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Introduction to Linux - A Hands on Guide

This guide was created as an overview of the Linux Operating System, geared toward new users as an exploration tour and getting started guide, with exercises at the end of each chapter.
For more advanced trainees it can be a desktop reference, and a collection of the base knowledge needed to proceed with system and network administration. This book contains many real life examples derived from the author's experience as a Linux system and network administrator, trainer and consultant. They hope these examples will help you to get a better understanding of the Linux system and that you feel encouraged to try out things on your own.

i use pclinuxos 09 and i just upgraded all of the software and hardware (i think i opened symantec, and selected mark all upgrades and installed them) after i upgraded my sound isn't working anymore for some reason how do i get it working again i tried everything like restoring the setting to the default settings and still no sound what could be the problem Huh

when i first installed the distro without any updates the sound worked perfectly without any problem (but once and a while the sound doesn't work so i end up restarting the thing and it usually works) but when just won't work anymore especially after restarting the system numerous times i reinstall the distro and it works like always i am tired of doing that now

This is a complete stab in the dark, but it could be that your sound is working but that one application is holding your sound-card open and others can't access it. One solution to this problem is to install a software mixer such as alsa-oss.

In case something is holding your sound card open, you can run this to find out what it is:

Code:

lsof /dev/dsp* /dev/audio*

There are other options, such as having multiple sound cards/chipsets detected (and the wrong one being used), or having an amplifier setting set to mute, but I would expect those to show up in the configuration tools.