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Here is German Open Data portal for geodata - http://www.geodatenzentrum.de/geodaten/gdz_rahmen.gdz_div?gdz_spr=eng&gdz_akt_zeile=5&gdz_anz_zeile=0&gdz_user_id=0
It has administrative areas, zipcodes and geo names (cities, points of interests), etc available for download (Shapefiles) and as webservices (WMS).
Specifically German addresses data ...

There is no simple answer to this question, because ZIP codes do not represent geographical areas. They represent postal delivery routes, which are sometimes simply a bank of PO boxes in a specific post office, and are sometimes an organization like a University which has its own internal mail processing services.
Therefore, not all ZIP Codes can truly be ...

There has been some mention about this being a complex problem. It's not hard at all. In fact, matching a zipcode to the corresponding cities is super simple. Granted, trying to find an accurate shapefile that corresponds to a given zipcode, that is a more challenging issue. But simply matching zipcode to city/cities... very easy. The USPS data has a ...

This website claims to contain a complete [list of?] postal code[s] in Indonesia
It is not in a good machine readable format, but the html uses <pre> tags with makes much more easier script the data off there.

Here you can find some http://schnipsel.dianacht.de/2010/07/15/shapefiles-fuer-bundeslaender-und-kantone
Also as part of the global administrative borders service you can find some.
http://www.gadm.org/
In both cases I don't know the depth of it.
If this is not good enough, maybe openstreetmap has more data for you. Look for this at geofabrik http://www....

Germany is one of the best mapped countries in Open Street Maps. You could extract the administrative boundaries from OSM. Using Osmosis, you might do something like
osmosis --read-xml germany.osm --way-key-value keyValueList="boundary.administrative" --used-node --write-xml germany_admin.osm

Update: I recently found this data at GeoNames.org, among many related data sets. The file includes city, county, state, latitude and longitude. It would be a separate exercise to roll it up to MSA or CSA.
Direct link to US Postal codes ZIP file
For many people, the best way to get this data is to buy it. There's a cottage industry of data services that ...

The GIS site also has a useful answer
Most Up-To-Date Source for US Zip Code Boundaries
One thing to keep in mind is the fact that Zip Codes are not polygons, and therefore do not have boundaries.
That answer and the others has resources for various GIS softwares:
for example, ArcGIS
By the way, search "zip codes" in quotation marks to make sure the ...

There is no direct source for this information that would be open data.
The Global Open Data Index says that the:
From the Department of Statistics Malaysia official portal, there datasets are not available. Given that the institution is in the Federal State territory, submitting for Freedom of Information request is impossible because there is no ...

The open elections project is trying to collect this type of information from official sources, though it isn't yet available.
This is commercially valuable information that typically comes with a licensing fee and can be problematic for republishing. "Election Data Services" is one of the usual sources for this data. Also see Dave Leip's political atlas ...

I used some BLS data for a recent project. It took me a little while to dig through. But there are essentially 3 ways to get access to their data.
Is from their 'downloadble' sets published as links from HTML. It sounds like you have got to this.
Quandl have some of the BLS data curated. That have made it nicely searchable, filterable and available under ...

The Census provides the dataset as a shapefile. I loaded it into my CartoDB account so you can download it as a GeoJSON using the following API call:
http://eschbacher.cartodb.com/api/v2/sql?q=SELECT%20*%20FROM%20us_zipcodes&format=geojson&filename=us_census_zipcodes
The download as GeoJSON comes to around 135 MB.
You can view a map of the data ...

Natural Earth has public-domain shapefiles for some of those types of geographies, but they're not as in-depth as the country-specific sources others have mentioned. They still might be worth a look, though, depending on your application: http://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/

I can certainly help you with the income estimates. The Census Bureau publishes mean/average income at the ZCTA level. For cities and ZCTA's, the estimate come from a pooled 5-year sample that ranges from 2010-2014 back to 2005-2009.
You might only need the first table (S1901), but I figured posting the table giving information on the estimated aggregate ...

