SpaceOps (also referred to as the International Committee on Technical Interchange for Space Mission Operations and Ground Data Systems) was formed in 1992 to "promote and maintain an international community of space operations experts".[2][3]

Contents

SpaceOps Organization has held fourteen biennial conferences hosted by various countries around the world.[3] These international fora have discussed operations principles, methods, cross-support [13] and tools, management and technical interchange.

Through its awards program,[17]
the SpaceOps Organization recognizes outstanding achievement by individuals and teams in the space operations field. The “International SpaceOps Exceptional Achievement Medal".[18] award recognizes an individual who has distinguished himself or herself in the field of space operations and support.

1.
Spaceflight
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Spaceflight is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board, examples of human spaceflight include the U. S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth and these operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous. Spaceflight is used in exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites, a spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft—both when unpropelled, some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact. The first theoretical proposal of space using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch. More well-known is Konstantin Tsiolkovskys work, Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами, spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddards publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. His application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets improved efficiency enough for travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space, nonetheless and his attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the first World War was defeated by the November 11,1918 armistice with Germany. Nonetheless, Goddards paper was influential on Hermann Oberth, who in turn influenced Wernher von Braun. Von Braun became the first to produce modern rockets as guided weapons, von Brauns V-2 was the first rocket to reach space, at an altitude of 189 kilometers on a June 1944 test flight. At the end of World War II, von Braun and most of his rocket team surrendered to the United States, over the same period, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the N1 rocket to give them the capability to land one person on the Moon. Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond, other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. Spaceports are situated away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons. ICBMs have various special launching facilities, a launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself, once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit

2.
Close air support
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The requirement for detailed integration because of proximity, fires or movement is the determining factor. CAS may need to be conducted during shaping operations with Special Operations Forces, if the mission requires detailed integration with the fire, the term battlefield air interdiction is not currently used in U. S. joint doctrine. Close air support requires excellent coordination with ground forces, in advanced modern militaries, this coordination is typically handled by specialists such as Joint Fires Observers s, Joint Terminal Attack Controllers s, and Forward Air Controllers s. The use of aircraft in the air support of ground forces dates back to World War I. By that point, the startling and demoralizing effect that attack from the air could have on the troops in the trenches had been made clear, at the Battle of the Somme,18 British armed reconnaissance planes strafed the enemy trenches after conducting surveillance operations. The success of this improvised assault spurred innovation on both sides, in 1917, following the Second Battle of the Aisne the British debuted the first ground-attack aircraft, a modified F. E 2b fighter carrying 20-lb bombs and mounted machine-guns. After exhausting their ammunition the planes returned to base for refuelling and rearming, other modified planes used in this role were the Airco DH.5 and Sopwith Camel—the latter was particularly successful in this role. Aircraft support was first integrated into a plan on a large scale at the 1917 Battle of Cambrai. British doctrine at the time came to two forms of air support, trench strafing, and ground strafing —attacking tactical ground targets away from the land battle. As well as strafing with machine-guns, the planes were modified with bomb racks, the Germans were also quick to adopt this new form of warfare and were able to deploy aircraft in a similar capacity at Cambrai. While the British used single-seater planes, the Germans preferred the use of heavier two-seaters with a machine gunner in the aft cockpit. The Germans adopted the powerful Hannover CL. II and built the first purpose built ground attack aircraft, during the 1918 Spring Offensive the Germans employed 30 squadrons, or Schlasta, of ground attack fighters and were able to achieve some initial tactical success. The British later deployed the Sopwith Salamander as a ground attack aircraft. It was during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1918 that Close Air Support was first proven to be an important factor in ultimate victory, combined with a ground assault led by General Edmund Allenby, three Turkish armies soon collapsed into a full rout. In the words of the squadrons official report, No 1 Squadron made six heavy raids during the day. The panic and slaughter beggared description, the close air support doctrine was further developed in the interwar period. Most theorists advocated the adaptation of fighters or light bombers into the role, during this period, airpower advocates crystallized their views on the role of air-power in warfare. Aviators and ground officers developed largely opposing views on the importance of CAS, the inter-war period saw the use of CAS in a number of conflicts, including the Russo-Polish War, the Spanish Civil War, colonial wars in the Middle East and the Gran Chaco War

