Thomas Joseph Mulcair[1]PC (born October 24, 1954) is a retired Canadian politician who served as the leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada from 2012 to 2017. A Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Outremont in Quebec from 2007 to 2018, he was selected as the leader of the NDP at a leadership election on March 24, 2012, on the fourth ballot.[2] He then served as Leader of the Official Opposition until the NDP lost just over half of its seats in the 2015 federal election and resumed third-place status. At a leadership review vote held at the 2016 federal NDP convention, 52% of the delegates voted to hold a leadership election.[3] Mulcair stated he would remain leader until the party chooses a replacement. Convention delegates, in an emergency motion, voted to give the party up to two years to choose a new head.[4] Mulcair later announced in May 2016 that he would retire from politics, and would not contest his riding in the next federal election. He resigned his seat on August 3, 2018:in order to accept a position in the political science department of the University of Montreal. He has also been hired as an on-air political analyst for CJAD, CTV News Channel and TVA.[5]

On May 26, 2011, he was named the New Democratic Party's Opposition House Leader and also served as the NDP's Quebec lieutenant, a post he held until being named party leader. Prior to entering politics, Mulcair was a senior civil servant in the Quebec provincial government, ran a private law practice, and taught law at the university level.[7]

Mulcair was born in 24 October 1954 at The Ottawa Hospital in Ottawa.
He is the son of Jeanne (née Hurtubise), a school teacher, and Harry Donnelly Mulcair, who worked in insurance.[8] He is the second-oldest of the couple's ten children, and grew up bilingual. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of French-Canadian, and more distant Irish, ancestry.[9] His maternal great-great-grandfather was the 9th Premier of Quebec, Honoré Mercier,[10] and through his mother, Mulcair is also a three times great-grandson of the 1st post-Confederation Quebec premier, Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau.[9] Mulcair was raised in the Wrightville district of Hull (now Gatineau) and in Laval, just north of Montreal. He graduated from Laval Catholic High School, and in Social Sciences from CEGEPVanier College.[11]

When Mulcair started law school at 18, he had to borrow money from his sister to buy textbooks. He paid his way through school by working construction jobs, tarring and graveling roofs.[12]

Tom Mulcair and wife Catherine Pinhas in New Brunswick, 2015

Mulcair graduated from McGill University in 1977 with degrees in common law and civil law. During his penultimate year, he was elected president of the McGill Law Students Association, and sat on the council of the McGill Student Union.

He has been married to Catherine Pinhas since 1976; she is a psychologist who was born in France to a Sephardic Jewish family from Turkey.[13][14] The couple have two sons. The oldest, Matt, is a sergeant in the Quebec provincial police and married to Jasmyne Côté, an elementary school teacher; they have two children, Juliette and Raphaël. Mulcair and Pinhas's second son, Greg, is an aerospace engineer who teaches physics and engineering technologies at John Abbott College and is married to Catherine Hamé, a municipal councilor; they have one son, Leonard.[15][16][17][18]

Mulcair has dual Canadian and French citizenship, and is fluently bilingual in English and French.[19] He calls himself "Tom" in English and "Thomas" in French.[20]

Mulcair was president of the Office des professions du Québec (1987 to 1993), where he introduced reforms to make disciplinary hearings more transparent, and successfully led a major effort to have cases of alleged sexual abuse of patients decisively dealt with.[25][26] Mulcair was also a board member of the group Conseil de la langue française, and at the time of his appointment to the 'Office des Professions' he had been serving as president of the English speaking Catholic Council.[27]

Mulcair first entered the National Assembly in the 1994 election, winning the riding of Chomedey as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. Mulcair claims he ran as a Liberal because at the time, it was the only credible federalist provincial party in Quebec. In that era, Quebec was the only province where the NDP was not fully organized; its Quebec wing had seceded in 1990 to preach sovereigntism.[6] He was re-elected in 1998, and again in 2003 when the Liberals ousted the Parti Québécois in the provincial election.[24]

After the 1995 referendum, Mulcair was eminent in demanding an inquiry about the rejection of thousands of ballots for the 'No' side.[28]

According to Le Devoir journalist Michel David, Mulcair is the person who coined the expression Pinocchio syndrome, which was the title of a book by André Pratte published in 1997 about lies in politics.[29] In the book, Mulcair speaks about why he believes lying is common in politics, because, according to him, people feel free to manipulate journalists and say just about anything.

Mulcair accused former PQ minister Yves Duhaime of influence peddling. Duhaime filed a defamation suit in 2005 and Mulcair was ordered to pay $95,000, plus legal costs.[31] In 2010 the provincial police anti-corruption squad in Quebec investigated the then sitting Mayor of Laval, Quebec, Gilles Vaillancourt, for allegations of bribing several provincial politicians. The probe contacted Mulcair to discuss a suspected bribe offered to him in 1994.[32] Mulcair claims he never looked in the envelope and handed it back to the Mayor.[33]

On November 25, 2004, Mulcair launched Quebec's Sustainable Development Plan and tabled a draft bill on sustainable development. Also included was a proposed amendment to the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms to create a new right, the right to live in a healthy environment that respects biodiversity, in accordance with the guidelines and standards set out in the Act.[34] Mulcair's Sustainable Development Plan was based on the successful European model and was described as one of the most avant-garde in North America.[35] Mulcair followed the proposal by embarking on a 21-city public consultation tour, and the Act was unanimously adopted by the National Assembly of Quebec in April 2006.[24]

In 2006, Mulcair opposed a proposed condominium development in the mountain and ski resort of Mont Orford National Park.[24] During a February 27, 2006 Cabinet shuffle, Charest removed Mulcair from his position as Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, and Parks, and offered him the lesser cabinet position of Minister of Government Services.[24] His opposition to the Government's development plans fuelled speculation that this was a punishment,[30][37] which led Mulcair to resign from cabinet rather than accept the apparent demotion.[38] The testimony of Jean Charest, incoming Environment Minister Claude Béchard, and the owner of the company pursuing the development plan, Andre L'Esperance, all contradicted Mulcair, saying that the Orford deal had been approved by Mulcair before he left.[39][40][41]

Although Mulcair has identified former Quebec Liberal Party leader Claude Ryan as his political mentor,[45] his presence in the front row during a speech in Montreal by NDP Leader Jack Layton in March 2007 led to speculation about his political future.[46] Over the course of several months, Layton persuaded Mulcair to run for the NDP in Quebec, where the party had no seats.[24] On April 20, 2007, Mulcair confirmed that he would run for the NDP in the next federal election.[47][48]

Mulcair also became Layton's Quebec lieutenant. On June 21, 2007, in an uncontested nomination, Mulcair became the NDP's candidate in the riding of Outremont for a by-election on September 17. Mulcair won the by-election, defeating Liberal candidate Jocelyn Coulon 48% to 29%; the seat had been a Liberal stronghold since 1935 (except for the 1988 election). Jean Lapierre suggested that Mulcair was likely aided by defecting Bloc Québécois supporters (the Bloc candidate had finished second in the 2006 federal election). In addition, Coulon's writings had been condemned by B'nai Brith Canada, and the local Jewish community in Outremont makes up 10% of the riding demographics.[49][50]

Mulcair contradicted many federalists by defending the Quebec NDP’s Sherbrooke Declaration, which claimed that a 50 per cent plus one vote is sufficient for Quebec secession.[28]

Mulcair was sworn in on October 12, 2007.[51] Earlier, he was named co-deputy leader of the NDP along with Libby Davies.[52] As the party's Quebec lieutenant, he worked to improve the standard of translation for the campaign's francophone party materials, with Layton's support.[24]

On October 14, 2008, Mulcair was re-elected as the MP for Outremont, making him the first New Democrat to win a riding in Quebec during a federal general election. He defeated the federal Liberal candidate, Sébastien Dhavernas, by 14,348 votes to 12,005 (a margin of 6.4%).[53]

In the 2011 federal election, despite facing a challenge from former federal justice minister Liberal Martin Cauchon,[54] Mulcair was re-elected once more with 56.4% of the popular vote, 21,916 to 9,204.[55] The NDP became the Official Opposition for the first time ever, mainly on the strength of winning 59 of Quebec's 75 ridings, including Mulcair's.[24] This was a notable political event, nicknamed the "orange wave".[24]

Thomas Mulcair gives his acceptance speech after being named NDP leader on March 24, 2012

Federal NDP Leader Jack Layton died on August 22, 2011, following a battle with cancer, and was honoured with a state funeral. Mulcair stated that Layton's death had hit him exceptionally hard, and that while he was considering a federal NDP leadership bid, he would need several weeks to make up his mind on that decision.[56]
On October 13, 2011, at a press conference in suburban Montreal, Mulcair declared his candidacy for the federal NDP leadership, scheduled for March 23–24, 2012. He attracted the support of 60 of the 101 other federal NDP MPs,[57] including Robert Chisholm[58] and Romeo Saganash,[59] the only two to have dropped out of the leadership race.

