The Postwar Years at Home (1945–1960)

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1 The Postwar Years at Home (1945–1960)America: Pathways to the PresentChapter 20The Postwar Years at Home(1945–1960)

2 America: Pathways to the PresentChapter 20: The Postwar Years at Home (1945–1960)Section 1: The Postwar EconomySection 2: The Mood of the 1950’sSection 3: Domestic Politics and Policy

3 The Postwar Economy How did businesses reorganize after World War II?Chapter 20, Section 1How did businesses reorganize after World War II?How did technology transform life after World War II?In what ways did the nation’s work force change following World War II?Why did suburbs and highway systems grow after World War II?How did postwar conditions affect consumer credit?

4 Businesses ReorganizeChapter 20, Section 1The postwar years were a time of great economic growth in America. Between 1945 and 1960, the per capita income, or average annual income per person, rose considerably.American businesses switched from providing war needs to meeting increasing demand for consumer products. In order to protect against economic downturns, many formed conglomerates, corporations made up of three or more unrelated businesses.The franchise system, in which small businesses contract with larger parent companies for goods and services, flourished.

5 Technology Transforms LifeChapter 20, Section 1Developments in Technology During the 1950sTelevision - Television becomes a popular and powerful medium.Computers and Electronics - The invention of the transistor, a tiny circuit device that amplifies, controls, and generates electrical signals, revolutionizes computers and radios.Nuclear Power - Wartime nuclear research is put to peacetime use in nuclear power plants and nuclear-powered submarines.Advances in Medicine - Dr. Jonas Salk develops a vaccine against polio; advances in antibiotics and surgical techniques save countless lives.

6 Changes in the Work forceChapter 20, Section 1White Collar WorkersCorporate expansion created more white-collar jobs.Office work was less dangerous and exhausting than factory work, and provided more opportunity for advancement.White collar workers often had little connection to their companies’ products, and often felt pressure to dress, think, and act alike.Blue Collar WorkersNew machines reduced the number of manual labor-intensive jobs.Working conditions and wages improved.Labor unions won important gains; the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations merged to form the powerful AFL-CIO.

7 The Baby BoomChapter 20, Section 1The baby boom, or rise in birth rates, that had begun in the 1940s continued into the 1950s.

8 Suburbs, Cars, and HighwaysChapter 20, Section 1Suburban GrowthThe GI Bill of Rights gave returning soldiers low-income mortgages, enabling many to buy homes in newly built suburbsDevelopers such as William J. Levitt built entire communities quickly and on one mold, using preassembled materials.Although most Americans enjoyed living in communities such as Levitt’s, others complained that the new developments lacked variety.Cars and HighwaysThe growth of suburbs led more Americans to rely on cars for everyday transportation.More and better roads were needed to support the increase in cars. The 1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act provided billions of dollars to build an interstate highway system.Cars became part of American culture as new businesses such as drive-in movies emerged.

9 The Growth of Consumer CreditChapter 20, Section 1Gasoline companies began offering credit cards with which consumers could purchase their product. Soon, lending agencies began to offer credit cards as well.Consumer debt rose as Americans used their credit cards to purchase washing machines, vacuum cleaners, television sets, and other consumer products.

10 The Postwar Economy—AssessmentChapter 20, Section 1Which of the following was a characteristic of white collar jobs in the 1950s?(A) work that was less dangerous than factory jobs(B) lack of opportunity for advancement(C) minimal pressure to conform to standards of dress(D) close connection with a company’s productHow did the GI Bill of Rights contribute to suburban growth?(A) It inspired Levitt to build suburban communities.(B) It provided former soldiers with low-income mortgages.(C) It established an interstate highway system.(D) It led to rising credit card debt.Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

11 The Postwar Economy—AssessmentChapter 20, Section 1Which of the following was a characteristic of white collar jobs in the 1950s?(A) work that was less dangerous than factory jobs(B) lack of opportunity for advancement(C) minimal pressure to conform to standards of dress(D) close connection with a company’s productHow did the GI Bill of Rights contribute to suburban growth?(A) It inspired Levitt to build suburban communities.(B) It provided former soldiers with low-income mortgages.(C) It established an interstate highway system.(D) It led to rising credit card debt.Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

12 The Mood of the 1950sChapter 20, Section 2Why were comfort and security so important to Americans in the 1950s?What were the accepted roles of men and women during the 1950s?How did some people challenge conformity during the 1950s?

13 Comfort and SecurityChapter 20, Section 2Enjoying prosperity and recovering from war and economic depression, most Americans in the 1950s valued security over adventure.Youth in the 1950s enjoyed more time for school, and for recreation, than youth in earlier generations.Businesses marketed products such as movies and magazines to youths, reinforcing images of what it meant to be a teenager.Partially in response to the threats of communism and nuclear war, many Americans renewed their interest in religion. References to God were added to the Pledge of Allegiance and imprinted on U.S. currency.

