Rethinking Fat: The Case For Adding Some Into Your Diet

Nutrition researchers are reaching a new consensus: Cut back on all those refined carbs. And remember that some fat is good.

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Originally published on March 31, 2014 1:10 pm

Remember the fat-free boom that swept the country in the 1990s? Yes, we know from the Salt readers who took our informal survey that lots of you tried to follow it. And gave up.

"I definitely remember eating fat-free cookies, fat–free pudding, fat-free cheese, which was awful," Elizabeth Stafford, an attorney from North Carolina, told us in the survey.

Back then, she avoided all kinds of foods with fat: cheese, eggs, meat, even nuts and avocados. Most of the experts were recommending a low-fat diet to prevent heart disease.

And, as a result, her diet was full of sugar (lots of fat-free, sugary yogurt) and carbohydrates, like bagels.

"Fat was really the villain," says Walter Willett, who is chairman of the department of nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health. And, by default, people "had to load up on carbohydrates."

But, by the mid-1990s, Willett says, there were already signs that the high-carb, low-fat approach might not lead to fewer heart attacks and strokes. He had a long-term study underway that was aimed at evaluating the effects of diet and lifestyle on health.

"We were finding that if people seemed to replace saturated fat — the kind of fat found in cheese, eggs, meat, butter — with carbohydrate, there was no reduction in heart disease," Willett says.

Willett submitted his data to a top medical journal, but he says the editors would not publish his findings. His paper was turned down.

"There was a lot of resistance to anything that would question the low-fat guidelines," Willett says, especially the guidelines on saturated fat.

Willett's paper was eventually published by a British medical journal, the BMJ, in 1996.

Now, nearly two decades later, a more complicated picture has emerged of how fats and carbohydrates contribute to heart disease.

For instance, it's clearer that some fats, namely plant-based fats found in nuts and olive oil, as well as those found in fatty fish, are beneficial. Willett says there's strong evidence that they help reduce the risk of heart disease.

"[Carbs] were the base of the pyramid," says Mozaffarian. The message was "eat all carbohydrates you want."

Americans took this as a green light to eat more refined grains such as breads, processed snack foods and white pasta.

"But carbohydrates worsen glucose and insulin — they have negative effects on blood cholesterol levels," he says. The thinking that it's OK to swap saturated fats for these refined carbs "has not been useful advice."

He says it's clear that saturated fats can raise LDL cholesterol, the bad cholesterol. But that's only one risk factor for heart disease.

There's now evidence that — compared with carbs — saturated fat can raise HDL cholesterol (the good cholesterol) and lower trigylcerides in the blood, which are both countering effects to heart disease, he says.

"When you put all of this together," says Mozaffarian, what you see is that saturated fat has a relatively neutral effect compared with carbs. He says it's "not a beneficial effect but not a harmful effect. And I think that's what the recent studies show." He points to a review of studies published in 2010.

He also points to a highly publicized recent meta-analysis that concludes there's no convincing evidence to support the dietary recommendations to limit saturated fat.

The findings in that paper have created quite a bit of controversy. For instance, the American Heart Association says it stands by its recommendations to limit saturated fat.

"This research simply means that we lack the data from controlled clinical trials that truly test this question of how much saturated fat is acceptable," writes Linda Van Horn, a spokesperson for the American Heart Association.

But what's the message that's getting out?

A few days ago, Mark Bittman, an author and op-ed contributor to the New York Times, wrote a column titled "Butter is Back" based on the findings of the recent meta-analysis. "When you're looking for a few chunks of pork for a stew, you can resume searching for the best pieces — the ones with the most fat," he wrote.

This didn't sit well with Alice Lichtenstein, a nutrition science and policy researcher at Tufts University, who wrote a letter to the editor arguing that green-lighting the return to butter and fatty pork was off.

In an email to us, Lichtenstein explained that, "There are strong data to suggest substituting carbohydrate for saturated fat is not associated with a [cardiovascular risk] benefit."

Like Willett and Mozafarrian, she makes the case that "substituting polyunsaturated fatty acids [which are found in nuts, seeds, fish and leafy greens] for saturated fat is associated with a benefit."

So, the message here seems to be: Cut back on all those refined carbs, and remember that some fat is good.

After all, the heart-healthy Mediterranean diet, which includes lots of nuts, olive oil, fish, fruits, vegetables and legumes, and small amounts of cheese and meat, turns out to be a pattern of eating that includes 40 percent to 45 percent of calories from fat. That's hardly low-fat!

Now, of course, in an age when people are avoiding animal products for many reasons, including animal welfare and environmental concerns, new studies that conclude meat is OK, compared with all the refined grains we eat, is bound to raise criticism from vegetarians.

Neal Barnard, a physician and vegetarian activist who leads the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, writes, "Before you fry up that bacon, hold the fork." His conclusion about the recent meta-analysis is this: "The study had some interesting statistical quirks that made [saturated fat] look safer than it really is."

