Dunning–Kruger effect

A twofold bias. On one hand the lack of metacognitive ability deludes people, who overrate their capabilities. On the other hand, skilled people underrate their abilities, as they assume the others have a similar understanding.

Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (2009). Unskilled and Unaware of It : How Difficulties in Recognizing One ’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated. Online 2009 (December), 30-46.

Subjective validation

Perception that something is true if a subject's belief demands it to be true. Also assigns perceived connections between coincidences.

Self-serving bias

Tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures. It may also manifest as a tendency for people to evaluate ambiguous information in a way beneficial to their interests (see also group-serving bias).

Perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones.

Egocentric bias

Occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would.

Recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g. remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as being bigger than it was.

Overconfidence effect

Excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time

Pessimism bias

Tendency for some people, especially those suffering from depression, to overestimate the likelihood of negative things happening to them.

Wishful thinking

The formation of beliefs and the making of decisions according to what is pleasing to imagine instead of by appeal to evidence or rationality.

Selective perception

The tendency for expectations to affect perception.

Belief bias

An effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion.

"The belief-bias effect in syllogistic reasoning refers to the tendency for subjects to be erroneously biased when logical conclusions are incongruent with beliefs about the world."

Introspection Illusion

Introspection involves looking inward into conscious thoughts, feelings, motives, and intentions. Modern social psychological research has raised questions about the value and reliability of information gained via introspection.

people's heavy weighting of introspective information for making self-assessments.

principles associated with that weighting that is, that it does not extend to how people treat others introspections

it can lead people to disregard information conveyed by their own (but not others) behavior,

it is rooted not only in peoples unique access to their introspections but also in the unique value they place on them.

Over-valuing of personal introspections occurs in a variety of domains, including judgment and decision making, personal relationships, and stereotyping and prejudice.

An understanding of it sheds light on theoretical concerns involving the actor observer bias, self-enhancement, temporal distance effects, and the perception of free will.

Peoples unique valuing of their introspections likely has deep roots, but this introspection illusion also causes problems. It can foster conflict, discrimination, lapses in ethics, and barriers to self- knowledge and social intimacy. Understanding its sources and effects may help alleviate some of those problems.