McCann is passionate about movies, and is working on a script about redemption. He lives in Hawthorne, N.Y., with his parents, two younger siblings and a dog named Tressel.

Michael Rubenstein for NPR

As far back as he can remember, George McCann lived in fear. When he was asleep he would have horrific nightmares filled with violent images. When he was awake, he often felt threatened by people, including members of his own family. And when he felt threatened, he would become aggressive, even violent.

George spent his childhood certain that something very bad was going to happen. And when he was 12, it did. His unrelenting fears led to a violent outburst at school. And George landed in a psychiatric hospital.

It was a frightening place for a fearful kid. When staff members tried to restrain him during a confrontation, he fought as if his life were at stake. George was big and strong for his age. But it was no contest.

"I was strapped down at the ankles, across the chest and at my wrists," he says. "And they put me into the room with padded walls, you know. I remember screaming and screaming and screaming."

Today, George is 22 and back at home with his parents, two younger siblings and a dog named Tressel. They live in a small, single-story house within commuting distance of Manhattan.

When George answers the door, it's clear he's grown into a big, sturdy guy. He wears rimless glasses and slightly rumpled clothes. His handshake is surprisingly gentle.

George's passion is movies, which he reviews on his blog. He has even written a couple of scripts. One is a Western. "It's about redemption and whether people can find it or not," he says.

Sitting on the living room couch with his mother, Cydney McCann, George explains how his own redemption came in the form of an inquisitive psychiatrist and the experimental use of a drug called ketamine.

George's struggles with fear and rage started before he could talk. His mother realized early on that her son was nothing like his cousin the same age.

George's tantrums were extreme. A simple "no" could touch off hours of screaming and biting and kicking, Cydney says. Her son's anxieties were also extreme.

"By the time he went into kindergarten, he was so nervous about everything," she says. "He would be afraid to get on the bus. He was afraid of the bus driver. He was afraid of the school. He couldn't go to people's houses. He couldn't have a play date."

At home, his tantrums grew into rages, Cydney says. Then, once the episode was over, her son would apologize and feel intense shame and guilt. She realized just how desperate he had become one day when he was 5.

"I found him in his room, and he had tried to hang himself by the curtain rod," she says. "He took a scarf and tied it on the curtain rod and had tied it around his neck and tried to hang himself."

Cydney began taking her son to psychologists and psychiatrists. They told her he had obsessive compulsive disorder and ADHD. Eventually, during his stay in the psychiatric hospital at age 12, he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

All the diagnoses came with drugs: Zoloft, Paxil, Ritalin. "I remember a lot of pills with different colors," George says. But they didn't make him much better. And some made him worse.

Cydney McCann remembers trying to maintain some semblance of normalcy by having the whole family, including George, sit down together for dinner. But something always happened, she says. "Either he would fly off in a rage and leave the table, or one of the other kids would get upset and get scared and leave the table, or get mad and leave the table. We literally never completed a meal."

Papolos believes children like George have a subtype of bipolar disorder that he calls the "fear of harm" profile.

That's a controversial idea. The mental health world is debating which children should even be called bipolar. And there's no consensus on what to call kids like George McCann. But Papolos says studies suggest there are hundreds of thousands of them — though many have milder symptoms than George.

There are several core characteristics of these children, Papolos says. One is a variety of sleep disturbances including frequent and terrifying nightmares. "They're all about pursuit or abandonment," he says. "Some animal chasing them. A shark biting into their leg, and they feel the blood and the pain."

George McCann had a lot of dreams like that, including one in which his father survived a terrible car accident only to be shot dead.

Another characteristic of kids like George, Papolos says, is an extreme reaction when anyone tries to control their behavior. "They may very well be very aggressive, particularly at home and particularly where there's any limit-setting, because limit-setting is experienced as a threat to them," he says. "They're functioning on a very primitive fight-or-flight level."

When these kids do become violent, it's not premeditated, Papolos says. They're not potential mass killers. They're responding the way an animal might, defending its territory.

That certainly described George as a child, says Cydney McCann. "The reaction would be like an instantaneous thing," she says. George describes his response as "zero to 100 in a millisecond."

But after such an episode is over, these children can be sweet and loving, Papolos says.

There's one more characteristic of the "fear of harm" profile that's not about behavior at all. These children overheat easily, Papolos says, especially at night.

Once again, George McCann fits the profile. He says he often put an ice pack on his head to help him get to sleep.

After studies showed that these children seemed to be a distinct group, Papolos began wondering whether there might be a better way to treat them. He knew the usual drugs for depression and anxiety and mania weren't enough. So he began looking for a medicine that could reduce fear and simultaneously lower body temperature.

"And lo and behold there were animal studies showing that ketamine did just that," he says.

Papolos thought it just might help the fearful children he was studying. He had a particular child in mind: a 7-year-old girl who had severe nightmares, night terrors, separation anxiety and psychotic symptoms. And, by chance, this little girl was scheduled for a dental procedure that can be done using an inhaled form of ketamine as the anesthetic.

