“So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.” —————————————————————————————————————- This online Bible study series addresses primary New Testament words in their original language – Koinè Greek – as opposed to mainly using the English translations; which is like adding color to a black-and-white picture.

Strong’s Concordance and DictionaryOne thing that many believers do concerning the handling of Greek words, is use Strong’s Concordance’s Dictionary to translate Greek words – this is not only a fundamental error but can lead to devastating conclusions regarding the misunderstanding of many Greek words.

(The last Endnote, number #5; lists what Bible resources use which Greek New Testament, with colored fonts and a star grading system (the higher the blue star, the better), and some insights into these common Bible research aids – If I get anything wrong please let me know. Thank you, Lisa. Your brother in Christ, Brent)

Language Roots
This is because Strong’s dictionary is not specific to any particular word within any particular passage, it is generic based only upon Greek roots, and cannot be used in word studies of any Greek words found in the Greek New Testament.

The preface states it is a root dictionary ONLY – see below – “Strong’s Preface to the Dictionary.”

It is in understanding that the Koiné(“common“) Greek language uses many cognates(see Footnote #1) which in spite of utilizing the same root words, derive diverse meanings based upon the grammar; especially verbs concerning their tense, voice, and mood, which is very misleading in understanding the full meanings of Greek words listed in the Strong’s dictionary.

This is what makes the effort to record a concordance of every book in the Bible so difficult.

As stated in the preface to Strong’s concordance and dictionary, his dictionary is a root dictionary wherein many words are not actually spelled as listed in their real meaning when you look them up in a Greek New Testament.

This difficulty is noted when utilizing a New Testament Greek Interlinear where the English words are recorded beneath the Greek text, giving the reader the opportunity to see the exact spelling of any specific word used, which a majority of the time is different than found in Strong’s root dictionary. (Please see Endnote #2)

Root Defined“A root, or a root word, is a word that does not have a prefix (in front of the word) or a suffix (at the end of a word). The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family (root is then called base word), which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Content words in nearly all languages contain, and may consist only of root morphemes. However, sometimes the term “root” is also used to describe the word minus its inflectional endings, but with its lexical endings in place.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_(linguistics)

The uses of the word “root“ should make the point obvious that this Greek dictionary was never meant to be a specific dictionary concerning precise words and their exact meaning, which is determined within the passage wherein the parsing of the exact word and is noted because of the diverse spelling concerning the use of an affix(Circumfix, Duplifix, Infix, Interfix, Transfix, Simulfix, Suprafix, Disfix)like a prefix(also called a “preformative”) and suffix, which is NOT used in a root dictionary and AND therefore the grammatical breakdown of the verbs into their delineation, as well as the case forms, of which there are five; nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, or dative; are absent.

If a concordance was assembled, which listed all the variances of all the words to their exact meaning within just the Greek New Testament, it would be hundreds of thousands of pages long because of the diversity of words from their original root meaning to the specific meaning of that word with in a specific passage.

Therefore, a manageable concordance could ONLY be based upon the root words, but as James Strong says himself in his preface, his dictionary was never meant for Word study.

A Word Study by its very nature must break down passages according to their delineation which is specific to that passage alone, meaning that a concordance would have to list many individual passages, since a majority of words are changed in their spelling from one passage to the next.

The deviations may be slight in some cases, but the ramifications can be enormous in others.

Example ~ Judgment
Because of the diversity of combining words (compoundsconsists of more than one stem, a stem is a part of a word.) and the slightly different spellings wherein there may be over a half a dozen different Greek words, such as the word “judge,” which is translated into only one English word, but has a range of meaning from judging unto condemnation, which is condemned in the Bible and only allowed for the creator God to do, as compared to discernment like when Paul chides the Corinthians for not being able to exercise proper biblical judgment.

How often do we hear Christians misquote Scriptures concerning judging, advising others to NOT judge them, even as they openly sin, which is the opposite that is taught in God’s Word?

For example, the first chapter of Romans is inaccurately used to tell Christians not to judge, when the immediate biblical context is speaking about unbelievers judging others, not believers.

There are more warnings to exercise proper biblical judgment by far than warnings not to judge.

In many passages the subject cautions against judging regarding the manner or mindset of judging, or the spiritual state of the individual making the observation. We are NOT told to NOT point out a “speck in our brother’s eye,” but to make sure that we deal with the beam in our own eye first.

Discernment is a requirement for human existence, but even more so for a born-again believer. It’s not merely knowing the difference between good and evil, it is also avoiding the rationalization that moves us from good to evil via shades of grey. Many times the enemy of the good is not evil, but second best, when it takes pre-eminence over what is best.

The Reason for a Lack of DiscernmentYet, because we have ONLY one English word for “judge,” as compared to the half a dozen in the Greek New Testament, the word “judgement” as used in the English translations is misused and misunderstood; and now we have a whole generation of believers that misunderstand God’s command for us to discern the world around us to the extent that now believers live milquetoast lives because of their inability to exercise godly judgment as seen in Hebrews 5:11-14, where the writer of the book of Hebrews connects the fact that believers cannot indulge in the meat of the word of God because they refused to exercise proper biblical judgment over good and evil, and therefore can only stand the milk of the word.

