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Example: You want to investigate a claim that women are more likely than men to dream in color. You take a random sample of men and a random sample of women (in your community) and ask whether they dream in color.

(Optional) Note: A “statistically significant” difference provides convincing evidence (e.g., small p-value) of a difference between men and women

All subjects in an experiment were told to imagine they have moved to a new state and applied for a driver’s license.

(a) Use the Two-way Table Simulation applet to approximate the p-value for determining whether there is evidence that a higher proportion are willing to be donors when the default option is to be a donor. Report the approximate p-value.

(b) Provide an interpretation of the p-value you calculated in the context of this study.

In every 500 sets, 3 showed the [group A] would have the same values, or be as extreme as, the original observed value… chance that our original observed results will be repeated. [EPPP]

If the subjects were going to be donate, regardless of which condition they were in, it shows how often would the random assignment process lead to such a large difference in the conditional proportions. [EIEE]

In 1977, the U.S. government sued the City of Hazelwood, a suburb of St. Louis, on the grounds that it discriminated against African Americans in its hiring of school teachers (Finkelstein and Levin, 1990). The statistical evidence introduced noted that of the 405 teachers hired in 1972 and 1973 (the years following the passage of the Civil Rights Act), only 15 had been African American. But according to 1970 census figures, 15.4% of teachers employed in St. Louis County that year were African American. Suppose we find the p-value is less than .0001. Provide a one-sentence interpretation of this p-value in this context.