2 TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT... 2 INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES INTRODUCTION - DESCRIPTION OF THE SITE OF THE RESEARCH ABOUT RESEARCH PROJECT ABOUT THE HYPOTHESIS SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF THE SITE HUMAN AND COMMUNAL INFRASTRUCTURE - INSTITUTIONAL NETWORK Institutions in general and those assuring public safety Human services Communal services, roads and transportation CHARACTER OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS IN THE SITE Crime in general Crime and built environment Time and place: crime map of the site: the more affected places, including characteristic types of crime REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES IN THE SITE SOLUTIONS? RESULTS OF THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH LEVEL OF CRIME Position of the site in comparison with a larger environment Victimisation LEVEL OF THE FEAR OF CRIME CHARACTERISATION OF THE CRIME IN THE SITE, EFFECT OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT THE RESIDENTS OPINIONS ABOUT HOW TO DECREASE LOCAL CRIME AND INCREASE SECURITY FEELING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HIGHLIGHTED VULNERABLE GROUPS Young people Actively working people Mothers at home Elderly people SITE VISIT REPORT ABOUT BÉKÁSMEGYER CONCLUSIONS WHAT CAN HUNGARY LEARN FROM OTHERS? HOW THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES crime level fear of crime EFFECTS OF REHABILITATION PROGRAMMES Expectations Experienced effects PROPOSITIONS FOR FURTHER PROGRAMMES BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX METHODOLOGICAL REMARKS DETAILED TABLES AND FIGURES Comparative statistical data Characterizing the research area Demographic composition of the research area Crime and fear of crime Vulnerable groups

3 INDEX OF TABLES AND FIGURES FIGURE 1: THE LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH (BÉKÁSMEGYER) AND THE CONTROL (RÓMAI) AREA... 7 FIGURE 2: CHARACTERISTIC BUILDINGS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER... 9 FIGURE 3: NET HOUSEHOLD INCOME PER MONTH IN THE RESEARCH AND THE CONTROL AREA FIGURE 4: UNDERPASS AND PARKING IN BÉKÁSMEGYER FIGURE 5: DO THE POLICE OUGHT TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE IN THE FIELD OF PREVENTING CRIME? TABLE 1: DISTRIBUTION OF THE INHABITANTS BY SKILLS TABLE 2: COMPARATIVE PRICES OF PROPERTIES AT SOME HOUSING ESTATES, 1000 FT/M TABLE 3: NUMBER OF REGISTERED CRIMES IN TABLE 4: COMPARISON OF BUDAPEST AND THE THIRD DISTRICT FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF REGISTERED CRIMES (100,000 PERSONS) TABLE 5: VICTIMISATION AND THE FATE OF THE PERPETRATOR IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 6: WHAT KIND OF CRIME DID YOU BECOME VICTIM? TABLE 7: WHICH ARE THE MAIN DANGERS IN THIS AREA? TABLE 8: SUMMARY OF WHICH ARE THE DANGEROUS PLACES IN THIS AREA? TABLE 9: WHICH SHOULD BE THE MOST IMPORTANT MEASURES TO INCREASE THE SECURITY OF THIS NEIGHBOURHOOD? TABLE 10: INDICATORS OF FEAR FOR YOUNG PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 11: WHICH ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT DANGERS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD FOR YOUNG PEOPLE? (ONLY FOR BÉKÁSMEGYER) TABLE 12: CONFIDENCE IN HIGHLIGHTED INSTITUTIONS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 13: INDICATORS OF FEAR FOR ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 14: CAUSES OF FEAR FOR ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 15: CONFIDENCE IN HIGHLIGHTED INSTITUTIONS OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 16: INDICATORS OF FEAR FOR MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 17: DANGERS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD FOR MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 18: CONFIDENCE IN INSTITUTIONS BY MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 19: INDICATORS OF FEAR FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 20: CONFIDENCE IN HIGHLIGHTED INSTITUTIONS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 21: TREND IN THE NUMBER OF PERPETRATORS OF VIOLENT CRIMES IN THE BUDAPEST DISTRICTS BETWEEN 1999 AND TABLE 22: RANKING OF THE NUMBER AND THE FREQUENCY OF VIOLENT AND DISORDERLY CRIMES IN THE BUDAPEST DISTRICTS BETWEEN 1999 AND TABLE 23: WOULD YOU LIKE TO MOVE FROM HERE? TABLE 24: OPINION ABOUT THE NEIGHBOURHOOD: DO YOU LIKE TO LIVE HERE? TABLE 25: THE DENSITY OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WEB IN THE VARIOUS SURVEY ZONES TABLE 26: DO YOU LIKE TO LIVE HERE?, ACCORDING TO AGE GROUPS TABLE 27 DID YOU WANT TO MOVE FROM HERE 5 YEARS AGO? TABLE 28: FEELING OF SECURITY AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD NET : HOW SECURE DO GROUPS FEEL THAT ARE MORE COHERENT AND THOSE WITH A LOOSER RELATIONSHIP TABLE 29 GENDER COMPOSITION AT THE RESEARCH AREA AND THE CONTROL AREA TABLE 30 COMPOSITION BY AGE GROUPS IN THE RESEARCH AREA AND THE CONTROL SAMPLE TABLE 31 AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD WAGES IN THE RESEARCH AREA AND THE CONTROL SAMPLE TABLE 32 COMPOSITION BY WAGE GROUPS IN THE RESEARCH AREA AND THE CONTROL SAMPLE TABLE 33: WHICH ARE THE DANGEROUS PLACES IN THIS AREA? TABLE 34: HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST IN THE POLICE? TABLE 35: HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST IN THE TRIBUNALS? TABLE 36: HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS? TABLE 37: HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST IN CHURCHES? TABLE 38: HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST IN PUBLIC SOCIAL CARE INSTITUTIONS? TABLE 39: HOW MUCH DO YOU TRUST IN NON-GOVERNMENTAL SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS? TABLE 40: WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO INCREASE SECURITY? TABLE 41: YOUNG PEOPLE ACCORDING TO ACTIVITY GROUPS TABLE 42: DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG PEOPLE BY FAMILIAL STATUS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 43: EDUCATION LEVEL OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 44: INDICATORS OF FEAR AT DARK FOR YOUNG PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER

4 TABLE 45: DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG PEOPLE BY WAGE GROUPS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 46: ACTIVELY WORKING YOUNG PEOPLE ACCORDING TO WAGE GROUPS TABLE 47: ATTRACTION OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD TO YOUNG PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 48: FORMS OF VICTIMIZATION IN CASE OF ACTIVELY YOUNG PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 49: FORMS OF SELF-PROTECTION IN CASE OF ACTIVELY YOUNG PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 50: DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE BY WAGE GROUPS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 51: DISTRIBUTION BY FAMILIAL STATUS OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 52: EDUCATION LEVEL OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 53: FEAR AT DARK TIME OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 54: ATTRACTION OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE TO THEIR NEIGHBOURHOOD IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 55: FORMS OF VICTIMIZATION IN CASE OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 56: FORMS OF SELF-PROTECTION IN CASE OF ACTIVELY WORKING PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 57: MOTHERS AT HOME BY WAGES GROUPS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 58: EDUCATION LEVEL OF MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 59: FEAR AT DARK TIME IN CASE OF MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 60: ATTRACTION OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD TO MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 61: FORMS OF VICTIMIZATION IN CASE OF MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 62: FORMS OF SELF-PROTECTION IN CASE OF MOTHERS AT HOME IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 63: ELDERLY PEOPLE BY WAGES GROUPS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 64: DISTRIBUTION BY FAMILIAL STATUS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 65: EDUCATION LEVEL OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 66: FEAR AT DARK OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 67: ATTRACTION OF ELDERLY PEOPLE TO THEIR NEIGHBOURHOOD IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 68: DANGERS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 69: FORMS OF VICTIMIZATION IN CASE ELDERLY PEOPLE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 70: FORMS OF SELF-PROTECTION IN CASE OF ELDERLY IN BÉKÁSMEGYER TABLE 71: FEELING OF SECURITY AND CONFIDENCE IN BÉKÁSMEGYER AMONG THOSE DIVORCED AND AGED ABOVE TABLE 72: OPINIONS ABOUT FEARS IN BÉKÁSMEGYER AND BREAKDOWN BY GENDER OF THOSE DIVORCED AND ABOVE THE AGE OF

5 This report has basically two parts. The first one shows an overview of the highlighted zones, their social composition as well as crime and fear of crime related presentation. This part contains the analyses of Békásmegyer, the research area compared to a control area (Római). The control area is situated not far from the research area, with a similar kind of building, but it is in many other aspects very different. In the general description we have shown the research area by its two sub-zones divided by an important highway, with little communication between each other. This communication concentrates mostly on the use service nearby the underpass and the suburban train. We observed a strangely different social composition between these quasi identical sub-zones. This means that this first part of our report can help to understand the core problem of this investigation in socio-geographical base of the three differentiated built environments. The second part of the present study concentrates more on the criminological problems in different social contexts in one unique environment, i.e. the research area. To be able to go deeper in the analyses, in this section we took only data from Békásmegyer that we did not cut in sub-zones this time. The aim was to know more about how the highlighted groups (young people, actively working people, mothers at home and elderly people) see the structure of crime, victimization and fear of crime in the research area. When the number of cases permitted it and it made sense, we used as a crosscutting dimension the gender which as we supposed generates different attitudes in the same group, in the same area. Apart of the textual analysis and tables and figures supporting it directly, we attached a huge number of illustrations in the Annex to give to the lecturer additional analysis. 5

6 1 Introduction - Description of the site of the research For the research area we selected Békásmegyer, situated on the right, on the Buda-side of the River Danube in the north of Budapest. Around 40 thousand of people are living in the 18 thousand flats of high rise buildings of this 144 m 2 square meter area at the north edge of the city. The buildings were raised in 2 nd half of the 1970 s and 1 st half of the 1980 s 1. During this research we tried to differentiate the two clearly separated parts of the area: 1.) The hill-side; and 2.) the river-side. The river-side was built earlier, and its bigger (10,731 flats), while on the hill-side there are only 7,242 flats. The hill-side was finished mostly during the early 1980 s. For a better understanding of our findings we chose a control sample nearby Békásmegyer. Római is an area built with almost the same technique but some 5-10 years after the first. However, the difference between the two areas is big in their prestige and the conditions of people living in one or the other place. In Római some 10 thousand people are living in around 4.2 thousand flats. We conducted 500 interviews here. Similarly to the above presented procedure to calculate the grand total for the whole investigation for Római we would have to use 4.5 as a weight. Finally we decided that the grand total does not make sense when we have two different and isolated areas, while in the case of Római we did not calculate the average including it, and we did not use any weighting. This research deals with the rate of crime, the reasons for fear of crime and the opportunities to reduce these fears, the institutional responsibilities and the action programmes of such institutions, as well as the impacts of city rehabilitation programmes in this regard. In Hungary, this primarily covers the responsibility of two organisations: that of the local governments and the police. The responsibility of the local governments carries a political character, at the same time, the borderline of the individual area representatives of the local government (electoral district) is not necessarily identical with that of the housing estate, thus it does not necessarily appear as an individual interest. The police are a state-owned, hierarchical organisation, which in the first place has to conform with the commanding order within the organisation, therefore representing local interests is only of secondary character. As a result, the future of the programmes significantly depends on the population in a country where the civilian sphere is considered to be rather weak, and in the case of a residential community whose sense of responsibility towards its own fate is deemed to be low by many people even in this country. 1 These data proceed from the fundamental book of Preisitch Gábor [Preisitch p. 107.] but some smaller errors on the number of housing had to be corrected. 6