Wolfram Mathematica comes with curated data build in. For this answer I'll restrict the data collection to only a couple of counties but it is easily expanded to more.
We will use the AdministrativeDivisionData function for reference and the "PerCapitaIncome" property. Expand the Details section to see the list of data points available from this function. ...

try this one for postal codes: http://www.suche-postleitzahl.org/downloads?download=plz-gebiete.shp.zip
Concerning the cities, I would prefer Geofabrik: http://download.geofabrik.de/europe.html
Please note that PLZ-geodata is the property of Deutsche Post, changing every year its geometries (but only little parts of it) and selling it at a price - so you ...

The Office for National Statistics Postcode Directory contains:
Regions (Former Government Office Regions - GOR)
The 9 GORs were abolished on 1 April 2011 and are now known as 'regions' for statistical purposes. They were the primary statistical subdivisions of England and also the areas in which the Government Offices for the Regions fulfilled their role. ...

Not an answer, but too long for a comment.
Possibly helpful links:
https://help.openstreetmap.org/questions/35669/indian-postcode-boundaries-required
https://www.mbi-geodata.com/en/2013/04/11/press-release-new-postal-code-boundaries-for-india/ (not free, and linked page is in German)
http://geoportal.gsdl.org.in/postal/ (and related pages)
http://...

You can use metadata from the Google i18n Internationalization project (link). For example, the address completion metadata from the libaddressinput package (C++ and Java tools) used for Android (Java) and Chromium OS (C++).
The raw data is stored here: https://i18napis.appspot.com/address
For Canada, it looks like this:
{
"lang":"en",
"upper":"...

The shading of shapes on a GIS map is a design choice; it's not a characteristic of the data. Not all choropleth maps are opaque, even if some that you've seen are. A designer made that choice.
In Google Earth, you can apply styles to a layer using the "Edit > Get Info" command. On that, choose the "Style, Color" tab and change the color and opacity in the "...

The location datasets page for Canada on OKFN's global open data index seems to contain a pretty comprehensive yet short review on the state of postcode data:
Canada Post is a Crown corporation of the Government of Canada. Commercial use of Canada Post's Postal Code Address Data (PCAD) product has been quoted at $50,600 per year. Canada Post claims ...

You already have the most useful lookup table that is possible given the design of super output areas and postcodes.
The problem is that postcodes are not designed for the convenience of census or geographic analysis: they are purely for the convenience of the people who deliver mail. So there is no simple relationship between groups of postcodes and MSOAs ...

I think that the region boundaries can be found in the OS BoundaryLine product which is open data. However that only includes administrative areas so you will need to combine it with the postcode data from the Code-Point data you already have.

I'm the head researcher for a commerical real estate brokerage firm. I don't know of a perfect source for what you are looking for, but here are some proxys you might try
Paid option: Costar
http://www.costar.com/ has what some of what you want, but they are a pay-for service. From time to time I've heard of them gifting data access for research purposes. I ...

Upon closer inspection, it seems that the TIGER line zcta summary level 510 shapefile has more detail of the boundaries and the Gazetteer shapefile has simplified vertices that if I had to guess were designed to be used for map visualization at a scale of 1:500,000 or greater (hence the 500k).

I wrote to the Census and they wrote back,
The Gazetteer file you are looking at is a Cartographic Boundary Shapefile which is for small scale (limited detail) mapping projects clipped to shorelines. Designed for thematic mapping using GIS. The TIGER/Line shapefile is the most comprehensive dataset hence the difference in file size. So depending on what ...

Check the following UK Postcodes datasets:
ONS: the National Statistics Postcode Lookup (NSPL)
The NSPL does this by allocating UK postcodes to Output Areas (OA) using the same methodology as that for the ONSPD. These OAs are then referenced to a wide range of higher statistical geographies (for example, local authority districts) by a best-fit ...