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Abstract:

A method for modulating the impedance of an antenna circuit supplying pump
signals to a charge pump comprising at least one first pump stage and one
last pump stage, the last pump stage supplying a continuous voltage. The
output of the first pump stage is short-circuited by means of a switch
and the last pump stage goes on pumping electric charges and supplying
the continuous voltage. Application in particular to RFID passive
transponders.

Claims:

1. A method for modulating the impedance of an antenna circuit supplying
pump signals to a charge pump having at least a first pump stage and a
last pump stage, the last pump stage supplying a continuous voltage, the
method comprising a step of applying a short-circuit to the charge pump,
wherein the short-circuit is applied to the output of the first pump
stage in order to allow the last pump stage to continue pumping electric
charges and supplying the continuous voltage.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the charge pump comprises at
least one intermediary pump stage between the first and the last pump
stages, and wherein the short-circuit of the charge pump is applied to
the output of the first pump stage in order to allow the intermediary
pump stage to continue pumping electric charges.

3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the short-circuit is applied to
an output capacitor of the first pump stage.

4. The method according to claim 1, applied to the charge pump wherein
each pump stage includes an input diode and an input capacitor, an output
diode and an output capacitor, the cathode of the input diode connected
to the anode of the output diode and to a first terminal of the input
capacitor, a second terminal of which receives a first antenna signal as
first pump signal, the cathode of the output diode connected to a first
terminal of the output capacitor, a second terminal of which receives a
second antenna signal as second pump signal.

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein the short-circuit is applied by
means of a modulation switch which has a low intrinsic serial resistance
and does not comprise any additional serial impedance.

6. A contactless integrated circuit, comprising:an antenna circuit;a
charge pump driven by pump signals supplied by the antenna circuit, the
charge pump comprising at least a first pump stage and a last pump stage,
the last pump stage supplying a continuous voltage; andat least one
switch for modulating the impedance of the antenna circuit, arranged for
short-circuiting the charge pump when it is in the conducting state, the
modulation switch arranged for short-circuiting the output of the first
stage of the charge pump in order to allow the last stage of the charge
pump to go on pumping electric charges and supplying the continuous
voltage.

7. The integrated circuit according to claim 6 wherein the charge pump
comprises at least one intermediary pump stage between the first and the
last pump stages, which goes on pumping electric charges when the
modulation switch short-circuits the output of the first stage of the
charge pump.

8. The integrated circuit according to claim 6 wherein the modulation
switch is arranged for short-circuiting an output capacitor of the first
stage of the charge pump.

9. The integrated circuit according to claim 6 wherein each pump stage
comprises an input diode and an input capacitor, an output diode and an
output capacitor, the cathode of the input diode connected to the anode
of the output diode and to a first terminal of the input capacitor, a
second terminal of which receives a first antenna signal as first pump
signal, the cathode of the output diode connected to a first terminal of
the output capacitor, a second terminal of which receives a second
antenna signal as second pump signal.

10. The integrated circuit according to claim 6, electrically powered by
the continuous voltage supplied by the last stage of the charge pump.

11. The integrated circuit according to claim 6 wherein the modulation
switch has a low intrinsic serial resistance and does not comprise any
additional serial impedance, to apply a total short-circuit to the output
of the first stage of the charge pump.

12. An electronic portable object comprising a portable support and an
integrated circuit according to claim 6 fixed onto, or integrated into
the portable support.

13. A circuit for modulating the impedance of an antenna while maintaining
a supply of voltage from signals received on the antenna, the circuit
comprising:a charge pump coupled to the antenna, the charge pump
comprising a plurality of charge pump stages adapted to supply power
extracted from the received signals on the antenna, each charge pump
stage having an input coupled to the antenna and an output coupled to a
succeeding charge pump stage, with the output of the last charge pump
stage coupled to a voltage supply output; anda switch element coupled
between the antenna and the output of one of the charge pump stages that
is not the last charge pump stage to couple and uncouple the output of
the one of the charge pump stages that is not the last stage to the
antenna in response to a control signal while the succeeding charge pump
stage or stages continue supplying voltage on the voltage supply output.

