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\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Psychoanalysis and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
Group Analysis \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 French approaches}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Edith Lecourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15934458
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid16212271 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Professeure \'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 m\'e9\loch\f204 rite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid16212271 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Universit\'e9\loch\f204 Sorbonne P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 aris Cit\'e9\loch\f204 /Paris Descartes
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 President FAPAG}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid16212271
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I feel much honored to be with you today and I thank you very much for this invitation from EGATIN, espe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 cially Rudolf Ba}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 lmer\hich\f204
\rquote \loch\f204 s invitation. I hope that this w\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ill be an important moment between our societies EGATIN and FAPAG, and open opportunities for new encounters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 and developments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 .
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 First of all I will have a thought for our f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 iend Jean Claude Rouchy who died two weeks ago. He was a very important personality \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
for group analysis, institution analysis and cultural approach (well known from EATGA and EFPP members). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
We have lost three personalities of group analysis these last years \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 \hich\f204 Oph\'e9\loch\f204 lia Avron, Monique Soula-Desroche and Jean-Claude Rouchy \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 they were my frien
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ds.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Following a group analysis and an individual analysis (in several stages) I have been a member of the SFPPG }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 (Soci\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 t\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Fran\'e7\loch\f204 \hich\f204 aise de Psychoth\'e9\loch\f204 rapie Psychanalytique de Groupe ;
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 French Society of Group analytic Psychotherapy) since the 1980s, and the FAPAG (F\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 d\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 ration des Associations de Psychoth\'e9\loch\f204
rapies Analytiques de Groupe ; Federation of Associations of Group Analytic Psychotherapies) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 since its creation (and I am at present
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 president of this body). I have been a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Professeur des Universit\'e9\loch\f204 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 since 1987, and I have incorporated group analysis into the course for clinical psychologists in Sorbonne Paris Cit\'e9\loch\f204 /Paris Descartes. As I have just retired, I am now }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 professeur \'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 m\'e9\loch\f204 rite}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , whi\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ch means that I still supervise doctorates.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 I was fortunate to entertain a active correspondence with Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s over a period of four years for my thesis (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Doctorat \'e8\loch\f204 s Lettres et Sciences Humaines}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
), entitled "Music, the group and the unconscious (1985). Fo\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 r some fifteen years I led a seminar on group psychoanalysis with Oph\'e9\loch\f204
lia Avron (who died recently). Jean-Claude Rouchy, for his part, introduced me to the EATGA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
(European Association of Transcultural Group Analysis) and the EFPP (European Federation of Ps\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ychoanalytic Psychotherapy). These three aut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 hors, Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s, Avron and Rouchy, developed different theoretical approaches to group analysis according to their respective personalities and clinical practice. I had also many contacts and some contributions with D\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 idier Anzieu.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 This diversity was very valuable to me \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 \hich\f204
s starting from the small group, Rouchy from institutions and culture, and Avron moving from individual psychoanalysis to group analytic psychodrama.The theoretical constructions of Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
s contributed considerably to my clinical practice with groups, and alongside provided considerable intellectual satisfaction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I collaborate regularly with my colleagues Jean-Pierre Vidal, Philippe Robert (who succeeded me in the University), Jean-Pierr\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
e Pinel, and Claudine Vacheret, to quote only a few of the group specialists in France.
\par
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13270970 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I will develop five parts:
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 1 \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 A cultural issue?
