The core booster, however, missed its landing pad on a drone ship in the Atlantic Ocean.

“Apparently it hit the water at 300 miles an hour and took out two of the engines on the drone ship,” SpaceX CEO Elon Musk said. That loss was relatively minor in the context of the launch’s overall success, though.

The payload on that Falcon Heavy rocket was Musk’s red Tesla Roadster, complete with a dummy driver and a note on the dash: “DON’T PANIC!”

In March, scientists at NASA revealed new findings about how living in space can mess with your eyes and immune system.

When NASA astronaut Scott Kelly left his identical twin brother, Mark, on Earth and spent a year in space, scientists seized on the opportunity to learn more about out how life away from our home planet can change a person.

Researchers found that up to 7% of Scott’s gene expression hasn’t returned to its Earthly “normal” state since he came back. Those changes may be part of the body’s response to the stress of living in space, and they could lead to lasting consequences for Kelly’s immune system and retinas.

Star-gazers spotted a new kind of aurora that travels farther south than most. Its name is STEVE.

The strange lights were first reported by citizen scientists in Canada in 2015. The amateurs formed a group and started working with researchers at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The result of that collaboration — the discovery of a new kind of aurora — was published in the journal Science Advances on March 14.

STEVE, or Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement, can be tough to see, though, because the display typically lasts for less than an hour.

After three years of studying Mars, Italian scientists determined in July that it’s possible the red planet has a 20-kilometer-wide lake of liquid water at its polar ice cap.

“If these researchers are right, this is the first time we’ve found evidence of a large water body on Mars,” Cassie Stuurman, a geophysicist at the University of Texas, told the Associated Press.

Other parts of Mars are too cold for water to stay liquid.

Astronomers found a ghost particle in Antarctica, revealing a source of some of the most high-energy radiation in the universe.

Researchers found the particle, a neutrino, in September using IceCube, an array of sensors embedded in Antarctic ice.

“When scientists tracked the particle back to its source they found a galactic monster called a blazar: a rapidly spinning black hole, millions of times the mass of the sun, that’s gobbling up gas and dust,” Business Insider’s Dave Mosher reported.

Humans came closer to touching the sun than ever before, after the Parker Solar Probe launched in November.

The wreck was found in 2015, and engineers from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, in Massachusetts, sent a submarine drone down to explore it in more detail. In May 2018, they finally revealed the details of their discovery.

The sunken bounty may include gold, silver, and emeralds.

A 24-year-old Dutchman invented and launched a plastic-trapping pipe that he hopes will help heal our oceans. (But it’s running into some technical issues.)

Boyan Slat hopes that his Ocean Cleanup device, which launched in September, will help make a dent in the growing plastic pollution problem. Plastics in the ocean are killing sea turtles and other life in the water at alarming rates.

But as the device combs through plastic stuck in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, it’s letting some of that plastic waste escape back out into the ocean, Slat wrote in November.

“We are positive we are close to making it work,” he said.

Drugmakers scored some wins this year, too. There’s a new pill for peanut allergies, but it can come with nasty side effects.

New allergy drugs like the one from Aimmune aim to retrain people’s immune systems to tolerate allergens like peanuts. Promising data from a trial, which was published in November, showed that after a year on the treatment, 67% of kids with peanut allergies were able to tolerate about two peanuts, compared to only 4% of those who got the placebo.

But the results aren’t always finger-licking good — because the drug includes peanuts, people can have severe reactions. More than 50 people in that trial had to get a shot of epinephrine after they had an allergic reaction.

Drugmaker Eli Lilly created a new kind of migraine drug, but it costs $575 a month.

The treatment, which got the green light from the US Food and Drug Administration in September, is the first drug that’s been approved to treat migraines. Previously, migraine treatment involved tools or medications originally created to serve a different purpose, like Botox and anti-seizure medicines.

The FDA also approved a new drug that targets cancers based on DNA instead of tumor location.

Rather than going after certain types of cancer, the drug targets cancers based on genetically similar features (biomarkers).

“This new site-agnostic oncology therapy isn’t specific to a cancer arising in a particular body organ, such as breast or colon cancer,” FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb said in a release. “Its approval reflects advances in the use of biomarkers to guide drug development and the more targeted delivery of medicine.”

