Mothers and Boys

I understand that this is a gathering composed almost entirely of
mothers, and I feel I am extremely bold to talk to you on the subject
of how to bring up your boys. My only justification for doing so, is
that I have been mixed up all my life with boys and young men, and have
seen the whole questions about boys, and how to bring them up, from
three points of view--first from my own boyhood at home, my school days,
and the time I spent at the University of Oxford; secondly, for nine
years I have been living in the middle of Bethnal Green, with
successive generations of old public school boys and university men
whom I had to train in some sort of useful work; thirdly,--and this
sends me here to-day with a great sense of responsibility, and if I say
some very plain things you must not mind--the awful experience during
the past three years of the knowledge of London life, and especially
life in the West end of London. I am dealing at this moment with boys
like your own boys and brothers who, if only they had been warned
earlier in life, would have been saved from the terrible experience
they are going through now.

I have divided what I want to say to you to-day into three heads:--
(1) Dangers which a mother may prevent.
(2) Helps that a mother can give.
(3) Possible mistakes in a mother's treatment of her boys.

(1) With regard to dangers which a mother can prevent. It is always, I
think, best to go straight for the most difficult thing of all, and I
will begin with moral danger. What is borne in strongly upon me in
dealing with young men in London, is that all this fearful shame,
penitence, remorse, and the struggle of coming back into the right
path, could have been saved in nine cases out of ten by a warning from
their mothers before leaving home at all. I have traced many cases back
to the beginning, and I find that the sins invariably begin at school;
therefore the question immediately comes--What is it that we have to be
so careful and anxious about when our boys first go to school? I
believe if they could only have wise treatment at that time--the boys
and the teachers working together hand-in-hand--an infinitude of misery
would be saved.

The moral danger to boys at school is threefold. In the first place, at
the age of 13 or 14 there is making itself felt in the boy's little
frame what is a perfectly innocent thing--the sexual instinct. The boy
knows nothing about it, he is puzzled, alarmed, troubled, and time
after time he is led to do himself what often turns out afterwards to
be a lasting injury. Then, secondly, there are often older boys ready
to talk about these things, to take the boy who comes straight from
home into a corner, and to tell him with a great air of importance the
elementary facts of life. I can remember perfectly a boy, older than
myself, talking in some such way to me when we went up to cricket or
football, and I was talking the other day to a man who says he
remembers exactly the same thing in his time; and though, in individual
cases, it may do no harm, it may harm a boy greatly if he is spoken to
by a low-minded school-mate. And what has he to tell? What he tells and
reveals to the little boy is something that his grandmother knew years
and years ago. Every public or private schoolmaster will tell you that
it is not the telling of these facts that do harm, but the person by
whom they are told.

Thirdly, the greatest danger of all is one which
mothers and fathers can obviate. They never seem to warn their sons at
all, and frequently elder boys in a school will meddle with the little
ones in a way that does them lasting harm, and the little boys, in all
innocence, without in the least knowing what they are doing, get into
bad ways that produce illnesses and diseases which sometimes ruin their
lives for all time. Now, it seems to me that mothers ought to know these
facts. Fathers are singularly shy about speaking of these things at
all, and if the father won't do it, the mother must. In what better
atmosphere can a boy be warned, and told about the most simple facts of
life, than in the atmosphere of home, by the father and mother?

When a
little lad is crying in his mother's room, perhaps the last day before
he goes to school because he is going away to school, what a chance
there is for you to talk to that lad, to tell him of the dangers that
may come! Tell him he will have these sensations and feelings, and that
he need not be frightened--and tell him how to deal with them. Tell him
he will meet low-minded boys; but let him have the knowledge from your
lips. Explain to him quite simply the facts of human nature; there is
nothing demoralising in these facts, unless they are put in a
demoralising way. Tell him at once that he may meet bad boys at school,
and that if they meddle with him he must at once report it. At any
rate, teach him how to take care of himself. I had a striking instance
the other day of how a father's warning saved a little lad at school.
He knew how to take care of himself, and wrote at once to his father.
The father immediately went down to the school, and the bigger boy was
almost expelled; but, like many others, it was found he had drifted
into these ways without knowing how wrong they were, and on being
severely reprimanded was given another chance; he made the only amends
he could, by constituting himself the guardian of the little boy,
seeing that he was not bullied and so on. Those two boys were saved,
entirely because the father had the sense to warn his boy before he
went to a public school. Remember, however good the school or
schoolmasters are, they cannot be absolutely certain what is going on
at all hours of the day and night. I know that masters have a sleepless
watchfulness over this, and my great point is--have your boy forewarned,
do not leave him dependent on the watchfulness of the master.

