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Description: This is a compendium of teaching resources aiming at helping teacher of English as a Second or Foreign Language with ideas for their classes so they can supplement the textbook provided by their sc...

This is a compendium of teaching resources aiming at helping teacher of English as a Second or Foreign Language with ideas for their classes so they can supplement the textbook provided by their schools. The book contains grammar rules, icebreakers, games, writing suggestions and an extensive vocabulary glossary.

RESOURCE BOOKLET FOR TEACHERS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN CENTRAL ASIA

BY

ERCILIA DELANCER ENGLISH LANGUAGE FELLOW PEACE CORPS VOLUNTEER

PREFACE

My name is Ercilia Delancer and I have been teaching English as a Second Language (ESL), English as a Foreign Language (EFL), and English for Academic Purposes(EAP) since 1999. I have a bachelors degree in sociology from the University of Washington and a masters in TESOL (Teacher of English for Speakers of Other Languages) from Florida International University. I have taught students at the elementary, secondary and college level. I served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Nepal (2000-2002) at a secondary school in the village of Gaindakot, near the Indian border, where I taught English and literature to students ranging from the 8th to the 12th grade. I have been an English Language Fellow since 2011 first serving in Tajikistan (2011-2012) and currently in Kyrgyzstan (2012-2013) where I have done a mixture of teaching English to future teachers of English and teacher training as well. Any questions, comments or suggestions can be sent to me at: ercilia.delancer@gmail.com

In Memoriam Sue Gershenson (1945-2011) Peace Corp Volunteer Nepal 191 (2000-2002) This booklet originated in the Terai region of Nepal where I served as a Peace Corps volunteer teaching English and American and British literature to high school students. It was born out of a concern for the paucity of teaching resources available to the typical village school teacher who only had access to the government-issued textbook, chalk, and board. No credit is been given to any particular source for materials here, except where noted, as I came across them while attending multiple workshops and seminars sponsored by the Peace Corps, the British Council and other NGOs in the area. In addition, many of the worksheets are freely available online these days. Sue Gershenson, my fellow Peace Corps Volunteer in Nepal, played a pivotal role in getting the original booklet published in 2002. Although she was a lawyer by profession, she offered invaluable advice in the formatting of the materials to make it more accessible to the teachers. She lost her battle against cancer in 2011, and I miss her terribly. This revised booklet is being made available free of charge for anyone interested in picking up some new ideas, games or warm-ups as well as refreshing their knowledge of certain grammar structures, idiomatic expressions or difficult words. I would like to thank Willoughby Ann Walshe, Peace Corps volunteer in Kyrgyzstan (K20), for her assistance in revising the materials and collating them into a more logical ordering. Ercilia Delancer, Teacher Trainer English Language Fellow (2011 and 2012) Peace Corps Volunteer, Nepal (2000-2002) Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan June 2013

121. QUOTED SPEECH VERSUS REPORTED SPEECH 122. REDUNDANCY 123. RELATED WORDS 124. RELATED WORDS PRACTICE 125. TAG QUESTIONS 126. TAG QUESTIONS EXERCISE 127. WHEN AND WHY DO WE USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT? 128. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 129. Distinguishing between the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Progressive 130. USING THE SIMPLE PAST VERSUS THE PRESENT PERFECT 131. EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE 132. BASIC SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT 133. Subject-Verb Agreement: AN EXERCISE 134. Subject - Verb Agreement: More Practice 135. SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY 136. FORMS OF YES/NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS 137. USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS 138. Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships 139. EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO 140. Seven Ways to Express the Future in English 142. USING WHO, WHOM, AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 143. ABOUT YOU - ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 144. If: Special Tense Use 145. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES 146. USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE 147. ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE – AN EXERCISE 148. WH- Question Practice 149. THERE IS OR THERE ARE? 150. USING SO AND SUCH

151. USING ALREADY, YET, STILL AND ANYMORE 152. Troublesome Verbs 153. SAY AND TELL 154. SAME AS, SIMILAR TO, OR DIFFERENT FROM 155. TOO MUCH OR TOO MANY?? 156. USING “WHEN’ AND “WHILE” WITH THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND THE SIMPLE PAST 157. COLLOCATIONS WITH MAKE AND DO 159. MAKE OR DO EXERCISE 160. CONNECTIVES – AN EXERCISE 161. SENTENCE AUCTION 162. PUNCTUATION MARKS 163. THE USES OF THE COMMA SPEAKING ACTIVITIES AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS 167. WHY STUDENTS DON’T LIKE TO SPEAK IN CLASS 168. DISCUSSION TOPICS BY LEVELS 169. WISE WORDS 170. SILENT LETTER GAME 171. SITUATIONS AND THEIR APPROPRIATE RESPONSE 172. WE BOTH LOVE.... AN ICEBREAKER 173. Tying the Knot 174. THE GOOD MANNERS GAME 174. THE TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE 175. THINGS PEOPLE HAVEN’T DONE 176. Cosmetic Surgery 177. COMPLAINTS AND ADVICE 178. MARRIAGE, DIVORCE AND CHILDREN 179. WORD STRESS PATTERN 180. IDIOMS ABOUT THE BODY AND THE MIND 181. TABOO GAME – FAMOUS PEOPLE 182. GET A LIFE 184. GOOD MANNERS 185. SCATTERGORIES 186. PHRASES AND PLACES 187. Shop till you drop 188. PEOPLE, PLACES OR THINGS 189. TIME 190. CLICHES 191. Personality Traits 192. $ $ Money $ $ 193. THINGS PEOPLE CAN AND CAN’T DO 194. THOUGHTS ON FAMILY 195. SPEECH RUBRIC 196. RIDDLES FOR CHILDREN 196. MORE RIDDLES 198. QUESTIONS ABOUT COLORS 199. PAINTING WITH WORDS 200. LIVING IN THE PAST 201. HOMOPHONES – A DICTATION EXERCISE 202. LIKES AND DISLIKES 203. LET’S HAVE A PARTY

They were too close to the door to close it.The accountant records the records at the record store. I shed a tear.The farm was used to produce produce.The dump was so full that it had to refuse more refuse.The soldier decided to desert in the desert.The bandage was wound around the wound.I had to subject the subject to a series of tests.How can I live under live wire? 23. 9.A bass was painted on the head of the bass drum.I did not object to the object. 6. 17. 8.Since there is no time like the present. 15. 21. you may need to practice) 1. 11.There was a row among the oarsmen about how to row. 18. he thought it was time to present the present. 12.The wind was too strong to wind the sail. 13. 14. 7.Upon seeing the tear in my clothes.After a number of injections my jaw got number.The insurance was invalid for the invalid.SO YOU THINK IT'S EASY TO LEARN ENGLISH???
Here are twenty-three reasons why the English language is hard to learn: (Read each sentence aloud. 22.We must polish the Polish furniture 2.They sent a sewer down to stitch the tear in the sewer line. 5.To help with planting.When shot at. 16.The buck does funny things when the does are present.He could lead if he could get the lead out 3. the farmer taught his sow how to sow. 10. the dove dove into the bushes.
. 19.How can I intimate this to my most intimate of friend? 20. 4.

10. (3) neither agree nor disagree.It is important to speak English with an excellent pronunciation 5. (2) agree. 11.Everyone can learn to speak a foreign language. 1. (4) disagree.It is easier for children than adults to learn a foreign language. it will be difficult for them to speak correctly later on. 8. 6.I want to learn to speak English well. We are simply interested in your opinion.If beginning students are permitted to make errors in English. Read each statement and then decide if you: (1) Strongly agree. 2.English is: a) A very difficult language b) A difficult language c) A language of medium difficulty d) An easy language e) A very easy language 3. 7. how long would it take them to speak the language very well? a) Less than one year b) 1-2 years c) 3-5 years d) 5-10 years e) You can’t learn a language in 1 hour a day.Women are better than men at learning a foreign language.
.BELIEFS ABOUT LANGUAGE LEARNING INVENTORY
Below are beliefs that some people have about learning foreign languages.If someone spent one hour a day learning a language. There are no right or wrong answers. 4. 9.I believe that I will learn to speak English very well. (5) strongly disagree.People who are good at mathematics or sciences are not good at learning a foreign language.Learning a foreign language is different from learning other academic subjects.

likes teaching the subject. cares about your opinion. likes teaching students. Accepts not knowing everything. makes you feel clever. tells the truth. treats students equally. doesn’t give up on you. is forgiving.
. admits to being wrong. has faith in you. takes time to explain things. makes allowances. tells you how you’re doing. listens to you. is generous. keeps confidence. helps you when you’re stuck. encourages you. allows you to have your say.STUDENTS SAY A GREAT TEACHER……
is kind. stands up for you.

Students must turn in homework on time.CLASSROOM RULES In order to set up learning activities efficiently.Class work must be completed in a specified way. and not shout the answer. 4.Students must raise their hands to answer questions. 9. pens). 5. to be modified according to your particular setting that can help in creating a learning environment where disciplinary problems are kept to a minimum. 6.Students must come to class prepared (textbooks. 10. the classroom atmosphere must be one where mutual respect and cooperation exist between the teacher and the students. notebooks. 1.Teacher and students should be on time.Students must not challenge the authority of the teacher. Setting a set of expectations right from the start of the school year is the best way to create such an atmosphere. 12.There should be no interference with the work of others. 8.Respect must be shown for property and equipment. 2.There should be no talking while the teacher is talking. 11-Students must ask question when they don’t understand something.There should be specific.Students must take turns when speaking. clear rules for entering. 3. To accomplish these goals. Adapted from: Essential Teaching Skills Chris Kyriacou Stanley Thornes. 7. lessons need to get off to a prompt start.There must be no disruptive noises. The following are a few suggestions. Publisher
. 13. students must be kept involved in the learning activities and transitions between activities must be handled smoothly. leaving and moving in the classroom.

You’re really working hard today. OUTSTANDING! FANTASTIC! TREMENDOUS! That’s how to handle that. You outdid yourself today! Good for you! That’s a good (girl/boy). That’s much. You’re really going to town. You’re very good at that. SENSATIONAL! You’ve got your brain in gear today. THAT’S IT! Now you’ve figured it out. EXCELLENT! I’ve never seen anyone do it better. SUPERB! Good remembering. AWESOME! Nice going. You’ve just about got it.99 WAYS TO SAY “VERY GOOD” You’re on the right track now! You’ve got it made. You’re doing that much better today. Now you’ve the hang of it.
. You’re doing fine! Good thinking. That’s quite an improvement. That’s the best you’ve ever done. You’re You did it this time! That’s the best ever. Good going. Keep working on it. GOOD WORK! I’m happy to see you working like that. WONDERFUL! You must have been practicing. SUPER! That’s right! That’s good. You’ve got down pat. Keep on trying. You’re learning a lot. PERFECT! That’s better than ever. That was first class work. Congratulations! Not bad. I’m proud of the way you worked today. That’s better. You’ve just mastered it. much better! Exactly right. That’s great Right on! You’re really improving You’re doing beautifully. That’s the way to do it. Keep up the good work. GREAT! I knew you could do it. You haven’t missed a thing! WOW! That’s the way. Much better. TERRIFIC! Nothing can stop you now. That’s coming along nicely. FINE! Nice going. You’re doing a good job. You did that very well. Now that’s what I call a fine job.

com
. MARVELOUS!
I think you got it now. You’re getting better every day. Good for you! Couldn’t have done it better myself.
You certainly did well today. You remembered! That’s really nice. Now you have it! You are learning fast. Aren’t you proud of yourself? One more time and you’ll have it. You figured that out fast.
That’s the right way to do it.careerlab. That’s it. Good job. Way to go!
Adapted from: www. (person’s name). That kind of work makes me happy. I’m very proud of you. You got it right. Well. Keep it up! Congratulations. You did a lot of work today.
I like that. look at you go.improving. You really make my job fun. It’s such a pleasure to teach when you work like that! I think you’re doing the right thing.

LOW ACADEMIC SELF-ESTEEM. Moreover. some may try to avoid doing the work by arriving late to lessons. or if the activity is too easy or is felt to lack relevance. and actually enjoy the attention they provoke from you or their fellow students for misbehaving. Aspects of these social relationships between students will often spill over into the lesson (e. It may be because they are being bullied in school. or if the activity lasts for too long and fails to be stimulating.Causes of Students' Misbehavior
BOREDOM. PROLONGUED MENTAL EFFORT. POOR ATTITUDE. Students have a complex social life in schools. or because they are neglected at home. such students may become attention seekers. INABILITY TO DO THE WORK. unpleasant. Some students may simply not value doing well in school and. Some students may have emotional problems that make it difficult for them to adjust to and cope with the demands of school life and the academic demands of the classroom. Such students can become quite alienated from the academic expectations that form part of a positive classroom climate. students may resume a conversation started during the break period). Most academic work requires sustained mental effort. In many cases. to the extent that the problems arise such as finding work boring or difficult. Students may be unable to do the work assigned to them. in which friendships are made. EMOTIONAL DIFFICULTIES. Some students will lack confidence in themselves as learners and may experience frequent failure in the past that makes them reluctant to engage in academic tasks for fear of further failure (failure because you did not try is much less painful that failing if you did). If the activities are presented in a manner that fails to elicit and sustain their interest. will switch off their effort. and this is demanding. then students are likely to become bored. conflicts arises and interests are shared. Everyone finds that sustaining mental effort for long periods is difficult and. or keeping
. g. at times. either because it is too difficult or because they are unclear about the task demands. BEING SOCIABLE.

Chris Kyriaco Stanley Thormes.a low profile while doing little. When challenged. Furthermore. If the student misbehavior is not picked up quickly and discouraged by the consequences that follow. but still do little. Publisher
. it is likely to become more frequent. your actions that follow in consequences must be aimed at getting the student involved in the work again as quickly as possible. LACK OF NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES. your behavior should serve to dissuade students from misbehaving in this way again under similar circumstances. Whenever a student misbehaves. Adapted from: Essential Teaching Skills. they may be apologetic or hostile. Some students may deliberately make a nuisance of themselves simply to cause excitement.

If they speak their native language. he/she has to wear the hat for the rest of the class period.  Give students a raffle ticket when they enter the class. It is an opportunity to really focus on their English as it might be difficult for them to do that outside of class. but only English is allowed inside the classroom.  Make or buy a ridiculous hat. Here are some ideas for getting your students to speak less in their native language and more in English in your classes.  Assign a self-evaluation form in which students rate their English and native language usage during the class to make them aware of it.  Tell the students that the doorway has magical powers-They can speak their native language “out there”. the student can compete for a prize that can be awarded at the end of the semester.ENCOURAGING ENGLISH IN CLASS
When teaching English as a foreign language. If a student keeps his/her ticket for the entire class. If a student speaks his/her native language. another student can steal their ticket or the teacher can take it away.  Remind students of their purpose for being in the class. it is common for students to speak their native language in class. Call it the “hat of shame”.  Publicly praise student groups when you notice them speaking completely in English. He/she can only get rid of the hat if another student speaks the native language and then THAT person has to wear the hat of shame. This is a great way to get the students to police themselves instead of having the teacher police the entire class.
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(name of student)___________________ is really getting down to work. Your handwriting is very neat. That was a very kind deed. Mistakes do happen. I like the way you are listening.WORDS THAT ENCOURAGE
                                       Everybody makes mistakes. That is very nice work. etc. sign. all day. It’s so nice to know someone like you. Failure is no crime. Keep up your good work. Right on. I could listen to you read. What a neat idea. work. You are the kind who can do it. Good work. I understand how you must feel. What a nice smile you have. You are improving. That is really great. Please. Your help is really appreciated. I’m glad you’re interested in _____(subject_________________________. You can do it. Nice going. read your ideas to everyone. Bravo! You got _______________________. I’m glad that you decided to try. I feel so good inside when you work so nicely together.
. I’m very proud to be your teacher. That’s great. Let’s show the entire class your story. Thanks so very much. Your kindness is so refreshing. I get a very good feeling inside. You make that look really easy. When you do nice things for each other. It’s marvelous to see everyone so alert. Hard work does get results. I know. Your work is really improving. etc. it’s very hard. I appreciate your considerate behavior. draw. You try it.

How I like to learn English: Yes In groups Seeing new words Listening to CDs Reading books Doing and making things Hearing words Acting (role plays/drama) Doing exercises Practicing pronunciation alone Doing projects Writing Speaking in pairs or groups Listening to the teacher Taking tests Watching videos and answering questions No Maybe No
. Sometimes I use English outside the classroom. I enjoyed my classes last year. I think learning English can be fun. I liked my English teacher last year. Choose “Yes” or “No” for each sentence. I think English is useful. I’m a good student of English. I expect to do well in my class this year. I think English is easy.STUDENT’S SURVEY How I feel about learning English: Yes I want to learn English. I like trying to speak English.

e) Present the chorus. l) Students listen to the song once more. that the singer’s diction is clear and that the lyrics are engaging. additional vocabulary and cultural information. Choosing the appropriate song to present in the classroom can be quite challenging as we need to make sure that the song is neither too fast nor too slow. children are more than enthusiastic to join in. from beginning to end. m) Present the melody phrase-by-phrase or line-by-line.
. b) Present the lyrics on newsprint. Here are a few suggestions on how to present your choice of song: a) Have the students listen to the song once. d) Clarify vocabulary and check for comprehension. Use the songs as points of departure for teaching specific language structure. h) Teach the rhythm. in combination while tapping or clapping out the rhythm. first verse. following the sequence: chorus. g) Summarize. While adult learners might be a bit shy about singing along. the lyrics. from beginning to end. i) Present the chorus and first verse separately. n) Sing the song. Use hand gestures to indicate relative pitches of the notes. f) Present the first verse. don’t sing. j) Then. and chorus. c) Speak. k) Teach the melody.SING ME A SONG Including songs in your teaching repertoire can be a great technique to teach pronunciation and intonation in a fun way while at the same time improving listening skills.

Variations: 1.Ask for interpretation of the lyrics: What do they tell us about us about the culture? What is the message? Sung to whom? 3.If a song is extremely long. 4. 6.Change the subject or theme. 2. 9. consider presenting just a few verses at a time so as not to overload the students. Ask for synonyms and antonyms. 8. even for a native speaker.Pull out song phrases and construct structural exercises.Use visual aids to illustrate main points of the song. Adapted from: Teaching Teachers: A Supervisor’s Handbook. Their list is then compared to the actual lyrics. 1985
.Simplify the lyrics.Start a class songbook. 10-Students listen to the song a couple of times and write down any words they recognize.Further clarify vocabulary items. 5. 7.
*Keep in mind that the lyrics for some songs are difficult to make out.Delete key words from the lyrics and have students fill in the gap while listening to the song a few times.

THE ALPHABET SONG A B C D E F G H I J K L You’re adorable You’re beautiful You’re a cutie full of charm You’re a darling You’re exciting and You’re a feather in my arms You’re so good for me You’re heavenly You’re the one I idolize We are like Jack and Jill You’re so kissable You’re the love light of my eyes
MNOP I could go on all day QRST Alphabetically speaking you’re OK U V You make my life complete Means you’re very sweet
WXYZ It’s fun to wander through the alphabet with you to tell you what you mean to me!
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Given the fact that every school is different in terms of physical setup and resources and that we teach to multilevel classes composed of students with varying degrees of fluency. then team B to give his and so on. ENERGIZERS AND OTHER GAMES The only reason to learn another language is to be able to communicate ideas in the target language. While lectures. It is up to each teacher to decide when and how to use the activity but suggestions are provided for reinforcing particular grammatical or functional concepts. drills. If a team member uses an adjective that someone has already used (keep a tally on the board) or can’t think of one at all. the main idea is to provide the students with a chance to use the language while having some fun. I love my love with an S because he is so sweet. You call the first student from team A to give her rendition. Numerous sources have been used in compiling this section and since authorship for many of them is disputed. the letter ‘S”. Peace Corps and VSO volunteers along with their trainers have been an invaluable source of ideas and modifications to make these activities suitable for the EFL classroom. no effort has been made to assign credit to anyone in particular. listening to CDs and even watching videos have a place in the scheme of learning a language.ICEBREAKERS. no effort has been made to group or classify these activities. Each team member must think of an adjective beginning with the letter “S” to fit into the following line: I love my love with a(n) the letter because he (she) is so adjective. presenting the student with a situation in which to use what has just been learned. No amount of listening. I LOVE MY LOVE (to practice adjectives) Divide the class into two teams of equal size and explain that you will choose a letter from the alphabet – for instance. is still the best way to reinforce newly acquired knowledge. WARM-UPS. he/she is eliminated from the game. In the end. reading and writing can substitute for the immense benefit the students derive from the actual manipulation of the language that takes place when the learning is made interactive through a variety of games and activities.
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Write them on the board for assistance during the game. Players are not allowed to see their own label. a character in a book. students read their compositions aloud to the rest of the class. make as many labels as students in the class with a different job written on each label. select a list of questions from those provided on page _____ and ask the class for additional questions. PERSONALITY Ask the students to take a few minutes to think about someone who has been very important in their lives (a parent.
. which may or may not be true. FIRE DRILL Explain to the students that they are to pretend that a fire has suddenly broken out in the place they live. you should set up two chairs close to each other in front of the class and label one chair “True” and the other “False”. categories) For this lively game. teacher. best played outdoors. Place a label on each student’s back. Circulate around the room helping students with vocabulary if necessary. a member of teams A and B standing a the head of their respective lines should quickly decide if it’s true or false and run to the appropriate chair. Which five things would they take? They must keep in mind that that they have to carry them all without any help. The person who sits squarely on the chair wins a point for his/her team. friend. with everyone facing the two chairs. They have five minutes to grab five of their belongings and rescue them. cultural knowledge. but can view everyone else’s. such as “Pronouns can substitute for nouns” or “The capital of Turkey is Sofia”. At the end. You should say the statement fairly rapidly and only once. The student must circulate around the room asking yes/no questions to find out what their job is. TRUE AND FALSE (to review parts of speech. etc. Then divide the class into two teams of equal size and have members of the team stand one behind the other on opposite sides of the room. a writer.) Have the students write a paragraph (8-10 sentences) that explains how that person helped them and why he/she was important. As soon as the statement is made.WHAT DO I DO? OR WHAT IS MY JOB Before class. Explain that you are going to make a statement. They may ask up to three questions. Before the class. then they must move on to another student.

They cut the paper into five parts and number them thus: who did 1 what 2 with whom 3 where 4 when 5
Students form a sentence that fits parts 1-5 such as: Pele danced with Madonna in Australia in 2001. then all the 2’s and so on. C. WHERE. WHO DID. koala for animal and so on. Empty categories get zero points. Students read out their lists and explain why they would take these things. Next. other students listen to see if they have the same words.
. WHAT. A student nominated from each group reads the new sentences aloud to the class. B. WITH WHOM. WHEN (to practice the 5 Ws) The class is divided into groups. 5X 5 is ideal but any other combination will work. all the number 1’s are shuffled. Ten points are assigned to words not repeated by anyone else. Then someone interrupts the alphabetteller by shouting stop. The group with the funniest sentence wins. Deliver a sheet of paper to each group. Players add their points at the end and the one with the highest score wins. They are given back to the groups at random. Have a student read his/her list. Encourage the other students to challenge the choice by asking questions such as: “Why wouldn’t you take……? or “What about ……? STOP At the top of a page each student writes the following category names: name place action animal object Vegetable/ total fruit
Someone starts saying the alphabet: A. Continue with the game as time allows.Each student writes down up to five things he/she would rescue from the fire. etc. all participants would try to find words that start with the letter “k” to fill the category chart such as Kathmandu for a place. for example on the letter “k”. If the stop takes place.

Decide what you would like to do. but you have no other money. It has a full tank of gas. but objects should be rotated during the course of the session so that results can be compared. THEN I WOULD………. Place them on your desk and ask a member of each group to come to the front of the class and choose a slip of paper from each bag. Gather all the questions in one bag and the answers in another. There is motorbike. One student read a questions and the other read whatever answer comes from his bag. or each may be different. The groups are to come up with as many imaginative uses for it as they can think of. Example: Why did you come to school today? Because there were no eggs at the bazaar. then I would go to Thailand.WHY………. Similarities and differences between individual suggestions are then highlighted. The combinations can be quite hilarious. WHAT COULD YOU DO WITH IT? (to practice modals) The class is divided into groups and is supplied with an object. Hand out pieces of paper to each student and have them write a question on one piece and its respective answer on a different slip. All groups may have the same object. (to practice the conditional) Encourage your students to use their imagination and to think of things they would like to get or achieve in the future.” The students question each other to find out what each wants to do and not do. If I could take vacation now. They then work out a timetable for the day. Any use is acceptable as long as it is physically feasible.. Both of you arrive at the bus park at 9:00 AM and have to be back by 9:00 PM. The questions and answers can be serious or downright silly. 400 each. You will receive Rs. IF I COULD…………. Students report their plans to the class. which you can use.? BECAUSE…… (to practice asking and answering questions) Divide the class into two groups. You should plan your day in such a way that you’re both happy with it. and explains the situation: “You have to plan how to spend a day in Kathmandu with your partner. a boy and a girl. A DAY IN KATHMANDU(or city of your choice) The teacher divides the class into pairs. Some possible objects:
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copy the collection of words into strips of paper and mix according to each category. pronouns. …. he/she is out..” The next student repeats that sentence and adds something new. The game can be played individually or in teams.a pencil a hat a scarf
a toothbrush
an umbrella
a knife a bottle a stone
a cup a pair of tweezers a plate
a box of matches a pillowcase a roll of toilet paper a ruler a lump of clay a paper clip
a piece of string a nail a pair of gloves a key ring
a piece of wood a shoebox a spoon a blanket
Students write their suggestions on newsprint and display them around the room. MY GRANDMOTHER WENT TO THE MARKET AND SHE BOUGHT……. Variation: Collect words from the students that would fit under the grammatical categories: articles. he/she can exchange with other players until acceptable sentences can be made. The group with the longest/most original list of uses wins a small prize. the members of a team can help each other out. If a player lacks the necessary strip(s) of paper. i. This game practices weights.” The next student continues by adding another item. Give one strip from each category to each student and have him or her construct a sentence that is grammatically correct. If any of the students forgets something or gets the sequence wrong.
. etc. The teacher or a student begins by saying: “My grandmother went to the market and she bought a kilo of tomatoes.”and a blue dress. measures.e. nouns. verbs and prepositions and write them on the board in columns. adjectives. article adjective verb pronoun noun adverb preposition
With the help of the students. the use of “a” and “some”.

Put a number of questions to each team that must be answered without delay and without the use of either “yes” or “no”. If a learner acts as a the teacher. Divide the class into two teams. phrases. A new pair then comes to the front and the game continues. the learner replies using one of the phrases above. he/she is disqualified. If the learners discover what it is in fewer than 20 questions. The team which answers the most questions in this way. Toss a coin to decide who goes first.DON’T SAY “YES” OR “NO” This can be team competition. The learners can then put 20 questions to the teacher to discover what he/she is thinking of. QUESTIONS. TWENTY QUESTIONS (to practice yes/no questions) The teacher thinks of something and simply tells the learners whether it is “animal/vegetable/mineral or/abstract”. The first student asks a question. the other answers with another question and so on. professions. famous people and where they live. Then each team takes turns questioning each other. wins. they get a point. the questions are put so that they can be answered by “yes” or “no”. QUESTIONS (to practice tag questions) This is an excellent game to practice asking questions. pets.
. verbs. answers the question or cannot come up with another question. The teacher can limit the choices to everyday objects. Explain to the class that the object of the game is to practice asking question using the correct format. Have a member of each team come to the front of the class. It is a lot more challenging that it sounds. you have an opportunity of helping the class by asking a few questions which narrow the range of possibilities. If the student responding hesitates for too long. Traditionally. QUESTIONS. Ask tag questions to be answered using the following phrases: of course I’m sure indeed I’m afraid so of course not I’ve no idea not quite I’m afraid not obviously I’ve no clue not at all not exactly perhaps certainly I don’t think so clearly
The teacher asks tag questions.

Each student then calls out one item from his list before the cover is lifted again. Variations: a) Make up a story using the names of the items. go over each item and if time allows. on the board. This time. The objects are placed on a long table. Students now pair up and compare their lists in order to come up with a new list. A limit of 15 questions should be imposed. Then. The students study the objects for three minutes. Allow 10 minutes for this. At the end of the period. KIM’S GAME (good for vocabulary review and also to practice units of measurements) The teacher gathers a collection of 15-20 disparate items (see list on page 415 for suggestions). or bench. Show the object to one of the students. As the students hear the names of the objects. place a number next to each one.WHO AM I? The purpose of this game is to practice “yes” or “no” questions as well as to have students practice thinking in English. so every student can see them. include a description of the use of each item. c) Put one of the objects in a paper sack. Memory Game: Using similar items.
. Ask the students if they can tell what is missing. About five minutes are allowed for this. One student is chosen and he/she must think of a famous person (someone known to the entire class) and the other students must attempt to discover who it is by asking “yes” or “no” questions such as: Is it a woman? Is he a politician? Did she live in this century? Did he live in this country? Is she an entertainer? Is the person alive? If the class has too much difficulty in finding the identity. the students must pay attention to the size. Have the students match the name of the object on the blackboard to the number of the items on display. shape and color of the objects before they are covered again. clues can be given. list the names of the items in no specific order. The table is then covered and everyone jots down as many objects a she/he remembers. b) Show the objects a second time having removed a few items. they remove them from the table. The group can ask yes/no questions to try and guess what it is.

We’re sad to hear __________ your illness. Students then draw a similar table according to the letters on their names. NAME GAME: Write a table on the board with as many columns as there are letters in the name making sure none of the letters are repeated. and above. Students are not allowed to use any of the words provided as examples. Everyone should go ___________ their dream. Add four rows as follows: name job country food animal R realtor Russia radish rhino a artist Argentina avocado antelope m mechanic Mongolia mango monkey
Request students’ submissions to complete the table on the board. The day before the guest comes in. for. rehearse the following questions with your students with you posing as the guest: e) What is your name? f) What does your name mean?
. I agree ___________ you. on. in. Distribute the cards containing incomplete sentences to the rest of the class. to. the teacher goes over the words as a way of reviewing vocabulary. Pin the ten preposition cards above onto ten students. Once completed. This is great opportunity to make use of the resources in your community by inviting native speakers that live nearby or are passing through. preferably someone the students haven’t met or seen before. Then prepare cards which bear incomplete sentences such as: a) b) c) d) e) I am afraid ____________ dogs. after. MYSTERY GUEST: Invite someone to your class.THE PREPOSITION GAME: Prepare ten cards. each bearing one of the following prepositions: at. I’m bad ___________ tennis. with. of. who have two minutes to choose the correct preposition to complete their sentences by standing by the appropriate student.
There should be at least three sentences for each preposition. by.

The teacher. (expressing opinions) Tell students that they’ll be asked to indicate what their opinion is in regard to people who:
. read out each paper one after another. PEOPLE WHO…. Then each student is asked to write three adjectives that characterize his/her state of mind. The student concerned should feel free to remain anonymous. or a student. Each question should only be asked once. Variation: This activity can also be used to assess the atmosphere in the group at any particular time. With each set of adjectives the group speculates who wrote them. All the papers are collected.. Allow about twenty minutes for the interview. each student writes down three adjectives that he/she feels describe himself/herself. Thank the guest for his/her appearance and then proceed to review the answers with the class.g) Who were you named after? h) When is your birthday? i) What are your favorite things to do? j) What is your favorite season? k) What’s the funniest thing you have ever done? l) Have you ever won a contest? m) What kinds of sports do you like to participate in? n) Do you have any pets? o) Do you play any instruments? p) What countries have you visited? q) What is your favorite holiday and why? r) Who is one of your favorite people? Students can contribute other questions they might think would be important to know about the guest. THREE ADJECTIVES: On a piece of paper.

Example: People who spit on public places should be fined. NAME CALLING: (practice adjectives. You might want to keep a tally of the adjectives on the blackboard. increases vocabulary The teacher brings a small ball into the classroom and asks each student to think for a minute of an adjective that begins with the same letter as his or her name. Any adjective is acceptable except for colors. make rude comments to women 11.” The person asking the question must then act out the activity. like to climb mountains 9. The person on the left of the leader asks: “What am doing?” The person on the right describes an activity using the present progressive. who save a lot of money 6.
. break promises 5. smoke on public buses 13. watch TV all day 7. smoke in restaurants 3. WHAT AM I DOING? (To practice the present progressive) The students stand in a circle. throw littler on the ground 2. interrupt when someone is speaking. drive too fast 10. The student catching the ball says the next combination and throws to another student. for example: “You are washing clothes. The teacher starts the game by throwing the ball after having said his/her name and corresponding adjective. eat too much 8. are cruel to animals 12.1. Continue around the circle (or down the rows) until everyone has had a chance to act out an activity. drink and drive 4. as no repetitions should be allowed.

It is also a good strategy to review comprehension of stories. the fourth student says. the ball is placed back into the center of the field and play resumes. 1. The same game can be played using the alphabet letters.SOCCER: Draw a soccer field on the blackboard. This game can also be played with the letters of the alphabet. If two people say the same number at the same time. the second student says “2”. the ball is moved towards their goal. COUNTING NUMBERS OR ABC’S (to practice listening skills. The students are in a circle or in their rows. Draw a goal at each end. If they get wrong. the fifth student says “5” and the next student claps.
. Divide the class into two teams. They are supposed to count from 1 to 30. Students may be asked questions individually or in groups. Wrap each in a piece of paper. the must start over with “1”. You can use phrases as well as verbs. On each piece of paper write down some type of action code. Ask students questions such as the irregular forms of verbs. and spelling of troublesome words. If the students get the question correct. 2 CLAP (same skills as number 27) This game is more difficult than it sounds. they must act out their phrases. “1”. The teacher starts the game by saying “1”. Divide the field into scaled down 10 meters markings. followed by anyone saying “3”. If it gets to the goal. The first student says. antonyms. For example. then anyone can say “2”. “MBVHI” stands for laugh. Make a model from “cardboard” and tape it to the center of the field. “4”. The teacher or a designated student would be the one to decide if that needs to happen. You can make a code by having every letter of the alphabet stand for the letter that comes after it. This game is a lot more fun than it sounds. synonyms. the third student claps. numbers and the letters of the alphabet) The group is asked to close their eyes. CANDY CODE: (to practice the alphabet) Buy some inexpensive hard candy. that side scores a point. After the students have figured out their codes. it is moved away from their goal.

antonyms. The book is in the bag. Give one set of cards to the students and scatter the other half at the other side of a field or spread out over a line. Their team is shown an activity on a flash card and their team must act it out. The book is between my hands. Xii. pictures and words.MATCHING TAGS: (good review activity) Make two sets of cards that match in some way.. past and present forms of verbs. The book is in my hand. The book is behind me. The book is on my head. xv. synonyms. Xvi. ii.e. x. etc. The book is in front of me. One member of each group comes to the front of the class and stands behind the teacher. Have the students line up and race to the other side of the field to find their match. The team must act it out and the person at the front must say: “Reading a book” in order for the team to get a point. The class is divided into two groups. The book is beside me. their team earns a point. The book is next to me. Example: The flashcards indicates.
. Ask students to stand up and pick up a book. xiii. ix. Vii. The book is over my head. xiv. If the person at the front can guess the activity. The book is below the table. They will follow your commands: i. xi. CHARADES: (a good TPR activity) This is a simplified form of charades. The book is on top of the bag. The book is on the bench. Xviii. i. iii. iv. PREPOSITIONS WITH TPR (TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE ): This is a wonderful warm up for elementary classes. The book is outside the bag. The book is inside the bag. The book is between my fingers. The book is over the chair. Viii. or designated game leader. v. The book is under the table. The book is above my head. “Reading a book”. vi. xvii.

rat. 7. Many Nepali students are familiar with this game.Word Count: Divide the class into two teams. 3. etc. 1. The group with the longest list wins a small prize. has been printed. etc. A student from each team comes to the board and gets ready to write a word called out by the teacher or another student. Read the definition loudly and clearly once and stay away from the board!
.: Rice-mice-ice-twice. Whoever writes first and raises his/her hand upon finishing wins. Quick thinking is valued here. Word must be spelled out correctly. Ex. Tell the students they are to find as many words as possible that are contained within that word. 2. inexpensive fly swatters in the bazaar and bring them to class for this lively game.Word Find: Divide the class into groups and hand each a piece of newsprint on which one long word. Divide the board into two sections. eat. The students must come up with sufficient words that sound similar to the word given to fill up the newsprint. The group with the longest list wins a small prize. Set up a time limit and at the end count all the letters but not the original one. and write the words all over the board. Divide the class into two teams and bring a representative of each to the front of the class. 5-Speed Spell: Divide the class into two teams. No foreign words or proper names are allowed. post all newsprints and review with the students. The student with the most letters wins. When the groups are done. for instance “Kathmandu”.: apple. 6. let’s say family relations. 4. tiger. Choose a long word and write it on both sides of the divided blackboard. Have them select five words at random and write five new sentences using the words. Have them read the sentences aloud to the class. can swat it to get a point for his/her team.Rhyming Game: Divide the class into groups and provide each with a piece of newsprint with only one word written on it in a corner.Swat It: Buy a pair of colorful. Tell the students that you’ll read the definitions for the word on the board and the first one to recognize it. Select a category of vocabulary for review. This game could be restricted to a particular part of speech or certain categories.WORD GAMES: This is a special category of games intended to increase vocabulary.Newspaper Articles: Give students a newspaper clipping. elicit quick responses and promote fast thinking.Word Run: Ask a student to come up with one word and then the next student picks up the last letter of that word and comes up with another word. Ex. A member from each team is to write a word for each letter contained on the original word.

but using different color chalk for each team member to circle the correct word. let’s say 10 minutes. more than three. we could create a grid filled with the names of specific countries. nationalities and languages.Categories: Students divide into teams. Divide the class into two teams and assign them the letters O and X. The one with the most wins. The toilet paper is such an attention getter. noncount nouns and adverbs of frequency) Draw a 3X3 grid on the board and fill each square with the words from the category you want your students to practice. the students read their words and when one of them mentions the secret word the teacher shouts: “That’s my word” and awards point to that pair/team.“That’s my Word”: The teacher selects a category or particular set of vocabulary for review and writes one word in a secret place. The students. TIC TAC TOE: (to practice opposites. 11. Each tries to come up with as many words as possible in any one category. Representatives from each group come up to board and write their words.
. Each student will then name the nationality and language for that country to get a point. Each student in turn comes up with a word associated with hotel: bed. If the association is not obvious. students write a list of words beginning with one letter. food. everyone counts the squares they have. An X or an O goes over the grid if the answer is correct until all grids are full. After everybody in the class has some paper. etc. 9.Circle the Right Word: With the same structure as above. Keep a tally on the side. 13-Scales or degrees: The teacher writes an adjective on the board and asks students to give him/her the other words in the scale that would indicate an increase or decrease in the meaning of that adjective. service. then hands the roll of toilet paper to a student. Representatives from each team take turns providing the required response and get a point for their team if it is correct. At the. the student is asked to explain it. three letters and so on. room. two letters. and then we have to tell that many things about themselves. in English. 12-Find the words within a word (by the number of letters): The teacher writes a long word on the board. 10-Word Association: The teacher starts the game by a saying a word. The teacher tells the student to take some. For instance: To practice the category of countries. write as many words as possible for a specified time limit.8. in pairs or groups. In pairs or teams. such as “hotel”. Example: frigid / freezing / cold / cool / warm / hot / boiling / scalding TOILET PAPER ICEBREAKER: Teacher takes the toilet paper roll and takes several squares of toilet paper.

if the category is parts of the body. things in nature. and chants the sentence aloud. THE ALPHABET GAME: I recommend that you create a set of alphabet cards and get them laminated. and define what they are. Divide the class into groups. 2. It’s important for them to talk about what they consider important first. Take a particular sentence and whisper it in the ear of the student A. List the top ten jobs that are the best paid from 1-10. Write down 15 occupation names on the board and the following instructions: 1. The student to be the first one to say nose gets a point for his/her team. The class then works out where it went wrong. Then they start a new round in a different direction. For instance. Usually this will differ greatly from the original sentence. famous dead people. Divide the class in half. celebrities. Show the students one card at time. The sentence is then passed along the circle by whispering. List the top 10 most important jobs from 1-10.
. etc. A student from each team tries to be the first one to shout the word under that category. animals. The final student is then asked to say the sentence aloud.). household goods.Denmark
Canada
Israel
Germany Brazil
Ethiopia Spain
South Africa Malaysia
EAR-TO-EAR: (to practice listening skills) Students sit or stand in a circle. the teacher shows the letter “N”. RANKING OCCUPATIONS: Brainstorm a list of occupations. Write the category on the board that you want to review (fruit. adjectives. Mix up the alphabet cards. write them on the board.

3.Indicate which two occupations should get the most money in your group’s opinion and why. A discussion should follow to illustrate that the person who does the most important job does not necessarily get the most money. YOU GUESS THEIR ADJECTIVES: Ask students to think of an adjective that describes the way they feel at the moment. They should not say their adjectives aloud. When everyone has an adjective in mind, the class is to stand up. Explain the rules: You’ll call out some adjectives. If someone hears the adjective that they have applied to themselves, they should sit down. Start calling out adjectives, e. g.: happy, tired, sad, energetic, thirsty, full, sleepy, etc. Allow enough time between adjectives for people to think and, if appropriate, sit down. If at the end of your list there are students still standing up, they call out their adjectives and sit down. Family Relations: (To practice the names of family members) Write the names of different family members on individual flashcards. Give a card to each student. The game can be played individually or in teams. Tell the students you’re going to read the definition for each card and they need to listen carefully in order to match the card they have in their hands to the definition. Variation: Write the flashcards and post them on the blackboard using double-sided tape. Divide the class into two teams and tell them you’ll be reading the definitions for the different family members as a representative for each team stands in front of the board. The first one to recognize the relationship and grab it from the blackboard, wins a point for his/her team. SPELLING BEE: Divide the students into two teams. The teacher calls out a word, team members work together to reach an agreement on the correct spelling of the word, then show it to the teacher, who awards a point for each correct answer. The team with the most points at the end wins.

CAN YOU FIND WHAT'S DIFFERENT? Ask a volunteer to go out of the classroom. While the student is out of the room, the other students change their sweaters, shoes, coats and so on. Bring the student who went out of the classroom back inside. He/she has to guess the differences (speaking in English, of course.) BLACKBOARD RACE: Divide the board into two sections and write the names of animals with gapped letters, same list for both sides. Divide the class into teams and have a member of each team come to the board. Provide them with a piece of chalk and tell them that when you say “go”, they must fill in the missing letters in the first word and then hand the chalk to the second person on their team, who then fills in the missing letters of the next word, and so on until a team finishes first. Review the words for spelling mistakes and add up the points for each correctly spelled out word. Extra points could be awarded to the team finishing first. a) b) c) d) e) f) g s - - - e (snake) w - - f (wolf) - - l (elk) t - - - r (tiger) l - - p - - d (leopard) – r – c – d – l- (crocodile) – ebr – (zebra)

CONCENTRATION: (to review vocabulary The teacher makes a “window chart” using poster board or “drawing paper”. Cut 12 flaps on the front of two different colors of cardboard. Number the flaps from 1 to 12 on each piece of cardboard. Put a piece of newsprint behind the cardboard. Under one set of flaps put the names of objects, and under the other the words that describe those objects. Some possible matches are words and their definitions, antonyms and synonyms, etc. Divide the group into two teams. The sides take turns asking for the flaps to be opened, such as: “Give #1 pink and #5 yellow”. If they get a match, their team earns a point. Variation: With smaller groups you can the students match a card with its mate such as verbs and their past participle, words and their definitions and so on. Each person gets

to turn over two cards. If they get a match, they get to keep the cards. The person with the most cards at the end wins the game. BINGO: This is an excellent activity to review vocabulary from any of the lists included in this resource book such as fruit, vegetables, languages, relatives or musical instruments. After teaching the appropriate unit, ask the students to draw 16 squares for elementary or 25 for intermediate level on a piece of paper and tell them to fill each square with a word from the specific category, i. e., fruit. Allow ten minutes for everyone to fill in the squares. Now call out a word at random from your master list. Make sure to cross out this word off your list as you announce it. When a student hears a word that appears on his paper, he should cross it out. As soon as he has four words (or five) up, down, across or diagonally, he shouts: “Bingo”. Check to make sure the words crossed out are in your master list and spelled correctly. LIKES AND DISLIKES: (to practice expressing opinions) Ask the students to: List three things that you like and explain why. List three things you dislike and explain why. The teacher reads his/her lists first and then asks each student to read his/her list aloud. WHO IS THIS PERSON?: (to practice using adjectives) Obtain a collection of photos of individuals at close range with little or no distracting details in the background. Hand a photo to each student and have him/her create a portrait of the person in the photo. Details should include age, marital status, rich or poor, kind of job held, what the person seems to be thinking/feeling at the moment, place where he/she lives, family, hobbies, education, etc. CREATING A PICTURE FILE: Almost any presentation in the classroom can be enlivened by the use of pictures. Creating your own collection of pictures is a simple as keeping an eye open for interesting color photos appearing in the Kathmandu Post, Nepali Times or your Newsweek magazine. I have found that almost any publication

can contain colorful, intriguing pictures that can useful when trying to explain certain point of grammar or jog your students’ imagination. Here’s a list of suggestions for possible uses of your picture file: • • • • • • • • To illustrate action verbs. (present progressive, habitual present) To create stories based on the people and places on the photos. To introduce new vocabulary. To write a portrait. To have the students write short descriptions of what they see. To have the students write captions for the photos. To compare two photos using adjectives. To write predictions

WRITING ACTIVITY: Prepare a substitution table on the board with the following headings: A famous person a special occasion a place a particular topic

Explain to the students that they are going to write a short essay about an encounter with a famous person. Ask the students to come up with names for each column explaining that time and space are not a barrier for this exercise. As a result, students can propose famous people such as Einstein, going to Paris, celebrating Halloween and talking about astrophysics. Complete each column individually with as many submissions as there is room for. You might want to include a few of your own to make the mix more interesting. Now ask the students to pick a selection from each category and compose their essay based that information. SUBSTITUTION TABLE Substitution tables are great tools to drill students in the use of different structures. A substitution table can as simple as having students compose sentences with just three parts of speech. Here a sample substitution table to get beginning students to practice the verb “to be” in the simple present with a variety of subjects. Have students write as many combination sentences as possible utilizing all subjects and their corresponding adjectives.