King James Translation (KJV)

“Of whom we have many things to say, and hard to be uttered, seeing ye are dull of hearing. For when for the time ye ought to be teachers, ye have need that one teach you again which be the first principles of the oracles of God; and are become such as have need of milk, and not of strong meat. For every one that useth milk is unskilful in the word of righteousness: for he is a babe. But strong meat belongeth to them that are of full age, even those who by reason of use have their senses exercised to discern both good and evil.” (Hebrews 5:11-14 ~ KJV)

Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (LITV)

“Concerning whom we have much discourse, and hard to interpret, or to speak, since you have come to be dull in the hearings. For indeed because of the time you are due to be teachers, yet you need to have someone to teach you again the rudiments of the beginning of the Words of God, and you came to be having need of milk, and not of solid food; for everyone partaking of milk is without experience in the Word of Righteousness, for he is an infant. But solid food is for those full grown, having exercised the faculties through habit, for distinction of both good and bad.” (Hebrews 5:11-14 ~ Literal Translation of the Holy Bible [LITV], By: Jay P. Green, Sr., who only uses Textus Receptus or Majority Text.)

Lexham English Bible (LEB)

Advanced Teaching Hindered by Immaturity
“Concerning this [a] we have much to say and it is difficult to explain [b], since you have become sluggish in hearing. For indeed, although you [c] ought to be teachers by this time [d], you have need of someone to teach you again the beginning elements of the oracles of God, and you have need of [e] milk, not [f] solid food. For everyone who partakes of milk is unacquainted with the message of righteousness, because he is an infant. But solid food is for the mature, who because of practice have trained their faculties for the distinguishing of both good and evil.” (Hebrews 5:11-14 ~ Lexham English Bible [LEB], By: Logos Bible Software)

Footnotes:a: Hebrews 5:11 Literally “which”b: Hebrews 5:11 Literally “great for us the message and hard to explain to say”c: Hebrews 5:12 Here “although” is supplied as a component of the participle (“ought”) which is understood as concessive”d: Hebrews 5:12 Literally “because of the time”e: Hebrews 5:12 Literally “you are having need of”f: Hebrews 5:12 Some manuscripts have “and not”

This great misunderstanding has created more false doctrine in churches because we have used root dictionaries to define words within a passage, which do not give us the exact meaning of God’s will concerning that word as seen in Greek or Hebrew word studies.

Ministers Using Strong’s Dictionary
I cannot tell you of how many times I have heard ministers using definitions of Greek words from Strong’s dictionary, and doing so incorrectly as opposed to actually doing the hard work of parsing the Greek and learning how to do so correctly.

Strong’s is never meant to be preached from. It is meant to locate passages in the Bible if you know only one word in that passage, but even many of the current hybrid Strong’s Greek dictionaries still display the same problem with presenting only root words.

Ministers should be using only Greek New Testaments, or excellent Word Studies that go into great depth, and even Vines doesn’t hold up to this standard.

Strong’s contribution, which utilized over a 100 contributors is a fantastic tool in locating passages, especially understanding when it was created over 100 years ago before the use of computers.

And the dictionaries in the back are only meant to be a general guide, which he notes in the preface, that no one ever reads; explaining that it is a root dictionary.

James Strong was NOT a Linguist that understood Biblical Languages Though James Strong was a professor, he was NOT a professor in Greek or Hebrew, and was not fluent in these languages, he received nothing but a summary introduction education in these languages. And his credentials as a Doctorate of theology are only honorary; even though he became a professor of Biblical Literature and Exegetical Theology at Troy University and Drew theological seminary in New York.

It appears that his highest earned degree was a Masters (Not in biblical languages, but generic in theology), wherein he was the valedictorian of his graduating class. He was given (Not earned) three honors doctorates (Dr. of Divinity, Dr. of sacred theology, and Dr. of laws) degrees (not based upon academia, studies; meaning they were NOT earned), because of his reputation as a professor and his writings; none concerning biblical language.

SIDENOTE:
There are a lot of ministers that place Dr. before their name when they have been givenDoctor of Divinity (D.D.) degrees, not earned degrees; meaning they are fake!

Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) degrees in England are earned degrees, which is an advanced doctorate degree rarely given. In America, this is an honorary degree given usually by a religious organization or institution, but is not an earned degree. Individuals who put Dr. in front of their name are committing a fraud in that people will believe that they earned a doctorate degree, when they have not, it was merely GIVEN to them.

When a church, denomination, or religious organization makes a minister a Bishop they will commonly give them a Doctorate of Divinity(This is starting to be seen in many churches, where they love to address their pastor as doctor… . Where many honorary degrees abound, as well as the use of the term “Bishop,” used for pastors; all done as opposed to Matthew 23:1-12.) in recognition of their position, but never earned. How we love titles.

No record exists that James Strong majored in biblical languages, or received a degree in this specialized training concerning linguistics for either Hebrew or Greek.

PERSONAL NOTE: I made the mistake of utilizing Strong’s for many years while preaching. It is this kind of mistake that leads to the teaching that man is instrumental in his own salvation when dealing with Scripture such as Philippians 2:12, which states:

“Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.” (KJV)

Without understanding the original Greek language I along with many others believed that I had to add to my salvation in some capacity, to “work it out.”

