1.
1903 in architecture
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The year 1903 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. September - First Garden City Ltd formed to develop Letchworth in England with Barry Parker, the Group Plan for the civic center of Cleveland, Ohio, by Daniel Burnham, Arnold Brunner, and John Carrere is released. Giles Gilbert Scott wins the competition to design Liverpool Cathedral, the Beurs van Berlage, designed by Hendrik Berlage. Hill House, Helensburgh, Scotland, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, juselius Mausoleum, Pori, Finland, designed by Josef Stenbäck. Palazzo Castiglioni, Italy, designed by Giuseppe Sommaruga, wemyss Bay railway station in Scotland, rebuilt by James Miller. Communal Palace of Buzău, Romania, designed by Alexandru Săvulescu,22, Rue du Général de Castelnau in Strassburg completed 56, Allée de la Robertsau in Strassburg completed Sängerhaus in Strassburg inaugurated Royal Gold Medal - Charles Follen McKim. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Léon Jaussely, april 18 - Stephen Dykes Bower, English ecclesiastical architect June 17 - A

2.
1904 in architecture
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The year 1904 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The Ford Motor Company approves construction of the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant, june - Construction work begins on the New York Hippodrome, designed by Frederick Thompson and Jay H. Morgan. Spring - Old Faithful Inn in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, april - Watts Gallery in Compton, Guildford, England, designed by Christopher Hatton Turnor. May 3 - Midtgulen Church, in Bremanger Municipality, Norway, september 4 - St. Regis Hotel in New York City, designed by Trowbridge & Livingston with interiors by Arnold Constable. September 17 - New St Columba Church of Scotland, Glasgow, designed by Tennant, batumi Synagogue, Georgia, designed by Semyon Vulkovich. The Bergeret House in Nancy, France, by Lucien Weissenburger, with ironwork by Louis Majorelle, interior paintings by Victor Prouvé, stained glass by Jacques Gruber, and woodwork by Eugène Vallin. The Villa des Roches, designed by Émile André as his own house, in the Parc de Saurupt in Nancy, the Larkin Administration Building was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Larkin Soap Company of Buffalo, New York. The Mayoralty of Baku, final work of Józef Gosławski, hungarian Parliament Building on the Danube in Budapest. Rue Franklin Apartments, Paris, by Auguste Perret and his brother Gustave, hôtel Brion, Strasbourg, built by architect Auguste Brion for himself Royal Gold Medal - Auguste Choisy. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Ernest Michel Hébrard

3.
1905 in architecture
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The year 1905 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. October 18 - London County Councils new street at Kingsway and redevelopment of Aldwych are opened, work begins on Stoclet Palace, Brussels, designed by Josef Hoffmann. Formation of the Dresden Die Brücke expressionist architecture movement, february 27 - Berlin Cathedral in Berlin, Germany, is inaugurated. June 11 - National Theatre of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela September 27 - Arcade du Cinquantenaire in Brussels, Belgium, november - The Plaza Grill and Cinema, Ottawa, Kansas, possibly the oldest movie theater in the United States that is still in operation. Darwin D. Martin House in Buffalo, New York, USA, zacherlhaus in Vienna, Austria, designed by Jože Plečnik. Land Administration Building in Brisbane, Australia, designed by Thomas Pye, st. Stephens Basilica in Budapest, Hungary, completed by József Kauser to an 1851 design by Miklós Ybl. Hôtel de ville in Sfax, Tunisia, designed by Raphaël Guy, voewood, High Kelling, Norfolk, UK, designed by E. S. Prior. Antwerpen-Centraal railway station in Belgium, designed by Louis Delacenserie, murry Guggenheim House in West Long Branch, New Jersey, designed by Carrère and Hastings. Royal Gold Medal - Aston Webb, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Henry Krehbiel. C. August 2 - Cesar Castellani, Maltese architect working in British Guiana August 22 - Alfred Waterhouse, English architect of the Gothic Revival

4.
1906 in architecture
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The year 1906 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction begins on New Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan, Church of St Mary the Virgin, Wellingborough, England, designed by Ninian Comper. Benito Juárez Hemicycle in Mexico City, Mexico, waiting room at Pennsylvania Station, designed by McKim, Mead, and White. Palace of Administration, Iași, Moldavia, designed by I. D. Berindei, hampstead Garden Suburb established in north London with Raymond Unwin as architect. January 1 - Mateer Memorial Church, Trivandrum, India, may 12 - Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires, designed by Vittorio Meano and completed by Julio Dormal. Larkin Administration Building for the Larkin Soap Company, Buffalo, New York, north Eastern Railway headquarters fices in York and London, designed by Horace Field. DeRhodes House, South Bend, Indiana, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, casa Batlló in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí. Weissenburger House, designed by Lucien Weissenburger for himself at 1, boulevard Charles V in Nancy, stollwerckhaus, Cologne, designed by Carl Moritz. National Theatre, Sofia, Bulgaria, designed by Fellner & Helmer, City Hall, Cardiff, Wales, designed by Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards. Rotunda of National Library of Finland in Helsinki, designed by Gustaf Nyström, royal Gold Medal - Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Patrice Bonnet, john Galsworthys novel The Man of Property, first of The Forsyte Saga, with the background of the building of an English country house for Soames Forsyte by young architect Philip Bosinney

5.
1907 in architecture
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The year 1907 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The hotel closes in 2008, and planning permission for demolition is approved in 2009, may 18 - The foundation stone of Bedford School chapel in England, designed by G. F. Bodley, is laid. September 29 - The foundation stone of Washington National Cathedral in Washington, deutscher Werkbund is founded by Hermann Muthesius in Munich. City plan for Barcelona by Léon Jaussely officially adopted, disstrict plan for Highland Park, Texas, by Wilbur David Cook and George Kessler drawn up. April 13 - Old New York Evening Post Building at 20 Vesey Street on Manhattan, designed in Art Nouveau style by Robert D. Kohn, october 8 - Kirche am Steinhof in Vienna, designed by Otto Wagner Great Mosque of Djenné in French Sudan. St Matthews Church, Paisley in Scotland, designed by W. D. McLennan, rebuilt Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg, in Alsace-Lorraine, designed by Fritz Beblo. The Magasins Réunis, a department store in Nancy, France. Villa Fruhinsholz in Nancy, France, designed by Léon Cayotte, Stadttheater Barmen in Wuppertal and Stadttheater Düren, both designed by Carl Moritz in Germany. North Hall, the dormitory on the quad at Vassar College. The building is renamed Jewett Hall in 1912 in honor of the Colleges first president, rebuilt Basel SBB railway station in Switzerland, designed by Emil Faesch and Emmanuel La Roche. AIA Gold Medal - Aston Webb, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - John Belcher. June 17 - Charles Eames, American designer August 13 J. M

6.
1908 in architecture
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The year 1908 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April 6 - The foundation stone of Knox College, Otago, is laid, St. Marys Church, Wellingborough, England, is designed by Ninian Comper. July 20 - Casa de Nariño, official residence of the President of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia, the Gamble House in Pasadena, California, designed by Henry Mather Greene and Charles Sumner Greene. British Medical Association Building, London, designed by Charles Holden with sculptures by Jacob Epstein, is completed, St. Andrews United Church in Cairo, Egypt St. Patricks Church, Toronto, Canada. Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium, designed by Louis Delacenserie, unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, United States, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Old Colony Club on Madison Avenue in New York City, designed by Stanford White of McKim, singer Building in New York City, designed by Ernest Flagg. It is the worlds tallest building for a year

