7 3 5 Courtroom Control: Contempt and Sanctions 3.2 VI. [ 3.97] ADDITIONAL REFERENCES TABLE OF STATUTES TABLE OF CASES I. SCOPE AND USE OF BENCHGUIDE A. [ 3.1] Scope of Benchguide This benchguide provides a procedural overview of the judicial power to exercise courtroom control through the use of civil contempt proceedings under CCP It also provides a procedural overview of the judicial power to impose monetary sanctions (1) under CCP (violation of pleading certification requirements), (violation of court order); (2) Cal Rules of Ct 2.30 (violation of court rule); (3) in family law proceedings under Fam C 271 and ; and (4) under various sanctions provisions applicable in specific instances. For a detailed substantive discussion of sanctions, see CALIFORNIA JUDGES BENCHBOOK: CIVIL PROCEEDINGS BEFORE TRIAL, SECOND EDITION (Cal CJER 2008). For a detailed substantive discussion of contempt, including criminal contempt under Pen C 166, which is discussed in this benchguide in 3.24, see CIVIL PROCEEDINGS Sanctions imposed under discovery statutes are not generally included in this benchguide. For a discussion of those sanctions, see CALIFORNIA JUDGES BENCHBOOK: CIVIL PROCEEDINGS DISCOVERY, chap 6 (Cal CJER 1994). On the judge s authority to enforce a judgment under the court s contempt power, see CALIFORNIA JUDGES BENCHBOOK: CIVIL PROCEEDINGS AFTER TRIAL (Cal CJER 1998). B. [ 3.2] How To Use Benchguide The material in is designed to provide quick access to the procedures for handling various contempt and monetary sanctions issues. The following is a suggested approach for using this benchguide to address conduct that may warrant a finding of contempt and/or imposition of sanctions: (1) Is the conduct contemptuous? See (2) Which contempt procedure should be followed? For discussion of contempt and the shield law, see discussion in 3.5. Classify the conduct as direct, indirect, or hybrid contempt by consulting 3.6. Follow the appropriate procedural checklist in 3.7 (direct contempt), 3.8 (indirect contempt), or 3.9 (hybrid contempt). For discussion of the applicable law, refer to , which are cross-referenced in the checklists. (3) Use the appropriate contempt forms in

8 3.3 California Judges Benchguide 3 6 (4) Should sanctions be imposed? Consider using sanctions as an alternative, or in addition, to contempt. For sanctions under CCP 128.7, follow the sanctions procedure set out in the checklist in For discussion of the applicable law, refer to For sanctions under CCP for violation of a lawful court order, follow the sanctions procedure set out in the checklist in For discussion of the applicable law, refer to For checklists for imposing sanctions under other sanctions statutes, see II. CONTEMPT PROCEDURE A. Contemptuous Acts 1. [ 3.3] Examples of Contemptuous Conduct The following are examples of conduct considered to be contemptuous: (1) Conduct tending to disrupt a judicial proceeding. See CCP 1209(a)(1) (2) (disorderly, contemptuous, or insolent behavior; breach of peace; or causing a violent disturbance). This is a common ground for using the direct contempt power to control an attorney s behavior during a trial or other court proceeding. An adjudication of contempt for misconduct during trial is commonly deferred until the conclusion of the trial. At that time, due process requires notice and hearing. But if an attorney persists in misconduct in argument despite admonishment, and if prompt punishment is imperative, the judge may find the attorney in direct contempt and treat the contempt summarily. See McCann v Municipal Court (1990) 221 CA3d 527, 536, 538, 270 CR 640; See also Boysaw v Superior Court (2000) 23 C4th 215, , 223, 96 CR2d 531 (judge had authority to summarily find defense counsel in contempt for counsel s direct refusal to obey judge s order not to continue arguing judge s evidentiary ruling and for counsel s rude, hostile, and disrespectful response to judge in front of jury); Hanson v Superior Court (2001) 91 CA4th 75, 84 85, 109 CR2d 782 (statement that attorney s client had not received a fair trial