Contents

Charlie is a young Italian-American man in New York City, he is hampered by his feeling of responsibility towards his reckless younger friend Johnny Boy, a small-time gambler who owes money to many loan sharks.

Charlie works for his uncle Giovanni, a powerful loan shark and political fixer, mostly collecting debts, he is also having a secret affair with Johnny Boy's cousin Teresa, who has epilepsy and is ostracized because of her condition—especially by Charlie's uncle. Charlie's uncle also wants Charlie not to be such close friends with Johnny, saying "Honorable men go with honorable men."

Charlie is torn between his devout Catholicism and his illicit work for his uncle. Johnny becomes increasingly self-destructive and disrespectful of his creditors. Failing to receive redemption in the church, Charlie seeks it through sacrificing himself on Johnny's behalf.

At a bar, Michael, a small time loan shark, comes looking for Johnny to "pay up". To his surprise, Johnny insults him. Michael lunges at Johnny, who pulls a gun, after a tense standoff, Michael walks away, and Charlie convinces Johnny that they should leave town for a brief period. Teresa insists on coming with them. Charlie borrows a car and they drive off, leaving the neighborhood without incident.

A car that has been following them suddenly pulls up, Michael at the wheel and his henchman, Jimmy Shorts, in the backseat. Jimmy fires several shots at Charlie's car, hitting Johnny in the neck and Charlie in the hand, causing Charlie to crash the car. An ambulance and police arrive at the scene, and paramedics take Charlie and Johnny away.

Apart from his first actual feature, Who's That Knocking at My Door, and a directing project given him by early independent film maker Roger Corman, Boxcar Bertha, this was Scorsese's first feature film of his own design. Director John Cassavetes told him after he completed Boxcar Bertha: "You’ve just spent a year of your life making a piece of shit." This inspired Scorsese to make a film about his own experiences.[3] Cassavetes told Scorsese he should do something like Who's That Knocking At My Door, which Cassavetes had liked, and then came Mean Streets, which was based on actual events Scorsese saw almost regularly while growing up in New York City's Little Italy.

The screenplay for the movie initially began as a continuation of the characters in Who's That Knocking. Scorsese changed the title from Season of the Witch to Mean Streets, a reference to Raymond Chandler's essay "The Simple Art of Murder", wherein Chandler writes, "But down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid." Scorsese sent the script to Corman, who agreed to back the film if all the characters were black. Scorsese was anxious to make the film so he considered this option, but actress Verna Bloom arranged a meeting with potential financial backer Jonathan Taplin, who was the road manager for the musical group The Band. Taplin liked the script and was willing to raise the $300,000 budget that Scorsese wanted if Corman promised, in writing, to distribute the film, the blaxploitation suggestion was to come to nothing when funding from Warner Bros. allowed him to make the film as he intended with Italian-American characters.[4]

The film was well received by most critics; some even hailed it as one of the most original American films of all time.[citation needed]Pauline Kael was among the most enthusiastic critics, calling it "a true original, and a triumph of personal filmmaking" and "dizzyingly sensual".[5]Dave Kehr of the Chicago Reader said that "the acting and editing have such original, tumultuous force that the picture is completely gripping".[6]Vincent Canby of The New York Times reflected that "no matter how bleak the milieu, no matter how heartbreaking the narrative, some films are so thoroughly, beautifully realized they have a kind of tonic effect that has no relation to the subject matter".[7]Time Out magazine called it "one of the best American films of the decade".[8]

Retrospectively, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times inducted Mean Streets into his Great Movies list and wrote: "In countless ways, right down to the detail of modern TV crime shows, Mean Streets is one of the source points of modern movies."[9] In 2013, the staff of Entertainment Weekly voted the film the seventh greatest of all time;[10] in 2015, it was ranked 93rd on BBC's "The 100 greatest American films" list.[11]James Gandolfini, when asked on Inside the Actors Studio (season 11, episode two) which films most influenced him, cited Mean Streets among them, saying "I saw that 10 times in a row...."[12]

The film holds a 98% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 51 reviews, with an average rating of 8.9/10 and the consensus: "Mean Streets is a powerful tale of urban sin and guilt that marks Scorsese's arrival as an important cinematic voice and features electrifying performances from Harvey Keitel and Robert De Niro."[13]

Mean Streets was released on VHS and Betamax in 1985. The film debuted as a letterboxedLaserDisc on October 7, 1991 in the US,[14] it was released on Blu-ray for the first time on April 6, 2011 in France,[15] and in America on July 17, 2012.[16]

1.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray

2.
Jonathan Taplin
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Jonathan Trumbull Taplin is an American writer, film producer and scholar. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio and has lived in Los Angeles since 1973, Taplin is married to the photographer Maggie Smith and has three children, Daniela Lundberg, a film producer, Nicholas Taplin, a recording engineer and Blythe Taplin, a human rights lawyer. Taplins early production work included producing concerts for Bob Dylan and The Band, in 1973 he produced Martin Scorseses first major feature film, Mean Streets which was selected for the Cannes Film Festival. Between 1974 and 1996, Taplin produced 26 hours of documentaries and 12 feature films including The Last Waltz, Until the end of the World, Under Fire. His films were nominated for Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards, Taplin is the author of Move Fast and Break Things, How Google, Facebook and Amazon Cornered Culture and Undermined Democracy which will be published by Little, Brown and Company in April 2017. Taplin began working as a manager for Albert Grossman Management in the summer of 1965. Grossman was a manager of folk and rock musicians in the 1960s, with clients including Bob Dylan, Peter, Paul and Mary, Janis Joplin, Taplin began work for the Jim Kweskin Jug Band while still a student at Princeton. In 1969, after graduating from Princeton, Taplin moved to Woodstock, the resulting Concert for Bangladesh, with appearances by Harrison, Bob Dylan, Ringo Starr, Eric Clapton and others was the first benefit concert of this magnitude in world history. The concert, record and film have raised millions of dollars for UNICEF, in a documentary about the concert, Taplin tells the famous story of trying to get Eric Clapton on stage. In early 1973, Taplin moved to Los Angeles where he was introduced to a film editor who had worked on the Woodstock documentary. Scorsese, who had just finished shooting his second feature, Boxcar Bertha, for Roger Corman, Taplin raised US$500,000 independently and Scorsese cast Harvey Keitel and Robert De Niro. Shot in 34 days, the film was sold to Warner Bros. for distribution. In 1997, Mean Streets was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. He was also instrumental in the distribution of Shine when he ran the American division of Pandora and had a confrontation with Harvey Weinstein at the Sundance Film Festival. Taplin then joined Merrill Lynch Investment Banking as a Vice President for Media Mergers and he was involved with various transactions with companies such as Viacom and Vestron. In 1996 Taplin founded the first Internet Video on Demand service, Intertainer, with Richard Baskin, investors included Intel, Comcast, Microsoft, NBC, Qwest and Sony. By 2000 the service had licensed more than 7000 films from Sony, universal Studios, Lions Gate Entertainment, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and others. In 2002, Intertainers shareholder, Sony, launched a similar service MovieLink in a joint-venture with Warner Bros, soon after that, the major studios stopped licensing films to Intertainer and the service was forced to close down

