Albedo 0.39 is a studio album by the Greek electronic composer Vangelis, released in 1976. It was the second album produced by Vangelis in Nemo Studios, London, which was his creative base until the late 1980s. It contrasts with his previous album, Heaven and Hell, which was classically inspired and choral, while Albedo 0.39 has blues and jazz overtones. It is a concept album themed around space physics. Its title is inspired by the idea of a planet's albedo, the proportion of the light it receives that is reflected back into space. The album title refers to the average albedo value of the planet Earth as it was calculated by science in 1976 (the current value is 0.30).

Is Jupiter a failed star?

Had things gone a little differently during the formation of the solar system, could Jupiter have also become a star? Does that make it a failed star now?
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Juice’s Jovian odyssey

Juice, ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, is set to embark on a seven-year cruise to Jupiter starting May 2022. The mission will investigate the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants and the Jupiter system as an archetype for the numerous giant planets now known to orbit other stars.
This animation depicts the journey to Jupiter and the highlights from its foreseen tour of the giant planet and its large ocean-bearing moons.
An Ariane 5 will lift Juice into space from Europe’s Spaceport in Kourou. A series of gravity-assist flybys at Earth (3), Venus (1) and Mars (1) will set the spacecraft on course for its October 2029 rendezvous in the Jovian system.
It is expected that a number of instruments will be activated during the gravity assists (indicated by the different coloured beams scanning across the planets) and measurements will be taken for calibration and to check the health of the instruments. The visualisations of the Earth flybys show the closest approaches over the planet according to current planning – over the South Pacific Ocean, Argentina and Peru, respectively. Throughout the animation, the instrument beam colours correspond to example observations by JANUS (green), MAJIS (red), UVS (purple), Gala (Blue) and RIME (grey), which are cameras, spectrometers, laser altimeter and radar.
During the Venus flyby, limited observations can be made because the spacecraft will be oriented to protect it from the heat of the Sun experienced in the inner Solar System. The Mars flyby will see Juice fly over the planet’s south pole to make scientific observations.
Juice will start its science mission about six months prior to arriving in orbit around the gas giant, making observations as it approaches its destination. Once in the Jovian system, a gravity-assist flyby of Jupiter’s largest moon Ganymede – the largest moon in the Solar System – helps Juice enter orbit around the gas giant 7.5 hours later.
While in Jupiter orbit, the spacecraft will study the Jovian system as an archetype for gas giants, making observations of its atmosphere, the magnetosphere, its rings and satellites.
During the tour, Juice will make two flybys of Europa, which has strong evidence for an ocean of liquid water under its icy shell. Juice will look at the moon’s active zones, its surface composition and geology, search for pockets of liquid water under the surface and study the plasma environment around Europa.
A sequence of Callisto flybys will not only be used to study this ancient, cratered world that may too harbor a subsurface ocean, but it will change the angle of Juice’s orbit with respect to Jupiter’s equator, making it possible to investigate the polar regions and environment at higher latitudes.
During the tour there will also be unique periods to observe events such as moon transits. The example in this animation shows Europa and Io passing in front of Jupiter on 27 January 2032. This type of event is rare, with less than 10 expected to occur during Juice’s tour of the Jovian system.
A sequence of Ganymede and Callisto flybys will adjust the orbit of Juice to enable it to enter orbit around Ganymede, marking it the first spacecraft to orbit another planet’s moon (aside from our own). The elliptical orbit will be followed by a 5000 km altitude cicular orbit, and later a 500 km circular orbit.
Ganymede is unique in the Solar System in that it is the only moon to have a magnetosphere. Juice will investigate this phenomenon and the moon’s internal magnetic field, and the interaction of its plasma environment with that of Jupiter. Juice will also study the moon’s atmosphere, surface, subsurface, interior and its internal ocean, investigating the moon as a planetary object and possible habitat.
Over time the 500 km orbit will naturally decay – eventually there will not be enough propellant to maintain it – and it will make a grazing impact on the surface. The animation concludes with an example of what the approach to impact could look like.
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Jupiter 101 | National Geographic

Jupiter is the oldest and most massive world in the solar system. Learn about the planet's origin story, its Great Red Spot and oceanic moons, and how this ancient world influenced the formation of the solar system's other planets.
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Nasa's Juno probe films Jupiter's storms

Nasa's Juno craft has captured the chaotic weather systems on Jupiter as well as taken new measurements that will help to build a map of the planet's interior. The $1.1bn probe entered into an orbit pattern in July 2016 on a mission to peer through the clouds that shroud Jupiter and learn how the planet, and ultimately all the planets in our solar system were formed around the nascent sun 4.5bn years ago
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CSAS November 2018 Meeting

Dr. Fran Bagenal presents on NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter

NASA’s Juno Mission: What’s New at Jupiter?

