began operating in 2002 through international discussions initiated by the General Assembly.^This spring, through tenacious commitment to First Amendment values, we were able to join consensus on the two information-policy resolutions that will be brought to the General Assembly for action.

.It is the first permanent international court charged with trying those who commit the most serious crimes under international law, including war crimes and genocide.^Slobodan Milosevic refused to undergo a psychiatric evaluation ordered by the U.N. war-crimes tribunal that is trying him for genocide.

.The ICC is functionally independent of the UN in terms of personnel and financing, but some meetings of the ICC governing body, the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute, are held at the UN. There is a "relationship agreement" between the ICC and the UN that governs how the two institutions regard each other legally.^Instead of a united body of nations determined to counter aggression from any quarter, the world was divided first between ideologies, then between newly independent states and the traditional powers, and then between rich countries and poor.

Economic and Social Council

.The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development.^Two days after the opening of the UN General Assembly, and one day after the Taliban defeat, the Security Council adopts Resolution 1378.

.The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-week session.^The UNGA elects the 10 non-permanent members to serve overlapping 2-year terms.

.Since 1998, it has held another meeting each April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).^In doing this, however, we must keep in mind that the Philippines has embarked on an economic reform program in cooperation with the IMF [International Monetary Fund] and other donors, including the United States.

.Viewed separate from the specialized bodies it coordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations.^I can’t imagine an elected United States—elected member of the United States Senate or House of Representatives saying, I think I’m going to wait for the United Nations to make a decision.

.In addition, ECOSOC is well-positioned to provide policy coherence and coordinate the overlapping functions of the UN’s subsidiary bodies and it is in these roles that it is most active.^An authoring tool that conforms to these guidelines will promote accessibility by providing an accessible user interface to authors with disabilities as well as by enabling, supporting, and promoting the production of accessible Web content by all authors.

^These operations can raise exceptions, as defined for the Range interface; this can therefore result in the members of the Selection interface raising exceptions as well, in addition to any explicitly called out below.

^These categories are related as follows: In addition, certain elements are categorized as form-associated elements and further subcategorized to define their role in various form-related processing models.

^The membership of the UN-system agencies appear to agree with the US view that the PLO represents only a political organization which does not have the internationally accepted attributes of statehood.

^Within the United Nations system, programs, funds and specialized agencies work to improve the conditions of particular populations and oversee the enforcement of specific rights, such as the right to health, through the World Health Organization , and labor rights, through the International Labor Organization .

^UNESCO met to discuss how to preserve world heritage sites, like the Tower of London and the Great Barrier Reef , from the effects of global warming ; the United States said that the organization had no brief to discuss an unproven theory.

.It is through these agencies that the UN performs most of its humanitarian work.^The narcotics control agencies of the UN system have been the subject of a comprehensive proposal for reorganization so that their work might become more efficient and effective.

Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through the WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP) and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by the HCR).

.The United Nations Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the UN can establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.^This video of the waiting line outside the COP-15 UN climate conference in Copenhagen on 12/15/09 shows the United Nations is equipped for neither task.

Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations.

The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

Group of 77

.The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.^Hans Blix, the head of the United Nations ' inspection commission, negotiated a deal with Iraq to allow the return of weapons inspectors within two weeks.

There were 77 founding members of the organization, but the organization has since expanded to 130 member countries. .The group was founded on 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).^Date: Oct 1, 1990 10/1/90 Category: Fact Sheets Country: United States Subject: Trade/Economics , United Nations [TEXT] Background .

.The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities.^The Chinese, too, have been active in promoting use of the UN Security Council to settle regional conflicts.

^One day after Iraq's parliament rejected the terms of the Security Council resolution calling for resumed weapons inspections, a letter from Iraqi foreign minister Naji Sabri agreeing to the demands was delivered to the United Nations .

.Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states of the UN. The forces, also called the "Blue Helmets", who enforce UN accords are awarded United Nations Medals, which are considered international decorations instead of military decorations.^Who speaks for the UN Peacekeepers?

^A congressional study found that the occupation of Iraq is unsustainable given the current size of the U.S. military, and the United States released a draft resolution calling on the United Nations to create a multinational peacekeeping force for Iraq that would remain under American military and political control.

