Historical EssayPIGNATELLI

Coat-of-Arms

Or
three pignates
Sable set 2-1.

Residence: Naples,Rome,Madrid,Palermo

Historical
and illustrious family of southern Italy, recognized by many authors as descending
from the Lombard Dukes of Benevento, which proven line starts with Lucio Pignatelli,
Constable of Naples in 1102.

To
explain Coat-of-Arms and Name many authors refer that a famous Landolfo under
the service of King Roger of Hauteville of the Norman's Dynasty, during the
assault and the Sack of the Imperial Palace in Constantinople , he came out
holding on his hands three Silver Pignates and from then was assumed the Coat-of-Arms.

A
recent document found in the Archives of Monteroduni line stated that in 1094
two Pignatellis“orti a nobile sanguine
“ supplied over1500 warriors to “ certamen
“ in the Holy land.

This
story will confirm that is most likely that the “Droit de Pillage “ was very
common at that time , thus the logic of the silver pignates ..

Other
Historians claim that a famous Gisulfo leading a fleet on behalf of the King
Roger of Hauteville against the Byzantines in Negroponte , won the naval battle
by launching pignates in fire.

The Family held numerous fiefdoms : Seigneur of
Caserta in 1269,
Patrician of Naples at the Seggi of Nido e Capuana.

Enjoyed
Nobility Rank in Rome , Venice , Sicily , Spain and Mexico.

The
family joined the Knights of Malta in 1420 with Giovanni , Commendatore of Monopoli
and Pietro Prior of Messina.

The
family held important positions in the Church Hierarchy and on Civil Service
.

The
family received the Toson d'Or in the branches of Monteleone and Terranova and Strongoli.

This Line ended in the Branch of Marchesi di Cerchiaraand Principi di Noja
, with the marriage ofGeronima with
Fabrizio Pignatelli , V Marchese of Cerchiara , III Principe of Noja , who inherited
from hertheDukedom of Monteleone (title held since1527 ), the Earldom of Borrello (title held
since1520 ) and the Baronia of Mesiano e Rosario( titles held since 1501 ) and
the Earldom of S. Angelo di Lombardivia
Caracciolo family (title held since
1426 ).

GiacomoPignatelli (? – 1539 ) son of the third-born brother PALAMEDE startedthe Line of Cerchiara and Noja .

A very illustrious descendant of Giacomo was the Pontiff Innocenzo XII(
1691-1700 ), his secular name
was Antonio Pignatelli , son of Francesco dei Marchesi di Cerchiara, Marchese
di Spinazzola ( 1576 ) , Principe di Minervino in 1629, inheritance and succession
of the Carafa family, from his wife Porzia ( marr.1605) , daughter of Fabrizio
CarafaDuke of Andria .

The title of Marquis of Cerchiarawas
granted in 1556 to Fabrizio I ( ? – 1567 ), son of Jacopo (Giacomo ) ; Viceroy
of Calabria , I Marquis di Cerchiara , II Signore di Noja.

The title of Prince of the Noja “State” (Basilicata/Lucania
) was granted in 1600to Fabrizio ,
III Marchese di Cerchiara .

The first line of the Branch of Marchesi of Cerchiaraand Principi di
Nojatook also the name andthe Coat-of-Arms of the family Aragona Cortes
, after the marriage attested in 1639 by the Notary P.Graffeo in Palermo.

In the contract , was established that all
descendants of Ettore Pignatelli , Marquis del Vaglio with Giovanna Tagliavia
Aragona Cortes, will carry the full Tagliavia Aragona Pignatelli Cortes name.

With this marriage the following fiefs and
titles were inherited : Marquisof Avola (title
held since 1542 ) ; Prince of Castelvetrano(title held since
1564 ) ; Duke of Terranova (title held since 1561) ; Countof Borghetto (
title held since 1565 ); the title Prince of the Holy Roman Empire was granted in1648 ( with the right to all descendants m/f ) to the father ofGiovanna : Diego Tagliavia Aragona CortesDuke of Terranova , Prince of Castelvetrano etc….

Tagliavia was a Sicilian family originated
by Bartolomeo , Signore of Castelvetrano ( 1209 ) and took the fullname of Tagliavia Aragona with the marriage
of Giovanvincenzo Tagliavia , Count of Castelvetrano ( 1522 ) with Beatrice
Aragonaniece of Federico IIIKing of Sicily and Aragona .

