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Biochar has received widespread interest as an eco-friendly and efficient material for immobilization of toxic heavy metals in aqueous environments. untreated biochar in aqueous solutions made up of 100?mg?L?1 Pb. However, chemical modification did not enhance adsorption of Pb of the biochars pyrolyzed at higher temperatures (e.g., 500 or 700?C), indicating that resistance of biochars to chemical treatment increased with pyrolysis heat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7428-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L.) was collected from a coconut grove in the eastern suburbs of Wenchang (110.9E, 19.6N), Hainan Province, China. The CF was separated from the coconut flesh and water, chopped into cubes of about 1?cm??1?cm (length??height), air-dried at room heat (25?C) to a moisture content of approximately 7C8?%. Air-dried cubes were placed in ceramic crucibles, covered with lids and pyrolyzed at 300, 500, and 700?C under oxygen-limited conditions in an SX210-12 muffle furnace (Longkou Xian Ke Mogroside V Electricity Furnace Inc., Shandong, China) with SPRY4 a heating rate of approximately 20?C per min (Yuan et al. 2011). Each of the peak heat was maintained for 4?h before cooling to ambient heat. The biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures were grounded and exceeded through a 2-mm sieve. The biochars produced at 300, 500, and 700?C were washed with deionized water and dried at 60?C for 48?h to minimize the impact of water-soluble inorganic minerals and ash contents present on the surface of the biochar in the aqueous solutions. Biochars were stored in air-tight plastic material test luggage to batch sorption tests and spectroscopic and microscopic analyses prior. The CFBs had been handles inside our tests and known as CFB300 herein, CFB500, and CFB700, for 300, 500, and 700?C, respectively. For planning the chemically Mogroside V improved biochars, we modified the procedure created in previous research (Chen 2012; Liu et al. 2013; Huff and Lee 2016). The handles of CFBs had been mixed in a 1:10 (w/v) proportion with (a) 5?% ammonia and shaken within a continuous temperature drinking water shower at 50?C for 9?h, (b) 5?% hydrogen peroxide and shaken at 25?C for 8?h, and (c) 2?M nitric acidity shaken at 30?C for 8?h. Biochars had been cleaned with deionized drinking water to remove unwanted chemical reagents, dried out at 60?C for 48?h, and stored in air-tight plastic material test luggage to make use of in the tests prior. The chemically altered biochars are hereafter collectively referred to as altered MCFBs. The biochars produced at 300, 500, and 700?C treated with ammonia, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric acid aqueous solution are referred to as MCFB300NH3?H2O, MCFB500NH3?H2O, MCFB700NH3?H2O, MCFB300H2O2, MCFB500H2O2, MCFB700H2O2, MCFB300HNO3, MCFB500HNO3, and MCFB700HNO3, respectively. Characterization of biochars The ash content of the biochars was decided according to the American Society for Screening and Materials (ASTM) method (D1762-84 Standard 2007). The biochars pH value was measured in a 1:20 (w/v) biochar to water suspension after stirring this combination for 1?h. CEC of the CFBs and MCFBs was decided following the 1?M ammonium acetate (pH?7) method (Lu 1999). The contents of acidic and basic functional groups of CFBs and MCFBs were determined by the Boehm titration method (Wu et al. 2012). The total C, nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H) contents were measured using a Vario EL III (Elementar Organization, Germany). The oxygen (O) content was determined by difference assuming that the biochar was composed only of C, N, H, and O (Wu et Mogroside V al. 2012). The SSA of the biochars was determined by N2 adsorption isotherms.