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Previous immunization studies had shown that a particular idiotyp

Previous immunization studies had shown that a particular idiotype, C12, generates a large fraction of the virus-specific early response to influenza A/PR8 in BALB/c mice 24, 27 and an anti-C12 idiotype mAb had previously been generated 24. Infection of BALB/c mice with influenza A/PR8 showed that C12Id-expressing virus-specific serum Ab responses peaked rapidly, at around 2 wk after infection, consistent with the earlier immunization studies 24. The C12Id response peak preceded the overall virus-specific Ab response peak by roughly 2 wk (Fig. 1A). In contrast to

the C12Id-encoded responses induced by immunization, which rapidly disappeared 24, antiviral C12Id serum Ab were still measurable by day 60 following infection, albeit at levels reduced from their selleck chemical peak. The overall anti-viral serum Ab response reached plateau levels Rucaparib solubility dmso about one month after infection, after which time they were maintained over the lifetime of the mouse (Fig. 1A, right panel and data not shown). ELISPOT analysis on respiratory tract draining MedLN, spleen and lung identified the regional LN as the major site of early C12Id+ Ab production

(Fig. 1B). In contrast to the Ab responses in secondary lymphoid organs, the Ab secreting cells in the lung tissue indicated a steady accumulation. The rapid increase then decline of C12Id+ virus-specific serum Ab could not be explained by T cell-independent B-cell activation. T-cell-deficient nude mice showed greatly reduced antiviral C12Id+ serum Ab titers compared with WT BALB/c medroxyprogesterone mice (Fig. 1C). While the C12Id-encoded response was greatly diminished, however, it was still measurable and followed kinetics similar to responses

in WT mice. Together, the virus-specific C12Id+ responses showed response kinetics distinct from those of the overall infection-induced humoral responses (Fig. 1A). The magnitude of this C12Id response suggested that we could follow C12Id+ B cells elaborating this response as prototypic “early” responders in the context of non-genetically manipulated WT BALB/c mice. To study the characteristics of the rapidly differentiating C12Id+ B cells, we focused on regional LN, the site of strongest Ab production (Fig. 1B). C12Id-expressing B cells were easily identified in MedLN and peripheral LN (pooled inguinal and axillaries) of non-infected mice, where they represented a relatively high frequency of B cells (between 1 and 2% of B cells, Fig. 2A and data not shown). Their frequencies in MedLN of non-infected mice were not significantly different from those in peripheral LN. As MedLN are extremely small in non-infected mice, we therefore used the peripheral LN as control for all remaining studies. The relatively high frequency of C12Id+ B cells is consistent with previous findings of high titers non-HA-specific C12Id-encoded Ab in BALB/c mice prior to infection (24 and data not shown).