Tuesday, May 22, 2012

Last time I promised photos of our fieldwork here in
Edmonton, but then over the weekend the palaeoverse kind of erupted (in a good
way) over the auction of a Tarbosaurus skeleton. Go read Brian Switek’s articlefirst if you’re not acquainted with the story.

Because I am insane, I often read the comments sections on
news articles about palaeontology. There are a lot of weird and misguided
statements in the comments sections of some of the Tarbosaurus auction news articles (e.g. at CNN,
USAToday, Wired). Some of these comments make me frustrated, so I figured I’d
try to write down my thoughts on some of the most common recurring themes: 1) Paleontologists
are just as bad as fossil poachers and/or private collectors because we hoard
the dinosaurs all to ourselves and lock them away in cabinets where the public
can’t see them; 2) How do we know the tyrannosaur came from Mongolia?; 3) Why
does the auction company call it Tyrannosaurusbataar while palaeontologists
call it Tarbosaurus?; and 4) Why is fossil poaching such a big deal, anyway?
I’m going to address these over a couple of blog posts because for some reason
on these topics I am unusually longwinded and the answer to the first question
was getting kind of gigantic.

So, to start with: “Paleontologists are just as bad as
fossil poachers and/or private collectors because we hoard the dinosaurs all to
ourselves and lock them away in cabinets where the public can’t see them.”

I sort of understand where this sentiment is coming from,
but unfortunately it is wholly incorrect, and it saddens me that there folks
who have become disenfranchised with science in this way. The role of museums
is to conserve artifacts for the long haul – not just a few years, not just
this generation, but theoretically for hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of
years. Museums also facilitate scientific research (thus contributing new
knowledge to society), and education (passing new and old knowledge to members
of society). Although there are privately-run museums, many museums in Canada
are at least partially supported by the government – ie. the Royal Tyrrell
Museum in Alberta, the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, and the Royal
Ontario Museum in Toronto. Because these are publicly-supported institutions,
their role is to conserve cultural and natural history artifacts for the
people, and so the whole concept of fossils being locked away from the public
in museums is largely incorrect.

But let’s dig a little deeper (har har). Yes, a lot of
specimens are stored in cabinets and rarely seen by the public. This is not
because palaeontologists are trying to ‘hide’ specimens, but because at any
museum there is limited space and funding for exhibiting specimens. Choosing
which specimens go on display involves a lot of factors: is the specimen sturdy
enough to be mounted or displayed, does the specimen need to be easily
accessible for research, is there enough space to display the specimen, will it
require special new cabinetry and lighting, will it require an entire overhaul
of the existing displays or can it be slotted into an existing gallery, how
much new interpretive material needs to be created, and more. Not all fossils
make great display specimens, but that does not mean they are ‘worthless’ or
have little scientific value. For example, many studies require the
identification and measurement of THOUSANDS of teeth and bone fragments. How
else can you know if a particular fossil is rare unless you have a large,
unbiased sample? Yes, we could display these tiny fossils, and I actually think
that would be a great way to teach the value of large collections of otherwise
mundane fossils. BUT given the option of displaying 1000 Paronychodon teeth in a glass
cabinet, or one really excellent Albertosaurus skull, it makes sense that the museum
would display the showier, more easily relatable object (sorry, Derek). In a perfect world we
would not need to make that choice, but in reality there are constraints on
what can be displayed based on time, money, and space.

A lot of commenters on the news articles have mentioned that
a lot of museums offer ‘backstage tours’ to the collections areas. While this
is true, it is also true that many museums require visiting researchers to be
professional palaeontologists associated with either a museum or university (or
to be a student studying towards that profession). I can’t speak for all
museums here, but I suspect that the main reason for limiting visitors to the
backstage areas comes back to conservation of the material. A lot of fossils
don’t do well with repeated handling, and even gentle handling by careful
scientists (or contact with things like metal calipers!) can gradually erode
and damage specimens. As such, limiting access to the collections is not really
because we want to hoard the fossils and keep them to ourselves, but out of
concern for the long-term safety of irreplaceable objects. The flip side of
this is that some museums have dedicated teaching and outreach collections of
sturdier specimens that can be handled often.

