To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website

Biennial report, Public Schools of North Carolina

Biennial report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction of North Carolina to Governor ..., for the scholastic years ...

PROCEEDINGS OFTHE MEETING OFSUPERVISORS
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
RALEIGH, N. C, DECEMBER
30, 1897.
254 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
A WORD OF EXPLANATION.
This report is published by the Superintendent of Public Instruction,
in accordiance with the Constitution of the Association of Supervisors.
I regreat that we cannot publish all the papers read before the Associa-tion
and a full report of each general discussion.
The Secretary of the Association took down only a synopsis of the pro-ceedings,
not knowing at the time that we would publish the report.
I have written out, as best I could, from the Secretary's report, the
general proceedings of the meeting.
I have copied a great deal from the report given in the JVews and Ob-server.
The Supervisors and I were very much gratified to see such a full and
complete report of the meeting in the Raleigh press.
The Supervisors who were not at this meeting missed a great deal.
I feel sure that every one present went away more determined to make
progress than when he came.
Inspiration and zeal were kindled here that will surely have its effect.
I appreciate most sincerely the sacrifice that was made by some of the
Supervisors to attend this meeting. It speaks well for them and the
cause they represent.
I wish to call special attention of school officers to Prof. Brewer's ad-dress
on " Grading Schools in the Township."
I trust this meeting was only the beginning of what shall be at the fu-ture
Annual Meeting.
This meeting was an experiment on my part, and I am well pleased
with the result so far.
C. H. Mebank,
Superintendent Public Intruction.
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 255
PROCEEDINGS.
Pursuant to the call of C. H. Mebaue, Superintendent
of Public Instruction, the County Supervisors assembled
in the House of Representatives Thursday morning, De-cember
30, 1S97.
The Supervisors from the following counties were pres-ent,
to-wit
:
D. L. Ellis. Buncombe county. M. C. S. Noble, New Hanover Co.
J. D. Rowe, Catawba county A. W. Cooper. Onslow county.
R. B. Lineberry. Chatham county. J. R. Tingle, Pitt county.
Robt. S. Green, Jr., Davidson Co. N. C. English, Randolph county.
A. P. Davis, Forsyth county. M N. Mclver, Richmond county.
B. S. Mitchell, Franklin county. W. R. Surls, Robeson county.
Alex. Baker. Granville county. E P. Ellington, Rockingham Co.
Jas. A. Butler, Iredell county. Street Brewer, Sampson county.
J. H. Painter, Jackson county. A. M. Matics, Vance county.
Ira T. Turlington, Johnson county. H. W. Norris, Wake county.
E. A. Simpkins, Lenoir county.
'
J. R. Rodwell, Warren couty.
H. A. Grey, Mecklenburg county. E. T. Atkinson, Wayne county.
J. M. Deaton, Montgomery county. Jas. W. Hayes, Wilson county.
E. M. Cole, Moore county.
H. W. Norris, of Wake county, called the meeting to
order. Song, " Blest be the tie that binds," was sung.
Devotional exercises were conducted by Rev. E. C.
Glenn, of Raleigh Central Methodist Church. The Scrip-ture
read was a portion of the Sermon on the Mount, fol-lowed
by a beautiful and appropriate prayer.
Election of a presiding officer resulted in the unanimous
choice, by acclamation, of Hon. C. H. Mebane, State Su-perintendent
of Education.
Mr. Mebane, on accepting the chair, appointed J. R.
Rodwell, of Warren County, as Secretary, and delivered a
most excellent address on the object and importance of
the meeting. He also took occasion in his address to pay
a very high compliment to the press of the State for its
effort in behalf of public education. He wanted it dis-tictly
understood that the object of the meeting was not
to make a display of oratory, but to come together in a
256 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
practical organization for practical and effectual work.
He spoke in detail as follows :
I am very niuch encouraged to see you here. This meeting was called
that we, as school officers and educators, might see each other face to
face, that we may reason together for each other's good in the great work
entrusted to us ; that we may have the benefit of the wisdom and experi-ence
of each other in securing the best result under the present school
law ; that we ma}- have unity of action for one great object, namely, the
improvement and progress of our public schools
I know you have the interest of the public schools at heart and want
to make progress in your work, because you have made a sacrilice to
attend this meeting in order that you may accomplish more in your work
when you return home, and I sincerely hope that in this particular your
expectations may be fully realized.
My sympathies go out to those who are with us in interest and good
wishes, but are not able to be present in person.
It is a source of great pleasure to me, and I am sure of great encourage-ment
to all of us here, to know that every single Supervisor has endorsed
this meeting and expressed a desire to be present.
This meeting represents that interest upon which the future of North
Carolina depends. The boys and girls of your respective counties of to-day
are to be the men and women of to-morrow. What the future man-hood
and womanhood of our State shall be largely depends upon you,
who are responsible to a large extent for what instruction the majority of
the children will receive.
Would that I could, to some extent, impress upon you the greatness of
your responsibility.
Would that you could more fully realize that the life and inspiration of
the public schools of your respective counties must come from you.
Would that you could realize that you must make and create sentiment
in favor of public education.
Would that I could make you more fully realize that the only way to
make progress in our public school work is to keep everlastingly at it.
Would that I could make you realize that the most important and most
responsible county office is that of Supervisor of the public schools.
What is our responsibility in this meeting? Great, you say.
Yes, it is even awful. Whose interest do we represent? Not that of
any political party, not that of any party, but we represent the children
of North Carolina. We are making history to-day. How long shall this
history last ? Shall this meeting and its results be like the morning
cloud and the early dew, which soon passes away ?
I sincerely hope that we shall sow seed here that shall spring up and
bring the sunshine of intelligence into many homes that are now grop-ing
in ignorance, that we shall go out from this meeting full of in.spira-lion
and zeal for the great w'ork of })ublic education, and that the entire
«
SUPRRINTRNDKNT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 257
State may feel the effects of this meeting. Let no Supervisor hesitate to
s]5eak out in our general discussions. Let those whose names are not on
the programme take no less interest in this meeting than those whose
names appear on the programme.
VVe want to hear of the difficulties peculiar to any particular county.
We want to hear of the success of any particular county.
In short, we want us all to feel that we are benefited and better ])re-pared
for our work by having attended this meeting.
The first subject on the programme, " Organization of
Supervisors' Association " was taken up by H. W. Norris,
of Wake.
On motion of D. L. Ellis, of Buncombe county, the Chair
was requested to appoint a Committee on Organization,
The following committee was appointed : D. L. Ellis, of
Buncombe ; AI. C. S. Noble, of New Hanover ; H. A. Grey,
of Mecklenburo".
At this point the Chairman read the following communi-cation
:
Governor and Mrs. Russell will be glad to receive the
County Supervisors, principals, and teachers in the public,
high and graded schools, and other friends of education in
attendance upon the meeting of the Supervisors, at the
Mansion this afternoon, from 5.30 to 6.30, and extend to
them, through you, a cordial invitation to be present.
Sincerely yours,
J. E. Alexander,
Private Secretary.
To Hon. C. H. Mebane,
Siifcrintendent Public Instruction.
Immediately after the reading of this invitation, D. L.
Ellis, of Buncombe, offered the following resolution :
Resolved, That the Supervisors, now in session, most
heartily acknowledge the receipt of an invitation to be re-ceived
at the Mansion of the Governor of North Carolina
this evening at 5.30 o'clock, and hereby tender our sincere
thanks to Governor and Mrs. Russell, for this honor con-ferred
upon our body.
2 5) Imparlial selection of teachers
(c) Increased interest in and respect for the schools ; (d) Higher educa-tion
extended ; (e) Economy of more wholesale and intelligeut expendi-ture.
The old district was manifestly and iniquitously unequal and
unjust.
