1.
2001: A Space Odyssey (film)
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2001, A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science-fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C, Clarke, partially inspired by Clarkes short story The Sentinel. Clarke concurrently wrote the novel 2001, A Space Odyssey, published soon after the film was released, the film follows a voyage to Jupiter with the sentient computer Hal after the discovery of a mysterious black monolith affecting human evolution. It deals with the themes of existentialism, human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence and it is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. It uses sound and minimal dialogue in place of narrative techniques, the soundtrack consists of classical music such as Gayane Ballet Suite, The Blue Danube. Production was subcontracted to Kubricks production company, and care was taken that the film would be sufficiently British to qualify for subsidy from the Eady Levy, Kubrick had shot his previous two films in England and decided to settle there permanently during filming. 2001, A Space Odyssey initially received mixed reactions from critics and audiences and it was nominated for four Academy Awards and received one for its visual effects. The sequel 2010 was released in 1984, directed by Peter Hyams, Today,2001, A Space Odyssey is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, in 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by The Moving Arts Film Journal. In an African desert millions of years ago, a tribe of ape-men is driven away from their water hole by a rival tribe and they awaken to find a featureless black monolith has appeared before them. Guided in some fashion by the monolith, they learn how to use a bone as a weapon and drive their rivals away from the water hole. Millions of years later, a Pan Am space plane carries Dr. Heywood Floyd to a station orbiting Earth for a layover on his trip to Clavius Base. After Floyd has a call with his daughter, his Soviet scientist friend. At Clavius, Floyd heads a meeting of base personnel, apologizing for the cover story. His mission is to investigate a recently found artifact buried four years ago. Floyd and others ride in a Moonbus to the artifact, an identical to the one encountered by the ape-men. Sunlight strikes the monolith and a loud high-pitched radio signal is heard, eighteen months later, the United States spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter. On board are mission pilots and scientists Dr. David Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole, most of Discoverys operations are controlled by the ships computer, HAL9000, referred to by the crew as Hal

2.
2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia
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A series of flash floods hit different areas of Thailand and Malaysia in 2010. Floods subsequently occurred in the Malaysian states of Kedah and Perlis in November 2010, the death toll in Thailand stands at 232 people. According to the Thai government data the floods affected nearly 7 million people in more than 25,000 villages, mostly by destruction of property, livelihood, as heavy monsoon rains pummelled Thailand, floods started occurring. At the beginning, the flooding was normal and not very serious, for almost a month the area remained flooded and then the waters claimed their very first victims. Many areas were flooded with water up to 50 centimetres deep, the local government announced that they would be giving 5,000 baht to each household affected by flooding and up to 100,000 baht would be spent for repairs. Due to severe flooding caused by the depression, power supplies were disrupted. As a result, one person died, thousands of Thai citizens were stranded as the floods devastated their homes and washed out towns. At that time, the worst fear was the decline in the national rubber export, all banks in the region have been closed. As fears of a decrease in rubber exports increased, prices of rubber were lowered, a few days later, the rubber factory regained its profit as the yield turned out to be better. Meanwhile, the toll in nation rose to 104 as much of the country was flooded. Many other banks in southern Thailand were later closed, according to officials, the severe flooding did not affect the Thailand Stock exchange as it was expected. Thousands of the residents fled from Thailand seeing the impact if the monsoon. Many more tourists were said to have trapped in Thailand as rail. Several attempts were made to rescue the people in Thailand. The Samui airport was closed due to heavy downpours and poor visibility. About 100 foreign tourists were reported to be stranded on Angthong Island because of high waves, thailands prime minister Abhisit Vejjajiva has called the flooding in the south that has displaced thousands of people as one of the worst natural calamities to hit the country. Many districts are under as much as three metres of water, one resident has been electrocuted during the flooding. Officials said a woman was forced to birth in her room in an apartment block as the high flood waters prevented her from being taken to hospital

3.
Mohamed Aboutrika
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Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed Aboutrika is a retired Egyptian footballer. Aboutrika played as a striker and as an attacking midfielder for Tersana and Al Ahly in Egypt. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Egyptian players of all time, Aboutrika was chosen Africa Best Player of the Year 4 times in 2006,2008,2012, and 2013. The award is given by CAF for the players based in Africa, Aboutrika won the African Cup of Nations in 2006 with the Egyptian national team, and he also scored the winning goal to help Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. He helped his team Al-Ahly to win the medal in the FIFA Club World Cup in 2006. In the first half of Egyptian league 2003-2004, Aboutrika scored 3 goals for Tersana. In January 2004, he was offered a position in Egypts and Africas top football team, Al Ahly SC, a team that beat Real Madrid in 2001 for the title of club of the century. He scored 11 goals in his first and only 13 appearances with Al-Ahly in 2003-2004 league, the first starting game for Aboutrika ended 2-1 for the Egyptians. He started as an attacker, but was found to play better when he played his position behind the attackers in the midfield position. Aboutrika scored his first national goal in this game and he scored 5 goals in his first 6 appearances with Egypt in 2004 and 2005. Before Japan, with Aboutrika on board, Al-Ahly was about to make a new record for the longest winning-streak for a football club. Some have commented that the combination with Emad Moteab and Mohamed Barakat formed the most formidable triangle in African Soccer, the Angolan striker Flávio Amado replaces Barakat sometimes, playing a great role in forming this dangerous triangle. He proved to be his international teams trump card en route to victory in the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in February and he was the winning goal assistant, in the Semi-final match against Senegal when Amr Zaki scored in the 80th minute. He was very dominant in that game, but his shot hit the bar. In the final match, Aboutrika scored the penalty in the shootout which gave Egypt the title. Aboutrika led Al-Ahly to the 2006 CAF Champions League title for the second time in November 2006. He was the top scorer of the competition with 8 goals and he participated also with Al-Ahly in winning the CAF Super Cup against FAR Rabat of Morocco, days after the Africa Cup of Nations in February. Japanese newspapers nominated Aboutrika to be one of the best players in 2006 FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, the last tournament in Aboutrikas great year

