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Last will and testament; wealth protection; living trust; estate planning forms; estate planning trust; administration of trust; the common trust; resignation of trustee; replacement of trustee; trustee's investment powers. The Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from according differential treatment to American children on the basis of their race; compelling state interest test; Equal Protection Clause. New York; A policy of striking all who speak a given language, without regard to the particular circumstances of the trial or the individual responses of the jurors, may be a pretext for racial discrimination; peremptory challenge. Deadly force to prevent felony suspect's escape violates fourth amendment unless officers have probable cause to believe that the suspect presents a threat to the life or safety of the officers or others.

8's requirement of short and plain statement of the plaintiff's claim that is simple, concise, and direct; on information and belief. Withrow; When a party has signaled consent to the magistrate judge's authority to hear a case through actions rather than words, there is little value in strict insistence on an express consent requirement. Sanderson Plumbing Products, Inc; A discrimination plaintiff's case may be sufficient to submit to the jury if consists of a prima facie case of discrimination and sufficient evidence that defendant's proffered explanation was merely a pretext. Koenig; Just as questions from the bench can provide insight that helps lawyers make a stronger case, so too can questions from the jury help lawyers tailor their presentations; motion in limine. MGM Grand Hotel, Inc; Where the jury is still available, a district court's decision to resubmit an inconsistent verdict for clarification is within its discretion; comparative negligence; contributory negligence. Walker; The elements of a Rule 60(d) cause of action include (1) a judgment that, in equity and good conscience, ought not be enforced; (2) a good defense to the cause of action on which the judgment is founded; (3) fraud, accident. Hallock; Collateral order requirements (1) conclusively determine the disputed question, (2) resolve an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and (3) be effectively unreviewable on appeal; collateral order doctrine. Sturgell; The rule against nonparty preclusion is subject only to certain recognized exceptions: (1) a nonparty may agree to be bound by a judgment, (2) certain substantive relationships..; virtual representation; virtual representation doctrin National Equipment Rental, Ltd. Szukhent; a contractually designated agent's prompt acceptance and transmittal to named defendants of a summons and complaint, pursuant to authorization contained in the contract, constitutes adequate service. Praxair, Inc; Under Federal Rule of Procedure 15(c), an amendment that changes the party against whom a claim is asserted relates back to the date of the original pleading under certain limited conditions such as related companies. Kroger; plaintiff in diversity case cannot rely on ancillary jurisdiction to permit amendment to complaint to bring claim against non-diverse third-party defendant; complete diversity; diversity jurisdiction. Russell; Time limits for filing a notice of appeal are jurisdictional in nature, and the untimely filing of notice, even if filed in reliance on a district court order, deprives the court of appeals of jurisdiction; equitable; habeas corpus. American Brands, Inc; An appeal as of right may be taken from interlocutory orders of federal district courts granting, continuing, modifying, refusing, or dissolving injunction; consent decree; interlocutory. TREX, Inc; Interlocutory appeals are within court's discretion, and will be granted only when court certifies that each ruling presented for appeal involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial difference of opinion. ACLU; statute that suppresses a substantial amount of protected speech is unconstitutional if less restrictive alternatives exist to further the governmental objective; content-based restriction; preliminary injunction. Du Pont Advance Fiber Sys; Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11, a complaint must not be presented for an improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause unnecessary delay or cost of litigation; contain claims warranted by existing law. Paragon Group, Inc; A defendant's claims against a plaintiff must be asserted as a counterclaim if arise out of the transaction or occurrence and do not require the presence of third parties over whom the court lacks jurisdiction. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas, Inc; The burden of proving that a challenged discovery request is relevant is on the party who makes the request, while proving that the request is unduly burdensome rests with the party making the objection. Target Corp; Spoliation is the destruction or material alteration of evidence or the failure to preserve property for another\'s use as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation; mitigation-of-damages doctrine. West LB AG; A court may shift the cost of restoring and searching for relevant information in an electronic form when the party who converts the data into an inaccessible format should have reasonably anticipated a need to produce that data. Harris; When opposing parties tell two different stories, and one is blatantly contradicted by the record so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that version for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment. PV Holding Corp; When determining a party's domicile, the controlling factors are the party's actual place of residence and the real intention of remaining there as disclosed by the party's entire course of conduct. Derderian; The Multiparty, Multiforum Trial Jurisdiction Act (MMTJA) requires federal courts to abstain when substantial majorities of all plaintiffs and of the principal defendants are residents of a single state. Tenet Healthsystem Memorial Medical Center, Inc; The Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA) creates a narrow exception to federal jurisdiction and allows the discretionary remand of purely local actions. Professional ethics; ethics lawyer; lawyer ethics; legal ethics issues; attorney substance abuse and drug addiction; attorney ethics violation; ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct; lawyer legal ethics; Mandatory Continuing Legal Education. Warrantless arrest permitted even for a misdemeanor or infraction punishable only by a fine; if an officer has probable cause to believe that a person has committed a very minor criminal offense, the officer may arrest that person without a warrant.

