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IBM IBM AS/400 RPG IV

many of you own heard about one of the crucial oldest programming languages, COBOL, and you've got additionally heard that COBOL programmers are a generous deal requested for these days to retain historic legacy code. There’s an extra ancient-timer which few know about and which remains in utilize and may be in utilize for rather ages for applications in a variety of sure fields (i.e. finance, banking, etc.). Its identify is IBM RPG.

as soon as upon a time…

RPG is a high-level programming language for industry purposes. it's an IBM proprietary programming language and its later models can be create handiest on IBM i- or OS/400-based systems.

RPG has been around for more than half a century. by means of the conclusion of the 1950s, IBM had developed a massive number of electromechanical gadgets called tabulating machines. The closing mass-produced tabulator model changed into the IBM 407 Accounting machine:

figure 1. IBM 407 at U.S. army’s Redstone Arsenal, 1961

incidentally, this tabulator rented from $800 to $920 per thirty days ($8100 to $9300 per 30 days in 2016 bucks), reckoning on the mannequin. They were withdrawn from advertising on December 17, 1976.

As you comprehend, scientific and technological progress become striding forward on the time, and the conclusion of the Fifties saw the birth of the first transistor computer systems. the primary IBM computer of this type changed into IBM 1401 built in 1959:

The laptop inheritance Museum has one working unit. purchase a glance at the way it every single worked — that’s in reality spicy (I primarily just fancy the phrase “We want a bit miniature bit of cooling” at four:41):

To facilitate ease of transition for his or her customers to the unusual transistor computers, IBM developed two tools in 1959 to copy punched-card processing on computers: FARGO (Fourteen-o-one automated record generation Operation) and RPG (report application Generator). each languages’ syntax resembled that of the guideline language of electromechanical tabulators. FARGO and RPG besides replicated an well-known characteristic of tabulators: cyclic processing mode (established because the program cycle), by which tabulators study punched cards, summarized their contents, and printed a outcomes. IBM nevertheless keeps backward compatibility with the program cycle even in the newest dialect, RPG IV.

although RPG was developed under much own an result on of FARGO, it took RPG just a number of years to replace its predecessor as a more advanced language. The subsequent gadget to receive RPG aid changed into mainframe IBM equipment/360 model 20:

determine 3. IBM device/360 model 20 on the Deutsches Museum

a few years later (on the conclusion of the Sixties), IBM launched the subsequent dialect, RPG II, for midrange laptop system/3:

figure four. Midrange computer IBM equipment/three model 10 and the operator at work

RPG has seeing that advanced into an HLL comparable to COBOL and PL/I. Its distinctive feature (in distinction to up to date languages) was the so referred to as fastened-format syntax, so classes own been complicated to read with out a unique debugging template.

An RPG application as soon as usually every single started off with File necessities, checklist every single info being written to, study from, or up to date, followed by way of statistics Definition Specificationscontaining software points reminiscent of statistics buildings and dimensional arrays, lots fancy a “Working-Storage” portion of a COBOL software or “var” statements in Pascal. A variable is defined with a arduous and fast-format Definition Specification. in the Definition Specification, denoted by a note D in column 6 of a source line, the records type character (see the table below) would be encoded in column 40. also, if the facts class persona is not noted, it is, left clean, the default can be A if no decimal positions are targeted. otherwise, the default will be P.

further the Calculation necessities got, that are the record of commands for execution. Output necessities might additionally follow, they determined the layout of alternative info or experiences.

the following is the contour of the entire requirements forms:

The U or Auto report spec is simply required for Auto file classes.

The H or Header spec is at the top of the software and describes compiler alternate options such as optimum bring together size, whether the application is an MRT (distinctive Requestor Terminal) software, and what class of record is generated when the software is compiled. the particular identify of the software created is located in columns 75–eighty; if a source doesn't own an H spec, the designation RPGOBJ is used.

The F or File spec(s) are subsequent, and describes the files used within the software. data may be disk info (DISK) or may be devices equivalent to a printer (PRINTER), the computer (WORKSTN), keyboard (KEYBORD), unformatted array (CRT or display), or user-described (special). listing dimension, screen measurement, overflow indicators, and exterior indicators are described. it is viable that an RPG software will now not utilize any F specs.

