The Medical Research of Spirulina

Editor’s Note: The publisher of this paper, Cyanotech Corporation, is the producer of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica™. Cyanotech wishes to make it clear that none of the animal studies referenced in this paper were sponsored by Cyanotech. Our company policy is to sponsor medical research as human clinical trials, exclusively with subjects recruited as willing volunteers. We do not condone animal experimentation; yet animal studies done by others are reported in this paper in order that the reader may fully understand the ongoing medical research and the potential benefits of Spirulina in human nutrition.

Publisher’s Note: The information contained within is for educational purposes only; it is not to be taken as medical advice or as an attempt to sell a particular product. People with medical problems or questions should consult a health professional. Information in this book is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Introduction
There has been an extensive amount of research on the species Arthrospira Platensis, more commonly known as “Spirulina.” This research dates back decades and has been conducted at universities, at government sponsored research facilities, as well as by private researchers throughout the world. Cyanotech Corporation* feels that it is important to have a library of this research available for interested persons; hence we have created this document. Below the reader will find selected research abstracts on the health benefits of Spirulina and some of the major nutrients contained within Spiruilna. It was not practical to include full studies due to the massive amount of literature available; in addition, it was not practical to include all available abstracts. Particularly in the case of some of Spirulina’s key nutrients, there were hundreds of abstracts available, so editing was necessary in order to present a manageable document. The abstracts are presented according to health benefit as noted in the table of contents. In the case of studies that focused on more than one health benefit, the study is categorized according to the primary area of research within the abstract. All of the studies contained in this document are published and most can be found at www.pubmed.com Any questions may be directed to Cyanotech Corporation, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA, by e-mail at info@cyanotech.com or by telephone at 808.326.1353. •

Cyanotech Corporation is the producer of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica™ since 1984. Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica is widely regarded as the world’s highest quality Spirulina, with far superior levels of key nutrients than all other Spirulina products.

C-phycocyanin: a potent peroxyl radical scavenger in vivo and in vitro.
Bhat VB, Madyastha KM. Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India. C-Phycocyanin (from Spirulina platensis) effectively inhibited CCl(4)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver in vivo. Both native and reduced phycocyanin significantly inhibited peroxyl radical-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and the inhibition was concentration dependent with an IC(50) of 11.35 and 12.7 microM, respectively. The radical scavenging property of phycocyanin was established by studying its reactivity with peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and also by competition kinetics of crocin bleaching. These studies have demonstrated that phycocyanin is a potent peroxyl radical scavenger with an IC(50) of 5.0 microM and the rate constant ratios obtained for phycocyanin and uric acid (a known peroxyl radical scavenger) were 1.54 and 3.5, respectively. These studies clearly suggest that the covalently linked chromophore, phycocyanobilin, is involved in the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of phycocyanin. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Publication Types:
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 10944434 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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J Sep Sci. 2005 Jun;28(9-10):1031-8.

Characterization via liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry of supercritical fluid antioxidant extracts of Spirulina platensis microalga.
Mendiola JA, Marín FR, Hernández SF, Arredondo BO, Señoráns FJ, Ibañez E, Reglero G. Sección de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. Spirulina platensis microalga has been extracted on a pilot scale plant using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) under various extraction conditions. The extraction yield and the antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated in order to select those extracts with both the highest antioxidant capacity and a good extraction yield. These extracts were characterized using LC coupled to diode array detection (DAD) and LC coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) with two different interfaces, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and electrospray (ESI) which allowed us to perform tandem MS by using an ion trap analyzer. The best extraction conditions were as follows: CO2 with 10% of modifier (ethanol) as extraction solvent, 55 degrees C (extraction temperature) and 220 bar (extraction pressure). Fractionation was achieved by cascade depressurization providing two extracts with different activity and chemical composition. Several compounds have been identified in the extracts, corresponding to different carotenoids previously identified in Spirulina platensis microalga along with chlorophyll a and some degradation products. Also, the structure of some phenolic compounds could be tentatively identified. The antioxidant activity of the extracts could be attributed to some of the above mentioned compounds. Publication Types:
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 16013830 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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J Agric Food Chem. 2005 May 18;53(10):4207-12.

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Spirulina and Chlorella water extracts.
Wu LC, Ho JA, Shieh MC, Lu IW. Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi-Nan University, Puli, Nantou, Taiwan. lw25@ncnu.edu.tw Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease that will further develop to cirrhosis if severe damage continues to form. A potential treatment for liver fibrosis is to inhibit activated hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation and, subsequently, to induce HSC apoptosis. It has been reported that antioxidants are able to inhibit the proliferation of HSCs. In this study, the aqueous extract of spirulina was chosen as the source of antioxidant to investigate the inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HSC. The growth inhibitory effects of aqueous spirulina and chlorella extract on human liver cancer cells, HepG2, were also studied and compared in pairs. Results indicated that the total phenol content of spirulina was almost five times greater than that of chlorella (6.86 +/- 0.58 vs 1.44 +/- 0.04 mg tannic acid equivalent/g of algae powder, respectively). The antioxidant activity of spirulina determined by the ABTS*+ method was higher than chlorella (EC50: 72.44 +/0.24 micromol of trolox equivalent/g of spirulina extract vs 56.09 +/- 1.99 micromol of trolox equivalent/g of chlorella extract). Results of DPPH* assay also showed a similar trend as the ABTS*+ assay (EC50: 19.39 +/- 0.65 micromol of ascorbic acid equivalent/g of spirulina extract vs 14.04 +/- 1.06 micromol of ascorbic acid equivalent/g of chlorella extract). The aqueous extracts of these two algae both showed antiproliferative effects on HSC and HepG2, but spirulina was a stronger inhibitor than chlorella. Annexin-V staining showed that aqueous extract of spirulina induced apoptosis of HSC after 12 h of treatment. In addition, the aqueous extract of spirulina triggered a cell cycle arrest of HSC at the G2/M phase. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 15884862 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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. Ibáñez E. Cifuentes A.
Pressurized liquid extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga. Señoráns J. in vitro assays plus MEKC-DAD) allowed the fast characterization of the extracts based on their antioxidant activity and the UV-vis spectra of the different compounds found in the extracts. Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC).S. Determination of their antioxidant activity and preliminary analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography.1047(2):195-203. Non-U. this work shows for the first time the great possibilities of the combined use of PLE-in vitro assay-MEKC-DAD to investigate natural sources of antioxidants. different extracts from the microalga Spirulina platensis are obtained using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and four different solvents (hexane. Moreover. The antioxidant activity of the different extracts is determined by means of an in vitro assay using a free radical method. ethanol and water). Juan de la Cierva 3.J Chromatogr A. 2004 Aug 27. 28006 Madrid. Spain.
Herrero M. In this work. This combined application (i.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.e. Different extraction temperatures (115 and 170 degrees C) were tested using extraction times ranging from 9 to 15 min. a new and fast method is developed using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with diode array detection (MEKCDAD) to provide a preliminary analysis on the composition of the extracts. Gov't
PMID: 15460249 [PubMed . To our knowledge. Publication Types:
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Research Support. light petroleum.

the results of present investigation suggest that spirulina decreases haloperidol induced oxidative stress and TD by many mechanisms as it is cocktail of antioxidants. PMID: 17530160 [PubMed .p was used to induce vacuous chewing movements in rats. Jyothi B. 90 and 180 mg/kg were administered by gavage along with haloperidol from 21st day to 49th day of treatment. The use of haloperidol is limited by extrapyramidal movement disorders such as Parkinsonism. The present study is proposed to study the effect of spirulina on haloperidol induced TD and oxidative stress by studying TD. Spirulina maxima suspended in 1% between 80 at a dose of 45.com Haloperidol is a widely used neuroleptic drug for the treatment of acute and chronic psychosis. India. Department of Pharmacology.in process]
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. In conclusion.114(9):1217-25. and tardive dyskinesia (TD). 2007 Sep. dystonia. Sri Padmavathi Mahila Viswa Vidyalayam. Haloperidol 1 mg/kg/i. Treatment with haloperidol increases oxyradicals which are implicated in TD. akathesia.J Neural Transm. Spirulina is widely used as nutritional supplement rich in proteins and antioxidants. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Spirulina supplementation at a dose of 180 mg/kg significantly improved enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and decreased the tardive dyskinesia induced by haloperidol. Andhra Pradesh.
Thaakur SR. Epub 2007 May 26. drsanthrani@gmail. On chronic use it may inhibit haloperidol induced reduced expression of DNA thereby increases the expression of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and protects against oxidative stress induced neurodegeneration and TD. various enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants and lipid peroxidation.
Effect of spirulina maxima on the haloperidol induced tardive dyskinesia and oxidative stress in rats.

Mishra S.42 x 10(10). Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute. The results demonstrate that C-PCs from Lyngbya.89 and 1.15 microM). Phormidium (marine) and Spirulina (fresh water) was studied in vitro. Interestingly. Phormidium and Spirulina spp. Further. Phormidium and Spirulina spp.
Patel A. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of C-PCs indicate the presence of free radical active sites.58 x 10(10) and 6. Bhavnagar.S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't
PMID: 16955748 [PubMed . 1. the studies suggest that the covalently-linked tetrapyrrole chromophore phycocyanobilin is involved in the radical scavenging activity of C-PC. C-PCs also scavenge hydroxyl radicals (determined by deoxyribose degradation assay) with second order rate constant values of 7.15 microM) and Phormidium C-PC (IC50 12. Non-U.43(1):25-31. as compared to Spirulina (IC50 12. GB Marg. are able to scavenge peroxyl radicals (determined by crocin bleaching assay) with relative rate constant ratio of 3. respectively.8. respectively. Publication Types:
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Research Support.63 microM). Lyngbya CPC is found to be an effective inhibitor of peroxyl radicals (IC50 6. Ghosh PK.87 x 10(10). India.74 microM) and is close to uric acid (IC50 2. 9.Indian J Biochem Biophys. which may play an important role in its radical scavenging property.13. This is the first report on the ESR activity of native C-PCs without perturbations that can cause radical formation. The antioxidant activity of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) isolated from three cyanobacterial species Lyngbya (marine).
Antioxidant potential of C-phycocyanin isolated from cyanobacterial species Lyngbya. 2006 Feb.

The absorbance and the fluorescence emission spectra of rHHPC had lambda(max) at 621 and 650 nm. rHHPC was purified by Ni(2+) affinity column conveniently. Fluorescent rHHPC with several unique qualitative and quantitative features was effective on scavenging hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. Ocean University of China. and the constant feeding mode was adopted to produce good yields of rHHPC. produced and characterized for nutritional and pharmacological values. PCC6803 (S6) could catalyse the 82 site Cys in apo-alpha-PC of Sp linking with bilin chromophores.8 +/.2. 2009 Apr. Tang XX.
A potent anti-oxidant property: fluorescent recombinant alphaphycocyanin of Spirulina. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: A potent antioxidant rHHPC was co-expressed.5 +/. Lyases CpcE/F of Synechocystis sp. and rHHPC was biosynthesized in Escherichia coli BL21. Epub 2009 Feb 23. AIMS: To express and product a fluorescent antioxidant holo-alpha-phycocyanin (PC) of Spirulina platensis (Sp) with His-tag (rHHPC. Wang JF. The IC(50) values of rHHPC were 277.8 microg ml(-1) against hydroxyl radicals and 20.2 microg ml(-1) against peroxyl radicals. which would help to develop phycobiliproteins' applications in their fluorescent and biological activities. Qin S . Qingdao. China.
Guan XY.in process]
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. and transformant reached the biomass of rHHPC up to 0. METHODS AND RESULTS: A vector harbouring two cassettes was constructed: cpcA along with cpcE-cpcF in one cassette. ho1-pcyA in the other cassette.J Appl Microbiol.25. respectively. recombinant holo-alphaphycocyaninof Spirulina platensis with His-tag) in 5-l bench scale. CONCLUSIONS: Combinational biosynthesis of rHHPC was feasible. PMID: 19239531 [PubMed . The constant feeding mode was adopted. Li YX.106(4):1093-100. Lin HZ. Zhang XW. Zhang WJ.55 g l(-1) broth in 5-litre bench scale.

Germany. Horb am Neckar. (4) Zinkspirulina + Acerola. (2) SpiruComplex. (3) SpiruZink. PMID: 18398928 [PubMed .com Recent studies suggest that Spirulina.dartsch@dartsch-scientific. The results showed a dose-dependent inactivation of free superoxide radicals (antioxidant effect) as well as an antiinflammatory effect characterized by a dose-dependent reduction of the metabolic activity of functional neutrophils and a dose-dependent inactivation of superoxide radicals generated during an oxidative burst. In accordance with the recommended daily dosage. a preparation with naturally bound zinc. a cell-free and a cellbased test assay were used to examine the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of four selected Spirulina platensis preparations: (1) Biospirulina. chromium and zinc.
Antioxidant potential of selected Spirulina platensis preparations. a unicellular blue-green alga. whereas the cell-based test assay used the formation of intracellular superoxide radicals of functional neutrophils upon stimulation by phorbol-12-myristate-13acetate as a model to investigate the potential of Spirulina preparations to inactivate superoxide radicals.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Phytother Res.
Dartsch PC. a preparation with naturally bound zinc and acerola powder. Dartsch Scientific GmbH. Especially SpiruZink and Zinkspirulina + Acerola might be useful as a supportive therapeutic approach for reducing oxidative stress and/or the generation of oxygen radicals in the course of inflammatory processes. a preparation with naturally bound selenium.22(5):627-33. Institut für zellbiologische Testsysteme. The results demonstrate that the tested Spirulina preparations have a high antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential. pc. The cellfree test assay used potassium superoxide as a donor for superoxide radicals. 2008 May. test concentrations ranging from 50 to 1000 microg/mL were chosen. may have a variety of health benefits and therapeutic properties and is also capable of acting as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent. In this study.

India. 737 136.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. reduced glutathione (GSH). the present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and water extract of Spirulina plantesis (SP) to minimize 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-induced lipid peroxidation.Acta Pol Pharm. The study has been performed in vitro using goat liver as an experimental model.64(4):335-44. The results suggest that ascorbic acid and water extract of Spirulina plantesis could suppress the 5-FU-induced lipid peroxidation to a significant extent. Sengupta C. East Sikkim. 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) and nitric oxide (NO) content of the tissue as markers of lipid peroxidation.co. Rangpo. Himalayan Pharmacy Institute.
Ray S. Publication Types:
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In Vitro
PMID: 18536159 [PubMed . Roy K. Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry. supratimray_in@yahoo. 2007 Jul-Aug. This evaluation was done by measuring the malondialdehyde (MDA). Majhitar.in Considering drug-induced lipid peroxidation as a possible mediator of druginduced toxicity and exploiting the free radical scavenging action of antioxidants.
In vitro evaluation of protective effects of ascorbic acid and water extract of Spirulina plantesis (blue green algae) on 5-fluorouracilinduced lipid peroxidation.

Anti-Inflammatory
J Med Food.particularly in light of rodent studies demonstrating that orally administered Spirulina or phycocyanin (the Spirulina holoprotein that contains PCB) can exert a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects. 2007 Dec. it can be concluded that an intake of 2 heaping tablespoons daily would be likely to have important antioxidant activity in humans -. the most feasible and least expensive way to administer PCB is by ingestion of whole Spirulina. CA 92024. likely because in mammalian cells it is rapidly reduced to phycocyanorubin. The chromophore phycocyanobilin (PCB). mccarty@pantox. An intake of this magnitude can be clinically feasible if Spirulina is incorporated into "smoothies" featuring such ingredients as soy milk.assuming that humans and rodents digest and absorb Spirulina-bound PCB in a comparable manner. Such a regimen should be evaluated in clinical syndromes characterized and in part mediated by NADPH oxidase overactivity in affected tissues. and whole fruits. also has been found to be a potent inhibitor of this enzyme complex. Until PCBenriched Spirulina extracts or synthetically produced PCB are commercially available. USA.
Clinical potential of Spirulina as a source of phycocyanobilin.com Recent research reveals that free bilirubin functions physiologically as a potent inhibitor of NADPH oxidase activity.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 18158824 [PubMed . In light of the protean roles of NADPH oxidase activation in pathology. found in blue-green algae and cyanobacteria such as Spirulina. Encinitas. NutriGuard Research. a close homolog of bilirubin. A heaping tablespoon (about 15 g) of Spirulina can be expected to provide about 100 mg of PCB.10(4):566-70. fruit juices. it thus appears likely that PCB supplementation may have versatile potential in prevention and therapy -. By extrapolating from rodent studies.
McCarty MF.

Anesth Analg. 2009 Apr;108(4):1303-10.

Antiinflammatory and antihyperalgesic activity of C-phycocyanin.
Shih CM, Cheng SN, Wong CS, Kuo YL, Chou TC. Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. BACKGROUND: C-phycocyanin (C-PC), a biliprotein found in blue green algae, such as Spirulina platensis, is often used as a dietary nutritional supplement due to its various therapeutic values. In addition, the antiinflammatory activity of C-PC partly through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine formation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygeanase-2 (COX-2) expression has been demonstrated in many in vitro and in vivo studies. However, whether C-PC also has antihyperalgesic activity in inflammatory nociception has not been investigated. METHODS: Using a carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia model, we evaluated the effect of C-PC on nociception by measuring paw withdrawal latency. To clarify the mechanisms involved, the expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the formation of nitrate and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in the rat paw were determined. RESULTS: Pre- or posttreatment with CPC (30 or 50 mg/kg, IP) significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced inflammatory nociception and the induction of iNOS and COX-2 at the late phase, (4 h) accompanied by an inhibition of the formation of TNF-alpha, prostaglandin E(2), nitrate and myeloperoxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it is suggested that the inhibition of NO and prostaglandin E(2) overproduction through suppressing iNOS and COX-2 induction and attenuation of TNF-alpha formation and neutrophil infiltration into inflammatory sites by C-PC may contribute, at least in part, to its antihyperalgesic activity. Publication Types:
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 19299804 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000 Nov 2;277(3):599-603.

Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis.
Reddy CM, Bhat VB, Kiranmai G, Reddy MN, Reddanna P, Madyastha KM . Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India. We report data from two related assay systems (isolated enzyme assays and whole blood assays) that C-phycocyanin a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with a very low IC(50) COX2/IC(50) COX-1 ratio (0.04). The extent of inhibition depends on the period of preincubation of phycocyanin with COX-2, but without any effect on the period of preincubation with COX-1. The IC(50) value obtained for the inhibition of COX-2 by phycocyanin is much lower (180 nM) as compared to those of celecoxib (255 nM) and rofecoxib (401 nM), the well-known selective COX-2 inhibitors. In the human whole blood assay, phycocyanin very efficiently inhibited COX-2 with an IC(50) value of 80 nM. Reduced phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of phycocyanin are poor inhibitors of COX-2 without COX-2 selectivity. This suggests that apoprotein in phycocyanin plays a key role in the selective inhibition of COX-2. The present study points out that the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic properties of phycocyanin reported in the literature may be due, in part, to its selective COX-2 inhibitory property, although its ability to efficiently scavenge free radicals and effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation may also be involved. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. Publication Types:
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Role of histamine in the inhibitory effects of phycocyanin in experimental models of allergic inflammatory response.
Remirez D, Ledón N, González R. Ozone Research Center, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba. It has recently been reported that phycocyanin, a biliprotein found in the bluegreen microalgae Spirulina, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in some animal models of inflammation. Taking into account these findings, we decided to elucidate whether phycocyanin might exert also inhibitory effects in the induced allergic inflammatory response and on histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. In in vivo experiments, phycocyanin (100, 200 and 300mg/kg post-orally (p.o.)) was administered 1 h before the challenge with 1 microg of ovalbumin (OA) in the ear of mice previously sensitized with OA. One hour later, myeloperoxidase activity and ear edema were assessed. Phycocyanin significantly reduced both parameters. In separate experiments, phycocyanin (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o.) also reduced the blue spot area induced by intradermal injections of histamine, and the histamine releaser compound 48/80 in rat skin. In concordance with the former results, phycocyanin also significantly reduced histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from isolated peritoneal rat mast cells. The inhibitory effects of phycocyanin were dose dependent. Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of allergic inflammatory response by phycocyanin is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells. PMID: 12061428 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC1781653

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Mediators Inflamm. 2002 Apr;11(2):75-9.

Inhibitory effects of Spirulina in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice.
Remirez D, González R, Merino N, Rodriguez S, Ancheta O. Ozone International Center, Havana, Cuba. ozono@infomed.sld.cu The anti-inflammatory effect of microalgae Spirulina was studied in zymosaninduced arthritis in mice. Four days after the intra-articular injection of zymosan (15 mg/ml), Spirulina (100 and 400 mg/kg perorally) was administered to animals for 8 days. The mice were than killed and beta-glucuronidase was measured in the synovial fluid. Each knee joint was totally removed for histopathological studies. Spirulina significantly reduced the levels of beta-glucuronidase that had been increased by zymosan. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies showed inhibition of the inflammatory reaction, whereas no destruction of cartilage, wellpreserved chondrocytes, and normal rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were seen. The anti-arthritic effect exerted by Spirulina as shown in this model may be at least partly due to the previously reported antiinflammatory and antioxidative properties of its constituent, phycocyanin. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina in an experimental model of arthritis. PMID: 12061427 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC1781650

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Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Dec;29(12):2483-7.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvantinduced arthritis in mice.
Rasool M, Sabina EP, Lavanya B. School of Bio-engineering and Biosciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Deemed University, Tamilnadu, India. mkr474@rediffmail.com The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis was induced by intra dermal injection of complete freund's adjuvant (0.1 ml) into the right hind paw of Swiss albino mice. Spirulina fusiformis (800 mg/kg/b.wt) was orally administered for 8 d (from 11th to 18th day) to arthritic animals after adjuvant injection. The anti-inflammatory activity of Spirulina fusiformis was assessed by measuring paw volume, body weight, levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker enzymes and glycoproteins in control and experimental animals. In adjuvantinduced arthritic animals, the levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker enzymes, glycoproteins and the paw volume were increased significantly. However the body weight was found to be reduced when compared to control animals. Oral administration of Spirulina fusiformis (800 mg/kg/b.wt) significantly altered these above physical and biochemical changes observed in arthritic animals to near normal conditions. Hence results of this study clearly indicate that Spirulina fusiformis has promising anti-inflammatory activity against adjuvant-induced arthritic animals. PMID: 17142986 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Immunity
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2001 Mar-Apr;(2):114-8.

[Biological activity of Spirulina]
[Article in Russian] Blinkova LP, Gorobets OB, Baturo AP. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia. In this review information of Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green alga (photosynthesizing cyanobacterium) having diverse biological activity is presented. Due to high content of highly valuable proteins, indispensable amino acids, vitamins, beta-carotene and other pigments, mineral substances, indispensable fatty acids and polysaccharides, PS has been found suitable for use as bioactive additive. SP produces an immunostimulating effect by enhancing the resistance of humans, mammals, chickens and fish to infections, the capacity of influencing hemopoiesis, stimulating the production of antibodies and cytokines. Under the influence of SP macrophages, T and B cells are activated. SP sulfolipids have proved to be effective against HIV. Preparations obtained from SP biomass have also been found active against herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus, etc. SP extracts are capable in inhibiting cancerogenesis. SP preparations are regarded as functional products contributing to the preservation of the resident intestinal microflora, especially lactic acid bacilli and bifidobacteria, and to a decrease in the level of Candida albicans. The biological activity of SP with respect to microorganisms holds good promise for using these microalgae as components of culture media. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review

PMID: 11548244 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Int Immunopharmacol. 2002 Mar;2(4):423-34.

Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis.
Hirahashi T, Matsumoto M, Hazeki K, Saeki Y, Ui M, Seya T. Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Japan. Spirulina platensis is a cyanobacterial species that is surmised to potentiate the immune system leading to suppression of cancer development and viral infection. Here, we identified the molecular mechanism of the human immune potentiating capacity of Spirulina by analyzing blood cells of volunteers with pre and post oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina. NK functions represented by IFN gamma production and cytolysis were enhanced after administration of Spirulina in >50% subjects. IFN gamma was produced in an IL-12/IL-18-dependent fashion. In vitro stimulation of blood cells with BCG cell wall skeleton (CWS) allowed more potent IL-12 p40 production in cells from volunteers given Spirulina than in cells without pre-exposure to Spirulina. As BCG-CWS serves as a ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 to raise the maturation stage of monocytes/macrophages, Spirulina may be involved in the signaling responses through Toll in blood cells even when orally administered. These observations indicated that in humans Spirulina acts directly on myeloid lineages and either directly or indirectly on NK cells. The presence of co-operative IL-12 and IL-18 is critically important for NK-mediated IFN gamma production. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 11962722 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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< . Department of Clinical Immunology and Blood Bank. Denmark. Non-U. mortenlobner@hotmail. Conversely.S. IL-1beta. interleukin (IL)-2. Walsted A.001. Immulina elicited strong TNF-alpha. the data suggest that Immulina causes an age-dependent. Candida albicans (CA) and tetanus toxoid (TT). but temporary.02). respectively). on adaptive immune responses was investigated by evaluation of changes in leukocyte responsiveness to two foreign recall antigens.
Enhancement of human adaptive immune responses by administration of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. IFN-gamma. and IL-6 responses.004).008). a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide extract from the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Taken together. while IL-5 responses increased significantly within 3 days (P < .com The effect of consumption of Immulina. consumption for 3 days inhibited the IL-4 responses to both CA and TT (P < .03.05) and correlated with age (P < . University of Copenhagen. Herlev Hospital. Herlev. temporary enhancement of adaptive immune responses. and < . 2008 Jun.02). but after 56 days a diminution was seen (P < .J Med Food.11(2):313-22. in vitro. and increased IL-2 production persisted after 56 days (P < . Nielsen CH. indicating that it acts by inducing a pro-inflammatory state. and interferon (IFN)-gamma was increased after Immunlina administration for 3 days (P < . Gov't
PMID: 18598175 [PubMed . Upon addition to normal mononuclear cells in vitro.002-. Consumption of Immulina by 11 healthy male volunteers caused an immediate. The TNF-alpha. Publication Types:
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Research Support. No effects on IL-10 responses were observed. increase of CA-induced CD4+ T-helper (Th) cell proliferation (P < . Bendtzen K.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. respectively).04) and fell below baseline levels after 14 days (P < . Consumption for 8 days enhanced the CA-induced B cell proliferation (P < . The CA-elicited production of the Th1 cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha.02).008 and P < . Larsen R. and IL-6 responses to TT were enhanced after 8 and 14 days (P < .007.
Løbner M.03).03. TT-induced Th cell proliferation was increased in individuals over 50 years of age (P < .05).

inflammation of the small intestine. In the present study. biodegradable ovalbumin-entrapped poly (DL-lactideco-glycolide) particles were used as an antigen. Chiyoda. These results suggest that phycocyanin enhances biological defense activity against infectious diseases through sustaining functions of the mucosal immune system and reduces allergic inflammation by the suppression of antigen-specific IgE antibody. 2004 Apr. Hirahashi T. IgE and IgG1 antibodies were determined by ELISA. Kagawa Nutrition University. IgA. Japan. Hayashi O. the mice were subjected to oral immunization with the biodegradable OVA microparticles twice a week. Sakado. a biliprotein of Spirulina platensis. Katoh T.
Nemoto-Kawamura C.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Two weeks after the onset of phycocyanin ingestion.J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal mucosa as well as in the spleen cells.
Phycocyanin enhances secretary IgA antibody response and suppresses allergic IgE antibody response in mice immunized with antigen-entrapped biodegradable microparticles.50(2):129-36. Department of Health and Nutrition. The OVA microparticles of 4-microm diameter successfully induced antigen-specific antibodies. mice were immunized with an aqueous ovalbumin (OVA) solution. Yamada H. which preceded the suppression of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE antibody production by 2 wk. However. Nagai T. PMID: 15242017 [PubMed . Both antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE antibody levels in the serum were suppressed by ingestion of phycocyanin for 8 wk. monitored as vascular permeability by the Evans blue-leaking method was reduced by phycocyanin at 6 wk. Starting at one week after the primary immunization. on mucosal and systemic immune responses and allergic inflammation in C3H/HeN and BALB/cA mice. In the mice that received phycocyanin treatment for 6 wk. we have investigated the effects of phycocyanin. a marked increase in the antigen-specific. To induce the antigen-specific antibodies in the peripheral lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. as well as the total. IgA antibody level was observed in the Peyer's patches. Saitama 350-0288.

DPI (Diphenyl iodide). 2007 Mar 15.S. India. MDR1 induction by 2-AAF was dependent on ROS (reactive oxygen species)-Akt (protein kinase B)-NF-kappaB (Nuclear factor kappa B) signaling pathway. phosphorylation of Akt and corresponding nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. NADPH oxidase inhibitor. Non-U.
C-Phycocyanin inhibits 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced expression of MDR1 in mouse macrophage cells: ROS mediated pathway determined via combination of experimental and In silico analysis. Publication Types:
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Research Support. suggests C-PC's usefulness in overcoming the drug resistance in cellular systems. Also the ROS levels determined through In silico investigation showed that C-PC was more effective in reduction of MDR1 expression than inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and Akt. Dhoot A. Our experimental and In silico studies collectively suggest that 2-AAF induces MDR1 by ROS dependent pathway and C-PC is a potential negative regulator of MDR1 expression. Our experimental and In silico studies revealed a significant inhibition of 2-AAF-induced expression of MDR1 protein in C-PC treated mouse macrophage cell line. we created a computational model of the detailed ROS-Akt-NF-kappaB pathway. Aparna R. were decreased significantly in C-PC treated cells. although not to the same extent as C-PC mediated inhibition of MDR1 expression. Hyderabad 500046. Akt inhibitor IV. University of Hyderabad. School of Life Sciences. and pharmacological inhibitor of Akt. C-PC was modeled purely as a ROS scavenger and this representation matched the experimental trends accurately. Arunasree KM. Department of Animal Sciences. the events that play a major role in the induction of MDR1 expression. a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis on the 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)-induced expression of MDR1. in mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.
Roy KR. Vali S. Gov't
PMID: 17303067 [PubMed . Generation of ROS.Arch Biochem Biophys. Epub 2007 Jan 29.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.7). Reddanna P. We studied the effects of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC). encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene. also showed a reduction in MDR1 expression. To further understand the mechanism. induced by xenobiotics such as 2-AAF. Reddy GV. This down regulation of MDR1 expression.459(2):169-77.

The whole cells of blue-gree algae and lipopolysaccharides isolated from these cells were shown to stimulate the production of macro-(mainly) and microglobulin antibodies in rabbits. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 117655 [PubMed .and microphage indices in rabbits increased significantly after the injection of LPS isolated from blue-green algae 24--48 hours before infecting the animals with a virulent Y. Phormidium africanum and P. Ovodova RG. pseudotuberculosis strain. The macro.Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. The use of the indirect hemagglutination test allowed to prove the absence of close antigenic interrelations between blue-green algae and the following organisms: Spirulina platensis. uncinatum. the inhibiting action of this strain on the migration of phagocytes to the site of infection was abolished immediately after the injection.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Besides.
[Immunostimulating activity of the lipopolysaccharides of bluegreen algae]
[Article in Russian] Besednova NN.(12):75-9. 1979 Dec. Smolina TP. Mikheĭskaia LV. Microcystis aeruginosa.

Se-PC dosage made up to 450 mcg per rat daily that corresponded to 5 mcg of selenium.75(2):19-21. The probable immunomodulating properties of Se-PC included into food are discussed. 2006. Mazo VK.Vopr Pitan. There were no differences revealed between experimental and control group that received standard diet in severity of anaphylactic reaction. Zorin SN. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 16729754 [PubMed .
[Studies of immunomodulation caused by selenium-enriched phycocyanin]
[Article in Russian] Egorova EA. An influense was studied in rats of selenium enriched phycocyanin (Se-PC) from food microalgae Spirulina on anaphylactic reaction severity and circulating antibody response against model allergen--hen's egg white ovalbumin.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Se-PC was introduced into diet in form of protein isolate precipitated with ammonia sulphate. Nevertheless rats receiving Se-PC demonstrated significantly increased specific IgG response. Gmoshinskiĭ IV.

Publication Types:
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In Vitro Research Support.5 in the basal group). King Saud University.0% group range = 161 to 359 microM and 2.
Al-Batshan HA. 2001 May.
Enhancement of chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite production by dietary Spirulina platensis. Non-U.0 and 2. For nitrite quantification. The effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on chicken macrophage phagocytic function and nitrite production were examined. Non-P. Gov't. and three additional groups with 0. U. Al-Mufarrej SI.S.5% group range = 198 to 457 microM. These data clearly show that Spirulina platensis feeding upregulates macrophage phagocytic as well as metabolic pathways leading to increased nitric oxide synthase activity.S.
PMID: 11417854 [PubMed . Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This increase was linear with each incremental increase of dietary Spirulina. 1.0% dietary Spirulina.6 versus 1. While LPS-induced nitrite levels in macrophages from basal diet group ranged from 60 to 278 microM over the three developmental ages.23(2):281-9. Qureshi MA. These culture supernatant fractions were then tested for nitrite levels using the Greiss reagent technique.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. these levels in all Spirulina dietary groups were significantly higher (0. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption from one day of age. Phagocytosis assay was performed by co-incubating sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with the adherent macrophage monolayers. Sephadexelicited macrophages were harvested at 14. 1.8 to 2. Riyadh. Department of Animal Production. macrophage cultures from various dietary treatment groups were stimulated in the presence or absence of 1 microg/mL of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Gov't Research Support.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol.H. All Spirulina dietary group macrophages exhibited an enhanced phagocytic activity in terms of overall phagocytic percentage (range = 28 to 39% versus 24 to 25% in the basal group) and the average number of SRBC per phagocytic macrophage (range = 2.2 to 3. These findings therefore imply that Spirulina platensis may enhance the functions of mononuclear phagocytic system thereby increasing the disease resistance potential in chickens. 35 and 42 days of age. College of Agriculture. Al-Homaidan AA.0% group range = 204 to 420 microM.5. Day old broiler (meat-type) chicks were randomly assigned to various pens of electrically heated wire batteries.S. Dietary treatment groups included a basal diet with no dietary Spirulina added.

6. and 1. Spirulina stimulated secretion of interleukin (IL)-1beta. This in vitro study offers additional data for consideration of the potential therapeutic benefits of Spirulina.9.3.1 +/.0. respectively.121 pg/ml).. However.
Effect of spirulina on the secretion of cytokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells.6 times. it was much less mitogenic than PHA (13. Although Spirulina stimulates several cytokines.J Med Food. 4.0.3(3):135-40.104 pg/ml) that were comparable to those seen after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation (476 +/.34 +/. it is clearly more effective in the generation of a Thl-type response. and IFNbeta by 2. and 13. IL-4. Spirulina induced levels of IFN-gamma (229 +/. PMID: 19281334 [PubMed . and interferon (IFN)-gamma to nearly 2.6 times basal levels.
Mao TK. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Spirulina. IL-4.in process]
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. In PHA-stimulated cells. The effects of Spirulina on the secretion of three cytokines from unstimulated and stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined.9 pg/ml) with respect to the induction of IL-4 secretion (0. Gershwin ME. 2000 Fall. respectively. a bluegreen alga used as a food supplement. Spirulina enhanced secretion of IL-1beta. 3.1 pg/ml).0. VAN DE Water J. In resting PBMC.

The use of spirulina and its efficiency have been studied in a comparative aspect as a systemic biocorrector. Riechkina OO. reducing the frequency of adverse reactions in administering antituberculous preparations. in a combined treatment of tuberculosis in 26 children.(5-6):102-5.Lik Sprava.
[Evaluation of the efficacy of a plant adaptogen (spirulina) in the pathognic therapy of primary tuberculosis in children]
[Article in Ukrainian] Kostromina VP. 2003 Jul-Aug. Symonenkova NV.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. It has been ascertained that application of spirulina as a pathogenetic means of remediation permits shortening the intoxication syndrome regression time. Derkach OV. Otroshchenko AO. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Comparative Study English Abstract
PMID: 14618819 [PubMed .

PMID: 11731916 [PubMed . Gov't. "Immunon" from Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. and "Immurella" from Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Department of Pharmacognosy. Pasco DS. ElSohly MA. U. University. Non-P.67(8):737-42.
Pugh N. These polysaccharides are structurally complex and have estimated molecular weights above ten million daltons. Ross SA. USA. ElSohly HN. These polysaccharides are between one hundred and one thousand times more active for in vitro monocyte activation than polysaccharide preparations that are currently used clinically for cancer immunotherapy. School of Pharmacy. Each polysaccharide substantially increased mRNA levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).S. THP-1 activation was confirmed by measuring immune cytokine mRNA induction using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa.5 % and 2. Publication Types:
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Research Support.
Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis. Using this system the EC(50) values for these microalgal polysaccharides are between 20 and 110 ng/ml (about 10pM).0 % of microalgal dry weight.Planta Med. University of Mississippi.S. All three polysaccharides are highly water soluble and comprise between 0. This research describes the identification of three new high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations isolated from food-grade microalgae that are potent activators of human monocytes/macrophages: "Immulina" from Spirulina platensis.H.Immunostimulatory activity was measured using a transcription factorbased bioassay for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in THP-1 human monocytes/macrophages. 2001 Nov. Mississippi 38677.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.

Hayashi K.Biochim Biophys Acta.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Hayakawa Y. Ozawa T. which was prepared by replacement of the calcium with sodium. in a synergistic manner. suggesting that t-PA induced by Ca-SP is easily secreted into the conditioned medium. 1997 Mar 1. hayakawa@ms. Sakuragawa N. Niiya K. IMR-90 cells also produce plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1). but in the cell lysate.and time-dependent manner. as measured by labeling with [35S]methionine and subsequent immunoprecipitation of t-PA from conditioned medium. and the simultaneous treatment with CaSP and thrombin caused further enhancement of t-PA production. As previously reported.
Calcium spirulan as an inducer of tissue-type plasminogen activator in human fetal lung fibroblasts.jp Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP). Toyama. However. It would thus appear that Ca-SP increases t-PA production through posttranscriptional processes. has been found to have antiviral and heparin cofactor II-dependent antithrombin activities. but Ca-SP showed little effect on the PAI-1 production. in a dose.1355(3):241-7. Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine.ac. The addition of Ca-SP to a culture of IMR-90 human fetal lung fibroblasts increased tPA concentrations in the conditioned medium. and the molecular conformation of Ca-SP maintained by Ca or Na may be essential for the stimulation of t-PA synthesis. which was obtained by removing the calcium from Ca-SP. thrombin stimulated t-PA gene transcription in IMR-90 cells. Thus. t-PA concentrations were unchanged. was significantly increased by Ca-SP-stimulation. had no effect on the t-PA production. Ca-SP did not increase the t-PA mRNA levels.toyama-mpu. a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the bluegreen alga Spirulina platensis. The amount of newly synthesized t-PA in IMR-90 cells. Hayashi T. Ca-SP specifically induces t-PA production. H-SP. We have obtained evidence that CaSP is a potent inducer of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) production. Japan. Na-SP. stimulated the t-PA production similarly to Ca-SP. PMID: 9060995 [PubMed . Faculty of Medicine.

10. Similarly.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. Garlich JD. Macrophages isolated from both K-strain (10. However. No differences were observed in anti-sheep red blood cells antibodies during primary response. While bursal and splenic weights did not change.18(3):465-76. 1. Cornell K-strain White Leghorns and broiler chicks were raised to 7 wks and 3 wks of age respectively.000 ppm group over the controls. the K-strain chicks had larger thymuses (P < or = .5 Log2) group.000 ppm) of Spirulina platensis from day of hatch. Raleigh 276957608. during secondary response. 100. a one Log increase in IgG (P < or = . Chicks in all treatment groups had comparable body weights.indexed for MEDLINE]
Immunity
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.
Dietary Spirulina platensis enhances humoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens.000 and 10.
Qureshi MA. These studies show that Spirulina supplementation increases several immunological functions implying that a dietary inclusion of Spirulina at a level of 10.000 ppm level also increased NK-cell activity by two fold over the controls.000 ppm Spirulina group had a higher PHA-P-mediated lymphoproliferative response over the 0 ppm controls. chicks in 10.000 ppm group being the highest (6. Kidd MT. Kstrain chicks in all Spirulina-dietary groups had higher total anti-SRBC titers with 10.05) over the controls (0 ppm group). PMID: 8872497 [PubMed . USA. 1996 Aug.000 ppm may enhance disease resistance potential in chickens. Department of Poultry Science.000 ppm group) and broilers from all Spirulina groups had higher phagocytic potential than the 0 ppm groups. Spirulina supplementation at 10. In broiler chicks.05) was observed in 10. with diets containing various levels (0. North Carolina State University.8 Log2) versus the 0 ppm (5.

the numbers of either types of particles internalized by phagocytic macrophage were not different between the control and treated cultures. 1996 Aug. North Carolina State University. USA.
Spirulina platensis exposure enhances macrophage phagocytic function in cats. The percentages of phagocytic macrophages for both of these particulate antigens were higher (a two-fold increase in SRBC phagocytosis and over 10% increase in Escherichia coli uptake) in cultures treated with various concentrations of Spirulina-extract. PMID: 8872496 [PubMed . Raleigh 276957608.Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. However. Macrophages were exposed to a water-soluble extract of Spirulina platensis in concentration range of 0 to 60 micrograms per mL for two hours. These data which showed that Spirulina platensis extract enhances macrophage phagocytic function imply that dietary Spirulina supplementation may improve the disease resistance potential in cats. Spirulina-extract exposure did not cause significant macrophage cytotoxicity over untreated control cultures.18(3):457-63.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Department of Poultry Science. Bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages isolated from cats were cultured on glass coverslips. Macrophage monolayers from treated and control cultures were incubated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) as well as viable Escherichia coli. Ali RA.
Qureshi MA.

particularly the primary response. as well as the proliferation of spleen cells by either concanavalin A (Con A) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was significantly increased. Kagawa Nutrition University. Mice fed a Spirulina platensis diet showed increased numbers of splenic antibodyproducing cells in the primary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). However. Department of Health and Nutrition. immunoglobulin G (IgG)-antibody production in the secondary immune response was hardly affected.
Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis. and IL-1 production. by stimulating macrophage functions. These results suggest that Spirulina enhances the immune response. Katoh T. The percentage of phagocytic cells in peritoneal macrophages from the mice fed S. platensis (SHW) to an in vitro culture of spleen cells markedly increased proliferation of these cells.40(5):431-41.J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). Addition to the in vitro spleen cell culture of SHW as well as the supernatant of macrophages stimulated with SHW resulted in enhancement of antibody production. 1994 Oct. Addition of a hot-water extract of S. phagocytosis. an increase of the number of PFC. Japan. platensis diet.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Hayashi O. PMID: 7891204 [PubMed . whereas culture of thymus cells was scarcely affected. Okuwaki Y. The Spirulina extract also significantly enhanced interleukin-1 (IL-1) production from peritoneal macrophages. Sakado. that is.

Using rats lymphocytes in vitro after phytohemagglutinin stimulation was demonstrated that lymphocytes from Sp and Se-Sp groups secreted of interleukin-2 and interferongamma more control group. Induction of interleukin-4 was comparable with once of control group. also with by NBT-test of peritoneal macrophages. The immunostimulatory effect of Sp and Se-Sp was confirmed by morphologic and morphometric investigation of rats spleen. Rats of experimental groups consumed the half-synthetic diets with Sp (10 g/kg diet) or Se-Sp (350 microg Se/kg diet) for 2 weeks. Mustafina OK. We believed that Sp and Se-Sp are more effective in stimulating a Th-1--type response and hence potentiates cell-mediated immunity.76(2):21-5.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gladkikh O. Pozdniakov AL.Vopr Pitan. The rats of control group fed half-synthetic diet. 2007. This paper reviews evidence for the immune-enhancing effect of Spirulina (Sp) and Selen-Spirulina (Se-Sp) in male Wistar rats. Gadzhieva ZM.
[The influence of Spirulina and Selen-Spirulina on some indexes of rat's immune status]
[Article in Russian] Trushina EN. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study English Abstract
PMID: 17561650 [PubMed .

Non-P. The enhanced production of these factors was most notable with mice that had consumed this extract for 4 or 5 days. USA. NFkappa B directed luciferase expression was enhanced by Immulina treatment when cells were co-transfected with vectors expressing proteins supporting TLR2. University.Int Immunopharmacol. Pugh ND. Publication Types:
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Research Support.6(12):1808-14. Gov't Research Support. These studies shed light on how Immulina activates cells of the innate immune system and suggests that oral consumption of this polysaccharide can enhance components within both the mucosal and systemic immune systems. We reported previously that a high molecular weight polysaccharide fraction (Immulina) from Spirulina was a potent activator of NF-kappa B and induced both IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha mRNAs in THP-1 human monocytes.(CD14 and TLR2) but not TLR4-(CD14.S. Gov't. The ex vivo production of IgA and IL-6 from Peyer's patch cells was enhanced 2-fold and interferon-gamma production from spleen cells was increased 4-fold in Immulinatreated mice. Ma G. 2006 Dec 5.S. Pasco DS. TLR4. Non-U. Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Epub 2006 Aug 28. we show that NF-kappa B activation by Immulina is suppressed by antibodies to CD14 and TLR2 but not by antibodies to TLR4. Mice that consumed a chemically defined chow mixed with an extract containing Immulina exhibited changes in several immune parameters. School of Pharmacy. and MD-2) dependent activation.indexed for MEDLINE]
Immunity
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.
Balachandran P.
Toll-like receptor 2-dependent activation of monocytes by Spirulina polysaccharide and its immune enhancing action in mice. U.S. Similarly. National Center for Natural Products Research. In the present study. MS 38677. University of Mississippi.
PMID: 17052671 [PubMed .H.

labeled Immolina. Frondoza CG. METHODS: THP-1 cells were exposed to concentrations of Immolina ranging from 1 ng/mL to 100 microg/mL and changes in gene expression were assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Inc. a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fraction of Spirulina.S.
Grzanna R.12(5):429-35. MIP-1alpha.
PMID: 16813506 [PubMed .. Non-P.S. We previously reported that the immunostimulatory effect of spirulina can be traced to a high-molecular. This fraction. IL-1beta. OBJECTIVE: To characterize further the immunostimulatory effects of Immolina on THP-1 cells.H. THP-1 cells were activated with 1 ng/mL of TNF-alpha.J Altern Complement Med. RMG Biosciences.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Immolina. Polotsky A. we probed culture supernatants using a cytokine array immunoblot assay. RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis revealed that Immolina dose-dependently increased the expression of all 5 chemokines tested as well as the expression of TNF-alpha. Phan PV. activates nuclear factor kappa-B in human monocytic THP-1 cells and increases expression of proinflammatory cytokines. or 10 ng/mL of lipopolysaccharide using the same assay conditions. Publication Types:
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Research Support. USA. we evaluated its effect on genes encoding the chemokines interleukin (IL)-8. and COX-2. Baltimore. Gov't Research Support. Pasco D. Pugh N.weight polysaccharide fraction. Thymidine uptake experiments verified that Immolina did not affect the viability and growth rate of THP-1 cells. MD. MCP-1. MIP1beta. IP-10. The cytokine array immunoblot assay revealed an increase in the chemokines IL-8 and MIP-1beta.S. 10 ng/mL of IL-1beta. 2006 Jun. For comparison. INTRODUCTION: Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) is a dietary supplement valued for its immune-enhancing properties. enhances chemokine expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells. and the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Gov't. IL-1beta. U. the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. To assess the response of THP-1 cells to Immolina at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the experiments demonstrate that Immolina activates THP-1 cells in a manner that is consistent with the recruitment of diverse populations of leukocytes in response to inflammatory and infectious signals. Non-U.

S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.com In recent years. dexamethasone was used as a standard. Sabina EP.) on humoral immune response. Faculty of Heath and Life Sciences.Nat Med (Tokyo). Shah Alam. In mice. Gov't
PMID: 19093070 [PubMed . 2009 Apr. cell-mediated immune response (delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH)) and tumour necrosis factor alpha in a dose-dependent manner. and helped us in further work on investigating its complete mechanism of action. Management and Science University.63(2):169-75. S. Epub 2008 Dec 18. mkr474@gmail. Non-U. For comparison. The present study was conducted to elucidate the immunomodulatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis (a cyanobacterium of the family Oscillatoriaceae) in vivo and in vitro. In vitro. fusiformis (400 or 800 mg/kg body wt. Spirulina has gained more and more attention from medical scientists as a nutraceutical and a source of potential pharmaceuticals. Malaysia. which provides a scientific validation for the popular use of this drug. fusiformis (50 or 100 microg/ml) decreased the mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin)induced T lymphocyte proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner when compared with control cells. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. fusiformis (400 or 800 mg/kg body wt.
Appraisal of immunomodulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis: an in vivo and in vitro study. Selangor Darul Ehsan.) administration significantly inhibited the humoral immune response. fusiformis has a remarkable immunosuppressive effect. These observations clearly suggest that S. Sekysen 13. The in vivo effect of S. We also evaluated the effect of S.
Rasool M. cell-mediated immune response and tumour necrosis factor alpha was investigated in mice. S. fusiformis (50 or 100 microg/ml) in vitro on mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin)-induced T lymphocyte proliferation in heparinized human peripheral blood.

Assimakopoulos DA. Spirulina or Arthrospira is a blue-green alga that became famous after it was successfully used by NASA as a dietary supplement for astronauts on space missions.com.pkarkos@aol. issues of safety. Multiple studies investigating the efficacy and the potential clinical applications of Spirulina in treating several diseases have been performed and a few randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews suggest that this alga may improve several symptoms and may even have an anticancer. It has the ability to modulate immune functions and exhibits antiinflammatory properties by inhibiting the release of histamine by mast cells. E. Chester CH1 4LN. UK. antiviral and antiallergic effects. Leong SC. Specialist Registrar in Otolaryngology.
Karkos PD. [Epub ahead of print]
Spirulina in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Human Applications. side-effects and levels of evidence are addressed in this review.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. Current and potential clinical applications. indications. PMID: 18955364 [PubMed .as supplied by publisher]
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. Areas of ongoing and future research are also discussed. 2008 Sep 14. 36 Hopkinsons Court. Karkos CD. Walls Avenue. Sivaji N.

Research Institute for Wakan-Yaku. Toyoshima M. Colon 26 M3. Ca-SP significantly inhibited degradation of heparan sulfate by purified heparanase. Kato T. Saiki I.S. which is a sulfated polysaccharide chelating calcium and mainly composed of rhamnose. Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University. could reduce the lung metastasis of B16-BL6 melanoma cells. a novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Murata J. injections of 100 microg of Ca-SP caused a marked decrease of lung tumor colonization of B16-BL6 cells in a spontaneous lung metastasis model. These results suggest that Ca-SP.16(6):541-50. Spirulina platensis. We have investigated the effect of calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) isolated from a blue-green alga.v.
Mishima T. Fujii H. Ca-SP significantly inhibited the invasion of these tumor cells through Matrigel/fibronectin-coated filters. In contrast. The pretreatment of tumor cells with Ca-SP inhibited the adhesion to laminin. Hayashi T. Spirulina platensis.1 carcinoma and HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells through reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel). Japan. Nakajima M. on invasion of B16-BL6 melanoma. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 9872601 [PubMed . but it had no effect on that to fibronectin. a novel sulfated polysaccharide. Ca-SP prevented the adhesion of B16-BL6 cells to Matrigel and laminin substrates but did not affect the adhesion to fibronectin. Seven intermittent i. 1998 Aug.
Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP). The experimental lung metastasis was significantly reduced by co-injection of B16-BL6 cells with Ca-SP. Ca-SP also inhibited the haptotactic migration of tumor cells to laminin. Publication Types:
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Research Support.Chemopreventative
Clin Exp Metastasis. Ca-SP had no effect on the production and activation of type IV collagenase in gelatin zymography. while the pretreatment of laminin substrates did not. by inhibiting the tumor invasion of basement membrane probably through the prevention of the adhesion and migration of tumor cells to laminin substrate and of the heparanase activity.

Regional Cancer Centre. and other micronutrients. India. carotenoids. and 0 of 4 with ulcerated and nodular lesions. Sankaranarayanan R.
Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. 2 of 8 with erythroplakia. When stratified by type of leukoplakia. The blue-green microalgae Spirulina. Within one year of discontinuing supplements. Varghese C. have been found to be a rich natural source of proteins. Gov't
PMID: 8584455 [PubMed . nor was it associated with toxicity. Amma BP. We evaluated the chemopreventive activity of SF (1 g/day for 12 mos) in reversing oral leukoplakia in pan tobacco chewers in Kerala. Amma NS. India.Nutr Cancer. used in daily diets of natives in Africa and America. 2 of 4 with verrucous leukoplakia. 1995. Medical College Campus. Somanathan T. 9 of 20 (45%) complete responders with SF developed recurrent lesions. Complete regression of lesions was observed in 20 of 44 (45%) evaluable subjects supplemented with SF.S. Studies among preschool children in India have demonstrated Spirulina fusiformis (SF) to be an effective source of dietary vitamin A.
Mathew B. Non-U. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support. More studies in different settings and different populations are needed for further evaluation. This is the first human study evaluating the chemopreventive potential of SF. Nair MK.24(2):197-202. as opposed to 3 of 43 (7%) in the placebo arm (p < 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
Chemopreventative
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. Supplementation with SF did not result in increased serum concentration of retinol or beta-carotene. Experimental studies in animal models have demonstrated an inhibitory effect of Spirulina algae on oral carcinogenesis.0001). Nair PP. the response was more pronounced in homogeneous lesions: complete regression was seen in 16 of 28 (57%) subjects with homogeneous leukoplakia. Kerala.

12dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) in mineral oil was applied topically three times weekly for 28 weeks.
Schwartz J.11(2):127-34. Shklar G. Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology. microscopic sections of the buccal pouch in the algae group showed localized areas of dysplasia and early carcinoma-in-situ undergoing destruction. the animals given vehicle and untreated controls all presented gross tumors of the right buccal pouch. Reid S.S. An extract of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae was shown to prevent tumor development in hamster buccal pouch when a 0. Non-U. Publication Types:
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Research Support. The algae animals presented a complete absence of gross tumors. After 28 weeks. 1988. Trickler D. Animals fed canthaxanthin presented a notably and statistically significant reduction in tumor number and size compared with controls.Nutr Cancer.1% solution of 7. However.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't
PMID: 3129701 [PubMed . MA 02115. The algae extract was delivered by mouth in continued dosages of 140 micrograms in 0. Harvard School of Dental Medicine.4 ml mineral oil three times per week. Animals fed beta-carotene demonstrated a smaller but statistically significant reduction in tumor number and size. Boston.
Prevention of experimental oral cancer by extracts of SpirulinaDunaliella algae.

It was also found that the feeding of exposed rats with phycocyanin extract from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis lead to correcting effect. Mechnikov Odessa State University. Chaban IuL.40(3):310-4. Significant decrease in dehydrogenase activity. especially at the presence unitiole and Na2Se. Vasil'eva TV. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study English Abstract
PMID: 10907410 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Radiats Biol Radioecol.
[The postradiation use of vitamin-containing complexes and a phycocyanin extract in a radiation lesion in rats]
[Article in Russian] Karpov LM. Ershova ON. The combination of above mentioned compounds had more marked effect. Brown II. Wistar rats have been exposed to X-rays with a dose of 5 Gy. Poltavtseva NV. The same result was observed after injections of tocopherol or complex of six water-soluble vitamins. Ukraina. energy-rich phosphate level and efficiency of antioxidant defence and significant increase in pyruvate amount were observed within 4 weeks. Karakis SG. 2000 May-Jun.

Li B.43(Pt 3):155-64. we first investigated the effect of highly purified C-PC on growth and proliferation of HeLa cells in vitro. C-PC treatment of HeLa cells also resulted in release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol that was related to apoptosis of C-PC-treated HeLa cells. is of great importance because of its various medical and pharmacological properties. In the present study. 2006 Mar. Flow-cytometric analysis of HeLa cells treated with different concentrations of C-PC demonstrated an increasing percentage of cells in sub-G0/G1 phase. Caspases 2. isolated from Spirulina platensis. Ocean University of China. C-phycocyanin (C-PC). In addition. microvilli loss. we found that C-PC could promote the expression of Fas and ICAM-1 (intercellular cell-adhesion molecule 1) protein. 4. while it held back the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphocytic-leukaemia proto-oncogene 2) protein expression. 9. membrane blebbing. Non-U. Further electron-microscopic studies revealed that C-PC could induce characteristic apoptotic features. College of Marine Life Sciences. Gao MH. This suggested that C-PC could induce the activation of proapoptotic gene and downregulation of anti-apoptotic gene expression and then facilitate the transduction of tumoural apoptosis signals that resulted in the apoptosis of HeLa cells in vitro. 6. Chu XM. Zhang XC. People's Republic of China. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of HeLa cells treated with CPC showed fragmentation pattern (DNA ladder of oligomers of 180-200 bp) typical for apoptotic cells.S. Gov't
PMID: 16316316 [PubMed . and 10 were activated in C-PC-treated HeLa cells. Publication Types:
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Research Support.
Molecular immune mechanism of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis induces apoptosis in HeLa cells in vitro.Biotechnol Appl Biochem. Qingdao 266003. including cell shrinkage. 8. The results indicated that there was a significant decrease in the number of cells that survived for HeLa cells treated with C-PC compared with control cells untreated with C-PC.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. which suggested that C-PC-induced apoptosis was caspase-dependent. chromatin margination and condensation into dense granules or blocks. a water-soluble protein pigment. 3.

The regulatory effect of phycocyanin (PC) from Spirulina platensis on cluster of differentiation 59 (CD59) gene expression of Hela cells and antitumoral mechanism of PC was investigated in this study. PC was purified by hydroxylapatite (HA) and sephacrylHR-200 gel-filtration columns chromatography. The expression of CD59 protein was determined by in situ hybridization. Department of Marine Biology.
Effects of CD59 on antitumoral activities of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis.59(10):551-60. 2005 Dec. Non-U. Ocean University of China. In addition. and moreover. a dosage effect was found between them. By using cationic liposome (Lipfectamine-2000)mediated transfection method. Namely. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support.Biomed Pharmacother. and the recombinant vector pALTER-MAX-CD59 was successfully constructed.S. Epub 2005 Oct 25. 5 Yushan Road. Qingdao 266003. immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). whereas PC was of no use to CD59 and Fas protein expression. Gov't
PMID: 16271846 [PubMed . Besides an imaginable antitumoral molecular immune mechanism of PC was brought forward and discussed. Gao M. Chu X. Results showed that PC can promote the expression of CD59 protein in Hela cells.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Li B. China. the expression quantities of CD59 protein and apoptosis-inducing Fas protein increased and the multiplication activity of Hela cells declined. hold back it is reproductions of Hela cells. The molecular weight of PC was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Stable positive cell clones were sorted out and disposed with different concentrates of PC. Institution of Life Science and Technology. and reproduction of normal CHO cells as well. the recombinant plasmid pALTER-MAX-CD59 and the selective marker PcDNA were cotransfected into Hela cells and normal Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Zhang X. the effect of PC on the proliferation of Hela cells was determined by MTT method and the expression of Fas protein was by immunohistochemistry. The CD59 cDNA was inserted into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pALTER-MAX. with the ascendance of PC concentration.

Rachamallu A. C-PC treatment of K562 cells also resulted in release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and poly(ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Agarose electrophoresis of genomic DNA of cells treated with C-PC showed fragmentation pattern typical for apoptotic cells. University of Hyderabad.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.68(3):453-62. C-Phycocyanin (C-PC). Mahipal SV. the major light harvesting biliprotein from Spirulina platensis is of greater importance because of its various biological and pharmacological properties. non-toxic fluorescent protein pigment with potent anti-oxidant. Further studies involving fluorescence and electron microscope revealed characteristic apoptotic features like cell shrinkage. Mallikarjuna Reddy M. In the present study the effect of highly purified C-PC was tested on growth and multiplication of human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562). Hyderabad 500046. These studies also showed down regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 but without any changes in pro-apoptotic Bax and thereby tilting the Bcl-2/Bax ratio towards apoptosis. Reddy MC. The present study thus demonstrates that C-PC induces apoptosis in K562 cells by cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol. Department of Animal Sciences. Gov't
PMID: 15242812 [PubMed . School of Life Sciences. membrane blebbing and nuclear condensation.11 and 20. It is a water soluble. respectively. 2004 Aug 1. Reddanna P. The results indicate significant decrease (49%) in the proliferation of K562 cells treated with 50 microM C-PC up to 48 h. These effects of C-PC appear to be mediated through entry of C-PC into the cytosol by an unknown mechanism. Publication Types:
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Research Support.S. Non-U. Flow cytometric analysis of cells treated with 25 and 50 microM C-PC for 48 h showed 14.Biochem Pharmacol.
Molecular mechanisms in C-Phycocyanin induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line-K562. India.93% cells in sub-G0/G1 phase.
Subhashini J. PARP cleavage and down regulation of Bcl-2.

Phytother Res. Non-U. The modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis was observed on the hepatic and extrahepatic carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in Swiss albino mice at a dose of 800 mg/kg b. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity was induced significantly by Spirulina treatment. Kumar PV. A significant reduction in the hepatic cytochrome P450 content was observed in the group treated with Spirulina in comparison with the control group. Jaipur. 1999 Mar. University of Rajasthan.w. There was no change in the extrahepatic glutathione S-transferase activity after the animals were fed with Spirulina.
Modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis on carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in Swiss albino mice.13(2):111-4. India. Banerjee S.S. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Gov't
PMID: 10190182 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Rao AR. given orally. Department of Zoology.
Mittal A. Kumar A.

Biotechnology Research Institute. Gov't
PMID: 11951491 [PubMed . Non-U. Photo-reactive proteins were synthesized by coupling the proteins with (N-(4-azidobenzoyloxy)succinimide) and were spread onto the 24well cell culture polystyrene plate. Guo B. Then the coated surface was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation for chemical fixation of proteins via the conversion of the phenylazido group to the highly reactive phenyl-nitrene which spontaneously formed covalent bonds with neighboring hydrocarbons. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Research Support.19(1):1-3. South China Normal University. Guangzhou 510631.S. and the inhibition activity on proliferation of liver cancer cells was investigated and analyzed.Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi.
[Inhibition activity of spirulina platensis proteins photoimmobilization biomaterial on proliferation of cancer cells]
[Article in Chinese] Guan Y. 2002 Jan. On these proteinsimmobilized polystyrene plates. the liver cancer cells 7402 were cultured under the serum-free conditions.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The bioactive protein-phycocyanin and all the proteins of Spirulina Platensis were isolated and purified.

white cells.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Acta Pharmacol Sin.22(12):1121-4. Sun Y. PSp 12 mg/kg increased the level of red cells. Deng YM. 60 mg/kg increased the level of the white cells in blood and nucleated cells and DNA in bone marrow in mice but had no effects on red cells and hemoglobins. PMID: 11749812 [PubMed . respectively. 2001 Dec. METHODS: CTX and 60Co gamma ray were used to induce bone marrow damage.01). and the experimental animals were ig with different dose of PSp in vivo. AIM: To observe polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis (PSp) on the hematopoietic system of mouse and dogs which were damaged by injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) and 60Co-gamma irradiation. and the DNA in bone marrow were inspected by UV-spectrophotometer. Lin AP. after 12-d and 21-d administration. The Medical and Pharmaceutical Academe of Yangzhou University.
Chemo. and may be a potential adjunct to cancer therapy. CONCLUSION: PSp has chemo-protective and radio-protective capability. the whole blood cells and nucleated cells in bone marrow were measured. China. RESULTS: CTX and 60Co-gamma irradiation induced hemopoietic system damage in mice and dogs.
Zhang HQ. and hemoglobins in blood and nucleated cells in bone marrow in dogs (P < 0. PSp 30.and radio-protective effects of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on hemopoietic system of mice and dogs. and the effects of PSp 60 mg/kg were better than that of berbamine hydrochloride 60 mg/kg. Yangzhou 225001.

