Out of the generosity of your heart: Are we creating active citizens through compulsory volunteer programmes for young people in Australia?

Warburton, J. R. and Smith, J. L. (2003) Out of the generosity of your heart: Are we creating active citizens through compulsory volunteer programmes for young people in Australia?. Social Policy and Administration, 377: 772-786. doi:10.1046/j.1467-9515.2003.00371.x

Using governmentality as a theoretical framework, we examine two Australian policy areas where young people are disciplined into becoming good, active citizens. These policies-mutual obligation through the work for the dole programme, and school-based active citizenship programmes similar to American service learning programmes-both mirror volunteer-ope activities, in a social context where volunteers are viewed as good citizens. In this study, we present findings from a qualitative study that addresses the question of whether young people will develop active citizenship through compulsory volunteer-type programmes. The findings show that first, young people are very conscious of the lack of choice involved in these programmes and that this weakened their sense of agency. Second, the programmes failed to develop positive community attitudes and active social behaviours. These results suggest that policies that compel individuals to contribute to society may actually weaken their citizenship identities.