1.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

2.
1873
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As of the start of 1873, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar, the California Penal Code goes into effect. January 17 – American Indian Wars, The First Battle of the Stronghold is fought during the Modoca War, February 11 – The Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I and proclaims the First Spanish Republic. February 12 Emilio Castelar, the foreign minister, becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic. February 20 The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, British Naval Officer John Morseby discovers the site of Port Moresby and claims the land for Britain. March 3 – Censorship, The United States Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any obscene, lewd, march 4 – Ulysses S. Grant is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. March 15 – The Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity is founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, march 19 – German Modernist composer Max Reger is born in Brand, Bavaria. March 22 – Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico, Slaves are freed, march 29 – The Rio Tinto Company is formed in Spain, following the February 17 purchase of the Rio Tinto mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group. April 1 – The British steamer RMS Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, april 4 – The Kennel Club, the worlds first kennel club, is founded in the United Kingdom. April 15–17 – American Indian Wars, The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought, april 19 –11 perish in a train derailment due to a bridge washout in the village of Richmond Switch in Richmond, Rhode Island. May – Henry Rose exhibits barbed wire at an Illinois county fair, which is taken up by Joseph Glidden and Jacob Haish, may 5 – Battle of Eraul, Carlists under General Dorregaray defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella during the Third Carlist War. May 9 Der Gründerkrach, The Wiener Börse crash in Austria-Hungary ends the Gründerzeit and heralds the global Panic of 1873, the Battle of Montejurra at Navarra, Spain, is fought during the Third Carlist War. May 20 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive United States patent#139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants, Levi Strauss & Co. begin manufacturing the famous Levis brand of jeans, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire. In Chipping Norton, England, rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs –sixteen women sentenced to imprisonment for attempting to dissuade strikebreakers, may 23 The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police. The Preakness Stakes horse race is run for the first time in Baltimore, may 27 Classical archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovers Priams Treasure. Laan brings order to the created by the dockworker riots of Tripoli. The city of Khiva falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin von Kaufman, june 4 – American Indian Wars, The Modoc War ends with the capture of Kintpuash. June 9 – Alexandra Palace in London is destroyed by only a fortnight after its opening

3.
Governors of the Australian states
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The governors of the Australian states are the representatives of the Queen of Australia in each of Australias six states. The state governors are not subject to the authority of the governor-general. In practice, with few exceptions the governors are required by convention to act on the advice of the state premiers or the members of a states Cabinet. The office of governor is the oldest constitutional office in Australia, the title was first used with the Governor of New South Wales, and dates back to 1788 to the day on which the area became the first British settlement in Australia. Each of the subsequent five states in Australia was also founded as a British colony, the settlement which became Queensland was founded in 1824, but was not separated from New South Wales until 1859. New South Wales and Tasmania were founded as penal colonies, Tasmania in particular was run as a virtual prison camp in its early years. The Governors were also commanders-in-chief, and the troops under their command were the basis of their authority. From the 1820s, however, the number of free settlers in the colonies led to a process of constitutional reform which gradually reduced the powers of the governors. New South Wales was given its first legislative body, the New South Wales Legislative Council, Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia, which were not founded as penal settlements, moved rapidly towards constitutional government after their establishment. However, the states insisted on retaining their separate links to the Crown, the post of governor was again called into question during the Depression of the 1930s, when the cost of maintaining six vice-regal establishments drew criticism from the labour movement and others. During this period some states left the position unfilled as a measure for some years. But no state attempted to abolish the post of governor, all governors at this time were British, and most were from the upper classes and political conservatives, and Labor governments always suspected that they had an enemy in Government House. Most governors, however, tried to act impartially, and some were genuinely popular, from the 1940s the states, particularly those with Labor governments, began to appoint Australians to the post of governor. The first colonies were penal settlements and the colonial governors were military officers who ruled under martial law. Once the governors role moved from the executive to the ceremonial, although a few members of the peerage served as governors, the Australian colonial capitals were small towns and considered not grand enough to attract senior members of the British aristocracy. Even when Australians replaced Britons as governors, most continued to be retired Army, the last British-born governor of an Australian state was Rear Admiral Sir Richard Trowbridge, who was Governor of Western Australia from 1980 to 1983. The British Government retained the authority to intervene in the governments of the states under the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865. As a result, the state continued to be formally appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Foreign Secretary

4.
Governor of New South Wales
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The Governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, the Governor is appointed by the queen on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales, for an unfixed period of time—known as serving At Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the norm. The current Governor is retired General David Hurley, who succeeded Dame Marie Bashir on 2 October 2014, the office has its origin in the 18th-century colonial governors of New South Wales upon its settlement in 1788, and is the oldest continuous institution in Australia. The office of Governor is required by the New South Wales Constitution Act,1902, besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor-designate. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct the governor-designate as a Companion of the Order of Australia. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The premier may therefore recommend to the Queen that the remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor may also resign and three have died in office, furthermore, if the Lieutenant Governor becomes incapacitated while serving in the office of Governor, the next most senior judge of the Supreme Court is sworn in as the Administrator. Between 1788 and 1957, all governors were born outside of New South Wales and were members of the Peerage. Taylor once noted that out and governing New South Wales became the British aristocracys abiding consolation. Coincidentally the first Australian-born Governor, Sir John Northcott on 1 August 1946, was also the first Australian-born Governor of any state, the first Governors were all military officers and the majority of governors since have come from a military background, numbering 19. Samuels was the first governor in New South Wales history without either a political, public service or military background, the first woman to hold this position is also the first Lebanese-Australian governor, Dame Marie Bashir. In this capacity, the governor will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council, the Governor alone is constitutionally mandated to summon parliament. The governor grants Royal Assent in the Queens name, legally, if the governor withholds the Queens assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No modern viceroy has denied Royal Assent to a bill, with most constitutional functions delegated to Cabinet, the governor acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. He or she will host members of Australias royal family, as well as foreign royalty, also as part of international relations, the governor receives letters of credence and of recall from foreign consul-generals appointed to Sydney. The governor is also tasked with fostering unity and pride, the governor also traditionally serves as Honorary and Regimental Colonel in the Royal New South Wales Regiment and as Honorary Air Commodore of No.22 Squadron, Royal Australian Air Force. Since 1946, the governor has also always made the Chief Scout of New South Wales

5.
Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead
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From June 1859 until August 1896, he was known as Sir Hercules Robinson. He was of Irish descent on both sides, his father was Admiral Hercules Robinson, his mother was Frances Elizabeth Wood, from Rosmead, County Westmeath, from which he afterwards took his title. However, in 1846, through the influence of Lord Naas, Robinson obtained a post in the Board of Public Works in Ireland and he proposed a civil service examination held in the UK that selected the successful candidates to learn Chinese and subsequently work in Hong Kong. Subsequently, Robinson was appointed lieutenant-governor of Saint Kitts on 6 November 1855, on 17 June 1859, at age of 35 Robinson was appointed as Governor of Hong Kong, the youngest in Hong Kong colonial history, as which he served until March 1865. On 28 June 1859, he was knighted in recognition of his services for introducing coolie labour into the territory, during his tenure, Robinson secured the control of the Kowloon Peninsula from the Imperial Chinese Government, thus expanding the size of the territory. Up to this point, the Colony of Hong Kong only consisted of Hong Kong Island, also, Robinson ordered the construction of the Pokfulam Reservoir, which would provide a steady supply of water for Hong Kong people for years to come. Robinson was also credited with establishing Towngas, the territorys premier gas provider, during Robertsons administration, HSBC, along with Standard Chartered, were established in Hong Kong. Both were given the responsibility to print banknotes on the behalf of the Government, on 6 March 1865, Robinson was appointed Governor of Ceylon. On 30 June 1869, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael, from 4 March 1872 to 24 February 1879, he served as the Governor of New South Wales. Before his arrival in the colony, the Australian Town and Country Journal apprised its readers of Robinsons high reputation for administrative ability and he attended the official opening of Sydneys grand new General Post Office on 1 September 1874. He temporarily served as Governor of Fiji from 10 October 1874 to June 1875, while concurrently Governor of New South Wales. On 24 February 1879, Robinson was transferred to New Zealand, Robinson arrived in South Africa shortly before the disaster of Majuba, and was one of the commissioners for negotiating a peace and determining the future status of Transvaal. In 1883, Robinson was called home to advise the government on the terms of the new convention concluded with the Transvaal Boers, and was appointed a member of the Privy Council. On 27 February 1884 Robinson signed the London Convention for the British government, with Paul Kruger, smit signing for the South African Republic. John Mackenzie and later Cecil Rhodes were sent to secure the submission of the Boers. Sir Hercules Robinson succeeded in winning the confidence of President Kruger by his fair-mindedness, while he seconded Rhodes efforts to unite the British and his mind, however, was that of the administrator as distinguished from the statesman, and he was content to settle difficulties as they arose. In 1887 Robinson was induced by Rhodes to give his consent to the conclusion of a treaty with Lobengula which secured British rights in Matabele, in his farewell speech, he declared that there was no permanent place in South Africa for direct Imperial rule. This was interpreted to mean that South Africa must ultimately become independent – an idea repugnant to him and he explained in a letter to The Times in 1895 that he had referred to the direct rule of Downing Street over the crown colonies, as contrasted with responsible colonial government