Mulcair campaigned on reinventing the party, to strengthen its presence in Quebec, and attract voters in other parts of the country.[24] However, leadership rival Brian Topp and former NDP leader Ed Broadbent framed the race as staying true to the NDP cause under Topp, versus moving the party to the political centre and away from its principles under Thomas Mulcair.[60][61]

At the leadership convention, Thomas Mulcair was elected NDP leader with 57.2% of the vote, beating challenger Brian Topp's 42.8% on the fourth ballot.[62][63] Ed Broadbent went on to praise Mulcair's work as a parliamentarian.[24]

Mulcair declared his party's support for trade deals that including enforceable provisions on labour rights and environmental protection.[69][70] Mulcair also strongly opposed plans for the creation of the Keystone XL and Northern Gateway pipelines,[24] which included travelling to Washington D.C. to lobby against American approval of Keystone, and instead promoted the creation of a pipeline to carry western Canadian oil to be refined on Canada's east coast.[71]

By May 2015 however the NDP had managed to recover much of its lost ground in public opinion polling and was finding itself in a tight three-way race with both the Liberals and Conservatives.[76][77] Commentators pegged several factors, including Mulcair's opposing stance against the Conservative's Bill C-51 which the Liberals agreed to support and the surprise win for the Alberta NDP in the 2015 Alberta provincial election, as having helped revive the federal party's lagging fortunes.[78][79][80] The party also enjoyed success in getting two of its bills through the House at this time, the first of which abolished the so-called "tampon tax" on feminine hygiene products,[81] while the second banned the use of "pay-to-pay" fees charged by banks,[82] although the latter was later blocked from the House floor by the Conservatives.[83]

Despite early campaign polls which showed an NDP lead, the party lost 51 seats on election night and fell back to its former third place in Parliament. By winning 44 seats Mulcair was still able to secure the second best showing in terms of the number of seats compared to Ed Broadbent's 1988 election campaign. However, this was still a smaller percentage than Broadbent had won in 1988 due to the increased number of MPs now represented in the House of Commons.[84]

During the election campaign, Mulcair's stance on the niqab issue contributed to a decline in the party's support in Quebec.[28]

Following the election, Mulcair was criticized by some NDP members for having run on a moderate platform and promised to balance the federal budget whilst Justin Trudeau and the Liberals promised to run budget deficits in order to pay for social spending and economic stimulus programs; a position that was viewed as allowing the Liberals to outflank the NDP on the left of the political scale.[85][86][87]

At the NDP's party convention in April 2016, Mulcair was also criticized by Alberta delegates for what was seen as implicit support for the "Leap Manifesto", a program which was seen as opposing Alberta's oil industry and thus a political threat to Rachel Notley's NDP government in Alberta.[87] At the convention, 52% of delegates voted for a leadership review motion to hold a leadership election within 24 months,[88] marking the first time in Canadian federal politics that a leader was defeated in a confidence vote.[89] Mulcair was asked by his caucus to remain as leader until his replacement was selected.[90] His tenure as leader ended at the leadership election held October 1, 2017, with the election of Jagmeet Singh as Mulcair's successor.[91]

In the days prior to the leadership vote, Mulcair confirmed his intention not to stand for parliament in the next federal election, expected in 2019, and suggested that he may resign his seat in the House of Commons as early as Christmas 2017 to accept one of the university appointments that has been offered to him.[92]

Mulcair stated at a conference in Quebec that people with an anti-abortion stance are not welcome to run for NDP, saying, "it's not debatable, it's not negotiable, it is a woman's right to determine her own health questions and her reproductive choices."[95]

Mulcair supports lowering the small business tax rate from 11% to 9% because they create "80% of all new jobs in this country".[96] He said an NDP government would "create an innovation tax credit to encourage manufacturers to invest in machinery, equipment and property used in research and development".[97]

Thomas Mulcair has proposed reversing some of the corporate tax cuts advanced by the Conservative government, while keeping taxes below the U.S. combined corporate tax rate. Mulcair has stated that he will not raise personal income taxes, but has promised to cancel the Conservative government's income splitting for two-parent households.[98]

Mulcair has promised to use additional tax revenue to pay for infrastructure, public transit, a new child care program, and a balanced budget.[24][98]

Mulcair has promised to end fossil fuel subsidies under previous governments, and introduce cap-and-trade for carbon emissions. He has also promised to reverse cuts to the environmental review processes, and return to "rigorous, science-based environmental impact assessments".[24]

In response to the Idle No More movement, Mulcair said that the NDP would put a filter on decisions made to ensure that they respect court rulings and international obligations to First Nations in Canada.[99] He also pledged to call a national public inquiry into missing and murdered aboriginal women within 100 days of taking office, if his party is elected.[100]

Mulcair called for a “nation-to-nation” relationship with First Nations, Inuit and Metis peoples following the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s report on residential schools. He said his “number 1” priority would be to improve First Nations education.[101]

Mulcair has been critical of Conservative public safety policy, saying cuts to food inspection and aeronautical safety have put Canadians at risk.[102] He also “criticized previous governments for allowing rail companies to police their own safety and called on Ottawa to take a more active role in doing that job” after the Lac Mégantic tragedy in Quebec.[103]

Mulcair supports the longstanding NDP policy to decriminalize personal use of marijuana.[104] Mulcair has stated that he does not believe that someone should serve jail time for minimal possession of marijuana; but he has also stated that he does not support legalization.[105]

As NDP Finance Critic, Mulcair was critical of Stephen Harper’s 2009 budget because of “pay equity reforms which he said would remove the right of women to go to court to demand equal pay for work of equal value”.[106] He said that “the NDP could never support a budget package that maintained that sort of measure”.[106]

In 2014, as NDP leader, Mulcair announced that “an NDP government would launch a national public enquiry into missing and murdered aboriginal women within 100 days of taking office”.[107] Mulcair believes that “only a full public inquiry would get to the root causes of violence against aboriginal women”.[108]

Mulcair believes that Canada can be a "positive force for peace, justice and respect for human rights around the world".[109] During a policy speech in May 2015, Mulcair announced the NDP would "increase overall funding for development assistance and ensure that poverty alleviation remains at the centre of Canadian aid efforts".[110]

Mulcair has been an opponent of Canada’s involvement in the combat mission in Iraq against ISIS.[111]

In his time as NDP leader, Mulcair has promoted "a balanced and principled approach" to the conflict in the Middle East, criticizing "Stephen Harper and the Conservatives' one-sided approach".[109] Mulcair has stated that he is "an ardent supporter of Israel in all instances and circumstances",[112] while also stating that he is also an "ardent supporter of the creation of a Palestinian state".[113] He has criticized some of the settlement policies of the Israeli government as illegal under the Fourth Geneva Convention,[113] while also opposing the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Movement against Israel as "grossly unacceptable".[114] On July 22, 2014, Mulcair issued a statement where he reiterated his strong support for a ceasefire and negotiated two state solution during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[115]

Mulcair announced on December 18, 2017 that he would be resigning his House of Commons seat in June 2018, when the House rises for its summer break, in order to accept an appointment at a university.[116] On January 11, 2018, Mulcair assumed the volunteer position of chair of the board of Jour de la terre Québec, a non-profit organization dedicated to environmental issues.[117] Mulcair joined the political science department as a visiting professor at Universite de Montreal effective the summer of 2018.[118]

On July 17, 2018 Mulcair also announced that he had accepted a position as political analyst on Montreal talk radio station CJAD effective August 28, 2018.[94] He will also appear on CTV News Channel (owned by CJAD's parent company Bell Media) starting in fall 2018,[119] and on the French-language network TVA in a similar capacity.[120]

1.
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
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Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. The quorum for Privy Council meetings is four, as its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the QPC are predominantly all living current and former ministers of the Crown. In addition, the justices of Canada and former governors general are appointed. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the QPC, I will in all things to be treated, debated and resolved in Privy Council, faithfully, honestly and truly declare my mind and my opinion. I shall keep secret all matters committed and revealed to me in this capacity, generally, in all things I shall do as a faithful and true servant ought to do for Her Majesty. Harper, on 15 October 2007, also advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to appoint Jim Abbott, on occasion, a non-Canadian has been appointed to the QPC. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was inducted during a visit to Canada on 29 December 1941. Privy councillors are entitled to the style The Honourable or, for the minister, chief justice, or certain other eminent individuals, The Right Honourable. These appointments ended under Lester Pearson, though the style remained in use, limited to only prime ministers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had the Privy Council convene in 1947 to consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, as per the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The council has assembled in the presence of the sovereign on two occasions, First, at 10,00 am on Thanksgiving Monday of 1957, at the residence in Ottawa. Two years later, the QPC again met before the Queen in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the last formal meeting of the Privy Council was held in 1981 to give formal consent to the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer. There, all gathered were informed of the Princes engagement, nodded their approval, Prince Charles was himself appointed to the council on 18 May 2014