Controlling shareholder; control of sale; presumtion that, in making a business decision, corporate directors act on an informed basis, in good faith, and in the honest belief that the action taken is in the company's best interests. Louisiana-Pacific Resources, Inc; The Commerce Clause is not implicated by a statute that regulates corporations even-handedly and imposes no special or distinct burden on out-of-state interests; dormant commerce clause; straight voting. Mc Kesson HBOC, Inc.; stockholder has right to make written demand to inspect corporate books and records for purpose reasonably related to person's interest as stockholder; derivative action; parent corporation; subsidiary corporation. Verizon Communications, Inc; Stockholders seeking inspection of corporate books and records must present some evidence suggest credible basis from which court can infer mismanagement, waste, or wrongdoing may have occurred.

Direct action; special injury test disapproved for determining whether a direct action exists; standing to assert direct action depends on whether the individual, not the corporation, suffered harm and would benefit from the recovery or remedy. F & W Acquisition LLC, recission, fraud, contracts may not be rescinded based on misrepresentations made during negotiations unless one party to contract made misrepresentations, knowing them to be false. Derivative Litigation, A director's independence turns on whether the director is, for any substantial reason, incapable of making a decision with only the best interests of the corporation in mind.

Disbar for alcohol abuse; attorney substance abuse; attorney ethics violation; ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct; lawyer legal ethics and professional responsibility; CLE; Continuing Legal Education. Jaffari; a limited liability company is bound by the operating agreement signed by some members and that defines the LLC's governance and operation, even if the LLC itself did not sign. Geist; A manager of an LLC has the apparent authority to bind the LLC when he executes in its name an instrument for carrying on, in the usual way, its business or affairs. peremptory challenge; batson challenge; strike in camera.

Professional ethics; ethics lawyer; lawyer ethics; legal ethics issues; attorney substance abuse and drug addiction; attorney ethics violation; ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct; lawyer legal ethics; Mandatory Continuing Legal Education. The admission at trial of hearsay statements does not violate confrontation clause as long as declarant is unavailable and statements are sufficiently reliable, based either on firmly rooted hearsay exception or other showings of trustworthiness.

Concurrent sentence; consecutive sentence; specific performance. A guilty plea is not knowingly and intelligently made, and therefore not voluntarily made, if the defendant did not receive adequate notice of the offense to which he pleaded guilty. A capital defendant accused of an interracial crime is entitled to have prospective jurors informed of the race of the victim and questioned on the issue of racial bias.

Administrative Procedures Act allows federal courts to compel agency action unlawfully withheld and unreasonably delayed only for claims involving a specific agency actiona rule, order, license, sanction, or reliefrequired of agency by law. EPA; he Clean Air Act only mandates that residual risk standards provide an ample margin of safety to protect public health, and the EPA is free to determine that existing technology-based standards are ample. To go forward on a claim of selective prosecution based on race, the claimant must produce evidence that similarly situated offenders of a different race could have been prosecuted but were not. For speedy trial claims, courts must apply balancing test of conduct of both prosecution and defendant, including length of delay, reason for delay, defendant's assertion of his right, and prejudice to defendant. The fifth amendment privilege against self incrimination is not violated by a requirement that a defendant provide notice of an alibi defense and disclose his alibi witnesses to the prosecution prior to trial. Government failure to assist defense by disclosing impeachment evidence of witnesses is constitutional violation if it deprived defendant of fair trial; material if suppression undermines confidence in outcome. It is not vindictive exercise of prosecutor's discretion, and therefore not violation of due process, to carry out threat to reindict defendant on more serious charges if defendant does not plead guilty to original offense charged. A voluntary and intelligent plea of guilty made by an accused person, who has been advised by competent counsel, may not be collaterally attacked.