was contemptuous on its face because it impugned trial judge s integrity by suggesting he had failed in his duty to guarantee a fair trial); People v Chong (1999) 76 CA4th 232, 245, 90 CR2d 198 (throughout trial, defense counsel challenged judge s authority in jury s presence, made disparaging comments to judge and prosecutor, and violated judge s rulings). (2) Disobeying a lawful court judgment, order, or process. This is a frequent basis for an order to show cause regarding indirect contempt against a party or witness. CCP 1209(a)(5). See, e.g., In re Riordan (2002) 26 C4th 1235, 1237, 115 CR2d 1 and In re Grayson (1997) 15 C4th 792, , 64 CR2d 102 (violation of court s order to file brief); Ross v Superior Court (1977) 19 C3d 899, 906, 141 CR 133 (violation of

10 3.3 California Judges Benchguide 3 8 Making false statements in an affidavit supporting a disqualification motion that the judge s hatred and dislike were so great that he would willfully make unlawful rulings against the affiant. Lamberson v Superior Court (1907) 151 C 458, 463, 91 P 100. Making statements that the client had not received a fair trial and that it was the prosecutor s job to misrepresent the facts. Hanson v Superior Court, supra, 91 CA4th at 84. (6) Attorney s statements or acts impugning the court s integrity: Making the statement in an appellate brief that the appellate court fixed the appeal and conspired to defeat the appeal. In re Koven (2005) 134 CA4th 262, 272, 35 CR3d 917. Making an oral statement to opposing counsel that you won before you started. See Gillen v Municipal Court (1940) 37 CA2d 428, 429, 99 P2d 555. Making unsupported statements in a brief intimating that judges may be improperly influenced in deciding an appeal. In re Philbrook (1895) 105 C 471, 474, 38 P 884. Making untruthful statements in correspondence with opposing counsel, calculated to create the false impression that Supreme Court justices were unduly intimate with powerful litigants. In re Shay (1911) 160 C 399, 407, 117 P 442. Accusing trial judge of bias in appellate brief without any foundation in the record. In re S.C. (2006) 138 CA4th 396, , 41 CR3d 453. (7) Attorney s absence from court without valid excuse. This is the most common type of hybrid contempt. The following are examples (see 3.26): Failing to ascertain the new trial date after a continuance motion was handled by an associate. In re Stanley (1981) 114 CA3d 588, 592, 170 CR 755. Failing to appear for trial when representing a client for trial in a criminal case, requiring appointment of alternative counsel. In re Baroldi (1987) 189 CA3d 101, 109, 234 CR 286, disapproved on other grounds in 23 C4th 215, 221 (court avoided hybrid label; modified direct contempt procedure is adequate). Failing to appear for the resumption of a criminal trial. Arthur v Superior Court (1965) 62 C2d 404, 409, 42 CR 441 (attorney made no reasonable effort to prevent inevitable conflict and delay from unreasonable caseload, and left client unrepresented); Lyons v

12 3.3 California Judges Benchguide 3 10 the party seeking to offer the testimony was at fault in causing the witness s violation of the exclusion order. See People v Adams (1993) 19 CA4th 412, 436, 23 CR2d 512. See also Pen C 867; People v Young (1985) 175 CA3d 537, 542, 221 CR 32. (15) Interfering with a jury. See CCP 1209(a)(8). (16) Certain acts by jurors or prospective jurors: Failing to respond to a jury summons. CCP 1209(a)(10). Communicating with a party, or any other person, regarding the merits of an action, or receiving a communication from a party or other person regarding it, without immediate disclosure to the court. See CCP 1209(a)(10). (17) Ministerial officer s misbehavior, willful neglect, or violation of duty. See CCP 1209(a)(3) (term ministerial officer includes attorney, counsel, clerk, sheriff, coroner, or other person, appointed or elected to perform judicial or ministerial service). The following are examples: An attorney was held in contempt for violating his professional obligation to the court by failing to appear for oral argument without adequate justification or failing to notify the court he would not be appearing. In re Aguilar (2004) 34 C4th 386, , 18 CR3d 874. An attorney was held in contempt for intentionally making false statements to the court. 