Subject The house The old woman The books The tree The children The table The women

Verb is are

Adjective old blue green happy sad beautiful news

As the level of proficiency increases, it is possible to add additional columns to your table such as adverbs of manner (slowly/fast) or frequency (always/sometimes). Variation: Students can also practice asking questions in the correct format by providing them with a substitution table such as this one: Question word Auxiliary verb is are isn’t aren’t do does doesn’t did didn’t can’t don’t Subject God you the King foreigners she he we the girl people it everybody Predicate reading a book? wearing a dress? die? going to the market now? come to Nepal? watching TV? help me? go to the temple? like the winter season? happy? like to travel?

Why

Ranking Personalities: Tell the students that you would like to know what traits/characteristics/ they like to see in the following categories of people: a boss, a friend, a teacher and a spouse (husband/wife). Discuss adjectives describing the characteristics, i. e.: charming, decisive, mature, independent, etc. Ask the students to add more traits to the list according to their own liking. Clarify the meaning of any adjective students are uncertain about. Divide the class into teams of four and assign a category to each. Ask each team to select the adjectives describing the personality traits they would like for each. At the end, each team reads their list aloud.

Blackboard Organizer:((This is a suggestion to keep you on track and to pace your lesson.) Select a portion of the blackboard (a quarter on the left side?) and write the date and the page number on the book that you’ll be working on. Underneath, write the topics and/or skills the students will be working on that day. Occasionally, glance at the board to make sure you’re following the order previously selected and to make sure you’re covering all the topics designated for that lesson. If when the bell rings the lesson is not finished, you can cross out what was done and remind students of what they need to study/read for the following day. It is a great way to finish the lesson as it gives you a chance to recapitulate what was accomplished and what needs to be done the following day. What is my job? (A more interactive way to teach occupations) Write the names of several occupations, some familiar and some unknown to the students, on flashcards. Write the definitions for the occupations on another set of flashcards. Distribute one set to team A and the other to team B. Team A read the definition of a job and team A must identify the name. The team with the most matches wins the round. Have you ever ….? (Excellent activity to get students to practice irregular verbs and to distinguish between the Present Perfect vs. the Simple Past) Provide students of a list of activities and have each choose 3-5 of them. The students then circulate among their classmates trying to find out if anyone has performed such an activity. When the student finds someone, he/she needs to determine when was the last time the action was performed. Ex. Have you ever gone river rafting? If the answer is yes, then ask …. When was the last time you went river rafting? Where did you go? Who did you go with? How much did you pay? Did you have to bring your own equipment? And so on. Students report their findings to the class.

What is this? Here is a way to teach the correct order of adjectives. Select as many small household items as there are students in your class. For some ideas, check the list of items included in the “Kim’s Game” page. I use an old-fashioned measuring tape and using the “Adjective Position” chart, I start by describing it as follows: It is an inexpensive, long, flat, red and white, plastic measuring tape. Best meal in the world: Students will write a short paragraph describing the best meal in the world they would have by listing the following details: Date: What are you celebrating? Who are you going to be with? The person can be dead or alive, famous or unknown. Place: Where is it taking place? City and country Season:

What kind of food? What What kind of music do type of restaurant? you want in the background? Other details?

Students should be told they have unlimited money for this meal and are free to travel anywhere in the world. What’s in a name? This game is suitable for the first or second day of classes to get students familiar with their classmates and teacher as he/she models the activity. Write the following questions on the board, answer them about your own name and then have students interview each other before presenting their partner to the rest of the class. 1. What’s your name? 2. Does your name have a special meaning? 3. Who chose your name? 4. Were you named after anybody else? 5. Do you have a nickname? 6. Do you have a diminutive? 7. Do you like your name? 8. If not, would you like to change it? 9. If so, what would you like to be called?

COMPOUND WORDS: A compound word is a new word made from two smaller words and the new word contains the meaning of both smaller parts. EX: bird+cage =birdcage room+ mate = roommate book +mark = bookmark

Using the list of compound words included in this booklet, make up individual cards with one half of each compound word. Distribute the cards to the students and have them make as many matches as they can. Write the matches on the board. Specific matches can be challenged and students can refer to the dictionary to confirm the validity of their matches. CATCH AND MATCH THE RIDDLE Divide the class into two groups: The QUESTION group and the ANSWER group. Give the questions to the first group and the answers to the other group. Each student in the first group is supposed to read the question he has aloud and whoever has the answer in the other group reads the answer aloud. If the question and the answer match, put the students in pairs. If they don't, continue till the right answer is found. Each student can read his part only twice. When all questions and answers are matched, ask the pairs to read the riddle they have just for fun. TALK SHOW: Select a different topic each week, and three students (called "guests", or "experts") are invited to the front of the class. The other students (the "audience") asks them questions. Thus it is more "interactive" than a debate, and it is also more realistic, since in everyday life answering questions is a more common experience that formal debating. NAME ALLITERATION: A FUN INTRODUCTORY GAME Use a small ball or stuffed animal to get this activity going. Students stand in a circle and are given one minute to think of an adjective that begins with the same letter as their first names. Thus, I start the game by introducing myself as “energetic Ercilia”, and toss the ball to another student to continue. To make it more challenging, the students must repeat all the names and adjectives in the same order.

GRAMMAR REVIEW, EXERCISES AND GAMES

To understand the rules. 1. adjectives and other adverbs) 7. These rules explain how to choose the form of words and how to join words into sentences.e. a place.PRONOUNS (in place of nouns) 3-VERBS (expresses an action or state of being) 4-ADJECTIVES (modify nouns) 5-ARTICLES (modify nouns) 6-ADVERBS (modify verbs.PREDICATE NOUN 9. For example: These eight words have little meaning by themselves: the an air into boy arrow the shot but arranged into a sentence like this: article noun verb article noun preposition article noun The boy shot an_ arrow into the air subject verb direct object adverbial phrase they do make sense. AUXILIARY VERB 5.INDIRECT OBJECT 6..NOUNS(names for a person. we must know these two things about words: Each word has a name.DIRECT OBJECT 3.CONJUNCTIONS (join words) 9-INTERJECTIONS (independent words or phrases that express emotions) 10. SUBJECT 2. VERB 4.WHAT IS GRAMMAR? Grammar is a set of language rules that helps you talk and write so you make sense to others.PREPOSITIONS (join words) 8.PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
. the “class” to which each word belongs. OBJECT COMPLEMENT 7. 1. a thing or an idea) 2.VERBALS(words based on verbs) Each word has a use or function also referred to as syntax. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT 8. The function determines how the word is used in a sentence.(PARTS OF SPEECH) i.

Kinds of pronouns: (a) Personal pronouns Subject Object Adjective Possessive (followed by a noun) my your his her its your their Possessive (not followed by a noun) mine yours his hers (not used) yours theirs Reflexive
I you he she it you they
me you him her it your them
myself yourself himself herself itself yourselves themselves
.PRONOUNS are used instead of nouns and the noun. There are four kinds of nouns: A-COMMON nouns name general persons. a quality or an activity. places and things: boy city doll
B.PROPER nouns name specific persons. places.PLUS: TYPES OF PHRASES TYPES OF CLAUSES TYPES OF SENTENCES 1.NOUNS are words that refer to names of persons. is called the ANTECEDENT. things. places and things: Uma Kathmandu Annapurna C.COLLECTIVE nouns suggest many of one thing: troop herd class
D-ABSTRACT nouns suggest different ideas: fear honor evil 2. which the pronoun replaces.

being or becoming. something. what. (e) Verbs that are helpers. anybody. some. The soup tastes good. (INTRANSITIVE) Peter sang a solo. COMPLEMENT They sent Alice a gift.Other kinds of pronouns: (b) Demonstrative pronouns: this. nobody. The flowers look nice.3VERBS are words that show action. and nothing. somebody. (TRANSITIVE) (d)Verbs that show a state of “being” are sometimes called linking or copulative verbs: appear. (d) Interrogative pronouns: who. where and how. any. feel. There are three kinds of verbs: Verbs that show ACTION either visible (run) or invisible (think). none. no one. someone. Action verbs can be: (a) Intransitive that completes a sentence by themselves: Peter slept. sound. grow and forms of the verb TO BE are examples of this type of verbs. whom. OBJECT DIRECT They elected Harry president. why. or are helpers. (c) Indefinite pronouns: all. (b) Transitive that needs a direct object to complete the sentence: Peter loves Mary. INDIRECT OBJECT (c) Some verbs can be EITHER transitive or intransitive: Peter sang. these and those. John is president. that. also called auxiliary or modals verbs: These verbs modify the main verb by showing a degree of emphasis. which. when. ought to would and should (obligation) can could (potential) would might (possibility) may (permission) must (mandatory) do (assertion) will shall (future) be (continuous action)
.

have has present perfect tense had past perfect tense will have future perfect tense Here is an example of a VERB PHRASE (i. 6.f) Perfect tense helpers are used with a main verb to indicate completed actions.Present Perfect indefinite completed past Lou has sung.. 3-Future beyond the present Lou will sing.Past walked chose 3-Past participle (have) walked (have) chosen “Regular” means that they add –d. 3-Imperative (shows command)Sing slowly.Future Perfect future as if completed Lou will have sung. 2-Subjunctive (shows wish. e. 4. main verb plus helpers) The boys should have been giving help. Modal tense modal main helper verb (g) All forms of a particular verb come from three principal parts: 1.Indicative (most commonly used) Lou sings slowly.Past Perfect completed past Lou had sung.Past definite completed action Lou sang.t to make past and past participle. 5.
. -ed. PRESENT = is singing FUTURE = will be singing PAST PERFECT = had been singing PAST = was singing PRESENT PERFECT = have/has been singing FUTURE PERFECT = will have been singing other “FUTURE”= is about to sing/ is going to sing (j) Each verb has three moods: 1. 2. (i) Also progressive forms = all the tenses of “to be” plus the main verb. command or condition)We insist Low sing slowly. (h) Each verb has six tenses that show the time the action takes place: 1-Present repeated or habitual action Lou sings.Present indicative to walk (regular)to choose (irregular) 2. or .

adjective change by degrees. ADJECTIVE (one item) One syllable Two or more syllables Irregular adjectives big industrious good COMPARATIVE (two items) bigger more industrious better SUPERLATIVE (three items or more) the biggest most industrious best
NOTE: Some adjectives compare either way: happy happier happiest (or)happy more happy most happy 5. some. few. two.ARTICLES are used before nouns to distinguish. but not to describe them: a. (note that only transitive verbs can be reversed) 4-ADJECTIVES modify nouns by changing the image made by the noun itself. AS A PARTICIPLE (see verbals) climbing ivy. etc. considerable AS A NOUN used as a subject: The meek should inherit. Passive The window was broken by Jim.(k) Each verb has two voices: Active Jim broke the window. In comparing the quality of nouns. Adjectives usually precede (come before) the noun. an. AS AN ADVERB used as an adverb of manner Drive slowly. There are eight kinds of adjectives: PROPER formed from a proper name: French Hindu West DEMONSTRATIVE answers which: this that these those DESCRIPTIVE answers what kind: big small red ugly QUANTITATIVE answers how many: one. QUALITATIVE answers how much little. To mean any: Use “a” before nouns beginning with consonants: a noise Use “an” before nouns beginning with vowels: an orange To mean a specific one use “the”: the house
. the. much.

(where) (how) (when) (B) Modifying adjectives answer this question: To what extent does a thing have some quality? She is truly beautiful (C) Modifying adverbs answer this question: To what extent does an adverb express a quality? He worked most swiftly. down. (A) Modifying verbs answer these questions: How? (by what manner)? quickly. All other adverbs go: Before the sentence Before the verb After the verb
Softly. slowly.
. adjectives and other adverbs. The baby cried softly. Two or more syllable adverbs add “more” in the comparative degree and “most” in the superlative degree. today Where? (at what location)? here. the baby cried. then. never. there. 7.6. up He fell down_ suddenly yesterday.
How do you compare an adverb to show intensity or emphasis of quality? One syllable adverbs add “–er ” in comparative degree and “-est” in the superlative degree.PREPOSITIONS are joining words that relate some word (object) to some other word: The boy with the hat remembers me. The baby softly cried.ADVERBS are words that modify verbs. (D)WHERE DO ADVERBS GO IN A SENTENCE? It depends on the type. Remember: Some words such as “hard” and “fast” can be either adjectives or adverbs. Adverbs modifying adjectives and adverbs go before the word modified: The earth is nearly flat. Adverbs of location go after the verb: The elevator went up. fast When? (at what time)? now.

or) that join like parts: Words: Tom and Mary Phrases: In the sink or under the table Clauses: John shut the door but he left it unlocked.8-CONJUNCTIONS are also joining words that link parts of sentences. (2) Correlative conjunctions join like parts but come in pairs: Words: Phrases: Clauses: Not only Tom but his brother Both in the pantry and in the kitchen.): accordingly then consequently furthermore thereafter whereas hence whereby however yet moreover also nevertheless otherwise
. followed by a comma (. Whether we go or we stay Either we go or we stay Neither Tom nor Alice is here.
(3) Subordinate conjunctions are used to introduce adverbial clauses and link them to the main clause: TIME PLACE after when before whenever till while as until as for EXCEPTION although though if CAUSE where wherever RESULT because so since so that
CONDITION as long as as though unless
PURPOSE in order that so that provided
COMPARISON as if than
(4) Conjunctive adverbs are used to join main clauses and are preceded by a semicolon (.). There are four kinds of conjunctions: (1)Coordinating conjunctions (and. but.

There are four verbals: (1) Infinitives are the basic form in which the verbs are expressed with the word to preceding the verb. thank you! Rubbish! Garbage! Thank goodness! Knock on wood! Good luck! Congratulations! Cheers! Bad luck! Goodbye!
10-VERBALS are words made from verbs. After crying.
. ADJECTIVES: This is the way to cheer. (2)Gerunds add “-ing” to the infinitive form and are used as a noun.9-INTERJECTIONS are single words which express surprise or some other emotion. Hurrah! We won. Seeing is believing. Oh! Ah! Oh good! Damn! What on earth? My God! Oh dear! What? Stop it! Ouch! Great! Well? Sorry! No! Yes! Yes? Hello! Hello? (Sigh) Welcome! Thank you! No. ADVERBS: I attend school to learn. I detest smoking. PREDICATE NOUN: My desire is to study. he felt better. There are four kinds of infinitives: (a) Active infinitive to eat (b) Active perfect to have eaten(c) Passive present to be eaten (d) Passive perfect to have been eaten Infinitives are as used as: NOUNS: To live was my goal. SUBJECT: OBJECT: OBJECT OF PREPOSITION: PREDICATE NOUN: Thinking produces results. Ouch! That hurt. are not related to any other part of the sentence.

the men lit the fire.
(c)Participial phrase is made up of a participle.
. crushed and defeated. plus object (if any) plus modifiers and is always used as an adjective. I love to dance the “Bossa Nova. There are four kinds of participles: (a) Present smoking (b) Past smoked (c) Perfect having smoked (d) Passive perfect having been smoked Note location in use: Running. plus modifiers used as: SUBJECT: OBJECT: ADJECTIVE: ADVERB: PREDICATE NOUN: To love humanity without reservation is my goal.” I need an instrument to open cans. It serves as an adverb. Tom was proud. 11. I buy bonds to support my country. Pushing weeds aside with his oars. There are four kinds: (a) A prepositional phrase is made up of preposition. My plan is to buy property now. but unrelated to any word in the sentence. The wind having now shifted. The army. Tom finally made it to shore. having been elected.3.PHRASES are combinations of parts of speech that are not sentences. exhausted by the ordeal. (4) Nominative Absolutes are similar to participles. (b) An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive. plus object (if any). It serves as an adjective modifying the noun but coming after the noun: The girl with brown hair is Irish. lay exhausted. occurring in any part of the sentence: She drew the picture with great skill. he soon came to the road.Participles are forms of verbs used as adjectives relating to a noun or a pronoun. its object and all modifiers.

He dislikes speaking French.
12. I know what I have to do. The boy who spoke to me revealed his name.CLAUSES are combinations of parts of speech resembling sentences (because they contain verbs) but are not sentences because they cannot stand alone. plus modifiers and is used as: SUBJECT: OBJECT: OBJECT OF PREPOSITION: PREDICATE NOUNS: Smoking cigarettes at any age is unhealthy. My idea of fun is shooting cans with a rifle. (3) Adverbial clauses are introduced by any subordinate conjunction and are used in the same manner as adverbs. George Smith.
Adapted from: A Scriptographic Booklet. goes to high school.(d) A gerund phrase is made up of a gerund. predicate nouns or pronouns. who is my brother. “whose”. gerund. I know of what I speak. That is what I meant. plus an object (if any). This is an excellent idea for painting high ceilings.
(2) Adjective or relative clauses introduced by “who”. They are located after the word modified such as nouns. The boy confessed the truth because he was honest. 1970
. “that”. SUBJECT: OBJECT: OBJECT OF PREPOSITION: PREDICATE NOUN: That I am older bother me. There are three kinds: (1) Noun clauses are clauses used where nouns would be. “which”. “whom” and “where” or “when” are used in the same manner as adjectives.

A WORLD OF LANGUAGE: A GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Abbreviation Action verb Adjective Adverb Anecdote Antonyms Apostrophe Base word Character Common noun Complete predicate Complete subject Compound word Compound predicate Compound sentence Compound subject Conjunction Context clue Contraction Declarative sentence Direct object Encyclopedia Exaggeration Exclamatory sentence Fact Future tense Haiku Helping verb Homograph Homophones Imperative sentence Interjection Irregular verb Linking verb Main verb Metaphor Noun Object of the preposition Object pronoun Opinion Order of importance Outline Paragraph Paragraph of comparison the shortened form of a word a word that shows action a word that describes a noun or pronoun describes a verb. a place. it. us and them what someone thinks is true a way of organizing details organizes information into main ideas a group of sentences that tell about one main idea tells how one thing is like another
. animal or creature in a story general name of a person. him. an adjective or another adverb a short story about someone words that have the opposite meaning shows where a letter or letters are missing the simplest form of a word a person. place or thing all of the words telling what the subject does all of the words naming someone or something a word formed from two or more words two or more verbs that have the same subject two or more simple sentences joined by a conjunction two or more simple subjects with the same predicate a word that joins other words helps a reader find the meaning of an unknown word a shortened form of two words makes a statement and ends with a period receives the action of the verb reference book(s) stretching of the truth expresses a strong feeling true information that can be checked shows an action that will happen in the future a Japanese verse form works with the main verb to add emphasis words spelled the same but with a different meaning words that sound alike but have different spelling and meaning gives command or makes requests expresses strong feelings or emotions does not form the past or past participle by adding -ed connects the subject and the predicate most important word in the predicate compares two things by saying one thing is the other names a person. her. thing or idea noun or pronoun followed by a preposition me. you.

place or thing shows ownership follows a linking verb and describes the subject word part added at the beginning of a word relates the noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence action that happens now a stage in which students gather ideas before writing when a writer looks for mistakes names a particular person. he.quia. she. thing or idea to read a text quickly just to get an idea of its general content I. place. we and they word part added at the end of a word develops the main idea in a paragraph words with a similar meaning shows time of the action gives synonyms or related words the main idea in a paragraph word that shows action or state of being stage in which writers put their ideas on paper
Adapted from: www.com
. it.Paragraph of contrast Part of speech Past tense Persuasive paragraph Plot Plural noun Possessive noun Predicate adjective Prefix Preposition Present tense Prewriting Proofreading Proper noun Publishing Quotation marks Repetition Redundancy Revising Run-on-sentence Scanning Sentence Setting Simile Simple predicate Simple subject Singular noun Skimming Subject pronoun Suffix Supporting sentence Synonyms Tense Thesaurus Topic sentence Verb Writing
tells how one thing is different from another tells how a word is used in a sentence shows action that already happened gives a writer's opinion and reasons of support series of event in a story in the order in which they happen more than one person. you. place or thing the stage when writers share their writing with others show the exact words of a speaker the repeating of a word or a phrase words that are not necessary to understand the meaning the stage when writers make changes two or more sentences not separated by punctuation or a connecting word to read a text superficially while looking for specific information a group of words that expresses a complete thought time and place of a story uses the words "like" and "as" to compare two things main word or words in the complete predicate the main word in the subject part of a sentence names one person.

Jillian is eating a piece of cake. Conjunction A word that connects words. Sue is a very smart girl. Mr. The skirt and blouse are yellow. Jim bought a new car. My mother baked a cake for my birthday. The mayor is highly capable. Jane went to the movies. Johnson walked to the park. place. The indefinite articles are a and an. Predicate The part of the sentence that shows what the subject does. Noun A noun is a word that names a person. Love is a very strong emotion. subject predicate
. phrases. Article Articles are placed in front of singular nouns. Sandra likes to eat sandwiches for lunch. an adjective or another adverb. but I didn’t. The definite article is the. She is either from Chicago or New York.PARTS OF SPEECH Adjective A word that describes a noun or a state of being. thing or idea. The secretary types quickly. Adverb A word that describes a verb. I left my jacket in the house. I’m hungry. The teacher gave an assignment to the students. Object A word that comes after a transitive verb or a preposition. or clauses.

with. She walked to school yesterday. She was walking to school when she saw her friend. Punctuation Punctuation marks include the period (. Subject The subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence is about. Tense A verb has tense. The milk is in the refrigerator. near.
. subject predicate Preposition A word that can show location. over. question mark (?) and the exclamation point (!). at. She will go to school next month. behind. It was difficult. She is going to walk to school. from.). Tense show when the action happened.My neighbor’s dog buried a bone in the yard. The book is on the table. between. comma (. time and direction.). in. on. Some common prepositions are around. Simple present : Present progressive. My science teacher gave us a homework assignment. to. She is walking to school now. Simple past: Past progressive: Future: She walks to school every day. under.

Avoid clichés like the plague. is not correct. In letters compositions reports and things like that we use commas to keep a string of items apart. 22. 17. 14. Only Proper Nouns should be capitalized. 27. It's better not to unnecessarily split an infinitive.Funny Grammar Rules 1. or say again what you have said before. And don't start a sentence with a conjunction. Proofread carefully to see if you any words out.
. Each pronoun agrees with their antecedent. case is important. 26. Profanity sucks. irregardless of how others use them. Never use a preposition to end a sentence with. 23. Excessive use of exclamation points can be disastrous!!!!!!!!! 5. 6. Its important to use apostrophe's right. begin with a capital and end with a period 18. 20. 11. 9 Don’t repeat yourself. 12. that aren't necessary. 25. Never use that totally cool. 19. Don't write a run-on sentence you've got to punctuate it. 2. 24. Note: People just can't stomach too much use of the colon. 3. out-of-date slang. Don't use commas. Be more or less specific. Placing a comma between subject and predicate. 15. Don’t use question marks inappropriately? 4. Verbs has to agree with their subjects. 7. 8. you will use words correctly. Don't use no double negatives. About sentence fragments. Hopefully. radically groovy. 21. also a sentence should. 10. A writer mustn't shift your point of view. Just between you and I. Don't use abbrev. 16. 13.

They drove an expensive small German car.
. 10. 3. 6. 8. 5. The girl played with a little blue cardboard doll house. 2. She had long blonde hair. My sister just bought a Victorian-era three-story house. We went out for some tasty Italian food. The woman found a pretty antique gold mirror at the flea market. My neighbors have a noisy 4-year-old Siamese cat. 4. 9.Some examples: 1. 7. The team was proud of its strong young American baseball player. They played on a medium square checker board. The hat had some tiny round yellow flowers.

drop the y and add -ier to two-syllable put not as before the adjective adjectives that end in y: happy happier crazy crazier lovely lovelier not as happy as not as crazy as not as lovely as
5. To strengthen an adjective: 1. then add put not as before the adjective -er to one-syllable adjectives that end in a consonant +vowel l+ consonant: big bigger thin thinner fat fatter not as big as not as thin as not as fat as
4.add -er to a one-syllable adjective: cheap cheaper clean cleaner near nearer 2.COMPARING DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES Adjectives change to show differences in nouns.add -r to one-syllable adjectives that end in -e: nice nicer close closer fine finer To weaken an adjective: put not as before the adjective Not as cheap as Not as clean as Not as near as put not as before the adjective Not as nice as not as close as not as fine as
3.add -er to the following two-syllable put not as before the adjective adjectives: able abler cruel crueler narrow narrower Not as able as Not as cruel as Not as narrow as
.double the last consonant.

6-place the word more before other use not as or less before the adjectives two or more syllable adjectives. capable more capable careful more careful common more common not as capable as/less capable not as careful as/less careful not as common as/less common
7-Use the irregular form for the following adjectives: bad worse far farther (in distance) far further (in depth) not as bad as not as far as not as far as
good better little less many more
not as good as not as much as not as many as
.

One-syllable adverbs
Irregular adverbs well badly
better worse
the best the worst
*Exception: early is both and adjective and an adverb. angry. polite. clever. friendly. more and most are used. The -y is changed to -i. earliest. -er/ -est are used with two-syllable adjectives that end in -y.
. simple. cruel. common. quiet. more and most are used with long adjectives. Some two-syllable adjectives use -er/-est or more/most: able. narrow. ** Both further and farther are used to compare distances. Good and bad have irregular comparative and superlative
clever Cleverer More clever gentle gentler more gentle friendly friendlier more friendly Adjectives with three or more syllables Irregular adjectives -Ly adverbs
the cleverest The most clever The gentlest the most gentle the friendliest the most friendly
important more important the most important fascinating more fascinating the most fascinating Good better bad worse the best the worst
Carefully more carefully the most carefully More and most are used with adverbs that end in -ly. sour. Forms: earlier. for most two-syllable adjectives.* fast faster the fastest The -er and -est forms are used with onesyllable adverbs. pleasant.COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
COMPARATIVE
One-syllable adjective Two-syllable adjectives old older wise wiser famous More famous wise wiser Busy busier pretty prettier the oldest the wisest The most famous the wisest the busiest the prettiest
SUPERLATIVE
For most one-syllable adjectives. -er and -est are added.

hear.
. Adverbs are used to describe: a verb (the action) other adjectives other adverbs Some adjectives do not change when used as adverbs: lonely.
Adjectives are used with linking verbs (descriptive. humid weather made it difficult to enjoy the tropical beach. resemble. smell. Exercises: Circle the correct choice. hard. understand. think. and lovely because they are always used with the verb to be. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Jack spoke (confident/confidently) to the audience. mean. friendly. The (hot/hotly). don’t underestimate her. appear. Sophie speaks Thai (fluent/fluently) and knows the culture very (good/well). We (gradual/gradually) noticed the change in Diane. The skies became surprisingly (dark/darkly) in just a few minutes. seem.ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS/LINKING VERBS Adjectives are used to describe: people. late. sound feel. The people in the streets stood (silent/silently) waiting for the sun to return. This airline’s (complete/completely) lack of organization is outstanding. The entrance examination is (extreme/extremely) challenging. Although Beth speaks (soft/softly) and seems quite (timid/timidly). believe. taste. not action related): be. places and things. The medieval cathedral was (tragic/tragically) burnt down last year. know. I have been very (patient/patiently) up to this point. She knew the meeting was (important/importantly) and didn’t want to be late. Melanie (quick/quickly) ate her lunch. Nicole grew (tired/tiredly) from the hours of overtime at work. The city (quick/quickly) rebuilt it stone by stone. fast. Very few people make it into the (prestigious/prestigiously) medical school. early. The young girl sings (amazing/amazingly) well for someone her age. look. doubt. Miriam seemed more (uncomfortable/uncomfortably) than relaxed. He knew he had (good/well) chance of winning the election. She became (quiet/quietly) and withdrawn from her family. own. silly.

Fred is the most handsome actor in the play.SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES A superlative adjective distinguishes one noun from three or more. place the least before the adjective: the least funny the least polite the least important To express superlatives. It is the funniest of all. use the following patterns: He is the tallest of the three boys. and add -st instead of -r: the slowest the nicest the funniest 1 add the most instead of more before the adjective: the most important the most wonderful the most expensive 1 use the irregular form for the following adjectives: good bad far farther many little the best the worst the farthest (in distance) furthest (in depth) the most the least
To make a superlative negative. That is the funniest movie I have ever seen. He is the most handsome of all. To make an adjective superlative: 1 Place the before the adjective.
. He is the tallest of all.

tenses. When think means believe. Some verbs are not used in progressive b) I’m hungry. I see what you mean. it is not use in the present progressive. In certain idiomatic expressions. Joe doesn’t see well without his glasses. c) This book belongs to Mikhail. Did you know that Boris is seeing Natasha? When see is used to indicate involvement. NON-CONTINUOUS OR STATIVE VERBS a) I hear a bird. Stative verbs deal with states of mind rather than actions. it can be used in the present progressive. I’m having a good time. Correct: I hear a bird (right now). Incorrect: I’m hearing a bird (right now). it is non-progressive. but I don’t agree with you. thus expressing a stable state.
. When see is used to indicate involuntary use of the eyes or understanding. I want a sandwich. Tom has a car. It is singing. They can be subdivided into five basic groups: LINKING adore appreciate care desire detest dislike envy hate like love mind miss prefer want wish SENSES appear hear* look perceive resemble see* seem smell* sound taste* POSSESSION belong have* lack own possess MENTAL PROCESSES believe doubt fear feel* forgive forget guess imagine intend know realize recall recognize regard remember* suppose think* understand STATE OF BEING astonish be contain concern cost depend entail equal exist fit* matter measure* mean need owe tend weigh*
*Sometimes these verbs are used in the progressive tenses: Compare: I think that grammar is easy. When have expresses possession. I am thinking about grammar right now. When think expresses thoughts that going through a person’s mind. it is not used in the present progressive.NONPROGRESSIVE. have can be used in the present progressive. it can be progressive.

Note: Some verbs may have stative and active forms. 2.
Stative verbs don’t use the progressive form. Andrew gets/is getting nervous whenever he takes a test. Are followed by adjectives. 4. 1. His head feels light and his hands become/are becoming sweaty. but with different meanings. 3 He worries that the teacher looks/is looking at him.STATIVE or LINKING VERBS: An Exercise
• • • • • Stative verbs refer to states of being: Are conditions or situations that exist. The verbs below reflect a “state of being” and cannot be progressive: Look/seem/appear/resemble/become/act/get Hear /see/sound/taste/feel/know/believe/think Recognize/remember/want/need/love/ Hate/appreciate/like/have/belong/possess Surprise/impress/astonish/amaze Measure/weigh/reach/cost Select the appropriate form of the verb to indicate a stative or progressive meaning. Other people can see that Andrew appears/is appearing upset because he
. Do not involve actions. Cannot be progressive.

We have/are having dinner. Every time he thinks of his mother’s cooking. 11.“How is your cold today?” “You sound/are sounding a lot better today. 15. 12.The officer asked: “Are you OK? “No”.They need/are needing encouragement to complete their goal successfully. “I think I’m having/have a baby!”
. 6. 7. he is feeling/feels homesick. I am seeing/see the doctor about my skin problem. 10. they’ll lose weight.The street person asked: Do/are you have/ having any spare change?” 19.” 17. 14.Americans are believing/believe that if they cut down on calories. 13. 20. 5. 16. The Monster.“When do we have/are we having our next quiz? I asked. He appears/is appearing in a movie called “Il Monstro”.The policeman asked: “Do you have/are having a valid Florida driver’s license? 18.This afternoon. I said.Some people hate/are hating having to exercise.They are feeling/feel tired after a long day of work and don’t want/aren’t wanting to exercise. “What is that sound?” “I don’t know. He seems/is seeming to have a natural gift for comedy. I am not hearing/don’t hear anything.My sister told the caller: “Please call back later.is acting/acts jumpy. 8. 9. Alberto Benigni is a very funny Italian actor. This milk isn’t tasting/doesn’t taste fresh.

chains of mountains. please. the afternoon. The story was very good. The Pacific Ocean. an idea). a dog. a pencil). when speaking about something that is not specific.Before parts of the day: The morning. the evening. the U. the Himalayas. 6. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. The man in the black suit The room where I saw her. A is used in front of nouns that begin with a consonant sound (a book. 3. 8. The wedding at the Blue Star hotel. Before a special meal given to celebrate something or in someone’s honor. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. 2. The old and the young should be able to live together. 4. the Bagmati River. 11. I need a pencil.Before superlatives and first. third. 5. An elephant ride is exciting. an elephant. Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause.Before an adjective used to represent a class of persons.A. the guitar. Rita is in the kitchen. I saw a dog in my yard. Mary is in the kitchen. The third chapter was the most interesting. That’s an excellent idea.GUIDELINES FOR USING ARTICLES USING THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES A/AN: A speaker uses a/an with a singular noun when she/he is making a generalization. rivers and the plural names of countries. Before nouns of which there is only one: the moon. second. (Meaning all elephants) 7. 9.Before names of seas. groups of islands. Before a noun which represent only one thing. (Meaning all horses) The elephant never forgets. Please close the door. Pass the book. etc. the piano. 10.S. Before musical instruments: the flute. the earth. etc. Before nouns used a second time: Rita told us a story. A dog makes a good pet.An is used in front of nouns that begin with a vowel sound (an apple. etc. USING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE THE: A speaker uses the when the speaker and the listener are thinking about the same specific thing(s) or person(s). The sun is shining brightly. the British Isles. The definite article is also used: 1.Before singular nouns used to represent a class: The horse is strong.
. The luncheon given in honor of the Prime Minister.

They want to paint _________ fence white. People like to sit on _________ park benches. The Amazon is a river in South America. Use the definite article the when the speaker and the listener know which person or thing they are talking about because: a) The person or thing was mentioned before. Capitalize when necessary. 5. b) The person or thing is specified by a phrase. 10. Use the definite article if you can answer the question “which?” 1. 9. ___________ weather today is very cold. He is ___________ king of Morocco. 2. 7. We want to invite _____________ neighbors to our party. the university of Toronto the best show in town the movie that you saw last night c) The speakers share the same context or knowledge. I like ____________ sugar in my tea. __________ city streets usually have sidewalks. ________ bicycles outside are not ours. The moon is in a crescent tonight.USING DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” The definite article is used for specific references. __________ moon will be full tonight. 3. Put a 0 sign before nouns that are general. Use the definite article when you are talking about something unique. The library is open today. 6.
. 4. (the library in our college) The coffee is good. (the coffee in this restaurant) 2. I met __________ students from our class. 8. Use the before singular or plural count nouns and before non-count nouns: the neighbor the neighbors the water Exercise: Put the definite article the before nouns that refer to specific people or things. 1. The child was my son. I took a picture of a child.

________ little knowledge is dangerous. 20. 15. 4. 13. 2. Is Mr. 3. 17. Let’s cross __________ street here. 9. This is _________ front of _________ house. I need ________ flour and ________ clean plate. 1. 14. Did you have fun at _________ party last night? I bought _________ table yesterday. Shresta _____________ professor? We live on _________ quiet street on the suburbs. 11. 22. 16. Professor Erickson is _________ Christian. 12. _________ boys are afraid of __________ dark. There is ________ fly in _______ milk. 19. He’s working at _____________ restaurant.
. Did you feed ____________ the cat? Krishna is in ___________ kitchen peeling potatoes. ________ book on ________ table is mine. 7. She knows nothing about __________ robbery. 8. He buys _________ newspaper every day. 6. Is Suman _________ graduate student? Doctors are concerned about __________ health of their patients. 24. 25.ARTICLES EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article: a. 5. Honesty is _________ best policy. 10. 18. T Do you have ________________ bicycle for rent? Do you need __________ bicycle today? I went to ____________ party last week. 23. an or the. Did Dinesh find __________ job yet? _________ flowers in that vase are beautiful. 21.

3. park.The names of people Capitalize: use a big letter. of people Do you know Professor (Prof.Months. I go to the University of Texas. good. days. The Bronx Zoo is renown for its collection of (f) I’m taking Chemistry 101 this term.The first word in a sentence 2.CAPITALIZATION RULES
CAPITALIZE: 1.
9. fall/autumn. I’m taking Psychology 101 this semester. Bob arrived last Monday.) Smith. We went jogging in Forest Park.The names of languages and nationalities. They crossed the Atlantic Ocean. I saw Doctor Wilson. She was born in California. Note: Seasons are not capitalized: spring. I work for the General Electric Company. Compare: We went to a park. They are from Mexico. The pronoun “I” is always capitalized. She lives in New York City. He lives on Grand Avenue We have class in Ritter Hall. They crossed the Yellow River. winter Compare: She lives in a city. summer. Compare: I’m reading a book about psychology. building. Compare: I saw a doctor. (a) We saw a movie last night. We discussed Japanese customs. holidays (d) I was born in April. It snowed on Thanksgiving Day.Titles used with the names (c) I saw Doctor (Dr.
(g) She speaks Spanish. Chicago is on Lake Michigan. We visited the Rocky Mountains. I go to the University of Florida. Tibet is in Asia. Words that refer to the names of nations. The Sahara Desert is in Africa.) Alston? 4. (e) He lives in Chicago. (b) I met George Adam yesterday. We went to Central Park.The names of courses
7. Compare: I go to a university. zoo
6. It was very not a small letter. The pronoun “I”
(i) Yesterday I fell off my bicycle. etc.
The names of places: city state/province country continent ocean lake river desert mountain school business street.
. Compare: They crossed a river. nationalities and languages are always capitalized. The Nile River flows north.

Ex. 3.the nile river flows into the mediterranean sea. 13. 17. is a play written by shakespeare. 7.othello. please introduce me to dr smith.i’m taking modern european history 101 this semester. 8. singh. Please introduce me to Dr.we don’t have class on saturdays.in 1957 the russians sent the first satellite into space. the moor of venice. 11.do you know dr. 6.perhaps rita said that anup has gone to pokhara. Smith. when they are needed. 18. 19.we bought a nepali cap for mr.i take the five o’clock train to new delhi. 2. our math teacher.we are going to have a test next tuesday. 12.venezuela is a spanish-speaking country. 4.i know that professor panday teaches at the university of arizona. 20. Also add a period.ram is flying to Singapore on rnac after the dashain festival. 10.i’m taking a history course this semester.i started to learn french last july.
1.
.john is a catholic. 15. 16.canada is north of the united states. 14. 5. at the end of a person’s title. Write the correct capital letter above each letter you cross out.the mississippi river flows south. 9. ali is a moslem.the sun rises in the east. panday? he is a professor a this university.CAPITALIZATION EXERCISE Read the following sentences and draw a line through each small letter that should be a capital letter.i like vietnamese food.

it fit him perfectly. 4. I finally ___________________my parent to let me use the car.CAUSATIVE VERBS: GET. My boss ____________________ me redo my report because he wasn’t satisfied with it. 1. a) I got my brother to carry my suitcase. (I asked my brother to carry my suitcase. MAKE Get. their meanings are similar but not identical. 2. 6. When they are used as causative verbs.
. HAVE. 8. attend class for him. I went to the bank _______________________ a check cashed. The teacher didn’t know the difference.) d) I made my brother carry my suitcase. Crane __________________her house painted. Kostas __________________some of the kids in the neighborhood to clean out his garage. have. e) I had my watch repaired (by someone). Mr. (I allowed my brother to carry my suitcase. he found a jacket that he really liked. let and make can be used to express the idea that “X causes Y” to do something. 10. 3. 7. LET. Complete the sentences with the one of the appropriate causative verb. The doctor ___________________the patient stay in bed. f)I got my watch repaired (by someone). Have. I ________________ my son clean the window before he could go outside to play. 9. Mrs. so he _____________ his twin brother. After he _______________the sleeves shortened. (I persuaded my brother to carry my suitcase.) The past participle is used after have and get to give a passive meaning. More than one verb is possible. When Scott went shopping. let and make are followed by the simple form of the verb while get is followed by the infinitive form of the verb. The teacher ____________________ the class write a 2000-word research paper. There is usually little or no difference in meaning between have and get.) b) I let my brother carry my suitcase. (I insisted that my brother carry my suitcase. Tom had a bad headache yesterday. 5. Tim.) c) I had my brother carry my suitcase.

She will eat ice cream whether or not she eats cake. (Use a comma before yet) So indicates the result or consequence of a previous action: I didn’t have money for a taxi. but I didn’t. Mary went home. Each conjunction defines a specific relationship between the parts it connects. phrases. Nor indicates negation of both choices: I don’t like the yellow nor the blue shirt.. c) Either. d) Whether. so I had to take the bus..or emphasizes the need to choose one item. yet happy. She wants both ice cream and cake.CONJUNCTIONS: A SUMMARY A conjunction is a word that connects words. Subordinating conjunctions begin a subordinated clause and show its relationship with the main clause. But indicates a difference: Jane went to the movies.. The first conjunction emphasizes the meaning of the second.or not emphasizes that the first item is more important than the second. b) Not only. She wants not only ice cream but also cake. She wants either ice cream or cake. A coordinating conjunction joins sentence parts that have the same grammatical form.. Yet indicates a difference that is not logical: Indira was tired. for she was sick. (Use a comma before so) Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions..but also emphasizes the equal importance. a) Time relationship: Before earlier action After later action Until a limited time of action When a specific time of action While action at the same time
.and emphasizes the equality of items.. Here is a mnemonic device to remember the coordinating conjunctions: FANBOYS For connects a fact with its cause. (Use a comma before but) Or indicates a necessary choice: She is from Chicago or New York. a) Both... (Use a comma before for) And indicates similarity: The skirt and the blouse are yellow. or clauses.

she stayed home. he did not cry. followed by a comma: Before we went home. they got on the plane. I won’t dance with you. Although he was afraid. Whether or not you come early.The subordinated clause can come first. I won’t dance with you. she wears glasses. f) Other relationships: where a specific place as if in an untrue manner rather than preferable action that a fact whether unknown information Where you live. Unless you come early. there’s a lot of traffic. e) Unexpected relationships: though an illogical fact although an illogical fact even though an illogical fact Though he was afraid. he did not cry. he did not cry. That she is a genius is certain. b) Causal relationships: as a reason for action because a reason for action since a reason for action c) Resulting relationships: So that to make action possible So that she can read. Whether she went to work I don’t know. Even though he was afraid. The main clause can come first and then there is no comma: We washed the dishes before we went home. Rather than upset her mother. I’ll dance with you. d) Conditional relationships: If action dependent on other action Unless required action to avoid negative action Whether or not action on any condition If you come early. As if they were not scared. we washed the dishes.
.

Can I help you with that ________ are you all right?
. 2 . 17. 25 . And Fill in the blank spaces with one of the conjunctions listed above.Can you stop at the store ________ get some milk on your way home? 20.It’s raining.I’m going to go shopping on Sunday __________ buy some new clothes.Will you eat that last chocolate cookie ______ will you leave it for me? 24 . 23 .I was in the area _______ I thought I’d drop in and say hello.I won’t be home for Christmas ________ I’ll be there for New Year’s. 22.It’s late.I’ve just eaten dinner __________ I’m not hungry.Nobody was home when I rang Jenny ______ I left a message for her.Do you want anything else ___________ can I go home now? 7.The taxi stopped at the train station _________ two men got out of it. Or. 16 . 18.Betty just got a promotion at work ________ she’s very happy. 6.I like living in the city _________ my brother prefers the countryside.My friend fell down the stairs ________ sprained his ankle.Are you busy this weekend ______ do you have some free time? 21.The department store closed at six ________ everyone went home. 5 . 13 .I’ve been dieting _________ I’m not losing any weight.Why don’t you ring Sue _________ find out what time she’s coming over for dinner? 4 . 9. 14. You should go to bed now ________ you’ll be tired tomorrow.I love to travel ____________ I hate traveling by bus.I’m bored! Let’s go out to dinner _________ see a movie. 10 . 15 . 12. 19.Julia was very angry at Tom ________ she went for a long walk to cool down. 11 . But.Don’t tell John about his birthday party ______ you’ll spoil the surprise. 8.So.I have been saving my money this year ______ next year I plan to vacation in Europe.Conjunctions . Wear your raincoat ________ you don’t get wet.I really hate to sell my car_________ I need the money. 3. 1.

Pay attention to the punctuation. Their daughter was getting engaged. Do not change the order of the sentences. I had already done the dishes.He failed. We can’t buy anything.He arrived home. (because) 12. (as soon as)
.They got married. I had to take it three times. George went to find help. They had to learn to manage their own home. (whereas) 14.She’s snobbish. (if) 4. He won’t give up his ideals. (since) 9.The Harrison's were having a party.The car broke down. His wife burnt his breakfast. (after) 2.Paula got the job.He went crazy. (so) 13. This one is extremely difficult.The first quiz was easy. (whereas) 7. (by the time) 6. (until) 5.CONJUNCTION ACTIVITY Combine the sentences below using the conjunctions given in parentheses. You keep quiet. She had no experience. (when) 3-You can hear what I’m saying. He was watching the film. (yet) 8-We’re broke. (while) 11. 1. (even though) 15-Alex has finished his homework. (even though) 10. People like her. He can visit his friends.He fell asleep.Benjamin passed the exam the first time. I know them well.I won’t invite my classmates to a party.

They’re studying for three hours today. 18 -_____________ this class was started. How long is it since you got married?
. 10 -_____________ a year ago. 1stof January. 16 -_____________ five weeks. I have worked at the bank for five years. 7 -_____________ a long time. 5 -_____________ I was a child in elementary school. Since means from a point in the past until now. Will the universe continue for ever? Write for or since in the blanks below. 11. I have studied English: 1. Since + point (9 o’clock. Monday). 2 weeks. 15 _____________ April._____________ twelve days. 13_-____________ I came to America._____________ a year. 6 years). SINCE (a point up to now) Perfect tenses He has been here since 9 am._____________ January 3-_____________ the beginning of the year. 17-_____________ the beginning of the semester. FOR (a period from start to end) All tenses They study for two hours every day. He has lived in Bangkok for a long time. 2. It has been a year since I saw her. I have lived in New York since 1985. 12 -_____________ 1997. 19 -_____________ two weeks ago. 9_-____________ I was 14 years old. 6 -_____________ six weeks._____________two months. He has been working since he arrived. 20. 14 -_____________ 3 hours a day. 8 -_____________ three days. 4-_____________ about ten minutes. For means from the beginning of the period until the end of the period. for the last two years.FOR AND SINCE (TIME) For + period (5 minutes.

