It seems as if I give atheistic naturalistic materialistic Darwinists a hard time on this blog. The reason I do so is that I have hopes that some of them will change their minds and come to their senses. The other prime reason for discussing Darwinism on this blog is to help Christians understand that science is actually on their side, even if there are thousands of scientists who are placing their metaphysical preferences above the evidence.

"Some lame defenders of evolutionism claim that one needs a degree in biology to refute the origins of life by chance.

All evolutionists need to do is demonstrate how life can naturally come from non-life. But only experimental observations please. Leave your imaginations and dreams at the door."

Patrick D. McGuire,
From an amazon.com review of 'Not by Chance: Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution' by Lee M. Spetner

"The exquisite order displayed by our scientific understanding of the physical world calls for the divine."

Lee Strobel does what Darwinists cannot do, explain the source of information!

Strobel points out why scientists are turning away from Darwinism. Below, a summary of why the fossil record does NOT support Darwinism. Simply stated, organisms appear in the fossil record fully formed and other than some speciation (to varying degrees) have apparently remained in stasis ever since. A few kinds appear to have gone extinct but there is a kind of organism that fits into pretty much every crook and cranny of the Earth. This implies design as well.

As scientists explore a new universe—the universe inside the cell—they are making startling discoveries of information systems more complex than anything ever devised by humanity's best minds. How did they get there, and what does it mean for the theory of evolution?

Two great achievements occurred in 1953, more than half a century ago.

The first was the successful ascent of Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world. Sir Edmund Hillary and his guide, Tenzing Norgay, reached the summit that year, an accomplishment that's still considered the ultimate feat for mountain climbers. Since then, more than a thousand mountaineers have made it to the top, and each year hundreds more attempt it.

Yet the second great achievement of 1953 has had a greater impact on the world. Each year, many thousands join the ranks of those participating in this accomplishment, hoping to ascend to fame and fortune.

It was in 1953 that James Watson and Francis Crick achieved what appeared impossible—discovering the genetic structure deep inside the nucleus of our cells. We call this genetic material DNA, an abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid.

The discovery of the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule opened the floodgates for scientists to examine the code embedded within it. Now, more than half a century after the initial discovery, the DNA code has been deciphered—although many of its elements are still not well understood.

What has been found has profound implications regarding Darwinian evolution, the theory taught in schools all over the world that all living beings have evolved by natural processes through mutation and natural selection.

Amazing revelations about DNA

As scientists began to decode the human DNA molecule, they found something quite unexpected—an exquisite 'language' composed of some 3 billion genetic letters. "One of the most extraordinary discoveries of the twentieth century," says Dr. Stephen Meyer, director of the Center for Science and Culture at the Discovery Institute in Seattle, Wash., "was that DNA actually stores information—the detailed instructions for assembling proteins—in the form of a four-character digital code" (quoted by Lee Strobel, The Case for a Creator, 2004, p. 224).

It is hard to fathom, but the amount of information in human DNA is roughly equivalent to 12 sets of The Encyclopaedia Britannica—an incredible 384 volumes" worth of detailed information that would fill 48 feet of library shelves!

Yet in their actual size—which is only two millionths of a millimeter thick—a teaspoon of DNA, according to molecular biologist Michael Denton, could contain all the information needed to build the proteins for all the species of organisms that have ever lived on the earth, and "there would still be enough room left for all the information in every book ever written" (Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, 1996, p. 334).

Who or what could miniaturize such information and place this enormous number of 'letters' in their proper sequence as a genetic instruction manual? Could evolution have gradually come up with a system like this?

DNA contains a genetic language

Let's first consider some of the characteristics of this genetic 'language.' For it to be rightly called a language, it must contain the following elements: an alphabet or coding system, correct spelling, grammar (a proper arrangement of the words), meaning (semantics) and an intended purpose.

Scientists have found the genetic code has all of these key elements. "The coding regions of DNA," explains Dr. Stephen Meyer, "have exactly the same relevant properties as a computer code or language" (quoted by Strobel, p. 237, emphasis in original).

The only other codes found to be true languages are all of human origin. Although we do find that dogs bark when they perceive danger, bees dance to point other bees to a source and whales emit sounds, to name a few examples of other species' communication, none of these have the composition of a language. They are only considered low-level communication signals.

The only types of communication considered high-level are human languages, artificial languages such as computer and Morse codes and the genetic code. No other communication system has been found to contain the basic characteristics of a language.

Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, commented that "DNA is like a software program, only much more complex than anything we've ever devised."

Can you imagine something more intricate than the most complex program running on a supercomputer being devised by accident through evolution—no matter how much time, how many mutations and how much natural selection are taken into account?

DNA language not the same as DNA molecule

Recent studies in information theory have come up with some astounding conclusions—namely, that information cannot be considered in the same category as matter and energy. It's true that matter or energy can carry information, but they are not the same as information itself.

For instance, a book such as Homer's Iliad contains information, but is the physical book itself information? No, the materials of the book—the paper, ink and glue contain the contents, but they are only a means of transporting it.

If the information in the book was spoken aloud, written in chalk or electronically reproduced in a computer, the information does not suffer qualitatively from the means of transporting it. "In fact the content of the message," says professor Phillip Johnson, "is independent of the physical makeup of the medium" (Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds, 1997, p. 71).

The same principle is found in the genetic code. The DNA molecule carries the genetic language, but the language itself is independent of its carrier. The same genetic information can be written in a book, stored in a compact disk or sent over the Internet, and yet the quality or content of the message has not changed by changing the means of conveying it.

As George Williams puts it: "The gene is a package of information, not an object. The pattern of base pairs in a DNA molecule specifies the gene. But the DNA molecule is the medium, it's not the message" (quoted by Johnson, p. 70).

Information from an intelligent source

In addition, this type of high-level information has been found to originate only from an intelligent source.

As Lee Strobel explains: "The data at the core of life is not disorganized, it's not simply orderly like salt crystals, but it's complex and specific information that can accomplish a bewildering task—the building of biological machines that far outstrip human technological capabilities" (p. 244).

For instance, the precision of this genetic language is such that the average mistake that is not caught turns out to be one error per 10 billion letters. If a mistake occurs in one of the most significant parts of the code, which is in the genes, it can cause a disease such as sickle-cell anemia. Yet even the best and most intelligent typist in the world couldn't come close to making only one mistake per 10 billion letters—far from it.

So to believe that the genetic code gradually evolved in Darwinian style would break all the known rules of how matter, energy and the laws of nature work. In fact, there has not been found in nature any example of one information system inside the cell gradually evolving into another functional information program.

