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This book presents a unified view of concrete behavior in light of a body of chemical and physical principles. It provides the most up-to-date information available on new concrete materials.The most up-to-date information on new concrete materials. SI units used as primary system, keeping readers current to the unit system being adopted in the United States. Latest ASTM specifications are included. Exercises at the end of each chapter. An excellent resource for professionals in this industry.

Preface

ix

Concrete as a Material

1

(6)

The Nature of Concrete

1

(2)

Advantages of Concrete

3

(3)

Limitations of Concrete

6

(1)

Bibliography

6

(1)

Historical Development of Cement and Concrete

7

(8)

Nonhydraulic Cements

7

(2)

Hydraulic Limes

9

(1)

Development of Portland Cement

9

(4)

Concrete Admixtures

13

(1)

Summary

13

(2)

Bibliography

14

(1)

Cements

15

(42)

Manufacture of Portland Cement

15

(6)

Composition of Portland Cement

21

(10)

Modified Portland Cements

31

(10)

Non-Portland Inorganic Cements

41

(3)

Specifications and Tests of Portland Cement

44

(13)

Bibliography

54

(1)

Problems

55

(2)

Hydration of Portland Cement

57

(36)

Chemistry of Hydration

57

(8)

Properties of the Hydration Products

65

(4)

Microstructure of Hydrated Cement Pastes

69

(11)

Properties of Hydrated Cement Pastes

80

(13)

Bibliography

90

(1)

Problems

91

(2)

Mineral Admixtures and Blended Cements

93

(22)

Pozzolanic Materials

94

(8)

Blast Furnace Slag

102

(2)

Blended Cements

104

(2)

Proportioning with Mineral Admixtures

106

(1)

Effects on Properties of Fresh and Hardening Concrete

107

(8)

Bibliography

113

(1)

Problems

114

(1)

Water

115

(6)

Water as a Material

115

(2)

Water Quality

117

(4)

Bibliography

120

(1)

Problems

120

(1)

Aggregates

121

(44)

Properties Required for Mix Design

122

(18)

Durability of Aggregates

140

(15)

Nonstandard Aggregates

155

(10)

Chapter Appendix

161

(1)

Bibliography

162

(1)

Problems

163

(2)

Chemical Admixtures

165

(28)

Definitions and Classifications

165

(1)

Use of Admixtures

166

(2)

Air-Entraining Admixtures

168

(8)

Water-Reducing Admixtures

176

(6)

Admixtures for Set Control

182

(5)

Miscellaneous Admixtures

187

(6)

Bibliography

190

(1)

Problems

191

(2)

Fresh Concrete

193

(28)

Workability

194

(8)

Measurement of Workability

202

(8)

Setting of Concrete

210

(3)

Tests of Fresh Concrete

213

(8)

Bibliography

219

(1)

Problems

219

(2)

Proportioning Concrete Mixes

221

(22)

Basic Considerations

221

(1)

Fundamentals of Mix Design

222

(4)

ACI Method of Mix Design

226

(17)

Bibliography

240

(1)

Problems

241

(2)

Concrete Construction Practices

243

(44)

Batching and Mixing

243

(7)

Transportation

250

(6)

Placement of Concrete

256

(20)

Finishing Concrete

276

(3)

Special Aspects of Handling Concrete

279

(8)

Bibliography

284

(2)

Problems

286

(1)

Curing

287

(16)

Curing at Ambient Temperatures

287

(8)

Curing at Elevated Temperatures

295

(8)

Bibliography

300

(1)

Problems

301

(2)

Response of Concrete to Stress

303

(60)

Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ)

304

(2)

Modulus of Elasticity

306

(9)

Tension and Fracture

315

(12)

Compression

327

(11)

Cyclic Loading

338

(8)

Multiaxial States of Stress

346

(4)

Factors Affecting Strength

350

(13)

Bibliography

359

(2)

Problems

361

(2)

Testing of Hardened Concrete

363

(38)

Need for ``Standard'' Tests

363

(1)

Significance of Tests

364

(2)

Tests for Compressive Strength

366

(9)

Other Concrete Tests

375

(9)

Assessment of Concrete Quality

384

(17)

Bibliography

398

(1)

Problems

399

(2)

Quality Control

401

(16)

Measurement of Variability

402

(7)

Quality-Control Charts

409

(3)

Failure to Meet Specified Requirements

412

(5)

Bibliography

414

(1)

Problems

415

(2)

Time-Dependent Deformation

417

(42)

Plastic Shrinkage

417

(1)

Drying Shrinkage

418

(14)

Strain-Rate Effects

432

(8)

