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Indicateurs clés

Région

357,022 km2

Population

80,854,408 (July 2015 est.)

Type de gouvernement

federal republic

Langues

German

PIB

$3.841 trillion (2015 est.)

Taux de croissance

1.5% (2015 est.)

IHD

6

Capitale

Berlin

Introduction

As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation (after Russia), Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. The decline of the USSR and the end of the Cold War allowed for German unification in 1990. Since then, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.

Indicateurs macroéconomiques

Economic growth is projected to remain solid, as a robust labour market and low oil prices underpin private consumption, while low interest rates and the housing needs of refugees boost residential investment. Business investment will strengthen somewhat, as capacity utilisation and employment rise. Demand for German exports in emerging market economies and euro area countries are expected to recover gradually. The refugees will gradually join the labour force. Robust domestic demand growth will reduce the current account surplus, which will nevertheless remain very large.

The budgetary stance is mildly expansionary, which is appropriate as spending room is available to improve the integration of immigrants and to strengthen active labour market policies for those who have difficulties finding work. In addition, gaps remain in the provision of early childhood education and care, full-day primary schooling and transport infrastructure. The education system should provide more support for youth with a weak socio-economic background. These measures would boost the inclusiveness of the ongoing economic expansion, and are an investment to raise growth in the future.

Productivity has grown little in recent years and is relatively low in services. Accelerating refugees’ access to the labour market and further raising their skills would expand output, reduce dependence on public support and include refugees more rapidly in society. Reducing the high taxes on second earners would remove barriers for women to work full-time, improving access to more productive jobs and careers. Reforms to remove barriers to entry and competition in professional services and network industries would strengthen productivity and investment and could reduce the current account surplus.

Le Luxembourg et le pays

Existing conventions and agreements

Non double taxation agreement

In order to promote international economic and financial relations in the interest of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Luxembourg government negotiates bilateral agreements for the avoidance of double taxation and prevent fiscal evasion with respect to Taxes on Income and on fortune with third countries.

Plus d'informations

Foreign Trade

The Statec Foreign Trade statistics provide information on the trade of goods - by product and by country. This information is collected respectively through the INTRASTAT declaration and on the basis of customs documents.

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