The marketplace tells you that "middleware is everywhere" when all along it should wise up and recognize that "middleware is dead." Because that's the new reality of enterprise computing today, according to Sun's president & CEO Jonathan Schwartz.

What's more important: Running your business or integrating middleware?

Should be an obvious answer, right?

Then why is the marketplace spending so much energy wallowing in the history of "middleware is everywhere"? Habit. A habit to which thousands of IT professionals devote their lives. But integrating middleware to build one-off business systems is about to perish with the rise of shared services - the services you'd like to build once, then execute on behalf of all your business systems.

As an example, when's the last time you hired someone? Remember what it was like getting them "badged" and into the company? You had to grant them access to payroll, benefits, a desktop login, e-mail, the CRM, and forecasting systems, then assign them an office and a phone.

Most likely, your company built a unique provisioning mechanism for each of the systems I just cited. One for HR, one for the sales force, one for information security, and yet another for physical security. And then you likely created even more redundancy by building one set for your intranet employees and another for your Internet customer or supplier systems. That's inefficient, and in the world of Sarbanes-Oxley, a real problem - who has access to what? And why did you build 17 different systems?

The same is true for most services that now make far more sense in a shared environment, from portals (how many does your company have?), to e-mail and application services, down to clustering and Web servers. There's no real utility in having multiples of these services, as Nicholas Carr would point out, where your implementation doesn't generate a competitive advantage. How you authenticate users and provision them with access to your systems is an unlikely competitive advantage. So why build a one-off solution instead of relying on an integrated system?

Good question.

Our belief is that the vast majority of Web services are better run as shared services. What's the holdup, then? When we looked into this a year ago, we found three challenges:

1. Roadmap sprawlThere's no coordinating force causing all the required elements of shared services (from authentication to portals, Web services to clustering) to coalesce around a common release, interoperability, or support matrix. So you have no choice but to build your own.

2. PricingMiddleware pricing is anything but shared - per CPU, per identity, per mailbox, per portal, per cluster node - pricing opacity obscures the real savings in running shared services. And if you can figure it out, you probably can't afford them.

1. The rise of Sun's Java Enterprise SystemSun's Java Enterprise System offers all the basic components, from directory and identity management to Web services, even e-mail and clustering. All in a single deliverable, prequalified, tested, and supported on multiple platforms.

2. Pricing goes to a $100/employee subscriptionWhy buy software differently than how you buy office furniture - by the employee? If your workforce decreases, you pay less, and vice versa. The ultimate in predictable, transparent pricing.

3. Licensing - infinite RTUIf the distinction between the intranet and extranet is disappearing, so should the distinction in our licensing. So $100/employee buys you the right to use (RTU) all these services on all systems. At infinite scale - once you've paid for your employees, your customers are free. Free. It's your software.

The vendors who believe hardware is commoditizing suggest the same forces won't affect software. We believe it affects both.

And as the world moves to recognize the value of a shared services infrastructure, it's our belief that middleware is history. Long live the system. The Java Enterprise System.

Jonathan Schwartz is president and chief operating officer of Sun Microsystems. In this role he is responsible for operations and execution of Sun's day-to-day business including Systems, Software, Global Sales Operations, worldwide manufacturing and purchasing, customer advocacy and worldwide marketing. Prior to this position, he served as EVP of Sun's software group where he was responsible for the company's software technologies and business. While in this position, he revolutionized Sun's software strategy with the introduction of the Java System, an innovative collection of highly integrated software for the development, deployment and operation of Java technologies.

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Total Trash! At the very least, the guy could write a few paragraphs outlining why it is dead, instead of saying "its too expensive" so buy our crap. I expect more from JDJ than this, maybe I shouldn''t.

Guidosky02/20/04 06:15:17 PM EST

The best Sun can do to follow BEA Systems, Gartner Group and IBM vision on Application Platform Suites and SOA.
But it is nstill ot enough to catch the front runners.

Rod02/19/04 12:49:45 PM EST

Several respondents picked up on this immediately: Another thinly disguised (if it were disguised at all) sales pitch, with a direct attack against IBM.

What "Jonathon" fails to recognize is that it is crazy (cost prohibitive) to rip and replace legacy systems. Oracle pitches a similar message (one source - Oracle), I think. A company who does that risks its own demise: while they spend money rearchitecting existing processes and functionality, their competition will push them into oblivion.

