First evidence for a spherical magnesium-32 nucleus

Feb 02, 2011

A new discovery, and the questions it raises, could help explain in greater detail how elements are synthesized in stellar explosions -- such as the supernova that left behind the Crab Nebula. Credit: VLT/ESO

Elements heavier than iron come into being only in powerful stellar explosions, supernovae. During nuclear reactions all kinds of short-lived atomic nuclei are formed, including more stable combinations  the so-called magic numbers  predicted by theory. Yet here, too, there are exceptions: the islands of inversion. Headed by physicists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen (Germany), an international team of scientists has now taken a closer look at the island that was first discovered. They have now published their results in Physical Review Letters.

All chemical elements known on earth come from space. The most common elements in the universe, hydrogen and helium, were created shortly after the Big Bang. Other elements, such as carbon and oxygen, came into existence later, through the fusion of atomic nuclei inside stars. Elements heavier than iron owe their emergence to gigantic stellar explosions, known as supernovae. These include, for instance, the precious metals gold and silver or the radioactive uranium.

The cauldron of a supernova gives birth to a whole array of high-mass atomic nuclei, which decay to stable elements via different short-lived intermediate stages. Analogous to the shell model for electrons, nuclear physicists developed a model that predicts particularly high stability for specific combinations in the number of neutrons and protons. These are the "magic numbers": the shells are full and the nuclei nearly spherical.

However, there are "magic" nuclei that deviate from the expected shell structure. An international collaboration under the direction of physicists from the Cluster of Excellence Origin and Structure of the Universe at the TUM took a closer look at the nuclei in a domain with the magic neutron number 20, also known as the "island of inversion." Their measurements with REX-ISOLDE, an accelerator for radioactive ion beams at CERN, led to surprising results.

In their experiment the scientists studied the neutron-rich isotope magnesium-32 by shooting a magnesium-30 beam at a titanium film loaded with tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. In a so-called pair transfer reaction, two neutrons are knocked off the tritium and transferred to the magnesiumnucleus, thus turning it into magnesium-32.

The neutron-rich isotope magnesium-32, whose nucleus has 20 neutrons and 12 protons, is supposed to be magic and, as such, should have a spherical shape. However, the lowest energy state in magnesium-32 is not spherical, but deformed. The nucleus is reminiscent of an egg-shaped American football. The spherical configuration was not supposed to ensue until higher states of energy were reached.

For the first time ever, the scientists succeeded in confirming the existence of the spherical magnesium-32 nucleus. What's more, the spherical magnesium-32 nucleus was generated at a much lower energy level than theoretically predicted. This result has yet again put a question mark on the theoretical models describing changes in shell structure in this and other regions of the table of nuclides.

"We were overjoyed to have finally succeeded in confirming the existence of the spherical magnesium-32 nucleus," says Professor Kruecken, Chair of Hadrons and Nuclear Physics at the TU Muenchen. "But these insights present new challenges to us physicists. In order to be able to predict the exact course of element synthesis in stellar explosions, we need to better understand the mechanism that causes the changes in shell structure." The scientists assume it will need a series of further experiments before they can give an unambiguous description of the processes related to the mysterious islands of inversion and new magic numbers.

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Has anyone ever considered that since all we have to explain heavy elements if a THEORY that maybe GOD put them in the universe instead? Now that we know as a SCIENTIFIC FACT that GOD made everything heavier than iron we can prove he crated the universe. The universe is heavier than iron so only GOD could make it.

Applying the same logic as the mainstream in response to cold fusion article, these findings should be discarded since they do not have a theory about how this happens.

It isn't the same logic at all. Here the effect had been predicted by theory, it's just the energy level at which it occurred was unexpected. What's more, the finding will help to bolster existing theories with new insights, leading to a better overall understanding. Science at work.

What's more, the research was conducted by an international team of scientists open to peer review, unlike the cold fusionists, who work in secret. So, there is a world of difference between the two.

And I'm still hung up on that pesky Horizon Problem and the uniform temperature of CMB. If the Big Bang was very hot, how could the entire universe have evened to a common temperature by this point in time?

@UriBlago: You have ever right to be "hung up on that pesky Horizon Problem and the uniform temperature of CMB."

Remember, the Big Bang theory is only 80 years old, and the Time and Temperature sequence is full of problems that make no logical chemical sense. And this theory fails to explain how galaxies were formed. The only reason it still exists is because there is no replacement (except for one in 2008 (Dwyer) which has not been studied).

The 2.725K temperature, even temperature, is further reason to stop the atom-seed-egg theory. Element creation can be found IN Suns. No need for explosions. Just continual creation by Suns. May be hard to fathom, but so are explosions.

Remember, the Big Bang theory is only 80 years old, and the Time and Temperature sequence is full of problems that make no logical chemical sense. And this theory fails to explain how galaxies were formed. The only reason it still exists is because there is no replacement (except for one in 2008 (Dwyer) which has not been studied).

Everyone continues to teach the BB as "science fact" when in reality it's never been anything other than "science fiction".

Scientists want to mock the "invisible God", but they made up at least 3 fairy tales to explain the BB: DM, DE and now an infinite number of fairy tale multiverses.

It's a lot easier and rational to believe in one invisible God than to believe in an infinite number of "gods" called multi-verses.

The Big Bang and M-theory are in every sense polytheistic religious works.