]>
Using Transport Layer Security (TLS) to Secure QUICMozillamartin.thomson@gmail.comsn3rdTransport
QUICThis document describes how Transport Layer Security (TLS) can be used to secure
QUIC.Discussion of this draft takes place on the QUIC working group mailing list
(quic@ietf.org), which is archived at
https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/search/?email_list=quic.Working Group information can be found at https://github.com/quicwg; source
code and issues list for this draft can be found at
https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/labels/tls.QUIC provides a multiplexed transport. When used for HTTP
semantics it provides several key advantages over
HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2 over TCP .This document describes how QUIC can be secured using Transport Layer Security
(TLS) version 1.3 . TLS 1.3 provides critical latency
improvements for connection establishment over previous versions. Absent packet
loss, most new connections can be established and secured within a single round
trip; on subsequent connections between the same client and server, the client
can often send application data immediately, that is, using a zero round trip
setup.This document describes how the standardized TLS 1.3 can act a security
component of QUIC. The same design could work for TLS 1.2, though few of the
benefits QUIC provides would be realized due to the handshake latency in
versions of TLS prior to 1.3.The words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “SHOULD”, and “MAY” are used in this document.
It’s not shouting; when they are capitalized, they have the special meaning
defined in .This document uses the terminology established in .For brevity, the acronym TLS is used to refer to TLS 1.3.TLS terminology is used when referring to parts of TLS. Though TLS assumes a
continuous stream of octets, it divides that stream into records. Most
relevant to QUIC are the records that contain TLS handshake messages, which
are discrete messages that are used for key agreement, authentication and
parameter negotiation. Ordinarily, TLS records can also contain application
data, though in the QUIC usage there is no use of TLS application data.QUIC assumes responsibility for the confidentiality and
integrity protection of packets. For this it uses keys derived from a TLS 1.3
connection ; QUIC also relies on TLS 1.3 for
authentication and negotiation of parameters that are critical to security and
performance.Rather than a strict layering, these two protocols are co-dependent: QUIC uses
the TLS handshake; TLS uses the reliability and ordered delivery provided by
QUIC streams.This document defines how QUIC interacts with TLS. This includes a description
of how TLS is used, how keying material is derived from TLS, and the application
of that keying material to protect QUIC packets. shows the basic
interactions between TLS and QUIC, with the QUIC packet protection being called
out specially.| |
| || |
| || TLS |
| | | |
| |The initial state of a QUIC connection has packets exchanged without any form of
protection. In this state, QUIC is limited to using stream 1 and associated
packets. Stream 1 is reserved for a TLS connection. This is a complete TLS
connection as it would appear when layered over TCP; the only difference is that
QUIC provides the reliability and ordering that would otherwise be provided by
TCP.At certain points during the TLS handshake, keying material is exported from the
TLS connection for use by QUIC. This keying material is used to derive packet
protection keys. Details on how and when keys are derived and used are included
in .This arrangement means that some TLS messages receive redundant protection from
both the QUIC packet protection and the TLS record protection. These messages
are limited in number; the TLS connection is rarely needed once the handshake
completes.TLS provides two endpoints a way to establish a means of communication over an
untrusted medium (that is, the Internet) that ensures that messages they
exchange cannot be observed, modified, or forged.TLS features can be separated into two basic functions: an authenticated key
exchange and record protection. QUIC primarily uses the authenticated key
exchange provided by TLS but provides its own packet protection.The TLS authenticated key exchange occurs between two entities: client and
server. The client initiates the exchange and the server responds. If the key
exchange completes successfully, both client and server will agree on a secret.
TLS supports both pre-shared key (PSK) and Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchanges.
PSK is the basis for 0-RTT; the latter provides perfect forward secrecy (PFS)
when the DH keys are destroyed.After completing the TLS handshake, the client will have learned and
authenticated an identity for the server and the server is optionally able to
learn and authenticate an identity for the client. TLS supports X.509
certificate-based authentication for both server and client.The TLS key exchange is resistent to tampering by attackers and it produces
shared secrets that cannot be controlled by either participating peer.TLS 1.3 provides two basic handshake modes of interest to QUIC:A full, 1-RTT handshake in which the client is able to send application data
after one round trip and the server immediately after receiving the first
handshake message from the client.A 0-RTT handshake in which the client uses information it has previously
learned about the server to send immediately. This data can be replayed by
an attacker so it MUST NOT carry a self-contained trigger for any
non-idempotent action.A simplified TLS 1.3 handshake with 0-RTT application data is shown in
, see for more options and details.
ServerHello
{EncryptedExtensions}
{Finished}
[Application Data] [Application Data]
]]>This 0-RTT handshake is only possible if the client and server have previously
communicated. In the 1-RTT handshake, the client is unable to send protected
application data until it has received all of the handshake messages sent by the
server.Two additional variations on this basic handshake exchange are relevant to this
document:The server can respond to a ClientHello with a HelloRetryRequest, which adds
an additional round trip prior to the basic exchange. This is needed if the
server wishes to request a different key exchange key from the client.
HelloRetryRequest is also used to verify that the client is correctly able to
receive packets on the address it claims to have (see ).A pre-shared key mode can be used for subsequent handshakes to avoid public
key operations. This is the basis for 0-RTT data, even if the remainder of
the connection is protected by a new Diffie-Hellman exchange.QUIC reserves stream 1 for a TLS connection. Stream 1 contains a complete TLS
connection, which includes the TLS record layer. Other than the definition of a
QUIC-specific extension (see Section-TBD), TLS is unmodified for this use. This
means that TLS will apply confidentiality and integrity protection to its
records. In particular, TLS record protection is what provides confidentiality
protection for the TLS handshake messages sent by the server.QUIC permits a client to send frames on streams starting from the first packet.
