American group that was instrumental in the development of hip-hop music. The members were Grandmaster Flash (original name Joseph Saddler; b. January 1, 1958), Cowboy (original name Keith Wiggins; b. September 20,......

American group that was instrumental in the development of hip-hop music. The members were Grandmaster Flash (original name Joseph Saddler; b. January 1, 1958), Cowboy (original name Keith Wiggins; b. S...

...Beginning with a few relatively small quasi-eremitic orders in Italy, such as the Camaldolese and the Vallombrosans, the movement spread to France with the founding of the extreme eremitic Grandmontines in 1077 and the eremitic Carthusians in 1084; it became as wide as Christendom with the multiplication of the daughter monasteries of Cîteaux (founded in 1098). The guiding......

...of this principle is most easily demonstrated by example. If a brother and sister married, their offspring would have one chance in four of inheriting a pair of identical alleles from the grandparent. With each further degree of consanguinity, the likelihood is halved, so that in the child of a mating between aunt and nephew the likelihood of identical alleles would be 1 in 8, and in......

city, Wayne county, Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Detroit River and is one of several contiguous southern suburbs of Detroit known as downriver communities. Settled about 1795 on the site of a Native American camp and burial ground, it was called Grandport and developed in the early 20th century with the growth of the Ford Motor Company i...

...bien-pensants, a polemic on the materialism of the middle classes (1931; “The Great Fear of Right-Thinking People”), and Les Grands Cimetières sous la lune (1938; A Diary of My Times, 1938), a fierce attack on Fascist excesses during the Spanish Civil War and on the church dignitaries who supported them....

...of the Rhône-Saône valley and including Cévennes; the central uplands, characterized by volcanic cones and plateaus (notably, the Chaîne des Puys and Dore Mountains); the Grands-Causses, a permeable limestone region trenched by imposing gorges of the Tarn and Lot rivers; the southwestern uplands of the Ségalas, Lacaune, and Noire Mountains; Limousin, comprisin...

...in a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. Murphy began racing in 1875 and was one of the first jockeys to pace his mount for a charge down the homestretch—a technique soon described as the “grandstand finish.” He rode upright and urged his mounts on with words and a spur rather than the whip. His win of the Travers Stakes at Saratoga Springs in 1879 catapulted him to national....

...the French position was further complicated by the outbreak of the Algerian war for independence, and the following June the Paris government decided on a complete change of policy and appointed Gilbert Grandval as resident general. His efforts at conciliation, obstructed by tacit opposition among many officials and the outspoken hostility of the majority of French settlers, failed. A......

French caricaturist who is admired as a fantasist and proto-Surrealist. His big-headed people, seen as if in distorting mirrors, and his animal analogies (individuals with the bodies of men and the faces of animals) have been considered among the sources for Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland....

...noble but poor family, the younger brother of Gasparo Gozzi (q.v.), Carlo joined the army. On his return to Venice in 1744, he wrote satires and miscellaneous prose and joined the reactionary Accademia dei Granelleschi, a group determined to preserve Italian literature from being corrupted by foreign influences. Gozzi’s own crusade was to revive the traditional commedia dell...

French painter and watercolourist. With a number of other artists—Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres, Antoine-Jean Gros, Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson—he lived and worked in the former convent of the Capuchins in the Boulevard des Capucines in Paris. There he found the subjects most characteristic of his work—cloisters, cells, and large, quiet sunlit rooms, with mild historical composi...

...These were carried by the Akula-class submarines, 7,500-ton, 111.7-metre (366-foot) vessels that continued to enter service with the Russian navy through the 1990s. In 2010 Russia launched its first Yasen-class submarine (called Graney by NATO), which carried the mixed armament of the Akula vessels—antisubmarine and antiship torpedoes and missiles as well as long-range cruise missiles....

American collegiate and professional gridiron football player and broadcaster. He was an outstanding halfback whose spectacular long runs made him one of the most famous players of the 20th century. He was an important influence in popularizing professional football....

