kirk

kirk Sentence Examples

Kirk, History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (3 vols., 1863-1868).

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It had been known in Scotland since the close of the 16th century (the Glasgow kirk session fulminated an edict against Sunday bowls in 1595), but greens were few and far between.

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It had been known in Scotland since the close of the 16th century (the Glasgow kirk session fulminated an edict against Sunday bowls in 1595), but greens were few and far between.

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Kirk in 1870-1814.

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He played an active part in the stirring church politics of the period, and was twice moderator of the kirk, and a member of the commission of inquiry into the condition of the university of St Andrews (1583).

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The Presbyterian courts thus created are arranged in ascending order: (a) Kirk Session consists of the minister of the parish and the " ruling elders " (who are elected by the session).

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These courts consist of every parochial minister or professor of divinity of any university within the limits, and of an elder commissioned from every kirk session.

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They regulate matters concerning public worship and ordinances, and have appellate jurisdiction from the kirk session.

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He himself superintended all the preparations, visiting Darnley with Mary on the night of the crime, Sunday, 9th of February 1567, attending the queen on her return to Holyrood for the ball, and riding back to Kirk o' Field to carry out the crime.

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These, said to have been unearthed, for the most part, near the Kirk Geuz spring above the modern town, are now in Constantinople and America, and include an inscribed lion, once built into the wall of the citadel known in the middle ages as al-Marwani, and several stelae.

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Kirk's Illustrated History of Minnesota (St Paul, 1887) may also be consulted.

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Mary in the Field (the "Kirk of Field"), the scene of the murder of Darnley.

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To the north-west lies the parish of Terregles, said to be a corruption of Tir-eglwys (terra ecclesia, that is, "Kirk land").

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From this custom his congregation was known as the "kail kirk."

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The "auld haunted kirk," though roofless, is otherwise in a fair state of preservation, despite relic-hunters who have removed all the woodwork.

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Kirksville was laid out in 1842, and was named in honour of Jesse Kirk.

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In 1648 he refused to take part in the English expedition of the "engagers," the enterprise not having the sanction of the Kirk.

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The result, though disastrous, abundantly demonstrated Leslie's capacity as a soldier, and it might be claimed for him that Cromwell and the English regulars proved no match for him until his movements were interfered with and his army reduced to indiscipline by the representatives of the Kirk party that accompanied his headquarters.

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But the earl of Lennox, Darnley's father, understood Moray to mean that as early as January 21-22, 1567, the house of Kirk o' Field, where Darnley was slain, had already been mined.

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Lord Robert was the only friend of Darnley in Mary's entourage; and he even, according to the accusers, warned him of his danger in Kirk o' Field, to which they said that a Casket Letter (III.) referred.

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He was therefore ready to co-operate with James in curtailing the powers of the Kirk which encroached on the royal authority, and in assimilating the church of Scotland to that of England.

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But owing to the indirect influence of the British government, exercised through Sir John Kirk at Zanzibar, the Egyptian dominions were prevented from coming south of the Victoria Nile.

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Kirk, The Forest Flora of New Zealand (New Zealand, 1889); Sir J.

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The best book on Celtic fairy lore is still that of the minister of Aberfoyle, the Rev. Mr Kirk (ob.

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Mr Kirk is said (though his tomb exists) to have been carried away by fairies.

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They carry off men and women "to their own herd," in the phrase of Mr Kirk, and are kind to mortals who are kind to them.

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The works of Mr Jeremiah Curtin and Dr Douglas Hyde are useful for Ireland; for Scotland, Kirk's Secret Commonwealth has already been quoted.

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The largest and most noteworthy are Burnet park (about 100 acres), on high land in the western part of the city, Lincoln park, occupying a heavily wooded ridge in the east, and Schiller, Kirk and Frazer parks.

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Celtic altar-bell of hammered iron, known as the "Ronnell bell."' Such is the odour of sanctity of this venerable church that there is an old local saying that "to be thrice prayed for in the kirk of Birnie will either mend or end ye."

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KIRK - KILISSEH (KIRK-KILISSE or Kirk-KuISSIA), a town of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Adrianople, 35 m.

He had joined a sect of seceders from the kirk, and had all the characteristics of the typical Scottish Calvinist.

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But the martyrs were few, compared with the numbers of people whom the reformed kirk burned for witchcraft.

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Knox and the other preachers began to organize the new kirk, under " superintendents " (not bishops), whose rule was very brief.

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What followed must be read in Mary's biography: the end was the murder of Darnley in the house at Kirk o' Field, after the midnight of Sunday, the 9th of February.

