Return a new PyLongObject based on the string value in str, which is
interpreted according to the radix in base. If pend is non-NULL,
*pend will point to the first character in str which follows the
representation of the number. If base is 0, the radix will be determined
based on the leading characters of str: if str starts with '0x' or
'0X', radix 16 will be used; if str starts with '0', radix 8 will be
used; otherwise radix 10 will be used. If base is not 0, it must be
between 2 and 36, inclusive. Leading spaces are ignored. If there are
no digits, ValueError will be raised.

Convert a sequence of Unicode digits to a Python long integer value. The first
parameter, u, points to the first character of the Unicode string, length
gives the number of characters, and base is the radix for the conversion. The
radix must be in the range [2, 36]; if it is out of range, ValueError
will be raised.

New in version 1.6.

Changed in version 2.5: This function used an int for length. This might require
changes in your code for properly supporting 64-bit systems.

Return a C long representation of the contents of
pylong. If pylong is greater than LONG_MAX or less
than LONG_MIN, set *overflow to 1 or -1,
respectively, and return -1; otherwise, set *overflow to
0. If any other exception occurs (for example a TypeError or
MemoryError), then -1 will be returned and *overflow will
be 0.

Return a C longlong representation of the contents of
pylong. If pylong is greater than PY_LLONG_MAX or less
than PY_LLONG_MIN, set *overflow to 1 or -1,
respectively, and return -1; otherwise, set *overflow to
0. If any other exception occurs (for example a TypeError or
MemoryError), then -1 will be returned and *overflow will
be 0.

Convert a Python integer or long integer pylong to a C void pointer.
If pylong cannot be converted, an OverflowError will be raised. This
is only assured to produce a usable void pointer for values created
with PyLong_FromVoidPtr().

New in version 1.5.2.

Changed in version 2.5: For values outside 0..LONG_MAX, both signed and unsigned integers are accepted.