Unification of Germany- Part 2 with answers

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Transcript of Unification of Germany- Part 2 with answers

The Unification of GermanyPart 2 (p. 155 - 171) The Danish War 1864p.158-1591.1863 Danish king died without an heir, crown passed to Christian IX 2. The German duchies: Schleswig-Holsteinerput forward own claimant : Duke of Augustenburg3. King Christian IX violated the 1852 Treaty of London by annexing Schleswig to Denmark4. .'. the German confederation sent army to Holstein on behalf of Augustenburg5. Bismarck's aim was to take advantage of the war to become more powerful in the north by annexing Schleswig-Holstein6. He sought for help from Austria and independently from the Confederation, the 2 armies invaded the duchies with the excuse that Danish king had broken agreement.7. At the London Conference in 1864 no agreement between the fighting countries was found.8. However, without Britain's support Denmark decided to surrender.

The results of the Danish War (p.159-160)The Schleswig-Holstein question1. In Oct. 1864 with the treaty of Vienna Denmark gave up its rights in Schleswig-Holstein2. Schleswig-Holstein were to be governed jointly by Prussia and Austria . Tensions arouse between Prussia and Austria3. Duke Frederick VIII (German: Friedrich Herzog von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg;), succeeded nominally as the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein from 1863 while Prussia actually took overlordship and real administrative power.4. In August 1865 at the Convention of:Gastein Austria and Prussia agreed that A wld gvern Holstein and P wld govern Schleswig5. Bismarck strengthened Prussia's army because a war agst Austria had become inevitable6. He also met Napoleon III to secure his help against AustriaOtto von Bismarck Chancellor of the New German Empire (Reich)Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire(1870 - 1871) p. 167- 171Bismarck faces Prussia's Strengths and Weaknessesp. 156, 158 1. STRENGTHS: Prussia's economic boom (p. 156)Zollverein: promoted, encouraged circulation and exchange of goods in the German statesPrussia had a good education system .'. developed know-how for industryPossessed plentiful supplies of coal, iron and steelCapitalists like Krupp played important role.2. WEAKNESSES (p. 158)Prussia's territories stretched across central EuropeOpposition of Austria of Prussia's domination of north Germany (Austria had double the population and larger army)German states opposed Prussian expansionLiberals opposed Bismarck

German states 1863The Ems Telegram and War with France 1870 (p. 164)1. French Emperor (Napoleon III) demanded that William renounced support of Hohenzollern candidature forever.2.William refused but from Bad Ems sent Bismarck a telegram to inform of days events.3. Bismarck reduced the text to give the impression that King William was rude towards the French4. The reduced telegram was published and the French demanded war5. France declared war on Prussia on 19 July. Bismarck's achievement: France declared war not Prussia.6. Bismarck called upon southern German states to support Prussia7. The Franco-Prussian war was considered a great national war and brought about National Unity. Franco-Prussian relations (p 164)1. Gains for Prussia after Treaty of Prague: majority of Germans were now part of North German Confederation2. Nationalist pressure asked to complete unification3. Napoleon III needed diplomatic and territorial success to prove that France was the greatest power in Europe.4. In 1867 the Dutch king agreed to sell Luxembourg to France provided that the Prussian king agreed.5. Bismarck did not want to start war with France yet, so he asked the European powers to settle the matter6. At a conference in London, Luxembourg was declared neutral7. For France this meant no territorial gain8. Years 1867-70 were peacefulThe 7 weeks war and the North German Confederation p. 1601. 1866 War btwn Prussia & Austria became inevitable: to settle matter of Schleswig-Holstein and to decide who shld control Germany2. Alliance with Italy: Italy wld support Prussia, in return Italy cld annex Venetia3. Prussia had support of north German states but most large states (eg.Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria) supported Austria4. Austria appealed to the confederation to settle the matter of Holstein-Schleswig Bismarck responded by occupying Holstein but this did not lead immediately to war.5. Bismarck proposed to reorganize the Confederation to exclude Austria, to set up a national parliament elected by universal suffrageto put all troops in Nothern Germany under Prussia6. Austria asked the Diet to censor Prussia. Prussia occupied Hanover, Hesse-Cassel and Saxony . Prussia withdrew from Confederation and declared it dissolvedThe Polish revolt (1863)p. 158In 1863 Russian Poles (Catholics) revolted against Russia .Bismarck offered Russia support against Russian Poles because had little sympathy for themTsar Alexander II refused the offer because had enough force to crush the revoltThe agreement between Prussia and Russia was known as Alvensleben ConventionThis agreement allowed Russia to follow Polish rebels into Prussia.The agreement alienated France, Britain and liberal opinion in Germany.However, the agreement between Prussia and Russia was useful in 1866 (war against Austria) and 1870-1(war against France)

The Hohenzollern candidature 1868-1870 (p.165)1. Revolution in Spain search for new king request to Prince Leopold (of Hohenzollern family - family of King William, Hohenzollern family )2. Bismarck in favour of Leopold, William I worried of Nap III's hostility . Bismarck persuaded William to accept candidature but Leopold did not wish to accept Spanish throne3. Bismarck insisted and in June, William gave his consent .4. France threatened war - French ambassador in Berlin, count Benedetti warned William I. William I did not want war with France esp. over Spanish candidature.5. Leopold's candidature was withdrawn. 1. German troops were mobilised by using 6 railway lines to French frontier.2. On 3rd September Napoleon surrended , Nap III was taken prisoner3. In Paris, the emperor was deposed . New govrnment of National Defence continued the war. Paris was besieged . In January 1871 the French were forced to sign an armistice .3. The treaty of Frankfurt imposed harsh conditions on France. Alsace and Lorraine were annexed to Germany, France had to pay indemnity of 5000 million francs , German army of occupation remained in in France until indemnity was paid4. Bismarck did not want France to be a threat in the future, Alsace and Lorraine were rich in iron ore 5. War against France created a united Germany, a new Reich. 6. The new Reich was a Federal state but the real power in the hands of

the new German Emperor (William I of Prussia)

The seven weeks war against Austria 18661. Bismarck issued an ultimatum to 3 German states : Hanover, Hesse-Cassel and Saxony to side with Prussia2. Ultimatums were rejected .'. Prussian forces occupied them3. The War against Austria (p. 161)Prussian army under General Moltke was strong: had doubled its expenditure ,use of railways to transport troops. Austrian army had more men, support from most German states , central position.Italian declaration of war = Austria had to divide her forcesPrussian troops advanced from the north using 5 railway lines.Prussia won a great victory at Koniggratz or Sadowa

on 3rd July4. Austria asked for peace because she feared the break up of her Empire.A Moderate Peace treaty- if Austria was treated severely she wld hv become the ally of France (p.161)- Germany did not want provinces like Austrian Silesia, Bohemia nor govern Austria.1. Austria agreed to Prussia's annexation of Holstein-Schleswig2. Prussia annexed Hesse-Cassel, Hanover, Nassau, Frankfurt3. The German Confederation was replaced by North German Conferation dominated by Prussia4. Austria surrendered Venetia to Italy5. The southern states of Bavaria, Wurttemburg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt retained their independence. The TREATY OF PRAGUE (August 1866)FRENCH ISOLATION1. Britain remained neutral - did not want France to invade .....2. Italy would not help France as French troops were in Rome3. Prussia had an areement of mutual help with Prussia in case of war4. Austria did not want to have another war with Prussia and so did not help ...