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1 GAO United States Government Accountability Office Report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate June 2008 TAX DEBT COLLECTION IRS Has a Complex Process to Attempt to Collect Billions of Dollars in Unpaid Tax Debts GAO

2 June 2008 Accountability Integrity Reliability Highlights Highlights of GAO , a report to the Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate TAX DEBT COLLECTION IRS Has a Complex Process to Attempt to Collect Billions of Dollars in Unpaid Tax Debts Why GAO Did This Study The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) estimated that $33 billion in income tax assessments was not paid in If not collected, annual unpaid taxes keep accumulating each year along with penalty and interest charges to create an inventory of tax debts, which approached $300 billion at the end of fiscal year IRS has shelved or delayed collection of billions of dollars of this tax debt. Congress and others have questioned IRS s collection process s effectiveness. As requested, GAO is reporting on (1) the process IRS uses to collect unpaid tax debts; (2) trends in the unpaid tax debt inventory, collections, and other resolutions from fiscal years 2002 through 2007; and (3) the performance measures and goals available to assess how well the collection process works overall. To meet these objectives, GAO interviewed IRS officials and reviewed IRS's unpaid assessments database, documentation on the collection process and factors used in managing it, and IRS's highest-level collection measures. What GAO Recommends GAO makes no recommendations. GAO previously said that the lack of adequate performance measures hampered IRS in formulating an enterprise-wide collection strategy. In comments on this report, IRS noted its collection process highlights. IRS provided technical comments which were incorporated as appropriate. To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on GAO For more information, contact Michael Brostek at (202) or What GAO Found IRS has a complex process to collect unpaid tax debts by contacting taxpayers through notices, telephone calls, and in person. Because IRS has a very large debt workload and limited resources spread across multiple units, it must make numerous decisions about how best to handle debt cases. The complexity also arises because debt cases can take various routes based on about 70 IRS decision rules used for handling cases. The rules respond to a wide variety of debt characteristics, information known about the taxpayer, and the results of attempts to contact the taxpayer or take enforcement action. From fiscal years 2002 through 2007, increases occurred in the unpaid tax debt inventory, the percentages of debt classified as potentially collectible and in active collection status, and the dollars IRS collected. It is unclear whether dollars collected will continue to grow at rates similar to the growth in debt classified as collectible or active because, for example, those categories do not mean that the debt has a high potential for collection and will be actively pursued or that debt resolution will necessarily result in dollars collected. IRS-wide collection performance measures cover three outcomes of the threephase process with an emphasis on closing more debt cases in less staff time. IRS did not indicate why more measures for the whole collection process were lacking. For each of the phases, IRS had more performance measures such as on debt resolutions, time spent, satisfaction, and quality, which phase managers said were sufficient for them. GAO has identified material weaknesses in IRS s controls over unpaid tax assessments and collections partly due to the lack of agencywide cost-benefit data and related performance measures. Although IRS has made some progress on these weaknesses, progress has not been sufficient to resolve them. For example, over the past 3 years, IRS has employed various approaches, including sophisticated computer modeling and risk assessment techniques, to assist it in more effectively identifying the tax debt cases with the greatest collection potential, and to facilitate prioritizing of these cases for collection. IRS has also employed these techniques to identify the most effective collection approach to take for the various types of outstanding tax debt. Although IRS has ongoing projects to expand the use of these models and techniques, it does not yet have an agencywide, systematic approach to managing the collection of tax debts across IRS. In response, IRS has created a council of IRS collection officials to coordinate various collection activities across IRS and potential changes across the parts of the collection process. Further, IRS has a number of ongoing projects to improve aspects of the collection process. However, some of these projects will take a few years to be implemented. United States Government Accountability Office

4 Table 2: IRS-Wide Collection Process Performance Measure Definitions and Collection Phases Covered 17 Table 3: IRS-Wide Goals and Actuals for Collection Performance Measures, Fiscal Years Table 4: IRS Collection Improvement Projects (as of May 2008) 25 Table 5: Unpaid Tax Debt Inventory (as of the end of Fiscal Years ) 28 Table 6: Potentially Collectible Inventory versus Non-Potentially Collectible Inventory of the Unpaid Assessments 28 Table 7: Potentially Collectible Inventory in Active Collection and Non-Active Collection Status 29 Figures Figure 1: IRS s Three-Phase Process for Attempting Collection of Unpaid Tax Debt 3 Figure 2: IRS s Three-Phase Process for Attempting Collection of Unpaid Tax Debt 8 Figure 3: Unpaid Tax Debt Inventory: Percentages Categorized as Potentially Collectible and Not Potentially Collectible at the Ends of Fiscal Years Figure 4: Potentially Collectible Inventory: Percentages in Active and Not Active Collection Status at the Ends of Fiscal Years This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. It may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. Page ii