The initial packet from a client contains a stream frame for stream 1 that
contains the first TLS handshake messages from the client. This allows the TLS
handshake to start with the first packet that a client sends.QUIC packets are protected using a scheme that is specific to QUIC, see
. Keys are exported from the TLS connection when they
become available using a TLS exporter (see Section 7.3.3 of
and ). After keys are exported from
TLS, QUIC manages its own key schedule.The integration of QUIC with a TLS handshake is shown in more detail in
. QUIC STREAM frames on stream 1 carry the TLS
handshake. QUIC performs loss recovery for this stream and
ensures that TLS handshake messages are delivered in the correct order.:
ClientHello
+ QUIC Extension
-------->
0-RTT Key => @0
@0 QUIC STREAM Frame(s) :
Replayable QUIC Frames
-------->
QUIC STREAM Frame <1>: @C
ServerHello
{TLS Handshake Messages}
@1
QUIC Frames @1
:
(EndOfEarlyData)
{Finished}
-------->
@1 QUIC Frames QUIC Frames @1
]]>In , symbols mean:”<” and “>” enclose stream numbers.”@” indicates the key phase that is currently used for protecting QUIC
packets.”(“ and “)” enclose messages that are protected with TLS 0-RTT handshake or
application keys.”{“ and “}” enclose messages that are protected by the TLS Handshake keys.If 0-RTT is not attempted, then the client does not send packets protected by
the 0-RTT key (@0). In that case, the only key transition on the client is from
unprotected packets (@C) to 1-RTT protection (@1), which happens after it sends
its final set of TLS handshake messages.The server sends TLS handshake messages without protection (@C). The server
transitions from no protection (@C) to full 1-RTT protection (@1) after it sends
the last of its handshake messages.Some TLS handshake messages are protected by the TLS handshake record
protection. These keys are not exported from the TLS connection for use in
QUIC. QUIC packets from the server are sent in the clear until the final
transition to 1-RTT keys.The client transitions from cleartext (@C) to 0-RTT keys (@0) when sending 0-RTT
data, and subsequently to to 1-RTT keys (@1) after its second flight of TLS
handshake messages. This creates the potential for unprotected packets to be
received by a server in close proximity to packets that are protected with 1-RTT
keys.More information on key transitions is included in .As shown in , the interface from QUIC to TLS consists of four
primary functions: Handshake, Source Address Validation, Key Ready Events, and
Secret Export.Additional functions might be needed to configure TLS.In order to drive the handshake, TLS depends on being able to send and receive
handshake messages on stream 1. There are two basic functions on this
interface: one where QUIC requests handshake messages and one where QUIC
provides handshake packets.Before starting the handshake QUIC provides TLS with the transport parameters
(see ) that it wishes to carry.A QUIC client starts TLS by requesting TLS handshake octets from
TLS. The client acquires handshake octets before sending its first packet.A QUIC server starts the process by providing TLS with stream 1 octets.Each time that an endpoint receives data on stream 1, it delivers the octets to
TLS if it is able. Each time that TLS is provided with new data, new handshake
octets are requested from TLS. TLS might not provide any octets if the
handshake messages it has received are incomplete or it has no data to send.Once the TLS handshake is complete, this is indicated to QUIC along with any
final handshake octets that TLS needs to send. TLS also provides QUIC with the
transport parameters that the peer advertised during the handshake.Once the handshake is complete, TLS becomes passive. TLS can still receive data
from its peer and respond in kind, but it will not need to send more data unless
specifically requested - either by an application or QUIC. One reason to send
data is that the server might wish to provide additional or updated session
tickets to a client.When the handshake is complete, QUIC only needs to provide TLS with any data
that arrives on stream 1. In the same way that is done during the handshake,
new data is requested from TLS after providing received data.
Until the handshake is reported as complete, the connection and key exchange
are not properly authenticated at the server. Even though 1-RTT keys are
available to a server after receiving the first handshake messages from a
client, the server cannot consider the client to be authenticated until it
receives and validates the client’s Finished message.The requirement for the server to wait for the client Finished message creates
a dependency on that message being delivered. A client can avoid the
potential for head-of-line blocking that this implies by sending a copy of the
STREAM frame that carries the Finished message in multiple packets. This
enables immediate server processing for those packets.During the processing of the TLS ClientHello, TLS requests that the transport
make a decision about whether to request source address validation from the
client.An initial TLS ClientHello that resumes a session includes an address validation
token in the session ticket; this includes all attempts at 0-RTT. If the client
does not attempt session resumption, no token will be present. While processing
the initial ClientHello, TLS provides QUIC with any token that is present. In
response, QUIC provides one of three responses:proceed with the connection,ask for client address validation, orabort the connection.If QUIC requests source address validation, it also provides a new address
validation token. TLS includes that along with any information it requires in
the cookie extension of a TLS HelloRetryRequest message. In the other cases,
the connection either proceeds or terminates with a handshake error.The client echoes the cookie extension in a second ClientHello. A ClientHello
that contains a valid cookie extension will be always be in response to a
HelloRetryRequest. If address validation was requested by QUIC, then this will
include an address validation token. TLS makes a second address validation
request of QUIC, including the value extracted from the cookie extension. In
response to this request, QUIC cannot ask for client address validation, it can
only abort or permit the connection attempt to proceed.QUIC can provide a new address validation token for use in session resumption at
any time after the handshake is complete. Each time a new token is provided TLS
generates a NewSessionTicket message, with the token included in the ticket.See for more details on client address validation.TLS provides QUIC with signals when 0-RTT and 1-RTT keys are ready for use.
