1. The
case originated in an application (no. 44068/07) against the Republic
of Armenia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the
Convention”) by an Armenian national, Mr Gaspar Poghosyan (“the
applicant”), on 28 September 2007.

2. The
applicant was represented by Mr L. Simonyan, a lawyer practising in
Yerevan. The Armenian Government (“the Government”) were represented
by their Agent, Mr G. Kostanyan, Representative of the Republic of
Armenia at the European Court of Human Rights.

3. On
8 September 2009 the President of the Third Section decided to give
notice of the application to the Government. It was also decided to
rule on the admissibility and merits of the application at the same
time (Article 29 § 1).

THE FACTS

I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

4. The
applicant was born in 1981 and lives in Yerevan.

5. On
an unspecified date criminal proceedings were instituted in respect
of the applicant on account of fraud and burglary under Article 177
§ 2 (3) and (4) and Article 178 § 1 of the Criminal Code.

6. On
15 February 2007 formal charges were brought against the applicant.
It appears that the applicant was considered to be in hiding and a search
was initiated.

7. On
the same date the Ararat Regional Court examined and granted the investigator’s
motion seeking to have the applicant placed in pre-trial detention.
This decision was based on the nature and degree of dangerousness of
the incriminated acts and on the fact that the applicant was in hiding
and was capable of hindering the investigation by exerting unlawful
pressure on the parties to the proceedings. Detention was imposed for
a period of two months to be calculated from the moment of the applicant’s
arrest.

8. On
13 April 2007 the applicant was arrested and taken to the Ararat Police
Department where he was informed about the decision of 15 February 2007.
The applicant was then taken to Nubarashen detention facility.

9. On
31 May 2007 the applicant filed a motion with the Ararat Regional Court
seeking to be released on bail. The applicant submitted at the outset
that the Regional Court, despite the requirement of Article 137 § 4
of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) (see paragraph 29 below), had
failed to address the question of his release on bail in its decision
of 15 February 2007. He further argued that the fact that he was not eligible
under the law for release on bail because of the gravity of the charges
was in contradiction with the requirements of Article 5 § 3 of the
Convention. He requested the court to apply the requirements of the
Convention and to release him, arguing that he had never been in hiding.
The applicant alleged that prior to his arrest he had been out of town
for business and that he had never been informed of the criminal proceedings
against him. He finally argued that he had not been brought before a
judge following his arrest, as required by Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.

10. On
5 June 2007 the investigation was completed.

11. On
8 June 2007 the Ararat Regional Court examined the motion of 31 May 2007.
The Regional Court noted at the outset, with reference to Article 5
§ 3 of the Convention, that the norms of international law prevailed
over domestic law and therefore the question of the applicant’s release
on bail was to be considered. The Regional Court, however, decided to
refuse the applicant’s request for release, finding that there was
a risk of the applicant absconding and thereby evading liability and
punishment in view of the fact that he had earlier been in hiding. This
decision was subject to appeal within fifteen days.

12. On
the same date the bill of indictment was finalised.

13. On
12 June 2007 the criminal case was transmitted to the Ararat Regional
Court for examination.

14. On
13 June 2007 the applicant’s detention period authorised by the decision
of 15 February 2007 expired.

15. On
15 June 2007 the applicant lodged an appeal against the decision of
8 June 2007. He also applied to the chief of Nubarashen detention facility
and requested that he be released, since the authorised detention period
had expired on 13 June 2007.

16. On
the same date Judge Y. of the Ararat Regional Court decided to take
over the applicant’s criminal case.

17. By
a letter of 18 June 2007 the chief of Nubarashen detention facility
refused the applicant’s request to be released, on the ground that
the case had been transmitted to the Regional Court.

18. On
29 June 2007 the applicant lodged an appeal against this refusal with
the Erebuni and Nubarashen District Court of Yerevan, arguing that his
continued detention was unlawful.

19. On
2 July 2007 Judge Y. decided to set the applicant’s criminal case
down for trial, scheduling a hearing for 12 July 2007. This decision
stated that it was not necessary to modify or cancel the applicant’s
detention.

20. On
6 July 2007 the Criminal Court of Appeal, referring to Chapter 39 of
the CCP which prescribes the rules of judicial control over pre-trial
proceedings, decided to leave the applicant’s appeal of 15 June 2007
unexamined on the ground that the pre-trial proceedings had already
been completed.

