Presentation Transcript

HISTORY & CLINICAL EXAMINATION IN OBSTETRICS:

HISTORY IN OBSTETRIC:

HISTORY IN OBSTETRIC

PowerPoint Presentation:

AN OBSTETRIC HISTORY SHOULD INCLUDE: Current pregnancy details. Past obstetric history. Past gynecological history. Past medical and surgical history. Drug history and allergies. Family history-especially multiple pregnancy, diabetes, hypertension, chromosome or congenital malformations. Social history. History of systemic review Case summary

PowerPoint Presentation:

CURRENT PREGNANCY BIODATA Name Age Occupation Relationship status Booking status Gravidity (i.e. number of pregnancies including the current one). Parity (i.e. number of births beyond 24 weeks gestation) LMP EDD

PowerPoint Presentation:

The expected date of delivery (EDD) can be calculated from the last menstrual period (LMP) using Naegele’s rule (add 1 year and 7 days to the LMP and subtract 3 months) Long cycles Irregular periods Relevant use of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) Ist trimester scan is more reliable as compare to LMP in these case

PowerPoint Presentation:

GRAVIDITY AND PARITY EXPLAINED The terminology used is gravida x, Para a+b: X is the total number of pregnancies (including this one). A is the number of births beyond 24 weeks gestation. B is the number of miscarriages or termination of pregnancies before 24 weeks gestation. Example A woman who is pregnant for the 4 th time with 1 normal delivery at term, 1 termination at 9 weeks and 1 miscarriage at 16 weeks would be gravida 4, Para 1+2.

PowerPoint Presentation:

HISTORY OF CURRENT PREGNANCY Ist trimester Second trimester Third trimester History of labor HISTORY OF IST TRIMESTER method of confirmation of pregnancy,LMP General health (tiredness, malaise, and other non-specific symptoms) Bleeding ,pain.( Ectopic pregnancy,misscariage) Vaginal discharge Hyperemesis Urinary problems Investigations( ultrasound,blood and urine test ) drug history (treatment) vaccination

HISTORY OF SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER:

HISTORY OF SECOND & THIRD TRIMESTER History of fetal movements Symptoms of anemia, Miscarriage ,Ectopic pregnancy,Vaginal discharge,UTI,hyper emesis gravidarum Symptoms of aph,pih.diabetes,preterm labor Ask for vaccination

PowerPoint Presentation:

Results of all antenatal blood tests-routine and specific. Results of anomaly and other scans (details of results can be cross checked with the notes). IF SHE IS POSTNATAL: Labor and delivery History of the postnatal period.

PowerPoint Presentation:

PAST OBSTETRIC HISTORY INCLUDES: Details of all previous pregnancies (including miscarriages and terminations). Length of gestation. Date and place of delivery. Onset of labor (including details of induction of labor).

PowerPoint Presentation:

Mode of delivery. Sex and birth weight. Fetal and neonatal life. Clear details of any complications or adverse outcomes (such as shoulder dystocia, postpartum hemorrhage, or stillbirth).

PowerPoint Presentation:

History often repeats itself, so previous antenatal, intrapartum, or postpartum complications should influence the management of this pregnancy. GYNAECOLOGICAL HISTORY Method of contraception before conception. Menstrual history Cervical smear history. Coital problems

PowerPoint Presentation:

PAST HISTORY (MEDICAL & SURGICAL) Medical conditions such as hypertension, epilepsy, or diabetes. Details of any consultations with other physicians (neurologist or endocrinologist). Involvement of multidisciplinary teams. Details of any previous surgery.

PowerPoint Presentation:

DRUG AND ALLERGY HISTORY Current medications Medications taken at any time during the pregnancy. Any allergies and their severity (anaphylaxis or a rash?).

PowerPoint Presentation:

FAMILY HISTORY Any history of hereditary illnesses or congenital defects is important and is required to ensure adequate counseling and screening is offered. Familial disorders such as thrombophilia's. Previously affected pregnancies with any chromosomal or genetic disorders. multiple gestations Consanguinity.