5 United States Government Accountability Office Washington, DC June 13, 2008 The Honorable Max Baucus Chairman The Honorable Charles E. Grassley Ranking Member Committee on Finance United States Senate The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) must pursue collection of unpaid tax debt to help ensure compliance and confidence in the tax system and address the tax gap, which is the estimated difference between tax amounts that taxpayers voluntarily and timely pay and those they owe. IRS estimated that $33 billion of the annual gross tax gap (which totaled $345 billion after including the underreporting and nonfiling portions) for tax year 2001 was for nonpayment of known tax assessments. If not collected, these annual unpaid tax assessments accumulate over time, along with the related penalty and interest charges, to create an inventory of tax debts. 1 As of the end of fiscal year 2007, this inventory was approaching $300 billion, of which IRS considered about $100 billion to be potentially collectible. Due to resource limitations, IRS has shelved or delayed collection of billions of dollars of this tax debt. Given the many challenges that IRS faces, the enforcement of the tax laws, including collection of unpaid tax debt has been on our list of high-risk areas since Although collecting unpaid tax debt is part of any strategy to help ensure compliance and confidence in the tax system and reduce both the annual tax gap and the cumulative unpaid tax debt inventory, Congress and other stakeholders have raised questions about the effectiveness of IRS s collection process in helping ensure compliance. Because of your concerns about unpaid tax debt and to enhance Congress s understanding of the current collection process, you asked that we describe IRS s 1 This inventory of unpaid tax debts is not the same concept as the tax gap because the inventory is cumulative rather than annual and includes penalty and interest in addition to the unpaid tax. A further conceptual difference is that the unpaid tax debt inventory starts with actual tax assessments while most of the tax gap, except for the $33 billion in nonpayment of known tax assessments, represents estimates of tax losses because of reporting and filing noncompliance. Page 1

6 collection process and results for fiscal years 2002 through This report addresses the following questions. What process does IRS use to attempt to collect or resolve unpaid tax debts? What are the trends in unpaid tax debt, including the size and composition of the inventory, collections, and other resolutions of unpaid debt in fiscal years 2002 through 2007? What performance measures and related goals are available to assess how well the collection process works overall? To answer these questions, we interviewed IRS officials and reviewed IRS s unpaid assessments database, documentation on the collection process and factors used in managing it, and IRS s highest-level collection measures. Appendix I provides more details on our scope and methodology. In addition, we also attempted to track IRS s tax assessment and collection results across fiscal years 2002 through 2007, and asked IRS about its efforts to improve its management of the inventory and collection of debts. Appendix II describes our attempts to do this tracking from fiscal years 2002 through 2007, focusing on what happened to fiscal year 2002 assessments, and appendix III describes IRS s improvement efforts. We conducted our work from July 2007 to May 2008 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. Page 2

7 Results in Brief IRS has a three-phase process for collecting unpaid tax debts by contacting affected taxpayers through (1) a notice in the mail, (2) a telephone call, and (3) in-person interactions. IRS s very large debt workload in concert with its limited resources spread across multiple programs and multiple parts of IRS require many decisions to be made about how to handle the debt. Beyond the sheer volume of debt cases and dollars and the multiple IRS units that administer these phases, the process is complex because debt cases can take various routes through it, as shown in figure 1. Figure 1: IRS s Three-Phase Process for Attempting Collection of Unpaid Tax Debt Examples of factors that influence how debt is routed through the process Debt characteristics individual vs. business amount due Known taxpayer information levy sources? good mailing address? good phone number? financial assets or property? Results of contact attempts or enforcement action no taxpayer response full payment partial payment obtain more taxpayer information 1 Notice phase Notice phase: over 16 million first notices sent in FY2007 two divisions in 12 locations handle paper replies; single division in 25 locations handles telephone call replies If waiting period Awaiting next phase assignment Shelved due to lack of resources 2 Telephone contact phase exceeds 365 days 3 In-person contact phase Collected or otherwise resolved Phone contact phase: 5.4 million incoming and 1.9 million outgoing phone calls in FY2007; 3.4 million levies issued in FY2007 two divisions operating in 12 locations nationwide In-person contact phase: estimated 400,000 taxpayers contacted in FY2007 administered by single division with about 3,800 collection officers in 435 offices nationwide and in U.S. territories Source: GAO analysis of IRS information. Note: Figure 1 shows key routes a case can take but not all possible routes. The various routes arise in part from about 70 IRS decision rules for handling a case in response to the variety of debt characteristics, information known about the taxpayer, and the results of attempts to contact the taxpayer or take enforcement action. In general, the process and decision rules for routing cases are designed to resolve debt cases as quickly as possible using the least costly resources. Regarding trends in the unpaid tax debt inventory that went from $280 billion to $290 billion from fiscal years 2002 through 2007, IRS s tax debt Page 3