American collegiate and professional gridiron football player and broadcaster. He was an outstanding halfback whose spectacular long runs made him one of the most famous players of the 20th century. He was an important influence in popularizing professional football....

city in the fertile western region of Victoria, Australia, on the Grange Burn River. The original village (founded in 1850) grew around an inn on the north bank of the river and was called The Grange. It became an important way station for coach traffic in the 1850s between Portland and the goldfields. Renamed Hamilton, it became a municipality in 1859, a town in 1928, and a cit...

Welsh economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development of techniques for analyzing time series data with common trends. He shared the award with the American economist Robert F. Engle....

...election in May 2015 the combined APNU-AFC slate garnered some 207,000 votes to about 201,000 for the PPP, meaning that the presidency went to the coalition’s candidate, publisher and former general David Granger. Ramotar protested the results, but international observers declared the election to be free and fair....

July 1, 1925San Jose, Calif.March 27, 2011New York, N.Y.American actor who starred in two of director Alfred Hitchcock’s most intriguing films, Rope (1948), in which Granger played a high-strung and somewhat reluctant murderer, and Strangers on a Train...

...presidential side of the ticket, continued opposition to Johnson prevented him from reaching an electoral majority. He subsequently won the office by defeating Harrison’s running mate, New York Rep. Francis Granger, in a Senate vote....

May 6, 1913London, EnglandAug. 16, 1993Santa Monica, Calif.(JAMES LABLACHE STEWART), British-born motion-picture actor who , portrayed swashbuckling heroes, dashing adventurers, and debonair romantic leads with elegance and wit in a cinema career that spanned 35 years. Although he was at hi...

fictional character, a poet and painter in Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn (1885). Upon viewing her works, Huck Finn naively echoes his hosts’ reverence for Emmeline’s maudlin elegies of deceased neighbours and her soppy crayon drawings of young ladies in mourning. One such drawing, a mawkish portrait of a woman weeping over a d...

(early summer of 334 bc), first victory won by Alexander the Great of Macedon in his invasion of the Persian Empire. The best account in the ancient sources, which include Diodorus Siculus (1st century bc) and Plutarch’s Life of Alexander (2nd century ad), is that of ...

Finnish-born Swedish physiologist who was a corecipient (with George Wald and Haldan Hartline) of the 1967 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his analysis of the internal electrical changes that take place when the eye is exposed to light....

...added to ensure a fine texture. Sherbets may also be flavoured with wine or liqueurs. By U.S. federal regulation, sherbets must contain a minimum of 1 percent and a maximum of 2 percent butterfat. Water ice, called in French sorbet and in Italian granita, is similar to sherbet but contains no dairy ingredients....

coarse- or medium-grained intrusive igneous rock that is rich in quartz and feldspar; it is the most common plutonic rock of the Earth’s crust, forming by the cooling of magma (silicate melt) at depth....

city, Madison county, southwestern Illinois, U.S. Situated on the Mississippi River just northeast of St. Louis, Missouri, it lies within that city’s metropolitan area. Granite City was first settled in the early 19th century as a farming community and known as Six Mile Prairie, because its farmers had to travel that distance to St. L...

town, northeastern Queensland, Australia, on the Barron River, 40 miles (65 km) west of the port of Cairns on the Coral Sea. It was the earliest European settlement on the Atherton Plateau; at its founding it was called Granite Creek and served as a stop for miners on their way to goldfields in the interior. Its present name is derived from an Aboriginal term meaning “mee...

arid region of lava beds and alkali flats composing part of the Basin and Range Province and lying in Humboldt and Pershing counties of northwestern Nevada, U.S. With an area of about 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km), the desert is 70 miles (110 km) long and up to 20 miles (32 km) wide. Once occupied by ancient Lake Lahontan, it serves as the sink of the Q...

any of the plants of the order Andreaeales of the subclass Andreaeidae, comprising a single family, Andreaeaceae, which includes the genus Andreaea, with fewer than 100 species, including A. fuegiana, which formerly made up the separate genus of Neuroloma. The reddish brown or blackish plants are about 2 cm (0.8 inch) high and grow in cold climates on nonlimy rocks such as gra...

