Your first two books, “Pleasurable Kingdom” and “Second Nature,” were extensively researched works that persuasively argued the case for animal sentience. Your latest book, “The Exultant Ark,” uses photography to help argue the point. What was your motivation for utilizing this medium?

For some people the cliché is true that pictures speak louder than words. Also, animals and pleasure are both fascinating and beautiful, so it seems like a winning combination to combine them in one book. Since the time I started writing about animal pleasure ten years ago, I’ve felt that it warranted a pictorial treatment.

All your books seem to appeal to the common layperson who has limited scientific background while simultaneously engaging the scientific community. Do you see your audience as primarily the former or latter? or both?

As a scientist I strive to uphold my scientific principles. However, my main reading audience is informed lay-readers.

The Exultant Ark–Jonathan Balcombe

In “Pleasurable Kingdom,” you argue the need for academically developing what you call hedonic ethology, the study of pleasure in animals. Since the publication of that book in 2006, has there been any development in hedonic ethology in the academic world? Have you or would you consider teaching a course in hedonic ethology in the future?

I’m not aware of any change in scientific interest in animal pleasure, per se, but there is an ongoing rise in interest in animals as cognitive, emotional virtuous beings. I’m also pleased to see more interest in the virtuous side of nature, and a shift in our view of wild nature as cruel, competitive and earnest toward a more rounded view that includes cooperation and empathy.

Have you ever experienced any discrimination in the scientific world due to your views on animal sentience? And conversely, have there been any particular academic institutions or establishments that have overtly supported and encouraged your work?

Some scientists think I’m too liberal in my interpretations of animal behavior, while others have written very supportive reviews of my books. A prominent animal welfare scientist wrote a review of Pleasurable Kingdom titled “Feelings do not a science make,” which is a remarkably old-school view in science these days.

I am often invited to speak at university campuses, though this is usually at the initiative of a particular faculty member who champions my work and is disillusioned with the current human-animal relationship. The most supportive academic institution is the one I work for: Humane Society University.

Throughout all your books, you mention other ethologists and scientists who have inspired you; Frans de Waal, Joanna Burger, Marc Bekoff, and Gordon Burghardt, come to mind. Who else do you consider major scientific influences? And are there any other particular books that you would recommend to our readers interested in learning more about cognitive ethology and animal sentience?

Jane Goodall’s books were an early inspiration while I was growing up. The American neuroscientist Jaak Panksepp has done fascinating studies on mirth in rats, including what appears to be a rat’s version of laughter. Canadian physiologist Michel Cabanac was a pioneer in the academic study of animal (including human) pleasure studies, and has done elegant work demonstrating, for instance, emotional fever in mammals and reptiles. Donald Griffin’s books on animal minds are excellent. Charles Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), and [Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson’s] When Elephants Weep (1995) are must-reads on animal emotions. And a little-known volume titled Fish Cognition and Behavior (2005) [by Culum Brown, Kevin Laland, and Jens Krause] is a revealing look at the mental sophistication in a group of animals commonly believed to lack minds.

Native habitat loss is mentioned throughout your works as a major stress factor in the lives of animals and a major cause of animal extinction. As the global population of humans continues to soar, what potential solutions do you see in addressing this problem?

Until we start taking human overpopulation seriously we are unlikely to make much headway in tackling habitat loss and species extinctions. A related concern is the rise in human consumption of meat, especially in densely populated Asia. Trying to feed growing amounts of meat to a growing population of humans is utterly unsustainable. Solutions lie in political leaders embracing these issues, and in all citizens taking personal responsibility through their daily lifestyle choices. Cultural change happens much faster than evolutionary change, so we can make great progress in short time.

What specific steps do you think should be taken in developing or altering the current American educational curriculum in order to develop children and young adults that truly respect animal welfare and wildlife habitat?

We should be teaching life-skills in our schools. Ethics, compassion, personal responsibility, critical thinking and the power of individual action should be core elements of our educational systems from an early age.

Factory farming incurs unfathomable suffering upon cows, pigs, chickens, turkeys, and other domestic animals raised solely for human consumption. What avenues do you consider most influential for making the most positive change in factory farming—promoting a vegan diet? Promoting legislation for factory farm animal rights? Others?

I agree with American philosopher Tom Regan that social change requires “many hands on many oars.” Different people respond to different sorts of messages, so we need many doorways into enlightened thinking. Educating the public on the joys and diverse benefits of plant-based eating, and bringing to light the abuses and the ecological and economic costs of industrial animal agriculture are key components of this campaign for change.

You have been writing and publishing quite a bit over the last five years, with great success. So many of our readers, including myself, have had their lives changed from reading one or more of your books. What are your plans for the near future? Will you be writing another book soon?

I have ideas for future books, but I’ve decided for the moment to focus my energies more on promulgating the messages of my existing books. I do this through public speaking, media interviews, teaching, and other writing avenues (blogs, book chapters, letters to the editor, etc.). I am also developing a third phase of the animal pleasure project: a documentary film.

Nobel laureate J.M. Coetzee is considered to be one of the world’s greatest living authors and literary critics. His novels have been translated into many languages and he has won countless literary awards, including the Nobel Prize, the Booker Prize, and the Commonwealth Writers Prize. He is known to be somewhat reclusive and shy. Coetzee wrote the forward for your second book, “Second Nature,” in which he praises you: “Balcombe is a rare being, a scientist who has escaped the narrow orthodoxies of institutional science, an intelligent human being who is more than ready to recognize intelligences of other kinds, an intuitive and empathetic observer who nevertheless does not abandon the highest standards of intellectual inquiry.”

How did your road cross with Coetzee’s, and what was your reaction when you found out he was going to write the forward for “Second Nature”?

I met Coetzee at a reading/book-signing he did a decade or so earlier, around the time his celebrated novel Disgrace came out. I already knew he was a friend of animals and thought there would be no harm asking him as the worst he could say was “no.” I mailed him a copy of my earlier book (Pleasurable Kingdom) as a sample of my work. I was, of course, elated when he agreed to write the foreword.