But a lot of these comments seem to come back to a sense of
distrust of professional palaeontologists, and perhaps a distrust of the
‘scientific establishment’ as a whole. I don’t really know what to say to this
– yeah, there are probably some really awful people who are also
palaeontologists, who don’t look kindly on amateur palaeontologists or private
collectors, and who may be generally unpleasant people to be around. But there
are awful people in every profession. It doesn’t excuse their behaviour, but
there’s not necessarily a lot any one of us can do about it. From my
experience, the vast majority of professional palaeontologists are just that –
professional. They are excited to learn more about life on earth, to contribute
to the scientific record, and to educate the public about those findings. They
like dinosaurs (or brachiopods, or trilobites, or sabre-toothed cats) SO MUCH
that they literally want to spend their entire career thinking about them ALL
THE TIME. (There is no escape.) Many of them would love to display more of
their fossils, but are unable to because of lack of funding or space. So, if
you are really and truly concerned about the lack of public access to fossils,
the best thing you can do is go out and support your local museum. Petition
your local or provincial or federal government to make museum funding a
priority. Participate in fundraisers or organize your own. Donate your time by
volunteering as a fossil preparator, or go out into your community and teach others
about palaeontology. The worst thing you can do is support the illicit trade of
poached, illegally-acquired specimens. And we’ll talk about why in the next
post.

(And if you want to help out re: the Tarbosaurus auction, there's a Change.org petition you can sign.)

Friday, May 4, 2012

Fieldwork has begun here in Edmonton and I'll have some more pictures to show off next week...currently we are digging a big hole in the dirt, so there's not much to see yet. Until then, here's a wrap-up of some of my outreach and teaching activities from the last few weeks.

In addition to the Alberta Paleontological Society Symposium, I was asked to give a talk at a local skeptic's conference, called LogiCON. This was a pretty neat event with lots of interesting speakers divided into three 'tracks' - beginner, advanced, and family. I gave both a family-track and advanced-track talk, which may have been a little overly ambitious, but worked out in the end. For the family-track talk, I did "The Wonderful World of Dinosaurs", which was essentially an overview of the kinds of dinosaurs found in Alberta and a little bit about how palaeontologists study dinosaurs. There are lots of well-known Albertan dinosaurs, so I also included some lesser-known taxa like Chirostenotes (using the Smithsonian's caenagnathid mount as a stand-in), Albertonykus (using Mononykus), and the newly-named leptoceratopsids Unescoceratops and Gryphoceratops.

For the advanced-track talk, I thought about talking about dinosaurs as ambassadors of evolution, but didn't really feel like talking about creationism, so instead I opted for "The Dinosaur Family Tree", a talk about...systematics! Complete with data matrix! Woohoo! Actually, this seemed to go over fairly well, as I went through the problems that palaeontologists (and most biologists) face when trying to reconstruct the tree of life: understanding sources of variation, defining a species, and running phylogenetic analyses. And we talked about what makes a dinosaur a dinosaur, as well. The diagram above is based off a specimen on display at the U of A Paleo Museum (UALVP 300, a composite of three individuals), with various dinosauromorph, dinosauriform, and dinosaurian features.

Finally, a few weeks ago I helped organize the annual U of A Paleo Gala, an event hosted by Dr. Michael Caldwell, which raises funds for specimen acquisition, research, and grad student scholarships. It's a fancy dinner held at our faculty club, and the grad students put up posters and show off new specimens and research. There are silent and live auction items much like at SVP, and you can usually count on a song or two by John Acorn, the Nature Nut.

Those of you who were at the SVP in Las Vegas may recognize a few of the larger faces in this crowd... other recent acquisitions largely include specimens for our teaching collection, like casts of Tiktaalik, Anhanguera, Eotitanosuchus (=?Biarmosuchus), and Dinodontosaurus.