As P waves pass from the mantle into the outer core, velocities drop abruptly.

True

High rock temperatures enhance plastic deformation and flow in the asthenosphere and inhibit brittle fracturing

True

upper part of the lithosphere includes this layer

crust

very dense, solidified, iron-rich alloy

inner core

transmits P waves but not S waves

outer core

the top of this layer is marked by the Mohorovicic discontinuity

Mantle

includes the asthenosphere

mantle

The ________ of the Earth has the smallest volume

crust

The fact that ________ is good evidence for a solidified, inner core

P waves are faster in the inner core than in the outer core

The crust and mantle are solids; the inner core is thought to be solid.

True

The ________ of the Earth does not transmit S waves.

outer core

are closest to the average chemical composition of the oceanic crust.

basalt and gabbro

Which one of the following best characterizes the asthenosphere?

a zone of softened peridotite in the upper mantle

Which one of the following statements concerning Earth's magnetic field is true?

At high latitudes, the force lines intersect Earth's surface at steep angles.

Which one of the following statements concerning foci and epicenters is correct?

The epicenter is at the surface directly above the focus where the earthquake initiates

have the highest velocities.

primary waves

Because their energy dissipates rapidly in deep ocean waters, tsunamis seldom pose any danger to coastal areas far away from the causative earthquake.

false

On a typical seismogram, ________ will show the highest amplitudes.

surface waves

Which of the following foundation materials is most stable during earthquake shaking?

bedrock

is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale.

XII

Approximately how often do locked segments of the San Andreas Fault (California) break, resulting in major earthquakes?

once every hundred and fifty years

would result in the largest area of ground shaking damage.

shallow-focus quake along the Mississippi Valley fault zone

The ________ is the point of origination for an earthquake.

focus

Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?

30 times

________ is a widely accepted explanation for the mechanism that generates earthquakes.

Reid's elastic rebound theory

What are the smaller magnitude quakes that follow a major earthquake

aftershocks

The ________ is used to record ground shaking and the earthquake-magnitude scale was invented by ________.

seismograph; Richter

The ________ earthquake was accompanied by major damage from tsunamis and ground failures

Anchorage, AK, 1964

________ was struck by three, major earthquakes during the winter and spring months of the years 1811-1812.

New Madrid, Missouri

Which one of the following best characterizes tsunamis?

They have relatively small amplitudes compared to their very long wavelengths.

The ________ earthquake was accompanied by extensive fire damage.

San Francisco, 1906

________ refers to the tendency for a foundation material to lose its internal cohesion and fail mechanically during earthquake shaking.

Liquefaction

The ________ is directly related to the Richter earthquake-magnitude rating.

amplitude of the seismic waves

Which one of the following regarding the San Andreas Fault in California is true?

a sliver of continent west of the fault is moving northward with the Pacific plate

is one of the two, major flow mechanism in a glacier

Basal slip

Where is the world's largest ice sheet located today

Antarctica

Which one of the following applies to a valley glacier that lengthens (extends its terminus downslope) over a period of many years?

Accumulation exceeds wastage.

A ________ cross-valley profile is typical of canyons and valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers.

U

first developed the theory that small variations in the Earth-Sun distance were responsible for short term, climatic oscillations (1000 to 100,000 years).

M. Milankovitch

Which one of the following samples and experimental measurements would provide the most information about the Earth's climate over the last 100,000 years or so?

cores from the Greenland ice sheet; ratios of the oxygen isotopes (0-18/0-16)

A(n) ________ is similar in appearance to a sinkhole of a karst area

Kettle

A fiord is ________.

a stream valley, deepened by glacial erosion, that floods as sea level rises

Which process occurs where a glacier enters the sea?

calving

The ________ of the geologic time scale represents the time of the most recent "Ice Age."

Pleistocene epoch

Which of the following is the correct listing of the North American glacial stages from older to younger?

Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Wisconsinan

Which one of the following statements concerning glaciers is not true?

Long, extended, alpine glaciers occupied valleys in most high, mountainous areas in the United States, Canada, and Europe at one or more times during the past two million years

A(n) ________ is likely to host a waterfall or steep rapids today.

hanging valley

________ are both deposited by meltwater streams.

Outwash plains and valley trains

Where is the world's second largest continental ice sheet?

