Newark is divided into five political wards; the East, West, South, North and Central wards and contains neighborhoods ranging in character from bustling urban districts to quiet suburban enclaves. Newark's Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nation's largest collection of cherry blossom trees, numbering over 5,000.[30][31][32][33]

Newark was settled in 1666 by ConnecticutPuritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as a theocratic assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas,[34] on October 31, 1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, which was first purchased on July 11, 1667. Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27, 1713, it was incorporated on February 21, 1798 by the New Jersey Legislature's Township Act of 1798, as one of New Jersey's initial group of 104 townships. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township (April 14, 1794), Caldwell Township (February 16, 1798; now known as Fairfield Township), Orange Township (November 27, 1806), Bloomfield Township (March 23, 1812) and Clinton Township (April 14, 1834, remainder reabsorbed by Newark on March 5, 1902). Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836, replacing Newark Township, based on the results of a referendum passed on March 18, 1836, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newark's Vailsburg.[35]

The name of the city is thought to derive from Newark-on-Trent, England, because of the influence by the original pastor, Abraham Pierson, who came from Yorkshire but may have ministered in Newark, Nottinghamshire.[36][37][38] But Pierson is also supposed to have said that the community reflecting the new task at hand should be named "New Ark" for "New Ark of the Covenant[39] and some of the colonists saw it as "New-Work", the settlers' new work with God. Whatever the origins, the name was shortened to Newark, although references to the name "New Ark" are found in preserved letters written by historical figures such as David Ogden in his claim for compensation, and James McHenry, as late as 1787.[40]

The city saw tremendous industrial and population growth during the 19th century and early 20th century, and experienced racial tension and urban decline in the second half of the 20th century, culminating in the 1967 Newark riots, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s.[42]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 26.107 square miles (67.617 km2), including 24.187 square miles (62.644 km2) of land and 1.920 square miles (4.973 km2) of water (7.35%) was water.[1][2] It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U.S., behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, Florida.[43] The city's altitude ranges from 0 (sea level) in the east to approximately 230 feet (70 m) above sea level in the western section of the city.[44] Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, with a few valleys formed by meandering streams. Historically, Newark's high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods; in the 19th century and early 20th century, the wealthy congregated on the ridges of Forest Hill, High Street, and Weequahic.[45]

Until the 20th century, the marshes on Newark Bay were difficult to develop, as the marshes were essentially wilderness, with a few dumps, warehouses, and cemeteries on their edges, during the 20th century, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was able to reclaim 68 acres (28 ha) of the marshland for the further expansion of Newark Airport, as well as the growth of the port lands.[29]

Newark is surrounded by residential suburbs to the west (on the slope of the Watchung Mountains), the Passaic River and Newark Bay to the east, dense urban areas to the south and southwest, and middle-class residential suburbs and industrial areas to the north. The city is the largest in New Jersey's Gateway Region, which is said to have received its name from Newark's nickname as the "Gateway City".[46]

Newark is New Jersey's largest and second-most racially diverse city (after neighboring Jersey City), it is divided into five political wards,[47] which are often used by residents to identify their place of habitation. In recent years, residents have begun to identify with specific neighborhood names instead of the larger ward appellations. Nevertheless, the wards remain relatively distinct. Industrial uses, coupled with the airport and seaport lands, are concentrated in the East and South Wards, while residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central, and West Wards.[48]

State law requires that wards be compact and contiguous and that the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest by more than 10% of the average ward size. Ward boundaries are redrawn, as needed, by a board of ward commissioners consisting of two Democrats and two Republicans appointed at the county level and the municipal clerk.[49] Redrawing of ward lines in previous decades have shifted traditional boundaries, so that downtown currently occupies portions of the East and Central Wards, the boundaries of the wards are altered for various political and demographic reasons and sometimes gerrymandered, especially the northeastern portion of the West Ward.[50][51][52]

In the 19th century, the Central Ward was inhabited by Germans and other white Catholic and Christian groups, the German inhabitants were later replaced by Jews, who were then replaced by Blacks. The increased academic footprint in the University Heights neighborhood has produced gentrification, with landmark buildings undergoing renovation. Located in the Central Ward is the largest health sciences university in the nation, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School. It is also home to three other universities – New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Rutgers University – Newark, and Essex County College. The Central Ward forms the present-day heart of Newark, and includes 26 public schools, two police precincts, including headquarters, four firehouses, and one branch library.[53]

Home in Forest Hill

The North Ward is surrounded by Branch Brook Park, its neighborhoods include Broadway, Mount Pleasant, Upper Roseville and the affluent Forest Hill section.[54] Forest Hill contains the Forest Hill Historic District, which is registered on state and national historic registers, and contains many older mansions and colonial homes. A row of residential towers with security guards and secure parking line Mt. Prospect Avenue in the Forest Hill neighborhood, the North Ward has lost geographic area in recent times; its southern boundary is now significantly further north than the traditional boundary near Interstate 280. The North Ward historically had a large Italian population; demographics have transitioned to Latino in recent decades, though the ward as a whole remains ethnically diverse.[54]

The South Ward comprises the Weequahic, Clinton Hill, Dayton, and South Broad Valley neighborhoods. The South Ward, once home to residents of predominately Jewish descent, now has ethnic neighborhoods made up primarily of African Americans and Hispanics, the South Ward is represented by Council Member John Sharpe James. The city's second-largest hospital, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, can be found in the South Ward, as can 17 public schools, five daycare centers, three branch libraries, one police precinct, a mini precinct, and three fire houses.[57]

The East Ward consists of much of Newark's Downtown commercial district, as well as the Ironbound neighborhood, where much of Newark's industry was located in the 19th century. Today, due to the enterprise of its immigrant population, the Ironbound (also known as "Down Neck" and "The Neck")[58] is a destination for shopping, dining, and nightlife.[59] A historically immigrant-dominated section of the city, the Ironbound in recent decades has been termed "Little Portugal" and "Little Brazil" due to its heavily Portuguese and Brazilian population; Newark being home to one of the largest Portuguese speaking communities in the United States. In addition, the East Ward has become home to various Latin Americans, African Americans, and commuters to Manhattan. Public education in the East Ward consists of East Side High School and six elementary schools, the ward is largely composed of densely packed housing, primarily large apartment buildings and rowhouses.[48][60][61]

Newark lies in the humid subtropical (KöppenCfa/Dfa), with mild, damp winters and hot, humid summers. The January daily mean is 32.6 °F (0.3 °C), and although temperatures below 10 °F (−12 °C) are to be expected in most years,[62] sub-0 °F (−18 °C) readings are rare; conversely, some days may warm up to 50 °F (10 °C). The average seasonal snowfall is 29.5 inches (75 cm), though variations in weather patterns may bring sparse snowfall in some years and several major Nor'easters in others, with the heaviest 24-hour fall of 25.9 inches (66 cm) occurring on December 26, 1947.[63] Spring and autumn in the area are generally unstable yet mild, the July daily mean is 77.4 °F (25.2 °C), and highs exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average 27 days per year,[63] not factoring in the oft-higher heat index.

The city receives precipitation ranging from 2.9 to 4.8 inches (74 to 122 mm) per month, usually falling on 8 to 12 days per month. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −14 °F (−26 °C) on February 9, 1934 to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.[63]

The city had a population of 277,140 as of the 2010 Census,[12] retaining its position as the largest city in the state and making it the nation's 67th most-populous municipality.[81] After reaching a peak of 442,337 residents counted in the 1930 Census, the city's population saw a decline of nearly 40% as residents moved to surrounding suburbs, with the increase in 2010 of 3,594 (+1.3%) from the 273,546 counted in the 2000 Census marking the second census in 70 years in which the city's population had grown from the previous enumeration.[9][10][11][82][83]

"White flight" from Newark to the suburbs, which started in the 1940s accelerated in the 1960s.[84] The 1967 riots resulted in a significant population loss of the city's middle class, many of them Jewish, which continued from the 1970s through to the 1990s,[85] the city lost about 130,000 residents between 1960 and 1990.

From the 1950s to 1967, white population shrank from 363,000 to 158,000, its black population grew from 70,000 to 220,000,[86] the percentage of Non-Hispanic whites[80] declined from 82.8% in 1950 to 11.6% by 2010.[87] The percentage of Latinos in Newark grew between 1980 and 2010, from 18.6% to 33.8% while that of Blacks decreased from 58.2% to 52.4%.[88][89][90][91]

Poverty remains a consistent problem in Newark, despite its revitalization in recent years, as of 2010, roughly one-third of the city's population was impoverished.[92]

In advance of the 2000 United States Census, city officials made a push to get residents to respond and participate in the enumeration, citing calculations by city officials that as many as 30,000 people were not reflected in estimates from the Census Bureau, which resulted in the loss of government aid and political representation,[93] it is believed that heavily immigrant areas of Newark were significantly undercounted in the 2010 Census, especially in the East Ward. Many households refused to participate in the census, with immigrants often reluctant to submit census forms because they believed that the information could be used to justify their deportation.[94]

There were 94,542 households out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.0% were married couples living together, 28.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.36.[9]

In the city, the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.3 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 96.3 males.[9]

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $35,659 (with a margin of error of +/− $1,009) and the median family income was $41,684 (+/− $1,116). Males had a median income of $34,350 (+/− $1,015) versus $32,865 (+/− $973) for females, the per capita income for the city was $17,367 (+/− $364). About 22.0% of families and 25.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.9% of those under age 18 and 22.4% of those age 65 or over.[95]

As of the 2000 United States Census[20] there were 273,546 people, 91,382 households, and 61,956 families residing in the city, the population density was 11,495.0 per square mile (4,437.7/km²). There were 100,141 housing units at an average density of 4,208.1 per square mile (1,624.6//km²). The racial makeup of the city as of the 2000 Census was 53.46% (146,250) African American, 26.52% (72,537) White, 1.19% (3,263) Asian, 0.37% (1,005) Native American, 0.05% (135) Pacific Islander, 14.05% (38,430) from other races, and 4.36% (11,926) from two or more races. 29.47% (80,622) of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[76][77]

As of the 2000 Census, 49.2% of the city's 80,622 residents who identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino were from Puerto Rico, while 9.4% were from Ecuador and 7.8% from the Dominican Republic.[97] There is a significant Portuguese-speaking community concentrated in the Ironbound district. 2000 Census data showed that Newark had 15,801 residents of Portuguese ancestry (5.8% of the population), while an additional 5,805 (2.1% of the total) were of Brazilian ancestry.[98]

There were 91,382 households out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.0% were married couples living together, 29.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.8 and the average family size was 3.40.[76][77]

In the city the age distribution of the population shows 27.9% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females of age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.[76][77]

The median income for a household in the city was $26,913, and the median income for a family was $30,781. Males had a median income of $29,748 versus $25,734 for females, the per capita income for the city was $13,009. 28.4% of the population and 25.5% of families were below the poverty line. 36.6% of those under the age of 18 and 24.1% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. The city's unemployment rate was 8.5%.[76][77]

More than 100,000 people commute to Newark each workday,[99] making it the state's largest employment center with many white-collar jobs in insurance, finance, import-export, health-care, and government,[100] as a major courthouse venue including federal, state, and county facilities, it is home to more than 1,000 law firms. The city is also a "college town", with nearly 50,000 students attending the city's universities and medical and law schools,[101][102] its airport, maritime port, rail facilities, and highway network make Newark the busiest transshipment hub on the East Coast in terms of volume.[103][104]

Though Newark is not the industrial colossus of the past, the city does have a considerable amount of industry and light manufacturing,[105] the southern portion of the Ironbound, also known as the Industrial Meadowlands, has seen many factories built since World War II, including a large Anheuser-Buschbrewery that opened in 1951 and distributed 7.5 million barrels of beer in 2007.[106] The service industry is also growing rapidly, replacing those in the manufacturing industry, which was once Newark's primary economy; in addition, transportation has become a large business in Newark, accounting for more than 17,000 jobs in 2011.[107]

Newark is one of nine cities in New Jersey designated as eligible for Urban Transit Hub Tax Credits by the state's Economic Development Authority. Developers who invest a minimum of $50 million within 0.5 miles of a train station are eligible for pro-rated tax credit.[108][109] After the election of Cory Booker, millions of dollars of public-private partnership investment were made in Downtown development but persistent underemployment continue to characterize many of the city's neighborhoods.[110][111][112][113][114][115] Poverty remains a consistent problem in Newark, as of 2010, roughly one-third of the city's population was impoverished.[92]

Portions of Newark are part of an Urban Enterprise Zone; in addition to other benefits to encourage employment within the Zone, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3½% sales tax rate (versus the 7% rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants.[123]

The Newark Museum is the largest in New Jersey. Highlights of its collection include American and Tibetan art, the museum also contains science galleries, a planetarium, a gallery for children's exhibits, a fire museum, a sculpture garden and an 18th-century schoolhouse. Also part of the museum is the historic John Ballantine House, a restored Victorian mansion which is a National Historic Landmark, the museum co-sponsors the Newark Black Film Festival, which has premiered numerous films since its founding in 1974.[134]

The city is also home to the New Jersey Historical Society, which has rotating exhibits on New Jersey and Newark, the Newark Public Library, the state's largest system with 11 locations, also produces a series of historical exhibits. The library houses more than a million volumes and has frequent exhibits on a variety of topics, many featuring items from its Fine Print and Special Collections.[135]

Since 1962, Newark has been home to the Institute of Jazz Studies, the world's foremost jazz archives and research libraries.[136] Located in the John Cotton Dana Library at Rutgers-Newark, the Institute houses more than 200,000 jazz recordings in all commercially available formats, more than 6,000 monograph titles, including discographies, biographies, history and criticism, published music, film and video; over 600 periodicals and serials, dating back to the early 20th century; and one of the country's most comprehensive jazz oral history collections, featuring more than 150 jazz oral histories, most with typed transcripts.[137]

On December 9, 2007, the Jewish Museum of New Jersey, located at 145 Broadway in the Broadway neighborhood, held its grand opening,[139] the museum is dedicated to the cultural heritage of New Jersey's Jewish people. The museum is housed at Ahavas Sholom, the last continually operating synagogue in Newark.[140] By the 1950s there were 50 synagogues in Newark serving a Jewish population of 70,000 to 80,000, once the sixth-largest Jewish community in the United States.[141][142]

In April 2010, plans were announced for a new Children's Museum of New Jersey to be created across from Newark Penn Station,[145] these plans have yet to be realized. According to planners, due to a reported lack of funding and a poor economy, "the project went to sleep".[146]

Since 2009, the Newark Planning Office, in collaboration with local arts organizations, has sponsored Newark Murals, and seen the creation of 21 outdoor murals about significant people, places, and events in the city.[147] New initiatives through private sponsorship were announced in 2014.[148]

Radio station WJZ (now WABC) made its first broadcast in 1921 from the Westinghouse plant near Broad Street Station, it moved to New York City in the 1920s. Radio station WNEW-AM (now WBBR) was founded in Newark in 1934 and later moved to New York City. WBGO, a National Public Radio affiliate with a format of standard and contemporary jazz, is at 54 Park Place in downtown Newark. WNSW AM-1430 (formerly WNJR) and WQXR (which was formerly WHBI and later WCAA) 105.9 FM are also licensed to Newark.[154]

In 1915, the Bell System under ownership of American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) tested newly developed panel switching technology in Newark when they cutover the telephone exchangesMulberry and Waverly to semi-mechanical operation on January 16 and June 12, respectively. The Panel system was the Bell System solution to the big city problem, where an exchange had to serve large numbers of subscribers on both manual as well as automatically switched central offices without impacting negatively established user convenience and reliability, as originally introduced in these exchanges, subscribers telephones had no dials and customers continued to make calls by asking an operator to ring their called party, at which point the operator keyed the telephone number into the panel equipment, instead of making cord connections manually.[155]