10.Anthony invited (me and George. 3-Mrs.“I” and “Me”
You already know “I” is a subject pronoun and “me” is an object pronoun. I) delivered newspapers when we were in school. the neighbor. I) usually score well on tests. write five sentences about your experiences. me and Tina). 8-(Me. Simpson gave an award to (Tina and me. (The word will be a subject pronoun in this sentence. so the correct answer is “I.The policeman warned (Roberto and me. or Me rode the train. I).(David and I.
. the words “I” and “me” should be written last. Sally and me. Some students have trouble knowing whether to use “I” or “me” with other nouns or pronouns. say the sentence with only “I” or “me. me) will stay. I and David) love Mexican food. The dog went with Chris. me) to their house. Practice Directions: Circle the correct words to complete each sentence. 1. me) like to fish.Gary and his brother asked (I. 2. Say: I rode the train. George and me) to his party. What did you do there? On you own paper. 7-Alex handed the fishing pole to (me. Writing Practice: Pretend you and a favorite relative have returned from a trip to Disney World. Examples: The dog. 9.Ivan and (I. 6. and I heard the siren. Concentrate on using “I” and “me” correctly. To help you decide.” Example: Dario and (I or me) rode the train together. 4. me and Roberto) about fireworks. 5.My brother will go home and (I.” ) Remember: In a list of nouns and/or pronouns.She and (me.

(forget. (find. (Cost) 14. not)
. (Fall) 21. (Become) 3. (Buy) 10. Raju has____________________ well since the accident. (fly) 25. Has everyone ___________ a book to class? (Bring) 8. We have_______________ to Europe every summer for years.Oh no! I’ve ______________ my pencil. How many times have you ____________ that this week? (Do) 16. I’ve already ______________ three new blouses.Irregular verbs exercise
Fill in the blank with the past participle form of the verb in parenthesis. The old man has ____________ and he can’t get up. You shouldn’t have any more wine. (Be)
2. I haven’t _____________ anything all day. (Choose) 12. (Build) 9. Has the class ____________? (Begin) 4. You’ve already ___________ 3 glasses. Mary hasn’t ___________ her wedding gown yet. he has _______________ president of the U. but I need a skirt or two. Have you ______________ the dog yet? (feed) 22. (Break) 7. (Drink) 18. 1. not) 24. (Bite) 5.It’s after 10:00. He still has ________________ his wallet. (Cut) 15. Has your mother ever ___________ to Orlando? (Drive) 19. The mosquitoes have really ___________ me tonight. The architect has ____________ a plan for the building.Since I last saw George.S. They haven’t ___________ any new hotels on the beach this year. I’m afraid I’ve ___________ a cold. How many students have __________ to class so far? (Come) 13. This new house has already __________ too much money.Mario has _____________ here for an hour.Grandma hasn’t ____________ out all the candles on her cake. not) 23. (Blow) 6. I’m really hungry. (Draw) 17. I hope you have _______________ to do your homework. (Catch) 11. (Eat) 20. (feel. The boys haven’t ___________ the grass yet.

Most of the modals have more than one meaning.). necessity. permission.LIST OF MODALS Modals are helping (auxiliary) verbs that express a wide range of meanings (ability. possibility. etc. MODAL Be Be able to Can Could Do Don’t have to Have got to Have to Have to Had better May / may not Might Must Need to / need not Ought to / ought not Shall Should Will Would Would rather continuous action ability possibility/ request/permission/opportunity/ability polite request/past ability/suggestion/conditional assertion choice/no obligation/inevitability/lack of necessity necessity necessity: She has to read four books for this class. recommendation/desperate hope/warning request/permission/possibility/conclusion suggestion/request/conditional/possibility/conclus ion necessity/strong recommendation/prohibition/certainty obligation/necessity probability/assumption/expectation future action/volunteering/promising advice/recommendation/assumption/expectation/ probability/possibility future/volunteering/promising imagination/past of will/repetition in the past /speculation preference USAGE
. Modals describe conditions that affect the verb by relating the way the speaker feels about a situation. have got. need and ought which are followed by the infinitive form. Modals are followed by the simple form of the verb except for have. certainty: That has to have been him we saw.

___________ I help you? Yes please. 18. It is very loud. She ______________ taken Benjamin to the zoo. He __________ help me with the groceries. I _________________ been glad to help you. The doctor told me I ____________________ lose 20 pounds. My husband is not working now. They ______________________ like to go to France for their vacation. Victor ______________ stop watching TV every night. 14.
. 16. 19. Why didn’t you ask. 9. You _________________ seen her in Chicago. We _____________ hear the music from the street.An EXERCISE
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal according to the context: 1. 4. 10. I know for a fact she was right here in Phoenix. You ______________ not go to the beach when it rains. I __________ like to try on this blouse. 11. Yes. My mother __________________________ cook very well. I know I ________________ studied last night. 20. You ___________________ tell your doctor that you smoke too much. 15. The family ______________ go to the beach Sunday if it does not rain. 5. Erika __________________________ love to visit South America. The students _________ pay attention in class so they _________ understand the lesson. I ____________ go dancing tonight because I have to study for tomorrow’s test. _____________________ you give a ride to school? 6.MODALS . You ______________________ stop at all red lights. My car broke down. 2. 3. 12. _________________________ you like to go to the movies tonight? 17. 13. but I watched TV instead. It hurts his eyes. 8. 7. I’m not sure where Pam is.

3-They do not have plural form. Some quantity words to use with noncount nouns are: a bar of a bottle of a bowl of a couple of a cup of a few a gallon of a glass of a grain of a great deal of a little a loaf of a lot of a number of a piece of a pound of a quart of a roll of a sheet of a slice of a spoonful of a tube of all any any both each every few fewer fewest less little lots of many more most much none none of the one of plenty of several some very little
.A number cannot precede them. 2. it is necessary to insert a quantity word in front of them. (no final –s is added) Here is a partial list of noncount nouns: biology bread cabbage cancer cash change clothing coffee corn courage deer defense dirt dust education emotion entertainment food fruit fun furniture garbage gold grammar grass hair happiness hardware hate history homework housework ice information learning leisure lettuce lightning literature love luck luggage machinery mail makeup medicine milk money music nature news postage publicity rain research rice sadness sand scenery shampoo sheep silver slang smoke snow soccer soup spaghetti thunder time toast traffic training travel truth understanding violence warmth water weather wheat work writing
In order to indicate quantity when referring to these nouns.NONCOUNT NOUNS Some nouns are called noncount nouns for the following reasons: 1-They cannot be preceded by the indefinite articles a/an.

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE - NOUN QUANTIFIERS Choose the correct answers in the following dialogue: 1- Chris: Hi! What are you up to? 2- Pete: Oh, I’m just looking for (a) many (b) some (c) any antiques at this sale. 3- Chris: Have you found (a) something (b) anything (c) nothing yet? 4- Pete: Well, there seems to be (a) a few (b) few (c) little of interest. It really is a shame. 5- Chris: I can’t believe that. I’m sure you can find (a) a thing (b) something (c) anything interesting if you look in (a) all (b) each (c) some stall. 6- Pete: You’re probably right. It’s just that there are (a) a few (b) a lot (c) some of collectors and they (a) every b) each (c) all seem to be set on finding (a) a thing (b) anything (c) much of value. It’s so stressful competing with them. 7- Chris: How (a) many (b) much (c) few antique furniture do you think there is? 8- Pete: Oh, I would say there must be (a) many (b) several c) much pieces. However, only (a) a few (b) few (c) little are really worth (a) the high (b) a high (c) high prices they are asking. 9- Chris: Why don’t you take a break? Would you like to have (a) any (b) some (c) little coffee? 10-Pete: Sure, I’d love to have (a) any (b) little (c) one. I could use (a) some (b) a few (c) a little minutes of downtime. 11-Chris: Great. Let’s go over there. There’re (a) a few (b) some (c) little seats left.

PHRASAL VERBS (SEPARABLE) a) We put off our trip In a) : put off = a phrasal verb.* A phrasal verb = a verb and a particle that together have a special meaning. For example, put off means to “postpone.” A particle = a preposition (e. g., off, on) or an adverb (e. g., away, back) that is used in a phrasal verb. Many phrasal verbs are separable.** In other words, a NOUN can either follow or come between (separate) the verb and the particle. b) and c) have the same meaning. d) and e) have the same meaning. If the phrasal verb is separable, the PRONOUN always comes between the verb and the particle; the pronoun never follows the particle. Incorrect: We put off it. Incorrect: I turned on it.

b) We put off our trip. c) We put our trip off. d) I turned on the light. e) I turned the light on. f) We put it off. g) I turned it on.

* Phrasal verbs are also called two-word verbs and three-word verbs. ** Some phrasal verbs are non-separable. PHRASAL VERBS (NON-SEPARABLE) a) I ran into Bob at the bank yesterday. If a phrasal verb is non-separable, a noun or b) I saw Bob yesterday. I ran into him pronoun follows (never precedes) the particle. at the bank. Incorrect: I ran Bob into at the bank. Incorrect: I ran him into at the bank. Some common phrasal verbs (non-separable) call on ........................ ask to speak in class get over ..................... recover from an illness run into ...................... meet by chance get on ......................... enter (a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle) get off ........................ leave (a bus, an airplane, a train, a subway, a bicycle) get in ......................... enter (a car, a taxi) get out of ................... leave (a car, a taxi)

TWO-WORD VERBS (Phrasal Verbs) SEPARABLE bring back - to return call up - call on the phone carry on – to continue catch on – to understand, learn clean up - to clean cross out - put a line through do over - do again drop off - take someone or something somewhere in a car on your way someplace else. figure out - understand something or someone after thinking about him, her, or it. fill out - write all the necessary information on a document. fill in - write in the necessary information in special spaces on a document. give back – return give up – to abandon, to desist from doing something hand in - go give something to someone in a position of authority. hang up - put something on the wall; put clothes on a hook or hanger; put phone down. jot down – write quickly and briefly left out – not included look up - find information in a book. make up - to invent something, especially in order to deceive or entertain. pick out - to choose pick up - lift; go get someone or something, usually in a vehicle. point out – to indicate put away - put something in its proper place. put on - dress yourself in a piece of clothing or jewelry, apply make-up, perfume, etc. stand for – represent, be a symbol for take back - return take down - remove something from its place, especially by separating it into pieces. take off - remove something you are wearing. take out - to remove something that is inside something else. think over - consider something carefully before making a decision. throw away - put something in the trash. try on - put on clothing to see if it fits or looks good. turn down - refuse an offer or invitation; adjust the volume on a machine. turn off - stop a supply of water, electricity, etc. turn on - start the flow of water, electricity, etc. use up - use all of something. write down - write something on a piece of paper so you won’t forget it; make a note.

PHRASAL VERBS – INSEPARABLE call on - to formally ask someone to do something. get along with - have a friendly relationship with. get over - to become healthy again after being sick. hear from - to get news or information from someone, especially by letter. Look for - try to find something look like - to resemble someone or something look through - look for something in a pile of papers, a drawer, pocket, etc. look up to - admire and respect someone look down on - to view someone or something as unworthy or lowly. pick on - unfairly criticize someone again and again; treat someone in an unkind manner. run into - meet someone by chance take after - look or behave like another member of your family.

TWO-WORD VERBS - A QUIZ Answer each of the following questions with an appropriate two-word verb. Use pronouns whenever possible. 1- Do we have any sugar left? No. I think we __________________ when we made the birthday cake. 2- Are you going to buy the blue shirt? Not until I _________________________. 3- When can we see our test scores? I’ll _____________________ your test tomorrow. 4- Who was on the telephone? I don’t know. They _______________ before I could find out. 5- This blue shirt I just bought is too small! I guess you’ll have to _______________. 6- Have you applied for that job yet? I have ________________ the form, but I haven’t ____________________ yet. 7- When do they pick up the garbage? Tomorrow. We have to _______________ tonight. 8- How can I study with that music? Do you want me to ________________? 9- Did you get a letter from your family today? No. I haven’t ____________ them for a month. 10- Did you finish your math homework? Almost. I couldn’t ___________ the last two problems. 11- My homework really looks messy. What will the teacher think? I don’t know. Why don’t you ___________ anyway? 12- It’s very hot tonight. Do you want me to ___________ the air conditioner? 13- What is your homework for tomorrow? Just a minute. I _________________ in my notebook. 14- John, what’s the answer to number1? You always _____________ me when I’m not paying attention. 15-My house is a mess and I have company coming this weekend. Don’t worry. I’ll help you ____________ on Friday.

PHRASAL VERB EXERCISE Fill in the gap in the sentences with the phrase that best compliments the meaning. 1. We haven’t __________ our son for three months. He is not much of a letter writer. a) seen b) written to c) heard from d) kept in touch with 2. _________ the morning news, many houses on the island were destroyed. a) According to b) In addition to c) In contrast to d) In spite of 3. Jack has a lot of clothes, but most of them are out of _________________. a) age b) fashion c) order d) time 4. That copying machine is _______ order. Why don’t you use this one? a) out of b) off of c) in d) by 5.My son dropped _____________ college and joined the army. a) away from b) by c) off d) out of 6. The police officer signaled the driver to _____________ and stop. a) pull over b) put in c) pass by d) pick up 7. Don’t speak so fast, please. I cannot keep _______________ with you. a) on b) away c) out d) up 8. Since I came in half an hour later this morning, I have to stay until 5:30 to _________ for it. a) save up b) make up c) keep up d) hold up 9. I deposited some money every month and _____________ enough to go on vacation. a) saved up b) made up c) kept up d) held up 10. Would you turn _________ the TV? I’m afraid the baby will wake up. a) off b) on c) up d) over 11. Most of our customers __________ their meals rather than eating here. a) take out b) take back c) take in d) take off 12. I _________ my old friend when I was shopping downtown yesterday. a) came around b) ran into c) stopped by d) dropped in 13. I quit my job because I could not _______________ with my boss. a) get up b) make up c) take up d) put up 14.Sorry but that book is ________________. We’ll get copies from the publisher next month. a) out of print b) out of order c) off shelf d) out of stock 15. Could you _________ this ten dollar bill so I can make a phone call? a) tear b) break c) chop d) cut

PREPOSITIONS: A SUMMARY A preposition is a word that relates its noun or pronoun object with another word in a sentence. A preposition + (article) + noun or object pronoun = prepositional phrase 1- Prepositions that indicate place: Over Above Below Beneath Under Underneath Behind In back of In front of Ahead of Across from Opposite Against By Beside Next to Between Among Near Close to Far from Beyond On Upon Off In Inside Within Out of Outside of 2- Prepositions that indicate direction Across Along By Past Through Around Down Up To Toward From Back to Into Out of Onto Off

3- Use in, on, and at with addresses and geographical locations: In On At In a continent, a country, a state, a city, a town, an inside corner a coast, a beach, a side, a street, a floor, an outside corner a building (inside, outside, or near), a number a specific place inside a building

Prepositions that indicate time. Before After During Since Until Up to Around About By For Through Use in, on and at with certain time expressions: In a century, a decade, a year, a season, a month, a period of the day. in the 1800's in the 1950's in 1991 in the morning In time not too late. He arrived in time to see the whole show. On a day, a date, a holiday, certain days. On Monday on the 15th on her birthday on weekends on Christmas

On time at the expected time. Carlos is always on time for class. At for an approximate and a specific time at night at 4:00 o’clock at midnight at noon At present now. At the moment now. At present, we are studying grammar. I am busy at the moment

Prepositions that indicate other relationships: By forms of communication forms of transportation people who do things With tools and instruments He sent the memo by fax. They went to town by bus The dress was made by my mother. He fixed the shelf with a hammer. I opened the door with my key. She wrote the letter in ink. The table is made out of glass He is a friend of mine. The bowl is from India. The present if from Lynn. She went with Christian. I went with my suitcase. They left without me. He is without money.

In types of composition Of materials, belonging

From places and people

With including other people including things Without not including other people not including other things

By one’s self without another person She made the cake by herself. Instead of including one person or a thing, but not another Bill came instead of Bob. I use cornstarch instead of flour.

Edwin left for Mexico. the pattern for the question is: Question Be or Word + auxiliary Verb Where Who What Who Whom Who What What Who Which street What city are are are does did is are did do do were + Subject + you they you he they she you he you you you thinking work talk going waiting do that sit live born Verb + Preposition from? with? about? for? to? with? for? for? Next to? on? In?
. Mix all the ingredients except for ones.
As in the role of For purposes
Asking question with prepositions
When the object of the preposition answers a question. She works as a secretary.Except including some things or people. the butter. but not particular
Everybody was happy except Kathy. The gift is for you. We march for peace.

20. He’s probably ____________________ Perth now. 18.____________________________ the age of ten I wanted to be a firefighter.She was born ______________________ 1961.PREPOSITION QUIZ Directions: Choose in. 30. 12. on or at to fill in the blank. 3.The flowers ___________________ in your garden are beautiful. 2. He’s probably ________________________work now.We live ____________________ this address.Were you ______________________ Tom’s party last night: 9.Betty doesn’t have a job __________________ the moment. 28-Are you doing anything _______________ the weekend.Tom and Betty always go to out to dinner ______________ their wedding anniversary. 23.We got up ___________________________ dawn today.Goodbye! I’ll see you _______________________ the morning. 5-Would you like to go out to dinner ____________________ Friday night? 6. 19.The doctor will see you _____________________ 10:00.My wife gave me a wonderful present _____________________ my birthday. 16-He’s gone to work.__________________________ second thought.She was tired. 27. 22.My pen is _________________________ my pencil case.I’ll see you _________________________ Monday.Buy some bread and milk _______________________ your way home. 25. 17.The telephone and the doorbell rang __________________ the same time 4-He flew to Japan. 15.What will you be doing _____________________ New Year’s Eve? 24-______________________ the end of the a course students usually have a party.I’ll see you ____________________ two weeks time. 11. 8.
. 7.It gets very cold _______________________ winter. 10. the green shirt is nicer.There were many cars ________________ the road today. 26. She’s ____________________ bed now. 21-I’ll be taking my holiday ______________________ Christmas this year.He lives _________________________ Australia._______________ my opinion you should buy the blue shirt. 29. 13. 1. 14-The coffee is _____________________________ the shelf.

You’d better change __________ a lower gear when driving uphill.The doctor will be back __________ an hour. 14. 1. You may write _________ ink. 19.Find answers ________ these questions if you can. 15. 13. 21. 3.Is there anything _______ sale at the mall this week? 5.The President approves _________ making the agreement with Brazil. do you remember Karla? She’s an old friend ________ school. 6.Yes. 8.___________ his way to Japan he stopped over in Los Angeles 2. 23-Look! We are flying _________ the ocean.This story is similar ___________ the one she told us.Who is that man you are smiling ________? 11.Victor is sitting __________ his brother. 25.It does not make any difference __________ me.Hold it carefully __________ your thumb and forefinger.Can I pay for this painting ___________ dollars.You should spend your money ________ something worthwhile.Our is the best car _________ the market.This necklace is made __________ silver.I’m not sure _________ all that the interest rate is affordable. 9-Let’s go _______ a tour of the city.PREPOSITION PRACTICE
Fill in the blank spaces with the correct preposition. 10. 18. 24. 22._______ a rainy day I like to stay home.Javier. 17. 16.Have you found a nice gift _______ her? 7.Switzerland is famous _________ its watches.We’re looking at some of the ads offered _________ that brochure.Thanks ________ all you have done for me. 12. 20.
. 4.

12.A person is known ______________ the company he keeps. 3.__________ of sight.Lie down ____________ dogs and you get _____________ fleas.No one looks _________ his own faults. ___________ of mind.Charity begins _____________ home. 16.Time and tide wait _________ no man.Don’t wash your dirty linen ______________ public.When in Rome. 9.Save ___________a rainy day.There are two sides ___________ every coin. 7.Never look a gift horse __________ the mouth.
. As a communicative act. 15-You can’t take it ______________ you. 5.The grass is always greener _________ the other side. 20. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposition to complete the meaning. 25-Even God is afraid ______________ fools. 18. 23-Necessity is the mother ______________ invention. 10-What goes ____________ must come ___________. 6. 21. and customs of a people. 2.Birds ___________ a feather flock together. 11. 4.The fruit doesn’t fall too far ___________ the tree. do as the Roman do. 24. __________ the fire. 8. The following is a list of commonly used proverbs. master __________ none.Look _____________ you leap. 14. they are vehicles for sending messages about the values.Everything comes ________________ those who wait.Discretion is the better part _______________ valor. norms. 19-There’s no smoke ______________ fire. 17. 1-A friend _______________ need is a friend indeed. 22.PROVERBS – AN EXERCISE USING PREPOSITIONS A proverb is a short statement that sets forth a general well-known truth.Out of the frying pan.Jack __________ all trades. 13.

eating. (NOT …. You can only live for a few days without drinking. learning to ski. saying goodbye. changing her job. understanding this – it’s too difficult. Ex. leaving. going on vacation. playing football. cooking. without to drink. not doing any work. having time to read all my books.) Make ten or more sentences from the substitution table below. doing that. staying at home. coming to Mexico with us? meeting you. interrupting. swimming and dancing. You can use the same preposition in more than one sentence. disturbing you. but I don’t think she will. losing my keys. seeing Leandro next week. helping me? looking after the children? moving to Canada? going out? saving for a rainy day.
about after as well as at before besides for from in in spite of instead of like of on to with without
. selling things.PREPOSITIONS + GERUND We use the –ing (gerund) form of the verb after a preposition and not the infinitive. being on time. working late? convincing the police that she was not a burglar. paying for everything. Example: Are you interested in coming to Colombia with us?
Are you interested Do you feel Do you have the time to do anything else He insisted He passed his exams How could you stop her I apologize I like walking I sometimes dream I’m fed up I’m not capable I’m tired She succeeded She talked She’s keen She’s very good Thank you We’re excited We’re thinking Why don’t you come out with us You can’t live I will call you Please have a drink I’m looking He’s interested Do you object Elisa always dreams Do you feel Jake should go to a barber Maritza believes I forgave Javier Thelma insisted They argued I never thought he was capable answering that child’s question? arriving at the office. telling me the truth.

reflexive pronoun Ex: Who gave you these? (demonstrative pronoun 4)
1. 6. who always seems to get in trouble.Several experts have opinions about who will be the next president. we went out for coffee. 4-David doesn’t want their help. Select which category of pronoun it is and place the number of your selection next to the sentence.PRONOUN EXERCISE Each sentence below contains a pronoun. 18.Alex longed for the car that he saw in the magazine. demonstrative pronoun 5. but she was too scared to speak. 13.Will she get here before the bell rings? 19. 1. 21.Many consider booing during a free throw rude and unfair. personal pronoun 2. 23. 15-Pamela wanted to say something to the taxi driver about the red light. is not someone her parents approve of. 7.Whom did Dorothy choose to receive the computer? 12-Andrea will not like that.If the team is cautious they will avoid the problem that plagued the other group.Does your Subaru have heated seats like Ann’s does? 9. 8. indefinite pronoun 6.They think that hers is the most interesting submission.The king himself came to visit Henry in the hospital.Do you know when the movie starts? 25.Juliet doesn’t want either of the gifts Katherine brought her. 14. 3. the woman who would eventually go to Sidney and win a gold medal visited Harry’s class.The dog that bit her brother belongs to the man down the road. interrogative pronoun
4. 24.Who will be leading the graduation procession this year?
.What are the chances that the Beavers will go to the Rose Bowl? 20-After the presentation ended. relative pronoun 3.In October. 22-They didn’t give themselves a chance to think before beginning the competition. 5-Martina’s friend Stacy.Have you been there before? 17. 2.Mindy is sure that someone was in her house while she was away. 16.The goalie needs to protect herself when the ball is kicked right at her head.It would be kind of you if you saved those to share with the guests when they arrive. 11. 10.

” 10 .” 7 . I don’t know ____________. 1 .“Where is my camera?” “Carmen took __________.” 9 -Let’s see the latest Spielberg movie!” “I have seen ___________ already.” “I’m sorry.Why is Javier so unhappy?” “His friends gave ______________ a guitar for his birthday.” 11 -“Who are the flowers for?” “I got ___________ for my mother.What is the title of that song?” “I’m afraid I can’t remember ____________.Is she writing to Leonardo DI Caprio? Yes.” 14 .OBJECT PRONOUNS Subject Pronoun First person singular Second person singular Third person – masculine Third person – feminine Third person – neutral First person – plural Second person – plural Third person – plural I You He She It We You They Object Pronoun me you him her it (plural form: them) us you them
Select the appropriate object pronoun from the table above to complete each sentence.I have a call on hold for Carlos.” 8 .Where is my book?” “Oh.“I can’t find my glasses” “You’re wearing __________________. and Mrs. 2 .” 13 .” 12 -Why is he always talking about Pamela Anderson?” “He obviously likes _____________. dear! I’ve lost ______________.“Gabriela is making a lot of noise!” “I’ll ask ____________ to be quiet.“Do you like bananas?” “I love _____________.“Please tell Mr.” 6 . Perez to come in. Could you tell _______________?
.” 3 .Is that Alicia’s new boyfriend?” “Don’t ask me. she is in love with _____________.What are you going to do with those old papers?” I’m going to recycle ______________.” 5 .” 15. ask ________________.” 4 .

Its name is Whiskers. Carlos
. and Mrs. I like mine new apartment very much. Him name is Alberto. His studying English too. It’s a friendly cat. Them talk on the phone a lot. Their very nice. Sometimes they’re cat leaves a dead mouse outside ours door. Hers name is Joy. His from Colombia. He’s telephone bill is very high because he has a girlfriend in Colombia. He calls she often. Them also have a cat. Love. He pays for his’s calls and my pay for my. Its eyes are yellow. We were classmates last semester too. Ours neighbors are Mr. Ours apartment is next to their. Were classmates. but us don’t share the telephone bill. Its large and comfortable. We talk to it often. Black. Sometimes her calls he. We share the rent and the utility bills. Theirs have a three-year-old daughter. Shes really cute. Its black and white.ALL PRONOUNS PRACTICE Subject Object Possessive Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives (followed by nouns) 1st person 2nd person 3rd person (m) 3rd person (f) 3rd person (n) 1st person (pl) 2nd person (pl) 3rd person (pl) I you he she it we you they me you him her it us you them my your his her its our your their Possessive Pronouns (not followed by nouns) mine yours his hers (not used) ours yours theirs Reflexive Pronouns
myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
Exercise: Find and correct the errors in pronoun usage. You will meet them when you visit I next month. Dear Miguel: Everything is going fine. I’m looking forward to you’re visit. I like me roommate too.

5. 9. She forgot it at home Use SOME for affirmative sentences: Sara has some paper. 4. 7. He’s not a nice brother. 6.
. 2. Use SOME/ANY for questions: Excuse Sara. the speaker will probably use SOME. In fact. Tomas doesn’t have _______________ pennies in his pocket.
Negative Affirmative Any Some
Question ??? Any or some
Use ANY for negative sentences: Marsha doesn’t have any paper today. Her mother was angry! But Angela likes to have _______________ ice cream for dessert. 10. She will lend some paper to Marsha. If the speaker has no guess about the answer. Marissa’s brother didn’t want to eat ______________ food that Marissa cooked. 8. His pocket is empty. Terry has ____________________ pennies in her pocket. do you have any paper? Excuse me Sara. the speaker will probably use ANY. Exercise: Read the sentences below and choose some or any to complete the meaning. Angela doesn’t like to eat _________________ vegetables. But we know there really isn’t ____________ vegetable-flavored ice cream! Marissa cooked ____________Mexican food for dinner. 3. do you have some paper? ***A general guideline about any/some in questions: If the speaker thinks the answer is probably NO. If the speaker thinks the answer is probably YES. the speaker will probably use ANY. He decided to have ___________ pizza instead. 1. last night she didn’t eat ____________ salad. She would be happy if she could eat _________ vegetable-flavored ice cream.ANY / SOME: AN EXPLANATION
Use: Any and Some are used for objects and people.

-s. s. If the singular ends in consonant + y (for example: -by. guys. boys. boy. : day. -x or –z. donkeys). but there are some special cases. ch. donkey). -dy. -ch.SINGULAR AND PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
Plural of nouns ending in consonant +y:
The plural form of most nouns is made by just adding –s to the singular. the plural is normally made by changing the y to I and adding –es. Singular Plural …. The most common: Singular echo hero plural echoes heroes singular potato tomato plural potatoes tomatoes
. Proper names ending in consonant + y usually have plurals in – ys: Do you know the Kennedys? I hate Februarys. the plural is made by adding –es Singular church crash bus box buzz Plural churches crashes buses boxes buzzes
Plural of nouns ending in o Some nouns ending in –o have plurals in –es. Plural of nouns ending in sh. Consonant + y ………consonant + ies baby lady ferry party babies ladies ferries parties
If the singular form ends in vowel + y (e. -ty). guy. the plural is made by adding –s (days. g. x or z If the singular form ends in –sh.

draughts (and some other names of games ending in –s). Common examples: Singular barracks crossroads headquarters means Plural barracks crossroads headquarters means Singular series species works Swiss Plural series species works Swiss
Note that some singular uncountable nouns end in – s. measles (and some other illnesses). Most words ending in –ics (e . (But What are your politics?) Statistics is useful in language learning. politics. Too much mathematics is usually taught at school. physics. statistics) can also have plural uses. Some words ending in –ics (erg. mathematics. Examples are news.Plural same as singular Some nouns ending in –s do not change in the plural.)
. (But The unemployment statistics are disturbing. politics) are normally singular uncountable and have no plural use.g. Politics is a complicated business. athletics. These have no plurals. billiards.

.EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY MATCH THE APPROPRIATE EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY TO THE NOUN AND INSERT IT IN THE CORRESPONDING BOX: A LITTLE MUCH Nouns: chairs furniture postcards money apples mountains sandwich pennies vegetables homework music cash plant ring clothes garbage traffic changes sand stuff information machinery literature idiom dust rice assignment novel suggestion makeup song bread advice coin tool ANY A LOT MANY A FEW
LOTS OF SOME
COUNTABLE erg.: onions ’ve got / I have...
UNCOUNTABLE erg.........
..... There is / there isn’t . There are / there aren’t ...: salt
+
I haven’t / I don’t have.
?
Have you got / do you have....

... Notice in d): after and neither. (informal)
.. And + S + aux + too and Tom does too....... TOO a) Sue likes milk.. the auxiliary verb comes before the subject.. AND. a) and b) have the same meaning.... AND NEITHER.... d) Mary doesn’t like milk. g) and h) have the same meaning.... B: I don’t either.... And + neither + aux + S and neither does John. And is usually not used when there are two speakers.... e) and f) have the same meaning.... j) I don’t like hot dogs. i) A: I’m hungry.... either. B: Neither do I.. g) A: I don’t like hot dogs.... (informal)
f) A: I am hungry.EITHER
e) A: I’m hungry B: I am too.......USING AND + TOO.... b) Sue likes milk.. B: Me too.. c) Mary doesn’t like milk.. EITHER AND NEITHER We use too.. c) and d) have the same meaning.. SO. Me too and me neither are often used in informal English... h) A: I don’t like hot dogs. either and neither to avoid repetition when agreeing or disagreeing with someone. AND SO ... Me neither. Notice in b): After and so. Notice in c): A negative auxiliary verb is used with and.. In d): An affirmative auxiliary if used with and neither... And + S + aux + either and John doesn’t either.. the auxiliary verb (aux) comes before the subject (S). And + so + aux + S and so does Tom...... so.......
AND......... B: So am I.......

EITHER OR NEITHER: AN EXERCISE
Part I. (his brother) Jon can’t speak Arabic. 7. Complete each sentence using the word in parentheses and the appropriate auxiliary. and so ______________________. I can’t try on new shoes without socks on. I have to think that over for a few days. and neither _____________________. 4. Use the word in parentheses in your response. Complete the following dialogues by agreeing with the first speaker. (my brothers) I was born in Ohio. 3. (so) _____________________
. 1. and ____________________________ neither. My family doesn’t enjoy going to the movies very much. B. (Gloria) I watched TV last night. I take after my father. I should take back the library books I borrowed. 8. (too) _____________________________. and so ______________________________. I didn’t put my clothes away yesterday. (I) Fernando went home early last night. 6. We didn’t enjoy the movie last night. (neither) __________. and ___________________________ either. 2. (so) _________________________. (too) ______________________. (mother) My father doesn’t like horror movies. 6. Part II. (Washington) California is on the West Coast.(my friend) I didn’t pass the last exam. 5. 3. 2. Example: (Thomas) Henry has a bad headache. Use “I” as the subject.SO. 5. (neither) ______________________. and _________________________________. 8. (so) am I. I’m really tired. and ______________________ too. 10. TOO. 9. and _________________________ too. and so ________________. (neither) ____________________. I need to pick out a card for my girl’s birthday. I have to write down everything he says. 7. A. 10. (dogs) Cats are great pets. 9. (either) ___________________. (Tampa) Miami is in South Florida. and neither _________________________. We hadn’t ever ice-skated before. 4. (so) ______________________. (her sister) Maria is not married yet. and so ____________________________. (either) ____________________________.

He said (that) he had to work hard. He said (that) he might work hard. the verb in the noun clause is not changed if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said. (no change)
INFORMAL: Sometimes.” (b) He said: “I’m working hard. Reported speech is also called indirect speech.” (h) He said: “I may work hard.” (k)He said: “I should work hard. He said (that) he was working hard. REPORTED SPEECH: Reported speech refers to reproducing the idea of another’s person words. (c) Tom said: “I need my pen.” (g) He said: “I can work hard. * Notice the verb from changes in the examples below.” (e) He said: “I’m going to work hard. (n) Later reporting: C: What did Ann say when she got home last night? D: She said (that) she was hungry. QUOTED SPEECH (a) He said: “I work hard. QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH (a) Ann said: “I’m hungry.
* Quoted speech is also called direct speech.” (b) Ann said that she was hungry. Quotation marks are not used. Quotation marks are used. (l) He said: “I ought to work hard. He said (that) he had worked hard. the verb in the noun clause is usually in the past form.” REPORTED SPEECH He said (that) he worked hard. especially in speaking. said).” (d) He said: “I worked hard. He said (that) he had to work hard.” (c) He said: “I have worked hard. B: She said (that) she is hungry. He said (that) he could work hard. Notice in the examples: The verb forms and the pronouns change from quoted speech to reported speech.
. (m) Immediate reporting: A: What did Ann just say? I didn’t hear her. Not all the exact words are used: verb forms and pronouns may change. g. He said (that) he would work hard. VERB FORM USAGE IN REPORTED SPEECH
FORMAL: If the main verb of the sentence is in the past (e. He said (that) he was going to work hard.” (f) He said: “I will work hard. He said (that) he should work hard.” (d) Tom said that he needed his pen.” (i) He said: “I have to work hard. He said (that) he had worked hard.” (j) He said: “I must work hard.QUOTED SPEECH VERSUS REPORTED SPEECH QUOTED SPEECH: Quoted speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words. (no change) He said (that) he ought to work hard.

ancient vessel have been retrieved from watery graves. 13. staggered back to his camp. 4. In general. 11. The house was enlarged and made bigger as the family grew.REDUNDANCY Redundancy occurs when two words are used together that repeat unnecessary information because they have essentially the same meaning. Illness caused by viruses and bacteria may lower the level of vitamins in the bloodstream.The function of the police is to protect and guard society.He used a long and slender pole to reach the inaccessible site. Heavy consumption of alcohol and drinking a lot of wine may interfere with the body’s utilization of folic acid. 5. Montreal is the charming and enchanting old capital of Quebec. 14. 7. 10. 6. 2. The child sneezed and coughed throughout the night. Labels should include the information that allows shoppers to compare the ingredients and contents of the food they are buying. The city enlarged and grew without any planning. Conservationists have been collecting data to save these shy and timid creatures. Drastic measures are necessary and needed to stop the famine. 9.300 year-old Byzantine ship and another old. 3. 1.Both overeating and skipping meals can cause adverse effects. We are gathered together to pay our respect to the deceased. cross them out. 15. 12.The soldier. the following combinations should be avoided: advance forward attach together completely finished mixed together dash quickly only unique basic essentials dead corpse blazing inferno free gift completely done join together pizza pie reread again temper tantrum
opening gambit past history recur again same identical repeat again sufficient enough
proceed forward progress forward return back two twins revert back woman widow
If there are any redundancies in the following sentences. A 1. wounded and injured.
. 8.

(success. (danger. beautiful. It was the most ___________________ experience of my trip. Sometimes we must rely on the ________________ of strangers. dangerous. dependable. pleasantly) 15.He was quite __________________ with his performance. dangerously) 20. explanatory) 10.How can we express our _________________? (gratitude. She knew this was a __________________ road. (dirt. (artist. repetitive) 11. happily) 14.Sometimes _________________ helps us. sadness. adjective or adverb. explanation. gratefully) 8. grateful. dirtily)
. scientific. (pleasant. scientifically) 9. You should always drive __________________________.What is his _______________________? (explain. pleased. enjoyably) 18. beautifully) 4.When do they ____________________ the mail? (collect.He has completed the work _______________________. successful) 16. noun. kindly) 12-We’ll buy it if we are offered a __________ price. destruction. carefully) 17. (fair. but only one of those words belongs in the blank space.Your reasons are not very _________________? (science.Her niece is very _____________________.RELATED WORDS PRACTICE The words in the parentheses belong to the same word family. (happy. repetition. artistic. A feeling of __________________ overtook her. happiness. (kind.
1. fairly) 13. satisfactory. (destroy. dependably) 2. They were aware of all his _____________secrets. (beauty. satisfactorily) 3. fairness.He was_________________________on his third ascent to the summit.Their new helper is very __________________________. (sad. collection. careful.The fire produced terrible ____________________ everywhere. artistically) 6. dirty. (satisfaction. sadly) 19. kindness. they went __________________ on their way. succeed. (care. (repeat. enjoyable. collective) 5. (enjoy. (depend. destructive) 7.After winning the prize.Everyone admires goodness and ___________________. Fill in the blank with the correct form: verb.

You don’t like tea. have they? No. they haven’t. Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags. they have. didn’t they?
The tag pronoun for this/that = it. They have left. I do.
g) Nothing is wrong. g. somebody. Speakers use a tag question chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement. isn’t it? These/those are yours. In k): aren’t I? Is common in spoken English. isn’t she? Yes..
Affirmative sentence + negative tag > affirmative answer expected Mary is here. there is used in the tag. everybody. did they? i) You’ve never been there. They haven’t left. isn’t it? f) Everyone took the test. isn’t it?). doesn’t she?). or 2) with a falling information if the speaker is expressing an idea with which she/he is almost certain the listener will agree (e. have you? j) I am supposed to be here. but less common: Tom has a car. You like tea. Personal pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns. don’t you? Yes. The tag pronoun for these/those = they. In sentences with there + be. she isn’t. Ann lives in an apartment. haven’t they? Yes. no one and nobody. They is usually used in a tag to refer to everyone. can he? A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence. g.
* A tag question may be spoken: 1) with a rising intonation if the speaker is truly seeking to ascertain that his/her information. (e. can’t he? b) Fred can’t come. ** A form of do is usually used in a tag when have is the main verb: Tom has a car. Negative sentence + affirmative tag > negative answer expected Mary isn’t here. idea. is it? h) Nobody called on the phone. It’s a nice day today. belief is correct. is she? No. hasn’t he?
. I don’t. someone. she is. am I not? k) I am supposed to be here.. aren’t I?
In j): am I not? is formal English. do you.
c) This/that is your book.TAG QUESTIONS a) Jack can come. isn’t there? e) Everything is okay. aren’t they? d) There is a meeting tonight. doesn’t he? Also possible. No.

How long have you known Tara? I have lived in Miami for the last five years. Have you seen ET? He has lived in Bangkok. How do we make the Present Perfect Simple? Subject I You She/He We Have Auxiliary Verb to have have have has have they Past participle seen eaten been not played done Object the Matrix. There are basically three uses for this tense: 1.Experience 2. Ex. I have worked here since June. we only want to know that it took place. Has the price gone up? The police have arrested the killer. He has been ill for two days.WHEN AND WHY DO WE USE THE SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT? The simple present perfect is the tense used when we want to make a connection between the past and the present. football. 2) Change: To talk about a change in a situation or new information.Change 3. Ex. We’re not interested in when the experience took place. to Rome. I have bought a car. This is a situation that started in the past and continues into the present (and will probably continue into the future). We usually use “for” and “since” with this structure. Ex. 3) Continuing situation: To talk about a continuing situation. mine. it?
. Have you been there? We have never eaten caviar. John has broken his leg.Continuing situation 1)Experience: To talk about things we have done in the past and about which a memory of it exists in our mind.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: d) I have been living here for two years.
. Present perfect progressive: f) I have been sitting in class: since 9 o’clock or for 45 minutes. how long something has continued to the present.
PRESENT PERFECT: c) I have lived here for two years. With some verbs (erg. Present progressive: e) I am sitting in class right now. Question form: have/has + subject + been + -ing The present progressive expresses an activity that is in progress (is happening) right now. Time expressions with since and for are used with the present perfect progressive. c) How long have you been studying English here? d) How long has Adam been sleeping? COMPARE e) and e). have/has + been + -ing b) Adam has been sleeping for two hours. In b): Their conversation began 20 minutes ago and has continued since that time. c) and d) have essentially the same meaning. The present perfect progressive expresses how long the activity has been in progress. It has been in progress for 20 minutes. The present perfect is used to express repeated actions in the past.
THE PRESENT PERFECT VS. The present perfect progressive expresses the duration (length of time) an activity is in progress. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: b) Rita has been talking to Josh on the phone for 20 minutes.. The present perfect progressive is used to express the duration of an activity that is in progress. live. i. e.THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE a) I have been studying English at this Form of the present perfect progressive: school since May. as in a). work. It is still in progress. teach) duration can be expressed by either the present perfect or the present perfect progressive. THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PERFECT: a) Rita has talked to Josh on the phone many times.

It __________________________ since this morning. My eyes are tired. I __________________________ this hat for quite a few years. We ______________________ in class for fifteen minutes now. (feel. either may be used without changing the meaning. They _______________________ the house for several hours. (live) 8. I ______________________ for two hours. 1. We __________________________ for more than an hour. In some cases. I _______________________________ here for almost a year. He ________________ a policeman since he graduated from the university. I _____________________________ tennis for three hours. (clean) 10. (have) 3. (watch) 22. not) 16.(work) 7. I’m tired. (wait) 20. (rain) 4. (read) 25. She _________________________ English for over six years. (play) 6. Samuel _______________________________ for two hours. I _______________________________ well since Monday. (walk) 12. (be) 11. I _______________________ baseball since I was in junior high. (study) 13. Ray _______________ ________the violin since he was ten years old. They _____________________________ at that meeting since 8:00. (talk) 23. They ____________________________ on the phone for over an hour. not)
. Kate ____________________________ TV since seven o’clock. (study) 5. (have) 19.Ken ____________________________ karate for five years. (be) 15. (work) 24.Fred _________________ at the supermarket for less than an hour.Distinguishing between the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Progressive Use the PRESENT PERFECT or the PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE in the following sentences. (play. I _________________________ a headache since this morning. Lisa ___________________________here since she was born. The team __________________________ on this project since January. He ____________________ for the company for less than two weeks. (work) 17. (play) 18. (shop) 2. (play) 14. Mark __________________ for the bus for over twenty minutes. (work) 9. Lonny ___________________________ tennis for a long time. (sit) 21.

as in a) and c). 5.Rosa (pick) ___________ some flowers from her garden. 15. times) in the past. 10. not) ____________the end of the battle against drugs and crime.Women in Norway (vote) _______________ since 1920. not) _____________ for the airport yet.Other women (work)_____________ for many years for women’s rights. Present Perfect: b) I have already* finished my work. 8. 4. years old. The U.S.
Simple Past: The simple past expresses an activity that c) I was in Europe last year/three years go. Lenny (walk) _____________ four miles so far. 11. 6. 14. 3. Use the present perfect or simple past. Exercise: Complete the sentences with words in parentheses.The Equal Rights Amendment (fail) ____________ to be approved by three votes. We (build) _____________ our house last year.Mr. Some women argue that they (achieve.USING THE SIMPLE PAST VS. In b): I finished my work at a specified time in the past (sometime before now). He (read) ____________ his mail already. THE PRESENT PERFECT Simple Past: a) I finished my work two hours ago. Present Perfect: d) I have been to Europe many times/ The present perfect expresses an activity several times/a couple of times/once/(no that occurred at an unspecified time (or mention of time). Esther (cook. 1. not) _______________ political or economic equality with men. Aviles (be) ____________ my doctor for several years. 9. Equal rights (be) ______________ a political issue in American politics for at least 134 years. 12. 7.
.The students (go) _______________ to class a little while ago. not) ____________ dinner yet. * Already has the usual placement as frequency adverbs. In a): I finished my work at a specific time in the past (two hours ago). The kids (eat) _____________ pancakes three times this week. (see.They (leave. 2. as in b) and d). 13. occurred at a specific time (or times) in the in 1989/ in 1985 and 1989/when I was ten past.

Some friends came ______________ visit us last night. 5. She went to the florist’s ______________ buy some flowers. She has gone to the store ______________ some computer paper. 7. 14. 9. 16. 8. our friend. 6. My neighbors are preparing _____ their daughter’s graduation. She went to town ___________________ buy some gas. Write to or for in the blank. 11. Barbara came __________ get the CDs that you promised to lend her. 17. Felicia went _______________ see her dentist about her toothache. 13. Edward left __________ his job a little while ago. 2. 3. We’re going to the airport _____________ meet some friends. 15. 1. 10. She’s shopping for a new stereo.Martha is coming to our house tonight ___________ dinner. I have to go to the post office ____________ mail a package. He went to the bank _______________ get some money. For is used before nouns to express purpose. 18. He is going to go to Florida _____________ his health. We went to the hospital to see our friend. I’ll stop at the theater ______________pick up the tickets that you have bought. The short form (to) is more common in every day conversation.EXPRESSIONS OF PURPOSE Use in order to or to followed by the simple form of the verb to express purpose.
. He is coming to the United States just ____________ study English. 4. He often waits after class just ___________ talk with the teacher. He first came to this country _____________ visit his relatives. 12. My parents had to hire someone _______________ fix the roof.
Examples: Examples: We went to the hospital in order to see I went to the store for some ice cream.

