Spessard Lindsey Holland's career in public service spanned approximately fifty years. A lifelong citizen of Florida, he held positions as County Judge, State Senator, Governor, and finally as a member of the U.S. Senate. A self-described "moderate conservative with a little liberalism in many areas" and a member of the Democratic Party, he appealed to a large number of voters in Florida and never lost an election throughout his career.

Spessard Lindsey Holland was born on July 10, 1892 in Bartow, Polk County, Florida, where he was raised and educated. His father, Benjamin F. Holland, was a citrus grower and abstractor, and his mother, Fannie Virginia (Spessard) Holland, was a school teacher. In 1912, he graduated with a Bachelor in Arts degree from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Following graduation, he taught public school in Warrenton, Georgia, until 1914 and then returned to Florida to attend the University of Florida College of Law. An active student, he served as president of the student body and editor-in-chief of the yearbook, The Seminole. He was an outstanding athlete and attracted the attention of professional teams. He was sufficiently impressive as a pitcher for the UF baseball team that manager Connie Mack offered him a position on his ball club. Holland declined because he was not very interested in becoming a professional athlete, especially at the age of 24. He decided to complete his education as a lawyer, and earned his degree in 1916. That same year, he was admitted to the bar in Florida and commenced practice in his hometown of Bartow.

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, Holland joined the Army and the Coast Artillery Corps. He went to Europe with the 31st Artillery Brigade, and then transferred to the Air Force where he served with the 24th Flying Squadron in France. For his valor during combat flights, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. At the end of the war in 1919, he retired with the rank of Captain and returned to Bartow. He married Mary Alice Groover, whom he had met while on leave in Florida, and resumed the practice of law.

Holland served as prosecuting attorney of Polk County in 1919 and 1920. He next campaigned for and was elected to the position of county judge, a position he held from 1921 until 1929. Throughout the period, he continued to maintain his own law practice. In the early 1920s, he formed a partnership with W.F. Bevis establishing a firm that would last several decades and include partners such as Robert L. Hughes, Jr., and William A. McRae, Jr. In between those years spent in public office, Holland always returned to his practice in Bartow.

Holland was elected to the State Senate in 1932 and served two four-year terms until 1940. As a state senator, he was the author of several pieces of legislation related to citrus, including the Citrus Commission Act, the Frost and Freeze Forecast Act, and the Citrus Advertising Act. He voted against the repeal of the 18th Amendment because Polk County was voluntarily a dry county and his constituents had a negative reaction to the possible repeal of prohibition. He led opposition to a Florida Recovery Act issue seeking to eliminate chain stores, a controversial measure that he and his fellow opponents were successful in defeating. He also helped draft the Florida School Code and supported other acts intended to improve public schools and teacher benefits. He was a strong supporter of the Soil Conservation District Act, the Fair Trade Act, and several bills reducing or repealing taxes in the state.

During his second term, Holland's reputation grew when a filibuster to prevent a vote on controversial salary buying legislation led to physical violence on the floor of the Senate. Holland and other supporters of the legislation saw salary buying as little more than loan sharking and sought to define the practice as lending so that it could be regulated and the racketeers put out of business. At the end of the 1939 session, Sen. R. Lucas Black emerged as the leading opponent to the bill and threatened a filibuster in order to delay the roll call until the end of the session. During a recess after a day of argument on the Senate floor, Black engaged Sen. Joe Sharit, a proponent of the legislation, in a heated exchange. When Holland stepped over to intervene, Black struck Holland with his cane. Neither Holland nor Sharit retaliated, and Black later apologized for his behavior. As a result of the threatened filibuster the legislation was removed from consideration that session, but the episode served to enhance Holland's image around the state as an honorable politician.

Holland was hesitant to run for the governor's office because he was more interested in serving on the U.S. Senate and he was aware that the system of patronage appointments often hurt the chances of former governors to win a seat in the Senate. He believed that for every appointment made by a governor, there were several newly created enemies among those people who weren't appointed. However, he did decide to run for the position and began his campaign in 1939. He defeated Francis Whitehair in the 1940 Democratic gubernatorial primary and faced no Republican opponent in the general election later that year. In January 1941, he was sworn in as the 28th governor of Florida.

