.Understand the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the prevention and control of infections Describe different types of PPE
Gloves (latex, polythene and vinyl) Plastic aprons
Masks but generally only worn where there is a risk of air-born infection Explain the reasons for PPE
Protection of staff
Protection of the service users, visitors
Prevention of cross infection between individuals State current relevant regulations and legislation relating to PPE The NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Exellence) Guidelines June 2003 The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Regulations as amended 2002 Organisation policies and procedures

Describe employees responsibilities regarding use of PPE
Attend training in use of PPE
Adhere to organisation policies, legislation and manufacturers guidelines Describe employers responsibilities regarding the use of PPE Train staff and monitor use of PPE
Provide adequate and good working order equipmentDisplay guidelines and policies to infection control and prevention Monitor policies and amend if required Describe the correct practice in the application and removal of PPE The correct PPE must be used for different work activities. Aprons and gloves used when giving personal care must be disposed of, after single use, in the appropriate bags Applying/Removing PPE

Gloves – Applying
Select Gloves – over wrist
Perform hand hygiene and Put on gloves and pull
Aprons – Applying
Pull apron over the head and fasten at the back
Gloves – removingHold the outside of the glove with opposite gloved hand and peel off. Hold the removed glove in the gloved and and peel off the remaining glove, whilst ensuring the first glove is still held and taking care not to touch the outer surface. Dispose of glove in clinical waste bin/bag. Perform hand hygiene. Aprons – removing

Aprons must always be changed after care or completed activity with each client. Break the ties, pull apron away from neck and...

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...﻿Infection Control
What causes people to get sick? How is disease spread from one person to another person? What can be done to stop the spread of infection and disease?
As a health care worker, it is important to know the answers to these questions. When you understand what causes infection, you can learn how to prevent it. Infection control is a set of practices and procedures that will help to prevent the transmission of disease within a health care facility.
Infectious and Communicable Diseases
Diseases can be classified according to whether or not they can be transmitted from one person to another person. An infectious disease results from an invasion of microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. A communicable disease is a type of infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another person.
Not all infectious diseases are communicable. For example, Lyme disease is caused by bacteria, but it cannot be transmitted from person to person. Hepatitis B, on the other hand, is caused by a virus. The hepatitis B virus can be passed from person to person if exposure to blood or bodily fluids occurs.
One of the goals of infection control is to prevent the transmission of these communicable diseases.
Transmission of Communicable Diseases
Not all communicable diseases are transmitted the same way. Some communicable diseases are spread through direct contact. Examples of direct contact are...

...Infection, as defined by Encyclopedia Britannica (2011), is the invasion and multiplication of different pathogenic microorganisms in the body-such as fungi, bacteria and viruses- the body’s reaction to it and the defense mechanisms it activates to counter these pathogens or the toxins they produce. Infections can range from simple to complex ones that can be fatal or debilitating, but because of the continuous researches and studies to protect the human race, antibiotics were discovered. Antibiotics inhibit the release of toxins of these microorganisms or simply fight against them to eliminate the harmful effects they bring about. Luckily, before one can resort to the use of antibiotics that can also have side effects on the body, there are six components that must be established, and can be interrupted, before an infection can occur. That is what we call the chain of infection. The six components include a pathogen, a reservoir of infection, a portal of exit, a mode of transmission, a portal of entry and finally, a susceptible host.
For an infection to occur, the most important factor would be the pathogen. There are various infective agents being battled every single day. These pathogens continue to grow, multiply and evolve as humans also continue to find a way to avert their emergence and contend against their harmful effects. One of them is Staphylococcus aureus. “Staph”, as it...

...UNIT 4222-265 Causes and Spread of infection (ICO2)
1)
Infections are the result of the body’s inability to fight off microorganisms that can cause damage or disease if they are left untreated. They can be viral or bacterial in nature and might be caused by a fungus or parasite. There are many common types and there are some rare ones which all have varying causes and treatments. Common bacterial infections include strep throat, urinary tractinfections and E. coli; the different types are caused by many different types of bacteria. Infections are caused by micro-organisms which are known as pathogens, there are three sources of pathogens;
• Within a person’s body- called endogenous
• From other people through touching, coughs or sneezes called exogenous
• From contaminated equipment or elements such as dust or water known as environmental.
Viral infections are different than bacterial because they are caused by viruses which are smaller than a bacterium or fungus. When a virus infects healthy cells it prevents the cells from doing their job and causes sickness. Viruses infect a specific type of cell which causes viral infections to affect certain parts of the body. A cold is the most common type and generally affects the upper respiratory tract. Influenza is another common infection but symptoms can affect the entire body....

