Designing products that use less material to achieve the same purpose (for example, light weighting of beverage cans).

55WASTE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT

Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions.

Domestic waste collection services are often provided by local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry.

56TECHNOLOGIES

The waste management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies such as

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags,

GPS

Integrated software packages

57WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions.

58

Waste hierarchy The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimization.

59

Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.

60 EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management. The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local, regional, and global air pollution accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and water depletion of the ozone layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species.

61 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

Solid waste collection by government owned and operated services in Pakistan's cities currently averages only 50 percent of waste quantities generated however, for cities to be relatively clean, at least 75 percent of these quantities should be collected.

Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has a proper solid waste management system right from collection of solid waste up to its proper disposal.

62 URBANIZATION PATTERN

According to the 1981 census, of the 5.92 million persons who had migrated within the country, 87.6 moved from rural to urban areas, while only 12.4 moved in the opposite direction. Over 50 of them permanently settled in cities.

During the last several decades, migration has occurred from rural to urban areas. The chief factors responsible for this migration are

Slow progress in the agriculture sector,

Low crop yields,

63

Lack of alternate employment opportunities

Environmental degradation due to water logging/salinity, deforestation and desertification

According to a study, the selected cities are growing at a growth rate from 3.67 to 7.42 which is much higher than the overall growth rate of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8. Major cities in Pakistan are estimated to double their population in next ten years. These cities are generating high amounts of solid waste which is increasing annually with the respective population growth.

64 GROWTH IN SOLID WASTE GENERATION

Presently it is estimated that, 54,888 tons per day of solid waste is generated in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment undertook a study during 1996 on "Data Collection for Preparation of National Study on Privatization of Solid Waste Management in Eight Selected Cities of Pakistan". The study revealed that the rate of waste generation on average from all type of municipal controlled areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day to 0.613 kg/capita/day or from 1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in all the selected cities.

65SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO - STRATEGIC CHALLENGES

Solid waste in Pakistan is generally composed of

Plastic and rubber

Metal

Paper and cardboard

Textile waste

Glass

Food waste

Animal waste

Leaves

66

Grass

Straws and fodder

Bones

Wood

Stones and fines to various extents.

67INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

Under the recently devolved local government system, the Town/ Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMAs) are responsible for the solid waste collection, transportation and disposal. However, TMAs are unable to cope with continuously increasing volumes of municipal waste due to inadequate funds, lack of rules, regulations and standards, lack of knowhow on the subject, lack of expertise and lack of collection vehicles and equipment

68 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY

The Government of Pakistan enacted the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) in 1997 which is the most recent and updated legislation on environment.

It provides a framework for establishing federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs).

Presently the legal rules and regulations dealing with solid waste management in Pakistan are as follows

69 Current

1 Section 11 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act prohibits discharge of waste in an amount or concentration that violates the National Environmental Quality Standards.

4 Section 132 of the Cantonment Act 1924 deals with Deposits and disposal of rubbish etc

5 Provisions contained in the Local Government Ordinance, 2001

70 Required

The rules and guidelines that are yet to be introduced include

Basic Recycling rules

Waste Management rules

E-Waste Management rules

Development of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI)

Eco-Labeling guidelines and its promotion

Adoption of Life Cycle Assessment Approaches

Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Collection and Disposal

Guidelines for model landfill sites

71 CURRENT STATUS OF SWM PRACTICES

Currently solid waste in Pakistan has not been carried out in a sufficient and proper manner in

Collection

Transportation

Disposal or dumping regardless of the size of the city.

These aspect may include

72

Rate of urbanization

Pattern and density of urban areas

Physical planning and control of development

Physical composition of waste

Density of waste

Temperature and precipitation

Scavengers activity for recyclable separation

The capacity

Adequacy and limitations of respective municipalities to manage the solid waste.

73

According to the 1998 census, of the 130.579 million persons living in Pakistan, 67 live in rural areas, while 33 live in urban areas. Furthermore, out of 33 of persons living urban areas, 54 of them live in ten major cities of Pakistan. During the last several decades, migration has occurred from rural to urban areas. The major factors responsible for this migration are

Slow progress in the agriculture sector

Low crop yields

Lack of alternate employment opportunities

Environmental degradation due to water logging/salinity

Deforestation and desertification.

74 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD ESTIMATES

The number and growth of population and households is the foremost factor affecting the solid waste and its management at various stages.

The selected cities are growing at a rate ranging between 3.67 to 7.42, which is much higher than the overall growth rate of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8 (EPMC, 1996).

75

Major cities of them are estimated to double their population in next ten years.

The numbers of households also play an important role in generation and collection of the solid waste.

The average household size in the selected cities varies from 6.7 to 7.3 persons.

76WASTE GENERATION AND COLLECTION ESTIMATES

The average rate of waste generation from all type of municipal controlled areas varies from 1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in a few major cities.

It shows a trend of waste generation wherein increase has been recorded in accordance with city's population besides its social and economic development.

77

In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by municipalities and waste collection efficiencies range from 0 percent in low-income rural areas to 90 percent in high- income areas of large cities.

Collection rate of solid waste by respective municipalities ranges from 51 to 69 of the total waste generated within their jurisdiction.

78 PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE

The move from landfill-based to resource-based waste management systems requires a greater knowledge of the composition of municipal solid waste. Solid waste in Pakistan is generally composed of three categories i.e.

The waste is disposed off within or outside municipal limits into low lying areas like ponds etc, without any treatment except recyclable separation by scavengers. The land is also hired/leased on long term basis for disposal. Moreover, the least mitigating measures have also never been reported from any municipality. Treatment and disposal technologies such as sanitary land filling, composting and incineration are comparatively new in Pakistan

80

Crude open dumping is the most common practice throughout Pakistan and dump sites are commonly set to fire to reduce the volume of accumulating waste. At present, there are no landfill regulations or standards that provide a basis for compliance and monitoring, but national guidelines for these standards are being prepared by the Consultant under National Environmental Action Plan Support Program (NEAP SP).

81CONCLUSION

The overall conclusion of the study on present status of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows

1.There is a limited focus on control mechanisms which is adversely effecting on safety, health and the environment.

2.Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM does not seem to be a priority.

3.None of the cities has an integrated solid waste management system

82

Collection rate 5 1-69 of total waste generated.

Hospital and industrial wastes are treated as ordinary waste

A lot of potential for recycling and involvement of private sector which is overlooked

No disposal facilities

83

Open burning of waste or open disposal is most common practice.

No weighing facilities are installed at any disposal sites

Open burning of non-degradable components like plastic bags are adding to air pollution

Much of the uncollected waste poses serious health hazards

84RECOMMENDATIONS

Following recommendations are proposed for sustainable SWM

1.The involvement of people and private sector through NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.

2.Public awareness should be created especially at primary school.

3.Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns and urban areas.

4.Moreover, house-to-house collection of SW should be organized

85

The collection bins must have a large enough capacity to accommodate 20 more than the expected waste generation in the area.

Municipal authorities should maintain the storage facilities to avoid unhygienic and unsanitary conditions.

Proper segregation would lead to better options and opportunities for scientific disposal of waste.

86

An open dump or an uncontrolled waste disposal area should be rehabilitated. It is advisable to move from open dumping to sanitary land filling in a phased manner.

Land filling should be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing

87(No Transcript)

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