Gemstone Jewelry

The Designer

All our jewelry is one of a kind and is designed by our in house
Designer Sheelagh Zagoritis. Her clean unique designs have been
purchased by celebrities and even royalty with the Queen of
Norway being a fan.

Certification & Reports

Description

Kenya produces some of the world's finest Color Change Garnet with a proper color change, unlike most in the market which just exhibit a color shift between 2 shades. This article explores the source and discovery of these amazing gems : https://www.theraregemstonecompany.com/gemology-articles/color-change-garnet-from-kenya

A rare collector's gem in no uncertain terms. A classic Alexandrite mimic, exhibiting a strong change from green in daylight to raspberry red under incandescent. Most color change stones (Alexandrite included) really only exhibit a color shift between 2 shades of the same color and proper, full changes are rare.

Details

This rare gemstone is unique and has been selected by our professional gemologists directly from the mouth of the mine.

Clarity Survey: Flawless except for some low relief needles crossing at 45 degrees - classic signature of a natural. Only vivsible with microscope.

Treatments: None

Gem Dimensions: 7.22 x 5.82 x 5.06 mm

Gemologists Remarks: Strong color change - unusual in Garnet.

From the mouth of the mine to you

This rare, beautiful gemstone has experienced a unique journey from the wilds of Africa to its eventual owner. We catalog this journey from the mouth of the mine to the far reaches of the earth where it finds it way into the hands of its eventual owner.

See What Our Customers Are Saying

HD VIDEO taken in Natural North Daylight (approx 5500 Kelvin). This movie has been professionally videoed and is of the actual piece represented.
We do not use stock videos.

Micro Laser Inscription

This gemstone has been laser inscribed for security purposes using the latest micro laser technology. The image above is the actual inscription on this gemstone photographed with a specialized micro camera at 45 x. the inscription corresponds with the certificate report number on the accompanying lgl certificate.

custom inscription : we can also do personalized inscriptions. contact the gemologist in charge of your account with the inscription you would like and we will custom engrave the gem for you.

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We use special 360 degree technology to allow you to really examine the piece in an unprecedented way. Use your cursor to turn the piece as you wish.

Color

4 The top pedigree color most highly prized in this gem type.

3.5 A color rarely seen in this gem type and considered just shy of top pedigree.

3 A color found in the top 10% of gems of this type

2.5 A color found in the top 30% of gems of this type

2 A color found in the top 50% of gems of this type.

1.5 Generally colors considered too dark or too light to be in the optimum 50%

1 A color considered within the commercial spectrum for this type.

Color is the main indicator of value in gemstones. Where as with white diamonds, the less color the more valuable, with colored stones the more vivid pure and bright a color is, the more it is valued. What are we looking for in terms of color? The variations are certainly endless, however a general consensus has been reached that the combination of saturation and intensity in a wide spectrum of hues comprises the top of the gem collectors color pyramid.

Having said that, it is important not to take for granted the lush world of pastels and soft tones that grace our eyes with their gentle caress. Color is certainly a matter of taste. While color remains a subjective "eyes of the beholder" sensation, we assign a rating based on desirability within each gem type. This desirability has its roots in both the trade and in the general marketplace and what is perceived as most desireable in both.

CLARITY

Faceted

4Flawless or very nearly flawless. Would be difficult to see any inclusions without professional help or equipment. A clarity of VVS for all Types of gems.

3.5Extremely clean and requires a loupe, microscope to see very minor and very few incusions. Generally VVS Type 3 and 2 gems and top end VS or low end VVS Type 1 stones.

3No surface touching inclusions and no inclusions apparent to the naked eye. Generally, VVS Type 3 gems, top end VS Type 2 stones and low end VS or top end SI1 Type 1 stones.

2This type is more clean than included though one can easily discern the inclusions with the naked eye. Generally, VS Type 3 stones, low end VS or top end SI1 Type 2 stones and low end SI2 or I1 Type 1 stones.

1.5Moderately included with a number of inclusions easily seen with the naked eye. Generally, VS to SI1 Type 3 stones, SI2 to I1 Type 2 stones and I2 to I3 Type 1 stones

1Moderately included with a number of inclusions found on the table of the gem. Generally SI1 to SI2 Type 3 stones, I1 to I2 Type 2 stones and commercial quality Type 1 stones.

Cabochon

4Extremely clean. A loupe or microscope required to see small numbers of inclusions of low relief.

3.5Eye clean. However, a bright, direct light will reveal a small number of moderate inclusions.

3More clean than it is included but inclusions can easily be seen with the naked eye.

2.5Moderately included with a number of inclusions seen within the body of the gem.

2Moderately included. Some inclusions touching the surface and easily seen from the face of the gem

1.5Highly included with a number of inclusions touching the surface very visible face up.

1Highly Included

Something to remember about gems in general but particularly colored gems is that clean material is very difficult to find. The formation processes of many gems are so extreme that it it crushes the crystals leaving them small and included. Tsavorite is a classic case of this, and it is very hard indeed to find larger clean pieces. It generally takes several hundred million years for most species of colored gem to form and during that time, the pressure and heat must remain constant for the gems to form. The chances of this happening are slim already but the chances of it happening whilst the surrounding environment remains constant too in terms of the rock not folding to a level that damages the growing crystals or the chemical environment altering is even slimmer. So when it does happen and a clean, pure colored gem is formed it is unusual and truly a gift of nature. Hence, most colored gems do contain inclusions and experts are very aware of the rarity of clean material. Thus, given the overall scarcity of gem material, dealers tend to underplay the clarity factor. In contrast with the world of diamonds experienced colored stone dealers will rarely use loupes to a great extent. The focus is far more directed at the color and brilliance of a gem. Nevertheless, clarity does play a role and certainly a very included gem's appearance and brilliance will be negatively affected. It is thus considered an important value factor but it comes in a far second place to color and does not impact the value system of colored gems to the extent it does with Diamonds.