...The Principles of infection and prevention and control
Employee’s rights and responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to follow company policies and procedures; keep themselves safe and others, report any hazards which could lead to infection, attend relevant courses, use the PPE provided, keeping the work environment clean and tidy and to maintain good personal hygiene
Employers responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to keep everybody safe and to provide a safe work place, they do this by following current legislation such as,
The health and safety at work act 1974,
There is a great deal of law that care workers need to comply with to ensure that they deliver the best possible care to their service users, including:
• Health and safety at work act 1974
• Management of health and safety at work (amended 1999)
• Control of substances Hazardous to health - COSHH regulations - RIDDOR 1995
• The public Health (control of diseases ) Act 1988
• The Food Hygiene Regulations 2006
• The Environment Protection ( Duty of Care ) Regulations 1991
• Health Protection Agency Act2004
• Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005
• The Health and Social care Act 2008
• Code of practice for health and adult social care on the prevention and control of infections and related guidance.
The duty of employer is to ensure as far as...

...The causes of infection.
Diseases can be classified as genetic, metabolic, or infectious. Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that use our body as a host for reproduction and cause illness.
Bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
These are all microorganisms which cause infection, yet they are all different in structure, required environment and conditions needed to thrive and multiply.
Bacteria is a single celled organism. It’s shape and size can vary greatly from one type of bacteria to another, but its general structure is that of a simple cellular one with a nucleus that lacks a membrane.They can thrive in almost any environment and can be found within almost any substance/surface, also within the human body. However, it is thought that only about 7% of all bacteria is actually harmful and cause diseases. These are called “pathogenic” bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria cause illness as they rapidly reproduce and produce a toxin that kills or mutilates cells. Bacteria is self sufficient, meaning that it does not rely upon other organisms to survive. Antibiotics, like penicillin, are substances that are toxic to the bacteria, but relatively harmless to people. They have been very useful in combating disease, but their increased use has produced antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which is now largely recognised as an area of concern in the health profession. One bacteria, MRSA, is responsible for many serious...

...two, which is called a binary fission. Because of this they can increase in number rapidly. The majority are harmless, but some can be pathogenic which results in bacterial infection occuring. Bacterial infections can be treated by using antibiotics. Bacteria can evolve a resistance to antibiotic e.g. MRSA. Some diseases caused by bacteria include tuberculosis, pneumonia, salmonella, tetanus and syphilis.
Viruses - are extremely small particles made from protein and either DNA or RNA. They are not made up of cells instead they invade the living cells of other organisms and use them to produce many copies of themselves. Viruses are smaller than bacteria and are enclosed in protective coating. This makes it more difficult to kill them. Antibiotics do not kill viruses. Some diseases caused by viruses include common cold, influenza, AIDS, chickenpox and shingles.
Fungi unlike bacteria may consist of more than one cell. Most of them are invisible to the naked eye, but sometimes they can grow to the size as large enough to be noticed. Many fungi multiply and spread by producing tiny spores that are carried in the air. Sometimes they multiply by splitting themselves in two like bacteria. They thrive in warm and moist areas of the body. They are treated using antifungal medications. Some infection caused by fungi include trush, ringworm and athlete's foot.
Parasites are dependent on the host for their...

...spread of infection:
1. Explain own role in supporting others to follow practices that reduce the spread of infection:
After child immunization, hand washing is the single most effective way of preventing the spread of infections, including diarrhea bugs, colds, the flu virus and so called 'superbugs' such as MRSA and Clostridium Difficile.
Hand washing is important, not only in the hospital environment but in everyday life. Children should be made aware of the importance and benefits of washing hands properly in order to ensure that it becomes a life-long habit. It is never too early to teach and encourage them to wash their hands properly.
Hand washing reduces the spread of infection, maintains hygiene and prevents contamination of food and surfaces. Effective hand washing is one of the cheapest, simplest and most effective ways of preventing the spread of infections.
Washing your hands regularly with soap and warm water can help protect you, your family, children and others.
My own role involves supporting others in following practices that reduce spread of infection. This could include colleagues, new staff members and residents.
Following infection control procedures I will ensure my conducts show examples of the right procedures. This would include the wearing of gloves and aprons, washing hands and the disposal of bodily wastes appropriately. When using...

...
Infection Prevention and Control
Kathleen E. Haertel,
Analysis of Nursing Research / Nur 518
April1, 2012
Mrs. Susan Steele- Moses
Abstract
Florence Nightingale was the first person to initiate the concept of infection prevention and control in Healthcare. Although she had no understanding about the science of asepsis, the research she did on the sanitary problems of the hospitals made her an unyielding advocate of pure water, pure air, cleanliness, efficient system of drainage, and light. A number of Nightingale’s writings explained the rancid situation she witnessed in various hospitals. She once stated, “It may seem a strange principle to enunciate as the very first requirement in a hospital that it should do the sick no harm” (health.nv.gov).
Discussion
In clinical practice, nurses can exercise infection prevention and control by meeting the standard statements which serves as guidelines.
To be more specific, let us consider the case of a nurse who not only practices in the hospital but also visits her clients at their home for providing them service.
A part from the hospital, she also practices the infection prevention and control even when she visits her clients at their homes. One of her client has an open wound on her abdomen, which usually drains. She took a sample for doing culture of her wound, which revealed that a methicillin resistant microorganism staphylococcus aureus...