NanochemistryNanochemistry is the combination of chemistry and nanoscience.
Nanochemistry is associated with synthesis of building blocks which
are dependent on size, surface, shape and defect properties.
Nanochemistry is being used in chemical, materials and physical,
science as well as engineering, biological and medical applications.
Nanochemistry and other nanoscience fields have the same core concepts
but the usages of those concepts are different.
The nano prefix was given to nanochemistry when scientists observed
the odd changes on materials when they were in nanometer-scale size.
Several chemical modification on nanometer scaled structures, approves
effects of being size dependent.
Nanochemistry can be characterized by concepts of size, shape,
self-assembly, defects and bio-nano; So the synthesis of any new
nano-construct is associated with all these concepts
[...More...]

ChemistryChemistryChemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds
composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of
atoms: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the
changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds.[1][2]
ChemistryChemistry addresses topics such as how atoms and molecules interact
via chemical bonds to form new chemical compounds. There are four
types of chemical bonds: covalent bonds, in which compounds share one
or more electron(s); ionic bonds, in which a compound donates one or
more electrons to another compound to produce ions: cations and
anions; hydrogen bonds; and
Van der Waals forceVan der Waals force bonds
[...More...]

Scanning Probe Microscopy
Scanning probe microscope (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms
images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. SPM
was founded in 1981, with the invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
The first successful scanning tunneling microscope experiment was done
by Binnig and Rohrer. The key to their success was using a feedback
loop to regulate gap distance between the sample and the probe.[1]
Many scanning probe microscopes can image several interactions
simultaneously. The manner of using these interactions to obtain an
image is generally called a mode.
The resolution varies somewhat from technique to technique, but some
probe techniques reach a rather impressive atomic resolution.[citation
needed] This is due largely because piezoelectric actuators can
execute motions with a precision and accuracy at the atomic level or
better on electronic command
[...More...]

Contact Lithography
Contact lithography, also known as contact printing, is a form of
photolithography whereby the image to be printed is obtained by
illumination of a photomask in direct contact with a substrate coated
with an imaging photoresist layer.Contents1 History
2 Operating principle
3 Types of contact masks
4 Resolution enhancements
5 Defect and Contamination Issues
6 ReferencesHistory[edit]
The first integrated circuits had features of 200 micrometres which
were printed using contact lithography. This technique was popular in
the 1960s until it was substituted by proximity printing, where a gap
is introduced between the photomask and the substrate. Proximity
printing had poorer resolution than contact printing (due to the gap
allowing more diffraction to occur) but generated far less defects.
The resolution was sufficient for down to 2 micrometre production. In
1978, the step-and-repeat projection system appeared
[...More...]

Scanning Probe Microscope
Scanning probe microscope (SPM) is a branch of microscopy that forms
images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. SPM
was founded in 1981, with the invention of the scanning tunneling
microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level.
The first successful scanning tunneling microscope experiment was done
by Binnig and Rohrer. The key to their success was using a feedback
loop to regulate gap distance between the sample and the probe.[1]
Many scanning probe microscopes can image several interactions
simultaneously. The manner of using these interactions to obtain an
image is generally called a mode.
The resolution varies somewhat from technique to technique, but some
probe techniques reach a rather impressive atomic resolution.[citation
needed] This is due largely because piezoelectric actuators can
execute motions with a precision and accuracy at the atomic level or
better on electronic command
[...More...]

Nanoimprint LithographyNanoimprint lithographyNanoimprint lithography is a method of fabricating nanometer scale
patterns. It is a simple nanolithography process with low cost, high
throughput and high resolution. It creates patterns by mechanical
deformation of imprint resist and subsequent processes. The imprint
resist is typically a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by
heat or UV light during the imprinting
[...More...]

Dip-pen NanolithographyDip penDip pen nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe lithography
technique where an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is used to create
patterns directly on a range of substances with a variety of inks.[1]
A common example of this technique is exemplified by the use of alkane
thiolates to imprint onto a gold surface.[2] This technique allows
surface patterning on scales of under 100 nanometers. DPN is the
nanotechnology analog of the dip pen (also called the quill pen),
where the tip of an atomic force microscope cantilever acts as a
"pen," which is coated with a chemical compound or mixture acting as
an "ink," and put in contact with a substrate, the "paper."[3]
DPN enables direct deposition of nanoscale materials onto a substrate
in a flexible manner
[...More...]

Soft Lithography
In technology, soft lithography is a family of techniques for
fabricating or replicating structures using "elastomeric stamps,
molds, and conformable photomasks".[1] It is called "soft" because it
uses elastomeric materials, most notably PDMS.
Soft lithographySoft lithography is generally used to construct features measured on
the micrometer to nanometer scale. According to Rogers and Nuzzo
(2005), development of soft lithography expanded rapidly from 1995 to
2005
[...More...]

Quantum Particles
In most theoretical physics such as quantum field theory, the energy
that a particle has as a result of changes that it itself causes in
its environment defines self-energy Σ displaystyle Sigma , and represents the contribution to the particle's energy, or
effective mass, due to interactions between the particle and its
system. In electrostatics, the energy required to assemble the charge
distribution takes the form of self-energy by bringing in the
constituent charges from infinity, where the electric force goes to
zero. In a condensed matter context relevant to electrons moving in a
material, the self-energy represents the potential felt by the
electron due to the surrounding medium's interactions with it. Since
electrons repel each other the moving electron polarizes, or causes to
displace, the electrons in its vicinity and then changes the potential
of the moving electron fields
[...More...]

OxidationRedoxRedox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation:
/ˈrɛdɒks/ redoks or /ˈriːdɒks/ reedoks[1]) is a chemical
reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed. Any such
reaction involves both a reduction process and a complementary
oxidation process, two key concepts involved with electron transfer
processes.[2]
RedoxRedox reactions include all chemical reactions in which
atoms have their oxidation state changed; in general, redox reactions
involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species. The
chemical species from which the electron is stripped is said to have
been oxidized, while the chemical species to which the electron is
added is said to have been reduced
[...More...]

Self-assembled MonolayerSelf-assembled monolayersSelf-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic molecules are molecular
assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are
organized into more or less large ordered domains.[1][2] In some cases
molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the
substrate. This is the case for instance of the two-dimensional
supramolecular networks[3] of e.g. perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride
(PTCDA) on gold[4] or of e.g. porphyrins on highly oriented pyrolitic
graphite (HOPG).[5] In other cases the molecules possess a head group
that has a strong affinity to the substrate and anchors the molecule
to it.[1] Such a SAM consisting of a head group, tail and functional
end group is depicted in Figure 1. Common head groups include thiols,
silanes, phosphonates, etc.Figure 1
[...More...]

Electron-beam LithographyElectron-beam lithographyElectron-beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography) is
the practice of scanning a focused beam of electrons to draw custom
shapes on a surface covered with an electron-sensitive film called a
resist (exposing).[1] The electron beam changes the solubility of the
resist, enabling selective removal of either the exposed or
non-exposed regions of the resist by immersing it in a solvent
(developing). The purpose, as with photolithography, is to create very
small structures in the resist that can subsequently be transferred to
the substrate material, often by etching.
The primary advantage of electron-beam lithography is that it can draw
custom patterns (direct-write) with sub-10 nm resolution
[...More...]

Sunscreen
Sunscreen, also known as sunblock and suntan lotion, is a lotion,
spray, gel or other topical product that absorbs or reflects some of
the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thus helps protect against
sunburn
[...More...]