7 FIGURE 1: The location of the research (Békásmegyer) and the control (Római) area Source: About research project From methodological we used three specially important tools: 1) The survey 2) Expert interviews with those responsible for public security and services in the site and 3) Carousel, walking around the site with international experts (1) The survey was realised in December During the survey we interviewed 500 people in each side of Békásmegyer and we made a control sample by asking the same questionnaire in Római. (2) The expert interviews date was summer The interviews were separated in three special groups: police, local government and NGOs. At the police we organised a 7

8 meeting with the chef of the district police and one of his colleagues. In the case of the local government s officials separate one hour s meeting took place in the office of the assistant for crime prevention of the deputy major with the assistant herself, representatives of the department of education and building authority and the head of the so called city maintenance services 2. Two members of NGOs were asked. One was the representative of the Order of Malta running a playground and the other was a member of local Civil Guard and representative of the Foundation for Public Safety of Óbuda. (3) The carousel took place in spring 2006 in the framework of a workshop in Budapest and British, Holland, German and Pole expert look over the site and the control area in company of representative of the local government and the police explaining the problems and answering questions. 1.2 About the hypothesis In the course of the research we base on theories related to fear of crime, as well as on its specific branch, when the built environment also influences fears. In addition to fear, the research also deals with crime prevention and with efforts made to reduce fear. Within this, special emphasis is given to the impact of the built environment, to the transformation of the built environment, as well as to the measures taken in order to make it safer and to improve the general mood and the sense of security of the population. In international terms, the research lays a great emphasis on surveying the crime prevention impact of settlement development programmes. 1.3 Social demographic structure of the site There are no big differences between the research area and the control sample in their gender and age composition - Women represent a majority of 56-58% (TABLE 29 page 52) - Small differences can be observed: like people between years are overrepresented in Római (37%) or that in Békásmegyer at the hill-side the share of young people (30%) and at river-side the share of elderly people (21%) is higher than elsewhere (TABLE 30 page 52) 2 The office of the city maintenance service is a special service at the local government. Their official walk over every day one special sub-zone in the district under their responsibility, taking care for its public safety and solving its problems like those related to homeless people, problems with the pavement (holes) or those related with playgrounds etc. In middle or longer term this institution can gender the local police. 8

9 FIGURE 2: Characteristic buildings in Békásmegyer Source: Photo made by Ferenc Irk These areas (Békásmegyer and Római) have larger differences in the composition of their inhabitants by their skills (TABLE 1 here below). - The inhabitants of Békásmegyer are less qualified than people living in the control area: 26% of the inhabitants with a university degree against 38% in Római. - The population of the river-side of Békásmegyer is less qualified than the hillside: the major differences can be observed in the two extremes where the lowest skilled people are overrepresented (17% : 11%, 6% higher share) and the highest skilled people are underrepresented (18% : 24%, so 6% lower share) in the river-side compared to the hill-side. There are great differences between the three areas from the view of income (FIGURE 3 here below). - The inhabitants of Római have 1.07 higher income than the inhabitants of the hill-side and 1.14 higher than those people living at the river-side. 9

10 TABLE 1: Distribution of the inhabitants by skills Control Area Research Area: Békásmegyer Groups of skill Római Hill side River side Total N % N % N % N % Primary school 41 8% 46 11% % % Vocational school % % % % Matriculation (GCSE) % % % % University degree % 94 24% % % Total % % % % Ft Római Békás-Hill Békás-River Római Békás-Hill Békás-River Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft 150 Household income, in Th. HUF 68 Ft Household income per head, in th. HUF a. Total household income b. Household income per capita FIGURE 3: Net household income per month in the research and the control area In general we can state that people living in Békásmegyer have worst conditions than those living in Római. We can observe a fine difference between the two sides of Békásmegyer: the level of skills and living standards is higher in the hill-side than at the river-side All these differences can be related somehow to the quality of the housing estate: the younger the housing estate, the higher is the status of the people living there. The social problems of Békásmegyer were characterised to the associate of the educational department as follows: the political and economic reshuffle hit families in Békásmegyer gravely. A large number of men became unemployed, several families got disintegrated, and only those could make a step forward where the wife was able to properly match the situation 10

11 and to prevent the disintegration, which directly led from alcoholism through divorce to homelessness. All in all, about 80 % of the children grow as kids of divorced parents. This is also an important factor from the viewpoint of the new generations as families are missing the proper father pattern. On certain instances this results in feminised boys or a pseudomasculine pattern taken from action films. Educational institutions try to ease this problem in a manner that each institution has a developer pedagogue as well as a school psychologist. The supply is very good in this regard, and more and more parents make use of it. A special playground programme was launched to popularise the opportunity. The educational expert reported as a new phenomenon the suicide wave among young parents, which cannot be explained for the time being. 3 As has been indicated in this study elsewhere, the leaders of the police did not agree to this. Our interviewee from the educational department pointed out drugs from among other deviations. Again, the police did not share this opinion. The pedagogue did not report on Rome-related problems and conflicts with regard to Békásmegyer. Their majority lives in Inner Óbuda. One single large family, dealing with market activities, lives in the housing estate. They have become more or less integrated into the majority society. The vajda, the head of the clan, keeps order. According to the report, the Learning and Accepting foundation is also operating in Békásmegyer, and it is headed by a young Roma pedagogue. 1.4 Human and communal infrastructure - institutional network Regarding institutions and infrastructure, Békásmegyer does not considerably differ from other parts of the third district. All in all, the good position at the border of the city is also due to the environment of housing estates that results in a significant population concentration. There is a large number of institutions in Békásmegyer, but these are integrated into the systems and networks organised according to the local governmental logic. The various units and departments of the mayor s office employ persons specialising in Békásmegyer as necessary. This means that the management of the area is mostly separated in those official institutions where originally the territorial principle is dominant and not the branch principle. Of course, the same is also true of the national organisations and the bodies of the Budapest Local Government that are located in this part of the district Institutions in general and those assuring public safety A good example for the latter is the police, which is a nationwide governmental body. The police are running an independent unit at Békásmegyer, but this belongs to the third district police headquarters, which is in fact the body of the Budapest Police Headquarters. Its decision-making and economic independence is limited. There is also a civilian union in the district, which is an independent civilian organisation and its national and Budapest bodies are built from below. The Békásmegyer unit used to operate totally independently from the district body for a long time. As we know, the topic of integrating the district civilian organisations emerged in However, more shall be discussed about the Békásmegyer civil guard organisation later in the study, and interviews were also made with police leaders and representatives of the civil guard. In this part of the district, fire and disaster prevention tasks are carried out by the institutions of the Budapest Fire Brigade and the Budapest Disaster Protection, which do not have any local units. 3 Until the end of the 1980s Hungary took a leading position in the international suicide rankings. 11