As a war-time governor, Holland's administration was principally concerned with Florida's defense effort during World War II. He coordinated the state's defense in close cooperation with the federal government. At his request, his brother, Frank Holland, became a principal figure in organizing the state's non-military civil defense. Under Governor Holland's leadership, the state implemented the largest road and highway construction program in its history. Primarily for defense, and built with a great deal of federal assistance, the construction greatly improved the state's transportation infrastructure and increased opportunities for development following the war.

During his four-year term, Holland led or supported several important initiatives. He established the Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission as a separate agency. A stronger ad valorem tax structure was established, thereby rescuing that system of taxation. He helped form the Minimum Foundation Program for public schools, and increased state assistance to the blind and aged. As a member of the Southern Governors' Committee on Freight Rates, he led a successful fight to reduce rates. In 1944, the deed to state lands in the Everglades was executed, paving the way for the creation of the Everglades National Park. He also served on the Executive Committee of the National Governors' Conference, providing him with the opportunity to work at the national level with several individuals he would later work with during his tenure in the U.S. Senate.

Despite Holland's hesitancy in 1940 to campaign for governor because of the patronage system, his fears proved to be unwarranted. As a result of World War II, a number of people were involved in the war effort and there was less demand for positions. When his term ended in 1945, he knew that had avoided making too many enemies around the state and had a good chance at a seat in the Senate. He had been informed earlier than most that Senator Charles O. Andrews was not going to seek re-election due to poor health, thereby providing him with an opportunity in the 1946 election. He met with and received assurances from Doyle E. Carlton and J. Hardin Peterson, two prominent Florida politicians and close friends, that they would not be running in the campaign so he would not be hindering their own efforts or campaigning against them. When his term as governor ended in 1945, he returned to Bartow to practice law and begin his campaign. In the Democratic primary election in early 1940, he ran against and defeated Lex Green, Polly Rose Balfe and Henry M. Burch. In September, two months before the general election, Senator Andrews died while in office and Governor Millard Caldwell appointed Holland to complete the unexpired term. While holding this office, Holland defeated Republican J. Harry Schad and officially was elected to a full Senate term beginning in 1947.

Holland considered the ratification of the 24th Amendment, officially ending the poll tax, as one of the great successes of his Senate career. From his days in the Florida Senate, he had supported efforts to abolish the tax but had seen no progress on the issue in more than ten years. He disliked the poll tax primarily because it resulted in corrupt machine politics wherein political leaders would buy the votes of those who couldn't afford to pay the tax themselves. Holland was aware that the poll tax had a significant impact on poor African Americans, but was more interested in halting corrupt politics than in passing a piece of civil rights legislation. After witnessing the defeat of anti-poll tax legislation again and again, he decided that it could not be abolished by statute because the courts would declare such legislation unconstitutional. In fact, for this very reason he debated against such a piece of legislation in 1948 even though he supported the measures of the bill. The very next year, he proposed an amendment to the Constitution seeking to abolish the tax. For the next thirteen years, he continued to submit the amendment during each session. Finally, in 1962, the amendment was approved by Congress and submitted for ratification by the states. His long crusade to overturn the poll tax finally succeeded in 1964 with the ratification of the 24th Amendment to the Constitution.

Another long battle in which Holland eventually prevailed was the fight to pass the Tidelands Act, formally known as the Submerged Lands Act. As Governor of Florida, it had been his understanding that the federal government recognized the maritime states' ownership of the submerged lands off of their coasts. In fact, he had cooperated closely with the government and Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes whenever they sought permission to use Florida's submerged lands, so he knew that there was precedence for the federal government's recognition that these were state-owned lands. In 1945, however, Ickes led an effort to bring suit against California, and later other coastal states, disputing this ownership. The federal government wanted control of the oil available in these submerged lands and the struggle quickly became known as the Tidelands Oil affair. In 1947, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had the right to these lands and upheld this split decision in later rulings. The states were outraged and set out to overturn this decision.