The debates about fat will likely go on. And the new studies have been like lighter fluid on the charcoal grill.

So, stay tuned. But what's clear is this: Gone are the days of experts calling for ultra-low-fat diets.

Elizabeth Stafford, who told The Salt about how she struggled with her weight on a low-fat diet, says there's a good reason why.

"I was always starving, and I never felt satisfied," she says, thinking back to her low-fat, high-carb days. Eating carbs seems to make you quickly hungrier for more carbs. And ditto for sugar.

"It took me a long time not to be scared of fat," Stafford says. But, she says, she now enjoys scrambled eggs and the occasional burger.

Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

DAVID GREENE, HOST:

This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm David Greene.

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:

And I'm Steve Inskeep.

Today in Your Health, let's follow up on Friday's report on fat. Researchers have found that advice to cut back on eggs and meat may not help your heart or your weight. A big reason is what Americans started to eat instead.

NPR's Allison Aubrey explains.

ALLISON AUBREY, BYLINE: If you remember the 1990s, you might recall the fat-free boom that swept the country. Elizabeth Stafford, who's an attorney in North Carolina, was in college back then.

ELIZABETH STAFFORD: Oh, yes. I ate fat-free cookies, fat-free pudding or even cheese. Oh, a lot of fat-free cheese, which was awful.

AUBREY: And if you hadn't made the switch, food marketers would remind you.

(SOUNDBITE OF AN AD)

UNIDENTIFIED MAN #2: Did you know that granola bar is loaded with fat?

AUBREY: Stafford says back in the in those days, she avoided all kinds of fats; cheese, eggs, meat, even nuts and avocados.

STAFFORD: No one cared about serving sizes or protein or anything like that. But it was always just making sure that it had zero fat.

AUBREY: Elizabeth was certainly not alone. A low-fat diet was what all the experts were recommending to prevent heart disease.

WALTER WILLETT: Fat was really the villain and by default, that meant you had to load up on carbohydrates.

AUBREY: That's Walter Willett of the Harvard School of Public Health. But he says as early as the mid-1990s, there were signs that this advice might not lead to fewer heart attacks or strokes. He had a long-term study underway evaluating the effects of diet and lifestyle on disease.

WILLETT: In those studies, we were following 40,000 men.

AUBREY: So he was able to analyze what happens when people ate less fat and more carbs.

WILLETT: We were finding that if people appeared to replace saturated fat with carbohydrate, there was no reduction in heart disease.

AUBREY: Willett submitted his findings to a top medical journal, but he says they wouldn't publish them.

WILLETT: There was a lot of resistance to anything that would question the low-fat guidelines, especially the saturated fat guidelines.

AUBREY: They were supported by highly influential groups, such as the American Heart Association.

WILLETT: It was a really conventional wisdom almost to the point of religion that saturated fats were the villain for heart disease.

AUBREY: Willett's paper was eventually published in 1996 in a British medical journal.

Now, it wasn't as scientists beginning to raise questions. After five or six years of low-fat eating, Elizabeth Stafford decided it wasn't working for her. She was gaining weight, as bagels and sugary yogurt she ate for breakfast left her hungry an hour later.

STAFFORD: I've constantly felt starving. And I constantly felt like I couldn't eat enough to be satisfied.

AUBREY: Now, nearly 20 later, a far more complicated picture has emerged of how fats and carbohydrates contribute to heart disease.

MOZAFFARIAN: They used to be the base of the pyramid - eat all the carbohydrates you want. But carbohydrate's worse than glucose and insulin. They have negative effects on blood cholesterol levels. And most of our carbohydrates are highly refined and processed. And so, you know, thinking that that's just been OK, in a replacement for saturated fat, has actually not been useful advice.

AUBREY: And at the same time, Mozaffarian says scientists have been learning more about fat.

MOZAFFARIAN: Over the last decade, an enormous amount of scientific has indicated that the relationship between dietary fat and heart disease is not as clear as we once thought.

AUBREY: He explains case against saturated fat was made decades ago, when studies showed that foods - like meat, cheese and eggs -could raise one type of cholesterol. But there's been a lot more research since then.

MOZAFFARIAN: If you look at the whole picture of how saturated fat influences blood cholesterol levels - including its effects on LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, many other complex factors - one would actually come to the conclusion that it has a relatively neutral effect on heart disease risk, compared to carbohydrate.

AUBREY: And research also shows that some facts, particularly plant-based fats such as olive oil and nuts - seem to have a beneficial effect on heart health. What's more, scientists now know that many factors influence the risk of heart disease. It's not just cholesterol; things like inflammation, blood pressure, glucose and insulin levels all play a role.

So where does this leave us? Well, many people are moving to a more moderate approach. Elizabeth Stafford is one of them. She now eats a bit more fat and far fewer carbs.

STAFFORD: It took me a long time not to be scared of it. But I realized how much better things taste and how much I missed making scrambled eggs with butter, or eating a hamburger.

AUBREY: It's not every day but she says the occasional burger no longer makes her feel guilty. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.