7.
1909 in architecture
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The year 1909 in architecture involved some significant events. February 28 - The Praetorian Building in Dallas, Texas, USA, march 15 - Selfridges, Oxford Street, London department store, designed by American architect Daniel Burnham, opens. March 25 - Hjorthagen Church in Stockholm, Sweden, opens, march 30 - Queensboro Bridge in New York City, designed by Gustav Lindenthal in collaboration with Leffert L. Buck and Henry Hornbostel, opens. April 25 - A bomb blast damages St. Louis Cathedral, may 1 - Opening of the International Exhibition of the East of France, held in Nancy until October 31. July 1 - Wiesen Viaduct on the Rhaetian Railway in Switzerland, designed by Henning Friedrich, july 14 - Teatro Municipal opens. October 10 - Fades viaduct in France opens, October - United States Post Office, Courthouse, and Custom House, designed under the supervision of James Knox Taylor, opens. November 8 - Boston Opera House in the United States opens, november 25 - Bucharest Russian Church sanctified. Catholic Cathedral of the Madeleine in Salt Lake City, Utah, designed by Carl M. Neuhausen and Bernard O. Mecklenburg, basílica del Voto Nacional in Quito, Ecuador, designed by Emilio Tarlier, completed. Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral in Baku, Azerbaijan, built, St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral, Kiev, completed by Władysław Horodecki to a design of S. Volovskiy, consecrated. Saint-Édouard Church in Montreal, Quebec, designed by Joseph-Ovide Turgeon, novi Sad Synagogue in Serbia, designed by Baumhorn Lipót, completed. Façade of San Silvestro, Venice, designed by Giuseppe Sicher, grand Post Office in Istanbul, Turkey, designed by Vedat Tek, completed. United States Post Offices in New York State at Corning, Ithaca and Little Falls, designed under the supervision of James Knox Taylor, chemnitz Opera in Germany, designed by Richard Möbius, completed. Higgins Building in Los Angeles completed, corinthian Hall in Kansas City, Missouri, designed by Henry Hoit of Hoit, Price and Barnes, completed. Construction work begins on the Robie House, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, in Hyde Park, AIA Gold Medal - Charles Follen McKim. Royal Gold Medal - Arthur John Evans, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Maurice Boutterin

8.
1910 in architecture
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The year 1910 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. January 21 - Architect Adolf Loos delivers the lecture Ornament and Crime in Vienna, april 27 - Futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti issues the manifesto Contro Venezia passatista in the Piazza San Marco. Mary Colter is appointed architect for the Fred Harvey Company in the United States. January 22 - Flinders Street railway station in Melbourne, Australia, designed by Fawcett, may 11 - Pan American Union Building, Washington, D. C. designed by Paul Philippe Cret and Albert Kelsey. June - Abdulla Shaig Puppet Theatre in Baku, Azerbaijan, november 27 - Pennsylvania Station, designed by McKim, Mead and White. The Renauld Bank in Nancy, designed by Émile André and Paul Charbonnier, the Ducret Apartment Building in Nancy, designed by André and Charbonnier. Casa Milà in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí, goldman & Salatsch Building, Michaelerplatz, Vienna, designed by Adolf Loos. Steiner House in Vienna, designed by Adolf Loos, Birmingham Oratory in Birmingham, England, designed by Edward Doran Webb. Gereonshaus in Cologne, designed by Carl Moritz, national Museum of Finland, Helsinki, designed by Herman Gesellius, Armas Lindgren and Eliel Saarinen. Pilgrim Monument, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, giesshübel warehouse in Zürich, designed by Robert Maillart. Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Graham Jackson, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Fernand Janin

9.
1911 in architecture
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The year 1911 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. March 25 - The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire shows up the need for improved safety standards in New York City buildings. April 4 - Foundation stone of Castle Drogo, a house in Devon, England designed by Edwin Lutyens, laid. May 23 - The competition to design Canberra, Australias new capital, is won by American architect Walter Burley Griffin, in the same year, Griffin marries fellow architect Marion Lucy Mahony. May 23 - New York Public Library Main Branch, designed by Carrère, september 12 - Theatro Municipal, designed by Ramos de Azevedo. September - Altare della Patria in Rome, designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1884 inaugurated, fagus Factory at Alfeld an der Leine, designed by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer. Frank Lloyd Wright builds his Taliesin house and studio in Spring Green, horwood House in Buckinghamshire, England, designed by Detmar Blow, is completed. King Edward Building for the General Post Office in the City of London, designed by Henry Tanner, eagle Insurance Building, Manchester, England, designed by Charles Heathcote. New City Hall, designed by Osvald Polívka, monroe Street Bridge in Spokane, Washington. AIA Gold Medal - George Browne Post, royal Gold Medal - Wilhelm Dorpfeld. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, René Mirland

11.
1914 in architecture
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The year 1914 in architecture involved some significant events. January 14 - Bridge of Sighs at Hertford College, Oxford, England, april - Opera House, Wellington, New Zealand, designed by William Pitt. May 7 - King Edward VII Galleries at the British Museum, London, august 15 - The Panama Canal, completed by George Washington Goethals. December 7 - Tepid Baths, Auckland, New Zealand, basilica of Sacré-Cœur, Paris, designed by Paul Abadie. Park Guell in Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antonio Gaudi, stralsund Theatre, Germany, designed by Carl Moritz. Interior of Cadena Café,59 Westbourne Grove, London, designed by Omega Workshops, may 15–August 8 - Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne, featuring the Glass Pavilion designed by Bruno Taut. August 15 - A dismissed servant kills seven people at American architect Frank Lloyd Wrights studio and home, Taliesin in Wisconsin, AIA Gold Medal - Jean-Louis Pascal. Royal Gold Medal - Jean-Louis Pascal, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Ferran

12.
1915 in architecture
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The year 1915 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. April - The Hiroshima Prefectural Commercial Exhibition, designed by Jan Letzel, is opened, april 21 - Theatre Circo, Braga, Portugal. November 6 - Tunkhannock Viaduct, Nicholson, Pennsylvania, designed by Abraham Burton Cohen, prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Bombay. Yosemite Lodge at the Falls, Yosemite Village, California, well Hall Estate for arsenal workers at Woolwich in south-east London. Royal Gold Medal - Frank Darling, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held

13.
1916 in architecture
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The year 1916 in architecture involved some significant events. Colony Club at Park Avenue & 62nd Streer in New York City by Delano & Aldrich with interiors by Elsie de Wolfe, later the East Coast school of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts, completed. Main building of St Hughs College, Oxford in England by Herbert Tudor Buckland, church of St Paul, Liverpool in England by Giles Gilbert Scott completed. Holland House in the City of London, designed by Hendrik Petrus Berlage, november - The Incorporation of Architects in Scotland founded in Edinburgh. Publication of the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs is initiated, royal Gold Medal - Robert Rowand Anderson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held

14.
1917 in architecture
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The year 1917 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The journal De Stijl is first published by Theo van Doesburg, the Het Schip housing scheme designed by Michel de Klerk in Amsterdam is started. The Lister County Courthouse designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund in a Mannerist style in Solvesborg, edificio Correos, San José, Costa Rica Livermore House, San Francisco, California, USA, designed by Julia Morgan. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Henri Paul Nenot

15.
1918 in architecture
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The year 1918 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. November 3 – A Baroque Marian column in Prague, the Czech Republic, is destroyed by nationalists, december 3 - The Novembergruppe is formed in Germany, and shortly afterwards merges with the Arbeitsrat für Kunst. Hallidie Building is built in San Francisco, credited as the first glass curtain wall building. D. L. James House is built in Carmel Highlands, designed by Greene and Greene in an Arts and Crafts style. Police Headquarters are built in Copenhagen, Denmark, designed by Hack Kampmann in a Neoclassical style. Our Lady of the Victories Basilica in Melbourne, Australia is completed, newman College in Melbourne, Australia designed by Walter Burley Griffin, is completed. The Chapel of St. James, of the Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary in Chicago, designed by Zachary Taylor Davis, Stockholm Library, designed by Erik Gunnar Asplund is built in Stockholm, Sweden in a Mannerist early modern style. The Woodland Chapel is built in Stockholm, Sweden, royal Gold Medal - Ernest Newton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, not held, march 16 - Aldo van Eyck, Dutch architect April 10 - Jørn Utzon, Danish architect best known for Sydney Opera House July 3 - Benjamin C

