A presidential sash is a cloth sash worn by presidents of many nations in the world. Such sashes are worn by presidents in Africa, Asia, Europe and, most notably, in Latin America.

The sash is an important symbol of the continuity of the presidency, and is only worn by the president. Its value as a symbol of the office of the head of state can be compared to that of a crown in monarchies. When the president leaves office, he or she formally presents the sash to his or her successor as part of the official inauguration ceremony.

Presidential sashes are usually very colorful, and designed to resemble the nation's flag, especially those of Latin American presidents. They are usually worn over the right shoulder to the left side of the hip. The national coat of arms is also usually placed on the sash. A national order's star or chain of office can also be worn.

1.
Sash
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A sash is a large and usually colorful ribbon or band of material worn around the body, draping from one shoulder to the opposing hip, or else running around the waist. The sash around the waist may be worn in daily attire, ceremonial sashes are also found in a V-shaped format, draping from both shoulders to the stomach like a large necklace. In Latin America and some countries of Africa, a presidential sash indicates a presidents authority. Sashes traditionally form part of military attire. Most of the European Royal families wear sashes as a part of their royal regalia, some orders such as the Légion dhonneur include sashes as part of the seniormost grades insignia. Likewise Italian military officers wear light blue sashes over the shoulder on ceremonial occasions. Sashes are a feature of some regiments of the modern French Army for parade dress. In its traditional Franco-Algerian or zouave form the sash was four metres in length, in the historic French Army of Africa, sashes were worn around the waist in either blue for European or red for indigenous troops. At the time of the American Civil War silk sashes in crimson were authorized for officers, generals continued to wear buff silk sashes in full dress until 1917. In the Confederate Army of the Civil War period sash colour indicated the corps or status of the wearer. For example, gold for cavalry, burgundy for infantry, black for chaplains, red for sergeants, green or blue for medics, and grey or cream for general officers. With the exception of the West Point Band Drum Major, today the West Point cadet officer is the person in the US Army who wears a sword and sash. The modern British Army retains a scarlet sash for wear in certain orders of dress by sergeants and above serving in infantry regiments, over the right shoulder to the left hip. A similar crimson silk net sash is worn around the waist by officers of the Foot Guards in scarlet full dress, the same practice is followed in some Commonwealth armies. The present day armies of India and Pakistan both make use of waist-sashes for ceremonial wear. The colours vary according to regiment or branch and match those of the turbans where worn. Typically two or more colours are incorporated in the sash, in vertical stripes, one end hangs loose at the side and may have an ornamental fringe. The practice of wearing distinctive regimental sashes or cummerbunds goes back to the nineteenth century

2.
Crown (headgear)
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In art, the crown may be shown being offered to those on Earth by angels. In religious art, a crown of stars is used similarly to a halo, crowns worn by rulers often contain jewels. A crown is often an emblem of the monarchy, a monarchs government, the word itself is used, particularly in Commonwealth countries, as an abstract name for the monarchy itself, as distinct from the individual who inhabits it. A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules, costume headgear imitating a monarchs crown is also called a crown. Such costume crowns may be worn by actors portraying a monarch, people at parties, or ritual monarchs such as the king of a Carnival krewe. The nuptial crown, sometimes called a coronal, worn by a bride, in the present day, it is most common in Eastern Orthodox cultures. The Eastern Orthodox marriage service has a section called the crowning, wherein the bride and groom are crowned as king, in Greek weddings, the crowns are diadems usually made of white flowers, synthetic or real, often adorned with silver or mother of pearl. They are placed on the heads of the newlyweds and are held together by a ribbon of white silk and they are then kept by the couple as a reminder of their special day. In Slavic weddings, the crowns are made of ornate metal, designed to resemble an imperial crown. A parish usually owns one set to use for all the couples that are married there since these are more expensive than Greek-style crowns. This was common in Catholic countries in the past, a Crown of thorns according to the Bible, was placed on the head of Jesus before his crucifixion and has become a common symbol of martyrdom. According to Roman Catholic tradition, the Blessed Virgin Mary was crowned as Queen of Heaven after her assumption into heaven and she is often depicted wearing a crown, and statues of her in churches and shrines are ceremonially crowned during May. The Crown of Immortality is also common in historical symbolism, dancers of certain traditional Thai dances often wear crowns on their head. These are inspired in the worn by deities and by kings. Three distinct categories of crowns exist in those monarchies that use crowns or state regalia, coronation, worn by monarchs when being crowned. State, worn by monarchs on other state occasions, consort crowns, worn by queens consort, signifying rank granted as a constitutional courtesy protocol. In Classical antiquity, the crown that was awarded to people other than rulers, such as triumphal military generals or athletes, was actually a wreath or chaplet. Numerous crowns of various forms were used in antiquity, such as the Hedjet, Deshret, the Pschent double crown and it was referred to as the chaplet studded with sunbeams” by Lucian, about 180 AD

