1.
Fujita scale
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The Fujita scale, or Fujita–Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation. The F-Scale was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale in the United States in February 2007, in April 2013, Canada adopted the EF-Scale over the Fujita scale, although tornado frequency is relatively low in the country. However, EC uses 31 Specific Damage Indicators in their ratings, the scale was introduced in 1971 by Tetsuya Fujita of the University of Chicago, in collaboration with Allen Pearson, head of the National Severe Storms Forecast Center/NSSFC. The scale was updated in 1973, taking into account path length and width, in the United States, starting in 1973, tornadoes were rated soon after occurrence. The Fujita scale was applied retroactively to tornadoes reported between 1950 and 1972 in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Tornado Database, Fujita rated tornadoes from 1916–1992 and Tom Grazulis of The Tornado Project retroactively rated all known significant tornadoes in the U. S. back to 1880. The Fujita scale was adopted in most areas outside of Great Britain, in 2007, the Fujita scale was updated, and the Enhanced Fujita Scale was introduced in the United States. The new scale more accurately matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by the tornado, though each damage level is associated with a wind speed, the Fujita scale is effectively a damage scale, and the wind speeds associated with the damage listed arent rigorously verified. The Enhanced Fujita Scale was formulated due to research which suggested that the speeds required to inflict damage by intense tornadoes on the Fujita scale are greatly overestimated. A process of expert elicitation with top engineers and meteorologists resulted in the EF scale wind speeds, however, the EF scale also improved damage parameter descriptions. The original scale as derived by Fujita was a theoretical 13-level scale designed to connect the Beaufort scale. F1 corresponds to the level of the Beaufort scale. F0 was placed at a position specifying no damage, in analogy to how the Beauforts zeroth level specifies little to no wind. From these wind speed numbers, qualitative descriptions of damage were made for each category of the Fujita scale, the diagram on the right illustrates the relationship between the Beaufort, Fujita, and Mach number scales. Fujita intended that only F0–F5 be used in practice, as this all possible levels of damage to frame homes as well as the expected estimated bounds of wind speeds. Furthermore, the wind speed numbers have since been found to be higher than the actual wind speeds required to incur the damage described at each category. The error manifests itself to a degree as the category increases. Precise wind speed numbers are actually guesses and have never been scientifically verified, different wind speeds may cause similar-looking damage from place to place—even from building to building. Without a thorough engineering analysis of damage in any event

2.
Bouctouche
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Bouctouche /ˈbʌktuːʃ/ is a Canadian town in Kent County, New Brunswick. In 2011, the population was 2,423, Bouctouche was originally named Tjipogtotjg, a Mikmaq word meaning Great Little Harbour. The region was settled by brothers Francois LeBlanc and Charles LeBlanc. “La Croix commémorative aux fondateurs de Bouctouche” was unveiled August 29,1954, to pay tribute to the founders of the town and it says “We remember François and Hélène LeBlanc, Charlitte and first wife Marie LeBlanc, and his second wife Madeleine, and Joseph and Marie Bastarache”. The stones at the base of the cross indicate the origins of the settlers who came from France, Grand-Pré, Memramcook and Bouctouche. During the 19th century the area attracted immigrants from Ireland and Scotland among them the forefathers of one of Bouctouche’s best-known sons. Bouctouche was struck by a tornado on August 6,1879, the town is located at the mouth of the Bouctouche River on the coast of the Northumberland Strait, approximately 40 kilometres northeast of Moncton. It is the first municipality in New Brunswick to adopt a Green Plan for the working of the municipality in 2006. La Dune de Bouctouche, known by its first inhabitants as the Great Little Harbour, has hiking and cycling trails that are part of the New Brunswick Trail system. There are 12 kilometres of whispering sands making up the dunes easily viewed from a boardwalk along an area known as the Irving Eco Centre. La Dune de Bouctouche consists of a 9.7 km long ridge of sand formed over centuries by the wind and stormy seas. The dune has almost enclosed the bay area over its full length leaving an opening to the bay at its mouth that is a 1.8 km wide opening and the dune is still expanding today. Le Pays de la Sagouine, based on Antonine Maillets award-winning book La Sagouine, is a park filled with Acadian entertainment. Their activities include dramatic reproductions of Antonines plays, USA - St. Martinville, Louisiana France - Châtellerault List of lighthouses in New Brunswick Town of Bouctouche Le Pays de la Sagouine Irving Eco-Centre