. For example. (m) Growing flowers is her hobby. separates a subject from its verb. in (g) (k) The book I got from my (l) The books I bought at the interrupting prepositional parents was very the bookstore were phrase on political parties does interesting. not change the fact that the verb is must agree with the The subject book. (j) My dogs. EXCEPTION: Every and each are always followed immediately by singular nouns. agreement. PLURAL VERB (b) My friends live in Boston verb + -s/-es = third person singular in the simple present noun + -s/-es = plural
(c) My brother and sister Two or more subjects live in Boston. (f) Each book and magazine is listed on the catalogue. cousin live in Boston. as well my cats. woman and child needs love. A gerund used as the subject of the sentence requires a singular verb. In this case. expensive. as well as my structures do not affect basic likes cat food. These interrupting (i) My dog. like cat food. (e) Every man. the verb is singular.BASIC SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT SINGULAR VERB (a) My friend lives in Boston. connected by and require a (d) My brother.
(g) That book on political parties is interesting. sister and plural verb.
(h) The ideas in that book Sometimes a phrase or clause are interesting. In (k) and (j): The The books I bought at the subject and verb are separated bookstore by an adjective clause. even though there are two or more nouns connected by and. cat.

run) the government. have) a long and interesting history. want) to come with us tonight. 4. There (is. 1.Subject-Verb Agreement: AN EXERCISE Choose the correct word in parentheses. are) easy. are) the title of a popular children’s book. are) high because he lives in the city. A military regime of high-ranking officers (runs. There (is. Neither of your arguments (makes. Sensitivity to other people's feelings (makes. 10. were) eaten by the children before dinner. 5. Fifty minutes (is. Almost two-thirds of the land on these islands (is. His driver's license (has. January and February (is. 17. have) already been eaten. The value of many of these antiques (has. A red and yellow bird (is. are) the maximum length of time allowed for the exam. 9. have) not been determined. Half of the candy bars (was. 3. concern) the progress of the peace conference. Half of the food (has. 8. have) found a solution. are) mountains. Green Eggs and Ham (is. 18. 14. 19. Most of the current news on the front pages of both daily newspapers (concerns. 16. make) him a kind and understanding person. 7. 11. 13. have) expired. are) usually the coldest months of the year. 2. One of my friends (wants. are) a lot of unemployed people right now. 20. 15.
. Both Chapter One and Chapter Two (is. Neither the President nor the Senators (has. 12. 6. are) several reasons why I can't come. make) sense. are) sitting in that tree. The taxes on his car (is. The Japanese (has.

22.
. gets) very hot in the summer. 28. 29. 5. My cousin. (is.Verb Agreement: More Practice Choose the correct answer between those in the parentheses. are) coming. are) broken. Where (do. The Japanese (has. Some of the cities I would like to visit (is. There (is. 16. 9. What percentage of the people in the world (is. Each of the students (has. A number of students in the class (speaks. Some of the desks in the classroom (is. 21. 3. as well as her two older sisters. A woman and a child (is. agree) on that point. have) to have a book. 12. woman and child (is. are) Rome and Venice. One of the countries I’d like to visit (is. are) waiting to see the doctor. are) located in North America. 14. 26. None of the students (was. The extent of Jane’s knowledge on various complex subjects (astounds. Some of the furniture in our apartment (is. are) already here. 15. Most people (likes. 30. 2. have) a notebook. are) sacred in India. were) late today. are) Italy. 8. What percentage of the earth’s surface (is. 4. speak) English quite well. are) in college. are) secondhand. 13. like) to go to the zoo. works) in my grandpa’s hardware store. 6. were) published in a scientific journal. Why (was. 20. are) protected under the law.Subject . The professor and the students (agrees. I’ve already called them. are) the children’s job. 25. 27. astound) me. 17. have) a long and interesting history. 24. The results of the experiment (was. 1. 19. were) Susan and Alex late this morning? Cattle (is. 10. 18. are) some interesting pictures in today’s newspapers. Japanese (is. are) illiterate? The police (is. 11. along with my uncle. are) covered by water? The weather in the southern states (get. Each student (has. (work. are) very difficult for English speakers to learn. does) your parents live? A lot of students (is. The United States (is. 23. Economics (is. Every man. Washing the dishes (is. Anna. 7. are) Dan’s favorite subject.

(i) Every one of my friends is here.
(l) The number of students in the class is fifteen.
. subject. Informal: There’s some books on the shelf. and everyone of takes singular verbs. (g) One of my friends if here. PLURAL VERB (b) Some of the books are good. Exception: One of. The subject follows be when there is is used. pennies are mine. each of. some books on the shelf. (b) There’s a fly in the room.
SINGULAR VERB PLURAL VERB (d) There is a book (e) There are on the shelf. For example: In (a): Some of + singular noun = singular verb.
(e) Two-thirds of the money is (f) Two-thirds of the mine. In the structure there + be. (c) A lot of the equipment is new.
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE
(a) There are twenty students in my class. there is called is called a expletive. In very informal spoken English. It is followed by a plural noun and a plural verb. In (c): The implied expression of place is clearly in the world. (j) None of the boys is here.
Subjects with none of are considered singular in formal English. some native speakers use the singular verb when the subject is plural but it is not generally considered grammatically correct. (k) None of the boys are here. (informal)
In most expressions of quantity. Sometimes the expression of place is omitted when the meaning is clear. Pattern: there + be + subject + expression of place.SUBJECT – VERB AGREEMENT: USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY SINGULAR VERB (a) Some of the book is good . (h) Each of my friends is here. In (d): The subject is book In (e): The subject is books. In (b): Some of + plural noun = plural verb. It introduces the idea that something exists in a particular place. (m) A number of the Compare: In (l) The number is the students were late for class. the verb is determined by the noun or pronoun that follow of.
(c) There are seven continents. but plural verbs are often used in informal speech. In (m): A number of is an expression of quantity meaning “a lot of”. (d) A lot of my friends are here. It has no meaning as a vocabulary word.

use did. we. A: Does he live in Chicago? B: Yes. If the verb has more than one auxiliary. Where does she live? She lives in Chicago. Statement: Tom came. Question word order = (Question word) + helping verb + main verb Notice that the same subject-verb order is used in both yes/no and information questions. is. only the first auxiliary precedes the subject. he doesn’t. they) in the question. Question: Who came? Main verb be in the simple present (am. there is no final –s or ed. There is no change in the form of the main verb. An information question = a question that asks for information by using a question word. If the question word is the subject. it) or do (with I. he does. The verb is in the same form in a question as in a statement. does. as in (m) and (n). If the verb is in the simple past. use does (with he. you. are) and simple past (was. Question Word (a) (b)Where (c) (d) Where (e) (f) Where (g) (h)Where (i) (j)Where (k) (l) Where (m) (n) Where (o) Who (p) Who Helping Subject Verb Does does Do do Did did Is is Have have Can can Will will can she she they they he he he he they they Mary Mary he he Main Verb Rest of Sentence live live? live live? live live? living living? lived lived? live lived? be living be living? lives come? there? there? there? If the verb is in the simple present. were) precedes the subject. the same auxiliary is used in the question.FORMS OF YES/NO AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
A yes/no question = a question that may be answered by yes or no. The main verb in the question is in its simple form. do and did are not used. OR No. she. usual question order is not used. If the verb has an auxiliary (a helping verb).
there? there? there? there? there?
(q) (r) Where (s) (t) Where
Are are Was was
they they? Jim Jim?
there? there?
. It has the same position as a helping verb.

the next time (y) I saw two plays the last time (that) I went to New York. (f) When I got there. (z) The next time (that) I go to New York. (u) I will never speak to him as long as I live. last. we will leave. ext. we had already left. from beginning to end. I say hello. we will have already completed before another event. (t) I will never speak to him so long as I live. left. When = at that time Notice the different time relationships expressed by the tenses. (s) Once it stops raining. (g) When it began to rain. (w) Every time I see her. time
as soon as once so long as as long as whenever every time
the first time (x) The first time (that) I went to New York.USING ADVERB CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS
after* (a) After she graduates. I visited the museums. (n) I haven’t seen her since she left this morning. as in examples (a) and (c)
before* when
while as by the time
(j ) While I was walking home. as = during that time (k) As I was walking home. (e) When I arrived.. (d) I (had) left before he came. it began to rain. (i) When I see him tomorrow. (c) I will leave before he comes.
. while. as soon as. he was talking on the phone.
since
until till
(p) We stayed there until we finished our work. A present tense. another event happens soon after so long as. he had already left. I the last time went to the opera. once = when one event happens. as long as = during that time. (h) When I was in Chicago. (v) Whenever I see her. next. third. Notice the use of the past perfect and future perfect in the main clause. I say hello. whenever = every time Adverb clauses can be introduced by the following: first. NOT a future tense. I will ask him. I’m going to see a ballet. by the time = one event is (m) By the time he comes. (o) I’ve known her ever since I was a child. we will leave. she will get a job. longer (till is generally not used in formal English) (r) As soon as it stops raining. till = to that time and no (q) We stayed there till we finished our work. (l) By the time he arrived. etc. since = from that time to the present In (o): ever adds emphasis Note: The present perfect is used in the main clause. until. (b) After (she had) graduated. she got a job. it began to rain. I stood under a tree. is used in an adverb clause of time. second.

11. She called the fire department. 15. 14. After that. Then we will leave. I’ll live for a long time.Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships Combine each pair of sentences using an adverb of time. He had written more than 37 plays before then. Shakespeare died in 1616. 19. Tanaka. 10. I had butterflies in my stomach. 5. Someone knocked on the door at that moment. Sam will go to the movies again. Marina saw the fire. I turned off the lights. 6. 16. The weather will get warmer soon. 1. Then she moved to the United States. The phone rang. I left the room. The audience immediately burst into an applause. Nancy will come. We were sitting down to dinner. 20.
. I had gone to bed. 2. Susan sometimes feels nervous. Then we can leave for the theater. I immediately knew something was wrong. I saw the great pyramids of Egypt in the moonlight. 4. Prakash saw a movie made in India. 7. He got homesick. 9. 8. Pedro had never heard of Halloween. The frying pan caught on fire. She started working for this company six months ago. I’ll never forget Mr. Marissa will come. The singer finished her song. We have to wait here. Immediately before that. 3. 18. I was cooking dinner at the time. 17. I stood up to give my speech. Then we can start playing tennis again. 12. He’ll remember to take his glasses then. My roommate walked into the room yesterday. Jane has gotten three promotions in the last six months. The other passengers will get on the bus. Then she chews her nails. I was speechless. 13.

Complete these sentences using use(d) plus a suitable verb 1. but now she likes dogs.. but now I always have coffee in the morning.EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO a) I used to live with my parents.
b) Ann used to be afraid of dogs. Now I live in my own apartment. c) Don used to smoke. 8. but he doesn’t anymore. 7-There_____________________a hotel opposite the station but it closed a long time ago. 5. 2-Liz_______________ a motorcycle.Jim_______________________ my best friend but we aren’t friends anymore. 6. Form: used to + the simple form of the verb. to/never used to f) I never used to drink at breakfast.We came to live in California a few years ago. 9-She____________________ a lot but she doesn’t go away much these days.
. He_____________ 40 cigarettes a day. Used to expresses a past situation or habit that no longer exists in the present.He__________________ to bed early but now he goes out in the evening.When we lived in London.Dennis gave up smoking two years ago. Question Form: Did + subject + d) Did you use to live in Paris? used to Negative Form: didn’t use e) I didn’t use to drink coffee at breakfast. but last year she sold it and bought a car. 10. 3. we_____________________ to the theater very often.It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work since the new road opened.I rarely eat ice cream now but I____________________it when I was a child. It___________________________ more than an hour. We____________in New Jersey. 4.

6. Examples 1. 4. (be v + ing)  We're going home at 5 o'clock.  I'm taking a test this afternoon.  The conference ends on Friday 7. (about to v)  We're about to start. I'm about to leave.  I'm about to switch this off. Meanings 1. To make predictions about the future. 3. (be to v)  The president is to visit Japan in November. President Obama is to leave on Friday.  The prime minister is to attend the summit in Halifax next week. I'll be leaving on Friday. 4. I'm leaving on Friday. the boat will leave on Friday. To make OFFERS to help someone. I leave on Friday.
.  He's going to be late.Seven Ways to Express the Future in English If the weather is good. 1. WILL is used mainly in two ways. 5.  I will do that for you. This is most commonly seen in IFTHEN clauses. (Will)  If you click here. (v)  I start work on Monday. 1. the disk will be erased. 2. 2. I am going to leave on Friday. 6. 2. (will be v + ing)  I'll be coming back in a few minutes  Will you be going past the post office when you go home? 5. (going to)  I'm going to try again next week. 3.

In written English WILL may be substituted. BE to V is a formal expression used to refer to events involving important people. BE V + ing is the most neutral way to express the future in spoken English. It has no special feelings or nuances attached. It is often seen in news reports. It can also be used to express future events which you are quite certain will happen. 4. These events are not usually under your control. It carries the nuance that something will happen before the stated event. It means that something will happen without delay. This is stronger than a prediction. (Note: NOT about to has a completely different meaning. BE + GOING TO is used to express your will or intention. 3. WILL BE V + ing refers to the delayed future. 7. ABOUT TO V refers to the immediate future.
. 5.) 6. V alone refers to fixed or scheduled events in the future. Note: WILL is not usually used to express your will or intention in spoken English!!! 2.3.

which that b) The river. f) The books that I bought were expensive. An object pronoun can be omitted from the adjective clause. In a): To make an adjective clause. It. friendly. as in g). we can use that as the object in an adjective clause. Which refers to things. g) The books I bought were expensive. That can refer to either people or things. we can change it to which or that.
USING WHICH AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
S a) The river is polluted. which flows through town. b) and c) have the same meaning. He lives next door. the subject of an adjective clause. When which and that are used as the subject of an adjective clause. Which or that can be used as an object in an adjective clause. e). which I bought. were expensive. they CANNOT be omitted. Correct: The man who/that lives next to is friendly. f) and g) have the same meaning. WHOM. I met him. which that O S V e) The books. e). e) and f) have the same meaning. which. S V O d) The man was friendly. An object pronoun can be omitted from an adjective clause.
. AND THAT IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES S V In addition to who. as in e) and f). c) The man that lives next to me is friendly. c) The river that flows through town is polluted. is polluted.USING WHO. I bought them. f) The man that I met was friendly. It flows through town. g) The man I met was friendly. who b) and c) have the same meaning. we can use that as a) The man is friendly. Who and whom refer to people. In addition to whom. f) and g) have the same meaning. that A subject pronoun cannot be omitted: S V Incorrect: The man lives next to me is b) The man who lives next to me is friendly. and that all refer to a thing (the river). whom that O S V e) The man whom I met was friendly.
S V O d) The books were expensive.

I like to receive mail _____________________________________________ 19. I like teachers ________________________________________________________ 7. A good friend is a person ________________________________________ 16.ABOUT YOU – ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Fill in the blanks with an adjective clause. Discuss your answers with your partner. but do something else. I don’t like people _____________________________________________________ 2. I don’t like teachers ____________________________________________________ 6. I don’t like teenagers ___________________________________________________ 8. Example: I don’t like people who say one thing. I don’t like to have neighbors __________________________________________ 10. I have never met a person _____________________________________ 12. I like movies _________________________________________________________ 5. I was born at a time _____________________________________________ 18. I have a good friend _____________________________________________
. I like places ____________________________________________________ 17. I like to be around people ________________________________________ 15.I don’t like apartments ________________________________________________ 3. I feel most happy ________________________________________________ 20. I don’t like movies _____________________________________________________ 4. I can’t understand people _______________________________________ 13. I like classes ____________________________________________________ 14. I once had a car ____ ____________________________________________ 11. I like to have neighbors ________________________________________________ 9. 1.

If: Special Tense Use With if. 1. I (tidy) up the garden. if you lost your job. I (make) a cake. when we talk about present or future unreal situations. It (be) quicker if you (use) a computer. If you (not be) so busy. I’m sure Carmen (help) you if you (ask) her. If I (have) children like hers. Put in the correct verb forms. 6. 2.
B. If you really (love) me. we can use would and past tenses to “distance” our language from reality. Where (you go) if you (need) to buy a picture frame? (you mind) if I (go) first?
. I (show) you how to play. 8. If we (have) some eggs. I (show) you the cellar. 5. What (you do) if you (win) the lottery. If (be not) so cold. 11. 4. The kitchen (look) better if we (have) red curtains. 12. I would tell you her name She’d be perfectly happy What would you do
If-Clause Past Tense if I knew it. you (buy) me those diamonds. I (go) around and find him. 7. 9. 15. It (be) a pity if Andy (not get) the job. If I (have) the keys. 14. if she had a car. I (send) them to boarding school.
Main Clause: Would……. I (be) sorry if we (not see) her again. 13. 10. If I (know) his address. 3.

will be. (e) ACTIVE: The teacher corrects our homework. were. taught). S V “by-phrase” The package was mailed by Bob. The letter has been mailed by Bob. We are surprised by the news. (b) PASSIVE: The package was mailed by Bob. The letter will be mailed by Bob. corrected). Lee. Bob has mailed the letter. (f) PASSIVE: Our homework is corrected by the teacher. SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT The news surprised me. The news surprises us.
(a) and (b) have the same meaning. svo (c) Bob mailed the package. (g) ACTIVE: Mr. have been. I was surprised by the news. was.
TENSE FORMS OF PASSIVE VERBS
Notice that all the passive verbs are formed with BE + PAST PARTICIPLE TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE SIMPLE PRESENT The news surprise me. mailed.
FUTURE
. g.
In (d): the subject of an active sentence is the object of the “by-phrase” in a passive sentence. For regular verbs. We were surprised by the news. The news surprised us. etc. THE PAST PARTICIPLE follows BE. (h) PASSIVE: This class will be taught by Mr.
In (c): The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence. has been. Bob will mail the letter Bob is going to mail the letters. The news surprises Sam. Sam is surprised by the news. S V O (d) Bob mailed the package. The letters have been mailed by Bob. is are. S V “by-phrase” The package was mailed by Bob. The letter is going to be mailed by bob. I am surprised by the news. the participle ends in –ed (erg. Bob has mailed the letters. Lee will teach this class.
Form of all passive verbs: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE BE can be in any of its forms: am.ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
(a) ACTIVE: Bob mailed the package. Some past participles are irregular (e.

he will probably be asked to resign. Nevertheless. •The ad campaign was created late last summer. #3 When the identity of the actor is irrelevant and you simply want to omit it. #6 When you want to avoid sexist language and those horrible he/she. • The marketing department created the ad campaign late last summer. he/she’s/ and his/her.
. • An applicant must file his/her application with the personnel office. Example: Here are seven situations when the passive voice is preferred. #7 When the recipient of the action is the focus. • Smith knows the workings of the department. • I regret to inform you that your file has been misplaced (by me!). •I regret to inform you that I misplaced your file.USES OF THE PASSIVE VOICE #1 When you are generalizing and want to avoid overusing the pronoun one. • The president of the United States hid the tapes. Somebody mysteriously destroyed the files #5 When you want to hide the identity of the actor. •The tapes were hidden by the president of the United States. • An application must be filed with the personnel office. (passive) Here are seven situations when one prefers the passive voice. #4 When the identity of the actor is unknown •The files were mysteriously destroyed. (active) #2 When the identity of the actor is the punch of the sentence and you want to place it at the end.

Everybody (shocked / was shocked) by the terrible news yesterday. 15. Our mail (delivers / is delivered) before noon every day.000 people every day. 19. 11.Not much (has been said / has said) about the accident since then.ACTIVE OR PASSIVE VOICE – AN EXERCISE Directions: Select the correct voice between the choices provided. 1. Over 100.
. He (was holding / was held) responsible for the accident. Green (has been teaching / has been taught) at the university since 1989. When the manager arrived. A prize (will be given / will be giving) to whoever solves this equation. 20. Mr. 6.The morning paper (reads / is read) by over 200. Roberto (wrote / was written) this composition last week. A bad accident (happened / was happened) on I-95 yesterday. 12. 3. 5. 17. Yesterday I (heard / was heard) about Margaret’s divorce. The garbage (won’t collect / won’t be collected) tomorrow. 4. 8. A bicyclist (hit / was hit) by a taxi in front of the post office. The secretary (introduced / was introduced) to her new boss yesterday. 10. 9. 13. He (remembers / is remembered) the girl’s name now. Last night my favorite TV program (interrupted / was interrupted) by a power outage. What (happened / was happened) to the taxi driver? 18. A new book (will publish / will be published) by that company next year. Our plan (is being considered / is considered) by the members of the committee. 7.000 people (attended / was attended) the soccer game yesterday. 16. The sanitation workers are on strike. 14. That one (wrote / was written) by Abdullah. the problem (had already been solved / had already solved). 2.

why I can’t speak Russian. At a signal from the teacher.Question Practice Split the class into two teams. what “ameliorate” means. how my day was. what color my car is. how big the room is. how many legs the table has. how to spell the word “irresistible”. how wide the room is. how my classes are going. how well can I draw. how many people there are in the room. how high the ceiling is. one half designated as the “outside” the circle and the other “inside” the circle. etc. how far/close my house is. whether I like swimming. when I arrived at school. how I can get to the supermarket. what size the room is. if I am well. The teacher remains in the center so that he/she can listen to several pairs at once. how many people there are in Miami. how many cups of coffee I have each day. how I make momos. where to find an ATM. where I live. why I am not wearing a hat. what the film was like.00 when the baseball. where the black/whiteboard is. if I will lend you $100. the circles rotate: Outside moves left. how long I have lived there. what a crocodile looks like. when to leave to catch the bus. how much money you will need. if the mail has arrived. when Mohammed Gandhi was born. cricket or football season begins. how long the room is. The students then start practicing the questions below. how much money I can lend you.
. whether I have ever been abroad. what my favorite film is. what Tatiana’s address is. who my favorite movie star is. where I bought my socks. whether I am going on vacation this summer. how much a packet of cigarettes costs. inside moves right or both move right two places.WH. what I saw at the cinema last night. whether the film was good. Teacher or pair student says: Ask me……
what my name is. how big Paris is. what to do next. how long it takes me to get home. what my nationality is. what time it is. The students then arrange themselves in their circles so that the outside faces inward and the inside faces outward. where to buy sugar.

3-There _______________________ a snake in the window. 19-There ____________________ many creatures to see at the zoo. 12-There ____________________ birds in the zoo. 18.There ___________________ many people visiting the animals today.There __________________ lots of water for the fish. 11-There __________________ many children. 7.There __________________ a rock near the tree. Use there are for many items (plural Use there is for non-count items (group nouns) nouns). too.There ______________________ lions in the zoo.
. 8. 16. 20-There ____________________ a cheetah in the savannah. Write is or are in the blanks below.THERE IS OR THERE ARE? Use there is for singular nouns (one item). 10. 13-There ___________________ some grass under the tree.There ______________________ many monkeys in the trees. 5. 1-There _______________________many animals in the zoo.There _____________________ a bird next to the tree. 6-There ______________________ many baby lions near their parents. 2-There _______________________ many creatures to see in the zoo.There ____________________ many sharks in the aquarium. too. 17-There _________________ an eel in the aquarium. 14-There ____________________ bananas in the tree with the gorillas. 9. too.There _____________________ some water in the lake near the elephants. 15.There _______________________ a zebra in the grass. 4.

comes after such.She has _________ many hats that she needs two closets to store them all. don’t drive ________ fast! I’m terrified we’re going to have an accident. 18. I didn’t know you had such nice friends. The movie was _____________ good that I saw it five times. She’s such a baby. 3. 11. 4. they thoroughly enjoyed the performance of the Tibetan folk choir. Maybe we should try something else. He thought they were spectacular. or Use such before (adjective +) noun. Martha is _________ a good cook that she is writing her own cookbook of family recipes.James has _________ much money that he could actually buy a Ferrari. 7.USING SO AND SUCH
Use so before an adjective (without a noun). 17. How could you say ____________ horrible things about me? 12. 20. She’s so babyish. She is ____________ funny. 14. 16. A/an an adverb. I don’t know if that is ___________ a good idea. Please. That takes ________ little time and effort that you might as well do it yourself. His voice is so pleasant that I could listen to It was such a comfortable bed that I went him all day.
1.
. 10. Although much of the audience had never been exposed to ___________ music. 5. I don’t know why my professor has to choose _________ expensive books for her course. That new song is _________ cool that it hit the top ten within a week of being released. 8.I had to pay $140. I really wish you wouldn’t smoke ________ much! It’s destroying your health. She always makes me laugh.00 for books for my new Spanish class. but I think it is important to teach our children to question the media. I never know what they are going to do next. 9. 13. straight to sleep. Jerry had never seen ____________ high mountains. There was __________ little interest in his talk on macroeconomics that the room was half empty by the time he stopped speaking. 6. He is ________ a jerk! He hasn’t said a nice thing since he started working here. Your country is so beautiful.Fred is _________ a clown! He is always telling jokes and making people laugh. 15. 19. Most students never discuss _________ topics in class.Sarah and Ed are _____________ crazy people.Terry speaks English _____________ fluently that I thought he was American. 2.

7. but I’ve _____________ read it.I haven’t eaten lunch ___________________. before now (up to this time). 14. Has Rita found a job _____________________? 8. c) It was cold yesterday It is Idea of still: A situation continues to exist still cold today. Yet and anymore are used in negative sentences. 3. e) The mail did not come an hour ago. Position: end of sentence
YET
STILL
ANYMORE
Note: Already is used in affirmative sentences. STILL AND ANYMORE
ALREADY a) The mail came an hour ago. 15.Thanks for offering the book. still or anymore. Still is used in either affirmative or negative sentences. I’ll have another samosa. I can still play the piano.She hasn’t taken the exam ___________. but it may happen in the future. She’s __________ studying for it. Position: mid-sentence.USING ALREADY. I don’t eat in the cafeteria _______________. I’m ____________ hungry. 13. Exercise: Fill in the blank with already. 1. before now. 4. YET. a past situation has changed. yet. Idea of already: Something happened The mail is already here. but then moved to another city.
. 6. He found a new job. I started writing a letter to my parents and have not finished it __________________.I’ve __________ made the cake for the party. 2. The mail still hasn’t come. My sister is here ______________________. Is the baby ________________ sleeping? 11. before this time. I’ve read this biology book three times and I ___________ don’t understand it. Position: end of sentence. She got here yesterday. Do you ___________________ love me? 10. I’ve ___________ finished all of my homework.* b) I expected the mail an hour Idea of yet: Something did not happen ago.* I was a child. f) I lived in Chicago two year ago.Raju doesn’t work there ___________________. from past to the present without change. 5. 9. I don’t live in Chicago anymore. but it has not come yet. Anymore has the same meaning as any longer. Since I started bringing my lunch to work. We can’t go for a walk because it’s ___________________ raining. Idea of anymore: A past situation does not continue to exist at present. 12. d) I could play the piano when Position: mid-sentence.

lie) eggs.Jan (lied.Sara is (laying.Rita likes order. lays) with you. set and lay are transitive verbs. 6. 10-Mr. set/sit and lay/lie
Raise. she (lays.Troublesome Verbs
Raise/rise. lying) on the grass. e. sat) at the table for dinner. Intransitive The sun rises in the east. Choose the correct word in parentheses. 4. He’s lying on his bed.I (set. sat) on a chair because she was tired. 11-The students (rose. I’ll set the book on the table. they Rise. sit and lie are intransitive verbs. lie) my keys here a few minutes ago. lie) down and take a nap. 16-The fulfillment of your dreams (lies.
.The student (raised.Ann (set. 7. sat) the table for dinner. I’m laying the book on the desk. 3. 8-You should (lay. raised) to their feet.Hot air (raises. lay) the comb on the dresser. 2. Brown (raises. rose) his hand in class. Transitive Tom raised his hand during class. lays) to the north of Nepal.Hens (lay. 5. sit) the dictionary on the desk. lies) her clothes every night. they are not followed by an object. I sit in front row. 14.Fred (set. 1. rises) different kinds of flowers. 15. 13-I (lay. 12. 9-Tibet (lies. are followed by an object. rises). i.Fred (set.

12. 15. 14.”. He ____________ that he always ate lunch in the cafeteria. Sally always _________________ the truth. Annette likes to _________________ stories about her travels. 2.” She said to me.” Say is used for indirect quotations where the person to whom the words are spoken is not mentioned: Harvey said that he could not come tomorrow. Roger ____________ he was busy after class. to tell time. Andy ___________ he wasn't sick after all and would be coming to dinner. 13. he __________________. She ______ her boss she wasn't his slave and quit on the spot. “The book is from the library. Susan ______________ that she could teach me to paint. She ____________ me a big secret. Tell is used for indirect quotations when the person to whom the words are spoken is mentioned: Harvey told me that he could not come tomorrow. Tell is used in the following expressions: to tell the truth. Write the correct form of say or tell in the blank. 5. “She said that she was busy. to tell a lie. 9. is often dropped in everyday speech. He ______________ me that Marc was in the hospital. to tell a secret. 1. 6.SAY AND TELL Say is used in direct quotations: Joseph said. “Your computer printout is ready. I ________________ the teacher that I already knew how to type.” Both forms are correct. to tell a story. I ______________ you the car belonged to George. We may say. “It’s too early to leave for the theater. 3. 7.
. She _____________ both of us that she was going to get married. 10. to tell about something. “I’m sorry I was late. Robert _________________. 11. Dolores ________________ that she felt ill. The word that when used to introduce a subordinate clause as in these sentences. 4.” 8.” Or “She said she was busy.

but butter is ____________________ margarine. 13. 11. 6. 15. 4. 7. 1. but English is __________________ from Chinese. or different from on the blank as you find appropriate.The shape of the letter G is ___________________________ the shape of the letter K.Very good is ___________________________ to excellent. 8. 14. similar to.The shape of Thailand is ____________________________ the shape of Italy.
.SAME AS. A deep pool is ____________________________ a shallow pool. but is ____________________ to red. Brown is _______________________ from green. OR DIFFERENT FROM Read the sentence. Big is ____________________________________ larger. A wrong answer is _______________________ a right answer.Messy is ___________________________________ sloppy.Bread is __________________________ lettuce. 3. 9.A hot day is ______________________________ a cold day. Danish is ____________________ to Norwegian. A happy person is _______________________________ a sad person. Hard tests are ______________________________ difficult tests. 5. Pretty cars are _______________________________ beautiful cars. Usually is _________________________________ never. Write the same as. 2. 10. SIMILAR TO. 12.

my friend was driving. c) a client came into the office. While we were watching the game. When he arrived at work.USING “WHEN’ AND “WHILE” WITH THE PAST CONTINUOUS AND THE SIMPLE PAST Use the past continuous and the simple past together to show that one action interrupted another action. 9. While he was sitting on the floor. f) the phone rang. g) it was full. When it began to rain. it began to rain. While he was waiting for the bus 6. Use when to indicate a specific time: When the accident happened.
. A Disastrous Day Mario had a terrible day yesterday. d) he slipped on the soap. While he was getting out of the shower 3. we were watching the game. While he was having a shower 2.. j) it got stuck between floors. 10. When he answered the phone 4. While he was making the coffee 5. While he was riding in the elevator 8. h) it was the wrong number. Match the two parts of the sentence to show the sequence of the actions. i) the chair broke. When he sat down at his desk. e) the toast burned. 7. b) it started to rain. When the bus came. 1. Note: Use during + a noun phrase: During the meal ……… Use while + a verb phrase: While I was driving to work …. a) his boss was looking at his watch. Use while to indicate duration.

justice. or do rather than make. The following tables show some common collocates for make and do. There are no easy rules for knowing which verb should be used . wrong. Make is often used with words like peace. Bu both are used in common colloquial expressions and idioms – we “make the beds”. while do is often used with words like right.
RIGHT COLLOCATES FOR “MAKE”
acquisition amendments amends assumptions attractive believe better best capital careers certain change changes checks choices claims clear comparison comparisons concessions conditions contact container contributions decisions discount do ends fast fools forecasts friends good headway judgments known little love matters merry millions mistakes money much nests off out passes payments peace plain profit profits programs progress public reference regulations reparations repayments representations room sacrifices savings sense regulations reparations square straight sure time up use war waves way wills worthwhile
recommendations trouble
. war. These verbs are used in a very similar way. harm and so on. good.you just have to be familiar with the collocations. but “do the dishes”.COLLOCATIONS WITH MAKE AND DO It is often confusing why the verb make may be used rather than the verb do. love and money. but usually with different noun collocates (words which are often used together with other words). These verbs add the meaning of performing the action which the noun collocate refers to.

RIGHT COLLOCATES FOR “DO” away better business chores evil enough hair work chores the shopping good harm homage homework honor jobs exercise housework justice a favor likewise little more most much nothing a report laundry otherwise your best penance right something up with without a course the dishes wrong A number
.

and. 8. After _____________ the beds and ______________ the dishes. The policeman maintained that the drunken driver had ____________ a u-turn. 10.MAKE OR DO EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of make or do (or both!) 1. You must ___________ the most of the situation and _____________ with what you can find in the apartment. He was operated on a month ago and has now ______________ a full recovery. 3. Ann ______________ the shopping and then helped Jeremy _______________ his sums. He has _________________ a very good translation of the original. you should _____________ a contract with the board of governors. to ___________ matters worse. 7. We _____________ all the components ourselves. I think you’ve ____________ a mistake. Jones succeeded in ___________ an appointment after ____________ several telephone calls.
. All the arrangements for our vacation had been _____________ when the travel agency informed us that they had ________________ a mistake. _____________ me a favor and stop ______________ that terrible noise. 11. had resisted arrest. 4. The company ___________ a lot of business with Japan. He finds it easy to _________ promises. 15. 5. 9. Mr. but ___________ no effort to keep them. 2. You must ___________________ several experiments before _____________ a report. 13. but don’t ____________ the advertising. To _____________ use of all facilities in the gym. Archimedes was not the only one to ____________ a great discovery while sitting in a bath. 12. 6. 14.

I have begun college in 1987 3. Everest is biggest mountain in the world. 6. 1. I don't have some sugar. Variation: Collect a similar number of sentences from your students’ writing assignments and write on them board or print them as handouts. 10. but no sheeps. 19. Have you ever in France? 2. 8. The news are bad. I buyed this printer in the sales. 12. The game is more fun if you are able to print fake money and give the students a specific sum to bet. 13. 14. It’s a two-doors car. She asked that he drives more slowly. 15. 7. The farmer has a lot of calfs. Are you teacher? No.
. so they need to be astute buyers and sellers in order to come out the winners. You must to drive on the left. He asked me where is my mother. 17. I left school in 1973. I’m meeting her at 3:00pm. I’ll see you last week. 9. By 2050 people will have landed on Mars. 20. I started learning english last june.SENTENCE AUCTION This is a fabulous activity to get students to pay attention to the grammar rules you have taught so diligently. 5. The church has offer meals to homeless people. and the people is worried. 11. I am doctor. 4. but I have any milk. Students determine the value of the sentences based on their beliefs about its correctness. Alert the students to the fact that some sentences are perfect gems while others are somewhat defective. 16. Do you have any informations about bus schedules? 18. You’re drive too fast.

PUNCTUATION MARKS PUNCTUATION: Learning to Interpret the Code Body of English Writing The body language of English writing is punctuation. It is used to indicate strong emotion or feeling. Besides expressing mood. the comma is used to show the author’s perspective and to avoid ambiguities within a sentence. and exclamation points. The question mark indicates that the writer has asked for information.
. both send signals of stress. quotation marks. The Period. Comma. Both body language and punctuation are silent. The Quotation Mark. Thus. interrogation. When the writer uses the period. end marks also signal for a reader the end of a complete thought. without a strong expression of emotion. and emotion. emphasis. There are two kinds of codes that a writer uses to help you interpret his or her meaning: end marks and internal marks. The Exclamation Point. and end mark is a signal that separates one unit of meaning from another. The comma indicates to the reader that a clause will follow and carry the focus of the sentence. question marks.facts. It indicates that the writer is quoting from someone else. humor. In addition. Internal Marks Internal marks are used to show how the author sees the relationship and the weight of ideas within the sentence. it also signals parallel structures joined by a coordinating conjunction. she is saying that a unit of meaning has been completed. The most common end mark is the period. and implied meaning. End Marks The silent body language of writing uses four codes to express meaning that can not be carried by words: periods. All are used to express mood . The Question Mark.

Italics. the author uses the colon when the material that follows the colon is the logical explanation of what precedes the colon. Typically. By using the colon. but by joining them together. The reader who sees a dash has been given a clue that there is an expected shift in the direction of the writing. or a new idea interposed in what is being written. The semicolon is used to connect two independent clauses. These two independent clauses could form separate sentences. thus adding emphasis to the word or idea. Dash. summation. the author tells you that there is closer. Colon.Semicolon. the writer tells the reader that the formation following the colon is of special importance.
. It could indicate faltering speech. interdependent relationship between the ideas. Italics are used to focus the reader’s attention on something specific.

Direct address: Juana. phrases and clauses 5.) Ex.THE USES OF THE COMMA The use of the comma is primarily determined by the structure of the sentence. Carlos can sing and dance and whistle. 2. Clauses: Ex. and. phrases. Prepositional Phrase: During any year in this country alone. napkins and diapers. Transitional Expression: On the other hand. but he can’t play the trombone. transitional expressions. Examples: A series of words: American know-how has developed disposable bottles. we destroy over one million acres of trees. it is not illegal. and clauses in a series . nor. I bought some milk. 1. yet.Coordination 2. Introductory phrases or clauses: Use a comma after introductory elements such as adverb clauses. long phrases. or. I told you so. so. Interjection: Wow.Contrasting elements 6-Direct quotations 7. interjections. Mercedes should have known he was a liar.Parenthetical words.
. college is great! Introductory yes or no: No. When I went to the store. Commas are used in seven structures. Use commas to separate words. and an introductory yes or no or direct address.Conventional material
1. Coordinating conjunctions are: for. but.Series 4. 3.Introductory phrases and clauses 3. Coordination: Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction that links two complete sentences.

phrases and clauses : Parenthetical elements are words. March 5. 2002. Example: I thought that you preferred comedies. Miami. grain did not grow. with meals of good nutritional value. Conventional materials: Use commas to set off geographical names and units in dates and addresses. L.” 7. and with a staff of licensed doctors and nurses. Examples: Geographical names: Pasadena. A series of clauses: In the summer of 1815. Units in dates: Ricardo applied for the job on October 2. who conquered most of Europe in the early 1800’s. are conscientious enough to use litter baskets and litter barrels. Parenthetical phrase: The smoke. California. Parenthetical clause: Napoleon. J. 4. Parenthetical words. 2001. not horror movies. Parenthetical word: Few people. and clauses that are not necessary to the sentence. is the site of the Rose Bowl. however. fruit trees did not ripen. 6. Units in addresses: The letter was addressed to Mr. phrases. 11011 Southwest 104th Street. on the other hand. FL 33176. Example: “If you agree.
. and accepted it on Friday. “we will adjourn the meeting at nine o’clock. and snow fell in July. defeated Italy by the time he was twenty-six.A series of phrases: Approved hospitals must provide patients with sanitary surroundings. had damaged most of the apartment. Use a comma between contrasting elements in a sentence . Use a comma between a direct quotation and the rest of the sentence . Examples: 5. Rodriguez.” he continued.

SPEAKING ACTIVITIES AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
.

My learners say they don’t know how to say anything in English. Ask a learner to repeat the instructions for an activity for the rest of the class. My students say their friends will laugh at them if they talk. 5. My learners say they can’t talk because they’ll make a lot of mistakes. Focus on fluency instead of on accuracy. 4. My class says they don’t have anything to say. Give your students a lot of encouragement and praise. They say they aren’t good enough. 3. Correct mistakes at the end of the activity as a general exercise.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) Keep speaking as much English as possible yourself. Repeat the instructions in a different way in case some learners weren’t listening or didn’t quite understand. Practice an example with them first. Teach your class the language skills that will be helpful for the task at hand. My pupils say they just don’t understand what they should do in group work. 8. My students say they don’t like to speak English. 2. so your class can get used to hearing English in the classroom. Encourage your learners to support each other. 6. I’ve given up! My students are all really shy. Discourage learners from laughing at others by pointing out that making mistakes is part of the learning process in acquiring a second language. Don’t correct all mistakes. 7. Ask some learners to provide an example for the whole class.WHY STUDENTS DON’T LIKE TO SPEAK IN CLASS TEACHER’S LAMENT: 1. My class just speaks in their native language if they do any group work. Discuss with them why they don’t want to speak English in class.
. Teach learners the necessary language for the activity or revise it as the case might be. Tell your learners WHY it is important to speak English in class.

magazines) Calendars
LEVEL 2
Cities Countries Cultures Family life Describing people Entertainment Exercise Health Holidays Housing Materials Restaurants Seasons Shopping Sizes Sports Supermarkets Weather
LEVEL 3
Famous people Going places Growing up Making judgments about people Predictions Relationships The working world (jobs) Transportation
LEVEL 5 Business ethics Current events Men and women National health issues Smoking Supernatural events Technology today Urban planning
LEVEL 6 Generation gap Government Individual versus society Politics Science discoveries War and peace World economy
Submitted by Carol Marsh
. any topic could be used at any level as long as the vocabulary is properly adjusted. newspapers. The teacher should select topics of interest to his/her students.
LEVEL 1
Clothing Colors Daily activities Dates Days Directions Drinks Family Food Geography Introductions Money Names Neighborhoods Numbers Occupations Parts of the body times LEVEL 4 Comparison of past/present/future Computers Cross-cultural differences Dating Divorce Education Marriage Nutrition The ageing population Travel Weddings The media (TV.DISCUSSION TOPICS BY LEVELS
Topics were assigned to levels based on the general difficulty of vocabulary and grammar. Actually. Add your ideas to this list. radio.

_______________________________________ loves company. 12-________________________________________ but it pours. 16-________________________________________ in for a pound.________________________________________ is golden. 20. 5. 17-________________________________________ like success. 11-________________________________________ is believing. 6-________________________________________ loser’s weepers. 10. 4.________________________________________ the heart is.________________________________________ saves nine.WISE WORDS Supply the beginning words of each of the following proverbs: 1-________________________________________ to tango. 7. 2-________________________________________ killed the cat. 18. 19.________________________________________ louder than words. 8. 15.________________________________________ is another man’s gain.
. 13._______________________________________ the mouse will play. _______________________________________ must come down. 9. 14. 3-________________________________________ the doctor away.________________________________________ to godliness.________________________________________ those who help themselves.________________________________________ is human.________________________________________ like son.

That sounds good. N. You don’t. S. B.. You’re busy tonight. An American at work says. 7. 14. too. Q. 3. O. I’m not sure I agree with you. It’s nice to meet you. but you don’t want to be rude. Of course. Excuse me. I’m so happy for you. 13. 10.
H. 2. 5. Could you do me a favor? J. I’m sorry for your loss. but …. A coworker invites you out for a drink after work. Sure. “I think we should have higher taxes.” You agree. M. You are trying to walk between two people in an aisle at the supermarket. “I think we should…. A friend asks if you like her new hair color. A friend/coworker says. It’s okay. Excuse me for interrupting.
. I’m not crazy about it/that/that idea. this is my wife. “I just saw on the news that a hurricane is coming to Jacksonville!” You are surprised. A coworker asks for your help for a minute. 15. C. You want to ask the American coworker to explain them. Can I take a rain check on that? P. F. I can’t tonight. You don’t understand the instructions in a book at work. A coworker introduces you to another coworker.SITUATIONS AND THEIR APPROPRIATE RESPONSE What do you think is the best thing to say in these situations? Match the expression with the situation. A friend says. 12. Smith. D. That’s a good idea. 4. R. A coworker’s father died. “I think Pizza Hut is better than Papa John’s. A friend says. Well. “The United States has the best healthcare system in the world. 9. 11. Me. You want to introduce your boss to your wife. Mr. You have important information for your boss. (Some have more than one correct answer. but I’d love to another time. A coworker tells every one that she is pregnant. I. K.) A. but he is talking to his secretary. 11. E.” You disagree but want to be polite. 8..” You agree. You want to discuss something serious with someone 6.” You disagree and want to be rude. Ana. No way. Can I talk to you about something for a few minutes? L. You say….
1. Congratulations! T. G. A friend says.

AN ICEBREAKER Talk to your partner about similarities you might have until you something you both share for each category. AN ICEBREAKER
Talk to your partner about similarities you might have until you something you both share for each category......WE BOTH LOVE. We love ____________________________ We hate ___________________________ We have __________________________ We can ____________________________ We can’t ____________________________ _____________________________________ makes us happy _____________________________________makes us sad _____________________________________makes us nervous We are afraid of _____________________________________ We think ________________________________ is boring We think ___________________________________ is fun We like to read ________________________________ We like to listen to ______________________________
WE BOTH LOVE.. We love ____________________________ We hate ___________________________ We have __________________________ We can ____________________________ We can’t ____________________________ _______________________ makes us happy _________________________makes us sad ______________________makes us nervous We are afraid of ______________________ We think ___________________ is boring We think ___________________ is fun We like to read _____________________ We like to listen to ______________________ Contributed by Corrie Wiens
.

food 6.
. work 3. school 6. A student rolls the die first and must speak about the topic indicated by the number on the die's face. Draw a two-column table on the board and fill each cell with a one-word topic for the students to talk about. music 5. books 4.THE GOOD MANNERS GAME Rules: The game can be played in groups or as a whole class activity. as a house guest 3. in class 5. at a bachelor’s party 2. Tell the class what the etiquette is in your country for each of these situations: COLUMN A 1. on the bus 6. age and speaking level. he or she can choose from column B. Here's an example of what your table could look like: Column A 1. technology 3. Student rolls a dice and must talk about the topic designated for the number shown on the die’s face. at a wedding 2. at the dinner table 6. dating 1. family 2. Set the timer for two minutes and have the student speak trying not to hesitate. If a student gets the same number twice. fashion Column B COLUMN B 1. repeat or stop for the two consecutive minutes to encourage extemporaneous speaking. at a birthday party THE TWO MINUTE CHALLENGE This is a variation on the dice game above. gift giving 4. travel 4. in the store 4. sports 5. at a funeral 5. on the telephone 3. religion 2. at a picnic
Make sure and select topics that are suitable to your students' interests.

haven’t painted a picture ___________________________ 8. 1.haven’t talked to the school principal ___________________________ 14.haven’t waited for the bus ___________________________ 7.haven’t cleaned the inside of an oven ___________________________ 3.haven’t walked on a beach ___________________________ 5.haven’t worried about a test _______
.haven’t washed a car ___________________________ 9.haven’t changed a baby’s diaper ___________________________ 12.haven’t fixed a bicycle ___________________________ 11.haven’t hiked in the mountains___________________________ 6.haven’t played a musical instrument___________________________ 4.THINGS PEOPLE HAVEN’T DONE Find people who have not done these things.haven’t caught a fish___________________________ 13.haven’t worked on a farm___________________________ 2.haven’t played in the snow ___________________________ 15.haven’t used a typewriter ___________________________ 10. Have them sign your paper.

family.Cosmetic Surgery With your partner(s). discuss: the reasons people get cosmetic surgery the most common types of cosmetic surgery in your country celebrities you know of that have had cosmetic surgery friends. or acquaintances you know that have had something done your personal feelings towards cosmetic surgery whether or not you would ever consider one of these procedures under what conditions you might let one of your children have cosmetic surgery whether or not you feel people are too concerned about physical appearance these days how you might feel if your future or present spouse decided that he or she wanted to have cosmetic surgery
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but you’re not sure how much work to give them. What should you do? Ask a friend. Ask a friend. Ask a friend.
Your little girl has a cold. Your son has a stomachache.COMPLAINTS AND ADVICE You could + simple form of verb You should + simple form of verb If I were you. What can you do? Ask a friend. What should you do? Ask a friend. You think it’s time for your children to help more around the household work. They want to listen to you. Your 11-year old son wants to have a girlfriend. Your son wants to play football. Should you let him join the team? Find out what your friends think. Your daughter wants to become a famous scientist. but the team practices five nights a week. Teacher circulates making sure students are using the correct modal verbs to offer advice. Your kids think you should give them an allowance. Ask your friends for advice. You want to make sure your children have good manners. Is this all right? Find out what your friends think. How can you help her succeed? Ask a friend.
. Congratulations! You’ve just had a baby girl! How do you decide what to name her? Find out what your friends think. I would…. You are not sure it’s a good idea to take children to religious services. What can you do? Ask a friend. Students walk around with their picture seeking advice from other students. You had better + simple form of verb It’s time you + simple past Why don’t you + simple form of verb Have you thought about… + gerund form of verb You must + simple form of verb
Look for photos that illustrate each of these situations and paste the problem on their back. Your children are “too cool” for you.