3.
Inauguration
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An inauguration is a formal ceremony or special event to mark either, the beginning of a major public leaders term of office. The opening or first public use of a new civic area, such as a museum, hospital or film studio. The term, in a formal context, can also be used to be refer, to the beginning or introduction of a new system, policy. The first, maiden or initial use of something, for example, a ship, railway or even computer service of some kind. Political inaugurations often feature lavish ceremonies, in which the figure publicly takes his or her oath of office, sometimes called swearing-in, a monarchical inauguration is similar to what some countries may be called a coronation or enthronement. The inaugural address is a speech given during this ceremony which informs the people of his or her intentions as a leader, a famous inauguration speech is John F. Kennedys. An inauguration site is a site that is for someone of a public figure

4.
Coat of arms
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A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to a person, family, state. The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals, the first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial, coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the social classes of Europe. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, in the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and burghers used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology, the coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms, in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son, wives, undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference. One such charge is the label, which in British usage is now always the mark of an apparent or an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents and this has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called heraldry. In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, the author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo

5.
Order (decoration)
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Modern national orders and orders of merit developed in the 19th century, emerging out of the culture of chivalric orders of the Middle Ages. The modern distinction between orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that most historic chivalric orders imply a membership in a group, in a few exclusive European orders, membership is or was also limited in number. Orders often come in multiple classes, including knights and dames in imitation of the chivalric orders. They were essentially courtly in nature, characterised by close personal relations between the members and the orders sovereign. By the time of the Renaissance, most European monarchs had acquired an existing order of chivalry, or created new ones of their own, to reward loyal civilian. Such orders remained out of reach to the public, however. In the 18th century, these ideas gradually changed and the orders developed from honourable societies to visible honours, an example of this gradual development can be seen in two orders founded by Maria Theresa of Austria. Still today many dynastic orders are granted by royal families to worthy individuals for service, in 1802 Napoleon created the Légion dhonneur, which could be awarded to any person, regardless of status, for bravery in combat or for 20 years of distinguished service. While still retaining many trappings of an order of chivalry, it was the first modern order of merit and is still Frances highest award today. Curiously, orders of merit based on the French Legion of Honour typically retain five classes in accordance with habits of chivalric orders. In communist countries, orders of merit usually come in one to three grades, with only a badge worn with or without a ribbon on the chest, an example of a communist order of merit was the one-class Order of Lenin of the Soviet Union. Unlike Western orders, however, communist orders could be awarded more than once to an individual, after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, most Eastern European countries reverted to the Western-style orders originally established before the rise of communism. Today many countries have some form of order of merit or national decorations, both Thailands Order of the White Elephant and Japans Order of the Rising Sun are over 100 years old. In Canada and some Commonwealth Realms, the Order of Merit is the highest civilian honour, Canada has the Order of Canada and provincial orders such as the Order of Nova Scotia. Australia has the Order of Australia, and New Zealand awards the Order of New Zealand, the Order of Mapungubwe is the highest honour in South Africa, while the Orders of Luthuli, and the Baobab exist alongside other decorations. The United States awards the Medal of Honor to members of its military for acts of valour, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, switzerland does not award any orders. Article 12 of the 1848 Swiss Constitution prohibited the acceptance of honours, the current Constitution of 1999 has no specific prohibition, but a federal statute effectively continues the prohibition by barring holders of foreign orders from holding public office. In 1974 the Cabinet of Sweden passed a regulation forbidding the Monarch of Sweden from awarding membership in orders to Swedish citizens

