When dealing with pH math always remember that the equation will be 1x10-?(?= to the negative something). The negative has to range from -1 to -14 because that
is the numbers on the pH scale. To do the math you have to remember that your final product with your exponents HAS to be
equal to -14.

e.g.: (1x10-²) X (1x10-¹²)

-² +-¹² = -14

pH

dH2O= distilled water

= no conduction of electricity

= no salt = no ions!

Distilled water is pure, which means there is nothing in it. Normal tap water
contains other chemicals that cause it to conduct.

Sometimes water molecules break down in water causing ions charges in water.
The picture below demonstrates its different components.

pure H2O à1 H++ 1 OH -

conc.conc.

[H+][OH -]

1x107mol/L1x107mol/L

.0000001 mol/L

Ionization Constant

Ionization Constant of water = Kw

Kw= 1x1014 = [H+] x [OH -]

(1x10-7)(1x10-7)

Adding an Acid

In an Acid the [H+] > [OH- ]

By adding an Acid to water you have added H+. Therefore [H+]

HCl = 1x10-¹ mol/L ==> [H+] = 1x10-¹ mol/L

Acid = [H+] > [OH- ]

(1x10-¹)(1x10-¹³)

Adding a Base

Adding a base to water increases the [OH- ].

1x10-4 = [H+] [OH- ]

(1x10-¹³)(1x10-¹)

(1x10-¹²)(1x10-²)

(1x10-¹¹)(1x10-³)

e.g.: you add .001 mol/L NaOH to water.

(1x10-³) mol/L = [OH- ]

What will happen if

Adding an A ==> [H+] [OH-]

Adding a B ===> [H+] [OH-]

pH

pH = powerful H+ ion

= how
much H+ is in the water

pH chart

This chart might help you understand how the pH works on different amounts.
See if you can find the pattern.