8 collections increased (about 30 percent) as did its potentially collectible inventory (which exceeded $100 billion by 2007) and active cases. However, potentially collectible and active case increases may not portend continuing collection increases at similar rates annually. First, potentially collectible means that the debt has not been defined as uncollectible for a variety of reasons rather than identifying the debt as having a high potential for collection. Second, active collection status means that IRS has made the debt available to be pursued contingent on available resources and other priorities rather than that IRS is continuously contacting the taxpayer or using its enforcement tools until the debt is resolved. Third, resolving debt (i.e., removing it from the debt inventory) does not mean that money has been collected; for debt amounts resolved during fiscal years 2002 through 2007, IRS removed from 20 percent to 28 percent by abating the debt, which may have been appropriate, rather than by collecting money. Furthermore, despite IRS s collection efforts, a sizeable portion of the unpaid debt inventory from 31 percent to 46 percent during fiscal years 2002 through 2007 was written off due to statutory limits on how long IRS could pursue the debt. Many reasons contribute to writing off tax debts such as IRS having insufficient resources to pursue the debt or because businesses go bankrupt or taxpayers die. The IRS-wide collection performance measures and their related goals cover three outcomes of which two outcomes coverage in closing debt and efficiency in using staff resources to close debt deal with all three phases of the collection process. IRS officials who manage the different phases of the collection process said that measures and goals are not set for one outcome of the collection process dollars collected in part because the law prohibits IRS from using records of tax enforcement results to evaluate employees or to impose or suggest production quotas or goals for employees. 2 Although a limited number of performance measures cover the collection process across IRS, the officials who manage collection phases within various IRS offices said that they have measures and data on such things as debt resolutions, time spent, satisfaction, and quality, which they viewed as sufficient to manage their operations. Nevertheless, our previous work has identified material weaknesses in IRS s controls over unpaid tax assessments and over the collection of tax 2 26 U.S.C note. Page 4

9 revenues due the federal government. The material weaknesses were partly due to the lack of agencywide cost-benefit data and related performance measures. Although IRS has made some progress on these weaknesses, progress has not been sufficient to resolve them. For example, over the past 3 years, IRS has employed various approaches, including sophisticated computer modeling and risk assessment techniques, to assist it in more effectively identifying the tax debt cases with the greatest collection potential and to facilitate prioritizing of these cases for collection. IRS has also employed these techniques to identify the most effective collection approach to take for the various types of outstanding tax debt. Although IRS has ongoing projects to expand the use of these models and techniques, it does not yet have an agencywide, systematic approach to managing the collection of unpaid taxes across the scope of IRS s responsibilities. In response, IRS has created a council of IRS collection officials to coordinate various collection activities across IRS and the impacts of potential changes across parts of the collection process. Further, IRS has a number of ongoing projects to improve aspects of the collection process but some will take a few years to be implemented, as indicated in appendix III. In providing written comments on a draft of this report (see app. V), the Commissioner of Internal Revenue said that he appreciated the interest of Congress and other stakeholders in tax debt collection, highlighted certain collection process accomplishments since 2005, and referred to IRS s ongoing collection improvement efforts. IRS also separately provided technical comments on a draft of this report which we incorporated as appropriate. Background IRS has many programs or activities that identify potentially unpaid taxes and may ultimately result in unpaid taxes being assessed and collection attempted. Unpaid assessments are generally identified by either (1) the taxpayer, such as by submitting a tax return with a balance due but without full payment, or (2) IRS compliance programs such as IRS s audit program that identifies reporting noncompliance on filed returns or the Automated Substitute for Return (ASFR) program that for taxpayers who failed to file returns creates a tax due return on the basis of available data provided to IRS by third parties on income such as wages Page 5

10 and interest. 3 Since IRS s filing and reporting compliance programs identify new tax debt when pursuing apparent noncompliance, IRS is contributing continually to the unpaid assessments inventory. After identifying potential tax assessments, IRS sends a series of notices to taxpayers about these potential assessments as well as about any taxes due. For example, IRS is required to send taxpayers certain statutory notices. IRS first is to send a 30-day letter that includes a proposed assessment of tax, penalty, and interest. The letter is to instruct the taxpayer on possible ways to respond, such as by accepting the proposed assessment; filing an original return; providing evidence that there is no filing requirement; or appealing the proposed assessment to IRS s Office of Appeals. If no response is received to the 30-day letter within the allotted time, IRS is to send a 90-day statutory notice. The statutory notice is to contain information similar to the 30-day letter and information on the taxpayer s right to petition the Tax Court. If IRS does not receive a response within the allotted time, the tax, penalty, and interest on the return are to be assessed. IRS s practice is to send up to four balance-due notices at 5-week intervals for the amount owed. Six weeks after the fourth balance-due notice, IRS is to forward any unpaid accounts to IRS staff who are to try to collect the unpaid amounts through other phases of the collection process -the telephone or in-person contact phases. Congress enacted the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of to balance IRS s responsibility to collect taxes with its responsibility to protect taxpayers rights. One of the concerns addressed by the act was the use of collection or enforcement data to assess performance. The act 3 ASFR attempts to enforce filing compliance on taxpayers who have not filed individual income tax returns by automatically generating a return that assesses related tax, penalties, and interest. IRS s goal is to motivate the taxpayer to file an accurate tax return, which usually reports a lower tax liability than IRS assesses because IRS does not know all of the taxpayer s circumstances. 4 Pub. L. No , 1204, 112 Stat. 685, 722 (July 22, 1998). Page 6