From the onset of his term Holland supported the fight to create tidelands legislation ensuring state ownership, but it proved to be a frustrating struggle. In 1951 and 1952, however, he took over the leadership of the effort and sponsored a bill that was narrowly passed in 1952. When President Truman vetoed the legislation, Holland and his supporters could not find enough votes to override the veto. With the change of Senate leadership in 1953 Holland expected to step back into a supporting role, but was surprised to find that the new Republican leadership wanted him to stay on as co-leader, along with Price Daniel of Texas. When the bill came up again in 1953, they knew that they had a good chance at victory because they had the votes in the Senate and the new Eisenhower administration was much more favorable towards the bill than Truman had been. In a desperate attempt to kill the legislation opponents in the Senate began a filibuster, during which either he or Daniels had to be on the floor every minute day or night for forty days. The filibuster failed, the bill passed, and Eisenhower signed it in 1953. Subsequently, the legislation was tested and upheld twice in the Supreme Court, and on the second occasion in 1959, Holland assisted to write Florida's briefs and closed the State's argument before the Court.

With twenty-two years on the Agriculture and Forestry Committee, sixteen years on the Appropriations Committee, and over six years on the Public Works Committee, Holland had the opportunity to support numerous programs benefiting Florida. He strongly endorsed the controversial Cross Florida Barge Canal for almost twenty years, and proposed several pieces of legislation to further the construction of that waterway. In 1947 and 1948, Holland pushed to set up the Central and South Florida Flood Control program, which was recommended by the Corps of Engineers following the 1947 hurricane and floods. He also sponsored and supported several water navigation, soil conservation, and highway projects in the state, and continued his lifelong support of the Everglades National Park. In addition, he used his ten years of service on the National Aeronautical and Space Committee to help ensure the success of the Florida space program.

On a broader scope, Holland was very active on issues not directly related to Florida. He was first Senator to urge statehood for Alaska and Hawaii. He supported and actively fought for the completion of the St. Lawrence Seaway. He participated in the investigation and debate of problems associated with migrant and off-shore labor. Holland also believed in strong relations with Latin America, and was extremely proud of his work to push for the creation of an Inter-American Highway through Central America to get land access to the Panama Canal. In addition, he was a supporter of Interama and constantly endorsed legislation that would strengthen U.S. ties with Latin America.

Throughout his career, Holland actively campaigned for anti-communist legislation and activities. He was a strong proponent of the Marshall Plan, NATO, and President Truman's plan to send aid to post-war Greece and Turkey in order to halt the growth of communism in that region. In the 1950s, he supported the decision to fight in Korea and voted for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964, although he later declared it a mistake on his part. Domestically, he sought to dampen the influence of organized labor, feeling that there was too much corruption and fearing the influence of communism. In 1947, he actively supported the Taft-Hartley Act in order to prevent strikes and lock-outs in vital industries, and he fought against its repeal in 1949. For the next two decades, he sponsored and supported legislation to prevent strikes and curb the abuses by labor interests.

Holland's stance on the Civil Rights issue is less clear than his position on other important issues debated during his tenure in the Senate, and possibly this is as Holland intended. In fact, as Holland prepared to write an autobiography during his retirement he created lists of topics he wanted to cover and neglected to include any of the Civil Rights program, except as it related to the 1960 Democratic National Convention. Described by some as a racist and supporter of segregation, he nevertheless was not as outspoken on the issue as some of his fellow Dixiecrats. And even if Holland had favored civil rights legislation, it is unlikely he would have supported it openly for fear that he would lose the support and gain the animosity of his constituents. Holland played an active part in the 1949 and 1950 fight of Southern Senators to defeat enactment of a Civil Rights program. But when the Supreme Court handed down its landmark Brown v. Board decision in 1954, he asked the citizens of Florida to support the decision even though they might not agree with it. Less than two years later, however, he signed the Southern Manifesto criticizing the Brown decision as an abuse of judicial power. Despite the fact that he fought for several years to abolish the poll tax, finally succeeding in 1964 with the 24th Amendment, he made it clear that he was fighting political corruption rather than creating "so-called civil rights" legislation.