34 C4th at 394. Defense counsel was held in contempt for violating the duty not to mislead the judge or jury by making false statements of fact or law, when counsel argued to the jury that it was the goal of the defense and prosecution to misrepresent the facts. Hanson v Superior Court, supra, 91 CA4th at 85. (18) Noncompliance with child support order. CCP (proof that the order was made, filed, and served on the parent or proof that the parent was present in court when the order was made, and proof of failure to comply with the order is prima facie evidence of contempt). See Moss v Superior Court (1998) 17 C4th 396, , 71 CR2d 215 (proof of ability to pay is not element of contempt based on failure to comply with child support order); In re Ivey (2000) 85 CA4th 793, , 102 CR2d 447 (inability to pay is affirmative defense to be raised by contemner, except when alleged contempt occurs many years after support order). A violation of a family support order is evidence of contempt under CCP People v Dilday (1993) 20 CA4th Supp 1, 3, 25 CR2d 386. A spousal support order is also enforceable by contempt (Bradley v Superior Court (1957) 48 C2d 509, 522, 310 P2d 634). See (19) Improper motion for reconsideration. Filing a motion for reconsideration that does not comply with the requirements of CCP 1008

13 3 11 Courtroom Control: Contempt and Sanctions 3.4 may be punished as a contempt. CCP 1008(d) (sanctions under CCP may also be imposed). (20) Violating rule limiting media coverage. Anyone who violates Cal Rules of Ct 1.150(c) by photographing, recording, or broadcasting a court proceeding without prior court approval may be cited for contempt or sanctioned. Cal Rules of Ct 1.150(f). Any unauthorized film or tape that the offender has made of the court proceedings may be confiscated. See Marin Indep. Journal v Municipal Court (1993) 12 CA4th 1712, 1721, 16 CR2d 550. Anyone who obtains an order permitting electronic coverage and then violates that order may be cited for contempt or sanctioned. Cal Rules of Ct 1.150(f). Some courts further penalize the offender by denying any Rule applications that the offender may submit for a period of time, the length of which depends on the seriousness of the violation. 2. [ 3.4] Examples of Acts That Are Not Contemptuous (1) Attorney s appropriate objection or advocacy: Disregarding a court s order to sit down or keep quiet when the attorney has not been afforded an opportunity for appropriate objection or other indicated advocacy. Cooper v Superior Court (1961) 55 C2d 291, 297, 10 CR 842 (court s order was not lawful under circumstances). Standing while cross-examining a witness. Curran v Superior Court (1925) 72 CA 258, 265, 236 P 975. Acting in good faith to protect a client s interest. See Gallagher v Municipal Court (1948) 31 C2d 784, 796, 192 P2d 905; McMillan v Superior Court (1979) 96 CA3d 608, , 158 CR 17 (defense attorney s request for brief continuance at conclusion of prosecution s case to discuss case further with defendant before putting defendant on stand; attorney s request was reasonable, and he was not insolent or disrespectful); Chula v Superior Court (1952) 109 CA2d 24, 40, 240 P2d 398 (honest mistake in interpreting law; attorney s views were presented to court in proper and respectful manner). Making proper objection to the court s remarks against using the word guess. Curran v Superior Court, supra, 72 CA at 262 (attorney s language was inoffensive, brief, and direct). (2) Properly requesting disqualification of judge. Woolley v Superior Court (1937) 19 CA2d 611, 628, 66 P2d 680 (affidavit did not show bad faith, and manner of its presentation was unobjectionable). (3) Attorney s inappropriate remarks made without contumacious (obstinately rebellious or insubordinate) intent. An attorney may not be punished for making remarks that do not refer to judicial conduct or

