Friday, May 2, 2008

July2003 : January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December EventsSee also:Timeline of the War in Afghanistan (July 2003)Dodgy DossierColumbia investigationEU enlargementHong Kong Basic LawMonkeypoxNorth Korea crisisOccupation of Iraq: TimelineRoad map for peaceSame-sex marriageSARS: TimelineSCO v. IBM Linux lawsuitUS v. EU on GM foodWar on Terrorism July 1, 2003 In Hong Kong, 500,000 people march to protest the rush into legislation of Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, the anti-subversion law. Critics say the law is both too broad and too vague. After many years of controversy, the United KingdomHouse of Commons, the lower house of parliament, again votes in favour of legislation to ban fox hunting.ItalyPremierSilvio Berlusconi's government assumed the rotating EU presidency. In Canada, Canadians celebrate Canada Day, their nation's 137th anniversary since confederation on this day in 1867. July 2, 2003 On taking up the EU presidency, Italian Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi makes an embarrassing remark, causing an uproar of criticism from the 626-seat European Parliament and the European media, by insulting the German MEPMartin Schulz (SPD) with the words "Mr. Schulz, I know there is a producer in Italy who is making a film on the Naziconcentration camps. I will suggest you for the role of kapo. You'd be perfect." The European Parliament approves two laws that regulate the selling of genetically modified food in the EU territory, requiring labelling of all GM products (products with more than 0.9 % genetically modified parts) and allowing member states to separate GM food and non-GM food and crops. The International Olympic Committee announced in Prague, Czech Republic, that Vancouver, British Columbia will host the 2010 Winter Olympics. There are reports of the discovery of a possible new type of subatomic particle, a pentaquark. [1] The results of a Royal Commission on renewing the relationship between Canada and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador is released. [2] July 3, 2003 The World Meteorological Organisation publishes a report stating that recent extreme weather conditions around the world may mark changes in global climate caused by global warming. [3]President Bush continued to consider whether or not to contribute United States troops to a peacekeeping mission in Liberia.[4] July 4, 2003 A Shia Muslimmosque in Quetta, Pakistan is stormed by armed attackers, killing at least 32 worshippers and wounding 52. [5] A tape, purporting to be of Saddam Hussein and to have been made on June 14, is broadcast on Al Jazeera, the Arabic language satellite television station. If it is Saddam, it marks the first public communication from the former Iraqi leader since his disappearance early on in the Invasion of Iraq.Hood event July 5, 2003 At least 16 people are killed and 40 injured by two female suicide bombers in an attack at Krylya, a popular music festival, at the Tushino airfield near Moscow. The Russian authorities blame an on-going terrorism campaign by Chechen rebels; the Chechen government denies any connection to the attacks. [6]2003 occupation of Iraq: 7 newly US-trained Iraqipolicemen are killed and at least 13 are wounded by an explosion while they are marching from training school in Ramadi. The American forces overseeing the rebuilding of Iraq's infrastructure, who gave their blessing to the march taking place, blames loyalists to Saddam Hussein; some people on the scene blame U.S. forces. It is the first attack on Iraqis collaborating with the invading coalition forces, as opposed to on the forces themselves. [7] In response to 500,000-strong protests earlier in the week, Tung Chee-hwa, leader of Hong Kong, announces that controversial provisions that are alleged capable of limiting civil liberties in Hong Kong Basic LawArticle 23 will be rewritten. [8]Taiwan is the last territory to be declared free of SARS by the World Health Organization, after 20 days with no new cases reported. [9] Premier John Hamm of Nova Scotia, Canada, calls a provincial election for August 5. The 2003 Tour de France begins in Paris.Wimbledon championships: Serena Williams repeats as women's champion by beating her sister Venus, by scores of 4-6, 6-4, 6-2. July 6, 2003

Kim Clijsters and Ai Sugiyama win the women's doubles final, and so their first Wimbledon title, 6-4, 6-4, against first seeds Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suarez, as they did in this year's French Open final. [12]

