"Josie" (sometimes subtitled "Everything's Gonna Be Fine") is a song by American rock band Blink-182, released on November 17, 1998 as the fourth single from the group's second studio album, Dude Ranch (1997). "Josie" was primarily written by bassist Mark Hoppus about an idealized girlfriend, and the song includes references to the bands Unwritten Law and Dance Hall Crashers, bands the trio toured with between 1995 and 1996.

The single, which was remixed by Tom Lord-Alge, reached number 31 in Australia, the single remix of "Josie" was later featured on the band's Greatest Hits. The music video for "Josie" stars Alyssa Milano as the object of Hoppus' affection in a high school setting. The original video was to depict the band performing on a sinking cruise liner, but the video was scrapped after filming.

Contents

"Josie" was named after the dog of Elyse Rogers, vocalist for Dance Hall Crashers, and the girl in the song is fictional.[4][5] "It is about a common feeling that everyone can understand, which is being stoked on a girl," Hoppus told Billboard in 1998.[6] The lyrics describe an ideal girlfriend who tolerates the narrator's flaws and shares his taste in music, the line "Yeah my girlfriend, likes UL and DHC" is a reference to the bands Unwritten Law and Dance Hall Crashers. The line "She brings me Mexican Food from Sombreros just because" is a reference to the Sombrero Mexican Food restaurant located in San Diego.[7][8]

For the group's third music video, the band attempted to take a more serious route and turned to director Jason Matzner and his collaborator Brendan Lambe.[11] Hoppus' original idea was that the band would be playing on the deck of an old cruise liner as it sunk, the band would play in real time as everything around them exploded in slow motion. Gradually, the ship would reach catastrophe ("people running, sparks flying, superstructure collapsing") before the ship sinks into the dark waters as the songs ends with the line "everything's gonna be fine."[12] As that video would have cost the band's label, MCA, millions of dollars, an alternative was settled on: the band is performing in a basement when one musician hits a pipe with his guitar, causing the room to flood,[11][12] the video was shot in the backlot of Universal Studios and was director Matzner's first video.[12] "Filming the first 'Josie' video was awful," Hoppus remembered in 2000. "We had to bring old equipment that we were willing to ruin."[11] The trio were unhappy with the shockingly cold water, and DeLonge cut his head open on shrapnel that was floating around in water.[11] When the band received the first edit, the band members decided to scrap it and start over.[11]

The band returned to director Darren Doane, who also shot the videos for "M+M's" and "Dammit".[11] Shot at Westlake High School, in Thousand Oaks, California, the video stars Alyssa Milano as the girl of Hoppus' affection.[5] "I felt really bad for her because she showed up on the set and it was just her and a bunch of perverted dudes who did nothing but stare at her breasts. They couldn't even help themselves," Hoppus recalled in 2001,[13] the food fight scene was completed in one take by necessity, as the cafeteria was destroyed afterward. "All those kids had to sit around all day outside in the summer and, at the end of the day, they were rewarded by letting them nail us with tons of food," said Hoppus.[13] Although "Josie" did not receive extensive MTV play, it was regardless viewed as an incredible success for the upstart band.[13]

The versions of "Josie" released for radio were remixed by Tom Lord-Alge; the Australian CD features the full version while the US CD contains the shorter radio edit.[14] The live tracks on the Australian CD single were recorded at dates on Warped Tour 1997.[15]

1.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s

2.
Blink-182
–
Blink-182 is an American rock band formed in Poway, California in 1992. The band currently consists of bassist and vocalist Mark Hoppus, drummer Travis Barker, Blink-182 was initially known as Blink until an Irish band of the same name threatened legal action, in response, the band appended the meaningless number -182. In its early years, Blink-182 toured heavily behind the bands debut, the group signed with major label MCA Records to co-distribute its second album, Dude Ranch. Raynor was fired midway through a 1998 tour and replaced by Barker, the groups next two releases, Enema of the State and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket, were enormous successes on the strength of radio and MTV airplay. The eponymously titled Blink-182 followed in 2003 and marked a shift for the group. DeLonge quit in 2005, sending the band into what was termed an indefinite hiatus and they reunited in 2009, producing the trios sixth album, Neighborhoods. In 2015, DeLonge again exited and was replaced by Alkaline Trio guitarist and vocalist Matt Skiba, the bands seventh studio album, California, was released on July 1,2016. Blink-182 is considered a key group in the development of pop punk, the trio has sold over thirteen million albums in the United States, and over 50 million albums worldwide. Blink-182 was formed in Poway, California, a suburb outside of San Diego, tom DeLonge was expelled from Poway High for attending a basketball game drunk and was forced to attend another local school for one semester. At Rancho Bernardo High School, DeLonge performed at a Battle of the Bands competition and he also befriended Kerry Key, who too was interested in punk music. Keys girlfriend, Anne Hoppus, introduced her brother Mark Hoppus—who had recently moved from Ridgecrest to work at a record store, the two clicked instantly and played for hours in DeLonges garage, exchanging lyrics and co-writing songs—one of which became Carousel. Hoppus, in trying to impress Delonge, managed to fall from a lamppost in front of DeLonges garage and crack his ankles, the trio began to practice together in Raynors bedroom, spending hours together writing music, attending punk shows and movies, and playing practical jokes. Hoppus and DeLonge would alternate singing vocal parts, the trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band Blink. Shortly thereafter, DeLonge and Raynor borrowed a four-track recorder from friend and collaborator Cam Jones and were preparing to record a demo tape, Hoppus promptly broke up with his girlfriend and returned to the band. Flyswatter—a combination of songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynors bedroom in May 1993. Southern California had a large population in the early 1990s, aided by an avid surfing, skating. In contrast to East Coast punk music, the West Coast wave of groups, Blink included, New York is gloomy, dark and cold. The Californian middle-class suburbs have nothing to be that bummed about, San Diego at this time was hardly a hotbed of activity, but the bands popularity grew as did California punk rock concurrently in the mainstream