Most Panel installations across the country were replaced by modern systems during the 1970s and the last Panel switch was decommissioned in the BIgelow central office in Newark in 1983.[156]

New Jersey's first television station, WATV Channel 13, signed-on May 15, 1948, from studios at the Mosque Theater known as the "Television Center Newark." The studios were home to WNTA-13 beginning in 1958 and WNJU-47 until 1989.[157]

Numerous movies, television programs, and music videos have been shot in Newark, its period architecture and its streetscape seen as an ideal "urban setting", the Jersey Motion Picture and Television Commission is located in the city.[162] In 2011, the city created the Newark Office of Film and Television in order to promote the making of media productions,[163][164] some months earlier the Ironbound Film & Television Studios, the only, "stay and shoot" facility in the metro area opened, its first production being Bar Karma.[165] In 2012 the city hosted the seventh season of the reality show competition America's Got Talent.[166]

There have been several film and TV productions depicting life in Newark. Life of Crime, was originally produced in 1988 and was followed by a 1998 sequel.[167]New Jersey Drive, a 1995 film about the city when it was considered the "car theft capital of the world".[168]Street Fight is an Academy Award-nominated documentary film which covered the 2002 mayoral election between incumbent Sharpe James and challenger Cory Booker. In 2009, the Sundance Channel aired Brick City, a five-part television documentary about Newark, focusing on the community's attempt to become a better and safer place to live, against a history of nearly a half century of violence, poverty and official corruption. The second season premiered January 30, 2011.[169]Revolution '67 is an award-winning documentary which examines the causes and events of the 1967 Newark riots. The HBO television series The Sopranos filmed many of its scenes in Newark, and is partially based on the life of Newark mobster Richard Boiardo.[170][171]The Once and Future Newark (2006) is documentary travelogue about places of cultural, social and historical significance by Rutgers History Professor Clement Price.[172]

The city is governed within the Faulkner Act, formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law, under the Mayor-Council Plan C form of local government, which became effective as of July 1, 1954, after the voters of the city of Newark passed a referendum held on November 3, 1953.[7] There are nine council members elected on a nonpartisan basis at the regular municipal election or at the general election for terms of four years: one council member from each of five wards and four council members on an at-large basis, the mayor is also elected for a term of four years.[189]

Newark is split between the 8th and 10th Congressional Districts[203] and is part of New Jersey's 28th and 29th state legislative districts.[10][204][205] Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Newark had been split between the 27th, 28th and 29th state legislative districts.[206] Prior to the 2010 Census, Newark had been split between the 10th Congressional District and the 13th Congressional District, a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.[206] As part of the split that took effect in 2013, 123,763 residents in two non-contiguous sections in the city's north and northeast were placed in the 8th District and 153,377 in the southern and western portions of the city were placed in the 10th District.[203][207]

On the national level, Newark leans strongly toward the Democratic Party, as of March 23, 2011, out of a 2010 Census population of 277,140 in Newark, there were 136,785 registered voters (66.3% of the 2010 population ages 18 and over of 206,253, vs. 77.7% in all of Essex County of the 589,051 ages 18 and up) of which, 68,393 (50.0% vs. 45.9% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 3,548 (2.6% vs. 9.9% countywide) were registered as Republicans, 64,812 (47.4% vs. 44.1% countywide) were registered as Unaffiliated and there were 30 voters registered to other parties.[236]

In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 95.0% of the vote (78,352 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 4.7% (3,852 votes), and other candidates with 0.4% (298 votes), among the 82,030 ballots cast by the city's 145,059 registered voters for a turnout of 56.5%.[237][238] In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 90.8% of the vote (77,112 ballots cast), ahead of Republican John McCain who received 7.0% of the vote (5,957 votes), with 84,901 of the city's 140,946 registered voters participating, for a turnout of 60.2% of registered voters.[239] In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 85.9% of the vote (62,700 ballots), outpolling Republican George W. Bush, who received 12.8% (9,344), with 72,977 of 127,049 registered voters participating, for a turnout percentage of 57.4%.[240]

In the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Hillary Clinton received 90.7% of the vote (69,042 cast); Republican, Donald Trump received 6.7% of the vote (5,094 cast); and other candidates received 1.5% of the vote (1,139 cast).[241]

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Democrat Barbara Buono received 80.8% of the vote (29,039 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 17.9% (6,443 votes), and other candidates with 1.2% (437 votes), among the 37,114 ballots cast by the city's 149,778 registered voters (1,195 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 24.8%.[242][243] In the 2009 Gubernatorial Election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 90.2% of the vote (36,637 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie who received 8.3% of the vote (3,355 votes), with 40,613 of the city's 134,195 registered voters (30.3%) participating.[244]

Newark has been marred with episodes of political corruption throughout the years. Five of the previous seven mayors of Newark have been indicted on criminal charges, including the three mayors before Cory Booker: Hugh Addonizio, Kenneth Gibson and Sharpe James. As reported by Newsweek: "... every mayor since 1962 (except one, Cory Booker) has been indicted for crimes committed while in office".[245]

Addonizio was mayor of Newark from 1962 to 1970. A son of Italian immigrants, a tailor and World War II veteran, he ran on a reform platform, defeating the incumbent, Leo Carlin, whom, ironically, Addonizio characterized as corrupt and a part of the political machine of the era. In December 1969, Addonizio and nine present or former officials of the municipal administration in Newark were indicted by a Federal grand jury; five other persons were also indicted.[246] In July 1970, the former mayor, and four other defendants, were found guilty by a Federal jury on 64 counts each, one of conspiracy and 63 of extortion;[247] in September 1970, Addonizio was sentenced to ten years in federal prison and fined $25,000 by Federal Judge George Herbert Barlow for his role in a plot that involved the extortion of $1.5 million in kickbacks, a crime that the judge said "tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government".[248][249]

His successor was Kenneth Gibson, the city's first African American mayor, elected in 1970, he pleaded guilty to federal tax evasion in 2002 as part of a plea agreement on fraud and bribery charges. During his tenure as mayor in 1980, Gibson was tried and acquitted of giving out no-show jobs by an Essex County jury.[250]

Sharpe James, who defeated Gibson in 1986 and declined to run for a sixth term in 2006, was indicted on 33 counts of conspiracy, mail fraud, and wire fraud by a federal grand jury sitting in Newark. The grand jury charged James with spending $58,000 on city-owned credit cards for personal gain and orchestrating a scheme to sell city-owned land at below-market prices to his companion, who immediately re-sold the land to developers and gained a profit of over $500,000. James pleaded not guilty on 25 counts at his initial court appearance on July 12, 2007, on April 17, 2008, James was found guilty for his role in the conspiring to rig land sales at nine city-owned properties for personal gain. The former mayor was sentenced to serve up to 27 months in prison, and was released on April 6, 2010, for good behavior.[251]

As of the 2006–2010 American Community Survey, 16.0% of Newark residents ages 25 and over had never attended high school and 15.9% didn't graduate, while 68.1% had at least graduated from high school, including the 12.3% who had earned a bachelor's degree or higher. The total school enrollment in Newark city was 75,025 in the 2006–2010 ACS, with pre-primary school enrollment of 10,560, elementary or high school enrollment of 46,691 and college enrollment of 17,774.[95]

The Newark Public Schools, a state-operated school district, is the largest school system in New Jersey, the district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide,[259] which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement that the state cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.[260][261] As of the 2014-15 school year, the district and its 76 schools had an enrollment of 34,861 students and 2,815.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.4:1.[262]

Link Community School is a non-denominationalcoeducationalday school located serving approximately 128 students in seventh and eighth grades. The Newark Boys Chorus School was founded in the 1960s.[270] University Heights Charter School, which opened in 2006, taught 614 students in grades PK-8 in 2014–2015.[271]

Just east of the airport lies Port Newark, the fifteenth-busiest port in the world and the largest container port on the East Coast of the United States. In 2003, the port moved over $100 billion in goods.[274]

The Morris Canal, stretching 102 miles (164 km) to Newark from Phillipsburg on the Delaware River, was completed in 1831 and allowed coal and other industrial and agricultural products from Pennsylvania to be transported cheaply and efficiently to the New York metropolitan area. The canal's completion led to increased settlement in Newark, vastly increasing the population for years to come, after the canal was decommissioned, its right of way was converted into the Newark City Subway, now known as the Newark Light Rail. Many of the subway stations still portray the canal in its original state, in the form of mosaic works.[275]

As the city became increasingly congested further means of transportation were sought, eventually leading to horse-drawn trolleys. These, in turn, were replaced by electric trolleys that traveled down the main streets of downtown Newark, including Broad Street, and up Market Street near the courthouse[276] The trolley cars did not last long as the personal motor vehicle quickly gained popularity and slowly made the trolley system seem like a burden.[277]

Local streets in Newark conform to a quasi-grid form, with major streets radiating outward (like spokes on a wheel) from the downtown area, some major roads in the city are named after the towns to which they lead, including South Orange Avenue, Springfield Avenue, and Bloomfield Avenue, as well as Broadway, which had been renamed from Belleville Avenue.[280]

In a city extensively served by mass transit, 44.2% of Newark residents did not have a car as of the 2000 Census, ranked second in the U.S. to New York City in the proportion of households without an automobile among cities with more than 250,000 people.[281]

Newark is home to five hospitals. University Hospital, an independent institution that is a teaching hospital of Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences,[286] has been the busiest Level I trauma center in the state.[287]Newark Beth Israel Medical Center is the largest hospital in the city and is a part of Barnabas Health, the state's largest system of hospital and health care facilities.[288] Beth Israel is also one of the oldest hospitals in the city, dating back to 1901, this 669-bed regional facility is also home to the Children's Hospital of New Jersey. Catholic Health East operates Saint Michael's Medical Center. Columbus Hospital LTACH is a longterm acute care hospital designed to focus on patients with serious and complex medical conditions that require intense specialized treatment for an extended period of recovery time.[289] Hospitals which have been closed in recent years include the Saint James Hospital, Mount Carmel Guild Hospital and the United Hospitals Medical Center.[290][291][292]

University Hospital EMS (UH-EMS) operates the EMS system for the city, the department operates a fleet of eight BLS units staffed with two EMTs 24/7, four 12-hour power trucks, five ALS units staffed with two paramedics (one of which is stationed at Newark Airport and covers the airport and Port Newark-Elizabeth, and frequently responds into the City of Elizabeth), and a critical care unit staffed by a paramedic and an RN. With distinction they also staff the only hospital based heavy rescue truck in the country, the EMS system is the busiest system per unit in the nation. On average, a BLS unit may be sent to 20-25 dispatches in a 12-hour shift, they also provide the medical staffing for Northstar, with one of the two NJ State Police medevac helicopters, staffing one flight nurse and a flight medic around the clock. The EMS system in Newark handles upwards of 125,000 requests for service annually.[293]

The city is protected by more than 700 full-time, paid firefighters of the Newark Fire Department (NFD). Founded in 1863, the NFD operates out of 16 firehouses, located throughout the city, organized into 3 battalions, under the command of a deputy chief. There is also a Safety Battalion, Battalion2, and a Special Operations Battalion, Battalion 6, on duty 24/7, the NFD operates 16 engine companies, 8 ladder companies, 1 rescue company, an Urban search and rescue (USAR) Collapse Rescue Unit, 2 fire boats, a scuba diving unit, an air cascade unit, a foam unit, a mobile command unit, a HazMat unit, and numerous special, support, and reserve units. The NFD responds to approximately 45,000 emergency calls annually; in 2006, the NFD responded to 2,681 fire and hazardous condition calls.[294]

In 1996, Money magazine ranked Newark "The Most Dangerous City in the Nation."[300] By 2007, the city recorded a total of 99 homicides for the year, representing a significant drop from the record of 161 murders set in 1981.[301][302][303][304] The number of murders in 2008 dropped to 65, a decline of 30% from the previous year and the lowest in the city since 2002 when there were also 65 murders.[305]

In 2010, Newark recorded 90 homicides.[306] March 2010 was the first calendar month since 1966 in which the city did not record a homicide.[307] Overall, there was a 6% increase in crime numbers over the previous year, including a rise in carjackings for the third straight year, with the 337 incidents raising concerns that the city was returning to its status as the "car theft capital of the world".[308] Along with the increase in crime, the Newark Police Department increased its recovery of illegally owned guns in 2011 to 696, up from 278 in 2010,[309] the Federal Bureau of Investigation recorded 94 homicides in 2011 and 95 in 2012.[310] In 2012 CNNMoney ranked Newark as the 6th most dangerous city in the United States based on numbers by FBI Crime in the United States 2011 report,[311] the city had 10 murders in 10 days during the period ending September 6, 2013, a statistic largely attributed to the reduction of the police force.[312][313] In 2013 Newark recorded 111 homicides, the first year ending in triple digits in seven years[314] and the highest tally since 1990, accounting for 27% of all murders statewide;[315] in 2014, the total number of homicides in Newark was 93,[316] while Essex County as a whole had 117 murders.[317]The Star-Ledger reported that there were 105 homicides in the city in 2015.[318] Preliminary statistics as reported through December 25, 2016 showed the murders in the city totaled 93.[319]

^ abcSturken, Barbara. "Newark Airport Gains In International Travel", The New York Times, February 11, 1990. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The oldest airport in the New York metropolitan region, Newark opened in 1928 on 68 acres (28 ha) of reclaimed swampland. It underwent a major overhaul in 1973, when an immense $400 million complex opened to replace an outmoded 20-year-old terminal."

^Staff. "Newark on Trent Shows Interest in Newark, New Jersey", p. 123. Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, Volume VI, 1921. Accessed September 10, 2015. "It seems to be understood that the name of Newark, New Jersey, is traceable to the influence of the first pastor of the settlement, Rev. Abraham Pierson, who was a native of Yorkshire, England, and is said to have probably ministered first to a church in Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire."

^Riche, Patrick. "Newark's Prudential Center: A Key Player in Newark's Re-Branding Efforts", Forbes, January 10, 2012. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark is currently undergoing a major revitalization. The Prudential Center, the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, The Newark Symphony, Riverfront Stadium and Red Bull Park in nearby Harrison and home to Major League Soccer's New York Red Bulls represent just part of the nearly $2 billion in construction underway."

^A View of Mt. Prospect, NewarkHistory.com. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Of the upper class districts of Old Newark – High Street, Lincoln Park, Weequahic and Forest Hill – Forest Hill is the most famous and best preserved."

^Erminio, Vinessa. "Gateway? Renaissance? A reviving city earns its nicknames", The Star-Ledger, December 8, 2005. Accessed June 25, 2012. "Newark also was known as the Gateway City about 1960. This may have been because of a statewide tourism campaign in which regions of the state were designated with names. Newark, Jersey City and the surrounding communities were called Gateway."

^ abLiving Here: Neighborhoods, Brick City Development Corporation for Newark, New Jersey. Accessed June 25, 2012. "The city is divided into five wards, each with distinct neighborhoods. Residential neighborhoods exist primarily in the North, Central and West Wards, while industry is concentrated largely in the East and South Wards near the airport and seaport.... East Ward, the most densely populated section of Newark, the East Ward, is home of one of the largest Portuguese-speaking communities in the country."

^Reock Jr., Ernest C. Redistricting New Jersey After the Census of 2010, Rutgers University Center for Government Studies, March 2008, pp. 7-9. Accessed September 10, 2015. "The law requires that wards be formed of compact and contiguous territory. The most precise requirement is that the population of the largest ward may not exceed the population of the smallest ward by more than 10% of the mean average population of the wards."

