Monopoly moneyFCC chairman Michael Powell wants us to pay no attention to those ‘big fish’ that are swallowing our media — and threatening our democracy

BY DAN KENNEDY

Big media stalk Hub

A guide to who owns what in Greater Boston

New York Times Company

Best known for publishing what is arguably the world's greatest daily newspaper, the Times Company, with annual revenues of $3.5 billion, owns a total of 18 newspapers, eight television stations, and two radio stations, as well as more than 40 Web sites.
Local properties: the Boston Globe and the Worcester Telegram & Gazette. If the proposed $700 million sale of the Boston Red Sox is approved by Major League Baseball and is not derailed by the state's attorney general, Tom Reilly, the Times Company will also own a minority stake in both the Red Sox and the New England Sports Network.

Herald Media, Inc.

A privately held entity created by Boston Herald publisher Pat Purcell, who purchased the Herald from his previous employer and mentor, Rupert Murdoch, in 1994.
Local properties: the Boston Herald and Community Newspaper Company, which comprises more than 100 local papers, mostly weeklies, in Greater Boston and on Cape Cod.

Viacom, Inc.

The properties of this massive media conglomerate, founded and headed by Sumner Redstone, range from the CBS and UPN television networks to 34 television stations; about 180 radio stations; syndicated radio programs such as The Howard Stern Show, Imus in the Morning, and Opie and Anthony; and cable stations such as MTV, VH1, and Nickelodeon. Viacom also owns the Blockbuster video-rental chain, the Simon & Schuster book-publishing company, outdoor advertising, Paramount Pictures, and the Paramount theme parks. Total revenue for the first nine months of 2001 was more than $17.1 billion.
Local properties: television stations WBZ (Channel 4) and WSBK (Channel 38); and radio stations WBZ (AM 1030), WBCN (104.1 FM), WBMX (98.5 FM), WODS (103.3 FM), and WZLX (100.7 FM).

Hearst Corporation

The legacy of the legendary William Randolph Hearst, the privately held company today is a low-key but profitable owner of newspapers (including the San Francisco Chronicle and the Albany Times-Union), magazines (among them Esquire, Redbook, and a piece of Talk), and cable properties, including part ownership of the Lifetime channel.
Local properties: Hearst-Argyle Television, of which the Hearst Corporation is a part-owner, controls WCVB-TV (Channel 5) in Boston and WMUR-TV (Channel 9) in Manchester, New Hampshire. The Hearst Corporation is also the half-owner of New England Cable News; the other half-owner is AT&T Broadband, soon to be AT&T Comcast, the largest cable company in the US.

Sunbeam Television

Miami's Ed Ansin, like Boston's Pat Purcell, is among the last of the independent media players. He owns WSVN in Miami and WHDH in Boston. Both have the designation of Channel 7, which certainly makes things easy for his promotions department.

News Corporation

Rupert Murdoch's international media empire, begun in Australia, has spread throughout the United States, Britain, and, indeed, the world. His holdings include the Fox television network, the Fox News Channel, the New York Post, the Weekly Standard, the Times of London, cable and satellite systems, the HarperCollins book-publishing company, sports teams (including the New York Knicks), and the Twentieth Century Fox movie studio. Annual revenues are $11.6 billion.
Local property: WFXT (Channel 25).

Tribune Company

The parent company of the Chicago Tribune owns 22 television stations, four radio stations, and newspapers that reach 80 percent of US households. It is an investor in the WB television network, runs a TV production studio, and owns the Chicago Cubs. Annual revenues are $6 billion.
Local property: WLVI (Channel 56).

Clear Channel Communications

The biggest radio chain of them all, this San Antonio-based company owns some 1170 stations in all 50 states, as well as 19 TV stations, 240 non-US radio stations, and about 700,000 outdoor advertising displays. In 2000, Clear Channel also produced more than 25,000 shows and events. The company currently faces a lawsuit in Denver accusing it of banning from its radio stations any musicians who hire a competing concert promoter. Annual revenues are about $8 billion.
Local properties: WJMN (94.5 FM), WXKS (107.9 FM), WKOX (AM 1200), and WXKS (AM 1430).

Entercom Communications

This radio company owns 95 stations in 18 markets, and has annual revenues of about $340 million.
Local properties: WRKO (AM 680), WEEI (AM 850), WAAF (107.3 FM), and WQSX (93.7 FM).

Greater Media

A privately held company, Greater Media owns radio stations in Boston, Detroit, Philadelphia, and New Brunswick, New Jersey, near its corporate headquarters. The company also owns a chain of small newspapers in New Jersey.
Local properties: WBOS (92.9 FM), WTKK (96.9 FM), WKLB (99.5 FM), WROR (105.7 FM), and WMJX (106.7 FM).

Phoenix Media/Communications Group

Founded by Boston Phoenix publisher Stephen Mindich, the privately held company owns newspapers, magazines, and radio stations. Its media properties comprise three alternative weekly newspapers, the Boston Phoenix, the Providence Phoenix, and the Portland Phoenix; a Boston-based magazine, Stuff@Night; and the FNX Radio Network, which can be heard in Greater Boston on WFNX (101.7 FM), on satellite stations in Portland, Portsmouth, Providence, and Manchester, New Hampshire, and on the Web at www.fnxradio.com.

