Social Contract Theory &Kantian Theory

Based on the definition of social contract theory is “the view that persons’ moral or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement between them to form society.”All citizens who are living in the country should follow the rules of their government. By resource, biomechanics developed during the early 1970s(Molyneux 2010). Combined this technology, immortality maybe achieved and brings benefits for the whole society. However, the evidence from research has been proved that there is no obvious relevant law of immortality in Australia. Social contract is implicit, geographical and unilateral, which means that it should exist as a law rather than a formal agreement.If there is no law on immortality, there is no rule for people to obey. People could do whatever they want to make immortality come true. It might benefit the society, meanwhile, some immoral issues would also be engendered. From this point of view, social contract theory is not suitable for evaluating immortality.
To evaluate whether an activity has moral worth is judged by motivation(Sandel 2010). First of all, it should be a good will. Basically, immortality makes human live longer in this world which is a good original intention, and it does not break any existing laws or principles in society. On the other side, biomechanics is a high technology which describes the application of engineering mechanics to biological and medical. This technic brings benefits on human medical treatment. Both of them are good. But when human treat biomechanics as a mean to the end of immortality, this activity would cause some potential issues, and has no moral worth. According to Kant’s theory, we should treat it as an end rather than means. Assume that immortality comes true, people who want to be immortal must combine his body with machine. In this condition, only wealthy people can become immortal, and it would increase economic benefits. In conclusion, Kantian theory is also not suitable for evaluating biomechanics immortality.
UTILITARIAN THEORY
In accordance with Utilitarianism, what people do should maximum happiness, which must relate to the total feeling of all individuals’ happiness and pain. Everybody would be treated equally during calculating, and happiness and pain is convertible, which means that pain is just minus happiness(Sandel 2010). Utilitarian theory is different from other theories. There is no need to consider individuals’motivation and means, it is only necessary to evaluate what effect an action will bring to maximum happiness. It is good if the result is positive, and it is bad if the result is negative. So from utilitarian theory point of view, human seek immortality via biomechanics technic, which could bring profits with harms for themselves at the same time. For example, most people don’t want to die, people always feel time flies, and it is painful to lose who they love. If people can live forever, all problems mentioned before can be solved. But, nothing is perfect. Immortality also brings social issues, like immortality may reduce efficiency, change people’s attitude to negative and so on.

Reference
Molyneux, S 2010, The social contract defined and demolished in less than 5 minutes, braincrave.com, viewed 5 May 2013, http://www.braincrave.com/viewblog.php?id=397

...Zain Muzaffar
Social Theory
Thomas Long
11/13/2013
Social Theory
Karl Marx, a 19th century philosopher, is credited with establishing and developing the idea of a communist society in response to modern capitalism in the early 1800's. Communism is the theoretical economic system characterized by the collective ownership of property and by the organization of labor for the common advantage of all its members. Marx described human history as the attempt to control nature in order to improve the human condition. The party was formed to support and promote the common interests of the proletariat.
The labor market is penetrated thorough the means of social capitalism that is endorsed from the buying and selling power of companies that promote the circular flow of products in the buying market of financial capital distributed and dispersed through financial capital gains of the economy buying and selling products that commodities of social Marxism.
The Marx’s view of capitalism, and the idea of commodity fethisms is the ideal perception of social relationships involved in production, and not talking about the relationships among people but the economic concept of commodities exchanged in the marketplace. The economic value of products that are commodities in the social market are circulated as forms of capital merchants who are competing for financial capital gains, and mediated forms of monetary exchange that is contributed to the GDP, and......

...The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper
University of phoenix
Finance and Budgeting in Justice and Security
AJS/532
Matthew O’Deane
November 20, 2013
The Social Contract Theory of John Locke Paper
My paper evaluates the Social Contract Theory of John Locke, and how his principles are even within the criminal justice system, and private security situations nowadays. This paper shall also in great detail debate whether or not Locke’s’ values and beliefs pertain to criminal justice as well as private security venues. A summary will be presented to identify key dissimilarities of the social contract theories, recognize key any principles connected with Locke’s social contract theory, label how these codes are instilled within the United States Bill of Rights, recognize how these principles show within the criminal justice system and security organizations of present, and lastly define independence in regards to personal rights and proper principles, and commitments.
“A social contract is a voluntary agreement in which mutual benefit occurs between and for individuals, groups, government or a community as a whole. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (Kelly, Martin. (2012)).”
This doesn’t mean that it is a state of authorization: a citizen......

