The Galindians, Sūdovians
(Yotvingians), Pomesanians, and Old Prussians
together formed a
closely related Baltic language groupknown
as theWestern Balts, towhich
one should also include the ancient Curonians. The Galindians (Γαλίνδαι) are associated with the Roman era Bogaczewo culture.
The Western Balts were a polyethnic hybrid mix of Funnel Beaker, Globular Amphora, and Corded Ware Satem peoples on a
Uralic Pit & Comb Ware & Neolithic Nemunas and Narva substratum population. The Corded Ware Satem newcomers themselves were also a mix
of Sredny Stog Satems and originally non-IE late Tripolye polyethnic folk with a non-IE Dnieper-Donets substratum.
The I.E. Satems, in turn, were descendants of various mixed Steppe and North Caucasian (R1) folk.

The early ancestors
of the West Balts were the polyethnic West
Baltic Barrow culture and the Mazovia-Podlasie groups of the
Trzciniec culture along the
Bug river basin, which bordered the autonomous Komarov
( Proto-Slavic ) culture of the Podolian Uplands further to the South. The
Baltic Trzciniec ("Streaked" pottery) culture was related
to the autonomous Komarov culture, but different, as ceramics,
metalwork, hydronyms, and burial rites indicate. This difference can be
seen in the word for man's best friend, "dog ", where West Baltic
had sunis
vs. Old Church Slavic pьsъ,
or "rock" - Baltic akmō /
ašmō vs. O.C. Slavic
kamy, and also with many fundamental lexical and
mythological disparities. In contrast, note East Baltic "šuo"
dog, and Kalasha "šua" id. (re: Haplogroup U4). The
West-Satem branch relatedness is
illustrated by the word for "name" - West Baltic
emens, Albanian
emen, and Slavic
imę, vs. more Central-Satem East
Baltic Lithuanian vardas.

The West Baltic Barrow culture and Trzciniec evolved into the later
Pomeranian culture horizon. The West Baltic
dialect area flourished with their lively amber trade with the Unitice
culture and beyond. Even as late as the Early Iron Age (600 BCE), the southern limit of the large
Sūdovian culture territory bordered the Slavic / Scythian Chernoles
culture. The neighboring Baltic Milograd
culture was more similar to Eastern and Central Balts. For a map, see
page 83 here.

The name Galind - is
probably derived from the hydromym of Gielądzkie Jezioro in the province
of Olsztyn, Poland, in what was the very center of ancient Galindia. J.
Nalepa (1971
*)
suggested the root *gal- was originally a different ablaut grade of the
same root found in Lith. "gilus" - deep, and "gelme" - depth. The
original meaning referred to the depth of the lake mentioned, which is
one of the deepest in the area.*
Galindian territory corresponds somewhat to the modern day Masurian &
Suwalki region of Poland.

_________________________________

Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2007 Jun;1(2):141-7. Epub 2007
Mar 7.

Complex interactions of
the Eastern and Western Slavic populations
with other European groups as
revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis.

" The results of genetic
structure analyses suggest that Russians from Velikii Novgorod area
(northwestern Russia) and Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern
Poland) differ from all remaining Polish and
Russian samples."

( Mitochondrial DNA proves the
Γαλίνδαι and
Σουδινοί acculturated, and can be found in Suwalszczyzna. )

________________________________________

Although an Eastern Baltic tribe near Moscow named the Golyad' ( ГОЛЯДЬ ) had a ethnonym of similiar derivation,
they were Eastern Balts, as surviving Y-DNA R1a1a- Z92 & the archeaological
- historical records show. The Old Russian Ipatiy Compilation of
Chronicles mentions that in 1147 the Prince of Rostov-Suzdal defeated
the Golyad' (
ГОЛЯДЬ )
who lived by the River Porotva. The defeated population (
ГОЛЯДЬ )
was from then on taxed accordingly, although the ethnonym
Golyad' persisted in the use by locals w/ Y-DNA
R1a1a- Z92. They will be discussed at
Proto Baltic.