Michael Behe, a biochemist and professor at Pennsylvania's Lehigh University, explains that genetic information is primarily an instruction manual and gives some examples.

He writes: "Consider a step-by-step list of [genetic] instructions. A mutation is a change in one of the lines of instructions. So instead of saying, "Take a 1/4-inch nut," a mutation might say, "Take a 3/8-inch nut." Or instead of "Place the round peg in the round hole," we might get "Place the round peg in the square hole" . . . What a mutation cannot do is change all the instructions in one step—say, [providing instructions] to build a fax machine instead of a radio" (Darwin's Black Box, 1996, p. 41).

We therefore have in the genetic code an immensely complex instruction manual that has been majestically designed by a more intelligent source than human beings.

Even one of the discoverers of the genetic code, the agnostic and recently deceased Francis Crick, after decades of work on deciphering it, admitted that "an honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going" (Life Itself, 1981, p. 88, emphasis added).

Evolution fails to provide answers

It is good to remember that, in spite of all the efforts of all the scientific laboratories around the world working over many decades, they have not been able to produce so much as a single human hair. How much more difficult is it to produce an entire body consisting of some 100 trillion cells!

Up to now, Darwinian evolutionists could try to counter their detractors with some possible explanations for the complexity of life. But now they have to face the information dilemma: How can meaningful, precise information be createdby accident—by mutation and natural selection? None of these contain the mechanism of intelligence, a requirement for creating complex information such as that found in the genetic code.

Darwinian evolution is still taught in most schools as though it were fact. But it is increasingly being found wanting by a growing number of scientists. "As recently as twenty-five years ago," says former atheist Patrick Glynn, "a reasonable person weighing the purely scientific evidence on the issue would likely have come down on the side of skepticism [regarding a Creator]. That is no longer the case." He adds: "Today the concrete data point strongly in the direction of the God hypothesis. It is the simplest and most obvious solution . . ." (God: The Evidence, 1997, pp. 54-55, 53).

Quality of genetic information the same

Evolution tells us that through chance mutations and natural selection, living things evolve. Yet to evolve means to gradually change certain aspects of some living thing until it becomes another type of creature, and this can only be done by changing the genetic information.

So what do we find about the genetic code? The same basic quality of information exists in a humble bacteria or a plant as in a person. A bacterium has a shorter genetic code, but qualitatively it gives instructions as precisely and exquisitely as that of a human being. We find the same prerequisites of a language—alphabet, grammar and semantics—in simple bacteria and algae as in man.

Each cell with genetic information, from bacteria to man, according to molecular biologist Michael Denton, consists of "artificial languages and their decoding systems, memory banks for information storage and retrieval, elegant control systems regulating the automated assembly of parts and components, error fail-safe and proof-reading devices utilized for quality control, assembly processes involving the principle of prefabrication and modular construction . . . [and a] capacity not equalled in any of our most advanced machines, for it would be capable of replicating its entire structure within a matter of a few hours" (Denton, p. 329).

So how could the genetic information of bacteria gradually evolve into information for another type of being, when only one or a few minor mistakes in the millions of letters in that bacterium's DNA can kill it?

Again, evolutionists are uncharacteristically silent on the subject. They don't even have a working hypothesis about it. Lee Strobel writes: "The six feet of DNA coiled inside every one of our body's one hundred trillion cells contains a four-letter chemical alphabet that spells out precise assembly instructions for all the proteins from which our bodies are made . . . No hypothesis has come close to explaining how information got into biological matter by naturalistic means" (Strobel, p. 282).

Werner Gitt, professor of information systems, puts it succinctly: "The basic flaw of all evolutionary views is the origin of the information in living beings. It has never been shown that a coding system and semantic information could originate by itself [through matter] . . . The information theorems predict that this will never be possible. A purely material origin of life is thus [ruled out]" (Gitt, p. 124).

The clincher

Besides all the evidence we have covered for the intelligent design of DNA information, there is still one amazing fact remaining—the ideal number of genetic letters in the DNA code for storage and translation.

Moreover, the copying mechanism of DNA, to meet maximum effectiveness, requires the number of letters in each word to be an even number. Of all possible mathematical combinations, the ideal number for storage and transcription has been calculated to be four letters.

This is exactly what has been found in the genes of every living thing on earth—a four-letter digital code. As Werner Gitt states: "The coding system used for living beings is optimal from an engineering standpoint. This fact strengthens the argument that it was a case of purposeful design rather that a [lucky] chance" (Gitt, p. 95).

More witnesses

Back in Darwin's day, when his book On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, life appeared much simpler. Viewed through the primitive microscopes of the day, the cell appeared to be but a simple blob of jelly or uncomplicated protoplasm. Now, almost 150 years later, that view has changed dramatically as science has discovered a virtual universe inside the cell.

"It was once expected," writes Professor Behe, "that the basis of life would be exceedingly simple. That expectation has been smashed. Vision, motion, and other biological functions have proven to be no less sophisticated than television cameras and automobiles. Science has made enormous progress in understanding how the chemistry of life works, but the elegance and complexity of biological systems at the molecular level have paralyzed science's attempt to explain their origins" (Behe, p. x).

Dr. Meyer considers the recent discoveries about DNA as the Achilles" heel of evolutionary theory. He observes: "Evolutionists are still trying to apply Darwin's nineteenth-century thinking to a twenty-first century reality, and it's not working ... I think the information revolution taking place in biology is sounding the death knell for Darwinism and chemical evolutionary theories" (quoted by Strobel, p. 243).

Dr. Meyer's conclusion? "I believe that the testimony of science supports theism. While there will always be points of tension or unresolved conflict, the major developments in science in the past five decades have been running in a strongly theistic direction" (ibid., p. 77).

Dean Kenyon, a biology professor who repudiated his earlier book on Darwinian evolution—mostly due to the discoveries of the information found in DNA—states: "This new realm of molecular genetics (is) where we see the most compelling evidence of design on the Earth" (ibid., p. 221).

Just recently, one of the world's most famous atheists, Professor Antony Flew, admitted he couldn't explain how DNA was created and developed through evolution. He now accepts the need for an intelligent source to have been involved in the making of the DNA code.

"What I think the DNA material has done is show that intelligence must have been involved in getting these extraordinary diverse elements together," he said (quoted by Richard Ostling, "Leading Atheist Now Believes in God," Associated Press report, Dec. 9, 2004).

"Fearfully and wonderfully made"

Although written thousands of years ago, King David's words about our marvelous human bodies still ring true. He wrote: "For You formed my inward parts, You covered me in my mother's womb. I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made . . . My frame was not hidden from You, when I was made in secret, and skillfully wrought. . ."(Psalm 139:13-15, emphasis added).