The grading system is advantageous to poor neighborhoods. Under
the old plan, the money being apportioned per capita to the district,
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 263
teachers and patrons of certain districts would succeed in getting every
family attached to their district possible that they could use to advantage
in building up their own private school, thus leaving a few poor families
to shift for themselves as regarded school facilities. Fundamentally, the
whole matter rests upon a simple principle, that every child of the State
has an equal right to the education provided by the State. Grading the
schools, and each school of equal length, is the panacea for the great dis-parity
heretofore existing. I find selecting the teachers at the same time
the schools are graded works admirably. It beats the old plan of the
teachers canvassing each committeeman separately and getting Mr. Smith
to say if Mr. Jones is willing he is willing. Then he goes and sees Jones
and tells Jones Smith is willing for him to have the school. Now he has
two of the committee secured, gets the school—is not really the choice of
an}- of the committee and perhaps none of the patrons, and the school is
practically a failure. In connection with the feature of the law that pro-vides
that all the schools shall be in session at one time, it prevents teach-ers
from monopolizing two or three schools the same year, thus keeping as
worthy, or perhaps worthier, teachers than themselves out of employment,
and some of the schools taught at a season of the year when the children
could not attend —all to accomodate some dear relative or other special
favorite. " Grading the schools " also prevents dishonest and unprinci-pled
committeemen from receiving bribes or a part of the teacher's salary,
as has been sometimes done in the past under the old district system by
both races. '
' Grading the schools " is a great advantage to the competent
and true teacher. The two great requisites to a profession of teaching
are discrimination in hiring and permanency of appointment. Both of
these are promoted by the grading system. Instead of a multitude of
ignorant and indifferent committeemen, unacquainted with other schools
than their own, and hiring a teacher as they would stick an old hat into
a broken window-pane, merely to stop a chink, choosing him instead of
some other because he happens to chime in best with their whims—our
schools are in charge of five efficient men, each school graded, which
fixes the salarv of the teacher. There is now no cuttiiig of prices, as
under the old system. The committee, with the Supervisor, can compare
the work of the teachers and dismiss or promote, according to the work
really done. The schools, instead of being a rope of sand, will have or-ganic
connection and form part of a system in which each will get help
from all the rest. The wages of efficient teachers will rise, while the in-efiBcient
will be gradually dropped from the ranks. In short, the ten-dency
under the " grading system " is toward the development of a pro-fession
of teaching where unprepared novices will have no foothold, and
experts will command the respect and the salary their ability deserves.
It is the fundamental principle on which economy of expenditure de-pends,
that you must get what you pay for. One of the chief obstacles
heretofore under the old district has been a lack of systematic and bus-iness
like management. In one colored district in my county in which
the average attendance was less than a dozen, the teacher received a
264 BIKNNIAL REPORT OK THE
salary of 535 per month. That school now, under the " grading system "
is being taught at a salary of $iH per month, a saving of $17 per njonth
in one school. From an economic point of view, the waste of the State
school money under the old district system is both startling and ludicrous.
One instance came to my attention a few years ago, where a young lady
was teaching a public school with only two pupils, at a salary of |20 per
month. She carried her crocheting, and one of the pupils her knitting,
to the school-house, and the State paid for their household work. I could
cite other cases equally as ridiculous, but the cases given show how the
little public money we get from the State has been wasted by ignorant
and prejudiced committeemen. I am sorry to learn that in some counties
no attention at all has been given to the "grading of the schools." All
the friction and disadvantages of the new system, with none of its bene-fits,
will be the result in these counties where the schools are not graded,
because the grading is the one feature of the new law, around which its
success or failure depends. In those counties where they have not graded
their schools the new law will not be a success, and I am afraid there will
be a public sentiment for a change back to the old system. The reason
of changing from thirty or more committeemen in a township, to only five,
was to obtain wiser, better, more economic and judicious management,
but all this change is a nullify if the schools are not graded. Again, how
will the committe apportion the school money in January, if the schools
are not graded? The new law says that it is not to be apporiioiied per
capita, but according to the grade of the school. In conclusion, allow
me to say, fellow-Supervisors, that the success or failure of the new
school law depends, to a great extent, upon the County Supervisors of
North Carolina. They can, by enlisting public sympathy, and trying to
mould public opinion in favor of the new system, accomplish much good.
It behooves us, therefore, to try, by all legitimate means, to create such
favorable sentiment. Let us remember that " that towering over Presi-dents
and State Governors, over Congress and State Legislatures,over Con-ventions
and the vast machinery of party, public opinion stands out, in
the United States, as the great source of power, the master of servants,
who tremble before it." There have been autocrats whose will was law.
There have been oligarchies whose decrees were unalterable. There
have been assemblies whose edicts were undisputed. But no Roman
Emperior, no Venetian Council, no French Convention, was ever so com-plete
and so undisputed a sovereign as the power that rules the Ameri-can
people to-day. In former times the English people were accustomed
to say, " lex is rex," and the same boast is sometimes made on this side
of the Atlantic. But with, us, at least, the assumption is unfounded. It
is a well known fact that a law unsupported by public opinion is, in our
Republic, a dead letter. Congress may enact it, the President may ap-prove
it, and the courts may affirm it, but unless public opinion sustain
it no power known to a free public can enforce it. Let us try to get
public opinion behind us, and } o i may be sure the average legi.slator is
the last man to throw himself in the way of it. He would as soon place
SUPKRINTKNDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 265
himself in front of an express train. We muat, therefore, wake public
opinion, which will support and endorse what we want. Let us learn a
lesson from the past. What we have gained has been achieved, because
in the course of time we have enlisted public opinion in our favor. And
this will ever be the case. The success of all future effort will depend
upon securinij the support of this most ineslimible of all moral and po-litical
forces. .
Adjourned for dinner.
The afternron sessioa was called to order by the Chair-man
at 3 o'clock.
D. L. Ellis, of Buncombe, discussed a plan for Super-vising
County Schools, as follows :
SUPERVISING COUNTY SCHOOLS.
BY D. I.. EI.US, SUPERVI.SOR BUNCOMBE COUNTY.
It will be admitted, no doubt, without argument, that the count)-
schools ought to be supervised ; and it is generally conceded that as now-organized,
administered, and sustained, it is impossible to give them any
salisfactorj^ supervision.
Indeed, the law creating this office and qualifying its executive officer,
render it impossible properly to do the necessary work of supervising
tlie schools, from the fact that it implies in its limitatioas that the Super-visor
is not expected to devote his whole time and all his powers to this
great and exceedingl)' important work. And let me .say, that three
hundred and sixty-five days are not enough time, each year, for any
man to do the work required in supervising the schools in the smallest
county in this State. How, then, shall any one of us hope to do this
important business in eighty days—our school year?
At present we, as Supervisors, are acting mainly as clerks to the Boards
of Education throughout the State. In some cases we are actually try-ing
to teach and do the work of a Supervisor at the same time, stopping
a day now and then, to run out to see about putting in stove flues or pro-viding
fuel for some school that has raised a complaint.
But is this supervision ? Nay, verily.
Let me give my conception of supervision :
It is to have constant, perioiial contact and oversight of all the details
of the school work that is being done by the teachers ; to give that work
its proper directions by suggestions, counsel and illustrative teaching,
after a close inspection of methods already in use, and to look narrowly
after the school-room management, the comfort and health of pupils ; to
shape public sentiment ; to encourage the professional progress and
growth of teachers—in a word, to grasp the whole situation, and legislate
for each school to its best interests, by a y erfect knowledge of its needs
and remedies for the same.
266 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
Now all this is impossible for the average man to accomplish in eighty
days.
The proposed plan of supervision is briefly this :
1. To subdivide the schools of the county into three groups, no two of
which shall be in session at the same time, thus giving each section four
months of school, subject to the proper inspection and supervision of the
legal ofHcer (Supervisor).
2. To require the Supervisor to give all his time to the schools, and
pay him an annual salary for his services.
3. To raise the standard of teaching and the salary of teachers to the
highest possible limit.
4. To require the Supervisor to be properly qualified by experience,
training, and scholarship to discharge his duties efficiently.
5. To qualify and pay school committees for their work. But some
one complains, " Oh, we can't do this ; it is at variance with the law, the
public sentmient, and we could not put such a plan into operation under
the present educational system." I very readily and cheerfully grant
that the plan is inoperative ho-m ; but are we working and planning for
the J>rcsr/it only. Not so, but the next two years, the next century, if
you please
We are bound hand and foot at present, but I, for one, am not content
to remain so bound.
Under the proposed plan, the same group of teachers could be em-ployed
in all the schools in the county, thus making it possible to secure
and pay the very best teaching talent obtainable anywhere. The skilled
Supervisor, having four months to devote to twenty or thirty schools,
could make his powers felt in the minutest workings of the system ; he
could easily gather his thirty teachers into weekly or monthly training
classes, where a critical study of the science and art of education could
be carried on. By an active public policy he could bring almost the en-tire
mass of the people to a realizing sense of their duty toward the public
school, and their enthusiastic support of the same.
Then, again, it is claimed, and with some show of reason, that the plan
proposed could not succeed because the people would not send their
children to school except in the fall of the year—that they are obliged to
keep the children at home for work. Now, this is all stuff and nonsense.
Who can blame any one from not patronizing the average public school
as now conducted at inconvenient seasons? The schools do not merit
patronage—that is why they are not crowded to the doors at every session.
I have a few teachers in my county that teach from eight to thirteen
months at different points in the county every year, in four months
schools, and they always have about 80 per cent, or 90 per cent, of the
school population in regular attendance. " The fault is not in our stars,
dear Brutus, but in our" traclur Siwd school official'.—to change the quota-tion
slightly.
The people will readily fall into the ranks under the proposed direc-tion
; and soon every school will be run eight or ten months by supple-
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 267
men ting the public-school funds by private subscription, as is done in
every progressive State in the Union.