6.
Governor of Queensland
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The Governor of Queensland is the representative in the state of Queensland of the Queen of Australia. In an analogous way to the Governor-General of Australia at the national level, in particular the Governor has the power to appoint and dismiss the Premier of Queensland and all other Ministers in the Cabinet, and issue writs for the election of the state Parliament. The current Governor, Paul de Jersey, was sworn in on 29 July 2014, as from June 2014, The Queen, upon the recommendation of then-Premier Campbell Newman, accorded all current, future and living former Governors the title The Honourable in perpetuity. The Governor of Queensland has resided at Government House, Brisbane since 1910, the mansion, set in 14 hectares of gardens and bushland in the Brisbane suburb of Bardon, is also known as Fernberg. Unlike Fernberg, the original Government House was purpose-built and was used from 1862 to 1910, the office of Governor is established by the Constitution of Queensland. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown, and has the right to appoint and dismiss Ministers, issue pardons. Sir Joh elected to resign on 1 December 1987, the Governor is head of the Executive Council, a Queensland equivalent to the Federal Executive Council. The Council is composed of ministers from the government of the day, the Chief Justice of Queensland and other judges in the Queensland judicial system are appointed by the Governor acting on the advice of the Executive Council. The first Australian- born Governor of Queensland was Lieutenant-General Sir John Lavarack and his successor, Sir Henry Abel Smith was British. All subsequent governors have been Australian-born, except for Leneen Forde, four former governors of Queensland are alive, the oldest being Leneen Forde. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Walter Campbell. Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors are deputy roles generally appointed to carry out the duties of the Governor when the Governor is unavailable, the following are the Administrators and Lieutenant-Governors of Queensland, Official Website of the Governor of Queensland

7.
George Phipps, 2nd Marquess of Normanby
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Normanby was born in London, the son of Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby, by his wife the Hon. Maria, daughter of Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth. He gained the courtesy title Viscount Normanby when his father succeeded as Earl of Mulgrave in 1831, when his father was made Marquess of Normanby in 1838, he became known by the courtesy title Earl of Mulgrave. Normanby entered the Coldstream Guards as an ensign, and became a lieutenant in 1838, Normanby was returned to parliament for Scarborough in 1847, a seat he held until 1851 and again between 1852 and 1857. He was appointed Comptroller of the Household by Lord John Russell in 1851, when Lord Aberdeen became prime minister in early 1852, he became Treasurer of the Household, a post he held until 1858, the last three years under the premiership of Lord Palmerston. In the latter year he was appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, in 1863 he also succeeded his father in the marquessate and took his seat in the House of Lords. Normanby returned to the government in 1868 when he was appointed a Lord-in-Waiting by William Ewart Gladstone, the following year he was promoted to Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. In 1871 he became Governor of Queensland and he continued in this post until 1874, and was then Governor of New Zealand from 1874 to 1879 and Governor of Victoria from 1879 to 1881. Lord Normanby married Laura, daughter of Captain Robert Russell, R. N. in 1844, when he served as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, he and his wife had the Prince of Wales and his brother, Prince Alfred as their guests at Government House. The Marchioness of Normanby died in London in January 1885, aged 69, Lord Normanby died at Brighton, Sussex, in April 1890, aged 70, and was succeeded by their eldest son, Constantine. One of their daughters, Lady Katherine Louisa Phipps, married the 3rd Earl of Ellesmere

8.
Governor of South Australia
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The Governor of South Australia is the representative in the Australian state of South Australia of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governors official residence is Government House, in Adelaide, the states capital, nevertheless, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. The Westminster system is a form of constitutional monarchy, the first Australian-born Governor of South Australia was Major-General Sir James Harrison, and most subsequent governors have been Australian-born. The first South Australian-born governor was Sir Mark Oliphant, the current governor is Hieu Van Le. The term of the governor, Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce. As from June 2014, the Queen, upon the recommendation of the Premier, accorded all current, future and these people administered the government in the absence of the official governor. Three former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Eric Neal, the latest-serving former governor to die was Dame Roma Mitchell, on 5 March 2000. The most recent death of a governor was that of Sir Keith Seaman. The Official Website of the Governor of South Australia Previous governors on official website

9.
Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet
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Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet GCSI PC was a British soldier, Conservative politician and colonial administrator. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Fergusson was the eldest son of Sir Charles Fergusson, 5th Baronet and he was educated at Cheam, Rugby, and University College, Oxford. He entered the Grenadier Guards in 1851 and served in the Crimean War where he was wounded and he retired from the army in 1859. Fergusson was elected Member of Parliament for Ayrshire and represented the constituency in parliament from 1854 to 1857 and 1859 to 1868. He served as Governor of South Australia from 1868 to 1873, following his retirement, he returned to the House of Commons, as Member of Parliament for Manchester North East, which he represented between 1885 and 1906. He again held office as Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs between 1886 and 1891 and as Postmaster General between 1891 and 1892 in Lord Salisburys Conservative administration. Fergusson married firstly Lady Edith Christian, daughter of James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie and they had two sons and two daughters. Lady Edith died in October 1871, aged 32, Fergusson married secondly Olive, daughter of John Henry Richman, in 1873. She died of cholera in January 1882 and he married thirdly Isabella Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Twysden and widow of Charles Hugh Hoare, in 1893. Fergussons son Charles and grandson Bernard Fergusson both became Governors-General of New Zealand, Fergusson was killed in an earthquake in Jamaica in 1907, aged 74. The town of Jamestown, South Australia, Fergusson Island in Papua New Guinea and Fergusson College in Pune, newspaper report 1897 New Zealand Governor biography Mennell, Philip. Dictionary of National Biography,1912 supplement​, Fergusson, Sir James, of Kilkerran, sixth baronet. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Sir James Fergusson, Bt