.The founders of the UN had envisaged that the organization would act to prevent conflicts between nations and make future wars impossible, however the outbreak of the Cold War made peacekeeping agreements extremely difficult because of the division of the world into hostile camps.^These goals interlock with the goal of preserving international peace because the UN's founders realized that a peaceful world needed to be a prosperous one, and that prosperity could not be achieved without guarantees of individual rights, chief among which is the right to self-determination.

^Although we will have differences with the Soviets and the Chinese, as well as other nations, on the particulars of our policy, I think there is a developing international consensus that will make it possible to utilize more fully the UN's peacekeeping machinery.

.Following the end of the Cold War, there were renewed calls for the UN to become the agency for achieving world peace, as there are several dozen ongoing conflicts that continue to rage around the globe.^These goals interlock with the goal of preserving international peace because the UN's founders realized that a peaceful world needed to be a prosperous one, and that prosperity could not be achieved without guarantees of individual rights, chief among which is the right to self-determination.

.A 2005 RAND Corp study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts.^Indeed, we especially appreciate your efforts in carrying out a study of the Soviet economy that is unprecedented in its scope.

^The Brazilian commander of UN peacekeepers in Haiti was found dead on the balcony of his hotel room Saturday after shooting himself in the head, authorities said, in a blow to the 9,000-strong force and efforts to restore democracy in Haiti.

.It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace.^UN human rights experts decided not to visit Guantánamo Bay because the United States refused to allow them full access to detainees.

^Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the US ambassador to the UN during the administration of Gerald Ford, will later admit in his memoirs: “The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook [with regard to East Timor].

[21].Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.^Certainly he was given no incentive by the Human Rights Commission to desist from the sweeping violations of international law which form the heart of his policy in the current crisis.

^Unfortunately, the millions of persons who have perished in conflicts since the founding of the United Nations are a grim testimony to the failure of the international community in living up to this principle.

[22] Situations where the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also occasionally intervened include the Korean War (1950–1953), and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Persian Gulf War in 1990.

A British armoured car painted as it appeared while deployed on a UN peacekeeping mission.

The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. .In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions, an issue that stems from the UN's intergovernmental nature—seen by some as simply an association of 192 member states who must reach consensus, not an independent organization.^Security Council Resolution 435 on Namibia.

.Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the 1994 Rwandan Genocide,[23] failed to provide humanitarian aid and intervene in the Second Congo War, failed to intervene in the 1995 Srebrenica massacre and protect a refugee haven by the authorizing the peacekeepers to use force, failure to deliver food to starving people in Somalia, failure to implement provisions of Security Council resolutions related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and continuing failure to prevent genocide or provide assistance in Darfur.^Security Council Resolution 598 on the Iran-Iraq war.

.UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, sexual abuse or soliciting prostitutes during various peacekeeping missions, starting in 2003, in the Congo,[24]Haiti,[25][26]Liberia,[27]Sudan,[28]Burundi and Côte d'Ivoire.^Kathryn on Saturday, February 25, 2006 at 10:24 AM in Haiti , Photography , Transparency , United Nations .

[29] In 2004, former Israeli ambassador to the UN Dore Gold criticized what it called the organization's moral relativism in the face of (and occasional support of)[30]genocide and terrorism that occurred between the moral clarity of its founding period and the present day. .Gold specifically mentions Yasser Arafat's 1988 invitation to address the General Assembly as a low point in the UN's history.^Two days after the opening of the UN General Assembly, and one day after the Taliban defeat, the Security Council adopts Resolution 1378.

In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. .Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for the creation of them.^Status: Last call for comments The icon keyword may be used with link elements, for which it creates an external resource link .

^The US may be faced with the question of whether to take military steps to prevent the development or use of weapons of mass destruction,” it states, and notes that these steps may include pre-empting an impending attack with nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, “or punishing the attackers or threatening punishment of aggressors through a variety of means,” including attacks on the plants that manufacture such weapons.

The UN is one of the official supporters of the World Security Forum, a major international conference on the effects of global catastrophes and disasters, taking place in the United Arab Emirates, in October 2008.

