Research suggests around 1.3m smokers and ex-smokers in the UK use the products, which are designed to replicate smoking behaviour without the use of tobacco.

They turn nicotine and other chemicals into a vapour that is inhaled.

Regulation can ensure that adult smokers can continue to be able to buy e-cigarettes as easily as tobacco, but promotion to children or non-smokers will be prohibitedDeborah Arnott, ASH

Jeremy Mean of The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) said the government had concluded that e-cigarettes currently on the market do not meet appropriate standards of safety, quality and efficacy.

He said "levels of contamination" had been found in the products and some were poorly manufactured.

Not recommended

There will be no compulsory licensing of the products until 2016 but until then they are not recommended for use, he said.

"We can't recommend these products because their safety and quality is not assured, and so we will recommend that people don't use them," he told a news conference.

The MHRA had decided not to ban the products entirely but to work towards a position where they are licensed, he added.

"Smoking is the riskiest thing you can do - we want to enable people to cut down and quit - we don't think a ban is a proportionate action."

The health campaign body, Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), said the action will ensure promotion to children or non-smokers is prohibited.

E-cigarettes: pros and cons

The British Medical Association says health professionals should encourage their patients to use a regulated and licensed nicotine replacement therapy (such as patches or gum) to help quit smoking

It says health professional may advise patients that while e-cigarettes are unregulated and their safety cannot be assured, they are likely to be a lower risk option than continuing to smoke

Deborah Arnott, chief executive of ASH, said: "MHRA regulation can ensure that adult smokers can continue to be able to buy e-cigarettes as easily as tobacco, but promotion to children or non-smokers will be prohibited."

Chief Medical Officer Professor Dame Sally Davies said with more people using e-cigarettes it was only right that the products were properly regulated to be safe and work effectively.

"Smokers are harmed by the deadly tar and toxins in tobacco smoke, not the nicotine," she said.

"While it's best to quit completely, I realise that not every smoker can and it is much better to get nicotine from safer sources such as nicotine replacement therapy."

Manufacturers of e-cigarettes say the products have the potential to save lives and should not be restricted.

Adrian Everrett, chief executive officer of E-Lites, told the BBC: "So far not one person globally has been killed by an electronic cigarette and yet every 5 minutes in this country alone someone dies from tobacco use.

"To remove or restrict the use or availability of the electronic cigarette from this market would be a significant health loss."

Once licensed, e-cigarettes are expected to remain on sale over-the-counter in the UK.

In some countries, such as New Zealand, e-cigarettes are regulated as medicines and can be purchased only in pharmacies.

In other countries, including Denmark, Canada and Australia, they are subject to restrictions on sale, import and marketing. Complete bans are in place in Brazil, Norway and Singapore.

Dr Mike Knapton, Associate Medical Director at the British Heart Foundation, said more research was needed into the potential health implications of long-term nicotine use.

"The MHRA has rightly addressed the worrying dearth of regulation around nicotine-containing products and electronic cigarettes - an important step to ensuring their safety," he said.

"Marketing of these products must now be closely monitored to ensure non-smokers and children don't end up using them."