x200px)| nominee5 = Eugene V. Debs| party5 = Socialist Party of America| home_state5 = Indiana| running_mate5 = Emil Seidel| electoral_vote5 =0| states_carried5 = 0| popular_vote5 = 901,551| percentage5 = 6.0%| before_color = 3333FF| after_color = FF3333}}The 1912 United States presidential election was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent RepublicanPresidentWilliam Howard Taft and defeated former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as the Progressive Party ("Bull Moose") nominee. Roosevelt remains the only third party presidential candidate in U.S. history to finish better than third in the popular or electoral vote.Roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican presidential nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. Roosevelt's Progressive Party was nicknamed the Bull Moose Party after journalists quoted Roosevelt saying that he was "feeling like a bull moose" on the campaign trail shortly after the new party was formed.BOOK, Morris, Edmund, Colonel Roosevelt., Random House Trade Paperbacks, New York, 215., Backed by William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer, Eugene V. Debs.The election of 1912 was bitterly contested by three individuals, Wilson, Roosevelt, and Taft, who all had or would serve as president. Roosevelt's "New Nationalism" platform called for social insurance programs, an eight-hour workday, and a strong federal role in regulating the economy. Wilson's "New Freedom" platform called for tariff reform, banking reform, and a new antitrust law. Knowing that he had little chance of victory, Taft conducted a subdued campaign based on his own platform of "progressive conservatism." Debs claimed that the other three candidates were largely financed by trusts and tried to galvanize support behind his socialist policies.Wilson carried 40 states and won a large majority of the electoral vote, taking advantage of the split in the Republican Party. He was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892, and would be one of just two Democratic presidents to serve between the Civil War and the onset of the Great Depression. Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes, while Taft carried just two states, taking 8 electoral votes. Wilson won 41.8% of the national popular vote, while Roosevelt won 27%, Taft 23%, and Debs 6%.

Background

Republican PresidentTheodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a second full term. Roosevelt's first term as president (1901â1905) was incomplete, as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley; it was only his second term (1905â1909) that encompassed four full years. He had tapped Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated DemocratWilliam Jennings Bryan in the general election.During Taft's administration, a rift grew between Roosevelt and Taft as they became the leaders of the Republican Party's two wings: the progressives, led by Roosevelt, and the conservatives, led by Taft. The progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children, promoted ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions. The progressive Republicans were also in favor of the popular election of federal and state judges and opposed to having judges appointed by the president or state governors. The conservative Republicans were in support of high tariffs on imported goods to encourage consumers to buy American-made products (as were most progressive Republicans), favored business leaders over labor unions, and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges.By 1910 the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep, and this, in turn, caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against one another, despite their personal friendship. The 1910 Midterm elections proved to be rather rough for the Republicans which seemed to further cement the growing divide among the party. Taft's popularity among Progressives collapsed when he supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909,Coletta, Presidency of William Howard Taft ch 3 abandoned Roosevelt's anti-trust policyAnderson (1973), p.79 and fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910.Schweikart and Allen, p. 491.

