Those defined as deviant often suffer a _____ attached to their deviance. It is associated with shame, loss of status, discrimination, and social isolation.

Stigma

A conflict theorist believes that social stratification is the result of

conflict

The tendency to define a deviant behavior as an illness, for which treatment is best left to medical professionals, is referred to as _____ deviance.

medicalization of

Deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior. This defines which theoretical perspective?

differential association theory

Overconformist behavior that is met with a positive response is called ______.

positive deviance

The recidivism rate refers to _____.

The percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested.

What is social stratification?

The ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical layers.

_____ describes a person does not have food and shelter to survive.

absolute poverty

Social inequality is a structured aspect of contemporary life. That means that ______.

inequalities are passed from generation to generation.

The conflict theory holds that stratification exists because ________.

it benefits individuals and groups who have the power to dominate and exploit others.

Public schools in wealthy neighborhoods are typically better funded, better equipped, and more successful than their counterpart in underprivileged areas. This inequality is a result of the residents' great _______ power.

Economic

What is the difference between stratifcation and inequality?

Stratification is how we group people's in terms of social status.

Inequality is the unequal treatment of people (discrimination) based on social status. It can be random depending on time period.

Give one example of gender inequality.

Women are usually paid less than men, even if they have the same exact job.

(incomedisparities

divisionof household work

education, career)

Who used the used the term "sociological imagination" to describe a way of viewing the connections individuals have to their social worlds?

Wright Mills

Who was the first person to propose that the scientific method could be applied to the study of social life?

Auguste Comte

The theoretical perspective that is usually associated with micro level analysis is ______.

symbolic interactionism

To whom is foundation of conflict theory is attributed?

Karl Marx

Bryan collected homicide and suicide statistics from different cities so he could examine the relationship between these two causes of death. What kind of data is he using?

Quantitative

Heng uses interviews and field research to study how neighborhoods rebuild after natural disasters. What kind of data is he using?

Qualitative

In a sociological study of the relationship between two variables, which one changes in response to changes in the other?

Dependent variable

An educated guess that explains the relationship between two variables in a study is called a(n) ____.

hypothesis

List two sociological reasons of poverty.

1. Born in poverty and stay in poverty.

2. Not being able to find work because of the poor economy of the area where one lives.

What are two types of research methods that sociologists often use?

Survey and observation

"Thedivision between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is the key tostratification in capitalist societies." This statement is consistent withthe thinking of which theorist?

Karl Marx

A conflict theorist believes that socialstratification is the result of

conflict

Which theory argues that our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection to major social institutions?

Control Theory

Anex-convict has a difficult time finding a job because his criminal record hasbecome his _________.

master status

Accordingto Merton's strain theory, there are various modes of adaptation that thedisadvantaged use to handle the pressures of society. List three of them.

Ritualism, retreatism, rebellion

If a physician cheated on Medicare, what kind of crime has he orshe committed?

White-collar crim

What is literacy?

The ability to read and write

Jamal is astudent at an elementary school. In addition to learning math and reading,Jamal’s teachers also make sure to stress the value of hard work, honesty, andrespect for their elders. The idea that Jamal is learning societal values inaddition to subject matter illustrates ____________________.

Bourdieu’s cultural capital

Which socialinstitution teaches not only knowledge and skills but also cultural norms andvalues?

Education

Free-market, orlaissez-faire, capitalism promotes _________________.

an unregulated market

In which type of apolitical system do citizens elect delegates who carry out the policymakingprocesses of government?

a representative democracy

What theory explains why,in order to avoid social isolation, people do not voice their opinions oncontroversial topics when they perceive their perspective as marginal?

the spiral of silence

Sociologist study religion in order to

study the role that religion plays in people's lives

_____ is the idea that individuals withadvanced educational degrees monopolize access to the most rewarding jobswithin a society.