2.
Canadian Parliament
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts

3.
Outremont (electoral district)
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Outremont is a federal electoral district in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, that has been represented in the Canadian House of Commons since 1935. It was known as Outremont—Saint-Jean from 1947 to 1966 and its population in 2006 was 95,711. Its current Member of Parliament is Tom Mulcair, leader of the New Democratic Party, in the 2006 election, the Liberals had their strongest support in Côte-des-Neiges, on the eastern slopes of Mont-Royal and in the small part of the riding in the Parc-Extension neighbourhood. The Bloc had its support concentrated in the borough of Outremont, the New Democratic Party won all of its polls in Mile-End where it obtained most of its polls. The Conservatives won just three polls in the all of which were around the western border of the Outremont border. In the 2007 by-election, the NDP almost swept the riding and their strongest areas were in Mile-End, Jeanne-Mance, and around the Université de Montréal. It was not uncommon for the NDP win more than 70% of the vote in these polls, the Bloc Québécois vote had collapsed, most of which went to the NDP. They did not win a single poll, Liberal support was relegated to the small part of Parc-Extension in the riding, the area around Rue Jean-Talon and the area on the opposite side of Mount Royal along Avenue des Pins. The Conservatives held on to one of their three polls, in the 2008 election, the NDP held on to Outremont, albeit with a lower percentage of overall support. Until the 2011 election, this riding was the riding in Quebec to be held by the NDP. Mulcair has held it since winning a by-election in 2007, winning a seat for the party for only the time in history. He was challenged in 2011 by Liberal Martin Cauchon, who held this riding from 1993 to 2004 and was a cabinet minister, the electoral district was created in 1933 from parts of Laurier—Outremont and Mount Royal ridings. After the resignation of Jean Lapierre on 28 January 2007, a by-election was called for 17 September 2007, in the by-election, this riding was won by the NDP candidate Thomas Mulcair. Mulcair retained the riding for the NDP in the 2008 federal election, marking the NDPs first re-election and this riding has elected the following Members of Parliament, Source, Official Results, Elections Canada and Financial Returns, Elections Canada. Note, Ralliement créditiste vote is compared to Social Credit vote in the 1963 election, note, NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election. Note, National Government vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election, list of Canadian federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts Census Profile. Riding history from the Library of Parliament 2011 Results from Elections Canada

4.
Jean Lapierre
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Jean-Charles Lapierre, PC was a Canadian politician and television and radio broadcaster. After retiring from the government in 2007, he served as a political analyst in a variety of venues and he was Paul Martins Quebec lieutenant during the period of the Martin government. He was first elected to the House of Commons in 1978, serving from 1979 to 1993 and he sat as a Liberal from 1979 to 1990, and later as an independent. He returned after an absence, when he won a seat in the 2004 federal election for the Montreal riding of Outremont. On July 20,2004, he was appointed to the Canadian Cabinet as Minister of Transport, Lapierre resigned as the MP for Outremont on January 28,2007. On March 29,2016, Lapierre died on a plane that crashed on approach to Îles-de-la-Madeleine Airport. Seven people died in the crash, including four of his family members, Jean Lapierre was the oldest son of Raymond and Lucie Lapierre. He had younger siblings, a sister Martine and brothers Marc and he married and had two children, Marie-Anne and Jean-Michel Lapierre. Lapierre married Nicole Beaulieu in 1989, Lapierre was elected to the House of Commons in 1978, serving from 1979 to 1993, representing the riding of Shefford, Quebec. He sat as a Liberal from 1979 to 1990, Lapierre was a Quebec federalist, together with Pierre Trudeau, he opposed the 1980 Quebec referendum alternative to establish sovereignty for the province. In the first referendum on the place of Quebec in Canada, in this period, the government officially recognized French as an official language of equal status with English in government. Federal government operations and documents, signs, etc. are required to be published, after Trudeau retired from politics in 1984, he was succeeded as Prime Minister and party leader by John Turner. Turner appointed Lapierre at age 28 to cabinet as minister of state for youth, Lapierres tenure was brief as Turner called an election nine days after being sworn in, and the Liberals lost. Lapierre was a proponent of the Meech Lake Accord, and Turner. Trudeau publicly campaigned against it and his protege, Jean Chrétien, was revealed to oppose it as well. Lapierres followers wore black armbands and yelled Vendu. at Chrétien, Lapierre had supported Paul Martins unsuccessful campaign for the Liberal leadership. Chrétien, a staunch federalist like Trudeau, won the leadership on the day of the defeat of the Meech Lake Accords, Lapierre left the Liberal party in discontent. Upon leaving the Liberals, Lapierre sat as an independent, helping to found the Bloc Québécois, in 1992, he retired from politics for a time and abandoned his affiliation with the Bloc

5.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession

6.
Stephen Harper
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Stephen Joseph Harper PC is a Canadian entrepreneur and retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, from February 6,2006 to November 4,2015. He was the first prime minister to come from the modern Conservative Party of Canada, which was formed by a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party, Harper was member of parliament for the riding of Calgary Heritage in Alberta from 2002 to 2016. Earlier, from 1993 to 1997, he was the MP for Calgary West and he was one of the founding members of the Reform Party, but did not seek re-election in the 1997 federal election. Harper instead joined and later led the National Citizens Coalition, a conservative lobbyist group, in 2002, he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance, the successor to the Reform Party and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition. In 2003, he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada and he was elected as the partys first leader, in March 2004. Harper stepped down as MP on August 26,2016, the 2006 federal election resulted in a minority government led by the Conservative Party with Harper becoming the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada. By proportion of seats, this was Canadas smallest minority government since Confederation, despite this, it was the longest-serving minority government overall. The 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved in March,2011, after a vote that deemed the Cabinet to be in contempt of parliament. Harper resigned as party leader on October 19,2015, Harper moved back to Calgary, Alberta, and commuted to Ottawa as an opposition backbench member of parliament. Harper was born and raised in Leaside, Toronto, the first of three sons of Margaret and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil. Harper attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute and he graduated in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiates team on Reach for the Top, a television quiz show for Canadian high school students. Harper enrolled at the University of Toronto but dropped out two months. He then moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where he work in the mail room at Imperial Oil. Later, he advanced to work on the computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary and he later returned there to earn a masters degree in economics, completed in 1991. Harper has kept strong links to the University of Calgary, Harper was the first prime minister since Joe Clark without a law degree. Harper became involved in politics as a member of his high schools Young Liberals Club and he later changed his political allegiance because he disagreed with the National Energy Program of Pierre Trudeaus Liberal government. He left the PC Party that same year and he was then recommended by the University of Calgarys economist Bob Mansell to Preston Manning, the founder and leader of the Reform Party of Canada

7.
Nycole Turmel
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Nycole Turmel was the Canadian Member of Parliament representing the electoral district of Hull—Aylmer and served as the Opposition Whip in the New Democratic Party shadow cabinet. When Layton subsequently died from complications due to cancer on August 22,2011, Turmel became Leader of the Official Opposition and she held both positions until the selection of Thomas Mulcair in the 2012 leadership election on March 24,2012. Turmel is a trade unionist and served as president of the Public Service Alliance of Canada from 2000 to 2006. Nycole Turmel was born to parents Laval Turmel and Emilia Jacques in Ste-Marie-de-Beauce, Quebec, a nearly completely francophone area of Quebec and her father ran a dairy in the region, called Laiterie Turmel, that focused on producing and delivering milk, cream and ice cream. The family has a history of involvement, her father served as a city councillor. At 18, and newly married, she and her left her home region of the Beauce to move to Alma, Quebec. She subsequently had three children and, after separating from her husband, raised them as a single mother, in 1990, Turmel left Alma and moved to Gatineau in order to take up a new job with her union. She has resided in Gatineau since, Turmel is bilingual, speaking English as a second language, and is now married to a British-born Anglophone. She has three children and nine grandchildren, as well as a brother who lives in Sainte-Marie, Turmel has an abiding interest in outdoor sports, especially cross-country skiing, tennis, and cycling. In 1977, after she had moved to Alma, Quebec, Turmel credits this experience as inspiring her to become active with her union, saying I got involved in the union because of the injustices I was seeing. In particular, she says the clerical and regulatory employees, most of whom were women, were not being treated fairly, for example, the CR employees received less overtime reimbursement for meals than did other, male-dominated, employee groups. She says that at the time the union was male dominated and it wasnt easy for women to participate in the union, noting that she relied on the mentorship of other female members. Over time, Turmel held progressively more senior elected positions at the local and regional level of her union, Turmel tells the story as follows, Women workers were being told by our union not to take strike action against an unfair employer. The male-dominated leadership at the time was out of touch with the reality faced by CRs in our workplaces and we were outraged by the way the union was treating us, but we were even more outraged at the employer. We took them both on, and we became leaders overnight, to drive our message home, we sent funeral wreaths and cactuses to the union’s leadership. But we did a lot more than that in the workplace, we organized and we would dress up in all sorts of costumes to greet our clients, and, at key moments, we would all toot our whistles, which would cause quite a storm. At the time, Turmel was a parent with three children, two teenagers and a nine-year-old. She says the strike was a challenge because of that

