Resumen: In regions of the State of Puebla (Mexico),
gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus Andrews) production has had asexual
propagation problems, which have caused losses for producers, who mostly
produce their own vegetative seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate some
physical qualities and health characteristics of corms and cormels generated at
four fertilization rates (FD, kg ha(-1)):
65N-14.9P-171K-16.6Mg-31.2Ca-0.0B-0.0S (FD1);
40.5N-24P-171K-23Mg-37.2Ca0.2B-8.5S (FD2); 81N-24P-171K-23Mg-37.2Ca-0.2B-0.0S
(FD3); and 81N-24P-171K-23Mg-37.2Ca-0.0B-0.0S (FDR; traditional regional rate).
Two hundred and forty corms, along with their cormels, of two varieties
('Borrega Roja' and 'Espuma') produced at four FDs were harvested. The
following physical qualities of corms were assessed; corm fresh weight (CFW),
number of cormels generated (NcMC), and total fresh weight (TFVV); evaluated
physical qualities of cormels were size (mm) and total weight. Cormel health
was analyzed in 160 randomly disinfested pieces that were plated in agar medium
with or without splitting. The percentage of identified fungus incidence was
Referencia bibliográfica: ed. Data were analyzed by a non-parametric one-way
ANOVA. No significant differences were shown for CFW. The best treatments were
mainly FD2 followed by FD1. In relation to FD-R, FD2 in both varieties
increased NcMC by 31% to 69%, TFW by 27% to 46%, 6-8 size by 24% to 27%, and
the development of Fusarium oxysporum colonies was reduced by 100% in cormel
internal tissue.

ISSN: 0718-5839

Referencia
bibliográfica:3 de 76

Título: Effect of vacuum storage on shelf life of a grain
protector based on Peumus boldus Molina foliage powder and lime against
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky.

Resumen: The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky,
Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of stored grain maize. As an
ecological pest control alternative, the use of botanical insecticides, such as
powder from boldus (Peumus boldus Molina) foliage singly or mixed with lime,
has been evaluated. Unfortunately, its shelf life is very short and does not
exceed 15 d. The effectiveness of vacuum storage on insecticidal properties of
a natural grain protector produced with boldus powder:lime at proportions of
50:50 and 60:40 against adults of S. zeamais was assessed under labciratory
conditions. Treatments were evaluated at 1% and 2% (w/w) for 150 d of storage.
All treatments based on boldus powder kept the level of mortality by contact activity
over 80% at 150 d of storage. The highest toxicity, as a fumigant, was observed
in treatments 50:50 at 2% and 60:40 at 1% and 2% with mortality over 60%. The
grain weight loss was less than 1% and seed germination was not affected. With
the exception of 0:100 at 2% without vacuum storage, all treatments were
repellent to S. zeamais. Vacuum storage extended shelf life of the grain
protector for 150 d.

ISSN: 0718-5839

CIENCIA E INVESTIGACIÓN AGRARIA

Referencia
bibliográfica: 4 de 76

Título: Ruminal degradation of
aerial biomass and seeds of wild species of Lupinus

Resumen: Ruminal degradation of thy matter (DMD) and crude
protein (CPD) for aerial biomass at the flowering stage and for the seeds of L.
campestris, L. exaltatus, L. hintonii and L. montanus was determined using the
nylon bag technique with two fistulated steers in five incubation times (3, 9,
12, 24 and 48 h), including a sample of soybean paste (SP). The data obtained
were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS for repeated measures. The results showed
interactions between species and incubation time for DMD and CPD. Among species
of lupine, a high DMD and CPD of seeds were observed after three hours of
incubation. At 48 h, DMD and CPD did not show significant variation between
species: DMD ranged from 94.3% to 96.7% and CPD from 98.9 to 99.2%. The
degradation rate of the insoluble fraction of the DM (kd) in lupine seeds
ranged from 6.3 to 8.1% h(-1), while that of the soluble fraction (SF) ranged
from 42.3 to 57.3%, lower value that observed in SP. The DMD and CPD of aerial
biomass showed statistically significant differences between species at 48 h of
incubation. L. hintonii showed the lowest DMD (69.6%) and CPD (88.9%). L.
montanus and L. campestris showed a lower SF and kd (kd of 5.4% h(-1) in both,
and 35.4 and 37.2 for SF, respectively) and high CPD of aerial biomass. It is
concluded that the DM and CP of seeds and biomass of wild lupine were highly
degradable as of 3 h of incubation. At 48 h, there were statistically
significant differences between DMD and CPD of aboveground biomass (AGB). L.
campestris and L. exaltatus showed the highest DMD and CPD of AGB and similar
DMD and CPD of seeds.

ISSN: 0718-1620

AGROCIENCIA

Referencia bibliográfica:5 de 76

Título: HIGH YIELDING INBRED LINES OF MAIZE AS PROGENITORS
OF SINGLE CROSS HYBRIDS

Resumen: In Mexico, maize (Zea mays L.) seed production of
single cross hybrids is not profitable because the inbred lines used in these
as the female parent are of low yield. The objective of this study was to
assess the general and specific combining ability of 10 high yielding inbred
lines of maize derived from adapted exotic maize populations to be used as
parents for single cross hybrids. The 45 diallelic crosses between the 10
lines, the progenitors (Griffing's Method II), and four commercial hybrids used
as controls, were assessed for three years in Montecillo, Estado de Mexico. The
lines were derived from a high-density cultivation system and gamma irradiation
during eight cycles of selection. The traits evaluated were ear yield per
plant, yield components, and days to female flowering. The lines with the
greatest and lowest per se yield produced 7.34 and 5.45 t ha(-1), respectively.
Line 3 showed the highest GCA effects along with a good behavior per se and
also participated in three of the five single crosses with the highest yield.
In contrast, Line 5, which was present in three of the five crosses with the
lowest yield, showed a low yield per se, low GCA and low SCA in specific
combinations. The crosses L3 X L4 and L4 x L5 matched the yield of the best check
hybrids and were more precocious. The most productive lines could represent an
advantage for the production of seed from single cross hybrids of high
productive potential and at lower costs.

Resumen: Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) seeds
decrease their germination after storage periods exceeding 100 d. Pre-sowing
treatments, reinvigorate, accelerate and uniform seed germination of the genus
Capsicum. In this study habanero pepper seeds were pre-treated during 144 h
with constant aeration in distilled water and aqueous solutions (treatments)
of: KNO3 at 3 %, polyethylene glycol (PEG) at -0.5 MPa, abscisic acid (ABA) at
10(-5) M and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at 400 ppm. After pre-sowing treatments,
seeds were germinated in petri dishes and trays (the control was sown without
pre-treatment). The experimental design was a completely randomized, the data
were used to perform ANOVA and means were compared using Tukey test (p <=
0.05). Results showed that seeds treated with ABA (13.22 % of germinated seeds
d(-1)) increased germination rate compared with the control (6.38 % of
germinated seeds d(-1)) and all pre-sowing treatments increased the germination
percentage (%G), but not all of them maintained that increase during emergence.
In emergence percentage (%E) only PEG and KNO3 treatments (osmotic) were
statistically different from the control surpassing it at 36 and 21 %. Osmotic
treatments avoided protrusion during the pre-sowing treatment and their %E was
similar to %G. The pre-sowing treatment of seeds is optimal if germination and
emergence is increased; therefore the presowing treatment of habanero pepper
seeds with KNO3, PEG and ABA is more appropriate to increase seedling
establishment.

ISSN: 1405-3195

Referencia
bibliográfica:7 de 76

Título: COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF OSMOREGULATORS AND GROWTH
INHIBITORS ON in vitro CONSERVATION OF SUGARCANE

Resumen: In vitro conservation systems are an option for
preserving sugarcane germplasm (Saccharum sp.). The objective of this study was
to assess the effect of the osmoregulators manitol and sorbitol (0, 15, 30 and
45 g L-1) and the plant growth inhibitors abscisic acid (ABA) and padobutrazol
(PAC) (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg L-1) on in vitro growth of sugarcane. The plants used
were 2 cm tall in vitro shoots of the variety Mex-69-290 obtained in the
multiplication phase. In all cases MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium was used.
The experimental design was completely random with 10 explants per treatment.
Data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared
with the Tukey test (p <= 0.05). After 180 d of culture, survival percentage,
number and length of the shoots, number of leaves, and number and length of
roots were assessed. Analysis of the results showed that an increase in
concentrations of osmoreg-ulators produced a decrease in all of the variables
assessed. For the inhibitors, the PAC treatments maintained 100 % survival and
promoted more shoots per explant. This contrasted with the ABA treatments in
which the assessed variables decreased. Reduction in height and presence of
axillary shoots observed in treatments with PAC may be of interest for in vitro
conservation, and, it is concluded that the use of PAC would be a new option
for in vitro conservation of sugarcane germplasm.

Resumen: Unregulated logging in tropical forests promotes
invasion of secondary vegetation that compete with species of medium and slow
growth, limiting their natural regeneration. Many reforestation efforts fail
for this situation endangering the ecosystem balance by differences in density
and distribution of species. In order to promote a greater growth in shorter
time of the timber species (Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose) primavera under
nursery conditions, the effect of inoculation with Rhizophagus intraradices
(Schenck et Sm.) Walker et Schuessler, Glomus spp., and Azospirillum brasilense
Tarrand, Krieg et Dobereiner was evaluated. Nursery was established with seeds
collected in the Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico, in plastic bags of 5 kg with a
mixture of Andosol-mollic soil and river sand washed (1:1) with 2 g of
inoculant at the time of transplantation. Azospirillum brasilense had a
concentration of 9x10(6) bacteria g(-1) and R. intraradices 40 spores CI of
soil with 95% of colonization to the root system. The experimental design was
completely randomized treatments were individual, combined microorganisms, and
a control with four replications. Morphological and physiological variables of
yield, percentage of mycorrhizal root colonization were Referencia bibliográfica:
ed every 28 d from the 56 d to 168 d after sowing. Plants with R. intraradices,
doble symbiosis A. brasilense+ R. intraradices and Glomus sp. (V) showed higher
increase of biomass at 112 d (p <= 0.05), whereas the highest nitrogen
content was found in roots of plants inoculated with R. intraradices and in the
shoot with A. brasilense. The phosporus content was higher with A. brasilense
and R. intraradices on the shoot. The final significant differences in plant
height were 6 to 8 cm among inoculated treatments and of 16 cm of these with
respect to the control.

