Personality Disorder

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Essential feature is the presence of a " pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent."

Paranoid Personality DisorderSymptoms are associated with significant impairment in work and personal relationships

Patients are hostile, stubborn, and defensive, and they avoid intimacy. They are rigid and uncompromising, interested primarily in immediate objects rather than human relationships, extremely sensitive to rank, and disinterested in the arts or esthetics.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

To diagnose Paranoid Personality Disorder Symptoms begin in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four or more of the following:

1. Suspects without sufficient basis that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.2. Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.3.Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.4.Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings and into benign remarks or events.5.Persistently bears grudges, is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights.6.Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.7.Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.

Does not occur during the course of schizophrenia, a mood disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition.

In paranoid schizophrenia and paranoid disorders, there are persistent psychotic symptoms, including hallucinations and delusions, that are not features of paranoid personality disorder

Individuals with paranoid personality disorder may develop paranoid psychoses, however, at which time an additional diagnosis is justified.

how to deal with your paranoid personality disorder

Low-key and friendly, but not overly intimate attitude on the part of the health care providers encourages a trusting relationship.Inquire about the nature of previous relationships with health care providers to avoid pitfalls.Acknowledge suspicions without defensiveness or judging patient's distorted view.

Characterized by a restrictive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expressions of emotions in personal settings.Appear to derive little pleasure from intimacy and live mostly as isolated loners

They appear to be excessively self-absorbed and detached, and engage in daydreaming.Work performance may be better than their ability to participate in interpersonal relationships.

schizoid personality disorder patient

how does schizoid personality disorder differ from schizotypal personality disorder

Differs from Schizotypal Personality Disorder, in which there are eccentricities of communication and behaviorPatients with Schizotypal Personality Disorder also have a higher prevalence rate of schizophrenia in their families. There is little evidence to link Schizoid Personality Disorder with schizophrenia

how does schizoid personality disorder differ from avoidant personality disorder

Differs from Avoidant Personality, in which withdrawal is the result of an exquisite sensitivity to rejectionAvoidant Personality Disorder is characterized by social withdrawal, but this trait appears in concert with a desire for acceptance

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behaviorSuffers from anxiety, depression, and other dysphoric mood states.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder begin by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts as indicated by five or more of the following:

1.Ideas of reference 2.Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with sub cultural norms3.Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions4.Off thinking and speech5.Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation6.Inappropriate or constricted affect7.Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar8.Lack of close friends and confidants other than first-degree relatives9.Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.

factors to consider when treating your schizotypal patient

Requires help with reality testing and distinguishing fantasy from fact.Consider use of antipsychotic medication if patient becomes frankly psychotic.Psychiatric consultation must be considered if psychosis persists

Since schizophrenia is often a co-morbid disorder with this type of personality disorder________, psychiatric consultation is recommended if psychotic thought patterns persist or if the patient's thinking patterns interfere with recommended medical treatment requirements

schizotypal

Essential feature is pervasive and excessive emotionality and attention-seeking behavior.Creative and imaginativeExperience dysphoria in the face of loss or rejectionSeek attention with dramatic, lively, and at times seductive social behavior

Histrionic Personality Disorder

These patients may have problems with linear, analytic thought. They are impressionable, suggestible, and intuitive. They often "play hunches" rather than thinking decisions through methodically. There is a tendency toward somatization, with dramatic and shifting presentations of physical symptoms

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Histrionic Patients show a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention-seeking beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following

1. Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention2. Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior.3. Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions.4. Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self5. Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail6. Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion7. Is suggestible, easily influenced by others or circumstances8. Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are.

Men with ______ Personality Disorder may, when physically ill, display hyper masculine ("macho") behavior to counteract their perceptions of themselves as weak. Such counter phobic behavior may worsen the course of the illness. Such men may act in an overtly seductive fashion toward female physicians and other members of the health care team

Histrionic

Women with ______Personality Disorder may attempt to reaffirm their sense of self-worth by exhibiting dependent and coquettish behavior in an attempt to evoke reassuring admiration from their male physicians. Patients of both sexes may attempt to draw their physician into a rescuing, admiring role in order to ward off anxiety associated with the threat to their self-esteem posed by the illness.