Where does all this leave evolution? Michael Denton, an agnostic scientist, concludes: "Ultimately the Darwinian theory of evolution is no more nor less than the great cosmogenic myth of the twentieth century" (Denton, p. 358).

All of this has enormous implications for our society and culture. Professor Johnson makes this clear when he states: "Every history of the twentieth century lists three thinkers as preeminent in influence: Darwin, Marx and Freud. All three were regarded as 'scientific' (and hence far more reliable than anything 'religious') in their heyday.

"Yet Marx and Freud have fallen, and even their dwindling bands of followers no longer claim that their insights were based on any methodology remotely comparable to that of experimental science. I am convinced that Darwin is next on the block. His fall will be by far the mightiest of the three" (Johnson, p. 113).

Evolution has had its run for almost 150 years in the schools and universities and in the press. But now, with the discovery of what the DNA code is all about, the complexity of the cell, and the fact that information is something vastly different from matter and energy, evolution can no longer dodge the ultimate outcome. The evidence certainly points to a resounding checkmate for evolution! GN

Drawings Faked to Support Evolution?
Ever since Darwin wrote his famous book on evolution, The Origin of Species, evolutionists have pointed to exam- ples they claim support the theory of evolution. But how good is that evidence?

Creation or Evolution: Did God Create Man?
This issue of The Good News begins a series on creation and evolution. Did God form the heavens and earth, or is the world and everything in it the result of mindless, random evolutionary forces?

Evolution: Fact or Fiction?
Are scientists quietly discarding Darwin's venerable theory of the origin of the species? The Good News continues its examination of creation and evolution. How solid is the evidence supporting natural selection and evolution? Can they be proven?

A Course on Evolution and Faith
What happens when a young person who believes in God studies evolution? Read this first-hand account to discover what happened to one college freshman.

Death of Darwinism
Did you realize that virtually every idea of evolution has been proved wrong by true, scientific discoveries? Learn more!

How Did Life Begin?
Science has long sought answers to several important questions: What is life? Where did it come from? How did it begin? You won't the answers by peering into a microscope, telescope or test tube.

Serious Problems With Dating Methods
Why do geologists so frequently fail to understand that the biblical Flood was the force that created some geologic formations? One important answer lies in the way they date these formations.

The typical scientist of today cannot explain symbiotic amphibian/algae in terms of evolution without sounding like idiots. Or perhaps more like brainwashed automatons spitting out the same old stuff decade after decade! I have soldiered on in the blog world for several years and have seen that the majority of Darwinists have swallowed a staggeringly improbable and increasingly debunked hypothesis whole and will not have their intellectual stomachs pumped even upon threat of death because in actuality their adherence to Darwinism is metaphysical in nature. Science is so often not science at all, it is religion. The religion of Anything But God is big business. But is it in any way logical?..

Here is another common fallacy: "Everyone agrees that abiogeneis had to happen, that non-life developed somehow into life."

No, the Law of Biogenesis remains unchallenged. Never has life come from non-life and real scientists are throwing up their hands at the thought of finding a natural means of producing life. It is the same situation with the Laws of Thermodynamic. Naturalism is helpless to explain existence, information and life.

Only a supernatural Creator can explain these things.

The primary difference between ID proponents and Creationists is that Creationists are willing to identify the Designer as the Creator God whereas many ID scientists do not take the findings of operational science and deduce anything but simply study the world using the actual scientific method that involves methodological investigation. Naturalism is not part of the scientific method...

Warning! This is a blog. It is written by the blogger. The blogger is in charge of the blog. Commenters are welcome as long as they are not profane but the content of the posts and whether or not the blogger engages with commenters for any length of time is entirely up to the author. The blog is like a ship at sea with a course to follow with many ports of call but it will not come to full stop at the whim of a passenger. Welcome aboard!

A short commentary about this blog follows today's articles concerning life at the microscopic level...

Evolutionary propaganda often understates the difficulty of a naturalistic origin of life. Production of traces of ‘building blocks’ is commonly equated with proving that they could have built up the required complicated molecules under natural conditions. The instability of ‘building blocks’ in non-biotic environments is usually glossed over.

The RNA/DNA base cytosine is not produced in spark discharge experiments. The proposed prebiotic productions are chemically unrealistic because the alleged precursors are unlikely to be concentrated enough, and they would undergo side reactions with other organic compounds, or hydrolyse. Cytosine itself is too unstable to accumulate over alleged geological ‘deep time’, as its half life for deamination is 340 years at 25°C...

Summary

Abiogenesis is the theory that under the proper conditions life can arise spontaneously from non-living molecules. One of the most widely cited studies used to support this conclusion is the famous Miller–Urey experiment. Surveys of textbooks find that the Miller–Urey study is the major (or only) research cited to prove abiogenesis. Although widely heralded for decades by the popular press as ‘proving’ that life originated on the early earth entirely under natural conditions, we now realize the experiment actually provided compelling evidence for the opposite conclusion. It is now recognized that this set of experiments has done more to show that abiogenesis on Earth is not possible than to indicate how it could be possible. This paper reviews some of the many problems with this research, which attempted to demonstrate a feasible method of abiogenesis on the early earth.

Contemporary research has failed to provide a viable explanation as to how abiogenesis could have occurred on Earth. The abiogenesis problem is now so serious that most evolutionists today tend to shun the entire field because they are ‘uneasy about stating in public that the origin of life is a mystery, even though behind closed doors they freely admit that they are baffled’ because ‘it opens the door to religious fundamentalists and their god-of-the-gaps pseudo-explanations’ and they worry that a ‘frank admission of ignorance will undermine funding’.

What information is?

How odd is has been to try to nail down Darwinists on the subject of information. They will not answer the question, "where did information come from?" They know what the question means and therefore dodge it in various ways. It does remind one of Bill Clinton trying to lie his way past his lies concerning a tawdry affair with an intern, especially his famous statement which is explained in this excerpt from a Slate article, below:

Years from now, when we look back on Bill Clinton's presidency, its defining moment may well be Clinton's rationalization to the grand jury about why he wasn't lying when he said to his top aides that with respect to Monica Lewinsky, "there's nothing going on between us." How can this be? Here's what Clinton told the grand jury (according to footnote 1,128 in Starr's report):

"It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is' is. If the--if he--if 'is' means is and never has been, that is not--that is one thing. If it means there is none, that was a completely true statement....Now, if someone had asked me on that day, are you having any kind of sexual relations with Ms. Lewinsky, that is, asked me a question in the present tense, I would have said no. And it would have been completely true."