Web Services is one of the many keys to the future, along with information integration (both EAI and EII). Middleware helps make that happen.

jackprogrammer: If you can write a program to generate marketing hype, I am not sure if you are a genius or sick...

Fred Smith02/18/04 09:48:32 PM EST

A catchy title yes but what you are offering is just your own middleware with Sun branding. In short a sales pitch for your own product. Lame. Joining the party rather late don''t you think? A dollar short and a day late. Must have read those briefs by Gartner that this area of the market is hot!

Serban Florea02/18/04 11:49:42 AM EST

This is just another sales pitch for the newest fashionable abstraction. And those web services, what do they run behind the scenes, if not middleware ?

jackprogrammer02/18/04 04:37:42 AM EST

This is really useful stuff for all of us Java programmers. Please give me more! and more! Long Live the Schwartz! I think I could write a program to generate this sort of garbage.

Mark Rosenthal02/14/04 08:12:58 PM EST

Hello John,

Yes, the lack of Canonicals costs me far more in up-front integration effort than differences in format and protocol. Couldn''t agree more. It''s amazing that format and protocol get so much of the SOA discussion bandwidth.

But if the challenges in establishing Canonicals were mostly technical, I wouldn''t still today be having semantics discussions with EDI trading partners. How long will it take for semantic (not technical) conformance to emerge? Recent experience with UCCnet is making me think this (the semantics, not the mechanism/technology) is much harder than most people thought.

Mr. Rosenthal -
Yep, I work a few levels under Tony Scott. So regarding decoupling the semantics from the app that creates it... Take an example of the UDEF ID''s being assigned to each data element in a schema, or each data element in an RDF taxonomy. This exists as an online resource, and there would be resolver services on the wire to perform lookups and transforms in real time. By the way, an example UDEF ID appears as d.t.2_8, which is literally translated as purchase.order.document_identifier. So the ID is an attribute of the actual data element.

Then consider an approach like the new Content Assembly Mechanism (CAM) TC in OASIS to actually compose the content.

Using common, or Canonical, based formats like OAGIS, we can achieve real human-free integration, where the formats are well defined, and all data elements are labeled with UDEF IDs.

If shared services through standard protocol and formatting make creating point-to-point connections between applications easier, than I submit they are evil.

If in a few years, a shared service is replaced with another which has somewhat different content and semantics, then each and every application that was coded to directly use that service may need to adapt. In an environment with a large number of point-to-point connections between shared services, the arithmetic of change becomes absolutely frightening. Inter-application "spaghetti" is not a result of multiple protocols and formats or even semantics, it''s a result of multiple point-to-point application connections.

If I had to make a choice between point-to-point shared services versus hub-and-spoke messaging through proprietary interfaces, I''d choose hub-and-spoke every time.

Fortunately there is no need for such a choice. Shared services will just make the job of connecting services to my middleware layer easier.

I strongly believe the whole problem with the article is in the different interpretations of the word middleware. Mr. Schwartz is referring to middleware as opposite of shared service. I understood what he means by middleware is really repeated, un-sharable, scattered services that are floating in an enterprise. If this is what he is referring to then he really has to fix the terminology. And if he is referring to such services, I agree with that. The age of un-shareable services has come to an end.

But what is next. SOA techniques have not really matured to a level that we can say SOA implementation solves all the problems. For example we can talk about reuse and SHARED SERVICES. A service cannot be called a shared service until others outside a project use such service by adoption and integration with their system. So even term shared service is a very delicate term to use. This is an extensive discussion by itself. The other issue with shared service is versioning. How do we version such service? How do we deprecate old services? There are many answers but what is the unified, standard answer to such issue.

SOA as you said has to go through many trials and implementations until we can come up with a set of standard practices and patterns, which can be used in most enterprise implementations.

By the way, in my earlier posting I said that Mr. Schwartz is right in his assessment. I should have said also that it is true if he thinks of services (e-mail, portal, application services, and etc) being middleware not the real meaning of middleware(the glue).