. Jawaharlal Nehru University.05 and 1.
Chemomodulation of carcinogen metabolising enzymes.226(1-2):27-38. The glutathione Stransferase and DT-diaphorase specific activities were induced in hepatic and all the extrahepatic organs examined (lung. The implications of these biochemical alterations have been further evaluated adopting the protocol of benzo(a)pyrene induced forestomach and 7. catalase.01 to p < 0. kidney and forestomach) by Spirulina pretreatment (significance level being from p < 0.73 that of control. Yadav PK.05 to p < 0. School of Life Sciences.S.Mol Cell Biochem. New Delhi.20 and 1. antioxidant profiles and skin and forestomach papillomagenesis by Spirulina platensis. In stomach tumor studies tumor burden was 2.005) except for the low dose treatment in forestomach. India. With reference to antioxidant enzymes viz.86 to 1. antioxidant enzymes. Cancer Biology and Applied Molecular Biology Laboratories.73 by the low and high doses of Spirulina treatment against 3. In the skin tumor studies tumor burden was reduced from 4. glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione were increased significantly by both the chosen doses of Spirulina from p < 0.
Dasgupta T. There was a significant inhibition of tumor burden as well as tumor incidence in both the tumor model systems studied. Numerous reports have revealed an inverse association between consumption of some selective natural products and risk of developing cancer. Banejee S. Chemopreventive response was quantitated by the average number of papillomas per effective mouse (tumor burden) as well as percentage of tumor bearing animals. of Spirulina was examined on drug metabolising phase I and phase II enzymes.12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) initiated and croton oil promoted skin papillomagenesis. lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidation in the liver of 7-week-old Swiss albino mice. glutathione reductase. 2001 Oct.15 by the low and high dose treatment respectively. Our primary findings reveal the 'Monofunctional' nature of Spirulina as deduced from its potential to induce only the phase II enzyme activities associated mainly with carcinogen detoxification. superoxide dismutase. Non-U. Publication Types:
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Research Support. glutathione content.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Rao AR.005. In the present study the effect of 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt. Gov't
PMID: 11768236 [PubMed .

PMID: 2505406 [PubMed .48(2):165-9. 1989 Aug. Guangzhou People's Republic of China.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Radioprotective effect of extract from Spirulina platensis in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test.
Qishen P.Toxicol Lett. Kolman A. Guo BJ. Department of Biotechnology. In this system the extract caused a significant reduction of the micronucleus frequencies induced by gamma-radiation. Zhongkai Agriculture and Technology College. The radioprotective effect of an extract of Spirulina platensis has been studied using the micronucleus test in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow of mice.

of a 0. Groups 1 and 2 were untreated and sham injected controls. 1988 May. Schwartz J. One hundred and forty young.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. three times per week.9 mg/ml of 13-cis-retinoic acid. Smaller numbers of TNF-alphapositive macrophages were found in group 4 pouches and a very slight increase in group 3 pouches. Regression of established hamster buccal pouch carcinoma has recently been demonstrated in association with an induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha in macrophages. Groups 3-7 had injected twice weekly into the right buccal pouches 0. Epidermoid carcinomas were induced in right buccal pouches by 14 weeks of painting. Regression of hamster buccal pouch tumors has also been demonstrated following the local injection of alphatocopherol. The current study demonstrates that cancer regression is also accompanied by a significant induction of tumor necrosis factor in macrophages in the tumor area. canthaxanthin and an extract of Spirulina-Dunaliella algae.
Tumor necrosis factor in experimental cancer regression with alphatocopherol.24(5):839-50. beta-carotene and alphatocopherol. Gov't
PMID: 3139418 [PubMed . beta-carotene. algae extract. A very significant increase in TNF-alpha positive macrophages was found in the tumorbearing pouches of animals in groups 5-7. Non-U. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques. After 4 weeks the tumors in groups 3-7 demonstrated varying degrees of regression and the animals were sacrificed and the right buccal pouches excised. canthaxanthin and algae extract.1 ml (1. Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology.S. Boston. suggesting a possible mechanism of tumor destruction.Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. MA 02115. Harvard School of Dental Medicine. canthaxanthin. male adult hamsters were divided into seven equal groups of 20 animals.
Shklar G.5% solution of 7.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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Research Support.

None of the 13-cis-retinoic acid animals had total tumor regression. Non-U. 20% of beta carotene animals and 15% of canthaxanthin animals after four weeks. No tumor regression was found in the DMBA control group and the sham-injected group.
Regression of experimental hamster cancer by beta carotene and algae extracts. DMBA-induced carcinomas in 20 hamsters were injected locally with beta carotene 250 micrograms in 0. Shklar G.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Total tumor regression was found in 30% of phycotene animals.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.45(6):510-5. 250 micrograms in 0. 1987 Jun. DMBA-induced carcinomas in 20 animals were injected locally with canthaxanthin.
Schwartz J. 250 micrograms in 0. Phycotene (extract of Spirulina and Dunaliella algae) 250 micrograms in 0. but 70% showed partial regression. Partial tumor regression was found in the remaining 70% of phycotene animals. Twenty animals with DMBA-induced carcinomas were sham-injected controls using 0. The effect of algae extract on tumor regression was studied.1 ml MEM.1 ml MEM. 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene)-induced squamous cell carcinomas of hamster buccal pouch in 20 animals. Gov't
PMID: 3108474 [PubMed .S.1 ml MEM.1 ml MEM (minimum essential medium) was injected locally into DMBA (7. The various agents were injected into the tumor bearing right buccal pouches twice-weekly for four weeks.1 ml MEM. and DMBA-induced carcinomas in 20 animals were injected locally with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Publication Types:
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Research Support. 80% of beta carotene animals and 85% of canthaxanthin animals.

fixed. grawish2005@yahoo. Mansoura University. Faculty of Dentistry.5% solution of 7.01) between the different groups.com. Mansoura. 28.as supplied by publisher]
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.Med Oncol. In group 4. 2009 Jan 21. platensis extract administration. and embedded in paraffin to be immunostained with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple-range test for PCNA labeling index were proved a high significant difference (P < 0. Egypt. and 32 weeks. neither DMBA painting nor S. Five rats from each group were sacrificed at 12. the same regimen of DMBA painting was done but for 24 weeks only and the daily systemically S. In cancer research. The results showed that increased PCNA expression was directly related to the severity of pathological alterations from normal epithelium to dysplasia and from dysplasia to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the study groups at the different extended periods of DMBA application and S. platensis administration was done but pouches were painted with saline and served as a control one. Zaher AR. platensis was received for the 32 weeks. platensis extract has a beneficial role in regression of cancer progression. the right buccal pouches of the hamster rats in group 1 were painted with 0. the animals received 10 mg/daily Spirulina platensis extract for the same period. it can be concluded that S. PMID: 19156551 [PubMed . Gaafar AI. respectively. but at the same time. From the pervious results. the use of complementary and alternative medicine has increased over the past decade. Nasif WA. 80 male golden Syrian hamsters were divided into four equal groups. 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The same pouches of group 2 were subjected to the same DMBA painting.
Grawish ME. 24. three times a week for 32 weeks. In group 3. Oral Biology Department. In this study. [Epub ahead of print]
Long-term effect of Spirulina platensis extract on DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis (immunohistochemical study). The required pouches were excised.

w. Gov't
PMID: 17928122 [PubMed . Our results illustrate protective effects of SP in relation to CP-induced genetic damage to germ cells. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Cruz-Vega DE. Animals of both sex were given SP orally at 0. On days 13-15 after breeding was |started all the females were evaluated for incidence of pregnancy.
Chemoprotective effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity in mice. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas.Food Chem Toxicol. Barrón BL. Publication Types:
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Research Support. 2008 Feb. 200. Semen examination of a separate group of mice showed that SP improved its quality. Garduño-Siciliano L. 400 or 800 mg/kg body weight (b. 11340 México D. Epub 2007 Sep 5. each male was caged with untreated females per week for 3 weeks.and post-implant losses in untreated females were inhibited at all SP doses. total implants and preand post-implant losses.F. In the female-dominant lethal test only post-implantation losses were prevented at the same doses. gchamcev@yahoo. Madrigal-Bujaidar E.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. injected daily for 5 days at 40 mg/kg b. Departamento de Farmacia.w. Pages N. Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N. México.S.46(2):567-74. For the female-dominant lethal test the above doses and schedule treatments were used and treated females were caged for one week with untreated males (1-2). Non-U.p.. For the maledominant lethal test.com. In the male-dominant lethal test. total corpora lutea.) for 2 weeks prior to starting the CP treatment. CP was i. the CP induced pre.mx The aim of this study was to investigate the antimutagenic effects of Spirulina (SP) on male and female mice by the dominant lethal test using cyclophosphamide (CP) as a mutagen.
Chamorro-Cevallos G.

Precancerous pathological changes of colon was induced by single injection in a short-term and multiple injection in a long-term intraperitoneally with 1. and a certain amount of aberrant crypts foci had been generated.01). protective effects of spirulina.2dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in NIH mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. Zhang Q. The number of aberrant crypts and aberrant crypts foci in the animals with tumor increased with the length of DMH injection. In the ninth-. The number of aberrant crypts scattered by short-term single injection was less than that by multiple one. germanium-132 and vitamin E all could inhibit the function of aberrant crypts of colon. 13th. Hengyang Medical College. And. Results showed either single injection or multiple injection with DMH could induce aberrant crypts in colon. Non-U.and 24th-week of injections. Gov't
PMID: 7600882 [PubMed . respectively.
[Inhibitive effects of spirulina on aberrant crypts in colon induced by dimethylhydrazine]
[Article in Chinese] Chen F. germanium-132 and vitamin E on colon aberrant crypts induced by DMH were observed.Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi.29(1):13-7. and less of the aberrant crypts foci were formed by short-term single injection.S. the number of aberrant crypts and aberrant crypts foci was significantly less in animals protected by spirulina than in positive controls (P < 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. a lot of aberrant crypts of colon had been induced. 1995 Jan. but there was no significant difference between them during 21st. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Research Support.and 16th-week. In the ninth week during multiple injection with DMH. Hengyang Hunan. Spirulina powder.

C. having bio-modulatory and immuno-modulatory functions..indexed for MEDLINE]
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. stimulating the production of antibodies and cytokines. influenza virus and HIV. 2005 Oct. Department of Biotechnology. possesses diverse biological activities and nutritional significance due to high concentration of natural nutrients. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 16248810 [PubMed . Bisen PS. a filamentous cyanobacterium. increase phagocytic activity of macrophages. Different Spirulina preparations influence immune system viz. They are capable to inhibit carcinogenesis due to anti-oxidant properties that protect tissues and also reduce toxicity of liver. increase accumulation of NK cells into tissue and activation and mobilization of T and B cells. U. Spirulina have also shown to perform regulatory role on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by exhibiting glucose and lipid profile correcting activity in experimental animals and in diabetic patients. Bhadouria P.
Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.
Khan Z. kidney and testes. Spirulina. Preparations have been found to be active against several enveloped viruses including herpes virus. J. India.P. cytomegalovirus. Bose Institute of Life Sciences.6(5):373-9. Bundelkhand University. Jhansi 284128.

S. The required buccal pouches were surgically excised and prepared for regular H&E and argyrophilic proteins of the nuclear organizer regions (AgNOR) silver staining.44(10):956-62.
Effects of Spirulina platensis extract on Syrian hamster cheek pouch mucosa painted with 7. Half the hamsters from each of the three groups were sacrificed by ether inhalation after 7 weeks.indexed for MEDLINE] Chemopreventative
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. The pAgNOR was 10% in group one. 5% in group two and 4% in group three. AgNOR staining in group one produced AgNOR counts ranging from one to seven dots per nucleus. which were restricted to the basilar and parabasilar layers of the epithelium after 14 weeks of treatment. However. The same pouches of group two were also painted with DMBA. platensis extract. Egypt. which reached to half the thickness of the hyperplastic epithelium after 14 weeks. respectively). Mansoura University. two and three was (3. 1. until sacrificed. The AgNOR mean number in groups one. In this study.12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene.Oral Oncol. 2008 Oct. a significant difference was found in AgNOR mean number between groups one and two.5% solution of 7. An overall significant difference among the three groups (P<0.2+/-0. Faculty of Dentistry. and to reduce cancer incidence by effective implementation of preventative strategies in target populations. mild dysplastic changes were observed after 7 weeks. but received an additional 10mg/daily Spirulina platensis extract. platensis is an adjunctive means to inhibit the dysplastic changes occurring in the hamster cheek pouch (HCP) mucosa. with one sample t-test. Moreover.
Grawish ME. AgNORs counting and statistical analysis were carried out. the right buccal pouches of the hamster rats in group one were painted with 0. The hamster rats in group three received neither DMBA nor S. Epub 2008 Feb 8. 30 male golden Syrian hamsters were divided into three equal groups.12dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). which was added to the soft diet supplements during the same period. and the remaining half were sacrificed after 14 weeks. They were painted with saline and served as control animals.3+/-0.05). PMID: 18262461 [PubMed .006.01) was indicated with one-way analysis of variance. groups one and three and between groups two and three (P<0. Consequently. in group two. Mansoura. We observed moderate dysplastic changes extending into the midspinous layer in group one 7 weeks after DMBA painting. three times a week.003. grawish2005@yahoo.com Research into cancer prevention seeks to identify the preventable causes of cancer.003 and 1. However. more research is needed to expand its beneficial action.1+/-0. whereas the counts were one or two dots per nucleus in group two.

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) levels. Mani U. PMID: 12639401 [PubMed . Two-month supplementation with Spirulina resulted in an appreciable lowering of fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose levels. Iyer U. India. At baseline. Twenty-five subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly assigned to receive Spirulina (study group) or to form the control group.4(4):193-199. M S University of Baroda. Therefore. The level of apolipoprotein B registered a significant fall together with a significant increment in the level of apolipoprotein A1. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic role of Spirulina. TC:HDL-C and LDL-C: HDL-C. Total cholesterol (TC) and its fraction. and lipid profiles of the diabetic subjects. indicating improved long-term glucose regulation. With regard to lipids. As a result. 2001 Winter. low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Spirulina. Vadodara390002. Gujarat. a significant and favorable increase in the ratio of A1:B was also noted. Department of Foods and Nutrition.as supplied by publisher]
Diabetes
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.Diabetes
J Med Food. a significant reduction in the atherogenic indices. the control and study groups were matched for various variables. The efficacy of Spirulina supplementation (2 g/day for 2 months) was determined using the preintervention and postintervention blood glucose levels. was observed. A significant reduction in the HbA(1c) level was also observed. is emerging as an important therapeutic food.
Parikh P. with its high concentration of functional nutrients.
Role of Spirulina in the Control of Glycemia and Lipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. triglyceride levels were significantly lowered. exhibited a fall coupled with a marginal increase in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). These findings suggest the beneficial effect of Spirulina supplementation in controlling blood glucose levels and in improving the lipid profile of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The sum of LDL + VLDL percentages was also partially normalized in diabetic animals by the SM administration. Ciudad Universitaria. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances also decreased in serum and liver after SM administration. starting one week after a single dose of alloxan. There was also a decrease in the percentage of HDL in diabetic mice that was reverted by the SM administration.69(9):1029-37. 250 mg/Kg body weight. 2001 Jul 20. Male and female mice showed differences to diabetes susceptibility and response to SM. UNAM. Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. The dietary administration of 5% Spirulina maxima (SM) during four weeks to diabetic mice. Non-U. prevented fatty liver production in male and female animals. DF. It is worth future work of SM on humans looking for better quality of life and longer survival of diabetic patients.S. Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos. The main action of SM was on triacylglycerol levels in serum and liver. Díaz-Zagoya JC.
Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with experimental diabetes. An additional observation was the lower incidence of adherences between the liver and the intestine loops in the diabetic mice treated with SM compared with diabetic mice without SM. Hospital General de Zona No. Gov't
PMID: 11508645 [PubMed . Publication Types:
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Research Support. Juárez-Oropeza MA. Blé-Castillo JL. There was also a moderate hypoglycemia in male mice.Life Sci.
Rodríguez-Hernández A. the female being more resistant to diabetes induction by alloxan and more responsive to the beneficial effects of SM.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 1.

1996 Oct 10. isolated from Spirulina platensis: in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of anti-herpes simplex virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities. PMID: 8893054 [PubMed . A sulfated polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) has been isolated from a sea alga. their effects on the blood coagulation processes and stability in the blood were evaluated. the presence of calcium ion in the molecule was shown to be essential for the dose-dependent inhibition of cytopathic effect and syncytium formation induced by HIV-1. Ca-SP had very low anticoagulant activity. as an antiviral component. calcium spirulan. Furthermore. Spirulina platensis.12(15):1463-71.
A natural sulfated polysaccharide. and inhibition of HIV-induced syncytium formation.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. Kojima I. Anti-HSV-1 activity was assessed by plaque yield reduction. Anti-HIV-1 activities of these agents were measured by three different assays: viability of acutely infected CD4positive cells. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) activities of Ca-SP were compared with those of dextran sulfate (DS) as a representative sulfated polysaccharide. determination of HIV-1 p24 antigen released into culture supernatants. Japan. When the role of chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups was examined by removing calcium or its replacement by sodium. as was observed in DS-treated cultures. Ca-SP is quite promising as an anti-HIV agent because even at low concentrations of Ca-SP an enhancement of virusinduced syncytium formation was not observed. and showed a much longer half-life in the blood of mice when compared with that of DS. Hayashi T. or a cytopathology assay. Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University. Department of Virology. In addition. These data indicate that Ca-SP is a potent antiviral agent against both HIV-1 and HSV-1. Thus. Ca-SP can be a candidate agent for an anti-HIV therapeutic drug that might overcome the disadvantages observed in many sulfated polysaccharides.
Hayashi K.

ribose.
Calcium spirulan.59(1):83-7. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of Medicine. mumps virus.J Nat Prod. sulfate. Maeda M. Ca-SP was found to inhibit the replication of several enveloped viruses. from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis.
Hayashi T. This polysaccharide was composed of rhamnose. Hayashi K. glucuronic acid. and calcium. It was revealed that Ca-SP selectively inhibited the penetration of virus into host cells. Kojima I. and HIV-1. including Herpes simplex virus type 1. mannose. galactose. an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication. influenza A virus. glucose. Japan. galacturonic acid. Bioactivity-directed fractionation of a hot H2O extract from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis led to the isolation of a novel sulfated polysaccharide named calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) as an antiviral principle. human cytomegalovirus. measles virus. Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University. PMID: 8984158 [PubMed . Toyama. 1996 Jan. fructose.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. xylose. Retention of molecular conformation by chelation of calcium ion with sulfate groups was suggested to be indispensable to its antiviral effect.

teas@palmettohealth. one of the major tribal groups in Chad.org Drawing inferences from epidemiologic studies of HIV/AIDS and in vivo and in vitro HIV inhibition by algae. Even in Africa. 15 Medical Park. most people in Japan and Korea eat seaweed daily and the Kanemba. SC 29203.Med Hypotheses. University of South Carolina and the South Carolina Cancer Center. The Norman J Arnold School of Public Health.a poor man's HAART?
Teas J. strongly suggest that differences in IV drug use and sexual behavior are insufficient to explain the 1000-fold variation. Suite 301 Columbia. jane. Zimba PV. compared to Africa ( approximately 1/10 adults). 2004.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. eat a blue green alga (Spirulina) daily. Fitton JH.
Algae -. HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence in Eastern Asia ( approximately 1/10000 adults in Japan and Korea). Health Promotion Education and Behavior. we propose algal consumption as one unifying characteristic of countries with anomalously low rates. Average daily algae consumption in Asia and Africa ranges between 1 and 2 tablespoons (3-13 g). Hebert JR. Chad has consistently reported low rates of HIV/AIDS (2-4/100). Possibly not coincidentally. Regular consumption of dietary algae might help prevent HIV infection and suppress viral load among those infected. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study
PMID: 15050097 [PubMed . USA.62(4):507-10. AIDS/HIV rates vary.

with a selectivity index of 128. The antiviral activity was not due to a virucidal effect. Herpesvirus infection was inhibited at the initial events (adsorption and penetration) of the viral cycle. 2002 Dec. IPN.
Hernández-Corona A. 0. 0. Spirulina has been used in a variety of practical applications in biotechnology and medical sciences. Departamento de Microbiologi. DF 11340. and HSV-1. using several viruses. This paper presents the antiviral activity found in a hot water extract (HWE) of a commercial preparation of Spirulina maxima. which suggests that the antiviral activity is probably due to highly polar compounds. The highest antiviral activity was detected in the methanol-water 3:1. The HWE inhibited the infection for: herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). some extracts made by using several solvents with different polarity were evaluated by microplate inhibition assay using HSV-2. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas.333 mg/ml for each virus. maxima. pseudorabies virus (PRV).103. Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Casco de Santo Tomás.
Antiviral activity of Spirulina maxima against herpes simplex virus type 2. Mexico. Chamorro G. and the 50% effective inhibition doses (ED(50)) were 0. human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). México. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Barron BL. at concentrations of 2 mg/ml of the HWE. The highest antiviral activity was for HSV-2. and 0. studied by a microplate inhibition assay. respectively.56(3):279-85. Nieves I. poliovirus 1 and rotavirus SA-11. Non-U. vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV).069.a. To initiate the isolation and identification of the compound that exhibits the antiviral activity of S. For adenovirus the inhibition was less than 20%. Apartado Postal 102.142.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't
PMID: 12406511 [PubMed . and no inhibition was found for measles virus.S. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus (SSPE). Meckes M.Antiviral Res.

Russia. platensis and the multiplicity of phage infection. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera. coli B was influenced by the method and duration of the sterilization of the nutrient medium with S. Moscow. depending on the concentration of S. 2002 Nov-Dec. followed by sterilization with 2% chloroform and thermal treatment. platensis biomass into the agar nutrient medium. Baturo AP. The reproduction of the bacteriophage in E.Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. The study revealed that the addition of S. Blinkova LP. platensis. as well as on the fact whether the microalgae were added during the first cycle of the development of the virus. The impact of the biomass of the blue-green microalga (cyanobacterium) S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. platensis on bacteriophage T4 (bacterial virus) has been evaluated.(6):18-21. produced an inhibiting or stimulating effect on the reproduction of the bacteriophage in Escherichia coli B cells.
[Action of Spirulina platensis on bacterial viruses]
[Article in Russian] Gorobets OB. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study English Abstract
PMID: 12506621 [PubMed .

Japan. University of Toyama.Yakugaku Zasshi. Scopadulciol (SDC). Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research. their synergistic antiviral effects on influenza A virus were confirmed in vitro as well as in vivo. Toyama City. nostoflan from Nostoc flagelliforme. Their antiviral potency was dependent on molecular weight and content of the sulfate or carboxyl group as well as counterion species chelating with sulfate groups.128(1):61-79. an increase in the cellular concentration of the active form of ACV/GCV. isolated from the tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L.e. as a result. and a fucoidan from the sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida (mekabu fucoidan) were also found to be potent inhibitors against several enveloped viruses.
[Studies on evaluation of natural products for antiviral effects and their applications]
[Article in Japanese] Hayashi T. hayashi9@pha. This effect of SDC was exerted via the activation of viral thymidine kinase (HSV-1 TK) and. the triphosphate of ACV or GCV. When mekabu fucoidan or nostoflan was administered with oseltamivir phosphate. On the basis of these experimental results. cancer gene therapy using the HSV-1 tk gene and ACV/GCV together with SDC was found to be effective in suppressing the growth of cancer cells in animals. showed stimulatory effects on the antiviral potency of acyclovir (ACV) or ganciclovir (GCV). Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 18176057 [PubMed . Ca-SP was shown to target not only viral absorption/penetration stages but also some replication stages of progeny viruses after penetration into cells.ac. 2008 Jan. i. unlike dextran sulfate.jp In the search for novel antiviral molecules from natural products. we have discovered various antiviral molecules with characteristic mechanisms of action. In addition.. Acidic polysaccharides such as calcium spirulan (Ca-SP) from Spirulina platensis..indexed for MEDLINE]
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. indicating the importance of the three-dimensional structure of the molecules.utoyama. Sugitani.

respectively. In fact 81.6% of HIVinfected children (Z: 1. but recuperation was less efficient among HIV-infected children. rehabilitation with SP also seems to correct anaemia and weight loss in HIV-infected children. on the nutritional status of undernourished HIV-infected and HIV-negative children.8% of HIV-negative undernourished children recuperated as opposed to 63. University of Ouagadougou. We compared two groups of children: 84 were HIV-infected and 86 were HIV-negative.49(6):373-80. Pignatelli S. Dansou D.S. Gov't
PMID: 16219988 [PubMed . Burkina Faso.70 (95% CI -0. Bere A. Nikiema JB. and even more quickly in HIV-negative undernourished children. Musumeci S. p = 0.002. In particular. Kabore F. Our results confirm that SP is a good food supplement for undernourished children. Rehabilitation with SP shows on average a weight gain of 15 and 25 g/day in HIV-infected and HIV-negative children.088)).indexed for MEDLINE]
Anemia and Blood Improvement 81
. Publication Types:
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Research Support.366. SP). The duration of the study was 8 weeks. Epub 2005 Oct 11. Non-U. Ruberto G. produced at the Centre Médical St Camille of Ouagadougou. 2005 Nov-Dec.
Nutrition rehabilitation of HIV-infected and HIV-negative undernourished children utilizing spirulina. Anthropometric and haematological parameters allowed us to appreciate both the nutritional and biological effect of SP supplement to traditional meals. Unit of Formation and of Research in Sciences of Life and of the Earth. Burkina Faso.
Simpore J. Zongo F. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of an alimentary integrator composed of spirulina (Spirulina platensis. Biondi DM. The level of anaemia decreased during the study in all children. -0.Anemia and Blood Improvement
Ann Nutr Metab.

and iron sulfate plus ascorbic acid as a reference.49(3):1625-9. France.J Agric Food Chem. Besançon P. wheat floor. Our results demonstrate a 27% higher ferritin formation from beef and spirulina digests than from digests of yeast and wheat flour. Caporiccio B.
Puyfoulhoux G. can be caused not only by foods deficient in iron but also by poor availability of dietary iron. we conclude that spirulina could represent an adequate source of iron.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.S. Rouanet JM. Baccou JC. The aim of this study was to examine the iron availability from iron-fortified spirulina.
Iron availability from iron-fortified spirulina by an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. Unité Nutrition and Unité de Physiologie et Technologie Végétales. a 6. Gov't
PMID: 11312906 [PubMed . We have used an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture system to measure iron spirulina availability and made a comparison with those of beef. yeast. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Université Montpellier II. When iron availability was expressed per microgram of iron used in each digest. Non-U. In view of this observed high iron availability from spirulina. one of the most important nutritional problems in the world. 2001 Mar. Iron food fortification in combination with highly available iron from supplements could effectively reduce this deficiency. Iron availability was assessed by ferritin formation in Caco-2 cells exposed to digests containing the same amount of iron. Baroux B.5-fold increase appeared using spirulina digest in comparison with meat. Laboratoire Génie Biologique et Sciences des Aliments. Montpellier. Iron deficiency.

PMID: 10426118 [PubMed .
Supplementary effect of spirulina on hematological status of rats during pregnancy and lactation. The effect of Spirulina on iron status was assessed based on hemoglobin.Plant Foods Hum Nutr. Department of Home Science. Mehta U. Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning Anantapur. packed cell volume. Spirulina without additional vitamins and minerals) each providing 22 percent protein. India. Spirulina. Wheat gluten diet result in the smallest increase in hemoglobin levels and iron stores compared to other diets. wheat gluten.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Spirulina appears to be effective in improving the iron status of rats during pregnancy and lactation.
Kapoor R. total iron binding capacity and ferritin levels of rats during pregnancy and lactation. Rats were fed 5 different kinds of diets (casein. serum iron. Diets containing Spirulina alone or in combination with wheat gluten resulted in significantly higher iron storage and hemoglobin contents than casein and wheat gluten diets during the first half of pregnancy and lactation. The values of serum iron and iron binding capacity remained unchanged with different diets. Spirulina + wheat gluten. Andhra Pradesh.52(4):315-24. 1998.

We therefore suggest that the molecular conformation maintained by Ca or Na is indispensable to the antithrombin activity of Ca-SP. Ca-SP is therefore thought to be a unique sulfated polysaccharide which shows a strong antithrombin effect in an exclusively HC IIdependent manner. Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine. accelerated the antithrombin activity of HC II as Ca-SP did. Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University.
Heparin cofactor II-dependent antithrombin activity of calcium spirulan. The apparent second-order rate constant of thrombin inhibition by HC II was calculated to be 4. Furthermore.jp Calcium spirulan (Ca-SP). Na-SP. respectively.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. heparinase or heparitinase.5 x 10(8) M-1 min-1. the compound did not exert any antithrombin activity. Non-U. hayakawa@ms. Hayashi K. Japan. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. This result indicates that the binding site of HC II for CaSP is different from the heparin. Niiya K. Hayashi T. which are defective in interactions with heparin and dermatan sulfate.Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1996 Jul.S. In the presence of Ca-SP. but not by treatment with chondroitinase ABC and chondroitinase AC II. inhibited thrombin in a manner similar to native rHC II.toyama-mpu.or dermatan sulfate-like structure is not responsible for the activation of HC II by Ca-SP. When we removed the calcium from the Ca-SP. and it increased in the presence of 50 micrograms/ml Ca-SP to 4. Sakuragawa N.7(5):554-60. both the recombinant HC II variants Lys173-->Leu and Arg 189-->His. enhanced the antithrombin activity of heparin cofactor II (HC II) more than 10000-fold.2 x 10(4) M-1 min-1 in the absence of Ca-SP. Ozawa T.ac. which was prepared by replacement of the calcium in Ca-SP with sodium. Hayashi T. a novel sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the bluegreen alga Spirulina platensis. suggesting that a heparin. Faculty of Medicine.
Hayakawa Y. The HC IIdependent antithrombin activity of Ca-SP was almost totally abolished by treatment with chondroitinase AC I.or dermatan sulfate-binding site. Ca-SP effectively induced the formation of a thrombinHC II complex in plasma. Gov't
PMID: 8874866 [PubMed .

In nephrotic syndrome. Height. Essential fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) can prevent accumulation of cholesterol in the body. Department of Foods and Nutrition. respectively) were measured before and after the 2-month study period.62 mg/dl.13.S. these values fell by 69. Gujarat. rich in antioxidants.66 in group II and 1. Mani UV.14 mg/dl. Iyer UM. amino acids. and fatty acids. Vadodara. causing a secondary hyperlipidemia. Nayak US.
Samuels R. respectively. GLA.33 mg/dl. Non-U. This leads to enhanced hepatic synthesis of albumin and other proteins. and triglycerides by 67. helped reduce the increased levels of lipids in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support. The LDL-C:HDL-C ratio also decreased significantly. Mean height and weight were normal compared with healthy. HDLC:LDL-C also improved significantly in both the groups. weight. In this study 23 patients (age 2 to 13 years) with nephrotic syndrome received either medication (group I) or medication plus 1 g/day Spirulina (group II). TC:HDL-C decreased by 1. large amounts of plasma proteins are lost in urine. by 1. LDL-C by 94. age-matched Indian children.and high-density cholesterol fractions (LDL-C and HDL-C. 2002 Summer. including lipoproteins. India. triglycerides.13 in group I. Lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly increased at baseline. total cholesterol (TC).5(2):91-6.19 in group I. 61. and serum levels of fasting blood sugar. and spirulina has an appreciable amount of GLA.96 in group II and 1. M S University of Baroda.87. Gov't
PMID: 12487756 [PubMed .
Hypocholesterolemic effect of spirulina in patients with hyperlipidemic nephrotic syndrome.Cardioprotective
J Med Food. TC significantly decreased by 116. It can be concluded that spray-dried Spirulina capsules. and 22. causing a decrease in the plasma oncotic pressure.72 mg/dl in group II. and low.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. in control group I.

Yamamoto C. In this review. we describe sodium spirulan. 2008 May. Proteoglycan contains glycosmainoglycans. Kaji T.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Fujiwara Y. Further research is required to obtain exogenous polysaccharide-related molecules that exhibit useful biological activities through controlling endothelial proteoglycan metabolism for protection against vascular lesions such as atheroslcerosis. Hokuriku University. in the molecule.
[Biological activities of exogenous polysaccharides via controlling endogenous proteoglycan metabolism in vascular endothelial cells]
[Article in Japanese] Sato T. Kanazawa City.Yakugaku Zasshi. It is possible that exogenous polysaccharide-related molecules exhibit their biological activities by two mechanisms. The metabolism of proteoglycans regulates cell behavior and cellular events.128(5):717-23. Factors that regulate endothelial proteoglycan metabolism are also being described as possible target molecules of exogenous polysaccharides. One is the interaction with cells and the other is the interaction with growth factors/cytokines that regulate proteoglycans. Japan. which are endogenous sulfated polysaccharides. a sulfated polysaccharide obtained from a hot-water extract of the blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. as an exogenous polysaccharide that stimulates the release of proteoglycans from vascular endothelial cells. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 18451618 [PubMed .

were observed: TAG 233. National Autonomous University of Mexico.14. Gov't
PMID: 18039384 [PubMed . in vivo and in vitro that posses several pharmacological properties.01).Lipids Health Dis.03).8 vs.4 mg/dL (p < 0.01). cholesterol associated to high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). height. significant differences were found comparing initial and final SYST-P and DIAST-P blood pressure in both male and female: SYST-P male 121 +/. The univariated analysis showed that the changes in the HDL-C and TC concentrations were dependent on TAG concentration (p = 0.18.F.5 +/. DIAST-P male 85 +/. for 6 weeks) to a sample of 36 subjects (16 men and 20 women. It also reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure.9 mm Hg (p < 0. 163. Juarez-Oropeza MA. DIAST-P female 85 +/. 77 +/.7 +/. Mexico. In addition.5 g/day.5 mm Hg (p < 0. Box 70-159. total cholesterol (TC).7.37.4 vs. Department of Biochemistry. 167. the results showed that there were no significant changes in the values of glucose and AST.11 vs. 111 +/. 2007 Nov 26.34. respectively). From each subject. It has been experimentally proven. pavito@correo.9. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina maxima orally supplied (4. aminotransferases and on blood pressure.11 mm Hg (p < 0.S. nevertheless the calculated values for cholesterol associated to low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) were significantly reduced by the Spirulina maxima treatment but independently of the TAG changes. 04510. Mexico.8 mm Hg (p < 0. SYST-P female 120 +/.
Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report. and HDL-C.6. but significant differences in TAG.O.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.7 +/. RESULTS: Comparing initial and final data. a sample of blood was drawn in fasting state of 12 hours to determi the plasma concentrations of glucose. C-HDL 43.mx
BACKGROUND: Spirulina maxima is a filamentous cyanobacterium used as food supplement because of its high nutrient contents.8 mg/dL (p < 0. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Research Support. 109 +/. especially on the TAG and the LDL-C concentrations but indirectly on TC and HDLC values. TC.001).5 vs. glucose. Anthropometric measurements including systolic (SYST-P) and diastolic (DIAST-P) blood pressure.5 +/.001). 79 +/. D.247 and p = 0. Non-U.177.01).9 vs.5 vs.unam.5 vs. triacylglycerols (TAG).002).6:33. P.
Torres-Duran PV. Ferreira-Hermosillo A. with ages between 18-65 years) on serum lipids. 50 +/. School of Medicine.7 +/.100. TC 181.7 mg/dL (p < 0.108. weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were also recorded. The volunteers did not modify their dietary habits or lifestyle during the whole experimental period. CONCLUSION: The Spirulina maxima showed a hypolipemic effect.

by mortality. could serve as a cardioprotective agent during DOX treatment in a mouse model. Publication Types:
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Research Support. lower levels of lipid peroxidation. Hyderabad. Spirulina was administered orally for 3 days twice daily. liver congestion. These results suggest that Spirulina has a protective effect against cardiotoxicity induced by DOX and it may. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.. In vitro cytotoxic studies using ovarian cancer cells demonstrated that Spirulina did not compromise the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin. therefore. The DOXtreated animals showed higher mortality (53%) and more ascites. at 3 weeks after the end of the DOX-treatment period. Myocardial damage. a blue-green algae. as assessed by ultrastructural changes. then for 7 weeks along with the four equal injections of DOX. Naidu MU. intraperitoneally). 2005 Dec.
Khan M. showed loss of myofibrils. less ascites. Mohan IK.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Extramural
PMID: 16372368 [PubMed . Sundaram C.H.I.
Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to determine whether Spirulina. N. The generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd. weekly. Pretreatment with Spirulina significantly protected the mice from DOX-induced cardiotoxic effects as evidenced from lower mortality (26%). oxidative stress and ultrastructural changes of heart tissue. for 4 weeks. Kuppusamy P. cytoplasmic vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling. Myocardial superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased. Cardiotoxicity was assessed. improve the therapeutic index of DOX.19(12):1030-7. Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences. volume of ascites. India. Kutala VK. normalization of antioxidant enzymes and ultrastructural studies showing minimal damage to the heart. Mice were treated with DOX (4 mg/kg bw. Shobha JC. Singh S.Phytother Res.

Gifu 501-1193. Department of Applied Life Science. and SPC or SPC-acetone extract for 10 d. and cholesterol metabolism in rats for 10 d. 2005 Oct. Kanamaru Y. This study provides the first direct evidence that PHY. Shibayama F. cholesterol absorption in Caco-2 cells. Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Kato T. nagaoka@cc. Thus. Otsuka A.jp This study was designed to clarify the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate (SPC) and identify the novel hypocholesterolemic protein derived from SPC. we report here the discovery of a hypocholesterolemic effect in the novel protein C-phycocyanin. Morikawa K. Fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids was significantly greater in rats fed the SPC-supplemented diet than in those fed the casein control diet.
Nagaoka S. Although no studies to date have found a hypocholesterolemic protein among the algal proteins. Kaneko H. Shimizu K. Publication Types:
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In Vitro
PMID: 16177207 [PubMed . can powerfully influence serum cholesterol concentrations and impart a stronger hypocholesterolemic activity than SPC in animals. a novel hypocholesterolemic protein derived from Spirulina platensis.ac. Japan.135(10):2425-30. Serum and liver cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in rats fed SPC than in those fed casein. Micellar cholesterol solubility and cholesterol uptake by Caco-2 cells was significantly lower in the presence of SPC compared with casein. Gifu University. We also evaluated the effects of SPC. We investigated the effects of casein or SPC on the solubility of cholesterol. SPC had a significantly greater bile acidbinding capacity than casein in vitro. Hirahashi T.J Nutr. C-phycocyanin (PHY). the hypocholesterolemic action of SPC may involve the inhibition of both jejunal cholesterol absorption and ileal bile acid reabsorption. and PHY residue on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet for 5 d. taurocholate binding capacity in vitro.gifu-u.
A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate in rats.

Cardiac production of superoxide anion significantly decreased by approximately 46-76% in the four experimental groups and especially in SePC group (76%). Baccou JC. Décordé K. Plasma cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations were lower in group consuming SePC. Jouy N. The expression of p22phox subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase decreased by 34% after consumption of SePC. Université Montpellier 1 & 2.55(19):7962-7. or water as control. spirulina (SP) or Se-rich spirulina (SeSP) in water. Delage M. Aortic fatty streak area was significantly reduced in the experimental groups. Epub 2007 Aug 16. SePC significantly increased plasma antioxidant capacity by 42% compared with controls. The underlying mechanism is related mainly to inhibiting pro-oxidant factors and at a lesser extent improving the serum lipid profile. France. Cristol JP. Biodisponibilité et Athérogénèse. Forty hamsters were divided into 5 groups of 8 and fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. both without bound Se or selenium-enriched.14 mL/(kg day) phycocyanin (PC). and NAD(P)H oxidase expression in hamsters.
Riss J. A sparing effect in liver glutathione peroxidase (87% on average) and superoxide dismutase (56% on average) activity was observed for all the groups compared to controls. EA 4188. Sutra T. Se-rich phycocyanin (SePC). cardiac production of superoxide anions. Brune JP. Nutrition Humaine. Oréal H. Bataillon. HDL-cholesterol was never affected. 34095 Montpellier. especially by PC (82%) and SePC (85%).4 microg of Se per 100 g body weight. 2007 Sep 19. PMID: 17696484 [PubMed . early atherosclerosis. Rouanet JM. SeSP and SePC supplied 0. were studied on plasma cholesterol. They received by gavage either 7.J Agric Food Chem.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The results indicate that chronic consumption of Se-rich spirulina phycocyanin powerfully prevents the development of atherosclerosis. The effects of spirulina and its chromophore phycocyanin.
Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis is powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters. Place E.

7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium fluorescence.H. C-phycocyanin also significantly attenuated the doxorubicin-induced increase in the expression of Bax protein. Columbus. It was further observed that the doxorubicin-induced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. The cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. Varadharaj S.
C-phycocyanin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in adult rat cardiomyocytes. The Ohio State University. a potent antineoplastic agent. In summary. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Kutala VK. Parinandi NL. Doxorubicin significantly enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells as measured by the 2'. were markedly attenuated by C-phycocyanin. The doxorubicin-induced reactive oxygen species formation was significantly attenuated in cells pretreated with C-phycocyanin. Department of Internal Medicine. Shobha JC. Extramural
PMID: 16424780 [PubMed . We have recently shown that Spirulina. Doxorubicin (DOX). and increase in the activity of caspase-3 in cells. a blue-green alga with potent antioxidant properties.47(1):9-20. one of the active ingredients of Spirulina. Naidu MU. Cphycocyanin ameliorated doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. as assayed by TUNEL assay and flow cytometry coupled with BrdU-FITC/propidium iodide staining. poses limitations for its therapeutic use due to the associated risk of developing cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.I.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. USA. OH 43210. This study further supports the crucial role of the antioxidant nature of C-phycocyanin in its cardioprotection against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. offered significant protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice.
Khan M. Kuppusamy P. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute..indexed for MEDLINE]
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. against doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. N. release of cytochrome c. Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging. 2006 Jan. The study was carried out using cardiomyocytes isolated from adult rat hearts. The aim of the present study was to establish the possible protective role of C-phycocyanin.

Objective: To study the changes of erythrocyte membrane fluidity. Method: Thirty male SD rats were divided into 3 groups: free control group (group A) and two simulated weightlessness groups (groups B. C). and atherosclerosis index (AI) decreased. Result: Levels of serum CHO. number of vascular endothelial cells significantly lowered. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 12934612 [PubMed . Shi JP. Zhu DB. HDL-C and value of the IDmax of plasma as well as erythrocyte membrane fluidity remarkedly increased in group C compared with those in group B. HDLC/CHO and erythrocyte membrane fluidity decreased significantly. Bai SM. level of CHO. serum lipid and vascular endothelial cell caused by simulated weightlessness in rats. erythrocyte membrane fluidity and vascular endothelial cells in tail-suspended rats]
[Article in Chinese] Huang JM. Hu ZX.
[Effects of spirulina on serum lipids. and number of vascular endothelial cells in plasma increased markedly in group B as compared with those in group A. Yang CL. Conclusion: Spirulina can improve the physiological conditions of erythrocyte membrane fluidity. 2003 Jun. TG. serum lipid and vascular endothelial cell caused by simulated weightlessness in rats and the beneficial effect of spirulina. and the rats in group C were fed with normal forage supplemented with 5% (W/W) spirulina.16(3):184-6. Water was taken ad libitum.Space Med Med Eng (Beijing). Rats in group A and B were fed with normal forage.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C. HDL.

tr Two New Age foods which contain high concentrations of whole food nutrients are the single-celled microalgae Chlorella and Spirulina. Ege University.
Otleş S. The data obtained show that Spirulina contains unusually high levels of gamma-linolenic acid. Functional foods are used mainly as products to nourish the human body after physical exertion or as a preventive measure against ailments. whose consumption is likely to benefit human health and enhance performance.84(6):1708-14. These foods are used as a supplement/ingredient or as a complete food to enhance the performance and state of the human body. Department of Food Engineering.
Fatty acid composition of Chlorella and Spirulina microalgae species.edu. 2001 Nov-Dec. They are accepted as functional foods. which are defined as products derived from natural sources. or improve a specific bodily function. Izmir. an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid. of Chlorella and Spirulina by capillary column-gas chromatography. particularly polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions. Pire R.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Turkey.J AOAC Int. Publication Types:
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PMID: 11767135 [PubMed .ege. We determined the fatty acid compositions. otles@bornova.

Effects of the ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings. UNAM. School of Medicine. Juárez-Oropeza MA.75(1):37-44. Mexico D. In the presence of the extract. agonistinduced. the responses to vasoconstrictor agonists and increases the endothelium-dependent. Publication Types:
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In Vitro Research Support. the extract produced the following effects: (a) a concentration-dependent (60-1000 microg/ml) decrease of the contractile response to phenylephrine. These effects were blocked by L-NAME. These results suggest that the extract increases the basal synthesis/release of NO by the endothelium and. 2001 Apr. P. On rings with endothelium. Torres-Durán PV.O. endothelium-dependently. Box 70-250. also. of the concentration--response curve to phenylephrine.unam. indomethacin induced a marked decrease in the maximal phenylephrine-induced tension of endothelium-denuded rings. Mexico. Díaz-Zagoya JC. On endothelium-denuded rings the extract caused a significant rightward shift of the concentration response curve to phenylephrine without any effect on maximal tension development. Non-U.mx Dietary Spirulina decreases. cparedes@servidor. Gov't
PMID: 11282441 [PubMed . Department of Physiology.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.F. Mascher D. the synthesis/release of a cyclooxygenase-dependent vasoconstricting prostanoid by vascular smooth muscle cells.S. and not modified by indomethacin. The aim of this study was to analyze. vasodilator responses of rat aorta rings. the effects of a raw ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on the vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings to phenylephrine and to carbachol. (b) a rightward shift and a decrease in maximal developed tension. The extract had no effect on the concentration-response curve to carbachol of rings with endothelium. 04510.
Paredes-Carbajal MC. in vitro.J Ethnopharmacol. (c) a concentration dependent relaxation of phenylephrine-precontracted rings.

both in presence and absence of indomethacin (Indom) or indomethacin plus L-NAME (Indom. 3) Indom. + L-NAME induced an additional increase in the contractile responses to PE. 1997. as well as by decreasing the synthesis and release of a vasoconstricting eicosanoid from the endothelial cells.mx The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina maxima on vasomotor responses of aorta rings from male Wistar rats fed on a purified diet. Gov't
PMID: 9328235 [PubMed . Department of Physiology. For this purpose. 2) this decrease was reverted by Indom. + L-NAME). Mexico D. relative to corresponding rings from group A: 1) a significant decrease in the maximal tension developed in response to PE. 4) a significant shift to the left of the CR curve to CCh. School of Medicine.Life Sci.
Effects of dietary Spirulina maxima on endothelium dependent vasomotor responses of rat aortic rings.61(15):PL 211-9. Spirulina maxima effects were evaluated by concentration-response (CR) curves of aorta rings with or without endothelium to phenylephrine (PE). Torres-Durán PV. Publication Types:
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Research Support. One receiving purified control diet (A) and the other receiving purified diet containing 5% Spirulina (B). Mexico. No significant differences were observed in the tension developed in response to PE in rings without endothelium from either group.
Paredes-Carbajal MC..indexed for MEDLINE]
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. All animals were fed (20 g/day/rat) during two weeks. Aorta rings with endothelium from group B showed. Juárez-Oropeza MA. Mascher D. majo@servidor. Purified diets were according to American Institute of Nutrition guidelines and adjusted to Spirulina protein content. light-dark cycles. These results suggest that Spirulina maxima may decrease vascular tone by increasing the synthesis and release of both a vasodilating cyclooxygenase-dependent product of arachidonic acid and nitric oxide. Díaz-Zagoya JC. receiving water ad libitum and 12 h.S. and to carbachol (CCh).unam. Non-U. UNAM.F. the animals (weighing 200-240 g) were allocated randomly in two groups.

of the concentration-response curve to phenylephrine. On endothelium-denuded rings the extract caused a significant rightward shift of the concentration response curve to phenylephrine without any effect on maximal tension development.unam. the extract. Juárez-Oropeza MA. For each experiment. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. In the present study the effects of a raw ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on the vasomotor responses of aorta rings from sucrose-fed obese hypertensive rats were analyzed. RESULTS: On rings with endothelium.S. The extract had no effect on the concentrationresponse curve of phenylephrine-precontracted rings to carbachol. METHODS: The experiments were performed on aorta rings from sucrose-fed obese male rats. This altered vascular reactivity is prevented when Spirulina maxima is added to the fructose-rich diet. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that.Arch Med Res. in vitro. in rings from obese rats. the other without a functional endothelium) was used. Paredes-Carbajal MC. Mexico. Gov't
PMID: 16314186 [PubMed .
Mascher D.
Ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima alters the vasomotor reactivity of aortic rings from obese rats. mascher@servidor. a pair of rings from the same aorta (one with intact endothelium. the extract produced the following effects: a) a concentration-dependent (0. Non-U.37(1):50-7. c) a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrineprecontracted rings. Mexico City. Departamento de Fisiología. Torres-Durán PV. also inhibits the synthesis/release of a cyclooxygenase-dependent vasoconstrictor metabolite of arachidonic acid.mx BACKGROUND: Aortic rings with endothelium excised from fructose-fed obese rats develop more tension in response to phenylephrine and relax less in response to carbachol than corresponding rings from lean rats.06-1. In this study we analyzed. the effects of the ethanolic extract of Spirulina maxima on the reactivity of the aortic rings to phenylephrine and to carbachol. in addition to increasing the synthesis/release of NO. 2006 Jan.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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In Vitro Research Support. Zamora-González J. which is increased in obesity. Díaz-Zagoya JC.0 mg/mL) decrease of the contractile response to phenylephrine. b) a rightward shift and a decrease in maximal developed tension. These effects persisted in the presence of indomethacin but were prevented by L-NAME.

Glycolipid H-b2 was found to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Li DX. we examined the effects of phycocyanin isolated from S. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of S. platensis on postprandial triacylglycerolemia may be due in part to the inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity by glycolipid H-b2 and phycocyanin. the active component was isolated and designated 1'-O-(palmitonyl)-2'-O-(caprylonyl) glyceryl-beta-alpha-Dgalactopyranoside (glycolipid H-b2). 2006 Jan. Department of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences. platensis. we found that the aqueous extract of S. platensis on pancreatic lipase activity. Xiang L. To clarify the hypolipidemic effects of S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The fractions containing glycolipid H-b2 (250 mg/kg) reduced the elevation of rat plasma triacylglycerol levels after oral administration of the lipid emulsion 2 h after administration. Prefectural University of Kumamoto. Gong XJ. hanlikun@hotmail. platensis may inhibit the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. Phycocyanin inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore. Okuda H. Publication Types:
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PMID: 16394649 [PubMed .Yakugaku Zasshi.
[Isolation of pancreatic lipase activity-inhibitory component of spirulina platensis and it reduce postprandial triacylglycerolemia]
[Article in Japanese] Han LK. platensis (500 m/kg) reduced the elevation of rat plasma triacylglycerol levels after oral administration of the lipid emulsion 2 h after administration. Kondo Y. The aqueous extract of S. Suzuki I.com In the process of investigating the hypolipidemic effects of Spirulina platensis. Japan.126(1):43-9.

S. México DF. México. Gov't
PMID: 19298191 [PubMed . The results of the former studies strongly suggest that Spirulina induces a tone-related increase in the synthesis/release of nitric oxide by the endothelium as well as an increase in the synthesis/release of a vasodilating cyclooxygenase-dependent metabolite of arachidonic acid and/or a decrease in the synthesis/release of a vasoconstricting eicosanoid by the endothelium. ParedesCarbajal MC.
Juárez-Oropeza MA. and indirectly modifies the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol values.unam. Non-U. Farias JM.mx There are several reports suggesting that Spirulina (Arthrospira) may have a beneficial effect in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.12(1):15-20. 2009 Feb. Facultad de Medicina. We also review preliminary results on the effects of Spirulina intake on plasma lipids and blood pressure in humans. Publication Types:
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Effects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivity. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Mascher D. Departamento de Bioquímica. majo@servidor.in process]
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. especially triacylglycerols and low-density lipoproteincholesterol. Here we review the results of studies on the effects of dietary Spirulina on the vasomotor reactivity of aortic rings excised from either lean or obese Wistar rats. Spirulina maxima intake decreases blood pressure and plasma lipid concentrations.J Med Food. Torres-Durán PV. In humans.

garlic. Juan Badiano 1. National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez.6(4):237-52. El Hafidi M. antioxidant Omega-3-oils (fish oils) or Vegetal: for example Digitalis pupurea. (Opuntia Ficus. gbanos@yahoo. Non-U. Gov't Review
PMID: 18855636 [PubMed . garlic and avocado as well as antioxidants from the rest of its components. therefore the investigation of agents that may deal with its more serious aspects is an important medical field for research. a. Organic: Natural or Synthetic: Glycine is effective in lowering blood pressure. Pérez-Torres I. Tlalpan. TBARS. Pharmaceutical products: Fibrates.k. intra-abdominal fat tissue and triglycerides in sucrose-fed rats. Perezone (from Perezia plants.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. red wine which combines fish oils. Peonia) described as an antiplatelet aggregating agent.Indica Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd. Lipid-lowering drugs.
Medicinal agents in the metabolic syndrome. olive oil.
Baños G. Prickly Pear Cacti. México D. salads (peppers.com The metabolic syndrome (MS) has become a worldwide health problem.S. Zinc and Manganese as microcomponents of antioxidant enzymes. Department of Biochemistry. Antidiabetics. 2008 Oct.a. Copper. Anti-gout agents.Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem. among others. México. Selenium as antioxidant. The cardiovascular consequences associated with the syndrome and some of the therapeutic approaches are discussed. It is difficult for patients to follow a diet/exercise regime that would improve their symptoms. The different agents can be divided into several groups: Inorganic/ organic: Zinc complexes with garlic components as insulino-mimetics. Publication Types:
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Research Support. century-old cardiovascular medication as well as Magnolia officinalis. F. The mixed elements in the Mediterranean diet: Fish. Spirulina maxima with beneficial effects as antioxidant and lipid-lowering agent. 14080. On the other hand there are natural products such as those of animal origin: Sex hormones (also synthetic) used in the problems of menopause and hypoandrogenism frequently found in the MS. tomatoes).) Spreng) whose many properties against diabetes and hypercholesterolemia have been empirically known for many years.

Joint administration of soy isoflavones and PCB in appropriate doses might have considerable potential for prevention of hepatic fibrosis in atrisk subjects. an effect which explains the decreased risk for hepatic fibrosis enjoyed by premenopausal women and by postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy. Oasis of Hope Hospital. oxidant production by this enzyme complex plays a crucial role in stellate cell activation. PMID: 18789597 [PubMed . Since stellate cells have been found to express the beta but not the alpha isoform of the estrogen receptor. Alternatively.Hepatoprotective
Med Hypotheses. 2009 Mar.a selective agonist for ERbeta in the low nanomolar plasma concentrations achievable with these intakes . Mexico.
McCarty MF.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. a biliverdin homolog found in spirulina that has recently been shown to inhibit the NADPH oxidase activity of human cell cultures in low micromolar concentrations. resulting in their proliferation and transformation to myofibroblasts that secrete collagen. in both men and women. The antiproliferative impact of estrogen on stellate cells is mediated at least in part by suppression of NADPH oxidase activity. Barroso-Aranda J. it can be predicted that nutritional intakes of the soy isoflavone genistein . mccarty@pantox. Epub 2008 Sep 11.72(3):330-2. it may be feasible to inhibit NADPH oxidase with phycocyanobilin (PCB).com Hepatic fibrosis reflects hepatotoxin-mediated activation of hepatic stellate cells. Tijuana. Contreras F. This activation is suppressed by estrogen.have potential for suppressing hepatic fibrosis.
Genistein and phycocyanobilin may prevent hepatic fibrosis by suppressing proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells.

[Clinical and experimental study of spirulina efficacy in chronic diffuse liver diseases]
[Article in Ukrainian] Gorban' EM.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Panteleĭmonova TM. Kuprash LP. The results of examination of 60 patients presenting with chronic diffuse disorders of the liver and seventy experimental animals with toxic affection of the liver. membrane-stabilizing. Publication Types:
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PMID: 11455931 [PubMed . and immunocorrecting actions. In this way the employment of spirulina is believed to be pathogenetically validated in chronic diffuse liver conditions. suggest clinical-andlaboratory effectiveness of this drug.Lik Sprava. permitting stabilizing the process and preventing the transformation of chronic hepatitis into hepatocirrhosis. Sharabura LB. antioxidant.(6):89-93. Virstiuk NG. Orynchak MA. 2000 Sep. having been administered spirulina treatments. The hepatoprotective properties of spirulina are referrable to its antiinflammatory.

one or three hours prior to R-(+)-pulegone (250 mg/kg) or carbontetrachloride (0. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Intraperitoneal (i.S. Indian Institute of Science. Madyastha KM. For instance.) administration (200 mg/kg) of a single dose of phycocyanin to rats.
Hepatoprotective effect of C-phycocyanin: protection for carbon tetrachloride and R-(+)-pulegone-mediated hepatotoxicty in rats.
Vadiraja BB. Bangalore.6 ml/kg) challenge. The possible mechanism involved in the hepatoprotection is discussed.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't
PMID: 9712713 [PubMed . 1998 Aug 19.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Effect of C-phycocyanin (from Spirulina platensis) pretreatment on carbontetrachloride and R-(+)-pulegone-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was studied. The losses of microsomal cytochrome P450. glucose-6-phosphatase and aminopyrine-N-demethylase were significantly reduced.p. significantly reduced the hepatotoxicity caused by these chemicals. suggesting that phycocyanin provides protection to liver enzymes. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. 560 012. Gaikwad NW. the proximate toxin of R(+)-pulegone was nearly 70% more in the urine samples collected from rats treated with R-(+)-pulegone alone than rats treated with the combination of phycocyanin and R-(+)-pulegone. Department of Organic Chemistry. India. It was noticed that the level of menthofuran. serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) activity was almost equal to control values. Non-U.249(2):428-31.

2-AAF treatment resulted in upregulation of MDR1 expression and enhanced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mice were randomly assigned to four groups of six animals each. Department of Animal Sciences. PMID: 18034828 [PubMed . Results: 2-AAF induced liver tissue damage in albino mice.in process]
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. This study reveals the usefulness of C-PC in preventing oxidative stress and downregulation of MDR1 induced by xenobiotics like 2-AAF. C-PC inhibited the 2-AAF induced expression of MDR1 by interfering at the level of ROS generation. The first group was treated with the vehicle (absolute alcohol).Hepatol Res. Reddy GV. a biliprotein isolated from Spirulina platensis.
C-Phycocyanin ameliorates 2-acetylaminofluorene induced oxidative stress and MDR1 expression in the liver of albino mice. Epub 2007 Nov 21. the third group was treated with 2-AAF (25 mg/kg body weight) and the fourth group was treated with C-PC (50 mg/kg body weight) and 2-AAF. the second group was treated with C-PC (50 mg/kg body weight). Akt phosphorylation and NF-kappaB translocation. Aim: To study the effect of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC). It also induced phosphorylation of Akt and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. albino mice aged 40-60 days were used. Akt phosphorylation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. on 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) induced oxidative stress and MDR1 expression in the liver of albino mice. Hyderabad. Nishanth RP. Conclusion: 2-AAFinduced oxidative stress is reduced by C-PC treatment.38(5):511-20. School of Life Sciences. Co-administration of C-PC and 2AAF inhibited the expression of MDR1 by preventing ROS generation. Sreekanth D. Methods: In the present study. University of Hyderabad. Reddanna P. The mice were sacrificed and the tissues were collected and stored for histology and biochemical studies. 2008 May. daily for 3 days. India.
Roy KR.

Mexico. Gov't
PMID: 10197749 [PubMed . Blé-Castillo J. the increased liver cholesterol values.F. Mexico D. except for total cholesterol. Miranda-Zamora R.S. which showed a slight increase in the group receiving the oil extract of Spirulina.J Ethnopharmacol.64(2):141-7. Furthermore. Concentration of liver lipids did not differ in rats fed on a purified diet either without or with one of the fractions of Spirulina. after CCl4 treatment. Furthermore. Mascher D. induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal dose of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). in the rat.. The aim of the present work was to assess if the feeding of either the oil extract of Spirulina maxima or of its defatted fraction would prevent fatty liver development. Non-U. UNAM. Department of Biochemistry. Juárez-Oropeza MA. induced by CCl4 treatment.
Torres-Durán PV. liver total lipids and triacylglycerols were significantly lower in rats fed on a diet containing any fraction of Spirulina (defatted or the oil fraction) than in rats without Spirulina in their diet. Liver and serum lipids were evaluated 4 days after treatment with this agent. Paredes-Carbajal MC. after CCl4 treatment the values of the liver microsomal thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were lower in the whole Spirulina group than in the control group.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 1999 Feb. These results support the potential hepatoprotective role of Spirulina. were not observed in rats receiving Spirulina. Publication Types:
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Research Support. The changes in VLDL and LDL induced by CCl4 treatment were not observed in the whole Spirulina group. rats receiving whole Spirulina in their diet and treated only with the vehicle showed an increase in the percentage of HDL values. In addition. However. Díaz-Zagoya JC. School of Medicine.
Studies on the preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on fatty liver development induced by carbon tetrachloride.

Liver lipid concentration did not differ in rats fed on a purified diet with or without Spirulina. Departamento de Bioquímica.
Spirulina maxima prevents induction of fatty liver by carbon tetrachloride in the rat.Biochem Mol Biol Int.S. México. Publication Types:
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Research Support. induced by carbon tetrachloride treatment. Gov't
PMID: 9584992 [PubMed . after carbon tetrachloride treatment. Furthermore.. liver triacylglycerols were significantly lower in rats fed on a diet with Spirulina 5% than in rats without Spirulina in their diet (P < 0. the increased liver cholesterol values. Miranda-Zamora R. UNAM. Liver and serum lipids were quantified two or four days after treatment with this agent. Juárez-Oropeza MA. were not observed in rats that received Spirulina.F. However. Non-U. The aim of the present work was to assess the capacity of Spirulina maxima to prevent fatty liver development induced in rats by an intraperitoneal single dose (1 ml/kg) of carbon tetrachloride. These results support the potential hepatoprotective role of Spirulina. D.
Torres-Durán PV.05).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Mexico. Mascher D.44(4):787-93. 1998 Apr. Paredes-Carbajal MC. Díaz-Zagoya JC.

S. When Arthrospira maxima was given with diet two weeks prior the onset of fatty liver induction. The mechanism for this protective effect was not established in these experiments.
Blé-Castillo JL. An evident fatty liver. Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social. 1. they presented serum triacylglycerols levels five times higher than the control mice. Gov't
PMID: 12269393 [PubMed .
Arthrospira maxima prevents the acute fatty liver induced by the administration of simvastatin.Life Sci.70(22):2665-73. the administration of this algae. Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos. Díaz-Zagoya JC. there was a decrement of liver total lipids (40%). Hospital General de Zona No. Villahermosa. JuárezOropeza MA.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. corroborated morphologically and chemically. Tabasco. 2 and 1. produced a significant increase (45%) in serum high density lipoproteins. a hypercholesterolemic diet and 20 percent ethanol in the drinking water. total lipids. In addition to the mentioned protective effect. liver triacylglycerols (50%) and serum triacylglycerols (50%) compared to the animals with the same treatment but without Arthrospira maxima. After treating the animals. respectively. was produced in CD-1 mice after five daily doses of simvastatin 75 mg/Kg body weight. cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the liver were 2. Rodríguez-Hernández A. Miranda-Zamora R. Publication Types:
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Research Support. 2002 Apr 19. than in control animals.5 times higher. ethanol and a hypercholesterolemic diet to mice. Non-U.

Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 8515682 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. México.53(1):57-61. Cyanobacteria Spirulina maxima from Texcoco Lake in Mexico was administered as a 5% component of a purified diet.
Preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on the fatty liver induced by a fructose-rich diet in the rat.
González de Rivera C. a preliminary report. A preventive effect of Spirulina maxima on the fructose-induced increase of the liver triglycerides level was observed together with an elevation of the phospholipid concentration in this tissue. 1993.S. Miranda-Zamora R. Departamento de Bioquímica. to Wistar rats together with a high percentage of fructose (60%) and its effect on several lipid fractions of plasma and liver was studied and compared to those of rats fed purified diets containing 60% of glucose or 60% of fructose. D. UNAM. On the other hand Spirulina maxima produced a plasma cholesterol level even lower than that observed in the control group. Facultad de Medicina.Life Sci. Publication Types:
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Research Support.F. Díaz-Zagoya JC. JuárezOropeza MA.

