ABSTRACT

BackgroundGamma knife thalamotomy (GKT) has been used as a therapeutic option for patients with disabling tremor refractory to medications. Impressive improvement of tremor has been reported in the neurosurgical literature, but the reliability of such data has been questioned.

ConclusionsOverall, we found that GKT provided only modest antitremor efficacy. Of the 2 patients with essential tremor who experienced marked improvement in tremor, 1 subsequently experienced a serious adverse event. Further prospective studies with careful neurologic evaluation of outcomes are necessary before GKT can be recommended for disabling tremor on a routine clinical basis.

Figures in this Article

Gamma knife thalamotomy (GKT) is a noninvasive method of surgical lesioning that may be suitable for patients with medical comorbidities not eligible for traditional surgical procedures. Some patients may also prefer to avoid an open operation or placement of hardware. However, GKT lacks the benefit of intraoperative electrophysiological confirmation of the target site and is associated with delayed benefit (typically several months or longer) owing to the time it takes for the radiation to functionally damage or destroy the targeted tissue. Gamma knife thalamotomy is usually performed for essential tremor (ET); it is performed less commonly for Parkinson disease (PD) tremor as it does not improve bradykinesia or other motor symptoms of PD.

Despite some literature claims of significant benefit from GKT,1- 5 proper blinded assessments are necessary to determine how useful the procedure is and the time it takes to benefit. Likewise, adequate assessment of possible complications6- 8 needs to take place. Using blinded video assessments and activities of daily living (ADL) scores, we have analyzed the clinical outcomes in patients with tremor who underwent unilateral GKT at the Toronto Western Hospital. Complications of treatment were also evaluated.

METHODS

PATIENTS

Eighteen patients (15 with ET, 3 with PD tremor) underwent GKT for ET or PD tremor at the Toronto Western Hospital from September 1, 2006, to November 30, 2008. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) presence of disabling resting and/or postural and/or action tremor in at least 1 limb; and (2) being unwilling or deemed unsuitable to undergo stereotactic radiofrequency lesioning (thalamotomy) or thalamic ventralis intermedius nucleus deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. These surgical procedures were typically not recommended because of the presence of severe comorbidities such as prior stroke, coronary artery disease, coagulopathy, uncontrolled diabetes, or active malignant neoplasm. All patients gave informed written consent for participation in the study.

TREMOR EVALUATION

Pre-GKT and post-GKT data were collected prospectively (within 1-2 weeks before surgery and at approximately 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery). Upper limb and head tremor were graded by an independent movement disorders neurologist not involved in the primary care of the patients (S.-Y.L.) according to the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (TRS)9 using blinded pretreatment and posttreatment video recordings. Videos were recorded by research nurses (M.F., Y.-Y.P., F.M., or Sherry Kotusiewicz, RN); the video segments were then randomized (M.F. and Ms Kotusiewicz) (for example, videos 29, 1, 10, and 35 represented the baseline and 4-, 20-, and 30-month recordings, respectively, for patient 1). These were presented on compact disc to one of us (S.-Y.L.), who performed the evaluations in private over several sessions. The TRS items included resting, postural, and action/intention tremor using the finger-to-nose test (for each of these items, scores ranged from 0 = no tremor to 4 = severe tremor, with amplitude >4 cm); handwriting (0 = normal; 4 = severely abnormal, unable to keep pen on paper without holding the hand down); drawing (Archimedes spirals and lines) (0 = normal; 4 = unable to complete drawing) (maximum combined score for the 3 drawing items = 12); and pouring water from one cup to another (0 = normal, 4 = unable to pour water without spilling most of it). Head tremor was also analyzed (0 = no tremor; 4 = severe tremor, with amplitude >4 cm) given anecdotal reports of improvement of this symptom after unilateral GKT.4 In the 3 patients with PD tremor, preoperative video recordings of handwriting, drawing, and pouring water were not available (as they were videotaped according to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale10 part III protocol); therefore, only scores of upper limb resting, postural and action tremor, and head tremor were analyzed according to the TRS. The ADL scores were analyzed using the TRS and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II for patients with ET and PD tremor, respectively.