These events are not asynchronous, they always occur immediately after TLS is
provided with new handshake octets, or after TLS produces handshake octets.When TLS completed its handshake, 1-RTT keys can be provided to QUIC. On both
client and server, this occurs after sending the TLS Finished message.This ordering means that there could be frames that carry TLS handshake messages
ready to send at the same time that application data is available. An
implementation MUST ensure that TLS handshake messages are always sent in
cleartext packets. Separate packets are required for data that needs protection
from 1-RTT keys.If 0-RTT is possible, it is ready after the client sends a TLS ClientHello
message or the server receives that message. After providing a QUIC client with
the first handshake octets, the TLS stack might signal that 0-RTT keys are
ready. On the server, after receiving handshake octets that contain a
ClientHello message, a TLS server might signal that 0-RTT keys are available.1-RTT keys are used for packets in both directions. 0-RTT keys are only
used to protect packets sent by the client.Details how secrets are exported from TLS are included in . summarizes the exchange between QUIC and TLS for both
client and server.
Handshake Received
0-RTT Key Ready
Get Handshake
1-RTT Keys Ready
Handshake Received
Get Handshake
Handshake Complete
This document describes how TLS 1.3 is used with QUIC.In practice, the TLS handshake will negotiate a version of TLS to use. This
could result in a newer version of TLS than 1.3 being negotiated if both
endpoints support that version. This is acceptable provided that the features
of TLS 1.3 that are used by QUIC are supported by the newer version.A badly configured TLS implementation could negotiate TLS 1.2 or another older
version of TLS. An endpoint MUST terminate the connection if a version of TLS
older than 1.3 is negotiated.QUIC requires that the initial handshake packet from a client fit within a
single packet of at least 1280 octets. With framing and packet overheads this
value could be reduced.A TLS ClientHello can fit within this limit with ample space remaining.
However, there are several variables that could cause this limit to be exceeded.
Implementations are reminded that large session tickets or HelloRetryRequest
cookies, multiple or large key shares, and long lists of supported ciphers,
signature algorithms, versions, QUIC transport parameters, and other negotiable
parameters and extensions could cause this message to grow.For servers, the size of the session tickets and HelloRetryRequest cookie
extension can have an effect on a client’s ability to connect. Choosing a small
value increases the probability that these values can be successfully used by a
client.A TLS implementation does not need to enforce this size constraint. QUIC
padding can be used to reach this size, meaning that a TLS server is unlikely to
receive a large ClientHello message.The requirements for authentication depend on the application protocol that is
in use. TLS provides server authentication and permits the server to request
client authentication.A client MUST authenticate the identity of the server. This typically involves
verification that the identity of the server is included in a certificate and
that the certificate is issued by a trusted entity (see for example
).A server MAY request that the client authenticate during the handshake. A server
MAY refuse a connection if the client is unable to authenticate when requested.
The requirements for client authentication vary based on application protocol
and deployment.A server MUST NOT use post-handshake client authentication (see Section 4.6.2 of
).Errors in the TLS connection SHOULD be signaled using TLS alerts on stream 1. A
failure in the handshake MUST be treated as a QUIC connection error of type
TLS_HANDSHAKE_FAILED. Once the handshake is complete, an error in the TLS
connection that causes a TLS alert to be sent or received MUST be treated as a
QUIC connection error of type TLS_FATAL_ALERT_GENERATED or
TLS_FATAL_ALERT_RECEIVED respectively.QUIC packet protection provides authenticated encryption of packets. This
provides confidentiality and integrity protection for the content of packets
(see ). Packet protection uses keys that are exported from the TLS
connection (see ).Different keys are used for QUIC packet protection and TLS record protection.
Having separate QUIC and TLS record protection means that TLS records can be
protected by two different keys. This redundancy is limited to only a few TLS
records, and is maintained for the sake of simplicity.As TLS reports the availability of keying material, the packet protection keys
and initialization vectors (IVs) are updated (see ). The
selection of AEAD function is also updated to match the AEAD negotiated by TLS.For packets other than any unprotected handshake packets (see ),
once a change of keys has been made, packets with higher packet numbers MUST use
the new keying material. The KEY_PHASE bit on these packets is inverted each
time new keys are installed to signal the use of the new keys to the recipient
(see for details).An endpoint retransmits stream data in a new packet. New packets have new
packet numbers and use the latest packet protection keys. This simplifies key
management when there are key updates (see ).QUIC uses a system of packet protection secrets, keys and IVs that are modelled
on the system used in TLS . The secrets that QUIC uses
as the basis of its key schedule are obtained using TLS exporters (see Section
7.3.3 of ).QUIC uses HKDF with the same hash function negotiated by TLS for
key derivation. For example, if TLS is using the TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, the
SHA-256 hash function is used.0-RTT keys are those keys that are used in resumed connections prior to the
completion of the TLS handshake. Data sent using 0-RTT keys might be replayed
and so has some restrictions on its use, see . 0-RTT keys
are used after sending or receiving a ClientHello.The secret is exported from TLS using the exporter label “EXPORTER-QUIC 0-RTT
Secret” and an empty context. The size of the secret MUST be the size of the
hash output for the PRF hash function negotiated by TLS. This uses the TLS
early_exporter_secret. The QUIC 0-RTT secret is only used for protection of
packets sent by the client.1-RTT keys are used by both client and server after the TLS handshake completes.
There are two secrets used at any time: one is used to derive packet protection
keys for packets sent by the client, the other for packet protection keys on
packets sent by the server.The initial client packet protection secret is exported from TLS using the
exporter label “EXPORTER-QUIC client 1-RTT Secret”; the initial server packet
protection secret uses the exporter label “EXPORTER-QUIC server 1-RTT Secret”.
Both exporters use an empty context. The size of the secret MUST be the size of
the hash output for the PRF hash function negotiated by TLS.These secrets are used to derive the initial client and server packet protection
keys.After a key update (see ), these secrets are updated using the
HKDF-Expand-Label function defined in Section 7.1 of .
HKDF-Expand-Label uses the PRF hash function negotiated by TLS. The
replacement secret is derived using the existing Secret, a Label of “QUIC client
1-RTT Secret” for the client and “QUIC server 1-RTT Secret” for the server, an
empty HashValue, and the same output Length as the hash function selected by TLS
for its PRF.