Human rights and humanitarian assistance

.The pursuit of human rights was a central reason for creating the UN. World War II atrocities and genocide led to a ready consensus that the new organization must work to prevent any similar tragedies in the future.^Otherwise, it must mark the last subpath as closed, create a new subpath whose first point is the same as the previous subpath's first point, and finally add this new subpath to the path.

.An early objective was creating a legal framework for considering and acting on complaints about human rights violations.^I am concerned by this move, which I see as an effort to dilute the commission's ability to deal impartially with human rights violations wherever they occur.

.The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights" and to take "joint and separate action" to that end.^UN human rights experts decided not to visit Guantánamo Bay because the United States refused to allow them full access to detainees.

^Several members of the UN Human Rights Commission (UNHRC) at its session earlier this year tried to pass a resolution criticizing Iraq, but were blocked by the reluctance of the developing countries on the commission to criticize one of their own.

.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, though not legally binding, was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948 as a common standard of achievement for all.^Two days after the opening of the UN General Assembly, and one day after the Taliban defeat, the Security Council adopts Resolution 1378.

.The UN and its agencies are central in upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.^UN human rights experts decided not to visit Guantánamo Bay because the United States refused to allow them full access to detainees.

.A case in point is support by the UN for countries in transition to democracy.^East Asian and Pacific countries have displayed unprecedented unity in support of the seven UN Security Council resolutions and in implementing UN sanctions against Iraq.

^An American official said that Libya's election as chairman of the United Nations Human Rights Commission was “regrettable.” Children from single-parent homes are more likely to go crazy, a Swedish study found.

.The UN has helped run elections in countries with little or no democratic history, including recently in Afghanistan and East Timor.^During the 24-year Indonesian occupation of East Timor (see December 7, 1976 ), the UN passes a number of resolutions condemning the invasion and occupation.

.The UN is also a forum to support the right of women to participate fully in the political, economic, and social life of their countries.^We are seeing this, for example, in the restoration of private ownership in countries where the state once controlled every single aspect of economic life.

.The UN contributes to raising consciousness of the concept of human rights through its covenants and its attention to specific abuses through its General Assembly, Security Council resolutions, or International Court of Justice rulings.^Security Council Resolution 435 on Namibia.

^During a meeting in Jordan, Iraqi diplomat Kizam Hamdoon and US diplomat James Placke discuss a proposed draft resolution that Iran presented to the UN Security Council (see Mid-March 1984 ) calling on the international body to condemn Iraq’s use of chemical weapons.

.The purpose of the United Nations Human Rights Council, established in 2006,[34] is to address human rights violations.^Parties to the conflict further agreed to establish a supreme national council , which will represent Cambodia externally and occupy the Cambodian seat at the United Nations.

.The Council is the successor to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was often criticised for the high-profile positions it gave to member states that did not guarantee the human rights of their own citizens.^The United Nations gave up trying to stop human cloning .

[35].The council has 47 members distributed by region, which each serve three year terms, and may not serve three consecutive terms.^The UNGA elects the 10 non-permanent members to serve overlapping 2-year terms.

^In May, the spring ECOSOC [Economic and Social Council] voted to expand the membership of the UNHRC as of 1992 by 10 new members, allotted entirely to the Latin American, African, and Asian regional groups.

[36] A candidate to the body must be approved by a majority of the General Assembly. In addition, the council has strict rules for membership, including a universal human rights review. .While some members with questionable human rights records have been elected, it is fewer than before with the increased focus on each member state's human rights record.^UN human rights experts decided not to visit Guantánamo Bay because the United States refused to allow them full access to detainees.

.The rights of some 370 million indigenous peoples around the world is also a focus for the UN, with a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples being approved by the General Assembly in 2007.[38] The declaration outlines the individual and collective rights to culture, language, education, identity, employment and health, thereby addressing post-colonial issues which had confronted indigenous peoples for centuries.^These goals interlock with the goal of preserving international peace because the UN's founders realized that a peaceful world needed to be a prosperous one, and that prosperity could not be achieved without guarantees of individual rights, chief among which is the right to self-determination.