It is clearly not sense or business to expect school coniniittemen to
spend ten or twenty days in the service of the schools during the year
without some pay for their work. They are either a useless appendage,
or else we have no idea of the fitness of things, if we expect them to do
this work efficiently and properly without pay and without being duly
fitted by special training for their duties.
I am firmly of the opinion that no one ought to be allowed to meddle
with the school interests of the State or county without due preparation
and certification for his duties, and that after such preparation, he
should be paid a salary commensurate wiih his duties and labor.
The day has gone by when anybody can, teach, when any lawyer, doc-tor,
retired preacher, or the man who is out of a job, can act as Super-visor
of schools. A good teacher is cheap at any price, a poor one dear
at the smallest salary. It is an axiom that the article is always related in
quality to its value in the market ; so the price we pay our teachers is in
proportion to their worth—small salaries, little teachers. You cannot
catch real, live birds with chaff.
Let us, then, brother Supervisors, encourage one another in this great
work upon which we are entering. Labor without ceasing for the up-building
of every interest of your schools. Form a close copartnership
with your school boards and committeemen, and outline a bold and
rugged policy ; place your ideal high and strive to raise it year by year.
Let me beg of you not to be a "policy man," and try to secure your office
for years to come by the effort to p/easc everybody to the neglect of your
sworn duty.
You will win both approval and criiicism—the latter is your truest
reward ; for no man can succeed without opposition and criticism, often
of the most violent type.
Remember that the thousands of children in your county look to you
for their protection and guidance. You have takeu a great responsibility
upon yourself worthy to wear the badge of your office as Supervisor of a
system of county schools in our grand old State of North Carolina !
J. D. Rowe, of Catawba, addressed the body on the sub-ject
of "Uniiorni Examinations." He treated his subject
well and made some vahiable suggestiors.
An interesting general discussion was participated in by
several,
A motion was made by D. L. Ellis, of Buncombe, to ap-point
a committee of five to take into consideration the
question of uniform examinations, and to correspond with
the various County Supervisors of the State, with power to
268 lilKNNIAL REPORT OF THK
act, if results can be obtained through this measure. The
motion was adopted, and the following were appointed on
this committee : D. L. Ellis, of Buncombe ; E. P. Elling-ton,
of Rockingham ; Street Brewer, of Sampson ; A. P.
Davis of Forsyth ; N. C. English, of Randolph.
" What may be done by combining some of our smaller
schools," was discussed by H. A. Grey, of Mecklenburg.
He was strongly in favor of concentration of schools at bet-ter
salaries, rather than for more schools. There were al-ready
in his colony too many schools. His observations
were thoroughly practical, and from his experience as Su-pervisor,
which, at the request of some of those present, he
took occa.sion to outline, in a very entertaining way. He
gave his method of visiting the schools and of his present
plans of bringing together two or more schools into one to
the advantage of both teacher and pupil.
" What Supervisors may do to raise the standard of
scholarship among our Public School teachers," was the
subject of an able and most entertaining address by M. C.
vS. Noble, vSupervisor of New Hanover county, and Super-intendent
of Wilmington Graded Schools.
Professor Noble emphasized the value of trained teach-ers,
and said that the Supervisor ought to endeavor to get
committees to employ such, even if by so doing the school
term is shortened, for a good teacher can do more in one
month than a poor teacher can do in two or three months.
The value of a school taught by a scholar will assert itself,
and then a longer term will be demanded.
Read the best educational books and jounals. Be men
of scholarship yourself and strive to master the best meth-ods
of imparting instruction. Conduct monthly teachers'
meetings and give outlines of model lessons.
After Professor Noble's address the meeting adjourned.
The Supervisors, with their friends, some college men,
high-school men and others, repaired to the Governor's
Mansion. The leceiving party was composed of the Gov-
SUPKRINTKNDRNT PTTRTJC INSTRUCTION. 269
ernor and Mrs. Russell, the State officers, Private Secretary
Alexander, Miss Belvin, Miss Bessie Belvin and Miss Ivey
Hayes. The halls of the Mansion were never more bril-liant,
and formality never seemed less formal than on this
pleasant occasion. Mrs. Russell knows just how to make
the receipients of her generosity and goodness feel at home
even on State occasions. The hour spent at the Mansion
will long be remembered by each one present,
NIGHT SESSION.
The night session was called to order by the Chairman.
" Moral Character as a Factor in Granting Certificate?,''
was discussed by J. W. Bailey, editor of the Biblical T\e-rorder^
as follows :
MORAL CHARACTER AS A FACTOR IN GRANTING THE
TEACHER'S CERTIFCATE.
CONDKNSED BV J. W. BAUvEV.
I congratulate you, Mr. Superintendent, that in the closing days of your
first year as head of the Public School system of North Carolina, you have
added the achievement of this meeting to your laurels. I congratulate
you, Supervisors, upon the success of this meeting. It may no longer
be said that our public school system is friendless ; here are friends
whose very presence is emphatic testimony to their zeal in the cause to
which they have been called. If I mistake not, we have in your presence
a token of the dawning of a better day for our public schools and a grander
era for our noble Commonwealth.
You have heard to-day the discussion of some important phases of
your work ; you will hear others when I have taken my seat. But as I
see it, the subject assigned me transcends all others. For though you
have an infinite fund of money, and your schools run all the year round
in reach of every child, and your teachers be learned as sages, our public
school system will nevertheless be a curse upon us unless the teachers are
men and women of moral character and make it their chiefest ambition
to implant moral principles in their pupils.
Our State is a moral institution. North Carolina was not founded upon
the theory that its voters should all be able to read and write ; for it was
founded in a day when this was undreamed of,—and though it is dreamed
of now, it is yet only a dream—please God may it soon be realized. But
our Commonwealth was founded upon the theory that her citiztns were,
and ever should be, men of moral character, for it would have been the
270 BIENNIAL rp:port OF thp:
height of wild folly to deliberately entrust the destiny and the power of
a great State into immoral hands. So, therefore, our State is a moral
institution, in that its foundation rests upon the morality of the people of
whom ifconsists and by whom it has its being. It is, moreover, a moral
institution, in that its governing principle is a moral one—that of equal
and exact justice to all men. For should you require of me a definition
of morality, I would answer that morality is that principle, or system of
piinciples, in a man that impels hitn to seek justice that is right, for all
his fellow-men.
I can perceive how an absolute monarchy might sustain itself for a
considerable time notwithstanding the immorality of its people; a king
may rule by the terribleness of his sceptre. But even then the king must
lay the foundation of his throne upon moral character, else in due season
his sceptre will reap destruction. Trace any line of history you choose,
and you will find one thesis writ large in letters of fire and blood, and
that is, that no nation can endure except it be founded in moral charac-ter.
When Israel forgot Sinai, God's own kingly line fell into servitude.
Babylon with all her splendor, Persia with all her glory, Greece with all
her culture, Rome with all her world-conquering power, and the empire
of the mighty Napoleon, have passed like troubled dreams from the face
of the earth, because detp down in their sources of life there were no
springs of moral character, either for the people or for their rulers. If
culture could preserve a nation, the sun of Greece had never set ; if trans-cendent
power were the essential of empire, Rome would still be mistress
of the world ; if mighty genius could make a nation, Napoleon had not
died on St. Helena ; if the favor of the Almighty could insure the pre-servation
of a people, Miriam's harp had not been hanging on the willow
tree all these centuries, Israel had not been scattered to the four winds of
heaven. But it is not culture, it is not might, it is not genius, and it is
not God's favor—it is, and is eternally, moral character in the nation, its
rulers or its people, that make it strong to endure all the battering storms
of political existence throughout all the trying tide of time.
True of monarchies, true of the past, a thousand-fold more essentially
true is this thesis with respect to free countries in which the people rule,
and of the present and of the future. And the truth comes home to us
that North Carolina is a free country of self governing citizens; the
truth comes home to us that the sovereign of our Commonwealth is yon-der
citizen with ballot in hand. He is Ctesar, and if he fails, then has
failed the last hope of free government. I say, in all soberness, that
when our people depart from the principal of equal and exact justice to
all men, which is the noblest expression of individual and national
morality, government of the people, by the people and for the people is
doomed to perish from the earth. Our nation is young yet ; the testing
crisis is in the future, and I am not so blinded with the achievments of
our first century, nor so unmindful of present conditions, as not to
believe that that future is near at hand, and to tremble at the prospect.
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 27I
Shall the people of North Carolina be men and women of moral char-'
acter? Shall our Commonwealth abide in the faith of the fathers;
shall our State continue to do equal and exact justice by all men ?
Shall North Carolina endure a grand Commonwealth of noble freemen ?
I ask you, Supervisors, because the answer to the question rests not
lightly upon those who have charge over the schools of the children
to-day, the citizens who shall to-morrow stand with ballots in hand as
makers and rulers of our State. I ask you, Supervisors, because you
have charge over the schools from which the North Carolina of to-mor-row
shall march forth full grown. I ask you, Supervisors, because the
only hope of morality in thousands of our citizens-to-be rests in the
moral character of the men and women to whom you shall grant certifi-cates
to teach in our public schools.
