29 August 2007

The most fun of the day was when I had a couple of faculty from the art department in my office and a bunch of art grad students asking how they could make glue from natural sources.

I was especially pleased because I was able to find a book in my office (and I did have to hunt for it), look in the index, and find an answer. Bones, hides, hoofs, and the ever popular "fish remains." And I learned that "collagen" and "collage" are basically similar words, collagen was the major material in some kinds of early glue. Thank you, Steve Vogel, for writing Life's Devices, which is where I got the answer.

I finally joined the National Center for Science Education. I probably should have joined a long time ago. What finally pushed me to join was a couple of recentstories about individuals on the Texas Board of Education talking about how school textbooks should address "weaknesses" in evolutionary theory.

Translation: "We think evolution is wrong, but we can't say that we object on religious grounds in science classes because the courts have repeatedly ruled against teaching religion in public schools in the United States, so we'll just attack it at every opportunity."

And because I live in Texas, but, as a Canadian citizen, can't vote, this seemed one way that I might be able to contribute ensuring that my research discipline isn't weakened in Texas schools.

What you often see is that the "minority view" has no consistent position apart from saying the consensus view is wrong.

Those who claim HIV doesn't cause AIDS have a zillion alternative theories about what does. From the PLoS Medicine article: "In Africa, HIV deniers attribute AIDS to a combination of malnutrition and poor sanitation, i.e., they believe that AIDS is simply a relabeling of old diseases. In America and other wealthy countries, they claim AIDS is caused by drug use and promiscuity."

Climate change critics are probably divided on many issues. Some will say there is not significant change (not many now, though, I suspect). Some say there is significant change, but propose a whole slew of alternatives for what might be causing it, with solar radiation being only one idea.

So you say evolution is a lie? So tell me, is the Earth about 4 billion years old, or about 6,000 years old? Young Earth Creationists and Old Earth Creationists have deep disagreements on this point.

Who killed JFK? Depending on who you listen to, it was the mafia, the Cubans, the Russians, the CIA... and the list goes on.

For an alternative to a consensus view to be credible in science, the alternative itself needs to establish a consensus. Credible criticisms tend to get stronger over time, because they develop more evidence and more consistency. Because nature abhors contradiction.

Incidentally, first author on the HIV article, Tara Smith is a Panda's Thumb contributer, and writes her own thoughtful blog, Aetiology.

25 August 2007

In a previous post, I drew some parallels between scientific and democratic processes. Another thought that occurred to me is that evidence in science functions somewhat like policy in politics.

On election day, you have a chance to vote for a government with a particular set of policies. Those policies, however, are very liable to change. And people can change their minds about a policy that isn't working, or if a new policy is introduced that they disagree with.

In science, people change their minds as new evidence becomes available.

In neither case is a decision now and for ever, once and for all.

Of course, it's often much harder to show that policy is faulty than it is to show scientific evidence is faulty. To paraphrase Feynman, if your basic understanding of physics of balances and strains and stresses is bad, your building falls down.

Dead things, we know, stink. Dead things that live in water stink more. Dead things that live in seawater stink more. And I think echinoderms may be the top of the list.

We have a new seawater tank, which I've been looking after. Unfortunately, had a water quality problem and a lot of animals in it died. But the sea cucumbers were really wretched things to clean. Now I can tell my student Sakshi that it's not just starfish that die horribly in an awful mess.

My hands are very itchy and dry from having been in salt water much of the day.

24 August 2007

If you were to look for an exemplary case of mysticism, close to the top would have to be the out of body experience. Many people have reported this, and has been used to promote ideas such as astral projection and life after death.

Not one, but two papers in this week's Science have now created this experience in lab settings. The first is here, and the second is here. And a third article commenting on the other two is here.

There one sense, some might feel that this debunks astral projection and the like. But in another very real way, it validates those reports. Various people who had out of body experiences were not (necessarily) frauds who were just making it all up, but reporting "real," albeit illusory, experiences.

17 August 2007

I was listening to an interview was former New Scientist editor Nigel Calder yesterday, and he insisted a couple of times that, “Science is not a democratic process.”

The point he was making was that views that were once a minority position often become conventional wisdom. Which is fair enough. That’s a valid point. As Calder himself says, “I have in my time been criticised for saying that black holes might exist, the continents move, that an asteroidal comet wiped out the dinosaurs.”