The declaration aims to maintain, strengthen and encourage the growth of indigenous institutions, cultures and traditions. It also prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples and promotes their active participation in matters which concern their past, present and future.[38]

.In conjunction with other organizations such as the Red Cross, the UN provides food, drinking water, shelter and other humanitarian services to populaces suffering from famine, displaced by war, or afflicted by other disasters.^Most will require transportation to their home countries and, while they await space in the international airlift, the world must provide for their basic needs for water, food, shelter, and medical attention.

^Of this amount, Japan has allocated $8 million to the UN Disaster Relief Organization (UNDRO), $2 million to the International Red Cross, and $12 million to the International Organization on Migration.

.Major humanitarian branches of the UN are the World Food Programme (which helps feed more than 100 million people a year in 80 countries), the office of the High Commissioner for Refugees with projects in over 116 countries, as well as peacekeeping projects in over 24 countries.^During the preceding year, if any beneficiary has supplied more than 50% of the total US imports of a product or more than a certain dollar figure ($88 million in 1989) of that product, the President must withdraw its eligibility.

The UN is involved in supporting development, e.g. by the formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. .The UN Development Programme (UNDP) is the largest multilateral source of grant technical assistance in the world.^In the fifth-cycle negotiations at the UN development program's governing council, the United States managed to increase the focus of UN grant assistance on the poorest countries.

^Parent organization of UN World Food Programme Parent organization of United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan Employer of Madeleine Rees Employer of Jacques Paul Klein United Nations (UN) was a participant or observer in the following events: .

^As David Ridenour notes in the video, which he shot, this may look like a waiting line for health care in a country with government-run medicine, but it's actually a waiting line for a conference attempting to establish a world government-run energy rationing scheme.

.It has helped reduce infant and maternal mortality in 100 countries.^The U.S. and other developed countries will help raise $100 billion per year by 2020 to help developing nations with climate change mitigation and adaptation.

.The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF), for example, are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement.^UN and many of its specialized and related agencies, International Monetary Fund (IMF), General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), INTELSAT, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

^Several members of the UN Human Rights Commission (UNHRC) at its session earlier this year tried to pass a resolution criticizing Iraq, but were blocked by the reluctance of the developing countries on the commission to criticize one of their own.

Mandates

.From time to time the different bodies of the United Nations pass resolutions which contain operating paragraphs that begin with the words "requests", "calls upon", or "encourages", which the Secretary-General interprets as a mandate to set up a temporary organization or do something.^The United Nations passes Resolution 678.

.These mandates can be as little as researching and publishing a written report, or mounting a full scale peace-keeping operation (usually the exclusive domain of the Security Council).^MINUSTAH's just-published report to the UN Security Council begins: .

.Although the specialized institutions, such as the WHO, were originally set up by this means, they are not the same as mandates because they are permanent organizations that exist independently of the UN with their own membership structure.^For members that return objects (including function objects), each distinct effective script origin that is not the same as the Window object's Document 's effective script origin must be provided with a separate set of objects.

^The element's 2D context's fillStyle attribute is set to a CanvasPattern object that was created from an HTMLImageElement or an HTMLVideoElement whose origin was not the same as that of the Document object that owns the canvas element when the pattern was created.

.One could say that original mandate was simply to cover the process of setting up the institution, and has therefore long expired.^Hedges writes that the interviews were “set up by an Iraqi group that seeks the overthrow of… Hussein.” He quotes al-Ghurairy as saying, “There is a lot we do not know.

.Most mandates expire after a limited time period and require renewal from the body which set them up.^As a general rule, user agents should not expire application caches, except on request from the user, or after having been left unused for an extended period of time.

.One of the outcomes of the 2005 World Summit was a mandate (labeled id 17171) for the Secretary-General to "review all mandates older than five years originating from resolutions of the General Assembly and other organs". To facilitate this review and to finally bring coherence to the organization, the Secretariat has produced an on-line registry of mandates to draw together the reports relating to each one and create an overall picture.^Countries around the world welcomed those actions, which, together with the major improvement in US-USSR relations, created a positive atmosphere for last year's UN General Assembly.

