Event ID: 1589398
Event Started: 8/17/2010 12:15:00 PM
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Please stand by for real-time captioning. >
>> Please stand by for real-time captioning.
>> All right, we're going to get started this morning. Everyone, good morning. I hope everyone got rested yesterday and for those who are wondering, I really do own two suits. I am wearing the second one today. I don't know if I will have one for tomorrow, but -- anyway, good morning, I am James Williams, the act -- research, and this is Karen Harper, we're co-chairing the event. We had a good time yesterday, hope everyone is enjoying thelz themselves.
>> A few reminders, the sessions are being recorded for later viewing. We ask you shut cell phones off and keep conversation to a minimum, if possible. The other thing, please, no videotaping or utilization of equipment. That is very respected. Especially today when our afternoon general session is going on, not permitted during that one at all. Make sure we honor that request. When asking questions, please use the microphones in the middle aisle. We encourage everyone to post comments using twitter or -- buzz room using NASA IT.
>> We will have a moderator to pose questions to the speaker from those viewing on line. Chris -- via the robot, we set up time for you guys to meet the NASA CTO for IT, that will be 4:00 to 5:00 in the Cyber Kava, you can go chat with comprise. I am sure he will love it. Make the time to do so, he is really missing not being here.
>> Also, if you have comments, suggestions, feedback, let Karen or I know, so we can accumulate the feedback and take the suggestions for next year.
>> Good morning again. I hope you all had a wonderful day yesterday, as the first day of the Summit. Another reminder that next week you will receive a survey e-mail from us. It's R important to get get back to make next year's Summit even better. Don't forget to pick up daily -- at the registration desk. Misti Burmeister will be signing books following the morning session, and there are 50 books, program books that have stars on her bio page. If you are one of the recipients of the program book that has a star on it, you are entitled to a book that will be at the desk across from the registration table MistI will be signing, show the star and you will receive a signed book.
>> There's a -- working group agendas are at the registration table for those staying Wednesday afternoon, Thursday and Friday, and those agendas are at the table.
>> Then, there's been an overwhelming demand for the polo shirts, so more polo shirts are going to be ordered. Those here from the Centers and, as well as headquarters, you need to contact your IT steering committee member, let them know you want to order a polo shirt, prepaid $18, and they will be distributed back to the Summit steering committee member to get your shirt to you. We are glad there's an interest in our red IT Summit polo shirt.
>> So W that I will turn over the mic to Deborah Diaz, our Deputy CIO who will convene this morning's session.
>> Good morning. Our first speaker, Misti Burmeister, is well-known for her passion and dedication to effective leadership. She's the who's who of leading across organization and generations. She started her speaking career with $37 to her name and a passion for increasing successful communication between generations in the workplace. Today she's nationally recognized industry expert, highly sought-after and the Washington post best selling author, From boomers to Bloggers. Getting the most out of your team, across generations. Welcome MistMisti Burmeister.
>> [Applause ]
>> I paid them to say that. You can pick up your payment later. Good morning.
>> Audience: Good morning.
>> Misti Burmeister: For breakfast, I eat -- Jim wanted to know -- other than egg, bacon and toast -- yummy --
>> There aren't any young professionals out there, there? Oh, good, because we're annoying, impatient, unwilling to pay dues, we want it all right now without having too do anything. Lack responsibility. We say I showed up, where's my trophy. There aren't any seasoned professionals out there are they? Good, because on the other hand, they are irritating. All they ever say is "pay your dues. Why They hoard information, they have a process in place for everything. These are two of my most favorite soap operas. I call them the Young and the Restless and the Old and the Breathless. Breathless because they're tired of trying to explain there's a good reason for that process. They are restless because they are young or because they're trying to decide whether the good reasons -- no, if it's not because they're young, it's because they're still excited about the mission of the organization.
>> Here at NASA IT your mission is of national importance, influence, you work with the technology of the agency, maintaining 10 centers, security, innovating the way information is shared within NASA and to the public. Over arching vision. To understand, protect our home planet. To explore the universe in search for life. And to inspire the next generation of explorers.
>> You have at your disposal both seasoned professionals with knowledge and experience, and young professionals eager to learn, prove their own astute knowledge. It's exciting. It's also the perfect opportunity for irritation.
>> As many of you know -- we know about this, right, guys? A lot of talk these days, as there should be, about building a sustainable culture. One in which the wisdom from the past is both remembered and leveraged. Innovation and collaboration are encouraged every day, future leaders are acknowledged, recognized and cultivated. A sustainable culture is a direct result of mission-centered leadership, such leadership is necessary for NASA IT and for every organization to thrive. How do we build a mission-centric organization? Three components. Keeping our eye the mission, remembering how it was achieved in past successes. Ensuring talent and skill of every generation utilized effectively. And by continuing to innovate while preparing the next generation of leaders to take over the mission.
>> In the time we have together today I will flesh out how mission-centric leadership nurtures a sustainable culture.
>> By show of hands, how many in this room want one of the three items? The feeling that what you do matters. Opportunities to grow and gain experiences. Some form of acknowledgment or recognition. Keep your hands up if you want at least one of the following three items. Get them up.
>> Now look around. Keep them up.
>> Now look around. We are more alike than we are different Jennifer -- out of the center for creative leadership did outstanding work on -- the idea that each generation has different values. In her book Retiring the Generation Gap, she debunks this myth. Lo and behold, we all want the same thing, simply express them differently. We all want opportunities to advance, learning and development. Yes, even older folks at NASA want to continue developing their skills. Respect and recognition, better quality of life.
>> Despite the fact that we all really want the same basic things, there's conflicts in the workplace between generations. Right? Conflict, irritation. In fact, according to the Harvard Business Review, 61% of the chief executives surveyed said they had trouble integrating younger employees. Like the YouTube employee, put together by young professionals here at NASA demonstrating their frustration at a perceived lack of interest in their ideas, Heather, a young contractor gets shuttled around from office to office as she shares her revolutionary idea about the shuttle. Meanwhile, the seasoned professionals are puzzled at why a young contractor would want to go against the grain. There's a break down that has generations stepping on each other's toes at best and knocking each over at worst. And the mission, mission of the entire agency [indiscernible]
>> Jennifer'sor deal shows -- the -- doesn't work unless the organization is willing to be equally loyal. Yes, it's annoying when young professionals say things like "I want balance." "I didn't get my degree to file paperwork." I said it was funny -- I didn't get my degree to file paperwork, or I know I have only been with the organization less than a month, but listen to my ideas anyway. It's exrit critical to help those young professionals gain the skills necessary to be successful.
>> A recent survey by the government accountability office and department of human capital -- a crisis in human capital for government agencies. About one-third of agencies, 31% onboard at the end of fiscal 2007 became eligible to retire, leaving critical gaps in institutional knowledge, which could adversely effect each agency's diversion mission, in response to national and international issues.
>> Look around and imagine what the person sitting right beside you knows. The valuable knowledge and information in person's brain, they are like -- "what?" what knowledge, what brain? Now imagine the gap that would occur if they were to just -- disappear. I know many of you are hoping they will, but we won't go into that. Critical to the success of NASA IT's mission is a sharing of knowledge, across agencies and across generations. While speaking in Madison, Wisconsin -- anybody from Wisconsin? There's like 50 out there from Wisconsin. I was speaking to a group of 150 human resource people, somebody in the audience shouted out "I don't care about developing the next generation of leaders, because if I do they will take my job." you could hear a pin drop. Likely she wasn't the only person feeling that same way. I asked her, do you care about the long-term success of your organization? Absolutely. Okay, then what's your three-year plan? I don't have one.
>> What's your six-month plan? To get through the next six months. Kind of like that, the audience laughed, almost as if they had the very same plan. I asked her how can you possibly get excited about sharing what you know if you have no plan in place for yourself? Silence, followed up by curiosity. How do I create a plan, she asked. Mission centers have a vision. For themselves, I believe for themselves and their team. Looking forward, not thinking backward. Knowledging forward, not looking backward, such leadership is essential to creating a sustainable culture.
>> Something about a next slide is coming up. Let me add value toward your quest about what really matters. Innovative IT solutions for NASA and a strong and sustainable leadership now and in the future; something organization, public to private sectors, want.
