3. What is the number of H antigens and N antigens on the Influenza A virus?
What does this mean for the virus and for us?
a. H – 15 (16 also acceptable, one more than the chart specified in non-human reservoirs) (if you interpreted this as H & N on one virus and said 1 of each, I will accept this answer)c. Meaning – rapid antigenic change means hard to develop an immune reaction, also hard to develop a vaccine, as we don’t always have an idea of which flu will emerge from the animal reservoir

Name:_I AM THE KEY____________________
5. What does MDR TB stand for? Name a drug that is used to combat TB?
a. MDR TB Multiple Drug Resistant Tuberculosis b. Drug – Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Pyrazinamide, Izoniazid
6. What is the difference between HIV and AIDS?
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, whereas AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, and is a disease characterized by a suite of secondary infections, a CD4+ count <200, and is when the immune system simply no longer functions

7. Matching – Dates and numbers (2 pts each)
People who have died of AIDS so far (UNAIDS estimate)
Matching – Names and diseases (2pts each)
Has killed more people than any other disease
Second to Black Death in epidemic deaths
Affects about 1500 people in the US each year
Showed mosquito transmission of Yellow Fever
Name:_I AM THE KEY____________________
8. In your own words, what is “viral chatter”? In what context was it used in this class? In what other cases might it be relevant (doesn’t have to be a virus)?
“Viral chatter” is a term used to describe repeated introductions of pathogens from animals into human hosts. We discussed it in terms of SIV and HIV, where bushmeat hunters are likely to have introduced SIV from chimps and other primates into their blood, repeatedly, so it was only a matter of time before a viral strain that matched and was successful in transmission to other humans, arose. This is relevant in any zoonotic emergence, where frequent animal-human pathogen transmission occurs – it only takes the right mutation or strain to exploit the human host and persist.

9. What are the steps necessary for zoonotic disease emergence? Use a specific example from class to describe this in context

The necessary steps for zoonotic disease emergence are: contact with the animal reservoir that is sufficient to result in pathogen transmission; the pathogen must persist within the human host; the pathogen must transmit between humans (either directly or through another vector). Successful emergence can either simply be due to repeated infection from the animal reservoir, or from disease establishment and persistence in the human population. Any disease from class that established is an appropriate example…

10. What is the definitive host for human malaria? Discuss some factors in the spread of the disease? What is the potential for further spread; what prevention methods work or do not? 10pts The definitive host for human malaria is the anopheline mosquito (the malaria reproduces in them). Factors in the spread of malaria include providing appropriate mosquito habitat (agricultural conversion, logging, etc.), providing sufficient warm blood meals within flight distance (human crowding, human encroachment into sylvatic areas), flying it all over the world (planes, globalization, mosquito transport). Further spread? More crowding, global warming, lack of eradication, further land conversion, etc. Prevention – DDT: indoor spraying good, environmental spraying bad; bednets – useful at the individual level to prevent infective bites, hard to implement at a large scale; vaccination – useless; prophylactic drugs: useful until resistance evolves; waiting for a blood borne mutation – ambitious and not practical.