wrote up a delightful historical perspective of
these historical and more recent efforts.

1865-66

ENSO
Warm Event

Records/Proxies
of El Niño

Ý

Quinn

1866

Pacific
coast

More
Salmon canneries open on Columbia River

San
Francisco salmon cannery opens

Trager

1867-69

ENSO
Warm Event

Records/Proxies
of El Niño

Ý

Quinn

1867

Sitka, Alaska

"Seward's
Folly" purchase of Alaska from Russia

2 cents/acre
- from Failing Russian Business/Natives?

McDougall

1870s-1880s

Sweden

Reports
by Axel Ljungman on the changing fortunes of the herring fisheries
along Sweden's west coast listed the various posed causes, including
solar cycles - after Schwabe.

Sweden's
herring fisheries were callled 'periodical' because they only lasted
from 20 to 80 years, with intervals of 60 to 100 (average 70 years)
when North Sea herring did not enter the Kattegat, or visit Sweden's
coast.

The
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, engages fish culturist
seth Green to transport newly hatched Hudson River shad from Rochester,
NY, across the continent to Tehama, Calif., where they are released
into the Sacramento River.

Nearly
2/3 of the fry survive the 7 day trip, and witthin 9 years will be
spawning in Oregon's Umpoua and Coos Rivers - starting a new industry.
They are eventually caught, processed, sold, and often sent back to the
East Coast, as the shad there decline due to industrialization and
related pollution, etc.

Trager

1871

ENSO
Warm Event

Records/Proxies
of El Niño

Ý

Quinn

1871

North America

Halifax
Fisheries Commission created

Awards
Britain $4.5 million for US fishing rights

Trager

1871

Arctic

Early
Winter

Whaling Fleet
lost/crews saved

Trager

1871

USA

US
Fisheries Commission created

President
Grant names Spencer Baird - Director

Trager

1872

Plymouth,
U.K.

HMS
Challenger Expedition

Age
of Scientific Exploration of Seas Begins

Challenger
Logs

1872-73

Eastern
Tropical Pacific

ENSO
cool event

Upper
ocean low heat content

Caviedes

1873-74

ENSO
Warm Event

Records/Proxies
of El Niño

No.
India/China/ Drought/GreatFamine/ 5 million die

Quinn/Trager

1874

Russia/Siberia

Russia ended
"Official Colonization" of Siberia/Pacific

Russian-America
Co. lost interest/Alaskan
fur bearers decimated

McDougall

1875-76

Eastern
Tropical Pacific

ENSO
cool event

Upper
ocean low heat content

Caviedes

1876

USA

U.S.
Fish Commission founded by an Act of Congress in 1876 - motivated by
the eminent collapse of the New England Cod stocks.

So
what has changed? The North Atlantic Cod Stocks Bloomed and went away
twice in the intervening 100 or so years. - "A frustrating aspect of US Fisheries
Management is that these facts are ignored."

US History/WE Evans

1876-78

ENSO
Warm Event

Records/Proxies
of El Niño

Greatest
recorded famine kills 10s of million Chinese

Quinn/Trager #2

1877

Vancouver. BC

First
commercial herring fished in region

75 tons, soon
raised to 500 tons

Trager

1878

Pacific
wide

ENSO
warm event

Substantial
records of climate anomalies

SOI

1878

Asia

Lingering
drought/worst famine

10 million
Chinese/maybe twice as many die

Trager

1878

Alaska

1st
salmon cannery/Asian/Indian labor

Initiates
major industry growth/major social changes

McD/Mitchell

1878

Swedish
coast

Bohuslan
herring bloom

Begin
19 year abundance period

Lindquist

1878

North
Atlantic

Cod
Fisheries Collapse

Periodic
Collapse/Social Disaster

1879

Atlantic/NEAsia

Nordenkiold/Vega/NE
Passage

Sailing
derided/Siberian Railroad justified/Witte

McDougall

1879

Wisconsin
lakes

US
Fish Commission plants carp

Resilient
carp provide food resource

Trager

1880-81

ENSO
Warm Event

Records/Proxies
of El Niño

European
crops fail, Indian crops eaten by rats

Quinn

1880

Juneau/Harris
SE Alaska

Discover GOLD
in Alaska "Panhandle"

Soon gone.
Everyone moves on to Yukon

McDougall

1880

Alaska

Tlinkits act
as Outfitters/Porters

Moving
"miners" from Juneau to Klondike Boundary -Tlinkits made more $/day
than fishing

Mitchell

1883

Washington
State

RailRoad
reaches Puget Sound

A decade
after North Pacific's Jaye Cooke bankrupted trying

McDougall

1883

New Jersey,

Maryland

North
American lobster catch reaches an all time high of 130 million lbs, but
oil refineries started fouling the coastal ocean - and they begin to
declines, soon to be followed by declines off Maine and Massachusetts

Maryland
oyster catches catch reaches nearly 15 million bushels.