3.
Laurence Manning
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Laurence Manning was a Canadian science fiction author. Manning was born in St. John, New Brunswick and attended Kings College in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In the 1920s he moved to the United States, living initially with his uncle, Craven Langstroth Betts. In the USA, he lived in Manhattan before moving to Staten Island in 1928 and he also translated at least one German-language story for Hugo Gernsbacks magazines (this may have been the translation of his popular story The Man Who Awoke, published as Der Jartausendschlafer. However, In the July, August and September,1932 issues of Wonder Stories appeared In the Year 8000, by Otfrid von Hanstein, translated by Manning, teamed with Konrad Schmidt. Manning gave up his writing career at the end of 1935. Apart from several stories in the 1950s, he never wrote any more science fiction. However, he was the author of a book on gardening, The How and Why of Better Gardening, Van Nostrand & Co. He was a member of the American Rocket Society, serving as both president and editor of the Societys publication, Astronautics. For his involvement in the Society, Manning is recognized by the Smithsonians National Air, Manning retired from the American Rocket Society in the mid-1940s, stating that rocketry had grown up, and was no longer a place for amateurs. It was during his tenure as president of the society that the name was changed from the American Interplanetary Society. In 1961, Manning was awarded a membership in the Society. Manning married Edith Mary Finette Burrows in 1928 and had three children, Helen Louise, Dorothy, and James Edward and his daughter Dorothy has mentioned that Lawrence was not only a skilled writer, but a pianist as well. He composed his own pieces, primarily as Music Director of his church and he lived in Highlands, New Jersey from 1951 until his death in 1972. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 251, Canadian Fantasy and Science-Fiction Writers, edited by Douglas Ivison, University of Western Ontario. Oral history passed down by Helen Louise Manning Tomlinson and Dorothy C, works related to Laurence Manning at Wikisource Laurence Manning at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database

4.
Space exploration
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Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology. While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of exploration was driven by a Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States. With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, constellation, a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009. In the 2000s, the Peoples Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program, while the European Union, Japan, from the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism and then public space exploration of the Moon. After the war, the U. S. used German scientists, the first scientific exploration from space was the cosmic radiation experiment launched by the U. S. on a V-2 rocket on 10 May 1946. The first images of Earth taken from space followed the year while the first animal experiment saw fruit flies lifted into space in 1947. Starting in 1947, the Soviets, also with the help of German teams, launched sub-orbital V-2 rockets and their own variant and these suborbital experiments only allowed a very short time in space which limited their usefulness. The first successful launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik 1 mission on 4 October 1957. The satellite weighed about 83 kg, and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km and it had two radio transmitters, which emitted beeps that could be heard by radios around the globe. Analysis of the signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid, Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It burned up upon re-entry on 3 January 1958, the second one was Sputnik 2. Launched by the USSR on November 3,1957, it carried the dog Laika and this success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch a Vanguard satellite into orbit two months later. On 31 January 1958, the U. S. successfully orbited Explorer 1 on a Juno rocket, the first successful human spaceflight was Vostok 1, carrying 27-year-old Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes, gagarins flight resonated around the world, it was a demonstration of the advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration, human spaceflight. The U. S. first launched a person into space within a month of Vostok 1 with Alan Shepards suborbital flight in Mercury-Redstone 3, orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenns Mercury-Atlas 6 orbited Earth on 20 February 1962. Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, orbited Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on 16 June 1963

5.
George Edward Pendray
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George Edward Pendray was an American public relations counselor, author, foundation executive, and an early advocate of rockets and spaceflight. Pendray was born in Omaha, Nebraska, to John Hall Pendray and his wife and he grew up in Niobrara County, Wyoming. And attended the University of Wyoming, graduating in 1924 and he then went to Columbia University, where he received his Master of Arts degree in 1925. Two years later, he married Leatrice M. Gregory and they had three daughters, Guenever, Elaine, and Lynette. Pendray became an editor at the New York Herald-Tribune after completing his work at Columbia University. He remained at the Tribune for seven years, a science fiction enthusiast, he applied that interest as a science editor for Literary Digest from 1932 to 1936. He was next hired at Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company as assistant to the president, one of his responsibilities was public relations in advance of the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. He created what he called a capsule, to preserve everyday items in a sealed container for future historians. Pendray also created the word laundromat for Westinghouse, pendrays primary employment was in public relations, however, he always was interested in rocketry. He was an early experimenter with liquid propulsion rockets, Pendray was a contemporary of Robert H. Goddard, whose papers he later edited with Goddards widow. Pendray and his associates worked on the beginnings of development and technology. This organization is now the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Pendray helped develop the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center at the California Institute of Technology and the Guggenheim Laboratories at Princeton University. He also assisted in developing the Guggenheim Institute of Flight Structures at Columbia University, in 1958 he was a consultant to the Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration of the United States House of Representatives. Pendray helped in the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and his first wife died of cancer 1971. He married Annice D. Crema the following year, a resident of Jamesburg, New Jersey, Pendray died in Cranbury, New Jersey in 1987 at the age of 86. University of Wyoming, graduated in 1924, doctor of Laws, University of Wyoming,1943. Pendray sometimes used the pen name Gawain Edwards, however, he wrote under his own name. He wrote articles and fiction for many magazines, amazing Stories praised Edwards The Earth Tube as vividly and plausibly written, recommending it to all lovers of scientific fiction