"She got ketamine, and for two weeks she was completely asymptomatic," Papolos says. "We had never seen anything like it before." That was five years ago. Today, the girl is still taking ketamine and is still free of symptoms, Papolos says.

After a number of successes with ketamine, Papolos discussed the drug with George and Cydney McCann. By this time, George was in high school and his moods were less extreme. But fear still dominated his life. He was terrified by subway rides. He was too frightened to drive a car.

So when Papolos offered the drug, Cydney McCann wanted George to try it. She didn't want the disorder that had shaped her son's childhood to hold him back as an adult. But George, who still lived in fear of so many things, was afraid to try the new drug.

"I'm going to become some kind of addict," he remembers thinking. "I'm going to die the first time I take this. It's going to change who I am."

But in 2010, George did try Papolos' ketamine treatment. He says he'll remember the day for the rest of his life. "I think we did two puffs, and I remember I sat up and I just started laughing," he says. Then his mother picks up the story: "You said you had an internal feeling of calm that you had never had before in your life. And when we came home that night, that was the first night that we ever all had dinner at the table without somebody leaving."

Papolos has treated about 60 young people with ketamine so far and says all but two have had dramatic responses. Interestingly, he says, the two whose behavior did not change were also the only patients whose overheating problems weren't helped by the drug.

It's a surprising and provocative result. But the research is still in its very early stages. The number of patients treated so far is small, and the approach is so new it hasn't been tested by other researchers yet. Papolos says he's hoping a study he published late last year will help persuade other researchers to try the drug on other children.

In the meantime, George McCann continues to inhale a prescribed dose of ketamine every third day. The fear and anger that once dominated his life are gone, he says, adding that his mind is free now to work on that movie script about redemption.

Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:

It's MORNING EDITION, from NPR News. I'm Renee Montagne.

DAVID GREENE, HOST:

And I'm David Greene.

In Your Health today, a remarkable recovery from mental illness. All children have fears. But for some kids, fear takes over their lives. In extreme cases, they can see almost anything or anyone as a threat. And they often respond with aggression or even violence. The usual medications don't seem to help all that much, so one psychiatrist is trying something new.

NPR's Jon Hamilton reports that he's giving these children a drug called ketamine.

JON HAMILTON, BYLINE: The McCann family lives in a small, single-story home on a quiet street within commuting distance of Manhattan.

(SOUNDBITE OF KNOCKING)

HAMILTON: There are two parents, three kids and a dog.

(SOUNDBITE OF A BARKING DOG)

CYDNEY MCCANN: Don't mind the crazy dog.

HAMILTON: I'm Jon.

C. MCCANN: Hi. Nice to meet you, Jon. I'm Cydney. Come on in.

HAMILTON: And the dog is?

C. MCCANN: The dog is Tressel.

HAMILTON: Cydney McCann is the mom. Her oldest child is George.

Hi, George. Good to meet you.

GEORGE MCCANN: Nice to meet you.

HAMILTON: He's 22, a big, sturdy guy with rimless glasses and a handshake that is surprisingly gentle.

George's passion is movies. He reviews them on Facebook. He's even written a couple of scripts. One is for a Western.

G. MCCANN: It's about redemption, and whether people can find it or not.

HAMILTON: A decade ago, when George was 12, he was in dire need of redemption. He'd spent most of his life afraid that something really bad was going to happen. And now it had. After a violent outburst at school, he'd been sent to a psychiatric hospital.

It was a frightening place for a fearful kid. And George says when staff members tried to restrain him, he fought as if his life were at stake. George was big and strong, even then. But it was no contest.

G. MCCANN: I was strapped down, and they put me into the room with padded walls, you know. I remember screaming and screaming and screaming. They shut out the lights and they shut the door. I was in that room for something like four hours, in the dark. The only light was a little window, watching rain fall and listening to thunder.

HAMILTON: George's struggles with fear and rage started before he could talk. Cydney says her son was nothing like his cousin the same age.

C. MCCANN: I remember when they turned three, my sister-in-law saying to me, oh, isn't three great? You know, they're so cooperative. They're so this. They're so that. And I was like, no, not here.

HAMILTON: Cydney says George's tantrums were extreme. A simple no could touch off hours of screaming and biting and kicking. She says the other extreme thing about her son was his anxiety.

C. MCCANN: By the time he went into kindergarten, he was so nervous about everything, like he would be afraid to get on the bus. He was afraid of the bus driver. He was afraid in school. He couldn't go to people's houses. He couldn't have a play date.

HAMILTON: And at home, his tantrums grew into rages. Cydney says afterward, her son would feel intense shame and guilt, but she didn't realize how troubled he'd become until one day when he was five.

C. MCCANN: I found him in his room, and he had tried to hang himself by the curtain rod.

HAMILTON: Tried, like...

C. MCCANN: Like, took a scarf and tied it on the curtain rod, and tied it around his neck and was trying to hang himself.

