Abstract:
Traces migrations of exiled House of Israel from Palestine to Northwestern Europe through Scythia, Parthia, Phoenician colonies, and sea routes. Shows little-known history of the missing 18 years of Jesus from age 12-30, when He began His ministry. Parthia, equal and rival to the Roman Empire, was led by Israelites who were deported from their homeland in Palestine. The "Lost" 10 Tribes of Israel are located through their migrations via sea routes to northwestern Europe and overland routes via Parthia, Scythia, and eastern Europe. The magi who gave gifts to Jesus were Parthian nobility who chose and monitored descendants of the royal House of David as the only ones eligible for the Parthian throne. [Publisher]

Parthia: The forgotten ancient superpower and its role in biblical history (2003)

Abstract:
Continues the Catalogue of Greek coins in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, published in 1955.

Constantinople, George Robert

The Development of Trajan's Political Program in the Coin Reverses of the Roman Mint (1981)

1981, 342 p.

Abstract:
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the coin- types of Trajan in order to define the development of his political program on the coin reverses. The coinage of the Roman mint is chosen because it is assumed that this mint was under the direct control of Trajan and his advisers. The coin-types of the Roman mint thus offer an 'official' political program for the reign of Trajan. This political program may be divided into two broad periods: A.D. 98-107 and A.D. 107-111. Within the years A.D. 98-107 the coin-types establish the main theme of the political program as warfare, especially in the presentation of the Dacian campaigns. The emperor is presented as the Imperator Invictus, the general who will succeed because he is endowed with Virtus, the virtue necessary to be a successful and victorious commander. After the return of Trajan to Rome in A.D. 107, a new political program is published on the coin reverses. The aim of this program is the establishment of stability in Italy through the care provided for the young, for the farmers of Italy, and for the general population. The concern of the emperor for the welfare of the young and the continuation of a prosperous stability is indicated through the appearance of Aeternitas and the new usage of Spes and Libertas. In this period the emperor is endowed with new virtues, Felicitas, Aequitas, and Salus, so that, as in the earlier period, he is presented not so much as a participant in this program as the source of its inspiration and achievement. The coin-types from A.D. 112-117 present old themes: the Dacian Wars are commemorated in the coin-types which celebrate the dedication of the Forum Traiani and the theme of warfare recurs with the commencement of the Parthian Campaign. This campaign is presented on the coinage through references to specific events; this is a sharp contrast to the depiction of the Dacian Wars on the coin reverses of A.D. 101 to 107, for there the events had been neglected in favor of a deeper symbolic content won through the usage of divinities, personifications, and the depiction of the emperor as Imperator Invictus. This change in the presentation of the Parthian War probably reflects the fact that no further symbolism could be derived from the sphere of warfare and that the symbolic content established in the Dacian Campaigns could not be challenged by the events of a later war. [Author]

Abstract:
A concise history of art and architecture in India, Nepal, Tibet, Turkestan, Ceylon and Indonesia from pre-Mauryan times to Indian mediaeval times. Among others, includes Pre-Maurya; Maurya, Sunga, early Andhra and Scytho-Parthian (Ksatrapa); Kusana, later Andhra, and Gupta; more.

From Aristotle to Zoroaster : an A to Z companion to the classical world (1998)

New York: Free Press, 1998, xi+483 p.

Abstract:
Orignially published in Great Britain in 1998 by Pimlico as The Pimlico dictionary of classical civilizations.

This is a groundbreaking and authoritative reference to the classical era of the Old World that encompasses the civilizations of Greece, Rome, Persia, India and China in a single, comprehensive volume. The author asserts that these societies, traditionally studied separately, had much in common and even laid the foundations of present-day Europe and Asia. Cotterell includes the complex interrelations that once existed between the Greeks and the Persians, the Macedonians and the Indians, and the Romans and the Parthians. The book covers historical milestones from 600 BC through 600 AD. Alphabetical entries feature cross-references, maps, illustrations and an index. [Publisher]

Coulston, J. C.

