Through most of the year, 46-year-old Vinod Vijay Nevse is an art director. But for a few months leading up to September, he turns to idol-making.

Because that’s when he prepares for one of India’s most popular festivals, Ganesh Chaturthi, in the run up to which hundreds of artisans like Nevse make and sell thousands of small and big idols of the Hindu god Ganesh.

“The Ganpati festival is the best time for my business,” Nevse, whose workshop is located in the western Mumbai suburb of Bandra, told Quartz.

However, Nevse’s business model isn’t as profitable as many others’ because there still aren’t many takers for clay. Other sculptors usually go for the cheaper, but ecologically harmful, plaster of Paris or PoP.

“I only make clay idols, so I sold just about 175 idols this year. Others in this area sell nearly a 1,000 using plastic, but that hurts the environment. That’s not how I do business,” said Nevse. “On a Rs 2,000 clay idol, I make a Rs 300-Rs 400 profit... With PoP, my profits would be as high as Rs 1,200.”

So only the likes of Nevse, who have another job, can afford to put the environment first. In all other idol-making workshops near Nevse’s, PoP remains the frontrunner, accounting for 80% of sales.

This clay-versus-PoP debate has in recent years become a key aspect of the discourse on the environment in connection with the annual festival.

The elephant god cometh

Ganesh Chaturthi is the birthday of elephant god Ganesh or Ganpati, venerated for his wisdom and ability to remove hurdles. It is marked by hundreds of thousands of idols being installed, worshipped, and then, rather ceremoniously, disposed into the nearest available water body.

By some estimates, over 200,000 such idols – an overwhelming majority made of PoP – are immersed each year at the end of the festival in just Mumbai, India’s financial capital, where the festival is the most popular.

Activists say PoP is terrible for the ecology because it is non-biodegradable and can take many months to dissolve; clay takes about an hour. A small 2014 study of two Mumbai lakes showed that post-immersion, the hardness, chlorinity, salinity, and turbidity of the water increase and oxygen levels plummet.

PoP versus clay: Who will win?

Chetan Varaskar Pratikrat, a third-generation idol-maker with a massive workshop close to Nevse’s, makes only 20% of his 1,000-odd idols using clay; the rest are made of PoP.

A supplier to up to 40 local pandals – decorated canopies that have now come to represent neighbourhood festival-organising teams – making a Ganpati idol over three feet in height using clay is next to impossible for Pratikrat. “Clay is too heavy to handle in big sizes and time-consuming,” he says. “The finishing on PoP is superior, too. Besides, clay is also more prone to cracking.”

Profits come first. (Photo credit: Ananya Bhattacharya/Quartz)

Buyers, too, consider clay “heavy and fragile”, a worker at Govind Arts, another Ganesh idol stall in the area, explained. Customers steer clear of clay statues, fearing they will be damaged in transit or may cause accidents. For every clay statue Govind Arts sells, five PoP statues fly off the shelves.

“There are very few artists left. Everybody wants fast money today,” Nevse, who has hired four to five workers, said.

Pratikrat’s workshop and Govind Arts, both of which have been around for over 40 years, each have between 20 and 25 workers. But they are not all from Mumbai. During the Ganpati season, workers are called in from Pen, a village in Maharashtra that’s famous for its Ganesh idols, and Madhya Pradesh to fill the talent gap.

Befriending the environment

While Govind Arts is predominantly focused on PoP, it recommends clay idols to every customer. The firm has also begun selling papier-mâché Ganesh idols this year. However, they also miscalculated a little, planning to make 100 statues but only managing nine. One papier-mâché idol took 15 days to complete.

So next year, Govind Arts will begin preparations well before April.

Meanwhile, there have also been other symbolic attempts at making the festival more eco-friendly.