Device and method for tacking plaque to a blood vessel wall

Title: Device and method for tacking plaque to a blood vessel wall.Abstract: A tack device for holding plaque against blood vessel walls in treating atherosclerotic occlusive disease can be formed as a thin, annular band of durable, flexible material. The tack device may also have a plurality of barbs or anchoring points on its outer annular periphery. The annular band can have a length in the axial direction of the blood vessel walls that is about equal to or less than its diameter as installed in the blood vessel. A preferred method is to perform angioplasty with a drug eluting balloon as a first step, and if there is any dissection to the blood vessel caused by the balloon angioplasty, one or more tack devices may be installed to tack down the dissected area of the blood vessel surface, in order to avoid the need to install a stent and thereby maintain a ‘stent-free’ environment. ...

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/483,193, filed Jun. 11, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/955,331, filed Dec. 12, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,896,911. All of the above applications are incorporated by reference herein and made a part of this specification.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to treatment of atherosclerotic occlusive disease by intravascular procedures for pushing and holding plaque accumulated on the blood vessel walls out of the way for reopened blood flow.

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerotic occlusive disease is the primary cause of stroke, heart attack, limb loss, and death in the US and the industrialized world. Atherosclerotic plaque forms a hard layer along the wall of an artery and is comprised of calcium, cholesterol, compacted thrombus and cellular debris. As the atherosclerotic disease progresses, the blood supply intended to pass through a specific blood vessel is diminished or even prevented by the occlusive process. One of the most widely utilized methods of treating clinically significant atherosclerotic plaque is balloon angioplasty.

Balloon angioplasty is an accepted method of opening blocked or narrowed blood vessels in every vascular bed in the body. Balloon angioplasty is performed with a balloon angioplasty catheter. The balloon angioplasty catheter consists of a cigar shaped, cylindrical balloon attached to a catheter. The balloon angioplasty catheter is placed into the artery from a remote access site that is created either percutaneously or through open exposure of the artery. The catheter is passed along the inside of the blood vessel over a wire that guides the way of the catheter. The portion of the catheter with the balloon attached is placed at the location of the atherosclerotic plaque that requires treatment. The balloon is inflated to a size that is consistent with the original diameter of the artery prior to developing occlusive disease. When the balloon is inflated, the plaque is broken. Cleavage planes form within the plaque, permitting the plaque to expand in diameter with the expanding balloon. Frequently, a segment of the plaque is more resistant to dilatation than the remainder of the plaque. When this occurs, greater pressure pumped into the balloon results in full dilatation of the balloon to its intended size. The balloon is deflated and removed and the artery segment is reexamined. The process of balloon angioplasty is one of uncontrolled plaque disruption. The lumen of the blood vessel at the site of treatment is usually somewhat larger, but not always and not reliably.

Some of the cleavage planes created by fracture of the plaque with balloon angioplasty form dissection. A dissection occurs when a portion of the plaque is lifted away from the artery and is not fully adherent and may be mobile or loose. The plaque that has been disrupted by dissection protrudes into the flowstream. If the plaque lifts completely in the direction of blood flow, it may impede flow or cause acute occlusion of the blood vessel. There is evidence that dissection after balloon angioplasty must be treated to prevent occlusion and to resolve residual stenosis. There is also evidence that in some circumstances, it is better to place a metal retaining structure, such as stent to hold open the artery after angioplasty and force the dissected material back against the wall of the blood vessel to create an adequate lumen for blood flow.

Therefore, the clinical management of dissection after balloon angioplasty is currently performed primarily with stents. As illustrated in FIG. 24A, a stent is a tube having a diameter that is sized to the artery. A stent is placed into the artery at the location of a dissection to force the dissection flap against the inner wall of the blood vessel. Stents are usually made of metal alloys. They have varying degrees of flexibility, visibility, and different placement techniques. Stents are placed in every vascular bed in the body. The development of stents has significantly changed the approach to minimally invasive treatment of vascular disease, making it safer and in many cases more durable. The incidence of acute occlusion after balloon angioplasty has decreased significantly with stents.

However, stents have significant disadvantages and much research and development is being done to address these issues. Stents induce repeat narrowing of the treated blood vessel (recurrent stenosis). Recurrent stenosis is the “Achilles heel” of stenting. Depending on the location and the size of the artery, in-growth of intimal hyperplastic tissue from the vessel wall in between struts or through openings in the stent may occur and cause failure of the vascular reconstruction by narrowing or occlusion of the stent. This may occur any time after stent placement. In many cases, the stent itself seems to incite local vessel wall reaction that causes stenosis, even in the segment of the stent that was placed over artery segments that were not particularly narrowed or diseased during the original stent procedure. This reaction of the blood vessel to the presence of the stent is likely due to the scaffolding effect of the stent. This reaction of recurrent stenosis or tissue in growth of the blood vessel is in response to the stent. This activity shows that the extensive use of metal and vessel coverage in the artery as happens with stenting is contributing to the narrowing. The recurrent stenosis is a problem because it causes failure of the stent and there is no effective treatment. Existing treatment methods that have been used for this problem include; repeat angioplasty, cutting balloon angioplasty, cryoplasty, atherectomy, and even repeat stenting. None of these methods have a high degree of long-term success.