Holland decided to retire from the Senate at the age of 78, explaining that he did not believe he could vigorously serve the interests of his constituents for a fifth full term. In 1971, he returned to his home in Bartow, Florida, to spend time with his wife and family and to work on his autobiography. He died on November 6, 1971.

The collection spans the dates 1913-1972 and primarily consists of materials accumulated by Holland during his eight years in the Florida Senate and his twenty-four years in the U.S. Senate. In addition, there are numerous personal, business, and legal files covering almost sixty years of his life. The majority of the collection is comprised of papers, although it also contains photographs, memorabilia, and manuscript material. His papers provide a fascinating perspective on several decades of the twentieth century, particularly the 1930s through the early 1970s. As with all political collections of significant size, the materials cover a wide range of subjects. Of particular interest are those events and issues that have shaped the nation and world, including World War II, organized labor, the Vietnam War, the spread of communism, the civil rights movement, the space race, and the Cold War. Prominent topics related to Florida include the citrus industry, the Everglades National Park, flood control, the Cross Florida Barge Canal, wartime defense, tidelands, and Cuba.

The collection is arranged into twenty series that document Holland's professional and personal life. Despite the grouping of materials into logical series, information on particular topics can be dispersed throughout the collection and researchers may find relevant materials in several series. For the most part, personal papers are filed separately from official papers, reflecting the filing practices employed by Holland and his staff. Therefore, the series tend to be either personal (e.g., correspondence, business papers, campaign files) or official (e.g., State Senate papers, U.S. Senate papers), although there are a few series that contain both. The Personal Files and Miscellaneous Correspondence series, for example, contain Holland's personal and family correspondence, legal files, and business papers, primarily from the 1920s and 1930s. The Florida Senate Legislative Files, spanning 1928 to 1940, contain the correspondence, legislation, and subject files from Holland's tenure in the State Senate. There are several series of campaign files covering his campaigns for the Florida Senate, the 1940 Gubernatorial election, and U.S. Senate campaigns.

Although the official papers of Holland's term as Governor of Florida (1941-1945) reside in the State Archives, the collection does contain materials created or accumulated by Holland during this period. The Gubernatorial General Correspondence series, dated 1940-1944, includes files related to Holland's inauguration and the formation of his administration and staff, as well as recommendations and solicitations for appointments. Correspondence between Holland and members of the military during World War II can be found in the Service Men's Letters series. The Miscellaneous Personal Files series, 1925-1946, primarily consists of personal correspondence, business papers, and financial material created while in office.

The largest series, the Senatorial Papers, is further divided into several sub-series according to session of Congress. Holland's Senate office originally organized his files according to the File Code of the U.S. Senate, and this arrangement has been maintained (for more information, please refer to the series description for the Senatorial Papers). Each sub-series documents his legislative activities and is comprised of official correspondence, legislation, reports, news clippings, memoranda, and subject files. Numerous topics, such as civil rights, anti-poll tax legislation, and the Cross Florida Barge Canal, span several sessions of Congress and are spread across multiple sub-series.

Photographs, speeches, press releases, and miscellaneous materials, which cover both personal and official aspects of Holland's life, are filed in separate series. A series of newspaper and newsletter clippings collected by Mary Holland, dated 1941-1970, also includes a small amount of memorabilia such as programs, invitations, and correspondence. Among the materials in the Miscellaneous series are memorabilia, articles, biographical information, certificates, and other ephemera collected or created by Holland throughout his life. Of particular interest is the autobiography Holland began preparing during his retirement in 1971.

With the exception of the Senatorial Papers series, which has its own filing scheme, the files in each series are arranged alphabetically or chronologically.

Access

The collection is open for research. The presence of constituent mail in this collection requires mediated access. Researchers must consult with Special Collections staff before using the collection and must agree in writing to the following conditions: Congressional constituent mail is considered a type of privileged correspondence. Reproduction of constituent mail in any format is prohibited. Further, researchers using constituent mail must agree not to divulge the names or addresses of constituents or provide information that could conceivably identify constituents.

