Friday, 16 January 2015

A
smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with an operating
system.[1][2][3] Smartphones typically include the features of a phone
with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal
digital assistant, a digital camera, a media player or a GPS navigation
unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus a touchscreen
interface, broadband internet, web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd-party apps,
motion sensors and mobile payment mechanisms.
iPhone & Android
In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to
use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile
G1).[23][24] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin
and backed by Google.[25][26] Although Android's adoption was relatively
slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and
now dominates the market.
Both
of these platforms led to the drop of the previous leading companies.
Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of
Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned
Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its
smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS which
became Open webOS and later sold to LG Electronics. BlackBerry also
made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.
The
capacitive touchscreen also had a knock-on effect on smartphone form
factors. Before 2007 it was common for devices to have a numeric keypad
or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. However,
by 2010, there were no top-tier smartphones with numeric keypads. As of
2014, BlackBerry Limited – with a 0.6% share of the market in Q4
2013[27] – is the sole remaining brand of high-end smartphones with
physical keyboards.
The future
In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical"
smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding
the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[28]
In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed
entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[29]
In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones
were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy
Round and LG G Flex models.[30] Samsung phones with more bends and
folds in the screens are expected this year.[31]
Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of
the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when
producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen
during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another
hurdle.[32]
A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like
watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could
gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones
using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work
to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[33] The cost
of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than
most new technology.[34]
Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their
sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio,
television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[35]
In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440
on 5.5" screens with up to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is
a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used
in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less
on such larger displays.[36]
As of 2014, Wi-Fi networks are much used for smartphones. As Wi-Fi
becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi phones service
will start to take off.[37][38][39]
Since 2013, water and dustproofing have made their way into mainstream
high end smartphones instead of specialist models with the Sony Xperia Z
continuing through the Sony Xperia Z3 and also from other manufacturers
with the Samsung Galaxy S5.[40]
One problem with smartphone cameras is still the focus, but LG G3 Beat
with Laser Focus has 8 points of focus. To focus what appears in the
LCD, touch the object on screen to focus on it and the other positions
will be 'bokeh'.[41]
Some smartphones can be categorized as high-end point-and-shoot cameras
with large sensor up to 1" with 20 Megapixels and 4K video. Some can
store their pictures in proprietory raw image format, but the Android
(operating system) 5.0 lollipop serves open source RAW images.[42][43]
Modular smartphones are projected, in which users can remove and replace parts.
Mobile operating systems
Main article: Mobile operating system
Android
Main article: Android (operating system)
Android 4.4.2 home screen
Android
is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and
backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers
(such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open
Handset Alliance.[25][26] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream,
the first phone to use Android.[23][24] The software suite included on
the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary
applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web
browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and
third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in
October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the
best-selling smartphone platform.[44]
iOS
Main article: iOS
The original iPhone (2007)
In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second
generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support.
Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone
to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500
applications at launch,[45] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion
downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[46][47]
Windows Phone
Main article: Windows Phone
In
February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface
inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows
Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as
Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft
services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software
platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some
positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its
uniqueness and differentiation.[48][49][50]
Firefox OS
Main article: Firefox OS
Firefox
OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by
Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community
based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and
HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones
were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have
partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV
with Firefox OS) and Sony.[51]
Sailfish OS
Main article: Sailfish OS
The
Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[52] Additionally
Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking
user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate
Jolla smartphones from others.[53] Sailfish OS is intended to be a
system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla,
utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish
and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[54][55][56]
Tizen
Main article: Tizen
Tizen
is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones,
tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and
smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is
governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and
Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2
and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[57]
Ubuntu Touch
Main article: Ubuntu Touch
Ubuntu
Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu
operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[58]
It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers.
BlackBerry
Main article: BlackBerry
BlackBerry Z10 from 2013
In
1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure
real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such
as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications
into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service
subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in
September 2012.[59] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform
transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a
new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[60]
Symbian
Main article: Symbian
Symbian
was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most
widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the
platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as
it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen
Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[61][62] and was the
first device marketed as a "smartphone".[63] It combined a PDA with a
mobile phone.[64] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would
replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its
future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the
following few years.[65]