I am not unaware that there is some hope in the Sunday-schools, but
I know that less than one third of all the host of our six hundred thou-sand
children are reached by these schools, and tfley inadequately. I
do not underestimate the value of our Private Schools, but I must con-front
the fact that of all this rising host of citizens less than ten per
cent, are reached by these institutions. I thank God for the great influ-ence
of the churchss which adorn our State, but I cannot be unmindful
that our preachers preach to men and women, not to children, and that
they do this for the most part only twelve times a year I take courage
for the hope there is in thousands of our homes ; but you know too well
that there are thousands and tens of thousands of homes in which there
is no ground for such hope—many in the cities and towns, many around
the factories so rapidly increasing, and manj- out in the backwoods away
from the railroads and the newspapers and the touch of the world, out
yonder where the heart of North Carolina is.
I have shown to you the absolute essentiality of moral character to
enduring government. I have shown to you that there is no hope of
moral character in many of our future citizens save in the teachers in
our public schools. I would to God that I could drive home to your
hearts to-night this one conviction, that unless you withhold your cer-tificates
from charlatans, weaklings and scoundrels, unless you choose
for teachers men and women of strong moral character, there is for
many no hope at all, and the very foundations of our State are threat-ened.
There is no way of obtaining teachers of moral characrer by
examinations, but there is a way of selecting them by knowledge of
men and it is your duty to use this knowledge in granting your certifi-cates.
If the president of the greatest univeisity should stand a perfect
examination before you, and you should know he was without moral
character, in the name of all you hold sacred, you should refuse him
your certificate. And as for the Supervisor who is moved in this matter
by political motives, he is a traitor to his trust, to the children, to his
State, and a shame upon his Creator.
You cannot teach the children morality out of text-books. I wouldn't
give a peanut for a text-book of morality in the hands of an immoral
272 BIKNNIAl, REPORT OF THK
teacher. All depends upon the teacher. One's character i.s determined
by the environment of his childhood and youth. Heredity is powerful
to assert, but environment declares and determines. As the physician
can niirture the child out of the weakness which has been inherited, as
the surgeon can straighten the twisted joint, even so the teacher can
nurture the mind out of its weakness and cure the conscience of its
immoral taint. If the teacher is true, all well ; but if the teacher is weak
or false, he can damn the children to a degradation of heart and con-science,
which will be aggravated instead of alleviated by the learning
they receive. Oh, it is a critical moment when a child begins school 1
"God made men before he made books." The child in the school
.studies the teacher more than he studies arithmetic, language or geog-raphy.
It is a thousand times more important that the child learn the
right things of his teacher than that he learn anything from his books.
I would rather have a million illiterate moral citizens to constitute the
body politic of my state than one thousand immoral sages. It is char-acter,
not learning, that makes a nation strong and great. It is charac-ter
that the child receives from the teacher; it is only learning that is
gotten from the text-books.
Yours is the responsibility, Supervisors. If a man or woman of weak
moral character is teaching in your county schools, it is your fault. If,
by the influence of that teacher, the character of one child is injured
instead of improved, the curse be upon you, for it was yours to prevent.
You are the guardians of the children of North Carolina ; you are the
stewards of the State's most precious treasurer.
I am no dreamer, but I believe in visions. I have a vision of my
North Carolina; it is not of her matchless resources—I am content
to let them wait the inevitable fruition of time. It is not of her gra-cious
rivers rolling their mighty waters unused, but not wasted, into the
Atlantic. I am content with their beauty as they are. It is not of
her mountains so rich in minaral wealth, so marvellous in their mag-esty.
I am content that I may stand upon their heights sometimes
and breathe the incense of heaven and worship God in the grandeur
of his tabernacle. No, no, it is not of North Carolinia's material
blessings : My vision is of her children to day, herself to-morrow.
I hope to live to see the day when no longer shall her children cry for
schools, when no longer shall her school-houses be closed forty
weeks in the year, when no longer shall the minds of her children be
sacrificed upon the altars of prejudice, politics and poverty ; when we
shall no longer be content with any but teschers of unquestionable moral
character, and then I shall be content to depart without entering but hav-ing
seen the era in which each rising sun that kisses our eastern waters
shall grow brighter and each setting sun shall smile as it sinks to rest
beyond Mitchell's lofty peak, beholding a race of men and women,
" diviner but still human, solving the riddle old, shaping the age of gold,"
who serve each other as brothers, seeking the common good of all, equal
and exact ju.stice between man and man. I look upon the four months'
SUPKRINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 2/3
public schools, and a shadow seems to come over me ; I look upon the
teachers, and I yearn to tell them what destiny hangs upon them, I look
upon you. Supervisors, and my tongue fails me to express my feelings.
P^or my heart tells me that in these, and therefore in you, rests much of
the hope of my vision. Please God, may it come true.
In the presence of the pj'ramids Napoleon inspired his men with rhe
exclamation, " Soldiers, forty centuries look down upon you." We are
in a presence more inspiring than they. Here the Father of his Country
beholds us, and here the political redeemer of his Commonwealth—Vance
—looks down upon us. Shall we not re-dedicate, re-consecrate ourselves
to this cause, their cause, our cause, humanity's cause, God's cause, the
uplifting our people by education.
The next subject, "(ieneral Course of Study for County
Schools," was discussed in a very masterly way by P. P.
Claxton, of the State Normal College. As a proof of the
interest manifested in the splendid address of Prof. Clax-ton,
the following resolution was adopted :
Resolved, That the Supervisors respectfully ask Prof. Claxton to formu-late
and publish, at his leisure, \.\\ro\\gh.X.\\& Journal of Education, the
outline of the course of study discussed, for the benefit of our sceools.
Submitted by D. L. Ellis, of Buncombe.
" What Supervisors may do to secure needed legislation
in 1899," was discussed by Charles D. Mclver, President
of the State Normal College. His address contains much
that deserves careful thought and consideration. It is as
follows
:
"WH.\T SUPERVISORS MAV' DO TO SECURE NEEDED LEGIS-LATION,''
Was discussed by President C. D. Mclver, of the State
Normal College.
He took the ground that there was not a great deal of
legislation needed, but that the local-tax election next year
ought to be held on the same day as the regular election.
This, he said, would save expense and also insure more
general public interest in the election and its results.
Without local taxation supplementing the State tax, no
18
2 74 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
system of schools has ever been satisfactory in this State or
elsewhere.
He discussed township ownership of text-books and suf^-
gested it as a means of securing uniformity of books at a
cheaper rate to the people, and as a means of securing a
better attendance, as many parents keep their children
away from school because they do not feel able to buy
books.
The possibility of securing good school buildings by is-suing
bonds was suggested, as bonds are issued for rail-roads,
new county houses, paved streets and other public
improvements, where the expense of inaugurating them is
too heavy to be borne by one generation.
The only two public improvements that go practically
to every man's door are the public schools and public roads,
and yet no bonds have ever been voted for them.
They are the most important permanent public improve-ments
in any agricultural community.
He also advocated a mild form of compulsory education,
by requiring that every boy who comes to his majority after
1905 must be able to read the Constitution of the Stale
and of the United States, both of which he will swear to
support, before he can vote. This would not deprive any
man who is now unable to read of his vote, but would
simply prevent recruits to the great army of illiterate voters
after 1905, or such date as may be agreed upon.
In addition to the County Supervisors, it is necessar}- to
have nine or ten District Supervisors, whose duty it shall
be to stimulate educational thought and activity among
the teachers and the people.
The State Superintendent is the only man employed for
all of his time to act as a School Supervisor and educational
leader.
Some one of the strongest representatives of public edu-cation
ought to come in contact with each community
every year. Such supervision and leadership cannot be
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 275
secured by our system of County Supervisors, or the old
system of County Superintendents. In order to secure the
best service a man can give he must be employed all his
time in one field and must be able to make his living in
that field.
Supervisor Green, of Davidson, offered the following
motion, which was adopted :
Motion, appoint a Legislative Committee of five, con-sisting
of Hon. C. H. Mebane, Chairman ; President C. D.
IMcIver, Supt. M. C. S. Noble, Prof. N. C. English, and
Prof. H. A. Grey : Provided, that any Supervisor shall
have the privilege to submit suggestions as to what he con-ceives
to be needed reforms and changes in our school law.
Made by D. L. Ellis and R. S. Green.
The following note of symyathy and interest was re-ceived
from the Executive Committee of the Association
of Academies
:
To the Meetini^ of Coiinfv Supcrx'isors
:
The Executive Committee of the Association of Academies of North
Carolina sends hearty greetings to the County Supervisors, and assures
them of the heart)- sympathy of the Academies in the great work of pub-
He education. W. T. WhiTSETT,
Secretary and Treasurer.
