(a)(1) Capacity. It is not
necessary to aver the capacity of a party to sue or
be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative
capacity or the legal existence of an organized association of persons that is
made a party. A party may raise an issue as to the legal existence of any party
or the capacity of any party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to
sue or be sued in a representative capacity by specific negative averment,
which shall include facts within the pleader's knowledge. If raised as an
issue, the party relying on such capacity, authority, or legal existence, shall
establish the same on the trial.

(a)(2) Designation of unknown
defendant. When a party does not know the name of an adverse party, he may
state that fact in the pleadings, and thereupon such adverse party may be
designated in any pleading or proceeding by any name; provided, that when the
true name of such adverse party is ascertained, the pleading or proceeding must
be amended accordingly.

(a)(3) Actions to quiet title;
description of interest of unknown parties. In an action to quiet title
wherein any of the parties are designated in the caption as
"unknown," the pleadings may describe such unknown persons as
"all other persons unknown, claiming any right, title, estate or interest
in, or lien upon the real property described in the pleading adverse to the
complainant's ownership, or clouding his title thereto."

(b) Fraud, mistake, condition of
the mind. In all averments of fraud or mistake, the circumstances
constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity. Malice,
intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred
generally.

(c) Conditions precedent. In
pleading the performance or occurrence of conditions precedent, it is
sufficient to aver generally that all conditions precedent have been performed
or have occurred. A denial of performance or occurrence shall be made
specifically and with particularity, and when so made the party pleading the
performance or occurrence shall on the trial establish the facts showing such
performance or occurrence.

(d) Official document or act.
In pleading an official document or act it is sufficient to aver that the
document was issued or the act done in compliance with law.

(e) Judgment. In pleading a
judgment or decision of a domestic or foreign court, judicial or quasi judicial
tribunal, or of a board or officer, it is sufficient to aver
the judgment or decision without setting forth matter showing jurisdiction to
render it. A denial of jurisdiction shall be made specifically and with
particularity and when so made the party pleading the judgment or decision
shall establish on the trial all controverted jurisdictional facts.

(f) Time and place. For the
purpose of testing the sufficiency of a pleading, averments of time and place
are material and shall be considered like all other averments of material
matter.

(g) Special damage. When
items of special damage are claimed, they shall be specifically stated.

(h) Statute of limitations.
In pleading the statute of limitations it is not necessary to state the facts
showing the defense but it may be alleged generally that the cause of action is
barred by the provisions of the statute relied on, referring to or describing
such statute specifically and definitely by section number, subsection
designation, if any, or otherwise designating the provision relied upon
sufficiently clearly to identify it. If such allegation is controverted, the
party pleading the statute must establish, on the trial, the facts showing that
the cause of action is so barred.

(i) Private
statutes; ordinances. In pleading a private statute of this state, or an
ordinance of any political subdivision thereof, or a right derived from such
statute or ordinance, it is sufficient to refer to such statute or ordinance by
its title and the day of its passage or by its section number or other
designation in any official publication of the statutes or ordinances. The
court shall thereupon take judicial notice thereof.

(j) Libel and slander.

(j)(1) Pleading
defamatory matter. It is not necessary in an action for libel or slander to
set forth any intrinsic facts showing the application to the plaintiff of the
defamatory matter out of which the action arose; but it is sufficient to state
generally that the same was published or spoken concerning the plaintiff. If
such allegation is controverted, the party alleging such defamatory matter must
establish, on the trial, that it was so published or spoken.

(j)(2) Pleading
defense. In his answer to an action for libel or slander, the defendant may
allege both the truth of the matter charged as defamatory and any mitigating
circumstances to reduce the amount of damages, and, whether he proves the
justification or not, he may give in evidence the mitigating circumstances.

(k) Renew judgment. A
complaint alleging failure to pay a judgment shall describe the judgment with
particularity or attach a copy of the judgment to the complaint.

(l) Allocation of fault.

(l)(1) A party seeking to allocate fault to a
non-party under Title 78B, Chapter 5, Part 8 shall file:

(l)(1)(A) a description of the factual and legal
basis on which fault can be allocated; and

(l)(1)(B) information known or reasonably available
to the party identifying the non-party, including name, address, telephone
number and employer. If the identity of the non-party is unknown, the party
shall so state.

(l)(2) The information specified in subsection (l)(1)
must be included in the party's responsive pleading if then known or must be
included in a supplemental notice filed within a reasonable time after the
party discovers the factual and legal basis on which fault can be allocated.
The court, upon motion and for good cause shown, may permit a party to file the
information specified in subsection (l)(1) after the expiration of any period
permitted by this rule, but in no event later than 90 days before trial.

(l)(3) A party may not seek to allocate fault to
another except by compliance with this rule.