Signed at San Francisco, 8 September 1951
Initial entry into force*: 28 April 1952

Note: Neither the Republic of China nor the People's
Republic of China were invited to the San Francisco Peace Conference, and neither were
parties to the San Francisco Treaty. The Republic of China concluded a separate Treaty of Peace with Japan in 1952.

Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru of Japan, surrounded by senior members of the Japanese delegation, signs the peace treaty
on 8 September 1951.

TREATY OF PEACE
WITH JAPAN

WHEREAS the Allied Powers and Japan are
resolved that henceforth their relations shall be those of nations which, as sovereign
equals, cooperate in friendly association to promote their common welfare and to maintain
international peace and security, and are therefore desirous of concluding a Treaty of
Peace which will settle questions still outstanding as a result of the existence of a
state of war between them;

WHEREAS Japan for its part declares its
intention to apply for membership in the United Nations and in all circumstances to
conform to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations; to strive to realize the
objectives of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; to seek to create within Japan
conditions of stability and well-being as defined in Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of
the United Nations and already initiated by post-surrender Japanese legislation; and in
public and private trade and commerce to conform to internationally accepted fair
practices;

WHEREAS the Allied Powers welcome the
intentions of Japan set out in the foregoing paragraph;

THE ALLIED POWERSAND JAPAN have therefore determined to conclude the present
Treaty of Peace, and have accordingly appointed the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, who,
after presentation of their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the
following provisions:

CHAPTER I

PEACE

Article 1

(a) The state of war between Japan and each of the Allied
Powers is terminated as from the date on which the present Treaty comes into force between
Japan and the Allied Power concerned as provided for in Article 23.

(b) The Allied Powers recognize the full sovereignty of
the Japanese people over Japan and its territorial waters.

(c) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the
Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which
Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of 5 September
1905.

(d) Japan renounces all right, title and claim in
connection with the League of Nations Mandate System, and accepts the action of the United
Nations Security Council of 2 April 1947, extending the trusteeship system to the Pacific
Islands formerly under mandate to Japan.

(e) Japan renounces all claim to any right or title to or
interest in connection with any part of the Antarctic area, whether deriving from the
activities of Japanese nationals or otherwise.

(f) Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the
Spratly Islands and to the Paracel Islands.

Article 3

Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to
the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the
sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29deg. north latitude (including the
Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin
Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island.
Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States
will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and
jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their
territorial waters.

Article 4

(a) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of this
Article, the disposition of property of Japan and of its nationals in the areas referred
to in Article 2, and their claims, including debts, against the authorities presently
administering such areas and the residents (including juridical persons) thereof, and the
disposition in Japan of property of such authorities and residents, and of claims,
including debts, of such authorities and residents against Japan and its nationals, shall
be the subject of special arrangements between Japan and such authorities. The property of
any of the Allied Powers or its nationals in the areas referred to in Article 2 shall,
insofar as this has not already been done, be returned by the administering authority in
the condition in which it now exists. (The term nationals whenever used in the present
Treaty includes juridical persons.)

(b) Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of
property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United
States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3.

(c) Japanese owned submarine cables connection Japan with
territory removed from Japanese control pursuant to the present Treaty shall be equally
divided, Japan retaining the Japanese terminal and adjoining half of the cable, and the
detached territory the remainder of the cable and connecting terminal facilities.

(i) to settle its international disputes by peaceful means
in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered;

(ii) to refrain in its international relations from the
threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any
State or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations;

(iii) to give the United Nations every assistance in any
action it takes in accordance with the Charter and to refrain from giving assistance to
any State against which the United Nations may take preventive or enforcement action.

(b) The Allied Powers confirm that they will be guided by
the principles of Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations in their relations with
Japan.

(c) The Allied Powers for their part recognize that Japan
as a sovereign nation possesses the inherent right of individual or collective
self-defense referred to in Article 51 of the Charter of the
United Nations and that Japan may voluntarily enter into collective security
arrangements.