>> We all really want the same basic things across the different generations. Mission centric leaders have a vision for the team and the organization. Since this is up I will talk about it. The FDA a little while ago hired a contractor to build an emerging leader program. This emerging leader program -- in order to determine the success rate along the way they put out surveys asking participants what -- was it successful or not. The contractor surveyed each participant. Successful or not? Each participate participant was giving back surveys, critical to the presenters. Turns out some of the presenters received good feedback from the surveys. These presenters actually facilitated dialogue, asked questions, engaged the audience --. Some, instead of listening to the learn opted to use their Blackberry, talk to each other rather than listen. As a result you can imagine the seasoned professionals were a bit frustrated. They called, asked for my assistance. I asked what's really working well? Discovered some of the presenters received good feedback on the evaluation. Those that asked questions. You have the solution, get your presenters to facilitate more, lecture less. With that, she slammed her fist on the table. I am not here to entertain them. That was a perfect opportunity to refocus on the mission. I asked specifically what are you here to accomplish? To ensure the next generation of leaders are fully equipped to lead the FDA. So for the remainder of that session I encouraged her to remain focused on that mission. Even with different presenters with different styles, her focus on what she was trying to accomplish, the goal of effectively equipping was a crucial component to the success of that program.
>> Of course, emerging leaders want to have their voices heard, contribute to the conversation. In order to successfully reach the goal she set out to reach meant she needed to ensure they got what they needed. Comes down to what work and doesn't work toward the accomplishment of the mission. Right? Instead, a lot of -- many leaders get tripped up in what doesn't work.
>> NASA is on the cutting edge of this culture of inclusion. A recent post on the open NASA blog, started and maintained by Nick Sky line and Garrett [indiscernible] are you out there? At least one. Stated "people want to be personally engaged; fit into the bigger picture, be encouraged." we call it participatory -- engaging the American public in its mission, inspires the next generation of explorers no matter what they want to be whether when they grow up. Achieving success is a team effort, dedicated to a greater vision, a leader keeping her eye on the ball.
>> Young professionals need more grace and feedback. Young professionals need to stay the course, show commitment. You really need a mission-centric meeting in the middle where patience and drive come together.
>> You want to see that a minute longer, don't you, it's kind of cute. Fortunately, we are not the first to experience a disconnect between generations. Just when we were discovering the star and moon, something other than -- friction between young and seasoned was evident. Socrates and [indiscernible] old-timer who understand the use of -- like today's young professionals, wanted to be seen and heard, contribute to the conversation, work together to improve the world's first democracy. Encourage self knowledge above all else, living by the vision that all people were capable of truth and goodness, devoting his life to this mission, getting others to see their potential.
>> Socrates represents a mission-centric model of leadership. He had the confidence to know he could not possibly know everything. He was proclaimed the wisest man in Athens, in his own words, "I know I know nothing." mission-centric leaders remain open to learning. They stay focused on the vision and seek feedback in an open forum. For Socrates that meant the public squares, for us it's blogging, facebook and conferences like this. Socrates and his band of followers came underscrutiny of the old garde of Athens, they aren't comfortable being questions, didn't take kindly to their authority being challenged. They represented ego or right yows model of leadership, think they know it all. Righteous leaders need to be -- at the expense of innovation and success of the organization ultimately. Who represents the mission centric of leadership? Lindaa kir cure ton -- isn't it nice all the center CIOs now belong to you? The reality is there's not much truth to that. The reality is I now belong to all of them. Those are the words of a leader who keeps her eye on the ball, rather than letting everything get cloudy and blurry with ego.
>> Effective leaders own responsibility for their success, success of their team, looking forward, not backward. Just like that. Thinking forward, not looking backward.
>> That's what's next to come, by the way, you guys. Mission-centric leaders listen to that seemingly crazy idea because they know it might be brilliant, and they want to keep the doors open to innovation. The moon landing, the international space stations, the Mars path finder, none of this would have been possible without mission-centric leadership. Why would NASA IT be any different?
>> Today's challenges call for inspiration. A recent report released by the government accountability office stated in the face of fiscal security and technological challenges, federal agencies will need to transform themselves; critical to the success of this transformation are its employees, human capital. In other words, good leadership is needed to be successful. Such leadership is created through continually developing the talent and skills of each person on your team, across generations. Consider John Quincy Adam's definition of leadership: If your actions inspire others to dream more, to learn more, to do more and become more, you are a leader. Ask yourself right now: Who am I inspiring to dream more, learn more, do more, be more and become more? Notice the quote says inspire. Some people get that mixed up with demand. I am most inspired by the people who are out there doing, being and becoming more themselves every day.
>> Aren't you guys? Let's face it, regardless of generations, the leaders who attract the most dedicated, loyal, committed, mission-centric leaders are the ones who put the most time into them and themselves. I know a leader who insists his employees bring a pen and paper to every meeting, then holds them accountable to the greater goals. He used to patronize them by writing it all down on sticky notes for them and got frustrate when they didn't get the job done. Now that he holds them to -- the satisfaction and -- has soared. Treat people as what they ought to be and you help them become capable. Own responsibility for their success and they will step up. Get annoyed at their lack of responsibility, do it all for them and watch as they continue to annoy you.
>> What kind of leader do you want to be? Mission-centric or concerned about pecking order and paying dues? Leaving a legacy or one who thinks he looks good? One who makes inspired decisions or one who makes them based on fear. Yesterday's NASA could inspire its leaders to walk on the moon. Today's leaders are empowering the discovery of new worlds. Think what tomorrow's leaders here at NASA will do here at home and beyond. Today's question is about how to engage each generation to continue protecting and understanding our home planet. It's not a question about what worked yesterday. It's a forward-thinking question about what's needed right now for success. An environment where young and seasoned professionals work together for accomplishment of the mission.
>> Mission-centric leadership begins with knowing yourself, and ends with a community of leaders confident enough to do the same. Just like the small steps on the moon were leaps for mankind, the small steps made by leaders, all leaders in this room represent leaps for the organization, and consequently, the world. I have been blessed to know a model of this caliber of leadership, my own Socrates. Understood the power of belief and knew how to focus it. His name, appropriately, is Mr. Wiser, my principal at valley high school in gill Christ, Colorado, anyone out there from Colorado? About 1500. Prior to meeting Mr. Wiser, my life was going down a disas trass path, in court, front-row seat in Special Ed. I needed a more constructive path. I had just not found it. My previous schools bought into the idea that I was stupid and treated me as if it were true. It's the same, we assume young professionals lacking polished business skills are incapable. It's equally true, only assume that seasoned professionals are resistant to change, useless. As a part of my -- I need some water, sorry, guys. Port of my enrollment in my new high school, my mother accompanied me to a meeting with Mr. Wiser, a meeting I will remember for a lifetime. As he sat behind this big wooden desk, hands folded together, almost as if in pryer, as my mother explained about all the issues I had over the past, special programs I had been enrolled in over the past two years, meanwhile I shrank in my seat waiting for him to tell me what special program I would be in. To my shock he calmly said, I think your doubt daughter is quite normal and I think she will get along quite fine in our normal courses. He must have known something mom nor I knew. If he thought I was going to be successful in his school, most certainly I would. I won't lie. My grades -- whoo, not stellar. If it didn't fold up, fit in my back pocket, I didn't take it home and complete it. I did graduate, become a three-time state champion in track. His confidence in me changed my life. I found ways to get myself in trouble, no doubt. But whenever it escalated to Mr. Wiser he insisted the teacher or coach take a greater responsibility of their student or athlete. His confidence in me helped me to be confident in myself. My life would have turned out very differently had it not been for Mr. Wiser. Mission-centric leadership grounded in a mission for the vision he set out to accomplish. His vision was clear. That really is a picture of him. To get his students to graduation. Unwavering commitment to a mission and vision much greater than himself. There are three keys to becoming a mission-centric leader, capable of pulling out the very best in every person on your team.