= HKDF-Expand-Label(client_pp_secret_,
"QUIC client 1-RTT Secret",
"", Hash.length)
server_pp_secret_
= HKDF-Expand-Label(server_pp_secret_,
"QUIC server 1-RTT Secret",
"", Hash.length)
]]>This allows for a succession of new secrets to be created as needed.HKDF-Expand-Label uses HKDF-Expand with a specially formatted info
parameter. The info parameter that includes the output length (in this case,
the size of the PRF hash output) encoded on two octets in network byte order,
the length of the prefixed Label as a single octet, the value of the Label
prefixed with “TLS 1.3, “, and a zero octet to indicate an empty HashValue. For
example, the client packet protection secret uses an info parameter of:The complete key expansion uses an identical process for key expansion as
defined in Section 7.3 of , using different values for
the input secret. QUIC uses the AEAD function negotiated by TLS.The packet protection key and IV used to protect the 0-RTT packets sent by a
client use the QUIC 0-RTT secret. This uses the HKDF-Expand-Label with the PRF
hash function negotiated by TLS.The length of the output is determined by the requirements of the AEAD function
selected by TLS. The key length is the AEAD key size. As defined in Section
5.3 of , the IV length is the larger of 8 or N_MIN (see
Section 4 of ).Similarly, the packet protection key and IV used to protect 1-RTT packets sent
by both client and server use the current packet protection secret. = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_pp_secret_,
"key", "", key_length)
client_pp_iv_ = HKDF-Expand-Label(client_pp_secret_,
"iv", "", iv_length)
server_pp_key_ = HKDF-Expand-Label(server_pp_secret_,
"key", "", key_length)
server_pp_iv_ = HKDF-Expand-Label(server_pp_secret_,
"iv", "", iv_length)
]]>The client protects (or encrypts) packets with the client packet protection key
and IV; the server protects packets with the server packet protection key.The QUIC record protection initially starts without keying material. When the
TLS state machine reports that the ClientHello has been sent, the 0-RTT keys can
be generated and installed for writing. When the TLS state machine reports
completion of the handshake, the 1-RTT keys can be generated and installed for
writing.The Authentication Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) function
used for QUIC packet protection is AEAD that is negotiated for use with the TLS
connection. For example, if TLS is using the TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256, the
AEAD_AES_128_GCM function is used.Regular QUIC packets are protected by an AEAD . Version negotiation
and public reset packets are not protected.Once TLS has provided a key, the contents of regular QUIC packets immediately
after any TLS messages have been sent are protected by the AEAD selected by TLS.The key, K, for the AEAD is either the client packet protection key
(client_pp_key_n) or the server packet protection key (server_pp_key_n), derived
as defined in .The nonce, N, for the AEAD is formed by combining either the packet protection
IV (either client_pp_iv_n or server_pp_iv_n) with packet numbers. The 64 bits
of the reconstructed QUIC packet number in network byte order is left-padded
with zeros to the size of the IV. The exclusive OR of the padded packet number
and the IV forms the AEAD nonce.The associated data, A, for the AEAD is the contents of the QUIC header,
starting from the flags octet in the common header.The input plaintext, P, for the AEAD is the contents of the QUIC frame following
the packet number, as described in .The output ciphertext, C, of the AEAD is transmitted in place of P.Prior to TLS providing keys, no record protection is performed and the
plaintext, P, is transmitted unmodified.QUIC has a single, contiguous packet number space. In comparison, TLS
restarts its sequence number each time that record protection keys are
changed. The sequence number restart in TLS ensures that a compromise of the
current traffic keys does not allow an attacker to truncate the data that is
sent after a key update by sending additional packets under the old key
(causing new packets to be discarded).QUIC does not assume a reliable transport and is required to handle attacks
where packets are dropped in other ways. QUIC is therefore not affected by this
form of truncation.The QUIC packet number is not reset and it is not permitted to go higher than
its maximum value of 2^64-1. This establishes a hard limit on the number of
packets that can be sent.Some AEAD functions have limits for how many packets can be encrypted under the
same key and IV (see for example ). This might be lower than the
packet number limit. An endpoint MUST initiate a key update ()
prior to exceeding any limit set for the AEAD that is in use.TLS maintains a separate sequence number that is used for record protection on
the connection that is hosted on stream 1. This sequence number is not visible
to QUIC.Once an endpoint successfully receives a packet with a given packet number, it
MUST discard all packets with higher packet numbers if they cannot be
successfully unprotected with either the same key, or - if there is a key update
- the next packet protection key (see ). Similarly, a packet that
appears to trigger a key update, but cannot be unprotected successfully MUST be
discarded.Failure to unprotect a packet does not necessarily indicate the existence of a
protocol error in a peer or an attack. The truncated packet number encoding
used in QUIC can cause packet numbers to be decoded incorrectly if they are
delayed significantly.As TLS reports the availability of 0-RTT and 1-RTT keys, new keying material can
be exported from TLS and used for QUIC packet protection. At each transition
during the handshake a new secret is exported from TLS and packet protection
keys are derived from that secret.Every time that a new set of keys is used for protecting outbound packets, the
KEY_PHASE bit in the public flags is toggled. The exception is the transition
from 0-RTT keys to 1-RTT keys, where the presence of the version field and its
associated bit is used (see ).Once the connection is fully enabled, the KEY_PHASE bit allows a recipient to
detect a change in keying material without necessarily needing to receive the
first packet that triggered the change. An endpoint that notices a changed
KEY_PHASE bit can update keys and decrypt the packet that contains the changed
bit, see .The KEY_PHASE bit is the third bit of the public flags (0x04).Transitions between keys during the handshake are complicated by the need to
ensure that TLS handshake messages are sent with the correct packet protection.The initial exchange of packets are sent without protection. These packets are
marked with a KEY_PHASE of 0.TLS handshake messages MUST NOT be protected using QUIC packet protection. A
KEY_PHASE of 0 is used for all of these packets, even during retransmission.
The messages affected are all TLS handshake message up to the TLS Finished that
is sent by each endpoint.Any TLS handshake messages that are sent after completing the TLS handshake do
not need special packet protection rules. Packets containing these messages use
the packet protection keys that are current at the time of sending (or
retransmission).Like the client, a server MUST send retransmissions of its unprotected handshake
messages or acknowledgments for unprotected handshake messages sent by the
client in unprotected packets (KEY_PHASE=0).Once the TLS handshake is complete, keying material is exported from TLS and
QUIC packet protection commences.Packets protected with 1-RTT keys have a KEY_PHASE bit set to 1. These packets
also have a VERSION bit set to 0.If the client sends 0-RTT data, it marks packets protected with 0-RTT keys with
a KEY_PHASE of 1 and a VERSION bit of 1. Setting the version bit means that all
packets also include the version field. The client retains the VERSION bit, but
reverts the KEY_PHASE bit for the packet that contains the TLS EndOfEarlyData
and Finished messages.The client clears the VERSION bit and sets the KEY_PHASE bit to 1 when it
transitions to using 1-RTT keys.Marking 0-RTT data with the both KEY_PHASE and VERSION bits ensures that the
server is able to identify these packets as 0-RTT data in case packets
containing TLS handshake message are lost or delayed. Including the version
also ensures that the packet format is known to the server in this case.Using both KEY_PHASE and VERSION also ensures that the server is able to
distinguish between cleartext handshake packets (KEY_PHASE=0, VERSION=1), 0-RTT
protected packets (KEY_PHASE=1, VERSION=1), and 1-RTT protected packets
(KEY_PHASE=1, VERSION=0). Packets with all of these markings can arrive
concurrently, and being able to identify each cleanly ensures that the correct
packet protection keys can be selected and applied.A server might choose to retain 0-RTT packets that arrive before a TLS
ClientHello. The server can then use those packets once the ClientHello
arrives. However, the potential for denial of service from buffering 0-RTT
packets is significant. These packets cannot be authenticated and so might be
employed by an attacker to exhaust server resources. Limiting the number of
packets that are saved might be necessary.The server transitions to using 1-RTT keys after sending its first flight of TLS
handshake messages. From this point, the server protects all packets with 1-RTT
keys. Future packets are therefore protected with 1-RTT keys and marked with a
KEY_PHASE of 1.TLS handshake messages from both client and server are critical to the key
exchange. The contents of these messages determines the keys used to protect
later messages. If these handshake messages are included in packets that are
protected with these keys, they will be indecipherable to the recipient.Even though newer keys could be available when retranmitting, retransmissions of
these handshake messages MUST be sent in unprotected packets (with a KEY_PHASE
of 0). An endpoint MUST also generate ACK frames for these messages that are
sent in unprotected packets.A HelloRetryRequest handshake message might be used to reject an initial
ClientHello. A HelloRetryRequest handshake message and any second ClientHello
that is sent in response MUST also be sent without packet protection. This is
natural, because no new keying material will be available when these messages
need to be sent. Upon receipt of a HelloRetryRequest, a client SHOULD cease any
transmission of 0-RTT data; 0-RTT data will only be discarded by any server that
sends a HelloRetryRequest.The KEY_PHASE and VERSION bits ensure that protected packets are clearly
distinguished from unprotected packets. Loss or reordering might cause
unprotected packets to arrive once 1-RTT keys are in use, unprotected packets
are easily distinguished from 1-RTT packets.Once 1-RTT keys are available to an endpoint, it no longer needs the TLS
handshake messages that are carried in unprotected packets. However, a server
might need to retransmit its TLS handshake messages in response to receiving an
unprotected packet that contains ACK frames. A server MUST process ACK frames
in unprotected packets until the TLS handshake is reported as complete, or it
receives an ACK frame in a protected packet that acknowledges all of its
handshake messages.To limit the number of key phases that could be active, an endpoint MUST NOT
initiate a key update while there are any unacknowledged handshake messages, see
.Once the TLS handshake is complete, the KEY_PHASE bit allows for refreshes of
keying material by either peer. Endpoints start using updated keys immediately
without additional signaling; the change in the KEY_PHASE bit indicates that a
new key is in use.An endpoint MUST NOT initiate more than one key update at a time. A new key
cannot be used until the endpoint has received and successfully decrypted a
packet with a matching KEY_PHASE. Note that when 0-RTT is attempted the value
of the KEY_PHASE bit will be different on packets sent by either peer.A receiving endpoint detects an update when the KEY_PHASE bit doesn’t match what
it is expecting. It creates a new secret (see ) and the
corresponding read key and IV. If the packet can be decrypted and authenticated
using these values, then the keys it uses for packet protection are also
updated. The next packet sent by the endpoint will then use the new keys.An endpoint doesn’t need to send packets immediately when it detects that its
peer has updated keys. The next packet that it sends will simply use the new
keys. If an endpoint detects a second update before it has sent any packets
with updated keys it indicates that its peer has updated keys twice without
awaiting a reciprocal update. An endpoint MUST treat consecutive key updates as
a fatal error and abort the connection.An endpoint SHOULD retain old keys for a short period to allow it to decrypt
packets with smaller packet numbers than the packet that triggered the key
update. This allows an endpoint to consume packets that are reordered around
the transition between keys. Packets with higher packet numbers always use the
updated keys and MUST NOT be decrypted with old keys.Keys and their corresponding secrets SHOULD be discarded when an endpoint has
received all packets with sequence numbers lower than the lowest sequence number
used for the new key. An endpoint might discard keys if it determines that the
length of the delay to affected packets is excessive.This ensures that once the handshake is complete, packets with the same
KEY_PHASE will have the same packet protection keys, unless there are multiple
key updates in a short time frame succession and significant packet reordering. @N
@N QUIC Frames
-------->
QUIC Frames @M
New Keys -> @N
QUIC Frames @N
As shown in and , there is never a
situation where there are more than two different sets of keying material that
might be received by a peer. Once both sending and receiving keys have been
updated,A server cannot initiate a key update until it has received the client’s
Finished message. Otherwise, packets protected by the updated keys could be