Liver fibrosis was diagnosed by HE staining and relative contents of collagen (RCC) were estimated by Masson's trichrome staining. tzhwj@jnu. whereas activities of GPx and SOD were higher (P < 0. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that Se-SP have detectable antagonistic effects to liver fibrosis.in process]
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. METHODS: Parameters of routine liver function.edu. and suggested that enhancement of antioxidation level and liver reserve function might be associated with these effects.cn OBJECTIVE: Antagonistic effects of supplement of Se-rich Spirulina platensis (Se-SP) on hepatocirrhosis were investigated with the rat model of liver fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal injection 3% thioacetamide (TAA). China. The RCC in rats liver of Se-SP group were lower than those of the model groups. where the liver fibrosis were identified dominantly to degree I according to pathological diagnosis. Zheng W. RESULTS: Parameters of liver function in Se-SP group were most recovered in all protective groups. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 17424844 [PubMed . Ji'nan University.675) with MDA level.645) with activity of GPx while a negative correlation (r = 0. College of Life Science and Technology.
[Antagonistic effects of Se-rich Spirulina platensis on rat liver fibrosis]
[Article in Chinese] Huang Z.Guangzhou 510632. Moreover. Se content in rats serum had positive correlation (r = 0. contents of MDA and HA were lower.36(1):34-6.05) in rats serum of Se-SP group.Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. Compared with the model groups. content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rat serum were determined by colorimetry. 2007 Jan. Content of selenium (Se) was measured by DAN fluorometry method and hyaluronic acid (HA) was detected by radioimmunoassay.

University of Madras. whereas the tissue protein carbonyl concentration was decreased (P < 0.001). glutathione reductase (GR). Thus. Kalaiselvi P. Chennai-600 113. glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glucose 6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD).001) in the phycocyanin-pretreated group. AL Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences. and a pretreatment of phycocyanin (100 mg/kg) as a single oral dosage was given to one of these groups by 1 h prior to sodium oxalate infusion challenges.
Salubrious effect of C-phycocyanin against oxalate-mediated renal cell injury.S. RESULTS: The increased concentrations of MDA. vitamins E and C) and protein carbonyl content. Dr. was investigated for its efficacy on sodium oxalate-induced nephrotoxicity in experimentally induced urolithic rats. Varalakshmi P. The study also encompasses an untreated control group and a phycocyanin-alone treated drug control group. the low molecular weight antioxidants were appreciably increased (P < 0. The following assay was performed in the renal tissue (a) antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase.Clin Chim Acta. Gov't
PMID: 15369755 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE] Renal Protective
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. The extent of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was evaluated in terms of renal concentrations of MDA. Non-U. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. conjugated diene and hydroperoxides. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. India. BACKGROUND: C-phycocyanin. Hyperoxaluria was induced in two of these groups by intraperitoneal infusion of sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg). suggesting that phycocyanin provides protection to renal cell antioxidants. conjugated diene and hydroperoxide (index of the lipid peroxidation) were controlled (P < 0. At the outset. Taramani.001). Asokan D. (c) the low molecular weight antioxidants (GSH. 2004 Oct. Department of Medical Biochemistry. as well as low molecular weight antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes in renal cells.348(1-2):199-205.
Farooq SM. a biliprotein pigment found in some blue green algae (Spirulina platensis) with nutritional and medicinal properties. Sakthivel R. the present analysis reveals that the antioxidant nature of Cphycocyanin protects the renal cell against oxalate-induced injury and may be a nephroprotective agent. It was noticed that the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione metabolizing enzymes were considerably stabilized in rats pretreated with phycocyanin. CONCLUSION: We suggest that phycocyanin protects the integrity of the renal cell by stabilizing the free radical mediated LPO and protein carbonyl. (b) glutathione metabolizing enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx).

University of Madras.001) and lipid peroxidation (P < 0. 1h prior to sodium oxalate infusion. This accounts for the prevention of CaOx stones. a known antioxidant. ALM Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences. Chennai 600113. the present analysis revealed the antioxidant and antiurolithic potential of phycocyanin thereby projecting it as a promising therapeutic agent against renal cell injury associated kidney stone formation. Renal tubular damage as divulged by urinary marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase. against calcium oxalate urolithiasis. 2004 Aug 10. Thus. Taramani. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Department of Medical Biochemistry. thereby preventing the lipid peroxidation mediated tissue damage and oxalate entry. Gov't
PMID: 15294440 [PubMed . indicated that renal damage was minimised in drug-pretreated group. India. An untreated control and drug control (phycocyanin alone) were also included in the study. acid phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase) and histopathological observations such as decreased tubulointerstitial. Sakthivel R. Dr.Chem Biol Interact.149(1):1-7.S. Asokan D. Non-U. tubular dilatation and mononuclear inflammatory cells. The antiurolithic nature of the drug was evaluated by the assessment of urinary risk factors and light microscopic observation of urinary crystals. An in vivo model was used to investigate the effect of phycocyanin (from Spirulina platensis).001) in kidney tissue were significantly controlled by drug pretreatment. Hyperoxaluria was induced in two of these groups by intraperitoneal infusion of sodium oxalate (70 mg/kg) and a pretreatment of phycocyanin (100 mg/kg) as a single oral dosage was given. We observed that phycocyanin significantly controlled the early biochemical changes in calcium oxalate stone formation.
Farooq SM. Publication Types:
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Research Support. suggesting the ability of phycocyanin to quench the free radicals.
Prophylactic role of phycocyanin: a study of oxalate mediated renal cell injury. Oxalate induced renal calculi formation and the associated renal injury is thought to be caused by free radical mediated mechanisms.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Kalaiselvi P. Varalakshmi P. Oxalate levels (P < 0.

Kumar A.wt. 15 and 30 days after treatment and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). 2007 Jun. 3. Non-U. including man.9% NaCl) was administered as i. mkshrma@hotmail. belongs to family--Oscillatoriaceae) has been investigated as a possible modifier of mercury induced renal damages in Swiss albino mice. Department of Zoology. (iii) Spirulina treated group--800 mg/kg b.0 mg/kg b. Gov't
PMID: 17215067 [PubMed . Kumar M. India. In combined treatment of Spirulina with HgCl(2). Spirulina pre. A dose-dependent mortality was also observed following administration of different doses of HgCl(2).45(6):879-87. The results indicated that there was a time-dependent significant enhancement in MDA content and ACP activity and decrease in LDH and ALP activity observed after HgCl(2) treatment.
Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina fusiformis against mercury induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. In the present study Spirulina fusiformis (a cyanobacterium. In most animals' species. University of Rajasthan.wt. fusiformis was administered 10 days before mercuric chloride administration and continued upto 30 days after mercuric chloride administration (5. 7. proximal and distal tubules. Epub 2006 Nov 23. Publication Types:
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Research Support.S. (ii) HgCl(2) treated group--5. a significant decrease in MDA content and ACP activity and elevation in LDH and ALP activity was observed as compared to HgCl(2) treated group.p. Thus. (iv) Combination group--S. the kidney is the main site of deposition of inorganic mercury and target organ for its toxicity. (i) Control group--only vehicle (0.
Sharma MK.Food Chem Toxicol.).wt. lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and MDA (malondialdehyde) level were measured in kidney homogenates. acid phosphatase (ACP). HgCl(2) was administered as i.and post-treatment with mercury also significantly reduces pathological alterations in kidney.com The toxicity of mercury to animals and man is well established and this depends greatly on the form of the mercury compounds.p. the results from the present study suggest that S. Mercury intoxication also induces pathological alterations in the kidney such as degeneration of glomerulus. The animals were autopsied on 1. Sharma A. Jaipur 302004.0 mg/kg b. Spirulina extract was administered orally.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. fusiformis can significantly modify the renal damages against mercuric chloride induced toxicity. Animals were divided into four groups.

Gov't
PMID: 16858688 [PubMed .
Khan M. Copyright 2006 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.w. Cyclosporine (CsA) causes a dose-related decrease in renal function in experimental animals and humans. There was a significant increase in plasma and kidney tissue MDA with CsA.S.J Appl Toxicol.w. It was previously shown that Spirulina. Hyderabad 500 082. However. Punjagutta. urinary Nacetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (beta-NAG) and a decrease in creatinine and lithium clearance. creatinine. Prayag A. and the kidney morphology was comparable to that of the control. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Shobha JC. Spirulina prevented the rise in plasma and kidney tissue MDA. Non-U. Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences. Histopathology of the kidney from CsA-treated rats showed severe isometric vacuolization and widening of the interstitium.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. pretreatment with Spirulina prevented such changes. Mohan IK. Pretreatment with Spirulina protected the rats from CsAinduced nephrotoxicity. a blue-green algae.). Kutala VK. Rats treated with CsA showed nephrotoxicity as evidenced from a significant elevation in plasma urea. The present study investigated the nephroprotective role of Spirulina against CsA-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. 2006 Sep-Oct. Spirulina treatment did not alter the blood CsA levels. Rao Naidu MU.
Spirulina attenuates cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. Spirulina (500 mg kg(-1) b.26(5):444-51.) was administered orally for 3 days before and 14 days concurrently with CsA (50 mg kg-1 b. These results suggest that Spirulina has a protective effect against nephrotoxicity induced by CsA. This study further supports the crucial role of the antioxidant nature of Spirulina in protecting against CsA-induced oxidative stress. The CsA-induced rise in plasma urea and creatinine and the decrease in creatinine and lithium clearance were attenuated by Spirulina. with antioxidant properties effectively attenuated the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. India. Publication Types:
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Research Support.

Kuhad A. and by enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. India.) was administered 2 days before and until 3 days after cisplatin challenge (5 mg/kg(-1) i. and enhanced reduced glutathione levels. blue-green algae. A single dose of cisplatin produced marked renal oxidative and nitrosative stress and significantly deranged renal functions. and serum nitrite levels.1000. Pharmacology Division. Spirulina fusiformis (500.o.Ren Fail. Tirkey N. blood urea nitrogen. Pilkhwal S. Chandigarh. Renal injury was assessed by measuring serum creatinine. Recent evidences have implicated oxidative and nitrosative stress in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate the pivotal role of reactive oxygen species and their relation to renal dysfunction and point to the therapeutic potential of Spirulina fusiformis in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. sometimes requiring a reduction in dose or discontinuation of treatment. superoxide dismutase. Dose-dependent and cumulative nephrotoxicity is the major toxicity of this compound. is claimed to be a potential antioxidant.28(3):247-54. reduced lipid peroxidation. Cisplatin is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of a wide array of both pediatric and adult malignancies. creatinine and urea clearance.p. and catalase activities. University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences. reduced glutathione levels. The present study was designed to explore the renoprotective potential of Spirulina fusiformis against cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction. Chronic Spirulina fusiformis treatment significantly and dose-dependently restored renal functions.1500 mg/kg(-1) p. Panjab University. Chopra K.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 2006.). PMID: 16703798 [PubMed .
Renoprotective effect of Spirulina fusiformis on cisplatin-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in rats. Renal oxidative stress was determined by renal TBARS levels. Spirulina fusiformis.

Pretreatment with Spirulina protected the rats from CP-induced nephrotoxicity. Naidu MU. blue-green alga with antioxidant properties. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 6 days after the CP treatment. Hyderabad. intraperitoneally). Spirulina (1. Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences. Kuppusamy P. CONCLUSIONS: In summary. India. METHODS: Rats were treated with CP (6 mg/kg bw. Publication Types:
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Research Support. RESULTS: Rats treated with CP showed marked nephrotoxicity as evidenced from the significant elevation in plasma urea. 2006 Dec. N. Spirulina significantly protected the CP-induced nephrotoxicity through its antioxidant properties. Epub 2006 Mar 22..H. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Spirulina. in the protection of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat. 500 082. Superoxide dismutase. creatinine. catalase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased in kidney tissue. Khan M. Histological assessment revealed marked proximal tubular necrosis and extensive epithelial vacuolization in the kidney of CP-treated rats. urinary N-acetyl-(D-glucoseaminidase) (beta-NAG) and histopathology of kidney. PURPOSE: Cisplatin (CP)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with the increased generation of reactive oxygen metabolites and lipid peroxidation in kidney. creatinine.000 mg/kg) was administered orally for 8 days and CP treatment was given on day 4. single dose.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. In vitro studies using human ovarian cancer cells revealed that Spirulina did not interfere with the cytotoxic effects of CP on tumor cells. Prayag A.
Mohan IK. Extramural
PMID: 16552571 [PubMed . by measuring plasma urea. creatinine and urinary beta-NAG. urinary beta-NAG. The rise in plasma urea.I.
Protection against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by Spirulina in rats. plasma and kidney tissue MDA and histomorphological changes were significantly attenuated by Spirulina.Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Shobha JC. Kutala VK.58(6):802-8. caused by the decreased levels of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes. Nephrotoxicity was assessed.

Plasma nitrite concentration was determined by colorimetric method using Griess reaction.). Control group received 0. Gentamicin group was treated intraperitoneally with gentamicin. Faculty of Medicine. weighing approximately 250 g. Plasma nitrite concentration and the level of kidney damage were significantly higher in gentamicin group in comparison both to the control and gentamicin+spirulina group. The present study was carried out to evaluate the renoprotective antioxidant effect of Spirulina platensis on gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis in rats. PMID: 19125703 [PubMed . Cosović E. Rats were randomly assigned to three equal groups. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring plasma nitrite concentration. the results from present study suggest that Spirulina platensis has renoprotective potential in gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis possibly due to its antioxidant properties. University of Sarajevo. Albino-Wistar rats. Gentamicin+spirulina group received Spirulina platensis 1000 mg/kg orally 2 days before and 7 days concurrently with gentamicin (80 mg/kg i. 2008 Nov. Nakas-Ićindić E. were used for this study. Thus. (9male and 9 female). Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry.9 % sodium chloride intraperitoneally for 7 days at the same volume as gentamicin group.8(4):331-6. stabile metabolic product of nitric oxide with oxygen. Mornjaković Z.Bosn J Basic Med Sci. Hadzović-Dzuvo A. Sarajevo. For histological analysis kidney specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Spirulina platensis protects against renal injury in rats with gentamicin-induced acute tubular necrosis.
Avdagić N. Zaciragić A. Spirulina platensis significantly lowered the plasma nitrite level and attenuated histomorphological changes related to renal injury caused by gentamicin. 80 mg/kg daily for 7 days.p. Bosnia and Herzegovina.

lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and glutathione levels after the iron induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Avenida de la Complutense s/n. PMID: 18572379 [PubMed . Iron is one of the most important agents that produce oxidative stress and decline of neuronal functions. S. platensis protean extract is a powerful antioxidant through a mechanism related to antioxidant activity. platensis may be useful in diseases known to be aggravated by reactive oxygen species and in the development of novel treatments for neurodegenerative disorders as long as iron has been implicated in the neuropathology of several neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson diseases. Piñero-Estrada E. Spain. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Farmacia.Neuroprotective
Toxicol In Vitro.
Neuroprotection by Spirulina platensis protean extract and phycocyanin against iron-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. platensis protean extract and phycocyanin exert the antioxidant activity by protecting the activity of the cellular antioxidant enzymes total GPx. Epub 2008 May 20.
Bermejo-Bescós P. 2008 Sep. S. on the activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD. Departamento de Farmacología.ucm. and GR. capable of interfering with radicalmediated cell death. GPx-Se and GR and by increasing reduced glutathione in cells against oxidative stress induced by iron. Villar del Fresno AM. GPx.es We investigated the effect of Spirulina platensis protean extract and the biliprotein phycocyanin isolated from this microalga.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. These results suggested that S. CAT. Madrid. bescos@farm.22(6):1496-502.

At 1 week. Diets enriched in foods with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions may modulate this neuroinflammation. The model of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injected into the dorsal striatum of normal rats.. causes a progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the ventral mesencephalon.S. In this study. Gov't Research Support. U.umu.H. Bickford PC. Vila J. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. Gemma C. One week after the dopamine lesion. ingrid. a similar size of dopamine degeneration was found in the striatum and in the globus pallidus in all lesioned animals. These OX-6-positive cells were located within the area of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) -negativity.
PMID: 16176814 [PubMed .stromberg@histocel. Non-P. Extramural Research Support. At 1 month after the lesion. we have investigated the inflammatory response following 6-OHDA injected into the striatum of adult rats treated with diet enriched in blueberry or spirulina. Sweden. Umeå University. Epub 2005 Sep 19.
Strömberg I.H. 2005 Dec.(MHC class II) positive microglia was found in animals fed with blueberry. In conclusion.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.se Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in loss of dopamine neurons during brain injury and in neurodegenerative diseases.196(2):298-307.S. N. enhanced striatal dopamine recovery appeared in animals treated with diet enriched in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and coincided with an early.Exp Neurol.I.
Blueberry.S.and spirulina-enriched diets enhance striatal dopamine recovery and induce a rapid. Department of Integrative Medical Biology. Non-U. transient increase in OX-6-positive microglia. Dopamine recovery as revealed by THimmunohistochemistry was significantly enhanced at 4 weeks postlesion in the striatum while in the globus pallidus the density of TH-positive nerve fibers was not different from control-fed lesioned animals.and spirulina-enriched diets in both the striatum and the globus pallidus. Gov't. a significant increase in OX-6. S 901 87 Umeå. transient microglia activation after injury of the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system. the number of OX-6-positive cells was reduced in diet-treated animals while a significant increase beyond that observed at 1 week was now present in lesioned control animals.

spinach. Animals treated with blueberry. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. Animals were sacrificed and brains were removed for caspase-3 enzymatic assays and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 8 and 48 h after the onset of reperfusion. Gov't. spinach. U.193(1):75-84. Research Support.S. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with equal amounts of diets (blueberry. Deng X. or spirulina had significantly lower caspase-3 activity in the ischemic hemisphere. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with diets enriched with blueberry. our data suggest that chronic treatment with blueberry. Chen HL. National Institute on Drug Abuse. spinach. Chou J. Intramural Research Program. spinach.
Dietary supplementation with blueberries. and electrolyte levels among all groups. or spirulina reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and cerebral infarction. Cadet JL. P. spinach.H. all animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Non-P. The purpose of this study was to determine if these diets have neuroprotective effects in focal ischemic brain.
PMID: 15817266 [PubMed . USA. A subgroup of animals was used for locomotor behavior and biochemical assays. The right middle cerebral artery was ligated with a 10-O suture for 60 min.S. Harvey BK. Baltimore.S. There was no difference in blood biochemistry.
Wang Y. such as ischemia and aging. U.H.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. or spirulina have been shown to reduce neurodegenerative changes in aged animals. Free radicals are involved in neurodegenerative disorders. and spirulina) or with control diet. In conclusion. blood CO2. or spirulina enriched diets had a significant reduction in the volume of infarction in the cerebral cortex and an increase in post-stroke locomotor activity. suggesting that the protection was not indirectly mediated through the changes in physiological functions. Gov't. or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. spinach.Exp Neurol. Chang CF.S. MD 21224. After 4 weeks of feeding. We found that animals which received blueberry. The ligature was later removed to allow reperfusional injury. 2005 May. Bickford PC.

Holmes DB.
James A. indicating that the reversal of beta-adrenergic receptor function decreases might be related to the ORAC dose. Mesches MH. Aged male Fischer 344 rats were given apple (5 mg dry weight). Spirulina reversed this effect. Choo K. and cucumber (low ORAC) had no effect. The mRNA of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and TNFbeta was also examined. Haley Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Apple and spirulina but not cucumber decreased MDA levels in the aged rats.
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.
Antioxidants and diets supplemented with foods high in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) reverse age-related decreases in cerebellar betaadrenergic receptor function. Florida 33612. Electrophysiologic techniques revealed a significant decrease in beta-adrenergic receptor function in aged control rats. Tampa. whereas cucumber had no effect. Bickford PC. Sepesi B.Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Apple (a food with intermediate ORAC) had an intermediate effect on cerebellar beta-adrenergic receptor physiology.5 ml water by oral gavage or supplied in the rat chow daily for 14 d. and these diets reduce proinflammatory cytokine levels. RNase protection assays revealed increased levels of these cytokines in the aged cerebellum. the improved beta-adrenergic receptor function in aged rats induced by diets rich in antioxidants is related to the ORAC dose. spirulina (5 mg). We examined whether this effect was related to the antioxidant capacity of the food supplement and whether an antioxidant-rich diet reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the cerebellum. • • • • • •
Gemma C. In summary. or cucumber (5 mg) either in 0. suggesting that one mechanism by which these diets work is by modulation of an age-related increase in inflammatory responses. USA. Spirulina and apple significantly downregulated this agerelated increase in proinflammatory cytokines.

Spirulina is an alga that has a high nutritional value and some of its biological activities are attributed to the presence of antioxidants.6tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity. i. Apartado Postal 314. This study aims at evaluating the neuroprotective role of Spirulina maxima (Sp. Non-U. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Publication Types:
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Research Support. D. the striatal dopamine (DA) content was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. and lipid peroxidation was studied as an index of oxidative stress. oral). Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica.
Spirulina maxima pretreatment partially protects against 1-methyl4-phenyl-1. 100. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. for 8 additional days.9(5-6):207-12..S.3. C.p. Spirulina partially prevents MPTP neurotoxicity and oxidative stress.). 150 or 200 mg/kg.2. Gov't
PMID: 17263087 [PubMed . suggesting it could be a possible alternative in experimental therapy.2. 2006 Oct-Dec.Nutr Neurosci.) against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1. Oxidative stress is involved in Parkinson's disease. Mares-Sámano JJ. Pérez-Albiter M.P. intraperitoneal. Rojas P. used as a model of Parkinson's disease. Serrano-García N. After the treatment. Animals were given Sp. Ninety-six male C-57 black mice were pretreated with Spirulina for 14 days (25.F.6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. 11520 México. pretreatment at 150 mg/kg partially prevented (51%) the DA-depleting effect of MPTP and blocked oxidative stress. Sp. followed by three MPTP administrations (30 mg/kg. México.3.
Chamorro G.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 50.

8 microg/l) in spirulina extract plus zinc-treated group. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.3 microg/l in placebo group. METHODS: Forty-one patients of chronic arsenic poisoning were randomly treated orally by either placebo (17 patients) or spirulina extract (250 mg) plus zinc (2 mg) (24 patients) twice daily for 16 weeks.4 +/. Each patient was supplied with arsenic-safe drinking water by installing a locally made water filter at household level. 2006. Department of Pharmacology.7 +/.05). there were significant reduction of both arsenic intake through water and urinary arsenic excretion (8. 9. CONCLUSIONS: Results show that spirulina extract (250 mg) plus zinc (2 mg) twice daily for 16 weeks may be useful for the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning with melanosis and keratosis.1 microg/l in spirulina plus zinc-treated group).
Misbahuddin M.5. RESULTS: The concentrations of total arsenic in water (without filtration) of placebo.6 microg/l and 18. Anjumanara.44(2):135-41. India.net
BACKGROUND: Millions of people in Bangladesh. and thousands of them have already developed chronic arsenic poisoning.1 +/. respectively. Intake of these high concentrations of arsenic lead to increased excretion of arsenic in urine (72. The clinical scores (median) for melanosis before and after treatment with placebo was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).01).4 +/. Taiwan. Bangladesh. Islam N. the clinical scores for keratosis before and after treatment was statistically significant (p < 0. arsenic contents in urine and hair.14.3 and 161. Dhaka.and spirulina extract plus zinc-treated groups were 150.4 microg/l and 21.1 +/.3.Heavy Metal Removal
Clin Toxicol (Phila). whereas in spirulina extract plus zinc-treated group it was statistically significant (p < 0. Some authors suggest the use of vitamins and minerals for more than 6 months.5. Ifthaker-Al-Mahmud. between the placebo.23.6 +/.6 microg/l) at 4 weeks following spirulina plus zinc administration and the effect was continued for another 2 weeks. In spirulina extract plus zinc-treated group.05) in placebo-treated group.43. After 2 weeks of using filtered water.1% arsenic from scalp hair. the median clinical scores before and after treatment was not statistically significant (p > 0. The present placebo-controlled double-blind study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of spirulina extract plus zinc in the treatment of chronic arsenic poisoning. mmisbah@aitlbd.and spirulina extract plus zinctreated groups. There is no specific treatment.7 +/.3 +/. Effectiveness of spirulina extract plus zinc was evaluated by comparing changes in skin manifestations (clinical scores).19.7.
Efficacy of spirulina extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo-controlled study.5 microg/l in placebo-treated group and 78. Islam AZ. and Chile are consuming high concentration of arsenic through drinking water.
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. Spirulina extract had no major adverse effect that required physician's attention.9 microg/l. There was a sharp increase in urinary excretion of arsenic (138 +/. Khandker S. In cases of keratosis.18. Spirulina extract plus zinc removed 47.

PMID: 12722134 [PubMed . heart. simultaneous administration of Spirulina to lead exposed animals significantly (p < 0. In the liver. M S University of Baroda.
Upasani CD. heart and kidney of lead-exposed animals. lung. there was a significant (p < 0. 2003 Apr. Baroda-390 001. Further more. Copyright 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
Protective effect of Spirulina on lead induced deleterious changes in the lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in rats. Levels of elemental lead were also measured in the organs of rats in all experimental groups. Pharmacy Department. India.Phytother Res. thereby protecting the organs from damage caused by the exposure to lead. Although. To conclude. Spirulina had a significant effect on scavenging free radicals.05) decrease in the deposition of lead in the brain. Kalabhavan. Faculty of Technology and Engineering. Spirulina did not affect the deposition of lead in organs apart from the brain. The present study aims to investigate the protective effect of Spirulina on leadinduced changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants in liver.001) increase in the lipid peroxidation and a decrease in the levels of endogenous antioxidants.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. kidney and brain of rats.001) inhibited lipid peroxidation and restored the levels of endogenous antioxidants to normal. Spirulina showed a significant (p < 0. Balaraman R. lung. Ltd.17(4):330-4.

This study showed that the accumulation of arsenic in isolated liver tissue was time dependent and highest accumulation found was 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. respectively. alcohol extraction residues.14(2):191-5. 45 minutes) was seen.8%. DCM extraction residues were 33.7%. alcohol extraction residues. In conclusion the present study suggests that the active compound(s) of spirulina is present mostly in its hexane extract.2%.4%.4% and 89. DCM extract. Department of Pharmacology. 2005 Jul.83. DCM extract or in their residues. Misbahuddin M.4. Among the different extracts and residues of spirulina the hexane extract causes highly significant (p<0. Mymensingh. hexane extraction residues. hexane extract.alcohol extract.Mymensingh Med J. The present study was conducted to investigate whether the active compound(s) of spirulina is present in its -. In phase II arsenicloaded liver tissues were incubated in presence and absence of alcohol extract. Mamun IR.69 microg/g tissues after 45 minutes incubation. Khatun R. 10.7. which was highly significant.9%. The percentage removal of arsenic from liver tissues by different extracts and residues of spirulina was estimated by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. MMC. DCM extract and DCM extraction residues of spirulina respectively.2%. In phase I the accumulation of arsenic in isolated liver tissues of rat at different incubation period (15. 30.0%. hexane extract.
Saha SK.
Effect of hexane extract of spirulina in the removal of arsenic from isolated liver tissues of rat.001) removal. hexane extract.10.3% and 2. The percentage removal of arsenic from arsenic loaded liver tissues by alcohol extract. The percentage removal of arsenic by hexane extract at the concentration of 1. 29. respectively. Publication Types:
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In Vitro
PMID: 16056210 [PubMed . hexane extraction residues. 100 microg were 13. In phase III arsenicloaded liver tissues were incubated in presence and absence of different concentration of hexane extract of spirulina and the percentage removal of arsenic from liver tissues was estimated.

These results indicate that Spirulina decreases the number of mast cells induced by lead in the cortex and medulla of rat ovary. University of Yüzüncü Yil. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 65080.com The present study investigated the protective effect of Spirulina against the leadinduced increase in mast cells in the ovary during the oestrous cycle of rats. In the ovary cortex and medulla of lead-exposed animals. Kampüs.
Effects of spirulina on the number of ovary mast cells in leadinduced toxicity in rats. Van. The number of mast cells when Spirulina (300 mg/kg) was used alone was not significantly different from that of the control group. however.
Karaca T. a decrease was observed. Department of Histology and Embryology. turankaraca74@hotmail. Simşek N. 2007 Jan.21(1):44-6. Turkey. PMID: 17078112 [PubMed . when also treated with Spirulina.Phytother Res. there was a significant increase in the number of mast cells.

and reticulocytes were counted by stereological method. and Spirulina+cadmium (Sp+Cd). 2009 May 30. Turkey. platensis in the treated groups.J Hazard Mater. lead (Pb). platensis supplementation may be useful in adjuvant treatment of leukemia and anemia caused by lead and cadmium toxication. WBC. On the other hand. Spirulina+lead (Sp+Pb). these values were ceased by S. and ANAE positive T lymphocyte. PMID: 18976856 [PubMed . Karadeniz A.
Simsek N.
Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia. Keles ON. packed cell volume (PCV). The counts of RBC. University of Atatürk. Population of T lymphocyte was counted by the alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining method.and leucopeniainduced lead and cadmium in rats. Kalkan Y.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. and the values of Hb. cadmium (Cd). and haemoglobine (Hb) concentrations were determined by haemocytometric methods in blood samples collected on 30th day. the number of reticulocytes (polychromatofilic erythrocyte) increased in the Pb groups. Epub 2008 Sep 20. and MCHC were decreased in the Pb and Cd groups compared to control group. whereas it decreased in the Cd group.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. the effect of Spirulina platensis (Sp) was undertaken on rats fed with lead and cadmium including diet by using physiological. PCV. In the present investigation. 50 rats were equally divided into five groups as control (C). Red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts.164(2-3):1304-9. These results suggest that S. Erzurum. Department of Histology and Embryology. For this aim. Unal B. Also. enzymehistochemical and stereological methods.

Faculty of Veterinary.72(1):231-5. Non-U. S. At the end of the 1-month experimental period. University of Atatürk. Ilica. ginseng might play a role in reducing the toxic effect of cadmium and its antioxidant properties seem to mediate such a protective effect. The protective effect of Spirulina platensis and Panax ginseng on cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity was evaluated in adult female Wistar albino rats.com Cadmium is an environmental and industrial cumulative pollutant that affects many organs. reduced glutathione (GSH). Turkey. specially the liver. platensis and P. ginseng treatments showed marked decrease lipid peroxidation and increase of the endogenous antioxidants levels.
Karadeniz A. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) levels. Department of Physiology. These results suggest that S. all animals were fasted for 12h and liver samples were taken for the determination of malondialdehyde (MDA). Publication Types:
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Research Support. The cadmium-induced histopathological changes were also minimized with the tested extracts.S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Epub 2008 Apr 18. Simsek N. Gov't
PMID: 18395256 [PubMed . Erzurum. 2009 Jan. platensis and P.
The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. karadenizali@gmail.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. Cemek M.

Allergies
J Med Food. To our knowledge. administered at 2. California. 2005 Spring. Davis. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 15857205 [PubMed .8(1):27-30.
Mao TK. and IL-2] critical in regulating immunoglobulin E-mediated allergy. Van de Water J. for 12 weeks. PBMCs isolated before and after the Spirulina feeding were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) prior to determining the levels of cytokine from cell culture supernatants. in part.. we evaluated the impact of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement (Earthrise Nutritionals. Irvine. School of Medicine. University of California at Davis.000 mg. as well as ameliorating a variety of diseases. Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Although Spirulina seemed to be ineffective at modulating the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma and IL-2).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. These results indicate that Spirulina can modulate the Th profile in patients with allergic rhinitis by suppressing the differentiation of Th2 cells mediated. we discovered that Spirulina. Gershwin ME. interferon (IFN)-gamma. at 1. significantly reduced IL-4 levels by 32% from PHA-stimulated cells. this is the first human feeding study that demonstrates the protective effects of Spirulina towards allergic rhinitis. We have previously shown that the in vitro culture of Spirulina with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) modulated the production of cytokines.
Effects of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients. CA) on patients with allergic rhinitis by assessing the production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4. Spirulina represents a blue-green alga that is widely produced and commercialized as a dietary supplement for modulating immune functions.000 mg or 2. by inhibiting the production of IL-4. Inc. In a randomized double-blinded crossover study versus placebo.000 mg/day. In the present study. allergic individuals were fed daily with either placebo or Spirulina. USA.

cemal@cemalcingi.001***) including nasal discharge. Spirulina represents a blue-green alga that is produced and commercialized as a dietary supplement for modulating immune functions. tinospora cordifolia and butterbur were investigated recently on allergic rhinitis in just very few investigations. Bal C. as well as ameliorating a variety of diseases.Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. So there is a need for an alternative strategy. Spirulina is clinically effective on allergic rhinitis when compared with placebo.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 18343939 [PubMed . 2008 Oct. sneezing. Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty. placebo controlled study. It affects the quality life of a large group of people in all around the world. Effects of spirulina. This double blind. Further studies should be performed in order to clarify the mechanism of this effect. The need of continuous medical therapy makes individuals anxious about the side effects of the drugs. evaluated the effectiveness and tolerability of spirulina for treating patients with allergic rhinitis. Cakli H.
Cingi C. nasal congestion and itching. Turkey.265(10):1219-23. Epub 2008 Mar 15. Department of of ENT. Spirulina consumption significantly improved the symptoms and physical findings compared with placebo (P < 0. Conk-Dalay M. Eskisehir. Allergic rhinitis still remains inadequately controlled with present medical means.com The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is increasing globally due to various causes.
The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis.

also reported a positive role for spirulina in mucosal immunity. placebo. One was a double-blind. The other two studies. pkarkos@aol. biloba and dimenhydrinate. Three studies on the effects of spirulina in allergy. Regarding the use of Vertigoheel in vertigo. and larger randomised trials are required.com OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence surrounding the use of certain complementary supplements in otolaryngology. Inclusion criteria: in vivo human studies. 2007 Aug. Vertigoheel and nutritional supplements (cod liver oil. Papouliakos SM. RESULTS: Lack of common outcome measures prevented a formal meta-analysis. CONCLUSION: The positive effects of spirulina in allergic rhinitis and of Vertigoheel in vertigo are based on good levels of evidence. Apostolidou MT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the English and foreign language literature. two double-blind RCTs and a meta-analysis were identified. G. University Hospital Aintree. controlled trial (RCT) of patients with allergic rhinitis. The one double-blind. Regarding multivitamins and sinusitis.J Laryngol Otol. There is overwhelming evidence that G. but larger trials are required. biloba may play no role in tinnitus. Epub 2006 Nov 24
'Complementary ENT': a systematic review of commonly used supplements. Regarding bromelain (pineapple enzyme) and sinusitis. Ginkgo biloba. Publication Types: PMID: 17125579 [PubMed . randomised. UK. two small paediatric pilot studies reported a positive response for chronic sinusitis and otitis media following a course of multivitamins and cod liver oil. one randomised.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.121(8):779-82. rhinitis and immunomodulation were found. Arya AK. a Cochrane review published in 2004 showed no evidence for this.
Department of Otolaryngology. duration and frequency of vertigo compared with betahistine. Exclusion criteria: animal trials. There is limited evidence for the use of multivitamins in sinus symptoms. Issing WJ. Regarding the use of Ginkgo biloba in tinnitus. Liverpool. The first RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was equally effective in reducing the severity. multicentre trial including 116 children compared bromelain monotherapy to bromelain with standard therapy and standard therapy alone. although non-randomised.
Karkos PD. demonstrating positive effects in patients fed spirulina for 12 weeks. acupuncture and other homeopathic remedies. The second RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was a suitable alternative to G. for the treatment of acute sinusitis. We also excluded other forms of 'alternative medicine' such as reflexology. placebo-controlled trial that followed confirmed this finding. We specifically focussed on four commonly used supplements: spirulina. The bromelain monotherapy group showed a faster recovery compared with the other groups. in vitro studies and case reports. Leong SC. A meta-analysis of only four clinical trials confirms that Vertigoheel was equally effective compared with betahistine. biloba in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related vertigo. multivitamins and pineapple enzyme).

Thus far. and adverse events is needed. the biological mechanisms and adverse effects are even less well understood. Department of Otolaryngology. including spirulina.
Man LX.Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 Mar 2.as supplied by publisher]
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. complementary and alternative therapies have not been integrated into the general treatment armamentarium of allergic rhinitis. SUMMARY: Several studies report beneficial effects of certain alternative treatments for allergic rhinitis. A few therapies. USA. [Epub ahead of print]
Complementary and alternative medicine for allergic rhinitis. double-blind. RECENT FINDINGS: There are a myriad of modalities for treating allergic rhinitis. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Additional insight into the mechanisms of action. This article reviews the recent literature regarding complementary and alternative therapies for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Otolaryngologists and other physicians who diagnose and treat allergic rhinitis encounter patients who use complementary medicine and alternative remedies. Pennsylvania. short-term and long-term effects. Often. butterbur. PMID: 19262383 [PubMed . Pittsburgh. and phototherapy hold some promise. placebocontrolled trials for clinical efficacy. Few are studied with rigorous randomized.

Hirahashi T. 1998 Dec. IgG1 antibody. Katoh T. It was noted that the IgA antibody level in the intestinal contents was significantly enhanced by treatment with Spirulina extract concurrently ingested with shrimp antigen. Department of Health and Nutrition. was not further enhanced by treatment with Spirulina extract (SpHW).indexed for MEDLINE]
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.44(6):841-51. and that when ingested both concurrently with antigen and before antigen stimulation. PMID: 10197315 [PubMed . An increase of IgE antibody level in the serum was observed in the mice that were orally immunized with crude shrimp extract as an antigen (Ag group). Hirano T. Sakado. we investigated antibody productions of IgA and other classes.
Class specific influence of dietary Spirulina platensis on antibody production in mice. Miyajima H. In the present study. Japan. especially in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node from mice treated with Spirulina extract for 4 weeks before antigen stimulation. Okuwaki Y.
Hayashi O. These results suggest that Spirulina may at least neither induce nor enhance allergic reaction such as food allergy dependent on an IgE antibody. it may significantly enhance the IgA antibody level to protect against allergic reaction. in mice as possible evidence of the protective effects of Spirulina toward food allergy and microbial infection. The antibody level. Kagawa Nutrition University. however. such as IgE and IgG1. in comparison with that of the Ag group treated with shrimp antigen alone. on the other hand. An enhancement of IgA antibody production by Spirulina extract was also observed in culture supernatant of lymphoid cells.J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). was further enhanced by Spirulina extract. which was increased by antigen administration.

30(1):96-8. Zhanjiang 524001. Zhang SF. Non-U.Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. China.01 ) .S.01 ). At the end of the treatment. OBJECTIVE: To determine the therapeutic effect of spirulina platensis in allergic rhinitis (AR). Publication Types:
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English Abstract Research Support. The levels of serum histamine and total IgE in the SPP treatment group were lower than that of the negative control group (P <0. Department of Otorhinolaryngology. He SH. METHODS: Ovalbumin sensitized white rats used as AR animals were treated with spirulina platensis (SPP). 2005 Feb. the differences in the behavior science were observed.
[Experimental study of spirulina platensis in treating allergic rhinitis in rats]
[Article in Chinese] Chen LL. Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College. and the levels of serum histamine and total immunoglobulin (Ig) E were determined by enzymelinked immune sorbent assay. which implies the possibility of using spirulina platensis for AR patients in the future. the changes in the nasal mucosa and mast cell degranulation were studied pathologically.01 ). Tan JQ. Huang DN.05 ). RESULTS: The behavior science score of the SPP treatment group was lower than that of the negative control group (P < 0. Gov't
PMID: 15871200 [PubMed . inflammatory reaction of nasal mucosa in the SPP treatment group were remarkably relieved. CONCLUSION: Spirulina platensis can prevent and treat AR in rats. the number of nasal mucosa mastocyte and mast cell degranulation in the SPP treatment group were lower than that of the negative control group (P <0. It had no significant difference in the positive control group and the SPP treatment group and the blank control group (P > 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.

National Taiwan College of Physical Education.05).
Lu HK. The results showed that plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased after supplementation with spirulina (P < 0. the lactate (LA) concentration was higher and the time to exhaustion (TE) was significantly extended in the spirulina trail (P < 0.S. Non-U. Hsieh CC. hklu@ntcpe. Epub 2006 Aug 30. Yang YK.98(2):220-6.05). Both of the blood glutathione peroxidaes (GPx) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were significantly different between spirulina and soy protein supplementation by an ANCOVA analysis (P < 0. Publication Types:
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Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support.05).Additional Areas of Research
Eur J Appl Physiol.
Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative stress. platensis showed preventive effect of the skeletal muscle damage and that probably led to postponement of the time of exhaustion during the all-out exercise. In addition. Blood samples were taken after finishing the Bruce incremental treadmill exercise before and after treatment. Hsu JJ. The activity of blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly raised after supplementation with spirulina or soy protein (P < 0.05).indexed for MEDLINE]
Additional Areas of Research: Energy/Endurance/Muscle Damage
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.edu. 2006 Sep. Taiwan. These results suggest that ingestion of S. Sixteen students volunteered to take Spirulina platensis in addition to their normal diet for 3-weeks. Taichung. Gov't
PMID: 16944194 [PubMed .tw The effects of spirulina supplementation on preventing skeletal muscle damage on untrained human beings were examined. Sport Science Research Center. Chou HN.

43(1):29-35. wheat gluten.indexed for MEDLINE]
Additional Areas of Research: Pregnancy
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. Haryana Agricultural University. Spirulina appears to be a good dietary supplement during pregnancy. In spite of having higher litter size.Plant Foods Hum Nutr. each providing 22% protein during the period of pregnancy.05) higher litter size than those receiving casein and wheat gluten.
Effect of supplementation of blue green alga (Spirulina) on outcome of pregnancy in rats. 1993 Jan. Maternal weight gain was found to be maximum with Spirulina + wheat gluten and least with the wheat gluten diet. pregnant rats were fed 5 different kinds of diets (casein.
Kapoor R. Spirulina containing diet groups produced pups with birth weights comparable to those of casein. PMID: 8464842 [PubMed . Department of Foods and Nutrition. India. Spirulina-without additional vitamins and minerals). Spirulina. Spirulina + wheat gluten. Rats receiving Spirulina containing diets produced significantly (p < 0. The outcome of pregnancy was assessed from litter and dams' weight and litter size. Mehta U. To study the supplementary effect of Spirulina. Hisar.

Pylori (Gastric Ulcers)
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. pylori colonization of gastric mucin. which have shown here to possess mucin-binding activity. Gong M. National University of Singapore. a commercially available microalga. Ng BL. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Gov't
Additional Areas of Research: H. Singapore. polysaccharide was demonstrated to bind H. pylori to gastric mucin. An in vivo study demonstrated that bacteria load was reduced by >90% in BALB/c mice treated with either Spirulina or polysaccharides.
Antiadhesive property of microalgal polysaccharide extract on the binding of Helicobacter pylori to gastric mucin. Department of Microbiology. 2007 Jul. Non-U.0. pylori-associated gastroduodenal diseases. Results show that polysaccharides prevented H.FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. As the organism was reported to bind gastric mucin.50(2):231-8. pylori from binding to gastric mucin optimally at pH 2. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori is of concern in the treatment of H. Using ligand overlay analysis. against the binding of H. Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine. thus favouring its antiadhesive action in a gastric environment.
Loke MF. we used porcine gastric mucin as substrate to assess the antiadhesive property of polysaccharides derived from Spirulina (PS).S. pylori alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpC) and urease. It is thus suggested that polysaccharides may function as a potential antiadhesive agent against H. Ho B. without affecting the viability of either bacteria or gastric epithelial cells. Lui SY. Epub 2007 May 22.

Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1978 Jun;28(2):196-207.

[Nutritive value of the spirulina algae (Spirulina maxima)]
[Article in Spanish] Tejada de Hernández I, Shimada AS. Nine experiments were conducted, five of them in vivo to determine the limiting amino acids and digestibility of spiruline algae for the rat, and four in vitro to determine the digestibility of the product in pepsin and ruminal liquid. None of the amino acids studied (lysine, methionine, histidine) added alone or in combination to 10% protein (either crude or true) diets provided exclusively by spiruline, seems to be limiting although the results could be masked by the low palatability and acceptability of the product by the rats. The apparent digestibility of the algae was 67.4%. For the in vitro tests, the algae were subjected to several physical or chemical treatments, and the digestibility of the resulting product determined by four different techniques. In no case did the tested treatments have any effect on its digestibility. Publication Types:
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English Abstract

PMID: 753178 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Additional Areas of Research: Protein Absorption

150

Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;49(1):57-64.

Effect of ambroxol, spirulina and vitamin-E in naphthalene induced cataract in female rats.
Haque SE, Gilani KM. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062. Anticataract activity of Ambroxol, Spirulina and Vitamin E was examined using the naphthalene cataract model. Adult female albino rats of Wistar strain weighing between 180 and 220 grams were taken and divided into eight groups. Group I received light liquid paraffin 5 ml/kg/ day p.o. for 6 weeks. Group II received naphthalene solution 0.5 gm/kg/ day p.o. for first three days and 1 gm/kg/day p.o. thereafter for six weeks. Group III received Ambroxol suspension in 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group IV received Spirulina in distilled water at the dose of 1500 mg/kg/ day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group V received Vitamin E emulsion at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day p.o. alongwith naphthalene. Group VI received Ambroxol alone at the dose of 100 mg/kg/day p.o. Group VII received Spirulina alone at the dose of 1500 mg/kg/day p.o. Group VIII received vitamin E alone at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day p.o. Lens glutathione, soluble protein and water content profiles revealed the preventive role of Ambroxol, Spirulina and Vitamin E in naphthalene-induced cataract in female rats. Publication Types:
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New food sources of essential trace elements produced by biotechnology facilities.
Mazo VK, Gmoshinski IV, Zorin SN. State Research Institute of Nutrition, Moscow, Russia. Population satiety with trace elements (TE) is a problem that is widely discussed in nutrition science. For optimal nutrition, the form of TE eaten in food is very important. Organic forms of TE in nutrition are appropriate as human metabolism has adapted to these kinds of nutrients during species evolution. This is now considered a reason for the beneficial use of biotechnologically produced TE sources in human food. Advanced matrixes for TE incorporation are unicellular organisms such as yeast, lactobacilli and Spirulina. Addition of inorganic salts at certain concentrations into cultivation media enables the mineral ions to incorporate into the microbial biomass. As a consequence, the biomass becomes enriched with organic forms of incorporated TE, which are presented by their complexes with amino acids, proteins and probably lipids and polysaccharides. In addition, a new direction of research has made good advances, in which technology has been developed for production of organic forms of TE through complex formation between transition metals (zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, iron) with amino acids and peptides formed during enzymatic hydrolysis of food protein. This brief review discusses the results demonstrating the advances in the biotechnological production of new TE sources, to obtain food components destined for wide prophylaxis of TE deficiency or for dietary treatment of the adverse consequences of these deficiencies. Publication Types:
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Review

PMID: 17546707 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Additional Areas of Research: Trace Minerals

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Nutr J. 2006 Jan 23;5:3.

Nutrition rehabilitation of undernourished children utilizing Spiruline and Misola.
Simpore J, Kabore F, Zongo F, Dansou D, Bere A, Pignatelli S, Biondi DM, Ruberto G, Musumeci S. Unit of Formation and of Research in Sciences of Life and of the Earth, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Africa. jacques.simpore@univouaga.bf BACKGROUND: Malnutrition constitutes a public health problem throughout the world and particularly in developing countries. AIMS : The objective of the study is to assess the impact of an elementary integrator composed of Spiruline (Spirulina platensis) and Misola (millet, soja, peanut) produced at the Centre Medical St Camille (CMSC) of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, on the nutritional status of undernourished children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 550 undernourished children of less than 5 years old were enrolled in this study, 455 showed severe marasma, 57 marasma of medium severity and 38 kwashiorkor plus marasma. We divided the children randomly into four groups: 170 were given Misola (731 +/- 7 kcal/day), 170 were given Spiruline plus traditional meals (748 +/- 6 kcal/day), 170 were given Spiruline plus Misola (767 +/- 5 kcal/day). Forty children received only traditional meals (722 +/- 8 kcal/day) and functioned as the control group. The duration of this study was eight weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Anthropometrics and haematological parameters allowed us to appreciate both the nutritional and biological evolution of these children. The rehabilitation with Spiruline plus Misola (this association gave an energy intake of 767 +/- 5 kcal/day with a protein assumption of 33.3 +/- 1.2 g a day), both greater than Misola or Spiruline alone, seems to correct weight loss more quickly. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that Misola, Spiruline plus traditional meals or Spiruline plus Misola are all a good food supplement for undernourished children, but the rehabilitation by Spiruline plus Misola seems synergically favour the nutrition rehabilitation better than the simple addition of protein and energy intake. Publication Types:
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[The effect of spiruline during nutritional rehabilitation: systematic review]
[Article in French] Halidou Doudou M, Degbey H, Daouda H, Leveque A, Donnen P, Hennart P, Dramaix-Wilmet M. Pédiatrie A, hôpital National de Niamey, BP 238, Niamey, Niger. mhalidou2002@yahoo.fr BACKGROUND: To evaluate the impact of spiruline on nutritional rehabilitation. DATA SOURCES: Systematic search in medical and scientific databases (Medline, Cochrane, Embase) and other specific databases (PhD theses, reports...). METHODS: We selected studies in which spiruline was used as supplementation in malnourished patients, irrespective of the form and dose of spiruline and in controlled trials or not. Two persons made the selection separately. Nutritional status was estimated by anthropometric and biological measures. RESULTS: Thirty-one references were identified and seven studies were retained for this review; three randomized controlled and four noncontrolled trials. Spiruline had a positive impact on weight in all studies. In noncontrolled trials, the other parameters: arm circumference, height, albumin, prealbumin, protein and hemoglobin improved after spiruline supplementation. For these studies, methodology was the main drawback. None of the studies retained for analysis were double-blinded clinical trials and all involved small samples. Four of them did not have a control group for comparison. CONCLUSION: The impact of spiruline was positive for most of the considered variables. However, the studies taken into account in this review are of poormethodological quality. A randomized, a large-sized double-blind controlled clinical trial with a longer follow-up should be conducted to improve current knowledge on the potential impact of spiruline on nutritional rehabilitation. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study English Abstract Review

PMID: 19010626 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Additional Areas of Research: Malnutrition

155

Int J Neurosci. 2008 Nov;118(11):1523-33.

The effect of hydrolyzed Spirulina by malted barley on forced swimming test in ICR mice.
Kim NH, Jeong HJ, Lee JY, Go H, Ko SG, Hong SH, Kim HM, Um JY. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Spirulina is a true puree of a filamentous, spiral-shaped blue alga and exerts the useful properties as a source of many biochemicals. This study investigated the antidepressant-like effect of hydrolyzed Spirulina by malted barley on the forced swimming test in mice. After the forced swimming test, we examined the levels of several blood biochemical parameters in mice. The effect of the hydrolyzed Spirulina by malted barley-treated group for 2 weeks on the immobility time was significantly reduced in comparison with the control group (p < .05). Plasma level of blood urea nitrogen and lactate dehydrogenase was significantly decreased in the hydrolyzed Spirulina by malted barley-treated group compared with the control group (p < .05). It had no effect on the variation of creatine kinase, glucose, total protein, and albumin levels. Therefore, these results suggest that hydrolyzed Spirulina by malted barley might be a candidate among antidepressant agents. Publication Types:
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Compared with that of rice. the content of K. Li L. from 3 to 15 times.indexed for MEDLINE]
Additional Areas of Research: General Health
159
. Na. Yangling 712100.21(6):868-70. The content of microelements of it compared with vegetable is much higher. Mg. Ca. maize and soybean. sugar diabetes and hasten body to absorb Se and Mo. Shanxi Academy. Sun XT. Ca.Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. from 4 to 36 times and from 4 to 24 times as theirs. 2001 Dec. Mg. Zn). wheat flour. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 12958919 [PubMed . and is of benefit to cardiac muscle. The analytic results show that the spirulina powder have a plenty of microelements(K. Na. The spirulina has a certain inhibition from cancer. China. Ma WX. from 25 to 70 times. from 10 to 80 times. high blood pressure.
[Determination of micro-elements in natural spirulina using FAAS]
[Article in Chinese] Duan M. Loess Plateau Agricultural Testing Center. Fe. The experimental result indicated that spirulina was good health care food with value of nourish and medicinal. Fe and Zn of it is respectively as from 4 to 10 times.

Spirulina in health care management. The alga contains a wide spectrum of prophylactic and therapeutic nutrients that include B-complex vitamins. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Gwalior-474011. filamentous. vitamin E.
Kulshreshtha A.indexed for MEDLINE]
Additional Areas of Research: General Health
160
. It is the nature's richest and most complete source of nutrition. Bhadauriya P. spiral-shaped and multicellular edible microbe. anti-inflammatory. Spirulina is a photosynthetic. Bisen PS. anticancer. proteins. Because of its apparent ability to stimulate whole human physiology.S. trace elements and a number of unexplored bioactive compounds. India. Spirulina exhibits therapeutic functions such as antioxidant. Spirulina consumption appears to promote the growth of intestinal micro flora as well. antibacterial. Jarouliya U. Spirulina has a unique blend of nutrients that no single source can offer. Non-U. minerals. The review discusses the potential of Spirulina in health care management. gamma-linolenic acid and the super anti-oxidants such as beta-carotene. Zacharia AJ. School of Studies in Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2008 Oct. Prasad GB. anti-allergic and anti-diabetic and plethora of beneficial functions. Jiwaji University. Gov't Review
PMID: 18855693 [PubMed . antiviral.Curr Pharm Biotechnol.9(5):400-5.

and on all of the key nutrients reviewed published studies run into the hundreds.Introduction to Research on the Key Nutrients in Spirulina
Spirulina is the world’s most nutrient rich SuperFood. The body of medical research on many of the nutrients reviewed is so vast that the editors felt it was necessary to conservatively limit the number of abstracts included in this reveiw. In the case of each section which follows.com
161
. 60 times more potent than spinach and 700 times more potent than apples
The variety of nutrients found in Spirulina is truly amazing. enzymes. Spirulina has the highest concentration of nutrients and a greater variety of nutrients than any other food in the world. Spirulina is 31 times more potent than blueberries. A thorough review of the benefits of all of these nutrients. carotenoids. Gram per gram.pubmed.com or to search online themselves at www. There are literally hundreds of different vitamins. Here are just a few examples of how nutritious Spirulina is: • • • • • • Spirulina has 3900% more beta carotene than carrots Spirulina has 2300% more iron than spinach Spirulina has 300% more calcium than whole milk Spirulina has 375% more protein than tofu Three grams of Spirulina have more antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity than five servings of vegetables Comparing phytonutrient levels. amino acids. minerals. For further research. is beyond the scope of this review. readers are requested to contact the editors at info@cyanotech. we have limited the abstracts included to a maximum of twenty gathered since the year 2000. essential fatty acids and phytonutrients found in quality Spirulina products. or even most of these nutrients. The editors instead chose to isolate several of the key nutrients abundantly found in Spirulina and look at the medical research that has been done on these nutrients. Published studies on nutrients like iron and beta carotene run into the thousands.

In this metaanalysis. Thus.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Data were abstracted from these studies by means of a standardized data collection protocol. Nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight is increasingly advocated to the general public.
Köpcke W. 2008 Mar-Apr. Publication Types:
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Meta-Analysis
PMID: 18086246 [PubMed . Regression plot analysis revealed that protection required a minimum of 10 weeks of supplementation with a mean increase of the protective effect of 0. Department of Medical Informatics and Biomathematics. ISI Web of Science and EBM Cochrane library and identified a total of seven studies which evaluated the effectiveness of beta-carotene in protection against sunburn.84(2):284-8. but its effectiveness is controversial. Münster. Krutmann J. dietary supplementation of humans with betacarotene provides protection against sunburn in a time-dependent manner.
Protection from sunburn with beta-Carotene--a meta-analysis.Beta carotene and Skin Health
Photochem Photobiol. Münster University Hospital.5 standard deviations with every additional month of supplementation. Germany. Epub 2007 Dec 15. The subsequent meta-analysis showed that (1) beta-carotene supplementation protects against sunburn and (2) the study duration had a significant influence on the effected size. we have systematically reviewed the existing literature on human supplementation studies on dietary protection against sunburn by beta-carotene. A review of literature until June 2007 was performed in PubMed.

oral supplementation with lycopene led to an enrichment of beta-carotene in human skin. naturally occurring lipophilic micronutrients. who were under a lycopene-deprived diet (4weeks prior to study until end of the study) and orally received either lactolycopene or placebo for 12weeks. 2009 May 12. Lademann J. Thus. Skin and plasma levels of lycopene and beta-carotene were monitored monthly using Raman spectroscopy and HPLC. Carotenoids. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study was performed in 25 volunteers. Darvin ME. PMID: 19442725 [PubMed . the forehead showed the closest correlation to lycopene variation in plasma. respectively. Meinke M. cutaneous levels were sensitive to lycopene deprivation and to oral supplementation. Sterry W. Pineau I. also skin levels of beta-carotene. Zappel K. with a natural protection against free radicals.as supplied by publisher]
Beta Carotene and Skin Health
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. interestingly. [Epub ahead of print]
Cutaneous lycopene and beta-carotene levels measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy: High reliability and sensitivity to oral lactolycopene deprivation and supplementation. Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science. Rolland A. Berlin. possess an antioxidant activity associated with protection from damage induced by free radicals. possibly due to the fact that carotenoids act in the skin as protection chains. The present study investigated an innovative non-invasive method to measure cutaneous levels of lycopene and beta-carotene and to monitor the distribution of orally administered lactolycopene in human skin and plasma.
Blume-Peytavi U.Eur J Pharm Biopharm. Schäfer G. Irrespective of the investigated area. Plasma and skin levels of lycopene were both sensitive to oral intake of lactolycopene and. Voit C. Germany. Cutaneous levels of lycopene and betacarotene monitored by resonance Raman spectroscopy showed high reliability.

de UV irradiation of the skin leads to the induction of free radicals. and thus the use of beta-carotene in humans as a chaperoning agent is discussed. D-65191 Wiesbaden. Teaching Hospital of the University of Mainz. and to reduce the effects of phototoxic drugs. christiane.indexed for MEDLINE]
Beta Carotene and Skin Health
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.
Beta-carotene in dermatology: Does it help?
Bayerl Ch. carcinogenesis.Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. Aukammallee 39. Public Hospital. Department of Dermatology and Allergology.bayerl@hsk-wiesbaden.17(4):160-2. 2008 Dec. beta-carotene protects against the phototoxic effects of porphyrins. 164-6. Its effects on aging skin and on actinic keratosis have not yet been sufficiently studied. Wilhelm Fresenius Klinik. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 19104740 [PubMed . photosensitive diseases. Beta-carotene should be used in erythropoietic protoporphyria. and skin aging. In the photohemolysis model. HSK.

long-lasting. such as alkaloids (caffeine.S. genistein. Ninewells Hospital and Medical School. Especially attractive are inducers of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Publication Types:
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Research Support. offer exciting platforms for the development of such protective strategies. and unlikely to cause pro-oxidant effects or interfere with the synthesis of vitamin D. the most common type of human malignancy worldwide.ac. These phytochemicals have been consumed by humans for many centuries as part of plant-rich diets and are presumed to be of low toxicity. sanguinarine).74(13):1548-59. as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents. Many phytochemicals that belong to various families of secondary metabolites. which controls the gene expression of proteins whose activation leads to enhanced protection against oxidants and electrophiles.Planta Med. Such protection is comprehensive. Gov't Review
PMID: 18696411 [PubMed . an essential requirement for a chemoprotective agent. represents one of the major consequences of excessive exposure. Mechanistically. Biomedical Research Centre. a. 2008 Oct.indexed for MEDLINE]
Beta Carotene and Skin Health
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. they affect multiple signalling pathways and protect against UV radiation-inflicted damage by their ability to act as direct and indirect antioxidants. silibinin]. Epub 2008 Aug 11. and the development of non-melanoma skin cancers. the development of strategies for protection of the skin is an urgent need. Scotland.
Dinkova-Kostova AT. Such "pluripotent character" is a critical prerequisite for an agent that is designed to counteract the multiple damaging effects of UV radiation. UK. Non-U. Because of growing concerns that the level of UV radiation is increasing as a result of depletion of the stratospheric ozone and climate change. carotenoids ( beta-carotene. University of Dundee.
Phytochemicals as protectors against ultraviolet radiation: versatility of effects and mechanisms. lycopene). and isothiocyanates (sulforaphane). flavonoids [(-)epigallocatechin 3-gallate.dinkovakostova@dundee.uk Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the most abundant carcinogens in our environment.

at least partly. Adding beta-carotene to the diet of the mice during the period of irradiation suppressed the activity and expression of MMP-9 as well as the wrinkling and sagging formation. Department of Food Science. Dietary beta-carotene prevents the expression of MMP-9. in MMP-9 activation and the effect of dietary beta-carotene in MMP-9 activation. a singlet molecular oxygen oxygenation-specific peroxidized cholesterol. MMP-9 activity was also enhanced by the intracutaneous injection of Chol-OOHs into the mouse skin. Nikawa T.20(5):389-98. The activity and protein level of MMP-9 were elevated with wrinkling and sagging formation. Hirasaka K.
Minami Y. was significantly lowered by the addition of beta-carotene to the diet. Hairless mice were subjected to periodic UVA irradiation for 8 weeks. Japan.J Nutr Biochem. Kawai Y. Kubo Y. resulting in photoaging. 2009 May. The amount of peroxidized cholesterol detected as total hydroxycholesterol in the skin was increased significantly by the exposure. Terao J. Graduate School of Nutrition and Bioscience. University of Tokushima. Tokushima 770-8503. Publication Types:
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Research Support. These results strongly suggest that Chol-OOHs formed on exposure to UVA contribute to the expression of MMP-9. This study attempted to elucidate the role of peroxidized cholesterol including cholesterol hydroperoxides (Chol-OOHs). Arase S.
Peroxidized cholesterol-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and its suppression by dietary beta-carotene in photoaging of hairless mouse skin.in process]
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. by inhibiting photodynamic action involved in the formation of Chol-OOHs. The amount of cholesterol 5alpha-hydroperoxide. primary products of lipid peroxidation in biomembranes. Non-U. The activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 leading to the formation of wrinkle and sagging of skin is an essential step in the skin photoaging on exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA). Kawabata K. Gov't
PMID: 18656335 [PubMed . Epub 2008 Jul 24. Bando N.S.

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.37(1):26-30. Dietary micronutrients may contribute to life-long protection against harmful UV radiation.Mol Biotechnol. dietary flavanols exhibit photoprotection. they are ingested with the diet and are distributed into lightexposed tissues. Germany. beta-Carotene and lycopene prevent UV-induced erythema formation. The concept of photoprotection by dietary means is gaining momentum. After about 10-12 weeks of dietary intervention. 2007 Sep. Dusseldorf 40001. such as skin or the eye where they provide systemic photoprotection. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf.S. Plant constituents such as carotenoids and flavonoids are involved in protection against excess light in plants and contribute to the prevention of UV damage in humans. Likewise. Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I. Non-U.
Stahl W. As micronutrients. Publication Types:
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Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight. Gov't Review
PMID: 17914160 [PubMed . a decrease in the sensitivity toward UV-induced erythema was observed in volunteers. Sies H.

Antioxidant supplements improve parameters related to skin structure in humans. normal skin of skin type 2 were divided into 3 groups (n = 13) and supplemented for a period of 12 weeks. In the placebo group no changes were found for any of the parameters.heinrich@uni-wh.8 mg/day). Epub 2006 May 4. Group 2 was supplemented with a mixture of lycopene (6 mg/day). Roughness and scaling were improved by the supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients. University of Witten/Herdecke. Germany.de In the present study we investigated the influence of two different antioxidant supplements composed of carotenoids. Group 1 received a mixture of lycopene (3 mg/day). Publication Types:
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Controlled Clinical Trial
PMID: 16679825 [PubMed .
Heinrich U. A significant increase for both parameters was determined in the verum groups. vitamin E and selenium on parameters related to skin health and skin aging. Stahl W. Thirty-nine volunteers with healthy. Tronnier H. scaling. Copyright (c) 2006 S.8 mg/day). beta-carotene (4. Upon supplementation serum levels of selected carotenoids increased in both verum groups. Béjot M. 2006. alpha-tocopherol (10 mg/day) and selenium (75 microg/day).19(4):224-31. Group 3 was the placebo control. Basel. ulrike. beta-carotene (4. Institute of Experimental Dermatology.Skin Pharmacol Physiol. smoothness and wrinkling of the skin were determined by Surface Evaluation of Living Skin (Visioscan). alpha-tocopherol (10 mg/day) and selenium (75 microg/day). Maurette JM. Roughness. Karger AG. lutein (3 mg/day).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Skin density and thickness were determined by ultrasound measurements. Witten.

