This is the residual class for methods and apparatus involving
radiant energy.

SCOPE OF THE CLASS

This class provides for all methods and apparatus for using, generating, controlling
or detecting radiant energy, combinations including such
methods or apparatus, subcombinations of same and accessories
therefore not classifiable elsewhere.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

Many other classes provide for methods and apparatus involving
radiant energy, per se, or in combination when such
methods or apparatus are also the subject matter of the class in
question.

In general, subject matter involving radiant energy
is provided for in other classes on the basis of either a specific
use of the radiant energy or a specific type of radiant energy. Classes
explicitly providing for subject matter involving radiant energy
are listed below and arranged according to the above described basis
of classification followed by some miscellaneous classes.

Drying and Gas or Vapor Contact With Solids,
subclasses 245+ for processes and apparatus for drying or gas or
vapor contact with solids in which the material or object treated
is subjected to electromagnetic or electrostatic energy, including
radiant electromagnetic energy; subclasses 266+ for
treating feathers with radiant energy; and subclasses 524+ with automatic
control (see Uses of Radiant Energy for Treating).

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 23for the analysis of gases; particularly; subclass
23.1 for the combination of a gas chromatography test and
a radiation (invisible and visible) test, of
the effluent from the test, subclasses 53.01+ for
the examination of liquids or a liquid suspension of solids; particularly, subclass
61.4 for the visible light examination of the settling rate
of a liquid suspension of solids, subclasses 73+ for
moisture content or absorption characteristics generally, subclass
104 for surface or cutlery edge testing generally, and
subclasses 151+ for bore hole and drilling study tests
generally, subclasses 861+ for volume or rate
of flow meters generally, and subclasses 290+ for liquid
level or depth gauges including those using visible light (see
Uses of Radiant Energy for Testing).

Gas Separation: Processes,
subclasses 27and 28 for processes of gas separation using magnetism
and subclasses 57+ for processes of gas separation using
an electric or electrostatic field (see Uses of Radiant
Energy for Separating and Assorting).

Cleaning and Liquid Contact With Solids,
subclass 1for processes of cleaning or contacting of solids
with liquids which includes the application of radiant energy, including
radiant electric energy, to the work; and subclass
113, with alarm, signal, indicating, testing, inspecting, illuminating
or display means (see Uses of Radiant Energy for Treating).

Fluid Handing,
subclass 78.1, for condition responsive photocells; and
subclass 93, for maintaining or sensing mixture condition
by optical or chemical property in self-proportioning or
correlating systems (see Uses of Radiant Energy As a Medium
of Control).

Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 155+ for the production of a compound or element by
chemical reaction brought about by electrical or wave energy in
a magnetic field, subclasses 157.15+ for
processes of treating materials involving a chemical reaction brought
about by wave energy, subclasses 164+ for production
of an element or compound by chemical reaction in an electrostatic field
or involving an electrical discharge, subclasses 450+ for
electrophoresis or electro-osmosis, subclasses
554+ for electrical or simultaneous electrical and magnetic
separation or purification of a liquid or magnetic treatment of
a liquid (other than separation), subclasses
194+ for electrolytic apparatus, subclasses 600+ for
electrophoretic or electro-osmotic apparatus, and
subclasses 660+ for apparatus for electrical or simultaneous
electrical and magnetic separation or purification of a liquid or
magnetic treatment of a liquid (other than separation (see
Uses of Radiant Energy for Separating and Assorting).

Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 155+ , 157.15+ and 164+ for
processes for preparing elements or compounds through chemical reactions
brought about by the agency of wave energy, see this class (250) subclasses
492.1+ for corresponding apparatus (see
Uses of Radiant Energy for Treating).

Liquid Purification or Separation, for methods and apparatus for the separation of a liquid from
a liquid on a solid generally, particularly
subclass 222for the magnetic separation of particles from a
liquid; and subclass 745, process control by optical
sensing of condition (see Uses of Radiant Energy for Separating
and Assorting).

Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,
subclasses 324+ , especially subclass 331.4 for
a photoelectric control for regulating winding or unwinding of magnetic
tape or photographic film; subclasses 410+ for
a photoelectric control for regulating tension in a running length of
material; subclasses 534+ for a photoelectric control
in a winding machine, and subclasses 563+ for
a photoelectric control in an unwinding machine (see Uses
of Radiant Energy As a Medium of Control).

Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating: Processes,
subclass .5for processes of shaping or treating radioactive
material, subclasses 405+ for direct application
of electrical or wave energy to work; and subclasses 408+, for
processes of measuring, testing, or inspecting
with sensing by utilizing light or passage of electric field current
through material (see Uses of Radiant Energy for Treating).

Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for measuring or testing of electrical properties by the use
of radiant energy; for measuring or testing of nonelectric
properties (e.g., magnetic fields,
subclasses 244+ ) by electrical means; and subclass
344, measuring and testing a geophysical surface or subsurface
in situ with a radiant energy receiver (see Uses of Radiant
Energy for Testing).

Television,
subclasses 207.99 through 207.2for television camera using a photocell, including
subclasses 294-324 for solid-state image sensor
and subclass 332 for array of photocells (see Uses of Radiant
Energy As a Medium of Communication).

Photocopying,
subclass 68, for illumination systems including photocells; subclasses
55+, for photodetector use with focus or magnification
control; subclass 41, for identifying, composing
or selecting using photocell; and subclass 38, for
color film exposure or light intensity control (see Uses
of Radiant Energy As a Medium of Control).

Optical: Systems and Elements, see Classes Providing for Visible Light Type of Radiant Energy,
subclasses 507-514 for moisture or foreign particle control
of optical elements or systems using photoelectric sensors (see
Uses of Radiant Energy as a Medium of Control).

Dynamic Magnetic Information Storage or Retrieval,
subclass 31, monitoring or testing the progress of
recording, and subclass 74.6, photoelectric
stopping or reversing control of a recorder (see Uses of
Radiant Energy As a Medium of Communication).

Thermal Measuring and Testing,
subclass 32for measuring the total thermal energy or power
emitted from a radiating source; subclasses 121+ for
determining temperature by measuring thermally emitted radiation; and subclass
162 for measuring temperature by a color change indicator (see
Uses of Radiant Energy for Testing).

Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body
Treating Compositions,
subclasses 1.11+ for methods of using a radionuclide containing
compound or compositions, and for compositions comprising
a radionuclide; and subclass subclasses 9.1+, for
in vivo diagnosis and testing compositions and subclasses 10.1+, for
Class 424 compositions with an identification or warning feature (see
Uses of Radiant Energy for Treating).

Food or Edible Material: Processes, Compositions, and
Product,
subclasses 234, 236 and 237+ for processes involving
the use of electrical, wave or radiant energy in food treatments (see
Uses of Radiant Energy for Treating).

Amusement Devices: Games,
subclasses 51+ for a game in which an electromagnetic ray (e.g., a
light ray, etc.) is used to simulate
a projectile fired from a gun, torpedo launcher, etc. (see
Uses of Radiant Energy As a Medium of Control).

Manufacturing Container or Tube From Paper; or
Other Manufacturing From a Sheet or Web,
subclasses 3+ , for condition responsive control means, especially, subclass
10, which uses a photocell condition sensor (see
Uses of Radiant Energy As a Medium of Control).

Nuclear Technology, an alternative search, search based on
a modification of the European Patent Office Classification.

SECTION IV - GLOSSARY

CIRCUIT

A closed or closable conducting path through which, or along
which, electric current can travel.

DETECTOR

A material or device whose response to radiant energy
is used to indicate the presence or amount of incident radiation. Also, called "Signalling
Means".

FLUENT MATERIAL

A liquid, gas or mass of granular solid material
that does not of itself maintain its own spatial form but flows. Whether
or not a granular material should be considered fluent or not is
determined in each case by how it is handled. Generally
if the handling means has walls to hold up the material, the
material is fluent. Thus, for example, coal
is necessarily fluent in a pail or bin but not necessarily fluent
in a pile.

ION

An atom or molecule with at least one more or less electrons
than protons. Electrons, per se, are
not considered ions.

IONIZATION

The process of adding to or removing from an electrically
neutral atom or molecule one or more of its electrons. Note: Ionization, as
sometimes used to denote the process of increasing the energy level
of an atom or molecule to some state short of the above, is
not encompassed by this definition. Such processes in this
class are considered partial or incomplete ionization.

INSPECTION

A term implying a source of radiant energy, and/or means
to irradiate an object by said source and a detector responsive
to radiation from the object to provide a signal representing some
characteristic of the object.

OBJECT

A material subjected to radiation for treatment or whose response
to or effect on the radiation is used to indicate something about
the material.

PHOTOCELL

A detector used to sense light incident thereon and generate
a signal representative of some aspect of the light such as intensity, phase, coherence, mode
distribution, interference pattern characteristics, etc.

PHOTODETECTOR

See Photocell

PHOTOELECTRIC CELL

See Photocell

PHOTOSENSOR

See Photocell

RADIANT ENERGY

Energy propagated in the form of electromagnetic waves, or
traveling subatomic, atomic or molecular particles.

Detectors that produce in response to incident radiant energy
either an increase or decrease in electric potential or current
flow (Electric) or some other perceivable change (Nonelectric). The
nonelectric change may be immediately perceived or may require development
to be perceived, e.g., photographic
changes.

(1)Note. DEFINITION OF TERMS: A photocell is defined for the
purpose of classification in these subclasses as an electrical device
which responds to light by varying its electrical characteristics
or by generating an electric current. This definition therefore
includes resistances, electric space discharge devices, batteries,
inductances, condensers, bolometers and other electrical devices
which have their electrical characteristics varied by radiant energy.
For the purpose of classification in these subclasses "light" and "radiant
energy" are used synonymously.

(2)Note. CIRCUITS AND APPARATUS INCLUDED: These are the generic
subclasses for the following: a. Electrical circuits whose operations
are controlled by means of a photocell. b. Electrical systems for
supplying electric current and/or potential to a photocell.
c. Photocells in combination with the optical means for controlling
the radiant energy which illuminates the photocell. d. Photocells
in combination with the source of illumination for the photocell.
e. Apparatus which is limited to use with photocells and which is
not otherwise classified. Examples of such apparatus are the photocell
temperature control means in subclass 238 and the housings in subclass
239.

(3)Note. SIGNALING SYSTEMS: Electrical communication systems
whose operation is controlled by means of a photocell are excluded
from these subclasses. For such systems see the Search Class notes
below.

