David Hume (1711–1776)

A major figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, and a major influence on virtually every domain of modern thought, David Hume
is most closely associated with the philosophical school of empiricism. An economist and a historian as well as a philosopher,
Hume is perhaps most famous for his ideas concerning the limits of inductive reasoning in the establishment of causal laws.
Promulgating an epistemology grounded in his theory of the ‘association of ideas’, Hume argued that causality can never be proven as such, but is always the result of a series of associated events or ideas
that habit leads us to think form a causal sequence. The implications of Hume’s theory were vast, complicating the question
of free will and undermining the attempt to establish religious truth in the experience of ‘miracles’ that run contrary to habitual expectations. Immanuel Kant credited Hume’s radical empiricism, which went beyond the precedents established by John Locke and George Berkeley, for awaking him from his ‘dogmatic slumber’, thus paving the way for a critical philosophy that would transcend the rationalist/empiricist distinction in philosophy.
Four of Hume’s essays concerning the political problem of authority are reproduced in the Cahiers pour l’Analyse, with an introduction by Bernard Pautrat. Hume’s project is presented as similar to Machiavelli’s in its presentation of the impossibility of grounding political authority in a set of rational or causal laws extraneous
to the phenomenon and experience of authority itself.