Production is influenced by demand but demand does not equal to supply. Private economic mechanism produces cyclical economic crises and these market imperfections come from the dominance of agents. Therefore, governments should regulate the growth of market and maintain capitalist system stable.

According toDr. Michael P. Johnson, what are the three types of domestic violence?

Youcan determine someone’s race just by looking at the color of their skin.

false

People with low socioeconomic status have _____ life expectancy.

shorter

Whydid city newcomers typically gravitate toward ethnic ghettos?

They sought support and cohesion

Lowpopulation density and the privacy-oriented style of housing in the suburbscontribute to which phenomenon?

social isolation

Inresearching Chicago's neighborhoods and their needs, _________ and his/hercollaborators at Hull House invented a new form of urban sociology that reliedon gathering detailed data and mapping the demographic characteristics ofdifferent neighborhoods.

Jane Addams

According toEmile Durkheim, urban societies are based on an interdependent network ofspecialized social roles. This type of social cohesion is called _____solidarity.

organic

Lifein New York City today is an example of which form of social organization?

Gesellschaft

Janetbelieves that women are social equals to men. She is passing out a petition oncampus that supports her college reviewing professors' salaries to make surethat men and women are being paid equally based on rank and tenure. In whatideology does Janet believe?

feminism

____________isthe physical separation of the races by residence in different areas.

Segregation

What is prejudice?

An attitude of aversion and hostility towardthe members of a group simply because they belong to it.

Accordingto Ferdinand Tönnies, a social organization in which individuals are orientedto collectively share values and traditional ties is called ______.

Gemeinschaft

____________is the term for the science dealing with the size, distribution, composition,and changes in population.

Demography

Powerand wealth inequalities between nations in the world is called ______.

global inequality

_______refersto elements embedded in the social structure that promote racialinequality. These elements are usuallynot designed for the purpose of creating racial inequality.

Institutional racism

________refers to a lack of the basic resources needed to maintain a standard of livingconsidered acceptable in a particular society.

Relative poverty

What are gender roles?

The social rules for the attitudes and behaviors men and women should have

Jenny worksas a receptionist at a local medical office. The money she earns at her job isenough to buy her family the essentials to survive. According to Karl Marx, towhich group does Jenny belong?

the working class

How do sociologists view the categories ofrace, class, and gender?

Socially constructed.

The ability to move from one social class to another is called ____.

class mobility

Feminismadvocates for ________between men and women.

Political equality, social equality, economic equality.

. Kimberlybelieves that women are naturally superior to men. What term describes herideology?

sexism

28. Whichterm describes individuals who are born with a sex that cannot be clearlydefined based on biological criteria?

intersexual people

Whatconcept describes the phenomenon of employed women still having primaryresponsibility for housework and childcare?

second shift

Theculturally defined differences between how men and women dress and behave iscalled _____________.

gender

Theassumption that women can wear makeup but men are discouraged from doing so isbased on ____ expectations.

gender

Theterm "minority group" reflects the power relationships among groupsin society.

A member ofwhich racial or ethnic group is most likely to live in poverty in the UnitedStates?

African American

When peopleshare traditions, language, and customs this is known as a (n) _________.

ethnicity

Whichracial or ethnic group has the highest median family income in the UnitedStates?

Asians

Whatis gender convergence?

Increased similarities between men and women insociety

Amalgamationtypically occurs through ___________.

intermarriage

Tommy wearshis hair cut short and enjoys rebuilding his car. When he grows up, he wants tobecome a lawyer and father. These traits and aspirations are called _______.

gender roles

Thepattern of health and disease among the population is not equal, and it is notrandom. The patterns of health distribution are related to_______.

class and income level

W.E.B.Du Bois pioneered a systematic study of _________.

black urban life

The balancebetween the availability and protection of natural resources and theircontinued consumption is referred to as __________.

sustainability

7. Efforts torehabilitate and upgrade a declining neighborhood for the purposes ofattracting higher-income residents is referred to as __________.

gentrification

The sociological perspective that studies urbanenvironments with an emphasis on the role of politics, economics, and power iscalled _______.

new urban sociology.