The Neuri of Herodotus

>>>|||<<<

According to
Herodotus (approx 450 BCE) the Neuri
( Νέυροι)were a tribe living North of the Tyres (Dneister river), and the
furthest nation beyond the
Scythian farmers, one of the nations along the course of the river
Hypanis (Bug river). The Bug river meets the Naura (Baltic name for the Narew)
river. The Naura river leads one to Galinda
and Sūduva. Since trade increased recognition, the
Neuri of Herodotus were probably related to the
Galindians and Sūdovians. Herodotus
also mentions the wild white horses nearby
that grazed by a great lake, which scholars today suggest are the
Podlesie marshes by the Bialowieza Forest.
Yotvingian Tarpans from the
Bialowieza Forest seasonally faded to near white in Winter. In 500 BCE, Eastern Europe climate
was much cooler and wetter.
There is still a town in Poland named Nur (Νυρ)
{ 52° 40' 0" N, 22° 18' 0" E } along the upper Bug River, nearthe Bialowieza Forest. The Nurzec river runs nearby,
and the local district currently bears the river's name.

Balts traditionally take ethnonyms from local hydronyms. The Baltic verbal roots *"nur-" to immerse or
*"niur-" to get murky may be sources of the local hydronym. Archaeologists have excavated a fortified settlement and an open settlement near Moloczki Poland, by the Nurzec river.
There are probably many more yet unexcavated in "Ziemia Nurska", as the area is known as. The Nurzec river was for a long time the Northern most border of the Przeworsk culture - which was a diverse multi-ethnic conglomeration of Lechitic Slavs, Goth/Vandals, and other descendants of Scythia. During it's "Cecele phase", the Wielbark culture bordered the West Baltic cultures, which facilitated prolonged inter-ethnic dialogue, trade, and exchange. Udmurt
"nur" swamp, might contradict this theory.
The "Navari" of Pliny, perhaps near the Oka river by Kaluga, may be a
better explanation, and offer a counter argument to the above.

The Balts of Ptolemy

>>>|||<<<

Galinda and neighboring Sūduva were the only two Baltic
tribal nations mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy
in the 2nd Century C.E.., as Γαλίνδαιand Σουδινοί. Perhaps the spelling of Σουδινοί was possibly
an uncorrected typo for the original and similar looking Σουδιυοί.
( re: 'Ιατυγγιωνες ).
Romans coins ( Tiberius / Caligula )
unearthed in Galinda and Sūduva predate Ptolemy's account and
indicate organized trade with Rome in the 1st Century C.E. - whether
directly or via trade with nearby Gothic territory to the west. Trade
ventures with multi-ethnicWielbarkculture Gothic (Γυδωνες
- Γουται) speakers
( w/ I1a2 ) provided
unique loanwords from Gothic into the various Baltic languages
( Old Prussian "rikijs" leader-lord, Lith. "yla" - awl, Latvian dial. "gatva"
- street, & "glīsis" - amber
). Amber trade with
Central Europe had been ongoing since antiquity, providing West Balts
with more material goods, metals, and European cultural contacts than
the East Balts. Highly valued Galindian produced jewelry was of exceptional
beauty and craftsmanship, especially the enamel incrusted types.
Galindian jewelry has been found from the Kiev area
of the Gothic era to the Urals.

The surname Galindo in Spanish is thought to date from the Gothic / Alani / Galindian settlement in Spain, like the surname Alanis / Alaniz. The Wielbark / West Balt border may have been more porous than previously thought. The Gutnish language on Gotland still preserves the triphthong "-iau-" as do Baltic languages. It is of interest to note that an
early differentiation of dialects also took place in theEastern Baltic dialects, evolving
early Lithuanian / Samogitian / Latvian, at a period when the neuter
gender was still common in East Baltic ( Fatyanovo era neuter "kela"
- reel, spool )

The Western Balts

>>>|||<<<

The Galindians and Sūdovians surface again in the historical record
one millennium
later, as inhabiting the same geographic location during the European
Crusades against Baltic peoples. The Galindians and Sūdovians proved to
be militarily formidable. The European Papal Crusades ended in failure
when the Western European Crusaders were defeated at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.

The Western Baltic dialect that gave rise to the Galindian, Sūdovian,
and Old Prussian languages
was one ofthe dialects of the Peripheral Baltic Area. Thus, the Western Balts should
include the Galindians, Sūdovians (Яцьвягі
), Pomesanians,and the Prussians, and also the Curonians, the former comprising the Southern
group, and the latter, the
Northern group. This explains the
close linguistic similarity between Galindian, Sūdovian ( Yotvingian
), and Old Prussian. A successful modern revival of Prussian is known as
New Prussian. A link to their
Prussianlanguagewebsite
is provided below.