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 2 \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 Background in France
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 3 \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 The training of group analysts in France
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 4 \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 Concepts and theories
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 5 \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 The extension of p\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 sychoanalysis: a metapsychology of the third type
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid10887317
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1258950 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13270970
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 1/ A cultural issue?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
France took on board psychoanalysis quite late, but then became enthusiastically involved. The influence it has had on our cultural life over two decades is considerable, in the int\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ellectual sphere (philosophers, writers, artists, sociologists and even politicians) and also in the daily life of people, as well as in care institutions. This enthusiasm also had negative effects, in the form of a certain rigidity and defence of orthodo
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 x\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
y, this being particularly prominent in psychoanalytical societies. Of course, the arrival of Lacan overturned the psychoanalysis scene in France, diversified approaches and introduced genuine debate. Even so, the tendency towards rigidity and closed-shop
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 attitudes has remained on the issues of identity, recognition, legitimacy and training - a tendency to be "more monarchist than the monarch" after the French phrase (\'93
\loch\f204 \hich\f204 plus royaliste que le roi\'94\loch\f204 ). It can be noted that even now psychoanalytic authors and sp\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 e\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
akers rarely take the floor without direct references to Freud or Lacan to support or even justify what they have to say.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 As for the question of the group, and clinical practice in groups, it is something that barely comes to mind in our culture: the repr
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 esentation of psychotherapy is that of an individual relationship. It is a special relationship that is sought when things go wrong, and it would not occur to people to look for a group!}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 These two factors combine in negative manner when group analysis is \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 considered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 2/ Background in France}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
It can be said that, from the 1970s, group analysis began very gradually to develop in France. Until quite recently, stating that one was a group psychoanalyst was risky in the eyes of the main societies of individual \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
analysis. I had the experience myself, and Didier Anzieu warned me that his colleagues in the APF (French Psychoanalytic Association) would probably shut me off in the name of orthodoxy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Nor did Lacan favour group analysis, leaving us a rather cursory com\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ment: "I will measure the effect of the group from what it can add in terms of imaginary obscenity to the effect of discourse" (1973, p.31). Very few of Lacan's followers have ventured on the path of group analysis (Lemoine for the psychoanalytic psychodr
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 a\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ma, Liliane Goldsztaub, and a few others). This year a seminar on this subject has been opened in the SFPPG.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
This leads me to remark that in the Lacanian movement, this group effect was enacted (rather than elaborated) in remarkable manner by the diffraction of societies and groups derived from Lacanian thought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 It can be said that group analysis in France is a\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
half-brother of individual analysis, and that the filial link is still the subject of dispute. It is related because French group analysts have always undergone individual analysis in addition to an experience of group analysis (very frequently psychoana
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 l\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ytic psychodrama, widely practised in France). From the 1970s to the 1990s, psychoanalysis governed mental care institutions, for both psychiatrists and psychologists: without individual psychoanalysis, there were no jobs to be had! Psychoanalysis was als
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 o\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
included in the academic training of clinical psychologists in the universities. In recent years, university posts in psychoanalysis have gradually closed down, although there are pockets of resistance, such as Paris Descartes University where I work (al
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 s\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 o Paris 7, Lyon 2, etc) still threatened of exclusion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
Group psychoanalysis, for its part, is little known, in particular to the general public, so that it has not been the object of attack like its individual counterpart.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 In institutional practice, grou\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
p psychoanalysis has always been active in France (for economic reasons, and for reasons of socialisation) and the analysts of the seventies and eighties did not hesitate to implement group psychoanalytic therapy, of course using an individual approach in
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
groups. This did not raise any doubts in their minds. It is also for this reason that they have difficulty envisaging any other posture for analysts (for instance the analytic psychodrama, which is still mainly practised on the basis of an individual appr
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 o\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ach in a group).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 We thus have two definitions:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - psychoanalysis in groups: characterises the practice of individual psychoanalysts in a (social) group of patients}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - group analysis: characterises the approach of the group psychoanalyst, centred on group pr\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ocesses bringing about individual change.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
The stance adopted by Didier Anzieu in 1975 was a form of authorisation for psychoanalysts to explore their clinical field beyond the divan. As he wrote, the problem was not to repeat what Freud discovered when co\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
nfronted with the crisis of the Victorian ear, the issue was to find a psychoanalytic response to the uneasiness of modern man in our present civilisation. Psychoanalytic work needs to be done where the unconscious shows itself, standing, sitting or lying
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ,\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 individually or in a group or in a family, wherever a subject can put words on his distress and his fantasies towards a person who is there to hea\ltrpar \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
r him and able to give him an interpretation (p.37).
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 3/ The training of group analysts in France}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Since th\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
e 1970s, psychoanalysts involved in group analysis have all resisted any sort of corporatism generated by any sort of common training. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Thus the SFPPG (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Soci\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 t\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Fran\'e7
\loch\f204 \hich\f204 aise de Psychoth\'e9\loch\f204 rapie Psychanalytique de Groupe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ) decided not to instate a training course. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Likewise, more recently, the FAPAG (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 F\'e9\loch\f204
\hich\f204 d\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 ration des Associations de Psychoth\'e9\loch\f204 rapie Analytique de Group}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
), comprising 13 associations to date, which gathers bodies providing training in group analysis implementing various approaches (relaxation, psychodrama, \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
family therapy etc), has not developed any common programme. The rules produced in the EFPP are applied to each programme. However one feature is the requirement for individual psychoanalysis in addition to group analytic therapy, which means a long psych
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 o\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 analytic process for the person concerned.