14. The circuit of claim 13, in which the antenna is a dipole antenna, and
wherein the switch element is coupled to a pole of the dipole antenna.

15. The circuit of claim 13, comprising a control circuit adapted to
generate the control signal as a binary signal to open and close the
switch element in response to data stored in the circuit.

16. A method for modulating the impedance of an antenna while maintaining
a supply of power from signals received on the antenna through a charge
pump coupled to the antenna, the charge pump having a plurality of charge
pump stages adapted to supply power extracted from the received signals,
each charge pump stage having an input coupled to the antenna and an
output coupled to a succeeding charge pump stage, with the output of the
last stage coupled to a voltage supply output, the method
comprising:generating a control signal; andapplying the control signal to
a switch to periodically couple and uncouple at least one charge pump
stage that is not a last charge pump stage of the charge pump to the
antenna while allowing succeeding charge pump stages to continue
supplying voltage to the voltage supply output.

17. The method of claim 16 wherein generating the control signal comprises
generating a binary signal to open and close the switch in response to
binary data read from a memory.

18. The method of claim 16 wherein coupling and uncoupling the at least
one charge pump stage with respect to the antenna comprises coupling and
uncoupling the at least one charge pump stage to one pole of a dipole
antenna.

19. A radio frequency identification device, comprising:an antenna;a
charge pump circuit coupled to the antenna and adapted to extract power
from signals received from the antenna and to output a supply voltage;
anda switch coupled to the charge pump circuit and the antenna and
adapted to connect a portion of the charge pump circuit to the antenna in
a manner to modulate an impedance of the antenna while a remaining
portion of the charge pump circuit continues to supply voltage to the
voltage supply output.

20. The device of claim 19 wherein the charge pump comprises series
connected charge pump stages and the switch is coupled to an output of
one of the series connected charge pump stages that is not a last stage,
the switch having a control terminal adapted to receive a control signal
that is generated by a control circuit utilizing binary data stored in
the device.

21. The device of claim 19 wherein the antenna comprises a dipole antenna,
and wherein the switch is coupled to one pole of the dipole antenna.

Description:

BACKGROUND

[0001]1. Technical Field

[0002]The present disclosure relates to an antenna impedance modulation
method, with application to contactless integrated circuits and, more
particularly, to contactless integrated circuits of the passive type
electrically powered by signals supplied by an antenna circuit.

[0003]2. Description of the Related Art

[0004]Contactless integrated circuits or RFID integrated circuits (Radio
Frequency Identification) are used in various applications like the
manufacture of electronic tags and contactless chip cards, for example
electronic wallets, access control cards, transport cards, etc.

[0005]The disclosure more particularly relates to UHF contactless
integrated circuits, provided to operate in the presence of an UHF
electric field oscillating at a frequency of several hundreds MHz,
generally ranging from 800 MHz to 100 GHz.

[0006]FIG. 1 schematically shows a contactless integrated circuit IC1 of
the UHF type. The circuit IC1 includes an antenna circuit ACT, a primary
charge pump PMP, a modulation circuit MCT and a demodulation circuit DCT,
together forming a contactless communication interface. The integrated
circuit also comprises a control unit CTU and a non-volatile memory MEM.
The memory is for example an EEPROM memory (electrically erasable and
programmable), allowing the integrated circuit to memorise transaction
and identification data. The control unit CTU controls the access to the
memory by executing commands for reading or writing in the memory.

[0007]The antenna circuit ACT includes two conductors W1, W2 forming a
dipole. In the presence of an electric field E emitted by a reader RD1
schematically shown in the figure, antenna signals S1, S2 appear on the
conductors W1, W2. These antenna signals S1, S2 are alternating signals
of low amplitude, a few tenths of Volts only, and are in phase
opposition.

[0008]The primary charge pump PMP is driven by the signals S1, S2, used as
pump signals, and supplies a continuous voltage Vcc. The voltage Vcc is
typically about one Volt to a few Volts, for example 1.8 V, and ensures
the power supply of the integrated circuit if it is completely passive
(that is without autonomous power supply, like a battery).