The Old Prussian Sembian
dialect, though, exhibits a prolonged influence ( Pratorius'
"corrupt" Prussian ) from the influx of nearby Curonians when compared to the more
distant Pomesanian or Sudovian. The Sembian dialect of the Old Prussian
Catechisms has "muti, tawas"
(mother, father) whereas the Pomesanian of the Elbing Vocabulary has
"mothe, towis". The chronicled Sudovian "Occopirmus"
similarly differs from the Catechism Sembian "ucka-".
Farther inland away from coast and Curonians, we do find Prussian "Tlokunpelk"
- Bears' Marsh. Galindian did not
historically border the Curonians, and was close to Sudovian in many
respects.

The West Baltic Barrow & Trzciniec
cultures were later northern outcrops of the Corded Ware horizon. These
Baltic cultures came from the Strednij Stog culture (4500-3350
BCE),
which in turn leads back to the Khvalynsk and nearby Samara PIE epoch homeland culture
(5500-5000 BCE) on the Volga River.
The ancient Dual Horse motif found on top of Baltic peoples homes reflects the related Vedic Asvins.
Similiar ( Ašvieniai ) symbolism was found in the
Khvalynsk and Samara PIE
cultures (5500 - 4700 BCE).

Eastern & Western Baltic>>>|||<<<

Some very archaic lexical
differences exist between the Western Baltic (
R1a1a-, Z280, L366 )
dialects and the Eastern
Baltic (LWballele,R1a1a-, Z280, Z92,
L235 / N1c1) dialects. The word for
"fire" is just such an example. The Western Balts used the
word"panu",
whereas the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith.)"ugnis". Another
example is the word for "wheel".
The Western Balts used the word"kelan", whereas
the Eastern Balts used the word (Lith.)"ratas". These
words have cognates in other ancient Indo-European languages.
( For the GASrelationship between Old Irish " roth ",Lithuanian " ratas " and Sanskrit "ratha
"- see below ). That such archaic diversity of basic
terminology existed within
"Proto"-Baltic" illustrates the
antiquity of the West / East Baltic vocabulary inherited from the late
Sredny Stog horizon (3500-3350 BCE)
into the "Europeanized IE " Corded Ware Middle Dnieper culture
(R1a1a- , Z280) horizon that influenced the
evolution of divergent dialects by cultural contacts. Outliers of Centum
Globular Amphora populations added poly-ethnic
substratum cultural influence ( Brjussow 1957; Ozols
1962; Česnys
et al., 1990) to
Fatyanovo, contributing a " residual " vocabulary of their
central European Centum words like "pẽku
" - livestock ( vs.Satem Lith.
"pešti", OCS "pьsъ
" ). Non-IE East Baltic substratum ( Pit /
Comb Ware N1c1 Uralic & Nemunas-Narva
w/ U5 ) are probably responsible for the phonetic
impetus behind Dative Plural "-m-"
from "-b-",
as well as the more recent loss of the neuter
gender in East Baltic. Latvian
has already lost neuter adjectives which Lithuanian still retains, yet
Latvian accentuation indicates the neuter remained a distinct part of
the language - even after the era when dialects became languages. The
formative influence of poly-ethnic substratum populations
on the various early Baltic-type dialects thus becomes easily apparent
even for a layman to grasp.

Another key feature of West Baltic languages is the asigmatic
nominative singular neuter gender
ending in [ -n ]. This is noted in
such words as kelan(
wheel ), azeran( lake ), and
dadan( milk ). There are also
many neuter gender words that end in [ -u
], such as panu(
fire ),peku( livestock ), as well as alu( mead ), of
which the later two may well be from Centum Globular Amphora substratum
and amber trade contacts. Note Old Prussian " panno " ( re:
panu-staklan ), and Gothic "fōn
", Armenian "hur /
hnoc' ". Old Prussian "druwis " / Iranian "dhruvi-"
indicate the core Satem foundation of West Baltic. Aswinan & dadan
certainly do. The neuter gender asigmatic "n"
exemplifies the archaic nature of the West vs. East divide in the Baltic
languages. Lithuanian still has the neuter gender in some adjectives
ending in -a, -ia, or -u, as well as in Neuter
Participles. For example, "Šalta" - It is cold, "Čia jo būta"
- He was here, or " Kokia žalia
kanapė!
" - What green hemp!. [ re: neuter "vaška"
beeswax > Finnish "vaha" ]. The Lithuanian neuter is often
used in impersonal constructions. There is not the slightest trace of
the West Baltic neuter asigmatic "n"
in East Baltic Fatyanovo loanwords or modern East Baltic
( Prussian "median" vs Samogitian "medė"
forest ), once again
dating a common West vs. East Baltic language relationship to a pre-Fatyanovo
(R1a1a- Z280, pre-GAS
) era. The East Baltic singular neuter seems to have had a
parallel development as Lydian, and very interestingly, the present
3rd person forms of verbs in both languages are the same in the
singular and plural. This isogloss could account for the Maykop burial
orientation of Fatyanovo males to SW,
females to NE, as well as a Maykop type
metallurgic influence on Fatyanovo.[ re: > Finnish "metsä"-
forest, Estonian "mets", Votic "meccä",
Karelian "mečču" id, Lule Sámi "miehttjēn" far away, Sámi
"meahcci " forest, fringe, Hungarian (!) "messze" far, distant / East Baltic "
tilta " bridge - Fatyanovo neuter! > Finnish "silta" bridge,
Estonian "sild ", Volgaic Erzya " śid́-al ", "se͔d́
" id < ? Skt. " sētu-"
band, bridge / Latvian " sēta "
fence" ].