21. On
12 July 2007 the Erebuni and Nubarashen District Court of Yerevan dismissed
the applicant’s appeal of 29 June 2007, finding that the refusal to
release him had been lawful and in compliance with Article 138 of the
CCP.

22. On
27 July 2007 the applicant lodged an appeal against this
decision.

23. On
2 August 2007 the applicant filed a motion with the Ararat Regional
Court seeking to be released.

24. On
the same date the Ararat Regional Court examined and dismissed this
motion. The Regional Court found that the applicant’s detention after
13 June 2007 was justified under Article 138 § 3 of the CCP (see paragraph 31
below), while his detention after 2 July 2007 was authorised by the
court’s decision of the same date.

25. On
22 August 2007 the Criminal Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant’s
appeal of 27 July 2007 on the same grounds as the District Court.

II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE

A. The Code of Criminal Procedure

26. According
to Article 65, the accused is entitled, inter alia, to file motions.

27. According
to Article 134 §§ 1 and 4, preventive measures are measures of compulsion
imposed on the suspect or the accused. They include, inter alia, detention and bail. Bail is considered an alternative
preventive measure to detention and is imposed only if a court decision
has been issued to detain the accused.

28. According
to Article 136 § 2, detention and bail are applied only by a court
decision upon the investigator’s or the prosecutor’s motion or of
the court’s own motion during the court proceedings. The court can
replace detention with bail also upon the motion of the defence.

29. According
to Article 137 § 4, when deciding on detention, the court also decides
on the possibility of releasing the accused on bail and, if release
is possible, sets the amount of bail.

30. According
to Article 137 § 5, a court decision imposing detention may be contested
before the appeal court.

31. According
to 138 § 1, entitled “Detention period”, the detention period of
an arrested person shall be calculated from the moment of his actual
taking into custody or, if he has not been arrested, from the moment
of execution of the court decision whereby detention was imposed.

32. According
to Article 138 § 3, during the pre-trial proceedings of a criminal
case the detention period may not exceed two months, except for cases
prescribed by this Code. During the pre-trial proceedings of the criminal
case the running of the detention period shall be suspended on the date
when the prosecutor transmits the criminal case to the court or when
detention is cancelled as a preventive measure.

33. According
to Article 138 §§ 5 and 6, during the pre-trial proceedings of a criminal
case the accused’s detention period cannot exceed one year. No maximum
detention period is prescribed during the court proceedings.

34. According
to Article 139 §§ 1 and 3, if it is necessary to prolong the accused’s
detention period, the investigator or the prosecutor must submit a well-grounded
motion to the court not later than ten days before the expiry of the
detention period. When deciding on the prolongation of the accused’s
detention period, the court shall prolong the detention period within
the limits prescribed by this Code, on each occasion for a period not
exceeding two months.

35. According
to Article 141 (10), the administration of a detention facility is obliged, inter alia, immediately to release a person kept in detention
without a relevant court decision or if the detention period fixed by
a court decision has expired.

36. According
to Article 285 § 2, a motion seeking to have detention imposed on an
accused for whom a search has been declared shall be examined by the
court in the presence of the person who has filed the motion and the
accused’s lawyer, if any.

37. According
to Article 288 § 1, the court of appeal shall carry out the judicial
review of the lawfulness and validity of decisions imposing or refusing
to impose detention, as well as prolonging or refusing to prolong the
detention period.

38. According
to Article 291, a criminal case received at the court shall be taken
over by judges in a procedure prescribed by law. A relevant decision
must be adopted.

39. According
to Article 292, the judge who has taken over a case shall examine the
materials of the case and within fifteen days from the date of taking
over the case shall adopt, inter alia, a decision setting the case down for trial.

40. According
to Article 293 § 2, the decision setting the case down for trial shall
contain, inter alia, a decision cancelling, modifying or imposing a
preventive measure.

41. According
to Article 381 § 1, an appeal must contain (a) the name of the court
to which it is addressed; (b) information about the appellant; (c) the
contested judgment or decision and the name of the court which issued
it; (d) an indication as to whether the whole or part of the judgment
or decision are being contested; (e) the appellant’s arguments and
complaints; (f) substantiating evidence, if any; (g) a list of attached
materials; and (h) the appellant’s signature. According to Article
381 § 2, the court of appeal shall leave an appeal unexamined if it
does not comply with the requirements set out in this Article, was lodged
by a person who was not entitled to do so, or was lodged out of time.