^2010–2015 HUD Consolidated Plan & 2010–2011 Annual Action Plan, City of Newark, New Jersey. Accessed November 21, 2012. "The City of Newark has been the most populous city in New Jersey for many years, with a peak population of 442,337 reported in the 1930 Census. Since that peak, however, the City's population has declined as residents migrated to suburban areas."[dead link]

^Dolan, Thomas. "Newark and Its Gateway Complex - Part 2: Old Newark, New Newark", The Newark Metro. Accessed April 7, 2015. "Even prior to the riots, Newark was on a steady decline as residents began to leave the city. 'White flight' from Newark to the suburbs, which started in the '40s and accelerated in the '60s, meant that an increasing number of people who worked in the city no longer lived there."

^Burr, Ty. "Heart of Stone: Seeing the good one man can do", The Boston Globe, October 22, 2009. Accessed February 15, 2012. "The twin forces of light at Weequahic are principal Ron Stone and the school's alumni association, the latter made up almost entirely of white middle-class Jews. Until the Newark riots and ensuing white flight crippled the neighborhood in the late 1960s, Weequahic was one of the country's finest schools..."

^ abWilwohl, Joshua. "Report: Newarkers Among New Jersey's Poorest", Newark Patch, September 26, 2011. Accessed May 10, 2016. "U.S. Census Bureau statistics reveal there are 79,243 people living in poverty in the city of Newark, those numbers, which were part of the census' American Community Survey released last Thursday, mean roughly one in three residents of New Jersey's largest city are poor."

^Delgado, Samuel A. "Newark could be a real college town", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed April 7, 2015. "With 60,000 students and faculty at six colleges and universities, Newark has the fifth-highest concentration of higher education on the East Coast, after Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C."

^Newark The Living Downtown Development Plan, City of Newark, 2008. Accessed May 10, 2016. "Downtown Newark is the largest downtown in the state of New Jersey. Its assets include nearly 50,000 office workers, the headquarters of five major corporations, five university campuses with nearly 50,000 students and faculty, two hospital campuses, one of the best public transit systems in the nation among mid-sized cities, and important sports, cultural, and entertainment destinations...In 2000, the daytime population of Newark was estimated at over 330,000, including a workforce of 47,000 people within one half-mile of the intersection of Broad and Market Streets, Newark's legendary Four Corners."

^Morley, Hugh R. "Anheuser-Busch announces 60 NJ jobs cuts", The Record (Bergen County), January 20, 2015. Accessed June 14, 2016. "A company spokesman declined to say how many employees work at the plant, which was opened in 1951 and makes Budweiser, Bud Light and other company brands. In 2007, there were 800 workers at the brewery, which at that time shipped 7.5 million barrels of beer annually."

^Luxenberg, Stan. "Developers Rediscover Newark"Archived October 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., National Real Estate Investor, May 18, 2011. Accessed August 15, 2012. "Downtown Newark accounts for 50,000 jobs. The city is the third largest insurance center in the U.S. after New York City and Hartford, Conn."

^About Audible, Audible.com. Accessed September 10, 2015. "'The vision behind the move was to try to combine a missionary, disruptive, technology-driven company with Newark's transformation. I consider the Newark move one of the best decisions we've made as a company.' – Donald Katz, Audible Founder & CEO"

^Lipton, Eric. "New York Port Hums Again, With Asian Trade", The New York Times, November 22, 2004. Accessed September 13, 2011. "New York is not the only seaport lifted by the tide of Asian imports. No one expects it to regain its status as the world's busiest container port – a title it held until 1985 – or the nation's. Today it is ranked 15th in the world, 3rd in the United States."

^Ahearn, James. "Opinion: Mission accomplished, NJPAC chief moves on", The Record (Bergen County), October 26, 2010. Accessed April 7, 2015. "The first project, on a 1.2-acre lot across the street from the center, is conceived as a high-rise, multi-use tower, which at 44 stories would be the tallest building in the city.... The sixth-largest performing arts center in the country, home to the increasingly respected New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, NJPAC attracts more than 400,000 patrons annually."

^About, Newark Symphony Hall. Accessed June 13, 2016. "Newark Symphony Hall enjoys a long and rich cultural history as New Jersey's oldest and largest showcase for the arts, education and entertainment programming. This multi-facility edifice was built by the Shriners, a Masonic order, in 1925 and known as the Salaam Temple."

^Sanneh, Kelefa. "A Brand-New Arena and a Not-So-New Rock Star", The New York Times, October 27, 2007. Accessed June 26, 2012. "And to celebrate the grand opening, the center — which may or may not come to be known by its publicist-approved nickname, the Rock — booked New Jersey's most indefatigable rock band, Bon Jovi, to play a 10-night stand."

^ abNewark Black Film Festival, Newark Museum. Accessed June 13, 2016. "Since its inception in 1974, the Newark Black Film Festival (NBFF) has become known among its peers as the longest running black film festival in the United States."

^Levinson, Jay. "This City is Just Memories", Jewish magazine. Accessed June 28, 2012. "The Jewish community of Newark, New Jersey is a page in history. The era of some 50 synagogues and 70,000 Jewish residents in the city during the 1950s is long over. Today there is just one remaining synagogue building which is owned by Jews, and it operates only on Shabbat."

^Giambusso, David. "Children's Museum of New Jersey will add another gem to Newark's downtown", The Star-Ledger, April 11, 2010. Accessed September 10, 2015. "An organization searching for a decade for a place to build what it hopes will be the state's largest children's museum has found a location, and Newark has an opportunity to add a potential gem to its downtown. Museum officials and community leaders are expected to announce today a plan to transform the former Portuguese Airlines building across from Newark Penn Station into the Children's Museum of New Jersey."

^Sherman, Ted. "Newark headquarters of Star-Ledger sold to New York real estate development firm", The Star-Ledger, July 24, 2014. Accessed September 10, 2015. "The Star-Ledger has sold its long-time home in Newark, where the state's largest daily newspaper was headquartered for nearly 50 years, according to publisher Richard Vezza. The company would not disclose a sale price for the 177,000-square-foot building — many of the offices already vacant because of layoffs, attrition and the move of some operations to new offices in Woodbridge and Secaucus."

^Model, Eric. "Remembering Channel 13 — New Jersey's first television station", NewJerseyNewsroom.com, August 8, 2011. Accessed September 11, 2014. "Initially the station was known as WATV, and was a commercial television station owned by Atlantic Television, a subsidiary of Bremer Broadcasting Corporation. It started broadcasting on May 15, 1948 on Channel 13. Bremer also owned two northern New Jersey radio stations, WAAT (970 AM, now WNYM) and WAAT-FM (94.7 MHz, now WFME). The three stations were based in the Mosque Theater on Broad Street in Newark."

^Kannapell, Andrea. "CITY LIFE; Giving Away a Film's Ending: It's Not Happy", The New York Times, December 13, 1998. Accessed January 19, 2012. "And the backdrop to these unhappy lives, the Ironbound -- a residential and industrial section outlined in Newark's southeast corner by various train lines -- emerges as a vicious trap of a neighborhood, a painful counterpoint to downtown Newark's spreading veneer of investment and municipal energy."

^Quinn, Zachary. "Analysis of New Jersey Drive", University of Minnesota Duluth. Accessed January 19, 2012. "The story takes place in Newark, New Jersey, the car theft capital of the world. And in this urban setting we find the young African American teens involved in stealing cars and dodging police in what can be described as empty lives, no goals, no focus and no direction, the only thing that these young men are interested in is the ride."

^Hague, Jim. "Ridiculous auction last sad chapter for Newark Bears", The Observer Online, April 30, 2014. Accessed June 14, 2016. "After all, it was the kind of Saturday in April where baseball was played at the ballpark every year since 1999, when the Newark Bears rose from the ashes of an era long gone and brought professional baseball back to the Brick City for the first time in almost 50 full years. Sure, Rutgers-Newark and NJIT have also called Riverfront Stadium home since the $34 million facility was opened 15 years ago."

^Ivers, Dan. "Former Newark Bears stadium sold to NYC developer for $23M", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, March 20, 2016. Accessed November 20, 2016. "The former home of the Newark Bears minor league baseball team — left to languish along Broad Street since the hard-luck franchise folded in 2013 — has been sold to a New York-based developer for $23.5 million.The site at the corner of Broad Street and Orange Street has been sold to the Lotus Equity Group, city officials confirmed this week. Lotus plans to demolish Riverfront Stadium and build a mixed-use, high-rise tower in its place."

^Mazzeo, Mike. "Chris Christie: No love lost for Nets", ESPN New York, April 24, 2012. Accessed June 26, 2012. "The New Jersey Nets are playing their final game in New Jersey on Monday night and leaving for Brooklyn at the end of this season, but the governor of New Jersey isn't about to get all nostalgic over it."

^Fowlkes, Ben. "UFC Not the First on Network TV, but Can It Learn From Others' Mistakes?", mmafighting.com, November 9, 2011. Accessed July 9, 2015. "On May 31, 2008, EliteXC brought a live MMA event to primetime network television for the first time in American TV history. The aptly named Primetime event went down in Newark's Prudential Center, and was loaded with EliteXC's most marketable stars, including Kimbo Slice, Gina Carano, Robbie Lawler, and Phil Baroni."

^ abGeneral Information, Essex County, New Jersey. Accessed December 13, 2016. "The County Executive, elected from the County at-large, for a four-year term, is the chief political and administrative officer of the County.... The Board of Chosen Freeholders consists of nine members, five of whom are elected from districts and four of whom are elected at-large, they are elected for three-year concurrent terms and may be re-elected to successive terms at the annual election in November."

^Sullivan, Ronald. "Addonizio Given a 10-Year Term", The New York Times, September 23, 1970. Accessed November 13, 2016. "Former Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio of Newark was sentenced to 10 years in prison and fined $25,000 in Federal Court here today for conspiracy and extortion. Convicted of sharing in the proceeds of extorted kickbacks totaling $1.5 million from contractors on city water and sewer lines, Addonizio stood impassively with his head bowed as Judge George H. Barlow declared that his crimes were of 'monumental proportion' that 'tore at the very heart of our civilized society and our form of representative government.'"

^Narvaez, Alfonso A. "GIBSON ACQUITTED OF A CONSPIRACY IN 'NO SHOW' CASE", The New York Times, October 22, 1982. Accessed September 10, 2015. "Mayor Kenneth A. Gibson was found not guilty today of conspiracy in connection with charges that he had helped create a 'no show' job for a former city official, but the Superior Court jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on a charge of official misconduct."

^Martin, John. "Judge, prosecutors clash over James' 27-month jail term", NJ.com, July 29, 2008. Accessed April 7, 2015. "Former Newark mayor Sharpe James was ordered Tuesday to serve 27 months in prison and pay a $100,000 fine for fraud and conspiracy -- a sentence that capped a spectacular downfall for one of New Jersey's political titans, but one that incensed prosecutors who thought it was too light."

^Delgado, Samuel A. "Newark could be a real college town", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2017. "With 60,000 students and faculty at six colleges and universities, Newark has the fifth-highest concentration of higher education on the East Coast, after Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C.... With the recent burst in construction, Newark's universities off Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and the Central Ward are increasingly becoming residential campuses, as more students want the experience of living and studying in a big city."

^McGeehan, Patrick. "Commuters Feel Pinch as Christie Tightens", The New York Times, May 16, 2011. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Without the Port Authority money, Mr. Simpson said, New Jersey would have to spend about $30 million a year just to keep the Pulaski Skyway — a 70-year-old bridge that serves as a link between Newark Liberty International Airport and the Holland Tunnel — from falling down. Now, it will invest about $900 million over five years to 'basically rebuild the whole bridge.'"

^On Broadway, NewarkHistory.org. Accessed June 26, 2012. "Newark's Broadway was called Belleville Avenue in the Nineteenth Century. Like Springfield Avenue, Bloomfield Avenue, and South Orange Avenue, Broadway is one of Newark's great radial streets, the name of the street, for reasons unknown to me, was changed from Belleville Ave to Broadway in the early Twentieth century."

^Murr, Andrew; and Noonoo, Jemimah. "A Return To The Bad Old Days?", Newsweek, August 17, 2007. "Murders rose 27 percent in Newark (population 280,000) in the past two years, as killings rose from 83 in 2004 to 104 last year. So far, the pace this year is slower—61 deaths since January."[dead link]

^This linkArchived November 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. contains a reference to a June 11, 2007 article in Newsday stating that "Meanwhile, homicides in Newark have jumped from 65 in 2002 to 113 last year, with nonfatal shootings also on the rise." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved 2008-03-24.

^Queally, James. "Newark records first homicide-free month in more than 40 years", The Star-Ledger, April 1, 2010. Accessed July 9, 2015. "For the first time in more than 40 years, an entire calendar month has come and gone without a homicide in the state's largest city. It's been 32 days since a homicide took place in Newark, marking the first time there has been a slay-free calendar month in the city since 1966."

^Queally, James. "Newark carjackings rise for 3rd straight year", The Star-Ledger, February 3, 2012. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The increases have sparked concerns among business leaders and residents that the state's largest city is once again becoming the 'car theft capital of the world,' a dubious monicker it earned in the 1990s."

^Johnson, Anthony. "Newark murders hit triple digits", WABC-TV, December 27, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015."Murders in Newark hit triple digits this year for the first time in seven years.... So far in 2013, there have been 102 murders, the last time the murder rate was in triple digits was in 2007 when there were 107 murders."

^Ivers, Dan. "Declines in Newark, Camden drive N.J. homicides to 5-year low in 2014", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 1, 2015, updated January 5, 2015. "More than a third of those incidents took place in Essex County, where Newark and Irvington accounted for all but five of the county's 117 homicides. The state's largest city totaled 93 for the year — by far the highest in the state, but a sizeable reduction from the 111 it recorded last year."

^Ivers, Dan. "Despite progress in cities, N.J. homicides jump 4 percent in 2015", NJ Advance Media for NJ.com, January 1, 2016, updated January 14, 2016. Accessed June 13, 2016. "More than a quarter of those slayings took place in Newark, where a bloody finish to the year, which included 25 homicides over November and December, drove the city's total to 105*, according to police department statistics — an uptick of 12 over 2014."

^Haddon, Heather. "Saying Arrivederci to N.J.'s Consulate", The Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has decided to close its consulate in Newark, the only full-fledged office in a state renowned as the home of Italian-American pop-culture fixtures such as Frank Sinatra and The Sopranos."

^Rose, Liza. "Planned closure of Italian consulate in Newark sparks criticism", The Star-Ledger, September 20, 2013. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Italian consulate in Newark is slated to close in March, passing its jurisdiction over to New York. Although 13 other Italian consulates worldwide are being shuttered due to fiscal woes, the New Jersey office is the only location in the United States that is getting the boot."

^Home PageArchived February 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine., Consulate of Italy in Newark. Accessed July 9, 2015. "THE CONSULATE OF ITALY IN NEWARK, NEW JERSEY IS CLOSED AS OF FEBRUARY 28, 2014."

^Piazza, Jo. "Dalai Lama's Latest Peace Project: Newark", The Wall Street Journal, May 13, 2011. Accessed July 9, 2015. "The Tibetan spiritual leader has been to 62 countries on six continents in his 75 years on Earth, but until Thursday, he had never had an extended stay in Newark, save for a brief stop in 1990 to consecrate a Buddhist altar at the Newark Museum."

