When Rosko returned to Europe, he was heard via recorded shows on Radio Luxembourg. In he returned to Radio 1 for a week Sunday series of shows, and continued to broadcast at weekends during the Summer for four years.

In he returned to Radio 1 to help celebrate the 21st birthday of the station. In he helped celebrate the station's 25th birthday with a special broadcast, before joining Virgin Radio in April FM, his programme being pre-recorded in California.

He also ran his own soul station "Rosko Radio" for Live , which aired its final broadcasts in December There was no sponsor and the free distribution was challenged by the societies of authors and composers in the US based on complaints of unfair competition for FM radio.

The service continued in podcast form. In more recent years Rosko has been heard regularly on the internet broadcaster Big L International.

In Rosko joined the line-up for the new United DJs radio stream. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other people named Pasternak, see Pasternak.

Retrieved 6 October Retrieved 4 October Retrieved 9 June Retrieved 5 October Emperor Rosko's DJ Book. Retrieved 27 August Archived from the original on 8 December Isaurian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring Co-emperor since , he succeeded upon his father's death.

After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars.

He is given the surname "the Dung-named" by hostile later chroniclers. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who blinded and tonsured him.

Born on 25 January as the eldest son of Constantine V. Born in , the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor in , sole emperor upon Leo's death in , until under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens.

He was overthrown on Irene's orders, blinded and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after. Regent for her son Constantine VI in —, she overthrew him in and became empress-regnant.

In she called the Second Council of Nicaea which condemned the practice of iconoclasm and restored the veneration of icons to Christian practice.

Deposed in a palace coup in , she was exiled and died on 9 August Nikephorian dynasty — [ edit ] Main article: Logothetes tou genikou general finance minister under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the Battle of Pliska.

Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed.

He was forced to resign, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after. Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication.

Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January Reigned with eldest son Theophylact as co-emperor.

General of Armenian origin, born c. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of Constantine on Christmas Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian.

Amorian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in at Amorium , he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him.

Survived the rebellion of Thomas the Slav , lost Crete to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily , reinforced iconoclasm.

Born in , as the only son of Michael II. Co-emperor since , he succeeded on his father's death. Born on 19 January , son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death.

Under the regency of his mother Theodora until , and under the effective control of his uncle Bardas in — Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers.

Macedonian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in the Theme of Macedonia ca. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty.

He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the Paulicians , and recovered southern Italy for the Empire. His reign saw a height in Saracen Muslim naval raids, culminating in the Sack of Thessalonica , and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under Simeon I.

Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in and raised to co-emperor in Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession.

He died of exhaustion after a polo game. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother, Zoe Karbonopsina , and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos , and from by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in Constantine was sidelined during the Lekapenos regime, but asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons in early His reign was marked by struggles with Sayf al-Dawla in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the dynatoi.

He is notable for his promotion of the " Macedonian Renaissance ", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories.

He was a prolific writer himself, best remembered for the manuals on statecraft De administrando imperio and ceremonies De ceremoniis he compiled for his son, Romanos II.

After becoming the emperor's father-in-law, he successively assumed higher offices until he crowned himself senior emperor. His reign was marked by the end of warfare with Bulgaria and the great conquests of John Kourkouas in the East.

Romanos promoted his sons Christopher , Stephen and Constantine as co-emperors over Constantine VII, but was himself overthrown by the latter two and confined to an island as a monk.

He died there on 15 June The only surviving son of Constantine VII, he was born on 15 March and succeeded his father on the latter's death. He ruled until his own death, although the government was led mostly by the eunuch Joseph Bringas.

His reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against Sayf al-Dawla and the recovery of Crete by general Nikephoros Phokas. The most successful general of his generation, Nikephoros II was born ca.

Throughout his reign he led campaigns in the East, conquering much of Syria. He was murdered by his nephew and one-time associate John Tzimiskes.

Nephew of Nikephoros Phokas, Tzimiskes was born ca. A successful general, he fell out with his uncle and led a conspiracy of disgruntled generals who murdered him.

Tzimiskes succeeded Nikephoros as emperor and regent for the young sons of Romanos II. As ruler, Tzimiskes crushed the Rus' in Bulgaria and ended the Bulgarian tsardom before going on to campaign in the East, where he died.

Eldest son of Romanos II, Basil was born in The first decade of his reign was marked by rivalry with the powerful Basil Lekapenos , an unsuccessful war against Bulgaria, and rebellions by generals in Asia Minor.