ISSN: 1405-3195

Referencia
bibliográfica: 9 de 76

Título: MYCORRHIZAL INOCULUM PRODUCTION OF Gigaspora gigantea
IN GROWING MEDIA AND PARTICLE SIZE

Resumen: There is little information about the influence of
particle size and the physical and chemical properties of the growing media
used for mycorrhizal inoculum production. The objetive of this study was to
evaluate the number of spores, root colonization, aerial and root dry biomass,
and root volume produced by lettuce plants inoculated with Gigaspora gigantea
in 12 substrates made with different size particles. Growing media were
prepared with two types of coconut coir (Cocos nucifera): granular (Gc) and
fibrous (Fc) mixed with pumice (P) and volcanic scoria (locally called tezontle
T), with three granulometries (<0,-6 mm, 0.6-1 mm, 1-2 mm) in a ratio 3:1
v/v, except Gc:P:T (1-2 mm) in a ratio 6:1:1 v/v. The control treatment
consisted of a mixture of peatagrolite:vertniculite (Pe:A:V) in bulk material
with a 2:1:1 v/v ratio. Lactuca sativa var. King Henry was used as host plant.
The experiment was evaluated 75 d after sowing with an analysis of variance and
comparison of means (Tukey <= 0.05). The micromorphological study and image
analysis determined the interaction of growing media-rootspores. The highest
mycorrhizal colonization (p <= 5.0.05) occurred in Pe:A:V in bulk materials,
Gc:P:T 1-2 mm and with granulometry of 0.6-1 mm. The highest number of spores
(20 spores g(-1) dry growing medium) was obtained in Pe:A:V in bulk (p 5.0.05).
Growing media with particle size <0.6 mm and 0.6-1 mm positively favored the
response variables of the host plant (p 5.0.05). The micromorphological study
showed that the spores are related to the components Gc:P:T and reside in the
rough surface of the fractured vesicles of tezontle (volcanic residue). Growing
medium of Gc:T:P (1-2 mm) is recommended as a substitute of Pe:A:V in bulk
materials for the production of Gi gigantea.

Resumen: A dominant height growth model and corresponding
site index expression, allows estimating the productivity of forests stands and
helps define the silvicultural management regime. The aim of this study was to
develop, using data from permanent plots, a base-age invariant growth model for
dominant height for Tectona grandis L. f. (teak) plantations at Campeche,
Mexico. The base growth models used were those of Korf, Chapman-Richards and
Hossfeld IV, which were reformulated as generalized algebraic difference
equations to define the best site index structures. They were fitted under
least squares with a data structure of non-overlapping pairs. To estimate the
dominant height growth and classify plantation productivity, the dynamic
equation type Chapman-Richards was selected based on the goodness of fit and
similarity between the pattern of growth curves and observed trends. To improve
the accuracy of the estimates this equation was fitted as a mixed effects
model, correcting for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. The selected
model is flexible and describes a pattern of polymorphic curves with multiple
asymptotes, desirable characteristic to model a wide variety of growth
patterns. Three specific growth patterns for the analyzed planting sites were
detected.

ISSN: 1405-3195

AGRICULTURA, CIENCIA ANIMAL Y DE LA LECHE

JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE

Referencia
bibliográfica: 11 de 76

Título: Estimation of genetic parameters for productive
life, reproduction, and milk-production traits in US dairy goats

Resumen: Heritabilities and correlations for milk yield (MY),
fat yield (FY), protein yield (PY), combined fat and protein yield (FPY), fat
percentage (F%), protein percentage (P%), age at first kidding (AFK), interval
between the first and second kidding (KI), and real and functional productive
life at 72 mo (FPL72) of 33,725 US dairy goats, were estimated using animal
models. Productive life was defined as the total days in production until 72 mo
of age (PL72) for goats having the opportunity to express the trait. Functional
productive life was obtained by correcting PL72 for MY, FY, PY, and final type
score (FS). Six selection indexes were used, including or excluding PL72, with
6 groups of different economic weights, to estimate the responses to selection
considering MY, FY, PY, and PL72 as selection criteria. The main criteria that
determined the culling of a goat from the herd were low FS, MY, and FY per
lactation. Heritability estimates were 0.22, 0.17, 0.37, 0.37, 0.38, 0.39,
0.54, 0.64, 0.09, and 0.16 for PL72, FPL72, MY, FY, PY, FPY, F%, P%, KI, and
AFK, respectively. Most genetic correlations between the evaluated traits and
PL72 or FPL72 were positive, except for F% (-0.04 and -0.06, respectively), P%
(-0.002 and -0.03, respectively), and AFK (-0.03 and -0.01, respectively). The
highest genetic correlations were between FPL72 and MY (0.39) and between PL72
and MY (0.33). Most phenotypic correlations between the traits evaluated and
FPL72 and PL72 were positive (>0.23 and >0.26, respectively), except for
F% (-0.004 and -0.02, respectively), P% (-0.05 and -0.02), KI (-0.01 and
-0.07), and AFK (-0.08 and -0.08). The direct selection for PL72 increased it
by 102.28 d per generation. The use of MY, FY, PY, KI, or AFK as selection
criteria increased PL72 by 39.21, 27.33, 35.90, -8.28, or 2.77 d per
generation, respectively. The inclusion of PL72 as selection criterion
increased the expected response per generation from 0.15 to 17.35% in all
selection indices studied.

Resumen: Predictive ability of yet-to-be observed litter size
(pig) grain yield (wheat) sources of several reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces
(RKHS) regression models combining different number of Gaussian or t kernels
was evaluated. Predictive performance was assessed as the average (over 50
replicates) predictive correlation in the testing set. Predictions from these
models were combined using three different types of model averaging: (i) mean
of predicted phenotypes obtained in each model, (ii) weighted average using
mean squared error as weight or (iii) using the marginal likelihood as weight.
(ii) and (iii) were obtained in a validation set with 5% of the data.
Phenotypes consisted of 2598, 1604 and 1879 average litter size sources from
three commercial pig lines and wheat grain yield of 599 lines evaluated in four
macro-environments. SNPs from the PorcineSNP60 BeadChip and 1447 DArT markers
were used as predictors for the pig and wheat data analyses, respectively.
Gaussian and univariate t kernels led to same predictive performance.
Multikernel RKHS regression models overcame shortcomings of single kernel
models (increasing the predictive correlation of RKHS models by 0.05 where 3
Gaussian or t kernels were fitted in the RKHS models simultaneously). None of
the proposed averaging strategies improved the predictive correlations attained
with single models using multiple kernel fitting.

ISSN: 0931-2668

POULTRY SCIENCE

Referencia bibliográfica: 13
de 76

Título: Effects of distance and barriers between resources
on bone and tendon strength and productive performance of broiler chickens

Resumen: Lameness or leg weakness is becoming an important
problem in broilers selected for rapid growth, and although the causes are not
known, sedentary behavior could be a cause. Two experiments were conducted to
study the effects of distance and the presence of ramps between resources (feed
and water) on bone and tendon strength, ability to stand, and productive
performance. In experiment 1, straight run Ross 708 chicks (n = 1,260) were
randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1.0, 3.3, or 6.6 m between resources (6
pen replicates/treatment). In experiment 2, Cobb 500 male chicks (n = 864) were
randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (2 x 2 factorial, 4 pen
replications/treatment) consisting of 2 distances (3 or 8 m) with (WR) or
without (NR) a ramp (a triangular prism 31 cm high and 132 cm wide at the
base). At d 21, 45, and 56 (experiment 1), or at d 28, 35, 42, and 49
(experiment 2), birds were weighed, killed, and tibias collected to measure
breaking strength (BBS), and abdominal fat (AbF) content. At d 49 (experiment
2), calcaneus ten-dons were also collected to measure breaking strength (TBS).
Foot pad lesions and latency to lie (LTL) were determined before killing the
birds. In experiment 1, distance did not affect BBS, LTL, foot pad lesions, or
BW, but at d 49, birds in the 6.6 m treatment had lower AbF than birds in the
other treatments. In experiment 2 at d 49, birds in the 8 m treatment tended to
have a higher BBS than birds in the 3 m treatment (P = 0.09), whereas WR birds
had lower tendon breaking strength than NR birds (P < 0.01); however, LTL
was highest in 8-m NR birds. Final BW was not affected by distance, but birds
in the NR group were heavier than birds in the WR group. Furthermore, AbF was
lower in 8 m than in 3 m birds. Our results suggest that longer distances
between resources have limited effects on bone strength, but increase the LTL,
and may change feeding patterns and carcass characteristics, as evidenced by
the lower AbF content. Ramps or inclination affected tendon breaking strength.

Resumen: Objective. This paper presents extensions to the
statistical validation method based on the procedure of Freese when a model
shows constant bias (CB) in its predictions and illustrate the method with data
from a new mechanistic model that predict weight gain in cattle. Materials and
methods. The extensions were the hypothesis tests and maximum anticipated error
for the alternative approach, and the confidence interval for a quantile of the
distribution of errors. Results. The model evaluated showed CB, once the CB is
removed and with a confidence level of 95%, the magnitude of the error does not
exceed 0.575 kg. Therefore, the validated model can be used to predict the
daily weight gain of cattle, although it will require an adjustment in its
structure based on the presence of CB to increase the accuracy of its
forecasts. Conclusions. The confidence interval for the 1-a quantile of the
distribution of errors after correcting the constant bias, allows determining
the top limit for the magnitude of the error of prediction and use it to
evaluate the evolution of the model in the forecasting of the system. The
confidence interval approach to validate a model is more informative than the
hypothesis tests for the same purpose.

Resumen:
Objective. Improve the
nutritional value of mechanized sugarcane residues inoculating the fungus Fomes
sp. EUM1. Materials and methods. The fungus Fomes was inoculated according to a
0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% (w/v) treatment and incubated at a temperature of 35
degrees C for 7, 10 and 13 days. It was obtained DM, OM, CP, ash, NDF and ADF
and the effective degradation of DM, NDF and ADF, with an experimental
factorial design of 3X3 and a completely randomized design. The factors were
growing days in an Erlenmeyer flask (7, 10, and 13) and inoculum percentage
(0.1, 0.2 and 0.3). The data were analyzed with the SAS statistical package.
Results. Statistical significance was found in the interaction of the fungus
growing days by percentage of inoculum, in the variables: DM, CP and pH. The
NDF and ADF factor differed in the percentage of inoculum. Effective
degradation showed significant for the same type of interaction in all the
variables studied. Conclusions. The inoculation of the fungus increased ADF
degradation by only 0.2% of the inoculum percentage, without any effect on
effective degradation due to the use of soluble fractions at the beginning of the
incubation. It is considered that the degradation occurs in stages that are
important to consider for determining treatments to maximize the beneficial
effects of the fungus in terms of ruminant nutrition.

Resumen: The aim of this experiment was to study the
performance of Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) based on herbage yield and
quality under different grazing management. Three frequencies (2, 3 and 4 wk in
spring and summer and 4, 5 and 6 wk in fall) and two grazing intensities (hard:
3 to 5 cm and lax: 6 to 8 cm of residual sward height), in a randomized block
design with three replicates, distributed in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement.
Cumulative herbage yield (CHY), net herbage accumulation rate (NHAR), morphological
composition and herbage quality were evaluated. The highest CHY and average
NHAR were Referencia bibliográfica: ed with hard grazing every 4 and 6 wk. The
highest seasonal herbage yield (7,844 kg DM ha(-1)) and NHAR (107 kg DM ha(-1)
d(-1)) were observed during summer with hard grazing every 4 wk (P<0.05).
There were not statistical differences in herbage yield and NHAR during spring
between grazing frequencies. In fall, 5 wk grazing frequency was higher than 4
wk (P<0.05), but it was similar to 6 wk (P>0.05). Across all seasons,
hard grazing gave higher forage yield than lax grazing, being different in
spring and summer (P<0.05). In overall, total protein and in vitro dry
matter digestibility tended to decrease as grazing interval increased, being on
average 20 and 65 %, respectively. It was concluded that to obtain the highest
herbage yield and quality, orchard grass must be grazed hard every 4 wk in
spring-summer and every 5 wk in fall.