Now if I am correct in my assessment of the article here are some good definition for Mr. Schwartz to consider. Let look at some of the definition I found on the web:
1. In http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/~jphb/comms/esppt/esppt1/sld024.htm it says: Layer of software that is between client and server processes that deliver the extra functionality. This basically refers to RPC, SOAP, RDA and etc..
2. In http://www.cren.net/crenca/glossary/cpglossary.html : Middleware: Software that connects two otherwise separate applications OR separate products that serve as the glue between two applications. It is, therefore, distinct from import and export features that may be built into one of the applications. Middleware is sometimes called plumbing because it connects two sides of an application and passes data between them. (For example, there are a number of middleware products that link a database system to a Web server. This allows users to request data from the database using forms displayed on a Web browser, and it enables the Web server to return dynamic Web pages based on the user''s requests and profile.)
3. In http://www.hyperdictionary.com/dictionary/middleware : Software that mediates between an application program and a network. It manages the interaction between disparate applications across the heterogeneous computing platforms. The Object Request Broker (ORB), software that manages communication between objects, is an example of a middleware program.

> GM use Web service and XML to exchange information (or online transactional invocation) over some standard protocol such as HTTP. This requires high bandwidth
> Significant upgrade of hardware and software infrastructure to accommodate a new SOA

I would carefully consider the following

> ROI of services within internal as most organization have similar development standard and platform (except case of so much difference è I would question about the standards governance practice)
> Security of key services as far as I know this is still key issue with WS
> Provide a level of playing field to partners with Web Services is a fair call. However, be more careful with high volume transactions as high bandwidth and slow consumer will cause issues with expired transaction at the provider end. I face this once by mistake with our design / architecture.

Well I believe Middleware still around for a while and certainly Jonathan Schwartz are too optimistic of his SUN strategy with Enterprise Java offerings.

Messaging still dominate the bridge and message-compliant product vendor will watch SOA closely ever. We need some good and large SOA implementation for all of us to learn and increase its profile so key players are getting serious about this.

It is good to hear you are doing this. Please email, as I would love to discuss and to know how you are going with this with its achievement and any challenge you may have faced.

Is it any wonder EDI won''t die? Even with phonebook-sized X.12 manuals and carefully constructed implementation guides, we still work through semantic issues with EDI.

The XML based messaging standards have a long way to go before reaching even that level of conformity. It will take multiple organizations with influence like GM to push this forward. To me, this looks like a problem that is years away from a solution.

In the meantime... as you pointed out previously, how do you deal with differences in semantics, never mind format and protocol? And as I mentioned earlier, I would add the need to de-couple content from the specific application that produces it, allowing for a change in application architecture over time. Don''t hard-wire your enterprise business content semantics to an arbitrary set of application silos that existed at one point in time. Middleware is the solution of course.

By the way, it''s always entertaining to listen to Tony Scott. Do you work in his organization?

Huy - Regarding the SOA from large corporations, I am currently working as a Chief Architect at General Motors, where the focus of the group I work in is not only delivering ebXML to a large group of trading partners (30K +) but also an internal enterprise wide SOA.

And I agree with your comments: the protocol I believe should be one or several of the OASIS and W3 based methods, specifically Schema and CAM to name a few. I believe that several will work in concert to provide these kinds of services.

Middleware will be dead, as soon as there is an answer to the semantic equivalency problem! One of the purposes of middleware is to bridge between formats that have the same data elements, but that are named differently. For example in OAGIS is the same as in xCBL. If a company needs to transform from OAGIS to xCBL, there is a human mapping effort, and map code in middleware to execute.

The Universal Data Element Framework is gaining steam in standards bodies to provide an open standards based mechanism to resolve the semantic equivalency between disparate formats.

It would be far more accurate to say that "middleware is not enough." Message Qeueus (JMS, MSMQ, WebSphere MQ, for example) all lack the kind of cross-platform integration framework needed to efficiently implement an SOA. The major vendors all make the mistake of trying to force one into a single paradigm (J2EE, .NET) while ignoring the need to generate legacy objects (from 5250, 3270, VT, CICS, COBOL, RPG, etc.) that can be deployed across platforms.

Sure, as developers it would be great to live in a world of infinite time and infinite investment in software development, but in the real world you need to leverage existing apps, bridge platforms and complete projects once in a while.

Middleware is dead because we have service oriented
architectures everywhere? But how are the services
communicating? Maybe there is a new name for Middleware
now.