16.
1919 in architecture
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The year 1919 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. 25 April - The Bauhaus architectural and design movement is founded in Weimar, Germany, November - Start of the Glass Chain correspondence. Julia Morgan is selected as the architect for William Randolph Hearsts La Cuesta Encantada, better known as Hearst Castle, in San Simeon, California, USA. 5 March - Rebuilt Helsinki Central railway station, designed by Eliel Saarinen April - First Congregational Church of Albany, New York, USA,27 November - Laie Hawaii Temple, Oʻahu, Hawaii, USA, dedicated. 29 November - Großes Schauspielhaus in Berlin with interior remodelled as a theater by Hans Poelzig, Church of the Madonna della Difesa, Montreal, Canada. McMahon Building, better known as the Worlds littlest skyscraper, by J. D. McMahon, in downtown Wichita Falls,11 November - Hart House, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Het Schip, Amsterdam, Netherlands, by Michel de Klerk. First Goetheanum, Dornach, Switzerland, by Rudolf Steiner, royal Gold Medal - Leonard Stokes. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture - Jacques Carlu and Jean-Jacques Haffner, edelsvärd, Swedish architect 6 November - Hans Christian Amberg, Danish architect

17.
1920 in architecture
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The year 1920 in architecture involved some significant events. Construction of Welwyn Garden City in England begins with Louis de Soissons as architect, edith Hughes establishes her own architectural practice, in Glasgow, the first British woman to do so. In the first issue of the Purist art magazine L’ Esprit Nouveau co-founded by him, november 11 - The Cenotaph, Whitehall, London, designed by Edwin Lutyens. Ajuria Enea, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, designed by Alfredo Baeschlin, manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg, Canada. Oak Tower, Downtown Kansas City, Missouri, USA

18.
1921 in architecture
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The year 1921 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. The Einstein Tower near Potsdam, Germany, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, berliner Tageblatt, designed by Erich Mendelsohn. The current Sydney Central railway station in Australia, harkness Tower in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, after 4 years of construction. The Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, United States is completed, the Wong Tai Sin Temple is moved to its current site and completed. New Hindu Durgiana Temple in Amritsar, the Ohel Rachel Synagogue in Shanghai, designed by Robert Bradshaw Moorhead and Sidney Joseph Halse, is dedicated on January 23. Michel de Klerks Het Schip housing development for Eigen Haard in Amesterdam, monument to the March Dead, by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany. The Mayslake Peabody Estate in Oak Brook, Illinois, United States, the Chicago Theatre movie palace in the United States. The Theater Pathé Tuschinski movie/live theatre in Amsterdam, designed by Hijman Louis de Jong, is opened on October 28, adolf Loos designed a mausoleum for Max Dvořák that has remained unbuilt. March - Puhl & Wagner are contracted to decorate the interior of the Golden Hall with neo-Byzantine mosaics designed by Einar Forseth, March 21 - Teatro Yagüez in Puerto Rico, designed by José Sabàs Honoré, reopens. May 27 - A Buddha image is enshrined in the hall of the Daifukuji Soto Zen Mission in Hawaii. September 5 - The Cervantes Theatre in Buenos Aires, Argentina, hugo Häring and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe submit a competition entry for a Friedrichstrasse office building, fully made of glass. Construction work begins on the Watts Towers in Los Angeles, designed by Simon Rodia, american Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal – Cass Gilbert. Royal Gold Medal - Edwin Lutyens

19.
1922 in architecture
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The year 1922 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Construction work begins on The Los Angeles Central Library in Los Angeles, California, construction of Böttcherstraße in Bremen, Germany, in the style of Brick Expressionism begins. Monument to the Third International, designed by Vladimir Tatlin, is cancelled, march 21 - Rebuilt London Waterloo station is officially opened. May 30 - Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, United States is dedicated by William H. Taft, in the presence of Abraham Lincolns son, 79-year-old Robert Todd Lincoln. June 9 - Spalding War Memorial in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, october 14 - Gerrards Cross Memorial Building in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated. November 26 - Rochdale Cenotaph in England, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, is dedicated, estonian Constituent Assembly building in Toompea Castle, designed by Eugen Habermann and Herbert Johanson. Antiguo Casino de Ponce, Puerto Rico, by Agustin Camilo Gonzalez, shabolovka tower in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by Vladimir Shukhov. Wolseley Motors showrooms,160 Piccadilly, London, by W. Curtis Green, wrigley Building in Chicago, Illinois, by Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. AIA Gold Medal - Victor Laloux Royal Gold Medal - Thomas Hastings Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Robert Giroud

20.
1923 in architecture
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The year 1923 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Vers une architecture by Le Corbusier is published, liebenberg and Kaplan architectural practice established in Minneapolis. June 23 - Stockholm City Hall, designed by Ragnar Östberg, December 26 - Ottawa Auditorium, Canada. Chilehaus in Hamburg, designed by Fritz Höger, imperial Hotel, Tokyo, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Église Notre-Dame du Raincy in France, designed by Auguste Perret, roeschlaub, Colorado architect November 24 - Michel de Klerk, Dutch Amsterdam School architect December 27 - Gustave Eiffel, French civil engineer and architect

21.
1913 in art
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January 19 – Lovis Corinths retrospective opens at the Munich Secession galleries. This year the New Munich Secession splits from the Munich Secession, end of January – Franz Marcs Collection II opens at the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. This is followed at the gallery in February by the first major retrospective of Picassos work, february–March – English painter Olive Hockin is implicated in suffragette attacks. February 17 – The Armory Show opens in New York City and it displays works of artists who are to become some of the most influential painters of the early 20th century. March 10 – French sculptor Camille Claudel is committed by her family to a hospital where she will remain until her death in 1943. May – The Paul Émile Chabas painting September Morn provokes a charge of indency when displayed in the window of a Chicago art gallery, may 27 – Die Brücke dissolved. The audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler, august–September – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner spends the summer painting on the island of Fehmarn, returning to Berlin he begins his series of street scenes from around the Potsdamer Platz. Autumn – The Neue Galerie in Berlin reopens with displays of the work of Picasso, October – August Macke paints at Hilterfingen. October 18 – Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, designed by Bruno Schmitz incorporating sculptures by Christian Behrens, December 12 – Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa, stolen from the Louvre in 1911, is located in Florence when Vincenzo Peruggia attempts to sell it. It is returned to Paris on December 30, generación del 13 established in Chile. The London Group is formed by merger of the Camden Town Group, target, the first exhibition of Rayonism. Maurice Utrillo has his first solo exhibition, at the Galerie Blot in Paris, omega Workshops established in London by Roger Fry and other members of the Bloomsbury Group to produce artist-designed furniture and textiles. Wyndham Lewis and others secede in October, first observation of a chimpanzee drawing. Guillaume Apollinaires The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations is published in Paris

