Belief in core values triggers a ‘default-mode network’ in the brain

Scientists want to know why the brain devotes a huge amount of energy to whatever the network is doing

The default-mode network of the brain shows increased activity when subjects read stories that deal with their core values.
(Photo/Courtesy of Sarah Gimbel/USC)

Everyone has at least a few non-negotiable values. These are the things that, no matter the circumstance, you’d never compromise for any reason — such as “I’d never hurt a child” or “I’m against the death penalty.”

Real-time brain scans show that when people read stories that deal with these core, protected values, the “default-mode network” in their brains activates.

This network was once thought of as just the brain’s autopilot, since it has been shown to be active when you’re not engaged by anything in the outside world, but studies like this suggest that it’s actually working to find meaning in the narratives.

“The brain is devoting a huge amount of energy to whatever that network is doing. We need to understand why,” said Jonas Kaplan of the Brain and Creativity Institute at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. Kaplan was the lead author of the study, which was published on Jan. 7 in Cerebral Cortex.

The stories matter

Kaplan thinks that it’s not just that the brain is presented with a moral quandary, but rather that the quandary is presented in a narrative.

“We wanted to know how people tell stories in their daily lives. It was kind of like finding stories in their natural habitat,” said Kaplan, assistant research professor of psychology.

That 20 million was pared to 40 stories, each containing an example of a crisis involving a potentially protected value: cheating on a spouse, having an abortion, crossing a picket line or getting in a fight.

Those stories were translated into Mandarin Chinese and Farsi and then read by American, Chinese and Iranian participants in their own language while their brains were scanned by functional magnetic resonance imaging. They also answered general questions about the stories while being scanned.

Cherished values

Stories that participants said involved protected values activated the default-mode network in their brain to a greater degree. In addition, the level of activation varied from culture to culture. On average, Iranians showed the greatest level of activation in the study, while the Chinese participants showed the least.

Stories appear to be a fundamental way in which the brain organizes information in a practical and memorable manner.

Antonio Damasio

“Stories appear to be a fundamental way in which the brain organizes information in a practical and memorable manner. It is important to understand the neural mechanisms required to do this, and this study is a step in that direction,” said Antonio Damasio, senior author of the study. Damasio is co-director of the Brain and Creativity Institute, holder of the David Dornsife Chair in Neuroscience and a professor of psychology and neurology.

It’s not yet clear whether a value either is or is not protected, or whether the sacredness of a value is on a sliding scale. But in a nation where political beliefs are growing more polarized and entrenched, it’s important to understand what biological processes lie at the root of these values, Kaplan said.

“People will often hold political values as protected values and protected values are at the root of many political conflicts around the world, which is why they’re interesting to us,” he said.

Kaplan’s co-authors include researchers from the Brain and Creativity Institute and the USC Institute for Creative Technologies.