Batteau, Allen. 1990. The Invention of Appalachia. Tuscon: University of Arizona Press.

Beaver, Patricia Duane. 1986. Rural Community in the Appalachian South. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Becker, Jane S. 1998. Selling Tradition: Appalachia and the Construction of an American Folk 1930-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Billings, Dwight B., and Kathleen M. Blee. 2000. The Road to Poverty: The Making of Wealth and Hardship in Appalachia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Billings, Dwight B., Mary Beth Pudup, and Altina Waller. 1995. Taking Exception with Exceptionalism: New Approaches to the Social History of Early Appalachia. In Appalachia in the Making: The Mountain South in the Nineteenth Century, ed. Mary Beth Pudup, Dwight Billings, and Altina Waller, pp. 1-24. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Campbell, John C. 1921. The Southern Highlander and His Homeland. The Russell Sage Foundation. Repr., Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1969.