Why This Indicator Matters

Children living in families lacking secure parental employment are vulnerable. Without at least one parent employed full time, children are more likely to fall into poverty. Yet too many parents who want full-time work are forced to piece together part-time or temporary jobs that do not provide sufficient or stable income; some lack the education and skills needed to secure a good job. Even a full-time job at low wages does not necessarily lift a family out of poverty.

Definitions:
The share of all children under age 18 living in families where no parent has regular, full-time employment.

For children living in single-parent families, this means the resident parent did not work at least 35 hours per week, at least 50 weeks in the 12 months prior to the survey. For children living in married-couple families, this means neither parent worked at least 35 hours per week, at least 50 weeks in the 12 months prior to the survey. Children living with neither parent were listed as not having secure parental employment because those children are likely to be economically vulnerable. Children under age 18 who are householders, spouses of householders, or unmarried partners of householders were excluded from this analysis. This measure is very similar to the measure called "Secure Parental Employment," used by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics in its publication America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2008 - 2016 American Community Survey.

Footnotes:
Updated January 2018.
S – Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data
not available.
Data are provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most
recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change
over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children whose parents lack secure employment.

Why This Indicator Matters

Family income is only one factor of financial security; the cost of basic expenses also matters. Housing is typically one of the largest expenses that families face. Low-income families, in particular, are unlikely to be able to meet all of their basic needs if housing consumes nearly one-third or more of their income.

Definitions:
The share of children living in households where more than 30 percent of the monthly income was spent on rent, mortgage payments, taxes, insurance, and/or related expenses.

The 30 percent threshold for housing costs is based on research on affordable housing by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban development (HUD). According to HUD, households that must allocate more than 30 percent of their income to housing expenses are less likely to have enough resources for food, clothing, medical care or other needs.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 through 2016 American Community Survey.

Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Footnotes:
Updated January 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
Data are provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children living in households with a high housing cost burden .

Why This Indicator Matters

Growing up in poverty is one of the greatest threats to healthy child development. Poverty and financial stress can impede children’s cognitive development and their ability to learn. It can contribute to behavioral, social and emotional problems and poor health.

Definitions:
The share of children under age 18 who live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level.

The federal poverty definition consists of a series of thresholds based on family size and composition. In calendar year 2017, a family of two adults and two children fell in the “poverty” category if their annual income fell below $24,858. Poverty status is not determined for people in military barracks, institutional quarters, or for unrelated individuals under age 15 (such as foster children). The data are based on income received in the 12 months prior to the survey.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, 2001 Supplementary Survey, 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey.

These data were derived from American Fact Finder table B17001 (factfinder2.census.gov/).

The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small sub-populations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Footnotes:
Updated September 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
Data are provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children in poverty (100 percent poverty).

Why This Indicator Matters

Proficiency in reading by the end of third grade is a crucial marker in a child's educational development. In the early years, learning to read is a critical component of education. But beginning in fourth grade, children use reading to learn other subjects, and therefore, mastery of reading becomes a critical component in their ability to keep up academically. Children who reach fourth grade without being able to read proficiently are more likely to drop out of high school, reducing their earnings potential and changes for success.

This indicator is part of the KIDS COUNT Child Well-Being Index. Read our KIDS COUNT Data Bookto learn more about how children are faring.

Why This Indicator Matters

Competence in mathematics is essential for success in the workplace, which increasingly requires higher-level technical skills. Students who take advanced math and science courses that require a strong mastery of math fundamentals are more likely to attend and complete college and have higher earnings over time.

Definitions:The share of all children under age 18 living in households by the head of household’s educational attainment.
The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2016 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small subpopulations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Data Source:Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 through 2016 American Community Survey.

Footnotes:Updated January 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found atChildren by household head’s educational attainment.

Why This Indicator Matters

Concentrated poverty puts whole neighborhoods, and the people living in them, at risk. High-poverty neighborhoods are much more likely than others to have high rates of crime and violence, physical and mental health issues, unemployment and other problems.

Definitions:
Children living in census tracts with poverty rates of 30 percent or more.

