2.Challenge
in this appeal is to the judgment of the Division Bench of the Madras High
Court upholding conviction of the appellant under Section 302 of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 (in short the `IPC'), as was awarded by learned Sessions
Judge, Kamarajar, District at Srivilliputtur in Sessions case no.99 of 1994.

3.The
prosecution case in a nutshell is as follows:- At about 8.30 p.m. on 4.4.1993
the accused indiscriminately cut the victim-Alagarsamy (hereinafter referred to
as `deceased') resulting in his instantaneous death.

PWs 1 and 2 were
examined as eye witnesses to the occurrence. Gurvammal is the elder sister of
PW 1 and deceased Alagarsamy is her husband. The accused was known to him.

Guruvammla died
leaving behind two children - a girl and a boy. This made his father (PW 2) to
bring Alagarsamy to his house. At about 8.30 p.m. on the occurrence day, he was
standing opposite to the house of Ramaiah with his son, after returning from
the house of Visalam. PW 2 was also coming in the street from the shop and he
asked as to whether he had gone to Visalam's house and come back. Alagarsamy
alighted from the bus and PW 2 also asked him as to whether he had gone to
Visalam's house. Palpandi (son of accused) also alighted from the bus and the
accused asked him as to why he has not brought his mother with him for which he
had been sent. Palpandi replied to his father (the accused) that unless the
accused goes mother will not come. Finding fault that he is repeating the same
answer, the accused beat his son.

Alagarsamy asked him
as to why he was beating the young boy for which the accused responded stating
that he had no business to intervene in his family problem and saying so,
removed the Aruval from his person and cut Alagarsamy which injury landed on
his left hand. Alagarsamy fell down and the accused thereafter indiscriminately
cut him. PWs 1 and 2 rushed towards the scene questioning the act of the
accused. Threatening them with dire consequences, the accused made good his
escape. Alagarsamy was lying dead.

PW-1 went to the
police station and gave the complaint namely Ex.P-1. He identified MO 1 as the
weapon of offence and MOs. 2 to 4 as the personal wearing apparels of the
deceased.

4. The appellant
questioning the correctness of the judgment and conviction and sentence as
imposed by the Trial Court under Section 302 IPC and sentenced to undergo for
life imprisonment.

5. The only stand
before the High Court was that the scenario as projected by the prosecution
clearly rules out the application of Section 302 IPC. The High Court did not
find any substance in the plea.

6. In support of the
appeal, learned counsel for the appellant reiterated the stand before the High
Court and submitted that even if the prosecution version is accepted in toto,
case under Section 302 IPC is not made out.

7. Learned counsel
for the respondent on the other hand supported the order.

8. This brings us to
the crucial question as to which was the appropriate provision to be applied.
In the scheme of the IPC culpable homicide is genus and `murder' its specie.
All `murder' is `culpable homicide' but not vice-versa. Speaking generally,
`culpable homicide' sans 'special characteristics of murder is culpable
homicide not amounting to murder'. For the purpose of fixing punishment,
proportionate to the gravity of the generic offence, the IPC practically
recognizes three degrees of culpable homicide. The first is, what may be
called, `culpable homicide of the first degree'. This is the gravest form of culpable
homicide, which is defined in Section 300 as `murder'. The second may be termed
as `culpable homicide of the second degree'. This is punishable under the first
part of Section 304. Then, there is `culpable homicide of the third degree'.
This is the lowest type of culpable homicide and the punishment provided for it
is also the lowest among the punishments provided for the three grades.
Culpable homicide of this degree is punishable under the second part of Section
304.

