A son of the emperor Jahāndār Shāh Shah (reigned 1712–13), ʿĀlamgīr was always the puppet of more powerful men and was placed on the throne by the imperial vizier ʿImād ulal-Mulk Ghāzī al-ud-Dīn, who had deposed his predecessor. Provoked by the vizier’s attempt to reassert control over the Punjab, the Afghan ruler Aḥmad Shāh Shah Durrānī had his agents occupy Delhi in January 1757, which was at the time “absolutely without a single defender or caretaker.” After the city was secured, ʿĀlamgīr was confirmed emperor of Hindustan but was in effect Aḥmad Shāh’s Shah’s puppet. Threatened in 1759 with another Afghan invasion and the possibility of ʿĀlamgīr’s being captured and used against him, Ghāzī al-ud-Dīn had the emperor murdered.