Having got the most difficult thing off my mind, I will go on to the
second point--The danger of loneliness. Every week, during the
thirty-two years since I first went to school I have had a letter from
my mother--yes, and answered it too. Now, if his mother is such a friend
to a boy as that, is that not something to rescue him from feeling
lonely? Is not that weekly letter, in which he keeps no secrets from
his mother, a wonderful preservation from harm? The boy has always the
sense of his mother's love, the sense that he must not let her be
ashamed of him, and on your side, never letting your boy miss the
weekly letter, gives him a sense of a perfectly faithful friendship.
One sees beautiful friendships between husbands and wives, but the
friendship between a mother and her boy at school is one of the most
delightful things, and if the mother is really her boy's friend I am
perfectly sure he will not go very far wrong.

Then we come to the third danger--Gambling. Of course, a great many
young men have been ruined by gambling and card playing, and I believe
one of the ways to prevent a boy having a thirst for cards is not to
make a rule that he shall never play cards, for if that rule is made,
he takes a morbid delight in them when he goes to the University, and
is free from home rules. Playing cards early has exactly the same
effect as being allowed too many sweets. A boy who has had too many
sweets always loathes them before he gets very far on in life. Another
thing regarding gambling--mothers cannot be too strict with boys about
their pocket-money. If they borrow even a penny or sixpence, they
should be made to repay it at the point of the bayonet, and it should
be instilled into a boy, as a point of honour, that a gentleman must
return anything he borrows. Sometimes, in dealing with a young many whom
I am trying to bring back to the right way, he says to me--"I'm awful
about money, I always have been!" That has happened when a boy has been
allowed to suppose that it really did not very much matter; he belonged
to rich people, and the amount was nothing. But my point is, that to
lay a great stress on and make a great point of honour about money
during boyhood, is one of the strongest preservatives against gambling
and throwing money about in after life.

The fourth danger is softness. That varies in many homes and, of
course, that particular danger is far greater in the West end of London
than in the East end. But do not fall into the danger of softness for
your boys. However comfortable a home is, get your boy up every morning
punctually; half the evils I have mentioned arise from self-indulgence
in the morning. Let the boy lie hard; of course he must have a
sufficiently comfortable bed to let him sleep, but train him, in some
little way, to the hardness which our boys have to bear, whether they
like it or not, in East London. Personally I am a great believer in
out-door games; I believe that half of these wretched sins and
tendencies come among the idle and those who do not play out-door
games; I entirely agree with compulsory games, unless a boys is really
delicate, then of course he must be let off--and is. Have the danger of
softness before you.

The fifth danger is selfishness. The way some boys are allowed to loll
about the drawing-rooms, and are not made to get up and be polite to
their mothers and sisters is appalling. We are all naturally very
selfish, but make your boys run about for other people, and look after
their mothers and sisters. The kindness of some people does more harm
to character than the unkindness of others, and the kindness of mothers
sometimes does more harm to boys than apparent unkindness. Do not let
your boy be selfish.

My second heading was--The helps that a mother can give her boy.

First--teach them religion in a rational way. Not only, I am sorry to
say, have I a great deal to do with those who have gone wrong morally
and are trying to get back into the right path, but I have a great deal
to do with those in a state of scepticism. A boy may be saved from
scepticism and may get great help from his mother--help that will
prevent his losing his faith when he first goes out into the world--if
he is taught religion in a rational way. It is a great trial for a
boy's faith when he first goes to the University, and suddenly has to
read philosophy and to argue points he has never thought out deeply
before. If he has not been warned, or taught anything about the Old
Testament from a rational point of view, he is at the mercy of anybody
who tries to dissipate his faith. A short time ago a young man said to
me--"One of my chums at the University is a Jew, and I don't know how to
answer his arguments!"