A collection of Spessard Lindsey Holland Papers housed in the Florida State University Special Collections department is comprised of gubernatorial
papers, Senatorial campaign papers, personal correspondence dated 1940-1971, Floridiana,
membership and affiliation files, materials related to his service in World War I,
photographs, memorabilia, and files related to his retirement in 1971. In addition, The Claude Pepper Collection at Florida State University contains material related to the 1958 Pepper-Holland primary campaign as well as numerous other files pertaining to subjects common to both politicians.

The official papers of Holland's term as Governor of Florida, 1941-1945, are retained by the Florida State Bureau of Archives and Records Management. In addition, the State Archives also holds the Oral History Program files of Governor Bob Graham, of which Holland was a subject.

This series primarily contains personal and family correspondence. In
addition, there are legal and financial documents and files related to memberships and
affiliations. Correspondents include Holland's Bartow law partner, W.F. Bevis; G.B. "Gabby"
Knowles; his wife, Mary Holland; and his brother, Frank Holland. There is also a file
pertaining to the genealogy of the Spessard Family. Files are arranged
alphabetically.

This series is comprised of chronological files of personal and business
papers, including personal correspondence, legislative papers, and legal documents. Although
the majority of Holland's legislative files from his tenure in the Florida State Senate can
be found in subsequent series within the collection, it should be noted that some
legislative correspondence has been intermixed with the personal and business papers found
within this series. Files are arranged chronologically.

This series contains the correspondence, legislation, and subject files
from Holland's tenure in the State Senate. Of particular interest are files related to the
Cross Florida Barge Canal, Alberto Camero and the gambling investigation, the Everglades
National Park, communism, the University of Florida, labor issues such as strikes and child
labor, and Sen. Robert L. Black's fight with Holland in the Senate. There are numerous files
pertaining to chain stores and the Florida Recovery Act, the Florida School Code, taxation,
and the citrus industry. Correspondents include several politicians and well-known figures
in Florida, including Fred P. Cone, Duncan U. Fletcher, Peter O. Knight, Phil May, Nathan
Mayo, Claude Pepper, J. Hardin Peterson, John Ringling, and David Sholtz. Files are arranged
alphabetically.

This series primarily is comprised of material pertaining to Holland's
campaigns for the Florida Senate. In addition, there is a small amount of papers related to
campaigns for election to the U.S. senate, although researchers should note that the
majority of the U.S. Senate campaign files are currently housed at Florida State University
in Tallahassee. Included in this series are campaign activity files, news clippings,
campaign correspondence, mailing lists, lists of key men and women in the state, support
correspondence, and congratulatory letters. Files are arranged chronologically. Papers
related to the Gubernatorial campaign in 1940 and the U.S. Senate campaign of 1946 can be
found in subsequent series within this collection. Although there are no files related to
the 1958 primary race against Claude Pepper, there are some political support files
pertaining to this race in the Senatorial Papers 85th Congress 2nd Session series. In
addition, the Claude Pepper Collection at the Florida State University has several files
related to this election.

Correspondence pertaining to the gubernatorial election in 1940. The
correspondence deals with campaign support, key men and women in cities and counties,
solicitation for appointments to state positions, scheduling appearances, etc.
Correspondents include several politicians and well-known figures in Florida, including
Charles O. Andrews, Harold Colee, LeRoy Collins, R.A. Gray, Sid Herlong, Phil May, Allen
Morris, Claude Pepper, J. Hardin Peterson, A.G. Shands, Bob Sikes, John J. Tigert, and Park
Trammell. Other correspondents include family members, friends and business partners
including Mary Holland, Frank Holland, W.A. McRae, and W.F. Bevis. There is a special
"Colored" file for African American supporters and issues. Files are arranged
alphabetically.

Alphabetical ledger books containing information regarding individuals
seeking appointment to state positions once Holland was elected Governor of Florida. The
information sheets within each ledger are arranged alphabetically according to departments
and offices of the state government. Each sheet typically contains the name of the
individual, the appointment they are seeking, and any special notes about the
appointment.

