The ultimate fate of the universe is a subject of study in the field of cosmology. Current understanding of matter in the universe suggests that the universe must consist of dark energy and dark matter to explain the current rate of expansion.Mainstream models of the universe currently predict that the universe will go on expanding at an accelerating rate. The shape of the universe can be determined by measuring the average density of matter within it, assuming that all matter is evenly distributed, rather than the distortions caused by 'dense' objects such as galaxies.

Big Bang nucleosynthesis — In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (or primordial nucleosynthesis) refers to the production of nuclei other than H-1.but it is still a mystery and it continues.