~

That Bill Clinton was able to quadruple-talk his way around an outright lie and in fact managed to retain his Presidency is a credit to his ability to BS and also the fact that politicians have a lot of empathy for fellow politicians. But no one believes that Bill Clinton was successfully arguing his point. For that reason I am lambasting commenters who continue to dodge the question of where information comes from. My standard commenter is playing leap-question by trying to take the discussion elsewhere. I will tell you readers why. Darwinists have no answer for the information found in organisms. They also claim that speciation is not information loss. But that way is very problematic for them. It is true that if we look at the "speciation" of dogs that we can recombine different dog populations and probably discover that the genetic information found in the total population has suffered little, if any, loss. But I challenge these commenters to find the specific genetic information necessary to reconstitute a Dodo Bird. Furthermore, the inability for Darwinists to look "under the hood" of organisms and see what is truly happening leads them to give examples that undermine their asserted positions.Here is an example:"The various Ensatina salamanders of the Pacific coast all descended from a common ancestral population. As the species spread southward from Oregon and Washington, subpopulations adapted to their local environments on either side of the San Joaquin Valley. From one population to the next, in a circular pattern, these salamanders are still able to interbreed successfully. However, where the circle closes -- in the black zone on the map in Southern California -- the salamanders no longer interbreed successfully. The variation within a single species has produced differences as large as those between two separate species. "

Public schools? In other words, your school system that is funded by your taxes, right? The place your kids go to learn and reason and prepare for life and also to be a useful citizen and a mature adult? There is an organization devoted to censor these kids from creationism?

Really? Did we have an organization funded in part by the US Government that was formed to defend Newtonian physics against Einstein's Relativity Theory? Do we have a group of Einstein followers who are devoted to wipe out any and all mention of Quantum Mechanics?

Darwinism - a horse and buggy hypothesis trying to navigate the digital highway!

"Why must we cling to an outmoded view of life that spun from minds eager to rid science of intelligent causes? We need a biology for the Information Age, where intelligent causes are well known. Intelligence, and only intelligence, explains codes, messages, software, error-correction routines, networks, and hierarchical systems of all the above. Step aside, Charlie. You had your day. You did your damage. We have a lot of repair work to do." (from an article linked below)

Citrate-eating bacteria? As Michael Behe mentioned:

"Now, wild E. coli already has a number of enzymes that normally use citrate and can digest it (it's not some exotic chemical the bacterium has never seen before). However, the wild bacterium lacks an enzyme called a "citrate permease" which can transport citrate from outside the cell through the cell's membrane into its interior. So all the bacterium needed to do to use citrate was to find a way to get it into the cell. The rest of the machinery for its metabolism was already there. As Lenski put it, "The only known barrier to aerobic growth on citrate is its inability to transport citrate under oxic conditions."

Nope. After over 30,000 generations, Citrate eating bacteria are apparently the result of a system failure or the recovery of a system previously displayed by the organism. No matter how Darwinists try to spin it, they cannot show that E. Coli actually added an information container with new information to the genome.

Nylon-eating bacteria? The evidence shows that the organism was designed to adjust to severe conditions and to "eat" a wide variety of substance not normally metabolized. New discoveries of how the cell reproduces have shown us that the mother controls the child and therefore guarantees that a different kind of organism cannot be made. However, there are switching mechanisms within the genome that allow for speciation of many kinds to take place more rapidly. The research required to locate and understand all of these switching mechanisms will take science many decades as we learn more about DNA and the cell.

In 1975, Japanese scientists discovered bacteria that could live on the waste products of nylon manufacture as their only source of carbon and nitrogen.1 Two species, Flavobacterium sp. K172 and Pseudomonas sp. NK87, were identified that degrade nylon compounds.

Much research has flowed from this discovery to elucidate the mechanism for the apparently novel ability of these bacteria.2 Three enzymes are involved in Flavobacterium K172: F-EI, F-EII and F-EIII, and two in Pseudomonas NK87: P-EI and P-EII. None of these have been found to have any catalytic activity towards naturally occurring amide compounds, suggesting that the enzymes are completely new, not just modified existing enzymes. Indeed no homology has been found with known enzymes. The genes for these enzymes are located on plasmids:3 plasmid pOAD2 in Flavobacterium and on two plasmids, pNAD2 and pNAD6, in Pseudomonas.

Apologists for materialism latched onto these findings as an example of evolution of new information by random mutations and natural selection, for example, Thwaites in 1985.4 Thwaites’ claims have been repeated by many, without updating or critical evaluation, since.

Is the evidence consistent with random mutations generating the new genes?

Thwaites claimed that the new enzyme arose through a frame shift mutation. He based this on a research paper published the previous year where this was suggested.5 If this were the case, the production of an enzyme would indeed be a fortuitous result, attributable to ‘pure chance’. However, there are good reasons to doubt the claim that this is an example of random mutations and natural selection generating new enzymes, quite aside from the extreme improbability of such coming about by chance.6
Evidence against the evolutionary explanation includes:

There are five transposable elements on the pOAD2 plasmid. When activated, transposase enzymes coded therein cause genetic recombination. Externally imposed stress such as high temperature, exposure to a poison, or starvation can activate transposases. The presence of the transposases in such numbers on the plasmid suggests that the plasmid is designed to adapt when the bacterium is under stress.

All five transposable elements are identical, with 764 base pairs (bp) each. This comprises over eight percent of the plasmid. How could random mutations produce three new catalytic/degradative genes (coding for EI, EII and EIII) without at least some changes being made to the transposable elements? Negoro speculated that the transposable elements must have been a ‘late addition’ to the plasmids to not have changed. But there is no evidence for this, other than the circular reasoning that supposedly random mutations generated the three enzymes and so they would have changed the transposase genes if they had been in the plasmid all along. Furthermore, the adaptation to nylon digestion does not take very long (see point 5 below), so the addition of the transposable elements afterwards cannot be seriously entertained.

All three types of nylon degrading genes appear on plasmids and only on plasmids. None appear on the main bacterial chromosomes of either Flavobacterium or Pseudomonas. This does not look like some random origin of these genes—the chance of this happening is low. If the genome of Flavobacterium is about two million bp,7 and the pOAD2 plasmid comprises 45,519 bp, and if there were say 5 pOAD2 plasmids per cell (~10% of the total chromosomal DNA), then the chance of getting all three of the genes on the pOAD2 plasmid would be about 0.0015. If we add the probability of the nylon degrading genes of Pseudomonas also only being on plasmids, the probability falls to 2.3 x 10-6. If the enzymes developed in the independent laboratory-controlled adaptation experiments (see point 5, below) also resulted in enzyme activity on plasmids (almost certainly, but not yet determined), then attributing the development of the adaptive enzymes purely to chance mutations becomes even more implausible.

