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The unconscious mind is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to participate in free association - say whatever came to their minds – while he looked for links or themes that allowed him to tap the unconscious.

▪ Interpretation of latent (hidden) content of dreams

▪ Jokes, Doodles & “Freudian Slips”

“It is a pleasure to beat, I mean meet you this evening.”

Spouses accidentally calling each other “mom” or “dad” or by a past mates name

Oedipal complex – boys have erotically tinged preference for their mother – compete with their father for mother’s attention (Electra complex for girls). Narcissistic pleasure.

Latency – sexuality is hidden. Children exist in same sex groups. Boys identify with their father and girls with their mother. The “cooties stage” begins sometime around the age of six and ends when puberty starts. Freud believed that in this phase the Oedipus complex was dissolved and set free, resulting in a relatively conflict-free period of development that focuses on learning new tasks.

Genital – Post puberty energy is not focused on your own genitals (like in the phallic stage) but on other people’s genitals. Fixation in earlier stages may hinder this stage.

Repressionbanishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness – motivated/unconscious forgetting. (“I don’t wanna think about it.” A child who is molested, may suppress the traumatic event so that they have no memory of it .)

2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile or immature stage. (“Fine, I don’t want to do it…you do it.” Soldiers crying for “mommy” or fighting couples acting immature.)

3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites - acting the opposite of the way you feel. (People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex. Homophobia expressed by people afraid that they are homosexual.)

4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (“All these people think I am worthless” may = “I think that I am worthless.” Your partner tells you how selfish you are, when they are in fact selfish.)

6. Displacement shifts impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet – negative! (Mr. Edelstein tends to break remote controls when the Badgers are losing. After being grilled by your boss, you go home & yell at your partner or the dog/cat. Peeing on neighbor’s car after he yelled at you for driving too fast.)

7. Intellectualization repression of the emotion connected with a distressing event yet is dealt with as an interesting event (a man who is rejected by a potential love interest states “love is unpredictable”)

8. Sublimation a repressed impulse is expressed in the form of a socially acceptable or admired behavior – unacceptable to acceptable. (A man who has hostile impulses becomes an investigative reporter who ruins careers with his stories. Aggressive impulses are transformed into the urge to engage in competitive sports.)

9. Denial refusal to accept or acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. May involve the emotions or the event itself. (“I’m not upset,” “I didn’t lose,” “I don’t have a drinking problem.”)

By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity. Psychologists wanted to focus on “healthy” people and how to help them strive to “be all that they can be.” Freud studied the ill, while humanists studied the well.

Carl Rogers also believed in the self, an individual's organized and consistent set of beliefs & perceptions about themself. We all seek unconditional positive regard, a genuine acceptance and love from other’s independent of our behavior.

When positive regard is not unconditional, conditions of worth dictate behaviors that cause us to approve or disapprove or ourselves. The difference between our real self (the way we actually are) and our ideal self (what we think society wants) is called incongruence.

To become fully functioning (self-actualized) we must learn to accept ourselves (unconditional positive regard) and unite the two.

Personality Inventories/Self Reports/Objective Tests are questionnairesdesigned to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once (often rely on honesty with true-false or agree-disagree items).

They are used by humanists

and others and are more common than the projective tests used by psychoanalysts.

The MMPI is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests.

It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders. It uses a long series of true-false questions.

1.I like mechanics magazines2.I have a good appetite3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings4.I think I would like the work of a librarian5.I am easily awakened by noise6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested9.I am about as able to work as I ever was10.There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning from them12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories13.I work under a great deal of tension14.I have diarrhea once a month or more15.Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about16.I am sure I get a raw deal from life17.My father was a good man18.I am very seldom troubled by constipation19.When I take a new, I like to be tipped off on whom should be gotten next to20.My sex life is satisfactory

21.At times I have very much wanted to leave home22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting24.No one seems to understand me25.I would like to be a singer26.I feel that it is certainly best to keep my mouth shut when I’m in trouble27.Evil spirits possess me at times28.When someone does me a wrong I feel I should pay him back if I can, just for the principle of the thing.29.I am bothered by acid stomach several times a week30.At times I feel like swearing