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

The standard procedure for gamma knife radiosurgical treatment, including placement of a Leksell frame, brain magnetic resonance and computed tomographic imaging with the frame, and establishment of a stereotactic space, was carried out. In all cases, 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging was used for targeting. The target was the ventralis intermedius nucleus contralateral to the treated limb. The target was chosen based on anterior commissure–posterior commissure coordinates of 25% + 1 mm of anterior commissure–posterior commissure distance anterior to the posterior commissure, 11 mm lateral to the wall of the third ventricle, and 2 to 3 mm above the anterior commissure–posterior commissure line. A dose of 130 to 140 Gy (to convert to rad, multiply by 100) was delivered with a single 4-mm collimator using a Gamma Knife 4C unit (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden). Collimator plugs were used to shape the dose and minimize the radiation dose to the internal capsule. The position of the internal capsule and its relationship to the presumed location of the ventralis intermedius nucleus was checked on fast spoiled gradient-echo and fast spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging. Postoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients at 6-, 12-, and 24-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Videos for 14 of 18 patients (11 with ET, 3 with PD tremor) with at least 6 months' postoperative follow-up were available for blinded tremor analysis (≥12 months' follow-up in 12 patients; ≥24 months' follow-up in 6 patients; mean [SD] duration of follow-up, 19.2 [7.3] months; range, 7-30 months) (Table 1). Among the 4 remaining patients (all with ET) who were not included in the blinded analysis, 3 did not have preoperative videos available and 1 was lost to follow-up. The mean (SD) age of the 14 patients was 75.4 (6.0) years (range, 64-83 years), with a male:female ratio of 12:2. The mean (SD) duration of symptoms at the time of GKT was 21.1 (12.7) years. One patient (patient 2) had previously undergone unsuccessful left motor cortex stimulation for tremor suppression 9 months prior to left GKT, and another patient (patient 6) had ineffective left stereotactic thalamotomy 7 years before left GKT.

Three patients developed delayed neurologic adverse events, which were mild in 2 patients and serious in 1. Patient 8 developed extensive edema surrounding the thalamic lesion (2.3 cm, extending down into the midbrain and up into the corona radiata, with compression of the left lateral ventricle) and subsequently (14 months after GKT) developed a thalamic hemorrhage at the lesion site (Figure). The bleeding occurred in the context of the patient receiving warfarin sodium for chronic atrial fibrillation (the international normalized ratio was 1.8 at the time of presentation). This was associated with speech difficulty and right hemiparesis, and the patient was hospitalized for several weeks. Patient 4 had mild (nondisabling) lip and finger numbness contralateral to the thalamic lesion at 19 months, as did patient 7 at 18 months.

Place holder to copy figure label and caption

Figure.

T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance images of the brain. A, Patient 8 has extensive edema surrounding the thalamic lesion and has hemorrhage at the lesion site. B, A more typical postoperative image is shown for comparison (patient 5 at 12 months after gamma knife thalamotomy).

COMMENT

Patients underwent GKT because they were unwilling or deemed unsuitable candidates for DBS or other surgical procedures such as conventional thalamotomy. Using blinded assessments and standardized scales, we found a significant improvement only in TRS ADL scores after unilateral GKT; however, the degree of this improvement (median, 2.5 points [range of scale was 0-27]) appeared to be modest and less than what is typically observed with neuromodulation. In the 3 patients with PD tremor, ADL (measured by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part II, which ranges from scores of 0-52) improved to a similar degree (4, 5, and 2 points). A key point is that the improvement was seen with significant delay, typically 6 to 12 months after the procedure. We did not observe any other significant benefit after a mean (SD) follow-up period of 19.2 (7.3) months (range, 7-30 months). Marked and sustained improvement of tremor was observed in only 2 patients (with ET), with 1 of these patients subsequently developing a delayed and serious neurologic complication.

