Review Article

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including programmed-cell death (PD)-1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein (CTLA)-4 inhibitors, have proved to be effective in treating many cancers, but in rare cases, have been reported to cause fatal and life-threatening immune-mediated adverse events (AEs).

The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 63,990 patients will be diagnosed with renal cancer in the United States in 2017. In addition, approximately 14,400 patients are projected to die in 2017 from renal cancer. Renal cancer is one of the 10 most common malignancies in men and women in the United States. In recent years, the incidence of this disease has been on the rise.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality, and accounts for 10% of cancer-related deaths in American men. It is estimated that 1 in 9 men will have prostate cancer during their lifetime, and an estimated 161,363 new cases and 26,730 prostate cancer–related deaths are expected in the United States in 2017.

The chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) development landscape is one of the most dynamic areas in oncology clinical research. During the writing of this manuscript, there were new approvals made, and guidelines were updated.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease that predominantly occurs in older adults; the median age at diagnosis is 71 years. Therefore, the CLL population typically has age-related comorbidities.

Lack of sufficient vitamin B12 intake is often associated with the development of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, which is a medical condition characterized by a low red blood cell count and vitamin B12.

From 2005 to 2014, the number of ongoing trials of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has increased at a compound annual growth rate of 18.4%. This rapid growth in the CLL clinical trial landscape has led to multiple breakthroughs in the management of CLL, which have changed—and will continue to change—the treatment paradigm in the near future.

There have been a multitude of advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma in the past decade, including approval of newer targeted therapies that often are better tolerated than previously used chemotherapy and immunotherapies.