Research
indicates that as neighborhood poverty rates increase, undesirable
outcomes rise and opportunities for success are less likely. The effects
of concentrated poverty begin to appear once neighborhood poverty rates
rise above 20 percent and continue to grow as the concentration of
poverty increases up to the 40 percent threshold. This
indicator defines areas of concentrated poverty as those census tracts
with overall poverty rates of 30 percent or more because it is a
commonly used threshold that lies between the starting point and
leveling off point for negative neighborhood effects. The 2017 federal
poverty threshold is $24,858 per year for a family of two adults and two children.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census Summary File 1 and Summary File 3 and the 2006-2010 to 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-year data.

Footnotes:
Updated January 2019.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data
not available.
Data is provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at: Children living in high poverty areas.

Why This Indicator Matters

Children growing up in single-parent families typically do not have the same economic or human resources available as those growing up in two-parent families. Compared with children in married-couple families, children raised in single-parent households are more likely to drop out of school, to have or cause a teen pregnancy and to experience a divorce in adulthood.

Definitions:
Children under age 18 who live with their own single parent either in a family or subfamily.

In this definition, single-parent families may include cohabiting couples and do not include children living with married stepparents. Children who live in group quarters (for example, institutions, dormitories, or group homes) are not included in this calculation.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, 2001 Supplementary Survey and 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey (ACS).

These data were derived from American Fact Finder table C23008 (factfinder2.census.gov/).

The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small sub-populations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Footnotes:
Updated October 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data
not available.
Data is provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most
recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change
over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children in single-parent families.

Definitions:The share of all children under age 18 living in households by the head of household’s educational attainment.
The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2016 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small subpopulations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Data Source:Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 through 2016 American Community Survey.

Footnotes:Updated January 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found atChildren by household head’s educational attainment.

Why This Indicator Matters

Babies born with a low birth-weight have a high probability of experiencing developmental problems and short- and long-term disabilities and are at greater risk of dying within the first year of life. Smoking, poor nutrition, poverty, stress, infections and violence can increase the risk of a baby being born with a low birthweight.

The data reflect the mother’s place of residence, not the place where the birth occurred. Births of unknown weight were not included in these calculations. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands are not included in the U.S. Average.

Data Source:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.

1990 through 2016 state-level estimates are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Vital Statistics Reports or can be accessed through the CDC Wonder system. City-level estimates are from public use micro-data files provided by NCHS.

Why This Indicator Matters

The child and teen death rate reflects a broad array of factors: physical and mental health; access to health care; community factors; use of safety practices and the level of adult supervision. Accidents, primarily those involving motor vehicles, are the leading cause of death for children and youth.

Definitions:
Deaths to children between ages 1 and 19, from all causes, per 100,000 children in this age range.

The data are reported by the place of residence, not the place where the death occurred.

Data Source:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the Centers
for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, National Center for Health
Statistics, Multiple Causes of Death Public Use Files for 2005-2016 CD-Rom.

Definitions:
Economic Ranks for 2012-2018 for each state using a consistent set of economic indicators; namely those used to derive the rank reported in the 2012-2018 KIDS COUNT Data Books.

The Family and Community Rank for each state was obtained in the following manner. First, using the 2018 KIDS COUNT Data Book to demonstrate, we converted the 2016 state numerical values for each of the 4 key indicators within each domain into standard scores. We summed those standard scores in each domain to get a total standard score for each state. Finally, we ranked the states on the basis of their total standard score by domain in sequential order from highest/best (1) to lowest/worst (50). Standard scores were derived by subtracting the mean score from the observed score and dividing the amount by the standard deviation for that distribution of scores. All measures were given the same weight in calculating the domain standard score.

Definitions:
Family and Community Ranks for 2012-2018 for each state using a consistent set of family and community indicators; namely those used to derive the rank reported in the 2012-2018 KIDS COUNT Data Books.The Family and Community Rank for each state was obtained in the following manner. First, using the 2018 KIDS COUNT Data Book to demonstrate, we converted the 2016 state numerical values for each of the 4 key indicators within each domain into standard scores. We summed those standard scores in each domain to get a total standard score for each state. Finally, we ranked the states on the basis of their total standard score by domain in sequential order from highest/best (1) to lowest/worst (50). Standard scores were derived by subtracting the mean score from the observed score and dividing the amount by the standard deviation for that distribution of scores. All measures were given the same weight in calculating the domain standard score.