[0009]The circuit MCT receives from the control unit CTU data DTx to be
sent via the antenna circuit, and modulates the impedance of the antenna
circuit ACT according to these data. To that end, the circuit MCT applies
to the charge pump PMP a modulation signal Sm(DTx) which contains the
data DTx in coded form. The signal Sm(DTx) has a non-active value by
default, for example 0, and, during the modulation periods, has an active
value, for example 1, which has the effect of short-circuiting the charge
pump.

[0010]When the signal Sm(DTx) is inactive, the antenna circuit ACT absorbs
all the incident power Pi emitted by the reader RD1 and picked up by the
antenna circuit ACT which impedance is adapted to that purpose. When the
signal Sm(DTx) is 1, the short-circuit of the charge pump causes a
modulation of the antenna circuit impedance and consequently a modulation
of its reflection coefficient. The antenna circuit is then detuned and
sends a reflected wave of power Pr. The reflected wave is received by the
reader RD1 on its own antenna circuit, which outputs a modulated signal
that is the image of the signal Sm(DTx). The reader extracts the
modulated signal from its antenna circuit, by means of adapted filters,
and deduces the data DTx, after demodulation and decoding. This technique
of passive data transmission is generally called "backscattering".

[0011]FIG. 2 shows the standard structure of the charge pump PMP and also
shows a modulation switch SW1 controlled by the signal Sm(DTx) and
arranged for short-circuiting the charge pump.

[0012]The charge pump PMP comprises three pump stages in series. Each
stage comprises two diodes and two capacitors, the latter being connected
to the conductors W1, W2 of the antenna circuit to receive the signals
S1, S2. The modulation switch SW1 is arranged in parallel with the output
of the last stage of the charge pump. The switch is ON (conducting) when
Sm(DTx)=1 and is OFF (not conducting) when Sm(DTx)=0.

[0013]When the switch SW1 is ON, the output of the charge pump is
short-circuited and the voltage Vcc is no longer produced. In order to
avoid a total break of voltage Vcc supply, a hold capacitor Ch is added
at the output of the charge pump. The capacitor Ch is linked to the
output of the charge pump through an inverse-mounted isolation diode Di.
Thus, when the switch SW1 short-circuits the output of the charge pump,
the diode Di blocks itself and the capacitor Ch alone holds the voltage
Vcc above a critical threshold under which the integrated circuit stops
operating.

[0014]An auxiliary switch SW2, driven by a signal/Sm(DTx) supplied by an
inverting gate IG1, is arranged in parallel with the diode Di. When the
switch SW1 is OFF, the switch SW2 is ON and the diode Di is
short-circuited. Thus, the capacitor Ch is charged at the voltage Vcc
without loss of voltage at the terminals of the diode Di.

[0015]This method for modulating the impedance of the antenna circuit ACT,
although essential for sending data by backscattering, has the drawback
of completely neutralizing the production of continuous voltage Vcc by
the charge pump. Thus, despite the provision of the hold capacitor Ch,
the voltage Vcc rapidly decreases when the integrated circuit sends data.
The periods of data emission are thus critical periods as far as energy
reception is concerned, and define the maximum communication distance
with the reader RD1.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0016]Thus, the disclosure aims at a method of allowing the impedance of a
UHF antenna circuit to be modulated without completely inhibiting the
production of continuous voltage by the primary charge pump.

[0017]In accordance with one embodiment, a method is provided for
modulating the impedance of an antenna circuit supplying pump signals to
a charge pump having at least a first pump stage and a last pump stage,
the last pump stage supplying a continuous voltage, the method including
a step of applying a short-circuit to the charge pump, wherein the
short-circuit is applied to the output of the first pump stage, in order
to allow the last pump stage to go on pumping electric charges and
supplying the continuous voltage.

[0018]According to one embodiment, the charge pump includes at least one
intermediary pump stage between the first and the last pump stages, and
wherein the short-circuit of the charge pump is applied to the output of
the first pump stage in order to allow the intermediary pump stage to go
on pumping electric charges.

[0019]According to another embodiment, the short-circuit is applied to an
output capacitor of the first pump stage.

