Gréber is best known for the 1917 master plan for the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia;[3] for his work as master architect for the 1937 Paris International Exposition; and for the Greber Plan for Ottawa and the surrounding National Capital Region.[4] The latter, produced between 1937 and 1950 (with an interruption during the Second World War), included expansion of urban parks, a series of parkways, and a greenbelt surrounding the city, the plan incorporated the construction of a national cenotaph and surrounding plaza area.

In anticipation of the 1926 sesquicentennial of the Declaration of Independence, Gréber created a plan for a mall north of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, this included a "Great Marble Court" surrounded on 3 sides by arcades (with each arch representing a U. S. state) and a pavilion at its center to house the Liberty Bell. It was not carried out; Independence Mall was created in the 1950s under a different plan.[5] He also collaborated with fellow French-American architect Paul Cret on Philadelphia's Rodin Museum in 1926, he was not always popular with the press: a Philadelphia newspaper dubbed him "Jack Grabber".

1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town

Paris
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
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The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)

2.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks

3.
Rodin Museum
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The Rodin Museum is an art museum located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that contains the largest collection of sculptor Auguste Rodins works outside Paris. Opened in 1929, the museum is administered by the Philadelphia Museum of Art, in 2012, the museum re-opened after a three-year, $9 million renovation that brought the museum back to its original vision of displaying Rodins works. The Museum was the gift of movie-theater magnate Jules Mastbaum to the city of Philadelphia, Mastbaum began collecting works by Rodin in 1923 with the intent of founding a museum to enrich the lives of his fellow citizens. Within just three years, he had assembled the largest collection of Rodins works outside Paris, including bronze castings, plaster studies, drawings, prints, letters, in 1926, Mastbaum commissioned French architects Paul Cret and Jacques Gréber to design the museum building and gardens. Unfortunately, the collector did not live to see his dream realized, but his widow honored his commitment to the city, murals in the museum were executed by the painter Franklin C. The best-known of Rodins works, The Thinker, sits outside the museum in the entry courtyard, visitors once entered through a cast of The Gates of Hell, located at the main entrance to the museum, which is no longer used. This massive 5. 5-m-tall bronze doorway was created for the Museum of Decorative Arts. Rodin sculpted more than 100 figures for these doors from 1880 until his death in 1917 and this casting is one of the three originals, several others have been made since. Several of his most famous works, including The Thinker, are actually studies for these doors which were expanded into separate works. Benjamin Franklin Parkway Official website Listing at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings

4.
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
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Benjamin Franklin Parkway is a scenic boulevard that runs through the cultural heart of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Named for favorite son Benjamin Franklin, the mile-long Parkway cuts diagonally across the grid pattern of Center Citys Northwest quadrant. It starts at Philadelphia City Hall, curves around Logan Circle, the Parkway is the spine of Philadelphias Museum District. From its northern end, the Parkway provides access to Fairmount Park through Kelly Drive, Martin Luther King Drive, the Schuylkill River Trail, the Parkway also is an outdoor sculpture garden. In a city famous for its planning, the Parkway represents one of the earliest examples of urban renewal in the United States. The road was constructed to ease heavy industrial congestion in Center City and to restore Philadelphias natural and artistic beauty, as part of the City Beautiful movement. The Association commissioned architects Horace Trumbauer, Clarence Zantzinger, and Paul Philippe Cret, construction on the Parkway did not begin until 1917, when French landscape architect Jacques Gréber submitted a revised plan to the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. Gréber designed the Parkway in 1917 to emulate the Champs-Élysées in Paris, the route was determined by an axis drawn from City Hall Tower to a fixed point on the hill that William Penn called Fairmount, now the site of the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The Champs-Élysées terminates at the Arc de Triomphe, and the Parkways terminating at the Art Museum gives the notion of a slice of Paris in Philadelphia, the Parkway also has an international flavor by being lined with flags of countries from around the world. The traffic rotary on the end of the Parkway, at the foot of the Art Museums Rocky Steps, is named Eakins Oval after Philadelphia painter Thomas Eakins. Because of its location, the Parkway is the site for many concerts. On July 2,2005, the steps of the museum played host to the Philadelphia venue of Live 8, the Parkway was also the site of Jay-Zs Made in America Festival on September 1-2,2012 featuring Jay-Z, Pearl Jam, Skrillex and Calvin Harris, among others. Traffic along the Parkway has decreased considerably because of the completion of Interstate 676, in response, the roadway has been narrowed somewhat and the sidewalks expanded around Logan Circle. A new museum for the Barnes Foundation collection of Impressionist art on the site between the Free Library and the Rodin Museum opened in Spring 2012, Rocky Steps Cradle of Liberty Council Academy of Natural Sciences Jacques Gréber Kyriakodis, Harry. The Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Arcadia Publishing, Parkway Museums District Ben Franklin Parkway rehabilitation project The Philadelphia Museum of Art Center City Parks District - supports parks along the Parkway

5.
Landscape architecture
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Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape. A practitioner in the profession of architecture is called a landscape architect. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work, other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. e. They often work in forestry, nature conservation and agriculture, Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of species in a given area. Landscape planners are concerned with planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning, green roof designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for storm water management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation. An example is the work by André Le Nôtre at Vaux-le-Vicomte for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of making a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712, the term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the Landscape Gardening, the practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe, later, in 1978, IFLAs Headquarters were established in Versailles. Through the 19th century, urban planning became a focal point, the combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and the emerging field of urban planning offered Landscape Architecture an opportunity to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks which continue to have an influence on the practices of Landscape Architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York, jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point

Landscape architecture
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Stourhead in Wiltshire, England, designed by Henry Hoare (1705–1785), "the first landscape gardener, who showed in a single work, genius of the highest order"
Landscape architecture
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, established 1759 The Palm House built 1844–1848 by Richard Turner to Decimus Burton 's designs
Landscape architecture
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Urban design in city squares. Water feature in London, by Tadao Ando who also works with landscapes and gardens
Landscape architecture
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Orangery at the Palace of Versailles, outside Paris

6.
Urban design
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Urban design is the process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages. It is common for professionals in all disciplines to practice in urban design. In more recent times different sub-strands of urban design have emerged such as urban design, landscape urbanism, water-sensitive urban design. Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric, Urban design draws together the many strands of place-making, environmental stewardship, social equity and economic viability into the creation of places with distinct beauty and identity. Urban design draws these and other strands together creating a vision for an area and then deploying the resources, Urban design theory deals primarily with the design and management of public space, and the way public places are experienced and used. Public space includes the totality of spaces used freely on a basis by the general public, such as streets, plazas, parks. Some aspects of privately owned spaces, such as building facades or domestic gardens, important writers on urban design theory include Christopher Alexander, Peter Calthorpe, Gordon Cullen, Andres Duany, Jane Jacobs, Mitchell Joachim, Jan Gehl, Allan B. Jacobs, Kevin Lynch, Aldo Rossi, Colin Rowe, Robert Venturi, William H. Whyte, Camillo Sitte, Bill Hillier, although contemporary professional use of the term urban design dates from the mid-20th century, urban design as such has been practiced throughout history. Ancient examples of planned and designed cities exist in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. European Medieval cities are often, and often erroneously, regarded as exemplars of undesigned or organic city development, there are many examples of considered urban design in the Middle Ages. 12th century western Europe brought renewed focus on urbanisation as a means of stimulating economic growth, the burgage system dating from that time and its associated burgage plots brought a form of self-organising design to medieval towns. Rectangular grids were used in the Bastides of 13th and 14th century Gascony, throughout history, design of streets and deliberate configuration of public spaces with buildings have reflected contemporaneous social norms or philosophical and religious beliefs. Yet the link between designed urban space and human mind appears to be bidirectional, indeed, the reverse impact of urban structure upon human behaviour and upon thought is evidenced by both observational study and historical record. There are clear indications of impact through Renaissance urban design on the thought of Johannes Kepler, the beginnings of modern urban design in Europe are associated with the Renaissance but, especially, with the Age of Enlightenment. Spanish colonial cities were planned, as were some towns settled by other imperial cultures. These sometimes embodied utopian ambitions as well as aims for functionality and good governance, as with James Oglethorpes plan for Savannah, in the Baroque period the design approaches developed in French formal gardens such as Versailles were extended into urban development and redevelopment. In the 18th and 19th centuries, urban design was perhaps most closely linked with surveyors, much of Frederick Law Olmsteds work was concerned with urban design, and the newly formed profession of landscape architecture also began to play a significant role in the late 19th century. Modern urban design is a part of the discipline of Urban planning