...the smallest night lizards, X. vigilis is less than 4 cm (1.6 inches) from snout to vent. It eats small insects and termites that live under logs. A close relative, the granite night lizard (X. henshawi), lives in crevices, where it moves about during the day....

peak in the Beartooth Range, Montana, U.S., the highest point (12,799 feet [3,901 metres]) in the state. Granite Peak is situated northeast of Yellowstone National Park and about 10 miles (16 km) north of the Montana-Wyoming border in the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, an area of high passes, lakes, and early mining camps, known for its hunting, fishing, and w...

first chartered railroad in the United States (March 4, 1826). It was designed and built by Gridley Bryant, an engineer, and began operations on Oct. 7, 1826, running three miles from Quincy, Mass., to the Neponset River. The wooden rails were plated with iron and were laid 5 feet (1.5 metres) apart. Horse-drawn wagons with wheels 6 feet (2 m) in diameter hauled blocks of granite along these rail...

constituent state of the United States of America. One of the 13 original U.S. states, it is located in New England at the extreme northeastern corner of the country. It is bounded to the north by the Canadian province of Quebec, to the east by Maine and a 16-mile (25-km) stretch of the Atlantic Ocean, t...

...its farmers had to travel that distance to St. Louis to sell their produce. In 1892 St. Louis manufacturers Frederick and William Niedringhaus laid out the city as a base for the production of graniteware (enameled ironware), and the city was founded four years later. Although graniteware gave the city its name, the product is no longer manufactured there. Steel founding began in Granite......

Granitic, or rhyolitic, magmas and andesitic magmas are generated at convergent plate boundaries where the oceanic lithosphere (the outer layer of the Earth composed of the crust and upper mantle) is subducted so that its edge is positioned below the edge of the continental plate or another oceanic plate. Heat will be added to the subducting lithosphere as it moves slowly into the hotter depths......

formation of granite or closely related rocks by metamorphic processes, as opposed to igneous processes in which such rocks form from a melt, or magma, of granitic composition. In granitization, sediments are transformed in their solid state or in a partially molten state. The solid-state process requires the addition and removal of various chemical components by solid-state dif...

Spanish royal glass factory established in 1728 near the summer palace of King Philip V in San Ildefonso. The glassworkers were initially foreigners; the main stylistic influence was, as in earlier Spanish glass, that of Venice. Glass from La Granja carried on many of the classic Venetian techniques such as latticinio (threads of opaque glass embedded in clear...

...Hieronymite monks in 1477 by the Roman Catholic monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. It was subsequently sold by them in 1720 to Philip V, the first Bourbon king of Spain, who planned to build a summer palace there that would rival those at Versailles, France, and Parma, Italy....

...Europe were important more for their refinements on Garamond’s modifications of earlier faces than for innovations of their own. One of the very few who attempted new departures in type design was Robert Granjon, who, in addition to fashioning some notable versions of Garamond types, also tried—with his type called Civilité—to create a fourth major typeface to be dif...

daily newspaper published in Havana, the official organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. The paper takes its name from the yacht that carried Fidel Castro and others supporting his revolution from Mexico to Cuba in 1956. Granma was established in 1965 by the merger of what then were the two major, and rival, newspapers, ...