11 restricted the use of records of tax enforcement results for assessing employee performance. 5 We have previously looked at various aspects of IRS collection programs. For example, in 2002 we reported on the lack of data on the effects of collection programs on compliance. 6 Also, although we have not assessed the implementation of the private debt collection program, during our reviews of IRS s planning for the program in 2006, we reported that IRS had not completed work on a suite of balanced measures for use in evaluating the results of the program. 7 IRS Collects or Otherwise Resolves Unpaid Tax Debt through a Complex, Three-Phase Process IRS s process for collecting unpaid debt has three phases. Debt goes through these phases until it is determined to be not collectible, is collected, or is otherwise resolved: Notice: IRS sends a series of notices of balances due to the taxpayer to, in part, prompt a reply by the taxpayer and payment. Telephone: IRS uses telephone contacts with the taxpayer to secure payment or to take enforcement action, including a levy of financial assets and a lien against property. 8 In-person: IRS attempts in-person contact with the taxpayer to secure payment or take enforcement action, including levies, liens, and seizures of property. During the process, a debt case can also be placed in a not active status. According to an IRS official, this status indicates that although potentially 5 Prior to 1998, a provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 prohibited IRS from using records of tax enforcement results to evaluate employees directly involved in collection activities and their immediate supervisors, or to impose or suggest production quotas or goals with respect to such individuals. Pub. L. No , 6231, 102 Stat (Nov. 10, 1988). Before 1988, IRS Policy Statement P-1-20 prohibited using records of tax enforcement results to evaluate enforcement officers or to impose or suggest production goals or quotas. 6 GAO, Tax Administration: Impact of Compliance and Collection Program Declines on Taxpayers, GAO (Washington, D.C.: May 22, 2002). 7 GAO, Tax Debt Collection: IRS Needs to Complete Steps to Help Ensure Contracting Out Achieves Desired Results and Best Use of Federal Resources, GAO (Washington, D.C.: Sept. 29, 2006). 8 Although both are tools to enforce collection of tax debts, a levy differs from a lien. A levy is a seizure of the taxpayer s property to satisfy a tax debt. A lien is a legal claim to the property of the taxpayer as security for a tax debt. Page 7

12 collectible, the debt case is either in the queue awaiting assignment to the final collection stage or is shelved due to inadequate IRS resources to pursue it. As shown in figure 2, the collection process for debt treated as potentially collectible is a complex set of programs administered by several IRS units handling a large workload that can take multiple routes based on about 70 decision rules that IRS has created in response to a variety of factors, including the characteristics of a given debt or taxpayer and the results of the process itself. Figure 2: IRS s Three-Phase Process for Attempting Collection of Unpaid Tax Debt Examples of factors that influence how debt is routed through the process Debt characteristics individual vs. business amount due Known taxpayer information levy sources? good mailing address? good phone number? financial assets or property? Results of contact attempts or enforcement action no taxpayer response full payment partial payment obtain more taxpayer information 1 Notice phase Notice phase: over 16 million first notices sent in FY2007 two divisions in 12 locations handle paper replies; single division in 25 locations handles telephone call replies If waiting period Awaiting next phase assignment Shelved due to lack of resources 2 Telephone contact phase exceeds 365 days 3 In-person contact phase Collected or otherwise resolved Phone contact phase: 5.4 million incoming and 1.9 million outgoing phone calls in FY2007; 3.4 million levies issued in FY2007 two divisions operating in 12 locations nationwide In-person contact phase: estimated 400,000 taxpayers contacted in FY2007 administered by single division with about 3,800 collection officers in 435 offices nationwide and in U.S. territories Source: GAO analysis of IRS information. Note: Figure 2 shows key routes a case can take but not all possible routes. According to IRS officials, the phases and routing of cases result from IRS s designing the process to effectively and efficiently use resources to resolve taxpayer debt at the earliest possible time and using the least costly resources. For example, officials said that low-and medium-risk Page 8

