Both William Petty (1623 to 1687) and Adam Smith (1723 to 1790) were concerned with the question of how to increase productivity. In this connection, they both addressed the issues of technological invention and the organisation of the production process, but in very different ways. Petty represents both these aspects of the productivity question as instances of another, conceptually dominant, consideration – the benefits of spatial compactness. Smith, in contrast, subordinates both technical and spatial considerations to the division of labour, thus narrowing the focus onto his central message that productivity can ultimately only proceed in step with the extension of the market.