Aren''t we working in a great field, where people create
new Hype words for the same old solutions all the time?

That article is only good for non techies to impress
each other with there tech knowlege.

Philip Berman02/10/04 03:57:35 PM EST

Perhaps SUN''s middleware efforts are dead. They killed NetDynamics, Kiva, and iPlanet. I don''t see Oracle''s 10g AS, IBM WebSphere or BEA going away anytime soon. I guess Jonathan Schwartz does have a big fancy title, and a nice pony tail, but he has no idea what he''s talking about. He''s eating his own HYpe, and seems to no little about actual work i.e. programming.

Leif Ashley02/10/04 03:42:21 PM EST

You have to admire someone of this worth managing to slip in to and hold a top level position at SUN. This has to be the stupidest comment I''ve seen since Gates said 640KB should be enough for anyone.

SUN and others have been hailing "services" from the SOAP/XML beginnings, and nothing has come of it, mainly due to middleware complexities. I might also add the complexities arise from crap like EJB specs.

I think about 50 of us good developers should get together and build something else that works instead of waiting for SUN to make it happen.

Michael02/10/04 03:22:01 PM EST

What is the going rate to run an ad -- oops, I mean article like this in JDJ? I''ve got some software I''d like to sell -- oops again, I mean explain as well.

Bob02/10/04 03:14:49 PM EST

There will always be a middle. It just moves around a lot.

Joe02/10/04 03:08:30 PM EST

No sure if sun really understand the concept of middleware. If they do, BEA will not exist any more.

Jim02/10/04 02:17:34 PM EST

Does Sun has ever built any successful software? How about its memory-leaking Solaris libraries and the failed ONE?

Mike C02/10/04 02:14:47 PM EST

I''m glad everyone else sees through this load he dropped. I was going to say something similar to Chuck Sinnett and Darren Pye. What about the "middleware" that runs the WebServices?! Just because he''s trying to call it a platform doesn''t change anything.

John Son02/10/04 02:09:45 PM EST

Did anyone find themselves scrolling/sizing their window so as to obscure the annoying pictures of Jonathan while reading this article/sales pitch?

Ben Dover02/10/04 02:08:04 PM EST

Was this an article to read, or an excuse to have some executive get off on having his photo plastered all over a sales pitch?

Vincent DeFrazio02/10/04 12:04:14 PM EST

Unfortunately reps from Sun keep putting out this junk. They used to be a company I respected and now I can''t wait for them to go away. I respect them less than Microsoft these days. Why must they confuse the market like this. They are bitter and dying. Intel, Linux, Microsoft, WebLogic, die Sun die but give Java to an open consortium first. JDJ, please stop publishing such junk from Sun.

Tom Bender02/10/04 11:26:08 AM EST

Perhaps you need to spread a few 8"x10" photos of yourself across this 200 word piece of trash.

Brad O''Hearne02/10/04 11:10:04 AM EST

Joseph,

I don''t think Tony''s concern was about JDJ -- its about Sun''s "software czar" basically blowing a gaping hole in the side of J2EE. When the provider of the technology that the industry has invested in basically talks down its primary use, that''s an issue. Now I''ve heard from elsewhere that the point being made is one that stand-alone middleware is dead, but middleware in the operating system is the future. That may be true, but Sun ought to be careful about firing on developers in their own Java development community. Such an OS-centric view is extremely ironic, and sounds a whole lot like Microsoft...

Mark Rosenthal02/10/04 11:05:40 AM EST

Shared services reduce the effort in establishing communication with applications. This is good. I still want an abstraction layer in the middle. In a world where there is much overlap between what functions commercial apps provide, this allows me to break inter-application dependency and minimize the impact of replacing apps or even changing the relationships between apps and the information they provide. Middleware lets me keep subscribers to content isolated from change.

Joseph Ottinger02/10/04 10:52:45 AM EST

Tony, note that JDJ isn''t a monolith - there are dissenting opinions internally, as you can expect from people drawn from a lot of areas.

An article like this *is* his opinion. You''re free to disagree with it.

JDJ, please cite that this is some sort of either a) a shock journalism article to generate reader ire or b) a paid ad. Either way, it seems pretty thin on anything substantive.

