When genetically modified (GM) crops were introduced in India in the 1990s, they caused much excitement. Initially, the crops yielded bumper harvests, seemingly confirming the assertions of their advocates that an agricultural revolution was nigh.

Two decades on, GM crops are causing huge losses to farmers, not least because their USP has turned out faulty - they aren't immune to weather changes or pests as they were touted to be. The harm has been especially severe to the Indian farmers growing cotton, over 90% of which is now genetically modified.

Seeding a disaster?

India showed interest in GM crops as early as the 1980s. But the first offer for commercialisation was accepted in 1996 when Monsanto introduced its technology through a joint venture with the Indian firm Mahyco. In 1997-98, Monsanto started field trials of Bt cotton, although illegally. Six years later, Bt cotton was commercially grown.

By 2005, nearly 1.3 million hectares of farmland were under the cultivation of GM crops. At least 12 multinational and a few domestic corporations are invested in the business of GM crops and associated technology.

GM crops have divided opinion in India since before their introduction. Those in favour of the crops argue they help reduce the use of pesticides, increase production and, thereby, exports. That's, such crops are not only ecology-friendly, they are economically advantageous as well.

The critics argue that GM crops threaten India's ecology and biodiversity, make pests more resistant, and are too expensive for farmers. As for their supposed economic benefit, they argue that "corporatisation of agriculture" under the terms of international trade "will never be favourable to Indian farmers".

Recent studies seem to support the critics. According to media reports, this year alone, Bt cotton cultivated on 56,000 hectares across seven districts of Karnataka has failed. This loss has again shown that GM crops aren't really immune to weather changes as they are peddled to be. Indeed, not only in India, weather changes have led to failure of Bt cotton in China as well. In the United States, GM soyabean crop has suffered damage due to unusually hot weather.

It's well documented that since the advent of Bt cotton, farmer suicides in the cotton-producing belt of Vidarbha have increased significantly.

Still, the Modi regime has dismissed concerns about the potential dangers of GM crops declaring there is no scientific evidence that they would harm soil, human health or the environment.