3.
Dude Ranch (album)
–
Dude Ranch is the second studio album by American pop punk band Blink-182. MCA signed the band in 1996 following moderate sales of their debut Cheshire Cat, the band recorded the album during the winter of 1996–1997. With lyrical material written on the bands nonstop tours over the years, as well as completed songs. Promoted by lead single Dammit, the record was released in the summer of 1997 and was a success, Dammit became a rock radio hit single and helped the band gain mainstream credibility as they toured worldwide on the Vans Warped Tour. The band toured exhaustively behind the album, creating tensions which led to the firing of Raynor in mid-1998, three more singles were released, with Josie gathering MTV play and charting highly in Australia. Dude Ranch eventually grew in sales and was certified platinum in the US by the end of the decade, after moderate sales of their debut album Cheshire Cat, released on independent record label Cargo Music, Blink-182 enjoyed a small amount of success. Throughout 1994 and 1995, the trio vigorously toured nonstop and grew in popularity, mostly in Australia, by the end of 1995, problems had become apparent between the trio and the label, who regarded the band as a joke not to be taken seriously. The San Diego trio did however accumulate a genuine buzz among major labels, several labels courted the band, sending A&R reps to shows and inviting the band to stop by the office for lunch meetings. Through the several labels interested, Blink-182 seriously considered Interscope, Epitaph, the band spent much time during the spring and summer of 1996 contemplating options. The three had no qualms signing to a label, and were wary of purists attempting to define punk. The band felt an affinity for Epitaph, as many of their favorite acts were signed there. The band felt they were nothing but honest regarding their ambitions, I try and tell kids, The Clash, Sex Pistols, if people are bummed, we dont care. MCA at the time was riding out a spell, and was derisively referred to in the music industry as MCA — Musicians Cemetery of America. Despite this, MCAs persistence and sincerity won the band over, the trio signed a joint venture deal with MCA to distribute their sophomore album with Cargo. Raynor was not, however, difficult about the bands mainstream growth, I loved being on the radio and MTV. We were certified products of pop culture, born and bred in suburbia, thanks to the bands established fan base and merchandising, MCA did not intervene much in the bands activities. The trio released two 7-inch EP recordings with Cargo during the interim, by the summer of 1996, Wasting Time had been released as a single to keep matters moving along nattily. The track was the single from the Cheshire Cat sessions

4.
Compact disc
–
Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format

5.
Encinitas, California
–
Encinitas is a beach city in the North County area of San Diego County, California. Located within Southern California, it is approximately 25 miles north of San Diego, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 59,518, up from 58,014 at the 2000 census. Encinitas is a Spanish name meaning little oaks, the city was incorporated by 69. 3% of the voters in 1986 from the communities of historic Encinitas, new Encinitas, Leucadia, Cardiff-by-the-Sea, and Olivenhain. The communities retain their identities and distinctive flavors, Encinitas can be divided into five areas, Old Encinitas, a small beachside area featuring a mix of businesses and housing styles. Sitting along the coastal 101 highway, the Encinitas welcome arch, the surf break Swamis. Old Encinitas is divided from New Encinitas by a low coastal ridge, New Encinitas, a newer region which features a golf course, many shopping centers, and is composed of larger tract homes. Olivenhain, a region in eastern Encinitas, composed of mostly single family homes, an active 4-H Club. Olivenhain connects to Rancho Santa Fe via Encinitas Blvd, Leucadia, a coastal community of the city. Leucadia features tree-lined streets and boulevards, the community features art galleries, unusual stores, and restaurants, along with single family homes. This also contains beaches such as Beacons and Grandview, Encinitas is located at 33°2′40″N 117°16′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.0 square miles. 18.8 square miles of it is land and 1.2 square miles of it is water, the citys elevation ranges between sea level and 180 feet above sea level. Encinitas lies on rugged coastal terrain, the city is bisected by a low-lying coastal ridge that separates New and Old Encinitas. In the north of the city, the coast rises in elevation, the city is surrounded by Batiquitos Lagoon and San Elijo Lagoon to the north and south, respectively. Encinitas has a mild, Mediterranean climate. Average daily high temperature is 72 °F, temperatures below 40 °F and above 85 °F are rare. Average rainfall is about 10 inches per year, the wet season lasts during the winter and spring, when temperatures are usually cool. Average daytime temperatures hit 65F in winter and spring, when rain, the dry season lasts from summer through fall, with average daytime temperatures ranging from 75-85F, and nighttime lows being from the upper 50s–60sF

6.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

7.
Pop punk
–
Pop punk is a punk rock music genre and a fusion genre that combines elements of punk rock with elements of pop music. Pop punk typically combines fast punk rock tempos, power chord changes and loud, distorted guitars with pop-influenced melodies. Pop-influenced punk rock emerged in the mid-1970s with a style that was stylistically similar to power pop. By the mid-1980s, several bands merged hardcore punk with pop music to create a new, faster pop punk sound such as Dag Nasty, Pop punk in the United States began to grow in popularity locally in California in the mid-to-late 1980s. Pop punk particularly thrived in California, where independent record labels adopted a do it approach to releasing music. By the mid-1990s, a few pop punk bands had started to sell millions of records and receive radio and television airplay. By 1994, pop punk was quickly growing in mainstream popularity, the late 1990s, exemplified by the 1999 release of Blink-182s Enema of the State, represented the genres mainstream peak, although some pop punk bands scored successful album chartings in the 2000s. In the mid-2000s, emo pop, a genre combining emo and pop punk. By the end of the 2000s, the pop sound of the 1990s had largely waned in mainstream popularity. Pop punk typically merges upbeat pop melodies with catchy hooks, catchy choruses, harmonies, speedy tempos, punk rock power chord changes and loud, distorted electric guitars. About. com has described second-wave pop punk bands as having a radio friendly sheen to their music, club, pop punk often pits sweet harmonies against bratty, rowdy riffs. Lyrical topics that are common in pop punk include love, lust, drunkenness, adolescence, cartoonish violence, some pop punk lyrics focus on jokes and humor. Some pop punk music features elements of rock, power pop. According to Ryan Cooper of About. com, pop punk is a style that more to the Beatles. It is not clear when the pop punk was first used. Protopunk and power pop bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s helped lay the groundwork for the pop punk sound, the Beatles, the Kinks and the Beach Boys all paved the way for pop punk. With their love of the Beach Boys and late 1960s bubblegum pop, the Ramones loud and fast melodic minimalism differentiated them from other bands in New York Citys budding art rock scene, but pop punk was not considered a separate subgenre until later. An early use of the pop punk appeared in a 1977 New York Times article, Cabaret

