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a product in the presence of historical externalities? A low introductory price may attract early adoptersEquilibrium Pricing with Positive Externalities (Extended Abstract) Nima Anari1 , Shayan Ehsani1 an item to strategic buyers in the pres- ence of positive historical externalities, where the value

9 9 Notes: One can use a simple model to deal with price/fundamental relationships. This one predicts monthly average WTI price as a function of OECD total petroleum stock deviations from the normal levels . The graph shows the model as it begins predicting prices in 1992. It shows how well the model has predicted not only the direction, but the magnitude of prices over this 8+ year period. While the model is simple and not perfect, it does predict the overall trends and, in particular, the recent rise in prices. It also shows that prices may have over-shot the fundamental balance for a while -- at least partially due to speculative concerns over Mideast tensions, winter supply adequacy, and Iraq's export policies. Prices now seem to be correcting, and may even undershoot briefly

Short Term Energy Outlook Short Term Energy Outlook 1 STEO Supplement: Why are oil prices so high? During most of the 1990s, the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price averaged close to $20 per barrel, before plunging to almost $10 per barrel in late 1998 as a result of the Asian financial crisis slowing demand growth while extra supply from Iraq was entering the market for the first time since the Gulf War. Subsequently, as Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) producers more closely adhered to a coordinated production quota and reduced output, crude oil prices not only recovered, but increased to about $30 per barrel as demand grew as Asian economies recovered. The most recent increase in crude oil prices began in 2004, when they almost doubled from 2003 levels, rising from about $30 per barrel at the end

8 8 Notes: As global production changed relative to demand, the world moved from a period of "over supply" in 1998 to one of "under supply" in 1999 and 2000. Inventories are a good means of seeing the imbalance between petroleum production and demand. For example, when production exceeds demand, inventories rise. A large oversupply will put downward pressure on prices, while undersupply will cause prices to rise. OECD inventories illustrate the changes in the world balance. OECD inventories rose to very high levels during 1997 and 1998 when production exceeded demand and prices plummeted to almost $10 in December 1998. However, when inventories fell to the low levels seen above during 1999 and early 2000 as demand exceeded production, prices rose to $35 per barrel at

6 6 Notes: One can use a simple model to deal with price/fundamental relationships. This one predicts monthly average WTI price as a function of OECD total petroleum stock deviations from the normal levels. The graph shows the model as it begins predicting prices in 1992. It shows how well the model has predicted not only the direction, but the magnitude of prices over this 8+ year period. While the model is simple and not perfect, it does predict the overall trends and, in particular, the recent rise in prices. It also shows that prices may have over-shot the fundamental balance for a while -- at least partially due to speculative concerns over Mideast tensions, winter supply adequacy, and Iraq's export policies. Prices moved lower in December, and even undershot briefly the

1 ANALYSIS OF FUTURE PRICES AND MARKETS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS BY JOSEPH MULHOLLAND of Future Prices and Markets for High Temperature Superconductors 2 I . PURPOSE, SCOPE AND APPROACH analysts to make estimates about the future of high temperature superconductor (HTS) technology

Eastern spot prices for coal have risen 25% since the start of 2004, reaching their highest levels in more than 25 years. This spike represents the second time in four years that coal prices have risen to more than double their pre-2000 price levels. Years of famine (from a coal producer's point of view) have been replaced by periods of plenty, with increasing consequences for coal's customers. How long will this spike last? This article, based on studies carried out by EPRI, attempts to answer this question. 3 figs., 1 tab.

Crude and refined oil prices have been relatively high and volatile on a sustained basis since 1999. This paper considers the pass through of oil prices into consumer liquid (i.e. petrol, diesel and heating) fuel prices in such an environment. The pass through of oil prices into consumer liquid fuel prices has already been addressed extensively in the literature. Nonetheless much of this literature has either focused on the United States or on a time period when oil prices were relatively stable, or has used monthly data. The main contribution of this paper is a comprehensive combination of many features that have been considered before but rarely jointly. These features include: (1) the analysis of the euro area as an aggregate and a large number of countries (the initial 12 member states); (2) the consideration of different time periods; (3) the modelling of the data in raw levels rather than in log levels. This turns out to have important implications for our findings; (4) the use of high frequency (weekly) data, which, as results will suggest, are the lowest frequency one should consider; (5) the investigation of the different stages of the production chain from crude oil prices to retail distribution — refining costs and margins, distribution and retailing costs and margins; (6) the examination of prices including and excluding taxes — excise and value-added; (7) the modelling of prices for three fuel types — passenger car petrol and diesel separately and home heating fuel oil; (8) lastly we also address the issue of possible asymmetries, allowing for the pass through to vary according to (a) whether price are increasing or decreasing and (b) whether price levels are above or below their equilibrium level. The main findings are as follows: First, as distribution and retailing costs and margins have been broadly stable on average, the modelling of the relationship between consumer prices excluding taxes and upstream prices in raw levels rather than in logarithms has important implications for the stability of estimates of pass through when oil price levels rise significantly. Second, considering spot prices for refined prices improves significantly the fit of the estimated models relative to using crude oil prices. It also results in more economically meaningful results concerning the extent of pass through. Third, oil price pass through occurs quickly, with 90% occurring within three to five weeks. Fourth, using a relatively broad specification allowing for asymmetry in the pass through from upstream to downstream prices, there is little evidence of statistically significant asymmetries. Furthermore, even where asymmetry is found to be statistically significant, it is generally not economically significant. Lastly, these results generally hold across most euro area countries with few exceptions.

We study competition among a score of firms participating in an online market for a commodity-type memory module. Firms were able to adjust prices continuously; prices determined how the firms were ranked and listed (lowest ...

In this paper, we examine the macroeconomic impact of the high oil price era between 2003 and mid-2008 on the Swiss economy. Using a medium-scale disequilibrium macroeconometric model, we focus not only on the effects of oil prices on the real GDP growth but also on their effects on demand-side components, prices, labour market and capacity output. Our simulation results indicate that high oil prices still had a non-negligible negative impact on economic performance despite the observed above average real economic growth rates. We have also found that an accommodative monetary policy might help in smoothing the negative effects of oil price shocks.

5 5 Notes: As we just saw, one of the primary factors impacting gasoline price is the crude oil price. This graph shows monthly average spot West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices. Spot WTI crude oil prices broke $36 per barrel in November briefly as anticipated boosts to world supply from OPEC and other sources did not show up in actual stocks data. Crude oil prices are expected to be about $30 per barrel for the rest of this year, but note the uncertainty bands on this projection. They give an indication of how difficult it is to know what these prices are going to do. Also, EIA does not forecast volatility. This relatively flat forecast could be correct on average, with wide swings around the base line. With the EIA forecast for crude prices staying high this year,

in the High Plains Aquifer. Dumler et al. (2009) estimate that the energy cost of extracting irrigation water1 The Effects of Energy Prices on Groundwater Extraction in Agriculture in the High Plains-752-0824 Abstract In this article we examine the effects of energy prices on groundwater extraction using

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The growth of renewable energy and renewable fuels in the United States will be significantly greater under scenarios involving high oil prices and stricter controls on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, according to DOE's Energy Information Administration (EIA).

risen to record levels; because of the energy crisis and the rapid rate of inflation, prices of fertilizer and fuel have at least doubled, and the price of other farm inputs have risen substantially. These price changes, in absolute and relative terms...

CCPExecutiveSummary July 2010 Price low and then pricehigh W: www.uea.ac.uk/ccp T: +44 (0)1603 593715 A: UEA, Norwich, NR4 7TJ Price low and then pricehigh or pricehigh and then price low introductory price for a new product followed by a higher price. For example, if at least some consumers face

I strongly urge that the forecasts recognize the high oil prices and gas prices experienced in 2008 and the development of carbon capture and storage applied to new coal fired generating stations, gas prices will only go up. Gas from the Rockies will move east as quickly as transport is available. To the extent

Outline Enrichment functions for high gradient solutions Motivation High gradient inside the domain (Shocks) High gradient at the boundary (boundary layers) Optimal set of enrichment functions Numerical for high gradient solutions Outline Enrichment functions for high gradient solutions Motivation High

Mick Jagger Explains High Crude Oil Prices How can Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones help explain the current high crude oil price? It does not relate to Mick' short stint at the London School of Economics, the oil industry operates on the same principle, at least in the short run. The industry relies on proven

What Is Price Volatility? What Is Price Volatility? The term "price volatility" is used to describe price fluctuations of a commodity. Volatility is measured by the day-to-day percentage difference in the price of the commodity. The degree of variation, not the level of prices, defines a volatile market. Since price is a function of supply and demand, it follows that volatility is a result of the underlying supply and demand characteristics of the market. Therefore, high levels of volatility reflect extraordinary characteristics of supply and/or demand. Prices of basic energy (natural gas, electricity, heating oil) are generally more volatile than prices of other commodities. One reason that energy prices are so volatile is that many consumers are extremely limited in their ability to substitute other fuels when the price, of natural gas

4 of 26 4 of 26 Notes: Spot wellhead prices last summer averaged well over $4.00 per thousand cubic feet during a normally low-price season. During the fall, these prices stayed above $5.00 per thousand cubic feet, more than double the year-ago average price. In January, the spot wellhead price averaged a record $8.98 per thousand cubic feet. Spot prices at the wellhead have never been this high for such a prolonged period. The chief reason for these sustained high gas prices was, and still is, uneasiness about the supply situation. Concern about the adequacy of winter supplies loomed throughout most of the summer and fall as storage levels remained significantly depressed. Last December, the most severe assumptions about low storage levels became real, when the spot price

Stauffer reduces prices on a high energy fuel raw material—boron trichloride. ... In 100-pound cylinders the chemical's price was dropped from $3.99 to $1.70 a pound, and in ton cylinders it is now priced at $1.25 a pound. ...

0 0 Notes: Before looking at El Paso gasoline prices, letÂ’s take a minute to look at the U.S. average price for context. Gasoline prices this year, adjusted for inflation, are the lowest ever. Back in March, before prices began to rise ahead of the traditional high-demand season, the U.S. average retail price fell to $1.00 per gallon. Prices rose an average of 7.5 cents, less than the typical seasonal runup, to peak in early June. Since then, prices have fallen back to $1.013. Given recent declines in crude oil and wholesale gasoline prices, we expect retail prices to continue to ease over at least the next few weeks. Since their sharp runup during the energy crises of the 1970Â’s, gasoline prices have actually been non-inflationary. Adjusting the historical prices by the Consumer Price Index, we can see that todayÂ’s

-dependent exotic European pric- ing, and their comparison in terms of speed and energy con- sumption. To reach our of the results obtained, the speed of simulation and the energy consumed by the machines during the simulationHigh Dimensional Pricing of Exotic European Contracts on a GPU Cluster, and Comparison to a CPU

materials. Researchers have used the method to make high-performance image sensors, transistors, and solar exotic semiconductors brings down the cost of high- performance solar cells and microchips. By Katherine Bourzac Compared to silicon, semiconductors like gallium arsenide can be made into solar cells

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Focusing on travel survey data from Germany, this paper investigates the determinants of automobile travel, with the specific aim of quantifying the effects of fuel prices and fuel economy. The analysis is pre...

as futures prices fall). The technical strategies were designed to be dynamic in nature i. e. , entering and leaving the futures market as conditions dictated. These strategies consisted of different combinations of short and lory moving averages of daily... prices. A four day weighted average in . " 'or was used in conjunction with selected average systems. The results of each hedging strategy were compared with the re- sults of the cash-market-only strategies. The cash strategies were (a) to sell...

6 6 Notes: Gasoline pump prices have backed down from the highprices experienced last summer and fall. The retail price for regular motor gasoline fell 11 cents per gallon from September to December. However, with crude oil prices rebounding somewhat from their December lows combined with lower than normal stock levels, we project that prices at the pump will rise modestly as the 2001 driving season begins this spring. For the summer of 2001, we expect only a little difference from the average price of $1.50 per gallon seen during the previous driving season, as motor gasoline stocks going into the driving season are projected to be slightly less than they were last year. The situation of relatively low inventories for gasoline could set the stage for some regional imbalances in supply that could once again

This chart highlights residential heating oil prices for the current and This chart highlights residential heating oil prices for the current and past heating season. As you can see, prices have started the heating season, about 40 to 50 cents per gallon higher than last year at this time. The data presented are from EIA's State Heating Oil and Propane Program. We normally collect and publish this data twice a month, but given the low stocks and highprices, we started tracking the prices weekly. These data will also be used to determine the price trigger mechanism for the Northeast Heating Oil Reserve. The data are published at a State and regional level on our web site. The slide is to give you some perspective of what is happening in these markets, since you probably will get a number of calls from local residents about their heating fuels bills

Cheese prices are derived from the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service Market News, the National Agricultural Statistics Service, and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. This publication explains the process of cheese pricing. It includes information...