Stents may also fracture due to material stress. Stent fracture may occur with chronic material stress and is associated with the development of recurrent stenosis at the site of stent fracture. This is a relatively new finding and it may require specialized stent designs for each application in each vascular bed. Structural integrity of stents remains a current issue for their use. Arteries that are particularly mobile, such as the lower extremity arteries and the carotid arteries, are of particular concern. The integrity of the entire stent is tested any time the vessel bends or is compressed anywhere along the stented segment. One reason why stent fractures may occur is because a longer segment of the artery has been treated than is necessary. The scaffolding effect of the stent affects the overall mechanical behavior of the artery, making the artery less flexible. Available stenting materials have limited bending cycles and are prone to failure at repeated high frequency bending sites.

Many artery segments are stented even when they do not require it, thereby exacerbating the disadvantages of stents. There are several reasons for this. Many cases require more than one stent to be placed and often several are needed. Much of the stent length is often placed over artery segments that do not need stenting and are merely adjoining an area of dissection or disease. Stents that are adjusted to the precise length of the lesion are not available. When one attempts to place multiple stents and in the segments most in need of stenting, the cost is prohibitive since installation and material is required per stent. The time it takes to do this also adds to the cost and risk of the procedure. The more length of artery that receives a stent that it does not need, the more stiffness is conferred to the artery, and the more scaffolding affect occurs. This may also help to incite the arterial reaction to the stent that causes recurrent stenosis.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the present invention, a device (and related method of deployment) for treating atherosclerotic occlusive disease comprises a thin, annular band of durable, flexible material (a “plaque tack”) having a plurality of barbs or anchoring elements on its outer annular periphery, which is installed intravascularly in one or more specific positions of a plaque accumulation site. The plaque tack is dimensioned and designed to be applied with a spring force against the plaque to press and hold it against the blood vessel walls. The barbs or anchoring elements are embedded into or at least emplaced in physical contact against the plaque by the spring force so that the plaque tack is retained securely in position from being dislodged. The plaque tack is generally used after a balloon angioplasty procedure to reopen the vessel lumen for desired blood flow. The annular band of the plaque tack has a width in the axial (length) direction of the vessel walls that is about equal to or less than its diameter, in order to minimize the emplacement of foreign scaffolding structure in the blood vessel. One or more tacks are applied only in positions along the length of a plaque accumulation site where specific holding forces are needed to stabilize the site and/or hold pieces of plaque out of the way of blood flow. The barbs or anchor points of the tack(s) may be pressed with an expansion force into the plaque and/or vessel walls by a post-installation balloon expansion procedure.

In the present invention, the plaque tack device is designed as a minimally invasive approach to tacking loose or dissected atherosclerotic plaque to the wall of the artery, as illustrated in FIG. 24B. It may be used to treat either de novo atherosclerotic lesions or the inadequate results of balloon angioplasty. It is designed to maintain adequate lumen in a treated artery without the inherent disadvantages of vascular stents. The device may also be used to administer medications, fluid, or other treatment (“eluting”) agents into the atherosclerotic plaque or the wall of the blood vessel or into the bloodstream.

The plaque tack and installation procedure may be designed in a number of ways that share a common methodology of utilizing an expansion force of the delivery mechanism (such as balloon expansion) and/or the spring force of a compressible annular band to enable the tack to be moved into position in the blood vessel, then released, unfolded or unplied to expand to its full diametral size within the blood vessel walls.

In a preferred embodiment, the tack device comprises a thin, annular band of durable, flexible material having a plurality of barbs or anchoring points on its outer annular periphery, said annular band being dimensioned and designed to be applied with an expansion force against the plaque to press and hold the plaque at an applied site of said band against the blood vessel walls. Besides stabilizing the emplacement of the tack, the barbs play a role in tacking the plaque to the blood vessel wall. The annular band has a length in the axial direction of the blood vessel walls that is about equal to or less than its diameter when expanded. In a ring or ribbon-shaped form, the annular band can have a ratio of length to diameter as low as 1/100. The plaque tack device can also have a structure for carrying medication such that it elutes a biologically active agent to the plaque to inhibit growth and/or for treating the blood vessel wall.

For all embodiments an important parameter characterizing design of a plaque tack is the ratio: Vessel Coverage Area (C) to Total Vessel Surface area (TVS), where C/TVS is less than or equal to about 60%. This equation can be applied to one tack device or when several spaced-apart tack devices are placed across the length of a blood vessel treatment area.

In another preferred embodiment, a tack device is formed with concentric side rings or mesh bands connected by longitudinal bridge members. As adapted from a measure of Relative Metal Surface Area (RMS) compared to the number of longitudinal segments in the device structure, an equation for Effective Metallic Interface (EMI) may be used to compare this embodiment of the tack device to a typical stent, as follows:

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20120405|20120083872|device and tacking plaque to a blood vessel wall|A tack device for holding plaque against blood vessel walls in treating atherosclerotic occlusive disease can be formed as a thin, annular band of durable, flexible material. The tack device may also have a plurality of barbs or anchoring points on its outer annular periphery. The annular band can have |