Facebook (formerly [thefacebook])
is an online social networking service headquartered in Menlo Park,
California. Its website was launched on February 4, 2004, by Mark
Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow Harvard University
students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris
Hughes.
The founders had initially limited the website's membership to Harvard
students, but later expanded it to colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy
League, and Stanford University.
It gradually added support for students at various other universities
and later to high-school students. Facebook now allows anyone who claims
to be at least 13 years old to become a registered user of the website.
Its name comes from a colloquialism for the directory given to it by
American universities students.

After registering to use the site, users can create a User profile, add other users as "friends",
exchange messages, post status updates and photos, share videos and
receive notifications when others update their profiles. Additionally,
users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace,
school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their
friends into lists such as "People From Work" or "Close Friends".
Facebook had over 1.3 billion active users as of June 2014.
Due to the large volume of data collected about users, the service's
privacy policies have faced scrutiny, among other criticisms. Facebook,
Inc. held its initial public offering
in February 2012 and began selling stock to the public three months
later, reaching a peak market capitalization of $104 billion.On
January 15, 2013, Facebook announced Facebook Graph Search, which
provides users with a "precise answer," rather than a link to an answer
by leveraging the data present on its site.Facebook emphasized that the
feature would be "privacy-aware,"
returning only results from content already shared with the user.
The company became the subject of a lawsuit by Rembrandt Social Media in
February 2013, for patents involving the "Like" button.On
April 3, 2013, Facebook unveiled Facebook Home, a user-interface layer
for Android devices offering greater integration with the site. HTC
announced the HTC First, a smartphone with Home pre-loaded.
On April 15, 2013, Facebook announced an alliance across 19 states
with the National Association of Attorneys General, to provide teenagers
and parents with information on tools to manage social networking
profiles.
On April 19, 2013, Facebook officially modified its logo to remove the
faint blue line at the bottom of the "F" icon. The letter F moved closer
to the edge of the box.
Following a campaign by 100 advocacy groups, Facebook agreed to
update its policy on hate speech. The campaign highlighted content
promoting domestic and sexual violence against women, and used over
57,000 tweets and more than 4,900 emails that caused withdrawal of
advertising from the site by 15 companies, including Nissan UK, House of
Burlesque and Nationwide UK. The social media website initially
responded by stating that "while it may be vulgar and offensive,
distasteful content on its own does not violate our policies".
It decided to take action on May 29, 2013, after it "become clear that
our systems to identify and remove hate speech have failed to work as
effectively as we would like, particularly around issues of gender-based
hate."
On
June 12, 2013, Facebook announced on its newsroom that it was
introducing clickable hashtags to help users follow trending
discussions, or search what others are talking about on a topic. A July 2013 Wall Street Journal
article identified the Facebook IPO as the cause of a change in the
U.S.' national economic statistics, as the local government area of the
company's headquarters, San Mateo County,
California, became the top wage-earning county in the country after the
fourth quarter of 2012. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that
the average weekly wage in the county was US$3,240,
107% higher than the previous year. It noted the wages were "the
equivalent of $168,000 a year, and more than 50% higher than the