8.
Rona Ambrose
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Ronalee Chapchuk Rona Ambrose PC MP is a Canadian politician who is interim leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. She has been the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland since 2015, in previous parliaments, Ambrose was Canadas Minister of Health and vice-chair of the Treasury Board cabinet committee. She is a communication consultant and public policy consultant for the Alberta government. She was the Conservatives Intergovernmental Affairs critic when the party was in opposition during her first term, Ambrose is the third female leader of Canadas conservative party. The first was former Prime Minister Kim Campbell who led Canadas now defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and she is also the third woman to be Opposition Leader, after Deborah Grey and Nycole Turmel. All three of them served in an interim capacity, Ambrose was born Ronalee Chapchuk in Valleyview, Alberta, as the daughter of Colleen and James Chapchuk. She grew up in both Brazil and Parkland County of Alberta, in addition to English, she also speaks Portuguese and Spanish but is less fluent in French. Ambrose has a Bachelor of Arts in womens and gender studies from the University of Victoria, Ambrose was first elected as a Member of Parliament in the 2004 federal election for the newly created riding of Edmonton-Spruce Grove in west Edmonton. Ambrose calls herself a libertarian and is a fan of Ayn Rand novels such as Atlas Shrugged and she was a member of the Trilateral Commission, as reported in Vancouvers Georgia Straight, August 24,2006. Ambrose was temporarily the Conservative critic for International Trade, after the defection of Belinda Stronach to the Liberal Party, in 2006 elections, Ambrose successfully defended her seat in Edmonton–Spruce Grove with 66. 8% of the vote in the riding. She was then appointed Environment Minister in Prime Minister Stephen Harpers minority government, ambroses appointment to cabinet made her the youngest women appointed to cabinet at the time. On April 7,2006, Ambrose announced that Canada had no chance of meeting its targets under the Kyoto Protocol and my departmental officials and the department officials from natural resources have indicated that it is impossible, impossible for Canada to reach its Kyoto target. I have been engaging with our international counterparts over the past month, the APP had voluntary emissions reduction targets and was focused on developing technological solutions to solving climate change. The motion was blocked with the help of the Liberals after the Conservatives said that the motion would be a confidence motion, in August 2006 she stated, I welcome the commitment from British Columbia to preserve and increase the population of Northern Spotted Owls. On October 19,2006, Ambrose introduced a Clean Air Act that aimed to reduce the level of greenhouse emissions starting in 2020, cutting them to about half of the 2003 levels by 2050. She also introduced regulations to industries and vehicles as well as a possible cooperation between the federal government and the provinces to create a system that would report air emissions. In an interview with the media, Ambrose denied that the Conservative government had withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol despite its previous opposition to it. However, industries will have until 2010 before they are expected to reduce emissions, oil companies will have to reduce emissions on a per-barrel basis, reduction proportional to production basis

9.
New Democratic Party
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The New Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Canada. Mulcair will remain as leader, until his replacement is chosen at an election to be held in 2017. The NDP was founded in 1961 out of the merger of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with the Canadian Labour Congress, one provincial wing of the NDP forms government in Alberta. Unlike other political parties in Canada, the federal and provincial level NDPs are fully integrated, following the 1993 federal election the NDP was reduced to fourth place behind the Bloc Québécois, a position it would maintain for most of the next two decades. The NDP then lost 59 seats during the 2015 federal election and fell back to place in Parliament. The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress, the CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern socialist party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement and it has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as LGBT rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship. It formed the Official Opposition for the first time in the 41st Canadian Parliament, before 2011, the party had been a stable presence in the Canadian parliament, and was the third largest political party from 1961 to 1993, when the party lost official status. The NDPs peak period of influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson. After reattaining official party status in 1997, the NDP played a role in the Liberal. Provincial New Democratic parties, which are sections of the federal party, have governed in six of the ten provinces. The NDP has previously formed the government in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, while members of the party are active municipally, the party does not organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not affiliated with the NDP. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party, was formed to create a new political party. The NCNP spent the three years laying down the foundations of the New Party. In 1960, before the NDP was founded, one candidate, Walter Pitman, the influence of organized labour on the party is still reflected in the partys conventions as affiliated trade unions send delegates on a formula based on their number of members. At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called The Waffle tried to control of the party. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP, the NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau-led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition

10.
Jack Layton
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John Gilbert Jack Layton PC was a Canadian politician and Leader of the Official Opposition. He was the Member of Parliament for Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death, son of a Progressive Conservative cabinet minister, Layton was raised in Hudson, Quebec. He rose to prominence in Toronto municipal politics, where he was one of the most prominent left-wing voices on city and Metropolitan Toronto councils, in 1991, he ran for mayor, losing to June Rowlands. Returning to council, he rose to head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. In 2003, he was elected leader of the NDP on the first ballot of the convention, under his leadership, support for the NDP increased in each election. The partys popular vote almost doubled in the 2004 election, which gave the NDP the balance of power in Paul Martins minority government, in May 2005 the NDP supported the Liberal budget in exchange for major amendments, in what was promoted as Canadas First NDP budget. In November of that year, Layton voted with opposition parties to defeat the Liberal government over the findings of the Gomery Commission. The NDP saw further gains in the 2006 and 2008 elections, in which the party elected 29 and 37 MPs, in the 2011 election Layton led the NDP to the most successful result in the partys history, winning 103 seats—enough to form Canadas Official Opposition. Federal support for Layton and the NDP in the election was unprecedented, especially in the province of Quebec, Layton died on August 22,2011, after being diagnosed with cancer. He was survived by his wife of 23 years and fellow Toronto MP Olivia Chow, details of the type and spread of the cancer, and the exact cause of death, were not released to the public. Layton was born in Montreal and raised in nearby Hudson, Quebec and his parents were Doris Elizabeth, a grand-niece of William Steeves, a Father of Confederation, and Progressive Conservative MP Robert Layton. He graduated from McGill University in 1970 with an Honours Bachelor of Arts in political science, in 1969–70, he was the Prime Minister of the Quebec Youth Parliament. Layton credited a professor at McGill, the political philosopher Charles Taylor, moreover, it was on Taylors advice that he pursued his doctorate at University of Toronto to study under political philosopher C. B. Idealists imagine a positive liberty that enables us to build together toward common objectives that fulfill, upon reading Canadian Idealism and the Philosophy of Freedom, Layton came to understand himself as part of the intellectual tradition of Canadian Idealists. In 1974, Layton became a professor at Ryerson Polytechincal Institute, over the next decade, he taught at Ryerson, York, and University of Toronto. He also became a prominent activist for a variety of causes and he wrote several books, including Homelessness, The Making and Unmaking of a Crisis and a book on general public policy, Speaking Out. Laytons great-granduncle, William Steeves, was a Father of Confederation and his great-grandfather Philip E. Layton was a blind activist who founded the Montreal Association for the Blind in 1908 and led a campaign for disability pensions in the 1930s. Philip was the partner in the family business, Layton Bros

11.
David McGuinty
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David Joseph McGuinty, MP is a Canadian lawyer and politician from Ontario, Canada. He is the Member of Parliament for the riding of Ottawa South and he was first elected in the 2004 federal election and was re-elected in 2006,2008,2011 and 2015, the latter with a nearly 3-to-1 margin over the Conservative Candidate. His parents are politician and professor Dalton McGuinty, Sr. being the son of a Francophone mother and an Anglophone father, McGuinty is bilingual. An environmental lawyer by profession, he has long been involved in Liberal politics. McGuinty is the son of former Ontario MPP Dalton McGuinty Sr. and he is married to Brigitte Bélanger and has four children. While not invited to join Paul Martins Cabinet, McGuinty served on the House of Commons Standing Committee on the Environment and he also served as chairman of the Liberal Partys National Capital Region Caucus. On May 30,2006, interim Liberal leader Bill Graham appointed McGuinty as the Official Opposition critic for Transport, with the election of Stephane Dion as leader of the Liberal Party McGuinty became the critic for Environment in January 2007. With the appointment of Michael Ignatieff as leader of the party, McGuinty was named Environment, in September 2010, McGuinty was promoted to the role of Opposition House Leader. As the younger brother of former Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, David McGuinty has been rumoured to be a leadership candidate at some point. In 2011, when Ignatieff led the Liberal Party to their worst result in its history, at the Liberal Partys biennial convention in January 2012, McGuinty announced he was considering a bid for the leadership of the party and that he would make his decision over the coming months. However, on November 15,2012, McGuinty confirmed he would not be seeking the Liberal leadership and he received all-party support to become the president of Globe Canada on June 12. In 2012 McGuinty was invited by the National Democratic Institute to join their Pre-Election Assessment Mission to Ukraine. ”Interim leader Bob Rae apologized on behalf of the Liberal Party, the following day McGuinty resigned as Natural Resources critic. My words in no way reflect the views of my party or leader, I hold all parliamentarians in high esteem, and I regret my choice of words, as I can understand the offence they have caused. David McGuintys MP Website David McGuinty – Parliament of Canada biography