Schwartz, is this just your opinion? Clarify how this $100/person Office fits with your overall SUN corporate goal. Planning to jettison J2ee?

Free hint: exit in the fashion year of 1993, lose the ponytail.

Jim Buckner02/10/04 10:35:29 AM EST

Jonathan should be glad that Middleware IS ALIVE and well -- otherwise J2EE wouldn't stand a chance in a world where key business components exist in silos. We and most other organizations would not spend the money and could probably not bring together the resources to re-develop business software on a J2EE Platform without middleware like EntireX.

Colin Waterhouse III02/10/04 10:31:12 AM EST

I think the only thing this article lacks is a few more pictures of Jonathan Schwartz.

Brad O'Hearne02/10/04 10:03:53 AM EST

Sun really needs a PR firm to start auditing its employees' public statements. From the CEO down, its just one foot in the mouth after another. This is not only a weak sales pitch, it really undermines the leadership and technical knowledge at Sun. Nothing like making silly, nonsensical technical comments to try to sell a new product, while at the same time blowing a hole in Java''s primary area of success: J2EE.

I think you could consider J2EE middleware in his context. Stick a web services front end on that and now your J2EE EJBs, app server services and connectors are the middleware. Since the model seems to relegate J2EE as middleware, I hope he didn''t mean J2EE is "history" ;)

To put an article like this in a developers'' magazine is utterly foolish. JDJ should be ashamed they let ANY vendor have this kind of space to put out an absolutely content-free article like this. Even as a sales pitch, it''s not a very good one. Poor Sun.

Dave Geise02/10/04 08:50:13 AM EST

Hmmm... since Sun can''t find a way to make money on its middleware, what have they got to lose by declaring middleware is dead? The only middleware that''s dead is Sun''s.

Andy S02/10/04 08:48:34 AM EST

I dunno. Maybe he is talking about web services light weight soap infastructure replacing messaging and corba
infastructures. Is J2EE EJB considered a middleware in
his context? He should have said something about J2EE.
The way I see it, web services are good for communicating between 2 processes. Somebody has to build and webservice enable the 2 processes.

Chuck Sinnett02/10/04 08:20:30 AM EST

So, if middleware is dead, what are you going to use to create these shared services? What will provide the workflow, transformation and integration tools needed to do it? Hummm.... ....

Of course integration is better. Of course you''re going to save if you can have everything integrated by a service layer. Yes J2EE is a good for all of this.

However, in the scenario he proposes, unless you are starting from the ground up, you won''t be eliminating middleware by using J2EE. You will be using J2EE as middleware.

I think his catch phrase should have read, "Middleware is J2EE", rather then "Middleware is history".

I love J2EE and highly recommend it, but I certainly wouldn''t try to sell it as though its a magical solution that can make all other middleware history. Yes it would be wonderful if all companies could develop a single service layer that instead of being the glue that binds, is the framework upon which they rely...but rarely is anything that simple. Its an idealized view wich oversimplifies the realities. Worth shooting for sure, and even some times achievable, but the concept is nothing new.

In a sense he has diminished the value of J2EE by making it sound like just another middleware solution...the Parlay of business systems.

IMO, this article is just another sales pitch, and not a very good one.

Ed02/10/04 08:08:49 AM EST

If the readers of the JDJ don''t buy into this ''vision'', who will? The basic concept of ''one fits all'' for any area of IT is intrinsically flawed.

John Vekich02/10/04 08:02:30 AM EST

Schwartz is off smoking the curtains on this one. He needs to get out into the real world. And any java developer who swallows such assetions on blind faith also needs a reality check. You are selling an overly complicated solution here as a magic solution to all of IT''s ills. Somewhere along the line Sun aka Scott forgot the KISS Rule. Way too many moving parts and levels of obfuscation.

Man... is he trying to be the poster-boy for the end of middleware ? How many times does someone's mug shot need to be in an article ? There should have been other graphics depicting a network diagram or something to support his thesis. All he needs now is maybe a string of numbers on a placard held below his chin...

NICK XIDIS02/10/04 07:05:43 AM EST

Pretty pathetic. Sun, JDJ and Jonathan can do much better. There are some real issues of real substance; SOA, software licensing, etc... in what Jonathan has to say. Too bad it comes wrapped in sensationalism and a poorly delivered sales pitch.

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