The group are actively engaged in the engineering of bioelectronic interfaces through the use of specific interfacial chemistry and / or protein chemistry
(genetic or otherwise). In some cases this is specifically to maximise the electronic coupling to underlying transducing surfaces. In others such tools are utilised in establishing highly
specific diagnostic assays and maximising the binding interactions with target proteins.

Receptive interfaces have ranged from those based on antibodies and functionalised nucleic acids to those based on peptide inserts into scaffolds (aptamers or
Affimers).

To date exceptionally effective assays for CRP, insulin and a Parkinsons marker have been established.

In some work, this control has been subsequently utilised in supporting analyses at molecular scales. This has involved, for example, the coupling of optical output to redox state (the
imaging of electrochemistry), resonant tunnelling (electrochemical STM), photoinduced proton pumping and, more recently, the density of state mapping by capacitative spectroscopy.