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Rural
Tank is traditionally linked to our society, as well as tank is intricate
human-made ecosystem connecting a lot of natural resource with given that a
broad multiplicity of purpose. The common ecological, social, economic and
environmental factors conserved and connected for fully depended on rural t=
anks.Recent years, the rural tank has faced the big probl=
em
of encroachment
on the various parts of on rural tanks in Tamil Nadu, is which is overall
decline of water potential now widespread turn and especially affecting the
agricultural economy of the state. Much of the tank-fed areas are situated =
in water abatements. The study mainly based on secondary =
of
data. A model comprising the participation of
tank’s users, watershed development, development of agriculture in or=
der
to achieve environmental sustainability directs to remove the encroachments=
on
rural tanks. It is therefore conclude that rural tanks are the traditional
based social, economic, cultural and environmental unit which determines the
sanitation for the rural people. It should be protected by the efforts of r=
ural
people.

Key Words<=
/i>: Encroachment,
Environment, Rural Tanks

Conceptual Framework: Rural tanks have been created olden centuries for fulfil the need of
irrigation and drinking water supply for human-being and livestock necessit=
y.
They are traditionally linked to our society, as well as tank is intricate
human-made ecosystem connecting a lot of natural resource with given that a
broad multiplicity of purpose. The common ecological, social, economic and
environmental factors conserved and connected for fully depended on rural
tanks. The geographical condition of Tamil Nadu is considered by the
appearance, of a huge number of tanks almost 39,402 tanks available in this
region. In
Tamil Nadu, the rulers of Chera, Chola, Pandyan and Pallava kingdoms were v=
ery
sensitive method of appropriate technology to used the creation of tanks ha=
s connected
the irrigation facilities (Balamurugan.P, 2007). They strugg=
le
to deal with water in technique that are efficient, equitable and
environmentally resonance. Tamil Nadu has seven agro climatic zones and the
average rainfall in the state is 930mm per annum against the national avera=
ge
of 1200mm per annum. The net cultivated area in Tamil Nadu is 48.92 lakh ha=
of
which only 58% is irrigated, while the rest is rain-fed. Well irrigation fo=
rms
56% of all irrigation, while canal and tank irrigation form 26% and 18%
respectively. Thus there is a high strain on availability of adequate water=
for
irrigation in the state. Recent years, the rural tank has faced the big pro=
blem
of encroachment on the various parts of on rural tanks in
Tamil Nadu, is which is overall decline of water potential now widespread t=
urn
and especially affecting the agricultural economy of the state. Much of the
tank-fed areas are situated in water abatements.

=

=
&n=
bsp;
Historically, the main role of the tanks was stored and share out th=
e water
for irrigation uses, but the rural tanks roles not only for irrigation and =
also
multiple uses of water in rural society and improveour economic well-being of national
wealth. Such as the rural tank useful to fish production, cattle sold, small
plant farm, another factor they can control drought, soil erosion, floods. =
The removal
of encroachment work is not independently solved but, one from each other t=
hey can
help and need arrangement for tank repair and maintenance will be preserved=
the
tank.

=

=
Objective
of the Paper:

1.To
determine the existing encroachment of rural tanks to need the removal of e=
ncroachments.

2.To
portray the strategies and approaches for encroachment of rural tanks towar=
ds
sustainable development in rural area.

3.To
develop a plan for sustainable rural development and conservation of rural
tanks

=
Methodolog=
y: The study =
mainly
based on the secondary of data. Secondary data have been collected through =
the
personal visit and consultation with various documents available from the
office of block development office (BDO), District Rural development Agency
(DRDA), Village Panchayat office of the Tamil Nadu State.

=

=

=

=
Rural tank=
s as
eco-system: Rural
tanks have been connected the natural eco-system of rural environments. Tank
eco-systems were including physical structure of tank, under the area
irrigated, surrounding spaces, resource obtainable with the tank, rural
livelihood status, and the linked small local water bodies. The tank eco-sy=
stem
changes from the only on the dry season, the common reason that the tank is=
not
restored during the seasons, the useful of water exhausted from the limited=
period
so, the tank is empty, next cause the tank-bed no patta right anyone else
because the tank inside the porambokku land so the local people or encroach=
ers
can be easily aggression the tank (Balamurugan.P, 2016). After that
important reason the tank surrounding inside the agriculture field hence, s=
ome
farmers encroached who grow seasonal crops on it. Finally the tank eco-syst=
em
step-by-step decreased under the area therefore, rural tank will have prote=
cted
certainly can be preserved the eco-environmental system.

