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Recognized as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century and a leading figure in the post-war avant-garde scene, John Cage was an American musician, theorist, writer and artist. Besides being considered to be a pioneer of indeterminacy in music and non-standard use of instruments, Cage is also held in high regard for his visual pieces, namely paintings and prints. Additionally, he was also deemed pivotal in the development of modern dance and performance art. John Cage’s work challenged the definitions of what a composer does, music and musical experience, as well as the broader new aesthetics of art and performance pieces.

Divided Between Audio and Visual

John Cage was born on the 5th of September in the year of 1912, at Good Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles. His father was John Milton Cage Sr., a successful man who was regarded as an inventor by the local populace. Cage’s mother, Lucretia Harvey, worked as a part-time journalist for the Los Angeles Times and was an oftentimes depressed person. Although there is no proving this to be a fact, the Cage bloodline is supposedly trackable to an ancestor named John Cage who was George Washington’s assistant and had a task of surveying the Colony of Virginia. Cage’s first experiences with music were received from the private piano teachers in the Greater Los Angeles. Cage also had an aunt, Phoebe Harvey James, who was rather talented in the music department. However, Cage was more interested in writing then composing and this is what got him involved with the valedictorian field[1]. Even then, when he was still a rather young man, John Cage already laid his theoretical grounds for the famous 4’33” composition of silence. In one of his written essays from the time he was a student of the Los Angeles High School, John Cage wrote the following: By being hushed and silent, we should have the opportunity to hear what other people think. In 1928, the young theorist enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont, aiming at the theology major. John Cage yet again started merging disciplines, as he was always prone to doing. He encountered the work of artist Marcel Duchamp via one of his Pomona professors and decided to drop from college in order to pursue a similar line of work.

John Cage – Where R = Ryoanji, 1983 – Image via pinterest.com

Choosing Music

After much wheedling, Cage managed to persuade his parents that a trip to Europe would be more beneficial to a future writer than any amount of college studies. After that, John hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed to Le Havre. He later made his way to the City of Light. Cage stayed in Europe for about eighteen months and spent most of his time trying his hand at various forms of art. Although he did focus on modern expression the most, John also studied Gothic and Greek architecture. He also took up painting, poetry and music – especially the work of the legendary Johann Sebastian Bach, something Cage never had an opportunity to hear earlier in his life. After the Euro trip came to an end, young artist took his enthusiasm back home in 1931. He went to live in Santa Monica, California, where he made a living partly by giving small, private lectures on contemporary art based on his direct explorations of the Old Continent. By the year of 1933, Cage decided to concentrate on music composing rather than painting. John explained such a decision by stating the following: The people who heard my music had better things to say about it than the people who looked at my paintings had to say about my paintings. In order to advance himself in the music department, the artist traveled to the Big Apple and started taking lessons at The New School of music. Several months later, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition and he was offered to become the next student of famous Schoenberg – free of charge. At some point in 1934, John met and fell in love with a fellow artist Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff. The two were married in the desert at Yuma, Arizona, on the 7th of June, 1935.

By breaking away from the preconception that music was made by performers using traditional instruments, Cage opened up a new wealth of possibilities within modern art