In the XVII century with the marriage ofNicolo’ Pignatelli (bur. InCerchiara
the 23rd of August 1648, bur. in Naplesthe 8th ofMarch 1730): Viceroy of Sardinia
and Sicily , and second brother of Fabrizio III , V Marchese di Cerchiara e III Principe di Noja , with
her grand-niece Giovanna II Aragona
Pignatelli Cortes(1677-1723) daughter of Andrea Fabrizio (?-1677) Duke of Monteleone , all titles and fiefs
were inherited bythe first-born of
the four brothers :

1-Diego , Prince of H.R.E. , Marquis of Valle Oaxaca later Duke
of Terranova and Monteleone.

2- Ferdinando, Prince ofH.R.E. , later Prince of Strongoli

3- Antonio,Prince ofH.R.E. , later
Count of Fuentes

4 -Fabrizio Prince ofH.R.E. later Line of Cerchiara.

From the last born PALAMEDE

were generated the second

and third Line of Monteleone:

A} Princesof Strongoli (title held since 1620 ) : following the marriage of Ferdinando Pignatelli
, Prince ofthe Holy Roman Empire, Admiralof the Kingdom ofNaples , Grandee of Spain, Knight of Toson d’Or ,( 1689 – 1767 ) with
Lucrezia Pignatelli (1704 -1760) , IV Princess of Strongoli , VI Countess of Melissa and Duchess of Tolve, all titles
and fiefs inherited from the family Campitelli and Moles were received

through marriages.

B} The
LineCounts of Fuentes (Title held since1508 ) inheritance and succession of the family Moncaio-Blanes
y Centelles.This branch had the honour to generate Saint Joseph Pignatelli (1737-1811)
, relevant representative of the Jesuit Order.

Paolina Francesca Pignatelli Y Americh- Pinelli-RavaschieriSquarciafico
(1824-1911) (Female Succession) ,direct
descendant of the above mentioned Domenico , she held the titles of XXI Countess
of Copertino , XI Marquise of Galatone , IX Duchess of Acerenza , VII Princess
of Belmonte etc.. Grandee of Spainon the Acerenza fief , daughter of Gennaro (1777-1829), she inherited
all fiefs ,estates and titles of brothers who died earlier; she married in 1839 Angelo V Granito,
IV Marquis of Castellabateand Baron
of Rocca Cilento, Gentiluomo di
Camera of H.M. the King of the Two Sicilies andSovraintendente Generale of the Royal Archives.

E } and the Line Granito-Pignatelli di Belmonte originated.

The
descendants ofSTEFANO,
second-born of the famous above mentioned three brothers (XV century ) , generated
the Line of Marquis ofCasalnuovo( 1630 ) , the Line of the Dukes of Montecalvo (1611) and the
actual first LINE of

Following the Court Sentence of the Tribunal
of Naples in 1859 overthe two centuries
old dispute , between the Casalnuovo line and the Monteleone-Terranova line,
concerning the title of Count of Borrello and Duke of Monteleone , titles granted to the Pignatelli branch by Ferdinand V of Aragon
with male primogeniture succession
; the above mentioned titles should have been used by the first male line ,
while the Pignatelli Tagliavia Aragona Cortes Line has always used the Monteleone
, Borrello titles through female succession according to the Spanish feudal
law of succession in force during the Spanish Vice-Kingdom of Naples:

Giovanna II daughter of Andrea Fabrizio last
Duke of Monteleone ( died in 1677 ) who married Nicolo’ Pignatelli Prince of
Noja and Marquis of Cerchiara and before with Geronima ( 1599-1667) who married
in 1615 Fabrizio V Marquis of Cerchiara and III Prince of Noja (see above and
Genealogy Tables and Pignatelli Cortes History )

Consequently the Monteroduni line , actual
first line,after the extinction of
Casalnuovo may hold the title of Count
of Casalnuovo , Count of Borrello , Duke of Monteleone.

Relevant Female Succession and Inheritance
into Pignatelli

Ruffo della Leonessa , Dukes of San Martino and Princes of Sepino ended
with Carolina (1814-1870) , who married Giovanni , Prince of Monterodunibringing titles and estates and the name della
Leonessa.

Campitelli ,Princes of Strongoli and Counts of Melissa with
Giovanna , who married Geronimo Pignatelli in XVII Century.

Caracciolo , Counts of S.Angelo dei Lombardi with Caterina (1573-1622)
, who married Ettore Pignatelli , Count of Borrello and Duke of Monteleone.

