This has been a busy summer for me – much more so than usual – and it has taken me a while to work through John F. Haught’s book Making
Sense of Evolution: Darwin, God, and the Drama of Life. I find this book something of a mixed bag. It is interesting and useful for the perspective Haught brings to thinking about a layered approach to meaning within creation, but it is lacking in the overall view of God and incarnation. I am going to devote a few more posts to this book looking at aspects of Haught’s thinking. Today’s post will focus on Depth and Death, the next post on Duty and Devotion.The final post will look at Deity, the view of God, where we will consider both Haught’s view and how we might integrate Haught’s thinking on evolution with what I find to be a more traditional view of God and his action within creation.

A naturalist view of life sees evolution as an entry into a view of life devoid of meaning an purpose – there is a naturalist pessimism that leads as Haught puts it not to a “deeper (dramatic) ground” for the world around us but rather “as an opening to the void of absurdity.” We have a wondrous but pointless universe. It just is. Daniel Dennett, Haught says,

… wants his college sophomores to watch how he can survive and even thrive after swallowing the poison pill of naturalist pessimism, and he promises to take his readers deeper than creationism and ID. But his quest for depth only lands in the spongy swamp of final meaninglessness. His journey into depth stops short of ever finding its way completely down through the abyss of chance, necessity, and deep time to the wondrous ground consisting of the cosmic narrativity that makes the drama of evolution possible in the first place. (p. 92)

Where do you find meaning and purpose in creation? Is there a depth to creation?

Haught looks at deep divine action to find the layer of meaning within creation. Returning to his analogy of a book he suggests that we will not find God directly at the level of grammar, i.e. chemistry and physics, but at the level of meaning and purpose. Dawkins and Dennett look at the paper, the ink, the alphabet, and even the grammar, and stop. All just is, and as a consequence is meaningless. But we must look at the meaning conveyed by the page – without refuting the alphabet or the grammar. Haught suggests that this search for the meaning is the most profound and theologically significant level.

Analogously, there is no specifiable place in natural history or in life’s evolution where, in order to make room for God, we have to look for an interruptive divine action that requires a suspension or special manipulation of the laws of physics, chemistry, or biology. Rather there are different levels of depth at which we may read nature. … Each reading level leaves out content that the other includes, but there is no conflict between the two readings, even though there is often disagreement as to which reading is more fundamental.

The important question then is not how God acts in nature, but how deep we are willing to look in our quest to understand what’s really going on in the drama of life and the cosmos. (p. 97)

In the natural sciences physics, chemistry, and biology provide different layers to life’s story; from particles to reactions to systems to organisms. Each succeeding level rests on the others, but there is an added significance. Theological consideration adds a new meaning to the whole. “The fact,” Haught suggests, “that nature has an inexhaustible depth allows both science and theology to comment on the drama of life without coming into conflict with each other.” (p. 98)

I am with Haught here.

But then we come to death. The necessary role of death in evolution becomes an issue in considering the theology of evolution. Death is not merely a fact – seen in the paleontological record – it is essential to evolution and makes sense in the context of evolution. After all, without death there is no room for the new generations and kinds. We’ve had guppies for many years and the idea of a world without biological animal death of any sort is mind-boggling.

Even suffering is a natural part of the world. The sense of suffering is a survival mechanism that favors survival, if not of the individual, of the population. “But,” Haught asks, “can one plausible connect nature to the purposes of a beneficent deity after looking at how evolution relies so heavily on death?” He continues:

However, unlike scientific naturalism, it is the task of Christian theology to make it clear that death has no intelligible place in the total – dramatically speaking, that means the “final” – scheme of things. It is theologically inappropriate to look for a rationally acceptable place for death in God’s creation. … It is not the job of theology to justify death by situating it solely within the context of a purely naturalistic understanding of the universe. Instead, theology asks whether the naturalistic view as such is intelligible.

So far, so good. But Haught’s overall discussion of death is unsatisfactory, to put it mildly, because it rests in a troublesome view of God (more of that in a later post). Among other things he suggests that death is powerless not because it is overcome or vanquished, but because all persons, all things, will live on in God’s memory of creation.