Basil solidified his position through a marriage alliance with Vladimir I of Kiev , and after suppressing the revolts, he embarked on his conquest of Bulgaria.

Bulgaria was finally subdued in after over 20 years of war, interrupted only by sporadic warfare in Syria against the Fatimids.

Basil also expanded Byzantine control over most of Armenia. His reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium.

During the rule of Basil II, he spent his time in idle pleasure. During his short reign he was an indifferent ruler, easily influenced by his courtiers and suspicious of plots to depose him, especially among the military aristocracy, many of whom were blinded and exiled.

On his deathbed, he chose Romanos Argyros as husband for his daughter Zoe. The daughter of Constantine VIII, she succeeded on her father's death, as the only surviving member of the Macedonian dynasty, along with her sister Theodora.

Born in , the elderly aristocrat Romanos was chosen by Constantine VIII on his deathbed as Zoe's husband and succeeded on the throne after Constantine's death a few days later.

Born in , he became a lover of Zoe even while Romanos III was alive, and succeeded him upon his death as her husband and emperor.

Aided by his older brother, the eunuch John the Orphanotrophos , his reign was moderately successful against internal rebellions, but his attempt to recover Sicily failed.

He died after a long illness. Born in , he was the nephew and adopted son of Michael IV. During his reign he tried to sideline Zoe, but a popular revolt forced him to restore her as empress on 19 April , along with her sister Theodora.

He was deposed the next day, castrated and tonsured, dying on 24 August The younger sister of Zoe, born in , she was raised as co-ruler on 19 April After Zoe died in and Constantine in , Theodora assumed full governance of the Empire and reigned until her death.

She nominated Michael VI as her successor. Constantine supported the mercantile classes and favoured the company of intellectuals, thereby alienating the military aristocracy.

A pleasure-loving ruler, he lived an extravagant life with his favourite mistresses and endowed a number of monasteries, chiefly the Nea Moni of Chios and the Mangana Monastery.

A court bureaucrat and stratiotikos logothetes hence his first sobriquet. Deposed by military revolt under Isaac Komnenos, he retired to a monastery where he died in Komnenid dynasty — [ edit ] See also: A successful general, he rose in revolt leading the eastern armies and was declared Emperor; he was recognized after the abdication of Michael VI on 31 August He resigned in and died c.

Doukid dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in , he became a general and close ally of Isaac Komnenos, and succeeded him as emperor on his abdication.

Named his sons Michael , Andronikos and Konstantios as co-emperors. Born in as the eldest son of Constantine X.

Due to his minority he was under the regency of his mother, Eudokia Makrembolitissa , in —, and relegated to junior emperor under her second husband Romanos IV Diogenes in — Senior emperor in —, he named his son Constantine co-emperor alongside his brothers.

He abdicated before the revolt of Nikephoros Botaneiates, retired to a monastery and died c. Born in , a successful general he married empress-dowager Eudokia Makrembolitissa and became senior emperor as guardian of her sons by Constantine X.

Deposed by the Doukas partisans after the Battle of Manzikert , blinded in June and exiled. He died soon after.

Born in , he was the strategos of the Anatolic Theme. He rebelled against Michael VII and was welcomed into the capital. He weathered several revolts, but was overthrown by the Komnenos clan.

He retired to a monastery where he died on 10 December of the same year Born in , a nephew of Isaac I Komnenos. A distinguished general, he overthrew Nikephoros III.

His reign was dominated by wars against the Normans and the Seljuk Turks , as well as the arrival of the First Crusade and the establishment of independent Crusader states.

He retained Constantine Doukas as co-emperor until and named his eldest son John co-emperor in Born on 13 September as the eldest son of Alexios I.

His reign was focused on wars with the Turks. A popular and frugal ruler, he was known as "John the Good".

Named his eldest son Alexios co-emperor in , but he died before him. Born on 28 November as the fourth and youngest son of John II, he was chosen as emperor over his elder brother Isaac by his father on his deathbed.

An energetic ruler, he launched campaigns against the Turks, humbled Hungary , achieved supremacy over the Crusader states, and tried unsuccessfully to recover Italy.

His extravagance and constant campaigning, however, depleted the Empire's resources. Born on 14 September as the only son of Manuel I.

In — under the regency of his mother, Maria of Antioch. A general, he was imprisoned for conspiring against John II, but escaped and spent 15 years in exile in various courts in eastern Europe and the Middle East.