Another feature of West
Baltic is the Genitive singular declensional ending in [ -as ]
for words that end in [ -as ] or [ -an ]
in the Nominative case. This archaic feature is shared with the Hittite language
( < Maykop ? ).
The declensional ending also changes the stress of the accent to the
end syllable. This generalized
declensional feature is noted in a wordlike
Nominative singular pedan (ploughshare),
with Genitive singular pedas, or in the
West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas' ( God's ). The above unique
features of West Baltic
are relics from dialect areas of the Proto-Indo-European
Strednij Stog horizon ( 4500-3350 BCE ). Regarding variations in the frequencies of the Landsteiner-Wiener (
LW ) blood group,
the frequency of the uncommon
LWb gene in regions of West vs. East Balts also provides solid scientific proof of an ancient genetic distinction between the East & West Baltic language speakers.
Theories of a "Proto-Balto-Slavic" split around 1,000 BCE ( eg.
Kortlandt 1982: 181 ) naively contradict the immense volume of
linguistic, archaelogical and emerging genetic evidence. Latvia has
eleven
C-14
dates of Corded Ware Culture, with the oldest around 3360
cal. BCE ( w/ 95.4% probability ). Time-travel technology has yet to be
unearthed from the Latvian "boat-axe" archaeological sites. Such
C-14 calibrated dating evidence only adds additional prestige to the
archaic Slavic language branches.

A very unique feature preserved in the West Baltic languages is the Genitive
singular declensional ending in [ -as'
] for words that end in [ -as ] or [
-an ] in the Nominative case.
Hittite also shared this supra-archaic feature ( -aš
< -os ), as well as perhaps neighboring Gothic (nom./gen.sg.
harjis, ornom./gen.sg. is ) nearby in the West. Neighboring multi-ethnic Wielbark
culture ( GothicI1-M253, I1a2. & I1 Z63, T2 -
Y-DNA ) interaction with West Baltic tribes, especially the
Galindians, appears to have been co-operative and mutually beneficial.
The border between the two may account for certain Gothic type loanwords
into the Baltic languages. This Gen. [ -as'
] declensional ending is a proverbial monkey's wrench for expedited
Balto-Slavic theories. Such a generalized declensional feature is noted
in a wordlike
Nominativesingular
pēdan(ploughshare), Genitive
singular pēdas', or in the
West Baltic Genitive singular Deivas'
(God's), and in places names (re: Wilkaskaymen). The above unique
features of West Baltic are relics from the
Proto-Indo-European
Sredny Stog horizon (4500-3350 BCE).

The core four cases
of West-Baltic (Prussian, Sudovian, & Galindian) declension exhibit
archaic features
uniting West Baltic with Germanic and Greek. Only nominative, genitive,
dative and accusative forms have constant intercrossing functions in
various Indo-European languages, while forms used for the instrumental
or locative cases (traditionally declared to be "Common Indo-European"),
have related functions: e.g. the IE *"-ois" may occur in the
instrumental case in one language and in the locative case in other
ones, or *"-ō" / (apophonically) "-ē " occurs as "-āt"
in the Indo-Iranian ablative and as "-it" in the Hittite
instrumental. Such intercrossing elements were used for
semi-paradigmatic adverbial forms, differently paradigmatized in the
various Indo-European languages. (V.
Toporov,
V. J. Mažiulis)

Galindian had the same four nominal accent classes as
does Lithuanian, but it had retained the original accentual state of
Baltic ( an acute rising accentand a circumflex falling accent). The
first class is the acute barytone paradigm. The second is the circumflex
barytone paradigm. Thirdly, the acute mobile paradigm. Lastly, the
circumflex mobile paradigm.