3.
Robert De Niro
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Robert Anthony De Niro is an American actor, producer and director who has both Italian and American citizenship. He was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II and his longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake La Motta in the 1980 film Raging Bull. He received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2003, the Golden Globe Cecil B, deMille Award in 2010, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama in 2016. De Niros first major roles were in the sports drama, Bang the Drum Slowly. He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver and Cape Fear, De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Ciminos Vietnam war drama, The Deer Hunter, Penny Marshalls drama Awakenings, and David O. Russells romantic comedy-drama, Silver Linings Playbook. His portrayal of gangster Jimmy Conway in Scorseses crime film, Goodfellas, other notable performances include roles in Once Upon a Time in America, Brazil, The Untouchables, Heat, and Casino. He has directed and starred in such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale. Robert Anthony De Niro was born in the Greenwich Village area of Manhattan, New York, the son of Virginia Admiral and Robert De Niro Sr. Both of his parents were painters, his father was of half Italian and half Irish descent, while his mother was of half German ancestry, with her other roots being French, English and Dutch. De Niros parents, who had met at the classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts. De Niro was raised by his mother in the Greenwich Village and his father lived within walking distance and De Niro spent much time with him as he grew up. His mother was raised Presbyterian but became an atheist as an adult, against his parents wishes, his grandparents had him secretly baptized into the Catholic Church while he was staying with them during his parents divorce. De Niro attended PS41, an elementary school in Manhattan. He then went to Elisabeth Irwin High School, the upper school of the Little Red School House. He was accepted into the High School of Music and Art for the ninth grade, De Niro began high school at the private McBurney School and later attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School, although he never graduated from either. Nicknamed Bobby Milk for his pallor, De Niro hung out with a group of kids as a youth in Little Italy. The direction of his future had already been foreshadowed by his debut at age 10. Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, he was also fixated by cinema and he studied acting at the Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasbergs Actors Studio

4.
Harvey Keitel
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Harvey Keitel is an American actor and producer. Along with actors Al Pacino and Ellen Burstyn, he is the current co-president of the Actors Studio, Keitel was born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, the son of Miriam and Harry Keitel, Jewish immigrants from Romania and Poland, respectively. His parents owned and ran a luncheonette and his also worked as a hat maker. Keitel grew up in the Brighton Beach section of Brooklyn, with his sister, Renee and he attended Abraham Lincoln High School. At the age of sixteen, he decided to join the United States Marine Corps, after his return to the United States, he was a court reporter for several years and was able to support himself before beginning his acting career. Keitel studied under both Stella Adler and Lee Strasberg and at the HB Studio, eventually landing roles in some Off-Broadway productions. During this time, Keitel auditioned for filmmaker Martin Scorsese and gained a role as J. R. in Scorseses first feature film. Since then, Scorsese and Keitel have worked together on several projects, Keitel had the starring role in Scorseses Mean Streets, which also proved to be Robert De Niros breakthrough film. In 1978, Keitel starred in the directorial debuts of Paul Schrader, Ridley Scott, cast as Captain Willard in Francis Ford Coppolas Apocalypse Now, Keitel was involved with the first week of principal photography in the Philippines. Coppola was not happy with Keitels take on Willard, stating that the found it difficult to play him a passive onlooker. After viewing the first weeks footage, Coppola replaced Keitel with a casting session favorite, Keitel drifted into obscurity through most of the 1980s. He continued to do work on stage and screen, but usually in the stereotypical role of a thug. Keitel played Judas in Martin Scorseses controversial The Last Temptation of Christ and co-starred with Jack Nicholson in the Chinatown sequel The Two Jakes, the following year, Keitel played another mobster in the Whoopi Goldberg-starring comedy Sister Act. Keitel starred in Quentin Tarantinos Reservoir Dogs in 1992, where his performance as Mr. White took his career to a different level, since then, Keitel has chosen his roles with care, seeking to change his image and show a broader acting range. One of those roles was the character in Bad Lieutenant, about a self-loathing. He co-starred in the movie The Piano in 1993, and played an efficient clean-up expert, Keitel starred as a police detective in Spike Lees Clockers. In 1999, Keitel was replaced by Sydney Pollack on the set of Stanley Kubricks Eyes Wide Shut, due to shooting conflicts, Keitel also re-teamed with Jane Campion for Holy Smoke. He also appeared in the Steinlager Pure commercials in New Zealand in 2007, unlike many American male actors, Keitel has appeared nude in several films, including full frontal nudity in Bad Lieutenant and The Piano

5.
David Proval
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David Aaron Proval is an American actor, well known for his roles as Tony DeVienazo in the Martin Scorsese film Mean Streets and as Richie Aprile on the HBO television series The Sopranos. Proval was born in Brooklyn, New York, of Jewish heritage, the son of Clara Katz and he appeared in the 14th episode of The West Wing - Take This Sabbath Day - as Toby Zieglers rabbi. In 1977, his voice was heard in the animated film WIZARDS. In 2004, he played both adult twin brothers James and Edward Talley in the Hallmark Channel original movie Murder Without Conviction, Sopranos creator David Chase has stated Proval was his original choice for the lead role of Tony Soprano. David Proval at the Internet Movie Database HBO Profile - David Proval

6.
Cesare Danova
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Cesare Danova was an Italian-American television and screen actor. Born as Cesare Deitinger in Bergamo, Italy to an Austrian father, after the film Don Juan he emigrated to the United States. He was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1956 and his appearances include The Man Who Understood Women. The original script called for a role for Danova, who was to form a trio of Cleopatras lovers alongside Harrisons Caesar. Though a number of scenes featuring Taylor and Danova were shot, the script was revised, the following year he starred as Count Elmo Mancini in Viva Las Vegas as Elvis Presleys rival for both Ann-Margret and the Las Vegas Grand Prix. In 1967, Danova had another break with the TV series, Garrisons Gorillas, clearly inspired by the hit film, The Dirty Dozen and the hit TV series Mission, Impossible, the series had an ensemble cast but, unfortunately, only ran for 26 episodes. Two of his best roles were as the neighborhood mafia Don, Giovanni Cappa, in Martin Scorseses Mean Streets and as the mayor of Faber, Carmine DePasto. Danova died of an attack in 1992, aged 66, at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts. Danova was married twice and had two sons, Marco and Fabrizio, by his first wife, Pamela, Danova is a cousin of American poet, editor, publisher and translator Frank Judge and Italian artist Sergio Deitinger, who lives in Rome and paints under the name DeiTinger. Cesare Danova at the Internet Movie Database Cesare Danova at Find a Grave