John Cage – #16 – Image via thetattoohut.com

John Cage and His Role Within the Scene

The newly married couple first lived with Cage’s parents in Pacific Palisades for a few months, but then moved to Hollywood. Between the years of 1936 and 1938, Cage changed numerous jobs, including one that started his lifelong association with modern dance – a position of a dance accompanist at UCLA. He was in charge of producing compositions for choreographies and it was here that Cage first started experimenting with unorthodox instruments, such as household items, metal sheets and so on. In the meantime, the artist’s thirst for visual expression yet again emerged from the depth of his inner self – he frequently traveled to New York City and eventually became a part of the local art scene. Through such travels, John met and became friends with such painters as Max Ernst, Peggy Guggenheim, Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Jackson Pollock, and many others. This American composer made something like music in New York, presenting a large number of prepared pieces that featured no sound, introducing numerous changes to the medium. He even met and befriended his idol, Marcel Duchamp, as he visited New York and wanted to listen to one of his piano music works. He was interested in visual pieces of his fellow artists whilst they were intrigued by Cage’s avant-garde musical concepts. However, Cage’s artistic life went through a crisis in the mid-1940s. The public rarely accepted his work and Cage he himself had trouble understanding the music of his colleagues, meaning he was often disregarded by both his fellow musicians and the audience[2]. This, naturally, led to many depressing emotions within Cage’s mind, severely shaking his confidence. This was the time John dedicated much of his time to writing about music and art in general, discussing his philosophical views on both matters. Years of 1948 and 1952 were pivotal for Cage’s music and sounds as it was then that he received classical piano lessons on sonatas from a professional composer.

Cage’s music was focused on the incorporation of unconventional elements such as kitchen gadgets, metal, various common objects and even silence, as you can see in this video where the composer does next to nothing

Cage’s Peak

At one point of the early 1950s, Cage was offered an opportunity to teach at the avant-garde Black Mountain College just outside Asheville, NC. This helped him regain his confidence and set him back on the course of the modern dance. He wrote his widely read and influential book titled Silence, the first one of what will become a five book series. Cage’s work from the sixties features some of his largest and most ambitious pieces to date, heavily reflecting the mood of the era. It was then that John produced the first fully notated work in years – Cheap Imitation for piano. The piece is a chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie’s Socrate and it was openly sympathetic to its source. This artwork marked a major change in Cage’s music as he turned again to writing fully notated works for traditional instruments and tried out several new approaches along the way, such as improvisation. However, Cheap Imitation ultimately became the last work John ever performed in public himself. Arthritis had troubled Cage since the year of 1960, and by the early 1970s, his hands were painfully swollen and rendered him unable to perform in such fashion. Instead, he started to paint in watercolors[3], in an abstract method which did not require too much precision from Cage’s limbs as music did. His paintings were oftentimes combined with his musical concepts, always leading to interesting results which are unlike anything the scene has seen prior to Cage. John as well started working in another field – the opera. This was the climax of Cage’s artistic career as this was the first time the composer/artist undoubtedly wanted to be involved within a field without compromising it with other mediums.

At the peak of his career, Cage discovered that the case of chance was as important of a force governing a pictorial composition as the artist’s own will

John Cage – River, rocks and smoke – Image via kettlesyard.co.uk

The End of Cage’s Life and Story

During the mid and late 1980s, Cage’s health worsened progressively, The problem with arthritis was mixed with sciatica and arteriosclerosis as John suffered a stroke that left the movement of his left leg restricted. The transitoriness and fragility of his well-being were extremely obvious in his later works as Cage accepted his fate and did not allow fear to find its place between him and his art. On August 11, 1992, while he was preparing evening two cups of tea for himself and his friend Cunningham, Cage suffered another stroke in New York. He died during the morning. Ultimately, what remains behind him is an incredible legacy of impacts on various creative fields, underlined by his unique view on the music, world and art. Since words were Cage’s favorite expression tool[4], we find it fitting that the end of this short biography be concluded with Cage’s following words: Left to itself art would have to be something very simple – it would be sufficient for it to be beautiful. But when it’s useful it should spill out of just being beautiful and move over to other aspects of life so that when we’re not with the art it has nevertheless influenced our actions or our responses.

References:

Cage, J., John Cage’s Music Diary: How to Improve the World (You Will Only Make Matters Worse), Siglio , 2015

Cage, J., Millar, J., Wright, L., Luckett, H., John Cage’s Every Day is a Good Day: The Visual Art of John Cage, Hayward Publishing, 2010

Kass, R., The Sight of Silence: John Cage’s Complete Watercolors from 1952 to 1992, University of Virginia Press, 2011

Vergo, P., The Music of Painting: Music, Modernism and the Visual Arts from the Romantics to John Cage’s Work, Phaidon Press, 2012

Featured image: John Cage – Photo of the artist – Image via tcsonesentinel.com
All images used for illustrative purposes only.