22.
1913 in music
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This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1913. March 9 – The second performance of Francesco Balilla Pratellas Musica Futurista in Rome becomes the first of several pieces this year of music with an unruly audience response. April 1 – Manuel de Fallas opera La vida breve is given its world première in Nice, the audience includes Gabriele DAnnunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel. Police are called during the interval, september 5 – Sergei Prokofievs performance of the first version of his Piano Concerto No.2 at Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg, is met with hisses and catcalls. September 10 – Jean Sibeliuss tone poem Luonnotar is premiered at the Three Choirs Festival in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté, october – Edison Diamond Disc Record introduced. The term Jazz first appears in print, louis Armstrong begins playing the cornet, in the band of the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs. Lili Boulanger becomes the first woman to win the Musical Composition section of the Prix de Rome, the Aeolian Company introduces the Duo-Art piano technology. Edward Bairstow becomes organist of York Minster. Abie Sings An Irish Song, words & music by Irving Berlin All Aboard For Dixieland, words Jack Yellen, music George L. Cobb And Then, w. Alfred Bryan, m. Herman Paley The Angelus, w. Robert B. Victor Herbert Cross The Great Divide w. Sam M. Lewis m. George W. Meyer The Curse Of An Aching Heart w. Henry Fink m, Al Piantadosi Daddy, Come Home w. m. Irving Berlin Danny Boy w. Frederick Weatherly m. trad Dont Blame It All On Broadway w. Joe Young & Harry Williams m, bert Grant Down In Chattanooga w. m. Irving Berlin El Cóndor Pasa by Daniel Alomía Robles Fat Lil Feller Wid His Mammys Eyes w. m. Sheridan Gordon & F. L. Stanton Fifteen Cents by Chris Smith Gasoline w. J, will Callahan, m. Paul Pratt Goodbye Boys w. Andrew B. Sterling & William Jerome m. Harry Von Tilzer Happy Little Country Girl w. m. Irving Berlin Hed Have to Get Under — Get Out and Get Under w. Grant Clark & Edgar Leslie m. Maurice Abrahams Hello, introduced by Elizabeth Brice in the revue Ziegfeld Follies of 1913 Hungarian Rag m. Julius Lenzberg I Can Live Without You w. Gene Buck m. Dave Stamper I Miss You Most Of All w. m. Joseph McCarthy Sr. & James V. Monaco If I Had My Way w. Lou Klein m. James Kendis Ill Change The Shadows To Sunshine w. George Graff Jr m. Ernest R. Ball Ill Get You w. Gus Edwards Im On My Way To Mandalay w. Al Bryan m, fred Fisher The Incandescent Rag m. George Botsford The International Rag w. m. Irving Berlin Isle DAmour w. Earl Carroll m, leo Edwards Its Nice To Get Up In The Morning w. m

23.
Woolworth Building
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The Woolworth Building, at 233 Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, designed by architect Cass Gilbert and constructed between 1910 and 1912, is an early US skyscraper. The original site for the building was purchased by F. W. Woolworth and his estate agent Edward J. Hogan by April 15,1910, from the Trenor Luther Park Estate. By January 18,1911, Woolworth and Hogan had acquired the site for the project. More than a century after the start of its construction, it remains, at 241.4 meters and it has been a National Historic Landmark since 1966, and a New York City landmark since 1983. Originally designed to be 420 feet high, the building was elevated to 792 feet. At its opening, the Woolworth Building was 60 stories tall and had over 5,000 windows, the construction cost was US$13.5 million. On completion, the Woolworth building topped the record set by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower as the worlds tallest building, construction was completed in 1912 and the building opened on April 24,1913. President Woodrow Wilson turned the lights on by way of a button in Washington, given its resemblance to European Gothic cathedrals, the structure was called The Cathedral of Commerce by the Reverend S. Parkes Cadman in a booklet of the same title published in 1916. The buildings tower, flush with the frontage on Broadway. The exterior decoration was cast in limestone-colored, glazed architectural terra-cotta panels, strongly articulated piers, carried—without interrupting cornices—right to the pyramidal cap, give the building its upward thrust. The Gothic detailing concentrated at the highly visible crown is over scaled, engineers Gunvald Aus and Kort Berle designed the steel frame, supported on massive caissons that penetrate to the bedrock. The high-speed elevators were innovative, and the buildings high office-to-elevator ratio made the structure profitable, the ornate, cruciform lobby, is one of the most spectacular of the early 20th century in New York City. It is covered in Skyros veined marble, has a ceiling, mosaics. Over the balconies of the mezzanine are the murals Labor and Commerce, corbel sculptures include Gilbert with a model of the building, Aus taking a girders measurements, and Woolworth counting nickels. Woolworths private office, revetted in marble in the French Empire style, has been preserved, the buildings facade was restored between 1977 and 1981 by the Ehrenkrantz Group, during which much of the terra-cotta was replaced with concrete and Gothic ornament was removed. The building was owned by the Woolworth company for 85 years until 1998, until recently, that company kept a presence in the building through a Foot Locker store. Prior to September 11,2001, the World Trade Center was often photographed in such a way that the Woolworth Building could be seen between 1 and 2 World Trade Center. Increased post-attack security restricted access to most of the lobby, previously a tourist attraction

24.
Grand Central Terminal
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Grand Central Terminal is a commuter, rapid transit railroad terminal at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Its platforms, all ground, serve 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower, though the total number of tracks along platforms. The terminal serves commuters traveling on the Metro-North Railroad to Westchester, Putnam, until 1991, the terminal served Amtrak, which moved to nearby Pennsylvania Station upon completion of the Empire Connection. The East Side Access project is underway to bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal, Grand Central Terminal has intricate designs both on its inside and outside. In addition, it contains a vast interior main concourse, the terminal is one of the worlds most visited tourist attractions, with 21.9 million visitors in 2013. Unlike other Metro-North stations, Grand Central Terminal is not owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Grand Central Station is the name of the nearby U. S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue, but may refer to the Grand Central – 42nd Street subway station that is located next to the terminal. The tracks are numbered according to their location in the terminal building, the upper-level tracks are numbered 11 to 42 east to west. Tracks 22 and 31 were removed in the late 1990s to build concourses for Grand Central North, Track 12 was removed to expand the platform between tracks 11 and 13 and track 14 is only used for loading a garbage train. The lower level has 27 tracks, numbered 100 to 126, east to west, currently, only tracks 102–112, odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform, even-numbered tracks on the west. Grand Central Terminal has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade, in a February 2013 BBC News article, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century. In 2013, Grand Central Terminal hosted 21.6 million visitors, among them are chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy and, as of December 2011, an Apple Store. Other chain restaurants include a Shake Shack, Grand Central Terminals 49-acre basements are among the largest in the city. This includes M42, a secret sub-basement under the terminal that contains the AC to DC converters used to supply DC traction current to the tracks. The exact location of M42 is a guarded secret and does not appear on maps, though it has been shown on the History Channel program Cities of the Underworld. Two of the rotary converters were not removed in the late 20th century when solid-state ones took over their job. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard. It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight, abwehr sent two spies to sabotage it, they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike

25.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

26.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

27.
Cass Gilbert
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Not to be confused with American architect C. P. H. Gilbert Cass Gilbert was a prominent American architect and his public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and Renaissance humanism. Gilberts achievements were recognized in his lifetime, he served as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908-09, Gilbert was a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order. C. Gilbert was born in Zanesville, Ohio, the middle of three sons, and was named after the statesman Lewis Cass, to whom he was distantly related, Gilberts father was a surveyor for the United States Coast Survey. At the age of nine, Gilberts family moved to St. Paul, Minnesota and he attended preparatory school but dropped out of Macalester College. He began his career at age 17 by joining the Abraham M. Radcliffe office in St. Paul. In 1878, Gilbert enrolled in the program at MIT. Gilbert later worked for a time with the firm of McKim, Mead. He was commissioned to design a number of stations, including those in Anoka, Willmar. He won a series of house and office-building commissions in Minnesota, as a Minnesota architect he was best known for his design of the Minnesota State Capitol dome and the downtown St. Paul Endicott Building. His goal was to move to New York City and gain a national reputation, the completion of the Minnesota capitol gave Gilbert his national reputation and in 1898 he permanently moved his base to New York. His break-through commission was the design of the Alexander Hamilton U. S, custom House in New York City. Commission of Fine Arts from 1910 to 1916, in 1906 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1908. Gilbert served as President of the Academy from 1926 to 1933, modernists embraced his work, John Marin painted it several times, even Frank Lloyd Wright praised the lines of the building, though he decried the ornamentation. C. In particular, his Union Station in New Haven lacks the common of the Beaux-Arts period. Gilberts drawings and correspondence are preserved at the New-York Historical Society, the Minnesota Historical Society, the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul Seminary, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Cretin Hall, Loras Hall, the Service Center, a building, the refectory building, the administration building in 1894. Only Cretin, Loras, the Service Center, and Grace still stand, Minnesota State Capitol, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1895–1905. Designed in High Renaissance style, the building is not merely a replica of the United States Capitol and its brick dome is held in hoops of steel

28.
History of the world's tallest buildings
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The tallest building in the world is Burj Khalifa. Before Burj Khalifa, the title of worlds tallest building has been borne by various buildings, such as Rouen Cathedral, the skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884. For the next hundred years, the worlds tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 87 years, after just over a century the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere. Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers, there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches/cathedrals, dominated by England, before this time, it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world. For instance, the Lighthouse of Alexandria was very tall, for thousands of years, the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world, but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not inhabitable. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument the worlds tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals, later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the worlds tallest structures. However, though all of these are structures, some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied and it is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term building is generally understood to mean when determining what is the worlds tallest building. Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground, their areas are regularly occupied. Whether a church or cathedral is a building or merely a structure for the purposes of determining the title of worlds tallest building is a matter of definition. The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a building, each of which may give a different result. From the 13th century until 1901, the worlds tallest building was always a church or cathedral, in the 13th century Old St Pauls Cathedral with its spire was completed. Completed in the early 14th century, the spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it. In 1549 this spire collapsed, beginning a sequence where the status of worlds tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings. On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedrals spire, then St. Marys Church in Stralsund became the worlds tallest building, in 1647, the bell tower of St. Marys burned down, thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the worlds tallest building. It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the worlds tallest building was also the tallest building ever. * – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built, the 524 feet height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some, but accepted by most sources. The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources. Also the 489 feet height of the spire of Old St Pauls Cathedral, destroyed by lightning in 1561, is disputed, for example Christopher Wren judged that an overestimate and gave height 460 feet

29.
New Town Hall (Hanover)
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The New Town Hall or New City Hall in Hanover, Germany, is a city hall and was opened on July 20,1913, after having been under construction for 12 years. It is a magnificent, castle-like building of the era of Wilhelm II in eclectic style at the edge of the inner city. The building is embedded in the 10 hectare Maschpark, the Old Town Hall is no longer used as the main seat of administration, but houses businesses and the registry office. In its day, the building cost 10 million Marks and it was erected on 6026 beech piles by the architects, Hermann Eggert and Gustav Halmhuber. Ten million Marks, Your Majesty – and all paid for in cash, announced the City Director, Heinrich Tramm, the square in front of the City Hall was named Trammplatz in honour of Tramm. The New Town Hall replaced the Wangenheimpalais as the city hall from then on, during World War II, the building was heavily damaged during American bomb raids on the inner city of Hanover. The German state of Niedersachsen was proclaimed in 1946 in the 38 m high hall of the New Town Hall, the dome of the New Town Hall, with its observation platform, is nearly 100 m high. The domes lift is unique in Europe, with its arched course and it is often incorrectly described as a sloping lift up the dome and compared with the lifts in the Eiffel Tower, which actually only travel diagonally, without changing their angle of inclination. The lift climbs the 50 m shaft at an angle of up to 17° to the gallery of the dome, in the process, the lift moves over 10 m. During the trip, the two weight-bearing cables wind up on three double rolls in the wall of the shaft, the lift was erected in 1913. The lift cage travelled in steam-bent oaken tracks, because of the weather, the original lift was not usable in the colder half of the year. There is a staircase, which leads from the lift exit to the observation level. In 2005, over 90,000 people visited the tower of the New Town Hall, a new lift was installed in winter of 2007–08. The last trip of the old lift took place with Lord Mayor Stephan Weil on November 4,2007, on that weekend,1200 guests took the last opportunity to ride in the old lift. There are four city models of Hanover in the floor of the New Town Hall. They vividly portray the development of the city, wolfgang Steinweg, Das Rathaus in Hannover. Von der Kaiserzeit bis in die Gegenwart

30.
Hermann Eggert
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Georg Peter Hermann Eggert was a German architect. He designed important public buildings such as the Frankfurt Main Station, born in Burg bei Magdeburg, Eggert studied with Heinrich Strack at the Bauakademie in Berlin. He built the Frankfurt Main Station from 1883 to 1888, regarded as his most important building, Eggert served as Oberbaurat in the Ministerium für öffentliche Arbeiten of Prussia in Berlin, where he was mostly responsible for church buildings. He participated in the competition for the New Town Hall in Hanover in 1895, from 1898 he worked in his own office in Hanover. He was in conflict about the design of the Prunkräume of the Town Hall with Christian Heinrich Tramm who had designed the Welfenschloss, As a result, many of Eggerts designs are in the style of Neo-Renaissance. He was a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts from 1896 in the section Bildende Künste, many of Eggerts designs are held at the Museum of Architecture of the Technische Universität Berlin. In the central Frankfurt Gallus quarter a section of a street called after Camberg was renamed Hermann-Eggert-Straße in 2009, alexander Dorner,100 Jahre Bauen in Hannover. Christine Kranz-Michaelis, Das Rathaus im Kaiserreich, kunstpolitische Aspekte einer Bauaufgabe des 19. Kunst, Kultur und Politik im deutschen Kaiserreich}, vol, mann, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-7861-1339-4, pp. 395–413. Wolfgang Steinweg, Das Rathaus in Hannover, von der Kaiserzeit bis in die Gegenwart. Schlüter, Hannover 1988, ISBN 3-87706-287-3, p. 38f Hermann Eggert Akademie der Künste

31.
Carol I Mosque
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Grand Mosque of Constanța, originally known as the Carol I Mosque, is a mosque in Constanța, Romania. It is listed as a monument by the Romanian National Institute of Historical Monuments. The mosque is referred to by Constanțas Islamic community as the Kings Mosque, the Grand Mosque of Constanța stands on the site of the former Mahmudia Mosque, built in 1822 by Hafız Hüsseyin Pașa and named after Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. The Grand Mosque of Constanța was commissioned in 1910 by Romanian King Carol I, the project was funded by the Romanian Government and entrepreneur Ion Neculcea, and finished construction in 1912. The mosque was inaugurated by Carol I on 31 May 1913. During the ceremony, Sultan Mehmed V bestowed the Order of the Medjidie upon chief architect Victor Ștefănescu, King Carol I also rewarded Ștefănescu with a watch. The mosque was built in Neo-Egyptian and Neo-Byzantine styles with elements of Neo-Romanesque architecture and its designer, George Constantinescu, modeled the mosque after the Konya Mosque in Anatolia. Victor Ștefănescu served as the architect for the project. Contractors used brick and stone materials for the proper, and reinforced concrete for the dome. The mosque was the first structure in Romania to be built using reinforced concrete, the main portal was constructed using stone from Dobrogea, while the door beneath was constructed from black marble inlaid with bronze. The interior columns were constructed from marble from Câmpulung, the minaret was built in Neo-Moorish style and has a height of 47 metres. The dome has a height of 25 metres and a diameter of 8 metres