The antisense DNA strand of the four nylon genes investigated in Flavobacterium and Pseudomonas lacks any stop codons.8 This is most remarkable in a total of 1,535 bases. The probability of this happening by chance in all four antisense sequences is about 1 in 1012. Furthermore, the EII gene in Pseudomonas is clearly not phylogenetically related to the EII genes of Flavobacterium, so the lack of stop codons in the antisense strands of all genes cannot be due to any commonality in the genes themselves (or in their ancestry). Also, the wild-type pOAD2 plasmid is not necessary for the normal growth of Flavobacterium, so functionality in the wild-type parent DNA sequences would appear not to be a factor in keeping the reading frames open in the genes themselves, let alone the antisense strands.

Some statements by Yomo et al., express their consternation:

‘These results imply that there may be some unknown mechanism behind the evolution of these genes for nylon oligomer-degrading enzymes.

‘The presence of a long NSF (non-stop frame) in the antisense strand seems to be a rare case, but it may be due to the unusual characteristics of the genes or plasmids for nylon oligomer degradation.

‘Accordingly, the actual existence of these NSFs leads us to speculate that some special mechanism exists in the regions of these genes.’

It looks like recombination of codons (base pair triplets), not single base pairs, has occurred between the start and stop codons for each sequence. This would be about the simplest way that the antisense strand could be protected from stop codon generation. The mechanism for such a recombination is unknown, but it is highly likely that the transposase genes are involved.

Interestingly, Yomo et al. also show that it is highly unlikely that any of these genes arose through a frame shift mutation, because such mutations (forward or reverse) would have generated lots of stop codons. This nullifies the claim of Thwaites that a functional gene arose from a purely random process (an accident).

The Japanese researchers demonstrated that nylon degrading ability can be obtained de novo in laboratory cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa [strain] POA, which initially had no enzymes capable of degrading nylon oligomers.9 This was achieved in a mere nine days! The rapidity of this adaptation suggests a special mechanism for such adaptation, not something as haphazard as random mutations and selection.

The researchers have not been able to ascertain any putative ancestral gene to the nylon-degrading genes. They represent a new gene family. This seems to rule out gene duplications as a source of the raw material for the new genes.8

P. aeruginosa is renowned for its ability to adapt to unusual food sources—such as toluene, naphthalene, camphor, salicylates and alkanes. These abilities reside on plasmids known as TOL, NAH, CAM, SAL and OCT respectively.2 Significantly, they do not reside on the chromosome (many examples of antibiotic resistance also reside on plasmids).

The chromosome of P. aeruginosa has 6.3 million base pairs, which makes it one of the largest bacterial genomes sequenced. Being a large genome means that only a relatively low mutation rate can be tolerated within the actual chromosome, otherwise error catastrophe would result. There is no way that normal mutations in the chromosome could generate a new enzyme in nine days and hypermutation of the chromosome itself would result in non-viable bacteria. Plasmids seem to be adaptive elements designed to make bacteria capable of adaptation to new situations while maintaining the integrity of the main chromosome.

Stasis in bacteria

P. aeruginosa was first named by Schroeter in 1872.10 It still has the same features that identify it as such. So, in spite of being so ubiquitous, so prolific and so rapidly adaptable, this bacterium has not evolved into a different type of bacterium. Note that the number of bacterial generations possible in over 130 years is huge—equivalent to tens of millions of years of human generations, encompassing the origin of the putative common ancestor of ape and man, according to the evolutionary story, indeed perhaps even all primates. And yet the bacterium shows no evidence of directional change—stasis rules, not progressive evolution. This alone should cast doubt on the evolutionary paradigm. Flavobacterium was first named in 1889 and it likewise still has the same characteristics as originally described.

It seems clear that plasmids are designed features of bacteria that enable adaptation to new food sources or the degradation of toxins. The details of just how they do this remains to be elucidated. The results so far clearly suggest that these adaptations did not come about by chance mutations, but by some designed mechanism. This mechanism might be analogous to the way that vertebrates rapidly generate novel effective antibodies with hypermutation in B-cell maturation, which does not lend credibility to the grand scheme of neo-Darwinian evolution.11 Further research will, I expect, show that there is a sophisticated, irreducibly complex, molecular system involved in plasmid-based adaptation—the evidence strongly suggests that such a system exists. This system will once again, as the black box becomes illuminated, speak of intelligent creation, not chance. Understanding this adaptation system could well lead to a breakthrough in disease control, because specific inhibitors of the adaptation machinery could protect antibiotics from the development of plasmid-based resistance in the target pathogenic microbes.

A plasmid is an extra-chromosomal loop of DNA in a bacterium. Such loops of DNA, unlike the chromosomal DNA, can be swapped between different species of bacteria. An individual bacterium can have several types of plasmid, and multiple copies of each. Return to text.

Ohno, S., Birth of a unique enzyme from an alternative reading frame of the preexisted, internally repetitious coding sequence, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA81:2421–2425, 1984. Return to text.

As of the date of writing, no Flavobacterium sp. genome has been sequenced. Return to text.

Yomo, T., Urabe, I. and Okada, H., No stop codons in the antisense strands of the genes for nylon oligomer degradation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA89:3780–3784, 1992. Return to text.

The above are just a selection of posts from among the MANY I have shared with readers so that they can plainly see that Darwinism cannot account for existence, time, life, information or design. Darwinism in fact really cannot explain anything. It has become territory for science fiction writers to put on scientist hats and make up stories. So Tyrannosaurus Rex became a Robin? Some kind of cow decided to go back to the ocean and be a whale? In what way are such remarkable speculations considered science? Darwinists make fun of the Bible and the story of creation and the narrative surrounding Noah's Ark but the simple truth is that the evidence comes down on the side of the Bible. Take away the unsupported suppositions of Darwinism and, voila, like a magician we make it disappear. There is no "there" there.

It is time for science and academia to quit censoring ID findings and quit segregating creationists from scientific associations as if creationists were black and science was 1960's Mississippi. We've gone from "whites only" drinking fountains to "Darwinists only" colleges, scientific organizations and even government entities like NASA. Why do Darwinists try so hard to stifle dissent? For the same reason North Korea tries to keep news of the outside world away from its oppressed people. Creationism has the ring of truth and the force of evidence on their side so Darwinists cannot tolerate a level playing field because they know they will lose. I do hope it happens in my lifetime, the day that Darwinism cracks open like an egg and all the BS flows out. The day that the Berlin Wall of Censorship is broken down and free discourse and dissemination of information, evidence and ideas can again flow!