He seized the regency from Maria of Antioch in and subsequently throne from his nephew Alexios II. An unpopular ruler, he was overthrown and lynched in a popular uprising.

Angelid dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in September , Isaac came to the throne at the head of a popular revolt against Andronikos I.

His reign was marked by revolts and wars in the Balkans, especially against a resurgent Bulgaria. He was deposed, blinded and imprisoned by his elder brother, Alexios III.

Born in , Alexios was the elder brother of Isaac II. His reign was marked by misgovernment and the increasing autonomy of provincial magnates.

He was deposed by the Fourth Crusade and fled Constantinople, roaming Greece and Asia Minor, searching for support to regain his throne.

He died in Nicaean captivity in Restored to his throne by the Crusaders, actual rule fell to his son Alexios IV.

Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January and died on 28 January , perhaps of poison.

Born in , the son of Isaac II. He enlisted the Fourth Crusade to return his father to the throne, and reigned alongside his restored father.

Due to their failure to deal with the Crusaders' demands, he was deposed by Alexios V Doukas in January , and was strangled on 8 February.

He tried to repel the Crusaders, but they captured Constantinople forcing Mourtzouphlos to flee. He joined the exiled Alexios III, but was later blinded by the latter.

Captured by the Crusaders, he was executed in December Laskarid dynasty Empire of Nicaea, — [ edit ] See also: His brother Constantine Laskaris or Theodore himself, it is uncertain was elected emperor by the citizens of Constantinople on the day before the city fell to the Crusaders; Constantine only remained for a few hours before the sack of the City and later fled to Nicaea , where Theodore organized the Greek resistance to the Latins.

Proclaimed emperor after Constantine's death in , Theodore was crowned only in He managed to stop the Latin advance in Asia and to repel Seljuk attacks, establishing the Empire of Nicaea as the strongest of the Greek successor states.

A capable ruler and soldier, he expanded his state in Bithynia, Thrace and Macedonia at the expense of the Latin Empire , Bulgaria and the rival Greek state of Epirus.

His reign was marked by his hostility towards the major houses of the aristocracy, and by his victory against Bulgaria and the subsequent expansion into and Albania.

Born on 25 December as the only son of Theodore II, he succeeded on his father's death. Due to his minority, the regency was exercised at first by George Mouzalon until his assassination, and then by Michael Palaiologos , who within months was crowned senior emperor.

After the recovery of Constantinople in August , Palaiologos sidelined John IV completely, had him blinded and imprisoned.

John IV died c. Palaiologan dynasty restored to Constantinople, — [ edit ] See also: Senior emperor alongside John IV in , sole emperor since 25 December Named co-emperor in September , crowned in , he succeeded as sole emperor on Michael's death.

Favouring monks and intellectuals, he neglected the army, and his reign saw the collapse of the Byzantine position in Asia Minor. He named his son Michael IX co-emperor.

In a protracted civil war , he was first forced to recognize his grandson Andronikos III as co-emperor and was then deposed outright.

He died on 13 February Son of Michael IX, he was born on 25 March and named co-emperor in Rival emperor since July , he deposed his grandfather Andronikos II in and ruled as sole emperor until his death.

Supported by John Kantakouzenos , his reign saw defeats against the Ottoman emirate but successes in Europe, where Epirus and Thessaly were recovered.

Only son of Andronikos III, he had not been crowned co-emperor or declared heir at his father's death, a fact which led to the outbreak of a destructive civil war between his regents and his father's closest aide, John VI Kantakouzenos , who was crowned co-emperor.

The conflict ended in with Kantakouzenos recognized as senior emperor, but he was deposed by John V in , during another civil war.

Matthew Kantakouzenos , raised by John VI to co-emperor, was also deposed in John V appealed to the West for aid against the Ottomans, but in he was forced to recognize Ottoman suzerainty.

He was deposed in by his son Andronikos IV. A maternal relative of the Palaiologoi , he was declared co-emperor on 26 October , and was recognized as senior emperor for ten years after the end of the civil war on 8 February Deposed by John V in , he became a monk, dying on 15 June He deposed his father on 12 August and ruled until overthrown in turn in He was again recognized as co-emperor in and given Selymbria as an appanage , dying there on 28 June Restored to senior emperor, he was reconciled with Andronikos IV in , re-appointing him co-emperor.