Disbar for alcohol abuse; detection and prevention of alcohol and substance abuse in the legal profession; alcoholic lawyer; disbarment for drug abuse; attorney ethics violation; ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct; lawyer legal ethics; CLE. If defendant plea of guilty is based on reasonably competent advice, it is intelligent plea not open to attack on the ground defendant counsel may have misjudged admissibility of defendant confession. When a prospective juror harbors preconceived notions of defendant guilt that cannot be set aside by consideration of the evidence, the juror must be dismissed for cause to ensure an impartial jury. When the evidence discloses any possibility that a juror views arise from the sufficiency of government evidence, disqualification must be denied.

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board; Multi-level protection of executive officers from removal is contrary to Article II of the Constitution's vesting of the executive power in the President; Sarbanes-Oxley; inferior officers Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians v. Thomas; when services provided by shareholders and their counsel result in a financial benefit to the corporation, they are entitled to a fair fee. Underwriters performing a due-diligence investigation of two bond offerings by World Com, had a limited number of conversations with the stock issuer and its auditor, made only cursory inquiries, failed to look behind formulaic answers to questions. First Derivative Traders; For purposes of Rule 10b-5, the maker of a false statement is the person who has the ultimate authority over the statement, including content and distribution. Independent source doctrine applies to both evidence obtained for the first time during independent lawful search, and also to evidence initially discovered during, or as consequence of unlawful search, but later discovered independently.

Patchak; suits under the APA must satisfy both Article III's standing requirement and be arguably within the zone of interests protected or regulated by the violated statute. Harris; Amending agency interpretation; when agency gives regulation a definitive agency interpretation, significant revisions require notice and comment under the APA. Duff & Phelps, Inc.; If a closely held company withholds from an employee-stockholder material information about possible increases in stock value in breach of its fiduciary duty, the employee-stockholder may be entitled to damages. M & F Worldwide Corp.; business judgment standard of review governs going private mergers with a controlling stockholder if independent special committee and informed vote of a majority of the minority stockholders. Oklahoma Alcoholic Beverage Laws Enforcement Commission; the type of business entity chosen may affect the types of business that can be conducted by the entity if it affect the licenses the entity may obtain. Ritter; In the absence of red flags alerting corporate directors to misconduct, good faith is measured by the directors' actions to assure that a reasonable reporting and information system exists. Underwriters performing a due-diligence investigation of two bond offerings by World Com, had a limited number of conversations with the stock issuer and its auditor, made only cursory inquiries, failed to look behind formulaic answers to questions. Colkitt; Under § 29(b) of the Securities Act of 1934, party may rescind contract that, when made or as performed, violates federal securities laws; convertible debenture; debenture; rescission; scienter. National Australia Bank, Ltd.; Subject matter jurisdiction in a fraud case exists if conduct in the United States was more than merely preparatory to fraud, and directly caused losses to foreign investors abroad; extraterritorial jurisdiction Business Roundtable v. WPCS Int'l Inc; A beneficial owner's acquisition of securities directly from an issuer, at the issuer's request and with the board's approval, is a "purchase" of those securities under Section 16(b). Right against self incrimination; right to counsel.

State law may impose restrictions affecting one company's ability to acquire control of another without running afoul of federal law or the Commerce Clause; target corporation; tender offer; Williams Act. Handy; Delaware law protects members and managers of an LLC from liability for obligations of the LLC solely by reason of being or acting as LLC members or managers, but not for other reasons; piercing the corporate veil. Flahive; common law doctrine of piercing the corporate veil is not abrogated by the Limited Liability Company Act and may be used against limited liability company members in appropriate cases. Segal; Because LLCs are not creature of state but of contract, duties and obligations of the LLC members are as set forth in the LLC agreement; implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; post hoc; sine qua non. Tignor; Only when present circumstances show that it is not reasonably practicable to carry on company's business in accord with articles of organization and any operating agreement may court order dissolution of LLC. Brevig; In dissolution because it is no longer reasonably practicable for a partnership to carry on its business, the partnership assets must be liquidated and the net surplus in cash must be distributed to the partners. Superior Court; Laws that regulate securities trading do not relate to the internal affairs of a corporation, so lawsuits relating to the sales of securities are not governed solely by the state of incorporation. Wolff; Derivative suits on behalf of limited liability companies are allowed, based on the importance of the derivative suit in corporate law, and no evidence the Legislature intended to abolish in the Limited Liability Company Law. Airgas, Inc.; Defensive measures against takeovers are not impermissibly preclusive if they delay a bidder from obtaining control of a board as long as obtaining control in the future is realistically attainable. Blackwell; absent specific contractual provisions, a minority shareholder is not entitled to relief from majority approved corporate actions in a closely held corporation. may impose minimum upon finding, by a preponderance of the evidence, of certain facts. Kentucky; a criminal defense attorney fails to provide effective assistance if the attorney misleads a noncitizen client regarding the removal consequences of a conviction. Absent legislative intent indicating otherwise, repeal or amendment of statute prior to criminal defendant prosecution that renders conduct engaged in by defendant no longer criminal bars further prosecution; deterrence; retribution; savings clause.

