OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this paper by Dominick was to examine the effects of videogames and television violence upon levels of self-esteem and aggression in adolescents. The study examined both the stimulation theory of viewing violence, which suggests that viewing such scenes could increase the probability of commission of actual violence, and catharsis theory, suggesting that viewing violence reduces levels of aggression by purging the viewer of aggressive feelings.

METHODOLOGY:
The author employed a quasi-experimental cross-sectional design with a non-probability sample of tenth and eleventh grade adolescents at three high schools in northeast Georgia. Of the 292 children who agreed to participate, 250 survey questionnaires that could be used in the study were returned. Measures included total amount of time spent per week playing videogames at arcades, and the total amount of money spent per week in these activities. Viewing of television violence was measured by how often each subject watched each of 24 programs, 16 of which were rated as above average in violence by the National Coalition on Television Violence. General television viewing was measured by number of hours spent watching television on an average day, as well as the amount of time spent watching on the day before the survey. School performance was measured with average grades received by the subject, and a measure of socio-economic status (SES) was obtained via use of the Occupational Prestige Scale. Aggression was measured with three types of question. The first involved hypothetical responses to various hypothetical situations, ranging from backing out of the situation to fighting. The second consisted of six items that dealt with interpersonal relations with others and manifest physical aggression, and attitudes to fighting. The third measure of aggression was an index of aggressive delinquency, according to the frequency with which the subject engaged in three violent acts - fighting with several people, hurting someone for revenge and fighting with another student. Self-esteem was measured with four items based upon a scale developed by Rosenberg, with subjects agreeing or disagreeing with statements about self-worth. Analysis was conducted both for the overall sample and separately for boys and for girls, and included correlations, examination of frequencies, ANOVA and Chi-Square.

FINDINGS/DISCUSSION:
The author found that 24% of the girls and 18% of the boys did not play videogames, with average time playing being less than an hour for girls and an hour and a half for boys. Girls spent an average of $1.50 each week on videogames, with only 6% playing alone, whilst boys spent just over $2.00, with 21% attending the arcade by themselves. 36% of the girls' families owned home systems, with 55% of the boys' families having videogames at home - a variable that was negatively related to school performance for boys. Boys viewed more television violence than did girls, although this finding was only weakly significant (p
AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS:
The author recommended future research be conducted using subjects from various age groups in different settings with more accurate and thorough measures of aggression.