To elucidate the effect of washing, on flesh components, mrigal flesh was washed through one, two and three washing cycles. Washing resulted in absorption of water (1-3%) and loss of fat (49%). 35% loss of soluble protein (SP) was noticed in the first washing itself and the loss is almost equally shared by the sarcoplasmic (18% of SP) and the myofibrillar proteins (17% of SP). The subsequent washings removed small portions of water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins resulting in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins. 73% of the soluble protein was retained in the flesh after three washing cycles. The protein had undergone marginal conformational changes as reflected by the decrease in the actomyosin Ca super(2+) ATPase activity The rheological properties of the washed flesh were,however, significantly better than that of the unwashed mince

Total biochemical composition of freshwater major carps, Labeo rohita -(r9hu); Catla catla
(catla); Cirrltinus tnrigala (mrigal), in relation to size was evaluated . The water soluble
nitrogen fraction constituted about 21% of the tota l nitro gen . Salt so luble fraction
constituted 55 - 60% of the total nitrogen. Non-protein nitrogen represented 12% of the
total nit rogen in all the cases except mri gal of small size (9.36%). The insoluble connec tive
tissu e contributed to 2-3 per cent of tota l nitrogen . The monounsaturated fatty acid s (MUFA)
formed 31-39% of the total fatty acids and 60-68% of the MUFA in freshwat er carps was
CI 8:1. The esse ntial amino acids contributed to 41 to 51% of the total amino acid s in
freshwater major carps. Arom atic amino acid content was sligh tly higher compared to
marine fishe s while the proportion of proline was less. Varia tions in compos ition in rela tion
to size are discu ssed . The autolytic activi ty was significantly higher in small fish in all
the three species

Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification was issued by the Ministry of Environment
and Forest of Government of India in February 1991 as a part of the Environmental
Protection Act of 1986 to protect the coast from eroding and to preserve its natural resources.
The initial notification did not distinguish the variability and diversity of various coastal states
before enforcing it on the various states and Union Territories. Impact assessments were not
carried out to assess its impact on socio-economic life of the coastal population. For the very
same reason, it was unnoticed or rather ignored till 1994 when the Supreme Court of India
made a land mark judgment on the fate of the coastal aquaculture which by then had
established as an economically successful industry in many South Indian States. Coastal
aquaculture in its modern form was a prohibited activity within CRZ. Lately, only various
stakeholders of the coast realized the real impact of the CRZ rules on their property rights andbusiness. To overcome the initial drawbacks several amendments were made in the regulation
to suit regional needs.
In 1995, another great transformation took place in the State of Kerala as a part of the reorganization
of the local self government institutions into a decentralized three tier
system called ‘‘Panchayathi Raj System’’. In 1997, the state government also decided to
transfer the power with the required budget outlay to the grass root level panchayats
(villages) and municipalities to plan and implement the various projects in their localities
with the full participation of the local people by constituting Grama Sabhas (Peoples’ Forum).
It is called the ‘‘Peoples’ Planning Campaign’’(Peoples’ Participatory Programme—PPP
for Local Level Self-Governance). The management of all the resources including the local
natural resources was largely decentralized to the level of local communities and villages.
Integrated, sustainable coastal zone management has become the concern of the local
population.
The paper assesses the socio-economic impact of the centrally enforced CRZ and the state
sponsored PPP on the coastal community in Kerala and suggests measures to improve the
system and living standards of the coastal people within the framework of CRZ.

There is a growing commercial interest in the ¢sh,
Puntius ¢lamentosus, in the ornamental ¢sh trade in
India and elsewhere.The trade is, however, hampered
by severe mortalities during transport of the ¢sh owing
to insu⁄cient data available on the use of anaesthetics.
To resolve this problem, we evaluated the
e⁄cacy of two anaesthetics, MS-222 and benzocaine,
in sedating P. ¢lamentosus in simulated transportation
experiments and used stress response parameters
such as cortisol and blood glucose levels to
perform assessments. We observed that MS-222 at
40 mg L 1 and benzocaine at 20mg L 1 were su⁄-
cient to induce sedation for 48 h. Above these concentrations,
both the anaesthetics adversely a¡ected
the ¢sh and resulted inmortalities. Both anaesthetics
signi¢cantly lowered the blood cortisol and glucose
levels compared with the unsedated controls. Importantly,
the anaesthetics treatment signi¢cantly lowered
the post-transport mortality in the ¢sh.
The results of the study show that MS-222 and benzocaine
could be used as sedatives to alleviate transport-
related stress in P. ¢lamentosus to improve
their post-transport survival and hence reduce
economic loss.