Aymerich , Marquis of
San Vincenzo with Anna Giustiniana , who married in the XVII century, Domenico
Pignatelli Marquis of Cerchiara and Prince of Noja.

Tagliavia Aragona Cortes ,Princes of Castevetrano , Princes of H.R.E. ,
Marquis of Avola , Counts of Borghetto and Priego ,Dukes of Terranova , Marquis
of Valle Oaxaca (Cortes Line of Succession), Grandee of Spain with Giovanna(1639) , who married Ettore Pignatelli , Duke of Monteleone and Count
of Borrello.

Pinelli-Ravaschieri , Princes of Belmonte , Marquis of Galatone , Counts
of Copertino , with Anna , who married in 1721 AntonioPignatelli , Marquis of San Vincenzo.

Piccolomini , Princes of Valle and Maida , Dukes of Girifalco
and Lacconia , with Giulia who married in 1770 Ettore Pignatelli , XI Duke of
Monteleone.

Moncajo-Blanes Y Centelles , Counts of Fuentes with Maria Francesca , who
married in 1720 Antonio Pignatelli of the Marquis of Cerchiara and of the Princes
of Noja.

Gonzaga ,Dukes of Solferino , with Maria Luisa who in 1742
married Joaquim (Gioacchino )Pignatelli, I Count of Fuentes.

But
in many ways the Neapolitan families as Carafa and Pignatelli (Papal families)
were unlike other roman papal families ( the power and wealth was within
Rome and Lazio region ) : the base of power and the source of their wealth
were the feudal holdings in the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily.

Their
policy tended to marry the heiress of Principalities and fiefdoms of Southern
Italy.

Ettore
IV Duc of Monteleone married in 1592 Caterina Caracciolo heiress of the
Earldom of S.Angelo de' Lombardi. (fief between Salerno and Bari)

Ferdinando
Pignatelli Knight of the Toson d'Or , Prince of the Holy Roman Empire
, Duke of Tolve , Grandee of Spain , married in 1719
Lucrezia Pignatelli III Princess of Strongoli (fief in The Calabria region
)(Title inherited by marriage with the Campitelli Family by Geronimo I
Prince of Strongoli in early 1600).

In
the Genealogy section , we can see the complex marriage policy implemented
by the family.

At
the peak of their power the Pignatelli were owners of 179 fiefs , 18 Counties
or/Earldom , 22 Marquisates , 16 Dukedoms and 14 Principalities .

Today
several branches are still existing.

BibliograhyClick here

Historical Notes on
Neapolitan Nobility and Aristocracy

There were many
States in Historical Italy,each with a separate nobility.

They
differed in structure, wealth and power.

After
the unification of Italy previous Nobility laws and customs were maintained.

Historically,
since the introduction of the Feudal System,Titles were granted by Emperors
,Kings(German,Austrian,French,Spanish) and Popes,in addition Powerful
Lords (Milan Dukes, Tuscany ,Venice,Parma...) also conceded Titles To
local Aristocracy.

The
hereditary Titles of Principe,Duca,Marchese,Conte,Barone were granted
by Patent Letter by Emperors,Popes and Kings out of the Feudal System
of the Holy Roman Empire.

The
Status of Patrizio is related to the City of origin.

The
Title of Don means Noble Rank and The Consulta Araldica(Italian authority
after the unification ,which supervised the Titles recognition and concession)
in 1929 granted this historical custom (Don and Donna) only to those Feudal
Families(mainly Naples and Sicily) of Princes ,Dukes , the Roman Nobility
and some Lombard Families.

When
the Italian Republic was established in 1946,all Titles were abolished,
but the Noble Families recognized before 1928, were authorized to incorporate
the title on the surname.

Naples
(Dukedom then Realm)

All
Conquerors of Southern Italy adopted the Feudal System, Land possession
was divided in Fiefs since the Lombard invasion in 590-839 AD (the first
Dukedom was established in Benevento in 758 AD).
With the Normans invasion (Tancredi and Roger d'Hauteville 1060-1194)
a further implementation was undertaken, but mainly from the Lombard feudal
structure than the Frankish.

The Hohenstaufen with Conrad and Frederick (1194-1266) introduced the
Female Succession.
The conquest of the Realm by Charles I of Anjou (1266) ,in order to avoid
collaterals succession established the concept of legitimate descendants.

