While laughing I will run through (I will say quickly) my satires, and why not? What forbids me, while smiling, to say the truth, just like teachers often give cookies to boys to be educated?
I seek serious things with agreeable play (=in a playful manner) and, with names having been made up, I talk about many blames and faults.
But why dost thou laugh?
[Because,] with the name having been altered, the story is told—about thee!

The desire for money, however, should be avoided. Also the desire for fame should be avoided; it actually takes away [your] freedom. Powers should not always be sought nor always be accepted; sometimes they should even be resigned.

After having been admitted to the sky (=the heavenly world) because of [his] virtue, Hercules saluted many gods; but when Plutus [Πλοῦτος, “Wealth”] was coming—who is the son of Fortuna—, Hercules turned away [his] eyes. Then, when the reason was asked, he said, “I hate him, because he is a friend to evil men, and also he corrupts everything because of profit.”

grātulāns = pres. part. of grātulor, “congratulate” —
grātulantēs, mas. pl. acc.
— “although he had (completely/politely) saluted the gods, who were congratulating”
¶ per-salūtāsset [? wikt. has it as per-salūtăsset; this a is long by pos. anyway, but given it’s the contraction of āvi, perh. it’s long by nature too] = per-salūtāvisset = subj. pluperf. of per-salūtō

two of our sons: duo ex fīliīs nostrīs OR duo fīliī nostrī
— duo ex fīliīs means “two of the [three or more] sons”, while fīliī nostrī simply means “the two sons of ours”. Since the original English sentence says “all” for “daughters” but not for “sons”, it would seem more reasonable to assume that the two sons were not all of their sons. This sounds potentially sad, as it could mean one or more of their sons did not come back from Asia, and this textbook was originally written for WW2 veterans… But wait. The original version of this sentence was “...our sons came back from Asia.” with nothing disturbing.

all our daughters: omnēs fīliae nostrae

came back: reveniō, revenīre, revēnī, reventum — revēnērunt

from Asia: ab/ex Asiā (f.) — ex Asiā seems more common;
Chap. 17 has ex Italiā vēnit too.
Ex vs Ab : Wheelock's Latin.
So it’s ex Asiā, all right, but the question is, why?
For that matter, the preposition could be dē.
(But dē Asiā just doesn’t sound right; for one thing, it would sound like “about Asia”.)

TODO: Why is ex Asiā preferred over ab Asiā?

ab Italiā pellere
(to drive ~ out of Italy) Ch. 25 PR4

15. Our hopes must not be destroyed by those three evil men.

Spēs nostrae istīs/illīs tribus malīs nōn dēlendae sunt.

Our hopes: spēs, speī, f. — pl. nom. spēs nostrae — Cf. Fr. espérer

must not be destroyed = are not to be destroyed: dēleō, dēlēre — dēlendus sum — nōn dēlendae sunt

malle̊p̄ānā: “apt to teach, learned, a teacher, master, schoolmaster, doctor” — given as a title to many of the Fathers esp. to St. Ephrem Syrus, and to St. James of Sarug. (Jessie 278)

d-Qarahbash (“of Qarahbash”) OR Qarabashī.
—
Qarabash (Ar. قرة باش) was a large Assyrian village, near (NE? E?) of Diyarbakır/dijaɾbakɯɾ/ (Amid), Turkey;
distroyed in May, 1915.
He was born in this village in 1903,
and died in Beirut on 24 June 1983 (Abd Mshiho Karabashi).

Qarahbaš 2 (16)

2013-05-24

Memo: The HTML code<span xml:lang="syc-Latn"><em>aynāw</em></span>
does not work as expected CSS-wise.
That is, if you have (1) a :lang(syc) selector to select a Syriac font, and (2) a [*|lang $= "-Latn"] selector to select a Latin font, aynāw is shown with the Syriac font, not the Latin font, even if the second selector is !important.
One solution is to change the first selector to :lang(syc):not(:lang(syc-Latn)), but that has a very bad side effect—the new selector will win against :lang(syc-Syrj), etc.
Another solution is to change the second selector to
[*|lang $= "-Latn"], [*|lang $= "-Latn"] *,
which is doable and perhaps logically needed.
A quick workaround in this case is just to add a lang attribute to the innermost element, like this:<span><em xml:lang="syc-Latn">aynāw</em></span>Also, not defining a :lang(syc) pseudo-class at all may be a good idea in this specific case (as "syc" is written in several different scripts and to select a font you’ll have to say "syc-Something" anyway), though in general you do have to define both :lang(X) and :lang(X-Latn) pseudo-classes.
A better example of this problem would be ar vs. ar-Latn.
BTW: Styling using the lang attribute is wrong in that a semicolon is missing at the end of @namespace xml "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";.
(2013-07-12) Another example that doesn’t work as expected because of the above reason:<tr xml:lang="ar-Latn"><td>qāmūs</td><td>suryānī</td>...</tr>