...highest known by the end of the 20th century. Certain higher-order knots can be resolved into combinations, called products, of lower-order knots; for example, the square knot and the granny knot (sixth-order knots) are products of two trefoils that are of the same or opposite chirality, or handedness. Knots that cannot be so resolved are called prime....

medium- to coarse-grained rock that is among the most abundant intrusive igneous rocks. It contains quartz and is distinguished from granite by its having more plagioclase feldspar than orthoclase feldspar; its other mineral constituents include hornblende, biotite, and augite. The plagioclase (andesine) usually forms twinned crystals, sometimes wholly encased by orthoclase. Th...

city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It has many fine medieval houses and the 12th-century Gothic church of San Esteban. Called Granullaria (from the Latin word for grain) ...

fine-grained igneous rock that is characterized by a porphyritic texture, having large crystals (phenocrysts) that rest in a nonglassy, finely crystalline matrix (groundmass). Granophyre is similar to granite, except for its fine texture and smaller grain size; those granophyres that have quartz and alkali feldspar phenocrysts in a groundmass of quartz, alkali feldspar, and mafic (dark-coloured) ...

...sociology experienced a remarkable revival in the 1980s. The flurry of articles in the subfield formed what is now called the new economic sociology. This term was coined by the economic sociologist Mark Granovetter, who emphasized the embeddedness of economic action in concrete social relations. Granovetter contended that institutions are actually congealed social networks, and, because......

county, southwestern New Mexico, U.S., a scenic region bordered on the west by Arizona. The Continental Divide crosses the county. The wide northern section of Grant county lies for the most part in the Datil section of the Colorado Plateaus, an area including the Mogollon, Mule, Mimbres, and Black Range mountains. The Gila River flows westward across the northern portion of the...

Feb. 22, 1925Wellington, N.Z.Sept. 30, 2011London, Eng.New Zealand-born ballet dancer and artistic director who delighted audiences as a demi-caractère dancer who used his superb classical technique to great effect in character roles. Although he rarely played romantic leads d...

...and Atlantic port of The Gambia, on St. Mary’s Island, near the mouth of the Gambia River. It is the country’s largest city. It was founded in 1816, when the British Colonial Office ordered Captain Alexander Grant to establish a military post on the river to suppress the slave trade and to serve as a trade outlet for merchants ejected from Senegal, which had been restored to Franc...

...River in Washington state supported its centre span of 294 metres (981 feet) from two double concrete towers, the cables fanning down to the concrete deck on either side of the roadway. Designed by Arvid Grant in collaboration with the German firm of Leonhardt and Andra, its cost was not significantly different from those of other proposals with more conventional designs. The same designers......

British politician who, with Paul Boateng and Diane Abbott, was one of the first persons of African descent to win election to the House of Commons. The son of educators, he attended St. Stanislaus College, one of the finest schools in British Guiana. In the early 1960s he moved to the United Kingdom and became a clerk with British Rail befo...

British politician who, with Paul Boateng and Diane Abbott, was one of the first persons of African descent to win election to the House of Commons. The son of educators, he attended St. Stanislaus College, one of the finest schools in British Guiana. In the early 1960s he moved to the United Kingdom and became a clerk with British Rail befo...

...having won only one NFL championship, in 1969, the year before the NFL–American Football League merger. The Vikings’ most prominent period of success dates from the hiring of head coach Bud Grant in 1967. Grant, a future member of the Hall of Fame, guided the Vikings to all four of their Super Bowl appearances over the course of his career. His Vikings teams of the 1970s featured ...

In 1901 McGraw was appointed manager of the Baltimore club in the new American League. In that first year McGraw bought the contract of African American player Charlie Grant from the Negro league Columbia Giants. Because of the segregation that existed in baseball, McGraw tried to pass Grant off as a Cherokee Indian. The ruse was unsuccessful, and the colour bar would not be breached until......

The number of black players in professional leagues peaked in 1887 when Fleet Walker, second baseman Bud Fowler, pitcher George Stovey, pitcher Robert Higgins, and Frank Grant, a second baseman who was probably the best black player of the 19th century, were on rosters of clubs in the International League, one rung below the majors. At least 15 other black players were in lesser professional......

