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1 India Notes The Indian Civilization The study of Ancient India includes 3 time periods: Indian Geography The 1 st Indian Civilization began along the River now located in the country of. Many people know little of Indian Culture/History. Give reasons why you think this is true. How do the different monsoons affect the climate of India? Indian climate is greatly influenced by seasonal winds called. India remained isolated for thousands of years because of the natural barriers of what 2 mountain ranges? Because of this isolation, Indian culture has remained unlike other cultures which have changed through cultural diffusion. Harappan/Indus Civilization We know less about the Indus civilization than Mesopotamia or Egypt because their writing has not been The 2 major cities of the Harappan/Indus civilization were: The Harappan cities were advanced and all included 4 major features: Harappan/Indus Culture The Harappa Civilization s lack of weapons has led historians to conclude that they experienced little or no It can be inferred from the map that in the ancient Harappan civilization, the Indus River most likely served as a A. Trade route B. Defensive Barrier C. Mountain Pass D. Political Barrier What geographic reasons exist that may explain why the Harappa civilization experienced little conflict?

2 We know through the seals/stamps found, that Harappa traded with civilizations. Looking at the map. What route do you think the 2 civilizations used to trade with one another. Civilization seemed to be steady with no great differences: the discovery of toys suggests an lifestyle. End of the Indus/Harappa Civilization 3 Major theories for the disappearance of the Harappa Civilization: Why do historians have only theories about the disappearance of the Harappa civilization? The Aryan Invasions Around 2000 BCE, Indo-Europeans known as the migrated through the Pass of the - Mountains. Besides India, what other areas were impacted by the Indo-European migrations? The Aryans began to mix with the native people of India known as the. The Aryans The Aryans were significant in Indian history because they brought with them the ideas of: The Aryans developed a writing system called Sanskrit to A. record their religious writings and legends B. keep track of monsoons C. suppress the Untouchables D. maintain the rigid class structure In turn, Dravidians taught the Aryans how to. The Aryans also developed the language called which like the Phoenician writing had an alphabet.

3 Indian Literature The 4 major pieces of literature are: The is a collection of hymns & prayers which represent the basic beliefs of the religion. The oldest of the Vedas is the A scholar cannot sit with an ignorant person and expect to gain by the meeting. - Rig-Veda Good deeds yield good results and bad deeds yield bad results. - Rig-Veda Explain the meaning behind the 2 quotes from the Rig Veda. The were an interpretation of life s questions presented as a discussion between teacher & student. The was an epic poem which recounted the struggles of the Aryans during their migration south. It tells of a great war between 2 sets of ; the climax of the story is The is also an epic story of the hero Rama & acts as a guide for Indians. Hinduism The ultimate goal of a Hindu is to reach (perfect understanding) & a release from the cycle of. Reaching Moksha comes when one understands the relationship between (individual soul) & (world soul) What is an epic? What purpose do they serve in societies? What does this image represent? What roles do the aspects of Dharma & Karma pay in reincarnation? represents the good/bad deeds which determine your next life. are the duties each Hindu must follow in their caste. Hindu Caste System Castes are sometimes called which refers to skin tone What does this particular caste pyramid say about the social system in India? (Pay attention to the key). Hindu Castes: Priestly Class = Warrior/Ruler = Merchant/Farmer =

4 Laborers = Untouchables = Hindu Gods Hindus believe in 1 god who takes many forms or manifests himself in many ways. This type of religion is called The 3 main manifestations of the Hindu god are What do the Hindu gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva represent? A. youth, adulthood, and old age B. revelation, inspiration, and release C. sleep, wakefulness, and time D. creator, preserver, and destroyer Buddhism The founder of Buddhism was a man named How do you explain the different images of Buddha? Buddha originally came from the Caste but after witnessing pain & suffering he began to seek answer through His understanding came in the form of the which become the basis for Buddhism: The teachings of Buddha include all of the following EXCEPT A. people s purpose should be to attain nirvana B. life s cycle of pain ends at death C. people s desire for pleasure actually causes pain D. the way to escape life s cycle of pain is by seeking wisdom Study the Eightfold Path below. Why do you think Buddha felt that following this philosophy would end suffering in people s lives? One must live by the Path in order to avoid suffering. Siddhartha Gautama gained the name which means enlightened one. The ultimate goal of a Buddhist is to reach which is a release from all pain & suffering. The two main sects of Buddhism are

5 Buddhists regard Buddha as a. Buddhists regard Buddha as a. Dates: Indian Empires the Mauryan The first Indian empire was founded by when he defeated the Greek armies of Alexander s former general. What is the difference between Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism? A. Theravada Buddhism taught that Buddha was a teacher and not a god B. Mahayana Buddhism was more accessible to the masses C. Theravada Buddhism established new trends in Buddhist art D. Mahayana Buddhism held to the Buddha s original teachings Look at the map of the Mauryan empire. Why do you think Alexander & his general Seleucus never extended their empire further south or east? Mauryan contributions include: Chandragupta Maurya created India s 1 st & created a form of government to organize the large empire. He also introduced very strict. The most famous Mauryan ruler was Chandragupta Maurya s grandson. Asoka improved the empire by urging religious & building an elaborate. After witnessing the bloody Battle of, Asoka converted to because of its message of - Asoka converted to Buddhism after the Battle at Kalinga. Why do you thing Buddhism appealed to him at that point. To what parts of the world did Asoka s missionaries spread Buddhism? Asoka aided in the spread of Buddhism by sending throughout Asia. Eventually heavy led to rebellion in the empire & it broke into smaller.

6 Dates: Indian Empires the Guptas The Gupta empire was founded by (no relation to the Maurya s Chandragupta Maurya.) The Guptas ushered in India s which marks a time of great prosperity & achievement. The Gupta s mathematical achievements include: The end of the Gupta s comes after many invasions which led to the empire breaking into smaller just like the Mauryan Empire. The next Indian empire will not come until an power known as the empire comes around 1500 BCE. Look at the map of the Mauryan & Gupta empires. Describe their differences. The modern numeral system is known as the Arabic numeral system. If the Indians developed it, why don t we refer to it as the Indian numeral system? The Aryans, a light-skinned people probably related to the Persians, crossed the mountain passes and invaded the plains, abruptly destroying the highly advanced culture they encountered there. This passage best describes the fate of Which accomplishments derive from the Gupta dynasty s Golden Age of classical Indian culture? A. the plow and wheeled cart B. the calendar and practical astronomy C. the compass and fine porcelains D. the place value system and the number zero A. ancient Egypt B. early Chinese settlements along the Huang He river C. the Hebrews after leaving Egypt D. Harappan Civilization Siddhartha Gautama explained his new faith as A. a return to ceremonies and rituals that had been neglected B. a search for answers to life s mysteries that he had not found in Hinduism C. rejection of the ideas of a code of moral behavior aimed at harmony with nature D. the perfect mixing of Hinduism and Shintoism

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