12 1.4.2 Human services In Békásmegyer there are 3 primary schools out of the 21 basic institutions of the district. In addition, there are 2 basic and 1 secondary educational institutions, 1 general secondary school and 1 private college (source: official home page of the local government - The third district is well supplied with health institutions: there are two medical institutions and several special clinics (e.g.: pneumonograph), and the Szent Margit Hospital is also located here. Of this, Békásmegyer only has one institution, although there is also a pharmacy. There is no night medical service either in the district or in Békásmegyer (official home page of the local authorities - Regarding social welfare, several foundations and voluntary organisations are run in the third district, dealing with several important activities, e.g. running an elderly home, helping socially disadvantaged groups, helping handicapped people, helping the homeless, etc. All in all, in Békásmegyer there are 3 elderly homes, 2 district care centres and 3 non-localgovernmental caring houses. ( Communal services, roads and transportation Concerning transport, very busy and important routes cross the third district: this is the northern-western gateway to the city (roads 10 and 11), and the very busy northern bridge (Árpád). Road 11 crosses Békásmegyer, cutting the housing estate into two parts and leading to Szentendre from the heart of the city on the Buda side of Budapest. In rush hour the town section of this road - Szentendrei út - is totally bottlenecked for several hours due to the lack of a northern bridge and the big housing estates along the road as well as due to the significant agglomeration traffic. This hits especially gravely people in Békásmegyer, who live at the furthermost point of Budapest calculated from the city centre. The second northern bridge, a part of the MO ring, is being built at the border of the district. This will be finished in 2-3 years and commercial service centres are being located already now at the future bridge foots and along the prospective track of the road. Public transport is provided by BKV Zrt., the company of the Budapest Local Government. Békásmegyer is connected with the city centre primarily by the suburban train, but there are also bus services, e.g. to Árpád bridge. There is a circular service within the district part, as well as the trading area and the traffic junctions are located near the suburban train station (BKV information Character of the built environment Both Békásmegyer and Római - formed by big housing estates - were built with industrialized technology. However the two decades that passed between designing Békásmegyer and Római make a difference. Even the 5-10 years of difference to begin the construction of the 2 nd part of Békásmegyer compared to the first part determined some of the differences also between the social characteristics of its river and hill-side. After 1990 most of the houses became private property in Hungary. This is also true of the housing estate of Békásmegyer and Római. The flats are owned mainly by those living in them. In Hungary, by now, some redevelopment projects were begun to renew the big housing estates all over the country, but these efforts did not reach yet Békásmegyer. The major problem with these buildings in Hungary concentrates around the heating system. This has almost three factors: 1.) the hot water to heat the buildings is produced in big heating centres 12

13 far away from the place where it is used, causing huge waste of energy; 2.) the centres use mainly natural gas, very expensive these times, instead of diversified raw materials, principally secondary energy sources like waste energy; 3.) the bad quality of the buildings, and specially their bad isolation cause also high energy waste. In summary, all these factors contribute to the fact that it is very expensive to heat these buildings. It is comparable and sometimes more expensive than heating of individual one-family houses. This problem, the quality of the buildings and their appearance had the consequence that flats in these buildings have become very cheap (see TABLE 2: Comparative prices of properties at some housing estates, for more details, see page 14), more easily eligible for people with low financial resources (young couples and poor people) which is not true for the newest housing estates like Római. These conditions produced the contradiction that poor people are living in the housing estate that is most expensive to maintain. In fact, this became a social trap because the low price and the difficulties to sell these houses do not permit to most of them to move out. Many of them became delinquent, and cannot afford to pay the overhead for the amenities. The impact on community formation can be regarded as an important direct social impact of the built environment. There is no relationship among people who live in 100-, sometimes 154-flat buildings. Everybody is a stranger to the other, even after having lived together for long years. They do not meet, there is a large fluctuation, there are no opportunities, space and programmes for learning the neighbours. There is little chance to form and strengthen communities. Our attention was drawn to this by the member of the Békásmegyer Civil Guards, a representative of the Public Foundation for the Public Safety of Óbuda. In addition to the above, the following statements can be made with regard to Békásmegyer (sample area) and Római (control sample), as well as to the comparison of the two sides of Békásmegyer: The attraction of the neighbourhood is very strong for both the research area and the control sample (see TABLE 24) However the attraction level for the research area is lower than for the control sample (see TABLE 24) This relationship shows specially when looking on the willingness to move elsewhere: a little bit more than the half of the inhabitants want to move. (see TABLE 23 page 50) In this respect we can observe the worsening of the mood of people living in Békásmegyer (see TABLE 23 page 50 and TABLE 27 page 51) This worsening can be observed also for the control sample. However more than 2/3 rd of the inhabitants prefer to stay in place (see TABLE 23 and TABLE 27 and TABLE 25 in page 50) We can observe some differences also between the two sides of Békásmegyer e.g. in level how their inhabitants like the place where they are living (TABLE 24 and TABLE 26). 13

