Congenital cystic Adenomatoid malformation is a rare developmental abnormality of the lung occuring in 1-4/100000 live births.In most cases the outcome with CCAM in fetus is very good,while in some cases the outcome is very bad and can be life threatning for the fetus.we report here a case of 40 day old female infant who presented with worsening respiratory distress since birth and x ray and CT chest were suggestive of Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid malformation.

Onychomycosis refers to nail infections caused by any fungus, including yeasts and nondermatophyte molds. Fungal infection has emerged as an important cause of neonatal infections with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in extremely low and very low birth weight infants. We report a 24-days-old boy who presented with onychomycosis on left ring finger nail associated with fungal urine tract infection. Nail finding helped us in detecting fungal urinary tract infection (UTI). Further studies are needed to evaluate the etiologies and treatment of neonatal onychomycosis, and dermatologists should pay attention to this rare event. Hence we are reporting this rare case.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare condition. The reported incidence of intrathoracic renal ectopia due to CDH is also rare. A right-sided thoracic kidney is much less common due to the location of the liver. Isolated intrathoracic kidney is usually asymptomatic and diagnosed incidentally on chest imaging. The authors report on a 21days old female infant with late-presenting right sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with intrathoracic ectopic kidney and adrenal gland. Prenatal ultrasound showed no pathology. A female baby was investigated for silent tachypnoea, a chest x-ray confirmed the diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, the postnatal ultrasound revealed a right-sided kidney herniation. On computed tomography (CT) scan intrathoracic ectopic kidney was diagnosed. CDH is an delivery room emergency. This case had complex anatomy of right side CDH and intrathoracic kidney and presentation was only tachypnoea. Hence we are reporting this case.

Background: infant mortality rate is one of the main health indicators for assessing the health system’s performance over the world. We aim to examine the socioeconomic and health system factors affect infant mortality in OPEC from 2004 to 2013. Methods: was used to examine the effects of some of the key explanatory factors (total fertility rate per women, GDP per capita (current US$), public health expenditure as % of total health expenditure and female labor force participation rate) on infant mortality in OPEC from 2004 to 2013. These data were obtained from World Bank and World Health Organization data bank. Results: our results showed the total fertility rate had a positive and significant impact on infant mortality in the studied period. Also, there are negative significant associations between GDP per capita and public health expenditure with infant mortality. We did not observe any relationship between infant mortality and female labour force participation rate in the studied countries from 2004 to 2013. Conclusion: total fertility rate per women, GDP per capita (current US$), public health expenditure as % of total health expenditure were identified as the main factors affecting on infant mortality in OPEC over the ten years (2004-2013). This study enables health policy-makers to better understand the factors affecting on infant mortality and thereby take necessary steps in managing and decreasing the infant mortality rate in the studied countries.

Introduction: Diabetes is a complex metabolic disease that not only inheritance, but also lifestyle and knowledge of individuals about the disease have an important role in the prevalence of it. The current study was carried out with purpose of determining the effect of training on doing diabetes prevention behaviors among students in Mashhad. Methods: In this semi- empirical study, 102 students (51 for test and 51 for control) were examined by multistage random sampling. Educational content included 4 sessions each lasted for 2 hours using methods such as lectures, question and answer, slide show about the diabetes disease, its complications and prevention methods and questionnaires were completed by students in three stages (before the intervention, immediately after intervention and two months after the intervention). Data analysis was performed by SPSS16 software and independent T, repeated measurement and descriptive tests. Results: The results of this study showed that before the training there were no significant differences between test and control groups in terms of the mean knowledge, attitude and practice score but after the training a significant increase was observed in the test group (P<0.001). Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence diabetes among people and irreparable complications of the disease in old ages, training in adolescence in order to enhance their knowledge, attitude and practice in prevention of the diabetes can be considered as an effective step.

Background: Febrile seizures are one of the most common neurological conditions of childhood. It seems that zinc deficiency is associated with increased risk of febrile seizures.Aim: To estimate the serum Zinc level in children with simple Febrile seizures and to find the correlation between serum zinc level and simple Febrile seizures.Materials and Methods: The proposed study was a hospital based prospective case control study which included infants and children aged between 6 months to 5 years, at Post Graduate Department of Pediatrics, (SMGS) Hospital, GMC Jammu, northern India. A total of 200 infants and children fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. Patients were divided into 100(cases) in Group A with simple febrile seizure and 100(controls) in Group B of children with acute febrile illness without seizure. All patients were subjected to detailed history and thorough clinical examination followed by relevant investigations.Results: Our study had slight male prepondance of 62% in cases and 58% in controls . Mean serum zinc level in cases was 61.53±15.87 ugm/dl and in controls it was 71.90+18.50 ugm/dl .Serum zinc level was found significantly low in cases of simple febrile seizures as compaired to controls ,with p value of

Introduction Since nutrition, especially in childhood and adolescence is an important effect on intelligence and learning, so that malnutrition delayed to later periods of life, so that these people during the course of studies, will have many problems, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nutrition on student learning. Materials and Methods This study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted. The sample size was all students that studying in a boarding school in five district of Mashhad-Iran. The valid and reliable questionnaire, consisted of 19 questions and specialized feeding habits of the students. Data were analyzed with spss-13 software. Results 90 students participated in the study guide. 48.9 % were second grade and 51.1 % were third grade of Junior High School. 24.4% of students in their grade point average were between was between 15-13; 65.6% were 15-18 and also 10% of them their grade point average were between 18-20. 67.8% of students said that they love so much sweetmeat and 61.1% of students with food, pickles and salt used as high. Results showed that 38.8% of students had used too much salt in food, and on the other hand, 27.8% of students had used salt moderate. Results showed that students who had a grade average lower, the consumption of fish, red and white meat, green and orange vegetables and dairy products were lower than the other students (p <0.05). Conclusion Students who had better nutritional behavior (consumption of Breakfast, fruits and vegetables and dairy products were more than the other students) had higher average scores than other students.