Candidates gallery

File:William Howard Taft - Harris and Ewing.jpg|PresidentWilliam Howard TaftFile:Theodore Roosevelt-Pach.jpg|Theodore Roosevelt from New YorkFile:Robert M La Follette, Sr.jpg|SenatorRobert M. La Follette from WisconsinFile:For Auld Lang Syne - Leonard Raven-Hill.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|A Punch cartoon by Leonard Raven-HillLeonard Raven-HillFor the first time, significant numbers of delegates to the national conventions were elected in presidential preference primaries. Primary elections were advocated by the progressive faction of the Republican Party, which wanted to break the control of political parties by bosses. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries. Robert M. La Follette won two of the first four primaries (North Dakota and Wisconsin). Beginning with his runaway victory in Illinois on April 9, however, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries (in order, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Oregon, Maryland, California, Ohio, New Jersey, and South Dakota), losing only Massachusetts to Taft.WEB,weblink History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian, Smithsonianmag.com, 2016-08-18, As a sign of his great popularity, Roosevelt even carried Taft's home state of Ohio.The Republican Convention was held in Chicago from June 18 to 22. Taft, however, had begun to gather delegates earlier, and the delegates chosen in the primaries were a minority. Taft had the support of the bulk of the party organizations in the Southern states. These states had voted solidly Democratic in every presidential election since 1880, and Roosevelt objected that they were given one-quarter of the delegates when they would contribute nothing to a Republican victory (as it turned out, delegates from the former Confederate states supported Taft by a 5 to 1 margin). When the convention gathered, Roosevelt challenged the credentials of nearly half of the delegates.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} By that time, however, it was too late. The delegates chose Elihu Root â once Roosevelt's top ally â to serve as chairman of the convention. Afterwards, the delegates seated Taft delegations in Alabama, Arizona, and California on tight votes of 597-472, 564-497, and 542-529, respectively. After losing California, where Roosevelt had won the primary, the progressive delegates gave up hope. They voted "present" on most succeeding roll calls. Not since the 1872 election had there been a major schism in the Republican party. Now, with the Democrats holding about 45% of the national vote, any schism would be fatal. Roosevelt's only hope at the convention was to form a "stop-Taft" alliance with La Follette, but Roosevelt had alienated La Follette, and the alliance could not form.Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard, and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate, Roosevelt struck back hard. On the evening of June 22, 1912, Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the convention. Roosevelt maintained that Taft had allowed fraudulent seating of delegates to capture the presidential nomination from progressive forces within the Party. Thus, with the support of convention chairman Elihu Root, Taft's supporters outvoted Roosevelt's men, and the convention renominated incumbents William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman, making Sherman the first sitting Vice President to be nominated for re-election since John C. Calhoun in 1828.{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

Presidential BallotJUNE 22, 1912 > TITLE = TAFT IS NOMINATED ON FIRST BALLOT

(File:Aa addams work 2 e.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Progressive convention, 1912)Republican progressives reconvened in Chicago and endorsed the formation of a national progressive party. When formally launched later that summer, the new Progressive Party chose Roosevelt as its presidential nominee and Governor Hiram Johnson from California as his vice presidential running mate. Questioned by reporters, Roosevelt said he felt as strong as a "bull moose". Henceforth known as the "Bull Moose Party," the Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people.The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and its executive secretary George Walbridge Perkins, an employee of banker J. P. Morgan and International Harvester. Perkins blocked an anti-trust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. The delegates to the convention sang the hymn "Onward, Christian Soldiers" as their anthem. In a famous acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to "battle for the LORD." However, many of the nation's newspapers, which tended to be pro-Republican, harshly depicted Roosevelt as an egotist who was only running for president to spoil Taft's chances and feed his vanity.

(File:debs campaign.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Eugene V. Debs's 6% was an all-time high for the Socialist Party)The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and usually was rooted in ethnic communities, especially German and Finnish. It also had some support in old Populist rural and mining areas in the West, especially Oklahoma. By 1912, the party claimed more than a thousand locally elected officials in 33 states and 160 cities, especially the Midwest. Eugene V. Debs had run for president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, primarily to encourage the local effort, and he did so again in 1912 and from prison in 1920.Ira Kipnis, The American Socialist Movement, 1897â1912 1952.The conservatives, led by Victor L. Berger from Milwaukee, promoted progressive causes of efficiency and an end to corruption, nicknamed "gas and water socialism." Their opponents were the radicals who wanted to overthrow capitalism, tried to infiltrate labor unions, and sought to cooperate with the Industrial Workers of the World ("the Wobblies"). With few exceptions, the party had weak or nonexistent links to local labor unions. Immigration was an issueâthe radicals saw immigrants as fodder for the war with capitalism, while conservatives complained that they lowered wage rates and absorbed too many city resources. Many of these issues had been debated at the First National Congress of the Socialist Party in 1910, and they were debated again at the national convention in Indianapolis in 1912. At the latter, the radicals won an early test by seating Bill Haywood on the Executive Committee, sending encouragement to western "Wobblies", and passed a resolution seeming to favor industrial unionism. The conservatives counterattacked by amending the party constitution to expel any socialists who favored industrial sabotage or syndicalism (that is, the IWW), and who refused to participate in American elections. They adopted a conservative platform calling for cooperative organization of prisons, a national bureau of health, abolition of the Senate and the presidential veto. Debs did not attend; he saw his mission as keeping the disparate units together in the hope that someday a common goal would be found.