B. The Criminal Code

42. According
to Article 177 § 2 (3) and (4), burglary with breaking into a flat,
storage or construction committed anew is punishable by two to six
years’ imprisonment.

43. According
to Article 178 § 1, fraud is punishable by a maximum of two years’
imprisonment.

C. The relevant decisions of the Court of Cassation

44. On
28 November 2008 the Court of Cassation issued a decision in another
criminal case whose relevant parts read as follows:

“...[T]he Court of Cassation finds unacceptable
the limitation of the right to appeal against decisions imposing detention
or prolonging a detention period on the ground whether the appeal was
lodged within the scope of judicial control over pre-trial
proceedings or during the court proceedings of the case. ...

In the present case, the Criminal Court of Appeal
based its decision to leave the appeal unexamined on the fact that the
investigation had been over and the case had been submitted to court,
which was not envisaged by Article 381 § 2 of [the CCP]. Hence, the
Court of Cassation finds that in the present case an appeal was lodged
against a judicial act subject to appeal, which was not supposed to
be left unexamined. ...

On the violation of ... Article 5 § 4 ... of the Convention by the
Court of Appeal. ...The domestic criminal procedure law does
not envisage any limitation on lodging an appeal against the general
jurisdiction court’s decision imposing detention or prolonging a detention
period, based on the particular stage of the proceedings.”

45. On
26 December 2008 the Court of Cassation issued a decision in another
criminal case whose relevant parts read as follows:

“The Court of Cassation finds that[, inter alia, Article 285 § 2 of the CCP], as regards imposition
of a preventive measure on an accused in whose respect a search has
been initiated, is incompatible with the requirement of Article 5 §
3 of the Convention that [an arrested person] be promptly brought before
a judge. [The mentioned Article of the CCP] allows imposition of a preventive
measure depriving a person of liberty in the absence of that person,
without providing a possibility for the person discovered as a result
of the search to appear before the court and for the question of his
detention to be discussed in his presence.

The Court of Cassation finds that such rules
of the criminal procedure law will breach Article 5 § 3 of the Convention
and will constitute a grave violation of a person’s right to liberty
if a person discovered as a result of the search is not brought promptly
before a court. ...

...[T]he Court of Cassation finds that a necessary
domestic safeguard for the protection of the right to liberty must be
an additional examination by [the relevant] court of the question of
[detention] in the presence of [the affected] person following his discovery
as a result of the search.”

46. On
10 April 2009 the Court of Cassation issued a decision in another criminal
case whose relevant parts read as follows:

“Taking into account the findings reached in
the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Ječius
v. Lithuania, the Court of Cassation finds that the suspension
of the detention period on the ground that the case has been transmitted
by the prosecutor to a court constitutes an unlawful limitation of a
person’s right to liberty. Hence, the rules prescribed by Article
138 § 3 of [the CCP] contradict Article 5 § 1 of [the Convention] and
Articles 11 § 2 and 136 § 2 of [the CCP].

The
Court of Cassation finds that in cases in which there are less than
fifteen days left before the expiry of the two-month detention period,
that is less than the time-limit within which a judge who has taken
over the case is to adopt one of the decisions envisaged by Article
292 of [the CCP], the investigating authority, when transmitting the
case to the court, must also resolve the question of a person’s detention,
namely release him if the grounds justifying his detention have ceased
to exist or file a motion with the court seeking a prolongation of the
detention period if there are [relevant grounds].”

THE LAW

I. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5
§ 1 OF THE CONVENTION

47. The
applicant complained that his detention between 13 June and 2 July 2007
was unlawful. He invoked Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, which, in
so far as relevant, reads as follows:

“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security
of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following
cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law...”

A. Admissibility

48. The
Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within
the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes
that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore
be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. The parties’ submissions

49. The
applicant submitted that the domestic law, namely Article 136 of the
CCP, allowed detention only upon a court decision. His detention period
authorised by a court expired on 13 June 2007 and there was no court
decision authorising his detention from that date until 2 July 2007.
During that period he was kept in detention by virtue of Article 138
§ 3 of the CCP. The applicant argued that the relevant provisions of
the CCP were ambiguous and did not meet the Convention requirement of
lawfulness. Furthermore, his detention on the sole ground that his criminal
case had been transmitted to court could not be regarded as lawful within
the meaning of Article 5 § 1. There was therefore no lawful basis for
keeping him in detention between 13 June and 2 July 2007.