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In February 1572 he forced on the kirk an order of bishops, " Tulchan bishops," filters through which the remaining wealth of the church trickled into the coffers of the state, or of the regent.

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The kirk Presbyterian was founded on the Genevan model, and was intended to be a theocracy.

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The kirk was robbed afresh, benefices were given to such villainous cadets of great families as Archibald Douglas, an agent in Darnley's murder; and though, under the scholarly but fierce Andrew Melville, the kirk purified herself afresh and successfully opposed the bishops, James VI.

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dominated her again, when he came to the English crown, and the result was the long war between claims equally exorbitant and intolerable, those of the crown and the kirk.

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The death of Mar (28th of October 1572) left power in the stronger hands of Morton, and the death of Knox (24th of November) put the kirk for a while at the mercy of the new regent.

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though Lennox professed to be reconciled to the kirk.

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James Stewart received the Hamilton earldom of Arran, and under him and Lennox the young king began his long strife with the kirk and his halfhearted dealings with the Catholics and his mother.

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Thenceforth, till James came to the throne of England, the history of Scotland was but a series of inchoate revolutions, intrigues that led to nothing definite and skirmishes in the war of kirk and state.

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The strange thing is that while Elizabeth warned James against the pretensions of men who " would have no king but a presbytery," whenever he was at odds with the ministers and with the nobles who kept trying to seize his person with the approval of the ministers, Elizabeth secretly or openly backed the kirk.

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The kirk was strong enough to compel James to march, more than once, against the Catholic earls, Huntly, Errol, Angus and others.

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In 1592 parliament " ratified the liberty of the true kirk," leaving little liberty for king and state, since, in the phrase of one preacher, " the king might be excommunicated in case of contumacy and disobedience to the will of God," as interpreted by the ministers.

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It is not known whether the mysterious events that culminated in the slaying of the earl of Gowrie and his brother, by John Ramsay, in their own house in Perth, on the 5th of August 1600, had any connexion with James's attitude to England and the kirk.

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He kept the kirk for two or three years without a General Assembly, to which they had a legal!

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reunited the kirk and the nobles by threatening, or seeming to threaten, to resume or impair these gifts, and also by his favour towards the universally detested bishops (1625-1629).

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Prelacy was " Baal worship," and the kirk thus turned the strife in the direction of religious ferocity.

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The country was governed by fifty-six members of the Estate and by the dreaded commission of the General Assembly, for now the kirk dominated Scotland, denying even the right of petition to the lieges.

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This was the kirk's proudest triumph; the countrymen of the preachers had been ruined on " St Covenant's Day."

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The committee of Estates, on hard terms, gave an indemnity to Royalists whose swords they needed; many ministers acquiesced (" The Resolutioners "), the more fanatical dissidents were called " Remonstrants," and now the kirk was rent in twain by the disputes of these two factions.

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Suppose that the kirk was restored by Charles to her position in 1592, with General Assemblies.

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In the first (1660-1663) the royal commissioner to parliament was the earl of Middleton, a soldier of fortune who had been in arms for the Crown as late as 1655, who had been excommunicated by the kirk, and was determined to keep down the preachers.

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The Shorter Catechism was taught; the liturgy was not brought in; the sole change was in kirk government.

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By " Presbyterianism " we are here to understand, not the Presbyterian form of church government - the kirk whose motto is Nec tamen consumebatur - but the pretensions of preachers to dominate the state by the mythical " power of the keys," by excommunication with civil penalties and by the fiercest religious intolerance.

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had to deal with a kirk in which the Remonstrants, the more fanatical ministers, were potent, whether the majority or not, while, after 1689, government found " the once mighty force of Presbyterianism broken."

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In 1690 an act restored the kirk to the legal position of 1592, under sixty of the surviving ministers deprived in r661.

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In1693-1694the kirk was much irritated by William's demands for oaths of allegiance to himself, without the consent of the ecclesiastical courts.

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Scotland was to have forty-five members and sixteen elected peers at Westminster; the holders of Darien stock were compensated; as a balance to equality of taxation a pecuniary equivalent was to be paid, the kirk and Scottish courts of justice were safeguarded (final appeal being to the British House of Lords), and Scots shared English facilities and privileges of trade, in name, for many years passed before Scotland really began to enjoy the benefits.

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The kirk was incensed by the growth of Episcopalianism and of Popery, the restoration of patronage, and the pressure to accept an oath abjuring James, which divided a church that was absolutely anti-Jacobite.

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In Scotland the kirk, as ever, was militant, but it could no longer wage war on kings and their ministers, nor attempt to direct foreign and domestic policy.

