Benjamin Colman, "A Poem on Elijah's Translation, occasioned by the death of Rev. Samuel Willard", delivered as a sermon at Willard's funeral, the longest of Colman's poems; English Colonial America[3]

Isaac Watts, Hymns and Spiritual Songs, the first of many editions throughout the 18th century and afterward[2]

John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, The Miscellaneous Works of the Right Honourable the Late Earls of Rochester And Roscommon. With The Memoirs of the Life and Character of the late Earl of Rochester, in a Letter to the Dutchess of Mazarine. By Mons. St. Evremont, London: Printed & sold by B. Bragge; second edition in the same year, London: Printed for Edmund Curll (third edition, 1709)[5]

1.
American poetry
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Unsurprisingly, most of the early colonists work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 19th century, a distinctive American idiom began to emerge, the history of American poetry is not easy to know. The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English-language poets in the period during World War I. But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published, by the 1960s, the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and predecessors as models for the kind of poetry they wanted to write. There are 14 such writers whom we might on that basis call American poets, early examples include a 1616 testimonial poem on the sterling warlike character of Captain John Smith and Rev. One of the first recorded poets of the British colonies was Anne Bradstreet, the poems she published during her lifetime address religious and political themes. She also wrote tender evocations of home, family life and of her love for her husband, edward Taylor wrote poems expounding Puritan virtues in a highly wrought metaphysical style that can be seen as typical of the early colonial period. This narrow focus on the Puritan ethic was, understandably, the dominant note of most of the written in the colonies during the 17th. Of course, being a Puritan minister as well as a poet, a distinctly American lyric voice of the colonial period was Phillis Wheatley, a slave whose book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published in 1773. She was one of the poets of her day, at least in the colonies. The 18th century saw an emphasis on America itself as fit subject matter for its poets. The work of Rebecca Hammond Lard, although old, still apply to life in todays world. She writes about nature, not only the nature of environment, on the whole, the development of poetry in the American colonies mirrors the development of the colonies themselves. The early poetry is dominated by the need to preserve the integrity of the Puritan ideals that created the settlement in the first place, as the colonists grew in confidence, the poetry they wrote increasingly reflected their drive towards independence. This shift in subject matter was not reflected in the mode of writing which tended to be conservative and this can be seen as a product of the physical remove at which American poets operated from the center of English-language poetic developments in London. The first significant poet of the independent United States was William Cullen Bryant, whose contribution was to write rhapsodic poems on the grandeur of prairies. Formed the Fireside Poets were a group of 19th-century American poets from New England, the poets primary subjects were the domestic life, mythology, and politics of the United States, in which several of the poets were directly involved. Other notable poets to emerge in the early and middle 19th century include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, Henry David Thoreau, Sidney Lanier, and James Whitcomb Riley

2.
English poetry
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This article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The article does not include poetry from other countries where the English language is spoken, the earliest surviving English poetry, written in Anglo-Saxon, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry and it is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD700, by and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth, beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from works to biblical paraphrase, elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin, and numerous proverbs, riddles. With one notable exception, Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for its structure, with the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly Norman, and this became the language of courts, parliament. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament, the reputation of Chaucers successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate and Skelton are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were believed to be influenced by Chaucer. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland, the main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. The Renaissance was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509 and it is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle. The introduction of printing by Caxton in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like Thomas More and Thomas Elyot helped bring the ideas, the establishment of the Church of England in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life

