Autistic mice act a lot like human patients, study finds

Elaine Schmidt |
September 29, 2011

UCLA scientists have created a mouse model for autism that opens a window into the biological mechanisms that underlie the disease.

The researchers found that autistic mice share similar symptoms and behaviors with people on the autism spectrum, suggesting that mouse brains and human brains are wired surprisingly alike. If so, the model offers a promising way to test new therapies that may one day help people with autism.

The UCLA team focused on a gene called CNTNAP2 (contactin-associated protein-like 2), which scientists believe plays an important role in brain circuits responsible for language and speech. Previous research has linked common CNTNAP2 variants to heightened autism risk in the general population, while rare variants can lead to an inherited form of autism called cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome (CDFE).

UCLA researchers studied mice lacking CNTNAP2 and found that the animals demonstrated many features of human autism, including abnormal vocal communication, irregular social interaction and repetitive behaviors. The animals were hyperactive and suffered epileptic seizures, like patients with CDFE.

A closer look at the animals' brains before the seizures set in revealed abnormal development of brain-cell circuitry. The problems included irregularities in how neurons travel from their site of origin to their final position in the brain and in how groups of neurons communicate with each other.

The animals also possessed fewer nerve cells that connect the neurons that carry impulses into the central nervous system with those that transmit impulses out to the rest of the body.

This finding dovetails with Geschwind's earlier research, which found that children carrying the CNTNAP2 variant possess a disjointed brain. Their frontal lobe is over-connected to itself and poorly connected to the rest of the brain. Communication with the back of the brain was particularly diminished.

"Our observations are consistent with theories suggesting that autism rewires the brain to reduce long-range connections and boost short-range connections," Geschwind said. "The front of the brain talks mostly with itself. It doesn't communicate as much with other parts of the brain and lacks long-range connections to the back of the brain."

Geschwind admits that he initially had low expectations for the mouse model and was surprised by the findings. He never expected the behaviors of autistic mice and autistic humans to so closely resemble each other.

"I did not expect to see the same behaviors in mice as in humans because we don't know how many neural pathways are shared between the two species," he said. "This suggests the pathways are very similar — surprisingly so."

In a secondary finding, the animals also responded well to risperidone, a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration that is prescribed to autism patients to treat repetitive behaviors often associated with the disease.

Animals given the drug grew less hyperactive, showed less repetitive grooming behavior and were better at building nests. However, consistent with previous observations in human patients, the mice did not show improvement in social interactions.

"Our findings suggest that evolution has maintained the repetitive behaviors related to autism across species," Geschwind said. "If the same is true of social behaviors, we will use the mouse model to study potential therapies that may one day help people with autism."

His lab next aims to develop drug treatments to improve social skills and use the mouse model to explore the different brain-cell pathways that influence core autistic behaviors.

Geschwind's co-authors included Olga Penagarikano, Kellen Winden, Amos Gdalyahu, Hongmei Dong, Lisa Sonnenblick, Robin Gruver, Joel Almajano, Anatol Bragin, Peyman Golshani and Joshua Trachtenberg, all of UCLA; Brett Abrahams, formerly of UCLA and now at Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Edward Herman, formerly of UCLA and now at the Yale School of Medicine; and Elior Peles of Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science.

The research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health, the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation, and the UCLA Center for Autism Research and Treatment/Autism Center of Excellence.