50. The
Government submitted that the applicant’s detention between 13 June
and 2 July 2007 was compatible with the provisions of the CCP, namely
its Article 138 § 3. His detention authorised by a court was to expire
on 13 June 2007. In view of this fact, on 8 June 2007 the bill of indictment
was finalised and on 12 June 2007 the criminal case was submitted to
the Ararat Regional Court for examination on the merits. On 2 July 2007
the Regional Court decided to set the applicant’s case down for trial
and to leave the detention imposed on the applicant unchanged.

51. The
Government added that this procedure was in the process of being amended
in order to be brought into compliance with the Court’s case-law and
the practice of other member States of the Council of Europe. The Government
asked the Court to take this into account when deciding on the present
case.

2. The Court’s assessment

52. The
Court reiterates that Article 5 of the Convention guarantees the fundamental
right to liberty and security. That right is of primary importance in
a “democratic society” within the meaning of the Convention (see De
Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium, 18 June 1971, § 65,
Series A no. 12, and Winterwerp v. the Netherlands, 24 October 1979, § 37,
Series A no. 33).

53. The
expressions “lawful” and “in accordance with a procedure prescribed
by law” in Article 5 § 1 essentially refer back to national law and
state the obligation to conform to the substantive and procedural rules
thereof (see, among other authorities, Benham
v. the United Kingdom, 10 June 1996, § 41, Reports
1996-III, and Assanidze v. Georgia [GC], no. 71503/01, § 171, ECHR 2004-II).
A period of detention is, in principle, “lawful” if it is based
on a court order. Even flaws in the detention order do not necessarily
render the underlying period of detention unlawful within the meaning
of Article 5 § 1 (see, Benham,
cited above, §§ 42-47, and Ječius
v. Lithuania, no. 34578/97, § 68, ECHR 2000-IX).

54. However,
the “lawfulness” of detention under domestic law is the primary
but not always a decisive element. The Court must in addition be satisfied
that detention during the period under consideration was compatible
with the purpose of Article 5 § 1, which is to prevent persons from
being deprived of their liberty in an arbitrary fashion. The Court must
moreover ascertain whether domestic law itself is in conformity with
the Convention, including the general principles expressed or implied
therein (see, among other authorities, Winterwerp, cited above, § 45, and Erkalo v. the Netherlands, 2 September 1998, § 52, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-VI).

55. On
this last point, the Court stresses that where deprivation of liberty
is concerned it is particularly important that the general principle
of legal certainty be satisfied. It is therefore essential that the
conditions for deprivation of liberty under domestic law be clearly
defined and that the law itself be foreseeable in its application, so
that it meets the standard of “lawfulness” set by the Convention,
a standard which requires that all law be sufficiently precise to allow
the person – if need be, with appropriate advice – to foresee, to
a degree that is reasonable in the circumstances, the consequences which
a given action may entail (see Steel and Others v. the United Kingdom, 23 September 1998,
§ 54, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-VII).

56. Turning
to the circumstances of the present case, the Court notes that the applicant’s
detention period – as authorised by the decision of the Ararat Regional
Court of 15 February 2007 – expired on 13 June 2007 (see paragraphs
7 and 14 above). In the meantime, the investigation was over and on
12 June 2007 the criminal case was transmitted to the Regional Court
for examination on the merits. The next occasion on which a court took
a decision concerning the applicant’s detention was only on 2 July 2007
when the Regional Court decided to set the case down for trial (see
paragraph 19 above). Thus, between 13 June and 2 July 2007 the applicant
remained in detention by virtue of Article 138 § 3 of the CCP, according
to which during the pre-trial proceedings the running of the detention
period was to be suspended on the date when the prosecutor transmitted
the criminal case to the court.

57. The
Court notes that similar but not identical situations have been previously
examined in a number of other cases (see Baranowski v. Poland, no. 28358/95, §§ 53-58, ECHR 2000-III; Ječius, cited
above, §§ 57-64; and Khudoyorov v. Russia, no. 6847/02, §§ 146-151, ECHR 2005-...
(extracts)). In particular, in the cases of Baranowski and Khudoyorov the applicants continued to remain in detention
due to the fact that a bill of indictment had
been lodged with the court competent to try their cases. Unlike the
present case, however, in those cases that practice was not based on
any domestic legal provision. On the other hand, in the case of Ječius the
legal provision which permitted the applicant’s continued detention
on the ground that he had access to the case file was found by the Court
to be lacking legal certainty.

