Euronews

Why is it so difficult for America to come to terms with gun violence? Here are five key points, compiled by our Washington correspondent Stefan Grobe, that you need to know to understand the issue:

What is the legal basis for gun ownership?

It is the Second Amendment to the US Constitution, adopted in 1791, as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights. It says: “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.”

Whether or not the 18th century political environment (when people in remote settlements defended themselves against Indians, British soldiers or marauding bandits) can serve as a practical model for regulating the modern use and understanding of guns in the hands of citizens has long been debated in the US.

After all, gun regulation is as American as Wyatt Earp, the legendary frontier lawman who enforced Dodge City’s ban on gun-carrying within town limits. But it was just in 2008 in ‘District of Columbia v. Heller’ that the Supreme Court decided for the first time that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess and carry firearms.

Thus, the judges reversed earlier interpretations of the Constitution. In United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the Supreme Court ruled that “The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence” and limited the applicability of the Second Amendment to the federal government.

In United States v. Miller (1939), the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government and the states could limit any weapon types not having a “reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia”.

So, can citizens carry their weapons openly like in a Western movie?

Yes and no, the laws vary from state to state… The Supreme Court has not ruled on whether or not the Second Amendment protects the right to carry guns in public for self-defense. Federal appeals courts have issued conflicting rulings on this point.

For example, the US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago ruled in 2012 that it does, saying, “The Supreme Court has decided that the amendment confers a right to bear arms for self-defense, which is as important outside the home as inside.”

But the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals in Denver ruled in 2013 that it does not, saying, “In light of our nation’s extensive practice of restricting citizen’s freedom to carry firearms in a concealed manner, we hold that this activity does not fall within the scope of the Second Amendment’s protections.”

The practice of open carry, where gun owners openly carry firearms while they go about their daily business, has seen an increase in the US in recent years. This has been marked by a number of organized events intended to increase the visibility of open carry and public awareness about the practice.

Proponents of open carry point to history and statistics, noting that criminals usually conceal their weapons, a stark contrast to the law abiding citizens who proudly display their sidearms. The suggestion is: only bad guys conceal their weapons, while the good guys show them.

How many firearms are in circulation in the US?

What looks like a simple question is complicated to answer. There is no universal gun registry in the US, and thus not a simple way to pin down the exact number of firearms.

There are estimates, however. According to the Geneva-based Small Arms Survey – the leading source of international public information about firearms – the US has the best-armed civilian population in the world, with an estimated 270 million total guns.

With less than 5 percent of the world’s population, the United States is home to 35-50 percent of the world’s civilian-owned guns.

That is an average of 89 firearms for every 100 residents — far ahead of Yemen, which comes in second with about 55 firearms for every 100 people, or Switzerland, which is third with 46 guns for every 100 people.

There are certain types of firearms, though, that do require registration in the United States: those subject to the National Firearms Act, including machine guns, shotguns and rifles with barrels shorter than 18 inches, and silencers.

According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), which handles that registration, there are more than three million National Firearms Act-registered weapons in the US. But there may be more, owned illegally…

Does every American own a gun?

No, not at all. A vast majority of Americans do not own guns. According to the 2014 General Social Survey (GSS), conducted every two years since 1972, gun ownership is now back at the low point it reached in 2010. Only 32 percent of Americans own a firearm or live with someone who does, compared with about half the population in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The poll also found that 22 percent of Americans personally own a firearm, down from a high of 31 percent in 1985. The percentage of men who own a firearm is down from 50 percent in 1980 to 35 percent in 2014, while the number of women who own a gun has remained relatively steady since 1980, coming in at 12 percent in 2014.

Though the number of firearm purchases has most likely gone up, according to data from the FBI’s National Instant Criminal Background Check system, those firearms are owned by fewer individuals. In other words, the average gun owner probably owns more guns.

Why is precise information about guns so hard to obtain?

In 1996, the National Rifle Association (NRA) lobbied Congressman Jay Dickey, a Republican from Arkansas) to include budget provisions that prohibited the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) from advocating or promoting gun control and that deleted 2.6 million dollars from the CDC budget, the exact amount the CDC had spent on firearms research the previous year.

The ban was later extended to all research funded by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). According to scientists in the field, this made gun research more difficult, reduced the number of studies, and discouraged researchers from even talking about gun violence at medical and scientific conferences.

In 2013, after the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, President Obama ordered the CDC to resume funding research on gun violence and prevention, and put ten million dollars in the 2014 and 2015 budget request for it. Both times the Republican-controlled House of Representatives said no.