US

21% of pediatric specialists and 10% of total pediatricians will refuse at least one vaccination for their child.19% of specialist pediatricians and 5% of general pediatricians will delay MMR vaccination until 1.5 years of age.18% of specialist pediatricians will not vaccinate their child against rotavirus, 6% will not vaccinate against hepatitis A. (USA)

11% of the physicians did not recommend their patients to vaccinate their children with all the scheduled vaccines.Therapists did not provide recommendations to vaccinate twice as often as pediatricians (therapists' vaccines-related earnings are lower).Physicians trust medical journals more than the CDC and the FDA. They trust the pharmaceutical companies less than the Internet. (USA)

41% of nurses are not vaccinated against the flu. They were afraid of the adverse effects, they believed that the risk of the infection was low, and in general, they did not consider this vaccine to be effective. (USA)

Swiss nurses are skeptical of infectious diseases and the vaccine against influenza.Outbreaks of diseases are always less dangerous than being announced by public health authorities and the media, reducing public confidence in the reliability of expert sources of information. Conflict of interest between public organizations and private corporations also reduces public confidence.

Recent graduates of medical faculties have lower belief in vaccine efficacy and safety. More recently graduated health care providers also oppose compulsory vaccination and believe vaccines do more harm than good.

In premature infants, vitamin K levels on the second day after injection (0.5–1 mg) were 1900–2600 times higher than normal levels in adults, and on the tenth day, they were 550–600 times higher. The vitamin level in the group that received 0.5 mg did not differ from the group that received 1 mg.

For years, health-care practitioners in the United States have cared for infants without viewing pain as one of the significant risks or disadvantages in making treatment decisions. Superficial observations conceded that pain medications had some risks along with their advantages, and that infants seemed to forget pain anyway. If the patient never returns to complain about the pain later, how could it be very important?However, studies conducted in the 90s revealed that pain experienced in infancy has long-term consequences. For example, babies who were circumcised without lidocaine ointment suffered from pain during the vaccination more than circumcised with lidocaine, which in turn suffered more than uncircumcised.Compared to undisturbed pups, rat pups who had been separated from their mother exhibited suppression of immune system and significantly greater susceptibility to the metastasis of injected tumor cells.Endotoxin injection on as few as two occasions in the first week of life has been shown to exacerbate responses to stress much later in the mature animal. Neonatal endotoxin injection in rats has also been shown to result in delayed wound healing in the mature animal, which reflects the animals' inability to mount an inflammatory response.Neonatal rats that underwent needle prick (painful) on a paw exhibited increased pain sensitivity in preadolescence, greater anxiety, a significant alcohol preference and social hypervigilance manifesting as prolonged chemosensory memory of a novel juvenile rat.In prematurely born babies (which are subject to many more painful medical procedures than those born at term), pain sensitivity was reduced.Multiple birth trauma increased the relative risk for adult violent suicide 5-fold in men versus 4% in women. However, the provision of opioids to the mother at the time of delivery lowered the suicide risk by 31% in both sexes.The authors conclude that although an individual may not preserve a conscious memory of an early painful event, it is recorded elsewhere in the body, as evidenced by the previously presented long-term outcomes. Multiple procedures in the preterm and low- to extremely low-birth-weight infant, as well as “routine” newborn medical procedures (from heel sticks to circumcision), may alter infant development. The implication is that infant pain should be avoided when possible and, when necessary, assessed and treated at least as diligently as adult pain. Parents, as well as caregivers, need to recognize that pain must be added to the list of risks when deciding whether to provide a treatment or consent to a procedure in an infant. This consideration has not been a part of the traditional decision-making model for most practitioners.

Among the parents who refused vitamin K injection, most were white (78%), over 30 years old (57%), and college graduates (65%). Most refused hepatitis B vaccine (90%) and erythromycin eye ointment (77%). The most common source of information was the Internet. Concerns included synthetic or toxic ingredients, excessive dose, and side effects. Eighty-three percent of parents reported awareness of risks associated with vitamin K refusal, but most did not understand the potential danger of bleeding, especially the likelihood of intracranial hemorrhage and death.In the hospital where oral administration of vitamin K was available, the percentage of refusals from the injection was much higher.The authors conclude that the information on the Internet on which the parents' decisions are based is often unconfirmed by peer-reviewed scientific sources, and encourages natural childbirth without medical intervention. The most important issue, per the authors, is that the specific problems that are highlighted on Internet sites are not addressed by doctors in their conversations with mothers.

Between 1998 and 2007, the incidence of meningococcal infection decreased by 64%. On average, the incidence was 1 in 20 thousand during these years, and by 2007, it decreased to 1 in 300 thousand. The highest incidence was among infants under 1 year of age (5 in 100 thousand). 50% of the cases in them were caused by serogroup B, and two thirds of the cases that happened in infants under 6 months old. Black people get infected 44% more often than white people. The mortality rate of meningococcal infection was 11%, and increased with age. The mortality rate among the elderly was 24%, and 3-6% among infants. The most cases were observed in January and February, and the least in August. The authors conclude that before the introduction of vaccination, the incidence of meningococcal infection in the USA was at a historical minimum, and that after the introduction of vaccination, there was no significant decrease in the incidence among teenagers, who were vaccinated, because only 32% have been vaccinated. (The tune that runs through almost all studies: If there was no significant decrease in incidence after the introduction of a vaccine - that is because the coverage was insufficient, but if there was a decrease – that is, obviously, due to vaccination, even if only 2% had been vaccinated).

The risk of meningococcal infection in a child under 18 years of age, increases by 3.8 times if their mother smokes. Smoking increases the risk of meningococcal infection in adults by 2.4 times, passive smoking by 2.5 times, and chronic disease by 10.8 times.

