Review: This work examines the establishment of idea about the Old Believers as a political group in modern Inner Asia. In the center of attention is the production of political values, i.e. characteristics, social practices, behavioral norms, which are accepted as traditional for the Old Believers in public space. The author’s interest lies in the processes of formalization and ritualization of these values, as well as references to the past, which as a result allows creating various groups of Russian population in the region, designating them by the virtues of such traditions. The constructivist theory of a nation, which reviews the formation of perception about the Old Believers as a group, is selected as the methodological framework. The majority of research are focused on the description of traditions of the Semeiskie Old Believers; and this work is the first to analyze the creation of these traditions. The author comes to the conclusion that formation of the image of traditional culture of the Semeiskie is finally inscribed into the state policy regarding the management of interethnic and Interconfessional relationships in the region.

Dubrovskiy O.N..
Protection of the ancestral habitat and the traditional lifestyle of indigenous people of Russia on the example of the Republic of Tuva
// Politics and Society. – 2016. – ¹ 5.
– P. 650-657.
DOI: 10.7256/1812-8696.2016.5.18905.

Review: The subject of this research is the issues of protection of the indigenous people (Tuvinians-Todzhinians), as well as their original habitat and traditional lifestyle. The author reviews the negative factors that affected their traditional lifestyle and the complex of measures aimed to protect their original habitat for the purpose of preservation of the traditional style of living, development of deer farming, husbandry, and production. The article examines the questions of cooperation between the self-governance authorities and the communities of the indigenous people residing on the territories of the constituents of the Russian Federation, on the example of Tuva Republic. The author’s contribution into the research of this topic consists in determination of the negative factors and causes of the “sorrowful” situation of the Tuvinians-Todzhinians in Tuva Republic, as well as in development of specific propositions aimed at protection of their ancestral habitat and preservation of the traditional lifestyle.

Review: This article is dedicated to the category of diaspora and its conceptual characteristics. This question is being explored based on the normative material. The author notes that despite the extensive study of the phenomenon of diaspora on the normative level, the precise definition is yet to be developed; and this leads to existence of multiple approaches towards understanding of this category. It is also highlighted, that currently we can observe a problem of legal regulation of the peculiarities of status of separate ethnic congregations and their representatives. A special attention is given to the legislative terms and definitions used in legal regulation in this field. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this work is first to present a comprehensive approach towards the examination of diaspora as a legal category, The current legislation of the Russian Federation with regards to the use of the term “diaspora” is being analyzed, as well as the correlation of this notion with such categories as “ethnos”, “ethnic society”, “national minority”, and “national cultural autonomy”. The author notes that the existing legislative definitions of the term “diaspora” does not correspond with the scientific views of the representatives of various disciplines that are involved into the study of this category, as well as they do not to the fullest extent reflect the essence of diaspora as an institution of national relations in Russia. The author substantiates the conclusion on the need to introduce the new definition of “diaspora” and its unified use on the federal and regional levels into the normative space.

Review: The object of the research in this article is nationalism. The analysis of the results of various methodological approaches to nationalism demonstarte the main vectors of its impact on international relations, factors of the emergence and settlement of inter-ethnic (ethnic) conflicts. The aim of the article is to analyse the nature of "nationalism" as an ambiguous phenomenon in national public relations and to define its role as the main source of modern inter-ethnic (ethnic) conflicts. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the duality of nationalism in inter-ethnic (ethnic) relations.The study involves system-integrated, cultural, historical and political scientific methodological approaches, as well as classification of nationalism by various grounds. The main conclusion of the conducted research was the fact that in modern conditions the nationalism serves as a primary source of inter-ethnic (ethnic) conflicts in the first place, not as a cultural factor (which is its nature), but as a political factor, as an instrument in the hands of ethnocracy. Examples of individual countries show that nationalism in its manifestation in society can play both a constructive role, acquiring patriotic orientation, and also a deconstructivist role, working as a catalyst of inter-ethnic tensions.

Review: The research object is the nationalism in Baltic States. The research subject is specific features
of Baltic nationalism as well as their determining factors. In her article Yamalova clarifies such
features of national movements of the Baltic States as the peaceful methods of the struggle to achieve their goals and orientation at the capitalistic economic model which distinguishes their nationalism
from African nationalism of the colonial system decay period. On the other hand, compared to European
analogues, Baltic nationalism has a more radical separatism and stiffer language policy and rules
for granting citizenship to migrants. The author examines historical, economic and ethnic factors and
defines cause-effect relationships contributing to the aforesaid features of the national movements in
Baltic States. The author uses the comparative method to study nationalism in Baltic countries. As
a comparison, the author uses Catalonian nationalism which in many ways similar to Baltic nationalism.
The main conclusions of the research are the provisions according to which Baltic nationalism
has been defined by particular economic, social and ethic factors. The author also describes the
cause-effect relationships between these factors. In particular, the external, opposed to the internal,
industrialization has been caused by a more conflict influence of migration. The model of the Soviet
industrialization created not only the split not only between cities and country-side but also between
ethnic groups. Moreover, the higher level of the economic development of Baltic States has turned out
to be an important conflict factor between regional authorities and the Union government. The above
mentioned factors have played an important role in the development of specific features of Baltic nationalism
which, compared to its European version, had more radical programs and targets regarding
the Russian-speaking population and a higher level of separatism.