2013-05-25

8 ܡܳܢܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܒܟܽܠ ܨܶܡܕܐ ؟

ܟܬ̥ܳܒܐ ܘܩܰܢܝܐ.

— What’s in it, in each bag?
— A book and a pen.

9 ܐܰܕܰܝ ܪܰܒ ܐܰܘ ܣܰܪܐ ؟

ܐܰܕܰܝ.

— (Is) Adai elder, or (is) Sara?
— Adai.

If they are the same brother and sister that appear in Lesson 1,
then we have a line that says,ܗܘ ܐܰܚܐ ܪܰܒ ܡܶܢ ܚܳܬ̥ܐ.
In general, these words could mean either an elder sibling or a younger one.
ܪܰܒ means “older, elder” of siblings (Jessie 525).

CSS memo: I had to add the following to my .css so that the above would work properly:q[dir='rtl'] {
quotes: '«' '»' '”' '“';
}
The thing is, U+201C/201D etc. are
not mirrored; nevertheless, Firefox uses them by default for Q, resulting in a visually wrong pair of quotation marks if dir is RTL, because then « “ » comes BEFORE the quoted text that is the rightmost position as this is RTL, while « ” » is placed at the leftmost position.
The result is quasi German style, like ”.CIBARA“, which is not what most people would expect.
The mirroring property of 11 directional quotation marks (viz. ‘’‚‛“”„‟〝〞〟) had been “fixed” in Unicode 5.0 (July, 2006),
but then reverted on August 10, 2007 (Corrigendum #6: Bidi Mirroring).

10 ܐܰܕܰܝ ܛܰܠܝܐ ܛܳܒܐ ܣܰܓܝ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܚܳܬ̥ܶܗ ܣܰܪܐ.

Adai is a good boy (who)Adai, a good boy, much loves his sister Sara.

‏ـܶܗ (-eh) = suffix sg. 3m.
It is added to the stem, after removing the original stem-ending ā/ō (Alan 97).

Wheelock 24 PR

2013-05-23

As fire had been seen, all the men and [their] wives were terrified and they navigated beyond the city toward the shore of the island, where shelter was found.

Note:
Since the subject of territae sunt(sic) is omnēs virī et uxōrēs, the correct form is territī sunt; that is, when the subject is a group of persons with mixed genders (including at least one man), the predicate should take the plural masculine form, not the plural feminine form. Said differently, the default gender in Latin is masculine, even though that may not be politically correct by today’s standards.
Here territae is used just because it directly follows uxōrēs,
which is kind of childish and near-sighted, just like saying “He and I am”, ignoring the “He and” part.
The original sentence by Wheelock was “Igne vīsō, omnēs fēminae territae sunt.”
That was not only grammatically correct, but also shorter, simpler, and more suitable for Practice and Review.
In the current version, someone has lengthened it arbitrarily without thinking carefully.
This is not the first time I’ve felt that the older version was better.

ignis, ignis, m.

videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum.

uxor, uxōris, f. “wife” Cf. uxorial, uxoricide

terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum.

lītus, lītoris, n.

perfugium, n. “refuge, shelter”

inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum.

2. Populō metū oppressō, iste imperātor nōbīs ex urbe pellendus est.

The people having been oppressed by fear, that general is for us to be expelled from the city.
(=Since the people have been overwhelmed by fear, that general should be expelled by us from the city.)

