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SEROLOGY Serology- the study of blood – Karl Landsteiner discovers ABo blood groups. 29 years later was awarded Nobel Prize for this feat. – Rh factor was identified – Up until early 1990’s many other blood factors were being studied in an attempt to individualize blood evidence class vs individual evidence

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KEY TERM Antigens- substances, usually proteins, that can be found on the surface of our cells. – Creates ABo blood group – Creates Rh+/Rh- blood group – Many other blood groups have been identified as well

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Blood Typing ABo 3 alleles within our population A = Allele coding for type A surface proteins B = Allele coding for type B surface proteins o = Allele coding for NO surface proteins A & B alleles are codominant o is recessive to both the A and B allele Each person inherits 1 allele from each parent to determine their ABo blood type

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Sample Problems #1 If a woman who is heterozygous with type A blood (Ao) marries a man with type O blood, what is the probability that their children will have type A blood? B blood? AB blood? O blood? #2 A woman who is homozygous with type B blood (BB) has a child out of wedlock that has type O blood. She files a paternity suit against a man with type O blood. Is the lawsuit valid?

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Sample Problems #3 A man who is Rh- marries a woman who is heterozygous with Rh+ blood. What is the probability that their children will be Rh+? Rh-? #4 A woman who is homozygous with Rh+ blood marries a man who is heterozygous with Rh+ blood. Is it possible for them to have a child who is Rh-?

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Using Blood Typing as Class Evidence Identifies the presence or absence of particular proteins embedded in the cell Quicker and less expensive than DNA profiling Produces class evidence but can still link a suspect to a crime scene or exclude a suspect