6.
Academy
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Academy is a type of secondary or tertiary education institutions. The word comes from the Academy in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, in these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, by extension academia has come to mean the cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations and its practitioners and transmitters. In the 17th century, British, Italian and French scholars used the term to describe types of institutions of higher learning, in ancient Greece, after the establishment of the original Academy, Platos colleagues and pupils developed spin-offs of his method. Arcesilaus, a Greek student of Plato established the Middle Academy, carneades, another student, established the New Academy. In 335 BC, Aristotle refined the method with his own theories, the library of Alexandria in Egypt was frequented by intellectuals from Africa, Europe and Asia studying various aspects of philosophy, language and mathematics. The University of Timbuktu was a university in Timbuktu, present-day Mali. During its zenith, the university had an attendance of around 25,000 students within a city of around 100,000 people. In China a higher education institution Shang Xiang was founded by Shun in the Youyu era before the 21st century BC, in the 8th century another kind of institution of learning emerged, named Shuyuan, which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times, the degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such as Bailudong Shuyuan and Yuelu Shuyuan can be classified as higher institutions of learning. Taxila or Takshashila, in ancient India, modern-day Pakistan, was an early Buddhist centre of learning and it is considered as one of the ancient universities of the world. According to scattered references which were only fixed a millennium later it may have dated back to at least the 5th century BC, some scholars date Takshashilas existence back to the 6th century BC. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis. Takshashila is described in detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century AD. It became a centre of learning at least several centuries BC. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya, the famous treatise Arthashastra by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya, the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta and the Ayurvedic healer Charaka studied at Taxila, generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen

7.
David Lasser
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David Lasser was one of the most influential figures of early science fiction writing, working closely with Hugo Gernsback. He was also involved in the workers’ rights struggles of the Great Depression. Lasser was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Jewish immigrant parents from Russia and his family moved to Newark, New Jersey, where he grew up. He left high school at 16 to enlist in the Army in World War I, after being gassed on the front lines in France, he was honorably discharged as a Sergeant in 1919. Despite never graduating from school, he was admitted to M. I. T. Graduating with a B. S. in Engineering Administration, in the late 1920s Lasser moved to New York City, where he his engineering background helped him land a job as managing editor of Hugo Gernsbacks new science fiction magazine, Science Wonder Stories. Lasser and his writers, who included G. Edward Pendray and they renamed it the American Rocket Society in 1934, and under the later leadership of Pendray it became the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Lasser used his expertise in science, engineering, and rocketry to write The Conquest of Space and it was the first non-fiction English-language book to deal with spaceflight and detailed how man could one day travel into outer space. The book was an inspiration to a generation of science-fiction writers, from 1929 to 1933, Lasser worked as the Managing Editor of Hugo Gernsback’s Stellar Publishing Corporation. He was responsible for editing all the issues of Science Wonder Stories and Wonder Stories Quarterly, Lasser also edited Gernsback’s Wonder Stories from June 1930 to October 1933. Lasser was at this time a member of the Socialist Party. In 1933, the Socialist Party made Lasser national head of its Unemployed Leagues, the Party had founded these to organize the unemployed to demand more relief and to represent workers employed by the Works Progress Administration. One day, after returning from a rally at city hall, Lassers boss, Hugo Gernsback, told him, You love the unemployed so much. He fired Lasser, after which Lasser threw himself even more into the unemployed movement, simultaneously, and in opposition to the Socialist Party, the Communist Party was organizing the unemployed through its Unemployed Councils. In 1935 the Communists internationally were ordered to form coalitions with similar organizations, under the new no enemies to the left policy, the Communists stopped attacking the Socialist Party and suggested that they merge their unemployed efforts. The result of the merger of the Socialist Unemployed Leagues and the Communist Unemployed Councils was the Workers Alliance of America, in a spirit of unity, the Communists deferred to the Socialists and Lasser was elected president of the Workers Alliance. Herbert Benjamin, head of the Communist Unemployed Councils, became Vice President of the Alliance, in 1939 Lasser resigned from the Workers Alliance, claiming that it was Communist dominated. Even so, the U. S. Congress passed legislation specifically banning Lasser by name from employment by the federal government and he then served as economics and research director of the International Union of Electrical Radio and Machine Workers until his retirement in 1969