6.
President of Argentina
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The President of the Argentine Nation, usually known as the President of Argentina, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under the national Constitution, the President is also the executive of the federal government. Through Argentine history, the office of the Head of State has undergone many changes, current President Mauricio Macri was sworn into office on 10 December 2015. The Constitution of Argentina, along with constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president and term of office. The origins of Argentina as a nation can be traced to 1776, the Head of State continued to be the King, but he was represented locally by the Viceroy. These Viceroys were seldom natives of the country, by the May Revolution of May 25,1810, the first Argentine autonomous government, known as the Primera Junta, was formed in Buenos Aires. It was later known as the Junta Grande when representatives from the provinces joined and this power was vested in one man when the position of Supreme Director was created by the 1813 National Assembly. The Supreme Directors became Heads of State after Independence was declared on 9 July 1816, in 1819, Congress declared Independence and composed a Constitution. This established a figure, named Supreme Director, who was vested with presidential powers. This constitution gave the Supreme Director the power of appointing Governors of the provinces, due to political circumstances, this constitution never came into force, and the central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces. A new constitution was drafted in 1826 and this constitution was the first to create a President, although this office retained the powers described in the 1819 constitution. This constitution did come into force, resulting in the election of the first President, because of the Cisplatine War, Rivadavia resigned after a short time, and the office was dissolved shortly after. A civil war between unitarios and federales ensued in the following decades, in this time, there was no central authority, and the closest to that was the Chairman of Foreign Relations, typically the Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires. The last to bear this title was Juan Manuel de Rosas, in 1852, Rosas was deposed, and a constitutional convention was summoned. This constitution, still in force, established a federal government. The term was fixed as six years, with no possibility of reelection, the first elected President under the constitution was Justo José de Urquiza, but Buenos Aires seceded from the Argentine Confederation as the State of Buenos Aires. Bartolomé Mitre was the first president of the country, when Buenos Aires rejoined the Confederation. In 1930, and again in 1943,1955,1962,1966 and 1976, in 1966 and 1976, federal government was undertaken by a military junta, where power was shared by the chiefs of the armed forces

7.
Fernando Lugo
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Fernando Armindo Lugo Méndez is a Paraguayan politician who was President of Paraguay from 2008 to 2012. Previously he was a Roman Catholic priest and bishop, serving as Bishop of the Diocese of San Pedro from 1994 to 2005 and he was elected as President in 2008. In 2012, he was removed from office through an impeachment process that neighboring countries deemed a coup détat, in 2013, he was elected to the Paraguayan Senate in general elections. He received his education at a religious school in Encarnación. His family was not particularly religious, by his own account, however, they were active in Colorado Party politics. His maternal uncle, Epifanio Méndez Fleitas, was a co-conspirator in the 1954 Paraguayan coup detat that helped bring Alfredo Stroessner to power, however, he later fell out of favor with Stroessner and ultimately left the country. Fernandos father was imprisoned twenty times, and some of his siblings were sent into so-called exile. His father wanted Lugo to become a lawyer, but at 18 Lugo entered a normal school and he was well accepted by the community, which was very religious, but they had no priest. He said later that he was touched by that experience, at age 19 he entered a seminary operated by the Society of the Divine Word. He was ordained a priest for the society on 15 August 1977 and he was sent to Ecuador, where he served as a missionary for five years. In Ecuador he learned about liberation theology, Lugo returned to Paraguay in 1982, and after a year, was sent to Rome for further academic studies. Lugo came back to Paraguay in 1987, two years before the Stroessner dictatorships fall, Lugo was ordained a bishop on 17 April 1994, and received charge of the nations poorest diocese, in the San Pedro diocese. Lugo resigned his ordinary from the Diocese of San Pedro on 11 January 2005 and he had requested laicization in order to run for office. However, the Holy See refused the request on the grounds that bishops could not undergo laicization, however, after Lugo won the presidential election, the Church granted his laicization. Without doubt it is possible to resurrect a country like Paraguay and we are people of hope, of faith, and I wont be the one killing that hope of the people. I do believe we will resurrect this country, a country deeply drowned in misery, poverty, because I do believe Paraguay could be different. I do not lack faith in this flock, where there is a scream coming from the poor people, where there is sweat, where people are shoeless, we will be there. Because in such people there is a resurrection, if that exists there, Lugo jumped to the national arena by backing peasant claims for better land distribution

