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From Silent Spring: “It is our alarming misfortune that so primitive a science has armed itself with the most modern and terrible weapons, and that in turning them against the insects it has also turned them against the earth.”

Smarter, busier, poorer than everWage gap between women, men wider now than 10 years agoBy SHERRI BORDEN COLLEY Staff ReporterSat. Mar 8 - 5:05 AMNo matter where they live or how much education they have, women still have a long way to go before they get equal pay in many workplaces, says a newly released Canadian Labour Congress report.

"In fact, over the past 10 years, young women have done everything they were told to do to get ahead economically," Ivy Shaw, secretary treasurer of the Nova Scotia Federation of Labour, told a news conference at Province House on Friday.

"Young women have put off starting a family so they could earn a post-secondary degree and build a career. And now they are actually worse off. The wage gap between them and their male counterparts has actually grown.“

Women in the class…how does this make you feel? How might you become empowered?

“’environmentalism of the poor’ often differs significantly from the environmentalism of the rich…‘it combines a concern with the environment with an often more visible concern with social justice’” (qtd. in Bell, p. 160)

Postmaterialism is an ideological shift FROM concerns about money and physical safety (these are material values) TO concerns about freedom, self-expression, and quality of life (these are postmaterial values).

Many surveys have been conducted…to support this theory …Do You Agree?

the paradigm shift theory’s involvement in the rise of environmental concern: in response to discrepancies between the evidence of environmental threats and ideologies that do not consider environmental implications, people are slowly and steadily adopting a more environmentally aware view of the world…becoming more aware of the real material effects that industrial like has on the environment…their own ideologies, then, are beginning to change to match this new understanding.

There is an obvious problem of reducing such a complex matter as environmental ideology to only two categories; paradigm shift researchers are only assessing the degree to which the rest of the world agrees with them about what environmentalism is. (Western-Centric)

They use closed-ended surveys, so that doesn’t give respondents a chance to explain why they answered the way they did.

Finally, how might we assess long-termideological change with surveys of current public opinion?

Famous for saying: “Think like a mountain. … A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise. … The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, animals, or collectively: the land.”

How does one “think like a mountain?”

What do you make of the stamp illustration?

Who gets to say what beauty is in order to preserve it?

What would our society look like if there were laws against swatting a mosquito?

8. Social ecology, eco-feminism and eco-marxism, while raising important questions, are all human-centered and consider human-to-human relations within society to be more important and, in the final analysis, determine society's relationship to the natural world. Left biocentrism believes that an egalitarian, non-sexist, non-discriminating society, a highly desirable goal, can still be exploitive towards the Earth.

9. Left biocentrists are "movement greens" in basic orientation. They are critical of existing Green political parties, which have come to an accommodation with industrial society and have no accountability to the deep ecology movement.

BUT: HOW MANY WOMEN ARE IN POLITICS/ABLE TO BE PART OF A “MOVEMENT” IF THEY HAVE CHILDREN…? What kind of membership limitations do men have?

The Home: If animals are abused, or are threatened, in households, it is more likely that violence against women also exists.

Fur Industry: targets women; some say that fur marketing campaigns is a form of sexual harassment against women

Cosmetics: targets women; Is “Beauty without Cruelty” possible?

Nature is Feminine/Mother Nature: male domination of nature is said to parallel male domination of women/females

Animal Rights Movement: predominantly women; polemic challenge:

1. women are objectified in “sexist imagery” in order to draw attention to the movement (Playboy references; PETA has been heavily criticized for placing a tiger-painted woman in a cage with a slogan saying that wild animals don’t belong in cages…);

2. to draw attention to sexism, organizations such as Feminists for Animal Rights (FAR) attempt to bridge feminist concerns with other social concerns, such as companion animal organizations. Also, they work with women’s shelters around pet rescue in abusive situations.

Social Action Case Study: The Animal Protection Movement – Australian philosopher Peter Singer in 1975 wrote “Animal Liberation” stating that there cannot be any moral justification for refusing to take suffering into consideration, and, indeed, to count it equally with the like suffering…of any other being” CAN SOCIETIES EXIST WITHOUT CAUSING ENVIRONMENTAL/ANIMAL SUFFERING?