4.
American Red Cross
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The American Red Cross, also known as the American National Red Cross, is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross, the group was issued a corporate charter by the United States Congress under Title 36 of the United States Code, Section 3001. It is governed by volunteers and supported by community donations, income from health and safety training and products, the group is headquartered in Washington, D. C. In 2016, the Board Chair was Bonnie McElveen-Hunter and the President, ARC was established in Washington, D. C. on May 21,1881, by Clara Barton. Barton organized a meeting on May 12 of that year at the home of Senator Omar D. Conger, fifteen people were present at this first meeting, including Barton, Conger and Representative William Lawrence. The first local chapter was established in 1881 at the English Evangelical Lutheran Church of Dansville at Dansville, jane Delano founded the American Red Cross Nursing Service on January 20,1910. Clara Barton founded the American chapter after learning of the Red Cross in Geneva, in 1869, she went to Europe and became involved in the work of the International Red Cross during the Franco-Prussian War. She determined to bring the organization to America, Barton became President of the American branch of the society, known as the American National Red Cross in May 1881 in Washington. The first chapters opened in upstate New York, where she had connections, ultimately, John D. Rockefeller, Lars Kovala and three others donated money to help create a national headquarters near the White House. Barton led one of the groups first major efforts, a response to the September 4–6,1881 Great Fire of 1881 in the Thumb region of Michigan. Over 5,000 people were left homeless, the next major disaster was the Johnstown Flood, which occurred on May 31,1889. Over 2,209 people died and thousands more were injured in or near Johnstown, Barton was unable to build up a staff she trusted and her fundraising was lackluster. She was forced out in 1904, professional social work experts took control and made the group a model of Progressive Era scientific reform. New leader Mabel Thorp Boardman constantly consulted with government officials, military officers. William Howard Taft was especially influential and they imposed an ethos of managerialism, transforming the agency from Bartons cult of personality to an organizational humanitarianism ready for expansion. ARC is a network of more than 650 chapters and 36 blood service regions. S. military service personnel. ARC is the largest supplier of blood and blood products to more than 3,000 hospitals and assists victims of international disasters, in 2006 the organization had over $6 billion in total revenues. Revenue from blood and blood products alone were over $2 billion, in 2007, U. S. legislation clarified the role for the Board of Governors and that of the senior management in the wake of difficulties following Hurricane Katrina

5.
American Theater (World War II)
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The American Theater describes a series of mostly minor areas of operations during World War II. This was mainly due to both North and South Americas geographical separation from the theaters of conflict in Europe and Asia. Thus, any threat by the Axis Powers to invade the mainland United States or other areas was considered negligible, the best known events in North America during World War II were the Aleutian Islands Campaign, the Battle of the St. Lawrence, and the attacks on Newfoundland. Battle of the River Plate The first naval battle during the war was fought on December 13,1939 off the Atlantic coast of South America, the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee encountered one of the British naval units searching for her. Composed of three Royal Navy cruisers, the HMS Exeter, Ajax, and Achilles, the unit was patrolling off the River Plate estuary of Argentina, in a bloody engagement, the Graf Spee successfully repulsed the British attacks. Captain Hans Langsdorff then brought his ship to shelter in neutral Uruguay for repairs. German combat losses were 96 killed or wounded, against 72 British sailors killed and 28 wounded, two Royal Navy cruisers had been severely damaged, but it had cost the German navy one of its finest ships. Even before the war, a large Nazi spy ring was operating in the United States. The Duquesne Spy Ring is still the largest espionage case in United States history that ended in convictions. The 33 German agents who formed the Duquesne spy ring were placed in key jobs in the United States to get information that could be used in the event of war and to carry out acts of sabotage. William G. Sebold, an agent for the United States, was a major factor in the FBIs successful resolution of this case. For nearly two years, Sebold ran a radio station in New York for the ring. Sebold provided the FBI with information on what Germany was sending to its spies in the United States while allowing the FBI to control the information that was being transmitted to Germany. On June 29,1941, six months before the U. S. declared war, all 33 spies were arrested, found or plead guilty, and sentenced to serve a total of over 300 years in prison. After declaring war on the United States following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the responsibility for carrying this out was given to German Intelligence. In the spring of 1942, nine agents were recruited and divided into two teams, on June 12,1942, the German submarine U-202 landed Daschs team with explosives and plans at Amagansett, New York. Their mission was to power plants at Niagara Falls and three Aluminum Company of America factories in Illinois, Tennessee, and New York. However, Dasch instead turned himself in to the FBI, providing them with a complete list of his members and an account of the planned missions

