…The hands of Zerubbabel have laid the foundation of this house - his hands shall
also finish it… (Zechariah 4:9)

Bible Correspondence Course - Lesson 5

Just What Is Man?

Is man an immortal soul in a material body? Is death the separation of body and soul?
What REALLY happens to a person at death? These questions have puzzled mankind for
thousands of years. Study the surprising ANSWERS in this revealing lesson!

DEATH is a reality! Though many like to shove it from their minds to escape having to think about it,
death is real. It is the inevitable consequence of being alive!

Religious people often picture death as the inescapable final plunge into the unknown
– into the “next world” with its heaven, hell or purgatory.

What is this thing called life, and DEATH? Isn't it about time we finally learned what man really IS, and what hope
there is of life after death?

Do You Have an Immortal Soul?

The ancient philosophers taught that man is essentially an immortal spiritual “soul”
housed in a temporary body of flesh – that the real man is not the body, but an invisible, immaterial “immortal soul” that thinks, hears,
sees and will consciously live on forever.

At death, according to the speculation of the ancients, the soul leaves the body and
journeys to a nebulous realm, possibly paradise or a place of punishment. The body,
they observed, goes to the grave.

Some Oriental philosophers speculated that the souls of the departed go into other
bodies after death and live as animals, birds, snakes, even trees or gnats – or perhaps
as human beings. This doctrine, called “transmigration of souls” or “reincarnation,”
has even gained some acceptance in the Western world.

Left and centre Ambassador College, Right American Stock

WHAT IS DEATH?: Although everyone is subject to death, it is difficult for the living to face the
loss of a friend or loved one-especially without the understanding of what death really
is.

But what is the authority for these beliefs? Is there any Biblical basis for such
doctrines? Where did they come from? Where did the Christian-professing churches acquire
their present teachings about the immortality of the soul?

Consider this revealing statement from the Jewish Encyclopedia: “The belief that the soul continues its existence after the dissolution of the body”
– after death – “is a matter of philosophical or theological speculation rather than of simple faith, and is accordingly nowhere expressly taught in the Holy Scripture” (from article, “Immortality of the Soul,” vol. VI, p. 564 – emphasis ours throughout
lesson).

Inherited From Pre-Christian World

This same article continues: “The belief in the immortality of the soul came to the
Jews from contact with Greek thought and chiefly through the philosophy of Plato,
its principal exponent, who was led to it through Orphic and Eleusinian mysteries
in which Babylonian and Egyptian views were strangely blended” (p. 566).

The doctrine of the immortality of the soul, according to this respected encyclopedia,
came from pre-Christian Greek philosophers who acquired it from pagan Egypt and Babylon!

Notice what Herodotus, the famous Greek historian who lived in the fifth century before
Jesus, admitted: “The Egyptians were also the first that asserted that the soul of man is immortal… This opinion some among the Greeks have at different periods of time adopted as their
own” (Euterpé, chapter 123).

It was the Greek Socrates who traveled to Egypt and consulted the Egyptians on this
very teaching. After his return to Greece, he imparted the concept to Plato, his most
famous pupil. Compare the present-day doctrine of most churches with what Plato wrote
in his book, The Phaedo:

“The soul whose inseparable attribute is life will never admit of life's opposite,
death. Thus the soul is shown to be immortal, and since immortal, indestructible...
Do we believe there is such a thing as death? To be sure. And is this anything but
the separation of the soul and body? And being dead is the attainment of this separation,
when the soul exists in herself and separate from the body, and the body is parted
from the soul. That is death… Death is merely the separation of soul and body" (see
Loeb Classical Library edition – 1977; pp. 223, 235, 363-367).

Sounds a lot like the teaching of many modern churches, doesn't it?

You were probably taught that this same doctrine was totally Christian. You undoubtedly
assumed it came straight from the Bible – but it did not, as you will see for yourself.

After Plato came Aristotle, who perpetuated the theory. Then the poet Virgil (70-19
;B.C.) popularized it throughout the Roman World.

But how did this concept become a fundamental doctrine of the vast majority of professing
Christians?

Later Labeled “Christian”

The introduction of this superstition into the churches was a gradual process which
took centuries. The early “church fathers” disagreed on this subject. As late as A.D.
160, Justin, the philosopher-turned-professing-Christian, wrote:

“But our Jesus Christ, being crucified, and dead, and having ascended to heaven, reigned,
and by those things which were published in His name among all nations by the apostles,
there is joy offered to those who expect the immortality promised by Him” (Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. I, p. 176). Many of these men indeed knew they did not have immortality within
themselves.