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The Marrow men put in protests, and were clearly on the way to secession from the kirk.

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The oath of abjuration of James was another cause of division, at least till it was watered down in 1719; and by 1726 a revival of the charges of heresy against Simson, with the increase of agitation against the majority of the Assembly who supported patrons, lighted a flame which burned the slight bonds that kept the extremists in union with the kirk.

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The whole movement, intended as a return to the kirk of Knox and Melville and the Covenanters, was a not unneeded protest against the sleepy " moderation," and want of spiritual enthusiasm, which invaded the established kirk in the latter part of the 18th century, a period in which she possessed such distinguished writers as John Home, author of the drama of Douglas, Robertson, the historian, and Dr Carlyle, whose amusing autobiography draws a perfect portrait of an amiable and highly educated " Moderate " and man of the world.

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Naturally the opposite party, whether seceders, or " High Flyers," as they were called, within the church, had most influence with the populace, so that " the Trew Universal Kirk " of Scotland was broken into several communions, differing but slightly in accepted doctrines, and not at all in mode of worship. Their tendency has been centripetal, and all the " Free Churches " are agreed in their views concerning the prolonged existence of " the Auld Kirk."

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Craik's A Century of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1901) gives a full account of the disruption of the Kirk.

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The former is represented by the group known as the Scottish Chaucerians, by the 17thcentury Court poets, by the " English " writings of literary Edinburgh of the 18th century; the latter by the domestic and " rustic " muse from Christis Kirk on the Grene to the work of xxl y.

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Outstanding examples of this rustic style are Peblis to the Play and Christis Kirk on the Grene, ascribed by some to James V.

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There are three Roman Catholic churches, a Free Kirk, an American mission, and several chapels belonging to Nonconformist sects.

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The parish church of Crathie (1903), replacing the kirk of 1806, is 12 m.

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The Song of Absence, Peblis to the Play and Christis Kirk on the Greene have been ascribed to him without evidence.

The king's habit of mingling with the peasantry secured for him a large amount of popularity, and probably led many to ascribe to him the authorship of poems describing scenes in peasant life, Christis Kirk on the Grene, The Gaberlunzie Man and The Jolly Beggar.

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The purpose of this article is to trace the growth of the Scottish " Kirk " as a whole, defining the views on which it was based and the organization in which they took form.

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Presbytery was never much in favour with the crown - this was the case in other countries as well as in Scotland - and when the crown, so weak at the Reformation, gained strength, encroachments were made on the popular character of the kirk; while the barons also had obvious reasons for not wishing the kirk to be too strong.

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Neither superintendent nor reader now appears; all the functions of bishops and superintendents are vested in the elderships, or church courts, and it is urged that the parts which still remain in Scotland of the old system should be cleared away and the sole jurisdiction of the kirk, as then constituted, recognized.

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A Roman Catholic rising threw James into the arms of the kirk; in 1592 the acts of 1584 were abrogated, the Second Book of Discipline legalized and Presbytery established.

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The Confession of Faith contains no approval of any system of church government, and when she adopted it in 1647 the kirk gave up her old confession in which the principles at least of true church order are laid down.

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- For the earlier history of the kirk the outstanding authorities are the histories of Knox, Calderwood, Baillie's Letters, and Wodrow's History: Knox's liturgy has been edited by Dr Sprott, and on the Westminster Standards the reader may consult Dr Mitchell's Minutes of the Westminster Assembly, and Baird lectures on the same subject.

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Kirk (Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, vol.

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Already "in our towns and places reformed," as the Confession puts it, there were local or "particular kirks," and these grew and spread and were provincially united, till, in the last month of this memorable year, the first General Assembly of their representatives met, and became the "universal kirk," or "the whole church convened."

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From all such property, whether land or the sheaves and fruits of land, and also from the personal property of burghers in the towns; Knox now held that the state should authorize the kirk to claim the salaries of the ministers, and the salaries of teachers in the schools and universities, but above all, the relief of the poor - not only of the absolutely "indigent" but of "your poor brethren, the labourers and handworkers of the ground."

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Seven years afterwards, however, when the contest with the Crown was ended, the kirk was expressly acknowledged as the only Church in Scotland, and jurisdiction given it over all who should attempt to be outsiders; while the preaching of the Evangel and the planting of congregations went on in all the accessible parts of Scotland.

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His son John Row (1568-1646), minister of Carnock, wrote a Historie of the Kirk of Scotland 1558 to 1637, which was continued to 1639 by his son, the third John Row (c. 1598 - c. 1672),.

