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From: "Pedro Martori"
Newsgroups: alt.politics.org.fbi,alt.politics.republicans,miami.general,soc.culture.cuba
Subject: POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES REGARDING ANTI-COMMUNIST MEASURES
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Date: Tue, 8 Oct 2002 18:53:57 -0400
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In a message dated 10/7/2002 10:48:35 PM Eastern Daylight Time,
poseidon55@sympatico.ca writes:
POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES REGARDING ANTI-COMMUNIST MEASURES
| WITHIN THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM
|
| 810.0013/6-2148
|
| The Secretary of State to Diplomatic Representatives in the
| American Republics
|
| SECRET WASHINGTON, June 21,
1948.
|
| The Secretary of State, transmits herewith for the
information
| and guidance. of the Officers in Charge a copy of Policy
| Planning Staff paper no. 26, dated March 22, 1948 entitled:
"To
| establish U.S. policy regarding anti-Communist measures which
| could be planned and carried out within the Inter-American
| System." The Secretary of State approves the conclusions and
| recommendations in this paper.
|
| There is likewise enclosed for convenient reference a copy of
| the resolution approved at the Ninth International Conference
| of American States at Bogota on the same subject.
|
|
|
| [Enclosure No. 1]
|
| FINAL ACT of BOGOTA
|
| RESOLUTION XXXII
|
| THE PRESERVATION AND DEFENSE OF DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA
|
| WHEREAS:
|
| In order to safeguard peace and maintain mutual respect among
| states, the present situation of the world demands that
urgent
| measures be taken to proscribe tactics of totalitarian
| domination that are inconsistent with the tradition of the
| countries of America, and prevent agents at the service of
| international communism or of any totalitarian doctrine from
| seeking to distort the true and the free will of the peoples
| of this continent;
|
| THE REPUBLICS REPRESENTED AT THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE
| OF AMERICAN STATES
|
| DECLARE
|
| That by its anti-democratic nature and its interventionist
| tendency, the political activity of international communism o
r
| any totalitarian doctrine is incompatible with the concept of
| American freedom, which rests upon two undeniable postulates:
| the dignity of man as an individual and the sovereignty of
the
| nation as a state;
|
| REITERATE
|
| The faith that the peoples of the New World have placed in
the
| ideal and in the reality of democracy, under the protection
of
| which they shall achieve social justice, by offering to all
| increasingly broader opportunities to enjoy the spiritual and
| material benefits that are the guarantee of civilization and
| the heritage of humanity;
|
| CONDEMN
|
| In the name of the Law of Nations, interference by any
foreign
| power, or by any political organization serving the interests
| of a foreign power, in the public life of the nations of the
| American continent,
|
| AND RESOLVE:
|
| 1. To reaffirm their decision to maintain and further an
| effective social and economic policy for the purpose of
| raising the standard of living of their peoples; and their
| conviction that only under a system founded upon a guarantee
| of the essential freedoms and rights of the individual is it
| possible to attain this goal.
|
| 2. To condemn the methods of every system tending to suppress
| political and civil rights and liberties, and in particular
| the action of international communism or any totalitarian
| doctrine.
|
| 3. To adopt, within their respective territories and in
| accordance with the constitutional provisions of each state,
| the measures necessary to eradicate and prevent activities
| directed, assisted, or instigated by foreign governments,
| organizations, or individuals, that tend to overthrow their
| institutions by violence, to foment disorder in their
| domestic political life, or to disturb, by means of pressure,
| subversive propaganda, threats or by any other means, the
| free and sovereign right of their peoples to govern
| themselves in accordance with their democratic aspirations.
|
| 4. To proceed with a full exchange of information concerning
| any of the aforementioned activities that are carried on
| within their respective jurisdictions.
|
|
|
| [Enclosure No. 2]
|
|
| Paper Prepared by the Policy Planning Staff
|
| SECRET [WASHINGTON,] March 22, 1948.
