Different wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of different colors. (credit: modification of work by Johannes Ahlmann)

Sound waves

Like light waves, the physical properties of sound waves are associated with various aspects of our perception of sound. The frequency of a sound wave is associated with our perception of that sound’s
pitch . High-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while low-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds. The audible range of sound frequencies is between 20 and 20000 Hz, with greatest sensitivity to those frequencies that fall in the middle of this range.

As was the case with the visible spectrum, other species show differences in their audible ranges. For instance, chickens have a very limited audible range, from 125 to 2000 Hz. Mice have an audible range from 1000 to 91000 Hz, and the beluga whale’s audible range is from 1000 to 123000 Hz. Our pet dogs and cats have audible ranges of about 70–45000 Hz and 45–64000 Hz, respectively (Strain, 2003).

The loudness of a given sound is closely associated with the amplitude of the sound wave. Higher amplitudes are associated with louder sounds. Loudness is measured in terms of
decibels (dB) , a logarithmic unit of sound intensity. A typical conversation would correlate with 60 dB; a rock concert might check in at 120 dB (
[link] ). A whisper 5 feet away or rustling leaves are at the low end of our hearing range; sounds like a window air conditioner, a normal conversation, and even heavy traffic or a vacuum cleaner are within a tolerable range. However, there is the potential for hearing damage from about 80 dB to 130 dB: These are sounds of a food processor, power lawnmower, heavy truck (25 feet away), subway train (20 feet away), live rock music, and a jackhammer. The threshold for pain is about 130 dB, a jet plane taking off or a revolver firing at close range (Dunkle, 1982).

This figure illustrates the loudness of common sounds. (credit "planes": modification of work by Max Pfandl; credit "crowd": modification of work by Christian Holmér; credit "blender": modification of work by Jo Brodie; credit "car": modification of work by NRMA New Cars/Flickr; credit "talking": modification of work by Joi Ito; credit "leaves": modification of work by Aurelijus Valeiša)

Although wave amplitude is generally associated with loudness, there is some interaction between frequency and amplitude in our perception of loudness within the audible range. For example, a 10 Hz sound wave is inaudible no matter the amplitude of the wave. A 1000 Hz sound wave, on the other hand, would vary dramatically in terms of perceived loudness as the amplitude of the wave increased.

Link To Learning

Watch this
brief video demonstrating how frequency and amplitude interact in our perception of loudness.

Of course, different musical instruments can play the same musical note at the same level of loudness, yet they still sound quite different. This is known as the timbre of a sound.
Timbre refers to a sound’s purity, and it is affected by the complex interplay of frequency, amplitude, and timing of sound waves.

Summary

Both light and sound can be described in terms of wave forms with physical characteristics like amplitude, wavelength, and timbre. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related so that longer waves have lower frequencies, and shorter waves have higher frequencies. In the visual system, a light wave’s wavelength is generally associated with color, and its amplitude is associated with brightness. In the auditory system, a sound’s frequency is associated with pitch, and its amplitude is associated with loudness.

Personal application question

If you grew up with a family pet, then you have surely noticed that they often seem to hear things that you don’t hear. Now that you’ve read this section, you probably have some insight as to why this may be. How would you explain this to a friend who never had the opportunity to take a class like this?

Questions & Answers

Hypomania is a less severe form of mania. It actually may feel pretty good because your mood is up and you have more energy than usual, but it's not out of control. For someone with bipolar disorder, hypomania can evolve into mania. Or it can switch to serious depressio

anargha

who is from Delhi?

Sam

idk

anargha

where are you from?

Sam

i am from Delhi

Nikhil

helo

Uzair

ok

Sam

what are you doing in studies

Sam

BA in Psychology

Nikhil

Mania is a severe episode that may last for a week or more. A person may feel uncontrollably elated and very high in energy. These symptoms interfere with daily life, and in severe cases, a person may need to go to the hospital.

john

Hypomania is an episode that lasts for a few days. People may feel very good and function well. Family or friends may notice mood or activity changes, while the person with the hypomania may not.

john

Mania and hypomania are most often related to bipolar disorder. They can also occur as part of other mood disorders, such as schizoaffective disorder.

Sensation is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain. Sensation occurs thanks to our five sensory systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

john

For example, when touched by a soft feather, mechanoreceptors, which are sensory receptors in the skin register that the skin has been touched. That sensory information is then turned into neural information through a process called transduction. Next, the neural information travels down neural p

john

pathways to the appropriate part of the brain, wherein the sensations are perceived as the touch of a feather.

john

thanks john

Fateha

always a pleasure

john

five minutes to rest the best way to relief our stress.

Rhollee

Join the discussion...

I believe in the whole brain we need not think or even remember what events may have happened.I do think memories will always be stored like to think of the whole brain and heart.Guess that's another surgery..

I think what has occurred in our life also plays a role in our intellect.

Misty

Agreed.

