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Rabu, 08 April 2015STIKOM BALI 2009 7 Management Performs The functions Planning The planning function includes defining the ends to be achieved and determining appropriate means to achieve the defined end Organizing The organizing function includes all managerial activities that translate required planned activities into a structure of task and authority Source : Gibson

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Rabu, 08 April 2015STIKOM BALI 2009 8 Leading Controlling The leading function involves the manager in close day to day contact with individuals and groups The controlling function includes activities that manager undertake to ensure that actual outcomes are consistent with planned outcomes Source : Gibson

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Rabu, 08 April 2015STIKOM BALI 2009 9 THREE WAYS TO THINK ABOUT EFFECTIVENESS 3. Multiple constituency approach to effectiveness 1. Goal approach to effectiveness Perspective on effectiveness that emphasizes the central role of goal achievement as a criterion for assessing effectiveness 2. System Theory approach to effectiveness A grouping of elements that individually establish relationship with each other and that interact with their environment both as individuals and as a collective Perspective that emphasizes the relative importance of different groups and individuals interests in an organization Source : Gibson