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8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3 Module 8.1 Motivation: The “ Whys ” of Behavior

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8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3 Instinct theory: Behavior is motivated by instinct Problems: List of instincts grew too long to be useful Instincts label behavior, but don ’ t explain it Human behavior is too variable and flexible What about the role of culture?

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8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3 We have an innate, biologically based need for exploration and activity Stimulus motives: Internal states prompting exploratory behavior Needs for stimulation vary We seek ways to maintain our optimal level of arousal Strong need for high levels of sensation (sensation-seeking) appears to have a strong genetic component

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8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3

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8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3 Thematic Apperception Test Affiliation Motivation George is an engineer who is working late. He is worried that his wife will be annoyed with him for neglecting her. She has been objecting that he cares more about his work than his wife and family. He seems unable to satisfy both his boss and his wife, but he loves her very much and will do his best to finish up fast and get home to her. Achievement Motivation George is an engineer who wants to win a competition in which the man with the most practicable drawing will be awarded the contract to build a bridge. He is taking a moment to think how happy he will be if he wins. He has been baffled by how to make such a long span strong , but he remembers to specify a new steel alloy of great strength, submits his entry, but does not win, and is very unhappy .

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Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness Autonomy, independence of culture and environment Feelings of kinship and identification with the human race Balance between polarities in personality, etc. 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3

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Emergence of positive psychology focuses renewed attention on human happiness What makes people happy? It ’ s not wealth What about marriage? Two factors that predict happiness are having friends and having a religious commitment Is there a “ set point ” for happiness? 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3

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In which photo is Paul really smiling? Belief that mimicking facial movements will induce the corresponding emotion. But is a put-on smile the same as a genuine smile? What is a Duchenne smile? 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.3