This special section of the Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science
on the Digital Libraries Initiative begins with an article by the guest editor that provides an overview of the initiative to-date. In the two subsequent articles Michael Lesk gives perspectives on the field, while Stephen Griffin provides important data, including abstracts, of a number of recently funded digital library research projects. Drs. Lesk and Griffin are with the National Science Foundation's Information and Intelligent Systems (IIS) Division, in which Lesk serves as director (on rotation) and Griffin as program officer. The Lesk and Griffin articles are reprinted from
D-Lib Magazine, v. 25, no. 7/8 (July/August 1999) with the permission of the authors and the Corporation for National Research Initiatives.

Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) Projects 1994-1999

by Edward A. Fox

S
ince 1993, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has played a lead role in an interagency federal program called
the Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI). DLI emerged after several years of discussion in which a number of researchers, such as Michael Lesk (then at Bellcore), made recommendations through the reports of a series of NSF-sponsored
planning workshops (see summary at http://fox.cs.vt.edu/DLSB.html).
Thus, throughout the 1990s NSF support has been a critical factor in establishing the digital libraries field as an important area for research, development, application and practice. Though total investment around the globe –
involving such institutions as libraries, universities, associations, corporations, foundations and other governments – amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars, the single most visible effort is the DLI program, which is the
focus of all of the articles in this special section.

DLI Funding

In the United States, over $68 million in federal research awards were made through DLI over the period 1994-1999. $24 million was awarded in
1994 by NSF, DARPA and NASA, split evenly among six "DLI-1 teams." Three were in California: two went to campuses of the University of California (one to Berkeley and one to Santa Barbara) and the third to Stanford University. Two
were in the middle of the country, to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) and the University of Michigan. Carnegie-Mellon University (CMU) received the only East Coast award, leveraging prior work on text, image
and speech processing.

Roughly $44 million, allocated in somewhat different fashion, has already been awarded by NSF, DARPA, National Library of Medicine, Library of Congress, National Endowment for the Humanities, NASA and the
FBI (in partnership with National Archives and Records Administration, Smithsonian Institution and Institute of Museum and Library Sciences) in a second phase, the "DLI-2" program (

http://www.dli2.nsf.gov). A terse summary of these awards is shown in Table 1. Recent commitments to the three California
groups in DLI-1, including sub-awards involving other partners in California (University of California, Irvine; University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, San Diego; California Digital Library) and at the
University of Georgia, plus an undergraduate education award to Berkeley, account for over $15 million. CMU also received $4 million further support, as well as a separate but related $450,000 grant. The six other large grants
(each for $1 million or more) went to Columbia University, Cornell University, Harvard University, Michigan State University, Tufts University and the University of South Carolina.

Over $500,000 was allocated to three awards from
1988 with an undergraduate emphasis (see top section of Table 1). There were six awards focused on international collaboration (see bottom section of Table 1), for a total of about $2.3 million. The main DLI-2 program (see middle
section of Table 1) involved over $41 million through 21 awards. Of these 21, 10 were large, accounting for over $35 million, while the remaining 11 account for about $5.5 million. Please see the accompanying article by Stephen
Griffin that summarizes DLI-2 projects announced through August 1999. Other details and newer information can be found at the DLI-2 Web site or set in a broader context as part of the self-study course materials on digital
libraries at Virginia Tech (see specifically

DLI-1 focused on research, and the six projects were led by individuals with strong backgrounds in technical fields, largely computer and
information sciences. An inspection of the available information shows that DLI-2 has greatly expanded the support of different disciplines working in the digital libraries field. Table 2 lists in alphabetical order many of the
home departments of investigators funded through DLI-2.

Another illustration of the breadth of coverage in DLI-2 can be seen in Table 3, which deals with the types of content, media or formats being studied. To aid the reader
interested in particular topics, universities focusing on them also are listed.

