Digoxin toxicity may occur in individuals who take excessive amounts of the drug digoxin in a short period of time or in individuals who accumulate high levels of digoxin during an ongoing chronic treatment. Digoxin (derived from foxglove plants of the genus Digitalis) is a medication prescribed to individuals with heart failure and/or atrial fibrillation. [1]

Contents

Classification[edit]

Digoxin toxicity is often divided into acute or chronic toxicity. In both of these toxicity, cardiac effects are of the greatest concern. With an acute ingestion, symptoms such as nausea and vomiting are prominent. On the other hand, nonspecific symptoms are more predominate in chronic toxicity. These symptoms include fatigue, malaise, and visual disturbances. [2]

Diagnosis[edit]

ECG[edit]

In digoxin toxicity, the finding of frequent premature ventricular beats (PVCs) is the most common and the earliest dysrhythmia. Sinus bradycardia is also very common. In addition, depressed conduction is a predominant feature of digoxin toxicity. Other ECG changes that suggest digoxin toxicity include begeminal and trigeminal rhythms, venticular bigeminy, and bidirectional ventricular tachycardia. [2]

Blood test[edit]

The level of digoxin for treatment is typically 0.5-2 ng/mL. [5] Since this is a narrow therapeutic index, digoxin overdose can happen. A serum digoxin concentration of 0.5-0.9 ng/mL among those with heart failure is associated with reduced heart failure deaths and hospitalizations. [6] It is therefore recommended that digoxin concentration be maintained in approximately this range if it is used in heart failure patients.

High amounts of the electrolyte potassium (K+) in the blood (hyperkalemia) is characteristic of digoxin toxicity. [3] Digoxin toxicity increases in individuals who have renal impairment. This is most often seen in elderly or those with chronic renal insufficiency or end-stage renal disease. [7]

Treatment[edit]

Digoxin immune Fab used to treat digoxin toxicity

The primary treatment of digoxin toxicity is Digoxin immune fab (ovine), which is an antibody made up of anti-digoxin immunoglobulin fragments. This antidote has been shown to be highly effective in treating life-threatening signs of digoxin toxicity such as hyperkalemia, hemodynamic instability, and arrhythmias. [8] Fab dose can be determined by two different methods. First method is based on the amount of digoxin ingested whereas the second method is based on the serum digoxin concentration and the weight of the person.[7]

Other treatment that may be used to treat life-threatening arrhythmias until Fab is acquired are magnesium, phenytoin, and lidocaine. Magnesium suppresses digoxin-induced ventricular arrhythmias while Phenytoin and Lidocaine suppresses digoxin-induced ventricular automaticity and delay afterdepolarizations without depressing AV conduction. In the case of an abnormally slow heart rate (bradyarrhythmias), Atropine, catecholamines (isoprenaline or salbutamol), and/or temporary cardiac pacing can be used. [5]