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I precise that yet my proposition for FAPAG is to create units of training coming from the different associations, units that could be chosen by the trainees for the construction of their EFPP requirements.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 It se\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ems to me that this situation can be explained by the historical elements presented earlier, that is to say the attachment among French psychoanalysts to Freudian texts and Freudian and Lacanian concepts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 All the early work by French authors (and in parti\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 cular Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s) drew from Freud's work everything that could open up to a group approach \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204
ranging from the psychoanalysis of crowds to the concepts of identification, fantasy, and the structural model of the id, the ego and the super-ego. These writings also\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
attempted to analyse the relationship of the founder of psychoanalysis with groups \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 his family, his collaborators, etc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Individual psychoanalysis is centred on the subject's history, and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid11797329
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 inter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 /intra-psychic, while group analysis provides for an explo\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ration of the subject's inter- and trans-subjective relational positions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
The position of the French is that group analysis or group psychoanalysis requires specific training focusing on unconscious processes linked to the individual histories of participants (individual psychoanalysis). This means that personal experience of t
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 h\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ese three levels of analysis and good knowledge of the related theories and concepts are required. This means a clinical training to listen in simultaneous and discriminant manner to the three psychic spaces, the intra-, the inter- and the trans-subjectiv
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 e\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 . The trans-subjective is an essential therapeutic tool that is specific to group analysis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 This brings us to the theories and concepts developed in France.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458
\par
\par
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 4/ Concepts and theories }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid13109638 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (in four parts)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 A \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 The French theoretical context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Generally speak\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
ing, group psychoanalysis in France has been based on contributions from abroad, especially from Bion and Pichon-Rivi\'e8\loch\f204
re. For instance, Salomon Resnik (specialised in group analysis for psychotics) was trained in these two schools, and thus brought in an \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 o\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
riginal approach. In addition, psychoanalytic relations with South America have always been considerable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Why did Foulkes not achieve the same success as Bion? Mainly because his approach was seen as too social, losing sight of individual distress. Bion's
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
experience appears to be that of the individual analyst thrown off his balance by the effects of the group, and possessing the courage to confront this strangeness in his counter-transferance. He provided the French with an articulation between the indiv
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 i\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 dual level and the group level.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Indeed, although Didier Anzieu, Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s and Jean-Claude Rouchy (to quote only a few) were all sensitive to and trained in social psychology, they were very careful to preserve the Freudian originality. The difficulty was \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
therefore to open up individual analysis to another level of analysis. This is also the reason why their approaches were viewed by some individual psychoanalysts as dangerous, and were therefore opposed. This also explains their determination to be recogn
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 i\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
sed as genuine psychoanalysts, and hence to fully develop the individual dimension (starting with their own analysis), while at the same time favouring an approach to unconscious processes within a small group.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 It is a clinical approach in a small group t\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
hat enables social issues to be incorporated into the heart of psychoanalytic practice. This is also what is rejected by individual psychoanalysts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 It is thus clear that Freudian psychoanalytic concepts are regularly used by group analysts. But to lend an\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ear to unconscious processes in a group, new concepts are required as methodological tools and keys for understanding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Following on from Lagache, it was Didier Anzieu who really opened the way. He was able to do this because he first belonged to the Fren
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ch psychoanalytic society (APF), and was sufficiently recognised. It is in the area of pathologies beyond neuroses, what we now call borderline states, that he introduced the face-to-face encounter (individual), and then the group. His dual concept of the
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 "groupal illusion" (fusion, love) and "break}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \strike\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 fantasy"(division, aggression) (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Le groupe et l'inconscient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , 1975) was a clarification, and the analysis he offered, strictly Freudian, showed the way forward.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Thereafter, Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s over the years went as far as\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
to construct a genuine theory, developing the concepts, synthesising the contributions of different authors, structuring the body of information gradually collected from clinical groups (in particular within the CEFFRAP (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Cercle d\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 \hich\f204 Etudes Fran\'e7\loch\f204 aises pour la\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Formation et la Recherche Active en Psychologie}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , a training body that was established to develop research based on group experiences).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 As I cannot here enlarge upon the considerable corpus of research (some fifty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 books }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 for Anzieu and Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s only), I will r\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
