Examples

They measured the fitness effect of the mutations as a ratio between synonymous (Ks) and nonsynonymous (Ka) amino acid substitutions (so they sequenced 13 mitochondrial genes and counted substitutions).

Moreover, we identified that plasmid conjugative transfer genes and antibiotic resistance genes are more likely to suffer from positive selection, as indicated by the elevated rates of nonsynonymous substitution.

WDFY4 is a huge protein with unknown function but is predominantly expressed in primary and secondary immune tissues, and a nonsynonymous SNP in this gene was found to be highly associated with SLE susceptibility.