A contract with K-class pricing divides a large set of goods or services into K classes and assigns a single price to any element of a class. Class pricing can be efficient when several different versions may be traded and ...

of Statistics University of Toronto c Copyright by Samuel Hikspoors 2008 #12;Multi-Factor Energy Price Models of Toronto, May 2008 Abstract The high pace at which many of the world's energy markets have gradually beenMulti-Factor Energy Price Models and Exotic Derivatives Pricing by Samuel Hikspoors A thesis

Despite the hopes of coal consumers, coal prices did not plummet in 2006 as demand stayed firm. China and India's growing economies, coupled with solid supply-demand fundamentals in North America and Europe, and highly volatile prices for alternatives are likely to keep physical coal prices from wide swings in the coming year.

Lynn Price Lynn Price China Energy Group Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road MS 90R2002 Berkeley CA 94720 Office Location: 90-2108 (510) 486-6519 LKPrice@lbl.gov Lynn Price is a Staff Scientist and Leader of the China Energy Group of the Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Ms. Price has a MS in Environmental Science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and has worked at LBNL since 1990. Ms. Price has been a member of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, since 1994 and was an author on the industrial sector chapter of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report on Mitigation of Climate Change. Since 1999, Ms. Price has provided technical assistance to the Energy

Notes: Notes: Prices have already recovered from the spike, but are expected to remain elevated over year-ago levels because of the higher crude oil prices. There is a lot of uncertainty in the market as to where crude oil prices will be next winter, but our current forecast has them declining about $2.50 per barrel (6 cents per gallon) from today's levels by next October. U.S. average residential heating oil prices peaked at almost $1.50 as a result of the problems in the Northeast this past winter. The current forecast has them peaking at $1.08 next winter, but we will be revisiting the outlook in more detail next fall and presenting our findings at the annual Winter Fuels Conference. Similarly, diesel prices are also expected to fall. The current outlook projects retail diesel prices dropping about 14 cents per gallon

Subambient pressure ionization with nanoelectrospray (SPIN) has proven to be effective in producing ions with high efficiency and transmitting them to low pressures for high sensitivity mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Here we present evidence that not only does the SPIN source improve MS sensitivity but also allows for gentler ionization conditions. The gentleness of a conventional heated capillary electrospray ionization (ESI) source and the SPIN source was compared by the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of colominic acid. Colominic acid is a mixture of sialic acid polymers of different lengths containing labile glycosidic linkages between monomer units necessitating a gentle ion source. By coupling the SPIN source with high resolution mass spectrometry and using advanced data processing tools, we demonstrate much extended coverage of sialic acid polymer chains as compared to using the conventional ESI source. Additionally we show that SPIN-LC-MS is effective in elucidating polymer features with high efficiency and high sensitivity previously unattainable by the conventional ESI-LC-MS methods. ?

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Wytch Farm operations have demonstrated that downhole adjustable, highly variable gauge stabilizers (HVGSs) can cost-effectively extend the reach of extended-reach-drilling (ERD) wells. This paper will describe the operation and benefits of using an HVGS at the Wytch Farm ERD project to control hole inclination while minimizing time consuming oriented drilling. The first Wytch Farm well drilled with an HVGS had a Reach/TVD ratio of 4.22 at a true vertical depth (TVD) of 1603 m. The total depth was 7522 m with a reach of 6732 m, which set a new world record for reach at the subject reservoir depth. The second well drilled with an HVGS had a Reach/TVD ratio of 4.28 at a TVD of 1592 m. The HVGS was used in conjunction with an instrumented steerable motor with near-bit inclination sensor. The HVGS is controlled from the surface through a series of mud pump flow sequences, and communicates the blades` commanded and measured positions to the surface with mud pulse telemetry. Wytch Farm operations required that the HVGS telemetry be modified to Cow compatibility with previously contracted measurement-while-drilling/logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) systems. This paper will describe the new telemetry scheme and will document the success of the HVGS in receiving commands and in actuating to desired positions at measured depths in excess of 7300 m and departures beyond 6100 m.

In existing researches, the investigations of oil price volatility are always performed based on daily data and squared daily return is always taken as the proxy of actual volatility. However, it is widely accepted that the popular realized volatility (RV) based on high frequency data is a more robust measure of actual volatility than squared return. Due to this motivation, we investigate dynamics of daily volatility of Shanghai fuel oil futures prices employing 5-minute high frequency data. First, using a nonparametric method, we find that RV displays strong long-range dependence and recent financial crisis can cause a lower degree of long-range dependence. Second, we model daily volatility using RV models and GARCH-class models. Our results indicate that RV models for intraday data overwhelmingly outperform GARCH-class models for daily data in forecasting fuel oil price volatility, regardless the proxy of actual volatility. Finally, we investigate the major source of such volatile prices and found that trader activity has major contribution to fierce variations of fuel oil prices.

After successful LHC operation at the center-of-mass energy of 7 and 8 TeV in 2011 and 2012, plans are actively advancing for a series of upgrades, culminating roughly 10 years from now in the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, delivering of order five times the LHC nominal instantaneous luminosity along with luminosity levelling. The final goal is to extend the data set from about few hundred fb-1 expected for LHC running to 3000 fb-1 by around 2030. Current planning in ATLAS also has significant upgrades to the detector during the consolidation of the LHC to reach full LHC energy and further upgrades to accommodate running already beyond nominal luminosity this decade. The challenge of coping with HL-LHC instantaneous and integrated luminosity, along with the associated radiation levels, requires further major changes to the ATLAS detector. The designs are developing rapidly for an all-new inner-tracker, significant upgrades in the calorimeter and muon systems, as well as improved triggers and data acqui...

The rising cost of fossil fuel is a recognized phenomenon, but its impact ... . Understanding how the socioeconomic impacts of rising fuel prices might be distributed across urban areas is...2007...)] by incorpor...

We demonstrate the advanced properties of extended plasma plumes (5?mm) for efficient harmonic generation of laser radiation compared with the short lengths of plasmas (?0.3–0.5?mm) used in previous studies. The harmonic conversion efficiency quadratically increased with the growth of plasma length. The studies of this process along the whole extreme ultraviolet range using the long plasma jets produced on various metal surfaces, particularly including the resonance-enhanced laser frequency conversion and two-color pump, are presented. Such plasmas could be used for the quasi-phase matching experiments by proper modulation of the spatial characteristics of extended ablating area and formation of separated plasma jets.

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects, analyzes, and disseminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment. Learn about EIA and Energy Department organizations that track energy prices and trends.

The brighter Fermi-LAT bursts have exhibited emission at energies >0.1 GeV that persists as late as {approx}2 ks after the prompt phase has nominally ended. This so-called 'extended emission' could arise from continued activity of the prompt burst mechanism or it could be the start of a high energy afterglow component. The high energy extended emission seen by the LAT has typically followed a t{sup -}{gamma} power-law temporal decay where {gamma} {approx} 1.2-1.7 and has shown no strong indication of spectral evolution. In contrast, the prompt burst emission generally displays strong spectral variability and more complex temporal changes in the LAT band. This differing behavior suggests that the extended emission likely corresponds to an early afterglow phase produced by an external shock. In this study, we look for evidence of high energy extended emission from 145 Swift-localized GRBs that have occurred since the launch of Fermi. A majority of these bursts were either outside of the LAT field-of-view or were otherwise not detected by the LAT during the prompt phase. However, because of the scanning operation of the Fermi satellite, the long-lived extended emission of these bursts may be detectable in the LAT data on the {approx}few ks time scale. We will look for emission from individual bursts and will perform a stacking analysis in order to set bounds on this emission for the sample as a whole. The detection of such emission would have implications for afterglow models and for the overall energy budget of GRBs.

This paper describes a framework for analyzing the imperfect price-reversibility (hysteresis) of oil demand. The oil demand reductions following the oil price increases of the 1970s will not be completely reversed by the price cuts of the 1980s, nor is it necessarily true that these partial demand reversals themselves will be reversed exactly by future price increases. The author decomposes price into three monotonic series: price increases to maximum historic levels, price cuts, and price recoveries (increases below historic highs). He would expect that the response to price cuts would be no greater than to price recoveries, which in turn would be no greater than for increases in maximum historic price. For evidence of imperfect price-reversibility, he tests econometrically the following US data: vehicle miles per driver, the fuel efficiency of the automobile fleet, and gasoline demand per driver. In each case, the econometric results allow him to reject the hypothesis of perfect price-reversibility. The data show smaller response to price cuts than to price increases. This has dramatic implications for projections of gasoline and oil demand, especially under low-price assumptions. 26 refs., 13 figs., 3 tabs.

Researchers with NREL's Fuel Cell team showed that platinum can replace copper nanowires in such a way that high-surface-area and high-specific-activity catalysts are produced, potentially allowing for lower-cost catalysts.

1 1 Notes: Gasoline prices move with changes in crude oil prices, and crude prices have varied significantly over the past decade, as illustrated above with the monthly average spot prices for West Texas Intermediate crude oil. Gasoline prices were as low as 91 cents per gallon in early 1999 when crude prices were very low, and were around $1.56 per gallon mid to late September 2000 when crude prices were high, even though the peak gasoline demand season was over at that point. We have observed that crude oil., like other commodities, responds to basic market fundamentals of supply and demand. Inventories are a good means of measuring the balance between demand and supply in the marketplace, and thus are a good barometer of price pressure. For example, when demand exceeds supply over and above the typical situation,

PricingPricing Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Critical Peak Pricing When utilities observe or anticipate high wholesale market prices or power system emergency conditions, they may call critical events during a specified time period (e.g., 3 p.m.-6 p.m. on a hot summer weekday), the price for electricity during these time periods is substantially raised. Two variants of this type of rate design exist: one where the time and duration of the price increase are predetermined when events are called and another where the time and duration of the price increase may vary based on the electric grid's need to have loads reduced;[1] Related Terms electricity generation References â†‘ https://www.smartgrid.gov/category/technology/critical_peak_pricing Ret LikeLike UnlikeLike

Abstract The world?s most expensive motor fuel (gasoline, diesel and LPG) is sold most likely in the Republic of Turkey. This paper investigates the key issues related to the motor fuel prices in Turkey. First of all, the paper analyses the main reason behind highprices, namely motor fuel taxes in Turkey. Then, it estimates the elasticity of motor fuel demand in Turkey using an econometric analysis. The findings indicate that motor fuel demand in Turkey is quite inelastic and, therefore, not responsive to price increases caused by an increase in either pre-tax prices or taxes. Therefore, fuel market in Turkey is open to opportunistic behavior by firms (through excessive profits) and the government (through excessive taxes). Besides, the paper focuses on the impact of high motor fuel prices on road transport associated activities, including the pattern of passenger transportation, motorization rate, fuel use, total kilometers traveled and CO2 emissions from road transportation. The impact of motor fuel prices on income distribution in Turkey and Turkish public opinion about high motor fuel prices are also among the subjects investigated in the course of the study.

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1 1 Notes: While EIA cannot claim to explain all of the factors that drive retail gasoline prices, we have had a fair amount of success in exploring the relationship between wholesale and retail prices. In particular, we have looked closely at the "pass-through" of changes in spot prices to the retail market. This graph shows a weighted national average of spot prices for regular gasoline -both conventional and reformulated (shown in red), and EIA's weekly survey price for retail regular (again both conventional and reformulated). As you can see, spot prices tend to be more volatile (and would be even more so on a daily basis), while these changes are smoother by the time they reach the retail pump. Furthermore, by looking at the peaks, you can see the retail prices seem to lag the spot price changes

A STRUCTURAL MODEL FOR ELECTRICITY PRICES RENE CARMONA, MICHAEL COULON, AND DANIEL SCHWARZ Abstract pricing in electricity markets, thus extending the growing branch of liter- ature which describes power prices for electricity. We capture both the heavy-tailed nature of spot prices and the complex dependence

A new Gas Cherenkov Detector (GCD) with low-energy threshold and high sensitivity, currently known as Super GCD (or GCD-3 at OMEGA), is being developed for use at the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Super GCD is designed to be pressurized to ?400 psi (absolute) and uses all metal seals to allow the use of fluorinated gases inside the target chamber. This will allow the gamma energy threshold to be run as low at 1.8 MeV with 400 psi (absolute) of C{sub 2}F{sub 6}, opening up a new portion of the gamma ray spectrum. Super GCD operating at 20 cm from TCC will be ?400 × more efficient at detecting DT fusion gammas at 16.7 MeV than the Gamma Reaction History diagnostic at NIF (GRH-6m) when operated at their minimum thresholds.

Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of increased tightening in the Northeast heating oil market since the last Outlook, we now expect prices this winter for residential heating oil deliveries to peak at $1.52 per gallon in January. This is significantly above the monthly peak reached last winter. Because these figures are monthly averages, we expect some price movements for a few days to be above the values shown on the graph. This winter's expected peak price would be the highest on record in nominal terms, eclipsing the high set in February 2000. However, in real (constant dollar) terms, both of these prices remain well below the peak reached in March 1981, when the average residential heating oil price was $1.29 per gallon, equivalent to over $2.50 per gallon today.

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May 2010 May 2010 Short-Term Energy Outlook Energy Price Volatility and Forecast Uncertainty 1 May 11, 2010 Release Crude Oil Prices. WTI crude oil spot prices averaged $84 per barrel in April 2010, about $3 per barrel above the prior month's average and $2 per barrel higher than forecast in last month's Outlook. EIA projects WTI prices will average about $84 per barrel over the second half of this year and rise to $87 by the end of next year, an increase of about $2 per barrel from the previous Outlook (West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Price Chart). Energy price forecasts are highly uncertain, as history has shown. Prices for near-term futures options contracts suggest that the market attaches

0 0 1 July 2010 Short-Term Energy Outlook Energy Price Volatility and Forecast Uncertainty 1 July 7, 2010 Release Crude Oil Prices. WTI crude oil spot prices averaged $75.34 per barrel in June 2010 ($1.60 per barrel above the prior month's average), close to the $76 per barrel projected in the forecast in last month's Outlook. EIA projects WTI prices will average about $79 per barrel over the second half of this year and rise to $84 by the end of next year (West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Price Chart). Energy price forecasts are highly uncertain, as history has shown (Energy Price Volatility and Forecast Uncertainty). WTI futures for September 2010 delivery for the

5 5 Notes: The recent surge in spot prices at the Henry Hub are well above a typical range for 1998-1999 (in this context, defined as the average, +/- 2 standard deviations). Past price surges have been of short duration. The possibility of a downward price adjustment before the end of next winter is a source of considerable risk for storage operators who acquire gas at recent elevated prices. Storage levels in the Lower 48 States were 7.5 percent below the 5-year average (1995-1999) by mid-August (August 11), although the differential is only 6.4 percent in the East, which depends most heavily on storage to meet peak demand. Low storage levels are attributable, at least in part, to poor price incentives: high current prices combined with only small price

6 6 Notes: With the worst of the heating season (October-March) now behind us, we can be fairly confident that retail heating oil prices have seen their seasonal peak. Relatively mild weather and a softening of crude oil prices have helped ease heating oil prices. Spot heating oil prices recently reached their lowest levels in over six months. Because of relatively balmy weather in the Northeast in January and February, heating oil stock levels have stabilized. Furthermore, heating oil production has been unusually robust, running several hundred thousand barrels per day over last year's pace. Currently, EIA expects winter prices to average around $1.41, which is quite high in historical terms. The national average price in December 2000 was 44 cents per gallon above the December 1999 price. For February

0 0 1 June 2010 Short-Term Energy Outlook Energy Price Volatility and Forecast Uncertainty 1 June 8, 2010 Release Crude Oil Prices. WTI crude oil spot prices averaged less than $74 per barrel in May 2010, almost $11 per barrel below the prior month's average and $7 per barrel lower than forecast in last month's Outlook. EIA projects WTI prices will average about $79 per barrel over the second half of this year and rise to $84 by the end of next year, a decrease of about $3 per barrel from the previous Outlook (West Texas Intermediate Crude Oil Price Chart). Energy price forecasts are highly uncertain, as history has shown. Prices for near-term futures options contracts suggest that the market attaches

Calculations based on the sudden approximation have been performed to describe high-energy single-nucleon removal reactions. Within this approach, which takes as its starting point the formalism developed to describe the breakup of well-developed single-neutron halo systems, the nucleon-removal cross section and the full three-dimensional momentum distributions of the core fragments, including absorption, diffraction, Coulomb, and nuclear-Coulomb interference amplitudes, have been computed. The Coulomb, breakup has been treated to all orders for the dipole interaction. The results are compared here to experimental data for a range of light, neutron-rich psd-shell nuclei taken at beam energies of 43–68MeV?nucleon. Good agreement is found for the inclusive cross sections and both the longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions. In the case of C17, comparison is also made with the results of calculations using the transfer-to-the-continuum model. The three-dimensional momentum distributions computed within the sudden approximation model exhibit longitudinal and transverse momentum components that are strongly coupled by the reaction for s-wave states, while no such effect is apparent for d waves. Incomplete detection of transverse momenta arising from limited experimental acceptances thus leads to a narrowing of the longitudinal distributions for nuclei with significant s-wave valence neutron configurations, as confirmed by the data. Asymmetries in the longitudinal momentum distributions attributed to diffractive dissociation are also explored.

CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES NOVEMBER 1958 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE retail prices for selected canned fish items. The retail prices as contained herein for several types, 500 or over, and prices were obtained by personal visits of agents to the retail stores

CANNED FISH RETAIL .PRICES, OC1rOIBrE~ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INT...n.~""n FISH retail prices for selected canned fish items. The retail prices as contained herein for several types, 500 or over, and prices were obtained by personal visits of agents to the retail stores

into seasonally-differentiated contracts has yielded strong evidence of declining prices. This result differs from previously published work in the most comprehensive study of futures prices, while updating and extending information on pricing patterns...

6 6 Notes: On top of the usual factors impacting gasoline prices, natural gas has had some influence recently. MTBE is an oxygenate used in most of the RFG consumed in the U.S. Generally, it follows gasoline prices and its own supply/demand balance factors. But this winter, we saw it respond strongly to natural gas prices. MTBE is made from methanol and isobutylene, which in turn come from methane and butane. Both methane and butane come from natural gas streams. Until this year, the price of natural gas has been so low that it had little effect. But the surge that occurred in December and January pulled MTBE up . Keep in mind that about 11% MTBE is used in a gallon of RFG, so a 30 cent increase in MTBE is only about a 3 cent increase in the price of RFG. While we look ahead at this summer, natural gas prices should be

7 7 Notes: Retail gasoline prices, like those for distillate fuels, have hit record prices nationally and in several regions this year. The national average regular gasoline price peaked at $1.68 per gallon in mid-June, but quickly declined, and now stands at $1.45, 17 cents higher than a year ago. Two regions, in particular, experienced sharp gasoline price runups this year. California, which often has some of the highest prices in the nation, saw prices peak near $1.85 in mid-September, while the Midwest had average prices over $1.87 in mid-June. Local prices at some stations in both areas hit levels well over $2.00 per gallon. The reasons for the regional price runups differed significantly. In the Midwest, the introduction of Phase 2 RFG was hampered by low stocks,

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4 4 Notes: This graph shows monthly average spot West Texas Intermediate crude oil prices. Spot WTI crude oil prices peaked last fall as anticipated boosts to world supply from OPEC and other sources did not show up in actual stocks data. So where do we see crude oil prices going from here? Crude oil prices are expected to be about $28-$30 per barrel for the rest of this year, but note the uncertainty bands on this projection. They give an indication of how difficult it is to know what these prices are going to do. Also, EIA does not forecast volatility. This relatively flat forecast could be correct on average, with wide swings around the base line. Let's explore why we think prices will likely remain high, by looking at an important market barometer - inventories - which measures the

9 9 Notes: Because of the higher projected crude oil prices and because of increased tightening in the Northeast heating oil market since the last Outlook, we now expect prices this winter for residential heating oil deliveries to peak at about $1.52 per gallon in January. This is significantly above the monthly peak reached last winter. Because these figures are monthly averages, we expect some price movements for a few days to be above the values shown on the graph. This winter's expected peak price would be the highest on record in nominal terms, eclipsing the high set in February 2000. However, in real (constant dollar) terms, both of these prices remain well below the peak reached in March 1981, when the average residential heating oil price was $1.29 per gallon, equivalent to over $2.50 per gallon today.

7 of 17 7 of 17 Notes: Despite signs that domestic natural gas production has begun to turn around (the Texas Railroad Commission now reports year-to-date (through Sep.) gains in Texas gas production of 1.2 percent, compared to a 4.7-percent decline for the same months in 1999 versus 1998) the reality of the U.S. gas market is that supply responses have been too little, too late to prevent record-high spot prices and prospects for very high average prices this winter. We now expect to see peak monthly spot wellhead prices this winter of over $6.00 per thousand cubic feet (mcf) (December). Last month we maintained confidence that conditions would improve enough to keep the $5.10 per mcf recorded in October as the peak for this heating season. With partial data available, a monthly average value of about $5.60 per mcf looks likely for

...back to a hospital could not be "reverse-engineered" to determine the prices charged by competing hospitals to any particular payer. Health care is not the only industry in which price transparency and MFN agreements have led to higher prices. In response to concerns that the highly concentrated suppliers... In the contentious political environment surrounding health care reform, calls for increased price transparency in health care are among the few areas of general agreement. But the wrong kind of transparency could actually harm patients, rather than help them.

A minimum price contract is one of many tools a marketer may use to better manage price and production risk while trying to achieve financial goals and objectives. This publication discusses the advantages and disadvantages involved...

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Seasonal price movements can be measured and used to help in marketing livestock. This publication includes 10-year seasonal price indexes for several livestock categories, and explains how to interpret and use the information....

CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES JUNE ll959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDUFE, Commissioner CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES JUNE 1959 Prepared in the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Branch Fisheries has contracted with the Bureau of Labo r Statistics to obtain average retail prices for selected

CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES JA.NUARY 11959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE, Commissioner CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES JANUARY 195 9 Prepared in the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Branch Fisheries has contracted with the Bureau of Labor Statistics to obtain average retail prices for se lected

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Rising Oil Prices Hit Chemical Industry ... Rising petroleum prices have dogged chemical makers for more than a year, and in the third quarter, the situation has only gotten worse. ... Although chemical makers had factored high feedstock costs into their planning, the recent sudden spikes in oil costs may have caught the industry off guard. ...

Spot pricing covers a range of electric utility pricing structures which relate the marginal costs of electric generation to the prices seen by utility customers. At the shortest time frames prices change every five ...

There are several value-based fed cattle pricing systems, including formula pricing, price grids and alliances. This publication describes the different cattle pricing methods and helps you decide which is best for you....

... body charged with holding down the cost of patented drugs is proposing amendments to its pricing guidelines at the same time a study shows that Canadian ... guidelines at the same time a study shows that Canadian prices are often higher than the international median. The Canadian parliament recently extended patent protection ...

6 6 Notes: Propane prices have been high this year for several reasons. Propane usually follows crude oil prices more closely than natural gas prices. As crude oil prices rose beginning in 1999, propane has followed. In addition, some early cold weather this year put extra pressure on prices. However, more recently, the highly unusual surge in natural gas prices affected propane supply and drove propane prices up. Propane comes from two sources of supply: refineries and natural gas processing plants. The very high natural gas prices made it more economic for refineries to use the propane they normally produce and sell than to buy natural gas. The gas processing plants found it more economic to leave propane in the natural gas streams than to extract it for sale separately.

Apple Price List 5/27/14 unh computer store university of new hampshire phone: (603) 862-1328 Â· faxBook Air AppleCare for MacBook Air AppleCare Protection Plan for Mac extends your coverage to three years Battery life varies by use and configuration. See www.apple.com/batteries for more information. 2 Compared

Sustainability of Forage-based Livestock Production Systems in South Texas in an Era of High as a component of the forage crop. Forage-based livestock production systems in south Texas are either extensive of legumes in for- age production systems in this area. Soils in this region tend to be high pH, and many

Promising methods of strengthening fast-wearing friction couples of drilling pumps are described. Advantage of application of plasma-jet powder hard-facing for extending the service life of cylindrical bushing...

