The process of research is not only about learning and discovering, but also about sharing these discoveries with others, so that society as a whole can benefit from the efforts … Continue reading “Analysing data production”

Zebrafish. It’s not the first word you expect to read when reading a paper on tissue engineering. But, there is a connection. The zebrafish has come to be a useful … Continue reading “Tissue engineering”

I) Definitions Bone infarction denotes necrosis of the metaphysis or diaphysis of a long bone, commonly referred to as osteonecrosis. The term may also be applied to some cases involving … Continue reading “PATHOLOGY OF BONE INFARCTION”

In this study, a new functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized by chemical modification with 3-aminopyrazole (MWCNTs-f) and applied as an efficient adsorbent. In order to comparative study, carboxylated … Continue reading “Desorption study”

It is common knowledge that Darwin s Theory of Evolution is one of the most influential scientific theories of modern day. This scientific theory takes the form of an ideology … Continue reading “Evolutionary theory”

The goal of the lab was to show learn about chemical reactions. It showed the different types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement, and combustion.) In the … Continue reading “Chemical reactions”

Chromosome number and the drivers of its variation were examined in 6 major angiosperm clades of Italian endemic vascular plants. As chromosome number can be employed as a surrogate of … Continue reading “Chromosome number”

Audit sampling used in every audit engagement and the practice regarding audit sampling around the world has an international structure which is defined by the International Standards on Auditing(ISA). The … Continue reading “Audit sampling”

Fruit is a structure which arises from an ovary or fusion of several ovaries after fertilization and may or may not carry associated floral parts. Fruit formation is an evolutionary … Continue reading “Fruit fertilization”

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed in the mid-1980s and is a critical invention in molecular biology. The goal of PCR is to amplify a specific target DNA sequence from … Continue reading “Polymerase chain reaction”

Alpha-amylase breaks down large starch molecules into smaller molecules for the beta-amylase. It is stable in hot mashes with high water content and will convert starch to soluble sugars in … Continue reading “Alpha amylase & Beta amylase”

The purpose of this study by Kazemi, Levine, Dmochowski, Niles, & Sun (2013), was to see if Motivational Interviewing would have an impact on the number of blackout occurrences among … Continue reading “Motivational Interviewing”

Clark, S. (2017, May 17). Multiverse: have astronomers found evidence of parallel universes? Retrieved July 06, 2017, from http://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2017/may/17/multiverse-have-astronomers-found-evidence-of-parallel-universes In a recent study by the UK’s Royal Astronomical Society, there … Continue reading “Multiverse – articles review”

Article 1: Source: Ledford, H. (2017, March 07). CRISPR: gene editing is just the beginning. Retrieved July 05, 2017, from http://www.nature.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-is-just-the-beginning-1.19510 CRISPR has signaled a new age for molecular … Continue reading “Analysis of gene research papers”

The science of the middle ages was dominated by dogma, scholasticism, and traditions of the church. All of this was about to change. Enter the scientific revolution. The scientific revolution … Continue reading “Scientific revolution”

In the past biological-psychologist received much of their knowledge from psychology departments in institution of higher education. In the present biological psychologist are also be trained in behavioral neuroscience programs … Continue reading “The Biological perspective”

The pathogen of interest is giardia lamblia, which is ingested as a cyst. In this paper we will consider it to be ingested through contaminated water, as G. lamblia thrives … Continue reading “Giardia lamblia”

Breast cancer is the main cause of tumor deaths in women [1]. Early diagnosis of the disease is widely approved as being essential for effective treatment [2]. Biomedical imaging modalities … Continue reading “Breast cancer screening”

Chromosome counts for 1364 accessions of 801 vascular plants endemic to Italy have been extracted from Chrobase.it (http://bot.biologia.unipi.it/chrobase/ last accessed 12 May 2016). Chrobase. It is the largest online dataset … Continue reading “Chromosome counts”