...Social Contract Theory of John Locke
Shannon Roundtree
June 23, 2014
Patricia DeAngelis
Differences of the Social Contract Theories
There were three critical thinkers who played a major role in creating the concept of the social contract theory. The overall concept of this theory was to see how individuals could survive in a world regulated by laws and government. Each of these individuals had different perspectives on the state of nature. Thomas Hobbes’ view was that man was fearful and selfish. He believed that man desired a sense of security and order. If man wanted to have a sense of self-preservation and protection, they needed to enter into a social contract and surrender their rights and freedom. In other words, a government was created to regulate their lives. Thomas Hobbes also believed that individuals were free to take whatever they wanted and be greedy, and resolve disputes with war. John Locke’s view was different than Thomas Hobbes as he believed no individual has any power over the next and everyone has the freedom to do what they want. John Locke also believed that if an individual committed a crime, they needed to be punished. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the government should adhere to the freedom of all individuals, but with constraints. His views were that individuals could not be free in modern society like they could be in a state of nature if property and laws existed.
Key Principles of John Locke’s Social Contract Theory
John Locke......

...‘English law is based on an objective theory of contract. The commercial advantage of this approach is that it promotes certainty and predictability in the resolution of contractual disputes. Also as a matter of principle, it is not unfair to impute to the parties to a contract or a potential contact an intention that in the event of a dispute a neutral judge should decide the case applying an objective standard of reasonableness.’
Discuss whether an objective approach is satisfactory and the extent to which English law is committed to that approach in relation to the finding of offer and acceptance.
Word count = 1378
As societies have advanced, trade has become an essential element needed in order to continue the expansion and development of a society, demanding increasing importance as new technologies and materials are discovered and wanted. Subsequently, the legal contracts used to bind an agreement find themselves under greater scrutiny as each separate party strives to ensure the best deal in an environment where the bottom line of a business appears to be all important; especially so when regarding the multi-billion deals that now take place everyday across the world’s markets. Therefore the importance and validity of a contract between two parties will always be an area of importance and consequently potential conflict between them. However, it is also in the interests of all parties involved, including the courts, to avoid contractual disputes due to the large......

...This essay seeks to define why the Scottish Enlightenment theorists rejected previous attempts at social theory and instead formulated their own social theory. It also seeks to define what was scientific about their approach compared to other theorists who formulated other social theories. Firstly the enlightenment will be defined and previous attempts at social theory outlined. Secondly the theorists social theory will be outlined and finally a discussion of why their approach could be considered scientific. This essay will argue that it was the theorists’ departure from conjecture and sermon which made their theory so radical for its time, and their application of the new framework of Newtonian science which allowed their application to be considered scientific.
The enlightenment was a period of philosophical thought and intellectual development which began in the eighteenth century (Ritzer, 2010). The enlightenment theorists sought to combine empirical research with the developing model of Newtonian science. The theorists were convinced that the world around them could be understood using reason and research and that the institutions which governed social values and societal norms were rooted in irrationality and actually acted to inhibit human development (Ritzer, 2010). The theorist’s arguments clashed with the conjectural and traditionally espoused history of the social institutions such as the Church and the political regimes of the countries they operated in......

...Conflict Theory vs. Social Theory
Introduction
Society has come to determine that social behavior is a direct result of an outside source. There are several different theories that could determine why a person acts or reacts in the manor that they do. This paper will address two of those theories; conflict theory and social theory. Conflict theory, would suggest that behavior is a reaction to the social order around them, where social theory would suggest that abstract sources are the cause of behavior. The writer of this paper will also provide examples to support the findings of these theories and evaluations of the effects of these theories.
Comparison of Conflict Theory to Social Theory
Conflict theory states that there is a social order that society follows. This order determines what social class you are in and what economic class you’re in. The theory was derived by Karl Marx. He believed that the greatest power came from those who had the “greatest political, economic, and social resources” (about education, 2014) “According to conflict theory, inequality exists because those in control of a disproportionate share of society’s resources actively defend their advantages. The masses are not bound to society by their shared values, but by coercion at the hands of those in power” (about education, 2014) Conflict also suggest that it is all about power and control. “Conflict emerges between groups attempting to exercise control over particular......