[0020]According to a further embodiment, the method is applied to a charge
pump wherein each pump stage includes an input diode and an input
capacitor, an output diode and an output capacitor, the cathode of the
input diode connected to the anode of the output diode and to a first
terminal of the input capacitor, a second terminal of which receives a
first antenna signal as a first pump signal, the cathode of the output
diode connected to a first terminal of the output capacitor, a second
terminal of which receives a second antenna signal as second pump signal.

[0021]According to still yet another embodiment, the short-circuit is
applied by means of a modulation switch that has a low intrinsic serial
resistance and does not include any additional serial impedance.

[0022]The disclosure also relates to a contactless integrated circuit
including an antenna circuit, a charge pump driven by pump signals
supplied by the antenna circuit, the charge pump including at least a
first pump stage and a last pump stage, the last pump stage supplying a
continuous voltage, and at least one switch for modulating the impedance
of the antenna circuit, arranged for short-circuiting the charge pump
when it is in the conducting state, wherein the modulation switch is
arranged for short-circuiting the output of the first stage of the charge
pump, in order to allow the last stage of the charge pump to go on
pumping electric charges and supplying the continuous voltage.

[0023]According to one embodiment, the charge pump includes at least one
intermediary pump stage between the first and the last pump stages, which
goes on pumping electric charges when the modulation switch
short-circuits the output of the first stage of the charge pump.

[0024]According to one embodiment, the modulation switch is arranged for
short-circuiting an output capacitor of the first stage of the charge
pump.

[0025]According to one embodiment, each pump stage includes an input diode
and an input capacitor, an output diode and an output capacitor, the
cathode of the input diode being connected to the anode of the output
diode and to a first terminal of the input capacitor, a second terminal
of which receives a first antenna signal as first pump signal, the
cathode of the output diode being connected to a first terminal of the
output capacitor, a second terminal of which receives a second antenna
signal as second pump signal.

[0026]According to one embodiment, the integrated circuit is electrically
powered by the continuous voltage supplied by the last stage of the
charge pump.

[0027]According to one embodiment, the modulation switch has a low
intrinsic serial resistance and does not include any additional serial
impedance, to apply a total short-circuit to the output of the first
stage of the charge pump.

[0028]The disclosure also relates to an electronic portable object
including a portable support and an integrated circuit according to the
disclosure, fixed onto, or integrated into the portable support.

[0029]In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a
circuit for modulating the impedance of an antenna while maintaining a
supply of voltage from signals received on the antenna is provided, the
circuit including a charge pump coupled to the antenna, the charge pump
comprising a plurality of charge pump stages adapted to supply power
extracted from the received signals on the antenna, each charge pump
stage having an input coupled to the antenna and an output coupled to a
succeeding charge pump stage, with the output of the last charge pump
stage coupled to a voltage supply output; and a switch element coupled
between the antenna and the output of one of the charge pump stages that
is not the last charge pump stage to couple and uncouple the output of
the one of the charge pump stages that is not the last stage to the
antenna in response to a control signal while the succeeding charge pump
stage or stages continue supplying voltage on the voltage supply output.

[0030]In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the
antenna is a dipole antenna and the switch element is coupled to a pole
of the dipole antenna.

[0031]In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the
circuit includes a control circuit adapted to generate the control signal
as a binary signal to open and close the switch element in response to
data stored in the circuit.

[0032]In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a
method is provided for modulating the impedance of an antenna while
maintaining a supply of power from signals received on the antenna
through a charge pump coupled to the antenna, the charge pump having a
plurality of charge pump stages adapted to supply power extracted from
the received signals, each charge pump stage having an input coupled to
the antenna and an output coupled to a succeeding charge pump stage, with
the output of the last stage coupled to a voltage supply output, the
method including the steps of: generating a control signal; and applying
the control signal to a switch to periodically couple and uncouple at
least one charge pump stage that is not a last charge pump stage of the
charge pump to the antenna while allowing succeeding charge pump stages
to continue supplying voltage to the voltage supply output.

[0033]In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the
generation of the control signal includes generating a binary signal to
open and close the switch in response to binary data read from a memory.

[0034]In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the
coupling and uncoupling of the at least one charge pump stage to the
antenna includes coupling and uncoupling the at least one charge pump
stage to one pole of a dipole antenna.