Calder fails, however, to say what he thinks the scientific process actually is, if not democratic. It’s like saying I am not American, don’t dance the tango, don’t like pickles, and don’t own a dog. You know everything about me now, right?

If you want to use political analogies, what are the alternatives? Science is certainly not a monarchy or any other sort of authoritarian system. Everyone is allowed to engage in the scientific process. Science doesn’t care about who originates an idea or who promulgates it – it cares about evidence.

So who decides if evidence is credible? It’s a consensus developed by a community. And the views of that community can change over time, as more evidence becomes available, or as people have more time to think over an idea. After all, any real democracy worthy of its name reviews and has regular opportunities to change governments. (Even in Alberta.)

What other elements does science share with a democratic system? How about accountability? Scientists are typically for crediting sources, for allowing others to examine their findings, allowing others to replicate them.

But as Arthur C. Clarke once noted, science tends to get to the bottom of things in about 50 years, if there is any bottom to be gotten to. The evidence will out. People will either admit they have been wrong, or relegate themselves to the fringe.

There’s also another sort of fallacy that Calder engages in: that because minority views have become majority views before, it will happen again, and specifically in this case – and he’s talking about human-induced climate change. Unfortunately, lots of fringe ideas have stayed fringe ideas.

Also, I think Calder might agree that regardless of climate change, there are other reasons to get away from the status quo of running our economies by burning fossil fuels.

13 August 2007

Lots of lightning and raucous thunder late this afternoon. Internet access at uni dropped out. The usual flood points were, as expected, flooded. I can make it almost home with only the souls of my feet getting wet... but there's a couple of ankle deep spots near the end of my trek. Alas.

Meanwhile, spent a good chunk of the afternoon – before everyone started to worry about being smitten with Thor's hammer – troubleshooting some DNA sequencing. It looks like we simply had too much DNA. Yes, for our delicate sequencer, it is possible to have too much of a good thing.

The sequencer is broken again, though, and so we won't have a chance to test our suspicions until Wednesday, probably.

12 August 2007

Yesterday, I did a quick revamp on our Neuroethology poster for HESTEC. Previously, I wrote about the design of one of the data figures for that poster. Interestingly, I found out at the meeting that I was too clever for my own good in designing the Neuroethology poster. The problem was that I used the bars coming from the boxes to represent the minimum and maximum. Several people interpreted these as error bars (standard deviation or standard error). Because overlapping error bars usually indicate that groups are not significantly different, and error bars are smaller than minimums and maximums, this led some viewers to momentarily question the results.

Consequently, I went back to a more standard bar graph in the revised HESTEC poster. It's similar to this one, except it shows transformed data rather than the raw data, and the colour is not bright red.

The size of the HESTEC poster was also smaller, so a lot of cutting text and general simplification occurred. It's probably a better poster as a result.

I also started work on my annual compilation of everything I've done in the last year. It's a dreary process, although sometimes it can be nice to see how much you've done.

10 August 2007

It may not look like much. And it isn't. Nevertheless, it's my first little steps into a new area of research: DNA analysis.

The traces above show a small snippet of an attempt to sequence a bit of DNA. Ideally, there should be a nice sequence of evenly distributed peaks of about the same height. Each peak indicates a single nucleotide. Unfortunately, our sample is not ideal and there's a lot of noise in the measurement. My student Unnam and I need to do some troubleshooting and try again.

Another indication of our problems is that DNA is made of a sequence of four letters: A, T, C, and G (nucleotides, really, but the names need not concern us here, and the letter symbols are universally used). The sequencer gave us A, T, C, G... and N. "N" is a symbol for "any nucleotide," which basically means that the machine couldn't figure out what it was and spit out a "I dunno."

We were very excited to be sequencing -- finally -- yesterday, so that it was really not all that usable was disappointing. Or, as Unnam wrote, "THAT SUCKS. A lot."

Still, after my buddy Virginia was always bugging me... "Zen, you have to get into molecular biology to show the world that you're a modern biologist," I do feel the need to point out that I'm moving in that direction.

I was talking to an artist yesterday who wanted to incorporate some microscopic images into a new pork she is preparing. This got me thinking about the similarities between art and science. Here's a few.

Both are profoundly creative endeavors.

“The overriding message of all art... is ‘Pay attention.’” - Harlan Ellison. You could say the same thing about science: the message is, “Pay attention!”

Both are hand crafted, not mass produced. At least, in their original form.