Thanatochemistry : A Survey of General, Organic, and Biochemistry for Funeral Service Professio...

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This book presents the essential facts of chemistry and the chemical aspects of other science related to mortuary science. The book follows closely the recommended course curriculum outline of the American Board of Funeral Service Education. The organization of the book flows logically from inorganic to organic to biochemistry. It begins with a discussion of general chemistry in the first part of the book. Among the topics addressed are: measurements; matter and energy; nature of matter and the changes in matter; chemical reactions; solution; ionization; and selected compounds such as oxygen, hydrogen, water, and ammonia. The second part of the book segues into a discussion of organic chemistry. Among the topics discussed are: nomenclature; reactions; and the uses of fundamental compounds. The third section of the book presents a discussion of biochemistry. The book provides embalming applications throughout and concludes with a chapter summarizing the action and composition of embalming fluids. A valuable chemistry reference book for mortuary professionals.

PREFACE

vii

PART ONE GENERAL CHEMISTRY

3

(148)

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

3

(7)

Definition of Chemistry

3

(2)

Divisions of Chemistry

5

(1)

Chemical Measurements

5

(3)

Chapter Summary

8

(1)

Questions

8

(2)

Chapter 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

10

(9)

Physical Properties

10

(5)

Chemical Properties

15

(1)

Physical and Chemical Changes

15

(1)

Chapter Summary

16

(1)

Questions

17

(2)

Chapter 3 STATES AND TYPES OF MATTER

19

(12)

Solid XXX Liquid XXX Gas

19

(2)

Solid XXX Gas

21

(1)

Characteristics of States of Matter

22

(6)

Types of Matter

28

(1)

Chapter Summary

29

(1)

Questions

30

(1)

Chapter 4 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING

31

(13)

Atoms

31

(7)

The Periodic Table

38

(1)

Chemical Bonding

39

(3)

Chapter Summary

42

(1)

Questions

43

(1)

Chapter 5 CHEMICAL SHORTHAND: SYMBOLS, FORMULAS, AND EQUATIONS

44

(19)

Symbols

44

(2)

Formulas

46

(5)

Molecular Mass

51

(1)

Naming Compounds

51

(1)

Equations

52

(1)

Writing Equations

53

(1)

Balancing Equations

54

(2)

Decomposition

56

(2)

Double-Replacement (Metathesis) Reactions

58

(3)

Chapter Summary

61

(1)

Questions

61

(2)

Chapter 6 RADIATION CHEMISTRY

63

(20)

Radioactivity

63

(3)

Transmutation

66

(2)

Half-Life

68

(1)

Artificial Transmutations

69

(2)

Radiation Quantities and Units

71

(2)

Radiation Detectors

73

(2)

Protection from Radiation

75

(2)

Sources of Radiation Encountered by Embalmers

77

(1)

Vehicles of Radionuclide Therapy

78

(1)

Preparation of the Body without Autopsy

78

(1)

Preparation of the Autopsied Body

79

(1)

Cremation

80

(1)

Summary of Precautionary Procedures

80

(1)

Chapter Summary

81

(1)

Questions

82

(1)

Chapter 7 OXYGEN

83

(11)

Facts about Oxygen

83

(1)

Physical Properties

83

(1)

Chemical Properties

84

(2)

Methods for the Preparation of Oxygen

86

(2)

Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

88

(3)

Forms of Oxygen

91

(1)

Chapter Summary

92

(1)

Questions

93

(1)

Chapter 8 HYDROGEN

94

(8)

Facts about Hydrogen

94

(1)

Physical Properties

94

(1)

Chemical Properties

95

(2)

Preparation of Hydrogen

97

(3)

Chapter Summary

100

(1)

Questions

100

(2)

Chapter 9 WATER

102

(10)

Facts about Water

102

(1)

Physical Properties

103

(1)

Hydrogen Bonding

103

(2)

Chemical Properties

105

(1)

Preparation of Water

106

(1)

Hardness in Water

106

(2)

Relationship of Hard Water to Embalming

108

(1)

Classes of Impurities in Water

109

(1)

Purification Methods

109

(1)

Chapter Summary

110

(1)

Questions

111

(1)

Chapter 10 SOLUTIONS

112

(9)

Types and Components of Solutions

112

(1)

Solubility

113

(1)

Concentration Terms

114

(1)

Properties of Solutions

115

(2)

Application of Osmotic Principles to Embalming

117

(1)

Colloids and Suspensions

117

(2)

Chapter Summary

119

(1)

Questions

119

(2)

Chapter 11 ACIDS, BASES, SALTS, AND IONIZATION

121

(20)

Self-Ionization of Water

121

(1)

Definitions of Acids and Bases

122

(1)

Arrhenius Theory

122

(4)

Common Aqueous Acids and Bases

126

(1)

Properties of Aqueous Acids and Bases

127

(3)