>> Know yourself. Know your team and your colleagues. What are they like, what are they up to, where are they trying to go? Know your mission. While presenting at one of these forums in Washington D.C., someone stood up and proclaimed "when I was a young professional all I wanted to do was prove myself.Ive wanted to know I was doing a good job and to understand where my career was going." these young professionals today just want to prove themselves, constant feedback and a clear career path. I looked at him as if he had two heads. We have prove yourself, feedback and career path. The audience got real quiet, almost as if they were trying to digest what he was saying. I asked, "did you hear what you just said?" he had completely forgotten his own experience, and as a result, his ability to relate. It is in remembering we create a bridge. Remembering that time, you know that time when we didn't know it all where, it was we were going or how we fit in. We all felt that in some way before. Rediscover the passion that ignites your commitment. Doing so is essential to helping others find theirs; especially if the other is annoying or irritating.
>> Admittedly, sometimes a communication ability of our younger colleagues gets in the way of their capabilities. I spent my fair share of time shaking my head at how the youngser generation approach, almost to sabotage at the get-go. I am a prime example. As a younger professional I was so eager to prove what I knew, what I was capable of, I did a heap of research, presented an hour-long PowerPoint presentation, showing how to better utilize my talents and skills. I ended up with a boss who thought I should be on medication.
>> I promptly resigned. Starting over from scratch, I needed to understand what happened. I channeled all that energy and enthusiasm into research on generational differences and -- here I am, learning and relearning beside you to refocus on the mission I set out to accomplish, the goal of effectively getting young and seasoned professionals to help each other. While moderating a panel recently in Washington D.C., actually wasn't, was in Williamsburg, that ELCING thing, close -- IACT -- I met a seasoned professional. Yeah, good job -- I met a seasoned professional preparing herself to be led by a young professional, inevitable in a healthy pipeline. She asked the panel of young professionals, she was nervous, didn't know how she would be led by them successfully. Stood up, the first person, wanted to be the first person to ask the question, so she did. Some of you were in that audience, remember her. How can I successfully be led by you to the panel of young professionals? We all really want to just know how to be successful. Regardless of the generations. We want to know what we do matters, that we're contributing to the mission at NASA. Now that we're refocused on the mission, making IT stellar at NASA is well within reach. The language, systems of yesterday, valuable inheritance, and, sort of a necessary component to getting to the next level of creativity, innovation, exploration and discoveries. Far beyond what we could ever imagine.
>> My great friend and mentor, Dr. [indiscernible] says, what got us here will not get us there. Making IT stellar at NASA requires each person in this room question your beliefs about generations. Embrace mission-centric thinking and leadership and working together toward building a sustainable culture. As another friend, Mike McKinly says, incredible mentor, "together we learn from one another to give to each other, the need to require to continue to learn together." unlike the righteous conversations from the Young and the Breathless -- a NASA IT department capable of inspiring every generation, pulling together all the IT know-how, experience in this room, we can imagine the future is stunning. In a cult thor culture that begins where every person feels valued, can contribute to the mission, a culture which begins with you and you and you, we can and will sustain this bright dream. Thank you.
>> [Applause ]
>> Would you like me to take a few questions?
>> Maybe one or two.
>> Who got questions?
>> You guys are fully equipped to lead across generations now, awesome. Going once -- over here, you are right in front of me, but the lights --
>> A question from twitter asking if there are generational -- more prevalent in certain questions -- more friction between young and seasoned. I would say that no, there's not. There's more friction in an environment where people are concerned about what it is -- when they are concerned what they do doesn't matter, then there's friction. When they don't have somebody helping them bring out the very best or the best in themselves, there's more friction. I don't think there's any particular industry you can go from one company to the next within a particular industry and see radical differences. Like Linda curetinae group, eye focused on the vision. Not cloudy with ego.
>> One more question?
>> You are like Vint, almost called you Viny --
>> Thank you very much.
>> [Applause ]
>> Thank you very much. This is the first time I have ever introduced an evangelist at an IT summit. Vint Cerf is vice-president and Chief Internet Evangelist for Google since October 2005. In this role these responsible for identifying new enabling technologies to support the development of Internet-based products and services, and is an active public face for Google. He's also been called one of the Fathers of the Internet. President Clinton presented him the U.S. national medal of technology for founding and developing the Internet. He and Mr. can were recipients of -- what's called the Nobel prize of -- the medal of freedom, this is the highest civilian award given by the United States to its citizens. Help me welcome Vint Cerf.
>> [Applause ]
>> Good Vint Cerf: Well, good morning. I have Misty's last slide here, I will let you figure this out.
>> Meanwhile, I have a couple of comments to make. Is this microphone working okay? The standard question is can you hear me back there in the rear -- the standard answer is no, we ain't built that way.
>> There. How's that? Much better. If I get that kind of reaction I should sit down, not getting any better. Once you react to what Misty said, before I get into the substance of my prepared remarks. I joined Google in 2005, and the average age went up. One of the joys of working with a young company, I don't know the average age now, started in 1998, and the two guys who started with were graduate students, hired a lot of people who just graduated from college, with advanced degree, even bachelors, in the mid-20s, that was 10 years ago, 12 years ago. The average age probably kept up some; but, the thing that's interesting is, still, from my point of view, young people, one of the great things about young people, they go 900-miles an hour because they are too young to know you can't do that. The result is extremely stimulating. Misty's comment is vital. A thing I enjoyed about being at Google, I learned a great deal from these young people. One lesson -- people say why don't we do X? We did X 25 years ago, didn't work. I have to remind myself there was a reason it didn't work and that reason may no longer be valid. It's time to reexamine the premise of whatever led to that conclusion.
>> The other thing I wanted to suggest to you is that the term mission at NASA is a term of art. In fact, from the context of the IT organization it's a very tricky, possibly even dangerous term. So let me try to explain why I might feel that way. NASA has been very successful, precisely because its scientific missions have been mission-centric -- managed in a mission-centric way, focused. However, in the IT department one of the missions of IT is to support all of those scientific missions. You are an infrastructure. That means, in many cases, designing and building systems that are multi-mission in nature. So one of the key points I hope you will take away from my presentation is that designing communication and information infrastructure architectures must be viewed from a multi-mission point of view because you have to persist over many different missions. Your system vs to work over many missions.
>> So to get to the substance of my talk this morning, let me -- one of the reasons I wanted to talk a little about Internet, you live in the middle of a vast and growing public network environment. Internet looked like this in 1999, and looks like this in 2010, just bigger and more colorful. The picture was generated automatically by looking at the global routing tables. Literally hundreds of thousands of networks all connected together. They are not run top down. This is collaboration of global proportion. This is a cooperative activity and you are part of it. It's not centrally managed, very distributed architecture. The only reason it works is there's standards everybody voluntarily adopts in order to allow this complex system to work. The number of machines on the Internet used to be doubling every year. Now the growth rate is rather slower. On the other hand, you can't see all the computers on the Internet. This is the machines visible, but lots of hiding behind fire walls in virtual networks, some to NASA, some are Googles, others. The actual rate of machine growth on the network may be substantially larger than we can see publicly.
>> The number of people on the network is getting close to 1.8 billion. I might add the number of mobiles in the world is up into the 4 and a half billion range. The reason that's relevant to Internet, many are Internet enabled, those at Google, we have to make sure the services work on laptops, desktop and mobiles. This an important part of our world. Smart phones with Internet capability.
>> Here's where the users are, another surprising statistic. I watched this system grow over the last 35 or 40 years. The Asian population is now the largest in absolute numbers. Half of thations on the Internet are in China, about 400 million, that's only a 20% penetration. You can imagine over the course of the next decade the people who will be added in China, and the content of the Internet for the term to come. I stopped making predictions about Europe, they keep adding countries to the definition of Europe, keeps changing. I don't know what to say about that. This is not the stock market, at least I hope not.
>> This is the number, amount of IT version address space, about 5% left, version 4 -- my fault actually. In 1977 I was running the Internet program for the defense department, I had to decide how much address space this Internet thing needs. This started in 19 -- by 1977 this is very much an experiment. We don't know if it will work. After a year of arguing among the engineers, no one knowing, 32 bits, 3.4 billion terminations, has to be enough for an experiment. The problem is the experiment never ended. We are still in the experimental stage. We need to do something about allowing the note network to continue to expand and that is IT version 6.
>> For those that don't know, Theodore -- Dr. Seuss -- seemed perfect for this IT V 6 if -- if you are not prepared to run V 6, get ready, you are going to need it.