Useful Resources On John Cage

Year

Exhibition Title

Gallery/Museum

Solo/gallery

2017

[un]erwartet: Die Kunst des Zufalls

Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, Stuttgart

Group

2016

Masha

Super Dakota, Brussels

Group

2016

The Thinking Machine, Ramon Llull and the Ars Combinatoria

Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB), Barcelona

Group

2016

Not in New York: Carl Solway and Cincinnati

Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, OH

Group

2016

Sammlung Hussong: Alle 600 Holzpostkarten

Schloss Corvey, Höxter

Group

2016

Drawing Dialogues: Selections from the Sol LeWitt Collection

The Drawing Center, New York City, NY

Group

2016

MashUp: The Birth of Modern Culture

Vancouver Art Gallery, Vancouver, BC

Group

2016

TeleGen. Kunst und Fernsehen

Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz

Group

2015

Into Great Silence

Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporáneo (CAAC), Sevilla

Group

2015

To See The Sound: National Center For Contemporary Art (NCCA)

Moscow Branch, Moscow

Group

2015

Ich kenne kein Weekend. Aus René Blocks Archiv und Sammlung.

Neuer Berliner Kunstverein, Berlin

Group

2015

Fluxus Und Zen

Werkstattgalerie, Berlin

Group

2015

Silence d’Or . Ilmar Laaban and Experiments in Sound and Language

Kumu Art Museum, Tallinn

Group

2015

Accidental Sounds

Ludwig Museum im Deutschherrenhaus, Koblenz

Group

2015

American Master Prints

Eckert Fine Art, Kent, CT

Group

2015

Aftersound: Frequency, Attack, Return

The Miller Gallery at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA

Group

2015

Important Works on Paper

Jonathan Novak Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA

Group

2015

All Of Us Have A Sense Of Rhythm

The David Roberts Art Foundation, London

Group

2015

Signs, Phenomena, Interpretations

Galerie Philipp Konzett, Vienna

Group

2015

Group Show Selections from the Kramarsky Collection

David Zwirner, New York City, NY

Group

2015

America Is Hard to See

Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, NY

Group

2015

Image Coming Soon #1

Justina M Barnicke Gallery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON

Group

2015

15 Great Artists From The Collection

Henie Onstad Art Centre, Høvikodden

Group

2015

Peche de Nuit (oh hell ah well yes well)

RaebervonStenglin, Zurich

Group

2015

How to Construct a Time Machine

Milton Keynes Gallery, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire

Group

2015

The Year of the Ram: Works by 22 Artists

Carl Solway Gallery, Cincinnati, OH

Group

2014

[Con]Text

Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Salt Lake City, UT

Group

2014

Histories of the Post-Digital: 1960s and 1970s Media Art Snapshots

Akbank Art Center, Istanbul

Group

2014

Neither

Seventeen Gallery, London

Group

2014

Le Mur, La collection Antoine de Galbert

La Maison Rouge, Paris

Group

2014

Formes simples

Centre Pompidou-Metz, Metz

Group

2014

Art of Sound

Fondazione Prada, Venice

Group

2014

Variaciones sobre el jardín japonés

La Casa Encendida, Madrid

Group

2014

Silence is Movement

artclub1563, Seoul

Group

2014

The Part In The Story Where A Part Becomes A Part Of Something Else

Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art, Rotterdam

Group

2014

Intermedial

401contemporary, Berlin

Group

2014

if I can’t dance to it, it’s not my revolution

Haverford College, Haverford, PA

Group

2014

Fluxus Made In Usa

Staatliches Museum Schwerin, Schwerin

Group

2014

… all silent but for the buzzing …

Royal College of Art Galleries, London

Group

2014

Dernières Nouvelles de l‘Ether

La Panacée, Montpellier

Group

2014

Begegnung von Struktur und Zufall

Beck & Eggeling International Fine Art, Dusseldorf

Group

2014

La Vie Est Un Collage

Galerie Anne Barrault, Paris

Group

2013

Cage100: Finale Exhibition

Galerie für Zeitgenössische Kunst, Leipzig

Solo

2013

John Cage: The Sight of Silence

Center in the Square, Roanoke, WV

Solo

2013

John Cage. The Silent Presence

National Center For Contemporary Art (NCCA), Saint-Petersburg Branch, St. Petersburg