Article 6

(a) All occupation forces of the Allied Powers shall be
withdrawn from Japan as soon as possible after the coming into force of the present
Treaty, and in any case not later than 90 days thereafter. Nothing in this provision
shall, however, prevent the stationing or retention of foreign armed forces in Japanese
territory under or in consequence of any bilateral or multilateral agreements which have
been or may be made between one or more of the Allied Powers, on the one hand, and Japan
on the other.

(b) The provisions of Article 9
of the Potsdam Proclamation of 26 July 1945, dealing with the return of Japanese
military forces to their homes, to the extent not already completed, will be carried out.

(c) All Japanese property for which compensation has not
already been paid, which was supplied for the use of the occupation forces and which
remains in the possession of those forces at the time of the coming into force of the
present Treaty, shall be returned to the Japanese Government within the same 90 days
unless other arrangements are made by mutual agreement.

(b) Any notification made under paragraph (a) of this
Article may except from the operation or revival of a treaty or convention any territory
for the international relations of which the notifying Power is responsible, until three
months after the date on which notice is given to Japan that such exception shall cease to
apply.

Article 8

(a) Japan will recognize the full force of all treaties
now or hereafter concluded by the Allied Powers for terminating the state of war initiated
on 1 September 1939, as well as any other arrangements by the Allied Powers for or in
connection with the restoration of peace. Japan also accepts the arrangements made for
terminating the former League of Nations and Permanent Court of International Justice.

(b) Japan renounces all such rights and interests as it
may derive from being a signatory power of the Conventions of St. Germain-en-Laye of 10
September 1919, and the Straits Agreement of Montreux of 20 July 1936, and from Article 16
of the Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne on 24 July 1923.

(c) Japan renounces all rights, title and interests
acquired under, and is discharged from all obligations resulting from, the Agreement
between Germany and the Creditor Powers of 20 January 1930 and its Annexes, including the
Trust Agreement, dated 17 May 1930, the Convention of 20 January 1930, respecting the Bank
for International Settlements; and the Statutes of the Bank for International Settlements.
Japan will notify to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris within six months of the
first coming into force of the present Treaty its renunciation of the rights, title and
interests referred to in this paragraph.

Article 9

Japan will enter promptly into negotiations with the
Allied Powers so desiring for the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements
providing for the regulation or limitation of fishing and the conservation and development
of fisheries on the high seas.

Japan renounces all special rights and interests in China,
including all benefits and privileges resulting from the provisions of the final Protocol
signed at Peking on 7 September 1901, and all annexes, notes and documents supplementary
thereto, and agrees to the abrogation in respect to Japan of the said protocol, annexes,
notes and documents.

Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military
Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts both within and outside
Japan, and will carry out the sentences imposed thereby upon Japanese nationals imprisoned
in Japan. The power to grant clemency, to reduce sentences and to parole with respect to
such prisoners may not be exercised except on the decision of the Government or
Governments which imposed the sentence in each instance, and on recommendation of Japan.
In the case of persons sentenced by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East,
such power may not be exercised except on the decision of a majority of the Governments
represented on the Tribunal, and on the recommendation of Japan.

Article 12

(a) Japan declares its readiness promptly to enter into
negotiations for the conclusion with each of the Allied Powers of treaties or agreements
to place their trading, maritime and other commercial relations on a stable and friendly
basis.

(b) Pending the conclusion of the relevant treaty or
agreement, Japan will, during a period of four years from the first coming into force of
the present Treaty

(1) accord to each of the Allied Powers, its nationals,
products and vessels

(i) most-favoured-nation treatment with respect to customs
duties, charges, restrictions and other regulations on or in connection with the
importation and exportation of goods;

(ii) national treatment with respect to shipping,
navigation and imported goods, and with respect to natural and juridical persons and their
interests - such treatment to include all matters pertaining to the levying and collection
of taxes, access to the courts, the making and performance of contracts, rights to
property (tangible and intangible), participating in juridical entities constituted under
Japanese law, and generally the conduct of all kinds of business and professional
activities;

(2) ensure that external purchases and sales of Japanese
state trading enterprises shall be based solely on commercial considerations.