14 3.5 California Judges Benchguide 3 12 violate a court ruling and that are made without a specific intent to act contumaciously. In re Carrow (1974) 40 CA3d 924, 927, 115 CR 601 (remark that this trial is becoming a joke was not contemptuous on its face; deliberate mention of penalty, contrary to judge s ruling, in argument to jury was not made with specific intent to act contumaciously). (4) Attorney s absence from court with valid excuse. See Mowrer v Superior Court (1969) 3 CA3d 223, 232, 83 CR 125, 130 (public defender required to appear in another criminal department had valid excuse for being late). (5) Prospective juror s giving flippant, impertinent, or unresponsive answers in an official questionnaire designed to elicit a person s eligibility and availability for jury service. See Lister v Superior Court (1979) 98 CA3d 64, 67, 159 CR 280 (questionnaire is not order, process, or proceedings of court under CCP 1209). 3. [ 3.5] Contempt and Shield Law A newsperson s refusal to disclose unpublished information (or the source of information whether published or unpublished) obtained or prepared in gathering, receiving, or processing information for communication to the public may not be considered contempt because the refusal is protected by the shield law. Cal Const art I, 2(b); Evid C 1070; Delaney v Superior Court (1990) 50 C3d 785, , 268 CR 753. This shield law grants newspersons virtually absolute protection against compelled disclosure. Miller v Superior Court (1999) 21 C4th 883, , 89 CR2d 834. A newsperson gains immunity from contempt and the right to withhold unpublished information once he or she establishes the necessary foundation for invoking the shield law. People v Vasco (2005) 131 CA4th 137, 153, 31 CR3d 643; Rancho Publications v Superior Court (1999) 68 CA4th 1538, 1542, , 81 CR2d 274 (shield law may cover editorials, including paid advertorials under certain circumstances, but does not cover all paid advertisements). The shield law is applicable to publications on an electronic Web site that appears regularly online. Such a Web site falls within the statutory protection of a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical publication, as a periodic publication. Such Web sites are highly analogous to printed publications: they consist predominantly of text on pages that the reader opens, reads at his or her own pace, and closes. They are also published periodically. O Grady v Superior Court (2006) 139 CA4th 1423, , 44 CR3d 72. A newsperson s immunity from contempt is not qualified such that it can be overcome by a showing of need for unpublished information within the scope of the shield law. New York Times Co. v Superior Court (1990) 51 C3d 453, 461, 273 CR 98. In civil cases, the shield law provides the highest possible level of protection from disclosure of information sought

15 3 13 Courtroom Control: Contempt and Sanctions 3.5 by litigants. Playboy Enters., Inc. v Superior Court (1984) 154 CA3d 14, 27 28, 201 CR 207. A prosecutor s assertion of the people s right to due process of law under Cal Const art I, 29, cannot serve as a justification for holding a newsperson in contempt for refusing to surrender unpublished information. Miller v Superior Court, supra, 21 C4th at But a criminal defendant s federal constitutional right to a fair trial may overcome a newsperson s claim of immunity from contempt under the shield law. Delaney v Superior Court, supra, 50 C3d at 793, 805, 820. To compel a newsperson to disclose information covered by the shield law or face contempt, the defendant must make a threshold showing of a reasonable possibility that the information will materially assist in his or her defense; this showing need not be detailed or specific but must be more than mere speculation. If this threshold showing is made, the court must balance various factors, including whether the information is confidential or sensitive, what interests the shield law protects, the importance of the information to the defendant, and whether there is an alternative