Philosophical, Anthropological & Film Studies Researchhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/8612019-05-25T16:00:23Z2019-05-25T16:00:23ZSosa on epistemic value : a Kantian obstacleMcGrath, Matthewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/170822019-04-01T09:22:56Z2018-02-17T00:00:00ZIn recent work, Sosa proposes a comprehensive account of epistemic value based on an axiology for attempts. According to this axiology, an attempt is better if it succeeds, better still if it is apt (i.e., succeeds through competence), and best if it is fully apt, (i.e., guided to aptness by apt beliefs that it would be apt). Beliefs are understood as attempts aiming at the truth. Thus, a belief is better if true, better still if apt, and best if fully apt. I raise a Kantian obstacle for Sosa's account, arguing that the quality or worth of an attempt is independent of whether it succeeds. In particular, an attempt can be fully worthy despite being a failure. I then consider whether Sosa's competence-theoretic framework provides the resources for an axiology of attempts that does not place so much weight on success. I discuss the most promising candidate, an axiology grounded in the competence of attempts, or what Sosa calls adroitness. An adroit attempt may fail. I raise doubts about whether an adroitness-based axiology can provide a plausible explanation of the worthiness of subjects' beliefs in epistemically unfortunate situations, such as the beliefs of the brain in a vat. I conclude by speculating that the notion of a belief's fit with what the subject has to go on, a notion missing from Sosa's competence-theoretic framework, is crucial to explaining epistemic worth.
2018-02-17T00:00:00ZMcGrath, MatthewIn recent work, Sosa proposes a comprehensive account of epistemic value based on an axiology for attempts. According to this axiology, an attempt is better if it succeeds, better still if it is apt (i.e., succeeds through competence), and best if it is fully apt, (i.e., guided to aptness by apt beliefs that it would be apt). Beliefs are understood as attempts aiming at the truth. Thus, a belief is better if true, better still if apt, and best if fully apt. I raise a Kantian obstacle for Sosa's account, arguing that the quality or worth of an attempt is independent of whether it succeeds. In particular, an attempt can be fully worthy despite being a failure. I then consider whether Sosa's competence-theoretic framework provides the resources for an axiology of attempts that does not place so much weight on success. I discuss the most promising candidate, an axiology grounded in the competence of attempts, or what Sosa calls adroitness. An adroit attempt may fail. I raise doubts about whether an adroitness-based axiology can provide a plausible explanation of the worthiness of subjects' beliefs in epistemically unfortunate situations, such as the beliefs of the brain in a vat. I conclude by speculating that the notion of a belief's fit with what the subject has to go on, a notion missing from Sosa's competence-theoretic framework, is crucial to explaining epistemic worth.Some results on the limits of thoughtBacon, AndrewUzquiano, Gabrielhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/169672019-04-01T09:22:44Z2018-01-31T00:00:00ZGeneralizing on some arguments due to Arthur Prior and Dmitry Mirimanoff, we provide some further limitative results on what can be thought.
2018-01-31T00:00:00ZBacon, AndrewUzquiano, GabrielGeneralizing on some arguments due to Arthur Prior and Dmitry Mirimanoff, we provide some further limitative results on what can be thought.Scaling a riverHarris, Markhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/168962019-05-24T14:57:44Z2018-01-01T00:00:00ZHow can we know a watery space? This contribution to the ‘hydrosocial Anthropocene’ focuses on techniques and methodologies for the ethnographic and historical investigation of riverine societies. Here I examine three ‘moments’ to explore how we can open a river to ethnographic and historical investigation. The first is swimming, and how this practical activity provides an insight into the character of the space and body of the river, its flows and currents. The second is encounter: the river as a meeting point for human community and its nurturing. The final moment is river as a ‘being’; here questions of a river’s legal rights and ownership come to the forefront. This trinity of approaches helps to shift our terracentric notions towards a more liquid appreciation of human life. Underlying this shift is the work of scaling. The activities on and around rivers and seas produce different levels and depths of engagements: some intense and close up, others making use of its immeasurable surfaces for long-distance movement. Scaling then is a composite technique for knowing about human life and its embeddedness in the liquid environment.