In teaching your children religion, I do think
you might suggest--what such a book as The Speaker's Commentary would
tell you--that, for instance, Balaam was probably an augur--a regular
trade in those days--and sought a sign from the ass's bray, just as any
of the augurs of old times saw a sign in the flight of birds, or the
sound of the geese in the Capitol of Rome. A boy is told that the sun
stood still, and when he reads a little science, he sees the difficulty
of believing it. If you consult any commentator about the Old
Testament--Geikie's Hours with the Bible, for instance, which, though
hardly up to date, gives all the necessary information--you find that
Joshua, pursuing his enemies, suddenly became very much alarmed lest
the great storm sweeping up the valley should bring the day to a
premature close. He said, "Sun, be thou silent upon Gibeon," which is
the literal translation; his prayer really meant, "Don't let this storm
sweeping up the valley come to end the daylight, before I have
overtaken these enemies of God and man." When the storm passed away,
and the sun shone out, his prayer was answered. Tell your boy, too,
that he need not believe that nearly 50,000 people were destroyed in
Bethshemesh, which could not contain more than a few hundred people to
begin with. The reason some of the numbers in the Old Testament are so
remarkable is that in old M.S.S.--where each little point meant
1,000--the little points were easily rubbed off, and in time, the numbers
have got hopelessly wrong. But don't let your boys go to school under
the impression that all his faith is gone, and that he must throw over
his religion when he discovers such things as these. Mothers, by taking
a little trouble when teaching their boys religion originally, might
certainly save them from this.

Secondly, a mother can further help her boy by supplying the ideal of
what a woman should be. You do not realise, I am sure, what boys feel
with regard to their mothers. If once you let a boy lose faith in his
mother, you have broken the thing that will best keep him straight all
through his life. He never criticises his mother, but takes all she is
to him for granted, and thinks her a perfect model of all the virtues.
This feeling ought to make every mother take care that she never does
anything that could possibly be spoken evil of. If this happens, the
boy's best safeguard has been taken away. Supply to your boys yourself
an ideal of what a woman should be.

Thirdly, you can help a boy as to what he shall be in life. A mother
really has more responsibility than anybody else as to the vocation and
future of her boy. When a boy is quite small he suggests that he shall
be a policeman, or a railway guard, or a keeper; but when he has got
through these things it falls to the parents to help him with the real
choice. You must make him think. I should like to say something about
the question of taking orders. It is a most scandalous thing that now
there are hundreds of curacies vacant in England because there is
nobody to take them. The number of University men taking orders is
daily becoming smaller, and the number has to be made up with clerks
from the city--young men who have not been to the University, who have
saved up a little money to help them through their examinations, or to
go perhaps to King's College. They are excellent fellows in their way,
but I say it is a bad thing for the Church of England if the regular
supply is going to fall short--if our clergy, for the future, are to be
drawn solely from young clerks in the city, with just a smattering of
the needful knowledge. It largely depends on you. We all know how, if a
boy says he is going to take orders, sometimes a smile goes through the
house:--"Jack's going to be a parson, do you hear that?" This should
not be the case. The boy is laughed at, and perhaps gets put off what
has been his original bent. I call it crushing the vocation of God, and
those who do it will have to answer before God for it. The inspiration
of the Holy Spirit in that boy's heart is the inspiration of God the
Holy Ghost, and if you foster it, and take of it, you may have the
inestimable happiness of being the mother of some excellent Priest of
God, who may do you credit in years to come. At any rate, I think you
Christian mothers should wish to dedicate at least one of your boys to
God and His Church, and though it is perfectly true that he will
probably be a poor man all his life, he won't be any the less happy for
that. It will be a fatal thing for the country and the Church unless we
get a supply of young men from the Universities. In preaching the other
evening to a congregation of under-graduates about it, I reminded them
that the objective call is often not heard. Men say, "We have not a
call!" But heaven and earth is ringing with it! People forget the
objective call and need. Volunteers flocked to South Africa. Why?
Because it was the need called them. I want people to recognize the
call of the Church to-day in the great need for men.

Fourthly, do not so press religion as to put a boy off. Religion should
lie very lightly on the soil. Do not make Sunday a dreary day to him;
let him enjoy Sunday. Let the whole thing lie lightly upon him that he
may not feel religion and Sunday dull and monotonous.

Fifthly, be a confidant in your boy's troubles. There is no one he
ought to go to before his mother--until he gets his wife--and then he
should feel that his mother sets the ideal of what his wife ought to be.