| PPS-26
|
|
| Problem: To Establish U.S. Policy Regarding Anti-Communist
| Measures Which Could Be Planned and Carried Out Within the
| Inter-American System
|
| Analysis:
|
| 1. The question of Communism will be considered at the
| Ninth International Conference of American States which
| will meet at Bogota On March 30, 1948. Proposals similar
| to ResoIution VI adopted at the second meeting of the
| Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American Republics at
| Havana, Cuba, July 1940, probably will be made. The Havana
| Resolution provides that: one of the Governments of the
| American Republics shall adopt within its territory all
| necessary measures in accordance with its constitutional
| powers to prevent and suppress any activities directed,
| assisted, or abetted by foreign governments, or foreign
| groups or individuals, which tend to subvert the domestic
| institutions, or to foment disorder in their internal
| political life, or. to modify by pressure, propaganda,
| threats, or in any other manner, the free and sovereign
| right of their peoples to be governed by their existing
| domestic systeiyis." This resolution also provides that
| the respective governments agree that they will immediately
| consult together, if the state directly interested wishes
| to request it, in the event that the peace of any of
| Republics is menaced by such activities.
|
| 2. In calling attention to these facts the Bogota Review
| Group in the Department expressed concern that some of
| the measures proposed at the Bogota Conference by other
| American Republics might be so drastic in nature that
| they would, if accepted by the United States, increase
| international tension, give dictatorial government's in
| other countries a means of attacking all opposition, and
| might even infringe constitutional liberties in the
| United States.
|
| 3. The subject of anti-Communist agreements among the
| American Republics was raised with the Department by the
| Argentine Government during August 1947. The Argentine
| Foreign Minister emphasized the desirability of anti-
| Communist agreements to which the United States would be
| a party, but then inconsistently observed: "Argentina
| does feel, however, that the United States should change
| in some ways its extreme opposed position vis-a-vis
| Russia". Nothing came of the Argentine suggestion
| regarding anti-Communist agreements; but the Argentine
| Government probably will pursue the question further at
| the Bogota Conference.
|
| 4. During the latter part of 1947, the Dominican
| Government suggested to the Haitian Government the
| negotiation of an anti-Communist agreement. The Haitian
| Government replied that the other American Republics
| should be included in such important agreements, and
| that the Dominican Government might wish to take the
| initiative regarding multilateral agreements among the
| American Republics. The Dominican Government followed
| the Haitian suggestion, but its proposal met with
| slight response from the other American Governments. The
| Department sent the following telegraphic instruction to
| American diplomatic officers in the other American
| Republics under date of December 17, 1947:
|
| In the event you should be consulted with respect
| to the views of this Government concerning possible
| multilateral inter-American action, for defense against
| Communist penetration -- as a result of such initiatives
| as the recent suggestion made by the Dominican Government
| to the Haitian Government -- you may indicate, that the
| United States Government believes that this problem, the
| seriousness of which is recognized, can best be dealt
| with at present by each country in accordance with the
| varied situations front country to country. The United
| States Government recognizes, of course, that as
| circumstances may change in this respect there may
| eventually be occasion for modifying this view.
|
| The accelerated activities of international Communism
| indicate that the time may have come, as foreseen in
| the last sentence of the December 17 instruction, for a
| careful and thorough review of the position of the United
| States Government regarding means to combat Communism.
|
| 5. The consensus of several officers of the Department
| who were consulted during the preparation of this paper
| is that Communism in the Americas is a potential danger,
| but that, with a few possible exceptions, it is not
| seriously dangerous at the present time.
|
| According to OIR Report, No. 4367 of September 16, 1947,
| entitled "Communist strength in the other American
| Republics", the "best figures" estimate of Communist
| Party membership in the twenty Latin American countries
| is approximately 300,000. This would be about one-quarter
| of one percent of the population of those countries.
|
| It should be pointed out, however, that these assessments
| of Communist capabilities may require revision if Communist
| domination spreads further in Europe, particularly to Italy
| and France. There are large colonies of Italian immigrants
| in several of the American Republics in which the
| Communists may succeed in gaining increased influence,
| which might constitute an important accretion to Communist
| strength. The influence of French culture and ideas always
| has been strong in the American Republics, and every effort
| would be madethrough a Communist-dominated France to full
| use of this advantage.