Essex County, New Jersey
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Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of the U. S. state of New Jersey. In 2010, the county dropped down to third-largest, behind Middlesex County and it is part of the New York Metropolitan Area. The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 94th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States as

New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jerse

Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of

1.
U.S. states

List of counties in New Jersey
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There are 21 counties in New Jersey. These counties together contain 565 municipalities, or administrative entities composed of clearly defined territory,250 boroughs,52 cities,15 towns,244 townships, in New Jersey, a county is a local level of government between the state and municipalities. County government in New Jersey includes a Board of Chos

Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the aw

Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
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The Mayor of the City of Newark is the head of the executive branch of government of Newark, New Jersey, United States. Newark, New Jersey, was founded in 1666 and became a township on October 31,1693 and it was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, and reincorporated as city in 1836. The Mayor of Newark is elect

Ras Baraka
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Ras J. Baraka is an American educator and politician who is the 40th and current Mayor of Newark, New Jersey. Baraka was sworn in as the citys 40th mayor at ceremonies at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center on July 1,2014 for a four-year term, a Newark native, Baraka is son of poet and activist Amiri Baraka and his wife Amina. He was principal of

City manager
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A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities. Other small or middle sized American cities, especially in the West, in Eur

2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the Unite

List of United States cities by population
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The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place includes a variety of designations, including city, town, village, borough, a few exceptional Census Designated Places are also included in the Census Bureaus listing of incorporated places. Con

Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a mem

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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns

Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT

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(farthest right pink)

Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a

4.
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.

Eastern Daylight Time
–
Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT

1.
(farthest right pink)

ZIP code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits

1.
A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes

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"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.

4.
USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".

Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the

County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provi

1.
Many county seats in the United States feature a historic courthouse, such as this one in Renville County, Minnesota, pictured in May 2008.

New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropoli

Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many mu

New Haven Colony
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The New Haven Colony was a small English colony in North America, in what is now the state of Connecticut, from 1637 to 1664. The history of the colony was a series of disappointments and failures, the most serious problem was that New Haven colony never had a charter giving it legal title to exist. The larger, stronger colony of Connecticut to the

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Flag

European colonization of the Americas
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European colonization of the Americas began as early as the 10th–11th century, when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled limited areas on the shores of present-day Canada. These Norsemen were Vikings who had discovered and settled Greenland, then sailed up the Arctic region of North America alongside Greenland, according to Icelandic Sag

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A Spaniard plays with his mixed-race daughter while his Mestiza wife looks on, by Miguel Cabrera, 1763

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Fur traders in Canada, trading with Indians, 1777.

Passaic River
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The Passaic River is a mature surface river, approximately 80 mi long, in northern New Jersey in the United States. In its lower portion, it flows through the most urbanized and industrialized areas of the state, the lower river suffered from severe pollution and industrial abandonment in the 20th century. In April 2014, the U. S. Environmental Pro

Newark Bay
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Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, an estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean-going ships. Newark Bay is rectangular, approxim

Port of New York and New Jersey
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Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast. The port is the nations top gateway for flights and its busiest center for overall passenger. There are two foreign-trade zones within the port, the port handled $208 billion in shipping cargo

Newark Liberty International Airport
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Newark Liberty International Airport, originally Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport located about 15 miles southwest of Midtown Manhattan. It straddles the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, the airport is owned by the city of Newark and leased to and operated by the Port

Prudential Financial
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It provides these products and services to individual and institutional customers through distribution networks in the financial services industry. Prudential has operations in the United States, Asia, Europe and Latin America and has organized its principal operations into the Financial Services Businesses, Prudential is composed of hundreds of su

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Newark skyline with the Prudential Financial headquarters at right.

Public Service Enterprise Group
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The companys largest subsidiary retains the old PSE&G name. New Jerseys oldest and largest investor owned utility, Public Service Electric and Gas Company is a regulated gas, the Public Service Corporation was formed in 1903 by amalgamating more than 400 gas, electric and transportation companies in New Jersey. It was renamed Public Service Electri

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Alternate logo using more common PSE&G name, displayed on some pages on the PSEG website as of 2012

Panasonic Corporation of North America
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Panasonic Corporation, formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan. The company was founded in 1918 and has grown to one of the largest Japanese electronics producers alongside Sony, Hitachi, Toshiba. In addition to electronics, it offers non-ele

Audible.com
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Audible Inc. is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks, radio and TV programs, and audio versions of magazines, through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the worlds largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. Audibles

IDT Corporation
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IDT Corporation is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Newark, New Jersey. IDT was founded by entrepreneur Howard Jonas in August 1990 and he founded the company after opening a sales office in Israel, receiving large international phone bills and then discovering a way to lower them by re-originating calls in the United States.

Manischewitz
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Manischewitz /ˌmænəˈʃɛvɪts/ is a leading brand of kosher products based in the United States, best known for their matzo and kosher wine. Founded in 1888, it became a corporation in 1923 and remained under family control until 1990. On April 7,2014, Sankaty Advisors, an arm of private equity firm Bain Capital and it is the worlds largest matzo manu

Rutgers School of Law-Newark
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Formerly the Rutgers School of Law—Newark, the Newark campus of Rutgers Law School is located in the Center for Law and Justice, Rutgers University-Newark, in Newark, New Jersey. It and the Camden campus are the two campuses of the unified Rutgers Law School, in 2015, former Rutgers Law School–Newark officially merged with the former Rutgers School

New Jersey Medical School
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New Jersey Medical School —also known as Rutgers New Jersey Medical School—is a graduate medical school of Rutgers University that is part of the division of Biomedical and Health Sciences. NJMS is the oldest school of medicine in New Jersey, the school of medicine was founded in 1954 as the Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry, established

Institute of Jazz Studies
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The Institute of Jazz Studies is the largest and most comprehensive library and archives of jazz and jazz-related materials in the world. It is located on the floor of the John Cotton Dana Library at Rutgers University-Newark in Newark. The archival collection contains more than 100,000 sound recordings on CDs, LPs, EPs, 78- and 75-rpm disks and it

1.
John Cotton Dana Library, which houses the Institute of Jazz Studies at the Newark campus of Rutgers University.

New Jersey Institute of Technology
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The New Jersey Institute of Technology is a public research university in the University Heights neighborhood of Newark, New Jersey. NJIT is New Jerseys Science & Technology University, centrally located in the New York metropolitan area its campus is within walking distance of downtown Newark. New York City,9 miles and under 30 minutes away, is ac

Seton Hall University School of Law
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The Seton Hall University School of Law is part of Seton Hall University, and is located in downtown Newark, New Jersey. Seton Hall Law School is the private law school in New Jersey. Founded in 1951, it is accredited by the American Bar Association, the school was also fully accredited by the American Bar Association in that same year. Seton Hall

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One Newark Center

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Seton Hall University School of Law

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Academics

New Jersey Performing Arts Center
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The New Jersey Performing Arts Center, in downtown Newark, New Jersey, United States, is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. Home to the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, more than 9 million visitors have visited the center since it opened in October 1997 on the site of the former Military Park Hotel, NJPAC has been an imp

1.
New Jersey Performing Arts Center

2.
The New Jersey Performing Arts Center

Newark Symphony Hall
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Newark Symphony Hall at 1020 Broad Street in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States, was built in 1925 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It was known for years as The Mosque Theater. Originally built by the Shriners at a cost of more than $2 million as Salaam Temple and colloquially known as The Mosque, the int

1.
Salaam Temple

Prudential Center
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Prudential Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the central business district of Newark, New Jersey, United States. It was designed by HOK Sport, with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects, opened in 2007, it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League and the Seton Hall Pirates mens basketball team from Seton

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The Mulberry Street side of the arena, flanked by the entrance cylinders and featuring a large LED screen.

2.
A view of the ice from Section 232, following a New Jersey Devils game

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The lower level Grand Concourse, with the Goal Bar on the upper right, features jerseys from most high school hockey teams in New Jersey.

4.
Active

Newark Museum
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The Newark Museum, in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States, is the states largest museum. It holds fine collections of American art, decorative arts, contemporary art, and arts of Asia, Africa, the Americas, the Newark Museums Tibetan galleries are considered among the best in the world. The collection was purchased from Christian missio

1.
Newark Museum

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South building

Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural e

1.
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.

Suburban
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Ara

Branch Brook Park
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Branch Brook Park is a county park of Essex County, New Jersey in the United States, located in the North Ward of Newark, between the neighborhoods of Forest Hill and Roseville. A portion of the park is located within the Township of Belleville. At 360 acres, Branch Brook Park is the largest public park in the city of Newark, the park was formally

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Branch Brook Park

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The Ballantine gates, on the east side of the park by Forest Hill, were given to Branch Brook Park by Peter Ballantine in 1899. They are modeled on gates in Scotland

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Cherry Blossom Center

Cherry blossom
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A cherry blossom is the flower of any of several trees of genus Prunus, particularly the Japanese cherry, Prunus serrulata, which is called sakura after the Japanese. Currently it is distributed, especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere including Japan, China, Korea, Europe, West Siberia, India, Canada. Along with the chrysanthem

History of Newark, New Jersey
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Newark has long been the largest city in New Jersey. Founded in 1666, it expanded during the Industrial Revolution. Its population grew with various waves of migration in the mid 20th century and it suffered greatly during the era of urban decline and suburbanization in the late 20th century. Since the millennium it has benefited from interest and

Timeline of Newark, New Jersey
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Newark, New Jersey, United States. 1666 - Robert Treat and other Puritans buy land from Hackensack tribe, 1710s - Sydenham House and Plume House built. 1712 - Harrison Cider Apple created,1756 - Princeton College relocated from Newark to Princeton. 1780 - January 25, Elizabethtown and Newark

Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartfo

Puritan
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Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers o

3.
This iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as Indians.

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A view east along Academy Street from Society Hill towards downtown. In the center at the end of street the buildings visible in the mid-ground are part of Newark Tech (operates as part of the Essex County Vocational Technical Schools).

1.
Essex County, New Jersey
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Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of the U. S. state of New Jersey. In 2010, the county dropped down to third-largest, behind Middlesex County and it is part of the New York Metropolitan Area. The Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 94th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States as of 2009, the county is named after Essex, a county in the East of England. Based on data from the 2010 census, Essex County is the 14th-most densely populated county in the United States, Newark, with a population density of 11,458. The wide area of Eastern Essex has significant pockets of population, high building density, high poverty. Within this general area however are many stable, mixed and middle-income areas of diverse populations, for example, north and west sides of Newark have well-kept suburban areas such as Vailsburg, Newark, New Jersey and Forest Hill, Newark, New Jersey. The east side of Newark is the Ironbound, a working-class Brazilian, East Orange has the Presidential Estate neighborhood full of large one family homes. Belleville and Bloomfield are suburbs with historic Italian communities that, in spite of retaining a core Italian-American population, now have many immigrants from Latin America and Asia. As of the 2000 Census, 36% of Nutley residents indicated that they were of Italian ancestry, beginning at about the turn of the century, this region led the state in the rebuilding and rehab of its housing stock. In the 2000s, Newark led the state in the issuance of building permits, many reasons were cited, citywide incentives to encourage construction development, an improving local economy, the rising demand of low-cost housing so close to Manhattan. Newark has since become one of the fastest growing cities in the entire Northeast. And reported a gain in income and drop in poverty rate. This is a turnaround from the deterioration and abandonment experienced in the post-riot 1970s, 1980s, by 2006, crime in Newark had fallen 60% over 10 years to its lowest levels in 40 years. Neighboring East Orange has seen crime fall more recently, dropping 50% in the three years, while crime rates have fallen in Newark and East Orange in recent years, they remain stubbornly high in these cities as well as Irvington, and Orange. In 2008, Newark had 67 homicides, down from 105 in 2007, in contrast, Western Essex tends to be more suburban and affluent. Within this region are some of the most diverse and racially integrated municipalities in the state and nation, including Montclair, West Orange, South Orange, many neighborhoods are well-known magnets for New Yorkers such as Glen Ridge, Montclair, Verona, South Orange and West Orange. The communities of Livingston, West Caldwell, South Orange, Maplewood, Millburn, North Caldwell, Short Hills in Millburn, South Orange, and Livingston have large Jewish communities. Livingston also has a burgeoning Taiwanese-American population, many of whom are highly educated white collar professionals with Ivy League degrees, Short Hills has a popular upscale shopping mall, The Mall at Short Hills located near affluent communities in Morris and Union counties

Essex County, New Jersey
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South Mountain Reservation in Millburn
Essex County, New Jersey
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Township of Millburn
Essex County, New Jersey
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Essex Troop, New Jersey National Guard
Essex County, New Jersey
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Essex County Hall of Records

2.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants

3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

4.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance

U.S. state
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U.S. states

5.
List of counties in New Jersey
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There are 21 counties in New Jersey. These counties together contain 565 municipalities, or administrative entities composed of clearly defined territory,250 boroughs,52 cities,15 towns,244 townships, in New Jersey, a county is a local level of government between the state and municipalities. County government in New Jersey includes a Board of Chosen Freeholders, sheriff, clerk, counties organized under the Optional County Charter Law may also have an elected county executive. Counties traditionally perform state-mandated duties such as the maintenance of jails, parks, the site of a countys administration and courts is called the county seat. New Jersey was governed by two groups of proprietors as two provinces, East Jersey and West Jersey, between 1674 and 1702. The most recent county created in New Jersey is Union County, created in 1857, New Jerseys county names derive from several sources, though most of its counties are named after place names in England and prominent leaders in the colonial and revolutionary periods. Bergen County is the most populous county—as of the 2010 Census—with 905,116 people, while Salem County is the least populous with 66,083 people, until the 1960s, the New Jersey Senate had 21 representatives, one from each county regardless of population. In the wake of the 1964 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in Reynolds v.1, in a decision issued on December 15,1964, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the weighted voting system as adopted was unconstitutional. The legislatures final decision was to establish 40 districts statewide, each represented by one senator, the Federal Information Processing Standard code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five-digit numbers, for New Jersey the codes start with 34 and are completed with the county code. The FIPS code for each county in the links to census data for that county

List of counties in New Jersey

6.
Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter is a document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and is considered to be a version of a constitution. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system, townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often free, in the sense that they were protected by the king or emperor. Today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question, in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the level of government such as a state or province. In Brazil, municipal corporations are called municípios and are created by means of legislation at the state level. All municipal corporations must also abide by a municipal law which is passed and amended at the municipal level. In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities, in Germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. In order to strengthen the spirit, the city law of Prussia dated 19 November 1808 picked up this concept. It is the basis of municipal law. In India, a Municipal Corporation is a local government body. This standard varies from state to state, according to laws passed by state legislatures, the Corporation of Chennai was the first Municipal Corporation in India. It was established on 29 September 1688 by the British East India Company, the second was Hyderabad Municipal Corporation established in 1869 by the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad State. The third was the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, the Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1888 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. The Delhi Municipal Council was established in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar when New Delhi was proclaimed to be the new Capital of India and it was elevated to Municipal Corporation level on 7 April 1958 by an Act of Parliament which established the Municipal Corporation of Delhi

7.
Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
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The Mayor of the City of Newark is the head of the executive branch of government of Newark, New Jersey, United States. Newark, New Jersey, was founded in 1666 and became a township on October 31,1693 and it was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, and reincorporated as city in 1836. The Mayor of Newark is elected for a four-year term, municipal elections in city are nonpartisan and are held on the 2nd Tuesday in May. The current mayor Ras J. Baraka was elected in the Newark mayoral election on May 13,2014, list of elected officials in Newark, New Jersey Newark mayoral election,2014 History of Newark, New Jersey

Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
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Halsey
Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
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Mayors of Newark