Greenland

How do icebergs in the North Atlantic Ocean originate?

by calving of large piedmont glaciers in Greenland

Which of the following best describes the term glacial drift

the sedimentary materials outwash and till

Which one of the following could not have significantly affected climatic variations and advances and retreats of ice sheets during the Pleistocene epoch?

movements of Earth's tectonic plates

Which of the following is often associated with a cirque basin in high, mountainous terrain?

tarn lake

All of the following are thought to possibly contribute to the formation of glaciers except for ________.

comets

The law of superposition applies primarily to sedimentary rocks and lava flows

True

In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes

Compaction and cementation

The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere.

false

Aristotle and other prominent Greek philosophers were the first ones to promote the doctrine of uniformitarianism

false

Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?

any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layers

all of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for

assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?

historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surface

Laboratory assignment problems will be assessed as part of chapter quizzes

false

Where can students find the "Course Calendar" for the entire semester?

in the tools link

is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past"

Uniformitarianism

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

Metamorphic rocks may crystalize from magma

The relatively stable interior portion of a continent is known as a

craton

The ______ is the thinnest layer of the Earth

crust

is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments

weathering

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, direct observations showed that a glacier in Switzerland flowed forward in the downhill direction while its snout (terminus) was retreating higher up the valley. Which of the following explains these observations in a rational, scientific way?

The melting rate of ice in the glacier exceeded the rate at which new snow and ice were added to the glacier.

_____, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm belief in a very short geologic history for Earth

Catastrophism

The asthenosphere is actually a part of the _______ of the Earth

mantle

The _____- is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior

outer core

A _____ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations

theory

The _____ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth

biosphere

In the early part of the 20th century, _____ argued forcefully for continental drift

Deep-focus earthquakes, those between 300 and 700 kilometers below the surface, occur only in association with

subduction zones

Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as

normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge

All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for

assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?

pahoehoe

Refer to the lab text, page 22, #6 f, 1.3 liters = ________cm3

1300

Refer to lab text, page 22 # 14, How is the distribution of Earth's spheres related to their densities?

Less dense spheres are located above more dense spheres

Refer to lab text, page 29 # 24, How is a mountain like the iceberg in Figure 1.16B?

Due to isostatic rebound, both the mountain and the iceburg will "float" higher if their mass decreases caused by erosion or melting

Refer to lab text, page 34 # 1, What type of fault would likely occur in association with a convergent boundary? (Hint: consider the type of stress)

reverse fault

Refer to the lab text, page 34 # 20, What main kind of faulting and plate boundary would you expect to occur in Earth's thin, egg-shell-like lithosphere if Earth's outer shell fractures but there is no expansion or shrinking of its size?

strike-slip (lateral) fault

What is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition?

a mineral

Minerals are classified by

composition

is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments.

Weathering

Which one of the following statements is not correct?

Metamorphic rocks may crystalize from magma.

The former, late Paleozoic super continent is known as

Pangaea

The volcanoes and deep valleys of east Africa are related to a

continental rift along which parts of the African continent are beginning to slowly separate

What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, OR? When did they take place?

Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions: 6000 years ago.

A _________ is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant.

sill

Refer to Page 41 # 14a, Examine the cross section of a plate boundary in figure 2.9B. What kind of plate boundary is this?

Oceanic-Continental Convergent

Refer to Page 42 #15c, How does the rate of Pacific plate movement during the past 1.6 million years differ from the older (4.7-1.6my) rate of plate motion.

The plate motion has sped up in the past 1.6 million years.

Refer to Page 44 #16a, What direction is the North American Plate moving according to Anders' data?

Southwestward

New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at

divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not

identify a mechanism capable of moving continents

The Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is

a flood basalt plateau.

Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive?

The active Hawaiian volcanoes are situated directly above a major boundary between two of the Earth's largest tectonic plates.

False

Which region has the greatest concentration of currently active volcanoes

the circum-Pacific area

Which one of the following shows the correct order (left to right) of decreasing magma viscosity

rhyolite, andesite, basalt

Why do magmas rise toward Earth's surface?

Magmas are mainly liquid and contain dissolved fluids such as water; most are less dense than the adjacent solid rock.

Refer to Page 106 #8, Name the rock sample 1B

granite

Which of the following best describes the "Dust Bowl"?

areas of severe wind erosion on the Great Plains, 1930s

Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging fractures and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock?

frost wedging

Which term best describes those processes that move weathered rock materials and soils downslope?

mass wasting

Which term best describes an accumulation of angular rock fragments at the base of a steep, bedrock slope or cliff?

talus slope

Radiometric dating is possible because the rates of decay of radioactive isotopes

are constant

Refer to page 119, figure 6.10, your sample 9B is an example of which type of sedimentary rock?

detrital

Refer to page 119, Figure 6.10, your sample 11B is called

shale

Refer to page 119, Figure 6.10, your sample 13B is called

fossiliferous limestone

Refer to page 129 Figure 6.13, b. What is the name of this kind of stratification

cross bedding

What is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks?

bedding or stratification

Which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true?

They were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea

Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock (first percentage). Also, what percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks (second percentage)?