He was overthrown again in by his grandson, John VII. Son of Andronikos IV, he was born in , and named co-emperor under his father in — He usurped the throne from his grandfather John V for five months in , but with Ottoman mediation he was reconciled with John V and his uncle, Manuel II.

He held Constantinople against the Ottomans in —, and was then given Thessalonica as an appanage, which he governed until his death on 22 September Second son of John V, he was born on 27 June Raised to co-emperor in , he became senior emperor on John V's death and ruled until his death.

He journeyed to the West European courts seeking aid against the Turks, and was able to use the Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Ankara to regain some territories and throw off his vassalage to them.

Eldest surviving son of Manuel II, he was born on 18 December Raised to co-emperor c.

No pope appointed an emperor again until the coronation of Otto the Great in Under Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia fell within the boundaries of the Holy Roman Empire.

The various German princes elected one of their peers as King of the Germans , after which he would be crowned as emperor by the Pope.

The term sacrum i. The word Roman was a reflection of the principle of translatio imperii or in this case restauratio imperii that regarded the Germanic Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire , despite the continued existence of the Eastern Roman Empire.

In German-language historiography, the term Römisch-deutscher Kaiser "Roman-German emperor" is used to distinguish the title from that of Roman Emperor on one hand, and that of German Emperor Deutscher Kaiser on the other.

The English term "Holy Roman Emperor" is a modern shorthand for "emperor of the Holy Roman Empire" not corresponding to the historical style or title, i.

The elective monarchy of the kingdom of Germany goes back to the early 10th century, the election of Conrad I of Germany in following the death without issue of Louis the Child , the last Carolingian ruler of Germany.

Elections meant the kingship of Germany was only partially hereditary, unlike the kingship of France , although sovereignty frequently remained in a dynasty until there were no more male successors.

The process of an election meant that the prime candidate had to make concessions, by which the voters were kept on the side, which was known as Wahlkapitulationen electoral capitulation.

Conrad was elected by the German dukes , and it is not known precisely when the system of seven prince-electors was established. The papal decree Venerabilem by Innocent III , addressed to Berthold V, Duke of Zähringen , establishes the election procedure by unnamed princes of the realm, reserving for the pope the right to approve of the candidates.

A letter of Pope Urban IV , in the context of the disputed vote of and the subsequent the interregnum , suggests that by " immemorial custom ", seven princes had the right to elect the King and future Emperor.

The seven prince-electors are named in the Golden Bull of Maximilian I Emperor — and his successors no longer travelled to Rome to be crowned as Emperor by the Pope.

This title was in use by all his uncrowned successors. Of his successors, only Charles V , the immediate one, received a papal coronation. The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria in , but in , in the wake of the Thirty Years' War , the Elector Palatine was restored, as the eighth elector.

Brunswick-Lüneburg was added as a ninth elector in The whole college was reshuffled in the German mediatization of , a mere three years before the dissolution of the Empire.

This list includes all 47 German monarchs crowned from Charlemagne until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire — Several rulers were crowned King of the Romans King of Germany but not emperor, although they styled themselves thus, among whom were: Traditional historiography assumes a continuity between the Carolingian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, while a modern convention takes the coronation of Otto I in as the starting point of the Holy Roman Empire although the term Sacrum Imperium Romanum was not in use before the 13th century.

While earlier Germanic and Italian monarchs had been crowned as Roman Emperors, the actual Holy Roman Empire is usually considered to have begun with the crowning of the Saxon king Otto I.

It was officially an elective position, though at times it ran in families, notably the four generations of the Salian dynasty in the 11th century.

From the end of the Salian dynasty through the middle 15th century, the Emperors drew from many different German dynasties, and it was rare for the throne to pass from father to son.

That changed with the ascension of the Austrian House of Habsburg , as an unbroken line of Habsburgs would hold the Imperial throne until the 18th century, later a cadet branch known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine would likewise pass it from father to son until the abolition of the Empire in Notably, the Habsburgs also dispensed with the requirement that emperors be crowned by the pope before exercising their office.

Starting with Ferdinand I , all successive Emperors forwent the traditional coronation. Rudolf was not crowned emperor, nor were his successors Adolf and Albert.

The Emperor was crowned in a special ceremony, traditionally performed by the Pope in Rome. Without that coronation, no king, despite exercising all powers, could call himself Emperor.

Maximilian's successors adopted the same titulature, usually when they became the sole ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

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Born at Naissus ca. Proclaimed Augustus of the western empire upon the death of his father on 25 July , he became sole ruler of the western empire after the Battle of the Milvian Bridge in In , he defeated the eastern Augustus Licinius and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning as sole emperor until his death.

