Water for Offshore Oil and Gas: Opportunities in sulphate removal, produced water treatment and deepwater operations

Description

It is predicted that the number of offshore platforms installed per year will double between 2011 and 2016, representing the continued growth in the offshore oil and gas sector. Driven by increasing global energy demand and technological improvements, E&P companies are increasingly exploiting deepwater fields and investing in solutions to maximise production from mature oilfields. This report will highlight the exciting opportunities for water companies to provide solutions to meet these market developments.

Public pressure, tightening regulations for produced water, depleting shallow water resources and new deepwater developments require significant capital investment from E&P companies. The water sector can help reduce the risks of these investments by providing new and sophisticated treatment technologies for water injection. This report is a must-have resource if you want to identify the markets and regions with the most potential - so you can explore the potential of this market for your business.

Opportunities

The report analyses the two major avenues of opportunity for water companies working within the sector:

- Water Injection and Enhanced Oil Recovery- E&P companies are investing to maintain production in mature fields, with the added challenge of operating in difficult and inhospitable offshore environments.

This report looks at opportunities for innovative water treatment solutions to capitalize on the resources available, the report focuses on:

- Sulphate Removal Systems – As the complexities of offshore deepwater oil development increase, so has the use of specialized membrane systems to remove suphate from the seawater used for waterfloods and pressure maintenance. We explore the opportunities for solutions that enable E&Ps to maintain production levels and increase well productivity.- Low-salinity water – although still being tested by some E&P’s, pilot data suggest that this incremental oil recovery using this method can be potentially significant. We explore the future potential for companies offering low-salinity pre-treatment solutions that can improve the ‘wettability’ of reservoirs and maximise production for E&P’s.- Enhanced oil recovery – EOR increased the amount of oil that can be extracted from a well by reducing the viscosity of the oil. This report outlines how advanced water treatment solutions can support chemical injection for EOR.

Produced Water ManagementE&P companies are investing in solutions that enable them to meet and surpass regional regulations for produced water treatment and disposal, driven largely by public concerns and the drive to sustain brand reputation. The report investigates regional regulations and water management practices, so you can understand the challenges E&P’s face and how these obstacles are creating avenues of opportunity for water treatment suppliers.

Market breakdown

Water for Offshore and Gas offers a global picture of the industry and then focuses on the fastest growing markets with the most important activity, including developments in the South China Sea and deepwater Atlantic fields.

This report is the only resource you need to establish an accurate picture of the regions that offer the best prospects for your business and to plan a strategy for responding to the demands of each market. For each regional market we show you the total offshore oil and gas production, produced water volumes, major E&P companies and an insight into the challenges the industry faces. Finally, in a section on market dynamics, we analyse key players, supply chain and procurement models for water treatment equipment.

3. Produced water treatmentFigure 3.1 Estimated offshore produced water volumes by region, 2000–20203.1 Produced water managementFigure 3.2 Global offshore produced water management, 2000–20203.2 Produced water treatment trainFigure 3.3 Typical produced water treatment train for offshore oil and gas operationsFigure 3.4 Types of produced water treatment technologies used in the offshore oil and gas industry3.2.1 Subsea produced water treatment3.2.2 Key market players in produced water treatmentFigure 3.5 Produced water technologies and equipment of key market players in the offshore industry3.3 Produced water monitoring3.3.1 Oil-in-water monitoring methods3.3.1.1 UV fluorescence3.3.1.2 Light scattering/image analysis3.3.1.3 Other methods3.3.1.4 Improving monitoring operations3.3.2 Accessing the market 3.3.3 Market directionFigure 3.6 Estimated capital expenditure for online oil-in-water monitoring, 2011–2020