7.
Kent L. Wakeford
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Kent Lon Wakeford is an American cinematographer, the co-founder of Wakeford / Orloff Productions and founder of Kent Wakeford and Associates, two commercial production companies. Wakeford is most known for working on Martin Scorseses films Mean Streets and Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore, as well as on the films Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, Wakeford was born in 1928 and grew up in south Los Angeles. While finishing up high school, Wakeford apprenticed with fashion photographer Earl Scott, following his apprenticeship, Wakeford landed a job as a cameraman at The Douglas Aircraft Company. Wakeford’s work at The Douglas Aircraft Company led him to the United States Army where Kent spent two years in the Signal Corp. as a motion picture cameraman in New York City, following his time in the Army, Wakeford began shooting documentary films. One of his documentary films was on Wernher von Braun whom Wakeford had met. To supplement his work, Wakeford began freelancing on commercial projects. One of his first jobs was as a cameraman for Danger is My Business, during this time, he also created art films, including Fish which explored movement of color in synch to music and won an award at the Edinburgh International Film Festival. Later Wakeford began shooting live action that would be incorporated into animation, Wakeford quickly began working for animators in Hollywood like Jose Cuauhtemoc Bill Malendez, Hanna & Barbera, among others. With this success, Wakeford started a production company with John Orloff called Wakeford / Orloff Productions. Wakefords first major picture was Mean Streets directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Harvey Keitel. Wakeford shot the film using handheld camera techniques to capture the lives of shady characters in Little Italy New York. The Huffington Post called the cinematography by Wakeford arguably the most original for this genre at the time and has been copied endlessly in other movies, the innovative handholding and lighting techniques used by Wakeford have since become mainstream practice in American cinema. In 1997, the United States National Film Registry elected to preserve Mean Streets for being culturally, historically, Wakeford went on to shoot Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore directed by Martin Scorsese and starring Ellen Burstyn and Kris Kristofferson. The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures called Wakefords cinematography inventive, the film won the Academy Award for Best Actress and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Diane Ladd and Best Writing, Original Screenplay for Robert Getchell. Kent later transitioned back into work by starting production company Kent Wakeford & Associates. He later spent a season shooting the television show L. A. Law, however, after 14 episodes he turned his attention to small independent films and shot over a dozen independent films over the next decade. Most of the films were action oriented using his gritty street-like sensibility from Mean Streets and he has also shot short films such as the This Aint Bebop segment of Imagining America directed by Ralph Bakshi and starring Harvey Keitel and Ron Thompson. A. Law The Womens Club The Princess Academy Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore Black Belt Jones Doctor Death, Seeker of Souls Mean Streets Kent L. Wakeford at the Internet Movie Database

8.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan

9.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared

10.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion

11.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement

12.
Italian Americans
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Italian Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Italy, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States, about 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004. Immigration began in earnest during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades altogether. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred in the period between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to America. This period of large scale immigration ended abruptly with the onset of the First World War in 1914 and, except for one year, further immigration would be greatly limited by a number of restrictive laws passed by Congress in the 1920s. Approximately 84% of the Italian immigrants came from Southern Italy and Sicily, after unification, the Italian government initially encouraged emigration to relieve economic pressures in the South. After the American Civil War, which resulted in over a million killed or wounded, immigrant workers were recruited from Italy. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as manual laborers in Eastern cities, mining camps, Italian Americans gradually moved from the lower rungs of the economic scale in the first generation to a level comparable to the national average by 1970. By 1990, more than 65% of Italian Americans were managerial, professional, the Italian-American communities have often been characterized by strong ties with family, the Catholic Church, fraternal organizations and political parties. Today, over 17 million Americans claim Italian ancestry, third only to Brazil with 31 million, and Argentina, Italians and their descendants in America have helped to shape the country and, in turn, have adapted to it. They have gained prominence in politics, sports, the media, the arts, the culinary arts. Italian navigators and explorers played a key role in the discovery, exploration, christopher Columbus, the explorer who first reached the Americas in 1492–1504, was Italian. Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucci, who explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502, is the source of the name America. Englands claims in North America were based on the voyages of the Italian explorer John Cabot, in 1524 the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to map the Atlantic coast of todays United States, and to enter New York Bay. In 1539, Marco da Nizza, explored the territory later became the states of Arizona. In the 17th century, Henri de Tonti, together with the French explorer LaSalle, De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois in 1679, and in Arkansas in 1683. With LaSalle, he co-founded New Orleans, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years and his brother Alphonse de Tonty, with French explorer Antoine Cadillac, was the co-founder of Detroit in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native population, included among these missionaries were numerous Italians

13.
Loan shark
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A loan shark is a person or body who offers loans at extremely high interest rates. The term usually refers to activity, but may also refer to predatory lending with extremely high interest rates such as payday or title loans. Loan sharks sometimes enforce repayment by blackmail or threats of violence, historically, many moneylenders skirted between legal and extralegal activity. In the recent western world, loan sharks have been a feature of the criminal underworld, banks and other major financial institutions thus stayed away from small-time lending. There were, however, plenty of small lenders offering loans at profitable and they presented themselves as legitimate and operated openly out of offices. Gamblers, criminals, and other disreputable, unreliable types were avoided and they made the borrower fill out and sign seemingly legitimate contracts. Though these contracts were not legally enforceable, they at least were proof of the loan, to coax a defaulter into paying up, the lender might threaten legal action. This was a bluff, since the loan was illegal, the lender preyed on the borrowers ignorance of the law. Alternatively, the lender resorted to public shaming, exploiting the social stigma of being in debt to a loan shark. They could complain to the employer, because many employers would fire employees who were mired in debt. They might send agents to stand outside the home, loudly denouncing him. Whether out of gullibility or embarrassment, the borrower usually succumbed, many customers were employees of large firms, such as railways or public works. Larger organizations were more likely to fire employees for being in debt, as their rules were more impersonal and it was easier for lenders to learn which large organizations did this as opposed to collecting information on the multitude of smaller firms. Larger firms had more job security and the possibility of promotion. The loan shark could also bribe a large firms paymaster to provide information on its many employees, regular salaries and paydays made negotiating repayment plans simpler. The size of the loan and the repayment plan were often tailored to suit the borrowers means, the smaller the loan, the higher the interest rate was, as the costs of tracking and pursuing a defaulter were the same whatever the size of the loan. Because salary lending was a trade, the owners of these firms often hid from public view. The penalties for being an illegal lender were mild, illegal lending was a misdemeanor, and the penalty was forfeiture of the interest and perhaps the principal as well

14.
Who's That Knocking at My Door
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This film was the winner of the 1968 Chicago Film Festival. J. R. is a typical Catholic Italian-American young man on the streets of New York City, even as an adult, he stays close to home with a core group of friends with whom he drinks and carouses around. He gets involved with a girl he meets on the Staten Island Ferry. As their relationship deepens, he declines her offer to have sex because he thinks she is a virgin, one day, his girlfriend tells him that she was once raped by a former boyfriend. This crushes J. R. and he rejects her and attempts to return to his old life of drinking with his friends, however, after a particularly wild party with friends, he realizes he still loves her and returns to her apartment one early morning. He awkwardly tells her that he forgives her and says that he marry her anyway. Upon hearing this, the tells him marriage would never work if her past weighs on him so much. J. R. becomes enraged and calls her a whore and she tells him to go home, and he returns to the Catholic church, but finds no solace. Martin Scorsese appears in a role as a gangster. Whos That Knocking at My Door was filmed over the course of years, undergoing many changes, new directions. The film began in 1965 as a student short film about J. R. in 1967, the romance plot with Zina Bethune was introduced and spliced together with the earlier film, and the title was changed to I Call First. This version of the received its world premiere at the Chicago International Film Festival in November 1967. Scorsese shot and edited a technically beautiful but largely gratuitous montage of J. R. fantasizing about bedding a series of prostitutes, the film was then re-issued under the title J. R. in 1970, however all subsequent releases have been published under the 1968 title. The film was shot with a combination of 35 mm and 16 mm cameras, Scorsese shot most of the 35 mm footage with a Mitchell BNC camera, a very cumbersome camera that impeded mobility. He opted to shoot scenes with the 16 mm Eclair NPR camera in order to introduce greater mobility. American critic Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review after its world premiere at the Chicago International Film Festival in November 1967. He called the film a work that is genuine, artistically satisfying. I have no reservations in describing it as a moment in American movies

