Characterization of organic arsenic compounds in bivalves.

код для вставки на сайт или в блог

ссылки на документ

APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, VOL. 6,343-349 (1992)
Characterization of organic arsenic
compounds in bivalves
Yasuyuki Shibata" and Masatoshi Morita
Environmental Chemistry Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
Water-soluble arsenic compounds were extracted
with methanol/water (1:1, v/v) from various species of bivalves and also from certified reference
materials (NIES No. 6, mussel tissue, and NBS
1566, oyster tissue). The extracts were analyzed
with a high-performance liquid chromatograph
combined with an inductively coupled argon
plasma mass spectrometer serving as an arsenicspecific detector. A certified reference material
(NIES No. 6) was used to check the reproducibility
of the analysis. The relative standard deviations
(RSDS) of the peak area of major arsenic compounds among repeated measurements (n=6) on
the same extract were less than 3.3%, indicating
good reproducibility of the technique. The RSDS of
some peaks among measurements of independent
extracts, on the other hand, were more than lo%,
possibly reflecting the heterogeneity of the sample
in terms of the chemical species under the present
experimental conditions. In many of the samples
analyzed in the present study, two arseniccontaining ribofuranosides were detected in addition to arsenobetaine. A compound bearing a
glycerophosphoryl glycerol moiety was dominant
in such cases. Interestingly, a bivalve living in an
estuary (Corbicula japonica) did not contain a
detectable amount of arsenobetaine though it had
arsenic-containing ribofuranosides. The distribution of arsenic species in the various parts of a
clam (Mere& lusoria) and a mussel (Mytilus coruscurn) was also analyzed.
Keywords: HPLC ICP MS, arsenic speciation,
arsenobetaine, arsenic-containing ribofuranosides, tetramethylarsonium, certified reference
material, bivalve molluscs
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
0268-2605/921040343-07 $08.50
01992 by John Wiley &k Sons, Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
Since marine organisms generally contain fair
amounts of arsenic, the chemical forms of arsenic
in them have been investigated in order to evaluate the toxicological implications of consuming
such organisms as well as elucidating the cycling
of the element in the marine ecosystem. After the
first report by Edmonds et al. in 1977,' arsenobetaine (VIII in Fig. 1) has been identified in many
marine animal samples as the major or sole watersoluble arsenic compound.24 Simple methylated
species, viz. the tetramethylarsonium ion (VI)
and trimethylarsine oxide (V), were also detected
in some of the s a r n p l e ~ .Several
~
reports also
claimed the presence of arsenocholine (VII) in
some samples, while other researchers did not
find it in the same specie^.^ Edmonds and his
colleagues, on the other hand, isolated and identified more complicated organoarsenic compounds,
termed arsenic-containing ribofuranosides (X,
XI, XII), or simply arsenosugars, in the extract of
a brown
Later, various derivatives of
arsenosugars (X-XV) including the lipid-soluble
form (XVI), have been identified in many marine
algae, and the nature of species-specific distribution of these derivatives has been el~cidated.',~
All the macroalgae analyzed so far were reported
to contain some of the arsenosugars while none of
them contained a detectable amount of arsenobetaine which is ubiquitous in marine animals.
Among marine animals, bivalves, which belong
to the phylum Mollusca, seem to occupy a specific
position with regard to the chemical form of
arsenic in them. Squid, cuttlefish4 and octopus,"
other members of the Mollusca, were reported to
have arsenobetaine as a dominant or sole arsenic
species, as in the case of other animal species. On
the other hand, Edmonds et al. first isolated and
identified arsenosugars (X and XIV) instead of
arsenobetaine from the kidney of a giant clam,
Tridacna maxima." The giant clam was known to
contain symbiotic microalgae, and they attributed
the source of the arsenosugar derivatives to the
Received 25 February I992
Y SHIBATA AND M MORITA
344
I AsO:
I1 AsO:1x1 CH,ASO:
VII (CH,)~AS+CHZCH~OH
VIII (CH~),AS‘CHZCOO..