ܫܶܡ
is in the Construct State, while
ܫܡܳܐ
is in the Emphatic State
(Alan 79, Nöld. §70).
A noun in the Construct State (A) is used immediately before another noun (B),
and A B means “A of B”,
where you don’t need to put a preposition that means “of” (Dālaṯ) before B.
Hence,
ܫܶܡ ܛܰܠܝܐ (šem ṭalyō) means “the name of the boy”.

It seems that in this case you could also use the Emphatic State with a Dālaṯ, as in:
ܫܡܳܐ ܕܛܰܠܝܳܐ (šmō d-ṭalyō).
Cf. Alan 105.

As a rule, the Construct State of a monosyllabic word ending in
‏ـܳܐ is formed by removing this
‏ـܳܐ
and inserting a vowel ĕ (East: ĭ) after the initial consonant (Alan 79):
šmōʾ - šem

NOTE:
For some reason, as of 2013, most Syriac fonts (including ES Nohadra) except Estrangelo Edessa don’t have a glyph for U+002D [ - ] HYPHEN-MINUS (not even mapped), while they have a glyph for U+2010 [ ‐ ] HYPHEN.
Firefox is cool with both, but IE8 shows a .notdef glyph if U+002D is specified.
So perhaps it is wise to use U+2010 instead of U+002D.
However, the Syriac Keyboard Layout does not support U+2010, while it does support U+002D.
Using a colon instead of a hyphen/dash may be an acceptable compromise.

Wheelock’s 23 — Participles (Sententiae Antīquae)

2013-05-19

1. Vīvēs meīs praesidiīs oppressus.

You will live, oppressed by (=under the supervision of) my guards.

oppressus is a pf. part., but the timing of its action is (mostly) at the same time as that of the main verb. That is, you live as a prisoner, WHILE you are guarded.
Technically, this could be interpreted as: “You will live having been oppressed...” That is, you will be arrested or put into prison BEFORE you start living as a prisoner.

2. Illī autem, tendentēs manūs dextrās, salūtem petēbant.

Those men, however, stretching their right hands, were seeking safety.

tendō, tendere, “to stretch” — tendēns, tendentis

manus, manūs, f.

3. Tantalus sitiēns flūmina ab ōre fugientia tangere dēsīderābat.

Tantalus, being thirsty, kept desiring to touch the rivers which were fleeing from his mouth.

flūmen, flūminis, n, “river”

ōs, ōris, n. “mouth, face”

fugiō, fugere, “flee” — fugiēns, fugientis

4. Signa rērum futūrārum mundō ā dīs ostenduntur.

Signs of things that are about to be (=things to come) are shown to the world by the gods.

Cultural note: Roman Greece is the period of Greek history following the Roman victory over the Corinthians at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC.
[...] Roman culture was highly influenced by the Greeks; as Horace said, Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit.
(Roman Greece)

6. Atticus Cicerōnī ex patriā fugientī multam pecūniam dedit.

Atticus gave a lot of money to Cicero, who was fleeing from his country.

A stylus is ... a metal instrument resembling a pencil in size and shape, used for writing or recording impressions upon waxed tablets.
At one end it was sharpened to a point for scratching the characters upon the wax, while the other end being flat and circular served to render the surface of the tablets smooth again, and so to obliterate what had been written. Thus, vertere stilum means to erase, and hence to correct, as in the well-known precept saepe stilum vertas.

9. Cūra ōrātōris dictūrī eōs audītūrōs dēlectat.

The care of an orator who is about to speak delights those who are about to listen.
(=The audience will be happy when an orator carefully prepares his speech beforehand.)

He who does something, as having been ordered, is not miserable; but he who does [something], while being unwilling, [is miserable].
(=Just because you have to follow an order doesn’t mean you’re miserable, but you’re miserable if you do something against your will.)

iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum, “to bid, order”

14. Verbum semel ēmissum volat irrevocābile.

A word, once emitted, (just) flies, being irrevocable.

irrevocābilis, irrevocābile.

Wheelock’s 23 — Participles (cont.)

2013-05-18

8. Tollēturne fāma huius medicī istīs versibus novīs?

Will the fame of this doctor be ruined/raised with/by those new verses?

Basically, this is a bad problem where students are asked to translate something ambiguous.
In a way, it’s kind of interesting, though.
After skimming Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, tollo,
I think that the meaning “fame will be ruined” is totally possible,
and the meaning “fame will be elevated” is probably possible too, at least poetically.
It has been attested that one can “elevate” clamorem (shouting) or animos (spirits).

