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Geomagnetosphere and Coupling Phenomena. Volume II: Coupling of the Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere/Atmosphere System with Processes Underground, in Low Atmosphere, on the Sun, and in Space

Food additives: An overview of health implications and regulation and control in the United States Sharmeen Samuel, Kelly Brown, and Dilip R Patel

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the psycho-educational profile (third edition) performance test Daniel TL Shek and Lu Yu

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Student development under a new general education program in Hong Kong: A 3-Year longitudinal assessment Daniel TL Shek, Lu Yu, and Xiaoqin Zhu

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Subjective outcome evaluation of the Tin Ka Ping P.A.T.H.S. Project in China: View of the students Daniel TL Shek, Tak Yan Lee, and Lawrence K Ma

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Evaluation of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Mainland China: Views of the program implementers in senior high schools Daniel TL Shek, Florence KY Wu, and Mengtong Chen

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Evaluation of the training program of a positive youth development program: Tin Ka Ping P.A.T.H.S. Project in China Daniel TL Shek, Janet TY Leung, Mengtong Chen, and Chi Kin Chung

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Anti-doping knowledge of junior international racquetball athletes Timothy Baghurst

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Homeopathic potencies maintain their difference from each other and the aqueous ethanol control at different dilutions with water Atheni Konar, Tandra Sarkar, Nirmal C Sukul, Pallab Datta, Ashoke Sutradhar, and Anirban Sukul

Caregiver reports on the socio-economic and safety issues associated with Sakkiya treatment: A survey of a neglected area in Nigerian healthcare Kehinde K Kanmodi, Olanrewaju I Owoeye, and Godwin O Ndubuizu

Details

The present review book of Lev I. Dorman, The Geomagnetosphere and Coupling Phenomena, Volume II: Coupling of the Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere/Atmosphere System with Processes Underground, in Low Atmosphere, on the Sun, and in Space reflects the development of the geomagnetosphere’s research and applications for the last few decades. The importance and actuality of the geomagnetosphere’s research are based on the following three factors:

1. The geomagnetosphere is the nearest giant natural laboratory, where it is possible via many satellites and ground measurements to investigate in detail many different plasmas and energetic processes in space, caused by the interaction of high kinetic energy, solar wind plasmas and their perturbations (Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections – ICMEs, Interplanetary Shock Waves – ISWs, Interplanetary Interaction Regions – IIR), including those frozen within the Interplanetary Magnetic Fields (IMF) with the rotated main geomagnetic field. This interaction leads to a dynamic transformation of magnetic fields in the geomagnetosphere, generation and trapping of high energy particles (which can be called as Magnetospheric Cosmic Rays – MCR), generation of numerous instabilities and electromagnetic radiations. These processes are, in principle, similar to processes in magnetospheres of other planets and their moons, in the atmosphere of the sun and other stars, in interplanetary and in interstellar space, and in many different astrophysical objects. This research is an important basis for fundamental space and astrophysical science.

2. In modern times, technology, economics, navigation, TV, internet, radio connections, military aspects, and the life of people on our planet are strongly connected with the work of many satellites moving inside the geomagnetosphere. Different processes and MCR in the geomagnetosphere influence the satellites’ work and often lead to satellite malfunctions up to fully destroying them; the satellites essentially “die”. The described research can be considered as a basis for developing methods of forecasting dangerous situations for satellites in different orbits as well as to decrease the risk of satellite malfunctions and loss. For this purpose, this research has important practical applications.

3. The interaction of ICME, ISW, and IIR with the geomagnetosphere leads to the generation of big magnetic storms accompanied with the Forbush decrease and precursory effects in Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) intensity. These magnetic storms are dangerous not only to satellites, but also to the Earth’s surface for technology, radio connections, car accidents, and human health (e.g., increasing the frequency of infarct myocardial and brain strokes). Investigations of magnetic storm causes can help to develop methods of their forecasting and decreasing the level of magnetic storms hazards. Therefore, the other practical application of this research is connected with the problem of space weather and space climate influence on technology, radio connections, navigation, transportation, and human health on Earth independent of altitude and geomagnetic latitude.

We hope that this review book will be interesting and useful for researches, engineers, students, and all people interested in the developing of modern technologies in space and concerning issues with the geomagnetosphere, ionosphere, upper and low Atmosphere, cosmic rays, space weather and space climate influence on Earth.

Preface to Volume II

Abbreviations and Notations

Chapter 1. Solar Activity and Solar Wind/IMF Coupling with the Geomagnetosphere-Ionosphere System

Chapter 2. Coupling Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere System with the Thermosphere, Plasmasphere, and Geocorona

Chapter 3. Solar Activity and Solar Wind/IMF Coupling with the Geomagnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere-Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere System

Chapter 4. The Influence of Geomagnetic Storms and Polar Substorms on the Ionosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, and Troposphere

Chapter 5. The Influence of ICME, SIR, HSS, Solar Flares and Solar Eclipses on the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Atmosphere System

Chapter 6. The Influence of Underground, Ground, and Low Atmosphere Processes on the Geomagnetosphere-Ionosphere-Atmosphere System

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