Short description

In 2011, a total of 30.1 million t of raw steel was produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another 14.2 million t.

Methodological issues

This sector comprises process-related emissions from oxygen steel and electric-steel production.
The last Siemens-Martin steel works (Stahlwerk Brandenburg) was shut down shortly after 1990; the last Thomas steel works (Maxhütte Sulzbach-Rosenberg) discontinued production in 2002. Due to their minor relevance and the phasing out, the emissions from Siemens-Martin and Thomas steel production are jointly calculated with the emissions from oxygen steel production. The other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting).
Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 - 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under 1.A.2.a.

Activity data

Activity data are surveyed plant specific and submitted by national statistics. After discontinuation of the special statistics for iron and steel production (FS. 4, R. 8.1), the information is collected by steel trade association Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl (WV Stahl) based on a formal agreement.
In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents, instead of coke. To date, these materials have not yet been included in national statistics and in the Energy Balance. For this reason, the data used was provided by the steel trade association (Wirtschaftsvereinigung Stahl) .

Emission factors

The emission factors used for emissions calculation are based on emission data from individual plants, either determined by the Umweltbundesamt (UBA) itself (emission factors for 1995 - 2001) or by a research project (emission factors for 2008). As the EF for the years 1995 - 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data, it is not possible to distinguish between combustion and process emissions (they are emitted via the same stacks). Hence all emissions for the years 1995+ are now reported under 2.C.1.

Please note that the reported emissions now also cover diffuse emissions from sources that were not covered in previous reporting periods, nor in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled as well as diffuse emissions have been determined. While there is sufficient knowledge and measurement data of channelled emissions, the emission data concerning diffuse sources is usually based on estimations, using parameters adapted to the local conditions of the individual emission source. Therefore, emission data for one source of diffuse emissions is hardly significant for the diffuse emissions from other plants. The emission factors given below were calculated as the weighted average of pollution loads reported for individual diffuse sources by the plant operators, in relation to their corresponding production amounts.