8.
Ras Baraka
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Ras J. Baraka is an American educator and politician who is the 40th and current Mayor of Newark, New Jersey. Baraka was sworn in as the citys 40th mayor at ceremonies at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center on July 1,2014 for a four-year term, a Newark native, Baraka is son of poet and activist Amiri Baraka and his wife Amina. He was principal of Central High School from 2007 until 2013, Baraka is editor of In the tradition, an anthology of young Black writers. Baraka was featured on singer Lauryn Hills 1998 The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill and he also recorded the intro to The Score, The Fugees second album. Baraka and Hill recorded a single together entitled Hot Beverage in the Winter. Baraka dedicated his collection of poems Black Girls Learn Love Hard to the life of his late sister and he had read as part of the citys Dodge Poetry Festival. Since its inception in 2004 Baraka has participated in the National Political Hip-Hop Convention, between 2002 and 2006 Baraka was Newark Municipal Council member and in 2002 was appointed deputy mayor, and served that position until 2005. In November 2005, Baraka was voted to complete the term vacated by the deceased Councilmember-at-Large Donald Kofi Tucker, in May 2010 he defeated then-councilman Oscar James II in a highly contested election, on a platform critical of Mayor Cory Booker. The election was documented on the Sundance reality television series Brick City, Baraka ran his first campaign for mayor when he was 24 years old, in 1994. In August 2013, fellow council members Mildred C. Crump, Barakas slate for the municipal council included John Sharpe James, Mildred C. Crump, Alturrick Kenney, Patrick Council and Joe McCallum, in December 2013, the Communication Workers of America, a trade union which counts 2000 members living, and thousands more working in Newark, endorsed Baraka. In February 2014 he received the endorsement of former New Jersey governor Richard Codey and Jersey City mayor Steven Fulop, in March he was endorsed by 1199SEIU United Healthcare Workers East. On May 13,2014, Baraka was elected mayor of Newark, official results show that of 44,951 ballots cast, he received 24,358 to Jeffries 20,593. He succeeds Luis A. Quintana, who is completed the term of Cory Booker who had resigned after being elected to the United States Senate in October 2013. Baraka was sworn in as the citys 40th mayor by former Governor of New Jersey Richard Codey at ceremonies at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center on July 1,2014 for a four-year term. Soon after winning the election, Baraka had initiated meetings with Cory Booker on May 19 with Governor Chris Christie, Chris Christie has described Baraka as a hostile guy. On May 28,2014 Baraka announced his team, headed by former mayor Kenneth Gibson. His preferred candidates who won seats on the council last month include, Crump, and union leader Eddie Osborne in the at-large race and At-large Councilman John Sharpe James in the South Ward race and Gayle Chaneyfield-Jenkins in the Central Ward race

9.
City manager
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A city manager is an official appointed as the administrative manager of a city, in a council–manager form of city government. Local officials serving in this position are sometimes referred to as the executive officer or chief administrative officer in some municipalities. Other small or middle sized American cities, especially in the West, in Europe, smaller cities in the Netherlands were specially attracted by the plan. Most sources trace the first city manager to Staunton, Virginia in 1908, some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were Sumter, South Carolina and Dayton, Ohio, Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first City Managers Association meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914, by 1930200 American cities used a city manager form of government. In addition, many states, such as the states of New Hampshire, the City Manager position focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost. The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators, Manager members of the ICMA are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, in the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions. As of 2005 more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, the average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, educational Level of Local Government Managers, Local government Local government in the United States council-manager government Clerk Kemp, Roger L. Managing Americas Cities, A Handbook for Local Government Productivity, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK1998. _______, Model Government Charters, A City, County, Regional, State, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. UK,2003 _______, Forms of Local Government, A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options, McFarland, jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng. The rise of the city manager, A public professional in local government, organized business and the city commission and manager movements. In JSTOR White, Leonard D. Staunton, Virginia, Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government, a history on the city manager system of government

10.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option

11.
List of United States cities by population
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The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places of the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place includes a variety of designations, including city, town, village, borough, a few exceptional Census Designated Places are also included in the Census Bureaus listing of incorporated places. Consolidated city-counties represent a type of government that includes the entire population of a county. Some consolidated city-counties, however, include multiple incorporated places and this list presents only that portion of such consolidated city-counties that are not a part of another incorporated place. A different ranking is evident when considering U. S. metropolitan area populations, the following table lists the 304 incorporated places in the United States with a population of at least 100,000 on July 1,2015, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau. A city is displayed in if it is a state or federal capital. Five states—Delaware, Maine, Vermont, West Virginia and Wyoming—do not have cities with populations of 100,000 or more, smaller incorporated places are not included. The mean density is 4,128.21 inhabitants per square mile, the median is 3,160.85 inhabitants per square mile. The following table lists the five municipalities of Puerto Rico with a greater than 100,000 on July 1,2016. Census-designated places with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2010 Census, a CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes. CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the counterparts of incorporated places such as cities, towns. CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government, but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places, unlike the incorporated cities in the main list, the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs. S. Cities that, in past censuses, have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city. The percent decline in population from its peak Census count to the most recent Census estimate in 2015, any additional notes of significant importance. Demographics of the United States United States Census Bureau List of U. S. S

List of United States cities by population
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Population tables of U.S. cities
List of United States cities by population
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The ten most populous cities of the United States
List of United States cities by population
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"List of largest cities in the United States" redirects here. For a list of largest cities by area, see List of United States cities by area.
List of United States cities by population

12.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above

Demonym
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Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns

13.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time

Eastern Time Zone
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(farthest right pink)

14.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year

15.
Eastern Daylight Time
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time

Eastern Daylight Time
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(farthest right pink)

16.
ZIP code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001

ZIP code
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A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes
ZIP code
ZIP code
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"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.
ZIP code
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USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".

17.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes

18.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county

County seat
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Many county seats in the United States feature a historic courthouse, such as this one in Renville County, Minnesota, pictured in May 2008.

19.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area

20.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city

21.
New Haven Colony
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The New Haven Colony was a small English colony in North America, in what is now the state of Connecticut, from 1637 to 1664. The history of the colony was a series of disappointments and failures, the most serious problem was that New Haven colony never had a charter giving it legal title to exist. The larger, stronger colony of Connecticut to the north did have a charter, New Haven had other weaknesses as well. The leaders were businessmen and traders, but they were never able to build up a large or profitable trade, because their base was poor. Farming on the soil of the colony was a formula for poverty. New Havens political system was confined to members only. More and more it was realized that the New Haven colony was a hopeless endeavor, oliver Cromwell recommended that they all migrate to Ireland, or to Spanish territories that he planned to conquer. But the Puritans of New Haven were too conservative, and too wedded to their new land, one by one in 1662-64 the towns joined Connecticut until only three were left and they submitted to the Connecticut Colony in 1664. It became the city of New Haven. In 1637 a group of London merchants and their families, discomfitted with the high Church Anglicanism around them, the leaders were John Davenport, a Puritan minister, and Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant who brought £3000 to the venture. Both had experience in fitting out vessels for the Massachusetts Bay Company, the two ships they chartered arrived in Boston on June 26,1637. Hearing reports of the area around the Quinnipiac River from militia engaged in the Pequot War, in late August, Eaton set sail to view the area. When Eaton set out on his return to Boston, he left seven of his men to remain through the winter, the main body of settlers, numbering about 250, with the addition of some from Massachusetts, landed on April 14,1638. A number of the dwellings were caves or cellers, partially underground. The settlers had no official charter, a second deed of a tract north of the first purchase was made December 11,1638. The Indian deed of Wepowauge was executed February 12,1639, in 1639 the colonists adopted a Fundamental Agreement for self-government, partly as a result of a similar action in Connecticut Colony. Pursuant to its terms, a Court composed of sixteen burgesses was established to appoint magistrates, officials, only planters who were members. of some or other of the approved Churches of New England were eligible to vote. This excluded indentured servants, temporary residents, and transient persons and they further determined. that the word of God shall be the only rule to be attended unto in ordering the affairs of government in this plantation

New Haven Colony
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Flag

22.
European colonization of the Americas
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European colonization of the Americas began as early as the 10th–11th century, when West Norse sailors explored and briefly settled limited areas on the shores of present-day Canada. These Norsemen were Vikings who had discovered and settled Greenland, then sailed up the Arctic region of North America alongside Greenland, according to Icelandic Sagas, violent conflicts with the indigenous population ultimately made the Norse abandon those settlements. Running aground on the part of Hispaniola on December 5,1492, which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century. European conquest, large-scale exploration, colonization and industrial development soon followed, Columbus first two voyages reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands, including Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Cuba. In 1497, sailing from Bristol on behalf of England, John Cabot landed on the North American coast, other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas, in eastern North America, a number of Caribbean islands, and small coastal parts of South America. Portugal colonized Brazil, tried colonizing the coasts of present-day Canada, the Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries. Eventually, the entire Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments, leading to profound changes to its landscape, population. In the 19th century alone over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas, Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence. It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978, Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire, over this same timeframe, Portugal claimed lands in North America and colonized much of eastern South America, naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil. Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century, but these failed. England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century, in the 18th century, Denmark–Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland, while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska. Denmark-Norway would later make claims in the Caribbean, starting in the 1600s. As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas, colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies, as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates. He was followed by other such as John Cabot, who was sponsored by England. Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal, amerigo Vespucci, working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513, established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents. Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name, America, in 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World. In an action with enduring historical import, Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and it was 1517 before another expedition, from Cuba, visited Central America, landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves

European colonization of the Americas
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Juan Ponce de León (Santervás de Campos, Valladolid, Spain). He was one of the first Europeans to arrive to the current U.S. and led the first Spanish expedition to Florida, which he named.
European colonization of the Americas
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A Spaniard plays with his mixed-race daughter while his Mestiza wife looks on, by Miguel Cabrera, 1763
European colonization of the Americas
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Fur traders in Canada, trading with Indians, 1777.

23.
Passaic River
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The Passaic River is a mature surface river, approximately 80 mi long, in northern New Jersey in the United States. In its lower portion, it flows through the most urbanized and industrialized areas of the state, the lower river suffered from severe pollution and industrial abandonment in the 20th century. In April 2014, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a $1.7 billion plan to remove 4.3 million cubic yards of mud from the bottom of lower eight miles of the river. It is considered one of the most polluted stretches of water in the nation, the Passaic rises in the center of Mendham, in southern Morris County. It begins between Spring Hill and Hardscrabble Road, travelling northeast and crossing Corey Lane before entering the Buck Hill Tract Natural Area, at this point the river begins to generally flow south, through Morristown National Historical Park, and forms the boundary between Morris and Somerset counties. The river passes through a gorge in Millington and then turns abruptly northeast and it forms the boundary between Morris and Union counties as it passes Berkeley Heights, New Providence, and Summit. Near Chatham it turns north, forming the boundary between Morris and Essex counties and it passes Livingston and Fairfield, where it flows through the Hatfield Swamp and is joined by the Rockaway River just after the Whippany River runs into it. The river flows northeast into the city of Paterson, where it drops over the Great Falls of the Passaic. On the north end of Paterson, it turns south, flowing between Paterson and Clifton on the west and Hawthorne, Fair Lawn, Elmwood Park, Garfield on the east. At Elmwood Park it begins to form Dundee Lake, created by the Dundee Dam built in 1845, the river becomes navigable two and a half miles downstream of the Dundee Dam at the Eighth Street/Locust Ave Bridge in Wallington where the dredged Wallington Reach channel begins. Proceeding beyond the Wallington Reach, the river remains navigable via a series of maintained channels to its final destination and it passes Passaic, Clifton again, then Nutley and Belleville on the west, it flows past Rutherford, Lyndhurst and North Arlington to the east. In its lowest reaches, it flows along the northeast portion of the city of Newark on the west, passing Kearny, East Newark, and Harrison, New Jersey on the eastern bank. Near downtown Newark it makes an abrupt easterly bend, then south around Ironbound, joining the Hackensack River at the end of Newark Bay. The Passaic River formed as a result of drainage from a massive lake that formed in Northern New Jersey at the end of the last ice age. That prehistoric lake is now known as Glacial Lake Passaic and was centered in the present lowland swamps of Morris County, eventually the lake level rose high enough that the water flowed out of a new outlet. The Passaic River found a new path to the ocean via the Millington Gorge and the Paterson Falls as the glacier covered the area retreated northward. As a result, the river as we now know it was born, to that end they built weirs, or overflow dams, to create pools and where the fish could be trapped. Many of these sites are still present and, in some cases

24.
Newark Bay
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Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, an estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean-going ships. Newark Bay is rectangular, approximately 5.5 miles long, varying in width from 0.6 to 1.2 miles and it is enclosed on the west by the cities of Newark and Elizabeth, and on the east by Jersey City and Bayonne. At the south is Staten Island, New York and at the north Kearny Point, shooters Island is a bird sanctuary where the borders of Staten Island, Bayonne and Elizabeth meet at one point. The southern tip of Bergen Neck, known as Bergen Point, juts into the bay, built offshore in 1849 it was demolished and replaced with a skeletal tower in the mid 20th century. The Atlantic Ocean at Sandy Hook and Rockaway Point is approximately 11 miles away, Newark Bay is connected to Upper New York Bay by the Kill Van Kull and to Raritan Bay by the Arthur Kill. The names of the channels reflect the period of Dutch colonialization, the area around the bay was called Achter Kol, which translates as behind or beyond the ridge and refers to Bergen Hill. The emergence of the Hudson Palisades begins on Bergen Neck, the peninsula between the bay and the Hudson River, Kill in Dutch means stream or channel. During the British colonial era the bay was known as Cull bay, Kill van Kull literally translates as channel from the ridge. Arthur Kill is an anglicisation of achter kill meaning back channel, the Upper Bay Bridge is a vertical lift bridge north of the Casciano that is now used by CSX Transportation for freight shipment, including the notable Juice Train. Central Railroad of New Jerseys Newark Bay Bridge crossed the bay from 1864 to connect its Communipaw Terminal, last used in 1978, it was determined to be a hazard to maritime navigation and demolished in the 1980s. Elizabeth is the site of the first English speaking European settlement in New Jersey, Jersey Gardens, an outlet mall, has been located north of Elizabethport since 1999. There are plans to construct a mixed used community adjacent to it along the bay, the western edge of Newark Bay was originally shallow tidal wetlands covering approximately 12 square miles. In 1910s the City of Newark began excavating an angled shipping channel in the quadrant of the wetland which formed the basis of Port Newark. Work on the channel and terminal facilities on its north side accelerated during World War I, during the war there were close to 25,000 troops stationed at the Newark Bay Shipyard. The City decided to expand the port at the end of the war, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was formed in 1921 and the Newark Bay Channels were authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Acts in 1922. Port Authority took over the operations of Port Newark and the Newark Airport in 1948, in 1958, the Port Authority dredged another shipping channel which straightened the course of Bound Brook, the tidal inlet forming the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth. Dredged materials was used to create new upland south of the new Elizabeth Channel, the Ironbound is an industrial area along the bay which becomes residential farther inland near Downtown Newark

