What does urban resilience mean in the Eastern Caribbean context?

When you think of a city, what comes to your mind? Skyscrapers? Subways? Crowds of people jostling each other as they head to work? And what comes to mind when you think of an Eastern Caribbean island? Sun, sand, beaches paradise? Yet, Eastern Caribbean countries also have cities of thousands of people. In 2017, 35% of the Eastern Caribbean* population was urban: 221,000 out of 628,000 people lived in cities.

These cities are usually the country’s political, business and cultural centers. They also concentrate high percentages of economic activity and GDP generation. Close to 45% of St. Lucia’s GDP is generated in the capital city, Castries, for example.

While the paradise you imagine is real, these cities are also plagued with challenges seen in other large cities around the world, such as aging infrastructure, housing deficits, poor traffic management, inefficient public services, and inadequate solid waste management and drainage systems. In addition, many informal settlements exist in and around the cities, and some of these have higher crime and violence rates.

In addition, many Eastern Caribbean capital cities are experiencing urban sprawl. Between 2001 and 2011, for example, population in St. George, Grenada, declined by 15%, but its outskirts grew by 23%. Meanwhile, in St. John (Antigua), it declined by 5%, but the outskirts grew by 43%.

On top of these challenges, there is a substantial risk of disasters. Given their location on the path of the Atlantic hurricane belt and their rugged topography, Eastern Caribbean countries are highly exposed to hydro-meteorological and geological hazards. As a recent World Bank study identified, small island economies can be hit the hardest by natural disasters but their impact least visible on the global stage because the overall size of GDP loss is small. However, when the percentage of GDP loss is considered, many small states have some of the highest losses in the world, with Caribbean nations ranking among the top 25 out of 175 countries. Just in the last two decades, these countries have experienced hydro-meteorological disasters costing on average USD 206 million annually. Most recently, in September 2017, Hurricane Maria devastated Dominica resulting in 30 deaths and causing USD 1.3 billion in damages and losses (approximately 226% of the GDP).

A unique set of challenges

Given this unique set of challenges and scale, building urban resilience in the region will take smarter land use planning and investments infrastructure to curb the impacts caused by storms, flooding, and other disasters. It will also require creating a fiscal space through relevant fiscal rules and disciplines, and efficiencies in public financial management for resilient investments and addressing the fiscal vulnerability driven by high indebtedness.

To seriously address these problems, Governments are crafting policies, implementing programs and engaging development partners to revitalize their cities attract more tourism revenue, increase economic growth and improve quality of life.

Investment Lending: In St. Lucia, we are working with the Government on the Climate Adaptation Financing Facility, which provides concessional financing to eligible households and local businesses to build resilience of the housing stock. In Dominica, we are supporting the improvement of resilient building practices in the housing sector through the Housing Recovery project.

Policy Dialogue: In St. Lucia, we are providing strategic and technical inputs into Urban, Land and Housing policies, such as the St. Lucia Urban Transformation Policy and the National Land Policy.

Technical Assistance: Throughout the Eastern Caribbean, we are providing assistance to governments to enhance their understanding of their disaster risks. For example: we are modeling housing vulnerability in St. Lucia using surveys, drones and machine learning; quantifying disaster related public contingent liabilities in Grenada and St. Lucia; and calculating socio-economic and physical vulnerability of households to enhance social protection programs in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.

There is still substantial work to do in supporting Caribbean nations advance their urban resilience agenda, and we welcome your thoughts on relevant solutions and ways to integrate innovation and disruptive technologies into this agenda.

*For the Eastern Caribbean, we are only including: Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG).

Comments

I’m grateful for current data on the Eastern Caribbean noted in the article; and for its early mention that inadequate waste management is problematic to building resilience. Our work (greeningthecaribbean.com) is a direct operational response to the waste disposal “crisis” specifically in this region. It’s visual impact observed through litter, and it’s not so visible pollution. By securing waste management contracts with businesses and setting up a system for each we enable the diversion - for recycling - of ewaste, cardboard, metals, plastic bottles. Our services to the private sector 1. reduce the amount of waste dumped in St. Lucia’s landfill 2. Contributes to SDG Goal 7/Climate Action and Goal 11/sustainable communities; 3. Eliminate the risk of improper handling/disposal of waste and environmental risks. Our business model includes gaining greater market share in the Slu’s Urban capital and scaling it across to other Eastern Caribbean countries and city centers mentioned in the article. In fact, thanks to the WBG thru CCIC we refined some of our practices.