pollutant

Type of source

EF 1995

EF 2000

EF 2005

EF 2010

unit

Trend

2.C.1 Sinter production

Cd

0.000098

0.000098

0.000052

0.000017

kg/t

falling

CO

19.152

17.325

15.497

14.4

kg/t

falling

Cr

0.000077

0.000077

0.000044

0.00002

kg/t

falling

Hg

0.000059

0.000059

0.000028

0.000005

kg/t

falling

Ni

0.000139

0.000139

0.000068

0.000015

kg/t

falling

NMVOC

0.12

0.12

0.12

0.12

kg/t

constant

NOx

0.558

0.46

0.401

kg/t

falling

PAH

248.571

177.143

120

120

mg/t

falling

Pb

0.005299

0.005299

0.003242

0.0017

kg/t

falling

PCB

2.285714

1.571429

1

1

mg/t

falling

PCDD/F

3.008

1.508

0.868

0.773

µg/t

falling

SO2

1.08

0.837

0.691

kg/t

falling

TSP

channelled

0.65

0.465

0.234

0.09

kg/t

falling

TSP

diffuse

0.046

kg/t

new EF

PM10

channelled

0.445

0.336

0.177

0.07

kg/t

falling

PM10

diffuse

0.016

kg/t

new EF

PM2.5

channelled

0.214

0.206

0.13

0.056

kg/t

falling

2.C.1 Pig iron production

B(a)P

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

mg/t

constant

Cd

channelled

0.000004

0.000004

0.000004

0.000004

kg/t

constant

Cd

diffuse

0.000000203

0.000000203

0.000000203

0.000000203

kg/t

constant

CO

channelled

1.18

0.915

0.65

0.491

kg/t

falling

CO

diffuse

0.398

0.398

0.398

0.398

kg/t

constant

Cr

channelled

0.000019

0.000006

0.000002

0.000001

kg/t

falling

Cr

diffuse

0.000008

0.000008

0.000008

0.000008

kg/t

constant

Hg

channelled

0.000002436

0.000000192

0.000000015

0.000000003

kg/t

falling

Hg

diffuse

0.000000005

0.000000005

0.000000005

0.000000005

kg/t

constant

Ni

channelled

0.000021

0.000006

0.000002

0.000001

kg/t

falling

Ni

diffuse

0.000008

0.000008

0.000008

0.000008

kg/t

constant

NMVOC

0.018525

0.018525

0.018525

0.018525

kg/t

constant

NOx

channelled

0.051938

0.051938

0.051938

0.0517

kg/t

falling

NOx

diffuse

0.000001

0.000001

0.000001

0.000001

kg/t

constant

Pb

channelled

0.000021

0.000021

0.000021

0.000022

kg/t

rising

Pb

diffuse

0.000011

0.000011

0.000011

0.000011

kg/t

constant

PCDD/F

0.026

0.009

0.004

0.004

µg/t

falling

SO2

channelled

0.242

0.242

0.242

0.242

kg/t

constant

SO2

diffuse

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

kg/t

constant

TSP

channelled

0.022

0.015

0.01

0.008

kg/t

falling

TSP

diffuse

0.016

0.016

0.016

0.016

kg/t

constant

PM10

channelled

0.013

0.009

0.006

0.006

kg/t

falling

PM10

diffuse

0.007

0.007

0.007

0.007

kg/t

constant

PM2.5

channelled

0.003

0.002

0.002

0.004

kg/t

rising

2.C.1 Oxygen steel production

Cd

0.000053

0.000038

0.000024

0.000016

kg/t

falling

CO

11.5

11.077

10.654

10.4

kg/t

falling

Cr

channelled

0.0023

0.0023

0.0023

0.000028

kg/t

falling

Cr

diffuse

0.000069

kg/t

new EF

Ni

channelled

0.00013

0.00013

0.00013

0.000006

kg/t

falling

Ni

diffuse

0.000004

kg/t

new EF

NOx

channelled

0.006

0.005

0.005

0.004

kg/t

falling

NOx

diffuse

0.0037

0.0037

0.0037

0.0037

kg/t

constant

PAH

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

mg/t

constant

Pb

channelled

0.004

0.004

0.004

0.000189

kg/t

falling

Pb

diffuse

0.000278

kg/t

new EF

PCB

3.6

3.6

1

1

mg/t

falling

PCDD/F

0.07

0.07

0.07

0.069

µg/t

falling

SO2

diffuse

0.001

0.001

0.001

0.001

kg/t

constant

TSP

channelled

0.155

0.145

0.145

0.024

kg/t

falling

TSP

diffuse

0.049

kg/t

new EF

PM10

channelled

0.099

0.093

0.093

0.02

kg/t

falling

PM10

diffuse

0.019

kg/t

new EF

PM2.5

channelled

0.025

0.023

0.023

0.017

kg/t

falling

2.C.1 Electric steel production

B(a)P

2.531

1.661

0.792

0.271

mg/t

falling

Cd

0.00024

0.000157

0.000065

0.000016

kg/t

falling

CO

channelled

1.7

1.187

0.674

0.366

kg/t

falling

CO

diffuse

0.001

kg/t

new EF

Cr

channelled

0.000715

0.000306

0.000294

0.000323

kg/t

rising

Cr

diffuse

0.000851

0.000851

0.000851

0.000851

kg/t

constant

Hg

channelled

0.000306

0.000288

0.000154

0.00007

kg/t

falling

Ni

channelled

0.000483

0.000207

0.000145

0.000124

kg/t

falling

Ni

diffuse

0.000284

0.000284

0.000284

0.000284

kg/t

constant

NMVOC

0.025

0.014

0.008

0.006

kg/t

constant

NOx

channelled

0.122

0.12

0.106

0.098

kg/t

falling

NOx

diffuse

0.014

kg/t

new EF

PAH

68

68

3.8

3.793

mg/t

falling

Pb

channelled

0.004075

0.001747

0.00072

0.000169

kg/t

falling

Pb

diffuse

0.000056

kg/t

new EF

PCB

8

8

1.5

1.5

mg/t

falling

PCDD/F

0.5

0.5

0.158

0.158

µg/t

falling

SO2

channelled

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.113

kg/t

rising

SO2

diffuse

0.004

kg/t

new EF

TSP

channelled

0.28

0.12

0.074

0.018

kg/t

falling

TSP

diffuse

0.043

kg/t

new EF

PM10

channelled

0.179

0.08

0.051

0.013

kg/t

falling

PM10

diffuse

0.007

kg/t

new EF

PM2.5

channelled

0.045

0.04

0.038

0.011

kg/t

falling

2.C.1 Hot and cold rolling

CO

0.005

kg/t

new EF

NH3

0.001

0.001

0.001

kg/t

constant

NMVOC

0.003

0.003

0.003

kg/t

constant

NOx

0.41

0.276

0.196

kg/t

falling

SO2

0.059

0.05

0.044

kg/t

falling

TSP

channelled

0.02

kg/t

new EF

TSP

diffuse

0.01

kg/t

new EF

PM10

channelled

0.000304

kg/t

new EF

PM10

diffuse

0.000645

kg/t

new EF

PM2.5

channelled

0.000266

kg/t

new EF

2.C.1 Iron and steel casting

pollutant

EF 2010

unit

Trend

B(a)P

10

mg/t

constant

NH3

0.027

kg/t

falling

NMVOC

0.15

kg/t

constant

NOx

0.242

kg/t

falling

PAH

100

mg/t

constant

PCDD/F

0.19

µg/t

constant

SO2

0.256

kg/t

falling

TSP

0.2

kg/t

constant

PM10

0.137

kg/t

constant

PM2.5

0.0836

kg/t

constant

Trend discussion for Key Sources

NFR 2.C.1 - Iron and Steel is a key source by level for Hg and SO2, by trend for PM2.5 and by level and trend for TSP, PM10, Cd, Pb, PCDD/F and CO.

Recalculations

Recalculations were necessary for some heavy metals where the previously used EF apparently did not reflect real emissions in the past, which led to inexplicable leaps in individual time series.