>> If you are finding a number of chasm changes, the addition of non-latin characters to the domain system. They have been in -- Chinese, Arabic, so on. If you have systems that don't know about unicode, not prepared to deal with non-latin character sets, you need to correct that deficiency.
>> Security is increasingly important issue, because of scope, the things we depend on it for. The digital signing of domain names is now a reality, a number are already digitally signing zone file and root zone, finally, in July of this year.
>> In addition to that, the routing system has vulnerabilities. You can announce routing space you don't own, hasn't been assigned, causing people to route to the wrong place in the net. There's an effort to digitally sign the allocation when border updates occur you can see if the announcer is authorized to announce routing to that particular IP address, putting in digital signatures, in other in order to improve security.
>> No surprise to you at NASA, most of what you do when we talk about the scientific mission, is exactly [indiscernible] to collect data and deliver back to Earth. We are seeing the same thing now in the private sector. I will give an example of -- capturing the Internet, the smart grid, another program underway to make equipment, appliances more intelligent to report their use of electricity, allow us to decide under what conditions we want to consume power, especially if we are at peak load, may not want to run the washing machine until the peak load passes, maybe accept the idea the power system says we're run into peak load demand, 105-degrees, everybody is running the air conditioner, can we turn yours off a while to get past this peak load. And mobiles are giving us an net note Internet in our pocket.
>> These are examples of domain natures not in Latin characters, the Egyptians were the first to get a non-latin Arabic and others were to follow.
>> We are starting to see capability in computing that allows us to put machines in the same environment you and I are living in. The best example, at MIT, the TED conference, this guy had a projection unit strapped to his exist, small one, and television camera, headset, microphone. This put his computer into the same environment he was in. Instead of carrying a laptop around or mobile, he projected imagines he needed to see on the wall, piece of paper. Wanted to make a phone call, held out his hand and projected the keypad on his hand, touched the numbers to dial. The television camera was looking to see what he was doing, make a phone call, it made the call for him using voice over IP. The point I want to make is as you begin to bring computer power into the same sensing environment human beings are in we start to create partners for ourselves. The software and hardware becomes embedded in our space, part of our communications environment as opposed to our having to adapt with keyboards and mice. I see that as a very interesting evolution. Google is participating in that, we have a big investment in speech understanding, recent development called Google Goggle, taking an image, saying what is it? We are good with wine labels, book covers, famous landmarks, and so on, as time of goes on it will get better.
>> I don't have time to tell me about my wife's cochlear implants, just because I only have a short amount of time, but the short story is that a person with a cochlear implant has electronics embedded in their head into the auditory nerve and has a speech processor, external computing system listening, turning sound into electronic pulses directly stimulating the cochlea. I have an idea that I could reprogram her speech processor to put TCP/IP in it. She has a microphone picking up sound, can hear, can ask a question, we can turn that into digital packets, send to a speech understanding machine like the ones at Google. The answer could come back by way of voice over IP and go straight into her auditory nerve. I could put my wife on the Internet. We haven't done that, but I think it's a great idea.
>> That leads more generally to the idea that we are entering into a period where it's not just an Internet of people, but of things. More and more things will be on the Internet, they will communicate these things, with each other, with us, and communicate with third-party monitoring services, things of that sort. It's going to become increasingly person to important to introduce strong authentication. All of these devices communicating, upon which we may rely increasingly need access control using two factor authentication or other strong authentication mechanism.
>> So, I think you should anticipate there will be a very much larger number of devices on the net. Once again, also motivating the need for IT V 6. I didn't anticipate, things like picture frames, plugged into the Internet, somebody ran in, did you see the Internet enabled picture frame? Sounds about as useful as an electric fork. But -- I was wrong. Turns out they are really nice. Plug them in, don't have to boot up Windows or anything, it just runs, and every 24 hours goes off, downloads an image, cycles through. You take digital pictures, upload, the frame downloads the pictures, you get an idea of what's going on with the nieces, nephews. You appreciate the need for security. If the website the picture frame is downloading gets hacked, the grand parents may see pictures of people they hope are not the grandchildren.
>> There are other things that look like telephones but are IP phones from Cisco. Refrigerators, what would you do with -- nice touch-sensitive displays, augments the family communication system, which was paper and magnets on the front of the refrigerator, now we can blog. We might be able to figure out what's inside the refrigerator if there are the appropriate tags. While you are working its surfing the net for recipes. You get an e-mail from your refrigerator saying I don't know how much milk is left but you put it in there three weeks ago, it's going to crawl out on its own.
>> Maybe you're shopping and get an e-mail on the mobile, don't forget the sauce, from your refrigerator. The bathroom scale, you step on, it figures out who you are, sends information to your doctor, talked to your refrigerator, you have diet recipes coming up. Or it refuses to open because you are on a diet. Bad.
>> The guy in the middle invented the Internet enabled surf board, he's Dutch, waiting for the next wave thinking if I had a laptop in the surf board I could be surfing the Internet and -- Wi-Fi service, and sells the service. If you are interested in surfing the net while on the water in is for you.
>> I mentioned the sensor -- this is an IPv6, wireless sensor net running in the house, actually a product you can buy from a company called Arch Rock on the West Coast, every five minutes recording -- down in the basement server, the first reaction is only a geek would do that. In fact, I had a purpose in mind, I wanted real data for how well the heating, venation, air conditioning system works in the house. I now have a year's worth of this information. The heating and cools guys come, I have serious data. One room in the house, the wine cellar, this is important because I have to keep it below 60 and above 50% humidity. If the temperature goes through the barrier I get an SMS on my mobile. I was visiting argon national lab and the mobile goes off, it's the wine cellar calling, you just penetrated the 60-degrees -- every day I get a memo, the wine is warming up. By the time my wife got home it was 70-degrees in the cellar. I said do you guys make actuators? Yes, I am putting in a remote actuator, I could poke a button, turn the cooling system back on, requiring strong authentication so the 15 year old next door -- et cetera.
>> I can tell if the lights are on in the wine cellar, but -- I know somebody went in, I don't know what they did, back to the trips again, I can do an inventory to see if any wine left the wine cellar without my permission while I am away. But the guy said you could go in, drink the wine in the cellar, the bottle never left, so we have to have a cork -- figure out whether or not the wine is good to drink, you check, interrogate the cork, if it's the bottle that reached 90-degrees during a summer outage, that's the bottle you give to somebody who doesn't know the difference.
>> All right. I mentioned the smart grid, paying attention to how we use electrical resources, be smarter, it's just the beginning. Generally we should be instrumenting our offices, homes, cars, so on to keep track of our use of resources, especially those that are not renewable, so we can get smarter about how we use those resources. That feedback loop has not been available. End of the month, you get a bill on how many kilowatt hours, explain what you did, whether changes in your choices would make a difference. We will have a lot of devices that need to communicate with each other. Those who enjoyed the star wars movies will appreciate we need more like CP 3 O and -- as time goes on.
>> This gets, in a way, to some of what you are responsible for. NASA is a very large organization, a lot of moving parts. Part of your job is to help keep the organization functioning, but in addition, the primary purpose of the organization is space exploration and observation. Part of your mission is to help those missions succeed. One piece of infrastructure built back in the 1950s, the deep space network. It's a very, very impressive piece of work. You know about T the 70-meter dishes in three places around the world to communicate with spacecraft around planets, landing or flying past an asteroid. It's a point to point radio link, a primitive network you have done amazing things using that capability. But my colleague and I believe it is time to expand the functionality of the networking to be more like the Internet. So we were motivated in part by the mission to Mars. The Pathfinder, the two Recoveries and the Phoenix landing in 2008. The particular missions, the original plan for the Rovers, to transmit data direct to Earth at 28 kilobits per second. When the long-distance radio, long-haul radios were turned on, my understanding is they overheated, a design problem, the same problem showed up in both Rovers.
>> The duty cycle had to be reduced and the scientists were already unhappy with 28 kilobits, let alone reduced duty cycle. It was noted that there was an exband radio on both Rovers, could go at 28 kilobits per second to reach the Orbiters. The orbiters and rollers were reprogrammed to do store and forward, taking the data, wait until an orbiter gets in view, transmit, hold on to it until they get to the right place to transmit to Earth. From the orbiters the transmission was 128 kilobits, more data coming from this store and forward method. I don't need to remind you that's the way the Internet works. This example of the networking, even as trivial as a three-node system can make a huge difference in capacity, capability of the system. All the data coming back from Mars is going that way.