9. The academic
distinction between `murder' and `culpable homicide not amounting to murder'
has always vexed the Courts. The confusion is caused, if Courts losing sight of
the true scope and meaning of the terms used by the legislature in these
sections, allow themselves to be drawn into minute abstractions. The safest way
of approach to the interpretation and application of these provisions seems to
be to keep in focus the keywords used in the various clauses of Sections 299
and 300. The following comparative table will be helpful in appreciating the
points of distinction between the two offences. Section 299 Section 300 A
person commits culpable homicide Subject to certain exceptions if the act by
which the death is culpable homicide is murder caused is done - if the act by
which the death is caused is done - INTENTION (a) with the intention of causing
(1) with the intention of death; or causing death; or (b) with the intention of
causing (2) with the intention of such bodily injury as is likely causing such
bodily injury to cause death; or as the offender knows to be likely to cause
the death of the person to whom the harm is caused; or 6 (3) With the
intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended
to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death;
or KNOWLEDGE **** (c) with the knowledge that the act (4) with the knowledge
that is likely to cause death. the act is so imminently dangerous that it must
in all probability cause death or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death,
and without any excuse for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury
as is mentioned above.

10. Clause (b) of
Section 299 corresponds with clauses (2) and (3) of Section 300. The
distinguishing feature of the mens rea requisite under clause (2) is the
knowledge possessed by the offender regarding the particular victim being in
such a peculiar condition or state of health that the internal harm caused to
him is likely to be fatal, notwithstanding the fact that such harm would not in
the ordinary way of nature be sufficient to cause death of a person in normal
health or condition. It is noteworthy that the `intention to cause death' is
not an essential requirement of clause (2). Only the intention of causing the
bodily injury coupled with the offender's knowledge of the likelihood of such
injury causing the death of the particular victim, is sufficient to bring the
killing within the ambit of this clause. This aspect of clause (2) is borne out
by illustration (b) appended to Section 300.

11. Clause (b) of
Section 299 does not postulate any such knowledge on the part of the offender.
Instances of cases falling under clause (2) of Section 300 can be where the
assailant causes death by a fist blow intentionally given knowing that the
victim is suffering from an enlarged liver, or enlarged spleen or diseased
heart and such blow is likely to cause death of that particular person as a
result of the rupture of the liver, or spleen or the failure of the heart, as
the case may be. If the assailant had no such knowledge about the disease or
special frailty of the victim, nor an intention to cause death or bodily injury
sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, the offence will
not be murder, even if the injury which caused the death, was intentionally
given.

In clause (3) of
Section 300, instead of the words `likely to cause death' occurring in the
corresponding clause (b) of Section 299, the words "sufficient in the
ordinary course of nature" have been used. Obviously, the distinction lies
between a bodily injury likely to cause death and a bodily injury sufficient in
the ordinary course of nature to cause death. The distinction is fine but real
and if overlooked, may result in miscarriage of justice. The difference between
clause (b) of Section 299 and clause (3) of Section 300 is one of the degree of
probability of death resulting from the intended bodily injury. To put it more
broadly, it is the degree of probability of death which determines whether a
culpable homicide is of the gravest, medium or the lowest degree. The word
`likely' in clause (b) of Section 299 conveys the sense of probable as
distinguished from a mere possibility. The words "bodily
injury.......sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death"
mean that death will be the "most probable" result of the injury,
having regard to the ordinary course of nature.

12. For cases to fall
within clause (3), it is not necessary that the offender intended to cause
death, so long as the death ensues from the intentional bodily injury or
injuries sufficient to cause death in the ordinary course of nature. Rajwant
and Anr. v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1966 SC 1874) is an apt illustration of this
point.

13. In Virsa Singh v.
State of Punjab, (AIR 1958 SC 465), Vivian Bose, J. speaking for the Court,
explained the meaning and scope of clause (3). It was observed that the
prosecution must prove the following facts before it can bring a case under
Section 300, "thirdly". First, it must establish quite objectively,
that a bodily injury is present; secondly the nature of the injury must be
proved. These are purely objective investigations. Thirdly, it must be proved
that there was an intention to inflict that particular injury, that is to say,
that it was not accidental or unintentional or that some other kind of injury
was intended. Once these three elements are proved to be present, the enquiry
proceeds further, and fourthly it must be proved that the injury of the type
just described made up of the three elements set out above was sufficient to
cause death in the ordinary course of nature. This part of the enquiry is
purely objective and inferential and has nothing to do with the intention of
the offender.

