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Adrian, the Only English Pope

Dan Graves, MSL

Only one Englishman has ever been pope. That was Nicholas Breakspear,
known to history as Adrian IV. He ascended the papal throne on this day, December 4, 1154. His reign was
challenged by such serious difficulties that he wished aloud to his
friend John of Salisbury that he had never left England.

Nicholas was born around 1100 and reared near St. Albans in
Hertfordshire, England. He asked to be admitted to the famous abbey near
his birthplace, but was turned away because of his skimpy education.
Around 1125, he attended Merton Priory. A Saxon, he stood little chance
of advancement in Norman-controlled England, and so he sailed to France
to study in Arles.

Either the abbey of St. Albans had failed to see the merits of their
native son, or else the rejection spurred him to redoubled efforts. For
when Nicholas visited the monastery of St. Rufus near Avignon, he was
asked to stay, and in due course became its abbot. The business of the
monastery took him to Rome where Pope Eugenius III also saw promise in
the Saxon exile. He would not allow him to return to St. Rufus, but kept
him in Rome and made him a cardinal. Among the tasks he charged him with
was establishing the archbishopric in Norway.

Shortly after his return to Rome, Nicholas was elected pope, taking
the name Adrian IV. His troubled reign is a sobering example of why
scripture commands us to pray for our leaders. Arnold of Brescia, King
William of Sicily, Frederick Barbarossa and the Italian barons gave the
English pope fits. Arnold's followers took Rome. After they assassinated
Cardinal Gerardus in broad daylight, Adrian broke all precedent and
placed the city under interdict. Eventually it capitulated to him.

Frederick Barbarossa desired that Adrian crown him emperor but Adrian
insisted that the red-beard (that is what "Barbarossa" means)
honor him by holding his stirrup while he mounted his horse. Frederick
refused until he learned that emperor Lothair had done the same for an
earlier pope. However, he purposely played his role so awkwardly that
the crowd roared with laughter. Adrian crowned Frederick, a move so
unpopular that battle with the Romans broke out during the ceremony.
Frederick won that fight, but had to beat a hasty retreat soon
afterwards.

Then it was King William's turn to tussle with the pope. Victorious
on the battlefield, he forced him into concessions. This in turn enraged
Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who claimed dominion over some of the
lands the pope was giving to William. Adrian formed a league with the
Lombards against the emperor.

Adrian's most controversial act was a bull that allowed Henry II of
England to annex Ireland to his kingdom. "...[S]trive to imbue that
people with good morals, and bring it to pass, as well through yourself
as through those whom you know from their faith, doctrine, and course of
life to be fit for such a work, that the church may there be adorned,
the Christian religion planted and made to grow, and the things which
pertain to the honor of God and to salvation be so ordered that you may
merit to obtain an abundant and lasting reward from God, and on earth a
name glorious throughout the ages," he wrote the king. That
decision left an aftertaste of bitterness that lingers to this day, more
than 800 years later. It resulted in misery and conflict for both
Ireland and England. The pope based his authority on the Donation of
Constantine, which was later shown to be a forgery. Although a few
scholars deny that Adrian issued the troubling bull, the evidence is
convincing that he did.