Negative emotionality may make some people more prone to alcohol or other drug problems

December 14, 2012

Prior research has shown that sensitivity to the stimulating effects of alcohol and other drugs is a risk marker for heavy or problematic use of those substances. Prior research has also shown that the personality trait of negative emotionality can have an effect on substance use. A new study examining how the response to an amphetamine interacts with negative emotionality to influence alcohol and drug use has found that a high level of negative emotionality may lead to problem drinking when it occurs together with sensitivity to a drug-based reward.

Results will be published in the April 2013 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.

"Alcohol is commonly thought of as a sedative; in sufficient amounts, it slows people's mental and physical reactions," explained Frances H. Gabbay, research assistant professor in the department of psychiatry at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, as well as corresponding author for the study. "However, alcohol also has positive, stimulating effects that are particularly noticeable a short time after someone starts drinking. People differ in their sensitivity to these effects. Some may find that drinking alcohol makes them feel excited, energetic, and talkative while others may feel down, sluggish, and sedated. Heavy drinkers and those with a family history of alcoholism tend to report greater stimulant effects compared to light drinkers and those with no such family history."

"Prior research has consistently demonstrated a strong relationship between personality dimensions of sensation seeking and impulsivity and the initiation of drug and alcohol use, and emerging literature relates urgency, or emotion-based rash action, to heavy and problematic drug and alcohol use," added Thomas H. Kelly, Robert Straus Professor of Behavioral Science at the University of Kentucky. "Negative emotionality is a distinct personality dimension from urgency. This study … extends the previous literature in demonstrating that the development of heavy alcohol use is associated with sensitivity to d-amphetamine in combination with negative emotionality, suggesting it is important to examine risk factors and their interaction within the context of the stage of drug use."

"Negative emotionality is a personality trait that refers to the frequency and intensity with which individuals experience anger, stress, or sadness," said Gabbay. "Feelings such as these may encourage people to act impulsively or irrationally, engaging in behavior they find rewarding in the short-term without fully considering its risks. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the combined effects of personality and the response to any drug on substance use."

Researchers recruited 192 participants (99 women, 93 men), 18 to 25 years old, who completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) to assess negative emotionality, and answered questions pertaining to alcohol and other drug use. The participants then received 10 mg d-amphetamine, and their self-reported drug effects were assessed. The researchers then evaluated the relationship between the subjective response to amphetamine and MPQ negative emotionality on the measures of substance use.

"This work supports the idea that the amount of alcohol people drink is at least partly determined by differences in personality and responsiveness to drugs," said Gabbay. "Specifically, our study suggests that people who are sensitive to the stimulating effects of a low dose of amphetamine and who also experience powerful negative moods may be prone to drink excessively. Negative emotions may motivate a desire for immediate reward, which we believe encourages heavy drinking among people who are sensitive to the rewarding effects of drugs. Individuals who find drugs less rewarding may not be tempted to drink when they experience negative emotions. We also found an association between the reaction to amphetamine and the use of illicit substances, which suggests that people who are sensitive to the rewarding effects of one type of drug may be more likely to use other drugs."

Gabby noted that prior research has shown that most drugs increase midbrain dopamine, and that this increase is related to their stimulating effects. Since amphetamine has a strong and somewhat specific influence on this neurotransmitter system, it may be an indicator of the response to drug rewards more generally.

"While previous studies have suggested an association between behavioral sensitivity to d-amphetamine effects and the initiation of drug and alcohol use, this study provides perhaps the strongest evidence of the association," added Kelly. "The interaction between negative emotionality and behavioral sensitivity to the stimulant effects of d-amphetamine on the development of heavy alcohol use was both unexpected and clinically significant."

"Past research on the role of negative emotionality in the development of alcohol use disorders has yielded mixed findings," added Gabbay. "Our results suggest that inconsistencies may have been partially due to the moderating effect of individual differences in drug responsiveness. "In short, who experience particularly strong mood-enhancing effects of alcohol and drugs may be more likely to develop problems with those substances if they use them to cope with their negative emotions. Those who find themselves relying on alcohol to enhance their mood may benefit from planning alternative pleasurable activities that can be easily pursued in times of distress, such as listening to music or exercise."

Kelly concurred. "These data provide a new perspective on interpreting risk factors for alcohol use and could inform prevention and intervention strategies in the future," he said. "These data suggest that risk factors associated with early experimentation and occasional use of alcohol and drugs may be different from those associated with the development of escalating patterns of use leading to problems, with individuals demonstrating characteristics of impulsivity and negative emotionality being at increased risk for developing patterns of heavy use. Parents should keep in mind, however, that while risk factors provide statistical prediction, they have limited predictive utility at the clinical case level. Personality is only a subset of factors that can influence the trajectories of alcohol use."

Related Stories

A medication commonly used to help people stop smoking may have an unanticipated positive side effect for an entirely different vice: drinking alcohol. A new study by University of Chicago researchers finds that varenicline, ...

An early age at first drink (AFD) has been linked to later alcohol-related problems, which is one of the reasons behind the legal drinking age of 21 in the U.S. It is unclear, however, if increased risk is primarily due to ...

An increasing number of women entering young adulthood engage in heavy drinking behavior, placing them at risk of developing alcohol use disorders (AUDs) as well as other negative consequences such as sexual assault and physical ...

Recommended for you

A pair of researchers affiliated with several institutions in Germany, has found that of a number of drugs used by people for recreational purposes (i.e. for non-medicinal reasons and without a prescription) cannabis is the ...

In 2012, Allen Frances, MD, professor emeritus and former chair of the department of psychiatry at Duke University, cautioned that "Internet Addiction" could be the next new fad diagnosis, complete with "an exuberant trumpeting ...

(Medical Xpress)—Researchers at the University of Adelaide say addictive behaviour such as drug and alcohol abuse could be associated with poor development of the so-called "love hormone" system in our bodies during early ...

A study of binge-drinking rodents suggests that knocking back a few drinks every few days may swiftly reduce one's capacity to control alcohol intake. Scientists at The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) found signs of cognitive ...

If smoking a cigarette no longer delivers pleasure, will smokers quit? It's the idea behind a nicotine vaccine being created by MIT and Harvard researchers, in which an injection of synthetic nanoparticles prompts the immune ...

A fine-tuned combination of two existing pharmaceutical drugs has shown promise as a potential new therapy for people addicted to cocainea therapy that would reduce their craving for the drug and blunt their symptoms ...

0 comments

Please sign in to add a comment.
Registration is free, and takes less than a minute.
Read more

Click here to reset your password.
Sign in to get notified via email when new comments are made.