33 comments:

Anonymous whatsit
said...

Funny how when you click on any of the articles pasted here, your points are taken apart in the comments. And yet here you are, re-pasting them (copypastapasta?) without the comments. It's almost like you absolutely HAVE to stick your fingers in your ears and run away from opposing arguments. Why is that, I wonder.

No, the commenters have failed to take anything apart. How about you, chum? Their opposing arguments are cotton candy and wispy clouds, no substance at all.

No way to generate informationNo hope of breaking the law of biogenesisNo explanation for the formation of the UniverseNo source for the coding software and operating systems used by the cell No evidence of design by random accidents.

It is more likely than winds formed the faces on Mt. Rushmore than even one living organism ever arose by chance. Darwinism has no evidence, just lots of talking heads with stories and made-up scientific disciplines like "astro-biologist!" The self-aggrandized Richard Dawkins couldn't even make it through an interview with an actor in "Expelled" without revealing the remarkably shallow level of understanding he presents to the world.

Impossibility of abiogenesis through natural means has never been tested scientifically, hence the law of biogenesis is not confirmed in that specific regard.

"No explanation for the formation of the Universe"

I'd include all religious explanations in that. They are not confirmed by scientific observations and some if not all (including the Christian one) are disqualified because they directly contradict scientific observations.

"No source for the coding software and operating systems used by the cell"

What, as in how it happened specifically? Not having read every scientific paper ever written, I don't know if scientists do have a detailed explanation for that. In general, the explanation is evolution over millions of years.

"No evidence of design by random accidents."

Strawman argument. Why would you leave out the crucial element of natural selection?

No one has EVER shown new information being produced by mutation, just copied or broken information already in existence. Wrong.

"No hope of breaking the law of biogenesis"

Impossibility of abiogenesis through natural means has never been tested scientifically, hence the law of biogenesis is not confirmed in that specific regard.

No, the Law of Biogenesis has been established and proven. This is a flat out lie. Pasteur put the finishing touches on this in the 19th Century. Wrong.

"No explanation for the formation of the Universe"

I'd include all religious explanations in that. They are not confirmed by scientific observations and some if not all (including the Christian one) are disqualified because they directly contradict scientific observations.

Scientific observations are that nothing is being either created or destroyed in the material Universe, hence, no power for the Universe to make itself, hence, the Creator is from without the Universe.

"No source for the coding software and operating systems used by the cell"

What, as in how it happened specifically? Not having read every scientific paper ever written, I don't know if scientists do have a detailed explanation for that. In general, the explanation is evolution over millions of years.

Information. It comes from intelligence. Evolution is not intelligence. You said a mouthful of nothihg. Wrong.

"No evidence of design by random accidents."

Strawman argument. Why would you leave out the crucial element of natural selection?

Because natural selection is simply a means of selecting from pre-existing genetic information to produce the child. It is actually a designed process and obviously didn't design itself! It is prevarication to credit natural selection with any power to accomplish design. It was designed and very intricately designed. More to the point, it is a description of the outcome of multiple designed systems. WRONG SQUARED!

"Because natural selection is simply a means of selecting from pre-existing genetic information to produce the child. "

Wrong. As usual.

"Natural selection" is the name given to the observed fact that certain genotypic variants have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than other variants do. Over time, such a more-successful variant spreads through the local gene pool until either it fills the whole pool, or the environment changes to neutralize the advantage it gives, or some other variant appears that is still more advantageous.

Jon Woolf is spectacularly wrong. Natural selection has no power, it is not a system or a force. It is simply a description of what happens when pre-exising genetic material is selected from the genome by the survival rate of the various organisms within a kind. All the variation comes from the genetic material within the parent organisms. This is proven scientific fact. Jon Woolf cannot show that any organism has ever produced new information within the genome. Information is kept, it is lost, it is broken and sometimes it is copied but it is always pre-existent. Darwinists lie about this constantly. So those of you who wondered about when Jon Woolf was lying, well, when he talks about natural selection or information he commonly lies about them.

Natural selection plus mutation do not produce new information. GA doesn't resemble real life. GA are formal programs run on operating systems run on computers which have both an OS and a BIOS in addition to the GA program. In other words, we require intelligent design to devise a way to produce GA. GA thereby demonstrates nothing.

DNA is a complex coding system that codes for proteins and instructs the cell what to do. No matter what operation taking place in the cell might be, it is powered by ATP. ATP Synthase is the microscopic motor and process that provides the ATP that fuels all cellular activity. ATP is required to read DNA but DNA is required to code for the ATP engine. All sorts of cellular designs are like this. You often have to have several processes working at once to actually produce an activity or run a process or system in cells. None of this can be explained by evolution.

"Jon Woolf is spectacularly wrong. Natural selection has no power, it is not a system or a force."

Did you actually bother to read what Jon Woolf wrote? Here it is again:

""Natural selection" is the name given to the observed fact that certain genotypic variants have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than other variants do."

Where do you think he described it as having a power or being a system or a force?

Seriously. Why would you make up stuff from scratch like this and pretend somebody else said it when we can clearly see - in the comment immediately above your misrepresentation - that Jon Woolf said no such thing?

Why?

Surely there's a Christian commandment that has something to say about this kind of behavior, no?

"All the variation comes from the genetic material within the parent organisms. This is proven scientific fact."

You left out copying errors.

"Information is kept, it is lost, it is broken and sometimes it is copied but it is always pre-existent."

If it is "broken" but then preserved because it is useful in some other way, we would call that "new" information. Would you call that "pre-existent" information?

"Darwinists lie about this constantly. So those of you who wondered about when Jon Woolf was lying, well, when he talks about natural selection or information he commonly lies about them."

1. What exactly is the lie?

2. Just a day or two ago you had a fit because some commenters said unkind words about Sarfati, and now here you are, casually flinging the words "lie" and "liar" around without any basis whatsoever. There is nothing to indicate that Woolf is lying, just because he says something you disagree with.

You have a disagreement with Woolf and with other commenters. Fine. Argue it out and be civil.

"Natural selection plus mutation do not produce new information. GA doesn't resemble real life. GA are formal programs run on operating systems run on computers which have both an OS and a BIOS in addition to the GA program. In other words, we require intelligent design to devise a way to produce GA. GA thereby demonstrates nothing."

A genetic algorithm is a model. A simulation. For someone who works with computers, such as yourself, why would this be so difficult to grasp?

