LEARNING OBJECTIVES BY THE END OF THIS UNIT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: 1. HOW DO PSYCHOLOGISTS DEFINE MOTIVATION? 2. WHAT IS THE RELATIVE IMPACT OF GENETICS VS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON OBESITY? 3. WHAT ARE THREE ATTACHMENT STYLES? 4. HOW DO HORMONES INFLUENCE SEXUAL RESPONSE? 5. WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE THAT WOMEN AND MEN DIFFER IN THEIR SEX DRIVES? 6. WHAT ARE SIX MOTIVES FOR HAVING SEX? 7. WHAT IS A SEXUAL SCRIPT? 8. WHAT ARE THREE CONDITIONS THAT ALLOW GOAL-SETTING TO IMPROVE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE? 9. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPROACH GOALS AND AVOIDANCE GOALS? 10.WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERFORMANCE GOALS AND MASTERY GOALS? 11.WHAT ARE THREE KINDS OF COMMON MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICTS? 1-7

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE FEMALE RAT • ESTRUS CYCLE – FEMALE EXPERIENCES A 15 HOUR PERIOD OF ESTRUS EVERY 4 DAYS • COINCIDES WITH OVULATION – REFERS TO TIME AT WHICH FEMALE IS MAXIMALLY RECEPTIVE FOR FERTILIZATION – FEMALE RATS REJECT MATING BEHAVIOUR OUTSIDE OF THE ESTRUS PERIOD 1 - 18

KINSEY REPORT: BISEXUALITY • MALES: – KINSEY ESTIMATED THAT NEARLY 46% OF THE MALE POPULATION HAD ENGAGED IN BOTH HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVITIES, OR "REACTED TO" PERSONS OF BOTH SEXES, IN THE COURSE OF THEIR ADULT LIVES (P. 656, MALE). 11.6% OF WHITE MALES (AGES 20-35) WERE GIVEN A RATING OF 3 (ABOUT EQUAL HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL EXPERIENCE/RESPONSE) ON THE 7-POINT KINSEY HETEROSEXUAL-HOMOSEXUAL RATING SCALE FOR THIS PERIOD OF THEIR LIVES (TABLE 147, P. 651, MALE). • FEMALES: – KINSEY FOUND ONLY A VERY SMALL PORTION OF FEMALES WITH EXCLUSIVELY HOMOSEXUAL HISTORIES. HE REPORTED THAT BETWEEN 6 AND 14% OF FEMALES (AGES 20-35) HAD MORE THAN INCIDENTAL HOMOSEXUAL EXPERIENCE IN THEIR HISTORIES. (P. 488, FEMALE). 7% OF SINGLE FEMALES (AGES 20-35) AND 4% OF PREVIOUSLY MARRIED FEMALES (AGES 20-35) WERE GIVEN A RATING OF 3 (ABOUT EQUAL HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL EXPERIENCE/RESPONSE) ON THE 7-POINT KINSEY HETEROSEXUAL-HOMOSEXUAL RATING SCALE FOR THIS PERIOD OF THEIR LIVES.(TABLE 142, P. 499, FEMALE). 1 - 27

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DESIRE FACTORS AFFECTING MOTIVATION FOR SEX • GENDER – BOTH SEXES EQUALLY REPORT INTIMACY AS A PRIMARY MOTIVATOR FOR SEXUAL BEHAVIOR – MEN MORE COMMONLY REPORT MORE MOTIVES FOR SEX THAN WOMEN • AGE – MORE COMMONLY REPORT HAVING SEX FOR PERSONAL REASONS (INCREASE INTIMACY, FOR PLEASURE) THAN FOR PEER/PARTNER-APPROVAL • EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION – BEHAVIOUR UNDERTAKEN FOR REWARD OUTSIDE OF THE ACT ITSELF – MORE OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND CONSENTING TO UNWANTED SEX 12 - 32

ACTIVITY: DEFINING ‘NORMAL’ SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR • FIRST COMPLETE THE QUESTIONNAIRE INDEPENDENTLY THEN TRY AND THEN TRY AND REACH CONSENSUS OF NORMAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR ACROSS THE ITEMS WITHIN YOUR GROUPS 1 - 33