8.
Punk rock
–
Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes

9.
MCA Records
–
MCA Records was an American-based record company owned by MCA Inc. which later gave way to the larger MCA Music Entertainment Group, of which MCA Records was still part. MCAs country division, MCA Nashville, is an active imprint of Universal Music Group Nashville. MCA was forced to exit the talent agency business in order to complete the merger, as American Decca owned Universal Pictures, MCA assumed full ownership of Universal and made it into the top film studio in town, producing hit after hit. In 1966, MCA formed Uni Records and in 1967 purchased Kapp Records which was placed under Uni Records management. In 1937, the owner of Decca, E. R. Lewis, chose to split off the U. K. Decca company from the U. S. company, companies if the emerging hostilities of Nazi Germany should lead to war – correctly foreseeing World War II. Lewis sold the remainder of his U. S. Decca holdings when war did break out, MCAs U. S. -based Decca Records kept the rights to the Decca name in North and South America and parts of Asia including Japan. U. K. Decca owned the rights to the Decca name in the rest of the world, after the war, British Decca formed a new U. S. subsidiary, London Records. During this time U. S. Decca issued records outside North America on the Brunswick, in 1967, Brunswick and Coral were replaced by the MCA label to release U. S. Decca and Kapp label material outside North America. Initial activity as MCA Records was based in London and MCA Records UK was formally launched on February 16,1968. Among the early artists on the MCA label, around 1971, were groups Wishbone Ash, Osibisa, Stackridge and Budgie, early MCA releases were distributed by U. K. Decca but it moved to EMI in 1974. In 1979, distribution moved to CBS, while the last releases in the 1980s were self-distributed, as the U. S. division of MCA Records was not established until 1972, the earliest U. K. MCA Records material was released in the U. S. on either Kapp or Decca, Uni label material was issued on the Uni label worldwide. In 1970, MCA reorganized its Canadian record company Compo Company Ltd. into MCA Records, in April 1970, former Warner Bros. Records president Mike Maitland joined MCA and initially served as Deccas general manager. Maitland was unsuccessful in his attempt to consolidate Warner Bros. Records with co-owned Atlantic Records which led to his departure from Warner, the three labels maintained their identities for a short time but were retired in favor of the MCA label in 1973. Drift Away by Dobie Gray became the final Decca pop label release in the U. S in 1973. Beginning the same year the catalogs of Decca, Uni and Kapp were reissued in the U. S. on the MCA label under the supervision of veteran Decca producer Milt Gabler. The first MCA Records release in the U. S. was former Uni artist Elton Johns Crocodile Rock single in 1972, MCA label used a black with curved rainbow design until the late 1970s. This design was inspired by the U. S. Decca label of the 1960s

10.
Cargo Music
–
Cargo Music Inc. is an American punk rock record label based in San Diego, California. It distributes records for other such as Cherry Red Records, Earth Music, FistPuppet Records, Grilled Cheese, Headhunter Records, Re-Constriction Records, RPM Records. Notable artists that have signed to Cargo Music include Blink-182, Rocket from the Crypt. The company was first established in 1989 as a division of the Canadian record company Cargo Records, at the same time, his former business partner Phillip Hill took over ownership and operation of the former parent companys office in the United Kingdom to form Cargo Records. The American and British companies thus were not affected by the Canadian companys bankruptcy in 1997, the company also formerly maintained a distribution office in Chicago, this office was closed in 1998. Cargo Music has received three platinum records, of Blink-182s second album Dude Ranch, current artists Comeback Kid Former artists Rocket from the Crypt Drive Like Jehu 7 Seconds Blink-182

11.
Songwriter
–
A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song

12.
Mark Hoppus
–
Born in Ridgecrest, California, Hoppus spent his childhood moving back and forth between his mother and fathers houses, as they divorced when he was in third grade. He became interested in skateboarding and punk rock in junior high, after moving to San Diego in 1992, Hoppus sister introduced him to Tom DeLonge, and together with drummer Scott Raynor, they formed the band Blink-182. Following Raynor and DeLonges departures from the band in 1998 and 2015, respectively, after replacing Raynor with Travis Barker, the trio recorded Enema of the State, which launched the band into multiplatinum success, becoming the biggest pop punk act of the era. Two more records followed—the heavier Take Off Your Pants and Jacket, Hoppus continued playing with Barker in +44 in the late 2000s. Blink-182 subsequently reunited in 2009 and continue to record and tour worldwide and he has previously co-owned two companies, Atticus and Macbeth Footwear, and has begun a clothing line named Hi My Name is Mark. Hoppus hosted a weekly podcast in 2005 through 2006 which returned in 2015, Mark Hoppus was born in Ridgecrest, California, on March 15,1972, to Kerry Wernz and Tex Hoppus. Ridgecrest is a town in the California desert, composed mainly of what Hoppus later described as geniuses, scientists, physicists. Hoppus Finnish paternal great-grandparents, Aaron and Lempi Orrenmaa, emigrated to the U. S. from Laihia and his father, like many in Ridgecrest, worked for the U. S. Department of Defense, designing missiles and bombs for the towns Navy testing center. Hoppus describes himself as pretty mellow until his parents divorced when he was eight, when my parents argued, it was always behind closed doors. I remember sitting outside my parents room when I was seven years old, following these events, he spent two years shuffling between his parents homes with sister Anne, until he and his father moved to nearby Monterey. His father was often away earning a degree in college. He later would describe his childhood as lonely, remarking, was living by myself in the fifth grade, Hoppus describes himself as pretty straight until junior high, when he began skateboarding and listening to punk rock. I didnt know where I should stand or what I should do, so my friends and I bought some menthol cigarettes and smoked for the first time and we probably looked like idiots, Hoppus remembered. Hoppus received his first bass as a gift from his father and he earned money for a set of amplifiers by helping him paint his house. Hoppus never took lessons, instead he taught himself by playing to bands such as the Descendents, The Cure. Hoppus has remarked that Silly Girl by the Descendents was the song made me fall in love with punk rock music that song changed my life forever. Likewise, Hoppus borrowed a cassette version of The Cures Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Hoppus began to dress like frontman Robert Smith, donning eyeliner and occasionally bright red lipstick to his high school classes. Beginning in his first year, Hoppus gained solace through music of both The Cure and The Smiths, Hoppus returned to Ridgecrest in 1989, completing high school at Burroughs High School

