Combine this with the scarcity and fluctuating price of oil and the fuel economy and engine efficiency of a vehicle becomes of paramount importance

More efficient engines will reduce these emissions, however considering the maximum theoretical Otto-cycle efficiency of between 35-37%, alternative propulsion systems must also be considered

Bigger reductions in vehicle emissions and significant efficiency improvements can only be achieved through electric- and hydrogen-based propulsion systems, which are sometimes referred to as “Ultra Low Emission Vehicles” (ULEVs)

Low emission vehicles are currently still more expensive than the average ICE vehicle. However, new battery and fuel-cell technology can reduce these costs

As these electrical Energy Storage Systems improve, the transportation sector can move to broader implementation of electrical propulsion by motors

Fault-tolerance can be included into these electrical machines for safety-critical systems such as seen in Aerospace applications

Often such electrical machines can also be incorporated into safety-critical applications such as ABS, power assisted-steering, traction control and steer/fly-by-wire systems