(c) In respect to any matter, however, Japan shall be
obliged to accord to an Allied Power national treatment, or most-favored-nation treatment,
only to the extent that the Allied Power concerned accords Japan national treatment or
most-favored-nation treatment, as the case may be, in respect of the same matter. The
reciprocity envisaged in the foregoing sentence shall be determined, in the case of
products, vessels and juridical entities of, and persons domiciled in, any
non-metropolitan territory of an Allied Power, and in the case of juridical entities of,
and persons domiciled in, any state or province of an Allied Power having a federal
government, by reference to the treatment accorded to Japan in such territory, state or
province.

(d) In the application of this Article, a discriminatory
measure shall not be considered to derogate from the grant of national or
most-favored-nation treatment, as the case may be, if such measure is based on an
exception customarily provided for in the commercial treaties of the party applying it, or
on the need to safeguard that party's external financial position or balance of payments
(except in respect to shiping and navigation), or on the need to maintain its essential
security interests, and provided such measure is proportionate to the circumstances and
not applied in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner.

(e) Japan's obligations under this Article shall not be
affected by the exercise of any Allied rights under Article 14 of the present Treaty; nor
shall the provisions of this Article be understood as limiting the undertakings assumed by
Japan by virtue of Article 15 of the Treaty.

Article 13

(a) Japan will enter into negotiations with any of the
Allied Powers, promptly upon the request of such Power or Powers, for the conclusion of
bilateral or multilateral agreements relating to international civil air transport.

(b) Pending the conclusion of such agreement or
agreements, Japan will, during a period of four years from the first coming into force of
the present Treaty, extend to such Power treatment not less favorable with respect to
air-traffic rights and privileges than those exercised by any such Powers at the date of
such coming into force, and will accord complete equality of opportunity in respect to the
operation and development of air services.

(c) Pending its becoming a party to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation in accordance with Article 93 thereof, Japan will give effect
to the provisions of that Convention applicable to the international navigation of
aircraft, and will give effect to the standards, practices and procedures adopted as
annexes to the Convention in accordance with the terms of the Convention.

(a) It is recognized that Japan should pay reparations to
the Allied Powers for the damage and suffering caused by it during the war. Nevertheless
it is also recognized that the resources of Japan are not presently sufficient, if it is
to maintain a viable economy, to make complete reparation for all such damage and
suffering and at the same time meet its other obligations.

Therefore,

1. Japan will promptly enter into negotiations with Allied
Powers so desiring, whose present territories were occupied by Japanese forces and damaged
by Japan, with a view to assisting to compensate those countries for the cost of repairing
the damage done, by making available the services of the Japanese people in production,
salvaging and other work for the Allied Powers in question. Such arrangements shall avoid
the imposition of additional liabilities on other Allied Powers, and, where the
manufacturing of raw materials is called for, they shall be supplied by the Allied Powers
in question, so as not to throw any foreign exchange burden upon Japan.

2. (I) Subject to the provisions of subparagraph (II)
below, each of the Allied Powers shall have the right to seize, retain, liquidate or
otherwise dispose of all property, rights and interests of

(a) Japan and Japanese nationals,

(b) persons acting for or on behalf of Japan or Japanese
nationals, and

(c) entities owned or controlled by Japan or Japanese
nationals,

which on the first coming into force of the present Treaty
were subject to its jurisdiction. The property, rights and interests specified in this
subparagraph shall include those now blocked, vested or in the possession or under the
control of enemy property authorities of Allied Powers, which belong to, or were held or
managed on behalf of, any of the persons or entities mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above at
the time such assets came under the controls of such authorities.