From an activity conducted by Corrie Wiens
. Your children always get their clothes dirty. but your religion prohibits it. Ask a friend for advice. Should the 9-year-old have the authority to tell the 7-year old what to do? Ask a friend. What should you do? Ask a friend. You have just been offered two very good jobs: one in the city and one in the country. but she is a finicky eater. Your son never wants to eat what you prepare for him. Should you say anything? Ask a friend. What can you do? Ask a friend. You want your child to eat well. You can afford to buy him one. Your daughter’s teacher says your girl needs to wear shorts for PE(physical education)classes. Your son isn’t doing well in school. What does your friend think you should do? Your children are growing too fast! You don’t always have enough money to buy them new clothes. You’re this child’s grandmother and you think her parents are too strict with her. Ask a friend for advice on how you should respond to her. Where is the best place to raise children? Ask a friend. Should you do it? Ask a friend. What should you do? Ask a friend. Ask a friend. How should you help him.Your son just graduated from high school and he wants to buy a car. Your daughter wants to get a tattoo. You have two sons: one is 9 and the other is 7.

would warrant a divorce? a) wife beating (spouse abuse) b) infidelity c) dishonesty d) alcoholism / other vices e) handicap as a result of an accident / disease after marriage f) spouse away on lengthy trip g) spouse engaging in criminal activity h) unhygienic spouse i) foul-mouthed spouse j) psychologically impaired spouse k) infertility Should you continue a bad marriage for the sake of your children? Do you know anyone who is divorced? How do people treat him/her? If you had a friend who was thinking about getting a divorce. divorce has become an increasingly popular alternative to an unhappy marriage. DIVORCE AND CHILDREN In the 'good ole days’ people rarely ended their marriage in divorce. if any.MARRIAGE. Why do you suppose this is true? Were people happier in past times? Were people less free? Were people's moral values more intact than they are now? Who all suffers as a result of divorce? Should men be obligated to pay alimony (and child support) in the event of a divorce? Does the rising divorce rate have any relationship with the women's equality movement? Does the urbanization of society have any relationship with the rising divorce rate? What conditions. in today’s modern world. However. what advice would you give him/her?? Is marriage counseling readily available in Kyrgyzstan? Do you think it is truly helpful?
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We have to learn the words by ______________________. and has a good ______________ for figures. He doesn’t have a ____________ to stand on. I have to hear it straight through the horse’s ______________ He wasn’t serious when he said that. The way to a man’s ________________ is through his _________________. but in the end they had a change of ________________. He was talking _________ in _________.
. I can think of two solutions to your problem. You took the word right out of my ________________. Don’t be silly. This is a very expensive car. I’m not going to stick my ____________ out for her. Fill in the blank with part of the body that best completes the meaning. The candidates are __________ in ____________ in the polls. If you need help. let me know and I’ll give you a ____________________. He just jumped at her ________________. Off the top of my ___________. Don’t put your _____________ in your _________ mouth. back brain cheek ear eye 1234567891011121314151617181920face foot head hair hand heart leg neck mind mouth nose stomach throat toe tongue
He’s an accountant. What he did was quite unjustified. The decision is in your _______________________. Why are you so quiet? Did the mouse get your _________________? I can’t do anything right.IDIOMS ABOUT THE BODY AND THE MIND Many idiomatic expressions in the English language refer to parts of the body. I don’t believe it. She is not reliable. The new manager was given a free ______________ to restructure the company. I was just going to say that. They refused to help us. I don’t know why he was so mad. I’m going to pay through the _______________. I didn’t mean what I said. I was only pulling your ________________. I’m all ___________________.

He or she has only one minute to pull as many slips as possible. Divide the class into two teams. The person could be dead or alive. 7. Have them fold the slips so the writing cannot be seen.If someone guesses right. poet.
. the teacher collects the slips that no one was able to identify and puts them back in the bag. the student wins a point for his team. 10. For the last round. 4. 11. Assign a timekeeper or have a timer at hand. athlete and so on. therefore. A student from that team comes to the front.When the minute is over. Flip a coin to decide what team goes first.A member of the opposite team now comes to the front and starts again. 3. and be a singer. the students will be somewhat familiar with the descriptions for most of the slips.TABOO GAME – FAMOUS PEOPLE Tell your students they’re going to play a game based on the well-known game of taboo where they will try to get members of the opposite team to identify a famous person without using his or her name. dancer. selects a slip of paper and provides clues about the famous person for the opposite team to guess. 9. have the students mime an action that would be familiar about their famous person. Only the opposite team can provide answers. 1. Place all the slips in a plastic bag or container. 2. writer. Writing must be legible. Variation: After several rounds of this game. 6. 5. 8. film star.Provide the students with three slips of paper each.Have students write the name of a famous person in each slip. politician. or have them cut up their own. students can say only one word about the famous person.

Do you ever wish you were your parent and your parent were you? 9. who would you choose to be? 5. If you could meet and talk with any person in history. what's the point of this life?
. what would you change? 7. which era would you choose to live in? Which era would you least like to live in? 3.GET A LIFE 1.If you could change any one thing about your life.What personality type are you? Are you happy being that type? 10. productive life? 14. Are you worried about your death and your legacy? If yes. Do you believe in reincarnation (the afterlife)? If you do. who would you choose to meet? 4. If you could be one of your siblings. which would you choose to be and why? 8. How old do you think you'll be when you die? 11. If you could live in any era in history. Do you lead an active.Is your life routine? Is a routine lifestyle good or bad? 13. What is the purpose of life? 2. Do you ever feel life is passing you by? 12. what are your fears? 15. If you could be any person in history.Are you happy being you? 6. living or dead. What's the aim of your life? What are you trying to accomplish here on earth? 16.

even at the dinner table. Prolonged physical contact with someone of the same sex. Having a cigarette while people around you are eating Cutting in front of people in line. Dancing with someone of the same sex.GOOD MANNERS Discuss the following forms of behavior. Making slurping or smacking noises while eating. Using a toothpick in a public place. Primping in front of a mirror in a public place.S. Blowing your nose loudly. Cutting in front of other cars in traffic. Asking about someone's salary. and then whether or not such behavior is considered acceptable in the United States. Asking about a person's marital status. Spitting on the street or sidewalk. Eating rapidly while in the company of others. Behavior Asking an adult's age. Decide whether or not such behavior is considered acceptable in Kyrgyzstan. Licking one's fingers after eating. Kyrgyzstan The U.
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Motioning for someone to come with your index finger. Belching (burping) in a public place. Honking at others while driving. Reaching across the table for something you need. Passionate displays of affection in public.

17. 21. the pair or group with the longest list wins. 25. 5. 3. 18.SCATTERGORIES Tell your students that either in pairs or groups they’re going to put together a list of all vocabulary items they can think of under any of the following categories according to the letter of the alphabet you choose. 2. 20. After five minutes. 1. 13. 15. 9. 22. 10. 24. Allow students to choose the next category and letter for the game to continue. 4. Review the list together with the class to make sure everyone agrees. 19. 12. 6. 8. 23. Junk food Article of clothing Dessert Something you fold A tool An item in your purse or wallet An ice cream flavor Something with balls A stone or gem Something with windows A spice or herb A leisure activity Something with a tail A piece of sports equipment A place to go on a date A kind of candy A kind of footwear A part of the body A household chore A body of water A flower A personality trait An occupation/job Something that grows An insect
. 7. 16. 11. 14.

15.Rare. 6. the nominees for the best screen play.It’s losing time. 11.Would you like me to take those to your room? 13.Can you stop on the corner? 24. You need a new battery. 20.Light on the starch.Your lifeline is very long. please. 17.I have to give you a ticket for making an illegal right turn. Variation: Here is an interesting listening activity for your students.How would you like the money? 22. Print the names of places on individual cards and distribute them to the students. 14. 18.The maternity ward is on the 7th floor. N-44.Looks like you need a new fan belt. students stand up and read their cards.Tickets.The express for Boston leaves from platform 2 at 8:45. please. …. 5.00 a day with unlimited mileage.A little off the back and a trim around the ears.Is that collect or person-to-person? 7.It’s a par five with a dog leg on the final stretch. As you dictate the different phrases.Would the defendant please approach the bench. 16.Let’s begin with the 4th measure after the refrain. deep dish with extra cheese? 12. 3. 4. 9.PHRASES AND PLACES Present the students with a list of places in one column and a list of phrases on the other and have them make the appropriate match. 8.B-7.Last order. medium or well done? PLACES: a) dry cleaners b) pizza parlor c) golf course d) train station e) rent-a-car office f) phone booth g) fortune teller h) watch shop i) mechanic shop j) bingo hall k) hotel lobby l) music class m) swimming pool n) dental office 0) barber shop p) courthouse q) hospital r) city street t) academy award u) in a restaurant v) in a bar/pub w) at the bank x) in a plane y) theater z) in a taxi
19. please. 25. O-70. Ferris wheel and … 21.And now. 23.Lifeguard on duty. PHRASES: 1-You have a cavity. 2.Fasten your seat belts. 10.That’s an 18-inch.We have a new roller coaster.That’s $35. 26. s) amusement park
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do you prefer someone that dresses sharply and stylishly. daring. and etcetera? Do you find it necessary to try things on. or are you often content to simply buy things and take a chance? Do you feel that you usually dress conservatively.Shop till you drop How often do you go out shopping? Where do you usually go? Do you enjoy haggling over prices? Do you often go window shopping. or are you one to try out new. style. and unconventional styles? Concerning members of the opposite sex. or do you often have problems with size. do you usually find it easy to find something that you like. or do you feel that it is just a waste of time? What are the advantages and disadvantages of owning a credit card? Do you usually "charge it" or "pay cash" while shopping? When shopping for clothes. or someone with a more casual look? What are the best gifts for members of the opposite sex? Do you enjoy receiving clothes as gifts. or do you prefer to pick things out for yourself?
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TIME When is your birthday? What is your favorite time of day? What time do you usually get up? When do you eat breakfast? What do you usually eat? When do you normally eat lunch? What do you usually have to eat? What time do you usually go to bed? What is your favorite TV program? When is it on? What do you usually do in your free time? What is your favorite day of the week? Why? What is your favorite month? Why? When was your last vacation? Where did you go? When is your next vacation? Where are you going?
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........................................... He is going through the motions means......................................... 7....................... 20.......... A blessing in disguise means............. 21....... 22...........
.................................................................. 1.Someone that “rants and rave” is ................................................ Someone that is “willing and ready” is.............................................................................. I’m so shocked that I’m at a loss for words means...........CLICHES
A cliché is a phrase that has become overly familiar in its characterization or idea............................................................................................................................................................ Write your interpretation next to each one..........Make your speech short and sweet means............ 2....................................... Something that has “no rhyme or reason” is........................ The table linens show a lot of “wear and tear” means................................... 18.............. My donation is just a drop in the bucket means................ 5.......................... 6..... “Let’s lend a helping hand” means.............................. 4.................................................... 13..............................Something that is “touch and go” is ..................................................... he’s lucky to be alive means.....Any port in a storm means.................. 10......... Something that happens in a wink means..........At the crack of dawn means............................................................................ 11............To beat a retreat means...................................................................................................... Someone that needs no introduction means................................................................ Andrew has always being a tower of strength means....... 9. 3.......... 12........................................................................................................ 23.................................................................. Someone that knows which way the wind is blowing is........ To be “sadder but wiser” means.............................................................. Here is a list of commonly used clichés......................... 19................. A lifestyle that is “straight and narrow” means..... Easier said than done means....Someone that is “quick as a flash” is............. 17......All things being equal... 24........................................................ “I have the privilege of knowing” means.....................Being in a stew means............................................................. 16.............................. 8............... 15. 14............................................. 25.......

boyfriend/girlfriend. best friend. g.Personality Traits easygoing intense independent dependent modest egotistical opinionated open-minded patient impatient sociable unsociable moody good-natured stingy generous unreliable reliable intelligent idiotic practical unrealistic sensitive insensitive lazy hardworking serious witty competent incompetent
Which of the above traits best describes you? Which do you have in common with your partner? Which traits would you find in the ideal spouse? Describe the traits of someone you know (e. family member). Are there any traits that you think are typical of Americans? Do you think there are any traits that are typical of people in your country? How would you describe the leader of your country? What are the traits of a good teacher? What would you like to change about yourself?
. parent.

Are any of your friends gold-diggers? How about you? 20. Have you ever saved money in a piggy bank? 6. 4. Do you have any foreign money?
10. Do you ever gamble with your money? What is the best way to invest money?
5. Are people too materialistic these days? 21. Do you feel you are well off? How about your parents? 12. Have you ever given money to charity? 18. Do you often use credit cards? 15. Are you sometimes tight with your money? 16. Is money the key to happiness?
. Have you ever had a coin collection? 11. Have you ever loaned money to a friend? Did he/she ever pay it back? 13. Where is the best place to hide money at home? 7. Who is the stingiest person you know? The most generous? 17. Have you ever borrowed money from a friend? Did you pay it back? 14. Do you have a bank account? 3. How much money do you usually carry on you? 2. Do you ever give money to people on the street? 19. Do you generally budget your money well? 8. What would you do if you won a million dollars? 22. What is the most expensive thing you have ever bought? 9.$ $ Money $ $
a piggy bank a gold-digger a miser to loan to gamble to budget to be tight to be stingy to be materialistic to be generous to be well off to be broke
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can bake a cherry pie___________________________________ 3.can’t drive a car___________________________________ 8.can keep a pet at home ___________________________________ 14.can speak three languages ___________________________________ 16.can’t speak Spanish ___________________________________ 19.can’t play the piano___________________________________ 9.can’t whistle ___________________________________ 7.THINGS PEOPLE CAN AND CAN’T DO Find people who can and can’t do these things.can ice-skate___________________________________ 17.can’t read in a moving car ___________________________________ 18.can’t stay out past midnight on school nights _______________________ 21. 1.can’t eat eggs ___________________________________ 11.can knit ___________________________________ 25. Have them sign your paper.can milk a cow___________________________________ 22.can swim___________________________________ 15.can do a headstand___________________________________ 24.can’t type ___________________________________ 20.can play a musical instrument ___________________________________ 13.can sing very well___________________________________ 12.can juggle___________________________________ 23.can sew on a machine___________________________________ 5.can ride a bicycle ___________________________________ 4.can change a tire ___________________________________ 6.can play tennis___________________________________
.can whistle ___________________________________ 2.can’t go to the movies on Saturday nights _________________________ 10.

personalities. What sort of activities do you enjoy doing with your family? Do you have your own room or do you share a room? Do you often have friends over to your place? Who usually gets up first in your family? Who goes to bed last? What do you think your family members are doing now? Do you or your family practice any particular religion? What are some unusual things about your family? What was your favorite toy as a child? What kind of games did you like to play? Did you ever get into trouble as a child? Were you often punished? Are your parents strict or lenient? Do you think that they are conservative or liberal? Is your mother a good cook? What does she cook best? How often do you help your mother with the housework? Do you think it is easier to be a father or a mother? Is it better to have a working mother or one who stays home with the children? How many children do you want to have? Do you prefer girls or boys?
. their physical appearances. and occupations).THOUGHTS ON FAMILY Describe some of the people in your immediate family (for example.

The letter T. E.What four letters would frighten a thief? A-The multiplication table.What fruit is mentioned most in history? 15.Why do we all go to bed? 13. U-The outside. M. I-A lawsuit.
24.What is that which nobody wishes to have and S.Because there is a night in between.The shortest day.It has many pages.
11. front of you? 12.
19.Sunday.On what side of the pitcher is the handle? 6.What is the best thing to take before singing? 10. G-Make them.O I C U F. H.Why are passengers in airplanes so polite to each other? 17.When is a doctor most annoyed? 23.When he runs out of patients.Breath N.Spell enemy in three letters.Dates. but is always in K-A bottle.RIDDLES FOR CHILDREN 1.Because he fingers the keys.What is it that you cannot see.How can you always have friends? 7.Which is the strongest day of the week? T-Because the bed will not come to us.What makes people baldheaded? 22.A mushroom a bicycle? 3.F O E nobody likes to lose? 20. Q.The pavement. D. Y.What has a neck but no head? 26. the others are week days. 8.Why is a jailer like a pianist? 5.Why do ducks and geese fly north in the springtime? 18.Why does time fly? 9.Why can’t it rain continually for two days? C. P.For fear of falling out.What is the best material for a kite? 4.What room can no one enter? 14.The future W.What asks no questions but requires many answers? L.Because so many are trying to kill it. V. J.Because it is round.
2.What is the hardest thing about learning to ride B.Why can’t the world never come to an end? 25. Z.What is the difference between here and there? X-Fly paper.Lack of hair. O.
.Why is a book like a king? 16. R.Because it is too far to walk.On what day of the year do women talk the least? 21.

20. but can’t go down a chimney fast? 4.Baby giraffes 6. He can stop a speeding truck with one hand.” 5.MORE RIDDLES 1.Don’t feed it 3.An umbrella 4.S.
 I-95 is a highway running north-south from the Canadian border to Florida. When it’s raining cats and dogs.The traffic cop.A towel 11.your fingernail 16.Nothing 8.Cut off its nose 2.What is the worst weather for mice? 15.post office 19. A night watchman who fell asleep on his watch. in the dictionary 17. in the dark 18. and what breaks that doesn’t fall? 9. 15. U.Where can happiness always be found? 17-Where was Noah when the lights went out? 18.A blackberry 10.What fruit is red when it is green? 10. a photograph 14.What do giraffes have that no other animals in the world have? 6-What do you break when you name it? 7-What does a rich man want that a poor man has? 8-What falls but doesn’t break.What nail should you never hit with a hammer? 16. waterfall and a storm breaks. A garbage truck 13.What did the big chimney say to the little chimney? 5.A. Night and day (also snow and rain.What has to be taken before you can receive one? 14.Silence 7.Which two words have more than 100 letters in them? 19-Who is the strongest man in the city? 20-Who was the smallest night watchman in history? 1. I-95 freeway 12.) 9.How can you make a slow horse fast? 3-What can go up a chimney down.
.How can you keep a fish from smelling? 2.“You are too young to smoke.What gets wetter and wetter the more it dries? 11-What goes from New York City to Boston without moving? 12-What has four wheels and flies? 13.

What color is a carrot? 6.What color is the American flag? 26.What color is the sun? 15. What color is cotton? 3.What color is the inside of a lemon? 27.What color is a key? 13.What color is the inside of a lemon? 14.What color is a pepper? 16. What color is a dollar? 8.What color is the inside of a coconut? 12.What color is the outside of an eggplant? 20. What color is good for a baby girl’s dress? 5.What color is celery? 11.What color is a zebra? 19.What color is the skin of a person who goes to the beach a lot? 21.What color is an elephant? 17. What color is the inside of an apple? 9.What color is the sky at night? 28. What color is the inside of an orange? 4.What color is the outside of a potato?
.QUESTIONS ABOUT COLORS 1.What color is blood? 24.What color is broccoli? 22. What color is a cloud just before a bad storm? 10.What color are the leaves in a tree? 23. What color is the sky on a beautiful day? 2.What color is the inside of a watermelon? 29.What color is the inside of a strawberry? 18.What color is the outside of a watermelon? 30. What colors are the three lights in a traffic signal? The top light is _____The middle light is ______The bottom light is _____ 7.What color is the outside of a lime? 25.

LIVING IN THE PAST What did you do yesterday? What did you do on your last birthday? When was the last time you got some exercise? When was the last time you drank too much? When was the last time you saw your parents? When was the last time you gave someone a gift? When was the last time you won something? What did you do Saturday night? What did you do last New Year’s Eve? When was the last time you went out dancing? When was the last time you ate out? When was the last time you received a gift? When was the last time you got really sick? When was the last time you attended a wedding?
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Ask the class to come up with a different word that sounds the same.HOMOPHONES – A DICTATION EXERCISE Tell the students that you will be dictating twenty words and for them to write what they hear. There should be some discussion as students realize that they have written different words that sound the same. Have a different student come up to the board and write his/her version of each word. Once the students write down their words. have them pair up with another student to see if they wrote down the same words. Word see sword hi weather dye not mind some road toes bite hear none piece board which whale heel air blew vain band dough role Homophone sea soared high whether die knot mined sum rowed tows byte here nun peace bore witch wail heal / he’ll heir blue vein banned doe roll Word pull steel cereal mist higher site wood heard be / B soul bear bread groan break scent / cent passed so / sow route brake read main haul idle mined Homophone pool steal serial missed hire sight would herd bee sole bare bred grown brake sent past sew root break red mane hall idol mind
. Below is a list of homophones that can be used for the dictation and further discussion.

soap operas. non-fiction. game shows.LIKES AND DISLIKES FOOD: What kind of food does your partner like? What kind of food doesn't s/he like? DRINK: What does your partner like to drink? What doesn't s/he like to drink? SMOKING: Does your partner like to smoke? What kind of cigarettes does s/he like? BOOKS: Does your partner like to read? What kind of books? (mysteries.. new age. heavy metal. dramas. kung fu. cartoons.. comedies. alternative. rap.. documentaries) SPORTS: Does your partner like sports? What kind? Which sport does s/he find boring? Who is his/her favorite athlete? PASTIMES: What does your partner like to do in his/her free time? Can s/he play a musical instrument? Does s/he have a hobby? VACATIONS: Where does your partner like to go on vacation? What does s/he like to do there? Where would s/he like to go in the future? Why?
. classical. sci-fi. actionadventure.) Who is her/his favorite actor? Favorite actress? TELEVISION: Does your partner like to watch television? What kind of programs does s/he like? (news.) What kind of music does s/he hate? Who is his/her favorite singer/band? MOVIES: Does your partner enjoy watching movies? What kind? (comedies. science fiction...) Who is his/her favorite author? MUSIC: Does your partner like listening to music? What kind? (pop.. romantic. historical novels.

stripper. 1. magician. club.Birthday party 2. hall. serving equipment) Will there be a cake? Who is going to make it? Will there be any games? Who is going to organize them? Are you going to hire a D. office) What kind of food and beverages are you going to serve? Who is going to prepare the food? (You. potluck) How will the meal be served? (Cocktail. neighbors. gazebo.LET’S HAVE A PARTY Tell the students that as part of a group.Shower (wedding) 3-Baby shower 4-Retirement party 5. M. tablecloths.C. they need to decide what needs to be done and in what order. flowers. they will be organizing a get together for friends. sit-down. chairs. park. catered. relatives. co-workers) How many guests can you accommodate? Are you going to mail the invitations or call your guests? Where will the party be held? (Home. restaurant.Dinner party Some things to consider: When are you going to have the party? (Day and time) Who is going to be invited? (Friends. classmates. arbor) Will you play music? What kind? Who’s going to do it? Will there be any dancing? What kind? Will you hire a D.J. buffet) Who is going to decorate the place? (Streamers.. photographer. store-bought.? Will you need to rent any special equipment? (Tables. piñata.. clown.J. In order to insure that the party is a success. relatives and co-workers. or videographer? Are you going to offer presents? Will guests be bringing gifts? Where will they placed? Is anyone going to offer a toast? Will anyone be giving a speech? At what point during the celebration? Who will be responsible for cleaning up?
. balloons. party favors. beach.

Do you agree that people should boycott music that is offensive in nature? When you were younger what kind of music did you listen to? What singer or group were you crazy about as a teen-ager? Do you like traditional Tajik music? Why or why not? Do you pay much attention to the lyrics or are you more interested in the rhythm and melody when you listen to music? Do you like dance music? Do you ever go to a disco to watch people dance? What kind of English pop songs are you fond of? Do you ever sing them when you go to the singing room? Have you ever heard of Elvis Presley? Can you name one of his songs? How about the Beatles? There has been a sharp increase in the number of jazz bars in Dushanbe. do you listen to soft music or loud music? Why? Do you ever listen to classical or instrumental music to help you relax? Does music help you mellow out or to alleviate stress? What is your impression of rap music? In America there is a conservative movement that is pushing people to ban rap music because of its violent and sexual lyrics. When you are in a bad mood.INTO MUSIC What kind of music do you like to listen to? Does your musical taste change depending on your mood? Explain. how was it? What performer or band would you most like to see in concert? What was your impression of the music we just listened to? Could you understand the lyrics? Which song did you like the best?
. Have you visited any of these establishments? Why do you think there are so many new jazz bars opening up? What is the attraction to these places? Do you like live performances? Have you been to any concerts? If so.

. deliberately break a glass? 4.. cheat in an exam? 10.WHY MIGHT YOU…….…….……. stop talking for a day? 13-……. jump off the top of a cliff? 8.. ride an elephant? 17. set fire to your house? 9.……. paint yourself green? 11-…… . jump out of the window? 2-……. visit the Prime Minister/President? 19.stand on your head?
. dye your hair green? 15-…….. refuse to come to this class? 20-…….. pretend to be someone else? 5-…….……..... sleep all day? 18-……. drive a car on the wrong side of the road? 7-…….... and then ask students to imagine under what circumstances they might do it. This is a good activity to have students practice the full conditional.……...……...: Why might you stand on your head? Response: If I were performing in a circus. eat a piece of paper? 14-…….
1.…….……. go to live in another country? 12-……. Suggest an unlikely action. Ex.. go and live in a tree? 16.…….……. steal money? 3. take off your clothes in a public place? 6..

2. 12. His father is a real ___________neck. we’re going to paint the town _____________! 19. 18. 9. It takes a long time to get a passport because of all the _____________ tape.IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS USING COLORS Fill in the blank with the appropriate color from the list below. I don’t think he has much ______________ matter. Note that some of the colors may be used more than once. He can’t find work because he was ____________balled. Tonight. 4. 16. You should have heard how he swore up a ____________ streak. They were _______ with rage when they were told the news. We’re still in the _________________. 7. Did you see how ____________faced he was?
. 5.I got an invitation to the dinner out of the __________________. so I told me boss a ________ lie. 17. 11. Be careful with your opinions. It was a real ______________-knuckle ride. 6. What’s the matter? You look sort of _______________ today. He’s really stupid. 14. white green red gray black pink purple blue
1. You wouldn’t believe all the __________ elephants she has in her house.The airplane trip was terrible.I was tickled ______________ to find out about the new job. 20. 13. 15. I was so scared that I looked ___________ around the gills. 10. 8. Our business is going very well. Your plants are beautiful! You must really have a ___________ thumb. I’ve never seen you so healthy. When I told her the news. 3.Can you lend me some money? I haven’t got a ____________ cent. You’re really in the __________ today. she was absolutely ____________ with envy. I didn’t want to go to work today.

be 3.COMMON COMPARISONS – SIMILES Comparisons are often used in conversations. l) as hard as a rock. he was 4. Complete the meaning of the sentence on the right by choosing one of the comparisons on the left.I’ve heard that joke a hundred times. f) as hungry as a bear.Nurkys. he’s 11. I’m 8. he’s 7. j) as pretty as a picture. a) as stubborn as a mule.I can’t see without my glasses. n) as red as a beet.The baby is sleeping.Rustam got perfect scores on all his exams. e) as white as a ghost. it’s 15. d)as proud as a peacock. he’s 13-I have no responsibilities today.Let’s ask Raul to help us move this heavy trunk. her hands were 12. i) as strong as an ox. h) as fat as a pig. c)as free as a bird.Leo will never change his mind. 1-You look very sick. m) as quiet as a mouse. I’m 14.Lidia went out without her gloves. b) as cold as ice. k)as old as the hills.Javier hadn’t eaten all day.Look at Angela all dressed up in her party dress. You’ve lost so much weight that you’re o) as blind as a bat.This bed is very uncomfortable. she looks 5. you need to eat more. it’s 6. g) as thin as a rail. you’re 2. he was 9-Carlos was so embarrassed when he spilled ink on Tara’s shirt.Pablo needs to go on a diet.
. his face turned 10.

The teams can vote on how successfully the representative from each team was in performing the action.You are catching a ball.Happily 3.You are eating a very hot curry. The opposite team must guess what the action is. 11. If successful.MIMES
Divide the class into groups or teams.You are opening a can.You are cleaning a window.You are making a cup of tea. 3.You are reading a very sad story.Sleepily 10. 7.You are changing a baby’s diaper. 15.Gently 8-Violently 9. 2. 14.You are acting in a Shakespeare play. ADVERBS OF MANNER: 1. 10. a point is gained for their team.Nervously 4-Heavily 5-Angrily 6-Lovingly 7. Variation: Assign both the mime and the adverb on a piece of paper.You are making a bed. 12. 9. 6.Tiredly
.You are climbing a tree.You are watching a comedy on television. 5. Assign each one of these actions to mime and have the opposite team choose the adverb of manner. 8. 13.
1.Slowly 2.You are putting on a shirt. 4.You are trying to catch a mosquito.You are crossing a very busy road.You are waiting for the dentist.

11. Then I would _________________________________________________________.I wish I had one chance to ____________
. This would be a good law because________________________________.I wish I had one __________________ because ______________________________________________________.I wish I looked like ______________________________ because _________________________________________________________.I wish I had a million _________________.I wish I had enough money to ______________________________________. 3. 15. 9. 20. 7-I wish trees could ______________ because _________________________. 17-I wish I could hear _______________________________________________. 16.I wish I could learn _____________________ because __________________.I wish I could touch ______________________________________________. 13.I wish there was an electric ________________________________________.I wish I didn’t have to ___________________________________________. 2. 19-I wish animals could _______________ because _______________________.I wish I never _________________________________________________. 10. 12. Complete each sentence with your own words.I wish I could go to ______________________________________________. 14. 1.I wish to be a ______________________ in the future. This person is special because ________________________________. 4. 6-I wish I could forget the time I ________________________________ because __________________________________________________.I wish I could be like ___________________. Then I will __________________________ 5. 18-I wish I could give _______________________________________________. 8.I WISH ………………………………………….I wish there was a law that said ________________________.I wish I could see ___________________ because _____________________.

did you ever have friends spend the night? Did you participate in any sports when you were young? Did you collect anything while growing up? What holiday season was the most special to you when you were growing up? Do you still live with your parents? Would you like to live on your own?
.Growing Up
Where did you grow up? Did you grow up in the same place that you were born? Did you get along with your brothers and sisters while growing up? Do you still stay in touch with the people you grew up with? How often do you visit them? Were you a good kid or were you a troublemaker in school? Did you ever get punished as a child? Did your parents have a tough time with you as a teenager? Did your parents ever ground you? Did you ever have a curfew? Did both your parents work while you were growing up? Would you raise your children the same way your parents raised you? Do you think it is easier for kids growing up now? What did you want to be when you were young? When did you consider yourself to be "grown up"? Did you have any pets as a child? Did you ever move when you were young? Where did you go for vacation when you were young? Do you remember the first vacation you didn't take with your parents? When you were growing up.

The person I aspire to be like is ________________________. No matter what. Ideas about _______________________________________ keep tunneling through my mind. 9. 4. Which of their traits do you already have. More than anything I want to _________________________________. 3. 1. 6. 5.GETTING TO KNOW YOU Fill in these questions with the first thing that comes to your mind. The qualities of the person I aspire to become include ____________________________. 14. I want to be more skillful at ______________________________________________________. Who are three people you most admire? Why? What are their finest traits? __________________________. The types of books I like to read are ____________________________. 16. 11. If only I could _________________________________________. 8. I plan to __________________________________. I wish I understood why ________________________________________________________. 13. I want my children to think of me as ____________________________. and which ones do you want to develop further_________________
. 7. I feel like my life is meaningful when ___________________________. I would feel great. I don’t know why _____________________________________________________________. I want to be more knowledgeable about ____________________________________________. 15. 12. I would like to know how to _____________________________________________________. 2. 10.

What? Where? When? Who? Why? How? What are you going to do after this class? What are you going to do tonight? Who will you be with? Do you have any plans for this weekend? What do you want to do? Imagine your teacher just gave you one million som.FUTURE PLANS Don’t forget follow-up questions . What are you going to do with it? Where are you going to go on your next vacation? Who are you going to go with? What are you going to do there? Where are you going to live in the future? Why? What kind of job will you have? When are you going to get married? What kind of person are you going to marry? Are you going to have children? How many do you plan on having? What are you going to do when you get old? Where will you live? What are you going to do on your next birthday? Where are you going to eat for lunch today (tomorrow)? What are you going to have? Do you plan to travel to a foreign country? Which country are you going to travel to? What do you plan to do there? Do you plan to work for a big company or a small one? Why? What will you do if you learn to speak perfect English?
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can name five things you can eat ____________________________________ 14.knows what animal lives in a kennel a nest 9. __________________________________
5. knows who would use a briefcase a whistle _____________________________ 8. can name five things you can drink C_______________ ___________________________________ 3. can say which sport uses a racket ____________________________________ 19.. knows the opposite of rich ___________ deep___________ heavy__________ 4. can name three things worn only by men ___________________________ women_________________________ ____________________________________ 18. ______________________________ 7. can name four insects ____________________________________ 17. knows what you would keep in a wardrobe __________________________________
2. knows a synonym for unhappy s __________________ start b__________________ depart l__________________ 15. can name five verbs that begin with t ____________________________________ 20. 1.can name two vegetables that begin with 12. can name two things found in the kitchen bathroom bedroom ________________
.knows how many there are in a dozen__________________________ 13.knows what you buy at a florist’s an ironmonger’s __________________________ 6. Knows how many eyes you close when you blink. can name two fruits that begin with P ______________________________ 11. can think of at least three words that rhyme with buy ___________________________ 10.FIND SOMEONE WHO…. can name five adjectives that begin with s. can name five wild animals ____________________________________ 16.

Find out if your partner… …is an only child. …uses the Internet. …is married. …has more than six pairs of shoes. …likes to travel. …can swim. …is a good cook. …can ski. …has a cellular phone.
. …likes to eat out. …is employed. …knows where the teacher was born. …takes the bus/trolley/marshrutka to school. …is a good dancer. …can say “I love you” in French.

Batman and Robin Rodgers and Hammerstein Ken and Barbie Jack and Jill Romulus and Remus Simon and Garfunkel Romeo and Juliet Don Quijote and Sancho Panza Adam and Eve Sylvester and Tweedy Bird Beevis and Butthead Ernie and Bert Cain and Abel Ben and Jerry Juan Carlos and Sofia Mickey and Minnie Popeye and Olive Oyl King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Dagwood and Veronica Jekyll and Hyde Anthony and Cleopatra Rocky and Bullwinkle Laurel and Hardy Ozzie and Harriet Amos and Andy Will and Grace Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn Mork and Mindy Lewis and Clark Thelma and Louise Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Lancelot and Guinevere Bonnie and Clyde Hansel and Gretel Dick and Jane Samson and Delilah Flora and Fauna David and Goliath
.FAMOUS PAIRS
Write the name of each person on a different slip of paper and have students find their partner for different activities. In addition. add names from their own countries to make the game more interesting. Select those names students are more likely to recognize in their culture.

Health Consciousness
Discuss with your partner(s) the following topics concerning health. whether or not you feel you following a healthy lifestyle whether or not you feel you are physically fit the type of exercise you do on a regular basis whether or not you maintain a balanced diet how often you consider nourishment when choosing something to eat whether or not you eat a lot of junk food whether or not you have a sweet tooth any diets you have ever tried any diet plans you know to be effective whether or not you smoke or have ever smoked the ill effects caused by smoking whether or not you regularly consume alcohol the positive and negative effects of drinking whether or not you have ever been hospitalized any surgery you may have had any scar you may have and the stories behind them any causes of stress in your life methods that effectively alleviate stress any types of illness that run in your family the average life expectancy of men and women in your family the most common types of ailments in Ukrainian society the possible causes of these ailments
.

9. Do you subscribe to a trade magazine? Which one? 11. Who are your favorite authors? List as many as you’d like. Have you ever reread a book? If so. 4. How often do you read at home? 10. What does someone have to do in order to be a good reader? 5. can you name it or them here.What kinds of books do you like to read? 6. I you had to guess…. How do you decide which books to read? 7. how do feel about reading?
. How did you learn to read? 3. Why do people read? List as many reasons as you can think of. Do you read to a daily newspaper? 12.In general. 8..READING SURVEY NAME: ___________________________________ DATE: __________________ 1.
a) How many books would you say you owned? ________________ b) How many books would you say are in your house? ___________ c) How many magazines do you or your family subscribes to? __________ d) How many books would say you’ve read in the last twelve months? _____ 2.

. . .be truly free.. . ....have a satisfying job. .pass this class.....have more free time.own a Rolls Royce..be incredibly rich.. . ...... I WISH I COULD.live to be 100..own a motorcycle.....travel around the world..have political power.have my own business. . .live in a different house..have more patience... .
. . I REALLY HAVE NO DESIRE TO. .... . . ..speak fluent English.be sixteen years old again.be an artist..be physically fit. .be a martial arts master. ..... .
.have a better love life..be better organized.Hopes and Dreams I HOPE TO......sleep until noon every day.. MY BIG DREAM IS TO.. . .... ....get married next year... .... ..have more friends. .be a famous celebrity..have a lot of children....

From the following list select ten places that the delegation should go and see and put them in order of importance. You want to show them places that you feel will give them a balanced impression of your people and country. the delegation will only be in your area for three days and you cannot show them everything. Unfortunately. Explain the significance of each site in order to justify its inclusion on the list a hospital a home for mentally handicapped children a coal mine a nice bar a cemetery an art gallery a botanical garden some examples of modern architecture a shopping center a football stadium a farm a safari park a poor housing area a TV studio a town hall a secondary school a historical museum a medieval castle a university an airport a water reservoir a steel factory a nature reserve a library a nursing home
.TOUR GUIDE Imagine that you have to work out a guided tour for a foreign delegation visiting your country.

Mothers shouldn’t work outside of the house if there are small children to be brought up. especially during one’s formative years.Children and Parents Young children should be taught to obey their parents without question. It is an offspring’s duty to look after his or her parents when they get old. There is nothing strange or irresponsible about electing not to have children after marriage. It is an advantage to be an only child. Adolescents under 18 should have a curfew of no later than midnight. couples should limit themselves to two children. Boys and girls should be brought up in the same way—without defined gender roles. Having children out of wedlock is both shameful and immoral. Parents should never quarrel in front of their children. Most men would prefer to have a son as their first child. Due to concerns about rising birth rates.
. The best way to punish children is to take away some of their privileges. Parents should never strike their children.

12. How has life changed for women since the time of Jane Austin? 2. Give your thoughts on the following: A woman’s place is in the home. Do you feel that women always have the same freedoms and opportunities as men in Kyrgyz society? Be sure to consider roles in the following areas: government the work place wages the household 8. women more by what they hear. Are female students at the university ever asked to do things that male students are not? 9. why do you think this is? 5. As children are growing up. in what ways are girls and boys expected to act differently? 3. Most men never grow up. and changing diapers? 11. Men are attracted by what they see. What sorts of things do men usually talk about among themselves? 7.MODERN DAY WOMEN 1. Why do you think it is that so many foreign men come to Kyrgyzstan in search of brides? What do they think they can find here that they cannot find at home? What are your feelings about this?
. What kinds of chores are girls generally expected to do and what kind of chores are boys usually expected to do? 4. A man’s home is his castle. What sorts of things do women usually talk about among themselves? 6. Should married men be expected to help out with domestic chores such as cooking. Are teenage boys often given more freedom than teenage girls? If so. Do you feel that it is acceptable for a woman to ask a man out on a date? Is this common in Kyrgyz society? Why or why not? 10. cleaning.

I’m on cloud nine. I feel really rough.
1. ___________ 6. Sorting things out. I haven’t got a care in the world. _______________ 20. I’m walking on air. __________ 3. 1. They have kissed and made up. _____________ 13. Good mood 2.EXPRESSING OUR MOODS There many idiomatic expressions in English that are used to indicate how a person is feeling at a particular moment. ____________ 9. The report put his nose out of joint. I’ve had the day from hell. They are at each other’s throat again. I’m on top of the world. _____________
. We’re back on speaking term. _______________ 2. Bad mood 3. ____________ 10. ____________ 7. __________ 19. If he doesn’t arrive in time. Friction 4. I feel like a million dollar. You look like death warmed over. ______________ 18. That’s water under the bridge now. I’m going to freak out. ___________ 14. _____________ 11. ___________ 8. ___________ 16. Take a look at the sentences below and match them to one of the moods in the box that follows. Chill out! It is not so bad after all. _________ 17. ______________ 5. ____________ 15. _________ 12. The crowd went ballistics when the concert was canceled. I really blew it this time. He’s all bent out of shape. She’s all ticked off. I’m on my last legs. _____________ 4.

At what age (if ever) did you first fall in love? Do you feel that people end up being ‘steady’ with someone because they tend to see things eye to eye and share common interests. Remember to ask follow-up questions and elaborate on your answers. describe your ideal partner. or do you feel more that opposites attract? What kind of things tend to make people fall out with each other? Is marriage necessary for a happy and fulfilling life? (Consider the pros and cons of being married as opposed to being single. Just for fun. You Can’t Live Without Them
Discuss the following with your partners.) How much might your parents influence your choice of a marriage partner? What is the best age for marriage? Is there any age when marriage becomes more unlikely? What may be some ideal honeymoon location What factors do you feel might contribute to a long and successful relationship?
.You Can’t Live With Them.

” Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Would you like to take a vacation lying around on the beach? Why or why not? 6. 8. 13. “Traveling is a pleasure in itself. Have you ever taken a trip to the mountains? How did you get there? Explain what you did that day.ALL ABOUT TRAVELING 1. What is the worst trip you’ve ever taken?
. where would you go and why? 3. Do you sunbathe? Why or why not? 5. Name the ways you have not traveled. 2. “Traveling on foot is exhausting and gets you nowhere. 9. If you could go on a holiday (vacation) anywhere in the world. Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Name all the different ways one could travel. Have you traveled outside of Kyrgyzstan? Where did you go? 14. 10. What is your favorite way to travel? 4. Would you like to travel to see scenery or famous spots? Explain. Air travel is more exciting than sea travel.” Do you agree or disagree? Explain. 15. 11. Some women take vacations to lose weight? Would you do this? 7. Who do you like to travel with? Why? 12.

The Best and Worst
In your opinion…
what was the best movie ever made? what is the worst program currently on television? what is the most difficult part of being a student? what is the best age at which to get married? what is the best job a woman/a man can have? where is the best place to go for a nice meal? what is the most dangerous area of the city? what is the best thing about living in Bishkek? what is the worst thing about living in Bishkek? what is the best way to strike it rich?
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decide how you are going to spend the money including how much will go for transportation. The airlines gives you and your partner $200. Your connecting flight departs twelve (12) hours later. entertainment.
. food.A DAY TRIP TO NEW YORK CITY
Imagine that you are traveling to Europe and your flight makes a stopover in New York City. and sightseeing. At the end.00 each to spend as you would like while you tour the city and its major attractions. With your partner. tell the class exactly what you did and how much you spent on each part of your tour.

what was.......was?
the best new song of the past year the best movie during the last twelve months the best new fashion of the past year the most important event of this century the worst song of the past ten years the most useful invention of this century the biggest change in Kyrgyzstan this past decade the strangest event of the past year the worst TV program of the past five years the worst place to live in Kyrgyzstan the worst natural disaster that ever happened in Kyrgyzstan the funniest thing that ever happened in this class the best way to get a husband or wife the best way to get rich quick the most serious social problem in Kyrgyzstan today the biggest difference between today’s generations the worst experience that you have ever had the most unusual thing that you have ever seen the worst man-made disaster that ever happened in Kyrgyzstan
.....Best and Worst
In your opinion......? What do you think .......

movies.THE BIRDS AND THE BEES Should sex education be expanded in the schools? Do you believe that government should be allowed to censor the sexual content of books. how much? Should there be special programs on television or radio for people to talk about sexual issues? Will you teach your children the facts of life? If so. and videos? If so. magazines. how? What would you do if you found sexually explicit magazines hidden away in your teenager's room? What do you think about pre-marital sex? Should people save themselves for marriage? Is this more difficult for young men than it is for women? What do you think about young people's more liberated sexual attitudes? Do you feel that this new attitude could eventually wear away at the traditional morals of Kyrgyz society? Do you think that AIDS will ever become as big of a problem in Kyrgyzstan as it is in some foreign societies? How might this be prevented?
.

