[I]s it just a coincidence that this self-interested elite holds the nearly-uniformly liberal views on social issues that it does? Is it just random that the one idea binding the post-1970s upper class together — uniting Wall Street’s Randians and Harvard’s academic socialists, a left-leaning media and a right-leaning corporate sector, the libertarians of Silicon Valley and the liberal rich of the Upper West Side — is a hostility to any kind of social conservatism, any kind of morals legislation, any kind of paternalism on issues of sex and marriage and family? Is the upper class’s social liberalism the lone case, the rare exception, where our self-segregated, self-interested elites really do have the greater good at heart?

Maybe so — but for the sake of argument, let’s consider the possibility that they don’t. Not infrequently in culture-war arguments, conservative complaints about liberalism’s hostility to “traditional values” (or whatever phrase you prefer) are met by the counterpoint that liberal regions of the country seem to embrace bourgeois norms more fully than conservatives communities. (The contrast between family stability in Massachusetts and Alabama, for instance, is often invoked by cultural liberals as an argument-clincher.) I think this counterpoint oversimplifies a more complicated landscape and elides some crucial issues, but it does get at something real: In upper class circles, liberal social values do not necessarily lead to libertinism among the people who hold them, and indeed quite often coexist with an impressive amount of personal conservatism, personal restraint.

But if we’re inclined, with Waldman, to see our elite as fundamentally self-interested, then we should ask ourselves whether the combination of personal restraint and cultural-political permissiveness might not itself be part of how this elite maintains its privileges. Waldman, for instance, makes the (completely valid) point that just telling a single mother to go get married to whomever she happens to be dating isn’t likely to lead to happy outcomes for anyone involved. But is that really just because of wage stagnation and the truncation of the potential-mates bell curve? Or could it also be that the decision to marry only delivers benefits when it’s part of a larger life script, a way of pursuing love and happiness that shapes people’s life choices – men as well as women — from the moment they come of age sexually, and that exerts its influence not through the power of a singular event (ring, cake, toasts) but through that event’s place in a larger mix of cues, signals, expectations, and beliefs?

If it’s the latter — and if you’re not an economic or genetic determinist, I really think it has to be — then it’s worth recognizing that much of what the (elite-driven) social revolutions of the 1970s did, in law and culture, was to strip away the most explicit cues and rules linking sex, marriage, and childrearing, and nudging people toward the two-parent bourgeois path. No longer would the law make any significant effort to enforce marriage vows. No longer would an unplanned pregnancy impose clear obligations on the father. No longer would the culture industry uphold the “marriage-then-childbearing” script as normative, or endorse any moral script around sexuality save the rule of consenting adults.

And following our hermeneutic of anti-elite suspicion, let’s ask: If the path to human flourishing still mostly runs through monogamy and marriage, who benefits the most from the kind of changes that make that path less normative, less law-supported, less obvious? Well, mostly people who are embedded in communities that continue to send the kind of signals that the law and the wider culture no longer send.

Or, more importantly for our purposes, it can mean a community low in explicit moralism but high in social capital and social pressure, where the incentives not to date or sleep with the wrong person at the wrong time are sharpened by the immense rewards for not making personal mistakes, where divorce and single parenthood are regarded as major threats to the all-important intergenerational transfer of success, where young people are inculcated with the kind of self-control required to dabble in libertinism but not take major risks, and where the influence of a libertine culture is counteracted by the dense network of adult authority figures whose examples matter more than what you watch and read and consume. A place where the norms and rules and script don’t have to be made explicit to carry immense weight. A place where everyone understands the basic secret of success.

Thursday, January 23, 2014

I generally don't respond to book reviews or articles about my work. I especially don't respond to those reviews that seem the most critical because, in my experience, they're also usually not worth responding to (and often amount to some form of "I hold X; Smith holds Y; ergo, Smith is wrong" Uh, nope!).

In the same vein, while any author soaks up glowing reviews, I don't often learn much from them. So I'm appreciative, but they don't really advance the conversation.

A real gift to an author is a review that is constructively critical, that appreciates the argument and then pushes back on those points that deserve push back. I learn from such reviews, and engaging them becomes a way to advance my own project.

So I was excited to see the Westmont Four's their review of Imagining the Kingdom, "Irreducibly Embodied," in the most recent issue of Books and Culture. Once again, they have posed some important questions (I won't be able to answer them all), and in the spirit of advancing the conversation, I thought I might take just a few moments to reply.

