Name and list the functions of the two major categories of lymphocytes. (2)

List the 4 other lymphatic organs and briefly describe each. (4)

1. Spleen → cleans and filters the blood and destroys worn-out RBCs2. Thymus → produces thymosin = the hormone which functions in programming certain lymphocytes3. Tonsils → traps and removes any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat4. Peyer's Patches → tonsil-like organ found in the wall of the distal part of the small intestines

10

What are the two defense systems of the body and how do they respond to foreign substances? (2)

1. Innate defense system → responds immediately to protect the body2. Adaptive defense system → mounts an attack against the particular foreign substances

11

What are the body's first lines of defense against invasions of pathogens? (2)

1. Skin2. Mucous membrane

12

Define: lysosomes

Enzymatic organelle which destroys bacteria

13

Where are lysosomes found? (3)

1. Tears2. Saliva3. Other secretions

14

What is an inflammatory response?

A non-specific response that is triggered whenever body tissues are injured

15

List 4 common indicators of active inflammation. (4)

1. Redness2. Heat3. Swelling4. Pain

16

What do cells release when they are injured and what do those substances function as? (3)

1. Histamines2. Kinins3. A chemical alarm/alert to the rest of the body

17

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

To prevent the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue

18

Define: pus

Mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue, and living + dead pathogens

19

State the purpose of antimicrobial proteins and name the two most important types. (3)

1. Enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to respond2. Complement proteins2. Interferon

20

Define: complement proteins

Group of >20 plasma proteins that circulate the blood in an inactive state

21

Define: interferon

Viruses → essentially nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat

22

What do viruses lack?

The cellular machinery required to generate ATP (mitochondria)

23

What is the main symptom of a fever and what is a fever in regards to foreign substances? (2)