Self esteem is heavily centered in patient's perception of his or her body image.Physical prowess and attractiveness are prized attributes.Capacity for overly dramatic expression May shift focus of somatic distress

Pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathyExaggerated sense of self-importanceBelief that everyday responsibilities are for those who are beneath themCrave excitement to ward off boredom and emptiness

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Exaggerated sense of self importance may manifest in a pretentious, boastful overestimation of abilities and accomplishments, fantasies of beauty, brilliance or unlimited success

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Brief reactive psychosis may occur under stress. Depression is common, as is chronic, intense envy

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

(Narcissistic) A pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five or more of the following:

1.Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)2.Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love3.Believes that he or she is "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people4.Requires excessive admiration5.Has a sense of entitlement, i.e.., unreasonable expectation of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations6.Is interpersonally exploitative, i.e.., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends7.Lacks empathy, is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings of others8.Is often envious of others or believes others are envious of him or her9.Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes

The grandiosity of the Narcissistic Personality Disorder is stable across time and not ____ driven, as seen in hypomanic behavior or stimulant abuse

mood

Narcissistic Personality DisorderDifferential Diagnosis

Lacks impulsivity, self-destructiveness, and instability of Borderline Personality DisorderLess aggressive than those with Antisocial Personality DisorderGreater contempt for sensitivities of others than Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characteristic disturbances in self-esteemAlternating idealization and devaluation of othersAlternating grandiose and inferior images of self

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic Personality DisorderFactors to Consider in Medical Care

Illness may shatter image of perfection and personal invincibilityMay denigrate the health care provider to maintain a sense of superiority and mastery over illness.Provider should convey a sense of respect, but avoid reinforcing grandiosity

________ patients try to sustain an image of perfection and personal invincibility for themselves and attempt to project that image to others as well. Illness may shatter this image and the patient may lose the feeling of safety inherent in a cohesive sense of self. This loss precipitates a panicky sense of insecurity, and the patient feels a sense of personal fragmentation

narcissitic

The narcissistic patient shares with the ____ personality a concern about loss of admiration and approval, but the narcissistic patient shows a more disturbed response to illness

historionicThe histrionic person's idealization of the health care provider stands in contrast to the narcissistic person's frequent contemptuous disregard for the provider.

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

Person with _____ personality disorder experiences a feeling of subjective dysphoria, characterized by tension, depression, inability to tolerate boredom, and a feeling of being victimized. There is also a diminished capacity for intimacy.

antisocial

Antisocial Personality DisorderThere is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since the age of 15 years as indicated by three or more of the following:

1.Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest2.Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.3.Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.4.Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.5.Reckless disregard for safety of self or others6.Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.7.Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

This disorder is not diagnosed when symptoms occur during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode.The disorder tends to remit over time. As destructive behavior diminishes, patients tend to develop hypochondriacal or depressive disorders

Persons with _______ Personality Disorder exhibit a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect marked by impulsivity that begins by early adulthood and is present in a variety of contexts.

borderline

Patients are preoccupied with threats of real or imagined abandonment. Intimacy leads to fear of merger and subjugation of identify with another person. Patients alternate between wish for closeness and the need for distance. There are also sudden identity shifts with rapid change in values, goals, and career choices. Impulsivity is reflected in behaviors such as substance abuse, overeating, gambling addictions, unsafe sex, promiscuity, excessive spending, or reckless driving.

Borderline Personality Disorders

Chronically unstableLittle satisfaction from low-quality of lifeUnlikely to marryHigher functioning patients have a better prognosis

Borderline Personality Disorders

Others are perceived as caricatures that are either all good or all bad.Tend to feel that he or she is either completely well or deathly ill.Threat of physical illness is often exaggerated to terrifying proportions.Disturbance occurs during rapprochement subphase of separation-individuation. When the child practices independent behavior and returns to the primary caretaker for approval, admiration, and emotional "refueling." The critical, rejecting or smothering parent interferes with optimal progression of attachment-separation sequences.