...Social Process and Social Development Theory Paper
Jason Mitchell
CJA/314
February 16, 2013
Judy Marchand
Social Process and Social Development Theory Paper
Many people often wonder about the reasons that criminals commit such violent acts and if the crime could have been prevented by noticing warning signs of deviant behavior.
The video chosen for this paper was Tent City Arizona. “The Tents Jail was begun in 1993 when Sheriff Joe Arpaio was able to obtain some surplus military tents. These tents were set up in an area adjacent to one of the existing Maricopa County Jails in Phoenix, Arizona. Sheriff Arpaio had previously decided that he would not release any inmates due to jail overcrowding, and housing sentenced inmates in the tents seemed a good solution.” (http://www.mcso.org/JailInformation/TentCity.aspx) Most inmates that have served time in Tent City has learned valuable lessons and do not return to jail. The inmates are required to work for their meals.
When criminals are sentenced to be incarcerated in jail or prison, society expects them to pay for their crimes and not live a luxury lifestyle while serving out their time. In many institutions around the United States it may seem as if the inmates are living the dream. They have the taxpayers supporting them. The inmates have a roof over their heads, no bills to pay, cable television, and three meals a day to eat. So......

...Most |
| |described in The Communist Manifesto. Cronyism common. |socialists advocate participatory democracy, some |
| | |(Social Democrats) advocate parliamentary democracy, and|
| | |Marxist-Leninists advocate "Democratic centralism". |
|Ideas |All people are the same and therefore classes make no |All individuals should have access to basic articles of |
| |sense. The government should own all means of production |consumption and public goods to allow for |
| |and land and also everything else. People should work for |self-actualization. Large-scale industries are |
| |the government and the collective output should be |collective efforts and thus the returns from these |
| |redistributed equally. |industries must benefit society as a whole. |
|Definition |International theory or system of social organization |A theory or system of social organization based on the |
| |based on the holding of all property in common, with |holding of most property in common, with actual |
| |actual ownership ascribed to the community......

...Social Contract Theory of John Locke
Luca D. Iaria
University of Phoenix
CJA 532/ Ethics in Justice and Security
Professor: Cyril Vierra
January 25, 2015
John Locke was a British Philosopher born in 1632. His most famous written work was The second treatise of civil government (written in 1690). This book focused on the natural state of man and how government should be structured. Locke was a fan of man to say the least. Locke describes man in his writing’s as being inherently good natured. Locke goes on to explain that man in a state of nature is peaceful. Locke contested that man should challenge authority by using self reason to search for the truth. He said that man shouldn’t just expect the opinion of the authority or be subject to superstition. By man choosing to use reason he can then find the truth and challenge the legitimate functions of institutions hence optimizing human flourishing for the individual and the society. Locke explains that without the establishment of a common political authority, man will remain in a state of nature. This is a clear example of how Locke felt about man and how he viewed them as a whole. Lock stated “All men in their natural state are in a state of perfect freedom (Locke, 1690).”
The positive side of Locke's anti-authoritarianism is that he believes that using reason to try to grasp the truth, and determining the legitimate functions of institutions will optimize human flourishing for the individual and society both in......

...Social Theory of International Politics
Is it a good alternative on established theories in international relations?
1811 Words
Maxim de la Haije (2509740)
VU University
Political Analysis
Dr. Paul Pennings
Amsterdam, 28 June 2013
Introduction
In recent decades, many approaches have emerged which all try to clarify the processes of international relations as best as possible. Alexander Wendt, a staunch supporter of the social constructivist school, developed the ‘Social Theory of International Politics’ to explain this process, this theory is based on social constructivism. His works can be seen as a response to the theory developed by Waltz, which provided the basis for the neorealist school. This new approach to international relations is increasingly gaining ground and can be seen as a important contribution towards existing theories of international relations.
Wendt felt that the existing theories in international relations were too restrictive and too much adherence to guidelines. He thinks out of the box and is in certain areas very rebellious. He beliefs that realism misses the inter subjectively shared ideas which shape behaviour by constituting the identities and interest of actors. Wendt (1999) sees the international system as a social construction. In his works he emphasizes the role of shared ideas and norms in shaping state behavior. Liberal and realist perspectives aim that materialist or individualist reasons causes actions by states. Wendt...