For even after the cosmos eventually dissolves, the story of its having been will still be true – preserved forever in God’s saving memory. Accordingly, the question of who I am, how I came to emerge from the universe, and whether I can be redeemed from absolute perishing – all this is inescapably bound up in the universe and its final destiny. In a communal setting, religious worship symbolizes my grateful consent to contribute my life and efforts to this everlastingly significant cosmic drama. (p. 107)

This is a bit too ephemeral for my reading and understanding of scripture. It may be consistent in a fashion with the idea of wispy immaterial beings playing harps on clouds worshiping God, a universe where the fundamental truth is not matter, but events, occasions, happenings, thoughts. But it is not consistent with bodily resurrection as described in scripture. It is not consistent with the bodily resurrection of Jesus or with our hope for the future. Haught passes over the resurrection in all of his discussion … in a classic reconstructionist manner: “Nevertheless, the early Christian community eventually came to interpret Jesus’ death by crucifixion as the decisive opening onto the final victory of life over death.” (p. 93)

But the teaching of the church – the apostolic witness is quite clear. Jesus appeared to the disciples. Luke 24:38-43 records that Jesus showed his hands and his feet and ate with them. He said to them “See My hands and My feet, that it is I Myself; touch Me and see, for a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have.” Paul points to the witnesses to the bodily resurrection when he describes the gospel message in 1 Cor. 15 “that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures” and he continues in 12-19:

Now if Christ is preached, that He has been raised from the dead, how do some among you say that there is no resurrection of the dead? But if there is no resurrection of the dead, not even Christ has been raised; and if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is vain, your faith also is vain. Moreover we are even found to be false witnesses of God, because we testified against God that He raised Christ, whom He did not raise, if in fact the dead are not raised. For if the dead are not raised, not even Christ has been raised; and if Christ has not been raised, your faith is worthless; you are still in your sins. Then those also who have fallen asleep in Christ have perished. If we have hoped in Christ in this life only, we are of all men most to be pitied.

We can reach the conclusion espoused by Haught on the victory over death if and only if we disregard scripture.

Layered meaning – depth, drama, and direction. Haught has some good insights as we move forward. His response to the scientific materialist is profound. There is more to life than chemistry and physics, the simple facts of evolution, just is there is more to a page in a book than paper, ink, spelling, and grammar. But Haught’s integration of this depth, drama, and direction into a robust Christian theology is sorely lacking. We have to find a better way to understand the fact of evolutionary creation and the role of death within this creation.

We are left with a big question – one of the biggest. I don’t expect to resolve the issue quickly.

What do you think – how can we understand death in evolutionary creation and in the nature of the world we see?

Scot McKnight is a widely-recognized authority on the New Testament, early Christianity, and the historical Jesus. He is the Karl A. Olsson Professor in Religious Studies at North Park University (Chicago, Illinois). A popular and witty speaker, Dr. McKnight has given interviews on radios across the nation, has appeared on television, and is regularly asked to speak in local churches and educational events throughout the USA and in Denmark and South Africa. Dr. McKnight obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Nottingham (1986).

Scot McKnight is a member of the Society of Biblical Literature and the Society for New Testament Studies. He is the author of more than thirty books, including the award-winning The Jesus Creed: Loving God, Loving Others (Paraclete, 2004), which won the Christianity Today book of the year for Christian Living. Recent books include Embracing Grace: A Gospel for All of Us (Paraclete, 2005), The Story of the Christ (Baker, 2006), Praying with the Church (Paraclete, 2006), and The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus (Paraclete, 2007). A recent book, A Community called Atonement (Abingdon, 2007), has been nominated for the Grawameyer Award. He broadened his Jesus Creed project in writing a daily devotional: 40 Days Living the Jesus Creed (Paraclete, 2008). His studies in conversion were expanded with his newest book, Finding Faith, Losing Faith (Baylor, 2008), a book he co-authored with his former student Hauna Ondrey. His most recent books are The Blue Parakeet: Rethinking How You Read the Bible (Zondervan, 2008) and Fasting (Thomas Nelson, 2009).

Forthcoming books include a commentary on James (Eerdmans, 2010). He is presently researching “gospel” in the earliest Christian communities.