8.
President of Paraguay
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The President of Paraguay is according to the Constitution of Paraguay the head of the executive branch of the Government of Paraguay, both head of state and head of government. His honorific title is Excelentísimo Señor, under the 1992 constitution, the President is limited to a single five year term, however on 1 April 2017, the Senate voted to abolish term limits, resulting in protests. This amendment will have to be voted on in a referendum, the Presidential seat is the Palacio de los López, in Asunción. The Presidential residence is the Mburuvichá Roga, also in Asunción, once Presidents leave office, they are granted by the Constitution of Paraguay the speaking-but-non-voting position of Senator for life. The current President of Paraguay is Horacio Cartes, since 15 August 2013, first Lady of Paraguay Presidency of the Republic of Paraguay

9.
Dilma Rousseff
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Dilma Vana Rousseff is a Brazilian economist and politician who was the 36th President of Brazil from 2011 until her impeachment and removal from office on 31 August 2016. She is the first woman to have held the Brazilian presidency, the daughter of a Bulgarian immigrant, Rousseff was raised in an upper middle class household in Belo Horizonte. She became a socialist in her youth and after the 1964 coup détat joined left-wing, Rousseff was captured, tortured, and jailed from 1970 to 1972. After her release, Rousseff rebuilt her life in Porto Alegre with Carlos Araújo, both helped found the Democratic Labour Party in Rio Grande do Sul, and participated in several of the partys electoral campaigns. She became the secretary of Porto Alegre under Alceu Collares. In 2000, after a dispute in the Dutra cabinet, she left the PDT. In 2002, Rousseff joined the committee of energy policy advisors to presidential candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva who won the election, Chief of Staff José Dirceu resigned in 2005, in a political crisis triggered by the Mensalão corruption scandal. Rousseff became chief of staff and remained in that post until 31 March 2010 and she was elected in a run-off on 31 October 2010, beating Brazilian Social Democracy Party candidate José Serra. On 26 October 2014 she won a narrow victory over Aécio Neves. Impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially accepted by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 December 2015, vice President Michel Temer assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during her suspension. On 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 in favor of impeachment, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws and removing her from office. Dilma Vana Rousseff was born in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, on 14 December 1947, to Bulgarian lawyer and entrepreneur Pedro Rousseff and schoolteacher Dilma Jane da Silva. Her father was born in Gabrovo, in the Principality of Bulgaria, as an active member of the Bulgarian Communist Party, banned in 1924, Petar Rusev fled Bulgaria in 1929 to escape political persecution, he settled in France. He arrived in Brazil in the 1930s, already widowed, but soon moved to Buenos Aires and he returned to Brazil several years later, settling in São Paulo, where he succeeded in business. Pétar Rúsev adapted his first name to Portuguese and the last to French, during a trip to Uberaba, he met Dilma Jane da Silva, a young schoolteacher born in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, and raised in Minas Gerais, where her parents were ranchers. The two married and settled in Belo Horizonte, where they had three children, Igor, Dilma Vana, and Zana Lúcia, Igor Rousseff, Dilmas elder brother, is a lawyer. Pedro Rousseff was a contractor for Mannesmann steel in addition to building and selling real estate, the family lived in a large house, had three servants, and maintained European habits. The children had an education, and both piano and French lessons

10.
President of Brazil
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The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the Brazilian Armed Forces. The presidential system was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup détat against Emperor Pedro II, since then, Brazil has had six constitutions, three dictatorships, and three democratic periods. During the democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory, the Constitution of Brazil, along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers, and responsibilities of the president and term of office and the method of election. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, a provisional measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. The 60-day period can be extended once, up to 120 days, if Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the legislative branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60-day period, or sooner, the President of Brazil serves for a term of office of four years, and may be reelected for a single consecutive term. This two-term limit, however, is not for life—a former President who has served for two terms may, at a later time, run again for office, as long as at least one term has elapsed. The current term of four years was established by the 5th Amendment to the Constitution, in 1994, and the permission for reelection, by the 16th Amendment, in 1997. Before that, the President had been barred from reelection for all of Brazils republican history, with the exception of the latter half of the Vargas Era. The office was limited to men until the Brazilian Constitution of 1937, as of 2015, the president earns a monthly salary of R$30,934.70, along with an undisclosed expense account to cover travel, goods and services while in office.1. The Palácio do Planalto in Brasília is the workplace of the President. The Residência Oficial do Torto, popularly known as Granja do Torto, is a located on the outskirts of the capital and is used as a country retreat by the president. The Palácio Rio Negro in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, is a retreat of the president. In addition, the presidency of the republic also maintains the Jaburu Palace in Brasília for use by the Vice President of the Republic as his or her official residence. In the 2000s, the government decided to establish Regional Offices of the Presidency of the Republic in certain key Brazilian cities. The presidency of the republic also maintains offices in Porto Alegre. For ground travel, the president uses the state car. A1952 Rolls Royce Silver Wraith is used by the president on ceremonial occasions, such as Independence Day commemorations, state visits, a modified version of the Airbus A319, air force designation VC-1A, is used to transport the president on all medium and long-range international flights

