"... This e-book is devoted to Global Optimization algorithms, which are methods for finding solutions of high quality for an incredible wide range of problems. We introduce the basic concepts of optimization and discuss features which make optimization problems difficult and thus, should be considered ..."

This e-book is devoted to Global Optimization algorithms, which are methods for finding solutions of high quality for an incredible wide range of problems. We introduce the basic concepts of optimization and discuss features which make optimization problems difficult and thus, should be considered when trying to solve them. In this book, we focus on

"... which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2013:8 933–940 International Journal of Nanomedicine Metabolic profile of puerarin in rats after intragastric administration of puerarin solid lipid nanoparticles Cheng-F ..."

which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2013:8 933–940 International Journal of Nanomedicine Metabolic profile of puerarin in rats after intragastric administration of puerarin solid lipid nanoparticles Cheng

"... I n ihis p a p e r, we design and analyze a growable multicast ATM switch. It can grow to a large size since both cell routing and contention resolution are designed t o distribute over switch elements, and the switch structure is modular. The output ports arc par-titioned into groups t o p e r m i ..."

I n ihis p a p e r, we design and analyze a growable multicast ATM switch. It can grow to a large size since both cell routing and contention resolution are designed t o distribute over switch elements, and the switch structure is modular. The output ports arc par-titioned into groups t o p e r m i t sharing of routing paths. The concept of group routing helps reduce an order of magnitude o f sufitch elements. A two-stage switch architecture is described to illustrate our design prin-ciple. The switch can be easily expanded i o a larger site b y using more stages. The performance analy-sis of Ihe switch i n terms of cell loss rate, cell dclay, mean queue length, mean waiting t ime, and through-put is conducted using the M / G e o n i / l model. Ex-perimental results show that the proposed ATM switch not only meets the ATM performance requirements ei-ther f o r unicasting or multicasting but also uses fewer switch elements and has less delay than other compa-rable switches. 1

"... ABSTRACT. Considerable quantities of new data have become available recently regarding the nature and distribution of permafrost along the eastern ranges of the Cordillera. These are used to produce an elevation view of permafrost in the ranges north of the 35"N parallel. In the south, ther is ..."

on the sporadic permafrost zone. The apparent permafrost boundaries differ from those of Brown (1967), Pkwk (1983a) and Cheng Guodong (1983). Their work was based on considerably less data, and it is clear that the terrain factors of mean winter snow depth, l cal moisture and ground water conditions

"... This article reviews acoustic microfluidics: the use of acoustic fields, principally ultrasonics, for application in microfluidics. Although acoustics is a classical field, its promising, and indeed perplexing, capabilities in powerfully manipulating both fluids and particles within those fluids on ..."

This article reviews acoustic microfluidics: the use of acoustic fields, principally ultrasonics, for application in microfluidics. Although acoustics is a classical field, its promising, and indeed perplexing, capabilities in powerfully manipulating both fluids and particles within those fluids on the microscale to nanoscale has revived interest in it. The bewildering state of the literature and ample jargon from decades of research is reorganized and presented in the context of models derived from first principles. This hopefully will make the area accessible for researchers with experience in materials science, fluid mechanics, or dynamics. The abundance of interesting phenomena arising from nonlinear interactions in ultrasound that easily appear at these small scales is considered, especially in surface acoustic wave devices that are simple to fabricate with planar lithography techniques common in microfluidics, along with the many applications in microfluidics and nanofluidics that appear through the literature.

"... Abstract. When drawing graphs whose nodes contain text or graphics, the non-trivial node sizes must be taken into account, either as part of the initial layout or as a post-processing step. The core problem is to avoid overlaps while retaining the structural information inherent in a layout using li ..."

Abstract. When drawing graphs whose nodes contain text or graphics, the non-trivial node sizes must be taken into account, either as part of the initial layout or as a post-processing step. The core problem is to avoid overlaps while retaining the structural information inherent in a layout using little additional area. This paper presents a new node overlap removal algorithm that does well by these measures. 1

"... Abstract Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods combined with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine the water diffusion anisotropy in perfused rat hearts at 37°C. It was found that the observed diffusion coefficient DaPP (apparent diffusion coefficient) de-pends ..."

Abstract Pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods combined with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine the water diffusion anisotropy in perfused rat hearts at 37°C. It was found that the observed diffusion coefficient DaPP (apparent diffusion coefficient) de-pends on the orientation of the applied gradient g. When g is parallel to the epicardial surface, the observed diffusivity is DaPP1I=1.8±0.4x10-9 m2 s-1, whereas when g is perpendicular to it, diffusivity is DaPP1=2.5±0.5x10-9 m2 s'l. To better characterize this directional dependence, images of the sec-ond-order diffusion tensor D of the myocardium were ob-tained. These data demonstrate several essential features of cardiac myoarchitecture, including the helicity of fiber orien-tation with respect to the ventricular axis and the variation of fiber pitch angle with transmural depth. Diffusion anisotropy