Background: Prevalence of undernutrition in developing countries, though on the declining trend, is still a cause for alarm.The prevalence in India is among the highest in the world. In such a scenario,this study was undertaken to find out the nutritional status of under five children attending the pediatric OPD of a tertiary care hospital of North East india. Methodology: The study was an OPD based cross sectional study carried out at the Pediatric OPD, NEIGRIHMS, Shillong.The study was carried out from 1stJanuary 2012 – 31st December 2012. Weight and Height was taken by trained staff following standard anthropometric techniques. A total of 6624 children aged 0-60 months were included in the study.Results: A total of 6624 children aged 0-60 months were enrolled during 1st January 2012 – 31st December 2012 in the Pediatric OPD, NEIGRIHMS. Out of these, 6183 children were included in the present analyses. Overall the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was 19.7%, 35.5% and 8.5% respectively. Of these, 9.0%, 19.7% and 3.4% children were found to be severely underweight, stunted and wasted. It was observed that the prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting was significantly higher in boys than girls. Based on the World Health Organization classification of severity in malnutrition, the overall prevalence of underweight (>19%) and stunting (>30%) was high. While the prevalence rates of wasting (5–9%) were medium. Conclusion: The nutritional status of the subjects is unsatisfactory. There is scope for a detailed community based study and nutritional interventions

Introduction After birth, many infants were in hospital undergo repeated invasive procedures and because there is increasing evidence of short-term and long-term adverse neurodevelopment consequences, pain management in neonates is very important. Methods and Materials This was a quasi experimental study of clinical trial type that carried out on 80 term neonate that were allocated to two intervention (40 neonates) and control (40 neonates) groups. In experimental group, infants at night for 8 hours before blood sampling were exposed to the scent of lavender. And the next day, at the time of blood sampling was used of the scent of lavender. Simultaneously with the needle, pain assessment scale scores Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne (DAN) or neonatal pain discomfort by a trained person, was calculated and recorded. Duration of crying in seconds from start cry to silence that lasted at least 5 seconds interval was measured. The control group did not receive additional action for pain relief. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. Results Average rating of DAN score was in control group 5.97 ± 1.94 and in experimental group 4.47+1.81. Mann–Whitney test results showed a significant difference in pain scores in the two groups (P=0.001). The crying time between groups was not significant difference (P = 0.12). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the scent of lavender is effective in reducing the pain caused by sampling in term neonates but had no effect on the duration of crying infants. Since neonatal pain management is an important task for nurse, using of the scent of lavender as a non pharmacological method of pain management in neonates requires further investigation.

Introduction The goal of research is investigation on the effectiveness of Holistic Multi-dimensional Treatment Model (HMTM) in improvement of CARS test indicators in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and it is done without pharmaceutical interventions, without names and accompanied by parental satisfaction questionnaire. Materials and Methods In this study with purposeful sampling method, 60 autistic children chosen randomly among 6-10 year-old patients were taken under a 12-month observation. At the beginning of this research they were taken the CARS pre-test and then in each month a complete behavioral HMTM checklist and a CARS test was taken. Observing HMTM treatment model, includes intuitive checklist with the aim of intuitive adjustment, abnormal behaviors’ checklist with the aim of decreasing them, individual behaviors’ checklist with the aim of increasing them and emotional interactive behaviors checklist with the aim of improvement that are conducted in statistical tables. Results Results shown a positive impact of HMTM in treatment trend of autism spectrum disorder considering sum of CARS points, also the effect on each CARS test parameters and CARS parameters improvements are meaningful holistic approach in HMTM method has interpreted some vague CARS parameters furthermore (P<0.05). The statistical properties of CARS test with HMTM treatment model, indicates a high correlation coefficient and a significant relationship there was in behavior tables of HMTM and CARS test. Conclusion Holistic multi-dimensional treatment modelhas caused considerable and improvement children’s individual interactions and intuitive balance.

Introduction Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Many studies show HLA alleles can be associated with SLE. The aim of this study was to determine the association of HLA-DRB1 alleles with juvenile- onset in Iranian children. Materials and Methods At a case – control study, 31 children with systemic lupus erythematosus (case group) who referred to Mofid Children’s Hospital, Shahid Behehsti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, and 56 healthy children (control group) were participant. Genomic DNA was extracted and HLA typing was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with Sequence - Specific Primers (SSP) technique. Results HLA- DRB1*01, HLA- DRB1*04, HLA- DRB1*11 and HLA- DRB1*13 were detected to as most frequent alleles associated with SLE in Iranian children. The frequency of HLA DRB1*08 was not significantly different in both groups (P>0.05(. HLA- DRB1*07 had a higher rate of repetition in the control group than patients with SLE. Conclusion There was a significant difference in the frequency of some alleles between patients and controls group, which could be related to susceptibility to SLE. These differences between frequencies of some alleles in both groups may help to determine the onset of lupus in children.

Most children in hospital have pain. Seeing your child in pain or discomfort is incredibly difficult. Pain in children is a public health concern of major significance in most parts of the world. We have learned that unrelieved pain causes the body to release certain chemicals that may actually delay healing, so it's important to work with child's nurses and doctors to help children for control the pain. On the other side, medication is not the only way to relieve pain. Pain in children should always be managed and pain expression is dependent on the child’s age, cognitive development, and socio cultural context and it is important to pay particular attention to developmental variations in any behavioural manifestations of pain. In this study to explain some ways for parents and healthcare team to manage pain in children.