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On the 1st of May he signed the first draft of a treaty at Breda with the latter, in which he accepted the Solemn League and Covenant, conceded the control of public and church affairs to the parliament and the kirk, and undertook to establish Presbyterianism in the three kingdoms. He also signed privately a paper repudiating Ormonde and the loyal Irish, and recalling the commissions granted to them.

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To assist the defense in the first, or waiting, period Adrianople was organized as a modern fortress, and Kirk Kilisse, an upland town on the edge of the Istranja Dagh, re-equipped with barrier-forts.

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Corps (Kirk Kilisse), and IV.

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Corps at or in rear of Kirk Kilisse, with the fortress of Adrianople and the works of Kirk Kilisse acting as breakwaters in front.

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In reality the assembly of the four active corps took place at Kirk Kilisse (III.), Yenije and Kavakli (I.), Karali (II.), and Ha y sa and Kuleli (IV.), with a cavalry division in frontof the centre.

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Corps, bears the name of Kirk Kilisse.

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Kirk Kilisse was a route-centre of importance, with a line of barrier works, partly permanent, on its N.

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Partly in order to develop the necessary frontage from the outset (in case of battle between Kirk Kilisse and the frontier), and partly in order to utilize the routes to the best advantage in a country much more difficult than that traversed by the other armies, Radko Dimitriev had formed his two leading divisions into four brigade columns - (a) a 4th Div.

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from Malkochlar by Erikler on Raklitsa and Kirk Kilisse; (d) a of 5th Div.

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Of these columns (a) became involved in the Seliolu fighting, and took no part in that of Kirk Kilisse.

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And thereupon, worn out by two days' hill fighting and lacking in internal homogeneity, Mahmud Mukhtar's Corps broke up, abandoning Kirk Kilisse and its fortifications, and streamed away in panic. The Bulgarians entered Kirk Kilisse on the 24th and possessed themselves of immense booty, including 55 guns.

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from Kirk Kilisse appears to have established the presence of enemy forces at or near Bunar Hissar.

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at Kirk Kilisse.

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that we could not think upon any particular Directory for our own Kirk."

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The lake contains two islets, of which one was a crannog and the other the site of an ancient kirk.

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Apartments were prepared for the pair at Kirk o' Field, a house just inside the city walls, and here they remained for a few days.

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A few hours later, on the morning of the loth, Kirk o' Field was blown up with gunpowder.

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The party, which included Dr (afterwards Sir) John Kirk and Livingstone's.

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It was clear that the Portuguese officials were themselves at the bottom of the traffic. Kirk and Charles Livingstone being compelled to.

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(1689), the presbyterian polity was established in the kirk, the effect of which on its ecclesiastical status is a matter of theological opinion, but the Comprehension Act of 1690 allowed episcopalian incumbents, on taking the Oath of Allegiance, to retain their benefices, though excluding them from any share in the government without a further declaration of presbyterian principles.

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The extruded bishops were slow to organize the episcopalian remnant under a jurisdiction independent of the state, regarding the then arrangements as provisional, and looking forward to a reconstituted national kirk under a "legitimate" sovereign.

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From 1587 he also preached regularly in the East Kirk every Sunday at 7 a.m., and in 1596 he accepted one of the eight ministerial charges of the city.

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Kirk (1863-1868), is a good English biography for its date; a more recent life is R.

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In 1860 Livingstone, with Dr (afterwards Sir John) Kirk, made a careful investigation of the falls, but until the opening of the railway from Bulawayo (1905) they were rarely visited.

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For ecclesiastical purposes, the minister and kirk - session constitute the parochial authority.

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Kirk in 1862, and described by him in a paper on the " Mechanical Production of Cold " (Proc. Inst.

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Kirk's machine was used commercially with success on a fairly large scale, chiefly for ice-making, and it is recorded that it produced about 4 Ib of ice for I no of coal.

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A row of three simple crosses to the north of the kirk are especially poignant.

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The interior of the kirk was clearly designed to have little adornment to distract worshippers from their focus on the minister.

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auld kirk in Prague in the Czech Republic.

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With Spock's help, McCoy worked Kirk into some dry clothes then tucked a blanket around him.

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convicted pedophile should be removed from this honors list, please sign Kirk's petition.

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flautist Kirk was a famous jazz flutist and saxophonist who was a major influence on Ian Anderson.

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Greyfriars Tolbooth and Highland Kirk is named after the " gray friars Tolbooth and Highland Kirk is named after the " gray friars " who frequented the church before the Reformation.

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James woods kirk at to win last night hosted.

