The Respiratory System

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Transcript of The Respiratory System

Main Function:The Respiratory System is made to provide oxygen and expel carbon dioxide from the body.The Respiratory SystemThe Respiratory SystemFunctions of the nose:1. It serves as an air passage.2. It warms and moistens inhaled air.3. It's cilia and mucous membrane trap foreign matter, like dust.4. It contains olfactory receptors, which sort out odors.5. It aids in phonation and the quality of voice.Functions of the Pharynx:1. Serves as a passageway for air.2. Serves as a passageway for food.3. Aids in phonation by changing its shape.In the lungs gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood through the capillaries.Acute respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)ApneaAsthmaBronchitisCroupTuberculosis (TB)Diseases, Disorders & Defects Buildup of the Respiratory System1. External Respiration: the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air in the lungs and the blood within the capillaries.RespirationRespiration Diseases, Disorders and DefectsDiseases, Disorders & DefectsRespirationGas Exchange & TransportThe NoseThe PharynxWithin and above each nostril is the vestibule.Behind the vestibule the outer wall is divided into three cavities.The cavities divide into three airways: superior, middle, & inferior conchae.These airways lead to the pharynx.The rest of the cavity is lined with cilia.Cilia- a hairlike, mucous membrane lining that sweeps matter out of the airways.Nasal CavityThe NoseThe roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose are formed by the palatine bone.A flap of tissue, the soft palate, extends back into the nasal part of the throat and lifts upward when swallowing food.Nostrils (anterior nares)- the external entrance of the nose.Septum- separates the nose into two cavities.The LarynxNasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynxThe TracheaThe BronchiThe LungsVolumeTransport of OxygenTransport of Carbon DioxideLocation: behind the noseFunction: it connects the nose to the mouth, allowing people to breathe through the nose.The nasopharynx is the space above the soft palate at the back of the nose and connects the nose to the mouth, allowing a person to breathe through the nose.The nasopharynx contains the adenoids, or phayngeal, tonsils.the soft palate seperate the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.The part of the pharynx that is between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottis. Location: behind the mouthThe oropharynx is lined with mucous membranes.The mucous lining changes slightly to adapt when handling food or air.The oropharynx contains the faucial (or palatine) tonsils, as well as the lingual tonsils.Function of the Larynx:1. the larynx produces vocal sounds.Vocal cords in the larynx are used to produce sound.Short, tense vocal cords produce high notes.Long, relaxed vocal cords produce low notes.Paired CartilagesUnpaired CartilagesFunctions of the Trachea:1. the trachea provides an open passageway for air to enter the lungs.The trachea is about 1 inch wide and 4 inches long.The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cylindrical tube that is the air passage extending from the pharynx and larynx to the main bronchi.The bronchi are the two main branches of the trachea, that are the direct passageways to the lungs.Function of the Bronchi:1. It provides a passageway for air to and from the lungs.Breakdown of the BronchiFrom the trachea, the bronchi branches off into the left and right bronchus.The bronchi then subdivides into the bronchial tree, making bronchioles.The bronchioles then terminate in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs supporting a network of capillaries.Thyroid CartilageEpiglottisCricoid Cartilagelargest in the larynxforms the Adam's Applelarger in mencontributes to a deeper voicecovers the entrance of the larynx.acts as a lid stops food from entering the trachea.lowermost in the larynx.shaped like a ring.ArytenoidCuneiformCorniculateShaped like pyramids.Point of attachment for the vocal cords.Very small No direct functionVery smallLocation: behind the larynx.Function: it serves as a common passageway for food and air.At the base of the Laryngopharynx is the esophagus, which separates food and air, and directs it to where it should be.The Laryngopharynx is the bottom region of the pharynx in which food and air pass through.The mucous membrane lining the trachea contains cilia.Cilia are small hairlike organelles that sweeps foreign matter out of the passageway of the trachea.In the TracheaOnce oxygen diffuses into the blood 95-98% goes into red blood cells which contain hemoglobin.Hemoglobin contains 4 iron atoms and takes in 4 oxygen atoms.There are about 250 million hemoglobin in red blood cellsWhen the oxygenated blood reaches body tissues, the oxygen releases from the hemoglobin, due to the high oxygen concentration in the cell.The oxygen then travel to other cells with low oxygen concentrations.Once Carbon diffuses into the blood 7% dissolves into the plasma, 23% combines with hemoglobin, and 70% is carried in the blood as biocarbonate ions (HCO ).Carbon Dioxide reacts with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid (H CO ).The carbonic acid disassociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions (H ): H O+CO H CO HCO +HOnce blood reaches the lungs, the reaction reverses.The carbon then fuses out of the blood, and out of the body through the alveoli.