10.
Anthony Musgrave
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Sir Anthony Musgrave GCMG was a colonial administrator and governor. He died in office as Governor of Queensland in 1888 and he was born at St Johns, Antigua, the third of 11 children of Anthony Musgrave and Mary Harris Sheriff. After education in Antigua and Great Britain, he was appointed secretary to Robert James Mackintosh. He was recognised for his capacity and zeal, and quickly promoted, administering in turn the British West Indies territories of Nevis and St. Vincent, after ten years of colonial service in the Caribbean, Musgrave was appointed governor of Newfoundland in September,1864. Unlike his previous appointments, Newfoundland had responsible government and a colonial assembly. He also found a colony in dire straits, containing a destitute population. In this project, he was allied with the goals of the colonial office, despite his efforts, and what seemed like imminent success, Musgrave ultimately failed to move the colonial assembly to accepting terms of union. Canada was proclaimed on 1 July 1867—and Newfoundland would not join Confederation for eighty years, in consultation with the colonial office and the Canadian Prime Minister, Sir John A. Following the death of Frederick Seymour, Musgrave took up his new responsibilities as colonial governor in August,1869, Musgrave proved to be both a capable administrator, and an able placater of the assemblys notoriously contentious members. In less than two years, in July,1871, British Columbia joined Canada as its sixth province, Musgrave did a brief stint as governor of the South African colony of Natal. Musgraves next posting was to South Australia and this proved to be a substantially less taxing appointment. After three and a half years in the antipodes, Musgrave returned to the Caribbean as governor of Jamaica and he would govern the colony for the next six years, focussing much of his attention on improving its cultural life. Under his administration, the government purchased Jamaica Railway Company and extended the line, the Musgrave Medal, awarded by the institute for excellence in these fields, was named in his honour in 1897. Musgraves last appointment was back in Australia, as governor of the colony of Queensland, like South Australia, Queensland enjoyed full responsible government, and Musgrave was more of a spectator of the political scene. He travelled with premier Samuel Griffith to visit the parts of the colongy including Cooktown, Port Douglas, Cairns, Townsville, Charters Towers, Mourilyan Harbour, Cardwell. Governor Anthony Musgrave was at the point of retiring from the service when he died at his desk in Brisbane on 9 October 1888 from strangulation of the bowel. In May 1939, his grave was reported as unkempt and overgrown with weeds and he married in 1854 to Christiana Elizabeth, daughter of the Hon. During his tenure in South Australia, Musgrave married his second wife and their daughter, Joyce, died in South Australia during 1874

11.
Governor of Tasmania
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The Governor of Tasmania is the representative in the Australian state of Tasmania of Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. The Governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as the Governor-General of Australia does at the national level. Nevertheless, the Governor retains the powers of the Crown. See Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of Governor, the official residence of the Governor is Government House located at the Queens Domain. The first Australian-born Governor of Tasmania was Sir Stanley Burbury, the first Tasmanian-born governor was Sir Guy Green. Since Burbury, all Tasmanian governors have been Australian-born, except for Peter Underwood, on 10 November, Premier Will Hodgman announced that University of Tasmania legal academic Kate Warner would be appointed as the states first female governor. Warner was sworn in on 10 December, between 1804 and 1813, Van Diemens Land was divided along the 42nd parallel, and the two sections governed as separate Lieutenant-Governorships under the Governor of New South Wales. Collins was the officially appointed Lieutenant-Governor—upon his death in 1810. The northern settlement at Port Dalrymple was administered by four Commandants until the settlements were merged to form the colony under the governorship of Thomas Davey in 1813. The colony was called Van Diemens Land until 1856, four former governors are alive, the oldest being Sir Phillip Bennett. The latest-serving former governor to die was Sir Stanley Burbury, on 24 April 1995, the most recently serving governor to die was Peter Underwood, who died in office on 7 July 2014. Governors and Lieutenant Governors of Tasmania Parliamentary Library - Governors of Tasmania

12.
Charles Du Cane
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Sir Charles Du Cane, KCMG was a British Conservative Party politician and colonial administrator who was a Member of Parliament from 1852–1854 and Governor of Tasmania from 1868 to 1874. Du Cane was born in Ryde on the Isle of Wight, England in 1825 and he was educated at the Charterhouse School in Surrey and Exeter College, Oxford. From 1848 to 1855, Du Cane played first class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club as a batsman and he spent two years as Civil Lord of the Admiralty. At the 1857 general election he was elected as MP for Northern Essex, Du Cane was appointed Governor of Tasmania, and was sworn in at Hobart Town on 15 January 1869. Du Canes tenure in Tasmania saw the colony grow strong and prosperous, partly due to industrial and resources booms and he left Hobart in November 1874, and was appointed KCMG the next year after his return to England. Du Cane died at his estate in Braxted Park, Essex on 25 February 1889, survived by five children. English translations of Homer, Charles Du Cane Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Charles Du Cane

13.
Governor of Victoria
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The Governor of Victoria is the representative in the Australian state of Victoria of its monarch, Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia and is one of the Governors of the Australian states. The governor performs the same constitutional and ceremonial functions at the level as does the Governor-General of Australia at the federal level. The governors office and official residence is Government House next to the Royal Botanic Gardens, the Governor of Victoria is appointed by the Queen of Australia on the advice of the Premier of Victoria. The current Governor of Victoria is former judge Linda Dessau, Victorias first female governor, nevertheless, the governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the premier. The governor of Victoria is appointed by the queen of Australia, on the advice of the premier of Victoria, to act as her representative as head of state in Victoria. The governor acts at the pleasure, meaning that the term of the governor can be terminated at any time by the queen acting upon the advice of the premier. Upon appointment, he or she becomes a viceroy, the governors main responsibilities fall into three categories – constitutional, ceremonial and community engagement. In 1984, the Personal Standard of the Governor of Victoria was changed to the State Flag of Victoria, with the blue background replaced by gold, above the Southern Cross is the Royal Crown. Previously, the used by Victorian governors after 1870 had been the Union Jack with the Badge of the State of Victoria emblazoned in the centre. Between 1903 and 1953, the Tudor Crown was used on the State Flag and Governors Standard, the Governor’s Standard is flown at Government House and on vehicles conveying the governor. The Standard is lowered over Government House when the governor is absent from Victoria, there is also a lieutenant-governor and an administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is ex officio the Administrator, unless he or she is the lieutenant-governor, in which case, the lieutenant-governor takes on the responsibilities of the governor when that post is vacant or when the governor is out of the state or unable to act. The administrator takes on those duties if both the governor and lieutenant-governor are not able to act for the above reasons, see Governors of the Australian states for a description and history of the office of governor. Until the appointment of Victorian-born Sir Henry Winneke in 1974, the Governors of Victoria were British, prior to the separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales in 1851, the area was called the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. The Governor of New South Wales appointed superintendents of the District, in 1839 Charles La Trobe was appointed superintendent. La Trobe became Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria on separation on 1 July 1851, between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was titled Governor-General of New South Wales, in an attempt to form a federal structure. Until Victoria obtained responsible government in 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed lieutenant-governors to Victoria, on Victoria obtaining responsible government in May 1855, the title of the then incumbent lieutenant-governor, Captain Sir Charles Hotham, became governor. As of July 2015, four former governors are alive, the oldest being John Landy, the most recent governor to die was Davis McCaughey, on 25 March 2005

14.
John Manners-Sutton, 3rd Viscount Canterbury
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His mother died when he was one year old. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating with a MA in 1835, in his youth he played first-class cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club and Marylebone Cricket Club. Manners-Sutton was returned to Parliament for Cambridge in September 1839, however, in April 1840 his election was declared void. He was returned for the constituency in 1841 and held it until 1847. He served as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department from 1841 to 1846 in Sir Robert Peels second administration, in 1854 Manners-Sutton was appointed Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick, a post he held until 1861. He later served as Governor of Trinidad from 1864 to 1866 and he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1866 and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1873. In 1869 he succeeded in the viscountcy of Canterbury on the death of his elder brother. M. G. of Toorak, Australia. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Mr John Manners-Sutton