Yet now that I understand the Greek, I understand the difference between the English phrasing of this word in the Greek. In the Greek it means to come to understand what has been done, it would be synonymous to a teacher working out the formula of a math problem, doing the work himself, then telling the child to work out how he did it, and how he came to his conclusion on their own.

The purpose would be to understand the price that was paid for the conclusion. This is why the passage states that concerning our salvation we should do so with “fear and trembling.” Understanding that to purchase our salvation it cost the most expensive fee in all of existence, the blood of a sinless peer being, the blood of God’s Son, God Himself Jesus Christ to pay the price for our sins.

We did nothing whatsoever to deserve salvation, we are not even saved by faith. We are saved by grace, yet faith is a necessary vehicle to access that grace, if you don’t receive it it’s because you don’t believe it, yet faith is not a condition of receiving, it is the method of receiving.

Salvation is based solely on the work of Jesus Christ on the cross 2000 years ago, it is this that Paul tells us to work out and understand so that we comprehend the seriousness of sin. Sin is so devastating that the only thing that could balance the scales is complete righteousness, the complete righteousness of Jesus Christ taking our place in pain for our sins, this always brings me to a place of fear in understanding the devastation of sin and a complete and utter respect of how far God was willing to go to pay for that sin.

I did not learn this lesson until I light understood the Greek grammar of these words.

If anything makes this ministry different than others, it is because I am obsessed with the Greek grammar of the word of God, the very language that God chose to convey this most precious message to mankind, the gospel of Jesus Christ, wherein God’s only begotten son, the incarnate deity and God who came down to pay for our sins. Generically, the sixth thing that Jesus said from the cross, generically is interpreted, “it is finished.” Yet specifically the Greek means “paid in full,” or recompense and full. Many would ask the difference in these two understandings.

I’ve heard many people that are not believers say that Jesus was a good teacher, and with this mindset could say that when he said it is finished he was referring to his teaching. Or perhaps he was referring to giving up his life.

Jesus teaching is important but it is not the primary reason for his incarnation, because without his death his teaching would do us no good, we might become more moral people but we would still go to hell.

When Jesus said paid in full he was referring to the gospel, the good news as defined in 1st Corinthians 15:1-4, which states:

“Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand; By which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain. For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures” (KJV)

The Gospel is not the teachings of Jesus.

The Gospel is the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ who did so to purchase our salvation by paying for our sins, bracketed between the comment “according to the Scriptures,” indicating that these three components of the gospel our primary and taught throughout the old and New Testament. It is understanding the Greek, that over two decades ago I came to understand, Jesus, more than for gave me, He “paid my sins in full.”

There is nothing that I can add to my own salvation he did 100% of it, it is simply my pleasure to accept it by believing it, and thus live a life of faith and trust in him, never taking for granted the power of sin, understanding how much he paid to purchase me because of it.

This is what knowing the Greek grammar means to an individual who wishes to teach God’s word, not generically regurgitating what a root dictionary states.

Taken original Greek Preface, Written by Strong himself

Strong’s Preface to the Dictionary

Hebrew Preface:

“This work, although prepared as a companion to the exhaustive concordance, to which it is specifically adapted, is here paged and printed so that it can be bound separately, in the belief that a brief and simple dictionary of the biblical Hebrew and Chaldee will be useful to students and others, who do not care at all times to consult a more precise and elaborate lexicon; and it will be particularly serviceable to many who are unable to turn conveniently and rapidly, amid the perplexities and details of foreign characters with which the pages of Genesis and Fϋrst bristol, to the fundamental and essential points of information that they are seeking. Even scholars will find here, not only all of a strictly verbal character which they most frequently want in ordinary consultation of a lexicon, but numerous original suggestions, relations, and distinction, commonly made and clearly put, which are not unworthy of their attention, especially in the affinities of roots and the classification of meanings… The design of the volume, being purely lexical, does not include grammatical, archaeological, or exegetical details, which would have swelled its size and encumbered its plan.

Taken original Greek Preface, Written by Strong himself:

“This work is entirely similar an origin, method, and design, to the authors Hebrew dictionary, and may be employed separately, for a corresponding purpose and with a like result, namely, to be serviceable to many who have not the wish or the ability to use a more capricious lexicon of the Greek New Testament. In this case also even scholars will find many suggestions and explanations not unworthy of their attention”

As has been stated in his defense, James Strong never contributed original research. The term original research has to do with defining words terms and insights as compared to restating passages as is done in a concordance. A concordance is a guide that list individual words to be found in the Bible, by its very nature it is not an original research work, utilizing rules of literature or science in defining or presenting hypothesis or conclusions. What the writers did was categorize English words in the English translation of the Old and New Testaments alphabetically as a guide to their location within these volumes – their purpose was never to define words, or prescribed two or teach doctrine or theology, a concordance is a book of lists.

Strong’s Concordance is a fantastic tool. But it must be used as it was meant, as a concordance, not a Greek word study

So Who Do We Use for Greek Word Study GuidesOne of the best layman Greek Word Studies, meaning that the author defines the words without explaining the delineation of the verb, such as: the tense, mood, voice, gender, and number; or the case of the noun or other grammatical nuances; is found in The Complete Word Study New Testament along with the other dictionaries and parallel Bibles within this series.