6.
Antarctic toothfish
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Dissostichus mawsoni, the Antarctic toothfish, is a species of cod icefish native to the Southern Ocean. It is often referred to as an Antarctic cod, consistent with the misnaming of other notothenioid Antarctic fish as rock cods. However, notothenioid fishes are unrelated to cods, which are in another taxonomic order, the generic name Dissostichus is from the Greek dissos and stichus and refers to the presence of two long lateral lines, which are very important to the species’ ecology. The common name refers to the presence of biserial dentition in the upper jaw. The habitat of the Antarctic toothfish is in subzero degree water below latitude 60°S, fully grown, these fish can grow to more than 1.7 metres in length and 135 kg in weight, twice as large as the next largest Antarctic fish. Being large, and consistent with the food webs of the ocean. Furthermore, by being by far the largest midwater fish in the Southern Ocean, aiding in that role, the Antarctic toothfish is one of only five notothenioid species that, as adults, are neutrally buoyant. This buoyancy is attained at 100–120 cm in length and enables them to spend time above the bottom without expending extra energy, both bottom-dwelling and mid-water prey are therefore available to them. Most other notothenioid fish and the majority of all Antarctic fish, coloring is black to olive brown, sometimes lighter on the undersides, with a mottled pattern on body and fins. Small fish blend in very well among the sponges and corals. They have a head, an elongated body, long dorsal and anal fins, large pectoral fins. They typically move slowly, but are capable of speed bursts that can elude predatory seals, over the continental shelf, Antarctic toothfish feed on shrimp and small fish, principally another neutrally buoyant nototheniid, the Antarctic silverfish. This loosely schooling species is also a prey of Adélie and emperor penguins, Weddell seals. Therefore, competition for prey among toothfish and these other mesopredators could be very important, the large Antarctic toothfish are eaten by sperm whales, killer whales, Weddell seals and possibly colossal squid. Toothfish that are dwelling on the bottom, particularly those caught during the summer on the slope, eat mainly grenadiers. Antarctic toothfish have been caught to depths of 2200m, though based on commercial fishing effort, aging data indicate Antarctic toothfish are relatively fast-growing when young, but then growth slows later in life. They reach about one-third of maximum size after five years, and half maximum by 10 years, to grow fast when small is an adaptation of most predatory fish, e. g. sharks, so as not to be small for very long. The maximum age recorded so far has been 48 years, Antarctic toothfish take a long time to mature and once mature may not spawn every year, though the actual spawning interval is unknown

7.
Archabil Avenue
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Archabil Avenue is the most modern high-speed motorway in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The eight-lane motorway has a length of 25.5 kilometres, archabil Avenue was built in 2004 by the Turkish company GAP Insaat. The avenue hosts the majority of Turkmenistans ministry offices and departmental offices, many newly built cultural and business centres are located on the avenue. In April 2013, further construction by the Russian company Vozrozhdeniye began on the motorway

8.
ArmaLite
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ArmaLite, or Armalite, is an American small arms engineering company founded in the early 1950s in Hollywood, California. It ceased business in the 1980s, the company was revived in 1996. Their first design, the AR1 Parasniper from 1952, used foam-filled fiberglass furniture and this was little used, but when they were asked to compete in a contest for an aircrew survival rifle their AR-5 and AR-7 designs from 1956 saw production use. This was followed by an invitation to compete for the new rifle for US forces. The AR-10 lost the 1957 contest, but many of its ideas were reused in the smaller and lighter AR-15, tired of repeated failures in the market, Fairchild licensed the AR-10 and AR-15 designs to Colt, and the AR-10 to a Dutch company. They sold their interest in Armalite in 1962 and that year, Colt sold the AR-15 to the US Air Force to arm base security troops. Commercial models were sent to Special Forces in Vietnam, who reported great success with the weapon. This led to its being adopted as the Armys main combat rifle starting in 1964 and it has remained the USs primary combat rifle in one form or another to this day, and was adopted by many NATO countries in the 1980s. Armalite had further brushes with success, especially with the AR-18 and these were not enough to keep the company going, and they ceased operations in the early 1980s. The design rights and name were purchased in 1996 by Mark Westrom, in 2013, Westrom sold Armalite, Inc. to Strategic Armory Corps, who also owns AWC Silencers, Surgeon Rifles, Nexus Ammo, and McMillan Firearms. Strategic Armory Corps was formed with the goal of acquiring and combining market-leading companies within the firearms industry, in 2014, 3-Gun Champion Tommy Thacker was appointed president. In 2015, Armalite introduced 18 new products including AR-10 and M-15 platform firearms, Armalite began as a small arms engineering concern founded by George Sullivan, the patent counsel for Lockheed Corporation, and funded by Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation. On October 1,1954, the company was incorporated as the Armalite Corporation, with its limited capital and tiny machine shop, Armalite was never intended to be an arms manufacturer. Armalite was instead focused on producing small arms concepts and designs to be sold or licensed to other manufacturers, Stoner was a Marine in World War II and an expert with small arms. Since the early 1950s, he had been working at a variety of jobs while building gun prototypes in his spare time, at the time, Armalite Inc. was a very small organization. With Stoner as chief engineer, Armalite quickly released a number of interesting rifle concepts. The first Armalite concept to be adopted for production was the AR-5, the AR-5 was adopted by the U. S. Air Force as the MA-1 Survival Rifle. A civilian survival weapon, the AR-7, was introduced, chambered in.22 Long Rifle