Owing to the rapidly increasing field of technology over time, especially in Genetic Engineering (GE) and Biotechnology, agricultural techniques around the world have become more modernised and efficient in … Continue reading “Monsanto vs. the world”

Economic losses due to swine influenza infections are substantial and affect the swine industry globally. Swine influenza ranks among the top three major health challenges in the swine industry. Swine … Continue reading “Swine influenza infections”

Abstract Endurance exercise and high altitude are two common ways to improve the exercise performance by adaptations in skeletal muscular cells. The hypothesis that the adaption of muscle metabolism due … Continue reading “Improving athletic performance”

Abstract: Optical fibers have been extensively utilized in both the communications and sensors industries. In addition to their use in transmission, they have been used to realize many fiber devices, … Continue reading “Optical fibers”

Microbial enzymes are identified to play a central role as metabolic catalysts, leading to their usage in various productions and applications , the end usage market for industrial enzymes is … Continue reading “Microbial enzymes”

In every mammal, Glucose is acts as an important energy source metabolic substrate. It is obtained directly from the diet, principally following the hydrolysis of ingested disaccharides and polysaccharides, and … Continue reading “Glucose”

Parasitism arose early in the course of biological evolution (parasitology Photostat page.nio 3) Parasitic diseases have been with the mankind since the time immemorial. Even today, these diseases remain among … Continue reading “Parasitology”

Hardness of Water: Causes of hardness, expression of hardness – units – types of hardness Hardness is defined as the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions which is expressed in … Continue reading “Hardness of Water”

Microbial enzymes are identified to play a central role as metabolic catalysts, leading to their usage in various productions and applications , the end usage market for industrial enzymes is … Continue reading “L-glutaminase”

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW The second half of the twenty th century is marked not only by social changes; but also intensive and thorough investigations in fundamental and applied … Continue reading “Fibre optic gyroscope”

Reversible protein phosphorylation is extremely important in regulating many intra- and inter-cellular processes and is orchestrated by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, which attach and remove a phosphate group from … Continue reading “Reversible protein phosphorylation”

Validation procedures were carried out according to FDA guidelines [17] as follows System suitability System suitability experiment was performed by injecting six consecutive injections using aqueous standard mixture equivalent to … Continue reading “Method validation”

The South American rainforest contains a big range of different butterflies, even more so then initially suspected. In 1862 when these butterflies were first studied by Henry Bates (1) he … Continue reading “Müllerian mimicry”

A composite material is defined as a mixture of 2 or more material that results in improved properties than those of the individual components used. In comparison to metallic alloy, … Continue reading “Composite material”

Materials in the micrometer scale mostly exhibit the same physical properties as that of bulk form while materials in the nanometer scale may exhibit physical properties distinctively different from that … Continue reading “Introduction to Nanomaterials:”

Forensic entomology is the branch of forensics dealing with the use of insects and arthropods as living evidence in crime investigations and legal matters. One the most important purposes of … Continue reading “What is forensic entomology?”

Many biopolymers have been synthesized by the living matter. On the basis of their chemical structures, different classes of these biopolymers were distinguished such as nucleic acids, polyamides, polysaccharides, polyoxoesters, … Continue reading “Biopolymers”

INTRODUCTION Sending signals through optical fiber is reliable and fast, but because of internal absorption and other unwanted effects such as Atmospheric turbulence, they lose photons with the losses increasing … Continue reading “QUANTUM TELEPORTATION”

Bael Fruit (Aegle marmelos L. Correa) is an indigenous fruit known in India from prehistoric times. The bael fruit is native to india, but most commonly found throughout the Indian … Continue reading “Bael Fruit”

The Black Rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered and are on the brink of extinction according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. They’re 1.4-1.8m tall and weigh between … Continue reading “The Black Rhinoceros”

It is the thermochemical conversion of organic matter at high temperatures with partial oxidation. Energy in organic matter produces combustible gases (CO, CH4 and H2) and minor products (char, water … Continue reading “Gasification”