[0035]In accordance with another embodiment of the present disclosure, a
radio frequency identification device is provided that includes an
antenna; a charge pump circuit coupled to the antenna and adapted to
extract power from signals received from the antenna and to output a
supply voltage; and a switch coupled to the charge pump circuit and the
antenna and adapted to connect a portion of the charge pump circuit to
the antenna in a manner to modulate an impedance of the antenna while a
remaining portion of the charge pump circuit continues to supply voltage
to the voltage supply output.

[0036]In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the
charge pump includes series connected charge pump stages and the switch
is coupled to an output of one of the series connected charge pump stages
that is not a last stage, the switch having a control terminal adapted to
receive a control signal that is generated by a control circuit utilizing
binary data stored in the device.

[0037]In accordance with another aspect of the foregoing embodiment, the
antenna is a dipole antenna and the switch is coupled to one pole of the
dipole antenna.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038]These and other advantages and features of the disclosure will be
presented in greater detail in the following description of an example of
an implementation of the method of the disclosure, given in relation
with, but not limited to, the following figures:

[0040]FIG. 2 shows a primary charge pump and standard means for modulating
the impedance of the antenna circuit to which the charge pump is
connected,

[0041]FIG. 3 shows a primary charge pump and means according to the
disclosure for modulating the impedance of the antenna circuit to which
the charge pump is connected,

[0042]FIG. 4 shows the aspect of a voltage supplied by the charge pump of
FIG. 2 and of a voltage supplied by the charge pump of FIG. 3 when a
permanent short-circuit is applied to each charge pump, and

[0043]FIGS. 5A-5B show the aspect of a voltage supplied by the charge pump
of FIG. 2 and of a voltage supplied by the charge pump of FIG. 3,
respectively, when an intermittent short-circuit is applied to each
charge pump.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044]With reference to FIG. 2, the disclosure is based on the
short-circuit aiming at modulating the impedance of the antenna circuit
ACT, applied by the switch SW1 to the output of the charge pump PMP, that
is the output of the last stage of the charge pump, which can be applied
to another stage of the charge pump while obtaining an equivalent effect
and at the very least sufficient as far as the modulation of the
reflection coefficient of the antenna circuit is concerned.

[0045]Another aspect on which the disclosure is based is that, if this
short-circuit is applied to a stage of the charge pump other than its
last stage, the stages located downstream of the short-circuit region go
on operating. Thus, the output of the charge pump goes on supplying the
continuous voltage Vcc, although it is attenuated by the absence of
stages located upstream the short-circuit region.

[0046]Thus, the disclosure provides the application of the impedance
modulation short-circuit to the output of a stage of the charge pump
other than the last stage, and preferably to the output of the first
stage of the charge pump so that the number of stages downstream the
short-circuit region is maximal and that the attenuation of the voltage
Vcc is minimal.

[0047]FIG. 3 shows the application of the disclosure to the charge pump
PMP already shown in FIG. 2, which structure is going to be described in
further detail.

[0048]The charge pump PMP includes three pump stages in series. The first
stage includes an input diode D1, an input capacitor C1, an output diode
D2 and an output capacitor C2. The second stage includes an input diode
D3, an input capacitor C3, an output diode D4 and an output capacitor C4.
The third and last stage includes an input diode D5, an input capacitor
C5, an output diode D6 and an output capacitor C6.

[0049]In each stage, the cathode of the input diode D1, D3, D5, is
connected to a first terminal of the input capacitor C1, C3, C5 and to
the anode of the output diode D2, D4, D6, which cathode is connected to a
first terminal of the output capacitor C2, C4, C6. The second terminal of
the input capacitor C1, C3, C5 is linked to the antenna conductor W1 and
receives the first antenna signal S1. The second terminal of the output
capacitor C2, C4, C6 is linked to the antenna conductor W2 and receives
the second antenna signal S2.

[0050]The three stages of the charge pump are arranged in cascade, the
cathode of the diode D2 connected to the anode of the diode D3 and the
cathode of the diode D4 connected to the anode of the diode D6. At the
input of the charge pump, the anode of the diode D1 is connected to the
conductor W2. At the output of the charge pump, the capacitor C6 supplies
the voltage Vcc. For the voltage Vcc not to be floating, the conductor W2
is linked to the ground of the integrated circuit.

