According to Sefer Yetzirah, each month of the Jewish
year has a letter of the Hebrew alphabet, a zodiac sign, one of the twelve
tribes of Israel, a sense, and a controlling limb of the body that correspond
to it.

Adar is the twelfth month of the Jewish calendar.

The word Adar is cognate to the Hebrew adir, meaning
"strength." Adar is the month of good fortune for the Jewish
people. Our sages say of Adar: "Its mazal [fortune] is strong."

Purim, the holiday of Adar, commemorates the "metamorphosis"
of the Jews' apparent bad fortune (as it appeared to Hamen) to good. "When
Adar enters we increase in joy." The festival of Purim marks the
high point in the joy of the entire year. The Jewish year begins with
the joy of the redemption of Pesach and
concludes with the joy of the redemption of Purim. "Joy breaks through
all barriers."

The joy of Adar is what makes the month of Adar the
"pregnant" month of the year (i.e., seven of the nineteen yearsin
the cycle of the Jewish calender are "leap years," "pregnant"
with an additional month of Adar). When there are two Adars, Purim is
celebrated in the second Adar, in order to link the redemption of Purim
to the redemption of Pesach. Thus we see that the secret of Adar and Purim
is "the end is wedged in the beginning."

Letter: kuf.

The letter kuf means "monkey" (kof), the symbol
of laughter of the month of Adar. In accordance with the idiom "as
a monkey in the face of man," the kuf also symbolizes masquerade,
an accepted custom of Purim. Before the miracle of Purim, G-d Himself
"hid His face" from His children Israel (in the entire story
of Purim, as related in the book of Esther, His Name does not appear even
once). By initially hiding one's true identity, pretending to be someone
else, the innermost essence of one's true self becomes revealed. On Purim
we reach the level of the "unknowable head" ("the head
that does not know itself nor is known to others"), the state of
total existential hiddeness of self from self, for the sake of "giving
birth" to one's ultimate self anew.

The word "kuf" also means the "eye of
a needle." Our sages teach us that even in the most irrational dream
one cannot see an elephant passing through the eye of a needle. Yet, on
Purim one experiences this great wonder, which, in Kabbalah and Chassidut,
symbolizes the truly infinite essence of G-d's transcendent light
entering into the finite context of physical reality and revealing itself
in full to the Jewish soul.

Mazal: dagim (Pisces-fish).

Fish are the creatures of the "hidden world"
(the sea). So are the souls of Israel "fish" that swim in the
waters of the Torah. The true identity and fortune of Israel is invisible
in this world. The revelation of Purim, the revelation of Israel's true
identity, reflects the revelation of the world to come (the miracle of
Purim is understood to reflect in this world the ultimate miracle: the
resurrection in the world to come).

The word "dag" (the singular of "dagim")
is interpreted to represent the "tikkun" (rectification) of
da'ag--"to worry." In the Bible, the word for fish--dag--actually
appears once written as da'ag: In the time of Nechemiah, certain unobservant
Jews desecrated the holiness of the Shabbat by selling fish in the market
of Jerusalem. Their "fish" had turned into excessive "worry"
over earning a livelihood. In the opposite direction, the fish of the
joy of Purim, the strong (though initially hidden, as fish) mazal of Adar,
convert all the worry in the heart of man to the ultimate joy of redemption
with the new birth of self from the "unknowable head."

Tribe: Naftali.

In Kabbalah, the name Naftali is read (as two words):
nofet li, "sweetness is to me." The mitzvah on Purim to reach
the level of the "unknowable head" by drinking wine etc., is
expressed, in the words of our sages, as: "one is obligated on Purim
to become sweet, until he is unable to differentiate between 'cursed be
Hamen' and 'blessed be Mordechai.'"

This is the expression of joy and laughter at the level
of Naftali--nofet li. Our father Jacob blessed his son Naftali: "Naftali
is a sent-off [messenger] deer, who gives [expresses] eloquent words."
The "eloquent words" of Naftali give rise to joy and laughter
in the ears of all who hear. At the end of the Torah, Moses blessed Naftali:
"The will of Naftali is satisfied...." In Chassidut it is explained
that "satisfied will" (seva ratzon) refers to the level of will
in the inner dimension of keter, where all experience is pure delight,
the state of being that one wills nothing outside oneself.

The three letters that compose the name Hamen possess
six permutations. Hamen = 95; 6 ? 95 = 570 = rasha ("wicked one"),
for which reason Hamen is called "Hamen the rasha." 570 = (as
well) Naftali, who takes joy and laughs in playing the six permutation
game of Hamen. In Kabbalah it is explained that the "eloquence"
of Naftali reflects his wisdom to permute words in general (as well as
to examine gematriot, such as arur Haman ["cursed be Hamen"]
= 502 = baruch Mordechai ["blessed be Mordechai"]), the most
"delightful game" (sha'ashu'a) of Torah study.

As previously explained , the months of Tishrei and Cheshvan
correspond (according to the Arizal) to the two tribes of Ephraim and
Menashe, the two sons of Joseph. Jacob blessed his two grandchildren Ephraim
and Menashe to be like fish: "and they shall be like fish in the
midst of the earth." These two tribes (the beginning of the year
from Tishrei) reflect themselves in Adar and Naftali (the end of the year
from Nissan), for Adar divides into two (just as Joseph divides into two)
fish (Ephraim and Menashe). The numerical support for this is that when
Ephraim (331) and Menashe (395) combine with Naftali (570): 331 plus 395
plus 570 = 1296 = 36 squared = 6 to the fourth power.

Sense: laughter (tzchok).

Laughter is the expression of unbounded joy, the joy
which results from witnessing light issue from darkness--"the advantage
of light from darkness"--as is the case with regard to the miracle
of Purim. The epitome of laughter in the Torah is that of Sarah at the
birth of Isaac (whose name, Yitzchak, derives from the word tzchok): "G-d
made me laugh, whoever hears shall laugh with me." Giving birth at
the age of 90 (and Abraham at the age of 100), after being barren and
physically unable to have children, is witnessing Divine light and miracle
emerging from total darkness. The word in Hebrew for "barren"
is composed of the same letters (in the same order) as the word for "darkness."
Purim comes from the word pru, "be fruitful and multiply." Of
Isaac, the archetype personification of laughter in the Torah, it is said
"the fear [source of awe, i.e. G-d] of Isaac." This phrase can
also be read as: "fear shall laugh"--the essence of fear shall
metamorphize into the essence of laughter. In relation to Purim, the fear
of (the decree of) Hamen transforms into the exuberant laughter of the
festival of Purim.

Controller: spleen (techol).

Our sages state explicitly "the spleen laughs."
At first sight, this appears most paradoxical, for the spleen is considered
the seat of the "black humor," the source of all states of depression
and despair. Just as we have described above, all of the phenomena of
Adar and Purim are essentially paradoxical, for they all derive from the
"unknowable head," and they all represent states of existential
transformation and metamorphosis. The "methodology" in Torah
which "models" these phenomena is the wisdom of permutation,
as described above. In respect to the "black humor"--"marah
shechorah," its very letters permute to spell "hirhur sameach"--"a
happy thought!" This is the funniest joke of all!