8.
Academic journal
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An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny and they are usually peer-reviewed or refereed. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, the term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields, this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Upon receipt of an article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by scholars of the editors choosing who typically remain anonymous. Though these reports are confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, even accepted articles are often subjected to further editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called reviews of progress, are checks on the published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms, some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a subject, others are selective. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field, some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions and they are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the books published by scholars, unlike articles. Journals typically have a book review editor determining which new books to review. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editors request for a book review, publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook, an academic journals prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality

9.
AIAA Journal
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The AIAA Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. It covers all areas of aeronautics and astronautics, particularly with respect to new theoretical and experimental developments, the current editor-in-chief is Alexander J. Smits from Princeton University. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2014 impact factor is 1.207, ranking it 4th out of 30 journals in the category Engineering, the history of the AIAA Journal is linked with the development of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In 1933, an organization called the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences first published the Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences. This journal was published on a monthly beginning in 1935. The American Rocket Society was founded and began to publish in roughly the time frame. By the late 1950s, both shared similar topics. The AIAA and ARS officially merged in 1963, which led to the consolidation of their flagship journals into the AIAA Journal in 1963

10.
International Astronautical Federation
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It has over 300 members from 66 countries across the world. They are drawn from space agencies, companies, universities, professional associations, government organizations and it is linked with the International Academy of Astronautics and the International Institute of Space Law with whom the IAF organises the annual International Astronautical Congress. The largest and most well-known IAF event is the annual International Astronautical Congress, there are a variety of side events including the annual UN/IAF Workshop, which takes place during the 2 days preceding the IAC. Working in close cooperation with the United Nations, the IAF also organises the Space Workshop for Developing Nations, with the Committee on Space Research and the International Institute of Space Law, the IAF also conducts an annual survey of Highlights in Space for the United Nations. The IAF runs 2 large-scale awards schemes for young professionals and students - The Emerging Space Leaders Grants, and this allows young people to attend the IAC free of charge, and have their travel, accommodation and costs paid whilst there. The IAF publishes proceedings from its meeting electronically, along with studies undertaken by IAF committees, manfred Lachs Official website International Astronautical Congress 2013

11.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics is a professional society for the field of aerospace engineering. AIAA is the U. S. representative on the International Astronautical Federation, as of 2015, AIAA has more than 30,000 members among aerospace professionals worldwide, although the majority are American and/or live in the United States. As a major activity AIAA currently publishes several technical journals, the AIAA Journal is published on a monthly basis and serves as the flagship journal of the society. In January 2015 the Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics became the second AIAA journal published on a monthly basis, AIAA also produces several series of technical books ranging from education to progress in advanced research topics. AIAA formed the AIAA Foundation to devote more attention and more resources to the education of both practicing and future aerospace professionals, the AIAA Foundation funds numerous scholarships for both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergraduate scholarships range from $2,000 to $2,500, graduate scholarships are $5,000 or $10,000. AIAA currently has over 6,500 student members in 160 active student branches, the student branches host annual conferences AIAAs highest award for astronautics. It was endowed by Mrs. Robert Goddard in commemoration of her husbands pioneering efforts led to the development of the fields of astronautics. AIAAs highest award for science and engineering. It is named for Dr. Sylvanus A. Reed pioneer of the use of metal in propellor blades, initiated by the founder of Zonatech and given every four years for those who have contributed significantly to the area of aeroelasticity. It is named after famous aeroelastician Prof. Holt Ashley who served as a faculty member at MIT, selection is monitored/coordinated by the awards sub-committee of AIAA Structural Dynamics technical group. Dryden Lectureship in Research, named for Dr. Hugh L. Dryden Durand Lectureship, the Technical Award is presented for a significant accomplishment in developing or using technology that is required for missile systems. The Technical and Management award are presently alternatively at the biannual Missile Sciences Conference, thus, the awards are presented once every four years. The 2008 Technical Award winner was Ernest Ohlmeyer, the award is administered by the AIAA Missile Systems Technical Committee. This award is presented annually to outstanding achievement in the development or application of rocket propulsion systems. The award honors James Hart Wyld, AIAA hosts many conferences and smaller events throughout the year. The largest of those is the AIAA Science and Technology Forum, others include AIAA Aviation and Aeronautics Forum and Exposition, AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition, and AIAA Space and Astronautics Forum and Exposition. National Association of Rocketry Tripoli Rocketry Association International Astronautical Federation SpaceOps Official website