12.
Joe Comartin
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Joseph John Joe Comartin is a Canadian lawyer and politician. Comartin joined the New Democratic Party in 1969 and represented the party in the Canadian House of Commons from 2000 to 2015, Comartin was born in Stoney Point, Ontario. He won the seat in the 2000 election, becoming the first federal NDP candidate to win a seat in Ontario in ten years and he was re-elected in 2004,2006,2008, and 2011. Comartin stood as a candidate in the leadership of the NDP in 2003 and he was the Opposition House Leader from October 18,2011 to April 19,2012. On September 17,2012, due to the resignation of Denise Savoie, in July 2014, Comartin announced that he was not running for another term in the 2015 election. By-election, On Cohens death, Official site Howd They Vote, Joe Comartins voting history and quotes Joe Comartin – Parliament of Canada biography

13.
Jean Charest
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Jean James Charest, PC was the 29th Premier of Quebec, from 2003 to 2012. He lost the election held September 4,2012. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada from June 25,1993, Charest was the leader of the federal Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1993 to 1998, and was the leader of the Quebec Liberal Party from 1998 to 2012. On September 5,2012, Jean Charest announced that he would be resigning as Quebec Liberal Leader, Charest sits as an advisor to Canadas Ecofiscal Commission. Jean Charest was born on June 24,1958, in Sherbrooke and his parents are Rita, an Irish Quebecer, and Claude Red Charest, a French Canadian. He obtained a law degree from the Université de Sherbrooke and was admitted to the Barreau du Québec in 1981 and he is married to Michèle Dionne and they have three children, Amélie, Antoine, and Alexandra. Charest is fully bilingual in French and English, some have wrongfully claimed that Jean Charest downplays his legal first name John by presenting himself in French as Jean so as to appeal more to francophone Quebecers. For example, in the 1997 federal election, Bloc Québécois MP Suzanne Tremblay attacked Charest by saying, First and his real name is John, thats whats on his birth certificate, not Jean. He also went to French schools and he worked as a lawyer until he was elected Progressive Conservative member of the Canadian Parliament for the riding of Sherbrooke in the 1984 election. From 1984 to 1986, Charest served as Assistant Deputy Chair of Committees of the Whole of the House of Commons, in 1986, at age 28, he was appointed to the Cabinet of then Prime Minister Brian Mulroney as Minister of State for Youth. He was thus the youngest cabinet minister in Canadian history and he returned to cabinet as Minister of the Environment in 1991. When Mulroney announced his retirement as PC leader and prime minister, Karlheinz Schreiber alleged he gave $30,000 in cash to Jean Charests campaign for the Tory leadership in 1993. However Charest himself says it was only $10,000, though federal leadership election rules did permit such cash donations, as of 2007, rules against such donations for provincial party leadership campaigns still do not exist in Québec. Charest impressed many observers and party members, and placed a second to Defence Minister Kim Campbell. Charest served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Industry, Science, in the 1993 election, the PCs suffered the worst defeat for a governing party at the federal level. Only two of the partys 295 candidates were elected— Charest and Elsie Wayne, Charest himself was reelected fairly handily in Sherbrooke, taking 56 percent of the vote. As the only surviving member of turned out to be the last PC Cabinet, Charest was appointed interim party leader. Charest therefore became the leader of francophone descent of the Progressive Conservative Party

14.
National Assembly of Quebec
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The National Assembly of Quebec is the legislative body of the Province of Quebec in Canada. The Lieutenant Governor, and the National Assembly compose the Legislature of Quebec, the National Assembly was formerly the lower house of Quebecs legislature and was then called the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. In 1968, the house, the Legislative Council, was abolished. The current President of the National Assembly is Liberal MNA Jacques Chagnon, the Legislative Assembly was created in Lower Canada by the Constitutional Act of 1791. It was abolished from 1841 to 1867 under the 1840 Act of Union which merged Upper Canada, the Constitution Act,1867, which created Canada, split the Province of Canada into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada was thus restored as the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, the original Quebec legislature was bicameral, consisting of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. Before 1968, there had been unsuccessful attempts at abolishing the Legislative Council. In 1978, television cameras were brought in for the first time to televise parliamentary debates, the colour of the walls was changed to suit the needs of television and the salon vert became the salon bleu. Its facade presents a pantheon representing significant events and people of the history of Quebec, additional buildings were added next to the Parliament Buildings, Édifice André-Laurendeau was added from 1935 to 1937 to house the Ministry of Transport. Édifice Honoré-Mercier was added from 1922 to 1925 to house the Ministries of the Treasury, the Attorney General, Édifice Jean-Antoine-Panet was added from 1931 to 1932 for the Ministry of Agriculture. Édifice Pamphile-Le May added from 1910 to 1915 for the Library of the National Assembly, various government offices. General elections are held five years or less. Any person holding Canadian citizenship and who has resided in Quebec for at least six months qualifies to be on the electoral list. Normally, the leader of the party with the largest number of elected candidates is asked by the Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec to form the government as premier. Quebecs territory is divided into 125 electoral districts, in each riding, the candidate who receives the most votes is elected and becomes a Member of the National Assembly. This is known as the first-past-the-post voting system and it tends to produce strong disparities in the number of seats won compared to the popular vote, perhaps best exemplified by the 1966,1970,1973, and 1998 elections. Quebec elections have tended to be volatile since the 1970s. Consequently, existing political parties often lose more than half their seats with the rise of new or opposition political parties, for instance, the 1970 and 1973 saw the demise of the Union Nationale and rise of the Parti Québécois which managed to take power in 1976

15.
The Ottawa Hospital
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The Ottawa Hospital is a non-profit, public university teaching hospital in Ottawa, Canada. The hospital is made up of the former Grace Hospital, Riverside Hospital, Ottawa General Hospital and it is a 1, 117-bed academic health sciences centre affiliated with the University of Ottawa, and the University of Ottawa Heart Institute is located at the hospitals Civic Campus. The Ottawa Hospital is also one of two centres in Eastern Ontario and southern Quebec. The other is Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario accommodating juvenile and adolescent patients, in 1921, the construction of the Civic hospital was estimated to cost $1,500,000. The hospital was championed largely by Harold Fisher following the 1918 flu pandemic, while the facility is today located in an urban location, Fisher faced ridicule at the time for advocating for a location in the then-countryside and the project was branded by some as Fishers Folly. It opened on December 17,1924 with 550 beds, during World War II, when Canada provided refuge to the Dutch royal family, then-Princess Juliana gave birth to her daughter Princess Margriet in Ottawa at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. The hospitals maternity ward was declared to be officially part of international territory so that Margriet would inherit only Dutch citizenship from her mother. In 1976, the University of Ottawa Heart Institute opened its doors on the then-Civic Hospital campus, today, the Civic campus serves as a 456-bed teaching hospital. The General Campus is today composed of the General Hospital, the Ottawa Rehabilitation Centre, the main building of the present General campus was built in 1980. The Ottawa Hospital, Riverside Campus, which was opened in 1967, is a day facility for outpatient care and it has its own OC Transpo transitway station. During the 1990s, the government of Mike Harris amalgamated several existing hospitals. The Grace was closed, while the Riverside became the Riverside Campus, on April 1,1998, The Ottawa Hospital was officially created. It is one of the largest hospital-based research institutes in North America, formed on April 1,2001, by the merger of the Loeb Health Research Institute and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, the OHRI is a multi-campus facility. Famous people born at the Ottawa Hospital include, Dan Aykroyd Canadian-American actor, Princess Margriet of the Netherlands Dutch Princess of the Dutch throne. Justin Trudeau, the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada

16.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock

17.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions

18.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day

19.
Quebec Liberal Party
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The Quebec Liberal Party QLP is a federalist provincial political party in Quebec, Canada. It has been independent of the federal Liberal Party of Canada since 1955, while the party has been described as centre-right in the context of Canadian politics, the party believes in a strong role for government in the economy and supports socially liberal policies. Also the party has had a prominent social-democratic faction within it that was prominent in the party during the Quiet Revolution. The Quebec Liberals have always associated with the colour red. The most notable figure of this period was Louis-Joseph Papineau, the Liberals were in opposition to the ruling Conservatives for most of the first 20 years after Canadian Confederation, except for 18 months of Liberal minority government in 1878-1879. However, the changed in 1885 when the federal Conservative government executed Louis Riel. This decision was unpopular in Quebec, honoré Mercier rode this wave of discontent to power in 1887, but was brought down by a scandal in 1891. He was later cleared of all charges, the Conservatives returned to power until 1897. The Liberals won the 1897 election, and held power without interruption for the next 39 years and this mirrored the situation in Ottawa, where the arrival of Wilfrid Laurier in the 1896 federal election marked the beginning of Liberal Party of Canada dominance at the federal level. Notable long-serving Premiers of Quebec in this era were Lomer Gouin, by 1935, however, the Conservatives had an ambitious new leader, Maurice Duplessis. Duplessis merged his party with dissident ex-Liberals who had formed the Action libérale nationale, Duplessis led the new party, the Union Nationale, to power in the 1936 election. The Liberals returned to power in the 1939 election, but lost it again in the 1944 election and they remained in opposition to the Union Nationale until one year after Duplessiss death in 1959. In 1955, the PLQ severed its affiliation with the Liberal Party of Canada, under Jean Lesage, the party won an historic election in 1960, ending sixteen years of rule by the national-conservative Union Nationale. This marked the beginning of the Quiet Revolution, which dramatically changed Québec society, under Lesage, the Liberals developed a Quebec nationalist wing. In October 1967, former cabinet minister René Lévesques proposed that the party endorse his plan for sovereignty association, relations soured between the Quebec Liberal Party and the federal Liberal Party under Lesage, and worsened further under Robert Bourassa who had a poor relationship with Pierre Trudeau. Reelected in 1973, his government was embarrassed by several scandals. Bourassa resigned from the leadership after the loss of the 1976 election to René Lévesques Parti Québécois. Bourassa was succeeded as Liberal leader by Claude Ryan, the director of the respected Montréal newspaper