Words beginning with the labial vowels [o-]
or [u-] had the West Baltic prothetic [v-].
Word initial [v-] in some
words was weakened. Example - vōkapirmas"Creator". A parallel weakening is known in Sorbian.
Some may say the [v-] is
"neutralized". West Baltic "vōka-" had cognates with Gothic "ōkan", Tokharian "ok-",and more distantly, Karaim "oquš",
and old Japanese "oku".
Reading from the archaeological record, one can associate dates of 3,200 - 2,300 BCE
withvarious material
artifacts (toy wheeled wagon) and increased plant (
hemp
and wheat
) pollens that appear to indicatethe arrival of "Baltic
" speaking
peoples in the Baltic region who appear gradually and slowly settled in
well among native populations (recently arrived Uralic Comb &
Pitted Ware Cultures ( N1c1 ) mixed with an
older Nemunas & Narva
Substratum, & Centum Globular
Amphora outliers ).
Recent archaeological finds of
Triticum and Cannabis pollen circa 5600 BCE from
the Akali Neolithic settlement in East Estonia ( A.
Poska, L. Saarse et al., 2006 ) places Cannabis cultivation
in the Baltic region much further back into antiquity than even the
Corded or Pitted Ware eras. Also, the East Balts ( LWballele, R1a1a-, Z92 )
had more close contact with "Uralic"(e.g. Kiukainen culture ) and nearby
Pit-grave "Yamna Āryan"
speaking cultures than the West Balts (Sanskrit "hastas" & Lith. "žastas
" ).After 2,750 BCE,
the agricultural record intensifies ( Rimantienė
et al., 1999 ), as well as beginning East
Baltic copper ( varis
) & bronze metallurgy near the Ural Mountains.

Migrations often follow climate
changes ( the last quarter of the second millennium BCE & the 12th
century BCE ) . Each migration would encounter different native ethnic
groups, and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those
ethnic natives. Indo-European peoples & languages have
ALWAYS been
multi-ethnic. The new "molecular DNA archaeology" proves it beyond
question. We are all related - literally.

The LWb gene / BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype

>>>|||<<<

In respect to hematological variations in the frequencies of the
Landsteiner-Wiener (LW) blood group, the frequency
of the uncommon
LWballele was highest in the Central East Balts,
around 7.5% among Lithuanian
Samogitians, and very low among the other western Europeans (
0-0.1% ).
Click here for the PDF version of the LWb Study.
The LWb
blood allele can be seen as a genetic Tribal Marker of Prehistoric
EastBaltic
Migrations and Admixture, and perhaps not a West-Baltic marker, since
inhabitants of the Sūduva region average only a mere 2.7%,
... vs. 2.9% for Finns, 2.2%
for distant northern Vologda
Russians, or 4% for Estonians !( Sistonen et al., 1999
) - even after over 600 years of continuous Lithuanian
colonization and admixture in the Sūduva region. * For those who still
think all Sudovians " vanished ", please reread the prior
sentence - slowly. Lithuanian R1a rates (
R1a1a Z92, L235, w/ LWb ) vary widely, with
West Aukštaičiai 40.6% vs. South Aukštaičiai
R1a at
61.8% (
Kasperavicuite et al., 2004). The absence of the 16304C-16311C
mutations prevents unneeded misinterpretations. Genetic structure
analyses also suggest Poles from Suwalszczyzna (northeastern
Poland ) differ from all remaining Polish and Russian samples
( Grzybowski
et al., 2007 ). Another Baltic migration marker may be
a significantly increased frequency of the
BanI 2-Hin6I 1 haplotype.

After 2,750 BCE, the agricultural record intensifies.
Migrations often follow climate
changes. Each migration would encounter different native ethnic groups,
and influence the dominant language during assimilation of those ethnic
natives. Europe today is like an unmarked ancient sack of mixed genetic
seeds. Indo-European languages have
ALWAYS
been
multi-ethnic. Proto Indo-European was born multi-ethnic.