ISSN: 2007-1124

Referencia bibliográfica: 17
de 76

Título: Monosporic strains
of Metarhizium anisopliae and its pathogenicity to Galleria mellonella in
Tabasco, Mexico

Resumen: "Greater wax moth" Galleria mellonella L.
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is occasionally found in beehives and is the main pest
of stored wax. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the
pathogenicity of native monosporic strains of M. anisopliae against G.
mellonella larvae. Four polysporic indigenous isolates were used (MaA1, MaA2,
MaA3, MaA4). Ten monosporic strains were obtained from each polysporic isolate.
Thus, a total of 40 strains was obtained and used for the pathogenicity assay.
Monosporic strains were formed into four groups based on parental polysporic
isolates. Statistical analysis applied separately to each of the four groups of
monosporic strains showed significant differences in G. mellonella mortality.
The more pathogenic strains were MaA4(5), MaA1(4) and MaA3(7), with mortality
of 100.0, 88.9 and 83.3 %, respectively. The results indicate wide
intra-specific variability of monosporic strains of M. anisopliae in terms of
their pathogenicity to larvae of G. mellonella. They also demonstrate the
utility of monosporic strains and their pathogenic characterization for
selection of isolates with outstanding features; as well as, the potential of
the studied fungus for development of bioinsecticides against "greater wax
moth" G. mellonella.

Resumen: The objective of this experiment was to conduct
growth analysis on "Maralfalfa" grass (Pennisetum sp.) from planting
to determine the optimal time to harvest. The plant morphology (MP), growth
rate (TC), height, radiation interception (RI), leaf / stem ratio (H: T),
leaf/no leaf (H: NH) and the biomass accumulation, were evaluated at intervals
of 15 d during a 180 d period, except for the first two samples that were
sampled monthly. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS, under an
experimental design of randomized blocks, with repeated measures over time,
with three replicates. The MP varied significantly (P<0.01) across different
physiological states. The maximum biomass production and CT was reached at 151
d after planting with 37,297 kg DM ha(-1) and 247 kg DM ha(-1) d(-1),
respectively. It also, Referencia bibliográfica: ed the highest percentage of
RI (97.4), with a height of 2.3 m, approximately. Biomass production of stems
and dead material production Maralfalfa grass are correlated positively with
the increasing age of the plant. The maximum growth rate coincides with the
maximum production of leaves and stems and increased production of total
biomass.

ISSN: 2007-1124

Referencia
bibliográfica: 19 de 76

Título: Stover and grain production from maize landraces
under rainfed conditions in the highland plateau of Libres-Serdan, Puebla,
Mexico

Resumen: Maize stover is an important by-product for several ruminant
species raised by small crop holders practicing agriculture under rainfed
conditions, especially in the highland plateau in central Mexico known as the
Mexican Altiplano. In such areas, no dual-purpose varieties (grain and stover)
have been developed, for this reason, grain and stover production of local
maize varieties were evaluated in the valleys of Puebla and Tlaxcala, Mexico.
Seeds of native maize populations were gathered from two regions of the states
of Puebla-Tlaxcala: Libres-Mazapiltepec-Huamantla (L-M-H) and
Serdan-Tlachichuca-Guadalupe Victoria (S-T-GV). For each region 144 varieties,
including four commercial controls were evaluated in two locations under a
simple 12x12 lattice design with two replicates. The traits measured were stover,
leaf and stalk production, height of plant and ear, days to silking and grain
yield. An analysis of variance was carried out for each experiment and for each
region a combined analysis was performed followed by a canonical analysis. Each
region had a wide value interval (P<0.0001) for stover and grain production
with local varieties ranging in yield from low to high. A few local varieties
were found which had both high stover and grain yields (Pd 0.05). The improved
commercial control varieties tested had lower yields for stover and grain than
the local varieties which had greater yield for both traits.

ISSN: 2007-1124

Referencia
bibliográfica:20 de 76

Título: Levels of calcium and available phosphorus in laying
hens during 48 weeks

Resumen: An experiment was conducted to evaluate levels of calcium
(Ca) and available phosphorus (AP) in hens. For this study 300 Leghorn Hy-line
W36 hens were used. Five treatments were evaluated, level of Ca and AP in the
diet: T1, 4.34 and 0.18%; T2, 4.34 and 0.23%; T3, 4.62 and 0.18%; T4, 4.62 and
0.23% and T5, 3.25 and 0.25% (control). The experiment lasted 48 wk. It was
measured feed, Ca and AP consumption, number of eggs, egg mass, feed
conversion, egg weight, specific gravity and percentage of eggshell. In feed
consumption, number of eggs, egg mass, feed conversion and egg weight, there
were no differences among treatments (P>0.05). Higher consumption of calcium
(P<0.05) was observed in the hens of T3 and T4 (4.80 and 4.81 g(-1)
hen(-1)); in consumption of available phosphorus the hens of T5 consumed more
(P<0.05) than the others (0.258 g(-1) hen(-1)). For specific gravity with
T1, T3 and T4 (1.0837, 1.0834 and 1.0841) there were better results
(P<0.05). In percentage of eggshell were observed better results for T1, T2,
T3 y T4 (P<0.05). It is concluded that the concentration of Ca and Pd
suggested by the NRC (1994) are not sufficient for maximum eggshell quality.

Resumen: The objective of this work was to evaluate the
effects of sex of lamb (SL: male, female), type of birth (TB: single, twin),
age of dam (AD: 2 to 7 years and older), farm (F: 10 units), and sire nested
within farm, as well as first-order interactions that influence the variation
of birth weight (BW), adjusted weaning weight (AWW) and average preweaning
daily weight gain (ADG) of Hampshire lambs from 10 farms in Hidalgo, Mexico. A
data base from 2006 to 2009 with 998 observations for BW and 933 for AWW and ADG
was analyzed. Feeding of parents and lambs was based on grains, alfalfa, oats
hay, and minerals. The statistical analysis was carried out with the GLM
procedure of SAS. Overall means were BW: 5.1 +/- 0.9 kg, AWW: 32.3 +/- 5.4 kg,
and ADG: 0.300 +/- 0.055 kg. Significant effects (P<0.01) due to sex of lamb
were observed in the three variables analyzed, males had the highest averages;
type of birth (P<0.01) only on BW and AWW, the highest averages were
obtained by lambs of single birth; age of dam on BW (P<0.01) and AWW and ADG
(P<0.05), lambs born to dams from 3 to 5 and 7 years and older had the
highest averages in the three variables. Sire nested within farm had a
significant effect (P<0.01) on AWW and ADG. It is concluded that there are
important environmental factors influencing pre-weaning traits of Hampshire
lambs, useful information that must be considered for management purposes and
genetic improvement in these farms.

Resumen: Key message New methods that incorporate the main
and interaction effects of high-dimensional markers and of high-dimensional
environmental covariates gave increased prediction accuracy of grain yield in
wheat across and within environments. In most agricultural crops the effects of
genes on traits are modulated by environmental conditions, leading to genetic
by environmental interaction (G x E). Modern genotyping technologies allow
characterizing genomes in great detail and modern information systems can
generate large volumes of environmental data. In principle, G x E can be
accounted for using interactions between markers and environmental covariates
(ECs). However, when genotypic and environmental information is high
dimensional, modeling all possible interactions explicitly becomes infeasible.
In this article we show how to model interactions between high-dimensional sets
of markers and ECs using covariance functions. The model presented here
consists of (random) reaction norm where the genetic and environmental
gradients are described as linear functions of markers and of ECs,
respectively. We assessed the proposed method using data from Arvalis,
consisting of 139 wheat lines genotyped with 2,395 SNPs and evaluated for grain
yield over 8 years and various locations within northern France. A total of 68
ECs, defined based on five phases of the phenology of the crop, were used in
the analysis. Interaction terms accounted for a sizable proportion (16 %) of the
within-environment yield variance, and the prediction accuracy of models
including interaction terms was substantially higher (17-34 %) than that of
models based on main effects only. Breeding for target environmental conditions
has become a central priority of most breeding programs. Methods, like the one
presented here, that can capitalize upon the wealth of genomic and
environmental information available, will become increasingly important.

ISSN: 0040-5752

POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY

Referencia
bibliográfica: 23 de 76

Título: Effect of ethylene degreening on the development of
postharvest penicillium molds and fruit quality of early season citrus fruit

Resumen: The effect of commercial degreening with ethylene
gas on fruit susceptibility and quality and development of postharvest green
(GM) and blue (BM) molds on early season citrus fruit was investigated. Each
cultivar was harvested with different peel color indexes (CI). Fruit were
exposed for 3d to 2 mu LL-1 ethylene at 21 degrees C and 95-100% RH before or
after artificial inoculation with Penicillium digitatum or Penicillium
italicum. Control fruit were kept at the same environmental conditions without
ethylene. Fruit were stored at either 20 degrees C for 7 d or 5 degrees C for
14 d and disease incidence (%) and severity (lesion diameter) were assessed. No
significant effect of commercial degreening was observed on fruit
susceptibility to both GM and BM on citrus cultivars inoculated after
degreening. Likewise, no significant effect was observed on disease incidence
on citrus cultivars inoculated before degreening and stored at either 20
degrees C for 7 d or 5 degrees C for 14 d. In contrast, in cultivars like
'Clemenules' mandarins and 'Navelina' oranges, degreening significantly
increased the severity on fruit with higher initial CI (-3.6 and 1.7,
respectively). GM and BM severity on degreened and control 'Clemenules'
mandarins incubated at 20 degrees C for 7 d was 146 and 118 mm and 56 and 46
mm, respectively. In general, commercial degreening did not significantly
affect external and internal quality attributes of citrus cultivars. Commercial
degreening after inoculation of less green (more mature) fruit showed a trend
to increase mold severity, presumably through an aging effect (acceleration of
peel senescence).

ISSN: 0925-5214

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

Referencia
bibliográfica: 24 de 76

Título: Preventive and curative activity of postharvest
potassium silicate treatments to control green and blue molds on orange fruit

Resumen: Preventive and curative antifungal activities of
postharvest treatments with potassium silicate (PSi) against green (GM) and
blue (BM) molds were evaluated on oranges (cvs. 'Valencia' or 'Lanelate')
artificially inoculated in rind wounds with Penicillium digitatum and P.
italicum, respectively. The most effective PSi concentration, the effect of
fungal inoculum concentration, and the influence of temporal and spatial
factors on antifungal activity were assessed in in vivo primary screenings.
After 6 days of incubation at 20 A degrees C, significant preventive (treatment
before fungal inoculation) and curative (treatment after inoculation)
activities against GM and BM were observed with Psi at 90 mM (GM and BM
incidence reductions of 23 and 52 %, and 23 and 40 %, respectively). In
preventive tests, the effectiveness of PSi was influenced by inoculum
concentration (10(3), 10(4), 10(5), or 10(6) spores ml(-1)), but not by the
distance between treatment and inoculation sites (10, 20 or 30 mm). PSi applied
about 2 h before inoculation showed higher preventive activity than applied
before 24, 48 or 96 h. In order to determine the best dip treatment conditions,
PSi at 90 mM was tested at 20 or 50 A degrees C for 60 or 150 s in small-scale
trials with 'Lanelate' oranges artificially inoculated before or after the
treatment and incubated for 7 days at 20 A degrees C. Dips at 20 A degrees C
for 60 s were selected and subsequently applied on inoculated 'Valencia'
oranges stored at 5 A degrees C and 90 % RH for up to 6 weeks. Curative
postharvest dips effectively reduced the incidence and severity of both GM and
BM during cold storage, while preventive dips significantly reduced the
severity but not the incidence. Overall, postharvest PSi treatments showed
potential as a new tool to be part of non-polluting strategies to control
penicillium decay of citrus fruit.