City Gate City Gate City gate prices represent the total cost paid by gas distribu- tion companies for gas received at the point where the gas is physically transferred from a pipeline company or trans- mission system. This price is intended to reflect all charges for the acquisition, storage, and transportation of gas as well as other charges associated with the LDC's obtaining the gas for sale to consumers. Prices paid at the city gate by local distribution companies rose substantially between 1995 and 1996, climbing from $2.78 per thousand cubic feet to $3.27, an increase of 18 percent. Residential Residential consumers pay the highest price for natural gas. It increased to $6.34 per thousand cubic feet from the 1995 price of $6.06 per thousand cubic feet. However, the 1996 price was 1 percent lower than the 1994 price. In recent years, only modest changes in constant dollars have been

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7 7 Notes: This chart shows the day-to-day volatility in spot crude and heating oil prices, and clearly shows the regional nature of the price spike that occurred last winter. Due to a combination of extreme cold weather, low inventories, and refinery and transportation problems, New York Harbor spot prices shot up as high as $1.77 per gallon in a brief period in late January and early February. In June of this year, distillate spreads had dropped to 2.5 cents per gallon as a result of crude oil prices increasing faster than product prices. But by August spreads had strengthened to about 15 cents, and were as high as 21 cents on average in November 2000, which is almost 15 cents above average -- reflecting continued low stocks and the lack of even a normal summer/autumn build in inventories.

Irrigation is a major contributing factor in crop production on the Texas High Plains. It is responsible for greatly increasing crop production and farm income for the region. Two factors, a declining groundwater supply and increasing production...

5 of 5 5 of 5 Notes: March began with gasoline spot prices showing large increases over crude oil. Spot prices were nearly 20 cents per gallon over the already high crude oil prices, when normally the spread would be half that size. This spread was comparable to the spread seen in August 1997 when high demand, low stocks, and some refinery problems cause prices to surge. By the end of March the spread had fallen to about 16 cents per gallon, and by mid April was at about 11 cents per gallon as the inventory situation improved. Crude oil prices have also been falling, pulling gasoline spot prices down. Retail prices, which lag behind changes in the spot market, are turning down also. Regular gasoline prices peaked the week of March 20 at $1.53 and fell to $1.48 the week of April 10.

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Natural gas prices are critical to a range of regulatory decisions covering both electric and gas utilities. Natural gas prices are often a crucial variable in electric generation capacity planning and in the benefit-cost relationship for energy-efficiency programs. High natural gas prices can make coal generation the most economical new source, while low prices can make natural gas generation the most economical. (author)

pricesprices are developed for the following three categories: coking coal; steam coal (all noncoking coal); and coal coke imports and exports. Coking coal, used in the industrial sector only, is a high-quality bitumi- nous coal that is used to make coal coke. Steam coal, which may be used by all sectors, includes anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, and lignite. In the industrial sector, coal consumption is the sum of cok- ing coal and steam coal. The industrial coal price is the quantity- weighted average price of these two components. Imports and exports of coal coke are available only on the national level and are accounted for in the industrial sector. Coal coke imports and ex- ports are reported separately and are not averaged with other coal prices and expenditures. Coking Coal Coking coal is generally more expensive than steam coal; therefore, it is identified separately

PricesPrices 2010 Peaks, Plans and (Persnickety) Prices This presentation provides information about EIA's estimates of working gas peak storage capacity, and the development of the natural gas storage industry. Natural gas shale and the need for high deliverability storage are identified as key drivers in natural gas storage capacity development. The presentation also provides estimates of planned storage facilities through 2012. Categories: Prices, Storage (Released, 10/28/2010, ppt format) Natural Gas Year-In-Review 2009 This is a special report that provides an overview of the natural gas industry and markets in 2009 with special focus on the first complete set of supply and disposition data for 2009 from the Energy Information Administration. Topics discussed include natural gas end-use consumption trends, offshore and onshore production, imports and exports of pipeline and liquefied natural gas, and above-average storage inventories. Categories: Prices, Production, Consumption, Imports/Exports & Pipelines, Storage (Released, 7/9/2010, Html format)

0 0 Summary Our short-term outlook for a wide array of energy prices has been adjusted upward as international and domestic energy supply conditions have tightened. We think that crude oil prices are as likely as not to end the year $2 to $3 per barrel higher than our previous projections. Thus, we think that the probability of West Texas Intermediate costing an average of $30 per barrel or more at midwinter is about 50 percent. On their current track, heating oil prices are likely to be about 30 percent above year-ago levels in the fourth quarter. Prices for Q1 2001 seem more likely now to match or exceed the high level seen in Q1 2000. Tight oil markets this year and an inherent propensity for high gas utilization in incremental power supply have resulted in rising North American natural gas

DOE intends to update the SSL Pricing and Efficacy Trend Analysis for Utility Program Planning report on an annual basis, but doing so requires that we have sufficient product and purchase data including acquisition date, purchase price, product category, and rated initial lumens. Those interested in helping collect this data are asked to use the LED Price Tracking FormMicrosoft Excel and follow the instructions for submitting data.

probability measure that is equivalent to the historical one, and under which the discounted price processesEquilibrium pricing bounds on option prices Marie Chazala and Ely`es Jouinib a CREST, France price at maturity, we derive an upper bound on the call option price by putting two kind of restrictions

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Understanding Trends in Wind Turbine Prices Over the Past Decade Understanding Trends in Wind Turbine Prices Over the Past Decade Title Understanding Trends in Wind Turbine Prices Over the Past Decade Publication Type Report Refereed Designation Unknown Year of Publication 2011 Authors Bolinger, Mark, and Ryan H. Wiser Pagination 46 Date Published 10/2011 Publisher LBNL City Berkeley Keywords electricity markets and policy group, energy analysis and environmental impacts department Abstract Berkeley Lab has gathered price data on 81 U.S. wind turbine transactions totaling 23,850 MW announced from 1997 through early 2011. Figure ES-1 depicts these reported wind turbine transaction prices (along with the associated trend line), broken out by the size of the transaction (in MW). Figure ES-1 also presents average (global) turbine prices reported by Vestas for the years 2005 through 2010, as well as a range of reported pricing (among various turbine manufacturers) for transactions signed in 2010 and so far in 2011 (with 2011 prices generally lower than 2010 prices). After hitting a low of roughly $750/kW from 2000 to 2002, average wind turbine prices doubled through 2008, rising to an average of roughly $1,500/kW. Wind turbine prices have since declined substantially, with price quotes for transactions executed in 2010 and to date in 2011 ranging from $900-$1,400/kW depending on the manufacturer and turbine model. For example, turbines designed for lower wind speed sites - deploying higher hub heights and larger rotor diameters for a given nameplate capacity - are priced at the higher end of this range. These quotes suggest price declines of as much as 33% or more since late 2008, with an average decline closer to perhaps 20% for orders announced in 2010 (as opposed to in 2011, which has seen further price declines). These two substantial and opposing wind turbine price trends over the past decade - and particularly the doubling in prices in the 2002-2008 period - run counter to the smooth, gradually declining technology cost trajectories that are often assumed by energy analysts modeling the diffusion of new technologies, including wind power. Understanding and explaining this notable discrepancy between theory and historical reality is the primary motivation for this work. Taking a bottom-up approach, this report examines seven primary drivers of wind turbine prices in the United States, with the goal of estimating the degree to which each contributed to the doubling in turbine prices from 2002 through 2008, as well as the subsequent decline in prices through 2010 (our analysis does not extend into 2011 because several of these drivers are best gauged on a full-year basis due to seasonality issues).

prices had none. One the average, bull prices were egual to the value of five 425 pound feeder calves. Hesults of the second analysis indicated that the consignor (apparently ~ his reputation as a ~) had the most influence cn the price of individual... of Feeder Cattle Prices an Average ~ RegiEt8t%6 Hereford Bull Prices, 1952-83, U. S. N~ Prices Deflated by Consuser Price Index, 1967 = 100. Distributed Zag of Annual Nst Farm Income and Annual ~ Prices on Registered Hereford Bull Prices, 195283, U. S...

CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES DECEMBER 1958 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE, Commissioner CANNED FISH RETAIL PRICES DECEMBER 1958 Prepared in the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Branch Fisheries has contra cted with the Bureau of Labor Statistics to obtain av rag retail pric s for se lected

The objective of the present spot pricing study carried out for SCE and PG&E is to develop the concepts which wculd lead to an experimental design for spot pricing in the two utilities. The report suggests a set of experiments ...

...much lower on the political agenda in the...Despite the inherent risks in agricultural...markets and crop insurance. While these...measures of price risk management (Morgan 2001). Insurance markets are well...not for price risk. Futures and...

Brookhaven National Laboratory Dorene Price Office of Intellectual Property and Sponsored Research: price@bnl.gov ACTIVATED ALUMINUM HYDRIDE HYDROGEN STORAGE COMPOSITIONS AND USES THEREOF Brookhaven alternatives to increase the fuel economies of vehicles as well as other applications that require an energy

THE WEEK'S PRICE CHANGES ... United Fuel Gas Co., Charleston, W. Va., has been authorized by Federal Power Commission to increase its wholesale rates for natural gas. ... Monarch Chemical Co., 161 East 42nd St., New York, announced at trie start of the month that it is advancing prices on its line of baking powders and creams, effective Aug. 31. ...

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Brookhaven National Laboratory Dorene Price Office of Intellectual Property and Sponsored Research: price@bnl.gov ELECTROCHEMICAL ENHANCEMENT OF BIO-ETHANOL AND METABOLITE PRODUCTION Brookhaven National-ethanol fuel, as a beverage, or industries which by means of fermenting microbes commercially make ethanol

This study utilizes existing data sources and previous analyses of state-level energy prices to develop consistent state-level energy prices series by fuel type and by end-use sector. The fuels are electricity, natural gas, coal, distillate fuel oil, motor gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, residual fuel, and liquefied petroleum gas. The end-use sectors are residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and electric utility. Based upon an evaluation of existing data sources, recommendations were formulated on the feasible approaches for developing a consistent state energy price series. The data series were compiled based upon the approaches approved after a formal EIA review. Detailed documentation was provided, including annual updating procedures. Recommendations were formulated for future improvements in the collection of data or in data processing. Generally, the geographical coverage includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Information on state-level energy use was generally taken from the State Energy Data System (SEDS). Corresponding average US prices are also developed using volumes reported in SEDS. To the extent possible, the prices developed are quantity weighted average retail prices. Both a Btu price series and a physical unit price series are developed for each fuel. The period covered by the data series is 1970 through 1980 for most fuels, though prices for electricity and natural gas extend back to 1960. (PSB)

Gasoline Price Watch Website and Hotline Gasoline Price Watch Website and Hotline DOE Gasoline Price Watch Website and Hotline April 20, 2006 - 12:26pm Addthis WASHINGTON, DC - Secretary of Energy Samuel W. Bodman today is reminding consumers about the Department of Energy's (DOE) gasoline price reporting system. Consumers can report activity at local gasoline filling stations that they believe may constitute "gouging" or "price fixing" by visiting gaswatch.energy.gov/. "There are many legitimate factors influencing the price consumers are paying at the pump, including growing demand, the highprice of crude oil, the lingering effects of last summer's hurricanes on our refining sector and the regular transition of fuel blends as we head into the summer," said Secretary Bodman. "And while the majority of local merchants are fair and

0 0 Notes: Good morning. IÂ’m glad to be here in El Paso to share some of my agencyÂ’s insights on crude oil and gasoline prices. I represent the Energy Information Administration, the independent statistical and analytical agency within the Department of Energy. My division has the responsibility to monitor petroleum supplies and prices in the United States. As part of that work, we operate a number of surveys on a weekly, monthly, and annual basis. One of these is a weekly survey of retail gasoline prices at about 800 stations nationwide. This survey in particular allows us to observe the differences between local gasoline markets in the United States. While we track relatively few stations in the El Paso area, we have compared our price data with that collected by the El Paso City-County Health and Environmental District and

Abstract Consumer frustration over having less money in their pockets and, at the same time facing higher prices for products and services in the marketplace, arises during turbulent economic times (e.g., post-2007). Sellers suffer increased costs and pass along increases by raising prices to consumers. The current article discusses trends in the pricing literature and in practice that sellers utilize in limiting perceptions of price unfairness, particularly when increasing price in turbulent economic times. Specifically, engaging in transparency in pricing by revealing information about price changes to the consumer during poor economic times potentially reduces perceptions of price unfairness. Using industry-common price-setting practices, shrinking product volume, providing automatic rebates promotions, or offering price-matching promotions also likely reduces perceptions of price unfairness.