14 TABLE 2: Comparative prices of properties at some housing estates, 1000 Ft/m 2 Housing prices Changes in the price Housing estate Békásmegyer (sample area) % 534% Római (control area) % 628% Kaszásdűlő (opposite Római, on the hill side) % 568% Óbuda (third district, central part) % 688% Gazdagrét (11 th district, southernwestern city limit) % 592% Csepel (21 st district, south Budapest) % 558% Újpalota (15 th district, northern eastern Budapest, near city limit) % 518% Source: Lakas.hu (Housing.hu), February Problems in the site The general problems in Békásmegyer are similar to those of other housing estates in a similar condition. The public opinion holds that the main problems of the Hungarian society appear more strongly in the society of large housing estates than in the case of the society in general, for example, most crimes, worse residential environment, worse public safety, a larger number of single parent families, etc. Several experts mentioned the following problems: Attention was drawn to single-parent families, mothers raising their children alone, as well as children growing up without a real father pattern or borrowing it from TV action movies. The above problem is rooted in unemployment, alcoholism and marginalisation. A few characteristic individual opinions were also voiced, generally only by a few experts: Such an individual opinion may be that a dominant number of criminals come from Békásmegyer. Suicide wave of young mothers. The police hold the view that the background to this does not cover statistical facts, at the most the generalisation of a few isolated cases. On the whole, they disputed all of the statements, but they specifically emphasised with regard to the Békásmegyer-related criminal groups that this could also be measured through statistics as there are no summarisations to focus on address at birth or at young age, and there is especially no registration to treat Békásmegyer separately within this category. Of course, one cannot exclude on the basis of the comments regarding juvenile housing estate gangs that there exists or existed a group that, for example, was attached to Békásmegyer in criminal slang. The information about Roma families living at the housing estate is contradictory. They represent one of the most complex problems of today s Hungarian society, and in their case the various disadvantages merge jointly. Based on the reports conducted at the housing estate it seems that a few - probably the most problematic - families live together in neighbouring 14

15 flats and buildings despite the housing estate environment, they stick together, and create a kind of special and hierarchical community. These affirmations came out from the different interviews with experts. Upon the interviews of the population special emphasis was laid on the security of public areas as a public security problem, but attention and criticism were also attached to noise, parking and the cleanliness of public areas Crime in general As has been mentioned, criminal statistical data are available only on the district level, and in this respect the data on Békásmegyer cannot be separated. The number of crimes in the third district is not significantly high compared to other districts of Budapest. (see TABLE 3, here below, in page 15, for more details see TABLE 21 in page 48 and TABLE 22 in the page 49) The number of crimes registered in the third district has been showing a decreasing trend since the year 2000, the figure temporarily dropped in 2003 but went up again in 2004, and decreased a year later (see TABLE 4, here below). This is by and large similar to the changes in the crime rate of the whole of Budapest, except for 2004 and 2005, when it was slightly different from the Budapest trend. It must not be forgotten that these are the registered cases; it is conceivable that the changes are related to the more effective investigation, more conscious reports by the population as well as to the increase or decrease of the confidence in the work of the authorities. TABLE 3: Number of registered crimes in 2005 Hungary Budapest 3 rd district TOTAL All crimes Burglary + theft - total Burglary + theft - without attempt Attempt of burglary Per 100,000 persons All crimes Burglary + theft - total Burglary + theft - without attempt Attempt of burglary Source: Unified Statistics of the Police and Public Prosecutor Office (ERÜBS) 2005, Public Prosecutor Office

16 TABLE 4: Comparison of Budapest and the third district from the viewpoint of registered crimes (100,000 persons) Budapest All crimes Burglary + theft - total Burglary + theft - without attempt Attempt of burglary rd district All crimes Burglary + theft - total Burglary + theft - without attempt Attempt of burglary Source: Unified Statistics of the Police and Public Prosecutor Office (ERÜBS) 2005, Public Prosecutor Office Crime and built environment The situational crime prevention concept of modern criminology connects crime with the built environment. This is also shown, for example, in the work of Ronald V. Clarke entitled The Theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design : The theory of crime prevention through environmental design is based on one simple idea that crime results partly from the opportunities presented by physical environment. This being the case it should be possible to alter the physical environment so that crime is less likely to occur. Simple, almost obvious as this may be, the idea that crime is partly caused by physical environment has been a controversial one among criminologists. In my presentation I will argue that the controversy is based on a misunderstanding about causes and will review what is now a large body of evidence that the physical environment plays an important part in crime. I will then review current approaches to changing the physical environment and the "opportunity" theories on which these rest. I will also consider the main criticism of environmental crime prevention that it does not reduce crime, but merely displaces it to some other time, place or target. Finally, I will draw out the main lessons from research about successful ways to implement crime prevention through environmental design. 16