5%;75%

Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for a sedimentary rock to have potential as a possible reservoir rock for oil or gas?

high porosity

The primary agent of contact metamorphism is

heat

Which of the following is a use for fossils found in sedimentary rocks?

all of these

An unconformity is a(an)

gap in the rock record

Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes involved in sedimentary rock formation?

weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation

Refer to page 147 your sample 16B. Which best describes the grade of metamorphism of this sample?

low grade metamorphism

Refer to page 147, your sample 18B. The metamorphic texture of this sample can best be described as_________

foliated

Refer to page 147, your sample 21B. The name of this metamorphic rock is

marble

Refer to page 145, #4 d. (figure 7.18) What was the parent rock?

sandstone

Why can two igneous rocks have the same minerals but different names?

The rocks may have different textures

According to the principle of cross-cutting relationships, an intrusive rock body is

younger than the rocks into which it intrudes

The three groups of rocks are classified by

how they formed

How old is Earth?

4.56 billion years

is a strong, parallel alignment of coarse mica flakes and/or of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock.

foliation

Which of the following best describes the conditions of contact metamorphism?

Pressures are fairly low, the rock is in the upper part of the crust, and heat is supplied from a nearby magma body

Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism?

slate, phyllite, schist

In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely?

at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding

From page 153 #1, which refers to figure 8.9 at the top of page 156, Which of the following rock units is the oldest?

A

From page 153 # 1, referring to figure 8.10 bottom of page 156, Which of the following roc units is the youngest?

F

Refer to page 162 #8a, About how many half-lives of the Uranium 235 to Lead -207 decay pair have elapsed in the zircon crystals?

0.5 half lives

Page 162 #12 c, referring to figure 8.17 on page 163, asks: Locate the fault. How much displacement has occurred along this fault? ( hint: notice the scale on the lower right hand side of the photo)

2m

What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary strata each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?

law of superposition

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of an index fossil?

the organism only lived for a short period of geologic time

What is the age of the Earth accepted by most scientists today?

4.5 billion years

Which of the following denotes the divisions of the geologic time scale in correct order of decreasing lengths of time beginning with the longest time interval and ending with the shortest?

eon, era, period, epoch

The chemical weathering of feldspar produces

clay minerals

Where are most transform faults found?

joining two segments of a mid-ocean ridge

During the process of erosion and deposition, sediments that are the _____ in size will be carried the greatest distances before being deposited.

smallest

The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 occurred along what fault?

the San Andreas fault

Page 185 # 2 refers to figure 9.1 on page 169, What are the latitude-longitude coordinates of Point B?

40oS 20oW

Page 186 # 18a refers to figure 9.20 on page 188. The contour line on this map are labeled in meters. What is the contour interval of this map?

20 m

page 186 # 18c refers to figure 9.20 on page 188. What is the gradient from y to x?

13.3m/km

page 186 #17 refers to figure 9.19 on page 187. What is the exact elevation along the innermost hash-marked isocline, closer to the coastline.(hint: hash marks indicate a depression and the first hashed isocline repeats the last regular isocline in elevation.)

20m

In which of the following settings would a metamorphic rock most likely form?

8 kilometers below Earth's surface

Index fossils allow geologists to

match rocks of the same age in different regions

What type of unconformity consists of tilted sedimentary rocks that are overlain by younger, more flat-lying sedimentary rocks?

angular unconformity

In general, the law of superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each layer is

older than the one above it

If the half-life of an unstable isotope is 10,000 years, and only 1/8 of the radioactive parent remains in a sample, how old is the sample?

30,000 years old

Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?

all of the above

Page 206 # 21 refers to figure 10.13 on page 207. What type of geologic structure is depicted in "C"?

monocline

Page 206 #21 refers to figure 10.13 on page 207. What type of geologic structure is depicted in "A"?

syncline

Referring to Cardboard Model 4 as it pertains to question 13 on page 204. What type of unconformity is at the base of formation J?

nonconformity

Page 206 # 21 refers to figure 10.13 on page 208. Which type of geologic structure is depicted by "L"?

basin

Which one of the following is consistent with deformation by folding?

Horizontal distance is shortened perpendicular to fold axes

The mountains and valleys of the Basin and Range Province of the western United States formed in response to

tensional stresses and normal-fault movements

is defined, recognizable, mappable, rock unit with a known age

formation

The Michigan geologic map shows older, Paleozoic strata (in a roughly circular patterns) surrounding a core area of Pennsylvanian rocks. What is this structure?

basin

In what type of rocks are most fossils found?

sedimentary rocks

What is the ultimate base level of a stream?

the ocean

Springs form where

the water table intersects the ground surface

What factor commonly triggers mass movements

all of these

Refer to page 299, figure 16.2 questions 6-8. Based on the kinds of Earth Materials upon which buildings have been constructed in this portion of SanFrancisco, which region posses the least risk of earthquake damage

location X

Refer to question 17 on page 302 dealing with figure 16.6, the s-minus p time for Charlotte, NC is______

5 min

Refer to page 304 # 21 b relating to figure 16.8, How much has the San Andreas Fault offset the present-day channel of Wallace Creek?