5 5 Notes: Major regulatory reforms at the Federal level began at the end of the 1970s with the passage of the Natural Gas Policy Act, and have affected most phases of the industry and markets Over time the movement to a more competitive model led to lower prices starting around 1983, which was accentuated by the drop in world oil prices in 1986 Gas consumers in all sectors seem to have benefited, on average, from a more competitive marketplace However, several factors have come together recently that have pushed spot gas prices up sharply and which are expected to reverse the downward trend in in real gas prices for the next year or so: U.S. gas production has been relatively flat. Expected demand is high under normal weather assumptions. Gas storage levels are below normal.

Gasoline Price Pass-through Gasoline Price Pass-through January 2003 by Michael Burdette and John Zyren* The single most visible energy statistic to American consumers is the retail price of gasoline. While the average consumer probably has a general notion that gasoline prices are related to those for crude oil, he or she likely has little idea that gasoline, like most other goods, is priced at many different levels in the marketing chain, and that changes ripple through the system as prices rise and fall. When substantial price changes occur, especially upward, there are often allegations of impropriety, even price gouging, on the part of petroleum refiners and/or marketers. In order to understand the movement of gasoline prices over time, it is necessary to examine the relationship between prices at retail and various wholesale levels.

Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has severely impacted diesel fuel prices, especially in the Northeast. Retail diesel price data are available sooner than residential heating oil data. This graph shows that diesel prices turned the corner sometime after February 7 and are heading down. Retail diesel fuel prices nationally, along with those of most other petroleum prices, increased steadily through most of 1999. Prices jumped dramatically (by over 11 cents per gallon) in the third week of January, and rose 2 or more cents a week through February 7. The increases were much more rapid in the Northeast. From January 17 through February 7, diesel fuel prices in New England rose nearly 68 cents per gallon, or 47 percent. Prices in the Mid-Atlantic region rose about 58

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To Fill or not to Fill: The Gas Station Problem. (Extended Abstract) # Samir Khuller, Azarakhsh; At each gas station we may fill up some amount of gas to ``extend'' the range of the vehicle by a certain to fluctuating gas prices, there is significant variance in the price of gas between gas stations in di

New York New York Exit Fueleconomy.gov The links below are to pages that are not part of the fueleconomy.gov. We offer these external links for your convenience in accessing additional information that may be useful or interesting to you. Selected Cities Albany AlbanyGasPrices.com Automotive.com Mapquest.com Buffalo BuffaloGasPrices.com Automotive.com Mapquest.com New York NewYorkGasPrices.com Automotive.com Mapquest.com Rochester RochesterGasPrices.com Automotive.com Mapquest.com Syracuse SyracuseGasPrices.com Automotive.com Mapquest.com Yonkers YonkersGasPrices.com Automotive.com Mapquest.com Other New York Cities NewYorkGasPrices.com (search by city or ZIP code) - GasBuddy.com New York Gas Prices (selected cities) - GasBuddy.com New York Gas Prices (organized by county) - Automotive.com

December 17, 2001 December 17, 2001 his is the fifth issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the price of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered from Clean Cities coordinators and stakeholders during the weeks of October 15 and October 22, 2001, with comparisons to the prices in the previous Price Report for the week of June 4, 2001. Gasoline and Diesel Prices egular grade gasoline averaged $1.265 per gallon nationwide during the week of October 22, 2001. This represents a decrease of $0.414 per gallon from the previous Price Report (June 2001), as illustrated in the table to the right. Prices for the various regions of the

Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has Along with heating oil prices, the distillate supply squeeze has severely impacted diesel fuel prices, especially in the Northeast. Diesel fuel is bascially the same product as home heating oil. The primary difference is that diesel has a lower sulfur content. When heating oil is in short supply, low sulfur diesel fuel can be diverted to heating oil supply. Thus, diesel fuel prices rise with heating heating oil prices. Retail diesel fuel prices nationally, along with those of most other petroleum prices, increased steadily through most of 1999. But prices in the Northeast jumped dramatically in the third week of January. Diesel fuel prices in New England rose nearly 68 cents per gallon, or 47 percent, between January 17 and February 7. While EIA does not have

0 0 Highlights International Oil Markets Prices. We have raised our world oil price projection by about $2 per barrel for this month because of assumed greater compliance by OPEC to targeted cuts, especially for the second quarter of 2000 (Figure 1). The expected decline in world petroleum inventories continues (Figure 2), and, given the generally stiff resolve of OPEC members to maintain production cuts, any sign of a turnaround in stocks may be postponed until later this year than previously assumed (Q3 instead of Q2). Our current estimate for the average import cost this past January is now $25 per barrel, a nearly $15-per-barrel increase from January 1999. Crude oil prices are expected to remain at relatively high levels for the first half of 2000, but

In ''The Ethics of Dynamic Pricing,'' Ahmad Faruqui lays out a case for improved efficiency in using dynamic prices for retail electricity tariffs and addresses various issues about the distributional effects of alternative pricing mechanisms. The principal contrast is between flat or nearly constant energy prices and time-varying prices that reflect more closely the marginal costs of energy and capacity. The related issues of fairness criteria, contracts, risk allocation, cost allocation, means testing, real-time pricing, and ethical policies of electricity market design also must be considered. (author)

8 8 Notes: World oil prices have tripled from their low point in December 1998 to August this year, pulling product prices up as well. But crude prices are expected to show a gradual decline as increased oil production from OPEC and others enters the world oil market. We won't likely see much decline this year, however, as prices are expected to end the year at about $30 per barrel. The average price of WTI was almost $30 per barrel in March, but dropped to $26 in April as the market responded to the additional OPEC production. However, prices strengthened again, averaging almost $32 in June, $30 in July, and $31 in August. The continued increases in crude oil prices indicate buyers are having trouble finding crude oil, bidding higher prices to obtain the barrels available.

Transparent Prices for Municipal Water: Impact of Pricing and Billing Transparent Prices for Municipal Water: Impact of Pricing and Billing Practices on Residential Water Use Speaker(s): Sylvestre Gaudin Date: November 29, 2004 - 12:00pm Location: Bldg. 90 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: John Busch Jr. Economic Research shows overwhelmingly that residential consumers do not pay much attention to price changes when they make decisions about water use. This weak price sensitivity is often attributed to the intrinsic nature of water as a necessity. However, a large part of water use is the result of choices that could easily be altered without affecting basic welfare. Economic theory points to at least two other reasons why consumers would not be responsive to price changes for water use: the fact that water bills constitute a small portion of their budgets, and the fact that price

Policy brief | Price subsidy schemes for artemisinin-based combination theraPies (acts): do they work? | 1 Price Subsidy Schemes for Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies (ACTs): Do They Work of act is very limited, partly due to its highprice in pharmacies and retail stores. the affordable

Atlantic Refining Co. reduced its tank car price for kerosene at Boston from 9.8 to 9.5 cents per gallon effective Feb. 9, 1950. The company's quotation for No. 2 fuel oil was lowered at the same time from 8.8 to 8.4 cent per gallon. A new discount of ...

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We introduce a new and highly tractable structural model for spot and derivative prices in electricity markets. Using a stochastic model ... we translate the demand for power and the prices of generating fuels in...

One of the first places where consumers are feeling the impact of One of the first places where consumers are feeling the impact of this winter's market pressures is in home heating oil prices. This chart shows prices through February 28, the most recent EIA data available. The general level of heating oil prices each year is largely a function of crude oil prices, and the price range over the course of the heating season is typically about 10 cents per gallon. Exceptions occur in unusual circumstances, such as very cold weather, large changes in crude oil prices, or supply problems. Heating oil prices for East Coast consumers started this winter at just over $1 per gallon, but rising crude oil prices drove them up nearly 21 cents through mid-January. With the continuing upward pressure from crude oil markets, magnified by a regional shortfall of heating oil

7 7 Notes: Residential heating oil prices reflect a similar pattern to that shown in spot prices. However, like other retail petroleum prices, they tend to lag changes in wholesale prices in both directions, with the result that they don't rise as rapidly or as much, but they take longer to recede. This chart shows the residential heating oil prices collected under the State Heating Oil and Propane Program (SHOPP), which only runs during the heating season, from October through March. The spike in New York Harbor spot prices last winter carried through to residential prices throughout New England and the Central Atlantic states. Though the spike actually lasted only a few weeks, residential prices ended the heating season well above where they had started.

Slide 2 of 11 Notes: One of the first places where consumers are feeling the impact of this winterÂ’s market pressures is in home heating oil prices. This chart shows prices through February 7, the most recent EIA data available. The general level of heating oil prices each year is largely a function of crude oil prices, and the price range over the course of the heating season is typically about 10 cents per gallon. Exceptions occur in unusual circumstances, such as very cold weather, large changes in crude oil prices, or supply problems. Heating oil prices for East Coast consumers started this winter at just over $1 per gallon, but rising crude oil prices drove them up nearly 21 cents per gallon through mid-January. With the continuing upward pressure from crude oil markets, magnified by a regional shortfall of

Thousands of historical and current prices for crude oil, NGL, petroleum products, natural gas and electric power are presented in easy to read tables. The book includes spot, posted and future prices; prices by state and by country; and monthly and annual prices. Most monthly price series go back 25 years. This comprehensive source for energy industry prices is a must for anyone involved in planning and budgeting. The Pricing Statistics Sourcebook has all of the essential key energy price statistics needed for analysis of the US and international oil and gas industries. Also include: an appendix of IEA, OECD and OPEC member lists, conversion factors heat content of fuels; and major events affecting the oil and gas industry since 1859. The book includes a summary analysis of significant changes in key data series written by Bob Beck, Economics Editor of the Oil and Gas Journal.

This paper proposes a four-step approach that uses statistical regression to forecast notebook computer prices. Notebook computer price is related to constituent features over a series of time periods, and the rates of change in the influence...

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This chapter provides an application of the pricing rule approach to the analysis of unregulated market economies with non-convex production sets. Loss-free pricing rules provide a natural framework for this a...

Abstract We extend the analysis of causal relations between trader positions and oil prices and the process of price discovery by estimating a cointegrating vector autoregression (CVAR) model that expands the cash-and-carry relation between spot and futures prices to quantify long- and short-run relations among oil prices, trader positions, interest rates, and oil inventories. Results indicate that oil inventories and trader positions are needed to generate cointegration between spot and futures prices. The presence of trader positions and oil inventories suggest that both play a role in price discovery. Furthermore, the cointegrating relation for price loads into the equation for both oil prices and trader positions. This suggests a bi-directional simultaneous adjustment process between oil prices and trader positions. This expands the unidirectional causal relation from oil prices to trader positions that is generated by previous studies. Additional results suggest that price discovery occurs in the market for heavily traded near-month futures contracts, but discovery for thin far-month futures markets occurs in the spot market. Together, these results suggest mechanisms by which speculation could affect oil prices but the results presented here are moot regarding their effects.

Uranium prices hit eight-year highs in both market tiers, $16.60/lb U{sub 3}O{sub 8} for non-former Soviet Union (FSU) origin and $15.50 for FSU origin during mid 1996. However, they declined to $14.70 and $13.90, respectively, by the end of the year. Increased uranium prices continue to encourage new production and restarts of production facilities presently on standby. Australia scrapped its {open_quotes}three-mine{close_quotes} policy following the ouster of the Labor party in a March election. The move opens the way for increasing competition with Canada`s low-cost producers. Other events in the industry during 1996 that have current or potential impacts on the market include: approval of legislation outlining the ground rules for privatization of the US Enrichment Corp. (USEC) and the subsequent sales of converted Russian highly enriched uranium (HEU) from its nuclear weapons program, announcement of sales plans for converted US HEU and other surplus material through either the Department of Energy or USEC, and continuation of quotas for uranium from the FSU in the United States and Europe. In Canada, permitting activities continued on the Cigar Lake and McArthur River projects; and construction commenced on the McClean Lake mill.

CANNED FI H RETAIL PRICE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE I TERI R FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE BUREAU to obtain average retail prices for selected canned fish items. The retail prices as contained herein to the retail stores in these cities each month. These stores include important chain organizations

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The goal of this study is to evaluate the validity of the following statement: “the coincidence of high electric energy prices and peak solar electric photovoltaic (PV) output can improve the economics of PV installations, and can also facilitate the wider use of hourly pricing.” The study is focused on Con Edison electric service territory in New York City.

Abstract In this study, we empirically analyze the price discovery process in the futures and spot markets for crude oil, heating oil and natural gas using daily closing prices. We use two different information share measures that are based on the methods proposed by Gonzalo and Granger (1995) and Lien and Shrestha (2014). Both measures indicate that almost all the price discovery takes place in the futures markets for the heating oil and natural gas. However, for the crude oil, the price discovery takes place both in the futures and spot markets. As a whole, our study indicates that futures markets play an important role in the price discovery process.