=

Encroachment in Tank System: Farmers should be able to
refill the tanks whenever the tank water supplies are low. Yet, even with
frequent fillings, the tank supplies were not adequate. This is mainly due =
to
heavy encroachment in the tank foreshore area and the unlawful release of t=
he tank
water during the night by encroacher. This conflict in interest between tank
irrigated farmers and encroachers prevents the normal tank operations and
causes water shortages (Palanisami, K.; and Easter, K.W, 198=
3)

=

Flow
Chart: Encroachment on Rural Tanks

=

=
The fall in-effi=
ciency
of the tank system could be one or more reasons. The major challenges faced=
in
storing rainwater in the tanks up to their designed capacity, is the
encroachments being made along the supply and surplus channels and tank wat=
er
spread areas. Such encroachments constrain the carrying capacity of the
channels resulting in only partial inflow of runoff into tanks from their
catchment areas. The encroachments also induce the encroachers to willfully
break the surplus weirs or tank bunds in order to protect their standing cr=
ops
in the encroached tank bed area from damage.

=

=
&nb=
sp; =
Encroachment in Tank-bed Area

=
The low storage of tan=
ks
caused by such encroachments deprives the poor from having access to the ta=
nk
water. The existing laws to evict the encroachments are long drawn and are =
only
partially effective. In government, there exists a rule that no water body
could be encroached upon by any individual organization and no patta right
be given to anyone to use such land for any purpose other than for conserva=
tion
of the water body. This rule has also been, in recent times, upheld both by
Madras High Court and by the Supreme Court. Yet this is not strictly follow=
ed
in all cases (Gurunathan.A &
Shanmugham C.R, 2006).=

=

=
Management=
of
Rural Tanks: In olden days, tanks were conserved and enriched to t=
he
part of the authorities appointed by rulers. The farmers paid the tax a par=
t of
the produce to the ruler. Farmers also were responsible of the maintenance =
of
the tanks, and supply channels. Zamindars ensured the proper maintenance of=
the
tanks, and channels, since they reaped the benefits of farming in large are=
as (Palanisami.K,
2005). Recent years, the village tank had faced tank sedimentation and =
heavy
water losses. Tanks reduce their storage capacity from siltation; the tank
depended only on the rain and small stream in surrounding areas. Unseasonal
rainfall the tank is evacuated in the land so the tank-bed or whole tank
encroached by local farmers, village people, government and private institu=
tions.
Moreover the tank is maintenance of environmental steadiness and reinstatem=
ent
of ecological balance through soil conservation, bio-diversity and increase=
in
agro-forestry. Extension of superior appropriate technology and prudence id=
eas to
take effect of managed tanks through farmers or local people participation =
has
improved the tank activity and also can be increased the farm incomes and
creating alternative source of livestock production better natural developm=
ent
of handling good surrounding atmosphere.

=

=
Environmen=
tal
Sustainability: The
tank has protected the environmental surroundings which include the natural=
resources
also. Sustainability of Environment of Rural Tank System will have been
maintaining a renewable resource based on imminent local people participati=
on
to be avoiding encroachments and aggression. Tank maintains works not only
renovation activities from the tank system but also includes maintenance of
sluices, eco-systems; take effect of management on surroundings. Tank help =
to major
components of rural livelihoods as economic source of infrastructure, there=
fore
clearly environmental sustainability decreases, directly affect from rural
livelihood complications.

=

=

=
Functioning of the tank irrigation system and its res=
ult
on crop production:One
of the most confronted based on the combined with Agriculture and Rural
Development. Lack of stability of water is the main critical factor in dimi=
nish
enlargement of existing tank irrigation systems. Where irrigation is not
possible agriculture development is not achieve sustainability economic gro=
wth.
In rural areas covered 50% of the land area tanks and small ponds, so that
improving management of water resource through watershed development coveri=
ng
the rain water harvesting stored in farm ponds. Mainly the tanks are method=
s of
water conservation and storage of water for potential use of future
development.

=
How
to Removal of Encroachment?

=

=
Encroachment bas=
ically
start in uncultivated lands, soil Erosion, Exhaustion of small water bodies,
exploitation of such as tanks, streams, forests and so on for commercial
purpose have increase now days. Tamil Nadu there are huge tanks, ponds is
available in rural Areas. These tanks constructed in resolute purpose for
future generations. Tamil Nadu to create the new legislative of Protection =
of
Tanks and Eviction of Encroachment Act 2007, if extents to the whole of the
state but also the proper appointment authorities manage rules and regulati=
ons
not at all the places. The acts requires, ayacut area, field channel, field
drainage, foreshore area, full tank level, supply channel, surplus course,
surplus weir, tank bud, tank sluice, water spread area. The effect of Remov=
al
an Encroachment must be addressed in planning and impacts of on village
communities should be managed, especially since government is almost
inevitable. Encroachment based Rural Tanks is imminent, it already occurrin=
g at
all resettlements of rural tanks. Resettlement on rural tanks can, however
mitigate the impacts if encroachers are government through establishing
positive community relations that enable resettlement comprehensive planning
with all surrounding village communities. However, because planning and
resettlement are possible change, a more comprehensive encroachments strate=
gy
is needed by all rural tanks. An inclusive removal of encroachment strategy=
is
the preferred way to achieve that goal of rural societies.

