BIOL 152-35
Professor Weller
14 February 2012
Effects of Temperature on Goldfish Respiration
IntroductionThis experiment was designed to identify the effect of cold-water temperatures on the respiration rate of goldfish. The respiration rates helped to identify the goldfish as being ectotherms or endotherms. Organisms exchange gases with their environment through a process called respiration or breathing. Aerobic respiration, also known as aerobic metabolism, occurs when oxygen is taken into the body and sent to all its cells; the oxygen is then used to break down food for energy (White and Campo 2008). Respiration can be experienced through several structures such as the lungs, tracheae, gills, and integument in order to obtain oxygen. All organisms that experience respiration are either endotherms or ectotherms. Ectotherms are animals that depend on their environment for body temperature. These animals respond to changes in their environment in order to maintain homeostasis, the stable, internal conditions of the organism. Animals that are warm-blooded and can regulate their body temperatures internally regardless of their environment are endotherms. For ectotherms, regulating body temperatures can require more work. Those aquatic animals have adapted several techniques to stay alive. Larry Crawshaw explains that animals, both aquatic and terrestrial, seek to avoid stressful thermal environments or to compensate for the temperature change by mostly lowering the metabolic rate (1979). Lowering the metabolic rate allows certain enzymes to be produced and chemical reactions to happen within the fish that actually warms it up. While lowering metabolic rates are important, respiration regulation is also important. Stephen C. Wood also believes that ectotherms need behavioral mechanisms for temperature control. These mechanisms could include slowing breathing rates to conserve energy and releasing certain chemicals into the body (1991). This...

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...﻿Questions for Goldfish Lab
1. What is the scientific name of the common goldfish?
The scientific name of the common goldfish is Carassius auratus (Street, 2002, p.1).
2. What is respiration?
Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. In plants carbon dioxide is taken in and oxygen is released. “Respiration is an aerobic (oxygen requiring) harvesting energy from food molecules by cells” (Campbell, 2012, p.90).
3. What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is when the cells release energy from the chemical bonds of food molecules and provide that energy for the essential processes of life (R. Nave, p.1).All living cells must carry out cellular respiration.(Campbell,2012, p.93) There are three stages included into the process. First step is called glycolysis. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of a three carbon compound called pyruvate (Campbell, 2012, p.93). This process takes place in the cytoplasmic fluid of the cell. The cell gains two net ATP molecules and two net NADH molecules due to this process (R. Nave, 2012, p.1).The second step is the pyruvate oxidation which is followed by the citric acid cycle. This process is when two carbon compounds move into citric acid cycle (W. H. Freeman and Company, p. 1). The first intermediate is detected in the citric acid cycle, which is acetyl. The last stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation. In oxidative phosphorylation...

...﻿Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..2
Background………………………………………………………………………………..2
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………2
Scope………………………………………………………………………………………3
Theory review……………………………………………………………………………………..3
Design of report…………………………………………………………………………………...5
Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………………5
Results……………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………6
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...7
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………….....7
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
ABSTRACT
This experiment introduces the use of dimensionless analysis and conventionally analytical method to survey the performance of centrifugal pump. The end of this experiment points out the benefit of using the “new” method to the conventional in most practical problem, especially in the survey of turbo-machine. Also, through this experiment, students know some basic indexes to assess the efficiency of pumps used. We will that for the specific fan conducting this experiment, the best efficiency point occurs at CQ = 0.2, the specific speed NS ~1.23.
INTRODUCTION
Background
A fan is a turbo-machine in which work is done to increase the total pressure of the fluid leaving the device. This is achieved by a rotor or impeller, which is driven by an external source of power to move a row of blades so as to...

...Daphny Maldonado
Bio Lab 2107
Kiah Britton
W 10-12:30
Is H20 Bad for You?
Abstract:
In the village of Gopher Hollow there’s a cluster of Blue Baby Syndrome. There were
four infants affected by this cluster. The families from the infants would collect their
water from wells. We have to determine what’s the source of the high levels of nitrites in
the water. The four sources that could be the point of contamination are a new
subdivision, textile plant, an organic farm, and a mountain lake. We had to ﬁnd the
concentration of each known standard and unknown standard. We did this by using a
spectrophotometer. The results were the following, the organic farm with a herd of 50
cows and a 10 acre ﬁeld of zucchini had the highest levels of nitrites.
Introduction:
Blue Baby Syndrome is a condition that affects many infants. This condition makes
the baby’s skin turn blue because of the lack of oxygen. This condition can exhibit
lethargy, vomiting and not being able to breathe. It can even lead to death in rare cases.
This condition is caused by the excess amount of nitrate that is then converted into
nitrite by the digestive system. The hemoglobin then reacts with the nitrites to form
Methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is not a problem in adults since they have an enzyme
that converts methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. Infants don’t have many of the
enzyme to convert methemoglobin to hemoglobin, resulting in Blue Baby Syndrome. For
example in Gopher...

...temperature a fish slows down and so do its metabolic activities and when water temperatures are high, fish speed up and their metabolic processes increase as well. Proteins and enzymes are also affected by temperature changes. Oxygen is essential for the production of ATP from nutrients in cells; consequently oxygen must be delivered to a cell in sufficient amounts. Within fish, the counter-current exchange system allows for the efficient extraction of oxygen from the water by the gills. Basically when a fish takes in water, the flow of it is opposite to the flow of blood. As they rush by each other oxygen from the water is given to the blood (metabolic rate is also effected in animals that remain active because tend to consume more oxygen than those at rest). The size of a fish is relevant to oxygen consumption as larger fish consume more oxygen overall than smaller fish. The primary objective of this experiment is to note the effects of temperature on the oxygen consumption and ventilation rates of goldfish. We hypothesize that the ventilation rate of those fish that are subjected to warmer water temperatures versus colder temperatures will have a higher ventilation rate. The Fish in the warm water will consume more oxygen than the fish in the cold water. Overall oxygen will be mostly consumed by the fish that are in...