source for the information. People v Ramos (2004) 34 C4th 494, 526, 21 CR3d 575. See Fost v Superior Court (2000) 80 CA4th 724, , 95 CR2d 620 (if defendant makes sufficient showing, newsperson may be held in contempt of court for refusing to respond to proper cross-examination seeking information that would otherwise be protected by shield law); In re Willon (1996) 47 CA4th 1080, 1093, 55 CR2d 245 (judgment of contempt against newsperson who refused to disclose identity of person who provided information about pending criminal prosecution in violation of gag order was annulled; defendant did not request information that would directly assist in defense; instead, court sought disclosure to preserve its ability to control judicial process and maintain unbiased jury pool). The shield law s protection is not contingent on a showing that a newsperson s unpublished information was obtained in confidence. Delaney v Superior Court, supra, 50 C3d at 805. The shield law is not a privilege and only provides immunity from contempt. A newsperson is not entitled to seek relief until he or she has been adjudged in contempt. 50 C3d at 797, See New York Times Co. v Superior Court, supra, 51 C3d at 460 (newsperson s petition for extraordinary relief is premature until judgment of contempt has been entered); SCI-Sacramento, Inc. v Superior Court (1997) 54 CA4th 654, 662, , 62 CR2d 868 (newspaper did not waive rights under shield law by submitting videotape for in camera review; parties should be encouraged to allow disputed materials to be examined by court in camera because court s review may resolve matter expeditiously and short of a contempt adjudication).

16 3.6 California Judges Benchguide 3 14 To avoid confinement under a judgment of contempt that may later be set aside, a judge should stay the judgment to allow the newsperson sufficient time to seek writ relief if the judge believes there is any colorable argument the newsperson can make against the contempt adjudication. New York Times Co. v Superior Court, supra, 51 C3d at 460. The shield law does not preclude statutory sanctions against a newsperson other than contempt (at least in civil actions). Rancho Publications v Superior Court, supra, 68 CA4th at 1543; In re Willon, supra, 47 CA4th at Thus, for example, monetary sanctions under CCP 1992 may be imposed against a newsperson for disobeying a subpoena to disclose unpublished information. New York Times Co. v Superior Court, supra, 51 C3d at (noting limited effect of this remedy that must be sought in an independent civil action). B. [ 3.6] Classifying Civil Contempt Classifying contempt as direct, indirect, or hybrid is done by determining where the act was committed (see 3.26 for discussion): Direct contempt is committed in the immediate view and presence of the court or of a judge in chambers. CCP 1211(a). A common example is an attorney s disruptive conduct or statements during a court proceeding. For a procedural checklist, see 3.7. Another example is a contemptuous statement in a document filed with the court. See In re Koven (2005) 134 CA4th 262, 271, 35 CR3d 917. See also Rothman, California Judicial Conduct Handbook, Appendix E: Direct Contempt Checklist (3d ed CJA/Thomson West 2007). Indirect contempt is not committed in the immediate view and presence of the court or of a judge in chambers. See CCP ; Arthur v Superior Court (1965) 62 C2d 404, 407, 408, 42 CR 441; In re Marcus (2006) 138 CA4th 1009, 1014, 41 CR3d 861; Hanson v Superior Court (2001) 91 CA4th 75, 81, 109 CR2d 782. A common example is a party s refusal to obey a court order. See CCP 1209(a)(5). For a procedural checklist, see 3.8. Hybrid contempt is committed in the court s presence, but the conduct may be excused by matters that occurred outside the courtroom. The most common example is an absent or a late attorney, who may be able to show a valid excuse. See, e.g., Arthur v Superior Court, supra, 62 C2d at 407; In re Baroldi (1987) 189 CA3d 101, 111, 234 CR 286, disapproved on other grounds in 23 C4th 215, 221. For a procedural checklist, see 3.9.

