Chapter 25: Africa and the Atlantic World

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Transcript of Chapter 25: Africa and the Atlantic World

Chapter 25Africa and the Atlantic WorldSunni AliSonghay AdministrationVasco de GamaKingdom of Ndongo/AngolaQueen NzingaFulaniAntonian MovementDona BeatrizTriangular TradeMiddle PassageCash CropsOlaudah EquianoMali empire weakens in 15th century, expansive state Songhay takes overbased in Gao (soon-to-be capital)Sunni Ali began conquering neighboring stateselaborate administration and military apparatusimperial navy controlled Niger River (important commercial highway)Muslim emperors; Ali still consulted Pagan divinerselaborate administration and military apartusgovernors oversaw princes; hierarchy of commandarmy was effective military forceimperial navy controlled Niger River (important commercial highway)Muslim emperors for better diplomatic and commercial relationshad conflict with Mozambique and Mombasa on his way up east African coaston his second voyage to India forced ruler of Kilwa to pay tributemassive Portuguese naval expedition subdued Swahili city-states from Sofala to Mombasabuilt administrative centers at Mozambique and Malindadisrupted trade along east African coast; decline of Swahili city-statesprincipal state in sub-Saharan AfricaPortuguese developed slave trade with Ndongo (African for "king"Portuguese called the state "Angola"gained wealth and name recognition by trading directly with Portuguese Portuguese merchants founded a colony in the region, slowly expanded influenceQueen Nzinga resisted the Portuguese forces, but after her death Portuguese took overruler of Angolacame from long line of warrior kingsdressed as a male, requested she be called "king", had males dressed as girls accompany herallied with central Africans and Dutchattempted to keep Portuguese out of her territorywas successful until her deathpurity of Islam in Africa should be preservedoriginally pastoralists; established military campaigns to build statesstrict adherence to shariaestablished schools; taught Quran and doctrineheavily offended by immodest womensyncretic cult in Kongo as early as 18th centuryDona Beatriz claimed St. Anthony had possessed her and wanted her to communicate his messagesSt. Anthony was 13th century missionary and preacherDona worked miracles and cured diseasesclaimed Jesus was black, Kongo was holy land, and heaven was for blacksmissionaries convinced King Pedro to burn her at the stakefounder of Antonian Movementnamed after St. Anthony, 13th century missionary and preacherclaimed Anthony had possessed her and wanted her to communicate his messagesbelieved Jesus was black, Kongo was holy land, and heaven was for blacksburned at the stake by order of King Pedro20,000 Africans challenged King Pedroexchanges that took place between Africa, western Europe, and the Americas through the Atlanticraw materials from Americas to Europemanufactured goods from Europe to Africaslaves from Africa to Americasslaves obtained through slave raidsslaves were captured, marched to coast, lived in holding pens, boarded on shipsmiddle passage was trip across Atlanticfilthy, crowded ships; could sit or lie in chains but no standingslaves attempted to starve themselves to death or revoltcrews forced them to eat and threw sick overboard (wanted to save them for profit)25% did not survivevictim of a slave raid in which he and his family were taken from their home when he was tensurvived through the middle passageserved as a slave for 21 yearswrote an autobiography of his life describing his experiencessupported abolitionistsimportant in Caribbean and Americas; sole purpose of plantationsdepended on slave laborfrom Caribbean: sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, cotton, coffeehigh death rates and more men in Caribbean; constant importationslaves encouraged to have families in North Americarevolts