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I'm fairly sure it said kirk and not church when I read it yesterday morning.

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She vowed she 'd gang tae kirk that Sabbath anaa.

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He had first met the opinions of the reformers at St Andrews, and now embraced the reformed kirk.

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The maist unusual place I've written a poem wis in the crypt unner an auld kirk in Prague in the Czech Republic.

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In 1651 a new kirk was erected - the ruins of it are still to be seen.

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His wife is a minister of the Scottish kirk.

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The Psalm seems but the little kirk That sings with its own voice.

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Leven Parish Church - The replacement for the ancient kirk in Scoonie Cemetery stands close to the town center in Durie Street.

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kirk session have a number of seats in the church at their disposal, for which they draw about £ 7 annually.

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kirk sessions records?

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kirk session minutes can be another useful source for tracing irregular marriages.

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kirk door, it was found to be nailed up, so as by no possibility to be opened.

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kirk treasurer 's hands, is a mere trifle.

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kirk session elders?

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And mental health chollet kirk and ermann how they might management programs and.

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In usa today James woods kirk at to win last night hosted.

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Dr. Russell, being the son of a Relief minister of the Mearns, was ecclesiastically opposed to the parish kirk.

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And general growth Patricia kirk and to the cities.

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There are ruins of a pre-Reformation kirk in the local churchyard.

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campaign mascot Kirk wades through thousands of old Yellow Pages.

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Patricia kirk and to the cities.

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New album of electonic and digital dub and reggae from legendary post-punk pioneer Richard H. Kirk.

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staging of the opera in the Canongate Kirk, which was very imaginative and used the building very well.

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Its skipper, James Kirk, clad only in swim trunks, slouched lazily at the stern, one hand on the tiller.

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For example, John Row, one of the five commissioners appointed by the Scottish Privy Council to draw up what is now known as the First Book of Discipline, distinctly says that" they took not their example from any kirk in the world; no, not from Geneva ";"; but they drew their plan from the sacred Scriptures.'

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Kirk, History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (3 vols., 1863-1868).

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The Presbyterian courts thus created are arranged in ascending order: (a) Kirk Session consists of the minister of the parish and the " ruling elders " (who are elected by the session).

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These courts consist of every parochial minister or professor of divinity of any university within the limits, and of an elder commissioned from every kirk session.

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They regulate matters concerning public worship and ordinances, and have appellate jurisdiction from the kirk session.

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He himself superintended all the preparations, visiting Darnley with Mary on the night of the crime, Sunday, 9th of February 1567, attending the queen on her return to Holyrood for the ball, and riding back to Kirk o' Field to carry out the crime.

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Kirk in 1870-1814.

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In 1716 he had published a rough transcript of Christ's Kirk on the Green from the Bannatyne MS., with some additions of his own.

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They included his version of Christ's Kirk (u.s.) and a remarkable pastiche by the editor entitled the Vision.

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Acting on the constitutional principle that the king's right to convene did not interfere with the church's independent right to hold assemblies, they sat till the 10th of December, deposed all the Scottish bishops, excommunicated a number of them, repealed all acts favouring episcopacy, and reconstituted the Scottish Kirk on thorough Presbyterian principles.

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He played an active part in the stirring church politics of the period, and was twice moderator of the kirk, and a member of the commission of inquiry into the condition of the university of St Andrews (1583).

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These, said to have been unearthed, for the most part, near the Kirk Geuz spring above the modern town, are now in Constantinople and America, and include an inscribed lion, once built into the wall of the citadel known in the middle ages as al-Marwani, and several stelae.

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Kirk's Illustrated History of Minnesota (St Paul, 1887) may also be consulted.

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Mary in the Field (the "Kirk of Field"), the scene of the murder of Darnley.

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To the north-west lies the parish of Terregles, said to be a corruption of Tir-eglwys (terra ecclesia, that is, "Kirk land").

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From this custom his congregation was known as the "kail kirk."

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The "auld haunted kirk," though roofless, is otherwise in a fair state of preservation, despite relic-hunters who have removed all the woodwork.

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Kirksville was laid out in 1842, and was named in honour of Jesse Kirk.

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In 1648 he refused to take part in the English expedition of the "engagers," the enterprise not having the sanction of the Kirk.

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The result, though disastrous, abundantly demonstrated Leslie's capacity as a soldier, and it might be claimed for him that Cromwell and the English regulars proved no match for him until his movements were interfered with and his army reduced to indiscipline by the representatives of the Kirk party that accompanied his headquarters.

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But the earl of Lennox, Darnley's father, understood Moray to mean that as early as January 21-22, 1567, the house of Kirk o' Field, where Darnley was slain, had already been mined.