...What is Social Contract Theory?
The concept of social contract theory is that in the beginning man lived in the state of
nature. They had no government and there was no law to regulate them. There were
hardships and oppression on the sections of the society. To overcome from these
hardships they entered into two agreements which are:1. “Pactum Unionis”; and
2. “Pactum Subjectionis”.
By the first pact of unionis, people sought protection of their lives and property. As,
a result of it a society was formed where people undertook to respect each other and
live in peace and harmony. By the second pact of subjectionis, people united together
and pledged to obey an authority and surrendered the whole or part of their freedom
and rights to an authority. The authority guaranteed everyone protection of life,
property and to a certain extent liberty. Thus, they must agree to establish society by
collectively and reciprocally renouncing the rights they had against one another in the State
of Nature and they must imbue some one person or assembly of persons with the authority
and power to enforce the initial contract. In other words, to ensure their escape from the
State of Nature, they must both agree to live together under common laws, and create
an enforcement mechanism for the social contract and the laws that constitute it. Thus, the
authority or the government or the sovereign or the state came into being because of
the two agreements.
Analysis of the theory......

...The theory of social agreement paper
544
2/22/2016
Melba V. Pearson
The theory of social agreement paper
In my paper, I will discuss John Locke social contract theory, which it will assist on how his principles are even within the criminal justice system. In private security, issues were currently happening. In this paper as well will discuss in-depth information debate if John Locke’s central beliefs also morals relate to the criminal justice also private security location. A summary will do to help identify main dissimilarities of the social contract theories, also, recognize main any principles related to Locke’s social contract theory. Then label how these how the codes infused in the bill of right within the United States. Then recognize how these principles saw with the criminal justice also security organizations of a present, as well finally describe independence concerning personal rights also proper principles also the obligation.
Variations of the social contract theories
In the social contract theory, there were three important theorists, which portrayed an essential part in developing the idea for it. The whole idea of the theory was to assist how people would exist; within society that controlled by the government also, it laws. All of these theorists have a various form of concepts of the state of nature one, of the theorist's name Thomas Hobbies. He believed that people were egotistical. They were frightened Hobbies felt...

...Of the many moral and ethical codes presented by philosophers throughout history, few have remained intact for any long period of time. As years pass, old ideas are debated, revised, or discarded to make way for new avenues of thinking. What is important, then, is to seek out the partial truths in any given philosophical position and use them for what they are, instead of either accepting or rejecting the entirety of the belief set as objectively true or false. Even those theories that seem to be completely refuted serve an important purpose by the arguments used therein. A perfect example of this lies in Social Contract Theory, as presented by John Rawls and others.
Social contract theory presents the belief that morality is an agreement made amongst humanity. Each of us has, by being part of society, “signed” this unwritten contract that compels us to behave in a certain way. Those who violate the contract are shunned by society in some way, while those who abide by it gain the benefits of being an accepted member. This is not to imply that morality is entirely relative; moral codes are changed only when there is some significant event that actually affects society itself in some way. Instead, Rawls presents the idea that the code we agreed to abide by should be created by an impartial observer operating from what he terms the Original Position. This perspective is that of a person who has no perception of their own place in society. They have no idea of their gender,......

...Social Contract Theory on the Criminal Justice System and Private Security
Philosophy Foundations of Ethics in Justice and Security
Social Contract Theory on the Criminal Justice System and Private Security
Prior to the social contract theory, there was no government body providing laws, order, and protection. Humans were left to protect their own lives and property. When problems ensued between individuals, evolution occurred, and the strongest usually survived. From this, the social contract theory emerged, which required a group of individuals to give up their individual rights to govern themselves, and comply to a selected government authority. This government represents the group’s interests and forms and civil society that provide protection of life and property (Souryal, 2007). This paper will summarize the different social contract theories, focus on John Locke’s social contract theory principles, and discuss how these principles influenced the Bill of Rights. Additionally, this paper will search how these principles are present in the criminal justice system and private security settings. Lastly, the paper will describe freedom of personal rights and ethical standards and obligations.
Social Contract Theories
There are many different versions of the social contract theory. Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory defines state of nature as a condition of self-absorbed......