Rarity

4 Exceptionally rare. A true gift of nature and one of few in the world.

3.5 Extremely difficult to come by.

3 Very rarely seen in the market.

2.5 Quite rare within it's gem type.

2 More commonly seen but not regularly found.

1.5 This type may be seen fairly regularly

1 Abundant

Rarity is one of the key facets of a gem's value. Why for example, is Amethyst cheaper than Tanzanite? Why is Gold valued so highly? Gems fall very much into the demand-supply of market forces and gems that are highly sought after for their enduring beauty and mystery whilst being hard to come by, command a higher price. Hence, rarity is a key area to consider when buying gems and especially when looking to assemble a collection or buying for investment. The grades above reflect a broad market view of the relative rarity of different gems.

CCGNT001 MINING & GEOLOGY

Mining Location

Wundanyi, Tsavo, Kenya
Coordinates: -3.3977110,38.3593790

How did this Gem Form?

In the rugged, wild Taita hills of Kenya, whilst digging a pit latrine in early January 2009, a ranch hand came across some unusual looking stones just a few feet below the surface. Those curiosities turned out to be color-change garnet.

What followed is the classic tale of mining rushes. Hundreds of small-scale miners descended upon the area from nearby mines and started producing material - the very best of which rivals the finest from Madagascar - changing from a teal (blue-green) in fluorescent light to pinkish-purplish-red in incandescent light.

This amazing gift of nature, is a result of hundreds of millions of years of formation in what gemologists term contact metamorphism in the great Mwatate Rock Formation. The mineralization of garnet is not regular within this formation and fine crystals are very rare with garnet recovery only on one horizon of the quartz gneisses in which it is located.

This extremely fine piece was one such rare crystal recovered in the recent mining rush. It found its way to The Rare Gemstone Company in the nearby capital city of Nairobi where it was cut by our master cutters into the spectacular gemstone you see today.

View Certificate

This is the actual Laser-Certificate for this
gemstone and will be shipped with the stone.

Learn About Certificate

Move your mouse over the different elements of this certificate to read more information.

PHOTOGRAPHY

The light source used in gem photography can affect the way a gemstone appears. LGL uses the standard light for colored gemstone and Diamond grading which is the North Daylight standard (approximately 6500 kelvin)

Image is not to scale

MICRO LASER INSCRIPTION

LGL uses the latest micro laser technology to laser inscribe the certification serial number onto the girdle of each gemstone certified. This is a recognized security feature for Diamonds and colored gemstones in today’s market.

This image is an actual photograph of the laser inscription on this particular gemstone. Photography is done using a microscope camera at 45 x magnification to render the image.

MINERAL SPECIES

We will address the categories of Gemstone Variety and Species together. All gemstones have a scientific nomenclature allocated to them. Gemologists refer to gemstones using this nomenclature.

A gemstone first belongs to a Species in the gem kingdom, just as different animals and insects do in the animal kingdom, then they have a variety name allocated to them within that species.

For example, Tanzanite belongs to the species Zoisite, Ruby and Sapphire to the Species Corundum, Aquamarine to the species Beryl and so on.

Within each species, each different stone has a variety name allocated to it. So in the examples above, Tanzanite is the blue variety of the species Zoisite, Ruby is the red variety of the species Corundum whilst Sapphire is the blue variety of the species Corundum. Aquamarine is the blue variety of the species Beryl whilst Emerald is the green variety of the species Beryl.

When testing gems, each species has clearly defined physical and chemical characteristics which gemologists can identify using gemological equipment. These clearly and positively identify a particular gemstone as a member of its particular species.

MINERAL VARIETY

We will address the categories of Gemstone Variety and Species together. All gemstones have a scientific nomenclature allocated to them. Gemologists refer to gemstones using this nomenclature.

A gemstone first belongs to a Species in the gem kingdom, just as different animals and insects do in the animal kingdom, then they have a variety name allocated to them within that species.

For example, Tanzanite belongs to the species Zoisite, Ruby and Sapphire to the Species Corundum, Aquamarine to the species Beryl and so on.

Within each species, each different stone has a variety name allocated to it. So in the examples above, Tanzanite is the blue variety of the species Zoisite, Ruby is the red variety of the species Corundum whilst Sapphire is the blue variety of the species Corundum. Aqumarine is the blue variety of the species Beryl whilst Emerald is the green variety of the species Beryl.

When testing gems, each species has clearly defined physical and chemical characteristics which gemologists can identify using gemological equipment. These clearly and positively identify a particular gemstone as a member of its particular species.

CARAT WEIGHT

Weight in gems is measured in carat. One carat is equal to 1/5th of a gram and the term is derived from the early days of gem trading when the seeds of the Carab tree were used as counter measures to weigh gems as carab seeds are always uniform in weight. Not to be confused with "karat" which is a ratio and a term used to refer to gold.

The carat weight of a gemstone is one of the 4 C’s and hence an important value indicator in its own right. Generally speaking, the higher the carat weight the rarer the gemstone as it exponentially more difficult to come by clean, top color large gem crystals than it is small ones. That is why, with most gems, you will see an increase in price per carat as the carat weight increases in the same quality bracket. Notable examples are Tsavorite, which is very rarely found in high qualities in sizes above 2 carat, hence per carat prices leap more steeply than with many other colored gemstones.

MEASUREMENTS

These are the measurements of a gem usually taken in millimetres. They are stated with length first, width second and depth third. Our gems are measured using a digital guage for extreme accuracy.

SHAPE

This refers to the actual shape or cut of the gemstone. Generally speaking, no one particular shape is considered more valuable than another as gems are cut into the shape that their rough state best dictates in order to retain the most weight in the cutting process. However, occasionally, some sellers will sell more wasteful cuts such as trillions at a premium. We do not subscribe to this practice and all shapes are priced on a par. The exception to the rule is matched pairs. Usually in order to cut a matched pair weight is deliberately lost in order to bring both stones to the same dimensions. This is why matched pairs generally command a 20% premium in the marketplace.

CUTTING STYLE

There are 2 basic cutting styles - brilliants and step cuts. Brilliants use a variety of facet arrangements on both the table and pavilion to create brilliance. The classic brilliant use less and larger facets than the more modern cuts which are known as "modified brilliants" which use a larger number of smaller facets to create more internal reflection and brilliance,

Step cuts are more simple cuts utilizing a series of long facets in a series of "steps" on the table and pavilion.

