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Summary

Civilization in the Westblends social and political history into a fascinating narrative that brings history to life.The authors tell a compelling story of Western Civilization that is enhanced by an image-based approach. "The Visual Record" chapter openers draw students in by illustrating a dominant theme of the chapter and exploring the dramatic changing contours of the West through standard maps, Map Discovery features and Geographical Tours of Europe. Discovering Western Civilization Online end-of-chapter Web site URLs make this the first Western Civilization book to include these resources.

Table of Contents

Documents

xvi

Chronologies, Genealogies, and Figures

xvi

Maps

xvii

Preface

xix

About the Authors

xxxii

Introduction The Idea of Western Civilization

1

(2)

The First Civilizations

3

(32)

The Visual Record: Otzi's Last Meal: Tradition and Innovation in Prehistoric Europe

4

(6)

Before Civilization

6

(1)

The Dominance of Culture

7

(1)

Social Organization, Agriculture, and Religion

8

(1)

Mesopotamia: Between the Two Rivers

9

(1)

Map Discovery: The Ancient World

10

(12)

The Ramparts of Uruk

10

(2)

Tools: Technology and Writing

12

(1)

Gods and Mortals in Mesopotamia

13

(1)

Sargon and Mesopotamian Expansion

14

(1)

Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire

15

(2)

The Gift of the Nile

17

(1)

Tending the Cattle of God

17

(2)

Democratization of the Afterlife

19

(2)

The Egyptian Empire

21

(1)

Map Discovery: The Egyptian Empire

22

(2)

Religious and Royal Consolidation Under Akhenaten

22

(1)

Between Two Worlds

23

(1)

The Hebrew Alternative

23

(4)

A King Like All the Nations

27

(1)

Exile

27

(2)

Nineveh and Babylon

29

(1)

The Assyrian Empire

30

(1)

The New Babylonian Empire

31

(1)

Persian Expansion

31

A Closer Look Discovering the Pharaohs

24

(11)

The Code of Hammurabi

16

(4)

A Homesick Egyptian

20

(8)

The Kingdom of Israel

28

(7)

Early Greece, 2500--500 B.C.E.

35

(30)

The Visual Record: Hecuba and Achilles: The Birth of Greek Civilization

36

(3)

Greece in the Bronze Age to 800 B.C.E.

38

(1)

Islands of Peace

38

(1)

Map Discovery: Greece in the Bronze Age

39

(7)

Mainland of War

41

(1)

The Dark Age

41

(4)

Archaic Greece, 800--500 B.C.E.

45

(1)

Ethnos and Polis

45

(1)

Map Discovery: Greek Cities and Colonies of the Archaic Age

46

(15)

Technology of Writing and Warfare

46

(1)

Colonists and Tyrants

47

(1)

Gender and Power

48

(1)

Gods and Mortals

49

(3)

Myth and Reason

52

(1)

Investigation and Speculation

53

(1)

Art and the Individual

53

(2)

A Tale of Three Cities

55

(1)

Wealthy Corinth

55

(1)

Martial Sparta

56

(3)

Democratic Athens

59

(2)

The Coming of Persia and the End of the Archaic Age

61

(1)

Map Discovery: The Persian Empire, ca. 500 B.C.E.

61

A Closer Look The Agony of Athletics

50

(15)

The Race of Iron

43

(1)

Hector and Andromache

44

(13)

Two Faces of Tyranny

57

(8)

Classical and Hellenistic Greece, 500--100 B.C.E.

65

(36)

The Visual Record: Alexander at Issus: The Spread of Greek Civilization

66

(10)

War and Politics in the Fifth Century B.C.E.

68

(1)

The Persian Wars

68

(1)

Thermopylae and Salamis

69

(2)

The Athenian Empire

71

(1)

Private and Public Life in Athens

71

(3)

Pericles and Athens

74

(1)

The Peloponnesian War

75

(1)

Map Discovery: The Delian League and the Peloponnesian War

76

(11)

Athenian Culture in the Hellenic Age

77

(1)

The Examined Life

77

(1)

Understanding the Past

78

(1)

Athenian Drama

79

(2)

Art and the Human Image

81

(1)

From City-States to Macedonian Empire, 404--323 B.C.E.

82

(1)

Politics After the Peloponnesian War

82

(2)

Philosophy and the Polis

84

(1)

The Rise of Macedon

85

(2)

Map Discovery: The Empire of Alexander the Great

87

(2)

The Empire of Alexander the Great

87

(2)

The Hellenistic World

89

(1)

Map Discovery: The Hellenistic Kingdoms

89

(7)

Urban Life and Culture

92

(1)

Women in Public Life

92

(1)

Alexandria

93

(1)

Hellenistic Literature

93

(1)

Architecture and Art

94

(1)

Hellenistic Philosophy

95

(3)

Mathematics and Science

98

(1)

Cultural Resistance

98

A Closer Look Technology and Innovation

96

The West and the Wider World Representing the Buddha: From Apollo to Christian Saint

90

(11)

The Two Faces of Athenian Democracy

72

(6)

Socrates the Gadfly

78

(5)

Greeks and Barbarians

83

(3)

Alexander Calls a Halt

86

(15)

Early Rome and the Roman Republic, 800--146 B.C.E.

101

(28)

The Visual Record: Eternal Rome: From Village to Empire

102

(4)

The Western Mediterranean to 509 B.C.E.

104

(1)

Merchants of Baal

104

(1)

The Western Greeks

105

(1)

Map Discovery: Greek and Phoenician Colonies and Trade

106

(13)

Italy's First Civilization

107

(2)

From City to Empire, 509--146 B.C.E.

109

(1)

Latin Rome

109

(1)

Etruscan Rome

110

(1)

Rome and Italy

111

(3)

Rome and the Mediterranean

114

(5)

Map Discovery: The Punic Wars

119

Republican Civilization

120

(1)

Farmers and Soldiers

120

(1)

The Roman Family

121

(1)

Social Effects of Expansion

121

(1)

Roman Religion

122

(2)

Republican Letters

124

(1)

The Crisis of Roman Virtue

125

A Closer Look Hannibal's Elephants

116

(13)

The Twelve Tables

113

(5)

Polybius Compares Rome and Carthage

118

(8)

Cato's Slaves

126

(3)

Imperial Rome, 146 B.C.E. -- 192 C.E.

129

(32)

The Visual Record: The Altar of Augustan Peace: The Making of the Roman Empire

130

(8)

The Price of Empire, 146--121 B.C.E.

132

(1)

Winners and Losers

132

(1)

Optimates and Populares

133

(2)

The End of the Republic

135

(1)

The Crisis of Government

135

(3)

Map Discovery: The Career of Julius Caesar

138

(9)

A Life Worth Leading

139

(2)

The Augustan Age and the Pax Romana

141

(1)

The Empire Renewed

141

(5)

Augustus's Successors

146

(1)

Map Discovery: The Roman Empire, 14 and 117 C.E.

147

Religions from the East

149

(1)

Jewish Resistance

149

(1)

The Origins of Christianity

150

(3)

Geographical Tour: A Tour of the Empire

153

(1)

The Western Provinces

154

(1)

The Eastern Provinces

155

(2)

The Culture of Antonine Rome

157

A Closer Look A Day in the Pax Romana

144

(17)

The Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus

134

(3)

Cicero on Justice and Reason

137

(15)

Peter Announces the Good News

152

(9)

The Transformation of the Classical World

161

(26)

The Visual Record: A Bride's Trousseau: The Synthesis of Christianity and the Classical Tradition

162

(8)

The Crisis of the Third Century

164

(1)

Enrich the Army and Scorn the Rest

164

(1)

An Empire on the Defensive

165

(1)

The Barbarian Menace

166

(1)

Roman Influence in the Barbarian World

167

(2)

The Empire Restored

169

(1)

Diocletian, the God-Emperor

169

(1)

Map Discovery: The Empire Under Diocletian

170

(4)

Constantine, the Emperor of God

171

(1)

The Triumph of Christianity

172

(1)

Imperial Christianity

173

(1)

Map Discovery: The Spread of Christianity

174

(9)

Divinity, Humanity, and Salvation

174

(2)

The Call of the Desert

176

(1)

Monastic Communities

177

(1)

Solitaries and Hermits

178

(1)

A Parting of the Ways

179

(1)

The Barbarization of the West

179

(3)

The New Barbarian Kingdoms

182

(1)

Map Discovery: Barbarian Migrations and Invasions

183

The Hellenization of the East

184

A Closer Look The Stainless Star of Wisdom's Discipline

180

(7)

Tacitus on the Germans

167

(6)

Religious Toleration and Persecution

173

(4)

Love in the Two Cities

177

(10)

The Classical Legacy in the East: Byzantium and Islam

187

(32)

The Visual Record: From Temple to Mosque: The Continuity of Civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean

188

(5)

The Byzantines

190

(1)

Justinian and the Creation of the Byzantine State

190

(2)

Emperors and Individuals

192

(1)

Map Discovery: Byzantine Empire Under Justinian

193

(12)

Families and Villages

194

(1)

A Foretaste of Heaven

195

(3)

Iconoclasm

198

(1)

The Rise of Islam

199

(1)

Arabia Before the Prophet

200

(1)

Muhammad, Prophet of God

201

(1)

The Triumph of Islam

202

(2)

The Spread of Islam

204

(1)

Map Discovery: The Spread of Islam

205

Authority and Government in Islam

206

(1)

Umayyad and 'Abbasid Caliphates

207

(1)

Islamic Civilization

208

(2)

The Byzantine Apogee and Decline, 1000--1453

210

(2)

The Disintegration of the Empire

212

(1)

The Conquests of Constantinople and Baghdad

213

The West and the Wider World Industrial Espionage in the Sixth Century

196

(23)

The Qur'an

202

(9)

An Arab's View of Western Medicine

211

(3)

A Turkish Guest in Constantinople

214

(5)

The West in the Early Middle Ages, 500--900

219

(34)

The Visual Record: The Chapel at the Waters: The Western Empire Reborn

220

(3)

The Making of the Barbarian Kingdoms, 500--750

222

(1)

Italy: From Ostrogoths to Lombards

222

(1)

Map Discovery: The Barbarian Kingdoms, ca. 526

223

(14)

Visigothic Spain: Intolerance and Destruction

224

(1)

The Anglo-Saxons: From Pagan Conquerors to Christian Missionaries

225

(4)

The Franks: An Enduring Legacy

229

(1)

Living in the New Europe

230

(1)

Creating the European Peasantry

231

(1)

Rural Households

231

(1)

Creating the European Aristocracy

232

(1)

Aristocratic Lifestyle

233

(1)

Governing Europe

234

(1)

The Carolingian Achievement

235

(1)

Charlemagne and the Renewal of the West

236

(1)

The Carolingian Renaissance

236

(1)

Map Discovery: Charlemagne's Empire, 814

237

(10)

Carolingian Government

238

(2)

Carolingian Art

240

(1)

Geographical Tour: Europe in the Ninth Century

241

(1)

England

241

(1)

Scandinavia

242

(3)

The Slavic World

245

(1)

Muslim Spain

245

(2)

After the Carolingians: From Empire to Lordships

247

(1)

Map Discovery: The Division of Charlemagne's Empire

247

Disintegration of the Empire

247

(1)

Emergence of France and Germany

248

(1)

Cluny

248

A Closer Look The Jews in the Early Middle Ages

226

(27)

Two Missionaries

228

(2)

From Slave to Queen

230

(8)

Charlemagne and the Arts

238

(15)

The High Middle Ages

253

(38)

The Visual Record: From the Syrian Desert to the Welsh Marshes: A Kings and His Castles

254

(14)

The Countryside

256

(1)

The Peasantry: Serfs and Freemen

256

(2)

The Aristocracy: Warriors and Heiresses

258

(2)

The Church: Saints and Monks

260

(6)

Crusaders: Soldiers of God

266

(2)

Map Discovery: The Crusades

268

(4)

Medieval Towns

270

(1)

Italian Cities

270

(2)

Map Discovery: Medieval Trade Networks

272

(12)

Northern Towns

273

(2)

The Fairs of Champagne

275

(1)

Urban Intellectuals

275

(4)

The Invention of the State

279

(1)

The Universal States: Empire and Papacy

280

(3)

The Nation-States: France and England

283

(1)

Map Discovery: The Consolidation of France Under the Capetians

284

A Closer Look Cathedrals of Light

262

(29)

Visions Like a Flame

265

(2)

Pope Urban II Summons a Crusade

267

(11)

Saint Francis of Assisi on Humility and Poverty

278

(9)

The Great Charter

287

(4)

The Later Middle Ages, 1300--1500

291

(30)

The Visual Record: Webs of Stone and Blood: European Civilization at the End of the Middle Ages

292

(3)

Politics as a Family Affair

294

(1)

The Struggle for Central Europe

294

(1)

Map Discovery: Central and Eastern Europe, ca. 1378

295

(9)

A Hundred Years of War

297

(4)

Life and Death in the Later Middle Ages

301

(1)

Dancing with Death

301

(3)

The Plague of Insurrection

304

(1)

Map Discovery: Spread of the Black Death and Peasant Revolts

304

(5)

Living and Dying in Medieval Towns

306

(2)

The Spirit of the Later Middle Ages

308

(1)

The Crisis of the Papacy

308

(1)

Map Discovery: The Great Schism

309

(12)

Discerning the Spirit of God

310

(2)

Heresy and Revolt

312

(1)

Religious Persecution in Spain

313

(1)

William of Ockham and the Spirit of Truth

314

(1)

Vernacular Literature and the Individual

315

The Black Death in Florence

303

(8)

A Woman Before the Inquisition

311

(2)

Convivencia

313

(8)

The Italian Renaissance

321

(32)

The Visual Record: A Civic Procession: Community Building in Renaissance Venice

322

(3)

Renaissance Society

324

(1)

The Urban Environment

324

(1)

Map Discovery: Largest Cities in Western Europe, ca. 1500

325

(16)

Production and Consumption

326

(1)

The Experience of Life

327

(2)

The Quality of Life

329

(1)

Renaissance Art

330

(1)

An Architect, a Sculptor, and a Painter

331

(2)

Renaissance Style

333

(1)

Michelangelo

334

(2)

Renaissance Ideals

336

(1)

Humanists and the Liberal Arts

337

(2)

Renaissance Science

339

(1)

Machiavelli and Politics

339

(2)

Map Discovery: Italy, 1494

341

(7)

The Politics of the Italian City-States

341

(1)

The Five Powers

342

(1)

Venice: A Seaborne Empire

342

(1)

Florence: Spinning Cloth into Gold

343

(2)

The End of Italian Hegemony, 1450--1527

345

(3)

A Closer Look The Fall of Constantinople

348

(5)

On the Family

328

(9)

The Renaissance Man

337

(3)

The Lion and the Fox

340

(7)

The Siege of Constantinople

347

(6)

The European Empires

353

(34)

The Visual Record: Astride the World: The Age of Monarchies

354

(3)

European Encounters

356

(1)

Africa and a Passage to India

356

(1)

Map Discovery: Portuguese Explorations

357

(7)

Mundus Novus

358

(1)

The Spanish Conquests

359

(5)

Map Discovery: Claims of Spain and Portugal to Overseas Empires

364

(13)

The Legacy of the Encounters

364

(3)

Geographical Tour: Europe in 1500: The Age of the New Monarchies

367

(1)

Boundaries of Eastern Europe

367

(1)

Central Europe

368

(1)

Western Europe

369

(1)

The Formation of States

370

(1)

Eastern Configurations

371

(2)

The Western Powers

373

(4)

Map Discovery: The Unification of France

377

The Dynastic Struggles

379

(1)

Power and Glory

380

(1)

The Italian Wars

380

A Closer Look Isabella of Castile

360

(27)

A Momentous Discovery

359

(4)

The Halls of Montezuma

363

(11)

Last Words

374

(2)

The Kingdom of France

376

(11)

The Reform of Religion

387

(32)

The Visual Record: Sola Scriptura: The Bible and the Reformation

388

(3)

The Intellectual Reformation

390

(1)

The Print Revolution

390

(1)

Map Discovery: The Spread of Printing

391

(11)

Christian Humanism

392

(1)

The Humanist Movement

392

(1)

The Wit of Erasmus

392

(4)

The Lutheran Reformation

396

(1)

The Spark of Reform

396

(2)

Martin Luther's Faith

398

(1)

Lutheranism

399

(2)

The Spread of Lutheranism

401

(1)

Map Discovery: The Spread of Lutheranism

402

(13)

The Protestant Reformation

403

(1)

Geneva and Calvin

403

(2)

The English Reformation

405

(3)

The Reformation of the Radicals

408

(1)

The Catholic Reformation

409

(1)

The Spiritual Revival

410

(2)

Loyola's Pilgrimage

412

(1)

The Counter-Reformation

413

(2)

Map Discovery: The Religious Divisions of Europe, ca. 1555

415

The Empire Strikes Back

416

A Closer Look Utopia

394

(25)

A Dutch Wit

393

(7)

Luther on Marriage

400

(5)

The Eternal Decree

405

(6)

Heavenly Vision

411

(8)

Europe at War, 1555--1648

419

(30)

The Visual Record: The Massacre of the Innocents: War and European Society

420

(3)

The Crises of the Western States

422

(1)

The French Wars of Religion

422

(1)

Map Discovery: Religious Divisions in France During the Wars of Religion

423

(8)

One King, Two Faiths

426

(3)

The World of Philip II

429

(2)

Map Discovery: Habsburg Lands at the Abdication of Charles V

431

(13)

The Burgundian Inheritance

431

(1)

The Revolt of the Netherlands

432

(3)

The Struggles in Eastern Europe

435

(1)

Kings and Diets in Poland

435

(2)

Muscovy's Time of Troubles

437

(1)

The Rise of Sweden

437

(2)

The Thirty Years' War, 1618--1648

439

(1)

Bohemia Revolts

440

(2)

The War Widens

442

(2)

Map Discovery: Population Loss in Germany During the Thirty Years' War

444

The Long Quest for Peace

444

A Closer Look The Monstrous Regiment of Women

424

(25)

Catholics and Huguenots

428

(5)

Cannibals

433

(8)

War Is Hell

441

(2)

Fire and Sword

443

(6)

The Experiences of Life in Early Modern Europe, 1500--1650

449

(34)

The Visual Record: Haymaking: Agriculture in a European Community

450

(7)

Economic Life

452

(1)

Rural Life

452

(3)

Town Life

455

(2)

Map Discovery: Grain Supply and Trade in Sixteenth-Century Europe

457

(1)

Economic Change

457

(1)

Map Discovery: Population Density in Europe, ca. 1600

458

(18)

Social Life

460

(1)

Social Constructs

460

(2)

Social Structure

462

(2)

Social Change

464

(2)

Peasant Revolts

466

(2)

Private and Community Life

468

(1)

The Family

468

(4)

Communities

472

(2)

Popular Beliefs and the Persecution of Witches

474

(2)

A Closer Look Sex and the Married Man

476

(7)

Living by One's Wits

454

(13)

The Peasants' Revolt

467

(3)

A Feminine Perspective

470

(5)

The Devil's Due

475

(8)

The Royal State in the Seventeenth Century

483

The Visual Record: Fit for a King: The Grandeur of the European Monarchy