Equal Tempered
An equal temperament is a musical temperament, or a system of tuning,
in which the frequency interval between every pair of adjacent notes
has the same ratio. In other words, there are equal ratios of the
frequencies of any adjacent pair, and, since pitch is perceived
roughly as the logarithm of frequency,[2] equal perceived "distance"
from every note to its nearest neighbor.
In equal temperament tunings, the generating interval is often found
by dividing some larger desired interval, often the octave (ratio
2:1), into a number of smaller equal steps (equal frequency ratios
between successive notes). In classical music and Western music in
general, the most common tuning system for the past few hundred years
has been and remains twelve-tone equal temperament (also known as 12
equal temperament, 12-TET, or 12-ET), which divides the octave into 12
parts, all of which are equal on a logarithmic scale, with a ratio
equal to the 12th root of 2 (12√2 ≈ 1.05946)
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Octave
In music, an octave (Latin: octavus: eighth) or perfect octave is the
interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its
frequency. It is defined by ANSI[2] as the unit of frequency level
when the base of the logarithm is two. The octave relationship is a
natural phenomenon that has been referred to as the "basic miracle of
music", the use of which is "common in most musical systems".[3]
The most important musical scales are typically written using eight
notes, and the interval between the first and last notes is an octave.
For example, the C major scale is typically written C D E F G A B C,
the initial and final Cs being an octave apart
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Galileo GalileiGalileo GalileiGalileo Galilei (Italian: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15
February 1564[3] – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.
Galileo is a central figure in the transition from natural philosophy
to modern science and in the transformation of the scientific
Renaissance into a scientific revolution.
Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was
controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either
geocentrism or the Tychonic system.[4] He met with opposition from
astronomers,
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Music Of China
Music of
ChinaChina refers to the music of the Chinese people, which may be
the music of the
Han ChineseHan Chinese as well as other ethnic minorities within
mainland China. It also includes music produced by people of Chinese
origin in some territories outside mainland
ChinaChina using traditional
Chinese instruments or in the Chinese language. It covers a highly
diverse range of music from the traditional to the modern.
Different types of music have been recorded in historical Chinese
documents from the early periods of Chinese civilization which,
together with archaeological artifacts discovered, provided evidence
of a well-developed musical culture as early as the
Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty (1122
BC – 256 BC). These further developed into various forms of music
through succeeding dynasties, producing the rich heritage of music
that is part of the Chinese cultural landscape today
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Ming Dynasty
The
Ming dynastyMing dynasty (/mɪŋ/)[2] was the ruling dynasty of
ChinaChina – then
known as the Great Ming
EmpireEmpire – for 276 years (1368–1644)
following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming,
described by Edwin O. Reischauer,
John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig
as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social
stability in human history",[3] was the last imperial dynasty in China
ruled by ethnic Han Chinese
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Jesuit
The
Society of JesusSociety of Jesus (SJ – from Latin: Societas Iesu) is a scholarly
religious congregation of the
Catholic ChurchCatholic Church which originated in
sixteenth-century Spain. The members are called Jesuits.[2] The
society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112
nations on six continents.
JesuitsJesuits work in education (founding
schools, colleges, universities, and seminaries), intellectual
research, and cultural pursuits.
JesuitsJesuits also give retreats, minister
in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and
promote ecumenical dialogue.
Ignatius of Loyola, a Basque nobleman from the
PyreneesPyrenees area of
northern Spain, founded the society after discerning his spiritual
vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the Battle of
Pamplona
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J. Murray BarbourJames Murray BarbourJames Murray Barbour (1897-1970) is an American acoustician,
musicologist, and composer best known for his work Tuning and
Temperament: A Historical Survey (1951, 2d ed. 1953). As the opening
of the work describes, it is based upon his unpublished dissertation
from 1932, his interest having been sparked by musicologist Curt Sachs
having shown him Marin Mersenne's Harmonie Universelle.[1] Murray
Barbour taught at Ithaca College, New York, 1932-1939, and Michigan
State College (later University), 1939-1964. Murray Barbour adapted
the
Strähle constructionSträhle construction for use in approximating equal temperaments.
He is also the author of"Synthetic Musical Scales", The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol.