15.
Roger Corman
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Roger William Corman is an American independent film producer, director, and actor. He has been called The Pope of Pop Cinema and is known as a trailblazer in the world of independent film, much of Cormans work has an established critical reputation, such as his cycle of low budget cult films adapted from the tales of Edgar Allan Poe. In 2009, he was awarded an Honorary Academy Award, Corman mentored and gave a start to many young film directors such as Francis Ford Coppola, Ron Howard, Martin Scorsese and James Cameron. He also helped to launch the careers of actors Peter Fonda, a documentary about Cormans life and career entitled Cormans World, Exploits of a Hollywood Rebel, directed by Alex Stapleton, premiered at the Sundance and Cannes Film Festivals in 2011. The films TV rights were picked up by A&E IndieFilms after a screening at Sundance. Corman was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Anne and William Corman and his younger brother, Eugene Harold Gene Corman, has also produced numerous films, sometimes in collaboration with Roger. Corman and his brother were baptized in their mothers Catholic faith, Corman went to Beverly Hills High School and then to Stanford University to study Industrial Engineering. While at Stanford, Corman enlisted in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, after the end of World War II, Corman returned to Stanford and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Industrial Engineering in 1947. While at Stanford University, Roger Corman was initiated in the fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon, in 1948, he worked briefly at U. S. Electrical Motors on Slauson Avenue in Los Angeles, but his career in engineering lasted only four days, he work on Monday and quit on Thursday. More interested in film, Corman found work at 20th Century Fox initially in the mail room and he worked his way up to a story reader. The one property that he liked the most and provided ideas for was filmed as The Gunfighter with Gregory Peck, when Corman received no credit at all he left Fox and decided he would work in film by himself. Under the GI Bill, Corman studied English Literature at Oxford University and he then returned to Los Angeles, beginning his film career in 1953 as a producer and screenwriter, then started directing films in 1955. Corman began to direct films in the mid-1950s, including Swamp Women, in his early period, he produced up to nine movies a year. His fastest film was perhaps The Little Shop of Horrors, which was shot in two days and one night. Supposedly, he had made a bet that he could shoot a feature film in less than three days. Another version of the claims that he had a set rented for a month. In addition to producing and directing films for American International Pictures, in 1959, Corman founded Filmgroup with his brother Gene, a company producing or releasing low-budget black-and-white films as double features for drive-ins and action houses

16.
Boxcar Bertha
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Boxcar Bertha is a 1972 American film directed by Martin Scorsese. It is a adaptation of Sister of the Road, a pseudo-autobiographical account of the fictional character Bertha Thompson. It was Scorseses second feature film, the film tells the story of Bertha Thompson and Big Bill Shelly, two train robbers and lovers who are caught up in the plight of railroad workers in the American South. When Bertha is implicated in the murder of a wealthy gambler, julie Corman researched female gangsters and came across the story of Boxcar Bertha. Martin Scorsese was hired to direct on the strength of his first feature and he was given the lead actors, including Barbara Hershey, David Carradine, and Barry Primus, and a shooting schedule of 24 days in Arkansas. The Reader Railroad was used for the train scenes, Scorsese makes a cameo in the film as one of Berthas clients during the brothel montage. List of American films of 1972 Boxcar Bertha at the Internet Movie Database Boxcar Bertha at AllMovie Boxcar Bertha at the TCM Movie Database Boxcar Bertha at Rotten Tomatoes

17.
John Cassavetes
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John Nicholas Cassavetes was a Greek-American actor, film director, and screenwriter. He also acted in many Hollywood films, notably Rosemarys Baby and he studied acting with Don Richardson, using an acting technique based on muscle memory. His income from acting made it possible for him to direct his own films independently and his children Nick Cassavetes, Zoe Cassavetes, and Xan Cassavetes are also filmmakers. His early years were spent with his family in Greece, when he returned at age seven and he was reared on Long Island, New York. He attended Port Washington High School from 1945 to 1947 and participated in Port Weekly, Red Domino, football, next to his photo on page 55 of his 1947 yearbook is written, Cassy is always ready with a wisecrack, but he does have a serious side. Cassavetes attended Blair Academy in New Jersey and spent a semester at Champlain College before being expelled due to his failing grades and he graduated in 1950 and met his future wife Gena Rowlands at her audition into the Academy in 1953 and they were married four months later in 1954. He continued acting in the theater, took parts in films and began working on television in anthology series. By 1956, Cassavetes had begun teaching an alternative to method acting in his own workshop in New York City, an improvisation exercise in his workshop inspired the idea for his writing and directorial debut, Shadows. Cassavetes raised the funds for the production from friends and family and his stated purpose was to make a film about little people, different from Hollywood studio productions. Cassavetes was unable to gain American distribution of Shadows, but it won the Critics Award at the Venice Film Festival, european distributors later released the movie in the United States as an import. Although the box-office of Shadows in the United States was slight, Cassavetes would repeat this performance in the 1956 film version. His first starring role in a film was Edge of the City. He was briefly under contract to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and co-starred with Robert Taylor in the western Saddle the Wind, in the late 1950s, Cassavetes guest-starred in Beverly Garlands groundbreaking crime drama, Decoy, about a New York City woman police undercover detective. Thereafter, he played Johnny Staccato, the character in a television series about a jazz pianist who also worked as a private detective. In total he directed five episodes of the series, which features a guest appearance by his wife Gena Rowlands. It was broadcast on NBC between September 1959 and March 1960 when it was acquired by ABC and although critically acclaimed, Cassavetes would appear on the NBC interview program, Heres Hollywood. Cassavetes directed two movies for Hollywood in the early 1960s – Too Late Blues and A Child Is Waiting, a Child Is Waiting starred Burt Lancaster and Judy Garland. He also starred in the CBS western series Rawhide, in the episode, in the 1963–1964 season, Cassavetes appeared in Jason Everss ABC drama about college life, Channing