Solo

2013

City Self

Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (MCA), Chicago, IL

Group

2013

The Circle Walked Casually

Deutsche Bank KunstHalle, Berlin

Group

2013

My Brain Is in My Inkstand: Drawing as Thinking and Process

Cranbrook Art Museum, Bloomfield Hills, MI

Group

2013

Experiments in the Fault Zone

Mills College Art Museum, Oakland, CA

Group

2013

Urban Sounds

Haus für elektronische Künste Basel, Basel

Group

2013

Yes, No, Maybe

The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

Group

2013

Masterhands

Galerie Philipp Konzett, Vienna

Group

2013

The Bride and the Bachelors: Duchamp with Cage, Cunningham, Rauschenberg and Johns

Barbican Art Gallery, London

Group

2013

Water Music

Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, GA

Group

2013

Shakers & Movers

VW (VeneKlasen Werner), Berlin

Group

2013

A House of Leaves. Third Movement

The David Roberts Art Foundation, London

Group

2013

Une brève histoire des lignes

Centre Pompidou-Metz, Metz

Group

2012

Prints, Drawings, And A Music Box

Devin Borden Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston, TX

Solo

2012

John Cage: Prints, Drawings, And A Music Box

Devin Borden Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston, TX

Solo

2012

John Cage: Devoted Play

Art Gallery of Greater Victoria, Victoria, BC

Solo

2012

John Cage

Musée d'Art Contemporain Lyon, Lyon

Solo

2012

John Cage: The Sight of Silence

National Academy Museum, New York City, NY

Solo

2012

By, With, On: John Cage

Margarete Roeder Gallery, New York City, NY

Solo

2012

Variations Vii, 1966

Bass Museum of Art, Miami, FL

Solo

2012

John Cage: Zen Ox-herding Pictures

Montgomery Art Center, Claremont, CA

Solo

2012

John Cage

Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (MCA), Chicago, IL

Solo

2012

John Cage’s STEPS: A Composition for a Painting, Selected Watercolors, and Ephemera