IX (CH~),AS(O)CH~CH~OH
IV (CH,),AsO,
V (CH?)?AsO
VI (CH&As+
Arsenic-containing ribofuranosides
R1 - C H z u - C H 2 r H 2 - R 3
HO
OH
R’
R2
R3
Water-soluble
X
XI
XI1
XI11
XIV
xv
Lipid-soluble
XVI
Figure 1 Arsenic compounds in marine environment.
algae.” We found, however, the presence of two
arsenic species indistinguishable from arsenosugar derivatives (X and XI) in some other bivalves
in addition to arsenobetaine, using the combination of high performance liquid chromatograph
with inductively coupled argon plasma atomic
emission s p e ~ t r o m e t r y . ~
The purpose of the present study is to confirm
the results of previous reports and to obtain more
information on the nature of the arsenic compounds in bivalves. A combination of a highperformance liquid chromatograph with an inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometer
(HPLC ICP MS)” was used to identify and quantify arsenic species in the samples. Certified reference materials were used to check the reproducibility of the data obtained by the technique. The
distribution of arsenic species in the various parts
of clam and mussel was also assessed to obtain
more insight into the source and the possible
physiological meaning of these organoarsenic
compounds.
EXPERIMENTAL
The water-soluble arsenic compounds used as the
standards (Fig. 1, I-XV) were prepared as
reported previously.” HPLC ICP MS (a PerkinElmer 410 Bio LC system combined with a
Yokogawa Electric PMSlOO ICP mass spectrometer) analyses were performed as described previously by using Inertsil ODS (4.6 mm X 250 mm;
Gasukuro Kogyo, Japan) and Asahipak GS220
(7.6 mm x 500 mm; Asahi Kasei Kogyo Co.,
Japan) for ion-pair chromatography (for cationic
and anionic species) and for gel-permeation chromatography, respectively.”’, ” All the samples
were filtered before injection by a 0.45 p,m
membrane filter (Minisart NML, Sartorious,
Germany). Quantification of each arsenic species
was done by comparing the peak area with that of
cacodylate standard (dimethylarsinic acid sodium
salt) injected separately.’ Total arsenic contents
were determined by an ICP atomic emission
spectrometer (Seiko Electric JY-38) after wet
ORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN BIVALVES
345
Table I Total and water-soluble arsenic concentrations in the certified reference materials
Concentration
(pg As g- on dry wt basis)
’
Sample
Certified
value
Water-soluble
Residue
Total
NIES No. 6
DORM-1
DOLT-1
9.2f0.5
17.7f2.1
10.1 f 1.4
6.4k0.3
17.8t0.4
7.6t0.3
4.1 f O . 1
l.lfO.l
2.0f0.1
10.5f0.4
18.920.5
9.650.4
~
digestion of the samples by concentrated nitric
acid. Fresh specimens of mussel (Mytilus coruscum) were collected near Rishiri Island,
Hokkaido, Japan, sent to our Institute on ice, and
kept at -20°C until use. All the other fresh
bivalves were obtained in a market. Certified
(standard) reference materials used in the present
study are as follows: NIES No. 6 (mussel tissue,
Mytilus edulis) from the National Institute for
Environmental Studies, Japan; NBS1566 (oyster
tissue, Crassostrea gigas) from the National
Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of
Standards and Technology, NIST), USA;
DORM-1 (dogfish muscle) and DOLT-1 (dogfish
liver) from the National Research Council of
Canada.
Each of the reference materials (0.2g dry
weight) was weighed into the centrifuge tube. To
each tube was added 5 cm3 of methanol/water
(1 : 1, v/v), and the tube was sonicated for 10 min.
After centrifugation (2000 rpm x 10 min), the
extract was removed by a Pasteur pipette. The
extraction process was repeated five times for
each sample, and the extracts were combined,
evaporated to dryness, dissolved in 2cm3 of
Table 2 Results of HPLC ICP MS analysis of mussel certified
reference material, NIES No. 6 (pg As g - ’ dry wt)’
Within the
same batch of
extract (n = 6)
Arsenic
species”
VIIl
IVh
X
XI
Among different
batches of
extracts (n= 6)
Average
RSD
1.38 f0.03
0.71 tO.O1
0.61 T0.02
0.99 i
0.02
2.2
1.9
3.3
2.2
(YO)
(YO)
Average
KSD
1.45f 0.05
0.65 k0.09
0.77k0.10
1.07 f 0 . 0 9
3.2
13.4
13.2
8.7
~
VIII, arsenobetaine; IV, cacodylate; X, XI, arseniccontaining ribofuranosides (see Fig. 1). Sum of cacodylate
and small unknown peak (see Fig. 2). ‘Quantitation performed by Inertsil ODS (buffer pH 6.8).
a
water, and analyzed by HPLC ICP MS. Whole or
various parts of the fresh samples were weighed,
homogenized with methanol/water [ l : 1, v/v;
about 5 : 1 (v/w) for each sample], sonicated for
10 min, and centrifuged (2500 rpm x 20 min) to
obtain the extract. The extraction process was
repeated five times, and the extracts were combined, evaporated to dryness, dissolved in water,
and analyzed by HPLCICPMS. In the case of
Corbicula japonica, tissues of several specimens
were combined together for extraction because of
its small size.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total and extracted arsenic concentrations from
the mussel certified reference material, NIES No.
