74.Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment - Do you think the Allies would have won World War II

without the aid of the United States? Explain.

75.Making Comparisons - What similar strategies did leaders in Germany, Italy, and Japan

` use to transform their nations into strong world powers?

76.Identifying Alternatives - What were some alternatives to using the atomic bomb against

Japan? Do you think any of these alternatives would have been better than the action taken?

Explain why or why not.

77.Identifying Assumptions -The Supreme Court ruled in Korematsu v. United States that the

wartime internment of Japanese Americans was justified because of “the military urgency

of the situation.” What assumptions might have influenced the Court’s decision?

78.Distinguishing False from Accurate Images - Was the image of Rosie the Riveter a false

or accurate representation of women doing war production work? Explain your answer.

79.Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment - How do you think World War II might have changed

American women’s attitudes toward their roles in the workplace?

Essay: INTERPRETING A MAP

80.Which countries remained neutral during World War II?

81.How did Britain’s location help that nation to avoid a German invasion?

82.Why might it have been a mistake for Germany to have broken its pact and invaded the

Soviet Union?

83.Which parts of Europe were under Axis control?

84.How did geography help Great Britain remain free of Axis control?

85.What status did Spain, Sweden, and Turkey have during World War II?

ANALYZING A DOCUMENT - The following excerpt comes from a letter that the Chief of Naval Personnel sent to U.S. Navy commandants in June 1945. It deals with a new order to send black and white recruits to the same training camps. Study the excerpt below and then answer the following questions below.

...[The] Recruiting and Induction Service has been instructed to assign Negroes to Recruit Training Centers on the same basis as whites. The purpose of this change of policy is to obtain more complete utilization of all personnel and facilities.

It is recognized that this policy is at variance with some individual ideas and attitudes. However, at activities where similar experiences have been encountered and met with intelligent and forceful planning and leadership, the results have been satisfactory....

86.Why was the policy changed?

87.To what “individual ideas and attitudes” do you think the writer was referring?

88.How do you know that the writer of the letter expected the new policy to cause problems?

89.What did the writer suggest would solve these problems?

INTERPRETING GRAPHS

90. Between which two consecutive years did production of passenger cars undergo the steepest drop?

91.About how many military aircraft were produced in 1944?

92.What was the general relationship between auto production and military aircraft production in the war years?

93.In which year shown were the fewest passenger cars produced?

94.About how many military aircraft were produced in 1943?

95.How were the trends shown in the two graphs related?

ANALYZING A DOCUMENT

Use this poster showing a man in the military and a farmer during World War II to answer the following questions below.

96. What was the main idea expressed by the poster?

97. According to the poster, in what way were overalls like a military uniform?

98. How does the slogan “Food For Freedom,” found in the circle in the bottom right corner of the poster, relate to the poster’s main message?

99. What assumption do you think the artist made about farmers in creating this poster?

SHORT ANSWER

73.Many Germans and Italians resented the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Germans felt humiliated by the treaty’s harsh terms, and Italians felt they had been shortchanged. Japanese military leaders resented their dependence on other nations for resources such as petroleum and iron. In addition, all three nations viewed aggression as a means to solving economic problems.

74.Students will probably answer that the Allies would have lost the war without the United States since the Axis Powers had conquered much of Europe by the time the United States entered the war. Britain, though still unconquered, had suffered heavy damage, and might have been isolated by Germany without the actions of American warships. American forces helped turn the tide in North Africa and were instrumental in reclaiming both Europe and the Pacific islands. Students may also argue that Americans were responsible for the atomic bomb, which forced the surrender of Japan.

75.Leaders in Germany, Italy, and Japan transformed their nations into strong national powers by building up the military and by invading, occupying, or annexing neighboring lands. All used aggression to bolster national pride and to improve their economies.

76.Alternatives included launching a massive invasion of Japan, using a naval blockade or continued conventional bombing, softening insistence that Japan’s surrender be unconditional, and demonstrating the bomb’s power on a deserted island. Students who think the bomb was a better alternative to any of these will probably argue that it quickly and definitively ended the war and the killing of Americans, and that it may have taken fewer Japanese lives than continued conventional warfare. Others may argue that dropping the bomb on Japanese cities was not the best strategy because it resulted in the deaths of many thousands of civilians, or that the second bomb was unnecessary. Accept any well-reasoned argument.

77.The decision seemed to assume that Japanese Americans were more likely to be spies for the Japanese than were other Americans. A related assumption was that at least some Japanese Americans might side with their country of ancestry. The same assumption did not seem to be made of other groups to the same degree. German and Italian Americans, for example, were not sent to internment camps.

78.Students may argue that the image was accurate in depicting a woman in a defense-related job while men were away in the military. Others may argue the image was misleading in depicting Rosie the Riveter as young and white, when in reality, women of all ages, ethnic, and economic groups worked in the defense industry.

79.Because so many American women worked in defense-related jobs during World War II, they may have thought of themselves as capable, adaptable, and successful in a wider field than was previously available to them. Many women found new satisfactions in these jobs, including that of earning their own money. While some women wanted to continue working outside the home after the war, others thought of these jobs as temporary emergency measures.

ESSAY

80.Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, and Turkey

81.Because Great Britain is an island, it could not be invaded by land.

82.By attacking the Soviet Union, Germany had to fight a war on both an eastern and a western front.

83.With the exception of Britain and six neutral countries, the Axis Powers controlled all of Europe, from France to the western Soviet Union.

84.Because Britain is an island, the Axis Powers could not invade it by land.

85.They were all neutral.

86.It is being changed for the sake of efficiency--to make better use of the training personnel and other resources available.

87.probably to ideas that people grew up with about segregation of the races

88.The letter suggests that not everyone will welcome the change, as it goes against “some individual ideas and attitudes.”

89.intelligent and forceful planning and leadership

90.1941 and 1942

91.about 95,000

92.During the war, consumer industries converted to war production. As passenger car production went down, military aircraft production went up.

93.1943

94.about 85,000

95.During the war, consumer industries converted to war production. As passenger car production went down, military aircraft production went up.

96.Farmers, like soldiers, have an important role to play in the war effort.

97.Both symbolized patriotic duty during wartime.

98.The poster suggests that farming is a patriotic duty, analogous to serving in the military. The slogan “Food for Freedom” also relates agricultural work to the war effort. Indeed, great amounts of food were needed to support military forces overseas as well as people at home.

99.Possible answers: The artist might have assumed that young farmers would prefer to be fighting overseas; that many farmers were young, white, and male; or that depicting a farmer as such would elicit a patriotic response.