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR QUESTIONNAIRE (KITE, 1990) INSTRUCTIONS: PLEASE RATE WHETHER OR NOT EACH OF THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES REPRESENTS NORMAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR BY PLACING EITHER A Y (YES) OR N (NO) IN THE BLANK. _______ 1. WATCHING PORNOGRAPHIC VIDEOS SEVERAL TIMES A WEEK. _______ 2. HAVING SEX WITH MORE THAN ONE PERSON AT THE SAME TIME. _______ 3. PREFERRING ORAL SEX OVER INTERCOURSE. _______ 4. HAVING INTERCOURSE WITH A MEMBER OF THE SAME SEX. _______ 5. FANTASIZING ABOUT HAVING SEX WITH A MEMBER OF THE SAME SEX. _______ 6. FANTASIZING ABOUT A PERSON OTHER THAN ONE‟S PARTNER DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. _______ 7. MASTURBATING IN FRONT OF A PARTNER. _______ 8. HAVING SEX SOMEWHERE OTHER THAN A BED (E.G., FLOOR, SHOWER, KITCHEN, OUTDOORS). _______ 9. NEVER ENGAGING IN MASTURBATION. _______ 10. BECOMING EXCITED BY EXPOSING ONESELF IN PUBLIC. _______ 11. BEING CELIBATE. _______ 12. BEING UNABLE TO ACHIEVE ORGASM. _______ 13. ENJOYING BEING PHYSICALLY RESTRAINED DURING SEX (E.G., BONDAGE). _______ 14. BECOMING AROUSED BY VOYEURISM (E.G., PEEPING TOMS). _______ 15. PLAYING WITH FOOD (E.G., FRUIT AND WHIPPED CREAM) DURING SEX. _______ 16. DRESSING IN THE CLOTHING OF THE OTHER SEX. _______ 17. PREFERRING THAT ONE‟S PARTNER INITIATES SEX. _______ 18. INFLICTING PAIN DURING SEX. _______ 19. RECEIVING PAIN DURING SEX. _______ 20. USING SEX TOYS (E.G., A VIBRATOR) DURING SEX. _______ 21. HAVING RAPE FANTASIES. _______ 22. MASTURBATING AFTER MARRIAGE. _______ 23. NOT BEING AROUSED BY A NUDE MEMBER OF THE OTHER SEX. _______ 24. BEING AROUSED BY RECEIVING AN OBSCENE PHONE CALL. _______ 25. BEING AROUSED BY MAKING AN OBSCENE PHONE CALL.34 1-

DISCUSSION 1. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE BETWEEN GROUPS? DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES 2. WERE THERE DIFFICULTIES EXPERIENCES IN ARRIVING AT A GROUP CONSENSUS? 3. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PERSONAL CHOICES IN AFFECTING ONE'S DEFINITION? 4. HOW STRONGLY DO SOCIAL NORMS PLAY A ROLE IN DECIDING ON DEFINITIONS? 5. ARE THERE GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE DEFINITIONS? 1 - 35

TYPES OF GOALS • APPROACH GOALS – GOALS FRAMED IN TERMS OF DESIRED OUTCOMES OR EXPERIENCES • SUCH AS LEARNING TO SCUBA DIVE TO EXPLORE UNDERWATER CAVES AND SEALIFE • AVOIDANCE GOALS – GOALS FRAMED IN TERMS OF AVOIDING UNPLEASANT EXPERIENCES, SUCH AS TRYING NOT TO LOOK FOOLISH IN PUBLIC • LEARNING TO SCUBA DIVE FROM A CERTIFIED COURSE TO AVOID THE BENDS 12 - 41

LEARNING OBJECTIVES BY THE END OF THIS UNIT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING: 1. WHAT ARE SIX HARMFUL INFLUENCES THAT CAN DISRUPT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMBRYO OR FOETUS? 2. WHAT ARE THREE FORMS OF ATTACHMENT THAT CAN DEVELOP BETWEEN A CHILD AND A CAREGIVER? HOW IS THE STRANGE SITUATION USED TO REVEAL THESE ATTACHMENT STYLES? 3. WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE FOR OR AGAINST THE IDEA THAT THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF LIFE ARE CRITICAL FOR SHAPING LATER DEVELOPMENT? 4. HOW DOES LANGUAGE DEVELOP BETWEEN 6 MONTHS AND 6 YEARS OF AGE? 5. WHAT ARE THE FOUR STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, ACCORDING TO PIAGET? 6. WHAT IS OBJECT PERMANENCE AND WHAT DOES A LACK OF IT REVEAL ABOUT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT? 7. WHAT ARE TWO DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN‟S THINKING DURING THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT? 8. WHAT ARE FIVE MAJOR CHALLENGES TO PIAGET‟S VIEW OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT? 9. WHAT ARE FOUR PROBLEMS WITH STAGE THEORIES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT? 10. WHAT IS THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN AUTHORITATIVE AND AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING STYLES, AND HOW ARE THESE STYLES RELATED TO POWER ASSERTION AND INDUCTION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL BEHAVIOUR? 11. WHAT DO GENDER TYPING, GENDER IDENTITY, AND GENDER SCHEMAS REFER TO? 12. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES THAT GIRLS AND BOYS UNDERGO DURING ADOLESCENCE? 13. WHAT ARE THE EIGHT STAGES OR CRISES OF DEVELOPMENT OVER THE LIFESPAN THAT WERE PROPOSED BY ERIK ERIKSON? 14. WHAT KINDS OF INTELLECTUAL CHANGES TAKE PLACE AS PEOPLE REACH ADULTHOOD 1 - 52

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