>> The Phoenix landser was up at the North pole, didn't have a -- used the store and forward to get data from the Phoenix. My colleagues and I starting at JPL in 1998, working on the design of an interplanetary communications network, thinking we could use TCP/IP, realized that went going to work, the distance between the planets is literally astronomical. The speed of light is very slow, so between Earth and Mars, depending, it's anywhere from three and a half to 20 more than thes to transmit one way at the speed of light, double for round trip. TCP/IP doesn't do well with that, flow, you run out of room stuff. If it's 20 minutes before you hear -- all this data coming back, falling on the floor, flow control does not work. Celestial motion, planets rotating, we haven't figured out how to stop that, you can't talk until it comes back around, orbiters have the same problem. It's a delayed, variably delayed and very disruptive environment. The consequence, new protocol, tolerant of the disruption, the bundled protocol, implemented now, working on this quite a while. The protocols have been put on the international space station, have been put onboard the [indiscernible] spacecraft, out at the end of the year. We hope it will be put onboard the Internet router in space, the Cisco router onboard [indiscernible] 14, the auxiliary processor, and Cisco and NASA have been working together to try to get the bundled protocol onboard [indiscernible] sat 14, and a number of ground-based implementation. It's publicly available software, open-source, books have been written about the [indiscernible] disruption network architecture, being standardized by the consultive committee on space [indiscernible] very well along.
>> We have done interesting civilian and [indiscernible] testing of the protocols. Reindeer herders in Sweden tested the DPN protocols, have terrible -- 55-degrees North, satellite on the horizon trying to get through the atmosphere, during the winter they are disconnected from village to village. We put Wi-Fi servers in a couple of villagers and the DTN protocol, wandering in like data mules, picking up, wandering off. [indiscernible] on the reindeer at one point, random communications, all worked pretty well. Went to DARPA, defense advanced research agency -- funded the interplanetary architecture, we went back and said this DTN stuff really works well in disrupted environments, might be useful in tactical military communications. They said prove it, gave a contract to Miter, went out, did a series of demonstrations with the Marine Corps showing more data throughput than standard TCP/IP, not because it was more efficient in sense of bandwidth, but used broken up communications by hopping from one node to another with the node storing the data, which is not what the Internet does. The Internet world knows don't store the data, get rid of it as fast as possible. Cheaper than 30 years ago, can be used to overcome the kind of brokenness in the communication. Worked very well for the military as well. We're looking forward to a series of improvements in the technology readiness level of the DTN, and we certainly hope the consultative committee will standardize so all space-faring countries can make use of these protocols.
>> How am I doing on time? I have 10 minutes, will try to keep this terse.
>> One thing I have to tell you is that if you have grown up in an Internet environment where low delay and good connectivity are normal, you have keep reminding yourself in a disresulted environment some of the normal thinking, like ping, doesn't work, you don't know when you will hear back from something that may be many hops away or may not hear anything because the packet got lost. We had to re-think an awful lot of the architecture, including things like network management, in order to make a robust system Autonomy becomes important when you are an hour away. The films where the astronauts are around Saturn, real-time communication with Houston -- of course we have to forgive them, it would be a boring film if it book several hours to get the interchange to happen. But in real life you don't have real-time communication, it's more like e-mail, voice mail, video mail. There's a lot of re-thinking that has to happen.
>> The thing I want to encourage to you do, those who are ultimately the recipients of the data coming back from these missions, become the curators of a lot of this data. It's incredibly important we be able to keep this information over a long period of time, keep it in useful form. There are all the stories about the 7-track tapes, read once with the oxide coming off on the first read, if you can still find a 7-track tape reader at all. We need more meta data to record the data coming back. The instruments have to tell about calibration, the information, what conditions obtained during the time gathering the data, so it will still be interpret retable, understandable. We can reprocess the data as we have better theories about how the universe works.
>> We also need to recognize that networking is not just a deep space thing. As we send more missions out with more mobile devices or as missions complete their primary function, become reused for other functions, we may accumulate more and more equipment on the various planets or in orbit around the planets and we need local communications to coordinate. We need networking not just to get back to Earth, but to make man and robotic missions interwork locally in a more effective way.
>> So I am deeply concerned that we don't know exactly how to do many of these things. Your problem in part is to help think through how we capture that information and make it useful over decades of time.
>> I also wanted to mention one of the things we work on at Google is cloud computing. The whole idea to have large amounts of data, computing capability that can be applied at need and reapplied to other functions after the primary purpose has been achieved. We like the idea of being able to dynamically allocate our capacity, run applications as needed. I think cloud-like environments, whether google's or others, will turn out to be important to NASA, simply given the amount of information you accumulate and the number of people whoment to interact with that, data and each other about that.
>> There are a lot of things we can do in the cloud world, it's still very early days in terms of design and implementation of cloud systems. One area which is quite nascent, how to get different clouds to interact with each other. We don't have standards for that. Those who go back far enough to remember ARPA net, the standardized way computers talked to terminals that were on other machines in the ARPA net. We had the network virtual terminal idea, didn't exist, just a concept, every computer on the net knew how to communicate to the real ones directly attached to the machine. We need a network virtual cloud definition to help clouds interact with each other in some standard way. I will finish by saying we are not planning to build this interplanetary network and hope somebody will come. That's not in the architecture. What we're hoping to do is standardized protocols, have them adopted by the space faring nations around the world and if they use them it will render the spacecraft interoppariable if they choose to communicate with each other. That will allow us to accrete an interplanetary backbone, launched for scientific reasons, completing the primary missions and becoming part of the interplanetary backbone. I thank you very much for your time this morning and will be happy to answer any questions you might have.
>> [Applause ]
>> If you don't mind using the mic, that will help. It's incredible how hard it is to see up here.
>> You are coming down to see me?
>> Camera guys, too bad. How are you?
>> Pleasure to meet you.
>> I am quite worry body your issue in your wine cellar, that's disturbing to me. I thought -- I work for a consulting company and I thought you might want to think about a camera with a motion sensor, assuming you don't have nudist living with you.
>> Not a bad idea.
>> Could send you an idea. The real question, being at Google, this idea of the asynchronous communication. Have you found that being the younger folks tend to have more proclivity to use asynchronous communication, sometimes the more senior folks don't, like this face-to-face thing, come in the office --
>> The answer is no in the following sense. If by asynchronous you are thinking instant messaging and tweeting, but it's very much used as a real-time thing. The young folks are impatient to think e-mail is old stuff. Less interested in e-mail than instantaneous interaction. I have a theory that a lot of those young people are -- especially junior high, high school, near geographically near their friends, the same time zone. Real-time interaction makes sense. As they get older their friends disperse, they may not want a tweet at 3:00 in the morning. You correctly describe messaging, communication schools will become more natural for them. That's my prediction, we will have to see as this cohort of tweeters -- twit -- oh -- [laughter] as they age, we'll see how they change. Next question?
>> The other question has to do with do you believe at some point there will be toll roads on the Internet? It was originally put together, one connection to the other, some standards. With the increasing need for bandwidth, do you think there will be providers with the major providers, connect to me, you will be guaranteed X amount of bandwidth.
>> This is the hidden net neutrality question. First I would have to say there are different answers depending on where you are in the world. Some places like Australia, New Zealand is following, French of all places have a strong regulatory structure requiring France telecom to be very open in access to the underlying facilities. Here in the U.S. we have an interesting situation because there's less competition than one might like in the broadband sector, telephone, cable company, if you have competing at all. On the other hand, there's this struggle for business model, one of the tensions that is unresolved, whether you can make a business model work having a very open infrastructure and building value-added services you could charge for on top of those or monetize the capacity, using that as your primary business model. I think there's a fair amount of variation. I don't find it objectionable to pay more for more capacity. Not the total number of bytes, it's the data rate that's the issue. I use Verizon [indiscernible], and bought the business service, partly because I needed an IP address that was fixed, as opposed to dynamic. For a moment I said, I invented this stuff, you should give it -- [laughter] then I thought, well, no, so anyway I am paying for my service. But I am paying for for that partly because there's higher bandwidth available to me. I don't miefned mind that at all. What I would mind, and Google and Verizon have talked about, the ability that one would use control on the underlying capacity to perform
>>> I have to work questions here. Those are the only two we have time for come is that correct? But we take this one over here. Yes, Sir.