15.
George Bowen
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Sir George Ferguson Bowen, GCMG was a British author and colonial administrator whose appointments included postings to the Ionian Islands, Queensland, New Zealand, Victoria, Mauritius and Hong Kong. Bowen was born the eldest son of the Rev. Edward Bowen, Bowen was educated at Charterhouse School and Trinity College, Oxford. Bowen, twice President of the Oxford Union, was awarded a first class Bachelor of Arts degree in classics in 1844, Bowen was called to the bar by Lincolns Inn in 1844 and obtained his Master of Arts three years later. In 1846 Bowen had some training, serving for sixteen days on HMS Victory. In 1847 Bowen was appointed president of the Ionian University located in Corfu, Bowen became the chief secretary to the government of the Ionian Islands in 1854. While in that post, he married the Contessa Diamantina di Roma on 28 April 1856, Diamantina was the daughter of Conte Giorgio-Candiano Roma and his wife Contessa Orsola, née di Balsamo. The Roma family were local aristocracy, her father being the President of the Ionian Senate, titular head of the Islands and he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1855 and was advanced to Knight Commander in the following year. In 1859, Bowen was appointed the first Governor of Queensland, but overall, he was quite popular in Queensland, so that the citizens requested an extension of his five-year term as governor, resulting in his staying for further two years. In 1867 Bowen was made Governor of New Zealand, where he was successful in reconciling the Māori reaction to the British rule, Bowen also instituted the New Zealand Cross for colonial soldiers, one of the rarest bravery awards in the world and equivalent to the Victoria Cross. In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham, first lieutenant of HMS Blanche submitted a design to Bowen for an ensign for New Zealand. His proposal, incorporating the Southern Cross, was approved and remains in use to this day, in March 1873 Bowen was transferred to Victoria as Governor of Victoria, where he embarked on an endeavour to reduce the expenses of the colony. In May that year, Bowen said that my reluctant consent, purely on constitutional grounds, to these dismissals. has damaged my further reputation and it will never be forgotten either in England or in the Colony. However several others, including Hugh Childers and William Ewart Gladstone, approved of Bowens actions, Bowen arrived on Mauritius on 4 April 1879 and served as 13th Governor of the colony until 9 December 1880. On 30 March 1883, Bowen was made Governor of Hong Kong, during his tenure, his administration established the Hong Kong Observatory, which also served as the meteorological institute of the territory. He founded the first college in Hong Kong, and ordered the construction of the Typhoon Shelter in Causeway Bay, and he retired in 1887, due to ill health. Bowen returned to England after his time in Hong Kong and was appointed chief of a Royal Commission sent to Malta in December 1887 to help to draft the new constitution for the island, all recommendations made by the commission were adopted. Afterwards, Bowen was sworn of the Privy Council and his first wife was Contessa Diamantina di Roma, only daughter of Count Candiano di Roma. George married his wife, Letitia Florence White, in late 1896 at Chelsea

16.
Premiers of the Australian states
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The Premiers of the Australian states are the heads of the executive governments in the six states of the Commonwealth of Australia. They perform the function at the state level as the Prime Minister of Australia performs at the national level. The territory equivalents to the Premiers are the Chief Ministers of the Northern Territory, the Queen of Australia and the State Governors are the formal repositories of executive power, however, in practice they act only on the advice of State Premiers and Ministers. Each of the Australian states is governed under the Westminster system of parliamentary government, each state has an elected legislature. Following a General Election, the State Governor appoints as Premier the Member of the house of the State legislature who can command a simple majority of votes on the floor of the house. The Governor is the head of Government, but in practice acts only on the advice of the Premier, the Australian states were founded as British colonies, and executive power was held by a Governor appointed by the British Government. From the 1820s the power of the Governors was gradually transferred to bodies, at first appointed, later partly elected. Victoria gained full responsible government in 1855, New South Wales, South Australia and Tasmania in 1856, Queensland in 1859. Until the rise of the Australian Labor Party in the 1890s, ministries were usually formed on the basis of personal or factional loyalties, and rose and fell with great frequency as loyalties changed. Colonial politics were regarded as parochial, corrupt and cynical. Victorian Premier James Munro, for example, fled the colony to escape his creditors in 1890, the first minority Labor government was formed by Anderson Dawson in Queensland in 1899, and the first majority Labor government was led by James McGowen in New South Wales in 1910. Since about 1910 state politics have followed much the same party pattern as Australian national politics, since 1952, every premier of every state has been a member of the Australian Labor Party, the Liberal Party of Australia, or the National Party of Australia. The most important transfer of power came in 1943, when in the interests of unity during World War II the states gave up their power to levy their own income taxes to the Commonwealth. Since then the states finances have essentially been controlled by the Commonwealth, for many decades, the Premiers met with each other and the Prime Minister at Premiers Conferences. Since 1992, such meetings occur as the Council of Australian Governments, which includes the Chief Ministers of the territories. On 21 July 2006, South Australian Premier Mike Rann was appointed Chairman of a new Council for the Australian Federation, a council which aims to improve state-federal ties. With the exception of South Australia, every state and territory of Australia has had a head of government, all. The governments led by Lawrence, Kirner, Keneally and Giddings were defeated at subsequent elections, anna Bligh and Annastacia Palaszczuk are the only women who have received a popular mandate as Premier of an Australian state

17.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales

18.
Henry Parkes
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He died in 1896, five years before this process was completed. He was described during his lifetime by The Times as the most commanding figure in Australian politics, Alfred Deakin described Parkes as having flaws but nonetheless being a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament. Parkes was born in Canley in Warwickshire, England, and christened in the village of Stoneleigh. His father, Thomas Parkes, was a tenant farmer. Little is known about his mother, who died in 1842 and he received little schooling, and at an early age was working on a ropewalk for 4 pence a day. His next work was in a brickyard, describing it as breaking stones on the Queens highway with hardly enough clothing to him from the cold. He was then apprenticed to John Holding, a bone and ivory turner at Birmingham, between then and 1838 he was associated with the political movements that were then endeavouring to better the conditions endured by the working classes. He was steadily educating himself, too, by reading assiduously, in 1835, he addressed some verses, afterwards included in his first volume of poems, to Clarinda Varney, the daughter of a local butler. On 11 July 1836 he married Clarinda Varney and went to live in a single room, Parkes commenced business on his own account in Birmingham and had a bitter struggle to make ends meet. Following the death of their two children at an age and a few unsuccessful weeks living in London, Parkes. They travelled aboard the Strathfieldsaye, which arrived at Sydney on 25 July 1839, another child had been born two days before. On arrival they had only a few shillings between them and had to sell their belongings as Parkes looked for work and he was eventually employed as a labourer with John Jamison, one of the colonys wealthiest settlers, on the Regentville estate near Penrith. He was paid with £25 a year and food rations, after spending six months at Regentville, he returned to Sydney and worked in various low-paying jobs, first with an ironmongery store and then with a firm of engineers and brass-founders. About a year after his arrival in Sydney, Parkes was hired by the New South Wales Customs Department as a Tide Waiter, Parkes financial position improved due to his stable new government job, even though he was still burdened with a backlog of undischarged debts. A volume entitled Stolen Moments was published in Sydney in 1842, in early 1846, he left the Customs Department after a disagreement with Colonel Gibbes over a press leak that concerned the alleged behaviour of one of Parkes co-workers. Despite this, Parkes would continue to remain on friendly terms with Gibbes, Gibbes grandson, Frederick Jamison Gibbes, was also a member of the Parliament of New South Wales in the 1880s and like Parkes became a supporter of federation. After his departure from the Customs Service, Parkes worked in the private sector and he worked as an ivory and bone turner and later ran a shop of his own in Hunter Street. At one stage, he owned several newspapers, including The Peoples Advocate and New South Wales Vindicator and he was not successful as a businessman and eventually went bankrupt after running up debts totaling £48,500

19.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland

20.
Arthur Hunter Palmer
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Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer KCMG was an Irish-Australian politician and a Premier of Queensland. Palmer was born in Armagh, Ireland, the son of Lieutenant Arthur Palmer, R. N. and his wife, Palmer was educated at Youghal Grammar School and a private tutor in Dublin. Palmer emigrated to New South Wales in 1838, arriving in Sydney on the City of Edinburgh, Palmer worked for many years for Henry Cary Dangar on his New England stations, eventually becoming general manager of all Dangars holdings. Palmer went to Queensland and took up land, acting as a magistrate in 1865, in 1866, Palmer was elected to Parliament as member for Port Curtis in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. On 2 August 1867 he became Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Public Works in the R. R. Mackenzie ministry, Mackenzie resigned on 25 November 1868 and Palmer went into opposition. On 3 May 1870 Palmer became Premier and Colonial Secretary, palmers ministry was defeated on 6 January 1874. During his term of office acts were passed which led to development of new railways. Palmer remained in position until his death. Hunter served as Administrator from 2 May 1883 to 6 November 1883, from 20 April 1886 to 12 December 1886, from 9 October 1888 to 1 May 1889 and he also served as Lieutenant-Governor of Queensland from 15 November 1895 to 9 April 1896. He died at Easton Gray, his home in Toowong, Queensland after an illness and was buried in Toowong Cemetery. In 1865, Palmer married Miss Cecilia Jessie Mosman, Cecilia was the sister of Hugh Mosman who discovered gold in Charters Towers and of Harriette Mosman, the second wife of Queensland Premier Thomas McIlwraith. From 1872 to 1877, the Palmer family leased the house Fernberg in Paddington, Cecilia died in 1885, and was survived by three sons and two daughters. The family home, Easton Gray, was sold in 1944 for the construction of Toowong State High School, later Toowong College, Palmer was created a K. C. M. G. in 1881. Dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement​