2018-01-01T00:00:00ZHarris, MarkHow can we know a watery space? This contribution to the ‘hydrosocial Anthropocene’ focuses on techniques and methodologies for the ethnographic and historical investigation of riverine societies. Here I examine three ‘moments’ to explore how we can open a river to ethnographic and historical investigation. The first is swimming, and how this practical activity provides an insight into the character of the space and body of the river, its flows and currents. The second is encounter: the river as a meeting point for human community and its nurturing. The final moment is river as a ‘being’; here questions of a river’s legal rights and ownership come to the forefront. This trinity of approaches helps to shift our terracentric notions towards a more liquid appreciation of human life. Underlying this shift is the work of scaling. The activities on and around rivers and seas produce different levels and depths of engagements: some intense and close up, others making use of its immeasurable surfaces for long-distance movement. Scaling then is a composite technique for knowing about human life and its embeddedness in the liquid environment."You have to feel a sound for it to be effective" : sonic surfaces in film and televisionDonaldson, Lucy Fifehttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/165432019-05-24T14:56:57Z2017-05-25T00:00:00ZA significant concern in discussions of sound and music in film and television is the relationship between sound and image. The topic can range from the synchronisation of sound effect and action as achieved through foley work to the affective contribution of non-diegetic music, both of which contribute to the density of the fictional world we experience and respond to. Yet, unlike the image, sound is not a tangible phenomena, so what are we responding to and what do we feel? In order to address such questions about the material impact of sound to experiences of film and television, this essay will explore the affective materiality of sound through discussion of surface. If hearing itself is a tactile process, a result of interaction with surfaces (reflection and reverberation) (Altman, 1992: 21– 23), the correspondence between sound and image involves a number of relationships between surfaces. This might be most evident in sound design: the ensuring of surface heard matches surface seen (for example, a clipped hard thwack if someone in leather shoes crosses a polished wooden floor); a lack of reverberation accompanying sounds made in a cluttered room with soft furnishings. Moreover, sound design is a textured process creating a layered sound mix from multiple surfaces, the qualities of which contribute to the overall nature of their interrelationship. Although music is neither tangible, nor strictly representational, we can still discuss its surface, through the ways quality of sound is modified is through rhythm, harmony and pitch, and in reference to the surface qualities of instruments.
2017-05-25T00:00:00ZDonaldson, Lucy FifeA significant concern in discussions of sound and music in film and television is the relationship between sound and image. The topic can range from the synchronisation of sound effect and action as achieved through foley work to the affective contribution of non-diegetic music, both of which contribute to the density of the fictional world we experience and respond to. Yet, unlike the image, sound is not a tangible phenomena, so what are we responding to and what do we feel? In order to address such questions about the material impact of sound to experiences of film and television, this essay will explore the affective materiality of sound through discussion of surface. If hearing itself is a tactile process, a result of interaction with surfaces (reflection and reverberation) (Altman, 1992: 21– 23), the correspondence between sound and image involves a number of relationships between surfaces. This might be most evident in sound design: the ensuring of surface heard matches surface seen (for example, a clipped hard thwack if someone in leather shoes crosses a polished wooden floor); a lack of reverberation accompanying sounds made in a cluttered room with soft furnishings. Moreover, sound design is a textured process creating a layered sound mix from multiple surfaces, the qualities of which contribute to the overall nature of their interrelationship. Although music is neither tangible, nor strictly representational, we can still discuss its surface, through the ways quality of sound is modified is through rhythm, harmony and pitch, and in reference to the surface qualities of instruments.The making of regional systems : the Tapajós/Madeira and Trombetas/Nhamundá regions in the lower Brazilian Amazon, seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesHarris, Markhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/164092019-04-01T09:28:07Z2018-10-01T00:00:00ZBuilding on Neil Whitehead’s work in northern South America, this article considers the formations of two different deep-forest regional networks. Though these Amerindian spaces have origins in the precolonial past, this article analyses their shaping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a period when they were invaded by colonial agents. There were other regional systems along the course of the Amazon and its many tributaries that were a part of a similar historical process of refounding identities and claims on land and people involving challenges to leadership and political organization. Following Hal Langfur, we can term this general making of spaces a re-territorialization. Critical social relations include those between Amerindian ethnic entities and their leaders, soldiers, and missionaries. This article focuses on a key spatial relation between Amerindian settlements and the mission, or partially colonized village, which had an indirect or direct contact with each other.
