2 In those days a decree went out from Emperor Augustus that
all the world should be registered. 2 This was the first
registration and was taken while Quirinius was governor of Syria. 3 All
went to their own towns to be registered. 4 Joseph also went from
the town of Nazareth in Galilee to Judea, to the city of David called
Bethlehem, because he was descended from the house and family of David. 5 He
went to be registered with Mary, to whom he was engaged and who was expecting a
child. 6 While they were there, the time came for her to deliver her
child. 7 And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in
bands of cloth, and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them
in the inn. [1]

So last week we took a look at the ancient
world. The Ghost of Christmas Past came and whisked us through history, showing
us a world that was formed around oppression and control. As the world, we took
a look at ourselves in the past, before Christ, seeking to reveal how Christmas
Day should change us, how we like Dickens', Ebenezer Scrooge, should find
remorse, should find redemption, and should repent from those ways, but much
like Scrooge the past is not enough for us. There are three spirits, and so
this week we get visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present. He is going to show
us what kind of world Jesus was born into. It is very much still a world of
oppression for most. It is a world of Empire. It is a world dominated by
Romans, at least in the little town of Bethlehem, and the country that
surrounds it.

The Biblical account of Jesus' birth,
especially that of Luke's Gospel, goes out of its way to make sure we know the
exact historical timeframe for Jesus' life. Luke tells us who the emperor was,
Augustus, and who the governor of Syria was, Quirinius. The Roman world is very
much a character in the Christmas Story, just as it is a character in the Easter
story. So it is the time of Augustus, but what was that like? Before we go
there let's take a look at a little backstory.

In the Advent Study this past Tuesday, I
introduced the group to an idea called by some historians, and first coined by
the Philosopher Karl Jaspers' just 60+ years ago. Much like "The
Renaissance" or "The Enlightenment" this "Axial Age"
is a historian's description of a time period that seemed to fit into a
category of idea. . . that there is a series of events and actions at the time
that have enough of a common thread to warrant being thought of as a group,
with a name. Axial, in this sense is a time where the world makes a pivot, like
on an axis. The phenomenon that Jaspers was noticing was that most if not all
of the Philosophies and Religions that have shaped the modern world, all found
their origins in the same period of time, and that within this trend there are
many common threads. If you've heard someone say that all religions are the
same, with some minor details, you have an idea of what I'm talking about.
Jaspers and others would say, though I don't completely agree that religions
are the same, but I do agree, as they would say, that there are certainly many
common threads. Jaspers noticed that between around 800 BC and 100 AD if you
include Christianity, some date it to 200 B.C. Zoroastrianism in Persia,
Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism in India, Taoism and Confucianism in China, The
Prophets of The Old Testament, and The Greek Philosophers, like Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle, and others all found their origins. And basically, not to
go into too much detail and confuse you,
this Axial Age marked a shift from the Conflict/Oppression Polytheistic
religious ideas of the Ancient World, like we talked about last week, to a much
more Ordered, some may call Monotheistic ideas that would shape our world. The
big difference in seeing an Ordered World instead of a world shaped by
conflict, is that you can study that world, that reason rather than might
become a real method for discerning truth, and that truth is something that is
connected to the Created Order of the Universe, rather than just determined by
the most powerful. Political systems, Morality, and the natural patterns of the
world were all starting to be seen as connected, and seekable through reason
and revelation directly from God, rather than filtered. There is a common
thread of these factors in all of those Religions and Philosophies, though they
differ in some of the details, some large differences and some very small differences.
I have been captivated recently by this idea. It is intriguing, especially if
you see it as laying the framework for the coming of Christ, and the message
that Jesus brings. There is a sense that God's Providence was working, laying
that foundation. Could that be why those Wisemen come to seek out Jesus from
the East? It's a cool idea.

I bring this up today, though, to show that
there was more to the Ancient World, leading up to the Roman Empire than just
the darkness we talked about last week. Out of the Political Philosophies of
the so called Axial Age, came the Democracy of Athens, and the Roman Republic.
The Roman Republic is important for us today because at the time of Jesus'
birth it had just recently died, replaced by Imperial Rule. Augustus is the
first Roman Emperor. He was the adopted heir of Julius Caesar. His original
name was Octavius, and with Mark Antony, and Lepidus ruled Rome as a
Triumvirate. Lepdus and Mark Antony were eventually dispatched, leaving
Octavius, who renamed himself, Augustus, or the Great, and Caesar. Kings and
Emperors alike throughout the future kingdoms of the world would follow his
lead and use the term Caesar as a title, think Kaiser or Czar. The month of
August is also named for him, as July is named for Julius Caesar, putting them
both on par with the gods which make up the other names.