This series is comprised of miscellaneous files pertaining to the 1940
Gubernatorial campaign. Included are advertisements and campaign literature, itineraries,
radio files, form letters, news clippings, press releases, correspondence with key men and
supporters on various issues, editorials, Holland's platform, and campaign activity files.
There are numerous campaign issue and subject files, including national defense, citrus,
racing, chain stores and the Florida Recovery Act, health care, the Everglades, taxes,
unemployment, and education. In addition, there are several files of newspaper clippings
pertaining to campaign opponents, including Francis Whitehair, B.F. Paty, Fuller Warren, and
Walter Fraser. Files are arranged alphabetically.

Correspondence between Governor Holland and members of the military during
World War II. The letters generally discuss matters related to the war and issues affecting
the State of Florida. Files are arranged alphabetically.

This series primarily contains Holland's personal correspondence during his
tenure as Governor of Florida. In addition, there are files related to Holland's
establishment of his administration, his inauguration, committee recommendations,
appointments, and the gubernatorial staff. There is a great deal of correspondence between
Holland and his brother, Frank Holland. Types of materials and topics covered include
editorials, memberships and affiliations, the system of patronage, the Southern Governors
Conference, civil defense, gifts received, and the removal of Sheriff Walter R. Clark. Files
are arranged chronologically by year and then alphabetically within each
year.

The bulk of this series covers Holland's tenure as Governor of Florida,
1941-1945. The series primarily is comprised of personal correspondence, business papers,
and financial files. Individuals and organizations include Frank Holland, W.F. Bevis, Emory
University, the Florida Historical Society, the Florida State Chamber of Commerce, the
Governors Conference, and the University of Florida. Topics include education and public
schools, Holland's collection of books on Floridiana, circuit court, and legal cases.
Holland's income tax files, dated 1925 to 1944, are also included. Files are arranged
alphabetically.

Correspondence pertaining to the U.S. Senate election in 1946. The
correspondence deals with campaign support, key men and women, "Anti-Holland" efforts,
campaign issues, the Holland platform, itineraries and engagements, advertising, and the
press. Correspondents include Phil May, C.M. Guyton, G. Knowles, and W.H. Hamilton. In
addition to the correspondence, there are several files of news clippings, press releases,
radio scripts, and campaign literature. There are several files of news clippings and
correspondence pertaining to campaign opponents, including Lex Green, Polly Rose Balfe,
Henry Burch, and Harry Schad. Files are arranged alphabetically.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to Holland's service in the U.S. Senate from 1946 to 1971. This series
is organized into several sub-series according to Congress and session. Within each session
sub-series, it should be noted that the date span covered by the materials exceeds the date
span for that session of Congress. For example, a file related to a 1946 piece of
legislation may contain reports and other material dating from the late 1930s or early
1940s, which predate the 80th Congress 1st Session sub-series in which the file is located.
Although Holland's activities on numerous committees are documented in part by this series,
the official committee records are maintained by the federal government.

The files in this series were originally arranged according to the File Code of the U.S.
Senate. Under this scheme, each branch of the government and the various offices and
departments under each branch were assigned a particular number. For example, the President
was assigned Filing Code 1, the State Department was assigned Filing Code 2, the Treasury
Department was assigned Filing Code 3, etc. Although the filing code numbers are no longer
maintained in this finding aid to the Holland Papers, the arrangement still exists. As such,
files dealing with the President are located at the beginning of each sub-series, followed
by the State Department, followed by the Treasury Department, and so on.

Senatorial Papers - 80th Congress 1st Session

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the Army Engineers and flood control and drainage districts, the Florida East Coast
Railway, labor legislation, sugar quotas and problems, rent control, the War Assets
Administration and various air fields and bases in Florida, socialized medicine, and the
Everglades. There are several files pertaining to post-war foreign policy, including the
Marshall Plan, Palestine, the United Nations, foreign relief, and Greece and
Turkey.