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Lord Robert was the only friend of Darnley in Mary's entourage; and he even, according to the accusers, warned him of his danger in Kirk o' Field, to which they said that a Casket Letter (III.) referred.

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He was therefore ready to co-operate with James in curtailing the powers of the Kirk which encroached on the royal authority, and in assimilating the church of Scotland to that of England.

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of the Kirk of Scotland (1842-1849).

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But owing to the indirect influence of the British government, exercised through Sir John Kirk at Zanzibar, the Egyptian dominions were prevented from coming south of the Victoria Nile.

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Kirk, The Forest Flora of New Zealand (New Zealand, 1889); Sir J.

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The best book on Celtic fairy lore is still that of the minister of Aberfoyle, the Rev. Mr Kirk (ob.

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Mr Kirk is said (though his tomb exists) to have been carried away by fairies.

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They carry off men and women "to their own herd," in the phrase of Mr Kirk, and are kind to mortals who are kind to them.

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The works of Mr Jeremiah Curtin and Dr Douglas Hyde are useful for Ireland; for Scotland, Kirk's Secret Commonwealth has already been quoted.

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The largest and most noteworthy are Burnet park (about 100 acres), on high land in the western part of the city, Lincoln park, occupying a heavily wooded ridge in the east, and Schiller, Kirk and Frazer parks.

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Celtic altar-bell of hammered iron, known as the "Ronnell bell."' Such is the odour of sanctity of this venerable church that there is an old local saying that "to be thrice prayed for in the kirk of Birnie will either mend or end ye."

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KcvpLaKOv [bWµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms - Scottish kirk, Ger.

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KIRK - KILISSEH (KIRK-KILISSE or Kirk-KuISSIA), a town of European Turkey, in the vilayet of Adrianople, 35 m.

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The original Secession church - the kirk of the Auld Lichts - was founded in 1806 and rebuilt in 1893.

He had joined a sect of seceders from the kirk, and had all the characteristics of the typical Scottish Calvinist.

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But the martyrs were few, compared with the numbers of people whom the reformed kirk burned for witchcraft.

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Knox and the other preachers began to organize the new kirk, under " superintendents " (not bishops), whose rule was very brief.

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What followed must be read in Mary's biography: the end was the murder of Darnley in the house at Kirk o' Field, after the midnight of Sunday, the 9th of February.

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In February 1572 he forced on the kirk an order of bishops, " Tulchan bishops," filters through which the remaining wealth of the church trickled into the coffers of the state, or of the regent.

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The kirk Presbyterian was founded on the Genevan model, and was intended to be a theocracy.

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The kirk was robbed afresh, benefices were given to such villainous cadets of great families as Archibald Douglas, an agent in Darnley's murder; and though, under the scholarly but fierce Andrew Melville, the kirk purified herself afresh and successfully opposed the bishops, James VI.

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dominated her again, when he came to the English crown, and the result was the long war between claims equally exorbitant and intolerable, those of the crown and the kirk.

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The death of Mar (28th of October 1572) left power in the stronger hands of Morton, and the death of Knox (24th of November) put the kirk for a while at the mercy of the new regent.

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though Lennox professed to be reconciled to the kirk.

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James Stewart received the Hamilton earldom of Arran, and under him and Lennox the young king began his long strife with the kirk and his halfhearted dealings with the Catholics and his mother.

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Thenceforth, till James came to the throne of England, the history of Scotland was but a series of inchoate revolutions, intrigues that led to nothing definite and skirmishes in the war of kirk and state.

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The strange thing is that while Elizabeth warned James against the pretensions of men who " would have no king but a presbytery," whenever he was at odds with the ministers and with the nobles who kept trying to seize his person with the approval of the ministers, Elizabeth secretly or openly backed the kirk.

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The kirk was strong enough to compel James to march, more than once, against the Catholic earls, Huntly, Errol, Angus and others.

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In 1592 parliament " ratified the liberty of the true kirk," leaving little liberty for king and state, since, in the phrase of one preacher, " the king might be excommunicated in case of contumacy and disobedience to the will of God," as interpreted by the ministers.

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It is not known whether the mysterious events that culminated in the slaying of the earl of Gowrie and his brother, by John Ramsay, in their own house in Perth, on the 5th of August 1600, had any connexion with James's attitude to England and the kirk.

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He kept the kirk for two or three years without a General Assembly, to which they had a legal!

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Encouraged by safety and adulation in England; grasping at the Tudor ideal of kingship, determined to reduce to order the kirk from which XXIV.

