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Republican Guard tanks sealed off Kuwait city while Iraqi special forces seized government buildings. The advancing Iraqis met little resistance. The Emir had stood down his army to avoid provoking Saddam. Many of his soldiers were taking their summer vacations. Saddam thought any reprisals would be limited and wo...

Republican Guard tanks sealed off Kuwait city while Iraqi special forces seized government buildings. The advancing Iraqis met little resistance. The Emir had stood down his army to avoid provoking Saddam. Many of his soldiers were taking their summer vacations. Saddam thought any reprisals would be limited and would tail off with time. In the words of President Hafez Assad of Syria at a conference of Arab leaders at the time, “Kuwait has been...Republican Guard tanks sealed off Kuwait city while Iraqi special forces seized government buildings. The advancing Iraqis met little resistance. The Emir had stood down his army to avoid provoking Saddam. Many of his soldiers were taking their summer vacations. Saddam thought any reprisals would be limited and would tail off with time. In the words of President Hafez Assad of Syria at a conference of Arab leaders at the time, “Kuwait has been occupied by Iraqi forces, who has the military might to expel them? Let him come forward and take command. Do not even mention foreign forces. Please come forward and tell us now”. There was silence by all Arab leaders. Saddam thought that America’s defeat in Vietnam had badly damaged its willingness to use military power. He also assumed that King Fahd would never allow US troops into Saudi Arabia and that the Soviet Union would never allow the use of force against Iraq as it was geographically very close to Iraq. He also thought that Kuwaitis were not internationally well liked and nobody would come to their aid. He was wrong on all these points. For Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak it was shocking. He couldn’t believe that this could happen in the Arab world. He regarded Saddam Hussein as a friend and didn’t expect him to invade. For the Americans getting the Soviet Union on board was imperative. US Secretary of State, James Baker, said that with Soviet support the US was able to marshal the international coalition that they were able to build up. He said it gave a completely different dynamic to the whole effort. Now, instead of being an effort by the United States and the United Kingdom to eject Iraq from Kuwait, it was an effort by the entire international community.
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The Cairo conference, the diplomatic offensive, the exodus of refugees from Kuwait, the military mobilization and the Allied decision to go on the offensive on November 8th, 1990. The occupation of Kuwait, the organisation of the resistance, the military build-up of 700,000 troops and the final diplomatic rounds....

The Cairo conference, the diplomatic offensive, the exodus of refugees from Kuwait, the military mobilization and the Allied decision to go on the offensive on November 8th, 1990. The occupation of Kuwait, the organisation of the resistance, the military build-up of 700,000 troops and the final diplomatic rounds. The Geneva conference. The air war, the retaliatory Scud missile attacks on Israel and the ground offensive to the moment of Iraq’s s...The Cairo conference, the diplomatic offensive, the exodus of refugees from Kuwait, the military mobilization and the Allied decision to go on the offensive on November 8th, 1990. The occupation of Kuwait, the organisation of the resistance, the military build-up of 700,000 troops and the final diplomatic rounds. The Geneva conference. The air war, the retaliatory Scud missile attacks on Israel and the ground offensive to the moment of Iraq’s surrender.
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written by Center for Strategic and International Studies (2007), Source: csis.org

Increased donor attention to the varied regions within the North Caucasus is an urgent security and human rights imperative. To date, the Russian government has greatly complicated, and often restricted, the ability of donors to engage in this region. At the same time, the international community has been plagued...

Increased donor attention to the varied regions within the North Caucasus is an urgent security and human rights imperative. To date, the Russian government has greatly complicated, and often restricted, the ability of donors to engage in this region. At the same time, the international community has been plagued by ambivalence in responding to needs on the ground.

written by George Washington University. National Security Archive (District of Columbia: George Washington University. National Security Archive, 2017, originally published 2002), Source: nsarchive2.gwu.edu

written by George Washington University. National Security Archive (District of Columbia: George Washington University. National Security Archive, 2017, originally published 2002), Source: nsarchive2.gwu.edu

It is zero hour for a new US water policy! At a time when many countries are adopting new national approaches to water management, the United States still has no cohesive federal policy, and water-related authorities are dispersed across more than 30 agencies. Here, at last, is a vision for what we as a nation nee...

It is zero hour for a new US water policy! At a time when many countries are adopting new national approaches to water management, the United States still has no cohesive federal policy, and water-related authorities are dispersed across more than 30 agencies. Here, at last, is a vision for what we as a nation need to do to manage our most vital resource. In this book, leading thinkers at the world-class water research institution, The Pacific In...It is zero hour for a new US water policy! At a time when many countries are adopting new national approaches to water management, the United States still has no cohesive federal policy, and water-related authorities are dispersed across more than 30 agencies. Here, at last, is a vision for what we as a nation need to do to manage our most vital resource. In this book, leading thinkers at the world-class water research institution, The Pacific Institute, present clear and readable analysis and recommendations for a new federal water policy to confront our national and global challenges at a critical time. What exactly is at stake? In the 21st century, pressures on water resources in the United States are growing and conflicts among water users are worsening. Communities continue to struggle to meet water quality standards and to ensure that safe drinking water is available for all. And new challenges are arising as climate change and extreme events worsen, new water quality threats materialize, and financial constraints grow. Yet the United States has not stepped up with adequate leadership to address these problems. The inability of national policymakers to safeguard our water makes the United States increasingly vulnerable to serious disruptions of something most of us take for granted: affordable, reliable, and safe water. This book provides an independent assessment of water issues and water management in the United States, addressing emerging and persistent water challenges from the perspectives of science, public policy, environmental justice, economics, and law. With fascinating case studies and first-person accounts of what helps and hinders, good water management, this is a clear-eyed look at what we need for a 21st century U.S. water policy.
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