- DK

A.J. LIEBLING WOULD not be pleased. Nearly 40 years ago, the legendary press critic lamented the rise of one-newspaper cities, a phenomenon considerably less common then than today. Where there is no competition, Liebling wrote, "news becomes increasingly nonessential to the newspaper. In the mind of the average publisher, it is a costly and uneconomic frill, like the free lunch that saloons used to furnish to induce customers to buy beer. If the quality of the free lunch fell off, the customers would go next door."

Since then, things have gotten only worse.

When the first edition of Ben Bagdikian’s The Media Monopoly (Beacon Press) was published, in 1983, some 50 corporations were identified as controlling most of our newspapers, magazines, books, television networks, radio stations, and movie and music studios. Twenty years later, in the current "Big Media" issue of the Nation, that list is down to 10 international conglomerates, their vast holdings detailed in a fold-out color chart.

But though media consolidation is hardly a new story, there is a disturbing sense that the pace of monopolization is accelerating, and that the end game, or something like it, is at hand. Particularly distressing is the rapid consolidation of the cable industry, which threatens to turn the wide-open, decentralized, but slow Internet of the 1990s into a corporate-owned, profit-oriented, high-speed network with no room for independent voices. The Net is the last, best hope for a truly democratic media. Yet if we don’t act, it may soon be too late to save it.

The most significant recent development took place just a month ago, when AT&T Broadband, the country’s largest cable-television provider, was acquired by Comcast, the number-three company. AT&T Comcast, as the new company will be known, will control some 22 million subscribers — more than a third of the nation’s 60 million cable households. And if that weren’t chilling enough, analysts are already predicting that the most humongous media conglomerate of them all, AOL Time Warner, whose 13 million cable subscribers make it the number-two company, will work out some sort of a partnership with AT&T Comcast.

The AT&T Broadband–Comcast deal did not take place in isolation. Earlier last year, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), whose alleged job is to make sure that media giants do not trample upon the public interest, dumped a half-century-old rule that had prohibited one network from owning another. The result: Viacom, which owns CBS, was allowed to acquire UPN. That’s why, in Boston, you can now watch Channel 4’s news on Channel 38 (see "Big Media Stalk Hub," sidebar).

At about the same time that the cable giants were consolidating, the French media conglomerate Vivendi Universal announced that it would buy USA Networks for about $10.3 billion. Vivendi owns the Universal movie studios; USA’s holdings include a television-production operation and the USA and Sci-Fi cable channels. Earlier in the year, Vivendi acquired Houghton Mifflin, the last of the big, independent, publicly traded book publishers — and the holder of the suddenly lucrative Lord of the Rings franchise.

Moreover, all of this is taking place at a time when a series of pro-industry court rulings and changes at the FCC threaten to sweep away what few restrictions remain in place following passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which greatly relaxed ownership rules. The FCC appears poised to junk such old standbys as the prohibition against a newspaper’s owning a television or radio station in the same market, as well as a passel of local and national restrictions on the number of radio stations, television channels, and cable systems any one company is allowed to own.

"The problem is that a lot of this stuff is happening behind the scenes," says Danny Schechter, executive editor of MediaChannel.org, a media-watchdog Web site with an international and progressive orientation. "The FCC may make any concerns about this completely irrelevant when it chooses to lift all remaining regulations, which is certainly possible. I think there really is kind of a tipping point. It’s hard to get it back to the way it was, not that the way it was was so great. But what you did have was more of an ethos, at least a lip-service ethos, to public service. And now even that has gone out the window."

At the center of all this is President Bush’s handpicked FCC chairman, Michael Powell, who, like his father, Secretary of State Colin Powell, is bright, smooth, and articulate — but who, unlike his father, espouses the kind of doctrinaire free-market conservatism that Bush favors in his domestic-policy appointees.

Michael Powell has a penchant for saying provocative things, and sometimes the nuances get lost. For instance, when he was asked last year about the "digital divide" — the technology gap that exists between rich and poor — Powell memorably replied, "I think there’s a Mercedes divide. I’d like one, but I can’t afford it." The Washington Post later showed that Powell’s remarks immediately before and after showed considerably more thoughtfulness than the dismissive sound bite suggested.

Yet there’s little question that when it comes to deregulation, Powell intends to outdo even his deregulation-minded, Clinton-appointed predecessors, Reed Hundt and William Kennard. In a little-noticed interview with the Wall Street Journal published last September 10, Powell spoke disdainfully about "what I call the ‘Big Fish Problem,’ which is this inherent anxiety about bigness in a capitalist economy." He also made it clear that his view of the public interest was not necessarily the same as that of those whose business it is to act as the public’s eyes and ears.

"Every decision I make, I will argue to the last day I am here, I am taking in the name of the public — not in the name of some company and not in the name of some consumer-interest group," Powell said.

Says Andrew Jay Schwartzman, president and CEO of one of those consumer-interest groups, the Washington-based Media Access Project: "He’s very bright, very, very shrewd. And although it’s a very appealing package, he is in fact a good deal more conservative than his father, and he’s hell-bent on lifting ownership rules. I’m always the optimist, and we won’t stop working on him. But he’s intent on where he’s going, he’s come in with preordained objectives, and he’s pushing very hard to obtain them."