In this paper, we formulate extractive summarization as a risk minimization problem and propose a unified probabilistic framework that naturally combines supervised and unsupervised summarization models to inherit their individual merits as well as to overcome their inherent limitations. In addition, the introduction of various loss functions also provides the summarization framework with a flexible but systematic way to render the redundancy and coherence relationships among sentences and between sentences and the whole document, respectively. ...

This text will strengthen a student's ability to apply the laws of physics to practical situations and problems that yield more easily to intuitive insight than to complex mathematics. These problems, chosen almost exclusively from classical (non-quantum) physics, are posed in accessible nontechnical language and require the student to select the right framework in which to analyze the situation. The book will be invaluable to undergraduates preparing for "general physics" papers. Some physics professors will even find the more difficult questions challenging.

Sequential Method ( Preprocessing Methods)
Parrarel Method
missing value is taking into account in main
process knowledge mining.Do Not Impute ( parrarel method)
Case Deletion / Row Ignoring.
Fill in the missing value / Imputation Method.The rising of new pattern because of wrong
imputation method
Biasing natural pattern in original data.Given a set of objects, the overall objective of
clustering is to divide the data set into groups
based on similarity of objects, and to minimize
the intra-cluster dissimilarity.

Dialog participants in a non-mixed initiative dialogs, in which one participant asks questions exclusively and the other participant responds to those questions exclusively, can select actions that minimize the expected length of the dialog. The choice of question that minimizes the expected number of questions to be asked can be computed in polynomial time in some cases. The polynomial-time solutions to special cases of the problem suggest a number of strategies for selecting dialog actions in the intractable general case. ...

We investigate the problem of domain adaptation for parallel data in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). While techniques for domain adaptation of monolingual data can be borrowed for parallel data, we explore conceptual differences between translation model and language model domain adaptation and their effect on performance, such as the fact that translation models typically consist of several features that have different characteristics and can be optimized separately.

Chapter 7 - Costs and cost minimization. This chapter presents the following content: What are costs? long run cost minimization (the constraint minimization problem, comparative statics, input demands), short run cost minimization.

minimize the risk of noncompliance with export control laws.
Export Management and Compliance Program Defined
An EMCP includes both the operational export compliance policies and
procedures an organization implements and a written set of guidelines
that captures those policies and procedures.

The term “ smart grid” defi nes a self - healing network equipped with dynamic optimization
techniques that use real - time measurements to minimize network losses, maintain
voltage levels, increase reliability, and improve asset management. The operational data
collected by the smart grid and its sub - systems will allow system operators to rapidly
identify the best strategy to secure against attacks, vulnerability, and so on, caused by
various contingencies.

Generally speaking, scheduling is the procedure of mapping a set of tasks or jobs
(studied objects) to a set of target resources efficiently. It is an important tool in
manufacturing and engineering, where it can have a major impact on the productivity
of a process. More specifically, as a part of a larger planning and scheduling process,
production scheduling is essential for the proper functioning of a manufacturing
enterprise. Its primary goal is to maximize throughput and optimize resource
utilization, while at the same time minimizing operating costs.

In this chapter we investigate a general optimization problem in a real normed space. For such a problem we present assumptions under which at least one minimal point exists. Moreover, we formulate simple statements on the set of minimal points. Finally the existence theorems obtained are applied to approximation and optimal control problems.

Around the world, many fisheries are shared fisheries in the sense that a common fish stock is accessed by both
commercial and non-commercial fishers. Non-commercial fishers can include recreational fishers, or customary fishers,
or both. A prevalent problem in these fisheries is competition between commercial and non-commercial fishers for
access to a resource that is subject to increasing utilisation pressure.

With the great voyages in the fifteenth century it became necessary to evaluate the damage
caused by the potential loss of ships. Emerges then the term risk, with connotations similar
to what is meant today, but the understanding of its causes was related to accidents and,
therefore, impossible to predict. The development of classical probability theory, in the midseventeenth
century, to solve problems related to gambling, allowed the start of the process
of quantifying the risks, but the causes were still credited to chance....

Poincar´ made the ﬁrst attempt in 1896 on applying variational calculus e to the three-body problem and observed that collision orbits do not necessarily have higher values of action than classical solutions. Little progress had been made on resolving this diﬃculty until a recent breakthrough by Chenciner and Montgomery. Afterward, variational methods were successfully applied to the N -body problem to construct new classes of solutions.

Abstract. The classical Heron problem states: on a given straight line in the plane, find a
point C such that the sum of the distances from C to the given points A and B is minimal. This
problem can be solved using standard geometry or differential calculus. In the light of modern
convex analysis, we are able to investigate more general versions of this problem. In this paper
we propose and solve the following problem: on a given nonempty closed convex subset of
Rs , find a point such that the sum of the distances from that point to n given nonempty closed
convex subsets of...

Minimizing the frequency and consequences of iatrogenic infections depends on improving the
quality and accessibility of good medical services. Unlike STIs, which rely primarily on behavior
change for their prevention, avoiding iatrogenic infections centers on maximizing access to good
quality care, and in particular the technical competence of health care providers. It also requires
resources and supportive public policy measures and encouragement of prompt health care
seeking behavior by individuals.

Looking only at the availability of elevators may not fully illustrate the accessibility of a unit. A
unit located on the tenth floor of a multi-story building without a working elevator is less
accessible than a unit located on the third floor of the same building. We, therefore, extended
the analysis by controlling for the number of floors from the main entrance to the apartment.
Data, presented in parentheses, indicate that the majority of people live in multi-family buildings
with no more than five stories.

Reduce overall grain production and value by cracking is one of the main problems directly reduces income and the availability of staple food to the farmers in the Mekong Delta. Cracking or fissuring of a grain of wheat that may occur in the rice field by harvest time is not right / real, post-harvest conditions improper drying and milling activities inconsistent.
There are a series of activities during harvesting and processing rice harvest. Figure 1 is a diagram showing a system of rice production in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam today. All strings in this system may contribute to losses.