Sochi 2014: Winter Olympics lessons from Lillehammer

By Matthew Knight, CNN

Updated 1138 GMT (1938 HKT) November 5, 2013

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The legacy of Lillehammer – Ski jumper Stein Gruben prepares to leap into Olympic history at the 1994 Winter Games. When Lillehammer won hosting rights in 1988 few people outside Norway knew where it was. Today, it remains a center of excellence for winter sports.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – The opening and closing ceremonies took place at the newly-built Lysgardsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena. The two hills are still regularly used for World Cup competitions.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – Glorious weather contributed to the feelgood factor among Norwegian and foreign fans during the Games.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – Men's downhill skiing winner Tommy Moe from the U.S. proudly shows off his gold. All the medals at the 1994 Winter Olympics incorporated stone extracted from the ski jump arena during construction. Lillehammer was known as the first "green" Games, enshrining now-familiar values of conservation and sustainability.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – The ski jump facilities can be used all year thanks to an artificial turf covering. Lillehammer and Lake Mjosa can be seen in the background.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – Visitor numbers swelled during the 16-day event, but tourism for the wider region didn't pick up as predicted in the years after the Winter Games.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – The Birkebeiner cross-country race is one of four annual sporting events honoring the rescue of the boy who would become the 13th-century Norwegian king Haakon Haakonsson IV. All are extremely popular, attracting around 70,000 participants every year.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – The 11,500-capacity Hakons Hall hosted ice hockey during the 1994 Olympics. It was built at a cost of $40 million.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – The post-Olympic Hakons Hall is a multi-purpose arena which has hosted two European and one World Handball Championships since 1999.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – An exterior view of Hakons Hall during a Birkebeiner bicycle race.

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The legacy of Lillehammer – A brand new bobsleigh and luge track was built for the 1994 Games. All of Lillehammer's Olympic facilities are open to the public year-round.

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Story highlights

Small Norwegian town rose to sporting prominence at 1994 Winter Olympics

Investment in Lillehammer has made it a post-Olympic center of sporting excellence

$1.2 billion of public money gave boost to town but didn't increase tourism as expected

Lillehammer set to host second Winter Youth Olympics in 2016

What happens when the Winter Olympics party leaves town?

It's a question that is probably giving organizers of the Sochi 2014 Games sleepless nights and, if the example of Lillehammer is anything to go by, some food for thought.

Will all the expense be worthwhile?

Russia is spending an unprecedented $50 billion on completely revamping its faded Black Sea resort, hoping to turn it into a tourist mecca and hi-tech business destination for decades after next February's 16 days of competition.

Can Vladimir Putin's grand planners learn from one of the smallest host venues in Olympic history?

Leap of faith

As Stein Gruben prepared to make the historic leap at the opening ceremony of the 1994 Winter Games, he carried with him not just the symbolic torch but also the hopes of the Norwegian nation.

He was drafted in 48 hours earlier after Ole Gunnar Fidjestol was injured during practice, and his ski jump was to be the dramatic denouement to the Olympic flame's 7,500-mile journey from Greece.

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Following the theft of Edvard Munch's "The Scream" from Norway's National Gallery in Oslo earlier that February day, Lillehammer's organizers could have been forgiven for wearing their own looks of anguished despair as Gruben started his descent.

But they needn't have worried. The 26-year-old understudy landed safely in the Lysgardsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena before handing on the torch on for its final earthbound journey to the Olympic cauldron.

While Lillehammer '94 is perhaps best known for the sad soap opera that played out between U.S. figure skaters Tonya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan, Norwegians remember a far happier time, when a small town of 23,500 residents became the center of the sporting universe.

"It brought people together, there was a lot of pride and there was also lovely winter conditions. So it was, in one way, a great promotion for the country. Everyone was happy."

This celebratory atmosphere helped push the country's athletes to new heights. Speed skater Johann Olav Koss led the way with three golds (and three world records) as Norway bagged a record 26 medals (10 gold, 11 silver, five bronze).

But six years earlier, the idea of Lillehammer playing host to such scenes was almost impossible to imagine.

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And after finishing fourth in the bid to host the 1992 Games (won by Albertville, France), Lillehammer was considered a rank outsider in the race to host the '94 Games -- the first time winter and summer Olympics were held in different years.

But to everyone's amazement, Lillehammer beat Sweden's Ostersund -- population 60,000 -- in the final round of voting, setting in motion the task of turning a remote town 110 miles north of Oslo into a center of sporting excellence.

"There was really nothing there," Andersen told CNN. "There were no big venues before the Olympics. It was a huge gift to this part of Norway."

Around 680 million Norwegian Krone ($220 million) of the 12 billion NOK ($2 billion) total budget was spent transforming the Lillehammer landscape. New venues were built for ski jumping, ice hockey, bobsleigh/luge along with freestyle and cross-country ski stadiums.

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A different type of recycling was used when the 26,500m² international media center was refurbished and handed over to Lillehammer University College in 1995. Today, the campus has more than 4,000 students and, since 1997, has been home to the Norwegian Film School.

Olympic tourist trap

While an educational legacy may be secure, the economic aspirations of boosting tourism in the region proved harder to realize.

Part of the idea of staging the Olympics in Lillehammer was to provide investment in inland Norway, Andersen says, bringing it up to a level with the successful oil and fish industries on the west coast and in the north of the country.

It worked in as much that it encouraged (and still does) affluent city dwellers in Oslo and other southern cities to build luxury second homes near the sports facilities.

"The predictions on a regional level was that tourist demand would increase more than 100%. Local scientists predicted annual increases of 15% over a long period. The reality is zero outside all four communities that got Winter Olympic sports facilities," says Teigland.

Norway did experience a rise in foreign tourists before the Olympics and for two years after, says Teigland, but this was largely down to increased numbers from eastern Europe (particularly Germans) following the fall of communism in 1989 and subsequent years. But long-term predictions (10% per year for the decade after the Games) for tourist growth nationally never happened.

Lillehammer and the other Olympic resorts didn't emerge completely unscathed.

In the five years following the Games, 40% of the town's hotels went bankrupt, says Teigland. And while cross-country events are incredibly popular, the alpine resorts of Hafjell and Kvitfjell north of Lillehammer remain economically fragile, he says.

Norway's experience isn't unique.

Most, if not all of the last eight host countries of Winter Games have experienced negligible increases in tourist numbers, says Teigland.

It's something that organizers of the next "small town" Olympics at Pyeongchang, South Korea in 2018 should bear in mind.

"They should be very careful about developing a lot of accommodation facilities if they have not seen strong growth in winter sports already," Teigland says.

It's hard to see how hosting an Olympics can ever add up financially, but it appears you can't put a price on the experience of hosting.

"Lillehammer was well organized. It really was a huge party. Was it worth $2 billion or not? It seems like a lot of Norwegians think that it was," Teigland says.

Andersen agrees. "Here in Norway, I have never heard people say it was not worth it," he said. "Everything in Lillehammer got a lift. It wasn't just an investment in the sports venues, it was an investment in the town itself and also the rail and road links from Oslo."

Norwegians have much to cheer about when it comes to medals too. Since 1994, the homeland of Sondre Norheim -- the man who invented recreational skiing in the 19th century -- has collected a further 92 Winter Olympics medals (including 34 gold), and finished top of the table at Salt Lake City in 2002 with 13 golds and 25 in total.

Thanks to the Netflix series "Lilyhammer," TV viewers worldwide are getting to know the town all over again and in a little over two years, Lillehammer will welcome back a new generation of athletes for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.

"We are building a new knowledge for young leaders and coaches here in Norway," Andersen says.