Study highlights snowball effect of overfishing

Jan 17, 2014

FLORIDA State University researchers have spearheaded a major review of fishery research that examines the domino effect that occurs when too many fish are harvested from one habitat.

The loss of a major species from an ecosystem can have unintended consequences because of the connections between that species and others in the system. Moreover, these changes often occur rapidly and unexpectedly and are difficult to reverse.

"You don't realize how interdependent species are until it all unravels," said Felicia Coleman, director of the Florida State University Coastal & Marine Laboratory and a co-author on the study.

Coleman and her co-authors, led by Florida State biology professor Joe Travis, examined case studies of several distressed ecosystems that had been thoroughly changed over the years because of overfishing.

For example, in the Northern Benguela ecosystem off Namibia, stocks of sardines and anchovies collapsed in the 1970s from overfishing and were replaced by bearded goby and jellyfish. However, bearded goby and jellyfish are far less energy-rich than a sardine or anchovy, so their populations were not an adequate food source for other sea animals in the region such as penguins, gannets and hake, which had fed on the sardines and anchovies. Populations of African penguins and Cape gannets have declined by 77% and 94%, respectively. Cape hake and deepwater hake production plummeted from 725,000 metric tons in 1972 to 110,000 mt in 1990.

"When you put all these examples together, you realize there really is something important going on in the world's ecosystems," Travis said. "It's easy to write off one case study, but when you string them all together as this paper does, I think you come away with a compelling case that tipping points are real; we've crossed them in many ecosystems, and we'll cross more of them unless we can get this problem under control."

The full study appeared in the Dec. 23 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Travis and Coleman said they hope that their research will accelerate changes in how fishery scientists approach these ecosystem problems and how fishery managers integrate system issues into their efforts.

"It's a lot easier to back up to avoid a tipping point before you get to it than it is to find a way to return once you've crossed it," Travis said.

Fishing experts do generally understand how overfishing affects other species and the ecosystem as a whole, but it "needs to be a bigger part of the conversation and turned into action," Coleman said.

Travis and Coleman were joined in their research by eight other scientists from the University of Connecticut, University of California-Berkeley, University of California-Santa Cruz, University of Chicago, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Maine and Centre de Recherche Halieutique Mediterraneenne et Tropicale in France.