13 cases are routed to the telephone contact phase 9 where they are treated according to case conditions in a bulk processing environment using lower-cost resources. The telephone phase handled over 7 million telephone contacts during fiscal year of which 5.4 million calls were made by taxpayers responding to IRS contacts and 1.9 million were made by IRS staff. However, IRS is to route high-risk cases that require the skills and tools of a revenue officer 10 including face-to-face interaction with the taxpayer and use of more complex enforcement tools to the inperson contact phase to resolve the debt though at greater cost in terms of time and money. As a result, the number of contacts about tax debts in this phase is lower estimated at about 400,000 in fiscal year The Process Is High- Volume and Spread among IRS Subunits A part of the complexity of the process stems from having a very large debt workload and limited resources spread across multiple units, which contribute to the numerous decisions that IRS makes on how to handle these debt cases. According to IRS data for fiscal years 2002 through 2007, IRS sent over 83 million first notices to taxpayers involving about $444 billion in unpaid taxes; the notice phase is the highest upstream part of the collection process. At the end of fiscal year 2007, IRS had $79.3 billion worth of debt in the three phases of the process. The IRS units that manage the computer and payment processing systems send collection notices and process related payments. Written responses to notices are handled by a Compliance Services unit which is operated, depending on the type of taxpayer, by the Wage and Investment Division (W&I) or the Small Business/Self-Employed Division (SB/SE). Taxpayer telephone calls to IRS in response to collection notices are handled by IRS s Accounts Management organization. IRS s outgoing calls to taxpayers to prompt payment or other resolutions as well as taxpayer calls in response to IRS s telephone contacts are handled by the Automated Collection System (ACS) operations of W&I and SB/SE. All in-person contacts are handled by the Collection Field Function in SB/SE. 9 According to an IRS official, the telephone contact phase may also receive a few high-risk cases for a short period of time before they are routed to the in-person contact phase. 10 Revenue officers are the most highly graded and trained IRS collection staff and have authority to use the full range of IRS enforcement tools including asset seizure. Page 9

14 Cases Take Various Routes through the Process Based on Several Factors Debt Characteristics In routing cases between and within the phases of the process, IRS considers factors such as the types of debt and taxpayers as well as the results of contacts with taxpayers. The characteristics that IRS considers include individual versus business tax, the dollar amounts due, and the age of the debt, among others, to evaluate whether the debt is potentially collectible. For example: Individual taxpayers receive up to four notices while business taxpayers receive up to two before their cases are routed to the next phase if IRS receives no taxpayer response or a response inadequate to resolve the debt. Cases not resolved through the notice phase are placed in a system for modeling to determine the appropriate routing through the telephone phase or the in-person contact phase. Due to the risk of businesses continuing to accumulate tax debt and the resulting need for faster IRS intervention, trust fund tax cases 11 are more likely to be routed around the telephone contact phase to the waiting queue for in-person contact or routed around the queue to be assigned for in-person contact if the amount due exceeds a certain threshold. Cases meeting certain criteria in the telephone contact phase such as amount due may be routed to the ACS unit that does outbound calls to taxpayers. Otherwise, any telephone contact with the taxpayer would depend on whether the taxpayer calls in response to IRS notices or letters on enforcement actions proposed or taken in this phase. Known Taxpayer Information The known information about the taxpayer includes whether IRS has information on potential levy sources (such as bank accounts), a valid mailing address or telephone number for the taxpayer, the taxpayer s financial assets or ability to pay, or other tax debts owed by the taxpayer. Several examples follow. After notices are sent, if IRS records (such as those from a financial statement due to a previous tax debt) indicate that the taxpayer cannot pay all or part of the debt, the debt may be categorized as not collectible due to financial hardship. 11 These cases involve employers obligation to remit their share of employment taxes and each employee s share of federal withholding taxes such as for individual income tax and Social Security. Page 10

15 Within the telephone contact phase, whether IRS attempts an outbound call to the taxpayer is determined, in part, by whether IRS has a telephone number for the taxpayer. If IRS records indicate that the taxpayer already has outstanding unpaid tax debt in a phase of the collection process, IRS is to forward the new debt information to that phase to facilitate collection of all the debt. For example, if a taxpayer s debt was already being handled in the in-person contact phase, the new debt would skip the telephone phase and the waiting queue to go directly to in-person contact. Results of Attempts to Contact Taxpayers to Resolve Tax Debts or Enforce Collection The results of attempts to contact taxpayers to resolve tax debts or enforce collection can vary widely. Taxpayers may respond by providing more information about their debt or financial situation, making a partial or a full payment, or asking about alterative ways to resolve the debt such as by reducing amounts owed or paying through installments. Taxpayers also may not respond at all. The nature of taxpayers responses help determine subsequent IRS action and which IRS unit takes action. Examples follow. Within the notice phase, various IRS units can get involved and handle a case differently depending on whether the taxpayer has income from a small business or the taxpayer responds by telephone or through the mail. In the telephone contact phase, IRS may place a lien on a taxpayer s property if previous attempts to resolve the debt have been unsuccessful. Unless the lien filing prompts the taxpayer to resolve the debt, the case can move to the waiting queue for in-person contact. If IRS notices to the taxpayer are returned as undeliverable or IRS records do not provide a levy source, IRS may send the case to be researched for a good address or a levy source such as bank accounts. If taxpayer responds by entering into an installment agreement, offering to satisfy the debt by paying less than the full amount due (offer in compromise), or questioning the amount due (such as in an appeal), IRS is to temporarily suspend routing the case through the collection process until IRS finishes dealing with these alternative ways to resolve the debt. Page 11