Planetary scientist Dr. Fran Bagenal of the University of Colorado – Boulder discusses how the Juno mission has changed our views of Jupiter. This was the second presentation in the Lunar and Planetary Institute’s 2018–2019 Cosmic Exploration Speaker Series, “The LPI at 50: A Half Century of Solar System Exploration.”

Carl Sagan on the Exploration of Jupiter - The Planetary Society

Carl Sagan on the exploration of Jupiter. This video was made for The Planetary Society in 1983.
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According to Gizmodo, a great storm is raging on Jupiter.
During its 15th flyby of Jupiter, NASA’s Juno spacecraft captured a rare image of a Jovian “brown barge.” This big brown splotch is yet another reminder of many complex atmospheric processes happening on our Solar System’s largest planet.
Brown barges are large cyclonic regions that typically form in Jupiter’s dark North Equatorial Belt or, less frequently, in the dark South Equatorial Belt, according to NASA
This storm will eventually run its course, dissipate, and likely go through a new cycle of reorganization. Most features within Jupiter’s belts and zones are short-lived, lasting anywhere from three to 15 years.
https://gizmodo.com/a-great-brown-storm-is-raging-on-jupiter-1829105606
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Jupiter's atmosphere might contain a lot of water, according to recent research by a national team of scientists that includes Clemson University's Máté Ádámkovics.

Is Jupiter the Reason for Life on Earth?

Should we be thanking Jupiter for our existence? Here’s why some scientists believe the gas giant is responsible for the life-harboring oddity of our solar system.
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Wandering Jupiter accounts for our unusual solar system
https://news.ucsc.edu/2015/03/wandering-jupiter.html
“Scientists say Jupiter swept clear the inner solar system, resulting in the formation of a planetary system unlike any other astronomers have yet found.”
How did Earth get its water?
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/how-did-earth-get-its-water
“The answer lies in deuterium ratios and a theory called the Grand Tack”
Jupiter’s decisive role in the inner Solar System’s early evolution
http://www.pnas.org/content/112/14/4214
“In this scenario, the Solar System’s terrestrial planets formed from gas-starved mass-depleted debris that remained after the primary period of dynamical evolution.”
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OTD in Space – August 5: Juno Spacecraft Launches to Jupiter

On Aug. 5, 2011, NASA launched the Juno spacecraft on a mission to study Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. The robotic spacecraft lifted off on an Atlas 5 rocket from Florida's Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and spent the next five years making the 1.74-billion-mile trek to Jupiter. Since it arrived in Jupiter's orbit in 2016, Juno has taken the most amazing photos of Jupiter anyone has ever seen! But it has also taken plenty of scientific measurements to study Jupiter's composition, magnetic fields, weather patterns and more.

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*Another possible volcano on Jupiter moon Io
As NASA’s Juno spacecraft undertook its 13th close flyby of the gas giant Jupiter on Monday – earlier data appears to have turned up a new heat source close to the south pole of Io that could indicate a previously undiscovered volcano on the small Jovian moon.
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Comet PANSTARRS C/2017 S3 is generating more than the usual amount of excitement among sky watchers after suddenly flaring in brightness -- generating a spectacular frosty green glow.
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Russia has set a new record – docking a Progress Cargo ship to the International Space Station less than four hours after launch.
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Juno Captures Surreal Image Of Jupiter's Clouds

Juno has captured a remarkable image of Jupiter's clouds.