20.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century

21.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website

22.
McGill University
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McGill University is a public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1821 by royal charter, issued by King George IV of Great Britain, the University bears the name of James McGill, a prominent Montreal merchant from Scotland whose bequest in 1813 formed the universitys precursor, McGill College. Its academic units are organized into 11 main Faculties and Schools, McGill offers degrees and diplomas in over 300 fields of study, with the highest average admission requirements of any Canadian university. Most students are enrolled in the five largest faculties, namely Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, tuition fees vary significantly between in-province, out-of-province, and international students, as well as between faculties. Scholarships are generous, yet highly competitive and relatively difficult to attain, throughout its long history, McGill alumni were instrumental in inventing or initially organizing football, basketball, and ice hockey. In 1816 the RIAL was authorized to operate two new Royal Grammar Schools, in Quebec City and in Montreal and this was an important first step in the creation of nondenominational schools. When James McGill died in 1813 his bequest was administered by the RIAL, the original two Royal Grammar Schools closed in 1846 and by the mid-19th century the RIAL lost control of the other 82 grammar schools it had administered. Its sole remaining purpose was to administer the McGill bequest on behalf of the private college, since the revised Royal Charter of 1852, The Trustees of the RIAL comprise the Board of Governors of McGill University. James McGill, born in Glasgow, Scotland on 6 October 1744, was a merchant in Quebec. Between 1811 and 1813, he drew up a will leaving his Burnside estate, a 19-hectare tract of rural land and 10,000 pounds to the Royal Institution for the Advancement of Learning. As a condition of the bequest, the land and funds had to be used for the establishment of a University or College, for the purposes of Education and the Advancement of Learning in the said Province. On March 31,1821, after protracted battles with the Desrivières family. The Charter provided that the College should be deemed and taken as a University, the Faculty of Medicine granted its first degree, a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery, in 1833, this was also the first medical degree to be awarded in Canada. The Faculty of Medicine remained the only functioning faculty until 1843 when the Faculty of Arts commenced teaching in the newly constructed Arts Building. The university also historically has strong linkage with The Canadian Grenadier Guards and this title is marked upon the stone that stands before the Arts building, from where the Guards step off annually to commemorate Remembrance Day. The Faculty of Law was founded in 1848 which is also the oldest of its kind in the nation,48 years later, the school of architecture at McGill University was founded. Sir John William Dawson, McGills principal from 1855 to 1893, is credited with transforming the school into a modern university. He recruited the aid of Montreals wealthiest citizens, many of whom donated property and their names adorn many of the campuss prominent buildings

23.
Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different

24.
New Democratic Party leadership election, 2012
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The New Democratic Partys executive and caucus set the rules for the campaign at a series of meetings in September 2011. The election took place in Toronto and on the Internet, at the Leadership Convention, held at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Thomas Mulcair was declared to be the new leader of the party. The convention was to be held at Exhibition Places Allstream Centre, the entrance fee was set at $15,000 and each candidates spending limit was capped at $500,000. Mulcair is the NDPs seventh leader elected since its founding in 1961, because the NDP was the Official Opposition in the 41st Canadian Parliament, he also assumed the position of Leader of the Official Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons. Turmel initially said that the party intended to hold the election in January 2012. Others, including party president Brian Topp and Deputy Leader Thomas Mulcair—both prospective candidates—called for a longer race, Topp agreed with calls for a vote later in the year, such as February or March. Mulcair said he would not run if the convention is held too early, like Topp, he suggests a convention in late winter or early spring. He also pointed out such a time frame would be consistent with the last leadership election. On September 9, the NDP federal council set the election for March 24,2012, in Toronto. The longer timeline was to more members to be recruited in Quebec, which had low numbers of NDP members but, following the Orange Crush in the recent election. The leadership election was open to all members during a convention in a combination of exhaustive ballot, votes mailed in advance were cast by instant-runoff voting, but votes on the day, either at the convention or online, were for one round only. Candidates could withdraw before being eliminated and release preferences to lower down candidates who stay in. In the 2003 leadership election, members were able to vote in person at the convention, by mail, also in that election, affiliated organizations were allotted a minimum of 25 percent of the vote, with the remainder held by individual party members. The partys federal executive ruled in September 2011 that a 2006 change to the party constitution mandating one member, Party president and leadership candidate Brian Topp supported retaining the carve-out as did former MP Dawn Black, while MPs Thomas Mulcair, Peter Stoffer, and Pat Martin opposed it. In previous leadership elections, a unions delegates would normally vote as a block making union endorsements an important factor in the outcome, candidates in the campaign had a $500,000 spending limit. The candidates participated in six debates, in Ottawa, Halifax, Quebec City, Winnipeg, Montreal, the first debate was held in Ottawa on December 4,2011, and focused on the economy. January 25,2003, Jack Layton wins the election to succeed Alexa McDonough. May 2,2011, For the first time in the partys history, july 25,2011, Leader of the Opposition Jack Layton takes a medical leave of absence, Nycole Turmel is appointed acting leader of the New Democratic Party

25.
Canadian federal election, 2015
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The 2015 Canadian federal election was held on October 19,2015, to elect members to the House of Commons of the 42nd Canadian Parliament. The writs of election for the 2015 election were issued by Governor General David Johnston on August 4, the ensuing campaign was one of the longest in Canadian history. The Liberal Party, led by Justin Trudeau, won 184 seats, Trudeau and the rest of his cabinet were sworn in on November 4,2015. The Conservative Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper, won 99 seats, the New Democratic Party, led by Thomas Mulcair, won 44 seats, becoming the third-largest party in the House of Commons, after having formed the Official Opposition following the 2011 election. The Bloc Québécois won 10 seats, the Green Party won 1 seat, the Liberal Partys increase of 148 seats from the previous election was the largest-ever numerical increase by a party in a Canadian election. Prior to the campaign, the Liberals had held only 36 seats—the fewest seats ever held at dissolution by any party that won the following election. It was the second largest number of won in a federal election for the Liberals. The election also had the highest voter turnout since 1993, every party represented in the House of Commons except the Liberal Party recorded a decrease in its popular vote share. Following the election, Harper conceded defeat to Trudeau and resigned as leader of the Conservative Party, Gilles Duceppe resigned as leader of the Bloc Québécois shortly after the election on October 22,2015. Thomas Mulcair announced his intention to remain leader of the NDP, the Bloc Québécois won four seats and the Green Party won one seat. Liberal leader Michael Ignatieff and Bloc leader Gilles Duceppe resigned shortly after failing to win their own ridings, the Bloc Québécois lost official party status by failing to attain the minimum seats needed. Bob Rae was chosen as leader of the Liberal Party. Weeks later Layton died of cancer and was given a state funeral, in March 2012 Tom Mulcair was elected leader of the New Democratic Party. In April 2013 Justin Trudeau was elected leader of the Liberal Party, Bloc Québécois leader Daniel Paillé stepped down in December 2013 and was eventually replaced in June 2014 by Mario Beaulieu, who in turn was later replaced in June 2015 by Duceppe. In late 2014, MPs Jean-François Larose of the NDP and Jean-François Fortin of the Bloc formed the new political party Strength in Democracy, Prime Minister Stephen Harper requested writs of election for a federal general election from Governor General David Johnston on August 2. The official proclamations were issued on August 4, the date of the vote is determined by the fixed-date Canada Elections Act. At 11 weeks, the campaign was the longest in modern Canadian history, traditionally, party leaders participated in at least two nationally televised debates during the federal election – at least one each in English and French. These debates were produced by a consortium of Canadas major television networks, ultimately, the Conservatives agreed to participate in a French-language debate organized by the consortium of broadcasters as one of their five debates

