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The Bell Labs work on the transistor emerged from war-time efforts to produce extremely pure germanium "crystal" mixer diodes, used in radar units as a frequency mixer element in microwave radar receivers.

A parallel project on germanium diodes at Purdue University succeeded in producing the good-quality germanium semiconducting crystals that were used at Bell Labs.

A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit.

The vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, was the transistor's precursor, introduced in 1907.

Electrons in the emitters, or the "holes" in the collectors, would cluster at the surface of the crystal where they could find their opposite charge "floating around" in the air (or water).