14. The ingredients
of clause "Thirdly" of Section 300, IPC were brought out by the
illustrious Judge in his terse language as follows:

"To put it
shortly, the prosecution must prove the following facts before it can bring a
case under Section 300, "thirdly".

First, it must
establish, quite objectively, that a bodily injury is present. Secondly, the
nature of the injury must be proved. These are purely objective investigations.
Thirdly, it must be proved that there was an intention to inflict that particular
bodily injury, that is to say that it was not accidental or unintentional, or
that some other kind of injury was intended.

11 Once these three
elements are proved to be present, the enquiry proceeds further and, Fourthly,
it must be proved that the injury of the type just described made up of the
three elements set out above is sufficient to cause death in the ordinary
course of nature. This part of the enquiry is purely objective and inferential
and has nothing to do with the intention of the offender."

15. The learned Judge
explained the third ingredient in the following words (at page 468):

"The question is
not whether the prisoner intended to inflict a serious injury or a trivial one
but whether he intended to inflict the injury that is proved to be present. If
he can show that he did not, or if the totality of the circumstances justify
such an inference, then of course, the intent that the section requires is not
proved. But if there is nothing beyond the injury and the fact that the
appellant inflicted it, the only possible inference is that he intended to
inflict it. Whether he knew of its seriousness or intended serious
consequences, is neither here or there. The question, so far as the intention
is concerned, is not whether he intended to kill, or to inflict an injury of a
particular degree of seriousness but whether he intended to inflict the injury
in question and once the existence of the injury is proved the intention to
cause it will be presumed 12 unless the evidence or the circumstances warrant
an opposite conclusion."

16. These
observations of Vivian Bose, J. have become locus classicus. The test laid down
by Virsa Singh's case (supra) for the applicability of clause
"Thirdly" is now ingrained in our legal system and has become part of
the rule of law. Under clause thirdly of Section 300 IPC, culpable homicide is
murder, if both the following conditions are satisfied: i.e. (a) that the act
which causes death is done with the intention of causing death or is done with
the intention of causing a bodily injury; and (b) that the injury intended to
be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death. It
must be proved that there was an intention to inflict that particular bodily
injury which, in the ordinary course of nature, was sufficient to cause death,
viz., that the injury found to be present was the injury that was intended to
be inflicted.

17. Thus, according
to the rule laid down in Virsa Singh's case, even if the intention of accused
was limited to the infliction of a bodily injury sufficient to cause death in
the ordinary course of nature, and did not extend to the intention of causing
death, the offence would be murder. Illustration (c) appended to Section 300
clearly brings out this point.

18. Clause (c) of Section
299 and clause (4) of Section 300 both require knowledge of the probability of
the act causing death. It is not necessary for the purpose of this case to
dilate much on the distinction between these corresponding clauses.

It will be sufficient
to say that clause (4) of Section 300 would be applicable where the knowledge
of the offender as to the probability of death of a person or persons in
general as distinguished from a particular person or persons - being caused
from his imminently dangerous act, approximates to a practical certainty. Such
knowledge on the part of the offender must be of the highest degree of
probability, the act having been committed by the offender without any excuse
for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury as aforesaid.

19. The above are
only broad guidelines and not cast iron imperatives. In most cases, their
observance will facilitate the task of the Court. But sometimes the facts are
so intertwined and the second and the third stages so telescoped into each other
that it may not be convenient to give a separate treatment to the matters
involved in the second and third stages.

21. When the factual
scenario is considered in the background of the legal principles set out above,
the inevitable conclusion is that the appropriate conviction would be under
Section 304 Part I IPC. Custodial sentence of 10 years would meet the end of
justice.