|
| 6. A draft paper regarding U.S. policy toward the other
| American Republics was prepared in the Department during
| the latter part of 1946. The following points made in this
| policy paper have a bearing on the problem of Communism:
|
| (a) A common belief in Republican institutions has been,
| and must continue to be, one of the fundamental bases of
| inter-American solidarity;
|
| (b) It is the policy of the United States to support in
| every proper way the forces which make for progress
| toward representative government based on constitutional
| procedures and respect for civil liberties and human
| rights;
|
| (c) Two new forces threatening democracy have, during and
| since the war, made their appearance in Latin America: a
| brand of Fascism deriving in part from Nazi ideology, and,
| second, Communism;
|
| (d) The Government of the United States considered it
| undesirable at that time to initiate any general attack
| against local Communist movements or their sources of
| inspiration, but recognized that it might be compelled
| to act in the event that Communist activities should
| appear to be endangering inter-American solidarity or
| security;
|
| (e) The policy of the United States was to stand upon the
| inter-American principle of non-intervention, but without
| derogation from the right of the community of States to
| concern itself with any matter bearing upon its peace and
| welfare -- a right which is inherent in the inter-American
| principle of consultation and in the Charter of the United
| Nations.
|
| 7. Several conditions which play into the hands of the
| Communists exist in many of the American Republics. There is
| poverty that is so widespread that it means a bare
subsistence
| level for large masses of people. There are ignorance and a
| high degree of illiteracy. There are strong reactionary
| forces which, through extreme selfishness and lack of any
| sense of social responsibility, impose a minority will
| through military or other dictatorial governments and so
| alienate large segments of their populations which otherwise
| probably would be anti-Communist. Taking advantage of these
| conditions to acquire power which will serve Communist ends,
| the most effective and well organized force at the disposal
| of the Communists in certain countries is the CTAL,
| (Confederacion de Trabajadores de America Latina), led by
| the Mexican crypto-Communist, Vicente Lombardo Toledano. The
| principal strength of the CTAL is in Mexico, Colombia, Cuba,
| Chile, Ecuador, Uruguay and Costa Rica.
|
| 8. There also are strong anti-Communist forces at work in
| Latin America. The Catholic Church, the armed forces, and
| the large land owners naturally provide strong opposition to
| Communism. These three elements frequently work together and
| dominate governments. Unfortunately, they sometimes come
| close to the extreme of reaction which is very similar to
| Communism as concerns totalitarian police state methods.
| More hopeful developments in the effort to combat Communism
| depend in part upon rapid growth of middle classes, plans
| for the more effective organization of anti-Communist, labor,
| and more effective action by liberal and Socialist elements
| which, while frequently of the left, are anti-Communist in
| ideology and in method. The inter-American Confederation of
| Labor, with the active support of the A.F. of L., is a new
| and promising force which is challenging the position of the
| CTAL and has already made important progress, particularly
| in Chile.
|
| 9. Ample precedent for common measures to combat Communism
| in the Americas exists in the programs and activities carried
| out during the last World War. Many resolutions adopted in
| inter-American conferences express the determination to
| oppose totalitarian and subversive activities which seek to
| destroy the democratic system of the American Republics.
| Specific action was taken through the work of the Emergency
| Advisory Committee for Political Defense with headquarters
| at Montevideo; through the exchange of information among the
| American Governments; through programs of police cooperation;
| and through a coordination of effort in the control of
travel,
| communications, and the issuance of passports and visas.
|
| Any program of cooperation among the American Republics to
| combat Communism will require some means of coordination
| among the American Republics, and arrangements within the
| Department of State to provide a responsible center for
| coordination of action to be taken by several departments
| and agencies of our Government which will be concerned with
| the problem.
|
| 10. It is stated in the comment by the Bogota Review Group
| that there are dangers for the United States inherent in
| possible bilateral or multilateral anti-Communist agreements
| among the American Republics. There is a probability that,
| due to uneven progress toward democracy in the other American
| Republics, there would be many cases in which such anti-
| Communist agreements would be directed against all political
| opposition, Communist or otherwise, by dictatorial
| governments, with the inevitable result of driving leftist
| elements into the hands of the Communist organization.