The risk of meningococcal infection in homosexuals in 4 times higher, than in heterosexual people. HIV positive homosexuals suffer from meningococcal disease 10 times more often, than HIV negative ones. 45% of meningococcus patients reported multiple partners and participation in anonymous sex. Among homosexuals, 32% smoke (as compared to 18% among adults in the USA), and 48% are drug users (as compared to an average of 10%). In New York and Southern California, the risk of meningococcal infection among homosexuals was 50 times higher, than in general; in Germany, it was 13 times higher; and in Paris – 10 times higher. 24% of homosexuals are carriers of meningococcus, as compared to 6% of heterosexual women. Among homosexuals, who have had oral-anal contact recently, 43% were carriers. Meningococcus was also found in the anal canal in 4.5% of homosexuals.A new strain of meningococcus that can be transmitted sexually was discovered in 2016. CDC reports that in 2016, 57% of men over 16 years of age infected with meningococcus, reported homosexual relations. More: [1][2][3].

Meningococcus outbreak in a university in Ohio (13 cases). Attending bars was associated with an 8 times increase in the risk of infection, and kissing more than one partner with a 13.6 times increase. Crowding (more than 2.5 people per bedroom), low level of education in mothers, low income level, alcohol abuse and chronic illness have been risk factors of meningococcal infection in Chile. Low level of education in parents is associated with a two fold increase in the risk of meningococcus colonization in Brazil, which probably reflects the socioeconomic conditions. Crowding and previous acute respiratory infections are associated with a 3 fold increase in infection in children, and father’s smoking is associated with a 4.5 fold increase, in Greece. More: [1][2]

Eculizumab is a medicine for very rare diseases, which suppresses the complement system (one of the components of innate immune system). This medicine is associated with a 1,000-2,000 increase in the risk of meningococcal infection. 16 people using this medicine got meningococcemia, 14 of them have been vaccinated.

Serogroup B meningococcal infection outbreak occurred in a college in Rhode Island in early 2015 (two cases). Both recovered. As a result of the outbreak, 5 three-dose vaccination campaigns were conducted for students and teachers on campus, as well as for their intimate partners. A total of about 4,000 people had been vaccinated with the newly licensed Trumenba vaccine. Since it was unknown, how this vaccine affected colonization, the authors used this vaccination campaign determine it. 20%-24% were carriers of meningococcus, and 4% were carriers of serogroup B. The risk of colonization was 30% higher in smokers, and among those who attend bars and clubs at least once a week, the risk of colonization was 80% higher. The authors concluded that vaccination does not affect colonization of meningococcus and herd immunity, and therefore, high vaccination coverage is necessary.

A study of meningococcal colonization in another university in Rhode Island.Vaccination did not affect colonization. Smoking was associated with a 1.5 times increase in the risk of colonization, and attending bars at least once a week – with a 2 times increase.

A vaccination campaign was conducted, as a result of an outbreak in a university in Oregon. 11%-17% were carriers of meningococcus, of them 1.2%-2.4% were carriers of serogroup B. Vaccination with 1-2 doses of Bexsero and 1-3 doses of Trumenba, did not affect the meningococcal colonization in general, and colonization of the serogroup B in particular.

Menactra was licensed in January of 2005, and was recommended for 11-12 year olds, as well as for university freshmen. 5 cases of the Guillain-Barré syndrome were registered with VAERS among vaccinated freshmen between June 10th and July 25th of 2005. In one case, the vaccinated girl already had Guillain-Barré syndrome twice before, at the ages of 2 and 5 years; both times within 2 weeks of vaccination. CDC concludes that it might be a coincidence, and recommends continuing vaccination. The manufacturer added to the insert that Guillain-Barré syndrome might be related to vaccination.

The risk of Bell's palsy (facial paralysis) within 12 weeks of vaccination was 5 times higher for those who received the meningococcal vaccine (Menactra/Menveo) together with other vaccines, as compared to the control group. However, patients vaccinated with the same vaccines over 12 weeks before, were used as a control group.The risk of Hashimoto’s disease was 5.5 times higher among those vaccinated, the risk of iridocyclitis was 3.1 times higher, and the risk of epileptic seizure was 2.9 times higher. All these cases were later reviewed, some of them were excluded, and the authors concluded that there was no statistically significant relationship between the vaccine and these diseases.

From 3% to 11% of hospitalizations can be the result of side effects of drugs. Only 1% of serious side effects are reported to the FDA.This leads to problems with drugs not being detected on time. , that silicone implants exist on the market for 30 years, only recently it turned out that they are associated with autoimmune diseases.

Active and passive smoking is associated with a doubling of the risk of tuberculosis. For smokers in the past and present increased the risk of contracting a tuberculosis bacterium, the risk of developing tuberculosis, the risk of complications, and the risk of dying from tuberculosis.The risk of recurrent tuberculosis was 2-fold higher in smokers more than 10 cigarettes a day than non-smokers. More: [1][2][3][4]

In people with low weight, the risk of tuberculosis was 12 times higher compared to people with normal weight. In people who were overweight, the risk of tuberculosis was 3 times lower, and in obese people, it was 5 times lower. > In the 1950s, it was found that people with a reduced level of vitamins A and C were more likely to develop tuberculosis, and the addition of vitamins and minerals reduced the incidence in the families of patients. Since then, there has not been adequate research into the effect of nutrients on the risk of tuberculosis.