26.
New Democratic Party leadership election, 2017
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52% of delegates voted in favour of holding a new leadership election, compared to 48% who voted for Mulcairs leadership to continue. Mulcair is expected to remain leader until his successor is elected, the result at the 2016 convention was the first time a leader of any Canadian federal political party has failed to receive at least 50% in a leadership review vote. The New Democrats had led opinion polls since May 2015. However, they fell back behind the Liberals and Conservatives in the last month, the election thus resulted in a Liberal majority government. The party lost more than half of its seats and fell to third place, Mulcairs leadership faced criticism following the election, particularly due to his moderate platform that the party was running on. Under rules set out in the constitution, every member is entitled to cast a secret ballot for the selection of the Leader. Candidates are required to pay a fee of $30,000. 25% of all donations to candidates will be paid to the party, at least 50 signatures will be required from each of five regions, Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, the Prairies and B. C. and the North. April 10,2016 - At the NDP federal convention held in Edmonton, Alberta, Mulcair announces that he will not be a candidate but will remain as leader until the leadership election is held. Delegates pass an emergency motion extending the deadline for an election to two years from one year. May 15,2016 - NDP Federal Council meets to discuss a schedule, the federal council decides to hold the election between September 17,2017 and October 31,2017 with a precise date to be set later. June 14,2016 - Party executive convenes to propose finalized election details, including the dates of the election, july 2,2016 - Nomination period opens. February 12,2017 - Peter Julian launches his campaign after having registered in December, February 20,2017 - Charlie Angus registers as a candidate, officially launches his campaign on February 27. February 27,2017 - Guy Caron launches his campaign, March 7,2017 - Niki Ashton launches her campaign. March 12,2017 - Leadership debate to be held in Ottawa in English, March 26,2017 - Leadership debate to be held in Montreal in English and French. May 27,2017 - Leadership debate to be held in Sudbury, June 10,2017 - Leadership debate to be held in Halifax. July 3,2017 - Last day for candidates to register, july 11,2017 - Leadership debate to be held in Saskatoon. August 9,2017 - Leadership debate to be held in Victoria, August 17,2017 - Deadline to become an NDP member and be eligible to vote

27.
CJAD
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CJAD is an AM radio station, owned by Bell Media, operating in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The station has an English language news/talk format and identifies itself on-air as CJAD800, owned and operated by Bell Media, it broadcasts on 800 kHz. The antenna is an array and is located near Saint-Edouard. CJAD was founded by J. Arthur Dupont in 1945, on whose name the letters were based. It is often called Montreals heritage anglophone station, particularly since the demise of the citys oldest anglophone station and it signed on the air on December 8,1945. In its first years, CJAD was based on De La Montagne street in Montreal, in 1961, CJAD was purchased by Standard Broadcasting. In 1978, control of Standard Broadcasting was purchased by Conrad Black via Hollinger Inc, in 1985, Standard was purchased by Slaight Communications, a privately held company owned by J. Allan Slaight. In 1962, a station, CJFM, was launched. Always separately programmed, CJFMs programming became totally different from CJAD only from about 1976, for much of its life, CJAD had a full service format. The music was adult contemporary plus two specialized shows on weekends — The Bandstand with Dick Irvin, and Starlight Concert with Rod Dewar. In 1995, CJAD shifted its format to full-time news/talk, dropping all music and entertainment, save for the Sunday morning Trivia Show, starting in 1992, almost all of CJADs programming was simulcast on Corus Entertainment-owned CKTS900 in Sherbrooke. On November 19,2006, CKTS ceased broadcasting and its licence was surrendered to the Canadian Radio-television and this, according to Corus, was because of high ongoing maintenance costs that neither they nor Standard were willing to cover. In April 2007, Astral Media and Standard Broadcasting announced that Standard had agreed to an offer by Astral. In 1998, all four of CJADs broadcast towers toppled during The Ice Storm, CJADs first attempt to get back on the air was to use CKGMs former 980 transmitter, re-tuned to the 800 frequency. This, however, turned out to be impossible as the 980 site was damaged by ice as well, the radio station then made arrangements to broadcast on CFMBs former 1410 transmitter, but the signal was poor to the west. They then reached an agreement with CHUM Limited to use their CKGM transmitter on 990 kHz until new towers were erected, a large part of CJADs daily programs are talk shows discussing local and international news, as well as various other subjects. CJAD broadcasts a report every 30 minutes on local and major international news. This excludes certain overnight hours, where newscasts are delivered every hour, traffic updates are delivered every 15 minutes

28.
CTV News Channel (Canada)
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CTV News Channel is a Canadian English language Category C specialty channel that is owned by Bell Media. The 24-hour channel broadcasts national and international headlines, breaking news. CTV News Channel is headquartered at 9 Channel Nine Court in the Agincourt neighbourhood of Scarborough in the city of Toronto, according to the Canadian Communications Monitoring Report - Broadcasting System 2014, there were 8.4 million subscribers to the channel and revenue of $26 million. In September 1996, CTV Television Network Ltd, the channel was launched on September 30,1997 as CTV News 1. Under the terms of this licence, the channel broadcast news and information on a 15-minute wheel, not long after its launch, however, it began covering more breaking news. CTV News 1 used news segments from CTV National News and local CTV, the channel began with its news anchors sitting at a desk which would periodically, while the anchor was not speaking, spin in a circle to change the background in front of which the anchor sat. This gimmick was criticized, and soon abandoned, the channel included a large on-screen news ticker that provided news updates, weather, sports scores, stock trading data, among other information. On September 8,1999, the channel was renamed CTV Newsnet, after the launch of then-sister channel and these requests were met with mixed decisions from the CRTC. The network hoped to capitalize in part on the lockout which had nearly eliminated news programming on CBC Television, before the 2005 format change, sports segments were co-branded with TSN, and business news with Report on Business Television. These channels are owned by the companies as CTV and Newsnet. CTV Newsnet was renamed CTV News Channel on May 26,2009, on September 10,2010, Bell Canada announced that it planned to acquire 100% interest in CTVglobemedia for a total debt and equity transaction cost of $3.2 billion CAD. The deal, which acquired CRTC approval, was approved on March 7,2011 and closed on April of that year, CTVglobemedia was renamed Bell Media on April 1,2011. On October 3,2011, CTV News Channel unveiled a new programming lineup. An HD feed was launched on the channels co-owned Bell Fibe TV service in February 2012, the set still consists of the traditional CTV newsroom background. For many years, the network has aired the CTV National News at 10 pm Eastern—or 11 pm Atlantic and it is repeated every hour until 2 am Eastern, or 11 pm Pacific. C. Correspondent Martin Seemungal – Middle East bureau chief Tom Walters - Los Angeles bureau chief Paul Workman – Washington and it is available on the co-owned Bell TV and Bell Fibe TV service, Telus Optik TV, and Rogers Cable

29.
TVA (Canada)
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TVA is a privately owned French language television network in Canada. The network is owned by TVA Group, a publicly traded subsidiary of Quebecor Media, TVA is believed to be short for Téléviseurs associés or Télédiffuseurs associés, depending on the source. The name reflects TVAs roots as a network owned by its affiliates. Headquartered in Montreal, the network only has terrestrial stations in Quebec, although parts of New Brunswick, however, since becoming a national network in 1998, it has been available on cable across Canada. They were joined by CFCM-TV in Quebec City in 1964 after CFCM lost its Radio-Canada affiliation. While the three stations shared programs for years, it was not until September 12,1971 that the informal link became a proper network, TVA. The network began the first private French-language network news service in Canada in 1972, between 1973 and 1983, seven more stations joined the network. When the network was organized in 1971, its affiliates ran it as a cooperative. In 1982, the became a corporation with the station owners as shareholders. The differences were enough that Sherbrookes CHLT-TV, whose signal reaches Montreal, was carried on Montreal cable systems. However, CFTM dominated the network to a greater extent that Torontos CFTO-TV dominated CTV. That was not surprising as Montreal has always been the centre of French-language broadcasting in Canada, in 1989, Télé-Metropole, which owned CFTM and CJPM, bought out Pathonic and changed its name to Groupe TVA Inc. a subsidiary of cable company Vidéotron. The other station owners sold the shares of the network in 1992. Nine years later, Quebecor became owner of TVA, TVA also owns Le Canal Nouvelles, Canadas only private French language headline news channel. When TVA completes its broadcast day, the TVA stations simulcast LCN until TVAs next broadcast day begins, for most of the last 30 years, TVA has been more popular than Télévision de Radio-Canada, the French-language counterpart of CBC Television. All but 10 of the 50 most popular shows in Quebec come from TVA. For many years, TVAs reach outside of Quebec was only a fraction of that of Radio-Canada, the only stations with significant viewership outside of Quebec were CHOT-TV of Hull, CIMT-TV of Rivière-du-Loup and CHAU-TV of Carleton-sur-Mer. CHOT also serves Ottawa and has available on most cable systems in Northeastern Ontario since the early 1980s

