..On the basis of our findings, we speculate that stimulating autophagy in CD patients would be a powerful therapeutic strategy to concomitantly restrain intracellular AIEC replication and slow down the inflammatory response...

..coli isolated from IBD patients for diagnostic or epidemiological studies and to identify new strategies for therapeutic intervention to block the interaction between AIEC and gut mucosa in the early stages of IBD...

..In this work, we investigated the virulence and resistance mechanism of an extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strain (LEB15) that exhibited decreased susceptibility to carbapenems...

..In this addendum, we provide a synopsis on current data concerning AIEC virulence, summarize our recent findings and also discuss, in more detail, unresolved issues and the potential implications of our findings. ..

..Thus, evidence is provided that AIEC LF82 bacteria do not escape from the endocytic pathway but undergo normal interaction with host endomembrane organelles and replicate within acidic and cathepsin D-positive vacuolar phagolysosomes...

..This indicates that targeting of the σ(E) pathway could be a very potent therapeutic strategy by which to interfere with the ability of AIEC to form biofilm on the gut mucosa of Crohn's disease patients...

..Increased expression of RpoE was observed in wild-type strain LF82 at high osmolarity. Hence, the role of OmpC in the AIEC LF82 adhesion and invasion is indirect and involves the sigma(E) regulatory pathway...

..These findings show that in the AIEC strain LF82, FliA is a key regulatory component linking flagellar and type 1 pili synthesis and that its effect on type 1 pili is mediated, at least in part, via a c-di-GMP-dependent pathway...

Role of bacteria in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease

..Infectious agents are still thought to be involved in the origin of inflammatory bowel disease. The focus in recent years has been more on Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli or yeasts...