This document provides a comprehensive review of the information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of Cry1F, a family of proteins encoded by genes isolated from acillus thuringiensis (Bt), and it presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of these proteins when produced in genetically engineered (GE) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and maize (Zea mays) plants.

A Review of the Environmental Safety of the Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 Proteins

Report/White Paper 1/1/2013

​This document provides a comprehensive review of the information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of two proteins encoded by genes isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis, Cry 34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1, and presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of these proteins when produced in the genetically engineered (GE) maize event DAS-59122-7 (Zea mays, L.).

​This document provides a comprehensive review of the information and data relevant to the environmental risk assessment of Cry3Bb1, a protein encoded by a gene isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and it presents a summary statement about the environmental safety of this protein when produced in genetically engineered (GE) maize (Zea mays) plants.

​This paper provides a comprehensive review of publicly available data, peer-reviewed studies, and regulatory decision summaries relevant to the environmental risk assessment of the Vip3Aa protein, as expressed in maize and cotton plants. ​

A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence Concerning the Reproductive Health Effects of Caffeine Consumption: A 2000–2009 Update

Journal Article 1/1/2010

This article reviews human studies on caffeine and reproductive health. The weight of evidence does not support a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and adverse reproductive or perinatal outcomes.

A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence Concerning the Reproductive Health Effects of Caffeine Consumption: A 2000–2009 Update

Journal Article 1/1/2010

This article, published in Food and Chemical Toxicology (2010;48:2549–2576), reviews human studies on caffeine and reproductive health. The weight of evidence does not support a positive relationship between caffeine consumption and adverse reproductive or perinatal outcomes.

A Review of the Literature Relating Caffeine Consumption by Women to their Risk of Reproductive Hazards

Journal Article 1/1/2002

From this detailed review of the literature, several conclusions can be drawn: (a) An association between caffeine consumption and a reproductive hazard is more likely to be seen in lower-quality studies than in studies that come closer to approximating the ideal. This is especially evident for "lower" birthweight and congenital anomalies. (b) The association between caffeine consumption and spontaneous abortion may well reflect the Stein-Susser epiphenomenon (women with prominent nausea tend to reduce caffeine consumption and nausea appears to be a marker of good implantation, perhaps reflecting a favorable balance of hormones produced by a healthy placenta). (c) The claim that caffeine consumption by women delays conception has not been followed by convincing support. (d) Reproductive hazards associated with cigarette smoking tend to be associated with caffeine/coffee consumption. Sometimes this appears to be a consequence of residual confounding associated with inadequate adjustment for cigarette smoking, which is over-represented among those who drink the most coffee/caffeine. Sometimes this reflects the tendency of women to underreport socially undesirable behaviors (e.g. smoking) while accurately reporting socially neutral behaviors (e.g. coffee and caffeine consumption). Thus, it seems reasonable to conclude that no convincing evidence has been presented to show that caffeine consumption increases the risk of any reproductive adversity.