25.
Port of New York and New Jersey
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Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast. The port is the nations top gateway for flights and its busiest center for overall passenger. There are two foreign-trade zones within the port, the port handled $208 billion in shipping cargo in 2011, and 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles in 2014. The port is one of the largest natural harbors globally, encompassing an area within an approximate 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. Abutting sections of Passaic, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, and Somerset in New Jersey, the Atlantic Ocean is to the southeast of the port. The sea at the entrance to the port is called the New York Bight, in Lower New York Bay and its western arm, Raritan Bay, vessels orient themselves for passage to the east into Arthur Kill or Raritan River or to the north to The Narrows. To the east lies the Rockaway Inlet, which leads to Jamaica Bay, the Narrows connects to the Upper New York Bay at the mouth of the Hudson River, which is sometimes called the North River. Large ships are able to navigate upstream to the Port of Albany-Rensselaer, to the west lies Kill van Kull, the strait leading to Newark Bay, fed by the Passaic River and Hackensack River, and the northern entrance of Arthur Kill. The Gowanus Canal and Buttermilk Channel are entered from the east, the East River is a broad strait that travels north to Newtown Creek and the Harlem River, turning east at Hell Gate before opening to Long Island Sound, which provides an outlet to the open sea. The port consists of a complex of approximately 240 miles of shipping channels, as well as anchorages, most vessels require pilotage, and larger vessels require tugboat assistance for the sharper channel turns. The Ambrose leads from the sea to the Upper Bay, where it becomes the Anchorage Channel. Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend. The natural depth of the harbor is about 17 feet, but it was deepened over the years, by 1891, the Main Ship Channel was minimally 30 feet deep. In 1914, Ambrose Channel became the entrance to the port. During World War II the main channel was dredged to 45 feet deep to accommodate ships up to Panamax size. This has been a source of environmental concern along channels connecting the facilities in Port Newark to the Atlantic. PCBs and other pollutants lay in a blanket just underneath the soil, in June 2009 it was announced that 200,000 cubic yards of dredged PCBs would be cleaned and stored en masse at the site of the former Yankee Stadium and at Brooklyn Bridge Park. In many areas the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock, dredging equipment then picks up the rock and disposes of it

26.
Newark Liberty International Airport
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Newark Liberty International Airport, originally Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport located about 15 miles southwest of Midtown Manhattan. It straddles the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, the airport is owned by the city of Newark and leased to and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Newark Airport was the first major airport in the United States, in 2015 Newark Airport handled 37.5 million passengers, JFK handled 56.8 million and LaGuardia Airport handled 28.4 million. In 2016 Newark served a record 40 million passengers, Newark serves 50 carriers and is the third-largest hub for United Airlines, which is the airports largest tenant. Newarks second-largest tenant is FedEx Express, whose third-largest cargo hub uses three buildings on two square feet of airport property. During the 12-month period ending in July 2014, over 68% of all passengers at the airport were carried by United Airlines. Newark opened October 1,1928 on 68 acres of reclaimed land along the Passaic River, the Art Deco Newark Metropolitan Airport Administration Building, adorned with murals by Arshile Gorky, was built in 1934 and dedicated by Amelia Earhart in 1935. It served as the terminal until the opening of the North Terminal in 1953 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and is now a museum and Port Authority Police headquarters. During World War II the field was closed to commercial aviation while it was taken over by the United States Army for logistics operations. The airlines returned to Newark in February 1946 and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey assumed control of the airport in 1948, later building new hangars, the February 1947 C&GS diagram shows 5940-ft runway 1, 7900-ft runway 6 and 7100-ft runway 10. On December 16,1951 a Miami Airlines C-46 bound for Tampa lost a cylinder on takeoff from runway 28, on January 22,1952 an American Airlines CV-240 crashed in Elizabeth, while on approach to runway 6 killing all 23 aboard and seven on the ground. On February 11,1952 a National DC-6 crashed in Elizabeth after takeoff from runway 24, killing 29 of 63 on board, a proposal to build a new airport at what is now the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was defeated by local opposition. In 1964, American and TWA started flying nonstop to California, tWAs 707 nonstop to Heathrow in 1978 was probably Newarks first trans-Atlantic nonstop. In the 1970s the airport became Newark International Airport, present Terminals A and B opened in 1973, although some charter and international flights requiring customs clearance remained at the North Terminal. The main building of Terminal C was completed at the same time and it lay dormant until the mid-1980s, when for a brief time the west third of the terminal was equipped for international arrivals and used for some People Express transcontinental flights. Terminal C was finally completed and opened in June 1988, underutilized in the 1970s, Newark expanded dramatically in the 1980s. People Express struck a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and it grew quickly, increasing Newarks traffic through the 1980s. Virgin Atlantic began service between Newark and London in 1984, challenging JFKs status as New Yorks international gateway, Federal Express opened its second hub at the airport in 1986

27.
Prudential Financial
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It provides these products and services to individual and institutional customers through distribution networks in the financial services industry. Prudential has operations in the United States, Asia, Europe and Latin America and has organized its principal operations into the Financial Services Businesses, Prudential is composed of hundreds of subsidiaries and holds more than $2 trillion of life insurance. The company uses the Rock of Gibraltar as its logo, the use of Prudentials symbol, the Rock of Gibraltar, began after an advertising agent passed Laurel Hill, a volcanic neck, in Secaucus, New Jersey, on a train in the 1890s. The related slogans Get a Piece of the Rock and Strength of Gibraltar are also quite widely associated with Prudential. Through the years, the symbol went through various versions, but in 1989 and it has been used ever since. The logotype was updated with a font in 1996. The font, Prudential Roman, was designed by Doyald Young and John March, started in Newark, New Jersey, in 1875, Prudential Financial was originally called The Widows and Orphans Friendly Society, then the Prudential Friendly Society. It was founded by John F. Dryden, who became a U. S. Senator. It sold one product in the beginning, burial insurance, Dryden was president of Prudential until 1912. He was succeeded by his son Forrest F. Dryden, who was the president until 1922, a history of The Prudential Insurance Company of America up to about 1975 is the topic of the book Three Cents A Week, referring to the premium paid by early policyholders. For their insurance, industrial workers paid double what others paid for ordinary life insurance, prominent lawyer and future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis helped pass a 1907 Massachusetts law to protect workers by allowing savings banks to sell life insurance at lower rates. Prudential has evolved from an insurance company to a joint stock company. It is now traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol PRU, the Prudential Stock was issued and started trading on the New York Stock Exchange on December 13,2001. On October 16,2007 the Fox Business Channel picked Prudential as part of its Fox50 Index, on August 1,2004, the U. S. In the same year, a joint venture was formed between Prudential Financial and China Everbright Limited, for misconduct relating to improper market timing. On November 28,2007, Prudential Financial board of directors elected a new CEO, John R. Strangfeld, in 1981, the company acquired Bache & Co. In 1999, Prudential sold its division, Prudential HealthCare. On May 1,2003, Prudential formalized the acquisition of American Skandia, the CEO of American Skandia, Wade Dokken, partnered with Goldman Sachs and sold the division to Prudential for $1.2 billion

28.
Public Service Enterprise Group
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The companys largest subsidiary retains the old PSE&G name. New Jerseys oldest and largest investor owned utility, Public Service Electric and Gas Company is a regulated gas, the Public Service Corporation was formed in 1903 by amalgamating more than 400 gas, electric and transportation companies in New Jersey. It was renamed Public Service Electric and Gas Company in 1948, the transportation operations of PSE&G were purchased by New Jersey Transit in 1980, leaving PSE&G exclusively in the utility business. In 1985, Public Service Enterprise Group formed as a holding company, in 2000, PSE&G split its unregulated national power generation assets to form PSEG Power, while PSE&G continued operating in New Jersey as a regulated gas and electric delivery company. In 2009, PSEG began installing solar panels on 200,000 utility poles in its area in a project costing $773 million. The Solar 4 All project increased the capacity for energy in New Jersey and was completed in 2013. In addition, PSEG is building four solar farms in Edison, Hamilton, Linden, PSEG Nuclear operates three nuclear reactors at two facilities in Lower Alloways Creek Township. PSEG owns one reactor at Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station and operates two reactors at Salem Nuclear Power Plant where PSEG Nuclear holds a 57 percent stake, exelon also operates two reactors at Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station in a 50/50 joint venture with PSEG. PSEG Long Island provides electricity to 1.1 million customers in Nassau and Suffolk counties, and this system operates under an agreement with the Long Island Power Authority, the state agency that owns the system, that went into effect January 1,2014. PSEGs transmission line voltages are 500,000 volts,345,000 volts,230,000 volts and 138,000 volts with interconnections to utilities in Pennsylvania, Delaware, the companys subtransmission voltages are 69,000 volts and 26,000 volts. PSEGs distribution voltages are 13,000 volts and 4,160 volts, major pollutants indicated by the study include manganese, chromium and nickel salts, sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Public Service Railway Newark Public Service Terminal Official website

Public Service Enterprise Group
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Alternate logo using more common PSE&G name, displayed on some pages on the PSEG website as of 2012
Public Service Enterprise Group
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Public Service Logo
Public Service Enterprise Group
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80 Park Plaza
Public Service Enterprise Group
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Kearny plant

29.
Panasonic Corporation of North America
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Panasonic Corporation, formerly known as Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. is a Japanese multinational electronics corporation headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan. The company was founded in 1918 and has grown to one of the largest Japanese electronics producers alongside Sony, Hitachi, Toshiba. In addition to electronics, it offers non-electronic products and services such as home renovation services, Panasonic is the worlds fourth-largest television manufacturer by 2012 market share. Panasonic has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225. It has a listing on the Nagoya Stock Exchange. From 1935 to October 1,2008, the name was Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd. On January 10,2008, the announced that it would change its name to Panasonic Corporation, in effect on October 1,2008. The name change was approved at a meeting on June 26,2008 after consultation with the Matsushita family. Panasonic was founded in 1918 by Kōnosuke Matsushita as a vendor of duplex lamp sockets, in 1927, it began producing bicycle lamps, the first product which it marketed under the brand name National. After the war, Panasonic regrouped as a Keiretsu and began to supply the boom in Japan with radios and appliances. Matsushitas brother-in-law, Toshio Iue, founded Sanyo as a subcontractor for components after World War II, Sanyo grew to become a competitor to Panasonic, but was later acquired by Panasonic in December 2009. In 1961, Konosuke Matsushita traveled to the United States and met with American dealers, the company began producing television sets for the U. S. market under the Panasonic brand name, and expanded the use of the brand to Europe in 1979. The company used the National brand outside of North America from the 1950s to the 1970s, the company also developed a line of home appliances such as rice cookers for the Japanese and Asian markets. Rapid growth resulted in the company opening manufacturing plants around the world, the company debuted a hi-fidelity audio speaker in Japan in 1965 with the brand Technics. This line of high quality stereo components became worldwide favorites, the most famous products being its turntables, such as the SL-1200 record player, known for its high performance, precision and durability. In 1973, Matsushita formed a joint venture with Anam Group, in 1983, Matsushita launched the Panasonic Senior Partner, the first fully IBM PC compatible Japanese-made computer. In November 1990, Matsushita agreed to acquire the American media company MCA Inc. for US$6.59 billion, Matsushita subsequently sold 80% of MCA to Seagram Company for US$7 billion in April 1995. In 1998, Matsushita sold Anam National to Anam Electronics, on May 2,2002, Panasonic Canada marked its 35th anniversary in that country by giving $5-million to help build a music city on Torontos waterfront

Panasonic Corporation of North America
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Headquarters in Osaka, Japan
Panasonic Corporation of North America
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A Better Life, A Better World
Panasonic Corporation of North America
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A 152-inch Panasonic plasma display on show at IFA 2010
Panasonic Corporation of North America

30.
Audible.com
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Audible Inc. is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks, radio and TV programs, and audio versions of magazines, through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the worlds largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. Audibles content is accessible through special proprietary closed software, including unauthorized-playback prevention by means of an Audible user name. On January 31,2008 Amazon. com announced it would buy Audible for about 300 million USD, the deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon. The company is based in Newark, New Jerseys 1 Washington Park high rise office building, Audible is the United States largest audio book producer and retailer. January 1998, Audible introduced the first production-volume digital audio player almost four years before the introduction of the iPod and it only supported playback of digital audio in Audibles proprietary, low-bitrate. aa format that could be downloaded from Audible. com. The first player had about 4MB of memory, which is two hours of. aa format audio. Audible holds a number of patents in this device area, october 24,1999, Audible suffered a setback when its CEO at the time, Andrew J. Huffman, died of an apparent heart attack. Development proceeded, however, leading to Audible licensing the ACELP codec for its level 3 quality downloads in 2000, Audible scored a coup in 2003 when it made an exclusive deal with Apple to provide their catalog of books on the iTunes Music Store. Books purchased on iTunes would have a. m4b extension and would contain AAC audio covered by Apples FairPlay Digital Rights Management, Audibles success began to increase interest in the profile of Audibles founder, Don Katz. Audible launched Audible Air in 2005, software that made it possible to download audio books over the air - wirelessly and directly to such as a smartphones or PDAs. This eliminated the need for the step of downloading copy-controlled audio books first to a computer in order to then transfer it to Palm OS, Windows Mobile. Audible Air content would update automatically, downloading chapters as required that would then delete themselves after they had listened to. Interest in Audible and its founder would continue to attract attention as Don Katz was featured in the March 2006 issue of Business 2.0, in April 2008, Audible began producing exclusive science fiction and fantasy audiobooks under its Audible Frontiers imprint. At launch 25 titles were released, in 2008, Amazon bought the company for $300 million. The platform has been so successful that in 2012, Audible reported it had received more titles from ACX than from its top three audio providers combined, firths performance of Graham Greenes The End of the Affair was named Audiobook of the Year at the Audie Awards in 2013. In 2014, at Audibles headquarters six recording studios, producers and voice actors create new audiobooks 16 hours a day, along with Whispersync for Voice, Audible released Immersion Reading, a feature which highlights text on a Kindle book as the audiobook is narrated. Audibles content includes more than 200,000 audio programs from leading publishers, broadcasters, entertainers, magazine and newspaper publishers

31.
IDT Corporation
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IDT Corporation is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Newark, New Jersey. IDT was founded by entrepreneur Howard Jonas in August 1990 and he founded the company after opening a sales office in Israel, receiving large international phone bills and then discovering a way to lower them by re-originating calls in the United States. In 1996, IDT founded Net2Phone, the worlds fourth-largest VoIP provider, in November 2004, IDT launched its retail energy business, IDT Energy. As an electric and natural gas supplier, IDT Energy started with customers in New York State and they have entered many more deregulated markets since then including those in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Illinois and Washington DC. In 2014, IDT Energy was awarded the Industry Leadership and Integrity Award at the NYC Energy Marketing Conference. On January 26,2006, IDT Telecom, Inc. sold to GVC Networks LLC all its IDT Winstar Solution subsidiaries, Winstar Communications, Winstar Government Solutions, LLC and Winstar Wireless, LLC. On February 17,2006, IDT announced it would reacquire full ownership of Net2Phone, a company it had launched in the mid 1990s. On May 16,2006, IDT agreed to sell its IDT Entertainment division to Liberty Media for all of Liberty Medias interests in IDT, $186 million in cash and the assumption of existing indebtedness. On August 31,2006, the sale of all of IDT Entertainments US operations, the remainder of the deal, to include the Canadian and Australian operations, is expected to be closed in the next few weeks after regulatory approval has been given. This sale was completed on 29 September 2006, in March 2006, IDT sold its Russian telecom business, Corbina Telecom, to a Moscow-based consortium of private equity investors for net $129.9 million in cash. On October 12,2006, IDT completed the sale of its Toucan consumer phone business in the UK to Pipex for $46.3 million in cash and Pipex stock. In 2007, IDT acquired a controlling interest in Zedge. net, on September 14,2009, IDT spun off its CTM Media Holdings to its shareholders. CTM Media Holdings included CTM Media, a distributor of print and online media advertising focused on tourist destinations, and IDW Publishing, on October 31,2011, IDT spun off its energy related businesses to its shareholders as Genie Energy. On July 31,2013, IDT spun off its wireless specturm license, the IDT owned building at 520 Broad Street in downtown Newark was home to the former Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company from 1957 to 2000. In 2009, IDT introduced Boss Revolution, a PIN-less international prepaid calling service, Boss Revolution PIN-less allows smart phone users to make single touch international calls. Since its introduction, Boss Revolution and other PIN-less providers have largely supplanted the traditional prepaid international calling card industry, IDT subsequently announced initiatives to add various payment services to the Boss Revolution Platform, including international money transfer. IDT inaugurated a service of low cost international calling called PennyTalk, of note is the use of an Australian actress to play a woman from London during the initial PennyTalk commercial campaign. IDT operated a wireless MVNO, Tuyo Mobile on the T-Mobile network and it was terminated on May 1,2012