next-highest county, New York County (better known as Manhattan), at $2,107 a week, or roughly $110,000 a year."
Russian
internet firm Mail.Ru sold its Facebook shares for US$525
million on September 5, 2013, following its initial $200 million
investment in 2009. Partly owned by Russia's richest man, Alisher
Usmanovhe, the firm owned a total of 14.2 million remaining shares prior
to the sale. In the same month, the Chinese government announced that
it will lift the ban on Facebook in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone
"to welcome foreign companies to invest and to let foreigners live and
work happily in the free-trade zone." Facebook was first blocked in
China in 2009.
Facebook
was announced as a member of The Alliance for Affordable Internet
(A4AI) in October 2013, when the A4AI was launched. The A4AI is a
coalition of public and private organisations that includes Google,
Intel and Microsoft. Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee,
the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access
is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are
online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so that they
fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of
monthly income.
A
Reuters report, published on December 11, 2013, stated that Standard
& Poor's announced the placement of Facebook on its S&P 500
index "after the close of trading on December 20." Facebook announced Q4
2013 earnings of $523 million (20 cents per share), an increase of $64
million from the previous year, as well as 945 million mobile users.
By January 2014, Facebook's market capitalization had risen to over $134
billion.At the end of January 2014, 1.23 billion users were active on
the website every month.
The company celebrated its 10th anniversary during the week of February
3, 2014. In each of the first three months of 2014, over one billion
users logged into their Facebook account on a mobile device.
In February 2014, Facebook announced that it would be buying mobile
messaging company Whatsapp for US$19 billion in cash and stock.
In June 2014, Facebook announced the acquisition of Pryte, a Finnish
mobile data-plan firm that aims to make it easier for mobile phone users
in underdeveloped parts of the world to use wireless Internet apps.
At the start of July 2014, Facebook announced the acquisition of LiveRail,
a San Francisco, California-based online video advertising company.
LiveRail's technology facilitates the sale of video inventory across
different devices. The terms of the deal were undisclosed, but TechCrunch
reported that Facebook paid between US$400 million and $500 million.As
part of the company's second quarter results, Facebook announced in
late July 2014 that mobile accounted for 62% of its advertising revenue,
which is an increase of 21% from the previous year.
Alongside other American technology figures like Jeff Bezos and Tim Cook,
Zuckerberg hosted visiting Chinese politician Lu Wei, known as the
"Internet czar" for his influence in the enforcement of China's online
policy, at Facebook's headquarters on December 8, 2014. The meeting
occurred after Zuckerberg participated in a Q&A session at Tsinghua
University in Beijing, China, on October 23, 2014, where he attempted to
converse in Mandarin—although Facebook is banned in China, Zuckerberg
is highly regarded among the people and was at the university to help
fuel the nation's burgeoning entrepreneur sector.
A book of Chinese president Xi Xinping found on Zuckerberg's office
desk attracted a great deal of attention in the media, after the
Facebook founder explained to Lu, "I want them [Facebook staff] to
understand socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Zuckerberg fielded questions during a live Q&A session at the
company's headquarters in Menlo Park on December 11, 2014. The question
of whether the platform would adopt a dislike button was raised again,
and Zuckerberg said, "We're [Facebook] thinking about it [dislike
button] ... It's an interesting question," and said that he likes the
idea of Facebook users being able to express a greater variety of
emotions