According to data released in October, Loxo said that 81% of patients who tried the drug saw their tumors shrink, while 17% of patients had their tumors disappear entirely.

The drug comes with a steep price tag, though: $393,000 a year.

Researchers have also been developing medical robots that are 1,000 times smaller than a human hair and can suffocate tumors.

The killer robot attacks the tumor by blocking off its supply of fresh blood. Scientists haven’t tested it out in humans yet, though.

Cancer researchers also found new evidence that high-fat, low-sugar diets might help kill cancer cells when used in tandem with a certain type of drug.

Researchers are zeroing in on ways to make cancer drugs more effective by changing patients’ diets.

In July, a team of doctors published the results of a study in which they put mice with cancer on low-carb, high-fat ketogenic diets while administering a treatment called a PI3K inhibitor that’s designed to kill tumors. The results showed that the diet-treatment combination improved the medication’s effects.

Scientists are now moving forward with a human trial.

“We hope very much that we would see, in the future, a much more careful assessment of what diet means and how diet can affect chemotherapy,” Siddartha Mukherjee, the study’s lead coauthor and an oncologist at Columbia University’s Irving Medical Center, told Business Insider.

Scientists figured out a way to grow meat in a lab without relying on any products from slaughtered animals.

A handful of startups are racing to create real pieces of meat out of animal cells in a lab.

But for the most part, the food that’s used to coax those cells to proliferate is an animal product called fetal bovine serum, which comes from slaughtered cows. That means the lab-grown meat isn’t yet cruelty-free.

However, the Dutch startup Meatable claims to have solved that problem by using only stem cells from animals’ umbilical cords.

Chinese scientists announced in January that they’d cloned monkeys, thereby breaking the “technical barrier” for cloning humans.

The scientists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Neuroscience cloned the monkeys using the same technique that produced Dolly the sheep two decades ago. But it’s still very difficult to clone primates: It took 127 eggs to produce two live macaques. (Scientists named the baby monkeys Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua.)

The researchers said they do not intend to clone people anytime soon. Instead, they want to use the scientific breakthrough to better study diseases and new drugs.

Researchers also figured out other advanced new ways to make babies. But a recent announcement about genetically edited babies drew questions and criticism from scientists around the world.

Jiankui hasn’t produced any evidence to back up his claims, though, and it’s not clear why anyone would need to genetically edit babies to ward off HIV, since life-saving drugs already exist for the auto-immune disease.

Scientists also worry that if Jiankui’s claims are true, the changes he made could have far-reaching consequences, since any genetic mutations the babies may have would get passed on to their offspring.

Scientists also learned more about our human ancestors this year. It turns out that early humans didn’t hesitate to get freaky with other species, and interbred with hominins like Denisovans and Neanderthals.

A genetic study published in March revealed that as early Homo sapiens made their way out of Africa, they had sex and interbred with Denisovans on numerous occasions.

For only the third time, a woman won the Nobel Prize in physics.

Donna Strickland, an associate professor of physics at the University of Waterloo, in Canada, shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in physics with a French scientist for her work on lasers.

“All this tremendous beauty and complexity of the biological world all comes about through this one simple, beautiful design algorithm,” Arnold said after she won half of the 2018 prize. “What I do is use that algorithm to build new biological things.”

The Nobel Prize in chemistry has been awarded to 181 people since 1901.

Scientists discovered two new kinds of giant dinosaurs.

A study about one new species, discovered in Argentina, was published in July. The creature is called Ingentia prima, a name derived from the Latin words for “huge” and “first.” The dinosaur weighed as much as three African elephants when it roamed 210 million years ago (that’s 30 million years earlier than scientists previously thought giant dinosaurs existed).

Another dinosaur, called Ledumahadi mafube, was discovered in South Africa, according to research published in September. It’s believed to have lived 200 million years ago. That means both creatures would’ve been around at the time of Pangea, when the world’s land was still one supercontinent.

The heat-trapping gas that’s been added to Earth’s atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels also means that a trillion dollars in coastal real estate could be threatened by the end of this century. That’s according to a recent report released by the Trump administration, which also found that thousands more people will die each year from heat-related conditions if we keep up business as usual.

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