Thestudy of the interaction between the physical environment and social life iscalled ____________.

human ecology

Buildings,sidewalks and parks are part of the ___________.

Built environment

From theperspective of human ecology, the built environment in cities reflects andreinforces cultural values. Which of the following is an example of thisperspective?

Skyscrapers symbolize the power of business

Sociologistsconcern themselves with health and disease as a matter of __________.

social patterns

A culturethat exists within societies in which the ideas and practices of those in powerare represented is knows as a(n)

dominant culture.

Janet ispurely American in her beliefs and values. She only buys outfits with a"Made in America" label, refuses to eat Chinese food, and believesthat there should be a law passed to create an American language. In view ofthis, which sociological principle best describes Janet's behavior?

ethnocentrism

Who coined the term cultural lag?

William Ogburn

Peopleattending a college football game are participating in an example of

popular culture

Whatis the key concept underlying the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Languages affect how their speakers think andbehave.

Jewelry,cars, homes, and boats would be considered what aspect of culture?

material

In the United States, whenstepping into an elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to geton or get off. This is an example of

norm

What is xenophobia?

theunreasonable fear and hatred of foreigners or people from other cultures

Accordingto Hall's typologies of personal space, the distance reserved for impersonal orformal relationships such as job interviews is ____________.

social distance

. developeddramaturgy, a form of sociological analysis that compares life to a stage play.

Erving Goffman

Theways society develops to meet its basic needs, such as family, medicine, andlaw, are called ____.

social institutions

refers to cultural forms associated with elitesthat are widely recognized as valuable and legitimate.

High culture

Which bestdescribes a social structure?

recurring patterns of behavior

Thegoal of a breaching experiment is to ___________ in order to better understandsocial routines.

break social rules

Kidsoften play dress-up as a form of

anticipatory socialization.

Socialstructures change through

the cumulative actions of many individuals.

Accordingto George Herbert Mead, what makes up the “self”?

the “I” and the “me”

The study ofhow people use common sense understandings to get through everyday life isreferred to as _________.

ethnomethodology

The Thomastheorem states that:

if situations are defined as real, they are realin their consequences.

McDonaldizationrepresents an extreme form of ________ .

Rational action

Being a college student is your _______.

achieved status

Whenfans tear down the goalpost after their team wins a big college football game,they are guided by .

affective action

positions in social systems that individuals can occupy are social _______.

statuses

A studententers his English class and greets his teacher by saying, “Good morning, Mrs.Smith” and the teacher returns the greeting by saying, “Good morning to you,Erik.” This type of exchange happens over and over again as students file intothe classroom. This exchange represents which type of practice?

convention

Who coinedthe term total institutions>

Erving Goffman

Who developed theconcept of the looking glass self?

Charles Horton Cooley

Socialization is a ____ process.

lifelong

Learningthe ways of society is known as .

socialization

Learning the types of norms associated with atype of employment is known as .

occupational socialization.

What encouragesthe discussion of nonmaterial values?

Religion

Which stagein the life course is filled with contradictions that exist between culture andbiology?

Adolescence stage

When biology is thought toinfluence human behavior this is known as .

nature

Which stage of development, according toMead, occurs when children are in the classroom and are able to respect andlisten to their teacher rather than doing whatever they would like to do?

generalized other

Weddings andgraduation ceremonies are often considered as .

rites of passage

Which theoretical perspective does Charles Horton Cooley represent?

symbolic interactionism

Symbolic interactionistswould be most interested in studying which aspect of education?Symbolic interactionistswould be most interested in studying which aspect of education?

how classmates interact with one another.

What do sociologists callthe common understanding between people that arises from shared knowledge,reality, or an experience?

intersubjectivity

What are stereotypes?

distorted and untrue generalizations about groups which overlook individual variation