However, I’m not sure about the 2nd choice.
For one thing, istīs sometimes has contemptuous meaing.
As in: Now that he wrote (absurd) things like that, maybe his reputation will be ruined, won't it?

9. At vīta illīus modī aequī aliquid iūcundī atque fēlīcis continet.

But you see, a life of that impartial mode (=such an impartial way of life) contains something of the pleasant and happy (=contains a certain kind of pleasantness and happiness).

modus, m.

aequus, aequa, aequum, “level, even, calm” Cf. equal

iūcundus, iūqunda, iūqundum, “agreeable, pleasant” Cf. jocund

fēlīx, fēlīcis, “lucky, happy” (≠ fēlēs, fēlis, f. “a cat”)

contineō, continēre, “to hold together, keep, enclose”

10. Quō diē ex igne et ferrō atque morte certā ēreptus es?

On what day were you (sg. m.) rescued from fire and sword, and certain death?

12. Those ten men, (when) called, will come again with great eagerness.

Illī decem virī, vocātī, magnō (cum) studiō iterum venient.

Those ten men: Illī decem (indec.) virī

(when) called: [Latin does not have pass. pres. part. Let’s see, this could be a future pf. since they will come AFTER they are called...] (vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum) vocātī [Could that mean “since they have been called (already)”? If so, it would be a wrong translation. But maybe that won’t happen, since the tense of a participle is relative to that of the main verb.
Without using a participle, this can be quandō vocantur (pres.) / vocābuntur (fut.) — In English, it would be "When they are called (pres.)", but how about in Latin? Maybe fut.?]

will come again: (veniō, venīre) iterum/dēnuō venient

with great eagerness: (studium, studiī, n) magnō (cum) studiō

13. Through the window they saw the second old man running out of his neighbor’s house and away from the city.

ܡܶܛܪܳܐ‎ (meṭrō), m. “rain”
— ܢܚܶܬ ܡܶܛܪܳܐ‎ (nḥeṯ meṭrō), “rain fell”
— sg. part. is used here even though technically the subject is plural (rain and snow).
2015-05-11: However, one can read it like this: “In winter rain falls, and even snow [falls].”

ܬܰܠܓܳܐ‎ (talgō), m. “snow”

Cultural note: There is almost no rain in summer (~0 days/mo) in Qamishli, Syria; in Midyat, Turkey; or in Mosul, Iraq.
In Urmia, Iran, it does rain in summer, though not much (~2 days/mo).
Not surprisingly, the above sentence makes more sense as West Syriac, than as East Syriac.

Note: The modifiee of prōtinus is either coepērunt or dēlēre.
The difference is between “immediately started to pursue and kill” and “started to pursue and immediately kill”.
The former seems more natural (otherwise maybe one would say ac prōtinus dēlēre).
The above translation works both ways.

Note 1: As a rule, ey is pronounced like ē — it’s what is called ăssāqā in Assyrian.
As such, the text in parentheses for example in ʾăyleyn (aylēn) is actually redundant.

Note 2: We use an ō when transliterating a West Syriac zqāfā◌ܳ,
just like an ā is commonly used for an East Syriac zqāpā◌ܵ.
In both cases, the macron does not imply a long vowel (the vowel may or may not be long).

ܣܰܬܳܐ‎ f. “vine” — NOTE: as of writing this, The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon says that this noun is m.
As a rule, a noun ending in ـ‍ܬܐ‎ is f.
Indeed, Jessie 393 says it’s f., and of course the combination ܗܳܕܶܐ ܣܰܬܐ‎ implies it’s feminine, just like French cette vigne.

Where is the elephant? —
The elephant is in the mountain. —
ܛܘܪܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܦܝܠܐ.

3 ܦܝܠܐ ܪܰܒ ܐܰܘ ܓܰܡܠܐ؟

Is the elephant large? Or is the camel? —
The elephant. —
ܦܝܠܐ.

4 ܦܰܐܝܐ ܪܳܚܶܡ ......
ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

Payo loves... fruits.

5 ܦܝܠܐ ܪܰܒ ܡܶܢ ܓܰܡـ ......
ܓܰܡܠܐ.