Teichmann A.Hautarzt. 288-90. These radicals can damage the DNA. such as sun radiation and toxins. By employing this method it has been shown that the uptake of carotenoids in food can lead to an accumulation in the skin. such as carotenoids. Klinik für Dermatologie.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Charité. Sterry W. stress.57(4):286. illness and UVradiation can reduce the concentration of antioxidant substances in the skin. Venerologie und Allergologie. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 16485123 [PubMed . Schanzer S. proteins and lipids of the living cells. Humans have developed a protective mechanism against the action of free radicals in the form of antioxidant substances. On the other hand. Reactive free radicals can be produced in the skin by the action of environmental factors. 2006 Apr. A high concentration of antioxidant substances is protective and associated with a reduction in skin wrinkling. non-invasive methods. Blume-Peytavi U. Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP). like resonance Raman spectroscopy. Several of these antioxidants cannot be produced by humans and have to be acquired via food.
[Functional food and bioavailability in the target organ skin]
[Article in German] Darwin M. allow a qualitative and quantitative online detection of the kinetics of antioxidants such as carotenoids in the skin. Optical. Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Lademann J. immune suppression and even skin cancer. The consequences can be skin aging.

Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 16463037 [PubMed .
[Systemic photoprotection through carotenoids]
[Article in German] Stahl W. beta-carotene is a major constituent of comercially available products administered for systemic photoprotection. Nutritional supplements are increasingly used to protect human skin against environmentally-induced damage. Heinrich Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Krutmann J.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Studies on the systemic use of beta-carotene provide evidence that 15-30 mg/d over a period of about 10-12 wk produces a protective effect against UV-induced erythema.57(4):281-5. Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I. most importantly as a consequence of ultraviolet radiation exposure. 2006 Apr. Similar effects have been attributed to mixtures of carotenoids or after long-term intake of dietary products rich in carotenoids.Hautarzt. Supplementation with carotenoids contributes to basal protection of the skin but is not sufficent to obtain complete protection against severe UV irradiation.

and powders of persimmon (Ka) and pods (Po) containing betaC and AsA to the diet and obtained the following results. The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in both the liver and skin were higher in the -betaC.AsA. we added synthetic beta-carotene (betaC). AsA.Int J Vitam Nutr Res.AsA and +AsA groups but high in the +betaC. and +Po groups. The urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration was low in the -betaC. and pods on antioxidative ability in UV-irradiated ODS rats. hosotani@center.AsA. Faculty of Education. 2005 Jul. Kitagawa M. PMID: 16229338 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. +AsA. and also high in the + Ka and +Po group in the liver. and +betaC groups and high in the +betaC. As antioxidant enzymes. +Ka.AsA group and were low in the +Ka and +Po groups. Japan. Wakayama University. AsA. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was high in the -betaC.AsA group.AsA group than in the +betaC.
Hosotani K.AsA group and low in the +betaC.ac.AsA group in both the skin and liver.jp To evaluate the effects of supplementing diets with carotenoid and ascorbic acid (AsA) on the antioxidative ability of Osteogenic Disorder-Shionogi (ODS) rats. persimmons. These results confirmed that the administration of betaC. Catalase (CAT) activity in the liver was low in the -betaC.AsA and +Po groups.AsA and +Ka groups in both the skin and liver.75(4):227-34. low in the -beta3C. and persimmons and pods increases antioxidative ability in the skin and liver of ultraviolet-b(UV-B)-irradiated ODS rats. Yoshida M.wakayamau. glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was high in the +betaC.
Effects of administration of beta-carotene. ascorbic acid.

2005 May 30. The unique distribution.Biochim Biophys Acta. Publication Types:
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Research Support.1740(2):101-7. Box 101007. localization and high levels of both carotenoids within the macula lutea as well as their physicochemical properties make them suitable candidates for photoprotection.
Stahl W.de Carotenoids comprise a class of natural fat-soluble pigments which are found in numerous fruits and vegetables. and carotenoids may protect light-exposed tissues. Germany.S. Gov't Review
PMID: 15949675 [PubMed . Conflicting data from intervention studies with beta-carotene to prevent cancers and cardiovascular disorders have challenged the concept. D-40001 Duesseldorf. The antioxidant activity of carotenoids and biochemical properties influencing signaling pathways have been discussed as basic mechanisms of prevention. beta-Carotene is used as an oral sun protectant for the prevention of sunburn and has been shown to be effective either alone or in combination with other carotenoids or antioxidant vitamins.stahl@uni-duesseldorf. Photooxidative damage is suggested to be involved in the pathobiochemistry of several diseases affecting the skin and the eye. However.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Sies H. Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I.O. The consumption of a diet rich in carotenoids has been epidemiologically correlated with a lower risk for several diseases. Non-U. Lutein and zeaxanthin are the predominant carotenoids of the retina and are considered to act as photoprotectants preventing retinal degeneration. there is convincing evidence that carotenoids are important components of the antioxidant network. Epub 2004 Dec 28. wilhelm. Protective effects are also achieved with a diet rich in lycopene. P.
Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids.

Analyses revealed that the degree of lipid peroxidation in the beta-carotene group was significantly lower than that in the controls.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't
PMID: 15528044 [PubMed .
Participation of singlet oxygen in ultraviolet-a-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse skin and its inhibition by dietary betacarotene: an ex vivo study. Publication Types:
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Research Support.37(11):1854-63. by quenching the (1)O(2). Similar results were obtained from methylene-blue-sensitized photooxidation of mouse skin lipids in vitro. Hayashi H. BALB/c mice were fed with basal or a beta-carotenesupplemented diet.Free Radic Biol Med.8-endoperoxide. Japan. Yamauchi R. This ex vivo study is focused on determining the mechanism of action of beta-carotene against UV-A-induced skin damage by characterizing peroxidized phosphatidylcholine (PC) and betacarotene oxidation products. and homogenates from their dorsal skin were prepared after 3 weeks for UV-A irradiation. Department of Food Science. was determined by thin-layer chromatography-blotting followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS)/selected ion monitoring analysis. Terao J.and 10-isomers of peroxidized PC. The 9. Dietary beta-carotene acts as a photoprotective agent in the skin. a specific marker for the (1)O(2) reaction. Tokushima 770-8503. Wakamatsu S. constituting peroxidized PC. but the exact mechanism of protection is unknown. The University of Tokushima.S. resulting from the reaction of singlet molecular oxygen ((1)O(2)) with oleic acid. Liquid chromatography/MS analysis of the homogenates confirmed the formation of beta-carotene 5. 2004 Dec 1. were elevated in the UV-A-exposed control group compared to the experimental group. Miyoshi M. Graduate School of Nutrition and Biosciences.
Bando N. Inakuma T. These results indicate that dietary beta-carotene accumulates in the skin and acts as a protective agent against UV-A-induced oxidative damage. The isomeric composition of hydroperoxy fatty acids. Non-U. Nagao A.

1. 2004 Jun. Elder DE.
Diet and melanoma in a case-control study. Bethesda. METHODS: Newly diagnosed patients with melanoma (n = 502) were recruited from pigment lesion clinics and controls (n = 565) were recruited from outpatient clinics. National Cancer Institute. RESULTS: Persons in high versus low quintiles of energyadjusted vitamin D. education. Halpern A.nih. beta-carotene.09-2. Guerry D 4th. National Institutes of Health. which remained after adjustment for confounders [OR (95% confidence interval) in highest versus lowest quintiles. These analyses should be repeated in large. Holly EA. High alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk for melanoma. Sagebiel RW. which remained after adjustment for presence of dysplastic nevi. prospective studies. lutein. Hartge P.13(6):1042-51. cryptoxanthin. alpha-carotene. This study investigates risk related to dietary factors. Using logistic regression. Addition of micronutrients from supplements did not add an additional reduction in risk. Potischman N.49)]. To investigate the relationship between melanoma and dietary factors in this case-control study.67). CONCLUSIONS: Diets consisting of foods rich in vitamin D and carotenoids and low in alcohol may be associated with a reduction in risk for melanoma. which are potentially modifiable. PMID: 15184262 [PubMed . study subjects were requested to complete a food frequency questionnaire.gov BACKGROUND: Malignant melanoma has been one of the most rapidly increasing cancers within the United States with few modifiable risk factors.
Millen AE. USA. which assessed diet over the previous year.65 (1.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. and skin response to repeated sun exposure. Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences. MD 20892-7344. millena@mail.Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. odds ratios (ORs) for melanoma were computed for nutrient and alcohol intake. and lycopene had significantly reduced risk for melanoma (ORs < or = 0. Tucker MA.

Photochem Photobiol Sci. Therefore we investigated whether in our in vitro system.S. D-40225 Düsseldorf. as well as an increase in oxidative metabolites.2(6):655-9.5 microM and higher. these results indicate that betacarotene (i) is taken up into the cell in a dose dependent manner. Auf' m Hennekamp 40. Riss G. Taken together. Betacarotene is a known quencher of ROS and singlet oxygen in particular. Assessment of cellular uptake of all-E betacarotene measured by HPLC revealed a dose dependent increase of intracellular concentrations. we have previously demonstrated that mtDNA deletions are induced by repetitive exposure to sublethal doses of UVA radiation mediated through singlet oxygen. Kürten V.25 to 3. betacarotene is capable of protecting from the induction of photoaging-associated mtDNA deletions. Krutmann J.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. (ii) interacts with UVA radiation in the cell and (iii) shows protective properties from the induction of a photoaging-associated mtDNA mutation. Non-U. Assessment of mtDNA deletions by PCR revealed reduced levels of mtDNA mutagenesis in cells coincubated with betacarotene at concentrations of 0. Wild S. Berneburg M.
Betacarotene supplementation protects from photoaging-associated mitochondrial DNA mutation. its Z-isomers and oxidative metabolites. In normal human fibroblasts. Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung gGmbH at the Heinrich-HeineUniversity. Mutations of mitochondrial DNA accumulate during normal aging and can be detected at elevated levels in skin prematurely aged by chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light (photoaging). Publication Types:
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Research Support. All-E (trans) betacarotene was tested at doses from 0. Gov't
PMID: 12859149 [PubMed .
Eicker J. 2003 Jun. Germany. UVA-exposure led to a decrease of all-E-betacarotene. and it is widely applied in photoprotective compounds.0 microM for uptake into cells as well as its protective capacity. Goralczyk R.

United Kingdom.
Beta-carotene suppresses UVA-induced HO-1 gene expression in cultured FEK4. PMID: 12566071 [PubMed .07. It has been shown that the induction of this gene occurs via singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) produced upon interaction of UVA radiation with an as yet undefined cellular chromophore.34(4):456-64. 2. Suppression occurred at concentrations that have been observed in human plasma after dietary supplementation with beta-carotene.
Trekli MC. Riss G.Free Radic Biol Med.(250 kJ/m(2)) induced transcriptional activation of HO-1 in exponentially growing FEK4 cells by beta-carotene. 0. are expected to effectively suppress the UVA-induced HO-1 gene activation in human cells. The corresponding levels of beta-carotene uptake and apo-carotenal formation were measured following HPLC separation. we measured the suppression of UVA-induced levels of HO-1 mRNA after the addition of a series of six all-transbeta-carotene concentrations (0. Bath. 0. Goralczyk R. The human heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene is strongly activated within the first hours that follow UVA irradiation of normal human dermal fibroblasts (FEK4) and this response is being used as a marker of oxidative stress in cells. 2003 Feb 15. The results of this study show a concentration-dependent suppression of UVA.0. Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. Tyrrell RM. University of Bath.8. The ultraviolet region of sunlight causes a significant oxidative stress to human skin cells and modulates expression of a series of genes in dermal fibroblasts and other cell types. and 21 microM) to the culture medium of exponentially growing FEK4 cells.3.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Carotenoids. 8. as the most potent singlet oxygen quenchers in nature.2. In this study.

Carotenoid levels in serum and skin (palm of the hand). Wiebusch M. Sies H. the effect is comparable to daily treatment with 24 mg of betacarotene alone. Tronnier H. No changes occurred in the control group. Gärtner C. beta-carotene. 2003 Jan. parallel study design. Germany. as well as erythema intensity before and 24 h after irradiation with a solar light simulator were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 wk of treatment. lutein and lycopene ameliorates UV-induced erythema in humans.133(1):98-101. The intake of either beta-carotene or a mixture of carotenoids similarly increased total carotenoids in skin from wk 0 to wk 12. Long-term supplementation for 12 wk with 24 mg/d of a carotenoid mix supplying similar amounts of beta-carotene. whereas in the mixed carotenoid group. No changes in total carotenoids in skin occurred in the control group. lutein and lycopene (8 mg/d each). Institut für Experimentelle Dermatologie. volunteers with skin type II (n = 12 in each group) received beta-carotene. In a placebocontrolled. the serum concentration of each of the three carotenoids increased one. Serum beta-carotene concentration increased three.J Nutr. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 12514275 [PubMed .001) in the beta-carotene group. We compared the erythema-protective effect of beta-carotene (24 mg/d from an algal source) to that of 24 mg/d of a carotenoid mix consisting of the three main dietary carotenoids. the carotenoid mix or placebo for 12 wk. and supplementation with high doses of beta-carotene protects against UV-induced erythema formation. Stahl W. Eichler O.to threefold (P < 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Supplementation with beta-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema. Universität Witten-Herdecke. Carotenoids are useful oral sun protectants.to fourfold (P < 0.001).
Heinrich U. The intensity of erythema 24 h after irradiation was diminished in both groups that received carotenoids and was significantly lower than baseline after 12 wk of supplementation.

The effect of beta-carotene on lung and skin carcinogenesis. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study
PMID: 12151342 [PubMed . USA. such treatment would not be expected to inhibit smoke-induced lung tumors. Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology. Berkeley CA 94720-3104. University of California.Carcinogenesis.
Wolf G. 2002 Aug.23(8):1263-5.edu The induction of pre-cancerous squamous metaplasia in lungs of ferrets by high doses of dietary beta-carotene (BC) and cigarette smoke is compared with and contrasted to the different effects of high doses of dietary BC on skin papilloma and carcinoma induction by the two-stage carcinogenesis protocol. Whereas high dietary BC can inhibit the conversion of skin papillomas to carcinomas.berkeley. retinol@nature.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.

betacarotene did not modulate levels of IL-6 and HO-1. 70593. we recently demonstrated that beta-carotene has a pro-oxidant potential in cultured human skin fibroblasts because it enhances the UVA induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). 2001 Dec 7. In UVB-irradiated cells. University of Hohenheim. Fruwirthstrasse 12.
Obermüller-Jevic UC.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.509(2):186-90. biesal@uni-hohen. Stuttgart. Herein.de beta-Carotene is discussed as an anti-oxidant micronutrient and singlet oxygen quencher in human skin. The observed effects might be relevant for UV-induced inflammatory processes. PMID: 11741586 [PubMed .heim. protecting against UV light-induced damage. Germany. Flaccus A. Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition. Biesalski HK.
The effect of beta-carotene on the expression of interleukin-6 and heme oxygenase-1 in UV-irradiated human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Singlet oxygen quencher sodium azide abrogated upregulation of IL-6. and likewise also of HO-1. we further show that beta-carotene also strongly promotes the UVA induction of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) in skin fibroblasts in vitro. However. Schlegel B.FEBS Lett.

glutathione. the higher the activity of cysteine cathepsin became in crude antigen-presenting cells contained in the spleen. caused an increase in the intracellular glutathione level. but not with that of retinol. especially on immunity.72(6):1595-600. an intracellular anti-oxidation agent. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 18540097 [PubMed .S. a rate-limiting enzyme for glutathione synthesis. Publication Types:
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Research Support. The University of Tokushima. Department of Food Science. Bando N. To elucidate health benefits of beta-carotene.
Takeda S.
Ingested beta-carotene enhances glutathione level and up-regulates the activity of cysteine cathepsin in murine splenocytes.Beta carotene and Immunity
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. increased in their splenocytes. The higher the glutathione content was in the spleen cells. 2008 Jun. Epub 2008 Jun 7. Yamanishi R. thereby anti-oxidatively supporting the activity of redox-sensitive lysosomal protease. Graduate School of Nutrition and Biosciences. These data suggest that accumulated beta-carotene in splenocytes.indexed for MEDLINE]
Beta Carotene and Immunity 182
. In mice supplemented with beta-carotene in their diet. Japan. without being metabolized. The increase in glutathione was accompanied by an increase in mRNA for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. we measured redox-related indices in spleen cells from BALB/c mice supplemented with various amounts of beta-carotene. which is involved in antigenpresentation. This change was highly correlated with the accumulation of betacarotene.

Our results show that benefits from maternal dietary carotenoids are transferred to the chicks. Université Paris X-Nanterre. The four groups were: (i) before hatching (from yolk). or (iv) never. orange and yellow coloration of plants and animals. France. or through the diet (during chicks' feeding). and they can behave as an immunostimulant. Female Canaries were allowed to access beta-carotene enriched food during egg formation and/or chicks' feeding. Epub 2008 Nov 12. 2009 Mar 2. they have a powerful antioxidant activity. BSL. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study
PMID: 19059274 [PubMed . 200 avenue de république. Amy M.com Carotenoids are pigments responsible for the red.96(3):389-93. Colorimetry and HPLC analysis from sub-samples of yolks confirmed the maternal transfer of dietary carotenoids to the yolk. However an increase in cellular immunity efficiency only occurs when the assimilation takes place after hatching. (iii) before and after hatching. (ii) after hatching (from maternal feeding). Animals however cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. but according to the period when they are assimilated by the chicks. 92001 Nanterre. In our experiments on Canaries. the physiological effects are different.
Maternal effects and beta-carotene assimilation in Canary chicks. Laboratoire d'Ethologie et Cognition Comparées. aurelietanvez@gmail. Leboucher G.Physiol Behav. Chastel O.
Tanvez A. We sorted the chicks into four groups using the period when they assimilated the beta-carotene as a variable. they must obtain them through their diet. we investigated how mothers transfer their dietary carotenoid-related benefits to their offspring. either through the egg. It was found that the chicks' growth was enhanced when carotenoids were assimilated both before and after hatching. They may be beneficial in two ways.

indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Supplementation of vitamin E and/or Se has reduced the incidence of mastitis and retained placenta.
Spears JW. Research has indicated that beta-carotene supplementation may enhance immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta and metritis in dairy cows. Marginal copper deficiency resulted in reduced neutrophil killing and decreased interferon production by mononuclear cells. USA. Jerry_Spears@ncsu. Selenium (Se) is involved in the antioxidant system via its role in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Copper supplementation of a diet marginal in copper reduced the peak clinical response during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis. NC 27695-7621. Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program. Epub 2008 Mar 5.Vet J.176(1):70-6. North Carolina State University. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 18325801 [PubMed .edu A number of antioxidants and trace minerals have important roles in immune function and may affect health in transition dairy cows. Inadequate dietary vitamin E or Se decreases neutrophil function during the perpariturient period. Vitamin E and betacarotene are important cellular antioxidants. 2008 Apr. Limited research indicated that chromium supplementation during the transition period may increase immunity and reduce the incidence of retained placenta. and reduced duration of clinical symptoms of mastitis in some experiments. Weiss WP.
Role of antioxidants and trace elements in health and immunity of transition dairy cows. Raleigh.

our observations show that T in the egg is not detrimental but beneficial. University of Piemonte Orientale. with high T doses resulting in detrimental effects while low doses were beneficial. Overall. and age 10 and 21 days for immunity).156(2):418-25. and that negative effects are found only at supraphysiological concentrations. and disappeared in the following period.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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Research Support.it Early maternal effects in the form of substances accumulated in the egg. We injected eggs with three doses of T (high. Tanvez A. In this study we analyzed the effect of prenatal T exposure in the grey partridge. DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e della Vita. Non-U. Alessandria. marco. Carotenoids on the other hand are suggested to be beneficial because they can counteract the oxidative stress and the immune-depressive effect of T. Malacarne G. Detrimental effects of the high dose of T on immunity were mitigated by beta-carotene consumed in the diet. Ottonelli R. Guasco B. After hatching. Epub 2008 Jan 18. Italy. and up to 1 and 2 years later. 2008 Apr 1.cucco@unipmn. can be physiologically relevant for a good development of offspring.Gen Comp Endocrinol. Gov't
PMID: 18299130 [PubMed . and physiological). such as carotenoids and hormones. via Bellini 25.
Yolk testosterone levels and dietary carotenoids influence growth and immunity of grey partridge chicks.
Cucco M. intermediate.S. chicks exposed to a prenatal high dose of T were fed with two diets (rich or poor) differing in beta-carotene content. It has been found in different species that testosterone (T) can be beneficial to offspring by increasing growth rate. but detrimental by reducing immunocompetence and increasing oxidative stress. The differences between groups were observed in the early period of life (age 10 days for mass. The negative effects of T on immunity could be balanced if chicks could consume a diet rich in beta-carotene. We found a significant effect of T on both chick growth and cell-mediated immunity.

and breeding females are potentially faced with an optimal allocation of these resources between themselves and offspring.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. These eggs showed higher hatching rates. We found a beneficial effect of beta-carotene on the erythrosedimentation rate and immune response of females (PHA reaction). I-15100 Alessandria.) and on the quality of their eggs. Epub 2007 Mar 19. The broad range of beneficial effects of carotenoids is discussed. Their functions are numerous and complex.
Cucco M. A higher quantity of beta-carotene in the diet did not induce a variation of egg nutrients (proteins and lipids). nor an increase of yolk beta-carotene concentration. the egg hatching rate and chick survival. as revealed by the measurement of biochemical components in yolk and albumen. We detected a higher concentration of lysozyme.
Effects of beta-carotene on adult immune condition and antibacterial activity in the eggs of the Grey Partridge. Guasco B. Non-U. in the albumen of eggs laid by females with a high supply of beta-carotene. Perdix perdix. Italy. the plasma level of carotenoids was not related to the quantity of beta-carotene supplied.S. an enzyme with antibacterial activity.it Carotenoids are important dietary constituents in birds. We conducted a dietary experiment (low and high supply of beta-carotene) to examine the effect of beta-carotene on health and immune response of 64 reproducing pairs of Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix L. DiSAV. In both sexes. 2007 Aug. University of Piemonte Orientale. Ottonelli R. Publication Types:
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Research Support. it results in better immune conditions of females. Malacarne G.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. cucco@unipmn.147(4):1038-46. The present study indicates that although carotenoid supplementation does not influence blood and yolk carotenoid levels. while the diet did not significantly affect these variables in males. via Bellini 25. Gov't
PMID: 17462926 [PubMed . eventually translated into increased antibacterial activity of the eggs.

2006 Oct. cytokine production. Food Science and Human Nutrition Department University of Florida Gainesville. lycopene.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.S. We hypothesized that a commercially available encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice powder concentrate (FVJC) could support functional indices of health due to increased intake of various phytonutrients. Rowe CA. and levels of carotenoids and vitamin C. lymphocyte DNA damage. Non-U. FVJC consumption during this study period resulted in increased plasma nutrients and antioxidant capacity. encapsulated fruit and vegetable juice concentrate. Florida 32611. This was a double-blind. reduction in DNA strand breaks. Publication Types:
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Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support. IL-6. and lutein increased significantly from baseline in the FVJC group as did plasma oxygen radical absorptive capacity (50%). A log of illnesses and symptoms was also kept. Blood was collected on d 1.J Nutr.
Nantz MP. The FVJC group tended to have fewer total symptoms than the placebo group (P < 0.076). USA. randomized. Interferon-gamma produced by phorbol-stimulated lymphocytes was reduced 70% in the FVJC group. and 77 to examine the number of circulating alphabeta.136(10):2606-10. Gov't
PMID: 16988134 [PubMed .and gammadelta-T cells. Plasma levels of vitamin C and of beta-carotene. Nieves C Jr. 35. placebo-controlled investigation of 59 healthy law students who consumed either FVJC or placebo capsules for 77 d. Percival SS. transforming growth factor beta) were unchanged relative to treatment or time. and an increase in circulating gammadelta-T cells. antioxidant status. By d 77 there was a 30% increase in circulating gammadelta-T cells and a 40% reduction in DNA damage in lymphocytes in the FVJC group relative to the placebo group. The daily consumption of fruits and vegetables is a common dietary recommendation to support good health.
Immunity and antioxidant capacity in humans is enhanced by consumption of a dried. whereas other cytokines (IL-4.

Therefore. Perdix perdix.it> Carotenoids are important for various functions during chick development. Guasco B.
Effects of beta-carotene supplementation on chick growth. We then evaluated the effects of this carotenoid on chick growth. betacarotene supplementation had beneficial effects on growth and immunocompetence only when directly supplied to chicks.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. immune status and behaviour in the grey partridge. DiSAV. In this study of the grey partridge. via Bellini 25. we conducted two supplementation experiments: (1) laying females were fed with beta-carotene enriched or impoverished diets. the beta-carotene enriched diet given to mothers did not cause any difference in chick physiology. In the first experiment. Ottonelli R. Malacarne G. Since these pigments cannot be synthesized.Behav Processes. cucco@unipmn. although their behavioural reactions did not differ in relation to the diet. 2006 Nov 1. I-15100 Alessandria.73(3):325-32.
Cucco M.it <cucco@unipmn. beta-carotene supplementation of chicks had a significant beneficial effect on their growth and immune response. they can be considered limited resources that the mother optimally allocates between herself and her offspring (maternal effect). In the second experiment. Epub 2006 Aug 12. (2) chicks were fed directly with beta-carotene enriched or impoverished diets.S. Non-U. Department of Environmental and Life Sciences. immunocompetence and anti-predator behaviour (reactions to a raptor model). Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. The beneficial effect reported in other species for begging or pecking behaviours was not confirmed for the anti-predator behaviour of grey partridge chicks. Gov't
PMID: 16963199 [PubMed . Some studies have examined the effects of carotenoids on growth and immune function but little is known about their role in behaviour. Italy. University of Piemonte Orientale.

Non-U. Perth. Publication Types: Research Support. Hale J. P=0. School of Paediatrics and Child Health. Thirdly. Lyons G.
Dunstan JA. markers of oxidative stress and immune responses in allergic adults. Gov't
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.34. Ching SY. P=0. Secondly.009) responses]. Breckler L. Barden A. Finally. Franklin P. Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB). plasma F(2) isoprostanes and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine and lymphoproliferative response to house dust mite (HDM) allergen.292. University of Western Australia. antioxidant status was associated with increased immune responsiveness.028) and Th1 IFN-gamma (vitamin C. Australia. we did not see any correlation between eNO and oxidative stress (F(2)-isoprostanes).Clin Exp Allergy. beta-carotene and selenium) and total antioxidant capacity (tAC) in serum were examined in relation to eNO. P=0. markers of airways inflammation [exhaled nitric oxide (eNO)]. If anything. BACKGROUND: There has been growing interest in the role of antioxidant function in controlling inflammatory disease states.015) (beta-carotene) and PHA (r=0.302.013) and both Th2 IL13 (vitamin C. oxidative stress (F(2) isoprostanes) and immune responses in allergic adults. r=0. METHODS: Antioxidants (vitamins C. P=0.254. such as allergy. This study investigated the relationship between antioxidant status. phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in 54 allergic adults.S. RESULTS: Firstly. although airways inflammation (eNO) was associated with both in vitro and in vivo (skin test reactivity) to HDM. The significance of this needs to be addressed in future intervention studies. tau=0. levels of specific vitamins did not correlate with tAC.021) (tAC). P=0. Mori TA. There were also significant positive relationships between antioxidant levels and IL-10 responses to polyclonal stimulation by SEB (r=0.
Associations between antioxidant status. WA.036) and LPS (r=0. 2006 Aug.36(8):993-1000. CONCLUSION: There was no evidence that higher antioxidant levels were associated with reduced allergen responsiveness in allergic adults. E. P=0. If anything.34. Prescott SL. there were positive correlations between antioxidant (vitamin C and selenium) levels and HDM allergen responses [lymphoproliferation (selenium. we did not see any evidence that specific vitamin levels (or tAC) were associated with either polarization or attenuation of in vitro immune responses. Lehmann H. tau=0.35. there were no consistent relationships between oxidative stress and immune responses.

METHODS: We conducted a double-blind trial. Yassin K. but there may be some protective effect of treatment with beta-carotene regarding the severity of disease.Pancreas. CONCLUSION: We did not see a reduction in the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Pancreatitis is its most common complication. As the injury may be mediated by oxidative stress.4%). RESULTS: The overall incidence of acute pancreatitis according to our definition was 9. but none in the beta-carotene group.29(2):e45-50. lavya@netvision. Hermesh I.il OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a commonly used procedure. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
PMID: 15257114 [PubMed .6%.22%). Suissa A. Karban A. giving the patients a single dose of natural beta-carotene or placebo. antioxidant levels.
Lavy A. Ben-Amotz A. The incidence of pancreatitis was not significantly different between the beta-carotene group (10%) and the placebo group (9. Israel. Four patients in the placebo group had severe pancreatitis (2. and monitoring them for 24 hours post-procedure for procedure complications. Gastroenterology Unit. Haifa. This difference is statistically significant. and plasma oxidation. 2004 Aug. 12 hours prior to procedure.net. Bnai-Zion Medical Center. it could be ameliorated by antioxidants.
Natural beta-carotene for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

respectively. whereas plasma total immunoglobulin levels were not altered by the feeding treatments. The effects of orally administered carotenoids from natural sources on the nonspecific defense mechanisms of rainbow trout were evaluated in a nine-week feeding trial. 2004 Apr.S.16(4):527-37. As for the cellular responses. Gov't
PMID: 15123294 [PubMed .Fish Shellfish Immunol. Watanabe T. Specific growth rate and feed:gain ratio were not affected by dietary carotenoid supplementation. Non-U. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. On the other hand. serum lysozyme activity increased in the Dunaliella group but not in the Phaffia group. salina and P.
Amar EC. the superoxide anion production from the head kidney remained unchanged while the phagocytic rate and index in all supplemented groups were significantly higher than those of the control.
Enhancement of innate immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) associated with dietary intake of carotenoids from natural products. Kiron V. These findings demonstrate that dietary carotenoids from both D. serum alternative complement activity increased significantly in all carotenoid supplemented groups when compared to the control. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. Minato. and a control diet containing no supplemented carotenoids. Fish were fed four diets containing either beta-carotene or astaxanthin at 100 and 200 mg kg-1 from the marine algae Dunaliella salina and red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Among the humoral factors. rhodozyma can modulate some of the innate defense mechanisms in rainbow trout.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Japan. Satoh S.

Pullman.134(1):257S-261S.
Chew BP.edu Early studies demonstrating the ability of dietary carotenes to prevent infections have left open the possibility that the action of these carotenoids may be through their prior conversion to vitamin A. 2004 Jan. have been implicated in the etiology of diseases such as cancer.
Carotenoid action on the immune response.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Another approach to study the possible specific role of dietary carotenoids has used animals that are inefficient converters of carotenoids to vitamin A. for example the domestic cat. based either on the relative activity or on the type of immune response affected compared to beta-carotene. acting as antioxidants. Washington State University. Certain carotenoids. Department of Animal Sciences. Subsequent studies to demonstrate the specific action of dietary carotenoids have used carotenoids without provitamin A activity such as lutein. canthaxanthin. WA 99164-6351.J Nutr. Publication Types:
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PMID: 14704330 [PubMed . than betacarotene in enhancing cell-mediated and humoral immune response in animals and humans. Recent studies on the role of carotenoids in gene regulation. Park JS. and at times more active. These ROS. USA. these nonprovitamin A carotenoids were as active. and therefore carotenoids. Results have similarly shown immunoenhancement by nonprovitamin A carotenoids. can potentially reduce the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). apoptosis and angiogenesis have advanced our knowledge on the possible mechanism by which carotenoids regulate immune function and cancer. boonchew@wsu. lycopene and astaxanthin. In fact.

indexed for MEDLINE]
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.J Infect Dis. School of Medicine. Select micronutrients may play a role in innate immunity associated with some disease processes.edu Micronutrients such as zinc. Deficiencies in zinc and vitamins A and D may reduce natural killer cell function. vitamins A. selenium. adequate micronutrients are required to prevent damage of cells participating in innate immunity. The specific effects of micronutrients on neutrophil functions are not clear. Select micronutrients play an important role in alteration of oxidant-mediated tissue injury. and folic acid can influence several components of innate immunity. USA. and phagocytic cells produce reactive oxidants as part of the defense against infectious agents. Thus. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 10944478 [PubMed .
Micronutrients and innate immunity. Medina EA.182 Suppl 1:S5-10.
Erickson KL. University of California. and the mechanisms by which micronutrients alter innate immunity. whereas supplemental zinc or vitamin C may enhance their activity. beta-carotene. 2000 Sep. Davis. CA 95616-8643. alterations of micronutrients in disease states and their effect on innate immunity. klerickson@ucdavis. Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy. and E. Future studies should focus on issues such as age-related micronutrient status and innate immunity. iron. C. Hubbard NE. copper.

26(3):711-8. In developing countries up to 60% of HIV-infected pregnant women are hyporetinemic. O'Brien WA. Furthermore. West Los Angeles.5-5-fold increased risk of death. HIV-infected patients with very low or very high intake of vitamin A and beta-carotene (a vitamin A precursor) have greater rates of disease progression than do patients with intermediate intake. Hyporetinemic HIV-infected patients have a 3. the prevalence of hyporetinemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons is up to 29%. 1998 Mar. Although vitamin A deficiency is otherwise rare in developed countries. Publication Types:
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PMID: 9524850 [PubMed . Department of Medicine. Veterans Affairs Medical Center. In such women the relative risk of perinatal HIV transmission may be increased more than fourfold. USA.Clin Infect Dis.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. California 90073. Hyporetinemia is associated with increased childhood morbidity and mortality that is reversible with vitamin A supplementation. Goetz MB. These data indicate that vitamin A deficiency is common in HIV-infected patients in the developed world and strongly suggest that vitamin A supplementation may be especially useful in adjunctive therapy for HIV-infected pregnant women who reside in the developing world.
Nimmagadda A.
The significance of vitamin A and carotenoid status in persons infected by the human immunodeficiency virus.

Lanza P. no studies have investigated a possible influence of betacarotene on caveolin-1 (cav-1) pathway.unicatt. Silencing of c-Myc attenuated beta-carotene-induced apoptosis and beta-catenin expression.Beta Carotene as a Chemopreventative
Carcinogenesis. these data suggest that the modulation of cav-1 pathway by beta-carotene could be a novel mechanism by which the carotenoid acts as a potent growth-inhibitory agent in cancer cells. Vito 1. The results of this study show that (i) beta-carotene acted as a growth-inhibitory agent in cav-1-positive cells.palozza@rm.29(11):2153-61. were treated with varying concentrations of beta-carotene (0. -7. (ii) in cav-1-positive cells. Rome 00168. Largo F. PC-3 cells) or not (Caco-2. Institute of General Pathology.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. expressing (HCT-116. Catholic University School of Medicine.it Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the putative role of beta-carotene in cancer. 2008 Nov. -8 and -9. LNCaP cells) cav-1.
Palozza P. Monego G. Italy.5-30 muM) for different periods of time (3-72 h) and the effects on cell growth were investigated.and time-dependent manner the expression of cav-1 protein and messenger RNA levels and inhibited AKT phosphorylation which. Picci N. p. stimulated apoptosis by increasing the expression of beta-catenin and c-myc and the activity of caspases-3. Sestito R. Epub 2008 Jul 16. different human colon and prostate cancer cell lines. PMID: 18635524 [PubMed . in turn. Here.
The sensitivity to beta-carotene growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic effects is regulated by caveolin-1 expression in human colon and prostate cancer cells. the carotenoid downregulated in a dose. This effect was accompanied by a reduction of both cav-1 and AKT phosphorylation and by an increase of c-myc and betacatenin expression. a progressive increase in cell growth was observed with respect to beta-carotene-treated cells and (iii) the transfection of cav-1 in cav-1-negative cells increased cell sensitivity to betacarotene by inducing apoptosis. All together. Ranelletti FO. when the carotenoid was removed from culture medium. an important intracellular signaling deregulated in cancer. but not in cav-1-negative cells.

01) and duration (RR for > or = 10 years of use versus none = 0. All statistical tests were two-sided. Extramural
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. Mayne ST.30. betacarotene. Subar AF. among current and recent (i. BACKGROUND: We evaluated the association between intake of these micronutrient antioxidants from foods and supplements and the risk of prostate cancer among men in the screening arm of the Prostate.H. Peters U. Andriole GL. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst. and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk. Hayes RB. Kirsh VA.. Overall.000 person-years in those who did not take supplemental beta-carotene.I.000 person-years in those who took more than 400 IU/day of supplemental vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: Our results do not provide strong support for populationwide implementation of high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer. there was no association between prostate cancer risk and dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin E. Colorectal.81).52. RESULTS: We identified 1338 cases of prostate cancer among 29 361 men during up to 8 years of follow-up. However. 95% CI = 0.33 to 0. National Cancer Institute.000 person-years in those who took at least 2000 microg/day of supplemental beta-carotene. USA. 95% CI = 0. trial participants completed a 137-item food frequency questionnaire that included detailed questions on 12 individual supplements. Among smokers. Ptrend = . Publication Types:
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Multicenter Study Research Support. Among men with low dietary beta-carotene intake. within the previous 10 years) smokers. or vitamin C. the age-adjusted rate of advanced prostate cancer was 492 per 100. Dixon LB. Lung. 2006 Feb 15. Bethesda.68. 153 per 100.. 2006 Feb 15.98(4):225-7. vitamin E supplementation in male smokers and beta-carotene supplementation in men with low dietary beta-carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of this disease. beta-carotene. 95% CI = 0.09 to 0. Chatterjee N.J Natl Cancer Inst.01) of supplemental vitamin E use. Supplemental beta-carotene intake at a dose level of at least 2000 microg/day was associated with decreased prostate cancer risk in men with low (below the median of 4129 microg/day) dietary beta-carotene intake (RR = 0.96. and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.000 personyears in those who did not take supplemental vitamin E. Gleason score > or = 7 or stage III or IV) were associated with increasing dose (RR for > 400 IU/day versus none = 0. At baseline. Supplemental and dietary vitamin E. N.e.98(4):245-54. and 623 per 100. However. NIH. MD 20892.. Urban DA.000 person-years in those who took supplemental vitamin E for 10 or more years. and 157 per 100. DHHS. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). decreasing risks of advanced prostate cancer (i. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics.12 to 0.29. PLCO Trial.e. the age-adjusted rate of prostate cancer was 1122 per 100. Ptrend = . Albanes D.

Braz J Med Biol Res. Compared with control rats. Di Mascio P. Epub 2006 Feb 2. Heimann JC. Using a sensitive method to detected 8-oxo-7. Medeiros MH.7 +/. SE.
Lycopene and beta-carotene protect in vivo iron-induced oxidative stress damage in rat prostate. Gomes OF. Marques SA.3 +/. more information is required. Brazil.8-dihydro-2'deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) by HPLC/EC. 2006 Feb.51 nmol/g wet tissue range in the prostate.6 residues/10(6) dGuo) 3 h after Fe-NTA injection compared with control rats (1. The results described here may contribute to the understanding of the protective effects of carotenoids against iron-induced oxidative stress. Plasma beta-carotene and lycopene concentrations were measured as a function of time after ip injection of carotenoids (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) beta-carotene or lycopene) in rats.0.S. Rats supplemented with lycopene or beta-carotene for 5 days prior to Fe-NTA treatment showed a reduction of about 70% in 8-oxodGuo levels to almost control levels. It has been suggested that iron overload may be carcinogenic. the level of 8-oxodGuo in rat prostate DNA was significantly higher (6. In the present study. After 5 days of carotenoid treatment.3 residues/10(6) dGuo).0. São Cristóvão. lycopene and beta-carotene were present in the 0.39(2):203-10. Non-U. respectively.10-0. Universidade Federal de Sergipe. we evaluated the effect of plasma and prostate carotenoid concentration on oxidative DNA damage in 12-week-old Wistar rats treated with intraperitoneal (ip) ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) (10 mg Fe/kg). the prostate of Fe-NTA-treated animals showed a 78% increase in malondialdehyde accumulation. Publication Types:
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Research Support. The highest total plasma concentration was reached 3 and 6 h after ip injection of lycopene or beta-carotene. Lycopene or betacarotene pre-treatment almost completely prevented lipid damage.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Departamento de Fisiologia.
Matos HR. Silva AA. Epidemiological studies have suggested a lower risk of prostate cancer in men reporting a higher consumption of tomato products. Gov't
PMID: 16470307 [PubMed . before associating this effect with tomato sauce constituents. However.

Results showed that the combined AOX supplementation (i) prevented the SM + NNK-decreased lung concentrations of retinoic acid (RA) and BC.I.S. Ferrets were treated for 6 months in the following four groups: (i) control.H.
Kim Y. Wang XD.H. Interactions among beta-carotene (BC). Extramural Research Support. MA 02111. Chongviriyaphan N. Publication Types:
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Research Support. alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) supplementation increases the levels of lung retinoic acid and inhibits the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in the ferret lung cancer model. alpha-tocopherol (AT) and ascorbic acid (AA) led to the hypothesis that using a combination of these antioxidants could be more beneficial than using a single antioxidant alone.indexed for MEDLINE] Beta Carotene as a Chemopreventative
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. and (iii) blocked the SM + NNK-induced up-regulation of total p53 and Bax proteins. N. as well as phosphorylated p53 in the lungs of ferrets. cell proliferation and phosphorylation of p53. Non-P. extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and proliferating cellular nuclear antigen proteins in the lungs of ferrets. particularly against smokerelated lung cancer. AT and AA supplementation (AOX) protects against 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung carcinogenesis in smoke-exposed (SM) ferrets. Epub 2006 Jan 9. These data indicate that combined AOX supplementation could be a useful chemopreventive strategy against lung carcinogenesis through maintaining normal tissue levels of RA and inhibiting the activation of mitogenactivated protein kinase pathways. but combined AOX supplementation resulted in a trend toward lower incidence of both preneoplastic lung lesions and lung tumor formation in SM + NNK + AOX group of ferrets. 2006 Jul. (ii) SM + NNK. In this investigation.
Combined antioxidant (beta-carotene. Gov't. there were no lesions observed in the lung tissue of ferrets in the control and/or the AOX groups after 6 months of intervention.S. In addition.
PMID: 16401635 [PubMed . Boston. USA.27(7):1410-9. Liu C. U. as compared with the SM + NNK group alone. Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory.Carcinogenesis. (iii) AOX and (iv) SM + NNK + AOX.. (ii) inhibited the SM + NNK-induced phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). we have conducted an animal study to determine whether combined BC. Russell RM.

05) endogenous DNA damage was found as early as day 15 in the mixed carotenoid (P < 0. nonsmoking postmenopausal women aged 50-70 y were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 groups and were instructed to consume a daily dose of mixed carotenoids (beta-carotene.
Zhao X. Woolf H. placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted. Gov't Research Support. Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. DESIGN: A randomized. Yeum KJ. and lymphocyte DNA damage was measured by using a single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay. or placebo for 56 d. Tufts University. Russell RM. such as the elderly. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that carotenoid supplementation decreases DNA damage and that a combination of carotenoids (4 mg each of lutein.83(1):163-9.01). double-blind.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.H. 2006 Jan.05) groups.S. 12 mg of a single carotenoid (beta-carotene. Musaeus N.
Modification of lymphocyte DNA damage by carotenoid supplementation in postmenopausal women. Krinsky NI. or a larger dose (12 mg) of individual carotenoids exerts protection against DNA damage. USA. all carotenoid-supplemented groups showed significantly lower endogenous DNA damage than at baseline (P < 0. Gov't. Aldini G. and lycopene. Carotenoids could be a part of a protective strategy to minimize oxidative damage in vulnerable populations. lutein. Plasma carotenoid concentrations were analyzed by using HPLC. MA 02111. Thirty-seven healthy. beta-carotene. or lycopene).S. Publication Types:
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Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support. U. lutein. Rasmussen H. 4 mg each). Boston.Am J Clin Nutr. Kraemer K.
PMID: 16400064 [PubMed . OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine the protective effect of carotenoids against DNA damage. and lycopene). Non-U.S. Johnson EJ. Non-P. RESULTS: At day 57. whereas the placebo group did not show any significant change. Significantly less (P < 0.01) and beta-carotene (P < 0. an intake that can be achieved by diet. BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases related to aging such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Johnson EJ. The carotenoids that have been most studied in this regard are beta-carotene. USA. Tufts University. the beneficial effects of carotenoids are thought to be due to their role as antioxidants. Food sources of these compounds include a variety of fruits and vegetables.Mol Aspects Med. Boston. In part. lutein and zeaxanthin may be protective in eye disease because they absorb damaging blue light that enters the eye. Additionally. Until the efficacy and safety of taking supplements containing these nutrients can be determined. 2005 Dec.krinsky@tufts.edu Based on extensive epidemiological observation.
Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. 136 Harrison Avenue. norman. Department of Biochemistry. These carotenoids are available in supplement form. Publication Types:
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PMID: 16309738 [PubMed . MA 02111-1837.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. although the primary sources of lycopene are tomato and tomato products. fruits and vegetables that are a rich source of carotenoids are thought to provide health benefits by decreasing the risk of various diseases. Epub 2005 Nov 23. Additionally. intervention trials with large doses of beta-carotene found an adverse effect on the incidence of lung cancer in smokers and workers exposed to asbestos. particularly certain cancers and eye diseases. School of Medicine.
Krinsky NI. current dietary recommendations of diets high in fruits and vegetables are advised. However. egg yolk is a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin.26(6):459-516. beta-Carotene may have added benefits due its ability to be converted to vitamin A. lycopene. lutein and zeaxanthin.

In the tissue material subjected to analysis. These results are similar to results obtained in the group of normal ovarian tissue. Epoxy carotenoids. and may represent a potentially powerful alternative to present chemotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of ovarian cancer. In the whole group of pathological lesions. Poland. violaxanthin and mutatoxanthin were predominant (in %).
Identification of carotenoids in ovarian tissue in women. Carotenoids act as chemopreventive agents. Irrespective of histological classification. Medical University of Bialystok. Wolczynski S. Hydroxyechinenone was isolated sporadically.042 microg/g tissue) and tumours in the thecoma-fibroma group (1. beta-cryptoxanthin. violaxanthin and mutatoxanthin were identified in all tissue examined. beta-carotene. mainly of provitamin A group. The aim of the study was identification and quantitative assessment of carotenoids found in nature. including provitamin A carotenoids. endometrioid malignant tumours. 2005 Nov. aged 16-74. the total carotenoid content was lower. thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Carotenoid pigments were separated using column chromatography.185 microg/g tissue). dermoid cysts. Only in one case was capsanthin isolated. 14 carotenoids were identified. alpha-carotene was not found. PMID: 16211314 [PubMed . Antheraxanthin was isolated in all tissue except for normal ovarian tissue. echinenone and hydroxyechinenone. the total carotenoid content was relatively low (mean 1.
Czeczuga-Semeniuk E. corpus luteum cysts and simple cysts.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. in the tissue material obtained from patients with different lesions of the ovaries. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A.Oncol Rep. Material for analysis was obtained from 100 women. beta-carotene. serous malignant and mucinous benign and malignant tumours. betacryptoxanthin.pl Epidemiological and clinical studies have revealed that vitamin A and its derivatives (carotenoids and retinoids) can reduce the risk of ovarian tumours and may have a role in the metabolism of patients with ovarian cancer. lutein epoxide.279 microg/g tissue).717 microg/g tissue) and the mean content of provitamin A carotenoids was 17. lutein epoxide. lutein. In the group of benign mucinous tumours (1. Only in the endometriosis group was this value higher (2. czeczuga@wp. Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology.328 microg/g tissue) and dysgerminoma group (1. operated on for ovarian tumours in the Department of Gynaecology. 15-267 Bialystok.14(5):1385-92. M. irrespective of whether they are finally transformed into vitamin A.28%.

Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. 2005 May 30. Moele C. We did not observe any influence of studied components on cellular proliferation. and supported by a flow cytometry apoptosis tests. We investigated: (i) the cellular uptake of BC. Dembińska-Kieć A. Hartwich J. Gov't
PMID: 15949688 [PubMed .and time-dependent pattern of cellular BC uptake in all studied cell lines was seen. Chair and Department of Haematology. ul. Langmann T.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. mmsacha@cyf-kr. (ii) the cytotoxicity. differentiation. Góralczyk R. The induction of cellular apoptosis by BC was seen in all studied cell lines. 31-501 Cracow. The microarrray analysis of U-937 cell line exposed to BC for 72 h showed an increased expression of BAX gene. but can influence and enhance the apoptosis by modulating the expression of the regulatory genes.
The effect of beta-carotene and its derivatives on cytotoxicity. Jagiellonian University Medical College. Wertz K. (iii) the effect on cell cycle progression and/or apoptosis. Lach Z.pl The influence of beta-carotene (BC) and its derivatives on differentiation. Bodzioch M. Epub 2005 Feb 5. Zdzi Owska E. HL-60 and TF-1. Non-U. Polus A. We did not observe any cytotoxic effect of BC and ATRA in the chosen concentrations. Kopernika 17. Skotnicki AB.S. Poland. proliferation and apoptosis in three human acute leukemia cell lines was studied.
Sacha T.1740(2):206-14.Biochim Biophys Acta. We demonstrated that BC used in the concentrations achievable in vivo does not affect the proliferation and differentiation process of the studied leukemic cell lines. This finding was confirmed by real-time Q-PCR analysis. Riss G. The dose. Szostek M.edu. The induction of differentiation after incubation with ATRA in HL-60 cells was noted. Zawada M. proliferative potential and apoptosis on the three human acute leukemia cell lines: U-937. There was only limited effect of BC on gene expression. Libura M. Schmitz G.

Taipei Medical University Hospital. Epub 2007 Mar 21. beta-carotene. Liao CH. Taipei 110. In the in vivo animal study.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. lutein and mixed carotenoids for 12 weeks. most of the animal lesions showed no overexpression of PCNA.5% 9. PCNA expression by the vitamin E-treated group was less severe than that of the control group. beta-carotene and lutein possessed less of an inhibitory effect and even exhibited elevated cell proliferation at the G(2)/M phase. Non-U.3 ml of 0. the pouches were excised and graded using an immunohistochemical assay of PCNA. Although lycopene suppressed KB cell proliferation at the G(0)/G(1) phase with a significant decrease in PCNA expression. and the inhibitory effect of carotenoids (beta-carotene. lycopene. all carotenoids exerted a significant inhibitory effect on KB cell proliferation. lycopene. BQE. alpha-tocopherol.
Carotenoids suppress proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin D1 expression in oral carcinogenic models. in dysplastic lesions. Orthodontic Department.J Nutr Biochem. No carcinoma was found in the lycopene or mixed groups. Yang YY. Taipei Medical University. mixed and vitamin E groups were less severe than that of the control group. In conclusion. Cyclin D(1) and PCNA were evaluated in terms of cell differentiation. In papilloma lesions. These results indicate that different carotenoids present various suppressive abilities against PCNA and cyclin D(1) expressions in cell proliferation. Gov't
PMID: 17369034 [PubMed . In the in vitro cell experiment. PCNA expressions by the beta-carotene. carotenoids suppressed the carcinogenesis of induced hamster oral cancer and a cancer cell line by acting as a suppressor which inhibited the expressions of PCNA and cyclin D(1). After treatment. Chien H. Taiwan.S. KB cells were cultured. lutein. mixed and vitamin E groups were less than that of the control group.10dimethyl-1.2-benz[a]-anthracene. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemopreventive effect of carotenoids on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclin D(1) expression in betel (Areca catechu) quid extract (BQE)-induced hamster oral cancer and human KB cell models. 2007 Oct. In the cell study. Huang SY. 41 hamsters were divided into six groups and treated with 0. In the results. PCNA expressions by the beta-carotene. respectively. However. Publication Types:
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Cheng HC.18(10):667-75. lycopene and lutein) on cell proliferation was evaluated.

68-0.009). 95% CI: 0. lmignone@hsph.. In an interview. particularly among smokers.H. Harvard School of Public Health. women were asked about their intake of carotenoid rich fruits and vegetables 5 years prior to a referent date. Extramural
PMID: 19330841 [PubMed . p for trend = 0.516 postmenopausal women) and 6.82.594 premenopausal women and 3. Copyright 2008 UICC.99.68-0. USA.I.01). Among premenopausal women who reported ever smoking. An inverse association was not observed among postmenopausal women. Hampton JM. and vitamin A and breast cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study of women residing in the states of Massachusetts.707 women with incident invasive breast cancer (2.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.389 population controls (2.81. these results were stronger than among never smokers.82.
Dietary carotenoids and the risk of invasive breast cancer. 2009 Jun 15.68-0.516 postmenopausal women). Egan KM. The study was comprised of 5.07) and lutein/zeaxanthin (OR: 0. Willett WC. Giovannucci E. 95% CI 0. Department of Epidemiology. Boston. 95% CI: 0. vegetables. TrenthamDietz A. carotenoids. 95% CI 0. MA 02115. p for trend = 0.680.98. We examined the association between certain fruits. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Multicenter Study Research Support. although tests for interaction were not statistically significant. Results from this study are comparable to previous prospective studies. New Hampshire and Wisconsin.
Mignone LI.124(12):2929-37. beta-carotene (OR: 0.Int J Cancer. Newcomb PA.98. and suggest that a high consumption of carotenoids may reduce the risk of premenopausal but not postmenopausal breast cancer. p for trend = 0.02).harvard. p for trend = 0.363 premenopausal women and 3. N. alpha-carotene (OR: 0.98. An inverse association observed among premenopausal women was for high levels of vitamin A (OR: 0. owing to their potential anticarcinogenic properties. Titus-Ernstoff L.edu Certain classes of vitamins and nutrients found in fruits and vegetables have been of particular interest in relation to cancer prevention.83.

retinol and tocopherol on gastric cancer development in a large nested case-control study among Japanese with known Helicobacter pylori infection status.48. Kurahashi N.04) and beta-carotene (P(trend) < 0. We investigated the impact of carotenoids.
Persson C. Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening. for quartile 2.01). Tokyo.75 and OR = 0. National Cancer Center.31-0. retinol. P(trend) < 0. respectively. We found no statistically significant association between plasma levels of lutein/zeaxanthin. often represented by carotenoids.46. lycopene. but not in women.Carcinogenesis. alpha. Miura T. Inoue M.
Plasma levels of carotenoids.Collaborators (100).29(5):1042-8. 2008 May. Sasazuki S.
Epidemiology and Prevention Division. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. retinol and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a nested case-control study.31-0. 5-1-1 Tsukiji.S.01). 95% CI = 0. Plasma level of beta-carotene was inversely associated with the risk of gastric cancer (compared with the lowest quartile: OR = 0.28-0. 95% CI = 0. Iwasaki M. 3 and 4. who had relatively higher plasma levels compared with men.63. A total of 36 745 subjects aged 40-69 in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study who responded to the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples in 1990-1995 were followed until 2004. OR = 0. 95% CI = 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.or gamma-tocopherol and gastric cancer risk. Our findings suggest that those who have very low plasma levels of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene are at a higher risk of gastric cancer. Non-U. Plasma levels of carotenoids in 511 gastric cancer cases and 511 matched controls were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. JPHC Study Group. Epub 2008 Mar 13. Japan. Inverse associations were evident in men for alpha-carotene (P(trend) = 0. Gov't PMID: 18339681 [PubMed . Tsugane S. Publication Types:
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Research Support.75.75. Fruits and vegetables have been suggested to confer protection against diseases such as cancer through the effects of antioxidants. Chuo-ku 104-0045. Ye W.

36%. mean daily intakes of total vegetables. in the intervention arm.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 19%. tomato products.
Parsons JK. crucifers. lutein. Epub 2008 Feb 15. Newman V. 30%. or total carotenoids. 143%. Paskett E. lycopene.05). tomato products. there were no significant changes in plasma levels of alpha. and 95%. Mohler JL. whereas fat intake decreased by 12% (P = 0. University of California-San Diego. 292%.or beta-carotene. La Jolla. California. lutein. Publication Types:
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Research Support. These data support the feasibility of implementing clinical trials of dietary intervention in men with prostate cancer. Non-U. and total carotenoids increased by 33%. Pierce JP.02). In the control arm. or fat. mean plasma levels of alpha-carotene. and 26%.
The Men's Eating and Living (MEAL) study: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B pilot trial of dietary intervention for the treatment of prostate cancer. Dietary intakes and plasma carotenoid levels were assessed at baseline and at 6 months' follow-up. lycopene. crucifers. there were no significant changes in mean intakes of total vegetables.S. METHODS: Seventy-four men aged 50 to 80 years with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate were randomized to receive either telephone-based dietary counseling or standardized. CONCLUSIONS: Telephone-based dietary counseling increases vegetable intake. jkparsons@ucsd. and beans/legumes increased by 76%. In the control arm. decreases fat intake. Gov't
PMID: 18280560 [PubMed . Similarly. RESULTS: In the intervention arm. beta-carotene. 2008 Sep. Moores Cancer Center. whole grains.Urology. respectively (P <0. and significantly increases plasma levels of potentially anticarcinogenic carotenoids in men with prostate cancer. and beans/legumes. Marshall J. Cancer and Leukemia Group B.edu OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the feasibility of implementing a diet-based intervention in men with prostate cancer. beans/legumes.72(3):633-7. USA. Telephone dietary counseling targets included increased intakes of vegetables (particularly cruciferous vegetables and tomato products). respectively. written nutritional information.

carotene showed a higher magnitude of decrease (significance p < 0.
Cell cycle regulation and induction of apoptosis by beta-carotene in U937 and HL-60 leukemia cells. we report the efficacy of beta-carotene towards differentiation and apoptosis of leukemia cells.J Biochem Mol Biol. total genomic DNA showed a fragmentation pattern and this pattern was clear in HL-60 than U937 cells. In addition the study also revealed anti-oxidant properties of beta-carotene since there was reduction in relative fluorescent when treated than the control at lower concentration. In this communication. Both the cell lines.
Upadhyaya KR. Miyazaki.carotene. on treatment with beta.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Microscopical observation of beta-carotene treated cells showed a distinct pattern of morphological abnormalities with inclusion of apoptotic bodies in both leukemia cell lines. Japan. When cells were treated with 20 microM of beta-carotene. PMID: 18047798 [PubMed . 2007 Nov 30. University of Miyazaki.40(6):1009-15. Madhyastha HK. showed a clear shift in G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Radha KS. Department of Applied Physiology. Faculty of Medicine. Collectively this study shows the dual phenomenon of apoptosis and differentiation of leukemia cells on treatment with beta-carotene. Dose (20 microM) and time dependence (12 h) tests of beta.05) in cell numbers and cell viability in HL-60 cells than U937 cells but not normal cell like Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC).

while negative effects are found mainly with high intakes of n-6 and saturated fatty acids. either by enhancing or suppressing it.Br J Nutr. beta-carotene. The protective effects are best observed when adequate diet and lifestyle are present together. it has been observed that the use of pre. Breast. Protective effects can be achieved by adequate intakes of vitamins A and C. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.mx The purpose of this article is to give a general overview of the effects of nutrition on the development of cancer as well as part of a therapeutic approach.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. as well as on the development of the tumour itself.
Nutrition and immunity in cancer. Publication Types:
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PMID: 17922950 [PubMed . Facultad de Medicina. however. 50180.98 Suppl 1:S127-32. stomach and lung are the types of cancer most commonly associated with diet or dietary components. 2007 Oct. Paseo Tollocan. more research is needed in this particular area. prostate. Benítez-Arciniega AD. by modulating gene expression or by antioxidant activity. This may be through a direct action on the immune system. Weight gain. Toluca. obesity and lack of regular physical activity have also been associated with an increased risk of cancer. There is much evidence that diet and lifestyle can alter the risk of cancer development as is the case for many other chronic diseases. Mexico. Estado de México.or post-operative enteral or parenteral nutrition may improve patients' survival rates and quality of life. rectum. Jesús Carranza esq. Moderna de la Cruz. rycramos@uaemex. selenium and n-3 fatty acids among others. colon.
Valdés-Ramos R. Col. With respect to the therapeutic role of nutrition in cancer.

and were compared with the levels in controls. Marked decrease in antioxidant levels may have a role in genesis of considerable oxidative stress in brain tumors. The erythrocyte levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx. were observed in all the brain tumor patients as compared to controls.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Kumar S. superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. a-tocopherol. Comparison of histopathological sections of brain tumors also suggested a inverse relationship between antioxidant level and grades of malignancy. the degree of decline in antioxidant levels may indicate severity of malignancy in brain tumors. New Delhi. betatocopherol.J Cancer Res Ther. Sharma M. Furthermore. SOD and GPx. 2006 Jan-Mar.
Aggarwal S. Maulana Azad Medical College.2(1):24-7. and serum levels of antioxidants vitamins beta-carotene and beta-tocopherol were estimated in various types of brain tumors.
Brain tumor and role of beta-carotene. Malignant tumor also showed a relative decrease in antioxidant levels as compared to benign tumors. Department of Biochemistry.001) diminished levels of beta-carotene. Subberwal M. PMID: 17998669 [PubMed . Statistically significant (P<. India.

Kuttan G.6(3):258-70. and tube formation are used for assessing the in vitro antiangiogenic effect of beta-carotene.indexed for MEDLINE] Beta Carotene as a Chemopreventative
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. MMP-9. Amala Cancer Research Centre. Amala Nagar. p50. c-Rel subunits of nuclear factorkappa B. The study reveals that beta-carotene treatment could alter proinflammatory cytokine production and could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of p65. activated transcription factor-2. India. The in vivo study includes the inhibitory effect of beta-carotene on the formation of tumor-directed capillaries. migration. Male C57BL/6 mice as well as B16F-10 cells were used for the experimental study. Kerala State. The differential regulation of proinflammatory cytokines as well as the inhibitory effect of beta-carotene on the activation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors are also assessed. and other transcription factors such as c-fos. Rat aortic ring assay.
Beta-carotene inhibits tumor-specific angiogenesis by altering the cytokine profile and inhibits the nuclear translocation of transcription factors in B16F-10 melanoma cells.Integr Cancer Ther. Beta-carotene treatment significantly reduces the number of tumor-directed capillaries accompanied by altered serum cytokine levels. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels out of the preexisting vascular network and involves a sequence of events that are of key importance in a broad array of physiological and pathological processes. and lysyl oxidase gene expression and upregulates the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2. These observations show that beta -carotene exerts its antiangiogenic effect by altering the cytokine profile and could inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of transcription factors. Beta-carotene is able to inhibit proliferation. and tube formation of endothelial cells. 2007 Sep. and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein in B16F-10 melanoma cells. Department of Immunology. human umbilical vein endothelial cell proliferation. Publication Types:
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PMID: 17761639 [PubMed . Beta-carotene treatment downregulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. The growth of tumor and metastasis are dependent on the formation of new blood vessels. migration.
Guruvayoorappan C. The present study therefore aims at evaluating the antiangiogenic effect of beta-carotene using in vivo and in vitro models. prolyl hydroxylase.