The study of the effectiveness of BCG in the United States, which lasted 14 years, the effectiveness of the vaccine was 14%, and among negroes the effectiveness was negative. Because of this study, it was determined that the effectiveness of BCG is too low, short-term and least effective among those, who has the highest TB risk, so BCG has never been introduced into the US vaccination calendar.

70-80 people die each year from hepatitis A in the USA, and those are almost exclusively people over 50 years old. Severe cases of hepatitis A are more likely to occur in people with alcoholic liver disease or chronic hepatitis.Some of the vaccinated people developed Guillain-Barre syndrome, but it is unclear whether this is due to vaccination.

Before the licensing of the vaccine, the incidence of hepatitis A in USA was approximately 1 in 10,000, and mortality rate was 1 in 3 million. In 1999, vaccination was introduced in 11 states, where the incidence was higher than 1 in 5,000. In 2006, the vaccine was added to the national immunization schedule. Hepatitis A incidence at that moment was 1 in 100,000, and mortality rate was 1 in 10 million; and almost all lethal cases were in people over 50 years of age with comorbidities.

In 2001, the advisory committee of San Diego (California) emphasized the need to increase the number of public toilets in the city center. In 2010, a plan to finance these toilets was developed.In 2016, two toilets were installed. One of them was later closed due to operating costs and concerns about crime, and only one toilet remained open in 2017. Altogether, there were 8 public toilets in San Diego, but only three of them were available 24 hours a day. In San Francisco, where the number of homeless people is comparable to San Diego, there are 25 public toilets and they are all open 24 hours a day. In 2017, a hepatitis A outbreak began in the USA, affecting mainly homeless people of San Diego, where more than 500 people got sick and 20 people died. Thus, 16 portable toilets were opened. Due to the fear of hepatitis A, the authorities arrest those who distribute food to homeless people in San Diego suburbs.

Development of rotavirus vaccine began in the 90s, so the CDC began to wonder, who many kids die from it. They conducted the following studies on this question:

Death from diarrhea (for any reason) makes up 2% of all post-neonatal mortality rates. In 1983, an average of 500 children died of diarrhea in USA in a year, 50% of them died in hospitals. Diarrheal death rate decreases drastically with age – it is twice as high for infants at the age of 1-3 months, as at the age of 4-6 moths, and 10 times higher than for 12-months-olds. Risk of diarrheal death is 4 times higher for black people (and in some states 10 times higher) than for white people; 5 times higher for infants whose mothers are younger than 17 years old; twice as high for those, whose parents are unmarried; 3 times higher for those, whose parents have not graduated from high school. Diarrheal mortality rate is higher in winter than in summer, and it is believed that the rotavirus is responsible for that. It is estimated that 70-80 children die each year from rotavirus.

Diarrheal death rate in the USA decreased by 75% (79% among infants) and stabilized between 1968 and 1985. 300 people (240 of them children) died of diarrhea each year between 1985 and 1991. Mortality rate among children was 1:17,000. From 1985, half of the children died at the age under 1.5 months (that is, before the vaccination age). Here’s a graph of diarrheal mortality rate from 1968 to 1991.Every winter it is possible to observe death peaks that disappear in the mid-1980s, and only small peaks remain in the group of 4-23 month old children. As rotavirus is affected almost and exclusively in the winter, the authors believe that those peaks are deaths from rotavirus.The authors conclude that a vaccine against rotavirus will have a measurable but small impact on mortality from diarrhea.

It is estimated that 873 thousand people die from rotavirus each year around the world. However, there was no information on mortality rate of rotavirus in developed countries, and so in 1985 IOM concluded that this vaccine is not a priority for the USA. However, they used one prospective study as a basis, even though other studies determined that one third of children hospitalized with diarrhea had rotavirus infection. Since not a single child in the USA died with a rotavirus diarrhea diagnosis, many pediatricians believed that rotavirus is never severe or lethal. However, mortality data analysis (in the previous studies) provided convincing, albeit circumstantial proof, that rotavirus can be lethal. On the basis of two previous studies, the authors estimate that 55,000 children are hospitalized due to rotavirus each year, and 20 children die, i.e. 1 in every 200,000. They believe that these children also had some other disease, or they were premature, for example. The authors conclude that less than 40 children each year die of rotavirus, although they never explain how they came up with the number ‘40’, since they only counted 20 in the body of article. CDC claims that 20-60 children die of rotavirus each year, but they do not explain where they got ‘60’ from, since their own studies only got 20.

Rotavirus vaccination in the USA will prevent 63% of all rotavirus cases, and 79% of all serious cases, thus preventing 13 deaths and 44,000 hospitalizations per year. If the price of the vaccine dose is more than $12, vaccination will not be economically feasible, and at the price over $42, it will not be justifiable from the societal point of view either. Today, RotaTeq costs $69-$83 per dose, and Rotarix is $91-$110 per dose.

Despite the obvious benefits of vaccination, no vaccine is completely safe. Post-clinical studies have shown that recently licensed rotavirus vaccine increases the risk of intussusception. However, it is unknown what risk would be acceptable to the parents, and how much they would be willing to pay for this vaccine.To reach the 50% vaccination coverage, the parents are ready to allow 2,897 cases of intussusception per year, which would cause 579 surgeries and 17 additional lethal cases. And to achieve 90% coverage, the parents are ready to allow no more than 1,794 cases of intussusception per year, including 359 surgeries and 11 deaths due to vaccine. Without rotavirus vaccine 20 children die. The lower the parents’ income, the higher the risk they are willing to accept. The parents are willing to pay $110 for three doses of risk-free vaccine, but only $36 for three doses or risky vaccine. Other studies already determined that parents prefer death from disease, rather than from vaccine, and this study confirms this fact.