estrict myself first to a few general considerations, and I will then focus on the issues of link and inter-subjectivity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 B \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 The social level, the unconscious level}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
It is first of all essential to distinguish the notion of the individual from that of "the subject of the unconscious". Individuals, as members of a group, form a social situation, with inter-individual relationships, and group objectives and manifestatio
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 n\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
s, which have been widely studied in sociology and social psychology. This is all to be found in group analysis groups. What does however characterise the analyst is his attention and particular way of listening to unconscious processes, that is to say wh
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 a\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
t occurs on a different level of group functioning (he hypothesises the existence of this unconscious level). We are then no longer dealing with individuals, but with subjects of unconscious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 desire}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 and hence with inter-subjective relations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 One comment made by Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s in 1993 concerning the place of the social sphere in group analysis was as follows: psychoanalysis does not give an account of social objects, but only of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 anaclisis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 or depository functions, or again their function in providin\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
g the framework for the formation of psychic reality. It is in this respect that it explores them as places where the psyche finds its mark (P.99).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Again, on p. 108: the group enables the analysis of the effects of the unconscious at the "nodal points" in\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
the relationship of the singular subject with inter-subjective ensembles.
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 This, to my mind, is the guiding thread in all his work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 C \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 Inter-subjectivity, trans-subjectivity: links with{\*\bkmkstart _GoBack}{\*\bkmkend _GoBack}
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 in groups}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 The question of the link and inter-subjecti\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
vity have received much attention in France in recent years, and not solely, it can be noted, by group analysts (such as the "Lyon school" around Roussillon). I return here to reflections by Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s in his lectures on the subject.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 This author defines t\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
he "link" as the unconscious psychic reality (cathexis, representations) constructed in the course of the encounter between two or several subjects for the realisation of certain of their desires. The titles of the publications by Ren\'e9\loch\f204
\hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s alone already \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 s\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 uggest the theoretical itinerary (see his bibliography), for instance "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Un singulier pluriel, la psychanalyse \'e0\loch\f204 \hich\f204 l'\'e9\loch\f204 preuve du groupe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
" (a plural singular, psychoanalysis put to the test of th\ltrpar \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 e group), a work published in 2007, clearly indicates the emphasis o\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
n the contributions of the group to individual psychoanalysis in the exploration of several levels of functioning of the unconscious. The group, when placed in the setting of psychoanalysis, is a system that enables particular access to levels of function
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 i\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ng and plural psychic spaces, which can thus be differentiated. Following this author, three levels can be distinguished:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - the intra-psychic level: the psychic space of each singular subject (that explored by individual psychoanalysis) which is of course
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 still active in the group and therefore needs to be taken into account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - the inter-subjective level: the psychic space of the link between two or more subjects}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - the trans-subjective level: the psychic space of the group as a whole, or in other words the \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 group level of psychic functioning.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Certain authors like Pichon-Rivi\'e8\loch\f204 \hich\f204 re (Argentina) or Oph\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204
lia Avron (France) suggest a differentiation within the group of two sorts of link: links derived from libidinal drive, and inter-liaison links for which Oph\'e9\loch\f204 lie Av\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
ron hypothesises "a rhythmic inter-liaison drive" activated by any presence of another person (which is close to observations concerning empathy). Ka\'eb\loch\f204 \hich\f204 s also makes the distinction of "immediate" links (with effects like \'93
\loch\f204 \hich\f204 ambiance\'94\loch\f204 , for ex}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ample)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 and \'93\loch\f204 transfo\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 rmational links\'94\loch\f204 which result of a psychic work), which could be compared with Avron's rhythmic inter-liaison.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Another difference between authors is that concerning the theories on the origin of these inter-subjective and trans-subjective links. For some,
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 these links are introjected in early infancy. Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s for his part considers that the construction of the subject is not restricted to this process of introjection.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 The human psyche is built on these links }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
- with society, with ensembles (groups, families\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , couples, institutions) and with people (inter-subjective links).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 The singular psyche is a sort of interweaving of these links on three levels. According to Ka\'eb\loch\f204 \hich\f204
s in 1984, the subject is constituted as a group being, and as a speaking being. Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s progres\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