30.
Lawyer
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A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts

31.
Laval, Quebec
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Laval is a Canadian city in southwestern Quebec, north of Montreal. It forms its own region of Quebec. It is the largest suburb of Montreal, the third largest municipality in the province of Quebec, Laval is geographically separated from the mainland to the north by the Rivière des Mille Îles, and from the Island of Montreal to the south by the Rivière des Prairies. Laval occupies all of Île Jésus as well as the Îles Laval, Laval constitutes region 13 of the 17 administrative regions of Quebec as well as a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality and census division with geographical code 65. It also constitutes the judicial district of Laval, the first European Settlers were Jesuits in 1636 when they were granted a seigneury there. Agriculture first appeared in Laval in 1670, in 1675, François de Montmorency-Laval gained control of the seigneury. In 1702 a parish municipality was founded, and dedicated to Saint-François de Sales, beginning in 1845, after nearly 200 years of a rural nature, additional municipalities were created. The only built-up area on the island, Sainte-Rose, was incorporated as a village in 1850, with the dawn of the 20th century came urbanization. Laval-des-Rapides became Lavals first city in 1912, followed by LAbord-à-Plouffe being granted village status three years later, laval-sur-le-Lac was founded in the same year on its tourist-based economy from Montrealers. Laval began to grow throughout the years, due to its proximity to Montreal that made it an ideal suburb. To deal with problems caused by urbanization, amalgamations occurred, LAbord-à-Plouffe amalgamated with Renaud, Laval was named after the first owner of Île Jésus, François de Montmorency-Laval, the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Quebec. At the time, Laval had a population of 170,000, Laval became a Regional County Municipality in 1980. Prior to that, it was the County of Laval, according to the 2011 Census of Canada, the population of Laval was an estimated 401,553, an 8.9 percent increase from the earlier census in 2006. Women constitute 51. 5% of the total population, children under 14 years of age total 17. 3%, while those of retirement age number 15. 6% resulting in a median age of 40.9 years. The 2011 census found that French was the mother tongue of 60. 8% of the population. The next most common mother tongues were English, Arabic, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Armenian, Creoles, Romanian, the citys longtime mayor, Gilles Vaillancourt, resigned on 9 November 2012, following allegations of corruption made against him in hearings of the provincial Charbonneau Commission. City councillor Basile Angelopoulos served as acting mayor until Alexandre Duplessis was selected in a vote on 23 November. Florent Gagné, a head of the Sûreté du Québec, will serve as the citys head trustee

32.
Civil service
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A civil servant or public servant is a person so employed in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the service varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not, many consider the study of service to be a part of the field of public administration. Workers in non-departmental public bodies may also be classed as servants for the purpose of statistics and possibly for their terms. Collectively a states civil servants form its service or public service. An international civil servant or international staff member is an employee who is employed by an intergovernmental organization. These international civil servants do not resort under any national legislation but are governed by internal staff regulations, All disputes related to international civil service are brought before special tribunals created by these international organizations such as, for instance, the Administrative Tribunal of the ILO. Specific referral can be made to the International Civil Service Commission of the United Nations and its mandate is to regulate and coordinate the conditions of service of staff in the United Nations common system, while promoting and maintaining high standards in the international civil service. The origin of the modern civil service can be traced back to Imperial examination founded in Imperial China. The Imperial exam based on merit was designed to select the best administrative officials for the states bureaucracy and this system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of scholar-bureaucrats irrespective of their family pedigree. In the areas of administration, especially the military, appointments were based solely on merit, after the fall of the Han Dynasty, the Chinese bureaucracy regressed into a semi-merit system known as the Nine-rank system. This system was reversed during the short-lived Sui Dynasty, which initiated a civil service bureaucracy recruited through written examinations, the first civil service examination system was established by Emperor Wen of Sui. The examination tested the candidates memorization of the Nine Classics of Confucianism and his ability to compose poetry using fixed and traditional forms, the system was finally abolished by the Qing government in 1905 as part of the New Policies reform package. The Chinese system was admired by European commentators from the 16th century onward. In the 18th century, in response to changes and the growth of the British Empire, the bureaucracy of institutions such as the Office of Works. Each had its own system, but in general, staff were appointed through patronage or outright purchase, by the 19th century, it became increasingly clear that these arrangements were falling short. The origins of the British civil service are better known, during the eighteenth century a number of Englishmen wrote in praise of the Chinese examination system, some of them going so far as to urge the adoption for England of something similar. The first concrete step in this direction was taken by the British East India Company in 1806, in that year, the Honourable East India Company established a college, the East India Company College, near London to train and examine administrators of the Companys territories in India

33.
Irish Canadians
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Irish Canadians are Canadian citizens who have full or partial Irish heritage including descendants who trace their ancestry to immigrants who originated in Ireland. 1.2 million Irish immigrants arrived from 1825 to 1970, by 1867, they were the second largest ethnic group, and comprised 24% of Canadas population. The 1931 national census counted 1,230,000 Canadians of Irish descent, about one-third were Catholic in 1931 and two-thirds Protestant. The Irish immigrants were overwhelmingly Protestant before the years of the late 1840s. Even larger numbers of Catholics headed to the United States, others went to England and this was a large and significant increase of 531,495 since the 2001 census, which counted 3,823,000 respondents quoting Irish ethnicity. According to the National Household Survey 2011, the population of Irish ancestry has increased since 2006 to 4,544,870, the first recorded Irish presence in the area of present-day Canada dates from 1536, when Irish fishermen from Cork traveled to Newfoundland. Between 1825 and 1845, 60% of all immigrants to Canada were Irish, in 1831 alone, during this period much smaller numbers arrived in Newfoundland. Besides Upper Canada, Lower Canada Quebec, the Maritime colonies of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Not all remained, many out-migrated to the United States or to Western Canada in the decades that followed. Seldom few ever returned to Ireland, during the Great Famine, Canada received the most destitute Irish Catholics, who left Ireland in grave circumstances. Land estate owners in Ireland would either evict landholder tenants to board on returning empty lumber ships, others left on ships from the overcrowded docks in Liverpool and Cork. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to Canada and the United States in the century and before were Irish speakers. The great majority of Irish Catholics arrived in Grosse Isle, an island in Quebec in the St. Lawrence River, from Grosse-Ile, most survivors were sent to Quebec City and Montreal, where the existing Irish community mushroomed. The orphaned children were adopted into Quebec families and accordingly became Québécois, at the same time, ships with the starving also docked at Partridge Island, New Brunswick in similarly desperate circumstances. In comparison with the Irish who went to the United States or Britain, many Irish arrivals in Canada settled in rural areas, the Catholic Irish and Protestant Irish were often in conflict from the 1840s. In Ontario, the Irish fought with the French for control of the Catholic Church, in that instance, the Irish sided with the Protestants to oppose the demand for French language Catholic schools. Thomas DArcy McGee, an Irish-Montreal journalist, became a Father of Confederation in 1867, an Irish Republican in his early years, he would moderate his view in later years and become a passionate advocate of Confederation. He was instrumental in enshrining educational rights for Catholics as a minority group in the Canadian Constitution, in 1868, he was assassinated in Ottawa. Historians are not sure who the murderer was, or what were his motivations, one theory is that a Fenian, Gaylord ONeiel Whelan, was the assassin, attacking McGee for his recent anti-Raid statements

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French Canadians
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French Canadians are an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to French colonists who settled in Canada from the 17th century onward. Today, French Canadians constitute the main French-speaking population in Canada, today, French Canadians live across North America. The province of Quebec has the largest population of French-Canadian descent, though smaller communities exist throughout Canada, between 1840 and 1930, roughly 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to the United States, mostly to the New England region. Other terms for French Canadians who continue to reside in the province of Quebec, are Quebecers or Québécois, the other major group of French Canadians are the Acadians who reside in the Maritime Provinces. In total, those who identify as French Canadian, French, Québécois, the French Canadians get their name from Canada, the most developed and densely populated region of New France during the period of French colonization in the 17th and 18th century. The original use of the term Canada referred to the area along the St. From 1535 to the 1690s, the French word Canadien had referred to the First Nations the French had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at Stadacona, at the end of the 17th century, Canadien became an ethnonym distinguishing the inhabitants of Canada from those of France. French Canadians living in Canada express their identity using a number of terms. The Ethnic Diversity Survey of the 2006 Canadian census found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as French, French Canadians, Québécois, the latter three were grouped together by Jantzen as French New World ancestries because they originate in Canada. Canadien was used to refer to the French-speaking residents of New France beginning in the last half of the 17th century, the English-speaking residents who arrived later from Great Britain were called Anglais. This usage continued until Canadian Confederation in 1867 and those reporting French New World ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least four generations in Canada. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their group, with 70% and 61%, respectively. The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker, for example, only 50% of third generation Canadians strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities and these identities include French New World ancestries such as Québécois, Acadian. Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used Québécois or Québécoise to express their cultural and national identity, rather than Canadien français, francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French-Canadian ancestry may not identify as French Canadian. Those who do have French or French-Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty and this is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebeckers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebecers, maintain within Quebec. French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as French Canadian, identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do