58. The
Court notes that Article 138 of the CCP sets out the rules concerning
the detention period, notably its calculation and time-limits. Pursuant
to that Article, during pre-trial proceedings the detention period may
not exceed two months unless prolonged by a court decision, on each
occasion for a period not exceeding two months (Article 139 § 3 of
the CCP). However, paragraph 3 of Article 138 provides that during the
pre-trial proceedings the running of the detention period is suspended
on the date when the prosecutor transmits the criminal case to the court.
The rule contained in that paragraph was relied on to justify the continued
detention of a person once the criminal case was transmitted to the
court for examination on the merits even if the pre-trial detention
period authorised by a court had already expired, as happened in the
applicant’s case.

59. The
Court observes that the rule contained in Article 138 § 3 was in direct
conflict with the requirement contained in Article 136 § 2 of the CCP
which stipulated that detention could be applied onlyby a court decision. It further contradicted Article 141 (10)
of the CCP which required the administration of a detention facility
immediately to release a person kept in detention without a relevant
court decision or if the detention period fixed by a court decision
had expired. The Court does not find the wording of Article 138 § 3
to be sufficiently precise to provide for a clear, foreseeable and unequivocal
exception to these rules. It therefore considers that Article 138 §
3 of the CCP failed to satisfy the principle of legal certainty.

60. The
Court further notes that in the case of Baranowski the Court stressed that, for the purposes of Article
5 § 1, detention which extends over a period of several months and
which has not been ordered by a court or by a judge or any other person
“authorised ... to exercise judicial power” cannot be considered
“lawful” in the sense of that provision. While this requirement
is not explicitly stipulated in Article 5 § 1, it can be inferred from
Article 5 read as a whole, in particular the wording in paragraph 1 (c)
and paragraph 3 (see Baranowski, cited above, § 57). In the present case, the applicant
stayed in detention without a court decision for nineteen days, which
is shorter than the period in the case of Baranowski (almost four months) but, in the Court’s opinion,
sufficiently long to raise an issue of lawfulness under Article 5 §
1.

61. The
Court also notes that Article 138 § 3 of the CCP did not prescribe
any time-limits, thereby failing to provide any safeguards against a
person’s indefinite stay in detention. It is true that Article 292
of the CCP requires the judge, who has taken over a case, to adopt a
decision on detention within fifteen days (see paragraph 39 above).
However, firstly, this time-limit starts to run from the date on which
the judge decides to take over the case and not from the date on which
the case is received at the court. No time-limit, however, is prescribed
for a judge to decide on taking over the case after receiving it at
the court (see paragraph 38 above). Secondly, there are no safeguards
against the failure by a judge, like in the present case, to comply
with the fifteen-day time-limit (see paragraphs 16 and 19 above). The
Court notes that no explanation was provided for this, even if only
short, delay. Thus, it cannot be ruled out that under Article 138 § 3
of the CCP an individual may be kept in detention without a court decision
for a significantly longer period than the fifteen-day time-limit prescribed
by Article 292 of the CCP or even the nineteen days of the present case.

62. Lastly,
the Court cannot overlook the fact that Article 138 § 3 of the CCP
permitted detention by reference to matters wholly extraneous to Article
5 § 1 (see Ječius,
cited above, § 59). It also notes that similar findings were reached
by the Court of Cassation in its decision of 10 April 2009 (see paragraph
46 above).

63. In
view of the above, the Court considers that the applicant’s detention
between 13 June and 2 July 2007 was unlawful within the meaning of Article
5 § 1.

64. There
has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.

II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE
5 § 3 OF THE CONVENTION

65. The
applicant complained that he had not been brought before a judge after
being arrested. He invoked Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, which reads
as follows:

“3. Everyone arrested or detained in accordance
with the provisions of paragraph 1 (c) of this Article shall be brought
promptly before a judge or other officer authorised by law to exercise
judicial power and shall be entitled to trial within a reasonable time
or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees
to appear for trial.”