32.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage

33.
George Constantinescu
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George Gogu Constantinescu was a Romanian scientist, engineer and inventor. During his career, he registered over 130 inventions and he is the creator of the theory of sonics, a new branch of continuum mechanics, in which he described the transmission of mechanical energy through vibrations. Born in Craiova in the Doctors House near the Mihai Bravu Gardens, he was influenced by his father George, Gogu Constantinescu settled in the United Kingdom in 1912. He was an member of the Romanian Academy. He married Alexandra Cocorescu in Richmond, London, in December 1914, the couple moved to Wembley and, after their son Ian was born, they moved to Weybridge. The marriage broke down in the 1920s and ended in divorce and he then married Eva Litton and the couple moved to Oxen House, beside Lake Coniston. Eva had two children, Richard and Michael, by a previous marriage and his hydraulic machine gun synchronization gear allowed airplane-mounted guns to shoot between the spinning blades of the propeller. It continued to be used by the Royal Air Force until World War II – the Gloster Gladiator being the last British fighter to be equipped with CC gear. In 1918, he published the book A treatise on transmission of power by vibrations in which he described his Theory of sonics, the theory is applicable to various systems of power transmission but has mostly been applied to hydraulic systems. Sonics differs from hydrostatics, being based on waves, rather than pressure, Constantinescu argued that, contrary to popular belief, liquids are compressible. Transmission of power by waves in a liquid required a generator to produce the waves and he had several patents for improvements to carburetors, for example US1206512. He also devised a system for operating both the valves and the fuel injectors for diesel engines. He invented a mechanical torque converter actuated by a pendulum and this was applied to the Constantinesco, a French-manufactured car. It was also tried on rail vehicles, a 250 hp petrol engined locomotive with a Constantinescu torque converter was exhibited at the 1924 Wembley Exhibition. The system was not adopted on British railways but it was applied to some railcars on the Romanian State Railways, other inventions included a railway motor wagon. The latter ran on normal flanged steel wheels but the drive used a road vehicle powertrain with rubber tyres pressed against the rails and this is similar to the system used on many modern road-rail vehicles. He also designed the Constanţa Mosque, research on a sonic asynchronous motor for vehicle applications has been done at the Transilvania University of Brașov. The date of the paper is believed to be 5 October 2010 and he died at Oxen House, beside Coniston Water on 11/12 December 1965, and is buried in the churchyard at Lowick, Cumbria

34.
Monument to the Battle of the Nations
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The Monument to the Battle of the Nations is a monument in Leipzig, Germany, to the 1813 Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations. Paid for mostly by donations and by the city of Leipzig, it was completed in 1913 for the 100th anniversary of the battle, the structure is 91 metres tall. It contains over 500 steps to a platform at the top, from which there are spectacular views across the city. The structure makes extensive use of concrete, although the facings are of granite, the monument is widely regarded as one of the best examples of Wilhelmine architecture. It is said to stand on the spot of some of the bloodiest fighting, napoleons army was defeated and compelled to return to France while the Allies invaded France early the next year. Napoleon was forced to abdicate and was exiled to Elba in May 1814, in 1814 proposals to build a monument to commemorate the battle were made. Among the supporters of the project, author Ernst Moritz Arndt called for the construction of a large and magnificent, like a colossus, architect Friedrich Weinbrenner created a design for the monument that ultimately was not used. In 1863, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the battle, a stone was placed. Clemens Thieme, a member of the Verein für die Geschichte Leipzigs learned during a meeting of the association about the past plans to build a monument. Interested in resuming the project, Thieme, who was also a member of the Apollo masonic lodge, proposed the project during a meeting and gained the support of his fellow masons. In 1894, he founded the Deutsche Patriotenbund which raised, by means of donations and a lottery, the following year, the city of Leipzig donated a 40, 000-square-metre site for the construction. The project was commissioned to Bruno Schmitz, due to his previous works at the Kyffhäuser, the chosen construction site was the spot where Napoleon ordered the retreat of his army. Thieme financed part of the construction as well, and for his dedication to the project. 82,000 cubic metres of earth was moved,26,500 granite blocks were used and the resulted in a total cost of 6,000, 000ℳ. Inspired by Weinbrenners early project, Schmitz constructed the monument over an artificial hill, the base is 124 metres square. The main structure, at 91 metres, is one of the tallest monuments in Europe and it is composed of two storeys. On the first story, a crypt is adorned by eight statues of fallen warriors. The statues of the monument were sculpted by Christian Behrens and his apprentice Franz Metzner, Metzner worked on the sculptures at the top and inside the memorial

35.
Leipzig
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Leipzig is the largest city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany. With a population of 570,087 inhabitants it is Germanys tenth most populous city, Leipzig is located about 160 kilometres southwest of Berlin at the confluence of the White Elster, Pleisse, and Parthe rivers at the southern end of the North German Plain. Leipzig has been a city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire. The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and Via Imperii, Leipzig was once one of the major European centers of learning and culture in fields such as music and publishing. Leipzig became an urban center within the German Democratic Republic after the Second World War. Leipzig later played a significant role in instigating the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, through events which took place in, Leipzig today is an economic center and the most livable city in Germany, according to the GfK marketing research institution. Since the opening of the Leipzig City Tunnel in 2013, Leipzig forms the centerpiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland public transit system, Leipzig is currently listed as Gamma World City and Germanys Boomtown. Outside of Leipzig the Neuseenland district forms a lake area of approximately 300 square kilometres. Leipzig is derived from the Slavic word Lipsk, which means settlement where the linden trees stand, an older spelling of the name in English is Leipsic. The Latin name Lipsia was also used, the name is cognate with Lipetsk in Russia and Liepāja in Latvia. In 1937 the Nazi government officially renamed the city Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, the common usage of this nickname for Leipzig up until the present is reflected, for example, in the name of a popular blog for local arts and culture, Heldenstadt. de. Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg as urbs Libzi and endowed with city, Leipzig Trade Fair, started in the Middle Ages, became an event of international importance and is the oldest remaining trade fair in the world. During the Thirty Years War, two battles took place in Breitenfeld, about 8 kilometres outside Leipzig city walls, the first Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631 and the second in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for the Swedish-led side, on 24 December 1701, an oil-fueled street lighting system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns. The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and a coalition of Prussia, Russia, Austria and Sweden. It was the largest battle in Europe prior to the First World War, in 1913 the Monument to the Battle of the Nations celebrating the centenary of this event was completed. The railway station has two entrance halls, the eastern one for the Royal Saxon State Railways and the western one for the Prussian state railways

36.
Bruno Schmitz
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Bruno Schmitz, was a German architect best known for his monuments in the early 20th century. He worked closely with such as Emil Hundrieser, Nikolaus Geiger. His single most famous work is the massive 1913 Völkerschlachtdenkmal located in Leipzig, Saxony, the Monument was inaugurated in 1913 by Kaiser Wilhelm II. Bohemian sculptor Franz Metzner designed the architectural figures, including the powerful, Schmitzs daughter Angelica Schmitz was the wife of the Ukrainian-American sculptor Alexander Archipenko. Kyffhäuser Monument, Porta Westfalica, with Emil Hundrieser and Nikolaus Geiger, Kaiser Wilhelm Monument, Teutoburg Forest, Porta Westfalica, with Caspar von Zumbusch, sculptor. Deutsches Eck Monument, Koblenz, with Emil Hundrieser, sculptor, kaiserin Augusta Monument, Koblenz, with Karl Friedrich Moest, sculptor. Völkerschlachtdenkmal, Leipzig, with Clemens Thieme, architect, and Franz Metzner, carl Hoffman Tomb, Old St. Matthews Church, Berlin, with Nikolaus Geiger, sculptor. A number of the Bismarck towers, Indiana Soldiers and Sailors Monument, Monument Circle, Indianapolis, Indiana. German Pavilion, Saint Louis Worlds Fair, Saint Louis, Missouri, bruno Schmitz at the archINFORM database. On Schmitzs Bismarck Towers, in German