sively came to consider that the link itself is unconscious, and he developed the notion of "unconscious alliances" (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Les Alliances Inconscientes}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , the title of one of his books).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Thus Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s holds that the link itself possesses a specific psychic reality, pr\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
oviding a cross-section of the subjects making it up, and pluri-focal. It forms a nested ensemble, it does not have one centre but several.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 The group is not considered here as an entity, which would be an "epistemic illusion" (for the psychoanalyst): we a\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
re not talking about the psychoanalysis of "the" group, nor, as seen earlier about psychoanalysis in a group, but about group psychoanalysis. That is to say, the complexity of group polyphony and of unconscious many-voiced formations.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
My personal research in 1993 and 1994 was on this theme : I considered the polyphonic structure of music as a metaphor and a projection of the polyphonic structure of the psyche.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s sets out different categories of links: drive-related, representational\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
, fantasised, identity-related and unconscious alliances (contracts, in the words of Pi\'e9\loch\f204 ra Aulagnier, which should be differentiated from pacts). In drive there is something of the Other, and this dimension can be explored in small groups.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 D \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204 APG Apparei\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 l Psychique Groupal}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 At the start of the 1970s, Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s proposed the concept of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Appareil Psychique Groupal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
(group psychic apparatus) the title of a work published in 1976 following his thesis) which has spearheaded a large body of research since. It has r\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
eturned in recent years in greater details, and supplemented by research (a new edition in 2013) and also to be found in his latest work in 2015, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
L'extension de la psychanalyse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 . This concept of course echoes that of Freud's "Psychic apparatus". The issue i\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
s to study psychic reality on the level of the group, thus in trans-subjective manner.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 In 1976 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s defined the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
Appareil psychique groupal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 as a psychic construction common to members of a group and required to form a group. It is a system of liaison and t
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ransformation. It shows in particular how drives are transformed when we are in group situations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 All these considerations bring us to the hypothesis set out in recent years, that part of the subject's unconscious is located outside him (and in particular
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 in these links).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 5/ The extension of psychoanalysis: a metapsychology of the third type}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 This corresponds to the title of the latest publication by Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s (2015), which was what I had awaited for some years: there was a need to integrate the consequen\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ces of the theoretical advances in group analysis, and in the very conception of the unconscious \hich\f204 \endash
\loch\f204 an unconscious that extends beyond the individual and his repressions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Here Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s discusses the proposals for the "third topic" in the Lisbon conference of 2\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 006 (66}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\super\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
conference of French-speaking psychoanalysts), and in particular the contribution by Bernard Brusset (who for a long time was one of my colleagues in Paris Descartes University). This third topic is centred on the intra-psychic effects of early relations
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 h\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ips, and thus restricts the question of inter-subjectivity to object relations. It does not consider inter-subjectivity as a common, shared space. It does not take account of the plurality of spaces in psychic reality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 The third topic, an extension of the\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
first two Freudian topics, applied to present-day pathologies (narcissistic states, borderline states) integrates the effects of early relationships in the structuring of the psyche (following on from Winnicott in particular). But the effects of psychic
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 r\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 eality specific to ensembles (families, groups, institutions) do not find their place there.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 According to Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s, it is the psychoanalytic approach to the group and the individual in the group that provides a substantial contribution to the issues of inter-\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 subjectivity (2015, p.194). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
He also adds that the most common stance is to consider inter-subjectivity not as a specific space of unconscious reality, but as a dimension of the intra-psychic environment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Generally speaking, these different proposals conce\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
rning the third topic envisage the role of early relationships (family, culture) in relation to the notion of an inter-subjective network. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Conversely, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
he idea of a third topic for Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s derives from his notion of the "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Appareil Psychique Groupal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 " (group ps\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ychic apparatus) of 1970, and a first proposal appeared in 2008 in an article in Fuzione Gamma, an Italian web journal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Yet group analysis has opened up access to the trans-subjective space}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 A metapsychology of the third type.....}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 In recent years, the integration of these links, which are themselves unconscious, has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 required more than the conception of a new topic: a new metapsychology, a metapsychology of the third type as Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s called it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - a metapsychology of the first type (Freud\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ) concerns itself with the intra-psychic, the unconscious of the singular subject.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - a metapsychology of the second type (object relations) concerns itself with the effects of inter-subjective links in the intra-psychic space.}{\rtlch\fcs1