Under
the Angevins (1262-1441) and Aragonese(1442-1495) ruling not changements
were made.

With
the Emperor Charles V (Spanish Ruling 1503) the system was modified as
the last descendant died ,remote and collateral lines must succeed male
and/or female.

During
the Reign of Philip II of Spain (1595) and Charles VI of Austria( 1720)
was introduced the Male succession in spite of Female with equal right.

The
titles of Princes and Dukes were granted outside the Royal Family already
under the Angevins and Aragonese ruling (Queen Jeanne I 1343 and Alfonso
the Magnanimous 1442): Prince of Taranto (1373) to Giacomo del Balzo;
Duke of Andria(1343) to Francesco del Balzo;
Prince of Salerno (1442) to Antonello Sanseverino....

Under
the Spanish Viceroyalty and ruling (1504-1707) titles were distributed
lavishly.

With
the arrival of The Bourbons (1740-1799 and the restoration 1805-1861)
the practice of a husband to adopt the title of the woman was officially
legitimate. The titles of Prince in the Royal Family were allowed only
to primogeniture of Males.

During
the Napoleon Ruling (1799-1815) the Feudalism was officially abolished
by Joseph Bonaparte (1806), but all titles granted were confirmed
by Ferdinand IV of Bourbon ,King of the Two Sicilies.

Essential
Chronology of the History of Naples

Mainland southern
Italy and Sicily were conquered independently by various Norman knights,
the former from the Byzantines and Lombards, the latter from the Saracens,
in the course of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries.

They were formed
into the Kingdom of Sicily, with its capital at Palermo, under Count Roger
II of Sicily (1130).
This kingdom was conquered successively by the Hohenstaufens (Swabia)
and the Angevins (Anjou and Provence ); Charles I of Anjou moved the capital
to Naples.

Under the Angevins,
and thereafter, the mainland is known as 'Sicilia citra Farum' (i.e.,
Sicily on this side of the lighthouse marking the straits of Messina),
but comes often to be called the Kingdom of Naples; the island of Sicily
is known as 'Sicilia ultra Farum' (beyond the lighthouse).

The revolt known
as the Sicilian Vespers (1282) separated the island from the mainland
and placed it under Aragonese rule; after the conquest of Naples by Alfonso
of Aragon (1435-42) the island and the mainland came again under a single
ruler, but on Alfonso's death (1458) they were again separated; the conquest
of Naples by Ferdinand of Aragon (1501-04) once more placed them under
a single ruler, but administrative union in the form of the 'Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies' was not carried through until 1816.

The Normans

1059 Treaty of Melfi; Pope Gregory VII legitimizes
conquests by Robert Guiscard and his Norman associates under papal suzerainty1130-1154 Roger II, previously count of Sicily,
claims kingship of Sicily, Apulia, and Capua (1130); overcomes opposition
of Pope Innocent II by defeating and capturing the pope. His successors
are William I, the Bad (1154-1166) and William II, the Good (1166-1189)1186 Constance, aunt of William II, marries
Henry, heir of Frederick Barbarossa; on William's death she is his heiress
(1189)

The Hohenstaufens

1189-1197
Emperor Henry VI claims the Sicilian throne in the right of his wife;
he is opposed by Tancred of Lecce (d. 1194)1198-1250 Frederick of Hohenstaufen (b.1194;
later Emperor Frederick II)1198 Queen Constance before her death places
Frederick under the guardianship of Pope Innocent III; rivalry among German-Sicilian
administrators 1208 Emperor Otto of Brunswick makes a claim
to Sicily, opposed by the pope; Frederick of Hohenstaufen takes over government
(but leaves for Germany, 1212)1220 Frederick returns to Sicily having become
Emperor Frederick II (he pretends to leave for Jerusalem, 1227, and actually
leaves, 1228)1229 Pope Gregory IX claims Sicily in Frederick's
absence, but he returns and re-establishes his authority1231 Frederick II proclaims the Constitutions
of Melfi (the Liber Augustalis), organizing the government of the Kingdom
of Sicily under an apparatus of royal control (he leaves again for Germany,
1235)1236 Frederick II begins a series of campaigns
in northern Italy that drain the resources of Sicily (he returns to Apulia,
1249, and dies there) 1250-1254 Emperor Conrad IV; he names his
illegitimate half-brother Manfred as vicar in Sicily and Italy1254-1266 Manfred assumes power in his own
right after Conrad IV's death; (he is crowned at Palermo, 1258, and extends
his influence to northern Italy)1262 Charles of Anjou accepts Pope Urban
IV's offer of Sicilian kingship 1266 Battle of Benevento; Manfred defeated
and killed by Charles1268 Conradin (son of Conrad IV) leads an
expedition to reclaim Sicily; at the battle of Tagliacozzo he is defeated
by Charles and executed at Naples