Eating Habits (A)
How healthy do you consider your diet to be? What do you usually have for breakfast? What did you have for dinner last night? What kinds of food do you try to avoid? Do you consume much junk food? What is your favorite type of ethnic food? Do you consider yourself a good cook? Do you ever indulge in late-night snacks? What food or drink do you consider to be medicinal? Are you big on sweets? What is the most disgusting thing you have seen someone eat?
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and potatoes? Where do you usually eat lunch? What do you like for a snack? How often do you eat out? How often do you drink beer or wine with your meal? How concerned are you about additives in your food? Do you often overeat? In which ways do you think you could improve your diet? What kind of food might be good for a hangover? What is the hottest and spiciest food you have ever tried? Is there any dish that you have never tried but would like to?
.Eating Habits (B)
Which of the following makes up the biggest part of your diet: meat and poultry. or carbohydrates such as bread. pasta. vegetables and fruit. milk and dairy products.

I _________________________ cooking for other people. I _________________________ meeting new people. I __________________________ going to parties. I _________________________ taking care of children. I__________________________ being the center of attention. I _________________________ shooting pool. I _________________________ visiting museums. I _________________________ getting dressed up. I _________________________ having my picture taken. I _________________________ making presentations.
. I _________________________ getting up early. I _________________________ reading novels. I _________________________ going to the dentist. I _________________________ debating politics. I _________________________ going on blind dates. I __________________________ traveling to foreign lands. I __________________________ getting my hair cut. I _________________________ spending time on my own.DOING THINGS
Love really enjoy like don’t really care for can’t stand and hate
I _________________________ going out dancing. I _________________________ listening to classical music.

Next.I’ve never ……………………………
Place an X next to the sentence that applies to you. () I've Never Been Drunk () I've Never Kissed A Member Of The Opposite Sex () I've Never Kissed A Member Of The Same Sex () I've Never Crashed A Friend's Car () I've Never Gone Past "Second Base" at a movie theater () I've Never Been In A Taxi () I've Never Been In Love ( ) I've never dumped someone ( ) I've Never Been Dumped ( ) I've Never Shoplifted ( ) I've Never Been Fired (just laid off) ( ) I've Never Been In A Fist Fight () I've Never Snuck Out Of My Parent's House ( ) I've Never Been Tied Up () I've Never Regretted Having Sex With Someone ( ) I've Never Been Arrested ( ) I've Never had a one night stand
. compare and contrast your list with your partner's.

...( ) I've Never Made Out With A Stranger ( ) I've Never Stolen Something From My Job...do pens count? lol ( ) I've Never Celebrated New Years In Time Square () I've Never Gone On A Blind Date ( ) I've Never Lied To A Friend ( ) I've Never Had A Crush On A Teacher ( ) I've Never Celebrated Mardi-Gras In New Orleans ( ) I've Never Been To Europe ( ) I've Never Skipped School ( ) I've Never Slept With A Co-Worker ( ) I've Never Been Married ( ) I've Never Been Divorced ( ) I've Never Posed Nude ( ) I've Never Thrown Up In A Bar ( ) I've Never Eaten Sushi ( ) I've Never Been Snowboarding
..

to lionize 11.to monkey around 12. to tattle on someone She’ll sometimes _____ on her friends.to dog 8. to act in a mischievous manner. talking soothingly.to horse around 10. trifle. to worry as if pursued by canines. tamper with I told you not to __________ around today. d. to move or react jerkily.to fawn over 9. h. l. to support the weight of. c.to wolf down
. o. to show affection. g.to bug 5. j. or bully. to fool around. Be serious! f. to tolerate. to gorge oneself Whenever they eat. they _____ out. to eat greedily.to cow B a. n. to treat as an object of great interest or importance We often ______ great heroes. He would ______________ his friends. devour Have you ever seen the way he ______ down his food? m. to stretch one’s neck out for a better view She had to _______ her neck to see over the crowd. to throw off as a horse might do to a rider They decided to ______ the trend and do it differently. scare. i. b. to annoy persistently He used to ________ the teacher to increase his score. Don’t trust her. To harass.ANIMATED ANIMALS
In English the names of many animals can also be used as verbs. speaking of their deeds. to eat greedily.to pig out 13. to frighten with threats. to court favor by cringing or flattering manner Women often ___________ over small babies.to badger 2. to put up with I could not ____________ how she cried so much. to annoy You’re a nuisance. A 1. k. to store up for future use We need to ______ away some money for a rainy day.to buck 4.to rat on
14.to bear 3.
6. No manners at all.to crane 7.to squirrel away 15. to engage in rough or boisterous play Her mother told her not _________ around any more. to bother. e. to hunt or track like a hound They will ___________ the opposition until they win. please don’t ________me anymore. to sustain. Match the animal verbs in Column A with their corresponding correct definitions in Column B. to report someone’s bad behavior.

PARENT POWER WHEN YOU WERE A CHILD:
were you sent to bed at a certain time? were you allowed to watch as much TV as you liked? were you made to do your homework every night? were you allowed to eat as many sweets as you liked? were you bought a lot of toys? were you ever smacked?
AS A UNIVERSITY STUDENT:
are you allowed to wear what you like? are you given a certain time to be in every night? are you allowed to go out as often as you like? are you allowed to use the family car? are you given a large allowance? are you made to help with the housework?
.

ADOLESCENCE Do you think teenagers today show more respect for adults (teachers. Do you think that wearing uniforms to school is a good idea? At what age should young adults leave home? What would you do if your teenage son or daughter shaved his or her head? How common is swearing among young people in Kyrgyz society? What do you think about music videos today? What do you think parents can do to help teenagers avoid depression? Do you believe in anti-depression drugs? Do you think teenagers today have it 'too easy'? Do you have strict or lenient parents? Why do you say that? Do teenagers in your country often problems with drugs or alcohol? What can you do to keep your teenager away from drugs and alcohol? Is teenage suicide a problem? What is the most important thing a parent can do for a teenager? At what age should a teenage girl have her first serious boyfriend? How old were you when you had your first serious relationship? What can society do to help teenagers who have problems at home? Is teenage pregnancy a problem here? Do you think that advertising plays an important role in how teenagers think? Should teenagers work? Why or why not?
. parents. etc. or any other crazy color? Describe your feelings towards tattoos.)? Do you think behavior has changed in recent generations? Should teens be able to dye their hair blue. green.

Able to remember everything. Tell a secret 16. What a cold fish! _________ d) Will you stop telling me to clean up my room? I heard you the first time. Able to overhear something 9. They killed two birds with one stone by working on the project at dinner. 10. It’s very wet outside. By a good margin
14. He was really a party animal! ____________ f) When Beth and Ann spent the weekend together. he hardly talked to me. Stop annoying me!
one time (usually low in too many parties
. He was sure he was above 6. It’s raining cats and dogs. ________ c) When I introduced myself to the new student. but I was smarter once
11. That’s a fishy story! ___________ o) Andrew and Erika were very hungry. a) John wasn’t surprised at his surprise party. Eat a lot of food at nutrition) 2. Get scared and change one’s mind 12. Read each sentence and place the number of its appropriate definition on the blank line. 5. A good view from high 3. 7. Someone who attends 15. Don’t bug me! _______________ e) When Joe was in college he loved to drink a lot and stay out late at all the parties.ANIMAL IDIOMS Here are some common expressions using animals. because Sue let the cat out of the bag. _____________ g) Don’t forget your umbrella. ___ m) Whenever I have to speak in front of a large crowd of people. He has the memory of an elephant! ___________ j) Holy cow! Did you see how fast that horse ran? He won the race by a mile! _______ k) Paul is married and has a girlfriend. but at the last minute he chickened out. Difficult to believe. He has a bird’s-eye view of the park. coke and candy. I outfoxed him!_____________ i) He recognized it immediately. What a rat!__________________ l) Jason got an apartment on the thirtieth floor. ____________ p) Sue is going to tell her boss that she’s going to quit. ____ b) Jack was about to marry Jane. To get very nervous smart. I get butterflies in my stomach. ____________ h) The salesman told me that this was the best buy! But I found out I could buy the same thing at a much lower price. but they had to finish a project. ________________ n) John told me that he had found three hundred dollars in the street. pouring 4. An unfriendly person. I’d like to be a fly on the wall when that happens! ____________ Answers:
1. they went off their diets and pigged out on pizza. a promiscuous man 13. Get two things done at 8.

What would happen if. . What would happen if the price of gasoline was raised 300%? What would happen if the price of cigarettes was raised 300%? What would happen if all the insects of the world died? What would happen if the polar ice cap melted? What would happen if the all tests were scrapped? What would happen if the drinking age was lowered to 14? What would happen if there was no rain for five years? What would happen if the speed limit was 250 km/h? What would happen if your country had a one-child policy like China? What would happen if college were made free for everybody? What would happen if students elected their teachers? What would happen if aliens landed in your country? What would happen if a mad cow were discovered in your town?
. . With your partner decide what would happen if these events happened? Also decide whether or not you think it’s a good idea or a bad idea.

I live close to the bus stop. If you see a nice shirt on sale you should grab it. I live right on the corner of Yates and Pine. but it’s all right. but at least I understood part of it. 1. a) gets bigger b) becomes available
8. This job is not very interesting. a) soon b) immediately
12. Keep your eyes open for a parking space. It’s very busy downtown today. Are you planning to live in this house for good. a) for a long time b) for now
4. a) stay awake b) look for
7.USING IDIOMS Find the correct meaning for each idiom. This apartment is small. but later it is easier. a) near b) far
5. a) all the time b) in the beginning
11. a) don’t have b) want to see
10. Then you can watch TV. I moved to a new country. I need a larger apartment. Learning a new language is difficult at first. I didn’t understand the movie all the way. or will you move next year? a) permanently b) temporarily
6. a) try it on b) buy it
9. Do your homework right away when you get home. I hope something opens up soon. a) acceptable b) unacceptable
3. I really miss my old friends. a) approximately b) exactly
2. but I’ll stay here for the time being.
.

The bus is late today. Julie has a cold. you should take it easy. She’s under the weather today. The show starts at 7:00 sharp. Everyone is in a hurry. you should go to the doctor and get a check-up.a) at the minimum b) all together 13. Please don’t be late. a) get colds b) are cold
17. a) at this time b) soon
19. a) What’s the problem? b) What do you think?
16. a) exactly b) approximately
24. a) very fast b) very slowly
. Tickets to the summer blockbuster movies are selling like hotcakes. a) do an easy job b) relax and rest
20. I watch it all the time. This medicine should help you feel better soon. a) sometimes b) very often
14. When you are tired or sick. a) moving slowly b) moving quickly
15. a) medicine b) examination
23. I like that TV show. When you are sick. a) feeling cold b) feeling sick
21. It’s busy downtown. a) touch b) recover
18. What’s the matter? You don’t look well. I don’t feel well. a) getting b) not getting
22. It should be here by now. In winter many people catch cold. I may be coming down with the flu.

or wear their hair as they please)? Do you think you will choose to send your children to a sexually segregated high school or one that is co-educational? Do you feel that teenagers should at some point be taught "the facts of life"? If so. etcetera? Should children be permitted to watch as much television as they feel like? Do you believe that high school students should be able to express themselves freely in dress and appearance (for example. get their ears pierced. wear make-up.CHILDREN AND GROWING UP
to be raised to influence co-education to discipline
to spank to ground to take lessons the facts of life
CONCERNING YOUR CHILDHOOD: Where were you raised? What activities did you enjoy doing with your friends? Did you ever take lessons of any kind? What did you want to be someday? Did you enjoy your elementary/middle/high school days? Did any teacher leave a lasting influence on you? CONCERNING YOUR CHILDREN: How will you discipline your children? Do you feel that it is ever necessary for parents or teachers to physically discipline children? Should children be allowed to play with toy guns. by whom?
. knives. tanks.

select the phrase that has the same meaning. she is ______________. you are _____________________. a) easy b) difficult
12-
If your wife says: “We have a bun in the oven”. a) involved b) disinterested
6-
“Use your noodle” means _____________________. a) answers itself b) is difficult to settle
10-
If you eat “humble pie” you ___________________________. a) perfect b) wrong
4-
If you are “cool as cucumber ”. a) the worst 2b) the best
To “egg on” means to ______________________________. a) having buns for dinner b) going to have a baby
. it is _________________________. a) accept shame b) are defensive
11-
If something is “a piece of cake”. a) panicked b) cool
5-
If you have “your finger in the pie”. a) encourage b) discourage
3-
If it’s “just your cup of tea”.FOOD IDIOMS For each idiom. it is ___________________. a) act b) think
7-
“In a nutshell” means _________________________. 1The “cream of the crop” means it is_______________________. a) in serious trouble b) having a good time
9-
“A hot potato” is a question which _____________________. you are ____________ something. a) concisely b) it is finished
8-
“In the soup” means __________________________.

VICES
SMOKING SLOTHFULNESS
GAMBLING GLUTTONY
PHILANDERING SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Do you have any vices? Do you ever worry about second-hand smoke? Do you think all restaurants should have a non-smoking area? Should smoking be permitted in bathrooms? Do you feel that the government is doing enough to educate people on the dangers of smoking? Have you ever won much money gambling? Do you feel that social gambling is a problem or just a harmless pastime? Should casinos like the one in the Hyatt Hotel be restricted to foreigners or open to Kyrgyz as well? Do you think that public drunkenness is a problem in Kyrgyzstan? Do you feel there is more pressure to drink heavily in Kyrgyzstan than in other societies? Do you ever feel compelled to drink beyond 'your limit'? Have you ever known anyone or seen anyone who did drugs? Do you think that drug abuse will ever be as prevalent and problematic here as it is starting to be in other countries? What are your feelings towards womanizers? Have you ever met anyone (male or female) that you felt to be a real philanderer? How widespread is prostitution in Kyrgyzstan? Do you think it should be eradicated or simply tolerated? How do you feel about the system in The Netherlands where it is both legalized and government controlled? Could such a system work here? What are your thoughts about cabarets? Are they simply establishments for dance and music or are they actually for something more sinister? Should women be allowed such release or should the government crackdown harder on these places of ill-repute?
.

.? a) intelligence? b) interest? c) laughter? d) surprise?
.? a) a newspaper? b) a novel c) poetry? d) a religious text? 8.? a) a secret? b) a vow? c) one’s health? d) youth? e) principles? 10. Which is most difficult to……….? a) religious laws or state laws? b) your consciousness or your desires? c) your parents or your teachers?
5.? a) friendship or love? b) happiness or wealth? c) intelligence or d) a successful marriage or a successful career? 9. Which is most difficult to…………? a) to ride a bike? b) to swim? c) to drive? d) to use a computer? 2. Which is most difficult to………. Which is most difficult to……….. Which is most difficult to…………. Which is most difficult to…………? a) rejection in love? b) loss of possessions through an earthquake? c) never having one’s prayers answered? d) death of a close relative or friend?
4. Which is most difficult to………….DILEMMAS Complete the following questions by choosing one of the verbs in the boxes below. prepare to share your preferences. read fake (show) follow acquire or achieve obey keep learn do be accept
Once you have answered the questions.? a) a parent or a child? b) a teacher or a student? c) a man or a woman? 6. Which is most difficult to…………? a) an instruction manual? b) a recipe? c) a road map? d) your teacher’s explanation? 3. Which is most difficult to…………. Which is most difficult to………….? a) to give or take? b) to listen or talk? c) to praise or criticize? d) speak in public or confide in private? 7. 1.

both his/her physical features and personality traits. If your date was late in arriving at your arranged meeting place. Have you ever been on a blind date? What happened? Do you feel that this is a good way to meet someone? 2.People in the West generally start dating at a much earlier age than those in the East.Do you prefer to go Dutch? If not. Describe your idea of a perfect date (give details from beginning to end).
. Would you go on a date with someone who is not as educated as you? How about someone from the countryside? 7. do you feel one should "play the field". At what age do you believe people should start dating? 3. Would you ever consider dating a foreigner? 8.DATING to date to go Dutch to be stood up blind date steady boyfriend/girlfriend personality traits
1. who should pay? 4. Describe your ideal man/woman. or is it better to stay with one steady boyfriend/girlfriend? 11.Do you feel that a discotheque is a good place to go on a first date? Why or why not? 5. Would you ever kiss someone on a first date? 10. Men: Would you go on a date with an older woman? Women: Would you go on a date with a younger man? 6. 12. Before getting married. how long would you be willing to wait? What would you do if you were stood up? 9.

Immigration to the United States should be open and unlimited. 9. 3. 2. No family should have more than two children. Marijuana should be legal and packaged commercially. T. Abortion is a personal decision. Cigarette smoking should be banned from all public places.V. 8. 17. National pride is ridiculous. It makes people stupid. 18. Child molesters should be banned from society. All homosexuals should go to jail. 7.Parents should allow their teenager children to wear their hair any way they like and allow them to dress any way they like. 20. All people of the world should speak the same language. 14. All nuclear weapons in the possession of any nation should be eliminated.
. 5. People should not marry until they are at least twenty-five years old. The United Nations is a productive and essential organization. 4. Capital punishment should be abolished in the United States. People of different religions should not marry. is a total waste of time. Homosexuality is immoral.CONTROVERSIAL STATEMENT / DEBATE TOPICS 1. All drunk drivers should be sent to jail. High school cafeterias should not be allowed to sell junk food. Terminally.ill people should be free to end their lives with the help of their physicians. The law and the church should stay out of it. 6. 13. 12. Violence on television influences people to act violently. 11. 10. 15. 16. All borders and boundaries should be abolished. 19.

ground him/her. Slava (age 8) got caught with a Playboy magazine. take away some of his/her privileges. express disappointment. Pierre (age 9) threw a rock through a neighbor's window. Igor (age 7) punched another boy in the nose. Katya (age 10) talks back to her parents. scold him/her.. give him/her the silent treatment. have him/her do extra chores. I would (probably). prefers junk food. Nastya (age 12) was caught smoking in the bathroom. David (age 5) stole a candy bar from a grocery store. Andrew (age 6) avoids eating anything healthy. Oleg (age 11) doesn’t do his homework. Svetlana (age 15) came home well past her curfew. give him/her a good spanking.PARENTAL PUNISHMENT
In this situation. Sergey (age 13) was seen making out with some wild-looking boy. make him/her apologize. guilt trip him/her.
. Alina (age 16) stumbled home drunk. confine him/her to his room. Tanya (age 13) took some money from her mother's purse. (other)
Vladimir (age 9) refuses to take the garbage out. give him/her a whipping.. Alexander (age 14) never does his chores. cut off his/her allowance. let it slide. Alona (age 4) throws temper tantrums when she doesn't get what she wants.

two negative forms are common: you’re not or you aren’t. 20. the forms with n’t are more common. With other verbs. ‘D. 3. How is your mother? 18. I am tired. 5. They have finished. My car has broken down. 16. ‘S. Here’s your money. ‘d and ‘ll are normally only written after pronouns. ‘RE. etc. 11. ‘ve. The contraction ‘re. 12. I am not sorry. 14. 4.Why are not in bed? 9. 13. The door will not close. Affirmative contractions: Pronoun + ‘M. question words. 19.She has forgotten. I wish you would stop. I thought you had left. How’s everything? There’s the phone. Your father’s gone home. 17. It does not matter. isn’t or don’t represent the pronunciation of informal speech. 15. but unusual in formal writing. They are common and correct in informal writing. It is not cold today. 6.Do you not like this? 10. 1. I cannot swim.CONTRACTIONS
Contractions like she’s. 7. The contraction ‘s (=is or has) can be written after pronouns. nouns. It’s late.We will tell you tomorrow. You need not worry. I have not forgotten. there and here. Rewrite these sentences using contractions. Am not is only contracted to aren’t in questions: I’m late. 2.Nobody is perfect.Is not that your car?
. 8.She is French. ‘LL I am> I’m we are > we’re she is > she’s he has> he’s I have > I’ve you had >you’d you would > you’d they will > they’ll Negative contractions: Auxiliary verb / BE + N’T are not >aren’t shall not > shan’t is not > isn’t would not > wouldn’t have not > haven’t should not > shouldn’t has not > hasn’t cannot > can’t had not> hadn’t could not > couldn’t do not>don’t might not > mightn’t does not > doesn’t must not > mustn’t did not > didn’t ought not > oughtn’t will not > won’t need not needn’t
With be. aren’t I? But I’m not ready. she’s not or she isn’t.

•Women are seldom logical. • After marriage. and asking for and giving information.
. men make much better drivers than women. • Most men never grow up. interrupting. • Women are able to express their inner feelings much easier than men. •Men are attracted by what they see. • Because of their traditional role in society. men should always pay for women on dates. • It is much more difficult for a man to be faithful in a marriage than it is for a woman. expressing agreement or disagreement. •Women talk a lot. •It is important for a woman to remain physically attractive to her husband. •In general. it is sometimes okay to flirt with people other than your spouse. women are attracted by what they hear.BATTLE OF THE SEXES Discuss the following using appropriate methods of giving your opinions. • Women are too emotional to be truly effective leaders. • Men and women think alike. •It is the man and not the woman who should be the primary breadwinner. but often have little to say.

it’ll bring you bad luck. your good luck will continue. If you find a rabbit’s food. If a black cat crosses your path. the wish will come true. you’ll have bad luck. 15. you will have seven years of bad luck. 4. you’ll have bad luck. 13. If a girl catches the bride’s bouquet after a wedding. 8. she will be the next one to marry. If you cross your fingers as you make a wish. it’ll bring you bad luck. If you chase someone with a broom.
. 17.If you sleep on a table. you will have bad luck. you will get a lot of money. you will have bad luck. If you talk of the Devil. If you open an umbrella inside the house. If you see a small spider. 11. If you scratch your left hand. you’ll have bad luck. If a witch points at you. he will appear. If you touch wood. 12. 2. 5. it’ll bring you bad luck. 3. If you hear an owl in the night.COMMON SUPERSTITIONS Here are some common superstitions that many people in the United States still believe. 20. If the bottom of your feet itch. 5. 16. a friend will die.If you refuse a kiss under the mistletoe.If you break a mirror.If you rock an empty rocking chair. If a black cat crosses your path. 9. it will bring you good luck. 18. you will die. 10. 14. you’ll make a trip. If you walk under a ladder. If you find a penny and pick it up. 1. Compare them to the common superstitions in your own country. you will give money away. 19. 6. 7. you’ll have good luck all day long.

)? Do you feel it is proper for middle-aged or elderly people to dress in modern clothing. how different aged people dress. listen to popular music. how different aged people mix socially. and one’s chronological age? What is your earliest memory? What did you enjoy most about your childhood? What do you feel is the ideal age? (If you could “freeze” at one age. or should they simply "act their age"? How is the concept of age in your country different from that of the United States? (Think. etc. hair transplants. go out dancing. go on dates (if single). one’s physical age. facelifts. middle-aged. breast implants. or other activities traditionally reserved for the young. liposuction. what age would that be? What do you enjoy most about being your present age? What are the good points and bad points about being: an adolescent.AGE 0 1 12 adolescence 20 adulthood 40 middle age 65 old age
infancy childhood
What do you think might be the difference between one’s mental age. of how the elderly are treated. and elderly? Do you fear the thought of getting older? What do you think about people who try to postpone the physical effects of aging by means of cosmetic surgery (for example. for example.) What examples of ageism can you think of regarding your culture?
. etc.

Someone I admire _________________________________________ 9-What I enjoy doing most ____________________________________ 10-A famous person I would like to meet __________________________ 11.My best quality ___________________________________________ 14.Something I do well ________________________________________ 2.My best feature ____________________________________________ 4-Something I would like to learn _______________________________ 5-What I like to collect _______________________________________ 6. My favorite movie ________________________
.ABOUT ME Share some information about yourself. 1.My favorite game or sport ___________________________________ 3.My favorite pet or animal ___________________________________ 7-What makes me smile ______________________________________ 8.My favorite food __________________________________________ 12.Something about me you would be surprised to know ________________ 15.A very special friend or relative ______________________________ 13.

This area will include an invited international community of 20. Imagine that your group has to decide the laws of this new country.000 men and women. Which political system will the country have? What will the official language(s) be? Will there be censorship? What industries will your country try to develop? Will citizens be allowed to carry a gun? Will there be the death penalty? Will there be a state religion? What kind of immigration policy will there be? What will the educational system be like? Will there be compulsory education to a certain age? Who will be allowed to marry? How will you keep the country from becoming over populated? What environmental policies will be in place?
.Creating the Ideal Society A large area of your country has been set aside by the current government for the development of a new nation. Discuss the following questions.

If I could be a foreign country. I’d be a (an) _____________________ because………………. I’d be a(n) _______________ because ………………. If I could be a kind of food. I’d be _________________ because……………………. I’d be a(n) _____________________ because………………. I’d be ____________________ because …………………… If I could be a TV show. I’d be _____________________ because ………………… If I could be a part of speech. Complete each sentence with the words that best describe you. I’d be a(n) ___________________ because…………. If I could be any animal. I’d be _________________ because………………. If I could be a musical instrument. I’d be a(n) _____________________ because………………….. I’d be __________________ because …………………… If I could be any color. If I could be a tree.. If I could be a state. If I could be a song.
.IF I COULD BE ………………………. I’d be a (an) _________________________ because………………. I’d be a(n)_______________________ because……………… If I could be a bird. If I could be a car. If I could be an insect. If I could be a building. I’d be a (n) ____________________ because …………………… If I could be a piece of furniture. I’d be ______________ because …………………… If I could be a film. I’d be a(n) ________________ because ……………….. I’d be a (an) ____________________ because ………………… If I could be a flower.. I’d be _________________ because ……………………. I’d be _______________________ because…………………... If I could be a game.

She sells seashells on the seashore. The sixth sick Sheik's sixth sheep is sick. a box of mixed biscuits and a biscuit mixer! Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper. Where's the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked? Red leather. Tongue twisters have long been a popular form of wordplay. We surely shall see the sun shine soon. red leather. Even native English speakers find the tongue-twisters on this page difficult to say quickly. yellow leather. Try them yourself. particularly for schoolchildren. A box of biscuits. Try to say them as fast as possible.
. Swim swan swim! Swan swam back again Well swum swan! Three gray geese in green fields grazing. Long legged ladies last longer. The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver. Mixed biscuits. but they also have a more serious side . mixed biscuits. [Sometimes described as the hardest tongue-twister in the English language. Betty better butter Brad's bread.Tongue-Twisters A tongue-twister is a sequence of words that is difficult to pronounce quickly and correctly. yellow leather.] Swan swam over the pond. Around the rugged rocks the ragged rascals ran.being used in elocution teaching and in the treatment of some speech defects. but correctly!
A proper copper coffee pot. Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled pepper? If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.

OVERWORKED AND UNDERPAID What do (or did) your parents do? Have you ever earned an income? What do you think you might be doing in 10 years? What would be your dream job? What kind of job would you most hate to do? Is personal satisfaction or good pay more important to you in a job? If you won $1. or sex when applying for work? How many weeks of vacation time do people typically receive? Do you feel the work ethic is as strong in your generation as that of yours parents’ or grandparents’ generation? Explain why you feel this way.000.000 in a lottery. age.
. religion. would you still work? Which occupations are considered most prestigious? Which jobs would you consider to be hazardous? What are the advantages of working for a salary? How about wages? In your country-Are labor unions strong? Do people receive unemployment benefits if they lose their job? Are people ever discriminated against because of race.

) and a woman feminine (gentle.The Perfect Partner Does age matter? Some people say “opposites attract”—is that true? What sort of appearance would your perfect partner have? If you married your perfect partner. shy. brave. would you see them every day? Should a man be masculine (strong. etc. confident.)? Does height matter? Should you marry someone with similar social status? What would you do if your parents didn’t like your boyfriend/girlfriend? Is it important to have similar interests? Would your perfect partner have “traditional” values (and what does that mean)? Where and how would you like to meet your perfect partner? How will you know that he/she is the right one to marry?
. would you ever quarrel? What does “romance” mean to you? What kind of job would your perfect partner have? What kind of personality would your perfect partner have? Must your perfect partner be a good kisser? If you were dating your perfect partner. etc.

where he/she prefers to shop for clothes. what his/her favorite and least favorite subjects in school were. what kind of clothes he/she prefers to wear.Preferences
Student A
Take turns with your partner: You will ask the questions listed below. If you don’t understand what you are being asked. where he/she would most like to live. what his/her favorite and least favorite type of drink is.
. what sort of concerts he/she prefers to attend. politely ask him/her to repeat it. This is a listening as well as a speaking activity. and he/she will ask you the questions listed on the next page. what types of sports he/she likes to play. Ask your partner: what kind of television shows he/she likes to watch. what sort of activities he/she really likes and doesn’t like to do.

This is a listening as well as a speaking activity. what sort of books he/she likes to read. which kind of sports he/she prefers to watch. and he/she will ask you the questions listed on the previous page. what kind of job he/she would most like to have. politely ask him/her to repeat it. what sort of cars he/she would like to own. Ask your partner: what he/she prefers to do on the weekends. If you don’t understand what you are being asked. what kind of women/men he/she likes. what type of games he/she likes to play.Preferences
Student B
Take turns with your partner: You will ask the questions listed below. what his/her favorite and least favorite kind of pizza is.
. what kind of vacations he/she likes to take.

have your cake and it too.. get blood out of a turnip..…….……. please everybody. 4-…….…….. make an omelet without breaking eggs. 6..……. 20-……. 10-…….. make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear... fool all the people all the time. win arguments by interrupting speakers. 13-……. teach an old dog new tricks. tell which way the train went by looking at the track. sip soup with a knife.. catch a cub without going into the tiger’s den. 15.……..…….
. 18. 19. 9.…….………... shake hands with a clenched fist. YOU CAN’T
1-…….. 7-…….... run with the hare and hunt with the hounds.……. have a rainbow without rain.…….. 11-……. 8. 5. 16-……..PROVERBIALLY. 3. judge a book by its cover. measure the sea with a shell. 17..……. pick up two melons with one hand.……. 2. see the sky through a bamboo tube..have it both ways. 14. 12. cheat an honest man..

and why? What kind of organization would you like to work for (erg.The Ideal Job What job would you like to do. or with other people? Would you like a job dealing with clients/customers? What do you think of government jobs? Have you considered volunteering to work in poor areas of China? If you boss asked you to work overtime. small company. how would you feel? Do you think it’s a bad idea to date someone you work with? Would you like to work inside or outside? Could you handle a high-pressure job? Would you like to find a job in your home town. government department. foreign company. or only a way to make money?
. large company)? Would you like to be a teacher? Why or why not? Are you looking forward to working? Do you think you would be a good manager? Would you prefer to work quietly by yourself. private company. or elsewhere? How do you expect to use English in your work? Is work enjoyable. state company.

where do older people live. when you have a problem.Family Life
Give your full name. When you were child. who lived with you? When you were a child. whom do you go to for help? Is that typical in your culture? In your culture. how did your parents feel about their children becoming independent? Give examples. its meaning. and how it was chosen for you. Nowadays. and what money do they live on?
. what were the responsibilities of each child in the house? As you were growing up. where do young adults live before getting married? Why? In your culture. what do people think of a 27-year-old person who lives at home with his or her parents? Explain. What was family life like in your home when you were a teenager? What was it like when you disagreed with your parents? In your culture. who took care of you when your parents were not at home? When you were growing up.

Less than normal speed. 12345678910111213141516boxing motion zero minded shopping your nose up white pages your boat up and arrow off how tide room To fight or box with yourself. Having a lot of space. Only looking – not buying. Use your dictionary as needed. To inflate. Write the word you choose in the box. Minus ten degrees. Having knowledge.
. To do what your heart tells you. Telephone book for businesses. put air inside. When the sea is far from the coast. for example. Someone who won’t accept other ideas. To become an adult. Robin Hood’s weapon. Use oars. To try and impress. not a motor. A friend of the Seven Dwarfs.FOLLOW THE IDIOM Window Below Bow Snow Elbow Row Know Follow Grow Slow Narrow Yellow Shadow Blow Low show
Choose one of “-ow” words above to complete the idiomatic expressions that match the different definitions. to move your boat.

br aspirin comfortable opera laboratory deliberate (adj. They are not standard written English.) separate (adj.REDUCTIONS Reductions are common and reflect naturally spoken language.. honorable miserable
.) fr.
Standard Written Form I don’t know give let me get you got you bet you don’t you What are you ……? What do you ……. vr different every beverage favorable favorite tr documentary elementary interested interesting ….? could have should have would have might have must have kind of kinds of a lot of lots of got to have to has to want to going to ought to Reduced Form I dunno gimme lemme getcha gotcha betcha doncha Waddya Waddya coulda shoulda woulda mighta musta kinda kindsa lotta lotsa gotta hafta hasta wanna gonna oughta
VOWEL REDUCTION Unstressed vowel + r = vowel not pronounced pr.

00 to buy a meal for two people.Food for Thought
What food is Bishkek famous for? And Osh the other Kyrgyz regions? If you could eat only one food for the rest of your life. which food would you eat? What restaurants do you usually go to for lunch? What food do they make best? What is the most expensive food you've ever eaten? Is it important for a man to know how to cook? What is the best dressing for a vegetable salad? Do you like raw fish/sushi/sashimi? What foods are good for you? Why are they good? Are there any world-famous Kyrgyz chefs? Do you like spicy food? What foods do people eat in other countries? In India? France? Japan? China? Russia? Do you think expensive food is more delicious than inexpensive food? What is the hottest food you have ever eaten? What happened? How has Kyrgyz food changed over the past twenty years? What food is traditionally served for Eid Khourbon? For New Year's? Do you eat these foods at your home? What do you think of foreign cuisine? Japanese? Chinese? Western? Are there any McDonald’s restaurants here? What is the worst thing you have ever eaten? If you had $200. where would you eat and what would you order? If you were lost in a forest. how would you hunt animals to stay alive? Have you ever eaten gourmet food? Why do you think most of the great chefs of the world are men?
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get really angry 6. “He hardly worked” means that he worked __________. at the scheduled time or earlier 2. very much b. become very confused c. freeze something b. think it’s not true c. go away 4. at the scheduled time or later c. it is not a good idea to do it. very long c. at the scheduled time b. A “whatchamacallit” is something that you: a. a.
a. he/she wants you to: a. b. calm down c. relax b. a. you mustn’t not do it. very little
. If someone says “Cool it!”.A REVIEW OF SOME IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
Fill in the blank with the appropriate sentence 1. “You don’t have to do it” means __________.Starting “on time” means beginning __________. c. it isn’t necessary to do it. 3. use for communication b. “To veg (vedge) out” means to: a. can’t remember / don’t know the name of 5.

earlier than expected b.7. work harder or move faster
. confused b. “I really pigged out” means that I _________. my opinion c. before it’s too late 9. hurry up c. a. something you can’t use 11. behaved very badly b. stop what you are doing b. a very small amount of money b. ate too much 10. Someone “that ticks you off” makes you feel _________ a.” I give you ____________. I’d better “get a move on” means I need to ___________. dress b. If I give you “my two cents worth. decide what to do 8. just a little bit late c. If someone says “hold it”. pick something up c. angry or upset 12. he she wants you to _________ a. a. a. sad and lonely c. Getting somewhere “in time” means arriving there __________. was not neat or organized c. a.

How many can you think of?
Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø
Ways to get from one place to another Things that crash Reasons not to smoke Names for an ice-cream shop Things that are soft but strong Titles for a TV show about your school Ways to save paper Things that close Uses for a pile of cardboard Titles for a book about magnets Things that sparkle Works that make you think of fun Ways to be kind to someone Invisible things Uses for a single wheel Excuses for not doing homework Words that create a mood of excitement Things that melt
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You can either tell the truth. The class will then decide whether you are telling the truth or just pulling our leg.Tell Us Something
Choose one topic below and tell your partners about your experience. or you can fib by making up a false or funny story. your last vacation your first love your last birthday your first kiss a time when you stole something the worst day of your life a time when you were sick a time when you were frightened the first time you drank alcohol a time when you were hurt a time when you were embarrassed a time when you were caught lying your first encounter with a foreigner
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8. Now he is _________________________. 6. She___________________. She___________________. He’s _____________________________________.Karen likes her new car very much. She’s _____________________________. He says _____________________. 9.Rich came back from vacation looking great.Sue did not feel well today. He’s _________________________.
a) to be in the dumps b) to be tickled pink c) to look like one has the weight of the world on one’s shoulders d) to grin from ear to ear e) to feel like a million bucks f) to walk on air (progressive)
g) to be in cloud nine h) to be on top of the world i) to look like one lost one’s best friend j) to feel blue k) to be in seventh heaven l) to be out of sorts
1. 11.Sarah came down with the flu and had to cancel her date.Sally lost her job and does not know how she is going to pay her bills. She’s ______________________________________. 7. In fact.John lost his dog the other day. 12. 15.Gene found the travelers checks he had lost.Mary came in first in the ten-mile race.Victor’s favorite restaurant went out of business. 10.Leandro insulted his boss by mistake.Virginia has been given the promotion she dreamed about. She looks like________________________________________________.Bob’s parents gave him a trip to Europe for a graduation present. 5.Ken got some bad news in the mail today. He’s_____________________________________________________ 4. 14. More than one possibility exists for each sentence. she’s ______________________ with it. He looks like ____________________. He is _______________________
.IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS TO INDICATE HAPPINESS OR SADNESS Match the expressions listed below to the mental states reflected on the sentences that follow. 13. She’s_______________________________________ 2.Jan failed her math exam.

I ________________________________________________________________________ As soon as I get home in the evenings. I ____________________________________________________________________ Whenever I feel bored. I _______________________________________________________________ Just before I go to sleep.THINGS I DO Immediately after getting up in the morning. I ________________________________________________________________________ When I finish reading a good book or watching a good film. I __________________________________________________________________ Whenever I am feeling stressed out. I __________________________________________________________ Whenever I am expecting guests to arrive. I _____________________________________________________________ Just after having a bath/shower. I ________________________________________________________________________ When I realize that someone is angry with me. I __________________________________________________________ When something scares me. I _______________________________________________________ Whenever I meet a beautiful woman/handsome man for the first time. I ________________________________________________________________________
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Prejudice
Write: the adjective form of prejudice the adverb form of stereotype
a person who exhibits racism is a…
the verb form of segregation
the adjective form of racism a person who exhibits sexism is a…
What sort of prejudice (or discrimination) might someone experience while being interviewed for a job? Can you think of any stereotypical descriptions of any nationality or peoples? What do you know about the racial problems that Americans have experienced as a society? Do you know of any racial prejudices that are common in your part of the world? Have you ever experienced any kind of prejudice against yourself? Have you ever been anyplace where ethnic minorities lived segregated from others? Have you ever met anyone that you considered to be a racist? Have interracial marriages ever been considered taboo in your country? Have you or anyone you know ever been a victim of sexism?
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Be prepared to justify your answers.RATE THE APPARATUS
The following devices have become indispensable to most people. take a look at the list and rate the inventions from 1 (most important) to 10 (least important). With your partner. Automobile Fax / scanner Video camera Cell phone Digital camera TIVO / VCR Microwave Blackberry IPod Your choice
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Hearing racist remarks or jokes. People cutting in line. People talking loudly on their cellular phones. People picking at their teeth.WHAT REALLY ANNOYS YOU? People telling me how to drive. Listening to politicians make promises. Impolite waiters or waitresses. A person unnecessarily putting his or her hands on me . (Anything else?)
. A person making loud sniffing and snorting noises. People smoking while I am eating. Television commercials. People regularly criticizing me. A person continually trying to be funny. People interrupting me while I am speaking. A person honking their horn at me. Finding a hair in my food. Hearing 'loud' music. Getting a busy signal when I am trying to get through to someone. People who are always complaining.

without taking part Back to Square One – Return to the beginning Bug – Annoy Butt in – Interfere Chew (Someone) Out – Scold harshly Chicken Out – Too frightened to act Cream of the Crop – The best Do an About-Face – Change behavior abruptly Draw the Line at – Not allow beyond a certain point Eager Beaver – Person excited about an activity Egg on One’s Face – Appear embarrassed Face the Music – Accept consequences of one’s own actions Fool Around – Not be serious Get Something Down Pat – Perfect an activity Go Overboard – Do too much Head in the Clouds – Absent-minded Hold One’s Horses – Be patient. but not the least important Letter Perfect – Exactly right Lend an Ear – Listen to someone Make Tracks – Leave quickly More than One Way to Skin a Cat – Different solutions to a problem Nitty-Gritty – Essential points Nothing to Write Home about – Ordinary Off the Cuff – Without much advance preparation Off the Wall – Unusual On the Fritz – Not working correctly Piece of Cake – Easy Put the Cart before the Horse – Do things backwards Read between the Lines – Understand indirectly See the Light – Understand clearly Speaking of the Devil – Someone who is being talked about has just appeared Toe the Line – Follow the rules Up in the Air – Undecided When Hell Freezes Over – Never Whole Nine Yards. but not Least – Final item on a list. Go the – Go all out Wing It – Improvise Contributed by Willoughby Ann Walshe
.Idioms to Use in Class Situations At Wits’ End – Frustrated Along for the Ride – Present. don’t play around Keep the Ball Rolling – Maintain momentum Last. don’t hurry It’s All Greek – Incomprehensible Jump the Gun – Do something prematurely Keep One’s Nose to the Grindstone – Work hard.

BOOKS. PLACES AND HOBBIES Three Dishes your favorite dish a dish you don’t really like the most unusual dish you have ever tried Three Books the first book you can remember reading the name of the last book you read the name of a book that is supposed to be good Three Places your favorite place to go on vacation a place you would really like to visit a place you want to forget Three Hobbies something you enjoy doing something that you would like to take up something you have no interest in at all
.THREE DISHES.

and the development of reading.Topics What kind of topics are you interested in? What sort of things do you think you would like to learn more about? Which might help to develop either professionally or personally? Tick those that appeal to you (or feel free to add anything not listed) so that future lessons might be designed around these preferences. These lessons. speaking. idiomatic expressions. writing. will also incorporate all aspects of the language deemed necessary for acquisition: relevant vocabulary. while topical in nature. and listening skills. Current Events History Social Issues Travel International Relations Literature The Arts Women in the Workplace Business Family
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spend the evening at a comedy club.. but I don’t really care for.. Okay. Try to persuade your partner to. A:. A: .. GIVING IN All right.. I feel that we should. A: . but I’d much rather. B:.. B: .go on a day-trip to..... POLITELY DISAGREEING That's a good idea...go on a day-trip to. B: .spend the evening dancing at a popular nightclub... A: . B: ....
..have dinner at a Chinese food restaurant. A:. A: ...go to a movie that you have been wanting to see.....spend the day at the beach... let’s. That doesn't sound bad... but I don’t really like.work on our homework together after class. You win..go study at the library.. as a special favor to you. A: ....go to a movie that you have been wanting to see..have dinner at a Mexican food restaurant... B:.shoot pool/go bowling/do something else instead.WHY DON'T WE..... B: ....spend the day in the mountains. MAKING A SUGGESTION Why don't we.go out for a drink.. That sounds okay.. you've talked me into it....... B: . I think the best thing to do is. Let's do that.

draw-sweep-trap (running plays) 5. Halloween-The World Series-End of daylight savings (they all happen in October) 11. a bull – a car – a shoe salesman (they all have horns) 15. Bob-Tom-Alley (cats) 8. a weak battery – a matador – a crime suspect (they are all charged) 20. core – crust – mantle (they are layers of the earth) 19. McDonald’s – St. an actor – a crowded amusement park – a football field (they all have lines) 17.
. basketball-embroidery-hula (they all use a hoop) 12. song-heart-policeman (they all have a beat) 3. heat-dough-taxes (they all rise) 4. microscope-playground-trombone (they all have a slide) 2. turkeys – statues – initials (they are all carved) 18. Julius Caesar-Robert Kennedy-John Lennon (they were all assassinated) 7. Louis – a foot (they all have arches).TRIBOND – Answer Key Use your thinking skills to determine what the given trios have in common Example: tent – baseball – horseshoe Answer: They’re all pitched 1. Moses-Superman-Cabbage Patch Kids (they are all orphans) 6. a basketball player – a soccer player – a baby (they all dribble) 16. dog-pillow-fist (fight) 10. Astro-Elroy-Rosie (all characters in the futuristic TV show The Jetsons) 9. a tiger-a leprechaun-a frog (They are all breakfast mascots) 14. Martin Luther King-Jack Lord-Patty Duke (all have royalty titles for last names) 13.

whether or not you would consider a posting abroad. where you see yourself in five years time. what you consider to be the ideal occupation.Working My Life Away
Tell your partner(s)… about your previous employment. what your parents do (or did). what you wanted to be as a child. how long you have to commute to work and back every day. what you feel to be the most difficult aspect of your job. about your very first job. whether or not you would prefer to work from home. what you feel the ideal working hours would be. what your main duties are these days. what you consider to be your favorite part of the work day.
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14. 11. 6. 3. He always got his___________ in the clouds.When there’s a problem to solve. They were ______________________________________ over heels in love. 7.IDIOMS ABOUT THE BODY AND THE MIND Many idiomatic expressions in the English language refer to parts of the body. they were living hand to mouth. It’s way over my _________________________________. I’m sorry I didn’t call you. They were so poor. 13.A good book can help you get your _________________________ off your troubles.
brain ear eye
face foot hair
hair hand head
heart leg mind
mouth neck nose
1. You’ll just have to play it by _____________________. two ____________________ are better than one. He makes all these impossible plans. it slipped my _______________________________. I try to keep an open __________________________. 4. Can you keep an _________________ on my bags while I make a phone call? 16. That’s too difficult for me. She looks down her ________________________ at everyone. If you admit making such a serious mistakes. I could not make up my ___________________________ whether to write or phone. 10. 12. She’s such a snob. Fill in the blanks with the part of the body that best completes the meaning. they were able to keep their _______________ above water.
. It is quite simple. The driver of the car that passed us should have his ________________examined. They were so poor. I can’t tell you what to do. When it comes to politics. they were living _________________ to _______________. Just use your ________________________________. She always keeps her _____________________________________ in a crisis. 2. 8. 15. Despite the recession. 9. you’ll lose ______________________. 5.

