Application of Multi-Port Mixing for Passive Suppression of Thermo-Acoustic Instabilities in Premixed Combustors

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Abstract

The utilization of lean premixed combustors has become attractive to designers of industrial gas turbines as a means of meeting strict emissions standards without compromising efficiency. Mixing the fuel and air prior to combustion allows for lower temperature flame zones, creating the potential for drastically reduced nitrous oxide emissions. While effective, these systems are commonly plagued by combustion driven instabilities. These instabilities produce large pressure and heat release rate fluctuations due to a resonant interaction between the combustor acoustics and the flame. A primary feedback mechanism responsible for driving these systems is the propagation of Fuel/Air Ratio (FAR) fluctuations into the flame zone. These fluctuations are formed inside of the premixing chamber when fuel is injected into and mixed with an oscillating air flow.

The research presented here aimed to develop new technology for premixer designs, along with an application strategy, to avoid resonant thermo-acoustic events driven by FAR fluctuations. A passive fuel control technique was selected for investigation and implementation. The selected technique utilized fuel injections at multiple, strategically placed axial locations to target and inhibit FAR fluctuations at the dominant resonant mode of the combustor. The goal of this research was to provide an understanding of the mixing response inside a realistic premixer geometry and investigate the effectiveness of the proposed suppression technique.

The mixing response was investigated under non-reacting flow conditions using a unique modular premixer. The premixer incorporated variable axial fuel injection locations, as well as interchangeable mixing chamber geometries. Two different chamber designs were tested: a simple annular chamber and one incorporating an axial swirler. The mixing response of the simple annular geometry was well characterized, and it was found that multiple injections could be effectively configured to suppress the onset of an unstable event at very lean conditions. Energy dense flame zones produced at higher equivalence ratios, however, were found to be uncontrollable using this technique. Additionally, the mixing response of the swirl geometry was difficult to predict. This was found to be the result of large spatial gradients formed in the dynamic velocity field as acoustic waves passed through the swirl vanes.