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President Houston 1836-1838, 1841-1844 Elected the first president of the Republic of Texas Mirabeau Lamar was his Vice- President, but he did not support many of Houston’s policies. Limited government spending Established peaceful relations with Mexico and American Indians Encouraged annexation from the United States

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President Houston 1836-1838, 1841-1844 Houston had 3 major goals: 1.Wanted to gain control of the army 2.Was determined to keep peace in Texas (with Mexico and the American Indians) 3.Wanted to make the Republic financially stable

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Stephen F. Austin Appointed Houston’s Secretary of State 43 years old Died of pneumonia The Father of Texas is no more…The first pioneer of the wilderness has departed. – Sam Houston Proclaims a 30-day period of mourning

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The Location of the Capital Supports Houston, TX as the capital Named in honor of Sam Houston by the founders, the Allen Brothers Designated as the capital for 3 years People complained of muddy streets, crudely built buildings, and swarms of mosquitos First Capitol Building, 1837

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Recognition As A Nation State The Republic was… – NOT RECOGNIZED by Mexico – NOT RECOGNIZED by the United States until March 1837 – RECOGNIZED by France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands starting in 1839 Houston thought if European countries recognized Texas, the United States would be interested in annexing. Ashbel Smith, Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of Texas to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and France

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Denied Annexation to the U.S. Sam Houston and most Texans wanted annexation Annexation was NOT originally support by the United States even though it could lead to western expansion Texas wanted Rio Grande to be the boarder. Mexico wanted the Nueces River.

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Denied Annexation to the U.S. Why was it denied? 1.U.S. was worried about damaging the relationship and causing a war with Mexico who did not recognize Texas’ independence 2.Annexation would tip the balance of power of the U.S. slave states. Slave states would then have out- numbered free states in the union. 3.The U.S. did not want to take on Texas’ debts

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Debt Houston reduces army, eliminates the navy and sells the navy ships Houston worked hard at reducing the size of the government and collecting taxes, but by the end of the Republic, Texas was in debt $10 million At the end of Houston’s term the debt in Texas was $3 million Texas’ paper money was called “Redbacks”

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Republic of Texas Military Army – 1836 Sent all but 600 soldiers home on leave – 1841 Reduces the army and uses Texas Rangers to patrol the frontier – Captain Jack Coffee Hays was one of the most famous Texas Rangers Navy – A drain on the nation’s finances – Houston sells ships Captain Jack Coffee Hays

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Relations with American Indians Mostly peaceful Houston was sympathetic to the American Indians because of his past relationship with them. Most Texans were not. Houston tried to negotiate a peace treaty with Cherokees, but it was not approved by Congress Used Texas Rangers to control attacks by Natives

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Well-educated and refined Used military force against Mexico and American Indians Supported the Republic of Texas and Opposed annexation by the U.S. Increased debt Relocated capital to Austin, TX. He did not like the capital being named after Sam Houston

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Debt Loss of the Invincible in the Santa Fe Expedition Issued more paper money called “Redbacks” worth 15 cents on the U.S. dollar Cost of Indian Wars – $2.5 million Financed the failed Santa Fe Expedition Kept Texas Navy active and bought several ships. Texas Republic had $7 million in debt by the end of his term

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New Capital First Statehouse Lamar disliked the present capital being named in honor of Sam Houston Many thought the capital needed to be more centrally located 1839 - Congress authorized Waterloo as the new capital Waterloo renamed Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin

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Relations With Mexico Santa Fe Expedition 1841 Santa Fe Expedition Lamar sent troops without Congressional approval to Santa Fe (Mexico) to claim it as Texas territory 200 Texans surrendered and were taken prisoner. This increased tensions with Mexico

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Relations with Texas Indian tribes The Plaza and the Council House in San Antonio Wanted to eliminate or force them out of Texas Forced the Cherokee tribe to Oklahoma and had Chief John Bowles killed Large number of raids and kidnappings Council House Fight (1840) – A miscommunication between the Comanche tribe and Texans to discuss peace led to the death of Texans and Comanche leaders

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Education Texans listed “failure to establish public” schools as a grievance in the Declaration of Independence. Improving education was Lamar’s goal Set aside 18,000 acres of land in each county for public schools Set aside 220,000 acres for two public universities Known as the “Father of Education in Texas”

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Involved in the development of the Republic of Texas 1841 – Served under Sam Houston as Secretary of State Jones supported annexation and most of Houston’s policies

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Relations With Mexico Mexican government offered to recognize Texas independence if they rejected annexation. Mexico will consider war with the United States over annexation.

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Annexation to the U.S. Ratified by the U.S. Congress December 29, 1845 Annexation ceremonies on the step of the capitol February 19, 1846 State government turned over to Governor James Pinckney Henderson Texas Became the 28th state “The final act in this great drama is now performed: the Republic of Texas is no more.” Farewell Address President Anson Jones