Table 2

Larger mammal species from across African savannah grasslands and woodlands showing
phylogeographic pattern, with some indication of their phylogenetic structure and
possible divergence times, refugia in west W, east E, and south S, and genetic signals
of colonization and population history. LP = Late Pleistocene, MP = Mid Pleistocene,
EP = Early Pleistocene, → = colonization/expansion. MS = mismatch expansion. All studies
used d-loop mtDNA; also elephant used cytb and microsats, impala cytb, warthog and
dog microsats, and buffalo Y.