Our findings contrast with other studies reporting marked improvement of resting, postural, and action tremor after GKT.1- 4 The largest of these series2 reported on the combined experience at 2 gamma knife radiosurgery centers, but the reliability of their data—even though evaluations were stated to be blinded—has been questioned by others.6 To our knowledge, no other study has assessed the effectiveness of GKT using physician-blinded assessments or in terms of the effect of tremor on ADL as measured by validated scales. For example, a recent series of ET cases4 reported tremor improvement in 90% of patients, with 50% of patients showing no or only slight tremor after GKT. However, in this study, assessments were performed “during follow-up neurosurgical assessments . . . by the clinic staff”4 (it was not stated whether they were adequately trained to perform the evaluations) using only a limited number of TRS items (action tremor and handwriting). It is worthwhile to note, in this context, that the recent major studies of DBS have had to endure stringent standards to prove efficacy and safety.11- 13 These studies were multicentered,12,13 used randomized allocation,11- 13 followed patients for up to 5 years,11 used evaluations by neurologists blinded to treatment allocation,11,13 reported outcomes using validated scales (including the effect of interventions on ADL and quality of life),11- 13 and provided comprehensive reporting of adverse events.11- 13 It could be argued that a similar degree of rigor should be applied to all modern functional neurosurgical treatments, including gamma knife radiosurgery.

There are several possible reasons for the observed lack of major benefit after GKT. In functional neurosurgery for movement disorders, targeting must be highly accurate to produce optimal outcomes. However, GKT relies only on anatomical targeting using brain magnetic resonance imaging, which may not be as accurate as intraoperative electrophysiological mapping of the target site.14 Another limiting factor may relate to the unpredictable tissue response to ionizing radiation. Thus, in some cases lesions may be smaller than expected, and in other cases lesions may spread into adjacent structures such as the internal capsule to cause serious adverse effects.7 In line with this, we observed a wide range in lesion volume despite only a 10-Gy (to convert to rad, multiply by 100) variation in the dose of radiation delivered. One report1 found significantly better tremor reduction in patients given a high dose (range, 140-165 Gy; mean, 160 Gy) compared with a low dose (range, 110-135 Gy; mean, 120 Gy). Friehs et al15 suggested that larger-than-expected lesions may be produced by doses of radiation in excess of 160 Gy and when more than 1 isocenter is used; however, this does not apply in our case because our total dose did not exceed 140 Gy and a single 4-mm collimator was used for all cases. Nevertheless, 1 serious adverse event has occurred so far, in a patient who received 140 Gy. Importantly, this complication was only observed 14 months after GKT, again emphasizing the need for long-term follow-up.7 Our incidence of serious adverse reaction was 1 in 17 cases (6%), which is comparable to that reported by other investigators.4

The principal limitation of this study is the small sample size. In addition, while homogeneity of assessment is likely to be improved by a single-rater method, it could be argued that using multiple raters may better safeguard against bias. It should be acknowledged that although video segments were blinded to operative status and randomized, the assessing neurologist (S.-Y.L.) was aware that the videos were of patients from the gamma knife program.

In conclusion, overall we found that the primary antitremor benefit of GKT was in reduction of ADL impairment; however, we did not observe widespread antitremor benefit. One patient experienced a serious adverse event. Further prospective studies with careful neurologic evaluation of outcomes are necessary before unilateral GKT can be recommended for disabling tremor on a routine clinical basis.

Author Contributions: Drs Lim and Moro had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Lim, Hodaie, and Moro. Acquisition of data: Lim, Hodaie, Fallis, Poon, Mazzella, and Moro. Analysis and interpretation of data: Lim, Hodaie, and Moro. Drafting of the manuscript: Lim. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Lim, Hodaie, Fallis, Poon, Mazzella, and Moro. Administrative, technical, and material support: Fallis, Poon, Mazzella, and Moro. Study supervision: Moro.

Financial Disclosure: Dr Moro has occasionally received honoraria from Medtronic for consulting services and lecturing.

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