Scientists believed that the Chinese invented rockets and was the first to build a working rocket which was describe as "Arrows of flying fire" By 1300 the use of rockets has spread through out much of Asia and Europe.

During the early 1800"s.

In 1800"s an English inventor William Hale improved accuracy in Military rockets.

5An Introduction To Rockets 2

By substituted three fins for the long wooden tail which was used to guide the rocket, these rocket was used in the Mexican war and the American Civil war (1861-1865).

6Historical account

For centuries, rockets have provided ceremonial and warfare uses starting with the ancient Chinese, the first to create rockets.

The lineage to the immensely larger rockets now used as space launch vehicles is unmistakable.

7Historical account 2

Thus, as far as spaceflight and space science are concerned, the story of rockets up to the beginning of the 20th century was largely prologue.

These first rockets burned a substance called black powder which consisted of charcoal salt paper and sulfur which used as a fireworks and as a weapon.

A rocket in its simplest form is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure.

A small opening at one end of the chamber allows the gas to escape, and in doing so provides a thrust that propels in the opposite direction.

A good example of this is a balloon.

10Principals 2

Air inside a balloon is compressed by the balloon's rubber walls.

The air pushes back so that the inward and outward pressing forces are balanced.

When the nozzle is released, air escapes through it and the balloon is propelled in the opposite direction.

11How rockets work

Thrust is the force that propels a rocket or spacecraft and is measured in pounds, kilograms or Newtons.

Physically speaking, it is the result of pressure which is exerted on the wall of the combustion chamber.

12How rockets work 2

To create high speed exhaust gases, the necessary high temperatures and pressures of combustion are obtained by using a very energetic fuel and by having the molecular weight of the exhaust gases as low as possible.

It is also necessary to reduce the pressure of the gas as much as possible inside the nozzle by creating a large section ratio.

13Scientific Process

On January 2nd 2004 the NASA space mission, STARDUST, will fly through comet Wild 2, capturing interstellar particles and dust and returning them to Earth in 2006.

Space scientists from the Open University and University of Kent have developed one of the instruments which will help tell us more about comets and the evolution of our own solar system .

14Nature of Science

Over the course of human history, people have developed many interconnected and validated ideas about the physical, biological, psychological, and social worlds.

Those ideas have enabled successive generations to achieve an increasingly comprehensive and reliable understanding of the human species and its environment.

15Nature of Science 2

The means used to develop these ideas are particular ways of observing, thinking, experimenting, and validating.

These ways represent a fundamental aspect of the nature of science and reflect how science tends to differ from other modes of knowing.

16Problem Solving

In the early days of rocketry many aircraft features were adapted to the new vehicles.

Dr. Robert Goddard placed vanes, similar to the tail surfaces of an airplane, on the nozzle section of his early rockets.

Turning these one way or the other deflected a portion of the exhaust gases, pushing the rockets tail in the opposite direction.

17Problem Solving 2

The mere presence of the vanes, however, reduces the efficiency of the rocket.

Whatever amount of downward thrust pushes against the vanes cancels out an equal amount of the thrusts upward push inside the rocket.

The solution developed for large rockets and space boosters was to gimbal the nozzle.

18Process

A solid rocket is a class of rocket in which the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together and cast into a solid material.

This solid material is typically formed into cylindrical blocks with a void along the centerline.

Once exposed to an ignition source, a flame travels through this empty central region and consumes the propellant grain radially until the fuel supply is exhausted.

19Process 2

A liquid rocket, on the other hand, has separate fuel and oxidizer tanks in which the two substances are stored as fluids until they are combined and burned in the rocket's combustion chamber.

Although liquid rockets are typically more powerful and efficient, solid rockets are usually less complex and safer to store.

20Practical Rocketry

The first rockets ever built, the fire-arrows of the Chinese, were not very reliable.

Many just exploded on launching. Others flew on erratic courses and landed in the wrong place.

Being a rocketer in the days of the fire-arrows must have been an exciting, but also a highly dangerous activity.

21Practical Rocketry 2

Today, rockets are much more reliable.

They fly on precise courses and are capable of going fast enough to escape the gravitational pull of Earth.

Modern rockets are also more efficient today because we have an understanding of the scientific principles behind rocketry.

Our understanding has led us to develop a wide variety of advanced rocket hardware and devise new propellants that can be used for longer trips and more powerful takeoffs.

22Modern Uses

A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket engine. In military terminology, a rocket generally uses solid propellant and is unguided.

These rockets can be fired by ground-attack aircraft at fixed targets such as buildings, or can be launched by ground forces at other ground targets.

23Modern Uses 2

A missile, by contrast, can use either solid or liquid propellant, and has a guidance system.

This distinction generally applies only in the case of weapons, though, and not to civilian or orbital launch vehicles.

24NASA Launches

NASA launched Saturday its Swift satellite, which will track huge explosions of gamma rays, the US space agency said.

The Delta rocket launches lifted of from Cape Canaveral at 1216 pm, according to NASA, which televised the launch live.

25NASA Launches 2

It was slated to enter Earth orbit one hour and 20 minutes later at an altitude of 600 kilometers (370 miles).

Swift is a 250 million dollars mission, with British and Italian participation.

Scientist hope it will provide insights into black holes.

26Graph 27Negative Aspect

The negative aspects of rocketry are that it pollutes the air and the earth with.

they waste a lot of fuel on the rockets just for they could get launched into space.

28Positive Aspects

The positive aspects of rocketry are that you get to explore other planet .

You could go to another planet and discover new things.

29Concluding thoughts

What I think about rocketry is that its good because if it wasnt for rockets people would have never gone to the moon and outer space

30Index

Arrows of flying fire

vehicles

nozzle

combustion chamber

psychological

ignition

aircraft

NASA

rocketry

jet

31Resources

When you watch a Space Shuttle launch and see that enormous vehicle rise up into the air, it's thrust that makes it all happen.

Thrust is the force produced by a rocket in reaction to a high-speed jet of exhaust gas.

Newton's Third Law talks about action and reaction, and it's evident here.

32Resources 2

The action is the high-speed jet of gas, and the reaction is the energy produced the thrust .

But Space Shuttle engines have a problem they waste a lot of the energy used to create that thrust.

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