In testing Ho: m1=m2,
what decision would be made (in Step #6) if the 2 sample means are
the same.

Reject
Fail-to-reject

In a correlational study, if we somehow knew that r
= 0.00, should we expect a random sample to yield data such
that r = 0.00?

Yes
No

"If the difference between the data and __ (Ho/Ha)
is judged to be ___ (small/large), then the sample data are looked
upon as being inconsistent with Ho and, as a consequence,
Ho will be ___ (rejected/retained)."

In Step #5, the calculated value can be compared against a criterion
number that comes from a statistical table. That criterion number
is called the _____ .

Critical value
Demarcation line
Test statistic
Threshold value

If the calculated value exceeds the criterion number obtained from
a statistical table, will Ho be rejected?

Yes
No
Maybe

Normally, the critical value is not presented in the journal
article.

True
False

If a researcher compares the data-based p-value with the level of
significance (instead of comparing the calculated value with a critical
value), Ho will be rejected if p is _______ than the level
of significance.

smaller
larger

A small p-value indicates that the sample data deviate _____ from
what would be expected if the null hypothesis was true.

a little
a lot

Which procedure gives the researcher the better chance to reject
Ho, comparing the data-based p-value vs. the significance
level OR comparing the calculated value vs. the critical value?

Comparing the p-value with the significance level
Comparing the calculated value with the critical value
Neither procedure gives the researcher a better chance of rejecting

Step #3: Selecting the Level of Significance

The level of significance is like a scientific cut-off point that
allows the researcher to determine whether the discrepancy between
the sample evidence and Ho should
be labeled "small" or
"large."

True
False

Should a researcher determine the level of significance before
or after the sample data are collected?

Before
After

What level of significance is used most frequently by applied researchers?

.001
.01
.05
.10
.25

What is the name of the lower-case Greek letter that denotes the
significance level, and what does that letter look like?

alpha; s
alpha; b
alpha; a
sigma; s
sigma; b
sigma; a

The hypothesis testing procedure does not allow one to prove that
the null hypothesis is true, but it does permit one to prove
that the null hypothesis is false.

True
False

What type of mistake is made if a true null hypothesis is rejected?
If a false null hypothesis is not rejected?

Type I; Type II
Type II; Type I

The chances of making a Type __ error are equal to the significance
level.

I
II

If the level of significance is made more rigorous, this change
will decrease the chances of a Type __ error but at the same time
increase the chance of a Type __ error.

Type I; Type II
Type II; Type I

Which kind of error--Type I or Type II--is generally thought
to be worse by the scientific community?

Type I
Type II

Do researchers ever choose a level of significance that's more "lenient"
than the popular .05 level?

Yes
No

In Excerpt 7.23, the statement "p < 0.05" means the same thing as

a < .05a = .05a > .05

The chance of a Type II error (like the chance of a Type I error)
is determined solely by the alpha.

True
False

After making a decision about Ho,
will the researcher be able to tell whether his/her decision was
correct?

Yes
No

If a researcher rejects his/her Ho,
does the level of significance indicate the probability that Hois
true?

Yes
No

Results That Are Highly Significant and Near Misses

The level of significance influences the size of the tabled critical
value.

True
False

A researcher might use the phrase "highly significant" if

p > .999p < .001

Whenever you see the notation "p < .01," you
should presume that the researcher set alpha equal to .01.

True
False

A researcher might say that his/her results "approached significance"
if the data-based p-level ends up being just slightly ______
than the level of significance.

lower
higher

Suppose a researcher sets alpha equal to .05 and then discovers,
after analyzing the data, that p = .051. In summarizing
his/her finding, what might this researcher might say?

"There was a trend toward significance."
"The result was not significant."
He/she might say either of the things contained in the first
two options.

A Few Cautions

Alpha should be a number close to 0 if it's referring to _____ but
close to 1.0 if it's referring to _____.

reliability; the level of significance
validity; the level of significance
the level of significance; reliability
the level of significance; validity