Two-months-old girl was vaccinated with Rotarix in Japan, and in 10 days her two-years-old sister was hospitalized with severe gastroenteritis. It turned out that her sister infected her with a mutated vaccine strain of the virus. A similar case with a RotaTeq vaccine in the USA is reported here. Vaccinated infant infected his brother 10 days post-vaccination with a rotavirus strain that was reassortant of two vaccine strains.

Children of less educated mothers and children in families with low income-to-poverty ratios were more likely to have completed the vaccination series.More African and Latin Americans are vaccinating their children, and the poorer they are, the more they vaccinate. (USA)

Parents who do not vaccinate their children, value scientific knowledge, know where to look for, and how to analyze information about vaccinations, and at the same time expressed high levels of distrust of the medical community. (USA)

In California, the percentage of students with non-medical vaccination exemptions increased 4-fold between 2001 and 2014 (from 0.77% to 3.15%). Higher income, white population, and private school type significantly predicted greater increases in exemptions.In other states the same phenomenon is observed - the percentage of private school students who opt for exemptions is much higher than in of public school students.

Parents with higher education and conservatives rarely allowed their daughters to get vaccinated against HPV. Higher percentage of parents who did not complete high school, Catholics and liberals, allowed their daughters to have this vaccination. (California, United States)

Vaccine strain of the virus is produced by sequential passages through animal cell cultures, which attenuates the virus. But how can one be sure that this procedure truly attenuates the virus? The hypothesis that chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same virus was proposed in 1909. To test it, researchers extracted fluid from the blisters of shingles patients, and injected it to children who have not been exposed to varicella, in 1925 and 1932. 50% of the children got infected with chickenpox, but the rash was less severe than usual. That is, if an airborne virus is administered by injection, it causes an atypical disease. Therefore, it is impossible to conclude that the vaccine strain of the virus is attenuated, only on the basis of it having caused mild symptoms. It is also possible, that the injected dose of the virus was not enough to cause the usual symptoms. In this study, the authors vaccinated children with leukemia and examined how often they infected their healthy siblings. It turned out that only 17% of the siblings got infected. Since the wild strain of the virus infects 80%-90%, the authors concluded that the vaccine strain indeed is attenuated.

Varicella outbreak in daycare, where 66% of children had been vaccinated. Vaccine efficacy was 44%. After three years the effectiveness decreased by 2.6 times. Vaccinated children had less rash than those unvaccinated. The outbreak began with a vaccinated boy, who infected half of his class, who had no previous varicella exposure. The boy himself got infected by his 11 years old sister, who was suffering from shingles. Vaccine efficacy was much lower than was determined during clinical trials. That is, most probably, due to the fact that in clinical trials, children who did not develop antibodies got repeat vaccination or were excluded from the efficacy analysis, or were analyzed separately, which is what led to an overestimated effectiveness rate. Here is a meta-analysis of 14 studies of chickenpox outbreaks. The effectiveness of one dose was 72.5%.

Varicella outbreak in a school, where 97% of children had been vaccinated (with one dose). Vaccine effectiveness was 72% (CI:3-87). Children vaccinated over 5 years prior to the outbreak got infected 6.7 times more often than those vaccinated less than 5 years ago. More: [1], [2], [3].

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) accounts for 15% of all herpes zoster cases. The number of HZO cases in Boston increased by 2.7 times between 2007 and 2013. The average age of patients decreased from 61.2 to 55.8 years, while the number of patients at the clinic during the same years has not changed. The same was found in another study in Oklahoma, where the average age of HZO patients decreased by 8 years, from 65.5 to 58.9 years. Smokers got sick 11.5 years earlier than non-smokers.

The incidence of varicella in Massachusetts decreased by 79% between 1998 and 2003, but the incidence of herpes zoster increased by 90%, and 161% in the 25-44 years age group. The incidence of herpes zoster in Minnesota increased by 28% between 1996 and 2001. The incidence of herpes zoster among children under 10 years of age in California decreased by 55%, but increased by 63% among teenagers of 10-19 years of age.

The incidence of varicella fell 4-fold, and hospital costs associated with it decreased by $100 million per annum. However, hospital costs associated with herpes zoster increased by $700 million per annum by 2004.

It is usually argued that vaccines are completely safe and that serious side effects occur in one in a million vaccinated individuals. How is such statistics obtained? Here is an example for chickenpox. The authors (from FDA and CDC) analyze VAERS from 1995 to 1998. 14 deaths were recorded in this period. To calculate the probability of death after vaccination, they use the number of vaccines sold for this period (9.7 million), and conclude that the probability of death is 1 in one million (they round it up a little, as in fact it come up to 1 in 700,000).It does not take into account that: 1) Only 1%-10% of all side effects get registered with VAERS. 2) The number of vaccine doses sold does not equal to the number of doses administered. Moreover, 9.7 millions doses sold is not an exact figure, but a CDC estimate.A total of 6,574 adverse events have been registered with VAERS, 4% of which were serious. However, among children under 4 years of age there were 6.3% serious adverse events, among children under 3 years of age – 9.2%, and among children under one year of age, who got vaccinated by mistake – 14%. A total of 271 serious adverse event have been registered, that is, 1 in every 36,000. These figures should be multiplied by 10-100 (that is, the real number is between 1:3600 and 1:360), and considering that the quantity of administered doses was lower than the quantity of sold doses, which is quite possibly overestimated, they should be multiplied by an additional factor.

In the US, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection among children under the age of 6 is 3-6 times higher than in Europe, it is also higher than in Australia and New Zealand. This is most likely because The US takes the blood for bacterial analysis in all children under the age of 3 with a temperature of 39 and above, and in all who have elevated white blood cells (they are also given antibiotics), and in Europe such analysis is usually done only hospitalized. As most cases of invasive pneumococcal infection is a temporary bacteremia that does not require gospi in Europe they are, for the most part, not diagnosed.