9.
Estelle Asmodelle
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Estelle Asmodelle, formerly known as Estelle Maria Croot, is an Australian model, belly dancer, musician, activist, inventor, abstract artist and academic. She is known as Australias first legal transsexual with the Births, Deaths and Marriages Department of New South Wales, in 1986, she was labelled Australia’s First Sex-Change Pin-up Girl. She is said to be the most photographed transsexual in Australia today, born in Bowral, New South Wales, Australia, and raised in Berrima, Asmodelle is the first child of Barry and Sylvia Croot. Her name at birth has not been disclosed and she attended Chevalier College and Moss Vale High School, where she frequently won first place in various subjects. When she was 16 years old she became ill with spinal meningitis. She used a wheelchair for months and made a complete recovery. As a student she worked in music ensembles, such as N-lettes and Miscellaneous Music composing and playing experimental. During the university period she experienced discrimination by members of the staff because of her transsexuality. For this reason, she left the University to focus on art and she became a dancer, believing that dance was the true artistic synthesis of art and music. After leaving University, Asmodelle worked briefly as an assistant photographer, while attending classes at Sydney Dance Company. Six weeks after starting belly dance classes she gained work as a dancer, as time passed she worked in many shows both in Australia and Asia. She was typically featured as the variety act for such shows as Esma Duo, Paris by Night, Las Vegas Under Lights and she returned to Australia and worked as a solo belly dancer. During Asmodelles dance career she traveled to Asian countries and had to many legal difficulties, especially in Singapore where she was detained. She suffered serious problems with customs officials and became determined to change the laws in Australia so as she could live a life of a normal woman. Asmodelle continually sent letters and requests to the Attorneys Generals Department of the Australian Government, others had also been lobbying for changes to the New South Wales government, especially the Attorney-General of N. S. W. for the right to amend birth certificates. Asmodelle was asked to go to the NSW Department of Births Deaths and it was the first such amendment, making Estelle Asmodelle the first Legal Transsexual by recognition of the new name in the new gender. Months later, as a result of action, passport sex designation was allowed to be amended as well. A year later Asmodelle lobbied for laws to be amended

10.
Asteroid mining
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Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects. Minerals and volatiles could be mined from an asteroid or spent comet then used in space for in-situ utilization or taken back to Earth and these include phosphorus, antimony, zinc, tin, lead, indium, silver, gold and copper. Today, these metals are mined from Earths crust, and they are essential for economic, hence, the geologic history of Earth may very well set the stage for a future of asteroid mining. In 2006, the Keck Observatory announced that the binary Jupiter trojan 617 Patroclus, similarly, Jupiter-family comets, and possibly near-Earth asteroids that are extinct comets, might also provide water. Although whether these cost reductions could be achieved, and if achieved would offset the enormous infrastructure investment required, is unknown, ice would satisfy one of two necessary conditions to enable human expansion into the Solar System, physical sustainability and economic sustainability. From the astrobiological perspective, asteroid prospecting could provide data for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Some astrophysicists have suggested that if advanced extraterrestrial civilizations employed asteroid mining long ago, why extraterrestrials would have resorted to asteroid mining in near proximity to earth, with its readily available resources, has not been explained. An important factor to consider in selection is orbital economics, in particular the change in velocity and travel time to. More of the native material must be expended as propellant in higher Δv trajectories. Near-Earth asteroids are considered candidates for early mining activity. Their low Δv makes them suitable for use in extracting construction materials for near-Earth space-based facilities, the table above shows a comparison of Δv requirements for various missions. In terms of energy requirements, a mission to a near-Earth asteroid compares favorably to alternative mining missions. An example of a target for an early asteroid mining expedition is 4660 Nereus. This body has a very low Δv compared to lifting materials from the surface of the Moon, however it would require a much longer round-trip to return the material. Mission costs could be reduced by using the water from the asteroid. C-type asteroids also have a lot of carbon, phosphorus. S-type asteroids carry little water but look more attractive because they contain numerous metals including, nickel, cobalt and more valuable metals such as gold, platinum and rhodium. A small 10-meter S-type asteroid contains about 650,000 kg of metal with 50 kg in the form of metals like platinum

