Study of some properties of electrophysical n-Si, alloy ion implantation

Introduction

Electrical properties of semiconductors may not only depend on the dopant type and concentration, but also on the method of doping, which leads to a particular impurity distribution in space technology and other related effects to a certain extent influence the parameters. Silicon used in practice is conventionally divided into three classes: uniformly doped, diffusion and ion- implanted / 1 /. Published data indicate that the least studied the electrical properties of ion- implanted silicon.

Silicon is very widely used in strain measurement and authors mainly interested tensosensitivity ( piezoresistive effect), the resistivity and temperature dependence in ion-implanted silicon layers .

Theoretical analysis

For the general case, when the direction of the stress σ and current density j are arbitrary angle, piezoresistive effect in semiconductors with a cubic lattice theoretically described using piezoresistive πij or elastorezistivnyh mij coefficients , which are fourth-rank tensor / 1, 2 /. These factors are linked through pliability coefficients and moduli of elasticity. For crystals of the symmetry class to which it belongs silicon crystallographic axes in the system to describe the piezoresistive effect is enough to know three factors: π 11, π12 and π44, sometimes called the main piezoresistive coefficients. Primary piezoresistive coefficients depend on many factors: the material, the conductivity type, resistivity, the doping level, temperature, mechanical strain (stress).

In / 3.4 / for example, shows the known combinations of the piezoresistance coefficients in directions stress and current density coinciding with a certain crystallographic axes.

All three main piezoresistance coefficient can be determined by measurements in three different directions / 3, 4 /. Full tensor piezoresistance πijkl is defined as follows:

where σkl - stress tensor, Δρij - resistivity tensor. It is known that the stress tensor is a symmetric tensor and has six independent components. The same is true for the resistivity tensor.

In the layers of silicon diffusion alloyed piezoresistive coefficients determined by the concentration of the impurity on the surface layer Nn / 6 / and practically do not depend on the distribution of impurities. Results obtained in the same study results show that for the n-Si ratio π11 at room temperature varies from 17x10^-11 m2 /Nm ( Nn = 1x10^21 cm- 3) to 88x10^-11 m2 /Nm ( Nn = 1.8x10^18 cm -3). Marked temperature dependence π11 starts with Nn = 9x10^19 cm -3 ( about 0.1% / K).

It should be noted that due to the peculiarities of the band structure of n-Si for not very high degree of doping of silicon valid assumptions / 5 /:

π44 ≅ 0; π11 ≅ -2 π12

As the concentration of impurities occurs violation of these assumptions that need to be considered. For diffusion layers violations occur when Nï ≥ 5x10^19 cm-3 /1, 6/.

Experimental part

We investigated by ion implantation of phosphorus doped polycrystalline thin film on the n- Si (100) plane of monocrystalline silicon with the insulating layer SiO2. Such structures may be more manufacturable using planar fabrication technologies transmitters.

Films pre pared on the ( 100 ) silicon. The film thickness was 0.6 micrometers, the dopant concentration of 5x10^18 cm -3. Resistivity of 0.013 ohm cm measurements were performed on samples of size 8x0.6x0.4 mm film on the surface.

Piezoresistance coefficients of measurement carried out as with the console steel beams of equal resistance to bending and by direct sample loading. In measurements using beams, and using the amount of deformation calculated from the known formula

εá = hδ / lá^2

(where h - the thickness of the beam lb - beam length, δ - movement of the free end of the beam ) were obtained coefficients Gage ákII (ε II <110>; J II <110>) and ák⊥ (ε II <110>; J ⊥ <110>) -27,3 and -2,8, respectively. However, such measurements may be used in the calibration of strain gauges , and for research into the physical properties of the film need to know immediately its deformation (stress). As known / 7 / are not all transmitted from the beam deformation to the sample . Transmitted deformation depends on the size of the sample , the elastic properties of the sample and the binder , whereby the sample is attached to a beam . Accounting for this effect can be made using transmission factor whose value (for the case when the target is in the center of the film specimen) we determined according to the formula / 8 /:

When measuring gage by direct loading sample was mounted cantilever and bending load was applied . Measurement error coefficients by this method did not exceed 4 %. At room temperature the following values πII = -24,9 and π⊥ = -2,4.

If we consider the elastic properties of silicon used in our crystallographic orientation of the sample and recalculate obtained using beams gauge factor k in the piezoresistance coefficients π ( considering the ratio σ =Eε, where E - modulus of elasticity ε - relative deformation ), we find that the difference in values π measured in many ways, does not exceed 6 %. In our view, this suggests good accuracy formulas for kïåð / 8 / and the need to consider factor, especially when the size of the samples exceeding the thickness of the binder. It should be noted that is important in determining the correct values hc and G formula.

Fig .1 shows the results of measurements of the temperature dependenceπ and ρ, and in Fig. 2 shows the relationship ρ from longitudinal stresses. The temperature dependence of the resistivity is 0.08 % / K, and Gage 0.15% / K.

Compared with the bulk silicon and diffusion layers of the same doping level / 1, 3, 6 / piezoresistance coefficients corresponding investigated films are close to them in size, but the temperature dependence of the parameters below for the films doped by ion implantation. The difference may be due to more homogeneous and polycrystalline doped.

Conclusion

Thus, studies have shown that ion- doped polycrystalline silicon layers with comparable with other types of silicon strain sensitivity are less temperature dependent parameters. In the study using gage beams must be taken into account a transfer efficiency of sample deformation. In the future, we plan to conduct research for various doping levels, types of conductivity, crystallographic orientation.

Modern silicon microfabrication stronger takes place as a semiconductor and a structural material. High purity and perfection of the monocrystalline structure apply silicon allow to optimize the mechanical properties made from it devices, similar to as was optimized electronic properties. The result is improved performance, increased reliability and reproducibility parameters of products silicon. The fact that silicon, in addition to its normal role of electronic material with a well-developed manufacture technology microelectronic devices can also be used as precision, reliable and durable construction material, is the basis of micro - Electromechanical systems (MEMS). MEMS encompass a broad range of functional flowsin Microdevices, among which the key role is played by the microsensors for measuring values of physical parameters and convert them to electric signals. The principle of operation of many types of microsensors (pressure, force, acceleration, etc.) based on the use of piezoresistive properties the monocrystalline silicon.