Even with respect to technologies considered, DLI-2 is considerably broader than DLI-1. Table 4 summarizes the technical areas studied
along with universities involved in each. The reader is invited to make up a list independently of areas closely related to digital libraries and compare that list with the one given. Alternatively, one might look at lists in other
introductions to the field, like that in the April 1995 special section of Communications of the ACM. There are areas likely to be on many people's lists that were not much of a focus in DLI-2, such as abstracting, browsing,
ethnography, hypertext, indexing, interaction, sociology, storage and virtual reality.

Furthermore, though there are some projects dealing with key issues of information retrieval (IR) (e.g., the Berkeley international effort) or
human-computer interaction (HCI) (e.g., the CMU separate project on video editing), these topics seem to play a relatively minor role in the overall initiative. But extensive experimentation in these areas is necessary for the
field to mature. Such work on IR and HCI will require readily available testbeds, usability tests involving large numbers of users, careful comparative experiments and other related studies.

Following along these lines, and
possibly of particular interest to ASIS members, is consideration of the ties to information science that are visible in DLI-2. Geographical information and medical informatics are the focus of several efforts. Christine Borgman of
UCLA's Graduate School of Education and Information Studies is a co-principal investigator playing a role in the University of California, Santa Barbara project, while Javed Mostafa of the School of Library and Information Science
at Indiana is a co-principal investigator in their project. Librarians are co-investigators on several projects. In the international program, two of the projects are run from schools of information (i.e., at Berkeley, Michigan).
But overall, few funded DLI-2 projects are run out of library or information science departments or schools. In general most project direction is by computer rather than information scientists.

Continuing DLI-2

It is
clear from the funding for DLI-2 that reviewers and agencies involved largely felt that DLI-1 activities should be continued. While UIUC was not supported, its key partner in DLI-1, University of Arizona, is supported in DLI-2,
continuing in particular the work on automatic classification, aiming to consolidate results by scaling up and comparing algorithms. Though the University of Michigan did not receive a follow-on award per se, Margaret Hedstrom in
their School of Information is leading a project funded at almost $500,000 on the topic of preservation (using emulation). Further, work on agents that is rather similar to that at University of Michigan (but somewhat more focused)
is being supported at Indiana, Bloomington (for personalized information filtering) and at Washington (to aid retrieval from the WWW). One successful supplement to the project at Michigan was the Joint NSF-European Union (EU)
Working Groups on Future Directions of Digital Libraries Research (

All of the other DLI-1 projects
are continuing earlier work with a relatively high level of funding. Consolidation is in evidence too, with coordination of the three California efforts. All three will develop testbeds and foster interoperability, a strong point
of the prior work at Stanford. Each will carry out evaluations. All three have efforts on user interfaces, regarding presentation, and on analysis of collection data. In addition, the San Diego Supercomputer Center will act as
collection clearinghouse and the California Digital Library will facilitate statewide collaborative knowledge creation and dissemination.

The Santa Barbara effort is focused on building the Alexandria Digital Earth Prototype as
a digital earth modeling system made up of Information Landscapes. That effort extends prior work through a broader vision, with many goals for further technical development and with user testing involving UCLA and other partners.

The Berkeley proposal discusses a very large number of research topics around the theme "Re-inventing Scholarly Information, Dissemination and Use." But the proposal body does not appear to connect this motivating theme to the
lively self-publishing efforts expanding around the globe (e.g., e-prints, reports, dissertations, courseware, biomedical information). Rather, in the tradition of Berkeley UNIX they propose to build general tools to help digital
library users do more on their own and also to study models and conduct user studies on dissemination and use.

The Stanford proposal adopts a different approach, emphasizing a comprehensive problem analysis of four barriers to
effective digital libraries. One barrier is that contents and systems are highly diverse and heterogeneous. The other barriers are needs for which no solution now exists: filtering mechanisms, portable interfaces and an economic
infrastructure that guarantees privacy. Like at Berkeley, the Stanford team will develop software. It will be for value filtering, for portable devices, for extending their earlier InfoBus into the InterServ suite of models and
protocols and for economic modeling.

A smaller project at Berkeley (run in connection with the engineering education coalition, NEEDS) is part of the DLI-2 undergraduate emphasis (

http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/addendum.html), leading toward a national digital
library for Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology Education (SMETE-lib). Expansion of this effort in upcoming years is likely to go beyond planning and pilot grants to large-scale efforts. Thus it is important that there
be closer coordination with other DLI efforts than has occurred to-date.

Outside Activities

As Michael Lesk indicates in the following article, a great deal of work on digital libraries has proceeded quite independently
from DLI. For example, OCLC, the Online Computer Library Center in Dublin Ohio

(http://www.oclc.org), has led the way on the Dublin Core (http://purl.org/metadata/dublin_core) workshop series, the most important metadata standards activity for the field (though there are others emerging from IMS and IEEE, focused on education). OCLC also has helped run
W3C-sponsored work on the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and coordinates CORC (Cooperative Online Resource Catalog), the worldwide cooperative library venture to catalog the WWW, that benefits from a variety of tools
developed at OCLC. Another important tool from OCLC is the SiteSearch retrieval system (essentially the same as that used for FirstSearch), recently converted to Java. On the production side of things, OCLC owns one subsidiary
(Forest Press) responsible for work on the Dewey Decimal Classification and so is exploring its use in digital libraries and knowledge management. Another OCLC subsidiary handles preservation and digitization; internally there is
support as well for electronic journals and their permanent availability.

Commercially, there are many digital library efforts. IBM sells a shrink-wrapped software system called Digital Library. In Japan, several
companies involved in library automation sell and adapt digital library software to leading universities. Internationally, thanks to significant funding and other support, digital libraries are under development in many countries,
especially in Europe and Asia (see April 1998 special section of Communications of the ACM). ACM has run international conferences for the field since 1996. Other conferences and workshops have occurred or are planned in
Australia, Croatia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Portugal, Singapore, Taiwan, United Kingdom, etc. Many include reports on or are closely connected with DLI (see

Two of the many
other related efforts are especially notable. One is the ongoing series of TREC (Text REtrieval Conference) meetings and competitions. Covering information retrieval and filtering, this National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) effort has expanded to handle multiple languages, to deal with interactive sessions and to start to cover media beyond text. The other is the D-Lib activity (

http://www.dlib.org). Most visible in that category is D-Lib Magazine,
but also important are the working groups. One has dealt with the Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library (NCSTRL,
http://www.ncstrl.org). Another has dealt with metrics. It is likely that others will emerge.

Assessment and Conclusion

With work on DLI since 1994, and a new
round of funding allowing a broad range of projects to proceed, it seems timely to assess the progress and promise of the Digital Libraries Initiative. That is a difficult task, requiring a book or books, since there have been many
hundreds of publications that should be covered (

http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/publications.html). Furthermore, it is difficult to gauge how many related studies were motivated by DLI efforts or simply parallel the DLI efforts. The comments below reflect this larger scene and
provide one person's viewpoint of overall progress.

First, we see ongoing progress and adoption of the work in the information retrieval field. TREC has shown that methods studied before the 1990s scale up to larger collections.
A number of projects have demonstrated success with broadening to diverse languages and media forms. While more work is needed, there has been quite a lot done already on image retrieval, and a growing effort on retrieval from
speech, music and video. It is time for controlled experimentation and comparative studies, as well as trials with wavelets and other technologies. Much work is needed regarding information visualization, which is really just in
its infancy. In that case, as well as in clustering and classification, we are only in the early days of applying the storage and processing capabilities now readily available – to make a significant difference for common users.

Second, we see widespread acceptance of the broadening of the digital libraries field; not only libraries but also museums and archives are within scope. Data collections, Web pages, educational materials, experimental data,
simulations and the whole province of electronic publishing are also under consideration. Collection development is proceeding in novel ways, whether from digitization, the work of dedicated curators, feeds from publishers, user
annotations, traces of expert users or through self-archiving. Users are not only scholars and researchers, but also teachers and students, as well as special groups devoted to particularly interesting collections. We are just
beginning to see some commercialization, aided by the realization that digital libraries are the high-end of information systems.

Third, we see a coupling of this initiative with attempts to organize the WWW. There will continue
to be interplay between work on digital libraries and efforts such as those involving OCLC, in particular Dublin Core, RDF and CORC, that will have Web-wide impact. There will be related advances in searching using various
languages as well as media forms. More and more objects will have metadata associated, and (semi) automatic systems will aid in cataloging as well as browsing. As large numbers of collections emerge and are called "digital
libraries," advances will occur to search many together, leading to a second-generation federated search system that allows users to "slice and dice" whatever is available into any convenient organization desired.

Fourth, there
is support of undergraduate education that depends on collections or repositories of curriculum or courseware resources. For example, NSF's Division of Undergraduate Education (DUE) funded 16 projects during the period 1993-1998 on
collection building within specific disciplines/curricula. One is the Computer Science Teaching Center, available at

http://www.cstc.org. A number of 1999 awards related to digital libraries are expected to be funded by DUE, in several cases also supported by other parts of NSF.

That leads to the final key point,
regarding users. Personalization will indeed become feasible, starting with pilot efforts but ultimately becoming more common. Tailored systems are being built at the level of the organizational library (e.g., through virtual
libraries devised by staff for a university community, or with technologies like SFX from University of Ghent and the Los Alamos National Laboratory – see

http://lib-www.lanl.gov/~hvds/sfx/htmls/sfx-home.html). Content will be aggregated in various ways, community ratings will be
considered and user actions will be analyzed, either by client or agent software. Though DLI efforts in this regard continue to operate at the exploratory level and are not a major focus in the initiative, several projects espouse
personalization and enough others are working in this area that we can expect some real progress within a few years.

In conclusion, readers are urged to study the next two articles about DLI and to be in touch with the staff of
projects that are of interest. The information science field needs closer ties with the important emerging area of "digital libraries" in which the next generation of high-end information systems is gestating and in which a large
number of well-supported interesting collections are developing.

Table 1. Details of DLI-2 Awards by September 1999

Award ID

PI Name

Institution

Mos.

$K

DLI-2 Undergraduate Emphasis

9817406

Agogino, Alice

UC-Berkeley

12

200

9816026

Maly, Kurt

Old Dominion Univ.

12

80

9816644

Kappelman, John

UT-Austin

24

287

Subtotal

567

DLI-2

9817485

Kornbluh, Mark

Michigan State

60

3,600

9817484

Crane, Gregory

Tufts

60

2,758

9817434

McKeown, Kathleen

Columbia University

60

5,002

9817496

Wactlar, Howard D.

CMU

48

4,000

9817432

Smith, Terrence

UC-Santa Barbara

60

5,800

9817799

Garcia-Molina, Hector

Stanford University

60

4,300

9817353

Wilensky, Robert

UC-Berkeley

60

5,000

9874747

Verba, Sidney

Harvard University

36

1,800

9817416

Lagoze, Carl

Cornell University

48

2,268

9874759

Etzioni, Oren

Univ. of Washington

36

598

9817492

Gorman, Paul

Oregon Health Sciences

36

650

9817511

Weiderhold, Gio

Stanford University

36

520

9817430

Choudhury, Sayeed

Johns Hopkins

36

530

9874771

Armistead, Samuel G.

UC-Davis

36

497

9817483

Seales, W. Brent

Univ. of Kentucky

36

500

9817444

Buneman, Peter

Univ. of Pennsylvania

36

505

9874781

Rowe, Timothy

UT-Austin

36

500

9817527

Myers, Brad

CMU

36

450

9817473

Chen, HC

Univ. of Arizona

36

501

9817572

Palakal, M.

Indiana Univ.

36

316

9817518

Willer, D.

Univ. of South Carolina

48

1,199

Subtotal

41,294

DL International

9975164

Larson, Ray

UC-Berkeley

36

305

9905842

Byrd, Donald

Univ. of Mass

36

494

9905935

Hedstrom, Margaret

Univ. of Michigan

36

488

9906025

Calcari, Susan

UW-Madison

36

480

9907892

Lagoze, Carl

Cornell Univ./ePrint

36

292

9905955

Lagoze, Carl

Cornell Univ./ILRT

36

240

Subtotal

2,299

Grand Total

44,160

Table 2. Discipline Coverage of DLI-2(selected home departments of investigators)

Anthropology

Biomedical Information

Classics

Computer Science

Economics

English

Fine Arts

Geography

Geological Sciences

Government

Electrical Engineering

Environmental Science

History

Information Management

Information Studies

Language Technology

Library & Information Science

Linguistics

Management Info. Systems

Medical Informatics

Political Science

Psychology

Religious Studies

Robotics

Sociology

Spanish

Teacher Education

Table 3. Types of Content and DLI-2 Sites Where They Are Studied

Types

Universities

Bibliographic Records

Arizona

Engineering Education

UC-Berkeley

EPrints

Cornell (intl ePrint)

Folk Literature

UC-Davis

Geo-referenced Info.

UC-Santa Barbara

Health Care

Oregon Health Sciences

Humanities

Tufts; Kentucky

Library Reference

Washington

Medical Images

Stanford

Mixtures of Media

UC-Berkeley (intl); Cornell (intl ILRT)

Patient Records

Columbia

Sheet Music

Johns Hopkins; UM-Amherst (intl)

Skeletons

UT-Austin

Simulations

South Carolina

Social Science Data

Harvard

Speech

Michigan State

Video

Carnegie Mellon

Web

Arizona; Pennsylvania; Washington

X-ray CT Scans

UT-Austin

Table 4. Technical Areas and DLI-2 Sites Where They Are Studied

Technical Areas

Universities

3-D Modeling

UC-Santa Barbara; UT-Austin

Access Control

UC-Berkeley

Agents

Indiana-Bloomington; Washington

Archiving/Preservation

South Carolina; Univ. of Michigan (intl)

Audio Retrieval

Johns Hopkins; Michigan State; UM-Amherst (intl)

Classification, Clustering

Arizona

Data (Access) Services

Harvard

Digital Video

CMU

Economic Models

UC-Berkeley; Stanford

Electronic Notebooks

UC-Berkeley

Federation

UC-Berkeley (intl); Cornell; UW-Madison (intl)

Geographic Info. Systems

UC-Santa Barbara

Images

UC-Berkeley; UC-Santa Barbara; Kentucky; Stanford; UT-Austin

Information Filtering

Indiana; Stanford

Information Visualization

CMU

Learning Contexts

UC-Santa Barbara

Linking

Cornell (intl – ePrint)

Log (Trace) Analysis

Oregon Health Sciences

Mobile Computing

Stanford

Multimedia Fusion

CMU; Columbia

Natural Language Processing

Columbia

OCR

UC-Berkeley; Johns Hopkins

Parallel Processing

Arizona

Protocols

Stanford

Personalization

Columbia

Provenance

Penn.

Restoring Manuscripts

Kentucky

Speech Processing

UC-Davis; Michigan State

Summarization

CMU; Columbia

Text Analysis

Tufts

Video Editing

CMU

Edward Fox is professor in the Department of Computer Science and Director of the
Digital Research Laboratory at Virginia Tech. He directs the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (http://www.ndltd.org). He also directs the Internet Technology Innovation Center at Virginia Tech (http://fox.cs.vt.edu/itic/). He can be reached there by mail at 660 McBryde Hall, M/C 0106, Blacksburg, VA 24061; by phone at 540/231-5113; on the Web at http://fox.cs.vt.edu; or by e-mail at fox@vt.edu