Written by Liam Blackshaw, Edited by Nathaniel Robinson. In an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists of Connecticut, Thomas Jefferson spoke of a ‘wall of separation between church and State’, which guaranteed the religious freedom of the Baptists despite their…

Written by Emma Ward. Edited by Nathaniel Robinson. The 1979 Iranian Revolution shocked the world. One of the reasons Iran was so shocking was that it was completely opposed to the archetypal European revolutionary tradition. It did not create a…

Written by Dmitry Filippov. Edited by Nathaniel Robinson. The rise of the samurai in the late 12th century heralded profound change for religious life in medieval Japan. The nadir of the Imperial court’s opulent and refined culture and way of…

Written by Alex Traves. Edited by Nathaniel Robinson. Lothar II was King of Lotharingia, the lands between modern day France and Germany, between 855 and 869. His father, Lothar I, had been the Holy Roman Emperor, and while he was…

Written by Liam Blackshaw. Edited by Emma Ward. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, Karl Marx issued an indictment of the European peasantry’s perceived inability to develop a sense of class-consciousness, stating that they were ‘incapable of enforcing their…

Written by Lee Norton. Edited by Nathaniel Robinson. The fall of Rome is seen as an event of great importance. It marked the end of an advanced civilisation and according to Bryan Ward-Perkins it left ‘the western world in the…

Written by Lewis Wiley. Edited by Emma Ward. Class identity and rebellion go hand-in-hand, especially when looking through a Marxist lens. Class struggle clearly underpinned the February and October Revolutions in 1917, and that struggle was born out of class…

Written by Ellicia Chester. Edited by Emma Ward. Antebellum American history, particularly in the South, has often been romanticised in popular culture. The idea of hot days and iced tea accompanied with the sounds of the slow southern drawl has…

Written by Maddie Alpar. Edited by Emma Ward. The collapse of the Hungarian fascist regime during the Second World War left an empty political vacuum in Hungary. The Soviets treated Hungary as a defeated country and with the backing of Stalin,…