Prof. Noble, in behalf of the Association of City Super-intendents,
assured the Supervisors of co-operation on the
part of the city Superintendents to advance the cause of
public education.
Prof. P. P. Claxton spoke in the interest of the North
Carolina Journal of Education.
After this, a motion prevailed adopting the North Caro-lina
Journal as the organ of the Supervisors.
The columns of this journal are open to any Supervisor
who has anything to say to promote the cause of education
in North Carolina.
The Committee on Organization made a report, which
was unanimously adopted.
2/6 BIEXNIAI. RKI'ORT OF THK
The following is the Constitution adopted :
ORGANIZATION OF SUPERVISORS' ASSOCIATION.
CONSTITUTION.
We, the County Supervisors of Schools in North Carolina, do hereby
organize ourselves into an Association, which shall be known as " The
Association of County Supervisors of North Carolina Public Schools,"
and hereby adopt the following Constitution for our government and
guidance
:
Article I
—
Offickrs.
The officers of this Association shall be : i. A President, ex-o/fi'i/o, the
State Superintendent ; 2. A \'ice-President, elected by the Association ;
3. A Secretary, appointed by the President at opening of every session ;
4. An Executive Committee of five, appointed by the Chair : Provided,
that the Executive Committee shall be appointed annually, and shall be
selected to represent as largely as possible the whole State ; 5. A Pro-gramme
Committee of five, appointed by the Chair.
Article II.^Membershii'.
The County Supervisors of the State and the membeis of County
Boards of Education.
Article III—Meetings.
The Association shall hold one meeting annually, and the sessions
shall be held at Raleigh, under the auspices of the Executive Commit-tee,
between the dates December 26-31, of such length as the aforesaid
Executive Committee shall elect.
Article IV
—
Duties of Officers,
Section i. President—The President shall preside at all meetings of
the Association.
Sec. 2. Other Officers—All other officers shall discharge the duties
that appertain to their offices.
vSec. 3. Programme for Annual Meetings—The Annual Progranmies of
the Association shall be published and distributed to the Supervisors
sixty days before the stated meetings, by the State Superintendent.
Article V—Amendments.
Amendments and By-Laws to this Constitution may be made by pre-senting
them in writing and receiving the assent of two-thirds of the
members present.
Article VI
—
Quorum.
A (juorum shall consist of twenty members assembled in regular session.
i
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 277
ART1C1.E VII—Minutes.
The Minutes of the Associatton shall be published by the State vSuper-intendent
and sent out to the County Supervisors.
D. I,. Ei^US, Chairman,
M, C. S. Noble,
H. A Grev,
Committer on Organizatioii
.
The following resolution of thanks was adopted :
Resoli'ed. That the Association of Supervisors hereby express to the
citizens of Raleigh their hearty appreciation of numerous courtesies
shown to them ; to the houses of public entertainment for low rates and
hospitable cheer ; to the State officers for the use of the Hall of Repre-sentatives
; to the Railroad Commissioners for railroad maps ; to our dis-tinguished
visitors, President Alderman and Mclver ; Prof. P. P. Clax-ton
and Mr. J. W. Bailey, for their scholarly, admirable and timely ad-dresses.
Submitted by D. L. Ellis, of Buncombe.
H. A. Grey, of Mecklenburg, was elected Vice-President.
After singing that patriotic song, " America," the Asso-ciation
adjourned.
C. H. MEBANE,
J. R. RoDWEi.L, President.
Secretary.
278 BIENNIAL REPORT UK THE
oc -1- 1^ o ri
•;JOd3H 1SET I X -^ X t^ C-. 1 ~ ;^ I- X X X X -C 'T TC
pnBH uo aouBiBg -f -f i-r _ ^ ^ c- x i- _ -: x .- ^ -m
ON
00
O
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 279
X » '^ c; -* lO t-~ i^ --
cc xi ic cc QC' oi '^ :c -*
-* c: X t^ ^ o s—
C> X t^ !M !M X I--
xx^r-ic:5_ _ __
0-1 CO lO X S'J s^ 02 -iOOoo-iic
-* 1-^ I— rH -t< CO rl O CO -* O -t<
I--' -* co' -* o' of i-T ic co' o' 'o" o-f
Cl r-i O CO C: O 0-) t^ CO ^ i—i t^ lO 0-1 CO "O -H t^ ^ o OClCOCOO'.OO-liCO'^OLOO^lr—icOCSt^T—(COO-l
C-4^X_C0 O -^ 31 05 "-H^CO CO CO C5 O O C^ t^ CO ^ C'vh o2§3 000 a
S<1 O * X CO I>- t^ rt f^ lO
CO * lO O C-'co"-*'i> X
CO OQ ^ o o
ito CO 0-1 O 0 CO CO X 01 01 X
r-* lO O-i" >Co'^0-l'cO~r-r
ivO uo !> o t^ CO c; 1^ CO o
cr.- CO' CO CO X '^ CO o iC' X
0_^_-^_ C0__^ C<1 CO CO CO £^
; 1-^ Tf' oi co" i-T lo' o-i" saOa:">J,;;=; = gl •^ « aj ?N-; o «> s !-i
*^ ui -^ a
cS a! cd c3o3nJ33rcc 5««2SSi'3nJc«cdi;i:T i-^ irr •ic ?i 5".
sasnaDi'i aoninq
•sapiBuad pue
saanijajjoj
'sam^
•spv IBOC^
•spy XBOO^i
IBioaas
•xRx iBpadt^
?S 00 O 1^
lO lO o tc
-0 o tc -t
O O "M — ^ O l^
- I - C-. CC OC'
-f :£ CC' t^
1~ r. 'M
-* ^ -f '
-.'. 'j: y. -.''. ~ 1^ — "
-t- rt I- — - i-r I- -M
:•: — 71 .— Ti -M -M
-r< ' 1- :? r- r* •" :-5 L
5d ! --: /^ '.'- -v 1^ 5 ^
•XBX UOd
'JDOOfM'XCCOOOOOOOIOOiOl^fNO X
-tioooofMi-^oooico-^csOi—isirH^ t:
^ -t< rH o — "Ti o ;^ IT _:r. r- p IT y ;;' "_T -^ ^; r:
bD u
G u i! c o
s ?; ?. S P^
> s
go.
ca E ^ ^ —
HH a! ^ SJ, y O iH S
o n
b M- 3 Oi 3 5 ,
• .5 5 oi -J^
03 ^
c84)OSv,rtcoa>a;(U.-P«.^000-^
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 28
1
• - — '-^ ":: ^' ^ ?^ — ?' ~ 2 2: rl^
X T"1 '. ^_ r^ I'T ?. -? 0_-^_-^ ^_ ?- t\
~"i ri 1^ -M ~ L-: -r :r x i"^ i^ fi i-^ ^ ~ --c i-^ — i "C
y. ~ ic -M ?i X cr5 :c o -v -s: c: -t- 'M x_--£ ;c tc^ t-x'
-f' I
-' ~' —
'
'm'
^"^ o* x' 1—
' x'
'^. %'€ ':§CX
w
•sjajnsB3JX
anp ^unorav
•1681 'I ""^f n^
pUBq UO 30ClB[Ba ^" r-'-c
CO -^ 05 ! l>-" rt' .-T
-f
CO CO O CO 00 « ^ Oi 35 O
M O X X -*
IM ^ ^ O
CO OV lO CO
C5 -r * X >—I o CO t^ X t-- ^ lO !M CO ic CO X
. ^H rH X 55 Lf IC O -* r-H T—I lO X (M
c^r co' -rf o OC X I^ iC ~. 01 X CI lO X CO t^ "*'
05 I— CO CO 1-H IC t^ O iC X t^ uo
. iC C5 CO CI -f
C<1 CO C5 •* C:
X_^0 T-i_l^ ,-0 CO
-* '-^_cO_rN
CO -^'t-'o6
—< O CO O CO r-H lO o o -t
CDuOOi -rfX 05C0 O-*C0
^iOr-< : :coco Tfix oaco —
rHXCO . 't'C: .X-'M C:00
O'-i'-i. ooi.Cico -^c^
SJ3JnSB3JX
3iip innoiuy
'Ids I 'I uBf
punq UO 3DUBp?a i
i— 'q: S "2 'f' 'S '^ r:: -S X- X "* "*" IS -'"'-r '-^
i-r* — -r—'ff — -r -r'-M"
•sinsuissjnqsia i ,x Z2 !^ ,^ i -^ = ,^ ^ '^
'?, 2^, ^ '^' ,V-S i iH Tr if ,^;
I B ;ox 2J
"' ^-'
-
^' •^' - •^' •^' ^ I
'^'
'V •V -' -:'-' Vf -' -: x' ."-f -r?