36, No. 3, (Mar., 1929), pp. 155-160.
Trumpets, Horns and Music (1964). Michigan State University.
"A Geometrical approximation to the Roots of Numbers", American
Mathematical Monthly, vol. 64, 1957
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Victor-Charles MahillonVictor-Charles MahillonVictor-Charles Mahillon (March 10, 1841 in
BrusselsBrussels – June 17, 1924
in Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France) was a Belgian musician, instrument
builder and writer on musical topics. He was the founder and first
curator of the Musée instrumental du Conservatoire Royal de Musique,
known today as the Musical Instrument Museum. He built, collected, and
described more than 1500 musical instruments.[1]Contents1 Biography1.1 Early life & family
1.2
BrusselsBrussels Royal Music Conservatory2 Honours
3 Works
4 References
5 External linksBiography[edit]Horn by MahillonAida trumpets by MahillonEarly life & family[edit]
Born in a family of instrument makers and music publishers, son of
Charles Mahillon (1813-1887), and brother of Joseph-Jean Mahillon
(1848-1923, Adolphe Désiré Mahillon (1851-1906) and
Ferdinand-Charles-Eugène Mahillon (1855-1948)
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AristoxenusAristoxenusAristoxenus of Tarentum (Greek: Ἀριστόξενος ὁ
Ταραντίνος; b. c. 375, fl. 335 BCE) was a Greek Peripatetic
philosopher, and a pupil of Aristotle. Most of his writings, which
dealt with philosophy, ethics and music, have been lost, but one
musical treatise, Elements of Harmony (Greek: Ἁρμονικῶν
στοιχείων; Latin: Elementa harmonica), survives incomplete,
as well as some fragments concerning rhythm and meter
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Vincenzo GalileiVincenzo GalileiVincenzo Galilei (c. 1520 – 2 July 1591) was an Italian lutenist,
composer, and music theorist, and the father of the famous astronomer
and physicist
Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei and of the lute virtuoso and composer
Michelagnolo Galilei. He was a seminal figure in the musical life of
the late
RenaissanceRenaissance and contributed significantly to the musical
revolution which demarcates the beginning of the Baroque era.
Vincenzo, in his study of pitch and string tension, produced perhaps
the first non-linear mathematical description of a natural phenomenon
known to history.[1] It was an extension of a Pythagorean tradition
but went beyond it
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Fronimo Dialogo
The
Fronimo Dialogo di Vincentio Galilei (Vincenzo Galilei) is an
instructional book on playing, composing and intabulating vocal music
for the lute.
The first edition was printed by
Girolamo Scotto in
VeniceVenice with the
full title FRONIMO DIALOGO / DI VINCENTIO GALILEI FIORENTINO, / NEL
QUALE SI CONTENGONO LE VERE, / et necessarie regole del Intavolare la
Musica nel Liuto. While the title page bears the date 1568, the final
page confusingly bears the date 1569. Apparently, although the
manuscript was completed by Galilei in the Autumn of 1568, the
official letter of privilege allowing the publication of the book was
received only in December, and the printing actually took place in
1569. In addition, still in 1569,
Girolamo Scotto broke the book into
two parts, selling a collection of 30 musical selections from near the
end of the book and the Dialogo separately
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Simon StevinSimon StevinSimon Stevin (Dutch: [ˈsimɔn ˈsteːvɪn]; 1548–1620),
sometimes called Stevinus, was a Flemish / Dutch mathematician,
physicist and military engineer. He was active in a great many areas
of science and engineering, both theoretical and practical
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Ricercar
A ricercar (Italian pronunciation: [ritʃɛr'kare], also spelled
ricercare, recercar, recercare) is a type of late Renaissance and
mostly early Baroque instrumental composition. The term means to
search out, and many ricercars serve a preludial function to "search
out" the key or mode of a following piece. A ricercar may explore the
permutations of a given motif, and in that regard may follow the piece
used as illustration. For example, "
RicercarRicercar sopra Benedictus" might
develop motifs from a motet titled "Benedictus". The term is also used
to designate an etude or study that explores a technical device in
playing an instrument, or singing.
In its most common contemporary usage, it refers to an early kind of
fugue, particularly one of a serious character in which the subject
uses long note values
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