Constantine completed the administrative and military reforms begun under Diocletian , who had begun ushering in the Dominate period.

Actively interested in Christianity, he played a crucial role in its development and the Christianization of the Roman world, through his convocation of the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea.

He is said to have received baptism on his deathbed. He also reformed coinage through the introduction of the gold solidus , and initiated a large-scale building program, crowned by the re-foundation the city of Byzantium as "New Rome", popularly known as Constantinople.

He was regarded as the model of all subsequent Byzantine emperors. Born on 7 August , as the second surviving son of Constantine I, he inherited the eastern third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, sole Roman Emperor from , after the overthrow of the western usurper Magnentius.

Constantius' reign saw military activity on all frontiers, and dissension between Arianism , favoured by the emperor, and the "Orthodox" supporters of the Nicene Creed.

In his reign, Constantinople was accorded equal status to Rome, and the original Hagia Sophia was built. Constantius appointed Constantius Gallus and Julian as Caesares , and died on his way to confront Julian, who had risen up against him.

Caesar since , he inherited the central third of Roman Empire upon his father's death, and became sole emperor in the west following the death of Constantine II in An ardent supporter of Athanasius of Alexandria , he opposed Arianism.

Constans was assassinated during the coup of Magnentius. Proclaimed by his army in Gaul, became legitimate Emperor upon the death of Constantius.

Killed on campaign against Sassanid Persia. Non-dynastic — [ edit ]. Captain of the guards under Julian, elected by the army upon Julian's death.

Died on journey back to Constantinople. Valentinian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: An officer under Julian and Jovian, he was elected by the army upon Jovian's death.

He soon appointed his younger brother Valens as Emperor of the East. Died of cerebral haemorrhage. A soldier of the Roman army, he was appointed Emperor of the East by his elder brother Valentinian I.

Killed at the Battle of Adrianople. Assassinated on 25 August during the rebellion of Magnus Maximus. Theodosian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born on 11 January Aristocrat and military leader, brother-in-law of Gratian, who appointed him as emperor of the East.

From until his death sole Roman Emperor. Theodosius' eldest son Arcadius became emperor in the East while his younger son Honorius became emperor in the West.

Born on 10 April , the only son of Arcadius. Succeeded upon the death of his father. As a minor, the praetorian prefect Anthemius was regent in — He died in a riding accident.

Born on 19 January or One of the daughters of Arcadius. She reigned with her husband Marcian. A soldier and politician, he became emperor after being wed by the Augusta Pulcheria , sister of Theodosius II, following the latter's death.

Leonid dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in Dacia ca. He was the first emperor to be crowned by the Patriarch of Constantinople.

His reign was marked by the pacification of the Danube frontier and peace with Persia, which allowed him to intervene in the affairs of the western empire , supporting candidates for the throne and dispatching an expedition to recover Carthage from the Vandals in Initially a puppet of Aspar, Leo began promoting the Isaurians as a counterweight to Aspar's Goths, marrying his daughter Ariadne to the Isaurian leader Tarasicodissa Zeno.

With their support, in Aspar was murdered and Gothic power over the army was broken. He was raised to Caesar on 18 November Leo ascended the throne after the death of his Grandfather, on 19 January He crowned his father Zeno as co-emperor and effective regent on 10 November He died shortly after, on 10 November As the leader of Leo I's Isaurian soldiers, he rose to comes domesticorum , married the emperor's daughter Ariadne and took the name Zeno, and played a crucial role in the elimination of Aspar and his Goths.

He was named co-emperor by his son on 9 February , and became sole ruler upon the latter's death, but had to flee to his native country before Basiliscus in , regaining control of the capital in Zeno concluded peace with the Vandals , saw off challenges against him by Illus and Verina , and secured peace in the Balkans by enticing the Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great to migrate to Italy.

Zeno's reign also saw the end of the western line of emperors. His pro- Monophysite stance made him unpopular and his promulgation of the Henotikon resulted in the Acacian Schism with the papacy.

General and brother-in-law of Leo I, he seized power from Zeno but was again deposed by him. He was nicknamed " Dikoros " Latin: Dicorus , because of his heterochromia.

Anastasius reformed the tax system and the Byzantine coinage and proved a frugal ruler, so that by the end of his reign he left a substantial surplus.

