 In 1944, the Republican national convention opened in Chicago with a keynote speech by California Gov. Earl Warren.

 In 1963, President Kennedy visited West Berlin, where he made his famous declaration: "Ich bin ein Berliner" (I am a Berliner).

 In 1968, Chief U.S. Justice Earl Warren announced his intention to resign.

 In 1977, 42 people were killed when a fire sent toxic smoke pouring through the Maury County Jail in Columbia, Tenn.

 In 1995, the Supreme Court ruled, 6-to-3, that public schools can require drug tests for its athletes.

 In 2000, rival scientific teams completed the first rough map of the human genetic code after a 10-year race. The Supreme Court gave new power to its landmark Miranda decision of 1966, ruling police still must warn the people they arrest of their "right to remain silent" when questioned.

 In 2004, a memorial service was held in Egg Harbor Township, N.J., for Paul M. Johnson Jr., an engineer slain by kidnappers in Saudi Arabia.

In the world

 In 1917, the first troops of the American Expeditionary Force arrived in France during World War I.

 In 1945, the charter of the United Nations was signed by 50 countries in San Francisco.

 In 1959, President Eisenhower joined Britain's Queen Elizabeth II in ceremonies officially opening the St. Lawrence Seaway.

 In 1995, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak escaped an attempt on his life in Ethiopia.