Why This Indicator Matters

Growing up in poverty is one of the greatest threats to healthy child development. Poverty and financial stress can impede children’s cognitive development and their ability to learn. It can contribute to behavioral, social and emotional problems and poor health.

Definitions:
The share of children under age 18 who live in families with incomes below the federal poverty level.

The federal poverty definition consists of a series of thresholds based on family size and composition. In calendar year 2017, a family of two adults and two children fell in the “poverty” category if their annual income fell below $24,858. Poverty status is not determined for people in military barracks, institutional quarters, or for unrelated individuals under age 15 (such as foster children). The data are based on income received in the 12 months prior to the survey.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, 2001 Supplementary Survey, 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey.

These data were derived from American Fact Finder table B17001 (factfinder2.census.gov/).

The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small sub-populations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Footnotes:
Updated September 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
Data are provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children in poverty (100 percent poverty).

Why This Indicator Matters

Children living in families lacking secure parental employment are vulnerable. Without at least one parent employed full time, children are more likely to fall into poverty. Yet too many parents who want full-time work are forced to piece together part-time or temporary jobs that do not provide sufficient or stable income; some lack the education and skills needed to secure a good job. Even a full-time job at low wages does not necessarily lift a family out of poverty.

Definitions:
The share of all children under age 18 living in families where no parent has regular, full-time employment.

For children living in single-parent families, this means the resident parent did not work at least 35 hours per week, at least 50 weeks in the 12 months prior to the survey. For children living in married-couple families, this means neither parent worked at least 35 hours per week, at least 50 weeks in the 12 months prior to the survey. Children living with neither parent were listed as not having secure parental employment because those children are likely to be economically vulnerable. Children under age 18 who are householders, spouses of householders, or unmarried partners of householders were excluded from this analysis. This measure is very similar to the measure called "Secure Parental Employment," used by the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics in its publication America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2008 - 2016 American Community Survey.

Footnotes:
Updated January 2018.
S – Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data
not available.
Data are provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most
recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change
over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children whose parents lack secure employment.

Why This Indicator Matters

Family income is only one factor of financial security; the cost of basic expenses also matters. Housing is typically one of the largest expenses that families face. Low-income families, in particular, are unlikely to be able to meet all of their basic needs if housing consumes nearly one-third or more of their income.

Definitions:
The share of children living in households where more than 30 percent of the monthly income was spent on rent, mortgage payments, taxes, insurance, and/or related expenses.

The 30 percent threshold for housing costs is based on research on affordable housing by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban development (HUD). According to HUD, households that must allocate more than 30 percent of their income to housing expenses are less likely to have enough resources for food, clothing, medical care or other needs.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 through 2016 American Community Survey.

Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Footnotes:
Updated January 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
Data are provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children living in households with a high housing cost burden .

Why This Indicator Matters

Proficiency in reading by the end of third grade is a crucial marker in a child's educational development. In the early years, learning to read is a critical component of education. But beginning in fourth grade, children use reading to learn other subjects, and therefore, mastery of reading becomes a critical component in their ability to keep up academically. Children who reach fourth grade without being able to read proficiently are more likely to drop out of high school, reducing their earnings potential and changes for success.

This indicator is part of the KIDS COUNT Child Well-Being Index. Read our KIDS COUNT Data Bookto learn more about how children are faring.

Why This Indicator Matters

Competence in mathematics is essential for success in the workplace, which increasingly requires higher-level technical skills. Students who take advanced math and science courses that require a strong mastery of math fundamentals are more likely to attend and complete college and have higher earnings over time.

Why This Indicator Matters

Babies born with a low birth-weight have a high probability of experiencing developmental problems and short- and long-term disabilities and are at greater risk of dying within the first year of life. Smoking, poor nutrition, poverty, stress, infections and violence can increase the risk of a baby being born with a low birthweight.