If someone built a simulation of the world's traffic network and used it to demonstrate or find out something about that traffic network, would you consider it meaningless because it is a simulation, not an observation of the real thing?

"DNA is a complex coding system that codes for proteins and instructs the cell what to do. No matter what operation taking place in the cell might be, it is powered by ATP. ATP Synthase is the microscopic motor and process that provides the ATP that fuels all cellular activity. ATP is required to read DNA but DNA is required to code for the ATP engine. All sorts of cellular designs are like this. You often have to have several processes working at once to actually produce an activity or run a process or system in cells. None of this can be explained by evolution."

"Scientific observations are that nothing is being either created or destroyed in the material Universe, hence, no power for the Universe to make itself, hence, the Creator is from without the Universe."

"Because natural selection is simply a means of selecting from pre-existing genetic information to produce the child."

In part, yes. But now you're leaving out the aspect of mutations. Always something, isn't it?

"It is actually a designed process and obviously didn't design itself!"

Now you're in the land of conjecture. You can't say it "actually" is a "designed process" without any evidence for this whatsoever.

"It is prevarication to credit natural selection with any power to accomplish design."

Functionality is a better term. "Design" carries too many implications and can be confusing.

Natural selection can alter functionality and can even result in new functionality, as has been observed.

And no, no prevarication (a.k.a. lying) was involved. You really should try to argue more civilly. We can all call each other liars if you'd like, but it doesn't advance the discussion one bit. So let's put that aside and simply argue with facts.

"It was designed and very intricately designed. More to the point, it is a description of the outcome of multiple designed systems. WRONG SQUARED!"

Ignorance becomes wearying and when a commenter says the same thing time after time it gets so incredibly old.

Prevarication is a common theme used by trolls. Some commenters are trolls and some are not. After awhile I weary of the trolls. Perhaps the problem is that no one is expected to think on what is actually said.

"Jon Woolf is spectacularly wrong. Natural selection has no power, it is not a system or a force."

Did you actually bother to read what Jon Woolf wrote? Here it is again:

""Natural selection" is the name given to the observed fact that certain genotypic variants have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than other variants do."

Where do you think he described it as having a power or being a system or a force?

Seriously. Why would you make up stuff from scratch like this and pretend somebody else said it when we can clearly see - in the comment immediately above your misrepresentation - that Jon Woolf said no such thing?

If you have read all that Woolf has written, you will see that he credits natural selection plus mutation as the force that creates information. I have read his comments for a long time and have therefore pointed out that he does try to give natural selection power to create information when it has no such power.

Why?

Now you know. Natural selection is observable as a process resulting from the system of speciation within kind or variation within kind if you prefer. Mendel first identified the basics of genetics and now we can see within the cell and have identified hardware, software, operating systems, information, coding, meta-information, pre-built switches - a system with contingencies and redundancies built in to preserve the kind. Nothing random about it.

Surely there's a Christian commandment that has something to say about this kind of behavior, no?

Right, I would say so. I would say that Jon Woolf is lying about natural selection OR he is incredibly ignorant about it. If he is ignorant he would be wise to not speak on the subject. If he understands it, then he is lying.

"All the variation comes from the genetic material within the parent organisms. This is proven scientific fact."

You left out copying errors.

Okay, look at DNA like a typewriter and you are a typist copying a transcript. You might type hte instead of the but you will never hit a key that is not there. The same is true with DNA. CATG are the letters available and the order of the "letters" makes for the transmission of information. If the organism makes a copying error there is still nothing new there, just a mistake.

"Information is kept, it is lost, it is broken and sometimes it is copied but it is always pre-existent."

If it is "broken" but then preserved because it is useful in some other way, we would call that "new" information. Would you call that "pre-existent" information?

Perhaps you are desperate by now to find an answer to the information question. But that last sentence is not sensible. If it already existed and is then broken in two it is not a new thing. It was there before it broke. As I said, you can take a stool and take it apart and have some bats or drumsticks and one very pathetic frisbee but you didn't make anything new.

DNA studies have identified pre-existing material being copied twice, or being transferred and often being broken but never has anyone identified something new coming along.

People need to understand that DNA is a coding system, a language, and that language is quite complex. It is far beyond the imagination of any rational person to suppose that just by accident all these trillions of varieties of organisms all developed a code using four units to pass along massive amounts of information when mankind has struggled to produce fast computers using binary code!

You see, the components of DNA cannot form naturally anyway but even if they could, they are racemic and DNA is all left-handed whereas RNA is all right-handed and they have to match up and transmit actual information, which is not in the proteins or sugars but like a language is contained within the order of the objects or container of information.

a big fox or a fig box.

Same letters but one transposition and the message changed.

lyisl or silly.

Same letters but the the arrangement is important. The first word didn't mean anything to us English speakers but the second did.

You have perhaps 100 trillion cells and each one has billions of parts and each cell has about 3 gigs of information within the DNA of the cell. So you have 300 trillion gigs of information within your cells, approximately. You need that information and you will hope it doesn't get corrupted because cells that begin copying without proper instructions are what we call cancer.

Science long ago proved that life doesn't come from non-life. But once you had a one-celled organism, how would it reproduce? How would a one-celled organism decide to be a multiple celled organism and with what would it mate? Don't you see that if you carefully scrutinize Darwinism it is one piece of nonsense after another?

Funny when you say:Ignorance becomes wearying and when a commenter says the same thing time after time it gets so incredibly old.

And then follow it with this:You see, the components of DNA cannot form naturally anyway but even if they could, they are racemic and DNA is all left-handed whereas RNA is all right-handed [snip rest]

Not sure where you're getting your organic chem information but...

You see, nucleic acids can be D or L, as you said, but are all D form in life. DNA and RNA at the nucleotide level are identical save for the oxygen (or lack thereof) at the 2' carbon. Repeat: they are not opposite.

As for the helices formed by DNA, they can be either right or left depending on whether it's A, B or Z DNA.

And then:You have perhaps 100 trillion cells and each one has billions of parts and each cell has about 3 gigs of information within the DNA of the cell. So you have 300 trillion gigs of information within your cells, approximately.

Funny... I think it was you who said (more than once) that duplication isn't an addition of information, so wouldn't that make it 3 gigs total, no matter how many cells if all the cells contain the same thing?

All of you - do you think the information in a brain cell is the same as in a bone cell? In a muscle cell? Do you think there are differences in the many cells of the eye? There are trillions of different cells in the body but each of them must know their "place" and fulfill it. None of you has a finger growing out of your ear.

A simple copying mistake can produce an extra toe. But it will not produce five fingers and an ear.