5 5 Notes: The public is probably more knowledgeable about what they pay for gasoline than about anything else they use regularly. Most Americans are bombarded several times a day with the price of gasoline. Many people who phone our office don't only want to know why prices have risen, but why their prices are different than prices in some other area - the gasoline station two blocks away, the average price quoted on the news, the price their uncle is paying in a different region of the country. This chart shows some of the different state averages for a specific month. Besides taxes, these differences are due to factors such as distance from refining sources, and mix of reformulated versus conventional fuels. What this snapshot does not show,is that all of these prices can

Purpose: To assess the dosimetric benefit, treatment outcome, and toxicity of high-dose and extended-field intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with early-stage NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer's ring (WR-NKTCL). Methods and Materials: Thirty patients with early-stage WR-NKTCL who received extended-field IMRT were retrospectively reviewed. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy to the primary involved regions and positive cervical lymph nodes (planning target volume requiring radical irradiation [PTV{sub 50}]) and 40 Gy to the negative cervical nodes (PTV{sub 40}). Dosimetric parameters for the target volume and critical normal structures were evaluated. Locoregional control (LRC), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The median mean doses to the PTV{sub 50} and PTV{sub 40} were 53.2 Gy and 43.0 Gy, respectively. Only 1.4% of the PTV{sub 50} and 0.9% of the PTV{sub 40} received less than 95% of the prescribed dose, indicating excellent target coverage. The average mean doses to the left and right parotid glands were 27.7 and 28.4 Gy, respectively. The 2-year OS, PFS, and LRC rates were 71.2%, 57.4%, and 87.8%. Most acute toxicities were grade 1 to 2, except for grade ?3 dysphagia and mucositis. The most common late toxicity was grade 1-2 xerostomia, and no patient developed any ?grade 3 late toxicities. A correlation between the mean dose to the parotid glands and the degree of late xerostomia was observed. Conclusions: IMRT achieves excellent target coverage and dose conformity, as well as favorable survival and locoregional control rates with acceptable toxicities in patients with WR-NKTCL.

Delivery and Hedging Â· Delivery ties the futures price to the spot price. Â· On the delivery date, the settlement price of the futures contract is determined by the spot price. Â· Hence, when the delivery period is reached, the futures price should be very close to the spot price. Â· Changes in futures prices usually

Price Server System for Automated Critical Peak PricingPrice Server System for Automated Critical Peak Pricing Speaker(s): David S. Watson Date: June 3, 2005 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3148 Overview of current California Energy Commission (CEC)/Demand Response Research Center (DRRC) Auto-CPP project: This summer, some select commercial CPP customers of PG&E will have the option of joining the Automated Critical Peak Pricing pilot. The pilot will have the same tariffs as standard CPP programs, but will include an added feature: automated shedding of electric loads. Through use of the Price Server System, day-ahead CPP event signals initiated by PG&E will ultimately cause electric loads to be automatically curtailed on commercial customer sites. These optional predetermined shed strategies will occur without

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New England New England New England New England Central Atlantic Central Atlantic Central Atlantic Central Atlantic Lower Atlantic Lower Atlantic Lower Atlantic Lower Atlantic Gulf Coast Gulf Coast Gulf Coast Gulf Coast West Coast West Coast West Coast West Coast Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain Midwest Midwest Midwest Midwest Map of U.S. Regions Map of U.S. Regions Map of U.S. Regions Map of U.S. Regions THE ALTERNATIVE FUEL PRICE REPORT Alternative Fuel Prices Across the Nation March 28, 2002 his is the fifth issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the price of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered from Clean Cities coordinators and stakeholders during the months

The presence in Italy of a high number of vertically integrated energy companies, has given us the idea to investigate the effects that adoption of new price policies, and geopolitical events, have on the mechani...

Since 2003, China has begun to establish its own strategic petroleum reserves (SPR) to strengthen its oil supply security. Due to the unpredictable feature of the oil supply interruption or sudden price rising, questions about operating the SPR become an important issue for China's policy makers. This paper analysed the operating strategies for China's SPR by developing a stochastic dynamic programming model, which considered uncertainties of the world oil prices and the construction process of China's SPR sites. Different situations, including normal world oil prices, short-term world oil price rising, continuously high world oil prices and continuously oil price decrease were considered and discussed. Optimal SPR operating strategies coping with uncertainties of world oil prices for China were derived and relevant policy implications were obtained. The influence effects on world oil price caused by the acquisition or drawdown actions of China's SPR were considered, too.

12 Price's Theorem: A General Equation for Response It is always difficult, in retrospect, to see situation. Ac- tually, there is, namely Price's Theorem (Price 1970, 1972a), also referred to as the Price Equation. Price's theorem provides a notationally elegant way to describe any selection re- sponse. We

Who is Exposed to Gas Prices? How Gasoline Prices Affect Automobile Manufacturers and Dealerships Prices Affect Automobile Manufacturers and Dealerships Abstract Many consumers are keenly aware, by contrast, we investigate how gasoline prices affect the automobile industry: manufacturers and dealerships

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Efficient Metering Schemes with Pricing Barbara Masucci Dipartimento di Informatica ed Applicazioni and Pinkas [7] introduced metering schemes. They proposed metering schemes in which any server is able and proposed metering schemes with pricing. In their schemes any server is able to construct a proof which

holds a SM and a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ... of uncertainty motivates the introduction of non-linearities in the demand as a function of price ... of price-response functions, parametrized by a risk sensitivity coefficient, ...

It is an established notion among financial analysts that price moves in patterns and these patterns can be used to forecast future price. As the definitions of these patterns are often subjective, every analyst has a need to define and search meaningful ...

DIRECTOR, PETROLEUM DIVISION DIRECTOR, PETROLEUM DIVISION ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND RESOURCES COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES MAY 9, 2005 Mr. Chairman, I appreciate this opportunity to testify today on the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) insights into factors affecting recent gasoline prices. EIA is the statutorily chartered statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. We are charged with providing objective, timely, and relevant data, analysis, and projections for the use of the Department of Energy, other Government agencies, the U.S. Congress, and the public. We produce data and analysis reports that are meant to assist policy makers in determining energy policy. Because we have an element of

pricesprices Dataset Summary Description The State Energy Data System (SEDS) is compiled by the U.S. Energy Information Administration's (EIA); it is a comprehensive database of energy statistics by state (and includes totals for the entire US). SEDS includes estimates of energy production, consumption, prices, and expenditures broken down by energy source and sector. Annual estimates are available from 1960 - 2009 for production and consumption estimates and from 1970 - 2009 for price and expenditure estimates. Source EIA Date Released June 30th, 2011 (3 years ago) Date Updated Unknown Keywords EIA Energy Consumption Energy Expenditures energy prices energy production SEDS State energy data States US Data text/csv icon Complete SEDS dataset as csv (may be too big for Excel) (csv, 40.6 MiB)

1 1 Notes: Next we examine the wholesale market's added contribution to gasoline price variation and analyze the factors that impact the gasoline balance. There are two points to take away from this chart: The U.S. market moves with the world market, as can be seen with the high inventories in 1998, being drawn down to low levels during 1999. Crude and product markets are not independent. Crude oil and product markets move together fairly closely, with some lead/lag effects during transitions. The relationship between international crude oil markets and domestic product markets raises another issue. A subtle, but very important point, lost in recent discussions of gasoline price increases: The statement has been made that crude markets are not a factor in this past spring's high gasoline prices, since crude prices were

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Oil Prices, Stock Markets and Portfolio Investment: Evidence from Sector Analysis in Europe over This article extends the understanding of oilÂ­stock market relationships over the last turbulent decade. Unlike returns to oil price changes differ greatly depending on the activity sector. In the out

PricesPrices Annual Energy Outlook 2008 (Early Release) Energy Prices EIA has raised the reference case path for world oil prices in AEO2008 (although the upward adjustment is smaller than the last major adjustment, introduced in AEO2006). In developing its current oil price outlook, EIA explicitly considered four factors: (1) expected growth in world liquids consumption; (2) the outlook for conventional oil production in countries outside the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (non-OPEC producers); (3) growth in unconventional liquids production; and (4) OPEC behavior. Global economic growth has been strong over the past few years, despite high oil prices; and it now appears that, in the mid-term, the cost of non-OPEC conventional oil and unconventional liquids will be higher than previously assumed. As a result, in the AEO2008 reference case, OPEC and non-OPEC production volumes and total world liquids production are similar to those in the AEO2007 reference case, but the oil prices are higher.4

Nation May 5, 2000 Nation May 5, 2000 his is the premiere issue of what the Clean Cities Program envisions as a monthly newsletter keeping you up to date on the price of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered during the week of April 10, 2000. Gasoline and Diesel Prices asoline averaged $1.516 per gallon nationwide during the week of April 10, 2000. This represents a drop of $0.023 per gallon from the previous month (March 2000), as illustrated in the table to the right. Prices for the various regions of the country are also illustrated in this table. (A map of the regions is shown at the bottom of this page.) During the week of April 10, prices ranged from a low of $1.439 in the Midwest to a high of $1.752 on the West Coast. Between March 6 and April 10, gasoline prices fell slightly in

THE ALTERNATIVE FUEL PRICE REPORT Alternative Fuel Prices Across the Nation November 26, 2004 his is the thirteenth issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the prices of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered from Clean Cities coordinators and stakeholders between November 8 and November 19, 2004, with comparisons to the prices in the previous Price Report, which were collected in June, 2004. The prices contained within this report are meant to represent retail, at-the-pump sales prices for each fuel. In some cases, prices are collected from utilities or government facilities, where taxes are not included. In

5 of 15 5 of 15 Notes: The severity of this spot price increase is causing dramatic changes in residential home heating oil prices, although residential price movements are usually a little slower and spread out over time compared to spot prices. Wholesale prices increased over 50 cents from January 17 to January 24, while retail increased 44 cents in New York. Diesel prices are showing a similar pattern to residential home heating oil prices, and are indicating that home heating oil prices may not have peaked yet, although spot prices are dropping. Diesel prices in New England and the Mid-Atlantic increased 30-40 cents January 24 over the prior week, and another 13-15 cents January 31. Spot prices plummeted January 31, closing at 82 cents per gallon, indicating the worst part of the crisis may be over, but it is still a

5 5 Notes: This slide shows the strong influence crude oil prices have on retail distillate prices. The price for distillate fuel oil tracks the crude price increases seen in 1996 and the subsequent fall in 1997 and 1998. Distillate prices have also followed crude oil prices up since the beginning of 1999. Actual data show heating oil prices on the East Coast in June at $1.20 per gallon, up 39 cents over last June. However, if heating oil prices are following diesel, they may be up another 5 cents in August. That would put heating oil prices about 40 cents over last August prices. Crude oil prices are only up about 25 cents in August over year ago levels. The extra 15 cents represents improved refiner margins due in part to the very low distillate inventory level.

Data Data 2011: Prices and Expenditures 35 P E T R O L E U M O V E R V I E W cement (AC-20), asphalt emulsion (rapid set and slow set), and asphalt cutback. For 1986 forward, the tank car price is used. However, for 1986 and 1987, the drum price is used if a tank car price is not available. For 1970 through 1985, when both tank car and drum prices are available, a simple average of the two prices is used. When only one price is available, that price is used. Asphalt prices are developed by calculating a simple average annual price from the monthly prices for each city for the three products. City prices are assigned to states. California, Ohio (1970 through 1985, and 1992 for- ward), and Pennsylvania have prices from two cities; in these cases, sim- ple averages of the two city prices are used. No states have prices from more than two cities. Kansas City prices are assigned to Kansas and not used in the Missouri price

Data: Data: Prices and Expenditures 35 P E T R O L E U M O V E R V I E W cement (AC-20), asphalt emulsion (rapid set and slow set), and asphalt cutback. For 1986 forward, the tank car price is used. However, for 1986 and 1987, the drum price is used if a tank car price is not available. For 1970 through 1985, when both tank car and drum prices are available, a simple average of the two prices is used. When only one price is available, that price is used. Asphalt prices are developed by calculating a simple average annual price from the monthly prices for each city for the three products. City prices are assigned to states. California, Ohio (1970 through 1985, and 1992 for- ward), and Pennsylvania have prices from two cities; in these cases, sim- ple averages of the two city prices are used. No states have prices from more than two cities. Kansas City prices are assigned to Kansas and not used in the Missouri price estimates.