Is my anthropology "dualist?"
W4 claim that I claim "to be opposed to a hierarchical dualism of mind and body that prioritizes intellectual, reflective, discursive cognition over practical, affective, aesthetic involvement." This is why they are puzzled "to see repeatedly this very dualism, inverted but reinstated."

I, too, was surprised to see this framed in terms of a critique of dualism, since I didn't recall framing my criticism in those terms. Re-reading ITK, I note that the word "dualism" only occurs twice, both times in reference to others, and never in the way the reviewers suggest here.

Whence this impression, then? First, I think W4 might be confusing a duality with a dualism. Not all distinctions are dualistic. I take dualism to be, roughly, a hierarchical distinction that devalues one of the terms of the distinction. So, for example, a gnostic soul/body dualism not only distinguishes soul and body but also denigrates the latter. In contrast, Thomas Aquinas' hylomorphism also distinguishes soul and body but then affirms that the person is the holistic composite of the two, and that each has their own "operations," as he might put it.

I don't anywhere try to deny the duality between something like "mind" and "body." What I argue is that too many pedagogies have effectively and functionally ignored the role of the body and its unique "operations" in shaping our being-in-the-world.

Second, I don't know how the reviewers came to the conclusion that I think that "the dimensions of thought and action" are "so neatly distinguished and ordered." In fact, I spend quite a bit of time trying to emphasize how messy and complicated this is. That's why I spend so much time trying to explicate Merleau-Ponty's notion of "the between"--this fuzzy, messy, "zone" which is almost impossible to describe, between intellect and instinct. Here is just one representative passage (and in citing this, I might note that direct citations from ITK are a bit scant in their review):

Merleau-Ponty is attentive to what we might call our “hybridity,” our sort of incarnational suspension between angelhood and animality—as mind and body.He is trying to describe our comportment to the world as neither intellectualistnor merely a reflexive biological response to stimuli. Our being-in-the-world is between instinct and intellect. Such an account of embodied perception pushes back against Cartesian “thinking-thing”-ism that would reduce us to minds merely carried in the vehicles of our bodies as well as a reductionistic animalism that would reduce all of our action and perception to mere biological response to stimuli. I don’t just abstractly think my way through the world, but neither am I merely a passive victim of impressions, bounced around by instinctual reflexes.23 I’m not an angel, but neither am I an insect (PP 90); I am not merely a mind trucking around in a body, but neither am I just a bundle of biological mechanisms passively responding to my environment. So what we need, Merleau-Ponty argues, is a model of the human person that does not fall prey to the dichotomies of mind or body but rather does justice to our “betweenness”24 and its peculiar preconscious knowledge (ITK, pp. 43-44).

Third, I don't think W4 have quite appreciated the force of Merleau-Ponty's account of "the body" since they seem to assume that an appeal to "the body" is just an appeal to a biological machine (this is the criticism that they crib from David VanderLaan). But that is just the sort of materialistic mechanism that Merleau-Ponty rejects, and which I also emphasize in his wake. Again, I'm not confident that W4 have quite absorbed the nuances of the argument in chapter 1 (which could certainly be my fault). Consider just two passages, both from chapter 1:

This is not a rejection of intellection or “objective thought” per se; neither does Merleau-Ponty mean to consign us to mere biological responses to stimuli. Indeed, his appreciation of the centrality of the body in the constitution of meaning is decidedly antireductionist, resisting both materialism and intellectualism (ITK, p. 70).

Similarly, following Merleau-Ponty, I emphasize:

It is just this bodily attunement and perception that underwrites “objective” knowledge and intellectual reflection. It is not either perception or knowledge. It’s not a question of choosing to settle for some crude, unthinking kinaesthetic perception of the world and thus forgoing intellectual reflection; rather, I perceive in order to understand. Merleau-Ponty has emphasized that perception is not just some kind of crude, ham-fisted theorizing of the world; rather, perception is a fundamentally different (and primary) way of intending the world, of meaning the world with the body. Perception does not just provide the raw materials to be processed by intellection. However, that doesn’t mean there is no relation between perception and objective knowledge. In fact, the latter is rooted in the former as its condition of possibility. Reflection is embedded in “primary perception” that is “non-thetic [i.e., non-positing], pre-objective and preconscious experience” (PP 281). Merleau-Ponty’s account does not denigrate reflection or devalue objective knowledge. He simply situates it and emphasizes its dependence on the primacy of perception. So it’s not a matter of valorizing perception over reflection but of reconceiving the nature and task of reflection. What Merleau-Ponty offers, then, is a new account of what we’re doing when we “know” the world objectively in a reflective mode (ITK, p. 72).

If that's not "acknowledging" the "embodied nature of the intellect," I don't know what is. I think W4 sometimes assess what they think I'm saying rather than what I actually say. Suffice it to say that

Do I collapse the university into the church?
W4 worry that I don't clearly delineate the Christian university as a site to love God with the mind. I confess I'm getting a little tired of this mis-reading, but I obviously have to take some of the blame for its endurance. Once again, it seems odd to think that a book that asks readers to wade through the thicket of the likes of Merleau-Ponty and Bourdieu somehow devalues "the mind." And since I hope that this is a book that will be read in Christian colleges and universities, can we safely conclude that I don't envision the university as Sunday school class?

Indeed, I'm not sure how much more explicit I can be; on p. 11 of the book under review I say this:

[W]ith its critique of rationalist or intellectualist models of the human person, it would seem that Desiring the Kingdom plays right into the hands of antiintellectualism.Indeed, some seem to worry that my model would simply have us spending all day in chapel or turning the Christian college into a glorified Sunday school. But such worries stem from a misunderstanding of my emphasis on worship with respect to worldview.In particular, such a worry seems to read my claim that worship is a necessary and important condition for integral Christian education as if I were claiming that it is a sufficient condition for Christian education (and this includes Christian education in the wider sense of discipleship, even though my focus tends to be on Christian higher education). But I’m not suggesting we raze the physics labs and expand the chapel. I’m not suggesting we demolish the literature classroom and just stay in church all week. Nor do I anywhere suggest that a Christian university is not about the business of ideas! Of course it is. The issue is whether it is just trafficking in ideas. It’s the latter that I’m rejecting.

In this context, W4 also seem to think that the Christian university should have its own liturgies, and that "importing" liturgical practices from the church are inappropriate. Here I think we just bump up against very different ecclesial sensibilities. Westmont is a generically evangelical institution, and (from my experience) it seems that many students and faculty locate themselves in nondenominational "evangelical" contexts. My approach is more forthrightly Catholic and envisions a robust connection between the church and college (without collapsing the two). So admittedly, my vision of the "practiced" Christian university looks more like the University of Paris at its origin than a contemporary evangelical college.

Zooming Out

I could say more, but won't. This is already too long.

In conclusion, let's just keep in mind my quarry here: I am not just trying to make sense of how Christian formation works. My project is to offer a Christian philosophical account of liturgical formation more broadly, including cultural (or "secular") liturgies, some of which will count as de-formations from a Christian perspective. My quarry is as much a phenomenology of temptation as it is a phenomenology of Christian worship (see ITK, pp. 140-142).

So by all means, we should be asking about the role of conceptual and theoretical reflection in Christian education. But I am also asking how our de-formation happens, and this is where I think an over-estimation of the conceptual actually blinds us to the dynamics of deformation. Sure, you can--and should--ask, "How do we form reflective Christian practitioners?" But let's also keep in mind that I'm trying to answer a question like, "How does a 17-yr.-old girl become an ardent consumerist?" I'm simply not at all persuaded that "the conceptual" plays much of a role in this at all. (Though I do think conceptual reflection can play a role in beginning to undo it--that's my point on pp. 186-189 of ITK.)

In the end, I think this is a serious and charitable review still written from within an "intellectualist" paradigm. And from within that paradigm, any proposal that doesn't conform ends up looking anti-intellectual and irrational. But of course my project is to try to invite us outside that paradigm.

I continue to be grateful for its reception, especially since it asks people to wade through two of the most obtuse French theorists, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Pierre Bourdieu. But I enjoyed doing some proper "philosophy" in this book, though I still try to enlist it in service of the worshiping community.

Work on volume 3 is maturing and percolating, but slowly. The working title is Embodying the Kingdom: Reforming Public Theology. Don't ask me when it will be out. ;-)

I also published a fun little "side project" with the new Calvin College Press. Discipleship in the Present Tenseisanother collection of essays, reviews, and interviews--a kind of sequel to The Devil Reads Derrida.

I've been encouraged by notes and tweets and blogs about the book. This little publishing outfit doesn't have money for promotion, so if you can pass word along to your friends, I'm sure they'll be grateful. Periodicals
This was the year I assumed the editorship of Comment magazine, so most of my periodical writing energies are now focused there. Over the past year, this included the following essays (I'm not including blog posts at the Cardus Daily, some of which generated good conversation):

About Me

Professor of Philosophy, Calvin College and Editor of Comment magazine. / / This is my space for "thinking out loud," an arena for practice at writing quickly and off-the-cuff. Comments are off, not because I don't value the opinions of others, but simply because I don't have time to do justice in reply.