Better YetHowever, as good as utilizing Greek word studies can be, this still only displays a partial understanding of any specific word without going into the details of the grammar itself.

The next step in gaining greater understanding of Greek words wherein the student of the Bible digs even deeper into the language is in regards to parsing the delineations as stated above (Theverb, such as: thetense, mood,voice,gender, andnumber; or thecaseof thenounor other grammatical nuances;). This is the level that the teacher of God’s word should be at in order to thoroughly equip(“All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good works.” (2 Timothy 3:16-17 ~ KJV), the saints of God regarding the whole counsel of God concerning His Word (“For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God. Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.” Acts 20:27-28 ~ KJV). In order to attempt this please email me and I will suggest further tools for greater examination at this level. The final step in attempting to master the Greek New Testament language and grammar is to become completely fluent in the written and spoken word of classical and Koiné Greek language

The Complete Word Study New TestamentThe excellent Greek translation work done by Spiros Zodhiates TH. D; is by far a great tool for the biblical layman.

Spiros earned his doctorate degree (achieved) in University after many years of study in the Greek language.

He is fluent in writing and speaking in Classical and Koiné Greek, and also has spoken Greek all his life as a native of Greece.

He translates words based upon the specific Scripture, where the differences of how a word is translated is based upon the grammar of the verbs in that particular usage in the context wherein each usage of the word can be completely diverse from another.

This can be verified by a Greek New Testament Bible (I reference only the Textus Receptus Greek New Testament – See Endnote #3).

This is why the diligent student of Greek never utilizes Strong’s Concordance’s Dictionary for translation work because it only utilizes generic – root words without their specific meaning as found only in the text is used.

Strong’s was never meant to be an exhaustive Greek Dictionary, it was designed to give a general reference to the meaning of words utilized within his concordance, whose main purpose is to locate words in the Bible using an identification system which is common in most Greek translation work.

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“Textus Receptus Wiki” States Regarding Strong’s Concordance:

Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, generally known as Strong’s Concordance, is a concordance of the King James Bible (KJV) that was constructed under the direction of Dr. James Strong (1822–1894) and first published in 1890. Dr. Strong was Professor of exegetical theology at Drew Theological Seminary at the time. It is an exhaustive cross-reference of every word in the KJV back to the word in the original text.

Unlike other Biblical reference books, the purpose of Strong’s Concordance is not to provide content or commentary about the Bible, but to provide an index to the Bible. This allows the reader to find words where they appear in the Bible. This index allows a student of the Bible to re-find a phrase or passage previously studied or to compare how the same topic is discussed in different parts of the Bible.

Strong’s Concordance includes:The 8674 Hebrew root words used in the Old Testament. (Example: 582)The 5624 Greek root words used in the New Testament. (Example: 3056)

James Strong did not construct Strong’s Concordance by himself; it was constructed with the effort of more than a hundred colleagues. It has become the most widely used concordance for the King James Bible.

Each original-language word is given an entry number in the dictionary of those original language words listed in the back of the concordance. These have become known as the “Strong’s numbers”. The main concordance lists each word that appears in the KJV Bible in alphabetical order with each verse in which it appears listed in order of its appearance in the Bible, with a snippet of the surrounding text (including the word in italics). Appearing to the right of scripture reference is the Strong’s number. This allows the user of the concordance to look up the meaning of the original language word in the associated dictionary in the back, thereby showing how the original language word was translated into the English word in the KJV Bible.

New editions of Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible are still in print (in 2007). Additionally, other authors have used Strong’s numbers in concordances of other Bible translations, such as the New International Version and American Standard Version. These are often also referred to as Strong’s Concordances.

Although the Greek words in Strong’s Concordance are numbered 1–5624, the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to “changes in the enumeration while in progress”. Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words.For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε — both are listed as 25 “αγαπαω”.

Strong’s Concordance is not a translation of the Bible nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong’s numbers is not a substitute for professional translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into English by those with formal training in ancient languages and the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written.

Since Strong’s Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, Strong’s Numbers are sometimes misinterpreted by those without adequate training to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context.

The use of Strong’s numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, idioms, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by those of the time period to express their thoughts in their own language at the time.

As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds.

Strong’s Concordance Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, generally known as Strong’s Concordance, is a concordance, constructed under the direction of Dr. James Strong (1822–1894), of the King James Version (KJV). Dr. Strong first published his Concordance in 1890, while Professor of exegetical theology at Drew Theological Seminary. It is an exhaustive cross-reference of every word in the KJV back to the word in the original text.

Unlike other Biblical reference books, the purpose of Strong’s Concordance is not to provide content or commentary about the Bible, but to provide an index to the Bible. This allows the reader to find words where they appear in the Bible. This index allows a student of the Bible to re-find a phrase or passage previously studied. It also lets the reader directly compare how the same word may be used elsewhere in the Bible. In this way Strong provides an independent check against translations, and offers an opportunity for greater, and more technically accurate understanding of text.

