process of grouping things together , then remembering the newly formed groups

Brown-Peterson Task

Ss were told to remember 3 letters while counting backwards from a number. The longer they counted the worse they were at recalling the letters. Thought it meant decay was the reason for forgetting (PI affected this task)

Waugh & Norman

Study done to challenge Brown-Peterson Task which proved interference

Proactive Interference

information presented BEFORE the test item interferes with memory

Retroactive Interference

information presented AFTER the test item interferes with memory

Wickens Trials

the more different the categories the easier it is to remember the words

Serial Position Curve

Primacy (strong due to rehearsal), Intermediate, and Recency (strong due to STM)

Sternberg Task

Task studying STM scanning. Found that we scan our STM with a Serial Exhaustive Search, which means set size affects RT and one must look through all the info to find the answer. (Many criticize these findings)

T/F STM is just a small part of what is the more elaborate system of WM

People have poorer memory for a set of words if they are asked to say something else while remembering

Phonological Similarity Effect

Its harder to remember similar sounding information

Visuo-spatial Sketchpad

specialized store for holding or maintaining visual and spatial info

Boundary Extension

we misremember more of a scene than was actually viewed

Representational Momentum

Episodic Buffer

(Most recent) Integrates a lot of info and binds info together to form new episodic memories

Dual Task Procedure

Task done to find out whether there is competition or interference between 2 tasks done simultaneously

Logie, Zucco, and Baddeley

There were minor declines in performance when the secondary task used a different part of working memory but substantial declines occured when the primary and secondary tasks used the same pool of resources.

Daneman & Carpenter (1980) Reading Span Task

Found that the more working memory you have the better you do on cognitive tests

High-Span Individuals

stay focussed

better at getting info from LTM

less errors in Stroop task of 20% mismatched

better at solving problems

T/F Under high pressure situations, performance is the same for high and low span individuals

TRUE

Rosen & Engle (1997)

Verbal fluency task that found that High- span individuals use more complex strategies to solve problems

Working Memory _________ can...________________.

ability...predicts performance on a variety of cognitive tasks

capacity...explain age-related declines in cognition

span... correlates strongly with measures of intelligence

...executive attention

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