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Fisheries Management

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Canada’s Fishing Industry Value of fisheries of $2.5 billion in 2009, of which 33% is aquaculture Total jobs in fishing are 70,000 About 85 per cent of Canada’s catches and aquaculture production is exported Conflict between economic growth and sustainability? DFO programs has titles like ‘renewal’ and ‘revitalized’, yet small-scale fisheries are facing extinction Freshwater fisheries (recreational vs commercial)

Sovereignty Challenges Contested maritime boundaries and ‘sovereign rights’ 200 nautical mile limit, exclusive economic zone (EEZ) Continental shelf extends beyond EEZ—see Figure 8.2 Who has sovereignty over Arctic waters? Claims made by Russia, Denmark, Norway, and US Each country preparing submission of proof to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Straddling fish stocks raise concerns about the prospect for international “fish wars” e.g. the Canada-Spain turbot incident

The Great “Turbot” War of 1995 • Straddling stocks are: “the same stock or stocks of associated species that occur both within the exclusive economic zone and in an area beyond and adjacent to the zone” (from UNCLOS) • Greenland turbot stocks straddle Canada’s EEZ in the Grand Banks, a coastal shelf rich in fish (e.g. cod) • Problem arose when a Spanish trawler was caught outside the EEZ catching turbot with illegal nets • An international incident resulted, culminating in Premier Tobin holding a press conference in NYC harbor • Raises the critical issue of how such stocks should be managed outside EEZs Brian Tobin

Uncertainty and Exploitation • Most of the oceans remain mysterious, unknown, and unexplored • Also, issues with who owns the high seas and their resources; fish are a fugitiveresource • As a result, humans have exploited the ‘deep frontier’, leaving devastation in some cases • Other examples: • Patagonian toothfish (Chilean Sea Bass – see below) • Pelagic (deep sea) whaling • Illustrates our ignorance of ecosystems and our focus on commercial resources

Case Study: Collapse of Canada’s East Coast Cod Fishery .. to this → • For over 500 years one of the most productive fisheries in the world but collapsed in early 1990s • Why the collapse? • Technological: proliferation of equipment and technology that increased the catch • Ecological uncertainty: uncertainty in assessing the cod as a resource • Socioeconomic: management decisions were also influenced by social and economic factors • Over 35,000 fishers and plant workers from over 400 coastal communities became unemployed

‘Slow Fish’ for Sustainability(Guest statement) ‘Slow fish’ refers to three key actions: slow down fishing, scale down fisheries, and support small-scale fishing communities. The race for the last fish, the need to expand fisheries, and the neglect of the majority of fishers and their communities can be avoided Need to adopt a new ‘interactive’ governance approach focused on solving problems and creating opportunities through interactions among actors beyond governments

Toward Integrative and Co-Management • DFO defined integrated management as ‘a collaborative planning process that brings together interested stakeholders and regulators to reach general agreement on the best mix of conservation, sustainable use and economic development of marine areas for the benefit of all Canadians’ • Pilot project of integration and collaboration: Aquatic Management Board (AMB) • Comprised DFO, governing bodies from British Columbia, First Nations and other local areas • Co-management ??? • ‘the sharing of responsibilities, rights and duties between primary stakeholders, in particular, local communities and the nation state; a decentralized approach to decision making (World Bank) • Some First Nations prefer ‘joint management’