Greenmail; interloper; standing; shareholder must have a proper purpose reasonably related to his interest as a stockholder and must further prove some credible evidence of wrongdoing sufficient to warrant continued investigation. 275 Madison Management Corp; A managing general partner of a limited partnership may be removed from the partnership by a limited partner if the managing partner's agent engages in fraudulent conduct. Irving; Where members of a limited liability partnership share no benefit with a partner accused of misconduct, have no direct supervision or control, and have no knowledge of the partner's misconduct, they are statutorily protected. Gursky; New York's Partnership Law provision limiting the personal liability of partners in an LLP does not shield a general partner in a registered LLP from personal liability for breaches of the partnership's or partners' obligations to each o Taghipour v. Sieg; Under Utah law, a sale of property is defined as the conveyance of title to the purchaser for a valuable consideration consisting of the purchase price, or contract of sale, whereby some estate in land passes. In the Matter of 1545 Ocean Avenue, LLC; A petitioner who seeks dissolution of an LLC must establish, in the operating agreement or articles of incorporation, that management is unable or unwilling to permit or promote the stated purpose. (Tyson I); Directors may not ask for shareholder approval of an incentive stock option plan and then later to distribute shares in such a way as to undermine the objectives of that plan. Gifford; The intentional violation of a shareholder approved stock option plan, coupled with fraudulent disclosures, constitutes conduct that is disloyal to the corporation and is therefore an act in bad faith. Shareholder Litigation; When the interests of common stockholders diverge from preferred stockholders, the directors of a corporation have a duty to exercise their discretion in favor of the interests of common stockholders. United States; When liability under Rule 10b-5 is predicated on a defendant's failure to disclose a material fact, positive proof of reliance is not a prerequisite to recovery. Corinthian Colleges, Inc.; A complaint for securities fraud must allege loss causation, so that the defendant is provided notice of what the relevant economic loss might be or the causal connection. Shareholder Litigation; Acquisition tender offer by a controlling shareholder must be non-coercive: non-waivable majority of the minority tender condition; consummate a prompt short-form merger; no retributive threats. Defendant possessed a firearm during enumerated offense. Pereira; joinder of offenses; joinder of criminal charges with multiple offenses is proper when the offenses charged are of similar character or are based on the same act or transaction or parts of a common scheme or plan. United States; For purposes of obtaining a fair trial, it is sufficient if the jurors can lay aside their impressions or opinions and render a verdict based on the evidence presented in court. King; taking and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee's DNA is, like fingerprinting and photographing, is a legitimate police booking procedure and is reasonable under the Four Amendment. Cruel and unusual punishment is an evolving doctrine and depends on the prevailing societal views of the relative punishment afforded to a specific crime.

Administrative Prodecure Act National Park Hospitality Ass'n v. Ahmanson & Co.; Majority shareholders have a fiduciary responsibility to the minority and to the corporation to control the corporation in a fair, just, and equitable manner. Under the safe-harbor provision of 27A of the Securities and Exchange Act, forward-looking statements must be accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements that adequately identify important factors that could cause actual results to differ. SEC; The Securities and Exchange Commission must consider efficiency, competition, and capital formation, and failure makes promulgation of the proposed rule arbitrary and capricious. accused who expresses a desire to deal only through counsel does not waive that right merely by responding to further police-initiated questioning unless accused initiates further communication.