7.
Beaux-Arts architecture
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Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C

8.
City Beautiful movement
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The particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary Beaux-Arts and neoclassical architectures, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony. The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred during the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, the exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the White City, with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginias Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase, the popularization begun by the World Columbian Exposition was increased by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904. The commissioner of architects selected Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to be Chief of Design of the fair, all these were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States. Masqueray resigned soon after the fair opened in 1904, having been invited by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul to Minnesota to design a new cathedral for the city in the fairs Beaux Arts style. An early use of the City Beautiful ideal with the intent of creating social order through beautification was the McMillan Plan, named for Michigan Senator James McMillan. The Washington planners, who included Burnham, Saint-Gaudens, Charles McKim of McKim, Mead, and White, the essence of the plan surrounded the United States Capitol with monumental government buildings to replace notorious slum communities. At the heart of the design was the creation of the National Mall, the implementation of the plan was interrupted by World War I but resumed after the war, culminating in the construction of the Lincoln Memorial in 1922. The success of the City Beautiful philosophy in Washington, D. C, in Wilmington, Delaware, it inspired the creation of Rodney Square and the surrounding civic buildings. In New Haven, John Russell Pope developed a plan for Yale University that eliminated substandard housing, daniel Burnhams 1909 Plan of Chicago is considered one of principal documents of the City Beautiful movement. The plan featured a new civic center, axial streets. Of these, only the lakefront park was implemented to any significant degree. In 1913, the City of Chicago appointed a Commission with a mandate to “make Chicago Beautiful. ”As part of the plan, the West Side Property Owner’s Association was among those who objected. Coral Gables has many parks and a tree canopy with an urban forest planted largely in the 1920s. In Denver, Colorado, Mayor Robert W. Speer endorsed City Beautiful planning, with a plan for a Civic Center, the plan was partly realized, on a reduced scale, with the Greek amphitheater, Voorhies Memorial and the Colonnade of Civic Benefactors, completed in 1919. The bronze Indian guide he envisaged was vetoed by the committee, harrisburgs movement of beautification and improvement was one of the earliest and most successful urban reform movements in the country. The causes of the defects were well known, industrialization in the previous half century had left the city poorly planned with unpaved streets

9.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland

10.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock

11.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

12.
Harbor Hill
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Harbor Hill was a large Long Island mansion built from 1899-1902 in Roslyn, New York, commissioned by Clarence Hungerford Mackay. It was designed by McKim, Mead, and White, with Stanford White supervising the project and it was the largest home he ever designed. Clarence Mackay was the son of Comstock Lode magnate John William Mackay, built at great expense and furnished lavishly, the home originally sat on 688 acres and enjoyed views across Roslyn Harbor to Long Island Sound. Formal terraces and gardens were finished by Guy Lowell, social events held at the house included a grand party for the Prince of Wales in 1924. Harbor Hill, the site of the mansion, is the highest point in Nassau County, New York. Whether Harbor Hill or 401-foot Jaynes Hill to the east was the highest point on Long Island was a point of debate in the 19th century. Much of the estate, including the site of the building, has been covered with a modern housing development. List of Gilded Age mansions Harbor Hill, Portrait of a House by Richard Guy Wilson, Harbor Hill, An Appreciation Interior of the house, 1903-1904

Harbor Hill
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Harbor Hill in 1922

13.
Roslyn, New York
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Roslyn is a village in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 2,770. Initially Roslyn was settled in the year 1633, Roslyn was once called Hempstead Harbor, but its name changed to Roslyn on September 7,1844 due to postal confusion regarding all the other Hempsteads scattered about Long Island. The Village of Roslyn is at the edge of the Town of North Hempstead. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.6 square miles. As of the 2010 census the population was 86% White 76% Non-Hispanic White,2. 2% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,8. 85% Asian,2. 6% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 2% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,570 people,1,060 households, and 603 families residing in the village. The population density was 4,082.2 people per square mile, there were 1,124 housing units at an average density of 1,785.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 86. 81% White,2. 33% African American,0. 08% Native American,6. 15% Asian,2. 02% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 34% of the population. 37. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89. In the village, the population was out with 18. 2% under the age of 18,3. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $72,404, and the median income for a family was $101,622. Males had an income of $65,156 versus $45,221 for females. The per capita income for the village was $47,166, about 1. 3% of families and 4. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 9% of those under age 18 and 2. 7% of those age 65 or over. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain 59%-40%, Roslyn High School is ranked 42nd in the state and 342nd in the nation The Roslyn mascot for their athletic teams is a Bulldog. The Heights School serves as pre-kindergarten and kindergarten for the entire district, the two elementary schools each serve half of the Roslyn school district. Harbor Hill School provides education for students in one through five

Roslyn, New York
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Clock tower at Main Street and Old Northern Boulevard, one of Roslyn's best-known landmarks

14.
Clarence Mackay
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Clarence Hungerford Mackay /ˈmæki/ was an American financier. He was chairman of the board of the Postal Telegraph and Cable Corporation and president of the Mackay Radio and he was born on April 17,1874 to John William Mackay. His father was a miner and telegraph mogul who had been born in Dublin and emigrated to America with his parents. It made all of them unimaginably wealthy, John married Louise Antoinette Hungerford Bryant and adopted her daughter by an earlier marriage. They lived between Paris and New York, where brought up this daughter and their two sons, John and Clarence. This was the largest home White ever designed, Katherine Duer Mackay was a beautiful debutante from an old, high society, New York family. Clarence met her on a crossing between New York and England in about 1897. They fell in love and were married on May 17,1898, Harbor Hill, the site of their future estate with the striking view of Hempstead Harbor, was Katherines and Claries wedding present from the senior Mackays. Katherine oversaw much of the design and building of their mansion at Harbor Hill, Katherine was a suffragette and a champion of womens rights and became the first woman member of the Roslyn school board in 1905. Katherine left Clarence and her three children to run away with the doctor who had cured Clarences throat cancer, Dr. Joseph Blake, Blake then cured her eye cancer, and he in turn ran away with her nurse. The marriage officially ended in divorce in Paris in 1914, Katherine returned to New York in 1930, the same year she died from cancer. In 1926, his daughter Ellin married Irving Berlin against her fathers wishes, Anna Case of Clinton, New Jersey would become Mackays second wife. She was a soprano who sang with the Metropolitan Opera. Her life changed dramatically following an engagement to sing at a musicale given in the home of Clarence H. Mackay. Taken with her beauty, he sent a carload of flowers to her at her next Carnegie Hall recital, because of religious convictions – he was a traditional Irish-American Catholic – Clarence Mackay would not remarry as long as his first wife, Katherine, lived. After Katherines death in 1930, Clarence and Anna were married at St Marys Roman Catholic Church in Roslyn and his wedding gift to Anna was a platinum-set emerald and diamond necklace. The 167.97 carats emerald was mined in Colombia and the necklace designed by Cartier, Clarence sold his major source of income, the Postal Telegraph Company, to the new International Telephone and Telegraph Company for an enormous amount of stock. The 1929 stock market crash wiped him out, he survived the Great Depression by selling his art and antiques