21.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election

22.
Henry Ayers
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Sir Henry Ayers GCMG was the eighth Premier of South Australia, serving a record five times between 1863 and 1873. Historians note that his memorial is in the name of Ayers Rock. Ayers was born at Portsea, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, the son of William Ayers, of the Portsmouth dockyard, educated at the Beneficial Societys School he entered a law office in 1832. He emigrated, as a carpenter, to South Australia in 1840 with his wife, until 1845 he worked as a law clerk, he was then appointed secretary of the Burra Burra mines. Henry Roach was chief Captain, responsible for operations, from 1847 to 1867. Within a year the mine employed over 1000 men. For nearly 50 years, Ayers was in control of mine, initially as the secretary. He made his wealth from the Burra Burra Copper Mines, which was known as the Monster Mine, on 9 March 1857 Ayers was elected to the first South Australian Legislative Council under responsible government, the youngest member elected. He was continuously a member for over 36 years, for many years the whole colony formed a single electorate for the council, on two occasions Ayers headed the poll. In March 1863 Ayers was selected as one of the three South Australian representatives at the conference on uniform tariffs and inland customs duties. He also represented the colony at several other conferences from 1864 to 1877, on 4 July 1863 Ayers became minister without portfolio in the first Dutton cabinet. This ministry resigned just 11 days later however, as council demanded that it should have a minister to represent the government. Ayers formed his first ministry as Premier and Chief Secretary on 15 July 1863, the house was much divided and it was almost impossible to get business done. Ayers reconstructed his ministry on 22 July 1864 but was defeated, the Blyth ministry which was then formed included Ayers as chief secretary, but did not survive a general election and resigned on 22 March 1865. In spite of dissolutions it was very difficult to get a workable house. There were 18 ministries tween July 1863 and July 1873, Ayers became the premier again from May 1867 to September 1868, October to November 1868,27 January 1872 to March 1872, and with an entirely new team of ministers, from March 1872 to July 1873. He held the position of secretary in the Colton ministry from June 1876 to October 1877. In 1881 Ayers was elected President of the South Australian Legislative Council and he died in Adelaide on 11 June 1897. His wife had died in 1881, and he was survived by three sons and a daughter and he was created a CMG in 1870, knighted a KCMG in 1872, and raised to GCMG in 1894

23.
Arthur Blyth
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Sir Arthur Blyth KCMG, CB was Premier of South Australia three times, 1864–65, 1871–72 and 1873–75. The son of William Blyth and his wife, Sarah Wilkins, he was born at Birmingham, England on 21 March 1823. His formative years were spent in Birmingham, and he was educated at King Edward VI Grammar School and he interested himself in municipal work and was a member of the central road board. In 1855 he was elected for Yatala in the old legislative council, on 12 June 1858 he was given the same position in the Hanson ministry, which remained in power until May 1860. In October 1861 he became Treasurer of South Australia in the Waterhouse ministry which, however, was reconstructed nine days later, when Blyth dropped out. He came back to the ministry, however, as Treasurer in February 1862 and he was a member of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society and its president for the year 1867–68. Blyth resigned on 22 March 1865, was Treasurer in the third ministry formed by Henry Ayers but was out of again in little more than a month. In March 1866 he became Chief Secretary in James Boucauts first ministry from March 1866 to May 1867 and he was Treasurer again in the first John Hart ministry in September 1868, but this ministry was defeated three weeks later. On 22 July 1873 he again became premier and this took the portfolio of Chief Secretary of South Australia. This ministry was a stable one and lasted until June 1875. It succeeded in doing something for immigration, and after a stern fight passed a free, secular and this was defeated in the council. It succeeded, however, in passing an act incorporating the University of Adelaide, from 10 February 1875 to 21 February 1877 he represented North Adelaide. On 25 March 1876 Blyth became Treasurer in the third Boucaut ministry which resigned less than three months later, in February 1877 he was appointed agent-general for South Australia in London and held the position capably for many years. He was a councillor of the Oxford Military College in Cowley and he was a representative of South Australia at the 1887 colonial conference. Blyth died in Bournemouth, England on 7 December 1891 and his widow died two weeks later, on 21 December. Arthurs younger brother, Neville Blyth, had a significant political career, Arthur Blyth married Jessie Ann Forrest, a daughter of Edward Forrest of Birmingham, on 5 March 1850, she died two weeks after her husband. Emily Grant Blyth married Robert Grant Murray R. N. R. on 23 August 1893 James Neville Blyth, in 1885 he was jailed for a year for passing valueless cheques. Frances Eleanor Blyth married Wiliam Briggs Sells on 16 January 1877, the Hundred of Blyth in the Mid North of South Australia, and hence the later township of Blyth, was named for him in 1860 by Governor MacDonnell

24.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania

25.
Frederick Innes
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Frederick Maitland Innes was Premier of Tasmania from 4 November 1872 to 4 August 1873. The son of Francis Innes, army officer, and his wife Prudence, née Edgerleyan, Innes was born in Edinburgh, Innes was educated at Heriots, Edinburgh, and Kelso Grammar School in Kelso. On leaving school he was employed by his uncle, manager of estates for his relation, in 1836, Innes emigrated to Tasmania where he arrived in Hobart in 1837, joining the Hobart Town Courier. A few years later he returned to Great Britain, and contributed to the press in London, Innes again went to Tasmania in 1843 and was associated with the Observer and other papers at Hobart. In about the year 1846 he was working as a journalist at Launceston, with the introduction of responsible government he was elected in September 1856 as the member for Morven in the Tasmanian House of Assembly. He had now become a member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council, in 1864 was elected chairman of committees and he then resigned his seat and re-entered the house of assembly. In March 1875 rather to the surprise of his friends he joined this ministry as colonial treasurer. He then retired from the house of assembly, was elected to the council in September 1877. He died at Launceston on 11 May 1882, in 1838, he married a Miss Sarah Elizabeth Grey—the daughter of free settlers—who survived him with sons and daughters. Innes, an man of moderate views, was an excellent treasurer. When he first took office the finances of the colony were in a serious condition, and he carried a heavy burden during his five. The Mercury, Hobart,13 May 1882, J. Fenton, A History of Tasmania, J. H. Heaton, Australian Dictionary of Dates

26.
Alfred Kennerley
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Alfred Kennerley was an Australian politician and Premier of Tasmania from 4 August 1873 until 20 July 1876. He was a man of means who came from England to Australia when young, on 18 February 1834 at Windsor he married Jane, daughter of Richard Rouse of Rouse Hill House. When his father died Kennerley leased his land and sold his livestock and he sailed with his wife for London in March 1842 and returned to Sydney in January 1845. He resumed farming at Bringelly, became a magistrate and, in trust for his wife, Kennerley was not robust and found the climate very trying. In 1853 he returned to England with his wife, in June 1857 the Kennerleys arrived at Hobart in the Gloucester and named their new home Rouseville. He became an alderman about 1860, and was mayor in 1862,1863,1871 and 1872 and he was elected to Parliament and on 4 August 1873 became premier without office. Kennerley became discouraged and resigned on 20 July 1876 and he died in his eighty-eighth year on 15 November 1897. His wife died years before him and he had no children