HAMILTON: Cydney began taking her son to psychologists and psychiatrists. They told her he had obsessive-compulsive disorder and ADHD. Eventually, during his stay in the psychiatric hospital, he was diagnosed as bipolar.

All the diagnoses came with drugs: Zoloft, Paxil, Ritalin.

G. MCCANN: I remember a lot of pills with different colors.

HAMILTON: But they didn't make him much better, and some made him worse.

Cydney McCann says she tried to maintain some semblance of normalcy by having the whole family, including George, sit down together for dinner.

C. MCCANN: Something always happened. Either he would fly off in a rage and leave the table, or one of the other kids would get upset and get scared and leave the table, or get mad and leave the table. Or - we literally never completed a meal - ever, ever.

HAMILTON: By the time George was a teenager, he was seeing a psychiatrist named Demitri Papolos from Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Papolos was studying kids who had a lot in common with George.

DEMITRI PAPOLOS: The symptoms really were sort of a compilation that involved both aggression and fear.

HAMILTON: Papolos, who's also part of the Juvenile Bipolar Research Foundation, says these children have a subtype of bipolar disorder. That's a controversial idea. There's a struggle going on in the mental health world over which children should even be called bipolar. And there's no consensus on what to call kids like George McCann.

But Papolos says studies indicate there are hundreds of thousands of these children, though many have milder symptoms. He says there are several core features of what he calls the fear of harm profile. One is a variety of sleep disturbances, including frequent and horrific nightmares.

PAPOLOS: They're all about pursuit or abandonment - some animal chasing them, a shark biting into their leg and they feel the blood and the pain. I mean, very, very vivid.

HAMILTON: George McCann says he had a lot of dreams like that. Papolos says another feature of these kids is an extreme reaction when anyone tries to control their behavior.

PAPOLOS: They may very well be very aggressive, particularly at home and particularly where there's any limit setting because limit setting is experienced as a threat to them. They're functioning on a very primitive fight-or-flight level.

HAMILTON: But Papolos says when these kids do become violent, it's not premeditated.

Cydney McCann says that was certainly true of George.

C. MCCANN: The reaction would be like an instantaneous thing.

G. MCCANN: Zero to 100.

C. MCCANN: In a millisecond.

G. MCCANN: In a millisecond.

C. MCCANN: Yeah.

HAMILTON: And when an episode is over, the children can be sweet and loving.

Papolos says there's one more feature of the disorder that's not about behavior at all. He says these children overheat easily, especially at night. George McCann says he often slept with an ice pack on his head.

G. MCCANN: I would put the ice pack on and frost from the freezer would melt off, run down my face and if you felt the top of my head, you could feel heat.

HAMILTON: So Papolos says he began asking himself a question: Are there any drugs that simultaneously reduce fear and lower body temperature?

PAPOLOS: Lo and behold, there were animal studies that showed that ketamine did just that.

HAMILTON: Ketamine is approved as an anesthetic. It's also a popular recreational drug. And research shows that ketamine can lift severe depression, often in a matter of minutes. Papolos thought it just might help the fearful children he was studying. He had a particular child in mind.

PAPOLOS: She was seven years old. She had severe nightmares, night terrors, separation anxiety, she had psychotic symptoms.

HAMILTON: And she was scheduled for a dental procedure that could be done using an inhaled form of ketamine as the anesthetic.

PAPOLOS: She got ketamine and for two weeks she was completely asymptomatic. We had never seen anything like it before.

HAMILTON: That was five years ago. Papolos says today the girl is still taking ketamine and still free of symptoms. By the time Papolos began treating kids with ketamine, George McCann was in high school. His moods were less extreme, but fear still dominated his life. He was terrified by subway rides. He was too frightened to drive a car.

So when Papolos suggested ketamine for George, Cydney McCann said yes. She didn't want the disorder that haunted her son's childhood to hold him back as an adult. The problem was George and his fears. He says he was afraid take the new drug.

G. MCCANN: I'm going to become some kind of addict. I'm going to die the first time I take this. Oh, it's going to change who I am.

HAMILTON: Then, a couple of years ago, George agreed to try ketamine.

G. MCCANN: I think we did two puffs 'cause it's a, you know, nasal thing and I remember I sat up and I just started laughing.

C. MCCANN: The big thing that I remember that day was that you said that you had an internal feeling of calm...

G. MCCANN: Of peace, calm, yeah.

C. MCCANN: ...that you had never experienced before...

G. MCCANN: Absolutely.

C. MCCANN: ...in your life. And when we came home that night, that was the first night...

G. MCCANN: That we had dinner together...

C. MCCANN: ...that we ever all had dinner at the table without somebody leaving.

HAMILTON: Papolos says he has treated about 60 young people with ketamine so far and almost all have had dramatic responses. Even so, those numbers are still small and the approach hasn't been tested yet by other researchers.

All that doesn't worry George McCann, who continues to inhale ketamine every third day. He says the fear and anger are gone. His mind is free now to work on that movie script about redemption.