(5)Note. PHOTOCELL COMBINED WITH DIVERSE TYPE DEVICE: These
subclasses include a photocell apparatus or photocell controlled
circuit when combined with a diverse type apparatus only when the
combination includes only the portion of the diverse type apparatus
necessary to provide for the photocell apparatus or circuit. Such combinations
will be found for the most part in subclass 215 of this class. Where structure
of the device is claimed in addition to that necessary to provide
for the photocell apparatus or photocell circuit, the device is
excluded from these subclasses and will be found with the art that
provides for the particular device with which the photocell is combined. Also,
see (6) Note below with reference to photocell circuits which are
limited to controlling specific devices, such as a signal, meter,
etc. See (3) Note above for a reference to signaling systems which include
a photocell. For some of the classes which provide for devices which include
a photocell apparatus or circuit, see the classes listed under (9)
Note below.

a. General Statement: These subclasses do not provide for
photocell controlled circuits which have a particular load device,
such as an electric motor, recited in the output circuit. Such systems
are classified with the particular art. See the paragraphs below
for some special exceptions to this general statement. For a partial
list of the classes which provide for the excluded circuits, see
the classes under (9) Note below.

b. Photocell controls its light source or optical system:
These subclasses do provide in subclasses 201+ for photocell
circuits where the output circuit controls means which control the
optical system of the photocell, (e.g., rebalancing systems, apparatus
having means for causing the photocell to move so as to trace the
contour of a pattern, circuits having the illumination source for
the photocell controlled by the photocell). Note that where the
claims are limited to a photoelectric circuit having an electric
lamp as the source of illumination for the photocell, the electric
lamp being connected in the output circuit of the photocell circuit so
that the lamp which illuminates the photocell is controlled by the
photocell, no structure of the optical system between the lamp and
photocell being claimed, the circuit is classified in Class 315,
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclass 151.

c. Photocell with electronic tube or other current or potential
modifying means in the output circuit. These subclasses do provide
for photocell circuits having means in the output circuit for modifying or
amplifying the photocell current or voltage so as to produce the
type of output control current or voltage desired. Examples of such
means are the bridge circuits and electronic tube devices. Where
the disclosure relates to a plurality of species of relay systems
of which one is an electronic relay (electronic tube) system and
the claims recite the relay in generic terms, classification is
in Class 361, subclasses 173+. Where the claims are limited
to an electronic relay or the disclosure relates only thereto even
though the relay is recited broadly, classification is herein (Class
250).

If such optical system is claimed, the subject matter is classified
in Class 250, subclasses 200+.

Where the device controlled in the output circuit is a cathode-ray
tube, or where the photocell is a part of a cathode-ray tube and
the claims do not include any significant output circuit for the
cathode-ray tube, the circuit is classified in Class 315, Electric.

Where the device controlled in the output circuit is an electronic
tube of the gas or vapor type (including gas or vapor discharge
lamps), and the claims do not include any significant output circuit
for the electronic tube, the circuit is classified in Class 315,
Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclasses 149+,
especially in subclasses 156 and 157. Subclass 156 provides for the
circuit where another electronic tube which is controlled by the
photocell is interposed in the supply circuit of the gas or vapor
type electronic tube, and subclass 157 where the electronic tube which
is controlled is provided with a discharge control means (e.g.,
grid).

d. Photoelectric visible light examination apparatus.

The analysis of visible light by means of a photosensitive
detector coupled to a recorder or meter is in Class 356. The analysis
of light and including a photosensitive detector, but not including
a meter, recorder or other indicator is classified in Class 250.
The examination of solid, liquid or gaseous material or articles
for an optical property, light scattering flaws, or size and configuration
tests are in Class 356.

A support for material or an article being examined and a
photosensitive device to detect variation in visible light caused
by the examined material is classified in Class 356, providing the
disclosure involves the examination of the material or the article
by visible light.

The examination of material by visible light involving a photoelectric
detection of the light as affected by the material and an electrical
alarm is in Class 340, subclasses 619+.

(7)Note. PHOTOCELLS, PER SE: These subclasses do not include
the structure of the photocell, per se. The photocells, per se,
are classified according to the type of electrical device. For the
classes and subclasses which provide for photocells and analogous
devices, see the Search Class notes below.

(8)Note. TO COMPLETE THE SEARCH FOR THIS SUBJECT MATTER, see
the Search This Class, Subclass and Search Class notes below.

where the photocell has characteristics which cause
it to respond principally to the invisible portion of the radiation
spectrum or where the photocell is combined with means to insure
that it will respond to the invisible portion of the radiation spectrum. Illustrative
of such photocells are a Geiger-Mueller counter and a conventional
photocell provided with an ultraviolet ray filter, respectively. Where
the photocell will respond to both visible and invisible radiant energy
and is not provided with means for enhancing response to invisible
radiant energy or diminishing response to visible radiant energy, classification
is in subclasses 200+ (see (8) note above).

Music,
subclasses 639and 724 for musical instruments in which the sound
is produced from electric currents which are generated or controlled
by photocells or for the photocell subcombinations of such musical
instruments, when restricted to such use.

Batteries: Thermoelectric and Photoelectric,
subclasses 213+ for photocells of the radiation pyrometer type which
generate electricity by virtue of the heating effect of radiant
energy and which may contain optical means; subclasses 243+ for
photocells of the primary battery type which depend upon the presence
of visible radiant energy for their operation; and subclasses 291
for applications of these photocells (see Photocells, Per Se; (7) note
above).

Elevator, Industrial Lift Truck, or Stationary
Lift for Vehicle,
subclass 317for an electric control for an elevator door having
a position detector mounted on the door and subclass 392 for an
elevator with a position detector for monitoring passengers.

Classifying, Separating, and Assorting Solids,
subclasses 509+ , especially subclasses 576+, for devices containing
a photocell, which will classify, separate or assort objects in accordance
with their optical properties or their appearance, such as glossiness,
color or size.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
subclasses 10+ , with radiant energy sensitive control means, subclasses
82+ for vehicle headlamp as by dimming when the photocell
is illuminated by the headlamps of another vehicle, and subclass 134,
with signal indicator or alarm readout energy responsive control.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
subclasses 10+ for miscellaneous circuits for supplying electric
current and/or potential to a cathode-ray tube where the
system includes a photocell to control the cathode-ray tube. The
systems included in subclasses 10+ include systems having
a photocell in the supply circuit of the cathode-ray tube and systems
where the cathode-ray tube includes a photoelectric electrode (see Photocell
Controlled Cathode-ray Tube Circuit: (4) note above).

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
subclasses 10+ for photocell controlled cathode-ray tube circuits.
See (4) and (6c) Notes, supra. Subclass 134 provides for indicator
or alarm signal in an electron tube circuit controlled by a photoelectric
cell. Subclasses 149+ provide for photocell circuits which
control an electric lamp or an electronic tube of the gas or vapor
type. See subclass 150 where the lamp or gas or vapor tube is itself a
photocell, subclass 151 where the lamp which illuminates the photocell is
in the output circuit of the photocell, (see (6) Note, b, above
and subclasses 156 and 157 where the photocell controls the operation
of a gas or vapor type electronic tube or lamp (see (6) Note, c,
above).

Electricity: Motive Power Systems,
subclasses 560+ , particularly subclass 640 for electric motor position servo
systems which may be responsive to a photocell; subclasses 576+, particularly
subclass 577 for electric motor systems in which a photocell senses
a pattern and controls the motor in accordance with the sensing; and
subclass 480 for other photocell controlled electric motor systems.

Television,
subclasses 207.99 through 207.2and 332 for television system which may include
a photocell (see Signaling Systems; (3) note above), and subclasses
602-603 for photocell controlled cathode-ray tube.

Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing,
subclass 161for control of brightness or contrast of display
on cathode-ray tube dependent on ambient light sensed by photocell,
and subclasses 400-304 for facsimile and subclasses 471-498 for
facsimile systems which may include a photocell (see Signaling Systems;
(3) note above.) and for photocell control of a cathode-ray tube
in facsimile systems (see Photocell Controlled cathode-ray Tube
Circuit: (4) note above).

Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
subclasses 9.1+ for in vivo diagnosis and testing compositions
and subclasses 10.1+ for Class 424 compositions with an
identification or warning feature.

Semiconductor Device Manufacture: Process, particularly
subclass 7for methods of making semiconductor devices having
a step controlled in response to a sensed optical condition and
subclass 16 for methods having a step of measuring an optical condition.

Amusement Devices: Games,
subclasses 51+ for a game in which an electromagnetic ray (e.g.,
a light ray, etc.) is used to simulate a projectile fired from
a gun, torpedo launcher, etc., which game may include a photocell
(often as part of a target for the gun, torpedo launcher, etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Subject matter in which the photocell automatically controls
the illumination which falls on the photocell by altering optical
means located between a source of illumination and the photocell
or by altering the illumination source.

(1)Note. The control of the illumination may be achieved by
altering the source of light (e.g., intensity or position) or by altering
the optical path between source of light and photocell (e.g., transparency of
light transmitting medium or position of photocell or optics).

Dynamic Information Storage or Retrieval,
subclass 45for patents claiming details of the optical storage medium
or writing or reading of information to or from the medium, and subclasses
100+ for optical details of the optical information storage
and retrieval system.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.2. Subject matter in which the focusing is based on geometric
triangulation using a baseline distance between at least two photocells.

(1)Note. This subject matter differs from that in Class 356,
subclasses 3.01+ in that subject matter in this subclass
provides for triangulation to achieve automatic focus control of
an optical pre-photocell system whereas subject, matter in Class
356, subclasses 3.01+ uses triangulation to measure the
distance of an object from the photocell or pre-photocell system.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.2. Subject matter in which the photo-cell generates signals
used to create an image and adjustment of the focus is based on
the degree of contrast in all or part of the image, i.e., on the ratio
of the darkest and lightest portions of all or part of the image.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.2. Subject matter in which the focusing is based on coincidence
of two images of the same object moved in the same plane or of the
displacement or distance between different images of the same object
in the same plane, e.g., the photodetector plane.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter having means for illuminating the photocell
in accordance with the relative position of the photocell and a
pattern, and having means for causing the photocell to follow the
edge of the pattern under control of said illumination, or for causing
the optical path between pattern and photocell to change, under
the control of said illumination, so that the photocell follows
the edge of the pattern image.

(1)Note. The edge of the pattern may be either a thick or thin
line or the line of demarcation between two areas of different optical
properties. The photocell may follow the pattern either by moving spatially
or by causing the pattern to move past the photocell while the photocell
remains stationary.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter having means for illuminating the photocell
in accordance with the relative position of the photoelectric cell
and an object, and having means for causing the photoelectric cell
to follow the object under the control of said illumination.

(1)Note. The object may be a star, a search light at the end
of a luminous glide path beam or a spot or an instrument.

(2)Note. The photocell must follow the object, as seen through
the associated optical system. However, the photocell itself, or
the supporting structure, as a whole, need not follow the point,
as in a guided missile which is guided towards a terrestrial target
by heavenly bodies sensed by a self-carried photocell guiding apparatus.

Recorders,
subclasses 31and 32 for photocell systems which control a recorder
in accordance with an instrument which operates, free of the mechanical
burden, of the recorder, in which the pointer of the instrument
is sensed and followed by the photocell, which controls the system
which drives the recorder and following means.

Amusement Devices: Games,
subclasses 51+ for a game in which an electromagnetic ray (e.g.,
a light ray, etc.) is used to stimulate a projectile fired from
a gun, torpedo launcher, etc., which game may include a photocell
(often as part of a target for the gun, torpedo launcher, etc.)

This subclass is indented under subclass 203.1. Subject matter in which the object to be tracked is, as
disclosed, illuminated by an artificial light source, e.g., a laser,
and the light from that source which is reflected from the target
is detected and used to track the object.