6 , are shown in Table 1 together with the data on
fish reference materials, DORM-1 (dogfish muscle) and DOLT-1 (dogfish liver). The same
extraction procedure was employed in each case.
However, the extraction efficiency of mussel is
lower than those for the fish reference materials,
and is rather comparable to the values of the red
algae in the previous report.’ The residual arsenic
could not be extracted by repeating the procedure
further. The nature of the arsenic in the residue is
not clear.
The quantitative analytical results of the extract
of NIES No. 6 are summarized in Table 2. The
identification of each chemical species was done
by a comparison of its retention time with those of
authentic standards under three different column
conditions. As shown in the table, the RSD of
repeated analysis ( n = 6) of the same extract was
less than 3.3%, indicating good reproducibility of
the HPLCICPMS system. The RSD among
different batches of the extract ( n = 6 ) , on the
other hand, sometime exceeded
10%.
Furthermore, a notable difference was detected
Y SHIBATA AND M MORITA
346
in minor constituents in the chromatograms of
different extracts, as shown in Fig. 2. These data
may suggest deviation of extraction efficiency in
each case or occurrence of a heterogeneity problem as to the chemical form of arsenic in the
certified reference material. The amount of each
sample used in the present study (about 200 mg)
was slightly smaller than the recommended value
for elemental analysis (>250 mg), but the difference is small and does not seem to be a major
factor causing such a significant effect.
As shown in Fig. 2, the reference material
produced from blue mussel (Mytifus edufis) contains not only arsenobetaine, but also two arsenosugar derivatives (X and XI) and cacodylate as
major water-soluble arsenic species. There are
several other minor peaks in the chromatogram,
but they are not yet identified rigorously. A
notable peak detected in Fig. 2A alone (retention
time 6.3min) does not correspond to any of the
standards we have. The two arsenosugar derivatives were also detected in the extract of another
standard reference material produced from
oyster, Crussostreu gigus (NBS1566) (Fig. 3).
Again, arsenobetaine and cacodylate were
detected in addition to these arsenosugars, but
w z = I5
B
-
0
l o min.
Retention Time
Figure 2 Chromatograms of the extracts of mussel certified
reference material, NlES No. 6. A and B are the chromatograms of different batches of extracts. The column was Inertsil
ODs;
buffer,
10 mmol dm -'
tetraethylammonium
4.Smmoldm ' malonic acid (pH 6.8); flow rate
0.75 cm'min-'; 5 p1 of each extract was injected.
0
l o min.
Retention Time
Figure3 Chromatogram of the extract of oyster standard
reference material, NBSlS66. See the caption of Fig. 2 for the
elution conditions.
the proportion of arsenosugars was even higher
than that in the case of mussel. The presence of
several minor arsenic compounds was also evident. These certified reference materials are not
intended for organic analysis, and the present
data may not reflect the real concentration of
these arsenic compounds in the original material
(for example, XI decomposes to X rather easily).
The present data, however, clearly indicate that
mussel and oyster contain not only arsenobetaine
but also arsenosugar derivatives as major arsenic
species.
