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Organic Chemistry #1

lecture #1

A collection of atoms within a molecules with a common bonding pattern.

Arenes

Aromatic hydrocarbon rings like the 6-carbon ring benzene.

Alkyl Halide

A carbon based molecule attached to a halogen

Halogen

Elements from group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine)

Alcohol

C bonded to the O of a hydroxyl group

Hydroxyl group

OH

Ether

Two carbons bonded to the same O

Amine

Carbon bonded to an N

Thiol

C bonded to an SH group

Sulfide

Two C's bonded to the same S

Carbonyl groups

C=O (carbon with a double bond to an oxygen atom). Because the O is more electronegative in all of these the carbonyl C has a partial positive charge (sensitive and reactive) and the O has a partial negative charge.

Aldehyde

One H bonded to a C=O

Ketone

two C's bonded to the C=O group

Carboxylic Acid

An OH bonded to a C=O (COOH). These are present in organic acids

Alkanes

Hydrocarbons with only single bonds C-C and C-H bonds, no functional groups. They can form long and branched chains. They have only sigma bonds. They are saturated (w/H's). The bonds are nonpolar=no H bonds=not water soluble. All tetrahedral angles.

Aliphatic molecules

Organic compounds with no rings.

Alkyl groups

Derivatives of alkanes missing one H (for example "methyl"=CH3

Ring strain

Deviation from the ideal 109.5 degree angles between C atoms results in instability of cycloalkanes. The fewer carbons in a cycloalkane, the less stable (cause the more deviations).

Primary carbon

Carbon bonded to just one other carbon.

Secondary carbon

Carbon bonded to 2 other carbons

Tertiary carbon

Carbon bonded to 3 other carbons

Carbon degree significance

The more carbons to which a carbon is bonded, the weaker the carbon's bonds with the H atoms.