16 Tax Debt Collections Have Recently Increased, but Increases in Potentially Collectible Inventory and Active Cases May Not Portend Continuing Collection Increases The revenue collected from pursuing the unpaid tax debt through the collection process increased about 30 percent from $33 billion in fiscal year 2002 to $43 billion in fiscal year At the same time, the total IRS tax debt inventory went from $280 billion to $290 billion, as new tax debt was created and old tax debt was resolved each year. IRS officials attributed the increase in collections and in debt inventory in part to increased enforcement actions. Comparing fiscal years 2004 and 2007, IRS s assessments made from enforcement efforts accounted for a growing portion of the new potentially collectible debt inventory, increasing from about 30 percent to about 50 percent, respectively. IRS officials said that assessments made through ASFR were a major factor in this growth. IRS collection officials said that to some extent IRS cannot control trends in the total tax debt inventory, which they attribute to trends in the economy and taxpayer compliance behaviors. They also said that IRS may make enforcement-related tax assessments even when taxpayers likely will not be able to pay the debt because IRS needs to signal taxpayers that IRS will indeed pursue noncompliance. Over the 2002 through 2007 period, IRS categorized more of the unpaid debt inventory as worth pursuing with a growing portion of its unpaid inventory being in potentially collectible and active collection status. These increases, however, may not result in the total dollars actually collected growing annually at rates similar to the growth in the inventory defined as collectible or active. As shown in figure 3, IRS s potentially collectible inventory increased from 27 percent of the unpaid tax debt inventory in fiscal year 2002 to 36 percent in fiscal year Data on the inventory of unpaid assessments in fiscal years 2002 through 2007, including more details on how IRS classified the debt, are in appendix IV. 12 These totals, as reported in IRS s annual data book, include the three phases of the collection process. IRS also reports on enforcement revenue collected, which is a higher number that includes dollars from the collection process and other enforcement actions, such as examinations. Page 12

17 Figure 3: Unpaid Tax Debt Inventory: Percentages Categorized as Potentially Collectible and Not Potentially Collectible at the Ends of Fiscal Years Percentage Fiscal year Percentage of unpaid taxes potentially collectible Percentage of unpaid taxes not potentially collectible Source: IRS data. Note: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. According to IRS, the potentially collectible inventory is the focus of its collection efforts. However, not all potentially collectible debt has a high potential for collection. Rather, potentially collectible means that the debt has not been defined as uncollectible for a variety of reasons, such as the taxpayer being bankrupt or facing a financial hardship or IRS being unable to find the taxpayer or temporarily suspending the debt from collection actions. From fiscal year 2002 to 2007, IRS placed more of the inventory with collection potential into active collection status. Comparing fiscal years 2002 and 2007, debt in active collection increased from 62 percent to 75 percent of the potentially collectible inventory, respectively, as shown in figure 4. Page 13

18 Figure 4: Potentially Collectible Inventory: Percentages in Active and Not Active Collection Status at the Ends of Fiscal Years Percentage Fiscal year Percentage of potentially collectible inventory that is in active collection status Percentage of potentially collectible inventory that is not in active collection status Source: IRS data. Note: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. Active collection status means that IRS makes the debt available to be pursued in a phase of the collection process. This status does not mean that IRS is actively and continuously contacting the taxpayer or using its enforcement tools in the telephone or in-person contact phases until all debt is resolved. Depending on competing priorities and IRS resources, for example, some of this inventory could remain in this active status for some time before it is acted upon or resolved. IRS also could decide to move the debt to an inactive status during which no further collection action is taken. For debt that is resolved by removing it from the debt inventory, IRS often does not collect any revenue. During each of fiscal years 2002 through 2007, over half of the annual resolutions in terms of dollar amounts were removed from the debt inventory through abatements and collection statue expirations, as shown in table 1. Page 14