Orange juice. 299 microg. beta carotene equivalents. Webb K. 7301 microg. 2002 Apr.05). beta-cryptoxanthin. green beans and oranges contributed substantially to lutein and zeaxanthin intake.
Manzi F. beta-cryptoxanthin. Flood V. west of Sydney. Carotenoid intakes. The intakes for five carotenoids were studied: alpha-carotene.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. RESULTS: The mean intake per day for each carotenoid was: alpha-carotene. 1872 microg retinol equivalents. particularly betacarotene. 2675 microg. Department of Public Health & Community Medicine. who completed a detailed semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. 653 microg. DESIGN: Population-based cohort study. total vitamin A. retinol.5(2):347-52. This study provides important information as a basis for examining associations between dietary carotenoid intake and eye disease in the BMES. 914 microg. particularly from fruit and vegetables. beta-carotene. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin A intake in this population is high relative to the Australian Recommended Dietary Intake. lutein and zeaxanthin combined. and lutein and zeaxanthin (P < 0. SETTING: Two post-code areas in the Blue Mountains. The main contributors to lycopene intake were tomatoes and bolognaise sauce. OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of carotenoid intakes and important food sources of carotenoids in the diet of a representative population of older Australians. PMID: 12020387 [PubMed . Australia. 3741 microg. lycopene.Beta Carotene and Eye Health
Public Health Nutr. make a substantial contribution. beta-carotene equivalents. lutein and zeaxanthin. and lycopene. oranges and papaw were the main contributors to beta-cryptoxanthin intake. Women had slightly higher intakes than men for alpha-carotene.
The intake of carotenoids in an older Australian population: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Broccoli. beta-Carotene equivalents contribute a substantial proportion of total vitamin A intake (65%) in this population. Australia. Westmead Hospital. Carrots and pumpkin were the main contributors to alpha-carotene and beta-carotene equivalent intakes. SUBJECTS: We studied 2012 (86%) of the 2334 participants aged 55+ years attending the 5-year followup of the cross-sectional Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES). University of Sydney. Mitchell P.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress has been implicated in cataractogenesis.4%) participants were followed >or=1 time after the baseline examinations (at either 5 or 10 y). 0. University of Sydney. PMID: 18541583 [PubMed .55.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. An above-median intake of combined antioxidants (vitamins C and E. including beta-carotene. Department of Ophthalmology.
Antioxidant nutrient intake and the long-term incidence of agerelated cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Westmead Millennium Institute. Rochtchina E. Cortical cataract was defined as cortical opacity >or= 5% of the total lens area. Antioxidants. Australia. RESULTS: Participants with the highest quintile of total intake (diet + supplements) of vitamin C had a reduced risk of incident nuclear cataract [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0. 95% CI: 0. Centre for Vision Research.Am J Clin Nutr. 95% CI: 0.87(6):1899-905. Wang JJ. Of these persons. and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract was defined as the presence of any such opacity. zinc. Nuclear cataract was defined for opacity greater than standard 3. and vitamins A.86]. DESIGN: During 19921994. Antioxidant intake was not associated with incident cortical or PSC cataract. 2464 (67.51. 0. Cataract was assessed at each examination from lens photographs with the use of the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System. and E. Burlutsky G.34. At each examination. including a 145-item semiquantitative foodfrequency questionnaire.
Tan AG. CONCLUSION: Higher intakes of vitamin C or the combined intake of antioxidants had long-term protective associations against development of nuclear cataract in this older population. were assessed. Mitchell P. Longterm intake of antioxidants may offer protection against cataract. OBJECTIVE: We investigated relations between antioxidant nutrient intakes measured at baseline and the 10-y incidence of age-related cataract. and zinc) was associated with a reduced risk of incident nuclear cataract (OR: 0. C. Cumming RG. beta-carotene. Flood VM.4% response).36.76). 2008 Jun. Sydney. NSW. lens photography was performed and questionnaires were administered. 3654 persons aged >or=49 y attended baseline examinations of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (82.

CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence does not support the use of antioxidant vitamin supplements to prevent AMD. respectively). 95% CI.
Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.evans@Ishtm. 2008 Jun. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). These may include an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers (betacarotene).ac.uk INTRODUCTION: The aim of this review was to examine the evidence as to whether antioxidant vitamin or mineral supplements prevent the development of AMD or slow down its progression. London. 95% CI. International Centre for Eye Health.77.Eye. Data were pooled after investigating clinical and statistical heterogeneity. heart failure in people with vascular disease or diabetes (vitamin E) and hospitalisation for genitourinary conditions (zinc). People with AMD. Epub 2008 Apr 18. or early signs of the disease.68. pooled risk ratio=1.87 and 0.620. RESULTS: There was no evidence that antioxidant (vitamin E or beta-carotene) supplementation prevented AMD.74-1. 3640 people randomised). A total of 23 099 people were randomised in three trials with treatment duration of 4-12 years. METHODS: Randomised trials comparing antioxidant vitamin and/or mineral supplement to control were identified by systematic electronic searches (updated August 2007) and contact with investigators.22(6):751-60.43).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The majority of people were randomised in one trial (AREDS.03 (95% CI. UK. 0.96. Potential harms of high-dose antioxidant supplementation must be considered. 0. 0. jennifer. may experience some benefit from taking supplements as used in the AREDS trial. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18425071 [PubMed .
Evans J. and vitamin E) and zinc supplementation slowed down the progression to advanced AMD and visual acuity loss in people with signs of the disease (adjusted odds ratio=0.53-0. vitamin C. There was evidence that antioxidant (betacarotene. There were seven other small trials (total randomised 525).

Maraini G. Murthy GV. Price GM. John N.3 micromol/L) tertile were 0. (95% confidence interval [CI] 0. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of people aged >or=50 years identified from a household enumeration of 11 randomly sampled villages in North India. sunlight exposure.01).05).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. alpha-carotene (P < 0. United Kingdom. CONCLUSIONS: Inverse associations were found between cataract and blood antioxidants in an antioxidant-depleted study sample. Odds ratios (OR) for the highest (>or=15 micromol/L) compared with the lowest (<or=6. antioxidants were low. and 78% gave a blood sample. and socioeconomic status) and underwent lens photography and blood sampling. People without cataract were defined as LOCS II <2 on all three types of opacity.S. 87% attended an eye examination. RESULTS: Of 1443 people aged >or=50 years. and beta-cryptoxanthin. Participants were interviewed for putative risk factors (tobacco. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health. PURPOSE: To examine the association of blood antioxidants with cataract. Cataract was defined as LOCS II grade >or=2 for any opacity or ungradable.and beta-carotene.48-0.
Blood levels of vitamin C. significant inverse associations were found for vitamin C. and posterior subcapsular) were graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System (LOCS II). Epub 2008 Apr 17. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. especially vitamin C. cortical. lycopene.
Dherani M. Non-U. alcohol. In analysis of continuous data. Camparini M. 1112 (77%) were included in the analyses. 2008 Aug. lutein. P < 0. but not for alpha.64. because of dense opacification or history of cataract surgery.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.49(8):3328-35. Gov't
PMID: 18421094 [PubMed . zeaxanthin. London. Tertiles of zeaxanthin (P < 0. Chakravarthy U.02) were associated with decreased odds of cataract. alpha. Publication Types:
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Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support.03). Lens photographs (nuclear. with absence of previous surgery. Vitamin C was inversely associated with cataract.or gamma-tocopherol. 94% were interviewed. Gupta SK. Compared with levels in Western populations. and retinol (P < 0.85. Young IS. carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Fletcher AE. biomass fuel use.

The difference was statistically significant as compared to the base line or to controls. drusen regression continued for years.Orv Hetil. This disease is estimated to affect approximately 300-500 thousand Hungarians. 2007 Dec 2. Schvöller M. Kovács B. this combination was thought to be effective through neutralizing reactive oxygen species. a combination of omega-3 fatty acids. These functional changes were accompanied by an improvement in fundus alterations: drusen covered area decreased significantly as compared to the base line or to control. PMID: 18039616 [PubMed . This original combination. in the recent decade an antioxidant therapy became very popular using combinations of high dosage antioxidant vitamins C. the metabolic therapy. Corrado Balacco G. due to potential severe side effects.148(48):2259-68. Characteristically.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Recently. which showed clinically proved efficacy.it
Currently. but did not influence early disease. [Metabolic therapy for early treatment of age-related macular degeneration] [Article in Hungarian] Fehér J. Kovács I. La Sapienza Tudományegyetem. Szemészeti Klinika. coenzyme Q10 and acetyl-L-carnitine has been introduced for treating early agerelated macular degeneration through improving mitochondrial dysfunction. Roma. both central visual field and visual acuity slightly improved after 3-6 months of treatment and they remained unchanged by the end of the study. According to a pilot study and a randomized. specifically improving lipid metabolism and ATP production in the retinal pigment epithelium. age-related macular degeneration is one of the most common eye diseases causing severe and permanent loss of vision. With an exception that after slight improvement. the efficacy of modified formulas has not been proved yet. All these findings strongly suggested that the metabolic therapy may be the first choice for treating age-related macular degeneration. improving photoreceptor turnover and reducing generation of reactive oxygen species. Sometimes significant regression of drusen was found even in intermediate and advanced cases. double blind clinical trial. this is the only combination of ingredients corresponding to the recommended daily allowance. Currently. visual functions remained stable. beta carotene and zinc. However. j. placebocontrolled. is not on the market anymore. A prospective case study on long-term treatment confirmed these observations. According to a large clinical trial (AREDS) it reduced progression of intermediate state disease to advanced state. While earlier no treatment was available.feher@libero. E. and at the same time. all these changes were more marked in less affected eyes. Based on theoretical concepts and mostly in vitro experiences.

Jean Mayer U. Micronutrient intake was assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires administered four times between 1980 and the baseline eye examinations. Hubbard LD.3) for 7-9. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between intakes of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients and early ARM.. ARM was assessed in 398 Boston-area women aged 53-74 y using the Wisconsin Agerelated Maculopathy System of grading retinal fundus photographs. Massachusetts 02111.
Morris MS.7)for > or =10 times/wk.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Extramural Research Support. odds ratios (95% CI) were 0. Non-U. Hankinson SE. Non-P.7 (0.1-0. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. and few modifiable risk factors are known.S. 2007 Sep-Oct. and total vitamin E were significantly inversely related to the prevalence of pigmentary abnormalities (PA). The high concentration of carotenoids in the macula. Jacques PF. the end stage of age-related maculopathy (ARM).S.morris@tufts. generated the hypothesis that higher antioxidant intakes can prevent ARM. total retinol.I.
PMID: 17994438 [PubMed . Furthermore. U.Ophthalmic Epidemiol.2-1. is the leading cause of legal blindness worldwide.H. total vitamin A.S. and intakes of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients were unrelated to having large or intermediate drusen alone. RESULTS: After multivariate adjustment for potential confounders.H. Lutein/zeaxanthin intakes and more recent intakes of most carotenoids were unrelated to PA. Gov't. N. beta-carotene.5 times/wk. Results of observational and intervention studies have been inconsistent. compared to women consuming these foods < 5 times/wk.6 (0. Taylor A. 0. Gov't Research Support. martha.6) for 5-6 times/wk. increasing frequency of consuming foods high in alpha-or beta-carotene was associated with lower odds of PA.S.31. Chylack LT.edu BACKGROUND: Macular degeneration. Willett WC. lycopene. Boston. plus evidence linking oxidative stress to ARM and carotenoids to antioxidation.
Intake of zinc and antioxidant micronutrients and early age-related maculopathy lesions.3 (0. USA.14(5):288-98. 1980 energy-adjusted intakes of alpha-carotene. METHODS: Between 1993 and 1995. Publication Types:
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Research Support. and 0. The women were a subset of the Nurses' Health Study cohort.

Mol Biotechnol.37(1):26-30. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Likewise. such as skin or the eye where they provide systemic photoprotection. beta-Carotene and lycopene prevent UV-induced erythema formation. they are ingested with the diet and are distributed into lightexposed tissues. As micronutrients. dietary flavanols exhibit photoprotection.
Stahl W. Dusseldorf 40001. Plant constituents such as carotenoids and flavonoids are involved in protection against excess light in plants and contribute to the prevention of UV damage in humans. a decrease in the sensitivity toward UV-induced erythema was observed in volunteers. Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I.S. Non-U. The concept of photoprotection by dietary means is gaining momentum. Publication Types:
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Research Support.
Carotenoids and flavonoids contribute to nutritional protection against skin damage from sunlight.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't Review
PMID: 17914160 [PubMed . Dietary micronutrients may contribute to life-long protection against harmful UV radiation. 2007 Sep. Sies H. Germany. After about 10-12 weeks of dietary intervention.

Further evaluation of nutritional factors.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health. beta-carotene and zinc.
Nutritional supplementation in age-related macular degeneration.
Coleman H. PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review assesses the current status of the knowledge of the role of nutrition in age-related macular degeneration . Bethesda. randomized trial . Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 17435429 [PubMed . USA.18(3):220-3.the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2). long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish consumption are also associated with a decreased risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration. 2007 May.a leading cause of vision loss in the persons with European ancestry. specifically. lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids will be tested in a multicenter controlled.Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research. The formulation consists of vitamins C. E. Chew E. SUMMARY: Persons with intermediate age-related macular degeneration or advanced age-related macular degeneration (neovascular or central geographic atrophy) in one eye should consider taking the AREDS-type supplements. observational data suggest that high dietary intake of macular xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with a lower risk of advanced age-related macular degeneration. Maryland. RECENT FINDINGS: We will evaluate the different nutritional factors and both observational and interventional studies used to assess the association of nutrition with age-related macular degeneration. In addition. Persons with intermediate risk of age-related macular degeneration or advanced age-related macular degeneration in one eye are recommended to take the formulation proven in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) to be successful in preventing the development of advanced agerelated macular degeneration by 25%. Similarly.

mouse.beta-carotene 15. Frank J. and also human. which cleaves beta-carotene eccentrically to apocarotenals has been described.
Biesalski HK. To assure the supply of target tissues with vitamin A.Vitam Horm. Also a second enzyme. possibly explaining the more mild vitamin A deficiency symptoms of two human siblings lacking the retinol-binding protein for the transport of hepatic vitamin A to the target tissues. Germany. Nohr D. Vitamin A and its active metabolite retinoic acid (RA)(1) play a major role in development.15'-monooxygenase (Bcmo1) is also present in other tissues led to numerous investigations on the molecular structure and function of this enzyme in several species. University of Hohenheim Stuttgart. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 17368314 [PubMed .75:117-30. including the fruit fly. 2007.beta-carotene9'. offering a new pathway for vitamin A production in another tissue than the intestine. chicken. In addition.
Conversion of beta-carotene to retinal pigment. Vitamin A cannot be synthesized de novo by animals and thus has to be taken up from animal food sources or as provitamin A carotenoids. The recent demonstration that the responsible betacarotene cleaving enzyme beta. and support of various tissues and organs of numerous species.10'-monooxygenase (Bcmo2). alternative ways to combat vitamin A deficiency of specific targets by the supplementation with beta-carotene or even molecular therapies seem to be the future. differentiation. Retinal pigment epithelial cells were shown to contain Bcmo1 and to be able to cleave beta-carotene into retinal in vitro. longlasting stores are built in the liver from which retinol can be transported by a specific protein to the peripheral tissues to be metabolized to either RA or reesterified to form intracellular stores. the latter being converted by central cleavage of the molecule to retinal in the intestine. beta. Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Chichili GR. von Lintig J.

beta-Carotene cleavage in the RPE may be an alternative pathway that would ensure the retinoid supply of photoreceptor cells. The key step in the vitamin A biosynthetic pathway is the oxidative cleavage of beta-carotene into retinal by the enzyme beta.
Chichili GR. Tests for enzymatic activity demonstrated that the mRNA upregulation resulted in enzymatically active BCO protein (7.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Stuttgart. Application of exogenous retinoic acid downregulated BCO mRNA levels at higher concentrations (1 microM. University of Hohenheim. The RAR-a-specific antagonist upregulated BCO expression by sixfold (P < 0.beta-carotene-15. 2005 Oct.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.0005) and upregulated it at a lower concentration (0. Gov't
PMID: 16186334 [PubMed .005). respectively.
beta-Carotene conversion into vitamin A in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. BCO activity was assayed in protein extracts isolated from D407 cells.5 microM and 96% at 5 microM. Western blot analyses revealed the presence of BCO at the protein level in D407 cells.15'-monooxygenase (BCO). PURPOSE: Vitamin A is essential for vision.005). RESULTS: By RT-PCR. The conversion of betacarotene to retinoids was determined by measuring retinol levels in D407 cells on beta-carotene supplementation. P < 0. Non-U. and retina. Nohr D.and time (127% at 2 hours and 97% at 4 hours in 5 microM beta-carotene. Germany.05)-dependent upregulation of BCO mRNA expression. -96%.S.05).46(10):3562-9. Furthermore. Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition. 399%. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that BCO is expressed in the RPE and that beta-carotene can be metabolized into retinol. D407 cells took up beta-carotene in a time-dependent manner and converted it to retinol.01 microM. Biesalski HK. Publication Types:
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Research Support. METHODS: BCO mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. Schäffer M. P < 0. P < 0. Exogenous beta-carotene application to D407 cells resulted in a concentration (75% at 0. The purpose of the study was to investigate beta-carotene metabolism and its effects on BCO expression in the human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line D407. P < 0. BCO mRNA was detected in D407 cells. bovine RPE.3 ng all-trans-retinal/h per milligram of protein). von Lintig J.

F2. To gain some insight into the physiological role of BCO2. adrenal gland. Extramural
PMID: 15983114 [PubMed . Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. TX 75390-9032. prostate and endometrial connective tissue. Andersson S. By immunohistochemical analysis it was revealed that BCO2 was detected in cell types that are known to express BCO1.15'-monooxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the first step in the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A in the mucosa of the small intestine.I. He YG. Dallas. and retinal pigment epithelium and ciliary body pigment epithelia in the eye.H.. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
Cell type-specific expression of beta-carotene 9'. This enzyme is also expressed in epithelia in a variety of extraintestinal tissues. exocrine pancreas.106 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. The finding that the BCO2 enzyme was expressed in some tissues and cell types that are not sensitive to vitamin A deficiency and where no BCO1 has been detected suggests that BCO2 may also be involved in biological processes other than vitamin A synthesis. kidney tubules. and endocrine pancreas.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The newly discovered beta-carotene 9'. BCO2 was uniquely detected in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. The symmetrically cleaving beta-carotene 15. we determined the expression pattern of BCO2 mRNA and protein in human tissues.. parenchymal cells in liver. Department of ObstetricsGynecology. 2005 Nov.10'-monooxygenase in human tissues.J Histochem Cytochem.
Lindqvist A.53(11):1403-12. USA. such as epithelial cells in the mucosa of small intestine and stomach. Leydig and Sertoli cells in testis.10'monooxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes asymmetric cleavage of carotenoids. N. Epub 2005 Jun 27.

a vitamin A derivative. Furthermore. In zebrafish. Roentgenweg 11.betacarotene-15. Gov't
PMID: 15654843 [PubMed .
Photoreceptor morphology is severely affected in the beta.beta-carotene-15. von Lintig J. University Eye Hospital. the key enzyme for vitamin A formation.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Biehlmaier O. provokes a loss of retinoid signalling during early eye development that results in microphthalmia at larval stages.S. peanut agglutinin. Germany. Non-U. the number of Muller cells was significantly reduced in the inner nuclear layer. and electron dense debris in their intermembranal space.15'-oxygenase (bcox) zebrafish morphant.21(1):59-68. and cell death was frequently observed in the outer nuclear layer.Eur J Neurosci. Kohler K. 72076 Tuebingen. 2005 Jan.kohler@uni-tuebingen. Thus. The photoreceptors in the central retina showed shortened outer segments.15'-oxygenase (bcox). Using this model. In addition.de The retinoic acid molecule. shortened outer segments and cell death of the remaining photoreceptors in the central retina indicate that there is an ongoing need for retinoid signalling for photoreceptor integrity and survival at later developmental stages. we analysed the consequences of this for the retinal morphology of the fish larvae in structural details. Lampert JM. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. targeted gene knockdown of beta. The number of phagosomes was increased. zpr1) in the peripheral retina. is of key importance for eye and photoreceptor development in vertebrates. konrad. Experimental Ophthalmology. we found that the lack of retinoid signalling strongly effects photoreceptor development in the ventral and dorsal retina. Our analyses revealed that rods and cones do not express photoreceptor specific proteins (rhodopsin. Several studies have provided evidence that the ventral part of the retina is particularly susceptible to impairment in retinoid signalling during the period of its development.

the AgeRelated Eye Disease Study (AREDS) and the Roche European American Cataract Trial (REACT). Switzerland. wolfgang.with higher doses of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene and consequently with larger plasma concentrations of these antioxidant micronutrients. vitamins C and E and the carotenoids. have been discussed as factors that could reduce the risk for this disease. Furthermore. Roche Vitamins AG. Finally. their accumulation. are compared.100(3):181-9.The AREDS trial did show a positive effect only for age-related macular degeneration but not for cataract.com Age-related cataract remains the major cause of preventable blindness throughout the world. while the REACT trial demonstrated a small but statistically significant deceleration of cataract progression.The authors also believe that it is reasonable to include these micronutrients in the therapeutic armamentarium of general ophthalmological practice.Review and comparison of the AREDS and REACT cataract studies]
[Article in German] Schalch W. It has long been realized that one of the important etiological factors for this disease is oxidative and in particular photooxidative damage to the lens. suggests that even more important may have been the fact that in the REACT study intervention started earlier in the disease process. 2003 Mar.The authors' detailed comparison of these studies.The techniques for following the course of a cataract in the REACT study were more sensitive to subtle changes than those used in the AREDS study.schalch@roche. Basel. and this may have been one important factor accounting for the differences.The REACT trial results support the early complementation of a diversified diet with supplements containing vitamins C and E and beta-carotene as well as other carotenoids.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. but more emphasis has been placed on a description and discussion of major clinical intervention studies.Ophthalmologe. the design and results of two of those trials using antioxidant micronutrients.
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[Antioxidant micronutrients and cataract. Chylack LT. PMID: 12640546 [PubMed . The present article reviews what is known about the transport of these substances to the lens. in particular betacarotene.Therefore. the available epidemiological literature is briefly mentioned. and their concentrations in the lens. however. the antioxidant micronutrients.

Friend J.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.02) for odds of cortical opacities and between smoking status and folate (P = 0. Tufts University. Padhye N.18. 0. Rogers G. Few studies have related nutrition to the odds of developing cortical or posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts.5 and subcapsular opacities as grade > or =0. alpha-carotene (P = 0. RESULTS: Some lenses had more than one opacity. 2002 Mar. PMID: 11864861 [PubMed .005). Wolfe JK. Hankinson SE.02).2. Chylack LT Jr. and total carotenoids (P = 0.75(3):540-9.tufs. 0. Jacques PF.02). Prevalence of PSC opacities was related to total carotenoid intake in women who never smoked (P = 0.87) than was no vitamin C supplement use. We defined cortical opacities as grade > or = 0. but significant interactions were seen between age and vitamin C intake (P = 0. Boston.
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Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. 0.43.02). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a role for vitamin C in diminishing the risk of cortical cataracts in women aged <60 y and for carotenoids in diminishing the risk of PSC cataracts in women who have never smoked. Duration of vitamin supplement use was determined from 7 questionnaires collected during this same period. Willett WC.Am J Clin Nutr. a vitamin C intake > or = 362 mg/d was associated with a 57% lower odds ratio (0. For women aged <60 y. 95% CI: 0. Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging.3 of the Lens Opacities Classification System III. and use of vitamin C supplements for > or = 10 y was associated with a 60% lower odds ratio (0. Khu PM. No nutrient measure was related to prevalence of opacities in the full sample. MA 02111. beta-carotene (P = 0.02) for odds of PSC opacities. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the relation between usual nutrient intakes and age-related cortical and PSC lens opacities.
Taylor A.edu BACKGROUND: Proper nutrition appears to protect against cataracts. DESIGN: We studied 492 nondiabetic women aged 53-73 y from the Nurses' Health Study cohort who were without previously diagnosed cataracts.40. USA. Usual nutrient intake was calculated as the average intake from 5 food-frequency questionnaires collected over a 13-15-y period before the eye examination.93) of developing a cortical cataract than was an intake <140 mg/d. Tung W. ataylor@hnrc.

Des Moines. Among the carotenoids present in the body.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 2009 Mar-Apr. zeaxanthin. 600 E Court Avenue.Zeaxanthin and Eye Health
Clin Dermatol. Human studies have demonstrated that lutein and zeaxanthin are present in the skin.com Less than 20 of the hundreds of carotenoids found in nature are found in the human body. The body does not synthesize them. Suite A. IA 50309-2058. This article reviews the scientific literature pertaining to the effects that lutein and zeaxanthin exhibit in the human eye and skin. Lewis B.
Roberts RL.27(2):195-201. and animal studies have provided evidence of significant efficacy against light-induced skin damage. lutein and zeaxanthin have been shown to filter high-energy wavelengths of visible light and act as antioxidants to protect against the formation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent free radicals. only lutein and its coexistent isomer. Kemin Health. Little was known about the protective effects of these carotenoids in human skin until recently. LC. Green J. namely. are found in that portion of the eye where light is focused by the lens. USA. especially the ultraviolet wavelengths. These carotenoids are present in the body from the foods or dietary supplements that humans consume. the macula lutea.
Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health.roberts@kemin. Publication Types:
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PMID: 19168000 [PubMed . richard. In the eye. Numerous studies have shown that lutein and zeaxanthin may provide significant protection against the potential damage caused by light striking this portion of the retina.

Salt Lake City. 2008 Mar. The carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are believed to protect the human macula by absorbing blue light and quenching free radicals.
Ward MS. University of Utah School of Medicine. and that these lower levels may correlate with early-onset maculopathy. P<0.
Macular and serum carotenoid concentrations in patients with malabsorption syndromes.1(1):12-18. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences. Convincing signs of early maculopathy were not observed. USA. Utah 84132. Bernstein PS. PMID: 19081745 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC2600549
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.J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. Carotenoids were extracted from serum and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intestinal malabsorption syndromes such as celiac and Crohn's disease are known to cause deficiencies of lipid-soluble nutrients.001). We conclude that intestinal malabsorption results in lower macular carotenoid levels. Subjects with malabsorption (n=22) had 37% lower levels of macular carotenoids on average versus controls (n=25. Moran Eye Center. Resonance Raman spectrographic (RRS) measurements of macular carotenoid levels were collected from subjects with and without a history of malabsorption syndromes. Malabsorption was not associated with decreased serum carotenoid levels. Zhao DY. We hypothesized that subjects with nutrient malabsorption syndromes will demonstrate lower carotenoid levels in the macula and blood. 65 Mario Capecchi Drive.

in combination with co-antioxidants (vitamin C. and change in AMD severity as monitored by fundus photography. Stevenson MR.Ophthalmic Epidemiol. Chakravarthy U. has a beneficial effect on visual function and/or prevention of progression from early to late stages of disease. a clinical state without overt functional loss.15(6):389-401. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. is the leading cause of blind registration in the Western World among individuals 65 years or older. contrast sensitivity. Waterford. This article outlines the CARMA Study design and methodology. Appropriate dietary antioxidant supplementation is likely to be beneficial in maintaining visual function in patients with AMD. Beatty S. The Carotenoids in Age-Related Maculopathy (CARMA) Study is a randomized and double-masked clinical trial of antioxidant supplementation versus placebo in 433 participants with either early AMD features of sufficient severity in at least one eye or any level of AMD in one eye with late AMD (neovascular AMD or central geographic atrophy) in the fellow eye. 2008 Nov-Dec. and preventing or delaying the progression of early AMD to late AMD. Non-U.S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Johnston E. Anderson R. The aim of the CARMA Study is to investigate whether lutein and zeaxanthin. E.
Carotenoids and co-antioxidants in age-related maculopathy: design and methods. Secondary outcomes include improved or preserved interferometric acuity. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hogg RE. and zinc). Gov't Review
PMID: 19065432 [PubMed . is said to be present clinically when yellowish deposits known as drusen and/or alterations of fundus pigmentation are seen in the macular retina. Waterford Institute of Technology. Although the etiopathogenesis of AMD remains uncertain. The primary outcome is improved or preserved distance visual acuity at 12 months.
Neelam K. Republic of Ireland. Early AMD. including its rationale. shape discrimination ability. there is a growing body of evidence in support of the view that cumulative oxidative damage plays a causal role.

Possible role for dietary lutein and zeaxanthin in visual development. University of Georgia. and zeaxanthin (Z). Vision Sciences Laboratory. for instance.Nutr Rev. has received far less attention. an influence on visual development is likely. cataract and macular degeneration) has been carefully studied. could retard age-related changes in the eye and prevent the eye diseases that result from such changes (namely. The available evidence indicates that the pigments may play a role in all three of these areas.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. A role for the carotenoids very early in life. lutein (L). Publication Types:
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PMID: 19019038 [PubMed . 2008 Dec. Nevertheless. Georgia 30602. Athens. USA.
Hammond BR Jr. would influence the development of the visual system if they 1) altered input during a critical/sensitive period of visual development and/or 2) influenced maturation and/or 3) protected the retina during a period when it was particularly vulnerable. Retinal L and Z.66(12):695-702. however. The possibility that the macular carotenoids.

Significant associations were found between blue light exposure and neovascular AMD in individuals in the quartile of lowest antioxidant level-vitamin C. Agnew M. astrid. which were also associated with early stages of AMD. 3. and vitamin E (odds ratio. Augood C. Vioque J. Publication Types:
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Research Support. our results suggest that people in the general population should use ocular protection and follow dietary recommendations for the key antioxidant nutrients. Bentham GC. No association was found between blue light exposure and neovascular or early AMD.ac. METHODS: Four thousand seven hundred fifty-three participants aged 65 years or older in the European Eye Study underwent fundus photography. Blue light exposure was estimated by combining meteorologic and questionnaire data. zeaxanthin.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. RESULTS: Data on sunlight exposure and antioxidants were available in 101 individuals with neovascular AMD. zeaxanthin. Vingerling JR.9). Seland J. and 2117 controls. and gave blood for antioxidant analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is not possible to establish causality between sunlight exposure and neovascular AMD.
Sunlight exposure.4 for 1 standard deviation unit increase in blue light exposure. England.126(10):1396-403. 2182 with early AMD. and age-related macular degeneration. Topouzis F. Non-U. and dietary zinc-with an odds ratio of about 1. vitamin E. London. Tomazzoli L. 95% confidence interval. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health. 2008 Oct. 1. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.uk OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of sunlight exposure and antioxidant level with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Soubrane G. Rahu M. de Jong PT.6-8. Gov't
PMID: 18852418 [PubMed .Arch Ophthalmol. Keppel Street. antioxidants.
Fletcher AE. Higher odds ratios for blue light were observed with combined low antioxidant levels.7.S.fletcher@lshtm. Young IS. were interviewed for adult lifetime sunlight exposure. especially vitamin C. Chakravarthy U.

Based on the scientific rationale. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 18754570 [PubMed . this issue has to be examined in a differentiated way.31(8):299-308. Research studies suppose lutein and zeaxanthin may contribute to improvement of vision in patients with AMD and other eye diseases. Both carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are accumulated in the retina. especially in the macula lutea. Leibniz Universität Hannover. Mang B.uni-hannover.de Due to increased life expectancy the number of people with age-related diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) will grow. Hannover. which damages photoreceptors and pigmentary epithelium. Therefore prevention becomes more important. However. Due to their antioxidative properties they can reduce changes in membrane permeability via quenching reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Currently AMD is incurable and only a few therapeutic strategies are available. Institut für Lebensmittelwissenschaft. andreas. Protective effects related to eye health are discussed for the two carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. They are able to absorb blue light.
[Lutein and eye health--current state of discussion]
[Article in German] Hahn A.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.hahn@lw. Meanwhile both substances are offered as food supplements to a great extent. these carotenoids may be effective in the prevention of age-related eye diseases.Med Monatsschr Pharm. 2008 Aug.

Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 18669329 [PubMed . specific and sensitive RPHPLC method for the determination of lutein in rat plasma was developed.77(3):34-8. that the peak plasma levels was achieved to 2 hour and the mean elimination half life was 2. Kosman VM.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. In experiments on animals (rat) the pharmacokinetics of the product was investigated at single oral administration.
[Light-absorbing and antiradical properties of a product with lutein and zeaxanthin in vitro and kinetics of carotinoids at single oral administration on rats]
[Article in Russian] Karlina MV. It is shown. 2008.Vopr Pitan. that the product is the effective light-absorbing agent and inhibitor of free-radical oxidation in vitro. Shikov AN. Light-absorbing and antiradical properties of the new product on a basis of lutein and zeaxanthin for correction of eye diseases in model system of initiated oxidation of isopropylbenzene were investigated. which was applied to pharmacokinetic investigation in rats after oral administration of lutein at dose 20 mg/kg.4 hours. It was established. A simple. Pozharitskaia ON. Makarov VG.

Additional risk factors include obesity. Oklahoma 74078-6141. smoking. Department of Nutritional Sciences.66(8):465-72. Stillwater. resveratrol. USA. 2008 Aug. as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. glaucoma.Nutr Rev. Additional phytochemicals of emerging interest. Cataracts. may help prevent or delay the progression of these eye diseases. Basu A. deserve more attention in future clinical trials. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18667008 [PubMed . and Ginkgo biloba. and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are common causes of blindness in the elderly population of the United States.
Phytochemicals and age-related eye diseases. like green tea catechins. and inadequate antioxidant status. Oklahoma State University. anthocyanins. shown to ameliorate ocular oxidative stress. Phytochemicals.
Rhone M. Observational and clinical trials support the safety of higher intakes of the phytochemicals lutein and zeaxanthin and their association with reducing risks of cataracts in healthy postmenopausal women and improving clinical features of AMD in patients.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.

and RPE/choroid) account for approximately 50% of the eye's total carotenoids and approximately 30% of the lutein and zeaxanthin.Exp Eye Res. cataract. Although it is well known that the retina and lens are enriched in these carotenoids. zeaxanthin.3'S. Zhao DY. as well as their metabolites. lutein and zeaxanthin. In addition. USA.epsiloncaroten-3'-one. Salt Lake City. and sclera] were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Carotenoids were identified and quantified by comparing their chromatographic and spectral profiles with those of authentic standards. macula. may play an important role in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration. Muir GJ. ciliary body. iris.utah. we have set out to identify and quantify the complete spectrum of dietary carotenoids and their oxidative metabolites in a systematic manner in all tissues of the human eye in order to gain better insight into their ocular physiology. Moran Eye Center. light screening and antioxidant. while they are more likely to act as antioxidants in the ciliary body. Carvalho LS. may be operative in the RPE/choroid in addition to a possible function of this tissue in the transport of dihydroxycarotenoids from the circulating blood to the retina. the oxidative metabolism and physiological functions of the ocular carotenoids are not fully understood. and other blinding disorders. and carotenoid extracts from ocular tissues [retinal pigment epithelium/choroid (RPE/choroid). This report lends further support for the critical role of lutein. zeaxanthin. their geometrical (E / Z) isomers. Uveal structures (iris. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.
Bernstein PS. Both mechanisms. and sclera had quantifiable levels of dietary (3R.
Identification and quantitation of carotenoids and their metabolites in the tissues of the human eye.72(3):215-23. paul. cornea.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. peripheral retina. 2001 Mar. these pigments are likely to play a role in filtering out phototoxic short-wavelength visible light.Human donor eyes were dissected.3'R.Nearly all ocular structures examined with the exception of vitreous. University of Utah School of Medicine. relatively little is known about carotenoid levels in the uveal tract and in other ocular tissues. In the iris.6'R)-lutein (3'-epilutein) and 3-hydroxy-beta. and other ocular carotenoids in protecting the eye from light-induced oxidative damage and aging. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences.6'R)-lutein. ciliary body. Also. Thus. while only the latter group was detected in human RPE/choroid. Katz NB. PMID: 11180970 [PubMed . (3R.edu There is increasing evidence that the macular pigment carotenoids. human ciliary body revealed the presence of monohydroxycarotenoids and hydrocarbon carotenoids. cornea. Khachik F. UT 84132. lens. vitreous.bernstein@hsc.

a specific requirement for antioxidant protection would not be predicted. the major carotenoids comprising the macular pigment. 2000 Apr. PMID: 10752961 [PubMed .41(5):1200-9. are present in rod outer segment (ROS) membranes where the concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of lutein and zeaxanthin in human ROS membranes raises the possibility that they function as antioxidants in this cell compartment. Preparation of membranes and analysis of carotenoids were performed in parallel on bovine retinas for comparison to a nonprimate species.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.5. lrapp@bcm.7 times more concentrated in the perifoveal than the peripheral retinal region. Rapp LM. Cullen Eye Institute. Houston. Choi JH. is highest. Membranes prepared from bovine retinas had protein profiles and fatty acid composition similar to those from human retinas. USA. Carotenoid analysis showed that lutein and zeaxanthin were present in ROS and residual human retinal membranes. ROS and residual (ROS-depleted) retinal membranes were isolated from these regions by differential centrifugation and their purity checked by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fatty acid analysis. Carotenoid concentrations were also determined for retinal pigment epithelium harvested from human eyes.tmc. The finding of a higher concentration of these carotenoids in ROS of the perifoveal retina lends support to their proposed protective role in age-related macular degeneration. Baylor College of Medicine. Lutein plus zeaxanthin in human ROS membranes was 2. RESULTS: ROS membranes prepared from perifoveal and peripheral regions of human retina were found to be of high purity as indicated by the presence of a dense opsin band on protein gels.edu PURPOSE: In addition to acting as an optical filter. macular (carotenoid) pigment has been hypothesized to function as an antioxidant in the human retina by inhibiting the peroxidation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. at its location of highest density in the inner (prereceptoral) layers of the foveal retina. Fatty acid analysis of human ROS membranes showed a characteristic enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid relative to residual membranes. Lutein and zeaxanthin were consistently detected in human retinal pigment epithelium at relatively low concentrations.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Texas 77030. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lutein and zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina. Lutein and zeaxanthin were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and their concentrations expressed relative to membrane protein. Maple SS. However.to 4-mm eccentricity representing the area centralis excluding the fovea (perifoveal retina) and the remaining retina outside this region (peripheral retina). and susceptibility to oxidation. The combined concentration of lutein plus zeaxanthin was 70% higher in human ROS than in residual membranes. METHODS: Retinas from human donor eyes were dissected to obtain two regions: an annular ring of 1. Department of Ophthalmology.

as autopsy samples. Non-U. FL 33199.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. relatively high densities of these carotenoids in the macula. Gov't. We estimate that approximately half of the variability in the subjects' serum concentration of L and Z can be explained by their dietary intake of L and Z.S. USA. from 23 tissue donors in order to obtain the concentration of L and Z in these tissues. Dixon Z.
Bone RA. associations between dietary intake of L and Z and serum concentration of L and Z. obtained by flicker photometry.
Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes. 2000 Sep. Copyright 2000 Academic Press. and L and Z concentration in the blood serum. U. serum and diet of human subjects. Chen Y. support the hypothesis that low concentrations of macular pigment may be associated with an increased risk of AMD. age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the combined lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) intake in the diet. We also analysed the serum and retinas. Department of Physics. The results reveal positive.S. and macular pigment optical density. and between serum concentration of L and Z and macular pigment density. P. determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
PMID: 10973733 [PubMed . Several lines of evidence point to a potential protective effect by the macular pigment against AMD. in addition. and about one third of the variability in their macular pigment density can be attributed to their serum concentration of L and Z. In this study we examined the relationship between dietary intake of L and Z using a food frequency questionnaire. These results. We suggest that persons with high levels of L and Z in either the diet or serum would probably have. though weak.S. concentration of L and Z in the serum. Inverse associations have been reported between the incidence of advanced. Llerena CM.Exp Eye Res. Miami. neovascular. Nineteen subjects participated. together with the reported associations between risk of AMD and dietary and serum L and Z.H. Florida International University. Gov't Research Support. the so-called 'macular pigment'. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Landrum JT.71(3):239-45.

Khachik F. Carotenoids Research Unit. RESULTS: In addition to lutein and zeaxanthin. CONCLUSIONS: Lutein.epsiloncaroten-3'-one in human retina may be interconverted through a series of oxidationreduction reactions similar to our earlier proposed metabolic transformation of these compounds in humans. Similar results were also obtained from HPLC analysis of a freshly dissected monkey retina. Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. These were as follows: 9-cislutein. Minor carotenoids were identified as: 3'-epilutein. and 2. Several of the geometric isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin were also detected at low concentrations.5-diol. and 3-hydroxy-beta. A major carotenoid resulting from direct oxidation of lutein was identified as 3-hydroxy-beta. 13-cis-lutein. US Department of Agriculture. several oxidation products of these compounds were present in the extracts from human retina. PMID: 9286269 [PubMed . 3'-hydroxy-epsilon. 9-cis-zeaxanthin.epsiloncarotene-3. The presence of the direct oxidation product of lutein and 3'epilutein (metabolite of lutein and zeaxanthin) in human retina suggests that lutein and zeaxanthin may act as antioxidants to protect the macula against short-wavelength visible light. PURPOSE: To characterize fully all the major and minor carotenoids and their metabolites in human retina and probe for the presence of the oxidative metabolites of lutein and zeaxanthin. The proposed oxidative-reductive pathways for lutein and zeaxanthin in human retina. 1997 Aug. Beltsville.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.3'-diol. Garland DL.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas.epsilon-carotene-3.epsiloncaroten-3-one.38(9):1802-11. may therefore play an important role in prevention of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. USA. Bernstein PS. METHODS: Carotenoids of a composite of 58 pairs of human retinas and a monkey retina were elucidated by comparing their high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrophotometry (UV/Vis)-mass spectrometry (MS) profile with those of authentic standards prepared by organic synthesis. epsilon. epsilon. and 13-cis-zeaxanthin. 13'-cis-lutein. epsiloncaroten-3'-one. Maryland 20705. zeaxanthin.3'-dione. 3'-epilutein. 9'-cislutein.6-cyclolycopene-1.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether MP density in the retina could be raised by increasing dietary intake of L and Z from foods. one "serum and retinal nonresponder" showed no changes in serum L.8 mg L. Non-U. Eleven subjects modified their usual daily diets by adding 60 g of spinach (10. For the two subjects given only corn.S. Russell RM. Yeum KJ. SD.4 mg L). and beta-carotene were measured by highperformance liquid chromatography. Augmentation of MP for both experimental and clinical investigation appears to be feasible for many persons. 0. Snodderly DM.H. or beta-carotene and no change in MP density. Gov't.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. U. Serum concentrations of L. but not all. Z.H. two other subjects were given only corn. -11%). subjects. Johnson EJ.38(9):1795-801. serum L changed little (+11%. U. Edwards RB. PURPOSE: The retinal carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) that form the macular pigment (MP) may help to prevent neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
PMID: 9286268 [PubMed . Publication Types:
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Research Support. 5 mg beta-carotene) and ten also added 150 g of corn (0. Gov't Research Support. Arizona State University West.
Dietary modification of human macular pigment density. it remained elevated for at least several months after resuming an unmodified diet. METHODS: Macular pigment was measured psychophysically for 13 subjects. Gov't. 31%) but not in MP density (mean.S. 22%) and in MP density (mean. When MP density increased with dietary modification. Krinsky NI.S. 33%. Research Support.3 mg Z. 11%).
Hammond BR Jr. but in one subject serum Z increased (70%) and MP density increased (25%).3 mg Z. Dietary modification lasted up to 15 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in MP density were obtained within 4 weeks of dietary modification for most. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences. Non-P. Phoenix 85069-7100. RESULTS: For the subjects fed spinach or spinach and corn. College of Arts and Sciences. Z. USA. 19%.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.S. P. 1997 Aug. 0. SD. -6%).S. three types of responses to dietary modification were identified: Eight "retinal responders" had increases in serum L (mean. two "retinal nonresponders" showed substantial increases in serum L (mean.

.
Density of the human crystalline lens is related to the macular pigment carotenoids. RESULTS: Lens density (440 nm) increased as a function of age (r = 0. Non-U. and lens optical density. may retard age-related increases in lens density.001) was found between macular pigment density (440 nm) and lens density (440 nm).
Hammond BR Jr.Optom Vis Sci. p < 0.74(7):499-504. macular pigment).53-0. College of Arts & Sciences.e. and 5 males (ages 24 to 31 years)--were compared with older subjects--23 older females (ages 55 to 78 years). and 16 older males (ages 48 to 82 years). USA. an inverse relationship between these two variables suggests that lutein and zeaxanthin.42). or other dietary factors with which they are correlated.001). BHammond@asuvm. Gov't. 500. the only two carotenoids that have been identified in the human lens.
PMID: 9293517 [PubMed . Wooten BR. Macular pigment is composed of lutein and zeaxanthin.edu PURPOSE: Although oxidative stress may play an important role in the development of age-related cataract. The present experiments investigated the relationship between retinal carotenoids (i. lutein and zeaxanthin. P. Snodderly DM. CONCLUSIONS: The main finding of this study was an age-dependent.inre. Thus. Vision Sciences Laboratory. p < 0.65. Gov't Research Support.H. a significant inverse relationship (y = 1. as expected. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. 1997 Jul. These varied results may be due in part to the lack of good biomarkers for measuring the long-term nutritional status of the eye.83x. Arizona State University. U.47. METHODS: Macular pigment (460 nm) and lens (440. Phoenix. r = -0.asu. Groups of younger subjects--7 females (ages 24 to 36 years).S.S. inverse relationship between macular pigment density and lens density. and 550 nm) optical density were measured psychophysically in the same individuals. used as an indicator of lens health. No relationship was found for the youngest group (p < 0. used as a longterm measure of tissue carotenoids.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.S. the degree of protection reported for antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids has been inconsistent across studies. For the oldest group.

S. Primate retinas accumulate two carotenoids. U. Gov't. The retina also distributes alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) in a nonuniform spatial pattern.
Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. USA. Schepens Eye Research Institute. P. Epidemiologic data indicate that individuals with low plasma concentrations of carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins and those who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).S. Boston. The region of monkey retinas where carotenoids and vitamin E are both low corresponds with a locus where early signs of AMD often appear in humans. Gov't Research Support. as the macular pigment.indexed for MEDLINE]
Zeaxanthin and Eye Health 249
.Am J Clin Nutr.H. 1995 Dec.62(6 Suppl):1448S-1461S. Macular Disease Research Center. Non-U. Laboratory data show that carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins help to protect the retina from oxidative damage initiated in part by absorption of light.
Snodderly DM. Review
PMID: 7495246 [PubMed . MA 02114. which is most dense at the center of the fovea and declines rapidly in more peripheral regions. The combination of evidence suggests that carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins may help to retard some of the destructive processes in the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium that lead to age-related degeneration of the macula.S. lutein and zeaxanthin. Publication Types:
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Research Support.

a higher frequency of intake of spinach or collard greens was associated with a substantially lower risk for AMD (P for trend < . aged 55 to 80 years. Neither vitamin E nor total vitamin C consumption was associated with a statistically significant reduced risk for AMD.S. Sperduto RD. The 520 control subjects were from the same geographic areas as case subjects. and advanced age-related macular degeneration. 0.02).
Seddon JM. controlling for smoking and other risk factors. particularly from foods. These findings support the need for further studies of this relationship. Gov't. 1994 Nov 9.92. 0. Gragoudas ES. U.001). 95% confidence interval. Adjusting for other risk factors for AMD. had other ocular diseases. and residing near a participating clinical center. the most visually disabling form of macular degeneration among older people. Blair N. which are primarily obtained from dark green. and E.35 to 0. Non-U. Gov't Research Support. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. DESIGN--The multicenter Eye Disease CaseControl Study. P. The intake of preformed vitamin A (retinol) was not appreciably related to AMD. Farber MD. leafy vegetables. PATIENTS--A total of 356 case subjects who were diagnosed with the advanced stage of AMD within 1 year prior to their enrollment. Several food items rich in carotenoids were inversely associated with AMD. C. SETTING--Five ophthalmology centers in the United States. OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the relationships between dietary intake of carotenoids and vitamins A.57.JAMA. C. In particular. and were frequency-matched to cases according to age and sex. we found that those in the highest quintile of carotenoid intake had a 43% lower risk for AMD compared with those in the lowest quintile (odds ratio. Burton TC.H. were most strongly associated with a reduced risk for AMD (P for trend = . RESULTS--A higher dietary intake of carotenoids was associated with a lower risk for AMD. Haller J. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--The relative risk for AMD was estimated according to dietary indicators of antioxidant status.272(18):1413-20. Hiller R. lutein and zeaxanthin. Boston 02114. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Ajani UA. vitamins A.
PMID: 7933422 [PubMed . Publication Types:
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Multicenter Study Research Support.S. Epidemiology Unit.
Dietary carotenoids. and E and the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). may decrease the risk of developing advanced or exudative AMD. the leading cause of irreversible blindness among adults. leafy vegetables. Among the specific carotenoids. although a possibly lower risk for AMD was suggested among those with higher intake of vitamin C.S.001). et al. in particular dark green.indexed for MEDLINE]
Zeaxanthin and Eye Health 250
. P for trend = . by using multiple logisticregression analyses. CONCLUSION-Increasing the consumption of foods rich in certain carotenoids. Miller DT.

Department of Biomedical Sciences.
Maccarrone M. University of Teramo. mmaccarrone@unite. it was of concern that zeaxanthin might inhibit apoptosis in these cancer cells.
The photoreceptor protector zeaxanthin induces cell death in neuroblastoma cells. Consistent with this finding. Bari M. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Apoptosis-resistant CHP100 neuroblastoma cells were treated with zeaxanthin.25(6B):3871-6. Moro 45.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Italy. PMID: 16309173 [PubMed .Anticancer Res. Demmig-Adams B. Piazza A. CONCLUSION: Zeaxanthin is a remarkable dietary factor that is able to induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells while being able to prevent apoptosis in healthy cells. RESULTS: Zeaxanthin strongly induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Since zeaxanthin can inhibit lipid peroxidation and beta-carotene inhibits lipoxygenase (LOX) activity. Gasperi V.it BACKGROUND: The dietary carotenoid zeaxanthin protects against age-related eye disease by preventing apoptosis in photoreceptor cells. zeaxanthin did not inhibit LOX activity. The effect of zeaxanthin on the activity of two model LOXs and LOX-mediated lipid peroxidation in liposomes was assessed. Apoptosis was assessed via an immunoassay for histone-associated DNA fragments and cytofluorimetric analysis of apoptotic body formation. 2005 Nov-Dec. This study examined the effect of zeaxanthin on neuroblastoma cells in which apoptosis can be induced with lipid peroxidation products. 64100 Teramo.

Carotenoid. and retinol in frontal and occipital regions of human brain. had higher concentrations of all analytes than the occipital cortex which is generally unaffected. cis. to date there are no reports of individual carotenoid concentrations in human brain. generally vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease. and cis. extracted with organic solvents.cryptoxanthin. The tocopherol isomers occurred in the brain over a wider range of mean concentrations (0. and retinol were present in human brain. Similar to neural retina. RESULTS: At least 16 carotenoids. OBJECTIVE: To measure the major carotenoids..cryptoxanthin.163. and analyzed by HPLC.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Major carotenoids were identified as lutein. the ratio of zeaxanthin to lutein was high and these two xanthophylls were significantly correlated (p <0. Xanthophylls (oxygenated carotenoids) accounted for 66-77% of total carotenoids in all brain regions examined.8-23. total xanthophylls and total carotenoids. total tocopherols. tocopherols. Fitch KA.and trans-lycopene. Haitema TB. DESIGN: Ten samples of brain tissue from frontal lobe cortex and occipital cortex of five cadavers were examined.3 pmol/g) or the identified carotenoids (1. Wilson.8 . such as tocopherols and carotenoids. Non-U. ncraft@crafttechnologies. Dorey CK. 4344 Frank Price Church Road. 3 tocopherols. 2004. Although correlations have been made between diseases and tissue levels of antioxidants. beta. Garnett KM. zeaxanthin. Sections were dissected into gray and white matter. USA. anhydrolutein.J Nutr Health Aging.0001). NC 27893. CONCLUSIONS: The frontal cortex. but not occipital lobes. alphacarotene. frontal lobes. Gov't
PMID: 15129301 [PubMed .S.and trans-betacarotene. have been implicated in the prevention of degenerative diseases.com BACKGROUND: Antioxidants.8(3):156-62. exhibited an age-related decline in retinol. Inc.0 pmol/g). and retinol concentrations in elderly human brain. The importance of these differences and the role(s) of these antioxidants in the brain remain to be determined. tocopherol.9 nmol/g) than either retinol (87.
Craft NE.11-17. Moreover. Publication Types:
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Research Support. alpha. Craft Technologies.

Here.de An association between ischemic stroke and increased oxidative stress has been suggested from animal studies. These findings suggest that the majority of plasma carotenoids are lowered immediately after an ischemic stroke. Heinrich-Heine University. 2002 Mar.7 years) with an acute ischemic stroke of recent onset (<24h) on admission. alpha. betacryptoxanthin. which are lipophilic micronutrients with antioxidant properties.and beta-carotene were significantly lower and levels of MDA were significantly higher in patients in comparison with controls. the time course of plasma levels of six carotenoids. zeaxanthin. However. Düsseldorf.9+/-8. there is a lack of evidence with respect to this association in humans. Publication Types:
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Research Support. as indicated by a concomitant rise in MDA concentrations.and beta-carotene.Free Radic Res. Senin U. lycopene. Cherubini A. a marker of lipid peroxidation. Institute of Physiological Chemistry I. after 6 and 24 h.
Plasma carotenoid and malondialdehyde levels in ischemic stroke patients: relationship to early outcome. Among the carotenoids. lycopene. as well as of malondialdehyde (MDA). alpha.S.and sexmatched controls. as well as MDA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in 28 subjects (19 men and nine women aged 76.36(3):265-8. 5. Sies H. perhaps as a result of increased oxidative stress. Mecocci P. only lutein plasma changes are associated with a poor early-outcome. polidori@uni-duesseldorf.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Stahl W. and on days 3. Gov't
PMID: 12071344 [PubMed . Carotenoid and MDA levels in patients on admission were compared with those of age.
Polidori MC. Non-U. was followed in ischemic stroke patients. and 7. Plasma levels of lutein. Germany. Significantly higher levels of MDA and lower levels of lutein were found in patients with a poor early-outcome (functional decline) after ischemic stroke as compared to patients who remained functionally stable. Plasma levels of lutein.

Bartoli M. Fat infiltration and inflammation cause liver injury and fibrosis and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and end-stage liver disease. Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid which has been shown to be preferentially accumulated in the adipose tissue and liver. Here we tested zeaxanthin effects in preventing progression of liver injury in a model of NASH. were treated with different doses of zeaxanthin. Lee JR. halt the inflammation and fibrosis associated with NASH. Caldwell RW. thus suggesting a potential therapeutic application for this carotenoid in the management of NASH. 2009 May 8. We hypothesized that treatment with zeaxanthin may decrease oxidative stress in the liver and. BBR-2538. Augusta.Zeaxanthin as a Hepatoprotective
Dig Dis Sci. Sridhar S. GA. Labazi M. Department of Medicine. [Epub ahead of print]
Protective Effects of the Carotenoid Zeaxanthin in Experimental Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet. Mongolian gerbils. Medical College of Georgia. Section of Gastroenterology. Hall JD. there are no effective treatments for NASH. PMID: 19424798 [PubMed . Romero MJ.
Chamberlain SM. The obtained results show that zeaxanthin significantly prevented NASH progression by decreasing oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. We assessed histopathological changes by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining and determined oxidative stress by measuring lipid peroxidation. Currently. possibly.edu. Patel J. Marcus DM.as supplied by publisher]
Zeaxanthin as a Hepatoprotective 256
. USA. schamberlain@mcg. 30912.

The release of TNF-alpha was somewhat less affected by the compound. College of Pharmacy. The present study was designed to uncover the effects of zeaxanthin dipalmitate on hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells in vitro. We previously reported the isolation of zeaxanthin and zeaxanthin dipalmitate using bioactivity-guided fractionation to discover hepatoprotective components of Lycium chinense against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. The effects of zeaxanthin dipalmitate on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from Kupffer cells and peritoneal macrophages were also assayed. Kim YC.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate also reduced collagen synthesis in Ito cells by 65. Kim YC. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate showed a significant hepatoprotective activity against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Lee EJ. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate significantly inhibited the uptake of [3H]thymidine by Ito cells.97(3):301-14. Kim SY.Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. Non-U.05) as compared to untreated controls. Collagen synthesis was assessed by the collagenase digestion method. Korea.1% (p < 0. Gov't
PMID: 9387190 [PubMed . Cellular malondialdehyde (MDA) levels declined significantly with the treatment of the compound in a concentration dependent manner.
Kim HP. Seoul National University. Uptake of [3H]thymidine by cultured rat Ito cells in response to zeaxanthin dipalmitate was measured. The formation of NO in either Kupffer cells or in peritoneal macrophages was significantly decreased by zeaxanthin dipalmitate in a concentration dependent manner. 1997 Sep. collagen synthesis and by inhibiting certain biochemical functions of Kupffer cells. Publication Types:
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Research Support. From these results. we conclude that zeaxanthin dipalmitate exerts a potent hepatoprotective activity by inhibiting Ito cell proliferation.
Zeaxanthin dipalmitate from Lycium chinense has hepatoprotective activity.S.

Aliment Pharmacol Ther. (ii) to compare the respective plasma levels with those of the general population. Italy. mean age 51.11 years). such as carotenoids. retinol and alpha-tocopherol were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. K) and other free radical scavengers. alpha-carotene. This is probably due to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Naccarato R. D. It has been suggested that oxygen-derived free radicals may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver damage. lycopene. six patients had associated inflammatory bowel disease). beta-cryptoxanthin). Anti-oxidant plasma levels were not affected by the severity of the histological stage in primary biliary cirrhosis. University of Padova.S. alpha. Martines D.018. Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Research Support. as well as other mechanisms of hepatic release. but a negative correlation was found between total carotenoids and both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (P < 0. five male. respectively). 17 male. METHODS: A total of 105 patients with chronic cholestasis were included in the study: 86 with primary biliary cirrhosis (81 female. zeaxanthin.0001). suggesting the need for dietary supplementation. Non-U. Within the primary sclerosing cholangitis group.013 and P < 0. Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences. E. lutein.
Floreani A.10 years) served as controls. (iii) to correlate the plasma levels with disease severity.14(3):353-8. RESULTS: Both primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis patients had significantly lower levels of retinol. mean age 55. CONCLUSIONS: Although no clinical sign of deficiency is evident. total carotenoids. alpha-tocopherol.and age-matched subjects from the general population in the same geographical area (88 female. 105 sex. (vitamins A. 12 male. including fruit and vegetable intake. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to each subject to evaluate the quality and the quantity of dietary compounds. Carotenoids (lutein zeaxanthin. alpha-tocopherol and carotenoid plasma levels in two groups of patients with chronic cholestatic liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis).and beta-carotene than controls (P < 0. beta-carotene. Nutritional intake in cholestatic patients was comparable to controls. Gov't
PMID: 10735930 [PubMed . no significant difference in the concentration of antioxidants was observed between primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis subjects.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 19 with primary sclerosing cholangitis (seven female. 2000 Mar. D'odorico A. Baragiotta A. lycopene.5 +/.it
BACKGROUND: [corrected] A predictable consequence of cholestasis is malabsorption of fatsoluble factors.3.11 years. aflor@ux1. Among the cholestatic patients. Data were processed by analysis of variance and linear regression analysis.
Plasma antioxidant levels in chronic cholestatic liver diseases. no correlation was found between total carotenoids and cholestatic enzymes. mean age 35 +/.unipd. plasma levels of antioxidants are low in cholestatic patients even in early stages of the disease. as appropriate.5 +/. AIMS: (i) To evaluate retinol.

The fourth group was given a placebo. Department of Home Science. India. NitroBlue Tetrazolium Reduction Test (NBT). 2007.co. RESULTS: Increases from baseline to 4 months and from 4 to 8 months of supplementation were observed for Bactericidal Capacity of Neutrophils (BCA).Iron and Immunity
Arzneimittelforschung. Geisser P. pbabydevaki@yahoo.57(6A):417-25.S. No increase was found in the control placebo group except for PHA. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 17691591 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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Research Support. CONCLUSION: IPC supplementation for eight months led to significant improvements of immunological parameters in iron deficient adolescents with and without anemia.in OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of iron supplementation on immunological parameters of adolescents with varying iron status.
Devaki PB. Three of the four groups received iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex (IPC. Tirupati. METHOD: Adolescents of both sexes with varying iron status were allocated to four treatment groups by using inclusion criteria. No side effects were noted in any participants. and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in all three supplemented groups. Maltofer) containing 100 mg of iron 6 days a week for 8 months. Immunological parameters were assessed at baseline and after 4 and 8 months of supplementation. Chandra RK. S.
Effect of oral supplementation with iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex on the immunological profile of adolescents with varying iron status.V University.

Epub 2008 Sep 30. Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder. and other nutrient deficiencies are some of the situations which make human studies difficult and warrant the use of animal models. The results suggest that iron deficiency induced by our experimental model would mimic the early events in the onset of anemia. which can still respond to iron deficiency by upregulating the expression of transferrin receptor. Hemoglobin concentration. Non-U. São Paolo. Brazil. Publication Types:
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Research Support.Biol Trace Elem Res. Short communication.
Early effects on T lymphocyte response to iron deficiency in mice. This study aimed to investigate alterations in the immune system by inducing iron deficiency and promoting recuperation in a mouse model. 2009 Feb. hematocrit. Gov't
PMID: 18825318 [PubMed .
Saldanha-Araujo F. and flow cytometry analyses of cell-surface transferrin receptor (CD71) on peripheral blood and spleen CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte were performed in the control (C) and the iron-deficient (ID) groups of animals at the beginning and end of the experiment. age. Environmental problems.S. Deficits in iron functional compartments have suppressive effects on the immune system. liver iron store. Ribeirao Preto. Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto. affecting about 30% of the world population. Souza AM.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. where thymus atrophy is not enough to influence subset composition of T cells. Although T cell subsets were not altered. the percentage of T cells expressing CD71 was significantly increased by ID. Hematological indices of C and ID mice were not different but the iron stores of ID mice were significantly reduced.127(2):95-101.

2008 Feb-Mar. Italy.30(1-2):84-9. Institute of General Pathology. In particular. a member of the TIM gene family. Via Mangiagalli 31.J Autoimmun. may be regarded as a negative regulator of human and murine hematopoiesis. Arosio P.it Ferritin is a ubiquitous and specialised protein involved in the intracellular storage of iron. University of Milan. it is also present in serum and other biological fluids.
Recalcati S. Cairo G. The idea that it also acts as a signalling protein has been supported by the cloning and characterisation of the specific H-ferritin receptor TIM-2. stefania. A number of studies of the mouse TIM gene family indicate that this protein plays an important role in immune-mediated diseases. as well as evidence supporting a novel function as a signalling molecule and immune regulator. Invernizzi P.recalcati@unimi. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 18191543 [PubMed . which inhibits the proliferation of lymphoid and myeloid cells. together with the fact that ferritin acts as an immuno-suppressor. has allowed us to formulate hypotheses regarding the possible role of alterations of H-ferritin/TIM-2 binding/signalling in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. We here review evidence supporting the hypothesis that macrophages play a role in the production and secretion of extracellular ferritin. This last finding. H-ferritin.
New functions for an iron storage protein: the role of ferritin in immunity and autoimmunity. 20133 Milan. although its secretion processes are still unclear. Publication Types:
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Research Support.S.

in general. University of Chile. the conflicting effects of iron deficiency and iron supplementation in vitro on the defensive systems reveals the urgent need for further additional information on the in vivo situation. activation and functions of host defence mechanisms. While micromineral deficiencies. Olivos J. 2007 Oct. microminerals contribute to the maintenance of the balance between immunity and health in humans.
Muñoz C.
Iron. these effects can be reversed by supplementation.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.S. However. However. Santiago. Chile. Rios E. Brunser O. Thus. cmunoz@inta. it may be possible to modulate immune function and ultimately reduce the severity of infections through micronutrient supplementation. Effects of trace element supplementation on infectious morbidity are also reviewed. vaccination against respiratory infections is likely to protect only 30-70% of the population. The development of powerful tools in analytical cell biology and molecular genetics has facilitated efforts to identify specific cellular and molecular functions of trace elements in the maturation.Br J Nutr.cl Microminerals including copper and iron are essential to immunity and health in human beings. may have widespread effects on nearly all components of immune response. Selected recent reports about the role of copper and iron nutrition on immune functions are critically analysed here. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Non-U. Gov't Review
PMID: 17922954 [PubMed . Olivares M. In the elderly.98 Suppl 1:S24-8. INTA. copper and immunocompetence.

the results obtained show that natural killer cells have a significantly higher CP expression compared to all other major lymphocyte subsets. Herein. Lisboa. Non-U. Pereira D. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Martins Mde F.S. Epub 2007 Oct 22. Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a multicopper oxidase involved in the acute phase reaction to stress. rat leptomeningeal cells. Oliveira R. IP (INSA). Portugal. In this context.44(3):483-92. Malhó R. Also.
Ceruloplasmin expression by human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a new link between immunity and iron metabolism. Gov't
PMID: 17991445 [PubMed . Paixão E.
Banha J. we show using RT-PCR that human peripheral blood lymphocytes (huPBL) constitutively express the transcripts for both CP molecular isoforms previously reported. expression of CP in huPBL is demonstrated by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis using cells isolated from healthy blood donors with normal Fe status. sCP is produced mainly by the liver and is abundant in human serum whereas GPI-CP is expressed in mammalian astrocytes.Free Radic Biol Med. Ricardo Jorge. the involvement of lymphocyte-derived CP on host defense processes via its anti/prooxidant properties is proposed. 2008 Feb 1. Previous studies showed the existence of two molecular isoforms of CP: secreted CP (sCP) and a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored form of CP (GPI-CP). and Sertolli cells. Although the physiological role of CP is uncertain. Penque D. Importantly. its role in iron (Fe) homeostasis and protection against free radical-initiated cell injury has been widely documented.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Costa L. giving further support for a close functional interaction between the immune system and the Fe metabolism. Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Marques L.