Whether a gemstone is cut as a step cut or a brilliant cut does not affect the quality or value of a stone in any way. The quality of the cut itself in terms of symmetry, angles, dimensions, length to width ratios and balance are responsible for this. The cutting style itself is of no consequence as it purely a matter of personal preference.

REFRACTIVE INDEX

All minerals reflect light to a different degree. When light enters a gem from some other medium it normally changes its speed and direction of travel. This is refraction. To express the magnitude of the change gemologists use refractive index which is how many times as fast light travels in air as it does in the gem.

Tanzanite for example has an RI of 1.69 which means light travels 1.69 times faster in air as it does in Tanzanite. The slower light moves through a gem the higher the gem’s RI. The refractive index of a gem is measured by gemologists using a Refractometer and RI liquid and is considered to be the most constant and reliable gem property a gemologist can test.

The refractive index of a gemstone isn’t just an identification signature, it also affects the angles at which it is cut/faceted as it is instrumental in calculating the optimal angles for light reflection within a cut stone.

PLEOCHROISM

Crystals will have optical properties that vary with the direction of light. The polarization of light determines the direction of the electric field, and crystals will respond in different ways if this angle is changed. These kinds of crystals have one or two optical axes. If absorption of light varies with the angle relative to the optical axis in a crystal then pleochroism results. Anisotropic crystals have double refraction of light where light of different polarizations is bent different amounts by the crystal, and therefore follows different paths through the crystal. The components of a divided light beam follow different paths within the mineral and travel at different speeds. When the mineral is observed at some angle, light following some combination of paths and polarizations will be present, each of which will have had light of different colors absorbed. At another angle, the light passing through the crystal will be composed of another combination of light paths and polarizations, each with their own color. The light passing through the mineral will therefore have different colors when it is viewed from different angles, making the stone seem to be of different colors.

Tetragonal, Trigonal and Hexagonal minerals can only show two colors and are called Dichroic. Othorhombic, Diclinic and Triclinic crystals can show three and are trichroic. A good example is Tanzanite which can have red, blue or violet appearance when oriented in three different ways in three dimensional space.

Isometric minerals such as garnets, cannot exhibit pleochroism and are Singly Refractive meaning that they have only have single refraction of light.

GRADING SYSTEM

LGL employs the Gemological Institute of America Colored Stone Grading System. This is generally considered to be the most widely accepted system of grading colored stones and the most advanced.

GIA COLOR GRADE

Color is the main indicator of value in colored gemstones and is the most important of the 4C’s. The GIA has a sophisticated color grading system which is the most advanced and only non subjective system yet developed. The GIA Color Grading system describes color in terms of 3 dimensions — Hue, Tone and Saturation.

HUE is the basic impression of color that we notice immediately. A gem usually has several hues in it and hence it is given a dominant hue and a modifying hue. The vB you see in this example stands for a modifying hue of blue and a dominant hue of violet. Thus the stone is a violetish Blue.

TONE is the lightness of darkness of a color sensation. The GIA divides tone into 11 steps from colorless or white through increasingly darker grays to black. The GIA uses 7 of these steps in grading tone in transparent colored stones.

very light (hue)

light (hue)

medium light (hue)

medium (hue)

medium dark (hue)

dark (hue)

very dark (hue)

The optimum range with most gemstones is 4—7 where the stone is neither too light or too dark.

SATURATION is the strength, purity or intensity of the hue. It is assessed on a 7 level scale (0 through 6)

brownish/grayish (hue)

slightly brownish/grayish (hue)

very slightly brownish/grayish (hue)

moderately strong (hue)

strong (hue)

vivid (hue)

As color can be the most complicated and difficult to understand of the GIA grades, we have developed a set of charts which will help you better understand tones and saturations as they apply to a particular gem type:

GIA CLARITY GRADE

Gems are graded under 10x magnification. The GIA clarity grades are VVS / VS / SI1 / SI2 / I1-3 / Dcl. Colored stones are not graded by the GIA as flawless or internally flawless, even if they are. This is because a rigid definition of the flawless grade for diamond grading has become established in the trade bolstered by clear FTC guidelines and the vast majority of colored stones simply cannot measure up to these strict definitions for the highest grades of Diamonds. In Type 1, a colored stone that would grade flawless in the diamond sense may sometimes be found perhaps in Aquamarine or Tanzanite but very unusual as virtually any minute inclusion or blemish would disqualify it. Diamonds are graded much more strictly than colored stones as they are harder.

GIA grades are applied to each of the 3 gem types differently (to understand what constitutes a gem type click on the "Clarity Type" category on the certificate.

GIA Clarity Grades as applied to Type 1 Gemstones:

VVS : Characterized by minute inclusions which are difficult to see under 10x and invisible to the unaided eye. Even under a 10x a VVS stone might appear to be flawless. Typical inclusions may be pinpoints, very fine needles.

VS : Characterized by minor inclusions which are somewhat easy to see under 10x but usually invisible to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions might be small included crystals, liquid inclusions, numerous fine needles, small fingerprints

SI1-SI2 – Characterized by noticeable inclusions which are apparent under 10x and in SI1 usually visible and SI2 quite visible to the unaided eye. Inclusions normally have low relief. Typical inclusions may be included crystals, large fingerprints, chips, feathers, dens clouds.

I 1-3 – Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability or both. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye and there amy be noticeable loss of transparency.

Dcl – Declasse – Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack beauty and durability.

GIA Clarity Grades as applied to Type 2 Gemstones:

VVS : Characterized by minor inclusions which are somewhat easy to see under 10x but usually invisible to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions might be small included crystals, liquid inclusions, numerous fine needles, small fingerprints

VS : Characterized by noticeable inclusions of moderate size, which are easy to see under 10x and sometimes visible to the unaided eye. They are still non damaging. Typical inclusions are liquid inclusions, fingerprints small chips, small feathers, clouds.

SI1-SI2 – Characterized by obvious inclusions which are large and/or numerous under 10x and in SI1 apparant and SI2 very apparent to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions may be large included crystals, large chips, feathers, dense clouds.

I 1-3 – Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability or both. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye and there amy be noticeable loss of transparency.