The author is grateful to the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust for their financial support.
2018-10-01T00:00:00ZHarris, MarkBuilding on Neil Whitehead’s work in northern South America, this article considers the formations of two different deep-forest regional networks. Though these Amerindian spaces have origins in the precolonial past, this article analyses their shaping in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a period when they were invaded by colonial agents. There were other regional systems along the course of the Amazon and its many tributaries that were a part of a similar historical process of refounding identities and claims on land and people involving challenges to leadership and political organization. Following Hal Langfur, we can term this general making of spaces a re-territorialization. Critical social relations include those between Amerindian ethnic entities and their leaders, soldiers, and missionaries. This article focuses on a key spatial relation between Amerindian settlements and the mission, or partially colonized village, which had an indirect or direct contact with each other.Rethinking Amerindian spaces in Brazilian historyHarris, MarkEspelt-Bombin, Silviahttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/164082019-04-01T09:27:54Z2018-10-01T00:00:00ZThis special issue on Amerindian spaces is the result of a workshop held at the University of St. Andrews, UK, in June 2015. We asked participants to examine key concepts related to spatial history, such as borderlands, frontiers, and territories, by looking at them through alliances and rebellions involving Amerindians and the colonial and independent states in Latin America.1 Our aim was to gain a continental understanding of Indian political geography that went beyond European territorial divisions. This purpose continues into the present issue with its focus on the internal and international frontiers of Brazil and how they relate to spaces of indigenous collective action. The articles here reexamine areas that have been considered peripheral in Brazilian historiography, placing the emphasis on indigenous history and society. These spaces proved surprisingly impervious to the imposition of external authority, but each space has its own history that cannot be solely defined by the internal and external frontiers of Brazilian colonial and national expansion. Equally, these indigenous spaces influenced policy and practice, as governments sought to exert control over native labor and advance land settlement for colonists. Our choice for a spatial perspective forces an examination of a regionally connected system of social groups and the environments in which people lived, and which they sought to protect and defend. As a result, we go beyond place, territory, and frontier as concepts and use the term space to invoke a direct and holistic relationship with the larger spheres in which people move and act.
We are grateful to the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2012-699 and SG132847 2014-2015) for funding.
2018-10-01T00:00:00ZHarris, MarkEspelt-Bombin, SilviaThis special issue on Amerindian spaces is the result of a workshop held at the University of St. Andrews, UK, in June 2015. We asked participants to examine key concepts related to spatial history, such as borderlands, frontiers, and territories, by looking at them through alliances and rebellions involving Amerindians and the colonial and independent states in Latin America.1 Our aim was to gain a continental understanding of Indian political geography that went beyond European territorial divisions. This purpose continues into the present issue with its focus on the internal and international frontiers of Brazil and how they relate to spaces of indigenous collective action. The articles here reexamine areas that have been considered peripheral in Brazilian historiography, placing the emphasis on indigenous history and society. These spaces proved surprisingly impervious to the imposition of external authority, but each space has its own history that cannot be solely defined by the internal and external frontiers of Brazilian colonial and national expansion. Equally, these indigenous spaces influenced policy and practice, as governments sought to exert control over native labor and advance land settlement for colonists. Our choice for a spatial perspective forces an examination of a regionally connected system of social groups and the environments in which people lived, and which they sought to protect and defend. As a result, we go beyond place, territory, and frontier as concepts and use the term space to invoke a direct and holistic relationship with the larger spheres in which people move and act.Discomfiture in time; and the future as birthrightRapport, Nigel Julianhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/128412019-04-01T09:27:52Z2017-01-01T00:00:00Z2017-01-01T00:00:00ZRapport, Nigel JulianWriting with twisted cords : the inscriptive capacity of Andean khipu textsHyland, Sabine Patriciahttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/123262019-04-01T09:28:16Z2017-01-01T00:00:00ZTwo newly discovered khipu (Andean twisted cord) epistles are presented as evidence that khipus could constitute an intelligible writing system, accessible to decipherment. Recent scholars have asserted that khipus were merely memory aides recording only numbers, despite Spanish witnesses who claimed that Inka era (1400 - 1532 CE) khipus encoded narratives and were sent as letters. In 2015, the author examined two khipus preserved by village authorities in Peru. Villagers state that these sacred khipus are narrative epistles about warfare. Analysis reveals that the khipus contain 95 different symbols, a quantity within the range of logosyllabic writing, and notably more symbols than in regional accounting khipus. A shared, mutually comprehensive communication system of such complexity presupposes a writing system, possibly logosyllabic. At the end of each khipu epistle, cord sequences of distinct colours, animal fibres and ply direction appear to represent lineage ("ayllu") names.