10 New Moons Discovered, Circling Jupiter

Gizmodo reports that scientists announced that they have discovered 10 previously unknown moons orbiting Jupiter. This brings the gaseous planet's total moon count up to 79.
The team was led by astronomer Scott Sheppard. It first spotted some of the new moons while looking for exceptionally distant objects at the brim of our Solar System, beyond Pluto. They used the Blanco 4-meter telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Jupiter just happened to be in their view, and they noticed a handful of new objects near the planet. The objects are between just one and four kilometers in diameter. After tracking the objects’ orbits for about a year with other Chilean telescopes, in addition to some in Arizona and Hawaii, the scientists were able to confirm them as moons.
https://gizmodo.com/astronomers-found-10-new-moons-circling-jupiter-1827644181
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Why Jupiter Has So Many Moons

Our solar system is already teaming with nearly 200 moons, and we just got 12 more to add to the list. A team led by astronomer Scott Sheppard out of the Carnegie Institution for Science discovered the moons in 2017 using one of the most powerful digital cameras in the world, the Dark Energy Camera. And after follow-up observations, they've confirmed that Jupiter has even more moons than we thought. And these new moons point to a violent and destructive past.
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Following is the transcript of the video:
There are nearly 200 moons in our solar system. And more than a third of those belong to a single planet: Jupiter. Jupiter has the most moons of any other planet. And if that’s not enough astronomers recently discovered 12 new ones to add to the list.
Scott Sheppard: “Jupiter now has 79 known moons in the solar system.”
That’s Scott Sheppard. He’s an astronomer at the Carnegie Institution for Science who spends his time searching for new objects in our solar system. Already, he and his team have discovered evidence of a potential planet beyond Pluto called Planet Nine. And now, 12 new moons of Jupiter including the weirdest one yet.
Scott Sheppard: “We believe these objects were probably captured by Jupiter a long time ago and they are grouped in their orbits.”
Jupiter’s moons are sort of like opposite lanes on a highway. Two of the new moons are in a group that orbit in the same direction as Jupiter’s rotation called the prograde group. While nine of the other moons orbit in the opposite direction, farther out in the retrograde group.
And each moon stays in its respective lane. Except for the last moon. It’s a rebel. It orbits in the same direction as Jupiter’s spin, similar to the first two new moons. But it’s not part of the same group. Instead, its path takes it into the realm of the nine moons that orbit in the opposite direction.
Scott Sheppard: “So it’s basically going down the highway in the opposite direction, so it’s like going against traffic. And that makes it a very unstable situation.”
Sheppard suspects that situations like this have happened in the past. Which helps explain why Jupiter has so many moons in the first place. Its powerful gravitational pull allows it to capture large passing objects that then collide with each other, forming dozens of new, smaller moons.
Scott Sheppard: “It’s been about a decade since the last moons around Jupiter were discovered. The new ones were found because technology has gotten better and better over the years. We’re using the most advanced digital cameras in the world … And we’re going a little deeper than in the past as well. So that’s why we’re able to find these new moons.”
The moons are too small to see with the average telescope — measuring only a few kilometers in size. It took one of the most powerful digital cameras in the world — the Dark Energy Camera — to spot them. Now, all that’s left is to name the new moons.
Sheppard and his team already proposed a name for the rebel moon. “Valetudo” — after the great-granddaughter of the Roman god Jupiter — also known as the goddess of health and hygiene. For the other 11 moons, Sheppard said they might let the public help out.

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This sequence of color-enhanced images shows how quickly the viewing geometry changes for NASA’s Juno spacecraft as it swoops by Jupiter. The images were obtained by JunoCam.
Once every 53 days, Juno swings close to Jupiter, speeding over its clouds. In just two hours, the spacecraft travels from a perch over Jupiter’s north pole through its closest approach (perijove), then passes over the south pole on its way back out. This sequence shows 11 color-enhanced images from Perijove 8 (Sept. 1, 2017) with the south pole on the left (11th image in the sequence) and the north pole on the right (first image in the sequence).
The first image on the right shows a half-lit globe of Jupiter, with the north pole approximately at the upper center of the image close to the terminator -- the dividing line between night and day. As the spacecraft gets closer to Jupiter, the horizon moves in and the range of visible latitudes shrinks. The second and third images in this sequence show the north polar region rotating away from the spacecraft's field of view while the first of Jupiter's lighter-colored bands comes into view. The fourth through the eighth images display a blue-colored vortex in the mid-southern latitudes near Points of Interest "Collision of Colours," "Sharp Edge," "Caltech, by Halka," and "Structure01." The Points of Interest are locations in Jupiter’s atmosphere that were identified and named by members of the general public. Additionally, a darker, dynamic band can be seen just south of the vortex. In the ninth and tenth images, the south polar region rotates into view. The final image on the left displays Jupiter's south pole in the center.
From the start of this sequence of images to the end, roughly 1 hour and 35 minutes elapsed.