. the emergence of ID significantly accentuated an effect of prenatal stress on natural killer cell activity. USA. and compared with 24 undisturbed controls. Lubach GR. Shirtcliff EA. Publication Types:
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Research Support.I. should be added to the list of risk factors that warrant closer scrutiny of hematological profiles in fast-growing babies.Pediatr Res. These findings indicate that maternal stress.H. Wisconsin 53715. ccoe@wisc.edu The influence of maternal stress during pregnancy on the postpartum iron status and immune maturation of infants was investigated in a nonhuman primate model. Forty infant rhesus monkeys were generated from two types of disturbed pregnancies. Extramural
PMID: 17413860 [PubMed .
Coe CL. Madison.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. N. early or late gestation stress. At 4-6 mo of age.61(5 Pt 1):520-4. Harlow Center for Biological Psychology. especially early in pregnancy. 2007 May. Prenatal stress increased the prevalence and magnitude of iron deficiency (ID) as the infants' growth-related demands for iron exceeded dietary intake from breast milk. University of Wisconsin.
Maternal stress during pregnancy predisposes for iron deficiency in infant monkeys impacting innate immunity. an important component of innate immunity.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: While there is evidence of an altered immune profile in iron deficiency. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Department of Pathology. Gov't
PMID: 17287552 [PubMed .
Mullick S. St John's Medical College.S. and a relationship between the severity of haematological and immunological compromise. RESULTS: Significantly lower levels of T lymphocytes as well as CD4+ cells was observed in the iron deficient children (P<0. 2006 Dec.01 and 0. is lacking. the precise immunoregulatory role of iron is not known.
Impact of iron deficiency anaemia on T lymphocytes & their subsets in children. METHODS: The levels of T lymphocytes. Rusia U.002 respectively).05). The clinical and epidemiological implications of this relationship have topical relevance since ID is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide.Indian J Med Res. The impact of oral iron supplementation for three months on the same parameters was also noted in 30 children. Faridi MA. Non-U.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Information particular in children who are vulnerable to iron deficiency and infection. India. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated quantitatively altered T cell subsets in iron deficiency in children. We undertook this study with the aim of documenting the changes in T cell subsets in children in the age group of 1 to 5 yr with iron deficiency. The CD4 : CD8 ratio was also significantly lower in this group (P<0. Iron supplementation improved the CD4 counts significantly. Bangalore. Sikka M.124(6):647-54. their CD4+ and CD8+ subsets and the CD4 : CD8 ratio were evaluated in 40 iron deficient and 30 healthy children.

S.
Ong ST. 14 Science Drive 4. Epub 2006 Apr 17. National University of Singapore. The knowledge of how organisms fight infections has largely been built upon the ability of host innate immune molecules to recognize microbial determinants. so as to impress upon readers an obscured arm of innate immune defense. Department of Biological Sciences. Ho JZ. 2006. An excellent comprehension of the mechanics of innate immunity paves the way for the possibility that novel antimicrobial therapeutics may emerge one day to overcome the prevalent antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In this review. pathogen recognition is but only one of the facets of innate immunity. Ho B.211(4):295-314. A primitive yet effective antimicrobial mechanism which operates by depriving microbial organisms of their nutrients has been brought into the forefront of innate immunity once again. Singapore 117543. Although of overwhelming importance. we introduce various vertebrate iron-binding proteins and their invertebrate homologues.
Iron-withholding strategy in innate immunity. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Ding JL. Gov't Review
PMID: 16697921 [PubMed . Non-U.Immunobiology. Such a tactic is commonly referred to as the iron-withholding strategy of innate immunity.indexed for MEDLINE]
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52 random sampling normal pregnant women and 50 no pregnant women examined before marriage. nature kill cells activity (CD16).05). The incidence of infectious diseases in IDA pregnant women was significantly higher than that in normal pregnant women (P < 0. RESULTS: The prevalenoe of IDA for pregnant women is 24. serum IL-2 as well as IgG levels in the pregnant women were significantly lower than that of those normal pregnant women (P < 0. IgM and complement C3 were determined in 3 different wormen groups.01. these significant immunological indices of pregnant women will degrease. IgG.
[Effects of iron deficiency anemia on immunity and infectious disease in pregnant women]
[Article in Chinese] Tang YM. including 69 IDA pregnant women who were diagnosed by Hemoglobin. Tangshan 063000. P < 0. Yan H. 2006 Jan. especially marginalde-ficiency of iron.35(1):79-81.in process]
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. interleukin-2 (IL-2) and serum IgA. P < 0. With the decreasing extent of Hb. METHODS: T lymphocyte subsets level (CD3+. China. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 16598942 [PubMed . CD4+ and CD8+).01). OBJECTIVE: To review the changes in immune function and incidence of infectious diseases in pregnant women with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). CONCLUSION: There are significantly effects of IDA on cellular immune function and infectious disease during pregnancy.05. The study on effects of IDA during pregnancy on nature kill cells activity (CD16) and incidence of infectious diseases during puerperium should be continued by increasing sample's number. Li GR.00 g/L The level of CD3+ and CD4+ cells. Chen XZ.05. The average concentration of Hb for pregnant women of IDA is 102. concentrations of free erythocyte porphrin and serum ferritin from 280 pregnant women during 30-38weeka of gestation.00(6.6%. Ning H. North China Coal Medical College. Zhou RH. the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells. P < 0.Wei Sheng Yan Jiu.

S. these results demonstrate that.Exp Mol Med. The increase of CCL20 protein secretion appeared to correspond to that of CCL20 mRNA levels. Gov't
PMID: 16155407 [PubMed . Kyungpook National University School of Medicine. Seo GS. but not in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Lee MH. Jun CD. A previous report by this laboratory demonstrated that bacterial iron chelator (siderophore) triggers inflammatory signals. Kim EC. including the production of CXC chemokine IL-8.
Iron chelator induces MIP-alpha/CCL20 in human intestinal epithelial cells: implication for triggering mucosal adaptive immunity. Choi EY. The efficacy of DFO at inducing CCL20 mRNA was also observed in human PBMCs and in THP-1 cells. unlike other proinflammatory cytokines. in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Shin YI. a timedependent experiment revealed that DFO slowly induces CCL20. direct chelation of host iron by infected bacteria may also contribute to the initiation of host adaptive immunity in the intestinal mucosa. suggesting a novel mechanism of action. Department of Physiology.37(4):297-310. Microarray-based gene expression profiling revealed that iron chelator also induces macrophage inflammatory protein 3 alpha (MIP-3alpha)/CC chemokine-ligand 20 (CCL20). Interestingly. 2005 Aug 31. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Daegu 700-422. while some of those pathways are not involved in TNF-alpha-induced CCL20 production. A pharmacologic study also revealed that multiple signaling pathways are differentially involved in CCL20 production by DFO. this suggests that iron chelator may stimulate IECs to have the capacity to link mucosal innate and adaptive immunity. As CCL20 is chemotactic for the cells involved in host adaptive immunity. Lee MS. Yang BJ. Collectively. Park KI. The basal medium from iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO)-treated HT-29 monolayers was as chemotactic as recombinant human CCL20 at equivalent concentrations to attract CCR6(+) cells. Choi SC.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. such as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Korea. as determined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. in addition to some bacterial products known to induce host adaptive immune responses.
Lee HJ. Non-U.

Petrák J. vyoral@uhkt. Publication Types:
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Research Support. The hepcidin-ferroportin complex is then degraded in lysosomes and iron is locked inside the cells (mainly enterocytes.Int J Biochem Cell Biol.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't Review
PMID: 16009323 [PubMed . The major mechanism of hepcidin function seems to be the regulation of transmembrane iron transport. Under these conditions iron is shifted from circulation into cellular stores in hepatocytes and macrophages. in conditions of altered iron demand such as the increased or decreased total amount of body iron. Hepcidin or hepcidin-related therapeutics could find a place in the treatment of various diseases such as hemochromatosis and anemia of chronic disease. Utilizing this mechanism. protein ferroportin. Czech Republic. In anemia and hypoxia. which serves as a transmembrane iron channel enabling iron efflux from cells. hepcidin regulates the availability of iron for erythropoiesis.
Vyoral D.cz Hepcidin. hepcidin regulates serum iron levels during inflammation. hypoxia and anemia. namely. 2005 Sep. Epub 2005 Mar 16. originally discovered in urine as a bactericidal peptide synthesized by hepatocytes was later proved to be a key regulator of iron metabolism at the whole body level.
Hepcidin: a direct link between iron metabolism and immunity. making it less available for invading microorganisms and tumor cells. This leads to lowering of iron absorption in the intestine and to a decrease in serum iron concentration. infection and possibly also in cancer. Prague.37(9):1768-73. Non-U. inflammation. Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion. Hepcidin binds to its receptor. hepatocytes and macrophages).S.

Following clinical observations that patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are more susceptible to infections than non-anemic individuals. Phagocytosis was examined using latex particles and apoptosis was evaluated by a flow cytometric assay using propidium iodide staining. Department of Medicine C. Bessler H.
Bergman M. 2005 Jul.Biomed Pharmacother. Israel. Golda Campus. Higher dose (500 microg%) induced suppression of phagocytosis in cells from both groups. there was no difference in the percentage of phagocyting monocytes from individuals of both groups. There was no difference in the number of apoptotic cells from individuals of both groups. Straussberg R. Salman H. Pinchasi R. PMID: 15996848 [PubMed . The number of latex beads engulfed by each polymorphonuclear or monocyte was lower in IDA patients. but not mononuclear cells from both controls and IDA patients showed a linear dependency on the iron concentration in the medium.
Phagocytic capacity and apoptosis of peripheral blood cells from patients with iron deficiency anemia. Petah Tiqva. the phagocytic capacity and number of apoptotic peripheral white blood cells (PWBC) from patients with IDA were examined. Incubation with 300 microg% of iron caused an increase in the phagocytic capacity of patients' cells and a decrease in that function in cells from controls.59(6):307-11. PWBC from 15 patients with IDA and from 18 healthy donors were incubated with various doses of iron.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. but increased that of control cells. Apoptosis of polymorphonuclears. Incubation with 100 microg% of iron did not affect the phagocytic ability of both cell types in IDA patients. It is possible that the impaired phagocytic capacity of the PBWC found in patients with IDA contribute to the increased susceptibility to infections observed in these individuals. However. Rabin Medical Center. Djaldetti M. The percentage of phagocyting polymorphonuclear cells was lower in IDA patients compared to that of the controls.

057). the percentage of T-lymphocyte subgroups. Istanbul School of Medicine. Istanbul University. cell-mediated and nonspecific immunity and the activity of cytokines which have an important role in various steps of immunogenic mechanisms are influenced by iron deficiency anemia.008) when stimulated with fMLP.Hematol J.3% in the control group (P=0.5(7):579-83.6 mg/dl in children with IDA and 51. The ratio of neutrophils with phagocytic activity was 58. 2005. Gurel N. IgG4 level was 16.
The effect of iron deficiency anemia on the function of the immune system.7% in the control group (P=0. Karakas Z.3 pg/ml in the control group (P<0.7+/-16. The percentage of neutrophils with oxidative burst activity when stimulated with pma was 53.4+/32. The ratio of monocytes with phagocytic activity was 24.6+/-3.0% (P=0. Division of Hematology/Oncology.8+/-11. Yalcin I. We aimed to study the effect of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on immunity.9 pg/ml in children with IDA and 10.S.8+/-40.3+/-5.05). the level of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Ekiz C.7% in children with IDA and 81.2+/-17.7+/-6.001). the oxidative burst activity of neutrophils and monocytes and the levels of immunoglobulins were compared. and 4. Gov't
PMID: 15692603 [PubMed .7+/-14.001) when stimulated with pma.3+/-3.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The mean IL-6 levels was 5. There was no difference in the distribution of T-lymphocyte subgroups.1 versus 9. These results suggest that humoral.4% in the control group (P=0.3+/-12. and the phagocytic activity.0% in the anemic group. and 42. In 32 children with IDA and 29 normal children. Turkey. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Research Support. The percentage of monocytes with oxidative burst activity was 13. Department of Pediatrics.9+/-13.001). and 74.7 mg/dl in healthy children (P<0. Agaoglu L.0% in the control group (P<0.6+/-23. Non-U.005).3% in the anemic group.7% in children with IDA and 35+/-20. Istanbul.

Schaible UE.and macroorganisms for this important nutrient has shaped the pathogen-host relationship. Department of Immunology. Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology. The use of iron as a cofactor in basic metabolic pathways is essential to both pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. During evolution. we discuss how pathogens compete with the host for iron. and also how the host uses iron to counteract this threat. Non-U. the shared requirement of micro. Schumannstrasse 21-22. 2004 Dec. Publication Types:
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. Here. Kaufmann SH.
Iron and microbial infection.2(12):946-53. Germany. Berlin. D-10117.S. It is also a pivotal component of the innate immune response through its role in the generation of toxic oxygen and nitrogen intermediates.Nat Rev Microbiol. Gov't Review
PMID: 15550940 [PubMed .

Non-U. Washington 98103.
Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. bacteria acquire much of their iron from the host by synthesizing siderophores that scavenge iron and transport it into the pathogen. USA. Gov't
PMID: 15531878 [PubMed . We recently demonstrated that enterochelin. Our finding represents a new component of the innate immune system and the acute phase response to infection. 2004 Dec 16. Sato S. During infection.S. Strong RK.Nature. Smith KD. Upon encountering invading bacteria the Toll-like receptors on immune cells stimulate the transcription. its free concentration and metabolism have to be tightly regulated. a bacterial catecholate siderophore. binds to the host protein lipocalin 2 (ref. Holmes MA. Publication Types:
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Research Support. translation and secretion of lipocalin 2. Although iron is required to sustain life. Epub 2004 Nov 7. Institute for Systems Biology. 5). Rodriguez DJ.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Seattle. This is achieved through a variety of iron-binding proteins including transferrin and ferritin. secreted lipocalin 2 then limits bacterial growth by sequestrating the iron-laden siderophore. Aderem A.
Flo TH. we show that this event is pivotal in the innate immune response to bacterial infection. Here. Akira S.432(7019):917-21.

Publication Types:
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Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial Research Support.51(5):231-7. on day 3. relative and absolute neutrophil count (P < 0. Rehakova Z. the total leucocyte count (P < 0.05) in peripheral blood were found significantly lower in iron-deficient piglets than in their iron-supplemented counterparts. Gov't
PMID: 15330983 [PubMed .cz The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neonatal iron deficiency on immune functions in young piglets. Faldyna M. Red blood cell parameters in the former. svobodama@vfu. Iron deficiency apparently negatively influenced the immunocompetence in piglets. Krejci J. While control piglets were not given any iron preparation until the age of 21 days. Lymphocyte activity as measured by in vitro lymphocyte transformation test was impaired in iron-deficient piglets. irondeficient group were characteristic of hypochromic anaemia. Non-U.
Svoboda M. University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinic of Swine Diseases. Czech Republic. In addition.m. 2004 Jun.S. A statistically significant decrease in circulating B-lymphocyte numbers was found in non-supplemented animals.J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. Palackého 1-3.01). another group of piglets was given 200 mg of Fe(3+)-dextran i.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.01) and absolute lymphocyte count (P < 0. Drabek J.
Impairment of the peripheral lymphoid compartment in irondeficient piglets. 612 42 Brno.

Non-U.S. Gov't.
PMID: 14985230 [PubMed . Handte G. and T cell proliferation upon stimulation with mitogens. Department of Nutritional Sciences.S.79(3):516-21. and nutrient deficiencies. Groups were compared with respect to lymphocyte subsets. infection. U.
Immune function is impaired in iron-deficient. oxidative burst capacity. Sun J. Non-P. and deficiencies in key nutrients known to affect immunocompetence. infection. Most studies are focused on young children in developing countries and are often confounded by comorbid conditions.H. T cell proliferation upon stimulation with concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin A was only 40-50% of that in iron-sufficient women. The Pennsylvania State University. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the relation of iron status with immune function in homebound older women.
Ahluwalia N. DESIGN: Seventy-two homebound elderly women provided blood for comprehensive evaluation of iron status and cellmediated and innate immunity. Phagocytosis did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Gov't Research Support. University Park. phagocytosis. 2004 Mar. USA. Mastro A. and concomitant nutrient deficiencies are needed for simultaneous examination of the effects of iron deficiency on immune response and morbidity. but respiratory burst was significantly less (by 28%) in iron-deficient women than in ironsufficient women. Further prospective studies using similar exclusion criteria for disease. The subjects were selected according to rigorous exclusion criteria for disease. Iron deficiency may further impair immunity in older adults. Krause D. RESULTS: In iron-deficient women.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.S. homebound. Publication Types:
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Research Support. PA 16802. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency is associated with impairments in cell-mediated and innate immunity and may render older adults more vulnerable to infections. Published reports on iron deficiency and immune response in humans are inconsistent. BACKGROUND: Aging is often associated with a dysregulation of immune function. infections. Women were classified as iron-deficient or ironsufficient on the basis of multiple abnormal iron status test results.Am J Clin Nutr. who often have impairments in both iron status and immune response. older women.

Mean total IQ score of the IDA group was 12. IPC.2 points lower than that of the control group.5 years for controls. The WISC-R intelligence test was performed before and after 4-6 months of iron/vitamin treatment (5 mg iron/kg/day as iron(III)-hydroxide polymaltose complex.8 points in total IQ was found after treatment with IPC in the IDA group (p < 0. Department of Pediatrics.9 years for IDA group.1 +/.
Effects of iron deficiency anemia on cognitive function in children. leyla. PMID: 17691592 [PubMed . respectively).and post-treatment IQ scores of the IDA group were evaluated and compared to the control group.agaoglu@gmail. A significant improvement was found especially in these subtests following treatment. Sefil Y. Demir D. There were significant differences in the subtests of WISC-R between the pretreatment IDA group and the control group. The WISC-R intelligence test subsets and pre.01).01). Istanbul.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Torun O.2 points was not statistically significant (p > 0.9 points lower than that of the control group and this was statistically significant (p < 0.
Agaoglu L.57(6A):426-30.and post-treatment IQ scores of the IDA group were significantly differing from control group. However this difference of 8. Unuvar E. METHODS: Matched case-control study was carried out with 30 children (aged 6-12 years) with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) but without any chronic disease and with normal neuromotor development. and multivitamin preparation). Pre.1.05). 37 % versus 40 % girls.com OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of iron deficiency anemia on cognitive function and intelligence in children. Istanbul University. Turkey.8 +/. post-treatment mean total IQ score of the IDA group was 8.1. CONCLUSION: Iron deficiency anemia in children can affect long-term cognitive function. RESULTS: Treatment and control groups were similar in terms of age and gender (mean age 9. 8. Istanbul Faculty of Medicine. Capa.Iron and Cognitive Function
Arzneimittelforschung. 2007. Although a highly significant increase of 4.

2009 Mar.. After iron therapy. High prevalence is found primarily in developing countries. they still had slower transmission in both the auditory and visual systems at preschool age. Algarín CR. Gov't Review
PMID: 19214058 [PubMed .
Sleep and neurofunctions throughout child development: lasting effects of early iron deficiency. with at least as many having iron deficiency without anemia. Non-U. Reyes S.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. but also among poor.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Chamorro R.cl Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) continues to be the most common single nutrient deficiency in the world. Neurofunctional studies showed slower neural transmission in the auditory system despite 1 year of iron therapy in IDA infants. Infants are at particular risk due to rapid growth and limited dietary sources of iron. An estimated 20% to 25% of the world's infants have IDA. Chile. Duran S. follow-up studies point to long-lasting differences in several domains. Different motor activity patterning in all sleep-waking states and several differences in sleep states organization were reported. Lozoff B. ppeirano@inta. and immigrant groups in developed ones. Santiago. Publication Types:
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Research Support.S.48 Suppl 1:S8-15.
Peirano PD.I. N. University of Chile. Garrido MI. Infants with IDA test lower in mental and motor development assessments and show affective differences. minority. Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA).H. Persistent sleep and neurofunctional effects could contribute to reduced potential for optimal behavioral and cognitive outcomes in children with a history of IDA. Extramural Research Support. Sleep and Functional Neurobiology Laboratory.

22 North Charter Street.in process]
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. WI 53715.edu Both during and after a period of iron deficiency (ID). The mothers. and subsequently the infants after weaning. which are associated with emotionality and behavioral performance. Madison.Dev Psychobiol. which documented that 16 (33..
A history of iron deficiency anemia during infancy alters brain monoamine activity later in juvenile monkeys. but by 1 year the formerly anemic monkeys had significantly lower dopamine and significantly higher norepinephrine levels. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected to compare monoamine activity in the ID and iron-sufficient infants. they were all screened with hematological tests. These findings indicate that ID can affect the developmental trajectory of these two important neurotransmitter systems. which raises the potential concern that the anemia commonly experienced by many growing infants could have a protracted effect on the developing brain. 2009 Apr.51(3):301-9. As the infants grew. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Inc.3%) became markedly ID between 4 and 8 months of age. Beard JL. Extramural
PMID: 19194962 [PubMed . (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals. Lubach GR.I. iron-dependent neural processes are affected. During this anemic period and subsequently at 1 year of age. University of Wisconsin. Monoamine neurotransmitters and metabolite levels were normal at 4 and 8 months of age. To further investigate the effects of ID on the immature brain. USA.H. Bianco L. 49 infant rhesus monkeys were evaluated across the first year of life. N. were maintained on a standardized diet containing 180 mg/kg of iron and were not provided other ironrich foods as treats or supplements. ccoe@wisc.
Coe CL. Harlow Center for Biological Psychology. and further that the impact in the young monkey was most evident during the period of recovery.

and a better understanding of modes and sites of action. even after long-term iron supplementation. More recently we have extended these studies and have established that cognitive impairment may be closely associated with neuroanatomical damage and zinc metabolism in the hippocampus due to iron deficiency. We have shown that in this condition it is the brain striatal dopaminergic-opiate system which becomes defective. Israel. cognitive impairment and neurochemical changes closely associated with them. Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation. Technion-Faculty of Medicine. alterations and interactions of several systems in different brain regions. youdim@tx. Rappaport Family Research Institute. prompted us to study its relevance to brain biochemistry and function in an animal model of iron deficiency. it is the most prevalent nutritional abnormality in the world. but rather. it is now apparent that cognitive impairment may not be attributed to a single neurotransmitter.Neurotox Res. cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration with involvement of striatum and hippocampus. Although the effects of iron deficiency have been extensively studied in systemic organs. In animal models of iron deficiency it is apparent that dopaminergic interaction with the opiate system and cholinergic neurotransmission may be defective.technion. This can become irreversible especially in newborns. demonstrating the impairment of learning in young school children with iron deficiency. and which may result from abnormal cholinergic function. until very recently little attention was paid to its effects on brain function. 2008 Aug.il While iron deficiency is not perceived as a life threatening disorder. Haifa. can help devise better treatment programs for those who suffer from it. Thus. PMID: 18790724 [PubMed . resulting in alterations in circadian behaviours.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology.ac.14(1):45-56. The hippocampus is the focus of many studies today. rats made iron deficient have lowered brain iron and impaired behaviours including learning. Nowhere is this more important than in infants and children that make up the bulk of iron deficiency in society.
Brain iron deficiency and excess. Indeed.
Youdim MB. The studies of Oski at Johns Hopkin Medical School in 1974. since this brain structure has high zinc concentration and is highly involved in many forms of cognitive deficits as a consequence of cholinergic deficiency and has achieved prominence because of dementia in ageing and Alzheimer's disease.

420 Delaware Street SE. demonstrating upregulation of a network of genes leading to beta-amyloid production and implicated in Alzheimer disease etiology in iron-deficient anemic rat pups at the time of hippocampal differentiation. Early iron deficiency affects the genomic profile of the developing hippocampus that persists despite iron repletion. App. USA. Magid R. not treatment.
Iron deficiency alters expression of genes implicated in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. University of Minnesota School of Medicine. Georgieff MK.1237:75-83. The purpose of the present study was threefold: 1) quantitative PCR confirmation of our previous microarray results. 2008 Oct 27. Comparison of untreated to treated iron-deficient animals at this age suggested the strong role of iron deficiency. Petryk A.indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC2605272 [Available on 2009/10/27]
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. Department of Pediatrics. C1qa. Epub 2008 Aug 7. is not accompanied by anemia and is not repletable.
Carlson ES.
PMID: 18723004 [PubMed . Clu. The nonanemic hippocampal iron-deficient mouse demonstrated upregulation of all 7 genes in this pathway from P5 to P25. Minneapolis. in the upregulation of this gene network. MN 55455. Htatip) in irondeficient rats relative to iron-sufficient controls at P15. Quantitative PCR confirmed altered regulation in 6 of 7 Alzheimer-related genes (Apbb1. maternal hypertension. Our results suggest a role for neonatal iron deficiency in dysregulation of genes that may set the stage for long-term neurodegenerative disease and that this may occur through a histone modification mechanism. and maternal diabetes mellitus and results in short and long-term neurologic and behavioral deficits. Fn1. 2) investigation of the potential contributions of iron deficiency anemia and iron treatment to this differential gene expression in the hippocampus.Brain Res. Cst3. and 3) investigation of these genes over a developmental time course in a mouse model where iron deficiency is limited to hippocampus. Neonatal brain iron deficiency occurs after insufficient maternal dietary iron intake.

EEG abnormalities were observed in 55% of patients which showed improvement in 35% after treatment. which showed significant improvement after treatment.4. Assiut.008) and hemoglobin level (P=0.01). Positive correlation was identified before and after treatment between hemoglobin levels and MMSE (P=0. Ahmed S. We used group of hematological.01) and serum iron (P=0. Epub 2008 Jun 20. Ahmad Y. Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (WAIS-R). WMS-R. total verbal (P=0.01. and WAIS-R). 2008 Dec.258(8):489-96. Wechsler memory scale-revised (WMS-R). neurophysiological tests for assessment including: mini-mental state examination (MMSE). However. Hamed SA.05). Publication Types:
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PMID: 18574611 [PubMed . Prolongation of ERPs latencies (N200 and P300) and reduction in their amplitudes (P200 and P300) were identified with significant increase in amplitude occurred after treatment. 0. Box 71516. 0. which can be partially reversed by treatment. El-Shereef H.03. Egypt. and electroencephalography (EEG). Department of Neurology and Psychiatry.05.
Khedr E.01. 0.028. P.
Iron states and cognitive abilities in young adults: neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment. cognitive. Compared to controls. 0.04) and performance (P=0. 0. 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.04) IQ scores. Many investigators found that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) had a great influence on cognitive functions in infants and children. patients demonstrated lower scores of different cognitive tests (MMSE.Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.O. Positive correlation was found before and after treatment between P300 amplitude and total IQ (P=0. Negative correlation was identified between before and after treatment between P300 latency and total IQ of WAIS-R (P=0. Assiut University Hospital. In conclusion. Elbeih E. studies of such topic in adults are few and controversial. IDA is a significant factor in cognitive performance in adult population. We prospectively assessed the possible influence of IDA and iron supplementation (for 3 months) on cognitive function and intelligence of 28 young adults with IDA. event-related potentials (ERPs).001).

Neurophysiol Clin. 2008 Apr;38(2):137-43. Epub 2008 Feb 21.

Quantitative EEG and cognitive evoked potentials in anemia.
Kececi H, Degirmenci Y. Department of Neurology, Duzce University Medical Faculty, Duzce, Turkey. hulusikececi@dtip.edu.tr OBJECTIVE: The anemic status may alter brain functions and electrogenesis, as reflected by EEG and cognitive EPs (CEPs). This study aims to evaluate CEPs and EEG power spectra in adult patients with iron-deficiency anemia and to determine the effects of appropriate iron therapy on electrodiagnostic findings. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with iron-deficiency anemia underwent CEP and EEG recording. All patients were re-assessed after three months of oral-iron therapy. RESULTS: All patients had recovered from their anemia through the three-month iron therapy. Central N1 amplitude and parietal P2 amplitude was increased. N2 latencies were shortened in frontal and central regions. P3 latencies were shortened in frontal, central and parietal areas and P3 amplitude was increased in the parietal region. Except in the gamma-band, all pretreatment and post-treatment mean-power values were significantly lower at the temporal, parietal and occipital regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that in irondeficiency anemia, appropriate iron therapy can improve brain electrogenesis, as reflected by P300 and EEG power spectra. PMID: 18423335 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2008 Feb;29(1):11-7.

Selective impairment of cognitive performance in the young monkey following recovery from iron deficiency.
Lubach GR, Coe CL. Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA. grlubach@wisc.edu OBJECTIVE: While poor nutrition during development is an obvious concern, the magnitude and duration of the neural and cognitive deficits that occur after moderate iron deficiency in infancy have remained controversial. A nonhuman primate model of infancy anemia was refined to investigate the effects on cognitive performance. METHODS: Young rhesus monkeys that experienced a delimited period of iron deficiency were tested on a series of cognitive tasks following normalization of their hematological status. Beginning at 8 to 9 months of age, 2 months after weaning from their mothers and consumption of solid food, the previously iron-deficient (ID) monkeys (n = 17) were compared to age- and gender-matched, iron-sufficient (IS) (n = 27) monkeys on a series of three tests of cognitive performance. Using the Wisconsin General Testing Apparatus, a Black/White Discrimination task was followed by acquisition of Black/White Reversal (BWR). RESULTS: ID monkeys were significantly slower at mastering the BWR task (p < .04), which required reversing and inhibiting the previously learned response. In addition, ID infants were significantly less object oriented (p < .017) and more distractible (p < .018). However, on two subsequent tests, the Concurrent Object Discrimination and Delayed Non-Match-to-Sample, there were no differences in acquisition, performance, or behavioral reactivity. CONCLUSIONS: The initial cognitive and behavioral deficits are similar to those seen in follow-up evaluations of anemic children, but the limited extent of the impairment after this moderate iron deficiency that involved a select nutrient deficiency is encouraging for the benefits attainable through early identification and iron supplementation. Publication Types:
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

PMID: 18300719 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Biochem Soc Trans. 2008 Dec;36(Pt 6):1267-71.

The role of iron in neurodevelopment: fetal iron deficiency and the developing hippocampus.
Georgieff MK. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. georg001@umn.edu Iron is a ubiquitous nutrient that is necessary for normal neurodevelopment. Gestational conditions that compromise fetal iron status include maternal iron deficiency, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The iron-deficient neonate has altered recognition memory function and temperament while irondeficient. The memory deficits persist even after iron repletion. Animal models demonstrate that early iron deficiency affects neuronal and glial energy metabolism, monoamine metabolism and myelination, consistent with behavioural findings in human infants. Of particular recent interest are genomic changes in transcripts coding for signal transduction, dendritic structure and energy metabolism induced by early iron deficiency that last well into adulthood in spite of iron treatment. Early iron sufficiency is critical for long-term neurological health. Publication Types:
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review

PMID: 19021538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Mult Scler. 2008 Jun;14(5):602-8. Epub 2008 Apr 11.

The role of iron dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: an Egyptian study.
Abo-Krysha N, Rashed L. Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. nhtaha@yahoo.com BACKGROUND: Iron is essential for virtually all types of cells and organisms. The significance of iron for brain function is reflected by the presence of receptors for transferrin on brain capillary endothelial cells. Iron imbalance is associated with proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Transferrin receptor (TfR) is the major mediator of iron uptake. Its expression is increased to facilitate iron entrance into the cell. The increased serum level of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) may indicate an abnormal intracellular distribution of iron and a decrease in the cytoplasmic compartment. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to assess the possible role of iron metabolism dysfunction in the pathogenesis of MS. METHODS: Thirty subjects were selected from the Neurology Department of Kasr El-Aini hospital, Cairo University: 20 MS patients, where nine patients were relapsing and progressive (secondary progressive (SP) of which six were secondary progressive active (SP-A) and three were secondary progressive stable (SP-S)), seven were relapsing-remitting active (RR-A) and four were primary progressive (PP); and 10 control subjects matched in age and sex. Each patient was subjected to a thorough general medical and neurological examination, Kurtzke MS rating scales, laboratory assessment, neuro-imaging, evoked potentials and quantitative determination of the indices of iron metabolism, such as serum iron and sTfR. RESULTS: The serum level of sTfR was significantly higher in our MS patients compared with the control group (p = 0.0001). The levels were significantly higher in SP-A (p = 0.001), SP-S (p = 0.01), RR-A (p = 0.0001) and PP (p = 0.003) patients than in controls. Iron values were within normal limits in all patients. The increased serum sTfR level in non-anemic MS patients with active disease reflects the increased iron turnover. The elevation of sTfR levels in stable patients may indicate active inflammation with ongoing oxidative damage that is not detectable by history or examination. CONCLUSIONS: Iron overload and upregulation of iron-handling proteins, such as TfR, in the MS brain can contribute to pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and iron imbalance is associated with a pro-oxidative stress and a proinflammatory environment, this suggest that iron could be a target for MS therapy to improve neuronal iron metabolism. PMID: 18408021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Cellular iron concentrations directly affect the expression levels of norepinephrine transporter in PC12 cells and rat brain tissue.
Beard JL, Wiesinger JA, Jones BC. Department of Nutritional Science, S-128 Henderson South Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. jbeard@psu.edu Neurological development and functioning are adversely affected by iron deficiency in early life. Iron-deficient rats are known to have elevations in extracellular DA and NE, suggesting alterations in reuptake of these monoamines. To explore possible mechanisms by which cellular iron concentrations may alter NE transporter functioning, we utilized NET expressing PC12 cells and irondeficient rats to explore the relationship between NET protein and mRNA expression patterns and iron concentrations. Treatment of PC12 with the iron chelator, desferrioxamine mesylate (DFO, 50 microM for 24 h), significantly decreased [3H] NE uptake by more than 35% with no apparent change in Km. PC12 cells exposed to increasing concentrations of DFO (25-100 microM) exhibited a dose response decrease in [3H] NE uptake within 24 h (38-73% of control) that paralleled a decrease in cellular NET protein content. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide resulted in NET disappearance rates from DFO-treated cells greatly exceeding the rate of loss from control cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed only a modest decrease in NET mRNA levels. Rat brain locus ceruleus and thalamus NET mRNA levels were also only modestly decreased (1015%) despite a 40% reduction in regional brain iron. In contrast, NET proteins levels in thalamus and locus ceruleus were strongly affected by regional iron deficiency with high correlations with iron concentrations (r > 0.94 and r > 0.80 respectively). The present findings demonstrate that NET protein concentrations and functioning are dramatically reduced with iron deficiency; the modest effect on mRNA levels suggests a stronger influence on NET trafficking and degradation than on protein synthesis. Publication Types:
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

PMID: 16650837 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Brain Res. 2008 Oct 27;1237:75-83. Epub 2008 Aug 7.

Iron deficiency alters expression of genes implicated in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.
Carlson ES, Magid R, Petryk A, Georgieff MK. Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Neonatal brain iron deficiency occurs after insufficient maternal dietary iron intake, maternal hypertension, and maternal diabetes mellitus and results in short and long-term neurologic and behavioral deficits. Early iron deficiency affects the genomic profile of the developing hippocampus that persists despite iron repletion. The purpose of the present study was threefold: 1) quantitative PCR confirmation of our previous microarray results, demonstrating upregulation of a network of genes leading to beta-amyloid production and implicated in Alzheimer disease etiology in iron-deficient anemic rat pups at the time of hippocampal differentiation; 2) investigation of the potential contributions of iron deficiency anemia and iron treatment to this differential gene expression in the hippocampus; and 3) investigation of these genes over a developmental time course in a mouse model where iron deficiency is limited to hippocampus, is not accompanied by anemia and is not repletable. Quantitative PCR confirmed altered regulation in 6 of 7 Alzheimer-related genes (Apbb1, C1qa, Clu, App, Cst3, Fn1, Htatip) in irondeficient rats relative to iron-sufficient controls at P15. Comparison of untreated to treated iron-deficient animals at this age suggested the strong role of iron deficiency, not treatment, in the upregulation of this gene network. The nonanemic hippocampal iron-deficient mouse demonstrated upregulation of all 7 genes in this pathway from P5 to P25. Our results suggest a role for neonatal iron deficiency in dysregulation of genes that may set the stage for long-term neurodegenerative disease and that this may occur through a histone modification mechanism. Publication Types:
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Iron treatment normalizes cognitive functioning in young women.
Murray-Kolb LE, Beard JL. Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. lmurrayk@jhsph.edu BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that brain iron deficiency at any time in life may disrupt metabolic processes and subsequently change cognitive and behavioral functioning. Women of reproductive age are among those most vulnerable to iron deficiency and may be at high risk for cognitive alterations due to iron deficiency. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the relation between iron status and cognitive abilities in young women. DESIGN: A blinded, placebocontrolled, stratified intervention study was conducted in women aged 18-35 y of varied iron status who were randomly assigned to receive iron supplements or a placebo. Cognition was assessed by using 8 cognitive performance tasks (from Detterman's Cognitive Abilities Test) at baseline (n = 149) and after 16 wk of treatment (n = 113). RESULTS: At baseline, the iron-sufficient women (n = 42) performed better on cognitive tasks (P = 0.011) and completed them faster (P = 0.038) than did the women with iron deficiency anemia (n = 34). Factors representing performance accuracy and the time needed to complete the tasks by the iron-deficient but nonanemic women (n = 73) were intermediate between the 2 extremes of iron status. After treatment, a significant improvement in serum ferritin was associated with a 5-7-fold improvement in cognitive performance, whereas a significant improvement in hemoglobin was related to improved speed in completing the cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Iron status is a significant factor in cognitive performance in women of reproductive age. Severity of anemia primarily affects processing speed, and severity of iron deficiency affects accuracy of cognitive function over a broad range of tasks. Thus, the effects of iron deficiency on cognition are not limited to the developing brain. Publication Types:
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Acquisition of visuomotor abilities and intellectual quotient in children aged 4-10 years: relationship with micronutrient nutritional status.
González HF, Malpeli A, Etchegoyen G, Lucero L, Romero F, Lagunas C, Lailhacar G, Olivares M, Uauy R. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas, Centro Asociado a la Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Niños Sor María Ludovica, La Plata, Argentina. horaciofgonzalez@gmail.com Lethargy, poor attention, and the high rate and severity of infections in malnourished children affect their educational achievement. We therefore studied the association between visuomotor abilities and intelligence quotient (IQ) and their relationship with iron, zinc, and copper. A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 89 healthy children (age range, 4-10 years). Evaluations of visuomotor ability and IQ were performed with the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) and the Scale for Measurement of Intelligence for children aged 3-18 years, respectively. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometry and biochemical assessments, which included serum ferritin, zinc and copper levels, and Hb. The sample was classified as having low or normal VMI scores: 47 children (52.8%, mean age 7 +/- 1.5 years) had low VMI, and 42 (47.2%, mean age 7 +/- 2.06 years) had normal VMI. There were no statistically significant differences in socioeconomic and cultural condition between both groups. We found significantly higher serum copper and ferritin levels in normal as compared to low VMI, but we did not find any differences with zinc. IQ was significantly higher in normal vs low VMI children. The fact that children with abnormal VMI presented low mean serum copper and ferritin concentrations could indicate that copper and iron deficiencies in this sample could be related with visuomotor abilities. Publication Types:
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 17916959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2349-54.

Once-weekly and 5-days a week iron supplementation differentially affect cognitive function but not school performance in Thai children.
Sungthong R, Mo-suwan L, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater AF. Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkla 90110, Thailand. rassamee@ratree.psu.ac.th Many studies have reported comparable hemoglobin response in subjects given intermittent and daily iron supplements. However, the effect of intermittent iron supplementation on impaired cognitive function, one of the serious consequences of iron deficiency among children, has not been studied. We investigated the effects of 1 d/wk (weekly) and 5 d/wk (daily) iron supplementation on changes in results of intelligence quotient (IQ), Thai language, and mathematics tests among Thai primary schoolchildren. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Primary schoolchildren (n = 397) were randomly assigned to receive iron supplements daily or weekly or placebo. Ferrous sulfate (300 mg) or placebo tablets were given under direct observation by the researcher for 16 wk. Changes in IQ, and Thai language and mathematics scores were then compared. The increases in hemoglobin concentration were comparable in the weekly and daily iron supplementation groups but serum ferritin increased more in the children supplemented daily. Children receiving daily iron supplements, however, had a significantly lower increase in IQ (3 +/- 12 points) than those receiving the supplement weekly (6 +/- 12 points) or placebo (6 +/- 12 points), whereas the lastmentioned two groups did not differ. Z-scores of Thai language and mathematics test results did not differ among the groups. We conclude that weekly iron supplementation is the regimen of choice in this study community. Publication Types:
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Effects of haemoglobin and serum ferritin on cognitive function in school children.
Sungthong R, Mo-suwan L, Chongsuvivatwong V. Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. sburapat@medicine.psu.ac.th The association between iron deficiency anaemia and cognitive function impairment has been widely reported in young children, but whether the impairment is a result of iron deficiency per se or a combination of iron deficiency and anaemia, and how these conditions interact, is still questionable. Four hundred and twenty-seven school children from two schools in socioeconomically deprived communities were selected in southern Thailand. Iron status was determined by haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations. Cognitive function in this study was measured by IQ test and school performance, including Thai language and mathematics scores, using z-scores based on distributions within the same grade and school. Data on demography and socioeconomic status were collected by questionnaire answered by the parents. Linear regression models were used to investigate the effect of anaemia and iron deficiency, reflected by haemoglobin and serum ferritin concentration, on cognitive function and school performance. We found that cognitive function increased with increased haemoglobin concentration in children with iron deficiency, but did not change with haemoglobin concentration in children with normal serum ferritin level. Children with iron deficiency anaemia had consistently the poorest cognitive function (IQ, 74.6 points; Thai language score, 0.3 SD below average; and mathematics score, 0.5 SD below average). Children with non-anaemic iron deficiency but with high haemoglobin levels had significantly high cognitive function (IQ, 86.5 points; Thai language score, 0.8 SD above average; and mathematics score, 1.1 SD above average). This study found a dose-response relationship between haemoglobin and cognitive function in children with iron deficiency, whereas no similar evidence was found in iron sufficient children. Publication Types:
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 12074177 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(1):70-2. Epub 2007 Jun 18.

Iron deficiency anaemia influences cognitive functions.
Petranovic D, Batinac T, Petranovic D, Ruzic A, Ruzic T. Department of Hematology, Rijeka University Hospital, Kresimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia. Many diseases, different nutritional, metabolic and hormonal changes, ageing and drugs can alter cognitive functions. Anemia via cerebral hypoxia and other possible mechanisms has been suggested to have a great influence on cognition. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common form of anemia, has been suggested to result in cognitive deterioration and alteration of neurological functions. Previous studies resulted in significant discrepancies considering correlation between anemia and cognitive achievement mainly because different or not sensitive enough tests used to measure cognition. We suggest a significant influence of iron deficiency anemia on dynamic properties and functional features of the central nervous system activity. Cognitive achievement is strongly related to hemoglobin level and could be expected in all patients. Higher hemoglobin level results in better CNS function. As a first step in confirming or refuting our hypotheses we suggest standardization of the method used to measure cognition, such as a very sensitive apparatus like Complex reactiometer Drenovac (CRD). PMID: 17574345 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among adolescent schoolgirls from Kermanshah, Western Iran.
Akramipour R, Rezaei M, Rahimi Z. Department of Pediatrics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Iron deficiency anemia is a major health problem in developing countries. Anemia reduces physical work capacity and cognitive function and adversely affects learning and scholastic performance in schoolgirls entering adolescence. A crosssectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and anemia among adolescent school girls aged 14-20 years from 20 different high schools located in three educational areas of Kermanshah, the capital of Kermanshah province in Western Iran. The prevalence of anemia (Hb<12 mg/dl) among adolescent school girls was 21.4%. Iron deficiency using a ferritin level <12 microg/l was found in 23.7% of studied girls. There were 47 girls (12.2%) with iron deficiency anemia (Hb<12 g/dl and ferritin <20 microg/l). Around 57.3% of anemic girls were iron deficient. There were no significant differences between the presence of anemia and the level of education of parents. The mean levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in studied adolescent girls from Western Iran were found to be lower than those reported for females aged 12-18 years. In conclusion, regarding the detrimental long-term effects and high prevalence of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and anemia in Kermanshah, Western Iran its prevention could be a high priority in the programs of health system of the country and supplementation of a weekly iron dose is recommended. Publication Types:
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

PMID: 19055864 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Apr;27(2):229-43.

Determinants of anemia among preschool children in the Philippines.
Tengco LW, Rayco-Solon P, Solon JA, Sarol JN Jr, Solon FS. Nutrition Center of the Philippines, Villamor Interchange, South Superhighway, Western Bicutan, Taguig City 1630, Philippines.
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to identify the determinants of anemia among rural Filipino children aged 12-71 months. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2090 preschool children from 8 rural villages in Cebu, an area nonendemic for malaria and schistosomiasis. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was determined using a HemoCue hemoglobinometer and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) concentration was measured with a hematofluorometer. A 3-day non-consecutive 24-hour food recall interview with the child's primary caregiver was done to estimate the child's dietary intake. Stool analysis for presence of soil-transmitted helminths was performed through a concentration technique. A separate interview on household socio-economic status with the child's primary caregiver was conducted. RESULTS: Mean Hb concentration was 12.0 g/dL (SD 1.3). 16.1% were anemic. Age and sex had a significant interaction in their effect on Hb concentration. Females had higher Hb concentration between 12 to 23 months of age. Hb levels equalize between the 2 genders at around 24 months and increase with similar increments until 71 months of age. All dietary parameters improved Hb concentration with increasing intake. In the multiple regression, however, only the index for bioavailable iron and vitamin C intakes remained independent factors. None of the helminths or combination of helminths had significant effects on Hb concentration. Among the socio-economic variables, maternal educational attainment and water supply were significant independent factors. Mean ZPP concentration was 72.07 (SD 46.45) and 30.8% were iron deficient. As with Hb concentration, age and sex had a significant interaction in their effect on ZPP concentration, with females having lower ZPP levels before 24 months of age. Bioavailable iron (animal iron + 0.3*plant iron) had a significant effect on ZPP concentration at levels of at least 15% of the iron requirement. This was seen even after controlling for multivitamin supplementation. CONCLUSION: The control of anemia among preschoolers can be achieved through a combination of various nutritional interventions such as micronutrient supplementation, food fortification and nutrition education. Our findings emphasize the importance of a multi-sectoral approach to nutritional problems--the importance of empowering women (through engagement and education) and of maintaining a healthy physical environment (water and sanitation) are often peripheral concerns of nutritionists. Our study highlights the importance of supporting initiatives that address these issues not only for their core benefit, but also for the potential benefit to nutrition. PMID: 18689554 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

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Handelman GJ.-iron). Epub 2008 Mar 25. indicating a response to the dietary supplement. University of Massachusetts. which typically employs erythropoietin (EPO) supplements and intravenous iron (i. these markers show return to normal. and culminating in red blood cells with low-Hb content. with incidence as high as 50%. with contributions from increased plasma volume. followed by decreased plasma iron and transferrin saturation. and blood losses during treatment. USA. In iron-deficiency anemia.v. Dialysis patients show a complex pattern of anemia. Lowell. When adequate dietary iron is provided. beginning with low plasma ferritin. 2008 Dec. The causes are multifactorial. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18363095 [PubMed . since the majority of iron for erythropoiesis is provided by iron recovered from senescent erythrocytes. Discerning the mechanisms of anemia for the heart failure patient may aid rational therapy in each case.-iron are the mainstays of treatment. The treatment of ACD.13(4):393-404. This can be monitored with clinical indicators. and other complications of heart disease. Levin NW. storage iron declines until iron delivery to the bone marrow is insufficient for erythropoiesis.edu The biology of iron in relation to anemia is best understood by a review of the iron cycle. Anemia of inflammation (also known as anemia of chronic disease. Garry_Handelman@uml. changes in nutrition.
Iron and anemia in human biology: a review of mechanisms. is empirical and often falls shorts of therapeutic goals. because in this form of anemia storage iron is often abundant but not available for erythropoiesis. Confirmation of ACD is best obtained from elevated markers of inflammation. EPO and i. which results from inadequate EPO production by the kidney. and often the first identified symptom is the failure to show a response to a dietary iron supplement. effects of drug therapy. or ACD) follows a different course. The diagnosis of ACD is more difficult than the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia.v. inflammation now appears to be the primary cause of this form of anemia. inflammation. 3 Solomont Way.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Heart Fail Rev. Patients with heart failure can be anemic. MA 01854. Clinical Laboratory and Nutrition Sciences.

That iron deficiency. Clinical and animal studies that support the benefits of iron supplementation.
Nonhematological benefits of iron. independent of increasing hemoglobin. Basel. physical performance. Epub 2007 Sep 5. Indianapolis. ragarwal@iupui. Clinical symptomatology such as fatigability. cognition. Roudebush VA Medical Center. per se.27(6):565-71. Karger AG. and Richard L. (c) 2007 S. Department of Medicine. USA. cold intolerance. Indiana University School of Medicine.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 2007. failure to concentrate and poor effort intolerance is often attributed to anemia or uremia. Division of Nephrology.
Agarwal R. Indiana. and restless leg syndrome and aluminum absorption is the subject of this narrative review. such as those on immune function. thermoregulation.edu Iron deficiency anemia is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its importance in supporting erythropoiesis is unquestioned especially in those patients treated with erythropoietin.Am J Nephrol. Publication Types:
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PMID: 17804903 [PubMed . can cause these symptoms is poorly recognized.

a hemogram and ferritin were measured. Epub 2008 May 18. Kanvinde S. Food Frequency Questionnaire.75(4):355-7. METHODS: 50 toddlers (M= 25. Ruby Hall Clinic. Vaidya MV. RESULTS: Prevalence of anemia was 66% (HGB <11 gm %) and ferritin (iron stores) were low (< 12 microgm/L) in 45 (90%).82) were evaluated. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anemia decreased from 66 to 30% after treatment with liquid iron. Anthropometry. Pune. We propose that all concerned in the care of toddlers should join the fight against anemia and prescribe iron to all toddlers when they are seen for minor ailments. Khadilkar AV.Indian J Pediatr.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. anthropometry.4 years (SD 0. F= 25) with mean age of 2. There was a significant difference in the HGB and ferritin levels of children after eight weeks of therapy (p<0. Poona Medical Foundation Research Center. hemoglobin (HGB) and Ferritin were measured. After 8 weeks clinical examination. Twenty mg of elemental iron was given to all toddlers. After therapy prevalence of anemia was 30%. India. Sanwalka NJ. 2008 Apr.001). OBJECTIVE: Of this pilot study was to assess the iron status and dietary intake of 1-3 year-old apparently healthy toddlers of the lower socio-economic class.
Hanumante NM. PMID: 18536890 [PubMed . and the effect of eight weeks intervention with liquid oral iron in an urban slum in Pune.
Iron deficiency anemia in an urban slum. India.

Iron deficiency anemia. Petranovic D. Many diseases. Anemia via cerebral hypoxia and other possible mechanisms has been suggested to have a great influence on cognition. Department of Hematology. ageing and drugs can alter cognitive functions.
Iron deficiency anaemia influences cognitive functions. such as a very sensitive apparatus like Complex reactiometer Drenovac (CRD). the most common form of anemia. different nutritional. metabolic and hormonal changes.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Med Hypotheses. Batinac T. Previous studies resulted in significant discrepancies considering correlation between anemia and cognitive achievement mainly because different or not sensitive enough tests used to measure cognition. Epub 2007 Jun 18. 51000 Rijeka. Kresimirova 42. Higher hemoglobin level results in better CNS function. PMID: 17574345 [PubMed . Rijeka University Hospital. Ruzic T. 2008. As a first step in confirming or refuting our hypotheses we suggest standardization of the method used to measure cognition.70(1):70-2. Ruzic A. has been suggested to result in cognitive deterioration and alteration of neurological functions. Cognitive achievement is strongly related to hemoglobin level and could be expected in all patients.
Petranovic D. Croatia. We suggest a significant influence of iron deficiency anemia on dynamic properties and functional features of the central nervous system activity.

Li JG. respectively. CONCLUSION: The anemia prevalence is highest in infant and child bearing age women. Xu WL.supplying of iron should be an important measure for preventing and controlling anemia. Jiang H.627 questionnaire. ages.0%. Wang XB. Unconditional logistic regression was performed.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi.42(5):339-41. China. 27.5% and 11. The investigation involved economic levels. Center for Disease Prevention and Control of Hebei Province. 2008 May.2%) child bearing age women. OBJECTIVE: To investigate anemia status and correlation infection factors in rural regions of Hebei province and to find out evidence for preventing and controlling anemia. Shijiazhuang. Liu YL. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 18844084 [PubMed .
[Anemia status and correlation factors in rural regions of Hebei province]
[Article in Chinese] Wang YJ.mainly in infant (< 2 years old. The analysis showed that the main risk factors of anemia were sex and serum iron. the anemia prevalence rate was 11.0%-16. education levels and occupations of 11. and in men and women was 5.0%.4% in rural regions of Hebei province. RESULTS: The anemia prevalence rate was shown up to 8. The hemoprotein and serum iron were measured. METHODS: A random-sampling survey was conducted among 3367 houses in Hebei rural areas.

The approach to its investigation and subsequent therapy depends upon a comprehensive understanding of iron metabolism and heme synthesis.Acta Chir Iugosl.
[Iron deficiency anemia and its importance in gastroenterology clinical practise]
[Article in Serbian] Vucelić D. evaluation for the cause of anemia must be appropriate performed and treatment must include corrective replenishment of body stores. in practice not all anemic patients undergo appropriate diagnostic tests to detect iron deficiency. including 10-15% with malignancy. Beograd. may contribute of developing postpartum depression. Bjelović M. Approximately. 2007. This anemia is one of the most common types of anemia. Publication Types:
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PMID: 17633868 [PubMed . Spica B. Institut za bolesti digestivnog sistema. KCS. one third of patients with anemia have iron deficiency and up to two thirds of patients with IDA have serious gastrointestinal lesions detected with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy. In women IDA is most common in reproductive period because of menstrual and pregnancy iron losses. Velicković D. among others morbidities. However. Dunjić S. Sabljak P. Pesko P.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. a substantial proportion of patients with IDA do not undergo endoscopic evaluation. chronic occult gastrointestinal bleeding is the leading cause of IDA. Klinika za digestivnu hirurgiju. Once diagnosis of iron deficiency or IDA is established. Among other adult patient. Nenadić B. Furthermore. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a universal problem involving individuals of all ages and both sexes and is a common cause of referral to medical departments. IDA impairs growth and intellectual development in children and adolescent.54(1):91-105. IDA affects roughly 10-30% of all pregnancies and. Ebrahimi K. Stojakov D.

Extramural
PMID: 17615906 [PubMed . ferritin. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. folate.. Nigeria. folate. 146 pregnant women. and the elevated concentrations of homocysteine were most likely due to both their marginal folate and vitamin B12 status. and B 12 deficiency to anaemia in pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. 2007 Mar. 1 University of New Mexico. Blood samples were obtained for determination of haematocrit and for measurement of serum iron. total iron-binding capacity.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. El-Nafaty AU. who attended two antenatal clinics in Gombe. In total. Glew RH. Health Sciences Center.25(1):75-81. Publication Types:
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Research Support. USA. The majority (54%) of the women were in the third trimester.I. and homocysteine. Crossey MJ. vitamin B12. N. and homocysteine concentrations were inversely correlated with concentrations of folate and vitamin B 12. Malaria was present in 15 (9. The major contributing factor to anaemia was iron deficiency based on the serum concentration of ferritin (<10 ng/mL). Albuquerque. Brock HS. The mean homocysteine concentration for all subjects was 14.
Nutritional factors associated with anaemia in pregnant women in northern Nigeria.J Health Popul Nutr.4%) women.1 pmol/L.H. were recruited into the study. Based on a haemoglobin value of<105 g/L. NM 87131-0001. The most common cause of anaemia in the pregnant women in northern Nigeria was iron deficiency. Melah GS. This study was conducted to assess the relative contribution of iron. University of New Mexico School of Medicine. 44 (30%) women were classified as anaemic.
Vanderjagt DJ. The serum homocysteine increased markedly at serum vitamin B12 levels below 250 pmol/L.

General Medicine.Clin Drug Investig. chronic or acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage) have been treated with Fe-ASP in 16 clinical trials including nine open and seven controlled trials. Fe-ASP represents a valid alternative to IPS and shows promise as a substitute for parenteral iron therapy in selected clinical situations. Iron therapy is necessary in a wide variety of clinical situations. Italy. This paper provides an overview of the pharmacokinetic and clinical data on FeASP use. In open clinical trials. Carrara M. No safety considerations were raised.Fe-ASP shows high efficacy in iron-deficient anaemia treatment. and Fe-ASP also compared well with parenteral iron gluconate. iron absorption defects. 2005.
Lazzari F. 704 paediatric and adult patients affected by iron deficiency anaemia with a wide variety of clinical histories (dietary. PMID: 17532714 [PubMed . Distretto di Gardone VT.in process]
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Overview of clinical trials in the treatment of iron deficiency with iron-acetyl-aspartylated casein.25(11):679-89. Brescia. In controlled clinical trials. A trivalent iron protein complex has been developed using an N-acetyl-aspartylated derivative of casein (Fe-ASP) for oral iron therapy. Spedali Civili di Brescia. In healthy volunteers. Fe-ASP proved to be an efficient vehicle for providing iron with high bioavailability and more rapid and persistent increases in serum iron levels than ferritin. and new formulations with improved tolerability and efficacy would be a welcome alternative to ferrous sulfate. and it is an extremely well tolerated iron vehicle. highly significant improvements in clinical and haematological parameters were observed after treatment with FeASP in all categories of patients with iron deficiency anaemia. To date. the changes in clinical and haematological profiles observed with Fe-ASP were virtually identical to those seen with iron protein succinylate (IPS). pregnancy.

univ-tours. The biological exploration is based on interpretation of serum biologics tests as blood iron. In men and menopausal women. Kafando E. In healthy young adult. the treatment could be inefficient or it could mask or delay the etiological diagnostic. The origins of microcytic anemia are iron deficiency.fr The iron deficiency is the first cause of anaemia. Hérault B. This interpretation is simple if it is not associated with clinical disorders influencing the internal iron cycle. anemia is well tolerated because of its progressive installation. France. Binet C. the gastrointestinal tract bleeding is source of anemia. biological diagnosis and management]
[Article in French] Espanel C.14(1):21-4. inflammatory aetiologies.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Petit A. fatigue and dyspnea. Therapeutic management of anemia is oral iron therapy. The most common causes in women of reproductive age are gynaecologic. ferritin. 2007 May. hôpital Bretonneau. The iron-deficiency diagnosis includes two explorations: biological and clinical.
[Iron deficiency anaemia: clinical presentation. Epub 2007 May 11. The most common symptoms of anemia are pallor. transferrin with saturation. anemia is classically associated with microcytosis and hypochromia. thalassemia and sideroblastic anaemia. In biological exams. CHRU de Tours. Herault O. 37044 Tours cedex 9. total ironbinding capacity and its soluble receptors. If not.Transfus Clin Biol. espanel@med. Service d'hématologie. 2 boulevard Tonnellé. Etiological diagnostic of microcytosis is essential before iron therapy. Publication Types:
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PMID: 17499537 [PubMed . The clinical exploration must always be followed by a careful assessment of the underlying cause as blood loss.

Transferrin saturation lower than 15% was observed in 9 patients. transferrin and iron as a markers of iron deficiency in healthy women in reproductive age came for control examination to Institute of Mother and Child in Warsaw. Switzerland). Institute of Mother and Child. multiparas in age up to 40 years from urban agglomerations. Leibschang J. subclinical iron deficiency in 20% and negative iron balance in 10% could be observed. The obtained values were age dependent. ferritin and transferrin were among normal values. especially store ferritin. this of ferritin (below 20 ng/ml) in 22% and of transferrin (below 252 mg/dl) in 15% of studied women.Pol Merkur Lekarski. Low level of iron (below 49 microg/dl) was observed in serum of 12%. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained results indicated that in population of studied women in reproductive age. iron status.
[Concentration of ferritin. ferritin. 2007 Jan. was observed in 26%. transferrin and iron as a markers of iron deficiency in healthy women in reproductive age]
[Article in Polish] Chełchowska M. RESULTS: Mean concentration of iron.22(127):25-7. middle-class non-pregnant women concentration of iron. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In serum of 108 healthy. Iron store deficiency leads to iron deficient erythropoiesis and to negative iron balance when the iron supply is insufficient to maintain normal concentration of hemoglobin. Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Diagnostics. which indicated deficiency of iron for erythropoiesis. The lowest values of total iron were observed in the youngest group I (below 25 years old) and were accompanied with ferritin level below 20 ng/ml in 26% of women. The aim of this study was aimed to establish concentration of ferritin. lipidy@imid.med. Therefore. should be assessed very carefully as a component of medical care.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. PMID: 17477085 [PubMed . Laskowska-Klita T. Low ferritin values were also observed in serum of 22% patients of group II (25-35 years old) and only in 14% of women older than 35 years (group III). 13% and 19% patients of group I. Saturation of transferrin lower than 15%.pl Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy continues to be a clinical problem. which contributes to maternal and fetal morbidity. transferrin and transferrin saturation were determined by commercially available kits (Hoffman-La Roche. Poland. II and III respectively.

Publication Types:
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PMID: 17375513 [PubMed . however.Am Fam Physician. and physical examination are negative. a trial of iron is a reasonable approach if the review of symptoms. 2007 Mar 1. sideroblastic anemias. USA. continued bleeding. In children. and nearly 20 percent in black and Mexican-American women. Nine percent of patients older than 65 years with iron deficiency anemia have a gastrointestinal cancer when evaluated. For other patients. Erratum in:
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Am Fam Physician. the hemoglobin should be checked at one month. Kentucky. The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia is 2 percent in adult men. Iron deficiency anemia is classically described as a microcytic anemia. The U. Chambers MD.75(5):671-8. possibilities include malabsorption of oral iron. Routine iron supplementation is recommended for high-risk infants six to 12 months of age. Bennett JM. transferrin saturation. 9 to 12 percent in non-Hispanic white women. Department of Family and Community Medicine. Lexington. Serum ferritin is the preferred initial diagnostic test. Total iron-binding capacity. and serum transferrin receptor levels may be helpful if the ferritin level is between 46 and 99 ng per mL (46 and 99 mcg per L).
Iron deficiency anemia. The differential diagnosis includes thalassemia.S.
Killip S. bone marrow biopsy may be necessary in these patients for a definitive diagnosis. University of Kentucky. and lead poisoning. adolescents. If there is not a 1 to 2 g per dL (10 to 20 g per L) increase in the hemoglobin level in that time. serum iron. and women of reproductive age.78(8):914. an endoscopic evaluation is recommended beginning with colonoscopy if the patient is older than 50. history. Preventive Services Task Force currently recommends screening for iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women but not in other groups.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. or unknown lesion. 2008 Oct 15. some types of anemia of chronic disease.

