Medial epicondyle fractures of the humerus account for 11%-20% of all elbow injuries in children. Although intra-articular incarceration of the medial epicondyle occurs in 5%-18% of medial epicondyle fractures associated with an elbow dislocation, the mechanism of intrusion of the fracture fragment is unknown. We report a case of an irreducible elbow fracture and dislocation due to incarceration of the medial epicondyle fragment of the humerus, classified as a Watson-Jones type 3 fracture of the medial epicondyle, and present the mechanism of the intra-articular incarceration of the medial epicondyle fragment...

The treatment of sports injuries in the skeletally immature has a unique set of complications. Growth deformity may occur after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; therefore, skeletal age is used to help guide the choice between physeal sparing and transphyseal techniques. Arthrofibrosis after tibial spine fracture fixation can be reduced by initiating immediate range of motion, and should be treated early and cautiously to avoid iatrogenic fracture. Nonunions of medial epicondyle elbow fractures are more common with nonoperative treatment, but seldom lead to clinical problems outside of certain athletes...

The medial condyle fracture of the humerus is-in comparison to the lateral condyle fracture-a very rare Salter-Harrison IV-fracture of the elbow. In this prospective study 14 children were included and reviewed. One child had minimal displacement fracture type I, one child had type II, and 12 children had type III-fractures. One patient was treated conservatively by an upper arm cast; thirteen were surgically treated using open reduction and osteosynthetical treatment. Postoperatively the elbow was immobilized in 90° flexion and neutral position in a long-arm cast for 4-6 weeks...

BACKGROUND: Medial humeral epicondyle fractures of the elbow are one of the most common injuries in childhood and often require surgery. There are currently no standardised outcome measures to assess progress after an elbow injury in a child. Wide variation in currently reported outcomes makes comparison of treatment difficult. This study aims to identify outcome measures that have previously been reported in studies evaluating the management of medial epicondyle fractures in children and to facilitate the development of a consensus core outcome set (COS) suitable for use in all future studies of medial humeral epicondyle fractures in children...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: With an increasing rate of adolescent elbow injuries, especially in throwing athletes, the purpose of this review is to investigate the current literature regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and non-operative and operative outcomes of medial epicondyle fractures, ulnar collateral ligament repair, osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow, and olecranon stress fractures. RECENT FINDINGS: Acceptable outcomes with both non-operative and operative treatments of medial epicondyle fractures have been reported, with surgical indications continuing to evolve...

BACKGROUND: The medial triceps brachii is vascularized by the middle collateral artery and the arterial circle of the elbow. This vascularization allows a distal pedicled use to cover soft tissue defects of the elbow. We report our experience using this flap to cover traumatic and postsurgical wounds. METHODS: Patients who underwent a pedicled medial triceps brachii flap procedure between 2008 and 2015 were included. Data concerning characteristics of the patients, wound size, surgical technique, and complications were retrospectively reviewed...

This study was conducted to explore epidemiologic features of traumatic elbow dislocation with associated fractures in pediatric population following appropriate treatment options.Incidence of elbow dislocation with associated fractures was analyzed in 67 children using elbow radiographs. Treatment for the displaced elbow joint was performed by closed reduction and proper immobilization. Surgical intervention was applied to restore the correct alignment of the fracture. Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was used to measure elbow joint function...

Temminck's ground pangolin is the only pangolin present in South Africa. It is a myrmecophagous mammal with a bipedal gait. The thoracic limbs are used to break open ant nests, dig for food, and expand previously occupied burrows. This study describes the osteology and radiological anatomy of the thoracic limbs of this threatened species. Thoracic limbs from four Temminck's ground pangolins, which succumbed from electrocution or natural causes, were digitally radiographed in situ. The individual bones were then cleaned, described and digitally radiographed...

BACKGROUND: Sports injuries are common in pediatric and adolescent patients and the evaluation and treatment of these injuries continues to evolve. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the most recent literature, highlighting updates on sports-related upper extremity injuries in pediatric patients. METHODS: An electronic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases was performed for keywords related to pediatric overhead athletes, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum, medial epicondyle fractures, shoulder instability, and clavicle fractures...