The lesson went over my _____________________. 28. I didn’t understand a word of it. I can think of two solutions to your problem. 21.They refused to help us. Anything you say to them goes in one ______________________ and out the other. I didn’t mean what I said. 34. Bush and Gore were _________________ to _____________________ in the polls. 29. He doesn’t have a ______________ to stand on. 19. I was just going to say that. When they said that they had gotten engaged. 23. I tried to catch the waiter’s _______________________ but he didn’t look my way. 25. Off the top of my _________________. 35.17.Bear in _________________________ that interest rates will vary from day to day. I could not believe my ___________. He knew the risks and went into it with his ____________________________ open. 24. There’s no difference. but in the end they had a change of ____________________. You took the word right out of my _________________. 26. 33. 18. 20. The new manager was given a free ________________ to restructure the company. 22. You don’t need to tell me how to get there.
. 27. 30. The decision is in your _______________________. What he did was quite unjustified. 31. I’ll just follow my ___________________. I was only pulling your _______________________. He’s an accountant. and has a good _______________________ for figures. We have to learn the words by ______________________. You’re splitting _______________________________.

What is the percentage of women and men in your profession?
2. If there is an imbalance.WOMEN AND THE PROFESSIONS 1. What kind of jobs would you find unsuitable for women?
10. what is it caused by?
3. Are women generally equally represented across the workforce in your country?
4. Are there any sectors of your country’s economy dominated by women?
5. Do women prefer the same jobs as men or different?
9. Is it easy for women in your country to combine work and family life? Why yes or why not?
. Are there any heavily feminized occupations?
6. What do women consider when they choose their professional careers?
8. Are there any jobs in your country which are barred to women?
7.

I don't mind wet days. most people are very nice. I absolutely hate Mondays. 1. 14. 19. 7. Keeping animals at home is cruel. Students then must justify their answer in a logical fashion. 9. I never run for a bus-I can catch the following one. People who smoke are crazy. The beach is for relaxing and doing nothing. I am intelligent. 4. I have never stolen anything-never. 3. 18. 20. there are still plenty of things to do. I am an adventurous person. Tall men/women are more interesting than small ones. Spending 160.00 dollars on a permanent is immoral. Parents spoil their children nowadays. 16. 13. In the end.TRUE OR FALSE Have each student answer the questions based on his or her experience. 12. I had a great time at secondary school-I loved it. I never go to bed after 1 am. People who watch more than 2 hours of TV a day are wasting time. 6. 2. 17. 11.
. 5. I really believe that motorbikes are dangerous. 15. 8. My parents started giving me pocket money when I was five. My ambition in life is to get a permanent job. 10. I study English more than 2 hours a week.

What are you afraid of? Loud and aggressive people? The sight of blood? Making a fool out of yourself? Taking tests and exams? Closed-in places? Being a passenger in a car being driven recklessly? Growling animals? Thunderstorms? Spiders and cockroaches? Speaking in front of large groups of people? Heights? Airplane turbulence? Dark alleys? Being alone someplace with a stranger? Job interviews? Hypodermic needles? Snakes? Not living up to your parents expectations? Having surgery? Getting old? Death? Failing this class? First Dates? Marriage? Anything else?
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what would that be? what would that be? If you could live in different planet. where would you go and why?
If you had to choose.000. which one would the manager? you choose?
. what would it be? you do? If you had the opportunity to be different. what would you you be? choose to be? If you could be another person for a day. would you report it? eyesight or your hearing? If you were a piece of candy. would you tell great wisdom or great wealth. what would you say? If you could be a bird. who If you could be invisible for a day. what would If you only had one wish. what would you do? If you could have only one type of food for the rest of your life. what problems or concerns would you work on first?
If you worked for a store and saw another If you were given a choice between been given employee stealing something. which one would If you could be an animal.Conversation Questions: What if………………. would you go? Why or why not? If you were a monster. what would would you be? you do and why? If you could change one thing about yourself. If you could take a vacation anywhere in the who would it be and what questions would world for any length of time. what you go? would you do? If you found a wallet with $1. what would it be? If you could be a plant. what toy would you be? If you were given the chance to go to the moon. would you give up your If you saw a robbery. where would you you ask that person? go? If you could travel back in time.?
If the whole world were listening. which one would you choose? If could date a celebrity. dead or alive. what would you choose to be? If you could ask God any question. what would you choose to be?
If you could be a superhero. If you could change one thing about the world.000. whom would you choose? If you could speak any other language (besides English) which one would you choose? If you could commit a crime and get away with it. where would If you found a suitcase full of $1. what monster would you be? If you were asked to speak to a graduating class. what candy would you be? If you were a toy. which one would you choose? If you could meet any famous person.. what would you say? If you were the President/Prime Minister.000. what would you change? If you had a time machine. whom would it be and why?
If you could spend the day with any celebrity.

Delaying marriage until your thirties. Dating nationalities other than your own. Remember to agree or disagree with others in your group in an appropriate manner. Emigrating to another country for financial gain. Living on your own before getting married. Getting married but deciding against children. Taking a long trip with your significant other before getting married. Taking a long break between high-school and college.Young Adulthood Express your opinions on the following. Immersing yourself in another country by studying abroad. Working part-time while attending university. elaborating on why you believe each may or may not be a good idea.
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I could feel it in my bones. Bite your tongue! It is not going to rain on the day of the picnic. I’m sure you can solve this problem. ____________ R. I was just pulling your leg. I’d say about $1500. They don’t see eye to eye on politics. She’s going to pick up the mail and water the plants. My sister said she would keep an eye on our house while we’re on vacation. mom. ______________ D. I didn’t really pay $200. ___________
. Here comes Ram. Now get off my back! I don’t want to hear it again. ___________ Q. _____ F. A. Before a performer goes on stage. but it would cost an arm and a leg! ____________ K. I’m all ears. I’m not sure how much money we’ve made. Gee. He wasn’t telling me the truth. Keep you chin up! I’m sure you’ll find a job soon. Tell me everything that happened. I’m up to my ears in work.00 for this baseball card. You already have two fur coats! You need another one like you need a hole in your head. I’d like to remodel my kitchen. Have a heart! Don’t give us so much homework. I’m angry with Mary for being so nosy. ______ G. _______________ E. The answer was on the tip of my tongue. I don’t know how I’ll ever finish this by Tuesday. ____________ L. It’s the weekend! ___________ I.BODY PART IDIOMS Here are some common expressions using parts of the body. He’s much more conservative than she is. But off the top of my head. ______ H. You have a good head on your shoulders. You’ve reminded me about it six times. ___________ B. Read each sentence and put the number of its appropriate definition on the blank line. He’s really a pain in the neck! _________ M. “Break a leg!” _____________ C. She opened one of my letters! _____________ N. _______________ P. but I just couldn’t say it. It was so frustrating. his friends often say. _________ O. ____________ S.

3.Don’t get discourage or lose hope. 4. Good luck. Someone really gets on your nerves.Be careful what you say.You don’t need this at all. 14.
. Be extremely expensive. 16. To think logically. 10.Answers: 1. 18. To know by instinct. show mercy. 2. Be compassionate. Have the same point of view. 6. 8. 15. 11. 5. 7. Can’t wait to hear the news.Can almost remember something.Watch something for someone else.Overly interested in someone’s personal matters.Just joking. 9. 17. 12. A first reaction without giving it much thought. don’t bother me. Have an overwhelming amount. 13.Leave me alone. kidding.

Star-struck
Have you ever seen a celebrity in person? Is so. what did you do? If not. what would you do if you did? Which celebrity would you like to meet? What would you do if you could spend a day with this person? Is there any particular celebrity that you really don’t care for? Do you think famous people have the right to have a private life? Why or why not? What do you think of the paparazzi? Why do you think there is such a high demand for gossip magazines and gossip TV programs? What are the pros and cons of being a celebrity? Do you feel that celebrities should be outspoken in their beliefs on political and social issues? Did you have any idols when you were a younger? Are there any celebrities nowadays that you particularly admire?
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What is your most treasured possession? 16.What is your favorite kind of car? 28. 1-What is your middle name? 2.Do you like shopping malls? Why or why not? 23. The student who is answering the question can refuse by saying “I pass”.Do you know First aid? Where did you learn it? 21.How would you describe your father? 15.Do you collect anything? What?
.Do you have any pets? 12-When is your birthday? 13-What toys did you play with when you were a child? 14.Do you have any children? 4-What is your hobby? 5-Do you have a First Aid kit at home? Where? 6-What board game do you know? 7-Do you like your name? 8-Who makes dinner in your family? 9.How often do you exercise? 29-How many brothers and sisters do you have? 30. Repeat this activity on a weekly basis with different students to get them a chance to speak extemporaneously.Do you prefer to buy books or borrow them from the library? 26-Which natural disasters are common in your area? 27.What kind of clothing do you wear for sleeping? 22.What is your zodiac sign? 17-What is you least favorite cleaning job? 18-Do you celebrate birthdays? What do you do? 19.Have you ever given a speech? What was the subject? 11.What children stories do you like? 10.Where do you like to shop? 3.What number son or daughter are you? 25.How often do you eat fast food? Why? 20.IN FOCUS – INTERVIEW QUESTIONS Select a student to be interviewed and hand out the questions to the rest of the students on slips of paper or laminated cards.Is there a special birthday song in your country? 24.

Your own name cannot be included..who likes scary movies..... Make a question for each line below..... ____________________ 9.......who knows how to swim..... ...... .. then ask your classmate the questions you made....who has skyped with someone recently.......... Each name can only appear once... __________________________
..... .. who has seen a ghost. ... ........ _______________________ 5...... Can you type well? 1. ______________________ 11.. _________________________ 7. ...._____________________ 4..... ______________________ 13.. .... .. who wears glasses....Find someone who ..... _______________________ 3....who speaks three languages or more. ..who plays a musical instrument.. who knows the words to a song in English... ....... _____________________ 16........ ..... ......_________________________ 20.. . ..........who has traveled to Europe........ ...... .who has spent a night in the hospital. ...whose surname ends with an F.... ....who wears glasses.who has ridden on an elephant. .who knows where the next Olympics games will be held. _________________ 19...who enjoys reading..... _______________ 6...... ________________ 18.... _____________ 10.. ____________________ 12... ___________________ 14...who has an unusual pet.who reads two newspapers a day.....who has taken a cruise.. ___________________ 2.... YOUR NAME:_____________________________ Example: ... who has met someone famous.............. who can type well? Question:. ..... ....... __________________________ 8... ....who is wearing something green..... Write the name of your classmate next to the question he/she has answered yes to.. ___________________ 15......_________________ 17...............

shaving. What is the most popular feature for cosmetic alteration? d. If so what is the minimum age when someone should have plastic surgery? b. Do you have any proverbs or idioms from your country that relate to beauty? 8) Do you think tattoos and piercings add to or detract from physically attractiveness? 9) What personality trait is the most important for inner beauty? 10) Would you ever date someone who was not conventionally attractive? 11)How do you feel about beauty pageants? 12)Do you think one gender or group worries more about physical attractiveness than another? 13) What are some of the negatives about being beautiful? 14) What are some examples of social pressures to improve on natural beauty? (For example. haircutting. Can you think of anyone who is in a position of power that is not physically attractive? 5)Do you feel people spend too much time and money on beauty? If so.WHAT A BEAUTY! 1) Who do you think is the most beautiful person alive today? 2) Who is the most attractive in your family? 3) Does beauty affect one's success in life? 4) Is beauty related to power? a. why? 6)Do you think people should have cosmetic surgery to enhance their looks? a.) 15) Has the Brazilian wax hit Kyrgyzstan yet?
. Do you think beauty affects self-esteem? f. How popular is plastic surgery in your country? c. lipstick. Would you ever have plastic surgery? 7) What do you think of the proverb Beauty is in the eye of the beholder? a. Do you think self-esteem affects beauty? e. etc.

are considered to be endangered? Which members of the animal kingdom in general are considered to be endangered? How popular is hunting as a sport in Kyrgyzstan? Is poaching ever considered to be a problem? Are there any animals in Kyrgyzstan that are considered to be threats to human beings? Have you ever had a dangerous encounter with an animal? Have you ever eaten any unusual or exotic meats?
. if any.Wildlife Brainstorm the names of wild animals to be found in Kyrgyzstan. Which of these.

3.She bought a yellow Audi.I’d like some orange juice 2.May I ask what the answer is? 3. 1.Connected Speech
There is no one-to-one correspondence between written letters or words and their acoustic or sounds. 2-We can help Paul.I wish Dan had told me.Pete has been helpful.Did you feel it peel off? 4. 4.I need time to think about this.
Note that /h/ is not deleted at the beginning of a phrase.I admire black cats.
Linking two consonants. precise or overly correct form of speech. use a short /y/ after front vowels and a short /w/ after back vowels. When a word ends in a vowel and the next word begins with another vowel.That’s a big dog. If the two sounds are the same (or made in the same place) hold the first one and lengthen it.Patsy drove the new Infinity. also use /r/ after final /ar/ and /al/. is called “connected speech” and it is characterized by not being slow. link the first consonant to the second without releasing it.
If the two sounds are different. move the consonant sound to the next syllable.
. 4. 1. 2. 1. or try saying both consonants at the same time. The following are two ways to improve your overall rhythm of English. 4. 3. 3.He’s a bad dog. word by word.Keep talking. This type of fluent language. When a word ends in consonant sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound. try to move the tongue silently inside the mouth into the position for the second consonant.He has a bad attitude.
Linking two vowels.Bill saw him yesterday. 4.My back tire is flat. as it is actually spoken in a conversation. 3-Did he ask her to go? 2. Delete “h” in pronouns and auxiliaries which begin with “h” and link the remaining sounds to the preceding word. Word boundaries are not clearly marked in actual speech therefore. (After a pause) Linking Linking a final consonant to an initial vowel. 2. When a word ends in a consonant and the next word begins with another consonant. 1.You laugh too much. there are no spaces between words.His office is small.He’s too old for that. 1.

h) She baked a cake. g) Cook a meal. k) He likes her. i) He robbed a bank. f) He made a mess. 2. r) Where is the office? 3. w) What time will you eat tonight? x) His vacation was terrible. y) Don’t stop driving. c) Come in. u) Where does the bus stop? v) I like black cats. j) She loves him. t) You laugh too much.
. q) His blue eyes were open. n) Did you see her? o) They owe him money.LINKING Practice linking words together in the following short sentences:
1-Linking C + V b) It’s an apple.Linking V + V k) May I ask? l)Do I know her? m) I’ll wear it.Linking C + C s) Keep talking. p) I always tie it. d) It’s all over. e) I give up.

but… I’m sorry to bother you. but I need to talk to you about your dog. I’d really appreciate it. but… A: I don’t like to complain. A: Thanks. but… I hate to say this.Complaining
I don’t like to complain. he chased me three times this week as I was riding my bicycle. A: He seems so aggressive lately. I’m so sorry! I’ll be sure to keep him in the house from now on. B: That’s terrible.
. He’s been frightening a lot of the neighbors. B: Yeah? What’s the problem? A: Well. And yesterday he actually bit me! B: Wow! I’m really sorry about that! I had no idea that he was causing such problems.

walked into a wall. and Injuries At one time or another...) What's the most dangerous game children like to play? Did you play this game. Maybe we fell off a bike. most of us have been hurt. had surgery. Accidents. too?
..Ouch! That Smarts! Pain..) Do you have any scars? How did you get them? Was it really painful? 2. Have you ever. Let's get with a partner and share some of those painful memories.
been bitten by an animal? been stung or bitten by an insect? fallen down a flight of stairs? tripped while going up the stairs? been in a car accident? been hit by a falling object? almost drowned? burned yourself by accident? had food poisoning? gotten a paper cut? gotten lost in the woods? bumped into something or someone? slammed your finger in a door? twisted your ankle? gotten shocked by an electrical appliance? locked yourself in or out of something? had surgery? fallen off a bicycle or a motorcycle? dropped something on your foot? gotten stitches? smacked your head on a door? beat someone up? been beaten up by a bully? knocked a tooth out? gotten a splinter? fallen out of a tree or from a high place? been mugged or attacked? stepped on a rusty nail or a piece of glass? cut yourself by accident? 1.) What kinds of plastic surgery are popular these days? Have any of your friends had plastic surgery? Do you think it's a good idea? 4.) When you were young did you roughhouse a lot? Did you ever get hurt playing? Did you ever fall off the see-saw? 3. got beat up by a bully or had a car accident.

VOCABULARY INSTRUCTIONS AND GAMES
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to make sure the students use the words frequently and correctly and make them part of their personal vocabulary. photographs. read the newspaper and follow a TV program without much difficulty.Use realia (show the real object whenever possible) B. illustrations or examples D.Give sample sentences using the word in context G.Meaning 7.Phonetic description (in advanced classes0 3.Spelling 2. Acquiring these many words requires a conscientious effort on the part of both teacher and learner.Translate the word into Nepali H. Techniques for teaching vocabulary: A. Listed below are some techniques that can be used to present new vocabulary in the classroom.Supply the category to which the word belongs F.Provide a definition or paraphrase E.Prefixes and suffixes 6.Collocation (what other words are used with it) 8-Connotation (as found in the dictionary) 9. the following aspects should be covered: 1.Present the concept in a lively way by dramatizing. When presenting a new word in class.TEACHING VOCABULARY It is estimated that the average language learner needs a minimum of three thousands words to be able to carry on a conversation.Grammar (part of speech) 5. the use of the native language must be kept to a minimum in the classroom.Register (formal and informal) In order to encourage the expansion of the student’s vocabulary.Pronunciation/stress 4.Denotation (what other meanings exist beyond the dictionary definition) 10.Use flashcards. There are many ways to convey the meaning of new words.Use 11-Synonyms/antonyms 12.Give synonyms and antonyms
. miming or role playing C.

Variation: Dictate the names of the jobs students have learned in class and have them write each one in the appropriate square.WHO WORKS HERE? WRITE THE NAMES OF THE JOBS CORRESPONDING TO THE PLACE.
A library
A hospital
A department store
A restaurant
An airport
A hair salon
A school
A bank
A supermarket
A doctor’s office
A post office
An office
A garage
A hotel
A police station
A fire department
A pet shop
A veterinarian A bookstore clinic
A courthouse
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KINDS OF THINGS THAT… Here is an activity particularly useful to review vocabulary with the lower level students. Things that: A soldier uses A teacher uses A photographer uses That are blue That are round Made of paper Made of wood That one can read That one can travel in That are red That are liquid That are square That you can sleep in That you can drink That are made of glass That you can open That you can drive Things that are wet things that are cold things a baby plays with things that are hot things that are old things that are beautiful things that are invaluable things a carpenter uses things found in the kitchen things made of metal things a doctor uses things that are dry things a dancer uses things you can wear things you can eat things that are triangular things that are flat things that are deep things that are rough
. The students with the longest list at the end would win a small prize. Pair or group students and then tell them you’ll be calling out for objects belonging to a particular category. Note: Explain to students objects must come in that state naturally. Example: The sea is wet.

_______________________ 8. INEBRIATE A. sparks fly.repulsive rat __A________________
. hot head __A_____________________ 8. lush D.When enemies meet. ______________ 10. inferno dweller _D_______________ 3. tale spinner __M_____________ 2. MENDACIOUS 7. ______________________ Write the word suggested by each description below.If you want to make him happy. flatterer J. _______________________ 5.Honesty is not her outstanding virtue._______________________ 3. devilish G._______________________ 7. disbeliever I. 1. DILETTANTE 4. doubting Thomas _A______________ 6.His medical expenses could sustain a hospital.His pitchfork is always ready and aimed. 1. AGNOSTIC 6. Use the letter given as a clue. DIABOLIC 2. start a fight. HYPOCHONDRIAC 5._______________________ 4. hatred F. serve only black coffee. sweet talker _S_______________ 7. ________________________ 2. opponent E._____ 9.Don’t be wowed by his commendatory remarks. which most closely relates to each word in the left column. SYCOPHANT 3. white heat __E_________________ 4. detestable B. ANTAGONIST 9. Write the appropriate letters in the left margin.bellyacher __H__________________ 10.The hurricane must take the roof off the house before she heeds the warning. _______________________ 6. liar C. complainer
Write one of the ten words that best describes each of the following situations or ideas: 1.His repulsive table manners make us lose our appetites. dabbler H. superficial sham _D_______________ 5.His trifling knowledge is his only interest.WORDS TO INSULT THE FOLKS YOU DISLIKE Choose the word or phrase in the right column. ENMITY 8.If you invite her. ABHORRENT 10. bar fly __I___________________ 9.

WHAT DO YOU CALL THE THING THAT ……………………….What is the name of the yellow fruit that monkeys like to eat? ___________ 12. What do you call the 26 letters of English? _________________________ 9. What do you call the thing that men carry their money in? ______________ 4.What is the name for a round piece of metal money? ___________________ 23.What do you call a baby dog? _______________________________________ 22.What do we call 365 days? ________________________________________
26.What do you call the thing that you play tennis with? __________________ 11.What is the name of an animal that can fly? ___________________________ 16. And. What do you call the metal things that we spend at the store? ___________ 6. What do you call the thing that women carry their money in? ___________ 5.? Here are some questions. What do you call the white things in the sky? _________________________ 10.What is the name of a sour fruit? ____________________________________ 18.What do you call the hair above a man’s mouth? ______________________ 19. if it is paper? _________________________ 7.What do you call the thing that we use to cut food with? _______________ 21. What do you call the machine for calling people? ______________________ 3.What is the name of the vegetable that can make you cry? _____________ 14. Can you understand them?
1.What do you call a machine that washes dishes? ______________________ 24.What is a word that means “on time”? _______________________________
. What do you call the thing that you read in a restaurant? ______________ 8.What is the name of a big airplane that can carry many people? _________ 15.What do you call the thing we buy at the post office to mail letters? ______ 20. What to do you call the thing that opens cans? ________________________ 2.What do you call the things you use to tie your shoes? _________________ 25.What is the name of the small thing that you use to open a door? ________ 13.What’s the name for the thing you sleep on? __________________________ 17.

Sometimes those occupations are opaque and mysterious because we don’t know what the words mean. A taxonomist _________________________________________________ 17. A cryptographer ________________________________________________ 9. An ICU nurse _________________________________________________ 15.A cartographer _________________________________________________ 8. A demographer _________________________________________________ 10. A paleontologist ________________________________________________ 4. A tout _______________________________________________________ 18.A gerontologist _______________________________________________
. The ritual of introduction always has to do with establishing what other people do. A picador___________________________________________________ 20. A lepidopterist _______________________________________________ 25. A urologist ____________________________________________________ 11. An underwriter ________________________________________________ 14. A detailer ____________________________________________________ 19. what the titles or classifications indicate. An epidemiologist ____________________________________________ 27. A concierge _____________________________________________________ 29. A sommelier _________________________________________________ 24. A soothsayer _________________________________________________ 28. A podiatrist ___________________________________________________ 12.A philatelist ___________________________________________________ 3. of connection.An ombudsman ______________________________________________ 30. A haberdasher ________________________________________________ 16. A numismatist _________________________________________________ 2. 1. A key grip _____________________________________________________ 7. An arbitrager ___________________________________________________ 6. Take a look at the word below and see if you know what the following people do. A proctologist __________________________________________________ 5. A hydrologist _________________________________________________ 13. A graphologist _______________________________________________ 23.WHAT DO THEY DO? What people do for a living is one point of contact. A semanticist _________________________________________________ 21. A diva ______________________________________________________ 22. A docent ___________________________________________________ 26.

fear of books P.lygophobia 24-necrophobia 25.fear of men V.fear of automobiles J.macrophobia 12. Write the corresponding number next to it.scriptophobia 15-sociophobia 16-monophobia 17.fear of marriage N. PHOBIA 1.technophobia 18-ablutophobia 19.NAME YOUR FEAR Most people are afraid of something.fear of mice B. Take a look at the following list of fears and see if you can find the matching definition for the term.ergophobia 8.fear of darkness Z.fear of becoming a homosexual F -fear of light G.fear of strangers or foreigners C-fear of writing in public D-fear of society or people in general E.androphobia 23.fear of solitude or being alone Y.glossophobia 11.fear of technology I. Our fears can be rational or illogical.fear of heights R.fear of vomiting O.emetophobia 7.acrophobia 2-algophobia 3.fear of smells H.motorphobia 13.sophophobia 22.homophobia 20-photophobia 21.claustrophobia 6.gamophobia 9.fear of knowledge
.olfactophobia 14.fear of long waits K.fear of dead things T.fear of bathing S.chromophobia 5.fear of colors U.fear of pain Q.bibliophobia 4.fear of speaking in public L-fear of saints or holy things M.fear of work X.suriphobia 26-xenophobia MEANING A.hagiophobia 10.fear of confined spaces W.

. PREFIX un dis in im il stable agreeable accurate mature legal BASE WORDS satisfactory satisfied accessible moral legitimate helpful count adequate patient licit
Choose one of the prefixes listed above to form the opposite meaning of the adjectives listed below. over = excessively: Overripe fruit doesn’t taste good and might not keep well. ultra = extremely: I wouldn’t like to live in an ultra-modern building. self = to. miss = wrongly: “Accommodation” is a word that is frequently misspelled. for oneself: The country is self-sufficient in oil. under = inadequately: The car is so underpowered that it won’t go up hills. out = beyond. In this exercise.PREFIXES Prefixes are syllables or groups of words joined at the beginning of another word to change its meaning or to create a new word. re = again: I’ve rewritten the letter. acceptable complete decisive faithful healthy mortal personal respectful approachable conscious desirable flexible hospitable natural perfect sane appropriate contented discreet foreseen legible obedient polite sociable bearable convenient excusable frequent literate organized probable sufficient compatible credible experienced grateful logical passive readable visible
The following prefixes alter the meaning of the words or their function within a sentence. but I’m still dissatisfied with it. or antonyms. exceeding: The women outnumbered the men at the party. we will be using prefixes to form the opposite meaning of the original adjectives. un = reversal of action: This knot is tight that I can’t undo it.

Use the prefixes listed above to alter the meaning of the words listed below. Some can be used more than once. assure bid build button calculate cautious charge consider control cook count decorate do defense dress grow interest last live load lock open pack play print quote powered read record release report roll run sensitive screw staffed tell think tie understand unite use wind wit write
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PLACES – BUILDINGS PEOPLE LIVE IN Match the person to the building they live in. 1.the President of the U. a single person who likes living in the city S) bed and breakfast T)a motel V)a condominium U)a single family home W) an apartment Y)a farmhouse X) a duplex Z.salesperson away from home 11. shed or cardboard box G)an old hut H)the White House I)a monastery J)a log cabin K) a chalet L)an igloo M) a guest house N)a palace or castle O)a ranch P)a villa R) a wigwam or tepee
17.a camper / hiker 4. 20 a family who enjoys nature 21.a homeowner looking to share expenses 23.a soldier 6.a very wealthy family 8.a monk 13.a nun 3. an estate
.an eighty-year-old with no living relatives Q) a penthouse (suite)
19. a tramp or bum 16.a rich married couple on vacation 18. a 19th century American Indian 26.vacationers on a limited budget 10. 7.a cowboy 15.A homeowner who dislikes maintenance chores.a couple who likes the outdoors 22.skiers in the mountains 12.a queen 24.a sailor 9.a successful advertising executive 14.S. a young couple with children A) a convent or nunnery B)a tent or camper C)a nursing home D)barracks or living quarters E)an aircraft carrier F)a shanty.an Eskimo 2.a logger in Washington State 5. a rich and famous person 25.

1. If your clothes need washing.A place where you can arrange loans. If you don’t have a job. you would go to a _______.PLACES TO GO FOR A PURPOSE Amusement park Aquarium Art museum Bank Bar or pub Concert hall Convenience store Dry cleaners Funeral parlor Laundromat Law firm Library Plumber Post office Realtor Sports stadium Travel agency Zoo
Employment agency Cinema or theater
Fill in the blanks by choosing one of the places from the list above. CDs or movies. If you want to borrow books. 15. you need to call a ____________. If you want to see monkeys. you would go to a _. are taken to a _____________. 9. 4. The place where rock musicians and orchestras play is called a _____________. 10. 3. 7. A place where you can buy stamps. 8. If you have a burst pipe or a leaking faucet.A place where you can go to see many different kinds of fish swimming is called an ________________. If you want to sell your house. tigers and bears. 6. 2. 5. If you want to watch a basketball game or a soccer match. 19. post letters and pay bills is called a _____.
. you might go to a __________. 18. 17. keep your money in an account which receives interest is called a _____________________________________. 11.A place that serves drinks such as beer and whiskey and where people go to relax and meet friends is called a ___________________________. 13. you would go to a ________________________________. you would go to a _______. but are looking for one.If you need to buy grocery items or a newspaper. If you need to arrange a burial. 12. A place where famous paintings and sculptures are kept and displayed to the public is called a ___________________________. A place where you go to book a vacation (trip) and buy train tickets is a _____. If you want to hire a lawyer or draw up your will. you would go to a __________. you would go to the______. you would go to a __________________________________. buy a new one or rent a place to live. Dirty clothes. 20. you would go to a _______________________. The building where you go to see the latest blockbuster movie is called a ____. 14. but you don’t have a washing machine. lions. which can’t be washed at home. 16. The place where you go if you want to ride on a roller coaster or drive bumper cars is called an _____________________________________.

composing noun phrases with relative clauses. Example: A post office: A place where you can buy stamps. mainly reading and writing. Divide the class into pairs or small groups and assign one of the lists to each one. The lists of definitions are exchanged. They then copy their definitions.Nouns for Defining Use of relative clauses to define nouns. Ask them to come up with a definition for each noun. and students work on each other’s clues: what were the original nouns? And which letter began them all? Advanced students can compose the original list of nouns or add to this one.
List 1 A policeman A parrot A pen A pear Poland A post office A panda Pre-history List 4 Australia An apple August An airport An artist An African An alligator acid List 7 A Cow Canada A Chicken A Carpenter A Cigarette Coffee A Cinema Christmas List 10 Night New Zealand A newspaper A nurse A nut A neighbor A nose A name List 2 A duck A doctor Denmark A door December A dream A daughter A dollar List 5 Hollywood A helicopter A hand A hotel A holiday A hairdresser History A horse List 8 A television Thailand A tomato A tiger Tennis A taxi driver A ticket A tooth List 11 Wine West Virginia The winter A wife A witch Water The west A wall List 3 A book Bangladesh Bread A bedroom A baby A bottle A bus A birthday List 6 Spaghetti A shoe Saudi Arabia A shop A snake The sun The summer A scientist List 9 The morning Malaysia A mother A motorcycle A map Matches Money Milk List 12 An egg England An elephant The evening An emperor An engine Economics An entrance
. without the original nouns.

a piece of Q. NOUN 1. land 12. thunder 9. a clap of N. light 22. a tube of S. a loaf of Z. whiskey 20. bread B. glass 11. toothpaste 26. a herd of E. life 25. a collection of R. sheep 21. a fit of P. a bowl of V. short stories 17. a grain of W. a flash of O.COLLOCATIONS FOR NOUNS AND THEIR PARTITIVES Match the partitive on the right hand column to the appropriate noun on the left.poems 2 clothing 3. soap 23. nerves 4. grass 6. a plot of I. a round of U. a bundle of J. a bar of PARTITIVES A. gossip 16. a beam of C. soup 19. a slice of X. an anthology of F. a shot of Y. a breath of M. a blade of D. fresh air 5. a bunch of K. a bit of G. a pane of H. sand 15. keys 7. an article of
. a spoonful of T. applause 18. luck 13. a flock of L. medicine 24. anger 10. lightning 14. cows 8.

Bingo can be used to review vocabulary or phonetics. or diagonally. but each box must have a different verb. Here is the list: see sleep enjoy love color think want dance listen laugh have live miss draw drive eat hear make shop wear read sit buy say arrive write stand pour care fix study open cut give marry talk visit put pray sing speak take show leave smile come apply teach close wish go try learn call hope fly ask like pass share
Created by Caroline Ouyang
. The purpose is to complete a row of five numbers horizontally. vertically. pictures can be used in the game board. Instead of words. Write a different verb in each box. Each player receives one game board with numbers in each square. let’s replace the numbers with words.
B
I
N
G
O
Directions: Read the list of verbs below. pen Time: 15 minutes Variations: In addition to verb tense. and they listen carefully to the speaker call out the numbers. To use Bingo to teach English. Materials: Paper.Bingo Bingo is a popular game for children and senior citizens. Objective: To practice simple past tense & listening skills. You can write the verbs in any box.

a) Alive is the same as: b) Bleak is the same as: c) Create is the same as: d) Drudge is the same as: e) Eager is the same as f) Fraternal is the same as: h) Liberal is the same as: i) Keepsake is the same as: j) Ideal is the same as: k) Grapple is the same as: l)To leave is the same as: n) Harken is the same as: o) Earn is the same as: p) Dangle is the same as: q) Yearn is the same as: r) Perpetual is the same as: s) Organize is the same as: t) Satisfied is the same as: v) Trapped is the same as: u) Valor is the same is as: w) Alter is the same as: x) Caress if the same as: y) Demand is the same as: z) Refined is the same as: Animated Cold Make Dull Keen Kindly Free Memento Cheap Handle Depart Listen Behave Decorate Long Infinite Arrange Pleased Killed Sincerity Enlarge Whisper Leave Delicate Busy Gloomy Excite Toil Excited Wise Bizarre Generous Gift Flawless Wrestle Escape Dislike Wait Obtain Hang Swipe Occasional Support Contented Caught Virtue Change Sing Ask Snobbish Exciting Hard Grow Brown Quick Brotherly Obvious Socialist Bribe Useful Frame Engross Greed Entertain Have Destroy Deflate Continual Lead Proud Closed Bravery Sustain Stroke Endanger Precious
g) Grotesque is the same as: Funny
m) Begrudge is the same as: Envy
.SYNONYMS Circle the word that come closest in meaning to the one on the left.

To help students identify what their jobs are. the following questions can be written on newsprint or on the blackboard to guide them during the activity.WHAT DO I DO? OR WHAT IS MY JOB? Print a variety of jobs on sticky notes or pieces of paper and pin them to the back of the students. The students then walk around asking other students questions to determine what's printed on their backs. Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Do I work in an office? Do people like me? Do I work inside? Do I work outside? Do I get elected? Do I work with people/animals/children/plants/the elderly? Does a man or a woman do my job? Do I work with food? Do I wear a uniform? Do I need special tools? Do I carry a weapon? Do I give orders? Do I have to travel a lot? Do I work alone? Do I treat sick people? Who benefits from my work? Is my work dangerous? Do I get a large salary? Do I use a computer? Do I meet a lot of people? Do I work in a safe/clean/dirty/noisy/quiet place? Is my job fun? Do I make something/ Am I athletic? Do I need a special license to do my work? Do I handle money? Am I well known?
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with a pleasant smell ______ 22. a bird would like ___________ 6. square __________________ 8. used in construction______________ 21. used for decorating________________ 29. that operates with batteries ____________ 19. with holes in it ___________________ 25. that will hold liquid _____________ 26.
1. with a diameter less than 2 inches (5cm)__ 14. found on a birthday cake __________ 4. longer than 4 inches (10 cm)________ 27. that grows on a tree ____________ 12.used for sewing ________________ 16. used to set a table ______________ 28. that is bright color ______________ 24. made of glass __________________
2. that is wet ___________________
. for a baby_______________ 30. used for measuring ______________ 15. that makes noise ____________ 5. found in a desk ________________ 20. made of rubber _____________ 11. made of plastic ______________ 9. made of wood ___________________ 23. round __________________ 3. used for stirring ____________________ 17. with a pointed end ____________ 13.FIND SOMETHING……. you take on a picnic______________ 7. that turns _____________________ 18. that feels rough _________________ 10.

He is my brother. She is my ___________________. He is my _________________________________. 21. 8. 25. 17. He is my _____________________. 30. 22. 24. He’s my stepson. 15. 13. 12.
. They are our parents. 16. My grandmother's sister is my __ _________________. He is her _____________________________. Write the correct family relationship on the line. I’m her cousin. 28. She is my ______________________. Dictate each sentence twice and have students read the corresponding answer. 11. My husband’s parents are my _________________________. 3. They are our ____________________________. She is my wife’s mother. She is my cousin. I used to be married to her. 18. My uncle’s children are my _______________________. We are their ___________________. He is married to my sister. He is my ______________________. I’m her ___________________________________. She is my_________________. 1. 20. She is my _____________________. 29. We are their children. I’m her ____________________. 7. 23. I am her daughter. I’m his _________________________. He is her brother. He is my brother’s son. My mother’s mother is my ________________________. She is my godchild. I’m her ______________________. 14. 10. I’m her ___________________. She is my wife. He is my _________________________________. 4. I’m her ________________________. I am his grandchild. 6. He is my _________________. I am his ___________________. 9. She is my sister’s daughter. He is my _______________________________________. 2. 26. He is my uncle. She is his ___________________. She is my grandmother. I am his nephew. My grandson’s son is my ________________________. Variation: Write the family terms on individual cards and distribute to your students. I’m his _______________________. I baptized him. She is his mother. I’m her brother. She is my ____________________________. I’m his cousin. I’m his _____________________. He's my __________________________. 19. He is my husband. 5. I am his son. 27.FAMILY RELATIONSHIP QUIZ Read the sentences carefully.

Benedictine Wear it ___ Eat it ___Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ 15. Sarong 13. Lorgnette 2. Haiku 9. Gherkin 6. Jitney 12.
1.FUNCTIONAL KNOWLEDGE What is the proper use of the following things? Put a check mark next to the appropriate choice. Bolero Wear it ___Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___
Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____
Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ 10. Dashiki 4. Mantilla 8.Chorizo 7. Potboiler 5. Ouzo 3. Citroen Wear it ___ Eat it ___Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it
. Telex Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ Wear it ___Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ 14. Couscous Wear it ___ Eat it ___ Read it ___ Spend it ___ Drink it ____ Drive it _____ Fly it _____ 11.

AND ADD SOMONE WHOSE… name is often mispronounced by native speakers of English.THE INTERACTIVE PREFIX SURVEY GET THE SIGNATURE OF SOMEONE WHO…… is in favor of prenuptial agreements. participates in an extracurricular activity. disagrees with his/her parents or children about curfew. ___________________ mother is bilingual. can name a subtitled movie he or she has seen. can name a fictional superhero. ___________________ ______________________ SIGNATURE ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
. disapproves of teachers wearing jeans prefers semisweet chocolate bars to milk chocolate would take an interplanetary trip if possible. overslept one time last week. has seen the reentry of a space shuttle. father is a nonsmoker. knows someone who is self-employed. thinks hospitals are antiseptic places. Feels uncomfortable in hot weather.

motion discomfort 26.make-shift home 19.downsizing 13.pro-choice 6.Where can I wash my hands? 14.learning resource center 23. for example.nonbelievers 16.law enforcement officer 3.senior citizen 2. EUPHEMISM: 1.dark meat 22.guest worker 21.economical with the truth 9.person with a visual impairment 11.adult video / entertainment 8.EUPHEMISMS A euphemism (from the Greek words eu – well and pheme – speak) is a word or expression that is used when people want to find a polite or less direct of talking about difficult or embarrassing topics like death or bodily functions.substance abuser 12.miscarriage 15.direct marketing 20.adult entertainer 18. Most people.room attendant a) to die b) meat from the chicken’s breast c) a liar d) a person who doesn’t attend church e) pornography f) gravedigger g) loafers h) maid i) uniforms j) jet ski k) a blind person l) cardboard house m) seasickness n) one who supports abortion 0) involuntary pregnancy termination p) the library q) meat from the chicken’s thigh r) a mole s) police officer t) reducing the number of employees u) Where’s the toilet? v) old person w) a drug addict x) porn star y) junk mail z) an illegal immigrant MEANING:
.slip-ons 24. would find it very difficult to say in plain language that they have arranged for their sick old dog to be killed.personal watercraft 5.undertaker 4.white meat 7.to pass away 10.beauty mark 25. They would soften the pain by saying: We had Fido put down or We had Fido put to sleep.career apparel 17.

Listen to the counsel / council of your elders. 16.The doctor’s advise / advice was for me to take a complete rest.I hope the storm did not affect / effect your plans.Your / you’re wife is beautiful. 6-The Sahara dessert / desert is located in Africa. 8. 20-Ellen complimented / complemented Frank’s tennis game. 2. 23. He is better at grammar than/then I am. 17.I admire the town’s principal / principles.The ordinance was approved by the council / counsel.I wrote a letter on perfumed stationary / stationery.The experience had a profound affect / effect on her. 14.I think your / you’re the best students around.I like English too / two.DIFFICULT WORDS Circle the word that best completes the sentence.Albie the dog knows its / it’s name. 27.I’m not sure weather / whether I can attend your class. The band is exiting/exciting the stadium now. 26. 25. 13. 3-I really need to lose / loose some weight. 21. 22. 18. 10.Why does Jose always loose / lose his socks? 9-You’ll go to jail if you commit a capital / capitol offense. 11-Who’s / whose dictionary is this? 12. 7. 19. 5-You need to begin every sentence with a capitol / capital letter. 1-David had chocolate mousse for dessert / desert.The principle / principal is the head of the school.We could not hear / here the teacher speaking. This is a side effect/affect of the medication. 29.This is really exciting/exiting! 28. 24. 15-The students took their / there test at home.There was an interesting collage / college hanging on the wall. 4-The capital / capitol of China is Beijing.
.All of my students are hear / here. 30.

the driveway 17.
.AT HOME – PARTS OF THE HOUSE What are these rooms used for? Match each part of the house with what usually happens in it. the hall 9. the porch ACTIVITY a) a place to wash b) a veranda or roofed patio to relax c) a place to hang coats d) a place to relax and talk e) a place to cook f) a place to grow flowers and vegetables g) a place to keep the car h)a place to eat i) a place equipped for informal entertainment. k) a place directly below the roof of a house. the garage 5. the dining room 3. l)a place where wet or muddy clothes can be removed. the basement 15. the garden 6. the kitchen 2. m) a place below ground level. ROOM 1. nursery room 12. the attic 14. mudroom 18. the family room 11. lanai 20. master bedroom 19. p) a place where clothes are washed and ironed. o) a place intended for husband and wife to rest. the bedroom 4. t) an open or enclosed gallery to sit outside. q) a place that connects a house or garage to the street. the bathroom 7. the living room 8. the deck 16. j) a place with a floor and no roof attached to the house. r) a place where a baby sleeps s) a place to sleep. n) a recreation room especially for the use of family members. the rec room 10. the laundry room 13.

WRITING ACTIVITIES
.

What kinds of writing do you like to do? 7. How often do you write at home? 10. answer 4. In general.) 2.How do you decide what you’ll write about? Where do your ideas come from? 8. answer question 3.Why do people write? List as many reasons as you can think of. 5. What does someone have to do or know in order to write well? 6.WRITING SURVEY NAME:______________________________DATE: _________________
1. How do people learn to write? 4. how do you feel about what you write?
.What kinds of response help you most as a writer? 9.Are you a writer? __________________ (If your answer is YES. How did you learn to write? 3. If your answer is NO.

middle. youngest) Do you live with your parents? What is your favorite book and why? What do you like to do in your spare time? Who is your favorite singer? How do you feel about the environment? What is one city you would like to visit someday? What is your favorite song and why? What is your favorite childhood memory
.AUTOBIOGRAPHY What is your name? How old are you? How many siblings do you have? What is your birth order? (First.

I ___________________________________________________ To be grown up _________________________________________________________ My idea of a good time is _________________________________________________ School is _____________________________________________________________ I can’t understand why ___________________________________________________ I wish teachers _________________________________________________________ Going to college ________________________________________________________ To me.INTEREST INVENTORY
Student’s Name ________________________________ Date:____________ When I have to read. homework _______________________________________________________ I wish people wouldn’t ____________________________________________________ When I finish high school _________________________________________________ I’m afraid ______________________________________________________________ When I take my report card home __________________________________________ I feel proud when _______________________________________________________ The future looks ________________________________________________________ I like to read when _______________________________________________________ For me. books __________________________________________________________ People think I __________________________________________________________ I like to read about ______________________________________________________ Id’ rather read than ______________________________________________________ To me. studying ________________________________________________________ I wish I could ___________________________________________________________ I look forward to ________________________________________________________ I’d read more if _________________________________________________________ When I read aloud ______________________________________________________ I would like to be ________________________________________________________
.

Pocka. the ___________ (12) ___________________ and the (13) ________________________ as well. “Pocka and I want to see the animals in the (8) _____________________.. In ten minutes we are there. We can (11) _______________________ at the monkeys. “I don’t know.” I answer. I’ll call her. (9) _______________?” asks Jack. Jack . Suddenly. It will be fun!” “OK. Pocka is a (6) ______________________. (15) __________________________.AT THE ZOO
floor door bedroom baboons
footsteps afternoon zoo food
cartoon kangaroos poodle look
too school goodbye football
Fill in the blanks by choosing one of the words from the table above that completes the meaning of each sentence. It’s Jack. Let’s go to the zoo. With him is his dog. mom!!” Then. I have to tell my mother. Wait a minute. Pocka and I go out the front (16) ______________________. You can’t believe what happens next ……………………. my friend from (5) ___________________________.
. Do you want to come.” “Please come. watching my favorite (3) _________________________ on the TV. Maybe we can give them some (14) _____________________ to eat. I invite them in and we all sit on the (7) ____________________. I hear some (4) ___________________________ outside. I am sitting in my (2) _______________________. It is three o’clock in the (1) ______________________. “I want to play (10) ______________________.

……. a sandwich.a talk.. a run.things to eat (breakfast..a celebration.. an idea ……. a snack.. a steak).. some treatment ……. some fun …….an operation. an injection. a treat. ……. a quarrel …….a rest.a lesson. a session.things to drink (a cup of tea/coffee. some exercise …….. a glass of wine/beer) ……...a dream.a shower. a lecture …….a baby
.an outing.a game. a picnic ……. a meal.a good/bad/exciting/dull/happy day or time …….... some sleep ……. a bath.. a swim ……. a break. a discussion..a cigarette ……..YOU CAN HAVE ……. a party.