2017-01-01T00:00:00ZHyland, Sabine PatriciaTwo newly discovered khipu (Andean twisted cord) epistles are presented as evidence that khipus could constitute an intelligible writing system, accessible to decipherment. Recent scholars have asserted that khipus were merely memory aides recording only numbers, despite Spanish witnesses who claimed that Inka era (1400 - 1532 CE) khipus encoded narratives and were sent as letters. In 2015, the author examined two khipus preserved by village authorities in Peru. Villagers state that these sacred khipus are narrative epistles about warfare. Analysis reveals that the khipus contain 95 different symbols, a quantity within the range of logosyllabic writing, and notably more symbols than in regional accounting khipus. A shared, mutually comprehensive communication system of such complexity presupposes a writing system, possibly logosyllabic. At the end of each khipu epistle, cord sequences of distinct colours, animal fibres and ply direction appear to represent lineage ("ayllu") names.Revisiting first contacts on the Amazon 1500-1562Harris, Markhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/121582019-04-01T09:27:54Z2017-12-01T00:00:00ZThis article revisits four well-known accounts of the first European encounters with Amerindians in the Amazon. The sporadic character of these encounters make the impact on Amerindian societies irregular and uneven. My analysis is directed to the present condition as encountered, especially the variety of contacts. This approach obliges the text be treated as a whole, rather than being read selectively. Maintaining the integrity of the text allows us to see the different kinds of relations in their contexts. My intention is to use these reports to search for the bridges across cultural separations. Each drew the other towards them, in their own ways. These steps opened the way for the “refounding” of indigenous riverine societies in the seventeenth century.
2017-12-01T00:00:00ZHarris, MarkThis article revisits four well-known accounts of the first European encounters with Amerindians in the Amazon. The sporadic character of these encounters make the impact on Amerindian societies irregular and uneven. My analysis is directed to the present condition as encountered, especially the variety of contacts. This approach obliges the text be treated as a whole, rather than being read selectively. Maintaining the integrity of the text allows us to see the different kinds of relations in their contexts. My intention is to use these reports to search for the bridges across cultural separations. Each drew the other towards them, in their own ways. These steps opened the way for the “refounding” of indigenous riverine societies in the seventeenth century.Pressure fields in the vicinity of brass musical instrument bells measured using a two dimensional grid array and comparison with multimodal modelsKemp, Jonathan AndrewLopez-Carromero, AmayaCampbell, Murrayhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/121282019-05-24T14:52:43Z2017-01-01T00:00:00ZBrass musical instruments act as a source of spherical waves for low frequencies while at higher frequencies the directivity produces a diffracting beam. The directivity and radius of the wavefronts (and therefore the source position) may be expected to depend on the frequency in addition to the geometry of the bell. In this work, experimental determination of the wavefronts propagating from the bell section of brass instruments was performed using a moveable line array of microphones. Exponential sine sweep measurements were performed for each microphone position, effectively giving synchronised impulse responses at every microphone position in a two-dimensional grid starting directly in front of the bell. Calculations were then carried out to check to what extent the observed field was consistent with the predictions from multimodal theory. The multimodal radiation impedance was only known previously for specific geometries such as the infinite baffle, but here an extension of the theory is set out in order to simulate a trombone radiating within a large radius, infinite length cylindrical pipe.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Unions Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement No. 605867 supporting the BATWOMAN ITN Project.