My third heading is, Possible mistakes in dealing with boys.

First, fussing over them too much. If once you fuss over your boy, he
begins to think of himself of too much importance; to think what a
wonderful person he is; what wonderful things he will do. It is a
mistake to repeat his wonderful sayings at the age of seven over the
tea table when he is present. The boy who is fussed over often ends by
becoming a little prig.

Secondly, never suspect him. The great thing is to be always perfectly
certain he is telling the truth; if once you say to a boy, "Now are you
sure this is true--are you sure you are telling me the truth?"--that is
the first step towards making him a liar. It is a fatal mistake not to
trust your boys.

Thirdly, the mistake of expecting too much religious feeling in boys
when young. I know a boy who was always so full of what he was going to
do when he grew up; how he was going to the mission field and so on.
The moment he left school, instead of doing mission work, or anything
like it, he went on rather a low stage. I rather expected it. I
distrust too much talk about their religious feelings among school boys.

Fourthly, don't spoil your boys' tempers. An old Rugby master tells a
story of a boy writing home to his father complaining of the master.
The father sent the letter back to head-quarters forgetting to tear off
the fly-sheet, on which the boy had written a postscript--"He's a
beast, but he's a just beast." The master considered that one of the
greatest compliments he had ever received. Boys appreciate justice more
than anything else. Never be unjust when boys do what is wrong. The
most popular masters in public schools are the strict masters who are
just.

Fifthly, don't make the mistake of comparing one boy to another--"Look
at so-and-so, how nicely he does it." I have a recollection of that
myself, I used to be held up as a model to another boy. There is only
one answer to that, and it was given in Punch. A neighbour's son was
held up as a model to a boy: the delinquent turned to his father and
retorted, "Yes, but then he has such clever parents!" That was a fair
score.

I want to say a few more words about boys when they become
undergraduates, and when they go out into the world.

First about undergraduates. Take an interest in them. Let your boy at
Oxford or Cambridge feel you are interested in what he is doing, in
what he is learning. Read up a bit, and let him feel you are a
companion to him; it is such a mistake to let him get into the way of
thinking "Mother won't understand this." I think it would be a very
good thing for mothers to do a little reading quietly, so that when
their boy comes back from the University he may find them interested in
some new book that has given him pleasure. The mothers who have most
influence with boys do that.

Then, do have an adequate sense of proportion. The other day a lad got
into a scrape and his people came to me about it in a terrible state of
mind. I implored them not to take any notice of it, and, as a matter of
fact, the whole thing passed over. Keep a sense of proportion, don't
put down as moral failings what are really only animal spirits, and,
above all, do keep a sense of humour.

What can you do for your boys when they go out into the world? Let your
lad feel that you expect him to be a gentleman to every woman he meets;
therefore, to be consistent, I do strongly think that he must not have
in your drawing-room men whom you know to be living bad lives. A little
healthy courage of this kind safeguards not only your boys, but your
girls too. I cannot think how pure mothers can allow with their girls,
men whom they ought to be ashamed to have in the same house. Never let
your boy cease to feel in after life that his mother has looked after
him and taken care of him.

Lastly, when your boy is married, do not be jealous of his wife--if you
can help it.

I have put together what I have said to you very roughly, but I have
taken it from what I have myself seen--from life as I see it every day.
If you pray about your boys, and follow that up with
love--love, love; wise love--all your days, then you will have the
inestimable happiness in another world, of not only being there
yourself, but of meeting your children there too.

The Chairman (--Biddle, Esq.): Before I ask you to give a very hearty
vote of thanks to the Bishop of Stepney for his eloquent address, I
should like to say a few words and, if possible, make two or three
suggestions. The tendency nowadays is to imagine that every new idea in
education must necessarily be good because it is new. I would like
people, before they try new experiments, to be quite sure that they have
got all the good they can out of the old methods. No doubt the old
systems can be improved upon--they are being improved upon every day--but
I would like people to think that some regard must be had for the tried
system. With regard to home influences, the Bishop has told us a great
deal; but there are one or two definite and practical points which come
under our notice every day. Most of the failings I have noticed in
small boys come straight from the nurseries. As far as I can trace
back, it is because when the boys were little things, the mothers had
found it so dreadfully hard to say no gently and firmly. I am told boys
we find no trouble with are troublesome at home. That is because they
have not been taught to understand at home that "No" means "No." Had
they been made to understand this, many troubles would never come.

