He wrote an encyclopedic book on medicine called the Canon of Medicine which remained in use for over 700 years for all medical students throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia. Even the word "canon" is the Latinized Arabic word Qanoon, which means "law."

Fought in battles as the head of an army brigade.

First to discover diabetes, tuberculosis, and cataract.

Omar Al-Khayyamعمر الخيام

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1048 AD.
Neisabur, Persia.
1131 AD.
Ruba'iyat (poetry).

Lived and studied in Persia.

Specialized in mathematics, astronomy, poetry, and philosophy.

Introduced the "X" in Algebra. For the unknown variable he used the Arabic word Shay' (شيء), which means "something." Arabic math books then simply wrote the first letter of that word (س). The books were first translated into Spanish, where the letter X is pronounced as "Sh," writing it "Xay" and then "X" for short.

Invented the most accurate calendar; the Jalali calendar (no longer in use).

Composed some of the best known poetry in the world.

Abu Hamid Al-Ghazaliأبو حامد الغزالي

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1058 AD.
Khorasan, Persia
1111 AD.

Lived and studied in Persia and in Baghdad, Iraq (Syria).

Specialized in philosophy, jurisprudence, logic, and Islamic law.

Separated between philosophy and science, and between philosophy and religion.

Known as the second greatest authority on Jewish law after Moses the prophet until this day.

Appointed by Salahuddin as top court physician.

Al-Tusiنصير الدين الطوسي

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1201 AD.
Tus, Khurasan (Persia)
1274 AD.
Mathematics and Astronomy

Lived and studied in Naysabur then Baghdad.

Specialized in philosophy, logic, mathematics, astronomy, biology, poetry, and jurisprudence; and was strongly influenced by his predecessors like Avicenna, of whom he wrote many commentaries.

Resolved Aristotle's claim that motion can only be linear or circular. Tusi proved that a linear motion can result from two circular motions; later became known as the "Tusi Couple" (see graphs below). The Tusi Couple resolved many astronomical mysteries, particularly planetary orbits. It was later used by many astronomers, including Copernicus, to deduce the heliocentric model.

Discovered the law of conservation of mass (chemistry)

Formulated the mathematical laws of Sines, CoSines, and Tangents for plane and spherical triangles.

Wrote a theory on how human beings evolved from higher animals, thus preceding Darwin by over 600 years.

His life was spared by Hulagu (Genghis Khan's grandson and leader of the Mongol armies that invaded the Abbasid caliphate), because he accurately predicted the time and day of a lunar eclipse, which Hulagu saw as evidence of superior fortune telling abilities, useful for battles.

Built the first astronomical observatory in Persia, as part of a huge academy that contained more than 400,000 volumes of books on science and literature, many of which he had rescued from Baghdad's library the Mongols had burned down.