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reunited the kirk and the nobles by threatening, or seeming to threaten, to resume or impair these gifts, and also by his favour towards the universally detested bishops (1625-1629).

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Prelacy was " Baal worship," and the kirk thus turned the strife in the direction of religious ferocity.

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The country was governed by fifty-six members of the Estate and by the dreaded commission of the General Assembly, for now the kirk dominated Scotland, denying even the right of petition to the lieges.

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This was the kirk's proudest triumph; the countrymen of the preachers had been ruined on " St Covenant's Day."

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The committee of Estates, on hard terms, gave an indemnity to Royalists whose swords they needed; many ministers acquiesced (" The Resolutioners "), the more fanatical dissidents were called " Remonstrants," and now the kirk was rent in twain by the disputes of these two factions.

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Suppose that the kirk was restored by Charles to her position in 1592, with General Assemblies.

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In the first (1660-1663) the royal commissioner to parliament was the earl of Middleton, a soldier of fortune who had been in arms for the Crown as late as 1655, who had been excommunicated by the kirk, and was determined to keep down the preachers.

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The Shorter Catechism was taught; the liturgy was not brought in; the sole change was in kirk government.

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By " Presbyterianism " we are here to understand, not the Presbyterian form of church government - the kirk whose motto is Nec tamen consumebatur - but the pretensions of preachers to dominate the state by the mythical " power of the keys," by excommunication with civil penalties and by the fiercest religious intolerance.

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had to deal with a kirk in which the Remonstrants, the more fanatical ministers, were potent, whether the majority or not, while, after 1689, government found " the once mighty force of Presbyterianism broken."

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In 1690 an act restored the kirk to the legal position of 1592, under sixty of the surviving ministers deprived in r661.

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In1693-1694the kirk was much irritated by William's demands for oaths of allegiance to himself, without the consent of the ecclesiastical courts.

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Scotland was to have forty-five members and sixteen elected peers at Westminster; the holders of Darien stock were compensated; as a balance to equality of taxation a pecuniary equivalent was to be paid, the kirk and Scottish courts of justice were safeguarded (final appeal being to the British House of Lords), and Scots shared English facilities and privileges of trade, in name, for many years passed before Scotland really began to enjoy the benefits.

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The kirk was incensed by the growth of Episcopalianism and of Popery, the restoration of patronage, and the pressure to accept an oath abjuring James, which divided a church that was absolutely anti-Jacobite.

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In Scotland the kirk, as ever, was militant, but it could no longer wage war on kings and their ministers, nor attempt to direct foreign and domestic policy.

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The Marrow men put in protests, and were clearly on the way to secession from the kirk.

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The oath of abjuration of James was another cause of division, at least till it was watered down in 1719; and by 1726 a revival of the charges of heresy against Simson, with the increase of agitation against the majority of the Assembly who supported patrons, lighted a flame which burned the slight bonds that kept the extremists in union with the kirk.

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The whole movement, intended as a return to the kirk of Knox and Melville and the Covenanters, was a not unneeded protest against the sleepy " moderation," and want of spiritual enthusiasm, which invaded the established kirk in the latter part of the 18th century, a period in which she possessed such distinguished writers as John Home, author of the drama of Douglas, Robertson, the historian, and Dr Carlyle, whose amusing autobiography draws a perfect portrait of an amiable and highly educated " Moderate " and man of the world.

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Naturally the opposite party, whether seceders, or " High Flyers," as they were called, within the church, had most influence with the populace, so that " the Trew Universal Kirk " of Scotland was broken into several communions, differing but slightly in accepted doctrines, and not at all in mode of worship. Their tendency has been centripetal, and all the " Free Churches " are agreed in their views concerning the prolonged existence of " the Auld Kirk."

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Craik's A Century of Scottish History (Edinburgh, 1901) gives a full account of the disruption of the Kirk.

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The former is represented by the group known as the Scottish Chaucerians, by the 17thcentury Court poets, by the " English " writings of literary Edinburgh of the 18th century; the latter by the domestic and " rustic " muse from Christis Kirk on the Grene to the work of xxl y.

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Outstanding examples of this rustic style are Peblis to the Play and Christis Kirk on the Grene, ascribed by some to James V.

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There are three Roman Catholic churches, a Free Kirk, an American mission, and several chapels belonging to Nonconformist sects.

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The parish church of Crathie (1903), replacing the kirk of 1806, is 12 m.

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The Song of Absence, Peblis to the Play and Christis Kirk on the Greene have been ascribed to him without evidence.