American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington, DC

Solo

2012

John Cage: Rocks, Paper, Fire

The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC

Solo

2012

Centennial Celebration: Prints by John Cage: Joel and Lila Harnett Museum of Art

University of Richmond, Richmond, VA

Solo

2012

It's John. John Cage

Staatsgalerie Stuttgart, Stuttgart

Solo

2012

John Cage

KUAD GALLERY, Istanbul

Solo

2012

Not Wanting to Say Anything About Marcel: John Cage Plexigrams

Cantor Arts Center at Stanford University, Stanford, CA

Solo

2012

John Cage: Rocks, Ryoan-ji & New River

Hanes Art Gallery, Winston-Salem, NC

Solo

2012

John Cage’s Experiments In Context

Ekaterina Foundation, Moscow

Group

2012

Musica Y Accion

Centro José Guerrero, Granada

Group

2012

Play Together

Kunstraum Sellemond, Vienna

Group

2012

Silences

Brachfeld Gallery, Paris

Group

2012

Specters of Artaud: Language and the Arts in the 1950s

Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid

Group

2012

Silence

The Menil Collection, Houston, TX

Group

2012

Fluxus At 50

Museum Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden

Group

2012

Addio Anni 70

Palazzo Reale, Milan

Group

2012

Theatre of life

Centre of Contemporary Art Torun, Torun

Group

2012

On The Road To Fluxus

Die Kunstagentin, Cologne

Group

2012

On The Road To Fluxus

Galerie Schüppenhauer, Cologne

Group

2012

Thanks: 50th Anniversary Exhibition

Carl Solway Gallery, Cincinnati, OH

Group

2012

Prints

Devin Borden Hiram Butler Gallery, Houston, TX

Group

2012

The Artists’ Postcard Show

Spike Island, Bristol

Group

2012

Art = Life = Art | Dada > Fluxus

Museum für moderne und zeitgenössische Kunst , Bolzano

Group

2012

x_sound : John Cage, Nam June Paik and After

Nam June Paik Art Center, Yongin-si

Group

2012

John Cage: A Centennial Celebration With Friends

Carl Solway Gallery, Cincinnati, OH

Group

2011

Ein Raum für John Cage Installationen, Zeichnungen, Filme

Akademie der Künste, Berlin

Solo

2011

Every Day is a Good Day Prints and drawings by John Cage

De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill on Sea

Solo

2011

John Cage

Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow, Scotland

Solo

2011

Multiplicity

Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC

Group

2011

The Private Collection of Robert Rauschenberg

Gagosian Gallery , New York City, NY

Group

2011

Eyes Looping for a Head to Inhabit

Muzeum Sztuki in Lodz, Main Building, Lodz

Group

2011

denken

Kolumba, Cologne

Group

2011

11e Biennale de Lyon

biennale d'art contemporain de Lyon, Lyon

Group

2011

Black Mountain College and Its Legacy

Loretta Howard Gallery, New York City, NY

Group

2011

Game Theory

Cornish College of the Arts Gallery, Seattle, WA

Group

2011

Reading Pictures: Text and Image in Contemporary Art

Cohen Memorial Hall , Nashville, TN

Group

2011

Partitions

Galerie ARKO, Nevers

Group

2011

Zettels Traum

Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal

Group

2011

Artists Collect

International Print Center New York, New York City, NY

Group

2011

Object as Multiple: 1960-2000

Stephen Wirtz Gallery, San Francisco, CA

Group

2010

John Cage: Every Day is a Good Day

Huddersfield Art Gallery, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire

Solo

2010

John Cage: Every Day is a Good Day

Kettle's Yard, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire

Solo

2010

Every Day is a Good Day

BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead

Solo

2010

The Anarchy of Silence

Henie Onstad Art Centre, Høvikodden

Solo

2010

THE BIENNIAL WINTER SALON 2010

Elga Wimmer PCC, New York City, NY

Group

2010

das kleine format 3: die torlose schranke

Galerie Clemens Thimme, Karlsruhe

Group

2010

Other Than Beauty

Friedman Benda Gallery, New York City, NY

Group

2010

Works from the Gallery Collection

Carl Solway Gallery, Cincinnati, OH

Group

2010

Mike, Alec or Rufus? (Tom, Dick or Harry?)

Galerie Emanuel Layr, Vienna

Group

2010

Dessins en grande largeur

Galerie de France, Paris

Group

2009

John Cage

Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, CA

Solo

2009

The Anarchy of Silence. John Cage and Experimental Art

Museu d´Art Contemporani de Barcelona, Barcelona

Solo

2009

John Cage: Zen Ox-Herding Pictures

Joel and Lila Harnett Museum of Art, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA

Solo

2009

John Cage. Kunst = Leben

Häckermühle, Waiblingen

Solo

2009

Musik in der Kunst

Dany Keller Galerie, Eichelhardt

Group

2009

MOCA´s First Thirty Years

MOCA Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA

Group

2009

Selected Drawings

Margarete Roeder Gallery, New York City, NY

Group

2009

Silent

Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art, Hiroshima

Group

2009

Performa 09

Performa, New York City, NY

Group

2009

1969

MoMA PS1, New York City, NY

Group

2009

Schönes Wetter heute, n'est-ce pas, Henning?