11.
Atomic spies
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Their work constitutes the most publicly well-known and well-documented case of nuclear espionage in the history of nuclear weapons. There was a movement among nuclear scientists to share the information with the scientific community. Confirmation about espionage work came from the Venona project, which intercepted and decrypted Soviet intelligence reports sent during and they provided clues to the identity of several spies at Los Alamos and elsewhere, some of whom have never been identified. Some of this information was available but not usable in court for secrecy reasons during the 1950s trials, additionally, records from Soviet archives, which were briefly opened to researchers after the fall of the Soviet Union, included more information about some spies. Before World War II, the possibility of nuclear fission occasioned intense discussion among leading physicists world-wide. Scientists from the Soviet Union were later recognized for their contributions to the understanding of a nuclear reality, Soviet scientists such as Igor Kurchatov, L. D. Landau, and Kirill Sinelnikov helped establish the idea of, and prove the existence of, a splittable atom. Dwarfed by and lost in the scale of the Manhattan Project, in recorded comments, the physicists themselves lamented over their inability to achieve any kind of practical application from the discoveries. This would show that the thought the creation of an atomic weapon was a pipe-dream. The undertaking would be of a scale, and the resources required to engineer for such use as a nuclear bomb. Those skilled workers included the people to maintain and operate the necessary for research. The largest Western facility had five hundred scientists working on the project, the fledgling equivalent Soviet program was quite different, the program consisted of fifty scientists, and a mere two mathematicians trying to work out the equations for the particle cascade. The research and development of techniques to produce enriched uranium and plutonium were beyond the scope. The United States and Great Britain dedicated their best scientists to this cause, the Allied program decided to use gas-phase extraction to obtain the pure uranium necessary for an atomic detonation. Using this method, it took large quantities of uranium ore, the quantities required for the development were also beyond the scope and purview of the Soviet program. The Soviet Union did not have natural uranium-ore mines at the start of the arms race. A lack of materials made it difficult to conduct novel research or to map out a clear pathway to achieving the fuel they needed. The Soviet scientists became frustrated with the difficulties of producing uranium fuel cheaply, the use of information stolen from the Manhattan Project eventually rectified the problem. Without such information, the problems the Soviet atomic team experienced would have many years to correct

12.
Azerbaijani language
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The language has official status in Azerbaijan and Dagestan but it does not have official status in Iranian Azerbaijan, where the majority of Azerbaijanis live. It is also spoken to varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities, primarily in Europe. Azerbaijani is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages, modern literature in Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iranian Azerbaijan region it is based on the Tabrizi one. Azerbaijani evolved from the Eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic which spread to the Caucasus, in Eastern Europe, Persian and Arabic influenced the language, but Arabic words were mainly transmitted through the intermediary of literary Persian. By the beginning of the 16th century, it had become the dominant language of the region, the historical development of Azerbaijani can be divided into two major periods, early and modern. Early Azerbaijani differs from its descendant in that it contained a larger number of Persian. Early writings in Azerbaijani also demonstrate linguistic interchangeability between Oghuz and Kypchak elements in many aspects, despite major differences, they all aimed primarily at making it easy for semi-literate masses to read and understand literature. They all criticized the overuse of Persian, Arabic, and European elements in both colloquial and literary language and called for a simpler and more popular style. Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, after independence, Azerbaijan republic decided to switch back to the Latin script. The first examples of Azerbaijani literature date to the late 1200s following the Mongol conquest and were written in Arabic script, in the 1300s Kadi Burhan al-Din, Hesenoghlu, and Imadaddin Nasimi helped to establish Azerbaiijani as a language through poetry and other literary works. In 1875 Akinchi became the first Azerbaijani newspaper to be published in the Russian Empire and it was started by Hasan bey Zardabi, a journalist and education advocate. Following the rule of the Qajar dynasty Iran was ruled by Reza Shah who banned the publication of texts in Azerbaijani, modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iranian Azerbaijan it is based on the Tabrizi dialect. Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar is an important figure in Azerbaijani poetry and his most important work is Heydar Babaya Salam and it is considered to be a pinnacle of Azerbaijani literature and gained popularity in the Turkic-speaking world. It was translated more than 30 languages. In the mid-19th century Azerbaijani literature was taught at schools in Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, since 1845, it has also been taught in the Saint Petersburg State University in Russia. Per the 1829 Caucasus School Statute, Azerbaijani was to be taught in all schools of Ganja, Shusha, Nukha, Shamakhi, Quba, Baku, Derbent, Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Akhaltsikhe. Beginning in 1834, it was introduced as a language of study in Kutaisi instead of Armenian, in 1853, Azerbaijani became a compulsory language for students of all backgrounds in all of Transcaucasia with the exception of the Tiflis Governorate. Azerbaijani is one of the Oghuz languages within the Turkic language family, the International Organization for Standardization encodes North Azerbaijani and South Azerbaijani as distinct languages

