What are Isotopes? Find out in this video from the Properties of Matter chapter.
00:00:02,590 -- 00:00:07,319
In a previous video we learnt about Isotopes.
Here are a few more examples.
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There are two isotopic forms of Chlorine:
Chlorine 35 and Chlorine 37. Remember isotopes
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have the SAME number of protons,
but a different number of neutrons. So how
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many neutrons are in each of these isotopic
forms of Chlorine?
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Remember:
Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of
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Neutrons.
And the number of protons for each isotope forms
00:00:34,030 -- 00:00:39,960
of elements is the same, so we can rearrange
this formula to calculate the number of neutrons
00:00:39,960 -- 00:00:44,969
in each form.
Neutrons = Mass Number - Protons
00:00:44,969 -- 00:00:51,969
When we look at Chlorine on the periodic table
it has an atomic number of 17, therefore it
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has 17 protons.
So Chlorine-35 has a mass of 35.
00:00:59,860 -- 00:01:04,480
Neutrons = Mass Number - Protons
= 35 -17
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= 18
18 neutrons
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So Chlorine-37 has a mass of 37.
Neutrons = Mass Number - Protons
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= 37 -17
= 20
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20 neutrons.
So Chlorine-35 has 18 neutrons and Chlorine
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37 has 20 neutrons.
00:01:25,999 -- 00:01:32,999
Another example of an isotope is Lithium.
Lithium has two stable isotopic forms.
00:01:33,340 -- 00:01:38,619
The atomic number of Lithium is 3, therefore
it has 3 protons.
00:01:38,619 -- 00:01:43,450
The isotopes of Lithium have 3 neutrons and
4 neutrons respectively.
00:01:43,450 -- 00:01:48,729
How do we calculate each of the isotopes mass
number?
00:01:48,729 -- 00:01:52,349
Remember,
Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of
00:01:52,349 -- 00:01:56,209
Neutrons.
So for one isotopic form the mass number would
00:01:56,209 -- 00:02:00,059
be:
3 + 3 = 6
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So we would have Li-6
And for the other form, the mass number would
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be
3+4 = 7
00:02:05,599 -- 00:02:09,580
So we would have Li- 7
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Hank brings us the story of the electron and describes how reality is a kind of music, discussing electron shells and orbitals, electron configurations, ionization and electron affinities, and how all these things can be understood via the periodic table.
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Table of Contents
Snobby Scientists 00:43
Great Dane/Bohr Model 01:57
Electrons as Music 04:13
Electron Shells and Orbitals 04:44
Electron Configurations 05:54
Ionization and Electron Affinities 08:17
Periodic Table 10:18 Support CrashCourse on Subbable: http://subbable.com/crashcourse

Hank gives us a tour of the most important table ever, including the life story of the obsessive man who championed it, Dmitri Mendeleev. The periodic table of elements is a concise, information-dense catalog of all of the different sorts of atoms in the universe, and it has a wealth of information to tell us if we can learn to read it.
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Table of Contents
Dmitri Mendeleev - 0:45
Mendeleev's Organization of the Periodic Table - 2:31
Relationships in the Periodic Table - 5:03
Why Mendeleev Stood Out from his Colleagues - 7:09
How the Periodic Table Could be Improved - 8:28
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A bell can be heard ringing within a bell jar. The bell jar is connected to a vacuum pump and the air is slowly removed. Once a vacuum has been achieved the pumped is turned off and air is allowed to slowly re-enter the bell jar.

Hank talks about the last major way humans are impacting the environment in this penultimate episode of Crash Course Ecology. Pollution takes many forms - from the simplest piece of litter to the more complex endocrine distruptors - and ultimately, humans are responsible for it all.

Hank talks about the last major way humans are impacting the environment in this penultimate episode of Crash Course Ecology. Pollution takes many forms - from the simplest piece of litter to the more complex endocrine distruptors - and ultimately, humans are responsible for it all.