confused for retransmissions of handshake messages. A client cannot initiate a
key update until all of its handshake messages have been acknowledged by the
server.A packet that triggers a key update could arrive after successfully processing a
packet with a higher packet number. This is only possible if there is a key
compromise and an attack, or if the peer is incorrectly reverting to use of old
keys. Because the latter cannot be differentiated from an attack, an endpoint
MUST immediately terminate the connection if it detects this condition.Two tools are provided by TLS to enable validation of client source addresses at
a server: the cookie in the HelloRetryRequest message, and the ticket in the
NewSessionTicket message.The cookie extension in the TLS HelloRetryRequest message allows a server to
perform source address validation during the handshake.When QUIC requests address validation during the processing of the first
ClientHello, the token it provides is included in the cookie extension of a
HelloRetryRequest. As long as the cookie cannot be successfully guessed by a
client, the server can be assured that the client received the HelloRetryRequest
if it includes the value in a second ClientHello.An initial ClientHello never includes a cookie extension. Thus, if a server
constructs a cookie that contains all the information necessary to reconstruct
state, it can discard local state after sending a HelloRetryRequest. Presence
of a valid cookie in a ClientHello indicates that the ClientHello is a second
attempt from the client.An address validation token can be extracted from a second ClientHello and
passed to the transport for further validation. If that validation fails, the
server MUST fail the TLS handshake and send an illegal_parameter alert.Combining address validation with the other uses of HelloRetryRequest ensures
that there are fewer ways in which an additional round-trip can be added to the
handshake. In particular, this makes it possible to combine a request for
address validation with a request for a different client key share.If TLS needs to send a HelloRetryRequest for other reasons, it needs to ensure
that it can correctly identify the reason that the HelloRetryRequest was
generated. During the processing of a second ClientHello, TLS does not need to
consult the transport protocol regarding address validation if address
validation was not requested originally. In such cases, the cookie extension
could either be absent or it could indicate that an address validation token is
not present.The ticket in the TLS NewSessionTicket message allows a server to provide a
client with a similar sort of token. When a client resumes a TLS connection -
whether or not 0-RTT is attempted - it includes the ticket in the handshake
message. As with the HelloRetryRequest cookie, the server includes the address
validation token in the ticket. TLS provides the token it extracts from the
session ticket to the transport when it asks whether source address validation
is needed.If both a HelloRetryRequest cookie and a session ticket are present in the
ClientHello, only the token from the cookie is passed to the transport. The
presence of a cookie indicates that this is a second ClientHello - the token
from the session ticket will have been provided to the transport when it
appeared in the first ClientHello.A server can send a NewSessionTicket message at any time. This allows it to
update the state - and the address validation token - that is included in the
ticket. This might be done to refresh the ticket or token, or it might be
generated in response to changes in the state of the connection. QUIC can
request that a NewSessionTicket be sent by providing a new address validation
token.A server that intends to support 0-RTT SHOULD provide an address validation
token immediately after completing the TLS handshake.TLS MUST provide integrity protection for address validation token unless the
transport guarantees integrity protection by other means. For a
NewSessionTicket that includes confidential information - such as the resumption
secret - including the token under authenticated encryption ensures that the
token gains both confidentiality and integrity protection without duplicating
the overheads of that protection.Implementations MUST NOT exchange data on any stream other than stream 1 without
packet protection. QUIC requires the use of several types of frame for managing
loss detection and recovery during this phase. In addition, it might be useful
to use the data acquired during the exchange of unauthenticated messages for
congestion control.This section generally only applies to TLS handshake messages from both peers
and acknowledgments of the packets carrying those messages. In many cases, the
need for servers to provide acknowledgments is minimal, since the messages that
clients send are small and implicitly acknowledged by the server’s responses.The actions that a peer takes as a result of receiving an unauthenticated packet
needs to be limited. In particular, state established by these packets cannot
be retained once record protection commences.There are several approaches possible for dealing with unauthenticated packets
prior to handshake completion:discard and ignore themuse them, but reset any state that is established once the handshake completesuse them and authenticate them afterwards; failing the handshake if they can’t
be authenticatedsave them and use them when they can be properly authenticatedtreat them as a fatal errorDifferent strategies are appropriate for different types of data. This document
proposes that all strategies are possible depending on the type of message.Transport parameters are made usable and authenticated as part of the TLS
handshake (see ).Most unprotected messages are treated as fatal errors when received except for
the small number necessary to permit the handshake to complete (see
).Protected packets can either be discarded or saved and later used (see
).This section describes the handling of messages that are sent and received prior
to the completion of the TLS handshake.Sending and receiving unprotected messages is hazardous. Unless expressly
permitted, receipt of an unprotected message of any kind MUST be treated as a
fatal error.STREAM frames for stream 1 are permitted. These carry the TLS handshake
messages. Once 1-RTT keys are available, unprotected STREAM frames on stream
1 can be ignored.Receiving unprotected STREAM frames for other streams MUST be treated as a
fatal error.ACK frames are permitted prior to the handshake being complete. Information
learned from ACK frames cannot be entirely relied upon, since an attacker is
able to inject these packets. Timing and packet retransmission information from
ACK frames is critical to the functioning of the protocol, but these frames
might be spoofed or altered.Endpoints MUST NOT use an unprotected ACK frame to acknowledge data that was
protected by 0-RTT or 1-RTT keys. An endpoint MUST ignore an unprotected ACK
frame if it claims to acknowledge data that was sent in a protected packet.
Such an acknowledgement can only serve as a denial of service, since an endpoint
that can read protected data is always able to send protected data.
