Smarandache Hypothesis:
Evidences, Implications and Applications

ABSTRACT: In
1972, Smarandache proposed that there is not a limit speed on the nature,
based on the EPR-Bell (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, Bell) paradox. Although
it appears that this paradox was solved recently, there are many other
evidences that guide us to believe that Smarandache Hypothesis is right
on quantum mechanics and even on the new unification theories. If Smarandache
Hypothesis turns to be right under any circumstance, some concepts of modern
physics would have to be "refit" to agree with Smarandache Hypothesis.
Moreover, when the meaning of Smarandache Hypothesis become completely
understood, a revolution on technology, specially in communication, will
arise.

I.Superluminal
Phenomena Evidences and Smarandache Hypothesis

It appears that was Sommerfeld
who first noticed the possible existence of faster-than-light particles,
later on called tachyons by Feinberg [1]. However, tachyons have imaginary
mass, so they had never been detected experimentally. By imaginary mass
we understood as a mass prohibited by relativity. However, relativity does
not directly forbid the existence of mass less superluminal particles,
such as the photon, but suggests that superluminal phenomena would result
in time travel. Hence, many physicists assumed that superluminal phenomena
does not exist in the universe, otherwise we would have to explain all
those "kill your grandfather" paradoxes [2]. A famous example of this sort
of paradox is the causality problem.

Nevertheless, quantum mechanics
suggest that superluminal communication exist. In fact, there are hypothesis
on the obligatory existence of superluminal phenomena on nature [3, 4].
The EPR-Bell paradox is the most famous example. Pondering about this paradox,
Smarandache again suggested in 1993, in a lecture on Brazil, that there is no
such thing as a limit speed on the universe, as postulated by Einstein
[5]. It appears that recently this paradox was completely solved by L.
E. Szabó [6]. Even so, there are still many more evidences of the
infinite speed — or simply instantaneous communication — in the universe,
as we shall see briefly.

I.1. The Rodrigues-Maiorino Theory

Studying solutions of Maxwell
and Dirac-Weyl equations, Waldyr Rodrigues Jr. and José Maiorino
were able to propose a full-unified theory for constructions of arbitrary
speeds in nature (for arbitrary they meant 0 < = v <
infinity) in 1996 [7]. They also proposed that there is no such thing as
a limit speed in the universe, so that Smarandache Hypothesis can be promoted
to theory, as Smarandache-Rodrigues-Maiorino (SRM) theory.

What is unique about Rodrigues-Maiorino
theory is that special relativity principle suffers a breakdown, however,
even relativistic constructions of quantum mechanics, such as Dirac equation,
agree completely with superluminal phenomena. Also, according to Rodrigues-Maiorino
theory, even well positioned mirrors can accelerate an electromagnetic
wave to velocities greater of the light. This assumption was later on confirmed
by Saari and Reivelt (1997) [8], who produced a X-wave (named this way
by Lu, J. Y., a Rodrigues' contributor) using a xenon lamp intercepted
with a set of lens and orifices.

The SRM theory is a mathematical
pure and strong solution of the relativistic quantum wave equation, indicating
that there is no speed limit in the universe, and therefore is the most
powerful theory today for construction of arbitrary speeds.

I.2. Superluminal Experiments

Many experiments, mainly evanescent
modes, result in superluminal propagation. The first successful evanescent
mode result was obtained in 1992 by Nimtz [9]. Nimtz produced a 4.34c
signal. Later on he would produce a 4.7c FM signal with Mozart's
40th symphony. This achievement of Nimtz would be passed over
by other results even eight times faster than the constant c.

In the case of Nimtz experiment
is not clear if it violates the casual paradox. On the other hand, L. J.
Wang, A. Kuzmich and A. Dogariu recently published an outstanding result
of an anomalous dispersion experiment where a light pulse was accelerated
to 310 (plus or minus 5) times the speed of light, not violating the casual
paradox, thus resulting in a time travel! In
practice, this means that a light pulse propagating through the atomic
vapour cell appears at the exit side so much earlier than if it had propagated
the same distance in a vacuum that the peak of the pulse appears to leave
the cell before entering it [10].

I.3. The Speed of Gravity
Revisited

The general relativity of Einstein
postulates that the speed of gravity force is the same as the constant
c due to the restriction of the special theory of relativity. However,
if the speed of light is not a limit on the universe, isn't time to revisit
this postulate?Van Flandern published
some astrophysical results that indicate gravity is superluminal [11].
Observations of some galaxies rotations made by NASA suggest that some
galaxies are spinning with superluminal velocity [12].

Van Flandern data was later on
explained with a theory that does not need superluminal phenomena by Ibison,
Puthoff and S. R. Little [13]. Yet, observations of superluminal signaling
from galaxies remains unexplained from subluminal point of view.

I.4. Tachyons

Some models to the superstring
theory, our foremost candidate for the unified theory of physics, include
tachyons, the particles able to move faster than light. Even so, physicists
found a way of hacking the theory so that tachyons disappear; some others,
like Freedman, defend that the theory should not be hacked that way at
all [1]. The superstring theory is probably the best field for studying
tachyons, for it will not make you work with imaginary masses. Prof. Michio
Kaku compared the idea of more dimensions in physics to a matrix scheme
in his book Hyperspace. Imagine a matrix of 4x4, that inside we
can have the Theory of Relativity, and another were we have the quantum
mechanics. If we build a bigger matrix, say 8x8, we can therefore include
both relativity and quantum mechanics in a single matrix. That is the main
idea of unification through the addition of more dimensions. In the same
way, working only with the 4x4 matrixes, we do not have enough space for
working with tachyons. However, in a bigger matrix we will have enough
space for finding solid solutions of tachyonic models.

Tachyons were already, in an obscure
manner, detected in air showers from cosmic rays [2].

II.Implications
And Applications

According to Rodrigues-Maiorino
theory, the consequence of the existence of superluminal phenomena would
be the breakdown of the special relativity principle. But we will not need
to modify anything in quantum mechanics itself. More precisely, it appears
that is quantum mechanics, which is banning the old pure relativity, according
to SRM theory. Nevertheless, the theory of relativity indeed accepts some
sort of superluminal communication, resulting in time travel, as Wang et
al showed it.

Perhaps we would be able, in a
distant future, to send messages to the past or to the future. Anyway,
superluminal phenomena would have a more stand-on-ground application with
local communication. According to Rodrigues-Maiorino theory, the X-wave
is closed in a way that it does not loss energy as it travels. So,
a superluminal X-wave radio message would achieve its destination almost
in the same condition as when it were sent and no one, except the destination,
could spy the content of the message. The invention of such superluminal-signaling
transmitter would be of great power associated with MIT's pastille able
to curve light in 90º, in the manufacturing of optic fibers.

III.Conclusion

The various experiments and solid
theories that rise from quantum mechanics involving superluminal phenomena
are a high-level indication of the Smarandache Hypothesis, that there is
no such speed limit in nature. This implies in a breakdown of Einstein
postulate of relativity, but not in any field of quantum mechanics, even
on the relativistic wave equation. As in our evolution came a time that
newtonian dynamics were not enough to understand some aspects of nature,
it is maybe getting a time when Einstein's relativity must be left aside,
for hence quantum mechanics will rule.

Acknowledgements:Dr.
Minh Perez at the American Research Press for the invitation, discussions,
material, etc.