General election

Campaign

The 1912 presidential campaign was bitterly contested. Vice-PresidentJames S. Sherman died in office on October 30, 1912, less than a week before the election, leaving Taft without a running mate. (Nicholas M. Butler was designated to receive electoral votes that would have been cast for Sherman.) With the Republican Party divided, Wilson captured the presidency handily on November 5.{{Citation needed|date = February 2017}}(File:PostcardTaftPensionExaminer1912.jpg|left|thumb|Republican campaign postcard charging a Democratic administration would remove pensioners from the rolls)While Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912, a saloonkeeper from New York, John Flammang Schrank, shot him, but the bullet lodged in his chest only after penetrating both his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page single-folded copy of the speech titled "s:Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual|Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual]]", he was to deliver, carried in his jacket pocket. Schrank was immediately disarmed, captured and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.WEB,weblink The Bull Moose and related media, March 8, 2010, dead, to make sure that no violence was done,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20100308145415weblink">weblink March 8, 2010, Roosevelt assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take charge of Schrank and to make sure no violence was done to him.BOOK, Oliver E., Remey, Henry F., Cochems, Wheeler P., Bloodgood, The Attempted Assassination of Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt, The Progressive Publishing Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1912, 192,weblink Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung, and he declined suggestions to go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his s:I have just been shot|scheduled speech]] with blood seeping into his shirt.WEB,weblink Medical History of American Presidents, Doctor Zebra, September 14, 2010, He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose."{{Citation | contribution-url =weblink | contribution = Excerpt | title = Detroit Free Press | publisher = History buff}}.WEB,weblink It Takes More Than That to Kill a Bull Moose: The Leader and The Cause, Theodore Roosevelt Association, October 14, 2015, Afterwards, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life.WEB,weblink Roosevelt Timeline, Theodore Roosevelt, September 14, 2010, Timeline of Theodore Roosevelt's Life by the Theodore Roosevelt Association at www.theodoreroosevelt.org In later years, when asked about the bullet inside him, Roosevelt would say, "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat pocket."Donavan, p. 119Both Taft and Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson suspended their own campaigning until Roosevelt recovered and resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter "I'm fit as a bull moose", which inspired the party's emblem.WEB,weblink Archived copy, 2010-11-09, dead,weblink" title="web.archive.org/web/20150919221256weblink">weblink 2015-09-19, He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail.The election of 1912 is considered the high tide of progressive politics. Had either Roosevelt or Taft stayed out of the race, a Republican victory would have been assured.{{Citation needed|date = February 2017}}The Socialists had little money; Debs' campaign cost only $66,000, mostly for 3.5 million leaflets and travel to rallies organized by local groups. His biggest event was a speech to 15,000 supporters in New York City. The crowd sang "La Marseillaise" and "The Internationale" as Emil Seidel, the vice- presidential candidate, boasted, "Only a year ago workingmen were throwing decayed vegetables and rotten eggs at us but now all is changed... Eggs are too high. There is a great giant growing up in this country that will someday take over the affairs of this nation. He is a little giant now but he is growing fast. The name of this little giant is socialism." Debs said that only the socialists represented labor. He condemned "Injunction Bill Taft" and ridiculed Roosevelt as "a charlatan, mountebank, and fraud, and his Progressive promises and pledges as the mouthings of a low and utterly unprincipled self seeker and demagogue." Debs insisted that the Democrats, Progressives, and Republicans alike were financed by the trusts. Party newspapers spread the wordâthere were five English-language and eight foreign-language dailies along with 262 English and 36 foreign-language weeklies. The labor union movement, however, largely rejected Debs and supported Wilson.{{Citation needed|date = February 2017}}(File:TR-Chemist-1912.JPG|thumb|upright=1.6|left| Roosevelt mixing "radical" ingredients in his speeches in this 1912 editorial cartoon by Karl K. Knecht (1883â1972) in the Republican Evansville Courier newspaper)Roosevelt conducted a vigorous national campaign for the Progressive Party, denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been "stolen". He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of "The New Nationalism" and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy and chastising bad corporations. Wilson supported a policy called "The New Freedom". This policy was based mostly on individualism instead of a strong government. Taft campaigned quietly, and spoke of the need for judges to be more powerful than elected officials. The departure of the more progressive Republicans left the conservative Republicans even more firmly in control of their party until 1916, when many progressives returned. Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical, but this had little effect.{{Citation needed|date = February 2017}}