Blacks suffer pneumococcus 3.3 times more often white, and 40-49 year-old negroes - 12 times more likely. Median age of patients among blacks is lower than among whites at age 27.Low-income people get sick more often. are sick more often than the inhabitants of the suburbs.Almost 50% of Negroes infected with HIV AIDS increases the risk of pneumococcal infection by 100-300 times.The authors conclude that it is necessary to vaccinate young and poor people living in cities, that the pneumococcus is mainly affected by blacks, it is necessary to vaccinate whites too, because among white people too be poor. But since the vaccination of risk groups was tested with hepatitis B and failed, the authors believe that there must be a universal vaccination against pneumococcus.

Five years after the start of Hib vaccination, the incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia in Philadelphia has doubled (from 38 to 73 cases per year). The incidence of hemophilic bacteremia has decreased from 34 to 9 cases per year, and the incidence of meningococcal bacteremia has not increased The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis has increased by 50% (from 5.2 to 7.6 cases per year), the incidence of hemophilic meningitis has decreased from 18 to 5.6 cases per year, and the incidence of meningococcal meningitis has not changed (3 cases in year).

The incidence of invasive pneumococcal infection in children has declined by a factor of 2 between 1996 and 2010, but among adults it has risen by a third. Overall, the incidence has increased slightly (Huntington, West Virginia).

BF for more than a month is associated with a decrease in the risk of meningitis from Hib by 62%, BF for more than 9 months - with a decrease in risk by 88%. Kindergarten - with a risk increase of 2.6-4.7 times.

An analysis of all cases of Hib in Los Angeles in 1988/9 (8.7 million people, of whom 750,000 are children under the age of 5).A total of 88 cases were recorded among children during the year, with a lethality rate of 4.5%.Risk Hib in children in homes where more than 2 smokers live was six times higher.Six or more people living in one house are associated with an increased risk of Hib 3.71 times Negroes are 3.47 times more likely to suffer and also increase the risk of chronic disease and low income.Vaccination and breastfeeding (in white) reduce the risk of Hib.Vac vaccination with a polysaccharide vaccine increased the risk of Hib.In another iss The study found that the smoking parent increased the Hib risk by 2.37 times.

Before the vaccination, the Eskimos in Alaska hurts Hib is 10 times more likely than other US residents.Australian aborigines, Indians, Eskimos and Africans in the Gambia and Somalia sick are 3-4 times more likely than Americans and 10 times more likely than Europeans.

Polysaccharide vaccine from Hib was licensed in the US in 1985. In a clinical study in Finland, it was found that the vaccine is ineffective for children under 2 years old, and 80% effective from 2 to 3 years. Prior to licensing, the only US study among 16,000 children did not find that the vaccine was effective, so it was licensed based on a Finnish study only for children over 2 years of age (although most cases were in children under the age of one year.) Once the vaccine was licensed, randomize However, since Hib is a rare disease, it is still difficult to conduct such a study, as many participants are required.In the observational study in Minnesota, it turned out that the effectiveness of this vaccine is negative and it increases the risk of the disease by 58% In other studies, it was found that the vaccine increases the risk of the disease in the first week after vaccination, and subsequently IOM also found that unconjugated vaccine from Hib increases the risk of the disease.

Before the vaccination, the incidence of Hib in Alaska was the highest in the world. Thanks to the vaccine, the number of Hib cases dropped sharply, but cases from other serotypes, mostly serotype A and noncapsular strains

Vaccination reduced the number of Hib cases among children by 99%, but the incidence of hemophilic infection among adults increased 11.5-fold between 1998 and 2008. Most of the cases were in the serotype F and in the capsule-free strains.The mortality was 22%.

Between 1996 and 2004, the number of Hib cases in Illinois increased by 2.5 times, and among the elderly by 3.5 times.The number of cases of infection with HQ-free increased by 657%.If in 1996, Hib's bespaksulnaya was responsible for 17.5% of the cases, in 2004 it was responsible already in 70.7% of cases, the lethality was 12.7%, and among the elderly - 20.6%. The mortality of serotype F among the elderly was 11.1%, and the serotype E - 38.5%.

For a long time I doubted about the vaccinations from Hib and pneumococcus, because these diseases can really be dangerous.The fact that I personally put the final cross on these vaccinations was the following article published in a rather marginal journal specializing in hypotheses It seems that even for this marginal magazine, the article was too marginal, and accompanied by an editorial article in which they write that, despite , that the theme of the connection between vaccines and autism is already worn to holes and a denial bent, and that although the author of the article is not a scientist at all, his hypothesis is, nevertheless, quite plausible, and it should be checked.