2017-01-01T00:00:00ZKemp, Jonathan AndrewLopez-Carromero, AmayaCampbell, MurrayBrass musical instruments act as a source of spherical waves for low frequencies while at higher frequencies the directivity produces a diffracting beam. The directivity and radius of the wavefronts (and therefore the source position) may be expected to depend on the frequency in addition to the geometry of the bell. In this work, experimental determination of the wavefronts propagating from the bell section of brass instruments was performed using a moveable line array of microphones. Exponential sine sweep measurements were performed for each microphone position, effectively giving synchronised impulse responses at every microphone position in a two-dimensional grid starting directly in front of the bell. Calculations were then carried out to check to what extent the observed field was consistent with the predictions from multimodal theory. The multimodal radiation impedance was only known previously for specific geometries such as the infinite baffle, but here an extension of the theory is set out in order to simulate a trombone radiating within a large radius, infinite length cylindrical pipe.Transformative treatmentsPaul, L. A.Healy, Kieranhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/120302019-04-01T09:22:32Z2018-06-01T00:00:00ZContemporary social-scientific research seeks to identify specific causal mechanisms for outcomes of theoretical interest. Experiments that randomize populations to treatment and control conditions are the “gold standard” for causal inference. We identify, describe, and analyze the problem posed by transformative treatments. Such treatments radically change treated individuals in a way that creates a mismatch in populations, but this mismatch is not empirically detectable at the level of counterfactual dependence. In such cases, the identification of causal pathways is underdetermined in a previously unrecognized way. Moreover, if the treatment is indeed transformative it breaks the inferential structure of the experimental design. Transformative treatments are not curiosities or “corner cases,” but are plausible mechanisms in a large class of events of theoretical interest, particularly ones where deliberate randomization is impractical and quasi-experimental designs are sought instead. They cast long-running debates about treatment and selection effects in a new light, and raise new methodological challenges.
2018-06-01T00:00:00ZPaul, L. A.Healy, KieranContemporary social-scientific research seeks to identify specific causal mechanisms for outcomes of theoretical interest. Experiments that randomize populations to treatment and control conditions are the “gold standard” for causal inference. We identify, describe, and analyze the problem posed by transformative treatments. Such treatments radically change treated individuals in a way that creates a mismatch in populations, but this mismatch is not empirically detectable at the level of counterfactual dependence. In such cases, the identification of causal pathways is underdetermined in a previously unrecognized way. Moreover, if the treatment is indeed transformative it breaks the inferential structure of the experimental design. Transformative treatments are not curiosities or “corner cases,” but are plausible mechanisms in a large class of events of theoretical interest, particularly ones where deliberate randomization is impractical and quasi-experimental designs are sought instead. They cast long-running debates about treatment and selection effects in a new light, and raise new methodological challenges.The physics of unwound and wound strings on the electric guitar applied to the pitch intervals produced by tremolo/vibrato arm systemsKemp, Jonathan Andrewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/117162019-04-01T09:32:29Z2017-09-21T00:00:00ZThe physics of wound and unwound strings on the electric guitar are presented here, and the pitch intervals produced by the movements of a Fender Stratocaster tremolo unit are explained. Predicted changes in pitch sensitivity of different strings are given, and experimentally verified, for changes in saddle height, the distance of string free to move behind the nut and ratio of diameters/masses of the core and windings of wound strings. Also, it is shown that changes to the gauge of strings (assuming the string tension is sufficient for linear behaviour and in absence of changes to other construction details) don’t alter the pitch intervals produced by a given angle of tremolo arm use assuming the instrument is set up with the same sounding pitches and starting bridge angle. It is demonstrated that it not possible to equalise the relative sensitivity of unwound steel stings on a Fender Stratocaster type tremolo unit through string construction techniques. The ratio of core to winding mass in the string, on the other hand, was found to be a very powerful design parameter for choosing the sensitivity of the string to tremolo arm use and standard pitch bends. For instance, the pitch intervals produced by operation of tremolo arm for wound strings may be made to approximately match that for one of the unwound strings if they share very similar core gauges (assuming the winding masses are chosen to give approximately the same tension at their sounding pitches). Such a design, only available currently by custom order, also delivers the optimum equalisation in sensitivity of strings for standard string bends (due to these also being produced by altering the length of the string to generate changes in tension and therefore pitch).