Box

138

President. 1945-1947

138

State Department. September 1946-June 1947

138

State Department. July-December 1947

138

Treasury Department. 1946-1947

138

Treasury Department - Bureau of Customs. 1946-1947

138

Treasury Department - Customs House at Miami. 1946-1947

138

Treasury Department - Bureau of Internal Revenue. 1946-1947

138

Treasury Department - Coast Guard Service. 1945-1947

139

War Department. September 1946-March 1947

139

War Department. April-July 1947

139

War Department. August-December 1947

139

War Department - Army Marketing System (Quartermaster Depot, Orlando). 1947

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, the Democratic National
Committee, labor legislation, civil rights, the War Assets Administration and various air
fields and bases in Florida, flood control legislation, and the Everglades. There are
several files pertaining to post-war foreign policy, including the Marshall Plan, communism,
Palestine, the United Nations, and foreign aid. Among the legislation sponsored or
co-sponsored by Holland is a file pertaining to the poll tax and Holland's opposition to
it.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, labor legislation (Taft
Hartley and Wage and Hour), the Atomic Energy Commission, flood control legislation,
socialized medicine, and the Everglades. There are several files pertaining to post-war
foreign policy, including the Marshall Plan, communism, the de-Nazification program,
Palestine, the North Atlantic Pact, and Spain. Among the legislation sponsored or
co-sponsored by Holland are files pertaining to the poll tax, tidelands, and the
Taft-Hartley Act. In addition, there are several legislation files related to civil rights,
including lynching, the poll tax, and the Fair Employment Practices Commission
(FEPC).

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, Alger Hiss, Social Security,
the arming of Arab states by England, labor (including railroad strikes), the Four Point
Program, foot and mouth disease, the Kefauver crime investigation, flood control
legislation, socialized medicine, and the Everglades. There are several files pertaining to
foreign policy, Korea, China, Spain, socialism, the United Nations, and communism (including
charges by Joseph McCarthy). Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Holland are
files pertaining to tidelands and regional education. In addition, there are several
legislation files related to civil rights, including the poll tax and the Fair Employment
Practices Commission (FEPC).

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, sending wheat to India,
President Truman's dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur, labor (including strikes), the
Kefauver crime investigation, flood control legislation, socialized medicine, and the
Everglades. There are several files pertaining to foreign policy, Spain, socialism, the
United Nations, universal military training, and communism (including charges by Joseph
McCarthy). Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Holland are files pertaining
to tidelands, the poll tax, kenaf and ramie, and the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Note that
there is a file entitled "Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that contains information about
Holland's engagements, appointments, and itinerary for the year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, the Democratic Party,
Richard Russell, labor (including railroad strikes), the Four Point Program, the Kefauver
crime investigation, flood control legislation, socialized medicine, and the Everglades.
There are several files pertaining to foreign policy, socialism, the United Nations, and
communism (including charges by Joseph McCarthy). Among the legislation sponsored or
co-sponsored by Holland are files pertaining to tidelands and the poll tax. In addition,
there are several legislation files related to civil rights, including the poll tax and the
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC). Note that there is a file entitled
"Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that contains information about Holland's engagements,
appointments, and itinerary for the year.