4. Regions: Part 14.1 Brazil Figure4.1 Brazil’s offshore oil and gas production, 2004–2013Figure 4.2 Map of Brazil’s offshore oil and gas installations since 2000, and the pre-salt areaFigure 4.3 Brazil’s oil production, 2004–2013Figure 4.4 Brazil’s gas production, 2004–2013Figure 4.5 Brazil’s states ranked according to offshore oil production, 2004–2013Figure 4.6 Brazil’s states ranked according to offshore gas production, 2004–20134.1.1 E&P companiesFigure 4.7 Top E&P operators in Brazil’s onshore and offshore oil and gas industry by production, 20134.1.2 Reserves and future productionFigure 4.8 Brazil’s offshore reserves by state, 2013Figure 4.9 Petrobras’ current and future oil and gas production in Brazil, 2013–20204.1.3 Petrobras’ investmentsFigure 4.10 Petrobras’ E&P investment, 2014–2018Figure 4.11 Production facilities operated by Petrobras offshore in Brazil, by start up year4.1.4 E&P contracting regimes4.1.5 Water in upstream offshore BrazilFigure 4.12 Brazil’s offshore produced water, 2005–2013Figure 4.13 Water to oil ratio (WOR) in Brazil’s offshore fields, 2005–20134.1.6 Market forecast: Brazil Figure4.14 Capital expenditure on water treatment equipment by system in Brazil, 2011–2020Figure 4.15 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in Brazil, 2011–2020Figure 4.16 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in Brazil, 2011–20204.2 North SeaFigure 4.17 Map of offshore oil and gas installations in the North Sea4.2.1 Oil and gas production4.2.1.1 Production valuesFigure 4.18 North Sea oil production, 1971–2018Figure 4.19 North Sea gas production, 1971–20184.2.1.2 Projected productionFigure 4.20 North Sea produced water volumes, 2006–2012Figure 4.21 Water to oil ratios, 2006–20134.2.2 Water treatment technologies4.2.3 Main E&P companiesFigure 4.22 Top oil and gas operators in the North Sea, 20134.2.4 Reserves and explorationFigure 4.23 Estimated North Sea oil reserves, 1980–2014Figure 4.24 Estimated North Sea gas reserves, 1980–2014Figure 4.25 Number of exploration and production wells, 1968–20134.2.5 Incentives for exploration4.2.6 Regulations4.2.7 Market forecast: North SeaFigure 4.26 Capital expenditure on water treatment equipment by system in the North Sea, 2011–2020Figure 4.27 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in the North Sea, 2011–2020Figure 4.28 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in the North Sea, 2011–20204.3 Gulf of Mexico4.3.1 Gulf of Mexico (United States)Figure 4.29 Historical and forecasted offshore crude oil production in the U.S., 1986–2040Figure 4.30 U.S. offshore proven crude oil reserves, 2009–2012Figure 4.31 Map of operational U.S. offshore oil and gas installations in the Gulf of Mexico4.3.1.1 Offshore oil and gas productionFigure 4.32 Total United States offshore oil production, 1986–2012Figure 4.33 Oil production in the Gulf of Mexico by well depth, 1996–2013Figure 4.34 Gas production in the Gulf of Mexico by well depth, 1996–20134.3.1.2 Produced waterFigure 4.35 Produced water volumes in the Gulf of Mexico by well depth, 1996–2013Figure 4.36 WOR in the Gulf of Mexico by well depth, 1996–2013Figure 4.37 Produced water disposal methods on the Gulf of Mexico OCS, 20134.3.1.3 Major E&P companiesFigure 4.38 Top 10 Gulf of Mexico oil producers, 2007–2013Figure 4.39 Top 10 Gulf of Mexico oil producers cumulative production, 2007–2013Figure 4.40 Top 10 Gulf of Mexico gas producers, 2007–20134.3.1.4 Regulations Relevant legislation4.3.2 Gulf of Mexico (Mexico)Figure 4.41 Offshore and onshore oil production, 1979–2013Figure 4.42 Offshore and onshore gas production, 1979–2013Figure 4.43 Offshore oil and gas production by region, 2000–2013 Figure 4.44 Map of offshore oil and gas installations since 2000 and exploration projects in Mexico4.3.2.1 Investment in E&P and expected production Figure 4.45 Pemex offshore E&P capex, actual and expected, 2009–2017 Figure 4.46 Expected oil production, 2014–2018 Figure 4.48 Expected gas production, 2014–2018 Figure 4.50 Summary of Pemex’s portfolio of E&P projects4.3.2.2 ReservesFigure 4.52 Total hydrocarbon reserves in MexicoFigure 4.53 Mexico offshore reserves by region, 20134.3.2.3 The energy reform: the end of Pemex’s monopolyFigure 4.54 Results of Round Zero: reserves granted to PemexFigure 4.56 Pemex’s E&P contracts with third parties and future priority blocks for farm-out agreements4.3.2.4 Produced water managementFigure 4.58 Percentage of produced water reinjected by offshore region, 2004–2012Figure 4.59 Capital expenditure on water treatment equipment by system in the Gulf of Mexico, 2011–2020Figure 4.60 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in the Gulf of Mexico, 2011–2020Figure 4.61 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in the Gulf of Mexico, 2011–2020