17 In his work entitled The foundations of situational crime prevention Ferenc Irk 4 supplements the above with the following: The basic philosophy of crime prevention is that crime can primarily be suppressed through the reduction of opportunities for crime. Therefore, the main task of secondary prevention is to change the structure of crime opportunities, which can mainly be attained by establishing environmental elements in a manner that it deters the potential perpetrator who is thinking more or less rationally - from his/her original intention. 5 The concentrated reduction of crime opportunities results in a more powerful reduction of crime as a whole. 6 Indispensable elements of the structure: the target object, criminal energy that is enough for committing the crime, the accessibility of the target object or the tool of perpetration, the risk of crime detection (including the probability of conviction, the extent of the sanction and other social costs), as well as the product of (return on) the action. (Kube 1987: p. 19.) Situational crime prevention basically grew out from the opportunity-theory which has been long known in criminology, and it attributed a larger importance to detecting the social background of criminal activity, being the personal characteristics of the perpetrator. A novelty is that from among the macro structure of the opportunity-theory it has become of prime importance to survey: how the situational features can be identified and how the opportunity can be created for changing them. 7 In the background of its importance we find primarily the recognition that the situation can often be changed more quickly than human behaviour. This primarily refers to the built environment. 8 Situational crime prevention is typically related to areas, i.e. it not only places some type of crime into the focus but it attributes importance to several factors among the circumstances of committing crime, within this, primarily including the place (space) and the date. The purpose of this form of crime prevention and the related programme is the qualitative and quantitative reduction of crime, as well as to match 4 Irk, F.: The foundations of situational crime prevention. In: Fenyvesi Cs. Herke Cs.: Emlékkönyv Vargha László egyetemi tanár születésének 90. évfordulójára.[im Memoriam László Vargha] PTE ÁJK, Pécs, 2003., pp See: Clarke, R.V.: Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and Practival Scope. In: Tonry, M. Morris, N. (eds.): Crime und Justice: An Annual Review of Research. Vol. 4 (1983) University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Cited by: Smith, M.: Regulating opportunities: multiple Roles for civil remedies in situational crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies Vol. 9 (1998), pp (P. 71); as well as Kube, E.: Systematische Kriminalprävention. BKA Forschungsreihe Sonderband (Kube 1987: p. 19) Smith refers to the fact that in terms of topic the forerunner of this study is the book by Jeffery, C.R.: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design c ben (then again in 1977), and the work of Newman, O.: Defensible Space c. published in 1972 and considered as a basic work until now. 6 For details see Felson, M. Clarke, R.: Opportunity Makes the Thief Practical theory for crime prevention. Paper 98 der Police Research Series der Policing & Reducing Crime Unit des Research, Development and Statistical Directorate des Britischen Home Office London 1998 (Introduced by: H. Koetzsche in Die Kriminalprävention 3/1999., pp ) 7 Sharyn, L Anleu, R.: The role of civil sanctions in social control: a socio-legal examination. Crime Prevention Studies Vol. 9 (1998), pp (31. p.) 8 Monahan-Klassen, cited by Kube (1987) 30. p. Some others claim, however, that the security-supporting layout of the built environment still belongs to the circle of primary prevention. Thus: Northoff, R. (Hg.): Handbuch der Kriminalprävention. Nomos, Baden-Baden Primäre, an der Wurzel ansetzende, Prävention, Wohnumfeld und Stadtplanung, especially pp Accordingly, primary and secondary prevention are separated from each other by the fact that the latter focuses less than the former on the general conditions, and more strongly on the interaction process leading to the action. This may be the reason why the Anglo-Saxon literature identifies secondary prevention with situational prevention. See: Northoff op.cit. 4. Sekundäre, risikoorientierte, Prävention Verminderung des Täterrisikos 1. p. 17

18 the space-dependent victimisation fear to the existing and prospective danger situation. 9 From another approach, the most important purposes of situational crime prevention are as follows: 10 Making it more difficult to carry out the crime, Increasing the risk of detection, witnessing and revealing, Reducing the profitability of the crime, Making later self-justification and explanations more difficult. (Irk, F. 2003) Time and place: crime map of the site: the more affected places, including characteristic types of crime Based on the expert opinions, a complex Békásmegyer image is beginning to take shape. This means that the seemingly homogenous building stock covers extremely differentiated social environments. The interviews do not even confirm unambiguously the hypothesis that is after all suggested by the data to a certain extent: namely that the hill-side part is somewhat better, and the Danube-side part gives home to population in a somewhat worse situation. These allow us only a very rough average approach. The interviews outline much more like a very heterogeneous space, an environment with a composition changing over time and according to small building complexes. Here, there are many times also factors that seem already historical today (events that took place years ago), i.e.: whether the buildings are privately owned (or cooperative) or are allocated by the local government (social rented flats), or these are flats originally allocated to the police or to soldiers. In certain cases even the presence or the role of one single person or a family may influence the fate of a certain building. In addition to the social factors there are evidently other factors that appear as a direct impact of the built environment. Abandoned, dark or badly illuminated areas and places that can be regarded as dangerous from the viewpoint of public security, the bottom of arcaded buildings, covered main entrances as well as the neighbourhood of pubs: places that generally generate fear in the public eyes. Therefore, besides the neighbourhood of pubs, the market place and the underground passage for the suburban train can be emphasised as dangerous institutions. In the course of the expert interviews special emphasis was given to parking places, schools and playgrounds. Playgrounds, together with most of the above-mentioned places, imply a bigger danger at night, in the dark, for example, due to the groups of young and drunken people staying there. Big parking places may also represent danger at the times when a large number of unattended cars are there. Individual solutions aimed at fighting these dangers, e.g. parking under the window (near 10-floor buildings) also carry specific dangers. Schools are different in that the danger source is not the period following the working time, i.e. the dark, but two times of the day: the start and the finish of school, when a large number of children appears, so the problems are caused by the danger imminent to kids (traffic and drug dealing). As has also been shown in the interviews, the danger and its solutions are more palpable in consideration of the above. 9 Kube (1987) op. cit p. 10 Clarke, R.V.: Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. Harrow and Heston Albany, p.; see: Riedel, Cl.: Situationsbezogene Kriminalprävention. Lang, Frankfurt am Main etc p. 18