17 3 15 Courtroom Control: Contempt and Sanctions 3.7 C. [ 3.7] Checklist: Direct Contempt Procedure (1) Determine whether the direct contempt procedure is appropriate, i.e., whether the act was committed in the immediate view and presence of the court or of the judge in chambers. CCP 1211(a). For a late or absent attorney, use the hybrid contempt procedure in 3.9. For a checklist on classifying contempt, see 3.6. For discussion, see (2) Consider filing a statement of recusal if there is personal embroilment. Consider recusal when immediate action against the contempt was not taken and the judge s involvement is personal rather than for the protection of the fair trial process. See Hawk v Superior Court (1974) 42 CA3d 108, 133, 116 CR 713. For discussion, see (3) Determine proper judicial response to the conduct. Analyze the offensiveness of the conduct and determine the appropriate response. Use the examples of contemptuous acts in to help determine whether the conduct constitutes contempt. Declare a short recess to reflect in chambers about an appropriate response or to calm down if angry. See In re Grossman (1972) 24 CA3d 624, 628, 101 CR 176. Consider contacting county counsel for assistance. Consider whether the alleged contemner was previously warned about similar conduct. See discussion in Consider ordering sanctions as an alternative to contempt in certain cases, using the appropriate procedure. See , Reflect on contemplated actions carefully before deciding to cite for contempt. See 3.33 for discussion of the cautious exercise of direct contempt power. JUDICIAL TIP: Many judges believe that they should exercise contempt power as a last resort. Experienced judges rarely, if ever, use contempt to control their courtrooms. Rothman, California Judicial Conduct Handbook, 4.01 et seq (3d ed CJA/Thomson West 2007). (4) Give a warning. Warn the accused that further similar conduct will result in a contempt citation. A contempt order that is based on the tone of voice used by the alleged contemner must recite that he or she was warned the tone of voice was objectionable. Boysaw v Superior Court (2000) 23 C4th 215, , 96 CR2d 531. Unless the conduct is outrageous and immediately recognizable as an act of contempt, the judge must warn the person that further similar conduct will result in a citation for contempt. 23 C4th at 222. This warning must be made on the record

18 3.7 California Judges Benchguide 3 16 and must be recited in the order. 23 C4th at For discussion, see (5) Cite for contempt immediately, and make a proper record as follows: Recite that the alleged contemner was warned about the offensive conduct. See 23 C4th at Recite in detail the act of contempt, including the actual contemptuous language used or conduct observed. See CCP 1211(a). Recite that the act occurred in the immediate view and presence of the court. See CCP 1211(a). For discussion, see (6) Adjudicate the contempt immediately if prompt punishment is imperative. On the importance of timing of adjudication, see Give the alleged contemner an opportunity to offer any defense or mitigating circumstances, or to apologize on the record. See Weigh the effects of an apology or other mitigating circumstances. See Immediately determine whether the accused is guilty. For discussion of burden of proof, see (7) Impose punishment. Determine the punishment immediately, limited as follows: Impose a fine not exceeding $1000 or imprisonment not exceeding five days, or both, to punish the contemner, as well as reasonable attorneys fees and costs, if appropriate (see CCP 1218(a); 3.28 for discussion); or Coerce compliance with an order by imprisoning the contemner until performance of an act he or she has the power to perform. See CCP 1219(a). The coercive imprisonment must end when the contemner no longer has the power to comply. For discussion, see For a spoken form for use in the coercive imprisonment of a witness for refusal to answer questions, see JUDICIAL TIP: In a coercion situation, some judges set a telephone appearance at a later time so that the contemner may communicate a possible change of mind. Other judges require the contemner to be transported to court periodically for a face-toface meeting to determine if he or she has had a change of heart regarding compliance with the court s order. (8) Consider staying execution of the sentence until the end of the trial or pending appellate review. Practical considerations almost always favor granting a stay, and a stay is required for attorneys and certain others