The extracts of various bivalves were analyzed
in the same manner as above, and the results are
summarized in Table 3. A clam (Meretrix fusoriu)
and a hard-shelled mussel (Mytifus coruscum)
were dissected into several parts, and the extract
of each part was also analyzed. Except for
Corbicufu juponica, all the samples contained
arsenobetaine as a major water-soluble arsenic
compound. The concentration, however, varies
from around 0.2 to more than 2 pg As g-' fresh
tissue. In both clam and hard-shelled mussel, the
adductor muscle contained the highest concentration of arsenobetaine. Arsenobetaine was not
detected in the extracts of Corbicufu juponicu, a
small bivalve living in estuaries (detection limit is
less than 0.01 pg Asg-' fresh tissue). On the
other hand, arsenosugar derivatives-one
containing the glycerophosphoryl glycerol moiety
(XI) and another (X) which is probably a precursor or a degradation product of XI-were
detected in almost all samples, including Corbicufu juponicu (Table 3). Other arsenosugars,
especially XIV which was first isolated from the
kidney of the giant clam Triducnu maxima,'' were
not detected in any of the samples. In contrast to
arsenobetaine, the adductor muscles of clam and
ORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN BIVALVES
347
Table 3 Arsenic species in bivalves
Arsenic concentration (pg As g-’ fresh tissue)”
Sample (Japanese name)
Meretrix lusoria (Hamaguri)
Whole 1
Whole 2
Adductor muscle
Foot
Digestive glandb
Mantle
Mantle edge
Gill
Tapes japonica (Asari)
Whole 1
Whole 2
Whole 3
Whole 4
Corbicula japonica (Yamatosijimi)
Mix 1‘
Mix 2d
Anadara broughtonii (Akagai)
Whole
Tresus keenae (Mirukui)
Whole
Spisula sachalinensb (Hokkigai)
Whole
Mytilus coruscum (Igai)
Adductor muscle
Foot
Digestive gland
Remaining part of the body
Mantle
Mantle edge
Gill
Arsenobetaine
(VIII)
Tetramethylarsonium
(VI)
Arsenosugar
(XI)
Arsenosugar
(X)
Others
0.78
0.33
2.06
1.82
1.39
1.03
0.26
0.14
0.17
0.25
0.24
0.46
2.07
1.35
1.34
6.07
0.92
0.17
0.51
0.65
1.58
1.12
1.14
2.44
0.1
0.03
-
0.63
0.75
0.49
0.73
-
-
0.57
0.34
0.16
-
0.1
0.1
-
-
-
-
0.67
0.70
0.46
1.48
0.07
0.07
0.05
0.15
0.57
0.59
0.48
0.73
-
-
0.54
0.53
0.14
0.22
0.68
0.06
1.03
-
0.11
-
0.05
0.57
0.03
0.16
-
0.26
0.66
-
-
-
0.15
2.57
0.81
1.35
1.41
0.90
1.36
0.93
0.06
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.13
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.08
-
0.02
0.11
0.18
0.12
0.15
0.09
0.05
0.03
-
-
Column, Asahipak GS220; buffer, 25 mmol dm--’ tetramethylammonium 25 mmol dm-3 malonic acid (pH 6.8
adjusted by NH,OH).
Not detected (detection limit is less than 0.01 pg As g-’ fresh tissue for any species).
Including soft tissues surrounding digestive gland. Including whole tissues of three bivalves. Including whole
tissues of five bivalves.
a
’-,
mussel accumulated lower concentrations of
arsenosugars compared with other parts. The
tetramethylarsonium ion was detected in all
tissues of Meretrix lusoria, and also in some other
bivalves in smaller amounts. In accordance with
the report by Shiomi et a1.,13 the gill of the clam
was found to accumulate the highest amount of
the tetramethylarsonium ion. A smaller clam contained less tetramethylarsonium ion than a larger
one.
The present study confirmed our previous
finding4 that some bivalves, namely Meretrix
lusoria, Tapes japonica and Tresus keenae, contain not only arsenobetaine but also the arsenosugar derivative XI (designated as XI1 in the previous report4). Furthermore, some other bivalves,
namely Mytilus edulis, Mytilus coruscum,
Crassostrea gigas, Anadara broughtonii and
Corbicula japonica, were found to contain either
or both of two arsenosugars, X and XI. These
data strongly suggest that arsenosugars XI and X
are among the usual major arsenic species in
bivalves. In addition to bivalves, some of the
gastropod molluscs, such as Notohaliotis gigantea
Y SHIBATA AND M M O R I T A
348
( a b a l ~ n eand
) ~ Depressiscala auritum (Shibata, Y .
and Morita, M., unpublished work), were found
to contain arsenosugars in addition to arsenobetaine. On the other hand, cephalopod molluscs
such as squid, cuttlefish and octopus were
reported to contain no detectable arsenosugars,
as in the case of fish and crustaceans. To our
knowledge, there is no report that these bivalves
and gastropod molluscs contain symbiotic algae as
in the case of giant clam, indicating that these
arsenosugar derivatives may be derived from
sources other than the algae in the bivalves or
gastropods.
One possible other source of the arsenosugars
is food.4These bivalves are plankton-feeders, and
abalone is known to eat seaweed. The results of
the analysis of each dissected part of the clams,
however, showed that XI is distributed everywhere in the body. The variation of its concentration was not so great compared with arsenobetaine and the tetramethylarsonium ion.
Interestingly, XI showed a similar distribution
pattern to tetramethylarsonium ion, i.e. it is highest in the gill and lowest in the adductor muscle,
the reverse pattern to that of arsenobetaine.
