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Wednesday, February 14, 2018

Archaeological Items of Irish origin at The Museum of Fine Art, Boston

I recently published a post
on the Archaeological
Items of Irish origin at The Metropolitan Museum of Art and wanted to
follow it up with some posts on some other museums with both Irish material and
an online catalogue, not to mention progressive view on the usage of their
images. To this end, I’ve been perusing the collections of Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts and they’ve kindly granted me permission to use images of the four
pieces they hold of ancient Irish origin. Four artefacts may not sound like
much, but each one is a masterpiece that commands attention in its own right.

The pieces include a
Middle Bronze Age ribbon torc from Innishowen, Co Donegal; two Late Bronze Age penannular
armlets; and one Early Medieval shrine. The torc was discovered in 1882 by Rev.
Dr. William Chadwick Neligan of Cork. This is, presumably, the same Rev. Mr.
Neligan, Rector, Shandon Church, Cork City who sold the silver Rathcormac torc
[here]
in 1885. Nelligan sold the Innishowen torc to the Pitt Rivers collection. The
two armlets were found together at Ballycotton, Co Cork in 1864 Pitt Rivers himself.
From what I can gather from the provenances supplied by the MFA, these three
pieces have stayed together since that time. They were sold by the Pitt Rivers
Museum in 1936 through Irish antiquarian and collector, John Hunt, eventually
being bought by newspaper magnate and compulsive shopper, William Randolph
Hearst. The pieces subsequently passed to the, now defunct, Berry Hill Gallery
in New York before being purchased by the MFA in 1950.

The Emly shrine is a
rather different matter. The above pieces were collected, sold, and exported
out of Ireland in the period before the formation of the modern Irish state and
the introduction of the 1930 National Monuments Act. By contrast, the Emly
shrine (named for William Monsell, 1st Baron Emly of Tervoe, Co Limerick) had
been on loan to the National Museum of Ireland. It appears that when an offer
to sell the piece to the national collections was refused, the shrine was
removed from the museum and exported without a licence.

In his capacity of
President of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Seán P. Ó Ríordáin,
spoke out about the export, noting that he was unaware that the shrine had left
Ireland until its arrival in Boston was mentioned in an American Journal (Fanning
2010). In Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Irish legislature) General Richard Mulcahy,
the minister for Education, was questioned by Donogh O'Malley on
several topics about the shrine (here).
These included asking for details on whether the owners sought a licence to
export the piece and whether the National Museum was given the opportunity to purchase.
Mulcahy replied that ‘There is no record of a licence for its export having
been sought.’ and that ‘The price asked by the owner for the shrine was so
unreasonably high that no firm offer to purchase it was made by the National
Museum authorities.’ O’Malley twice described the shrine as a ‘national
treasure’ and repeatedly pressed Mulcahy on the issue of the Export Licence who
responded ‘It was illegal to export it. There was no licence asked for and no
licence was issued’. Unfortunately, O’Malley didn’t appear to be particularly
familiar with the shrine, describing it as a ‘massive piece of sculpture’ and
being corrected by Mulcahy. Undeterred, he pressed Mulcahy further asking ‘How
did the shrine get out of the country?’ to which the latter weakly answered ‘I
have no idea.’ Mulcahy had previously stated that ‘I am satisfied that there is
no action that I could usefully take in regard to the export of this shrine as
apart from other considerations it is not clear against whom any action would
lie.’ While it is clear that the matter was not pursued further (the shrine
remains in Boston), it appears that the affair influenced the strengthened
provisions of the 1954 Amendment to the National Monuments Act (Nafziger
& Kirkwood Paterson 2014).

The following descriptions are all from the MFA's online database entries and are presented in accordance with their terms of use.

Solid tapering curved bar
with spreading concave discs at ends. Type 4 penannular according to E.C.R.
Armstrong’s catalogue of the collection of the Royal Irish Academy.

This penannular
ornament with trumpet-shaped terminals was a popular jewelry form in Bronze Age
Ireland. It was used for torques, earrings, bracelets, rings, and dress
fasteners, and most examples, including this one, were cast in high-karat gold
without decoration.1 Research suggests the gold came from County Wicklow in
eastern Ireland, dubbed the El Dorado of western Europe.2 Scholars hypothesize
that these ornaments served as emblems of wealth, rank, and authority, and that
they may have been deposited in caches as part of a community ritual or
ceremony.

May, 1864, discovered
by Augustus Henry Pitt Rivers (b. 1827 - d. 1900) at Ballycotton, near Cloyne,
County Cork, Ireland; taken to England and kept at the Pitt Rivers Museum,
Farnham, England; 1936, sold by the Pitt Rivers Museum, through John Hunt (b.
1900 - d. 1976), Dublin and London, represented by Goldschmidt Galleries, New
York, to William Randolph Hearst (b. 1863 - d. 1951), New York and Los Angeles
[see note 1]; July 11, 1939, Hearst sale, Sotheby's, London, lot 362, bought
in; 1941, sold by Hearst to Berry-Hill Gallery, New York; 1950, sold by
Berry-Hill to the MFA for $500. (Accession Date: January 12, 1950)

Note

[1] The provenance
information for MFA object nos. 50.8-50.10 was generously shared and clarified
by Brian O'Connell, Shannon Heritage Trust (correspondence of August 13, 2008,
in MFA curatorial file). Anthropologist Augustus Henry Pitt Rivers served in
the British Army at Cork between 1862 and 1864.

Carved from a single
block of wood, the body and lid have bronze moldings applied with small nails
on the edges. Attached to the ridgepole of the sloped roof are bird’s-head
terminals in green, yellow and red (now brown) enamel and a central
boss-repeating the shape of the shrine- with a grid of yellow and green enamel.
Only the front is decorated with thin strips of a lead-tin alloy hammered into
a repetitive step pattern around central crosses engraved in the wood and with
three medallions with yellow and green enamel arranged in a geometric pattern
of concentric circles. There are two hinges on the back and an interior clasp
on the front.

Made to hold the sacred
relics of a saint (often parts of the saint’s body), Irish house-shaped
reliquaries have been discovered as far away as Norway and Italy—carried there
by Irish pilgrims or Viking raiders. This one, however, was found in Ireland
and is named for its nineteenth century owner, Lord Emly of Limerick. It is
quite tiny and was probably hung from the neck or shoulder of its owner as a
source of protection and spiritual strength.

Provenance

By 1853, William
Monsell (b. 1812 - d. 1894), 1st Baron Emly of Tervoe, Limerick County, Ireland
[see note 1]; until 1952, by descent within the family; 1952, sold by Lord Emly
(probably Edmond Alan Tremeur de Poher de la Poer-Monsell) to the MFA for
$22,874. (Accession Date: October 9, 1952)

Note

[1] It was in his
possession by 1853, when he lent it to the Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.