Other

Over the lifetime of the UN, over 80 colonies have attained independence.[42].The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers.^When a country becomes a member of the United Nations, it undertakes the obligations set forth in the Charter of the United Nations , which includes the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people.

Through the UN Committee on Decolonization,[43] created in 1962, the UN has focused considerable attention on decolonization. .It has also supported the new states that have arisen as a result self-determination initiatives.^If the navigation was initiated for entry update of an entry Replace the entry being updated with a new entry representing the new resource and its Document object and related state.

.The UN declares and coordinates international observances, periods of time to observe some issue of international interest or concern.^Some UN personnel and international aid workers have been linked to prostitution rings in the area.

.Using the symbolism of the UN, a specially designed logo for the year, and the infrastructure of the United Nations System, various days and years have become catalysts to advancing key issues of concern on a global scale.^United Nations logo.

^The United Nations Security Council issues a presidential statement condemning the use of chemical weapons without a specific reference to Iraq, despite Iran’s insistence that the Security Council pass a binding resolution condemning Iraq’s use of chemical weapons against Iran.

.The regular two-year budgets of the UN and its specialized agencies are funded by assessments.^In fields as diverse as nuclear non-proliferation, AIDS research and monitoring, and international terrorism, UN specialized agencies have helped governments take concerted international action.

The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. .This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by their Gross National Income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.^If a country's per capita GNP exceeded $8,500 in 1985 or subsequent years, its benefits are automatically terminated after a 2-year phaseout.

.The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be overly dependent on any one member to finance its operations.^Two days after the opening of the UN General Assembly, and one day after the Taliban defeat, the Security Council adopts Resolution 1378.

Thus, there is a 'ceiling' rate, setting the maximum amount any member is assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments to reflect current global circumstances. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%. The U.S. is the only member that has met the ceiling. .In addition to a ceiling rate, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or 'floor' rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget.^When a country becomes a member of the United Nations, it undertakes the obligations set forth in the Charter of the United Nations , which includes the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people.

.The current operating budget is estimated at $4.19 billion for the 2-year (biennial)period of 2008 to 2009, or a little over 2 billion dollars a year[45] (refer to table for major contributors).^Otherwise, the current drag operation must be set based on the values the effectAllowed and dropEffect attributes of the dataTransfer object had after the event was handled, as per the following table: .

A large share of UN expenditures addresses the core UN mission of peace and security. .The peacekeeping budget for the 2005–2006 fiscal year is approximately $5 billion (compared to approximately $1.5 billion for the UN core budget over the same period), with some 70,000 troops deployed in 17 missions around the world.^Countries around the world welcomed those actions, which, together with the major improvement in US-USSR relations, created a positive atmosphere for last year's UN General Assembly.

[46].UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations.^We are a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

^For members that return objects (including function objects), each distinct effective script origin that is not the same as the Window object's Document 's effective script origin must be provided with a separate set of objects.

^It was this constant contact that reassured the Soviets that we looked to them not as token players who could present obstacles to US plans, but as partners who as permanent members of the Security Council had a crucial role in maintaining international solidarity against Iraq's actions.

This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. .As of 1 January 2008, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were: the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, China, Canada, Spain, and the Republic of Korea.^The United Nations human rights treaties establish the obligations of the state to enforce these rights.

.Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget (such as UNICEF, the WFP and UNDP) are financed by voluntary contributions from other member governments.^The summit is funded through voluntary contributions that supplement regular contributions to UNICEF. The budget for the summit is $3 million.

.Most of this is financial contributions, but some is in the form of agricultural commodities donated for afflicted populations.^Some of our East Asian allies and friends also have contributed financial and material resources to the multinational force in the gulf, and Australia has contributed military assets as well.

.Because their funding is voluntary, many of these agencies suffer severe shortages during economic recessions.^An element can still suffer from these states even when the element is disabled ; thus these states can be represented in the DOM even if validating the form during submission wouldn't indicate a problem to the user.

.In July 2009, the World Food Programme reported that it has been forced to cut services because of insufficient funding[48].^Points a player earns for delivering a parcel of medicine, in the U.N. World Food Programme’s video game : 250 .