19 1.7 Rehabilitation programmes in the site solutions? Neither in Hungary nor in Budapest generally or in Békásmegyer have taken place any comprehensive housing estate rehabilitations like the one carried out in the former East Germany, especially in Berlin. Despite this, the large number of housing estate flats cause significant problems, similarly to other Central and Eastern European countries However, with regard to the large number of flats and to the social composition of those living in these flats the nature of the problem is different from the problems typical in the west of the river Lajta. Since the year 1990, the problem in Hungary is mainly caused by the energy prices and the bad insulation of the buildings as well as the specific district heating system, which may in certain cases represent a dead-end street for those who live in housing estates and are in a bad situation. In order to fight this problem, several programmes have been worked out mainly in order to improve the heat insulation and the technical quality of the buildings. Similar programmes have also been carried out in Békásmegyer. By 2006, the heat insulation of practically all of the buildings has been implemented. These programmes have been carried out with state support as well as with contributions by the population. Upon initiatives by the local government, the programme aimed at renewing the main square has also been carried out in Békásmegyer. This primarily focused on the aesthetic reconstruction of the built environment at the most frequented area of this district part, but there were also crime-prevention references here. The latter may primarily mean the increased security of students going to the nearby educational institutions, but this could be enforced only partially even from their viewpoint. Certain private and civilian initiatives have also exerted impacts that mainly concentrated on the renewal of the built environment as well as crime prevention and increased public security. One of the similar major programmes or initiatives was the construction of two playgrounds of the Maltese Charity Service in the housing estate. * According to the medium-term operative programme of the district ( we can start out from the change of the real estate market position of the Békásmegyer housing estate with regard to the future. It can be seen that this has deteriorated since the change of the regime. While in 1989 only half of the housing estates had a higher price level than the Békásmegyer housing estate, by the turn of the millennium a higher price level is typical of more than two thirds of the housing estates (see This means that Békásmegyer currently takes place in the lower third of the housing estate property market. However, there are numerous unutilised opportunities at the Békásmegyer housing estate for reversing the unfavourable processes. The public sphere has to take a very active, leading and cooperative role in renewing the housing estate. The local government has to launch the complex rehabilitation programme on the more-problematic eastern side of the housing estate. The purpose of rehabilitating Eastern Békásmegyer is to make the housing estate more attractive, to improve the quality of life and to increase the value of flats. This requires the implementation of the following programme elements: Physical interventions: - establishing a sub-town centre (at the Heltai tér market and its environs), which strengthens the positive image of the housing estate both for those living here and for outsiders, in addition it is suitable to serve the function of community square, contributing to strengthening the local identity public area rehabilitation, with special focus on renewing the existing huge green areas and 19

20 supplying them with various functions renewing institutions renewing residential buildings. Non-physical interventions: - developing commercials services managing social problems and unemployment launching training and cultural programmes. The complex rehabilitation of the eastern part of Békásmegyer is a long-term process, it takes about years. One of the keys is the reconstruction of the market hall and the Heltai Jenő tér. 20

Roma-Net Integration of Roma Population Thematic report on area based regeneration program Socially sensitive regeneration program of the Magdolna quarter (Budapest, HU) Introduction The thematic report

The codification of criminal law and current questions of prison matters Kondorosi Ferenc Under Secretary of State Ministry of Justice Hungary Criminal law is the branch of law, in which society s expectations

THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA THE OFFICE OF THE STATE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA No: A-14/10 Zagreb, 11th January 2010 MK/SP SUBJECT: Questionnaire on principles of public prosecution as regards

Victims of crime: Understanding the support you can expect If you have been a victim of crime, you are entitled to certain information and support from criminal justice organisations such as the police

OPERATIONAL PROTOCOL OF ACTIVITIES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT PSYCHOLOGY 1. SUMMARY Objectives of the authors of the study were to conclude the psychological activities carried out at law enforcement agencies,

Kazincbarcika, Hungary The socially sensitive rehabilitation of Herbolya Old-Settlement in Kazincbarcika The project targets a deprived, segregated area of the city with a high rate of unemployed, underprivileged

A GUIDE TO CRIMINAL INJURIES COMPENSATION Being a victim of crime such as physical or sexual assault can have significant and long-term consequences for a woman s health and wellbeing. If you have experienced

COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS Recommendation Rec(2006)8 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on assistance to crime victims (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 14 June 2006 at

November 2011 Civil Legal Problems: Young People, Social Exclusion and Crime By Professor Pascoe Pleasence Supported by: A report for: The Baring Foundation The John Ellerman Foundation Published by: The

1 The Equal Treatment Authority accomplishes its research project called TAMOP 5.5.5/08/1 Combating Discrimination, Shaping Societal Attitude and Strengthening the Work of the Authority by the assistance

The International Juvenile Justice Observatory promoting international development strategies of appropriate policies, and intervention methods within the context of a global juvenile justice without borders.

GECC Assessment of Capstone CRIM 490 (Criminal Justice Senior Capstone) Spring 2014 The Department of Sociology and Justice Studies has been asked to assess one of the Criminal Justice Student Learning

Child Protection Good Practice Guide Domestic violence or abuse West Sussex Social and Caring Services 1 Domestic violence is defined as Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse which can

Summary Domestic violence in the Netherlands Comprehensive Synthesis Report on the Study of Victims and Perpetrators of Domestic Violence and the Capture-Recapture Method 2007-2010 Introduction In this

The effects of CCTV on Crime What Works Briefing Overview: The review finds that use of Close Circuit Television (CCTV) can lead to a small reduction in crime. CCTV is more effective when directed against

Simon Community Northern Ireland welcomes the opportunity to respond to the Alcohol and Drug Commissioning Framework for Northern Ireland 2013-2016 About the Simon Community Simon Community Northern Ireland

Lesson One INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY Aim To define crime and criminal psychology. Before we go on to consider the work of the criminal psychologist, let us first consider, what exactly is crime?

Cloud Computing Survey Perception of the companies DPDP - Macedonia Survey regarding the awareness of the companies in relation to Cloud computing in Macedonia Executive summary The survey was conducted

The use of illegal drugs in England is declining; people who need help to overcome drug dependency are getting it quicker; and more are completing their treatment and recovering drug treatment in ENGlaND:

The background of the improvement of PISA results in Hungary the impact of the EU funded educational development programs 1 by Gábor Halász ELTE University Budapest (http://halaszg.ofi.hu) Hungary, similarly

Brentwood public meeting November 13 2014 District Profile Brentwood borough is part of the Epping Forest and Brentwood District Policing Area (DPA) which falls under the West Local Policing Area (LPA).