3.
Isaac Watts
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Isaac Watts was an English Christian minister, hymnwriter, theologian and logician. A prolific and popular writer, his work was part of evangelization. He was recognized as the Father of English Hymnody, credited with some 750 hymns, many of his hymns remain in use today and have been translated into numerous languages. Born in Southampton, England, in 1674, Watts was brought up in the home of a committed religious Nonconformist, his father, at King Edward VI School, Watts had a classical education, learning Latin, Greek and Hebrew. From an early age, Watts displayed a propensity for rhyme and he went to the Dissenting Academy at Stoke Newington in 1690. Much of the remainder of his life centred around that village, following his education, Watts was called as pastor of a large independent chapel in London, where he helped train preachers, despite his poor health. Taking work as a tutor, Watts lived with the Nonconformist Hartopp family at Fleetwood House. Through them he became acquainted with their neighbours, Sir Thomas Abney. Invited for a week to Hertfordshire, Watts eventually lived for a total of 36 years in the Abney household, most of the time at Abney House, their second residence. On the death of Sir Thomas Abney in 1722, the widow Lady Mary and her last unmarried daughter, Elizabeth and she invited Watts to continue with their household. He lived at Abney Hall until his death in 1748, Watts particularly enjoyed the grounds at Abney Park, which Lady Mary planted with two elm walks leading down to an island heronry in the Hackney Brook. Watts often sought inspiration there for the books and hymns he wrote. Watts died in Stoke Newington in 1748, and was buried in Bunhill Fields and he left an extensive legacy of hymns, treatises, educational works and essays. His work was influential amongst Nonconformist independents and religious revivalists of the 18th century, such as Philip Doddridge, Sacred music scholar Stephen Marini describes the ways in which Watts contributed to English hymnody. Notably, Watts led by including new poetry for original songs of Christian experience to be used in worship, the older tradition was based on the poetry of the Bible, notably the Psalms. Watts introduction of extra-Biblical poetry opened up a new era of Protestant hymnody as other poets followed in his path, Watts also introduced a new way of rendering the Psalms in verse for church services. The Psalms were originally written in Biblical Hebrew within Judaism, in early Christendom, they were affirmed in the Biblical canon as part of the Old Testament. Watts proposed that the translations of the Psalms as sung by Protestant Christians should give them a specifically Christian perspective

4.
John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
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John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester was an English poet and courtier of King Charles IIs Restoration court. The Restoration reacted against the spiritual authoritarianism of the Puritan era, Rochester was the embodiment of the new era, and he is as well known for his rakish lifestyle as his poetry, although the two were often interlinked. He died at the age of 33 from venereal disease, Rochesters contemporary Andrew Marvell described him as the best English satirist, and he is generally considered to be the most considerable poet and the most learned among the Restoration wits. His poetry, despite being widely censored during the Victorian era, enjoyed a revival from the 1920s onwards, with champions including Graham Greene. The critic Vivian de Sola Pinto linked Rochesters libertinism to Hobbesian materialism, during his lifetime, he was best known for A Satyr Against Reason and Mankind, and it remains among his best known works today. John Wilmot was born at Ditchley House in Oxfordshire on 1 April 1647 and his father, Henry, Viscount Wilmot, would be created Earl of Rochester in 1652 for his military service to Charles II during the Kings exile under the Commonwealth. His mother, Anne St. John, was a strong-willed Puritan from a noble Wiltshire family, from the age of seven, Rochester was privately tutored, two years later attending the grammar school in nearby Burford. His father died in 1658, and John Wilmot inherited the title of the Earl of Rochester in April of that year, in January 1660, Rochester was admitted as a Fellow commoner to Wadham College, Oxford, a new and comparatively poor college. Whilst there, it is said, the 13-year-old grew debauched, in September 1661 he was awarded an honorary M. A. by the newly elected Chancellor of the university, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, a family friend. As an act of gratitude towards the son of Henry Wilmot, in November 1661 Charles sent Rochester on a three year Grand Tour of France and Italy, and appointed the physician Andrew Balfour as his governor. This exposed him to a degree to European writing and thought. In 1664 Rochester returned to London, and made his formal début at the Restoration court on Christmas Day and it has been suggested by a number of scholars that the King took a paternal role in Rochesters life. Charles II suggested a marriage between Rochester and the wealthy heiress Elizabeth Malet and her wealth-hungry relatives opposed marriage to the impoverished Rochester, who conspired with his mother to abduct the young Countess. Samuel Pepys described the abduction in his diary on 28 May 1665, Thence to my Lady Sandwichs. 18-year-old Rochester spent three weeks in the Tower, and was released after he wrote a penitent apology to the King. Rochester attempted to redeem himself by volunteering for the navy in the Second Dutch War in the winter of 1665 and his courage at the Battle of Vågen, serving onboard the ship of Thomas Teddeman, made him a war hero. Pleased with his conduct, Charles appointed Rochester a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in March 1666, which granted him prime lodgings in Whitehall and a pension of £1,000 a year. The role encompassed, one week in four, Rochester helping the King to dress and undress, serve his meals when dining in private