Baltic & Slavic >>>|||<<<

The late Sredny StogMiddle Dnieper Culture grew from conservative peripheral IE
dialects related to Yamna Satem, with admixture of different assimilated
indigenous peoples from Dnieper Donets and the Tripolye culture of
Central Europe, as well as subgroups of Centum Globular Amphora
contributors ( w/ TRB, BBC), and a host of others
(re: remnant Middle Dnieper Repins ). The
ethnogenesis of these distinct dialects with assimilated indigenous
peoples formed various diverse regional "Balto-Slavic" speakers, which
were localized as the poly-ethnic "Europeanized " peripheral
Satem dialects of Baltic and Slavic closely related to early Pit-grave
Āryan, yet distinctly different even then, with diverse degrees of
admixture within regional subgroups. The Balto-Slavic type
poly-ethnic Middle Dnieper culture was a fusion of ethnic groups - a
melting pot - so to speak, with a "retro" core Satem dialect (archaic
Balto-Slavic lacks perfect reduplication - agreeing with Albanian.Hamp 1963). The
unique peripheral components of the Middle Dnieper culture, say the
early East Baltic Fatyanovo, migrated away before a homogenization of
that Middle Dnieper Satem lingua
franca could consolidate. ( E. Baltic kur, kame, W. Baltic kuei, Slavic kъde - RUKI - Baltic
long root preterite, re: Burrow 1955, p 19 ).

The Y-STR variation among Slavs*
has given the evidence for the Slavic homeland near the middle Dnieper
basin, which provides a geographic context for the Slavic linguistic
correlation to the early Satem West & East Baltic Upper Middle Dnieper
homeland, and the nearby Catacomb / & Pit-grave Āryans
to the East. During the period (3,400
BCE) of the oxen pulled
wheeled wagon revolution, the Yamnaya culture
slowly expanded toward the edge of the Corded Ware horizon
of late Sredny Stog culture.
Millennia later, in the same eastern area of the contact zone, near the
middle Dnieper, a poly-ethnic Slav / Timber Grave Iranian ethno-genesis
would develop the Chernoles
culture.

A separation of Belarus subpopulations along a North / South line can
be demonstrated particularly in distribution of Y chromosomal lineages
R1b, I1a and I1b, N3 and G-chromosomes. The uniqueness of the northern
Belarusian population is most likely due to the high incidence of ЯцьвягіY chromosomes from the haplogroup N1c1 [ old name N3 ]
(homogeneous Baltic Яцьвягі
substrate with allele DYS19*15
), which is twice the frequency as in central and southern Belarus. The
central and southern Belarusian substratum Baltic Milograd physical
traits differ somewhat from Ukrainian substratum Slav/Scytho-Sarmatian
traits (re: U3). The assimilation of Belarus may have been mainly
linguistic and less physically ethnical.

The
Autonomous Proto-Slav Komarov Culture>>>|||<<<

The autonomous
Proto-Slav Komarov culture complex of the Podolian Upland
bordered the Trzciniec and Sosnitsa (early
peripheral Baltic) complexes to it's far North, but
appears culturally related to the
Montreoru(early Dacian)
and later Sabatinovka "Thracian" complex to it's near South in regard to
burial rites and pottery. (also see Linguistics and Ethnogenesis of the Slavs; 1985, by Oleg
N. Trubačev). Native Pre-I.E Tripolye culture farming
populace ("Temematian") were assimilated
also, as they were to a somewhat lesser extent with Middle Dnieper
Baltic. The unique close relation of early Slavic origins to Ural-Steppe
& Asian Iranian ( Slavic azъ
/Tumshuq Sakanazu
), and nearby Dacian and Thracian, are often lost to the
worn out Balto-Slavic chorus of cliches. After the arrival of the Huns (w/
G, V, mtDNA N1a, U4) in Europe, and a devastating plague in the
6th-7th century A.D., post multi-ethnic
Cherniakhov culture Slavic soon became the
lingua franca of commerce / trade throughout most of Central
Europe and beyond.