Abstract The past half of a century has seen increasing attention focused on the development of polymer nanoparticle based drug delivery systems as being capable of improving the efficacy and … Continue reading “Essay: Polymer nanoparticles”

Introduction Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. It includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a … Continue reading “Essay: Chemical Kinetics”

Oxygen Indicator is a means of detecting the presence of Oxygen. These indicators are of great importance especially to the food packaging industry. Oxygen is considered as one of the … Continue reading “Essay: Oxygen Indicator”

Abstract Lots of biometrics primarily based instruments tend to be under progress to meet up with the actual difficulties in security within the current complicated situation. Between these kinds of … Continue reading “Essay: Biometrics – the eye”

Sample Preparation: General description Over a last decade there has been increased interest in nanochemistry. In order to explore novel physical properties and phenomena and realize potential applications of nanostructures … Continue reading “Essay: Nanochemistry”

Unlike model builders, more mathematically inclined physicists try to work from pure theory. The hope is to start with a single elegant theory and derive the consequences, and only then … Continue reading “Essay: String theory”

Insomnia is one of the most common sleep disorders which is characterized by complaints regarding difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep and/or waking up too early without being able to return … Continue reading “Essay: Insomnia”

Travertines occur as accumulations of Calcium Carbonate produced from flowing water, often, hot springs, they are also formed from incrustation. When chemical and biological processes, act together, they are responsible … Continue reading “Essay: Travertines”

Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body, three pairs of jointed legs, compound ocular perceivers and one pair of antennae. What makes a bug an insect? 3 body parts; … Continue reading “Essay: The Bugs Project”

Galls arise as the result of an inter-specific association between a host plant and an insect’ (Rohfritsch 1992). ‘Gall morphology is influenced by two genotypes: that of the insect, which … Continue reading “Essay: Galls”

The importance of ethnobiological studies has been rec- ognized, especially among conservation biologists, only in the last 20 years, primarily due to increased appreciation of the strong human influence on … Continue reading “Essay: Ethnobiological studies”

Introduction Biomineralization is the formation of biominerals, which are ‘elements or compounds, amorphous or crystalline, formed through biogeochemical processes’ (Skinner, 2005) by a life form. These life forms range from … Continue reading “Essay: Biomineralization”

In order for atoms to gain a full shell of electrons, chemical bonding needs to occur by either gaining or losing electrons. Ionic, Covalent and Intermolecular bonds are the different … Continue reading “Essay: Ionic bonding”

Mathematical reasoning that to nowadays represent more essential to say that verbal reasoning, plays a fundamental role in the development of our life and the progress of humanity. Such area … Continue reading “Essay: Discrete Maths”

The life cycle of a biofilm includes adhesion, aggregation, maturation and detachment or dispersion. The primary step involved in the initiation of biofilm formation is the attachment of small number … Continue reading “Essay: Biofilm”

Benzimidazole is heterocyclic aromatic organic compound formed by the fusion of benzene and imidazole ring. Benzimidazoles and its derivatives represent one of the most biologically active classes of compounds, possessing … Continue reading “Essay: Benzimidazole”

Epigenetics are heritable changes in gene expression that are not occupied by changes in the DNA sequence itself. These changes are crucial for key eukaryotic processes of development and differentiation … Continue reading “Essay: Epigenetics”

Metal Foams are a cellular structure comprising of a solid metal containing a large capacity portion of gas filled pores. The solid metal structure is most commonly made from aluminium, … Continue reading “Essay: Metal foams”

Genetic engineering is a technique involving the manipulation of an organism’s genome through the insertion of a gene, removal of a nucleotide sequence or alteration of a gene’s ability to … Continue reading “Essay: Genetic engineering”

Many physical phenomena , such as electricity, magnetism, and thermal conductivity etc., involve electrons in the main role. They are said to be everywhere. However, no one has ever seen … Continue reading “Essay: Electrons”

The plant cell protoplast is enclosed by a fibrous wall that grows as the cell expands to its mature size, but which becomes cross-linked and eventually limits the growth of … Continue reading “Essay: Cell structure”