Laura

the brain is a powerful tool for humans to handle, if you have full access to the brain, you can control pain or anything other emotions, for instance according to my research you can get pain when ever you want.

john

I agree with John full control of our brain we can be able to get thru anything ...

Sonia

@john you mean using our memory?

Cherrie

painful memories, yeah you can control them too, @cherrie depression is bunch of chemicals pain is too with pain receptors and motor nerves

john

wawoo amazing

Khadim

is that sarcasm @khadim

john

thank you @sonia

john

if you want peace of mind..
simply don't fight with your thoughts!

omar

that's what I said brain controls everything, if we control the brain and thought process, things will be simplified, hell it will easy peasy life

learning is important because without learning you wouldn't even be able to have asked that question, among a plethora of other reasons my friend.

iWasHacked

In case that wasn't a joke.

iWasHacked

do you think that the moon is holo as when nasa made any heavy impact on it's surface it is recorded that I was shook for a while.

Raman

Your been what? Behavior is not what you know it's how you behave yourself.. Learning is important to me as we learn more is gained in life's work.

Bart

Bart Gross that didnt even make sense dude.

iWasHacked

Ramen Prasad that I don't think has any correlation to the question.

iWasHacked

The fact that the President saw or not can be a fear although with children and events the president had on his mind can not be assertataind I'm in the thinking he knew of a eye event seeing than remembering I'd have to disagree..

Bart

I also disagree that the whole brain theory it's environment, DNA I believe that in some way the Memory travels through sensors nerve cells. thanks

how can a teacher understand the behaviour change of a students in class room

Doris

observation and conservation of treasured items

Crystal

how can a teacher observer the learners

Doris

Well I know a teacher who observes the overall mood of some of her students expecially ones who tend to yell at people who annoy them. She knows the steps to one of them about to go off and send the person outside for a chat (the person annoying them or the person about to go off).

another point please, How can a teacher observe the learners behavior in class

Doris

Just that observing patterns of behaviour

"observation and conservation of treasured items" All the way. Love it.

PJ

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Do i need a lab and a instructor to carry out Psychology empirical research?

Psychology is important for different programs to study because of its ability to build students critical thinking and by so doing, improve their ability to sieve information, thereby improving overall learning outcomes

I have a question about sex addiction how can you tell someone would have sex with anything like child man woman old young even an animal I have a feeling the guy I'm with is someone that could do anything because he has no self control and he is a narcissist that also has a addition to meth..

hello may i ask How long have you been seeing this guy and what kind of signs were givin to come to this conclusion,? along with what you've shared on top here?

Jo

Facebook but we had the same friends but never met before but have been together for 5 years and its been hell I now have PTSD and now no intrest in doing what I love because he puts me down for doing so or makes me feel stupid for feeling the way I do about things

Alexis

been together for 5 years things were good at first he was really nice if I needed something he made sure to get it but once I moved I with him he started calling me names but once we got our own place he got abusive and pretty much had me as a prisoner in my own home

Alexis

also when he gets high he gets very turned on to the point he would masturbate several times a day only time we would have sex is if I was asleep or we would fight to the point of abusing each other then he would want to have sex but he also seemed to be very weird around kids

Alexis

but if sober he wanted nothing to do with him he would actually make me take my brother to my mother's room and not let him come out and play with his toys also I had my son asleep in his room with the TV and night light on seth said he was going to get a shower well the water was on I thought he

Alexis

it sounds like this guys is someone who can be very dangerous if under the influence. I highly recommend getting yourself and children away from him. He may seem like a nice guy but in my limited experience its better to play it safe not only for your own safety but especially for the children.

April

you gotta leave the relationship.. it sounds like it won't end so well and the fact that he's using meth; that alone is a very huge red flag

GL

I agree with GL Rocketeer

April

yes I do also but I want to think it's just the drugs but he still is very one sided and not caring of others feelings

Alexis

one thing I could share with u from individuals ive spoken wit is that a person who smokes or especially runs it becomes extremely "turned on" and or to the point were they'll masturbate or seek outside their relationship to satisfy their wants or needs. so honestly i dont think its a bad I idea...

Jo

fr them in this situation out of his sight,out of his mind!-

Jo

so yea id agree, pick up and flee! Good luck in your situation and may God protect u and yours during this time!

Jo

thanks you guys I've asked for advice from family but no one actually listened to me and just pushed it aside

Alexis

I also agree wit miss april, about methin around wit this guy, and already abused u already kno wat ones capable of. theroriticly if one day he looses his sack or been up for few days to were sleep deprivation begins to alter his jugment and emotions , possibilitys Are high, and could hurt someone

Jo

it is better to make a plan, get everything ready. Then make your move, if it is drug out over time and this guy still has access to you. He will try to convince you he will change and stop. He will agree with everything you say to make you believe him. it will be lies.

