The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was a pan-Islamic, political campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the Ottoman Empire during the aftermath of World War I. The position of Caliph after the Armistice of Mudros of October 1918 with the military occupation of Istanbul and Treaty of Versailles (1919) fell into a disambiguation along with the Ottoman Empire's existence. The movement gained force after the Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920) which solidified the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire[1]. In India, although mainly a Muslim religious movement, the movement became a part of the wider Indian independence movement. The movement was a topic in Conference of London (February 1920). Contents

[edit] History
Main article: CaliphateThe Caliphate is an Islamic system of governance in which the state rules under Islamic law. Caliph literally means "successor" or "representative" and emphasizes religious authority for the head of state. It was adopted as a title by the Ummayad Caliphs and then by the Abbasid Caliphs, as well as by the Fatimid Caliphs of North Africa, the Almohad Caliphs of North Africa and Spain and the Ottoman Dynasty. Most historical Muslim rulers were sultans or amirs, and gave token obedience to a caliph who often had very little real authority. Moreover, the Muslim clergy, the ulema and the various Sufi orders, exercised more religious influence than the Caliph. In the Turkish Ottoman Empire though, the emperor himself was the Caliph. [edit] Ottoman Caliphate

Main article: Ottoman CaliphateOttoman emperor Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) had launched his Pan-Islamic program in a bid to protect the Ottoman empire from Western attack and dismemberment, and to crush the Westernizing democratic opposition in Turkey. He sent an...

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...﻿KHILAFATMOVEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
The First World War brought crises for the Muslim as the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought alongside the German and the Austrian empires against Britain, France and Russia. The Turkish defeated and at the end of the war, Muslims all over the world were concerned about how turkey would be treated. The Turkish sultan was recognized as the Khalifa, or Caliph: (the Khalifa had been the head of the world). It still had great symbolic value for all Muslims because the Ottoman Empire controlled a vast empire, which included the cities of Makah, Medina and Jerusalem. When the British threatened to take territory away from the khalifa, Muslims in India were outraged and formed the Khilafatmovement to protect the sultan and their religion.
The Lucknow Pact showed that Muslims and Hindus could work together towards a common aim. When the Khilafatmovement was formed, it looked like another example of how they could cooperate. But as time went on, it became apparent that religious differences made it impossible for them to work together without communal fears continually undermining the supposed harmony.
2. FORMATION OF THE KHILAFATMOVEMENT
A. Deep- seated Muslim fears
The KhilafatMovement did not spring solely from the British threat to dismember the Turkish Empire. It had its roots in a deep-seated...

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The Temperance Movement
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