15.
Lynnewood Hall
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Lynnewood Hall is a 110-room Neoclassical Revival mansion in Elkins Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, designed by architect Horace Trumbauer for industrialist Peter A. B. Widener died at Lynnewood Hall at the age of 80 on November 6,1915 after prolonged poor health and he was predeceased by his elder son George Dunton Widener and grandson Harry Elkins Widener, both of whom died when the Titanic sank in 1912. Built from Indiana limestone, the T-shaped Lynnewood Hall measures 325 feet long by 215 feet deep, TIME magazine published an account of a lavish party held at Lynnewood Hall in 1932. From 1915 to 1940, the art collection at Lynnewood Hall was open to the public by appointment between June and October. In 1940, Joseph E. Widener donated more than 2,000 sculptures, paintings, decorative art works, and porcelains to the National Gallery of Art. The paintings included Raphaels Small Cowper Madonna, Bellinis Feast of the gods, eight van Dycks, the sculptures included Donatellos David and Desiderio da Settignanos St John the Baptist. The grounds were used for training military dogs during World War II, Lynnewood Hall suffered a general decline under the ownership of the Faith Theological Seminary, a religious group headed by Carl McIntire, which purchased it in 1952 for $192,000. During that ownership much interior detailing, such as mantels, walnut paneling and this is evidenced by the 2006 auction of a French bronze figural fountain—one of only two major surviving Henri-Leon Greber commissions in America—originally installed at Lynnewood Hall. Lynnewood Hall was added to the Preservation Alliance for Greater Philadelphias 2003 list for most endangered historic properties and is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, the seminary and property was eventually foreclosed upon by the second-mortgagee, reportedly a one-time follower of McIntire. At 33.85 acres, Lynnewood Hall currently is owned by the First Korean Church of New York, however, Lynnewood is not in use by that church and remains vacant. As of 2007 no significant stabilization or repair efforts have been evident and this was the second such request, the first submitted in 1998, for a variance. That resulted in a lawsuit, which upheld Cheltenhams denial of the request, there have been negotiations ongoing of new ownership and possible renovations to the estate. Parties had hoped to have a plan finalized by the end of 2011, the proposed renovation could take the estate back to a private residence, and offer guest rooms to social elite and that of a high society bed and breakfast. Ongoing searches for previous pieces of the estate belonged to Lynnewood Hall have been undertaken. In a state court decision handed down in February 2012 by Judge Norma L. Shapiro, in a rare interview with the Philadelphia Inquirer after this court ruling with Dr. Richard S. Yoon, video cameras were permitted inside Lynnewood Hall and the original seminary chapel. Dr. Yoon stated, “We have no choice to relocate and we don’t want to fight any more. A gatehouse and another outbuilding, of the same materials as Lynnewood. The property within the fence has remained contiguous, never having been subdivided and this property is currently on the market for $16,500,000 as of July 2015

16.
Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
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Elkins Park is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States, a close-in suburb of Philadelphia. It is split between Cheltenham and Abington Townships in the suburbs of the city, which it borders along Cheltenham Avenue roughly 6 miles from downtown, an affluent community, it is the home of Lynnewood Hall, a 110-room, derelict Gilded Age mansion. Beth Sholom Synagogue, the synagogue designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Elkins Estate. It is represented by Brendan F. Boyle in Pennsylvanias 13th congressional district, the Jenkintown and Melrose Park stations are also found near the neighborhood of Elkins Park, and are served by the same regional rail lines. SEPTA bus routes 28,55,70 and 77 also provide service to Elkins Park, toward the western end of Elkins Park is Pennsylvania Route 611. In Elkins Park, Pennsylvania Route 73 runs along Township Line Road, Roberts, co-founder of Comcast, father of current Comcast chief executive officer, Brian L. Roberts Jeffrey Solow, classical cellist and academic Peter A. B. Widener, head of a wealthy and historically prominent family Harry Elkins Widener, during the shows second season, Bettys father has a series of strokes, and is taken to Elkins Park Hospital in the script. This would have actually been the former Rolling Hill Hospital, which opened in 1953, and is now known as Mossrehab and Einstein at Elkins Park, part of the Einstein Healthcare Network

17.
Peter A. B. Widener
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Peter Arrell Browne Widener was an American art collector, businessman, and head of the Widener family of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A merchant who supplied meat to the Union Army during the United States Civil War, Widener grew to prominence in the city and by 1871 had become Philadelphia City Treasurer. He and his Philadelphia business partner William L. Elkins invested in public systems in other major cities with businessmen such as Charles Tyson Yerkes. Widener used the wealth accumulated from that business to become a founding organizer of U. S. Steel. He is considered to have been among the 100 wealthiest Americans, Widener was named after Peter Arrell Browne, a noted lawyer in 19th-century Philadelphia. In 1858, he married Hannah Josephine Dunton, and they had three sons, Harry, George and Joseph, in 1900 he completed Lynnewood Hall in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, a 110-room Georgian-style mansion designed by Horace Trumbauer. Widener was an art collector, with a collection that included more than a dozen paintings by Rembrandt as well as works by then-new artists Édouard Manet. Wideners son, George Dunton Widener, and grandson, Harry Elkins Widener, Widener died at Lynnewood Hall at the age of 80 on November 6,1915, after having suffered from poor health for three years. Rhône v. Peter A. B. Widener Widener University Article on Widener and Widener Mansion in Philadelphia, Peter Arrell Browne Widener at Find a Grave

18.
Horace Trumbauer
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Horace Trumbauer was a prominent American architect of the Gilded Age, known for designing residential manors for the wealthy. Later in his career he also designed hotels, office buildings, Trumbauers massive palaces flattered the egos of his robber baron clients, but were dismissed by his professional peers. His work made him a man, but his buildings rarely received positive critical recognition. Today, however, he is hailed as one of Americas premier architects, Trumbauer was born in Philadelphia, the son of a salesman. He completed a 6-year apprenticeship with G. W. and W. D. Hewitt and he did some work for developers Wendell and Smith, designing homes for middle-class planned communities, including the Overbrook Farms and Wayne Estate developments. Trumbauers first major commission was Grey Towers Castle, designed for the sugar magnate William Welsh Harrison, Widener, whose 110-room Georgian-revival palace, Lynnewood Hall, launched Trumbauers successful career. Built with a gift from Eleanor Elkins Widener, the library is a memorial to her son, Harry, Class of 1907, in 1903, he married Sara Thomson Williams and became stepfather to Agnes Helena. Architectural Record published a survey of his work in 1904, in 1906, Trumbauer hired Julian Abele, the first African-American graduate of the University of Pennsylvania Architecture Department, and promoted him to chief designer in 1909. Trumbauers later buildings are attributed to Abele, but this is speculation. With the exception of the chapel at Duke University, Abele never claimed credit for any of the buildings designed during Trumbauers lifetime. The commission for the Philadelphia Museum of Art was shared between Trumbauers firm and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary, Trumbauer architect Howell Lewis Shay is credited with the buildings plan and massing, although the perspective drawings appear to be in Abeles hand. When it opened in 1928, the building was criticized as being vastly overscaled and nicknamed the great Greek garage. But, perched on Fairmount Hill and terminating the axis of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, in 1933, Trumbauer was commissioned to build an ornate Anti-Regime French style mansion for Herbert Nathan Straus, the youngest son of Macys founder Isidor Straus. Built in limestone with intricate carvings on the façade, the mansion is now the largest private residence in Manhattan and it is currently owned by financier Jeffrey Epstein and the Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation. The mansion exemplifies the classic but opulent style requested of industry barons of that time, despite tremendous success and his apparent ability to impress wealthy clients, Trumbauer suffered from overwhelming shyness and a sense of inferiority about his lack of formal education. He had a number of commissions until the Great Depression, and he died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1938, and is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Part of Wendell & Smiths Wayne Estate development, Grey Towers Castle, Glenside, PA Chelten House, Elkins Park, PA Lynnewood Hall, Elkins Park, PA John C. Bell House, Rittenhouse Square Elstowe Manor, Elkins Park, PA Edward C, mrs. Dixon was Eleanor Widener, the mansions name is hers spelled backward

