GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

A TELNET connection is a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
connection used to transmit data with interspersed TELNET control
information.

The TELNET Protocol is built upon three main ideas: first, the
concept of a "Network Virtual Terminal"; second, the principle of
negotiated options; and third, a symmetric view of terminals and
processes.

When a TELNET connection is first established, each end is
assumed to originate and terminate at a "Network Virtual Terminal",
or NVT. An NVT is an imaginary device which provides a standard,
network-wide, intermediate representation of a canonical terminal.
This eliminates the need for "server" and "user" hosts to keep
information about the characteristics of each other's terminals and
terminal handling conventions. All hosts, both user and server, map
their local device characteristics and conventions so as to appear to
be dealing with an NVT over the network, and each can assume a
similar mapping by the other party. The NVT is intended to strike a
balance between being overly restricted (not providing hosts a rich
enough vocabulary for mapping into their local character sets), and
being overly inclusive (penalizing users with modest terminals).

NOTE: The "user" host is the host to which the physical terminal
is normally attached, and the "server" host is the host which is
normally providing some service. As an alternate point of view,
applicable even in terminal-to-terminal or process-to-process
communications, the "user" host is the host which initiated the
communication.

The principle of negotiated options takes cognizance of the fact
that many hosts will wish to provide additional services over and
above those available within an NVT, and many users will have
sophisticated terminals and would like to have elegant, rather than
minimal, services. Independent of, but structured within the TELNET
Protocol are various "options" that will be sanctioned and may be
used with the "DO, DON'T, WILL, WON'T" structure (discussed below) to
allow a user and server to agree to use a more elaborate (or perhaps
just different) set of conventions for their TELNET connection. Such
options could include changing the character set, the echo mode, etc.

The basic strategy for setting up the use of options is to have
either party (or both) initiate a request that some option take
effect. The other party may then either accept or reject the
request. If the request is accepted the option immediately takes
effect; if it is rejected the associated aspect of the connection
remains as specified for an NVT. Clearly, a party may always refuse
a request to enable, and must never refuse a request to disable some
option since all parties must be prepared to support the NVT.

The syntax of option negotiation has been set up so that if both
parties request an option simultaneously, each will see the other's
request as the positive acknowledgment of its own.

The symmetry of the negotiation syntax can potentially lead to
nonterminating acknowledgment loops -- each party seeing the incoming
commands not as acknowledgments but as new requests which must be
acknowledged. To prevent such loops, the following rules prevail:

Parties may only request a change in option status; i.e., a
party may not send out a "request" merely to announce what mode it
is in.

If a party receives what appears to be a request to enter some
mode it is already in, the request should not be acknowledged.
This non-response is essential to prevent endless loops in the
negotiation. It is required that a response be sent to requests
for a change of mode -- even if the mode is not changed.

Whenever one party sends an option command to a second party,
whether as a request or an acknowledgment, and use of the option
will have any effect on the processing of the data being sent from
the first party to the second, then the command must be inserted
in the data stream at the point where it is desired that it take effect. (It should be noted that some time will elapse between
the transmission of a request and the receipt of an
acknowledgment, which may be negative. Thus, a host may wish to
buffer data, after requesting an option, until it learns whether
the request is accepted or rejected, in order to hide the
"uncertainty period" from the user.)

Option requests are likely to flurry back and forth when a TELNET
connection is first established, as each party attempts to get the
best possible service from the other party. Beyond that, however,
options can be used to dynamically modify the characteristics of the
connection to suit changing local conditions. For example, the NVT,
as will be explained later, uses a transmission discipline well
suited to the many "line at a time" applications such as BASIC, but
poorly suited to the many "character at a time" applications such as
NLS. A server might elect to devote the extra processor overhead
required for a "character at a time" discipline when it was suitable
for the local process and would negotiate an appropriate option.
However, rather than then being permanently burdened with the extra
processing overhead, it could switch (i.e., negotiate) back to NVT
when the detailed control was no longer necessary.

It is possible for requests initiated by processes to stimulate a
nonterminating request loop if the process responds to a rejection by
merely re-requesting the option. To prevent such loops from
occurring, rejected requests should not be repeated until something
changes. Operationally, this can mean the process is running a
different program, or the user has given another command, or whatever
makes sense in the context of the given process and the given option.
A good rule of thumb is that a re-request should only occur as a
result of subsequent information from the other end of the connection
or when demanded by local human intervention.

Option designers should not feel constrained by the somewhat limited
syntax available for option negotiation. The intent of the simple
syntax is to make it easy to have options -- since it is
correspondingly easy to profess ignorance about them. If some
particular option requires a richer negotiation structure than
possible within "DO, DON'T, WILL, WON'T", the proper tack is to use
"DO, DON'T, WILL, WON'T" to establish that both parties understand
the option, and once this is accomplished a more exotic syntax can be
used freely. For example, a party might send a request to alter
(establish) line length. If it is accepted, then a different syntax
can be used for actually negotiating the line length -- such a
"sub-negotiation" might include fields for minimum allowable, maximum
allowable and desired line lengths. The important concept is that
such expanded negotiations should never begin until some prior
(standard) negotiation has established that both parties are capable
of parsing the expanded syntax.

In summary, WILL XXX is sent, by either party, to indicate that
party's desire (offer) to begin performing option XXX, DO XXX and
DON'T XXX being its positive and negative acknowledgments; similarly,
DO XXX is sent to indicate a desire (request) that the other party
(i.e., the recipient of the DO) begin performing option XXX, WILL XXX
and WON'T XXX being the positive and negative acknowledgments. Since
the NVT is what is left when no options are enabled, the DON'T and
WON'T responses are guaranteed to leave the connection in a state
which both ends can handle. Thus, all hosts may implement their
TELNET processes to be totally unaware of options that are not
supported, simply returning a rejection to (i.e., refusing) any
option request that cannot be understood.

As much as possible, the TELNET protocol has been made server-user
symmetrical so that it easily and naturally covers the user-user
(linking) and server-server (cooperating processes) cases. It is
hoped, but not absolutely required, that options will further this
intent. In any case, it is explicitly acknowledged that symmetry is
an operating principle rather than an ironclad rule.

A companion document, "TELNET Option Specifications," should be
consulted for information about the procedure for establishing new
options.