37.
Sinaia railway station
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Sinaia railway station serves the Sinaia mountain resort in Romania. The first station was built in 1913 by the Demeter Cartner Company, on the station platform, there is a memorial plate marking the spot where Prime Minister Ion G. Duca was assassinated by the Iron Guard in 1933. A second memorial plaque was erected in 1999 to mark the then held to mark 120 years of the Ploiesti to Brașov railway line. The newer Ceremonial Railway Station is a distance away from the first one. Constructed as a new railway station it has remained in use as a ceremonial station for state occasions. It is a building in Neo-Romanian style, which originally displayed the Hohenzollern coat of arms. Its single platform is continuous with platform 1 of the railway station. The building also featured a depot housing the Royal Train, in front of the ceremonial station there is a large plaza designed with the purpose of holding official welcome ceremonies for various foreign leaders. The main room is decorated with a painting depicting a boar hunt of Wallachian Prince Basarab I. The ceremonial stations purpose was retained during the communist regime, a presidential train brought American President Gerald Ford and Romanian President Nicolae Ceauşescu here on August 6,1975. It is not open to the public, the main railway station has a large booking hall, and extensive offices. These include a 230 series 4-6-0 steam locomotive number 230.039, and a motor car converted for railway track inspection duties, with flanged wheels fitted

38.
Sinaia
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Sinaia is a town and a mountain resort in Prahova County, Romania. It is situated in the region of Muntenia. The town was named after Sinaia Monastery of 1695, around which it was built, the monastery in turn is named after the Biblical Mount Sinai. King Carol I of Romania built his home, Peleș Castle. Sinaia is about 65 kilometres northwest of Ploiești and 48 kilometres south of Brașov, in an area on the Prahova River valley. The altitude varies from 767 to 860 metres above sea level, the city is a popular destination for hiking and winter sports, especially downhill skiing. Among the tourist landmarks, the most important are Peleș Castle, Pelișor Castle, Sinaia Monastery, Sinaia Casino, Sinaia train station, Sinaia was also the summer residence of the Romanian composer George Enescu, who stayed at the Luminiș villa. The climate is a characteristic of mountain passes. Annual average temperature,8 °C Average temperature in June,15 °C Average temperature in January, summers are bracing and very rainy in the beginning of the season. Winters are relatively mild, with heavy snow, Average annual rainfall is 900 millimetres The maximum monthly registered rainfall was in June. The minimum rainfall was recorded in September 55 mm and February 40 mm, a uniform layer of snow is deposited usually in November and it melts from March to April, sometimes at the beginning of May. The thickness of the layer varies between 20 centimeters and 3 meters in higher elevations. Proponents claim that Sinaia has a refreshing and stimulating climate that is beneficial to the human body, there are also some mineral springs in Câinelui Valley that have sulphur-ferric mineral water and contain other soluble minerals. In the town of Sinaia and its surroundings restrictions are in place regarding cutting down or picking up flora, the felling of trees is not allowed. It is forbidden to pick up any alpine plants, severe punishment are enforced for anyone who gathers, the Mountain Peony, Edelweiss, and the Yellow Gentiana. Tourist camping is only authorized in designated places, following necessary and compulsory protection standards, the mountainous area in which Sinaia is located is in the Bucegi Natural Park region. The Park covers a area of 326.63 square kilometres, of which 58.05 km2 are under strict protection. The Bucegi Natural Preserve area includes all the areas of the mountains Vârful cu Dor, Furnica

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City Federal Building
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The City Federal Building is a skyscraper located on Second Avenue North in Birmingham, Alabama. It was built in 1913 and was designed by architect William C and it stands 27 stories or 325 feet on the Birmingham skyline. At the time it was completed it was the tallest building in the Southeast and it was the tallest building in Alabama from 1913 to 1969, and the tallest in Birmingham until 1972. Currently, it is the 5th tallest building in Birmingham and it is still the tallest neoclassical building in the south. The penthouse suite of the building was the home of WSGN Radio, at 610 AM, once one of the most powerful. It has since converted into commercial space and high end condominiums. On December 14,2005 the City Federal Buildings famous red neon sign was re-lit for the first time since the mid-1990s, the building was an early precursor to the revival of Birminghams North Side district and the resurgence of 2nd Ave North. Kent, Dawn City Federal to welcome its first residents in July, Birmingham News City Federal Building at Bhamwiki. com - accessed December 1,2011 ^ http, //www. bhamwiki. com/w/WSGN-AM

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Birmingham, Alabama
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Birmingham is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Alabama and the county seat of Jefferson County. The citys population was 212,237 in the 2010 United States Census, the Birmingham-Hoover Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of about 1,128,047 according to the 2010 Census, which is approximately one quarter of Alabamas population. Birmingham was founded in 1871, during the post-Civil War Reconstruction period and it was named for Birmingham, England, one of the UKs major industrial cities. The Alabama city annexed smaller neighbors and developed as an industrial and railroad center, based on mining, the new iron and steel industry. Most of the settlers who founded Birmingham were of English ancestry. From its founding through the end of the 1960s, Birmingham was an industrial center of the southern United States. Its growth from 1881 through 1920 earned its nicknames as The Magic City and its major industries were iron and steel production, plus a major component of the railroading industry. Rails and railroad cars were manufactured in Birmingham. The two primary hubs of railroading in the Deep South have been nearby Atlanta and Birmingham, since the 1860s, the economy has diversified since industrial restructuring in the latter half of the 20th century. Banking, telecommunications, transportation, electrical transmission, medical care, college education. Except for coal mining, the industry has declined in the Birmingham area, Birmingham ranks as one of the most important business centers in the Southeastern United States and as one of the largest banking centers in the nation. In higher education, Birmingham has been the location of the University of Alabama School of Medicine, since that time it has also gained the University of Alabama at Birmingham, one of three main campuses of the University of Alabama System. It is also home to three institutions, Samford University, Birmingham-Southern College, and Miles College. In total, the Birmingham area has major colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, physical therapy, pharmacy, law, engineering, the city has three of the states five law schools, Cumberland School of Law, Birmingham School of Law, and Miles Law School. Birmingham is also the headquarters of the Southwestern Athletic Conference, and Southeastern Conference, Birmingham was founded on June 1,1871, by the Elyton Land Company, whose investors included cotton planters, bankers and railroad entrepreneurs. It sold lots near the crossing of the Alabama & Chattanooga and South & North Alabama railroads. The first business at that crossroads was the trading post and country store operated by Marre, the site of the railroad crossing was notable for its proximity to nearby deposits of iron ore, coal, and limestone – the three main raw materials used in making steel. Birmingham is the only place worldwide where significant amounts of all three minerals can be found in close proximity, from the start the new city was planned as a center of industry