\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 - a metapsychology of the thi\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
rd type derives from the encounter with other psychic spaces and structured ensembles (institutions, culture, society), and its purpose is to specify the psychic consistency of this space.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 This third type needs to include the first two metapsychologies and\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
provide the necessary theoretical extension to give an account of actual psychoanalytical practices, in individual settings, in groups, in families, and in institutions. It needs to integrate the reflection and research of recent years, especially about
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 t\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 he concept of the unconscious itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s announces, on the back cover of the book in 2015, that the implications and consequences of these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 new clinical settings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
, because of the issues involved, have an impact on the methods, the metapsychology and the e\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
pistemological foundations of psychoanalysis. He considers that discovering a plurality of place, of economies, and of the dynamics of the unconscious makes another metapsychology essential.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 On page 195 of this same work,\ltrpar \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s states that from his first r\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
esearch on the Group Psychic Apparatus (1976), constructing a model for the understanding of these spaces, their consistencies, their structures and their laws of transformation had become vital.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0
\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 `}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 The Group Psychic Apparatus enables work on three spaces \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 of unconscious psychic reality \hich\f204 \endash \loch\f204
intra-subjective, inter-subjective and trans-subjective, and for each of these spaces, work on their psychic content, organisation, functioning, topic features, dynamics and economies (you here recognize the Freudian\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 s com
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 p\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 onents of the analyse).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
The Group Psychic Apparatus provides an understanding of the complex relationships that articulate, distinguish and contrast the space of the singular subject and the plural spaces of inter-subjectivity and trans-subjectivity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid13118294 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 m\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
obilises, links, reconciles, opposes and transforms formations and processes of the psyche in each of these spaces. This results in formations that are common to the members of the group and to the ensemble that they form, and also results in formations a
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 n\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 d processes that define boundaries and define links between the spaces (2015, p.196).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 One of the aims of a metapsychology of the third type according to Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s is to explore the manner in which the subject of the unconscious }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 is formed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 in the context of inte
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 r-subjectivity, and the degree to which it has a share in the formation of the common, shared psychic reality in the group (p.197).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 In conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 What does the future hold? How will this proposal for an extension towards a new metapsychology be received \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
by clinicians in the field?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Not all the French group analysts follow the elaborations of Ren\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204
s to the letter, and some not at all. But all have been influenced, stimulated and sometimes provoked by his diligent elaborative work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 In, addition, what wi\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204
ll be the contribution of the many psychologists that we have trained since the 1990s in Paris Descartes University and also in Lyon, Besan\'e7\loch\f204
on and elsewhere to conceive of and sensitise to the manifestations of the unconscious in groups, families, and ins\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 t\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
itutions, in their inter-subjective and trans-subjective links? The training is indeed academic, and not individual and/or group analysis. Yet I have always been struck by the relevance of their analyses in caregiving situations in the institutions where
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 t\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
hey gain professional experience. It has always seemed to me that group analysis is taught more easily and more quickly than individual analysis, despite the fact that it is grounded in the complexity of plural relationships. I even have the habit of tell
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 i\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
ng trainees that we have a gold bullet. At this stage in their training, very few are in individual analysis (unlike the situation in the 1970s and 1980s), and practically none have yet had an experience of group analysis (apart from what they have learnt
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
in their academic training). Some do enlist in our training courses, but they are a minority. Yet they still find that they can manage well, so much so that certain posts are created for their professional profile, and certain professionals who have tutor
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 e\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 d them during work experience enlist for complementary training in group analysis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
While psychoanalysis has been the object of attacks in France, group psychoanalysis has thus far never been the target. Do we then have some respite, or time allowance? Wha\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
t seeds are these young clinicians sowing in their practices when they refer to authors on group analysis? }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
Only the future can tell us...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13118294 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I will add that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 he violences, not only \'93\loch\f204 \hich\f204 in the world\'94\loch\f204 but in our countries, streets, are a new context, and could be the beginning of new inspirations for this future of groupanalysis.