This subclass is indented under subclass 203.3. Subject matter in which a moving, e.g., oscillating or rotating,
apertured or patterned element is in the optical path between the
target and photocell to modulate the light reaching the photocell
from the target.

(1)Note. A reticle is often used (a) to chop the light reaching
the photodetector(s) to permit a-c amplification of the signal generated
by the photodetector(s); (b) to aid in distinguishing the target
from background illumination; and (c) to generate signals indicative
of the position (e.g., azimuth and elevation) of a target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter having two optical paths from a source or
two sources of illumination to one or more photocells and having
means for controlling one or more of the optical paths so that the ratio
of light flux which traverses the different optical paths stays
constant.

This subclass is indented under subclass 201.1. Subject matter having means for controlling the intensity
of the light source which illuminates the photoelectric cell in
accordance with the illumination which falls upon the photoelectric
cell.

(1)Note. In addition to the means for controlling the light
source, there may be means between the light source and the photoelectric
cell to variably divert or absorb the light which passes from the light
source to the photocell. Where the sole means for controlling the
light which reaches the photoelectric cell is means to variably
divert or absorb the light rays, the patent is not classified in this
subclass, but will be found in subclasses 201.1 through 204 above.

(2)Note. The light source whose intensity may be controlled
may be an electric light, a gas flame or any other source of light.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
subclass 151, where the source of illumination is an electric
lamp or gas or vapor discharge device, the photocell controls the
electrical condition or electrical characteristics of the source
of illumination and there is no significant optical structure in
the optical path between source of illumination and photocell.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Subject matter in which the photocell controls an electrical
or electro-mechanical system circuit, and systems circuits under
subclass 200 for supplying electric current and/or potential to
a photocell.

(1)Note. In order to be classified in this and indented subclasses,
the electrical or electro-mechanical system circuit should be significant.
It is significant if it is recited in the claims more specifically than
by name only, or if it is disclosed as being nonconventional.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Having means to generate positional information in at least
one plane of a target moving relative to one or more photodetectors:
Subject matter in which photodetecting means generate signals proportional
to the position in at least one plane of a target moving relative
to the photodetecting means.

(1)Note. In order to be classified in this and indented subclasses,
the electrical or electromechanical system should be significant.
It is significant if it is recited in the claims more specifically
than by name only, or if it is disclosed as being nonconventional.

(2)Note. Subject matter in this subclass is differentiated from
that in subclasses 203+ because in those subclasses, photocell
output signals are used to control the pre-photocell optical system
whereas in this subclass, no control of the pre-photocell optical
system occurs or, if it does, is not claimed.

(3)Note. If a means for indicating the positional information
is claimed, then classification is in Class 356, subclasses 139.04
through 139.08, 141.1 through 141.5 and 152.1 through 152.3.

(4)Note. The subject matter in this and indented subclasses
is differentiated from that in subclasses 231.4+, in that, the
latter subclasses deal with rotating shafts which are not considered
to be moving targets since their location in global space is fixed
even though they are rotating on an axis. Targets, on the other
hand, are changing their global position regardless of whether they
are spinning about an axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206.1. Subject matter in which the positional information of a
target moving relative to one or more photocells relates to two
or more planes, e.g., azimuth and elevation, or hour angle and declination,
and may be expressed in any coordinate system, e.g., Cartesian
(X,Y,Z) or radial (r, theta).

This subclass is indented under subclass 206.2. Subject matter in which a moving, e.g., rotating or oscillating,
apertured or patterned element is in the optical path between the
target and photodetector(s) to modulate the light reaching the photodetector(s)
from the target.

(1)Note. A reticle is often used (a) to chop the light reaching
the photodetector(s) to permit amplification of the signal generated
by the photodetector(s); (b) to aid in distinguishing the target
from background illumination; and (c) to generate signals indicative
of the position (e.g., azimuth and elevation) of a target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206.1. Subject matter in which the photocell has plural electrodes,
one or more of which is photoemissive, and in which secondary emission takes
place.

(1)Note. Secondary emission is the emission of electrons from
a material when bombarded by primary electrons. The secondary emission
may take place at the photoelectric cathode or at one or plural
other electrodes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Subject matter having plural photocells structured in the
form of a one or two dimensional array capable of sensing an image
of an object viewed by the array.

(1)Note. Subject matter in this subclass does not provide for
means, e.g., electronic scanning means, coupled to the photosensitive
image detecting array to generate a picture image.

(2)Note. Subject matter in this subclass includes arrangements
of semiconductive photosensitive elements within an array which
control an optical or electrical device and, therefore, do not fall within
the scope of certain subclasses in Class 257 which are limited to
arrays, per se.

(3)Note. If plural photocells are used to generate a picture
image of an object viewed by the plural photocells, e.g., linear
or area photocell arrays, the pictorial signal scanning and generation
means will remove the subject matter from this class and subclass
and take it to Class 348, subclasses 294+ and 332 and Class 358,
Facsimile, subclasses 471+.

for photocell systems having plural optical paths
which terminate at plural photosensitive electrodes and in which
the optical paths are controlled by the photosensitive electrodes
to balance the light flux in the plural paths.

Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclass 222for use of plural photocell photometers; subclass
343, using plural photocells to detect particle light scattering;
subclass 411, for use of plural photocells to measure color of flowing
liquids by light transmission; and subclass 435 for use of plural photocells
to measure light transmission or absorption.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Subject matter having plural photocells structured or arranged
so that they collectively do not detect or generate a picture image
signal of an object from which light is detected by the photocells.

This subclass is indented under subclass 208.2. Subject matter with means to electronically, as distinct
from mechanically, scanning of the photocell outputs to obtain an
output signal or signals representative of the output signals of the
plural photocells.

This subclass is indented under subclass 208.2. Subject matter in which plural photocells are, by disclosure,
used to generate signals which are used to switch all or just part
of an electrical circuit on or off.

Communications: Electrical,
subclasses 500+ for condition responsive devices which are responsive
to radiant energy and which use photocell controls to turn on alarms
or other indicators in response to a specific condition sensed by
the photocells.

This subclass is indented under subclass 208.2. Subject matter in which circuit means are provided for forming
a ratio of the outputs of two or more photodetectors other than
by using bridge or push-pull circuits.

(1)Note. This subclass provides for many circuits which form
ratios digitally rather than by older bridge or push-pull circuits.
The latter are classified in Class 250, subclass 210.

This subclass is indented under subclass 208.2. Subject matter in which the plural photosensitive elements
are arranged in a predetermined, specific geometric orientation
relative to each other to provide a desired result, e.g., detecting specularly
reflected light as well as diffusely reflected light from an object
viewed by the photosensitive elements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 206. Subject matter including means to electrically connect a
particular photocell or electron tube with one or more electrical
or electronic devices in a closed or closable electrically conducting
path.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, subclasses
10+ for photocell circuits in which the photocell controls
a cathode-ray tube or in which the photocell is part of a cathode-ray
tube, and subclasses 149+ for photocell circuits in which
the photocell controls a lamp or gas or vapor discharge device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 200. Subject matter in which the photocell is built into a device
specific to an art other than the photocell art, and in which the
utility of the art device is not destroyed by removal of the photocell.

(1)Note. As an example, a refrigerator which is provided with
a photocell controlled defrosting device, in which the photocell
senses excessive frost, is found in this subclass, if within the
definition of superior subclass 200, since the photocell is (1)
built into the refrigerator which (2) is an art device and which
(3) has utility if the photoelectric cell is removed. Generally,
the patents in this subclass are cross references, as there are few
art devices which are not elsewhere provided for.

This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter in which the optical path between the light
source and the photocell is directly affected by an object which
is movable with respect to, is not part of and is not continuously
associated with the photocell device.

(1)Note. The ultimate object being sensed must directly affect
the light beam, and not indirectly through the medium of a linkage,
shutter or other instrumentality. Further, the object must be one which
is independent of the photocell apparatus in the sense of being
nonintegral with it and having an independent existence of its own,
regardless of the existence of the photocell apparatus.

(2)Note. Examples of such objects are animate objects such as
horses on a race track, human beings entering doors, animals in
traps or inanimate objects such as plants being cultivated, work
pieces being gauged, paint samples being tested.

This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter having means for carrying the inanimate article
into or out of or through a location where the article will affect
the optical path between the light source and the photocell.

(1)Note. The conveyor may stop while the article is being sensed.

(2)Note. Examples of conveyors are railroad cars on tracks and
gravity operated chutes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 222. Subject matter having means for causing relative movement
between the inanimate article and the light ray while the article
is in the light path between light source and photocell.

(1)Note. The motion referred to above is one above and beyond
that required to bring the object into the testing or sensing station.
During sensing, either the object, light source, photocell or some other
part of the optical system may move.

(2)Note. As an illustrative example, this subclass includes
camera shutter photocell sensing devices, where the camera shutter
opens and closes while in the light beam and roller photocell sensing devices,
where the roller is rotated while being sensed for size.

This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter having optical means for acting unequally
upon different frequencies of radiation in the optical path of light
from a light source to the photocell.

(1)Note. Examples of such optical means, found in this subclass,
are diffraction gratings, dispersion prisms and visible light filters.

This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter including an optical fiber or rod, made of
a material having a high index of refraction that allows it to confine,
guide and transmit light.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter where the light conductor is used to decrease
the speed of a light pulse directed toward a photodetector.

(1)Note. Typically, light pulses are directed through a light
conductor in which the speed of light is slower than through air or
vacuum. The arrival of a pulse going through the light conductor
is delayed from the time it would have arrived had it travelled
directly through air or vacuum.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter in which the light which photocell senses
is affected by some property of the light conductor itself which
is, in turn, acted upon by the condition or parameter being sensed
and the photocell generates an electric signal in response thereto.

(1)Note. The light conductor itself transduces a quantity or
parameter which is sought to be measured quantitatively or qualitatively
by the photodetector.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.14. Subject matter wherein the detector and a light conducting
fiber are positioned, configured or arranged so that light is coupled to
or away from a detector if there is a break in the fiber to sense
the presence of a break.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.14. Subject matter in which a photodetector sense a small scale,
i.e., micro, bend in an optical fiber caused by a parameter such
as pressure, temperature, stress or strain, etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.14. Subject matter in which the condition sensed changes the
polarization of the light passing through the fiber due to some
parameter affecting the fiber so that light of a different polarization
reaches the photodetector than was incident on the fiber.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.14. Subject matter in which the condition sensed causes a change
in frequency/wavelength of the light transmitted to the
photodetector by the light conductor.

(1)Note. The photocell may, for example, detect changes in the
frequency of the light transmitted to it by the light conductor
due to changes in the elongation of the light conductor.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.14. Subject matter wherein the light waves transmitted by the
light conductor are coherent, i.e., the phases of the waves are
substantially in step spatially and temporally, and the condition
sensed by the light conductor affects the coherent light so that
an interferometric pattern is presented to the photocell.

(1)Note. This definition is inclusive and includes, for example,
arrangements where noninterferometric light is presented to a photocell
along with an interferometric pattern to a photocell.