Tariffs and Republican Party split

Before the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913), the funding of the United States government heavily relied upon tariffs. Tariffs are a direct taxation of raw materials and manufactured goods with regard to trade. This issue was key in fracturing the Republican Party. Early in his term, President Taft had promised to stand for a lower tariff bill. Protectionism was major policy of the business oriented Republican Party.NEW YORK TIMES. (1909, September 19). MR. TAFT'S DECISION. Retrieved February 22, 2017, fromweblink Congressional deliberation, the Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) was passed and signed by President Taft. The Payne-Aldrich Act would not satisfy the growing economic sectionalism of the country; the Northwest and South wanted tariff reductions on manufactured goods, as well as more raw materials to be added to the 'free-list' (non-taxed goods)Fisk, G. M. (1910). The Payne-Aldrich Tariff. Political Science Quarterly,25(1), 35-39. doi:10.2307/2141008 The new tariff policy would increase duties; going against President Taft's promises, it further alienated the progressive wing of the Republican Party. President Taft's inability to satisfy both wings of his party would create a political opening for his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt, to make a run for the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt would rally progressives with speeches to pressure the political establishment. In regards to the existing tariff policy, Theodore Roosevelt would vouch for "...an expert tariff commission, wholly removed from the possibility of political pressure or of improper business influence.".Theodore Roosevelt Association. "The New Nationalism." The New Nationalism - Theodore Roosevelt Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2017.