Table of Utility Programs by State Table of Utility Programs by State List of Utilities Offering Green Power Top Ten Utility Green Power Programs Green Power Marketing Green Certificates Carbon Offsets State Policies Green Pricing Green pricing is an optional utility service that allows customers an opportunity to support a greater level of utility company investment in renewable energy technologies. Participating customers pay a premium on their electric bills to cover the incremental cost of the additional renewable energy. To date, more than 860 utilities, including investor-owned, municipal utilities, and cooperatives, offer a green pricing option. Table of Utility Programs by State List of Utilities Offering Green Power Top Ten Utility Green Power Programs National Green Pricing Map

sales from sales under average conditions, it presents is the first study to show empirical evidence of peak load pricing in airlines. (5) It controls for potential endogeneity of sales using dynamic panels. The first essay tests the empirical importance...

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the averages which appeared most probable. Table 1-Assumed selling prices, per ton, used in calculations. - I Wholesale ! Pennsylvania Indiana - - -' -__- Texa 1916 ..................... 1917 .................... 1918 ..................... 1920... in these cases it is put down as zero and the productive energy calculated with digestible protein having nc The figures for Texas 1923 are the averages for January an( value. Marc2 Table 3-Comparative prices of therms of productive energy and pounds...

6 6 Notes: Last summer's low stocks and transition to Phase 2 RFG added price pressure over and above the already high crude price pressure on gasoline. As we ended last winter, gasoline inventories were low, and the spread between spot prices and crude oil were higher than typical as a result. Inventories did not recover and the spread remained higher than average through most of the summer. In November and December, as gasoline demand eased, prices relaxed and spreads returned to average levels -- only to rebound again in January and February as refineries began to undergo maintenance and the market watched the already low stock cushion erode further. This February, spreads are higher than last year -- averaging 14 cents so far. This is about twice what we would typically see this time of

Introduction Risk associated with an adverse price change (price risk) is a normal part commodities are sold suggests price risk is an unavoidable part of being involved in the industry. Producers that have significant price variability. Recent domestic farm policy changes and trade barrier reductions

This draft: April 9, 2013 Abstract The price of crude oil in the U.S. never exceeded $40 per barrel until mid price changes? We clarify the effects of speculators on commodity prices. We focus on crude oil, but our approach can be applied to other commodities. We explain the meaning of "oil price speculation," how it can

interested in price flexibility than in price elasticity. As opposed to price elasticity of demand, price flexibility generally is used more when dealing with farm products because it shows the responsiveness of the price of a commodity when the quantity... interested in price flexibility than in price elasticity. As opposed to price elasticity of demand, price flexibility generally is used more when dealing with farm products because it shows the responsiveness of the price of a commodity when the quantity...

the cost of these programs to the federal govern- ment has grown to great magnitudes. High government costs and a rapid 1/ Rainer Schickele, Agricultural Polic , McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1954, p. i92. decline in the farm population have... required to attain speci- f'ied yields. For row-crop farming four ? row equipment is assumed to be the most efficient size of machinery. The model farm with 626 acres of cropland requires two four-row tractors and supporting equipment to perfozm...

PricesPricesPrices U.S. and State prices for wellhead, imports, exports, citygate, and end-use sectors. Percentages of total volume delivered by sector. (monthly, annual). Residential and Commercial Prices by Local Distributors and Marketers Average price of natural gas delivered to residential and commercial consumers by local distribution companies and marketers, and the percent sold by local distribution companies in selected states and DC (annual). Spot and Futures Prices Henry Hub natural gas spot price and New York Mercantile Exchange futures contract prices for natural gas based on delivery at the Henry Hub in Louisiana (daily, weekly, monthly, annual). Natural Gas Weekly Update Analysis of current price, supply, and storage data; and a weather snapshot.

March 28, 2005 March 28, 2005 T his is the fourteenth issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the prices of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered from Clean Cities coordinators and stakeholders between March 8 and March 22, 2005, with comparisons to the prices in the previous Price Report, which were collected in November, 2004. The changes in prices from one reporting period to the next can be attributed not only to price volatility, but also to an inconsistent set of respondents. Thus, differences from one report to the next should not be assumed to reflect trends. The prices contained within this report are meant to represent retail, at-the-pump sales prices for each fuel.

The Effects of Price Transparency Regulation on Prices in the Healthcare Industry Hans B Policymakers have enacted price transparency regulations in over thirty states during the past decade-state variation to address endogeneity concerns, we find that price transparency regulations reduce the price

Abstract Due to climate change, energy dependence and other energy-related issues, most developed countries are attempting to reduce fossil-fuel use in the transport sector. Accordingly, there are several instruments that have been in place for many years, such as mandatory design standards, taxes on fuels, car purchase and ownership, and energy efficiency labels. Yet it is still not clear whether consumers value energy efficiency as a characteristic of vehicles. In this paper we use the European labelling system for light vehicles, which classifies automobiles according to their relative fuel consumption levels, as a novel, alternative indicator for energy efficiency. Moreover, we use a unique database that incorporates official commercial prices along with prices obtained through ‘mystery shopping’ at a selection of Spanish car retailers. We apply the hedonic price method to this database to estimate the price functions for vehicles and thereby obtain the marginal price of vehicles rated highly in terms of energy efficiency. Our results show that vehicles labelled A and B are sold at prices 3 to 5.9 percent higher than those with similar characteristics but lower energy-efficiency labels.

Increases in global food prices have led to widespread hunger and social unrest---and an imperative to understand their causes. In a previous paper published in September 2011, we constructed for the first time a dynamic model that quantitatively agreed with food prices. Specifically, the model fit the FAO Food Price Index time series from January 2004 to March 2011, inclusive. The results showed that the dominant causes of price increases during this period were investor speculation and ethanol conversion. The model included investor trend following as well as shifting between commodities, equities and bonds to take advantage of increased expected returns. Here, we extend the food prices model to January 2012, without modifying the model but simply continuing its dynamics. The agreement is still precise, validating both the descriptive and predictive abilities of the analysis. Policy actions are needed to avoid a third speculative bubble that would cause prices to rise above recent peaks by the end of 2012.

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July 3, 2001 July 3, 2001 his is the fourth issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the price of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered from Clean Cities coordinators and stakeholders during the weeks of May 28 and June 4, 2001, with comparisons to the prices in the previous Price Report for the week of October 9, 2000. Gasoline and Diesel Prices asoline averaged $1.679 per gallon nationwide during the week of June 4, 2001. This represents an increase of $0.138 per gallon from the previous Price Report (October 2000), as illustrated in the table to the right. Prices for the various regions of the country are

Nation Nation November 1, 2000 his is the second issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the price of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered during the week of October 9, 2000, with comparisons to the prices in the previous Price Report for the week of April 10, 2000. Gasoline and Diesel Prices asoline averaged $1.541 per gallon nationwide during the week of October 9, 2000. This represents an increase of $0.025 per gallon from the previous Price Report (April 2000), as illustrated in the table to the right. Prices for the various regions of the country are also illustrated in this table. (A map of the regions is shown at the bottom of this page.)

June 29, 2004 June 29, 2004 his is the twelfth issue of the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, a quarterly newsletter keeping you up to date on the prices of alternative fuels in the U.S. and their relation to gasoline and diesel prices. This issue discusses prices that were gathered from Clean Cities coordinators and stakeholders between June 14 and June 25, 2004, with comparisons to the prices in the previous Price Report, which were collected in March, 2004. T The prices contained within this report are meant to represent retail, at-the-pump sales prices for each fuel. In some cases, prices are collected from utilities or government facilities, where taxes are not included. In these instances, though government users may not be required to pay a tax on the fuel, standard federal and

This presentation, based on research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, provides a high-level overview of historical, recent, and projected near-term PV pricing trends in the United States focusing on the installed price of PV systems. It also attempts to provide clarity surrounding the wide variety of potentially conflicting data available about PV system prices. This PowerPoint is the third edition from this series.

Data Data 2011: Prices and Expenditures 111 R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y to estimate prices for 1970 through 1989. The 1980 Census division resi- dential wood prices are adjusted in proportion to the changes in U.S. av- erage residential distillate fuel oil prices each year compared to the 1980 distillate fuel oil price. The Census division estimated prices are assigned to the states within each Census division for 1970 through 1989. The four Census region average prices for residential wood from RECS 1993 are used to estimate prices for 1990 forward. The 1993 Census division wood prices are adjusted in proportion to the changes in U.S. average residen- tial distillate fuel oil prices each year compared to the 1990 distillate fuel oil price. The estimated Census region wood prices are assigned to the states within each Census region for 1990 forward. Btu Prices, All Years Prices in dollars per cord are

Abstract The contribution of Renewable Energy Resources is vital for a country?s economic growth by providing high efficiency in energy, as well as an effective tool for the confrontation of climate change. In particular, concerning the EU, an increase in the consumption of Renewable Energy Resources as a proportion of the total energy consumption by its member states was set as an objective until 2020. Ethanol has been widely used as a substitute to conventional energy like gasoline and oil. The present paper surveys the role of alternative energy prices and gas emissions in the formation of the ethanol prices. The results of the empirical survey confirmed the existence of a sole relationship among the variables employed. According to the results obtained, an increase in the volume of emissions or in gasoline prices results in an increase in ethanol prices while the opposite is confirmed in the case of crude oil. ?he elasticity of ethanol prices to the increase of the emissions is another result worth mentioning, indicative of the significant role of the emissions in the formation of ethanol prices.

OPEC agrees to lower oil prices, production ... The attempt to stabilize prices and salvage some of OPEC's eroding control of the world oil market forced the cartel to make the first price cut in its history. ... U.S. government officials, predicting that the price ultimately would fall to between $25 and $27 per barrel from the new benchmark level of $29, said the new price would increase domestic production of goods and services 0.4% and cut consumer prices in the U.S. nearly 1.0%. ...

such an adjustment is made, the index does not reflect adequately average costs as technology changes productivity. Consequences of Cost-Pricing Compared to some alternatives, cost-pricing is not a radical change in the current method of establishing the price... such an adjustment is made, the index does not reflect adequately average costs as technology changes productivity. Consequences of Cost-Pricing Compared to some alternatives, cost-pricing is not a radical change in the current method of establishing the price...

This paper addresses innovative electricity pricing as a strategy for managing electric load, offering pricing as an alternative to building generating capacity to meet electric load commitments in the developing world. Drawing upon the Western experience with pricing as a demand-side management strategy, three questions are addressed: (i) Do innovative pricing strategies alter the amount and pattern of electricity consumption for high-voltage users? (ii) What are future directions in electricity pricing for industrial users? and (iii) Are these strategies relevant for power systems in the developing world? The most widely adopted innovative pricing strategies by Western utilities are variants of time-of-use (TOU) pricing, which have generally been effective in reducing load during peak periods. More recently, technological advances have allowed utilities to experiment with aligning electricity prices more closely with actual power delivery costs. While temporal aspects of these innovative pricing strategies have general applicability as a load management strategy, the power systems in many developing countries have more urgent pricing priorities than adopting the most recent strategies of Western utilities.

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Why Are Residential PV Prices in Germany So Much Lower Than in the United Why Are Residential PV Prices in Germany So Much Lower Than in the United States? Speaker(s): Joachim Seel Date: April 11, 2013 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 Seminar Host/Point of Contact: Ryan Wiser The installed price of residential PV is significantly lower in Germany than in the United States - in Q3 2012 German systems were priced on average at $2.50/W while U.S. systems were priced nearly twice as high around $5.20/W. These pricing differences accumulate to about $13,500 for a 5kW residential system and stem primarily from differences in "soft" costs, but little detail is known about how soft cost components differ between the two countries, or why. In order to better characterize the nature of these differences, LBNL fielded surveys of German PV installers,

Energy demand tends to be responsive to changes in energy prices, a concept in economics known as price elasticity. Generally, an increase in a fuel price causes users to use less of that fuel or switch to a different fuel. The extent to which each of these changes takes place is of high importance to stakeholders in the energy sector and especially in energy planning. The purpose of this analysis is to determine fuel-price elasticities in stationary structures, particularly in the residential and commercial sectors.