11.
President of Colombia
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The President of Colombia is the head of state and head of government of Colombia. The office of president was established upon the ratification of the Constitution of 1819, by the Congress of Angostura, convened in December 1819, the first president, General Simón Bolívar, took office in 1819. His position, initially self-proclaimed, was ratified by Congress. The current president of the Republic of Colombia is Juan Manuel Santos, according to the Colombian Constitution of 1991, Article 188, the President of Colombia is the head of state, head of government and Supreme Administrative Authority. The Administrative Department of the Presidency of Colombia has the commission to assist or support the President of Colombia on its constitutional mandated functions, any official from these entities constitute the Government of Colombia in any particular business. Any act by the President of Colombia, in order to be legal and enforceable, must be sanctioned by any of the ministries or department directors, who will also be held responsible for the act. The only exception is if the President appoints or removes ministers, administrative departments directors, Colombian Constitution of 1991 Article 191, states that the president must be a natural born citizen of Colombia and at least 30 years of age. The President and Vice President serve a term of office of four years after being elected by popular vote, the President or Vice President running for re-election must officially tell in the National Electoral Council and guarantee a fair competition for the other contenders. Participation of acting officials in political proselytism was standardized, if the president or vice president are not running for office, they are prohibited from participating on political proselytism. If one or both are participating, they may to participate in your activities four months prior to the primary elections, also, if the president and/or vice president is running for office, he may participate in their political partys selection mechanism to postulate candidates. In 2010, the Constitutional Court of Colombia threw out a referendum to allow presidents to run for three consecutive terms. It ruled that Colombian presidents can only serve two terms, even if they are nonconsecutive

12.
Ollanta Humala
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Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso is a Peruvian politician who served as the 65th President of Peru from 2011 to 2016. A former army officer, Humala lost the 2006 presidential election but won the 2011 presidential election in a run-off vote and he was elected as President of Peru in the second round, defeating Keiko Fujimori. The son of Isaac Humala, a lawyer, Humala entered the Peruvian Army in 1981. In 2005 he founded the Peruvian Nationalist Party and registered to run in the 2006 presidential election, the nomination was made under the Union for Peru ticket as the Nationalist party did not achieve its electoral inscription on time. He passed the first round of the elections, held on April 9,2006, a runoff was held on June 4 between Humala and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party. Humala lost this round with 47. 47% of the votes versus 52. 62% for García. After his defeat, Humala remained as an important figure within Peruvian politics, in February 2016, amidst the Peruvian Presidential Race, a report from the Brazilian Federal Police implicated Humala as recipient of bribes from Odebrecht in exchange of assigned public works. President Humala rejected the implication and has avoided speaking to the media on the matter, Ollanta Humala was born in Lima, Peru on June 26,1962. He is the son of Isaac Humala, an ethnic Quechua indigenous lawyer, member of the Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland, ollantas mother is Elena Tasso, from an old Italian family established in Peru at the end of the 19th century. He is the brother of Antauro Humala, now serving a 25-year prison sentence for kidnapping 17 Police officers for 3 days and killing 4 of them, and professor Ulises Humala. Humala was born in Peru and attended the French-Peruvian school Franco-Peruano and he began his military career in 1982 when he entered the Chorrillos Military School. In 1992 Humala served in Tingo María fighting the remnants of the Shining Path, see also Locumba uprising In October 2000, Humala led an uprising in Toquepala against Alberto Fujimori on his last days as President due to multiple corruption scandals. The return of Montesinos led to fears that he still had power in Fujimoris government, so Humala. Montesinos claims that the uprising facilitated his concurrent escape, many of Humalas men deserted him, leaving him only 7 soldiers. The revolt gained some sympathy from the Peruvian populace with the opposition newspaper La República calling him valiant and decisive. The newspaper also had letters sent in by readers with accolades to Ollanta. In the aftermath, the Army sent hundreds of soldiers to capture the rebels, even so, Humala and his men managed to hide until President Fujimori was impeached from office a few days later and Valentín Paniagua named interim president. Later Humala was pardoned by Congress and allowed to return to military duty and he was sent as military attaché to Paris, then to Seoul until December 2004, when he was forcibly retired