(i) property of Japanese natural persons who during the
war resided with the permission of the Government concerned in the territory of one of the
Allied Powers, other than territory occupied by Japan, except property subjected to
restrictions during the war and not released from such restrictions as of the date of the
first coming into force of the present Treaty;

(ii) all real property, furniture and fixtures owned by
the Government of Japan and used for diplomatic or consular purposes, and all personal
furniture and furnishings and other private property not of an investment nature which was
normally necessary for the carrying out of diplomatic and consular functions, owned by
Japanese diplomatic and consular personnel;

(iii) property belonging to religious bodies or private
charitable institutions and used exclusively for religious or charitable purposes;

(iv) property, rights and interests which have come within
its jurisdiction in consequence of the resumption of trade and financial relations
subsequent to 2 September 1945, between the country concerned and Japan, except such as
have resulted from transactions contrary to the laws of the Allied Power concerned;

(v) obligations of Japan or Japanese nationals, any right,
title or interest in tangible property located in Japan, interests in enterprises
organized under the laws of Japan, or any paper evidence thereof; provided that this
exception shall only apply to obligations of Japan and its nationals expressed in Japanese
currency.

(III) Property referred to in exceptions (i) through (v)
above shall be returned subject to reasonable expenses for its preservation and
administration. If any such property has been liquidated the proceeds shall be returned
instead.

(IV) The right to seize, retain, liquidate or otherwise
dispose of property as provided in subparagraph (I) above shall be exercised in accordance
with the laws of the Allied Power concerned, and the owner shall have only such rights as
may be given him by those laws.

(V) The Allied Powers agree to deal with Japanese
trademarks and literary and artistic property rights on a basis as favorable to Japan as
circumstances ruling in each country will permit.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in the present Treaty,
the Allied Powers waive all reparations claims of the Allied Powers, other claims of the
Allied Powers and their nationals arising out of any actions taken by Japan and its
nationals in the course of the prosecution of the war, and claims of the Allied Powers for
direct military costs of occupation.

(a) Upon application made within nine months of the coming
into force of the present Treaty between Japan and the Allied Power concerned, Japan will,
within six months of the date of such application, return the property, tangible and
intangible, and all rights or interests of any kind in Japan of each Allied Power and its
nationals which was within Japan at any time between 7 December 1941 and 2 September 1945,
unless the owner has freely disposed thereof without duress or fraud. Such property shall
be returned free of all encumbrances and charges to which it may have become subject
because of the war, and without any charges for its return. Property whose return is not
applied for by or on behalf of the owner or by his Government within the prescribed period
may be disposed of by the Japanese Government as it may determine. In cases where such
property was within Japan on 7 December 1941, and cannot be returned or has suffered
injury or damage as a result of the war, compensation will be made on terms not less
favorable than the terms provided in the draft Allied Powers Property Compensation Law
approved by the Japanese Cabinet on 13 July 1951.

(b) With respect to industrial property rights impaired
during the war, Japan will continue to accord to the Allied Powers and their nationals
benefits no less than those heretofore accorded by Cabinet Orders No. 309 effective 1
September 1949, No. 12 effective 28 January 1950, and No. 9 effective 1 February 1950, all
as now amended, provided such nationals have applied for such benefits within the time
limits prescribed therein.

(c) (i) Japan acknowledges that the literary and artistic
property rights which existed in Japan on 6 December 1941, in respect to the published and
unpublished works of the Allied Powers and their nationals have continued in force since
that date, and recognizes those rights which have arisen, or but for the war would have
arisen, in Japan since that date, by the operation of any conventions and agreements to
which Japan was a party on that date, irrespective of whether or not such conventions or
agreements were abrogated or suspended upon or since the outbreak of war by the domestic
law of Japan or of the Allied Power concerned.