14 Men’s and Women’s RolesChapter 20, Section 2Men and women were expected to play strictly defined roles in the 1950s. While men were expected to hold jobs and support their families, women were expected to perform domestic duties.Nevertheless, more and more married women began working outside the home, some to support their families and others for the sense of satisfaction they derived from holding jobs.Some women, notably Betty Friedan, desired more freedom in choosing social roles than the 1950s cultural climate allowed.

15 Youthful Rebellions Rock-and-RollChapter 20, Section 2Rock-and-RollRock-and-roll, a style of music based on black rhythm and blues, became popular among teenagers in the 1950s.Many adults disliked rock-and-roll music, claiming that it encouraged immorality.Popular with both black and white teenagers, rock-and-roll threatened those who were comfortable with racial segregation.BeatniksBeatniks, many of whom were artists and writers, launched a movement that stressed spontaneity and rejected money and power.Beatniks shocked many Americans with their open sexuality and use of illegal drugs.Author Jack Kerouac embodied the Beatnik spirit for many Americans.

16 The Mood of the 1950s—AssessmentChapter 20, Section 2Which of these trends was a reason for the resurgence in religion during the 1950s?(A) Increasing popularity of rock-and-roll music(B) Rise of media targeted at teenagers(C) Fear of nuclear war(D) Frustration with traditional women’s rolesWhy did many adults oppose rock-and-roll music?(A) They did not have the money to buy records.(B) They felt it encouraged immorality.(C) They disliked the philosophy of the Beatniks.(D) They preferred music with more complicated melodies.Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

17 The Mood of the 1950s—AssessmentChapter 20, Section 2Which of these trends was a reason for the resurgence in religion during the 1950s?(A) Increasing popularity of rock-and-roll music(B) Rise of media targeted at teenagers(C) Fear of nuclear war(D) Frustration with traditional women’s rolesWhy did many adults oppose rock-and-roll music?(A) They did not have the money to buy records.(B) They felt it encouraged immorality.(C) They disliked the philosophy of the Beatniks.(D) They preferred music with more complicated melodies.Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

18 Domestic Politics and PolicyChapter 20, Section 3What were Truman’s domestic policies as outlined in his Fair Deal?How did Truman win the election of 1948?What was the Republican approach to government during the Eisenhower presidency?

19 Truman’s Domestic PoliciesChapter 20, Section 3The Peacetime Economy — Reconversion, the social and economic transition from wartime to peacetime, resulted in discrepancies between wages and prices. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required a cooling-off period during which workers on strike from industries affecting the national interest had to return to work.The Fair Deal — Modeled on Roosevelt’s New Deal, Truman’s Fair Deal was a set of proposals for postwar economic improvement. Although some measures passed, many were rejected by Congress.Truman on Civil Rights — Truman formed the biracial Committee on Civil Rights in 1946 to address concerns of African Americans; opposition in Congress meant that change came slowly.

20 The Election of 1948Chapter 20, Section 3Although Truman’s Democratic Party was splitting and support for him was disintegrating, Truman chose to seek another term as President in 1948.With a blunt but effective campaign style, Truman won the election despite polls’ predictions against him.In response to Roosevelt’s unprecedented four terms as President, the 22nd Amendment was passed in This amendment specified that no President could serve more than two elected terms.

22 Eisenhower and the Republican ApproachChapter 20, Section 3Although the language of the Twenty-second Amendment allowed Truman to run for President again in 1952, he chose not to do so.Republican Dwight Eisenhower and his running mate, Richard Nixon, were able to turn accusations about illegal campaign funding into support for their campaign.As President, Eisenhower advocated Modern Conservatism, an approach to government involving conservative economic policies but liberal social policies.Eisenhower’s administration favored big business and ending government competition for offshore oil lands. However, his presidency was marked by several economic recessions.

23 Meeting the Technology ChallengeChapter 20, Section 3NASAIn response to Americans’ fears that Soviet technology was superior to their own, the United States formed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.NASA was created as an independent agency dedicated to space exploration.National Defense Education ActTo meet the scientific and technical challenge from the Soviet Union, the National Defense Education Act was passed in 1958.This act provided low-cost loans to college students, incentives for teaching math and science, and money for building science and foreign language facilities in schools.

24 Domestic Politics and Policy—AssessmentChapter 20, Section 3What did the Taft-Hartley Act require?(A) Economic improvements provided by the Fair Deal(B) Civil rights for all Americans(C) Reporting of all campaign funding(D) A cooling-off period for workers striking from certain industriesWhy did civil rights reforms come slowly during Truman’s presidency?(A) Truman campaigned against them.(B) A majority in Congress disagreed with them.(C) They were not realistically formulated.(D) They interfered with Modern Republicanism.Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!

25 Domestic Politics and Policy—AssessmentChapter 20, Section 3What did the Taft-Hartley Act require?(A) Economic improvements provided by the Fair Deal(B) Civil rights for all Americans(C) Reporting of all campaign funding(D) A cooling-off period for workers striking from certain industriesWhy did civil rights reforms come slowly during Truman’s presidency?(A) Truman campaigned against them.(B) A majority in Congress disagreed with them.(C) They were not realistically formulated.(D) They interfered with Modern Republicanism.Want to link to the Pathways Internet activity for this chapter? Click here!