32.
Manischewitz
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Manischewitz /ˌmænəˈʃɛvɪts/ is a leading brand of kosher products based in the United States, best known for their matzo and kosher wine. Founded in 1888, it became a corporation in 1923 and remained under family control until 1990. On April 7,2014, Sankaty Advisors, an arm of private equity firm Bain Capital and it is the worlds largest matzo manufacturer and one of Americas largest kosher brands. Manischewitz Company, LLC was founded by Rabbi Dov Behr Manischewitz, in 1888 in Cincinnati, in 1990 a $1 million fine was levied against the company for price fixing with its two main competitors at the time, Streits and Horowitz. The Company went public in 1923 and remained a public corporation until it was private in a management buyout led by Kohlberg & Company in 1990 for $42.5 million. In 1998, Richard A. Bernstein purchased the company from Kohlberg, in 2004 its name was changed to R. A. B. Food Group, LLC and today is known as The Manischewitz Company, from 2007 to 2014, Manischewitz was owned by the hedge fund Harbinger Capital. Manischewitz remains the worlds top matzo manufacturer and one of Americas top kosher brands and their original product, the square matzo, revolutionized matzo-making, which until the familys production process, used to consist of rolling the matzo and trimming the edges by hand. It was also considered quite revolutionary to make matzos by machine, on June 14,2011, a new 200, 000-square-foot facility was announced. Located on 80 Avenue K in the East Ward of Newark, New Jersey, Manischewitz has revolutionized the way in which matzo is produced. By mass-producing matzos they turned the output of matzo-making from a local product into a national. Manischewitz matzos were also the first to feature uniform texture, taste, when the company first began shipping matzos they also decided to make them square, whereas before matzos had been consistently round. Manischewitzs main innovation - making matzos with machines instead of by hand - aroused some initial controversy, some rabbis of the era claimed that in order to be acceptable for religious use, the matzo had to have been made by a man and not a machine. Manischewitz was ultimately able to overcome these concerns, in part by demonstrating the meticulous adherence to the halakha, Manischewitz acquired Horowitz-Margareten Matzo and manufactures Goodman matzo. In addition to matzo, Manischewitz-labeled foods include cookies, pasta, Kosher foods such as these are staples of many supermarkets in the United States. R. A. B. is not involved with Manischewitz wine, however and it has, since 1986, licensed the Manischewitz brand name to the Manischewitz Wine Company, a subsidiary of Canandaigua Wine Company. The Passover version is still an egg matzo cracker, but year-round Tam Tam production is not. A. B, the Winery was founded by Leo Star and run by the Star family since 1927. The Manischewitz winery is best known for its budget concord wine, made from labrusca grapes, its aroma is unusual, and is combined with a large amount of residual sugar

33.
Rutgers School of Law-Newark
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Formerly the Rutgers School of Law—Newark, the Newark campus of Rutgers Law School is located in the Center for Law and Justice, Rutgers University-Newark, in Newark, New Jersey. It and the Camden campus are the two campuses of the unified Rutgers Law School, in 2015, former Rutgers Law School–Newark officially merged with the former Rutgers School of Law–Camden, thereby creating the unified Rutgers Law School with two campuses. U. S. News & World Report, in its 2018 rankings of Best Graduate Schools, before the merger, the former Rutgers Law School–Newark was the oldest of the then-three law schools in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Founded in 1908 as the New Jersey Law School, it merged in 1936 with the University of Newark, which merged with Rutgers University. The former Rutgers Law School–Newark celebrated its centennial on September 9,2008, the school is accredited by the American Bar Association, a member of the Association of American Law Schools, and registered with the Board of Regents of the State of New York. By the late 1960s, Rutgers School of Law–Newark had received the moniker The Peoples Electric Law School and its faculty included such activists as Arthur Kinoy and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. As of January 2017, the alumni of the former Rutgers Law School–Newark include two currently sitting United States senators, Robert Menendez and Elizabeth Warren. Factors that may be considered in the Rutgers admissions process include, but are not limited to, work experience, personal accomplishments, a unified admissions process accompanies the merger of the Newark and Camden schools into a single Rutgers Law School. Starting with the class of 2016, application materials and requirements are identical. Applicants indicate, after admission, which of the two cities — Camden or Newark — will be their home base for legal studies. The J. D. program at Rutgers requires a total of 84 credits to graduate, the 1L curriculum requires traditional courses in Torts, Contracts, Property, Criminal Law, Civil Procedure, Constitutional Law, and Legal Analysis, Writing and Research Skills. All required courses are graded on a standard B-curve, 1Ls are grouped in small sections of roughly 30 people, who take all of the same required classes together. Students may choose to attend classes on either a full-time or part-time basis, womens Rights Law Reporter, the first journal in the country to focus on womens rights. Co-founded by former Rutgers Professor Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Rutgers Race and the Law Review Rutgers Law Record, the first legal journal to be published entirely online. An additional 11. 5% of the Class of 2014 obtained a J. D. -preferred job within nine months of graduation,7. 9% of the Class of 2014 was unemployed nine months after graduating. Tuition and fees at Rutgers law School for the 2016-2017 academic year is $27,011, according to the U. S. News Law School Rankings for 2015-16, the Law School is ranked 87th overall, with its part-time program ranking 19th overall. It is ranked 74th according to Peer Reputation score, making it the highest peer-rated school in New Jersey, the U. S. News rankings are based heavily on incoming student attributes, such as average undergraduate GPA and LSAT score, as opposed to employment outcomes. U. S. News has ranked the Law School 9th in the country on its list of law degrees with the biggest return on investment, the National Law Journal ranked the Law School 47th on its 2015 list of the Top 50 Go-To Law Schools

Rutgers School of Law-Newark
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Rutgers Law School

34.
New Jersey Medical School
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New Jersey Medical School —also known as Rutgers New Jersey Medical School—is a graduate medical school of Rutgers University that is part of the division of Biomedical and Health Sciences. NJMS is the oldest school of medicine in New Jersey, the school of medicine was founded in 1954 as the Seton Hall College of Medicine and Dentistry, established under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, in Jersey City, New Jersey. On August 6,1954, the College was incorporated as an entity separate from Seton Hall University. The first class of 80 students was admitted to the four-year MD program in September 1956, in 1965, the institution was acquired by the State of New Jersey, renamed the New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry, and relocated to Newark, New Jersey. With the passing of the Medical and Dental Education Act of 1970, with the creation of the CMDNJ, the medical school adopted its title the New Jersey Medical School. In 1981, legislation signed on December 10 by Governor Byrne established CMDNJ as the University of Medicine, NJMS served as one of five regional campuses that constitute the UMDNJ health science institution. With a cohesive student body, each consisting of approximately 170 students. Robert L. Johnson is the current Dean, in 2004, the school received $104 million in extramural grants supporting basic, clinical and translational research. New Jersey Medical School is also home to the Global Tuberculosis Institute, The Institute for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, New Jersey Medical School is a charter member of the New Jersey Stem Cell Research and Education Foundation. The Summer Student Research Program provides students with stipends to conduct research in the laboratories of NJMS faculty, New Jersey Medical School’s core teaching hospital, The University Hospital, is located on campus. It is home to a Level I Trauma Center, the busiest in the state, University Hospital is also the state’s single largest provider of charity care. Approximately 500 residents are pursuing advanced training at University Hospital in 18 accredited programs. Other major affiliated teaching sites include Hackensack University Medical Center, Morristown Medical Center, admission to NJMS is highly selective and competitive. NJMS selects its students on the basis of excellence, leadership qualities, demonstrated compassion for others. One hundred and seventy students enrolled in the class of 2012, all applicants must be either permanent residents or citizens of the United States, meet specific course requirements, and take the Medical College Admissions Test

New Jersey Medical School
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Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School

35.
Institute of Jazz Studies
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The Institute of Jazz Studies is the largest and most comprehensive library and archives of jazz and jazz-related materials in the world. It is located on the floor of the John Cotton Dana Library at Rutgers University-Newark in Newark. The archival collection contains more than 100,000 sound recordings on CDs, LPs, EPs, 78- and 75-rpm disks and it also houses over 30 instruments used by famous jazz musicians. In 2013, the Institute was designated a Literary Landmark by New Jerseys Center for the Book in the National Registry of the Library of Congress, in 1952, the Institute of Jazz Studies was founded by Marshall Stearns, a jazz scholar, literature professor, and author. Stearns had a plan for a jazz institute as early as 1949 and it was originally located at his apartment at 108 Waverly Place in New York City. Stearns negotiated transfer of IJS to Rutgers University in Newark, New Jersey in 1966 and he died before the final transfer took place. In 1967 the Institute materials were moved to the Newark campus of Rutgers University in New Jersey, charles Nanry, a sociologist, worked part-time as its administrator. It was first located in the Dana Library, then moved to Bradley Hall, the Institute was formally affiliated with the John Cotton Dana Library at Rutgers – Newark in 1984. The current expanded facilities in the library opened in 1994, major collections include the personal papers of Mary Lou Williams, Victoria Spivey, Abby Lincoln, Annie Ross, Benny Carter, and James P. Johnson. A special column in The Record Changer jazz magazine was the initial, the Journal of Jazz Studies was published from 1973 to 1979. Annual Review of Jazz Studies publication began in 1981 as a continuation of JJS, today, the Journal of Jazz Studies is an open-access online journal. The online journal continues and expands upon the tradition of the original JJS/ARJS as the longest running English-language scholarly jazz journal, Studies in Jazz, a monograph series with Scarecrow Press, publishes books related to jazz. In addition to its publications, the Institute also hosts Jazz From The Archives, a show on WBGO radio that airs every Sunday. Since 2012, the Institute has also hosted an annual Jazz Archives Fellowship, the fellowship is open to graduate students of library science or recent graduates with an interest in jazz or African American studies. The Fellowship Program is also funded by private funds, in 2014, the fellows focused on the collection of Ismay Duvivier, a dancer, and her son George Duvivier, a bass player. In 1987, the Institute began funding up to ten grants of $1,000 each year, the fund was started by musician Benny Carter in memory of Morroe Berger. Berger was a professor of sociology at Princeton University until his death in 1981, half of the awards are designated for students in the Rutgers-Newark Master’s Program in Jazz History and Research and half are awarded to scholars from other institutions. The awards are for visiting the Institute and performing independent jazz-related research, to date, over 70 awards have been granted

Institute of Jazz Studies
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John Cotton Dana Library, which houses the Institute of Jazz Studies at the Newark campus of Rutgers University.

36.
New Jersey Institute of Technology
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The New Jersey Institute of Technology is a public research university in the University Heights neighborhood of Newark, New Jersey. NJIT is New Jerseys Science & Technology University, centrally located in the New York metropolitan area its campus is within walking distance of downtown Newark. New York City,9 miles and under 30 minutes away, is accessible from campus via public transit. Founded in 1881 with the support of local industrialists and inventors, especially Edward Weston, as of fall 2016, the university enrolls over 11,300 students,2,200 of whom live on campus. Architecturally significant buildings include Eberhardt Hall, the Campus Center, facilities under construction include a Wellness and Events Center that will house a 3, 500-seat venue for social and sporting events. NJIT offers 50 undergraduate majors and 78 graduate programs, the university is organized into 21 departments, three of which, Biological Sciences, History, and Theater Arts, are federated with Rutgers-Newark whose campus borders NJITs. With a student population that is almost 20% international, NJIT ranks among the most ethnically diverse national universities in the country and it has multiple study abroad options along with extensive co-op, internship, and service opportunities. According to PayScale NJIT ranks 20th among Engineering Schools and 33rd among Research Universities in the US by Salary Potential, NJITs R&D expenditures were $110 million in 2015 and $131 million in 2016. NJIT is a member of the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities, a Sea Grant College, a leader in the graduate education of students that are underrepresented in STEM fields, it has participated in the McNair Scholars Program since 1999. With 20 varsity teams, the NCAA Division I Highlanders primarily compete in the Atlantic Sun Conference, the New Jersey Institute of Technology has a history dating back to the early Industrial Age. The Newark Board of Trade, working jointly with the Newark City Council, dozens of the citys industrialists, along with other private citizens, eager for a work force resource in their home town, threw their support behind the fund-raiser. By 1884, the collaboration of the public and private sectors produced success, Newark Technical School was ready to open its doors. The first 88 students, mostly evening students, attended classes in a building at 21 West Park Street. Soon the facility became inadequate to house a student body. To meet the needs of the school, a second fund-raiser—the institutions first capital campaign—was launched to support the construction of a dedicated building for Newark Technical School. A laboratory building, later to be called Colton Hall, was added to the campus in 1911, Dr. Allan R. Cullimore led the institution from 1920 to 1949, transforming Newark Technical School into Newark College of Engineering. Cullimore left a history of the institution dated 1955. As of 1946, about 75% of the class had served in the U. S

37.
Seton Hall University School of Law
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The Seton Hall University School of Law is part of Seton Hall University, and is located in downtown Newark, New Jersey. Seton Hall Law School is the private law school in New Jersey. Founded in 1951, it is accredited by the American Bar Association, the school was also fully accredited by the American Bar Association in that same year. Seton Hall law is part of Seton Hall University, which is located in South Orange, NJ. The J. D. degree program of 88 credits can be pursued as a day student in three years or as a day or evening student in 3.5 or 4 years. Seton Hall Law offers a Master of Laws in Health Law, Master of Laws in Intellectual Property Law, the school also offers several joint degree programs with other faculties of the University. For example, there is a combined J. D. /M. A, program with the Universitys Whitehead School of Diplomacy. Through the schools alliance with UNA-USA, law students have an access to the United Nations. In Fall 2015,151 students matriculated to the law, in 2008,359 students matriculated to the law school. Students have the opportunity to intern/extern with various U. N. organizations, NGOs, foreign missions, Seton Hall Law also offers study abroad opportunities in Egypt, Ireland, Italy, Zanzibar and Tanzania. The Centers work focuses on three key areas, Interrogations & Intelligence, National Security, and Forensics, among the Center’s high-profile projects are the world-renowned Guantanamo Reports. For 2017, the U. S. News and World Report ranked the school 65th in the nation, the schools health law program is currently ranked 9th by US News & World Report, the 20th year in the Top 10. In 2015, Above the Law ranked the school 44th out of the top 50 law schools in the nation, according to Seton Hall University School of Laws official 2015 ABA-required disclosures, more than 95% of the Class of 2015 were employed 10 months after graduation. 90 percent were employed in jobs that were JD-required or preferred,90 percent of students passed the bar exam in New Jersey, compared to a state average of 73 percent. 86 percent passed the bar exam in New York, compared to an average of 79 percent. A large proportion of Seton Hall graduates work as clerks for one year after graduation. In 2014, the starting salary for the 93 percent of the class who were employed was $62,000. For those working in Private practice or business, the salary was approximately $80,000

Seton Hall University School of Law
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One Newark Center
Seton Hall University School of Law
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Seton Hall University School of Law
Seton Hall University School of Law
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Academics

