(a) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels 0, 1 and 2. For Australia this includes Preschool, Primary School and lower Secondary School levels as well as the Basic Vocational level(b) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels 3 and 4. For Australia this includes Year 12 completion as well as the Skilled Vocational level(c) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) level 5B. For Australia this includes Associate Diplomas and Undergraduate Diplomas(d) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels 5A and 6. For Australia this includes Bachelor degree level or higher(e) Component totals when added may not equal 100% due to rounding. (f) Data included in Tertiary Type A and advanced research programs

(a) Participation rates are based on full-time and part-time enrolments(b) 1 January of the reference year is considered a good proxy for the midpoint of the school year except for New Zealand, Australia and Korea where 1 July is used as the midpoint of the reference period(c) Includes both purchases by the government agency itself on educational resources and also appropriations by the government agency to educational institutions which have been given responsibility to purchase educational resources themselves. Also includes public subsidies to households attributable for educational institutions, and direct expenditure on educational institutions from international sources(d) Public expenditure refers to the spending of public authorities at all levels. Private expenditure refers to expenditure funded by private sources i.e. households, private business firms and nonprofit organisations of religious, charitable or business and labour associations

(a) A scaling method assigns scores so that 500 is the OECD average in each domain.

Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2004, Knowledge and skills for life: First results from PISA 2003, OECD, Paris.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATIO(a) BY LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND GENDER OF 25-64 YEAR OLDS

Below upper
secondary education

Upper secondary
and post-secondary non-tertiary education

Tertiary
non-University
education

University
education

Alllevels
of education

Reference
year

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Males

Females

Country(b)

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

Australia

2002

6.8

3.4

3.6

3.3

4.1

3.7

2.6

2.0

4.5

3.1

Canada

2002

8.3

5.3

5.8

5.0

5.4

3.9

4.5

3.9

5.9

4.6

China

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

France

2002

8.1

7.4

4.7

6.7

5.0

3.9

4.8

4.8

5.8

6.4

Greece

2002

4.0

4.8

5.0

8.9

4.6

8.4

3.6

7.0

4.3

6.6

Hong Kong (SAR of China)

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Indonesia

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Italy

2002

5.1

4.8

4.0

6.1

(c)

(c)

3.3

5.9

4.5

5.4

Japan

2002

6.8

2.6

5.1

3.2

4.3

3.1

3.1

2.7

4.8

3.0

Korea (Republic of)

2002

2.5

0.8

2.8

1.1

4.2

1.9

2.6

1.1

2.8

1.1

Malaysia

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

New Zealand

2002

4.7

3.0

2.6

3.0

3.3

2.7

3.0

2.4

3.2

2.9

Papua New Guinea

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Singapore

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Sweden

2002

4.2

4.1

4.5

3.3

3.3

2.4

3.2

2.1

4.0

3.1

United Kingdom

2002

6.8

3.2

3.7

3.0

2.6

1.5

2.5

1.8

3.8

2.7

United States of America

2002

7.5

5.4

5.3

3.7

3.8

2.5

2.8

2.1

4.7

3.3

Viet Nam

. .

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

(a) Unemployment ratio is the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the total number of persons in the population.(b) Care should be taken when comparing these data between countries. In any one year, different countries can be at different stages of the economic cycle which is a major influence on unemployment rates.(c) Data for tertiary non-university are included in University education column.