A Day in the Life …
Adjective _____________________________ Month _________________________________ Man's name_____________________________ Verb __________________________________ Noun __________________________________ Noun __________________________________ Verb __________________________________ Adjective _____________________________ Verb ending in . As soon as he got to the __________ (Noun). he sat down and took out his __________ (Noun).ing __________________ Adverb ________________________________ Verb Weather __________________________ Verb Transportation ___________________ Verb Transportation .). While he was _________ (Verb of transportation i. He certainly hadn't expected to be able to __________ (Verb).e. it began to __________ (Verb concerning the weather) so he decided to __________ (Verb of transportation i. take a taxi. it was time to go home. He gathered his things and began to walk home. Students share their piece with the rest of the class. run. skip. run. skip. the time passed __________ (Adverb) and before he knew it. __________ (Verb ending in -ing). in the -ing form). He __________ (Adverb of frequency) forgot such things!
. he noticed that he had forgotten to __________ (Verb). etc..ing _____________ Verb __________________________________ Adverb of frequency ___________________
A Day in the Life . Unfortunately.MAD LIBS Mad libs are a great way to practice parts of speech. take a taxi..e. etc. but was __________ (Adjective) for the chance to do so.
It was a __________ (Adjective) day in __________ (Month) and __________ (Man's name) decided to __________ (Verb). Students first select a part of speech for each line and insert their answers into the paragraph.

walk-in) Does it have a lot of light? Is it well ventilated (lots of fresh air circulating in the room)? Does it have a fan. mirrored) What color is it painted? Does it have an attached bathroom? What kind of closet do you have? (small. DVD player. TV/VCR. carpet. poured concrete. large. How big is your room? Where is it located within the house or apartment? How many windows does it have? Does it have access to a patio or balcony? What kind of floor covering does it have? (linoleum.MY BEDROOM You are about to write a composition describing your bedroom. night table. lamp. drapes. vertical blinds. answer the following questions. rug. an air conditioner unit or central air? What kind of furniture do you have in the room (bed. shades) What type of ceiling does it have? (tiles. To help you in writing this composition. alarm clock)?
. popcorn. tile or hardwood) What kind of window treatment does it have? (curtains. dresser.

How many sentences can you make? Examples: A woman was crying because her window was broken.PUT-TOGETHERS Put together a sentence by selecting a phrase from column A and another phrase from column B. COLUMN A car ran out of gas forgot my homework house is for sale window was broken met a friend to play ran across the street talked to the teacher wanted to forget it shared her lunch walked my dog saw an interesting film got a call from my friend sold my computer when the sandwiches are ready she wants to work behind the counter at the bank downtown the new restaurant took a picture a quiet neighborhood COLUMN B a woman was crying met a new friend lost the key got caught in the rain ate a hot dog drove to the store went on a trip had dinner late went outside to meet her cooked a big dinner my relatives came for a visit went to the supermarket for milk want an ice cream sundae is ordering coffee getting a new job the doorbell ring in line at the bus stop while singing in the shower shopping for a new dress was very angry
. Add as many other words as you want. Change the phrases a little if you need to. I met a friend to play soccer and then we ate a hot dog.

1. 5. 12. 11.I don’t eat ___________________________. Complete the following sentences as the animal in the first person. 6. bird or fish you identified with.I normally eat _________________________. 7-____________________ is / are afraid of me. 8.At night I _____________________________. 3. 10-My mother taught me ___________________.I normally live for __________________
.I live in _____________________________. 4-When I have to move.During the day. 9.I am afraid of _________________________.If I want to find a mate. Read it to your classmates and have them guess what animal you are.ANIMAL HABITS Select an animal. I normally ________________________________. I usually ___________. I _______________________. 2.My babies usually live in / under __________.

A FAMOUS HOLIDAY IN YOUR COUNTRY Write a paragraph about a famous holiday in your country. 2. 9. Do people have special parties? 11. 5. 1. What is the name of the holiday? When is it? Is it a religious holiday? Is it a political holiday? How do people celebrate the holiday? What traditions are celebrated? What is special about the celebration? Do people wear costumes? Do people prepared/eat special foods?
10. 6. 4. Answer some of the questions that are listed below. How long does it last?
. What customs are celebrated? 12. 7. 3. 8.

DESCRIBING PEOPLE You are about to write a detailed description of the person that appears on the photo. Physical Characteristics: Height Tall Medium Short Build big medium slender petite stocky thin/slim gangly Skin complexion white black brown mulatto olive yellow tanned Length of Hair long medium short cropped bald (absence of hair)
Color of eyes Blue Green/hazel Black Brown Gray
Color of hair black blonde/blond red brown/brunette gray Salt and pepper
Shape of the face round oval long
Hair texture straight curly wavy kinky dreads
Facial Marital status Hair Single Moustache Married Beard Divorced Goatee Widower Clean-shaven Widow Hobbies Your choice
Occupation Your choice retired (no longer working)
Education Elementary school High school graduate College graduate Doctorate
Family Composition Your choice
Age According to photograph
Personality: Review the “Adjectives that Describe Personality” handout to come up with the characteristics that describe his/her personality. Use your imagination for those items not obvious from the photo.
. select the appropriate adjectives under the following categories. To help you with that description.

though through tired tonight too trouble truly Tuesday two used very wear Wednesday week where whether which whole women won’t would write
.THE HARDEST WORKING WORDS I it at the and to a you of in we for
ache again always among answer any been beginning believe blue break built business busy buy can’t choose color coming cough could country dear
very my had our from am one time he get
making many meant minute much none often once piece raise read ready said says seems separate shoes since some straight sugar sure tear they
do been letter can would she when about they an
that is your have will be are not as
done don’t early easy enough every February forty friend grammar guess half having hear heard here hoarse hour instead just knew know laid
this with but on if all so me was
Here is a list of the 100 words most often used in reading and talking.

7.What is the hardest challenge at college? 19. 4.Explain how you have stood up to a challenge. 15. 2. 13. sister.Write about a wish that you have right now? 20.Describe a vacation you enjoyed. 16.Write an inscription for your father’s. 25.Tell about a job experience where you made a friend.
.Explain three of the nicest things others would have said about you.Describe yourself as your best friend would describe you.Make a list of the people that matter to you.WRITING TOPICS 1. 11-Write about the qualities you most admire in adults. name five things that you would save. 9.Write about the greatest disappointment you ever had. 10. 22. (exclude people) Explain the significance of these items to you. what name would you choose for yourself? Why? 17. 12. 18.Describe a hero you have had in the past. 21. Describe them one by one. 6. 5.Write about some things you hate to do. or friend.Tell about a person you admire today.Describe the best thing you liked about your neighborhood when you were growing up. 14. 23.Are there sounds or smells that you associate with home? Write about them.Explain the things that make you unique. mother’s and your own tombstone.Write about the qualities you would like in a mate.What is there about you that makes your friends like you? Explain your answer with examples. Why the hate? Try to get some insight into this aspect of your personality.Describe three of your simple pleasures. 8.Describe how you used to tease your brother.If you were in a fire.Write about the qualities you least admire in adults.Did you have some favorite childhood toys? Write about them.Are you happy with your first name? Why? If not. 24. 3.

e. flat screen TV. Where would you situate the school? How many hours a day would the school be open? How many students would it accommodate? How many stories will it have? How many classrooms? How many bathrooms will there be and where would they be located? Will there be a science lab? How big will the auditorium be? How many volumes will the library hold? Will it feature a swimming pool? What about a gym? What kind of technology do you envision. nurse. psychologist. Smart board. the committee has solicited input from the future students as to what facilities they would like to see in their new school. a listening lab? Will it have sports fields for football. Write a composition describing the way your new school would look.MY IDEAL SCHOOL A fabulously wealthy NGO has selected your neighborhood to build a model school in your country. baseball or other sports? Would you consider space for an organic vegetable garden? What would the cafeteria look like? What kind of food will be offered to the students? Where would you place the teachers' lounge? Will you allow for a clinic and nurse’s station? How many offices will be available for support personnel such as the principal. Here are a few things to keep in mind as you write. i. DVD players. secretary.. Since money is no object. cooks and so on? What kind of transportation system will be in place?
.

supply students with pictures and have them create an individual story based on the character on the picture. height/weight/.. Story #2: Divide the class into groups. Each group fills in the blanks for the following list: Name of a person: A job: Name of a town: A sport: A place: Name of another person: Job: A verb: A kind of food: A TV show: A particular time: Then ask the students from each group to fill in the blanks in the following script using the information already compiled:
. clothing/colors) Family: Location/place: Age: Job: Hobbies: Food: (likes and dislikes) A plot: After completing the story on the board. Story #1 Ask the students to provide the details of a story after you write on the board: “Once upon a time…….” A man/woman: Name: Description: (color of hair/eyes.SKELETON STORIES Provide students with the bones they need to start writing a short story and then have them read their stories to the rest of the class.

There was once a _______ named____________ who was a/an ______________. animal
. He/she is a/an name place ____________________. each group reads their story aloud. He (She) liked to play_______________. He/she likes _______________ing. If time allows. He/she lives in ________________. they would watch _______________ on TV. At the end. They would ___________. Story #3 I know a/an _______________ man/woman/girl/boy/child whose name is adjective _____________________. the stories could be printed on newsprint and then displayed around the classroom for review. After eating. There ___________ would meet ______________ a friend who was a/an_______________. Then they would go to bed at ______________. Everyday ______________ would go to _____________. He/she eats job action verb __________________ and drinks ______________. He (She) lived in _______________. He/she has a/an food beverage _____________________.

. 9. 12. 19..…… that describes your worst habit. that tells something great about yourself.
.…… telling what a pilot might say to the control tower.…. 4. 17. 15.with three colors in it.…..….….…. with your name in it. when borrowing something from your neighbor. 14.…… that a three-year old might say. beginning with first and ending with last. 10-…… convincing your boss to give you a raise.…… that tells what a giraffe would say if it could talk.about your worst fear. 2.…… with nine words that tell about an animal.. describing the perfect ice cream sundae. 16..…… mentioning your last vacation. 20. 13.SENTENCE STARTERS Write a sentence ……. 1-……. 18-…… talking about your car. 7-…… describing your best friend. 3-…… that would make your friend laugh aloud.…. 5-…… that tells someone to do something. 8.…. describing your favorite pizza. 11-…… with three animal sounds in it. 6.

23. 16.I’m looking forward to ______________________________________. I’m worried about __________________________________________. 3.I’m tired of _______________________________________________. I hate ___________________________________________________. Saying no is ______________________________________________. 14. I’m interested in ___________________________________________. The most useful thing I own is _______________________________. 22. 9.My friends think that I ______________________________________.I’m planning on ___________________________________________. 20. 6. 17. 11. I like the United States because ______________________________. A good gift for a friend is a _________________________________.SENTENCE STARTERS TWO Complete each sentence with your own words. Some good foods to serve at a party are _______________________. It is hard to be a teenager because ____________________________.It is harder to be a man than a woman because__________________. 7. Behind my back people say __________________________________. The best thing about the United States is _______
. My favorite thing to wear is _________________________________. I’m happy about __________________________________________. I’m most relaxed when ______________________________________ 12. 18. Some things I want to buy are _______________________________. 24. The thing I am most afraid of is ______________________________. 13. I dislike the United States because ____________________________. 19. 4. 15. Teachers should ___________________________________________. I can’t stand ______________________________________________. 5. 25. 1. 2. 8. 21. 10. It’s irritating when _________________________________________.

emblem 19.electricity 18.
NOUN 1-fantasy 2-gymnasium 3.symphony 16. Find at least ten adjectives. After you finish finding the “-ic” adjectives. explain to your partner why you have chosen this particular noun.comedy 17.problem 14.MAKING ADJECTIVES Each of the words in the following list can be used to form “-ic” adjectives.graph 10. A dictionary will be useful here to check spelling.automaton 20-capital
“-IC” ADJECTIVE
NOUN PHRASE
.central 6.gene 5. add a noun of your choice to each. “fantastic experience”.science 4.German 8-state 9.analysis 13.Satan 7.scene 15. for example. In pairs.barbarian 11-metal 12.

9. I was surprised to hear from ………………………………………………………………………………….SENTENCE ENDS Complete each sentence with your own words. When the doorbell rang yesterday.. While reading the novel.. I was dismayed to find out ………………………………………………………………………………….When I got to my job... Try to be as creative as possible..While I was eating supper yesterday. While searching for a parking space. When I woke up yesterday. When I arrived in class this morning. I …………………………………………………………………………………. While I was watching TV yesterday.. 3. I learned …………………………………………………………………………………. 8. 6. I …………………………………………………………………………………. When I looked at the front page of the newspaper last night. 1. I was astonished to see …………………………………………………………………………………. 11. 13. I noticed ………………………………………………………………………………….. I was amazed to see ………………………………………………………………………………… 2. While I was studying yesterday.. I was puzzled by ………………………………………………………………………………….. I was dumbfounded by …………………………………………………………………………………. I saw ………………………………………………………………………………….. When my sister started to cry. 15. When I opened my schoolbag in class. I found ………………………………………………………………………………….While looking in my purse last night. 12. 10. I …………………………………………………
. I remembered ………………………………………………………………………………….. While waiting for the bus yesterday. I realized …………………………………………………………………………………. When the phone rang yesterday. 14. 4. 5. 7.

.. You should try…. my mother said….SENTENCE BEGINNINGS Complete each sentence with your own words.. 6.. 15.. 3. When I'm 65. 2. My most prized possession is…. 9. Growing up. 17. 16... but…. 18.. My last meal would be…. My first relationship was…..... I wish I had never…. People always tell me…. 13. I should try…. 4.. 11. 14. I don’t like talking about….
. I people will say….. 12. At school I…. When I’m gone. My favorite film is…. 1.. 10.. It’s embarrassing... My earliest memory is ….. 8. I talk too much about…. The most interesting thing about me is…. 7. 5. I'll . The best book I ever read was…. It annoys me when…. 19.

Choose those questions from the list below that apply to your personal experience.Did you go to the beach? 9. concerts)? 19-Did you attend any sporting events? 20-Did you buy any souvenirs? 21-Did you go shopping? 22-Did you write any postcards? 23-Did you visit the zoo.MY LAST VACATION Use the Simple Past to describe your last vacation.Why did you choose that place? 6. art galleries and famous landmarks? 18-Did you attend any performances (plays. Pay close attention to the irregular verbs.Did you take many photographs? 16-Did you rent a car or use local transportation? 17-Did you visit the museums.Where did you go for your last vacation? 2.Did you try any of the local food? 10. theater)? 25-Did you like your visit?
.How were the restaurants? 11.What other places did you visit? 8. with friends or relatives? 7.Did you fly or drive? 12-How long was your flight / drive/train ride? 13-Did you take a cruise? 14-Did you fly economy or first class? 15.Did you stay in a hotel. 1.How long did you stay? 5. or aquarium? 24-How was the nightlife (nightclub.Who did you go with? 4. musicals. cinema. botanical gardens.When did you go there? How did you get there? 3.

..... The most useful thing I own is ………………………………………………… 22................. Parents should always .........………………………… 12.......……………………………………..........................………………………………… 3.. My children will ........ The best time of the day is .........................……………………………………………… 19.....…………………………… 7.......................... I’m not interested in .................……………………………………………………...........…………………………………………………… 18............... This world would be a better place if ............. A good gift for a friend is……………………………………………………… 24..............…………………………………… 11.. I never worry about .........UNFINISHED SENTENCES Complete the following sentences: 1....... On Saturdays I usually ............... 4. My favorite thing to wear is ……………………………………………………
..................... Some day I’m going to ......……………………………………………………………… 17..……………………………… 8..... If I had 24 hours to live ............ 9............. The thing that worries me the most is ............ Something that I want to buy is ………………………………………………… 25...………………………………………… 13....... The thing I am most afraid of is………………………………………………… 23.…………………………… 10............ 16........... I’d like to spend a long vacation in .. I would be much happier if ................ Studying is ..........…………………………………………… 14..………………………………………………................... I wish politicians would .....................…………………………… 21.............................. I get very angry if ...... The funniest thing I ever saw was ....................................................................................………… 2........ I feel best when people .....…………………………………………………… 15....……………………………………….................................. Most people I know seem to be ...............…………………………………………… 20.................... 5...........................……………………… 6............ I find it difficult to . I always feel good when ..

bars. Think about the kind of house you would like to buy if price is not a concern. To help you in your task. try to answer the following questions. nightclubs) Mountains Shopping centers Culture centers Restaurants/shops Sports centers Public transportation nearby What is most important to you in a home? A large kitchen / living room A formal dining room A combination kitchen and family room A balcony or patio to sit outdoors Two or more bathrooms A library/home office A media room/entertainment center How the house is distributed (the layout) Do you need a lot of privacy? Do you like to be surrounded by people? Are neighbors important to you? What kind of neighbors do you like? Do you mind having small children or teenagers around? Do you keep pets? Are pet restrictions a concern for you? Is a garden (flower or vegetable) important to you?
.MY IDEAL HOME Your final exam will consist of a composition in which you will be required to describe your ideal home. Where do you want your house to be located? In the city center In a 55+ community In the suburbs In a gated community In the countryside In a small town What do you want your house to face (look into)? A lake An ocean A river Pastures A canal Mountains or hill Would you prefer to own: A single story house A condo/flat A multi-story house A farmhouse A townhouse What amenities would you like to have nearby? Parks/walking or bicycle trails Nightlife (cinemas.

dance. airport? Is there a botanical garden / zoo / sports arena?
. mountains. the hills. concerts. train station.MY HOMETOWN What is the name of your city or town? Where is it located? Near the sea / ocean. opera? Is there a cinema? Any art galleries? What arts and crafts are produced in the area? Are there any parks? Golf courses? How easy is it to get to your hometown? Major highways. valleys? What outdoor activities does it offer? What are some things children can do while there? What can visitors shop for? Is there an art community? Theater. a valley or mountains? How big is it? How is it population? What is the name of its patron saint? What are its major industries? What are its major attractions? Are there any international businesses located there? Does it have any educational facilities? Swimming pools? Discos/bars/restaurants Are there any modern health facilities? Is there a main street where people walk / stroll / jog? Are there any significant historical sites? Is there a museum? What natural attractions are there? Beaches.

MAIN CHARACTER QUESTIONNAIRE Consider the questions below on your own. or ask a partner to interview as if you were the character.What do you like to do? 7.What do you fear? 10-What are your dreams? 11-How would your friends describe you? As the kind of person who …….How will you change? Possibilities: 16. 1.. 12-Who are the most important people in your life? 13-What are the most important things in your life? 14-What is the problem you are facing? 15.Where do you live? 5.What do you look like? 4.How old are you? 3.What will you understand about yourself and the your world at the end of the story? Possibilities:
.What is different about you? 8. to help you begin to create your main character and flesh out the details.What is your name? 2.What is your family background? 6.What do you care about? 9.

It was an eventful trip. 12.That dinner was delicious.The inside of the restaurant was really unique. 2. 6. 9. 1.I had way too much to eat. 3. 14.The kitchen was really a mess. 4.The closet was extremely organized. 10.His costume was scary.Her new hairstyle made me chuckle. 8. 7.Her silly hat was the center of attention. 5. 11.The gift was wrapped in the prettiest paper! 13-The bouquet of flowers was lovely. 15.The tie he had on was very colorful. Read each one of these statements and provide as many colorful details as possible to make them more vivid.I couldn’t believe what my dog dragged home.
.The football game was exciting.ELABORATIONS The mind is a wonderful place for picturing details.The ice cream sundae was an unusual combination of flavors.

two 8. but. Missing words 2. Notice the really short sentences. or so. do.There. were. are. its 3. Missing s or ‘s 4. because 7. Weather. Rewrite all sentences that you have marked with an X. was. has. If a sentence does not seem clear. 6. 7. their. was. were instead of where? Have you used their or there instead of there are or there is? Used commas when a period is needed? Left incomplete ideas stand?
. slowly.A lot. put an X at the beginning. 3. yet. You. you’re 4. To. your. 4. there’s 2.EDITING TIPS To improve sentence structure: 1. too. Read your paper aloud again. it instead of if. It. does 5. Missing -eds or -ings 3. whether Have you Left out important words such as is. Check for: 1.Read each sentence aloud. where. are. 2. always 6. were? Used our instead of are. 5.Is. cause.Change any sentences or words that seem confusing. Divide your sentences with slashes. try to combine them with the sentence before or after it by using a conjunction such as and. have. Missing letters Double check use of: 1.

child or other relative Buying your first house Traveling abroad for the first time Joining the army Becoming a widow / widower Remarrying for the second / third time Becoming a U.A TIMELINE A timeline is a good device to get students to practice the simple past. The following is a list of milestones the students can select from to write in their timeline.S. Provide the class with a piece of scrap paper in which they can draw a line that begins with their date of birth and ends with today’s date. 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Date of birth Birth of a sibling (brother or sister) Starting kindergarten Starting elementary school Graduating from high school Getting your first job Going away to college Graduating from college Falling in love for the first time Learning to drive / obtaining your driver’s license Renting your first apartment Moving away or to another country Getting married Having your first child Getting a divorce Death of a parent. citizen Having your first grandchild Opening a business Retiring from your job
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What does the transition word “when” indicate? 18. What is a main clause? 13. What is the purpose of the third part? 7. What is the purpose of the first part? 5. What is a topic? 19. What punctuation comes before “and”?
. What form of the verb give instructions? 15. What is the only transition word that does not have a comma after it? 17.WRITING QUIZ
1. What is the other form that can be used to give instructions? 16. What is a dependent clause? 14. What is a sentence? 2. What is a main idea? 20. What is the purpose of an outline? 9. What are the three basic part of a paragraph? 4. Two independent clauses that are related may be combined with “and”. What does an indentation indicate? 10. What is the purpose of transition words? 8. What is the purpose of the second part? 6. What is a paragraph? 3. What is an irrelevant sentence? 11. What is chronological order? 12.

Never. One should never generalize. Comparisons are as bad as clichés. Be more or less specific. Avoid clichés like the plague.) Eschew ampersands and abbreviations. etc.com
.grammarly. Prepositions are not words to end sentences with. Parenthetical remarks (no matter how relevant) are unnecessary.HOW TO WRITE GOOD
Avoid alliteration. No sentence fragments. Always. And always be sure to finish what
From: www. Exaggeration is a billion times worse than understatement. (They’re old hat. ever use absolutes.

Lawn ornaments: Decorations placed on people’s lawns. Mistletoe: Is a plant usually hung from a doorway between two rooms.
. Eggnog: Is a drink commonly served at Christmas parties. Christmas ornaments: Are ornaments used to decorate the tree and are placed around the house. Jesus was put in a manger after he was born. “Season’s Greetings” or “Happy New Year’s” which is a shortened form of “Happy New Year’s Eve. Presents are placed under the tree. It is a tradition for a member of the opposite to kiss a person standing under the mistletoe as a surprise. and elves. mangers. reindeers. Holly: A common Christmas ornament. Popular lawn ornaments are Santa Claus. “Chestnuts roasting by an open fire. Scrooge. Gift-wrapped: When you’re shopping. Carving the bird: Cutting the turkey and handing it out to people. you can ask the salesperson if they have a giftwrapping service. Christmas carolers: Are groups of people that walk down a street going from house to house singing Christmas carols.” Chestnuts: Are commonly eaten at Christmas. There is a famous Christmas song. the house owners give the carolers a small treat such a chocolate or eggnog.” Christmas lights: Strings of light used to decorate the Christmas tree and around the exterior of the house. First Christmas: It refers to the birth of Jesus over 2000 years ago. Manger: Historically. On Christmas morning. Christmas Eve: The evening of December 24. You may hear people say: “Don’t be a Scrooge.CHRISTMAS VOCABULARY A Christmas Carol: Charles Dickens’ classic story about greed at Christmas. Christmas dinner: A big dinner on Christmas day. Christmas shopping: There is a lot of shopping at this time. Usually families gather together for Christmas dinner. also called “The night before Christmas. so some people set up a manger with a plastic baby in it and animals around. a small wooden trough that animals ate hay from. Christmas wish List: All the things a person wants for Christmas. which has bright red berries. is now a synonym for a stingy person. The most famous character. Holiday Season: The time running from just before Christmas until New Year’s.” Christmas greeting: Most people greet each other at this time with such expressions as “Merry Christmas”. Traditionally. You might hear people ask each other: “Have you finished your Christmas shopping?” Christmas tree: This is a decorated tree.” Christmas carols: Songs that are sung at Christmas. families and friends open their presents together. sleighs.

Santa: A large. made of snow.Nativity Scene: A scene depicting the birth of Jesus. by stacking large snowballs on top of each other. big black belt and carrying a sack full of gifts which he distributes to children all around the world. Reindeer: Santa rides in a sleigh that is pulled by reindeers. Sleigh: A carriage that rides on snow. Snowman: A figure of a person. usually dressed in red or green. Trimming the tree: Decorating the tree with ornaments is called “trimming the tree”. Small presents are placed in the stockings and usually opened on Christmas morning. White Christmas: A Christmas with snow. Write a letter to Santa: Many children write letters to Santa Claus telling him what they would like to get for Christmas.” People hang stockings in front of the fireplace. plump man dressed in a big red suit.
. Poinsettia: A plant commonly used to decorate at Christmas. Sit on Santa’s Knees: It is a common tradition to go to a person dressed up as Santa Claus and tell him what you want to get for Christmas. The most famous is Rudolph the red-nose reindeer. Santa’s Helpers: These are the elves. Stockings: Literally it means “socks.

COMMON COLLOCATES
aches and pains aid and abet arms and legs ask and answer assault and battery aunts and uncles back to front bait and switch beck and call before and after believe it or not black and blue black and white bows and arrows boys and girls bread and butter bride and groom brothers and sisters buy and sell by and large cap and gown cards and letters cat and mouse cats and dogs come and go cops and robbers crime and punishment day after day day and night day in and day out divide and conquer do or die do's and don'ts down and out dribs and drabs far and wide fast and loose fish and chips flora and fauna forgive and forget from pillar to post give and take hand in glove hard and fast hat and coat heads or tails heart and soul heel and toe hemming and hawing here and now here and there heroes and villains hit and run hugs and kisses husband and wife in and out inside out ladies and gentlemen left and right length and breath life and death lock and key mom and dad more or less mother and father needle and thread nephews and nieces now or never odds and ends off and on oil and vinegar once and for all open and close open and shut paper and pencil peace and quiet pins and needles room and board prim and proper prince and princess pros and cons pure and simple rain or shine rest and relaxation rum and coke safe and sound salt and pepper shipping and handling shoes and socks short and sweet sick and tired soap and water sons and daughters sooner or later stop and go straight and narrow struts and frets suit and tie supply and demand swim or sink tables and chairs thick and thin this and that this or that thunder and lightning tooth and nail top and bottom trial and error trials and tribulations tried and true up and about up and coming up and down upside down without rhyme or reason
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COLLECTIVE NOUNS – ANIMALS
a bale of turtles a barren of mules a bevy of quails a bevy of roebuck a bouquet of pheasants a brood of hens a building of rooks a business of ferrets a cast of falcons a cast of hawks a cete of badgers a charm of finches a clowder of cats a cluck of hens a clutch of eggs a colony of ants a colony of penguins a company of parrots a congregation of plover a cover of coots a covey of partridges a covey of quail a crash of rhinoceroses a deceit of lapwings a descent of woodpeckers a dissimulation of birds a dole of doves a drift of hogs a drove of cattle a dule of doves a fall of woodcocks a flight of swallows a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese a gam of whales a gang of elk a harass of horses a herd of elephants a host of sparrows a hover of trout a husk of hare a leap of leopards a litter of pups a murmuration of starlings a muster of storks a mustering of storks a nest of rabbits a nye of pheasants a pace of asses a paddling of ducks a parliament of owls a party of jays a peep of chickens a pitying of turtledoves a plague of locusts a pod of seals a pride of lions a raft of ducks a rafter of turkeys a rag of colts a richness of martens a route of wolves a school of fish a shoal of bass a shrewdness of apes a siege of herons a singular of boars a skein of geese (in flight) a skulk of foxes a sloth of bears a smack of jellyfish a sord of mallards a sounder of swine a spring of teal a string of ponies a tiding of magpies a trip of dotterel a trip of goats a troop of kangaroos a walk of snipe a watch of nightingales a wisp of a snipe
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HAVE YOU EVER....
attend a play? be on TV? be seasick? be skiing? be stung by a bee? break a bone? buy a new car? change a baby's diaper/nappy? cheat on an exam? climb a mountain? cry during a movie? cut your own hair? drive a tractor? eat frog legs? eat pizza? eat shrimp (prawn)? fail an exam? fall in love? fly a kite? fly in an airplane fly in a helicopter? give a dinner party? give a speech? go bungee jumping? go diving? go ice skating go in-line skating go river rafting? go rock climbing? go scuba diving? go sky diving? go surfing? go to a classical concert? go to a shopping center? go to costume party? go to the circus? have a traffic accident? have a pet? have surgery? have to stay in a hospital? kiss a foreigner? lend someone money? live in apartment building? lose the key to your house? lose your wallet? make a birthday cake? make a snowman? make a video? make an international call? Meet the President? meet the Prime Minister? perform in a stage play? play billiards? play chess? play golf? read (title of a popular book)? receive and send email? ride in a boat? ride on an elephant? ride on a horse? see an English-language film? see snow? sleep in a hammock? sleep in a tent? sleep in class? stay in a five-star hotel? steal anything? swim in the ocean? talk to a famous person? tell a white lie? travel overseas? trek in the mountains? visit a fortune teller? visit a museum? visit Disney World/Disneyland? visit the zoo? wear a costume? wear mismatched socks? win a competition? write a letter to a newspaper? write a love letter? write a poem?

KIM'S GAME
English a bar of soap a bottle of lotion/perfume a bottle opener a box of matches a bracelet a bungee cord a can opener a candle a cassette tape a CD/CD ROM a cleaver (chopping knife) a clipboard a coffee mug a corkscrew a correction pen a cutting board a deck of cards a diskette (floppy) a fork/spoon/knife a funnel a hairband a hair clip a hammer a highlighter pen a key holder/ring a ladle a letter opener a magnifying glass a nail clippers a nail file a nutcracker a pair of binoculars a pair of cufflinks a pair of earrings a pair of goggles a pair of pliers a pair of scissors a pair of tweezers Notes: English a cuticle pusher a paper clip a paperweight/holder a potato masher a potholder a pumice stone a razor blade a roll of film a roll of tape a ruler a safety pin a screwdriver a scrunchy a set of bangles a set of measuring cups a set of measuring spoons a sipping straw a spatula a spool of thread a staple remover a strainer a stuffed animal a tape measure a thimble a toothbrush a torch/flashlight a travel/alarm clock a trivet a tube of cream/lipstick a tube of lip balm a tube of toothpaste a vegetable peeler a Walkman a wristwatch a whiteboard marker a wire whisk an apron an egg beater Notes:
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as ugly as sin as uncertain as the weather. as hot as hell as hungry as a bear. as brown as a berry as busy as a beaver as busy as a bee as clean as a whistle. as clear as mud as cold as ice as cool as a cucumber as cunning as a fox as dark as night as dead as a doorknob as deaf as a post. as bright as a button. as hot as an oven. as white as snow as wide as the ocean as wise as an owl
. as right as rain as slippery as an eel as slow as a snail as slow as a tortoise as slow as molasses as sly as a fox as soft as silk as solid as a brick. as brittle as glass. as rough as a corncob as sharp as a tack as sick as a dog
as generous as the day is long as silly as a goose as gentle as a lamb as good as gold as greedy as a glutton. as deep as a well as deep as the ocean as deep as the sea as dull as dishwater. as sound as a bell as sour as a lemon as steady as a rock as stiff as a poker as strong as a lion as strong as an ox as stubborn as a mule as sweet as honey as swift as an arrow as taut as a drum as thick as two planks as thin as a reed as tight as a barrel as tough as gristle. as hungry as a wolf as large as a whale as light as a feather as loud as thunder as mad as a hatter as neat as a pin. as old as the hills as pale as a ghost as playful as a kitten as pleased as punch as poor as a church mouse as pretty as a picture as proud as a peacock as quiet as a mouse as regular as clockwork as rich as Croesus.SIMILES OF COMPARISON as bald as a billiard ball as bald as a coot as bald as an eagle as big as a whale as black as coal As black as sin as black as thunder as blind as a bat as blue as the sky as bold as brass as brave as a lion. as warm as toast. as hairy as an ape as happy as a grin as happy as a lark as happy as Larry as hard as nails as heavy as lead. as eager as a beaver as easy as pie as fast as lightening as fat as a pig as fit as fiddle as free as a bird as fresh as a daisy as full as tick. as weak as a kitten.

to use enter or use something means too much. beyond its meaning the meaning of a word according to the dictionary advice given a decision-making group reasoning from the general to the particular reasoning from the particular to the general means a place with little or no water a sweet dish usually served after a meal to find something already in existence to create a new product means relating to two parts or aspects means a contest between two persons means to leave one's country of origin
. opposing means disliking.TROUBLESOME WORDS
access excess accept except actually presently adapt adopt adverse averse affect effect all ready already alone lonely bazaar bizarre between among borrow lend breath breathe bring take beside besides capital capitol complement compliment connotation denotation counsel council deduction induction desert dessert discover invent dual duel emigrate means availability. positive or negative. make suitable means to take as one's own means unfavorable. disinclined to means to influence means an influence or result means completely ready means prior to some specific time without any other people unhappy because there are no friends to talk to area of town with many small shops very strange or unusual referring to two people or things referring to more than two people or things to take something to return it later to allow someone to use something for a while means an intake of air means to draw air in and out means to carry toward the person who is speaking means to carry away from the speaker means next to or by the side of means in addition to means the seat of a government a building where the legislature meets means to complete. more than necessary means to take when offered means excluding to emphasize that something is true at this time means to adjust to change. to make whole is an expression of admiration what a word suggest.

careful tired.immigrate famous notorious farther further fewer less formally formerly hard hardly hanged hung imply infer its it's learn teach laborious hard working lay lie lose loose persons people persecute prosecute precede proceed principal principle sensitive sensible stationary stationery than then your you're wary weary
means to enter another country celebrated. is the contraction of you are cautious. almost no refers to a person being killed by to suspend an item from a wall to hint or suggest to take a hint or suggestion is the possessive form of it. firm. fixed means writing materials. solid. means to acquire knowledge means to impart knowledge taking a lot of time and effort to make something to put a lot of effort into a job means to put down an object for a person to recline or repose unable to find not firmly affixed are individuals that are separated and unrelated comprise a united or collective group of individuals means to make life miserable for someone means to conduct a criminal investigation. means chief or main means a fundamental truth or belief aware of other people's feelings able to make good judgments means standing still. is the contraction of it is. stiff almost not. means to come before means to go ahead. without interest or enthusiasm for doing something
. well or widely known known widely and usually unfavorably refers to physical distance refers to degree or extent refers to individual units (count nouns) refers to bulk items (noncount counts) means in a formal way means at an earlier time. especially paper used to introduce the second part of a comparison refers to a particular time in the past or future is the possessive form of you.

independence.Literary Devices
Allusion: When an author refers to something previous in literature or history. using altered or phonetic spelling. Stock character/archetype: a common character type that reoccurs throughout literature. and/or the moment of choice for a character. can be considered “the bad guy”. deeper understanding of life. etc. it is different than a quote (see writing definitions). but not always occurs at the climax. Often. Epiphany: Moment of main realization. Antagonist: The person. Falling Action/Denouement: Typically. the last part of a text after the climax or epiphany. Hero: when the protagonist is admirable Antihero: when the protagonist is not admirable
. Apostrophe: The direct address of a dead person or of something that is not present. turning point. Conflict: The struggle between opposing forces in a text. etc. thing or force that works against the hero of the story. love. See Universal Theme. trusty sidekick. Used to create character or tone/mood. Often a place of symbolism. Dialogue: Conversation between 2 or more characters. Concept: One of the “big ideas” an author presents in a text (ex: family. is unchanged by events Developing (dynamic) Character: changes over the course of events. Dialect: The imitation of regional speech in print. Foreshadowing: When the author suggests of hints at events to come later in the text. Flashback: An interruption in a narrative to show an episode that happened before the story opened (prior to chapter 1). etc.). Similar to a monologue. Character: A fictional personality created by the author. Static Character: stays the same. Although dialogue is signaled by the use of quotation marks. Often used as a symbol or a connection. Example: witty servant.

“suits” for businessmen. Parody: A literary work/text in which the style of another author or literary work is closely imitated for comic effect. Ex. Ex. Metonymy: the substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it: Ex. Plot: The sequence of events in a text. see point of view. Mood: The feeling a piece of literature creates in a reader (reader side). the characters. Point of view: How the text is presented. the relation between the narrator.: It’s raining cats and dogs. Life is a box of chocolates. Main Idea: A brief and literal summary of the text which may refer to the primary concept(s).Hyperbole: An excessive overstatement or exaggeration of fact. Narrator is one the characters and refers to self as “I” Protagonist: The main character or hero of the story. often using character.: I’ve told you about a million times today…” Idiom: a common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal meaning.
. all their motives and thoughts (all knowing) First person: Narrator tells the story from his/her own point of view. Narrator: A person who tells a story. Lesson Learned: What the character learns or realizes as a result of the epiphany. and the reader: Third person: Narrator is outside the story and refers to characters as s/he. Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike ideas not using “like” or “as”. Omniscient: Narrators know all the characters. Irony: when the author draws attention to the difference of what is and what seems to be— often only the audience knows the truth. Personification: When an author gives human qualities to a non-human thing/ object: Example: The rain tickled my nose. Ex: the ending of Romeo & Juliet. Metaphors can be several lines long (extended). Paradox: When a contradiction is reveals a deeper truth: You only hurt those you love.

because it can destroy. Young Adult literature typically draws from the following five Universal Themes: Protagonist vs. Religion. or color used to represent an idea or abstract quality. (serious. Different authors may use the same “items” as different symbols. Theme: The central conflict in a text. Simile: A comparison between two unlike ideas using “like” or “as”. etc. and Protagonist vs. character. human vices. Satire: A literary work that ridicules or scorns. humorous. is often used to represent violence. Fate) Tone: The writer’s attitude towards his or her subject. Another. (occasionally seen Protagonist vs. Example: Fire. Connected to. or weaknesses. Protagonist vs. sarcastic. Often used to make a political or social commentary. place of a story. the first part of a text during which the tension between or within characters builds to the climax or epiphany. Example: A bird. Protagonist vs. her eyes were like chocolate. Setting: The time. Example: Fire.
. When all or most questions are answered. Vehicle: An overarching idea or thread that permeates and ties together the entire story. Symbol: An object.Resolution: How the character deals with the information gained during the epiphany. because it can fly. Self. because it is difficult to extinguish. Nature. Protagonist vs. is often used to represent freedom. Used to create mood.). follies. figure. but not identical to the plot. Society. Rising Action: Typically. is often used to represent strength Emblem: A fixed symbol—one that doesn’t change: The Star of David is a symbol of Judaism.

but 23. being 9. smoking 8. She’s snobbish. to be 13. and 4. to find 10. for 8. since 3. so George went to find help. I won’t invite my classmates to a party until I know them well. but. 14. he can visit his friends. we can’t buy anything. 10. Benjamin passed the exam the first time whereas I had to take it three times. so 19. for 7. He fell asleep while he was watching the film. since 13. to stay 3. 13. cooking 6. liking 2. going 5. 4. but 10. 11. or 24. for
Gerunds versus Infinitives 1. The Harrisons were having a party because their daughter was getting engaged. they had to learn to manage their own home. seeing 12. I had already done the dishes. for 2. talking 15. or 21. Even though he failed. By the time he arrived home.but 18. for 15. 8. for 17. seeing 14. so 25. or 7. 6. and 16. or
Conjunctions: An Exercise 1. since 4. or 12. and 20.Conjunctions: And. and 9. for 20. passing 11. yet people like her. or 1. but 8. and 2. to hear 4. studying 7. and 17. so. since 11. for 12. since 6. The car broke down. He went crazy when his wife burnt his breakfast. since 10. so 11. After they got married. since 19. 15. for 9. since 16. to see
. 3. Since and For 1. since 14. and 6. 7. 2. so 22. for 5. or 5. and 14. so 3. he won’t give up on his ideals. 12. You can hear what I’m saying if you keep quiet. since 18. and 13. but 15. 9. Paula got the job even though she had no experience. 5. Since we’re broke. The first quiz was easy whereas this one is extremely difficult. As soon as Alex has finished his homework.

for 7. of 24. filled out/turned in 7. on 29. at 17. before 25. at 25. on 23. b 20. to
Proverb Practice with Prepositions 1. into 13. in 19. d 6. turn it down 9. without 20. to 23. On. d 17. of 19. in 18. over 24. b 19. at 30. in 5. c 11. with 16. figure out Phrasal Verb Practice 1. turn it in 12. jotted down 14. up/down 11. on 20. at 18. of 4. in 11. on 21. out/out 8. from 22. at 12. b 11. at 23. in 16. put it out 8. at 3. a 10. between 22. at 13. on 6. into 12. a 3. on 14. at 9. on 10. as 28. in 7. for 3. in 7. on
Preposition Practice 1. for 19. d 14. on 5. b 15. in 26. of
. in 17. in 2. turn it on 13. to 5. hand back 4. a 18. a 12. at 22. in 10. call on 15. in 20.Two-Word Verb Quiz 1. in 2. in 14. for 12. clean up
Preposition Quiz: In. in 16. d 8. in 18. of/of 10. a 7. with 6. of 25. heard from 10. b 9. b 4. At 1. on 8. on 2. from 9. on 15. b 16. on 27. take it back 6. by 21. use it up 2. hung up 5. by 3. in 6. at 13. on 21. try it on 3. c 2. at 11. on 24. of 14. b 13. to 17. in 8. for 15. on 4. a 5. at 4. in 15. to 9.

were you? 10. b 8. for 3. has been working 10. doesn’t he? 4. have been 15. hasn’t been 3. haven’t played
Simple Past versus Present Perfect 1. hasn’t it? 11. have been talking 23. did she? 2. has been working 24. e 1. has been watching 22. have been 19. have worked 7. haven’t felt 16. has been raining 4. has been shopping 2. haven’t achieved 2. to 15. to 2. to 13. f 6. has been 11. to 9. for 12. hasn’t seen 5. k 7. isn’t it? 3. has read
. to 16. hasn’t cooked 14. to 10. has walked 12. haven’t left 8. has been working 17. to 11. do you? 7. j 9. has played 14. d 3. have been voting 7. to 5. aren’t you? 5. i 12. has been 10. g 10. to 14. have worked 4. have been reading 25. have eaten 9. for 6. has lived 8. l 11. for 11. for 4. has been playing 6. didn’t you? 6. have had 3. have been walking 12. has been waiting 20. to 18. to 8.Tag Question Practice 1. went Expressions of Purpose 1. have been sitting 21. will she?
Present Perfect versus Present Perfect Progressive 1. would you? 12. has been studying 5. has he? 9. has studied 13. h 5. built 15. c 2. is she? 8. to 17. a 4. to 7. have had 18. failed 6. picked 13.

Subject – Verb Agreement 1. are 2. has 3. is 4. runs 5. wants 6. have 7. have 8. has 9. were 10. concerns 11. is 12. are 13. are 14. are 15. makes 16. has 17. are 18. is 19. makes 20. are

Subject –Verb Agreement: More Practice 1. were 2. is 3. gets 4. are 5. is 6. is 7. is 8. do 9. are 10. are 11. has 12. was 13. has 14. are 15. are 16. is 17. like 18. is 19. is 20. is 21. have 22. were 23. is 24. speak 25. are 26. is 27. works 28. is 29. astounds 30. agree

Adverbs that Show Time Relationship 1. as soon as/after/just after/whenever 2. just after/whenever/after 3. whenever/as long as/every time 4. while/when/just as 5. while/just as 6. as soon as/just as 7. until 8. after/as soon as 9. just as/as soon as 10. just before /as soon as 11. three times 12.as soon as/just after 13. by the time 14. when 15. as long as 16. before / until 17. just as 18. as soon as / just as 19. as soon as/when/just as 20. every time/after/when/whenever

Using “Used To” 1. used to smoke 2. used to own 3. used to live 4. used to eat 5. used to be 6. used to take 7. used to be 8. used to go 9. used to travel 10. used to go

If: Special Tense Use 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The kitchen would look better if we had red curtains. I’ll be sorry if we don’t see her again. It would be a pity if Andy doesn’t get the job. If I knew his address, I would go around and find him. What would you do if you won the lottery? It would be quicker if you use a computer.

7. If you aren’t busy, I will show how to play. 8. If we have some eggs, I will make a cake. 9. If you really loved me, you would buy me those diamonds. 10. I’m sure Carmen would help you if you ask her. 11. If it weren’t so cold, I would tidy up the garden. 12. If I had the key, I would show you the cellar. 13. If I had children like hers, I would send them to boarding school. 14. Where would you if you needed to buy a picture frame? 15. Do you mind if I go first? Active or Passive Voice 1. was shocked 2. has been teaching 3. has been said 4. will be published 5. remembers 6. was introduced 7. is being considered 8. was held 9. will be given 10. had already been solved 11. is read 12. is delivered 13. happened 14. wrote / was written 15. attended 16. was hit 17. happened 18. was interrupted 19. heard 20. won’t be collected There is / There are 1. are 2. are 3. is 4. is 5. are 6. are 7. is 8. are 9. is 10. are 11. are 12. are 13. is 14. are 15. is 16. are 17. is 18. is 19. are 20. is

Using So and Such 1. so 2. such 3. so 4. such 5. so 6. so 7. such 8. such 9. such 10. so 11. such 12. such 13. so 14. such 15. such 16. so 17. so 18. such 19. so 20. so

Same as, Similar to, Different from 1. different from 2. similar to 3. different to/similar to 4. different from 5. the same as 6. similar to/different from 7. different from 8. the same as 9. different from 10. the same as Using “When” and “While” 1. d 2. f 3. h 4. e 5. b 6. g 7. j 8. a 9. i 10. c 11. the same as 12. similar to 13. the same as 14. different from 15. similar to

What do They Do? 1. one who collects money 11. a specialist in diseases of 21. a glamorous and such as coins and bills and the feet successful female performer medals 2. one who collects stamps 12. one who studies water 22. a specialist in handwriting 3. one who studies fossil 13. one underwrites an 23. a waiter who specializes

remains 4. a specialist in diseases of the rectum 5. one who practices arbitrage 6. one who manages the camera for a film 7. one who makes maps 8. one who studies cryptographic systems 9. one who studies human population 10. a specialist in urinary diseases

insurance policy 14. a nurse who looks after patients in critical state 15. a dealer in men’s clothes and accessories 16. one who studies the classification of animals and plants 17. a peddler of unsolicited advice 18. one who offers extensive treatment 19. an examiner 20. an expert in semantics Name your Fear

in wine 24. a specialist in butterflies 25. a college or university teacher 26. one who specializes in the study of diseases 27. someone able to predict the future 28. an employee who runs errands 29. one who helps settle disputes 30. one who specializes in the problems of the aged