Intranasal corticosteroid potency

The images show a normal dog white blood cell: the important anatomy is of the cell is indicated (cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm).

When the parainfluenza virus or adenovirus enters the body of a dog, it attaches to the cell membrane of a particular body-cell-type that it has been specially 'designed' to invade. The virus has specific surface proteins, called attachment proteins, that allow itto recognize, bind to and access certain cell types. For example, in canine cough, the cells that the virus prefers to invade are the cells of the upper respiratory tract and mucous membranes (conjunctiva of the eye and lining of the mouth and nose). When a kennel cough virus attaches to the right kind of cell, one of two things may happen: 1) the virus outer membrane fuses with the cell membrane (in the case of paramyxovirus), resulting in the virus capsid and RNA being released into the cytoplasm of the cell OR 2) the cell membrane reaches outwards, surrounding the adenovirus or parainfluenza 2 virus inside a 'bubble' of cell membrane (the process is termed endocytosis ). This bubble gets released into the cell's cytoplasm where the virus fuses with it, resulting in the release of the viral RNA or DNA into the cytoplasm. Either way, the genetic material of the virus (RNA or DNA) ends up within the cytoplasm of the host cell.

Persons who are using drugs that suppress the immune system (., corticosteroids) are more
susceptible to infections than healthy individuals. Chickenpox and measles , for example, can have a
more serious or even fatal course in susceptible children or adults using corticosteroids. In children or
adults who have not had these diseases or been properly immunized, particular care should be taken to
avoid exposure. How the dose, route, and duration of corticosteroid administration affect the risk of
developing a disseminated infection is not known. The contribution of the underlying disease and/or
prior corticosteroid treatment to the risk is also not known. If a patient is exposed to chickenpox,
prophylaxis with varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG) may be indicated. If a patient is exposed to
measles, prophylaxis with pooled intramuscular immunoglobulin ( IG ) may be indicated (see the
respective package inserts for complete VZIG and IG prescribing information). If chickenpox or
measles develops, treatment with antiviral agents may be considered.

In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO 2 retention (eg, those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), MORPHABOND ER may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO 2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with MORPHABOND ER. Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury. Avoid the use of MORPHABOND ER in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.

Intranasal Corticosteroids: These drugs are administered directly into the nose by spray and work to reduce inflammation and discomfort. They are now available OTC as Nasacort Allergy 24HR (triamcinolone) and Flonase Allergy Relief (fluticasone). Symptom improvement can be seen almost immediately, though maximal efficacy can take a few days. Discontinue use and call your doctor if symptoms do not improve within 7 days, or if new symptoms occur. Side effects are minimal and include dry nose and unpleasant smell or taste. Ask your pharmacist about the proper technique to administer intranasal medications.

Intranasal corticosteroid potency

Intranasal Corticosteroids: These drugs are administered directly into the nose by spray and work to reduce inflammation and discomfort. They are now available OTC as Nasacort Allergy 24HR (triamcinolone) and Flonase Allergy Relief (fluticasone). Symptom improvement can be seen almost immediately, though maximal efficacy can take a few days. Discontinue use and call your doctor if symptoms do not improve within 7 days, or if new symptoms occur. Side effects are minimal and include dry nose and unpleasant smell or taste. Ask your pharmacist about the proper technique to administer intranasal medications.