"Roman, Parthian and Sassanid Tactical Developments" (1986)

In: Freeman, P. W. M. & Kennedy, David (eds.), Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East: Proceedings of a Colloquium held at the University of Sheffield in April 1986, British Archaeological Reports S297, 2 vols., British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, Monograph 8

Oxford: 1986, p. 59-75.

Cowley, A.

"The Pahlavi Documents from Avroman" (1919)

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1919, p. 147-154.

Coyajee, J. C.

"The House of Gotarzes: A Chapter of Parthian History in Shahnameh" (1932)

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1932, vol. 28, p. 207-224.

Craven, Lucile

Antony's oriental policy until the defeat of the Parthian expedition (1920)

In: University of Missouri Studies. Social science series. v.3 no.2

Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri-Columbia, 1920, 87 p.

Abstract:
This paper was accepted as a dissertation by the Graduate faculty of the University of Missouri in May, 1918, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor philosophy.

Abstract:
A group of 77 Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian silver drachms and tetradrachms is said to have been acquired in Peshawar, Pakistan. The nature of the group suggests it is a whole or partial hoard. The coins range in date through the reigns of Azes I, Azilises, and Azes II, with a single tetradrachm of Gondophares. It seems likely that the hoard was deposited when Gondophares was encroaching upon the western part of the kingdom of Azes II. [E. Marles]

"New Evidence of Indo-Parthian Political History" (1985)

In: Coin hoards VII

1985, vol. 7, p. 282-300.

Abstract:
Discusses two hoards of Indo-Parthian coins and establishes a new table of rulers and their coinages.

Cribb, Joe & Herrmann, Georgina (eds.)

After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam (2007)

In: Proceedings of the British Academy ; 133

London: Oxford University Press, 2007

Abstract:
This is a new study of the history, archaeology and numismatics of Central Asia, an area of great significance for our understanding of the ancient and early medieval world. This vast, land-locked region, with its extreme continental climate, was a centre of civilization with greatmetropolises. Its cosmopolitan population followed different religions (Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Buddhism), and traded extensively with China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. The millennium from the overthrow of the first world empire of Achaemenian Persians by Alexander the Great to thearrival of the Arabs and Islam was a period of considerable change and conflict. The volume focuses on recent investigations in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. It provides a complex analysis of the symbiosis between the city life based on oases, and the nomadic peoples grazing their animals in the surrounding semi-deserts. Other topics include the influence of the Greek colonistson military architecture, and the major impact of the Great Kushans on the spread of Buddhism and on the development of the Central Asian metropolis. And although written documents rarely survive, coinage has provided essential evidence for the political and cultural history of the region. These essays will be of interest to the scholar, the student, and the armchair traveller. [publisher]

Cross, Robin (ed.)

Warfare: A Chronological History (1991)

Wellfleet Press, 1991, 256 p.

Abstract:
The Definitive Account of the Evolution of War... Key Battles... Technology... Commanders... Theorists. Book includes over 150 specially commissioned maps and plans, profiles of the great commanders, and analysis of strategy.

Cui-Bian

"Roman descendants found in Gansu : Lijian Ruins" (1998)

Beijing Review, 1998, vol. 41, no. 46 (Nov), p. 19-20.

Abstract:
A Roman connection with Lijan, an ancient city located in Zhelaizhai Village, 10 kilometers south of the county seat of Yongchang, Gansu Province, China, has been confirmed by archaeologists from China and other countries. Lijan was built to accommodate a group of Roman captives, but the question of how the captives came to be in Gansu was never resolved until now. Due to scholars' consultations with historical books with the assistance of related departments in Gansu, records have been found to resolve the 2,000 year-old puzzle. It appears that the Romans may have wandered into China following a bloody war between Rome and Parthia, present-day Iran. [Author]

Abstract:
A useful compendium on the representation of Parthians in Rome, on the golden crown as a mark of honour and as a tribute and on covering the hands; Cumont demonstrates how the representation of barbarians bringing tribute served as the model for the Adoration of the Magi in Christian art. [Otto Kurz]