13.
Bakers Delight
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Bakers Delight is a large Australian owned bakery franchise chain with outlets in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It was established in 1980 as a bakery on Glenferrie Road in the Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn. Bakers Delight has over 700 bakeries globally, Bakers Delight has been supporting BCNA for more than 15 years and has raised $15 million so far. Since 2015 continuously each year in the month of June Bakers Delight present Pink Finger Bun Campaign across more than 600 Bakers Delight bakeries in Australia. In 2010, Bakers Delight entered into an agreement with The Chia Company, resulting in the release of Chia Bread, a white bread with added Chia seeds. This agreement will see the production of chia in the Ord River Region double in 2010, in 2005, Bakers Delight became involved in litigation against former franchisees in the case Illawarra Breads vs Bakers Delight Holdings. The court case involved allegations of unfair contracts, unconscionable conduct and misleading, as of September 2010 this court case is still being heard. In April 2007, an Australian Competition and Consumer Commission investigation cleared Bakers Delight of the allegations by former franchisees, Bakers Delight Australian website Bakers Delight New Zealand website Cobs Bread Website

14.
Balloch, West Dunbartonshire
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Balloch is a small town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, at the foot of Loch Lomond. Balloch comes from the Gaelic word bal which means village or hamlet, so Balloch means village on the loch, the word bealach means a pass. Balloch is at the end of the Vale of Leven. It connects to the town of Alexandria and to the smaller village of Jamestown. It also borders the Kilpatrick Hills, to the east of the town lies the major local authority housing scheme in the area known as The Haldane or The Mill of Haldane. At 56 degrees N, Balloch is at about the latitude as Moscow. The town has a number of hotels, inns and pubs, and there are cruises from Balloch up Loch Lomond, and other services, including to locations like Luss. The largest number of boats cruising on Loch Lomond leave from Balloch, the town is also the home of Dunkirk vessel Skylark XI which helped rescue 600 troops during WWII. It contains Balloch Country Park and Balloch Castle, and is at the end of the first Scottish national park, Loch Lomond. There is a Sea Life Centre in the town, the Loch Lomond Youth Soccer Festival used to take place in the town. Lochfoot in the Jean Robertson novels of Jane Duncan is partly based on the town, the PS Maid of the Loch is currently being restored at Balloch pier and the Balloch Steam Slipway is located nearby. The A811 road goes from Balloch to Stirling, and the A813 goes from Dumbarton to Balloch, the Glasgow to Loch Lomond cycle path ends at Balloch. The West Loch Lomond Cycle Path also runs from Balloch, the town was formerly served by two railway stations on the Caledonian and Dunbartonshire Junction Railway, Balloch Central, and Balloch Pier, which closed in 1988 and 1986, respectively. The town now has one station opened by British Rail. Balloch is served by Haldane Primary School and formerly St. Kessogs Primary School before its demolition in 2015, list of places in West Dunbartonshire 2

15.
Wendy Barclay
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Wendy Barclay is a British virologist who currently holds a Chair in Influenza Virology at the Imperial College London. In particular, they are trying to more about influenza virus mutations. Barclay graduated with a degree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University in 1988, for a postgraduate study, she conducted medical research at the Common Cold Unit in Salisbury with Dr. David Tyrrell FRS. There she was involved in human studies with rhinovirus, in order to study the virus. Afterwards, she participated in two postdoctoral positions, one was with Professor Jeff Almond at the University of Reading, and the other was at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York with Professor Peter Palese. While at Readings, she learned many molecular virology skills that would help her to form the basis of her research career, at Mount Sinai, she was the first person to modify techniques for recovering recombinant influenza virus from cloned cDNA for the study of type B influenza virus. Towards the beginning of her career, Barclay worked with both rhinoviruses and various types of small RNA viruses. After undertaking her postdoctoral position at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York, there are three different types of influenza viruses, A, B, and C. All three types of the influenza virus belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, viruses that belong to this family are single stranded RNA viruses that replicate within the nucleus of the hosts cells. Influenza types A and B are routinely spread from human to human, Influenza type C virus causes mild respiratory infections and are not known to cause epidemics, unlike its two other family members. Barclay has worked intensively with Influenza A and Influenza B viruses for at least a decade, in addition, she has written articles describing the importance of understanding how some viruses can cross species barriers in order to prevent another epidemic. In February 2015, CNN posted an article on its webpage that included statements made by Barclay, in it she told of her concerns about another possible flu pandemic, and how if it ever did happen it would spread fast, and it would spread hard. Barclay has her current team working on understanding and discovering information about the relationship between pathogenesis and the influenza virus. She is also trying to more about host range restrictions for the influenza virus. Barclay is also interested in studying influenza virus mutations. It is these mutations that allow scientists to create new vaccines against possible influenza pandemics and she is particularly keen on understanding the resistance mechanisms of antiviral compounds, and characterization of novel cell substrates and attenuated virus backbones for influenza vaccines. Her most notable work involved looking at cells infected with the influenza A virus and this article was published in Cell in 2010, and has been cited over 270 times. Research gathered for the article explained how one of the human defense against RNA viruses comes in the form of RIG-Is