Resumen: The total yield of cv. Hass and Mendez avocado trees
was evaluated in Grove 1 in Uruapan county: four trees were sunblotch-infected,
four asymptomatic (molecularly positive), and four healthy. A further four
healthy and four symptomatic trees were evaluated in Grove 2 in Tingambato
county. There was a significant 75 % reduction in the total Hass fruit weight
from symptomatic trees in Grove 1 (213 kg vs 751 kg in healthy trees) and a 52
% reduction (124 kg vs 255 kg) in Grove 2 (Tukey, p = 0.05). This reduction was
more severe in Mendez: 83 % in Grove 1 (183 kg vs 1,053 kg) and 76 % in Grove 2
(82 kg vs 340 kg). Yield of asymptomatic trees was reduced to 58 % in Mendez
and 30 % in Hass. The average weight of 100 fruits was reduced by 13-28 % in
Hass and 20-27 % in Mendez in Groves 2 and 1 respectively. The equatorial
diameter of 100 symptomatic fruits was 8 % lower in Hass in both groves, and
20-28 % lower in Mendez. The polar diameter decreased by 8-10 % in Hass and
10-11 % in Mendez. The incidence of symptomatic fruits was 46-62 % in Hass and
20-28 % in Mendez. Yield of ASBVd symptomatic Hass and Mendez trees was
significantly reduced and fruit morphology negatively affected.

ISSN: 0929-1873

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH

Referencia
bibliográfica: 26 de 76

Título: Excess Supply and Price Volatility in the Mexican
Potato Market: A Decision Making Framework.

Resumen: The objective of this research was to use a spatial
and inter-temporal equilibrium model to develop a plan to assist the Mexican
potato production sector in moderating extreme swings in potato prices. Results
indicate that excess supplies of potatoes in some months could be eliminated
with a storage policy or if changes in irrigated potato production were
implemented. The storage policy and changes in production practices would
reduce price volatility and increase producer incomes; however, a storage
policy cannot be recommended due to the large capital investment required for
storage infrastructure development. Seasonal production planning would increase
producer incomes by more than 1,500 million pesos and not require extensive
capital investment.

ISSN: 1099-209X

REVISTA FITOTECNIA
MEXICANA

Referencia bibliográfica: 27
de 76

Título: EFFECT OF THE GLUCORAFANO ISOLATED FROM BROCCOLI
FLORETS ON THE GERMINATION OF Colletotrichum gloeosporioides SPORES

Resumen: Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides, is the most important postharvest disease in mango (Mangifera
indica L.) producing areas worldwide, and the strategy most used to control
this disease is the pre-and post-harvest treatment with fungicides, but their
use is increasingly restricted due to public awareness of hazardous residues in
the fruits. Glucosinolates are natural products containing nitrogen and sulfur,
mainly found in plants from the order Caparales, and their antimicrobial
activity has been shown elsewhere. For this work we collected mango fruits with
anthracnose symptoms, and from them the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
was isolated and identified. Pathogen spores were placed on PDA containing
different concentrations of glucoraphane (1.54, 0.92, 0.46, 0.15, 0.02 y 0 mu g
mu L-1) previously isolated from broccoli (Brassica oleracea cv. 'Italica')
florets. We evaluated spore germination until control treatment showed its
highest percentage of germination. After 10 h of evaluation the concentrations
of 1.54 and 0.92 mu g mu L-1, caused complete inhibition of spore germination.
The median lethal concentration was 0.65 mu g mu L-1 Based on these results
glucoraphane represents a friendly alternative for consumers, because of its capability
to control anthracnose in harvested mango fruits.

ISSN: 0187-7380

Referencia
bibliográfica:28 of 76

Título: PHENOLOGICAL PREDICTION OF POTATO CROP BY MEANS OF
THERMAL TIME

Resumen: The objective of this research was to evaluate three
methods to predict potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) phenology by means of
thermal time, which were applied on 15 commercial plots sowed with the variety
'Alpha' in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. The compared methods were: average
temperature, degree days (D) and potato days (P-days), all of them calculated
with data obtained by field monitoring of each phonological stage during two
crop seasons, Autumn-Winter seasons 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. Results showed that
the best method to predict the phenology of this potato variety by means of
thermal time was the P-days technique because it produced the lowest values of
variation coefficient with 0.07 and of standard deviation with 18.03, for all
the analyzed phenology stages. To compare the errors in thermal requirements
obtained with each method in the plots, other plots were used for validation,
and so it was confirmed that the P-days method showed the smallest errors, with
3.6 and 3.2 % for the root mean square error RMSE and the mean absolute error
MAE, respectively.

Resumen: Due to climatic change, it might be expected
that in the next years, the habitat of Pinus hartwegii Lindl. could sharply
decrease. It is then convenient to establish conservation strategies that
diminish or counteract the effects of the climatic change. However, a first
step in establishing conservation measures is to quantify the adaptive variation
of the species and the evolutionary forces that may have shaped it. To
understand the evolutionary forces acting on P. hartwegii populations, patterns
of genetic variation, assessed through quantitative traits and

isozymes, were compared in 12 natural populations
along an altitudinal transect in Michoacan, Mexico, by estimation of Q(ST) and
F-ST statistics. Although significant genetic differentiation among populations
was found for quantitative traits and isozymes, most of the quantitative traits
showed a strong clinal pattern of variation associated with site elevation, but
not for isozymes. Average Q(ST) value (0.200) was higher than F-ST value
(0.127), but they were not significantly different. Results indicate that
natural selection, imposed by the altitudinal environmental gradient, is acting
on quantitative traits, while other evolutionary forces, like genetic drift and
gene flow, are acting on isozymes. The similarity of Q(ST) and F-ST values
could be attributed to the joint action of natural selection and genetic drift.

ISSN: 0187-7380

Referencia bibliográfica: 30
de 76

Título: VARIATION IN
CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL INTEREST WITHIN A NATIVE TOMATO (Solanum
lycopersicum L.) POPULATION

Resumen: Mexico is a country with a great diversity of wild
tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) populations. They have been, however, little
studied and so it is necessary to explore and learn their genetic potential as
a germ plasm Fuentefor improving productivity, tolerance to drought and
salinity, and plant health problems. With the aim of determining genetic
variability in 120 tomato families derived from 'Chino', a native population in
the state of Puebla, and based on characteristics of agronomic interest, they
were planted under greenhouse conditions and characterized 60 d after
transplant. The greenhouse was covered with an aphid resistant mesh. Analyses
of variance detected differences (P <= 0.05) in all six variables measured.
The main component analysis showed that two variables (general grading and stem
diameter) described 59.7 % of the morphological variability The graphic
representation of the two main components allowed us to identify six family
groups, distributed in all four quadrants. Groups I and VI concentrated the
families outstanding in stem diameter, plant height, number of fruit clusters,
and healthy and uniform plants. Group II included 84 % of the total good
families; and Groups II and IV integrated families ranging from regular to bad.

ISSN: 0187-7380

Referencia
bibliográfica: 31 de 76

Título: AGRONOMIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY OF LOCAL KIDNEY AND BELL PEPPER-SHAPED TOMATOES FROM PUEBLA AND
OAXACA, MEXICO

Resumen: Native or landrace tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum
L.) known as "deer eye", "cherry", "kidney" and
"pepper-shaped" are widely used in the States of Puebla and Oaxaca, Mexico,
where they are cultivated for self-consumption and local commerce. These
materials represent an important Fuenteof germplasm for tomato breeding
programs. To describe the agronomic and morphological diversity of widely used
landrace tomatoes in Puebla and Oaxaca, 40 accessions plus the commercial
hybrid 'SUN7705' were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four
replications and five plants per replicate. In order to characterize the
morphology and agronomy of these genotypes, 20 traits were measured (plant
diameter, height at 95 d, height to the first cluster, distance between
clusters, days to flowering of the third cluster, number of flowers of the
third cluster, days to maturity of the third cluster, number of fruits of the
third cluster, total number of clusters, number of leaves, number of petals,
cluster length, total number and total

weight of fruits, average fruit weight, diameter,
length and firmness of the fruit, number of locules, and total soluble solids).
Variance was calculated through a combined analysis. Most traits showed
significant differences (P <= 0.01) among genotypes. A principal component
analysis showed that the first two components explained 77.03 % of the
variation among collections. Materials with outstanding features in total
soluble solids and precocity were identified in some "cherry",
"deer eye" and "kidney" type collections, that might be
used directly as local varieties or as a Fuenteof germplasm. Bell pepper type
tomatoes excelled in fruit size, soluble solids, firmness, with characteristics
similar to the control hybrid ('SUN7705'), so they also have potential for
being used directly as varieties or Fuenteof germplasm for genetic improvement
in "saladette" tomatoes, which are widely used at the national level.

ISSN: 0187-7380

Referencia
bibliográfica: 32 de 76

Título: SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF THE NAMES OF
SPANISH SPEAKING AUTHORS

Resumen: High quality seeds are required in commercial
farming to ensure profits. In this research the physical and physiological
quality of seeds of Capsicum annuum cvs. de Arbol, Ancho, and Guajillo, was
evaluated undergreenhouse conditions in
Texcoco (Mexico), trough different fruit development stages, to identify the
harvest stage with the best seed quality. Seeds were obtained from fruits
harvested at five development stages: (S1) 25 and (S2) 40 d after anthesis;
(S3) when fruit started to change color; (S4) when fruit changed completely of
color; and (S5) when fruit was fully dried. In addition, seeds were extracted
at two postharvest dates: immediately (IE) and 15 d (PE) after fruits were
harvesting in each stage. Seed moisture content was 7.6 % in all treatments.
The physical (weight of 1000 seeds, volumetric weight) and physiological
(germination, vigor) quality variables of the three cvs. of chilli followed a
sigmoidal growth curve, and reached their maximum values when extracted from
fruits at the S3 stage for the physical quality, and from fruits harvested at
the S5 stage for the physiological quality. Seed germination occurred earlier
when the seeds were extracted at PE than when extracted at IE, since extraction
at PE from fruits harvested at the S3 stage rendered a germination rate of
93.4%, much higher than the 6.7 % rate obtained with seeds extracted from
fruits harvested at the El stage. The best physiological quality was obtained
from seeds extracted at PE from fruits harvested at the S4 stage for cvs. Ancho
and Chile de Arbol, while for cv. Guajillo the best fruit stage was S3.

ISSN: 0187-7380

Referencia
bibliográfica: 34 de 76

Título: THE CORN (Zea mays
L.) IMPROVED SEED MARKET
IN MEXICO. AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL BALANCE BY STATE

Resumen: An overview of the market situation of improved
maize (Zea mays L.) seeds in Mexico is described here, based on estimation of
the consumed quantity for this input. Total consumed quantity was compared with
production of improved seed to determine the commercial balance (deficit and
surplus) in each corn-producing area. Information collected from every state
containing surface production, plant density and yield, as well as production
cycles, hydrologic regimes and corn varieties, was used. Results indicate that
from 2008 to 2010 the annual average of consumed seed was 160.2 thousand tons,
of which 42.5 % was improved seed and the remainder came from local varieties.
Annual production of improved seed was 62.5 thousand tons, resulting in a
deficit of more than 90 thousand tons. Commercial balance analysis indicates
that 26 states have a deficit for improved seed, and the largest deficit occurs
in Chiapas, Puebla, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Mexico State, exceeding 10 thousand
tons per every state. Since maize productivity depends greatly on the quantity
of inputs, improved seed production should be promoted to cover the national
deficit, as well as support should be provided to small seed companies to
prevent the existence of an imperfect market structure.