=

=
In Tamil Nadu tank is the one of the main sources of irrigation for farmer=
s.
As of 2005-2006, the state had 2395 canals with a length of 9,747 km, 40,319
tanks, 670 ordinary government wells, 1,620,705 ordinary private wells and
290,611 tube wells but still, 39,202 rural tanks only. The table shows that
total tanks in Tamil Nadu, more than tank had severed encroachment and
aggressions. Tanks were basically constructed the earthen bunded reservoi=
rs
to confined monsoon runoff in dry and semi dried areas for Irrigation and c=
ommunity
purpose. They are found in all soil types except sand, located in all
socio-ecological, agro climatic and rainfall areas of Tamil Nadu. They are =
in
existence for several centuries serving the water needs of rural communitie=
s.
As one of the oldest man-made ecosystems, the tank system consists of water
bodies, tank structures, feeder canals and supply channels, wells, wetlands,
semi dry tank fed lands, soils and plants, animals and birds, aquatic plants
and fishes. They are vital and significance for serving the community for
multiple uses such as irrigation, recharge of ground water, drinking water =
and
supporting livelihood activities.

=
Need for Removal of Encroachment in =
Tank
Irrigation System: Assuring timely irrigation by proper=
use
of available of water by adopting efficient ground water recharge compounds,
judicious people involvement cleaning and rejuvenating of rural tanks and
adopting appropriate changing cropping pattern based on water availability.=

=

Encroachment in Tanks

=
Developing suita=
ble
rainwater harvesting methods, removal of encroachment in tank-bed areas, lo=
cal
people involvement to save the rural tank, the Encroachment mere geographic=
al
concentration of irrigation tanks may be a necessary condition, but not a s=
ufficient
condition for effective utilization of the monsoon runoff for irrigating cr=
ops.
In fact tank irrigation in most parts of the State is decreasing in area an=
d in
reliability.

=
Water is unevenly
distributed and supplies are unpredictable. In most of the tanks, the full
command area is not being irrigated. What are the reasons for this declining
performance of the tanks in providing assured water supplies for irrigation?
Some of the identifiable a quantity of the identifiable weaknesses of the t=
ank irrigation
systems are: silting of the tank beds, weak main levees, poorly functioning
sluices, inadequate surplus weirs, poorly designed and maintained distribut=
ion
systems, inadequate field channels, and seepage and drainage problems (P=
alanisami,
K.; and Easter, K.W. 1983)

Local Water Resources Management thr=
ough
Rural Tanks for Sustainable Rural Development

=
Conclusion and Suggestions: Na=
tural
resources are called as common property resources of the villages, which is=
the
backbone to rural economy.Li=
kewise,
rural tanks are the central to rural economy, society and culturality.Because, the rural tanks are the m=
ain
source for the sustainable development of rural livelihoods and main impacts
the tank maintain the equivalent management of natural resource. It is duty=
of
every citizen of the country to protect and promote rural tanks as a gift of
nature towards saving of living beings of the Earth.

Remova=
l of
encroachment on rural tanks is the urgent need for conserve development of =
agriculture
and rural livelihoods. The government should be take action for encroachmen=
ts.
Similarly must continue to remove encroachment on successful approaches to
involving the people participation that affect them at local, regional and
state level.

=
span>

ES=3D TUP+WD+DAR+LISD+VID

Where,

&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; ES- &=
nbsp; Environment
Sustainability

&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; TUP- &=
nbsp; Tank’s
Users Participation

&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; WD- &=
nbsp; Watershed
Development

&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; DAR-Dev=
elopment
of Agricultural

&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; LISD-Liv=
estock
Development

&=
nbsp; &nbs=
p; VID- &=
nbsp; Village
Industrial Development

Hence, the model=
supports
to promote the rural tanks’ development through its users participati=
on
which determines the sustainable environment through rejuvenating all the
natural resources that ensure the secured livelihood status for rural mass.
This would turn into sustainable development of rural people through their
effective participation, which gives total transformation in rural society =
as
well as in rural eco-environmental system. A model comprising the
participation of tank’s users, watershed development, development of
agriculture in order to achieve environmental sustainability directs to rem=
ove
the encroachments on rural tanks. It is therefore conclude that rural tanks=
are
the traditional based social, economic, cultural and environmental unit whi=
ch
determines the sanitation for the rural people. It should be protected by t=
he
efforts of rural people.

3.&n=
bsp;
Gurunathan.A & Shanmugham C.R (2006)
“Customary Rights and their Relevance in Modern Tank Management: Sele=
ct
Cases in Tamil Nadu” Paper prepared for the workshop entitled
‘Water, Law and the Commons’ organised in Delhi from 8 to 10
December 2006 by the International Environmental Law Research Centre (IELRC=
) in
the context of the research partnership 2006-2009 on water law sponsored by=
the
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)

6.&n=
bsp;
Palanisami,
K.; and Easter, K.W. 1983 The Management, Production, And RehabilitationIn South Indian Irrigation Tanks, Water
management And policy workshop paper Organized by Khon Kaen University,
University of Minnesota Colorado State Univers

7.&n=
bsp;
Sharma
C.B.S.R (1998), Ecography of Small Water Bodies. A Study of Five Irrigation
Tanks, PondicherryUniversity, Pondicherry