27.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria

28.
James Francis
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James Goodall Francis, Australian colonial politician, was the 9th Premier of Victoria. Francis was born in London, and emigrated to Van Diemens Land in 1847 and he moved to Victoria in 1853 and became a leading Melbourne merchant. He was a director of the Bank of New South Wales and he married Mary Ogilvie and had eight sons and seven daughters. Francis was elected as a conservative for Richmond in 1859, and he was seen as a leading representative of business interests. When the liberal government of Charles Gavan Duffy was defeated in June 1872, Francis became Premier, franciss government, like most of its predecessors, was dominated by the education and land issues, and by conflict between the Assembly and the Legislative Council. His government passed the 1872 Education Act, but was defeated when it tried to pass a bill establishing a procedure for resolving deadlocks between the two Houses and he resigned as a result in July 1874. He was later a minister without portfolio in the government of James Service in 1880 and he retired from politics in 1884, declining a knighthood. He died in Queenscliff in 1884, a History of the Parliament of Victoria, 1856-1990, Oxford University Press, Melbourne,1992

29.
Clunes, Victoria
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Clunes is a town in Victoria, Australia,36 kilometres north of Ballarat, in the Shire of Hepburn. At the 2006 census it had a population of 1,026, the 2011 census recorded a population of 1,656 usual residents. The Djadja Wurrung people were the first inhabitants of the region including the settlement which later became Clunes, the town was home to Victorias first registered gold discovery made by William Campbell in 1850. Clunes post office opened as early as 1 October 1857 and in 1874 Clunes was connected to the Victorian railway network, Clunes station was opened in the same year. In 1873 mine employers attempted to introduce Saturday afternoon and Sunday shifts, the miners refused to sign the new terms outlined in their contract renewals and went on strikethat lasted 3 months. From the 1850s through to 1893, when gold mining came to an end. During this period gold in excess of 1.2 million ounces was produced at Clunes, Clunes held its first Booktown for a Day event on 20 May 2007. Over 50 booksellers from around Australia set up shop for the day in the heritage buildings. Renamed to Back to Booktown a year later and to Clunes Booktown Festival in 2012, the township now holds the event each year on the first weekend in May. With more than 60 booksellers, millions of books and 15,000 visitors, it has become the largest collection of books in any regional centre of Australia, in 2008 Back to Booktown won Hepburn Shires Community Event of the Year. On 21 January 2010 the Hon. John Brumby, Premier of Victoria, said during the Australia Day Luncheon, the regional community of Clunes in north-west Victoria sees its future as a cultural destination centred around literature. As well as their successful ‘Back to Booktown’ festival, just last month our Government helped launch the new Creative Clunes Community Bookshop, on 19 April 2012 Clunes was given International Booktown status - a title awarded to the town by the International Organisation of Booktowns. Clunes is the first town in the Southern Hemisphere and the 15th town world-wide to have received the official recognition, the Australia Day awards for 2013 for Hepburn Shires Community Event of the Year were awarded to Childrens Booktown 2012. Opened in 2000, about 80 students take up residency in the Wesley Clunes Residential Learning Village in the centre of town, where they learn how to take care of themselves for when they grow up. Many of the scenes and some internal scenes in the 2003 film Ned Kelly. The Old State Bank in Fraser Street was used for the scenes featuring the Euroa bank robbery. Clunes also appears in the films Mad Max starring Mel Gibson and it also appears in the ABC television series Queen Kat, Carmel & St Jude, Something in the Air and Halifax f. p. Clunes was once closed off to the public for the TV show The Mole in 2001, the mission in that episode was to direct one of the contestants to pick up another contestant in a blacked-out car

30.
Elizabeth Woolcock
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Elizabeth Woolcock was born Elizabeth Lillian Oliver in Burra Burra and was hanged in Adelaide Gaol for the murder of her husband Thomas Woolcock by mercury poisoning. She remains the only woman executed in South Australia and is buried between the outer and inner prison walls. It has been argued that she may have been a victim of domestic violence, born 20 April 1848, Elizabeth and her family lived in the Kooringa creek dugouts of Burra Burra in South Australia until a flash flood washed their home away in January 1852. A policeman slashed Powell across the head with his sabre while several more policemen then shot him as he lay on the ground, the policemen then trampled the body for some time with their horses. Her doctors gave her Opium for the pain to which she became addicted. At the age of 15 she left the household and moved into the Ballarat township, along with a quantity of Opium she had accumulated. According to a written by her friend Hannah Blight, during this time Elizabeth supplied Opium to prostitutes for use as revenge on their more abusive clients in order to punish or rob them. In 1865 after receiving news that her mother was alive and looking for her, Elizabeth travelled to Moonta-Moontera in South Australia, in 1866 a relative of the family she worked for arrived from England and after moving into the household took over her job which led to Elizabeths dismissal. Thomas Woolcock emigrated from Cornwall and settled in Moonta with his wife and his wife and one son contracted a fever and died the following year, and with a young son also named Thomas, to care for he advertised for a live in housekeeper for which Elizabeth applied. Elizabeths stepfather disliked Woolcock and considered the live in arrangement scandalous, Woolcock, Woolcock turned out to be a heavy drinker, a bully and a wife-beater. Elizabeth attempted to leave him several times but failed and eventually attempted suicide by hanging herself in the stable and she became addicted again, this time to Morphine. The situation improved somewhat when Woolcock took in a boarder whose presence lessened the abuse she suffered, not long after he left the family dog died after being poisoned and the boarder was suspected. Her desperation to acquire drugs became common knowledge in the community, finally Dr Herbert treated him for a sore throat with excessive salivation. Dr Herberts treatment worked and Woolcock was improving but two later he decided Herberts treatment was too expensive and went back to Dr Dickie who resumed the treatment for a gastric problem. At 3 am on 4 September 1873, Thomas Woolcock died, Dr Dickie initially stated his patient had died from pure exhaustion from excessive and prolonged vomiting and purging. Woolcocks cousin, Elizabeth Snell, suggested to the doctor that as everyone knew Woolcocks wife had been getting Morphia she could have poisoned him with it, Dr Dickie ordered an inquest largely to quash the rumours as he still believed his original diagnosis was correct. The inquest was opened in the front parlour of Woolcocks cottage with 14 jurors, Dr Dickie testified on the drugs taken by the deceased and the chemist, Mr Opie, testified regarding Elizabeths attempts to get Morphine. An autopsy was ordered and performed in the cottage that night while Elizabeth waited outside, the next day the inquest resumed at the Moonta courthouse where Dr Dickie described the state of the body and suggested that Mercury poisoning was a strong probability, Dr Herbert concurred

31.
Adelaide Gaol
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Adelaide Gaol was an Australian prison located in Thebarton, South Australia, Australia. The gaol was the first permanent one in South Australia and operated from 1841 until 1988, the Gaol is one of the two oldest buildings still standing in South Australia, the other being Government House which was built at the same time. The prison is now a museum, tourist attraction and function centre, when the first colonists arrived at South Australia in late 1836, any prisoners were held in irons aboard the ships HMS Buffalo and then Tam OShanter. In early 1837 the public were warned that escaped convicts from New South Wales may reach the colony and in mid-1837 Buffalo, recognising the need, tenders had already been called for a temporary gaol. Meanwhile, the Governors guard of Royal Marines held prisoners in their encampment in the present Botanic Gardens, chained to a tree. As the population expanded, a temporary lock-up became necessary, which was built in early 1838 near Government House and this was a wooden slab affair, with timber palisade fences, although one room was freestone, which became known as the stone jug. It was located at the north-east corner of present Government House Domain. In 1838, the first Sheriff, Samuel Smart, was wounded during a robbery led to one of the offenders, Michael Magee. When Governor Hindmarsh left, he took all his marines. Long term prisoners were sentenced to transportation in the penal colonies. Even so, the gaol was overcrowded, sometimes holding up to seventy prisoners, parts of the gaol became so dilapidated that if it had not been for the building behind, would have collapsed. In July 1838, it was reported that prisoners easily escaped because the walls were rotten, when Governor George Gawler arrived he was appalled at the conditions, saying that security was only being maintained by an expensive multiplicity of sentries. London police sub-inspectors James Stuart and William Baker Ashton arrived in November 1838 to form the first police force, the plans were based on Englands Pentonville prison. Proceedings of the Select Committee indicate that in Britain nothing was known of the gaols construction, the original estimate for construction was £17,000, however in late July 1840, one month after construction began, the plans were altered by Governor George Gawler. These new alterations added £9,000 to the cost, by March 1841 the goal was nearing completion, the builders Borrow and Goodiar had already received £l0,950 and they now requested a further £8,733 which Gawler refused. The dispute resulted in the claim being arbitrated in court and the arbitrators requested an independent valuation of the work completed, in May, Gawler was replaced by George Grey who accused Gawler of acting under no authority whatever. Gawler denied responsibility for the work and blamed Kingston, Kingston himself claimed the work was authorised by the Board of Works who denied even inspecting the site despite evidence they did so weekly. In early September the valuation was completed with the value of work estimated at more than £32,000 above the sum already paid, which the court awarded to Borrow and Goodiar