ISSN: 0187-7380

Referencia
bibliográfica: 35 de 76

Título: DEHYDRINS PATTERNS IN COMMON BEAN EXPOSED TO DROUGHT
AND WATERED CONDITIONS

Resumen: Drought is a major constraint for common bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Mexico. Dehydrins are constitutive or
stress-induced proteins related with a protective role of membranes and
macromolecules against denaturation, thus preventing loss of their function. In
this work, seed production and patterns of dehydrins accumulation in leaves and
pods were evaluated in common bean cv. 'Otomi' subjected to drought, as
compared with well-irrigated plants. Drought applied at pod formation and seed
filling (SF) reduced yield up to 57 %. An antibody against a consensus sequence
present in most dehydrins allowed for dehydrin identification. Two dehydrins of
82 and 73 kDA turned up both in leaves and pods throughout all the evaluated
conditions. Presumably, both dehydrins are constitutive in the 'Otomi'
cultivar. These dehydrins showed higher expression than controls in leaves
after 6 d of drought at seedling and SF stages, and in pods 6 d after drought
had started at SF. Increased expression might provide better protection during
early stages of seedling and seed development. Increments on 63, 36 and 22 kDa
dehydrin expression in pods at late SF might coincide with plant developmental
programs, which prepare seed for desiccation. Dehydrins of 158, 54, 46, and 41
kDa were detected in pods 10 d after floral opening as a transient response to
drought stress in SF. These results indicate dehydrins are relevant during
plant development, as well as during drought stress.

Resumen: Freesia (Freesia x hybrida) is a high-potential
cut-flower, but it is almost unknown in Mexico. It tolerates low temperatures
and forms flowers in a wide range of colors with a delicate scent. This
research evaluated the effect of Steiner solution concentration on growth and
flower stem quality of Freesia x hybrida cv. 'Patio' grown in the Valley of
Mexico. Plants were derived from 2.5 diameter corms, under hydroponics and 85
%, red shade netting during the Winter season. The experimental design was a
factorial combination of four Steiner solution concentrations (25, 50, 75 and
100 %) and two planting dates (September 22nd and October 18th. 2010), under a
completely random design. The 100 % Steiner solution (SN) produced the lowest
values in plant height (49 cm), floral stem length (37 cm), leaf area per plant
(170 cm(2)), SPAD readings (62), spike length (8.5 cm), number of flowers per
stem (8), stem thickness (3.6 mm), and in stem, leaf and total dry weight;
while the 25% SN produced the highest values in plant height (59.4 cm), SPAD
readings (71.7), floral stem length (61 cm), spike length (11 cm), number of
flowers per stem (12), stem thickness (5.0 mm) and flower vessel life (12 d).
Neither the number of leaves per plant nor the root dry weight were different
among treatments. The maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fm/Fv) was
similar in all treatments (P > 0.05), in both planting dates, with an
average of 0.81.

ISSN: 0187-7380

BIOLOGÍA

BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Referencia bibliográfica: 37
de 76

Título: Seed germination of Agave species as influenced by
substrate water potential

Resumen: Background: Plants of Agave spp. perform
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and are highly drought-tolerant, but little
is known concerning seed germination under low water availability. The aim of
this study was to assess the effect of substrate water potential (psi(W)) on
seed germination and contrast hydrotime parameters of seven valuable and
commercially-important Agave species from different geographical distributions
and climatic regions of Mexico. Our hypothesis was that seed germination of
Agave species is not affected by low water availability independently of seed
biomass and the climate of their distribution area. Results: Seed germination
(at 25 degrees C and in the dark) between 85 and 100% for all species occurred
within 80-180 h at -0.03 MPa and 250-430 h at -1.0 MPa. Seed germination at
-1.5 MPa declined to less than 50% (p < 0.05) for A. asperrima and A.
cupreata but did not change significantly for A. americana var. marginata, A.
lechuguilla and A. striata, although they showed the lowest mean base water
potential (-2.01 to -2.64 MPa). Seed germination of 40% Agave species, from
arid and semi-arid climates in this study, was not affected by the lower
psi(W). Conclusion: Germination of seeds of Agave species is moderately
affected by low water availability, is partially dependent of their ecological
distribution, and is independent of seed mass.

ISSN: 0716-9760

BOSQUES

FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

Referencia bibliográfica: 38 de 76

Título: Comparative genetic responses to climate in the
varieties of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii: Reforestation

Resumen: Impacts of climate change on the climatic niche of
the sub-specific varieties of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii and on
the adaptedness of their populations are considered from the viewpoint of
reforestation. In using climate projections from an ensemble of 17 general
circulation models targeting the decade surrounding 2060, our analyses suggest
that a portion of the lands occupied today primarily by castal varieties of
each species contain genotypes that should remain suitable for the future
climate. A much larger portion, particularly for

varieties occupying inland sites, should require
either introduction of better suited species or conversion to better adapted
genotypes. Regeneration strategies are considered with the goal of matching
growth potential of contemporary populations to the future climate where that
potential can be realized. For some lands, natural reproduction should be
suitable, but most lands will require forest renewal to maintain forest health,
growth, and productivity. Projected impacts also illustrate the urgent need for
conservation programs for P. menziesii in Mexico.

ISSN: 0378-1127

eISSN: 1872-7042

Referencia bibliográfica: 39 de 76

Título: Comparative genetic responses to climate in the
varieties of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii: Clines in growth
potential

Resumen: Height growth data were assembled from 10 Pinus
ponderosa and 17 Pseudotsuga menziesii provenance tests. Data from the
disparate studies were scaled according to climate similarities of the
provenances to provide single datasets for 781 P. ponderosa and 1193 P.
menziesii populations. Mixed effects models were used for two sub-specific
varieties of each species to describe dines in growth potential associated with
provenance climate while accounting for study effects not eliminated by
scaling. Variables related to winter temperatures controlled genetic variation
within the varieties of both species. Clines were converted to climatypes by
classifying genetic variation, using variation within provenances in relation
to the slope of the dine to determine climatype breadth. Climatypes were
broader in varieties of P. ponderosa than in P. menziesii and were broader for
varieties inhabiting coastal regions of both species than for varieties from
interior regions. Projected impacts of climate change on adaptedness used
output from an ensemble of 17 general circulation models. Impacts were
dependent on dine steepness and climatype breadth but implied that maintaining
adaptedness of populations to future climates will require a redistribution of
genotypes across forested landscapes.

Resumen: The Random Forests classification algorithm was used
to predict the occurrence of the realized climate niche for two sub-specific
varieties of Pinus ponderosa and three varieties of Pseudotsuga menziesii from
presence-absence data in forest inventory ground plots. Analyses were based on
ca. 271,000 observations for P. ponderosa and ca. 426,000 observations for P.
menziesii, with ca. 6% of the observations in each dataset Referencia
bibliográfica: ing the presence of one of the varieties. Classification errors
to the respective databases attributable to fitting the models were ca. 5%,
most of which were from falsely predicting varietal occurrence. Confusion in
classifying varieties was nil. The primary drivers of the niche model were
summer precipitation, winter precipitation and summer degree-days >5 C for
the varieties of P. ponderosa and the summer-winter temperature differential,
summer maximum temperatures and summer precipitation for the varieties of P.
menziesii. Projected impacts of global warming using output from an ensemble of
17 general circulation models were greater for P. ponderosa than for P.
menziesii and for varieties of both species from inland climates than from
coastal. Projected impacts imply dire consequences for the varieties of P. menziesii
occurring in Mexico.

Resumen: Tree mortality due to competition is one of the key
drivers of forest succession in Canadian boreal mixedwood forests. We analyzed
survival probability of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white
spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) trees and saplings, growing in pure and mixed
stands experiencing self-thinning, in the Boreal Forest Natural Region of
Alberta, Canada. Generalized logistic regression models were utilized to
evaluate the effects of tree and stand characteristics on the survival
probability of both species. Absolute size of the individuals, characterized by
diameter at breast height, had a positive effect on the survival of both aspen
and spruce. Aspen experienced decreasing survival with size, which is most
likely linked to age rather than competition. Significant effects of basal area
of trees larger than the subject tree indicated that one-sided inter- and
intra-specific competition, rather than two-sided, is the primary driving force
of competition-related mortality for both aspen and spruce. Periodic annual increment
in diameter was a better predictor of survival than basal area of larger trees,
indicating that growth rate is the most important individual characteristic
that defines survival of both aspen and spruce in these self-thinning stands.

Resumen: The structure and diversity of a semi-evergreen
tropical forest in the Andres Quintana Roo ejido, located in the municipality
of Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo, Mexico, was analyzed. To this end, six
sampling units of 20 x 50 m (1,000 m(2)), two units per tropical forest
development condition (age of disturbance), were established: a) forest fire 10
years ago (C10), b) agricultural use 24 years ago (C20) and c) pastoral use 33
years ago (C30). Forest structure was characterized by the diameter and height
distribution of individuals in each condition, as well as using the importance
value (IVI) and forest value (FVI) indices. Pouteria reticulata was the species
with the highest IVI and Ficus sp. had the highest FVI, both in C10 and C20,
while Bursera simaruba and Lysiloma latisiliquum obtained the highest WI and
FVI, respectively, in C30. Species diversity was evaluated using proportional
abundance (Shannon: H') and floristic similarity (Sorensen: IS) indices.
Species diversity of seedlings, poles and saplings was higher in C10, C30 and
C20, respectively. Poles had on average floristic similarities of 60 % between
forest development conditions, while seedlings and saplings had less than 50 %.

ISSN: 0186-3231

eISSN: 2007-4018

Referencia
bibliográfica: 43 de 76

Título: BIOLOGICAL QUIALITY OF WASTEWATER USED IN IRRIGATION
OF FORAGE CROPS IN TULANCINGO, HIDALGO, MEXICO

Resumen: The use of wastewater in irrigation of forage crops
is a practice that increases daily in areas where water, for this purpose, is
scarce. However, growers, when being in direct contact with wastewater, suffer
from gastrointestinal diseases caused by coliforms and parasites (helminths).
In the present study, we evaluated fecal coliform (in wastewater, soil and
plants) and helminths (in wastewater) in module II, Irrigation District 028,
Tulancingo, Hidalgo. Bacteriological and helminth analyzes were consistent with
the methodologies reported in the NMX-AA-003-1980, NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996, PROY
NMX-AA-042-SCEI-2008 and section 9810 APHA. A total 16 water sampling sites
were determined in irrigation channels and 54 samples of both soil and plants
were taken. The highest fecal coliform concentrations were 2 x 10(10) MPN.100
mL(-1) of water, 10(9) MPN.100 g(-1) of soil, 10(9) MPN.100 g(-1) of root and 3
x 10(9) MPN.100 g(-1) of stem. Eleven of the 16 sampling sites were helminths.
We suggest treating wastewater before use, to prevent health problems among
growers.