Wimbledon championships:Roger Federer makes history, becoming the first Swiss male ever to win the Wimbledon final, defeating Mark Philippoussis, 7-6 (7-5), 6-2, 7-6 (7-3)Martina Navratilova equals her idol, Billie Jean King's record of 20 Wimbledon titles after winning the mixed doubles final with Leander Paes against Andy RamAnastassia Rodionova, 6-3 6-3. [10]Todd Woodbridge also equals a record, winning with Jonas Björkman his 8th men's doubles title by beating Mahesh Bhupathi and Max Mirnyi, 3-6, 6-3, 7-6, 6-3. [11]Kim Clijsters and Ai Sugiyama win the women's doubles final, and so their first Wimbledon title, 6-4, 6-4, against first seeds Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suarez, as they did in this year's French Open final. [12]Laden and Laleh Bijani, 29-year-old female Iraniantwinsconjoined at the head, begin their 2 to 4-day-long separation surgery in Singapore. [13] July 7, 2003MSNBC fires conservativetalk show host Michael Savage for making several anti-gay remarks towards a prank caller posing as a homosexual. Savage, who was angered by aggressive personal attacks made by "East Coast Bob," the prank caller, stated that the caller "should only get AIDS and die". Gay rights group GLAAD applauds the decision to fire Savage.[14]United StatesCentral Command chief Gen. Tommy Franks retires after 36 years in uniform. Newcomer ArmyGen.John Abizaid is appointed as his replacement. [15] Thousands of people take part in the first bull run of the annual San Fermín festival in Pamplona, Spain. No serious injuries or gorings were reported. [16] A United States district court approves a settlement between WorldCom and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, in which WorldCom will pay $750 million to investors for its accounting scandal.[17] A rare political drama happens in Hong Kong. Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa is forced to postpone the legislation of Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, just few hours after he insists the second reading will go on schedule despite the giant protest on July 1. July 8, 2003 A worker at a Lockheed Martinaircraft parts factory in Meridian, Mississippi shoots 13 co-workers, killing five, before committing suicide. Investigators are unsure of the motive.[18]Ladan and Laleh Bijani die during their unsuccessful separation operation in Singapore. [19] During a visit to the former slave-trading station on Goree Island, off the coast of Dakar, Senegal, U.S. PresidentGeorge W. Bush calls slavery "one of the greatest crimes of history", but stops short of an official apology. [20]Same-sex marriage in Canada: A British Columbia court rules that same-sex couples may get married in that province, effective immediately. BC becomes the second Canadian province, and second political division in the Western Hemisphere, to legalize same-sex marriage. This decision is similar to the Ontario decision on June 10, 2003. [21] A Sudan AirwaysBoeing 737jetliner crashes in Port Sudan, killing 116 passengers. A toddler of two or three years is the sole survivor but dies later of his wounds. [22], [23] July 9, 2003 The ferry MV Nasrin-1 capsizes and sinks near Chandpore in Bangladesh. The whereabouts of most of the approximately 700 passengers is unknown. [24] The U.S. government announces that two more officials of the defeated Iraqi government on the U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis were taken into custody on Tuesday. Mizban Khadr al-Hadi was a high-ranking member of Iraq's Baath Party Regional Command and Revolutionary Command Council, and Mahmud Dhiyab al-Ahmad was a former Interior Minister.Nike announces an agreement to purchaseConverse; for $305M. July 10, 2003 The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund announces that on legal advice it has frozen its funds as it faces a demand for £15 million ($25 million) damages for alleged malicious prosecution from the Franklin Mint in the US. The Mint had won a courtcase over its right to manufacture a Diana, Princess of Wales lookalike doll. Hundreds of charities are expected face financial difficulties as a result of the freeze. Arc Charity Chief Executive James Churchill says "I hope that the Franklin Mint Corporation is aware of the damage that their action is causing to groups of vulnerable young people all over the world." Former International Development Secretary Clare Short urges that British Prime Minister Tony Blair voluntarily leave the premiership. Blair, dining with Bill Clinton in London's Guildhall, makes no comment. Gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell claims the second most senior Church of Englandcleric, Archbishop Hope of York, is gay. The Archbishop had previously described his sexuality as a "grey area". The claim follows the row over a nomination of an openly gay canon to a bishopric in England and his withdrawal after attacks from conservative groups within the Anglican communion.NASA reports the discovery of PSR B1620-26c (unofficially dubbed Methuselah), the oldest extrasolar planet yet discovered. The planet, which is estimated to be 12.7 billion years old, is orbiting the pulsar PSR B1620-26 in the core of the ancient globular star cluster M4, located 5,600 light-years away in the summer constellation Scorpius. [25] July 12, 2003 The intelligence service of the United States says that the CIA's head, George Tenet, accepted George W. Bush's speech in January, which included wrong information of Iraq's plans to buy uranium from Africa. [26] The office of Prime MinisterTony Blair responded that it stands by its belief that Saddam Hussein attempted to buy African uranium, claiming that it cannot share its information with the United States because it comes from "foreign intelligence sources." [27]Baseball: Barry Bonds ties the 63-year-old record of Jimmie Foxx by homering against the Arizona Diamondbacks' Curt Schilling, becoming the second player in Major League Baseball to hit at least 30 home runs in 12 consecutive seasons. July 13, 2003 A national governing council meets for the