Hard-shelled mussels also gave essentially a similar distribution pattern, although the quantities of
arsenosugar XI and tetramethylarsonium ion
were much lower than those in the clams. On the
other hand, there are apparently no such clear
relationships between the quantities of arsenobetaine and arsenosugar XI or tetramethylarsonium
ion among different bivalve species. The physiological meaning of these findings is not clear at
this stage, but the specific distribution of each
chemical species among different tissues may
cause a heterogeneity problem, as discussed
above.
Another interesting finding is the absence of
arsenobetaine in the tissues of Corbicula japonica. Corbicula japonica lives in estuaries, i.e. in
low-salinity regions. Marine animals are known to
use organic small molecules including glycinebetaine for osmo-regulation. l4 A possible explanation of the ubiquity of arsenobetaine among
marine animals is that it is erroneously accumulated in the body because of the similarity
of its chemical properties to glycinebetaine.
Francesconi et al. found that mussels” and fishI6
accumulate arsenobetaine efficiently from sea
water and foods, respectively. In the case of
mussels, the concentration accumulated in the
tissue correlated well to the concentration in the
ambient s e a ~ a t e r . Based
’~
on these data, it may
be possible to speculate that the absence of arsenobetaine in Corbicula japonica either reflects the
lack of availability of arsenobetaine through food
or from ambient water, or reflects the lower
amount of osmo-regulators necessary within the
body. Interestingly, this bivalve accumulates a
fair amount of arsenosugar derivatives XI and X ,
and the total arsenic concentration is still comparable with that of other bivalves.
As shown above, bivalves in general contain
not only arsenobetaine but also arseniccontaining ribofuranosides as quite common
water-soluble arsenic species. The quantities of
these, however, seem to vary widely even within
the same bivalve species. More information
related to the season, location, size, etc., will be
necessary to clarify the source and possible physiological implication of these arsenic compounds.
Acknowledgements W e thank Dr K Okamoto for providing
certified reference materials, Drs J S Edmonds and K A
Francesconi for providing an arsenic standard IX,Dr K Jin for
providing the opportunity to obtain Mytilus corwcum, and
Mrs R Kumata and Mrs M Katsu for their technical assistance.
We also thank Mr K Sakata of Yokogawa Electric C o for
excellent technical support. Part of the work had been presented in the 38th Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for
Analytical Chemistry (Sendai, Japan. 1989).
REFERENCES
I . Edmonds, J S, Francesconi, K A , Cannon, J R, Raston,
C L, Skelton, B W and White, A H Tetrahedron Lett.,
1977, 1543
2. GESAMP, Rep. Stud. GESAMP, N o 28, 1987
3. Hanaoka, K, Yamamoto, H, Kawashima, K, Tagawa, S
and Kaise, T Appl. Organornet. Chem., 1988, 2: 371
4. Morita, M and Shibata, Y Anal. Sci., 1987, 3: 575
5. Shibata, Y and Morita, M Anal. Chem., 1989, 61: 2116,
and references therein
6. Edmonds, J S and Francesconi, K A Nature (London),
1981, 289: 602
7. Edmonds, J S and Francesconi, K A J . Chem. Soc.,
Perkin Trans. I , 1983, 2383
8. Morita, M and Shibata, Y Appl. Organomel. Chem..
1990, 4: 181
9. Shibata, Y , Jin, K and Morita, M Appl. Organomet.
Chem., 1990, 4: 255, and references therein
10. Shiomi, K, Shinagawa, A , Yamanaka, H and Kikuchi, T
Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 1983, 49: 79
11. Edmonds, J S, Francesconi, K A, Healy, P C and White,
A H J . Chem. SOC., Perkin Trans. I , 1982, 2989
ORGANIC ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN BIVALVES
12. Shibata, Y and Morita, M Anal. Sci., 1989, 5 : 107
13. Shiomi, K, Kakehashi, Y , Yamanaka, H and Kikuchi, T
A p p l . Organomet. Chem., 1987, 1: 177
14. Yancey, P H , Clark, M E, Hand, S C, Bowlus, R D and
Somero, G N Science, 1982, 217: 1214
349
15. Francesconi, K A and Edmonds, J S In: Heavy Metals in
the Enuironrnent, vol. 2, Lindberg, S E and Hutchinson,
T C (eds), 1987, p 71
16. Francesconi, K A , Edmonds, J S and Stick, R V Sci. Total
Enoiron., 1989, 79: 59