44 Moen, Askeby

Group

2009

In-finitum

Museo Fortuny, Venice

Group

2009

The Quick and the Dead

Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN

Group

2009

Sound of Music

Turner Contemporary, Margate, Kent

Group

2009

Editions

SolwayJones, Los Angeles, CA

Group

2008

John Cage. Paisatges imaginaris, Concerts & Musicircus

Espai d´Art Contemporani de Castelló, Castellon de la Plana

Solo

2008

John Cage

BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead

Solo

2008

Now Jump

Nam June Paik Art Center, Yongin-si

Group

2008

Paik & Cage

Point of Contact Gallery, Syracuse, NY

Group

2008

An unruly history of the readymade

Fundación Jumex, Mexico City

Group

2008

Time and Chance

Galería d'Art Horizon, Colera, Girona

Group

2008

The sight of music

Mississippi Museum of Art MMA, Jackson, MS

Group

2008

NeoHooDoo: Art for a Forgotten Faith

Anton Kern Gallery, New York City, NY

Group

2007

John Cage

Galleria Davide Di Maggio, Milan

Solo

2006

John Cage: Essay

La Casa Encendida, Madrid

Solo

2006

John Cage

Margarete Roeder Gallery, New York City, NY

Solo

2004

John Cage: Watercolors, Selected Drawings and Prints

ZONE: Contemporary Art, New York City, NY

Solo

2004

ohn Cage

Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig, Vienna

Solo

2004

John Cage: Works on Paper

ZONE: Contemporary Art, New York City, NY

Solo

2003

John Cage

Galerie Sabine Knust, Maximilian Verlag, Munich

Solo

2003

John Cage. Il silenzio della musica

Museo d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto, Rovereto

Solo

2002

John Cage

Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive BAM-PFA, Berkeley, CA

Solo

2002

John Cage

Margarete Roeder Gallery, New York City, NY

Solo

2002

The Visual Art of John Cage

Edison College, Lee County Campus, Ft. Myers, FL

Solo

2001

John Cage

SolwayJones, Los Angeles, CA

Solo

2001

John Cage

Margarete Roeder Gallery, New York City, NY

Solo

2000

John Cage

Krypta 182 Kunstverein Bergisch Gladbach, Bergisch Gladbach

Solo

1999

John Cage: Neue CD, Druck, Originale

Rupert Walser, Munich

Solo

1995

Rolywholyover: A Circus for Museum by John Cage

Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA

Solo

1994

Erwerbungen John Cage

Staatliches Museum Schwerin, Schwerin

Solo

1994

Rolywholyover A Circus by John Cage

Mito Geijutsu-kan, Mito

Solo

1994

Rolywholyover: A Circus for Museum by John Cage

The Menil Collection, Houston, TX

Solo

1993

Rolywholyover A Circus

MOCA Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA

Solo

1993

Writing through the Essay: On the Duty of Civil Disobedience

P3 art and environment, Tokyo

Solo

1993

Drawings

Anthony d'Offay Gallery, London

Solo

1992

John Cage: Arbeiten auf Papier

Nassauischer Kunstverein, Wiesbaden

Solo

1992

John Cage : scores from the early 1950s

Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (MCA), Chicago, IL

Solo

1991

John Cage. Partituren, Grafik, Zeichnungen

Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

Solo

1989

John Cage

Galerie Graff, Montreal, QC

Solo

1989

John Cage: Graphic Works

ASU Art Museum, Arizona State University Art Museum, Tempe, AZ

Solo

1984

John Cage: Etchings 1978-1982

Kettle's Yard, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire

Solo

1983

John Cage. A Portrait Series

Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne

Solo

1982

John Cage: Scores & Prints

Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA

Solo

1979

John Cage: Etchings 1978-79

L.A. Louver Gallery, Venice, CA

Solo

1978

John Cage: Ausstellung und Konzert

Städtisches Museum Abteiberg, Mönchengladbach

Solo

1978

John Cage

Kölnischer Kunstverein, Cologne

Solo

1972

John Cage

Kunsthalle Bern, Bern

Solo

1970

John Cage

Norton Simon Museum of Art, Pasadena, CA

Solo

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