Dcl – Declasse – Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack beauty and durability

GIA Clarity Grades as applied to Type 3 Gemstones:

VVS : Characterized by noticeable inclusions which are easy to see under 10x but usually invisible to the unaided eye. They are still non damaging. Typical inclusions are small included crystals, liquid inclusions, fine needles, small feathers, clouds.

VS : Characterized by obvious inclusions which are very easy to see under 10x but and often visible to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions are small included crystals, liquid inclusions, chips, fine needles, small feathers, clouds.

SI1-SI2 – Characterized by prominent inclusions which are large and numerous under 10x and in SI1 apparant and SI2 very apparent to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions may be easily visible but not extensive feathers and dense clouds.

I 1-3 – Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability or both. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye and there amy be noticeable loss of transparency.

Dcl – Declasse – Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack beauty and durability

This article in our Article Center goes into some depth on Tanzanite clarity:

GIA CLARITY TYPE

The GIA grades clarity in transparent, faceted colored stones using a series of definitions which state the typical inclusions and their appearance in each grade. The typical clarity of a given kind of colored stone depends largely on its mode of formation. Different gems can be very different in typical occurrence and they clearly cannot be graded in exactly the same way. The ground rules have to be slightly different. Some colored stones like Aquamarine and Tanzanite are expected to be relatively free of inclusions. Others like Ruby and Tsavorite are acceptable with minor inclusions. And some like emerald, may have numerous inclusions or inclusions very obvious to the unaided eye and still be desireable. To clarity grade emeralds on the same scale as Aquamarines would almost automatically put all Emeralds in the lowest clarity grade. To balance fairness and workability, the GIA divides all transparent colored stones into 3 broad categories or Clarity Types. Each Type is based on the inclusions generally expected to be seen in stones in the market.

TYPE 3 – Stones that are almost always included. Include Emerald, Red Tourmaline

There is a subtly different set of clarity grade definitions for each type

TREATMENTS

Gem treatment might be defined as any human controlled process that improves the appearance, durability or value of a gem. Treatments can be divided into a few basic categories – temperature, irradiation, chemicals or surface modification. Using high temperature to change the appearance of a gem is known as heat treatment and is one of the oldest and most common treatments dating back to 2000BC. Several gem types are routinely heated in the trade and the treatment is accepted as permanent and stable. For gems such as Tanzanite and Aquamarine, the treatment is applied to virtually 99.9% of all production and is considered normal. In fact, most Tanzanite is mined partially heated in the ground anyway.

See these articles in our Article Center for more in depth information on this :

ORIGINS

This refers to the gem’s origin. In some cases, as with Paraiba Tourmaline, Burmese Ruby, Kashmir Sapphire, the stone’s origin can mean a premium price. Mostly, however, this is not the case and gems are graded, sold and admired on their own merit. Origin is an important category on a gem certificate though as it basically refers to its "place of birth".

SECURITY FEATURES

Barcode - Each gemstone certified has a unique barcode.

SECURITY FEATURES

Official Hologram. This is a tamper proof hologram security feature. Attempts to remove it will denature the hologram rendering it useless.

SEND A HINT

Drop a Hint

We heard that this is at the top of _______________'s wish list this year and we thought you'd want to know. Just a little hint from your friends at The Rare Gemstone Company.

View Report

This is the actual Mining & Geology Report for this gemstone and will be shipped with the stone.

Appraisal Terms & Conditions

Appraisal and Function of Appraisal Qualifying Factors

This appraisal is provided and supplied subject to understanding of the following:

A. This appraisal has been prepared by a GIA Graduate Gemologist using specialist Appraisal Software. This software employs the following:

Downloaded current gemstone prices gathered by a reputable price index of the US market this quarter.

Most commonly used jeweler markup ratios in the US market to ascertain fair market value for the appraisal function.

B. The function of this appraisal is “Retail Replacement Value”. Due to the nature of a free market this value can differ widely depending on the market conditions and the positioning of the selling establishment in the marketplace. Hence this value is not inherently guaranteed but is a fair average of prices seen in the retail marketplace this quarter. Actual prices in the marketplace may differ or be far higher depending on the selling establishment.

C. We estimate the value as listed for insurance and/or other purposes. In making this appraisal we do not agree to purchase or replace this article.The appraisal is made and accepted upon the express understanding that no liability or responsibility is incurred by the appraisor.

This appraisal is a certified document which is useable for insurance purposes.

This Grading Report is not a valuation or appraisal and contains only the characteristics of the gemstone(s) described herin after it has been tested, examined and analyzed by a GIA Graduate Gemologist in accordance with the GIA Grading System. Examination methodology on back.

This Grading Report is not a valuation or appraisal and contains only the characteristics of the gemstone(s) described herin after it has been tested, examined and analyzed by a GIA Graduate Gemologist in accordance with the GIA Grading System. Examination methodology on back.

Virtual Learning Center

Learn about the Gem Grading Certificate

All our gemstones are thoroughly examined, tested and graded by a GIA Graduate Gemologist and a full photo-certificate issued. A sample certificate appears on the left. It contains all the GIA grades and information about a particular gemstone. The certificate’s integrity is protected with several security features including a tamper proof hologram and bar code.Our gemologists use a plethora of techniques and equipment available to them. These include magnification with GIA Microscope with darkfield lighting and Zeiss lens, Electronic carat balance, Spectroscope, Refractometer, Polariscope, Dichroscope, Specific Gravity Immersion Liquids, Ultraviolet lamps, Chelsea filter, Digital guage.
This virtual learning center has been designed to help you learn about the different grades and terminology on the certificate. Simply click on any of the grades, terms or icons on the certificate and a full, detailed description will appear below.
If you have an older version of our certificate click here

You have selected to learn about
Utilizing the Gemological Institute of America Grading system

Due to the fact that our gemologists were trained at the GIA in the US, we use the GIA grading system. The GIA system is the only recognized universally used grading system for colored stones based on a scientific approach, thereby removing the subjectivity often encountered on the internet with color grades particularly.

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ICA Member

We are a full member of the ICA (International Colored Gemstone Association) which is the largest and only worldwide body of its kind. It is a strict proponent of a stringent code of ethics to which we strongly abide. Click here to learn more

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Gemstone ID Number

This particular gem’s ID number. It corresponds with the market based appraisal which accompanies the stone and the Personalized History and Ownership Report which becomes available in the online membership account of clients who purchase gemstones from us.