Original air date: Tuesday, May 17 at 7 p.m. PT (10 p.m. ET, 0200 UTC)
Juno is a solar-powered spacecraft which has been orbiting Jupiter since July 4, 2016. For a few hours every 53 days, Juno passes within a few thousand kilometers of the giant planet and collects a wealth of new information about Jupiter. Learn more about some of Juno’s current science results on the planet's origins, interior structure, deep atmosphere, and magnetosphere, and discuss the science expected from Juno in the coming years.
Speaker:
Dr. Steve Levin – Juno Project Scientist and lead co-investigator for Juno’s MicroWave Radiometer instrument

Jupiter's First Internal Structure Results From JUNO (01/25/2018)

The key to understand our origins is in the interiors and atmospheres of the giant planets. Jupiter is the biggest planet in our system and the most influential one: its large mass shaped the architecture of the solar system and due to its fast formation it contains valuable information of the solar system formation history. In orbit since July 2016, the first orbits of the Juno mission have led to a remarkable improvement of the planet gravity data, changing our knowledge of the planetary interior and leading to a much better comprehension of the giant planet and its role in the solar system. In this seminar, I will present the new Juno results, the models we use to understand Jupiter's interior and its differential rotation, and the main challenges and questions that remained to be solved.
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New Evidence for Water Plumes on Europa

A study published May 14 in Nature Astronomy points to data collected in 1997 by NASA's Galileo probe as fresh evidence of water plumes on Jupiter's moon, Europa.

Jupiter at Opposition: Europa and Io

Astronomy Daily *Live*
Europa (above) and Io (below) as seen at about 06:30 UTC on 09 May 2018. Sorry, audio is a little low.
ADL is a casual yet high-quality, open-minded, skeptical, educational, and fun conversation about astronomy and related fields. Whether you're a newbie, amateur, advanced amateur, or professional, please join me at 02:00 UTC every day. Most conversations will be directed by the participants, but I'll usually have some topics in my back pocket to keep the conversation flowing. Open topics can include Q&A, observing, gear, telescopes, cameras and other instrumentation, data analysis and research, journal paper reviews, personalities, astro-art, projects and institutions, and pretty much anything else the participants suggest.
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Jupiter at Opposition: Jupiter Full Res

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ADL is a casual yet high-quality, open-minded, skeptical, educational, and fun conversation about astronomy and related fields. Whether you're a newbie, amateur, advanced amateur, or professional, please join me at 02:00 UTC every day. Most conversations will be directed by the participants, but I'll usually have some topics in my back pocket to keep the conversation flowing. Open topics can include Q&A, observing, gear, telescopes, cameras and other instrumentation, data analysis and research, journal paper reviews, personalities, astro-art, projects and institutions, and pretty much anything else the participants suggest.
Consider this as a daily gathering of friends to hang out and discuss topics of mutual interest. Get away from the TV and the news for a while, and come talk live with people from all around the world who share a similar passion for astronomy!
Email cosmiclettuce AT gmail DOT com and I'll send you a link to become a panelist when the show goes live!
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How To See Jupiter When It's Closer To Earth Than It Has Been For Years

Jupiter will be at its most visible on May 8. The planet will be in opposition to the sun, which means it'll be on the exact opposite side of Earth to the sun. The best chance of getting a glimpse will be around 1:00 a.m. on May 8th when the gas giant is due south. Jupiter will also swing within 409 million miles of Earth — 5 million miles closer than last year's opposition — making the planet shine extra bright in the sky. On May 8th, you'll be able to see Jupiter as a bright white spot in the sky with only your eyes. If you have a telescope or binoculars you'll be able to view Jupiter's full complement of moons, as well as some of the planet's famous storms, including the Great Red Spot.
http://www.businessinsider.com/jupiter-in-opposition-on-may-8-2018-5
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NASA ScienceCasts: New Science from Jupiter

As the Juno spacecraft orbits Jupiter, new discoveries about the giant planet continue to be made.
NASA Science: http://science.nasa.gov/

