(Office Editor), Doctor of the University of Paris, France; formerly Librarian of the Alliance Israélite Universelle, Paris, France; New York City.

SHUSSLOWITZ, JUDAH LÖB –
Russian scholar; lived at Shklov in the nineteenth century. He was the author of "Oẓar ha-Shemot," a concordance of the proper names found in the Bible, forming a supplement to the general Biblical concordance published at Wilna...

SIBLONOT –
Talmudic term for gifts presented to a bride by the bridegroom or by the parents. According to some authorities, the word is derived from the Greek σύμβολον, which means "gift or payment made in token of something" (Kohut,...

SIMEON BEN JOSEPH OF LUNEL –
Talmudist of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. His Provençal name was En Duran. He was a native of Perpignan, and lived successively at Montpellier, at Lunel, and, after the banishment of the Jews in 1306, at Aix. He is...

SIWAN –
Third ecclesiastical and ninth civil month. It has thirty days, and coincides, approximately, with the Roman month of June. On Siwan 3, 4, and 5 ( = "the three days of the bounds") are commemorated the three days' preparation...

SKREINKA, LAZAR –
Hungarian scholar; lived in the middle of the nineteenth century. He devoted himself to teaching and became the principal of the Jewish school which had been founded at Arad by Aaron Chorin, whom he assisted in arousing in that...

SOCIETIES, LEARNED –
Nearly every Jewish community possessed, or still possesses, various societies aiming to propagate Jewish learning. There have been societies for the study of the Tahmud ("ḥebrah shas"), of the Mishnah ("ḥebrah mishnayot"), and...

SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM IBN DAUD –
Physician and translator. According to Kaufmann and Gross, Solomon belonged to the family of the Spanish translator Abraham ben David ha-Levi of Toledo. Solomon translated, under the title of "Miklol," Averroes' medical work...

SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM HA-KOHEN OF SERES (MaHaRShaḲ) –
Oriental Talmudist; lived at Salonica in the second half of the sixteenth century. His teacher was Joseph Firman. He was the author of "She'elot u-Teshubot," divided into three parts. The first part of the work contains 197...

SOLOMON THE EGYPTIAN –
Physician in ordinary to the Byzantine emperor Emanuel Comnenus; lived at Constantinople in the second half of the twelfth century. According to Benjamin of Tudela, who visited that city in 1176, Solomon was highly esteemed by...

SOLOMON BEN ELIJAH SHARBIṬ HA-ZAHAB –
Oriental astronomer, poet, and grammarian; lived at Salonica and later at Ephesus, in the second half of the fourteenth century. Steinschneider supposes that the name "Sharbiṭ ha-Zahab" is the Hebrew equivalent of the Greek name...

SOLOMON BEN ENOCH AL-ḲUSṬANṬINI –
Spanish exegete of the first half of the fourteenth century. Grätz believes that Solomon belonged to the Al-Ḳusṭanṭini family of Saragossa, several members of which took a prominent part in the controversy over Maimonides'...

SOLOMON BEN JEROHAM –
Karaite exegete and controversialist; flourished at Jerusalem between 940 and 960. He was considered one of the greatest authorities among the Karaites, by whom he is called "the Wise" ("ha-Hakam"), and who mention him after...

SOLOMON BEN JOSEPH IBN AYYUB OF GRANADA –
Spanish physician; lived at Béziers in the middle of the thirteenth century. He translated into Hebrew from the Arabic, at the request of some notables of Béziers, the following works; the "Sefer ha-Miẓwot" of Maimonides...

SOLOMON BEN JUDAH OF LUNEL –
Provençal philosopher; born in 1411. His Provençalname was Solomon Vives. When he was only thirteen years of age he composed, under the direction of his master, Frat Maimon, a commentary on the "Cuzari" of Judah ha-Levi. This...

SOLOMON IBN ẒAḲBEL –
Spanish poet of the twelfth century; relative of Abu Omar Joseph ibn Sahl, who died in 1124. Solomon was the author of a satirical romance written in the form of the Arabic "Maḳamat" of Abu al-Ḳasim Mohammed al-Ḥarizi, which...

SOLOMON ZALMAN BEN ISAAC –
Polish rabbi; died at Warsaw in 1838. After having filled the position of rabbi at Mashelsk and Praga, he was called to the rabbinate of Warsaw, which he held until his death. Solomon carried on a scientific correspondence with...

SOUL –
Biblical and Apocryphal Views. The Mosaic account of the creation of man speaks of a spirit or breath with which he was endowed by his Creator (Gen. ii. 7); but this spirit was conceived of as inseparably connected, if not...

SOUL –
Biblical and Apocryphal Views. The Mosaic account of the creation of man speaks of a spirit or breath with which he was endowed by his Creator (Gen. ii. 7); but this spirit was conceived of as inseparably connected, if not...

SPAETH, JOHANN PETER (MOSES GERMANUS) –
Leaves Catholicism for Lutheranism. Convert to Judaism; born at Venice in the first half of the seventeenth century; died at Amsterdam April 27, 1701. On account of rumors of impending war, his father, who was a poor shoemaker,...

SUFISM –
The mystic and ascetic doctrines of the Mohammedan sect of the Sufis, whose name is derived from the Arabic noun "ṣuf" (wool), having reference to the woolen cloth worn by its adherents to typify the primitive simplicity...

TAIKOS (V11p669002.jpg), GEDALIAH BEN ABRAHAM MENAHEM –
German scholar of the eighteenth century. Under the title "Be'er ha-Torah" he translated into German the Pentateuch, the Hafṭarot, and the Five Scrolls, and published the work in Amsterdam in 1758. Taikos was the author of:...

ṬAIṬAZAḲ –
Name of a prominent Spanish family, several members of which distinguished themselves as Talmudic authorities. Various opinions have been expressed as to the origin of the name, the exact orthography and signification of which...

TALMID ḤAKAM –
Honorific title given to one well versed in the Law. Prizing knowledge, especially that of the Torah, above all worldly goods, the talmide ḥakamim formed in Jewish society a kind of aristocracy having many privileges and...

TAMMUZ –
Fourth ecclesiastical and tenth civil month of the Hebrew calendar. It consists of twenty-nine days, and corresponds to part of June and part of July. During the last years of the Second Temple the 14th of Tammuz was declared a...

TANḤUM BEN JOSEPH YERUSHALMI –
Oriental philologist and exegete of the thirteenth century. He was a scholar of great merit and was one of the last representatives of the rationalistic school of Biblical exegesis in the Orient; he is called by modern writers...