Creep of Concrete

440

(13)

Prediction of Shrinkage and Creep

453

(6)

Bibliography

456

(1)

Problems

457

(2)

Other Properties of Concrete

459

(18)

Thermal Properties

459

(11)

Resistance to Wear

470

(3)

Other properties

473

(4)

Bibliography

476

(1)

Problems

476

(1)

Durability

477

(40)

Permeability of Concrete

477

(6)

Chemical Transport

483

(2)

Chemical Attack

485

(14)

Physical Attack

499

(6)

Cracking in Concrete

505

(4)

Repair and Maintenance of Concrete

509

(8)

Bibliography

513

(1)

Problems

514

(3)

High-Strength Concrete

517

(30)

Materials Selection and Proportioning

518

(16)

Construction

534

(1)

Properties

535

(12)

Bibliography

544

(1)

Problems

545

(2)

Concretes for Special Applications

547

(36)

Lightweight Concretes

547

(15)

Heavyweight Concretes

562

(2)

Architectural Concretes

564

(12)

Other Types of Concretes

576

(7)

Bibliography

581

(1)

Problems

582

(1)

Cement-Polymer Composites

583

(16)

Latex-Modified Concrete

584

(5)

Polymer-Impregnated Concrete

589

(6)

Organoceramics

595

(4)

Bibliography

598

(1)

Problems

598

(1)

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

599

(20)

Definitions

602

(1)

Fiber-Matrix Bond

603

(1)

Mechanics of Fiber Reinforcement

604

(2)

Fabrication of FRC

606

(1)

Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete

607

(9)

Applications of FRC

616

(3)

Bibliography

617

(1)

Problems

617

(2)

Appendix---Tests and Specifications for Concrete and Its Constituents

619

(6)

Solutions to Numerical Problems

625

(4)

Index

629

Portland cement concrete is foremost among the construction materials used in civil engineering projects around the world. The reasons for concrete's preeminence are varied, but among the more important are the economic and widespread availability of its constituents; its versatility and adaptability, as evidenced by the many types of construction in which it is used; and the minimal maintenance requirements during service. As is the case with any material, its successful use depends upon an intelligent application of its properties in design and the supply of a uniform, high quality product. Concrete is unique among major construction materials in that it is generally designed specifically for a particular project using locally available materials. Therefore, the project engineer has full control and responsibility over the final material used in construction. If concrete is not properly designed for the service conditions and is not properly handled and cured, it will result in substandard performance. For example, when concrete bridge decks and pavements commonly require extensive maintenance 5-10 years after placement, it is a clear indication that the material is not being used to its full potential. It is thus essential that engineers acquire a thorough understanding of the material properties of concretes and the procedures that are essential to providing a material of the required quality and durability.In the past, concrete technology has been taught largely as an empirical science. However, there is a body of chemical and physical principles underlying the behavior of concrete that are now relatively well understood. As with the first edition, it is the aim of this text to present a unified view of concrete behavior in light of these principles, rather than as a series of more or less unrelated facts. For instance, the material on the workability of concrete is prefaced by a general discussion of the principles of rheology; mechanical properties are discussed from the point of view of concrete as a composite (or multiphase) material; and the underlying chemistry of hydration and microstructure of the hardened cement paste are emphasized.This book is designed primarily for use at the undergraduate level, but it should also serve as a guide for the professional engineer who did not take a formal course on concrete in college. The text is based on the authors' considerable experience in teaching the principles of concrete at the undergraduate level. It includes the most up-to-date information available on new concrete materials, and considerable attention is given to the role of specifications for concrete and concrete materials and the use of test methods for determining concrete properties.To provide a comprehensive treatment, more material is included than can be covered in detail in one semester. Therefore, the instructor will have to choose to omit certain topics. Chapter 4 contains more chemistry than might be considered desirable for an undergraduate course and could be treated in less detail by concentrating only on the reactions of the principal cement compounds. Also, those sections in Chapter 16 dealing with mechanisms of shrinkage, strain-rate dependence, and creep could be omitted if desired, although they contribute to a more basic understanding of the material. Chapters 21 and 22 could be passed over without loss of continuity, while parts of Chapters 15,18 and 20 could also be omitted, depending on the instructor's interests and the emphasis of the curriculum.The book is divided into three main parts: The properties of the constituent materials: cements, hardened cement paste, aggregates, water and admixtures. Proportioning of concrete mixes and construction practices: mixing, transporting, placing and consolidating, and curing. The properties of hardened concrete: strength and fracture, fatigue, Creep and drying shrinkage, and durability.