13.
Tom DeLonge
–
Thomas Matthew Tom DeLonge, Jr. is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer, entrepreneur, and film producer. He is currently the guitarist and lead vocalist of the rock band Angels & Airwaves and was the guitarist, co-lead vocalist, DeLonge grew up in the suburbs of Poway, California, where he embraced skateboarding at an early age. DeLonge received his first guitar shortly thereafter and began writing original punk rock songs and he formed Blink-182 with bassist Mark Hoppus and drummer Scott Raynor during his high school years. The band created a following in the mid-1990s through independent releases and relentless touring, particularly in their home country and they signed to MCA Records in 1996 and their second album, Dude Ranch, featured the hit single Dammit. The group encountered bigger success with Enema of the State, which featured three hit singles and went quadruple-platinum in the US, eventually selling upwards of 15 million copies worldwide, Blink-182 scored a number one album with 2001s Take Off Your Pants and Jacket. DeLonge experimented with music on Box Car Racer, which formed into a full-fledged band in 2002. Blinks eponymous fifth studio album reflected a change in tone within the group, in the aftermath of Blink-182s breakup, he formed Angels & Airwaves, which has since released five studio albums and has evolved into an art project, encompassing various forms of media. DeLonge reunited with Blink-182 in 2009, releasing new music and touring frequently, in addition to his musical career, DeLonge also manages business ventures that he founded, Macbeth Footwear, and technology and design firm Modlife. He helped score and produce the 2011 science fiction film Love and he has also expanded into writing, releasing a childrens book, The Lonely Astronaut on Christmas Eve, in 2013. DeLonge was born in Poway, California, on December 13,1975 and his father, Thomas DeLonge Sr. was an oil company executive, and his mother, Connie, a mortgage broker. His first musical instrument was a trumpet, which he received as a Christmas gift at age 11, despite his early interest in music, becoming a musician was not his first calling. DeLonge originally planned to become a firefighter, and participated in the San Diego Cadet Program and he first picked up the guitar from a friend at church camp, and became preoccupied by the instrument. DeLonge received his first guitar as a Christmas present from two friends in the sixth grade – a beat-up, shitty acoustic guitar that was worth about $30 and he gathered his brother, Shon, and sister, Kari, as an audience for his original songs. In the seventh grade, DeLonge visited a friend in Oregon who introduced him to the music of Stiff Little Fingers, Dinosaur Jr. and he dyed his hair purple, and consequently began practicing the guitar loudly in his room. DeLonge attempted to form a band named Big Oily Men, which was essentially a one-man band, DeLonge first began skateboarding in the third grade, which would consume much his activity outside of school. I lived, ate, and breathed skateboarding, All I did all day long was skateboard. It was all I cared about, he later remarked and he and friends would begin at one side of San Diego and attempt to skateboard to the other half, intermittently pulling pranks on people in the process. As such, he was a student, I knew exactly how hard I had to work in school

14.
Scott Raynor
–
Scott William Raynor, Jr. is an American musician, best known as the original drummer of the rock band Blink-182. Born in Poway, California, Raynor first approached the drums in his preteens as a fan of Metallica. He joined Blink-182 at 14 years old and continued with the band, by the time he was 19, the group had accumulated a fan base. His heavy use of alcohol caused tension in the trio, leading into a fight, since his departure from the group, Raynor has performed with a wide variety of groups and contributed to the charity StandUp for Kids. Raynor began playing drums in his preteens, forming a group with friend Ryan Kennedy at age 11 to perform at a school competition – a kind of show and tell thing, Raynor later recalled. The duo were initially inspired by Metallica, but found their material far too technical, they instead played Twist of Cain by Danzig, Raynors first legitimate performance consisted of a cover of Vlad the Impaler by Gwar. Raynor attended Rancho Bernardo High School, RBHS often arranged Battle of the Bands competitions, and Raynor participated, his band, The Necropheliacs, played a cover of Metallicas Creeping Death. to a packed auditorium. Raynor was introduced to DeLonge at a party by Paul Scott, founding member of The Necropheliacs, the two found they had plenty in common, and DeLonge was searching for a more permanent band to create music with. The two began writing songs at Raynors parents home – a strange mix of metal and Descendents-style punk – and tried out a variety of bass players, DeLonge later met Mark Hoppus in August 1992 through friend Kerry Key and his girlfriend, Anne Hoppus. I thought they were hilarious when I met them, I mean, I didnt have a drivers license yet, so I gained a lot of agency through hanging with them and their group of friends, said Raynor. The trio began to practice in Raynors room, which was soundproofed with empty egg cartons, the trio spent time together constantly, attending punk shows and movies and playing practical jokes. The trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band Blink. Its difficult to describe, in words, the mix of fear and excitement that would hit me when I first started seeing lines of people wanting to hear us play. The three eventually were playing concerts at venues such as SOMA, which alerted local independent record label Cargo Music. Hoppus was the member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time. The Cheshire Cat sessions were to be the last performance with the band for Raynor, whose family had moved to Reno, Raynor stayed with his sister for the summer of 1993 in order to rehearse for the recording of their debut album. Raynor moved to Reno following the recording and was replaced by school friend Mike Krull. The band saved money and began flying Raynor out to shows and his parents allowed him to drop out of full-time school to move back and play with the band, but he would continue to finish his diploma by bringing homework on tour

