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Kant holds that matter alone, by being permanent, satisfies, in the field of appearance, the formal criterion of substance (being thinkable only as subject, never as predicate) and manifests itself empirically as substance through action. While it is shown that none of Kant's major arguments or contentions is defensible as it stands, it is conceded that it is plausible to hold, if not for Kant's reasons, that everything in nature depends ultimately on some modification of matter.

Kant holds that matter alone, by being permanent, satisfies, in the field of appearance, the formal criterion of substance (being thinkable only as subject, never as predicate) and manifests itself empirically as substance through action. While it is shown that none of Kant's major arguments or contentions is defensible as it stands, it is conceded that it is plausible to hold, if not for Kant's reasons, that everything in nature depends ultimately on some modification of matter.