Three kinds of birds -- English sparrows,
starlings and pigeons -- cause most conflicts between birds and people
in urban areas of the United States. All have well-established populations,
but none are native species..
. .Population Control

To control large-scale urban bird
problems, it is necessary to understand population control as a management
technique. In good habitats abundant animal species recover quickly
from the loss of individuals. Animal populations respond with increased
birth and survival rates and decreased emigration. These are known
as compensatory responses. Increased immigration may follow removals,
and some animals learn to avoid control efforts.

The most effective way to control
problem birds is to understand their daily requirements, and remove or
exclude these. This kind of manipulation for purposes of increasing or
decreasing numbers is an important part of wildlife management. Some basic
principles provide a background for understanding how to control problem
birds effectively and appropriately.

To survive, all wild animals need
habitat,
which is comprised of four essential elements: space, food, shelter and
water. Wildlife managers manipulate these elements to attract and maintain
wildlife species and control problem species.

Space is the area needed by
a wild animal. Just as some people are happy in a city apartment while
others need a sprawling ranch, some birds need more space than others.
In reference to wild animals, there are two kinds of space:

• home range
–
the entire area that an animal uses to eat, sleep, and go about its daily
activities;

• territory – that portion
of the home range an animal defends against intruders, usually where it
raises young. In most cases, the male bird establishes and defends the
territory. In the spring the brightly colored male sings to attract a mate
and to announce to other male birds of the same species the location of
his territorial space. After the pair builds a nest, the male continues
to defend the territory while the female hatches eggs. This factor cannot
be controlled because space is determined by the area of a yard or farmstead.

Food, water and shelter are elements
that can be manipulated to manage birds in the yard or other urban setting.
Providing these attracts birds, removing them keeps birds away. All
are essential, yet not all bird problems can be eliminated by taking away
just one element.

Variety is a key word in wildlife
management. It is often necessary to use a variety of excluding and repelling
methods simultaneously to control nuisance birds.

Food sources for birds include seeds,
fruits, berries and insects. To reduce the number of problem birds, eliminate
or control their access to food. Strategies for controlling problem birds
around homes are often different from those needed around farmsteads. The
homeowner may reduce the number of undesirable birds by choosing plants
that do not produce edible nuts, fruits and berries, or by changing the
type of food offered in bird feeders.

Variety is necessary for successful
bird damage control. Use different methods, and change them so birds do
not become accustomed to them.

House sparrows are often a problem
at the feeder. To reduce their number, feed them straight sunflower seeds
-- preferably the black, oil-type -- instead of a seed mixture, and discontinue
feeding in the spring, summer and early fall. Make it difficult for house
sparrows and other large birds to feed by using tubular feeders without
perches. These feeders are easily accessible to the clinging birds such
as nuthatches, chickadees and titmice. Lure house sparrows away from the
feeding station by using a platform-type feeder, loaded with a mixture
of white proso millet and cracked corn, at the back of the yard away from
the other feeders. ...

All birds need shelter for cover,
roosting and nesting. The kind of shelter depends on the season, the species
and the reason for seeking shelter. When birds roost or nest in inappropriate
places, denying access to roost sites will discourage feeding also.

When birds nest in inappropriate
places, be persistent about removing nests; birds will keep trying to reestablish
them in the same place. A longer term solution is to exclude birds from
an area or make it less comfortable.

Various methods can be used to prevent
birds from nesting or roosting on ledges and rafters or under eaves and
other overhangs.• Put nylon or plastic netting on
the underside of rafters or overhangs to keep birds out, or cover entire
fruit trees with netting to keep birds from roosting or eating the fruit.
(Figure 1).

• For birds outside of a building,
install netting or a metal covering from the outside edge of the eave down
to the wall.

• Hang clear plastic strips from
doorways of barns and sheds; machinery, livestock, and people can pass
through, but most birds will think it is a solid door..
. .• Install “porcupine wires,” permanent,
heavy wire prongs that stick out at different angles, making the area like
a bed of nails (Figure 2). For barn swallow nests, wire prongs must be
placed on the side of rafters or underneath the eaves.

• Put a board or metal covering over
ledges at a 45-degree angle (or greater), making them less suitable for
nesting or roosting. Make sure the ends are closed to prevent entry (Figure
2).

To disperse large flocks of birds
roosting in trees, habitat modification or frightening techniques may be
the most effective. Some species such as blackbirds, starlings and crows
form groups in the evening and roost together through the night. These
social birds will try to stay together in the roost, a known meeting place.

Make the roost undesirable or
uncomfortable by thinning the roosting trees and shrubs to reduce cover.
The
changes need not be dramatic to be effective.

A water source is essential year-round
and can attract birds to areas like feedlots and grain storage. Starlings,
in particular, are attracted to water. Where birds are a problem, any unnecessary
water -- in troughs, junk piles, ruts or low spots -- should be drained.
The water level in troughs should be kept low enough so birds cannot reach
it when perched on the edge, and deep enough so they cannot stand in it.