It has received barely a quarter of the total it needs for the 09/10 financial year.

Personnel policy

The UN and its agencies are immune to the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries.[49].This independence allows agencies to implement human resources policies that may even be contrary to the laws of a host – or a member country.^When a country becomes a member of the United Nations, it undertakes the obligations set forth in the Charter of the United Nations , which includes the promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all people.

.Despite their independence in matters of human resources policy, the UN and its agencies voluntarily apply the laws of member states regarding same-sex marriages, allowing decisions about the status of employees in a same-sex partnership to be based on nationality.^UN human rights experts decided not to visit Guantánamo Bay because the United States refused to allow them full access to detainees.

.The UN and its agencies recognize same-sex marriages only if the employees are citizens of countries that recognize the marriage.^The membership of the UN-system agencies appear to agree with the US view that the PLO represents only a political organization which does not have the internationally accepted attributes of statehood.

.This practice is not specific to the recognition of same-sex marriage but reflects a common practice of the UN for a number of human resources matters.^IMAP server or a post on an NNTP server) then return a globally unique identifier specific to the resource identified by url , so that if this algorithm is invoked again for URLs that identify the same resource, the same identifier will be returned.

It has to be noted though that some agencies provide limited benefits to domestic partners of their staff and that some agencies do not recognise same-sex marriage or domestic partnership of their staff.

^Although we will have differences with the Soviets and the Chinese, as well as other nations, on the particulars of our policy, I think there is a developing international consensus that will make it possible to utilize more fully the UN's peacekeeping machinery.

.Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.^The narcotics control agencies of the UN system have been the subject of a comprehensive proposal for reorganization so that their work might become more efficient and effective.

^In a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, President Bush says: “Right now, Iraq is expanding and improving facilities that were used for the production of biological weapons.… Iraq has made several attempts to buy high-strength aluminum tubes used to enrich uranium for a nuclear weapon.” [ PBS, 9/12/2002 ; US President, 9/16/2002 ; Age (Melbourne), 6/7/2003 ] Bush also says that the US “will work with the UN Security Council.” [ US President, 9/16/2002 ; Vanity Fair, 5/2004, pp.

^One day after Iraq's parliament rejected the terms of the Security Council resolution calling for resumed weapons inspections, a letter from Iraqi foreign minister Naji Sabri agreeing to the demands was delivered to the United Nations .

The UN has also been accused of bureaucratic inefficiency and waste. .During the 1990s the United States withheld dues citing inefficiency, and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced.^Third, the United States is committed to the central role of the IMF and World Bank in helping bring about economic reforms.

.In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.^For the past 7 years we have opposed General Assembly resolutions on information because they contained language calling for the establishment of a new world information and communications order (NWICO).

.An official reform programme was begun by Kofi Annan in 1997. Reforms mentioned include changing the permanent membership of the Security Council (which currently reflects the power relations of 1945), making the bureaucracy more transparent, accountable and efficient, making the UN more democratic, and imposing an international tariff on arms manufacturers worldwide.^This request is in keeping with both the spirit and letter of UN Security Council Resolution 661 and in agreement with the approach outlined above.

In September 2005, the UN convened a World Summit that brought together the heads of most member states, calling the summit "a once-in-a-generation opportunity to take bold decisions in the areas of development, security, human rights and reform of the United Nations."[52] Kofi Annan had proposed that the summit agree on a global "grand bargain" to reform the UN, renewing the organisation's focus on peace, security, human rights and development, and to make it better equipped at facing 21st century issues. .The result of the summit was a compromise text agreed on by world leaders,[53] which included the creation of a Peacebuilding Commission to help countries emerging from conflict, a Human Rights Council, and a democracy fund, a clear and unambiguous condemnation of terrorism "in all its forms and manifestations", and agreements to devote more resources to the Office of Internal Oversight Services, to spend billions more on achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to wind up the Trusteeship Council because of the completion of its mission, and that the international community has a "responsibility to protect" – the duty to intervene in when national governments fail to fulfill their responsibility to protect their citizens from atrocious crimes.^We helped to create the Security Council.