A. Admissibility

66. The
Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within
the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes
that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore
be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. The parties’ submissions

67. The
applicant submitted that the decision of 15 February 2007 imposing detention
was taken in his absence. On 13 April 2007 he was arrested by the police
and taken to a detention facility but he was never brought before a
judge, in breach of the requirements of Article 5 § 3. The legislative
changes which occurred following the circumstances of the present case
could not eliminate the violation of the Convention which had taken
place in respect of the applicant.

68. The
Government submitted that considerable measures had been taken in order
to resolve the issue of bringing a person, who had been discovered as
a result of a search, before a judge. The domestic law did not require
the presence of a person for whom a search had been declared at the
hearing on his detention and was silent on the measures to be taken
when the person sought was discovered. This question had been addressed
by the Court of Cassation in its decision of 26 December 2008 (see paragraph
45 above).

2. The Court’s assessment

69. The
Court reiterates that Article 5 § 3 requires that an arrested individual
be brought promptly before a judge or a judicial officer (see Kandzhov v. Bulgaria, no. 68294/01, § 65, 6 November 2008).
This Article places the judge or the judicial officer under the obligation
of hearing himself the individual brought before him (see Schiesser v. Switzerland, 4 December 1979, § 31, Series A no.
34). Furthermore, it does not provide for any possible exceptions from
the requirement that a person be brought promptly before a judge or
other judicial officer after his or her arrest or detention. To
conclude otherwise would run counter to the plain meaning of this provision
(see Ladent v. Poland, no. 11036/03, § 75, 18 March 2008).

70. In
the present case, the applicant was suspected of having committed a
crime. A detention order was issued on 15 February 2007 by the Ararat
Regional Court in the applicant’s absence, since he was deemed to
have gone into hiding. The Court observes in this respect that the mere
possibility of a court issuing an arrest warrant in absentia in a situation where a person flees from justice
does not conflict with the provisions of the Convention (see Garabayev v. Russia, no. 38411/02, § 101, 7 June 2007). However,
after the applicant was arrested by the police on 13 April 2007 and
subsequently detained on the basis of the above-mentioned order, he
was never brought before a judge or a judicial officer for the purposes
of Article 5 § 3. The Court also notes that the practice of not bringing
a person in hiding before a judge following his arrest was found to
be in violation of the guarantees of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention
by the Court of Cassation in its decision of 26 December 2008 (see paragraph
45 above).

71. There
has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.

III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE
5 § 4 OF THE CONVENTION

72. The
applicant complained that his appeal of 15 June 2007 had not been examined
by the Court of Appeal. He invoked Articles 5 § 4 and 13 of the Convention.
The Court considers that this complaint falls to be examined solely
under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

“4. Everyone who is deprived of his liberty
by arrest or detention shall be entitled to take proceedings by which
the lawfulness of his detention shall be decided speedily by a court
and his release ordered if the detention is not lawful.”

A. Admissibility

73. The
Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within
the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes
that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore
be declared admissible.

B. Merits

1. The parties’ submissions

74. The
applicant submitted that the decision of the Court of Appeal of 6 July
2007 to leave his appeal against detention unexamined on the ground
that the pre-trial proceedings had terminated was incompatible with
Article 5 § 4 of the Convention. Moreover, there was no domestic provision
prescribing non-examination of an appeal on such grounds.

75. The
Government submitted that this question had also been addressed by the
Court of Cassation in its decision of 28 November 2008 (see paragraph
44 above). The decisions of the Court of Cassation had a binding force
on all the courts and the investigating authorities. The Government
further asked the Court, in deciding on the present application, to
take into account that a number of significant measures had been taken
in relation to the issues raised in it.

2. The Court’s assessment

76. The
Court reiterates that, according to its case-law, Article 5 § 4 enshrines,
as does Article 6 § 1, the right of access to a court, which can only
be subject to reasonable limitations that do not impair its very essence
(see Shishkov v. Bulgaria, no. 38822/97, § 82-90, ECHR 2003-I (extracts),
and Bochev v. Bulgaria, no. 73481/01, § 70, 13 November 2008).

77. Furthermore,
Article 5 § 4 does not compel the Contracting States to set up a second
level of jurisdiction for the examination of applications for release
from detention. Nevertheless, a State which institutes such a system
must in principle accord detainees the same guarantees on appeal as
at first instance (see Toth v. Austria, 12 December 1991, § 84, Series A no. 224; Rutten v. the Netherlands, no. 32605/96, § 53, 24 July 2001; Lanz v. Austria, no. 24430/94, § 42, 31 January 2002; and Svipsta v. Latvia, no. 66820/01, § 129, ECHR 2006-III (extracts)).