5.
Charles Wesley
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Charles Wesley was an English leader of the Methodist movement, most widely known for writing more than 6,000 hymns. Wesley was educated at Oxford, where his brothers had also studied, John Wesley later joined this group, as did George Whitefield. Charles followed his father and brother into the church in 1735, in 1749, he married Sarah Gwynne, daughter of a Welsh gentleman who had been converted to Methodism by Howell Harris. She accompanied the brothers on their journeys throughout Britain, until Charles ceased to travel in 1765. Despite their closeness, Charles and John did not always agree on questions relating to their beliefs, in particular, Charles was strongly opposed to the idea of a breach with the Church of England into which they had been ordained. Charles Wesley was the child of Susanna Wesley and Samuel Wesley. He was born in Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, where his father was rector and he was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he was ordained. At Oxford, Charles formed a group among his fellow students in 1727, his elder brother, John, joined in 1729, soon becoming its leader. They focused on studying the Bible and living a holy life, other students mocked them, saying they were the Holy Club, Sacramentarians, and the Methodists, being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle. After graduating with a degree in classical languages and literature. On 14 October 1735, Charles and his brother John sailed on The Simmonds from Gravesend, Kent for Savannah in Georgia Colony in British America at the request of the governor, matters did not turn out well, and he was largely rejected by the settlers. In July 1736, Charles was commissioned to England as the bearer of dispatches to the trustees of the colony, on 16 August 1736, he sailed from Charleston, South Carolina, never to return to the Georgia colony. Charles Wesley experienced a conversion on 21 May 1738 — John Wesley had an experience in Aldersgate Street just three days later. It reads, Adjoining this site stood the house of John Bray, scene of Charles Wesleys conversion by faith in Christ on May 21st 1738. Wesley felt renewed strength to spread the Gospel to ordinary people and it was not until 1739 that the brothers took to field preaching, under the influence of George Whitefield, whose open-air preaching was already reaching great numbers of Bristol colliers. After ceasing field preaching and frequent travel due to illness in 1765, Wesley settled and worked in the area around St Marylebone Parish Church. On his deathbed he sent for the rector, John Harley, and told him Sir, whatever the world may say of me, I have lived, and I die. I pray you to me in your churchyard

6.
Petter Dass
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Petter Dass was a Lutheran priest and the foremost Norwegian poet of his generation, writing both baroque hymns and topographical poetry. He was born at Northern Herøy, Nordland, Norway and his father was a merchant originally from Dundee, Scotland, Peter Dundas who had established himself as a trader along the northern Norwegian coast. His mother was Maren Falch whose father had been the local bailiff and his father died in 1653, when Petter was 6, and the children were cared for by relatives and friends. His mother remarried, but Petter remained with his mothers sister, Anna Falck, at 13, Petter began attending school in Bergen, and later studied theology at the University of Copenhagen. He was lonely during his years in Copenhagen, but intellectually stimulated, after his years in Copenhagen, he returned to Norway and became a tutor in Vefsn. He fathered a child out of wedlock, and had to travel to Copenhagen, in 1689, he was appointed parish priest at Alstahaug Church. His parish was quite large covering an area included the villages of Hattfjelldal, Vevelstad, Leirfjord, Vefsn, Herøy, Dønna, Nesna, Hemnes. He was also a writer of texts and hymns, most of his writings were not published until after his death. His most famous work is the versified topographical description of northern Norway, Nordlands Trompet, in the Faroe Islands, which were Norwegian until 1814, his Bibelsk Viise-Bog and Katechismus-Sange have continued to be used among folk singers until the last decades of the 20th century. The only existing portrait of Petter Dass is traditionally believed to be one found in the Melhus church in Norway, however, the claim is hotly disputed, with some historians who studied the painting concluding that Dass is most likely not the subject. Several modern statues and bust of Petter Dass have been erected in Norway, the community of Sandnessjøen has a modern statue of Petter Dass located prominently in the town centre. Petter Dass was deeply mourned after his death, and many fishing vessels of Northern Norway carried a cloth in their sail for 100 years after his death. He is still the subject of folklore of Nordland, there is, for example, a legend of how he fooled the devil to carry him to Copenhagen to preach for the king. Petter Dass Chapel is located in Husøya, the centre of Træna municipality, in Nordland county. The chapel was opened on 28 June 1997 as a memorial of Petter Dass, Petter Dass Prize is an annual award extended by the Norwegian newspaper Vårt Land. The prize was first granted during 1995 and it is awarded in recognition of a person or organization that has helped to put the Christian faith on the agenda in society. The Petter Dass Medal is an award given annually by Nordlændingernes Forening in Oslo to people from Northern Norway that have distinguished themselves in their work for the regions development. The society is an association of people that have emigrated from the counties of Nordland, Troms