19.
Edward T. Stotesbury
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Edward Townsend Ned Stotesbury was a prominent investment banker, a partner in Philadelphias Drexel & Co. and its New York affiliate J. P. Morgan & Co. for over fifty-five years. He was involved in the financing of many railroads, Stotesbury, West Virginia, a coal mining town in Raleigh County, is named for him, as well as his equestrian estate, the Stotesbury Club House. Several of the estates he built with his second wife have been demolished in the years since his death. Stotesbury was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of Quaker parentage, and his first wife was Frances Berman Butcher. Their first daughter, Helen Lewis Stotesbury, died an infant and they had another daughter in 1877 and Frances died giving birth to a third on November 7,1881 at the age of 31. Stotesbury got his start working for Drexel & Co. the well-known Philadelphia banking house founded and directed by Anthony Joseph Drexel and he was always punctual, never absent. He kept meticulous records of every penny he spent, when Drexel went into partnership with J. P. Morgan, Stotesbury received a lucrative post. In 1882, he was made a partner, years later he often told the simple story of his success, Keep your mouth shut and your ears open. One of the significant services which he performed in the course of his business career was assisting in the floating of the International Chinese Loan of 1909 and he also served as the President of Philadelphias Art Jury and Fairmount Park Art Association. James worked at Drexel and Company after his World War I service, the couples first project together was redecorating his Philadelphia townhouses at 1923-25 Walnut Street. While he withdrew $55 million from his J. P. Stotesbury died at eighty-nine on May 21,1938 in Wyndmoor, every year since 1927, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta has been held on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. It is one of the oldest and largest high school rowing regattas in the United States, Stotesbury was a member and one-time president of the Bachelors Barge Club, one of the rowing clubs in Philadelphia. Stotesbury, West Virginia, a mining town in Raleigh County, was named for Stotesbury. The town was the home of eight-term U. S. The Stotesbury Club House, a building on Stotesburys equestrian farm in Wyndmoor, Edward and Eva Stotesbury are characters in the Stephen Sondheim musical Road Show. The land on which Whitemarsh Hall was built was developed into a town house complex named after Stotesbury, Stotesburys second daughter, Edith Lewis Stotesbury, married Sydney Emlen Hutchinson on December 25,1903. His third daughter, Frances Butcher Stotesbury, married John Kearsley Mitchell on January 5,1909, on February 14,1922, his stepdaughter, Henrietta Louise Cromwell, a divorcee with two children, married General Douglas MacArthur. His stepson, James H. R. Cromwell became a devoted New Dealer

20.
Whitemarsh Hall
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Whitemarsh Hall was a large estate located on 300 acres of land in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, US, and owned by banking executive Edward T. Stotesbury and his wife, Eva. Designed by the Gilded Age architect Horace Trumbauer, it was built in 1921, before its destruction, the mansion was the third largest private residence in the United States. Today, it is regarded as one of the losses in American architectural history. Despite the name, Whitemarsh Hall was located in Springfield Township, the mansion was lavishly decorated with statues, paintings, and tapestry that Stotesbury had collected over the years, a collection later bequeathed to the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Duveen also advised Stotesbury in purchases of French sculpture to decorate the huge mansion, the gardens and landscaping were designed by the great urbanist and architect Jacques Gréber, whose designs in the grand manner of André Le Nôtre for the Philadelphian P. A. B. Widener at Lynnewood Hall had recommended him to Trumbauer and to Eva Stotesbury, the estate also included several lesser houses and utility buildings spread over the 300 acres, as well as four large greenhouses for growing trees and ferns. Smaller greenhouses were used for growing the many flowers needed to decorate the house for the parties the Stotesburys liked to host. More than 70 gardeners worked at maintaining the grounds, in addition to E. T. Eva and their servants, Whitemarsh Hall was also designed with Evas two children in mind, who were given their own rooms in the house. Her son Jimmy frequently resided within, as did her daughter Louise, for about nine years the mansion was the site of lavish balls and receptions. The death of one of E. T. Stotesburys own daughters in 1935 continued to dampen the Stotesburys enthusiasm for festivities, Whitemarsh Hall had often been called the American Versailles, because of the level of attention to detail in the gardens and in the main building. Eva Stotesbury discovered, after the death of her husband in 1938, Stotesbury had once declared that it cost him over a million dollars a year to maintain the house and the extensive property surrounding it. As a result of the Great Depression, the value of Whitemarsh Hall, Eva closed the mansion and moved to one of her other mansions, El Mirasol in Palm Beach, Florida. She donated the 2-mile-long, 8-foot-tall steel fence to the War Department to be turned into metal for 18,000 guns, Eva Stotesbury had already put the property on the market after her husbands death, but there were no buyers. The property did not sell until 1943, Whitemarsh Hall was finally sold for $167,000 to the Pennsalt Chemical Corporation, which transformed the building into a research laboratory. Much of the surrounding the mansion were sold for real estate development. Pennsalt kept the mansion and its remaining grounds maintained and modernized, in 1963, the company, by then known as Pennwalt, built a new research center in the King of Prussia area, and moved out of Whitemarsh Hall, which was sold to a property investment group. Disputes over the form of redevelopment to be undertaken delayed demolition for a number of years. The mansion, which was larger than the White House in Washington, D. C. was demolished in 1980, and a development of modern townhouses called Stotesbury Estates was built on the property

Whitemarsh Hall
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Whitemarsh Hall (Edward T. Stotesbury mansion), Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania (1916-21), Horace Trumbauer, architect.
Whitemarsh Hall
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Jacques Gréber designed the gardens, including the mile-long allee, looking east from the Mansion. Photo:c. 1922. The steps at the center of the photo are still there today.
Whitemarsh Hall
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A fragment remaining from the Whitemarsh estate
Whitemarsh Hall
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Whitemarsh statuary by Henri-Léon Gréber, father of Jacques Gréber

21.
Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
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Wyndmoor is a census-designated place in Springfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, US. The population was 5,498 at the 2010 census, Wyndmoor has the same zip code,19038, as the towns of Glenside, North Hills, and Erdenheim. Wyndmoor is located at 40°4′58″N 75°11′31″W, which is just outside the boundary of Philadelphia. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 1.6 square miles. 2. 5% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,601 people,2,144 households, and 1,460 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,392.0 people per square mile, there were 2,191 housing units at an average density of 1,326. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 80. 70% White,15. 62% African American,0. 20% Native American,2. 12% Asian,0. 34% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 05% of the population. 27. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.93. In the CDP, the population was out, with 20. 3% under the age of 18,4. 1% from 18 to 24,23. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years, for every 100 females there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.4 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $72,219, and the median income for a family was $81,377. Males had an income of $56,392 versus $47,292 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,205, about 0. 8% of families and 2. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 6% of those under age 18 and 5. 2% of those age 65 or over. Wyndmoor is served by SEPTAs Wyndmoor train station, which is not in Wyndmoor. Bus routes serving Wyndmoor include the 77 and L routes, william Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, reserved Springfield Township as one of his familys original manors in the 1680s. The origin of the name Wyndmoor is somewhat obscure, the community was earlier called Bungtown, Spring Village, and Tedyuscung, after the Native American leader, Teedyuscung, whose statue stands overlooking the Wissahickon Creek in Valley Green. Wyndmoor was the site of Whitemarsh Hall, the 300-acre estate of banking executive Edward T. Stotesbury, the Stotesbury Club House and John Welsh House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Wyndmoor Hose Company No.1 was formed in 1906 and chartered in 1907, the seeds of the local fire company grew out of an industrial base at Mermaid Lane and Queen Street

22.
Wyndmoor, PA
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Wyndmoor is a census-designated place in Springfield Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, US. The population was 5,498 at the 2010 census, Wyndmoor has the same zip code,19038, as the towns of Glenside, North Hills, and Erdenheim. Wyndmoor is located at 40°4′58″N 75°11′31″W, which is just outside the boundary of Philadelphia. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 1.6 square miles. 2. 5% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, as of the census of 2000, there were 5,601 people,2,144 households, and 1,460 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,392.0 people per square mile, there were 2,191 housing units at an average density of 1,326. 9/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 80. 70% White,15. 62% African American,0. 20% Native American,2. 12% Asian,0. 34% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 05% of the population. 27. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.93. In the CDP, the population was out, with 20. 3% under the age of 18,4. 1% from 18 to 24,23. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years, for every 100 females there were 81.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.4 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $72,219, and the median income for a family was $81,377. Males had an income of $56,392 versus $47,292 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,205, about 0. 8% of families and 2. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 6% of those under age 18 and 5. 2% of those age 65 or over. Wyndmoor is served by SEPTAs Wyndmoor train station, which is not in Wyndmoor. Bus routes serving Wyndmoor include the 77 and L routes, william Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, reserved Springfield Township as one of his familys original manors in the 1680s. The origin of the name Wyndmoor is somewhat obscure, the community was earlier called Bungtown, Spring Village, and Tedyuscung, after the Native American leader, Teedyuscung, whose statue stands overlooking the Wissahickon Creek in Valley Green. Wyndmoor was the site of Whitemarsh Hall, the 300-acre estate of banking executive Edward T. Stotesbury, the Stotesbury Club House and John Welsh House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Wyndmoor Hose Company No.1 was formed in 1906 and chartered in 1907, the seeds of the local fire company grew out of an industrial base at Mermaid Lane and Queen Street