I highly recommend reading this article in full.Editorial article is also worth reading.Conjugated vaccines radically change immunological response to carbohydrate antigens In the absence of a conjugated vaccine, carbohydrate antigens usually do not induce an immune response of T cells, but induce a weaker response (T-cell independent). This is due to the fact that B2 cells do not synthesize antibodies without the signal of T-helper cells. In order for this to happen, the B2-cell, and its related T-helper cell, should recognize the same, or similar epitope. But since T cells recognize only protein epitopes, T helper cells are usually able to activate B2 cells in response to protein antigens. In response to bacterial capsular polysaccharides, the immune system forms a response through cells B1 and MZB (Marginal zone B). B1 cells do not begin to react to bacterial carbohydrate antigens until 18-24 months, and their response does not fully mature until about 5 years of age. Therefore, infants and young children are unable to respond effectively to capsular bacteria. Conjugated vaccines use the fact that B2 cells and their related T helper cells do not have to respond to an identical epitope, but rather recognize closely related epitopes. Although the mechanisms by which conjugate vaccines work are not fully understood, it is believed that antigen-presenting cells, treat the combined protein carrier and carbohydrate hapten, which leads to recognition of the protein carrier by T-helper cells, and recognition of carbohydrate antigens by B2 cells. That is, conjugated vaccines change the immunological response to carbohydrate antigens in infants and young children, from a hypo-sensitive to a full T cell response.Because antibodies against carbohydrate antigens are often autoreactive with their own carbohydrates, the differentiation of B cells to B2 cells can lead to an autoimmune reaction. Therefore, B cells against carbohydrate antigens are carefully regulated by the immune system. Antibodies to native carbohydrates are associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, myocarditis and rheumatic heart disease, Sydenham's chorea, and children's autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS).Unlike antibodies produced by B2 cells, antibodies produced by B1 and MZB cells are short-lived and low-affinity, and conducted to an autoimmune reaction withAutism has an increased level of antibodies to nervous structures and an increased level of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain, which indicates that autoimmune and neuroinflammatory processes can play a role in some cases of autism.Because myelinization (the formation of an insulating nerve fibers) is most intense during the first 9 months of life, and continues in early childhood, neuronal development in infants and young children can be particularly vulnerable to self-reactive antibodies, including those that react with glycoproteins in myelin sheaths.

The first conjugate vaccine (from Hib) appeared in the US in 1988, and was later licensed in most other developed countries, including Denmark in 1993, and Izr ail, where it was licensed in 1992, and introduced into the national vaccination calendar in 1994.The incidence of autism began to rise dramatically in the US since births in the middle of 1987. In Denmark and Israel, the jump in autism began about 5 years later.In 1990, the vaccine was licensed to infants from the age of two months, which may explain the further increase in autism.Another explanation for the increase in autism in the mid-90s could be a change in the protein carrier used in the vaccine, which made her more immune gene. If the Hib vaccine is an autism trigger, then an increase in its immunogenicity and a change in the binding site may increase the likelihood of autism.The licensing of the pneumococcal vaccine in 2000 may partially explain the further increase in autism. Children born in 1995 were the first to be vaccinated against pneumococcus, and this is consistent with CDC data, according to which the level of autism in 1992-1994 did not change, and in 1998 autism was already 57% higher than in 1994, m.In Denmark, the Hib vaccine was licensed in 1993, but immediately followed by an aggressive vaccination campaign for children, starting in 1988, which coincides with the growth of autism among those born in 1988 and later. > In Israel, the number of children receiving disability benefits due to autism did not change from 1972 to 1995. But from 1996 to 1998, their number increased 5-fold, which is explained by this hypothesis. In 2004, 11% of the beneficiaries were born in 1985-89 (before vaccine licensing), 21.1% were born in 1990-94 (the beginning of vaccination), and 37% were born in 1995-99 (immediately after the vaccination was introduced National calendar). The immune system in response to the carbohydrate membrane of capsular bacteria produces antibodies through B1 and MZB cells in adults, and in children older than 5 years. But children under 5 years of age react poorly to carbohydrate antigens. Conjugated vaccines consist of a protein carrier attached to a carbohydrate antigen, and are able to circumvent this restriction of the immune system to carbohydrate antigens in children. Due to the protein carrier, these vaccines can induce the production of antibodies by B2 cells. The development of antibodies to carbohydrate antigens via B2 cells is a significant departure from the natural paradigm in which B1 and MZB cells usually produce short-lived antibodies against carbohydrate antigens, and B2 cells produce more long-living against protein antigens. In addition to the fact that the immune system of children under 5 years of age reacts poorly to capsular bacteria, the maternal IgM and IgG2 antibodies do not pass well the placenta, from which it follows that the embryos are probably also not protected from capsular bacteria. From the point of view of evolution, this is quite unexpected. It is possible that this evolutionary flaw is accompanied by a compensatory evolutionary advantage. One possible explanation is that antibodies to carbohydrate antigens can be cross-reactive with neuronal glycoproteins, and a fine balance has been achieved, by evolution, between evolutionary protection against capsular bacteria and the need for development of the nervous system. This is consistent with the fact that myelination begins with infancy, and lasts until early childhood, which coincides with the period during which the immune system is hypo-sensitive to carbohydrate antigens. Moreover, the period during which the immune system is least sensitive to carbohydrate antigens corresponds to the period of the most intense myelination. It is possible that antibodies to carbohydrates not only interfere with the development of the nervous system in infants and young children, but their negative effects are strengthened by a stable a response of the immune system induced by conjugated vaccines, which significantly disturbs the balance achieved by evolution.

Many people believe that influenza vaccination can cause flu, the authors conducted this study to prove that it is not so.They found that: 1) The incidence of influenza among vaccinated and unvaccinated did not differ. 2) The incidence of other respiratory diseases among vaccinated children was 71% higher than that of unvaccinated children.

Some health professionals may not want to be vaccinated against swine flu because the vaccine contains a mercury preservative thiomersal that can be harmful to health.It should check the level of vitamin D and make up for the deficit if necessary. the level of vitamin D is 50-75 ng/mL, and the optimal dose for adults is 4000-5000 IU per day.