15.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu

16.
Dick Lips
–
Dick Lips is a song by American rock band Blink-182, released on February 28,1998 as the third single from the groups second studio album, Dude Ranch. The song was released by Grilled Cheese, a label of Cargo Music. It was the final single with Cargo, Josie was distributed jointly through MCA before they left the label by the end of the year. He then attended Rancho Bernardo High School for the remainder of his school years. Being kicked out of school was bad, but it was also the best thing in my life, because none of us would be here today, DeLonge said in 2001. Blink-182 is one million percent around today because I got kicked out of school. ”The title has no significance, it was an insult bandied around the Big Fish Studios while recording. The song largely failed to register on charts, in part due to the continued success of lead single Dammit. The song is composed in the key of A major and is set in time signature of common time with a moderately fast tempo of 124 beats per minute, deLonges vocal range spans from E4 to E5. Blink often suffered from spelling out its themes, but Dick Lips represents one of those times they simply let the song speak for itself. Blink-182, Tales from Beneath Your Mom, Blink-182, The Bands, The Breakdown & The Return. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

17.
What's My Age Again?
–
Whats My Age Again. is a song by American rock band Blink-182. It was released in April 1999 as the single from the groups third studio album. The song, written primarily by bassist and vocalist Mark Hoppus, lyrically revolves around the onset of age and maturity, a mid-tempo pop punk song, it was written by Hoppus based on personal experience. It was originally titled Peter Pan Complex, an allusion to the pop-psychology concept and it was the first Blink-182 single to feature drummer Travis Barker. It became Blink-182’s second hit single, peaking at two on Billboards Modern Rock Tracks chart for ten weeks. The song hit number three in Italy and number 17 in the United Kingdom, primarily an airplay hit, the song was the bands first to cross over to pop radio, hitting number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100. The songs signature music video features the band running nude on the streets of Los Angeles. It received heavy rotation on MTV and other video channels. As a result of exposure, it gave the band an unwanted reputation for nudity. The song received positive reviews and has called a classic pop punk track. Whats My Age Again. was written by bassist and vocalist Mark Hoppus, Hoppus began creating the song primarily as a joke to amuse friends. The song was more vulgar in earlier incarnations, the track originally was titled Peter Pan Complex and went through a large number of changes before it was finally completed. The label felt people wouldnt understand the reference and the band felt acrimonious after renaming it, according to Hoppus, a few lines near the end of the song were written the day the final cut of the song was completed. Band management and label executives saw a single in Whats My Age Again. Although DeLonge felt otherwise, I didnt understand it, because up to that point, Whats My Age Again. was written by bassist and vocalist Mark Hoppus and guitarist and vocalist Tom DeLonge, sung by Hoppus and produced by Jerry Finn. The song is two minutes and twenty-eight seconds long, the song is composed in the key of F-sharp major and is set in time signature of common time with a driving tempo of 80 beats per minute. Hoppus vocal range spans from C3 to F4, the song has lyrics which Hoppus describe as autobiographical about being in my 20s and acting like a jackass teenager. The narrator describes various experiences, such as turning on the television as he receives fellatio from his female companion

18.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis

19.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

20.
Greatest Hits (Blink-182 album)
–
Greatest Hits is the first greatest hits album of American rock band Blink-182. It was released on October 31,2005 by Geffen Records, Greatest Hits was created by Geffen shortly after the bands February 2005 breakup, termed an indefinite hiatus by the label. Tensions had risen in the group and guitarist Tom DeLonge desired to take time off, bassist Mark Hoppus and Travis Barker argued with DeLonge regarding the bands future and their possible next album, and heated exchanges led to DeLonges exit. In the interim, Hoppus and Barker continued playing together in +44, the compilation collects the bands most successful singles with one new song and a non-album track. The collection covers tracks from the debut album Cheshire Cat to their most recent studio effort to that time. Greatest Hits features numerous hit singles by the band, including Dammit, All the Small Things, The Rock Show, First Date, Feeling This and I Miss You. Greatest Hits peaked at six on the Billboard 200 album chart. Critics were generally positive regarding Greatest Hits, viewing it a suitable. Andy Greenwald of Blender called it a compilation, covering the groups transition from nudists to near-geniuses. The compilation was released alongside a DVD of the same name, Greatest Hits has been certified platinum in Canada and triple platinum in Australia. The side project would cause great division between DeLonge and Hoppus, who was not included and felt betrayed. The moody subject matter and music on Box Car Racer edged its way into the Blink sound as well, and the band explored experimentalist elements on their next effort, an eponymous fifth studio album. Geffen Records, after the success of Box Car Racer, offered DeLonge a solo recording deal, nevertheless, the possible deal loomed over the band, contributing to internal tension. DeLonge eventually expressed his desire to take a respite from touring in order to spend more time with family. Hoppus and Barker were dismayed by his decision, which they felt was a long break. In addition, DeLonge was not fond of Barkers new reality series, Meet the Barkers, he disliked television cameras everywhere. Following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, DeLonge agreed to perform at Music for Reliefs Concert for South Asia, further arguments ensued during rehearsals, rooted in the band members increasing paranoia and bitterness toward one another. DeLonge asserted he would record another album at his home in San Diego, suggesting he mail Pro Tools files back and forth to Hoppus