78. The
Court notes that the Armenian law, namely Articles 137 § 5 and 288
§ 1 of the CCP, prescribes a right to appeal against the first instance
court’s decision imposing or prolonging detention (see paragraphs
30 and 37 above). In the present case, the applicant filed a motion
seeking to be released on bail, which was dismissed by the decision
of the Ararat Regional Court of 8 June 2007. He then availed himself
of his right to appeal by lodging an appeal on 15 June 2007. In the
meantime, the investigation was over and the criminal case was transmitted
to the Ararat Regional Court for examination on the merits. On 6 July
2007 the Court of Appeal decided to leave the applicant’s appeal of
15 June 2007 unexamined on the ground that the pre-trial proceedings
had been already completed.

79. The
Court notes that the domestic law prescribed an exhaustive list of cases
in which an appeal lodged against decisions of the first instance courts
could be left unexamined (see paragraph 41 above). This list did not
include the ground relied upon by the Court of Appeal in refusing to
examine the applicant’s appeal. Thus, the applicant was denied access
to the Court of Appeal on grounds not envisaged by the domestic law.
In any event, the Court considers denial of judicial review of the applicant’s
detention on the sole ground that the criminal case was no longer considered
to be in its pre-trial stage to be an unjustified restriction on his
right to take proceedings under Article 5 § 4.

80. It
is true that, prior to the Court of Appeal’s refusal to examine the
applicant’s appeal, a decision had already been taken by the Regional
Court to leave the applicant’s detention unchanged (see paragraph
19 above). However, the Court has already found in a number of cases
that the refusal to examine an appeal against detention simply because
a fresh decision extending detention had been meanwhile adopted by a
lower court was in breach of the requirements of Article 5 § 4 (see Peša v. Croatia, no. 40523/08, §§ 125-126, 8 April 2010; Šebalj v. Croatia, no. 4429/09, §§ 222-223, 28 June 2011; and Hađi v. Croatia, no. 42998/08, §§ 46-47, 1 July 2010). The
Court lastly notes that this practice was found to be unacceptable and
in violation of the guarantees of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention by
the Court of Cassation in its decision of 28 November 2008 (see paragraph
44 above).

81. There
has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of the Convention.

IV. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE
CONVENTION

82. The
applicant lastly raised a number of other complaints under Article 5
§§ 1 and 3 of the Convention.

83. Having
regard to all the material in its possession, and in so far as these
complaints fall within its competence, the Court finds that they do
not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms
set out in the Convention or its Protocols. It follows that this part
of the application must be rejected as being manifestly ill-founded,
pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

V. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE
CONVENTION

84. Article
41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation
of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law
of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation
to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction
to the injured party.”

86. The
Government submitted that the amount claimed was excessive. Furthermore,
the applicant had failed to specify the kind of non-pecuniary damage
that he had allegedly suffered. The Government lastly asked the Court
to take into account the general measures taken in relation to the issues
raised in the present application.

87. The
Court considers that the applicant has undoubtedly sustained non-pecuniary
damage on account of the breaches of the Convention found in the present
judgment. Ruling on an equitable basis, it awards the applicant EUR
10,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage.

B. Costs and expenses

88. The
applicant did not claim any costs and expenses.

C. Default interest

89. The
Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should
be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank,
to which should be added three percentage points.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY

1. Declares the complaints concerning the alleged unlawfulness
of the applicant’s detention between 13 June and 2 July 2007, his
non-appearance before a judge following his arrest and the refusal to
examine his appeal of 15 June 2007 against detention admissible under
Article 5 §§ 1, 3 and 4 of the Convention and the remainder of the
application inadmissible;

2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of
the Convention in that his detention between 13 June and 2 July 2007
lacked legal basis;

3. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of
the Convention on account of the applicant not appearing before a judge
following his arrest;

4. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 4 of
the Convention on account of the refusal to examine the applicant’s
appeal of 15 June 2007 against detention;

5. Holds

(a) that the respondent State is to pay
the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment
becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, EUR
10,000 (ten thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in
respect of non-pecuniary damage, to be converted into Armenian drams
at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned
three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the
above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European
Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;

6. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant’s claim for just
satisfaction.

Done in English, and notified in writing
on 20 December 2011, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of
Court.