Srisodanj
i^qio joj piBci
siooqos
^^1}0 o^ piB,i
•notiBjnp3
JO pjBoa JO I
sasuadxg piBjj
"M •":
uoi)BDnp3 JO
pjBOii raaip jad
puB3JSe3itH piBj
•suoissimiuoo
,sj3ausB3JX P!^cl
T— X
s^uapua^uuadns
X:ianob piBd
•
( pajopo
)
S31IS pilB S3SI10H
poqos JOJ piBj
sa'tis puB sasnoH
looipc; joj piBj
Vi "r"i -^ — fi ' ;t ~ " ?1
-f 0-. -M ^ O "M •— C. IT 'M CC IC I — P '2 '- '^ S ""
Z^ k~ "^^ " —
•siooqot^ p,iop3
JO sjaqoB^x Pl^d
' " '." ?J 'u: y ~- " -2 'Jl 'p ^ "^^ '^ ^ iJ t '-~ ^ ^- '/-
•siooqos oiiqAV
JO siaqoBaj, ptBj
-r
286 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
O
w
<
be 0)
< M
c cd
J2 o
IS
^^
H.ii
n! O
-A '-J
« 33
0-^3
1.2
n
o
CO
p3iO|
-pu
SUPERINTENDENT PUBLIC INSTRUCTION-. 287
• Oi !M 1-- rf O r-^ (M ao
• ! O O l-^ rH CCiOiOOTTr^OCOOD'MCC^OXi—II—
I
i-H* 1—T iq o
iC u'; (M -^ O
O' (M ^ T-, rH
-* 'X ic c; t^
Cvl ,^ M l-^ CJ
Tf CI o " X CI CO "* -M c-:
.—I O ^ C5 lO
*o CO "*i o CO !M r-1 X CO O 1.0 o t^ *
rO' O O X CO iC' X -^ t^ t^ * C<1
"^ iC "M ^1 * '—^ C^' LT^ I—^ "i^ Cy ^^
C". O t^ 'M t^ 1^ ^ CO --i T—I C5
—
•
(M 5-1 -* -* rt -H CO "M
XoOJCO-^^^t^COJOXt^X 'M o ri (M o y; t^ •* ^ « i^
~. O ^ O-l t^ CO ffl lO «D I* —'—'o-fo-f I—" I-T
ic r— i^ -* 01 T}< ^H ,—I ••* o r^ ^ COO»4O-^Ot^.—il^Xt^— 01C0 CO O O CO :C -O lO -t" —' -T -^" of of r-T r-T
^nr^OO-^iOXir^iCCS
C5 Ci CO lO -t< X lO CO X c—
04 t^ >* C; t^ X CV I - X
T—I CO 01 1—
t
XOIiCOO^-^XXXC:
ic i-O 05 CO 05 o C5 X c; lO
coxo-1'C; cc cc en oc a
* lO l^ ^ —
*
CiOJcoo-ii—iiO't'xa;
CO CO CO ^ O t^ O X 10
IC 1- CO rH CO CO 01 10 r-coiC'^
oo^r-ocsr^o
CO-^'^O^OlXCO-fXC^
CO c;__o-i_o c; Ci ci X 35
r-ri-Ti-r I-T i-Tco"
t^ CO 1.0 CO X CO l^ -t ^ 00-*0^-^C:iO^CO
«Ct^-*^COCO0-lCC —
0-1 OJ rH O O CO CO 01 r—I C^ X i^ o^ t- o
CO5^hO^OiO!COlOOiOX CSi i-O O t^ CO -f CO CO -*
rH rt X CO -* CI CO --I CO O
>0 CO -* o — CO 01 — t- o i^ c; oi X -* 04 o^ ct
l^ CO l^ -H -* X CO
Ol r-1 rM Ol . Ol rH 1—I Ol
1^ O^ lO Ci X CO -H lO CO CO o« O -CO-MCOCOi-iCli-iOlXrti
C_ • Ci '*_X_-*_^C5 O ^ O X X
—»~
! •* co'^of rt'ii'ofof^
I^ • X lO lO O CO -f 05 -—I t^ 05
-f cO'-HO^^^HC5r^t^OcO
-t CO I- C: 01 -* 'rt' ^ O '^ X
: t>{~^ r-^ of r-T
CO (M X t^ X CJ O "'^ c^
^
x_^__c;
'. co'of of
CO 10 ^
1 CCi lO Ol r-i CO O
^ o X X X X 01 .-^ i-
CO t^ O 0-1 --H lO iC CO CO ^ C5 1-~ ^ c; i-^ CO t^ CO
I-T -rf of rtT r-^^T^f ~f
OOrHCil^cOOOOCO
C5 iC O O^l CO 01 CO O -H CI
CO O "* ic '^ t-~ CO * 01 1^
O - -* O •* X O 1^ CO lO 05 CO
CO • Cl r-H CO Ol O CI CO o^ t^ t^
lo ic- 1^ a uo ic lO * —I •* o
COCOOl-^^CJiOCOCC
-* O' Oi CO t^ 01 CO r^ t^
iC * ^^ O 01 lO X Ol Ol
•COCOt^X"—iCOOCOiCX
•I—it^csr^cccscocococo
•T—lO'OCO'til^COt^-^X
lO'^'co-^i^crst^icx
I—(coi—(Oi-^o-ii—ixx CO>OiOOCOCOX"^CO
oj -+ X cc X — "cf oq o t^ r-H CO t^ eq ^ o—
Tfr-^XiCXC10r co" i--^ I-T co" -* co"
r-il20<10-lS3-rt = H
« 5
- n o t^-^ S:^ TS
xiQOOcoosr^oi-rf
COt^COOClt^COCDO
0_X l^ C5 X' lO CO .—I c.
I-T co'rn'co' i-Tofr-"
'^ X CJ X CO CD LO O 'I-I—
IXCOt^Cst^XOl^^
t-H C5 X C5 O CO t^ Ol CD'
r-T CO'i-T"*' r-Tofof
288 BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE
PW
M
Ou
o
PQ
paao
o .
•* w
o «
as X
w
QW
o w
•x ffi
KV
TRINITY COLLEGE, DURHAM, N. C.—WASHIXGTOX DUKE BUILDING.
SUPERINTENDENT PUBIJC INSTRUCTION. 289
550co5'Moot~:o«:£ —
m" I—'r-1 r-T
C ?! -f i^ -r :t ?^ o
1o0 1^ -+ -- » o o Lt c: y: --c t^ r-i
-* i^ cc -*| --._ ?^ o
cc'io ^ CO co'rc ^
-* ^ o oi T-H ic
CO C3 o CO CO 00 n
CC 00 -* l^ CC l^ i-H
.-4 (m' f?^' ^' .-T rt cvf
-^ Od • 1.0- lO I—' :C C: r- :c
CO 'M -* " -^ t^ lO !0 -t^^CO CO CJ CO t^
s-f 01" i-Ti-To^' I—
I
O-lClCOCOCOOOXOt^fM'
XOCi-i.-(C)''+iiO'OCiC5i
; t^ CO r-i -* o lO -* o C3 10 >
• of Co' rt'l-To-f T-H r-T
O 01 --0 ^ X X CO (M ^ ^x-*ic;xt^xC5i—
I
i:CC;-*'l^-*Xt^'*'0-l
GCOCliff'iCM^Xt^XCO^
t^ CO -* o t^ 10 -^ cc t-^ t^ 0-1
t^ ^ 1--0 * i-O O 0<1 OQ ^O^lCSr-ii—i-*l.'0COC0'*-*i
CO :r5 X --H CO r^ -* i-O CO
c: CO ^ '-0 i^ r^ CI o c;
•t^t^xoccooicoocox
CI CC CO -t< -f' i-O' tC X uO t^ o -—I T—I CO o X oi t^ OQ t^ 01 Ol
; 01 (M 0-1 CO -H ---
t^^-CtO "^ "^^"^^"*^"^^ "^* ";* S^^' -
t^ **
QWP
M
o
>
d
<
•aniBJj
•Sol
j,qtnnv^
^3Ha
{ij j atti'Bjj^
lC^T-ll-(t^->* ,_l(M|^T-l
•Sol
•j,qran>j
i-i-*0 OCS'^OC-^-'t JCCC-^'M
a Pi
< w
«n Oh
O a!
pajoioo
pajoxoo
•3XBXn3iJ
K O
O
Aid
pgjoioo
•siiqM.
oas^c^ rH^T—l0"t-^:o-t^'^^cc:ox^
>
•paaoioo
o >o o
X i-3 ^
>4 O
< tn > o
•atliqAV
OO iC o CO o rH 1—I Uf
•^' ~ ~
as o o -r X — I
T
Ci t^ LC C: 1-^ 'Ti X
^OOSC lO CI O iC iM QC
•*iOt^>OiOOO^'-ITf CO 5^1 O) cr. c-.'
pajoioo
3;mA\
0 O LO O i^
C7\ CO OM^ t^VO rO O CO O >-i ^ IN -^ CSMCS CO "-i -cONi-ivO
t^ O t^ O t^ t^vO "COi-icO — Or^cO':}-!^!^ >-iOOOCOcO CNiHC p
Ji-o
13
s
a oj P
u -"2 .
