Abstract

A mathematical model for a two-phase fluidised bed bioreactor with
liquid recirculation and an external aerator was proposed. A stationary
nonlinear analysis of such a bioreactor for an aerobic process with
double-substrate kinetics was carried out. The influences of a
volumetric fraction of solid carriers in the liquid phase, the rate of
active biomass transfer from the biofilm to the liquid, the
concentration of carbonaceous substrate, the mean residence time of the
liquid and the efficiency of the external aerator on the steady state
characteristics of the bioreactor were described. A method for
determination of the minimal recirculation ratio related to oxygen
demand and fluidised bed conditions was presented. On the basis of the
obtained results, it is possible to choose reasonable operating
conditions of such plants and to determine constraints, while
considering acceptable concentrations of a toxic substrate being
degraded.

Abstract

An on-line optimising control strategy involving a two level extended
Kalman filter (EKF) for dynamic model identification and a functional
conjugate gradient method for determining optimal operating condition is
proposed and applied to a biochemical reactor. The optimiser
incorporates the identified model and determines the optimal operating
condition while maximising the process performance. This strategy is
computationally advantageous as it involves separate estimation of
states and process parameters in reduced dimensions. In addition to
assisting on-line dynamic optimisation, the estimated time varying
uncertain process parameter information can also be useful for
continuous monitoring of the process. This strategy ensures that the
biochemical reactor is operated at the optimal operation while taking
care of the disturbances that are encountered during operation. The
simulation results demonstrate the usefulness of the two level EKF
assisted dynamic optimizer for on-line optimising control of uncertain
nonlinear biochemical systems.

Abstract

A mathematical model of a plane, steady state biofilm, with the use of a
single substrate kinetics, was proposed. A set of differential equations
was solved. In order to analyse the biofilm’s behaviour, a number of
simulations were performed. The simulations included varying process
parameters such as detachment coefficient and substrate loading. Two
detachment models were taken into consideration: one describing the
detachment ratio as proportional to the thickness of the biofilm, and
the other one proportional to the thickness of the biofilm squared. The
results provided information about substrate and live cell distribution
in biofilm and the influence of certain parameters on biofilm behaviour.

Abstract

The results of activity studies of four catalysts in methanol synthesis
have been presented. A standard industrial catalyst TMC-3/1 was compared
with two methanol catalysts promoted by the addition of magnesium and
one promoted by zirconium. The kinetic analysis of the experimental
results shows that the Cu/Zn/Al/Mg/1 catalyst was the least active.
Although TMC-3/1 and Cu/Zn/Al/Mg/2 catalysts were characterised by a
higher activity, the most active catalyst system was Cu/Zn/Al/Zr. The
activity calculated for zirconium doped catalyst under operating
conditions was approximately 30% higher that of TMC-3/1catalyst. The
experimental data were used to identify the rate equations of two types
- one purely empirical power rate equation and the other one - the
Vanden Bussche & Froment kinetic model of methanol synthesis. The
Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst modified with zirconium has the highest
application potential in methanol synthesis.

Abstract

The aim of this work was to present the numerical simulation results
determining the distributions of flow velocity and pressure in the
individual channels of a plate heat exchanger. The simulations have been
conducted by means of the Finite Volume Method (FVM) of numerical
computation using the ANSYS CFX software. The computational model
constituted spaces between 10 flat, straight flow type plates of the
heat exchanger. The obtained results of numerical simulations confirm
the presence of inhomogeneous flow conditions in the neighbouring
channels between the plates. The computations enabled to point out the
regions on the plates, in which insufficient flow can result in problems
with their cleaning. The results of this work constitute the first part
of a research leading to an assessment of cleaning conditions in plate
heat exchangers.

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