18.
Little Italy, Manhattan
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Little Italy is a neighborhood in lower Manhattan, New York City, once known for its large population of Italian Americans. Today the neighborhood consists of only a few Italian stores and restaurants and it is bounded on the west by Tribeca and Soho, on the south by Chinatown, on the east by the Bowery and Lower East Side, and on the north by Nolita. Little Italy on Mulberry Street used to extend as far south as Worth Street, as far north as Houston Street, as far west as Lafayette Street and it is now only three blocks on Mulberry Street. Little Italy originated as Mulberry Bend, jacob Riis described Mulberry Bend as the foul core of New York’s slums. During this time period Immigrants of the late 19th century usually settled in ethnic neighborhood, therefore, the “mass immigration from italy during the 1880’s” led to the large settlement of Italian immigrants in lower manhattan. The results of migration had created an influx of Italian immigrants which had led to the commercial gathering of their dwelling. Little Italy was not the largest Italian neighborhood in New York City, Tonelli said that Little Italy was perhaps the city’s poorest Italian neighborhood. In 1910 Little Italy had almost 10,000 Italians, that was the peak of the communitys Italian population, at the turn of the 20th century over 90% of the residents of the Fourteenth Ward were of Italian birth or origins. Tonnelli said that it meant that residents began moving out to more spacious digs almost as soon as they arrived, such a vastly gowing community impacted the U. S. labor movement in the 20th century” by making up much of the labor population in the garment industry. After World War II, many residents of the Lower East Side began moving to Brooklyn, Staten Island, eastern Long Island, and New Jersey. Chinese immigrants became a presence after the U. S. Immigration Act of 1965 removed immigration restrictions. In 2004, Tonelli said, You can go back 30 years and find newspaper clips chronicling the expansion of Chinatown, prior to 2004, several upscale businesses entered the northern portion of the area between Houston and Kenmare Street. Tonelli said Real-estate prices zoomed, making it tougher for the old-timers—residents. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, areas below Houston Street were cut off for the rest of the fall of 2001, the San Gennaro feast, scheduled for September 13, was postponed. Business from the Financial District dropped severely, due to the closure of Park Row, which connected Chinatown, Tonelli said the post-9/11 events strangely enough, ended up motivating all these newfangled efforts to save what’s left of the old neighborhood. This sentiment has also echoed by Italian culture and heritage website ItalianAware. The site has called the dominance of Italians in the area and it attributes this to the quick financial prosperity many Italians achieved, which afforded them the opportunity to leave the cramped neighborhood for areas in Brooklyn and Queens. The site also goes on to state that the area is referred to as Little Italy more out of nostalgia than as a reflection of a true ethnic population

19.
Raymond Chandler
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Raymond Thornton Chandler was a British-American novelist and screenwriter. In 1932, at the age of forty-four, Chandler became a fiction writer after losing his job as an oil company executive during the Great Depression. His first short story, Blackmailers Dont Shoot, was published in 1933 in Black Mask and his first novel, The Big Sleep, was published in 1939. In addition to his stories, Chandler published seven novels during his lifetime. All but Playback have been made into motion pictures, some more than once, in the year before his death, he was elected president of the Mystery Writers of America. He died on March 26,1959, in La Jolla, Chandler had an immense stylistic influence on American popular literature. He is considered to be a founder of the school of detective fiction, along with Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain. The protagonist of his novels, Philip Marlowe, like Hammetts Sam Spade, is considered by some to be synonymous with private detective, both were played in films by Humphrey Bogart, whom many consider to be the quintessential Marlowe. Some of Chandlers novels are considered important literary works, and three have been considered masterpieces, Farewell, My Lovely, The Little Sister, and The Long Goodbye, Chandler was born in 1888 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Florence Dart and Maurice Benjamin Chandler. He spent his years in Plattsmouth, Nebraska, living with his mother and father near his cousins and his aunt. Chandlers father, a civil engineer who worked for the railway. To obtain the best possible education for Ray, his mother, originally from Ireland, moved them to the area of Upper Norwood in the London Borough of Croydon, another uncle, a successful lawyer in Waterford, Ireland, supported them while they lived with Chandlers maternal grandmother. Raymond was a first cousin to the actor Max Adrian, a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Chandler was classically educated at Dulwich College, London and he spent some of his childhood summers in Waterford with his mothers family. He did not go to university, instead spending time in Paris, in 1907, he was naturalized as a British subject in order to take the civil service examination, which he passed. He then took an Admiralty job, lasting just over a year and his first poem was published during that time. Chandler disliked the servility of the service and resigned, to the consternation of his family, and became a reporter for the Daily Express. He was unsuccessful as a journalist, but he published reviews, an encounter with the slightly older Richard Barham Middleton is said to have influenced him into postponing his career as writer

20.
The Simple Art of Murder
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The Simple Art of Murder refers to hard-boiled detective fiction author Raymond Chandlers critical essay, a magazine article, and his collection of short stories. The essay was first published in The Atlantic Monthly in December 1944, the magazine article appeared in the Saturday Review of Literature, April 15,1950. The article, somewhat rewritten, served to introduce the collection The Simple Art of Murder,1950, the essay is considered a seminal piece of literary criticism. Although Chandlers primary topic is the art of fiction, he touches on general literature. Chandler dissects A. A. Milnes The Red House Mystery much as Twain tears apart Coopers The Deerslayer, namely by revealing what is ignored, brushed over, and unrealistic. If the situation is false, Chandler writes, you cannot even accept it as a light novel and he expands his criticism to the bulk of detective fiction, especially of the English variety which he complains is preoccupied with hand-wrought dueling pistols, curare and tropical fish. In addition to Milne, Chandler confronts Dame Agatha Christie, Dorothy Sayers, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the English may not always be the best writers in the world, but they are incomparably the best dull writers. The classic detective story has learned nothing and forgotten nothing, Chandler reserves his praise for Dashiell Hammett. Although Chandler and Hammett were contemporaries and grouped as the founders of the hard-boiled school, Chandler concludes his essay by moving from reality in literature to reality itself, a world in which gangsters can rule nations and almost rule cities. It is not a fragrant world, but it is the world you live in, the Geraldine McEwan telemovie based on Agatha Christies novel The Murder at the Vicarage shows Miss Marple reading Chandlers book. Early in the telemovie Miss Marple says, There is never anything simple about murder, the Simple Art of Murder at Faded Page Chandler, Raymond, The Simple Art of Murder ISBN 0-394-75765-3 The Simple Art of Murder, Random House. The Simple Art of Murder, American Literature, The University of Texas

21.
The Band
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The Band was a Canadian roots rock group, originally consisting of four Canadians—Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson —and one American, Levon Helm. The members of the Band first came together as they joined the rockabilly singer Ronnie Hawkinss backing group, in 1964, they separated from Hawkins, after which they toured and released a few singles as Levon and the Hawks and the Canadian Squires. The next year, Bob Dylan hired them for his U. S. tour in 1965, because they were always the band to various frontmen, Helm said the name The Band worked well when the group came into its own. The group began performing as the Band in 1968 and went on to ten studio albums. Dylan continued to collaborate with the Band over the course of their career, the original configuration of the Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities. This performance was immortalized in Martin Scorseses 1978 documentary The Last Waltz, the Band recommenced touring in 1983 without guitarist Robertson, who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer. Following a 1986 show, Manuel committed suicide, Danko died of heart failure in 1999, after which the group broke up for good. Helm was diagnosed with cancer in 1998 and was unable to sing for several years. He continued to perform and released several albums until he died in 2012. The group was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1989, in 2004 Rolling Stone ranked them No.50 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time, and in 2008 they received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, The Weight was ranked 41st on Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest songs of all time, in 2014, the Band was inducted into Canadas Walk of Fame. While most of the Hawks were eager to join Hawkinss group and he had earned a college degree, planned on a career as a music teacher, and was interested in playing rock music only as a hobby. The Hawks were in awe of his wild, full-bore organ sound, Hudson finally relented, as long as the Hawks each paid him $10 per week to be their instructor, all music theory questions were directed to Hudson. While pocketing a little cash, Hudson was also able to mollify his familys fears that his education had gone to waste. The piano–organ combination was uncommon in rock music, and for all his aggressive playing, there is a view that jazz is evil because it comes from evil people, but actually the greatest priests on 52nd Street, and on the streets of New York City were the musicians. They were doing the greatest healing work, and they knew how to punch through music which would cure and make people feel good. With Hawkins, they recorded a few singles in this period, Hawkins regularly convened all-night rehearsals following long club shows, with the result that the young musicians quickly developed great technical prowess on their instruments. In late 1963, the split from Hawkins over personal differences