What about 0-RTT data? Should we allow acknowledgment of 0-RTT with
unprotected frames? If we don’t, then 0-RTT data will be unacknowledged until
the handshake completes. This isn’t a problem if the handshake completes
without loss, but it could mean that 0-RTT stalls when a handshake packet
disappears for any reason.An endpoint SHOULD use data from unprotected or 0-RTT-protected ACK frames
only during the initial handshake and while they have insufficient information
from 1-RTT-protected ACK frames. Once sufficient information has been
obtained from protected messages, information obtained from less reliable
sources can be discarded.WINDOW_UPDATE frames MUST NOT be sent unprotected.Though data is exchanged on stream 1, the initial flow control window is
sufficiently large to allow the TLS handshake to complete. This limits the
maximum size of the TLS handshake and would prevent a server or client from
using an abnormally large certificate chain.Stream 1 is exempt from the connection-level flow control window.Accepting unprotected - specifically unauthenticated - packets presents a denial
of service risk to endpoints. An attacker that is able to inject unprotected
packets can cause a recipient to drop even protected packets with a matching
sequence number. The spurious packet shadows the genuine packet, causing the
genuine packet to be ignored as redundant.Once the TLS handshake is complete, both peers MUST ignore unprotected packets.
From that point onward, unprotected messages can be safely dropped.Since only TLS handshake packets and acknowledgments are sent in the clear, an
attacker is able to force implementations to rely on retransmission for packets
that are lost or shadowed. Thus, an attacker that intends to deny service to an
endpoint has to drop or shadow protected packets in order to ensure that their
victim continues to accept unprotected packets. The ability to shadow packets
means that an attacker does not need to be on path.
This would not be an issue if QUIC had a randomized starting sequence number.
If we choose to randomize, we fix this problem and reduce the denial of
service exposure to on-path attackers. The only possible problem is in
authenticating the initial value, so that peers can be sure that they haven’t
missed an initial message.In addition to causing valid packets to be dropped, an attacker can generate
packets with an intent of causing the recipient to expend processing resources.
See for a discussion of these risks.To avoid receiving TLS packets that contain no useful data, a TLS implementation
MUST reject empty TLS handshake records and any record that is not permitted by
the TLS state machine. Any TLS application data or alerts that is received
prior to the end of the handshake MUST be treated as a fatal error.If 0-RTT keys are available, the lack of replay protection means that
restrictions on their use are necessary to avoid replay attacks on the protocol.A client MUST only use 0-RTT keys to protect data that is idempotent. A client
MAY wish to apply additional restrictions on what data it sends prior to the
completion of the TLS handshake. A client otherwise treats 0-RTT keys as
equivalent to 1-RTT keys.A client that receives an indication that its 0-RTT data has been accepted by a
server can send 0-RTT data until it receives all of the server’s handshake
messages. A client SHOULD stop sending 0-RTT data if it receives an indication
that 0-RTT data has been rejected.A server MUST NOT use 0-RTT keys to protect packets.Due to reordering and loss, protected packets might be received by an endpoint
before the final TLS handshake messages are received. A client will be unable
to decrypt 1-RTT packets from the server, whereas a server will be able to
decrypt 1-RTT packets from the client.Packets protected with 1-RTT keys MAY be stored and later decrypted and used
once the handshake is complete. A server MUST NOT use 1-RTT protected packets
before verifying either the client Finished message or - in the case that the
server has chosen to use a pre-shared key - the pre-shared key binder (see
Section 4.2.8 of ). Verifying these values provides the
server with an assurance that the ClientHello has not been modified.A server could receive packets protected with 0-RTT keys prior to receiving a
TLS ClientHello. The server MAY retain these packets for later decryption in
anticipation of receiving a ClientHello.Receiving and verifying the TLS Finished message is critical in ensuring the
integrity of the TLS handshake. A server MUST NOT use protected packets from
the client prior to verifying the client Finished message if its response
depends on client authentication.QUIC uses the TLS handshake for more than just negotiation of cryptographic
parameters. The TLS handshake validates protocol version selection, provides
preliminary values for QUIC transport parameters, and allows a server to perform
return routeability checks on clients.The QUIC version negotiation mechanism is used to negotiate the version of QUIC
that is used prior to the completion of the handshake. However, this packet is
not authenticated, enabling an active attacker to force a version downgrade.To ensure that a QUIC version downgrade is not forced by an attacker, version
information is copied into the TLS handshake, which provides integrity
protection for the QUIC negotiation. This does not prevent version downgrade
during the handshake, though it means that such a downgrade causes a handshake
failure.TLS uses Application Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) to select an
application protocol. The application-layer protocol MAY restrict the QUIC
versions that it can operate over. Servers MUST select an application protocol
compatible with the QUIC version that the client has selected.If the server cannot select a compatible combination of application protocol and
QUIC version, it MUST abort the connection. A client MUST abort a connection if
the server picks an incompatible combination of QUIC version and ALPN
identifier.QUIC transport parameters are carried in a TLS extension. Different versions of
QUIC might define a different format for this struct.Including transport parameters in the TLS handshake provides integrity
protection for these values.The extension_data field of the quic_transport_parameters extension contains a
value that is defined by the version of QUIC that is in use. The
quic_transport_parameters extension carries a TransportParameters when the
version of QUIC defined in is used.QUIC uses TLS without modification. Therefore, it is possible to use a
pre-shared key that was obtained in a TLS connection over TCP to enable 0-RTT in
QUIC. Similarly, QUIC can provide a pre-shared key that can be used to enable
0-RTT in TCP.All the restrictions on the use of 0-RTT apply, with the exception of the ALPN
label, which MUST only change to a label that is explicitly designated as being
compatible. The client indicates which ALPN label it has chosen by placing that
ALPN label first in the ALPN extension.The certificate that the server uses MUST be considered valid for both
connections, which will use different protocol stacks and could use different
port numbers. For instance, HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 operate over TLS and TCP,
whereas QUIC operates over UDP.Source address validation is not completely portable between different protocol
stacks. Even if the source IP address remains constant, the port number is
likely to be different. Packet reflection attacks are still possible in this
situation, though the set of hosts that can initiate these attacks is greatly
reduced. A server might choose to avoid source address validation for such a
connection, or allow an increase to the amount of data that it sends toward the
client without source validation.There are likely to be some real clangers here eventually, but the current set
of issues is well captured in the relevant sections of the main text.Never assume that because it isn’t in the security considerations section it
doesn’t affect security. Most of this document does.A small ClientHello that results in a large block of handshake messages from a
server can be used in packet reflection attacks to amplify the traffic generated
by an attacker.Certificate caching can reduce the size of the server’s handshake
messages significantly.QUIC requires that the packet containing a ClientHello be padded to the size of
the maximum transmission unit (MTU). A server is less likely to generate a
packet reflection attack if the data it sends is a small multiple of this size.
A server SHOULD use a HelloRetryRequest if the size of the handshake messages it
sends is likely to significantly exceed the size of the packet containing the
ClientHello.QUIC, TLS and HTTP/2 all contain a messages that have legitimate uses in some
contexts, but that can be abused to cause a peer to expend processing resources
without having any observable impact on the state of the connection. If
processing is disproportionately large in comparison to the observable effects
on bandwidth or state, then this could allow a malicious peer to exhaust
processing capacity without consequence.QUIC prohibits the sending of empty STREAM frames unless they are marked with
the FIN bit. This prevents STREAM frames from being sent that only waste
effort.TLS records SHOULD always contain at least one octet of a handshake messages or
alert. Records containing only padding are permitted during the handshake, but
an excessive number might be used to generate unnecessary work. Once the TLS
handshake is complete, endpoints SHOULD NOT send TLS application data records
unless it is to hide the length of QUIC records. QUIC packet protection does
not include any allowance for padding; padded TLS application data records can
be used to mask the length of QUIC frames.While there are legitimate uses for some redundant packets, implementations
SHOULD track redundant packets and treat excessive volumes of any non-productive
packets as indicative of an attack.The portion of the QUIC error code space allocated for the crypto handshake is
0xC0000000-0xFFFFFFFF. The following error codes are defined when TLS is used
for the crypto handshake:
The TLS handshake failed.
A TLS fatal alert was sent, causing the TLS connection to end prematurely.
A TLS fatal alert was received, causing the TLS connection to end prematurely.This document has no IANA actions. Yet.QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure TransportGoogleMozillaHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and RoutingThe Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a stateless application-level protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypertext information systems. This document provides an overview of HTTP architecture and its associated terminology, defines the "http" and "https" Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes, defines the HTTP/1.1 message syntax and parsing requirements, and describes related security concerns for implementations.The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.3This document specifies version 1.3 of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. TLS allows client/server applications to communicate over the Internet in a way that is designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery.Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement LevelsIn many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF)This document specifies a simple Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC)-based key derivation function (HKDF), which can be used as a building block in various protocols and applications. The key derivation function (KDF) is intended to support a wide range of applications and requirements, and is conservative in its use of cryptographic hash functions. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated EncryptionThis document defines algorithms for Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD), and defines a uniform interface and a registry for such algorithms. The interface and registry can be used as an application-independent set of cryptoalgorithm suites. This approach provides advantages in efficiency and security, and promotes the reuse of crypto implementations. [STANDARDS-TRACK]Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation ExtensionThis document describes a Transport Layer Security (TLS) extension for application-layer protocol negotiation within the TLS handshake. For instances in which multiple application protocols are supported on the same TCP or UDP port, this extension allows the application layer to negotiate which protocol will be used within the TLS connection.Limits on Authenticated Encryption Use in TLSHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over QUICMicrosoftQUIC Loss Detection and Congestion ControlGoogleGoogleHypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)This specification describes an optimized expression of the semantics of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), referred to as HTTP version 2 (HTTP/2). HTTP/2 enables a more efficient use of network resources and a reduced perception of latency by introducing header field compression and allowing multiple concurrent exchanges on the same connection. It also introduces unsolicited push of representations from servers to clients.This specification is an alternative to, but does not obsolete, the HTTP/1.1 message syntax. HTTP's existing semantics remain unchanged.Transmission Control ProtocolInternet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) ProfileThis memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices. [STANDARDS-TRACK]HTTP Over TLSThis memo describes how to use Transport Layer Security (TLS) to secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) connections over the Internet. This memo provides information for the Internet community.Transport Layer Security (TLS) Cached Information ExtensionTransport Layer Security (TLS) handshakes often include fairly static information, such as the server certificate and a list of trusted certification authorities (CAs). This information can be of considerable size, particularly if the server certificate is bundled with a complete certificate chain (i.e., the certificates of intermediate CAs up to the root CA).This document defines an extension that allows a TLS client to inform a server of cached information, thereby enabling the server to omit already available information.Ryan Hamilton was originally an author of this specification.This document has benefited from input from Dragana Damjanovic, Christian
Huitema, Jana Iyengar, Adam Langley, Roberto Peon, Eric Rescorla, Ian Swett, and
many others.RFC Editor’s Note: Please remove this section prior to publication of a
final version of this document.Issue and pull request numbers are listed with a leading octothorp.Use TLS alerts to signal TLS errors (#272, #374)Require ClientHello to fit in a single packet (#338)The second client handshake flight is now sent in the clear (#262, #337)The QUIC header is included as AEAD Associated Data (#226, #243, #302)Add interface necessary for client address validation (#275)Define peer authentication (#140)Require at least TLS 1.3 (#138)Define transport parameters as a TLS extension (#122)Define handling for protected packets before the handshake completes (#39)Decouple QUIC version and ALPN (#12)Changed bit used to signal key phase.Updated key phase markings during the handshake.Added TLS interface requirements section.Moved to use of TLS exporters for key derivation.Moved TLS error code definitions into this document.Adopted as base for draft-ietf-quic-tls.Updated authors/editors list.Added status note.