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The most common tumours of the urinary tract are urothelial in origin, although in some parts of Africa there is a high prevelance of squamous cell carcinoma due to Schistasomiasis infection.

Most invasive lesions are urothelial carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small celll carcinoma and sarcomas are much less common. Non-invasive lesions are very common and are either flat (carcinoma in situ) or polypoid.