^Within the United Nations system, programs, funds and specialized agencies work to improve the conditions of particular populations and oversee the enforcement of specific rights, such as the right to health, through the World Health Organization , and labor rights, through the International Labor Organization .

The Office of Internal Oversight Services is being restructured to more clearly define its scope and mandate, and will receive more resources. In addition, to improve the oversight and auditing capabilities of the General Assembly, an Independent Audit Advisory Committee (IAAC) is being created. .In June 2007, the Fifth Committee created a draft resolution for the terms of reference of this committee.^Russia offers an alternative draft resolution to the US-British version, which drops Washington’s toughest inspection terms and threat of “consequences” if Iraq refuses to comply.

[54][55] An ethics office was established in 2006, responsible for administering new financial disclosure and whistleblower protection policies. Working with the OIOS, the ethics office also plans to implement a policy to avoid fraud and corruption.[56].The Secretariat is in the process of reviewing all UN mandates that are more than five years old.^Wilson had himself debunked the allegations more than a year earlier (see February 21, 2002-March 4, 2002 ).

The review is intended to determine which duplicative or unnecessary programmes should be eliminated. .Not all member states are in agreement as to which of the over 7000 mandates should be reviewed.^On behalf of the six initiators, he issued invitations to all UN member states to attend the summit.

A Guide to Delegate Preparation: A Model United Nations Handbook, edited by Scott A. Leslie, The United Nations Association of the United States of America, 2004 edition (October 2004), softcover, 296 pages, ISBN 1-880632-71-3.

"U.S. At War – International." Time Magazine XLV.19 7 May 1945: 25–28.

Gold, Dore. .Tower of Babble: How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos.^UNESCO met to discuss how to preserve world heritage sites, like the Tower of London and the Great Barrier Reef , from the effects of global warming ; the United States said that the organization had no brief to discuss an unproven theory.

The UN came into existence on October 24, 1945, after the
Charter had been ratified by the five permanent members of the
Security Council — the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union,
the United Kingdom, and the United States — and by a majority of
the other 46 signatories. This chapter will discuss the reasons
behind the UN foundation and how it came to be.

For 60 years the United Nations has worked towards securing
world peace. This chapter will cover the landmarks events and
decisions of the United Nations and how it has affected the
world.

III. The UN Today

Having endured 60 years of conflict the United Nations enters a
new century. Today it is faced with more problems than ever before.
This chapter will look at how the United Nations is coping with an
ever changing world and how the UN itself looks at these
changes.

IV. Structure

The United Nations Secretary-General is the head of the
Secretariat, one of the principal divisions of the United Nations.
According to the United Nations Charter, the Secretary-General is
to be appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of
the Security Council.

.This chapter will explain how the United Nations is managed and
how the different organs of the United Nations interact with one
another.^(How typical of the corrupt United Nations!

The United Nations Security Council is the most powerful organ
of the United Nations. It is charged with maintaining peace and
security between nations. In this chapter you will learn the
decisions, missions, resolutions and history of the Security
Council.

VII. Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations
assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic
and social cooperation and development. In this chapter you will
learn the decisions, operations, structure and duties of the
Economic and Social Council.

VIII. International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial
organ of the United Nations. In this chapter you will learn of the
duties, cases, and decisions passed down by the ICJ. In addition
you will be educated in the history and the importance of this
organization.

.Note:
Although the United Nations has no sovereignty of its own, it is
only convenient for WikiTextBook to classify the U.N. under
public administration for simplicity's sake.^Public Information, United Nations, 1947-.

NYU Law - Research Guides: United Nations Research 21 January 2010 16:24 UTCwww.law.nyu.edu [Source type: Reference]

^"The Committee aims to integrate spirituality and values into all areas of the United Nations agenda and of public policy.

The United Nations17 September 2009 22:53 UTCwww.inplainsite.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Apparently Muller is not the only one the have such a grandiose vision of the United Nations..

The United Nations17 September 2009 22:53 UTCwww.inplainsite.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

The U.N. is
actually just a global body that can only recommend, not force, as
force is a component mandatory for a government to officially be a
government.