While conducting surveys for potential ornamental fishes in the fresh water bodies
of the river Periyar, three specimens of Danio fraseri Hora and Mukerji, were collected from a
stream joining to the river Periyar, at Desom, near Alwaye on 6 October 2001. It is the only
species so far known under the genus Danio with a hypertrophied lower lip forming a loose
flap along the lower jaw. This is a new locality record for Kerala and southern Western
Ghats.

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Nowadays there is a growing environmental concern
and the business communities have slowly started recognising
environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural
resources into their marketing strategies. This paper discusses the
various Ecolabeling and Certification Systems developed world
over to regulate and introduce Fair Trade in Ornamental Fish
Industry. Ecolabeling and green certification are considered as part
of these strategies implemented partly out of compulsion from the
National and International Regulatory Bodies and Environmental
Movements. All the major markets of ornamental fishes like
European Union, USA and Japan have started putting restrictions on
the trade to impose ecolabeling as a non tariff barrier like the one
imposed on seafood and aqua cultured products. A review was done
on the available Ecolabeling and Green Certification Schemes
available at local, national and international levels for fisheries
including aquaculture and ornamental fish trade and to examine the
success and constraints faced by these schemes during its
implementation. The primary downside of certification is the
multiplicity of ecolabels and cost incurred by applicants for
certification, costs which may in turn be passed on to consumers.
The studies reveal serious inadequacies in a number of ecolabels
and cast doubt on their overall contribution to effective fisheries
management and sustainability. The paper also discusses the
inititive taken in India to develop guidelines for Green Certification
of Fresh water ornamental fishes.

Effect of delayed icing on the microbial quality and shelf-life of Hilsa toll was studied
. Fish iced in rigor condition had a shelf-life of 11 days irrespective of the state
of rigor . Fish procured from the landing centre had a shelf-life of only 8 days . It
showed the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci, faecal streptococci and E. coli.
Total bacterial count was low in all the samples and it increased after spoilage

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Inspite of having two hotspots of biodiversity India is way long back in the ornamental fish trade. Large number of species can only foster the needs of the industry. The study aims to (1) to find the various indigenous, exotic ornamental fish species and ornamental shrimp species being exported from India, (2) to provide an overview of the trends in the Indian ornamental fish export industry. 287 indigenous fish species, 92 exotic fish species and 44 ornamental shrimps have been found to get exported from India. The export trend of the industry for the past ten years shows a declining state which is also reflected in the annual and compound annual growth rate. Ornamental fish industry has enormous potential in tropical countries like India. To expand trade, new technologies and policies will have to be developed which will help in attaining a sustainable industry.

The whale shark (Rhiniodon typus Smith) is an under exploited species and it is
mainly caught for its liver oil . The processing of shark fin for rays is reported here .
The fins have a high content of rays . The yield of fin rays from undried fins ranged
from 0 .53 to 4 .40 percent with maximum ray content in the lower lobe of caudal fin .
The physical and chemical characteristics of the rays are reported . The total nitrogen
content is about 15 to 16 percent (dry weight basis)

Result of the study on traditional traps in the inland waters of three northern districts viz,
Kasargod, Kannur and Kozhikode in Kerala state during 2003-2004 is presented. Mainly six
types of traps are found in operation. Chempally koode is a rectangular bamboo trap with"
D" shape in cross section operated without bait in some rivers of Kannur and Kasargod.
Bamboo screen barriers are almost completely replaced with durable HDPE net screen to
make handling easy. Thottil vala is a unique aerial trap operated from the dam in Pazhassi reservoir during monsoon to catch big fishes jumping against flowing water.