Does this support the construct of a so-called "Balto-Slavic"
region or Middle Dnieper cultural horzon of anciently related initial
dialects of subgroups like a Satem "

Armeno-Aryan",
Centum "Celto-Italic", or much
earlier "Indo-Uralic
"? Probably. The distance
between Slavic & Baltic each to early Satem Indo-Iranian
(Pit-grave Āryan
Satem)
is not as great as such labels would imply. One can also easily group
together Satem "Baltic-Slavic-Indo-Iranian"
with "RUKI"
& declension ( loc.Pl. ending *-su
) considerations. They were all in obviously close contact by
horseback or river travel. But if there never was a monolithic "Proto-Baltic"
per se, how can you ever have a monolithic Proto "Balto-Slavic"
amid the chaotic multiculturalism of the Middle Dnieper horizon? Early
Corded Ware East Baltic Fatyanovo sites in Estonia date to 3,000
B.C.E. The different Balts are even physically
distinct around that time.

The Baltic and Slavic subgroups were already well
differentiated and autonomous (e.g. separate
mythologies & RUKI, Baltic long root preterite, archaic divergent
vocabularies) yet close to one
another with the adoption of the wheel "kelan
/ kolo / ratas" (3,200 BCE). Zaza
"ləzga",
Ossetian "
лæдзæг " - branch,
Russian dialect " ляэга
", vs. Lith " laz-da "
(Albanian ledhi - id).
Note Slavic "a" - and,
but, - reflects an ablative form of a pronoun (Avestan "
āt
"- then, and). Archaeologists have not found the archetypal "Balto-Slavic"
settlements per se, probably because each branch group were formed and
influenced in different NE. / W. / S. regions (re:
ratas
/ kelan
/ kolo)
of the Middle Dnieper culture by a diverse admixture of various peoples
and influences, albeit somewhat near each other, as was a Proto-Thracian
variant. Of course they are related. Balto-Slavic is a generic
generalization of a brief "Europeanized " Satem linguistic
horizon, like "Armeno-Aryan" (remodeled
ablative suffix, etc) - but initially more polyethnic. The idealized
unified "Proto-Balto-Slavic" Satem dialect probably pertains to
an earlier pre-Middle Dnieper Culture peripheral area somewhere
bordering Pit-Grave groups, and in contact with northern Repin dialects
for awhile. But Baltic, like Slavic, are in fact, products of
multiculturalism throughout their linguistic evolutions.

Proto-Slavic and the more northern early Baltics were
partially composed of assimilated Dnieper-Donets and acculturated later
Tripolye peoples emulating the Yamna-like I.E. Satem speakers of
peripheral related Sredny Stog dialects, among a multi-ethnic converging
cultural vortex of others ( Dnieper Repins, TRB, Globular
Amphora & CWC poly-ethnics ), and with more admixture later where
they would settle. The eventual influence of Timber Grave Belozerka
"Cimmerian" and later steppe Scythian &
Sarmatian on Slavic ( B. Malyarchuk et al., 2006
) was significant ( loss of word-final *-s ).
With the mobility of wheels, changes were occuring rapidly - isolation
was fading fast. The Slavic nominative neuter appears to resemble
East Baltic more than West Baltic, although Slavic agrees with West
Baltic more in other respects.

Like Wild West movies, debates on Balto-Slavic have had
a duration longer than the original horizon probably lasted! The close
affinity of Satem Slavic & Baltic to Yamna related Indo-Iranian can be
no surprise, nor their distinctive 'European" poly-ethnic accents. The
fiction of ethnic or racial "purity & superiority" is clinical
insanity. It seems the growing early pre-IIr. Yamna and Eastern
Baltic dialect areas moved Northward as did the early West Balts, as the
Thracians, Dacians, Pre-Albanians, and Slavs, who migrated
southwestward, assimilating various Central European non-IE native and
early Centum-TRB mixed IE people ( R1a, M458 ) into their cultures ( Dacian
place name "Clevora",
Lith "Klevas" maple,
Lith. place-names "Liepora, Beržorai" w/ distributive -or-
suffix ). Thereafter, the original Slavic future tense
(which was perhaps similar to Baltic & Indo-Iranian)
was lost while assimilating Dniester Tripolye C2
populace and other groups - as did the neighboring Germanics, who had
replaced the future tense as well. It now appears that Winter's Law
also applies to Albanian, which draws the probability of
including Thracian into serious academic consideration.