910,000 shad
fry freom the East Coast are planted in the Columbia River... where only the roe is popular

Trager

1883

Cambridge,
UK

"I
believe, then, that the cod fishery, the herring fishery, the pilchard
fishery, the mackerel fishery, and probably all the great sea
fisheries, are inexhaustible; that is to say, that nothing we do
seriously affects the number of the fish. And any attempt to regulate
these fisheries seems consequently, from the nature of the case, to be
useless."

Meanwhile,
modern NGO spokespersons point out - and like lemmings chase one
another over the brink repeating - only this small part of his
original, quite thoughtfull statement - as they clearly have never read
the whole thing...

Of course
Huxley had earlier qualified this statement bys setting up his context
a few sentences before:

The alternative perspective was provided in a
statement by
Edwin Ray Lankester: "It is a mistake to suppose that the
place of fish removed on a particular fishing ground is immediately
taken by some grand total of fish, which are so numerous in comparison
with man's depredations as to make his operations in this respect
insignificant," said Lankester. "If man removes a large proportion of
these fish from the areas which they inhabit, the natural balance is
upset."

Discussed cod
artificial propagation techniques developed by GO Sars from 1864,
adopted by Captain Gunder Dannevig, founder of the
Flødevigen hatchery at Arendal, Norway, in 1882, which
produced its first cod yolk sac fry two years later.The Dildo Island
cod hatchery was built in 1889, and despite sucesses, the facility was
not funded in 1897.

David
Cushing formulates the 'Match - Mismatch' Theory of early life history
success for sea fishes that links spawning and spring bloom timing.

Implicit
in this Theory is that variability in timing of plankton production
leads to variability in larval mortality and hence possibly year class
strength. If year class strength is measured as abundanceof adult fish,
it will of course be a function of the sum of the mortalities
experienced during the
different pre–recruit periods. The literature here is somewhat conflicting.

Remaining
resource crowded into small area by El Niño/CPUE stable/then
zero

Csirke

1972

USA

Marine
Mammal Protection Act

Precedence
setting legislation/global protection

Congress

1972-76

Chile/Peru

Coastal
upwelling dependent /Predator species vanish

Giant
squid, sierra, other species disappear

Sharp/McLain

1973

USA

Endangered
Species Act

Precedence
setting legislation/global protection

Congress

1973

Baja
California

Peruvian
fleet sold/Ensenada

Emergent
Mexican wetfish fishery invests

Sharp/McLain

1974-75

Eastern
Tropical Pacific

ENSO
cool event

Upper
ocean low heat content

Sharp/McLain/Caviedes

1975

World

Population=4
billion

Population
Clock

1975

EastPacific

Climate/ocean
forces US tuna Fleet move

Yellowfin/Bigeye
tuna plentiful SW of CYRA

Sharp/IATTC

1975

Gulf
of California

Sardines
bloom

Mexican
fishery emerges

Sharp/McLain

1974-75

Chile/Peru

Sardine
onshore, colonize N&S

Production
center moves to No. Chile from Pisco coast

Sharp/McLain

1975

North
Atlantic

Sea
Surface temperature minimum

22
year trend reverses

Southward, A.J. 1974a. Changes in the plankton community
in the western English Channel. Nature, 259:5433.

_____________1974b. Long term changes in abundance of
eggs in the Cornish pilchard (Sardina pilchardus
Walbaum) off Plymouth. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. UK NS47:81-95.

Sharp/McLain

1976-77

Pacific
wide

ENSO
warm event

Substantial
records of climate anomalies

Sharp/McLain

1976

Northeast
Pacific

Atmospheric
patterns shift

Many
climate/ecosystem shifts in response

Ebbesmeyer&

1976

USA

200 Mile
exclusive fishing rights declared

Magnuson
Fisheries Conservation Management Act

Trager

1976

La Jolla - USA

John Isaacs,
Professor of Geology at Scripps Inst. of Oceanography delivers a
diatribe about the assumptions employed by fisheries science at CalCOFI
meeting

Isaacs peels
back the thin veil of many of the basic assumptions employed in
fisheries to point out that equilibrium in Nature is unlikely, and that
linear equations make no sense in such a world... fish populations vary
- with or without fisheries

Agreement to
Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management
Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High SeasManagement Objectives
/Monitoring Needs clarified

Caddy/Griffiths

1995

FAO/UN

KYOTO
DECLARATION AND PLAN OF ACTION ON THE SUSTAINABLE CONTRIBUTION OF
FISHERIES TO FOOD SECURITY

Agreement of
4 December 1995 for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating
to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly
MigratoryFish Stocks

Pacific
Bluefin juveniles converge on sardines for feast for 1st time off
Monterey bay in over 25 years

Late
Summer/Fall run up along California coast causes convergence of seiners
and sport boats to take advantage of feeding schools of bluefin and
albacore/Some seined fish are penned and transported to No. Baja site
for growout