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Gap analysis is a very useful tool for firms contemplating adoption of a new system. This
paper envisages the use of the gap analysis tool as a precursor for Indian seafood exporting firms to
adopt total quality management. Total quality management (TQM) is a management philosophy
which strives to put quality at the forefront of all its decision-making, thereby satisfying customers.
We therefore recommend that firms adopt the TQM system for better alignment of management
goals. The gap analysis tool serves as a roadmap for TQM implementation, by showing the
management where they actually are and where they want to be. The main gaps were found to be in
the areas of usage of SPC tools (66.7%), benchmarking (65.6%), top management commitment
(56.25%) and customer focus (48.1%).

The Indian ornamental fish industry is divided into two- the domestic market and the export market. 90% of the freshwater ornamental fish exported from India are wild caught indigenous species. The study formed the criteria and indicators assessing the sustainability of wild caught ornamental fish exported from India. These indicators were then analyzed for their interactions, connections, linkages and relationships using cognitive mapping. The work is first of its kind in the ornamental fisheries

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A lucrative export market and high domestic demand has made ornamental fish industry
in West Bengal a potential source for income generation. The study aimed to identify: (i)
the commercially important size groups of main ornamental fish varieties available in the
state; (ii) the existing supply chain; (iii) major constraints for development of the industry;
(iv) and to anlayse price spread of commercially important varieties; and (v) to evaluate the
profitability of operation at different stakeholder levels in the marketing chain. Export market
of ornamental fishes in the state followed a single supply channel while three different
distribution channels existed in the domestic market. High electricity charges was the major
problem faced by breeders (producers/rearers) whereas lack of technical knowledge regarding
transportation was the major constraint for wholesalers. Lack of knowledge on proper health
management inhibited the growth of retail industry. The fresh water catfish, angel, molly,
arowana, gold fish, tetras, and gouramis showed comparatively higher breeders’ share in
consumers’ rupee. Wholesalers were earning comparatively higher annual profit than the other
stakeholders due to moderate initial investment and also due to the comparatively lower
risk involved.

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Mi ni -trawls are operated by the artisanal fishermen from small wooden non-motorised
canoes. Shrimp, fish and crab trawls wi th head rope length rang ing from 3.5-8 m, made of
Po lyethy lene mon ofila ment (PE) twisted and Polyamide mullifilament (PA) rigged to 6-7 kll
fla t rectangular wooden otter boards are common in the lower reaches of Kariango de and
Chandrag iri rive rs. Since the trawling speed is less, ca tch is do minated by crus taceans. Less
scope ratio also may be affecting the catching efficiency of the gear. This pape r deals with
the design, operation and economics of mini traw ling carried out by a group of fisherme n
in the above rivers of Kasargod district Kerala state.

Low-lying coastal areas are more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as they are highly prone for
inundation to SLR (Sea-Level Rise). This study presents an appraisal of the impacts of SLR on the coastal
natural resources and its dependent social communities in the low-lying area of VellareColeroon
estuarine region of the Tamil Nadu coast, India. Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from SRTM
90M (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) data, along with GIS (Geographic Information System) techniques
are used to identify an area of inundation in the study site. The vulnerability of coastal areas in
Vellar-Coleroon estuarine region of Tamil Nadu coast to inundation was calculated based on the projected
SLR scenarios of 0.5 m and 1 m. The results demonstrated that about 1570 ha of the LULC (Land use
and Land cover) of the study area would be permanently inundated to 0.5 m and 2407 ha for 1 m SLR and
has also resulted in the loss of three major coastal natural resources like coastal agriculture, mangroves
and aquaculture. It has been identified that six hamlets of the social communities who depend on these
resources are at high-risk and vulnerable to 0.5 m SLR and 12 hamlets for 1 m SLR. From the study, it has
been emphasized that mainstreaming adaptation options to SLR should be embedded within a coastal
zone management and planning effort, which includes all coastal natural resources (ecosystem-based
adaptation), and its dependent social communities (community-based adaptation) involved through
capacity building