USA.85(3):778-87. Non-P. 2007 Mar. placebocontrolled. DESIGN: A blinded. Severity of anemia primarily affects processing speed.. stratified intervention study was conducted in women aged 18-35 y of varied iron status who were randomly assigned to receive iron supplements or a placebo. Gov't. Publication Types:
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Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support. lmurrayk@jhsph.H.
PMID: 17344500 [PubMed . the iron-sufficient women (n = 42) performed better on cognitive tasks (P = 0. Extramural Research Support. The Pennsylvania State University. RESULTS: At baseline. Cognition was assessed by using 8 cognitive performance tasks (from Detterman's Cognitive Abilities Test) at baseline (n = 149) and after 16 wk of treatment (n = 113). University Park.I.011) and completed them faster (P = 0.H. the effects of iron deficiency on cognition are not limited to the developing brain. U. N.
Murray-Kolb LE.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Am J Clin Nutr. and severity of iron deficiency affects accuracy of cognitive function over a broad range of tasks. Factors representing performance accuracy and the time needed to complete the tasks by the iron-deficient but nonanemic women (n = 73) were intermediate between the 2 extremes of iron status. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the relation between iron status and cognitive abilities in young women.038) than did the women with iron deficiency anemia (n = 34). a significant improvement in serum ferritin was associated with a 5-7-fold improvement in cognitive performance. Beard JL. whereas a significant improvement in hemoglobin was related to improved speed in completing the cognitive tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Iron status is a significant factor in cognitive performance in women of reproductive age.S. Thus. Women of reproductive age are among those most vulnerable to iron deficiency and may be at high risk for cognitive alterations due to iron deficiency. Department of Nutritional Sciences. PA.edu BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that brain iron deficiency at any time in life may disrupt metabolic processes and subsequently change cognitive and behavioral functioning. After treatment.
Iron treatment normalizes cognitive functioning in young women.S.

peripheral smear.J Clin Gastroenterol. Complications include pouchitis (40%). folate.41(1):41-4. In half of the anemic patients. ferritin. Rivera CE. strictures (30%). University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine. Serum iron. PR. Demographic and medical data were obtained. and bone marrow aspirate were evaluated in patients with anemia. after IPAA. Data analysis was performed with EPI Info version 6. erythropoietin. Few studies have described the prevalence of anemia after IPAA. 2007 Jan.4d.I. N. small bowel obstruction (10%). Sánchez CJ. Torres EA. University of Puerto Rico. pouchitis was asymptomatic. and to compare the distribution of complications in patients with and without anemia. San Juan. whereas only 4 of the 8 without anemia had pouchitis.
Iron-deficiency anemia as presentation of pouchitis. GOALS: This study sought to describe the percentage and cause of anemia in patients who underwent ileal pouch with anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC).
Pastrana RJ. CONCLUSIONS: Iron-deficiency anemia may be a clinical presenting sign of pouchitis.5% (10/18) of patients and pouchitis was found in 77% (14/18). total iron-binding capacity. Gastroenterology Research Unit. especially pouchitis. vitamin B12. RESULTS: Iron-deficiency anemia was identified in 55. but no conclusive findings have been reported. Department of Medicine. reticulocyte count. BACKGROUND: IPAA is the surgical procedure of choice for UC.H. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Hemoglobin levels may be considered as surveillance tools for pouchitis in patients with IPAA. and urinary and sexual dysfunctions (<5%). Non-U. Anemia was diagnosed using standard hematologic criteria. Arroyo JM. Extramural Research Support.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. STUDY: Patients who had undergone IPAA for UC were recruited from the UPR Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinic and the Gastroenterology Research Unit.S.. pelvic sepsis (<5%). transferrin. Gov't
PMID: 17198064 [PubMed . Morales L. All 10 patients with anemia had pouchitis.

Bloomberg School of Public Health. Johns Hopkins University.
Christian P. However.5%) during pregnancy. Gov't
PMID: 19176737 [PubMed .89(3):853-61. the differences were not statistically significant. To test the efficacy of 2 additional treatments.05). USA. Rizvi A. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency was high in this population.edu BACKGROUND: Severe anemia (hemoglobin < 70 g/L) in pregnancy may increase the risk of maternal and perinatal mortality. pchristi@jhsph. DESIGN: We screened pregnant women (n = 6288) for severe anemia and provided them all with the standard treatment. The standard-of-care treatment resulted in a response rate of 49% at follow-up. Publication Types:
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Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support.
Treatment response to standard of care for severe anemia in pregnant women and effect of multivitamins and enhanced anthelminthics.S. Prevalence of geohelminths and malaria was low. Klemm RD. although an adherence of > or = 85% elicited a higher response (67%). hemoglobin concentration increased significantly in all groups and was higher in the enhanced mebendazole group compared with the standard group (P < 0. and the standard-of-care treatment resulted in a treatment response of 50%.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. OBJECTIVES: We assessed response to standard treatment with high-dose iron-folic acid for 90 d and singledose (500 mg) mebendazole among severely anemic pregnant women in periurban Karachi. Baltimore. MD 21205. RESULTS: Prevalence of severe anemia was high (10. Multivitamins and the enhanced mebendazole regimen had a modest benefit over and above the standard treatment. Treatment response was defined as hemoglobin > 100 g/L at the 90-d or > or = 25 g/L at the 60-d follow-up visit. The effect of the additional treatments was weak. although better treatment adherence showed a higher response. Non-U.Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Mar. women were randomly assigned to standard treatment alone (control) or with 100 mg mebendazole twice daily for 3 d or 90 d of daily multivitamins or both using a 2 x 2 factorial design. Pakistan. Bhutta ZA. In addition. Epub 2009 Jan 28. Although response was higher in the enhanced groups than for the standard treatment at the final assessment. Shahid F. Department of International Health. we evaluated the efficacy of 2 enhanced treatment regimens. Center for Human Nutrition.

the urinary iodine concentration of those adolescent girls and pregnant women.
Harun-Or-Rashid M. and pregnant women of Bangladesh: association with common diseases.com We examined the frequency of iron and iodine deficiencies and associations of iron and iodine deficiencies with common diseases among under-2 children. and gestational age to explore the associations of iron and iodine deficiencies with common diseases. Chowdhury N. in order to prevent diseases and promote health conditions.0 g/dL for under-2 children and pregnant women.2.4). We concluded that iron and iodine deficiencies are quite high among the Bangladeshi population. The RR of anemia was increased for fever (RR = 1. and 44. Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine.9-2.1l-4. 355 adolescent girls.4. Prevalence of iodine deficiencies (urinary iodine <100 microg/L) was 38. 2009 Feb.0 g/dL for adolescent girls). 95% CI = 0.2). Anemia was found in 49. Morita S.4. adolescent girls.1% of children.5). 24. sex.
Iron and iodine deficiencies among under-2 children. skin disease (RR = 1. We assayed the blood hemoglobin concentration in 395 under-2 children.3). and the iodine level of all household salt specimens. <12. mh_rashid67@yahoo.4% in pregnant women.4% of pregnant women using defined cut-off values (Hb < 11.4% of salt specimens had inadequate iodine (<15 ppm).8% of adolescent girls. 95% CI = 0. Department of Healthcare Administration. Sakamoto J.3-8. and pneumonia (RR = 3.4) and eye infection (RR = 2.71(1-2):39-49. Nagoya 466-8550. 95% CI = 1. PMID: 19358474 [PubMed . Yoshida Y. The history of common diseases within their previous 2 weeks were also obtained from recall to explore the associations of iron and iodine deficiencies with common diseases. and 39.Iron and Blood Improvement
Nagoya J Med Sci.7.4% in adolescent girls and 39. Khatun UF. Observed associations of iron and iodine deficiencies with common diseases indicated the necessity of eliminating iron and iodine deficiencies from this vulnerable population through strengthening of iron and iodine supplementation.5-9. 95% CI = 0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The RR of iodine deficiency was elevated for diarrhea/dysentery (RR = 2. and pregnant women of Bangladesh.3-2. Japan.1. 95% CI = 1. ear infection (RR = 3.7-19. adolescent girls. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated and adjusted for age.7.5). and 263 pregnant women. 95% CI = 1.

formulation. It is especially common among women of childbearing age because of pregnancy and menstrual blood loss. malnutrition. Bethesda. Dosing cycles are recommended for iron replacement based on the tolerated daily dose and the total iron deficit.121(11):943-8. Publication Types:
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Research Support. the diagnosis and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia are discussed with emphasis placed on consideration of patient-specific features. In this review. Intramural Review
PMID: 18954837 [PubMed .. Iron-deficiency anemia remains prevalent despite the widespread ability to diagnose the disease and availability of medicinal iron preparations. and irondeficiency anemia continues to represent a major public health problem worldwide. 2008 Nov.I. This approach should assist physicians and their patients with the implementation of individualized treatment strategies for patients with iron-deficiency anemia. The National Cancer Institute. Horne MK. Each cycle consists of 5000 mg of oral elemental iron ingested over at least 1 month with appropriate follow-up. Therefore. new approaches are needed to effectively manage these patient populations. Iron deficiency is one of the most common disorders affecting humans. It is proposed that all patients participate in their own care by helping their physician to identify a tolerable daily iron dose.indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC2582401 [Available on 2009/11/01]
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. Additional patient groups include those with other sources of blood loss.
Alleyne M. and schedule. MD 20892-1801. Miller JL. N. USA.H.Am J Med.
Individualized treatment for iron-deficiency anemia in adults. National Institutes of Health. or gut malabsorption.

2008 Sep. New Delhi.
Vir SC.3% to 25.29(3):186-94. No difference in the impact on hemoglobin or anemia prevalence was observed between supervised and unsupervised girls.4%. Singh N. Consumption of the iron-folic acid tablets was supervised for schoolgirls but not for non-schoolgirls. and deworming tablets every 6 months to 150.647.com BACKGROUND: Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in small-scale research trials and as administered in institutions has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing anemia in adolescent girls. Hemoglobin levels and anemia prevalence were influenced significantly at 6 months. Jain R.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. The cost of implementation was US$0.834. Public Health Nutrition and Development Centre. irrespective of supervision. is critical for achieving positive outcomes. Appropriate counseling. Hemoglobin levels were assessed in a random sample of non-schoolgirls at 6 and 12 months and schoolgirls at 6 months.
Weekly iron and folic acid supplementation with counseling reduces anemia in adolescent girls: a large-scale effectiveness study in Uttar Pradesh.36 per beneficiary per year. sheila. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of weekly iron-folic acid supplementation in a large-scale project in reducing the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls.Food Nutr Bull. The effect of supplementation on the prevalence of anemia and the compliance rate were assessed over a 4-year period. the overall prevalence of anemia was reduced from 73. Nigam AK. RESULTS: In 4 years. Counseling on the positive effects of regular weekly iron-folic acid intake contributed to a high compliance rate of over 85%. METHODS: The project provided weekly iron-folic acid tablets. India.vir@gmail. CONCLUSIONS: Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation combined with monthly education sessions and deworming every 6 months is cost-effective in reducing the prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls.700 adolescent school girls and non-schoolgirls of a total district population of 3. PMID: 18947031 [PubMed . family life education.

Perth. School of Public Health.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that an iron supplementation programme is beneficial as a part of a comprehensive anaemia programme for pregnant women in these communities. Gov't
PMID: 17522600 [PubMed .S. Epub 2007 May 23. Binns CW.
Aikawa R.017 and P<0.7 g/dl.Eur J Clin Nutr.4 and 0. Non-U. METHODS: The study included questionnaires. Jimba M. Publication Types:
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Research Support. RESULTS: Iron supplementation significantly increased Hb concentration among participants in the second and third trimesters by 0. OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential impact of a national iron supplementation programme in rural Vietnam. Nguen KC. focus group discussions of pregnant women and key informant interviews.041).001) and was decreased significantly by taking iron tablets (P=0. The risk of anaemia (Hb <10.0 g/dl) was increased significantly by hookworm infestation (P=0.001). Curtin University of Technology.
Prenatal iron supplementation in rural Vietnam. respectively (P=0.62(8):946-52. These results will be useful for developing improved iron-deficiency anaemia control programs for pregnant women. 2008 Aug. together with measurements of haemoglobin (Hb) and a stool examination for soil-transmitted helminths. Australia.041) and in summer season (P=0.

promotion of healthy nutritional habits and prescription of iron supplements are of great importance to prevent and manage anemia in infants assisted by public health services. Diagnosis of anemia was based on hemoglobin levels under 11 g/dL. Brazil. MG. 2007 Mar-Apr.J Pediatr (Rio J).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. frequency of fruit intake less than daily and lack of iron supplementation increased the chance of anemia among infants. Priore SE. and iron supplementation.6%. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. child health care practices. Publication Types:
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Research Support. using a portable Hemocue photometer.S. environmental and biological data were collected. Franceschini Sdo C.
Risk factors for anemia in infants assisted by public health services: the importance of feeding practices and iron supplementation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors for anemia in infants assisted by public health services. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia was 57.
Silva DG. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study carried out in Viçosa. Brasil. To analyze variables associated with anemia. Gov't
PMID: 17426870 [PubMed . 205 children from 6 to 12 months were evaluated. CONCLUSION: Adequate health and nutrition support to low income families. Socioeconomic. Viçosa. nutritional status. state of Minas Gerais. as well as information on child's birth. Non-U. Family income per capita less than 0. maternal data. a hierarchical logistic regression model was used.5 minimum wage.83(2):149-56. feeding practices.

05) in the expression of occludin as compared to the controls.. Zheng G. Pb exposure in young animals caused an extensive extravascular staining of lanthanum nitrate in brain parenchyma. Gov't
PMID: 17234227 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Non-U. Chen J.
Iron supplement prevents lead-induced disruption of the bloodbrain barrier during rat development. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Pb exposure damaged the integrity of the BBB in young animals and iron (Fe) supplement may prevent against Pb-induced BBB disruption. N. the low dose Fe supplement significantly reduced Pb levels in blood and brain tissues. Pb exposure significantly increased Pb concentrations in blood by 6.5-2. Chen Y.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. respectively.
Wang Q. Xi'an. Xu H.219(1):33-41.I. Zhang W.05) as compared to controls. Fe supplement appears to protect the integrity of the BBB against Pb insults.6-folds (p<0. Extramural Research Support. Fourth Military Medical University.H. a beneficial effect that may have significant clinical implications. China. 17 Changlexi Street. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) in immature brain is particularly vulnerable to Pb insults. 710032.05) and brain tissues by 1. Luo W. among which two groups were concurrently administered by oral gavage once every other day with 7 mg Fe/kg and 14 mg Fe/kg as FeSO(4) solution as the low and high Fe treatment group. for 6 weeks. Liu Y. The increased BBB permeability may facilitate the accumulation of Pb. Children are known to be venerable to lead (Pb) toxicity. These data suggest that Pb exposure disrupts the structure of the BBB in young animals. Dai Z. Epub 2006 Dec 8. Moreover. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The control group received sodium acetate in drinking water. Under the electron microscope.0-folds (p<0.S. Three groups of rats were exposed to Pb in drinking water containing 342 microg Pb/mL as Pb acetate. Zheng W. Fe supplement among Pb-exposed rats maintained the normal ultra-structure of the BBB and restored the expression of occludin to normal levels. Western blot showed that Pb treatment led to 29-68% reduction (p<0. suggesting a leakage of cerebral vasculature. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Faculty of Military Preventive Medicine. 2007 Feb 15.

Komolova M. although the kidney is likely to play a central role. was blunted by 41% in the PID group compared with controls. arterial pressure changes were significantly greater in response to altered sodium in the PID animals compared with controls. at least in part. including cardiovascular complications in rats. Queen's University.51(1):154-9. The objective of this study was to investigate the circulatory complications of PID and the putative role of the kidney involved therein. respectively. Before and throughout gestation. PMID: 17967999 [PubMed . hematocrits and hemoglobin levels from offspring of iron-deficient mothers were 60% and 59% of control values. Nakatsu K. despite subsequent iron replenishment). female Wistar rats were fed either a low-iron diet (3 ppm/10 ppm Fe) or an iron-enriched diet (225 ppm Fe). In addition.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Kingston. Epub 2007 Oct 29. Perinatal iron deficiency (PID) has been reported to induce developmental abnormalities.Hypertension. as assessed by radiotelemetry. assessed in anesthetized rats. by altered intrarenal hemodynamic properties. Faculty of Health Sciences. Adult PID animals had greater mean arterial pressures (110 versus 106 mm Hg) and systolic blood pressures (129 versus124 mm Hg) than controls. which seems to be mediated. At 24 hours postpartum. After giving birth. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. all of the dams were placed on a standard grain-based diet.
Bourque SL. Adams MA. These complications are believed to be "programmed" by an aberrant perinatal environment because the changes persist long after the insult is corrected (ie. Canada K7L 3N6. The relationship between renal arterial pressure and renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure. 2008 Jan. Little is known about the mechanisms by which PID affects blood pressure in the offspring.
Long-term circulatory consequences of perinatal iron deficiency in male Wistar rats. Ontario. These data confirm that PID adversely affects blood pressure control.

which may play an important role for intracellular iron transport. Astrocytes lack transferrin receptors. PMID: 17953660 [PubMed .dk Iron. ceruloplasmin. The demonstration of transferrin receptors on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) more than 20 years ago provided the evidence for the now accepted view that the first step in blood to brain transport of iron is receptormediated endocytosis of transferrin. Neurons express the iron exporting carrier.
Iron trafficking inside the brain. including the role of astrocytes in this process. Department of Health Science and Technology. The most likely source for transferrin in the brain interstitium derives from diffusion from the ventricles. is transported bound to transferrin in the blood and the general extracellular fluid of the body. Subsequent steps are less clear. which probably allows them to excrete unneeded iron. Rosengren Nielsen T. ferroportin. Skjørringe T. an essential element for all cells of the body.103(5):1730-40. However. Complexes of iron with citrate and ATP can then circulate in brain extracellular fluid and may be taken up in these low-molecular weight forms by all types of brain cells or be bound by transferrin and taken up by cells which express transferrin receptors. They probably to export iron by a mechanism involving a membrane-bound form of the ferroxidase. including those of the brain. tmoos@hst. We propose that the divalent metal transporter 1 is not involved in iron transport through the BCECs. Instead.aau.
Moos T. which form a very close relationship with BCECs. Aalborg University. as neurons contain both transferrin receptors and divalent metal transporter 1 and can take up transferrinbound iron. iron is probably released from transferrin on the abluminal surface of these cells by the action of citrate and ATP that are released by astrocytes.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. and how iron is taken up by neurons and glial cells. They probably take up nontransferrin bound iron that gets incorporated in newly synthesized transferrin.J Neurochem. 2007 Dec. how iron is transported in brain extracellular fluid. Oligodendrocytes also lack transferrin receptors. Their source of iron is probably that released from transferrin on the abluminal surface of BCECs. Some iron most likely also circulates bound to transferrin. Denmark. They provide new evidence on how iron is released from transferrin on the abluminal surface of BCECs. Epub 2007 Oct 22. Aalborg. recent investigations which form the basis of this review have shed some light on them and also indicate possible fruitful avenues for future research. Morgan EH.

Ozdogan S. didem. respectively).29(11):747-51.004).024 and P=0.016. Saygi S. Kocak U.05 and P=0.35. The aim of this study was to examine cerebral blood flow velocity in infants with iron deficiency anemia. Thirty-six infants (27 male. Both peaksystolic velocity and EDV showed significant correlation with Hb level in the posterior cerebral artery (r=-0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 9 female) with iron deficiency anemia. Kirikkale University. Turkey.
Do cerebral blood flow velocities change in iron deficiency anemia?
Aliefendioglu D. 2007 Nov.38. whereas in posterior cerebral artery both EDV and peak-systolic velocity were different between the groups (P=0. PMID: 17984692 [PubMed .023 and r=-0. School of Medicine. Yilmaz S.aliefendioglu@gmail. Increased cerebral blood flow velocities in children with lower Hb values may be due to increased cardiac output. P=0.com Infants with iron deficiency had lower scores when tested for mental and motor development than their peers with better iron status. Kirikkale. decreased vascular resistivity caused by anemia. P=0.037) but not in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. aged 6 to 36 months were divided into 2 groups according to the hemoglobin (Hb) values [group 1 (n=23) Hb<10 g/dL and group 2 (n=13) 11 >Hb> or =10 g/dL]. Department of Pediatrics. In anterior and middle cerebral arteries only end-diastolic velocity (EDV) was increased in group 1 as compared with group 2 (P=0. Misirlioglu ED.

Myelin damage particularly affects the lamellae. as is the interstitium.as supplied by publisher]
Vitamin B-12 and Brain Health 339
. rat Schwann cells (myelin-forming cells of the peripheral nervous system) are fully activated but the few oligodendrocytes (myelin-forming cells of the CNS) are scarcely activated. Cbl deficiency increases the spinal cord (SC) synthesis and CSF levels of myelinotoxic cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble (s) CD40:sCD40 ligand dyad) and a myelinotoxic growth factor (nerve growth factor).Vitamin B-12 and Brain Health
Prog Neurobiol. the presence of ultrastructural signs of activation. PMID: 19394404 [PubMed . [Epub ahead of print]
The multi-faceted basis of vitamin B(12) (cobalamin) neurotrophism in adult central nervous system: Lessons learned from its deficiency. 20133 Milano. Most of the response to the damage caused by Cbl deficiency seems to come from astrocytes and microglia. or agents antagonizing the excess myelinotoxic agent. Via Mangiagalli 31. Surprisingly. The results obtained in the CNS of Cbl-deficient rats indicate that cytokine and growth factor imbalance is a key point in the pathogenesis of Cbl-deficient neuropathy. EGF). but decreases SC synthesis and CSF levels of a myelinotrophic cytokine (interleukin-6) and a myelinotrophic growth factor (epidermal growth factor. 2009 Apr 24. is as effective as Cbl in repairing or preventing Cbl-deficiency-induced CNS lesions. Cbl) deficiency. Glial cells. University of Milan. An imbalance in TNF-alpha and EGF levels has also been found in the CSF and serum of patients with severe Cbl deficiency. and changes in cytokine and growth factor production and secretion. and is manifested as an increase in the number of cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. which are disorganized by edema. Italy. In the rat. myelin and the interstitium are the structures of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) mainly affected by vitamin B(12) (cobalamin. The in vivo administration of IL-6 or EGF. The presence of intramyelin and interstitial edema raises questions about the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier.
Scalabrino G. Institute of General Pathology.

29(4):249-54.Food Nutr Bull. Pune. India.05). after appropriate adjustment for confounders. Watve S. BACKGROUND: Recent research has highlighted the influence of maternal factors on the health of the offspring. Gov't
PMID: 19227049 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC2656635
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.
Bhate V. p < . CONCLUSIONS: Maternal vitamin B12 status in pregnancy influences cognitive function in offspring. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Intrauterine experiences may program metabolic. Kamalnayan Bajaj Diabetology Research Center. Fall C. Bhat D. Two groups of children were selected on the basis of maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentration at 28 weeks of gestation: group 1 (n = 49) included children of mothers with low plasma vitamin B12 (lowest decile. > 224 pM). Non-U. < 77 pM) and group 2 (n = 59) children of mothers with high plasma vitamin B12 (highest decile. Vitamin B12 is important for brain development and function. and psychiatric disorders. We have shown that maternal vitamin B12 status affects adiposity and insulin resistance in the child. Yajnik C. METHODS: We studied children born in the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. de Jager CA. Deshpande S. p < . 182 vs. Joshi N. RESULTS: Children from group 1 performed more slowly than those from group 2 on the Color Trail A test (sustained attention. visual agnosia). Ladkat R. There were no differences between group 1 and group 2 on other tests of cognitive function (intelligence.05) and the Digit Span Backward test (short-term memory.S. cardiovascular.
Vitamin B12 status of pregnant Indian women and cognitive function in their 9-year-old children. 159 seconds. 2008 Dec. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between maternal plasma vitamin B12 status during pregnancy and the child's cognitive function at 9 years of age. Refsum H.

Osorio E. 95% CI = -2. Publication Types:
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Research Support. N.
Maternal MTHFR 677C>T genotype and dietary intake of folate and vitamin B(12): their impact on child neurodevelopment. Chen J. Maternal genotypes of MTHFR (677C>T and 1298A>C). respectively. Extramural Research Support. 2009 Feb. Schnaas L. were ascertained by PCR-RFLP.Nutr Neurosci. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 19178787 [PubMed . dietary intake of folate (< 400 mg/day) reduced the mental development index only among children of mothers who were carriers of the TT genotype (beta = -1.
del Río Garcia C. 95% CI = -3.I.07).04. Vitamin B(12) and folate supplementation during pregnancy could have a favorable impact on the mental development of children during their first year of life. Mexico.6 to -0. Using the Bayley test.3). the mental and psychomotor development in a cohort of 253 children were evaluated.S. Hernández C.8 to -0. The 677T and 1298C variant alleles were present in 59% and 10% of participants.8. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. P for interaction = 0. Torres-Sánchez L.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. López-Carrillo L.12(1):13-20. mainly in populations that are genetically susceptible. A dietary deficiency of vitamin B(12) was negatively associated with mental development (beta = -1. In contrast.. Portillo MG.6. Morelos.H. Maternal dietary intake of vitamin B(12) and folate was assessed from a semiquantitative questionnaire administered during the first trimester of pregnancy.

89(2):707S-11S. Gov't Review
PMID: 19116332 [PubMed . Non-U.uk Vitamin B-12 deficiency is often associated with cognitive deficits. vitamin B-12 status by dietary means. Publication Types:
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Research Support.ac. both of which are associated with low vitamin B-12 status. Pending the outcome of better trials. david.smith@pharm. it has been found that cognition is associated with vitamin B-12 status across the normal range. Anatomy and Genetics.ox. Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing. By using markers such as holotranscobalamin and methylmalonic acid. Oxford. Possible mediators of this relation include brain atrophy and white matter damage. Refsum H. United Kingdom.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.S. the Department of Physiology. Here we review evidence that cognition in the elderly may also be adversely affected at concentrations of vitamin B-12 above the traditional cutoffs for deficiency. Epub 2008 Dec 30. University of Oxford. Intervention trials have not been adequately designed to test whether these associations are causal. 2009 Feb.
Smith AD. it is suggested that the elderly in particular should be encouraged to maintain a good. rather than just an adequate.Am J Clin Nutr.
Vitamin B-12 and cognition in the elderly.

METHODS: The study evaluated the association of plasma concentrations of vitamin B(12). Refsum H. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that vitamin B(12) status in the normal range is associated with severity of white-matter lesions. RESULTS: Poorer vitamin B(12) status was significantly associated with greater severity of white-matter lesions. in particular periventricular white-matter lesions. This study examined the association of several markers of vitamin B(12) status with cerebral white-matter lesions. The Netherlands. 2009 Feb. Adjustment for homocysteine and folate modestly weakened the associations. it is hypothesised that this association is explained by effects on myelin integrity in the brain rather than through vascular mechanisms. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Epub 2008 Oct 31. smoking. Smith AD. especially periventricular lesions. Breteler MM. Analyses were adjusted for several potential confounders. Gov't
PMID: 18977824 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Adjustment for common vascular risk factors (including blood pressure.S. holotranscobalamin and transcobalamin saturation with cerebral white-matter lesions and infarcts at baseline and cognition at baseline and during follow-up among 1019 non-demented elderly participants of the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study. Johnston C. Erasmus Medical Centre. in a concentration-related manner. Non-U. and worse cognitive performance. such as vitamin B(12). Given the absence of an association with cerebral infarcts. Rotterdam.80(2):149-57. methylmalonic acid. including homocysteine and folate concentration. No association was observed for any of the studied markers of vitamin B(12) status with presence of brain infarcts and baseline cognition or cognitive decline during follow-up. This raises the question whether factors involved in homocysteine metabolism. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. are also related to these outcomes.
de Lau LM. diabetes and intima media thickness) did not alter the associations. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Elevated homocysteine has been associated with a higher prevalence of cerebral white-matter lesions and infarcts. infarcts and cognition.
Plasma vitamin B12 status and cerebral white-matter lesions.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.

umaryland. mblack@peds. cognition.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.29(2 Suppl):S126-31. Maryland 21201. and deficits of both vitamins are associated with a greater risk of depression during adulthood. Baltimore. This review examines two mechanisms linking folate and vitamin B12 deficiency to abnormal behavior and development in infants: disruptions to myelination and inflammatory processes. Future investigations should focus on the relationship between the timing of deficient and marginal vitamin B12 status and outcomes such as infant growth. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18709887 [PubMed .
Black MM. USA. and depressive symptoms. 2008 Jun. along with prevention of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency. social development.
Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children.Food Nutr Bull. University of Maryland School of Medicine. deficits in vitamin B12 (cobalamin) have negative consequences on the developing brain during infancy.edu Folate deficiency in the periconceptional period contributes to neural tube defects. Department of Pediatrics.

Guéant JL. Epub 2007 Nov 1. motor coordination.1188:122-31. Montréal. Ravey J. The B-deficient diet decreased body weight and food intake but increased water ingestion. It remains to be determined whether severer deficits are demonstrable in older mice. vitamin-B-deficient mice were more active in the open field and in enclosed arms of the elevated plus-maze. Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal/St-Luc. Unité de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques. robert. coordination. swimming to a visible platform even faster than either control group. The main effect of this diet restriction was hyperactivity with no change in anxiety. 2008 Jan 10. Barraud H. PMID: 18061153 [PubMed . Relative to either control group. and spatial learning in young adult Balb/c mice.
Lalonde R. young adult Balb/c mice consumed a vitamin-B-deficient diet or a control diet under freefeeding and pair-fed conditions. Bronowicki JP. Strazielle C. Canada. To investigate the effects of elevated serum homocysteine on neurobehavioral performances. However.
Effects of a B-vitamin-deficient diet on exploratory activity. vitamin-B-deficient mice were not impaired on sensorimotor coordination and spatial learning tests. and memory.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.lalonde@umontreal.Brain Res.ca Elevated homocysteine levels resulting from vitamin B deficiencies have been hypothesized to contribute to functional decline.

These vitamins mediate the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy). Faculty of Medicine. Sadenosylmethionine (SAM). Therefore. depression or Parkinson's disease. S-adenosylhomocysteine or their ratio have been reported in many neurodegenerative diseases. acquired or inherited disorders in these metabolic pathways are associated with brain abnormalities and severe neurological symptoms that are mostly irreversible.Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007. tHcy concentrations in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid become increased in several psychiatric and neurological disorders.45(12):1614-20. Additionally. Germany. Disturbances in the transmethylation pathway indicated by abnormal SAM. even after providing the missing cofactors.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. increased plasma concentrations of total Hcy (tHcy) are associated with cerebrovascular disease and can compromise the blood-brain barrier. Available data emphasize that deficiency of folate and vitamin B(12) can lead to elevated concentrations of tHcy and disturbed methylation potential in the brain. which affects the production of the universal methyl donor. This review discusses the relationship between brain and blood levels of key vitamins and metabolites related to one carbon metabolism. Cobalamin is essential for neuronal generation and its deficiency can cause degeneration of the nervous system. University Hospital of Saarland. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 17892439 [PubMed . in the brain among other organs. Homburg/Saar. Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. kchwher@uniklinikum-saarland. Obeid R. such as dementia.
Herrmann W.de Folate and vitamin B(12) are essential cofactors for the methionine/homocysteine cycle in the brain.
Biomarkers of folate and vitamin B(12) status in cerebrospinal fluid.

Vilaseca MA. Campistol J. 2005 May 16-31. as compared to normal values. The study of the mothers revealed asymptomatic pernicious anaemia. Unitat Integrada Hospital Sant Joan de Deu-Clinic.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Both patients were breastfed only. Spain. INTRODUCTION: A deficient supply of vitamin B12 can appear early during the first months of life.40(10):605-8. Both of them had an increased rate of excretion of methylmalonic acid. accompanied by neurological involvement. with haematological and neurological symptoms in the form of progressive encephalopathy. Publication Types:
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PMID: 15926134 [PubMed . CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin B12 deficiency due to a shortage of supply from the mother must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of possibly reversible severe encephalopathies.
[Encephalopathy with methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria secondary to a deficient exogenous supply of vitamin B12]
[Article in Spanish] Gutiérrez-Aguilar G. CASE REPORTS: We describe two patients with megaloblastic anaemia and halted somatic and cranial perimeter development. Treatment with hydroxycobalamine led to clinical recovery and psychomotor development progressively returned to normal. Abenia-Usón P. Servicio de Neurología. in urine with extremely low serum levels of vitamin B12.Rev Neurol. as well as homocysteine. E08950 Esplugues de Llobregat. García-Cazorla A.

S.
Bilic E.
Masked deficit of vitamin B12 in the patient with heterozygous betathalassemia and spastic paraparesis.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. but it is not an obligatory sign. University Hospital Centre Zagreb. her parents and sisters were on a strict vegan diet. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a diagnosis that must not be overlooked.7% of HbA2 and 11. brain. 2004 Dec. Croatia. Juric S. When megaloblastic anaemia occurs in combination with a condition that gives rise to microcytic anaemia. the anaemia could be normocytic or even microcytic. ernest. Publication Types:
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Case Reports Research Support.6% of HbF (heterozygous form of beta-thalassaemia). but there was no macrocytosis in the routine blood examination. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 15742609 [PubMed . Zagar M. Department of Pediatric Haematology. The patient. many megaloblastic features may be masked.hr The spinal cord.htnet. there was 3. Deficiency of vitamin B12 also causes megaloblastic anaemia. This case report turns the light on the fact that increased MCV is a hallmark in vitamin B12 deficiency. Bilic E. In this paper we report a 16-year old girl who was referred to us for the evaluation of mild paraparesis and paresthesias marked by tingling "pins and needles" feelings and general weakness.Acta Neurol Belg. The electrophoresis of haemoglobin was pathologic.104(4):173-5. The serum level of vitamin B12 was low. meaning that the red blood cells are usually larger than normal. which made us believe that vitamin B12 deficiency may be the possible cause of the neurologic clinical manifestations. Instead of being macrocytic.bilic@zg. optic nerves and peripheral nerves may be affected by vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency.

left untreated. Vitamin B12 deficiency has been implicated in various psychiatric conditions for a long time. secondary to the psychiatric disorder.Vitamin B-12 and Psychiatric Disorders
J Indian Med Assoc. 2007 Jul. Kurpad SS. Hence early recognition is important. Bangalore.
Psychiatric presentations of vitamin B 12 deficiency. Galgali RB.105(7):395-6. Department of Psychiatry. The association could be primary. Three cases are presented here where vitamin B12 deficiency and psychiatric symptomatology were coexistent. Srinivasan K.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. or even just coincidental. St John's Medical College Hospital. and the patients recovered only on a combination of B12 supplementation and psychiatric medication.
Bhat AS. especially when the traditional manifestations of B12 deficiency like anaemia. the deficiency can delay or preclude recovery. macrocytosis or spinal cord symptoms are not prominent.
PMID: 18178994 [PubMed . However.

and are at risk for substance abuse and dependence. PA. however.Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2007 Dec. USA. Oyesanmi O. Axelrod DJ. psychosis. or hepatitis B and C. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 17938043 [PubMed . stigma.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Patients with hemophilia have benefited from advances in treatment. Markov DD. Philadelphia.
Hematologic problems in psychosomatic medicine. Thomas Jefferson University. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with problems in cognition. and less commonly. a disease of chronic pain. as they are frequently seen in medical settings. mood. their morbidity and mortality were compounded in those who received blood products contaminated with HIV. most of the commonly used psychotropic medications have uncommon but potentially important hematologic side effects or may interact with the anticoagulants used in medically ill patients. experience difficulties with depression. Psychiatrists who practice psychosomatic medicine should expect to encounter patients with the above problems. Patients who have sickle cell disease. Folate deficiency primarily is associated with problems in mood. anxiety. Finally. anxiety.30(4):739-59.
Becker M. Department of Psychiatry. Kunkel EJ.

lethargy.24(8):538-41. causing low stores of vitamin B12. which disappear 1 or 2 days after. whose mothers are vegetarians. When preventive supplementation has failed. whereas neurological symptoms are improving. Anthoine-Milhomme MC. christel. These abnormal movements can last for 2 to 6 weeks.ap-hop-paris.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. efforts should be directed to preventing deficiency in pregnant and breast-feeding women on vegan diets and their infants by giving them vitamin B12 supplements. Therefore.Pediatr Emerg Care. and arrest or regression of developmental skills. Paris.chalouhi@nck. More rarely.
Chalouhi C. Fulla Y.fr In developed countries. If not treated. 2008 Aug.
Neurological consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency and its treatment. A megaloblastic anemia can be present. Publication Types:
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Case Reports
PMID: 18708898 [PubMed . Dulac O. Chéron G. hypotonia. Faesch S. Symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency appear during the second trimester of life and include failure to thrive. movement disorders appear a few days after treatment. one should recognize and treat quickly an infant presenting with failure to thrive and delayed development. Département des urgences pédiatriques. One half of the infants exhibit abnormal movements before the start of treatment with intramuscular cobalamin. vitamin B12 deficiency can cause lasting neurodisability. the vitamin B12 deficiency usually occurs in children exclusively breast-fed. Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades. France.

and developmental regression. apathy. and/or accumulation of lactate in brain cells. USA.Nutr Rev.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. alteration in the S-adenosylmethionine:S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio. dkdror@ucdavis. California. Allen LH. failure to thrive. anorexia. Department of Nutrition at the University of California Davis. 2008 May. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18454811 [PubMed . Davis.66(5):250-5. imbalance of neurotrophic and neurotoxic cytokines. The underlying mechanisms may involve delayed myelination or demyelination of nerves. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning infantile vitamin B(12) deficiency. including a pooled analysis of case studies of infants born to mothers with untreated pernicious anemia or a strict vegetarian lifestyle and a discussion of the mechanisms that may underlie the manifestations of deficiency.
Dror DK.edu Severe vitamin B(12) deficiency produces a cluster of neurological symptoms in infants. including irritability. which respond remarkably rapidly to supplementation.
Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms.

We have demonstrated that the neuropathological lesions in TGX rats are not only due to mere vitamin withdrawal but also to the overproduction of the myelinolytic tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. nerve growth factor. Milano. to reproduce the key morphological features of the disease. Publication Types:
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Historical Article
PMID: 18447164 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. University of Milan. We have identified a new experimental model. 2007. Mutti E. the theories advanced to explain the pathogenesis of SCD have postulated a causal relationship between SCD lesions and the impairment of either or both of two Cbl-dependent reactions. and the reduced synthesis of the neurotrophic agents. the soluble(s) CD40:sCD40 ligand dyad. and found new mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of SCD. Institute of General Pathology and Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases.
New pathogenesis of the cobalamin-deficient neuropathy. Hitherto. epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6. Cbl replacement treatments normalised all of these abnormalities. Subacute combined degeneration (SCD) is considered the neurological counterpart of pernicious anaemia because it is the paradigmatic neurological manifestation of acquired vitamin B12 (cobalamin (Cbl)) deficiency in adulthood.
Scalabrino G.Med Secoli. I.19(1):9-18. the totally gastrectomised (TGX) rat. Veber D.

At present. PMID: 18355418 [PubMed .
Neuropathy caused by B12 deficiency in a patient with ileal tuberculosis: A case report. write. 160-970) pg/ml and hypersegmented neutrophils. She was treated for vitamin B12 deficiency and tuberculosis. she can eat. Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Imam Khomeini Hospital.
Toosi TD. Iran. urinary incontinence. CASE PRESENTATION: A 14-year-old girl presented with complaints of paraplegia. dormohammadi@tums. Keshavarz Blvd.in process] PMCID: PMC2329654
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. Afshari A. A small bowel series showed that tuberculosis had typically involved the terminal ileum which had resulted in vitamin B12 deficiency. and speak normally as well as walk and ride a bicycle. CONCLUSION: Vitamin B12 deficiency should be considered in patients with neurologic features such as paresthesia. Tehran. neuropsychiatric changes and seizures. To our knowledge. 2008 Mar 21. dysarthria.J Med Case Reports. macrocytic anemia with unusual manifestations such as brain atrophy and seizures due to intestinal tuberculosis has not been reported in the literature. Her laboratory results were indicative of macrocytic anemia with a serum B12 level <100 (normal. fever and fatigue that had started a few months earlier and which had been getting worse in the last three weeks. The underlying cause of B12 deficiency should be determined and treated to obviate the patients' need for long term vitamin B12 therapy. Her MRI findings showed brain atrophy. sensory deficits. such as in tuberculosis. movement disorders. Neurologic abnormalities of B12 deficiency include sensory deficits. Shahi F.2:90. Her fever workup eventually led to the diagnosis of tuberculosis which was documented by bone marrow aspiration smear & culture. Roushan N. Her fever ceased and her hemoglobin level returned to normal.ac. Kermanshahi M. can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. loss of deep tendon reflexes. ataxia..ir. Segmental involvement of the distal ileum. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Vitamin B12 deficiency can result in macrocytic anemia. and ataxia.

2007 Oct. trunk. Her symptoms resolved and EEG was completely normal. and seizures. Gümüs A. To our knowledge. neurodevelopmental delay or regression. tremor. irritability. ilknur_erol@yahoo. Turkey. Division of Child Neurology. this is the first report of West syndrome as a presenting symptom of vitamin B(12) deficiency. weakness. Department of Paediatrics. Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone was administered and although her spasms had resolved. parenteral treatment with vitamin B(12) was initiated. ataxia. We report the case of a 10-month-old female diagnosed with West syndrome associated with vitamin B(12) deficiency but without macrocytic anaemia caused by nutritional inadequacy in the mother.com Vitamin B(12) deficiency in infants often produces haematological and neurological deficits. The diagnosis of vitamin B(12) deficiency can be difficult when the typical macrocytic anaemia is absent. apathy.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. including macrocytic anaemia. Results of electroencephalography (EEG) indicated modified hypsarrhythmia and the patient was diagnosed as having West syndrome.
West syndrome in an infant with vitamin B12 deficiency in the absence of macrocytic anaemia. Publication Types:
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PMID: 17880648 [PubMed . EEG results indicated generalized slow activity. hypotonia. After she was diagnosed as having vitamin B(12) deficiency. when she began to exhibit a series of sudden flexions of the head. and legs. She was exclusively breast-fed and had received no vitamin supplementation. Baskent University Faculty of Medicine. When she was 20 months old she exhibited an age-appropriate developmental and neurological profile.49(10):774-6. The patient's motor skills and cognitive development were normal until she was 9 months old. Ankara. arms. the patient remained apathic and could not sit without assistance.Dev Med Child Neurol.
Erol I. Alehan F.

Moreover. HHcy and vitamin B deficiency are reported to have a causal role in depression. and epilepsy. PMID: 17729191 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Preventive vitamin B supplementation and sufficient intake seem very important for secondary and primary prevention of neuropsychiatric disorders. Kirrberger Strasse. Epidemiological studies have shown a dose-dependent relationship between concentrations of Hcy and the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. a positive association has been reported between HHcy and multiple sclerosis.
[Review of the role of hyperhomocysteinemia and B-vitamin deficiency in neurological and psychiatric disorders--current evidence and preliminary recommendations]
[Article in German] Herrmann W. 2007 Sep. B12. Vitamin B deficiency should be suspected in children with development disorders. sufficient intakes of the vitamins are recommended for patients who have already developed neuropsychiatric diseases. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causes hypomethylation which is an important mechanism that links Hcy to dementia.herrmann@uni-klinikum-saarland. Hcy is a marker for B-vitamin deficiency (folate. prof. Elderly people are also an important at-risk group where vitamin B deficiency and HHcy have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. 66421 Homburg. Treatment with folate. Supplementation with vitamins B aims at reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin. Current evidence suggests that Hcy-lowering treatment has a positive effect for the secondary and primary prevention of stroke.75(9):515-27.wolfgang. Furthermore. Gebaude 57. B6). Obeid R. Lorenzl S. and B6 can improve cerebral function. Therefore. HHcy is very common in patients with Parkinson disease particularly those who receive L-dopa treatment.de Elevated concentration of total homocysteine (Hcy) in plasma (> 12 micromol/l) is a risk factor for several diseases of the central nervous system.Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. In addition several anti-epileptic drugs cause secondary HHcy. Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes. especially in subjects with a low intake or status of the vitamins. B12. failure to thrive and unexplained neurological manifestations.

If untreated.5% to 15%. 2009 Feb. High-dose oral vitamin B(12) replacement is standard practice in some other countries and less costly.47(2):19-21. becoming more so with age. Here we review issues around adopting an oral vitamin B(12) replacement regimen more widely in the UK. PMID: 19193702 [PubMed . In the UK. it can lead to megaloblastic anaemia and irreversible neurological complications. and estimates of its population prevalence have ranged from 1. the usual treatment is regular intramuscular injections of hydroxocobalamin.in process]
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.Vitamin B-12 and Anemia
Drug Ther Bull.
Oral or intramuscular vitamin B12?
[No authors listed] Vitamin B(12) deficiency is common.

Hospital de Sant Joan de Déu de Sant Boi de Llobregat. We believe that glossitis with linear lesions is an early clinical sign of vitamin B(12) deficiency. 26449jge@comb.es The classic oral manifestations of vitamin B(12) deficiency are considered nonspecific.
Graells J.
Glossitis with linear lesions: an early sign of vitamin B12 deficiency.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Department of Dermatology. 2009 Mar. We recommend the determination of vitamin B(12) in such patients.J Am Acad Dermatol. Gonzalez J.60(3):498-500. Publication Types:
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PMID: 19231648 [PubMed . We describe 4 patients with oral linear lesions associated with vitamin B(12) deficiency. Spain. Ojeda RM. Barcelona. even in the absence of anemia. Patients were free of neurologic symptoms and anemia at diagnosis. Saavedra J. Muniesa C.

andres@chru-strasbourg. most frequently related to food-cobalamin malabsorption. Kaltenbach G. Federici L.S. About two thirds of nutrient-deficiency anemia is associated with iron deficiency and most of those cases are the result of chronic blood loss from gastrointestinal lesions. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Strasbourg. University Hospital of Strasbourg. Serraj K.
Andrès E. and/or folate deficiency and are easily treated (nutrient-deficiency replacement). emmanuel. defined as a hemoglobin level < 13 g/dL in men and < 12 g/dL in women. Gov't Review
PMID: 19013375 [PubMed . is an important healthcare concern among the elderly. Nutrientdeficiency anemia represents one third of all anemias in elderly patients.Eur J Intern Med. Department of Internal Medicine. 2008 Nov. France.
Update of nutrient-deficiency anemia in elderly patients. The remaining cases of nutrient-deficiency anemia are usually associated with vitamin B12.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.fr Anemia. Non-U. Epub 2008 Mar 14.19(7):488-93.

Replacement of the missing or decreased constituent usually reverses the anemia.
Anemia following Roux-en-Y surgery for morbid obesity: a review. folate. OH 45429. Wright State University School of Medicine. 2008 Oct. ascorbic acid. Since physicians of various medical and surgical specialties are often involved with the postoperative care of bariatric patients. Recently. the most widely performed procedure is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operation which combines restriction of food intake with malabsorption of calories and various nutrients. less appreciated etiologies of nutritional anemia include deficiencies of B-complex vitamins. Division of Hematology-Oncology.101(10):1024-31.South Med J. a review of anemia in this patient population is warranted. Various types of anemia may complicate Roux-en-Y and commonly include deficiencies of iron. MMarinella@pol. and vitamin B12. However. Iron deficiency is particularly common and may result from many mechanisms including poor intake. Currently.net Morbid obesity is a significant problem in the Western world. and copper. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 18791538 [PubMed .
Marinella MA. Department of Medicine.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. and mucosal bleeding from marginal ulceration. Dayton. respectively. there has been an increase in the number of patients undergoing surgical weight loss procedures. resulting in weight loss and nutritional deficiencies. malabsorption. USA.

The composition of peripheral blood was determined from the content of red blood cells with varying amounts of hemoglobin. The paper presents the results of computed morphometry of peripheral red blood cells in elderly patients with B12-deficiency anemia before treatment. Shishina RN.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. by using an ASPEK Russian hematological cell image analyzer.Klin Lab Diagn. The study was performed in the fine Romanovsky-stained peripheral blood smears.(7):29-32. 2008 Jul.
[Morphometric characteristics of erythrocytes in B12-deficiency anemia (based on computer morphometric data)]
[Article in Russian] Potapova SG. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 18756730 [PubMed .and megalocytes) in peripheral blood are given. The objective quantitative characteristics of the parameters of the major megaloblastic hematopoiesis markers (macro.

Atlanta. anemia. The success of supplementation programs hinges on a strong and persistent educational component and access to the supplements. Supplementation programs that use mass community education show some promise.upr. neurologic conditions. jcordero@rcm. Berry RJ.edu Folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies represent important and evolving global health challenges that contribute to the global burden of anemia. A folic acid supplementation program targeting couples prior to marriage in China has led to optimal consumption of supplements containing folic acid and a significant reduction of neural tube defects (NTD). and other conditions resulting from folate deficiency. but have not been shown to be as effective as targeted education. 2008 Jun. Fortification with folic acid has been shown to reduce the prevalence of NTD in the countries where it has been implemented. neurodevelopmental disorders. and birth defects. Georgia.
Cordero JF. setting the optimal fortification level. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. USA.Food Nutr Bull. Supplementation and fortification are cost-effective and viable approaches to reducing the burden of NTD.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 18709892 [PubMed . We present a review of population-based programs designed to increase consumption of folates and vitamin B12. Challenges to fortification programs include identifying the appropriate delivery vehicles. Do A. sustaining the quality assurance of the fortification level.29(2 Suppl):S188-95. The experience with interventions involving folic acid could provide a model for the subsequent development of supplementation and fortification programs involving vitamin B12. and addressing regulatory challenges and trade barriers of commercially fortified flours.
Review of interventions for the prevention and control of folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Prepartum anaemia: prevention and treatment. Treatment of IDA should aim at replenishing body iron deficits by oral and/or intravenous administration of iron. Among fertile. non-pregnant women. Minor causes of anaemia are folate and vitamin B12 deficiency. Treatment with intravenous iron is superior to oral iron with respect to the haematological response. which can be supported by plasma transferrin saturation and serum soluble transferrin receptor. (2) as first option at profound IDA. nils. In studies incorporating serum ferritin. haemoglobin should be checked after 2 weeks and provided an increase of >or=10 g/L. Hellerup. haemoglobin of 90-105 g/L. i. i. Profound IDA has serious consequences for both woman and foetus and requires prompt intervention with intravenous iron.200 mg should be considered: (1) as second option if oral iron fails to increase haemoglobin within 2 weeks. Vitamin B12 and Anemia
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. This is especially important for the safety of women who for various reasons oppose blood transfusions. small or absent iron reserves and therefore an unfavourable iron status with respect to upcoming pregnancy. Copenhagen. Requirements for absorbed iron increase during pregnancy from 0. University of Copenhagen.e. treatment with oral ferrous iron of approximately 100 mg/day between meals is the therapeutic option in the first and second trimester. while there is little experience in the first trimester. approximately 40% have ferritin of <or=30 microg/L. and dietary measures are inadequate to reduce the frequency of prepartum IDA. prevention and treatment of anaemia during pregnancy in Western societies. Intravenous iron is considered safe in the second and third trimester. Epub 2008 Jul 19.5 mg/day in the third trimester. and (3) as first option for IDA in third trimester.8 mg/day in the first trimester to 7. Denmark.87(12):949-59.dk This review focuses on the occurrence. a full blood count and plasma ferritin. However. Intravenous iron of 600-1.4 mg/day. The diagnosis relies on haemoglobin. haemoglobinopathy and haemolytic anaemia. Anaemia is defined as haemoglobin of <110 g/L in the first and third trimester and <105 g/L in the second trimester. 2008 Dec. The prevalence of prepartum anaemia in the third trimester ranges 14-52% in women taking placebo and 0-25% in women taking iron supplements.
Milman N. i.Ann Hematol. dependent on the doses of iron.mil@dadlnet. In women with slight to moderate IDA. oral iron therapy has proved effective and should continue. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. IDA is efficiently prevented by oral iron supplements in doses of 30-40 mg ferrous iron taken between meals from early pregnancy to delivery. haemoglobin of <90 g/L in any trimester beyond 14 weeks gestation. on the average approximately 4. Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most prevalent deficiency disorder and the most frequent form of anaemia in pregnant women. the frequency of IDA in placebotreated women ranges 12-17% and in iron-supplemented women 0-3%.e. Gentofte Hospital.e.

Severe vitamin B12 deficiency resulting in pancytopenia. Walker JA.Eur J Haematol. Division of Hematology.80(5):448-51. more modern reviews of the subject often fail to mention this association.edu Deficiency of vitamin B12 is a well known cause of megaloblastic anemia and pancytopenia. Litzow MR. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18221385 [PubMed . We report a B12 deficient female with severe pancytopenia including normocytic anemia who also had enlarged spleen and circulating nucleated red blood cells as well as circulating immature myeloid cells.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Epub 2008 Jan 23. Although these findings are reported in the earlier literature. thorvardur-halfdanarson@uiowa. We review the literature on these unusual manifestations of B12 deficiency and remind clinicians that splenomegaly and erythroblastosis can serve as diagnostic clues in cases of severe megaloblastic anemia secondary to B12 deficiency.
Halfdanarson TR. USA. 2008 May. MN. Rochester. splenomegaly and leukoerythroblastosis. Department of Internal Medicine. Hanson CA. Splenomegaly and leukoerythroblastosis are much less well known manifestations of B12 deficiency.

and iron-deficiency anemia]
[Article in Russian] Vorob'ev SA. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 17378384 [PubMed . Chronic gastritis against the background of iron-deficiency anemia was characterized by superficial and focal atrophic lesions of the antral mucous coat.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. and clinical manifestations in the form of intestinal indigestion and abdominal pains.Eksp Klin Gastroenterol. Morphological symptoms of chronic gastritis were revealed in 100% of patients. 112-3. frequently--by erosions.
[Clinical and morphological characteristics of chronic gastritis complicated with B12.and B12-deficiency anemia. 2005. was localized in the body and in the antral part of the stomach. Chronic gastritis against the background of B12deficiency anemia always had an atrophic nature. There was a study of 49 patients with iron. and had clinical manifestations in the form of intestinal indigestion.(6):33-6.

Publication Types:
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Case Reports
PMID: 18221385 [PubMed . MN. We review the literature on these unusual manifestations of B12 deficiency and remind clinicians that splenomegaly and erythroblastosis can serve as diagnostic clues in cases of severe megaloblastic anemia secondary to B12 deficiency.edu Deficiency of vitamin B12 is a well known cause of megaloblastic anemia and pancytopenia. Splenomegaly and leukoerythroblastosis are much less well known manifestations of B12 deficiency. Hanson CA. more modern reviews of the subject often fail to mention this association. Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. Although these findings are reported in the earlier literature.indexed for MEDLINE]
Vitamin B12 and Anemia
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. 2008 May. Litzow MR.
Halfdanarson TR. thorvardur-halfdanarson@uiowa.80(5):448-51. splenomegaly and leukoerythroblastosis. USA. Epub 2008 Jan 23.
Severe vitamin B12 deficiency resulting in pancytopenia. We report a B12 deficient female with severe pancytopenia including normocytic anemia who also had enlarged spleen and circulating nucleated red blood cells as well as circulating immature myeloid cells.Eur J Haematol. Walker JA. Rochester. Division of Hematology. Department of Internal Medicine.

ac. PMID: 19410972 [PubMed . Despite the lack of a significant change or the occurrence of only a modest increase in bone mineral density.itc.in process]
Vitamin K and Bone Health
381
.Vitamin K and Bone Health
Nutr Res. Sato Y.
Iwamoto J.29(4):221-8. high-dose vitamin K(1) and vitamin K(2) supplementation improved indices of bone strength in the femoral neck and reduced the incidence of clinical fractures. the effect of vitamin K on the skeleton remains a matter of controversy.keio. Shinjuku-ku. Keio University School of Medicine. Takeda T. PubMed was used to search the reliable literature for RCTs by using the search terms "vitamin K(1) or vitamin K(2). The objective of the present review of the literature was to evaluate the effect of vitamin K supplementation on the skeleton of postmenopausal women. The results of these RCTs showed that vitamin K(1) and vitamin K(2) supplementation reduced serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels regardless of dose but that it had inconsistent effects on serum total osteocalcin levels and no effect on bone resorption.jp Although systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have concluded that vitamin K is effective in preventing fractures." "bone." and "postmenopausal women" and the following inclusion criteria: approximately 50 or more subjects per group and study period of 2 years or longer. Matsumoto H. 2009 Apr. The review of the reliable literature confirmed the effect of vitamin K(1) and vitamin K(2) supplementation on the skeleton of postmenopausal women mediated by mechanisms other than bone mineral density and bone turnover. jiwamoto@sc. Tokyo 160-8582. Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine.
High-dose vitamin K supplementation reduces fracture incidence in postmenopausal women: a review of the literature. Seven RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Japan.

Surrey GU2 7XH. Bones break because the loads placed on them exceed the ability of the bone to absorb the energy involved. Both the development of peak bone mass and the rate of bone loss are determined by key endogenous and exogenous factors.
Importance of calcium.
Lanham-New SA. s. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 18412990 [PubMed . Redefining vitamin D requirements in the UK is needed since there is evidence of extensive hypovitaminosis D in the UK. UK. but there remains controversy as to whether supplementation is effective in reducing fracture in free-living populations. In women early post menopause (<5 years post menopause) who are not vitamin D deficient.67(2):163-76.ac.Proc Nutr Soc. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. including fracture reduction. 2008 May. However. Ca supplements appear to be effective in reducing bone loss in women late post menopause (>5 years post menopause). Ca supplementation has little effect on bone mineral density. Low vitamin D status is associated with an increased risk of falling and a variety of other health outcomes and is an area that requires urgent attention. although there are promising data in the literature for a clear link between vitamin K nutrition and skeletal integrity.uk Throughout the life cycle the skeleton requires optimum development and maintenance of its integrity to prevent fracture. vitamin D and vitamin K for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. particularly in those with low habitual Ca intake (<400 mg/d). It is now estimated that one in three women and one in twelve men aged >55 years will suffer from osteoporosis in their lifetime and at a cost in the UK of > 1. Nutritional Sciences Division. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is multifactorial. University of Surrey.lanhamnew@surrey. Guildford.7 pounds x 10(9) per year. supplementation with vitamin D and Ca has been shown to reduce fracture rates in the institutionalised elderly. The role of other micronutrients on bone remains to be fully defined.indexed for MEDLINE]
Vitamin K and Bone Health
383
.

the relationship between increased vitamin K2 intake and enhanced osteocalcin carboxylation has never been shown in healthy children. Vermeer C. Lilien MR. In the MK-7-supplemented group (n 28). Kuis W. The Netherlands. Intervention studies in adults have demonstrated that markedly higher osteocalcin carboxylation is obtained by intakes of vitamin K well above the current recommended dietary intake. Within the placebo group. one of the vitamin K2 species) on the circulating levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) and carboxylated osteocalcin (cOC) in healthy prepubertal children. [Epub ahead of print]
The effect of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) supplementation on osteocalcin carboxylation in healthy prepubertal children. ucOC. cOC and MK-7 were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks. PMID: 19450370 [PubMed . These findings demonstrate that in healthy. prepubertal children. In both groups. Braam LA. The UCR was used as an indicator of vitamin K status. Schurgers LJ.as supplied by publisher]
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. the circulating concentration of inactive ucOC reduced and the UCR improved whereas the concentration of MK-7 increased. indicating an improved vitamin K status. probably through its role as cofactor in the carboxylation of osteocalcin. together with bone markers and coagulation parameters. The present study is a double-blind randomised placebocontrolled trial examining the effect of 8 weeks MK-7 supplementation on the carboxylation of osteocalcin in healthy children (n 55). PO Box 85090. The objective was to study the effect of 45 mug menaquinone-7 (MK-7. 2009 May 19:1-8.Br J Nutr. cOC. University Medical Centre Utrecht. Vitamin K contributes to bone health. We hypothesised that MK-7 supplementation will reduce the ucOC:cOC ratio (UCR).
van Summeren MJ. Department of Paediatrics. bone markers and coagulation parameters remained constant over time. 3508 AB Utrecht. modest supplementation with MK-7 increases circulating concentrations of MK-7 and increases osteocalcin carboxylation. Serum levels of ucOC. However. UCR and MK-7 did not significantly change over time.

Brandenburg V. Schurgers L. Westenfeld R. PMID: 19363777 [PubMed . University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen. Vitamin K deficiency impairs the physiological function of osteocalcin and MGP and.in process]
Vitamin K and Bone Health 386
. In this context.32(2):67-74. Morbidity and mortality are massively increased in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and patients with end-stage renale disease (ESRD).Int J Artif Organs. 2009 Feb. local calcification inhibitor in the vessel wall). presumably contributes to bone demineralisation and vascular calcification (the so-called calcification paradox). the usage of vitamin K antagonists for long-term oral anticoagulation therapy might be risky especially in CKD patients exhibiting a high background level of vascular calcification. Aachen .
Coagulation meets calcification: the vitamin K system. Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent-proteins play pivotal roles in the physiology of mineralization and in preventing ectopic calcification: two of these vitamin Kdependent-proteins are osteocalcin (regulating bone mineralization) and matrixGla protein (MGP. We present a summary of data describing the potential role of vitamin K deficiency and supplementation in bone and vascular disease in patients with CKD or ESRD. Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology.
Krueger T.Germany. therefore. Bone disease (renal osteodystrophy) and vascular disease (accelerated arteriosclerosis) are two typical entities contributing to this excess morbidity and mortality.

O'Donnell CJ. no association was observed between the 3-y changes in circulating cytokines and BMD. and CRP and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at baseline and after 3 y of follow-up in 379 healthy men and women (60-81 y. Boston. Osteoprotegerin was associated positively with plasma phylloquinone and inversely with %ucOC.
Shea MK. circulating cytokines.gov as NCT00183001. osteoprotegerin. This trial was registered with www. RESULTS: Cross-sectionally. MA. 2008 Aug. Peterson JW. Dawson-Hughes B. and bone mineral density in older men and women.88(2):356-63.
Vitamin K.Am J Clin Nutr.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. No differences were observed in the 3-y change in IL-6. plasma phylloquinone was inversely associated with IL-6 and CRP. including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteoprotegerin in vitro. but vitamin K supplementation did not confer a decrease in cytokine concentrations. DESIGN: Concentrations of IL-6. US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. USA. 58. PMID: 18689371 [PubMed . Ordovas JM. BACKGROUND: Vitamin K modulates cytokines involved in bone turnover.clinicaltrials. Gundberg CM.5% women) participating in a randomized trial that studied the effect of vitamin K supplementation on bone loss. whereas serum %ucOC was inversely associated with IL-6. and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and 2) the effect of daily 500 mug phylloquinone supplementation for 3 y on cytokine concentrations. Booth SL. osteoprotegerin. The healthy status of this cohort may explain a lack of effect of vitamin K supplementation on cytokine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Poor vitamin K status was associated with high concentrations of cytokines involved in bone turnover. Dallal GE. osteoprotegerin. Overall. and CRP concentrations between participants who received phylloquinone supplementation and those who did not. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess 1) associations between measures of vitamin K status [plasma phylloquinone and serum percentage of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (%ucOC)] and IL-6.

University Medical Centre Utrecht. Among children with JIA. no differences in vitamin K status of bone were found between the study groups. low bone density and increased fracture risk are associated with low vitamin K status of bone.
van Summeren MJ. The vitamin K-dependent protein osteocalcin plays an important role in bone metabolism. Vermeer C. 2008 May-Jun. Bone markers.indexed for MEDLINE]
Vitamin K and Bone Health
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. METHODS: We performed a cross sectional study in 55 children with JIA and 54 healthy controls between 6-18 years of age. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vitamin K may be one of multiple risk factors for low bone mass in children with JIA. m.. Non-U. Takken T. Kuis W. a high ratio of ucOC/cOC indicating low vitamin K status was associated with low bone ultrasound parameters. age. We studied the vitamin K status of bone and its association with bone mass properties in children with JIA compared to healthy children. inactive) osteocalcin (ucOC). Publication Types:
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Research Support. This association was independent of physical activity. ultrasound bone mass properties and vitamin K status of bone were determined. Schurgers LJ.e.26(3):484-91.j. Its activity depends upon post-translational carboxylation in which vitamin K is an essential co-factor. The question remains whether JIA patients would benefit from increased dietary vitamin K intake. Fischer K. The Netherlands. Little is known about the vitamin K status and bone health in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).h. whereas children with a high vitamin K status had markedly higher bone properties. vitamin K deficiency leads to under-carboxylated (i. Gov't
PMID: 18578975 [PubMed .nl OBJECTIVE: Osteopenia is a common complication of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). gender and BMI. Department of Paediatric Immunology. Hence.
Extremes in vitamin K status of bone are related to bone ultrasound properties in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. in addition to other recognized determinants of bone mass.Clin Exp Rheumatol.vansummeren@umcutrecht. Engelbert RH. RESULTS: Overall.S. In adults.

this review will focus on the significance and importance of vitamin K for bone metabolism. In this regard. University Hospital of Giessen-Marburg. Vitamin K represents an important enzyme-cofactor for the posttranslational modification and activation of several proteins involved in bone metabolism. 2008. Wehr U. As a consequence. Patients with osteoporosis have been shown to have decreased levels of vitamin K. Therefore. Department of Trauma Surgery. Further. Schieker M. Alt V. Germany.78:417-34. Giessen. Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease characterized by reduced bone quality and quantity. subsequent immobility. Horas U. Hoesel LM. Drosse I. patients are at risk for fractures.
Heiss C.Vitam Horm. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18374203 [PubMed . Beyond this. Schnettler R. new parameters for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes are urgently needed.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. However. research focused on vitamin K as a biochemical bone marker has provided promising results. thereby lowering the fracture risk. the usefulness of a combination of several biochemical bone markers as improved surrogate markers of bone metabolism has been shown recently. Yet vitamin K alone may not sufficiently indicate the mineral status of the bone. and higher mortality especially among elder patients. aspects on the current and prospective use of vitamin K as well as other newly developed biochemical bone markers will be discussed. Because of the high incidence of complications and the associated financial burden for the health system. Meyer C. Vitamin K has been proven to be a valuable diagnostic as well as therapeutic parameter especially in osteoporosis. regular intake of vitamin K may increase bone mineral density (BMD).
Diagnosis of osteoporosis with vitamin k as a new biochemical marker. Wenisch S.

