Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Remembering TFH cell help

Immunological memory operates on the assumption that if you’re exposed to an infection once, you’re more likely to be exposed again. Chance favors the prepared, and the memory response is bigger, faster, and stronger. Now, Herati et al. examine immunological memory in humans who have received successive annual influenza vaccinations. They find that circulating T follicular helper cells, which provide B cell help, not only respond to influenza vaccination but also form long-lasting memory. These cells may serve as markers for successful vaccination as well as targets for new vaccines.