CO-Horts

CO-Horts

Wednesday, September 28, 2016

It was a hot, dry summer. And if you had any irrigation issues in your lawn, you've probably got some bare spots. Or spots from foot traffic, rabbit feeding, urine injury, etc. In my lawn, it's from beagle traffic.

"Who me?" says Maple the beagle. You can see her footpath past the chicken coop and to the bird feeder, where she (and Hazel, back of photo) love to munch on black oiler sunflower seeds. Sigh.

Fall is a great time to seed these spots for a couple of reasons. First, the weather is pretty much perfect: warm days, cool nights and the possibility of rain. Second, the soil is warm and will stay warm through October (this, of course, will vary where you are in Colorado...and the U.S.). But grass seed, like humans, prefers moderate temperatures in the 70s. Because the soils are warm, the seed will germinate very quickly...great for those of us who have little patience.

Depending on the size of the area you need to reseed, you can approach it a couple ways. The main points of overseeding are to make holes in the ground and get the seed into those holes. Seed needs contact with soil to germinate (that's why topdressing with seed on the soil surface is rarely successful...plus the seed can dry out). You can make holes in a number of ways--rent an aerator or have aeration done for you...or do it manually with tools you have in the garage.

The goal is the same for both methods--lots and lots and lots and LOTS of holes. You can't make too many holes. We recommend making "Swiss cheese" out of the lawn. If you use an aerification machine, mark your sprinkler heads to avoid damage. If you're paying someone to do it for you, emphasize that you want a lot of holes! Request they make holes in multiple directions across the area that needs to be seeded.

Below are photos of "manual" overseeding with a pitchfork...it's a great workout!

Like my dad always says, make sure you have everything on hand before starting a project...

Step 2. Make your holes. Lots and lots and lots and LOTS of holes. Try to get the holes at least an inch deep. This area was heavily compacted from beagle traffic. It's kind of a fun stress relief, but it does take some effort. The better job you do making holes, the better results you'll have. So take your time and do a thorough job.

Poke yer holes! Lots and lots and lots of holes!

Step 3. Admire your work. You should see your holes and roughed up the bare spots. The goal is to get holes on a maximum of 2" centers in all directions....the closer the holes are, the better!

If you look really closely, you can see the holes.

Step 4. Seed selection is important. It's best to seed what you already have planted. In my backyard, I have a mixture of mostly bluegrass with some tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. This seed mix I'm using has all three. Likely what will survive is the bluegrass (it has amazing traffic tolerance). If you're using one species, aim for 3-5 pounds of bluegrass/1000 square feet; 6-8 pounds of perennial ryegrass/1000 square feet and 6-8 pounds of tall fescue/1000 square feet. Seed quality is also important--it's not more expensive to buy good seed. Look at the label of your seed to make sure you don't plant weeds or undesirable grass species.

My seed mix...it's about 50% tall fescue and 35% perennial ryegrass and bluegrass. Works for me!

The seed itself!

Step 5. Lightly, like you are adding salt to your food, sprinkle the seed on top of the area where you just made holes. If you put out too much seed, the seedlings will all compete with each other and never mature. Juvenile seedlings will be wimpy and likely die over winter. Just like with pesticides, more (seed) is NOT better!

Lightly sprinkle the seed over the area.

Step 6. After seeding, use a leaf rake to work the seed into the holes. This is a gentle process. You're just lightly pressing the rake to the ground. The seed that works into the holes will germinate best. You do not need to "topdress" with any sand, soil or peat moss. Really, I promise! Just work the seed into the holes.

Hazel is thinking "But you're in my way of walking to the bird feeder!" Use a leaf rake to gently work the seed into the aeration holes.

Step 7. Water in the seed. Depending on the daytime temperature, you may have to water a few times a week, but only just to keep things moist. Seed will need water to germinate, so don't skip this step. If you still have your sprinkler system running, that will likely be sufficient. But check these areas for dryness.

For bigger areas, put out a sprinkler attached to your hose. You can even set a timer to have it automatically water a few minutes each day.

Perennial ryegrass will germinate in just a few days...bluegrass will take about 10 days. Maintain your lawn as normal--there's no need to avoid the seeded areas with your mower. And go ahead and apply your fall fertilizer--just avoid using any herbicides near your seeded spots. In a few weeks, you can admire your new turf...from your couch as you watch football. Check it off your list--one more fall garden task complete!

Thursday, September 22, 2016

Fall is in the air – it is glorious up here in the high
country right now with all of the aspen exploding into gold.

Aspen near the Gilpin Extension office in September

Many gardeners start to think about fall gardening
chores.Pruning back perennials is on
many lists, but I would argue that with a couple of exceptions, it’s better to
leave them standing until spring.