BACKGROUND: Medial epicondyle fractures are a common pediatric and adolescent injury accounting for 11% to 20% of elbow fractures in this population. This purpose of this study was to determine the variability among pediatric orthopaedic surgeons when treating pediatric medial epicondyle fractures. METHODS: A discrete choice experiment was conducted to determine which patient and injury attributes influence the management of medial epicondyle fractures by pediatric orthopaedic surgeons...

Medial elbow pain is uncommon when compared with lateral elbow pain.Medial epicondylitis is an uncommon diagnosis and can be confused with other sources of pain.Overhead throwers and workers lifting heavy objects are at increased risk of medial elbow pain.Differential diagnosis includes ulnar nerve disorders, cervical radiculopathy, injured ulnar collateral ligament, altered distal triceps anatomy or joint disorders.Children with medial elbow pain have to be assessed for 'Little League elbow' and fractures of the medial epicondyle following a traumatic event...

We identified an unusual case of the medial epiondyle physeal fracture, which has been caused by a direct blow, accompanied with complete stripping of soft tissue. Surgery was performed for open reduction and internal fixation of the medial epicondyle and reattachment of the anterior oblique bundle of medial collateral ligament and flexor muscle origin. Six months after the surgery, strength of wrist flexion and forearm pronation, range of motion and valgus stability of the left elbow had recovered. One year after the injury, radiographs showed atrophy and sclerosis of the medial epicondylar apophysis...

BACKGROUND: Symptomatic non-union of medial humeral epicondylar fractures is a limited entity. Some studies recommend surgical excision of the fragment, but the results are controversial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcome of open reduction and internal fixation of a medial epicondyle non-union fragment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in all the patients, who were operated in our hospital between the year 2010 and 2015 for symptomatic medial humeral epicondyle non-union...

BACKGROUND: Incarcerated medial epicondyle fractures in association with elbow trauma are rare and an absolute indication for intervention. Because of the infrequent nature, outcomes following this injury are not well documented. We studied a large cohort of these injuries to determine factors associated with functional outcomes. It was hypothesized that a greater duration between initial presentation and time of surgery would lead to poorer outcomes. METHODS: A total of 32 patients aged 18 and under who underwent surgical treatment for an incarcerated medical epicondyle fracture at a level-1 pediatric trauma center from 2003 to 2015 were identified...

Traumatic elbow dislocations in children are rare but most of them are complex dislocations, and in such dislocations, medial humerus epicondyle fractureis the most common associated injury. Fracture incarceration in the elbow joint occurs in 5-18% of medial humerus epicondyle fractures but ulnar neuropraxia is very rare. Open reduction internal fixation is indicated in medial humerus epicondyle fracture with fracture incarceration, ulnar neuropraxia, marked instability or open fracture. Operative treatment options include fragment excision and sutures, closed or open reduction and Kirschner wire fixation, open reduction and suture fixation, open reduction and smooth pin fixation, and open reduction and screw fixation...

BACKGROUND: Medial epicondyle fractures in pediatric patients might be associated with an occult elbow dislocation and neurovascular damage. METHODS: A single case of a medial epicondyle fracture presenting with brachial artery transection was reviewed. Presentation, clinical course, and early outcome are reported. RESULTS: A 14-year-old patient presenting with an apparently isolated medial epicondyle fracture was found to have examination and diagnostic test findings consistent with brachial artery transection...

PURPOSE: The main goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical, functional and radiographic outcomes of displaced medial epicondyle fractures with or without associated elbow dislocation in children undergoing surgical treatment and to evaluate upper-extremity function with the Quick Disbilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (Quick DASH) questionnaire. The hypothesis was that patients with associated elbow dislocation would have similar functional outcome to patients with displaced fractures with or without intra-articular entrapment of the medial epicondyle...