d.Defense attorneys must maintain relationships with prosecutors and judges to be effective.

e.Defense attorneys help ensure the prosecution proves its case in court.

22.When attorneys successfully file bids to gain the opportunity to represent all indigent defendants in a court for the following year, they are called:

a.public defenders

b.appointed counsel

c.contract counsel

d.legal aid attorneys

e.appellate defenders.

23.Which of the following refers to a situation in which a private attorney is chosen by a court to represent an indigent?

a.Public defender

b.Assigned counsel

c.Contract counsel

d.Legal aid attorney

e.Appellate defender

24.Which of the following refers to a situation where an attorney is employed on a full-time, salaried basis by the government to represent indigents?

a.public defender

b.assigned counsel

c.contract counsel

d.legal aid attorney

e.appellate defender

25.A recent survey revealed that which of the following systems of defense representation is most common in the 100 most populous counties in the U. S.?

a.public defender

b.assigned counsel

c.contract counsel

d.legal aid attorney

e.appellate defender

26.Which of the following statements about public defenders is TRUE?

a.They represent the state against criminal defendants

b.They easily gain the trust of their clients

c.They often face a heavy caseload

d.Their interest are purely financial

e.None of these; all of the statements given are false.

27.The view held by local court officials as to the proper sentence, given the characteristics of the case, is known as the:

a.Normative level

b.Going rate

c.Sentencing market

d.Local rate

e.Work group

28.The values and norms shared by members of a particular court community about how cases should be handled and the way court officials should behave is called the:

a.workgroup culture

b.brethren

c.grouping culture

d.local legal culture

e.docket culture

29.Which of the following individuals would NOT be considered part of the local legal culture?

a.Baliff

b.Judge

c.Attorney

d.Clerks

e.Criminal

30.Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a workgroup?

a.Interaction among members

b.Sharing of goals

c.Continued conflict

d.A set of norms about interactions

e.Close feelings between members

True/False

1.The United States has a dual court system

2.Most criminal cases are heard at the Federal Level

3.United States courts use the adversary process to determine guilt in a criminal court.

4.The geographic territory over which a court has authority is known as its jurisdiction.

5.Trial courts of general jurisdiction handle only misdemeanors and lawsuits for small amounts of money.

6.Appellate courts do not try criminal cases.

7.Trial courts of limited jurisdiction have jurisdiction over all offenses, including felonies and appeals.

8.All courts in the United States use a basic three-tiered structure.

9.Many judges take large pay cuts to sit on the bench.

10.Judges selected based on merit never have to undergo public election.

11.In most cases, no higher authority can second guess or change the decision of a prosecutor.

12.The state's governor appoints most local prosecutors.

13.Prosecutors act independently of the political system.

14.Prosecutors have great influence at virtually every stage of the criminal justice process.

15.The "prosecution complex" refers to a situation in which prosecutors push to close each case with a conviction and lack the ability to objectively evaluate whether the evidence truly shows the defendant is guilty.

16.During the discovery process, it is legal for a prosecutor to conceal from a defense attorney any evidence that tends to show that the defendant is actually innocent.

17.Because trials are so infrequent, defense attorneys' working lives tend to be quite different than the lives of attorneys as portrayed on television.

18.Most criminal defense lawyers become quite wealthy because of the large number of cases they typically handle.

19.Assigned counsel are attorneys employed full-time by the government to provide defense services to those offenders who cannot afford their own attorneys.

20.Most states use the "contract counsel" method of providing attorneys for those who cannot afford their own attorneys.

21.Scholars often view public defenders as better than assigned counsel because public defenders are full-time government employees who are specialists in criminal law.

22.Public defenders often have trouble gaining the trust and cooperation of their clients because their clients know that they are paid by the state.

23.Research finding have indicated that there is little difference in outcomes between private attorneys, public defenders, contract counsel and assigned counsel.

24.Values and norms do not affect the functioning of a courtroom.

25.Judges are part of the local legal culture.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

1.The United States has a __________ court system.

2.Courts that do not try criminal cases, but hear appeals, are called ______________ courts.

3.When a judge oversees the "contest" between the defense attorney and the prosecutor, he or she has taken on the role of the ___________________.

4.When judges take on the role of _________________, they are concerned with how their courtroom is running.

5.The ________________ makes the decision about whether to file charges for particular crimes and offenders.

6.Officials responsible for prosecuting crimes against the federal government are called ____________________________.

7.The Chief legal officer of a state is its ________________________.

8.Information is made available by prosecutors to defense attorneys during the __________________ process.

9.Prosecutors wishing to maintain a high __________________ rate will drop cases with weak evidence.

10.The series of events from the arrest of a suspect to the filing of a formal charge is known as the ______________ process.