Let’s get the exceptions out of the way first:if you have a plant that produces too many
seeds, and it’s starting to take over your garden, cutting back the seed heads
before they ripen is a good way to practice plant birth control.The second reason is if the plant is diseased
or infested – pruning back and disposing of this material may prevent further
spread in the future.

And now for the case for NOT cutting back perennials and
ornamental grasses:

1. Winter interest.Colorado has a long winter, and seed heads break up the monotony by catching the snow and the
frost in interesting ways.Many
ornamental grasses provide excellent interest all winter (little bluestem is a
standout with its rusty-red foliage all winter long).

22. Free bird seed.Many perennials (particularly coneflowers, Black-eyed Susans and
sunflowers, but also some ornamental grasses and even some annuals like cosmos
and bachelor’s buttons) attract flocks of birds in the fall and early winter.Sometimes, they are so voracious that they
can limit the number of seeds that fall to the ground (I have to replant Black-eyed
Susans nearly every year, because the pine siskins do such a thorough job of
eating the seed heads).

Seed heads of Black-eyed Susan provide seed for finches

3. Future butterflies.If you planted host plants for butterflies
(on purpose or inadvertently), you might accidentally remove overwintering eggs
and reduce the butterfly population next summer.

44. Extra moisture. Standing plants can help to catch any small
skiff of snow, providing extra moisture to the plants.

Standing stalks catch skiffs of snow

55. Improved hardiness.The old foliage can provide some extra
insulation (especially with snow on top), helping marginally hardy plants make
it through the winter.

There are enough other chores to do in the fall – why not
let this one wait until spring?

Tuesday, September 20, 2016

Like Gru, I too have failed at producing a palatable
product. This past weekend I attended my friends’ fall harvest party where all attendees
are encouraged to bring a sample of their garden tomato bounty to enter into a
grand taste test. Each person votes for
his or her favorite tomato. My friends also roll out their cider press and attendees
are welcome to bring apples to crush and press into juice. I love apples and this
year I had a bumper crop of Honeycrisp apples that I brought to the party for
pressing.

My goal was to produce enough juice to try my hand at making
Apple jelly. Apples are loaded will pectin, the gelling agent used to create a
soft spreadable fruit preserve, so the recipe for apple jelly consists of two
ingredients: 4 cups apple juice and 3 cups sugar. Other than dried fruit, very
few things in the processed food realm are that simple.

Hard apple candy on waxed paper, Not apple jelly in a jar

Unfortunately, getting these two ingredients to magically
turn into a soft spreadable jelly takes some kitchen wizardry I have yet to
master. The goal is to heat the simple mixture to a rapid boil for a period of
time long enough to activate the pectin – to the gelling point. At this point,
the jelly is processed in a water bath canner and the cooled product firms up.
In my first attempt I produced apple flavored hard candy. In my second attempt
I produced a VERY sweet shelf-stable apple juice. Oh well, better luck next year, and maybe I’ll
add in the optional third ingredient, lemon juice.

Friday, September 16, 2016

Is your maple looking a little yellow? It’s possible that it is experiencing an iron deficiency. Red maple and the freeman type maples (of which autumn blaze maple is the most common) as well as red oak and several other species of trees common to our area are all prone to iron deficiencies in alkaline soils (soils with a high pH) like those common to Colorado’s Front Range.

Posted by: Eric Hammond, Adams County Extension

Chloroctic Freeman type maple

These trees struggle to take up iron (as well as other micronutrients such as zinc and molybdenum) from our soils even though there is normally plenty of iron in the soil. Under high pH conditions iron tends to be insoluble forms that are more difficult for plants to absorb. Some plants have evolved mechanisms to overcome this difficulty, however, other species, like the maples listed above, have not. This is likely because they had no need as these species are natives to the eastern portions of the continent where soils generally have a lower pH (in fact sometimes too low) and would gain no great advantage from having evolved specialized and energy intensive iron uptake mechanisms. Cultural factors may also lead to or worsen the issue by making iron less available or hindering root growth. Such factors include soil compaction and over watering both or which lower soil oxygen levels.

Chlorotic leaves which are beginning to scorch

So how do you know your tree has a deficiency? Symptoms of iron deficiency are chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves and in severe cases scorching or even premature dropping of leaves. Iron is not very mobile within a plant so symptoms are worse on the newer leaves. In simple terms the plant uses the iron it has in the first leaves and runs out so the leaves produced later tend to be more chlorotic. Symptoms also tend to get worse as the season goes on, though in really bad or very far along cases plants may be chlorotic even early in the season. If deficiencies are prolonged they will lead to the decline of the tree and eventually its death.

