1) Cellular swellin/blebs/loss of microvilli/ER swelling due to decreased Na/K pump activity
2) chromatin clumping due to decreased pH due to increased glycolysis
3) lipid deposition due to decreased protein synthesis due to detachment of ribosomes from ER.

What causes ribosomes to detach from Rough ER?

1) decreasing pH
2) decreasing ATP

What are the 3 major mechanisms that can cause ischemia/reperfusion injury?

1) calcium bathing of compromised cells
2) reperfusion resuts in increased local inflammation
3) damaged mitochondria are unable to completely reduce oxygen which leads to free-radical production (antioxidant mechanisms are also compromised)

via autocatalytic membrane phospholipid peroxidation which leads to swelling and dissociation of ribosomes from SER and RER leading to reduced lipoprotien export due to inability to synthesize apoprotein.

What molecule is most reponsible for converting chemicals to toxic substances?

P-450 oxidase

In what organelle is the P-450 oxidase found?

In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

In what organ is CCL4 prinicapally metabolized?

In the liver

How does CCL4 poisining lead to fatty liver?

Due to decreased synthesis of apoprotein leading to reduced exportation of lipoproteins and buildup of triglycerides in the cell

What is the difference between a lysosome and a peroxisome?

-Lysosomes get rid of macromolecules that have been phagocytosed as well as senescent organelles
-peroxisomes get rid of toxic substances such hydrogen peroxide

What are the 2 ways that mammalian cells can degrade cellular material to undergo atrophy?