The Role of Sub-mental Ultrasonography in Diagnosing Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Its Correlation With Subjective Scales

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The investigators hypothesize that sub-mental ultrasonography measures are strongly correlated with the severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the related specific subjective scales.

Condition or disease

Intervention/treatment

Obstructive Sleep ApneaDiagnostic ImagingUltrasound

Diagnostic Test: Sub-mental ultrasonography

Detailed Description:

Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold-standard diagnose tool for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA). However, the availability of PSG is limited, particularly in developing and / or least developed countries. Sub-mental ultrasonography is stepped forward with its practical and cheap nature and its widespread use.

The investigators aimed to perform sub-mental ultrasonography to the patients who underwent to PSG by a blind-to-the-PSG-results radiologist and analyse the correlation between ultrasound measures, Apnea-Hypopnea Index (measured by Polysomnography) and subjective OSA scales.

The closest distance between tongue base and the skin in the sagittal plane

Retropalatal distance [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

The diameter of retropalatal space in the transverse dimension

Distance between lingual arteries [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

Distance between lingual arteries in the transverse plane

Secondary Outcome Measures :

Stop-Bang questionnaire [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

This questionnaire evaluates the risk of sleep apnea. Low risk of OSA: Yes to 0-2 questions Intermediate risk of OSA: Yes to 3-4 questions High risk of OSA: Yes to 5-8 questions or Yes to 2 or more of 4 STOP questions + male gender or Yes to 2 or more of 4 STOP questions + BMI > 35 kg/m2 or Yes to 2 or more of 4 STOP questions + neck circumference.

Berlin Questionnaire [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

The questionnaire consists of 3 categories related to the risk of having sleep apnea.

Category 1 is positive if the total score is 2 or more points. Category 2 is positive if the total score is 2 or more points. Category 3 is positive if the answer to item 10 is 'Yes' or if the BMI of the patient is greater than 30kg/m2. (BMI is defined as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared, i.e.., kg/m2). Patients can be classified into High Risk or Low Risk based on their responses to the individual items and their overall scores in the symptom categories. High Risk: if there are 2 or more categories where the score is positive. Low Risk: if there is only 1 or no categories where the score is positive. Total score is ranged between 0-3.

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

The order of the PSQI items has been modified from the original order in order to fit the first 9 items (which are the only items that contribute to the total score) on a single page. Item 10, which is the second page of the scale, does not contribute to the PSQI score. In scoring the PSQI, seven component scores are derived, each scored 0 (no difficulty) to 3 (severe difficulty). The component scores are summed to produce a global score (range 0 to 21). Higher scores indicate worse sleep quality.

Neck circumference [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

Neck circumference was measured with the head erect and eyes facing forward, horizontally at the upper margin of the thyroid cartilage (to the nearest 0.1 cm)

The thyromental distance [ Time Frame: Baseline ]

The thyromental distance is defined as the distance from the chin (mentum) to the top of the notch of the thyroid cartilage with the head fully extended. It is measured with a ruler

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Layout table for eligibility information

Ages Eligible for Study:

18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult)

Sexes Eligible for Study:

All

Accepts Healthy Volunteers:

Yes

Sampling Method:

Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

For study group: Patients who have been diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea on polysomnography

For control group: Patients who have a negative polysomnography or normal scores from subjective scales

Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

Patient who consented for sub-mental ultrasound

Exclusion Criteria:

Any pharyngo laryngeal anatomic abnormality

Previous history of Obstructive sleep apnea treatment

Previous history of surgical intervention to the pharyngo laryngeal anatomic area