22.
Blaxploitation
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Blaxploitation or blacksploitation is an ethnic subgenre of the exploitation film, emerging in the United States during the early 1970s. Blaxploitation films were made specifically for an urban black audience. The Los Angeles National Association for the Advancement of Colored People head and ex-film publicist Junius Griffin coined the term from the words black, Blaxploitation films were the first to regularly feature soundtracks of funk and soul music and primarily black casts. Variety credited Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song and the less radical Hollywood-financed film Shaft with the invention of the blaxploitation genre, when set in the Northeast or West Coast, blaxploitation films are mainly set in poor urban neighborhoods. Terms used against white characters, such as crackers and honky, are common plot, Blaxploitation films set in the South often deal with slavery and miscegenation. Blaxploitation includes several subtypes, including crime, action/martial arts, westerns, horror, comedy, nostalgia, coming-of-age/courtroom drama, following the example set by Sweet Sweetbacks Baadasssss Song, many blaxploitation films feature funk and soul jazz soundtracks with heavy bass, funky beats, and wah-wah guitars. These soundtracks are notable for a degree of complexity that was not common to the radio-friendly funk tracks of the 1970s and they also featured a rich orchestration which included instruments such as flutes and violins, which were used in funk or soul music of the era. The genres role in exploring and shaping race relations in the US has been controversial, some held that the Blaxploitation trend was a token of black empowerment, but others accused the movies of perpetuating common white stereotypes about black people. As a result, many called for the end of the genre, the NAACP, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and National Urban League joined to form the Coalition Against Blaxploitation. Their influence in the late 1970s contributed to the genres demise, the story world also depicts the plantation as one of the main origins of boxing as a sport in the U. S. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, a new wave of acclaimed filmmakers, particularly Spike Lee. These directors made use of Blaxploitation elements while incorporating implicit criticism of the glorification of stereotypical criminal behavior. Blaxploitation films have had an enormous and complicated influence on American cinema, filmmaker and exploitation film fan Quentin Tarantino, for example, has made numerous references to the Blaxploitation genre in his films. An early blaxploitation tribute can be seen in the character of Lite, played by Sy Richardson, Richardson later wrote Posse, which is a kind of blaxploitation Western. The parody Undercover Brother, for example, stars Eddie Griffin as an agent for a clandestine organization satirically known as the B. R. O. T. H. E. R. H. O. O. D. Likewise, Austin Powers in Goldmember co-stars Beyoncé Knowles as the Tamara Dobson/Pam Grier-inspired heroine, in the 1977 parody film The Kentucky Fried Movie, a mock trailer for Cleopatra Schwartz depicts another Grier-like action star married to a rabbi. In a famous scene in Reservoir Dogs, the protagonists discuss Get Christie Love, in the catalytic scene of True Romance, the characters watch the movie The Mack. John Singletons Shaft, starring Samuel L. Jackson, is an interpretation of a classic blaxploitation film

23.
Pauline Kael
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Pauline Kael was an American film critic who wrote for The New Yorker magazine from 1968 to 1991. Kael was known for her witty, biting, highly opinionated and sharply focused reviews and she is regarded as one of the most influential American film critics of her day. She left an impression on many other prominent film critics, including Armond White. You couldnt apply her approach to a film, with her it was all personal. Owen Gleiberman said she was more than a great critic and she re-invented the form, and pioneered an entire aesthetic of writing. Kael was born on a farm in Petaluma, California, to Isaac Paul Kael and Judith Kael. Her parents lost their farm when Kael was eight, and the moved to San Francisco. In 1936 she matriculated at the University of California, Berkeley, where she studied philosophy, literature, nevertheless, Kael intended to go on to law school but fell in with a group of artists and moved to New York City with the poet Robert Horan. Three years later, Kael returned to San Francisco and led a life, writing plays. In 1948, Kael and filmmaker James Broughton had a daughter, Gina, in 1953, the editor of City Lights magazine overheard Kael arguing about films in a coffeeshop with a friend and asked her to review Charlie Chaplins Limelight. Kael dubbed the film Slimelight and began publishing film criticism regularly in magazines, Kael later explained her writing style, I worked to loosen my style—to get away from the term-paper pomposity that we learn at college. I wanted the sentences to breathe, to have the sound of a human voice, Kael disparaged the supposed critics ideal of objectivity, referring to it as saphead objectivity, and incorporated aspects of autobiography into her criticism. I came out of the theater, tears streaming, and overheard the petulant voice of a college girl complaining to her boyfriend, for if people cannot feel Shoeshine, what can they feel. Later I learned that the man with whom I had quarreled had gone the same night and had emerged in tears. Yet our tears for each other, and for Shoeshine did not bring us together, Life, as Shoeshine demonstrates, is too complex for facile endings. Kael broadcast many of her early reviews on the public radio station KPFA, in Berkeley. As manager of a theater, Kael programmed the films that were shown. She also wrote pungent capsule reviews of the films, which her patrons began collecting, Kael continued to juggle writing with other work until she received an offer to publish a book of her criticism

24.
Chicago Reader
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It was founded by a group of friends from Carleton College. The Reader is recognized as a pioneer among alternative weeklies for both its creative nonfiction and its commercial scheme, the Reader also developed a new kind of journalism, ignoring the news and focusing on everyday life and ordinary people. The Reader, as it is known, is dated every Thursday and distributed free on Wednesday and Thursday via street boxes. As of March 2009, the paper claimed more than 1,900 locations in the Chicago metropolitan area, Creative Loafing filed for bankruptcy in September 2008. In 2012, the Chicago Reader was acquired by Wrapports LLC, the Chicago Reader was founded by Robert A. Roth, who grew up in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights. His ambition was to start a publication for young Chicagoans like Bostons The Phoenix. Those papers were sold on newsstands but were given away, mostly on campuses. They scraped together about $16,000 in capital and published the first issue,16 pages, one year later, in its first anniversary issue, the Reader published an article titled What Kind of Paper is This, Anyway. In which it answered Questions weve heard over and over in the past year and this article reported that the paper had lost nearly $20,000 in its first ten months of operation but that the owners were confident it will work out in the end. It explained the rationale behind free circulation and the paper’s unconventional editorial philosophy, Why doesnt the Reader print news, Tom Wolfe wrote us, The Future of the newspaper lies in your direction, i. e. the sheet willing to deal with the way we live now. That sums up our thoughts quite well, we find street sellers more interesting than politicians, in its early years the Reader was published out of apartments shared by the owner-founders, Roth, McCamant, Rehwaldt and Yoder. The first apartment was in Hyde Park—the University of Chicago neighborhood on the side of Chicago—and the second was in Rogers Park on the far north side. Working for ownership in lieu of pay, the owner-founders ultimately owned more than 90% of the company, in 1975 the paper began to earn a profit, incorporated, and rented office space in the downtown area that later came to be known as River North. In 1979, a reporter for the Daily Herald of Arlington Heights, Illinois, in 1986, an article in the Chicago Tribune estimated the Reader’s annual revenues at $6.7 million. In 1996, Crains Chicago Business projected revenue of $14.6 million, the National Journal’s Convention Daily reported that the Reader was “an enormous financial success. It’s now as thick as many Sunday papers and is published in four sections that total around 180 pages. ”This report put the circulation at 138,000. Later in 1995 the papers Matches personal ads were made available on the Web, also in 1996 the Reader partnered with Yahoo to bring its entertainment listings online and introduced a Web site and an AOL user area built around its popular syndicated column The Straight Dope. The Reader became so profitable in the late 1990s that it added a suburban edition, The Reader’s Guide to Arts & Entertainment and it faced severe competitive pressure starting near the turn of the century, as some of its key elements became widely available online

