Sparta, Missouri

Watusi Cattle

General Information

History

Over 8,000 years ago humans first domesticated Aurochs, the wild ancestor of the numerous breeds of cattle that have played such an important role in human development. In the thousands of years after this first momentous event, humans have bred herds of domesticated animals for use as transportation, companions, protection, clothing and food. In these domesticated groups individual animals exhibiting certain characteristics were selected by the herdmaster and bred to each other. The resulting generations ultimately created the hundreds of breeds of cattle presently known to man. The Aurochs themselves became extinct prior to 1627, but their legacy lives on.

For some 6000 years a group of very similar cattle with huge horns have played a role in the lives of African tribes. Various breeds of cattle were mixed through generations as humans moved across the African continent until the distinctive Sanga type was produced. Sanga cattle are the background type for many of the individual breeds now available. One of the oldest and definitely most exciting breeds of these cattle is most commonly referred to as Watusi. Also known as the Cattle of Kings, Ankole cattle and Royal Ox, this breed originated in eastern Africa, most commonly in the areas of Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Lake Victoria and Tanganyika. The various members of this breed are often named for the tribe that raises them or are classified by the area in which they are raised; Watusi, for the Tutsi tribes of Rwanda and Burundi; Ankole, Bahima, Bashi and Kigezi and Kivu. Cave drawings which have survived for thousands of years, as well as Egyptian tomb paintings. These and other artifacts suggest that the predecessors to the present day breed played an important role in the lives of the tribes. In Rwanda where the Tutsi ruled the common type of Watusi were known as Insanga (meaning “the ones which were found” because according to tradition they had been discovered by the first kings) and exceptional individuals with huge horns were known as Inyambo (“the cows with long, long horns” purportedly to have been twelve feet or more from tip to tip)and were only owned by the King and considered to be sacred.

The cattle herds played an important role in tribal life. The herds provided a form of barter, trade and a sign of wealth within the tribe. The animals provide a source of food when none would otherwise have been available. Seldom slaughtered for meat, except in ceremonies such as the coming of adulthood, the cows are frequently milked and bled to make a yogurt like high protein drink. This clabbered milk drink is a staple to the diet. The animals themselves provide status for a man within the tribe, his wealth being measured by the number and quality of animals that he owns. In addition they are used as gifts to a brides family at the time of marriage a tradition known as bridewealth. Physically even present day Watusi are striking. They posses the largest and most dramatic horns of any breed of cattle. Individuals in this country have been known to have horn bases that measure 28 inches in circumference, 8 inches in diameter and eight feel from tip to tip. The horns vary from lateral almost flat growth to an upswept arched shape known as lyre, sometimes with the tips almost touching. Watusi are stately and tall, relatively long legged and posses a small to negligible cervico-thorasic hump (placed up towards the base of the neck). These animals have an extremely long, rope-like tail for swatting insects. Watusi are most commonly a deep red or red with some white speckling, however, they are also known to occur in black, brown, white, yellow, dun, gray and brindled as well as some heavily spotted combination of these colors.

Nature helped to develop the characteristics of Watusi in order to allow the survival of the breed. In the predator infested wilderness of eastern Africa an animal that could not protect itself and its young from predators would be doomed to quick and violent death and eventual extinction. Similarly they must remain strong under adverse conditions to still survive the attacks. For this reason nature and the herdsmen selected the large horned females that could fend off the cunning attacks of groups of jackals or lions to protect herself and her young., The young have to be born quickly and they must be strong enough to outrun the predators within a short time of birth. The mother must produce a highly nutritious milk to nourish the young for the speed and stamina necessary in the environment and must be able to produce it from whatever feed may be available.

In Watusi the cows and bulls are long legged, making them capable of running and jumping with tremendous agility. The cows have a small, tight udder that would not be an easy target for predators or thorn bushes, yet they produce milk to nourish their young that tests out with very high butter fat. They give birth to a very small calf with the ease that is natural to wild species of animals. The calves are especially alert and are capable of running along with their mothers and the herd within a short time of birth. The breed is highly social, much preferring to stay in a group for company and protection. At night they tend to form a circle with adults lying on the outside, horns out to protect the calves located in the inner circle. The calves will hang in groups; by day, always in close proximity to at least one adult and when frightened will instinctively run in front of the horns of a retreating mother or under her belly for protection.

Modern Watusi are a medium sized bovine with cows generally weighing from 800 to 1200 pounds and bulls weighing from 1000 to 1600 pounds. The newborn calves weigh from 30 to 50 pounds. In the animal industry there are almost as many reasons behind and goals in front of an operation as there are people involved. Watusi can fill the requirements of many aspects of this industry. The first and most obvious is the uniqueness of this animal. They look exotic and are certain show stoppers as a display novelty. With this animal you can have it all. They are striking for display as are antelopes, gazelles and other, horned hoofstock, yet handle with the ease of cattle. To cattle breeders, Watusi possess some very desirable traits of great importance to the potential buyer and many that have been lost or bred out of other modern breeds. In addition they can add some exiting differences that appeal to a broad range of needs and desires. In the harsh environment in which this breed has adapted for centuries, survival is the primary consideration. through all of these years they have become highly tolerant to brutal extremes of condition. Watusi are especially resistant to drought, heat and direct sunlight. Their huge horns act as a natural cooling system by circulating blood through to the ends of the horn to disperse the heat before returning it to the body. In addition, their digestive systems have the ability to utilize poor quality and limited quantities of food and water. Their native homeland can boast days in the which temperatures can soar to 120° and nights can plummet to 20°, this in addition to low quality sparsely available feeds, seasonally limited water supplies, virulent diseases, predators and parasites that would have long ago destroyed less hardy animals. Yet through it all, Watusi have flourished. These survival abilities have allowed them as a breed to not only survive the centuries in Africa but to become established on the continents of Europe, South America, Australia and North America.