A single cell doesn't have the information required to become a multi-cellular organism. Furthermore, once you start on the path of multi-cells you begin to divide up tasks and purposes. That requires information.

If you take a 500 gig harddrive and put it in your computer and fill it with music and pictures and emails and programs and then take it out and weigh it, it will weigh the same as it did when you started out with a brand new "empty" harddrive. Information has no weight, no substance and no material form. Therefore it doesn't come from a material source.

Your hocus-pocus science doesn't get any better because you know some of the vernacular and can spit it out. You still cannot account for life, nor for a jump from one cell to multi-cell organisms and certainly not how complex organisms like a whale or a man come from no planning and no design and no creative power. Nice for you that you have terminology for your fairy tales but fairy tales they remain because you have:

No way to produce life from non-lifeNo way to account for informationNo way to account for existence

Those are the biggies. You commenters have given me mounds of verbiage but never an answer. Mutation doesn't produce "new" information, it breaks up pre-existing information and, by the way, if there was no information there in the first place there would be nothing to mutate. So that explanation falls flat immediately.

IAMB, if you know so much about DNA, describe to me the process that the components could form and exist and come together in the natural world. A Nobel prize and a place in the pantheon of scientific greats awaits you if you can do this. If not, realize that everything you say about the beginning of life is without substance.

"All of you - do you think the information in a brain cell is the same as in a bone cell? In a muscle cell? Do you think there are differences in the many cells of the eye? There are trillions of different cells in the body but each of them must know their "place" and fulfill it. None of you has a finger growing out of your ear."

You're right in a small way and wrong in a big way. Yes, there are different groups of cells within the body, so they don't essentially all duplicate each other. But you can't jump from that to a conclusion that there are trillions of different cells that don't duplicate each other. The number of types of cells is much smaller than that.

"If you take a 500 gig harddrive and put it in your computer and fill it with music and pictures and emails and programs and then take it out and weigh it, it will weigh the same as it did when you started out with a brand new "empty" harddrive. Information has no weight, no substance and no material form. Therefore it doesn't come from a material source."

Did you make up this argument yourself? Because it's one of your funniest ones yet.

1. You don't think the information on the hard drive has material form, simply because the weight of the hard drive didn't change? Radar, this is your actual area of expertise, not something that you just pretend to know about.

What happens on a hard drive when information is written to it? Does the hard drive change in any material way?

Think about that. Think hard.

2. Do you think that everything that doesn't have material form is supernatural? What about, say, democracy, friendship, time? Are they all supernatural as well?

I'll give you a hint: you've imposed a false dichotomy of material / supernatural. Those aren't the only options.

That depends on whether the rearranged information has resulted in some function or advantage.

"and, by the way, if there was no information there in the first place there would be nothing to mutate."

If a certain arrangement of molecules can reproduce in some form, then any arrangement of molecules that can reproduce more effectively contains information - namely information about how to reproduce more effectively.

All of you - do you think the information in a brain cell is the same as in a bone cell? In a muscle cell?

I don't "think" it... it's common knowledge that every one of your cells contains the exact same genome, with the exception of mature red blood cells (and I think some differentiated immune cells). Don't take my word for it... the Human Genome Project people will tell you the same thing. The information is the same... what the cells do with it during development is a different story.

Do you think there are differences in the many cells of the eye?

Doesn't follow at all. The cells are different. The information contained within them is the same.

A single cell doesn't have the information required to become a multi-cellular organism.

Really? How did you start out then?

Snark aside, you should look into Myxococcus sometime and then come back and tell us that single cells can't show us a pathway toward multicellularity with specialized cells. It's really quite fascinating stuff.

IAMB, if you know so much about DNA, describe to me the process that the components could form and exist and come together in the natural world.

Honest answer: who knows? The part that must really burn is that I don't feel even the slightest bit uncomfortable with not having all the answers. At least there are people working on them.

A Nobel prize and a place in the pantheon of scientific greats awaits you if you can do this.

For sure, but I could care less if I ever have a Nobel. Personally I have a few pet hypotheses dealing with the origin of life, but I'm sure they go against the mainstream by around 180 degrees.

If not, realize that everything you say about the beginning of life is without substance.

Funny... I can't seem to remember saying anything about the origin of life around here. No harm, no foul. If, however, you want to use my position as a "Darwinist" to casually ignore or blow off everything I say regarding biology, that's your prerogative.

IAMB, you have an attitude because you know you cannot answer my questions no matter what your IQ may be. Dare I ask if you decided to join Mensa? Just curious.

What you think you know and what you know is something only God can say. Carl Sagan was a brilliant man but obviously very misled. He believed in a Universe that was somehow eternal and all-encompassing despite the fact that he could not account for the simplest of problems.

The formation of life from non-life, IAMB, if you really do know your stuff, then you know there are barriers to the process that cannot be avoided. The components of DNA cannot form "in the wild" and, even if they could, who would turn them into code? You cannot explain where the typewriter comes from and even if you had one, who taps the keys to write the program?

You can be smart and still be gullible. Those who believe that the Law of Biogenensis will EVER be broken are either uninformed, dumb, or hopelessly brainwashed. Abiogenesis has NO chance at all of happening nor did it ever have a chance in the past. You can get as angry as you like but go ahead and try to reason it out step by step and you are not going to get any farther than Miller and Urey.

"Those who believe that the Law of Biogenensis will EVER be broken are either uninformed, dumb, or hopelessly brainwashed. Abiogenesis has NO chance at all of happening nor did it ever have a chance in the past."

Idle speculation from someone who refuses to acquaint themselves with the issue on ideological grounds.

"IAMB, you have an attitude because you know you cannot answer my questions no matter what your IQ may be."

Of course IAMB has an attitude - a rather pleasant and refreshing one. His obvious knowledge of the subject is also quite refreshing... in stark contrast to you, Mr. "too proud to retract his claim that human and chimp genomes are 23% different".

It has nothing to do with his IQ. Certain things are still being examined and investigated, as is well known.

In the case of quantum physics, you're willing to allow that not everything is known and that research will likely bring future fruit.

In the case of abiogenesis by natural means on a microbiological level, you're not willing to allow any such thing and instead insist that scientists centuries ago, testing for a different aspect (life coming from non-life, as opposed to non-life generating life), laid down some immutable Law that one dare not violate.

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The best thing to give to your enemy is forgiveness; to an opponent, tolerance; to a friend, your heart; to your child, a good example; to a father, deference; to your mother, conduct that will make her proud of you; to yourself, respect; to all men, charity.Francis Maitland Balfour