The use of LEDs in consumer products, including toys, is rapidly increasing. The LEDs bring a visual appeal to the toy. Choosing the appropriate LED is important to avoid the risk of injury to the child, especially with the development of more efficient, higher power LEDs. This has led to the need of an easy to follow assessment that may be adopted by toy manufacturers when evaluating the suitability of an LED. A suggested assessmen...

The draft updates to American and international laser exposure guidelines (ANSI Z136, ICNIRP) recommend that the Maximum Permissible Exposure level (MPE) be reduced in the nanosecond to microsecond exposure duration range. We report on our measurement of the ED50 for laser-i...

We report on the first of a series of modeling studies examining multiple-pulse damage thresholds in the retina. This effort focuses on near-infrared wavelength (1064nm 1350nm) point source (small spot) thermal damage thresholds, but some general properties of multiple pulse exposures are obtained. We analyze the threshold trends as a function of wavelength, pulse width, inter-pulse spacing, and number of pulses, spanning a large parameter space.
The rules used for determini...

A computer model to calculate the injury threshold of the cornea of the eye following laser exposure was developed. The model is based on calculation of the laser induced temperature profile and subsequent integration with the Arrhenius integral. The model was validated against all available animal experiment threshold data for wavelengths between 1064 nm and 10,6 µm and pulse durations between 100 µs and 10 s.