PowerPoint Presentation:

SOCIAL HISTORY living status total family members earning members Planes for breast feeding Domestic violence screening PERSONAL HISTORY Smoking, other narcotics. History of drug or alcohol abuse. Sleep Diet Bowel habits..

HISTORY OF SYSTEMIC REVIEW:

HISTORY OF SYSTEMIC REVIEW CNC CVS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM GIT GENITALIA URINARY SYSTEM LOCOMOTORY SYSTEM

PowerPoint Presentation:

Superficial veins (alternate paths of venous drainage due to pressure on the inferior vena cava by a gravid uterus). Surgical scars (a low pfannenstiel incision may be obscured by pubic hair, and laparoscopy scars hidden within the umbilicus).

PAWLIC GRIP:

PELVIC GRIP:

PowerPoint Presentation:

NORMAL UTERINE SIZE The uterus normally becomes palpable at 12 weeks gestation. It reaches the level of the umbilicus at 20 weeks gestation. It is at the xiphi sternum at 36 weeks gestation.

PowerPoint Presentation:

SYMPHYSIS-FUNDAL HEIGHT The SFH detects approximately 40-60% of small-for-gestational age fetuses but its predictive value in detecting large-for-dates fetuses is considerably less. The uterine size is objectively measured with a tape measure from the highest point of the fundus to the upper margin of the symphysis pubis.

PowerPoint Presentation:

Appropriate growth is usually estimated to be the number of weeks gestation in centimeters (at 30 weeks the SFH should be 30 cm + 2 cm): + 2 cm from 20 until 36 weeks gestation. + 3 cm between 36 and 40 weeks. + 4 cm at 40 weeks.

PowerPoint Presentation:

FETAL LIE (relationship of longitudinal axis of fetus to that of the uterus): Longitudinal-fetal head or breech palpable over pelvic inlet. Oblique-the head or breech is palpable in the iliac fossa Transverse-fetal poles felt in flanks

PALPATION OF UTERINE CONTRACTION:

PALPATION OF UTERINE CONTRACTION

PowerPoint Presentation:

AUSCULTATION OF THE FETAL HEART The fetal heart is best heard at the anterior shoulder of the fetus using: A doppler ultrasound device (Sonicaid) from about 12 weeks gestation. A fetal stethoscope (Pinard) from about 24 weeks gestation. In a breech presentation it is often heard at, or above, the level of the maternal umbilicus. The rate and the rhythm of the fetal heart should be determined over 1 minute.

PowerPoint Presentation:

FHR monitoring by fetoscope

Listening with a doppler:

Listening with a doppler

PowerPoint Presentation:

ENGAGEMENT ( maximum diameter pass through pelvic inlet) Conventionally, engagement or the passage of the maximal diameter of the presenting part beyond the pelvic inlet, is estimated using the palm width of the five fingers of the hand. If five fingers are needed to cover the head above the pelvic brim, it is five-fifths palpable, and if no head is palpable, it is zero-fifths palpable.

PowerPoint Presentation:

Normally, the fetus engages in an attitude of flexion in the transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet, unless the pelvis is very roomy where it may engage in any diameter. In nulliparous women, engagement usually occurs by 37 weeks but in multiparous women it may not occur until the onset of labour. Rare causes of non-engagement should always be considered and investigated with an ultrasound scan (USS) (including placenta praevia and fetal abnormality)

PowerPoint Presentation:

In women of Afro-Caribbean origin, engagement may only occur at the onset or during the course of labour, even in nulliparous women. Paulik’s grip This is a one-handed technique that uses a cupped right hand to grasp and assess the lower pole of the uterus (usually the fetal head). This can be very uncomfortable and is not necessary if the head can be palpated using two hands.

PowerPoint Presentation:

ENGAGEMENT A head that is only two-fifths palpable is usually considered to be engaged (and therefore fixed in the pelvis). Put simply: an easily palpable head is not engaged, whereas a head more difficult to palpate is more likely to be deeply engaged. Care must be taken, as a breech presentation can some times be mistaken for a deeply engaged head.

PowerPoint Presentation:

VAGINAL EXAMINATION A vaginal examination (speculum or digital examination) is not part of a routine obstetric examination but may be indicated to diagnose rupture of membranes or onset of labour.