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Barcode

One of the security features on the certificate.

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Gemstone Species and Variety

We will address the categories of Gemstone Variety and Species together. All gemstones have a scientific nomenclature allocated to them. Gemologists refer to gemstones using this nomenclature. A gemstone first belongs to a Species in the gem kingdom, just as different animals and insects do in the animal kingdom, then they have a variety name allocated to them within that species. For example, Tanzanite belongs to the species Zoisite, Ruby and Sapphire to the Species Corundum, Aquamarine to the species Beryl and so on. Within each species, each different stone has a variety name allocated to it. So in the examples above, Tanzanite is the blue variety of the species Zoisite, Ruby is the red variety of the species Corundum whilst Sapphire is the blue variety of the species Corundum. Aqumarine is the blue variety of the species Beryl whilst Emerald is the green variety of the species Beryl. When testing gems, each species has clearly defined physical and chemical characteristics which gemologists can identify using gemological equipment. These clearly and positively identify a particular gemstone as a member of its particular species.

You have selected to learn about
Gemstone Species and Variety

We will address the categories of Gemstone Variety and Species together. All gemstones have a scientific nomenclature allocated to them. Gemologists refer to gemstones using this nomenclature. A gemstone first belongs to a Species in the gem kingdom, just as different animals and insects do in the animal kingdom, then they have a variety name allocated to them within that species. For example, Tanzanite belongs to the species Zoisite, Ruby and Sapphire to the Species Corundum, Aquamarine to the species Beryl and so on. Within each species, each different stone has a variety name allocated to it. So in the examples above, Tanzanite is the blue variety of the species Zoisite, Ruby is the red variety of the species Corundum whilst Sapphire is the blue variety of the species Corundum. Aqumarine is the blue variety of the species Beryl whilst Emerald is the green variety of the species Beryl. When testing gems, each species has clearly defined physical and chemical characteristics which gemologists can identify using gemological equipment. These clearly and positively identify a particular gemstone as a member of its particular species.

You have selected to learn about
Refractive Index

All minerals reflect light to a different degree. When light enters a gem from some other medium it normally changes its speed and direction of travel. This is refraction. To express the magnitude of the change gemologists use refractive index which is how many times as fast light travels in air as it does in the gem. Tanzanite for example has an RI of 1.69 which means light travels 1.69 times faster in air as it does in Tanzanite. The slower light moves through a gem the higher the gem’s RI. The refractive index of a gem is measured by gemologists using a Refractometer and RI liquid and is considered to be the most constant and reliable gem property a gemologist can test which is why it is included on the certificate.

You have selected to learn about
Treatments

Gem treatment might be defined as any human controlled process that improves the appearance, durability or value of a gem. Treatments can be divided into a few basic categories – temperature, irradiation, chemicals or surface modification. Using high temperature to change the appearance of a gem is known as heat treatment and is one of the oldest and most common treatments dating back to 2000BC. Several gem types are routinely heated in the trade and the treatment is accepted as permanent and stable. For gems such as Tanzanite and Aquamarine, the treatment is applied to virtually 99.9% of all production and is considered normal.

You have selected to learn about
Origins

This refers to the gem’s origin. In some cases, as with Paraiba Tourmaline, Burmese Ruby, Kashmir Sapphire, the stone’s origin can mean a premium price. Mostly, however, this is not the case and gems are graded, sold and admired on their own merit. Origin is an important category on a gem certificate though as it basically refers to its "place of birth".

You have selected to learn about
Dimensions

These are the measurements of a gem usually taken in millimetres. They are stated with length first, width second and depth third. Our gems are measured using a digital guage for extreme accuracy.

You have selected to learn about
Weight

Weight in gems is measured in carat. One carat is equal to 1/5th of a gram and the term is derived from the early days of gem trading when the seeds of the Carab tree were used as counter measures to weigh gems as carab seeds are always uniform in weight. Not to be confused with “karat” which is a ratio and a term used to refer to gold.

The carat weight of a gemstone is one of the 4 C’s and hence an important value indicator in its own right. Generally speaking, the higher the carat weight the rarer the gemstone as it exponentially more difficult to come by clean, top color large gem crystals than it is small ones. That is why, with most gems, you will see an increase in price per carat as the carat weight increases in the same quality bracket. Notable examples are Tsavorite, which is very rarely found in high qualities in sizes above 2 carat, hence per carat prices leap more steeply than with many other colored gemstones.

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Shape

This refers to the shape or cut of the gemstone. Generally speaking, no one particular shape is considered more valuable than another as gems are cut into the shape that their rough state best dictates in order to retain the most weight in the cutting process. However, occasionally, some sellers will sell more wasteful cuts such as trillions at a premium. We do not subscribe to this practice and all shapes are priced on a par. The exception to the rule is matched pairs. Usually in order to cut a matched pair weight is deliberately lost in order to bring both stones to the same dimensions. This is why matched pairs generally command a 20% premium in the marketplace.

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Clarity Type

The GIA grades clarity in transparent, faceted colored stones using a series of definitions which state the typical inclusions and their appearance in each grade. The typical clarity of a given kind of colored stone depends largely on its mode of formation. Different gems can be very different in typical occurrence and they clearly cannot be graded in exactly the same way. The ground rules have to be slightly different. Some colored stones like Aquamarine and Tanzanite are expected to be relatively free of inclusions. Others like Ruby and Tsavorite are acceptable with minor inclusions. And some like emerald, may have numerous inclusions or inclusions very obvious to the unaided eye and still be desireable. To clarity grade emeralds on the same scale as Aquamarines would almost automatically put all Emeralds in the lowest clarity grade. To balance fairness and workability, the GIA divides all transparent colored stones into 3 broad categories or Clarity Types. Each Type is based on the inclusions generally expected to be seen in stones in the market.