Origen, an early Catholic teacher in Alexandria, Egypt, joined the speculations of
Plato with certain parts of the Bible and called his philosophy neo(new)-Platonism. Here is what Origen wrote around A.D. 200: “Souls are immortal, as God Himself is
eternal and immortal”! He openly professed to be a true “Platonist, who believed in
the immortality of the soul” (Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. IV, pp. 314, 402).

Another influential teacher at the close of the second century was Tertullian of Phoenician
North Africa. He wrote: “For some things are known, even by nature: the immortality
of the soul, for instance, is held by many… I may use, therefore, the opinion of Plato,
when he declares: 'EVERY SOUL IS IMMORTAL' " (ibid., vol. III, p. 547).

And so the personal ideas of these influential men helped mold the thinking of the
entire Christian-professing world.

But a few Catholic writers and teachers as late as the time of Constantine (A.D. 280-337)
condemned the change in doctrine from Christ's teachings to those of Plato. Here is
the remonstration of Arnobius against those who were being “carried away with an extravagant
opinion of themselves that souls are immortal... Will you lay aside your habitual
arrogance, O men, who claim God as your Father, and maintain that you are immortal
just as He is?” (ibid., vol. VI, p. 440.)

After the time of Emperor Constantine – who forced the Roman Empire to accept one
universal faith – Augustine, another writer of North African extraction, “sanctified”
the doctrine of the immortality of the soul in his book, The City of God. Along came other writers – all influenced by the writings of Plato, Aristotle and
Virgil – who dominated the philosophy of Western “Christian” theology during the early
Middle Ages.

Finally, Thomas Aquinas (A.D. 1225-1274), Italian scholastic teacher and theologian,
stamped the doctrine of the immortality of the soul permanently on the Christian-professing
world.

But not only did this doctrine become religious dogma in the medieval world, those
who rejected this idea became branded as heretics!

Finally Imposed by Force

Just before the Protestant Reformation, the Lateran Council of 1513 issued this decree:

“Whereas some have dared to assert concerning the nature of the reasonable soul that
it is mortal, we, with the approbation of the sacred council, do condemn and reprobate
all those who assert that the intellectual soul is mortal, seeing, according to the
canon of Pope Clement V, that the soul is… immortal… and we decree that all who adhere
to like erroneous assertions shall be shunned and punished as heretics.”

That meant that any who taught the truth were to be turned over to the civil authorities
for punishment. And the punishment was usually severe!

The Original Protestant View

During the Reformation, some early Protestants tried to cast off the doctrine of the
immortality of the soul. Martin Luther declared that the Bible did not teach the immortality
of the soul (Defense, Proposition No. 27). “Luther held that the soul died with the body, and that God
would hereafter raise both the one and the other” (Historical View, p. 344).

How different were Luther's first teachings from Protestant doctrine today! Here are
Luther's own words, expressed about the year 1522:

“It is probable, in my opinion, that, with very few exceptions, indeed, the dead sleep
in utter insensibility till the day of judgment... On what authority can it be said
that the souls of the dead may not sleep… in the same way that the living pass in
profound slumber the interval between their downlying at night and their uprising
in the morning?” (From Michelet's Life of Luther, Bohn's edition, p. 133.)

Luther's original teachings have never ceased to embarrass Protestant theologians who have since readopted
the teachings of ancient Egypt and Greece.

William Tyndale, the printer of the first New Testament in English and another of
the Reformers, wrote the following: “In putting departed souls in heaven, hell, or
purgatory you destroy the arguments wherewith Christ and Paul prove the resurrection...
The true faith putteth the resurrection; the heathen philosophers, denying that, did
put that souls did ever live... If the soul be in heaven, tell me what cause is there
for the resurrection?”

That's a very good question!

The Protestant Reformers found the people unwilling to change their belief. Gradually,
the Reformers themselves gave in to popular tradition – tradition which has its roots
in pagan philosophy and speculation! And so most churchgoers today believe the doctrine
of the immortality of the soul simply because they have unquestioningly embraced the
speculations which have been passed down from ancient pagan philosophers!

The Apostle Paul wrote about this very kind of speculation: "Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments” – fundamental concepts – “of the world, and not after Christ”
(Col. 2:8).

The Bible, as we shall soon see, is NOT the source of the widely-accepted belief in
the immortality of the soul. Surprising as it may seem to some, the Bible plainly
teaches that man is mortal – physical – fleshly – of the dust. And when he dies,
he returns to dust. Let's look into the Bible and PROVE what it really says!