Repository:
Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research

Los Angeles, CA 90044

Abstract: These are papers of William J. Nickerson, Jr., the company he founded, Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company, and his
son Victor A. Nickerson. The materials are comprised of correspondence, photographs and assorted business documents, fliers,
brochures and newspaper clippings. The collection primarily documents the early years of the company, the oldest African-American
life insurance company west of the Mississippi, the business philosophy of William J. Nickerson, Jr., and the Nickerson family.

Language:
English.

Administrative Information

Access

The collection is available for research only at the Library's facility in Los Angeles. The Library is open from 10 a.m. to
4 p.m., Tuesday through Saturday. Researchers are encouraged to call or email the Library indicating the nature of their research
query prior to making a visit.

Publication Rights

Copyright has not been assigned to the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research. Researchers may make single
copies of any portion of the collection, but publication from the collection will be allowed only with the express written
permission of the Library's director. It is not necessary to obtain written permission to quote from a collection. When the
Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research gives permission for publication, it is as the owner of the physical
items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained by the reader.

Preferred Citation

[Identification of item], The Nickerson Family, Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company Papers, Southern California Library
for Social Studies and Research, Los Angeles, California.

Provenance

Donated to the Library by Victor A. Nickerson

Biography

William J. Nickerson, Jr. was a pioneering African-American businessman and entrepreneur. The son of Texas farmers, he grew
up to become a Houston insurance salesman. He was also an early activist. He worked on creating opportunities for minorities
in Houston by helping to launch a voting rights campaign there in 1919.

"Jim Crow" was at its height in the United States by the early 1920s and William Nickerson was not happy with the discriminatory
rates charged to black Americans by the white owned insurance companies. In 1921 he moved his wife and eight children to Southern
California for "its climate and better education for the children," according to his son Victor A. Nickerson. To take the
trip to California required hiring his own dining car and compartment because they knew they would not be allowed to use the
regular services on the train nor could they rely on finding places to eat along the way.

Once they reached their destination he went to work for the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company. In 1925 he founded his
own company, the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company (GSM), with the help of two like-minded associates Norman O. Houston
and George A. Beavers.

California had sunshine, the beach, the new aircraft industry, oranges, and oil. It was a time of great "boosterism" and prosperity
that brought people of all races and backgrounds to the state. California in 1925 was at the outskirts of the "Great Migration"
that had started at the end of the First World War and brought African-Americans from the rural south to the north and west
for manufacturing jobs.

Restrictive covenants in housing titles, which in 1919 were upheld by the state Supreme Court, kept black Angelenos from buying
houses in many Los Angeles neighborhoods and created pockets of black owned businesses and homes "downtown", separate from
those owned by whites. The general boom, with its higher wages, benefited everyone in general, but African- Americans were
excluded from working in the oil fields and the movie studios as well as in blue-collar manufacturing. Unions also remained
hostile. It was the public sector with its segregated fire, police and janitorial units, jobs in domestic service and transportation,
and clerical jobs in the many African-American businesses that kept the community thriving. Although strictly segregated,
this helped create many home and business owners along Central Avenue and its immediate vicinity.

The Nickerson family purchased a large two-story home at 1214 East 20th Street, integrating an all white Jewish neighborhood
a half block west of Central Avenue. Just east of them were three schools, 20th Street Elementary, Lafayette on 14th Street
and Jefferson High on 35th Street. The local library was in an old converted frame house on Central Avenue and 27th Street.
This was a working class neighborhood of shopkeepers. There were synagogues, a Jewish school, as well as a Kosher and other
markets. White flight happened slowly here, over decades.

The 1930s brought bad economic times as well as a huge natural disaster, the 1933 earthquake. Jobs were hard to come by and
mortgages weren't paid. The Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company, under the guidance of William Nickerson, stayed afloat
and helped to employ many African-American people in the downtown area (126 at the height of the Depression). They engendered
enough trust from their now impoverished neighbors to keep selling insurance during these times. From the 30s to the 40s William
Nickerson, like most other people at the time, worked to keep his business going, and his family fed, educated and employed.

The Second World War saw several of the sons and daughters of William Nickerson, as well as many employees of the company,
working for the war effort in the military as well as outside of it. The company was busy selling war bonds and announcing
weddings of employees about to go off to war. Job opportunities opened up for the people in the community. They were finally
hired into manufacturing jobs and gained a foothold in the shipyard, steel and aircraft industries. Although many of these
jobs were lost at the end of the war, not all were, and the job market was never quite as restrictive again.

Racial covenants came to an end after the war, in 1948. By that time, however, a pattern had already been set. Real estate
boards now "red lined" minorities into the ghetto. Banks would not give loans to minority families wanting to buy in other
areas. Instead of the suburbs opening up to a more diverse group of families, white flight away from the inner city accelerated.
The Nickerson family's neighborhood became an African-American, Asian, Chicano mix.

Through this time the Nickerson children got educations and several worked for the family business, including Victor, who
worked there for over 20 years. Some of the children would stay only a short time while others would stay for many years;
one daughter even married a future president of the company. Victor stayed on, working in the real estate division. He eventually
left to work for Union Oil and then to work independently in real estate.

The company diversified carrying funeral and mortgage insurance. In 1949 they moved into their own building at Western and
Adams. They expanded to several other states and by the late 1980s had sales of over $40 million dollars a year and over 200
employees.

Unfortunately, William J. Nickerson did not live to see most of these exciting events. He had kept a heart condition secret
from his family and employees. He died suddenly at the age of 66 in 1945. He was mourned by his family, partners and employees,
as well as by the local NAACP and the Los Angeles Republican Central Committee in which he had actively participated.

The company continued on, for a time under the directorship of his original associates. His family became active, civic-minded
members of the community and the city. Victor A. Nickerson sold real estate for many years. William Nickerson's grandchildren
and great-grandchildren reflect the multi-ethnicity and active participation of this important Southern California community.

Scope and Content

The papers consist primarily of correspondence, memos, writings, photographs of William J. Nickerson, Jr. and Victor A. Nickerson.
There is also a small amount of office files from Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company (GSM) that contain brochures,
annual reports and various kinds of paperwork produced by and for the company. The materials cover the life of Golden State
Mutual Life Insurance Company and the Nickerson family from approximately the 1920s to the 1980s.

William Nickerson made no distinction in his correspondence between business, civic, family and friendship matters, which
frequently overlapped. His letters were always issued from his office. Many of the speeches he made were given in churches,
but dealt with the insurance business and social issues, often combining the two. So while his papers have been separated
into a series, much of the material has to do with the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company.

The Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company records have a wide array of business documents, in very small quantities,
which reflect the operations of the company. GSM produced many in-house publications, five of which are represented in the
collection.

The Victor A. Nickerson series contains correspondence photographs, mostly of family including ancestral ones which may go
back as far as the Civil War. There are also shots of the business and civic activities of GSM. This is continued in many
of the clippings dispersed throughout the papers.

Arrangement

The collection is divided into three series:
1. William J. Nickerson, Jr.,
2. Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Company and
3. Victor A. Nickerson.

Arrangement

The folders are arranged chronologically as closely as possible with undated materials in back of all dated material in each
folder.

Separated Material

No materials have been separated from this collection.

Related Material at the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research

Title: Charlotta Bass Papers,

Date (inclusive): 1874-1968

Physical Description:
3 cubic feet

Bibliography

Pitt, Leonard and Pitt, Dale.
Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County,
1997.