5. Regions: Part 25.1 West Africa Figure5.1 Offshore oil production in Angola by field depth, 2004–20135.1.1 Oil and gas productionFigure 5.2 Major offshore oil producing countries in West Africa, 2000–2013Figure 5.3 Major offshore gas producing countries in West Africa, 2000–2013Figure 5.4 Map of offshore oil and gas installations in West Africa since 20005.1.2 Major E&P operatorsFigure 5.5 Share of offshore oil production in West Africa by operator, 2013Figure 5.6 Domestic and international operators’ offshore oil production in Nigeria, 2000–2013Figure 5.7 Share of offshore gas production in West Africa by operator, 20135.1.3 Produced water volumesFigure 5.8 Estimated volume of produced water from Nigerian offshore oil production, 2000–20135.1.4 Market forecast: West AfricaFigure 5.9 Capital expenditure on water treatment equipment by system in West Africa, 2011–2020Figure 5.10 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in West Africa, 2011–2020Figure 5.11 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in West Africa, 2011–20205.2 Persian GulfFigure 5.12 Map of offshore oil and gas installations in the Persian Gulf since 20005.2.1 Oil and gas productionFigure 5.13 Persian Gulf offshore oil production 2000–2013Figure 5.14 Persian Gulf offshore gas production 2000–20125.2.2 Major offshore E&P companiesFigure 5.15 Top oil companies in the Persian Gulf, 2012Figure 5.16 Top gas companies in the Persian Gulf, 20125.2.3 Current and future projects5.2.3.1 Saudi Arabia projects5.2.3.2 UAE projects5.2.3.3 Qatar projects5.2.3.4 Iran projects5.2.4 Water treatment and technologies5.2.4.1 Produced water management5.2.5 Production contract types5.2.6 Market forecast: Persian GulfFigure 5.17 Capital expenditure on water treatment equipment by system in the Persian Gulf, 2011–2020Figure 5.18 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in the Persian Gulf, 2011–2020Figure 5.19 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in the Persian Gulf, 2011–20205.3 Caspian SeaFigure 5.20 Map of offshore oil and gas installations in the Caspian Sea since 2000Figure 5.21 Caspian Sea offshore oil production, 2001–20135.3.1 Azerbaijan5.3.1.1 Oil productionFigure 5.22 Azerbaijan’s offshore oil production, 2001–2013Figure 5.23 Shareholders of the ACG oil field, Azerbaijan5.3.1.2 Gas productionFigure 5.24 Azerbaijan’s offshore gas production, 2001–2013Figure 5.25 Shareholders of the Shah Deniz gas field, Azerbaijan5.3.1.3 Produced water managementFigure 5.26 Produced water volumes from ACG and Shah Deniz fields, 2008–2013Figure 5.27 Methods of produced water management from BP’s fields in Azerbaijan, 20135.3.2 Kazakhstan5.3.2.1 Kashagan offshore oil field5.3.2.2 Kashagan field operatorsFigure 5.28 Shareholders of the Kashagan oilfield, Kazakhstan5.3.2.3 Kashagan future productionFigure 5.29 Expected oil production from the Kashagan field, Kazakhstan5.3.3 Market forecast: Caspian SeaFigure 5.30 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in the Caspian Sea, 2011–2020Figure 5.31 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in the Caspian Sea, 2011–20205.4 Asia Pacific5.4.1 ChinaFigure 5.32 Map of China’s offshore oil and gas installations since 2000Figure 5.33 China’s proven technically recoverable offshore