(2)Note. This type of device ordinarily includes fiber-optic
equivalents of classic interferometers, e.g., Michelson interferometers,
and ring laser gyroscopes. It also includes detection of changes
in the state of polarization in a light conductor, e.g., induced
birefringence by stresses or strains.

(3)Note. This is a residual subclass in a residual class and
other classes and subclasses, e.g., Class 356, subclasses 32+ or
345+, provide for this subject matter where optical measurement
and testing are involved, and take precedence. Cross-references
to this subclass (277.19) are discretionary.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter wherein the light conductor presents an image
of the object viewed by it to the photocell, outputting the elements of
the object(s) that it views in the same spatial relationship they
have in reality.

(1)Note. An imaging light conductor is defined as one which
presents an image of the object viewed by it to the photocell(s).
An imaging light conductor outputs the elements of the object(s)
it views in the same spatial relationship they have in reality.
An incoherent light conductor is one which scrambles the object
it views so that what is transmitted to the photocell(s) is not
an image of the original, but is light reflected by or transmitted
through the object in a nonimage form. A coherent light conductor can
present a true image of an object it views to a photocell with ordinary
incoherent light reflected from or transmitted through the object.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter wherein means are provided for varying the
intensity of the light transmitted to the photocell from substantially zero
to substantially maximum intensity as a function of time.

(1)Note. The chopping or modulating means may be for example,
electromechanical or electrooptical, an object under inspection
or analysis, or a keyboard controlled optical shutter, for example.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter including means for selecting and transmitting
light of one or more discrete wavelengths or wavelength bands by the
light conductor(s) to the photocell(s).

(1)Note. The intensity of the light of different wavelengths
may be varied by using, for example, polarizers, diaphragms, etc.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter with means used to increase the overall coupling
efficiency of the light conductor and the photocell, i.e., to improve
the ratio of light reaching the photocell from the light conductor
to the light leaving the photoconductor on its way to the photocell.

(1)Note. Coupling enhancement means may or may not include structure
to physically or mechanically connect a photocell to a light conductor.
The enhancement means may, for example, simply include configurations
to improve evanescent wave coupling phenomena, or modal coupling
phenomena, or may include optomechanical connectors.

(2)Note. A light conductor coupled to a photocell may be classified
here or in Class 356, subclasses 96+, depending on what
is recited. If the photocell is just nominally recited, and the
coupling enhancement means is recited nominally or in detail, then
classification is proper in Class 385. If the photocell is recited
more than nominally, i.e., including an electrical output which
is generated for utilization, then classification is in this subclass
regardless of the claimed detail of the coupling enhancement means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter with means to actually or electronically
move a light beam transmitted by a light conductor over an object.

(1)Note. The scanning may involve a stationary light conductor
and moving optical elements such as lenses or reflectors, or may
involve moving the light conductor. It also may include electronic
scanning of the photocells optically coupled to the light conductors.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter wherein the light waves transmitted by the
light conductor are coherent, i.e., the phases of the waves are
substantially in step spatially and temporarily, and the condition
being sensed by the light conductor affects the coherent light to
present an interferometric pattern to the photocell.

(1)Note. This definition is inclusive and includes arrangements
where noninterferometric light is presented to a photocell along
with presentation of an interferometric pattern to a photocell.

(2)Note. This type of device ordinarily includes use of light
conductors which transmit light with a spatial energy distribution
which is characterized as a single transverse electromagnetic mode
(TEM) distribution. Included are not only single interferometric
devices, but optically coupled (by light conductors) multiple interferometric
devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter in which the components of a light conductor
have a specific, predetermined configuration with respect to each other
to achieve a desired light beam pattern to be presented to the photodetector
means, e.g., one with suppressed higher order transverse electromagnetic
(TEM) modes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter in which the angular relationship of the
light source, photodetector means and object being illuminated and detected
have a specified geometric relationship.

(1)Note. For example, the photodetector may be placed at 45
degrees to the normal of the illuminated surface, while the optical
axis of the light source may be placed perpendicular to the object
surface.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter in which means are provided to vary the angular
relationship of the light source or photodetector with respect to the
surface of the object under illumination and photodetection.

(1)Note. Devices with means to vary the angular relationship
between light source, object surface and photodetector are conventionally
known as goniometers.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter in which the light conductor is configured
or arranged to receive light along its side or edge in lieu of,
or in addition to, its end face.

This subclass is indented under subclass 227.11. Subject matter wherein the light conductor has a noncircular
end-face configuration which is end-face illuminated.

(1)Note. The light conductors in this subclass are end-face
illuminated whereas in the previous subclass they are illuminated
along their side or edge faces. Both subclasses encompass light
conductors of various geometries other than cylindrical or circular.

This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter having an integrating sphere in the optical
path between light source and photocell.

(1)Note. An integrating sphere is a hollow body having an interior
of highly light reflecting but also diffusing material, and having
relatively small openings in the shell of the hollow body to admit light.
It has the property of raising the interior illumination to a level
which depends only upon the amount of light flux entering the openings
and not upon the reflection or diffusion of that incident light
flux.

This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter having means in the optical path between
light source and photocell for varying the amount of light which
reaches the photocell.

(1)Note. In this subclass, the means for varying the amount
of light which reaches the photocell is always a part of, or is
continuously associated with, the photocell device, and is not an
object which has an independent existence of its own. Devices found
in this and indented subclass comprises, for example, keyboard operated
shutters which variably permit a light source to illuminate a photocell,
iris diaphragms and optical wedges.

for similar subject matter in which the light path
between light source and photocell is directly affected by an object
which is not part of the photocell apparatus and has an independent existence
of its own.

This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter in which the optical path between light source
and photoelectric cell includes a reflective element, and in which
the amount of reflection or the direction of reflection is varied
so as to vary the intensity of the photocell illumination.

(1)Note. Examples of such variable reflecting elements include
mirrors which oscillate under the control of a physical quantity
and compass cards which have variable reflective markings.

This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter in which the means in the optical path between
the light source and the photocell for varying the amount of light
which reaches the photocell is actuated by an external mechanical
force.

(1)Note. Examples of dynamic type physical quantities include
pressure, weight (mg where m = mass of an object andg = gravitational
force), force (f) where f = ma or f = 1/2
mv squared), deflection of an object connected to the means in the optical
path for varying the amount of light reaching the photocell, speed
of an object, velocity of an object (including fluid flow), position
(angular or linear) of an object.

(2)Note. Measurement of the position of an object properly classified
herein is distinct from the position indication classified in this
class, subclasses 206.1+ in that the latter concerns global
position of a target whereas this subclass concerns local position,
e.g., rotation of a shaft about an axis where the shaft"s global position
is known or not of concern.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 96+ for measurement, testing or sensing of electricity
using radiant energy; and subclass 344, for use of a radiant energy
receiver for a geological measurement or test.

Education and Demonstration,
subclasses 1+ for electromagnetic sensors to detect or determine
the range of an object; subclass 187 for measurement of length or
volume; and subclass 303, for science, physics or optics.

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.1. Subject matter wherein displacement of a gauge component,
e.g., needle, by a force, e.g., gravity or an electromotive force
is the active external physical quantity sensed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.1. Subject matter wherein the angular position or speed or
a rotatable shaft is the active external physical quantity sensed
by one or more photocells and an output is generated which is indicative
of those parameters.

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.13. Subject matter wherein photocell means is provided to incrementally
sense the angular position or speed of a rotatable shaft as the
active external physical quantity and for generating an output proportional
to the number of increments sensed by the photocell(s).

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.14. Subject matter in which the incremental data is generated
using more than one circularly shaped element coupled to the rotating shaft
by gear drive means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.14. Subject matter in which a signal proportional to the phase
sum of, or difference between, outputs of the photodetectors is
generated and is representative of the angular position or speed
of the rotating shaft.

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.14. Subject matter in which means are provided to determine
whether a complete revolution of the shaft has occurred and to generate
a signal representative of that fact.

(1)Note. The provision of means to determine the number of complete
revolutions is also included in this subclass.

This subclass is indented under subclass 231.14. Subject matter including means to establish a unique number
of shaft angle positions and to generate a unique, distinct signal for
each of those positions.

Subject matter under 231.1 wherein the dynamic external
mechanical force sensed is pressure ((P) = F/A
where F = a Newtonian type force and A = Area
over which the force is applied) applied to the means in the optical path
for varying the amount of light to reach the photocell(s).

This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Subject matter having means for moving an element of the
optical system.

(1)Note. Examples of such means are means for adjusting the
photocell so that its axis is aligned with the optical axis, a hand
crank for adjusting the photocell to sense in a desired direction
or a vehicle upon which the entire photocell apparatus is mounted.

for photocell sensing means having a light valve
in the optical path, particularly indented subclass 231, where the light
valve is adjusted in accordance with an external physical quantity
and subclasses 232+, where the light valve continuously
moves to chop the light.

This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter having means for cyclically moving an element
of the optical system in a repetitious path.

(1)Note. This subclass includes photocell devices having a vibratory
scanner. An adjusting means is not deemed a means for providing
a repetitious path, since there is no means for ensuring repetition or
cycling. A hunting device which follows another element does not
cycle, even though the followed element may, during its motion,
fortuitously cycle.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes sensing means responsive to
electromagnetic radiation including a variable electrical member
or variable radiation control member having a pointer and an associated
scale calibrated in frequency or wavelength units and indicating
means responsive to the sensing means to note the maximum energy
detected by the sensing means whereby the scale and pointer indicate the
wavelength or frequency of the radiation detected.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising means for producing or utilizing
a unidirectional stream of molecules or atoms having no net electrical charge,
usually through a vacuum with thermal velocity and methods using
such means. Such devices and methods may include magnetic field
means to deflect, divert or select a portion of the beam of a desired
energy level and may also provide means for subjecting the selected portion
of the beam to a microwave electromagnetic field to excite the molecules
or atoms of the beam at a resonant frequency, causing a transition
of the energy state of the molecules or atoms from one energy-level
to another.

Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and Diffusing, particularly
subclasses 79+ for apparatus including means to melt particles
or bodies of normally solid substance and contiguous means to project
the melted substance through the ambient air.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, especially
subclass 111.01for systems wherein a fluent material is supplied
to the discharge area between the discharge electrodes of the discharge
device.

Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems,
and Elements, appropriate subclasses for apparatus or process
for effecting a reaction within the nucleus of an element utilizing,
for example, subatomic particles, such as thermal neutrons.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes methods to establish a reference
indication of invisible radiation or invisible radiation level,
or methods of error determination or correction using a reference
indication or radiation level.

(1)Note. For calibration or standardizing apparatus, see the
appropriate subclasses for the specific structure involved.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter s which includes means in combination with
material within or on the surface of the earth to, (1) expose the
material to radiation, (2) to detect radiation emanating naturally
from the material or (3) to detect radiation modified or caused
by the material interacting with radiation produced by the means
to expose the material to radiation, and methods therefor.

(1)Note. The material within or on the surface of the earth
includes the surface of, underneath the surface of or the bottom of
a naturally occurring body of water.