Strong’s Concordance includes:

The 8674 Hebrew root words used in the Old Testament. (Example: Hebrew word #582

The 5624 Greek root words used in the New Testament. (Example: Greek word #3056

James Strong did not construct Strong’s Concordance by himself; it was compiled with the effort of more than a hundred colleagues. It has become the most widely used concordance for the King James Bible. Each original language word is given an entry number in the dictionary of those original

language words listed in the back of the concordance. These have become known as the “Strong’s numbers”. The main concordance lists each word that appears in the KJV Bible in alphabetical order with each verse in which it appears listed in order of its appearance in the Bible, with a snippet of the surrounding text (including the word in italics). Appearing to the right of scripture reference is the Strong’s number. This allows the user of the concordance to look up the meaning of the original language word in the associated dictionary in the back, thereby showing how the original language word was translated into the English word in the KJV Bible.

New editions of Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible remain in print as of 2012. Additionally, other authors have used Strong’s numbers in concordances of other Bible translations, such as the New International Version and American Standard Version. These are often also referred to as Strong’s numbers. New editions of Strong’s may exclude the comparative section (1611 KJV to 1614) and the asterisks that denote differential definitions of the same Hebrew or Greek words; due perhaps to denominational considerations, definitions may also be altered. Although the Greek words in Strong’s Concordance are numbered 1–5624, the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to “changes in the enumeration while in progress”.

Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words. For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε – both are listed as Greek word #25 in Strong’s αγαπαω.

Strong’s Concordance is not a translation of the Bible, nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong’s numbers is not a substitute for professional translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into English by those with formal training in ancient languages and in the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written. Since Strong’s Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, those without adequate training sometimes misinterpret Strong’s numbers to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context. The use of Strong’s numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, idioms, euphemisms, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by original writers to express their thoughts in their own language at the time. As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds. Many scholarly Greek and Hebrew lexicons (e.g., the Brown, Driver, Briggs Hebrew lexicon, Thayer’s Greek Lexicon, and Vine’s Bible Dictionary) also use Strong’s numbers for cross-referencing, encouraging hermeneutical approaches to study.

“In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin.[1] In etymology, the cognate category excludes doublets and loan words. The word cognate derives from the Latin noun cognatus, which means “blood relative”.[2]

Cognates do not need to have the same meaning, which may have changed as the languages developed separately. For example, consider English starve and Dutch sterven or Germansterben (“to die”); these three words all derive from the same Proto-Germanic root, *sterbaną (“die”). English dish and German Tisch (“table”), with their flat surfaces, both come from Latindiscus, but it would be a mistake to identify their later meanings as the same. Discus is from Greek δίσκος (from the verb δικεῖν “to throw”). A later and separate English reflex of discus, probably through medieval Latin desca, is desk (see OED s.v. desk).

Cognates also do not need to have obviously similar forms, e.g. English father, French père, and Armenian հայր (hayr) all descend directly from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

Jump up^”cognate”, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed.: “Latin cognātus: co-, co- + gnātus, born, past participle of nāscī, to be born.” Other definitions of the English word include “[r]elated by blood; having a common ancestor” and “[r]elated or analogous in nature, character, or function“.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate(From Brent: To the purist in linguistics who would suggest that quoting Wikipedia is unprofessional, perhaps. But when what is stated is correct, Wikipedia can present definitions much more concise and accurately than textbooks or journals with simple words that are much easier for us layman to understand. Remember Einstein’s words: “Everything should be as simple as it can be, but not simpler” – Albert Einstein “A Scientist’s Defense of Art and Knowledge – of Lightness, Completeness and Accuracy.”)

2. Strong’s Concordance & Dictionary – Root Words

“Although the Greek words in Strong’s Concordance are numbered 1–5624 editions of Strong’s, the numbers 2717 and 3203–3302 are unassigned due to “changes in the enumeration while in progress”. Not every distinct word is assigned a number, but only the root words. For example, αγαπησεις is assigned the same number as αγαπατε – both are listed as Greek word #25 in Strong’s “αγαπαω”.

Strong’s Concordance is not a translation of the Bible nor is it intended as a translation tool. The use of Strong’s numbers is not a substitute for professional translation of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into English by those with formal training in ancient languages and the literature of the cultures in which the Bible was written.

Since Strong’s Concordance identifies the original words in Hebrew and Greek, Strong’s numbers are sometimes misinterpreted by those without adequate training to change the Bible from its accurate meaning simply by taking the words out of cultural context. The use of Strong’s numbers does not consider figures of speech, metaphors, idioms, common phrases, cultural references, references to historical events, or alternate meanings used by those of the time period to express their thoughts in their own language at the time. As such, professionals and amateurs alike must consult a number of contextual tools to reconstruct these cultural backgrounds. Many scholarly Greek and Hebrew Lexicons (e.g., Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew Lexicon, Thayer’s Greek Dictionary, and Vine’s Bible Dictionary) also use Strong’s numbers for cross-referencing, encouraging hermeneutical approaches to study.”

I only use theTextus Receptus(Theopedia.com) for Greek word study meanings, there are too many thousands of deviations in the newer (Alexandrian type text) translations which do harm to the original meaning. The Textus Receptus, utilized for the King James Translation has known English translation errors that are understood, corrected, and do no fundamental damage to any doctrine, unlike the newer translations.