13.
President of Peru
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The President of the Republic of Peru, is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters. The presidential term is five years, with no immediate reelection, a former president can run again after being out of office for a full term. The change of government takes place on July 28, which is the date of independence from Spain, the current President of Peru is Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, since 28 July 2016. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups, more than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time. Different titles have used, such as Protector of Peru. The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as President of Peru, in 1836, the south of the country declared itself independent by creating the Republic of South Peru, while the north of the country became the Republic of North Peru. The two states were confederated with the Republic of Bolivia to form the Peru–Bolivian Confederation on October 28,1836, marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz served as the Supreme Protector of the Confederation. Simultaneously, the control of each Republic remained in the hands of their respective presidents. The Peru-Bolivian Confederation dissolved on August 25,1839, the President of the Republic of Peru is the Head of the Peruvian State, Head of the Peruvian Government and the Supreme Commander of the Peruvian Armed Forces

14.
President of Mexico
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The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces, the current President is Enrique Peña Nieto, who took office on December 1,2012. Currently, the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary, another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single term, called a sexenio. No one who has held the post, even on a basis, is allowed to run or serve again. The constitution and the office of the President closely follow the system of government. Chapter III of Title III of the Constitution deals with the branch of government and sets forth the powers of the president. He is vested with the executive power of the Union. Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty years, be thirty-five years of age or older at the time of the election. Be a resident of Mexico for the year prior to the election. Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination, not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election. Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity, the ban on any sort of presidential re-election, dating back to the aftermath of the Porfiriato and the end of the Mexican Revolution, has remained in place even as it was relaxed for other offices. In 2014, the constitution was amended to allow Deputies and Senators to run for a consecutive term. Previously, Deputies and Senators were barred from successive re-election, however, the restriction on presidential re-election, even if it is nonsuccessive, remained in place. The presidential term was set at four years from 1821 to 1934, the president is elected by direct, popular, universal suffrage. Whoever wins a plurality of the national vote is elected. The most recent former President, Felipe Calderón, won with 36. 38% of the votes in the 2006 general election, finishing only 0.56 percent above his nearest rival, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. Former President Vicente Fox was elected with a plurality of 43% of the vote, Ernesto Zedillo won 48% of the vote

15.
President of Uruguay
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The President of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay is the head of state of Uruguay. His or her rights are determined in the Constitution of Uruguay, conforms with the Secretariat of the Presidency, the Council of Ministers and the Director of the Office of Planning and Budget, the executive branch. In case of absence, his office is exercised by the Vice President, in turn, the President of the Republic is the Commander in Chief of the Armed forces. According to the current Constitution, the President is elected direct popular election for a term of five years and he may be reelected any number of times, but is ineligible for immediate reelection. The President and Vice President run on a single ticket submitted by their party, in case no candidate obtains an absolute majority of votes, a runoff is held between the top two candidates. In this case, the candidate who obtains a plurality in the runoff wins the election, the command of all armed forces. The promulgation of all laws, issuing special regulations necessary for its implementation, the delivery, to the General Assembly of Uruguay at the opening of regular sessions, the state of the Republic address. The right to veto laws it dislikes, the right to propose bills or amendments to laws previously enacted. The dismissal of employees for misfeasance, malfeasance or nonfeasance. Management of diplomatic relations and, with consent of the legislature, the right to declare a state of emergency when needed. The preparation of the state budget, negotiation of treaties with the ratification of the legislature. Since 1990, the Presidents term has begun and ended on March 1, the current President is Tabaré Vásquez. History of Uruguay List of Presidents of Uruguay Politics of Uruguay Politics Data Bank at the Social Sciences School – Universidad de la República