[0051]At each half-cycle of the signals S1, S2, the second terminal of
each capacitor Ci of even rank is brought to an electrical potential
V(S2) higher than the potential V(S1) received by the second terminal of
the capacitor of following uneven rank Ci+1, so that the capacitor Ci
transfers electric charges into the following capacitor Ci+1, through the
corresponding link diode Di, whereas the diode Di-1 of previous rank is
blocked. At each following half-cycle, the second terminal of each
capacitor Ci-1 of uneven rank is brought to an electrical potential V(S1)
higher than the potential V(S2) received by the second terminal of the
capacitor of following even rank Ci, so that the capacitor Ci-1 transfers
electric charges into the capacitor Ci, through the corresponding link
diode Di-1, whereas the diode Di-2 of previous rank is blocked.

[0052]Thus, if Vs is the difference of voltage in root-mean-square value
between the antenna signals S1, S2 and Vd the threshold voltage of the
diodes, the gain in voltage of each stage of the charge pump is equal to
2Vs-2Vd that is for example 0.6 Volt if Vs is equal to 0.5 Volt and Vd
equal to 0.2 Volt. By adding the gains in voltage of the three stages,
the last stage then supplies a voltage of 1.8 Volt.

[0053]In accordance with the method of the disclosure, the switch SW1 is
arranged at the output of the first stage of the charge pump, that is in
parallel with the capacitor C2.

[0054]The switch SW1 is for example a transistor NMOS with a drain
terminal D connected to the first terminal of the capacitor C2 (cathode
of the diode D2) and a source terminal S connected to the conductor W1 of
the antenna circuit ACT, that is the ground of the integrated circuit.
The gate of the transistor NMOS receives the modulation signal Sm(DTx).

[0055]When the signal Sm(DTx) is 0, the switch SW1 is OFF and the
respective gains in voltage of the three stages of the charge pump
cumulate to supply the voltage Vcc. When the signal Sm(DTx) is 1 (Vcc),
the switch SW1 is ON and the output of the first stage of the charge pump
is short-circuited. The short-circuit also has the effect of linking the
input of the second stage of the charge pump (anode of the diode D3) to
the conductor W1. The input of the second stage therefore receives the
signal S1. The second stage of the charge pump then operates as a first
stage of the charge pump. In other words, the charge pump operates as a
charge pump with two stages instead of three.

[0056]FIG. 4 shows the profile of the voltage Vcc when the charge pump is
permanently short-circuited by the switch SW1. The curve C1 illustrates
the variations of the voltage Vcc in the configuration shown in FIG. 2,
when the switch SW1 is arranged according to the prior art. The curve C2
illustrates the variations of the voltage Vcc in the configuration shown
in FIG. 3, when the switch SW1 is arranged according to the disclosure.
When the switch SW1 is open (SW1=OFF), the voltage Vcc reaches in both
cases a plateau equal to the nominal supply voltage Vn of the integrated
circuit. After the switch SW1 is closed (SW1=ON), the voltage Vcc
according to the prior art (curve C1) decreases and tends towards zero as
the capacitor Ch looses the electric charges it has accumulated. The
voltage Vcc according to the disclosure (curve C2), here supplied by the
capacitor C6, decreases less rapidly thanks to the pumping ensured by the
second and third stages of the charge pump, then tends to a value
different from zero which is equal to 2/3 of the nominal voltage Vn
(theoretical value not taking into account the antenna circuit
mismatching). This theoretical value would be of 3/4 of the nominal
voltage if the charge pump included four stages, of 4/5 of the nominal
voltage if the charge pump included five stages.

[0057]A permanent short-circuit as shown in FIG. 4 however, does not
correspond to the normal use of the modulation switch SW1, the signal
Sm(DTx) being in practice a pulsed signal conveying data having
alternations of short duration between the active state 1 and the default
state 0.