(2)Note. The irradiation of material includes material within
or about a well.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 323+ for geophysical surface and subsurface examination using
electrical tests and electromagnetic waves below the infrared frequency
band in the electromagnetic spectrum.

Wells,
subclass 247for processes of treating wells using nuclear energy
or radioactivity; subclasses 250+ for processes including
wells, in combination with indicating, testing or measuring and
subclass 66 for apparatus in combination with a well for giving
electrical signals concerning something in relation to the well.
See also section VI of the general notes to Class 166.

This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter which additionally includes means to remove
a portion of the material from the earth whereby the portion is
subjected to (1) the means to detect natural radiation or (2) radiation
modified or caused by the portion when irradiated by means to expose
or (3) some other test.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass includes sampling
on the surface of the earth within a well or at the bottom of a naturally
occurring body of water.

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 152.07for borehole formation logging with analysis of
density, porosity, or water saturation using core sample analysis,
subclass 152.09 for oil, gas, or water saturation by core sample analysis,
and subclass 152.11 for other analysis using core sampling.

This subclass is indented under subclass 253. Subject matter wherein the means to detect radiation emanating
naturally from or modified or caused by the material interacting
with radiation senses the material in or about a well and includes
means to support for movement the means to detect natural radiation
or radiation modified or caused by the interaction of the material
with exposing radiation and includes methods corresponding to the
apparatus.

(1)Note. A well is meant to include a cased and uncased well
and bore hole.

(2)Note. Generally the claimed method and apparatus include
an indication or a recording of the radiation detected.

(3)Note. Generally the method and apparatus have claimed or
disclosed a recording correlating the radiation sensed with the
depth at which the radiation has been sensed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter which additionally includes apparatus which
includes a detector to sense the location of a pipe collar in a
cased well and methods corresponding to the apparatus.

(1)Note. The collar detector need not be a radiation detector
but can be any type which senses the position of the pipe collar
in a well.

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 152.57for a determination of a characteristic of a borehole
casing wherein the determination is made by making a measurement
which is not purely electrical or purely magnetic.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter which includes means to cause two fluids
to meet in a well to force one of the fluids into the earth, said
one fluid being material or including material which emanates radiation,
modified radiation, or causes radiation by interacting with radiation
from the means to expose the material to radiation, wherein the means
to detect radiation senses the said one fluid at the meeting point
of the fluids, and methods corresponding to the apparatus.

(1)Note. Generally, the depth at which the meeting point of
the fluids occurs is recorded along with the results of the sensing.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter which includes means to add the material
into the well or the earth about the well whereby the means to detect
senses the radiation emitted naturally from the material, or radiation
caused by or modified by the material interacting with the radiation
produced by the means to expose the materials to radiation.

(1)Note. The material may be solid liquid, gas, particulate
or entrained within a fluid.

(2)Note. The means to eject the tracer material into a well
is included here as a subcombination not classified elsewhere.

(3)Note. Materials which are not radioactive, but are made radioactive
in the well are placed here along with materials which can control
radiation in some manner.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter wherein the means to detect radiation emanating
naturally or radiation modified or caused by the material interacting
with the radiation includes a detector and may include an electrical
circuit responsive to the detector and apparatus to control or compensate
for some physical or electrical condition of the radiation detector
circuit or detector and circuit and includes methods corresponding
to the apparatus.

(1)Note. The conditions controlled include temperature control,
voltage control of the detector or circuit and the speed of the
detector while sensing in the well.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter wherein the means to detect radiation emitted
naturally or radiation modified or caused by material interacting
with radiation includes a radiation detector and a detailed electrical
circuit connected between the detector and an indicator or recorder
of the radiation sensed by the detector and includes methods corresponding
to the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter wherein the electrical circuit includes means
to modulate an electrical wave with signals emitted by the detector
upon detecting radiation and includes methods corresponding to the
apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 262. Subject matter wherein there are plural detectors and the
individual detectors may be connected to the same electrical circuit
or to separate electrical circuits and includes methods corresponding
to the apparatus.

(1)Note. Included are plural detectors connected to an anti-coincidence
or coincident circuit.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter wherein the means to detect radiation emitted
naturally or radiation modified or caused by material interacting
with radiation includes plural radiation detectors and methods corresponding
to the apparatus.

(1)Note. The detectors here may be electrical, nonelectrical,
but a combination of a fluorescent screen and a responsive detector
is considered but one detector.

This subclass is indented under subclass 265. Subject matter which may include the means to expose the
material to radiation which includes at least a radiation source
and wherein there are details concerning the location or spacing
of the detectors with respect to the source or to one another or
the direction the radiation is permitted to be incident upon the
detectors and includes methods corresponding to the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter wherein the means to detect radiation emanating
naturally or radiation modified or caused by the material interacting
with the radiation includes a detector and includes radiation modifying
means to control the radiation incident upon the detector and methods corresponding
to the apparatus.

(1)Note. The control of the radiation to the detector includes
type of radiation, the intensity of radiation, the direction of
the radiation hitting the detector, the frequencies of the radiation,
the radiation pattern arriving at the detector or the spacing of
the detector with respect to source.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter which includes means to touch the wall of
the well, the means to support for movement suspending the means
to touch the well and the means to detect radiation as a common
unit within the well and methods corresponding to the apparatus.

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 152.17for a formation logging device combined with detail
of a borehole wall engaging means wherein the logging is made by
making a measurement which is not purely electrical or purely magnetic.

This subclass is indented under subclass 256. Subject matter in which means to expose the material to
radiation in or about the well is also supported by the means to
support for movement the means to detect radiation, and includes
methods corresponding to the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 269.1. Subject matter wherein the means to expose the material
to radiation includes a gamma ray source and the means to detect
radiation modified or caused by the material includes a gamma ray
detector and includes methods corresponding to the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 269.1. Subject matter wherein the means to expose the material
to radiation includes a neutron radiation source, and the means
to detect radiation modified or caused by the material includes
a neutron radiation detector, and includes methods corresponding
to the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 269.1. Subject matter wherein the means to expose the material
to radiation includes a neutron radiation source, and the means
to detect radiation modified or caused by the material includes
a gamma ray detector, and includes methods corresponding to the
apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 269.6. Subject matter wherein the detection method includes detecting
gamma rays in two or more time intervals which occur after the beginning of
a neutron pulse or burst from the neutron radiation source, but
before the beginning of a subsequent neutron pulse or burst.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising data bearing means containing
information in symbolic form and detection means to sense invisible radiation
from or modified by the form to produce an electric signal corresponding
to the form, and methods of using such means.

(1)Note. The symbolic forms of this subclass type represent
information by convention only. Thus, for example, a photograph
of an object is not a symbolic form of the object because it does not
represent the object by convention.

(2)Note. Included are fluorescent, radioactive and radiation
controlling markings.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising (1) means to select an ion of
one charge-to-mass ratio from one or more ions of a different charge-to-mass ratio
and (2) means to either detect the selected ions or accumulate them,
or methods for performing the functions of the means (1) and (2).

(1)Note. Combination claims including a mass Spectrometer or
Calutron recited as a part of the combination will be included here
and the subclasses indented hereunder even if merely nominally recited
on the assumption that the nominally recited mass Spectrometer or Calutron
includes (1) and (2) of the subclass definition. If the disclosure
shows some other ionic separation or analysis means, the document
is excluded. Claims reciting subject matter "in" or
"for use in" a mass Spectrometer or Calutron
are excluded from this subclass and its indents and are classified
elsewhere. See Search Notes below.

(2)Note. Where the selection is on the basis of the polarity
only of the ionized particles, classification here is excluded
See search notes to Classes 95 and 96.

Gas Separation: Processes, especially
subclasses 27and 28 for processes of gas separation using magnetism
and subclasses 57+ for processes of gas separation using
an electric or electrostatic field wherein the separation of gases
and solid particles from gases is accomplished by methods other
than the ionic separation of materials utilizing the charge-to-mass
ratio of particles. Such gases may include the polarity or the
charged status of the particles.

Gas Separation: Apparatus, especially
subclasses 1+ for magnetic separating means for gas separation
and subclasses 15+ for electric or electrostatic field
separation apparatus for gas separation wherein the means to separate
gases and solid particles from gases is means other than that for
the ionic separation of materials utilizing the charge-to-mass ratios
of particles. Such gases may include the polarity or the charged
status of particles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter comprising processes including the steps
of selecting ions of one mass-to-charge ratio from ions of different
mass-to-charge ratios and detecting or accumulating the selected
ions.

This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter having means to intermittently produce or
interrupt a flow of ions into the selecting means and means controlling
the detector to vary its response in some manner in timed relation
to the beam producing or interrupting means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 286. Subject matter having detector means or means responsive
to the detector that exhibits a representation of the time it takes
a selected ion to travel a given distance.

This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter having means producing a subatmospheric pressure
environment for the selecting means or means to maintain the pressure
of the environment of the selecting means sub atmospheric.

This subclass is indented under subclass 281. Subject matter wherein the ion selecting means comprises
means for varying at regular intervals the direction or magnitude
of an electric or magnetic field.

(1)Note. The fields involved in the subject matter of this subclass
are generally for intermittently accelerating ions or causing them
to oscillate, the average velocity of the accelerated ions and the frequency
of the oscillating ions being functions of the fields and the charge-to-mass
ratio of the ions. Cyclically varying field means in ionic separation
or analysis apparatus are not necessarily classifiable here. See
search notes below.

This subclass is indented under subclass 290. Subject matter wherein the ion selecting means includes
a polarized field whose direction of polarization changes cyclically.

(1)Note. Means producing selecting fields which vary in magnitude
cyclically but not in direction are not classified in this subclass,
but in 290 above. The field means classified here tend to produce oscillations
of the ions rather than intermittent unidirectional accelerations.

(1)Note. The field means of this subclass and the subclasses
indented hereunder typically interact with the charges of the ions
to bend the path of an ion an amount depending on its mass and charge.

(2)Note. Although the field means of this subclass and the subclasses
indented hereunder are normally nonvarying, those field means that
have means to adjust their intensity or direction are not precluded.

for ion path bending field means, per se, or in
combination with sources. Ion path bending field means with detectors
will also be found there if the field means does not separate ions of
different charge-to-mass ratios.

This subclass is indented under subclass 294. Subject matter including in addition to a first type static
field ion selecting means, another static field of a different type
ion path bending means which may be for the purpose of selecting
ions of one charge-to-mass ration from ions of another charge-to-mass
ratio or for some other purpose such as accelerating or focusing the
ions.

(1)Note. The plural diverse types of field means of the subject
matter of this subclass are generally magnetic and electro static.

This subclass is indented under subclass 296. Subject matter wherein diverse field means act simultaneously
and within a single evacuated container to deflect the ions more
than 180 degrees or to cause paths which are not confined to one
plane.

(1)Note. Most of the subject matter pertains to ion separation
during a circular, spiral or cycloidal ion-flight path.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes methods of examining materials
for the presence or absence of oil, the amount of oil present in
the material, the contamination of oil or the contamination of material
by oil by subjecting the material to a radiation test.