The E or Extension spec(s) are subsequent, and characterize arrays and tables, which can be prefetched from disk files (an input desk), drawn from constants positioned at the conclusion of the supply between ** and /* symbols, or constructed from calculations.

The L or Line Counter spec(s) are next, and if current, characterize the kindly to be printed. It defines the number of strains in a page and the positions where printing starts off and ends.

The I or input specs are subsequent, and characterize the records areas within data. RPG II permits redefinition of information areas so that a box named FLDA may occupy the identical enviornment as an array AR that carries 8 features of 1 character each. Non-list areas akin to information buildings may besides be described. counting on the values of the enter checklist, indications may well be conditioned.

The C or Calculation spec(s) are next. total fields can be described and collected. complicated computations and string manipulations are possible. symptoms could be conditioned.

The remaining specification(s) are O or Output specifications, which characterize the output listing when it comes to fields and output positions.

Now, perquisite here’s a small illustration so you might keep analyzing RPG courses (F and D requirements are unnoticed):

at last, the remaining version, RPG IV (aka RPGLE, ILE RPG), become released in 1994. Its three favourite elements are built-in services, processes, and free-form programming. except November 2013, the free format utilized exclusively to the calculation requirements. With the V7R1 TR7 ameliorate to the language, the “/free” and “/conclusion-free” calculations are not any longer integral, and the language has ultimately broken the ties to punched cards.

I besides suggest taking a watch at this document where IBM demonstrates the drastic changes made to the language. RPG remains a favored programming language on the IBM i operating device, which runs on IBM power i platform hardware:

nowadays, RPG IV is a better language. modifying can nonetheless be done by way of SEU, the basic green-screen editor:

figure eight. eco-friendly-screen editor

however, a long development of tools has been developed over time. Some of those own protected visual Age for RPG, which became developed by IBM and promoted via Jon Paris and others. at present the favourite enhancing platform is IBM’s Websphere building Studio customer, now named RDi (Rational Developer for i), which is a customised implementation of Eclipse:

figure 9. Rational Developer for i

there is besides an RPG compiler for Microsoft .web. This edition consists of extensions to RPG IV past that of the basis IBM compiler. These extensions supply Microsoft home windows and .internet hooks within the indigenous and gadget 36 atmosphere, as well because the potential to port DB/2 info to Microsoft entry and Microsoft SQL Server databases by way of ODBC.

Conclusion

however RPG is fairly an unique language, it is a proven fact that there exists a huge amount of code written in it in particular fields similar to finance, banking, and so on. The language is reasonably distinctive: it comprises 4 dialects and helps each fixed- and free-kind programming. The deserve to maintain aged legacy code and write unusual code coerce corporations to are seeking RPG builders, who appear to be on the crimson list for threatened species. Given the cases, extra code-nice control materiel comparable to static analyzers are a lot known as for.

You need to own already guessed what the understanding of writing this text is and what they are using at. You’re correct: they at the instant are given that the thought of making a static code analyzer for the RPG language. I accept as steady with such an analyzer could be a pretty generous assist to those that nonetheless preserve and multiply RPG classes. however they haven’t Come to a altenative yet. for sure, it’s rather a particular niche.

That’s why they want you to inform us in case you want PVS-Studio analyzer to develop into a device that could determine bugs in RPG courses. expensive skills clients of PVS-Studio RPG, they are looking for you. Don’t hesitate to e-mail us!

because the AS/400 continues alongside the direction of becoming an more and more complicated and interactive gadget, the construction languages that pave the manner are required to progress with a purpose to accommodate this complexity. One concrete illustration of this development is the transformation of RPG III and RPG/four hundred to ILE RPG, besides referred to as RPG IV.

Recognizing the issue inherent in performing a language transformation, whereas additionally featuring incentive for the sort of move, Linoma software now offers its CVTILERPG conversion utility. CVTILERPG is designed to construct upon the latest built-in Language atmosphere (ILE) RPG compiler and provide a number of facets now not purchasable with IBM's primary RPG conversion device.