TYPE 1 - Stones that are often virtually inclusion free. Include Aquamarine, Tanzanite, Topaz
TYPE 2 – Stones that usually contain inclusions. Include Ruby, Sapphire, All Garnets, Spinel, Tourmaline
TYPE 3 – Stones that are almost always included. Include Emerald, Red Tourmaline
There is a subtly different set of clarity grade definitions for each type

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Clarity Grade

Gems are graded under 10x magnification. The GIA clarity grades are VVS / VS / SI1 / SI2 / I1-3 / Dcl. Colored stones are not graded by the GIA as flawless or internally flawless, even if they are. This is because a rigid definition of the flawless grade for diamond grading has become established in the trade bolstered by clear FTC guidelines and the vast majority of colored stones simply cannot measure up to these strict definitions for the highest grades of Diamonds. In Type 1, a colored stone that would grade flawless in the diamond sense may sometimes be found perhaps in Aquamarine or Tanzanite but very unusual as virtually any minute inclusion or blemish would disqualify it. Diamonds are graded much more strictly than colored stones as they are harder.

GIA grades are applied to each of the 3 gem types differently (to understand what constitutes a gem type click on the "Clarity Type" category on the certificate.

GIA Clarity Grades as applied to Type 1 Gemstones:

VVS : Characterized by minute inclusions which are difficult to see under 10x and invisible to the unaided eye. Even under a 10x a VVS stone might appear to be flawless. Typical inclusions may be pinpoints, very fine needles.

VS : Characterized by minor inclusions which are somewhat easy to see under 10x but usually invisible to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions might be small included crystals, liquid inclusions, numerous fine needles, small fingerprints

SI1-SI2 – Characterized by noticeable inclusions which are apparent under 10x and in SI1 usually visible and SI2 quite visible to the unaided eye. Inclusions normally have low relief. Typical inclusions may be included crystals, large fingerprints, chips, feathers, dens clouds.

I 1-3 – Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability or both. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye and there amy be noticeable loss of transparency.

Dcl – Declasse – Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack beauty and durability.

GIA Clarity Grades as applied to Type 2 Gemstones:

VVS : Characterized by minor inclusions which are somewhat easy to see under 10x but usually invisible to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions might be small included crystals, liquid inclusions, numerous fine needles, small fingerprints

VS : Characterized by noticeable inclusions of moderate size, which are easy to see under 10x and sometimes visible to the unaided eye. They are still non damaging. Typical inclusions are liquid inclusions, fingerprints small chips, small feathers, clouds.

SI1-SI2 – Characterized by obvious inclusions which are large and/or numerous under 10x and in SI1 apparant and SI2 very apparent to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions may be large included crystals, large chips, feathers, dense clouds.

I 1-3 – Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability or both. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye and there amy be noticeable loss of transparency.

Dcl – Declasse – Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack beauty and durability

GIA Clarity Grades as applied to Type 3 Gemstones:

VVS : Characterized by noticeable inclusions which are easy to see under 10x but usually invisible to the unaided eye. They are still non damaging. Typical inclusions are small included crystals, liquid inclusions, fine needles, small feathers, clouds.

VS : Characterized by obvious inclusions which are very easy to see under 10x but and often visible to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions are small included crystals, liquid inclusions, chips, fine needles, small feathers, clouds.

SI1-SI2 – Characterized by prominent inclusions which are large and numerous under 10x and in SI1 apparant and SI2 very apparent to the unaided eye. Typical inclusions may be easily visible but not extensive feathers and dense clouds.

I 1-3 – Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability or both. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye and there amy be noticeable loss of transparency.

Dcl – Declasse – Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack beauty and durability

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Color Grade

Color is the main indicator of value in colored gemstones and is the most important of the 4C’s. The GIA has a sophisticated color grading system which is the most advanced and only non subjective system yet developed. The GIA Color Grading system describes color in terms of 3 dimensions — Hue, Tone and Saturation.

HUE is the basic impression of color that we notice immediately. A gem usually has several hues in it and hence it is given a dominant hue and a modifying hue. The vB you see in this example stands for a modifying hue of blue and a dominant hue of violet. Thus the stone is a violetish Blue.

TONE is the lightness of darkness of a color sensation. The GIA divides tone into 11 steps from colorless or white through increasingly darker grays to black. The GIA uses 7 of these steps in grading tone in transparent colored stones.

2: very light (hue)

3: light (hue)

4: medium light (hue)

5: medium (hue)

6: medium dark (hue)

7: dark (hue) 8: very dark (hue)

The optimum range with most gemstones is 4—7 where the stone is neither too light or too dark.
SATURATION is the strength, purity or intensity of the hue. It is assessed on a 7 level scale (0 through 6)

1: brownish/grayish (hue)

2: slightly brownish/grayish (hue)

3: very slightly brownish/grayish (hue)

4: moderately strong (hue)

5: strong (hue)

6: vivid (hue)

As color can be the most complicated and difficult to understand of the GIA grades, we have developed a set of charts which will help you better understand tones and saturations as they apply to a particular gem type:

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Photograph

The actual photograph of the gemstone in question taken in white daylight spectrum.

Photographs are of the actual gemstone represented and are not enhanced in any way.

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Graduate Gemologist

Our certificates are graded by GIA Graduate Gemologists and signed by our Chief Gemologist. The GG Degree is the most coveted and respected of the qualifications in the Gemology arena. It is recommended that when dealing with a gem company they should have GG’s on staff in order to ensure accurate gem identification and representation. Click here to verify our Chief Gemologists GG status on the GIA Worldwide directory.

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Tamper Proof Hologram

One of the security features of the document. If tampered with the hologram will denature and spoil hence indicating that the document has been tampered with.

View Report

OFFICIAL GEMOLOGICAL HISTORY AND REGISTRATION REPORT
Prepared for Gemstone ID# CCGNT001

Registered on https://www.theraregemstonecompany.com worldwide gemstone registration service. Registration information only available by password to account holder.