3.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands

4.
Waterspout
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A waterspout is an intense columnar vortex that occurs over a body of water. Some are connected to a cumulus cloud, some to a cumuliform cloud. In the common form, it is a tornado over water. While it is weaker than most of its land counterparts. Most waterspouts do not suck up water, they are small, although rare, waterspouts have been observed in connection with lake-effect snow precipitation bands. Waterspouts exist on a microscale, where their environment is less than two kilometers in width, the cloud from which they develop can be as innocuous as a moderate cumulus, or as great as a supercell. While some waterspouts are strong and tornadic in nature, most are much weaker, weak tornadoes, known as landspouts, have been shown to develop in a similar manner. More than one waterspout can occur in the vicinity at the same time. As many as nine simultaneous waterspouts have been reported on Lake Michigan, waterspouts that are not associated with a rotating updraft of a supercell thunderstorm are known as non-tornadic or fair-weather waterspouts, and are by far the most common type. Fair-weather waterspouts occur in waters and are associated with dark, flat-bottomed. Waterspouts of this type rapidly develop and dissipate, having life cycles shorter than 20 minutes and they usually rate no higher than EF0 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, generally exhibiting winds of less than 30 m/s. They are most frequently seen in tropical and sub-tropical climates, with upwards of 400 per year observed in the Florida Keys, fair-weather waterspouts are very similar in both appearance and mechanics to landspouts, and largely behave as such if they move ashore. A tornado which travels from land to a body of water would also be considered a tornadic waterspout, however, in some areas, such as the Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian seas, tornadic waterspouts can make up half of the total number. A winter waterspout, also known as a devil, an icespout, an ice devil. The term winter waterspout is used to differentiate between the warm season waterspout and this rare winter season event. Very little is known about this phenomenon and only six known pictures of this event exist to date, four of which were taken in Ontario, there are a couple of critical criteria for the formation of a winter waterspout. Very cold temperatures need to be present over a body of water enough to produce fog resembling steam above the waters surface. Like the more efficient lake-effect snow events, winds focusing down the axis of long lakes enhance wind convergence and they are not restricted to saltwater, many have been reported on lakes and rivers including the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River

5.
Prince Edward Island
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Prince Edward Island is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, as well as several much smaller islands. It is one of the three Maritime Provinces and is the smallest province in land area and population. It is the only jurisdiction of North America outside the Caribbean to have no mainland territory. The backbone of the economy is farming, it produces 25% of Canadas potatoes, historically, PEI is one of Canadas older settlements and demographically still reflects older immigration to the country, with Celtic, Anglo-Saxon and French surnames being dominant to this day. According to the 2011 census, the province of Prince Edward Island has 140,204 residents and it is located about 200 kilometres north of Halifax, Nova Scotia and 600 kilometres east of Quebec City. It consists of the island and 231 minor islands. Altogether, the province has a land area of 5,685.73 km2. The main island is 5,620 km2 in size, slightly larger than the U. S. state of Delaware and it is the 104th-largest island in the world and Canadas 23rd-largest island. The island is named for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the son of King George III. Prince Edward has been called Father of the Canadian Crown, Prince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its southern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait, the island has two urban areas. A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore 40 km west of Charlottetown Harbour, as with all natural harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by rias. Rolling hills, woods, reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves, under the Planning Act of the province, municipalities have the option to assume responsibility for land-use planning through the development and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws. Thirty-one municipalities have taken responsibility for planning, in areas where municipalities have not assumed responsibility for planning, the Province remains responsible for development control. The islands lush landscape has a bearing on its economy. The author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables, today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the island are enjoyed by tourists who visit year-round. The smaller, rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province, retain a slower-paced, Prince Edward Island has become popular as a tourist destination for relaxation. The economy of most rural communities on the island is based on small-scale agriculture, industrial farming has increased as businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties

6.
Nova Scotia
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Nova Scotia is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton, as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is the second most-densely populated province in Canada with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre, Nova Scotia means New Scotland in Latin and is the recognized English language name for the province. In Scottish Gaelic, the province is called Alba Nuadh, which simply means New Scotland. Nova Scotia is Canadas second-smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island, the provinces mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean, Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations. These formations are rich on the Bay of Fundys shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundys shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils, wassons Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic and Jurassic age fossils. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone, since the province is almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is closer to maritime than to continental climate. The winter and summer temperature extremes of the climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental – still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west. The Nova Scotia climate is in ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe. This is in spite of Nova Scotia being some fifteen parallels south, areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, and winter lows a little colder. The province includes regions of the Mikmaq nation of Mikmaki, the Mikmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, the British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French, present-day New Brunswick then still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. The British changed the name of the capital from Port Royal to Annapolis Royal, in 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population were removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians

7.
Regina Cyclone
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The Regina Cyclone is the popular name for a tornado that devastated the city of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on June 30,1912. It remains the deadliest tornado in Canadian history with a total of 28 fatalities, the tornado formed 18 kilometres south of the city and continued for another 12 kilometres north before dissipating. It was approximately 150 metres wide, the tornados wind velocity has been estimated at 800 kilometres per hour, though this conflicts with the F4 Fujita scale estimate based on reports of damage and historical photographs. The tornado hit Regina at approximately 5,00 p. m. on June 30,1912, the tornado formed 18 km south of the city and was roughly 150 metres wide by the time it reached Regina. The worst damage was in the area north of Wascana Lake. Many buildings, both brick and wood, were entirely destroyed, the new Central Library building was opened May 11,1912, and just six weeks later, the new library was among the many buildings that suffered damage. In just twenty minutes it completely leveled a number of houses, the affluent residential area to the south was substantially diminished, but the tornado left houses untouched here and there immediately adjacent to houses which were flattened. N the warehouse district, it destroyed many of the storage buildings, the CPR Roundhouse was stripped to the rafters, and boxcars were pulled from the tracks and hurtled into the air. The cyclone claimed twenty-eight lives and was the worst in Canadian history in terms of deaths and it also rendered 2,500 persons temporarily homeless, and caused over $1,200,000 in property damage. It took the city two years to repair the damage and ten years to pay off its storm debt, the city forced those rendered homeless by the disaster to pay for the nightly use of cots set up in schools and city parks. It also required homeowners to pay for the removal of rubble from their homes, the storm damaged the Metropolitan Methodist Church, the library, the YWCA, and numerous other downtown buildings, in the warehouse district, it destroyed many of the storage buildings. The CPR Roundhouse was stripped to the rafters, and boxcars were pulled from the tracks, damage from the tornado is estimated to be F4 on the Fujita scale. The tornado killed 28 people, injured hundreds, and left 2,500 people homeless, around 500 buildings were destroyed or damaged. Property damage was quantified at $1.2 million CAD, and it would be forty years before the $4.5 million CAD private and public debt incurred to rebuild and repair was repaid. The only remaining souvenir of this event is different-coloured bricks on the wall of Reginas Knox-Metropolitan United Church. Knox Presbyterian, Metropolitan Methodist and First Baptist, all being brick, were quickly rebuilt, Knox and Metropolitan both became United Church in 1925, and merged their congregations in 1951 and became the Knox-Metropolitan Church. The Knox building was ultimately demolished, Theatre reviews appearing in at least four Western Canadian newspapers in 1912 prove he had already started using the stage name Boris Karloff by this time. The Jeanne Russell Players disbanded in Regina a day before the tornado struck, leaving Karloff stranded, following the tornado, he worked clearing debris for twenty cents an hour and was later employed in Regina by the Dominion Express Company