first time in Baghdad, as US troops launch a new assault on anti-coalition elements. [28]Yahoo! announces that it will buy Internet search listing service Overture Services for $1.63 billion in cash and stock. The United Kingdom media, following tip-offs from the Israeli and British Intelligence Services, state that Seán Ó Muireagáin of the Real IRA had been captured in Israel. July 14, 2003Mexico declares a state of emergency due to an outbreak of the West Nile virus(Planetark.org). The United States Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight announces an investigation into the accounting of America's two largest mortgage firms Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae(BBC).Pierce Brosnan is to be made an honorary OBE(BBC). July 15, 2003Scott McClellan replaces Ari Fleischer, as White Housepress secretary. [29] July 16, 2003Seán Ó Muireagáin, a Northern Irishjournalist, arrested by Israel and held for five days without legal representation in a case of mistaken identity, is released and leaves Israel. The affair causes considerable embarrassment to the Israeli and British secret services, the former having arrested Ó Mureagáin on the advice of the latter, who claimed incorrectly that he was a Real IRA man with the same name. In the confused aftermath, the Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman suggests that Ó Muireagáin may have been guilty, while Prime Minister Sharon's spokesman states categorically that he was innocent and the entire affair an error. He claims that Ó Muireagáin is a former convicted Provisional IRAterrorist. A coup d'état takes place in São Tomé and Príncipe; the prime ministerMaria das Neves is arrested. [30] Following the 500,000-people protest on July 1, the government of Hong Kong is hit by two resignations of high-ranking officials in one day. One is the Financial Secretary Antony Leung and the other is the Security Secretary Regina Ip who was in charge of the controversial Article 23. [31] Noor Fatima, a two-and-a-half-year-old Pakistani girl was successfully operated on in an Indian hospital today to plug holes in her heart, making her father term it, "the resumption of a new era of friendship betweIen India and Pakistan".Phil Fontaine is elected Grand Chief of the Assembly of First Nations of Canada. An 86-year-old man accidentally hits the accelerator instead of the brake at a farmer's market in Santa Monica, California, driving his car through a closed-off street and killing at least 10 people (including a 3-year-old girl and a 7-month-old boy) and injuring over 50 others. One of the dead is the daughter-in-law of actor Dennis Weaver. An Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council published a medical study which concluded that frequent masturbation by males may help prevent the development of prostate cancer. July 17, 2003Same-sex marriage in Canada: The federal government releases its draft bill to extend marriage rights to same-sex couples while protecting the rights of clergy not to perform marriages that run counter to their religious beliefs. The government will seek a reference from the Supreme Court of Canada to ensure the bill is constitutional. [32]India declines a United States request to send an occupation force to Iraq. United States Envoy assures that Indo-US relations will not be hampered by the refusal. In a press conference in Belfast, journalistSeán Ó Muireagáin denies Israeli claims that suspected Real IRA activist. He states that he is not, and never has been, a member or supporter of the IRA. Israel repeats that the arrest of Ó Muireagáin was "unfortunate" but refuses to apologise. Israel's treatment of Ó Muireagáin is strongly criticised in Ireland. SDLP ex-minister Sean Farren states that Ó Muireagáin is "well known and respected" in Northern Ireland.Evangelist and former United States Presidential candidate Pat Robertson announces his "massive prayer offensive" dubbed "Operation Supreme Court Freedom", asking Americans to pray that at least three United States Supreme Court justices retire so that the court can be filled with conservative justices who will overturn Supreme Court rulings on school prayer, separation of church and state and sodomy. The Uniting Church in Australia votes to officially recognise and approve of homosexualclergy. (ABC (Australia) news report) July 18, 2003U.S.Basketball: Eagle County, Colorado District Attorney Mark Hurlbert announces that Los Angeles Lakers star Kobe Bryant has been charged with one count of felony sexual assault, stemming from a June 30 incident at a gated resort involving a 19-year-old woman. The corpse of Dr. David Kelly is discovered, it appears that he committed suicide. Kelly was a British government advisor involved in the September Dossier investigation relating to the 2003 war on Iraq. Former Labour Junior Minister Glenda Jackson calls for Prime Minister Blair's resignation and a Mail on Sunday reporter asks, "Do you have blood on your hands. Prime Minister?" Blair refuses to comment, as does Communications Director Campbell. [33] The United States Senate passes a defense appropriations bill which explicitly forbids the Department of Defense from spending any money on Terrorist Information Awareness research, effectively putting an end to the Information Awareness Office. [34]Convention