Legislation - National Defense - Universal Military Training. March 1952

283

Legislation - Price Controls. 1952

283

Legislation - Public Works - General. 1952

283

Legislation - Public Works - Highway Bills. 1952

283

Legislation - Public Works - Niagara Falls. 1952

283

Legislation - Public Works - Regarding Dispersal Bill. 1952

283

Legislation - Public Works - St. Lawrence Seaway. 1952

283

Legislation - Puerto Rico - Proposed Construction. 1952

283

Legislation - Reciprocal Trade Agreement. 1952

283

Legislation - Reorganization. 1951

283

Legislation - Reorganization. 1952

283

Legislation - Reorganization - Agriculture. 1952

283

Legislation - Socialized Medicine. 1952

284

Legislation - Social Security. January-February 1952

284

Legislation - Social Security. May-June 1952

284

Legislation - Social Security. July-December 1952

284

Legislation - Taxes - General. 1952

284

Legislation - Transportation. 1952

284

Legislation - United Nations. 1952

284

Legislation - United Nations - Human Rights. 1952

284

Legislation - United World Federalist. 1952

284

Legislation - Veterans. January-March 1952

284

Legislation - Veterans. April-June 1952

284

Legislation - Veterans - Education Benefit Extension. 1952

284

Legislation - Veterans - Pensions. 1952

Senatorial Papers - 83rd Congress 1st Session

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, the Rosenberg Case, labor
(including strikes), flood control, and the Everglades. There are several files pertaining
to foreign policy, socialism, NATO, the United Nations, and communism (including charges by
Joseph McCarthy). Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Holland are files
pertaining to tidelands and the poll tax. In addition, there are several legislation files
related to civil rights, including the poll tax and the Fair Employment Practices Commission
(FEPC). Note that there is a file entitled "Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that contains
information about Holland's engagements, appointments, and itinerary for the
year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, supplying arms to Israel,
labor (including strikes), the Bricker Constitutional Amendment, and flood control. There
are several files pertaining to foreign policy, China, Indochina, the United Nations, and
communism (including Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism). Among the legislation sponsored or
co-sponsored by Holland are files pertaining to tidelands, the appointing of additional
judges, and soil conservation. In addition, there are several legislation files related to
civil rights, including the Supreme Court, segregation, and the poll tax. Note that there is
a file entitled "Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that contains information about Holland's
engagements, appointments, and itinerary for the year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, labor (including strikes),
the Bricker Constitutional Amendment, and flood control. There are several files pertaining
to foreign policy, NATO, mutual aid, Formosa, the United Nations, and communism (including
Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism). Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Holland
are files pertaining to tidelands, color added agriculture, the Seminole Indians, the
Everglades, Jim Woodruff Dam, the poll tax, strikes, and civil defense in Volusia County. In
addition, there are several legislation files related to civil rights, including the Supreme
Court, segregation, and the poll tax. Note that there is a file entitled "Miscellaneous -
Diary of Events" that contains information about Holland's engagements, appointments, and
itinerary for the year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, supplying arms to Israel,
the medfly and spreading decline, labor (including strikes), the Atlantic Coast Line and
Florida East Coast Railroads, highways and roads, Social Security, and the Democratic
National Convention. There are several files pertaining to foreign policy, mutual aid, the
United Nations, and communism. Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Holland
are files pertaining to tidelands, the Cross Florida Barge Canal, the Everglades, the poll
tax, and sugar bills. In addition, there are several legislation files related to civil
rights, including the Supreme Court, segregation, and the poll tax. Note that there is a
file entitled "Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that contains information about Holland's
engagements, appointments, and itinerary for the year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, Hungarian refugees, protests
to a visit by Tito, the medfly and spreading decline, and labor (including strikes). There
are several files pertaining to foreign policy, mutual aid, the United Nations, and
communism (including McCarthyism). Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by
Holland are files pertaining to mosquito control, veterans hospitals, tidelands, the
Everglades, and the poll tax. In addition, there are several legislation files related to
civil rights, including the Supreme Court, segregation (including Little Rock, Arkansas),
and the poll tax. Note that there is a file entitled "Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that
contains information about Holland's engagements, appointments, and itinerary for the
year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, Nixon and South American
incidents, political support in the primary race against Claude Pepper, and labor (including
strikes). There are several files pertaining to foreign policy, mutual aid, the United
Nations, and communism (including McCarthyism). Among the legislation sponsored or
co-sponsored by Holland are files pertaining to the Everglades and strikes in public
utilities. In addition, there are several legislation files related to civil rights,
including the Supreme Court, segregation, and the poll tax. Note that there is a file
entitled "Miscellaneous - Diary of Events" that contains information about Holland's
engagements, appointments, and itinerary for the year.

Correspondence, legislation, news clippings, reports, memoranda, and
subject files related to this session of Congress. Of particular interest are files related
to the citrus industry, the Army Engineers projects in Florida, a visit by Khrushchev, the
Cross State Barge Canal, the 1960 Democratic National Convention, and labor (including
strikes). Among the legislation sponsored or co-sponsored by Holland are files pertaining to
the poll tax, pesticides, the Everglades National Park, the barge canal, Castillo de San
Marcos, and strikes in public utilities and airlines. In addition, there are several
legislation files related to civil rights, including the Supreme Court, segregation, and the
poll tax. Note that there is a file entitled