>> Have you thought about the -- you've mentioned cochlear implants. What implications of getting rid of that human Internet interface? There has been a lot of [ indiscernible ], which speculates what that would be like. If one were to turn it off, it you might go in to say artistic mode. I was just wondering if you had any thoughts of that. Obviously, being able to research and interface with a computer.
>> There are several things. First of all, I am going to back up so I don't have to talk to people through my back. First of all, the cochlear implant are examples of how well we understand the central neural system. We anticipate [ indiscernible ] as well, but I see that that is reasonable. I think the possibility of sensorimotor implants is also a conceivable capability. That is further away in time, and I understand they are having some experiments along the way, but I want to come back to the way you ask the question where you worry about people becoming isolated somehow and not interacting directly with each other because they are embedded in the online environment. Is that what you were worried about?
>> I guess there is security issues that arise. Whenever you are so into hacking image into what do they see them. It might be the case eventually that they disconnect from the Internet in an autistic mode.
>> Let me -- let me say that this could clearly be an all day discussion. [ inaudible ] was probably written around 1909. That informs you about what happens when people are disconnected from something that they were dependent on. As we are hacking peoples brains, Google is my solution to all spammers right. [ laughter ] If I could have two terabytes of a brain implant, I would go to that. I accept that there are risks, but I think we are going to explore ways in which we can expand our sensory systems. Some of that is going to be through implants, some -- like night vision, for example. It is an extension. There was one more question over here. I don't have time. Okay. That's it, folks.
>> [ applause ]
>> Lets have another round of applause for both of our speakers this morning.
>> Applause Mac -- [ applause ]
>> Thanks again. We will now have a 15 break. After which the track sessions will begin. As a reminder, we will gather back here at 1:30 for presentation from Jack from Walt Disney Imagineering.
>> [ IT Summit on a 15 minute break. Event resumes at approximately 10:15 EST. ]
>> [ Group is attending track sessions at this time ]
>> Captioner standing by. >
>> the average age of the company was 20, and that was 10 years ago, the average age crept up some. One of the things by young people, they go 900 mph, they are too young to know you can't do that. Misty's comment about learning is very tightal. One thing I enjoy most about being at Google, I learn a great deal from these young people. One lesson I learned, people will come up and say why don't we do X? We did X 25 years ago, didn't work, and I have to remind myself there was a reason it didn't work 25 years ago. That reason may no longer be --
>> From the context of the IT organization, it's a very tricky, possibly even dangerous term, so let me explain why I might feel that way. NASA has been very successful, precisely because it's scientific missions have been mission-centric managed in a mission-centric way. However, in the IT department one of the missions of IT is to support all of those scientific missions. You are an infrastructure. That means in many cases designing and building systems that are multi-mission in nature. One of the key points I hope you will take away at the end, designing communications and information infrastructure architectures must be viewed from a multi-mission point of view because you have to persist over many different missions, your systems have to persist over many missions.
>> So now to get into the substance of my talk this morning -- thank you -- one reason that I wanted to talk a little about the Internet, you live in the middle of a vast and growing public network environment. Internet looked like this in 1999, and looks like this in 2010, bigger and more colorfu what's important, though, it was generated automatically by the global routing tables, hundreds of thousands of networks all interconnected together. They are not run top down. This is a collaboration of global proportions. In is a cooperative activity, and you are part of it.
>> So this is an unusual kind of thing, not centrally managed at all, a very distributed architecture. The only reason it works is there are standards everybody voluntarily adopts in order to allow this complex system to work.
>> The number of machines on the Internet used to be doubling every year. Now the growth rate is rather slower. On the other hand, you can't see all the computers on the net. These are the machines publicly visible, but lots of hiding behind fire walls in virtual private networks, some of come belong to NASA, Google, others. The actual growth of the rate of machines on the network may be substantially larger than we can see publicly.
>> The number of people on the network is getting close to 1.8 billion. I might add the number of mobiles in the world is up into the 4 and a half million range, the reason it's relevant to Internet is many are enabled, and we have to make sure the services work on mobiles as well as desktop and laptops. This is an important part of our world., probably yours as well. Here's where the users are, another surprising statistic. The Asian population is now the largest in absolute numbers, half the Asians on the Internet are in China, about 400 million of them. That's only a 20% penetration. You can imagine over the course of the next decade that many more people on the net will be from Asia and their interests and [indiscernible] will -- the Internet. The rest of the data, I have stopped making predictions for Europe, the countries keep changing. I don't know what to say about that in the future. This is not the stock market, at least I hope not. This is the number of, or the amount of IP version 4 space on the Internet, dropping rapidly. We have almost completely used IPv4 address space. That's my fault. When I was running the Internet program for the defense department I had to decide how much address space this Internet thing needs. This started in 1973, remember, when Bob and I wrote the first paper published in 1974, so in 1977, after a year of arguing among the engineers, no one coming to conclusion, three address space stations, 128-bit or 32-bits, 4.3 billion terminations, must be enough -- for an experiment, but the experiment never ended. We're still in the experimental stage. We need to do something about allowing the note network to expand. That solution is IP version 6. For those who don't know, thee owe dore guiseel -- Dr. Seuss -- if you are not prepared to run IPv6 in your IT system, get ready, because you are going to need it.
>> In addition to that up find a number of changes in the Internet -- the addition of nonLatin characters. Chinese, Arabic, so on. If you have systems that don't know about unicode, not prepared to deal with non-latin characters in your web environment you need to correct that deficiency.
>> Security is an increasingly important issue in the net because of scope, things we depend on it for. The digital signing of domain names is now a reality, a lot of domains are already digitally signing and the root zone finally signed in July of this year.
>> In addition to that, the routing system has vulnerabilities, can you announce routing space if you don't own, hasn't been assigned and cause people to route traffic to the wrong place in the net. There are efforts to digitally sign the allocations of IP addresses so when the border gateway protocol updates occur you can check to see if the announcer is in fact authorized to announce routeing to that IP address. It's a little more complicated than that, but an attempt to put in digital signatures, public crypt ologies, and technologies to imprisere the security of the net works.
>> In addition to that we are seeing sensor network starting to show up. Should be no surprise at NASA. Most of you do is exactly sense or networks, collect data and deliver it back to Earth. We are starting to see the same thing happening in the private sector, in people with -- I will give you an example of a sensor net attached to the Internet in my house. The smart grid another program underway to make equipment, appliances more intelligent to report their use of electricity, and allow us, you and me, to decide under what conditions we want to consume power. At peak load we may not want to heat water or wash until the power system says we are running -- it's 105-degrees, everyone running air conditioners, can we turn yours off a little while to get past this peak load. Finally, mobiles, already mentioned, giving us an Internet in our pockets. These are examples that -- the folks in the back there, what domain names look like when not written in Latin characters. The Egyptian were the foifort get a nonArabic -- domain.
>> A thing I have gotten quite excited about, we are starting to see capability in computing that allows us to put machines into the same environment that you and I are living in. The best example of this is at MIT, one of the TED conferences, a wonderful demonstration was given. This guy had a projection unit he stronged to his chest, a small one, television camera, plus headset, microphone. This put his computer into the same environment that he was in. So instead of carrying a laptop around or mobile, he simply projected images on the wall or piece of paper. At one point he wanted to make a phone call, held out his hand, projected the keypad on his hand, touched the numbers. Why did that work? The television camera was attached to a computer, look toke see what he was doing, made the phone call for him using voice over IP.
>> As you bring computer power into the same sensing environment hiewsm human beings are in we create partners, the software becomes embed indeed our space, part of our environment as opposed to us having to adapt with keyboards and mice, to the computer's needs. It's an interesting evolution. Google is payment nothing that, we have a big investment in speech understanding; a recent development, Google Goggle, take a picture on the mobile, send to Google and say what it is. We are pretty good with wine labels, book covers, famous landmarks, and as time goes on we will get better.