Admin

gestalt theory of learning with example sultan

Rohit

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A friend of mine experiences homicidal thoughts. She doesn't believe she would act upon it, but it definitely happens more than the average person (which, most people at least in one point in their lives experience homicidal thoughts). She is a diagnosed sociopath.

Mostly I feel she would need a hobby or a purpose in life.. Finding determination to achieve something is tough for some people already, in your friend's condition it's even more challenging

Samrat

Friends and family are important support system.. She also has to reach out for help

Samrat

she is bored if the normal life, basically the drama is more around her I guess, so try to give her some puzzle, question her about, basically she is in chaotic thoughts, guess she has been watching some movies with homicidal content

john

A person who is bored with life, won't find anything to distract her. She needs someone who will listen to why she feels like this, and ask her what would make her happy, and work with what she answers

Jessamine

i agree with Samrat and John

Emily

@jessamine, sociopath behavior, if we keep on asking her questions about happy in the beginning of the treatment, she might be aggressive on happy

john

Didn't know she was aggressive

Jessamine

And Jessamine

Emily

Many things to take into account before actually doing something. psychologists have to analyze the person see how they act and respond

Jessamine

sociopathic aggression will be manipulation or conning, sociopaths can turn a person strength into weakness, and if piss off a sociopath the effect will be on others I mean surroundings will be effected or people, sometimes they might hurt themselves, they are incapable of love, I guess if we ask

john

questions or puzzles, manipulated people need some juice to brain and that juice is puzzles, or questions about her thoughts

john

yeah valid point miss @jessamine

john

good day can I ask something here?

Aiszel

what is the different of alters and multiple personality disorder? sorry I just want to know another answers about it *look down*

Aiszel

sorry @fermia you questions is quite confusing can you please repeat the questions

john

I suppose your question is what is the difference between alter personality disorder and multiple personality disorder? well both will be coming under DID disassociative identity disorder, in that alter personality is a system, and sequence they go through and multiple personality disorder is a

john

is a truma where the person will avoid the the pervious memories, with multiple personalities to over come the truma

john

am correct?

john

I can't speak upon that

Crystal

Join the discussion...

how can you calm yourself when in distress.. i cant simply calm my nerves with breathing.. negative result

Depending on the severity of said distress it depends on how extensive your feelings of anxiety & panic are. So the most universally applicable "safe method", would be to attempt to change subjects, as in doing something possibly unrelated to keep busy mentally

Miguel

If that's not sufficient enough aside from the plethora of other alternatives I'm sure you've probably searched online. I'd like to understand a little better how "difficult" things become? Hyperventilating? Feeling like a heartattack? Or just overwhelming apprehension, worry, etc?

Miguel

what kind of distress? And how do you get a negative result from breathing?

iWasHacked

i feel worry, hyperventilating.. i cant control my breathing sometimes.. my bad past shows up, then i stupidly doubting myself a lot.. cant even look ppl in the eye n lock myself in my room. i try the breathing methods on google but it doesn't work, maybe i need someone to help me. such a pussy

Nicki

how the hell did this conversation get on my messages

mauReeN

meesages

mauReeN

idk

Nicki

I'm still trying to figure out what this is exactly.

Jonah

I have problems with hyperventilating as well so I can understand, so usually when I'm having an episode like that I concentrate intently on one object (ex. the floor, its design, the details in it, how it feels under my hands, etc).

iWasHacked

The Last time I had an episode it got intense enough where my extremites went numb and tingly and I couldnt see straight(probably close to fainting) with an intense pressure in my head and I had focused on the way the floor felt under my hands(stimulation helps).

iWasHacked

even though I couldnt really feel much but I had calmed down. Another thing that could possibly help is reciting over and over in your head if you are able to "I'm ok, just calm down,everything is fine you are going to be ok, you are safe breathe in and then out" this is usally what i do on the mild

iWasHacked

cases when I am just starting but when the hyperventilating gets intense freaking out from the loss of feeling is i think normal but its important to try and stay calm and try some stimulation for distraction. Other times my mother has helped to calm me down a lot, she usually was the one to help me

iWasHacked

so maybe ask for somebody to talk to you in that situation to distract your mind. Another thing I find is its best to sit down on your knees on the floor because if you faint you dont want to hit your head and usually when hyperventilating I surely cannot stand up straight so its just easier

iWasHacked

and you'll have one less thing to worry about in that situation. I really hope one of these can help you, its a very stressful situation and I really hope you can find some peace. Just remember that because something works for somebody else does not mean it will work for you so don't get upset if

iWasHacked

these dont help you just keep looking for something that works for you. You could also try some meditation outside of your episodes and maybe incorporate the meditation when you hyperventilate? Good luck!💛

iWasHacked

sorry for so many comments it wouldnt let me put it all in one comment lmao. Hope it helps.

iWasHacked

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Graced

I feel anticipating the situation and knowing that it could've been worse, can calm you down.. you basically need to be okay with whatever life throws at you and think ahead