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Abstract

A novel model including the interference effect of master laser reflection is established for reflection-mode optical injection locking. This model sheds insight on the physical origin of some rather distinct but unexplained modulation characteristics of optical injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), including data pattern inversion in on-off keying modulation, a large RF gain at low frequency, and an anomalous DC-suppression under small signal modulation, in specific locking conditions. Excellent agreement is obtained between the simulation and experiment results.

Simulation results for OIL-VCSEL 1 Gb/s OOK data pattern with different detuning values under a fixed injection ratio of 12.0 dB. As the detuning changes from blue to red, the data pattern changes from normal to transition state, and then to inverted. From blue detuning to red detuning, the detuning values for the curves are −0.115 nm, 0.321 nm, 1.178 nm, 1.662 nm; corresponding to the phase shift φs −0.470π, −0.430π, −0.300π, −0.125π, respectively.

Simulation results for the RF response of the small-signal analysis at 1 GHz and the extinction ratio re of the 1 Gb/s OOK large-signal modulation of OIL-VCSEL on the same locking map. The negative re indicates data pattern inversion. The dashed line on (b) indicates the conditions where re = 0.

RF response of the small-signal modulation at 1 GHz and extinction ratio re of the 1 Gb/s OOK large-signal modulation of OIL-VCSEL on the same locking map. The crosses show in which conditions the data were taken in the experiment, and the dashed line on (b) indicates the conditions where re = 0.

Simulation results for the extinction ratio re of the 1 Gb/s OOK large-signal modulation of the OIL-VCSEL on the locking map. (Simulation parameters are listed in Table 1 in Appendix, except that the field reflectivity of the VCSEL’s front DBR is changed from 0.9968 to 0.9962 while the reflection phase from 1.000π to 0.970π at 1550 nm.) The dashed line indicates the conditions where re = 0. The output of the VCSEL can switch between normal state and inverted state by different injection powers from the master laser, shown by the double head arrow line.