Frightening

Frightening devices include alarm
and distress calls played over loud speakers, exploding shells, automatic
gas exploders, tethered balloons with big “eyes” painted on them, hawk
silhouettes, water sprays, flashing lights, and devices to shake roosting
vegetation. These tactics repel starlings and some other birds, but seem
to have little or no effect on house sparrows and pigeons. Balloons may
offer a measure of control for house sparrows in buildings. Simultaneous
use of visual scare devices and noisemakers seems to be most effective.

Visual scare devices must be moved
frequently so birds do not become accustomed to them. With scaring
sounds, use mobile sound equipment so the location of the sound can be
changed. When using automatic gas exploders, elevate them above the vegetation.

Birds are more willing to leave a
roost they have not been using long. After detecting large numbers of roosting
birds, act as quickly as possible. Some species are easier to move in the
fall when they are restless and preparing to migrate.

It often takes 5–7 nights or more
of continuous effort for frightening programs to be effective. Sometimes
birds move to a new roost nearby and again several times within an urban
area before they move to an acceptable site or out of town. In these situations,
birds may become desensitized to scaring devices, so use several methods.

Birds scare more easily when they
are flying and are most difficult to scare when perched in the relative
protection of their roost. For this reason, scaring should begin at least
1 1/2 hours before dark, when the first birds are coming in to roost, and
should stop at dark. Do not try to scare any longer because the birds willbecome accustomed to the sounds.
If you are using distress or alarm calls, play them 10–15 seconds every
minute as the birds are coming in. When most of them are perched, play
the call continuously until dark. Early morning scaring may be used in
conjunction with evening scaring and should begin as soon as the first
bird movement is detected in the roost, often just before daylight.

On the first night of scaring, the
birds will usually act alarmed and circle around, but eventually they will
come in to roost. It may take several days of continuous scaring efforts
every evening and every morning -- to be successful. The birds may attempt
to establish temporary roosts in other unsuitable locations. Scaring efforts
must continue until the birds are moved to an acceptable area. If birds
are disturbed in their new roost site they may move back to the old site.
Be prepared to resume scaring efforts if the birds return.

Other Controls

To keep birds from flying into glass
windows use the hawk trick. Migrating birds often mistake large picture
windows or glass doors for open space with tragic results.One way of reducing this hazard
is to cut out a falcon silhouette and stick it on the glass with clear
plastic tape in a steep -- but not vertical -- dive as illustrated. Use
only one “falcon” to a window, placing in either of the upper corners (Figure
3).

To keep birds from perching or roosting
on undesirable places try the shredded newspaper trick. If you do not want
birds to perch on a post, for instance, tie a newspaper around its top,
leaving 6 inches or so extending above. Shred this part. Birds won’t perch
as long as the paper lasts. If the problem is a window sill, staple a strip
of the paper to the sill letting the shredded ribbons lie across its surface.

Birds also object to perching on
or near angled wire spines, so a good repellant can be a cluster of short,
stiff wires. Coat hanger wire is about right. Cut six, 6-inch lengths.
Bundle them together and staple one end securely to a good footing such
as a block of wood or directly to the surface to be protected. Now bend
each piece of wire up and over so that the spines stick out like cactus
spikes, giving the approaching bird little choice but to keep on flying.
Several clusters will be needed to keep a window sill clear of birds.

To keep birds out of gardens try
a phony owl. It can be made life-size from a board or other materials.
A good one can be made from wooded net-floats. Use a long one for the body
and split another long one to fasten on each side as wings. Use a round
one with bored-out eyes for the head and a disk-shaped one for the feet.
The important thing is to move it frequently to keep the birds guessing.

Other effective scare devices include
string-tethered balloons, aluminum pie plates, wind turbines made of plastic
milk jugs, or anything that whirls or twists in the wind. Here again, it
is necessary to make frequent changes. Sooner or later the birds will lose
their fear of any scare device if it remains in one place. For that reason,
the traditional scarecrow is nearly always useless. A more reliable method
is to use netting over individual trees or entire gardens to prevent damage.

Netting...
is a good alternative for controlling nuisance birds in areas where there
are other bird species. ....
. .Chemical Controls

...chemical
control...often does
not provide satisfactory results....Because
using chemical controls may result in birds dying in public places,...a
public relations problem may arise. .
. .Brand names appearing
in this publication are for identification purposes only. No endorsement
is intended or implied, nor is criticism of similar products not mentioned.

Some of this information
adapted from Managing Iowa Wildlife: Problem Birds Around Homes and Farmsteads,
Iowa State University, 1991.

.
. .Contents of this publication
may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved.
In each case credit, Birds—Urban Wildlife Damage Control, Henderson and
Lee, Kansas State University, October 1992.