In 1958, there was a polio epidemic in Michigan (more than 1,200 cases), most of them in Detroit, 1,060 of them had blood tests and feces. Of those who had a feces analysis, 46% did not have viruses, 33% had poliovirus, 11% had echovirus, and 8% had Coxsackie virus. Of those who had a blood test, only 25% of paralyzed had a poliovirus. paralysis was not poliovirus.Coxsackies and echoviruses were responsible for more cases of non-paralytic poliomyelitis and aseptic meningitis than for iovirus. 11, paralyzed from polio patients have been vaccinated at least three doses.

The Cutter Incident, 50 Years Later (Offit, 2005, N Engl J Med)During clinical trials IPV, Salk published an article in which he claimed that the entire virus in the vaccine was inactivated but did not provide data on all batches of the vaccine.Paul Meier (the same from Kaplan-Meier) believed that something with the data was unclean and that to deal with this, NFIP formed an advisory committee.When someone did not agree, he was expelled from the committee, and someone else was sought, more accommodating. reformed 5-6 times, until after everyone agreed.After clinical trials, the NFIP gave the committee two hours to review the materials, after which the license for the production of the Salk vaccine was given to six companies.Two weeks after the licensing, some children vaccinated with the vaccine Cutter Laboratories, were paralyzed, and the vaccine was withdrawn, but 380,000 children were already vaccinated. Subsequently, it turned out that 40,000 of them became ill with polio, 200 were paralyzed and 10 died, because the vaccine was not sufficiently inactivated and contained a living virus. The Wyeth vaccine also resulted in paralysis and death in some cases. Other companies also had difficulties with inactivating the virus. Too little formaldehyde did not kill the virus, but too much made the vaccine useless. And the remnants of various substances in the vaccine protected the viral particles from formaldehyde.Because other vaccine manufacturers threatened newspapers that they would reduce the amount of advertising, it was decided to blame the whole blame on Cutter.Despite the fact that Cutter's negligence was not proven, the court ordered her to pay compensation. Over time, this led to an abundance of lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers, which resulted in the adoption of a law in 1986 that it was impossible to sue vaccine manufacturers. Compensation since then can only be obtained by filing a lawsuit in a special federal court, which is funded by a tax on vaccines. However, one loophole remained. If the special court rejected the claim, then it could be submitted to the company in a regular court. The author (familiar to us already Paul Offit) believes that the loophole needs to be covered, since these courts are worth millions of dollars for companies, and are distracting them from the production of such important drugs.

The epidemic of poliomyelitis in 1930 (927 cases), it turned out that it was caused by raw milk in which "poliomyelitis streptococcus". As soon as the milk was no longer used, new cases ceased to occur. epidemics of poliomyelitis due to milk: [1], [2], [3], [4].

In recent years, a new strange syndrome has appeared in the US, which is most likely caused by some kind of infection, which was called the "virus X". Syndrome is accompanied by acute gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain , diarrhea, runny nose, cough, sore throat, joint pain, muscle weakness, fatigue and paralysis.Afterwards it was found out that all these symptoms were caused by DDT Paralysis from DDT is similar to poliomyelitis. Although DDT is a fatal poison, it is considered completely safe in all doses.It is used in every home in unlimited quantities They are sprayed on the skin, on the bed and clothes, on food and on dishes, on agricultural crops and on cattle.DDT is a cumulative poison.Many small doses are also lethal, like one large dose.DDT can not be removed from food, it accumulates in fat cells, and is excreted in breast milk. The large-scale intoxication of the American population will certainly occur.

- Here is an analysis of dozens of cases and polio outbreaks, in which paralysis was caused by lead poisoning, arsenic, mercury, cyanide, pesticides, carbon monoxide, etc.It is also reported that vitamin C, which is effective treats poliomyelitis, was also used to treat poisonings.A century ago, it was noticed that lemon juice protects from poisoning by fish, which sometimes led to paralysis, which is probably the reason that fish is usually served with lemon juice.- Monkeys never infected each other with polyo myelitis.Among other things it is reported that when animals were injected with aluminum hydroxide, they formed protein aggregates similar to infectious encephalitis.- Previously observed epidemics of pellagra and beriberi, and therefore it was believed that these are infectious diseases. Because in 1911 poliomyelitis was introduced into the Public Health Law as a contagious and infectious disease, only virologists deal with it, and ordinary doctors can not participate in the research. Because of this, no studies are also being conducted, whether poisoning can be the cause of poliomyelitis. Such studies are not funded.

In 1921, Franklin Roosevelt, who later became president of the United States, was diagnosed with polio. Roosevelt founded the March of Dimes (NFIP) organization, which funded the creation of polio vaccine and the treatment of the disease, no one doubted his diagnosis The times of any paralysis were polio.In this article the authors analyze in detail the historical evidence of Roosevelt's symptoms, make a Bayesian analysis of each symptom, and conclude that according to three different methods of analysis, Roosevelt most likely had a syndrome th Guillain-Barre syndrome, not poliomyelitis.

The previous article, of course, was sharply criticized, historians and neurologists did not want to lose the poliomyelitis president. In this article, the authors respond in detail to the published criticism, and conclude that in the 13 years that have passed since the publication of their article, No alternative analysis of Roosevelt's disease was published, and that historians and doctors continue to believe in Roosevelt's polio because of confirmation bias and appeal to authority, and also because Guillain-Barre destroys the beautiful history of poliomyelitis, in which Roosevelt's disease is logically linked to his leading role in the victory over poliomyelitis.

Here is the report of 119 cases of meningoencephalitis caused by mumps in San Francisco in 12 years (1943-1955). Most cases are mild, with no complications, no neurological consequences, last less than 5 days, and rarely require hospitalization. Death due to mumps meningoencephalitis is a very rare phenomenon, and in the entire medical literature only 3 such cases have been described (including one out of these 119).