A new study suggests that Saturn played a role in the creation of Jupiter's moons.
According to the researchers, a newly formed Jupiter cleared it's solar orbit of dust and debris.
But a nearby reservoir of rocks likely provided Jupiter with enough stuff to develop 69 moons.
The researchers believe that Saturn's formation pushed some of that debris into Jupiter's orbit, and that rubble eventually formed into it's many moons.
The study's lead author stated their findings illustrate how giant planets shape smaller bodies in planetary systems.
https://www.geek.com/news/study-saturn-helped-form-jupiters-largest-moons-1737792/?source
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We record the Weekly Space Hangout every Wednesday at 5:00 pm Pacific / 8:00 pm Eastern. You can watch us live on Universe Today or the Weekly Space Hangout YouTube page.
Kevin Gill is a software engineer, planetary and climate data wrangler, and a science data visualization artist. Kevin will be discussing his work with Juno and MRO images. Check out his work at his Flickr page: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kevinmgill/ and his tech blog Apoapsys: http://www.wthr.us/ Follow Kevin on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/kevinmgill and Instagram here:https://www.instagram.com/apoapsys/

Timeline of Jupiter

Jupiter, the largest planet in our Solar System has played a major role in shaping the Solar System, bringing life to Earth and then protecting this life from harmful asteroids and comets.
The Gas Giant is surely one of our favorite planets. Watch the video to know what happened with Jupiter in the past and what would happen with it in the future.
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Disclaimer: All the information provided in the video is based on our knowledge and understanding of the subject and isn't related to any other organizations/agencies. While we take the responsibility to provide you with the most accurate facts, these facts may change with time as Science is always evolving.
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Video Credits:
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Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab
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Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
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Jupiter's Dynamo

NASA’s Juno mission has provided the first view of the dynamo, or engine, powering Jupiter's magnetic field. The new global portrait reveals unexpected irregularities and regions of surprising magnetic field intensity. Red areas show where magnetic field lines emerge from the planet, while blue areas show where they return. As Juno continues its mission, it will improve our understanding of Jupiter's complex magnetic environment.

Low 3-D Flyover of Jupiter’s North Pole in Infrared

In this animation the viewer is taken low over Jupiter’s north pole to illustrate the 3-D aspects of the region’s central cyclone and the eight cyclones that encircle it.
Read more: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-mission-provides-infrared-tour-of-jupiter-s-north-pole
The movie utilizes imagery derived from data collected by the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) instrument aboard NASA's Juno mission during its fourth pass over the massive planet. Infrared cameras are used to sense the temperature of Jupiter’s atmosphere and provide insight into how the powerful cyclones at Jupiter's poles work. In the animation, the yellow areas are warmer (or deeper into Jupiter’s atmosphere) and the dark areas are colder (or higher up in Jupiter’s atmosphere). In this picture the highest “brightness temperature” is around 260K (about -13°C) and the lowest around 190K (about -83°C). The “brightness temperature” is a measurement of the radiance, at 5 µm, traveling upward from the top of the atmosphere towards Juno, expressed in units of temperature.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI/INAF/JIRAM

Astronomy Daily *Live* 180411 | Collecting Data, Jupiter Flashes

Astronomy Daily *Live*
ADL is a casual yet high-quality, open-minded, skeptical, educational, and fun conversation about astronomy and related fields. Whether you're a newbie, amateur, advanced amateur, or professional, please join me at 02:00 UTC every day. Most conversations will be directed by the participants, but I'll usually have some topics in my back pocket to keep the conversation flowing. Open topics can include Q&A, observing, gear, telescopes, cameras and other instrumentation, data analysis and research, journal paper reviews, personalities, astro-art, projects and institutions, and pretty much anything else the participants suggest.
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How to spot the 'Jupiter triangle' in night sky - TomoNews

SPACE — In April, Jupiter will form a special triangle with two bright stars in the night sky, and it will be visible with the naked eye if you know where to look.
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For hundreds of years, this gaseous giant planet appeared shrouded in colorful bands of clouds extending from dusk to dawn, referred to as zones and belts. Story: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-juno-findings-jupiter-s-jet-streams-are-unearthly
The bands were thought to be an expression of Jovian weather, related to winds blowing eastward and westward at different speeds.
This animation illustrates a recent discovery by Juno that demonstrates these east-west flows, also known as jet-streams penetrate deep into the planet's atmosphere, to a depth of about 1,900 miles (3,000 kilometers). Due to Jupiter's rapid rotation (Jupiter's day is about 10 hours), these flows extend into the interior parallel to Jupiter's axis of rotation, in the form of nested cylinders. Below this layer the flows decay, possibly slowed by Jupiter's strong magnetic field.
The depth of these flows surprised scientists who estimate the total mass involved in these jet streams to be about 1% of Jupiter's mass (Jupiter's mass is over 300 times that of Earth). This discovery was revealed by the unprecedented accuracy of Juno's measurements of the gravity field.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI

Jupiter Internal Structure and the First Juno Results

HD 1080P
Host: Sean Andrews
Yamila Miguel
Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur
Abstract:
The key to understand our origins is in the interiors and atmospheres of the giant planets. Jupiter is the biggest planet in our system and the most influential one: its large mass shaped the architecture of the solar system and due to its fast formation it contains valuable information of the solar system formation history. In orbit since July 2016, the first orbits of the Juno mission have led to a remarkable improvement of the planet gravity data, changing our knowledge of the planetary interior and leading to a much better comprehension of the giant planet and its role in the solar system. In this seminar, I will present the new Juno results, the models we use to understand Jupiter's interior and its differential rotation, and the main challenges and questions that remained to be solved.

OTD in Space – March 4: Jupiter's Rings Discovered

On March 4, 1979, NASA’s Voyager 1 spacecraft took the first photos of rings around Jupiter. This was the first time anyone had seen Jupiter’s rings. Because the rings are so thin and faint, it's extremely difficult to see them from Earth with ground-based telescopes. Even for a spacecraft out near Jupiter, the rings essentially invisible unless the cameras look at them edge-on or from an angle where sunlight shines directly through them. Since Voyager 1 first saw the rings, other space missions like Juno and Galileo have continued to study them. Scientists believe that the rings formed by comets colliding with Jupiter's moons and kicking dust into the planet's orbit.

What Would Happen If Humans Tried To Land On Jupiter

The best way to explore a new world is to land on it. That's why humans have sent spacecraft to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Saturn's moon, Titan, and more.
But there are a few places in the solar system we will never understand as well as we'd like. One of them is Jupiter.
Jupiter is made of mostly hydrogen and helium gas. So, trying to land on it would be like trying to land on a cloud here on Earth. There's no outer crust to break your fall on Jupiter. Just an endless stretch of atmosphere.
The big question, then, is: Could you fall through one end of Jupiter and out the other? It turns out, you wouldn't even make it halfway. Here’s what would happen if you tried to land on Jupiter.
*It's important to note that we feature the Lunar Lander for the first half of the descent. In reality, the Lunar Lander is relatively delicate compared to, say, NASA's Orion spacecraft. Therefore, the Lunar Lander would not be used for a mission to land on any world that contains an atmosphere, including Jupiter. However, any spacecraft, no matter how robust, would not survive for long in Jupiter, so the Lunar Lander is as good of a choice as any for this hypothetical scenario.
First things first, Jupiter's atmosphere has no oxygen. So make sure you bring plenty with you to breathe. The next problem is the scorching temperatures. So pack an air conditioner. Now, you're ready for a journey of epic proportions.
For scale, here's how many Earths you could stack from Jupiter's center. As you enter the top of the atmosphere, you're be traveling at 110,000 mph under the pull of Jupiter's gravity.
But brace yourself. You'll quickly hit the denser atmosphere below, which will hit you like a wall. It won't be enough to stop you, though.
After about 3 minutes you'll reach the cloud tops 155 miles down. Here, you'll experience the full brunt of Jupiter's rotation. Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet in our solar system. One day lasts about 9.5 Earth hours. This creates powerful winds that can whip around the planet at more than 300 mph.
About 75 miles below the clouds, you reach the limit of human exploration. The Galileo probe made it this far when it dove into Jupiter's atmosphere in 1995. It only lasted 58 minutes before losing contact and was eventually destroyed by the crushing pressures.
Down here, the pressure is nearly 100 times what it is at Earth's surface. And you won't be able to see anything, so you'll have to rely on instruments to explore your surroundings.
By 430 miles down, the pressure is 1,150 times higher. You might survive down here if you were in a spacecraft built like the Trieste submarine — the deepest diving submarine on Earth. Any deeper and the pressure and temperature will be too great for a spacecraft to endure.
However, let's say you could find a way to descend even farther. You will uncover some of Jupiter’s grandest mysteries.But, sadly, you'll have no way to tell anyone. Jupiter's deep atmosphere absorbs radio waves, so you'll be shut off from the outside world— unable to communicate.
Once you've reached 2,500 miles down, the temperature is 6,100 ºF. That's hot enough to melt tungsten, the metal with the highest melting point in the Universe. At this point, you will have been falling for at least 12 hours. And you won't even be halfway through.
At 13,000 miles down, you reach Jupiter's innermost layer. Here the pressure is 2 million times stronger than at Earth's surface. And the temperature is hotter than the surface of the sun. These conditions are so extreme they change the chemistry of the hydrogen around you. Hydrogen molecules are forced so close together that their electrons break lose, forming an unusual substance called metallic hydrogen. Metallic hydrogen is highly reflective. So, if you tried using lights to see down here it would be impossible.
And it's as dense as a rock. So, as you travel deeper, the buoyancy force from the metallic hydrogen counteracts gravity's downward pull. Eventually, that buoyancy will shoot you back up until gravity pulls you back down, sort of like a yo-yo. And when those two forces equal, you'll be left free-floating in mid-Jupiter, unable to move up or down, and no way to escape!
Suffice it say, trying to land on Jupiter is a bad idea. We may never see what's beneath those majestic clouds. But we can still study and admire this mysterious planet from afar.
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Jupiter's Red Spot Is Vanishing - This Week In Science

