Hyperpigmentation over face in a neonate is rare and the differentials for the same are also rare. Congenital chickengunya, fungal and viral infections, drug rash are few differentials. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection manifesting in neonates is very rare. The prevalence of the entity was described only recently. We describe a neonate with hyperpigmentation on day 3 of life with stormy course thereafter. The distinguishing rash on face helped us in clinching the diagnosis of congenital chikungunya and fungal sepsis. Identification of this entity was based on characteristic skin rash and epidemiological background.

Wiskott-Aldrich is an X-lined recessive disorder typically characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema and recurrent infections. We report the four year treatment progress of a six year old boy who initially presented with vesicular lesions over the trunk, upper and lower extremities and face and blood tinged stools at the age of 2 weeks. From the family pedigree, there were two suspected cases that were never successfully diagnosed with similar symptoms. The patient was diagnosed with Wiskott-Aldrich and underwent symptomatic treatment and treatment with prednisolone for the last four years. The platelet count over these four years was also studied.

Nearly 80% of young people today will never be able to retire. Why? Because they lack the personal finance training that leads to long-term planning and future security. Connecting the dots between kids and money management skills prepares them for the financial realities the world will face over the next century. Pocket money is one of the first ways for children to learn the basics of managing money – a skill they’ll definitely need for life – and it makes children feel independent. Whether to give pocket money, and at what age, and how much to give are issues that often concern parents. There are many ways to handle this. To a large extent it depends on family values, practices and finances. The main reason for giving children pocket money is to help children learn to be able to manage money while they are still young and parents can guide them. It also may help children to feel that they are important members of the family, because they are given part of the family's spending money.

Hospitalization and medical experiences can be confusing and stressful for children, teens and their families. It is very common for young people and their families to have many questions when they are scheduled for surgery or hospitalization. When children are given opportunities to cope successfully with medical experiences, they may see themselves as more capable, more in control, and more reassured. This success often leads to a more positive sense of self, as well as a healthier regard for medical procedures in general. Also, previous medical experiences can affect how the child will react to hospitalization. It is important to maintain a normal routine and activities, such as playing and schooling. Family and friend’s child should be encouraged to visit the child patient. The best way to prepare the child for hospitalization is to prepare ourselves by understanding what will occur.

Objective: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are rare and heterogeneous congenital diseases leading to increased unusual susceptibility to developing infections and causingsome malignancies and autoimmune diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of primary these diseases in patients attending the clinic of immunodeficiency diseases in Kerman.Subjects and Methods: In a case series study from from 2003 to 2014 in our tertiary referral center, 32 patients with primary immunodeficiency disease were included. Data was analyzed by statistical software SPSS-19 . The level of significance was considered P

Background: Inadequate milk intake during the first year of neonate’s life can result in weight loss, severe hyperbilirubinemia, and sometimes hypernatremia. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between neonatal weight loss and hypernatremia in term breastfed infants with idiopathic jaundice, as well as the necessity of sodium concentration measurement in newborns with idiopathic jaundice via weight loss measurement. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we examined 273 infants with jaundice of unknown etiology at Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, in years 2008-2012. The study sample consisted of 226 infants in the control group (serum sodium concentration

Introduction: A great percentage of AIDS infections occure in adolescence and youth. since that,studing and finding the most efficient teaching methods in order to improve their information ( knowledge) and attitude also to create o positive one and to creat preventive measures in the young and adolescent,is of great significance and priority. Materials and Methods: 7 school were picked randomy among different Mashhad educational districts.From these schools,650 students were randomy selected and divided into 4 groups:1-education with lecture, 2-education with guidebook, 3-education with lecture and guidebook, 4-without any education. Firstly , basic knowledge and attitude of students on AIDS were evaluated. Then their educational needs and curriculum were designed. Then 2 weeeks after cinducting the education,student's knowledge ( study groups ) and attitude were evaluated. Results: Average Points for knowledge and attitude before education were 25.86 and 23.70 that were elevated to 27.68 and 25.27 after aducation. There was no statistical difference between average points of all 4 groups' knowledge and attitude before education. After education, average point of knowledge was 28.33+5.6 in lecture group,28.19+6.26 in guidebook group, 29.77+4.49 in lecture and guidebook group and 26.90+4.95 in control group. After education, average points of attitude was 25.77+3.7 in lecture group, 25.62+3.47 in guidebook group, 25.27+3.87 in lecture and guidebook group and 23.98+3.56 in control group. Statistical analyses showed that there is significant difference between points before and after education in the 3 study groups ( PConclusion: To improve student's knowledge, education by both lecture and guidebook, and to improve their attitude or to create a positive one, lecture method are preferred.

Introduction: Sleep disorders can influence either directly or indirectly, on the family, colleagues and finally the community. In the realm of children, the most serious complications of sleep is anxiety and behavioral problems that make them prone to academic failure, family tensions and psychosocial – social trauma. Concerning the significance, outbreak of sleep disorders and its complications, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of species of sleep disorders and its relation to anxiety and behavioral problems of female students in the second course of primary, academic year of 1394-1393 in Yazd.Materials and Methods: The method was based on the data collecting by descriptive – correlation kind. The study population consisted of all female students of second course of primary schools in Yazd in academic year of 1393-94 that according to statistics from the Office of Education of Yazd province, their number was 14,541 people. By using Cochran formula with confidence level of 95% and probable accuracy of 5%, a sample size of 259 people was identified. Sampling group was chosen by multistage clustering method and questionnaire: assessment of children s’ sleep habits (Evans, 2000), multidimensional scale of children anxiety (March, Parker, Sullivan, Staling and Conrez, 1997) and questionnaire of children s’ behavioral problems (Rutter, 1970) were used. In order to analyze data, in descriptive statistic, frequency distribution tables and central indexes and dispersion and in inferential statistic, analysis of variance and regression in analysis of hypotheses was used.

Background: Transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TCB) is a simple method for estimating bilirubin levels in neonates. This method is noninvasive, quick, and painless. We aimed to compare serum and cutaneous bilirubin measurements in term neonates.Method: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 neonates with icter with birth weights of at least 2500 grams were studied. TCB was measured using a bilirubinometer three times on the forehead and mean levels were calculated. Then, during the subsequent 30 minutes blood samples were obtained and sent to the laboratory for determining the total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels. Findings: Of the 200 neonates, 124 (62%) were boys and 76 (38%) were girls, with an age range of 1-22 days. The mean±SD serum and cutaneous bilirubin levels were 18.75±5.38 and 17.85±4.46 mg/dl, respectively. A high correlation (r=0.89) was observed between TSB and TCB. The sensitivity and specificity of cutaneous bilirubin measurement were 95.1% and 68%, respectively.Conclusions: Because of its high sensitivity, TCB can be a suitable tool for predicting neonatal icter. However, it is not a suitable substitute for TSB measurement in neonates at a high risk of jaundice.