Citation

Abstract

Detailed knowledge of the surgical procedure and its potential early and late complications is a prerequisite for the recognition and treatment of problems occurring after pancreatic, gastric and other gastrointestinal surgery. Exocrine enzyme insufficiency is a common problem in surgical patients, under-estimated and under-treated. Simple investigations or clinical suspicion are required to address this problem to have a better quality of life.

Introduction

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is a common clinical entity in many surgical patients as in acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic neoplasm, pancreatic resections, bowel resections, Whipple’s operation and total or partial gastrectomy. It may be secondary to decreased enzyme production, activation or deactivation1. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and resultant maldigestion occurs in up to 80% of patients following gastric, duodenal and pancreatic surgery. It is important to understand this clinical entity and the group of patients requiring treatment with enzyme replacement therapy.

Diagnosing pancreatic enzyme insufficiency

With the background of chronic or acute pancreatitis, gastrectomy or pancreatic surgery, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is clinically evident with history of malnutrition, maldigestion, anorexia, and failure to gain weight.

The diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency can be made by a variety of direct and indirect pancreatic function tests as cholecystokinin (CCK) test, secretin stimulation test or Lundh test, which are clinically available2.

Both CCK and secretin test are done giving analogues to the patient and collecting enzymes through the duodenal tube3,4. Endoscopic pancreatic exocrine function tests can be safely done at all hospitals where endoscopic facilities are available by aspirating the secretions at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes5. Among the indirect tests, fecal elastase is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency6. Other indirect tests include 24- and 72-hour fecal test, serum and urine pancreolauryl test, and, more recently, 13-C mixed triglyceride breath test, which are reliable in diagnosing the exocrine insufficiency7,8. Fecal fat test is done by using the standard Van de Kamar test or by infrared analysis.

Pathophysiology involved in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency

The pathophysiology involved in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is nothing but alteration of normal physiology or the diseased pancreas per se secreting less enzymes. Anatomical changes after GI and pancreatic surgery also leads to physiological changes that cause maldigestion. Resection of stomach leads to disturbances in fundus relaxation which in turn hampers anterofundic and doudenofundic reflexes and which does not allow nutrients to move in a progressive manner and mix with pancreatic secretions. Lack of fundus relaxation also leads to absence of neurally stimulated secretions which in turn aggravates the existing problem. Another aspect is that large and hard-to-digest nutrient particles reach the jejunum in addition to decreased secretion. In case of duodenal resection there is reduction of CCK-mediated pancreatic secretion. There is also asynchrony between the gastric emptying and the biliopancreatic secretion due to new tracts of various reconstructions. In gastrectomy patients, decreased enzyme stimulation and decreased enzyme activity is also attributed to bacterial overgrowth.

It is a known fact that there is low CCK release after Whipple’s procedure when compared to duodenum-preserving pancreatic resections9.

Magnitude of the problem and response to the treatment

Painful chronic pancreatitis is a frustrating problem both for patients and clinicians, and affects between 0.4 and 5% of the adult population. The condition typically has recurrent bouts of severe abdominal pain, particularly after eating, and the pain is often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Because of exocrine insufficiency, severe weight loss and malnutrition often coexist.

In a study on 155 cases of chronic pancreatitis it was seen that many patients (32%) were malnourished before surgery and the problem continues after surgery10.

Another study on quality of life in 66 patients of chronic pancreatitis revealed poor nutritional status negatively affecting the quality; 34 % had moderate to severe weight loss and 46% had severe fatigue11.

Evaluation of the maldigestion is of high clinical significance in order to assess the pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. All patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery of the above mentioned nature with clinically evident steatorrhea, weight loss and maldigestion-related symptoms like anorexia and failure to gain weight should be considered for enzyme replacement therapy. The studies evaluating the usefulness of enzyme replacement in nutritional status of enzyme insufficient patients are limited15, though pancreatic insufficiency following all kinds of pancreatic surgery is a well established fact16,17.

Two randomized controlled studies regarding enzyme replacement therapy documented statistically significant decrease in fat excretion and stool volume in patients with replacement when compared to the group receiving placebo, but there was no significant association between the replacement and improvement in abdominal and global symptoms18,19. Another study on enzyme replacement for gastrectomized patients revealed a significant decrease in steatorrhea and stool consistency but no improvement in bloating and dumping symptoms20.

On rarer instances, physicians may also come across patients with aches and pain and difficulty to walk who show a deficiency of vitamin D3 in association with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency that may improve with oral pancreatic enzyme therapy21. By and large, a major problem of deficient enzymes is seen in surgical patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis and post major resection surgeries. Conservative resection may be a newer remedy applicable to a small group of selective patients22,23 but in majority the problem needs to be timely recognized and adequately treated.

Conclusion

Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is an under-addressed problem and should be suspected in a particular group of surgical patients, so that it may be adequately treated for better quality of life.