on the Future of Europe finished its work and proposed the first European constitution. July 19, 2003 The USGoverning Council of Iraq announces that it has failed to select a new IraqiPresident. [35] Doctors in Viennatransplant a human tongue at Vienna General Hospital. [36] July 20, 2003 16 people are injured after two bombs explode outside tax offices in Nice, France. [37]Richard Sambrook, the Director of BBCNews reveals that Dr. David Kelly was the source of claims that Downing Street had "sexed up" the September Dossier. (see also: Dodgy Dossier) Former UgandandictatorIdi Amin is in a coma at a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and Uganda has refused permission for him to return.British Open (golf): Rookie Ben Curtis, ranked 396th in the world, becomes the first golfer to win a major golf tournament in the first attempt in more than 90 years. 14 people - a US family of 12 who had chartered the plane and the South African crew of 2 - die when a light plane crashes into Mount Kenya after taking off from Nairobi for Buffalo Springs National Reserve in northern Kenya. [38] July 21, 2003npr.org's All Things Considered program aired a humorous article on the Wiki phenomenon, and on Wikipedia.org.Jong-Wook Lee becomes the new Director-General of the World Health Organization.SCO v. IBM Linux lawsuit:SCO Group announces that it intends to sell binary-only licences to use the free Linux operating system which will remove the threat of litigation from licence-holders. Linux advocates react by stating that SCO has no basis for this action, and that doing this may cause SCO to forfeit their rights under the GNU GPL to use or distribute Linux or Linux-derived code in any form. SCO press releaseCNet story In Puerto Rico, 25 people are seriously injured after a roof collapse in a Vega Alta, Puerto Rico mall.[39] (in Spanish) July 22, 2003John Manley, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada, drops out of the race to succeed Jean Chrétien as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and Prime Minister after conceding he cannot catch front-runner Paul Martin, Jr.. July 23, 2003Die Zeit, a German newspaper, publishes an opinion poll which claims that almost one in three Germans under the age of 30 believe the United States government "could have ordered the September 11 attacks [on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon] itself". 1000 people took part in the survey.California officials announce that over 110% of the required signatures to force a recall election of Governor Gray Davis are in setting the stage for what will be the first gubernatorial recall election in the United States in 82 years.[40]New York CityCouncilman from Brooklyn, James E. Davis is assassinated at City Hall by former political opponent Othniel Askew.Zahra Kazemi affair: Bill Graham, the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, announces that Ms. Kazemi's body has been buried in Iran, contrary to her family's wishes. Consequently, Canada has recalled its ambassador to Iran. The Minister of Justice in Finland, Johannes Koskinen, said that there could be legalized brothels for example for handicapped people. He got very angry response of organizations for handicapped. 66% of people in Ilta-Sanomat newspaper's readers said that prostitution must be under state control. July 24, 2003 The United States' provisional authority in Iraq releases photos of what are presumably the dead bodies of Uday and Qusay Hussein in an attempt to show the Iraqi people proof that the two were actually killed in a U.S. military operation.[41]California lieutenant governor Cruz Bustamante announces that governor Gray Davis will face a recall election on October 7. This will be the second gubernatorial recall election in the United States history (the first occurred 82 years beforehand).[42]Italian officials have decided to attempt a restoration of Michelangelo's David using distilled water. [43]Colin McMillan, President Bush's nominee for the post of United States Secretary of the Navy, dies of an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.Jueves negro: Violent rioting follows on from political demonstrations in Guatemala City. (BBC) July 25, 2003United StatesswimmerMichael Phelps breaks world records in the butterfly and individual medley at the World Swimming Championships in Barcelona to become the first man ever to break two records at a single meet. (BBC)Palestinian Prime MinisterMahmoud Abbas meets with US PresidentGeorge W. Bush at the White House(White House press release). July 26, 2003U.S.