oil reserves by region, 20115.4.1.1 Offshore oil and gas productionFigure 5.34 China’s crude oil production, 2000–2013Figure 5.35 China’s natural gas production, 2000–2013Figure 5.36 China’s offshore oil production by region, 2000–2011Figure 5.37 China’s offshore gas production by region, 2000–20115.4.1.2 Major E&P companiesFigure 5.38 NOC’s share of China’s offshore crude oil production, 2000 and 2011Figure 5.39 Major exploration and production companies in China5.4.1.3 Injection wells and produced water managementFigure 5.40 China’s offshore oil and gas wells by region, 2000–2011Figure 5.41 China’s offshore injection wells by region, 2000–2011Figure 5.42 China’s produced water discharge volumes by region, 2004–2013Figure 5.43 Major offshore produced water equipment providers in China5.4.1.4 Regulatory standards for produced waterFigure 5.44 Standards for produced water discharged to the sea5.4.1.5 Future development5.4.2 Australia5.4.2.1 Offshore oil productionFigure 5.45 Australia’s offshore oil production, 1971–20135.4.2.2 Offshore natural gas productionFigure 5.46 Australia’s offshore natural gas production, 1971–20135.4.2.3 Australia’s main offshore operatorsFigure 5.47 Australia’s top offshore oil and gas operators, 20135.4.2.4 Water treatment5.4.3 Other countries in Asia PacificFigure 5.48 Map of offshore oil and gas installations in South East Asia since 2000Figure 5.49 History of offshore oil production in the Asia Pacific regionFigure 5.50 Total and offshore proven oil reserves by country, as of January 20145.4.3.1 Oil productionFigure 5.51 Offshore oil production in South Asia and the South China Sea, 2000–20125.4.3.2 Natural gas productionFigure 5.52 Offshore gas production in South Asia and the South China Sea, 2000–20125.4.3.3 Major E&P companiesFigure 5.53 Major E&P companies in South Asia and the South China Sea5.4.4 Market forecast: Asia PacificFigure 5.54 Capital expenditure on water treatment equipment by system in Asia Pacific, 2011–2020Figure 5.55 Produced water volumes from offshore oil and gas production in Asia Pacific, 2011–2020Figure 5.56 Capital expenditure on produced water treatment by equipment in Asia Pacific, 2011–2020

6. Procurement in the offshore oil and gas industry6.1 Dynamics in offshore oil and gas6.1.1 Players in the offshore oil and gas industryFigure 6.1 Major players in the offshore oil and gas industry6.1.1.1 E&P companies6.1.1.2 Consulting engineersFigure 6.2 Top 10 consulting engineers in the oil and gas industry6.1.1.3 Engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) companies6.1.1.4 Water treatment system and equipment suppliersWater system integrators Equipment suppliers6.2 Water equipment sale in offshore oil and gasFigure 6.3 Water equipment sale in the offshore oil and gas industry6.2.1 Water injection equipment6.2.2 Produced water treatment equipment6.2.3 Advantages of treatment trains versus equipment skids6.2.4 Post-sale service6.2.5 Greenfield versus brownfield projects6.2.6 Eligibility for bidding6.2.7 Evaluation criteria6.2.8 Capex versus opex6.3 Involvement in FEED studies6.4 High barriers to entry6.5 Ways into the industry6.6 Industry needs6.7 Regional peculiarities6.7.1 China6.7.2 Brazil6.7.3 West Africa6.7.4 Other countriesIntervieweesReferences