Nieman died in 1935 and his wife in 1936; part of their fortune went to establish the Nieman Fellowships for working journalists at Harvard University. Harry J. Grant had become editor of The Milwaukee Journal in 1919, and after the Niemans’ deaths he organized a plan whereby employees could buy stock in the company; more than 700 did so, and the employees eventu...

U.S. general, commander of the Union armies during the late years (1864–65) of the American Civil War, and 18th president of the United States (1869–77). (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)...

island astride the entrance to Western Port (bay) on the south coast of Victoria, Australia, southeast of Melbourne. About 14 miles (23 km) long and 6 miles (10 km) at its widest, the island occupies 40 square miles (100 square km) and rises to 360 feet (110 metres). Visited in 1798 by the English explorer George Bass, it was originally called Snapper Island and then Grant Islan...

May 12, 1922Beijing, ChinaJan. 28, 1995Mount Kisco, N.Y.U.S. international organization executive who , was UNICEF’s executive director for 15 years and was credited with making it the UN’s most respected specialized agency. Grant earned a degree in economics from the Universi...

July 26, 1923Philadelphia, Pa.Feb. 24, 2012Solebury, Pa.American writer of children’s stories who was the coauthor with her husband, Stan (and, after his death in 2005, with their son Michael), of some 300 books that feature the everyday lives of the Berenstain Bea...

May 15, 1908New York, N.Y.May 6, 2005Glendale, Calif.American animator who , served as both a designer and a writer on some of the classic animated works of the Disney studios. Grant joined Disney in 1933 and created the wicked queen/witch of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). H...

American first lady (1869–77), the wife of Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president of the United States and commander of the Union armies during the last years of the American Civil War. A popular first lady, she was noted for her informal manner and opulent entertaining....

...to the activities of “the Internationalists,” a group of prominent American leaders in business, education, publishing, and government. One core member of this group, the New York lawyer Madison Grant, aroused considerable pro-eugenic interest through his best-selling book The Passing of the Great Race (1916). Beginning in 1920, a series of congressional.....

...(1963), a musical revue, on the work of poet James Weldon Johnson. The hit gospel revue Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope, conceived by Carroll and with music and lyrics by Micki Grant, opened on Broadway in 1972 with Carroll as director and was nominated for four Tony Awards. Her adaptation of The Gospel According to Matthew, Your Arms Too S...

...was originally known as the Mayor Daley Marathon after the city’s then recently deceased mayor, Richard J. Daley—took place in 1977. The marathon’s route begins downtown in Grant Park, winds through the Loop, and runs through the North Side before returning downtown. It then circles through the city’s West and South sides before ending back in Grant Park. Khalid......

The Jamaican assembly had effectively voted its own extinction by yielding power to Eyre, and in 1866 Parliament declared the island a crown colony. Its newly appointed governor, Sir John Peter Grant, wielded the only real executive or legislative power. He completely reorganized the colony, establishing a police force, reformed judicial system, medical service, public works department, and......

U.S. general, commander of the Union armies during the late years (1864–65) of the American Civil War, and 18th president of the United States (1869–77). (For a discussion of the history and nature of the presidency, see presidency of the United States of America.)...

the sacred scripture of Sikhism, a religion of India. It is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns of the Sikh Gurus (religious leaders) and various early and medieval saints of different religions and castes....

the sacred scripture of Sikhism, a religion of India. It is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns of the Sikh Gurus (religious leaders) and various early and medieval saints of different religions and castes....

writing system of southern India developed in the 5th century ad and still in use. The earliest inscriptions in Grantha, dating from the 5th–6th century ad, are on copper plates from the kingdom of the Pallavas (near modern Madras). The form of the alphabet used in these inscriptions, classified as Early Grantha, is seen primarily on copper plates and stone monu...

writing system of southern India developed in the 5th century ad and still in use. The earliest inscriptions in Grantha, dating from the 5th–6th century ad, are on copper plates from the kingdom of the Pallavas (near modern Madras). The form of the alphabet used in these inscriptions, classified as Early Grantha, is seen primarily on copper plates and stone monu...