Jupiter's Great Red Spot is vanishing and SpaceX put a red Tesla Roadster into space. Here's what you missed on This Week in Science.
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Jupiter's Great Red Spot May Fade Away In The Next Ten Or Twenty Years

According to a report by Business Insider, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, as we know it today, is shrinking and there's a chance that it may only 10 to 20 years left before it fades away completely. The super-storm is wider than Earth and has been churning around for potentially four hundred years. According to the report, Glenn Orton, a lead Juno mission team member and planetary scientist at NASA JPL, said, "In truth, the GRS has been shrinking for a long time." He reportedly went on to say, "Nothing lasts forever."
http://www.businessinsider.com/how-long-jupiter-great-red-spot-will-last-2018-2
http://www.wochit.com
This video was produced by YT Wochit News using http://wochit.com

See Jupiter Looking Downright Gorgeous In These New NASA Photos Taken From Juno Spacecraft | TIME

NASA has shared brand new photos of Jupiter taken by the Juno spacecraft, showing the gas giant’s blue-tinged skies. The Juno spacecraft takes batches of photos about every 53 days as it orbits Jupiter. NASA researchers uploaded the raw images online last month, prompting several people to process the photos into colorful views of Jupiter, including self-described citizen scientists Gerald Eichstädt and Seán Doran.
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OTD in Space – January 7: Galileo Discovers 3 Moons of Jupiter

On January 7, 1610, the Italian astronomer Galileo discovered three of Jupiter's moons: Callisto, Europa and Io. When he looked at Jupiter through his telescope, he saw what he thought were three tiny stars in the background, and he sketched their locations. The next day, he looked again and saw the three stars were not where he thought they'd be. Instead of being "fixed" in the background like other stars, they moved along with the planet, and Galileo realized that Jupiter had moons. Besides Earth's moon, these were the first natural satellites anyone had ever seen in the solar system.

NASA Spacecraft Captured This 'Mind-Bending' Image Of Jupiter

NASA on Thursday shared a "mind-bending" image of Jupiter that was captured by Juno in December.

Juno

NASA’s Juno mission began orbiting Jupiter on July 4 of last year. Since that time, the solar-powered spacecraft has performed eight science passes of the solar system’s biggest planetary body, representing a quarter of its planned primary mission. This video will include Juno’s latest findings on its iconic Great Red Spot, radiation fields and atmospheric dynamics.

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Episode 20/98
*Juno probes the depths of Jupiter's Great Red Spot
Data collected by NASA's Juno spacecraft during its first pass over Jupiter's Great Red Spot in July indicate that this iconic feature penetrates well below the clouds. Other revelations from the mission include that Jupiter has two previously uncharted radiation zones.
*Life discovered living on just thin air
Scientists have discovered microbes that literally live on thin air. 01The findings have implications for the search for life on other planets, suggesting extra-terrestrial microbes could also rely on trace atmospheric gases for survival.
*Claims that Mars does have a protective magnetosphere after all
A new study claims the Martian atmosphere is well protected from the effects of the solar wind despite the absence of a global Earth-like magnetic field. While Mars now lacks Earth’s geodynamo driven magnetic field, the Sun’s solar wind instead induces currents in the ionized upper Martian atmosphere -- creating an induced magnetosphere.
*Sceptics guide to Christmas
Eran Segev joins us to look at the real origins of Christmas
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Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger?

