Each of the six faces on a cube has a different digit (0 to 9) written on it; the same is done to a second cube. By placing the two cubes side-by-side in different positions we can form a variety of 2-digit numbers.

For example, the square number 64 could be formed:

In fact, by carefully choosing the digits on both cubes it is possible to display all of the square numbers below one-hundred: 01, 04, 09, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, and 81.

For example, one way this can be achieved is by placing {0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} on one cube and {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9} on the other cube.

However, for this problem we shall allow the 6 or 9 to be turned upside-down so that an arrangement like {0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7} allows for all nine square numbers to be displayed; otherwise it would be impossible to obtain 09.

In determining a distinct arrangement we are interested in the digits on each cube, not the order.

But because we are allowing 6 and 9 to be reversed, the two distinct sets in the last example both represent the extended set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9} for the purpose of forming 2-digit numbers.

How many distinct arrangements of the two cubes allow for all of the square numbers to be displayed?

This problem can be solved brute forcing all combinations of dices since the solution space is not that big. But before going on solving the problem lets have a look at how many potential solutions we have.

Let us look at how many dice combinations we can have. This is a typical combinatorics problem where we have to choose 6 out of 10 items. We can calculate that number based on the binomial coefficient

Which in our case is

Or for the lazy just type “10 choose 6″ in google and the calculator in google will give you the answer. So we have 210 dice combinations. Since we have two dice that means we have 210*210= 44100 combinations to check. However, half of the combinations is just a solution where dice 1 is switched with dice 2, so they don’t count. That leaves us with 22050 solutions to check.

Since 6 can replace 9 and vice verse, we will need to just choose one of them. However, the sets are still distinct and therefore we need to count them as such.

Furthermore we need dice where the numbers are {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8}. That means we can’t have two of the same dice, since then we will only have 6 out of 8 distinct numbers. That subtracts another 210 solutions. So now we have limited the search space to (210*209)/2 = 21945 solutions.

Generating all combinations

In order to brute force this problem we need to generate all combinations of dices . Donald Knuth’s The Art of Computer Programming Vol 4A has a whole section on algorithms for generating combinations depending on what properties you want them to come out with.

I have chosen one where I simply increment the last element as long I can and then going back when I hit the upper limit. That means the elements in the sets come out in a sorted way which is nice.

It is not a very pretty implementation I have made but it works and it will substitute any 9’s with 6’s so the comparison becomes easier

Checking valid combinations

So now we have all combinations, all we need to do is to check if it is a valid combination. The only way I have found to do this is by brute force checking. The code for checking if two dice make a valid combination looks like this

I have only done one clever thing here. Since we know that the sets are ordered and we need a zero in the combinations, if the first entry of the first dice is not a zero, then we wont have more valid combinations and we can stop the search.

This brute force solution gives us

There are 1217 valid combinations
Solution took 28,0553 ms

Wrapping up

This was it I guess. It was the best solution that I was capable of finding for this problem. As always you can find the full solution source code for download right here.

I took a while debugging this code because I for some reason decided that 7*7= 47, something which it is not! After I removed that bug the code gave the right solution

One thing I thought I would mention when talking about dices is that James Grime has a set of 5 non-transitive dices and a whole lot more on non-transitive dices in general. A fun thing to take a look at.

8 Comments For This Post I'd Love to Hear Yours!

I don’t know what is wrong with my answer. It is 6806. My method is like this. Please tell me where is the wrong.. I chose 1st set as ‘a’ and second as ‘b’. Then I took [0,8] and [4,1] as a and b since those should be on different cubes.. Then I create permutation like this.. a=[0,8,9 or 6,5 or 2,any number or 3,any number] b=[4,1,9 or 6, 2 or 5,3 or any number, any number] For 4th number, if a=2,then b=5 or if a=5,then b=2.. For 5th number, if a!=3, then b=3. If a=3 then b can be any.. Likewise. Then I got all permutation 15200.. Then I checked those things.. I got about 8000 correct answers. For remove similar ones, I sorted a and b, then join it, add to a list while checking. Then I ended up with 6806.. What was wrong there? Could u explain it for me..

no, i think u didn’t understand my method correctly.. I generate all permutations such that it can make all square numbers.. All the permutations are correct.. If it isn’t true, please point out that for me..

hm… this is my method… we should make 01,04,09,16,25,36,49,64 and 81… it is sure enough that one set must have 0 and 8 while other set have 1 and 4 . we can’t make 01,04 and 81 without this combination. so we have now set1=[0,8] , set2=[1,4] . from this combination we can create 01,04 and 81.. for the 3rd element in set one it should be 9 (or 6 since it can be turn them upside down).. so now we can create 64,49 and 16.. to make 09, set 2 also should have 6 or 9.. with all combinations of set1=[0,8,6 or 9] set2=[1,4,6 or 9] we can make 01,04,09,16,49,64 and 81… next, to create 25 we should have 2 and 5 in set1 and set 2.. if 2 in set1 then 5 should be in set2, if 5 in set1 then 2 should be in set2.. now we have a set with 4 elements like this.. set1=[0,8,6 or 9,5 or 2] set2=[1,4,6 or 9,2 or 5].. now from this 2 set we can make all the numbers except 36.. we can add 3 as 5th element in any set since both sets have 6 inside now.. if we add 3 to set1, then 5th element in set 2 is free because now 2 set can make any number.. so 5th element of set2 will be unusable.. so it can be any number.. if 5th element of set2 is 3, then 5th element of set 1 is also unusable.. since with 5 element we can create any number, 6th element of each set can be any because we don’t need it.. this is my method.. i generate permutations like this. what is wrong with this.. for example, if i have [0,8,6,2,3] and [1,4,6,5,1] i can create all square numbers.. 01,04,09(using 6 upside down),16,25,36,49(using 6 upside down),64,81.. then what is wrong here.. i can’t understand. they allow to take 6 as 9.. so…:(

yes.. i did it as u said.. using combinations it can be solved. problem of my method is there may not be different numbers in a cube.. i didn’t see that before.. although [0,8,6,2,3,6][1,4,6,5,1,0] can make all square numbers, it isn’t accepted here because same number can’t be reapeated in a cube.. that’s why i had lot before.. thank u for ur help.. i advanced to 4th level yesterday. this was my 99th problem.. u helped me a lot throughout my journey in projecteuler..thanx again