"Some americans are only looking forward to the perquisite device to aid them metamorphose to RPG IV," says Jeff Petermann, director of earnings for Linoma software, an Omaha, Neb.-primarily based division of Connections 2000 Inc. "CVTILERPG is a conversion utility that goes past the AS/four hundred's conversion command, which does not in reality metamorphose code to RPG IV format however as a substitute makes it practicable for code to feature in an RPG IV world. Programmers then must retrograde lower back in and update the code manually at a later time."

whereas a circulation to RPG IV can provide a number of advantages, it's a daunting transition for companies with huge portions of RPG III legacy code that should be converted, says Bob Luebbe, president of Linoma utility and writer of CVTILERPG. Luebbe besides elements out, however, that users need to reside latest with unusual types of their programming language. "In carrying on with to dwell with RPG, they're going to proceed to descend in the back of, as IBM continues to boost RPG IV."

RPG IV besides eliminates a lot of RPG III's limitations, according to Luebbe. "You used to only be in a position to own 50 files in an RPG III program," he says. "With RPG IV, the programmer can enable for an unlimited variety of information--that can consist of client data, order entry info, plus an unlimited number of other files where information is kept. In RPG III, there are additionally limitations on the lengths of box names. was simplest six character realm names in RPG III. RPG IV continues to allow better box names every single the time."

Migration to RPG IV besides turns into a practical signify number because the current millennium draws to a detailed. "RPG IV is a mighty language to transform to for Y2K conversions, because the language permits for stronger date and time manipulation than RPG III," Luebbe says. "What may additionally own taken a hundred traces of code to result in RPG III, that you may now result in probably one line with RPG IV. we've got sold their product to loads of individuals doing Y2K conversion because they are looking to purchase knowledge of the date and time manipulation elements."

despite the prevalence of visible languages and Java's increasing popularity, Luebbe suggests there continues to be a strong claim for RPG. "Most americans own pretty a generous deal made up their intellect to migrate from RPG III to RPG IV, as opposed to bypass from RPG to a more moderen language fancy Java," he says. "For one, the studying curve is tons shorter."

One analyst who agrees with Luebbe's evaluation of RPG's fitness is James Sinur, VP and research director for application construction with Gartner community (Stamford, Conn.). "RPG is a perfectly structured language that does not require a complicated parser," he says, including, "it be the model language for affecting from one version to one more."

in response to Sinur, programmers must accept as steady with a few facets when performing code conversion. the first is to "be sure you own a superb examine bed, since you want a benchmark," he says. "or not it's the only way to check even if you own had a successful conversion." in addition, reference websites ought to be checked to compose sure the unusual code works. builders should still besides "do a pilot with some of the dirtiest pieces of code you will own bought," he provides.

The latest version of CVTILERPG, 1.forty two, is designed to purchase skills of every single ILE RPG IV elements when converting RPG III and RPG/400 source code, in accordance with Luebbe. regular elements every single the time performed by means of CVTILERPG encompass conversion of: IFxx, DOxx, WHxx, ANDxx and ORxx operations to compose utilize of the free kindly expression enviornment; SETON, SETOF and COMP operations to the EVAL operation; conclusion operations to their corresponding ENDxx operations (i.e. cease becomes ENDIF); and the regular of '1' to *ON and '0' to *OFF in indicator operations. The utility besides generates a abstract report of transformed member(s), with any exception messages.

There are a number of optional features than can be grew to become on or off every single over the conversion process. "Our product lets you control how many of the brand unusual RPG IV elements you wish to purchase expertise of," Luebbe says. Programmers can later replace code that has already been transformed.

even though Gartner's Sinur says his client basis doesn't fancy coping with invasive strategies fancy language-to-language conversions, he is of the selfsame belief that RPG is "an dreadful lot more simplistic than parsing C, C++, Java, Assembler and even Cobol." Sinur provides that Cobol to Cobol is the most everyday configuration of code conversion, and that conversion of Cobol to Java has taken off as of late. "even more common than language-to-language conversion is GUI-wrapping," he says, as his consumers "like approaches that result not tweak the code tons."