The New King James is not based upon the Textus Receptus(Wikipedia.com). Read the introduction to the New King James Bible, it is written in the spirit of theKing James Bible (Textus Receptus), but it is based upon Alexandrian codices, which many translators, including myself feel are corrupted when it is compared with the Textus Receptus(Chick.com), [See Footnote #4 below].

Textual Criticism is a complicated subject, where there are individuals which abuse forms of translation styles and formats, commonly referred to as Higher Criticism(newworldencyclopedia.org), which was created 200 years ago. I am a follower of the teachers of the last few hundred years regarding Lower Criticism, which has been the standard of literature research and biblical criticism for the last 2000 years, beginning in the early writings of the second century and utilized in Antioch as the first Christian center of education regarding the gospel, under the leading of Lucian of Antioch(Britannica.com) [though vilified and belittled by the followers of Higher Criticism], who utilized those texts which were later made up the Textus Receptus. For over 1300 years these documents had been used until they were codified in the authorized text.

Higher Criticism teaches that many of the books of the Bible were NOT written by the stated authors, and are not credible as an errant, such as the Deutero-Isaiah theory, or the Documentary Hypothesis of the Pentateuch, also known as the JEDP Theory. Almost all of the newer critics that follow Higher Criticism(GotQuestions.com) do not believe in the complete inerrancy of the Bible, nor many believe in the inspiration of the holy writ as well.

On the other side of the issue are those who referred to themselves as King James only purist who even go so far as to state that the English translation of the Textus Receptus, the King James is the only inspired word of God. They go so far as to even indicate that the Textus Receptus and other original Greek language New Testaments are corrupted, while the translated into English version of the King James is pure and without any translational errors, which is quite ridiculous in itself.

There are many of us that believe that the Textus Receptus may be the best KoinéGreek copies that we have, yet also value the other Byzantinetexts as well, referred to as the Majority Text.

Textual Criticism, in the form of Higher Criticism is taught by almost all Christian schools of higher education, to their own shame.

In his principal work, Lucian analyzed the Greek text of both the Old and New Testaments, creating a tradition of manuscripts known as the Lucianic Byzantine, or Syrian, text. Until the development of 19th-century biblical criticism, its clarity made it the common text. By comparative study of the Greek and Hebrew grammatical styles in their Semitic background, Lucian proposed to limit the symbolical interpretation characteristic of the Alexandrian (Egyptian) allegorical tradition by emphasizing the primacy of the literal sense, whether expressed directly or metaphorically.”

[These Alexandrian Codices, now referred to as Eclectic Manuscripts are the basis of almost all of the newer translations over the past 128 years, since Westcott and Hort legitimized Higher Criticism and made famous the use of Alexandrian manuscripts as the standard of modern textual criticism, dethroning lower criticism which had been utilized for over 1800 years concerning Bible transmission and translation. By Brent]

This teaching is not without controversy, as Westcott and Hort, and those committed to the Alexandrian Codex and Higher Criticism have attacked the idea that Lucian’s collection of KoinéGreek Byzantine manuscripts was in common use prior to the 14th century, and thus used as the foundation for the Textus Receptus; most prominent antagonist of this hypothesis is German Roman Catholic theologian Thomas Böhm, who writes:

“an effort has been made to discover a Lucianic recension of the LXX and the NT Koine, which formed the basis of the textus receptus. But, for one thing, the criteria are unclear for determining how this recension could have been made by Lucian (the relationship to the Hexapla is also unclear). For another, what is regarded as typical of Lucian can be seen prior to Lucian (Philo, Josephus, Clement Alex., papyri of the 1st and 2nd c., etc.). The effort to find a Lucianic recension must be regarded as a failure.” (Dictionary of Early Christian Literature, pp. 388-389)

T. Böhm’s comments are disputed by many, and at variance with fourth and fifth century church writers, wherein Lucian’s work on the Septuagintand KoinéGreek New Testament is not in question, but considered a fact due to the preponderance of witnesses, wherein questioning the criteria of Lucian’s work in both of these works is ridiculous.

When a large preponderance of credible witnesses attributes a written work to Lucian of Antioch, one should come to the conclusion that one speculation does not outweigh the preponderance of evidence given by these individuals. Simply stating that IF there is no proof of how someone did something, because you do not understand how they did it, is not evidence against the claim that it was done by that person.

And secondly, simply because Lucian may have constructed or presented words, expressions, sentences, or written works in the same style as a previous writer of great fame, perhaps even quoting them or coming to the same conclusions concerning a translation, does not disqualify what Lucian translated.

The point is, what is the most accurate translation, rather Josephus translated text correctly, or Clement, or any other writings; what should be of concern is the accuracy of that translation, not if others have come to the same conclusion prior to the work in question.

If you note a bias in my tone concerning T. Böhm’s work, it is because after having read much of what he has written, I find his own prejudice to be overwhelming, and his lack of investigative analysis to be immense, to the extent he holds no credibility with myself, and many others, even if he is highly acclaimed among those that adhere to Higher Criticism.