-3 2 3+-+2 2 2 3 3 Oxygen moves from a high concentration in the lungs to a low concentration in the blood.Carbon dioxide goes from a high concentration in the cells to the blood and is sent through the alveoli to be exterminated.The Nose- a projection in the center of the face that contains an external and internal portion.1.2. Pharynx- a 5 inch tube that goes from the base of the skull to the esophagus; contains three portions, the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.Larynx- a structure that is the upper end of the trachea, made of nine cartilages, three paired and three unpaired.3.4.Trachea- a tube that is the air passageway from the pharynx and larynx to the main bronchi.5.Bronchi- the two main branches of the trachea, which provide passage for air to the lungs.6.Lungs- coned shaped organs of respiration lying on both sides of the heart.The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs.Mechanism of BreathingBreathing is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs.Diaphragm- a large, skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.The muscles between the ribs control the movement of the thoracic cavity during breathing.InspirationExpirationProcess of inspiration:1. The chest expands, causing the ribs to go up and out.2. At the same time your diaphragm flattens and pushes down on the abdomen.3. Muscles in the abdominal wall relax, allowing room for the flattened diaphragm.

When inspiration occurs, the volume of the lungs increase.It causes a reduce in pressure inside the lungs. it makes the pressure inside the lungs less than outside the bodyAs a result, air from the atmosphere is inhaled into the body.def: inspiration is the process of taking air into the lungs.def: Expiration is the process of releasing air from the lungs.Process of Expiration: 1. The diaphragm relaxes, and moves up.2. The rib muscles relax and they contract.3. The elastic tissues of the lungs recoil, deflating the lungs.The volume of the lungs decreases.This makes the air pressure in the lungs greater than the pressure outside of the body.This forces air out of the lungs until the pressures are again equal.RateTidal volume- amount of air in a single inspiration and expiration.Supplemental air- amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal quiet respiration.Complemental air- amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above normal inspiration. Residual volume (RV)- amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.Minimal air- small amount of air that remains in the alveoli.Vital capacity (VC)- volume of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration.Functional residual capacity- volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration.Total lung capacity (TLC)- maximal volume of the air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration.Respiratory rate- the rate of respiration regulated by the center located in the medulla oblogata.Individuals of different ages breath at different respiratory rates.Respiratory Rates:Newborn: 30-80 per minute1st year: 20-40 per minute5th year: 20-25 per minute15th year: 15-20 per minuteAdult: 15-20 per minuteRespiratory Diseases:DyspneaEmphysemaInfluenzaPneumoniaRespiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)TonsillitisAsthmadef: An inflammatory disease of the bronchi characterized by wheezing and a feeling of constriction in the chest. Inflammation of the airways causes airflow in and out of the lungs to be restricted. During an asthma attack, the muscles of the bronchial tree constrict and the lining of the air passages swell, reducing airflow.Signs and Symptoms:CoughingBreathlessnessIncreased pulseChest tightnessLung hyperventalationChronic shortness of breathApneaPneumoniaTuberculosisFunctions of the lungs:1. Brings air into intimate contact with blood so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged in the alveoli.Pleuradef: A serous of membrane composed of several layers.Pleura Layers:1. Costal2. Parietal3. Pericardiaca4. Phrenica5. Pulmonalis6. VisceralThe perietal pleura extends from the roots of the lungs and lines the thorax.The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs and interlobar fissures.The Pleural Cavitydef: A space between the parietal and visceral pleura that contains a fluid that lubricates and prevents friction between the two layers.The Thoracic CavityThe central portion of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs, is the space called the mediastinum.The mediastinum contains the