It’s impossible not to marvel at the spectacle and camaraderie of the Olympics — to be awestruck by athletes who have devoted their lives with monomaniacal intensity to perfecting a sport.

NP Graphics

Yet behind the dramas and heartbreak that catch the world’s attention, few wonder how the games are run and funded.

That’s just the way the International Olympic Committee (IOC) likes it. The exclusive and secretive organization is a cozy old boys’ club (with a few women) critics compare to the Italian mafia.

Although governments contribute cash to the Olympics, the IOC is private. It receives billions in revenue that critics say are not subject to enough scrutiny.

“Because it’s a private organization — they are not funded by the government or by the public — they don’t have any obligation to give information or be transparent,” said Jean-Loup Chappelet, a professor at the graduate school of public administration at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and one of the few academics to study the IOC’s governance.

Several members have been embroiled in match fixing or vote buying scandals, while others have uncomfortable ties to sponsors and broadcasters who have struck lucrative deals with the games. Some, essentially, inherited their roles, such as Juan Antonio Samaranch Jr., executive committee member and son of the long-time former president.

FABRICE COFFRINI/AFP/Getty Images

The IOC has a say in every aspect of the Games. It oversees national Olympic committees, negotiates broadcast and sponsorship rights, and decides what sports can compete. Most crucially, it picks the sites.

File

And although IOC representatives are unpaid, their position alone guarantees extraordinary influence. They also enjoy such perks as free travel and event tickets.

The group’s image as a secretive coalition with a culture of kickbacks and corruption made headlines during the Salt Lake City scandal in 1998.

Although the IOC has attempted real reform since then, critics say it is not as fair-minded as its Olympic ideals and far from being democratic. Until it imposes strict term limits on members and opens its nomination process, a secretive few will continue to control the world’s largest celebration of sport.

The Olympics were once much more innocent. The brainchild of Pierre de Coubertin, the modern Games were first held in Athens in 1896 as an attempt to recreate the competitions of ancient Greece.

DAVID GOLDMAN/AFP/Getty Images

Since then, they have evolved into a staggering and lucrative spectacle. Under the aegis of the IOC, national bodies and international sports federations oversee the development and qualification of athletes. An organizing committee is struck to manage each Games.

Although the 104 members are elected, they must first pass the scrutiny of the IOC executive. The result is a culture that is “closed and conservative. It’s like a club,” said Prof. Chappelet.

“There’s almost no accountability or transparency. It’s a secretive voting process. Who knows what goes on behind the scenes?” added Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, a retired professor at the University of Toronto and author of several books on the Olympics.

One of the most contentious issues is the IOC’s choice of undemocratic states that have little regard for human rights, such as China and Russia.

The IOC insists it is politically neutral, with President Thomas Bach calling U.S. President Barack Obama’s refusal to go to Sochi an “ostentatious gesture.”

JUNG YEON-JE/AFP/Getty Images

“We are grateful to those who respect the fact that sport can only contribute to the development of peace if it’s not used as a stage for political dissent, or for trying to score points in internal or external contexts,” Mr. Bach said.

Getty Images

But staging an Olympics pays big dividends for host nations. The show-stopping spectacles in Sochi and Beijing distract the world from the opaque and dictatorial political systems underpinning them.

The most prominent example is, of course, the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, a triumph of pre-war Nazi propaganda.

The fascist connections don’t stop there: Juan Antonio Samaranch Sr., IOC president for 21 years, was a sports minister under Spanish military dictator Francisco Franco.

Andrew Jennings, a British investigative journalist who has written several books on the IOC, has even found photographs of Mr. Samaranch delivering “Heil Hitler” salutes.

“Nobody ever says the ‘f-word’ when writing about the Olympics,” he said.

Getty Images

“The problem with the IOC is that it’s covered by sports reporters who are too craven and cowardly … [IOC members] are a bunch of very dubious people seizing on ordinary people who have a passion for sport.”

PIERRE-PHILIPPE MARCOU/AFP/Getty Images

That passion does not seem to be abating.

Sochi’s $51-billion price tag is the most spent on any Olympics. Prof. Chappelet said the number of cities rich enough to afford the Games continues to shrink. A serious bid now costs $50-million to $100-million, much of it spent on lobbying.

This gives non-democratic regimes an advantage: They can spend enormous amounts of money without having to worry about accountability.

“It’s not politically acceptable, but it has been said that it’s easier to organize an Olympics in non-democratic countries where people don’t have a say,” he said.

But Dick Pound, a former Olympian and Canada’s only IOC member, says selectors shouldn’t discriminate against such states.