21.
Music video
–
A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos

22.
Alyssa Milano
–
Alyssa Jayne Milano is an American actress, producer and former singer. She is best known for her roles in Whos the Boss, Milano was born on December 19,1972, in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, the daughter of fashion designer and talent manager Lin Milano and film-music editor Thomas M. Milano. She and her brother, Cory, who is seven years her junior, are of Italian ancestry and her family remained in Bensonhurst until a neighborhood shooting prompted them to relocate to Great Kills, Staten Island. Milano began her career at age seven, when her babysitter, without notifying her parents, Milano was one of four selected from more than 1,500 girls. During the course of her work in the play, Milano, after returning to New York, she appeared in television commercials and did several roles in off-Broadway productions, including the first American musical adaptation of Jane Eyre. When accompanying a friend from the Annie production to the office of a New York agent, Milano was introduced to the agent, who began representing her. She does not feel that growing up in front of the camera harmed her childhood, I consider myself to be normal, Ive got to clean my room, and help in the kitchen. In August 1984, Milano made her debut in the coming-of-age drama Old Enough. The film was screened at the Sundance Film Festival, where it won First Prize, Milano auditioned as Tony Danzas daughter on the sitcom Whos the Boss. After winning the part, she and her family moved to Los Angeles and it premiered on ABC on September 20,1984. Milano developed a relationship with co-star Danza. Commenting on their years together, She was just the sweetest little girl of all time. She became much like my daughter, the series established Milano as a teen idol, and provided her opportunities for other roles. Her education was split between school and a tutor with whom Milano would work for three hours a day. At age twelve, Milano co-starred in Commando as Jenny Matrix, on stage, she starred in Tender Offer, a one-act play written by Wendy Wasserstein, All Night Long by American playwright John OKeefe, and the first American musical adaptation of Jane Eyre. She returned to the theater in 1991, producing and starring in a Los Angeles production of Butterflies Are Free from December 26,1991, a few years later this film was shown in Japan, prompting a producer to offer Milano a five-album record deal. Milanos albums, which she described as pop, scored platinum in the country. Milano starred in two 1988 television films, Crash Course and Dance til Dawn and she produced a teen workout video, Teen Steam, and achieved some fame outside the USA with her music career, which lasted until the early 1990s

23.
Secondary school
–
A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination

24.
Billboard (magazine)
–
Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste

25.
Key (music)
–
In music theory, the key of a piece is a group of pitches, or scale upon which a music composition is created in classical, Western art, and Western pop music. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, the key may be in the major or minor mode, although major is assumed in a phrase like this piece is in C. Popular songs are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the common practice period, longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys. Methods that establish the key for a piece can be complicated to explain. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece, occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece. Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some type of harmony, resolving e. g. to A. An instrument may be said to be in a key, an unrelated usage referring to the pitches considered natural for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B♭, a key relationship is the relationship between keys, measured by common tones and nearness on the circle of fifths. The key usually identifies the tonic note and/or chord, the note and/or major or minor triad that represents the point of rest for a piece. For example, the key of G includes the following pitches, G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯, and its corresponding tonic chord is G—B—D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during the common practice period, a key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the Dorian mode, or Phrygian, languages other than English may use other key naming systems. Although many musicians confuse key with scale, a scale is a set of notes typically used in a key, while the key is the center of gravity. All of these notes and chords, however, are used in patterns that serve to establish the primacy of the tonic note. Cadences are particularly important in the establishment of key, even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as half cadences and deceptive cadences, serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique diatonic context. Short pieces may stay in a single key throughout, more elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat a phrase of music, called a ritornello

26.
B major
–
In music theory, B major is a major scale based on B. The pitches B, C♯, D♯, E, F♯, G♯ and its key signature has five sharps. B majors relative minor is G♯ minor, its parallel minor is B minor, the key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three lines of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A on its position relative to the sharp for G would require a ledger line. However, it is found, resulting in the A-sharp in the bass-clef key signature appearing on the top line. In the tenor clef, which occurs in music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two lines of sharps. Joseph Haydns Symphony No.46 is in B major, see also, List of symphonies in B major. The aria La donna è mobile from Verdis opera Rigoletto is in B major,1, Op.8 is in B major, though the piece ends in B minor. He also wrote the slow movement to his Second Symphony in B Major, as well as the fourth and last piece of the Ballades, note that in German and most Central and Northern European languages, the pitch B is called H while B♭ is called B. This includes Nordic, Baltic, Western and Southern Slavic languages as well as Hungarian, key Major and minor Chord Chord names and symbols Media related to B major at Wikimedia Commons

27.
Time signature
–
The time signature is a notational convention used in Western musical notation to specify how many beats are to be contained in each bar and which note value is to be given one beat. A mid-score time signature, usually following a barline, indicates a change of meter. | Simple time signatures consist of two numerals, one stacked above the other, The lower numeral indicates the value that represents one beat. The upper numeral indicates how many beats there are grouped together in a bar. For instance,24 means two quarter-note beats per bar—38 means three eighth-note beats per bar, the most common simple time signatures are 24,34, and 44. The symbol is used for 44 time, also called common time or imperfect time. In modern notation, it is used in place of 22 and is called alla breve or, colloquially, in compound meter, subdivisions of the main beat are in three equal parts, so that a dotted note becomes the beat unit. Compound time signatures are named as if they were simple time signatures, in which the part of the beat unit is the beat. The lower number is most commonly an 8, as in 98 or 128,34 is a simple signature that represents three quarter notes. To the ear, a bar may seem like one singular beat, for example, a fast waltz, notated in 34 time, may be described as being one in a bar. Terms such as quadruple, quintuple, and so on are also occasionally used, as mentioned above, though the score indicates a 34 time, the actual beat division can be the whole bar, particularly at faster tempos. Correspondingly, at slow tempos the beat indicated by the time signature could in actual performance be divided into smaller units, on a formal mathematical level the time signatures of, e. g.34 and 38 are interchangeable. In a sense, all simple triple time signatures, such as 38,34,32, etc. —and all compound duple times, such as 68,616, a piece in 34 can be easily rewritten in 38, simply by halving the length of the notes. Other time signature rewritings are possible, most commonly a simple time signature with triplets translates into a compound meter, though formally interchangeable, for a composer or performing musician, different time signatures often have different connotations. First, a note value in the beat unit implies a more complex notation. Second, beaming affects the choice of actual beat divisions and it is, for example, more natural to use the quarter note/crotchet as a beat unit in 64 or 22 than the eight/quaver in 68 or 24. Third, time signatures are traditionally associated with different music styles—it might seem strange to notate a rock tune in 48 or 42. For all meters, the first beat is stressed, in time signatures with four groups in the bar

