Famed Green Bay Packers coach Vince Lombardi said, “Football isn’t a contact sport. Dancing is a contact sport. Football is a collision sport!” Over the last half century, thousands of players and millions of fans have witnessed exactly that.

In recent years, a disturbing number of suicides of former NFL players have opened a new discussion into the dangers of the most lucrative professional sport.

In League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions and the Battle for the Truth (Crown Archetype, 2013), Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru, who are brothers and investigative reporters with ESPN, explore a twenty-year span in which concussions in pro football players took on a new level of seriousness and their long-term consequences. The authors took a risk even writing this book since ESPN pays more than $1 billion per year for the broadcast rights for Monday Night Football.

Since the early 1990s, the seriousness and long-term effects of concussions have been a point of contention within the NFL, the media and the medical community. Many players considered it a badge of honor to play injured. Players were constantly in fear of losing their status as starters. Medical personnel could advise players, but only head coaches could bench a player. When the press started to ask questions about this phenomenon, then-Commissioner Paul Tagliabue dismissed it as a “pack journalism issue.”

The authors begin with the death of Mike Webster, who played for the Pittsburgh Steelers. “Iron Mike,” as he was known, set a record for playing more than 600 consecutive offensive plays. Webster's former teammates realized something was amiss when he gave a rambling, incoherent speech when he was inducted into the Football Hall of Fame.

Fainaru and Fainaru-Wada chronicle Webster’s rise and fall. He escaped poverty to play football at the University of Wisconsin and then on to the NFL where he played on four Super Bowl Champion teams. He made enough money to last the rest of his life. His behavior became erratic. He lost his big house, and lived in train stations. He would forget where he was. Notes written by Webster and obtained by the authors reveal an addled mind no longer capable of linear thought.

When Webster died in 2002, he was only fifty years old. The authors explain that when Webster’s body was brought to the coroner’s office, a young Nigerian doctor name Bennett Omalu was on duty. Unlike most doctors featured in League of Denial, Omalu was not a football fan and had no loyalty to any team or the NFL.

During the autopsy, he examined Webster’s brain and was stunned by what he saw under the microscope. Omalu’s discoveries set the NFL and the scientific community on a new course of concussion investigation. Following the suicides of former players Dave Duerson and Junior Seau, medical researchers competed with each other to obtain their brains to examine them for repeated trauma.

One former player who receives little attention, but whose concussion is one of the book’s more memorable examples is former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Troy Aikman.

Aikman was accidentally kneed in the head in the 1993 NFC Championship game. He spent the night in the hospital repeatedly asking his agent why he was there and if he had played that day. Aikman went on to lead the Cowboys to a Super Bowl victory. A year later, he remembered almost none of it.

Other well known players including former Chicago Bears quarterback Jim McMahon are also reported to be suffering from short-term memory loss. Former New York Giants linebacker Harry Carson even used his Hall of Fame induction speech to call on the NFL to pay more attention to concussions.

Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru

The authors also obtained extensive access to doctors and researchers on both sides of the concussion debate -- those who dismissed them as a workplace hazard and those whose work broke new ground in this field of study.

The competiveness of these researchers, the authors show, reached the same level of intensity of the players they studied. Readers will want to read and perhaps re-read the chapters on the science of concussions carefully. The book has a list of key participants, including players, doctors, and NFL executives.

Just as tobacco executives can no longer deny the ill effects of smoking, the NFL can no longer deny the substantial risks to football players’ heads. In fact, just before the publication of League of Denial, the NFL settled a lawsuit with 18,000 players for $765 million.

The reader will have to weigh the evidence as to whether or not the NFL engaged in a Nixonian cover-up or is guilty of willful blindness, but the authors’ meticulous research presents evidence that cannot be dismissed. The evidence presented by the authors reads like cracks in the NFL’s dam -- and the league may soon be under water.

Fainaru-Wada and Fainaru have taken sports journalism to a new level by weaving vivid, heartbreaking narratives with eye-opening facts unearthed from original sources.

However, League of Denial will probably do little to affect football's popularity. Die-hard fans will be left wondering about the futures of current stars like Ben Roethlisberger and Peyton and Eli Manning.

It should be read by anyone who thinks about donning a football helmet, those who care about them and those who may have to care for them.

Joe Honick (Nov. 15, 2013):Does no one have any thoughts and memories of the brain concussion sport on the planet?: Professional Boxing? How often over the years have we watched champion matches with people beaten severely for several minutes before falling for a KO or before a referee stopped the fight> There's a good reason why Olympic boxers and we in college who boxed had to wear good headgear. Football may be a collision sport, but boxing is just as bad but just for fewer people at a time.

arthursolomon (Nov. 14, 2013):Very well stated, Mr. McVicker -- but the main problem is with the football fanatics who don't care what happens to the players as long as the games are played. In any other business the government would step in and dictate safety measures, but not in football because of its popularity with voters.

As we all know, for decades players were taken out for a play or two and sent back in despite their injuries. The media is also to blame. Forever they promoted the goodness of team owners and iconized Vince Lombardi and Pete Rozelle, who looked the other way, as did other commissioners. It's best for businesses to work out their problems without Congress acting. But history shows that Congressional action is sometime needed, like now. And the same goes for the media, team owners and baseball commissioner, all of whom looked the other way during the "steroid era" and now are trying to position themselves as the good guys. What a sham. commissioners

Kevin Foley (Nov. 14, 2013):Well done, Kevin. Be sure to see the PBS Frontline documentary by the same title in case you missed it.

I'm intrigued that a PR savvy organization like the NFL has allowed its attorneys to dictate the communications strategy, which is basically deny, delay, defend. The league is in crisis mode but doesn't seem to know it.

Brian M (Nov. 14, 2013):The NFL has maintained a BP-level of arrogance in its PR surrounding the concussion issue, matched only by its behind-the-scenes legal maneuvering. The comparisons to tobacco are understandable.

But books like this -- and the myriad articles and stories they spark -- will reach a critical mass at some point that will tip public opinion against the NFL, regardless of the games enormous popularity. When the president says he'd think twice about his kid playing, that is an enormous PR problem that shows just how little effort the league has put in to changing the narrative (and its views).