The elephant is larger than the cam... camel.

6 ܗܐ ܦܝܠܐ ܥܰܠ ܗܰܘ ܛܘ ......
ܛܘܪܐ.

Look, an elephant is on (in) that moun... mountain.
— Obviously ܗܰܘ‎ (hăw) works as a demonstrative adjective (that) here,
though Jessie 101 has it as demonst. pron.
The meaning of Sentence 6 is clear anyway.

2013-08-23: Maybe this one just means, “This [is] a big elephant.”
Yeah! I guess that’s it.
So simple I almost feel like a fool.
All the Demonstratives are used both as Substantives and as Adjectives.
In the latter case they stand sometimes before, sometimes after, the substantive [§226]

ܦܰܐܝܐ ܪܳܚܶܡ ܦܺܐܪ̈ܐ.

Payo loves fruits.

ܛܘܪܐ ܐܝܬ̥ ܒܶܗ ܦܝܠܐ.

The mountain has in it an elephant. (=There is an elephant in the mountain.) — ܛܽܘܪܳܐ‎ (ṭūrō) — ܛܘܼܪܵܐ‎ (ṭūrā [tˤʊːɾʌ]) = “mountain, hill”.

2013-08-02: Apparently, the (new) Latin name musa is from Ar. mauz.
So it is cognate with Syr. mūzā.
According to CAL, MWZ is also attested in JBAg [Gaonic Babylonian Aramaic: c600–c1050],
and MIr [Middle Iranian?] mōz.
According to Carl Brockelmann's LEXICON SYRIACUM, Skr. has “mōčā” (mauca).

Qarahbash 2 (5) cont'd

2013-05-06

ܣܰܘܟܳܐ‎ — săwkō (sawkā) — “a bough , a branch”2014-01-26: Originally, this is the abs. st. of a fem. noun; the original emph. st. is ܣܰܘܟܬ̥ܐ (sawkṯā).
It is possible that Qarah. used sawkā as emph., based on the fact that sawkē could be indeed emph. pl.
TS2-2551: ܣܰܘܟܳܐ, emph. ܣܰܘܟܬܳܐ, pl. ܣܰܘ̈ܟܳܬܳܐ it. ܣܰܘ̈ܟܶܐ [...] f. ramus
CAL says: plural almost always in -īn [i.e. like masculine], but in Syriac also ܣܲܘܟܵܬܵܐ

Qarahbash 2 (4)

2013-04-30

ܦܰܢܰܐ‎ — ܦܲܢܲܐ‎
pănăʾ — “to return, to reply” (pf. 3m = impert. 2 sg):
The original says ܦܰܢܳܐ, and currently, I don’t know why.
The second vowel would be ă if this was like ܒܰܝܰܐ, “to comfort”, in Nöldeke §172.

Note that in Western Syriac,
ܐܰܝܢܳܐ
becomes
ܐܰܝܢܰܐ
in front of
ܗ̱ܘ (Alan 92).

ܐܰܝܕܐ ܗ̱ܝ ܚܳܬ̥ܐ؟ — Which one is the sister?

If this was East Syriac,
ܐܲܝܕܵܐ ܗ݇‌̣ܝ would become
ܐܲܝܕܲܐ ܗ݇‌̣ܝ (Alan 92).

ܐܰܝܢܐ ܪܰܒ ܒܗܘܢ؟ — Which is the big (=bigger) one of those [two] guys?

Notice, this time ܐܰܝܢܳܐ does not become
ܐܰܝܢܰܐ, because it is not in front of
ܗ̱ܘ.

ܒܗܘܢ is ܒ + suffix, 3m pl.

A Question About Zlāmā Qăʃyā: [ɛ] or [e]?

2013-04-28

Short Answer: It’s not phonemic; whatever.

*

A Zlāmā Qăʃyā (aka Rʋāṣā Kăryā) is a vowel sign for e as in ܟܹܐܢܵܐ, “right, just” (West: ܟܻܐܢܳܐ).

Alan 30 says that its pronunciation is the same as the e in egg, that is [ɛ].
His page has an audio file for the above word, kēnā, and the ē in it does sound [ɛ] ([ˈkɛː.nɐ]) and not [e];
though it may be narrower than [ɛ], it is noticeably wider than [e].