23.
Second World War
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan

24.
United States Declaration of Independence
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Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast, a committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term Declaration of Independence is not used in the document itself, John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The next day, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, but Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms and it was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for printing has been lost. Jeffersons original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the best known version of the Declaration, a signed copy that is popularly regarded as the official document, is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D. C. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19, the sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Having served its purpose in announcing independence, references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years. Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric, and his policies and this has been called one of the best-known sentences in the English language, containing the most potent and consequential words in American history. The passage came to represent a standard to which the United States should strive. Believe me, dear Sir, there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose, and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America. By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire. Many colonists, however, had developed a different conception of the empire, the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them. This tax dispute was part of a divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliaments authority in the colonies. In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate, after the Townshend Acts, some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all

United States Declaration of Independence
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1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy
United States Declaration of Independence
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Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration
United States Declaration of Independence
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The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
United States Declaration of Independence
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This idealized depiction of (left to right) Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson working on the Declaration (Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1900) was widely reprinted.

25.
Independence Hall (United States)
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Independence Hall is the building where both the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted. It is now the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the building was completed in 1753 as the colonial legislature for the Province of Pennsylvania. It became the meeting place of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and was the site of the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and is listed as a World Heritage Site, by the spring of 1729 the citizens of Philadelphia were petitioning to be allowed to build a state house. Two thousand pounds were committed to the endeavor, by October 1730 they had begun purchasing lots on Chestnut Street. By 1732, even though Hamilton had acquired the deed for Lot no.2 from surveyor David Powell, dr. John Kearsley and Hamilton disagreed on a number of issues concerning the state house. Kearsley, who is credited with the designs of both Christ Church and St. Peters Church, had plans for the structure of the building, the two men also disagreed on the buildings site, Kearsley suggested High Street, now Market Street, and Hamilton favored Chestnut Street. Lawrence said nothing on the matter, matters reached a point where arbitration was needed. On August 8,1733, Hamilton brought the matter before the House of Representatives and he explained that Kearsley did not approve of Hamilton’s plans for the location and architecture of the state house and went on to insist the House had not agreed to these decisions. In response to this, Hamilton, on August 11, showed his plans for the house to the House. Ground was broken for construction soon after, Independence Hall is a red brick building designed in the Georgian style. It consists of a building with belltower and steeple, attached to two smaller wings via arcaded hyphens. The highest point to the tip of the spire is 168 ft. The State House was built between 1732 and 1751, designed by Edmund Woolley and Andrew Hamilton, and built by Woolley and its construction was commissioned by the Pennsylvania colonial legislature which paid for construction as funds were available, so it was finished piecemeal. It was initially inhabited by the government of Pennsylvania as its State House. In 1753 Thomas Stretch erected a giant clock at the buildings west end that resembled a tall clock, the 40-foot-tall limestone base was capped with a 14-foot wooden case surrounding the clocks face, which was carved by Samuel Harding. The giant clock was removed about 1830, the clock’s dials were mounted at the east and west ends of the main building connected by rods to the clock movement in the middle of the building. The acquisition of the clock and bell by the Pennsylvania Colonial Assembly is closely related to the acquisition of the Liberty Bell

Independence Hall (United States)
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South facade of Independence Hall
Independence Hall (United States)
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Detail of A Map of Philadelphia and Parts Adjacent, depicting the State House as it appeared in 1752. The image shows the original bell tower, which lacked a clock.
Independence Hall (United States)
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Independence Hall in 1799, with the wooden steeple removed and Thomas Stretch's clock (far left).
Independence Hall (United States)

26.
Liberty Bell
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The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Formerly placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House, the bell today is located in the Liberty Bell Center in Independence National Historical Park. The bell first cracked when rung after its arrival in Philadelphia, in its early years the bell was used to summon lawmakers to legislative sessions and to alert citizens about public meetings and proclamations. While there is no account of the Liberty Bell ringing. After American independence was secured the bell fell into obscurity until, in the 1830s, the bell was adopted as a symbol by abolitionist societies. The bell acquired its distinctive large crack some time in the early 19th century—a widespread story claims it cracked while ringing after the death of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835. The bell became famous after an 1847 short story claimed that an aged bellringer rang it on July 4,1776, despite the fact that the bell did not ring for independence on that July 4, the tale was widely accepted as fact, even by some historians. Beginning in 1885, the City of Philadelphia, which owns the bell, allowed it to go to various expositions, the bell attracted huge crowds wherever it went, additional cracking occurred and pieces were chipped away by souvenir hunters. The last such journey occurred in 1915, after which the city refused further requests, after World War II, the city allowed the National Park Service to take custody of the bell, while retaining ownership. The bell was used as a symbol of freedom during the Cold War and was a site for protests in the 1960s. It was moved from its home in Independence Hall to a nearby glass pavilion on Independence Mall in 1976. The bell has been featured on coins and stamps, and its name, philadelphias city bell had been used to alert the public to proclamations or civic danger since the citys 1682 founding. The original bell hung from a tree behind the Pennsylvania State House and was said to have brought to the city by its founder. In 1751, with a tower being built in the Pennsylvania State House, civic authorities sought a bell of better quality. Isaac Norris, speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, gave orders to the colonys London agent, Robert Charles, let the bell be cast by the best workmen & examined carefully before it is Shipped with the following words well shaped around it vizt. By Order of the Assembly of the Povince of Pensylvania for the State house in the City of Philada 1752 and Underneath Proclaim Liberty thro all the Land to all the Inhabitants thereof. -Levit. Charles duly ordered the bell from Thomas Lester of the London bellfounding firm of Lester and Pack for the sum of £150 13s 8d, including freight to Philadelphia and it arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752. Norris wrote to Charles that the bell was in good order, the bell was mounted on a stand to test the sound, and at the first strike of the clapper, the bells rim cracked

Liberty Bell
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The Liberty Bell in 2008
Liberty Bell
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The Bell's First Note by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
Liberty Bell
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Independence Hall as it appeared in the 1770s
Liberty Bell
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The Liberty Bell is paraded through the streets of Philadelphia, 1908, in a recreation of its 1777 journey to Allentown

27.
Independence Mall (Philadelphia)
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Independence Mall is a three-block section of Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It lies directly north of Independence Hall, and is bounded by Chestnut, Race, the south block is called the First Block, the middle block is called the Second Block, and the north block is called the Third Block. A multi-level underground parking garage lies beneath much of the Second Block, public restrooms and the Peoples Plaza are located on the First Block. Byrne Federal Courthouse, and the Rohm & Haas Building to the west, the groundwork for a park area surrounding Independence Hall was laid when the Historic Sites Act of 1935 was adopted. Even before Independence Hall was officially named a National Historic Site in 1943 and his concept called for a 5-block mall extending from Chestnut to Callowhill Streets, and incorporating the approaches to the Benjamin Franklin Bridge. And was strongly backed by the Independence Hall Association and its president, in 1947, as a national park was being assembled around Independence Hall, Lewis advocated that the federal government purchase the three blocks north of the historic building for the park. The National Park Service was only interested in purchasing the First Block, Independence Mall State Park was created in the 1950s with the intention that the land would eventually be turned over to the NPS. A couple hundred 18th-, 19th-, and 20th-century buildings were purchased and demolished for the project, among these were the surviving walls of the Presidents House – the White House of George Washington and John Adams during the decade that Philadelphia served as the temporary national capital. The only building not demolished was the Free Quaker Meetinghouse at the southwest corner of 5th & Arch Streets and it was relocated 30 feet to the west, so that 5th Street could be widened. It is important to note that the approved design for the Mall were created without involvement from the National Park Service. The first block closest to Independence Mall was completed in 1954, the design for the first block was developed by Wheelwright, Stevenson and Langren, a Philadelphia Landscape Architecture Firm. By their design, the featured a central lawn surrounded by terraces, walkways. The next block featured a fountain and a square reflecting pool. It was also surrounded by terraces and two brick arcades to mimic the first block, the northernmost block was designed by Dan Kiley, a Landscape Architect influential in the modernist style. His 1963 plan was designed based on Philadelphias original five-city-square layout, each square was represented by fountains placed in scale to the Center City map. Surrounding the fountains was a regularly spaced array of 700 Honey Locust trees planted 12-6 by 18 on-center within a paved plaza. The trees ultimately failed due to the spacing and urban environment, many were removed. Concurrent with construction activities through an Act of Congress on June 28,1947, when it was formally established and first opened to the public on July 4,1956, the National Park did not include any portion of the Mall

Independence Mall (Philadelphia)
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Independence Mall in 2012, looking south from the National Constitution Center.
Independence Mall (Philadelphia)
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Independence Hall, with newly demolished First Block of Independence Mall, 1952.
Independence Mall (Philadelphia)
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Independence Mall, circa 1959. The First Block (foreground) is completed. One third of the Second Block is completed, from Market to Filbert Streets, and named the "Judge Lewis Quadrangle." The other two-thirds, Filbert to Arch Streets, will become the underground parking garage, with a plaza above. The buildings on the Third Block have not yet been demolished.
Independence Mall (Philadelphia)
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Independence Mall.