Resumen: The effects petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) on the
morphological and physiological responses of roots have not been well studied.
This research evaluated the root hydraulic responses of Medicago sativa
seedlings exposed to diesel. Seeds were germinated in test tubes with 1%
water-agar contaminated with diesel (3000, 6000, 9000, 12 000, 15 000, 18 000
and 21 000 mu L L-1), and uncontaminated test tubes were used as controls (0 mu
L L-1). Ten days-old roots were detached to determine root anatomy, hydraulic
conductivity (K-h), specific hydraulic conductivity (K-s), percentage of loss
conductivity (PLC), and leaf water potential (Psi(lw)). Root morphological
changes were related to the loss of tetrarch arrangement; however, the number
of metaxylem vessels increased in response to diesel. Increasing diesel
concentrations resulted in diminished K-h and K-s values, as well as enhanced
PLC values. Diesel contamination resulted in the accumulation of superoxide and
hydrogen peroxide in root cells, as determined by confocal microscopy.

Resumen: Aims In plants, resource allocation to growth and
reproduction may depart from trade-off expectations if (i) investment in growth
and reproduction relies on different reFuentepools, (ii) allocation to
reproduction is dependent upon reaching some growth threshold or (iii)
reproduction is developmentally linked to growth, both functions relying on the
same resource pool. We examined the effects of enhanced resource level on
patterns of resource allocation to growth and reproduction in holm oak (Quercus
ilex sbsp. ballota), a Mediterranean evergreen tree. Methods In the
experimental year (2003), we manipulated the amount of soil nutrients in autumn
(to increase nutrient uptake during shoot elongation in the following spring)
and soil water in summer (to increase water uptake during acorn growth).
Indicators of growth and male and female reproduction were estimated in the
pre-experimental (2002), experimental (2003) and post-experimental (2004)
years. Important Findings Fertilized trees produced significantly longer
shoots, but the number of female flowers per shoot was not affected by
treatments. The production of male catkins was also enhanced by fertilization.
Irrigation did not affect the production of female flowers or abortion rates.
Growth and female reproduction showed no consistent relationship in untreated
trees, but resource addition elicited a growth-female reproduction trade-off in
the experimental year. The sign of this significant relationship changed in the
post-experimental year, indicating the existence of lagged effects of resource
manipulation on acorn production. Overall, patterns of allocation to growth and
reproduction varied as a function of sex, resource availability and year, a
result consistent with extreme allocational plasticity in holm oak.

ISSN: 1752-9921

BOTANICAL SCIENCES

Referencia
bibliográfica: 48 de76

Título: Biochemical and physiological responses of Agave
Species to moisture restriction

Resumen: Mexico has the greatest richness of Agave species, distributed
in diverse environments. In order to contribute to the knowledge on ways to
tolerate moisture constraints, the effect of two water potential (Psi) in the
substrate (-0.7 and -3.5 MPa) on growth, biomass allocation, leaf thickness and
proline content in two species of the subgenus Littaea (A. lechuguilla and A.
striata), and six of the subgenus Agave (A. Americana var. marginata, A.
angust(olia subsp. tequilana, A. asperrima, A. cupreata, A. duranguesis and A.
salmiana), recognized for its economic and ecological importance, was evaluated
during 14 months and under greenhouse conditions. Low moisture inhibited
biomass accumulation in the eighth species; despite this, growth (number of
leaves and plant coverage) kept in those more adapted to aridity or with
broader environmental tolerant limits as A. angustifolia subsp. tequilana, A.
duranguensis, A. lechuguilla, and A. salmiana. The limiting Psi promoted
greater biomass allocation to roots at expense of leaves in some species, and
duplication of radical proline in species of the subgenus Agave. The
modification of biomass allocation and the increase of proline, as forms to
tolerate moisture restriction, presented only in part of the species studied.
In contrast, maintaining the thickness of the sheet (indicator of turgidity)
was a general reaction to limiting Psi. Agave species have diverse
physiological and biochemical responses, which reflect its wide tolerance to
adverse environmental conditions and explains the wide ecological distribution
of the genus.

Resumen: NAC transcription factors (TF) play important roles
in regulating osmotic stress tolerance in plants. We tested the expression of
57 NAC genes in the presence of NaCl in young leaves of two elite rice
cultivars, Cotaxtla and Tres Rios, which display contrasting responses to
salinity at the biochemical and physiological levels. Using qRT-PCR, the
expression of 41 out of 57 NAC genes was validated, of which 23 showed
regulation by NaCl. We identified two NAC genes (Os02g56600 and Os12g07790)
induced in Cotaxtla, but repressed in Tres Rios when plants were exposed to 100
mM NaCl in nutrient solution. In both elite cultivars, treated plants showed
higher concentrations of total amino acids and proline in comparison to the
controls; in all cases, Cotaxtla plants accumulated more free amino acids and
proline than Tres Rios plants. Furthermore, shoot growth was more affected in
both cultivars, while root length was not reduced in treated plants in
comparison to the controls. We conclude that both elite rice cultivars exhibit
different expression patterns of NAC transcription factors as well as
biochemical and physiological responses to salt stress, giving rise to better
performance of Cotaxtla plants in comparison to Tres Rios plants under our
experimental conditions.

ISSN: 0137-5881

eISSN: 1861-1664

INVASIVE PLANT SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT

Referencia
bibliográfica:50 de 76

Título: Hyparrhenia variabilis and Hyparrhenia cymbaria
(Poaceae): New for the Americas, Successful in Mexico

Resumen: Hyparrhenia cymbaria (boat thatching grass, ipopo
grass) and Hyparrhenia variabilis (no common name), robust African savanna
grasses with complex taxonomies, have not yet been reported for the Americas.
Large populations were found in central Jalisco, northeastern Michoacan, and
Morelos, Mexico. The species grow in maize and sorghum fields as well as on
roadsides and in old fields, but always in association with present or past
sorghum cultivation; this suggests introduction through contaminated seed material
from Africa. Because of the size and density of the populations, and their
native ecology, they are both agriculturalpests as well as a potentially
dangerous invaders for the American (sub)tropical grasslands and native
scrublands, including the southern United States. The invasion underlines the
importance of effective phytosanitary controls of the seed supply.

ISSN: 1939-7291

eISSN: 1939-747X

BRITTONIA

Referencia
bibliográfica: 51 de 76

Título: Morphology and anatomy of the flower tribe
Hamelieae (Rubiaceae)

Resumen: We studied floral morphology and anatomy of
seven genera of the tribe Hamelieae sensu Manns & Bremer with the goal to
evaluate the potential of these characters in the circumscription of the tribe.
Twenty two species of Hamelieae were studied as well as ten representative
species of the Cinchonoideae, Ixoroideae, and Rubioideae subfamilies for
comparative purposes. The Hamelieae members had stamens adnate to the corolla
base, anther dorsifixed with introrse dehiscence, amphivasal vascular bundle in
the filament, endothecium of one layer of cells, papillose stigma, axile
placentation, orthotropous and unitegmic ovules, epidermal cells of the
integument with tannins, and idioblasts with raphides in all whorls. Exostema
and Hintonia (Cinchonoideae) share with Hamelieae the stamens adnate to the
corolla base and the imbricate aestivation. However, these genera are unlike of
the tribe because they have anthers with latrorse dehiscence, round filaments,
ovoid styles with a constriction, anatropous ovules with basipetal orientation,
and idioblasts with druses or crystal sands. Rubioideae and Cinchonoideae
representatives unlike Hamelieae and species of Cinchonoideae studied have
valvate and contorted to the left aestivation, anthers dorsifixed at the middle,
stamens adnate to the throat of the corolla, and trichomes in the throat of the
corolla tube. The imbricate aestivation, the occurrence of raphides, and the
adnate stamens of the corolla base supported the relationships among Hamelieae
and Cinchonoideae as suggested by molecular phylogenies.

Resumen: The Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones
Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), in Zacatepec Morelos, started a
genetic improvement program of wild and semi-cultivated poinsettia plants
("nochebuena de sol. It is important to generate a phytosanitary database
that allows the release of new varieties and hybrids that provide tolerance to
the major pathogens reported in cultivated poinsettia plants. The phytosanitary
status of the "nochebuena de sol" plants is not available in Mexico,
so the objective of this research was to generate preliminary data about
viruses associated to these materials. Based on DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR results,
we reported the presence of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Poinsettia
mosaic virus (PnMV) in wild and semi-cultivated poinsettia plants for the first
time in Mexico.

Resumen: Moringa oleifera is a plant with a high
biotechnology potential due to its high content of proteins, carbohydrates and
lipids, and secondary metabolites. Some of their secondary compounds have been
advocated for traditional medicinal uses. This work shows an overview of the
histological organization and the composition of some biochemical components
(e.g.: enzymatic inhibitors, phytochemicals, enzymatic profiles and antifungal
potential) of different plant tissues. These components could be associated
with the physiology and defense mechanisms of the study plant species. These
activities were detected using synthetic substrates by conventional strategies
based on spectrophotometrical and zymography assays. Moringa oleifera presented
a typical histological array for dicotyledonous plants. According to the
phytochemical assay, leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity, which
could be related with their contents of phenolic compounds. Also, trypsin
inhibitors were detected in different parts of the plant, indicating possible
implications as defensive traits:The presence and abundance of the detected
compounds could be associated with a general status of the physiology of the
plant. It should be noted, however, that all components detected could be involved
in plant defense mechanisms.

ISSN: 1851-5657

CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES

SOIL & SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION

Referencia
bibliográfica: 54 de 76

Título: Assessment of Tannery Waste in Semi-arid Soils Under
a Simulated Rainfall System

Resumen: The use of tannery sludge in arid soils could be
promising due to the high content of organic carbon and nitrogen. However,
tannery waste also contains high amounts of Cr and salts that could leach into
drainage water in response to rainfall. In order to study the effects of two
tannery wastes as organic fertilizers on two types of semi-arid soils,
simulated rainfall experiments were carried out. Soils collected from under and
outside a mesquite tree canopy were amended with fleshing waste and/or tannery
sludge and incubated 0 to 6 months prior to being subjected to simulated
rainfall. The parameters measured were: infiltration, runoff, soil and Cr
losses, andNH(4)(+)-N and NO3—N released after a rainfall event. Results showed
that fleshing waste added to soils from outside the canopy tree was the most
effective treatment for decreasing runoff, soil losses, and Cr, NH4+-N and
NO3—N loss in runoff and infiltration, in general. However, the same treatment
had the opposite results for soil under the canopy. These results indicate that
the types of waste and soil must be taken into consideration when attempting to
improve physical and chemical characteristics of semi-arid soils. Thus, the use
of tannery waste represents a potential hazard, not only causing soil erosion
but also Cr contamination in adjacent sites and aquifers.