Speaking for myself, as a born-again Protestant believer who holds to a literal translation of the Bible, I maintain conflicting views concerning many major theological doctrines with Thomas Böhm, a German Roman Catholic theologian lacking agreement with many of his German Roman Catholic views.

5. Bible Resources – Pending – To be completed 11/11/2017

First let me share an online resource which you can use to break down the grammar of the Textus Receptus yourself. When you see a second set Strong’s numbers in brackets over a word, it is using a (“Strong’s TVM,” meaning Tense, Voice, and Mood), grammatical number to indicate the breakdown of the word. This numbering system is listed with type Strong’s numbers, but was created a few years ago to help students of English break down Geek Bible words – it is a good layman aid.

All Scripture verses listed, unless otherwise noted, refer to the King James Version.

All Scripture verses listed, unless otherwise noted, refer to the King James Version.

“The difference between ‘involvement’ and ‘commitment’ is like an eggs-and-ham breakfast: the chicken was ‘involved’ – the pig was ‘committed’.”

VINE’S EXPOSITORY DICTIONARY OF OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT WORDS, W.E. Vine, Ellis Enterprises Inc., Oklahoma City, OK 73120, USA, 1988, Electronic Media.***Many Time uses Alexandrian Codex, but also the Textus Receptus, and most importantly advises which text is used

STRONG’S EXHAUSTIVE CONCORDANCE TOGETHER WITH DICTIONARIES OF HEBREW AND GREEK WORDS, James Strong, Baker Book House Company, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA, 1981-1998, Electronic Media. **** For the Concordance use Only!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

FREE COMPUTER BIBLES: ******

Using this program can change your life especially by using the study notes adjacent to the Scripture for reference and Bible note taking. I learned 30 years ago to take notes in your Bible, if you don’t do this (unless you have a photographic memory – even then it’s presumptuous not take notes), you will never grasp God’s Word as the Holy Spirit desires you to do so. ~ “And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men.” (Colossians 3:23)

3. Those that are Proponents, Translators, and Advocates of the Alexandrian Codices:

Clark, Adam (believer of higher criticism, thought the Textus Receptus to be corrupted and Arthur of “Adam Clarke’s commentary on the Bible”)

Clark, Albert

Coburn, Camden

Comfort, Philip W. (“Early Manuscripts and Modern Translations of the New Testament”…)

Cowell, Ernest (“Hort Redivivus: a plea and a program”)

Danker, Frederick W.

Daris, Sergio

Decker, Rodney J.

Deissman, Adolf (father of papyri insight)

Douglas, J. D

Eichhorn, (1787- originator of German Higher Criticism, author of Einleitung”)

Ellison, H. L. (“New International Dictionary Of The Christian Church”)

Elliott, Keith

Epp, Eldon (“A Continuing Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism,” “The Significance for Determining the Nature of the New Testament text in the Second Century: a Dynamic View of Textural Transmission”)

Fausset, A. R. (Higher Critic, author of “Jamison, Fossett, and Brown Commentary on the Old and New Testaments”)

Fee, Gordon (“The Myth of the Early Textual Recension in Alexandria” in: New Dimensions in New Testament Study)

Nestlé, Erwin – son of Eberhard (1927 took over his father’s work, joined by Kirk Aland in 1950)

Newman, Berkeley

Newton, Sir Isaac (He did not believe in the Trinity in that Jesus was equal with God, and that the Textus Receptus was corrupt – he was given to Higher Criticism and believed that 1 John 5:7 and 1 Timothy 3:16 were later added to the text – he did not believe in the faith that could not be understood – I do not consider him a true Christian)

Nida, Eugene A.

Osburn, Carroll D.

Parker, D.C.

Pfeiffer, Charles F. H.

Pickering, S. R.

Pintaudi, Rosario

Piselli, E.

Porter, Calvin

Preuschen,

Reichmann, Victor

Robertson, Archibald Thomas (thought the Textus receptors was corrupt and believed in higher criticism, and is author of “Word Pictures in the New Testament”)

Roberts, Colin H. (“Greek Papyri”)

Roca-Puig, P.

Rosch, Friedrich

Sanders, Henry A.

Scanlin, Harold P.

Schnackenburg, Rudolph

Schofield, Ellwood

Schwartz, J.

Scott, Robert

Skeat, Theodore

Smith, W. Robertson

Stegmuller, Otto

Tasker, R. V. G.

Testuz, Michael

Thrall, Margaret E.

Tiltin, H.

Tischendorf, Constantin von (1869-72) (Discovered: CodexSinaiticus)

Tregelles, Samuel (1857-72) (produced Greek text using Alexandrian, came out in six parts)

Turner, Eric G. (“Studies of The Papyri”)

Twilley, L. D.

Vielli, G.

Von Soden

Weiss, Bernhard (1894-1900)

Wessely, Karl

Westcott, Brooke F. (“introduction to the New Testament in the original Greek”)

White, James

Wikgren, Allen

Williams, James

Zuntz, Gunther

If there are any mistakes in that I have listed the wrong individuals I am always anxious to be corrected. But normally speaking these are the individuals that I avoid

4.Wikipedia Regarding Greek Deponent Verb and Middle Voice

“I used this explanation because it was the simplest to understand for the layman, without getting into more complicated issues”, Brent ~ LINK

5 comments

I’ve been wanting to purchase Strongs Concordance for quiet some time now so I constantly search up the different types available. Today however, I was committed to buying one once and for all, till this website came up in my search! I don’t believe for a second that this was coincidental. God bless you for this entry, sound biblical teaching is so paramount to the body! I believed for the longest time that I needed to work in some way for my salvation. wow. How can I get in contact with you?

