1. A lawyer is a representative of clients, an officer of the legal system and a public
citizen having special responsibility for the quality of justice. Lawyers, as guardians of
the law, play a vital role in the preservation of society. The fulfillment of this role
requires an understanding by the lawyers of their relationship with and function in our
legal system. A consequent obligation of lawyers is to maintain the highest standards of
ethical conduct.

2. As a representative of clients, a lawyer performs various functions. As advisor, a
lawyer provides a client with an informed understanding of the client's legal rights and
obligations and explains their practical implications. As advocate, a lawyer zealously
asserts the client's position under the rules of the adversary system. As negotiator, a
lawyer seeks a result advantageous to the client but consistent with requirements of
honest dealing with others. As intermediary between clients, a lawyer seeks to reconcile
their divergent interests as an advisor and, to a limited extent, as a spokesperson for
each client. A lawyer acts as evaluator by examining a client's legal affairs and
reporting about them to the client or to others.

3. In all professional functions, a lawyer should zealously pursue clients' interests
within the bounds of the law. In doing so, a lawyer should be competent , prompt and
diligent. A lawyer should maintain communication with a client concerning the
representation. A lawyer should keep in confidence information relating to representation
of a client except so far as disclosure is required or permitted by the Texas Disciplinary
Rules of Professional Conduct or other law.

4. A lawyer's conduct should conform to the requirements of the law, both in
professional service to clients and in the lawyer's business and personal affairs. A
lawyer should use the law's procedures only for legitimate purposes and not to harass or
intimidate others. A lawyer should demonstrate respect for the legal system and for those
who serve it, including judges, other lawyers and public officials. While it is a lawyer's
duty, when necessary, to challenge the rectitude of official action, it is also a lawyer's
duty to uphold legal process.

5. As a public citizen, a lawyer should seek improvement of the law, the administration
of justice and the quality of service rendered by the legal profession. As a member of a
learned profession, a lawyer should cultivate knowledge of the law beyond its use for
clients, employ that knowledge in reform of the law and work to strengthen legal
education. A lawyer should be mindful of deficiencies in the administration of justice and
of the fact that the poor, and sometimes persons who are not poor, cannot afford adequate
legal assistance, and should therefore devote professional time and civic influence in
their behalf. A lawyer should aid the legal profession in pursuing these objectives and
should help the bar regulate itself in the public interest.

6. A lawyer should render public interest legal service. The basic responsibility for
providing legal services for those unable to pay ultimately rests upon the individual
lawyer, and personal involvement in the problems of the disadvantages can be one of the
most rewarding experiences in the life of a lawyer. Every lawyer, regardless of
professional prominence or professional workload, should find time to participate in or
otherwise support the provision of legal services to the disadvantaged. The provision of
free legal services to those unable to pay reasonable fees is a moral obligation of each
lawyer as well as the profession generally. A lawyer may discharge this basic
responsibility by providing public interest legal services without fee, or at a
substantially reduced fee, in one or more of the following areas: poverty law, civil
rights law, public rights law, charitable organization representation, the administration
of justice, and by financial support for organizations that provide legal services to
persons of limited means.

7. In the nature of law practice conflicting responsibilities are encountered.
Virtually all difficult ethical problems arise from apparent conflict between a lawyer's
responsibilities to clients, to the legal system and to the lawyer's own interest. The
Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct prescribe terms for resolving such
tensions. They do so by stating minimum standards of conduct below which no lawyer can
fall without being subject to disciplinary action. Within the framework of these Rules
many difficult issues of professional discretion can arise. The Rules and their Comments
constitute a body of principles upon which the lawyer can rely for guidance in resolving
such issues through the exercise of sensitive professional and moral judgment. In applying
these rules, lawyers may find interpretive guidance in the principles developed in the
Comments.

8. The legal profession has a responsibility to assure that its regulation is
undertaken in the public interest rather than in furtherance of parochial or
self-interested concerns of the bar, and to insist that every lawyer both comply with its
minimum disciplinary standards and aid in securing their observance by other lawyers.
Neglect of these responsibilities compromises the independence of the profession and the
public interest which it serves.