38.
New Jersey Performing Arts Center
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The New Jersey Performing Arts Center, in downtown Newark, New Jersey, United States, is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. Home to the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, more than 9 million visitors have visited the center since it opened in October 1997 on the site of the former Military Park Hotel, NJPAC has been an important component in revitalization of New Jerseys largest city. The Prudential Center is just to the south, NJPAC has one of the largest arts education programs offered by a performing arts center in the nation. Prudential Hall, a 2, 800-seat hall arranged in four horseshoe-shaped tiers, with boxes, victoria Theatre, a 514-seat smaller theater. The Chase Room, with 350 seats, is home to centers cabaret performance series, bi-annual hip hop festival, the last reason was considered especially important. A major goal of NJPAC was to revitalize the city, bringing people back into blighted areas. The planning commission decided that the new center would be integrated into the city, encouraged walking. The master plan, executed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill consisted of plazas and pedestrian boulevards, after a selection process, the board chose Barton Myers as the lead architect, based on his experience with theaters and his contextual buildings. They instructed him to build a complex that was the opposite of the Kennedy Center or Lincoln Center, instead of a monument to the arts, Myers saw it as another part of the city tying it to residents and inviting them into it. He related the physical structure to the context by using brick, exposed steel, groundbreaking ceremonies took place in October 1993 with speeches by dignitaries and performances by Kathleen Battle and the Newark Boys Chorus, among others. During the bidding process, NJPAC President & CEO Lawrence Goldman mandated that most of the jobs had to go to local minorities. The board of the organization successfully implemented this program, suspending a contractor in 1995 for failing to do so, construction began in 1995 and was completed in 1997, receiving rave reviews by The New York Times architecture critic Herbert Muschamp upon its opening. The New Yorker has said that it one of the best modern concert halls on the Eastern Seaboard - handsome in appearance. A regular season is presented by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra, NJPAC has attracted over 9 million patrons since its October 18,1997 Opening Night. In 2001 NJPAC was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal, in 2011, John Schreiber replaced Lawrence P. Goldman as President/CEO of the center, the 2010, Geraldine R. Dodge Poetry Festival took place in Newark for the first time, with NJPAC hosting the festivals and many of its events. The Newark Peace Education Summit, attended by the 14th Dalai Lama and other dignitaries, NJPAC hosted the seventh season of the reality show competition Americas Got Talent. In October 2012, the Arts Center inaugurated the TD James Moody Democracy of Jazz Festival, Newarks first major festival in 15 years

39.
Newark Symphony Hall
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Newark Symphony Hall at 1020 Broad Street in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States, was built in 1925 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It was known for years as The Mosque Theater. Originally built by the Shriners at a cost of more than $2 million as Salaam Temple and colloquially known as The Mosque, the interior features a Greek and Egyptian motifs, marble columns, a crystal chandelier, gold-leaf fret work and two-columned side promenades. The neo-classical building was designed by Frank Grad, a prominent Newark architect, whose work includes the Lefcourt Newark Building, the 3, 500-seat main concert hall is named for Sarah Vaughan, a native Newarker, and is renowned for its acoustics. Newark Stage is a 200-seat black box used by theatrical productions. The Terrace Ballroom is used for receptions, the Studio is a rehearsal space. The Dance Studio is home to one of three facilities in the used by the school of the Garden State Ballet, founded in 1951. During its early years the theater received the patronage of Mrs. Parker O. Griffith, with a foundation supported by the Griffith Piano Company, the company also built the Griffith Building, used as a showroom, workshop, office tower and recital auditorium. In the early 1920s, the company formed a partnership with Earl Beach, Beach had worked with Robert Hope-Jones at his factory in Elmira, New York. The organ in Symphony Hall is one of ten theatre organs installed in northeastern New Jersey between 1921 and 1925, the Harmonic Tuba has H. J. stamped on it. New Jerseys first television station, WATV Channel 13, debuted on May 15,1948 from studios at The Mosque Theater, the commercial station was owned by Atlantic Television, a subsidiary of Bremer Broadcasting Corporation. Bremer also owned two northern New Jersey radio stations, WAAT and WAAT-FM whose studios were also in the building, today Channel 13 is non-commercial WNET. From 1965-1989 the former WATV-13 studios were home to WNJU Channel 47, in 1964, the floundering Mosque Theater was on the verge on bankruptcy and there was a threat of it being torn down. Sol Hurok, an impresario who had presented many of his artists there commented and it is one of the great concert halls of the country, with marvelous acoustics and great sight lines. It was purchased by the city for $340,000, becoming a non-profit organization, among the opera companies and stars who have appeared at Symphony Hall are the Metropolitan Opera, Jerome Hines, Beverly Sills, Roberta Peters, Leontyne Price, and Robert Merrill. The Rolling Stones and Eric Clapton are among the legends to have performed at the venue. The Newark Dance Theater, African Globe Theater Works, and the New Jersey Ballet also showed work at the Hall, while much activity has shifted to NJPAC, Symphony Halls continues to present theater, music and dance. Community organizations have been conducting their annual programs at Newark Symphony Hall for twenty-five years and more, the area just south of Downtown Newark near Lincoln Park is known as The Coast

Newark Symphony Hall
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Salaam Temple

40.
Prudential Center
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Prudential Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the central business district of Newark, New Jersey, United States. It was designed by HOK Sport, with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects, opened in 2007, it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League and the Seton Hall Pirates mens basketball team from Seton Hall University. The arena seats 16,514 patrons for hockey and 18,711 for basketball, in December 2013, the arena ranked third nationally and ninth internationally for self-reported annual revenue. According to the Devils organization, the Prudential Center has played an important role in the revitalization of downtown Newark, for years, the New Jersey Devils had been rumored to be at least considering relocation. Even when the won the Stanley Cup in 1995, it was amidst rumors that the franchise would move to Nashville. A project to build a new 18,000 seat arena in Newark first received funding from Newarks city council in 2002, when the team was owned by Puck Holdings, a subsidiary of YankeeNets. In 2004, former Lehman Brothers executive Jeffrey Vanderbeek bought the team from Puck Holdings and he also stated that he believed the arena would take downtown Newark to a whole new level. After legal battles over both eminent domain and the financial participation in the arena project, the final deal was approved by council in October 2004. A seven-acre site for the arena in downtown Newark was selected, bordered by Edison Place on the north, Lafayette Street on the south, Mulberry Street on the east, the arena was designed by HOK Sport, with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects. Initial designs were released in early 2005 and referred to the arena as Newark Arena, groundbreaking began on October 3,2005 and a workforce of 2,725 union workers was employed to construct the arena. Financial issues, though, threatened to halt the deal, on January 24,2006, the Devils averted having the project canceled by submitting a guarantee in writing that the team would contribute $100 million to the arena, one day before their deadline. Though construction was underway, in late summer 2006, Cory Booker. The Devils paid for the remainder of the cost, thus, no new direct taxpayer funding was required for the construction of the arena. Some taxpayer dollars, however, were spent on infrastructure improvements and these improvements were necessary for both the new arena and proposed private development surrounding the arena. Prudential Financial purchased the rights to the arena in January 2007 for $105.3 million over 20 years. Prudential has chosen to call the arena the Prudential Center, even though this is also the name of numerous office complexes around the country, most notably in Boston. The arena had been referred to as Newark Arena prior to the deal, construction on the arena was completed in October 2007. The estimated final cost of the construction is $380 million

Prudential Center
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The Mulberry Street side of the arena, flanked by the entrance cylinders and featuring a large LED screen.
Prudential Center
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A view of the ice from Section 232, following a New Jersey Devils game
Prudential Center
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The lower level Grand Concourse, with the Goal Bar on the upper right, features jerseys from most high school hockey teams in New Jersey.
Prudential Center
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Active

41.
Newark Museum
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The Newark Museum, in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States, is the states largest museum. It holds fine collections of American art, decorative arts, contemporary art, and arts of Asia, Africa, the Americas, the Newark Museums Tibetan galleries are considered among the best in the world. The collection was purchased from Christian missionaries in the twentieth century. The Tibetan galleries have an in-situ Buddhist altar that the Dalai Lama has consecrated, in addition to its extensive art collections, the Newark Museum is dedicated to natural science. It includes the Dreyfuss Planetarium and the Victoria Hall of Science which highlights some of the museums 70,000 specimen Natural Science Collection, the Alice Ransom Dreyfuss Memorial Garden, located behind the museum, is the setting for community programs, concerts and performances. The garden is home to a 1784 old stone schoolhouse. The kernel of the museum was a collection of Japanese prints, silks, originally located on the fourth floor of the Newark Public Library, the museum moved into its own purpose-built structure in the 1920s on Washington Park after a gift by Louis Bamberger. It was designed by Jarvis Hunt who also designed Bambergers flagship Newark store, at that time much of the Museum, including the new addition, was redesigned by Michael Graves. The Museum had a mini-zoo with small animals for some twenty years, New Jersey Digital Highway Alexander, Edward P. Museum Masters, Their Museums and Their Influence, Newark Museum Dreyfuss Planetarium Jan 11,2009 New York Times article on Museum

42.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large

43.
Suburban
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A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter

44.
Branch Brook Park
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Branch Brook Park is a county park of Essex County, New Jersey in the United States, located in the North Ward of Newark, between the neighborhoods of Forest Hill and Roseville. A portion of the park is located within the Township of Belleville. At 360 acres, Branch Brook Park is the largest public park in the city of Newark, the park was formally created in 1895 by the newly created Essex County Parks Commission, making it the nations first county park. The area had served as an Army training ground during the American Civil War, at the time, the northern portion of the area had been a marsh known as Old Blue Jay Swamp. In 1898, a public appropriation financed the conversion of the swamp into a landscaped lake, the Morris Canal originally ran on the parks west side, until its old bed was turned into the Newark City Subway, providing access to the park from Downtown Newark. The first designs of the park, based largely on romantic themes, were proposed in 1895 and 1898. In 1900, the commission hired the Olmsted Brothers firm to redesign the park, the result was the parks current naturalistic look and feel, with acres of meadows and forests, in a manner similar to their fathers earlier designs of Central Park and Prospect Park. The park is home to many significant structures, including bridges, buildings, gates. Many of these were designed by the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings headed by John Merven Carrère. The pair designed two Subway Bridges now referred to as Subway 1, East and Subway 2, West, the famous cherry trees were the result of a 1927 gift from Caroline Bamberger Fuld, sister of department store magnate Louis Bamberger and widow of the stores vice president. The Cherry Blossom Festival attracts approximately 10,000 visitors each April, during World War II, the parks grounds served a tent city for recruits, as well as a landing strip for airplanes of the United States Postal Service. The neighborhood on the east side of the park, Forest Hill, is Newarks most affluent, also on the east side of the park is the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Basilica, one of the largest cathedrals in the United States. It has been placed on both the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places, Branch Brook Park is undergoing a $25 million ten-year restoration program. In 2004, the Park Avenue bridge was repaired, as were the fields in the center of the park. In 2007, a plan was created to provide for more than 5,000 cherry trees in the park and renovate, the plan uses a $650,000 grant from the Essex County Recreation and the Open Space Trust Fund from 2006 and private donations. In 2012, statues dedicated to sports figures Althea Gibson and Roberto Clemente were unveiled in the park, National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey Official site

Branch Brook Park
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Branch Brook Park
Branch Brook Park
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The Ballantine gates, on the east side of the park by Forest Hill, were given to Branch Brook Park by Peter Ballantine in 1899. They are modeled on gates in Scotland
Branch Brook Park
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Cherry Blossom Center

45.
Cherry blossom
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A cherry blossom is the flower of any of several trees of genus Prunus, particularly the Japanese cherry, Prunus serrulata, which is called sakura after the Japanese. Currently it is distributed, especially in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere including Japan, China, Korea, Europe, West Siberia, India, Canada. Along with the chrysanthemum, the blossom is considered the national flower of Japan. Many of the varieties that have cultivated for ornamental use do not produce fruit. Edible cherries generally come from cultivars of the related species Prunus avium, Cherry blossom are also closely related to other Prunus trees such as the almond, peach, plum and apricot and more distantly to apples, pears and roses. Hanami is the practice of picnicking under a blooming sakura or ume tree. The custom is said to have started during the Nara Period when it was ume blossoms that people admired in the beginning, but by the Heian Period, cherry blossoms came to attract more attention and hanami was synonymous with sakura. From then on, in both waka and haiku, flowers meant cherry blossoms, the custom was originally limited to the elite of the Imperial Court, but soon spread to samurai society and, by the Edo period, to the common people as well. Tokugawa Yoshimune planted areas of cherry trees to encourage this. Under the sakura trees, people had lunch and drank sake in cheerful feasts, the blossoming begins in Okinawa in January and typically reaches Kyoto and Tokyo at the end of March or the beginning of April. It proceeds into areas at the altitudes and northward, arriving in Hokkaidō a few weeks later. Japanese pay close attention to these forecasts and turn out in numbers at parks, shrines. Hanami festivals celebrate the beauty of the blossom and for many are a chance to relax. The custom of hanami dates back centuries in Japan. The eighth-century chronicle Nihon Shoki records hanami festivals being held as early as the third century AD, most Japanese schools and public buildings have cherry blossom trees outside of them. Since the fiscal and school year both begin in April, in parts of Honshū, the first day of work or school coincides with the cherry blossom season. The Japan Cherry Blossom Association developed a list of Japans Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots with at least one location in every prefecture, the association of the cherry blossom with mono no aware dates back to 18th-century scholar Motoori Norinaga. There is at least one popular song, originally meant for the shakuhachi, titled Sakura

46.
History of Newark, New Jersey
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Newark has long been the largest city in New Jersey. Founded in 1666, it expanded during the Industrial Revolution. Its population grew with various waves of migration in the mid 20th century and it suffered greatly during the era of urban decline and suburbanization in the late 20th century. Since the millennium it has benefited from interest and re-investment in Americas cities and it was the third settlement founded in New Jersey, after Bergen, New Netherland and Elizabethtown. They sought to establish a colony with strict church rules similar to the one they had established in Milford, treat wanted to name the community Milford. The name was shortened to Newark, references to the name New Ark are found in preserved letters written by historical figures such as James McHenry dated as late as 1787. The first four settlers built houses at what is now the intersection of Broad Street and Market Street and he left the church and corresponded with Episcopalian missionaries, who arrived to build a church in 1746 and broke up the Puritan theocracy. It took 70 years to eliminate the last vestiges of theocracy from Newark, Newarks rapid growth began in the early 19th century, much of it due to a Massachusetts transplant named Seth Boyden. Boyden came to Newark in 1815, and immediately began a torrent of improvements to leather manufacture, boydens genius led to Newarks manufacturing nearly 90% of the nations leather by 1870, bringing in $8.6 million in revenue to the city in that year alone. In 1824, Boyden, bored with leather, found a way to produce malleable iron, Newark also prospered by the construction of the Morris Canal in 1831. The canal connected Newark with the New Jersey hinterland, at time a major iron. Railroads arrived in 1834 and 1835, a flourishing shipping business resulted, and Newark became the areas industrial center. By 1826, Newarks population stood at 8,017, ten times the 1776 number, the middle 19th century saw continued growth and diversification of Newarks industrial base. The first commercially successful plastic — Celluloid — was produced in a factory on Mechanic Street by John Wesley Hyatt, hyatts Celluloid found its way into Newark-made carriages, billiard balls, and dentures. Dr. Edward Weston perfected a process for electroplating, as well as a superior arc lamp in Newark. Newarks Military Park had the first public electric lamps anywhere in the United States, before moving to Menlo Park, Thomas Edison himself made Newark home in the early 1870s. He invented the stock ticker in the Brick City, in the late 19th century, Newarks industry was further developed, especially through the efforts of such men as J. W. Hyatt. From the mid-century on, numerous Irish and German immigrants moved to the city, the Germans were primarily refugees from the revolutions of 1848, and, as other groups later did, established their own ethnic enterprises, such as newspapers and breweries

Timeline of Newark, New Jersey
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Newark Penn Station, c.1940
Timeline of Newark, New Jersey
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History of New Jersey
Timeline of Newark, New Jersey
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Halsey
Timeline of Newark, New Jersey
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Counties

48.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront

49.
Puritan
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Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture