As the people of Southern Sudan peacefully voted for secession from northern Sudan in January 2011, the people of Sudan's western province of Darfur struggled to survive an eight-year armed conflict that now commands little international attention. Since December 2010, government-led attacks on populated areas and a campaign of aerial bombing have killed and injured scores of civilians and displaced more than 70,000 people. The fighting has also brought familiar patterns of sexual violence, arbitrary arrests and other abuses by Sudanese state security forces against Darfuri civilians, often based on ethnicity. The extent of human suffering is still not known, as the government continues to restrict access to much of Darfur by African Union/United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) peacekeepers and humanitarian aid organizations. While continuing to carry out these abuses, Sudan is embarking on a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP), a 'domestic' process of consultations with civil society actors billed as a way for ordinary Darfuris to promote and implement the peace agreement negotiated between the government and rebel leaders at Doha, Qatar. But in the absence of a genuine peace agreement, the goals of this new process are not at all clear. Nor is it clear how the envisioned process will interact with a national political process leading up to the adoption of a new constitution for Sudan after the south's independence on July 9, 2011. This report calls on the African Union, United Nations, United States and other concerned governments to take a firm and unified position, pressing Sudan to immediately end deliberate attacks on civilians, indiscriminate aerial bombing, and arbitrary detention and torture of activists. They should also hold Sudan to its public commitment to repeal emergency laws and press it to reform the National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS), both key tools of government repression, and seek measurable progress on accountability for human rights violations, including cooperation with the International Criminal Court on the prosecution of Darfur cases.