Results

(File:1912prescountymap.PNG|right|thumb|upright=1.8|Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for the winning candidate. Shades of blue are for Wilson (Democratic), shades of green are for Roosevelt (Progressive), shades of red are for Taft (Republican), shades of yellow are for Debs (Socialist), light grey indicates zero recorded votes and dark grey indicates territories not elevated to statehood)The impact of the third-party vote is indicated by the fact that few states were carried by a majority of the popular vote. Taft carried two states (Utah and Vermont), Roosevelt six, and Wilson forty. Taft carried no state with a popular majority, Roosevelt one (South Dakota, where there was no Republican ticket), and Wilson eleven, all of them states of the former Confederacy. More than two-thirds of Wilson's total vote was cast in the 37 states that he did not carry by majority vote.The Presidential Vote, 1896â1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 14Wilson's vote, 6,296,919, was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any one of his campaigns, and over 100,000 less than Bryan received in 1908, when Bryan won only 162 electoral votes. Wilson fell behind Bryan's results in most of the country, and notably so in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska, Kansas, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Arkansas. In only two sections was Wilson's vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote: New England and the Pacific.The Presidential Vote, 1896â1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 15 Wilson led the poll in 1,969 counties, but he received a majority of the vote in only 1,237 counties, less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns. Taft had a majority in only 35, and "Other(s)" in only 305. These small figures clearly reveal the result of the division of the normal Republican vote, as does the fact that in a plurality of counties (1,396) no candidate obtained a majority.The Presidential Vote, 1896â1932, Edgar E. Robinson, pg. 17 Taft had a lead over the field in only 232 counties. In addition to South Dakota and California, where there was no Taft ticket, and seven "Solid South" states in which he carried no county, Taft also carried no counties in Maine, New Jersey, Minnesota, Nevada and Arizona. Nine counties did not record any votes due to either black disenfranchisement or being inhabited only by Native Americans who would not gain full citizenship for twelve more years.The 772 counties not carried by Wilson or by Taft were distributed in 38 states, most of them in Pennsylvania (48), Illinois (33), Michigan (68), Minnesota (75), Iowa (49), South Dakota (54), Nebraska (32), Kansas (51), Washington (38), and California (44), and almost without exception were carried by Roosevelt. Debs carried four counties in Minnesota (Lake and Beltrami), North Dakota (Burke County), and Kansas (Crawford County), the only counties ever to vote socialist in a presidential election.This was the first time in 60 years (since 1852) that Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Rhode Island voted for a Democrat, and the first time in history that Massachusetts voted for a Democratic candidate. This was the last election in which the Democrats won Maine until 1964, the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut and Delaware until 1936, the last in which the Democrats won Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin until 1932, and the last in which the Democrats won Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1928. After the 2016 presidential election, 1912 remains the last election in which the key Indiana counties of Hamilton and Hendricks, along with Walworth County, Wisconsin, Pulaski and Laurel Counties in Kentucky and Hawkins County, Tennessee have given a plurality to the Democratic candidate.Sullivan, Robert David; âHow the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Centuryâ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016The 1912 election was the first to include all 48 of the current contiguous United States.{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Woodrow Wilson| party=Democratic| state=New Jersey| pv=6,296,284| pv_pct=41.84%| ev=435| vp_name=Thomas R. Marshall| vp_state=Indiana}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Theodore Roosevelt| party=Progressive| state=New York| pv=4,122,721| pv_pct=27.40%| ev=88| vp_name=Hiram W. Johnson| vp_state=California}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=William Howard Taft (Incumbent)| party=Republican| state=Ohio| pv=3,486,242| pv_pct=23.17%| ev=8| vp_name=Nicholas Murray Butler| vp_state=New York}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Eugene V. Debs| party=Socialist| state=Indiana| pv=901,551| pv_pct=5.99%| ev=0| vp_name=Emil Seidel| vp_state=Wisconsin}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Eugene W. Chafin| party=Prohibition| state=Illinois| pv=208,156| pv_pct=1.38%| ev=0| vp_name=Aaron S. Watkins| vp_state=Ohio}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box row| name=Arthur E. Reimer| party=Socialist Labor| state=Massachusetts| pv=29,324| pv_pct=0.19%| ev=0| vp_name=August Gillhaus| vp_state=New York}}{{U.S. presidential ticket box other| footnote=| pv=4,556| pv_pct=0.03%}}Source (Popular Vote): {{Leip PV source 2| year=1912| as of=July 28, 2005}}Source (Electoral Vote): {{National Archives EV source| year=1912| as of=July 31, 2005}}{{bar box|title=Popular vote|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=410px|bars={{bar percent|Wilson|{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}|41.84}}{{bar percent|Roosevelt|#0BDA51|27.40}}{{bar percent|Taft|{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}|23.17}}{{bar percent|Debs|#ff9955|5.99}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|1.60}}}}{{bar box|title=Electoral vote|titlebar=#ddd|width=600px|barwidth=410px|bars={{bar percent|Wilson|{{Democratic Party (US)/meta/color}}|81.92}}{{bar percent|Roosevelt|#0BDA51|16.57}}{{bar percent|Taft|{{Republican Party (US)/meta/color}}|1.51}}}}

Geography of results

(File:1912 Electoral Map.png|upright=2.95|thumb|left)File:1912nationwidecountymapshadedbyvoteshare.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Cartographic gallery

File:PresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Map of presidential election results by countyFile:DemocraticPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Democratic presidential election results by countyFile:OtherPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Map of "other" presidential election results by countyFile:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Map of Republican presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramDemocraticPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of Democratic presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramOtherPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of "other" presidential election results by countyFile:CartogramRepublicanPresidentialCounty1912Colorbrewer.gif|Cartogram (county sizes based on total votes recorded) of Republican presidential election results by county

{{United States presidential election, 1912}}{{State Results of the 1912 U.S. presidential election}}{{USPresidentialElections}}{{US Third Party Election}}{{Socialist Party of America}}{{Woodrow Wilson}}{{William Howard Taft}}{{Authority control}}