Review: The article concerns the issues regarding the referendum on the independence of Scotland which is to be held
in September 2014. The author discusses the main stages of the devolution movement in Scotland in order to fi nd out the
prerequisites for the events taking place today. Then the author studies the attitudes of the people in the region to the ideas
of independence in order to predict the results of the upcoming referendum. In order to predict and understand the upcoming
processes in the region the author refers to pluses and minuses of the more radical option for the future events:
separation of Scotland from the Great Britain. The article involve theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis), historical
method (evaluation of devolution process in a historical retrospective), as well as some practical methods (monitoring
and forecasting) – an attempt to forecast the results of the referendum with the help of some quantitative data. Analysis of
the possible consequences of separation of the region has shown that independence shall cause both positive and negative
effects in political, social and economic life of the Scottish society. Having studied the attitude of the people towards
the ideas of independency of the region in the last 35 years the author concludes that Scotland shall remain a part of the
Great Britain, while its institutions shall gain even broader competence in the future.

Keywords: Independence, referendum, devolution, attitude to independence, pluses of separation of Scotland, minuses of separation of Scotland, political aspects, social and economic aspects, the Scottish National Party, ethnical separatism.

Review: Analysis of ethnic political processes in the Chechen republic allows to single out several stages in the development
of the Chechen culture regarding various social and political conditions, the fi ght of the Chechen people
for independence, protection of national culture and identity, formation of the Chechen Republic as a public formation
within the Russian Federation. In this article the author analyzes the infl uence of the process of modernization
of the Chechen society in 1960s – 1980s upon the development of national culture, which was coming closer to the
general European culture. The vector of this development was aimed at the integration of the Chechen people into
the general Russian social and cultural space. The contents of this transformation involved the changes guaranteeing
institutional, cadres and content-based fundamentals of varied and rich cultural production based upon secular
European tradition, which was the basis for the entire Soviet culture. In order to discuss this issue the author employed
political science methods and approaches: the method of terminological analysis in order to reveal the nature
of the terms, such as “traditional ethnic culture”, “national policy”, “ethnic cultural process”, “ethnic identity”,
“Europeanization”. In order to reveal place and role of traditional ethnical culture in the life of the Chechen
community and its Europeanization, the author used the method of theoretical analysis. The author draws a conclusion
that step-by-step erosion of the Chechen culture cleared the path for wide range of cultural borrowing and
external infl uences, which were refl ected in all of the spheres of life of the Chechen community, including its political sphere. The experience of the Chechen republic shows that high demand for the national culture has a positive
infl uence upon the internal consolidation of the ethnical community, bringing additional sustainability to its spiritual,
social and political life.

Keywords: Europeanization of the Chechen culture, modernization of the Chechen community, transformation, tradition, society, state, social-cultural area, national policy, international relations, national culture.

Review: The concept of nation can be obviously called one of the key concepts of our time both in Russia and abroad.
However, in recent years there has been a visible paradox in understanding the phenomena of nation and nationalism.
The growth of the importance of national issues was associated, on one hand, with the dominating liberal ideology of
‘multiculturalism’ and, on the other hand, with the decrease of interest towards traditional political ideologies. As a
political concept, ‘nation’ is a discursive construct which meaning is defi ned with the intergroup (interparty) struggle.
This meaning cannot be stable, because it changes along with the transformations in the balance of political power.
Consequently, a researcher studying this concept should always ask himself what purposes are being pursued by the
political forces that use the concept of ‘nation’ or struggle for the monopoly privilege to defi ne the meaning of the term
‘nation’. To study the concept of nation in the political party discourse about a Russian ‘powerless party’, the author
of the article uses the conceptological approach developed by V. Makarenko. The purpose of the present article is to
create a methodological construct for studying the concept of nation in the discourse about political parties of modern
Russia. For a differentiated analysis of the discourse about the ‘powerless party’, the author offers a conceptological
version of the dramaturgic approach to the political party system. Analyzing the concept of nation in documents of the
democratic party ‘Yabloko’, the author notes that the party rhetoric may change depending on the political environment.
However, these variations have their own limits, too. In case of the party ‘Yabloko’ they are framed with the civil
concept of nation. Noteworthy that the concept remains the same in all party public declarations.

Review: The article presents an attempt to describe how nationalistic tendencies influenced the development of state institution
in one of the national republics of the Russian Federation – Chuvashia. The author of the article shows transformation
of nationalistic organizations and defines a group of factors which made a positive impact on stabilization of
the situation in the republic.

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