(1)Note. The material examined includes liquid and solid materials,
petroleum and petroleum products, and products, and sample material
after it has been removed from the earth.

(2)Note. Generally the radiation used for the test is ultraviolet
radiation but any type of radiation can be employed.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes methods of applying a material
onto a surface, into a substance, into a closed or open pipe, or
into a fluid, static or moving, and detecting the radiation emitted
naturally or as secondary radiation as a result of irradiation of
the material or a modification of radiation caused by the material
for any purpose not provided for else where.

(1)Note. Subject matter of this subclass includes flow testing
methods using fluorescent material and a radiation source to cause
the material to give off light.

(2)Note. The combination of a tracer with a manufacturing or
an art process will go with the manufacturing or art process; also,
articles of manufacture with a tracer for this class will be found
with the manufactured item.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 216, 451, and 452+, respectively, for the
combination using electrostatically and magnetically charged particles
for detecting for flaws with or without a fluorescent or radioactive
tracer.

Drug, Bio-Affecting and Body Treating Compositions,
subclasses 9.1+ for in vivo diagnosis and testing compositions
with subclasses 9.6 and 9.61 containing compositions producing in vivo
fluorescence and subclasses 9.7, 9.71, 9.8, and 9.81 containing
compositions which produce a visible change in the mouth or on the
skin and subclasses 10.1+ for Class 424 compositions with
an identification or warning feature which may involve color or
a color change.

Surgery,
subclasses 1+ for radioactive materials applied to the body for therapy,
as well as devices for holding or applying radioactive materials,
and subclasses 407+ for imaging of a part or the entire
human body.

METHODS INCLUDING SEPARATION OR NONRADIANT TREATMENT OF TEST
MATERIALS:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes methods of preparing a material
or separating one material from other materials for an invisible
radiation test or controlling a material while being tested by invisible
radiation and subjecting the material so prepared, separated or
controlled to a radiation test.

(1)Note. Preparation or controlling includes acting upon the
test material so that the radiation test can be performed and includes
temperature and pressure control of the material, mixing, grinding,
drying and chemical and physical reactions as long as no details
are given of the chemical or physical process.

Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing,
subclasses 1+ for methods having a chemical reaction or a physical
separation process involving a test material and the examination
of the material by radiation.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter having means for or method of separating
electrons according to their respective energies (including velocity and
momentum) and detecting the separated electrons.

(1)Note. The separated electrons may include one or more energy
level groups.

(2)Note. The separation may occur in static or dynamic electric
or magnetic deflecting, focusing or repelling fields.

(3)Note. The electrons usually result from the bombardment of
a solid, liquid or gas sample (a) with electromagnetic radiation
or charged or neutral particles causing the emission of electrons
from the sample or (b) with primary electrons diffracted by or transmitted
through the sample.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the apparatus comprises a source
of or means which impels charged particles toward a nongaseous object or
material to be studied and both means to support, position
or accommodate the object or material relative to the source or
a detector, and means to detect such particles that pass
near to or through the object or material, or are reflected
from or diffracted by said object or material, or secondary
radiation emitted from the object or material.

(1)Note. The secondary radiation emitted by the object
or material may be X-rays, however, placement
here requires examination of the object or material rather than
merely bombarding a target to generate X-rays.

This subclass is indented under subclass 306. Subject matter having means to project a concentrated beam
of electrons against the object or material, and means to detect
secondary radiation emitted from the object or material, or electrons
deflected by the object or material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 306. Subject matter wherein electrons are impelled toward the
object or material and the particles detected are electrons which
have passed near or through the object or material without substantial
deflection.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes a charged member and a source
of invisible radiation to irradiate the charged member, or the step
of irradiating the charged member, to alter the charge on the member
in response to the radiation.

(1)Note. Means for or the step of charging the detector may
be included in this subclass in combination with the source and charged
plate-type detector.

(2)Note. The subject matter of this subclass may be in combination
with means to hold, position or accommodate an object in the path
of the radiation from the source to the detector, generally for
the purpose of producing on the detector an image of the object.

Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers,
subclass 444for dyeing processes; and subclass 103 for bleaching
processes involving the use of corona irradiation.

Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 156and 164+ for processes for performing
chemical reactions within an electric space discharge field, subclasses
554+ and 660+ for methods and apparatus specialized
for electrical or simultaneous electrical and magnetic separation
or purification of a liquid or for magnetic treatment of a liquid
(other than separation), and subclasses 192.1+ and 298.01+ for
methods and apparatus specialized for coating, forming, or etching
objects by sputtering (e.g., coating within a gaseous medium by the
action of an electrical space discharge to sputter coating material
onto a substrate, etc.).

Surgery: Light, Thermal, and Electrical Application,
subclasses 1+ , and especially indented subclasses 154+ for
surgical appliances and devices which include means for applying
an electrical space discharge to the human body and which are limited
by claimed subject matter to therapeutic use.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter having a surface responsive to an infrared
or heat pattern and a recording means which may be the responsive
surface or a separate means responsive to the surface whose response
outlasts its exposure to the pattern.

(1)Note. The pattern referred to above is the thermal or radiation
field configuration which is present at the surface of the detector.

(2)Note. The response of the recording means may be visible
or invisible (latent). Where the response is latent, additional
structure may be included to make it visible, (e.g., develops).

(3)Note. This and the indented subclasses provide for methods
associated with the recording apparatus as well as the apparatus
itself.

This subclass is indented under subclass 316.1. Subject matter which includes additionally a source of infrared
radiation and a sheet type document having visual information thereon which
information selectively absorbs the radiation from the source to
form a thermal image of the information thereon, the responsive
surface being responsive to the thermal image to cause the recording
means, a copy sheet, to form a latent or visual duplicate of the
information.

(1)Note. A document for this subclass is a two-dimensional sheet
of paper which has on one or both sides of the sheet visual information
in the form of a graph, picture, writing, handwritten or printed,
from which a duplicate is to be made.

This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter having (1) a transfer member which receives
the thermal image by heat conduction from the document and the member passes
the said heat image on to the recording means which is a copy sheet
or (2) a transfer member having material which is transferred to the
copy sheet as a result of a thermal image received by the member
from the document or (3) a transfer member which receives a thermal image
from the copy sheet and as a result thereof transfers material from
the member to the copy sheet to form a latent or visible image of
the copy sheets.

Sheet Feeding or Delivering,
subclasses 3.01+ for feeding sheet material from a supply and delivering
the sheet material to a compartment, subclasses 8.1+ for
feeding sheet material from a supply and subclasses 63+ for delivering
sheet material to a compartment.

This subclass is indented under subclass 317. Subject matter which includes a conveying device to move
the document, the copy sheet or the document and the copy sheet
past the infrared source or the infrared source past the document
and copy sheet.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein means are provided for impacting
an object with gas ions resulting from an incomplete electrical
discharge from an electrode.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass includes method
of and apparatus for irradiating an object to alter some physical
characteristic of the object.

(2)Note. For the classes and subclasses which provide for irradiating
to bleach, preserve, dry, treat, copy, etc. See the classes specified
in the notes to subclass 315.

This subclass is indented under subclass 324. Subject matter wherein electrons or ions from the corona
are deposited on an object resulting in a residual charge on the
object and including means for or the step of moving the object
during irradiation.

(1)Note. The resulting charge deposited on the object is generally
uniform and for the purpose of producing a charged plate type detector.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes plural, identical radioactive
sources or sample holders, a detecting station, means to position
successively, one at a time, one of the sources or holders at the
detecting station and means to detect the radioactive emissions
from the source or holder at the detecting station.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes a source of radiation, a screen
and a record having a pattern or a support for a record wherein
the radiation forms a radiation image of the pattern and (1) a light
image of the radiation image is formed on the screen or (2) a light
reversal image is formed on the screen, when illuminated and methods
of using such means.

(1)Note. Included are devices which as a result of part (2)
of the definition cause more contrast of image details on the screen
when illuminated.

(2)Note. The screen is not restricted to a luminescent type
as long as an image can be seen as a result of a radiation image incident
upon the screen.

This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Subject matter wherein the infrared conversion means comprises
a liquid crystalline material in layer form having an optical property
that is changed in the infrared image areas.

This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Subject matter wherein the infrared conversion means comprises
a plurality of independently responsive infrared detectors in mosaic
form each of which detects infrared radiation in a different portion
of the infrared image.

(1)Note. The detectors may (a) change in appearance and are
viewed directly or with the aid of an assisted optical system, (b)
produce a corresponding image in an associated viewing means or
(c) produce electrical signals to control a display device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Subject matter wherein the infrared conversion means comprises
an evacuated envelope having an infrared responsive input screen
with (1) an output screen for visualizing an intensified image or
(2) means for converting the infrared image to electrical signals
to control a display device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 330. Subject matter wherein the infrared conversion means includes
(1) means for moving the detector in faster fashion across the field
of view or (2) optical means moving in faster fashion across the
field of view for reflecting infrared radiation to a stationary
detector.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including vessels transparent in whole or
in part to permit visual observation of the interior and means establishing
a supersaturated condition in a gas or liquid confined in the vessel
to cause visible vapor or bubbles to form in response to an ionizing event
or the passage of a particle therethrough.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which when subjected in whole or in part
to invisible radiant energy produces between some two electrically
accessible points an increase or decrease in electric potential
difference or current flow.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass and the subclasses
indented hereunder includes means to convert invisible radiant energy
to some other kind of energy which is then converted to an electrical signal.
For example, means including a phosphorescent material that produces visible
light in response to irradiation by invisible radiant energy combined
with means producing an electrical signal in response to irradiation
by the visible light will be found in subclasses 361+.

(2)Note. Subject matter responsive only to visible radiant energy
or useful with both visible and invisible radiant energy is not classified
here but in subclasses 200+ below.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336. Subject matter having means or steps for thermally exciting
to luminescence a material that is or has been exposed to invisible
radiation in combination with means responsive to the luminescence
to produce an electric signal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter wherein the signalling means is responsive
to electromagnetic radiation having a wave-length in the range of
750 nanometers to 1 millimeter, i.e., infrared.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass and the subclasses
indented hereunder does not include heat or temperature responsive
means, per se. But these subclasses do include means to convert infrared
radiation to heat combined with heat or temperature responsive electric signalling
means responsive to such converted radiations.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338.1. Subject matter including a material in which (a) the direction
of polarization can be reversed by an electric or magnetic field
or (b) in which the magnetic permeability can be changed by infrared
radiation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338.1. Subject matter having means to isolate from an infrared
beam two or more of its components having different wavelengths
or ranges of wavelengths and to direct the components simultaneously
or at different times to the responsive means and methods involving
the use of such means.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass includes "infrared
spectrometry" which includes, in addition to the means
of the subclass, a sample of a material to be tested positioned
in the infrared beam either before or after the selection means.
The subject matter of this subclass does not include signalling
means that have plural wavelengths or bands wherein only one wavelength
or band is in the infrared region of the spectrum.