A
smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with an operating
system.[1][2][3] Smartphones typically include the features of a phone
with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal
digital assistant, a digital camera, a media player or a GPS navigation
unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus a touchscreen
interface, broadband internet, web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd-party apps,
motion sensors and mobile payment mechanisms.

iPhone & Android

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to
use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile
G1).[23][24] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin
and backed by Google.[25][26] Although Android's adoption was relatively
slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and
now dominates the market.

Both
of these platforms led to the drop of the previous leading companies.
Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of
Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned
Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its
smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS which
became Open webOS and later sold to LG Electronics. BlackBerry also
made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.

The
capacitive touchscreen also had a knock-on effect on smartphone form
factors. Before 2007 it was common for devices to have a numeric keypad
or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. However,
by 2010, there were no top-tier smartphones with numeric keypads. As of
2014, BlackBerry Limited – with a 0.6% share of the market in Q4
2013[27] – is the sole remaining brand of high-end smartphones with
physical keyboards.

The future

In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical"
smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding
the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[28]

In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed
entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[29]

In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones
were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy
Round and LG G Flex models.[30] Samsung phones with more bends and
folds in the screens are expected this year.[31]

Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of
the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when
producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen
during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another
hurdle.[32]

A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like
watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could
gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones
using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work
to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[33] The cost
of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than
most new technology.[34]

Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their
sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio,
television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[35]

In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440
on 5.5" screens with up to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is
a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used
in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less
on such larger displays.[36]

As of 2014, Wi-Fi networks are much used for smartphones. As Wi-Fi
becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi phones service
will start to take off.[37][38][39]

Since 2013, water and dustproofing have made their way into mainstream
high end smartphones instead of specialist models with the Sony Xperia Z
continuing through the Sony Xperia Z3 and also from other manufacturers
with the Samsung Galaxy S5.[40]

One problem with smartphone cameras is still the focus, but LG G3 Beat
with Laser Focus has 8 points of focus. To focus what appears in the
LCD, touch the object on screen to focus on it and the other positions
will be 'bokeh'.[41]

Some smartphones can be categorized as high-end point-and-shoot cameras
with large sensor up to 1" with 20 Megapixels and 4K video. Some can
store their pictures in proprietory raw image format, but the Android
(operating system) 5.0 lollipop serves open source RAW images.[42][43]

Modular smartphones are projected, in which users can remove and replace parts.

Mobile operating systems

Main article: Mobile operating system

Android

Main article: Android (operating system)

Android 4.4.2 home screen

Android
is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and
backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers
(such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open
Handset Alliance.[25][26] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream,
the first phone to use Android.[23][24] The software suite included on
the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary
applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web
browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and
third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in
October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the
best-selling smartphone platform.[44]

iOS

Main article: iOS

The original iPhone (2007)

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second
generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support.
Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone
to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500
applications at launch,[45] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion
downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[46][47]

Windows Phone

Main article: Windows Phone

In
February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface
inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows
Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as
Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft
services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software
platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some
positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its
uniqueness and differentiation.[48][49][50]

Firefox OS

Main article: Firefox OS

Firefox
OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by
Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community
based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and
HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones
were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have
partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV
with Firefox OS) and Sony.[51]

Sailfish OS

Main article: Sailfish OS

The
Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[52] Additionally
Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking
user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate
Jolla smartphones from others.[53] Sailfish OS is intended to be a
system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla,
utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish
and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[54][55][56]

Tizen

Main article: Tizen

Tizen
is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones,
tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and
smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is
governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and
Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2
and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[57]

Ubuntu Touch

Main article: Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu
Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu
operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[58]
It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers.

BlackBerry

Main article: BlackBerry

BlackBerry Z10 from 2013

In
1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure
real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such
as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications
into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service
subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in
September 2012.[59] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform
transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a
new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[60]

Symbian

Main article: Symbian

Symbian
was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most
widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the
platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as
it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen
Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[61][62] and was the
first device marketed as a "smartphone".[63] It combined a PDA with a
mobile phone.[64] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would
replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its
future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the
following few years.[65]

A
smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with an operating
system.[1][2][3] Smartphones typically include the features of a phone
with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal
digital assistant, a digital camera, a media player or a GPS navigation
unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus a touchscreen
interface, broadband internet, web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd-party apps,
motion sensors and mobile payment mechanisms.

iPhone & Android

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to
use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile
G1).[23][24] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin
and backed by Google.[25][26] Although Android's adoption was relatively
slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and
now dominates the market.

Both
of these platforms led to the drop of the previous leading companies.
Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of
Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned
Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its
smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS which
became Open webOS and later sold to LG Electronics. BlackBerry also
made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.

The
capacitive touchscreen also had a knock-on effect on smartphone form
factors. Before 2007 it was common for devices to have a numeric keypad
or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. However,
by 2010, there were no top-tier smartphones with numeric keypads. As of
2014, BlackBerry Limited – with a 0.6% share of the market in Q4
2013[27] – is the sole remaining brand of high-end smartphones with
physical keyboards.