41.
Alberta Legislature Building
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The Alberta Legislature Building is located in Edmonton, Alberta, and is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Council. It is known to Edmontonians as the Ledge, the building is located on a promontory which was once the location of Fort Edmonton, Mark V, a Hudsons Bay Company fur-trading post. It is just up the hill from the finds at Rossdale Flats to the east. The legislatures location was selected shortly after Edmonton was confirmed as the capital by the first session of the Legislature in 1906. To the north lies the Government Centre district within Downtown Edmonton, south of Jasper Avenue, here are found several provincial government office buildings including the recently renovated Federal Building. A short section of 108 Street, called Capital Boulevard, is anchored by two terminating vistas, the legislature and MacEwan Universitys City Centre Campus, MacEwan is a part of the Old Canadian National rail yard redevelopment. Immediately east is the Legislature Annex Building and the Government Centre transit centre, montreal architect Percy Nobbs helped with the final revisions. Allan Merrick Jeffers served as the Alberta Provincial Architect from September 1907 to 1910, the Alberta Archives hold drawings for virtually all provincial buildings executed under his supervision. Jeffers may have influenced by the State House of Rhode Island. The style was associated originally with the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and was fashionable in North America between 1895 and 1920, the use of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian architectural influences was considered appropriate for a public building, as they suggested power, permanence, and tradition. The dome has made by Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth, Staffordshire. The building is supported on piles and constructed around a steel skeleton. The first floor is faced with Vancouver Island granite, upper floors feature sandstone from the Glenbow Quarry in Calgary, the interior fittings include imported marble, mahogany, oak, and brass. The building is about 57 metres in height, the project cost over $2 million at the time. The security of the Legislature building and surrounding grounds are the responsibility of the Alberta Sheriffs Branch, the Alberta Legislature Building is located at 1080197 Avenue NW, Edmonton. Free tours of the facility are offered throughout the week, the building is also connected via underground walkway to the Grandin/Government Centre LRT station. Also, for the centennial, the Queen unveiled in the same structure a series of stained glass windows that highlight the role of the monarchy in Alberta over the previous century

42.
Edmonton
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Edmonton /ˈɛdməntən/ is the capital city of the Canadian province of Alberta. Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region, the city anchors the north end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 932,546 in 2016, making it Albertas second-largest city, also in 2016, Edmonton had a metropolitan population of 1,321,426, making it the sixth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. Edmonton is North Americas northernmost city with a population over one million. A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian, Edmontons historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities and a series of annexations ending in 1982. Known as the Gateway to the North, the city is a point for large-scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta. Edmonton is a cultural, governmental and educational centre and it hosts a year-round slate of festivals, reflected in the nickname Canadas Festival City. It is home to North Americas largest mall, West Edmonton Mall, in 1754, Anthony Henday, an explorer for the Hudsons Bay Company, may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area. By 1795, Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank as a major trading post for the Hudsons Bay Company. The new forts name was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton, London, the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake, and Pruden. In 1876, Treaty 6, which includes what is now Edmonton, was signed between the Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Queen Victoria as Queen of Canada, as part of the Numbered Treaties of Canada. The agreement includes the Plains and Woods Cree, Assiniboine, and other governments of First Nations at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt. The area covered by the treaty represents most of the area of the current provinces of Saskatchewan. The arrival of the CPR and the C&E Railway helped bring settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada, Europe, U. S. the Edmonton areas fertile soil and cheap land attracted settlers, further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre. Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton/Strathcona in 1897, in November 1905, the Canadian Northern Railway arrived in Edmonton, accelerating growth. During the early 1900s, Edmontons rapid growth led to speculation in real estate, in 1912, Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona, south of the North Saskatchewan River, as a result, the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time. Just prior to World War I, the boom ended, many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city, while others fled to greener pastures in other provinces. Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war contributed to the drop in population

43.
Union Buildings
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The Union Buildings form the official seat of the South African government and also house the offices of the president of South Africa. The imposing buildings are located in Pretoria, atop Meintjieskop at the end of Arcadia, close to historic Church Square. The large gardens of the Buildings are nestled between Government Avenue, Vermeulen Street East, Church Street, the R104 and Blackwood Street, fairview Avenue is a closed road where only officials can enter to the Union Buildings. Though not in the center of Pretoria the Union Buildings occupy the highest point of Pretoria, the Buildings are one of the centres of political life in South Africa, The Buildings and Arcadia have become metonyms for the South African government. It has become a landmark of Pretoria and South Africa in general, and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city. The Buildings are the location of presidential inaugurations and these buildings, built from light sandstone, were designed by the architect Sir Herbert Baker in the English monumental style and are 285 m long. They have a shape, with the two wings at the sides, this serves to represent the union of a formerly divided people. The clock chimes are identical to those of Big Ben in London, the east and west wings, as well as the twin-domed towers, represent two languages, English and Afrikaans, and the inner court symbolises the Union of South Africa. These buildings are considered by many to be the architects greatest achievement, the Nelson Mandela statue in Sandton Citys Nelson Mandela Square was commissioned originally to stand on the spot where Nelson Mandela gave his inaugural address. The building was sited on a quarry, which now makes up the amphitheatre. The matching statues on top of the towers are Atlas, holding up the world. The statue on the rostrum in the amphitheatre between the wings is Mercury, a mythic Roman messenger and a god of trade, sculpted by George Ness. The closest suburb to the Union Buildings is Arcadia, which means Playground of Gods, Pretoria has the second largest number of embassies in the world, after Washington, D. C. most of which are located in or near Arcadia. The design of each level differs, and therefore each stone had to be individually cut, the Architectural styles of the building ranges from the lower levels Edwardian style to the top levels Cape Dutch design with shutters on the windows. The windows from bottom to top are elongated and become shorter towards the top floor and this is to give the illusion of height. The Union Buildings are the site of presidential inaugurations, the official offices of the president are on the left-hand side of the Union Buildings, and the South African national flag is flown on the left-hand side if the president is in office. The Buildings are divided into three sections, the offices, amphitheatre, and right offices. All are 95 metres in length, each offices block contains three inner courtyards providing light and air to the offices

44.
Pretoria
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Pretoria is a city in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is one of the three capital cities, serving as the seat of the executive branch of government. Pretoria is the part of the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality which was formed by the amalgamation of several former local authorities including Centurion. There have been proposals to change the name of Pretoria itself to Tshwane, the elder Pretorius had become a national hero of the Voortrekkers after his victory over Dingane and the Zulus in the Battle of Blood River. The elder Pretorius also negotiated the Sand River Convention, in which Britain acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal and it became the capital of the South African Republic on 1 May 1860. The founding of Pretoria as the capital of the South African Republic can be seen as marking the end of the Boers settlement movements of the Great Trek, during the First Boer War, the city was besieged by Republican forces in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty ended the war was signed in Pretoria on 3 August 1881 at the Pretoria Convention. The Second Boer War resulted in the end of the Transvaal Republic, the city surrendered to British forces under Frederick Roberts on 5 June 1900 and the conflict was ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on 31 May 1902. The Pretoria Forts were built for the defence of the city just prior to the Second Boer War, though some of these forts are today in ruins, a number of them have been preserved as national monuments. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange River Colony were united with the Cape Colony, Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital and Bloemfontein served as the judicial capital. Between 1910 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal, on 14 October 1931, Pretoria achieved official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria remained its administrative capital and it lies at an altitude of about 1,339 m above sea level, in a warm, sheltered, fertile valley, surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg range. Pretoria has a subtropical climate with long hot rainy summers and short cool to cold. The city experiences the typical winters of South Africa with cold, clear nights, although the average lows during winter are mild it can get bitterly cold due to the clear skies, with nighttime low temperatures in recent years in the range of 2 to −5 °C. The average annual temperature is 18.7 °C, rain is chiefly concentrated in the summer months, with drought conditions prevailing over the winter months, when frosts may be sharp. Snowfall is a rare event, snowflakes were spotted in 1959,1968 and 2012 in the city. During a nationwide heatwave in November 2011, Pretoria experienced temperatures that reached 39 °C, similar record-breaking extreme heat events also occurred in January 2013, when Pretoria experienced temperatures exceeding 37 °C on several days. The year 2014 was one of the wettest on record for the city, a total of 914 mm fell up to the end of December, with 220 mm recorded in this month alone