(ii) Without the need for application by the proprietor of
the right and without the payment of any fee or compliance with any other formality, the
period from 7 December 1941 until the coming into force of the present Treaty between
Japan and the Allied Power concerned shall be excluded from the running of the normal term
of such rights; and such period, with an additional period of six months, shall be
excluded from the time within which a literary work must be translated into Japanese in
order to obtain translating rights in Japan.

Article 16

As an expression of its desire to indemnify those members
of the armed forces of the Allied Powers who suffered undue hardships while prisoners of
war of Japan, Japan will transfer its assets and those of its nationals in countries which
were neutral during the war, or which were at war with any of the Allied Powers, or, at
its option, the equivalent of such assets, to the International Committee of the Red Cross
which shall liquidate such assets and distribute the resultant fund to appropriate
national agencies, for the benefit of former prisoners of war and their families on such
basis as it may determine to be equitable. The categories of assets described in Article
14(a)2(II)(ii) through (v) of the present Treaty shall be excepted from transfer, as well
as assets of Japanese natural persons not residents of Japan on the first coming into
force of the Treaty. It is equally understood that the transfer provision of this Article
has no application to the 19,770 shares in the Bank for International Settlements
presently owned by Japanese financial institutions.

Article 17

(a) Upon the request of any of the Allied Powers, the
Japanese Government shall review and revise in conformity with international law any
decision or order of the Japanese Prize Courts in cases involving ownership rights of
nationals of that Allied Power and shall supply copies of all documents comprising the
records of these cases, including the decisions taken and orders issued. In any case in
which such review or revision shows that restoration is due, the provisions of Article 15
shall apply to the property concerned.

(b) The Japanese Government shall take the necessary
measures to enable nationals of any of the Allied Powers at any time within one year from
the coming into force of the present Treaty between Japan and the Allied Power concerned
to submit to the appropriate Japanese authorities for review any judgment given by a
Japanese court between 7 December 1941 and such coming into force, in any proceedings in
which any such national was unable to make adequate presentation of his case either as
plaintiff or defendant. The Japanese Government shall provide that, where the national has
suffered injury by reason of any such judgment, he shall be restored in the position in
which he was before the judgment was given or shall be afforded such relief as may be just
and equitable in the circumstances.

(a) It is recognized that the intervention of the state of
war has not affected the obligation to pay pecuniary debts arising out of obligations and
contracts (including those in respect of bonds) which existed and rights which were
acquired before the existence of a state of war, and which are due by the Government or
nationals of Japan to the Government or nationals of one of the Allied Powers, or are due
by the Government or nationals of one of the Allied Powers to the Government or nationals
of Japan. The intervention of a state of war shall equally not be regarded as affecting
the obligation to consider on their merits claims for loss or damage to property or for
personal injury or death which arose before the existence of a state of war, and which may
be presented or re-presented by the Government of one of the Allied Powers to the
Government of Japan, or by the Government of Japan to any of the Governments of the Allied
Powers. The provisions of this paragraph are without prejudice to the rights conferred by
Article 14.

(b) Japan affirms its liability for the prewar external
debt of the Japanese State and for debts of corporate bodies subsequently declared to be
liabilities of the Japanese State, and expresses its intention to enter into negotiations
at an early date with its creditors with respect to the resumption of payments on those
debts; to encourage negotiations in respect to other prewar claims and obligations; and to
facilitate the transfer of sums accordingly.

Article 19

(a) Japan waives all claims of Japan and its nationals
against the Allied Powers and their nationals arising out of the war or out of actions
taken because of the existence of a state of war, and waives all claims arising from the
presence, operations or actions of forces or authorities of any of the Allied Powers in
Japanese territory prior to the coming into force of the present Treaty.

(b) The foregoing waiver includes any claims arising out
of actions taken by any of the Allied Powers with respect to Japanese ships between 1
September 1939 and the coming into force of the present Treaty, as well as any claims and
debts arising in respect to Japanese prisoners of war and civilian internees in the hands
of the Allied Powers, but does not include Japanese claims specificially recognized in the
laws of any Allied Power enacted since 2 September 1945.

