Cummins Theory (Pros & Cons)

Some would say that the idea of BICS and CALP helped move us
from a language acquisition instructional system where linguistic
fluency was the focus, which Cummins felt did little to help ELLs,
ESL students to reach their full academic level of proficiency

One criticism of CALP is that it attributes academic failure
of ELL/ESL students to low cognitive academic language
proficiency CALP rather than the possibility of
inappropriate/ineffective instructional programs or biased
assessment textbooks and assessment practices.