8.
Edmonton tornado
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It was one of seven other tornadoes in central Alberta the same day. The tornado remained on the ground for an hour, cutting a swath of destruction 30.8 kilometres long and up to a 1,300 metres wide in places, and peaking at F4 on the Fujita scale. The tornado killed 27 people, injured more than 300 people, destroyed more than 300 homes, the loss of life, injuries and destruction of property made it the worst natural disaster in Albertas recent history and one of the worst in Canadas history. Environment Canada responded swiftly upon receipt of the first report of a touchdown from a resident of Leduc County which is immediately adjacent to Edmontons southern boundary. In the week preceding July 31, a low pressure system sitting over southwestern British Columbia fed warm, daytime heating along with near-record dewpoints over Alberta triggered a series of strong thunderstorms that persisted throughout the week. On July 31, a cold front developed over western Alberta, forecasters recognized the elevated risk for severe weather early in the day. Weatheradio broadcasts and interviews with the media stressed vicious thunderstorms and extremely strong, severe thunderstorms developed rapidly over the foothills early in the day and quickly moved eastward. The first severe weather watches were issued over central Alberta late in the morning, at 1,40 PM, a severe weather watch was issued for the Edmonton area, including Leduc County, Parkland County, and Strathcona County. The watch was upgraded to a warning at 2,45 PM as the line of storms approached the area. As the cluster of storms approached the Leduc area, a violent cell rapidly developed ahead of the line of storms. The storm passed east of Leduc, where the first tornado report made by a spotter at 2,59 PM. The tornado was on the ground briefly before dissipating, shortly after 3 PM, the tornado again touched down in the Beaumont area, tossing granaries and farm equipment as it grew in size and strength. At 3,04 PM, a warning was issued for the city. The tornado moved into the southeast portion of the city as a multiple-vortex tornado, the tornado continued northward crossing the Sherwood Park Freeway and eventually hitting the Refinery Row area at F4 intensity. The tornado tossed several large oil tanks, leveled several industrial buildings, grass scouring and windrowing of debris occurred, and damage in that area may have been borderline F5, but was never officially ranked as such. The tornado weakened slightly as it passed over an area between Baseline Road and the North Saskatchewan River. Still, it maintained F2 to F3 intensity as it tore through parts of Clareview toward 4,00 PM, causing heavy damage to several homes in Kernohan, Bannerman. The tornado persisted as it headed northeast toward the Evergreen Mobile Home Park, there, the tornado completely destroyed nearly 200 mobile homes in the area, killed 15 people and injured numerous others

9.
Pine Lake tornado
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The Pine Lake tornado was a deadly tornado in central Alberta which occurred on July 14,2000 and struck a campground and a trailer park. Twelve people were killed, making it the first deadly tornado in Canada since 1987, when an F4 tornado killed 27 people in Edmonton Alberta and injured 300+. On July 14,2000 at approximately 7,00 PM, Pine Lake is a recreational area approximately 25 km southeast of Red Deer, Alberta and 150 km northeast of the city of Calgary. It touched down about 5 km west of the campground and was on the ground for approximately 20 km, damage occurred in a swath 800 to 1,500 metres wide. The heaviest damage occurred in a 500 metres central corridor, damage assessment suggests that winds within the central corridor reached 300 kilometres per hour. In addition, Weather Watchers reported hail as large as baseballs, an average of 16 tornadoes occur in Alberta every year, and an average of 41 tornadoes occur each year in the Prairie Provinces. The highest death toll due to a tornado in Alberta occurred on July 31,1987. Canada ranks second in the world for tornado occurrences after the United States,5,37 PM Mountain Daylight Time - Environment Canada issues a severe thunderstorm watch for the Red Deer area, including Pine Lake. 6,18 PM MDT - watch upgraded to a severe warning, indicating that a thunderstorm with potentially large hail, very heavy rain, intense lightning. 7,00 PM MDT - the tornado destroys a number of vehicles in the Green Acres Campground on the western shore of Pine Lake. 12 people are killed and more than 100 critically injured,7,05 PM MDT - RCMP notify Environment Canada that a tornado had just been reported at Pine Lake. The severe thunderstorm warning was upgraded to a tornado warning. After 7,05 PM MDT - Warnings and watches were continued through the evening hours, in all, more than 40 watches and warnings were issued for Alberta and Saskatchewan as the storm crossed the provincial boundary

10.
1974 Super Outbreak
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The 1974 Super Outbreak was the second-largest tornado outbreak on record for a single 24-hour period, just behind the 2011 Super Outbreak. It was also the most violent tornado outbreak ever recorded, with 30 F4/F5 tornadoes confirmed, from April 3 to April 4,1974, there were 148 tornadoes confirmed in 13 U. S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario. In the United States, tornadoes struck Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, and New York. The entire outbreak caused more than $600 million in damage in the United States alone, at one point, as many as 15 separate tornadoes were ongoing at the same time. The 1974 Super Outbreak remains one of the most outstanding severe convective weather episodes of record in the continental United States, a powerful spring-time low pressure system developed across the North American Interior Plains on April 1. While moving into the Mississippi and Ohio Valley areas, a surge of very moist air intensified the storm further while there were sharp temperature contrasts between both sides of the system. Officials at NOAA and in the National Weather Service forecast offices were expecting a severe weather outbreak on April 3, the town of Campbellsburg, northeast of Louisville, was hard-hit in this earlier outbreak, with a large portion of the town destroyed by an F3. Between the two outbreaks, a tornado was reported in Indiana in the early morning hours of April 3. By 12 UTC on April 3, a trough extended over most of the contiguous United States. The mid-latitude low-pressure center over Kansas continued to deepen to 980 mb, and wind speeds at the 850-mb level increased to 50 kn over portions of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Due to significant moisture advection, destabilization rapidly proceeded apace, the front near the Gulf Coast dissipated. Consequently, CAPE levels in the rose to 1,000 j/kg. However, a warm temperature plume in the mixed layer kept thunderstorms from initiating at the surface. Meanwhile, a mesoscale convective system that had developed overnight in Arkansas continued to strengthen due to strong environmental lapse rates. Later in the day, strong daytime heating caused instability to further rise, by 18 UTC, CAPE values in excess of 2,500 j/kg were present over the lower Ohio, as wind speeds in the troposphere increased, Large-scale lifting overspread the warm sector. At the same time, the forward-propagating MCS spread into the Tennessee and Ohio valleys and this first convective band moved rapidly northeast, at times reaching speeds of about 60 kn. However, thunderstorm activity, for the moment, remained mostly elevated in nature, by 1630 UTC, the large MCS began to splinter into two sections, the southern part slowed, lagging into southeast Tennessee, while the northern part accelerated, reaching Pennsylvania by 1930 UTC. These factors allowed the northern part of the MCS to accelerate due to efficient ducting, numerous surface-based supercells began to develop in the southern area, beginning with one that produced an F3 tornado at about 1630 UTC near Cleveland, Tennessee

11.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

12.
New Brunswick
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New Brunswick is one of Canadas three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally bilingual province. In the Canada 2016 Census, Statistics Canada estimated the population to have been 747,101, down very slightly from 751,171 in 2011. The majority of the population is English-speaking of Anglo and Celtic heritage and it was created as a result of the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 and was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John. The name was replaced with New Brunswick by King George II. The provincial flag features a ship superimposed on a background with a yellow lion passant guardant on red pennon above it. The province is named for the city of Braunschweig, known in English and Low German as Brunswick, located in modern-day Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The then-colony was named in 1784 to honour the reigning British monarch, George III, the original First Nations inhabitants of New Brunswick were members of three distinct tribes. The largest tribe was the Mikmaq, and they occupied the eastern and they were responsible for the Augustine Mound, a burial ground built about 800 BCE near Metepnákiaq. The western portion of the province was the home of the Wolastoqiyik people. The smaller Passamaquoddy tribe occupied lands in the southwest of the province. The next French contact was in 1604, when a party led by Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain set up camp for the winter on St. Croix Island, the colony relocated the following year across the Bay of Fundy to Port Royal, Nova Scotia. The whole maritime region was at that time claimed by France and was designated as the colony of Acadia, one of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 was the surrender of Acadia to Queen Anne. The bulk of the Acadian population thus found themselves residing in the new British colony of Nova Scotia, the remainder of Acadia was only lightly populated and poorly defended. The Maliseet from their headquarters at Meductic on the Saint John River, participated in guerilla raids and battles against New England during Father Rales War. About 1750, to protect his interests in New France, Louis XV caused three forts to be built along the Isthmus of Chignecto and this caused what is known to historians as Father Le Loutres War. During the French and Indian War, the British completed their displacement of the Acadians over all of present-day New Brunswick, Fort Beauséjour, Fort Menagoueche and Fort Gaspareaux were captured by a British force commanded by Lt. Col. Robert Monckton in 1755. Inside Fort Beauséjour, the British forces found not only French regular troops, Governor Charles Lawrence of Nova Scotia used the discovery of Acadian civilians helping in the defence of the fort to order the expulsion of the Acadian population from Nova Scotia. The Acadians of the recently captured Beaubassin and Petitcodiac regions were included in the expulsion order, other actions in the war included British expeditions up the Saint John River in the St. John River Campaign