16.
Basement
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A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. However, in cities with high property prices such as London, basements are often fitted out to a high standard, the word cellar or cellars is used to apply to the whole underground level or to any large underground room. A subcellar is a cellar that lies further underneath, a basement can be used in almost exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground floor of a house or other building. However, the use of basements depends largely on factors specific to a geographical area such as climate, soil, seismic activity, building technology. Basements are much easier to construct in areas with soft soils. Adding a basement can also reduce heating and cooling costs as it is a form of earth sheltering, the housing density of an area may also influence whether or not a basement is considered necessary. Historically, basements have become easier to build since the industrialization of home building. For most of its history, the basement took one of two forms. However, beginning with the development of large, mid-priced suburban homes in the 1950s, a daylight basement or a walk-out basement is contained in a house situated on a slope, so that part of the floor is above ground, with a doorway to the outside. The part of the lower than the ground can be considered the true basement area. From the street, some daylight basement homes appear to be one storey, others appear to be a conventional two storey home from the street. Occupants can walk out at that point without having to use stairs, for example, if the ground slopes downwards towards the back of the house, the basement is at or above grade at the back of the house. It is a modern design because of the complexity of uneven foundations, where the basement is above grade. Full-size windows can be installed in a daylight basement and these can provide exits for bedrooms. Ventilation is improved over fully buried basement homes, with less dampness, daylight basements can be used for several purposes – as a garage, as maintenance rooms, or as living space. The buried portion is used for storage, laundry room, hot water tanks. Daylight basement homes typically appraise higher than standard-basement homes, since they include more viable living spaces, in some parts of the US, however, the appraisal for daylight basement space is half that of ground and above ground level square footage. Designs accommodated include split-foyer and split-level homes, garages on both levels are sometimes possible

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Beef
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Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle. Humans have been eating beef since prehistoric times, Beef is a complete source of protein, and provides many of the essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that humans need. Beef skeletal muscle meat can be cut into roasts, short ribs or steak, Some cuts are processed, and trimmings, usually mixed with meat from older, leaner cattle, are ground, minced or used in sausages. The blood is used in varieties of blood sausage. Some intestines are cooked and eaten as-is, but are often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making beef stock, Beef from steers and heifers is very similar. According to the most recent National Beef Quality Audit, heifer carcasses had slightly more marbling than steer carcasses, depending on economics, the number of heifers kept for breeding varies. The meat from older bulls is usually tougher, so it is used for mince. Beef is the third most widely consumed meat in the world, accounting for about 25% of meat production worldwide, after pork and poultry at 38% and 30% respectively. According to the data from OECD, the average Uruguayan ate over 42 kg of beef or veal in 2014, cattle are considered sacred in the culture of India and there is prohibition on selling and consumption of beef in much of India. Though India is the largest producer and exporter of meat in the world. In 2015, the worlds largest exporters of beef including the meat, were India, Brazil. Beef production is important to the economies of Uruguay, Canada, Paraguay, Mexico, Argentina, Belarus. The word beef is from the Latin bōs, in contrast to cow which is from Middle English cou, after the Norman Conquest, the French-speaking nobles who ruled England naturally used French words to refer to the meats they were served. Thus, various Anglo-Saxon words were used for the animal by the peasants, Beef is cognate with bovine through the Late Latin bovīnus. People have eaten the flesh of bovines from prehistoric times, some of the earliest known paintings, such as those of Lascaux. People domesticated cattle around 8000 BC to provide access to beef, milk. Most cattle originated in the Old World, with the exception of bison hybrids, examples include the Wagyū from Japan, Ankole-Watusi from Egypt, and longhorn Zebu from the Indian subcontinent

2001: A Space Odyssey (film)
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2001, A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science-fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and Arthur C, Clarke, partially inspired by Clarkes short story The Sentinel. Clarke concurrently wrote the novel 2001, A Space Odyssey, published soon after the film was released, the film follows a voyage to Ju

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Theatrical release poster by Robert McCall

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Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke in Kubrick's apartment office on Central Park West, New York, during the writing of 2001

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The "centrifuge" set used for filming scenes depicting interior of the spaceship Discovery

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The "Star Gate" sequence was one of many ground-breaking visual effects. It was primarily for these that Stanley Kubrick won his only personal Academy Award.

2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia
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A series of flash floods hit different areas of Thailand and Malaysia in 2010. Floods subsequently occurred in the Malaysian states of Kedah and Perlis in November 2010, the death toll in Thailand stands at 232 people. According to the Thai government data the floods affected nearly 7 million people in more than 25,000 villages, mostly by destructi

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Thailand seen from a NASA Satellite shortly after the flooding began

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The Tropical Depression Known to have caused the flooding in Southern Thailand

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The Prime Minister of Thailand surveying the flooded regions in an armoured vehicle

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An areal view of Hat Yai during the floods

Mohamed Aboutrika
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Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed Aboutrika is a retired Egyptian footballer. Aboutrika played as a striker and as an attacking midfielder for Tersana and Al Ahly in Egypt. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest Egyptian players of all time, Aboutrika was chosen Africa Best Player of the Year 4 times in 2006,2008,2012, and 2013. The award is given by C

American Red Cross
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The American Red Cross, also known as the American National Red Cross, is a humanitarian organization that provides emergency assistance, disaster relief and education in the United States. It is the designated US affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross, the group was issued a corporate charter by the United States Congress under Tit

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The American Red Cross National Headquarters in Washington, D.C. is a National Historic Landmark.