Biosynthesis is an economic alternative over chemical and physical methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles [1]. The nanoparticles were extensively used in consumer products such as tires, textiles, cosmetics, … Continue reading “Essay: Biosynthesis”

Adenosine triphosphate is made of the organic molecule adenosine bonded to a chain of three phosphate groups. ATP is an organic phosphate molecule that is the principal source of energy … Continue reading “Essay: Cellular respiration”

Abstract: The presently available gene annotation approaches are based on features that are unavailable in short reading sequences generated from next generation sequencing, which results in substandard performance for metagenomic … Continue reading “Essay: Metagenomics”

The foundation of an endosymbiotic relationship commonly is by all accounts determined through complementation of the host’s restricted metabolic capacities by the biochemical flexibility of the endosymbiont. Endosymbiosis, in the … Continue reading “Essay: Endosymbiosis”

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 What is space settlement? ‘ A space settlement can be treated as a permanent home or habitation of human beings in a pre-set location of Space. … Continue reading “Essay: Space settlement”

Phosphorus is found in wetlands in inorganic (IP), also called orthophosphate, and organic (OP) form. These comes in particulate (PP) and dissolved (DP) form. Depending on the nature and usage of … Continue reading “Essay: Phosphorus”

Introduction Vibrio, a gram negative bacterium consists of more than 70 species of which many are pathogenic. The pathogenic strains are usually associated with gastroenteritis and also infect open wounds … Continue reading “Essay: Pathogenic vibrio species”

Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold into a three-dimensional shape. Each protein has a particular structure essential to bind with a high degree of specificity to one or … Continue reading “Essay: Protein structures”

Introduction Plesiosaurs are a clade of Sauropterygian reptiles that were first observed in the late Triassic surviving until the Cretaceous mass extinction event (Benton, 1990). As a result of the … Continue reading “Essay: Plesiosaurs”

The animal and plant cell are composed of organelles that are almost the same. From the ribosomes to mitochondria, both cells have it. However, they still have differences too; animal … Continue reading “Essay: Cell components”

Introduction: A membrane can be defined as a selective barrier, it means that it can allow a few particles of liquid and block others. Membrane is use to separate certain … Continue reading “Essay: Nano Membranes”

The word ‘anatomy’ derives from the Greek term ‘anatome’ which means ‘cutting apart’. However, anatomy is a broad subject which encapsulates many scientific components of life thus it is an … Continue reading “Essay: Anatomy”

‘Better things for Better living through Chemistry’, taking this thought as a motivation for my objective to pursue graduate studies in Chemistry. My interest in this field is determined by … Continue reading “Application essay: Chemistry”

In high school we have learned about that gene is the basic unit to control biological traits, genetic information is recorded biological procreation. Different information recorded in different genes, gene … Continue reading “Essay: GM technology”

Synchrony is a significant and recurring result for different taxonomic resolutions at the present time series study. The synchrony of zooplankton populations have been detected in different types of ecosystems, … Continue reading “Essay: Synchrony”

Abstract The universe is a known place to our young and sensitive eyes. Stars galaxies, planets, comets, asteroids are part of this abundant place that has an end of 13. … Continue reading “Essay: The Universe”

Yield is a complex trait which determined by high number of genes and effected by many other traits; yield components, traits relate to the seeds, and agronomic traits. One of … Continue reading “Essay: Yield”

The incorporation of nanotechnology into molecular biology and medicine has resulted in active developments of a new emerging research area, nanomedicine which offers exciting opportunities for discovering new materials, processes, … Continue reading “Essay: Nanomedicine”

Genetic algorithm is an evolutionary algorithm which is based on Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and works on the natural phenomenon of evolution according to which only the fittest survive … Continue reading “Essay: Genetic algorithm”

The dense oxide layer which naturally forms on the aluminum surface inhibits the direct electroplating of trivalent chromium coatings on the aluminum substrate. The trivalent chromium coatings with and without … Continue reading “Essay: Chromium coatings”

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