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The power of Dark Energy may be increasing as the universe ages. Subtle clues are emerging that the accepted model for the nature of dark energy and dark matter may not be all that. We saw the first such clue recently in our recent episode on the Crisis in Cosmology. Today we’re doing a Space Time Journal Club to reveal another clue. We’re looking at a new paper in Nature Astronomy, “Cosmological constraints from the Hubble diagram of quasars at high redshifts” by Risaliti and Lusso. It hints that the cosmological constant may not be so constant after all. In fact it may be increasing. If this is true, then our prediction for the future of our universe looks VERY different, and may involve the entire universe tearing itself to shreds at the subatomic level in the Big Rip.
On this edition of Space Time Journal Club we look at:
Risaliti & Lusso (2019) "Cosmological Constraints from the Hubble Diagram of Quasars at High Redshifts"
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-018-0657-z
#darkenergy #darkmatter #spacetime
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سلطان الخليفي

NASA ScienceCasts: A Super Start to 2019

2019 is an excellent year to look to the sky and enjoy the spectacular view of Earth’s nearest neighbor, the Moon.
NASA Science: http://science.nasa.gov/

Do black holes contain dark matter?

Black holes grow by accreting matter under gravity; so surely they should be able to accrete dark matter? So then is there loads of dark matter trapped inside black holes?
Turns out it's a bit more complicated than that because of what we know of how dark matter behaves - which isn't a lot! - but it's enough.
This was a really fun speculative question to think about, especially because it ties in with my PhD thesis too. Let me know if you want me to do a video describing my thesis down in the comments.
Both my lapel microphones ran out of battery this week. Thankfully one of them didn't need a battery to use with a smartphone, so the sound was recorded that way. It's not brilliant I know, but it'll do. My research schedule this week stopped me from delaying filming until I could get a battery. The sound suffered so science wouldn't.
iIf you have questions you want me to answer either tweet them to me (https://twitter.com/drbecky_) or leave them in the comments below. I'm more likely to see stuff on Twitter!
Please subscribe if you haven't already and click the little bell icon to be notified when I post a new video!
My sister made the frame in the background as a present when I passed my PhD. She does commissions: https://megansmethurstdesign.wordpress.com/work/
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Dr. Becky Smethurst is a Junior Research Fellow at Christ Church at the University of Oxford.
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Space Weather News | A Filament Sandwiched by Sunspots 03.20.2019

UPDATE: Part of the filament I talk about did erupt after I posted this video! We could have a part-Earth directed solar storm coming by the end of this week! Check my twitter feed for the latest on arrival time!
Original Video Description:
This week we are coming down from a solar storm from some fast solar wind, but that doesn't mean the fun is over! We have two fast-growing sunspots on the Earth-facing Sun and they are sandwiching a filament that is growing more unstable by the day. If this filament erupts within the next day or so, we could have an Earth-directed solar storm! We are keeping a close watch on this to be sure. Also, one of the new sunspots may be showing signs of an influence of solar cycle 25. Just like the previous rogue sunspot we saw a few weeks ago, this new region has a dominant magnetic signature that runs north-south instead of east-west. Its too early to tell what the final polarity of this region will be, but if it continues this way, it will be yet another signal that solar cycle 25 is closer than we think! Learn the details of this filament sandwich, get the scoop on the two new sunspots that may cause its launch, and see what else our Sun has in store for us this week!
To get early access to my forecasts plus more visit:
http://patreon.com/SpaceWeatherWoman
For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter:
https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov
For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below.
Solar Imaging and Analysis:
SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/
Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/
Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/
Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html
GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html
SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/
Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/
GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html
GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/
LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch
Solar Wind:
DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind
ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind
NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261
NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction
Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere:
GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer
Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/
Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast
Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index
Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp
USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/
USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/
NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html
Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites:
NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov
SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm
Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com
iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html
Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels:
http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/
None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use.
Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

HiClip: In the Gullies and Bedrock of Ius Chasma (Mars)

This image was acquired in Ius Chasma, a major section of the giant Valles Marineris trough.
(Audio: www.tregibbs.com. Black and white images are 5 km across; enhanced color images are 1 km. For images with scale bars, refer to the link below.)
NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
https://uahirise.org/ESP_058580_1720

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