When the party having the burden of proof of an issue has completed its presentation, the opposing side may ask the court to rule as a matter of law that the evidence presented does not provide sufficient proof for the party who presented the evidence. If the judge agrees that sufficient proof is lacking in a case tried by a jury, he may “direct a verdict” (sometimes called......

...The anticolonial movement in the UN reached a high point in 1960, when the General Assembly adopted a resolution sponsored by more than 40 African and Asian states. This resolution, called the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, condemned “the subjection of peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation” and declared that......

city, seat (1981) of Cibola county, west-central New Mexico, U.S., on the San Jose River. The site of a skirmish between Navajo and Comanche Indians in the early 19th century, the town was established in 1881 when the Grant brothers, contractors building the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, located a construction camp at what became known as Grants Station. Originally a li...

...Accordingly, six species, all African, have been removed from Gazella by some authorities and placed in two different genera. The three largest species—the dama gazelle, Grant’s gazelle, and Soemmering’s gazelle—are placed in the genus Nanger (formerly considered a subgenus), and three of the smaller species—Thomson’s gazelle, the...

...by mounds of soil. Soil is loosened with the leathery muzzle, forefeet, and claws and then pushed under the body with the claws and muzzle. The hind feet push the debris along and out of the burrow. Grant’s golden mole (Eremitalpa granti) of southern Africa is a sand-dune inhabitant. It does not live in burrows but travels at night on the dune surface or just below, employ...

city, seat (1886) of Josephine county, southwestern Oregon, U.S., on the Rogue River, in the Klamath Mountains, 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Medford. A stage stop on the Sacramento-Portland overland route, it was named to commemorate Union General Ulysses S. Grant’s victory at Vicksburg and developed after the Oregon and Cal...

mausoleum of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant in New York City, standing on a bluff overlooking the Hudson River. It was designed by John H. Duncan. The monument, 150 feet (46 m) high in gray granite, was erected at a cost of $600,000 raised by public contributions. It was dedicated April 27, 1897, and made a national memorial in 1959. The memorial is a combina...

The spinous layer is succeeded by the granular layer, or stratum granulosum, with granules of keratohyalin contained in the cells. These small particles are of irregular shape and occur in random rows or lattices. The cells of the outer spinous and granular layers also contain much larger, lamellated bodies—the membrane-coating granules. They are most numerous within the cells of the......

...outward, and at first form part of the prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum), in which they are knit together by plaquelike structures called desmosomes. Next they move through a granular layer (stratum granulosum), in which they become laden with keratohyalin, a granular component of keratin. Finally the cells flatten, lose their nuclei, and form the stratum corneum. The dead cells at the......

Granular types are made by very different processes from the others. The first step is production of a stiff dough from wheat, malted barley flour, salt, dry yeast, and water. After mixing, fermentation proceeds for about five hours. The dough is then formed into large loaves and transferred directly to the oven. Baking requires about two hours at 205 °C (400 °F). The baked loaves ar...

...enzymes from the pancreas. These effects are achieved by local diffusion of somatostatin from the D cells in the vicinity of the target tissue. On the other hand, gastrin, a hormone produced by the granular gastrin (G) cells in the mucosa of the gastric antrum (the lower part of the stomach), is secreted into the blood....

any of a group of white blood cells (leukocytes) that are characterized by the large number and chemical makeup of the granules occurring within the cytoplasm. Granulocytes are the most numerous of the white cells and are approximately 12–15 micrometres in diameter, making them larger than red blood cells (erythrocytes). They also hav...

...both sides by the alveolar epithelial cells. A thin, squamous cell type, the type I pneumocyte, covers between 92 and 95 percent of the gas-exchange surface; a second, more cuboidal cell type, the type II pneumocyte, covers the remaining surface. The type I cells form, together with the endothelial cells, the thin air–blood barrier for gas exchange; the type II cells are secretory cells....