1) Why did Birds Eye develop as a vertically-integrated producer?In early 1940s, shortly after Birds Eye started its business, there were some difficulties in the frozen food industry. In order to keep the quality of the food high, it had to be frozen quickly. Even if the food is frozen right away, it had to be kept frozen until it gets to customers. First of all, to secure high quality raw materials, Birds Eye had annual contracts with farmers and had control over the materials. For fish, it had contracts that give it the right to buy certain percentage of the catch with some price agreements. That is, Birds Eye exercised a backward vertical integration by securing its suppliers. Next, Birds Eye had to establish a national distribution system. In the beginning, it was really hard for Birds Eye to make its relailers to install refrigerated cabinets even though the return on investment was quite high. However, Birds Eye succeeded in convincing two refregerator producers to start producing “open top” display cabinets. And Birds Eye decided to seek business only with the retailers who installed these cabinets. By doing this, Birds Eye achieved a forward vertical integration and established a nation-wide distribution network. These two things had to be done for Birds Eye to be successful in the industry because they were both critical in 1940s as mentioned in the beginning.

2a) Why did specialized intermediaries emerge?Capital needed. The first reason why specialized intermediaries emerged is because some smaller companies that focused on one segment or even one product emerged. Since these small producers do not have enough capitals for distribution, there was a need for specialized intermediaries such as Christian Salvesen and Union Cold Storage. Not only those smaller food producers but also some maeketing-only companies emerged. They bought frozen food from producers and made their own brand name. In this case, there was also demand for specialist firms...

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...BirdsEyeCase – notes
1) Why did they develop as a vertically integrated producer?
They had to build it all up from scratch because there was no one else. They wanted to be able to guarantee high quality by quality control and this was easier to attain by themselves. They got the raw food from farmers. They supplied the farmers with the right materials. Contract costs.
They are the first firm – so they had to. Competitive advantage.
2) Why did they adopt different arrangements for peas, fish, and meat?
They started by having contracts. It was a new technology so there were no farmers who could supply them with all the products.
Peas needed to be processes within 90 min. of picking. Fish was partly imported from Scandinavia and frozen and distributed. Chicken came from a chicken farm that they owned and then had to sell later on.
So they had to get the products from different suppliers. They made the contractors dependent of them as they supplied them with freezers. Unilever was a holding company investing in BirdsEye.
3) Why did specialized intermediaries (mellemled) emerge?
New technologies – retailers. Possibilities of big storage. Cheaper.
Because of economies of scale they emerged intermediaries. Distributors – warehouse – supermarkets. They had the freezer capacity. Emergence of supermarket chains. They sold other products that could go with their products. ‘Christian...

...introduction of the frozen food industry in the early 1920’s. Bird’s Eye is an example of a successful frozen food company. Bird’s Eye originated in the U.S. with a focus to become a fully integrated company within the frozen food industry. The organization’s core competitive strategy was its national distribution center. In 1938 Bird’s Eye expanded into the U.K., which lead to the incorporation of Bird’s Eye Food, Ltd. (owned by General Food Corp, Robert Ducas, and Chivers and Son, Ltd). The need for vertical integration increased along with high consumer demand and an increasingly saturated industry. Bird’s Eye embraced the vertical integration opportunity because the frozen food industry was relatively immature and forward integration would stimulate market development. Additionally, vertically integrating allowed Bird’s Eye to capitalize on its market power to raise industry entry barriers, enhancing its competitive advantage.
The opportunity to vertically integrate provided Bird’s Eye the ability to develop several industry innovations. Some key innovations include: an open-top refrigerated display cabinet, food processing and freezing techniques. Additionally, Bird’s Eye made improvements in vegetable varieties, cultivation techniques and harvesting equipment. In 1942, Unilever recognized the value Bird’s Eye could bring to its subsidiary...

...Introduction
In this case we get an entire scenario about how the Japan deflation set in, what were the effects of the deflation on the economy as well as on the people of Japan. It also mentions about the various reasons because of which Japan was in such a tight grip of Deflation, Depression, Demographics and Debts Guides us through the steps taken by the government in order to curb this deflation. Imparts a great knowledge to us about the various economic terms like deflation, self-liquidating credit, Non-Self Liquidating Credit and how the people and economy of a country is affected by these.
Free markets economies are subject to cycles. Economic cycles consist of fluctuating periods of economic expansion and contraction as measured by a nation's gross domestic product (GDP). The length of economic cycles (periods of expansion vs. contraction) can vary greatly. The traditional measure of an economic recession is two or more consecutive quarters of falling gross domestic product. There are also economic depressions, which are extended periods of economic contraction such as the Great Depression of the 1930s.
From 1991 through 2001, Japan experienced a period of economic stagnation and price deflation known as "Japan's Lost Decade." While the Japanese economy outgrew this period, it did so at a pace that was much slower than other industrialized nations. During this period, the Japanese economy suffered from both a credit crunch and a liquidity trap....

...
CASESTUDY NO.1
Mary Roberts had been with the company three years when she was promoted to manager of the tax department which was part of the controller’s division.Within four months she became a supervisor of ten staff accountants to fill a vacancy.Her superior believed her to be most qualified individual to fill the position.
Many senior employees resent her that she so young to fill the position and what made them more upsets was the fact tax managers did not discuss the promotion.
QUESTION:
1.What can Mary Roberts do about the resentful senior employees?
Mary should tackle this head on she should be direct and assertive about her expectation and when people are crossing the line that means she need to be clear with people when their behavior doesn’t meet her standards and she need to be willing To set and enforce consequence if it doesn’t change
2. Can higher management do anything to help Roberts make the transitions to greater responsibility?
Yes, because they are the one who put her in that position of course they will help Mary interms of guiding it `.
3. Will her lack of technical knowledge hinder Mary’s managerial effectiveness?
No , because lacking on some aspects on technical knowledge cant bankrupt or destroy a company as long she have a guts to face and accepts failures
4. Should Mary’s superior have discussed the promotion with the senior employees before announcing it?
No ,because its not their obligation...

...February of 1999. In the past four months, the NC design had developed
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Was Elio's technology strategy aligned with the requirements for a successful entry into the
automotive market? Paul and Hari realized that they needed answers to these questions in
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This casestudy discusses the start-up, origins and strategic options facing an innovative set up
and start up in automotive market and in the seat design. With the domination of the
incumbent large suppliers serving the top 3 leading tier-one automakers of U.S.,
Elio
Engineering faces several challenges as it seeks to introduce its new seating technology to the
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innovation.
Elio's should make a joint venture with Bostrom. Elio's has made a seat design naming "No
Compromise" with progress on cost, weight and performance compared to the conventional
design and also the existing all-belt-to-seat (ABTS). After many functional prototypes and
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...What is the basis for taking Buy or Sell decisions by Southern Company?
Southern Company is the nation’s third largest Electric Utility firm. The company uses a computerized and automated method to generate and dispatch electricity to its customers. This automated Load dispatching method is also known as the “Early Bird” system.
The “Early Bird” continuously calculates the marginal cost of delivering additional Kilowatts of electricity to its customers anywhere in the company service area. Marginal cost can be understood as the change in total cost that arises when the quantity produced (power in this case) changes by one unit.
Sothern Company has several power generating units. Each unit is tested to see how much fuel labor and other variable inputs are required to generate electricity. In this way a continuous production function can be created. This information is then fed to the early bird; so combined with the production function along with price of input variables one can calculate the marginal cost for particular unit at whatever rate it is operating.
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...INTRODUCTION
ASOS.com is the UK’s leading online fashion retailer established in 2000. It targeted 16-32 years old fashion conscious customers. It offers
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asos.c
Q3: what is meant by horizontal integration and vertical integration?
HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
* The acquisition of additional business activities at the same level of the value chain.
* This occurs when a company takes over, or merges with a direct competitor.
* This can be achieved by internal expansion or external expansion.
ADVANTAGES
* Economies of scale- achieved by selling more of the same product, for example, by geographic expansion.
* Economies of scope- achieved by sharing common to different products.
* Increased market power.
* Reduction in the costs of international trade by operating factories in foreign markets.
* Reduction in competition.
* Fulfilling customer expectations’
EXAMPLES
* A media company’s ownership of Radio, Television, Newspapers, Magazines, Books.
* Pharmaceutical companies frequently combine forces to share research and development expenses to bring new products to market. According to research by Henderson and Cockburn in 1996, firms involved in drug discovery realize economies of scope by...

...BirdsEye and the UK Frozen Food Industry
1. Why did BirdsEye develop as a vertically-producer?
At the beginning of the frozen food industry, the infrastructure for producing, storing, distributing and retailing frozen foods was not well-developed, so BirdsEye had to build its own system. BirdsEye was a pioneer company in the frozen food industry; consequently it had to build all the supply chain of the industry.
2. Explain Birds Eye’s choice at different stage of the value chain e.g. peas, cold stores and retail cabinets.
The difference can be explained by the fact that on one hand, in the vegetable market the company was able to secure the supply of vegetables with long-term contracts with farmers. On the other hand, in the fish market BirdsEye didn’t have this control because the supply came from dock side auctions, so they control the supply by vertical integration.
3. Why did specialized intermediaries emerge?
The two main reasons that explained the emerged of specialized intermediaries are the maturity of the market and the specialization. With the industry matured, the barriers to entry are low because the amount of capital to enter is lower, so the specialized intermediaries emerge to offer services to manage the various functions in frozen food retail. As the cost structure decreased, new...