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Kognitive Neuorientierung der ostdeutschen außeruniversitären Grundlagenforschung als Folge des Institutionentransfershttp://hdl.handle.net/10419/50923
Title: Kognitive Neuorientierung der ostdeutschen außeruniversitären Grundlagenforschung als Folge des Institutionentransfers
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<br/>Authors: Gläser, Jochen
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<br/>Abstract: Gegenstand der Studie ist die Veränderung der Anwendungsbezüge der ostdeutschen außeruniversitären Grundlagenforschung (GF) im Gefolge des Institutionentransfers. Das forschungspolitische System der DDR praktizierte eine durchgehende hierarchische Steuerung mit einer geringen formalen Autonomie der Institute und Wissenschaftler. Über diese Hierarchie wurde ein starker Druck auf eine Bindung der Forschung an die Industrie ausgeübt, in dessen Ergebnis eine funktionale Integration von GF und Anwendungsforschung (AF) entstand. Die GF ging in das stärker funktional differenzierte forschungspolitische Institutionensystem der BRD über, in dem viele Institute und Wissenschaftler in Leitungspositionen über eine große formale Autonomie verfügen. Deshalb war zu erwarten, daß die außeruniversitäre GF aufgezwungene Anwendungsbezüge aufgibt und generell die größeren Möglichkeiten, wissen-schaftsinternen Impulsen unabhängig von Anwendungsbezügen zu folgen, ausnutzt. Diese Hypothese wurde durch eine auf Dokumentenanalysen und Leitfadeninterviews basierende empirische Untersuchung geprüft und aus folgenden Gründen zurückgewiesen: (1) Die institutionellen Kontexte der GF an der AdW der DDR und in den heutigen Einrichtungen haben trotz völlig unterschiedlicher Beschaffenheit gleiche Wirkungen. (2) Ein Teil der GF entsprach und entspricht ohnehin den institutionalisierten forschungspolitischen Forderungen und geriet bzw. gerät deshalb nicht unter Druck. (3) Die GF ist stark pfadabhängig und kann deshalb nicht umstandslos auf institutionell verursachte Gelegenheiten reagieren. (4) Die Interessen der Wissenschaftler bezüglich der Anwendungsbezüge ihrer Forschung erwiesen sich als stabil. Die Untersuchung erlaubt auch Aussagen darüber, wie GF auf einen ubiquitären forschungs-politischen Anwendungsdruck reagiert. So verschwindet z.B. die entfernt anwendungsbezogene GF tendenziell, weil unter diesen Bedingungen keine neuen Forschungslinien entstehen und existierende Forschungslinien immer weniger Ressourcen erhalten.What are institutional boundaries and how can they be overcome? Germany's collaborative research centres as boundary-spanning networkshttp://hdl.handle.net/10419/50922
Title: What are institutional boundaries and how can they be overcome? Germany's collaborative research centres as boundary-spanning networks
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<br/>Authors: Laudel, Grit; Gläser, Jochen
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<br/>Abstract: Social entities create institutional frameworks, i.e. internal systems of rules which govern (but do not control) the actions of their members. Both scientific communities and scientific organisations are social entities whose institutional frameworks include rules promoting internal collaboration. Based upon a diffuse reciprocity, members of the social entities are stimulated to collaborate with other members. The tendency to prefer other members as collaborators is accompanied by a relative exclusion of non-members from collaborations. Thus, in this way institutional frameworks create institutional boundaries hindering collaboration. In order to overcome institutional boundaries both within universities and between scientific communities, in Germany collaborative research centres (CRCs) were established. These are networks of research groups from different departments of one or more universities, i.e. from different organisations and different scientific communities. They contain their own institutional framework, which overlaps with the institutional frameworks of both organisations and scientific communities. Because the network’s institutional framework includes rules promoting collaborations, these necessarily span the original institutional boundaries. A detailed discussion of these rules shows the functional equivalence of the different social entities’ (communities, organisations and networks) institutional frameworks.Where do the actants, mangles come from?http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50921
Title: Where do the actants, mangles come from?
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<br/>Authors: Gläser, Jochen; Laudel, Grit
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<br/>Abstract: This paper deals with the methodological problem of how to include material influences in comparative studies of research processes. Both Actor-Network-Theory and ‚Mangle-of-Practice‘ confirm convincingly enough that materiality must be taken into account in empirical investigations of research processes. However, it is not clear how material factors can be included systematically in comparative studies. In this paper, we use empirical examples from comparative institutionalist studies of research processes to discuss the difficulties that hinder comparative analyses. It turns out that neither Actor-Network-Theory nor ‚Mangle‘ support comparative analyses of material influences. As causes for this deficiency, we discuss the treatment of materiality as situationally emergent phenomenon, the absence of methodology and the theoretical models‘ level of abstraction. A methodological framework is proposed that should support systematic comparative analyses. This framework rests on an understanding of materiality as a cognitive condition of action. With the concept of cognitive conditions of action, materiality can be introduced into theories of action and into institutionalist approaches.Vietnam's research and development system in the 1990s: Structural and functional change. Research reporthttp://hdl.handle.net/10419/50920
Title: Vietnam's research and development system in the 1990s: Structural and functional change. Research report
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<br/>Editors: Meske, Werner; Thinh, Dang Duy
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<br/>Abstract: Under the ca. 15 years of doi moi (renovation) policy, Vietnam's development has been taking place in the two different but overlapping contexts of transformation and swift economic development. These contexts correspond to two different scenarios for the country's future: One scenario of transformation is the Eastern European pattern; the other is the Tiger Scenario, with increasing industrialisation and rapid economic growth. The research and development (R&D) potential created during the period of planned economy could assume a key role in these processes. In the 1990s the R&D system was restructured, with the aim of solving the financial problems that had arisen during transformation, while at the same time seeking to better achieve a functional integration of R&D into innovation processes in the economy. A joint research project carried out by the 'Working Group Transformation of Science Systems (WZB) and the NISTPASS, Hanoi conducted macrostructural research and in-depth case studies in selected industrial sectors and R&D institutions to clarify how this is taking place, which organisational forms are created by it, and how the new structures affect the functions of R&D. This report presents the results of this research. The impact of doi moi policy in the area of S&T must be described as ambiguous: There is an incongruity between successful structural changes and their functional effects, in particular regarding increased innovation activities - which have so far not or only partially been achieved. Some serious problems in the science system, in industrial enterprises as targets of innovations and in infrastructural prerequisites for innovation diminish Vietnam's current and future potential to utilise R&D for economic growth and social welfare.