This problem is officially their remaining of 2018. The cease of a 12 months is a time for reflection for a lot of, and besides a time for lists. Lists of the americans who and issues that stood out every single the way through the previous 12 months. For the IT Jungle group, their yr became described via the loss their loved Dan Burger. The three of us left at the back of be cognizant him every day, and it might be remiss no longer to mention him here. Dan’s voice is ignored not just in computer screen and The 4 Hundred, however in their community. in order they recap this 12 months and look to be ahead, they will maintain it up Dan’s reminiscence and work difficult to compose him disdainful in the future.

appropriate stories From outside The Jungle

(IT Jungle) So these reports are presupposed to appear outdoor the Jungle, but this week the rectify spot is going to their personal Alex Woodie’s watch lower back at 2018. This annual narrative is always a fun examine.

(Forbes) Forbes has released its record of the top 50 women in tech, and you improved trust IBM CEO Ginni Rometty is on it.

(time-honored Mechanics) only for enjoyable, perquisite here’s a glance at the precise power strips of 2018. This unsung hero is omnipresent in their places of work and homes, but even power strips own a shelf life. if you’re looking to upgrade, here are some alternate options to believe.

(ComputerWorld) searching ahead, ComputerWorld is scouting for the suitable 100 areas to work in IT. Nominees must own at the least 30 IT employees. Nominations are being permitted unless December 21. The file could be posted in June of 2019.

(guidance Week) speaking of the longer term, now could be a pretty generous time to gain respect about resolutions. perquisite here’s a starter record for the entire CISOs accessible.

Redbooks, White Papers, Blogs, and different substances

(Profound generous judgment) gain entered to win an Amazon fire television dice for participating in the 2019 modernization survey, which helps determine efficient facts on IBM i modernization facts.

(IBM methods magazine) The newest blog from chief architect for IBM i Steve Will’s addresses Java support for IBM i clients.

(Open Legacy) This blog appears at how microservices can assist configuration a bridge between legacy IT and modern DevOps.

(Fresche solutions) Many organizations are beneath pressure to modernize their industry applications past the scope and skill of CA 2E. This IBM white paper contains an comparison of the maintainability of Java code converted from RPG through Fresche’s X-2E.

Chats, Webinars, Seminars, indicates, and different Happenings

December 13 – Webinar – MAGiC is internet hosting this online meeting to contour wants and ameliorate the Open source Initiative, IntERPrise.

February 12-15, 2019 – San Francisco – find out how to gain the most out of latest (and future) IBM items and applied sciences at feel 2019. This convention boasts more than more than 1,000 labs, 1,000 certifications, and 250 deep-dive technical labs. Plus there's a fab lineup of speakers that comprises IBM leaders and successful company individuals. Early registration compact ends this Friday, November sixteen.

March 26-28, 2019 – Charlotte, North Carolina – The RPG & DB2 Summit may be held at the Hilton Charlotte university region. The conference will feature a unusual Db2 for i music up-to-date with additional SQL and modernization innovations, practical potential for IBM i-based mostly queries and analytics, and information integration options. Plus many unusual sessions on SQL, RPG, RDi, ILE, Python, open supply languages and tools; an open source roundtable; an Open source Squad offering particular person support installation and using open source; and pre-conference fingers-on workshops on RDi, SQL, Python and service programs. The early chicken registration expense of $1,295 is in result via February 15, 2019. RPG & DB2 Summit alumni and their colleagues receive a $one hundred compact once they register the utilize of their alumni id.

March 25, 2019 – Charlotte, North Carolina – The IBM i CIO Summit offers a commercial-free discussion board for CIOs and IT administrators to meet in person and share ideas on how to ply standard challenges. With discussions facilitated by way of Alan Seiden, subject matters latitude from managing unusual technology and hiring the usurp talents to offering enhancements, integrations and unusual applications faster; getting started with modernization; evaluating cloud options; and more. An non-compulsory 2nd day includes a CIO roundtable and complimentary participation in the opening day of the RPG & DB2 Summit.

might besides 19-22, 2019 – Anaheim, California – POWERUp19 is heading to the Disneyland® resort. With over 300 sessions for vigour systems and IBM i training, that you may hold your expertise updated by means of creating a customized time table in accordance with your sure needs.

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As the AS/400 continues along the path of becoming an increasingly involved and interactive system, the development languages that pave the way are required to progress in order to accommodate this complexity. One concrete case of this progression is the transformation of RPG III and RPG/400 to ILE RPG, besides known as RPG IV.