19 3 17 Courtroom Control: Contempt and Sanctions 3.8 in most situations. See CCP 128(b), 1209(c). For discussion, see (9) Enter judgment immediately. Promptly prepare and enter a written order as follows (see CCP 1211(a)): Describe the facts as occurring in the court s immediate view and presence. Indicate whether a warning was given. State the effect of any mitigating circumstances or apology. Adjudge the accused guilty of contempt. For discussion of burden of proof, see Prescribe the punishment and stay execution. For discussion of judgment requirements, see For a sample form, see JUDICIAL TIP: The contempt order should be prepared very carefully by, or under the direction of, the court. Once the order is final and conclusive, it cannot be amended for any reason, and an appellate court cannot remand and reinstitute contempt proceedings if the order is declared void because of a defect. In such an instance, the contemner must be released. See In re Baroldi (1987) 189 CA3d 101, 111, 234 CR 286, disapproved on other grounds in 23 C4th 215, 221; Bloom v Superior Court (1986) 185 CA3d 409, 412, 229 CR 747. Another reason to carefully prepare the order is that the failure to prepare a complete written order may be a basis for judicial discipline. See Rothman, California Judicial Conduct Handbook, 4.38 (3d ed CJA/Thomson West 2007). Although it may not be practical for the court to prepare a written contempt order the instant it orally pronounces its finding, the court must prepare a written order expeditiously. In re Easterbrook (1988) 200 CA3d 1541, 1544, 244 CR 652. Report final contempt order to the State Bar, as appropriate. See D. [ 3.8] Checklist: Indirect Contempt Procedure (1) Consider preliminary determinations: Are there grounds for disqualification under CCP and Briggs v Superior Court (1931) 211 C 619, 629, 297 P 3? For discussion, see CALIFORNIA JUDGES BENCHBOOK: CIVIL PROCEEDINGS BEFORE TRIAL, SECOND EDITION, chap 7 (Cal

20 3.8 California Judges Benchguide 3 18 CJER 2008); California Judges Benchguide 2: Disqualification of Judge (Cal CJER). Are sanctions an appropriate alternative? Consider ordering sanctions as an alternative to contempt in certain cases. See , (2) Determine whether the indirect contempt procedure is appropriate. The judge should determine whether the act was committed outside the court s or judge s presence, such as disobedience of a lawful court order. See CCP 1209(a)(5), 1211(a). For a late or absent attorney, use the hybrid contempt procedure (a modified form of direct contempt) discussed in 3.9. For classifying contempt, see 3.6; for discussion, see (3) Determine whether the proceeding has been properly initiated. An attorney, a party, a judicial officer, or other person initiates an indirect contempt proceeding by filing an affidavit, declaration, or statement of facts of the contempt. CCP 1211(a); Moss v Superior Court (1998) 17 C4th 396, 401 n1, 71 CR2d 215. See discussion in Filing of the Judicial Council form Order to Show Cause and Affidavit for Contempt (FL-410) constitutes compliance with the requirement of CCP 1211(a). CCP 1211(b). For a sample form of a statement of facts by a commissioner or referee, see 3.94 (4) Issue an order to show cause. The court issues an order to show cause on receiving the affidavit, declaration, or statement of facts (see 3.46). For a sample form of order to show cause, see (5) Confirm that the order to show cause has been served. The order to show cause must be served on the alleged contemner in the same manner as a summons. See CCP 1016; for discussion, see (6) Determine if a warrant of attachment or bench warrant is needed: Issue the warrant if the alleged contemner or his or her attorney fails to appear in response to the order to show cause. See CCP 1212; In re Morelli (1970) 11 CA3d 819, 835, 91 CR 72. For discussion, see Endorse on the warrant a direction that the person charged may be released by posting a specified bail. See CCP (7) Hold a full and fair hearing. The hearing must satisfy due process requirements as follows (see CCP 1217; 11 CA3d at 835): Advise the accused of his or her rights, which are the same as those of a defendant in a criminal case, except there is no right to jury trial unless the punishment is imprisonment for more than six months. See Allow the accused to appear in person or by counsel only.

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