The future

In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical"
smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding
the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[28]

In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed
entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[29]

In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones
were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy
Round and LG G Flex models.[30] Samsung phones with more bends and
folds in the screens are expected this year.[31]

Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of
the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when
producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen
during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another
hurdle.[32]

A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like
watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could
gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones
using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work
to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[33] The cost
of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than
most new technology.[34]

Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their
sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio,
television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[35]

In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440
on 5.5" screens with up to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is
a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used
in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less
on such larger displays.[36]

As of 2014, Wi-Fi networks are much used for smartphones. As Wi-Fi
becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi phones service
will start to take off.[37][38][39]

Since 2013, water and dustproofing have made their way into mainstream
high end smartphones instead of specialist models with the Sony Xperia Z
continuing through the Sony Xperia Z3 and also from other manufacturers
with the Samsung Galaxy S5.[40]

One problem with smartphone cameras is still the focus, but LG G3 Beat
with Laser Focus has 8 points of focus. To focus what appears in the
LCD, touch the object on screen to focus on it and the other positions
will be 'bokeh'.[41]

Some smartphones can be categorized as high-end point-and-shoot cameras
with large sensor up to 1" with 20 Megapixels and 4K video. Some can
store their pictures in proprietory raw image format, but the Android
(operating system) 5.0 lollipop serves open source RAW images.[42][43]

Modular smartphones are projected, in which users can remove and replace parts.

Mobile operating systems

Main article: Mobile operating system

Android

Main article: Android (operating system)

Android 4.4.2 home screen

Android
is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and
backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers
(such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open
Handset Alliance.[25][26] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream,
the first phone to use Android.[23][24] The software suite included on
the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary
applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web
browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and
third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in
October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the
best-selling smartphone platform.[44]

iOS

Main article: iOS

The original iPhone (2007)

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second
generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support.
Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone
to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500
applications at launch,[45] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion
downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[46][47]

Windows Phone

Main article: Windows Phone

In
February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface
inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows
Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as
Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft
services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software
platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some
positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its
uniqueness and differentiation.[48][49][50]

Firefox OS

Main article: Firefox OS

Firefox
OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by
Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community
based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and
HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones
were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have
partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV
with Firefox OS) and Sony.[51]

Sailfish OS

Main article: Sailfish OS

The
Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[52] Additionally
Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking
user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate
Jolla smartphones from others.[53] Sailfish OS is intended to be a
system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla,
utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish
and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[54][55][56]

Tizen

Main article: Tizen

Tizen
is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones,
tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and
smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is
governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and
Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2
and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[57]

Ubuntu Touch

Main article: Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu
Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu
operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[58]
It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers.

BlackBerry

Main article: BlackBerry

BlackBerry Z10 from 2013

In
1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure
real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such
as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications
into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service
subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in
September 2012.[59] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform
transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a
new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[60]

Symbian

Main article: Symbian

Symbian
was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most
widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the
platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as
it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen
Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[61][62] and was the
first device marketed as a "smartphone".[63] It combined a PDA with a
mobile phone.[64] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would
replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its
future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the
following few years.[65]

A
smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with an operating
system.[1][2][3] Smartphones typically include the features of a phone
with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal
digital assistant, a digital camera, a media player or a GPS navigation
unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus a touchscreen
interface, broadband internet, web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd-party apps,
motion sensors and mobile payment mechanisms.
iPhone & Android

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to
use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile
G1).[23][24] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin
and backed by Google.[25][26] Although Android's adoption was relatively
slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and
now dominates the market.

Both
of these platforms led to the drop of the previous leading companies.
Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of
Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned
Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its
smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS which
became Open webOS and later sold to LG Electronics. BlackBerry also
made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.

The
capacitive touchscreen also had a knock-on effect on smartphone form
factors. Before 2007 it was common for devices to have a numeric keypad
or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. However,
by 2010, there were no top-tier smartphones with numeric keypads. As of
2014, BlackBerry Limited – with a 0.6% share of the market in Q4
2013[27] – is the sole remaining brand of high-end smartphones with
physical keyboards.
The future