19 Table 1: Percentage of Unpaid Tax Debt Inventory Resolved by Types of Removal, Fiscal Years 2002 through 2007 Fiscal years Types of removal from inventory Collection of dollars 41% 34% 37% 30% 39% 41% Abatement Collection statute expiration Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: IRS data. Abatements occur for a number of reasons. 13 For example, section 6404(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, in part, authorizes IRS to abate the unpaid taxes or any related liability which is: excessive in amount, assessed after the applicable period of limitation has expired, or assessed erroneously or illegally. Among reasons for abatements are errors by taxpayers or IRS and changes to assessments resulting from additional information provided by taxpayers or obtained by IRS that adjusts the appropriate tax assessment and related penalty and interest amounts that have accrued over time. Abatements can occur years after an original tax assessment was made. In sum, the amount that IRS abates can exceed the amount collected during a given year. An example in which additional information leads to abatements involves ASFR assessments. IRS uses the best information available when it prepares returns for taxpayers who failed to file returns. When responding to the IRS-prepared return, taxpayers may provide additional information, such as on deductions to which they are entitled, which would produce a lower tax assessment compared to the ASFR-generated assessment. Accordingly, IRS abates any assessed taxes and any applicable penalties associated with the ASFR return. Abatements also can be required when: 13 We did not attempt to analyze the appropriateness of these abatement and expiration resolutions. Page 15

20 a taxpayer uses a net operating loss carryover amount to offset a tax liability, a taxpayer files an amended tax return that changes the tax liability, a taxpayer provides information as part of a request to abate certain types of penalty assessments due to reasonable cause, a bankruptcy court has discharged a tax assessment, a taxpayer has met the terms of the agreement for an offer in compromise to reduce the amount the taxpayer must pay to satisfy a tax debt, or a corporate officer has fully paid a trust fund recovery penalty amount assessed for unpaid payroll taxes, which means that IRS then can abate any other assessments of this amount against other officers. Likewise, the law allows IRS a period of time to collect outstanding tax debts through its collection process or court proceeding. This period, which IRS refers to as the Collection Statue Expiration Date, generally is 10 years and usually begins from the date a tax liability is assessed. In general, if IRS does not collect the full unpaid tax debt amount before the statute period ends, then any remaining balance on the debt is removed from the unpaid tax debt inventory because it is exempt from further IRS collection action. 14 Expired debt can happen, for example, when the taxpayer does not have sufficient resources to pay the debt before the statutory period elapses, such as when the taxpayer is a defunct business or dies, or when IRS s limited resources do not enable it to actively pursue all debts. IRS officials noted that the increase in the portion of debt removed due to statute expirations in the 2003 through 2005 period, for instance, was attributable to the inability of failed financial institutions to pay large tax assessments associated with Resolution Trust Fund cases arising during the 1990s. IRS-Wide Collection Performance Measures Cover the Collection Process and Some Outcomes As shown in table 2, two of the IRS-wide collection performance measures cover all phases of the collection process and focus on the extent to which debt cases were closed and the efficiency in using staff resources for those closures. A third measure covers IRS s accuracy in the phone contact phase. 14 The 10-year period can be extended or suspended under a variety of circumstances, such as agreements by the taxpayer to extend the collection period in conjunction with an installment agreement, bankruptcy litigation, offer in compromise, and court appeal. Page 16

21 Table 2: IRS-Wide Collection Process Performance Measure Definitions and Collection Phases Covered Collection phases covered Measure Definition Notice Telephone In-person Collection coverage Collection efficiency Automated collection system customer accuracy Source: GAO analysis of IRS information. Note: N/A means not applicable. Percentage of workload that X X X was available and disposed a Number of cases disposed compared to the number of staff working cases a Percentage of time taxpayers received the correct answers to their inquiries, had their cases resolved correctly, or both X X X N/A X N/A a In addition to debt cases in the collection process, the measure includes cases where IRS attempts secure tax returns from taxpayers IRS has identified as not having filed a tax return by the return due date, which may or may not eventually involve the collection of unpaid tax debt. For example, IRS could improve collection coverage performance if more delinquent return cases get closed without the taxpayer owing unpaid debt. We did not determine whether or how much these cases affected the performance achieved on the measure shown in table 3 below. Table 3 shows the goals and actuals for the three IRS-wide performance measures for IRS s collection process. Fiscal year 2005 is the earliest available data for the coverage and efficiency measures. Table 3: IRS-Wide Goals and Actuals for Collection Performance Measures, Fiscal Years Fiscal year 2005 Fiscal year 2006 Fiscal year 2007 Measure Goal Actual Goal Actual Goal Actual Collection coverage N/A 53% 52% 54% 54% 54% Collection efficiency N/A 1,514 1,650 1,677 1,723 1,828 Automated collection system customer accuracy Source: IRS data. Note: N/A means not applicable. N/A N/A 89.3% 91.0% 91.0% 92.9% The IRS units that manage the phases of the collection process have more measures and data on their phases. The telephone contact phase operations of SB/SE and W&I and the in-person contact phase operation (which is only SB/SE) have measures and goals on customer satisfaction, Page 17