NAPLES FROM THE ANGEVINS TO THE HAPSBURGS

The Angevins

1266-1285
Charles I1268 Battle of Tagliacozzo; defeat and execution
of Conradin; Charles secures his control over the kingdom1282 The Sicilian Vespers; Peter III of Aragon
takes control of Sicily 1285-1309 Charles II, the Lame1302 Peace of Caltabellotta; Aragonese control
of Sicily is accepted1309-1343 Robert, the Wise, hostage of Aragon
( married Jolanda of Aragon ), supports the Guelf faction against the
Papacy ,patron of Literature and Art1343-1382 Joanna I; she marries her cousin
Andrew of Hungary (younger brother of Louis the Great of Hungary)1345 Andrew of Hungary murdered with the
connivance of Joanna I1347-48 Invasion of Louis of Hungary; Joanna
flees to Avignon; she obtains permission (1348) to marry Louis of Taranto
(d.1362); Louis of Hungary meets resistance, withdraws1350 Second invasion of Louis of Hungary
fails(peace treaty, 1351) 1363 Joanna marries James of Majorca (d.1375)1372 Peace with Frederick IV of Sicily; he
is recognized as 'King of Trinacria' (terms accepted by Pope Gregory XI
only after modification, 1374) 1376 Joanna marries Otto of Brunswick 1380 Joanna disinherits Charles of Durazzo,
names Louis of Anjou as her heir1382 Revolt by Charles of Durazzo; Joanna
imprisoned and strangled

The Angevins of Durazzo

1382-1386 Charles III of Durazzo; he is opposed
by Louis of Anjou (d.1384)1385 Charles III returns to Hungary, where
he is killed (1386)1386-1414 Ladislas1386-93 Regency of Queen Mother Marguerite;
conflicts with Louis II of Anjou (1386-1400) who holds the city of Naples1399 Ladislas successfully occupies the city
of Naples1407 Ladislas occupies Rome which Pope Gregory
XII cannot hold1411 Renewed conflict with Louis II of Anjou;
Ladislas forced to withdraw from Rome but then reoccupies it1414 Sudden death of Ladislas in Rome ends
Neapolitan bid for hegemony in Italy1414-1435 Joanna II1414-15 In first months of Joanna's reign
power is exercised by the Queen's favourite, Pandolfo Alopo, as chamberlain1415 Joanna marries James de la Marche; he
executes Alopo (1415) but soon rouses opposition from the barons and is
confined (1416); on his release he leaves the country (1419)1417 Sergianni Caracciolo becomes the Queen's
favourite; Pope Martin V is at first favourable1419 Caracciolo alienates the condottiere
Muzio Attendolo Sforza and Pope Martin V1420 Joanna is attacked by Louis III of Anjou,
Martin V, Sforza; defended by Caracciolo with the assistance of Alfonso
of Aragon and the condottiere Braccio da Montone1421 Joanna adopts Alfonso of Aragon as her
heir1423 Alfonso and Braccio quarrel with Caracciolo;
Caracciolo has Joanna adopt Louis III of Anjou as her heir, make peace
with Martin V1431 Caracciolo, having made enemies among
the nobility, is assassinated. Alfonso of Aragon gains influence1433 Joanna again adopts Alfonso of Aragon
as her heir1433-34 Louis III campaigns to take over
the kingdom, but dies (Nov. 1434) 1435 Joanna on her death (Feb.) bequeaths
the kingdom to René of Anjou (brother of Louis III)