PHOTOGRAPHIC LOGS AND QUALITY GRAPH

CCGNT001 BEFORE AND AFTER CUTTING

Quality Report

Color - 3.5

Clarity - 3.5

Cut - 3.5

Rarity - 3

Gemstone Grading Report

The gemstone here described has been identified
as a natural gemstone and has the following description:

Description : Rare Color Change Garnet

Weight : 2.01 Carat

Shape : Cushion

GIA Color Grade : Str. Color Change

GIA Clarity Grade : Treatments :VVS

Species : Garnet

Variety : Color Change Garnet

Refractive Index : 1.761

Cause of Color : Chromium / Vanadium

Specific Gravity : 3.78

Optic Character : SR

Crystal System : Cubic

Treatments : None

Country of Origin : Kenya, East Africa

Mining Report

Date Mined : 3rd January, 2020

Mining Location : Wundanyi, Tsavo, Kenya

Type of Source : Primary

Mining Method : Open Cast

Host Rock : Quartz Gneisses

Chemical Composition of Rough :Quartz Gneisses

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Unlike many online vendors, we are based at the source of these stunning gemstones and our GIA and GEM-A qualified gemologists personally select the finest rough crystals right from the mouth of the mine. We search out the very best.

Gemstone Dimensions

Gemstones are measured in millimeters in the following format : Length x width x depth.

These dimensions are an important reference point as they give you the exact physical dimensions of the gemstone you are considering.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Many people make the mistake of judging a gem’s physical size bt its carat weight. A common error is thinking “My Diamond is 1 carat, so this Ruby must be the same size” and then being disappointed when they receive a Ruby that is physically smaller than their Diamond despite both being 1 carat.

So why does this happen? It’s because different gem minerals have different densities (know as Specific Gravity by Gemologists). As a carat is a weight (1/5 of a gram), different gem types will have differing physical sizes as they have different specific gravities. In the example above, Corundum (Ruby & Sapphire) is very dense and therefore very “heavy”. Diamond by contrast, is almost pure carbon ans is much “lighter” as it has a lower density. Hence a 1 carat Diamond will be physically larger than a 1 carat Ruby.

For this reason, it is a good idea to use the dimensions of a gem to judge its physical size before ordering.
Use our Gem Dimension Chart below to help you:

Color Grade

Color Quality is the main indicator of value in colored gemstones. The GIA describes color in terms of 3 dimensions — Hue, Tone and Saturation.

HUE is the basic impression of color that we notice immediately. A gem usually has several hues in it and hence it is given a dominant hue and a modifying hue. The bV you see in this example stands for a modifying hue of blue and a dominant hue of violet. Thus the stone is a bluish violet.

TONE is the lightness of darkness of a color sensation. The GIA divides tone into 11 steps from colorless or white through increasingly darker grays to black. The GIA uses 7 of these steps in grading tone in transparent colored stones.

2: very light (hue)

3: light (hue)

4: medium light (hue)

5: medium (hue)

6: medium dark (hue)

7: dark (hue)

8: very dark (hue)

The optimum range with most gemstones is 4—6 where the stone is neither too light or too dark.

SATURATION is the strength, purity or intensity of the hue. It is assessed on a 6 level scale (1 through 6)

1: brownish/grayish (hue)

2: slightly brownish/grayish (hue)

3: very slightly brownish/grayish (hue)

4: moderately strong (hue)

5: strong (hue)

6: vivid (hue)

All 3 components are graded by a gemologist and then combined as a grade. An example would bevB 6/6 where the hue is violetish (modifier) Blue (dominant),
the tone is 6 (medium dark) and the saturation is 6 (vivid hue). The charts below show the colors for the different gem types.

CLARITY

Why would two pink tourmalines of identical color, size, and cut vary significantly in price? If they are fairly priced, the answer is; they vary greatly in clarity. Stones full of inclusions are lower in clarity, less pleasing to the eye, and less suitable for use in jewelry. So how do gemstone dealers evaluate the clarity of a cut gem?

Most use some variation of the colored stone clarity grading system developed by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA). This system is a sophisticated scheme somewhat similar to that used by the GIA to grade diamonds, albeit a scaled down version.

The clarity grades include:

VVS: Very, Very Slightly Included

VS: Very Slightly Included

SI1, SI2: Slightly Included 1 and 2

I1, I2, I3: Imperfect 1, 2 and 3

Dcl: Declasse

Unlike with Diamonds, where you are always comparing “apples with apples”, a complication in grading colored stones arises from the fact that the absolute definition of the above grades varies with the type of gem material.

Type I Colored Stones (Often virtually inclusion-free)

Commonly faced Type I colored gemstones most often seen in the marketplace:

BERYL

Aquamarine

Green

Morganite

Yellow

CHRYSOBERYL

Green

Yellow

QUARTZ

Smoky

SPODUMENE

Kunzite

Green

TOPAZ

Blue

Yellow

Orange

Pink

Red

TOURNMALINE

Green

ZIRCON

Blue

ZOISITE

Tanzanite

Type I Colored Stones

VVS—Very, Very Slightly Included: Characterized by minute inclusions, which are difficult to see under 10X and invisible to the unaided eye. Even under 10X, a VVS stone may at first seem to have no inclusions, only blemishes (in exceptional stones this may in fact be true).

VS—Very Slightly Included: Characterized by minor inclusions, which are somewhat easy to see under 10X but usually invisible to the unaided eye.

Typical inclusions: Small included crystals, liquid inclusions, numerous fine needles, small fingerprints, and small feathers.

SI1 - SI2—Slightly Included: Characterized by noticeable inclusions, which are apparent under 10X. In Sll they are usually visible, and in Sl2 quite visible, to the unaided eye. Inclusions normally have low relief.

I1 -12 - I3—Included: Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability, or both. In I1 there is a moderate effect on either factor; in I2, a severe effect on either factor; in 13, a severe effect on both factors.. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye, and there may be noticeable loss of transparency.

Del—Declasse: Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack the beauty and/or durability of faceted gemstones.

Yellow Beryl (Type I) VVS

Green Beryl (Type I) VS

Topaz (Type I) SI1

Aquamarine (Type I) SI2

Aquamarine (Type I) I1

Aquamarine (Type I) I2

Type II Colored Stones (Usually included)

Commonly faced Type II colored gemstones most often seen in the marketplace:

ANDALUSITE

CHRYSOBERYL

Alexandrite

CORUNDUM

All Colors

GRANETS

All species and varieties

IOLITE

PERIDOT

QUARTZ

Amethyst

Citrine

Amethyst-citrine

SPINEL

All Colors

TOURNMALINE

Blue

Orange

Yellow

Parti-Colored

(except watermelon)

ZIRCON

Green

Orange

Red

Yellow

TYPE II CLARITY GRADES

VVS—Very, Very Slightly Included: Characterized by minor inclusions, which are somewhat easy to see under 10X but usually invisible to the unaided eye.