28.
Westlake High School (California)
–
Westlake High School is a public high school in the Westlake Village neighborhood of Thousand Oaks, in Ventura County, California. Westlake High School serves grades 9–12 in the Conejo Valley Unified School District, Middle schools that feed into Westlake include Colina Middle School and Los Cerritos Middle School. The first graduating class was the class of 1980, the first principal was Mr. William Albers. All students entering Westlake High School in 1979 signed a charter, ron Lipari was the principal of WHS for fifteen years. In 2015, Jason Branham was selected as the new principal, Newsweek has consistently ranked WHS as one of the top high schools in the United States. In 2015, Westlake High ranked as the 210th top high school in the United States, in 2015, Westlakes average score on Advanced Placement exams was 3.65. In 2016, Westlake ranked as the 119th top high school in the United States, Westlake High School is home to several organized competitive academic teams, including, VEX Robotics, Academic Decathlon, Mock Trial, Science Olympiad, FBLA, and HOSA. In 2016, Westlake High School won the Ventura County Academic Decathlon for the year in a row. Westlake High offers a course called Advanced Anatomy, in the course, students work on a human cadaver. Nancy Bowman, a teacher, started the program in 1990. As of 1994, the school was the school to have a second-year program in advanced anatomy. Jordan Michaels, co-founder of Ringadoc, participated in the program, in 2015, Dr. Ira Byock spoke to the honors class about Death With Dignity laws. Many Westlake athletic teams compete in the Marmonte League of the CIF Southern Section, from 1995-1999, the WHS boys swim team won five consecutive Marmonte League titles. In 2001, WHS opened a complex on its campus. As of 2014, WHS boys swim team had won three straight Marmonte League titles, WHS grad Veronika Weiss, who played on the girls water polo team, was killed in the Isla Vista shooting. In 2015, the school retired her number 11, several Westlake players have gone on to play professional baseball, including Matt Franco, Kevin Howard, Mike Lieberthal, Mike Nickeas, Christian Yelich. Westlake has never won a CIF Southern Section title, but played in games in 1998 and 2001. Westlake has maintained a football program

29.
Thousand Oaks, California
–
Thousand Oaks is a city in southeastern Ventura County, California, United States. It is in the part of the Greater Los Angeles Area. It was named after the oak trees that grow in the area. The city forms the core of the Conejo Valley, which includes Thousand Oaks proper, Newbury Park, Westlake Village, Agoura Hills. The Los Angeles County–Ventura County line crosses at the eastern border with Westlake Village. The population was estimated to be 129,339 in 2015, Thousand Oaks and Newbury Park were part of a master-planned city, created by the Janss Investment Company in the mid-1950s. It included about 1,000 custom home lots,2,000 single-family residences, a shopping center. The median home price is around $669,500, Thousand Oaks was ranked the fourth-safest among cities with a population greater than 100,000 in the United States by the FBIs 2013 Uniform Crime Reports. The area was occupied by the Chumash people, and 2000-year-old cave drawings may still be seen at the Chumash Indian Museum,3290 Lang Ranch Parkway. The Chumash village was known as Sapwi, which means House of the Deer, the areas recorded history dates to 1542 when Spanish explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo landed at Point Mugu and claimed the land for Spain. It eventually became part of the 48,671 acres Rancho El Conejo land grant by the Spanish government and it served as grazing land for vaqueros for the next fifty years. In the late 19th century it was on the route between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara. The Stagecoach Inn was built in 1876, and is now a California Historical Landmark, the Janss family, developers of Southern California subdivisions, purchased 10,000 acres in the early 20th century. They eventually created plans for a community and the name remains prominently featured in the city. Jungleland USA was one of Southern Californias first theme parks, wild animal shows entertained thousands in the 1940s and 1950s. Many television and movie productions used the parks trained animals and were filmed there, including Birth of a Nation, Tarzan, jungleland closed in May 1968, in part due to competition from other amusement parks such as Knotts Berry Farm and Disneyland. The Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Center today stands on the site of the park, the City of Thousand Oaks was incorporated on October 7,1964, the first incorporated city in the Conejo Valley. Some sources mistakenly state that Thousand Oaks was incorporated on September 29,1964 and it is known for being a planned community, as the city is one of few that have actually stayed with the master plan

30.
I Won't Be Home for Christmas
–
I Wont Be Home for Christmas is a song by American rock band Blink-182. The song was recorded and released as a radio promo in 1997. MCA Records reissued it internationally as a single on October 16,2001, the song was recorded with original drummer Scott Raynor and produced by Mark Trombino, who produced the trios second studio album, Dude Ranch. The songs title is a parody of the Christmas song Ill Be Home for Christmas, the single topped the charts in Canada, but it did not chart anywhere else, becoming the longest-running number one single in Canada for 2001. It remained at that position for five weeks in 2001 and for one week in 2002 and it is the bands sole Canadian number one. The song was recorded in 1997. The song was included on A Santa Cause, Its a Punk Rock Christmas. The song’s narrative follows a man snapping on Christmas Eve and attacking a group of carolers, MSN Canada called the song a high-energy punk war on Christmas. The song peaked at one in Canada. The song remained at the top of the charts for six non-consecutive weeks, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

31.
ARIA Charts
–
The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk

32.
MTV
–
MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years

33.
Pocket Books
–
Pocket Books is a division of Simon & Schuster that primarily publishes paperback books. Pocket Books produced the first mass-market, pocket-sized paperback books in America in early 1939, Pocket Books was founded by Richard L. Simon, M. Lincoln Schuster and Leon Shimkin, partners of Simon & Schuster, along with Robert de Graff. In 1944, the owners sold the company to Marshall Field III. Following Fields death, in 1957, Leon Shimkin, a Simon & Schuster partner, Simon & Schuster acquired Pocket in 1966. Penguins success inspired entrepreneur Robert de Graff, who partnered with publishers Simon & Schuster to bring it to the American market, the format size, and the fact that the books were glued rather than stitched, were cost-cutting innovations.5 million units. Robert de Graff continued to refine his selections with movie tie-ins and greater emphasis on mystery novels, particularly those of Christie, Pocket and its imitators thrived during World War II because material shortages worked to their advantage. During the war, Pocket sued Avon Books for copyright infringement, among other issues, in 1981, Dr. Benjamin Spocks Baby and Child Care was listed as their top seller having sold 28 million copies at that time and having been acquired in 1946. Pocket is still known for publishing works of fiction based on movies or TV series, such as the Star Trek franchise. The author credited for one of the Buffy products is Gertrude Pocket, Pocket Books is also the division that currently owns publication rights to the well-known work of James OBarr, The Crow. WWE Books Official Pocket Star eBooks website A history of the paperback

