Reasons for reduction in food production – “changes in the climate and the fertility of the soil, the non-application of irrigation, the rugged terrain, and the non-use of improved seeds”. Increase in livestock diseases.

Changing market conditions and rising prices, leading to migration of young people from the area to find work elsewhere. Development activities – terraces to reduce soil erosion, schools, medical facilities. Brief mention of social institutions – still survive but becoming weaker.

People marrying young and having children – increases pressure on the land.
Attitude of lowlanders to highlanders: “The townsfolk look down on the rural community with contempt because of the way they dress and their health condition.” Relations between men and women – less conflict than in past because of education.

Traditional means of communications – sending a crier with important news, shepherds passing on new. Impact of modern communications, including access to educational institutions. Spread of AIDS: “This came about by having extramarital sexual relations with another woman and by contacts with truck drivers.”