Freeman type maple in decline due to prolonged micronutrient deficiency

The best way to deal with this issue is to avoid planting species which are intolerant of our soils. However, there are several potential treatments. You can have an arborist inject an iron solution into the trunk of the tree every few years to deal with the issue. However each time you do this you are wounding the tree which creates potential avenues for decay and is generally stressful for the tree. You can also apply a chelated iron fertilizer. These products consist of iron bound up in organic molecules which are stable in our soil. Make sure to use products labeled as EDDHA. There are many types and this is type is best for our high pH soils. These are somewhat expensive and need to be applied annually or near annually depending on the severity of the deficiency . Foliar applications of iron are also a possible treatment but they have their own list of drawbacks. They only green the leaves they are sprayed on so improper application can lead to the tree appearing striped. They can also stain driveways, sidewalks, patios and other elements of the landscape. Foliar iron fertilizers will need to be applied annually. Since it is possible that spring time over watering or issues creating stress for the plant such as soil compaction and girdling roots may be aggravating the issue. Make sure you watch your watering and if possible core aerate around the tree.

Tuesday, September 13, 2016

An orange-clad inmate from the Yuma County Jail leans down
to inspect a leafy watermelon plant.

“Do you see that back there?” he asks, pointing to a
watermelon that just about the size of a quarter. “Here’s another one. There’s a lot of them growing; right
here is another set.”

Laurie Clemons, jail programs coordinator, smiles and
replies, “If we get them big enough and they ripen out, I could work that over
in the inmate kitchen and slice that up for you guys, and let you sit at the
picnic tables and have that as a treat.”

The pair, inmate and officer, are tending to the inmate
garden just across the street from the county courthouse. For almost three hours each day — with
the exception of the days when Clemons is unavailable to oversee the outdoor
activities — the male inmate steps out of the jail and into the role of
gardener.

Inmate gardens have recently become commonalities in
correctional facilities throughout the nation, including big name facilities
like Riker’s Island. This
year Yuma County joined the roster as one of the facilities to offer inmates
the chance to grow produce while serving their sentence.

“What’s unique about us is that there aren’t any facilities
of our size that are doing things like this,” said Sheriff Chad Day. “While there is some risk involved, I
firmly believe that it’s worth those risks to try and see if it can work.”

The garden officially took root on Memorial Day under the
command of Clemons. Two
female inmates who were residing in the county jail at the time were cleared to
help pilot the program. With
the help of Colorado State University (CSU) curriculum, generous donations from
Baldwin Tree Services and Ace Hardware and hours of labor by the inmates, what
was previously a sandbur-ridden area transformed into a thriving garden, all at
no cost to the taxpayers.

“We literally started with dirt, and they worked a solid
10-hour day and planted the entire garden,” Clemons said. “They even designed an American flag
flower bed. They didn’t
have perfect red, white and blue flowers, but when you go out there and look at
it you can see it. And it was a decision they exercised control over to bring a
little beauty into the world.”

Encouraging positive and controlled decision-making plays a
large role in the garden’s function at the jail. The garden serves as a
complement to a program installed by the sheriff’s department to help inmates
learn to make better decisions.

“We wanted a more productive use of the inmates’ time, and
we wanted something educational, so the first place the sheriff wanted to start
is a class called Moral Recognition Therapy (MRT),” Clemons said. “Essentially what MRT does as a class
is it makes people look at their last decisions that led them to the place that
they are — which is a bad place — and then makes them choose to take
responsibility for their actions to change their future. It teaches reflection, accountability
and greater decision-making skills.”

In its entirety, MRT focuses on reducing recidivism to
hopefully prevent an inmate’s return to jail once they are
released. The inmate
garden is not directly incorporated into the MRT program, but it offers a
metaphor that reiterates the program’s overall message. Inmates learn to make better choices,
weed out their problems and nurture new, positive growth in their lives while
literally weeding out the garden and nurturing new growth on the plants.

But the inmate garden is about more than just the metaphor. It also provides inmates with the
chance to gain real life skills that can positively impact their lives.

“We wanted something hands on to drive the message [of MRT]
home, and we landed on the concept of a garden,” Clemons said. “We started talking
with CSU and it turned into a master gardener certification class. If the inmates go all the way through
the class, they walk out with a certificate that says they learned how to be a
successful gardener, which we feel is a valuable life skill.”

These certifications reiterate the true mission of the
project.

“The purpose of the program has very little to do with the
actual produce that comes from [the garden]. The purpose of the program is about
finding ways to give inmates tools to be productive when they are not in jail
and to not come back to jail,” Day said.

