Overview

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a condition that may be present in an individual that has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (47, XXY); usually, males have one X and one Y (XY) and females have two X chromosomes (XX). Some individuals with a 47, XXY chromosome finding may have no obvious signs or symptoms of KS while others may have several features and varying degrees of cognitive, social, behavioral, and learning difficulties.[1] Because features may not be apparent until mid to late adolescence, the term “Klinefelter syndrome” is often reserved for affected adolescents and adults. Although the vast majority of boys with KS identify as males, some individuals develop atypical gender identities.[2] In adulthood, individuals with Klinefelter syndrome may have primary hypogonadism (decreased testosterone production), small testes, enlarged breast tissue (gynecomastia), tall stature, and/or other features.[1] The vast majority of males with KS are infertile, but many produce sperm and may be able to conceive with assisted reproduction. Treatment varies among individuals and may include testosterone therapy; however, this therapy may not be appropriate for all individuals.[2]

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