The pressing and deep drawing operations are based on shaping sheet metal by plastic deformation. The deformation
is achieved by forcing the sheet metal into a formed female die using a male shaped punch. For the pressing
operations the process involves relatively shallow dies with little plastic flow of the sheet. For deep drawing
the die is relatively deep and significant plastic flow result. The simplest pressing process is
bending.

Bending and forming

The process of simple bending and forming using press tools is
shown in the figure below.

Deep Drawing

The important features of deep drawing are shown in the figure below.
The pressure ring bears on the upper surface of the blank preventing wrinkling of the
metal as it is drawn radially over the upper surface of the die. There is
the option of applying pressure to the base of the cup using a pressure pad.
Thinning results from this process, the worst being at the bottom radius as a result
of drawing the full disc diameter inward under the pressure
ring. The thinning is the least at the top of the cup

If the deep drawing process can not produce a cup sufficiently deep
in one operation then it is possible to split the operation into a number of stages.
Also a redrawing operation is used. The drawing
process results in work hardening and therefore the component
may need to be bright annealed between drawing operations. The redrawing operation is
shown in the figure below.
The indirect redrawing operation has the advantage over the direct one in that
the material bending is all in one direction i.e. there is no bending-unbending
( as occurs in the direct method).

Spinning

Spinning is the process of forming a circular shape e.g. a cone, hemisphere, deep cup, etc.
from a disc of sheet material by forcing it against a shaped former as the disc and former are rotated.
The mandrel is held on the drive headstock spindle. The forcing tool is controlled either
manually or using an electohydraulic drive system.

The actual forming process is progressive. The disc being gradually formed as shown in the figure below.

This process is ideal for low quantity ( ≤ 1000 ) processes or for production
of prototype shapes. The process can be used for sections of 0,1 to 2m dia or more.

Shear Spinning /Flow Turning

In simple spinning the section of the formed is essentially the same as the disc.
When shear spinning the maximum diameter of the formed section is the same as blank disc but the thickness of the
formed section is substantially reduced compared to the blank disc. This process results in the final shape after
one pass of the roller. This process results in significant shearing of the material being formed and high
forces are required from the roller.

If T is the thickness of the blank disc and t is the thickness of the formed section then

t = T sin α

This process is also used in tube production as shown below. In this process the increase in
length of the tube is directly related to the reduction in thickness. i.e if the thickness is reduced to 50% of
the orginal tube thickness the length will be doubled

Materials and Sections

Most ductile materials can be formed using these processes
including aluminium and copper, steel.

Equipment

Pressing operations and deep drawing operations are generally completed using mechanical
presses using flywheels to provide kinetic energy. Hydraulic presses are also used.
The various spinning operations can be completed on heavy duty centre lathes or special pupose machines which form a
similar function to centre lathes..