the years of 1968 through to 1991. AA membership data was secured from... Our study showed that total and male homicide rates in Ontario we...Researchers also found that alcohol's violent effects seem more pr...Asbridge said that he was not particularly surprised by these gend... We also saw these effects for spirits beer and total alcohol – b...

the years of 1968 through to 1991. AA membership data was secured from the AA General Service Board Central Office in New York, which surveyed AA groups every three years for the same time period.

"Our study showed that total and male homicide rates in Ontario were strongly related to average levels of alcohol consumption," said Mann. "These observations confirm previous research showing that alcohol is a leading contributor to violence, as well as violence-related mortality."

Researchers also found that alcohol's violent effects seem more pronounced among males than females.

Asbridge said that he was not particularly surprised by these gender findings. "Intuitively, the nature of both male drinking patterns and homicide is different than that of females," he said. "Males drink more often, more heavily, and consume more beer and spirits than females. Moreover, the nature of the link between alcohol consumption and violence is more readily a male experience, for example, drinking heavily in bar settings leads to aggression and violence. Thus, these findings speak to the context in which males and females drink."

"We also saw these effects for spirits, beer and total alcohol – but not wine – consumption," said Mann. "This confirms that different alcoholic beverages may be more or less likely to be associated with different violence-associated risk behaviours."

"These findings are particularly interesting because they suggest that participation in AA and alcohol treatment may be exerting beneficial effects that are influencing alcohol-related homicide rates at the population level," said Mann. "These observations are also in agreement with recent studies of the effects of AA membership rates on deaths from alcohol-related liver disease and suicide, and they increase our confidence that we can achieve success in e'"/>

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