The education secretary, Michael Gove, will today attempt to rush school reform legislation through parliament before the summer recess.

The academies bill, which would allow more schools to opt out of local authority control and pave the way for controversial "free" schools, will be debated in the Commons this afternoon. Using a timetable usually reserved for emergency laws such as anti-terror powers, the government hopes to push it on to the statute book within just a week.

The decision, already under fire from Labour and teaching unions, has been questioned by the Tory chairman of the education select committee.

Graham Stuart said only a "pretty overwhelming argument" could justify the risk of cutting short debating time and called on Gove to explain his decision.

"To make changes to public services of this importance, ideally you would have longer to reflect on it and to suggest changes and improvements and make sure there aren't any problems which haven't been considered," he told BBC Radio 4's The World This Weekend.

Debate on the bill – which was already considered by the House of Lords – will come as teachers descend on parliament to protest against the scrapping of a £55bn school building programme.

Construction workers, pupils, parents, school governors, local authority officials and MPs will join the rally.

Unions complain that approval of the bill would see new academy schools in wealthy areas having access to cash while others in desperate need of repair lose out.

The Westminster rally against the Building Schools for the Future cuts, which was organised by the Nasuwt teaching union, will include speeches followed by a demonstration at Westminster.

The Nasuwt general secretary, Chris Keates, said: "Run-down, dilapidated buildings are not being replaced while schools in good repair are getting brand new buildings just because they are becoming academies. There is a direct link between these decisions and the academies bill being rushed through parliament using procedures normally reserved for anti-terrorist laws."

The Department of Education said the short debate should be "no surprise" as it was a Tory manifesto commitment to offer schools the chance to become academies from September.

MPs are due to start their summer recess on 27 July.

"Enough time has been set aside for a thorough debate," a DoE spokesman said. "Two days of committee will take place on the floor of the House of Commons, which will give all MPs the opportunity to fully debate and scrutinise the provisions of the bill."

The committee stage of legislation is usually conducted by a small group of MPs able to examine legislation in detail before it goes back to the Commons chamber for further debate.

Stuart said the highly unusual move to "shortcut" standard procedures could cause serious problems and demanded answers from Gove. "If few actually do convert, the rushed legislative process will be hard to justify," he said.

"But if, on the other hand, large numbers move then inevitably people will ask whether sufficient consideration has been given to the system-wide impact of this on things like support for children with special needs.

"The secretary of state needs to explain why he felt that normal processes of scrutiny were being shortcut and I will be interested to hear his explanation. Members would expect a pretty overwhelming argument before that sort of thing occurred."

Labour has tabled a motion opposing the bill "because it creates the legal framework for the expensive free market schools reforms which will be funded by scrapping existing school building programmes" and would benefit only a minority of already successful schools.

Gove was previously forced to apologise to the Commons and council leaders after it emerged that an initial list of 715 affected BSF projects was strewn with errors. Many schools believed to have escaped the axe later learned their rebuilding projects would be affected.

The shadow education secretary, Ed Balls, who is to speak at the rally, said: "The thoughtless and botched way Michael Gove announced it showed the hurry he was in.

"But far from being in a hurry to save this money, he is in a desperate hurry to spend it – because Michael Gove's cuts have little to do with reducing the deficit.

"The academies bill will allow him to spend the money he has snatched away from hundreds of schools across the country to build his free market schools.

"That reform was tried and failed in Sweden, but it saw standards fall and inequality rise as only the better off took advantage.

"It is deeply unfair that Michael Gove wants to put money into this failed idea at the expense of schools in hundreds of communities that are crying out for 21st century facilities and which now won't get them."