[0058]FIG. 5A shows the profile of the voltage Vcc when the signal Sm(DTx)
is a pulsed signal as shown in FIG. 5B. Curve C3 illustrates the
variations of the voltage Vcc in the configuration shown in FIG. 2, when
the switch SW1 is arranged according to the prior design. Curve C4
illustrates the variations of the voltage Vcc in the configuration shown
in FIG. 3, when the switch SW1 is arranged according to the disclosure.
In both cases, the voltage Vcc decreases each time the signal Sm(DTx) is
at 1 and substantially increases each time the signal Sm(DTx) is at 0, so
that the curves C3, C4 have a profile in "zigzag". However, the voltage
Vcc according to the disclosure (curve C4) decreases less at each pulse
to 1 of the signal Sm(DTx) and increases more rapidly each time the
signal Sm(DTx) goes back to 0. Thus, the average value of the voltage Vcc
according to the disclosure decreases less rapidly than the average value
of the voltage Vcc according to the prior art.

[0059]The disclosure applies to any type of contactless integrated circuit
having a primary charge pump supplying a continuous voltage from antenna
signals, like the integrated circuit IC1 of FIG. 1. The detailed
architecture of this integrated circuit, known from those skilled in the
art, will not be described in detail here. In particular, the integrated
circuit IC1 can be designed in accordance with the industrial
specifications EPCTM-GEN2 ("Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Class-1
Generation-2-UHF RFID Protocol for Communications at 860 MHz-960 MHz") in
the course of standardization.

[0060]The embodiments of the present disclosure offer various advantages,
in particular a longer distance of communication between the integrated
circuit IC1 and the reader RD1, and the suppression of the capacitor Ch,
the diode Di and the switch SW2. Also, the periods of impedance
modulation (changes of the signal Sm(DTx) to 1) can be of longer duration
for a better reception of the data DTx by the reader RD1.

[0061]During a communication between the integrated circuit IC1 and the
reader RD1, the reader RD1 sends data DTr to the integrated circuit IC1
by modulating an electric field E, for example an amplitude modulation.
This amplitude modulation affects the antenna signals S1, S2 which are
demodulated by the circuit DCT to extract the data received DTr, which
are then supplied to the control unit CTU.

[0062]The unit CTU controls various elements present in the integrated
circuit, supervises the communications and the execution of possible
security protocols (for ex. passwords checking), as well as the execution
of commands sent by the reader RD1 (in the form of data DTr), in
particular commands for reading or writing in the memory MEM. The control
unit also sends responses to commands, via the modulation circuit MCT, in
the form of data DTx.

[0063]The integrated circuit IC1 can include a secondary charge pump, not
shown in FIG. 1, in order to supply a voltage for erasing and programming
the memory MEM. This secondary charge pump is electrically powered by the
voltage Vcc supplied by the primary charge pump and supplies a boosted
voltage.

[0064]According to the objectives regarding the impedance modulation of
the antenna circuit, in particular the reflection coefficient desired,
the short-circuit applied to the charge pump can be "total" or "partial".
The short-circuit is "total" if the switch SW1 has a very low serial
resistor, and is "partial" if the switch has a non negligible serial
resistor (for example the drain-source resistance Rdson of a MOS
transistor in the conducting state). A partial short-circuit can also be
obtained by adding in series with the switch, any resistive, capacitive
or inductive element necessary to obtain the desired value of the
impedance of the antenna circuit during the modulation periods. Thus, in
the present application, the term "short-circuit" means the fact of
linking two points through a link which can include a simple or complex
impedance of low or high value.

[0065]Although the disclosure is intended for contactless integrated
circuits of the passive type, the disclosure is also applicable to
integrated circuits equipped with an autonomous power supply. In that
case, the voltage Vcc supplied by the charge pump is used as auxiliary
supply voltage, for example in the event of a dysfunction of the
autonomous power supply, or for powering some parts of the integrated
circuit, or for recharging the autonomous power supply.

[0066]An integrated circuit according to the disclosure makes it possible
to manufacture any type of portable electronic device having a portable
support onto which the integrated circuit is fixed or into which it is
integrated.

[0067]The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide
further embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent application
publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent
applications and non-patent publications referred to in this
specification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet, are
incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of the
embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the
various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further
embodiments.

[0068]These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of
the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the
terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific
embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be
construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope
of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims
are not limited by the disclosure.