Bronsted-Lowry Theory

130

(1)

Lewis Theory

131

(1)

Anhydrides

132

(1)

Salts

132

(2)

Ionization

134

(1)

pH: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

135

(2)

Chapter Summary

137

(1)

Questions

138

(3)

Chapter 12 HYDRATES AND HYDROLYSIS

141

(10)

Hydrates

141

(3)

Hydrolysis

144

(2)

Chapter Summary

146

(1)

Questions

147

(4)

PART TWO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

151

(72)

Chapter 13 INTRODUCTION

151

(6)

Nature of Organic Chemistry

151

(1)

Properties of Carbon

152

(1)

Functional Groups

153

(1)

Formulas

154

(1)

Chapter Summary

155

(1)

Questions

155

(2)

Chapter 14 HYDROCARBONS

157

(16)

Hydrocarbons

157

(10)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

167

(3)

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons

170

(1)

Sources of Aromatic Compounds

170

(1)

Chapter Summary

171

(1)

Questions

172

(1)

Chapter 15 ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS

173

(14)

Alcohols

173

(4)

Important Alcohols in Embalming

177

(2)

Phenols

179

(1)

Cresols

180

(1)

Resorcinol

180

(1)

Hexyl Resorcinol

181

(1)

Hexachlorophene

181

(1)

Comparison of Alcohols as Germicides

181

(1)

Thioalcohols (Metacaptans)

182

(1)

Ethers

183

(2)

Chapter Summary

185

(1)

Questions

185

(2)

Chapter 16 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

187

(10)

Aldehydes

187

(7)

Ketones

194

(2)

Chapter Summary

196

(1)

Questions

196

(1)

Chapter 17 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS

197

(14)

Structure of Organic Acids

197

(1)

Monocarboxylic Acids

198

(1)

Acidic Nature of Carboxylic Acids

199

(1)

Organic Salts

200

(1)

Dicarboxylic Acids

200

(2)

Hydroxy Acids

202

(2)

Chelates

204

(1)

Lactic Acid

205

(1)

Esters

205

(4)

Thioesters

209

(1)

Chapter Summary

210

(1)

Questions

210

(1)

Chapter 18 AMINES AND AMIDES

211

(12)

Amines

211

(2)

Reactions of Amines

213

(2)

Aromatic Amines

215

(1)

Heterocyclic Amines

215

(2)

Quarternary Ammonium Compounds

217

(2)

Chapter Summary

219

(1)

Questions

219

(4)

PART THREE BIOCHEMISTRY

223

(102)

Chapter 19 INTRODUCTION

223

(8)

Elemental Composition

223

(2)

Molecular Composition

225

(2)

Macromolecules

227

(2)

Metabolism

229

(1)

Chapter Summary

230

(1)

Questions

230

(1)

Chapter 20 PROTEINS

231

(24)

Protein Composition

231

(1)

Amino Acids

232

(3)

Amphoterism

235

(2)

Peptide Linkage

237

(1)

Cross-Linking of Proteins

238

(1)

Protein Structure

239

(9)

Hemoglobin

248

(1)

Breakdown of Hemoglobin

249

(2)

Denaturation

251

(1)

Protein Breakdown

251

(2)

Chapter Summary

253

(1)

Questions

254

(1)

Chapter 21 ENZYMES

255

(9)

Enzyme Function

255

(1)

Nomenclature

256

(1)

Chemical Properties of Enzymes

257

(2)

Regulation of Enzyme Activity

259

(3)

The Role of Enzymes in Decomposition

262

(1)

Chapter Summary

262

(1)

Questions

262

(2)

Chapter 22 CARBOHYDRATES

264

(32)

Definition and Classification

264

(1)

Monosaccharides

265

(5)

Disaccharides

270

(2)

Polysaccharides

272

(3)

Proteoglycans

275

(1)

Reactions of Carbohydrates

275

(3)

Photosynthesis

278

(1)

Synthesis of Adenosine Triphosphate

278

(11)

Muscle Contraction: Rigor Mortis

289

(4)

Chapter Summary

293

(1)

Questions

294

(2)

Chapter 23 LIPIDS

296

(15)

Classification of Lipids

296

(1)

Simple Lipids

296

(2)

Compound Lipids

298

(2)

Miscellaneous Lipids

300

(5)

Reactions of Lipids

305

(3)

Significance of Lipids to the Embalming Process

308

(1)

Chapter Summary

309

(1)

Questions

309

(2)

Chapter 24 SUMMARY OF THE ACTION AND COMPOSITION OF EMBALMING FLUIDS

311

(14)

Actions of Preservative Chemicals

311

(2)

Preservation by Formaldehyde

313

(2)

Embalming Fluids: Basic Types

315

(6)

Factors Influencing Stability of Fluids (Shelf Life)

321

(1)

Potentially Hazardous Chemicals Used in Embalming or Present in the Mortuary