>> I don't have time to tell you about my wife's cochlear implant, I have a short amount of time this morning. But a person with a cochlear implant has a speech processor, external computing system listening and turning sound into electronic pulses that are directly stimulating the cochlea. I have the idea I could re-program the speech program to put TCP/IP into it. Then, because she has a microphone picking up sound, she could ask a question, we could turn that into digital packets, send to a speech understanding machine like the ones we have at going Google, the answer could come back in voice over IP, straight to her auditory nerve. I would put my wife essentially on the Internet. We haven't done that yet, but I think it's a really great idea.
>> More generally, to the idea we are entering into a period where it's not just an Internet of people, but an Internet of things, more and more things will be on the Internet, they will communicate things with each other, communicate with us and communicate with third-party monitoring services and things of that sort.
>> It's going to become increasingly fortunate introduce strong authentication in such an environment because you don't want to the 15 year old next door to reprogram your house while you're away. All these devices communicating and on which we increasingly rely need to have controls, authentication mechanisms. You should anticipate there will be a very much larger number of devices on the net, motivating the need further for IPv6. I have watched things show up, things like picture frames, I didn't anticipate. The first picture frames came along plugged into the Internet, somebody ran in, did you see the Internet enabled picture frame? Sounds about as useful as an electric fork. [Laughter] but I was wrong. They are really nice. You plug them in, don't have to boot up Windows or log in, anything, just runs, and every 24 hours goes off to a website, downloads images. We have family members with digital cameras, upload to website, the frames download and you get up, get an idea of what's going on with the the nieces, nephews and grandchildren. You appreciate the need for security. If the picture frame is downloading from a website that's hacked, the grand parents see pictures of what they hope aren't their grandchildren.
>> Voice over IP computers, one from Cisco, I used to wonder what would you do with an net in the enabled refrigerator, nice touch displays, augments the family communication system which up to now is paper and magnets on the front of the refrigerator, now we can blog, send tweets, e-mail, web pages. We have detectors inside the refrigerator, might be able to figure out what's inside if the products have the appropriate tags. Now the refrigerator knows what's inside, surfing the net looking for recipes to make and a list of things is waiting when you get home. You get an e-mail from your refrigerator, saying I don't know how much mill K is left but you tut it in three weeks ago, it might crawl out on its own. You are shopping, the mobile goes off, it's your refrigerator again, saying don't forget the mare nare a sauce. The Japanese have an Internet enabled bathroom scale. It figures out what family member you are, sends to the doctor, part of your medical record. Probably okay, but the refrigerator is on the same network.
>> [Laughter] now you have diet recipes coming up, maybe just it refuses to open because it knows you are on a diet.
>> The guy who invented an net Internet enabled surf board. He's Dutch, put Wi-Fi service at rescue shack, sells as a service, if you are interested in surfing the net surfing, this is for you.
>> IPv6, me in the garage -- a product you can buy from Arch Rock on the West Coast, sampling temperature and light levels in the house, the server in the basement. First reaction is only a geek would do that, but in fact I had a purpose in mind. I wanted real data for how well the heating, ventilation, air cooling system works. I now have a year's worth of data, the guys come out to work on the system, I have real data to do engineering with. One system in the house, the wine cellar, important because I have to keep it below 60-degrees and below 50% humidity. I get an SMS on mobile if it's not. I was working, walking in to a national laboratory and goat get a phone call from the wine cellar, a note every day, wine is warming up. My wife was away, when I got home the temperature was 70-degrees. I ask if they make actuators. One project is to put in a remote actuator if I get the signal we have gone through 60-degrees I can push a button and turn the cools system on. That requires strong authentication so the 15 year old next door, et cetera.
>> I thought, you know I can tell if the lights are on in the cellular, is know somebody went in but I don't know what they did. One chip per bottle and I can do an inventory to see if wine left while I was away. A friend was debugging and said you could go in, drink the wine, leave the bottle. So -- now we will have to put a sensor in the cork. As long as we're going to do that we might as well sample the -- to figure out if the wine is good to drink, you interrogate the cork, if that's the bottle that reached 90-degrees, that's the pottle you give to somebody who doesn't know the difference.
>> All right. I mentioned the smart grid, and really, the idea of paying attention to how we use electric resource and how we can be smarter, it's just the beginning. In fact, more generally we should be instrumenting offices, homes, cars, so on, to keep track of our use of resources, especially those not renewable; so we can get smarter about how we use those resources. That feedback loop has not been available to us. The end of the month you get a bill for how many kilowatt hours you use but you don't know why. You should be able to explain what you did, whether changes in your choices would make a difference.
>> We're going to have a lot of devices that need to communicate with each other, so those who enjoy the Star Wars movies, and CP 3O's special capabilities will realize we need more like him as time goes on.
>> This gets, in a way, to some of what you are responsible for. NASA is a very large organization, a lot of moving parts. Part of your job is to keep the organization functioning, but in addition, the primary purpose of the organization is space exploration and observation. Part of your mission is to help those missions succeed.
>> One piece of infrastructure that was built back in the 1960s, the deep space network. A very, very impressive piece of work, you know about it, 70-meter dishes in three places around the world used to communicate with spacecraft in orbit around planets, landing on the surface or passing an asteroid. That's a point to point radio network, kind of primitive. You have done amazing things using that technology. But my colleagues and I believe it is time to expand the functionality of the networking to be more like the Internet. We were motivated in part by the mission to Mars. You will recall the Pathfinder, the two Rovers and the Phoenix landing in 2008. What's interesting, the original plan was to submit data direct to Earth, 28 kilobits per second. When the long-distance radios, long haul radios were turned on, my understanding is they overheated and this turned out to be a design problem, the same problem showed up in both Rovers.
>> So the duty cycle had to be reduced and the scientists were already unhappy with 28 kilobits per second, so it was noticed that, or noted that there was an X band radio onboard both Rovers to reach the orbiters, couldn't go back to Earth, but could reach the orbiters, they were reprogrammed to do store and forward, take the data, wait until an orbiter gets in view, transmit, have the orbiter hold on to the data until it can transmit back to earths. From the orbiters the data transmission rate was 128 kilobitting per second, out of Earth atmosphere, and -- I don't want need to remind you the Internet is a store and forward network. This is a work example of the networking -- trivial as a three-node system can make a huge difference in capacity and capability of the system. All the data coming back from Mars is going that way.
>> The Phoenix lander was up in the North pole, didn't have a direct Earth path, used the store and forward method to get the data back from the Phoenix as well.
>> My colleague and I, originally at JPL in 1998, started working on the design of an interplanetary communication network. We started out thinking we could use TCP/IP, quickly realized that wasn't going to work well. The first problem, distance between the planets is literally astronomical. The speed of light is very slow, so between Earth and Mars, anywhere from three and a half to 20 plent -- plenties one way, double that for round trip. You say I ran out of room, stop. If I guy in another room hears you, great, but if it's 20 minutes, all this stuff falls on the floor. And the other problem, celestial motion, the planets rotate, we haven't figured out how to stop that, the planet rotates, you can't talk until it comes back, orbiters have the same problem. It's a delayed, variably delayed and disrupteddive environment. The consequence is a new kind of protocol is required, much more tolerant of delay and disruption, the bundle protocol. We have been working on this quite a while. The protocols have been put on the international space station. They have been put onboard the Epoxy spacecraft, to rend E vows with -- the [indiscernible] 14, auxiliary processor that Cisco and NASA have been working together to try to get the bundle protocol onboard L SAT 14, a number of ground based implementations. It's publicly available software, open-sourced, books have been written about the delay and disruption architecture. Standardized by the [indiscernible] data systems, and we are very well along. We have done interesting military and civilian testing of these experimental protocols. Reindeer herders in the northern part of Sweden have actually tested the [indiscernible] protocols because they have such terrible comin occasions, the satellite right on the horizon trying to get through the atmosphere, disconnected from village to village in the winter. We put Wi-Fi in villages, DPN protocol on -- wander in like data mules, dump, pick up, and wander off again. We hung these on the reindeer at one point to see what would happen. Random communications. That worked pretty well. We went to DARPA, funded the interplanetary architecture. Went back and said this DPN stuff works well in disrupted environments, we think it might be useful to you in tactical military operations. Thy said prove it objective went out, did a series of operations, more data throughput than standard TCP/IP, not because it was more efficient in the sense of bandwidth or anything. It's just it used broken-up communications by hopping from one node to another with the node storing the data, not what the Internet does. Knows don't store, get rid of, it's cheaper than 30 years ago, can be used to overcome the brokerrenness in the communications priermt. That should work very well for the military as well. We are looking forward to a whole series of improvements in the technology readiness level of the DTM and hope the consultative committee will standardize so all space-faring countries can make use of these protocols.