The king's habit of mingling with the peasantry secured for him a large amount of popularity, and probably led many to ascribe to him the authorship of poems describing scenes in peasant life, Christis Kirk on the Grene, The Gaberlunzie Man and The Jolly Beggar.

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The purpose of this article is to trace the growth of the Scottish " Kirk " as a whole, defining the views on which it was based and the organization in which they took form.

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Presbytery was never much in favour with the crown - this was the case in other countries as well as in Scotland - and when the crown, so weak at the Reformation, gained strength, encroachments were made on the popular character of the kirk; while the barons also had obvious reasons for not wishing the kirk to be too strong.

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Neither superintendent nor reader now appears; all the functions of bishops and superintendents are vested in the elderships, or church courts, and it is urged that the parts which still remain in Scotland of the old system should be cleared away and the sole jurisdiction of the kirk, as then constituted, recognized.

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A Roman Catholic rising threw James into the arms of the kirk; in 1592 the acts of 1584 were abrogated, the Second Book of Discipline legalized and Presbytery established.

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The Confession of Faith contains no approval of any system of church government, and when she adopted it in 1647 the kirk gave up her old confession in which the principles at least of true church order are laid down.

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- For the earlier history of the kirk the outstanding authorities are the histories of Knox, Calderwood, Baillie's Letters, and Wodrow's History: Knox's liturgy has been edited by Dr Sprott, and on the Westminster Standards the reader may consult Dr Mitchell's Minutes of the Westminster Assembly, and Baird lectures on the same subject.

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Kirk (Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, vol.

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Already "in our towns and places reformed," as the Confession puts it, there were local or "particular kirks," and these grew and spread and were provincially united, till, in the last month of this memorable year, the first General Assembly of their representatives met, and became the "universal kirk," or "the whole church convened."

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From all such property, whether land or the sheaves and fruits of land, and also from the personal property of burghers in the towns; Knox now held that the state should authorize the kirk to claim the salaries of the ministers, and the salaries of teachers in the schools and universities, but above all, the relief of the poor - not only of the absolutely "indigent" but of "your poor brethren, the labourers and handworkers of the ground."

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Seven years afterwards, however, when the contest with the Crown was ended, the kirk was expressly acknowledged as the only Church in Scotland, and jurisdiction given it over all who should attempt to be outsiders; while the preaching of the Evangel and the planting of congregations went on in all the accessible parts of Scotland.

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His son John Row (1568-1646), minister of Carnock, wrote a Historie of the Kirk of Scotland 1558 to 1637, which was continued to 1639 by his son, the third John Row (c. 1598 - c. 1672),.

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On the 1st of May he signed the first draft of a treaty at Breda with the latter, in which he accepted the Solemn League and Covenant, conceded the control of public and church affairs to the parliament and the kirk, and undertook to establish Presbyterianism in the three kingdoms. He also signed privately a paper repudiating Ormonde and the loyal Irish, and recalling the commissions granted to them.

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To assist the defense in the first, or waiting, period Adrianople was organized as a modern fortress, and Kirk Kilisse, an upland town on the edge of the Istranja Dagh, re-equipped with barrier-forts.

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Corps (Kirk Kilisse), and IV.

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Corps at or in rear of Kirk Kilisse, with the fortress of Adrianople and the works of Kirk Kilisse acting as breakwaters in front.

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In reality the assembly of the four active corps took place at Kirk Kilisse (III.), Yenije and Kavakli (I.), Karali (II.), and Ha y sa and Kuleli (IV.), with a cavalry division in frontof the centre.

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Corps, bears the name of Kirk Kilisse.

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Kirk Kilisse was a route-centre of importance, with a line of barrier works, partly permanent, on its N.

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Partly in order to develop the necessary frontage from the outset (in case of battle between Kirk Kilisse and the frontier), and partly in order to utilize the routes to the best advantage in a country much more difficult than that traversed by the other armies, Radko Dimitriev had formed his two leading divisions into four brigade columns - (a) a 4th Div.

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from Malkochlar by Erikler on Raklitsa and Kirk Kilisse; (d) a of 5th Div.

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Of these columns (a) became involved in the Seliolu fighting, and took no part in that of Kirk Kilisse.

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And thereupon, worn out by two days' hill fighting and lacking in internal homogeneity, Mahmud Mukhtar's Corps broke up, abandoning Kirk Kilisse and its fortifications, and streamed away in panic. The Bulgarians entered Kirk Kilisse on the 24th and possessed themselves of immense booty, including 55 guns.

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from Kirk Kilisse appears to have established the presence of enemy forces at or near Bunar Hissar.