Faraday's Law states that the line integral of electric field around a closed curve (= the voltage you'd measure in a loop of wire following that curve) is equal to (negative) the rate of change of flux with time. Flux = (magnetic field strength x area enclosed by curve). Negative just has to do with definition of positive voltage and magnetic North or South.

Let's say F=flux=B x A. With N turns you have F = B * A * N. If your loop is fixed and the field fluctuates, you have

Weeeeelllllll...that little thing about gravity...ah...from Wikipedia (You can look it up yourself! You want me to do ALL your work for you?):

...In 1983, Mordehai Milgrom, a physicist at the Weizmann Institute in Israel, published three papers in Astrophysical Journal to propose a modification of Newton's law of gravity.[1] A pedagogical introduction to MOND can be found in Bekenstein, who characterizes MOND as follows:[2] "Relativistic MOND as here described has developed from the ground up, rather than coming down from the sky: phenomenology, rather than pure theoretical ideas."

Actually, Milgrom provided several interpretations of his proposal, one being a modification of Newton's second law of motion. However, this proposed interpretation is inconsistent with conservation of momentum, requiring some unconventional physical assumptions to regain plausibility.[2] A second interpretation, as a modification of the law of gravity, requires that the acceleration due to gravitational force does not depend simply upon the mass m, but upon the form mμ(a/a0), where μ is some function approaching the value one for large arguments and a/a0 for small arguments, and a is the acceleration caused by gravity and a0 is a natural constant, a0 ≈ 10−10 m/s2.[2] The centripetal accelerations of stars and gas clouds at the outskirts of spiral galaxies tend to be below a0.[2]

The exact form of µ is unspecified, only its behavior when the argument a/a0 is small or large. As Milgrom proved in his original paper, the form of µ does not change most of the consequences of the theory, such as the flattening of the rotation curve.

In the everyday world, a is much greater than a0 for all physical effects, therefore µ(a/a0)=1 and F=ma as usual. Consequently, the change in Newton's law of gravity is negligible and Newton could not have seen it. Since MOND was inspired by the desire to solve the flat rotation curve problem, it is not a surprise that using the MOND theory with observations reconciled this problem. This can be shown by a calculation of the new rotation curve. [edit] Predicted rotation curve

Far away from the center of a galaxy, the gravitational force a star undergoes is, with good approximation:

F = \frac{GMm}{r^2}

with G the gravitation constant, M the mass of the galaxy, m the mass of the star and r the distance between the center and the star. Using the new law of dynamics gives:

F = \frac{GMm}{r^2} = m \mu{ \left( \frac{a}{a_0}\right)} a

Eliminating m gives:

\frac{GM}{r^2} = \mu{ \left( \frac{a}{a_0}\right)} a

Assuming that, at this large distance r, a is smaller than a0, \mu{ \left( \frac{a}{a_0}\right)} = \frac{a}{a_0} . This gives:

\frac{GM}{r^2} = \frac{a^2}{a_0}

Therefore:

a = \frac{\sqrt{ G M a_0 }}{r}

Since the equation that relates the velocity to the acceleration for a circular orbit is a = \frac{v^2}{r} , one has:

a = \frac{v^2}{r} = \frac{\sqrt{ G M a_0 }}{r}

and therefore:

v = \sqrt[4]{ G M a_0 }

Consequently, the velocity of stars on a circular orbit far from the center is a constant, and does not depend on the distance r : the rotation curve is flat.

The proportion between the "flat" rotation velocity to the observed mass derived here is matching the observed relation between "flat" velocity to luminosity known as the Tully-Fisher relation.

At the same time, there is a clear relationship between the velocity and the constant a0. The equation v=(GMa0)1/4 allows one to calculate a0 from the observed v and M. Milgrom found a0=1.2×10−10 ms−2. Milgrom has noted that this value is also

"... the acceleration you get by dividing the speed of light by the lifetime of the universe. If you start from zero velocity, with this acceleration you will reach the speed of light roughly in the lifetime of the universe."[3]

Retrospectively, the impact of assumed value of a>>a0 for physical effects on Earth remains valid. Had a0 been larger, its consequences would have been visible on Earth and, since it is not the case, the new theory would have been inconsistent.

Scientific research has recently discovered that small dogs were developed in Iraq. Thus, LH's doxie hounds are actually probably Iraqian moles. This represents a serious security issue. Overweight ladies all over the country have been harboring these Iraqi moles thinking they were small dogs. This is a very dangerous situation and requires nation-wide intervention regardless of public outcry, for the sake of national security.

The insurance company is sending out an inspector on Monday. He has to look at the area under the sinks, the fire place, the master bedroom. But all they really want to know is, will the dogs tear him limb from limb?

The dogs love company. And this guy apparently likes dogs, so I think all will be well. But I will clean the house some in the next few days. I hate to think of his photos of these spaces living in a file somewhere, documenting the lamentable state of my housekeeping skills.

You'll have to take back some of the stuff you stored here for a while. The old donkey engine, Rap, will have to go back in your yard or driveway, and Amos, you need to have someone come get this Mississippi barge you anchored in the creek. Maybe lift it out with a helicopter? And MMario, I hate to do it, but all of these starter tree ferns take up too much space in the sun room. You'll have to build a greenhouse at your house and stash them there for a while. I think your primeval jungle environment for all of the dino and auroch meat you grow for the Mudcat Tavern will still happen on schedule, but these were getting a little big for the house, anyway.

In other news, very little has happened. Each of our minds, encrusted with the dark weeds that grow from automaticity and the inertial tendency of thoughts at rest to stay at rest unless disturbed by communication, have continued doing today more or less what we did yesterday. This keeps the window of randomness happily narrow, so that we can be surpriseed by bluebirds instead of Republican takeovers or supernovae. Anything whose rate or magnitude of change exceeds the windowframe is blocked out by heatproof shields and air-raid blankets.

What if all these convenient walls were to fall, these windows shatter, and the raw flood of reality flood our consciousnesses without hindrance?

In vain, in vain, ? the all-composing Hour Resistless falls: The Muse obeys the Pow'r. She comes! she comes! the sable Throne behold Of Night Primćval, and of Chaos old! Before her, Fancy's gilded clouds decay, And all its varying Rain-bows die away. Wit shoots in vain its momentary fires, The meteor drops, and in a flash expires. As one by one, at dread Medea's strain, The sick'ning stars fade off th'ethereal plain; As Argus' eyes by Hermes' wand opprest, Clos'd one by one to everlasting rest; Thus at her felt approach, and secret might, Art after Art goes out, and all is Night. See skulking Truth to her old Cavern fled, Mountains of Casuistry heap'd o'er her head! Philosophy, that lean'd on Heav'n before, Shrinks to her second cause, and is no more. Physic of Metaphysic begs defence, And Metaphysic calls for aid on Sense! See Mystery to Mathematics fly! In vain! they gaze, turn giddy, rave, and die. Religion blushing veils her sacred fires, And unawares Morality expires. Nor public Flame, nor private, dares to shine; Nor human Spark is left, nor Glimpse divine! Lo! thy dread Empire, Chaos! is restor'd; Light dies before thy uncreating word:

Ha! You just don't dare to face the unvarnished reality that you would have to deal with, Amos, if you surrendered your own pretensions of grandeur and drank instead from the dew of my limitless knowledge....