7.
William Bradford (Colonial printer)
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William Bradford was an early English printer in North America. He is best known as the printer of the Middle colonies. He was also known for controversies regarding freedom of the press, William Bradford was born to William and Ann Bradford in the village of Barwell in Leicestershire, England where his father was a printer. His family were members of the Society of Friends. As was customary, he was apprenticed outside the family to Andrew Sowle, by 1684, he had mastered the trade and married the masters daughter, Elizabeth. Sowle arranged for Bradford to join William Penn in his new colony in North America, in 1685, the Bradfords emigrated to Philadelphia, and Elizabeth gave birth to their first child, Andrew in 1686. Bradford set up Pennsylvanias first printing press and, in 1690, helped construct William Rittenhouses paper mill, in his early days as a printer, Bradford published an almanac, Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense by Samuel Atkins. In the almanac, Bradford apologized for errors caused by his troublesome travel, the publication received immediate attention, especially from Pennsylvania Governor William Penn who took offense at a reference to him. Atkins was quickly reprimanded for the incident and Bradford was told not to print anything unless it was approved by the Pennsylvania Council, later in 1687, Bradford was informed not to print anything about Quakers unless they approved it beforehand. In 1689, the new Pennsylvania governor John Blackwell was outraged, Bradford argued that he printed what he received and was not liable. Bradford then quit his business and briefly went to England, to return in 1690, in 1692, Bradford was arrested, tried, and jailed for printing without an imprint. His press and type were seized but later returned to him in 1693, in 1693, Bradford applied for and was appointed to the position of public printer for New York. He lived on Pearl Street in Manhattan, then moved to Stone Street in 1698 and his offices were located in Hanover Square. In 1723 when Benjamin Franklin was in New York immediately after leaving Boston he approached Bradford for employment, between 1725-1744, Bradford printed the New-York Gazette, New Yorks first newspaper. In 1731, he married a woman named Smith, in 1734, his former apprentice, John Peter Zenger, was brought to court for libel, but Bradford remained neutral during the case. Bradford retired at the age of 81 in 1744 and he died on May 23,1752 and was interred in the Trinity Churchyard Cemetery on Wall Street in Manhattan. Bradfords son, Andrew, and Andrews wife Cornelia Smith Bradford were colonial printers, Bradfords grandson, William would become a famous printer during the American Revolution. The Bradford Family Papers are held at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, earl Shilton Community College in Leicestershire was renamed in honor of its neighboring villages famous son and is now William Bradford Academy

8.
1709 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. The publisher, Jacob Tonson, had solicited poems from Pope for the three years before, but publication was delayed and finally occurred three weeks before Popes 21st birthday. Pope did not visit London at the time of publication, instead travelling there in June, Tonson was a hard bargainer, and paid Pope 13 guineas, for the young mans verses. Pope would eventually become a hard bargainer himself in dealing with publishers, the poet also contributed a translation, The Episode of Sarpedon, Translated from the Twelfth and Sixteenth Books of Homers Iliads. John Denham, a poet of Drydens generation, had written the best-known translation of Sarpedons speech, on May 17, Popes friend, Wycherley, wrote to him that all the best Judges like your part of the Book so well, that the rest is likd the worse. Pope wrote back three days later, referring to Tonsons low payments but valuable publicizing, I can be content with a bare saving game, Jacob creates Poets, as Kings sometimes do Knights, not for their honour, but for money. Certainly he ought to be esteemd a worker of Miracles, who is rich by Poetry. What Authors lose, their Booksellers have won, So Pimps grow rich, death years link to the corresponding in poetry article, Early 1709

9.
Benjamin Keach
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Benjamin Keach was a Particular Baptist preacher and author in London whose name was given to Keachs Catechism. Originally from Buckinghamshire, Keach worked as a tailor during his early years and he was baptized at the age of 15 and began preaching at 18. He was the minister of the congregation at Winslow before moving in 1668 to the church at Horse-lie-down and this congregation later became the New Park Street Church and then moved to the Metropolitan Tabernacle under the pastorship of Charles Spurgeon. It was as representative of this church that Keach went to the 1689 General Assembly, Keach was one of the seven men who sent out the invitation to the 1689 General Assembly. There was a secession from Horse-lie-down in 1673 and the Old Kent Road congregation was formed, Spurgeon later republished the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith for use in the congregation. Keach wrote 43 works, of which his Parables and Metaphors of Scripture may be the best known and he wrote a work entitled The Childs Instructor which immediately brought him under persecution and he was fined and pilloried in 1664. He is attributed with the writing of a commonly known as Keachs Catechism. Keach is also known to have promoted the introduction of singing in the Baptist churches. His church, Horslydown, was probably the first church in England to sing hymns, as opposed to psalms, keach’s hymnbook, published in 1691, provoked heated debate in the 1692 Assembly of Particular Baptists. Among his eschatological convictions, Keach anticipated a major revival amongst the Jews at the end of this age, an Exposition of the Parables and Express Similitudes of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, London, Aylott and Co. The Scriptures Superior to All Spiritual Manifestations, fish, History and Repository of Pulpit Eloquence, Deceased Divines, Containing the Masterpieces, New York, Dodd, Mead & Company. A Genetic History of Baptist Thought, With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain, pp.33, 66-68,74,105, 116-117. Information on Benjamin Keach at the Christian History Institute A quotation from Keachs The Childs Instructor, the first Baptist textbook