Minor health problems may be perceived as life threatening.Provide clear, non-technical answers to questions.Avoid encouraging patient to idealize or denigrate any provider.Schedule frequent, regular check-ups

Patients may have difficulty differentiating reality from fantasy, and may perceive minor problems as life-threatening events.May delay in presenting for medical treatment due to their fears of the worst regarding the diagnosis. May mistrust health care providers

Borderline Personality Disorder

Social discomfortHypersensitivity to criticism and rejectionTimidityDepressionAnxietyAnger

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Persons with Avoidant Personality Disorder are diagnosed by having four or more of the following:

1.avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.2.is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked3.shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed4.is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations5.is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy6.views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others7.is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing

Avoidant Personality DisorderFactors to Consider in Medical Practice

Shyness and insecurity may intensify during illnessFeelings of being stigmatizedEmbarrassment about being scrutinized during physical examination

Use, Tact and timing - particularly in history taking and physical examination - are important in establishing the gradual deepening of trust and rapport. This approach is needed to encourage the patient to give accurate information without undue embarrassment. An overly intrusive approach may threaten the patient's sense of privacy and modesty and possibly contribute to noncompliance with the ______ patient

avoidant personality patient

Pervasive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separationIntense discomfort when alone for more than a short period of timePreoccupation with possibility of abandonment

Dependent Personality Disorder

Dependent Personality DisorderThe disorder begins in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five or more of the following:

1.has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others2.needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life3.has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval4.has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own because of lack of faith in own judgment or abilities rather than lack of motivation of energy5.goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from other to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant6.feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because or exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself7.urgently seeks another relationship as source of care and support when a close relationship ends8.is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself

Twin studies find that submissiveness and dominance are highly correlated in identical twins, indicating a genetic component.A disturbance at the oral stage of development in the form of maternal deprivation is common in those who develop the disorder.

Dependent Personality DisorderEtiology

Dependent Personality DisorderFactors to Consider in Medical Practice

May make urgent and inappropriate demands for immediate attentionMay make angry outbursts if not given an immediate responseIllness provides secondary gainTendency to abuse sedatives and analgesicsMay seek unnecessary procedures

Dependent Personality Disordertreating the patient

These patients may make dramatic and intense appeals for caretaking.Demands may have an exaggerated quality.Tend to be passive participants in the healing partnership rather than seeking active solutions.May have food, drug, and alcohol problems due to oral characteristics of the dependent person.Overly compliant in their acceptance of medical treatment.

the provider and the dependent personality patient

Provider should convey impression of availability but should be careful to explain clearly and firmly the realistic limits of such availability.Providers must guard against burnout and the hostile rejection that may be aroused by these patients' strong needs for dependence.Exaggerated compliance with treatment regimen may lead to overutilization of the medical care system.Patient needs are best distributed throughout the health care team rather than being focused exclusively on one member.

A preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.Distress associated with indecisiveness and difficulty expressing tender feelings.Depression and suppressed angerExcessively conscientious, moralistic, scrupulous, and judgmental.Work pursued to the exclusion of leisureMiserly attitudes

Compulsive Personality Disorder

Compulsive Personality DisorderThe disorder begins in early adulthood, is present in a variety of contexts, and is indicated by four or more of the following:

1.is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major focus of the activity is lost.2.shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (is unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict standards are not met).3.is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships.4.is over-conscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible in matters of morality, ethics, or values.5.is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value.6.is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit exactly to his or her way of doing things.7.adopts a miserly spending style toward self and others; money is viewed as something to be hoarded for a future catastrophe.8.shows rigidity and stubbornness.

Troubled by sense of loss of control over bodily functionsAnger about the disruption of routinesFearful of relinquishing control to a health care teamMay redouble efforts to at composure and emotionally detached manner to ward off anxieties

Healing process may be promoted by harnessing the innate thoroughness of the patient by encouraging self-monitoring activities such as measuring fluid intake and output and weight fluctuations and control of graduated exercise programs. Meticulous adherence to treatment protocols will restore morale as patients regain a sense of mastery and dignity in taking charge of their treatment.