Recognizing the hardship inherent in performing a language transformation, while besides providing incentive for such a move, Linoma Software now offers its CVTILERPG conversion utility. CVTILERPG is designed to build upon the existing Integrated Language Environment (ILE) RPG compiler and provide a number of features not available with IBM's basic RPG conversion tool.

"Some people are just waiting for the perquisite tool to assist them metamorphose to RPG IV," says Jeff Petermann, director of sales for Linoma Software, an Omaha, Neb.-based division of Connections 2000 Inc. "CVTILERPG is a conversion utility that goes beyond the AS/400's conversion command, which doesn't truly metamorphose code to RPG IV format but instead allows code to role in an RPG IV world. Programmers then own to retrograde back in and update the code manually at a later time."

While a scurry to RPG IV can provide a number of benefits, it is a daunting transition for companies with large quantities of RPG III legacy code that must be converted, says Bob Luebbe, president of Linoma Software and author of CVTILERPG. Luebbe besides points out, however, that users want to stay current with unusual versions of their programming language. "In continuing to stay with RPG, they're going to continue to descend behind, as IBM continues to enhance RPG IV."

RPG IV besides eliminates many of RPG III's limitations, according to Luebbe. "You used to only be able to own 50 files in an RPG III program," he says. "With RPG IV, the programmer can allow for an unlimited number of files--which can involve customer files, order entry files, plus an unlimited number of other files where data is stored. In RPG III, there are besides limitations on the lengths of realm names. Used to be only six character realm names in RPG III. RPG IV continues to allow larger realm names every single the time."

Migration to RPG IV besides becomes a practical matter as the current millennium draws to a close. "RPG IV is a mighty language to metamorphose to for Y2K conversions, because the language allows for better date and time manipulation than RPG III," Luebbe says. "What may own taken 100 lines of code to result in RPG III, you can now result in maybe one line with RPG IV. We've sold their product to a lot of folks doing Y2K conversion because they want to purchase handicap of the date and time manipulation features."

Despite the prevalence of visual languages and Java's increasing popularity, Luebbe indicates there is still a strong claim for RPG. "Most people own pretty much made up their understanding to migrate from RPG III to RPG IV, rather than skip from RPG to a newer language fancy Java," he says. "For one, the learning curve is much shorter."

One analyst who agrees with Luebbe's assessment of RPG's health is James Sinur, VP and research director for application development with Gartner Group (Stamford, Conn.). "RPG is a perfectly structured language that doesn't require a sophisticated parser," he says, adding, "It's the impeccable language for affecting from one version to another."

According to Sinur, programmers must respect several aspects when performing code conversion. The first is to "make sure you own a generous test bed, because you need a benchmark," he says. "It's the only way to determine whether you've had a successful conversion." In addition, reference sites must be checked to compose sure the unusual code works. Developers should besides "do a pilot with one of the dirtiest pieces of code you've got," he adds.

The latest version of CVTILERPG, 1.42, is designed to purchase handicap of every single ILE RPG IV features when converting RPG III and RPG/400 source code, according to Luebbe. Standard features always performed by CVTILERPG involve conversion of: IFxx, DOxx, WHxx, ANDxx and ORxx operations to utilize the free configuration expression area; SETON, SETOF and COMP operations to the EVAL operation; cease operations to their corresponding ENDxx operations (i.e. cease becomes ENDIF); and the constant of '1' to *ON and '0' to *OFF in indicator operations. The utility besides generates a summary report of converted member(s), with any exception messages.

There are a number of optional features than can be turned on or off during the conversion process. "Our product lets you control how many of the unusual RPG IV features you want to purchase handicap of," Luebbe says. Programmers can later update code that has already been converted.

Though Gartner's Sinur says his client basis does not fancy dealing with invasive procedures fancy language-to-language conversions, he agrees that RPG is "much more simplistic than parsing C, C++, Java, Assembler and even Cobol." Sinur adds that Cobol to Cobol is the most common configuration of code conversion, and that conversion of Cobol to Java has taken off as of late. "Even more common than language-to-language conversion is GUI-wrapping," he says, as his clients "like approaches that don't tweak the code much."