«
> a 1- a;
rt ^ "- ^
u 3 3 ctj OCJOQ
P-l l-l MM
0 — t^ Mi-ilO-ii-i>-l-^Ni-l cOINCNt^
,V?*2:^^^ £>'-Hco ^co co^o t-. CO Tf"
" , " (LI
B =
M M CO O H lO
t^ M CN Tj-00 CO CO
> '^ - -•
B CO 03
O u
o
ij
•*
pnB XSoiois/Cqcj
gniifpms jaqtunjs[
-fO >>0 O^ ^ t^ "*" l^ iO>.D
n 1-1 HI ft CM VO
v: (Sir; OvOf^. i^l/^l^
f< M i/^ uo CJ^ "".X O "".
XjoisiH S il
PO O '-I "^^ Lr.CC O^X >-
r -
tn
O bfi
ca S
p-(
8ni^pn;s JaqtiinM
•Dxi3uiq;uv
[aiXprns -laquiniSI
•SJBSA A^naAvx
•SJB3A n33:j3niM
X OvOvD r^O " -^-^lO
\C rO CH v£)
-t-X lO c^ •* O^ -^ —
X vO -i— TJ ^ — -,1-.
1/5 O f^ "* * "~.\0 -^ ON
sj- t-^ P» (N lO O ONX M
t^vO M rO l^ - ON r^. rOvD "". CS »0 ON O
t^MO'-rOO'^ioaN
UO rO rOX \0 VO O M t^
O ONiTJtN t^TfrOO^ —
t-^MD •rJ-X lO " ro lO -t
- X lo C ox I^nD '^
tN r-. I-l 11 M (N -'
X t^rO -^ON" lOlO"*
(NX M TrOrO^""ir^
lO M t^X rO t^ -T O f)
vO ON "^VD vO l^ t/.'-O -^
•SJB3A n3A^^3
•SiB3A U3X
OnX t^'^ONrOt^ON"'-' ^X " lO i/^O d rO (^
O ONvO X rO ON O X ON
VOX ioON(N — vOvO O
•SJB3A 3U!K
- rOX ^ lO t^ rO lO O
« — — lO(N rO-l-iO-i
(^((^l—i — rOINI — — "
•SJB9A ^qSig
•SJB3A U3A3S
saB3A ^?S
ONX uo — CT^ — X X (N
O -< u-> C^X O Tf ro i-r -1 NO C -*-vO ONX •*
(N (N -. 1- rO v-s —
r^"0>00 — ONt^'t
— — 1^ ON rO (S rO t^NO
(N N 1-1 CO (N —
t^iOd t^uo^-rts On
O "1 t^X M CO M X uo
M (S n "* CO •-
TfO >0" OXvO cot-^
r0 O N-ruoON^
(N (N 1-1 -1 CO D —
(Nxvo (N io(^ r^-^co
1-1 OnvO on On "- r^ O nC
(N 1-1 rt (N (N
T^f — ONX X -^X r^vc
>- On ID ONX »0 r1- O "^
^1-1 CO N (M
X OncoO O OX t^i-
5n _ VO - ON ^nO X LO
„ (N - CO r< "
. . . . - 1) .
i! .'rfrOCI T" t-OON
D-CO a> l^ND r^ CO CO lO P)«nO CSCO OI cOTt-P)
t^ lo r^ uo
h- ON t^ t^
CO 't ct 00
On lO (N lOCC
M LO ro lO r^
M rO^O CD O O r^X rONO
OnO ~or^i-i H^ t^-^O On
U-) u-i ID p) 1-. — M l>.vC CI
N •-• -^ On "^l-
— NO lO CN O O r^ND M ON
hi CO O "* LT,^ O ON lO tN
1-1 c^ON-^ii O ^ci On-^
i^OnOnOno r^cico PI
t^ O Q NO CO -1 vO uocC'
•.co CO PI t^ to t^co
CO t^ O 1-1 OnCO CO CO "*• PlOC'*P.NO ON CO — On
CO 1-1 CO >-i PI 1-1
NO lo r^ pj
lO " Tj- o
CO CO 1-1 PI
8t^y^ NO NO
NO r^ cono
11 CO n PI -1
"- "^ ^nD CO O 00 -^nC lo
r^ O cox no PI OO ON O "i^-
Pl PI PI n PI PI n
1^00 o •^ O t^OO c x ONt^i^NOX ON -^ - O
ro -^ CO n PI PI
X O CO 'h
'^ On t^ On T P< n
rO O IT; « lO
ONX t^ lONO
CO n 1 -
X On lt.X 1 t on O lO On " O Tf M ONX ON O t^ CO cOPlPI— --i cOPln
-t^Or-^dcOO-t-O
1-1 t^NO X lO PI lO CO CO
i-l cOii'. X lONO CO Ti-
CO -" PI 1
X NO O PI X CJN -< ionD
CO PI PI PI
O tI-nO O X ONX r^ "-I X
CO " PI II
XOwO lO PI O lo t^ 1^ r-~
CO H PI "H
O r^NO O ON
r^NO r^ O X CO M PI -l
PI 00 NO NO lO uox On ON t^
O O t-~ O X cox " f CO
rOPIPIi-i " cOPI"
X r^ONLor^O Ti-pi TT'* M - PI « X On O 1-^nO CO rtPIM— McON —
COONPI ONW n O nOX PIXnOOXiOPIPIPIcO
cOnPli-i wwropiii
r^NO iopinOnO OnO PInO NfOOtn^cOOPnlt^OMPMI'C+OPPIIP"I
vLOOXr^X"Xtn^Ox " ^ NO PI X OnOnpi On'tJ-co
n PI CO 1-1 n
nOnOOXOOn— Oco Plt^OONt^ONPIPIO " CO n CO M PI PI
n O >0 PI I^X ^ CM On hhPIOOnOXnOco niicOPI'^MiiPIPI
i^X " X 'O:)-NXON PI O-X COX PI O -H CO -
w cOi-i'»*iiiiplPI
PnI Xr^ On Q X lO — lOX PI ON Tj- - t^X CO H COH^MUPIPI
CO O "* G O X O LOX
ONO PINO PIX lO"^>-
II CO ^- •"^ M PI PI
CO lO r^ lO
nO lO ON -rf
•^ PI ^
in t^ o o O
NO OnnO -^X
CO n PI
lO lO^ -^ 'i- ^n Q PI On 1 t^rOOX t^t^O >-i -^ ^
CO "^ CO « CO n n
X"XlOXON tt^^lr^O-^lOcOt^ ON cOnO O
PI n CO 11 PI PI
•auai^AH
puB .CSoioisXqj
Sai.Cpnis JaqinnM
P3
3
CO g
Q «
O o
W)
6 "^
- vo 0^vO r~ O - - "^
/CjoisiH 'S 'D
3m/Cprns Jaqtutij^
O vD X CT^
I^ « f< C) rO C^^ rO CO , M „ _ l^ rOX X
CM '*vO rO •-• X On N vo
VO f-i fO >- ^ rO lO
lO O O r^
O fOCO lOv£) w (N M lO >-i CM p-i ro rO CI
lO
lONO CO •*
CO O OnnO
M PI
O CO * rTl -I
O lO " CO CO
liO i-i fO
00 VO 00 CO
CN ~ IN (M „ „ ON ^
CO M t-t ON * O CO c^ cox - -
t^ hH On O "+
O CI CI CI lO
ON - ^X - CO H^ CI CI CO —' ^
>:^VD CO CI
O " -t r^
PI w O NO
CO CO " CI CO
'^CO O X Th M CI M
«- ON On lO
CO On O -i- ^ ON cO CO
CO CO ON "^ c<
O -i- CI ONX
CO CI CO -^ CI
OncoOnO " O -^lOcO
CI lOTj-hH ONiOcO'- ^
lO CI CO CI lO ^ -<
« On -H CI
CI CI t^NO
T^ CO i^. "o
C4 rl-NO * O
\0 ON CO O '-1
CO CO 11 NO
O >-i lO CO
O — NO CI
NO r^vo NO
8 NO NO CO NO
O CO -^ o
lOVO On O lO
rj- CO lO ^ ON t^ C^ a^^
t^ '^ r^ COCO CO O O "".