Many recent studies have found that inmate garden programs
are successful in the long-term at lowering the recidivism rates for facilities
that use them, but Clemons hopes to offer the inmates an immediate pay off, as
well. She is looking into ways that will allow the sheriff’s department to use
the produce grown in the garden for the meals made in the facility’s
kitchen.

“Using our own home grown produce reduces the cost of
running the kitchen just a little bit, so that saves taxpayers in Yuma County
dollars,” Clemons said. “It
improves the quality of the meals for the inmates, and they get to go through
the full circle experience of reaping the rewards of their labors.”

Even if the produce is not used within the jail, it will
not go to waste. According
to Clemons and Day, if the garden’s yield cannot be incorporated into the
inmates’ meals, the department will look into ways of donating the fresh
veggies back to the community for those in need.

Because the garden is located outside of the jail and
public safety is of concern, not all inmates are allowed to work there. An inmate is cleared to leave the jail
under Clemons’s strict supervision only if the department classifies them as
low risk, non-threatening and unlikely to try to run away.

So far, three inmates have been approved to work in the
garden. The first two
gardeners were the female inmates that completed the planting, and now a male
inmate looks after the crops.

“It improves my morale. It
gives me something to look forward to everyday, and it’s something else to
focus on besides my anger and frustrations about what I’ve done,” the male
inmate said. “It’s good to
have something to do, and I thank Laurie and the sheriff’s department for
choosing me to do this.”

The inmates are not the only ones with positive feedback
about the garden. According
to Day, many of the deputies report that the garden — and other similar
MRT-related programs — has seemed to change the environment within the jail for
the better. Some deputies
even noted that many inmates have been behaving better in what seems to be
hopes of being cleared to work in the garden.

Courthouse staff members also regard the garden as
beneficial, praising the sheriff department’s ability to get inmates working
instead of sitting around for most of the day.

“It’s been nice to look outside, see Laurie out there and
see that they’re actually doing something with the inmates,” said Cindy Taylor,
county assessor. “I’m just
so impressed that they are doing something, and it gives the inmates something
to look forward to.”

Back in the garden, the inmate walks alongside his
crop. He stops momentarily
to pull back the leaves of a pumpkin plant, revealing a small squash just
beginning to take on an orange hue.

“I’m really excited about passing out pumpkins at the
courthouse. Wouldn’t it be
cool if we send home pumpkins with staff members who have small kids?” Clemons
says.

The inmate smiles briefly at the thought of the small
pumpkin’s future before resuming his garden chores. There’s still some work to be
done.

Wednesday, September 7, 2016

The past few days have brought numerous questions about
“clouds” of moths in lawns and congregations of them on the exterior of homes –
often near doors and windows. Our CSU entomologist, Dr. Whitney Cranshaw, has
identified them as the vagabond crambus (Agriphila vulgivagella), one of about 6 different species of sod webworm that can occur in
Colorado lawns. While it is not uncommon to see large numbers of this moth
flitting about lawns in September, the numbers in the past few days are
extraordinary. Although nowhere near as annoying as the miller moths we see in
the spring, the large numbers have caused great consternation for more than a
few people – including Alison O’Connor (one of our frequent bloggers here), who
likened the invasion in her landscape to the super creepy Alfred Hitchcock
movie, ‘The Birds’.

Moths congregating around Alison's front door!

Before you run out and begin applying
insecticide to your lawns, this species of lawn moth is not a damaging one –
compared to the “regular” sod webworm and the related cranberry girdler (aka,
subterranean sod webworm). The large
numbers now are “not a prognosticator of the future, but a reflection of the
past, in terms of larval populations and turf injury”, according to Whitney. In
other words, there were A LOT of the larvae feeding in lawns a month ago in order
to have this many adults flying now. If they didn’t cause noticeable damage
then, it is unlikely that they will cause damage in the next month as well.

Adult moths are laying eggs, but lawn damage will notbe noticeable from this sod webworm species.

Healthy, growing lawns are highly unlikely to
suffer damage from this insect, so avoid the temptation to run out and apply an
insecticide to your lawn. The moths appear to be dying quickly, as evidenced by
the large numbers you can find on sidewalks and streets. Insecticide
applications have NO EFFECT on the adult moths, so it would be an unwise misuse
(and waste of time and money) to apply something to your lawns hoping to make
the moths go away. Their numbers should decline rapidly in the next week.

While perhaps bothersome and somewhat creepy,
luckily the moths are much smaller and nowhere near as aggressive as were the
birds in Hitchcock’s movie.