Many of you own heard about one of the oldest programming languages, COBOL, and you own besides heard that COBOL programmers are much asked for nowadays to maintain aged legacy code. There’s another old-timer which few know about and which is still in utilize and will be in utilize for quite a while for applications in various specific fields (i.e. finance, banking, etc.). Its designation is IBM RPG.

Once upon a time…

RPG is a high-level programming language for industry applications. It is an IBM proprietary programming language and its later versions are available only on IBM i- or OS/400-based systems.

RPG has been around for more than half a century. By the cease of the 1950s, IBM had built a huge number of electromechanical devices called tabulating machines. The ultimate mass-produced tabulator model was the IBM 407 Accounting Machine:

Figure 1. IBM 407 at U.S. Army’s Redstone Arsenal, 1961

By the way, this tabulator rented from $800 to $920 per month ($8100 to $9300 per month in 2016 dollars), depending on the model. They were withdrawn from marketing on December 17, 1976.

As you know, scientific and technological progress was striding forward at the time, and the cease of the 1950s saw the birth of the first transistor computers. The first IBM computer of this type was IBM 1401 built in 1959:

Figure 2. IBM 1401 at the Endicott History and Heritage Center

The Computer History Museum has one working unit. purchase a watch at how it every single worked — that’s really spicy (I especially fancy the phrase “We need a miniature bit of cooling” at 4:41):

To facilitate ease of transition for their customers to the unusual transistor computers, IBM developed two tools in 1959 to replicate punched-card processing on computers: FARGO (Fourteen-o-one Automatic Report Generation Operation) and RPG (Report Program Generator). Both languages’ syntax resembled that of the instruction language of electromechanical tabulators. FARGO and RPG besides replicated an well-known feature of tabulators: cyclic processing mode (known as the program cycle), in which tabulators read punched cards, summarized their contents, and printed a result. IBM still maintains backward compatibility with the program cycle even in the latest dialect, RPG IV.

Even though RPG was developed under much influence of FARGO, it took RPG just a few years to replace its predecessor as a more superior language. The next system to receive RPG support was mainframe IBM System/360 Model 20:

Figure 3. IBM System/360 Model 20 at the Deutsches Museum

A pair of years later (at the cease of the 1960s), IBM released the next dialect, RPG II, for midrange computer System/3:

Figure 4. Midrange computer IBM System/3 Model 10 and the operator at work

RPG has since evolved into an HLL equivalent to COBOL and PL/I. Its distinctive feature (in contrast to modern languages) was the so called fixed-format syntax, so programs were difficult to read without a special debugging template.

An RPG program once typically started off with File Specifications, listing every single files being written to, read from, or updated, followed by Data Definition Specificationscontaining program elements such as Data Structures and dimensional arrays, much fancy a “Working-Storage” section of a COBOL program or “var” statements in Pascal. A variable is defined with a fixed-format Definition Specification. In the Definition Specification, denoted by a note D in column 6 of a source line, the data type character (see the table below) would be encoded in column 40. Also, if the data type character is omitted, that is, left blank, the default will be A if no decimal positions are specified. Otherwise, the default will be P.

Further the Calculation Specifications were given, which are the list of commands for execution. Output Specifications could besides follow, they determined the layout of other files or reports.

The following is the description of every single the specifications types:

The U or Auto Report spec is only required for Auto Report programs.

The H or Header spec is at the top of the program and describes compiler options such as maximum compile size, whether the program is an MRT (Multiple Requestor Terminal) program, and what type of listing is generated when the program is compiled. The remonstrate designation of the program created is located in columns 75–80; if a source does not own an H spec, the designation RPGOBJ is used.

The F or File spec(s) are next, and describes the files used in the program. Files may be disk files (DISK) or may be devices such as a printer (PRINTER), the workstation (WORKSTN), keyboard (KEYBORD), unformatted array (CRT or DISPLAY), or user-defined (SPECIAL). Record size, screen size, overflow indicators, and external indicators are described. It is practicable that an RPG program will not utilize any F specs.

The E or Extension spec(s) are next, and characterize arrays and tables, which may be prefetched from disk files (an Input table), drawn from constants placed at the cease of the source between ** and /* symbols, or built from calculations.