10.
Nahum Tate
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Nahum Tate was an Irish poet, hymnist and lyricist, who became Englands poet laureate in 1692. Tate is best known for The History of King Lear, his 1681 adaptation of Shakespeares King Lear, Nahum Tate was born in Dublin and came from a family of Puritan clerics. He published a poem on the Trinity entitled Ter Tria, as well as some sermons, Nahum Teate followed his father to Trinity College, Dublin in 1668, and graduated BA in 1672. By 1676 he had moved to London and was writing for a living, the following year he had adopted the spelling Tate, which would remain until his death, in 1715, in Southwark, London, England. He was buried at St George Southwark 1 August 1715 as of next to the Prince Eugene, Tate published a volume of poems in London in 1677, and became a regular writer for the stage. The Loyal General, with a prologue by Dryden, played at the Dorset Garden Theatre in 1680, Tate then turned to make a series of adaptations from Elizabethan dramas. In 1681 Thomas Betterton played Tates version of King Lear, which omitted the Fool. Coriolanus became The Ingratitude of a Commonwealth, played at the Theatre Royal in 1682, Tates farce Duke and no Duke imitated Sir Aston Cockaynes Trappolin supposd a Prince. His Cuckolds Haven was derived from Chapman and Marstons Eastward Ho, the Island Princess, or the Generous Portugals was adapted from John Fletcher. Injurd Love, or the Cruel Husband, altered from Websters The White Devil, in 1682 Tate collaborated with John Dryden to complete the second half of his epic poem Absalom and Achitophel. Tate wrote the libretto for Henry Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas and he also wrote the text for Purcells Birthday Ode Come Ye Sons of Art in 1694. Tate also translated Syphilis sive Morbus Gallicus, Girolamo Fracastoros Latin pastoral poem on the subject of the disease of syphilis, Tates name is also connected with the famous New Version of the Psalms of David, for which he collaborated with Nicholas Brady. Some items such as As pants the hart rise above the general level, a supplement was licensed in 1703 which included the Christmas carol While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks, one of a number of hymns by Tate. His poems were criticized by Alexander Pope in The Dunciad. Of his numerous poems the most original is Panacea, a poem on Tea, in spite of his consistent Toryism, he succeeded Shadwell as poet laureate in 1692. He died within the precincts of the Mint, Southwark, where he had taken refuge from his creditors, in 1715. In 1985, the Riverside Shakespeare Company of New York City staged Tates History of King Lear in its form, happy ending and all. This included removing the Fool altogether, adding a confidante for Cordelia, named Arante, the play concluded with multiple happy endings, for Lear and Kent, and Cordelia and Edgar, who presumably wed after the plays conclusion

11.
Mather Byles
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Not to be confused with his son Mather Byles Mather Byles, was a clergyman active in British North America. Byles was descended, on his mothers side, from John Cotton and Richard Mather and was a grandson of Increase Mather, as a young man, he corresponded with Alexander Pope and Isaac Watts. Byles graduated at Harvard University in 1725, received his A. M. degree there in 1728 and in 1733 he became pastor of the Hollis Street Church, Boston. Byles held a rank among the clergy of the province and was noted for his scholarly and well-written sermons. He often exchanged poetic satires and parodies with another Boston wit of that time, at state funerals, he was often a picked to give the sermon. He published a book of verse, Poems on Various Occasions in 1744, in 1773, he was chosen to be one of the eminent Boston literary intellectuals to examine Phillis Wheatley in order to determine if the black woman was actually the author of a proposed book of poems. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, Byles was outspoken in his advocacy of the royal cause, Byles remained in Boston, however, and subsequently was arrested, tried and sentenced to deportation. This sentence was changed to imprisonment in his own house. He was soon released, but never resumed his pastorate and he is known for saying Which is better - to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or by three thousand tyrants one mile away. A variation of the quote is spoken by Mel Gibson in the The Patriot, Byles died in Boston on 5 July 1788, aged 82. Besides many sermons Byles published A Poem on the Death of George I and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Byles, Mather