Nanostructures are nanometer scale structures (characteristic length less than 100 nm) such asnanomires, ultra-small junctions, etc. Since nanostructures are less stable, their characteristicvolume is much smaller compared to defect sizes and their characteristic length is close toacoustical phonon wavelength. Moreover, because nanostructures include significantly fewercharge carriers than microscale structures, electronic noise in nanostructures is enhancedcompared to microscale stiuctures. Additionally. in microprocessors, due to the small gatecapacitance and reduced noise margin (due to reduced supply voltage to keep the electrical fieldat a reasonable level). the electronic noise results in bit errors. On the other hand, the enhancednoise is useful for advanced sensing applications m hich are called fluctuation-enhanced sensing.In this dissertation, we first survey our earlier.