Optics: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 300+ for spectroscopic apparatus using visible light
and dispersive devices; subclasses 319+ for spectrophotometers;
and subclasses 405, 406, and 407 for spectroscopic apparatus using
visible light and dispersive devices, subclasses 85+ for
plural spectrophotometers, subclasses 96+ for spectrophotometers,
per se, and subclasses 176, 177, and 178 for spectrophotometers
of the plural filter type where only visible light tests are performed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 339.01. Subject matter wherein the signalling means utilize or sense
electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths outside the infrared region
of the spectrum in addition to the plural wavelengths or bands within
the infrared region.

This subclass is indented under subclass 339.01. Subject matter which includes irradiation of a sample by
infrared radiation and detection of the emitted radiation from the sample
or the radiation after transmission or reflection from the sample.

This subclass is indented under subclass 339.06. Subject matter wherein a spectrometer or a spectrophotometer
is used to detect infrared radiation that has interacted with a
sample.

(1)Note. A spectrometer is an instrument that determines the
frequency distribution of the energy generated by a source and displays
all components simultaneously. A spectrophotometer is an instrument
that detects and measures the spectral transmittance, reflectance,
or emittance of a sample for comparing or determining properties
as a function of wavelength.

This subclass is indented under subclass 339.06. Subject matter wherein the process of quantifying a property
or attribute of a sample includes establishing a reference level
or scale.

(1)Note. References are established by normalizing the measurement
of interest with a measurement from a reference wavelength or by
measuring the response of the system under known conditions (e.g.
first measuring fixed samples).

This subclass is indented under subclass 339.06. Subject matter wherein chemical constituents or properties
of a sample are determined by detecting and analyzing infrared radiation
that has interacted with the sample.

This subclass is indented under subclass 339.01. Subject matter which includes the detection of an infrared
radiant energy emitting object and indication of the presence, location, or
direction of the energy emitting object.

This subclass is indented under subclass 340. Subject matter comprising methods which include the irradiation
of a material or an object by infrared radiation, or the heating
of a material or an object to emit infrared radiation, and the detection
of the radiation from the material or object.

This subclass is indented under subclass 341.1. Subject matter wherein an elongated element (e.g., an optical
fiber) is used to irradiate the material or object with infrared
radiation or to detect infrared radiation from the material or object.

This subclass is indented under subclass 341.1. Subject matter wherein the object irradiated or heated is
a material having resistivity intermediate that of metals and insulators (i.e., a
semiconductor).

This subclass is indented under subclass 340. Subject matter which includes the detection of an infrared
radiant energy emitting object and the indication of the presence, location
or direction of the energy emitting object.

(1)Note. An object includes planets, infrared
sources and man made objects.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338.1. Subject matter having a source of infrared radiation in
addition to the signalling means and means to confine a gas, fluid
or fluid-like material between the source and the signalling means
so that the signalling means responds to radiation, from
the source, that passes through the material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 343. Subject matter having two or more signalling means spaced
along a single path of radiation from the source.

(1)Note. Expansible gas responsive means having two
chambers and a common deformable wall which moves as a result of
the difference in pressures between the two chambers and gives an
electrical signal is included in this subclass if both chambers
are in the path of the radiation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 343. Subject matter wherein the source of infrared radiation
forms two or more beams with at least one beam being transmitted
through the contained material, and two or more electric signalling
means, one responsive to radiation transmitted through
the contained material and at least one in the path of one of the
other beams.

This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Subject matter wherein the signalling means includes a means
that absorbs the incident infrared radiation and converts it to
heat combined with electrical means having some electrical parameter (capacitance, resistance, etc.), that
varies in response to the heat.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338.1. Subject matter having means to change the path of the infrared
radiation from the source to the signalling means; or to
cause the radiation to converge, the orientation or position
of the means being changeable with respect to some part of the path
or signalling means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 347. Subject matter having means responsive to the radiant energy
responsive means to change or maintain constant the orientation
of the deflector or focussing means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 349. Subject matter having means to change at regular intervals
some characteristic of the infrared radiation in the path of the
radiation from the source to the signalling means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338.1. Subject matter having means to change at regular intervals
some characteristic of the infrared radiation in the path of the
radiation from the source to the signalling means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter including means responsive to the electric
signalling means to vary or maintain constant some characteristic
of the invisible radiation impinging upon the signalling means.

(1)Note. Example of means of this subclass type include
means to vary the intensity, angle of incidence or wavelength
of the impinging radiation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter which includes a passageway containing moving
material or a substance controlled by the moving material, a
radiation source which may be the material itself, a detector
responsive to the radiation from the source after passage of the
radiation through the material or substance or the radiation from the
material, wherein the detection forms the basis for a rate
of flow determination and methods corresponding to the apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter which includes a body of fluent material, a
radiant energy source, and a detector responsive to the
source arranged so that the body of fluent material is located in
the radiation path between the source and detector or the body of
fluent material supports either the source or detector, wherein
the detector produces an output representative of the height or depth
of the body of fluent material and methods corresponding to the
apparatus.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter having, in addition to an electric signalling
means, a source of invisible radiant energy and means to
support, position, or accommodate a material in
the solid state in the radiation path from the source to the signalling means, the
signalling means responding to radiation from the source passing
through the material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 358.1. Subject matter having movement conveying means to move either
the source, signalling means, object or object
accommodating means with respect to the other means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336. Subject matter in which the means that produces the change
in electric potential difference or current flow is a photodetector responsive
to incident visible light emitted from a means which passively converts
the energy of incident invisible radiation into visible radiation.

(1)Note. The means that produces the change in electrical
potential difference or current flow is usually a photocell, photomutiplier
or iconoscope.

(2)Note. Included in this subclass and the subclasses
indented hereunder are means for producing and detecting Cerenkov radiation.

(3)Note. The luminophor may be a luminescent material
to be tested by invisible radiation or it may be a means to test incident
invisible radiation. In either case, the response
of the luminiphor is indicated electrically.

Optics: Measuring and Testing, appropriate subclasses for light responsive photocell detectors, see particularly
the class definition, Lines With Other Classes, "Fluorescence and
Phosphorescence Testing" and "Lasers and Resonance
Radiation" and the notes to
subclasses 199, 201 and 204.

This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter comprising processes including the signalling
of incident invisible radiation by the electrical detection of light
from an exposed luminophor.

This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter in combination with means which irradiates
either the luminophor or the photodetector or both.

(1)Note. The means which irradiates the photodetector
may be a source of visible light.

(2)Note. Means which generate invisible radiation as
a result of irradiation by another source of radiation is included
in this subclass, the first means being the source which
the detector is responsive to.

This subclass is indented under subclass 363.02. Subject matter in combination with means to process the
electric current produced by the photodetector to reduce distortion
in the visible image formed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 363.01. Subject matter in which the means that irradiates is either
a fluid or gas or particles suspended in either a fluid or gas medium
and means are provided to either conduct or hold the fluent source.

(1)Note. The means to hold the fluid may be, for
example, a receptacle or an absorbent.

This subclass is indented under subclass 363.01. Subject matter wherein there is at least one source of electromagnetic
radiation in the ultraviolet region which irradiates either the luminophor
or the photo detector or both.

This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter in which there are two or more means each
of which produces an electric potential difference or a current
flow in response to incident radiation.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass may comprise
either two or more luminophor - photodetector pairs or
two or more photodetectors irradiated by visible light from any
number of luminophors.

This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter including two or more separate passive means
that convert incident invisible radiation into visible radiation
or including diverse passive means that convert incident invisible
radiation into visible radiation.

(1)Note. The diverse passive means may include a crystal
of dissimilar materials both of which luminesce but in response to
different incident radiations.

This subclass is indented under subclass 361. Subject matter in combination with means affecting the transmission
of visible light between the liminophor and the light detector.

(1)Note. Subject matter of this subclass includes optical
means between the luminophor and the light detector other than the
atmosphere or a window (optical flat) which is
not specifically included to attenuate, filter, focus
or direct light. Included, for example, are light
pipes, filters, shutters, lenses and reflectors.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter wherein the invisible radiant energy responsive
electric signal generating means, i.e., detection
means, is made of a material having a resistivity intermediate
that of metals and insulators, and means are provides for
using or controlling the electric signal or for modifying the invisible
radiant energy input signal.

(1)Note. This subclass and those indented thereunder
do not provide for claims which only recite the structure of a photocell, per
se. Photocells, per se, are classified
elsewhere.

This subclass is indented under subclass 370.01. Subject matter wherein the system contains detection means
to generate an electric signal in response to a fission fragment
or fissionable isotope impingent thereupon.

This subclass is indented under subclass 370.01. Subject matter wherein the system contains means to differentiate
between different types of invisible radiant energy impingent thereupon
or between different output signal characteristics.

This subclass is indented under subclass 370.01. Subject matter wherein the system includes means to determine
the amount of radiant energy incident on the detection means, including
with respect to time.

This subclass is indented under subclass 370.01. Subject matter wherein the system contains means to form
an image of an object which is directly or indirectly illuminating
the radiant energy detection means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 370.01. Subject matter wherein the system contains means to produce
an electric signal which indicates the position of the radiant energy
on the detection means or the position of the source of the radiant
energy.

This subclass is indented under subclass 370.01. Subject matter further including a luminophor which converts
energy incident thereupon (e.g., electrons, X-rays, etc.) into radiant
energy to which the detection means is responsive.

This subclass is indented under subclass 372. Subject matter having a source of ultraviolet radiation
in addition to the signalling means and means to confine a gas, fluid
or fluid-like material between the source and the signalling means
so that the signalling means responds to radiation from the source, that
passes through the material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter wherein the two electrically accessible points
are separated by an ionizable gas, which gas when subjected
to invisible radiation ionizes and conducts a current from one point
to the other, the current being the signal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 374. Subject including two electrostatically charged relatively
movable members, at least one of which is electrically
connected to at least one of the electrodes, the discharge
of which cause one of the members to be deflected with respect to
the other, thus producing a visible indication of ionizing
radiant energy.

This subclass is indented under subclass 376. Subject matter combined with means for converting mechanical
energy to electric energy and means electrically connecting said
converting means to the relatively movable members to transfer electric
charge thereto.

(1)Note. The converting means of this subclass may
include, for example, dynamo - electric
generators, electrostatic generators or such electroscopes
as the pith - ball type which are shaken to electrostatically
charge the balls.

This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter wherein the gas supplied to the electrodes
emits, spontaneously, nuclear particulate or electromagnetic
energy or has entrained in it other gases or fluent-like
materials that emit spontaneously nuclear particulate or electromagnetic
energy.

This subclass is indented under subclass 379. Subject matter in combination with means to ionize the gas
between the electrodes comprising a material that emits, spontaneously nuclear
particulate or electromagnetic energy.

This subclass is indented under subclass 374. Subject matter including a radioactive material or a source
of electromagnetic or particulate radiation which detaches electrons
from the molecules of the gas between the electrodes.

(1)Note. The means to ionize the gas may be contained
within the gas itself, such as radioactive dust or may
be external to it.

(2)Note. Not considered a means to ionize the gas is
a material, e.g., comprising
the container of the gas, which when irradiated, itself
gives off ions or some other radiation which ionizes the gas.
The means to ionize the gas in the example would be the means that
irradiates the container.

