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Abstract

We estimate the impact on pilgrims of performing the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca. Our
method compares successful and unsuccessful applicants in a lottery used by Pakistan
to allocate Hajj visas. Pilgrim accounts stress that the Hajj leads to a feeling of
unity with fellow Muslims, but outsiders have sometimes feared that this could be
accompanied by antipathy toward non-Muslims. We find that participation in the Hajj
increases observance of global Islamic practices, such as prayer and fasting, while
decreasing participation in localized practices and beliefs, such as the use of amulets
and dowry. It increases belief in equality and harmony among ethnic groups and Islamic
sects and leads to more favorable attitudes toward women, including greater acceptance
of female education and employment. Increased unity within the Islamic world is not
accompanied by antipathy toward non-Muslims. Instead, Hajjis show increased belief
in peace, and in equality and harmony among adherents of different religions. The
evidence suggests that these changes are likely due to exposure and interaction with
Hajjis from around the world, rather than a changed social role of pilgrims upon return.

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