By what your saying it would be also impossible to translate correctly. Seems like you are pushing this to keep people from even trying to study. One thing for sure it opens the eyes to all the downright mistranslated new testament.. the perversion of gospel.

Lisa, (Edited)
Thank you VERY MUCH for your comment. I list on my blog-sight which Bible resource aids use which Greek New Testament – But I need to republish it again, and list it on my homepage.

You are a GOD-SENT. Email me if you have any questions I may not have addressed on my blog-sight. I will be quite busy for a few weeks to complete building A video teaching studio, in which I will address this issue there as well. Again, thank you for being used of the Lord. Your brother in Christ, Brent (Edited, I used Voice Recognition software, my bad.)

First let me share an online resource which you can use to break down the grammar of the Textus Receptus yourself. When you see a second set of Strong’s numbers in brackets over a word, it is using a (“Strong’s TVM,” meaning Tense, Voice, and Mood), which is a grammatical number to indicate the breakdown of the word. This numbering system is listed with type Strong’s numbers, but was created a few years ago to help students of English break down Geek Bible words – it is a good layman aid.

Next, Please see my blog-site as of 11/12/2017, wherein I will republished an article that lists resources using the Greek Textus Receptus New Testament. bb

Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit (Notable Original Work)
Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit is much different than most people have been taught. Blasphemy is to knowingly lie about another, it is not accidental. It is a deliberate act of the will, that does not fear God, and is not afraid they committed it.

Does James Contradict Paul Regarding Faith
One of the main texts that have been used to assert that works are necessarily a part of faith is taken from James 2:21, which would appear to indicate that Abraham was saved not by faith alone, but when works were added, but this is false.

Eternal life ~ Jesus' Definition of Salvation
Most New Testament passages that define salvation as eternal life. Many believe that salvation is separation from sin, though this is a consequence of salvation, it is not the definition of salvation according to Jesus, who said salvation is eternal life.

Eternal Security – Its About God (Notable Work)
The reason that Eternal Security is so important is because it’s about God – His integrity and ability, rather than the man that is saved. Can God give us to Jesus and can Jesus keep us. Salvation is not about joining, it’s about becoming!

Jesus ~ The Ultimate Example of Faith (Notable Original Work)
Jesus was the greatest example of faith, pleasing the Father in everything He did, trusting in the Father to the other most, committing His human life to God in obedient faith; fulfilling more than any man; what He demanded of His followers – faith.

Judgment Mandated for the Christian Walk (Notable Work)
It is common to hear Christians say “thou shall not judge”, and while this is true concerning condemnation which is God’s realm only, it is false and has been one of the main factors that has led to sin within the church, and it’s Ineffectiveness.

The Problem of Using Strong’s Concordance Dictionary
One thing that many believers do concerning the handling of Greek words is use Strong’s Concordance’s Dictionary to translate Greek words – this is not only a fundamental error, but can lead to devastating conclusions. IT IS ONLY A ROOT DICTIONARY!

What Is Christianity?
The word Christianity is the word Christian plus the suffix “ity” means: “condition or quality of being, the state of.” Simply put Christianity means the state of following Christ, or as Jesus refers to it the condition of being born again (John

Who & What to Trust Encyclopedia (Notable Work)
CAUTION – This will automatically download a .word document when you click on the link. This is the only way I could present this encyclopedia regarding Bible translation & Bible history & dates , Textual Criticism, and Spiritual leaders & m

MOST VITAL ARTICLES

1 ~ JESUS ~ Our City of Refuge
John 5:39 says: “Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me.” Jesus is found throughout the OT, even in the symbols that God set up such as The Cities of Refuge.

3 ~ Figures of Speech ~ Part 1 ~ A Brief Introduction
Figures of Speech are used in every culture. They are words used in an unusual manner which indicate they are not speaking about something literal, but hold a meaning that is implied, such as “get off my back,” or calling Jesus “the Lamb of God.”

6 ~ Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit
The Greek word from which we get the English word blasphemy means to knowingly slander, which is to intentionally lie about something, with no desire to correct the lie. This is one of the reasons why a person cannot unknowingly commit this sin.

7 ~ An Amazing Old Testament Prophecy ~ Genesis Five
Genesis 5 is a genealogy of the first 10 generations of man, and as noted by Chuck Missler when you define the root meaning of the names it literally presents the gospel of Jesus Christ in an un-deniable way.

What Is Christianity?
The word Christianity is the word Christian plus the suffix “ity” means: “condition or quality of being, the state of.” Simply put Christianity means the state of following Christ, or as Jesus refers to it the condition of being born again (John

“So then faith cometh by hearing, and hearing by the word of God.” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This online Bible study series addresses primary New Testament words in their original language - Koinè Greek - as opposed to mainly using the English translations; which is like adding color to a black-and-white picture.