Chapter 1. Introduction—What is a Crisis?

In this guide, a "crisis" is defined as "any natural or manmade event that causes the
displacement of students." This definition does not distinguish between natural disasters
and other types of crises, such as acts of terrorism, as long as they temporarily or
permanently disrupt educational activities. In addition to disrupting school-level activities,
a crisis may also disturb routine data management operations.

While this document defines a "crisis" in broader terms than the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) uses for "disasters," FEMA data highlight how frequently
communities face crises in our nation. According
to its website, FEMA evaluates disasters
based on the amount and type of damage, such as the number of homes destroyed or with
major damage; the impact on the infrastructure of affected areas and facilities; threats to
public health and safety; and interruptions to essential government services and functions. Using these criteria, table 1 shows
an average of 57 FEMA-declared disasters annually from 2003 through 2007.

Figure 1 shows that in the past 50 years every state
in the nation has been affected by at
least one FEMA-declared disaster. A single, large-scale crisis such as Hurricane Katrina can
affect the entire nation (see figure 2), and even geographically smaller crises can have a
large impact. This guide is intended to help all education agencies prepare for data issues
that arise from the displacement of studentsóregardless of the scale or nature of the crisis.