9. Each lawyer's own conscience is the touchstone against which to test the extent to
which his actions may rise above the disciplinary standards prescribed by these rules. The
desire for the respect and confidence of the members of the profession and of the society
which it serves provides the lawyer the incentive to attain the highest possible degree of
ethical conduct. The possible loss of that respect and confidence is the ultimate
sanction. So long as its practitioners are guided by these principles, the law will
continue to be a noble profession. This is its greatness and its strength, which permit of
no compromise.

Preamble: Scope

10. The Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct are rules of reason. The Texas
Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct define proper conduct for purposes of
professional discipline. They are imperatives, cast in the terms "shall" or
"shall not." The Comments are cast often in the terms of "may" or
"should" and are permissive, defining areas in which the lawyer has professional
discretion. When a lawyer exercises such discretion, whether by acting or not acting, no
disciplinary action may be taken. The Comments also frequently illustrate or explain
applications of the rules, in order to provide guidance for interpreting the rules and for
practicing in compliance with the spirit of the rules. The Comments do not, however, add
obligations to the rules and no disciplinary action may be taken for failure to conform to
the Comments.

11. The rules presuppose a larger legal context shaping the lawyer's role. That context
includes court rules and statutes relating to matters of licensure, laws defining specific
obligations of lawyers and substantive and procedure law in general. Compliance with the
rules, as with all law in an open society, depends primarily upon understanding and
voluntary compliance, secondarily upon reinforcement by peer and public opinion and
finally, when necessary, upon enforcement through disciplinary proceedings. The Rules and
Comments do not, however, exhaust the moral and ethical considerations that should guide a
lawyer, for no worthwhile human activity can be completely defined by legal rules.

12. Most of the duties flowing from the client-lawyer relationship attach only after
the client has requested the lawyer to render legal services and the lawyer has agreed to
do so. For purposes of determining the lawyer's authority and responsibility, individual
circumstances and principles of substantive law external to these rules determine whether
a client-lawyer relationship may be found to exist. But there are some duties, such as
that of confidentiality, that may attach before a client-lawyer relationship has been
established.

13. The responsibilities of government lawyers, under various legal provisions,
including constitutional, statutory and common law, may include authority concerning legal
matters that ordinarily reposes in the client in private client-lawyer relationships. For
example, a lawyer for a government agency may have authority on behalf of the government
to decide upon settlement or whether to appeal from an adverse judgment. Such authority in
various respects is generally vested in the attorney general and the state's attorney in
state government, and their federal counterparts, and the same may be true of other
government law officers. Also, lawyers under the supervision of these officers may be
authorized to represent several government agencies in intragovernmental legal
controversies in circumstances where a private lawyer could not represent multiple private
clients. They also may have authority to represent the "public interest" in
circumstances where a private lawyer would not be authorized to do so. These Rules do not
abrogate any such authority.

14. These rules make no attempt to prescribe either disciplinary procedures or
penalties for violation of a rule.

15. These rules do not undertake to define standards of civil liability of lawyers for
professional conduct. Violation of a Rule does not give rise to a private cause of action
nor does it create any presumption that a legal duty to a client has been breached.
Likewise, these rules are not designed to be standards for procedural decisions.
Furthermore, the purpose of these rules can be abused when they are invoked by opposing
parties as procedural weapons. The fact that a Rule is a just basis for a lawyer's
self-assessment, or for sanctioning a lawyer under the administration of a disciplinary
authority, does not imply that an antagonist in a collateral proceeding or transaction has
standing to seek enforcement of the rule. Accordingly, nothing in the rules should be
deemed to augment any substantive legal duty of lawyers or the extra-disciplinary
consequences of violating such a duty.

16. Moreover, these rules are not intended to govern or affect judicial application of
either the attorney-client or work product privilege. The fact that in exceptional
situations the lawyer under the Rules has a limited discretion to disclose a client
confidence does not vitiate the proposition that, as a general matter, the client has a
reasonable expectation that information relating to the client will not be voluntarily
disclosed and that disclosure of such information may be judicially compelled only in
accordance with recognized exceptions to the attorney-client and work product privileges.