-flood heat fixed slide with crystal violet for 1min
-rinse and flood with Grams Iodine
-rinse and rinse with acetone. Quickly rinse with water
-counter stain with Saffranin for a min
rinse and observe

-hair like filaments
-shorter and thinner than flagella
-fimbriae occur at the ends of the cell (for adhesion to surfaces)
-pili are generally longer than fimbriae (for adhesion to other cells)
-required for attachment, NOT for mobility

-a dormant, metabolically inactive form of some bacteria
-a type of bacterial cellular diferentiation( converting one cell form to another)

Describe the process of sporulation.

1) Multilayered wall forms around bacterial DNA
2) Spore loses water(70%-15%)
3) mater spore is released as the rest of the cell degrades (resists chem & radiation due to thicker walls; survives heat and cold due to lower water content)

3)ID'ing of chemical carcinogens- test chemicals on bacteria to see if mutations are induced

What is Ames test?

-used to ID chemical carcinogens

-inoculate nutrient diffiecient medium with culture that requires that certain nutrient. Mutagenic substance cause causes some organisms to mutate and frow on medium. Nonmutagenic substances does not case organisms to mutate, no none grown on medium

3) Disease must be reproduced when a pure form of microbe is given to a healthy host

4) Same microbe must by recovered from the infected host

ie: what are Koch's Postulates

What are the 4 arrangements of flagella present on bacteria?

1)Monotrichous: single polar flagellum

2)Amphitrichous: single flagellum at each end of the cell

3)Lophotrichous: 2 or more flagella at one or both poles of the cell

4)Peritrichous: flagella distributed over the entire cell

What are Endospores?

-highly resistant bodies produced WITHIN the cells of certain bacteria like Closrtridium and Bacillus
-survival mechanism
-spores are resistant to the effects of heat, drying, chemical disinfection, and radiation

What are Cysts?

-an entire cell rounds off and develops a thick-walled, highly refractile cell
-this thick wall of the cell consists of an inner layer (INTINE) and an outer layer (EXINE)