16.
President of Romania
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The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a system for a five-year term. An individual may serve two terms, during his/her term in office, the President may not be a member of any political party. The office of President was created in 1974, when Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu elevated the presidency of the State Council to an executive presidency. It gradually took its current form in stages after the Romanian Revolution, the current President of Romania is Klaus Iohannis, since 21 December 2014. In the Communist era, the president was elected for a term of five years by the Great National Assembly and he served as ex officio president of the State Council, and had the right to act on any matter that didnt require a State Council plenum. He also appointed and dismissed ministers and heads of central agencies, Ceaușescu created the post in order to make himself chief decision-maker in both name and in fact. Previously, he had nominally been first among equals on the State Council, in practice, he used his power to act on all matters that didnt require a plenum to rule by decree, and frequently usurped many powers that belonged to the State Council as a whole. After the Constitutional Court acknowledges the legality of the election, the Houses of Parliament meet in a joint session, the prerogatives of the President of Romania are set out in Title II, Chapter III of the Constitution. In internal affairs, Representing the Romanian State and safeguarding of the independence, unity. Guarding the observance of the Constitution and the functioning of public authorities, designating and appointing the Prime Minister, subject to parliamentary approval. Appointing and removing ministers, on the proposal of the Prime Minister, consulting the Government on major policy matters. Addressing messages to Parliament on issues of national interest, summoning the Houses of Parliament after a legislative election. Requesting the convocation of a session of Parliament. In foreign affairs, Concluding international treaties negotiated by the Government, on proposal by the Government, accrediting and recalling diplomatic envoys. Receiving letters of credence from foreign diplomatic envoys, approving the setting up, closing down or change in rank of diplomatic missions. In defence issues, Exerting the role of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, presiding over the Supreme Council of National Defence. Declaring mobilisation of the Armed Forces, subject to approval of Parliament

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Livery collar
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A livery collar or chain of office is a collar or heavy chain, usually of gold, worn as insignia of office or a mark of fealty or other association in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards. One of the oldest and best-known livery collars is the Collar of Esses, various forms of livery were used in the Middle Ages to denote attachment to a great person by friends, servants, and political supporters. From the collar hung a badge or device indicating the person the livery related to, equally gold collars that had no livery connotations were worn. Livery collars seem to be first recorded in the 14th century, the collar of Esses is first recorded earlier than this, as being given by John of Gaunt, and remained in use by the House of Lancaster throughout the Wars of the Roses. The same collar was worn by Henry IV on the way to his crowning, the inventory shows that Queen Annes collar, was made up of sprigs of rosemary garnished with pearls. The York collar had falcons and fetterlocks, and the Lancaster collar was doubtless that Collar of Esses used by the son, Henry of Bolingbroke, as an earl, duke. The oldest effigy bearing it is that in Spratton church of Sir John Swynford, who died in 1371. Swynford was a follower of John of Gaunt, and the date of his death easily disposes of the theory that the Esses were devised by Henry IV to stand for his motto or word of Soverayne. Many explanations are given of the origin of these letters, in one of Henry VIs own collars the S was joined to the broomcod of the French device, symbolizing the kings claim to the two kingdoms. The kings of the house of York and their chief followers wore the Yorkist collar of suns and roses, with the lion of March. It was presented to ministers and courtiers, and came to represent more a symbol of office by the time of Elizabeth I, the term Collar of SS was preferred by Victorian antiquaries. Since World War II, as SS is usually associated with the Schutzstaffel, besides these royal collars, the 14th and 15th centuries show many private devices. A monumental brass at Mildenhall shows a knight whose badge of a dog or wolf circled by a crown hangs from a collar with edges suggesting a pruned bough or the ragged staff. The Elizabethan artist Nicholas Hilliard was both a goldsmith and miniaturist, and so produced the whole of pieces like the Armada Jewel, given by Queen Elizabeth I of England to a courtier. When the Earl of Rutland returned from an embassy to Denmark, sixteen members of his party were given chains of gold with the James I of Englands picture, during the sixteenth century collars became marks of a specific office or Order, and subsequently remained so. Most British and Irish mayors wear a collar/chain of office, the mayors spouse may have a much smaller version. These are worn over normal clothes when on official duties, following British practice, most Canadian, Australian and New Zealand mayors also wear chains of office. Collars of various devices are worn by the knights of some of the European orders of knighthood

A crown is a traditional symbolic form of headwear worn by a monarch or by a deity, for whom the crown traditionally …

The Imperial State Crown of Great Britain, Tower of London. It incorporates the "Black Prince's Ruby", a 140 ct. Badakhshan spinel. This image of the crown was taken prior to the 1953 coronation, when the crown was modified for Queen Elizabeth II

The Seobongchong Golden Crown of Ancient Silla, which is 339th National Treasure of South Korea. It is basically following the standard type of Silla's Crown. It was excavated by Swedish Crown Prince Gustaf VI Adolf in 1926.