20 years after the invention of the vaccine and 10 years after it became widely used, the first mumps outbreak (118 cases) occurred in the workplace (Chicago Futures Exchange). Total costs associated with the outbreak amounted to $120,738, whereas the vaccine costs only $4.47.The authors report that historically, vaccine prevention of mumps did not get as much attention as the other diseases, because it is a mild one. However, $1,500 per case of mumps is too expensive, when the vaccine only costs $4.47 in public and $8.80 in private sectors. Research shows that every dollar invested in the mumps vaccine, saves $7-$14. In addition, mumps in adults often leads to complications. 10-38% of post-pubertal men get orchitis. Also, mumps patients often develop meningitis (0.6% of cases among those aged 20 years or more). Getting mumps during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage. In pre-vaccination times, mumps outbreaks were observed mainly in prisons, orphanages and army barracks.

Diphtheria was always considered a childhood disease, but in mid 20th century adults also began to get sick with it. In 1960, 21% of the disease cases were in adults (over 15 years of age). In 1964, there were already 36% of adults, and it 1970s – 48%. The mortality ratio has also changed. In the 1960s, 70% of those who died of diphtheria in Canada were children, in in the 1970s, 73% of those who died were adults.

In the 1960s, the Indians suffered from diphtheria 20 times more often than white people, and 3 times more often black people. The reason is considered to be in the lack of proper hygiene due to the Indians’ poverty.

In the late 1960s, there were diphtheria outbreaks in Austin (88 cases) and San Antonio (196 cases). Diphtheria was mainly observed in the city districts with a low socioeconomic status.

One of the forms of diphtheria is cutaneous (skin) diphtheria. It is commonly found in homeless people, and is much less dangerous.Cutaneous diphtheria is associated mostly with the poorer population, living in crowded conditions with low hygienic standards. By 1975, 67% of diphtheria cases were of the cutaneous type, and it was mostly Indians who got sick. In an overwhelming majority of cases the cutaneous diphtheria infection is also accompanied by staphylococcus and streptococcus. It seems that a skin infection of streptococcus and staphylococcus predisposes to secondary infection with diphtheria, and the low level of hygiene is a main contributing factor.

In the 1970s, there was a diphtheria outbreak in Seattle. Of the 558 cases, 334 were from Skid Road (i.e. homeless). 3 people died. 74% suffered from cutaneous diphtheria. 70% were heavy alcoholics.

In 1971, there was a diphtheria outbreak in Vancouver (44 cases). Most of the cases were poor alcoholics.

In 1973, there was an outbreak among the Indian children. 4 children with cutaneous diphtheria were the source.

Cutaneous diphtheria was recognized as an infection reservoir in 1969 in Louisiana and Alabama. The bacterium was isolated in 30% of healthy people. Vaccinated and unvaccinated people were equally infected.

Diphtheria outbreak in Baltimore. 103 cases were recorded in 1943. 29% of the patients have been vaccinated, and another 14% claimed that they have also been vaccinated, but had no documented proof. Consequently, they started to vaccinate more in Baltimore. In the first half of 1944, 142 cases were already recorded. 63% of them have been vaccinated.

The researchers ran blood tests of 104 California residents. Agglutinins to several strains of tetanus bacteria were found in the blood of 80% of them, but they did not have antibodies. The authors believe that tetanus bacteria were in the intestines of these people in the past, but did not survive there and thus they do not have the antitoxin. Tetanus agglutinins have not been researched since then.

In four years from 1922 to 1925 in California, 245 cases of tetanus have been recorded. Mortality rate was 67%. Among the 530 people in the study, the authors found bacteria in the intestines of 24%. They believe that the presence of tetanus bacteria in the intestines depends on the microflora, since they have always seen other types of bacteria along with tetanus bacteria, and did not see other bacteria, when the tetanus bacteria were absent.

70% of Americans had protective levels of tetanus antibodies (0.15 IU/ml). The children had protective levels higher than 80%, but much lower than the vaccination coverage (96%). Less than 5% of parents refused vaccination, meaning that refusing vaccination is not a significant factor for the absence of antibodies in the USA. It is reported here that in tetanus vaccinated animals, TTC (non-toxic fragment of tetanus toxin) reached the brain in the same amount as in the unvaccinated animals.

As in the case with whooping cough, it is argued that the vaccine is responsible for reducing the incidence of tetanus by 92%, and the mortality rate by 99%. This article analyzes cases of tetanus in USA since 1900 and shows a graph, according to which, the mortality rate decreased by more than 95% even before the vaccination began in the late 40s.

The risk of contracting pertussis after the fifth dose of the vaccine increases every year by 42%, and after five years the vaccine is already ineffective (assuming an initial effectiveness of 95%). Out of all the pertussis-affected children in northern California, none have been hospitalized, and none have died. More: [1].

During the whooping cough epidemic of 2010, the majority of cases were children aged between 8 and 12 years old. There was no difference in the incidence between vaccinated, under-vaccinated and unvaccinated children (2 to 12 years).

The blood concentration of mercury in premature infants increased more than 13-fold after the hepatitis B vaccine (form 0.54 to 7.36 μg/l). The concentration of mercury in full-term infants increased 56-fold (from 0.04 to 2.24 μg/l). The initial level of mercury in premature infants was 10 times higher, than in full-term infants (no statistical significance), which hints at a higher maternal level of mercury in premature infants. Although, according to the HHS (Health & Human Services) guidelines, 5-20 μg/l is considered to be the normal level of mercury in the blood, there are discrepancies in the published literature about which levels are considered toxic and which are normal. Moreover, this data was obtained from adults who were exposed to mercury in the workplace.

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