t^ lONO GO O i-^ CO
— NO ^ nO —
O NO O C< nO
CI l-H CO
O M NO On ON O >OCO On
M • CI M
NO >-l CO N NO
•^ o^ CI CO lo
c< h- ro
lO " - lO
HO On CI O CI d
CO CI t^ rf c^
I^ On CI CO t^
-, I-. d
w N 00 CO
O i-i O NO
1-1 n CO CI
cinOOnDOn d — I/-) —
"NOiO-TtO -OO-i-ONO
l-H rn . d W
d Ti- "- O ("O
•+ O CO ONX
d ii 1-1 d
CO CO NO t^
OC OnnO no d d
rod— COON cOcOmnO
« lO^D T)- O " CO d O « - W CO- M
CO d ON lO o
NO — loco o d W — T^ —
d Tf ^ «:J-r^
QO -^ CO
d d
o >oco NO 00
O — CO d NO d M W lO
O t^ cOnO
-' d d
d CO — -
— lO d d
M d (-1 M
CO On O CO r^
CO ON t^ O nO - - NO
— lO d o
00 O cOnO M d d
NO conO t^
. - - a^ c>
' — d
M ^CO ON
OnOO OnX
M d
On ON lO CO
O d — CJN « d -
-^NO NO o CI d o d CO lo d - - ^
00 O ON d
i- 1-1 d
CO O OnnO — O On C^ — d
Tl- CO CO d
O CO t^ CO
•I 1- - CO
d T)- d d I^
d vO d — uo - M CO
^M
cc ---
pnB XSopisyCq^
8nii(pn;s aaqmn^j
00 -^ r^ i^ 0^ O o^
«0 O rO rO ro P)
1-1 M M UO
>
o'o
'u "a
JJCO
t^ 2-2
o
P^
Pw
*->
a
O
a
a
•siiod
puB .^iJadojj uo
p3J0[03 Aq piB^
XjiBiipv innorav
sUOd
pui; Ai.i3doJ(j no
A[iBiU3V 111nomy
\0 Tf r) CO lO *
vO lO -rf iri CO O
CS rO rO t^ Ol ro
vO O CO VD vO -fJ-CC ro O I^ O
O-^t-^C'vOvO C l^— 'M'.C
l^ (N
6
<
siiod
puB X^jadojj uo
pajoioo Xq pxBj
XHBn;DV ;unomv
snod
piiB .{jiadoaj uo
S3;xqA\ Aq piBj
X^Bn^oy ;iinorav
•siooqos Joj piBj
XBX Iiod ;nnorav
CO O 10:0 10 t^
0^ cs 10 10
CO C4 ro irvoO C/D
•-' Tt f-T w" •-coo
(Mu-rccci'— 'Mi-Hi^ooocC'Tfii—iOi-ioc! 1—I -f CI i
OS ii—iiOOtOt^OOO-*tOO'MCOI^iO
-t- >C O CI O CO O CO '^ (M 0-1 Oa -*i O t^ 00 to to
Ol CO "^ *—I 1—< 1
in in
.2 s-^
3 = ? £
i» '^ ^ r^ i> -^ -^ a>
cd nj cd cd ^ r^ -T* w
" ' > > > > >-i; -^
p- P" K-- t-* 1^ ?*<
t^" -t^" IM' 1M" lO CO lO C^ c
•8681 'I -^l^f
puBq no aauBiBg
C-l O O CO CO CO '^ Cl I- uO Ci CO CO lO O CO t^ 'f -^ O lO -^
Ci C -^ ~ CO -f ^ ^ X --C uO I- Tl iC Cr. 1^ rt lO (M Cc ^ CO o ic "m -j (m i^ co — o t^ x 'c t- i-- ic oi . -s
„ -^ ^CO XI^IMCO'M-*"!?
jaqio joj piBj _- - ^-
837
1)4
8(i5
31
843
30
780
30
312
49
147
85
5,188
66
1,279
01
089
79
r^ 00 t^ ^ O '-I 1-f w IC l^ Ot •—I O t~ CO OO O !M !
C-i O 00 CO C5 t^ (M t^ 10 so "M t^ w O l^ O 00
t^ 00 CO r-t OS —^ lO O 'M ^ ai (M l^ CO CO lO lO
O t^ l^ Ol :C r: — ~ ~ l^ "+ vr X O iC uo
O _
So
'J r"
•2 >
C 11
§C/2
OJ C
IT. ""
o Jr.
(J
"- v.. O .
/^ no
•r ^
2 2 b %
1^
5^
S fc
_S J3 '^
"3 Cj CZJ
Win -
c u o
•g i-I
'"-
o ^ a
'-/^ 2^^
ji ^ W)
I- !1 C
O '
d
<
IJ
i t^ t- t- -M -M C -r --^ O CO O t^ O CO
X "C re CO iC r-( (M ,—I CC --O 'M CO -T
o Ti- CO o^ o cc -x; i^ CO c; » -z. oi oi 'ti -* '^ o-i ai r-i i^ ct
CO 00 t^ >0 -^ ^ -f ^ CO (^
^
^
r^
puE ASoioiSitqj
SuiXpmc; jaqinn^sl
O^ OON -• — "
M
o
I
•5
d
>
<
puB .0 On i-i CO
r< lO^ lO — CO CO — lO-fl OMZ) OO C^t^M O (NVX5C0 '^
(N'-)--Hir;— rof^ rO ^ i-iOtMCHi-i
vOOOt^'-i^OONt^OMPIOQOt^i-iioiO r^vO ro lO O P)
CO M o O (-^"-vt^ONCvOvo O M'ti M ^M Qcr> r^r^ts
rO CS CO '-' '^ * lO OO t^ TfvC X r^QO -^ M -. cs « i-l
COrOiNNioi-it^t^^ro
SuiXpn-js -laqiuniij
•Xjo^sih on
Sui\pn'is jaqmnjsl
•jBiniuBao 'Su^
Snt;Cpn;c; jaqranjsl
XqdBjSoao
Suiipn;s jaqranN
SJB3A AnaMjL
•sjesj^ u33:i3nTjsi
sJBaA uaaiqSijj
•SJB9A U93;U3A3g
•SJB3^\ n33;xig
•SJB3A n33;jno^
•saB8A U335-ITHX
SJBaA 3ApA\J,
•sjBaj^ aaAa^g
SJB3A nax
•SJB3A. 3ni^
•siB3A ;qSxH
•SJB3A U3A3S
SJB3yV Xlg
i^ -r -t-x ON
MlO'-'OO^OO'NO
r^ (^1 On >43 vO P< •^
O O •^ 0> l^CO O rO •*
r^vo >-i lo (N r^ looo CO o rO lO lO i-i M
(^ Tl-\0 ON M P» CO 1-1 o
O O N UOrOt-^QC 1-1 cs
•^1-1 vo vo t^ 01 -i-
O O lO " 'O — lO'.O >-i
CO M rO lO rO lOOO
rOiOw (S i-cOO t^i-iQO
,_ oi 1-1 (N 1-1
rOUOt^O lOt^-^vO CM
Tl-t-- (Ni-iOOt^Olt^
1-1 1-1 01 11 N 1-1
M loi-i ONrri-i ^t^ON
oa ro >-• lO 1-1 1-1 00 rovo
11 01 04 OJ 1-1
ONO
O 04
rj IT; — tTj r^OC vO to -rt- -t "'j 'J^ -rt o i-i 1-1 ct^'o "^co CO o "^ tN
rO >- '^t-
O t^CJO t-OOO rn O \0 M 00 liOOO O 1-1 O fO
t^ -< M t^ 1-1 1-1 CO 1-1 CO VO
t^O lor-^i-'^ 3N1-1CO •OO 1-1 M lOOvO P)
M 1* 1-
pw
12: oo
O
oa
>
6
* CTi f^.^ r~« Tj-vo lo "o »o -H - r- >H M P) ^- P-H
t-^rOnOvONMiO'-'iO — vCOfCOCJO
On to O " t-~ mCO -* t-^NO l^ "^t On ON >-t t^. "^
P4Tt- M>-.tNl(S M«(S
CO r^CO CO rO-— OCO — CO rOt^O rOiO>OrO
" rncO NO rONO NO fONO nC o O O O ON —
•SJB3A «3X
sjBaA 9"}N;
O -*O0 ^ ^ >- CO -^QO (N O lO -^ rp • /-, "* ^« vOMOICOrO'i-CTv rOCO i-i O ON t^
•SJB3A m§l3
i-( ON>-' OCO lOI^P) lOON r^ fO
•SJB3A n9A3S
•saB3A ^]S
'rO r~- b to "^X C^NO -t--.LOO CLJ-CO 0 ro rO 3n OnX) X O lO rOOO O
t^oj y:o^or000^— C03C CT^ — rO i/^ uo t^ O
inX) 0^ (N >* -^ i-i N CO JvvC cOVD i-i UD CO CO "-i >-i
fOt^ -rh — (N C» "-I IO30 C CO- t^T lOO U-)CTM^, —
OOO - t^ino civo
vo so lo w vo »o
o o
CQ
00 gS
T 21
"^ '«§
^ "J 2 en C O en "T
^^ tn r^
< C
- C8
n3 .