Resumen: The objective of the present study was to determine
the optimum total lysine level on the productive variables, carcass
characteristics and plasma urea nitrogen concentration in growing-finishing
barrows. The effect of four levels of total lysine on growing (0.95, 1.05, 1.15
and 1.25%) and finishing pigs (0.75, 0.85, 0.95 and 1.05%) was evaluated on
growth performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma urea nitrogen
concentration. Ratios of threonine, methionine and tryptophan to lysine
remained constant. 24 crossbred pigs were used, with initial live weight 23.3
+/- 3.4 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with six
replications, a pig was the experimental unit. Optimum biological levels (OBL)
for the variables that showed statistical differences among treatments were
determined. In the growing phase there were not significant differences for
both growth performance and carcass characteristics. In the finishing phase
there were significant differences for growth performance variables. The OBL
for average daily gain, feed: gain ratio and fat free lean gain was 0.88% total
lysine; meanwhile the OBL for average daily feed intake was 0.961% total
lysine. Maintaining the relationship established threonine (0.68%), methionine
(0.26%) and tryptophan (0.18%) with referenced to lysine. The total lysine
requirement for growing pigs is greater than 0.75%, whilst respecting the
relationship between threonine, methionine and tryptophan.

ISSN: 0798-2259

CONSERVACIÓN DE LA BIODIVERSIDAD

TROPICAL CONSERVATION SCIENCE

Referencia
bibliográfica: 57 de 76

Título: Potential distributional patterns of three wild
ungulate species in a fragmented tropical region of northeastern Mexico.

Resumen: In the northernmost American tropical forests of
eastern Mexico, we analyzed the potential distribution of three ungulate
species, Odocoileus virginianus, Mazama temama and Pecari tajacu, in response
to several physical, climatic, biological, and anthropogenic variables, in
order to identify environmental factors affecting distribution and potential
key areas for ungulate conservation. Current presence resources for these
species were gathered, and potential distribution models were built using
Maximum Entropy niche modeling (MaxEnt). Model suitabilitysurfaces were used to
calculate remaining potential habitat areas in theregion, as well as the
potential sympatric area and representation of these areas in Natural Protected
Areas. Biological and anthropogenic variables were the best species
distribution predictors. Landscapecomposition (the proportion of different
land-use and land-cover classes: forest, agriculture, and pasture) within approximately
120 ha, was the most important variable for all models, influencing each
species differently with respect to their tolerance of altered habitats. The
remaining potential area of all three species is fragmented and has apparently
been nearly lost in plains (<14% remaining). Distribution models allowed us
to detect an important location in the western portion of our study area which
may function as a large biological corridor in the Sierra Madre Oriental
mastogeographic province, a region heavily transformed by land use change. In
the context of habitat transformation, management promoting quality matrix at
the landscape level promises to be a viable alternative for ungulate
conservation in tropical regions of Mexico.

Resumen: Prior to modeling the potential distribution of a
species it is recommended to carry out analyses to reduce errors in the model,
especially those caused by the spatial autocorrelation of presence data or the
multi-collinearity of the environmental predictors used. This paper proposes
statistical methods to solve drawbacks frequently disregarded when such models
are built. We use spatial resources of 3 species characteristic of the Mexican
humid mountain forest and 2 sets of original variables. The selection of
presence-only resources with no autocorrelation was made by applying both
randomness and pattern analyses. Through principal component analysis (PCA) the
2 sets of original variables were transformed into 4 different sets to produce
the species distribution models with the modeling application in Maxent. Model
precision was higher than 90% applying a binomial test and was always higher
than 0.9 with the area under the curve (AUC) and with the partial receiver
operating characteristic (ROC). The results show that the resources selected
with the randomness method proposed here and the use of the PCA to select the
environmental predictors generated more parsimonious predictive models, with a
precision higher than 95%, and in addition, the response variables show no
spatial autocorrelation.

Resmen: We conducted a year-long field experiment to
investigate how nitrogen addition affected decomposition of Piscidia piscipula
and Gymnopodium floribundum along a precipitation gradient in the Yucatan
Peninsula, Mexico. Nitrogen addition did not affect decomposition rates at the
drier sites. However, fertilization at the wettest site increased the
decomposition of Gymnopodium litter and decreased the decomposition of Piscidia
litter. Water-soluble carbon and lignin, and water-soluble carbon and nitrogen
concentrations were the best predictors of decomposition for Gymnopodium and
Piscidia litters, respectively. We conclude that the effects of nitrogen
addition on decomposition will vary from site to site as a function of mean
annual precipitation, inherent soil fertility, and species identity.

Resumen: In order to study and take advantage of the genetic
diversity present in wild relatives of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L), it is
necessary to continue exploring new germplasm sources to find novel genes that
contribute to generate new varieties with improved yield and quality
characteristics. An interspecific cross between S. pimpinellifolium line 11904
and S. lycopersicum line LOR82 was made to obtain an F, population, aiming to
of estimate the degree of dominance, heterosis, broad-sense heritability of
different traits in the F, population and measuring phenotypic variation
between parents. The parents resuited statistically different (p <= 0.05)
for most of the traits, except for pH. The species S. pimpinellifolium
expressed a high degree of dominance in fruit size related traits (PPF, LF and
AF) and earliness related traits (DM and DFPR), while Brix showed additivity.
Most values of heterosis were negative, but NTF (183.93%), NFPR (5.08%) and DM
(7.34%) were positive. Traits affecting fruit weight and size showed a high
degree of heritability (112) (>0.88) as well as Brix (0.86). According

to these results, germplasm derived from LOR82 line
and 11904 line presented useful traits for breeding programs in Mexico.

ISSN: 0378-1844

Referencia
bibliográfica: 62 de 76

Título: TRACE METALS CONCENTRATION IN CONDENSED WATER FROM
THE ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO

Resumen: The shortage of drinking water is a serious problem
that makes it necessary to seek new options to mitigate it, being atmospheric
water harvesting an option. However, it is necessary to ensure the obtained
water quality, especially in areas with high levels of air pollution, such as
the Valley of Mexico. This study evaluated, in water collected by condensation
in the Valley of Mexico, the following variables: electric conductivity (EC)
and pH, measured with a conductivity meter/potentiometer; and concentrations of
Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn, determined by an inductively
coupled plasma (ICP) spectrophotometer, following the methods recommended by
EPA and APHA. The study was conducted in three areas: one in Texcoco, State of
Mexico; and two in Mexico City (central and northern areas). In each site, 25
samples were taken from May to August 2010. Water was collected with a
prototype called 'Higroiman' (hygro-magnet), which lowers the temperature of
the contact surface with environment to induce the dew point and condense the
atmospheric humidity. A test of means (Tukey, P <= 0,05) was applied to the
results and these were compared with the permissible limits of drinking water
established by WHO. The EC of atmospheric water is between 56,4 and 87,05 mu
S.cm(-1), while pH values are between 6,58 and 6,63. In some samples, Al, Fe
and Pb exceeded the permissible limits.

ISSN: 0378-1844

ECONOMÍA

APPLIED ECONOMICS

Referencia bibliográfica: 63
de 76

Título: Economic growth as a function of human capital,
internet and work

Resumen: The World Bank has suggested the need to enhance
Information and

Communication Technology skills in all sectors because
a 10% increase in internet connectivity was found to boost GDP growth by 1.38%.
Simultaneously, the OECD argued that high internet access rates generate a 2%
increase in GDP. Because the internet positively affects economic growth, we
investigated the relationship between an economically active population, human
capital and technology to evaluate these effects in Mexico. A data series from
1991 to 2010 was analysed in three stages according to the least-squares
method. A Cobb-Douglas function under the Solow model was considered.
Technology and internet access were found to positively affect top-level
students and graduate students and thus contribute to the global innovation
index.

Resumen: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an intensively
cultivated fruit in Mexico, the leading exporter of this product in the world.
One important limiting factor in mango production is the white mango scale
(Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead; Hemiptera: Diaspididae). White mango scale
infestation causes irreversible leaf yellowing and death, and it lowers fruit
quality below export requirements. Feeding mechanisms of these diaspidids have
not been extensively studied; no histological studies on this subject are
known. We histologically analyzed leaf tissues penetrated by the stylet bundle
(SB) of white mango scale females, in order to follow the SB cellular path, to
observe the extent of visually-detectable leaf cell damage, and to determine if
this insect feeds on phloem sap. Mango plants of cv. 'Manila' were artificially
infested with this insect in the laboratory. Histological slices from infested
leaves were processed for microscope observation of the intact SB. Through this
process a complete SB could not be observed, so its full accurate length could
not be reported. However, the SB length was estimated at 3 mm, i.e., 3 times
the total length of the female body length, which was 1 mm. The SB path inside
the leaf was mostly intracellular through the mesophyll, but it also pierced
lignified xylem cells and nutrient-rich phloem tissues in the vascular bundles.
Thick red masses were formed along the SB path, possibly containing phenolic
compounds. Cell lysis or collapse was not observed in the SB-injured leaf
tissue.

ISSN: 0015-4040

eISSN: 1938-5102

COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN

Referencia
bibliográfica: 65 de 76

Título: SEED BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH
SEEDS OF PAVONIA CAV. (MALVACEAE), WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND NOTES
ON THREE OTHERS

Resumen: The species of Bruchidae associated with seeds of
Pavonia Cav. (Malvaceae) are treated here, including Acanthoscelides bellamyi
Romero, new species, which feeds on seeds of Pavonia chlorantha (Kunth)
Fryxell. Notes are provided for Acanthoscelides elevatus (Sharp),
Acanthoscelides machiques Johnson, and Acanthoscelides pavoniestes Johnson. A
key is included to aid in identifying the species of Bruchidae associated with
the genus Pavonia.

Resumen: Diaphorina citri is the vector of Huanglongbing
disease, which is currently in 12 of 23 citrus producing states in Mexico,
including Tabasco, where there are 15,406 ha of these crops. The aim of this
study was to determine the population dynamics of D. citri and its relation
with the abundance of vegetative shoots, temperature and precipitation in
Huimanguillo, Tabasco. The work was done by sampling fortnightly from September
2010 to August 2011 in a plantation of Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) of
1 ha. Population dynamics of eggs and nymphs was determined by collecting
vegetative shoots, and adult dynamics by capturing them in yellow sticky traps.
The highest incidence of D. citri was between March and June, coinciding with
the abundance of vegetative shoots and high temperature. The abundance of eggs
and nymphs showed high correlation with that of vegetative shoots, moderate
correlation with temperature, and negative correlation with rainfall. The
incidence of adults exhibited a moderately correlation with temperature and a
low correlation with abundance of vegetative shoots and precipitation.

ISSN: 0120-0488

FARMACOLOGÍA Y FARMACIA

JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE

Referencia
bibliográfica: 67 de 76

Título: Factors affecting ethnobotanical knowledge in a
mestizo community of the Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.

Resumen: Background: Worldwide, mestizo communities's
ethnobotanical knowledge has been poorly studied. Based on a mestizo group in
Mexico, this study assesses a) the use value (UV) of the local flora, b)
gendered differences in plant species, and c) the association between
socio-economic variables and ethnobotanical knowledge. Methods: To assess the
degree of knowledge of plant resources, weconducted 41 interviews collecting information on knowledge of local
plant resources and the socio-economic situation of the informant. We also collected
free listings of useful plants by category of use to identify the UV of each
species. With the support of key informants, we photographed and collected the
plant material Referencia bibliográfica: ed during the interviews and free
listings on five different habitats. Paired t-tests and a Wilcoxon signed rank
test were used to determine differences in the number of species known by men
and women. Differences in distribution were analyzed by means of the
Shapiro-Wilk's W normality tests. To determine the association of
socio-economic factors and Ethnobotanical knowledge, we used a non-metric
multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS). Results: Informants listed 185
species. Medicinal plants constituted the most diverse group (90 species).
Tropical deciduous forest is the habitat that concentrates the highest
proportion of plant resources (80 species). The use-values were classified into
three groups: A (4-6 UV; three species), B (0.35-1.37 UV; 39 species) and C
(0-0.29 UV; 143 species). High-quality wood species and those associated to
religious ceremonies had the highest UV. Women's and men's knowledge of plant
species showed statistically significant differences at the interspecific and
the intracategorical levels (Student's test, T15 = 4.8, p < 0.001).
Occupation, gender and age were statistically significant associated to
ethnobotanical knowledge (p < 0.05), whereas income, education level, and
place of origin were not. Conclusion: This research improves our understanding
of the socio-economic activities associated with the intracultural distribution
of ethnobotanical knowledge among mestizo Mexican communities. It also provides
information on plant resources and habitats and how local peasants value them.
This information could help in the development of proposals to improve
biocultural conservation and strengthen traditional knowledge systems for
effective forest management.