25.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946

26.
Time Out (magazine)
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Time Out is a magazine published by Time Out Digital Ltd. In 2012, the became a free publication with a weekly readership of over 307,000. In addition to print, the Time Out London website has seven million unique users, Time Outs global market presence includes partnerships with Nokia and mobile apps for iOS and Android operating systems. It was the recipient of the International Consumer Magazine of the Year award in both 2010 and 2011 and the renamed International Consumer Media Brand of the Year in 2013 and 2014. Time Out started as a magazine created in 1968 by Tony Elliott, the first product was titled Where Its At, before being inspired by Dave Brubecks album Time Out. The magazine was initially a counter-culture publication which took a non-conformist stance on such as gay rights, racial equality. As one example of its editorial stance, in 1976 Londons Time Out published the names of 60 purported CIA agents stationed in England. Early issues had a print run of around 5,000, Elliott launched Time Out New York, his North American magazine debut, in 1995. The magazine procured young and upcoming talent to provide cultural reviews for young New Yorkers at the time, the success of TONY led to the introduction of Time Out New York Kids, a quarterly magazine aimed at families. The expansion continued with Elliott licensing the Time Out brand worldwide spreading the magazine to 39 cities including Istanbul, Dubai, Beijing, Hong Kong, additional Time Out products included travel magazines, city guides, and books. In 2010, Time Out became the publisher of travel guides. The group, founded by Peter Dubens, was owned by Tony Elliott and Oakley Capital until 2016, Time Out has subsequently launched websites for an additional 33 cities including Delhi, Washington D. C. Boston, Manchester and Bristol. when it was listed on Londons AIM stock exchange, in June 2016, Time Out Group underwent an IPO and is listed on Londons AIM stock exchange. The London edition of Time Out became a magazine in September 2012. This strategy increased revenue by 80 percent with continued upsurge, Time Out has also invited a number of guest columnists to write for the magazine. The columnist as of 2014 was Giles Coren, in April 2015, Time Out switched its New York magazine to the free distribution model to increase the reader base and grow brand awareness. This transition doubled circulation by increasing its Web audience, estimated around 3.5 million unique visitors a month, Time Out increased its weekly magazine circulation to over 305,000 copies complementing millions of digital users of Time Out New York. Free magazines are distributed at bars, restaurants, gyms, subway stations, and theaters, in addition, a subscription service is offered to those that prefer the magazine to be physically delivered and paid subscribers have access to a digital edition of the magazine

27.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year

28.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times

29.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics

30.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own

31.
James Gandolfini
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James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. was an American actor and producer. He was best known for his role as Tony Soprano, an Italian-American crime boss and he garnered enormous praise for his performance, winning three Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and one Golden Globe Award. His other notable roles included mob henchman Virgil in True Romance, enforcer and stuntman Bear in Get Shorty, after finishing The Sopranos, Gandolfini produced the documentary Alive Day Memories, Home from Iraq, in which he interviewed injured Iraq War veterans. His second documentary, Wartorn, 1861–2010, analyzed the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on soldiers, Gandolfini was born in Westwood, New Jersey. His mother, Santa, was a school lunch lady of Italian ancestry who was born in the United States. His father, James Joseph Gandolfini Sr. was a native of Borgo Val di Taro who worked as a bricklayer and cement mason, James Sr. earned a Purple Heart in World War II. Gandolfinis parents were devout Roman Catholics and spoke Italian at home, due to the influence of his parents, he developed a strong sense of Italian American identity and visited Italy regularly. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in studies from Rutgers University in 1982. He also worked as a bartender and club manager in Manhattan prior to his acting career, Gandolfini performed in a 1992 Broadway production of On the Waterfront for six weeks. In the film Terminal Velocity, Gandolfini played Ben Pinkwater, a seemingly mild-mannered insurance man who turns out to be a violent Russian mobster, in 1995 he was in the box office hit Crimson Tide. In that same year in Get Shorty, he appeared as a bearded ex-stuntman with a Southern accent, the show debuted in 1999 and was broadcast until 2007. For his depiction of Soprano, Gandolfini won three Emmys for Best Actor in a Drama and Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time. In addition to the awards that he won, Gandolfini received numerous nominations, in 2007 Gandolfini produced a documentary with HBO focused on injured Iraq War veterans and their devotion to America while surveying the physical and emotional costs of war. Gandolfini interviewed ten surviving soldiers, who revealed their thoughts about the challenges they face reintegrating into society and they also reflected on their memories of the day when they narrowly escaped death and what life may have been like in other circumstances. He returned to the stage in 2009, appearing in Broadways God of Carnage with Marcia Gay Harden, Hope Davis, and Jeff Daniels. He received a Tony Award nomination in the category of Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his role in the play but lost to Geoffrey Rush from the play and he played the Mayor of New York in the 2009 remake of The Taking of Pelham 123. In 2010 Gandolfini produced another documentary with HBO, which analyzed the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder throughout American history and it featured interviews with American military officials on their views of PTSD and how they are trying to help soldiers affected by it. Letters from soldiers of the American Civil War and World War I who were affected by PTSD are examined, along with interviews with soldiers affected by PTSD, Gandolfini was executive producer of the HBO film about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn, titled Hemingway & Gellhorn

32.
Inside the Actors Studio
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Inside the Actors Studio is an American television show on the Bravo cable television channel, hosted by James Lipton. It is produced and directed by Jeff Wurtz, the producer is James Lipton. The program, which premiered in 1994, is distributed internationally by CABLEready and is broadcast in 125 countries around the world reaching 89 million homes and it is currently taped at the Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts at Pace Universitys New York City campus. The program is presented as a seminar to students of the Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University, the result, as a New York Times article put it, In Mr. Liptons guest chair, actors cease being stars for a while and become artists and teachers. Though sometimes, some interviews go longer, Steven Spielbergs 1999 visit, for example, stretched to four hours, the interviews are guided by Liptons trademark index-card questions, which sometimes reveal his well-researched knowledge of guests lives, often startling some. On one such occasion, Billy Crystal told Lipton, You know youre scary, on another occasion, Martin Sheen asked Lipton, How do you know all this. And Sir Anthony Hopkins, upon learning that Lipton knew the address where the former had been born and raised in Wales, turned to the audience and remarked, Hes a detective. In May 2005, the contract between the Actors Studio and New School University was not renewed, beginning with the 12th season, in the fall of 2005, the program has been taped at the Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts at Pace Universitys New York City campus. The show now has a new set with a gritty backstage feel, designed by Will Rothfuss for Blair Broadcast Designs, since its premiere, Inside the Actors Studio has had over 200 guests, with Lipton himself being the 200th. The first episodes guest was Paul Newman, the guests have included 74 Academy Award winners, eight directors, four screenwriters,61 actors and actresses, and three composers. For its 200th show, Lipton became the guest subject of the show and he was questioned by Dave Chappelle, whom he picked personally. The show ended with the Pace University provost announcing that the college is sponsoring a scholarship in Chappelles name to his high school alma mater, based on the show, James Lipton published a book titled Inside Inside in 2007. In his review of the program, The Sunday Times critic A. A, gill wrote, The format is simple and idiotically inspired. The Actors Studio is the New York drama school made famous by Stanislavsky and these shows are thinly set-up masterclasses for students. The cleverness is in the vanity it allows the guests, who are the very greatest and most self-regarding performers and creators of theatre, people who are too grand to talk to anyone will talk to Inside the Actors Studio. They believe theyre giving something back, offering precious pearls of insight to a new generation, and who doesnt look good passing it on to adoring students. In truth, its just a show on satellite, but the veil of education and posterity is held decorously high, so everybody turns up. While most of the show is an interview conducted by Lipton