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Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross

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American Red Cross Administrative Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

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American National Red Cross

American Theater (World War II)
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The American Theater describes a series of mostly minor areas of operations during World War II. This was mainly due to both North and South Americas geographical separation from the theaters of conflict in Europe and Asia. Thus, any threat by the Axis Powers to invade the mainland United States or other areas was considered negligible, the best kn

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American servicemen inspecting a shell crater after the Japanese attack on Fort Stevens, Oregon

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Admiral Graf Spee burning and sinking off Montevideo.

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Fritz Joubert Duquesne, FBI file photo.

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RCMP booking photo of Janowski.

Antarctic toothfish
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Dissostichus mawsoni, the Antarctic toothfish, is a species of cod icefish native to the Southern Ocean. It is often referred to as an Antarctic cod, consistent with the misnaming of other notothenioid Antarctic fish as rock cods. However, notothenioid fishes are unrelated to cods, which are in another taxonomic order, the generic name Dissostichus

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Antarctic toothfish

Archabil Avenue
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Archabil Avenue is the most modern high-speed motorway in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The eight-lane motorway has a length of 25.5 kilometres, archabil Avenue was built in 2004 by the Turkish company GAP Insaat. The avenue hosts the majority of Turkmenistans ministry offices and departmental offices, many newly built cultural and business centres are l

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Archabil avenue

ArmaLite
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ArmaLite, or Armalite, is an American small arms engineering company founded in the early 1950s in Hollywood, California. It ceased business in the 1980s, the company was revived in 1996. Their first design, the AR1 Parasniper from 1952, used foam-filled fiberglass furniture and this was little used, but when they were asked to compete in a contest

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The Armalite Logo

Estelle Asmodelle
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Estelle Asmodelle, formerly known as Estelle Maria Croot, is an Australian model, belly dancer, musician, activist, inventor, abstract artist and academic. She is known as Australias first legal transsexual with the Births, Deaths and Marriages Department of New South Wales, in 1986, she was labelled Australia’s First Sex-Change Pin-up Girl. She is

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Photo courtesy of Estelle Asmodelle.

Asteroid mining
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Asteroid mining is the exploitation of raw materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects. Minerals and volatiles could be mined from an asteroid or spent comet then used in space for in-situ utilization or taken back to Earth and these include phosphorus, antimony, zinc, tin, lead, indium, silver, gold and copper. T

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Artist's concept of asteroid mining

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433 Eros is a stony asteroid in a near-Earth orbit

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Artist's concept from the 1970s of asteroid mining

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A future space telescope designed by Planetary Resources company to find asteroids

Atomic spies
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Their work constitutes the most publicly well-known and well-documented case of nuclear espionage in the history of nuclear weapons. There was a movement among nuclear scientists to share the information with the scientific community. Confirmation about espionage work came from the Venona project, which intercepted and decrypted Soviet intelligence

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Klaus Fuchs, arguably the most important of the identified "atomic spies" for his extensive access to high-level scientific data and his ability to make sense of it through his technical training.

Azerbaijani language
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The language has official status in Azerbaijan and Dagestan but it does not have official status in Iranian Azerbaijan, where the majority of Azerbaijanis live. It is also spoken to varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities, primarily in Europe. Azerbaijani is a member of the Oghuz branch of the Tu

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Garden of Pleasures by Fuzûlî in Azerbaijani. Early 19th century. There is Shaki khan's seal on it. Museum of History of Azerbaijan

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Location of Azerbaijani speakers in the Caucasus

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Azerbaijani-language road sign.

Bakers Delight
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Bakers Delight is a large Australian owned bakery franchise chain with outlets in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It was established in 1980 as a bakery on Glenferrie Road in the Melbourne suburb of Hawthorn. Bakers Delight has over 700 bakeries globally, Bakers Delight has been supporting BCNA for more than 15 years and has raised $15 million s

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Bakers Delight

Balloch, West Dunbartonshire
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Balloch is a small town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland, at the foot of Loch Lomond. Balloch comes from the Gaelic word bal which means village or hamlet, so Balloch means village on the loch, the word bealach means a pass. Balloch is at the end of the Vale of Leven. It connects to the town of Alexandria and to the smaller village of Jamestown. It

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National Park Visitor Centre with the ' Maid of the Loch ' in the background

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An environmental art installation in the woods at Balloch

Wendy Barclay
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Wendy Barclay is a British virologist who currently holds a Chair in Influenza Virology at the Imperial College London. In particular, they are trying to more about influenza virus mutations. Barclay graduated with a degree in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University in 1988, for a postgraduate study, she conducted medical research at the Common

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Influenza A virus - negative stain image TEM

Basement
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A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are either completely or partially below the ground floor. However, in cities with high property prices such as London, basements are often fitted out to a high standard, the word cellar or cellars is used to apply to the whole underground level or to any large underground room. A subcel

1.
An unfinished basement used for storage and exercise

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Chillon Castle (Château de Chillon) basement

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A Stasi basement hallway

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Old Town medieval basements in Warsaw

Beef
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Beef is the culinary name for meat from cattle, particularly skeletal muscle. Humans have been eating beef since prehistoric times, Beef is a complete source of protein, and provides many of the essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals that humans need. Beef skeletal muscle meat can be cut into roasts, short ribs or steak, Some cuts are proces