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Banana Oil LabReport
Jesse Bradford
7/10/14
MTWR Section
Introduction
In the banana oil lab we began with isopentyl alcohol + acetic acid  isopentyl acetate + Water. We needed for this experiment a hot plate, clamps, pipette, 5mL vial, caps, hoses and a thermometer. Upon starting, our group set up an open system experiment that allowed gases to be released to avoid pressure build up. We mixed together to molecules, 1.0mL of isopentyl alcohol, 1.5mL of acetic acid and added three drops of sulphuric acid. The acetic acid was used as a catalyst to speed up the reaction. Once all the needed chemicals were added we waited for about 70-75mintues for the reaction to take place. The desired temperature for the reaction was 150oC. We also had the solution at a constant stir.
After the reaction was done taking place, we began to purification process. We used a pipette to remove the excess water and impurities that were underneath the banana oil. We removed all that was available and then began to add sodium carbonate to help wash and dry the mixture. Slowly shaking the banana oil inside the 5mL side to side, allowing CO2 to escape the 5mL vial. We did this twice making sure all the excess impurities were removed. As we had our final solution of banana oil, we used the I.R. spectra to conclude our results. The I.R. spectra showed us that the compound we produced had no peak at 3300cm-1. The...

...﻿HISTOLOGY
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this exercise is to be able to identify and correctly name the major tissue types in the body, as well as identifying the subcatergories of tissue types while observing them through the microscope and diagrams, and be able to explain the location and function of the tissue types in the body.
There are not any real safety concerns for this lab other than making sure correct use and care of the microscope is used.
EXERCISE 1: EPITHEILIAL TISSUE
Epithelial Tissue Observations
Tissue Type
Observations
Simple Squamous
Single layer of cells, flat in appearance
Simple Cuboidal
Cells appear to be squarelike, nuclei are in the middle of each cell, basement membrane, connective tissues
Simple Columnar (stomach)
Tall (like a column), elongated nuclei, there are gastric pits visible, basement membrane, microvilli, connective tissue
Simple Columnar (duodenum)
Columnar in appearance, microvilli are present as well as Brunner’s glands
Stratified Squamous (non-keratinized)
Appear to have a mix of cuboidal and columnar cells in the basal layers, with squamous cells at the top.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Appears to have more than one layer of column of cells, but the cells appear to be resting on the basal lamina. Cilia are on the top of the cells.
Transitional
Top cells appear to be larger, round, and have 2 nuclei. Connective tissue and a basement membrane
Stratified Cuboidal (online)
Double layer of squarelike cells, each having...

...solution with small amounts of H30+ and A- because only a small amount of base has been added therefore a small amount of ionization has occurred. As we added more base, more HA is ionized and more salt formation occurs meaning the concentration of HA will decrease while the concentration of A- will increase. The pH rises above the equivalence point because we are adding base to a solution with a relatively large volume. At the end of the titration the ratio of [A-]/[HA] goes from low to high. This means that all of the HA will be neutralized, causing the pH to change. Because of the rapid pH change around the equivalence point, the titrant has to be added in lesser and lesser amounts as we approach the equivalence point.
Procedure:
CHM 113 Lab Manual, 2014, Determination of : Titration of a Weak Acid, pgs.89-96
Equations/Experimental Equipment and Apparatus:
LoggerPro, LabPro, pH probe, drop counter, 60 mL reagent reservoir, stir station
=p
Data and Observations:
Data:
Original pH=3.23
Equivalence volume = 50.51 mL at pH of 8.58
Drop rate: 1 drop every 2 seconds
Observations:
In the beginning of the titration the solution was made up of mostly acetic acid with a small amount of and because ionization was starting to occur. As the titration progressed, we watched the graph on the computer and saw the pH increase and then rise very slowly. This slow rise continued for a long period of time. After this portion of the graph, the pH increased...

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Meal Worm Cellular Respiration Experiment
Introduction
Cellular respiration provides energy to all living organisms by collecting energy from food molecules. The cell then rearranges complex molecules to simpler molecules and uses that energy to make a molecule that stores energy called adenosine triphosphate also known as ATP.
Cellular respiration can occur with or without oxygen. When it occurs without oxygen, it is called anaerobic respiration. There are very few organisms that can get its energy by anaerobic respiration because much of the covalent bonds are not absorbed and very little ATP is produced. When cellular respiration occurs with oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration; this is what most organisms require. In the end, the food molecules are broken down with water and carbon dioxide. The energy of the food molecules are released and stored in the ATP bonds. The chemical equation for aerobic respiration is: Glucose + water+ oxygen àcarbon dioxide + water +energy +heat. My prediction for this experiment is that if the mealworms are at a cold temperature, then their breathing and metabolic rate would slow down. My hypothesis is cold mealworms will have a slower metabolism.
Materials and Methods
For this experiment, you will need:
1. Two glass tubes with a diameter of 4mm and 20cm in length
2. Three live Mealworms
3. Wire rod
4. Cotton
5. Potassium hydroxide
6. Motor Oil
7. Petroleum jelly...