33.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa

34.
Letterboxing (filming)
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Letterboxing is the practice of transferring film shot in a widescreen aspect ratio to standard-width video formats while preserving the films original aspect ratio. The resulting videographic image has mattes above and below it, these mattes are part of the image, LBX or LTBX are the identifying abbreviations for films and images so formatted. The term refers to the shape of a box, a slot in a wall or door through which mail is delivered, being rectangular. Letterboxing is used as an alternative to a full-screen, pan-and-scan transfer of a film image to videotape or videodisc. This was often done for letterbox widescreen anime on VHS, though the practice of hiding subtitles within the lower matte also is done with symmetrical mattes, albeit with less space available. The placing of soft subtitles within the picture or matte varies according to the DVD player being used, the first use of letterbox in consumer video appeared with the RCA Capacitance Electronic Disc videodisc format. Initially, letterboxing was limited to several key sequences of a such as opening and closing credits. The first fully letterboxed CED release was Amarcord in 1984, and several others followed including The Long Goodbye, Monty Python, each disc contains a label noting the use of RCAs innovative wide-screen mastering technique. In some continents such as North America, almost all VHS titles were released in pan-and-scan versions. However, most later Laserdiscs and some VHS releases were released in their original widescreen versions, some DVD releases of films are in full screen only, due to whatever existing master is available or basing on what format demographics prefer to see on a certain title. In other territories, such as Europe and Asia, widescreen versions of films on VHS and Laserdisc were much more common in those territories and this is more apparent in pan-and-scanned movies that remain entirely on the center area of the film image. The term SmileBox is a trademark used to describe a type of letterboxing for Cinerama films. The image is produced with 3D mapping technology to approximate a curved screen, some titles that were previously released in full screen only on VHS and DVD are now being issued in their original widescreen ratio on recent DVDs and Blu-rays. Digital broadcasting allows 1.78,1 widescreen format transmissions without losing resolution, most television programming in the United States, Britain and France is in standard-definition 16,9 and is transmitted in anamorphic format on digital platforms. When using a 4,3 television, it is possible to display such programming in either a letterbox format or in a 4,3 centre-cut format. A letterboxed 14,9 compromise ratio was often broadcast in analogue transmissions in European countries making the transition from 4,3 to 16,9. Current high-definition television systems use video displays with an aspect ratio than older television sets. In addition to films produced for the cinema, some programming is produced in high definition

35.
LaserDisc
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LaserDisc is a home video format and the first commercial optical disc storage medium, initially licensed, sold and marketed as MCA DiscoVision in North America in 1978. It was not a format in Europe and Australia when first released but was popular in the 1990s. Its superior video and audio quality made it a choice among videophiles. The technologies and concepts behind LaserDisc were the foundation for later optical disc formats including Compact Disc, DVD, Optical video recording technology, using a transparent disc, was invented by David Paul Gregg and James Russell in 1958. The Gregg patents were purchased by MCA in 1968, by 1969, Philips had developed a videodisc in reflective mode, which has advantages over the transparent mode. MCA and Philips then decided to combine their efforts and first publicly demonstrated the video disc in 1972. LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15,1978, Philips produced the players while MCA produced the discs. The Philips-MCA cooperation was not successful, and discontinued after a few years, several of the scientists responsible for the early research founded Optical Disc Corporation. In 1979, the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago opened its Newspaper exhibit which used interactive LaserDiscs to allow visitors to search for the front page of any Chicago Tribune newspaper and this was a very early example of public access to electronically stored information in a museum. The first LaserDisc title marketed in North America was the MCA DiscoVision release of Jaws in 1978, the last title released in North America was Paramounts Bringing Out the Dead in 2000. The last Japanese released movie was the Hong Kong film Tokyo Raiders from Golden Harvest, a dozen or so more titles continued to be released in Japan, until the end of 2001. Production of LaserDisc players continued until January 14,2009, when Pioneer stopped making them and it was estimated that in 1998, LaserDisc players were in approximately 2% of U. S. households. By comparison, in 1999, players were in 10% of Japanese households, LaserDisc was released on June 10,1981 in Japan, and a total of 3.6 million LaserDisc players were sold there. A total of 16.8 million LaserDisc players were sold worldwide, by the early 2000s, LaserDisc was completely replaced by DVD in the North American retail marketplace, as neither players nor software were then produced. Players were still exported to North America from Japan until the end of 2001, the format has retained some popularity among American collectors, and to a greater degree in Japan, where the format was better supported and more prevalent during its life. In Europe, LaserDisc always remained an obscure format and it was chosen by the British Broadcasting Corporation for the BBC Domesday Project in the mid-1980s, a school-based project to commemorate 900 years since the original Domesday Book in England. From 1991 up until the early 2000s, the BBC also used LaserDisc technology to play out the channel idents, the standard home video LaserDisc was 30 cm in diameter and made up of two single-sided aluminum discs layered in plastic. Although appearing similar to compact discs or DVDs, LaserDiscs used analog video stored in the domain with analog FM stereo sound

36.
Blu-ray
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Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition, the plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs being the standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs and quadruple layers are available for BD-XL re-writer drives, the name Blu-ray refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The main application of Blu-ray is as a medium for video material such as films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats, high-definition video may be stored on Blu-ray discs with up to 2160p resolution, at up to 60 frames per second. DVD discs had been limited to a resolution of 480p or 576p. The BD format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its release in June 2006. During the high definition disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVD format. Toshiba, the company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008. According to Media Research, high-definition software sales in the US were slower in the first two years than DVD software sales, Blu-ray faces competition from video on demand and the continued sale of DVDs. As of January 2016, 44% of U. S. broadband households had a Blu-ray player, the information density of the DVD format was limited by the wavelength of the laser diodes used. Following protracted development, blue laser diodes operating at 405 nanometers became available on a production basis, Sony started two projects in collaboration with Philips applying the new diodes, UDO, and DVR Blue, a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-ray Disc. The core technologies of the formats are similar, the first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000 by Sony. A trademark for the Blue Disc logo was filed February 9,2001, on February 19,2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray Disc, and Blu-ray Disc Founders was founded by the nine initial members. The first consumer device arrived in stores on April 10,2003, the Sony BDZ-S77, but there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were released for this player. On October 4,2004, the name Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association, the Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004

37.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

38.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network