Meta

Survival for glioblastoma (GBM) patients with an unmethyated promoter in their

Survival for glioblastoma (GBM) patients with an unmethyated promoter in their tumor is generally worse than methylated tumors as temozolomide (TMZ) response is limited. every 2 weeks until progression. Imaging evaluations occurred every 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Of the 48 unmethylated patients enrolled 46 were evaluable (29 men and 17 women); median age was 55.5 years (29-75) and median KPS was 90 (70-100). All patients completed RT with Daidzein TMZ. The median number of cycles (1 cycle was 4 weeks) was 8 (2-47). Forty-one patients either progressed or died with a median progression free survival of 9.2 months. At a follow up of 33 months the median overall survival was 13.2 months. There were no unexpected toxicities and most observed toxicities were categorized as CTC grade 1 or 2 2. The combination of erlotinib and bevacizumab is tolerable but did not meet our primary endpoint of increasing survival. Daidzein Importantly more trials are needed to find better therapies for GBM patients with an unmethylated promoter. promoter survive on average twice as long as those with unmethylated promoters when treated with TMZ [2 3 5 The efficacy of concurrent and adjuvant TMZ in Daidzein the unmethylated patient population is quite limited. Unfortunately only one-third of patients have tumors with methylated promoter creating a significant unmet need for improved therapies for the remainder and majority of patients with GBM [5]. Vascular proliferation is one of Pfkp the hallmarks of GBM that is most commonly associated with an increase in production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) subtype A [6 7 VEGF blockade can potentially decrease tumor growth by inhibiting pathway activation thereby preventing neoangiogenesis. Several anti-angiogenic agents targeting the VEGF pathway in recurrent GBM have been tried in clinical trials [8-11]. Only bevacizumab had positive data leading to an accelerated FDA approval in 2009 2009 based on data from two trials [8 9 Two confirma-tory trials in newly diagnosed patients failed to show a survival benefit with bevacizumab [3 12 Prominent abnormalities in signal transduction pathways are also characteristic of GBM. Based on the data from the TCGA Epidermal Growth Factor is one of the most overexpressed or mutated abnormalities in GBM [13]. EGF is mitogenic an effect mediated by the binding of EGF to a cell surface EGF receptor (EGFR). To date single agents targeting EGFR such as erlotinib gefitinib or afatinib have Daidzein not been successful in the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma [14-19]. The efficacy of single agent targeted therapies in malignant gliomas has been poor. However pre-clinical data suggest that a multi-targeted approach may be more efficacious than single target inhibition [20-24]. Given the poor outcome of GBM patients with unmethylated promoter methylation status was assessed by a central laboratory (Lab Corp NC). Unmethylated patients then moved onto to the second step of the trial after completion of RT; methylated patients were not enrolled. Consent had to be signed before the onset of radiation. A 1 cm3 block of tissue was required for analysis thereby excluding biopsy only patients. For eligibility patients had to be ≥18 years of age with a Karnofsky performance status (KPS) ≥70. Tumor was required to be supratentorial and a post operative MRI was required no more than 72 h after Daidzein surgery or >4 weeks (±7 days) after surgery. Evaluable or measurable disease following resection of tumor was not mandated. No prior treatment was allowed including the use of carmustine implant (Gliadel? Wafer) or radiosurgery. All patients were treated with 60 Gy of radiation with concomitant TMZ at 75 mg/m2/day × 42 days (±3 days). Eligible patients started the experimental regimen of bevacizumab and erlotinib 4 weeks (±7 days) after the completion of RT + TMZ. Eligibility was reassessed as step 2 2 of sign up prior to initiation of the experimental treatment. Within 7 days of sign up individuals were required to have adequate bone marrow liver and renal function a prothrombin time/international normalized percentage (PT/INR) <1.4 for individuals not on warfarin and they could not possess proteinuria as demonstrated by a urine protein: creatinine (UPC) percentage ≥1.0 or urine dipstick for protein-uria ≥2+ (if ≥2+.