Twice the Fun

In February 2011 I managed to borrow a thermal camera for a few hours
on a chilly evening
to check for big problems at home such as unexpected thermal bridging.
(Many thanks to Chas Warlow c/o the Street Champions project and the Ham and Petersham Low Carbon Zone!)

Thermal imaging cameras are sensing infrared (IR), often alonside visible
light, and are using the IR to estimate the temperature of objects in
the field of view. Occasionally they may described as 'thermographic'.
IR thermometers are effectively single-point or single-pixel versions!

In March I engaged a professional to repeat the survey to see how effective
my DIY attempt was (and see what else might need fixing)
at a cost of under £200 all-in visiting me on a chilly Sunday morning!

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Obvious Problems

My amateurish attempts, and Sustainable Lifestyles' (SL) more practised eye,
both discovered big problems such as the cold front door and loft hatch.
Equally, both of us could see that our house is doing quite well
(eg losing a lot less heat than neighbouring properties),
though it turned out that I was too complacent and should have worked harder
to pick out other issues.

One interesting feature that stood out dramatically in both surveys
was the (expected) thermal bridging of the
aerogel drylining
in our living room with the steel fixing screws.
With some styles of rigid drylining such as Kingspan K17 where dot-and-dab
adhesive fixing to the wall is possible, such bridging can be avoided.

Even though the loft hatch has been draught-stripped,
and I glued some insulation to its top side
(the box for a small solar panel with its expanded polystyrene packing!)
it remains a clear weak point thermally.
It may be possible to make a backing from some of the left-over aerogel;
something should be done about it in any case.

The fact that our newly double-glazed front-door would still be relatively cold
was not astonishing, nor that our door curtain is still useful to have,
but possibly the colder external temperatures and a bit more slippage
since my own survey made the effect of the poor seal at the door's foot
rather dramatic in SL's survey and this time I was nudged to investigate.
(In the end a catch needed to be re-tightened to fix the problem.)

Using the Thermal Camera

The FLIR Systems b40 that I used was small and light and easy to use,
at least superficially,
and with some fiddling around I was able to get the images onto my Mac
when I'd finished my survey,
making use of the removable memory card and a reader
(I seem to recall; the device was not recognised over USB).

The thermal camera is deceptively simple point-and-shoot but with some caveats:

Lots of things to set such as picture-in-picture or normal mode.

Other less obvious things to set such as auto-ranging or fixed temperature scale, emissivity of the surfaces being examined and possibly even colour mapping; getting these wrong or even leaving at otherwise-sensible defaults may hide subtle issues as I think happened to me.

The resolution is far lower than a typical digital compact camera; you don't necessarily get much more than is visible in the viewfinder (typically 240x240), so taking notes to help remind exactly what pictures are of may help. I wasn't sure what some of my pics were after having not labelled them immediately.

A thermal camera of this type typically costs something like £4000, so usually tricky or expensive to get hold of.

So if intending to DIY you need not be intimidated,
but should definitely give yourself plenty of time to work through the camera
modes and features to get the best out of it, maybe a whole day or more,
and try and do it on a pretty cold day to maximise the visibility of heat leaks.

Things that I had Missed

SL did spot many things (often subtle) I'd overlooked such as:

The seriousness of the air (and thus heat) leakage at the foot of the front door (so I had that fixed within days).

The air infiltration above the ceiling from the east/west walls to the first transverse joist in all rooms, and consequent heat loss, even in the superinsulated living room.

Startling gaps in the insulation above the upstairs rooms in various places, in some cases where the loft boards are (so I shall upgrade to insulated loft boards carefully filled with glass/rock wool underneath, not compressed), and in others where the insulation appeared not to have been laid correctly (so I shall get it fixed when putting down the next layer).

Heat loss from the CH pipework; I knew that it would be an issue but it was clear, and it seems that relocating any upgraded DHW/CH system could help.

Heat loss from above the windows, particularly upstairs.

Air Infiltration above Ceilings

There seemed to be a consistent and unexpected pattern of infiltration above the
ceiling from the east/west walls to the first transverse joist in all rooms,
and consequent heat loss. Above the first-floor ceilings, since there will
have to be some ventilation of the loft space to avoid moisture build-up and
rot, that may be partly unavoidable, but downstairs it may be fixable,
and I'm particularly keen to avoid it in the living room which we have gone
to huge trouble to superinsulate and make the "warm refuge" room for winter.

This '60s house's external walls were probably not designed for air-tightness,
so some infiltrations/leaks are not at all astonishing,
and some ventilation is needed to keep the structural elements dry.
But possibly we could make some special effort in the living room
without endangering the building fabric,
and in particularly cold spots elsewhere.

Holes in Loft Insulation

Problem cold spots at ceiling height.

I suspected that the current loft boards would be a weak point thermally,
though could not see it on my own survey.

(There are boards for a small amount of storage above the small rear bedroom,
and for safe working access to the solar PV inverters in two places.)

Not only did the SL survey show that fairly clearly,
but also really dramatic holes in the existing glass/rock wool insulation,
presumably where both the first and second and round missed areas.
These are typically at hard-to-reach external edges and corners.

It's also clear from the SL survey that in several places joists are thermal
bridges, cooling down the strip of ceiling directly beneath them.
That will be hard to do much about right at the ends at external walls,
but the rest in the first floor could be improved by better
and more consistent insulation above them in the loft.

Heat Loss from above Windows

This was something that I had not noticed at all during my survey,
and would be worth at least a simple investigation if it can be done
without too much mess or cost or disruption,
just to see if something as simple as squirty foam would help,
eg stopping unwanted air infiltration and convection beside and above frames.

Conclusion

Given that a survey doesn't necessarily cost anything if you can borrow,
and not much even if someone comes round to do it for/with you,
then it is quite likely that you can recoup your time and effort
in energy savings in a reasonable time. And it's interesting!

I'd recommend getting in someone familiar with the equipment if you can,
since it's not quite as point-and-click as a normal digital camera
even though it almost seems to be.

Since renting a thermal camera may cost no less than getting the expert
to bring their own and do all the leg work,
then it may well be worth getting the trained brain along too.

None of this is to say that my own initial survey was a waste of effort,
and indeed at the very least if I do a repeat in (say) a year's time,
I'd have a better idea of what to concentrate on.

Actions

2011/03/07: the SL survey pointed out that our new front door is not sealing
properly at the bottom, so I asked the company that installed it
(Warmlite) to come and adjust it,
which they did 2011/03/11 in 2 minutes (needed a catch adjusting); no charge.

I'm getting the loft insulation gaps sorted out
and insulated loft boards put in to replace the current standard ones.

As a longer-term project I'll think about reducing the air infiltration
above each ceiling (especially that of the superinsulated living room)
while being careful not to set myself up with condensation/rot problems
for the house's timber frame.

(2011/10/21 note: when re-plumbing the rads in the rear bedrooms, now both hung on the internal partition wall to reduce direct external heat loss through exterior walls, the builder squirty-foamed the space to the outside wall to reduce infiltration at least from that section and around the radiator pipework which could be especially significant for heat-loss.)

Another project would be trying to fix the heat loss seen above the windows;
maybe it would be possible to take out the reveal and do some simple remedial
work such as foam filling of gaps and so on.
And if we are ever replacing windows outright then we can pay extra attention
to thermal bridging and losses around the frame.

(2011/10/04 note: when drylining exterior wall of rear bedrooms, the builders
added lashings of squirty foam around window since there was quite a lot of air
penetration, ie huge gaps you could stick a finger through, which may explain heat losses seen in the thermal imaging.)