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Rays, belonging to the class Elasmobranchii, constitute a major fishery in many states in India
like Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra. The estimated landings are
21,700 tonnes per annum. Even though the meat of rays is nutritious and free from bones and spines,
there is little demand for fresh meat due to the presence of a high urea content. The landings are
mainly used for salt curing which fetches only very low prices for the producers.
Urea nitrogen constituted the major component (50.8%) of the non-protein nitrogen of the
meat. An attempt has been made to standat-dize the processing steps to reduce the urea levels in the
meat before freezing by using different simple techniques like dipping the fillets in stagnant chilled
water, dipping in chilled running water and dipping in stirred chilled running water. It was found
that meat dipped in stirred running water for two hours reduced the urea level of the meat by 62%.
The yield of the lateral fin fillets and caudal fin fillets vary with the size of the ray. The drip loss
during frozen storage is found to be more in the case of samples frozen stored after the treatment for
urea removal by the method of stirring in running water. The samples treated in stagnant chilled
water had the lowest drip loss. The total nitrogen was higher in samples treated in stagnant chilled
water and lowest in the samples treated in stirred running water. The overall acceptability was high
in the case of samples treated with stirred running water and frozen stored

In today's complicated computing environment, managing data has become the primary concern
of all industries. Information security is the greatest challenge and it has become essential to secure the
enterprise system resources like the databases and the operating systems from the attacks of the unknown
outsiders. Our approach plays a major role in detecting and managing vulnerabilities in complex
computing systems. It allows enterprises to assess two primary tiers through a single interface as a
vulnerability scanner tool which provides a secure system which is also compatible with the security
compliance of the industry. It provides an overall view of the vulnerabilities in the database, by
automatically scanning them with minimum overhead. It gives a detailed view of the risks involved and
their corresponding ratings. Based on these priorities, an appropriate mitigation process can be
implemented to ensure a secured system. The results show that our approach could effectively optimize
the time and cost involved when compared to the existing systems

Description:

International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE)Vol. 4 No. 02 February 2012

Regional climate models are becoming increasingly popular to provide high resolution
climate change information for impacts assessments to inform adaptation options.
Many countries and provinces requiring these assessments are as small as 200,000 km2
in size, significantly smaller than an ideal domain needed for successful applications of
one-way nested regional climate models. Therefore assessments on sub-regional scales
(e.g., river basins) are generally carried out using climate change simulations performed for
relatively larger regions. Here we show that the seasonal mean hydrological cycle and
the day-to-day precipitation variations of a sub-region within the model domain are
sensitive to the domain size, even though the large scale circulation features over the region
are largely insensitive. On seasonal timescales, the relatively smaller domains intensify the
hydrological cycle by increasing the net transport of moisture into the study region and
thereby enhancing the precipitation and local recycling of moisture. On daily timescales,
the simulations run over smaller domains produce higher number of moderate precipitation
days in the sub-region relative to the corresponding larger domain simulations. An
assessment of daily variations of water vapor and the vertical velocity within the sub-region
indicates that the smaller domains may favor more frequent moderate uplifting and
subsequent precipitation in the region. The results remained largely insensitive to the
horizontal resolution of the model, indicating the robustness of the domain size influence
on the regional model solutions. These domain size dependent precipitation characteristics
have the potential to add one more level of uncertainty to the downscaled projections.

The gel strength, compressibility and folding characteristic of suwari (set) and kamaboko (set and cooked) gels prepared from rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) surimi were examined to understand the occurrence of suwari and modori phenomena in surimi from major freshwater carps. Suwari setting of gels did not take place at lower temperatures. Suwari gels showed good gel strength at 50 °C for rohu and at 60 °C for catla and mrigal after 30 min setting time. Incubation for 60 min decreased the gel strength at 60 °C for rohu and catla. Setting at 25 °C followed by cooking at 90 °C increased the gel strength. Increased setting temperature, however, decreased the gel strength of cooked gels. Gel strength and compressibility data were supported by folding characteristics.