I1 -12 - I3—Included: Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on either appearance or durability, or both. In I1 there is a moderate effect on either factor; in I2, a severe effect on either factor; in 13, a severe effect on both factors.. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye, and there may be noticeable loss of transparency.

Del—Declasse: Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack the beauty and/or durability of faceted gemstones.

Amethyst (Type II) VVS

Amethyst (Type II) VS

Amethyst (Type II) SI1

Spessartite (Type II) SI2

Spinel (Type II) I1

Amethyst (Type II) I2

Type II stones are usually included.
(The photos do not show all clarity characteristics)

Type III Colored Stones (Almost always included)

Commonly faced Type III colored gemstones most often seen in the marketplace:

BERYL

Emerald

TOURNMALINE

Red (and Pink)

Watermelon

TYPE III CLARITY GRADES

VVS—Very, Very Slightly Included: Characterized by noticeable inclusions, which are easy to see under 10X but usually invisible to the unaided eye.

I1 -12 - I3—Included: Characterized by inclusions that have a negative effect on appearance or durability, or both. In I1 there is a moderate effect on either factor; in I2, a severe effect on either factor; in 13, a severe effect on both factors.. Inclusions are often large and prominent to the unaided eye, and there may be noticeable loss of transparency.

Del—Declasse: Characterized by inclusions so numerous the entire stone is no longer transparent but translucent at best. Dcl stones lack the beauty and/or durability of faceted gemstones.

Pink Tourmaline (Type III) VVS

Pink Tourmaline (Type III) VS

Pink Tourmaline (Type III) SI1

Pink Tourmaline (Type III) SI2

Pink Tourmaline (Type III) I1

Pink Tourmaline (Type III) I2

Type III stones are almost always included.
(The photos do not show all clarity characteristics)

CLARITY SURVEY

Clarity refers to the number and size of inclusions within a gemstone. This clarity survey is a description of the exact type of inclusions, if any, contained in this gem.

Whereas with Diamonds, inclusions are regarded as impacting the quality of the gem significantly, the same is not true to the same extent with colored stones. The existence of small and minute inclusions are often welcomed in some types of gem such as Ruby as it identifies it as a natural stone as opposed to a manmade synthetic.

Whilst numerous and large inclusions will impact the value and clarity grade of a colored gem, minute and insignificant ones are tolerated and do not impact the clarity grade in the same way as they would with Diamonds.

Some of the most common inclusion types are: Feathers - small hairline cracks, Crystals - small to large sugar-like crystals of minerals, Clouds - small to large clouds of minute pinpoints and crystals, Fingerprints / Veils - small to large liquid inclusions that resemble fingerprints. Needles - different mineral (often Rutile)growing within a gemstone in the shape of a needle.

ingerprint / Veil inclusion. These
can be low relief (faint) or high
relief (significant)

Needle Inclusions. Can be very
low relief or large, numerous and
eye visible.

Included Crystal. These are tiny mineral
crystals growing within a gemstone. Most are
insignificant.

Feather. Can be hairline and minute through
to large and significant which will have an
impact on gemstone durability.

Crystal Cloud. This photograph is taken at very
high magnification to show the clouds
characteristics, but clouds are generally tiny
and low relief.

Treatments

Anyone who has an interest in gemstones and a passing knowledge of the trade will know that there exist many forms of treatment and enhancement devised by man to make lower grade gems look better. Sometimes, these treatments can transform a gemstone completely. Some treatments are permanent, others are not. Some are accepted as normal practice in the trade and are a routine part of a gem type’s route to market and others are unscrupulous attempts to misrepresent lower grade gemstones as fine pieces. You can read more about the many types of gem treatments in our Article Center.

At The Rare Gemstone Company we specialize in natural, untreated rare gems and you won’t find this sort of thing amongst our highly selected gemstones. The only treatment you will find on some gems is heating:

HEATING There are some treatments which are routine with certain gem types - Tanzanite is the most notable case and heating is accepted by the GIA as part of the natural process for Tanzanite.

TANZANITE Tanzanites are always heated as they are usually brown in their natural state a shown in the photo of the rough Tanzanite below before and after heating.

If a Tanzanite is blue or violet (not brown) then it is heated. All Tanzanite in the market is heated at a low heat for a few minutes. That is a simple fact, and anyone trying to sell you a blue “unheated” Tanzanite is not being truthful. The treatment is permanent and would have happened naturally in the ground in time anyway.

Heating simply removes the brownish red component, leaving the blue and violet. In no way does heating improve the quality or grade of a Tanzanite. Deeply saturated Tanzanites are deeply saturated browns in their unheated state and heat to deep blues. Lighter browns heat to lighter blues and/or violets. Heating has no impact on the quality or grade of the stone.

AQUAMARINE Aquamarines are another gem which is routinely heated. Heating removes the yellow element which can make Aquamarine look green as shown in the photos of a piece of rough Aquamarine before and after heating. It is unusual to find Aquamarines that have not been heated. However, unheated stones do command a premium in the market as successful heating does improve the color and change the color grade of an Aquamarine. pieces.

RUBY & SAPPHIRE Heating corundum (Sapphires, Rubies) does have an impact on the value of the gems. Heating is an accepted treatment for Ruby & Sapphire but unheated stones command a premium in the market. Unlike Tanzanite, Rubies and Sapphires are heated at high temperatures (above 1800 degrees centigrade) and the final grade of the stones is improved by heating.

It is used to improve the clarity and color of Rubies and Sapphires. The heat dissolves rutile inclusions and “silk” inside the stones which has the effect of improving the clarity. Additionally it can improve the color grade - alot of Burmese Rubies from the Mong Hsu region are heated to remove the bluish colors and improve the red. No other additives have been added to the process and the Ruby is as strong and durable as the unheated version.

Unheated Rubies and Sapphires do command a significant premium in the marketplace as they represent the vast minority of stones mined.

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1. You will be signed up as a member of theraregemstonecompany.com with all the rights and privileges of membership.

2. Questions addressed to the Gemologist panel must be related to our business. Questions unrelated to gemstones or jewelry on our website will not be answered.

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