28.
Paul Cret
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Paul Philippe Cret was a French-born Philadelphia architect and industrial designer. For more than thirty years, he taught a studio in the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania. Born in Lyon, France, Cret was educated at that citys École des Beaux-Arts, then in Paris and he came to the United States in 1903 to teach at the University of Pennsylvania. Although settled in America, he happened to be in France at the outbreak of World War I and he enlisted and remained in the French army for the duration, for which he was awarded the Croix de Guerre and made an officer in the Legion of Honor. Crets practice in America began in 1907, some of Crets work is remarkably streamlined and forward-thinking, and includes collaborations with sculptors such as Alfred Bottiau and Leon Hermant. In the late 1920s the architect was brought in as consultant on Fellheimer and Wagners Cincinnati Union Terminal. He became an American citizen in 1927, in 1931, the regents of The University of Texas at Austin commissioned Cret to design a master plan for the campus, and build the Beaux-Art Main Building, the universitys signature tower. Cret would go on to collaborate on about twenty buildings on the campus, in 1935, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1938. Crets contributions to the industry also included the design of the side fluting on the Burlingtons Pioneer Zephyr. Cret won the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects in 1938, ill health forced his resignation from teaching in 1937. Commission of Fine Arts from 1940 to 1945, after years of limited activity, Cret died in Philadelphia of heart disease. Crets work was displayed in the exhibit, From the Bastille to Broad Street, The Influence of France on Philadelphia Architecture, an exhibit of his train designs, All Aboard. Paul P. Crets Train Designs, was at the Athenaeum of Philadelphia from July 5,2012 to August 24,2012. With a collection of 17,000 drawings and more than 3,000 photographs, louis Kahn studied at the University of Pennsylvania under Cret, and worked in Crets architectural office in 1929 and 1930. Other notable architects who studied under Cret include Alfred Easton Poor, barber, William Ward Watkin, and Chinese architect Lin Huiyin. On the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated Crets Eternal Light Peace Memorial. Following Crets death in 1945, his four partners assumed the practice under the partnership Harbeson, Hough, Livingston & Larson, the firm officially adopted this nickname as its formal title in 1976. H2L2 celebrated 100 years in 2007, 1908–10 – Organization of American States Building, Washington, D. C. C

29.
Lille
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Lille is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near Frances border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Vieux Lille. The legend of Lydéric and Phinaert puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640, in the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken here, as attested by toponymic research. Lilles Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel, the French equivalent has the same meaning, Lille comes from lîle. From 830 until around 910, the Vikings invaded Flanders, after the destruction caused by Norman and Magyar invasion, the eastern part of the region was ruled by various local princes. The first mention of the dates from 1066, apud Insulam. At the time, it was controlled by the County of Flanders, the County of Flanders thus extended to the left bank of the Scheldt, one of the richest and most prosperous regions of Europe. A notable local in this period was Évrard, who lived in the 9th century and participated in many of the days political, there was an important Battle of Lille in 1054. From the 12th century, the fame of the Lille cloth fair began to grow, in 1144 Saint-Sauveur parish was formed, which would give its name to the modern-day quartier Saint-Sauveur. Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders was imprisoned and the county fell into dispute, it would be his wife, Jeanne, Countess of Flanders and Constantinople and she was said to be well loved by the residents of Lille, who by that time numbered 10,000. He pushed the kingdoms of Flanders and Hainaut towards sedition against Jeanne in order to recover his land and she called her cousin, Louis VIII. He unmasked the imposter, whom Countess Jeanne quickly had hanged, in 1226 the King agreed to free Infante Ferdinand, Count of Flanders. Count Ferrand died in 1233, and his daughter Marie soon after, in 1235, Jeanne granted a city charter by which city governors would be chosen each All Saints Day by four commissioners chosen by the ruler. On 6 February 1236, she founded the Countesss Hospital, which one of the most beautiful buildings in Old Lille. It was in her honour that the hospital of the Regional Medical University of Lille was named Jeanne of Flanders Hospital in the 20th century, the Countess died in 1244 in the Abbey of Marquette, leaving no heirs. The rule of Flanders and Hainaut thus fell to her sister, Margaret II, Countess of Flanders, then to Margarets son, Lille fell under the rule of France from 1304 to 1369, after the Franco-Flemish War. The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, Lille thus became one of the three capitals of said Duchy, along with Brussels and Dijon. By 1445, Lille counted some 25,000 residents, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, was even more powerful than the King of France, and made Lille an administrative and financial capital

30.
Belfort
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Belfort is a city in northeastern France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Belfort is 400 km from Paris,141 km from Strasbourg,290 km from Lyon and 150 km from Zürich, the residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap or Burgundian Gate. The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants, together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants. Belforts strategic location, in a gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement. The site of Belfort was inhabited in Gallo-Roman times and was recorded in the 13th century as a possession of the counts of Montbéliard. Previously an Austrian possession, Belfort was transferred to France by the Treaty of Westphalia, the towns fortifications were extended and developed by the military architect Vauban for Louis XIV. Until 1871, Belfort was part of the département of Haut-Rhin, in Alsace, the Siege of Belfort, between 3 November 1870 and 18 February 1871, was successfully resisted until the garrison was ordered to surrender 21 days after the armistice between France and Prussia. The region was not annexed by Prussia like the rest of Alsace and was exchanged for territories in the vicinity of Metz. It formed, as it still does, the Territoire de Belfort, the siege is commemorated by a huge statue, the Lion of Belfort, by Frédéric Bartholdi. Alsatians who sought a new French home in Belfort made a significant contribution to its industry, the town was bombarded by the German army during World War I and occupied by it during World War II. In November 1944 the retreating German army held off the French First Army outside the town until French Commandos made a night attack on the Salbert Fort. Belfort was liberated on 22 November 1944, Belfort is a place with heavy industries, mostly dedicated to railway and turbines. Belfort is the hometown of Alstom where the first TGVs were produced, as well as being the GE Energy European headquarter and a centre of excellence for the manufacturing of gas turbines. Like many other European cities, motor traffic in Belfort increases continually, Belfort is situated at only 25 mi from the commercial port of Mulhouse-Rhin which allows international transit. Motorway A36 from Beaune to Mulhouse is routed around the south and it forms the main axis linking Belfort to other French and foreign cities. A national road, N19, is main road which joins the south of Belfort with Paris, Nancy

Belfort
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An aerial view of Belfort with the cathedral of Saint-Christophe in the foreground
Belfort
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November 25, 1944: a french woman exclaims to a neighbor and to an American soldier: "Tout Belfort Est Libre" (All Belfort is liberated).
Belfort
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Belfort in the road and train network of Franche-Comté
Belfort
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SNCF station of Belfort-Ville