Watusi cattle first made their appearance in the United States in 1960 when 2 bulls, which were born in Scandinavia, were imported. It took another three years before the first female was brought in to keep them company. From these recent and meager beginnings an arduous breeding program was developed. To aid in the development of the breed whose numbers were so severely limited and to add hybrid vigor to such a small genetic pool, an up-breeding program was developed. Under this program, Foundation Pure bulls (those of 100% Watusi bloodlines) were bred to females of other breeds. The female offspring of this first mating were registered as 1/2 blood and bred back to Foundation Pure bulls. The offspring of this second generation were registered as 3/4 blood. The females of this 3/4 generation were bred back to Foundation Pure bulls again to produce 7/8%. Females of 7/8% and above are now registered as Native Pure, males must reach 15/16% prior to being designated as Native Pure. Any Native Pure female bred to a Foundation Pure bull will produce a Native Pure offspring. Native Pure bulls can be bred to percentage females and their offspring registered. Foundation Pure animals are only the result of breeding Foundation Pure to Foundation Pure.

Today, thanks to the efforts of dedicated private breeders and zoos who have worked over the years to help preserve these magnificent animals, breeding stock is now available to the public. The World Watusi Association was formed as a non-profit corporation designed to collect, record and preserve the pedigrees of Watusi cattle worldwide. It maintains the breeding registry and stud book as well as regulates the standards by which this multi-faceted breed is known. The Association also sanctions sales and shows in order to help promote and present these magnificent animals to the public. The World Watusi Association publishes information on this breed in its official newsletter Watusi World which is available in the bi-monthly publication, Rare Breeds Journal.

Size

Watusi are not a huge animal. They tend to be long legged and tall. The adult weight varies greatly, but generally an adult bull would weigh between 1200 and 1400 pounds and an adult cow from 750 to 950 pounds.

Colors

Red is the predominant color in Watusi cattle, however all colors are allowable. The shades of each color vary tremendously with each individual from very dark to very light. The majority of animals have some white, usually on the underline. Some color variations will include a color pattern in which the top line is a dark color and the bottom half is white. This pattern apparently only occurs in Watusi.

Care

Feed – Watusi, like all cattle, are herbivores that graze mainly on grass and occasionally will browse if given the opportunity. They can be supplemented with grain, and pellets especially in the winter months, but their basic diet is grazing or a good quality hay. As with all animals watusi should be provided with a constant source of fresh, clean water. The amount of volume that an adult animal will consume varies according to its size, the time of year and the condition of the animal. Overall cattle will generally eat approximately 2.5% of their body weight per day in dry matter. The owner should check with the local extension or veterinarian to check for toxic plants and selenium levels in their area.

Minerals and salts – Cattle have a need for salt and mineral products based upon the area of the country they are in and the quality of the feed they are being provided. Loose, free choice minerals supplements should be available to help bridge gaps that your regular forage may be lacking.

Shelter – Watusi, like all cattle are hardy and do not require a great deal of shelter. It is always best to provide some sort of location for the herd to get out of the sun on a hot day and out of the wind. They are very hardy and temperature tolerant, but a shelter should be provided against severe winter wind chills and summer heat. Although as a breed they are very athletic and can jump quite well, if not pressed by external forces a regular field fence or barb wire enclosure is sufficient.

Vaccinations – Necessary vaccinations vary from location to location, so your veterinarian or local feed store should be consulted when a new herd is established to make certain that you cover the most important dangers.

Water – Fresh, clean water must be available at all times. Pay particular attention in the winter to provide available, unfrozen water.

Worming – All cattle should be wormed at least every six months. The brands of medication should be rotated with some regularity. Products are available in injectable, drench, edible to be mixed in feed or pour on form. Watusi are not overly susceptible to parasitic infestations, but care should be taken to keep an eye of the herd and be particularly vigilant if one animal is showing signs of a problem.

Terminology

Ankole – Alternate term for this breed of cattle

1/2 blood – Past classification of the percentage of Watusi blood in a registered animal

3/4 blood – Past classification of the percentage of Watusi blood in a registered animal

Percentage – Current classification of all registered animals that have less than the Native Pure qualification. The actual percentage of Watusi blood will show on the registration certificate.

Native pure – 7/8 percent Watusi blood or more in a female, 15/16 percent Watusi blood or more in a male

Foundation Pure – 100% Watusi blood

Bull – A sexually complete male

Cow – An adult female that has reproduced

Calf – A newborn

Steer – A castrated male

Heifer – A young female (when a heifer is calving she is known as a first calf heifer)

Horns – Lateral- A flat or horizontal growth pattern

Upswept – Horns growing in a generally vertical direction

Lyre – Upswept horns that arch in a circular pattern until the tips almost meet in the middle