32.
South Australia
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South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country, with a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australias states and territories. Other population centres in the state are relatively small, the state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in Adelaide, most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The states colonial origins are unique in Australia as a settled, planned British province. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh, as with the rest of the continent, the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples, who were organised into numerous tribes and languages. The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, the guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation, a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties, although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its wine and numerous cultural festivals. The states economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries, the state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity, in addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels, thijssen named his discovery Pieter Nuyts Land, after the highest ranking individual on board. The complete coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders, the land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and it took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, the act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province, although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay in November 1836, the Colonisation Commissioners intended to establish a police service as soon as misconduct within the increasing population warranted it

33.
William Gosse (explorer)
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William Christie Gosse, was an Australian explorer, who was born in Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, England and migrated to Australia with his father Dr. William Gosse in 1850. He was educated at J. L. Youngs Adelaide Educational Institution and he held various positions in the survey department, including Deputy Surveyor-General. He died of an attack on 12 August 1881, aged 38. Although Gosses exploration was not groundbreaking, he filled in details in the central map. He named the Musgrave Ranges and was able correctly to lay down the position of some of the discoveries of Ernest Giles, on 19 July 1873 he reached Uluru and gave it the name Ayers Rock. His second-in-charge, Edwin S. Berry was probably the first white man to climb The Rock, Gosse married Agnes Aggie Hay, a daughter of Alexander Hay and his first wife Agnes née Kelly on 22 December 1874. William and Aggie had three children, William Hay Gosse MC was killed in action in France and he married Muriel, née Davidson, who died in 1920. Their son George Gosse was awarded the George Cross in 1946, Sir James Hay Gosse married Joanna Lang, daughter of Tom Elder Barr Smith – they had a daughter and four sons, a brother-in-law, and also nephew, William Gosse Hay was an author. A sister-in-law, and also niece, Helen, and her mother, were lost at sea on the ill-fated SS Waratah, other descendants include former Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs, Alexander Downer. In 1931, the Hundred of Gosse, a division located on Kangaroo Island in South Australia was named in Gosses memory. In 1976 he was honoured on a stamp bearing his portrait issued by Australia Post. Gosses Bluff crater Gosse, South Australia

34.
Uluru
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It lies 335 km south west of the nearest large town, Alice Springs,450 km by road. Uluru is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara Anangu, the Aboriginal people of the area, the area around the formation is home to an abundance of springs, waterholes, rock caves and ancient paintings. Uluru is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Uluru and Kata Tjuta, also known as the Olgas, are the two major features of the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. The local Anangu, the Pitjantjatjara people, call the landmark Uluṟu and this word is a proper noun, with no further particular meaning in the Pitjantjatjara dialect, although it is used as a local family name by the senior Traditional Owners of Uluru. On 19 July 1873, the surveyor William Gosse sighted the landmark and named it Ayers Rock in honour of the then Chief Secretary of South Australia, since then, both names have been used. In 1993, a dual naming policy was adopted that allowed official names that consist of both the traditional Aboriginal name and the English name, on 15 December 1993, it was renamed Ayers Rock / Uluru and became the first official dual-named feature in the Northern Territory. The order of the names was officially reversed to Uluru / Ayers Rock on 6 November 2002 following a request from the Regional Tourism Association in Alice Springs. Uluru is one of Australias most recognisable natural landmarks, the sandstone formation stands 348 m high, rising 863 m above sea level with most of its bulk lying underground, and has a total circumference of 9.4 km. Uluru is notable for appearing to change colour at different times of the day and year, most notably when it glows red at dawn, Kata Tjuta, also called Mount Olga or the Olgas, lies 25 km west of Uluru. Special viewing areas with access and parking have been constructed to give tourists the best views of both sites at dawn and dusk. Uluru is an inselberg, literally island mountain, an inselberg is a prominent isolated residual knob or hill that rises abruptly from and is surrounded by extensive and relatively flat erosion lowlands in a hot, dry region. Uluru is also referred to as a monolith, although this is a somewhat ambiguous term that is generally avoided by geologists. The remarkable feature of Uluru is its homogeneity and lack of jointing and parting at bedding surfaces, leading to the lack of development of scree slopes and these characteristics led to its survival, while the surrounding rocks were eroded. Uluru is dominantly composed of coarse-grained arkose and some conglomerate, the grains are typically 2–4 millimetres in diameter, and are angular to subangular, the finer sandstone is well sorted, with sorting decreasing with increasing grain size. The rock fragments include subrounded basalt, invariably replaced to various degrees by chlorite and epidote, the minerals present suggest derivation from a predominantly granite source, similar to the Musgrave Block exposed to the south. When relatively fresh, the rock has a colour. The strata at Uluru are nearly vertical, dipping to the south west at 85°, the strata dip below the surrounding plain and no doubt extend well beyond Uluru in the subsurface, but the extent is not known. The similar mineral composition of the Mutitjulu Arkose and the ranges to the south is now explained

35.
Cooktown, Queensland
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Cooktown is a small town and locality in the Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. Cooktown is located about 2,000 kilometres north of Brisbane and 328 kilometres north of Cairns, at the time of the 2011 census, Cooktown had a population of 2,339. Cooktown is at the mouth of the Endeavour River, on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland where James Cook beached his ship, both the town and Mount Cook which rises up behind the town were named after James Cook. Cooktown is one of the few towns in the Cape York Peninsula and was founded on 25 October 1873 as a supply port for the goldfields along the Palmer River. It was called Cooks Town until 1 June 1874, in the local Guugu Yimithirr language the name for the region is Gangaar Aboriginal pronunciation, which means Rock Crystals. The Guugu Yimithirr people saw the Endeavour beach in the waters near the mouth of their river. The captain of the Endeavour, Lieutenant James Cook, wrote, the British crew spent seven weeks on the site of present-day Cooktown, repairing their ship, replenishing food and water supplies, and caring for their sick. The extraordinary scientist, Joseph Banks, and Swedish naturalist Daniel Solander, the young artist Sydney Parkinson illustrated the specimens and he was the first British artist to portray Aboriginal people from direct observation. After some weeks, Joseph Banks met and spoke with the people, recording about 50 Guugu Yimithirr words. Cook recorded the name as Kangooroo, or Kanguru. The first recorded sighting of kangaroos by Europeans was on Grassy Hill, Cook climbed this hill to work out a safe passage for the Endeavour to sail through the surrounding reefs, after it was repaired. The visit on the 19th of July 1770 ended in a skirmish after Cook refused to share the turtles he kept on the Endeavour with the local inhabitants and they set fire to the grass around Cook’s camp twice, burning the area and killing a suckling pig. After Cook wounded one of the men with a musket, they ran away, Cook, Banks and some others followed them and caught up with them on a rocky bar near Furneaux Street, which is now known as Reconciliation Rocks. A “little old man” appeared from the group of Indigenous Australians and this was an important historic event as it is believed that this is the first recorded reconciliation between Europeans and Indigenous Australians ever. He named Cape York Peninsula after the then-Duke of York and Albany and he also collected numerous botanical specimens for the British Museum and Kew Gardens. In 1872, William Hann discovered gold in the Palmer River and his findings were reported to James Venture Mulligan who led an expedition to the Palmer River in 1873. Mulligans expedition found quantities of gold and thus began the gold rush that was to bring prospectors to the Endeavour River from all over the world. The Queensland government responded quickly to Mulligans reports, and soon a party was dispatched to advise whether the Endeavour River would be a site for a port

