Lebesgue's density theorem

In mathematics, Lebesgue's density theorem states that for any Lebesgue measurable set, the "density" of A is 0 or 1 at almost every point in . Additionally, the "density" of A is 1 at almost every point in A. Intuitively, this means that the "edge" of A, the set of points in A whose "neighborhood" is partially in A and partially outside of A, is negligible.

Let μ be the Lebesgue measure on the Euclidean spaceRn and A be a Lebesgue measurable subset of Rn. Define the approximate density of A in a ε-neighborhood of a point x in Rn as

Lebesgue's density theorem asserts that for almost every point x of A the density

exists and is equal to 1.

In other words, for every measurable set A, the density of A is 0 or 1 almost everywhere in Rn.[1] However, it is a curious fact that if μ(A) > 0 and μ(Rn \ A) > 0, then there are always points of Rn where the density is neither 0 nor 1.

For example, given a square in the plane, the density at every point inside the square is 1, on the edges is 1/2, and at the corners is 1/4. The set of points in the plane at which the density is neither 0 nor 1 is non-empty (the square boundary), but it is negligible.