34.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

35.
Tumblr
–
Tumblr is a microblogging and social networking website founded by David Karp in 2007, and owned by Yahoo. since 2013. The service allows users to post multimedia and other content to a short-form blog, Users can follow other users blogs. Bloggers can also make their blogs private, for bloggers, many of the websites features are accessed from a dashboard interface. As of April 1,2017, Tumblr hosts over 341.8 million blogs, as of January 2016, the website had 555 million monthly visitors. Development of Tumblr began in 2006 during a gap between contracts at David Karps software consulting company, Davidville. Karp had been interested in tumblelogs for some time and was waiting for one of the established blogging platforms to introduce their own tumblelogging platform, as no one had done so after a year of waiting, Karp and developer Marco Arment began working on their own tumblelogging platform. Tumblr was launched in February 2007 and within two weeks, the service had gained 75,000 users, Arment left the company in September 2010 to focus on Instapaper. In early June 2012, Tumblr featured its first major advertising campaign in conjunction with Adidas. Adidas launched an official soccer Tumblr blog and bought placements on the user dashboard and this launch was only two months after Tumblr announced it would be moving towards paid advertising on its site. On May 20,2013, it was announced that Yahoo. many of Tumblrs users were unhappy with the news, causing some to start a petition, achieving nearly 170,000 signatures. David Karp remained CEO and the deal was finalized on June 20,2013, Dashboard, The dashboard is the primary tool for the typical Tumblr user. It is a feed of recent posts from blogs that they follow. Through the dashboard, users are able to comment, reblog, the dashboard allows the user to upload text posts, images, video, quotes, or links to their blog with a click of a button displayed at the top of the dashboard. Users are also able to connect their blogs to their Twitter and Facebook accounts, so whenever they make a post, it also be sent as a tweet. Queue, Users are able to set up a schedule to delay posts that they make and they can spread their posts over several hours or even days. Tags, Users can help their audience find posts about certain topics by adding tags, HTML editing, Tumblr allows users to edit their blogs theme HTML coding to control the appearance of their blog. Users are also able to use a domain name for their blog. With Tumblrs 2009 acquisition of Tumblerette, an iOS application created by Jeff Rock and Garrett Ross, the site became available to BlackBerry smartphones on April 17,2010 via a Mobelux application in BlackBerry World

36.
EMI Music Publishing
–
EMI Music Publishing Ltd. is a multinational music publishing company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is owned by a led by Sony/ATV Music Publishing. The origins of EMI Music Publishing date back to the EMI Groups entry into publishing in 1958 through the formation of Ardmore. In 1969, EMI greatly expanded its presence in music publishing through the acquisition of Keith Prowse Music for US$1.2 million in cash and 70,000 ordinary stock units, in 1973, EMI acquired Affiliated Music Publishers for US$8.75 million. In 1974, EMI renamed its music publishing division as EMI Music Publishing, in 1976, EMI Music Publishing acquired the Screen Gems and Colgems music libraries from Columbia Pictures, making it a major publisher of film music. In May 2011, EMI Music Publishing began bundling performance rights previously represented by ASCAP with mechanical, in November 2011, a consortium led by Sony/ATV Music Publishing agreed to acquire EMI Music Publishing from Citigroup, the owners of the EMI Group, for US$2.2 billion. Those catalogues, collectively known as Rosetta, were acquired by BMG Rights Management in December 2012, the acquisition was completed in June 2012 following receipt of necessary approvals from anti-trust regulators in the United States. EMI Music Publishing administers the rights of over 1

37.
Alternative Press (magazine)
–
Alternative Press is an American music magazine based in Cleveland, Ohio. It generally provides readers with band interviews, photos, information on upcoming releases and it was founded in 1985 by Mike Shea, who is the current president. Joe Scarpelli is the current general manager, jason Pettigrew is editor in chief. The first issue of Alternative Press was simply a punk rock fanzine, distributed at concerts in Cleveland, Ohio beginning in June 1985 by APs founder. He disliked the music that was then being broadcast on stations and believed that bands playing underground music should be given more media coverage all in the same spot. He said, It has really always been about covering music for the misfits, Shea began working on his first issue in his mothers house in Aurora, Ohio. Shea and a friend, Jimmy Kosicki, targeted the Cleveland neighborhood of Coventry, I took my high school newspaper from Aurora High that looked nice and clean and offset print. Id walk into these flower shops and Hallmark shops, and Id say Were going to put out an entertainment publication, and theyd look at my high school newspaper and say, Its really professional. Thats how we got enough money to make the first issue, financial problems plagued AP in its early years. However, by the end of 1986, publication had ceased due to its financial problems, with the growth of alternative rock in the early 1990s, circulation began to increase. APs covers included bands such as Red Hot Chili Peppers and Soundgarden, by 1994, the magazine was doing cover stories on Beastie Boys, Henry Rollins and Love and Rockets. Did we sometimes protest too much, maybe, but we were up against a lot, we were underfinanced and still underappreciated in some corners of the music business, so we had to fight scrappily and mean when it was called for. Nobody takes you seriously unless you take yourself seriously, and thats what Norman brings to his position to this day. By the early 2000s, after resisting attempts to purchase the magazine, when asked the magazines audience, Shea said, It went from heartfelt emo, to screamo, to post-hardcore, to metalcore… but, there will always be a suburban kid full of angst. At the time of its 20th anniversary in 2005, AP had grown to a size of 112 pages per issue. AP introduced its own ceremony in 2014. In 2015, the ceremony was moved to Clevelands Quicken Loans Arena. It featured hosts Alex Gaskarth and Jack Barakat of All Time Low and performances by Rob Zombie, New Found Glory with Hayley Williams of Paramore, Panic. at the Disco, due to the Republican National Convention, the 2016 APMAs were moved to Columbus Value City Arena

38.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci