Reported to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a neurodegenerative disorder, in a recessive manner. This assertion is recorded in ClinVar by OMIM (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/RCV000009451/), and comes from Mitchison et al 1998 (PMID: 9425237). Mitchison et al report this variant was seen in 8 of 22 patients studied, once homozygous and others compound heterozygous.

This variant (also called C3F) is common in Europeans (10.2% allele frequency), and is associated with age-related macular degeneration. In the US, 1.5% of adults over 40 have the disease, but the incidence increases strongly with age (>15% in women over 80). Assuming an average lifetime risk of ~10%, heterozygous individuals have a ~13% risk and homozygous have ~20%.

Reported to cause cystinuria when homozygous, may also have symptoms when heterozygous. Although authors reporting the variant as confidently causal and it has some supporting functional evidence, we are unable to establish that the variant has statistical significance for this association.

This variant represents the PiS variant in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency where a homozygous individual has 60% enzymatic activity. This variant alone is unlikely to much effect, but 3-4% of heterozygotes are compound heterozygous with the more severe PiZ variant, which is associated with an increased risk of emphysema and COPD.

This common variant (HapMap allele frequency of 31.3%) in a protein involved in folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12) metabolism and is often reported as "MTRR I22M" (an alternative transcript position). Mothers homozygous for this variant are associated with having around a increased chance of a child with Down syndrome (risk of 0.4%, average risk in population is 0.25%). Notably, age plays a far larger role in the rate of Down syndrome (risk is 4.5% for a mother 45-years-of-age), and it is unknown how this variant may combine with the effect of age. There are conflicting reports associating this variant with incidence of neural tube defects, possibly when combined with MTHFR A222V.

This common noncoding genetic variant has an allele frequency of ~30% and is associated with an increased risk of hypertension. If ~25% of non-carriers have hypertension, Bonnardeaux et al's data predict ~4% increased risk of hypertension per copy of this variant. This SNP is in the 3' noncoding region of the AGTR1 transcript (angiotensin II type 1 receptor), also known as AT2R1 or AT1R, which is a target of hypertension drugs.

In a study of a UK population this variant was associated with a small increased risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic bone fractures, with each copy of the variant presumed to have an additive effect. A study in Chinese young men failed to find an association with peak bone density.

This variant in a growth factor gene is associated with variation in TGFB1 levels; this has been associated with various pathogenic and some protective effects, including: more hepatic fibrosis progression in hep C patients, lower risk of cleft palate, anticorrelation with longevity, higher risk of myocardial infarction and lower risk of hypertension.

Associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in individuals who already have a family history of prostate cancer, but studies have been unable to replicate this finding in sporadic (non-familial) prostate cancer cases.

This variant is associated with a slightly increased risk of tuberculosis. It is unclear whether it is itself causal, or in linkage disequilibrium with some other causal variant that has a stronger effect.

This is a common variant was first reported as a polymorphism. It has since had mixed associations with cancer: Storey et al. conclude a 7x *increased* risk of HPV cancer for homozygotes vs hets, but Jones et al. find a 1.98x *decreased* risk for colorectal cancer. This variant may have significant impact on particular cancers, but it is unclear what effect it has on the overall burden of cancer.

There have been some hypotheses that this variant contributes to causing hereditary hemochromatosis, possibly as a compound heterozygote, but some others treat it as a polymorphism. Cys282Tyr is the classic causal variant and itself has very low penetrance. Mouse studies indicates this variant has a similar but weaker effect; if it has any effect at all its penetrance may be quite low and/or require modifier alleles.

This nonsynonymous SNP is associated with Wolfram Syndrome (known as DIDMOAD), which is characterized by early-onset non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, and deafness) and to adult Type Two Diabetes Mellitus. The WFS1 gene maps to chromosome 4p16.3. The variant has been shown to be statistically associated with type II diabetes in six UK studies and one study of Ashkenazi Jews (Sandhu, M., et al., Minton et al.).

This common variant may have a small pathogenic effect by contributing to cortisone reductase deficiency (a rare abnormality) when homozygous and combined with a serious pathogenic variant. The same authors have tested and ruled out a contribution to polycystic ovary syndrome (similar phenotype, more common disease).

This recessive protective variant confers resistance to norovirus (which causes stomach flu). 20% of Caucasians and Africans are homozygous for this variant and are "non-secretors": they do not express ABO blood type antigens in their saliva or mucosal surfaces. Most strains of norovirus bind to these antigens in the gut, and so this non-secretor status confers almost total resistantance to most types of norovirus. There are notable exceptions, some strains of norovirus bind a different target and are equally infectious for secretors and non-secretors.

This variant is associated with some protective effects for prion disease -- individuals homozygous for this variant are less susceptible to Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and Papua New Guinea individuals heterozygotes at this site are less susceptible to kuru.

This variant is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. It is unclear whether this variant has additive effects, or acts in a dominant or recessive manner. Assuming diabetes has a lifetime risk of 36%, we estimate a decreased risk of around 1-2% per copy of this variant.

Reported to cause primary open angle glaucoma in a recessive manner. This assertion in ClinVar is reported by OMIM (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/RCV000008185/), and is based on Melki et al 2004 (PMID: 15342693). Studying 236 unrelated patients, this variant was seen heterozygously in two of them. Although the authors didn't find this mutation in 394 control chromosomes, ExAC data indicates this variant has an allele frequency of 0.7% in European ancestry. About 1 in 70 are expected to carry the variant, and so finding it twice in 236 individuals represents no enrichment relative to the general population.

Reported in ClinVar to cause Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (aka "bubble boy disease"). However the variant is carried by nearly 1 in 100 individuals with European ancestry, and 1 in 12,000 are predicted to be homozygous. The disease is extremely rare -- highest estimate is 1 in 50,000 -- the high frequency of this variant means it cannot be a cause of this disease.

This variant is also known as Kell or K1 or K (capitalized) in the Kell antigen system. K1-negative mothers (carrying no copies of this variant) carrying K1-positive fetuses (heterozygous or homozygous) are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn. About 9% of caucasians carry one or two copies of K1.

Associated with exfoliative glaucoma & syndrome (XFG & XFS) in various populations, but with contradicting results (protective in Caucasians, pathogenic in Japanese). Based on this it seems the variation itself -- although it affects protein structure -- is not itself causing disease. Instead it is likely associated with other nearby causal variants. As such, it is evaluated as benign by GET-Evidence (which focuses on reporting causal variants). See detailed variant report for disease risk associations.

Probably benign. One report linked this variant to high triglycerides, but a later paper found a nearby SNP with similar association and suggests that both findings are caused by linkage to an undiscovered causal variant.

Probably benign. One report linked this to causing dentinogenesis Imperfecta type II in a large Swedish family, but subsequent publications have observed this is a common variant and conclude it is a nonpathogenic polymorphism.

This variant is associated with "taster" status of PTC, along with 49P and 262A. Due to linkage disequilibrium, the independent effects of positions 296 and 262 is unclear. The presence of 49P confers taster status in a dominant fashion, but in the absence of 49P, the presence of 262A/296V is still positively associated with tasting PTC.