Nora Ananieva The Limitations and Factors of Local Strategies for the Economic Development of Municipalities in Bulgaria The topic concerning economic development on the local and regional level has been

Details about Victim Support Your local Victim Support Scheme is: Victims of Crime the help and advice that s available You can also contact the Victim Supportline on: 0845 30 30 900 Or, if you prefer,

From the office of the Rice County Attorney: Adult Plea Negotiation Guidelines Revision June, 2004 1. These guidelines apply to any adult felony defendant case prosecuted by this office, which is not disposed

World Population Day, 11 July 215 34/215 STATISTICAL REFLECTIONS 16 July 215 Contents The world s population...1 Past features of population growth...1 Fertility...2 Mortality, life expectancy...2 International

The Hungarian Victim Support Service The Hungarian Parliament passed Act CXXXV of 2005 on Crime Victim Support and State Compensation on the 29th of November 2005. On the basis of equity and social solidarity

For an accessible and useful programme for all local authorities in the period 2014-2020 CEMR position and amendments proposals for the proposal for a regulation establishing for the period 2014 2020 the

PRESCOTT POLICE DEPARTMENT FORMING A NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH PROGRAM WHAT IS NEIGHBORHOOD WATCH? Crime or the fear of crime provides the impetus for residents to become better informed on how to protect themselves

Issue no. 2 July 1996 NATIONAL CRIME STATISTICS 1995 The South Australian Perspective by Joy Wundersitz Paul Thomas Jayne Marshall This Information Bulletin describes the findings, as they pertain to South

Kosovo (Republic of Kosova) General Country Information: 1 Population: 1,733,872 Female population: 860,274 Member of Council of Europe: No Member of European Union: No CEDAW ratified: (Not signed) CEDAW

Chapter Five CRIMINAL LAW AND VICTIMS RIGHTS In a criminal case, a prosecuting attorney (working for the city, state, or federal government) decides if charges should be brought against the perpetrator.

Montana Population (2012) Area (sq. km) Number of settlements Share of urban population (%) 144 814 3 635,6 131 64,2 Overview Montana District is part of the North West planning region, which is the least

Summary and conclusions The private club and the residence criterion for Dutch coffeeshops Evaluation of the implementation and outcomes in the period May- November 2012 An interim report The Dutch coffeeshop

JANUARY 1999 Key questions and concepts In its April 1998 Green Paper on welfare reform, the new Government argues that its policy reforms will follow a third way : The welfare state now faces a choice

3 Good practice in reducing anti-social behaviour and working with young people who have offended or are at risk of offending Introduction There is little conclusive evidence in the UK of what works in

Annex 1: Assesing risk: threats, vulnerabilities and capacities There is no widely accepted definition of risk, but we can say that risk refers to possible events, however uncertain, that result in harm.

Manchester Manchester City Centre Safe Manchester has had a large and thriving entertainment scene for many years drawing a large people from the surrounding areas at the weekends. Following the bombing

Summer 1997 SYS EMSTATS North Carolina Criminal Justice Analysis Center UNDERSTANDING JUVENILE CRIME TRENDS AND WHAT CAN AND CANNOT BE DONE ABOUT THEM In North Carolina, as in the rest of the nation, the

A. The project partner The international alliance (IB) is with his incorporated society, his companies and participation one of the big service companies in the areas of Youth, social work and educational

Page 1 of 5 BUDAPEST Hungary System The capital of Hungary is the result of the unification in 1873 of 3 cities : Buda and Óbuda on the western side of the Danube and Pest on the eastern side. Today, Budapest

Comhairle Contae an Chláir CLARE COUNTY COUNCIL Housing, Social and Cultural Services Directorate Anti-Social Behaviour Strategy December 2010 Adopted by Clare County Council C:\Documents and Settings\MHannon\Desktop\Anti-social

Proceedings of FIKUSZ 3 Symposium for Young Researchers, 203, 45-54 pp The Author(s). Conference Proceedings compilation Obuda University Keleti Faculty of Business and Management 203. Published by Óbuda

Research Crime prevention and investigative activities continue to drive usage. November Background and methodology Overview Social media is increasingly valuable to the way law enforcement professionals

May 2015 The Right Direction The Mayor s Strategy for improving transport safety, security and reliability in London 2015-2017 Executive Summary Greater London Authority May 2015 Published by Greater London

14 Inter university use of tutored online courses: an alternative to MOOCs Paul Rühl* 1 *Bavarian Virtual University, Bamberg, Germany Introduction There is a variety of definitions of what MOOCs (massive

Social Services for Victims of Domestic Violence: The Role of the Department of Social Development in the Implementation of the Domestic Violence Act S. Sipamla 1. Introduction Following public hearings

Guide to Criminal procedure This free guide gives a general idea to members of the public as to what you may expect to encounter if you or someone you know is charged with a criminal offence. The overriding

Liberty s response to the Department for Children, Schools and Families Youth Conditional Caution Code of Practice for 16 and 17 Year Olds Consultation Paper May 2009 About Liberty Liberty (The National

UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES FACULTY OF AGROECONOMICS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND LABOUR SCIENCE KÁROLY IHRIG DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

Summary Introduction The number of Dutch prisoners in foreign detention is high, compared to other countries. This number has risen in recent years. Commissioned by the Scientific Research and Documentation

San Francisco, CA Sergeant Inspector Antonio Flores, San Francisco Police Department Statement in Support of U-Visas, T-Visas, and VAWA Self-Petitions November 8, 2011 To Whom It May Concern: I am passionate

OPINION ON GENDER DIMENSION IN THE NEXT PROGRAMMING PERIOD OF THE STRUCTURAL FUNDS 2007-2013 Advisory Committee on Equal Opportunities Between Women and Men July 2006 1 Opinion 1 on GENDER DIMENSION IN

1. Men and Women. Sociology- Is it just Common Sense? True or False? a. A woman walking alone at night is in greater danger of sexual assault or rape by a stranger than a woman in a familiar place with

Roundtable discussion WORLD REPORT ON VIOLENCE AND HEALTH In 2002 the World Health Organisation launched the World Report on Violence and Health. The comprehensive report details the global burden of violence