To Increase Productivity, UPS Monitors Drivers' Every Move

The American workforce might want to pay attention to all those brown trucks full of cardboard boxes. UPS is using technology in ways that may soon be common throughout the economy.

On the surface, UPS trucks look the same as they did more than 20 years ago, when Bill Earle started driving for the company in rural Pennsylvania.

But underneath the surface, Earle says, the job has changed a lot. The thing you sign your name on when the UPS guy gives you a package used to be a piece of paper. Now it's a computer that tells Earle everything he needs to know.

The computer doesn't just give advice. It gathers data all day long. Earle's truck is also full of sensors that record to the second when he opens or closes the door behind him, buckles his seat belt and when he starts the truck.

Technology means that no matter what kind of job you have — even if you're alone in a truck on an empty road — your company can now measure everything you do.

In Earle's case, those measurements go into a little black box in the back of his truck. At the end of the day, the data get sent to Paramus, N.J., where computers crunch through the data from UPS trucks across the country.

"The data are about as important as the package for us," says Jack Levis, who's in charge of the UPS data. It's his job to think about small amounts of time and large amounts of money.

"Just one minute per driver per day over the course of a year adds up to $14.5 million," Levis says.

His team figured out that opening a door with a key was slowing their drivers down. So drivers were given a push-button key fob that attaches to a belt loop.

The team figured out how to use sensors in the truck to predict when a part is about to break.

And UPS solved a problem that Bill Earle and other drivers used to have: At the end of the day, there would be a package in the back of the truck that should have been delivered hours before.

"You want to cry 'cause you have to go back," Earle says.

A computer now figures out the best way to load the truck in the morning, and the best way to deliver packages all day.

Earle says a typical day for him used to be around 90 deliveries — now it's about 120.

When you hear people talk about technology increasing workers' productivity, this is what they're talking about: same guy, same truck — lots more deliveries.

In the long run, as workers have gotten more productive, their pay has gone up. UPS drivers today make about twice what they made in the mid '90s when you add up their wages, health care and pensions, according to the head of their union.

But Earle says there is another side of driving around a truck full of sensors: "You know, it does feel like big brother."

Take, for example, backing up. For safety reasons, UPS doesn't like it when their drivers back up too much.

"They know exactly how many times you're backing up," Earle says, "where you're backing up, and they also know the distance and the speed that you're backing at."

Every day, Earle says, the company lets drivers know if they are backing up too much.

"You can't let it feel like it's an attack on your own personal, the way you've been doing the job," Earle says. "You can't look at it that way 'cause you'll get so frustrated that you won't even want to do it anymore."

Jack Levis, the UPS data guy, says the data are just a new way to figure out how to do things better, and faster. And, he says, the drivers benefit from that along with the company.

"They're the highest paid in the business, which is why my job is to keep them productive so they remain the highest paid in the industry."

Still, issues over the data the company collects have become part of the bargaining process between the drivers' union and the company. Under the drivers' contract, the company cannot discipline drivers based solely on data, and can't collect data without telling them.

This kind of back and forth — about what kind of data companies can collect, and what they can do with it — isn't limited to UPS. It's going to start popping up for more and more workers and more and more companies.

Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

KELLY MCEVERS, HOST:

That UPS guy in the brown shorts delivering your packages, turns out every minute counts. These days, the company is using technology to push its drivers to be more efficient - which, of course, increases profits. And that might teach other companies how to do the same.

Here's Jacob Goldstein from our Planet Money team on a UPS truck in rural Pennsylvania.

GOLDSTEIN: It all looks the same as it did when Bill Earle started driving for UPS about 20 years ago.

(SOUNDBITE OF BARKING DOGS)

GOLDSTEIN: But, Earle says, underneath the surface, his job has changed a lot. That thing you sign your name on when the UPS guy gives you a package, it used to be a piece of paper. Now it's a computer that tells Earle everything he needs to know.

EARLE: Uh-oh: Beware of the animal.

GOLDSTEIN: The computer doesn't just give him advice. It gathers data all day long. Earle's truck is also full of sensors that record, to the second, when he buckles his seatbelt...

(SOUNDBITE OF SEATBELT BUCKLING)

GOLDSTEIN: ...when he closes the door behind him...

(SOUNDBITE OF DOOR CLOSING)

GOLDSTEIN: ...when he starts the truck...

(SOUNDBITE OF ENGINE STARTING)

GOLDSTEIN: Technology means that no matter what kind of job you have, even if you're alone in a truck on an empty road, your company can now measure everything you do. In Bill Earle's case, those measurements go into a little black box at the back of his truck. At the end of the day, the data gets sent to Paramus, New Jersey, where computers crunch through the data from UPS trucks all around the country.

JACK LEVIS: The data is about as important as the package for us.

GOLDSTEIN: This is Jack Levis. He's the guy at UPS in charge of this data. It's his job to think about small amounts of time and large amounts of money.

LEVIS: Just one minute per driver, per day over the course of a year adds up to 14-and-a-half million dollars.

GOLDSTEIN: Levis' team figured out that opening a door with a key was slowing the drivers down, so Bill Earle was giving to a push-button key fob that attaches to his belt loop.

(SOUNDBITE OF DOOR OPENING AND CLOSING)

EARLE: Is that high tech, or what?

(LAUGHTER)

GOLDSTEIN: The team figured out how to use sensors in the truck to predict when a part is about to break. And UPS solved a problem that Bill Earle and other drivers used to have: You'd get to the end of the day and you'd find a package in the back of your truck that you should have delivered hours before.

EARLE: You want to cry, because you have to go back.

GOLDSTEIN: Now, a computer figures out the best way to load the truck in the morning, and the best way to deliver packages all day. Bill Earle says a typical day for him used to be around 90 deliveries. Now, it's about 120. When you hear people talk about technology increasing workers' productivity, this is what they're talking about: same guy, same truck, lots more deliveries. And, in the long run, as the drivers have gotten more productive, their pay has gone up. UPS drivers today make about twice what they made in the mid-'90s, when you include their wages and their health care and their pensions, according to the head of their union. But, Earle says, there is another side of driving around a truck full of sensors.

EARLE: You know, it does feel like Big Brother.

GOLDSTEIN: Take, for example, backing up.

EARLE: Back right up to their dock here.

GOLDSTEIN: For safety reasons, UPS doesn't like it when their drivers back up too much.

EARLE: They know exactly how many times you back up and where you're backing up, and they also know the distance. They know how far you're backing - and the speed that you're backing in.

GOLDSTEIN: And so do they ever say, hey, you're backing up too much, you're backing up too fast?

EARLE: Every day. Every day they do, yes.

(SOUNDBITE OF DOOR OPENING AND CLOSING)

EARLE: You can't let it feel like it's an attack on your own personal - the way you've been doing the job. You can't look at it that way, because you'll get so frustrated that you won't even want to do it anymore, you know.

GOLDSTEIN: Jack Levis, the UPS data guy, says the data are just a new way to figure out how to do things better and faster. And, he says, the drivers benefit from that, along with the company.

LEVIS: They're the highest paid in the business, which is why my job is to keep them productive, so they remain the highest paid in the industry.

GOLDSTEIN: Still, issues over the data the company collects have become part of the bargaining process between the drivers' union and the company. Under the drivers' contract, the company cannot discipline drivers based solely on the data, and it can't collect data without telling them. This kind of back and forth about what kind of data companies can collect and what they can do with it isn't limited to UPS. It's going to start popping up for more and more workers and more and more companies. Jacob Goldstein, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.