>> How am I doing on time?
>> I have 10 minutes, I will try to keep this terse. I have to tell you, if you have grown up in an net in the environment where low delay and good connectivity are normal you have to keep reminding yourself in a disruptive environment, some of the normal thinking, like ping, don't apply, you don't know when you will hear back from something many hops away or maybe you won't hear anything, the packet got lost. We had to re-think an awful lot of the architecture, including network management, to make a robust system. Autonomy becomes important when you are hours A way. You see the science fiction films where the astronauts are out around Saturn, something goes wrong, they have a real-time communication with Houston. Of course, we have to forgive them, it would be a boring film if it took several hours for the interchange to happen. In roll real life you don't have real-time communication, it's more like video mail. A lot of re-thinking has to happen.
>> The thing I want to encourage you to do, those who are ultimately the recipients of the data coming back from these missions become the curators of this data, and it's incredibly important to be able to keep this information over a long period of time and keep it in youthful form. There are stories about the 7-track tapes that are probably -- read once at this time with the oxide coming off on the first read, if you can find a 7-track tape reader at all. We need more meta data for the information coming back. The instruments have to tell us about their calibration, what information, what conditions obtained during the time gathering the data, so it will still be interpretable, understandable. We could reprocess that data as we have better theories about how the universe works.
>> We also need to recognize that networking is not just a deep space thing. As we send more missions out with more equipment, more sensor networks on the surface, mobile devices, or as missions complete their primary function, then become re-used for other functions, we may accumulate more and more equipment on the various planets or in orbit around the planets, and we need to have local communications to coordinate. We need networking not just to get back to Earth, but to make man and robotic missions interwork locally in a more effective way.
>> So I am deeply concerned that we don't know exactly how to do many of these things. Your problem in part is to help think through how we capture that information and make it useful over decades of time. I also wanted to mention that one of the things we work on at Google, I am sure you're away, cloud computing. The whole idea is to have large amounts of data, large amounts of computing capability that can be applied at need and reapplied after the primary purpose is achieved. We like the idea of being able to dynamically allocate our capacity and run applications as needed.
>> I think cloud-like environments, whether Googles or others will turn out to be important to NAS A simply given the amount of information you accumulate and the number of people who want to interact with that, data and each other about that.
>> There are a lot of things we can do in the cloud world, and it's still very early days in terms of design and implementation of cloud systems. One area which is quite nascent, how to get different clouds to interact with each other. We don't have standards for that. Those who remember ARPA net -- the standardizing of how computers talk to each other, the network virtual terminal idea, a concept, didn't exist, every computer on the net knew how to interact to the terminal, including real ones. We need a network virtual cloud definition that will help clouds interact with each other in some standard way.
>> I will finish by saying we are not planning to build this interplanetary network and hope somebody will come. We hope to standardize protocols, have them adopted by the space-faring nations around the world and if they use them it will render the spacecraft interoperable if they choose to. That will allow us to create over the course of many decades, completing primary mission and becoming part of the interplanetary backbone. I thank you very much for your time and I am happy to answer any questions you might have.
>> [Applause ]
>> If you don't mind using the mic, that would help. It's impossible to see up here.
>> Good morning --
>> Hang on --
>> You want to come down and see me?
>> I can't see you at all. I am sorry to the camera guys, too bad.
>> [Laughter]
>> How are you?
>> Creating the ARPA net, it's a pleasure to meet you. I am quite worried about your issue in your wine cellar, that's disturbing to me, and I work for a consulting company and I just thought you might want to think about a camera with a motion sensor assuming you don't have nudist living with you or something.
>> Not a bad idea.
>> The real question I had was two-fold. One has to do with being at Google, and this idea of the asynchronous communication. You have found that being the younger folks have more a proclivity to use asynchronous communication and sometimes maybe the more senior folks don't like this face-to-face thing, come in the office, I want to talk to you --
>> Let me take that question first. The answer is no, in the following sense. If by asynchronous you are thinking about instant messaging, tweeting, it's asynchronous, but very much used as a real-time thing. Young folks are impact and think e-mail is old stuff. Less interested in e-mail than more instantaneous interactions. I have a theory, younger people, junior high school, high school, geographically near their friends, same time zone. As they get older, friends disperse, they may not want a tweet at 3:00 in the morning. Some of the asynchronous as you correctly described them, messaging and communication tools will become more natural for them. We will have to see as we watch this cohort of twits -- tweeters -- [laughter]
>> As they age we will see how they change.
>> Thank you very much.
>> The other question has to do with do you believe at some point there will be toll roads on the Internet? Originally one connection to the other, some standards. Now, with the increasing need for bandwidth -- all these things you talking about, more and more bandwidth, do you think there will be providers saying I will put the major providers on, you connect to me, you will be guaranteed --
>> This is the hidden net neutrality question?
>> You got it.
>> It's not clear. First, I would have to say there are different answers, depending on where you are in the world. Some places like Australia are committed to putting fiber in every home in the country, New Zealand is following that path. The French of all placing have a strong regulatory structure requiring France Telecom to be open in terms of who gets access to the underlying facilities. Here in the U.S. we have an interesting situation. There's less competition than one might like in the broadband sector, usually a telephone and cable company in you have competing at all. There's a struggle for business model, one of the tensions unresolved right now is whether you can make a business model work by having a very open infrastructure and then building value-added services you could charge for on top of those or whether you need to find a way to money monetize capacity and use that as your business model. There's variation here. I don't find in objectionable to pay more for more capacity. Not the total number of bytes, it's the data rates that's the real issue. I use Verizon [indiscernible], and I bought the business service partly because I need ed an IP address that was fixed, as opposed to dynamic. For a moment I said, I invented this stuff, you should give it -- [laughter] then I thought, well, no -- so, anyway, I am paying for my service. But I am paying more for that partly because there's higher bandwidth available to me. I don't mind that at all. What I would mind, and something that Google and Verizon have talked a bit about, the possibility that one would use control over the underlying capacity to perform in an anticompetitive way. I think we propose ways we think would ameliorate that problem.
>> I have more questions here, the only we have time for. I will take this one.
>> Question: Have you thought about the implications, you mentioned the cochlear implants, what are the implications of getting rid of that human/Internet interface, a lot of fiction speculating, even with a cyber brain, if one were to turn it off might go into autistic mode. I wondered if you had thoughts. Obviously a lot of research into being able to interface with the computer, thinking about it for paraplegics, being able to move a mouse by having a thought.
>> Several things, the cochlear implant -- I will back up so I don't have to talk to people at my back as it were. First, the cochlear implants are examples of how well we understand the sensory neural system. Well enough to fake it, in effect. We anticipate ocular implants, higher data rates, but that's reasonable. The possibility of sensory motor implants is also a conceivable capability, farther away in time, but I understand there have been experiments. I want to come back to the way you ask the question, made me think you were worried about people becoming isolated, not interacting because they are embedded in the --
>> No, I guess there are ethical issues when you connect directly to the Internet, for a human to hack another human, but also -- whenever you are so -- hacking into what they see, but whenever you are so connected for a long period of time, might be the case eventually to disconnect from the Internet would be in an autistic mode.
>> This clearly could be an all-day discussion. Please read E. M. Forester, the Machine Stops, what might happen when people are disconnected from something they depend on. As for hacking people's brains, Google is my solution to Alzheimer's right now. If I could center a two terra byte brain implant I would go for that. I accept there are risks, but I think we are going to explore ways in come we can expand our sensory systems. Some of that will be through implants, some through -- like night vision, an extension of our own systems.
>> There was one more question here? I don't have time. That's it folks, see you.
>> [Applause ]
>> Thank you, another round of applause for both speakers this morning.
>> [Applause ]
>> Thanks again.
>>
>> [ IT Summit on lunch break at this time. Event reconvenes at approximately 1:20 EST. ]
[ Jack Blitch, Vice President & General Manager Walt Disney Imagineering-FL spoke during the next session, but that content is withheld by request of the content owner ]