Museums, libraries and archivesoften called memory institutionsare trusted organizations that collectively document the entire range of human experience and expression. Memory institutions are engaged in the important work of

coherent bounded set of elements formulated as basis for metadata creation

created for purpose, as a unit

Schema

structured representation of an element set

20Metadata for resource discovery

User wishes to

discover resources according to some criteria

(optionally) identify a specific resource

confirm that resource described is resource sought

distinguish similar resources

select

evaluate, choose resource appropriate to needs

locate resource

obtain/access resource

use resource

open, read, display, run, play, copy, unpackage/repackage

interpret content

Resource discovery metadata supporting (primarily) operations 1 - 4

21Metadata for resource discoveryContinuum of complexity/functionalityfull-text indexes might not be classed as metadata by some! generated by software tools discovery (by content), location semantically simple forms(e.g. Dublin Core) typically covering description of broad range of resources maybe part generated automatically, partly human authored discovery, identification, selection, locationricher complex forms(e.g. MARC, EAD,CIMI-SPECTRUM, AMICO etc) typically covering specific types of resources often associated with particular community/domain creation may involve relatively high degree of human expertise discovery, identification, selection, location, access, use (which may be type specific) 22Association of resource and metadata (1)Metadata embedded in resourcee.g. meta elements in HTML docs summary properties in word processor docs Can resource support embedding of metadata? Does metadata creator have write access to resource? Can service extract embedded metadata? Metadata about aggregates of resources? Metadata about people, places, concepts? 23Association of resource and metadata (2)Metadata record as separate object Record identifier embedded in resourcee.g. link elements in HTML docs Metadata record may be remote from resource Can resource support embedding of link? Does metadata creator have write access to resource? Can service follow link to metadata record? What happens when resource deleted? Metadata about aggregates of resources? Metadata about people, places, concepts? 24Association of resource and metadata (3)Metadata record as separate object Resource identifier in metadata recordMetadata record may be remote from resource Does not require embedding of metadata or link Does not require metadata creator to have write access to resource Metadata record created independently of resource possibly multiple records Service uses metadata records independently of resource Metadata record may persist after resource deleted Metadata record can describe anything (with identifier) 25Metadata as managed resourceMetadata record is used separately from resource described Recognition that metadata is resource to be managed, separately from resource described Metadata content stored in database, exposed in form(s) appropriate for service(s) 26Exposing/sharing metadata 27How is metadata exposed/shared?

Resource description communities

characterised by consensus on conventions for internal exchange of metadata

Metadata for resource discovery

is used beyond its creator community

is combined/compared with metadata from other communities

is aggregated or cross-searched by services

How does a content provider make metadata records available in a commonly understood form?

How does a service provider obtain these metadata records from data providers?

28How is metadata exposed/shared?

Effective sharing of information expressed in metadata record requires agreement on

metadata semantics

what metadata elements mean

metadata structure

data model, relationships of component parts

metadata syntax

rules of expression

protocols

how metadata records transmitted between content provider and service provider

Definition An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource.

Comment Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.

Type of Term element

Status recommended

Date issued 1999-07-02

URI http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

33Dublin Core date

Term Name date

Label Date

Definition A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource.

Comment Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 W3CDTF and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format.

Type of Term element

Status recommended

Date issued 1999-07-02

URI http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date

34Standardisation of Dublin Core

CEN Workshop Agreement (EU)

2000 Dublin Core elements endorsed as CWA13874

Usage guidelines for European industry

NISO Z39.85 (USA)

2001 National Information Standards Organization, an ANSI affiliate

ISO

2002 Dublin Core Metadata Element Set approved as ISO 15836

35Using the Dublin Core

Tom Baker, A Grammar of Dublin Core, Dlib, October 2000

Metaphor of metadata as language

DC as a simple pidgin language for use by tourists on the Internet commons

Small vocabulary, simple grammar/structure

This Resource has Title An introduction to metadata

This Resource has Subject Resource discovery

Not subtly expressive, but easy to learn and deploy - good enough to work

98Description of Dublin Core Creatorhttp//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator 99Description of Dublin Core Creator (RDF/XML)ltrdfProperty rdfabout"http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator"gt ltrdfslabel xmllang"en-US"gtCreatorlt/rdfslabelgt ltrdfscomment xmllang"en-US"gtAn entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource.lt/rdfscommentgt ltdcdescription xmllang"en-US"gtExamples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.lt/dcdescriptiongt ltrdfsisDefinedBy rdfresource"http//purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"/gt ltdctermsissuedgt1999-07-02lt/dctermsissuedgt ltdctype rdfresource"http//dublincore.org/usage/documents/principles/element"/gt lt/rdfPropertygt 100Simplicity, contradiction, trust

In RDF, meaning is expressed by simple statements

Subject-Predicate-Object

Anyone on Web can assert (in RDF sense) anything about anything

software agents navigating Web of statements

may be able to process some of these statements but not all

ignore the statements you don't understand

tolerance of inconsistency and errors

Establishing trust as fundamental part of Semantic Web infrastructure

Who said this (and when etc)

101Metadata and the Semantic Web

Argued that the Semantic Web principles fit the nature of metadata

Metadata supports many different functions

Metadata is inherently "modular"

Metadata creation is not a one-off act, but an ongoing, distributed process

the metadata creator can't predict how users may want to use resources and query metadata

new uses of resources result in new metadata

Metadata is not (or at least not only) "objective", "authoritative" information

Some attributes represent interpretations

Some attributes are context-dependent

Multiple (even conflicting) descriptions can co-exist

102Some RDF applications 103RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0

Simple RDF metadata vocabulary designed to support syndication of "news" items

An RSS "channel" is published as an RDF/XML docment

Provides metadata about

The channel itself

A summary of its scope and purpose

A sequence of items

Summary descriptions of Web documents

Content of channel regularly updated by provider

Wide, simple, automated distribution

http//purl.org/rss/1.0/ 104RDF Site Summary (RSS) 1.0

Typical applications

Web sites render content of specific channels as part of their own Web sites

On line aggregator services harvest numerous channels and provide search/filtering services across the items

Global networks have created a new context for the delivery of services

Metadata fundamental to service provision

Services being built (successfully!)

OAI PMH as a low-barrier technology

No one-size-fits-all solution

Debates, tensions, balances.

automated processes v human labour

domain-specific richness v cross-domain (over-?) simplicity

standards v their implementation

objectivity v subjectivity

centralisation v distribution

Emergence of a Semantic Web?

111Acknowledgements

Parts of the content of this presentation are adapted from earlier presentations by

Tom Baker (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, Berlin),

Michael Day, Rachel Heery, Paul Miller, and Andy Powell (UKOLN)

112Acknowledgements

UKOLN is funded by Resource the Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries, the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) of the UK higher and further education funding councils, as well as by project funding from the JISC and the European Union. UKOLN also receives support from the University of Bath where it is based.

http//www.ukoln.ac.uk/

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