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Mixed Green Algae

Prominent members of the kingdom Protista, algae are most common in aquatic habitats, but occur in nearly every environment. They range in size from unicellular microscopic pond inhabitants to giant kelp that reaches 200 feet (60 meters) in length. Algae produce a significant percentage of the Earth's oxygen, are the base of the food chain for nearly all aquatic life, and provide food and industrial products for humans.

Of the algal species, green algae, members of the division Chlorophyta, are identified by their perceived green color that results from light selectively reflecting from the chlorophyll photopigments in their characteristic chloroplasts. With more than 8,000 species, the diverse group occurs in a wide variety of habitats worldwide. Both unicellular and multicellular green algal fossils date back to the Cambrian Period (540 to 500 million years ago), but probably evolved nearly a billion years ago.

As with higher plants, green algae feature both chlorophylls a and b, an alternation of generations, and cellulose cell walls. Another trait shared by this polyphyletic group is the storage of photosynthetic products as starch inside the double-membrane bounded chloroplasts. Whether microscopic freshwater forms such as the colonial Volvox or Spirogyra, or the larger seaweeds such as sea lettuce (Ulva taeniata), which stretch beyond 14 feet in length on the American Pacific Coast, chlorophytes are amazingly productive at generating carbohydrates and oxygen. Some species of green algae live on the surface of snow, on tree trunks, in soils, or symbiotically with protozoans, hydras, or lichen-forming fungi. One explanation for the excruciatingly slow movements of the Amazonian three-toed sloths might be the symbiotic green algae that occur in the microscopic groove of each hair. As the only wild animal that has plants living on it, the commensal relationship provides shelter for the algae and a degree of camouflage for the host sloth from predators such as the harpy eagle. For beach lovers of the Caribbean Islands, the sun-bleached and eroded remains of calcium carbonate deposited by species in the genus Halimeda are largely responsible for the sparking white sand beaches. So far, the deepest known occurring green alga, Johnson-sea-linkia profunda is found attached to bedrock at a depth of 157 meters off the Bahamas coastline.