Wikipedia says, this sign represents [e], while a Zlāmā Pʃīqā would represent [ɛ].
Only one of them can be correct in this case, and let’s see, we have an audio file here, so at the very least it should be fair to say that this one is more like [ɛ] when pronounced by a teacher who speaks Assyrian Neo-Aramaic.

Also, in the audio file for Dăyrāyē bθulīn in Alan 40,
the vowel ē sounds like [ɛ̞] (not [ɛ] itself).
The same is true in Nīnwē (Alan 56).

A good example with an audio file is ܓܹܗܲܢܵܐ Gēhānnā,
“Gehenna”, in Alan 57.
It is read [ɡɛːhæn.nɑ].
This [ɛ] may be still slightly narrower than the standard [ɛ], but clearly it’s not near [e].

On the other hand, Oro. 12 says it’s “between e in elate and a in hate.”
Additionally, Oro. 14 says that the sound “is not exactly that of long e, nor of long a, but something between these sounds, approaching a little nearer to that of e than of a.”
This appears to mean [e̞ː] or [ɪː], assuming that the author means [iː] and [eɪ] by “long e” and “long a” respectively.

Also, Traité de grammaire syriaque shows this vowel as é, as opposed to è (p. 68, etc.).
Since this book is written in French, it would be a natural interpretation that é means [e] and è means [ɛ].

One audio file where an ē sounds somewhat like [e] is
ܣܵܗܕܹ̈ܐ, sāhdē, “martyrs” in Alan 63.
This ē is still wider than [e], but significantly narrower than [ɛ].
Maybe ē in a plural ending is somewhat narrower.

Qarahbash 2 (3) cont.

2013-04-27

ܗܘ ܐܰܚܐ ܪܰܒ ܡܶܢ ܚܳܬ̥ܐ.
ܗܝ ܚܳܬ̥ܐ ܛܳܒܐ ܡܶܢ ܐܰܚܐ.

Translation: He, the brother, is bigger than the sister. She, the sister, is better (=better-natured, nicer, or cuter) than the brother.

First of all, I’d like to point out once again that the West Syriac Bēth is confusing in the sense that it looks like the East Syriac Kāph.
So, let’s see what those words will look like if we do use Kāph instead of Bēth:

ܪܰܒ‎ — ܪܰܟ — Okay, this guy is obviously wrong.

ܛܳܒ݂ܳܐ‎ — ܛܳܟ݂ܳܐ — This one is more confusing.
Bēth has a longer, gradual slope while the upper part of Kāph is shorter and curly—in Serto anyway.
If we put both side by side, the difference is not so hard to see.
I guess the reason this is confusing to me, is not because Bēth and Kāph look similar in Serto, but because, specifically, Serto Bēth and Badnhaya Kāph look similar.
I mean, I learned the East Alphabet first, and I tend to assume that the upper line of Bēth is horizontal and if it’s not horizontal, it’s not a Bēth but a Kāph, but that’s a wrong assumption when you’re dealing with the West Alphabet.
Now that I have made this mental note, I think I’ll be fine.
But let’s not forget that even the Unicode Standard and Alan’s respectable online textbook have them wrong too.

Secondly,
I think the feminine form
ܛܳܒ݂ܬܳܐ
should be used here. Don’t they use feminine forms of adjectives anymore?
Though, the masculine form kind of makes sense too, because the sentence says, “She is nicer than he is (nice),” where implicitly both genders are involved.
[2013-08-04: Actually, tōḇō IS a feminine form—it is the abs. st. fem.; the abs. st. is the standard form when the adjective is predicative. So the above Syriac sentense is perfectly fine.]

Another thing: This is not related to Syriac, but Kasrah+Shadda is displayed differently by different fonts.
Times New Roman looks more like it; Tahoma shows Kasrah in its normal position below the letter, rather than right below the Shadda.

2014-12-08 The Egyptians write [Shadda over a high stroke] instead of [Shadda and Kasrah]; but elsewhere, at least in old manuscripts, [Shadda over a high stroke] may stand for [Shadda under Fatḥa] as well as [Shadda and Kasrah]. (Wright I, p. 14 D)