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Southwestern Historzcal Quarterly

Assiduous study of indigenes paid off most handsomely in the 178os,when Comanches in Texas and New Mexico agreed to the Spanish al-liance that had been the crown's objective for two decades.' That al-liance would be the linchpin of a network of Indian alliances essentialto the development-indeed, the survival-of the northern frontierprovinces.Once reasonably confident of the Comanche alliance, Spanish pol-icymakers concentrated next on the widely distributed Apaches, whohad always comprised the most complex of the crown's problems on thenorthern frontier.' Again, the first requisite was to know them. Hence,the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries brought significantnew reportage, focused principally on Apaches, but also sketchingmany other peoples on the periphery of the Apacheria, including thoseof Texas. Given the timeless fascination with Indians in general andApaches in particular, such reports proved especially attractive to col-lectors. That distinction took them, under varied and sometimes myste-rious circumstances, to the far-flung repositories where Borderlandsscholars have found four reports within the past four decades.One by one these reports on Apaches have been intriguing, albeitchallenging, discoveries. Now, more exciting, the four, considered as aseries dating from about 1786 to 1804, show how Spanish understand-ing of Apaches evolved over two decades of intensive interaction, bothpeaceful and hostile. Not surprisingly, the first three of the series arethe work of career soldiers, reflecting the era when Apaches were per-ceived foremost as a military problem.'In contrast, the report presented in this article-the latest chrono-logically as well as the most recently discovered of the sequence-is thework of a consummate civilian bureaucrat, Manuel Merino y Moreno.'Composed about 1804, near the end of Merino's tenure as secretaryof the Commandancy General of the Interior Provinces of New Spain,1 For development of the Comanche-Spanish alliance, see Elizabeth A H John, Storms Bewedin Other Men's Wolds The Confrontation of Indiam, Spamnih, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (College Station Texas A&M University Press, 1975, and Lincoln. University of NebraskaPress, 1981), 664-716.IJohn, Stomi Biewed in Other Men's Worlds, 7o8-709'Foi the earliest of the series, see Elizabeth A. IH. John, "A Cautionary Excicise in ApacheHistoilography," and "Bernardo de GAlvez on the Apathe Frontier, a Cautionary Note for(;ringo( Historians," Jouinal of Arizona Ilhtory, XXV (Autumn, 1984), 301-315, and XXIX(Wintel, 1988), 427-430o, respectively For the second, and most pivotal, see )aniel S Matsonand Albert H Sc hrocder (cds ), "Cordcero's Des option of the Apache-1796," New Mertrco ls-torcal Review, XXXII (()ct, 1957), 335-356 (cited hereafter as NMIIHR) For the third, andmost comprehensive, see h.lizabeth A. 1H John (ed ) and John Wheat (trans.), Views fronm theApacrhe Fi ontie Repo t on the Noi the>in Povances of New Spau by josd Co tis, Lieutenant in the RoyalCorps of Engineer , 1799 (Norman" Univelsity of ()klahorna PIless, 1989)l'The document translated here-"Noticas de las Naciones de Yndlos (;entiles que habitaten 1,a frontcla de las Piovincas Intclnas del Reino de Nucva Espafia cn que se da idea delmodo en que viven y haten la Guerra confol me A la experiencla que hay, y de lo que had