Earth had two moons, study says

‘BIG SPLAT’:A new study contends that about 4.4 billion years ago, two moons orbited Earth until they collided, leaving one bulkier, slightly lopsided satellite

AP, WASHINGTON

In a spectacle that might have beguiled poets, lovers and songwriters if only they had been around to see it, Earth once had two moons, astronomers now think. However, the smaller one smashed into the other in what is being called the “big splat.”

The result: Our planet was left with a single bulked-up and ever-so-slightly lopsided moon.

The astronomers came up with the scenario to explain why the moon’s far side is so much more hilly than the one that is always facing Earth.

The theory, outlined on Wednesday in the journal Nature, comes complete with computer model runs showing how it might have happened and an illustration that looks like the bigger moon getting a pie in the face.

Outside experts said the idea makes sense, but they are not completely sold yet.

This all supposedly happened about 4.4 billion years ago, long before there was any life on Earth to gaze up and see the strange sight of dual moons. The moons themselves were young, formed about 100 million years earlier when a giant planet smashed into Earth. They both orbited Earth and sort of rose in the sky together, the smaller one trailing a few steps behind like a little sister in tow.

The smaller one was a planetary lightweight. The other was three times wider and 25 times heavier, its gravity so strong that the smaller one just could not resist, even though it was parked a good bit away.

“They’re destined to collide. There’s no way out ... This big splat is a low-velocity collision,” said study co-author Erik Asphaug, a planetary scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

What Asphaug calls a slow crash is relative: It happened at more than 8,050kph, but that is about as slow as possible when you are talking planetary smashups. It is slow enough that the rocks did not melt.

And because the smaller moon was more than 965km wide, the crash took a while to finish even at 8,050kph.

Asphaug likened the smaller moon to a rifle bullet and said: “People would be bored looking at it because it’s taking 10 minutes just for the bullet to bury itself in the moon. This is an event if you were looking at, you’d need a big bag of popcorn.”

The rocks and crust from the smaller moon would have spread over and around the bigger moon without creating a crater, as a faster crash would have done.

“The physics is really surprisingly similar to a pie in the face,” Asphaug said.

And about a day later, everything was settled and the near and far sides of the moon looked different, Asphaug said.

Co-author Martin Jutzi of the University of Bern in Switzerland said the study was an attempt to explain the odd crust and mountainous terrain of the moon’s far side. Asphaug noticed it looked as if something had been added to the surface, so the duo started running computer simulations of cosmic crashes.

Earth had always been an oddball in the solar system as the only planet with a single moon. While Venus and Mercury have no moons, Mars has two, while Saturn and Jupiter have more than 60 each. Even tiny Pluto, which was demoted to dwarf status, has four moons.

The theory was the buzz this week in Massachusetts, at a conference of scientists working on NASA’s next robotic mission to the moon, said H. Jay Melosh of Purdue University.

“We can’t find anything wrong with it,” Melosh said. “It may or may not be right.”