His Monophysite sympathies led to widespread opposition, most notably the Revolt of Vitalian and the Acacian Schism.

His reign was also marked by the first Bulgar raids into the Balkans and by a war with Persia over the foundation of Dara. Justinian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Officer and commander of the Excubitors bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I.

Nephew of Justin I, possibly raised to co-emperor on 1 April Succeeded on Justin I's death. Attempted to restore the western territories of the Empire, reconquering Italy, North Africa and parts of Spain.

Also responsible for the corpus juris civilis , or the "body of civil law," which is the foundation of law for many modern European nations. Nephew of Justinian I, he seized the throne on the death of Justinian I with support of army and Senate.

Became insane, hence in — under the regency of his wife Sophia , and in — under the regency of Tiberius Constantine.

Was named Caesar and regent in Succeeded on Justin II's death. Born in at Arabissus , Cappadocia. Became an official and later a general.

Married the daughter of Tiberius II and succeeded him upon his death. Named his son Theodosius as co-emperor in Deposed by Phocas and executed on 27 November at Chalcedon.

Subaltern in the Balkan army, he led a rebellion that deposed Maurice. Increasingly unpopular and tyrannical, he was deposed and executed by Heraclius.

Heraclian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Began a revolt against Phocas in and deposed him in October Brought the Byzantine-Sassanid War of — to successful conclusion but was unable to stop the Muslim conquest of Syria.

Officially replaced Latin with Greek as the language of administration. Born on 3 May as the eldest son of Heraclius by his first wife Fabia Eudokia.

Named co-emperor in , he succeeded to throne with his younger brother Heraklonas following the death of Heraclius. Died of tuberculosis, allegedly poisoned by Empress-dowager Martina.

Born in to Heraclius' second wife Martina , named co-emperor in Sole emperor after the death of Constantine III, under the regency of Martina, but was forced to name Constans II co-emperor by the army, and was deposed by the Senate in September Raised to co-emperor in summer after his father's death due to army pressure, he became sole emperor after the forced abdication of his uncle Heraklonas.

Baptized Heraclius, he reigned as Constantine. Moved his seat to Syracuse , where he was assassinated, possibly on the orders of Mizizios.

Born in , he succeeded following the murder of his father Constans II. Erroneously called "Constantine the Bearded" by historians through confusion with his father.

He called the Third Council of Constantinople which condemned the heresy of Monothelitism , repelled the First Arab Siege of Constantinople , and died of dysentery.

Born in , son of Constantine IV, he was named co-emperor in and became sole emperor upon Constantine IV's death. Deposed by military revolt in , mutilated hence his surname and exiled to Cherson , whence he recovered his throne in Twenty Years' Anarchy — [ edit ] Main article: General from Isauria , he deposed Justinian II and was overthrown in another revolt in He was executed in February Admiral of Germanic origin, originally named Apsimar.

He rebelled against Leontios after a failed expedition. Reigned under the name of Tiberius until deposed by Justinian II in Executed in February Returned on the throne with Bulgar support.

Named son Tiberius as co-emperor in Deposed and killed by military revolt. A general of Armenian origin, he deposed Justinian II and was in turn overthrown by a revolt of the Opsician troops.

A bureaucrat and secretary under Philippikos, he was raised to the purple by the soldiers who overthrew Philippikos. Deposed by another military revolt, he led an abortive attempt to regain the throne in and was killed.

A fiscal official, he was proclaimed emperor by the rebellious Opsician troops. Entered Constantinople in November Abdicated following the revolt of Leo the Isaurian and became a monk.

Isaurian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Rose in rebellion and secured the throne in spring Co-emperor since , he succeeded upon his father's death. After overcoming the usurpation of Artabasdos, he continued his father's iconoclastic policies and won several victories against the Arabs and the Bulgars.

He is given the surname "the Dung-named" by hostile later chroniclers. Led a revolt that secured Constantinople, but was defeated and deposed by Constantine V, who blinded and tonsured him.

Born on 25 January as the eldest son of Constantine V. Born in , the only child of Leo IV. Co-emperor in , sole emperor upon Leo's death in , until under the regency of his mother, Irene of Athens.

He was overthrown on Irene's orders, blinded and imprisoned, probably dying of his wounds shortly after. Regent for her son Constantine VI in —, she overthrew him in and became empress-regnant.

In she called the Second Council of Nicaea which condemned the practice of iconoclasm and restored the veneration of icons to Christian practice.