78:393-416. DK-1958 Frederiksberg C. which mediates the conversion of glutamate to gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla). a number of studies have shown that vitamin K insufficiency or high levels of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is associated with an increase in the concentration of circulating ucOC. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18374202 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. In relation to bone. The best known of the three known bone-related Gla proteins is osteocalcin (OC). several studies have demonstrated that vitamin K insufficiency is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fractures. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the importance of vitamin K in relation to bone health in adult humans and thereby in the prevention of osteoporosis.Vitam Horm. Vitamin K supplementation. Department of Human Nutrition. requirements might be higher. Even though the exact role of OC is not known. on the other hand. Denmark. University of Copenhagen. Rolighedsvej 30. I will shortly discuss the interaction with vitamin D and the paradox in relation to warfarin treatment. Vitamin K is receiving more attention in relation to its role in bone metabolism. The gammacarboxylation of the Gla proteins is essential for the proteins to attract Ca2+ and to incorporate these into hydroxyapatite crystals. Vitamin K is a coenzyme for glutamate carboxylase. and in most countries the dietary intake is sufficient to obtain the amount recommended. Dietary recommendations are based on saturation of the coagulation system. Furthermore. Furthermore. 2008.
Vitamin K and bone health in adult humans. has been shown to improve the bone turnover profile and decrease the level of circulating ucOC.
Bügel S.

1. Noirt F. BMC of the total body. m. Vermeer C. University Medical Centre Utrecht. probably through its role as co-factor in the carboxylation of osteocalcin.2 years). The objective of this longitudinal study was to determine whether biochemical indicators of vitamin K status are related to (gains in) bone mineral content (BMC) and markers of bone metabolism in peripubertal children. vitamin D status and growth hormones were measured at baseline only. van Coeverden SC. indicating a substantial interindividual difference in vitamin K status. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Utrecht. Markers of bone metabolism. additional paediatric studies are needed. lumbar spine and femoral neck was determined at baseline and 2 years later. The UCR was associated with pubertal stage. Non-U. Gov't
PMID: 18279558 [PubMed . Department of Paediatric Immunology. sex hormones and vitamin D status.
van Summeren MJ.Br J Nutr. sex steroids. the significance of vitamin K in bone-mass acquisition is less well known.S. Kuis W. 2008 Oct.100(4):852-8. UCR) was also measured at both time points. Large variations in the levels of the UCR were found at both time-points. markers of bone metabolism. Uiterwaal CS.001). P<0. In children. Schurgers LJ.nl In adult bone.vansummeren@umcutrecht. The Netherlands. Epub 2008 Feb 18.h.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. PO Box 85090. A better vitamin K status was associated with more pronounced increase in bone mass in healthy peripubertal children. In order to determine the significance of these findings for childhood bone health. vitamin K contributes to bone health. Improvement of vitamin K status over 2 years (n 281 children) was associated with a marked increase in total body BMC (r -49. Vitamin K status (ratio of undercarboxylated (ucOC) to carboxylated (cOC) fractions of osteocalcin.
Vitamin K status is associated with childhood bone mineral content.j. In 307 healthy children (mean age 11. Braam LA.

among the proteins known or suspected to be involved in bone and vascular biology there are several members of the vitamin K dependent or gamma-carboxyglutamic acid protein family.
Role of vitamin K on biochemical markers.francucci@ao-umbertoprimo.30(6 Suppl):24-8. bone mineral density. New experimental and placebo-controlled studies in humans should clarify our understanding of the role vitamin K plays in improving bone health. 2007.J Endocrinol Invest. In the past decade it became evident that vitamin K played a significant role in human health beyond its well-established function in blood clotting. Recent research has indicated that a number of macro. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 17721070 [PubMed .marche.
Francucci CM. In fact.and micronutrients are involved in the development of bone health. cm. Boscaro M. Ancona. Division of Endocrinology. Polytechnic University of Marche. Department of Internal Medicine. Italy.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Fiscaletti P. and fracture risk.it Osteoporosis is a multifactorial chronic disease that may become even more prevalent and more of a public health problem in the decades to come. Rilli S. there are insufficient data to recommend a routine supplementation of vitamin K for optimal bone health. Based on the current evidence from epidemiologic and intervention studies.

[Serum vitamin K concentration and nutrition]
[Article in Japanese] Tsugawa N. Vitamin K (VK) is well known for its role in the synthesis of a number of blood coagulation factors. it is rare that severe VK deficiency is observed. These studies suggest that there is potential VK insufficiency in bone.17(11):1717-26. However. low dietary VK intake or low VK status has been shown to be associated with low bone mineral density and increased hip fracture risk. 2007 Nov. are reviewed. Department of Hygienic Sciences. including pharmacokinetics of VK analogues (such as phylloquinone and menaquinone) and factors which affect on blood circulation of VK. matrix Gla protein.Clin Calcium. even in sufficient VK status for blood coagulation. Recently. In the present review. the studies concerning relationship between serum VK concentration and bone health. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 17982192 [PubMed . Okano T. and protein S. VK is also an important factor for bone metabolism via gamma-carboxylation of VK-dependent proteins such as osteocalcin.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Kobe Pharmaceutical University.

Menatetrenone is currently used in Japan.
[Active vitamin D and vitamin K as therapeutic agents for osteoporosis]
[Article in Japanese] Katagiri H. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin is also a significant risk for hip fracture.Nippon Rinsho. the Republic of Korea and Thailand. it reduced the rate of vertebral fractures.64(9):1639-43. Low serum concentrations of vitamin K have been reported in patients with osteoporosis.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 2006 Sep. in a small randomized clinical trial. a process dependent on vitamin K. Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs. However. Recent reports suggest that active vitamin D may prevent fracture not only through enhancement of intestinal calcium absorption but also by improving bone quality and/or strength independently of bone mass and by improving neuromuscular function to reduce the number of fall. Faculty of Medicine. and serum osteocalcin appears to be undercarboxylated in these individuals. clinical evidence for its efficacy as an anti-osteoporotic drug is scarce in terms of fracture prevention. Active vitamin D has been most widely used in Japan for the treatment of osteoporosis. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 16972672 [PubMed . Clinical studies in Japan suggest that menatetrenone (vitamin K2) reduces skeletal losses and. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Tottori University.

exists widely in the otherwise healthy adult population. particularly in bone. vitamin K(2)-specific.
[Protective effects of vitamin K against osteoporosis and its pleiotropic actions]
[Article in Japanese] Kaneki M. Thus. 2006 Sep. Vitamin K is a nutrient originally identified as an essential factor for blood coagulation. biological differences between vitamins K(1) and K(2). Accumulated evidence indicates that subclinical non-hemostatic vitamin K deficiency in extrahepatic tissues.16(9):1526-34.Clin Calcium. vitamin K has emerged as a potential protector against osteoporosis and hepatocarcinoma. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 16951479 [PubMed . Moreover.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. In contrast. Harvard Medical School. Recently. Most of the new biological functions of vitamin K in bone and hepatoma cells are considered to be attributable to promotion of gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in vitamin Kdependent proteins. which is shared by both vitamins K(1) and K(2). Both vitamin K(1) and K(2) have been shown to exert protective effects against osteoporosis. therapeutic potential of vitamin K(2) as an anti-hepatoma drug has been recently highlighted. These functions include stimulation of steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR)-mediated transcription and anti-oxidant property. Molecular bases of coagulation-unrelated pleiotropic actions of vitamin K and its implications in human health deserve further investigations. Massachusetts General Hospital. and a potential involvement of gamma-carboxylation-independent actions in the new roles of vitamin K remain open issues. gamma-carboxylation-unrelated functions have also been demonstrated. Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care.

CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review suggests that supplementation with phytonadione and menaquinone-4 reduces bone loss. Pooling the 7 trials with fracture data in a meta-analysis. and 7 reported fracture data. 0. DATA EXTRACTION: Four authors extracted data on changes in bone density and type of fracture.11-0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.65) for vertebral fractures. In the case of the latter. Publication Types:
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Meta-Analysis Review PMID: 16801507 [PubMed .166(12):1256-61. an OR of 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI]. Department of Health Sciences. 2006 Jun 26. All studies but 1 showed an advantage of phytonadione and menaquinone in reducing bone loss. the ISI Web of Science (1945 to June 2005). djt6@york. the National Research Register (inception to the present). there is a strong effect on incident fractures among Japanese patients. Lanham-New S.23 (95% CI. York Trials Unit. Current Controlled Trials. and the Medical Research Council Research Register.ac. Adamson J. Gilbody S. and an OR of 0.47) for hip fractures. University of York. All articles were double screened and double data extracted.Arch Intern Med. 0. EMBASE (1980 to June 2005).uk BACKGROUND: Observational and some experimental data suggest that low intake of vitamin K may be associated with an increased risk of fracture. York YO10 5DD. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials that gave adult participants oral phytonadione and menaquinone supplements for longer than 6 months were included in this review. the Cochrane Library (issue 2.19 (95% CI.
Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. DATA SOURCES: The search included the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (1966 to June 2005). 2005).
Cockayne S.35) for all nonvertebral fractures. England. we found an odds ratio (OR) favoring menaquinone of 0.12-0. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether oral vitamin K (phytonadione and menaquinone) supplementation can reduce bone loss and prevent fractures. Torgerson DJ.25-0. Shearer MJ. 0. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirteen trials were identified with data on bone loss. All 7 trials that reported fracture effects were Japanese and used menaquinone.

China. VII and factor X (P < 0.Vitamin K and Blood Improvement
J Perinat Med.35+/-6.038). the overall rates of PIVH in the vitamin K1 group and in controls were 32. This may be partially attributable to low concentrations of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors.49%.0%. Gao F. The data suggest the absence of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in preterm infants.88%. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of vitamin K1 to pregnant women at less than 35 weeks' gestation age may result in improved coagulation and may reduce the incidence as well as the severity degree of PIVH.16+/-5. factor IX 30.001). At the same period. n = 50).0%.34(2):173-6. Intracranial ultrasound was performed by the same sonographer to determine the presence and severity of PIVH. factor VII 69.64+/-9. respectively (P = 0. cord blood samples were collected from thirty full-term neonates to compare the factor levels with those of premature infants. IX and X. PMID: 16519625 [PubMed .4 and 52. Wang Q.88%. VII. liuzhuokun@hotmail. Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Science. and antenatal supplement of vitamin K1 may increase the cord blood activity of factor II.com AIMS: Infants less than 35 weeks' gestation age are susceptible to periventricularintraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH).00+/-17. Zhao JH. Department of Neonatology.0 and 20. He JW. factor IX 24.67+/-8. or no such treatment (control group.70+/-4. factor IX 25.55%. factor VII 59.32+/-12.69%.88%.036). n = 40).62%. and the frequency of severe PIVH was 5. RESULTS: The activities of vitamin Kdependent coagulation factors in umbilical blood in the control group were: factor II 25.02%.02%. factor VII 64.63%. and (3) to study the prophylactic effects on PIVH after maternal antenatal supplemental vitamin K1. In addition. and factor X 34.59+/16. the respective values were: factor II 36.66%.71+/-10. Liu J. Maternal antenatal administration of vitamin K1 results in increasing the activities of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in umbilical blood and in decreasing the incidence rate of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants.88%. and factor X 30. The purposes of this study were: (1) to determine the umbilical blood activity levels of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II. In full-term infants. Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. 2006. and factor X 39. In vitamin K1 group these factors were: factor II 36. (2) to investigate the change in activities of these factors in premature infants' umbilical blood after prenatal administration of vitamin K1 to the mothers.54+/-10. METHODS: Pregnant women in preterm labor at less than 35 weeks of gestation were randomly selected to receive antenatal vitamin K1 10 mg per day injection intramuscularly or intravenously for 2-7 days (vitamin K1 group.18+/-5.indexed for MEDLINE]
Vitamin K and Blood Improvement 401
.26+/-8. respectively (P = 0.

Hodges S.
Vermeer C. November 2002) in which a number of European vitamin K experts reviewed the available data and formulated their standpoint with respect to recommended dietary vitamin K intake and the use of vitamin K-containing supplements. Shearer MJ. Walter P.43(6):325-35. 2004 Dec. O. Box 616.unimaas.S. Gov't Review
PMID: 15309455 [PubMed . Recommendations for dietary vitamin K intake have been made on the basis of the hepatic requirements for the synthesis of blood coagulation factors. 6200 MD Maastricht. Non-U. The Netherlands.nl Vitamin K is well known for its role in the synthesis of a number of blood coagulation factors.Eur J Nutr.vermeer@bioch. During recent years vitamin K-dependent proteins were discovered to be of vital importance for bone and vascular health. Dept. Zittermann A. This paper is the result of a closed workshop (Paris.
Beyond deficiency: potential benefits of increased intakes of vitamin K for bone and vascular health. c. University of Maastricht. Bolton-Smith C. of Biochemistry. Weber P. P. Epub 2004 Feb 5. Accumulating evidence suggests that the requirements for other functions than blood coagulation may be higher.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Szulc P. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Stöcklin E. Rambeck W.

S. Mortality was 9%. Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospital. and evidence for vitamin K deficiency was sought. Publication Types:
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Research Support. male sex.000 births in rural and urban areas respectively.indexed for MEDLINE] PMCID: PMC1721780
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. Vos T. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of late onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants who received no prophylaxis was unexpectedly high (116 per 100.
Intracranial haemorrhage due to late onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding in Hanoi province. A significant reduction in the incidence was observed in urban Hanoi during 1998 and 1999. METHODS: Cases of intracranial haemorrhage in infants aged 1-13 weeks were identified in Hanoi province for 5 years (19951999). Stockholm. and low birth weight. Sweden. costing an estimated 87 US dollars (48 pounds. 42% were neurologically abnormal at the time of hospital discharge.89(6):F546-50. There are insufficient data to assess the cost effectiveness of its implementation in such countries. Of the surviving infants. Hoa DP. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the burden of intracranial haemorrhage caused by late onset vitamin K deficiency bleeding in Hanoi. Vietnam. after vitamin K prophylaxis was introduced at one urban obstetric hospital. Loughnan PM.000 births) with 142 and 81 per 100.Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. Identified associations were rural residence. 72 Euro) per disability adjusted life year saved. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin K deficiency bleeding is a major public health problem in Hanoi. Non-U. The results indicate that routine vitamin K prophylaxis would significantly reduce infant morbidity and mortality in Vietnam and. Gov't
PMID: 15499152 [PubMed .
Danielsson N. BACKGROUND: In many developing countries vitamin K prophylaxis is not routinely administered at birth. Vietnam. is a highly cost effective intervention. 2004 Nov. Thang NV. The data were compared with those on vitamin K deficiency bleeding in developed countries and used to obtain an approximation to the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage caused by vitamin K deficiency bleeding in Hanoi.

Epub 2008 Nov 4. 9000 Ghent. Van De Velde S. If given orally. Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin. De Pintelaan 185. present in plants as phylloquinone and produced by bacteria as menaquinone. It is acting as a cofactor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.) as soon as possible after birth.168(2):127-34. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18982351 [PubMed . Vitamin K prophylaxis at birth effectively prevents vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB).vanwinckel@ugent. The only infants not fully protected in this way are those with yet unrecognised liver disease. others play a role in calcium homeostasis.
Van Winckel M.m.Eur J Pediatr. Belgium. an update for the paediatrician. Department of Paediatrics. single i. prophylaxis should be continued by either weekly administration of 1 mg till 12 weeks or repeating 2 mg at weeks 1 and 4. Classic VKDB is prevented by intramuscular as well as by oral administration of 1 mg vitamin K. The majority of gamma-carboxylated proteins function in blood coagulation.be INTRODUCTION: This review summarizes current knowledge on vitamin K for the paediatrician. Van Biervliet S. UZ Gent. De Bruyne R.
Vitamin K. administration at birth is also effectively preventing (rare) late VKDB but single oral administration is not. 2009 Feb. This enzyme is responsible for posttranslational modification of some glutamate side chains to gammacarboxyglutamate. In exclusively breast-fed infants. Recent epidemiological studies provide data on the effectiveness of different administration routes and dosing schemes. CONCLUSIONS: Further work is needed before firm recommendations can be made regarding dose in preterm infants and in patients with fat malabsorption/cholestasis or regarding the role of vitamin K in the prevention of osteoporosis.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. DATA: Newborn babies are at particular risk of vitamin K deficiency. myriam. Infants of mothers taking drugs that inhibit vitamin K are at risk of early VKDB and should receive 1 mg intramuscular (i. formerly known as "haemorrhagic disease of the newborn". as placental transfer is limited and human milk is a poor source.m. Daily administration of 25 microg offers insufficient protection.

VII. The regimes of prophylactic vitamin K treatment of different countries are also given. the therapeutic use of vitamin K is addressed. vitamin K levels are described as can be expected after the administration of prophylactic doses at various routes. Coagulation factors do not cross the placental barrier but are synthesized independently by the conceptus. the potential use of fresh-frozen plasma. however.158(13-14):385-95. "classical" (day 1-7 after birth). IX. and "late" (8 days to 6 months). 2008. protein C. the classical nomenclature is used: "early" (presenting within the first 24 h of life). activities of the vitamin K dependent factors II. and X and the concentrations of the contact factors XI and XII are reduced to about 50% of normal adult values. Department of Paediatrics. and recombinant factor VIIa is discussed. Plasma concentrations of the naturally occurring anticoagulant proteins (antithrombin. Klagenfurt. Pichler L. Landeskrankenhaus Klagenfurt. At birth. Publication Types:
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Comparative Study Review PMID: 18677590 [PubMed . After the presentation of the history of vitamin K prophylaxis.
The neonatal coagulation system and the vitamin K deficiency bleeding . Platelet counts are within the normal range. the actual schedule of vitamin K prophylaxis as recommended by the "Osterreichische Gesellschaft für Kinderund Jugendheilkunde" is given as follows: i) the oral treatment of healthy fullterm babies and orally fed preterm babies.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. prothrombin complex preparations. VIII.
Pichler E. Subsequently. neonatal platelets seem to be hyporeactive. Finally. regarding function. The von Willebrand factor contains large multimers and its concentration is increased. Plasminogen is reduced by approximately 50%. Properties and functions of vitamin K as well as requirement and plasma concentrations in newborns are reviewed. The levels of the factors V. and iii) the treatment of mothers under medication with enzyme-inducing drugs with vitamin K during the last 15-30 days of pregnancy.a mini review. XIII. and fibrinogen are similar to adult values. and protein S) are significantly lower at birth than during the adult years.Wien Med Wochenschr. ii) the parenteral treatment of small preterm and sick full-term babies. Regarding vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). Austria.

25. Goto K.
Mochizuki M.jp Effects of dose and duration of phenobarbital (PB) administration and those of coadministration of PB and vitamin K on blood coagulation-related parameters were examined in specific pathogen-free (SPF) rats of Sprague-Dawley strain kept on an ordinary diet. Shimizu S. whereas the coagulation time (TBT) was prolonged from day 7. Kitazawa T. 100 or 150 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks induced increases in hepatic cytochrome P450 content and CYP2B expression. oral administration of PB (0. In Experiment 2. prolongation of coagulation time (activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and Thrombotest (TBT)) and an increase in antithrombin III (AT III) concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Aoki A. 50. APTT prolonged by PB (100 mg/kg/day) was shortened after vitamin K(2) (30 mg/kg/day) co-administration. mochizuki@bozo. Bozo Research Center Inc. Shizuoka. APTT was prolonged from day 1 and AT III concentration was increased from day 2..J Toxicol Sci. In Experiment 1. Toxicology Department.
Blood coagulation-related parameter changes in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with phenobarbital (PB) and PB plus vitamin K.co. Gotemba Laboratory. PMID: 18670162 [PubMed . although AT III concentration was still increased. This suggests that not AT III but PB-induced vitamin K deficiency may play an important role in PB-induced prolongation of coagulation time in SPF rats kept on an ordinary diet.33(3):307-14. In Experiment 3. Hatayama K.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Kamata T. Umeshita K. 2008 Aug. PB administration (100 mg/kg/day) for up to 14 days produced time-dependent increases in hepatic cytochrome P450 content and CYP2B (CYP2B1 and CYP2B2) expression.

2008. The wide use of this narrow therapeutic index drug has resulted in significant risk for major bleeding.
Merli GJ. cell growth. migration.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Vitamin K serves as one of the major reversing agent for patients over-anticoagulated with warfarin. a number of clinical conditions in which vitamin K deficiency was found to be the underlying pathophysiologic problem were discovered. and proliferation. deep vein thrombosis. regulation. It is a fat-soluble vitamin which occurs naturally in plants as phylloquinone (vitamin K1) and is produced by gram-negative bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract as menaquinone (vitamin K2). In addition. Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. which include bone and endovascular metabolism. The importance of this vitamin has become more apparent with the discovery of the anticoagulant warfarin which is a vitamin K antagonist. In the past few years. These conditions include hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Professor of Medicine. Philadelphia. Jefferson Medical College. Vitamin K was discovered in the 1930s during cholesterol metabolism experiments in chickens. obstructive jaundice. and adhesion.78:265-79. and malabsorption syndromes. Director Jefferson Center for Vascular Diseases.Vitam Horm. research has focused on new areas of vitamin K metabolism. pulmonary embolism. USA. apoptosis. PA 19107. and prosthetic cardiac valves. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18374199 [PubMed . phagocytosis. Fink J. cell survival.
Vitamin K and thrombosis. This vitamin was found to be essential for normal functioning of hemostasis. These new areas of research highlight the significance of vitamin K but raise new clinical questions for patients who must be maintained on long-term warfarin therapy. There are millions of patients on this therapy for a variety of thrombogenic conditions such as atrial fibrillation.

2008. it has opened new opportunities to study the vitamin K-dependent posttranslational gamma-carboxylational system in the endoplasmic reticulum in greater detail and its molecular operation in vivo. North Carolina 27157. Publication Types:
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PMID: 18374197 [PubMed .indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Other accomplishments resulting from this discovery are: (1) the finding that VKORC1 is the rate-limiting step in biosynthesis of functional vitamin K-dependent proteins. Furthermore. Hutson SM. the new information gained about the vitamin K-dependent gamma-carboxylation system will stimulate new research which will benefit medicine and our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this protein modification reaction. The first described inhibitor of the gamma-carboxylation system has been identified as calumenin.
VKORC1: a warfarin-sensitive enzyme in vitamin K metabolism and biosynthesis of vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors. Wake Forest University School of Medicine. The engineered cells significantly enhance production of the fraction of fully functional gamma-carboxylated proteins compared to cell lines only overexpressing the specific coagulation factor.78:227-46. Wajih N. Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry. Winston-Salem. and (2) engineering of recombinant intracellular gamma-carboxylation systems in cell lines producing recombinant coagulation factor used clinically to treat bleeding disorders. which is the target for the anticoagulant drug warfarin. Together. has opened new opportunities to understand warfarin resistance and biosynthesis of vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation factors and other members of this protein family. a resident chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).Vitam Horm.
Wallin R. The recently discovered enzyme VKORC1 of the vitamin K cycle.

it is rare that severe VK deficiency is observed. Department of Hygienic Sciences. matrix Gla protein. 2007 Nov. are reviewed.
[Serum vitamin K concentration and nutrition]
[Article in Japanese] Tsugawa N. Recently.Clin Calcium. VK is also an important factor for bone metabolism via gamma-carboxylation of VK-dependent proteins such as osteocalcin. Kobe Pharmaceutical University. In the present review. Okano T. However. and protein S. including pharmacokinetics of VK analogues (such as phylloquinone and menaquinone) and factors which affect on blood circulation of VK.17(11):1717-26.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 17982192 [PubMed . even in sufficient VK status for blood coagulation. low dietary VK intake or low VK status has been shown to be associated with low bone mineral density and increased hip fracture risk. Vitamin K (VK) is well known for its role in the synthesis of a number of blood coagulation factors. These studies suggest that there is potential VK insufficiency in bone. the studies concerning relationship between serum VK concentration and bone health.

Tohoku University . We used in this study the DNA microarray technique to identify the effect of K status on gene expression in the rat liver. However. In addition to the liver and bone. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Sendai. the physiological role of K in these various organs is not yet fully understood. Laboratory of Nutrition. 2006 Apr. The expression of genes involved in the acute inflammation response was enhanced in rats fed with a K-deficient diet relative to the control and K1-supplemented diet groups. It is likely that K has functions other than its role as a cofactor of protein gammaglutamyl carboxylation. Department of Science of Food Function and Health. Graduate School of Agricultural Science. K acts as a cofactor in the posttranslational synthesis of gammacarboxyglutamic acid from glutamic acid residues.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Furukawa Y.Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.70(4):926-32. Hiwatashi K. heart. These results indicate that orally administrated K1 suppressed inflammation in the rat. Shirakawa H. Non-U. dietary supplementation with K1 suppressed the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide administration. Mizutani T. Vitamin K (K) is essential for blood coagulation and bone metabolism in mammals.
Ohsaki Y.
Vitamin K suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the rat. Komai M. kidney and gonadal tissue.S. Gov't
PMID: 16636460 [PubMed . K is found in the brain. Japan. Moreover.

Further research on MGP will resolve the complicated mechanism of atherosclerosis. The recommended daily allowance for vitamin K to prevent vascular calcification should be evaluated. Publication Types:
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PMID: 15775408 [PubMed]
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. especially of the arterial calcification. Internal Medicine.Clin Calcium. During the last decade.
[Vitamin K and vascular calcification]
[Article in Japanese] Shoji S. vitamin K has been exclusively related to blood coagulation. One of them is the function of Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) : potent inhibitors of vascular calcification. a second function for vitamin K-dependent proteins has become apparent : the regulation of tissue calcification.12(8):1123-8. Inoue Hospital. The function of MGP became clear from transgenic mice (MGP-deficient mice). 2002 Aug. Until recently.

vitamin K1 and K2. There are probably other physiologic systems yet to be studied relative to vitamins K and gamma-carboxylation. mbern@cancercenter.S. Boston. what.
Observations on possible effects of daily vitamin K replacement.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Publication Types:
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PMID: 15568285 [PubMed .28(6):388-98. protein S. and the synthetic K3's. plus the anticoagulants protein C. if any. Because studies to date have not controlled for vitamin K intake. especially upon warfarin therapy. This recommended supplement will affect other physiologic systems that also use vitamin Kdependent gamma-carboxylation. and X.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. New England Baptist Hospital. effect may occur because of the saturation or competition from the vitamin K1 upon the functioning of vitamins K2 and the derivatives of K3 in vivo upon bone mineralization. Also considered are possible positive or negative effects that chronic warfarin therapy may have upon the other vitamin K-dependent systems under discussion. 2004 Nov-Dec. and protein Z. Harvard Medical School. This review offers a platform for further discussion and derived clinical research provoked by this new FDA recommendation. Vitamin K is not 1 molecule but rather 2 natural substances. This review also considers the available research upon warfarin when given to patients receiving hyperalimentation and what effects the vitamin K supplements may have. VII. all known to be influenced by the vitamins K. But this is not the entire story. It is not understood. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients receiving IV hyperalimentation. Cancer Center of Boston. cell growth.
Bern M. or as in some cases no supplement at all. USA. Supplemental vitamin K1 will ensure adequate supplies for hepatic saturation and thus the production of clotting factors II. and blood vessel health. IX. consideration is given to whether one should expect any change in previously reported outcomes when using low-dose warfarin for prophylaxis against central vein thrombosis. This is considered as preferable to the previous recommendations of weekly parenteral or oral supplement.com Daily parenteral vitamin K supplement is now recommended by the U. Massachusetts.

Canada. Publication Types:
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PMID: 14760216 [PubMed . Hamilton. vitamin K should be administered by the intravenous route since it begins to reduce the INR within 8 hours. Evidence suggests that low-dose (1 mg to 2.5 mg) oral vitamin K restores patients to INR values associated with a lower risk of hemorrhage more rapidly than discontinuing warfarin alone. McMaster University. Department of Medicine. For most rapid corrections in the INR.16(1-2):69-72.
Vitamin K for the treatment of asymptomatic coagulopathy associated with oral anticoagulant therapy.ca Patients with asymptomatic elevated International Normalized Ratios (INRs) are commonly seen in practice. and its use may be associated with over-correction of the INR.J Thromb Thrombolysis. Wilson S. but there is no consensus on how best to manage this condition. Vitamin K therapy remains underutilized despite evidence for its effectiveness.
Crowther MA. Ontario. Subcutaneous vitamin K is relatively ineffective. 2003 Aug-Oct. crowthrm@mcmaster. The studies discussed in this review suggest that vitamin K1 should be considered if rapid reductions in the INR are desired.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.

0003). Vegetables. Despite their limitations. An increasing body of evidence points to a role for vitamin K in brain physiology through its participation in sphingolipid metabolism and biological activation of the vitamin K-dependent protein Gas6.Vitamin K and Alzheimer's Disease
J Am Diet Assoc. One hypothesis is that vitamin K may also play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. A recent study found that patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease consumed less vitamin K than did cognitively intact control subjects.108(12):2095-9. Département de Nutrition.and sex-matched cognitively intact control subjects. and fruits contributed more than 70% of total vitamin K intake in both groups. which contributed 33% and 49% to total intakes in patients and control subjects. 2008 Dec. To learn more about the dietary intakes and food sources of vitamin K in these patients. Gov't
PMID: 19027415 [PubMed . Non-U.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Low vitamin K intakes in community-dwelling elders at an early stage of Alzheimer's disease. Dietary vitamin K intakes were assessed from 5 nonconsecutive days of food records collected from 31 community-dwelling patients with early-stage Alzheimer's disease and in 31 age.S.
Presse N. Publication Types:
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Research Support. The main source of vitamin K was green vegetables. a detailed analysis was conducted. Canada. results are in line with the most recent research in both vitamin K and Alzheimer's disease and suggest a need to consider vitamin K in future investigations on the role of diet in Alzheimer's disease. Shatenstein B. Montréal.0001). fats. Kergoat MJ. Vitamin K intakes were significantly less in participants with Alzheimer's disease (P<0. even after adjusting for energy intakes (P=0. Ferland G. Mean vitamin K intake on a person-day basis was 63+/-90 microg/day in patients and 139+/-233 microg/day in control subjects. respectively. Université de Montréal. This lower consumption of green vegetables in participants with Alzheimer's disease explained their lower vitamin K intakes overall.

bryna. 36 community-dwelling patients in early stages of Alzheimer dementia. with significant differences in energy.
Poor nutrient intakes during 1-year follow-up with communitydwelling older adults with early-stage Alzheimer dementia compared to cognitively intact matched controls. Canada. were recruited from memory clinics in Montréal. METHODS: With their caregivers. Kergoat MJ.107(12):2091-9. vitamin A. and dietary fiber as well as n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Current diet and supplement use were assessed monthly by two food records and/or 24-hour diet recalls (666 records/recalls from patients and 1. and analyzed using CANDAT with the 2001b Canadian Nutrient File.J Am Diet Assoc. Université de Montréal. the macronutrients. and interviewed at four to five time points (T0 to T4) across an 18-month period. calcium. Repeated measures analysis of variance confirmed these observations among balanced groups of participants aged > or =70 years with full nutrient data during 12 months' follow-up. zinc.shatenstein@umontreal. vitamin K. and loss of body weight are particularly significant problems among those with Alzheimer dementia. Montréal.678 records/recalls from controls). 2007 Dec. iron.S. RESULTS: Nutrient intakes from diet and supplements were higher in control subjects. aged > or =65 years. eating behavior disturbances. This vulnerable population would benefit from systematic dietary assessment and intervention to prevent further deterioration in food consumption and increased nutritional risk. Départment de Nutrition. Non-U.
Shatenstein B. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intakes by persons with Alzheimer dementia are poor compared to cognitively intact age-matched controls. Reid I.ca OBJECTIVE: Decreased food intakes. To follow the natural evolution of dietary and nutrition status among elderly community-dwelling adults with Alzheimer dementia. age-matched to cognitively intact community-based controls (n=58).indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Gov't
PMID: 18060894 [PubMed . Suboptimal diet is evident early in the onset of the disease. Publication Types:
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Research Support. using adapted data collection techniques among patients.

A relative deficiency of vitamin K. 2001 Aug. Mountain View.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Evidence is accumulating that vitamin K has important functions in the brain. USA. The hypothesis is now proposed that vitamin K deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and that vitamin K supplementation may have a beneficial effect in preventing or treating the disease. Vitamin K may also reduce neuronal damage associated with cardiovascular disease. The concentration of vitamin K is lower in the circulating blood of APOE4 carriers than in that of persons with other APOE genotypes.
The possible role of vitamin K deficiency in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and in augmenting brain damage associated with cardiovascular disease. SurroMed Corporation.Med Hypotheses. PMID: 11461163 [PubMed .
Allison AC. California 94043.57(2):151-5. affecting the extrahepatic functions of the vitamin. Copyright 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. including the regulation of sulfotransferase activity and the activity of a growth factor/tyrosine kinase receptor (Gas 6/Axl). The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases with age and in carriers of the apolipoprotein E4 genotype. is common in ageing men and women.

Superoxide Dismutase is a potent free radical eliminator produced by the human body. the SOD in the part of the tablets digested in the intestines where there is no stomach acid present should be assimilated by the human body. SOD would serve as the perfect dietary antioxidant.
421
. only a portion of the Spirulina tablets are digested in the stomach. most scientists feel that the human body’s production of SOD is insufficient and increased dietary antioxidants and/or supplementation is necessary.SOD (Superoxide Dismutase)
Editors’ Note: There has been much discussion about the human body’s ability to assimilate SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) from the diet. Spirulina in tablet form is not fully digested in the stomach. It appears evident then. that by taking Spirulina in tablet form. Fortunately. however this fragile enzyme has not proven sturdy enough to withstand severe deterioration by stomach acids prior to assimilation. while a substantial amount of the tablets are then digested in the intestines. however. due to increased levels of free radicals in modern life (due to a number of factors).

1400 Jackson Street. Carbone BD. as well as significantly more nitrotyrosine formation at all ages studied. regane@njc.8 ng/gm wet weight of cartilage). Denver.SOD and Arthritis
Arthritis Rheum. Department of Medicine. Mason R. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure messenger RNA for EC-SOD and for endothelial cell.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. METHODS: Samples of human cartilage were obtained from femoral heads at the time of joint replacement surgery for OA or femoral neck fracture. neuronal. USA. Glueck D. the major scavenger of reactive oxygen species in extracellular spaces. CONCLUSION: EC-SOD. Our findings suggest that inadequate control of reactive oxygen species plays a role in the pathophysiology of OA. Nitrotyrosine formation was assayed by Western blotting in mouse cartilage and by fluorescence immunohistochemistry in human cartilage. and inducible nitric oxide synthases. Western blotting.SEM 18. Bowler R. is decreased in humans with OA and in an animal model of OA. Cartilage from patients with OA had an approximately 4-fold lower level of EC-SOD compared with cartilage from patients with hip fracture.
Extracellular superoxide dismutase and oxidant damage in osteoarthritis. Nicks M.org OBJECTIVE: To use human cartilage samples and a mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA) to determine whether extracellular superoxide dismutase (ECSOD) is a constituent of cartilage and to evaluate whether there is a relationship between EC-SOD deficiency and OA. Flannelly J. ECSOD was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 15. National Jewish Medical and Research Center. Tran K. Crapo J. 2005 Nov. Young STR/ort mice had decreased levels of EC-SOD in tibial cartilage before histologic evidence of disease occurred. CO 80206. RESULTS: Human articular cartilage contained large amounts of EC-SOD (mean +/. Heijnen H. and 35 weeks of age. and immunohistochemistry techniques.
Regan E. PMID: 16255039 [PubMed .8 +/3.52(11):3479-91. Samples of mouse tibial cartilage obtained from STR/ort mice and CBA control mice were compared at 5.

Korea. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is a major scavenger enzyme of ROS. Kim MO. The severity of arthritis in mice was scored in a double-blind manner. Kim TY. To investigate the alteration of cytokine levels.4 x 10(60 cells) on days 28. Lee SG.05). To test EC-SOD activity. The EC-SOD activity was nearly 1. Daegu 702701. School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology. Levels of IL1beta and TNF-alpha were reduced in the transgenic MEF-treated group (p < 0. Hyun BH.Cell Transplant.in process]
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. Abnormalities of the joints were examined by H&E staining. with each paw being assigned a separate clinical score. 2008. Kim WU.17(12):1371-80. The transfer of EC-SOD transgenic MEF has shown a therapeutic effect in CIA mice and this approach may be a safer and more effective form of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease. DBA/1 mice that had been treated with bovine type II collagen were administrated subcutaneous injections of ECSOD transgenic MEF (each at 1. Publication Types: Research Support. Kim HJ.05). blood samples were collected in each group on day 49.5-fold higher in the transgenic MEF-treated group than in the nontransgenic MEF-treated group (p < 0.
Yu DH. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within an inflamed joint has been suggested as playing a significant pathogenic role.
The therapeutic effect of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Kim BS. Shin MJ. Park YS. ELISA was used to measure blood samples. Yoo SA. The proliferation of CII-specific T cells was lower in the transgenic MEF-treated mice than in those in the other groups. 35. and 42 after primary immunization. we used mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) of transgenic mice that overexpresses EC-SOD on the skin by using hK14 promoter.S. Gov't PMID: 19364074 [PubMed . Ryoo ZY. which has received growing attention for its therapeutic potential. Kyungpook National University. To investigate the therapeutic effect of EC-SOD in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Kim SH. Lee SR. There were no signs of inflammation except for mild hyperplasia of the synovium in the transgenic MEF-treated group.05). The severity of arthritis in EC-SOD transgenic MEF-treated mice was significantly suppressed in the arthritic clinical score (p < 0. Non-U.

introducing new evaluation methods such as haematological and biochemical parameters in order to identify the main stages of the disease. Martins MB. This refinement provided novel non-invasive anti-inflammatory treatment of the AA with SOD by using mixed lipid vesicles specially developed for transdermal delivery. Tecnologia e Inovação. another stage occurred where the disease shifted from the local arthritis form towards polyarthritis: an additional increase of volume and circumference of the induced and noninduced paws.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. 2005 Mar 21. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Transfersomes (Tfs). occurred. 22 1649-038 Lisboa. Treatment of animals. the induced paw volume more than doubled and the paw circumference increased by approx. Ferreira AA. Edifício F. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia. Two weeks later. Lopes RM.pt The aim of this study was firstly to refine a rat model of arthritis. Epub 2005 Jan 15. The animals also started to loose weight around day 14 after the disease induction. 50%.
Developments in the rat adjuvant arthritis model and its use in therapeutic evaluation of novel non-invasive treatment by SOD in Transfersomes. Gov't
PMID: 15763624 [PubMed . Cruz ME. As a positive control. sandra. Portugal.simoes@ineti. SOD liposomes intravenously injected were used for comparison and confirmed the biological efficiency of epicutaneously applied SOD in Tfs. Radiographic observable lesions increased correspondingly. by studying the time course of the disease.S. Unidade de Novas Formas de Agentes Bioactivos. An optimisation of treatment schedule and evaluation criteria was developed.
Simões SI. Radiographic images showed less joint lesions in SOD-Tfs treated animals in comparison with control and placebo treated rats.103(2):419-34. Morais JA. the adjuvant arthritis (AA) model. this being the second major aim. It was shown for the first time that SOD incorporated into Tfs and applied onto a skin area not necessarily close to the inflamed tissue is able to promote non-invasive treatment of induced arthritis. SOD solution and empty Tfs epicutaneously applied exerted no effect. Jesus S. Corvo ML.J Control Release. by epicutaneous application of SOD-Tfs showed that 1 mg SOD/kg body weight is more efficient than 0. Departamento de Biotecnologia. Non-U. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar. epicutaneous application of SOD-Tfs used prophylactically was able to suppress the induced rat paw oedema. In addition. Delgado TC. The time course of AA includes a first stage: 1 day after the disease induction.66 mg SOD /kg body weight. started at day 1 after induction.

among others. Publication Types:
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English Abstract
PMID: 18634380 [PubMed . Adverse effect of physical inactivity can cause inhibition of anabolic processes in favour of enhancement of protein.9%). Poland. to abnormally decreased physical activity (hypokinesia). Chair and Department of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. and lipid catabolitic reactions.pl Hip osteoarthritis leads. as well as inadequate metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Garncarek P. Miller E. These alterations can induce an increased lipid peroxide synthesis. CuZn-SOD activity in red blood cells was determined according to the Misra and Fridovich method in 36 patients with hip osteoarthritis hospitalized at the Traumatic-Orthopaedic Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration Hospital in Lódź.8%). overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acceleration of lipid peroxidation processes. CONCLUSIONS: The results activity of superoxide dysmutase leads to ROS generation and their overgeneration in hip osteoarthritis and in first time of treatment. The aim of the study was to determine superoxide dismutase activity (CuZn-SOD) in red blood cells of patients suffering from hip osteoarthritis prior to and following total alloplasty as compared to healthy subjects. Bortnik K.Pol Merkur Lekarski. enzyme activity increased (+24. RESULTS: In patients with decreased physical activity in ten days after alloplasty. carbohydrate. and also to evaluate effect of hypokinesia on oxidative stress. Medical University of Lódź. one month since the operation it decreased.24(143):396-8. The Faculty of Physiotherapy.
[Activity of superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) in erythrocytes of patients after hips alloplasty]
[Article in Polish] Mrowicka M. 2008 May. mrowmal@o2. MATERIAL AND METHODS.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Smigielski J. but it higher as compared to result activity of CuZn-SOD prior to surgery (+16. Gałecka E.

However. PMID: 18415766 [PubMed . RA patients exhibited an increasing CAT and SOD activity in their sera (p<0. to study the oxidative profile among the same patients and to establish a correlation between the two parameters in order to understand the role of each one in the genesis of the two diseases. the SLE patients displayed an increased level of antiSOD IgG (p<0. CONCLUSION: Collectively. The same results were observed for SLE patients. these results suggested that the primary factor causing the oxidative stress observed in RA and SLE is excessive free radical production rather than impaired CAT or SOD activity due to autoantibody inhibition.05) compared to control subjects. conjugated dienes (CD). El Gaïd A. Attia H. the levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM directed against CAT and SOD in the sera of 39 RA patients. Gargouri B. Lassoued S. 2008 Mar-Apr.05).05). a positive correlation was observed between anti-CAT Ab and anti-SOD Ab in SLE patients (p<0. Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax.
Mansour RB. In addition. Sfax. CAT activity.05).Scand J Rheumatol.37(2):103-8. The oxidative/antioxidative profile was tested by measuring serum malondialdehyde (MDA).fr OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of autoantibodies against superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the sera of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Tunisian patients. Fakhfakh F. RESULTS: Our data showed increased levels of IgG antibodies (Ab) against CAT in both groups of patients (p<0.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.05) with a positive correlation observed between CAT and IgG anti-CAT (p<0.05). Units of Biotechnology and Pathology. In all patients the lipid peroxidation was confirmed by high levels of MDA and conjugated dienes (p<0. riadhbm2004@yahoo. and 50 control healthy individuals were evaluated. Tunisia. and SOD activity.
Increased levels of autoantibodies against catalase and superoxide dismutase associated with oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. 40 SLE patients. METHOD: Using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

and cancer. such as peroxynitrite or the hydroxyl radical. aging. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Lomri A. we discuss new knowledge about the role of the superoxide anion and its derivates as mediators of inflammation and the role of SODs and SOD mimetics as antioxidant treatments in joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutases: role in joint diseases. SODs prevent the formation of highly aggressive ROS. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in many normal and abnormal processes in humans. Experimental models involving SOD knockout or overexpression are beginning to shed light on the pathophysiological role of SOD in humans. 75475 Paris Cedex 10. 2007 Jul.Joint Bone Spine.S. and crystal-induced arthropathies. Publication Types:
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Research Support.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.
Afonso V. France. INSERM U606. asthma. The superoxide anion O(2)(-) is the main ROS. Lariboisière Teaching Hospital. osteoarthritis. Paris 7 University. joint diseases. Collin P. Increased ROS production leads to tissue damage associated with inflammation. Non-U. 2 rue Ambroise Paré. Thus. Champy R. synthetic SOD mimetics hold considerable promise for modulating the inflammatory response. Mitrovic D. In this review. Epub 2007 May 24. Gov't Review
PMID: 17590367 [PubMed .74(4):324-9. including atheroma. Although the antiinflammatory effects of exogenous native SOD (orgotein) are modest. IFR-139. which is then removed by glutathione peroxidase or catalase.

we demonstrate that CAT and SOD can be effectively targeted to activated macrophages. Non-U.
Targeted delivery of catalase and superoxide dismutase to macrophages using folate. Folate was conjugated to CAT and SOD using NHS/EDC chemistry with high efficiency. Atlanta. Epub 2007 Jun 18. and also enhanced their uptake into activated macrophages. U. Non-P. based on their efficacy and straightforward synthesis. However. Georgia Institute of Technology. and effective SOD and CAT delivery vehicles are greatly needed. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) are two enzymes that scavenge ROS and have great potential for treating rheumatoid arthritis.360(1):275-9. and therapeutics that can inhibit the production of ROS by macrophages have great clinical potential. Murthy N.S. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering. The Wallace H. Cell culture experiments demonstrated that folate conjugation increased their ability to scavenge ROS. Publication Types:
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Research Support.H.H.
Lee S.S. Gov't. 2007 Aug 17. Extramural Research Support. Gov't Research Support. We anticipate numerous applications of folate-conjugated CAT and SOD in treating inflammatory diseases. GA 30332. In this communication. via the folate receptor.S. slee60@mail..indexed for MEDLINE]
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. produced by the macrophages. N. due to drug delivery problems.gatech.
PMID: 17586472 [PubMed .I.Biochem Biophys Res Commun. clinical trials with these enzymes have been ineffective. USA.edu Reactive oxygen species (ROS) secreted by activated macrophages play a central role in causing rheumatoid arthritis.

1649-038 Lisboa. A faster anti-inflammatory effect was observed for Ac-SOD enzymosomes by monitoring the volume of the inflamed paws. Data obtained led us to the conclusion that. for liposomes coated with PEG the in vivo fate was not influenced by the insertion of Ac-SOD in the lipid bilayers. PMID: 17169460 [PubMed . Corvo ML. Boerman OC.J Control Release. The present results allowed us to conclude that Ac-SOD enzymosomes are nano-carriers combining the advantages of expressing enzymatic activity in intact form and thus being able to exert therapeutic effect even before liposomes disruption. as well as acting as a sustained release of the enzyme. Storm G. Portugal. Departamento de Biotecnologia.
Gaspar MM. The main scope of the present work was to investigate the biological behaviour of Ac-SOD inserted in the lipid bilayer of liposomes. IP. Acylated Superoxide Dismutase (Ac-SOD) enzymosomes. liposomal enzymatic systems expressing catalytic activity in the intact form. The potential therapeutic effect of Ac-SOD enzymosomes was compared with SOD liposomes in a rat model of adjuvant arthritis. in comparison with SOD located in the aqueous compartment of liposomes. Unidade Novas Formas de Agentes Bioactivos.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Estrada do Paço do Lumiar. Liposomal formulations of Ac-SOD and SOD were prepared and labelled with indium-111 and their in vivo fate compared. Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Tecnologia e Inovação. Epub 2006 Nov 10.
Enzymosomes with surface-exposed superoxide dismutase: in vivo behaviour and therapeutic activity in a model of adjuvant arthritis. 22. were previously characterized. 2007 Feb 12. Two types of liposomes were used: conventional liposomes presenting an unmodified external surface and long circulating liposomes coated with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). Laverman P.117(2):186-95. Cruz ME.

S.S. RESULTS: The clinical disease activity score was significantly higher in EC-SOD-KO mice than in WT mice between days 36 and 53. METHODS: CIA was induced in DBA/1J mice lacking the extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) gene (knockout [KO]) and in normal DBA/1J mice (wild-type [WT]). Increased steady-state levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. P.
PMID: 15529385 [PubMed . Although both IgG1 and IgG2a anticollagen antibody levels increased in both groups of mice between days 21 and 53. Colorado.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. and IL-1beta.Arthritis Rheum. and decreased production of the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-1Ra in the joints. USA. Denver.H. 2004 Nov. Gov't. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups of mice in proliferation indices of spleen or lymph node cells in vitro after stimulation with type II collagen. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells from EC-SOD-KO mice produced greater levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) over 48 hours in culture compared with cells from WT mice. Muggli M. Publication Types:
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Research Support. TNFalpha. and lower levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) mRNA were present in the joints of the EC-SOD-KO mice compared with the WT mice.50(11):3702-11. and the histologic scores for joint damage on day 53 increased 2-fold or more in the EC-SOD-KO mice.
Ross AD. CONCLUSION: The absence of EC-SOD leads to more severe CIA. National Jewish Medical and Research Center.
Enhancement of collagen-induced arthritis in mice genetically deficient in extracellular superoxide dismutase. U. which may be accompanied by enhanced production of the proinflammatory cytokines IFNgamma. TNFalpha. and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of superoxide on the severity of collageninduced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Arend WP. Banda NK.

Senel K. Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. PMID: 15370719 [PubMed . 25240 Erzurum. mugur66@hotmail.33(4):239-43.
Ugur M.01). In contrast. RESULTS: The serum levels of sICAM-1 were significantly higher in patients with RA than in control subjects (p<0.32. Erdal A. p<0. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the increased levels of sICAM-1 present in active RA patients might be due to the decreased activity of EC-SOD. r=0. Atatürk University.05.001). Turkey. Karatay S. METHODS: Levels of sICAM-1 were measured in serum from 42 patients with active RA and 30 control subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Correlation between soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 level and extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a possible association with disease activity.com OBJECTIVE: We investigated serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and the activity of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There was a statistically positive correlation between sICAM-1 levels with Ritchie articular index (RAI) score and C-reactive protein (CRP) (r=0. p<0. respectively). and increased levels of sICAM-1 may also reflect disease status or activity.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.39. A significant negative correlation was found between the levels of sICAM-1 and EC-SOD activity (r=-0.Scand J Rheumatol. We also considered whether there was a correlation between sICAM-1 and EC-SOD and disease activity. EC-SOD activity was determined in sera isolated from patients with active RA and from controls. Kiziltunc A. 2004.44.001). p<0. Yildirim K.01. the activity of EC-SOD was significantly lower in RA patients than in healthy controls (p<0.

2004 Jul 24.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.58:301-11. Czeczot H. It plays an important role in maintaining vascular tone. Publication Types:
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English Abstract Review
PMID: 15280800 [PubMed .Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). skrzyckimp@poczta. properties and functions]
[Article in Polish] Skrzycki M. function in tissues. lymph. and arthritis. and in the pathology of such diseases as atherosclerosis.
[Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD)--structure. EC-SOD is a secretory. and possibilities of therapy with application of this enzyme.pl EC-SOD catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radical to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen in the interstitial spaces of tissues and in extracellular fluids (plasma. and the metabolism of NO.onet. It eliminates superoxide radicals from the cell environment and prevents the formation of reactive oxygen species and their derivatives. This paper describes EC-SOD structure. with a high affinity to certain glycosaminoglycans. and synovial fluid). such as heparin and heparan sulfate. Katedra i Zakład Biochemii Akademii Medycznej w Warszawie. tetrameric glycoprotein containing copper and zinc. diabetes. lung function.

348(2):450-8.S. The expression of IL-1alpha was significantly increased in the skin of TPA-treated WT.
Inhibition of the TPA-induced cutaneous inflammation and hyperplasia by EC-SOD. Department of Dermatology and Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science. 2006 Sep 22. Seocho-gu.
Ha HY. Seoul 137-040. Republic of Korea.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Non-U. were reduced in the TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD compared with those in TPA-treated WT. Kim Y. and increased production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in wild type mice (WT). especially in the basal and suprabasal layers. Ryoo ZY. but it was restricted focally in basal layer of the skin of TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD. The result suggests that EC-SOD might play an important role in the suppression of TPAinduced cutaneous inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia by regulating the expression of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. The number of infiltrating inflammatory cells and the IL-1beta expressing cells was obviously reduced in TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD in comparison with TPA-treated WT. College of Medicine. The Catholic University of Korea. IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. These changes were markedly suppressed in TPA-treated Tg EC-SOD. Publication Types:
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Research Support. Epub 2006 Jul 28. 505 Banpo-dong. Gov't
PMID: 16890203 [PubMed . although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. elevated the PCNA-labeling index. Topical double TPA treatment induced the various inflammatory changes including the epidermal thickness.SOD and Skin Health
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. This study reports the roles of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) in the cutaneous inflammation and hyperplasia with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-3acetate (TPA) application in EC-SOD transgenic mice (Tg EC-SOD). The expressions of the inflammatory cytokines. the edema formation. Kim TY.

University of Kentucky.59(4):209-14. Zhao Y. it also is well documented that increased MnSOD expression suppresses the carcinogenesis effect of ROS. This review will provide background information on the sequence of ROS-mediated events in the mitochondria and evidence that suggests that the antioxidant and tumor suppressor functions of MnSOD are indeed inter-related. Oberley T. Lexington.
St Clair D. Chaiswing L. 2005 May.12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13acetate (TPA) skin carcinogenesis model.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Epub 2005 Mar 17. KY 40536. USA. In a seemingly contradictory role. Our recent studies demonstrated that overexpression of MnSOD reduced tumor incidence in the twostage 7. It also will offer insights into the mechanisms by which MnSOD modulates the outcome of early stage skin carcinogenesis. However. how modulation of mitochondrial ROS levels alter the outcome of developing cancer is unclear. reduction of MnSOD by heterozygous knockout of the MnSOD gene (Sod 2+/-) did not lead to an increase in tumor incidence. Thus.edu Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the development of cancer. dtsc100@pop. Groundwork establishing mitochondria as a critical source of ROS generation and the role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in preventing mitochondria-mediated cell death have been well established. Graduate Center for Toxicology. Publication Types:
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Review
PMID: 15862717 [PubMed .Biomed Pharmacother.
Modulation of skin tumorigenesis by SOD.uky.

India. METHODS: We determined the activity of SOD in lesional and non-lesional skin and CAT in lesional skin only of 25 vitiligo patients and 25 controls by using the spectrophotometric assay and Aebi's method. immunological. RESULTS: There was statistically significant increase in the levels of SOD in vitiliginous and non vitiliginous skin of patient group compared to the control group (P < 0. Visakhapatnam.75(3):268-71. The levels of CAT in the skin of patients were found to be significantly lower than those of controls (P < 0. King George Hospital. Andhra University. BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an acquired disorder characterized by circumscribed depigmented macules devoid of identifiable melanocytes. neural and self destructive mechanisms interplay in its pathogenesis. Rao GR. AIMS: The aim of our investigation was to evaluate the role of oxidative stress by measuring levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in lesional and normal skin of patients with vitiligo and in the skin of normal controls. Department of Dermatology. respectively. Babu NK. 2009 May-Jun. Moorthy B. CONCLUSIONS: There is increased oxidative stress in vitiligo as is indicated by high levels of SOD and low levels of CAT in the skin of vitiligo patients.Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. Rao TR. AP. PMID: 19439879 [PubMed .001). oxidative stress has been suggested to be the initial pathogenic event in melanocyte degeneration.
Determination of oxidative stress in vitiligo by measuring superoxide dismutase and catalase levels in vitiliginous and non-vitiliginous skin. According to autocytotoxic hypothesis. Rao AR.001). Complex genetic. Gopal KV. No significant difference was found between the levels of SOD in lesional skin and non-lesional skin of vitiligo patients.
Sravani PV.in process]
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.

g). These data suggest that PC-SOD may be a protective agent against free radical-induced vasodilatation caused by severe.8. and 12.1 +/23. Severe hypovolemia is caused by an increase in blood vessel permeability in the early phase after an extensive burn. (2) a low dose of PC-SOD (0.g). PMID: 19242269 [PubMed . 109. an effective method has not been established. and 790.1 +/. skin tissue. 10. Burn Care Unit.2. Kyorin University Hospital.8 +/. Although various antioxidant therapies have been used to inhibit the consequences of hypovolemia.J Burn Care Res.05). To elucidate the protective effects of lecithinized superoxide dismutase (PC-SOD) as an antioxidant agent.3 nmol/wet.
Lecithinized superoxide dismutase suppresses free radical substrates during the early phase of burn care in rats.2.228.6. 2009 Mar-Apr.30(2):321-8. induces the increase in blood vessel permeability.67 mg/kg) group (n = 7). massive fluid volume replacement has been used for the treatment of this condition. and 81.
Koizumi T. Division of Critical Care Medicine. Both low and high doses of PC-SOD prevented malondialdehyde concentration associated with free radical burst after burning compared with the no treatment group (P < .7 +/. Tanaka H. 802.9. Free radical burst is associated with ischemia-related skin tissue injury.9 +/.5. extensive burns.3 +/. Tokyo. Each rat sustained a 30% total body surface area burn (n = 20) on the back by the Walker and Mason method were allocated into three groups: (1) no treatment group (n = 6).indexed for MEDLINE]
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.560. Mitaka City.3 +/.33 mg/kg) group (n = 7). serum (27. and (3) a high dose of PC-SOD (1. Yamaguchi Y. skin tissue (2251.8.5.7.7 +/.19. The release of oxygen free radicals and chemical mediators.1 +/. and lung tissue were measured in each group 1 hour after burning.3 nmol/wet.8 nmol/L). The concentrations of malondialdehyde and SOD in the serum.20. Goto H. and lung (157. especially from skin tissue. Shimazaki S.188.

Park J. Won MH.Biochem Pharmacol. IL-1beta.
Song HY.indexed for MEDLINE]
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. Eum WS.
Topical transduction of superoxide dismutase mediated by HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain ameliorates 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation in mice. Kwon HJ. A domain (RKKRRQRRR) derived from HIV-1 Tat is one of the most efficient protein transduction domains (PTD) for delivering macromolecules including proteins into cells and tissues. Lee JA. These data demonstrates that TatSOD inhibits TPA-induced inflammation in mice by reducing the levels of expression of proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes regulated by the NFkappaB and MAPK and can be used as a therapeutic agent against skin inflammation related to oxidative damage. Gov't
PMID: 18164693 [PubMed . Non-U. Topical application of Tat-SOD to mice ears 1h after TPA application once a day for 3 days dose-dependently inhibited TPAinduced ear edema in mice. Ju SM. Chunchon. Hallym University. and IL-6 as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of PGE(2). topical application of Tat-SOD resulted in significant reduction in activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in the mice ears treated with TPA. Furthermore. Department of Biomedical Science. we examined the effect of SOD fused with HIV-1 Tat PTD (Tat-SOD) on TPAinduced skin inflammation in mice. Epub 2007 Dec 3. Republic of Korea.S. Jang SH. Yoo KY. Topical application on mice ears of Tat-SOD also suppressed TPA-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha.75(6):1348-57. Publication Types:
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Research Support. In this study. 2008 Mar 15. Kangwon-Do 200-702. 1 Okchun-dong. Choi SY. Antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase are major cellular defenses against oxidative stress which results in various diseases including skin inflammation.

30 degrees C/60% RH and 40 degrees C/70% RH for 6 months. Despite the fact of low SOD release from the formulation.
Di Mambro VM. SOD alone and formulations containing SOD 0. Fonseca MJ.2%. SOD and alpha-TOC formulation proved to be instable. since the interaction between the antioxidants led to both physical and enzymatic activity instability.6% or SOD and alphaTOC were stored in the same conditions and the enzymatic activity was evaluated by the superoxide anion scavenging using chemiluminescence measurement.Eur J Pharm Biopharm.66(3):451-9.4% or 0. University of São Paolo. 0. In vitro release study was carried out using modified Franz diffusion cell and SOD formulations photoprotection against skin erythema was observed for 72 h. Publication Types:
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Research Support. and SOD formulations could be used for improving photoprotection of skin. Epub 2006 Nov 26. Gov't
PMID: 17196809 [PubMed . in vitro release and in vivo efficacy of formulations added with superoxide dismutase alone or in association with alpha-tocopherol. valeriadimambro@yahoo. 2007 Jun. The physical stability was evaluated by rheological behavior of formulations stored at 4 degrees C. SOD formulations showed to be physically stable and maintained the enzymatic activity for 6 months when stored at 4 and 30 degrees C/60% RH.br A topical formulation was added with different concentrations of superoxide dismutase (SOD) alone or in association with alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOC). Topical administration of antioxidants provides an efficient way to enrich the endogenous cutaneous protection system. Department of Pharmaceutical Science. Ribeirão Preto.S.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.com.
Assessment of physical and antioxidant activity stability. Brazil. Non-U. it was effective in inhibiting the UVBinduced skin erythema for 48 h after a single application.

indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Cancer Res. we applied a SOD mimetic (MnTE-2-PyP(5+)) 12 hours after each TPA treatment.
A mechanism-based antioxidant approach for the reduction of skin carcinogenesis. The present study extends our previous studies in the MnSOD KO mice and shows that apoptosis in mouse epidermis occurred prior to cell proliferation (6 versus 24 hours) when treated with tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol13-acetate (TPA). St Clair D. Histologic examination confirmed that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) suppressed mitosis without interfering with apoptosis. Gov't Research Support. Publication Types:
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Research Support. reduction of MnSOD by heterozygous knockout of the MnSOD gene (MnSOD KO) did not lead to an increase in tumor incidence.S. Non-P. Research Support. Epstein CJ. St Clair W.
PMID: 15735027 [PubMed . Oberley TD. U.H. University of Kentucky. Gov't.S. Gov't. Studies in our laboratories showed that overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) reduced tumor incidence in a multistage skin carcinogenesis mouse model.S. Lexington. Remarkably. Chaiswing L. Kentucky. USA. P. because a reduction of MnSOD enhanced both cell proliferation and apoptosis. However. the incidence and multiplicity of skin tumors were reduced in mice that received MnTE-2-PyP(5+) before cell proliferation.65(4):1401-5.
Zhao Y. Graduate Center for Toxicology and Department of Radiation Medicine. Non-U.S. To investigate the possibility that a timed administration of SOD following apoptosis but before proliferation may lead to suppression of tumor incidence. 2005 Feb 15. U.H. without reducing the activity of p53 or DNA fragmentation following TPA treatment. These results show a novel strategy for an antioxidant approach to cancer intervention. Batinic-Haberle I.S. Biochemical studies showed that MnTE-2-PyP(5+) suppressed the level of protein carbonyls and reduced the activity of activator protein-1 and the level of proliferating cellular nuclear antigen.

Publication Types:
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Research Support. Non-U. The EC SOD mRNA level was significantly higher at 6 h and 48 h after UVA irradiation and psoralen plus ultraviolet-A treatment. Suh JG. Gov't
PMID: 15500641 [PubMed . The Catholic University of Korea.indexed for MEDLINE]
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.Exp Dermatol. South Korea. 2004 Nov. mitochondrial Mn SOD. These suggest that EC SOD participates in the majority of antioxidant systems in the skin. Ultraviolet-B irradiation increased the EC SOD mRNA expression level. and it may have different defensive roles from Cu-Zn SOD and Mn SOD against UV-induced injury of the skin.
Choung BY. There are three forms of SOD: cytosolic Cu-Zn SOD. respectively. Kim TY. The gene expression levels of all three types of SODs after UV irradiation were induced differently according to the type and UV irradiation dose. Seoul.13(11):691-9. Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science. Byun SJ. College of Medicine. but the role of EC SOD in skin is unclear.
Extracellular superoxide dismutase tissue distribution and the patterns of superoxide dismutase mRNA expression following ultraviolet irradiation on mouse skin. with maximum at 48 h. Laboratory of Dermatology-Immunology. The EC SOD mRNA expression level was increased relatively later than that of Cu-Zn SOD and Mn SOD. Extracellular SOD is primarily a tissue enzyme.S. but the gene expression of EC SOD mRNA was more abundant in the dermis than in the epidermis. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are believed to play a crucial role in protecting cells against oxygen toxicity. and extracellular SOD (EC SOD). Therefore. this study investigated the distribution of EC SOD in the skin using immunohistochemistry and examining the patterns of EC SOD gene expression following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in comparison with those of Cu-Zn SOD and Mn SOD in mouse dorsal skin using Northern blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that EC SOD was abundantly located in the epidermis as well as in the dermis.