heart and other structuresThe thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphram.def: The space within the walls of the chest, bounded below by the diaphram and above by the neck and containing the heart and lungs.Structure of the LungsThe lungs consist of elastic tissue filled with interlacing networks of tubes and sacs that carry air and with blood vessels carrying blood.The broad inferior surface of the lungs that rests on the diaphram is the base.The BaseThe ApexThe pointed upper margain, rises from 2.5 to 5.0 cm above the sternal end of the first rib.Lobes in the LungsLeft LungRight LungThe lungs are divided into lobes, the right lung has three lobes and the left lobe has two.The left lung has an indentation, the cardiac depression, for the normal placement of the heart.the average males left lung weighs about 570g.The right lung consists of three lobes, the superior, middle, and inferior lobe.The average males right lung weighs about 625g.Alveolidef: The air cells where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place in the lungs.At the end of alveolar ducts are a number of small sac-like structures called alveoli.Oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses through the walls of the alveoli and into the capillaries.There are about 300 million alveoli in the lungs.SinusesThe nose contains four paranasal sinuses.Paranasal Sinuses:1. Frontal Sinus2. Maxillary Sinus3. Ethmoidal Sinus4. Sphenoidal Sinusare exchanged between the blood in tissue capillaries and the cells of the body.Apnea: a temporary cessation of breathing.Sleep Apnea: a cessation of the airways during sleep.Obstructive ApneaCentral ApneaObstructive Apnea is caused by obstruction in the upper airway.This condition mainly occurs in overweight middle-aged men.It is associated with loud snorting, snoring, and gasping sounds.Central Apnea is marked by absence of respiratory muscle activity.People with this condition usually have excessive daytime sleepiness but do not snore or gasp in their sleep.def: An inflammation of the lungs caused by many different organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and chemical irritants.Symptoms: Coughing with green mucousFeverFatigueChest painMuscle achesAbnormal breathingTreatment:Treatment is determined by the organism that caused it.Bacterial is treated with antibiotics.Increased fluidsOxygen and respiratory treatments to remove secretions.Most pneumonia patients have bacterial Pneumonia, since it is most common.Pneumonia affects 3-4 million people each year in the US.def: A contagious diesease caused by the bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), which is carried in airborne particles called droplets.About 10 million people in the US are infected with tuberculosis, and about 2 million die from it each year.Symptoms:Chronic coughNight sweatsWeaknessChillsWeight lossHemoptysisTreatment:Long term drug therapy (9-12 months)Rest A combination of antituberculosis agents.Factors in the Spread of Tuberculosis1. An infected person releases droplets through talking, coughing, sneezing, laughing, or singing. anyone who comes into contact with the infected person can inhale the droplets, possibly contracting TB.2. Infection with HIV makes it difficult for the body to control Tuberculosis bacteria. as a result, most HIV-positive people who catch TB progress to active TB.3. Crowded living conditions, such as prisons, nursing homes, homeless shelters and other cramped spaces have a high risk at TB spreading.

Treatment:Avoidance of known allergens and respiratory irritants.Long term medicine: glucocorticoidsRescue medicine: bronchodilatorsDisorders That Affect the Pleural Space:Pneumothoraxdef: When the lung collapses due to air accumulating in the pleural space.3 types of Pneumothorax:1. Open- Atmospheric air flows directly into the pleural cavity, collapsing the lung.2. Closed- Air enters the pleural space from within the lungs, increasing pleural pressure and preventing lung expansion.3. Tension- increased pressure in a lung, causing the lung to collapse.Signs and Symptoms:shortness of breathsharp painhypotensionrespiratory distressTreatment:possible surgeryoxygen therapychest tube placementpain medicationHemothoraxdef: damaged blood vessels in the lungs causing blood to enter the pleural cavity that can result in the lung collapsing.Signs and Symptoms:AnxietyDiaphoresisHemoptysisDusky skin colorTreatment:Remove blood from pleural cavityChest tubeBlood transfusionWhat causes it?Chest traumaThoracic surgeryPulmonary infarctionNeoplasm2. Internal Respiration: the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide Defect of the Nose:1. Cleft Palate: A congenital defect that occurs when the palatine bones fail to unite during fetal development.it can be corrected with surgeryThere are many diseases, disorders, and defects that occur in the respiratory system. They are caused either by under development before birth or by dangerous lifestyle choices.picture: The human nosePicture: The human lungs