Meta

Opioid-involved overdose deaths are on the rise, both nationwide and in

Opioid-involved overdose deaths are on the rise, both nationwide and in the state of Washington. participants who did not report white race were categorized into a nonwhite race category, due to small numbers in some groups. Drug use data were analyzed according to whether a material was injected, used through non-injection routes (e.g., smoked, snorted, swallowed), or not used at all. Almost no clients reported non-injection Cediranib use of heroin, speedballs, and goofballs, while very few clients reported injection use of buprenorphine. Consequently, analysis of these four drug types compared only users to non-users. Variables with p?0.2 were then included in an unconditional multivariate logistic regression model. Even though gender did not meet the p?0.2 threshold, it was included because previous studies found a significant relationship between gender and overdose.7 Due to small numbers (n?=?3), transgender participants were excluded from the logistic regression models. In order to examine the impact of different types of variables, we used three multivariate models. Each successive model added additional variables, with the models as follows: (1) age and gender; (2) age, gender, and other factors associated with overdose in previous studies; and (3) all characteristics that were significant in bivariate logistic regression analysis, as well as gender. In the multivariate models, we collapsed the categorical age variable in Table?1 from four categories to two: participants under 26 and those who were 26 and over. We report odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analysis was conducted with SPSS version 12.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Table?1 Comparison of participants based on recent overdose experiencedemographic and interpersonal factors Results Of 1 1,267 syringe exchange clients who were approached, 1,030 (81.3%) completed the survey. Overall, 477 of the completed surveys (46.3%) were from unduplicated clients. Of 447 clients who endorsed any opioid use, four were excluded from the study sample because of incomplete data on recent overdose, resulting in a final analytic data set of 443 respondents. Multivariate analysis was restricted to 428 participants who had complete data on all of the variables included in the full model. Most participants were male (70%), white (73%), and the median age was 38?years old. Most participants reported that heroin was their primary drug (86%). Only 13 of 443 participants (3%) reported no heroin use. Seven of those participants (2% of overall sample) reported use of prescription-type opioids, Cediranib 9 reported use of methadone (2%), and 3 reported both prescription-type opioids and methadone, but not heroin. Among 72 participants (16%) who reported having overdosed in the past year, there were 133 total overdose events (mean: 1.8 per participant reporting a recent overdose). In bivariate analysis, lack of permanent housing, incarceration of five or more days in past 12 months, gender of sex partners, and sharing syringes or other injection paraphernalia (cottons, cookers, rinse water) were significantly associated with reporting an overdose in the ITSN2 past year (Table?1). The mean age of participants who had overdosed was 35?years, compared to 38?years for participants who had not overdosed (p?=?0.020). Sixty-eight percent of our sample (n?=?299) reported injecting on a daily basis, and daily injection was not associated with overdose. Crack cocaine injection, prescription-type opioid injection, and use of speedballs, goofballs, or buprenorphine were also significantly associated with recent overdose, as was opioid use with sedatives like Valium, Xanax, Klonopin, or Soma (Table?2). Table?2 Comparison of participants based on recent overdose experiencedrug use In multivariate logistic regression, age under 26 was significantly associated with recent overdose in Model 1 (adjusted OR, AOR?=?1.94, 95% CI?=?1.07, 3.55), as seen in Table?3. Incarceration of five or more days in the past 12 months was significant in Model 2 (AOR?=?1.90, 95% CI?=?1.08, 3.36). Table?3 Risk factors for nonfatal overdose in past yearmultivariate analysis (n?=?428) In Cediranib the full model (Model 3), only past 12 months incarceration of five or more days (AOR?=?1.88, 95% CI?=?1.04, 3.40) and sharing syringes and/or other injection paraphernalia (AOR?=?2.65, 95% CI?=?1.43, 4.94) Cediranib were significantly associated with recent overdose. While 98 participants (22% of 439 with data on this item) reported sharing syringes, 189 (43% of 435 with data) reported sharing other injection materials. In the full model,.