We are now approaching Christmas and I should like to say one word on
the subject of holidays. I think it is wrong for a child to come back
to school, and feel that he has not had proper Christmas holidays in
London unless he has been incessantly to parties and theatres. I feel
sure that many of those evils that appear a little later than the time
I deal with in the boys, arise from going with their elders to theatres
they would be much better away from. Nothing will induce me to believe
that a regular system of gaieties--do not think for a moment that I wish
to prohibit parties altogether--is not bad for boys in mind, body and
character. The excitement is too great for them, and when they come back
to work at the end of a holiday spent in that way, it takes them at
least three weeks to settle down, and their minds are dull. I would
like mothers to think about this, to say no sometimes, and to mean it,
when they think their children have had enough gaiety. Another point I
should like to notice is a growing lack of courtesy amongst boys. My
father always impressed upon his sons that courtesy could never be
shown better than in addressing servants. Small boys sometimes come to
my house and speak to my servants in an outrageous fashion; I am quite
sure some attention ought to be paid to it.

Lastly, I would like to
urge and back up what has been said about out-door games to the utmost
of my power. I would urge all mothers never to say to a schoolmaster,
as is so often said to me--"I hate football, it is a horrible game!" The
Bishop of Stepney has referred to one phase of games--to make the boys
healthy and strong, and to work off their animal spirits. That is
excellent; but there is another point. Playing at games, when you share
the work and struggle for the mastery, when the joy of triumph and the
self-restraining influence of defeat is shared with other members of
your side, is as healthy a training for character, mind and body, as a
boy can have. It is not merely the playing the game by yourself, it is
the playing a game with others, where you are only part of a side, and
have to do the best for your party as well as for yourself, and where
you share the joy of triumph and the sorrow of defeat.

Questions were asked by several members of the audience: among others,
regarding the keeping of Sunday and Sunday games; the giving of pocket
money; whether a boy's little debts should be paid if he over-spent his
allowance; whether wine should be prohibited altogether, or treated as
cards as not absolutely forbidden; whether a form or prayer should be
supplied for a boy's guidance?

The Bishop of Stepney in reply said: As to the keeping of Sunday. That
is one of the most difficult questions that can be asked. I should feel
inclined to say that a little boy ought to be taught to go to church
with his mother. When boys get a little older, and if they seem to hate
going, I should not force them into it, but try to make them feel it a
privilege. As I have said before, I think it a great mistake to thrust
religion down a boy's throat, and I always feel it rather a triumph for
the policy of not doing so, that in one family I know well, where there
were seven boys--three of them are clergymen, and the other four are
more religious than the three who are ordained. With regard to Sunday
games: it depends on what they are. Charles Kingsley would never allow
his boys to play cricket on the village green on Sunday, because he
said they could play during the week. I should be much more
liberal-minded to boys in the East End than to West End boys. I often
tell them there is no harm in their going out for walks or bicycle
rides on Sunday afternoons, if they have attended to their religious
duties in the morning--for that is the only time they can get fresh air;
objecting to that seems to me to be making into a sin what is in
reality no sin. This is the principle: you must work out your own
details on the Sunday question.

About pocket money: by all means let your boys have some; and let it be
in proportion to what he will have to spend in after life. But--make him
keep an account book. As to whether a boy's debts should be paid when
he spends more pocket money than he has go-of course circumstances
differ; but if a boy's debts are paid, see that he pays you back the
money out of his weekly allowance. A father said to me the other
day--"When my boys get into debt, I make it as uncomfortable for them as
possible!" That is an excellent rule.

I do not at all take the view that wine should be treated in the same
way as playing cards and not prohibited. The more wine is kept away
from young boys, the better. It does them nothing but harm, unless they
are really very delicate. Naturally, I see the difficulty that when they
get to the University they may take too much; but I do not think you
will save them from that by letting them have it as boys. In this
connection, may I say that letting boys play cards for money is a fatal
mistake. It is playing with fire.

I think a form of prayer should be given to boys at first, because they
do not know what to say. The Daily Round, price about 3$ or 4$, is an
excellent book of devotion, and let your boy have a prayer card.

The Chairman proposed a heart vote of thanks to the Bishop of Stepney
for his lecture, and the proceedings terminated.