Hydrocephalus

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Hydrocephalus is a buildup of fluid inside the skull that leads to brain swelling.

Hydrocephalus means "water on the brain."

Causes

Hydrocephalus is due to a problem with the flow of the fluid that surrounds the brain. This fluid is called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF. The fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord and helps cushion the brain.

CSF normally moves through the brain and the spinal cord and is soaked into the bloodstream. CSF levels in the brain can rise if:

The flow of CSF is blocked.

The fluid does not get properly absorbed into the blood.

The brain makes too much of the fluid.

Too much CSF puts pressure on the brain. This pushes the brain up against the skull and damages brain tissue.

Hydrocephalus may begin while the baby is growing in the womb. It is common in babies who have a myelomeningocele, a birth defect in which the spinal column does not close properly.

Hydrocephalus may also be due to:

Genetic defects

Certain infections during pregnancy

In young children, hydrocephalus may be due to:

Infections that affect the central nervous system (such as meningitis or encephalitis), especially in infants

Bleeding in the brain during or soon after delivery (especially in premature babies)

Injury before, during, or after childbirth, including subarachnoid hemorrhage

Tumors of the central nervous system, including the brain or spinal cord

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to reduce or prevent brain damage by improving the flow of CSF.

Surgery may be done to remove a blockage, if possible.

If not, a flexible tube called a shunt may be placed in the brain to reroute the flow of CSF. The shunt sends CSF to another part of the body, such as the belly area, where it can be absorbed.

Other treatments may include:

Antibiotics if there are signs of infection. Severe infections may require the shunt to be removed.

A procedure called endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), which relieves pressure without replacing the shunt.

Removing or burning away (cauterizing) the parts of the brain that produce CSF.

The child will need regular check-ups to make sure there are no further problems. Tests will be done regularly to check the child's development, and to look for intellectual, neurological, or physical problems.

Visiting nurses, social services, support groups, and local agencies can provide emotional support and help with the care of a child with hydrocephalus who has serious brain damage.

Outlook (Prognosis)

Without treatment, up to 6 in 10 people with hydrocephalus will die. Those who survive will have different amounts of intellectual, physical, and neurological disabilities.

The outlook depends on the cause. Hydrocephalus that is not due to an infection has the best outlook. People with hydrocephalus caused by tumors will often do very poorly.

Most children with hydrocephalus who survive for 1 year will have a fairly normal lifespan.

Possible Complications

The shunt may become blocked. Symptoms of such a blockage include headache and vomiting. Surgeons may be able to help the shunt open without having to replace it.

There may be other problems with the shunt, such as kinking, tube separation, or infection in the area of the shunt.

Other complications may include:

Complications of surgery

Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis

Intellectual impairment

Nerve damage (decrease in movement, sensation, function)

Physical disabilities

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Seek medical care right away if your child has any symptoms of this disorder. Go to the emergency room or call 911 if emergency symptoms occur, such as:

Breathing problems

Extreme drowsiness or sleepiness

Feeding difficulties

Fever

High-pitched cry

No pulse (heartbeat)

Seizures

Severe headache

Stiff neck

Vomiting

You should also call your provider if:

The child has been diagnosed with hydrocephalus and the condition gets worse.

You are unable to care for the child at home.

Prevention

Protect the head of an infant or child from injury. Prompt treatment of infections and other disorders associated with hydrocephalus may reduce the risk of developing the disorder.

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