|
| Conclusions:
|
| 11. The policy of the United States regarding common measures
| to combat Communism, which could be planned and carried out
| within the inter-American System, should be governed by the
| following considerations:
|
| (a) International Communism at the present time must be
| regarded as the tool of the Kremlin, which the latter
| utilizes to advance Russian imperialistic designs and to
| supplant democracy throughout the world with a totalitarian
| police state system that suppresses human rights and civil
| liberties;
|
| (b) International Communism, consequently, is a direct and
| major threat to the national security of the United States,
| and to that of all of the other American Republics;
|
| (c) This threat, at the present time, is a potential rather
| than an immediately serious one in Latin America generally,
| but preventive measures should be taken to minimize it
| before it becomes more dangerous.
|
| (d) The national security of the United States should be the
| determining factor in establishing our position regarding
| common inter-American measures to combat Communism. There
| are strong and extreme reactionary forces and governments
| in Latin America which, through selfishness and lack of any
| sense of social responsibility, impose a minority will
| through military or other dictatorial governments and so
| alienate large segments of their populations which otherwise
| probably would be anti-Communist. These reactionary forces
| often adopt a strong anti-Communist line, but frequently
apply
| repressive measures to all political opponents, alleging
| that the latter are Communists whether or not that is the
| fact. These reactionary forces also work with Communists
| against Liberal and Socialist elements for reasons of pure
| political opportunism. Consequently, cooperation of the
| United States with these reactionary elements, even in anti-
| Communist measures, should be very carefully considered in
| the light of our long-range national interests.
|
| (e) It is extremely important, always with our own
| national security in mind, to concentrate upon the defeat
| of international Communism. As a corollary, it is essential
| to follow policies and to adopt measures calculated not only
| to command the very valuable support of labor, liberal and
| Socialist elements, but also to pursuade sufferers from
| reactionary forces in the American Republics that the United
| States is a better and more promising hope than Communism or
| the Soviet Union.
|
| 12. The United States should not enter into anti-Communist
| agreements with the other American Republics, and should
| oppose a multilateral inter-American anti-Communist
agreement,
| until further study has been given to the problem.
|
| However, the Delegation of the United States should propose
| an anti-Communist resolution. The resolution should refer to
| recent developments in some countries outside of the Americas
| which illustrate the aggressive action of Communist
| minorities. It should refer to inter-American resolutions
| condemning totalitarianism. The United States resolution
| should express strong condemnation of international Communism
| as an example of the totalitarian police state system that
| suppresses all human rights and civil liberties. The
| resolution also should state in positive terms the support
| of the subscribing governments for human rights and civil
| liberties and for social and economic policies designed to
| raise the standard of living of the peoples and accord
| economic security.
|
| 13. An immediate study should be made by ARA, EUR, and S/P
| to determine if the national interests would be served by
| resolute leadership on the part of the United States in an
| effort to have all Communist parties in the Western
| Hemisphere declared illegal by the various governments, and
| to eliminate Communist influence and activity as far as
| possible.
|
| 14. The Department of State should:
|
| (a) encourage exchange of views and information among the
| American Republics regarding Communist activities and
| means to combat them;
|
| (b) explore the possibility of utilizing the consultative
| meetings of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the American
| Republics as the Inter-American body to coordinate policy
| in this matter;
|
| (c) arrange for the coordination of the activities of
| departments and agencies of our government which would
| participate in a program to combat Communist activities;
| and
|
| (d) give information and guidance to American Ambassadors
| to the other American Republics regarding international
| Communism and the means to combat it.
|
| 15. The movement for the organization of non-Communist
| labor, including Catholic labor -unions, in the other
| American Republics should be encouraged. In particular,
| support should be given by every practicable means to the
| Inter-American Confederation of Labor.