This subclass is indented under subclass 382. Subject matter wherein the means to ionize the gas is another
fluid-like material that emits invisible radiant energy, or
wherein the means to ionize the gas comprises some other source of
invisible radiation and there is provided some means to contain
or otherwise accommodate between the source and the gas discharge device
a gas, fluid or fluid-like material through which
the radiation from the source passes to the gas discharge device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 374. Plural chambers or three or more electrodes: Subject
matter wherein there are more than two electrically independent, electrically
accessible points or wherein the gas molecules between the electrically
accessible points are prevented from free movement between the points
by a wall or other barrier.

This subclass is indented under subclass 374. Subject matter combined with means to establish an electric
potential difference between the electrically accessible points
of the gas discharge tube, which means changes the value
of the electric potential difference at random intervals of time.

(1)Note. The means of this subclass may change the
bias voltage in response to a discharge in the gas device due to impinging
radiation for the purpose of quenching the discharge.
Since the time intervals between ionizing events is random the biasing
means varying in response to such events is considered periodic.

This subclass is indented under subclass 374. Subject matter combined with means to establish a potential
difference between the two electrically accessible points which
potential difference varies at equal intervals of time.

(1)Note. The periodic bias supply of this subclass
functions, for example, to quench the discharge
in the gas device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 374. Subject matter combined with perceptible means to signal
the presence or amount of radiation impinging upon the radiant energy responsive
gas discharge device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter wherein the radiant energy responsive means
is electrically charged by incident radiation either by retention
if incident charged particles or by means of the incident radiation
raising the energy level of molecules in the signalling device sufficiently
enough to produce free electrons.

(1)Note. This is the residual locus for all radiation
responsive signalling means including a device which is ionized
by impinging radiation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter which produces a change in electric potential
differential or current flow when subjected to particles with a
mass approximately the same as that of a proton but with no electric
charge.

X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices,
subclass 50for thickness or density analysis using fluorescence, subclasses
54+ for thickness or density analysis using absorption, and subclass
89 for thickness or density analysis using scatter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 390.01. Subject matter which include methods of detecting or measuring
the change in electric potential differential or current flow generated when
the responsive means is subjected to neutron particles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 336.1. Subject matter in combination with a claimed source of invisible
radiation to which the signalling means responds.

(1)Note. This subclass takes those devices which are
disclosed as being responsive to unclaimed sources as well as to
the claimed source, (e.g., calibration "sample") as
long as the means responsive to the unclaimed source is the same
means that responds to the claimed source.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter having means to deflect, scan, spread
or focus a beam of electrons or ions.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass and the
subclasses indented hereunder is often referred to as "electro-optical means" because
its effect on electronic or ionic beams is similar to the effects
of lenses or prisms on light beams.

(2)Note. Beam forming means, per se, or electron
or ion accelerating means, per se, are not classified
here even though they may be recited as focusing means since the
definition of this subclass presupposes a beam already formed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 396. Subject matter having means to hold, position or
accommodate an object to be irradiated by the beam, or
such an object itself in combination with the lens.

This subclass is indented under subclass 398. Subject matter combined with means to move the material
irradiated to, through, within or from the beam
path or to cause a moving material to move to, through, within
or from the beam path.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising electrical means or processes
to remove from or add to an electrically neutral atom or molecule
one or more electrons to give to the atom or molecule a net electrical
charge.

(1)Note. Subject matter in this subclass and the subclasses
indented hereunder includes ion beam generators wherein the ion
generator is combined with means to accelerate the ions in one general
direction. Such means to accelerate typically includes
accelerating electric field means or means to form the material
to be ionized into a vapor jet so that the vapor particles after
ionization, will be in beam form by virtue of their momentum.

(2)Note. This subclass is the residual locus for ion
generators, per se, not elsewhere classified.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices,
subclass 62for ion generators in Cyclotrons and subclasses
359.1+ for discharge devices with means to generate
and accelerate positive or negative ions, and subclasses
231.01+ for means for supplying gas to the discharge
space.

This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Subject matter wherein the means to remove or add electrons
comprises an electrical space discharge between at least two electrodes
caused by an electrical potential difference between the electrodes
in excess of the breakdown voltage of the space between them.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter having or comprising means to at least, partially
enclose or restrain a gaseous, fluid or fluid-like
material or means to allow or cause movement to, from or
through such means, or means to move such means and, thus, the
material.

(1)Note. Examples of subject matter of this subclass
includes vessels or conduits, flat surfaces either to support
the material against gravity or which utilize natural flow-inducing
phenomena that contain radiating fluent material or such material
that is to be irradiated.

This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter having a valve or pump to admit fluent material
to or away from the containment, support or transfer means
and power operated means to open or close the valve or turn off
or on the pump.

(1)Note. The valve actuator may be, for example, a
bias spring responsive to fluid pressure to open or close the valve or
it may be a manual actuator powered by hand, other than
merely a handle integral with a valve stem.

This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Subject matter having means therewith for removing the fluent
material or other material from the surfaces or the interior of
the containment, support or transfer means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Subject matter having a transfer means comprising a fluent
material enclosing means having means to permit spatially separate
ingress and egress of the fluent material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter wherein the material enclosing means provides
a circuitous passageway for the fluent material that bends, twists
or curves.

(1)Note. The transfer means of this subclass provides
a roundabout path for the flow of fluent material generally for
the purpose of increasing exposure to radiation or to increase the
surface area or volume of material irradiated. The path may, for
example, be sinuous, serpentine, spiral
or helical.

This subclass is indented under subclass 435. Subject matter wherein the fluent material enclosing means
has an obstructing means that changes the direction, velocity
or some other characteristic of the flow of the fluent material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 440.1. Subject matter within a sellable space having an entrance
opening with separately operable internal and external doors, or
having means to lower the pressure within the space.

This subclass is indented under subclass 440.1. Subject matter wherein means are provided for conducting
heat to or away from the object, or means for displaying
information about the temperature of the object.

SUPPORTED FOR NONSIGNALLING OBJECTS OF IRRADIATION (E.G., WITH
CONVEYOR MEANS):

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein means are provided to sustain against
gravity an article animate or inanimate, to be irradiated
by radiant energy solely for the purpose of being treated or inspected.

(1)Note. Excluded from this subclass and the subclass
indented hereunder are those articles which are detectors by virtue
of their indication of incident radiation.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes a source of radiant energy
and a phosphor material which luminesces or which quenches luminescence
as a result of excitation of the material by the radiant energy.

(1)Note. Combinations involving luminophor irradiation
and detection of the visible luminescence are placed here and cross-referenced
to the appropriate, photocell subclass in Class 250, subclasses 200+.

This subclass is indented under subclass 461.1. Subject matter including irradiation of a biological material
for the purpose of identifying its type, composition or
other characteristic, (e.g., cancerous).

This subclass is indented under subclass 462.1. Subject matter wherein the luminous article is a device
which is directly operated by hand or a luminous attachment for
a manual operator not provided for elsewhere.

This subclass is indented under subclass 462.1. Subject matter wherein the article is a static or movable
closure member or a luminous attachment for a closure member which
has an opening to permit movement of the movable member therein
or therethrough or a key or a luminous attachment for a key where
not provided for elsewhere.

This subclass is indented under subclass 462.1. Subject matter wherein the articles include an integral
optical device to direct the light rays emitted by the luminous
article, a luminous optical device with markings which
fluoresce or which markings are illuminated by the luminous light
of the article, or luminous visual sight devices not provided
for elsewhere.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising means responsive to invisible
radiation whose response is something other than an increase or
decrease in electric potential difference or current flow between
some two electrically accessible points and which response is used
to indicate the presence, type or amount of incident radiation
and methods utilizing such means.

(1)Note. This is the residual locus for invisible radiant
energy signalling (i.e., detecting) means.
For such means producing electric signals, see the search notes
below.

(2)Note. The subject matter of this subclass and the
subclasses indented hereunder, even though they produce
no electric signal, may be electrically energized.

(3)Note. The radiation incident upon the means may
cause a physical, structural or chemical change or a change
in the energy content of the electrons of atoms making up the means.

(4)Note. The response of the means of this subclass
may be inherently visible or it may be latent, i.e., require
development to make it visible.

Compositions,
subclass 408for radiation detectors and methods of making the
detectors which change an optical property upon being subjected
to radiation where the detector is no more than a composition.

Synthetic Resins or Natural Rubbers, in particularly Class 522, for methods of
irradiating a synthetic resin or natural rubber material to change
an optical characteristic of the material and to the material produced.

This subclass is indented under subclass 472.1. Subject matter wherein the detector comprises a photographic
type material, (e.g., in
a film or plate), in a light proof housing, (e.g., cassettes or
film packs), having at least a portion previous
to invisible radiation.

(1)Note. Included in this subclass are cassettes and
packs, per se, for invisible radiation responsive
photographic type detectors.

This subclass is indented under subclass 475.2. Subject matter which includes radiation filter means cooperating
with the contained film or pack to moderate, shield or
filter some or all of the radiation before the radiation exposes
the film.

(1)Note. Filters can modify visible light where a luminescent
screen is included as part of a film pack or with a cassette or
holder.

(2)Note. Herein are dosimeters, including the
badge type, wherein the intensity or frequency of radiation
is modified before being incident upon photographic material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 472.1. Subject matter which includes a significant structure which
includes material which emits luminous energy when excited by particle
or electromagnetic wave energy where not elsewhere classified.

Coating Processes,
subclasses 157+ for coating processes in general wherein a florescent
or phosphorescent coating is used and where no radiant properties
or multilayered luminescent coating are claimed.

Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses for a stock material product in
the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet which may have
luminescent properties, and especially
subclass 917(a cross-reference art collection) for products
which are electroluminescent.

This subclass is indented under subclass 483.1. Subject matter wherein the material which emits luminous
energy requires another energy source to raise the energy level
of the material to luminescence.

This subclass is indented under subclass 484.4. Subject matter wherein the material upon stimulation emits
luminous energy in proportion to the previous accumulation of particle
or electromagnetic energy therein.

This subclass is indented under subclass 483.1. Subject matter wherein the structure includes a casing to
enclose the material or has the (luminescent) material
formed as a portion of the casing whereby visible light is excluded
within the casing and an opening in the casing to permit the detection
of luminous energy emitted by the material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 483.1. Subject matter wherein the structure includes plural luminescent
materials, several luminescent layers or distinct areas
or volumes of the same structure which contains the same or different
luminescent materials.

This subclass is indented under subclass 483.1. Subject matter wherein the structure additionally includes
a material or a member having an optical property to control or
modify the luminous energy emitted by the luminous material.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a claimed apparatus is disclosed
as functioning primarily for accumulating ions, usually
for obtaining isotopes of increased purity, rather than
for obtaining information of analytical value.

MEANS TO ALIGN OR POSITION AN OBJECT RELATIVE TO A SOURCE
OR DETECTOR:

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein means are provided to relatively
immobilize the object in at least one direction or to provide an
indication of the location of the object relative to the source
or detector or their support.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising means or methods of irradiation
an object or material including a source and not provided for in
any of the preceding subclasses.