In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical"
smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding
the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[28]
In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed
entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[29]
In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones
were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy
Round and LG G Flex models.[30] Samsung phones with more bends and
folds in the screens are expected this year.[31]
Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of
the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when
producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen
during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another
hurdle.[32]
A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like
watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could
gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones
using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work
to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[33] The cost
of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than
most new technology.[34]
Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their
sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio,
television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[35]
In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440
on 5.5" screens with up to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is
a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used
in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less
on such larger displays.[36]
As of 2014, Wi-Fi networks are much used for smartphones. As Wi-Fi
becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi phones service
will start to take off.[37][38][39]
Since 2013, water and dustproofing have made their way into mainstream
high end smartphones instead of specialist models with the Sony Xperia Z
continuing through the Sony Xperia Z3 and also from other manufacturers
with the Samsung Galaxy S5.[40]
One problem with smartphone cameras is still the focus, but LG G3 Beat
with Laser Focus has 8 points of focus. To focus what appears in the
LCD, touch the object on screen to focus on it and the other positions
will be 'bokeh'.[41]
Some smartphones can be categorized as high-end point-and-shoot cameras
with large sensor up to 1" with 20 Megapixels and 4K video. Some can
store their pictures in proprietory raw image format, but the Android
(operating system) 5.0 lollipop serves open source RAW images.[42][43]
Modular smartphones are projected, in which users can remove and replace parts.

Android
is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and
backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers
(such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open
Handset Alliance.[25][26] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream,
the first phone to use Android.[23][24] The software suite included on
the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary
applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web
browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and
third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in
October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the
best-selling smartphone platform.[44]
iOS
Main article: iOS
The original iPhone (2007)

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second
generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support.
Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone
to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500
applications at launch,[45] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion
downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[46][47]
Windows Phone
Main article: Windows Phone

In
February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface
inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows
Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as
Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft
services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software
platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some
positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its
uniqueness and differentiation.[48][49][50]
Firefox OS
Main article: Firefox OS

Firefox
OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by
Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community
based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and
HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones
were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have
partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV
with Firefox OS) and Sony.[51]
Sailfish OS
Main article: Sailfish OS

The
Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[52] Additionally
Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking
user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate
Jolla smartphones from others.[53] Sailfish OS is intended to be a
system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla,
utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish
and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[54][55][56]
Tizen
Main article: Tizen

Tizen
is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones,
tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and
smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is
governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and
Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2
and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[57]
Ubuntu Touch
Main article: Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu
Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu
operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[58]
It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers.
BlackBerry
Main article: BlackBerry
BlackBerry Z10 from 2013

In
1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure
real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such
as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications
into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service
subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in
September 2012.[59] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform
transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a
new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[60]
Symbian
Main article: Symbian

Symbian
was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most
widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the
platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as
it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen
Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[61][62] and was the
first device marketed as a "smartphone".[63] It combined a PDA with a
mobile phone.[64] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would
replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its
future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the
following few years.[65]

Exercise during pregnancy have many benefits, exercise keeps the body and keeps your weight increase during pregnancy, and that prepares you for childbirth by strengthening your muscles, and also improve your mood and improve your sleep and reduce the pain of pregnancy, often after delivery makes it easy for you to return to your weight and your body shape prior to pregnancy, so now we will tell you about some exercise can you practice her during your pregnancy, and we’ll give you tips for exercising safely during pregnancy, affiliate.

Exercises that improve blood circulation1. WalkingOf the best exercises that improve blood circulation to the rack, it is easy to practice walking anywhere, requires no hardware, but it only needs to choose a suitable and comfortable shoes, walk safe during any time of nine months of pregnancy if the doctor decides otherwise by your health.

2. SwimmingIt is also one of the best exercises that stimulate blood circulation to the rack, it is easy to play, where to swim make pregnant women do not feel their weight while increasing it during pregnancy.

3. Do some exercise for pregnant women with special trainerWhere you be confident that any exercise you practice him is safe for you, your baby, also appreciate being given if you live these exercises with some pregnant women like you a lot and you will enjoy the intimacy and confidence.

4. DanceStimulates circulation, you can do in your home, but be careful of any violent movements such as jumps or rotation.

Flexibility exercises and strength:1. YogaExercises that maintain muscle strength, maintain flexibility, but yoga program with exercise walking or swimming or any other exercise improves your circulation.

