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5.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2,500 B.C.
in the western part of South Asia,
in what today is Pakistan and western India.
It is often referred to as Harappan Civilization
after its first discovered city, Harappa.
The nearby city of
MohenjoDaro is the largest and most
familiar archaeological dig in this region.
The Indus Valley was home to
the largest of the four ancient
urban civilizations of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, India and China.
This ancient civilization was not discovered
until the 1920's.
Most of its ruins, including
major cities, remain to be excavated.
Left: The excavated ruins
of Mohenjo-daro.

6.
1. What challenges did the people along
the Indus River face?
• unpredictable rivers
(similar situation to Mesopotamia region)
• strong winds / monsoons

7.
1. What challenges did the people along
the Indus River face?
• unpredictable rivers
(similar situation to Mesopotamia region)
• strong winds / monsoons

8.
2. Name conclusions that have been drawn
about Indus River culture?
Indus Harappan script has not been
deciphered.
This means basic questions about
the people who created this highly
complex culture
are still unanswered.
Left: The
excavated ruins
of Mohenjodaro
– one of several
planned cities
laid out on a
grid system in
the Indus
region.
Right: The
citadel at
Mohenjodaro.
• Began farming along Indus about 3,200 B.C.
• Size of settled region larger
than Egypt or Mesopotamia.
• Careful city planners; laid out in grid
with a defendable citadel.
• Engineered sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems.
• Peaceful people – few weapons found
• Similarity in housing indicates little differences
between social classes.
• Religious objects and symbols clearly linked to Hinduism.

9.
2. Name conclusions that have been drawn
about Indus River culture?
Left: The
excavated ruins
of Mohenjodaro
– one of several
planned cities
laid out on a
grid system in
the Indus
region.
Right: The
citadel at
Mohenjodaro.
• Began farming along Indus about 3,200 B.C.
• Size of settled region larger
than Egypt or Mesopotamia.
• Careful city planners; laid out in grid
with a defendable citadel.
• Engineered sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems.
• Peaceful people – few weapons found
• Similarity in housing indicates little differences
between social classes.
• Religious objects and symbols clearly linked to Hinduism.
Typical Harappan dwellling

10.
2. Name conclusions that have been drawn
about Indus River culture?
Indus Harappan script has not been
deciphered.
This means basic questions about
the people who created this highly
complex culture
are still unanswered.
Left: The
excavated ruins
of Mohenjodaro
– one of several
planned cities
laid out on a
grid system in
the Indus
region.
Right: The
citadel at
Mohenjodaro.
• Began farming along Indus about 3,200 B.C.
• Size of settled region larger
than Egypt or Mesopotamia.
• Careful city planners; laid out in grid
with a defendable citadel.
• Engineered sophisticated plumbing and sewage systems.
• Peaceful people – few weapons found
• Similarity in housing indicates little differences
between social classes.
• Religious objects and symbols clearly linked to Hinduism.
Typical Harappan dwellling
Above: Terracota household statues
such as this female goddess are found
frequently in the region. Is this religious
icon an early Shiva? Does modern
Hinduism have its origins in Harappan
civilization?
Did you know?
Hinduism is
considered to be
the world’s oldest
religion.
Yet it’s origins have
long been a mystery.

11.
What happened to the Harappan civilization on the Indus River?
Above: The Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro.
Surrounding pics: various Harappan artifacts.

12.
3. Name three theories about why the Indus Valley
civilization ended around 1500 BCE?
Harappans abandoning their city.
• The river may have changed course, natural disaster
(caused by heavy monsoons)
• The people may have overworked the land
(overcutting trees, overgrazed, overfarmed land depleting nutrients)
• Invaders
(What is the disputed (A.I.T.) Aryan Invasion Theory?)