36.
Palmer River
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The Palmer River is a river located in Far North Queensland, Australia. The area surrounding the river was the site of a rush in the late 19th century which started in 1873. The headwaters of the Palmer River rise in the Sussex Range, the river is formed by the confluence of the Prospect Creek and Campbell Creek, near Palmer River Roadhouse, south of Lakeland. The river descends 365 metres over its 327-kilometre course and has a catchment area of 8,335 square kilometres, Palmer River was one of Australias major gold rush locations. William Hann and geologist Norman Taylor found gold in a bed of the river in 1872. Hann named the river after Arthur Hunter Palmer the Premier of Queensland at that time, the main settlement of the gold field was Maytown replacing Palmerville after some months. The settlement began as a camp in 1873, then grew into a town served as the administration centre for the former Hann Local Government Area. The settlements of Byerstown and Idatown were also established along the river, Palmerville Post Office opened on 11 May 1874, Maytown Post Office opened on 7 June 1874, Byerstown Post Office opened on 1 April 1876. There were several confrontations between the settlers and the Aborigines from the area, including one at Battle Camp, the miners in the Palmer River included Chinese, mostly from the Guangdong Province in southern China. The Chinese miners would re-work the diggings of Europeans as they moved on to find richer diggings, in 1876, with the rush to the Hodgkinson River, Chinese miners occupied most of the Palmer Gold Field. As gold reserves were extracted, anti-Chinese sentiment grew, although most of the surface gold has long since been prospected, there remain a handful of deeper mine projects in the area

37.
Monty Noble
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Montague Alfred Noble was an Australian cricketer who played for New South Wales and Australia. He scored 13,975 first class runs between 1893 and 1920 and took 624 wickets and he made 37 centuries – including a best of 284 in 1902 – and set several partnership and high-score records for his State team. He played 42 Tests for his country, and captained the team for 15 of these between 1903 and 1909, only the 12th captain of his country, he won eight of these games, lost five and drew two. Between his first Test in January 1898 and his last in August 1909, he scored 1,997 runs at 30.25 and he complemented his only century,133 in 1903, by scoring 16 half-centuries. Noble played 39 of his 42 Tests against England, and the three against South Africa. In later life, he coached and played for club level teams and he moved from banking to dentistry, and published his exegesis on cricket, Gilligans Men. His elder brother, Ted Noble, also played briefly for New South Wales, Noble was born in Sydney on 28 January 1873. He was the youngest of eight sons of Joseph and Maria Noble and he made a name for himself in grade cricket with the Paddington club and first played for New South Wales as a teenager. He toured New Zealand with NSW in 1893, and in 1894 scored a 152* against an England touring team under Andrew Stoddart which drew English attention to his batting. This cemented his place in the side, and he was a significant contributor to NSWs consecutive Sheffield Shield victories in 1895-96. Over the summer of 1897/98, Stoddart returned with another England team and were defeated in four of the five Ashes Test matches. Noble, whose form had earned him selection, scored 17 in Australias only innings of 520. Following on Noble routed the tourists with 6/49 and he ended the series with the best bowling averages for both teams. Australia returned to England in 1899, and Noble experienced his first overseas tour and he scored 116 in a warm-up match and impressed English critics chiefly by his patience and defence. He played in all five Tests, scoring 367 runs at 52.42, with four half centuries, at Manchester he scored 60 and 89, withstanding English bowling for eight and a half hours. He was in particular noted for his ability to cater his technique to English conditions and he was named Wisden Cricketer of the Year for 1900. Noble faced England in Australia over the winter of 1901/02, scoring 138 runs at 15.33 and he then returned to England in 1902 as the best all-rounder under Joe Darling. In a warm-up match at Hove against Sussex, he scored his career-best 284 in a then world-record partnership of 428 with Warwick Armstrong

38.
1940 in Australia
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16 March – A state election is held in Victoria. The Country Party led by Albert Dunstan is returned to government,14 June – The Volunteer Defence Corps is formed, a militia force based on the British Home Guard. 6 July – The Story Bridge is opened in Brisbane,13 August – An RAAF Lockheed Hudson crashes near Canberra, killing three members of Cabinet and the Chief of the General Staff. 3 September – The heavy cruiser HMAS Australia takes part in Operation Menace off Dakar,6 September – The British prison ship HMT Dunera docks in Sydney, carrying refugees and prisoners of war considered a danger to British security, for internment in Hay and Tatura. 26 October – Double-decker buses replace the last cable trams in Melbourne, max Meldrum wins the Archibald Prize with his portrait of Dr J Forbes McKenzie The Man Who Loved Children by Christina Stead is published

39.
Fred Leist
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Frederick William Leist was an Australian artist. During the First World War, he was a war artist with Australian forces in Europe. Leist studied at the Sydney Art School studying under Julian Ashton, in the 1890s, he began working as a black-and-white artist for The Bulletin and The Sydney Mail newspapers. After 1900, he also the Sydney representative for the Graphic magazine of London, in 1917, Leist was appointed as an official war artist to serve with the Australian Imperial Force in France. Leist completed numerous paintings during the war and after his war service contributed two large murals for the Australian Exhibition at the British Empire Exhibition held at Wembley in 1924. As a result of these works Leist popularity increased and he gained several commissions from the United States and toured the south west of America, including Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Returning to Australia in 1926, Leist took up a position as the Head of Painting at the East Sydney Technical College, Leist died at Mosman, Sydney in 1945. He was survived by his wife Ada, Leist is represented in the Art Gallery of New South Wales with ten works as well a representations in several private collections. Many of his paintings as a war artist are in the collection of the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, some of his portraits are in Parliament House, Canberra. Australian official war artists War artist

40.
Lily Poulett-Harris
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Lily Poulett-Harris was an Australian sportswoman and educationalist, notable for being the founder and captain of the first womens cricket team in Australia. Poulett-Harris continued to play until forced to retire due to ill health from the tuberculosis that was eventually to claim her life, born Harriet Lily Poulett-Harris on 2 September 1873, she was the twin and youngest daughter of Richard Deodatus Poulett-Harris and his second wife, Elizabeth Eleanor. As a young child Lily grew up in Hobart, where her father taught and her mother was 31 and her father was 57 when Lily and her twin Violet were born. Lilys father was also a rector at Holy Trinity Anglican Church. Lily grew up in this devout, resolutely low church environment, life must have been difficult at times for Lily growing up. Her father, who had arrived in Tasmania in 1856, was melancholy in outlook and prone to depression and he mourned the separation from the three daughters left in England and the early death of his son Richard from severe burns. His second daughter Charlotte Maria became of unsound mind, was committed to an institution in February 1872, the school was closed on 15 August 1885. A a bright, inquisitive, adventurous and active child, Lily was schooled by her father, Lily was allowed to sit the major exams as a trial of strength in 1884 even though she was not eligible for a scholarship. She also played the violin at school and she would go on playing this instrument, and also the piano, all of her life, giving occasional public performances at Peppermint Bay and Hobart. For instance, she gave a recital at a church choir fundraising event at her home parish of All Saints in South Hobart less than a year before she died. When her father retired in 1885, he purchased a hotel at Peppermint Bay, Lily was to spend her adolescence and young adulthood here. However, the first indication of Lilys strength of character comes from November 1885, on her way to the beach, and when, a little way only from it, her attention was caught by some brushwood and dry grass which she thought might harbour snakes. This was the first intimation she had of her danger, and she at once screamed out, mrs Harris was taken home, and was found to be suffering from severe burns on the arms and back. One early news report described him as a cricketer and footballer whilst another described him as a sterling batsman. Indeed, his obituary states that he was one of the athletes in the State. He played cricket for the Wellington Club and was regarded as one of the most graceful batsmen in the State and he was a member of the State team when a youth, and toured New Zealand with the Tasmanian team under the captaincy of the late Sir George Davies. Later he met success as a batsman on the mainland. He was also a footballer and a member of the Cricketers Football Club, some of his contemporaries being Messrs. W. H. Cundy, L. H. Macleod, K. E. Burn