3. LiftingYou can only exercise if you continually practice attendance prior to pregnancy, you can not skip pills after pregnancy if you have no reason to stop, but with several caveats reduce weights that overloading, maintain your movement slow and control and other caveats.

General Tips for exercising safely during pregnancy1. check with your doctor first before doing any type of exercise, it may work out for you and do not fit the other, each pregnancy is a special case and are different from the rest of the cases.

2. avoid any violent or dangerous sport.

3. wear appropriate clothing and comfortable during exercise.

4. exercise burns calories, so you must pay attention to your food and maintain a healthy and balanced diet.

5. drink plenty of water to compensate for losses during exercise.

6. do you sleep flat on your back during exercise, because this mode lowers the blood road to your brain and uterus, it might cause you some dizziness, or negatively affect your baby.

7. get up from the ground slowly and carefully so as not to attack for the flop.

8. sport’s ideal until you exhaust, but if I felt any fatigue, stop immediately.

Do you know any easier exercise to practice than to walk? She does not require skill, is cheap, can be made practically any time of the day, there is no age restriction and can still be made indoors if the person has a treadmill. “For a person who does not practice any kind of sport, a walk of 10 minutes a day already perceptible effects on the body, after only a week ago, explains the sport physiologist Paulo Correia, Unifesp. In addition to the physical conditioning improves, the benefits of walking for health of body and mind are many, and proven by science. The my life gathered 11 benefits that this habit can do for you. Check here and move around:

A study done by the USP, Ribeirão Preto, proved that walk for approximately 40 minutes is able to reduce blood pressure during 12:0 am after the end of the exercise. This is because during the practice of exercise, blood flow increases, causing the blood vessels to expand, decreasing the pressure.

In addition, the walk causes the heart valves work more by improving circulation of hemoglobin and oxygenation of the body. “With the largest pumping blood to the lungs, the blood becomes richer in oxygen. Added to this, the Trek also makes the arteries, veins and capillaries to dilate, making the most efficient oxygen transport to the peripheral parts of the body, such as arms and legs “, explains physiologist Paulo Correia.

2. Let the more efficient lung

The lung is also quite enjoyed when we walk. According to Paulo Correia, gas exchanges that occur in this organ become more powerful when we walk with frequency. This causes a greater amount of impurities out of the lung, leaving him little catarrhs and dust-free.

“The practice of hiking, if recommended by a doctor, can also help to dilate the bronchi and prevent some inflammation in the Airways, such as bronchitis. In some cases simpler, she has the same effect as a bronco dilators syrup “, explains.

3. Combat osteoporosis

The impact of the feet with the ground has beneficial effect to the bones. The compression of the bones of the leg, and the movement of the entire skeleton during a hike makes a greater quantity electrical stimuli in our bones, called piezoelectric. This stimulation facilitates the absorption of calcium, leaving the bones more resistant and less likely to suffer from osteoporosis.

“In the early stages of loss of bone mass, the walk is a good way to strengthen bones. Even so, when the frame is osteoporosis, walk often can slow the advance of the disease, “says physiologist from Unifesp.

4. stay away from depression

During the walk, our body releases greater amounts of endorphins, hormone produced by the pituitary gland, responsible for feelings of joy and relaxation. When a person begins exercising, she automatically produces endorphins.

After a while, it takes practice even more exercises to feel the beneficial effect of the hormone. “Start walking is the beginning of a vicious circle. The more you walk, the more your body produces endorphins, which gives you that extra edge. This relaxation also causes you to be prepared to spend more and more time walking “, explains Paulo Correia.

5. increases sense of well-being

A short walk in green areas, such as parks and gardens, can significantly improve mental health, bringing benefits to the mood and self-esteem, according to a study done by the University of Essex in the United Kingdom.

Comparing data from 1.2 thousand people of different ages, genders and mental health status, researchers found that those who are involved in hiking outdoors and also, cycling, gardening, fishing, canoeing, horseback riding and agriculture, had positive effects in relation to mood and self-esteem, even if these activities were carried out for only a few minutes a day.

