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Study design and memory task. A, There were four groups. For the Sleep and Wake groups, the Encoding and Recognition Phases were separated by 12 h. The Morning and Evening control groups performed these phases within a session, ∼45 min apart. B, The task was an incidental memory task. During the Encoding Phase, participants viewed 60 pictures and rated the valence and arousal of each picture. During the Recognition Phase, participants viewed 60 target pictures intermingled with 120 foil pictures. Following the presentation of each picture, participants rated valence and arousal and made a yes/no memory judgment.

Total REM% = percentage of the night in rapid eye movement sleep; REM3% = percentage of the third quarter of the night in REM; REM4% = percentage of the fourth quarter of the night in REM; Total SWS% = percentage of the night in slow wave sleep; SWS1% = percentage of the first quarter of the night in SWS; SWS2% = percentage of the second quarter of the night in SWS.