Augustus' rule marks a real golden Age in the
Roman Empire. Some of the real influential works of the Roman Empire are coming
to be. Virgil writes his Aeneid
telling the legendary story of the founding of Rome out of the ashes of the
Fall of Troy. Ovid writes his Metamorphoses,
which is a retelling in Latin and Romanization of many Greek Myths. Though
they are certainly very Polytheistic and Conflict oriented, there are some
Axial Age influences, but there is much more ease in ruling through fear than
through reason. This is something we should always remember. . . one of the
points the Three Ghosts are seeking to communicate to us. . . This is the time
of Aqueducts and Roads, great architectural and artistic advances. He once
said, "I found a Rome of bricks, I left it a Rome of marble."

But possible the biggest irony about Jesus
birth coming during the Reign of Augustus Caesar is that it is right in the
heart of a period of history called the Pax
Romana -- or the Roman Peace. How strange that during a time of supposed
peace, there was such a need for a lowly carpenter's son from Nazareth to be
born as the Son of God, and Prince of Peace. Augustus' reign, beginning with
his defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Agrippa in B.C. 31 is known as the
official beginning of the Pax Romana. It is amazing that a mere 31 years later
Jesus is born. Perhaps the Roman Peace was not all it was cracked up to be, or
more likely that peace for the Romans depended on a lack of peace for others.
And that leads us to life in the Roman Province of Judea.

At the time of Jesus' birth the Romans had
control and use of a puppet named Herod, who had sold out his people to become
king. He has been described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a
great many rabbis", "the
evil genius of the Judean nation", "prepared to commit any crime
in order to gratify his unbounded ambition" and "the greatest builder in Jewish
history". He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea,
including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. But the Bible remembers him for his massacre
of the Innocents in his attempt to find and put an end to the Birth of a Rival
"King of the Jews." So with this kind of king in place, and the
always practical Roman occupation you can imagine the oppression that was felt
by the Jewish people. Though there were infrastructural improvements in the
area, most poor Jews, did not get many of the benefits of them.

There is a great scene in Monty Python's
"Life of Brian" movie, depicting some of the issues in Judea at the
time of the birth of Christ. The movie shows many of these "Front"
resistance groups. There is the Peoples front of Judea, and the Judean Peoples
Front, and the popular front. All of them are in competition with each other as
they resist the Romans. One of them says, "The only thing we hate worse
than the Romans is the Judean Peoples Front. There is a part when Brian wants to
join one of them, and the leader says, "If you want to join the PFJ, you
have to really hate the Romans." Brian says, "I do," and the
leader says, "O Yeah, How much?" "Alot","Okay, good
you're in!" But after that they are debating how much they hate the Romans,
and they are like, "What have the Romans ever done for us?" and one
guy says, "Well there are the roads, and the water, and the schools, and
the security." And the other guys is like, "yeah well, other than all
those." "Nothing!" Progress is always a difficult thing isn't
it?

Much like the PFJ and the JPF, there were many
different classes of Jews at the time of Jesus' birth. There were the Sadducees
and Pharisees, as we all know. There were also revolutionaries called Zealots,
and also many diverse religious almost monastic communities, for instant the
Essenes, which have become famous from the finding of the Dead Sea Scrolls. All of them were waiting for a Messiah of some
kind. And all of them had a different kind of Messiah in mind. You can imagine
Jesus may not have fit their agendas so well. It is easy to imagine that many
of them were seeking a conflict, powerful, and mighty challenge to the Roman
oppression, someone to take the conflict, and let the Jews be on the winning
team for once, someone to right the wrongs that the Babylonians, Assyrians,
Persians, Macedonians, Greeks, and Romans had all taken turns doing to them
since the Exile from Jerusalem.

Instead, in the time of Caesar Augustus, to a
Virgin betrothed to a Carpenter in Nazareth of all places, a place from where
nothing good comes, a child is born, in a stable, in Bethlehem, because they
could not even find room at the inn. It is hardly the military might,
conquering, Empire shaking kind of Messiah most may have expected. No fanfare,
just a star, no army just some shepherds. . . and some kings from the East. Is
it possible that this child was bringing a much more Axial Age like era of
connected truth to the world, one that was foretold by Isaiah and the other
prophets, one that demands our worship, and care, and one that invites us, to
open our hearts, to join hands, to come humbly, and to share a table. . . a
simple table of Memory, remembrance, Remembrance of Christ, in his time, and
forever.

The Ghost of Christmas Present takes Scrooge to
the house of Bob Cratchit, poor, yet filled with love, having a meal together, and
the sight begins to warm his heart. We now gather around the Communion Table, would
the love that we have here assembled warm the heart of the world. God Bless us
every one. May it be so. Amen.