The L or Line Counter spec(s) are next, and if present, characterize the configuration to be printed. It defines the number of lines in a page and the positions where printing begins and ends.

The I or Input specs are next, and characterize the data areas within files. RPG II permits redefinition of data areas so that a realm named FLDA might occupy the selfsame district as an array AR that contains 8 elements of 1 character each. Non-record areas such as data structures can be described. Depending on the values of the input record, indicators may be conditioned.

The C or Calculation spec(s) are next. Total fields may be described and accumulated. involved computations and string manipulations are possible. Indicators may be conditioned.

The ultimate specification(s) are O or Output specifications, which characterize the output record in terms of fields and output positions.

Now, here’s a small case for you to exercise reading RPG programs (F and D specifications are omitted):

Finally, the ultimate version, RPG IV (aka RPGLE, ILE RPG), was released in 1994. Its three prominent features are built-in functions, procedures, and free-form programming. Until November 2013, the free format applied exclusively to the calculation specifications. With the V7R1 TR7 upgrade to the language, the “/free” and “/end-free” calculations are no longer necessary, and the language has finally broken the ties to punched cards.

I besides recommend looking at this document where IBM demonstrates the drastic changes made to the language. RPG remains a current programming language on the IBM i operating system, which runs on IBM Power i platform hardware:

Figure 7. IBM Power i server series

All in all, the RPG programming language has been used on 1401, /360, /3, /32, /34, /36, /38 AS/400 and System i systems. There own besides been implementations for the Digital VAX, Sperry Univac BC/7, Univac system 80, Siemens BS2000, Burroughs B700, B1700, Hewlett Packard HP3000, ICL 2900 series, Honeywell 6220 and 2020, Four-Phase IV/70 and IV/90 series, Singer System 10 and WANG VS, as well as mixed compilers and runtime environments for Unix-based systems, such as Infinite36 (formerly Unibol 36), and PCs (Baby/400, Lattice-RPG).

Today, RPG IV is a more robust language. Editing can still be done via SEU, the simple green-screen editor:

Figure 8. Green-screen editor

However, a long progression of tools has been developed over time. Some of these own included Visual Age for RPG, which was developed by IBM and promoted by Jon Paris and others. Currently the preferred editing platform is IBM’s Websphere development Studio client, now named RDi (Rational Developer for i), which is a customized implementation of Eclipse:

Figure 9. Rational Developer for i

There is besides an RPG compiler for Microsoft .NET. This version contains extensions to RPG IV beyond that of the basis IBM compiler. These extensions provide Microsoft Windows and .NET hooks in the indigenous and System 36 environment, as well as the ability to port DB/2 files to Microsoft Access and Microsoft SQL Server databases via ODBC.

Conclusion

Although RPG is quite an exotic language, it is a fact that there exists a large amount of code written in it in specific fields such as finance, banking, and the like. The language is quite diverse: it includes 4 dialects and supports both fixed- and free-form programming. The need to maintain aged legacy code and write unusual code coerce companies to search RPG developers, who look to be on the Red List for threatened species. Given the circumstances, additional code-quality control tools such as static analyzers are much called for.

You must own already guessed what the understanding for writing this article is and what they are driving at. You’re right: they are now considering the thought of creating a static code analyzer for the RPG language. I believe such an analyzer would be a mighty aid to those who still maintain and develop RPG programs. But they haven’t Come to a conclusion yet. Needless to say, it’s quite a specific niche.

That’s why they need you to order us if you want PVS-Studio analyzer to become a tool that could detect bugs in RPG programs. Dear potential users of PVS-Studio RPG, they are looking for you. Don’t hesitate to email us!

Square Enix announced their Gamescom line-up this morning, and mentioned in their press release that the smartphone version of Dragon Quest IV: Chapters of the Chosen will be released in the West.

Dragon Quest IV: Chapters of the Chosen on smartphones is a port of the Nintendo DS remake of the game. It includes the extra content from that version, such as the bounty narrative chapter. It besides has a quick reclaim feature and five combat speed options.

The game will be released for both iOS and Android devices.

Other games that Square is taking to Gamescom include: Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix, Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris, Theatrhythm Final Fantasy: Curtain Call, Dragon Quest VIII for smartphones, Nosgoth and Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn.

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