The Aragonese

1435-1458 Alfonso I of Aragon, the Magnanimous1435-42 Conflict with the forces of René
of Anjou1442 Alfonso occupies the city of Naples;
arranges for his illegitimate son Ferrante to succeed him there (while
his brother John succeeds in Aragon and Sicily); Pope Eugenius IV comes
to terms (1443)1458-1494 Ferrante (Ferdinand I)1458-64 Conflict with the forces of René,
then John of Anjou1480-81 Turkish occupation of Otranto1485 The Great Barons Conspiracy (Francesco
Coppola Count of Sarno,Antonello Sanseverino Prince of Salerno, Pietro
Guevara Marchese del Vasto , Pirro del Balzo Prince of Altamura ), in
the Angevin interest, with support from the Pope; Ferrante (1486) makes
terms with some of the barons, arrests and later executes the ringleaders
, makes terms with the Pope1494-1495 Alfonso II1495 Confronted with French invasion, Alfonso
abdicates, retires to Messina (Jan.), dies (Dec.)1495-1496 Ferrandino (Ferdinand II)1495 Ferrandino retreats to Sicily before
the French (Feb.)1495 Charles VIII of France occupies Naples
(Feb.-May)1495 Ferrandino returns to the mainland (July)
and regains control of the kingdom but dies (Oct. 1496)1496-1501 Frederick of Altamura (uncle of
Ferrandino)1500 Secret treaty of Granada between Ferdinand
of Aragon and Louis XII of France for the conquest and partition of Naples
(Nov.)1501 Joint Franco-Spanish invasion; Frederick
of Altamura is forced into exile (Aug.; he dies in France, 1504; but his
son the Duke of Calabria takes up residence in Spain)1501-1516 Ferdinand the Catholic, of Aragon1503-04 Following disagreements between the
French and Spanish conquerors of the kingdom, hostilities break out and
the French are driven out (they abandon their claim by treaty, 1505)1503-07 Gonsalvo da Cordova acts as the king's
lieutenant in Naples (his most important successor under Ferdinand is
Raymond of Cardona, 1509-22)1516 On the death of Ferdinand, Naples, with
Spain, is inherited by his grandson Charles of Hapsburg (Charles I of
Spain, after 1519 Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire)

SICILY UNDER ANGEVIN AND ARAGONESE RULE

Angevin conquest, revolt,
Aragonese intervention

1266-1282 Charles of Anjou becomes king as
a result of his victories on the mainland; makes Naples his capital rather
than Palermo1282 The 'Sicilian Vespers', a popular uprising
against the French in which many are massacred; Peter III of Aragon, inheritor
of the Hohenstaufen claims in Sicily and South Italy as the husband of
Manfred's daughter, lands on the island with an armed force1282-1285 Peter III is crowned as Peter I
of Sicily, refuses homage to the pope1285-1295 James I (second son of Peter) becomes
King of Sicily while his elder brother Alfonso III inherits the Crown
of Aragon1291 On the death of Alfonso III James I
of Sicily becomes also James II of Aragon (to 1327); returning to Aragon,
he places his younger brother Frederick in charge of Sicily
The Independent Monarchy1296-1337 Frederick II (younger brother of
James I), on James coming to terms with Pope Boniface VIII and abdicating
the kingship of Sicily (1295), with the backing of the Sicilian Estates
declares himself an independent king; he is excommunicated by the Pope
and war against Naples follows1302 Treaty of Caltabellotta, with Charles
II of Naples; Frederick's position is reluctantly acknowledged, but the
Angevins will continue to make attempts to dislodge the Aragonese from
Sicily1337-1342 Peter II1342-1355 Louis, inheriting the throne at
the age of four, is unable to establish a strong government and accepts
a tributary relationship to the papacy. Baronial clans (especially the
Chiaramonte and the Ventimiglia) quarrel for power1355-1377 Frederick III, the Simple. Intermittent
war against Naples continues1372 Naples and the papacy come to terms
with Frederick as a tributary King of 'Trinacria'1377-1402 Mary of Aragon (daughter and heiress
of Frederick III); government is effectively taken over by the heads of
four baronial families who style themselves 'vicars'1390 Mary is taken to Aragon and married
to Martin 'the Younger' (grandson of John II of Aragon); they return with
a military force (1392), defeat the opposing barons, and rule jointly
until Mary's death (1402). Martin repudiates the treaty of 1372 and rules
as King of Sicily1402-1409 Martin I, the Younger (widower
of Mary of Aragon) rules alone 1409-1410 Martin II, the Elder (Martin I
of Aragon, father of Martin the Younger) inherits Sicily after his son's
death
Union with Aragon1410 On the death of Martin the Elder, Sicily
subject to disorder remains in union with Aragon, and is ruled by the
kings of the House of Trastamara (1412-1516) and then by the Hapsburgs;
mainland Naples is also in union with Aragon under Alfonso the Magnanimous
(1435-1458) and again under Ferdinand the Catholic (from 1501 on), but
the island will be governed separately from the mainland until 1816