-led occupation of Iraq: Three USsoldiers are killed while guarding a Baquouba children's hospital northeast of Baghdad, Iraq bringing the number of US troops killed in combat to 161, 14 more than the 1991Gulf War total. [44] July 27, 2003 Comedian Bob Hope dies in his sleep [45] A group of approximately 50 rogue soldiers from the Armed Forces of the Philippines seizes a portion of a shopping mall and the adjacent hotel in Makati City, Metro Manila in the Philippines demanding President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's resignation. They claim to have surrounded the occupied zones with explosives and have temporarily held several people in the hotel, including AustralianAmbassadorRuth Pierce. The group is said by some officials to be connected to ousted President Joseph Estrada and oppositionist Senator Gregorio Honasan, who staged several coup attempts in the late 1980s. [46][47] The BBC reports that an extensive investigation of Loch Ness by a BBC team, using 600 separate sonar beams, found no trace of any "sea monster" in the loch. Loch Ness is a popular tourist attraction because of the rumors surrounding an alleged monster or plesiosaur populating the lake (see Loch Ness Monster). The BBC team stated that it is now conclusively proven that "Nessie" does not exist. [48]2003 Tour de France: Lance Armstrong wins his 5th consecutive Tour de France. July 28, 2003 The United Nations Security Council appoints Harri Holkeri to head the temporary civilian administration UNMIK in Kosovo. Ambassador Ole Wøhlers Olsen, the MuslimDanish coordinator for the U.S.-led provisional authority in southern Iraq resigns unexpectingly, to be replaced by Sir Hilary Synnott, currently the British High Commissioner to Pakistan. Ambassador Olsen, who has been critical of the lack of support for his reconstruction efforts, declared the British and Danish foreign services have chosen to replace him now instead of in October, as earlier planned, stating that he himself had been prepared to continue his work in Basra. [49] July 30, 2003 In Puebla, Puebla, Mexico, the last production Volkswagen Beetle, nicknamed El Rey, rolls off the production line.Ibrahim al-Jaafari, a Shi'ite Muslim and chief spokesman for the Islamic Dawa Party, which was banned during Saddam's rule, is picked to be the first of nine men who will serve one-month stints leading postwar Iraq. He will hold the presidency in August. A Canadian concert, Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto, attended by 450,000 people, takes place to show that SARS is no longer in Toronto and to raise money for health care and hospitality workers affected by the outbreak.

Thursday, May 1, 2008

In music, a limit is a number measuring the harmony of an interval. The lower the number, the more consonant the interval is considered to be. There are two different kinds of limits: prime limits and odd limits. The concept of limit only makes sense when applied to intervals appearing in the harmonic series which can be represented as the ratios of whole numbers; its use in describing intervals in equal temperament rests on the fact that these intervals closely approximate intervals found in the harmonic series. In just intonation, any given interval can be expressed as the ratio between two frequencies, such as 4:3 for the perfect fourth or 10:9 for the minor tone. The limits for such intervals are defined as follows: The odd limit only regards pitch classes. (That is, it treats pitches the same when they differ only in the octave.) Mathematically, this is achieved by dividing any even numbers in the fraction repeatedly by 2 until both numerator and denominator are odd. The limit is then defined as the bigger number of the two. Thus the odd limit of the perfect fourth is 3, while the minor tone has an odd limit of 9. The prime limit can be seen as a generalization that does not favor the number 2. It is defined as the largest prime number in the factorization of both numerator and denominator. That is, in number theoretic terms, it measures the smoothness of the numerator and denominator. The prime limit of the perfect fourth is 3 (the same as the odd limit), but the minor tone has a prime limit of 5, because 9 can be factorized into 3×3, and 10 into 2×5. Prime limits, scales and microtonal music Prime limits lend themselves for the investigation of scales. This is because in a scale in which all notes form an interval from the base note that remains within a certain prime limit, all other intervals between these notes remain within the same limit. This can be shown using the following diatonic scale: This scale is defined such that all pitches remain within a 5-limit (relative to the base note). As can be seen, that same condition holds for the steps between neighboring pitches. All resulting intervals between any two pitches include all of the intervals necessary for major and minor triads, which are the building-blocks of tonal music. Thus, almost all music composed is in five-limit — it uses relationships based only on the fifth partial or below, and all intervals can be described as ratios of regular numbers. In the harmonic series, every even-numbered partial is the octave duplication of another lower one. Every prime-numbered partial introduces a new relationship; just as the five-limit primes (1, 2, 3 and 5) introduce new types of intervals (unisons, octaves, fifths, and thirds, respectively), higher primes (such as 7, 11, 13 and beyond) introduce intervals that are foreign to most music. Septimal meantone temperaments such as 31 equal temperament provide approximations to 7-limit intervals. Some believe that blue notes are derived from 7-limit intervals. In the twentieth century, Harry Partch developed a system of just intonation microtonal music that included intervals up to the 11-limit. Ben Johnston extended Partch's system, composing music based on a flexible tuning system that derives pitches from as high as the 31-limit. Others, including La Monte Young, have based music on higher primes than 31.