Resumen: Several species of Annonaceae family produce edible
fruit. They are cultivated in commercial orchards or collected in an
extractivism way in different parts of the world. The Annona genus has many
species, but only a few of them are edible. Among them only a few ones are
commercially cultivated, the most important economically are: (soursop) Annona
muricata, (custard apple) Annona squamosa and Annona cherimola (cherimoya)
especially; atemoya (hybrid between A. squamosa x A. cherimola) also presents
in increasing importance. They are important economically for many countries in
Africa, Asia and America (Central, North and South). The main producing
countries are: cherimoya production in Australia, Chile, Spain, the United
States, New Zealand and Israel in soursop; Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and Costa
Rica in custard apple: India, Brazil, Thailand, Philippines and Cuba. Fruit
yield of Annonaceae in several producing countries is relatively low, due to
the inappropriate use of management techniques (irrigation, fertilization,
pruning, pollination, insect and disease control, etc.). In Brazil, the most
important commercial crops with Annonaceae are: custard apple, soursop and
atemoya. The objective of this study is to present the current status and
perspectives for the Annonaceae in Brazil and worldwide. The cultivation is
characterized mainly by small farmers, especially using the family labor. In
general it can be considered that this group of fruits presents increasing
important socio-economic values within the producing countries, but considering
international market it recently presents more and more importance, because of
their status as exotic fruit showing excellent qualities, including the
functional value, such as vitamins, antioxidants and other functional
properties. The increase in consumption of Annonaceae may be intensified if the
producing countries implement an aggressive marketing program demonstrating its
nutritional and functional qualities for consumers health.

ISSN: 0100-2945

INFORMÁTICA MÉDICA

THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION & REGULATORY SCIENCE*

Referencia
bibliográfica: 70 de 76

Título: On the Importance in Clinical Trials That Critical
Regions for Comparing 2 Independent Proportions Must Be Barnard Convex Sets

Resumen: The non-inferiority and superiority (NI/S)
formulations to evaluate a new treatment are frequently used in
active-controlled clinical trials. A key assumption for the NI/S statistical
tests that compare 2 independent proportions is that corresponding critical
regions are Barnard convex sets. This assumption allows significant reduction
in the computation time required to calculate test sizes for these tests. This
study presents arguments that both types of testing procedures (NI/S) require
the corresponding critical regions to be Barnard convex sets. Otherwise, these
tests may become meaningless. Notably, the critical regions of the well-known
Blackwelder and Hauck-Anderson tests are not Barnard convex sets for many
sample sizes.

Resumen: The protective mechanisms employed by arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (AMP) to reduce the toxic effects of arsenic on host plants
remain partially unknown. The goal of this research was identifying the in situ
localization and speciation of arsenic (As) in the AM fungus Rhizophagus
intraradices [formerly named Glomus intraradices] exposed to arsenate [As(V)].
By using a two-compartment in vitro fungal cultures of R.
intraradices-transformed carrot roots, microspectroscopic X-ray fluorescence (mu-XRF),
and microspectroscopic X-ray absorption near edge structure (mu-XANES), we
observed that As(V) is absorbed after 1 h in the hyphae of AMP. Three hours
after exposure a decrease in the concentration of As was noticed and after 24
and 72 h no detectable As concentrations were perceived suggesting that As
taken up was pumped out from the hyphae. No As was detected within the roots or
hyphae in the root compartment zone three or 45 h after exposure. This suggests
a dual protective mechanism to the plant by rapidly excluding As from the
fungus and preventing As translocation to the plant root. mu-XANES data showed
that gradual As(V) reduction occurred in the AM hyphae between 1 and 3 h after
arsenic exposure and was completed after 6 h. Principal component analysis
(PCA) and linear combination fitting (LCF) of mu-XANES data showed that the
dominant species after reduction of As (V) by R. intraradices extra-radical
hyphal was As (III) complexed with a reduced iron(II) carbonate compound. The
second most abundant As species present was As (V) iron hydroxides. The
remaining As (III) compounds identified by the LCF analyses suggested these
molecules were made of reduced As and S. These results increase our knowledge
on the mechanism of As transport in AMP and validate our hypotheses that R.
intraradices directly participates in arsenic detoxification. These fungal
mechanisms may help AMP colonized plants to increase their tolerance to As at
contaminated sites. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British
Mycological Society.

Resumen: Predation by the mite Lasioseius penicilliger was
studied on three nematode species, i.e. infective larval stages (L3) of
Haemonchus contortus and adults of Panagrellus redivivus and Rhabditis sp.
Experiments were carried out in 5.5-cm diameter Petri dishes containing 2%
water-agar over a period of 5 days. Batches of up to 1500 third-stage larvae
(L3) of H. contortus and 1000 adult nematodes of P. redivivus and Rhabditis sp.
were exposed to five mites in separate Petri dishes. Upon contact, each mite
used its pedipalp and legs to identify and hold its prey and then used its
chelicerae to feed upon the prey. Predation by L. penicilliger was chance
dependent but mites became aggregated around any injured/damaged prey, thereby
suggesting some form of chemoperception. The rate of predation on the three
species of nematodes was high but L3 of H. contortus and adult Rhabditis sp.
were preferred.

ISSN: 0022-149X

RECURSOS HIDRAÚLICOS

TECNOLOGÍA Y CIENCIAS DEL AGUA

Referencia
bibliográfica: 73 de 76

Título: Hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Duero River
basin and regulations for domestic use.

Resumen: This work was carried out in the Duero River basin,
in the northwest portion of the State of Michoacan. Its main objective was to
evaluate the chemical composition of groundwater for domestic use, with an
emphasis on heavy metals due to their potential effects on human health.
Regulations for drinking water quality control were reviewed so as to discuss
the implications and limitations of their implementation based on the results
obtained. The physicochemical composition of samples from 17 sites was analyzed
on two different sampling dates to determine pH, EC, t(oC), major ions and
heavy metals using standard methodologies. Data was processed using
multivariate statistical analysis techniques (principal components analysis,
PCA). EC varied from 135 to 880 mS cm-land pH ranged from 6.28 to 7.83. The
main water families found were: magnesium-bicarbonate, calcium-bicarbonate and
sodium-calcium-bicarbonate. Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe concentrations were within safe
limits for human consumption. Pb was detected at all the sampling sites and
exceeded the maximum allowable limits for human consumption. The factors
associated with the Fuente of the chemical components of the water were:
basaltic rocks with olivine and feldspars minerals and calcite. Pb
concentration was associated with volcanic clasts (siliceous sands).

Resumen: Modeling of the rainfall-runoff relationship (P-Q)
plays an important role in the planning and management of water resources in
plots and basins. Although many different hydrological models currently exist
to estimate this relationship, they are difficult to apply because they require
a large amount of data. A simpler and more attractive method for this type of
modeling is called the curve number (CN), which depends on a single parameter.
Nevertheless, its application requires knowing the dynamics of vegetation
cover, the hydraulic response of soil and the soil cover (e.g. agricultural
residues), since these factors influence the hydraulic response of the system.
A method similar to the CN in terms of simplicity is the model introduced by
Paz (2009), which considers two phases in the pattern that describes the P-Q
relationship- an exponential and a linear phase. This paper reviews the
expo-linear model using precipitation and runoff data for a period of 6 years
(1996-2001) on runoff plots with corn crops (different land management
systems). In this case, the CN model was used as a method to organize the
hydrological patterns resulting from different treatments. Based on the
patterns observed, only the linear phase of the expo-linear model was used to
estimate the P-Q relationship. The results showed a high correlation between
estimated and measured Q values (R2 = 0.99 for all management systems). It was
therefore concluded that the model can be reliably used as a simplified method
to model the P-Q relationship. The empirical results define a simple modeling
technique based on estimating the parameters of the expo-linear model.

ISSN: 0187-8336

SALUD PÚBLICA, AMBIENTAL Y
OCUPACIONAL

ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE

Referencia bibliográfica:75 de 76

Título: Inhibition of the growth and development of mosquito
larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) treated with extract from
leaves of Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Bignonaceae)

Resumen: Objective: To determine larvicidal activity of the
essential oil, hydrolat and botanical extracts derived from leaves of
Pseudocalymma alliaceum on mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Methods:
Croups of twenty larvae were used in the larvicidal assays. The mortality,
relative growth rate, the larval and pupal duration and viability was estimated.
The essential oil was analyzed by solid phase microextraction using gas
chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Results: Essential oil at 800 ppm
showed larvicidal activity at 24 h with lethal values of LC50 and LC90 of
267.33 and 493.63 ppm. The hydrolat at 20% and 10% on 2nd stage larvae showed
100% effectiveness after 24 h. The aqueous extract at 10% had a relative growth
index of 0.58, while the ethanolic and methanolic extract obtained values of
0.76 and 0.70 and control reached 0.99. Larvae treated with 10% of methanol,
ethanol and aqueous extract showed a reduction in larval duration of 5.00, 2.20
and 4.35 days; ethanol extract at 1% provoke decrease of 2.40 days in the
development and exhibited an increment of 3.30 days when treated with 0.01%.
Aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts at 10% reduced in 6.15, 3.42 and 5.57
days pupal development. The main compounds were diallyl disulfide (50.05%),
diallyl sulfide (11.77%) and trisulfide di-2-propenyl (10.37%). Conclusions:
The study demonstrated for the first time, he larvicidal activity of the
essential oil and hydrolat of Pseudocalymma alliaceum; aqueous, ethanol and
methanol extracts inhibited the normal growth and development of mosquito
larvae, prolonging and delaying larval and pupal duration.

Resumen: Prior knowledge of the local population structure of
entomopathogenic fungi is considered an important requisite when developing
microbial control strategies against major pests of crops such as white grubs.
An extensive survey in the estate of Guanajuato, one of the main agricultural
regions of Mexico, was carried out to determine the abundance and diversity of
entomopathogenic fungi in soil. Soil collected from 11 locations was baited for
entomopathogenic fungi using Galleria mellonella. In addition, all isolates
were morphologically identified and selected isolates of Beauveria and
Metarhizium isolates identified using Bloc and ITS or Elongation Factor
1-alpha, and ITS sequence information respectively. Genotypic diversity was
then studied using microsatellite genotyping. The proportion of isolates
belonging to each genus varied amongst all locations. The species Beauveria
bassiana, B. pseudobassiana and Metarhizium robertsii were found, with B.
bassiana being the most abundant and widely distributed. Microsatellite
genotyping showed that the 36 B. bassiana isolates were grouped in 29 unique
haplotypes, but with no separation according to geographical origin.