(c) Subject to reciprocal renunciation, the Japanese
Government also renounces all claims (including debts) against Germany and German
nationals on behalf of the Japanese Government and Japanese nationals, including
intergovernmental claims and claims for loss or damage sustained during the war, but
excepting (a) claims in respect of contracts entered into and rights acquired before 1
September 1939, and (b) claims arising out of trade and financial relations between Japan
and Germany after 2 September 1945. Such renunciation shall not prejudice actions taken in
accordance with Articles 16 and 20 of the present Treaty.

(d) Japan recognizes the validity of all acts and
omissions done during the period of occupation under or in consequence of directives of
the occupation authorities or authorized by Japanese law at that time, and will take no
action subjecting Allied nationals to civil or criminal liability arising out of such acts
or omissions.

Article 20

Japan will take all necessary measures to ensure such
disposition of German assets in Japan as has been or may be determined by those powers
entitled under the Protocol of the proceedings of the Berlin Conference of 1945 to dispose
of those assets, and pending the final disposition of such assets will be responsible for
the conservation and administration thereof.

Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 25 of the
present Treaty, China shall be entitled to the benefits of Articles 10 and 14(a)2; and
Korea to the benefits of Articles 2, 4, 9 and 12 of the present Treaty.

If in the opinion of any Party to the present Treaty there
has arisen a dispute concerning the interpretation or execution of the Treaty, which is
not settled by reference to a special claims tribunal or by other agreed means, the
dispute shall, at the request of any party thereto, be referred for decision to the
International Court of Justice. Japan and those Allied Powers which are not already
parties to the Statute of the International Court of Justice will deposit with the
Registrar of the Court, at the time of their respective ratifications of the present
Treaty, and in conformity with the resolution of the United Nations Security Council,
dated 15 October 1946, a general declaration accepting the jurisdiction, without special
agreement, of the Court generally in respect to all disputes of the character referred to
in this Article.

(a) The present Treaty shall be ratified by the States
which sign it, including Japan, and will come into force for all the States which have
then ratified it, when instruments of ratification have been deposited by Japan and by a
majority, including the United States of America as the principal occupying Power, of the
following States, namely Australia, Canada, Ceylon, France, Indonesia, the Kingdom of the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Republic of the Philippines, the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America. The present Treaty
shall come into force of each State which subsequently ratifies it, on the date of the
deposit of its instrument of ratification.

(b) If the Treaty has not come into force within nine
months after the date of the deposit of Japan's ratification, any State which has ratified
it may bring the Treaty into force between itself and Japan by a notification to that
effect given to the Governments of Japan and the United States of America not later than
three years after the date of deposit of Japan's ratification.

Article 24

All instruments of ratification shall be deposited with
the Government of the United States of America which will notify all the signatory States
of each such deposit, of the date of the coming into force of the Treaty under paragraph
(a) of Article 23, and of any notifications made under paragraph (b) of Article 23.

Japan will be prepared to conclude with any State which
signed or adhered to the United Nations Declaration of 1 January 1942, and which is at war
with Japan, or with any State which previously formed a part of the territory of a State
named in Article 23, which is not a signatory of the present Treaty, a bilateral Treaty of
Peace on the same or substantially the same terms as are provided for in the present
Treaty, but this obligation on the part of Japan will expire three years after the first
coming into force of the present Treaty. Should Japan make a peace settlement or war
claims settlement with any State granting that State greater advantages than those
provided by the present Treaty, those same advantages shall be extended to the parties to
the present Treaty.

Article 27

The present Treaty shall be deposited in the archives of
the Government of the United States of America which shall furnish each signatory State
with a certified copy thereof.

IN FAITH WHEREOF the undersigned
Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty.

DONE at the city of San Francisco this
eighth day of September 1951, in the English, French, and Spanish languages, all being
equally authentic, and in the Japanese language.