22 employee satisfaction, and quality. For the notice phase, IRS officials had data on the speed and efficiency of collections. Other measures and data in some units included the time taken to resolve the debt and the age of the debt. IRS officials who manage the different phases of the collection process said that their available data, performance measures, and goals meet the needs of their operations. These IRS officials also said that IRS does not have performance measures and goals for dollars collected in part because of concerns about legal restrictions on IRS using enforcement records to assess performance. Under Public Law , IRS cannot evaluate employees or suggest production quotas or goals by using records of tax enforcement results. 15 In addition, these officials said that IRS does not, in their view, need more IRS-wide measures to indicate how well the overall collection process is working. They said that to understand what was driving performance trends, any rolled-up measure would have to be broken down into its constituent parts. The officials did not explain why the two IRS-wide measures on coverage and efficiency were useful while other measures would not be useful even though they all would be rolled up. Our previous work has identified material weaknesses in IRS s controls over unpaid tax assessments and over the collection of tax revenues due the federal government. Although IRS has made some progress on these weaknesses, progress has not been sufficient to resolve them. In November 2007, we reported that IRS s efforts to target cases for collection have been hampered by an inability to reliably measure how much it collects compared to the costs, and that these efforts did not represent an agencywide, systematic approach to managing the collection of unpaid taxes. The absence of agencywide cost-benefit information and related performance measures also hampered IRS s ability to form an effective and efficient collection strategy. 16 Over the last 3 years, IRS has employed various approaches, including sophisticated computer modeling and risk assessment techniques, to assist it in more effectively identifying the tax debt cases with the greatest 15 The statute, however, does not prohibit using quantity measures in evaluating organization performance. See Pub.L. No , 1204, 112 Stat. 685, 722 (July 22, 1998), codified at 26 U.S.C note. 16 GAO, Financial Audit: IRS s Fiscal Years 2007 and 2006 Financial Statements, GAO (Washington, D.C.: Nov. 9, 2007). Page 18

23 collection potential and to facilitate prioritizing of these cases for collection. IRS has also employed these techniques to identify the most effective collection approach to take for the various types of outstanding tax debt. Although IRS has ongoing projects to expand the use of these models and techniques, it does not yet have an agencywide, systematic approach to managing the collection of unpaid taxes across the scope of IRS s responsibilities. IRS has acknowledged the need for the parts of the collection process to work better together. In response, IRS created a council of IRS collection officials, for example, to coordinate various collection activities and review how potential changes in one part of the process could affect another part of the process. Further, IRS has a number of ongoing projects to improve aspects of the collection process. However, some of these projects will take a few years to be implemented, as indicated in appendix III. Agency Comments and Our Evaluation The Commissioner of Internal Revenue provided written comments on a draft of this report in a letter dated June 2, 2008 (which is reprinted in app. V). The Commissioner noted that he appreciated the interest of Congress and other stakeholders in tax debt collection and outlined some related collection process highlights and accomplishments. In addition to citing the two IRS-wide collection measures coverage and efficiency which we discussed in this report, the Commissioner cited other information as signs of IRS collection improvements since He pointed to improvements in dollars collected, total dispositions, productivity, and cycle time without reducing customer satisfaction, quality, or accuracy. As we discussed in the report, beyond the two IRSwide collection performance measures, the IRS units that manage the phases of the collection process have other measures and data on their phases of the collection process. We note that although IRS has only two IRS-wide collection measures coverage and efficiency that are used by agency management to set performance goals, IRS in effect used measures from the unit level in order to portray a more complete picture of collection performance in its comment letter. The Commissioner further said that progress in collection performance was recognized when, in October 2006, the material weakness Collection of Unpaid Taxes was downgraded to a reportable condition. This downgrade was made by IRS. As we noted in this report, although IRS has made some progress on the material weaknesses we identified in previous work, we concluded that the progress had not been sufficient to resolve Page 19

24 them as of November We will review this material weakness again in our next report on IRS s financial management systems. The Commissioner also referred to 14 collection process improvement projects underway, a count that differs from the 18 projects we identified in our report We did not reconcile the difference. In addition to its letter, IRS provided technical comments on a draft of this report which we incorporated as appropriate. As agreed with your offices, unless you publicly announce its contents earlier, we plan no further distribution of this report until 30 days after its date. At that time, we will send copies to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and other interested parties. This report will also be available at no charge on GAO s Web site at If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) or Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are listed in appendix VI. Michael Brostek Director, Tax Issues Strategic Issues Page 20

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