|
| Well qualified Labor Attaches should be assigned to our
| Embassies in key countries among the American Republics
| where Communist activities are an important problem or
| where labor organization is a significant factor. The
| importance of appointing well-qualified individuals is
| emphasized. An effort must be made to include selected
| members of labor organizations.
|
| 16. After consultation with the Federal Bureau of
| Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency and other
| interested departments and agencies, the Department of
| State should work out a plan for police cooperation in
| the Americas to combat Communist activities, including
| the possible training in the United States of police
| officials from the other American Republics.
|
| 17. The Department of State should take whatever action
| may be possible to refuse passports to known Communists
| who are citizens of the United States, and who wish to
| go to any of the other American Republics. (It is
| understood that this matter now is before the Under
| Secretary for consideration.)
|
| 18. ARA, in cooperation with other interested offices,
| should continue to give urgent attention to specific
| plans for assisting in the economic development of the
| other American Republics. Such plans should be
| consistent with other obligations of the United States
| and should be subject to higher priorities in other
| parts of the world; and should be based on the
| principle of helping the other American Republics to
| help themselves.
|
| Since effective economic and social cooperation is a
| major weapon to combat Communist influence, cooperative
| inter-American programs such as those relating to
| public health and sanitation, agriculture, food
| production, etc. should be continued.
|
| 19. The Department of State should continue to utilize
| and to improve those activities in its Information and
| Cultural Program in Latin America that would help to
| combat Communism. The recommendations contained in the
| statement of "U.S. information policy with regard to
| anti-American propaganda", dated December 1, 1947,
| should be carried out vigorously and fully.
|
| American libraries and cooperative cultural institutes
| should not become involved in internal political affairs
| in the other American Republics. Their influence will be
| anti-Communist if they carry out their normal functions
| efficiently. Radio, press, and, motion picture programs
| should be reviewed to determine their effectiveness as
| measures to combat Communism.
|
| 20. A systematic and continuous effort should be made
| to inform United States business interests operating in
| the American Republics and, where possible, United
| States citizens residing or there, about the problems
| and objectives of United States policy in combatting
| Communism in those countries, with a view to enlisting
| their cooperation.
|
|
|
|
|
| 810-00B/10-1548
|
|
| The Acting Secretary of State to Diplomatic Representatives
| in the American Republics
|
|
| TOP SECRET WASHINGTON October 15, 1948.
|
| Sirs: At the Bogota Conference in April of this year there
| was approved unanimously an anti-Communist resolution
providing
| among other things that the American Republics will exchange
| information among themselves to assist in checking subversive
| Communist activities. This proposed exchange of information
may
| properly be considered a commitment on the part of the United
| States as well as the other American Republics, and it is
| appropriate therefore that the United States should implement
| this resolution in cooperation with the Governments of the
| other American Republics.
|
| You are instructed therefore, to discuss this matter with
the
| ForeignMinister and any other appropriate authorities of the
| country to which you are accredited and to arrange for the
| establisliment of a suitable liaison and procedure by which
| information of the type mentioned in the Bogota Resolution
may
| be exchanged. Liaison with some countries may be directly
with
| the Foreign Office, while in other instances more suitable
| regular arrangements for the interchange may be established
| with another ministry or with the police. In all cases the
| liaison, particularly the designation of specific officials
of
| both the Embassy and the other government, should be arranged
| personally by the Chief of Mission directly with the
| appropriate high official or officials of the other
government.
|
| For the information of the mission, the Department recognizes
| that arrangements for exchange of information under the
Bogota
| Anti-Communist Resolution may be modified as experience is
| gained. The nature, quantity and quality of the information
| which will be exchanged will vary with each country and may
| well develop only after a period of trial.
|
| The recommendations and comments of the missions are
requested
| on this matter, as well as a report specifically on (a) the
| arrangements that have been negotiated with the Foreign
| Office, and (b) the arrangements effected within the mission
| and the name of the officer designated for liaison duty.
|
|
| Very truly yours, For the Acting Secretary of
State:
|
|
|
| W. PARK ARMSTRONG,
Jr.
| Special Assistant for Research and
Intelligence
|
|
|