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Hey friends - we wanted to update a few things in our video to be more accurate and appropriate for everyone. And why not try and memorize this song all over again?! Thanks for all your support through the years, and we hope to make more songs like this soon. Sincerely, Mitch and Greg of AsapSCIENCE
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Written, Directed, Produced, Edited and Sung by Mitchell Moffit.
Based on the "Can-Can" music, by Offenbach.
LYRICS:
There's Hydrogen and Helium
Then Lithium, Beryllium
Boron, Carbon everywhere
Nitrogen all through the air
With Oxygen so you can breathe
And Fluorine for your pretty teeth
Neon to light up the signs
Sodium for salty times
Magnesium, Aluminium, Silicon
Phosphorus, then Sulfur, Chlorine and Argon
Potassium, and Calcium so you'll grow strong
Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium and Chromium and Manganese
CHORUS
This is the Periodic Table
Noble gas is stable
Halogens and Alkali react agressively
Each period will see new outer shells
While electrons are added moving to the right
Iron is the 26th
Then Cobalt, Nickel coins you get
Copper, Zinc and Gallium
Germanium and Arsenic
Selenium and Bromine film
While Krypton helps light up your room
Rubidium and Strontium then Yttrium, Zirconium
Niobium, Molybdenum, Technetium
Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium
Silver-ware then Cadmium and Indium
Tin-cans, Antimony then Tellurium and Iodine and Xenon and then Caesium and...
Barium is 56 and this is where the table splits
Where Lanthanides have just begun
Lanthanum, Cerium and Praseodymium
Neodymium's next too
Promethium, then 62's
Samarium, Europium, Gadolinium and Terbium
Dysprosium, Holmium, Erbium, Thulium
Ytterbium, Lutetium
Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten then we're on to
Rhenium, Osmium and Iridium
Platinum, Gold to make you rich till you grow old
Mercury to tell you when it's really cold
Thallium and Lead then Bismuth for your tummy
Polonium, Astatine would not be yummy
Radon, Francium will last a little time
Radium then Actinides at 89
REPEAT CHORUS
Actinium, Thorium, Protactinium
Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium
Americium, Curium, Berkelium
Californium, Einsteinium, Fermium
Mendelevium, Nobelium, Lawrencium
Rutherfordium, Dubnium, Seaborgium
Bohrium, Hassium then Meitnerium
Darmstadtium, Roentgenium, Copernicium
Ununtrium, Flerovium
Ununpentium, Livermorium
Ununseptium, Ununoctium
And then we're done!!

In this video I discuss what is blood, the primary functions of blood, and what is blood made of. I also discuss the components of blood, what does blood do, and the functions of blood cells.
Transcript
What is blood?
Well, blood is made up of 4 major components, plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma makes up about 50 to 55% of blood, and its main contents include, about 90% water, glucose, hormones, enzymes, proteins, minerals and various waste products like carbon dioxide.
Red blood cells make up about 45 to 50% of blood, and their primary function is to carry oxygen to cells and deliver carbon dioxide to lungs. White blood cells make up 1-2% of blood, and they help protect the body against disease and invaders. Platelets make up 1 to 2% of blood, and they are involved in clotting and help prevent bleeding.
Blood has 3 major functions in the body.
1. Transportation
Blood transports oxygen and other various nutrients to cells throughout the body, it also carries waste products and carbon dioxide to the kidneys and lungs for removal from the body.
2. Protection
Blood carries white blood cells which fight infections that threaten to damage the body.
3. Regulation
Blood regulates body temperature, as well as ph balance.
Other sources...
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196001.php

In this video I discuss the circulatory system or cardiovascular system, the functions of the cardiovascular system and the path of blood flow through the heart and components of the cardiovascular system.
Transcript (partial with notes)
The circulatory system is responsible for transporting nutrients, such as, hormones, water, oxygen and other nutrients to and from virtually all cells throughout the body.
It also carries away carbon dioxide and other waste materials produced by cells.
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, vessels, which include arteries, veins and capillaries.
Let’s look at the path of nutrients though the body…
1st, Oxygen is absorbed in the lungs, where it enters the bloodstream and goes to the heart, which pumps it into arteries. Arteries take the oxygenated material to organs and tissues, where they merge into capillaries.
Many capillaries enter tissue to form a capillary bed. The oxygenated material drops off its nutrients, and collects waste materials such as carbon dioxide.
This deoxygenated waste continues through the capillary which merge into veins. The veins then take the waste to the heart, which pumps it back to the lungs where it can get oxygenated again.