The data reflect the mother’s place of residence, not the place where the birth occurred. Births of unknown weight were not included in these calculations. Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands are not included in the U.S. Average.

Data Source:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.

1990 through 2016 state-level estimates are from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), National Vital Statistics Reports or can be accessed through the CDC Wonder system. City-level estimates are from public use micro-data files provided by NCHS.

Why This Indicator Matters

The child and teen death rate reflects a broad array of factors: physical and mental health; access to health care; community factors; use of safety practices and the level of adult supervision. Accidents, primarily those involving motor vehicles, are the leading cause of death for children and youth.

Definitions:
Deaths to children between ages 1 and 19, from all causes, per 100,000 children in this age range.

The data are reported by the place of residence, not the place where the death occurred.

Data Source:
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the Centers
for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention, National Center for Health
Statistics, Multiple Causes of Death Public Use Files for 2005-2016 CD-Rom.

Why This Indicator Matters

Children growing up in single-parent families typically do not have the same economic or human resources available as those growing up in two-parent families. Compared with children in married-couple families, children raised in single-parent households are more likely to drop out of school, to have or cause a teen pregnancy and to experience a divorce in adulthood.

Definitions:
Children under age 18 who live with their own single parent either in a family or subfamily.

In this definition, single-parent families may include cohabiting couples and do not include children living with married stepparents. Children who live in group quarters (for example, institutions, dormitories, or group homes) are not included in this calculation.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Supplementary Survey, 2001 Supplementary Survey and 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey (ACS).

These data were derived from American Fact Finder table C23008 (factfinder2.census.gov/).

The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2017 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small sub-populations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Footnotes:
Updated October 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data
not available.
Data is provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most
recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change
over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at Children in single-parent families.

Definitions:The share of all children under age 18 living in households by the head of household’s educational attainment.
The data for this measure come from the 2000 and 2001 Supplementary Survey and the 2002 through 2016 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2000 through 2004 ACS surveyed approximately 700,000 households monthly during each calendar year. In general but particularly for these years, use caution when interpreting estimates for less populous states or indicators representing small subpopulations, where the sample size is relatively small. Beginning in January 2005, the U.S. Census Bureau expanded the ACS sample to 3 million households (full implementation), and in January 2006 the ACS included group quarters. The ACS, fully implemented, is designed to provide annually updated social, economic, and housing data for states and communities. (Such local-area data have traditionally been collected once every ten years in the long form of the decennial census.)

Data Source:Population Reference Bureau, analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 through 2016 American Community Survey.

Footnotes:Updated January 2018.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data not available.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found atChildren by household head’s educational attainment.

Why This Indicator Matters

Concentrated poverty puts whole neighborhoods, and the people living in them, at risk. High-poverty neighborhoods are much more likely than others to have high rates of crime and violence, physical and mental health issues, unemployment and other problems.

Definitions:
Children living in census tracts with poverty rates of 30 percent or more.

Research
indicates that as neighborhood poverty rates increase, undesirable
outcomes rise and opportunities for success are less likely. The effects
of concentrated poverty begin to appear once neighborhood poverty rates
rise above 20 percent and continue to grow as the concentration of
poverty increases up to the 40 percent threshold. This
indicator defines areas of concentrated poverty as those census tracts
with overall poverty rates of 30 percent or more because it is a
commonly used threshold that lies between the starting point and
leveling off point for negative neighborhood effects. The 2017 federal
poverty threshold is $24,858 per year for a family of two adults and two children.

Data Source:
Population Reference Bureau analysis of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census Summary File 1 and Summary File 3 and the 2006-2010 to 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-year data.

Footnotes:
Updated January 2019.
S - Estimates suppressed when the confidence interval around the
percentage is greater than or equal to 10 percentage points.
N.A. – Data
not available.
Data is provided for the 50 most populous cities according to the most recent Census counts. Cities for which data is collected may change over time.
A 90 percent confidence interval for each estimate can be found at: Children living in high poverty areas.

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