6. Let the brain healthier

Walking every day is a great exercise to keep the body fit, improve health and retard aging. However, a new study from the University of Illinois, in the United States, shows that this anti-aging effect of exercise can be possible also with regard to the brain, while increasing their circuits and reduce the risk of memory problems and attention. “The stimuli we receive when we increase our coordination and make our brain is able to respond to increasingly stimuli, whether they be Visual, tactile, olfactory and sound”, says Paulo Correia.

Another study done by the University of Pittsburgh, says that people who walk on average 10 miles per week have half the risk of a decrease in brain volume. This can be a decisive factor in preventing several types of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, which slowly kills brain cells.

7. Decrease drowsiness

The walk during the day causes the body to have a peak production of stimulants such as epinephrine. That substance leaves the body more willing during the hours following the workout. Added to this, the walk improves the quality of sleep at night.

“As the whole body starts to blow off steam during a hike, our body fall asleep faster at the end of the day, so few people who walk often have insomnia and therefore has no drowsiness the next day”, complete the specialist of Unifesp.

8. keep the weight balance and weight

This is perhaps the most famous benefit walk. “It is clear that walk lose weight. If you’re used to spending a certain amount of energy and begins to walk, his body is a higher caloric demands that causes a localized fat burning “, affirms Paulo Correia.

And role of hiking in weight loss doesn’t stop there. Researchers at the Yale University, in the United States, showed that even hours after the exercise, the person continues to lose weight due to acceleration of metabolism caused by an increase in the circulation, breathing and muscle activity.

The conclusion was that the athletes ‘ muscles constantly convert more energy into heat than sedentary individuals. This is because whoever does an intensive strength training, such as walking, has a faster metabolism.

9. control the urge to eat

A recent study done by researchers at the University of Exeter, in England, suggests that hiking can contain the addiction for chocolate. During the study, we evaluated 25 people who consume an amount of at least 100 grams per day of chocolate. The chocoholics had to forgo the consumption of sweet and were divided into two groups, one of which would make a daily walk.

The researchers realized they didn’t eat the chocolate, along with the stress caused by day to day, increased the willingness to consume the candy. But, a 15-minute walk on a treadmill provides a significant reduction of the will by the delicacy.

“In addition to fill the time with something other than food, the Trek releases hormones like endorphins, that relax and combat stress, effect that many people seek compulsively in food”, affirms Paulo Correia.

10. protects against strokes and heart attacks

Who maintains the health protected from cardiovascular disease. For help control blood pressure, walking is a protection factor against strokes and heart attack. “The vessels become more elastic and more conducive to dilate when there is some obstruction. This prevents the arteries to stop transporting blood or clog “, says Paulo.

The walk also regulates cholesterol levels in the body. She acts both on the decrease in production of bad fats in the body which have an easier time to accumulate on the walls of blood vessels and cause strokes and heart attacks, as the increase in the production of HDL, also known as good cholesterol.

Insulin, a substance that is responsible for the absorption of glucose by the cells of the body, is produced in greater quantity during the practice of trekking, since the activity of the pancreas and liver are stimulated during the walk due to increased blood circulation in all organs.

Another important point is that the intense aerobic training produced by walk is able to reverse insulin resistance, an important factor for the development of diabetes. It is proven that the exercises have even more benefits from harm than previously thought.

“The greater the amount of insulin in the blood, the greater the ability of the cells to absorb the glucose. When that sugar is circulating freely in the blood, can cause diabetes, “explains physiologist from Unifesp.

Labels

Follow us on Google+

Disclaimer

Information presented on this website is only for entertainment purpose and not for commercial practice, Movie, Tracks and Images MP3 Songs are the properties of the Copy righted Owners. MAKING CD's from MP3 Files is an illegal act subjected to breach of Copyrights and is punishable under Copyrights Law. Some of the Links provided here direct to the third party websites on whose File servers and Sources we don't have any influence. Any Copyrighted Content hosted there cannot make this Website , Webmasters, Publishers of this Site Liable under any Copyright Laws.. Visitors If you like the songs , We advise you strictly to go and Purchase the Official Musical CD's from the Available stores