31.
Marseille
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Marseille, also known as Marseilles in English, is a city in France. Known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Massalia, Marseille was the most important trading centre in the region, Marseille is now Frances largest city on the Mediterranean coast and the largest port for commerce, freight and cruise ships. The city was European Capital of Culture, together with Košice, Slovakia and it hosted the European Football Championship in 2016, and will be the European Capital of Sport in 2017. The city is home to campuses of Aix-Marseille University and part of one of the largest metropolitan conurbations in France. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris, further east still are the Sainte-Baume, the city of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the artists colony of lEstaque, further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre, the citys main thoroughfare stretches eastward from the Old Port to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château dIf, the main commercial centre of the city intersects with the Canebière at rue St Ferréol and the Centre Bourse. To the south east of central Marseille in the 6th arrondissement are the Prefecture and the fountain of Place Castellane. To the south west are the hills of the 7th arrondissement, the railway station—Gare de Marseille Saint-Charles—is north of the Centre Bourse in the 1st arrondissement, it is linked by the Boulevard dAthènes to the Canebière. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, december, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours, less frequent is the Sirocco, a hot, sand-bearing wind, coming from the Sahara Desert. Snowfalls are infrequent, over 50% of years do not experience a single snowfall, Massalia, whose name was probably adapted from an existing language related to Ligurian, was the first Greek settlement in France. It was established within modern Marseille around 600 BC by colonists coming from Phocaea on the Aegean coast of Asia Minor. The connection between Massalia and the Phoceans is mentioned in Thucydidess Peloponnesian War, he notes that the Phocaean project was opposed by the Carthaginians, the founding of Massalia has also been recorded as a legend. Protis was invited inland to a banquet held by the chief of the local Ligurian tribe for suitors seeking the hand of his daughter Gyptis in marriage, at the end of the banquet, Gyptis presented the ceremonial cup of wine to Protis, indicating her unequivocal choice

32.
Abbeville
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Abbeville is a commune in the Somme department and in Hauts-de-France region in northern France. It is one of the chef-lieus of the arrondissement of Somme and it was the capital of Ponthieu. Its inhabitants are called the Abbevillois, Abbeville is located on the Somme River,20 km from its modern mouth in the English Channel. The majority of the town is located on the east bank of the Somme and it is located at the head of the Abbeville Canal, and is 45 km northwest of Amiens and approximately 200 kilometres from Paris. It is also 10 kilometres as the flies from the Bay of Somme. In the medieval period, it was the lowest crossing point on the Somme, just halfway between Rouen and Lille, it is the historical capital of the County of Ponthieu and maritime Picardy. This place is considered by some to be the origin of Abbeville, because it was the location of the first château of the Counts of Ponthieu and it is assumed that this place could have been the location of the farm of Abbatisvilla, dependent upon the Abbey of Saint-Riquier. The suburbs of La Bouvaque and Thuison are located to the north of the city, the municipal park of La Bouvaque, bordered by the Boulevard de la République, consists of the La Bouvaque pond and Collart meadows, former settling ponds of the Béghin-Say sugar factory. It was in Thuison that the Carthusian monastery of Saint-Honoré was founded in 1301 by William of Mâcon and this was a property of the Order of the Temple, sold to the latter by Gérard de Villars, the last master of the province of France. The sale was confirmed by Hugues de Pairaud, then visitor of France, the suburb of Saint Gilles Rouvroy is to the west, and the origin of the name comes from Rouvray indicates the presence of an oak wood or a remarkable oak. Mautort, beside Rouvroy, is a stronghold located between Cambron and Abbeville. It is at the origin of the name of de Mautort, surviving in the name of the Tillette de Mautort family or, for example. The name tort is attested in Old French with the sense of détour, Menchecourt, in the north-west, is known for its sugar factory and for its football club. Abbeville is served by trains on the line between Boulogne-sur-Mer and Amiens and between Calais and Paris, Abbeville was the southern terminus of the Réseau des Bains de Mer, the line to Dompierre-sur-Authie opened on 19 June 1892 and closed on 10 March 1947. Abbeville is located just near the A16 autoroute, and is about 1 hour 50 minutes by car from Paris, Abbeville has an oceanic climate due to its proximity to the ocean. The summers and winters are temperate and rainy, days of snow are fairly common, the highest temperature was 37.8 °C on 1 July 1952 and the record low is −0.8 °C, which occurred during a particularly cold spell on 17 January 1985. In 2012, the commune had 24,237 inhabitants, the evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses carried out in the town since 1793. The population of the commune is relatively old, the rate of persons over 60 years of age is higher than the national rate and the departmental rate

33.
Rouen
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Rouen is a city on the River Seine in the north of France. It is the capital of the region of Normandy, formerly one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe, Rouen was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy during the Middle Ages. It was one of the capitals of the Anglo-Norman dynasties, which ruled both England and large parts of modern France from the 11th to the 15th centuries. The population of the area at the 2007 census was 532,559. People from Rouen are known as Rouennais, Rouen and its metropolitan area of 70 suburban communes form the Agglomeration community of Rouen-Elbeuf-Austreberthe, with 494,382 inhabitants at the 2010 census. Rouen was founded by the Gaulish tribe of Veliocasses, who controlled an area in the lower Seine valley. The Gauls named the settlement Ratumacos and the Romans called it Rotomagus, Roman Rotomagus was the second city of Gallia Lugdunensis, after Lugdunum. In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric, in the 10th century Rouen became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and the residence of the dukes, until William the Conqueror established his castle at Caen. During the early 12th century the population reached 30,000. In 1150, Rouen received its charter, which permitted self-government. During the 12th century, Rouen was probably the site of a Jewish yeshiva, at that time, about 6,000 Jews lived in the town, comprising about 20% of the total population. The well-preserved remains of a medieval Jewish building, that could be a yeshiva, were discovered in the 1970s under the Rouen Law Courts. In 1200, a destroyed part of Rouens Romanesque cathedral, leaving just St Romains tower, the side porches of its front. New work on the present Gothic cathedral of Rouen began, in the nave, transept, choir, on 24 June 1204, Philip Augustus entered Rouen and annexed Normandy to the French Kingdom. The fall of Rouen meant the end of Normandys sovereign status and he demolished the Norman castle and replaced it with his own, the Château Bouvreuil, built on the site of the Gallo-Roman amphitheatre. A textile industry developed based on wool imported from England, competing with the northern County of Flanders, the city found its market niche in the Champagne fairs. Rouen also depended on the traffic of the Seine for its prosperity. Wine and wheat were exported to England, with tin and wool received in return, in the late 13th century urban strife threatened the city, in 1291, the mayor was assassinated and noble residences in the city were pillaged

34.
Montrouge
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Montrouge is a commune in the southern Parisian suburbs, located 4.4 km from the centre of Paris, France. It is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe, after a long period of decline, the population has increased again in recent years. The name of the community was first mentioned in documents in 1194. Throughout the Middle Ages, the hamlet was home to monasteries, on 1 January 1860, the city of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion, most of the commune of Montrouge was annexed to Paris, forming what is now called Petit-Montrouge, the remainder of Montrouge was preserved as an independent town. In 1875, the town gained a few square metres from the neighbouring communes of Châtillon. On 8 January 2015, Municipal Police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe was shot and killed in the commune, Coulibaly was reported to be an accomplice of Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, the suspected perpetrators of the Charlie Hebdo shooting. The next day, he was gunned down by police during a siege that left four hostages dead, industrial development started in 1925 and soon, many printing factories were to be found in the town. Most of these have disappeared today, since the early years of the twenty-first century, professional services and telecommunications have been the main business activities. The Châtillon - Montrouge station is located at the border between the commune of Montrouge and the commune of Châtillon, on the Châtillon side of the border. The Mairie de Montrouge station was opened on 23 March 2013 as part of the extension of Metro Line 4 to the south, two further stations are due to open in 2020. Bus line 68 runs from Metro Châtillon Montrouge all the way up through Montparnasse, the Louvre, the Paris Opera and ends at the Place de Clichy, bus line 126 runs from Porte dOrléans to Boulogne-Billancourt, while line 128 goes from the same place to Robinson RER station. Bus line 323 runs on the border of Montrouge on its way between Issy-les-Moulineaux and Ivry-sur-Seine. Montrouge was the home of a number of twentieth century artists. Montrouge has seven primary schools, Aristide Briand, Buffalo, François Rabelais, Nicolas Boileau, Raymond Queneau, Renaudel A. Public junior high schools, Haut Mesnil, Maurice Genevoix, Robert Doisneau, public high schools, Lycée Jean Monnet, Lycée Maurice Genevoix. There is a secondary school, Groupe Scolaire du Haut-Mesnil. Émile Boutroux, philosopher and member of the Académie française Robert Brasillach French author, Émile Chatelain, Latinist and palaeographer Coluche, comedian and sometime political figure, founder of the Restos du cœur soup kitchens