Other books include Who Do My Opponents Say I am? (co-edited with Joseph Modica), Jesus and His Death (Baylor, 2005), A Light among the Gentiles (Fortress, 1992), A New Vision for Israel (Eerdmans, 1999), Turning to Jesus (Westminster John Knox, 2002), Galatians (Zondervan, 1993) and 1 Peter (Zondervan, 1996), Interpreting the Synoptic Gospels (Baker, 1988), and he is a co-editor with J.B. Green and I.H. Marshall of the award-winning The Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (IVP, 1992) as well as the co-editor, with J.D.G. Dunn, of The Historical Jesus in Current Study (Eisenbraun’s, 2005). He regularly contributes chapter length studies to dictionaries, encyclopedias, books and articles for magazines and online webzines. McKnight’s books have been translated into Chinese, Korean, Russian, and Portuguese.

McKnight’s award-winning blog, Jesus Creed, has been rated by Technorati.com as the #1 site for Emerging Church and continues to increase in readership.

Scot McKnight was elected into the Hall of Honor at Cornerstone University in honor of his basketball accomplishments during his college career. He and his wife, Kristen, live in Libertyville, Illinois. They enjoy traveling, long walks, gardening, and cooking. They have two adult children, Laura (married to Mark Barringer) and Lukas (married to Annika Nelson), and one grandchild: Aksel Donovan Nelson McKnight.

Scot McKnight is a widely-recognized authority on the New Testament, early Christianity, and the historical Jesus. He is the Karl A. Olsson Professor in Religious Studies at North Park University (Chicago, Illinois). A popular and witty speaker, Dr. McKnight has given interviews on radios across the nation, has appeared on television, and is regularly asked to speak in local churches and educational events throughout the USA and in Denmark and South Africa. Dr. McKnight obtained his Ph.D. at the University of Nottingham (1986).

Scot McKnight is a member of the Society of Biblical Literature and the Society for New Testament Studies. He is the author of more than thirty books, including the award-winning The Jesus Creed: Loving God, Loving Others (Paraclete, 2004), which won the Christianity Today book of the year for Christian Living. Recent books include Embracing Grace: A Gospel for All of Us (Paraclete, 2005), The Story of the Christ (Baker, 2006), Praying with the Church (Paraclete, 2006), and The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus (Paraclete, 2007). A recent book, A Community called Atonement (Abingdon, 2007), has been nominated for the Grawameyer Award. He broadened his Jesus Creed project in writing a daily devotional: 40 Days Living the Jesus Creed (Paraclete, 2008). His studies in conversion were expanded with his newest book, Finding Faith, Losing Faith (Baylor, 2008), a book he co-authored with his former student Hauna Ondrey. His most recent books are The Blue Parakeet: Rethinking How You Read the Bible (Zondervan, 2008) and Fasting (Thomas Nelson, 2009).

Forthcoming books include a commentary on James (Eerdmans, 2010). He is presently researching “gospel” in the earliest Christian communities.

Other books include Who Do My Opponents Say I am? (co-edited with Joseph Modica), Jesus and His Death (Baylor, 2005), A Light among the Gentiles (Fortress, 1992), A New Vision for Israel (Eerdmans, 1999), Turning to Jesus (Westminster John Knox, 2002), Galatians (Zondervan, 1993) and 1 Peter (Zondervan, 1996), Interpreting the Synoptic Gospels (Baker, 1988), and he is a co-editor with J.B. Green and I.H. Marshall of the award-winning The Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (IVP, 1992) as well as the co-editor, with J.D.G. Dunn, of The Historical Jesus in Current Study (Eisenbraun’s, 2005). He regularly contributes chapter length studies to dictionaries, encyclopedias, books and articles for magazines and online webzines. McKnight’s books have been translated into Chinese, Korean, Russian, and Portuguese.

McKnight’s award-winning blog, Jesus Creed, has been rated by Technorati.com as the #1 site for Emerging Church and continues to increase in readership.

Scot McKnight was elected into the Hall of Honor at Cornerstone University in honor of his basketball accomplishments during his college career. He and his wife, Kristen, live in Libertyville, Illinois. They enjoy traveling, long walks, gardening, and cooking. They have two adult children, Laura (married to Mark Barringer) and Lukas (married to Annika Nelson), and one grandchild: Aksel Donovan Nelson McKnight.