\par \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I thank you for your attention.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13118294
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid8009241 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 For questions and comments: edith.lecourt@orange.fr
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs28\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13270970
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1258950 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Bibliography }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Avron O. (1996) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 La pens\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 e sc\'e9\loch\f204 nique}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 , Toulouse, Er
\'e8\loch\f204 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Anzieu D. (1975) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Le groupe et l\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 inconscient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris Dunod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Brusset B. (2013) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Au-del\'e0\loch\f204 \hich\f204 de la n\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 vrose. Vers une troisi\'e8\loch\f204 me topique}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, Dunod }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Ka\'eb\loch\f204 s R. (1976) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 L\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 appareil psychique groupal, const\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 ruction du groupe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 , Paris, Dunod (3\'b0\loch\f204 \hich\f204 ed. revue et compl\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 t\'e9\loch\f204 e 2010)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 (1985) \'ab\~\loch\f204 Les temps du lien groupal\~\hich\f204 \'bb\loch\f204 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Psychoth\'e9\loch\f204 rapies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 I, 5-11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 (1986) \'ab\~\loch\f204 Le groupe comme appareil de transformation\~\hich\f204 \'bb\loch\f204 , RPPG, 5-6, 91-100}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (1993) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Le groupe et le sujet du groupe. El\'e9\loch\f204 ments pour un\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 e th\'e9\loch\f204 orie psychanalytique des groupes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, Dunod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (1994) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 La parole et le lien, associativit\'e9\loch\f204 et travail psychique dans les groupes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, Dunod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 (1998) \'ab\~\loch\f204 L\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 \hich\f204 intersubjectivit\'e9\~\loch\f204 \hich\f204
: un fondement de la vie psychique. Rep\'e8\loch\f204 \hich\f204 res dans la pens\'e9\loch\f204 e de Piera Aulagnier\~\hich\f204 \'bb\loch\f204 ,\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Topique}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , 64, 45-73)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (1999}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 ) Les th\'e9\loch\f204 ories psychanalytiques du groupe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
, Paris, PUF (collection Que Sais-je\~?)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 (2005) \'ab\~\loch\f204 Pour inscrire la question du lien dans la psychanalyse\~\hich\f204 \'bb\loch\f204 , }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Le Divan familial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , 15, 73-94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 (2006) \'ab\~\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 La matrice groupale de la subjectivation, les alliances inconscientes
\~\hich\f204 \'bb\loch\f204 , in Richard F., Waimrib S. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 La subjectivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, Dunod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (2007) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Un singulier pluriel. La psychanalyse \'e0\loch\f204 l\hich\f204 \rquote \'e9\loch\f204 preuve du groupe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, Dunod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (2009) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Les alliances inconscientes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, D\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 unod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Lecourt E\~; (1993) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Analyse de groupe et musicoth\'e9\loch\f204 rapie\~; le groupe et le sonore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204
, Paris, ESF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (1994) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 L\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 \hich\f204 exp\'e9\loch\f204 \hich\f204 rience musicale, r\'e9\loch\f204 sonances psychanalytiques}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, L\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 Harmattan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (1995) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822
\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Freud et le sonore, le tic tac du d\'e9\loch\f204 sir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Paris, L\hich\f204 \rquote
\loch\f204 Harmattan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid14436675
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13118294 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Lecourt E. (20\hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 08) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\i\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13118294 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 L\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 \hich\f204 introduction \'e0\loch\f204 l\hich\f204 \rquote \loch\f204 analyse de groupe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\b\lang1033\langfe1036\langnp1033\insrsid15934458\charrsid13118294 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 , Paris Er\'e8\loch\f204 s (this book presents the schools, theories, concepts and authors of groupanalysis
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 Lecourt E. (Ed.) (2007) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 \hich\f204 Modernit\'e9\loch\f204 du groupe dans la clinique psychanalytique, groupe et psychopathologie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid12206822 \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 , Toulouse , ERES \hich\af204\dbch\af188\loch\f204 (Avron, Diez, Julian, Sirota, Soula-Desroche, Vidal)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0
\lang1036\langfe1036\langnp1036\insrsid15934458\charrsid1258950
\par }}