“The fact that the style of government is not one that mirrors Canada doesn’t mean [such a] country is any less worthy or less able to organize the games,” he said from Sochi.

“There’s an evolution in economics and politics … The Russia of today is not the Soviet Union of 30 years ago. Brazil is not the country it was 30 years ago.

“I think you have to be ready to move your event around the world, and not try to stereotype the kinds of governments and political organizations that are ‘worthy’ of hosting the games.”

One thing that is not in doubt is the values of the Games to the IOC.

[np_storybar title=”MEMBERS ONLY” link=””]CLUB FOR BLUE BLOODS As the increasingly wealthy Persian Gulf takes an interest in sports, it’s not surprising princes and princesses from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar dominate the list of royals belonging to the IOC. Of the 10 blue-bloods on the 108-person committee, four are from the Middle East. Thanks to their enormous oil wealth, the Gulf states are becoming muscular forces in the world of sport. The United Arab Emirates, for example, has invested a small fortune to develop a Formula One race track in a hotel just outside Abu Dhabi. Qatar is sparing no expense to construct facilities to host the 2022 soccer World Cup. Major sponsorship deals have recently been signed between Gulf state-owned airlines and European soccer clubs. Several royals are also Olympic athletes. Princess Haya Al Hussein, wife of the ruler of Dubai, competed as an equestrienne, Prince Albert of Monaco has represented the principality in sailing, while Princess Anne has ridden for Britain.

SHOWING THE LOGOS Sponsorships have become increasingly lucrative since the 1984 Los Angeles Games. Those games revolutionized the revenue stream by opting for a highly exclusive approach to corporate sponsorship — only one sponsor was allowed in any product category. This dramatically increased cash flow and profits. To maintain this exclusivity, Olympic organizers go to great lengths to control what logos are broadcast. This year, Apple logos on reporters’ laptops were taped over to preserve Samsung’s exclusivity. Although athletes generally have to leave their individual sponsors at home, the one exception is their equipment. That’s why skiers, for example, quickly doff their skis for post-run interviews, allowing them to display the logos.

PASSING THE TORCH One of the most beloved traditions of the Olympics actually has its origins in Nazi Germany. Although the Olympic torch was first lit in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics, the cross-continent torch relay was a Nazi innovation for the 1936 Berlin games. The Nazis’ torchbearers were the first to carry the flame from the Olympics to the host city — it was quite the spectacle at the time, particularly when the bearers crossed territories that were later invaded. However, the tradition stuck and is now regarded as a symbol of international camaraderie and cooperation.

Jen Gerson, National Post

[/np_storybar]

In 2009-12, the Olympics earned more than US$8-billion, mostly from broadcasting rights and sponsorships. Of that, 90% is distributed to national and organizing committees.

The IOC goes to extraordinary lengths to ensure the exclusivity and value of its corporate sponsorships. This year, for example, it ordered the hiding of car grills and covered up the Apple logos on media laptops with duct tape.

The competition among cities can be every bit as ruthless, as became clear during the Salt Lake City scandal.

Despite having technically superior bids, the Utah capital lost out several times. The 1998 Winter Olympics went to Nagano, after Japanese officials spent exorbitant sums entertaining IOC officials.

The IOC expelled six members. It also implemented numerous reforms, including opening its financial statements and annual general meetings. IOC members were also barred from visiting potential bid cities.

Mr. Pound believes these reforms had a major impact.

“[The IOC] may have been [secretive] at one point, but we’re one of the few international organizations that opens up its meetings to the media and publishes audited financial statements,” he said.

“In terms of governance principles that we now apply, we demonstrate best practices.”

Prof. Chappelet, on the other hand, thinks the IOC could do more to keep up with evolving standards. While the post-Salt Lake reforms were positive, they are now more than a decade old.

And the IOC has done little to continue improving in the meantime. Prof. Chappelet said even FIFA, the international body that governs soccer, has better ethics expectations than the IOC now.

“I think the public requests more now than it did in 1999 in terms of transparency,” he said. “The signposts have moved.”

Others wonder whether anything has really changed.

Ms. Lenskyj calls the post-Salt Lake improvements “superficial,” while in 2004, a BBC probe found several well-connected people willing to help London to secure IOC votes for the 2012 bid — for enough cash. Several recent books include statements from IOC members boasting about quid pro quo agreements, Ms. Lenskyj said.

Justin Trudeau’s Liberal government has released its last budget before the fall federal election

This Week's Flyers

Comments

Postmedia is pleased to bring you a new commenting experience. We are committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion and encourage all readers to share their views on our articles. We ask you to keep your comments relevant and respectful. Visit our community guidelines for more information.