Hamstring muscle injuries — such as a "pulled hamstring" — occur frequently in athletes.
They are especially common in athletes who participate in sports that require sprinting,
such as track, soccer, and basketball.

A pulled hamstring or strain is an injury to one or more of the muscles at the back
of the thigh. Most hamstring injuries respond well to simple, nonsurgical treatments.

Anatomy

Normal hamstring anatomy

The hamstring muscles run down the back of the thigh. There are three hamstring muscles:

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Biceps femoris

They start at the bottom of the pelvis at a place called the ischial tuberosity. They
cross the knee joint and end at the lower leg. Hamstring muscle fibers join with the
tough, connective tissue of the hamstring tendons near the points where the tendons
attach to bones.

The hamstring muscle group helps you extend your leg straight back and bend your knee.

Muscle Overload

Muscle overload is the main cause of hamstring muscle strain. This can happen when
the muscle is stretched beyond its capacity or challenged with a sudden load.

Hamstring muscle strains often occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts, or
shortens. Although it sounds contradictory, this happens when you extend a muscle
while it is weighted, or loaded. This is called an "eccentric contraction."

During sprinting, the hamstring muscles contract eccentrically as the back leg is
straightened and the toes are used to push off and move forward. The hamstring muscles
are not only lengthened at this point in the stride, but they are also loaded — with
body weight as well as the force required for forward motion.

Like strains, hamstring tendon avulsions are also caused by large, sudden loads.

During sprinting, the hamstring muscles are lengthened and loaded as the back leg
pushes off to propel the runner forward.

Risk Factors

Several factors can make it more likely you will have a muscle strain, including:

Muscle tightness. Tight muscles are vulnerable to strain. Athletes should follow a year-round program
of daily stretching exercises.

Muscle imbalance. When one muscle group is much stronger than its opposing muscle group, the imbalance
can lead to a strain. This frequently happens with the hamstring muscles. The quadriceps
muscles at the front of the thigh are usually more powerful. During high-speed activities,
the hamstring may become fatigued faster than the quadriceps. This fatigue can lead
to a strain.

Poor conditioning. If your muscles are weak, they are less able to cope with the stress of exercise
and are more likely to be injured.

Muscle fatigue. Fatigue reduces the energy-absorbing capabilities of muscle, making them more susceptible
to injury.

Choice of activity. Anyone can experience hamstring strain, but those especially at risk are:

Athletes who participate in sports like football, soccer, basketball

Runners or sprinters

Dancers

Older athletes whose exercise program is primarily walking

Adolescent athletes who are still growing

Hamstring strains occur more often in adolescents because bones and muscles do not
grow at the same rate. During a growth spurt, a child's bones may grow faster than
the muscles. The growing bone pulls the muscle tight. A sudden jump, stretch, or impact
can tear the muscle away from its connection to the bone.

If you strain your hamstring while sprinting in full stride, you will notice a sudden,
sharp pain in the back of your thigh. It will cause you to come to a quick stop, and
either hop on your good leg or fall.

Additional symptoms may include:

Swelling during the first few hours after injury

Bruising or discoloration of the back of your leg below the knee over the first few
days

People with hamstring strains often see a doctor because of a sudden pain in the back
of the thigh that occurred when exercising.

During the physical examination, your doctor will ask about the injury and check your
thigh for tenderness or bruising. He or she will palpate, or press, the back of your
thigh to see if there is pain, weakness, swelling, or a more severe muscle injury.

Treatment of hamstring strains will vary depending on the type of injury you have,
its severity, and your own needs and expectations.

The goal of any treatment — nonsurgical or surgical — is to help you return to all
the activities you enjoy. Following your doctor's treatment plan will restore your
abilities faster, and help you prevent further problems in the future.

Nonsurgical Treatment

Most hamstring strains heal very well with simple, nonsurgical treatment.

RICE. The RICE protocol is effective for most sports-related injuries. RICE stands for
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation.

Rest. Take a break from the activity that caused the strain. Your doctor may recommend
that you use crutches to avoid putting weight on your leg.

Ice. Use cold packs for 20 minutes at a time, several times a day. Do not apply ice directly
to the skin.

Elevation. To reduce swelling, recline and put your leg up higher than your heart while resting.

Immobilization. Your doctor may recommend you wear a knee splint for a brief time. This will keep
your leg in a neutral position to help it heal.

Physical therapy. Once the initial pain and swelling has settled down, physical therapy can begin.
Specific exercises can restore range of motion and strength.

A therapy program focuses first on flexibility. Gentle stretches will improve your
range of motion. As healing progresses, strengthening exercises will gradually be
added to your program. Your doctor will discuss with you when it is safe to return
to sports activity.

Surgical Treatment

Surgery is most often performed for tendon avulsion injuries, where the tendon has
pulled completely away from the bone. Tears from the pelvis (proximal tendon avulsions)
are more common than tears from the shinbone (distal tendon avulsions).

Surgery may also be needed to repair a complete tear within the muscle.

Procedure. To repair a tendon avulsion, your surgeon must pull the hamstring muscle back into
place and remove any scar tissue. Then the tendon is reattached to the bone using
large stitches or staples.

A complete tear within the muscle is sewn back together using stitches.

Rehabilitation. After surgery, you will need to keep weight off of your leg to protect the repair.
In addition to using crutches, you may need a brace that keeps your hamstring in a
relaxed position. How long you will need these aids will depend on the type of injury
you have.

Your physical therapy program will begin with gentle stretches to improve flexibility
and range of motion. Strengthening exercises will gradually be added to your plan.

Rehabilitation for a proximal hamstring reattachment typically takes at least 6 months,
due to the severity of the injury. Distal hamstring reattachments require approximately
3 months of rehabilitation before returning to athletic activities. Your doctor will
tell you when it is safe to return to sports.

Most people who injure their hamstrings will recover full function after completing
a rehabilitation plan. Early treatment with a plan that includes the RICE protocol
and physical therapy has been shown to result in better function and quicker return
to sports.

To prevent reinjuring your hamstring, be sure to follow your doctor's treatment plan.
Return to sports only after your doctor has given you the go-ahead. Reinjuring your
hamstring increases your risk of permanent damage. This can result in a chronic condition.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is currently being investigated for its effectiveness in
speeding the healing of hamstring muscle injuries. PRP is a preparation developed
from a patient's own blood. It contains a high concentration of proteins called growth
factors that are very important in the healing of injuries.

A few treatment centers across the country are incorporating PRP injections into the
nonsurgical treatment regimen for some hamstring muscle injuries. However, this method
is still under investigation and more research is necessary to prove PRP's effectiveness.

AAOS does not endorse any treatments, procedures, products, or physicians referenced
herein. This information is provided as an educational service and is not intended
to serve as medical advice. Anyone seeking specific orthopaedic advice or assistance
should consult his or her orthopaedic surgeon, or locate one in your area through
the AAOS "Find an Orthopaedist" program on this website.