Demand response is crucial for the incorporation of renewable energy into the grid. In this paper, we focus on a particularly promising industry for demand response: data centers. We use simulations to show that, not only are data centers large loads, ... Keywords: data center, demand response, power network, prediction based pricing

student account. Please see a Health Center representative for more information. Under the Affordable CareDavison Health Center Price List* Beginning Fall 2013, visits and most services to the Health Act, many of the immunizations and lab tests below are covered by insurance (sexual health testing

on Energy Prices, Renewables, Efficiency, and Economic Growth: Scenarios and Forecasts, financial support and incentives to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy and decrease the use of fossil fuels. Aligned with that plan, the state legislature recently passed the nation's boldest commitment to renewable energy

5 5 Notes: One of the first places where consumers are feeling the impact of this winterÂ’s market pressures is in home heating oil prices. This chart shows prices for the last four winters, with this yearÂ’s prices shown through January 24, the most recent EIA data available. The general level of heating oil prices each year is largely a function of crude oil prices, and the price range over the course of the heating season is typically about 10 cents per gallon. Exceptions occur in unusual circumstances, such as very cold weather, large changes in crude oil prices, or supply problems. Although heating oil prices for consumers started this winter at similar levels to those in 1997, they already rose nearly 20 cents per gallon through mid-January. With the continuing upward pressure from crude

This thesis consists of three chapters that investigate the complex relation between security prices and trades of market participants. In the first chapter, I study the evolution of stock prices after trades with different ...

This thesis analyzes how public utility prices should be changed over time and space. Earlier static and non spatial models of public utility pricing emerge as special cases of the theory developed here. Electricity is ...

This paper aims to explain crude oil price volatility and its relationship respect to some ... financial variables. Finding the main drivers of oil price dynamics is a crucial element for the ... existence of a l...

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In this thesis, I study the relationship between macroeconomic risks and asset prices. In the first chapter, I establish that inflation risk is priced in the cross-section of stock returns: stocks that have low returns ...

Advocates of energy efficiency and renewable energy have long argued that such technologies can mitigate fuel price risk within a resource portfolio. Such arguments--made with renewed vigor in the wake of unprecedented natural gas price volatility during the winter of 2000/2001--have mostly been qualitative in nature, however, with few attempts to actually quantify the price stability benefit that these sources provide. In evaluating this benefit, it is important to recognize that alternative price hedging instruments are available--in particular, gas-based financial derivatives (futures and swaps) and physical, fixed-price gas contracts. Whether energy efficiency and renewable energy can provide price stability at lower cost than these alternative means is therefore a key question for resource acquisition planners. In this paper we evaluate the cost of hedging gas price risk through financial hedging instruments. To do this, we compare the price of a 10-year natural gas swap (i.e., what it costs to lock in prices over the next 10 years) to a 10-year natural gas price forecast (i.e., what the market is expecting spot natural gas prices to be over the next 10 years). We find that over the past two years natural gas users have had to pay a premium as high as $0.76/mmBtu (0.53/242/kWh at an aggressive 7,000 Btu/kWh heat rate) over expected spot prices to lock in natural gas prices for the next 10 years. This incremental cost to hedge gas price risk exposure is potentially large enough - particularly if incorporated by policymakers and regulators into decision-making practices - to tip the scales away from new investments in variable-price, natural gas-fired generation and in favor of fixed-price investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy.

'mer with lower than class average Kwh usage most 1ikely have a lower than average price elasticity. Customers with higher consumption levels have a greater potential to conserve or shift usage. This suggests a higher price elasticity. The higher...'mer with lower than class average Kwh usage most 1ikely have a lower than average price elasticity. Customers with higher consumption levels have a greater potential to conserve or shift usage. This suggests a higher price elasticity. The higher...

As a renewable energy, PV gradually highlights its clean, no pollution, recycling and other advantages. However, the high costs of production makes the prices of photovoltaic products have been high. In this pape...

Asymmetric and nonlinear pass-through of crude oil prices to gasoline and natural gas prices Ahmed distributed lags (NARDL) mod- el to examine the pass-through of crude oil prices into gasoline and natural gas the possibility to quantify the respective responses of gasoline and natural gas prices to positive and negative

Approximation Methods for Pricing Problems under the Nested Logit Model with Price Bounds W@orie.cornell.edu November 13, 2012 Abstract We consider two variants of a pricing problem under the nested logit model. In the first variant, the set of products offered to customers is fixed and we want to determine the prices

Design of Price Mechanisms for Network Resource Allocation via Price of Anarchy Ying-Ju Chen Jiawei Zhang March 20, 2010 Abstract We study the design of price mechanisms for communication network problems on each link depends on the total traffic flows over it. The price mechanisms are characterized by a set

Sample records for high prices extend from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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1 Business Cycle Effects on Metal and Oil Prices: Understanding the Price Retreat of 2008 of macroeconomic business cycles on six metals traded on the London Metal Exchange and oil prices. Reduced GDP oil prices (as a proxy for energy inputs in metals production) are derived. The estimated trend

Ubiquitous Computing, Customer Tracking, and Price Discrimination Alessandro Acquisti H. John Heinz's analysis is the possibility of combining context, historical, location and other personal data to dynamically alter the price of a product for each consumer - a form of price discrimination also known

1 COMMODITY PRICE VOLATILITY ACROSS EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES John T. Cuddington* and Hong Liang** March 10, 2003 ABSTRACT This paper documents a new "stylized fact" regarding the relative price 1880 to 1996, this key relative price among two categories of tradable goods is shown to exhibit

Price war with migrating customers Patrick MaillÂ´e TELECOM Bretagne 2, rue de la Ch^ataigneraie CS customers churn between providers due to better prices, better reputation or better services. We propose in this paper to study the price war between two providers in the case where users' decisions are modeled

World oil prices expected to fall ... The good news is that world oil prices probably will fall somewhat in the near future. ... The bad news is that oil prices probably will begin rising again in the mid-1980s, and even the optimists suspect that they will continue to do so thereafter. ...

Oil Price and the Dollar Virginie Coudert , ValÂ´erie Mignon , Alexis PenotÂ§ 6th April 2005 Abstract The aim of this paper is to test whether a stable long-term relationship exists between oil prices and causality study between the two variables. Our results indicate that causality runs from oil prices

Modelling spikes and pricing swing options in electricity markets Ben Hambly Sam Howison Tino Kluge of electricity markets is the formation of price spikes which are caused when the maximum supply and current April 24, 2007 Abstract Most electricity markets exhibit high volatilities and occasional distinctive

Minimizing the Operational Cost of Data Centers via Geographical Electricity Price Diversity amounts of electric power, which lead to high operational costs of cloud service providers. Reducing cloud environment by incorporating the diversity of time-varying electricity prices in different regions

Clark and Clegg 1 ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF UNITED KINGDOM FUEL PRICE PROTEST ACTIONS IN THE CITY of dissatisfaction amongst the haulier and farming communities in Europe over the price of fuel was shown In early September 2000 protests about high levels of taxation on fuel took place in Europe. In the United

This document reports the findings and implementation recommendations of the Price Reasonableness Working Group to the Federal ESPC Steering Committee. The working group was formed to address concerns of agencies and oversight organizations related to pricing and fair and reasonable price determination in federal energy savings performance contracts (ESPCs). This report comprises the working group's recommendations and is the proposed draft of a training curriculum on fair and reasonable price determination for users of federal ESPCs. The report includes: (1) A review of federal regulations applicable to determining price reasonableness of federal ESPCs (section 2), (2) Brief descriptions of the techniques described in Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) 15.404-1 and their applicability to ESPCs (section 3), and (3) Recommended strategies and procedures for cost-effectively completing price reasonableness determinations (sections 4). Agencies have struggled with fair and reasonable price determinations in their ESPCs primarily because this alternative financing vehicle is relatively new and relatively rare in the federal sector. The methods of determining price reasonableness most familiar to federal contracting officers (price competition based on the government's design and specifications, in particular) are generally not applicable to ESPCs. The regulatory requirements for determining price reasonableness in federal ESPCs have also been misunderstood, as federal procurement professionals who are inexperienced with ESPCs are further confused by multiple directives, including Executive Order 13123, which stresses life-cycle cost-effectiveness. Uncertainty about applicable regulations and inconsistent practice and documentation among agencies have fueled claims that price reasonableness determinations have not been sufficiently rigorous in federal ESPCs or that the prices paid in ESPCs are generally higher than the prices paid for similar goods and services obtained through conventional procurements. While claims of excessive prices are largely unsubstantiated and based on anecdotal evidence, the perception that there is a problem is shared by many in the ESPC community and has been noted by auditors and oversight organizations. The Price Reasonableness Working Group determined that a more formal emphasis on FAR 15.404-1 in the ESPC process could remove much of the doubt about price reasonableness determinations. The working group's recommended consensus policy on price reasonableness stresses the price analysis techniques described in the FAR that are applicable to ESPCs and includes guidance for agencies use of these techniques in determining price reasonableness for their ESPC delivery orders. The recommended policy and guidance, if communicated to federal ESPC stakeholders, can ensure that agencies will comply with the FAR in awarding ESPCs, obtain fair and reasonable prices and best value for the government, and follow procedures that provide auditable documentation of due diligence in price reasonableness determinations.

Evaluation of Appliance Price Trends Evaluation of Appliance Price Trends Title Retrospective Evaluation of Appliance Price Trends Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2009 Authors Dale, Larry L., Camille Antinori, Michael A. McNeil, James E. McMahon, and Sydny K. Fujita Journal Energy Policy Volume 37 Issue 2 Pagination 597-605 Date Published November 20 Keywords appliance efficiency standards, price forecasts, EES-EG Abstract Real prices of major appliances (refrigerators, dishwashers, heating and cooling equipment) have been falling since the late 1970s despite increases in appliance efficiency and other quality variables. This paper demonstrates that historic increases in efficiency over time, including those resulting from minimum efficiency standards, incur smaller price increases than were expected by the Department of Energy (DOE) forecasts made in conjunction with standards. This effect can be explained by technological innovation, which lowers the cost of efficiency, and by market changes contributing to lower markups and economies of scale in production of higher efficiency units. We reach four principal conclusions about appliance trends and retail price setting:1. For the past several decades, the retail price of appliances has been steadily falling while efficiency has been increasing.2. Past retail price predictions made by the DOE analyses of efficiency standards, assuming constant prices over time, have tended to overestimate retail prices.3. The average incremental price to increase appliance efficiency has declined over time. DOE technical support documents have typically overestimated this incremental price and retail prices.4. Changes in retail markups and economies of scale in production of more efficient appliances may have contributed to declines in prices of efficient appliances.

" THE PRICING OF ELECTRICITY,TO ALUMINUM SMELTERS IN THE NORTHWEST Thomas J. Foley Northwest Power Planning Counc'l Portland, Oregon The Bonneville Power Administration IS a federal agency marketing electriC power in the Pacific Northwest... aiumlnurT' companies are facing lower electriCity prices In other parts 01 tne worid. thE Northwest plants have become "swlng" plants. That IS wner. tne world pnce of aiumlnum is high. these plants will rur. at capac,y but tney are the first plants...

There is an extensive literature on modeling the stochastic process of commodity futures. It has been shown that models with several risk factors are able to adequately fit both the level and the volatility structure of observed transactions with reasonable low errors. One of the characteristics of commodity futures markets is the relatively short term maturity of their contracts, typically ranging for only a few years. This poses a problem for valuing long term investments that require extrapolating the observed term structure. There has been little work on how to effectively do this extrapolation and in measuring its errors. Cortazar et al. (2008b) propose a multicommodity model that jointly estimates two commodities, one with much longer maturity futures contracts than the other, showing that futures prices of one commodity may be useful information for estimating the stochastic process of another. They implement the procedure using highly correlated commodities like WTI and Brent. In this paper we analyze using prices of long term oil futures contracts to help estimate long term copper and silver future prices. We start by analyzing the performance of the Cortazar et al. (2008b) multicommodity model, now applied to oil-copper and oil-silver which have much lower correlation than the WTI–Brent contracts. We show that for these commodities with lower correlation the multicommodity model seems not to be effective. We then propose a modified multicommodity model with a much simpler structure which is easier to estimate and that uses the non-stationary long term process of oil to help estimate long term copper and silver futures prices, achieving a much better fit than using available individual or multicommodity models.

CERTIFICATE OF CURRENT COST AND PRICING DATA (OCT 1997) CERTIFICATE OF CURRENT COST AND PRICING DATA (OCT 1997) This is to certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the cost or pricing data (as defined in section 15.401 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and required under FAR subsection 15.403-4) submitted, either actually or by specific identification in writing, to the Contracting Officer or to the Contracting Officer's representative in support of * are accurate, complete, and current as of **. This certification includes the cost or pricing data supporting any advance agreements and forward pricing rate agreements between the offeror and the Government that are