Maps indicating the location of the ("Temematian")
non-IE Tripolye (Cucuteni-Trypillian)
Culture of Dniester farmers compared with maps of the Proto-Slavic
language region (based on hydronyms)
parallel each other closely, although there is at least two thousand
years between each horizon. Herodotus later describes "Scythian farmers"
where once were only European Tripolye culture farmers. On either side
of the early Slavics were lively trade partners of early Germanics to
the Northeast , and early Baltics to the Northwest - both of which were
also polyethnic to various degrees with native European peoples.
If the Corded Ware "Europeanized" isogloss of Dative Plural
- "-M-"
occurred as an areal innovation due to Uralic substratum phonetic
influence, it probably started with contact and assimilation with
Globular Amphora peoples now of mixed affinities ( Narva,
Lengyel, TRB & Centum Globular
Amphora R1a- M458 ), and spread at a very
early formative stage of E+W Baltic development and later to
pre-proto-Germanic / pre-Slavic. The Sanskrit alphabet long ago
anticipated the natural progression of B to M, which enabled a fast
transition. Assimilation often accompanies innovation. It is interesting
that both poly-ethnic ( Dniester Tripolye C2, TRB,
GAS) neighboring Centum pre-Germanics and Satem pre-Slavics
replaced the original future tense construct of "-s-"
(re: relics - Slavic "byšęšteje",
Czech "probyšucny
"), as opposed to the Italo-Celtics as well as the
distant eastern Baltics, who shared borders and the original future
tense with "-s" with the early Satem Āryan
Yamna cultures. A example of
Baltic "s" future may be seen in Lith duos < * dōH3s
< * doH3s( Lith dial. dōs). The mtDNA reflects such a scenario,
but whether it happened like this is anybody's guess.

The influence of Dnieper Donets or the Tripolye
substratum in the DBA, or RUKI,
has not been given the attention it deserves. The assimilation of
regional Baltic speakers also influenced various Slavic languages, such
as the Milograd (E. Slavic jas'en' vs. jesen
- ash tree), Kolochin, and Yotvingian cultures in Belarusian, the
large-scale East ( & West ! ) Baltic
substratum in the Old Novgorodian territory, North Russian ( LWballele,
R1a- Z92+
& N1c1 ) tl / dl consonant clusters > kl / gl - like East Baltic, the
Pomeranian presence in West Slavic, Dnieper-Dvina East Balt foundation
of the Tušemlja culture (which later included
immigrant Sudovians and Slavs in the Long Barrow culture),
and the widely scattered East Baltic speaking tribes in Western &
Northern Russia ( re: LWb allele at 2.2%
for Vologda Russians ) . Also noted is the area where
Belarusian, Russian, & Polish prepose their genitives. In contrast,
specific lineage characterized by 16304C-16311C
mutations, which indicate the Slavonic migrations from Central to E.
Europe, was not found among Lithuanians.

There never was a monolithic "Proto-Baltic"
per se. Note the Eastern Baltic LWb gene areas, or
the R1a1a- Z280 variations. The various West /
East Baltic, Thracian, & Slavic languages (along with the
Indo-Iranian branch) represent an archaic continuum of remnant
subgroups of former core Satem I.E. dialects, the last Proto
Indo-European branches to finally split. The "Proto-Baltics"
would be none other than some "Proto
Satem Indo-European" dialects together with the
closely neighboring Satem Proto-Thracian & Dacian, Proto-Slavic, and
Proto-Indo-Iranian. It may be more helpful to visualize East Baltic,
Slavic & Indo-Iranian as part of the still growing main Satem
trunk, rather than as language branches.

For an example of the archaic nature of the Baltic / Slavic
relationship,
click here.

Señor Galindo >>>|||<<<

And why did the Galindians "vanish"? They didn't.
Genetic surveys of the region show it. Genetic
tests of people from nearby Kętrzyn (Rastembork) Poland showed unexpectedly higher Baltic genetic admixture
from native Balts than anyone anticipated. The Kurpie region of Poland is an outstanding cultural example.

The myth of Terra Nullius ( deserted wasteland ) was
merely historic ethnocidal propaganda,
justifying centuries of Papal Conquests, Atrocities & Theft in both the Old, and the New
World. It was a Lie.
The DNA proves it is only ethnic cleansing fiction, and nothing more.

Nobody magically "vanishes", ... not even
in Las Vegas.

The Galindian greeting "Kailas"
re-affirms that we are all One,
- with each other, and with the Earth we share.

>>>|||<<<

Gielądzkie Jezioro
is located at ( 53° 52' N 21° 10' E )in what is now Poland.

With the now irreversible Polar Ice Melt
and the demise of Glaciers and Coral Reefs worldwide,
please try to keep the above in perspective.

Remember that another language is
going extinct every other week on our planet.