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In 2364, CaptainJean-Luc Picard of the USS Enterprise-D stated "we are aware of many of [...] the achievements [of Ligon II], and its unique similarity to an ancient Earthculture we all admire.", thus implying social parallels between the Ligonians and (a) historical Earth culture(s).

Ligonians had a highly structured society and were an extremely proud species. They valued their honor above all else, and as such lived by strict codes of honor. They also valued patience highly and were always apprehensive about strangers. Ligonians generally resembled Humans of Sub-Saharan African descent physically.

In Ligonian society, the females owned all the property and land. When a man married a woman, he gained control of her wealth, and it passed to him when she died. A man could take a number of wives, and similarly a woman could have a number of husbands. The favored spouse was referred to as the "First One". If a man wished to take a new First One, the current First One had the right to challenge the newcomer in a fight to the death, although this was rare.

Many Ligonian males wore necklaces consisting of a golden strap and a red jewel. Lutan's necklace contained a hidden transporter device. When he pressed the red jewel, he would be beamed away by a Ligonian transporter beam. He used the device to escape from the Enterprise-D with security chiefNatasha Yar as his hostage, exercising a form of counting coup. The necklace also had a ceremonial meaning. When Yareena, Lutan's First One, was killed (and later revived) in the fight between her and Tasha Yar, her mating agreement with Lutan had dissolved. She chose Hagon as her new mate instead and gave him the necklace, thereby stripping Lutan of all his powers and making Hagon the new ruler of Ligon II.

Ligonians tapped together two carved ivory-like sticks to signal applause or approval.

The standard Ligonian greeting consisted of both parties raising their hands to reveal that they were not concealing a weapon. (TNG: "Code of Honor")

While Jean-Luc Picard was a cadet at Starfleet Academy, he once wrestled a Ligonian and caught him "with a reverse body lift and pinned him down in the first fourteen seconds of the match," according to gardenerBoothby, who was very much surprised by the feat at that time. Picard stated that it "was all in the legs, from all the running [he] used to do." (TNG: "The First Duty")

The Ligonian guards used long spears while guarding people or objects. As seen on the centerplace of Lutan on Ligon II they also used bladed weapons including axes and knives and other hand-held weapons such as a crossbow. (TNG: "Code of Honor")