In this video I discuss the basics of the Respiratory System, including how the respiratory system works, I go through the breathing process, and show how breathing works.
Transcript
We are going to look at the functions of the respiratory system, its components, how the system works, and some things you can do to maintain a healthy respiratory system.
The respiratory system’s main functions include, transporting air into and out of the lungs, protecting the body against harmful particles that are inhaled, and it’s most important function, the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. So, its basically about breathing.
Now lets take a look at a diagram and we will go through The respiratory systems main components. Starting here with the nose and nasal cavity, the mouth or oral cavity, the pharynx is here and it what we consider the throat. The pharynx is considered part of the digestive system as well as the respiratory system, and it connects the respiratory openings to the larynx and esophagus.
The esophagus is not part of the respiratory system, and I will get to why I put it in the diagram in a minute. Next we have the larynx, also called the voice box because the vocal cords are located here. The trachea also called the windpipe, is here, and it connects to the bronchi, which merge into smaller tubes called bronchioles. And, the bronchioles connect to tiny air sacs called alveoli. And then down here is the diaphragm.
Now lets go through a very basic look at what happens during the breathing process. So, air is breathed in through the nose or mouth. When it enters through the nose, it gets spread out by these shelf-like things here called conchae. The conchae help humidify the air, and trap some inhaled particles. They also warm the air.
The air next passes through the pharynx and enters the trachea. One note here. This little flap like structure is called the epiglottis and it has an important function.
During breathing it is pointed upward allowing airflow into the trachea, however, during swallowing it folds down to prevent food from going into the trachea, directing the food into the esophagus. If food does enter the trachea, the gag reflex is induced to protect the respiratory system. The epiglottis here, this little thing shows you how amazing the human body is.
Anyways, back to air flow. So, air continues down the trachea and enters the bronchi. From there it enters into smaller bronchioles, and finally into the alveoli, which are surrounded by a network of capillaries. And this folks is where the magic happens.
Oxygen enters the alveolar sac and the gas exchange occurs. Capillaries give up their waste carbon dioxide, and pick up the oxygen. Carbon dioxide is then exhaled through the air passage the oxygen was inhaled through, and the oxygen picked up by the blood returns to the heart.
During this breathing process the diaphragm is busy as well, contracting as we breath in, which allow the lungs to expand, and relaxing as we exhale.
Some minor respiratory disorders include, the common cold, influenza, acute bronchitis, which is inflammation of the bronchi, and pneumonia, which is inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli. Some of the more damaging disorders include, chronic bronchitis, where the bronchi become inflamed and narrowed, mainly caused by tobacco smoke, emphysema, where the alveoli become overstretched, and lung cancer, which in almost 9 of 10 cases is caused by tobacco smoke.
What can you do to maintain or improve respiratory system health?
Maintian a healthy weight, excess weight compresses respiratory muscles and puts more stress on your lungs. Drink plenty of water, dehydration can cause the mucus lining your airways to thicken and become sticky, making you more susceptible to illness.
Consume foods rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, such as fruits, veggies and nuts, which can help to reduce inflammation and fight oxidative damage. Limit exposure to common allergens such as dust mites, pollen and animal dander. Maintain good hygiene, many respiratory viruses are transmitted because of bad hygiene and poor hand washing.
Don’t over consume alcohol, it dehydrates the body and weakens the immune system. Get more active, regular aerobic activity can help our respiratory system. Add indoor plants, plants have been shown to help improve air quality.
Bottom line. As you can see the respiratory system has a major impact on overall health, as you may already know, breathing is kind of important. So, eat a healthy diet, maintain an active lifestyle, and keep up good hygiene.

In this video I discuss how the digestive system works, digestive system functions, and the components of the digestive system. I also discuss the path of food through the digestive system.
Transcript with notes
Bryan here, and in this video we are going to look at the digestive system.
Now let’s take a look at a diagram and we will go through the digestive systems main components. Starting here with the mouth and salivary glands, which lead to the pharynx, or what we call the throat.
Next we have the esophagus here, which connects to the stomach. The liver is here, along with the gallbladder and the pancreas is back here. Down here is the small intestine which has 3 sections, the doudenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. The large intestine is here, and it also has 3 sections, the cecum, colon and rectum, and the anus is here.
Now let’s go through a very basic look at what happens during the digestive process or the path of food, as well as the digestive system functions.
So, food enters the mouth, where we chew it up. The salivary glands produce saliva, which helps lubricate the food. The saliva also contains digestive enzymes that begin breaking down the food. The food is then swallowed through the pharynx or throat, and passes into the esophagus.
From the esophagus, food enters the stomach. Here, food is churned and mixed with gastric juices to form chyme, which is a soupy like mix. The gastric juices include digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid, which helps breakdown food further, and also kills potentially harmful bacteria.
There is a ring of muscle near the end of the stomach that is called the pyloric sphincter. This muscle opens at intervals to allow small quantities of the chyme to enter into the first part of the small intestine the duodenum. Small quantities are released to avoid overwhelming the small intestines digestive processes.
In the duodenum, the breakdown of food, or chyme continues with the help of enzymes from the pancreas and bile that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
The path of food continues into the 2nd section of the small intestine, the jejunum, and folks, this is where the magic happens. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered by tiny finger like projections called villi. These villi give the small intestine a huge surface area to allow for efficient absorption of nutrients.
Nutrients pass into the interior of a villus. Inside each villus is a tiny lymph capillary, and a blood capillary. Here, Glucose and amino acids, or carbohydrates and proteins, as well as other nutrients are absorbed into the blood capillaries, and transported to the liver for processing. Fats are absorbed into the lymph capillary and transported to the liver by way of the lymphatic duct and circulatory system.
Once the breakdown and absorption is complete in the small intestine, the waste product that remains from this process is partially digested, liquefied food. This passes from the last part of the small intestine called the ileum, through the ileocecal valve, into the 1st part of the large intestine called the cecum.
From there, it enters the 2nd part of the large intestine called the colon. Here, sodium, chloride and water are absorbed through the lining of the colon, into the bloodstream, helping convert the liquid food or chyme into semisolid feces. At the end of the colon is the 3rd part of the large intestine, the rectum, which stores feces, and contracts to expel them through the anus. And that completes the journey of food through the digestive system, and how the digestive system functions.
Alright, if you have any questions or comments you can leave them below, if you like the video hit thumbs up, if I just wasted your time hit the thumbs down…til next time, I’m out, see ya.

Watch as the Flinn Scientific Staff demonstrates the Hoffman Electrolysis Demonstration Apparatus. To view more See It In Action videos by Flinn Scientific visit us at http://www.flinnsci.com/teacher-resources/teacher-resource-videos/see-it-in-action-videos/
ATTENTION: This demonstration is intended for and should only be performed by certified science instructors in a safe laboratory/classroom setting.