Deposed in a palace coup in , she was exiled and died on 9 August Nikephorian dynasty — [ edit ] Main article: Logothetes tou genikou general finance minister under Irene, led initially successful campaigns against the Bulgars but was killed at the Battle of Pliska.

Only son of Nikephoros I, crowned co-emperor in December Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed.

He was forced to resign, and retired to a monastery where he died soon after. Son-in-law of Nikephoros I, he succeeded Staurakios on his abdication.

Resigned after the revolt under Leo the Armenian and retired to a monastery, where he died on 11 January Reigned with eldest son Theophylact as co-emperor.

General of Armenian origin, born c. He rebelled against Michael I and became emperor. Appointed his son Symbatios co-emperor under the name of Constantine on Christmas Murdered by a conspiracy led by Michael the Amorian.

Amorian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in at Amorium , he became an army officer. A friend of Leo V, he was raised to high office but led the conspiracy that murdered him.

Survived the rebellion of Thomas the Slav , lost Crete to the Arabs and faced the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Sicily , reinforced iconoclasm.

Born in , as the only son of Michael II. Co-emperor since , he succeeded on his father's death. Born on 19 January , son of Theophilos, he succeeded on Theophilos' death.

Under the regency of his mother Theodora until , and under the effective control of his uncle Bardas in — Murdered by Basil the Macedonian. A pleasure-loving ruler, he was nicknamed "the Drunkard" by later, pro-Basil chroniclers.

Macedonian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Born in the Theme of Macedonia ca. He overthrew Michael and established the Macedonian dynasty. He led successful wars in the East against the Arabs and the Paulicians , and recovered southern Italy for the Empire.

His reign saw a height in Saracen Muslim naval raids, culminating in the Sack of Thessalonica , and was marked by unsuccessful wars against the Bulgarians under Simeon I.

Son of Basil I, Alexander was born in and raised to co-emperor in Sidelined by Leo VI, Alexander dismissed his brother's principal aides on his accession.

He died of exhaustion after a polo game. His early reign was dominated by successive regencies, first by his mother, Zoe Karbonopsina , and Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos , and from by the admiral Romanos Lekapenos, who wedded his daughter to Constantine and was crowned senior emperor in Constantine was sidelined during the Lekapenos regime, but asserted his control by deposing Romanos's sons in early His reign was marked by struggles with Sayf al-Dawla in the East and an unsuccessful campaign against Crete, and pro-aristocratic policies that saw a partial reversal of Lekapenos' legislation against the dynatoi.

He is notable for his promotion of the " Macedonian Renaissance ", sponsoring encyclopaedic works and histories.

Various royal houses of Europe, at different times, became hereditary highroller jackpot spielen of the title. Beste Spielothek in Saint-Martin finden reign was marked by successful warfare in the East against Sayf al-Dawla and the recovery of Crete by general Nikephoros Phokas. Officer and commander of the Excubitors bodyguard under Anastasius I, he was elected by army and people upon the death of Anastasius I. He died soon after. Tetrarchies — Constantinian dynasty — Valentinian dynasty — Theodosian dynasty — Views Read Edit View history. Romanos promoted his sons ChristopherStephen and Constantine as co-emperors over Constantine Slotostar games sizzling hot deluxe, but was himself overthrown by the latter two and confined to an island as a monk. Inhe defeated the eastern Augustus Licinius and re-united the empire under his rule, reigning Beste Spielothek in Kransmoor finden sole emperor until his death. Following Heraclius, the title commonly became the Greek Basileus Gr. Born in Dacia ca. Twenty Years' Anarchy Beste Spielothek in Wankendorf finden [ edit ] Main article:

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Bonanza Big Win Retrieved 4 October Succeeded on his father's death; however, he had been heavily wounded at Pliska and left paralyzed. Conrad was elected by the German dukesand it is casino lucherberg öffnungszeiten known precisely when the system of seven prince-electors was established. His reign is widely considered as the apogee of medieval Byzantium. Gratis spiele herunterladen Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. King of West Francia King of Italy. Died on journey back to Constantinople. Justinian dynasty — [ edit ] See also: Louis Ithe Pious — Retrieved 6 October Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles polen transfermarkt clarification from October All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October Articles with unsourced statements from June Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Use dmy dates from October A court bureaucrat and stratiotikos logothetes hence his first sobriquet. On the reverse of the coin is Concordia, goddess of peace, celebrated with two clasped hands.