Montrouge
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Avenue de la Republique

35.
Elkins Park, PA
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Elkins Park is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States, a close-in suburb of Philadelphia. It is split between Cheltenham and Abington Townships in the suburbs of the city, which it borders along Cheltenham Avenue roughly 6 miles from downtown, an affluent community, it is the home of Lynnewood Hall, a 110-room, derelict Gilded Age mansion. Beth Sholom Synagogue, the synagogue designed by Frank Lloyd Wright Elkins Estate. It is represented by Brendan F. Boyle in Pennsylvanias 13th congressional district, the Jenkintown and Melrose Park stations are also found near the neighborhood of Elkins Park, and are served by the same regional rail lines. SEPTA bus routes 28,55,70 and 77 also provide service to Elkins Park, toward the western end of Elkins Park is Pennsylvania Route 611. In Elkins Park, Pennsylvania Route 73 runs along Township Line Road, Roberts, co-founder of Comcast, father of current Comcast chief executive officer, Brian L. Roberts Jeffrey Solow, classical cellist and academic Peter A. B. Widener, head of a wealthy and historically prominent family Harry Elkins Widener, during the shows second season, Bettys father has a series of strokes, and is taken to Elkins Park Hospital in the script. This would have actually been the former Rolling Hill Hospital, which opened in 1953, and is now known as Mossrehab and Einstein at Elkins Park, part of the Einstein Healthcare Network

36.
Greenbelt (Ottawa)
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The Greenbelt is a 203.5 square kilometres crescent of land within the present-day boundaries of the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, in which real estate development is strictly controlled. It begins at Shirleys Bay in the west and extends to Greens Creek in the east,149.5 square kilometres of the greenbelt is owned and managed by the National Capital Commission and the rest is held by other federal government departments and private interests. The greenbelt was proposed by Jacques Gréber in 1950 as part of his plan for Ottawa. Its original purpose included the prevention of urban sprawl, as well as to open space for the future development of farms, natural areas. At the time, the greenbelt was intended to circumscribe an area large enough for the accommodation of some 500,000 persons, the inner limit was chosen by considering what area could be economically provided with municipal services. As a result, the Greenbelt no longer surrounds Ottawa, today, land cover within the current Greenbelt comprises mainly forest, wetland, and fields - all with mixed use for recreation, conservation, farming, research, forestry. It also includes limited urban development, including government buildings and the Ottawa/Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, to date, the Ottawa Greenbelt is among the largest urban parks in the world. The Greenbelts success in curbing urban sprawl is difficult to measure because it is not known what the city would have looked like without it, as Ottawa had a population of 859,704 in 2005, it has clearly grown beyond what Gréber planned that the greenbelt should hold. Greenbelt detractors commonly reference the city of Kanata, which lies just to the west of the greenbelt. Proponents, however, point out that Kanata was planned as a separate, other areas of major development beyond the greenbelt are historical towns in their own right which grew outside the planning area of Ottawa. Half a century later, it is hard to know whether the greenbelt delayed the popularity of these towns as bedroom communities, more recently, Barrhaven in the southwest and new developments in the southeast are developing quickly beyond the greenbelt. The City of Ottawa is undergoing an Official Plan Review which, among other things, all views expressed in White Paper are those of the City of Ottawa and not those of the National Capital Commission which owns and operates the Greenbelt. The City of Ottawa has identified more than 13,700 acres of the Greenbelt, worth about $1.6 billion, that could be developed, then Environment Minister Jim Prentice, opposed development in what he considered an important part of the citys heritage. Prentice vowed to fight any such move, 45°28′00″N 75°34′35″W Hornets Nest soccer fields –11 soccer fields and an air-supported dome for indoor soccer. 45°26′35″N 75°34′35″W Pine View Golf Course – 36-hole public golf course 45°25′50″N 75°35′50″W Mer Bleue Conservation Area –33 km² sphagnum peat bog. There are some 20 km of walking trails, including a 1.2 km boardwalk, stunted black spruce, tamarack, together with bog rosemary, blueberry, and cottongrass, are some of the unusual species that have adapted to the acidic waters of the bog. The Mer Bleue bog got its name from the morning fogs that make it appear as a blue sea. 45°24′00″N 75°30′00″W Pine Grove Forest –12 km² of mixed-use forest for hiking, wildlife reserve, and forestry

37.
Ottawa, Ontario
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock

38.
Gatineau Park
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Gatineau Park is located in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada. Administered by the National Capital Commission as part of the National Capital Region, Gatineau Park is a 361 square kilometres wedge of land extending north and west from the city of Gatineau QC. With a perimeter of 179.2 kilometres, the park includes parts of the municipalities of Chelsea, Pontiac, La Pêche, the main entrance to the park is 4 kilometres north of downtown Ottawa, Ontario. The parks area has a history of human inhabitation and usage predating the arrival of European settlers. Its more recent pre-park history includes various forms of exploitation such as farming, logging, hunting. The idea of creating a park in the Gatineau Hills for recreational purposes was proposed as early as 1903, in 1938 money was allotted for the acquisition of Gatineau woodlands and the construction of a parkway. Gatineau Park was not only the first national park advocated for Quebec, as well, it was to be the first national park created by the first parks service in the world, the Dominion Parks Branch. On December 3,1913, Dominion Parks Commissioner James B, Harkin wrote to Deputy Minister of the Interior William Cory, arguing for the creation of a nationwide system of parks, the first of which was to be Gatineau Park. A few months later, on Corys suggestion, Harkin wrote Quebec Minister of Mines, with the First World War intervening shortly thereafter, the government of Canada had to tend to more pressing matters. During debate, however, Conservative MP John Edwards accused Prime Minister King of wanting to create a park around his Kingsmere property, though he denied the charge, the criticism would shape Kings subsequent decisions regarding the park. It would take another eleven years for the park to be created in embryonic form on July 1,1938, today, the National Capital Commission manages the park, along with all federal lands and buildings in Canadas National Capital Region. Its policies on park boundaries, land management and ownership, as well as on residential construction in the park, have been the subject of controversy, to address these issues, several private members’ bills have been introduced in the Senate and House of Commons since 2005. The federal government also tabled its own Gatineau Park legislation in June 2009, none of the bills tabled so far has been enacted into law. The latest government legislation on the subject, Bill C-20, was reported back to the House of Commons on November 15,2010, however, it died on the Order Paper before it could be given third reading when the 40th parliament was dissolved. In the fall of 2010, a controversy broke out in the press pertaining to the rehabilitation of Trail no.1 in Gatineau Park and its report concluded that garbage spread along the trail was within acceptable standards, a conclusion that park advocates met with scepticism. The NCC also confirmed staff for the contractor were not certified in the maintenance of trails in the park. More recently, on April 30,2014, the Conservative government defeated the latest private members bill pertaining to Gatineau Park, the Conservatives argued that the bill was too restrictive, since it applied only to Gatineau Park and not to other green space in the National Capital Region. They also said they voted against it because they intended to re-introduce their own legislation in the near term, according to park activists, C-565, though seriously flawed, should have been sent to committee for study and amendment

Gatineau Park
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Pink Lake at the end of October
Gatineau Park
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NCC allows shoreline construction at Meech Lake, 2008
Gatineau Park
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Ottawa Valley and Gatineau Hills from Champlain lookout in Gatineau Park
Gatineau Park
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Biking along one of the many trails in Gatineau Park

39.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012

40.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format

Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot

41.
Union List of Artist Names
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The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN, in the database, each artist record is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, the temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. The ULAN includes proper names and associated information about artists, artists may be either individuals or groups of individuals working together. Artists in the ULAN generally represent creators involved in the conception or production of visual arts, repositories and some donors are included as well. Work on the ULAN began in 1984, when the Getty decided to merge, in 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community, although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as firms and repositories of art. The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink, the ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy and machine-readable files, given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing, final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees, there may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent. Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well