2017-09-21T00:00:00ZKemp, Jonathan AndrewThe physics of wound and unwound strings on the electric guitar are presented here, and the pitch intervals produced by the movements of a Fender Stratocaster tremolo unit are explained. Predicted changes in pitch sensitivity of different strings are given, and experimentally verified, for changes in saddle height, the distance of string free to move behind the nut and ratio of diameters/masses of the core and windings of wound strings. Also, it is shown that changes to the gauge of strings (assuming the string tension is sufficient for linear behaviour and in absence of changes to other construction details) don’t alter the pitch intervals produced by a given angle of tremolo arm use assuming the instrument is set up with the same sounding pitches and starting bridge angle. It is demonstrated that it not possible to equalise the relative sensitivity of unwound steel stings on a Fender Stratocaster type tremolo unit through string construction techniques. The ratio of core to winding mass in the string, on the other hand, was found to be a very powerful design parameter for choosing the sensitivity of the string to tremolo arm use and standard pitch bends. For instance, the pitch intervals produced by operation of tremolo arm for wound strings may be made to approximately match that for one of the unwound strings if they share very similar core gauges (assuming the winding masses are chosen to give approximately the same tension at their sounding pitches). Such a design, only available currently by custom order, also delivers the optimum equalisation in sensitivity of strings for standard string bends (due to these also being produced by altering the length of the string to generate changes in tension and therefore pitch).Memory, belief and timeWeatherson, Brian Jameshttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/111692019-04-01T09:22:35Z2016-01-08T00:00:00ZI argue that what evidence an agent has does not supervene on how she currently is. Agents do not always have to infer what the past was like from how things currently seem; sometimes the facts about the past are retained pieces of evidence that can be the start of reasoning. The main argument is a variant on Frank Arntzenius’s Shangri La example, an example that is often used to motivate the thought that evidence does supervene on current features.
2016-01-08T00:00:00ZWeatherson, Brian JamesI argue that what evidence an agent has does not supervene on how she currently is. Agents do not always have to infer what the past was like from how things currently seem; sometimes the facts about the past are retained pieces of evidence that can be the start of reasoning. The main argument is a variant on Frank Arntzenius’s Shangri La example, an example that is often used to motivate the thought that evidence does supervene on current features.Modality and paradoxUzquiano, Gabrielhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/105932019-04-01T09:22:24Z2015-04-06T00:00:00ZPhilosophers often explain what could be the case in terms of what is, in fact, the case at one possible world or another. They may differ in what they take possible worlds to be or in their gloss of what is for something to be the case at a possible world. Still, they stand united by the threat of paradox. A family of paradoxes akin to the set-theoretic antinomies seem to allow one to derive a contradiction from apparently plausible principles. Some of them concern the interaction between propositions and worlds, and they appear to afford the means to map classes of propositions into propositions—or, likewise, classes of worlds into worlds—in a one-to-one fashion that leads to contradiction. Yet another family of paradoxes threaten the view that whatever could exist does, in fact, exist, which is in line with modal realism, for example. This article aims to survey and identify the source of each family of paradoxes as well as to outline some responses to them.
2015-04-06T00:00:00ZUzquiano, GabrielPhilosophers often explain what could be the case in terms of what is, in fact, the case at one possible world or another. They may differ in what they take possible worlds to be or in their gloss of what is for something to be the case at a possible world. Still, they stand united by the threat of paradox. A family of paradoxes akin to the set-theoretic antinomies seem to allow one to derive a contradiction from apparently plausible principles. Some of them concern the interaction between propositions and worlds, and they appear to afford the means to map classes of propositions into propositions—or, likewise, classes of worlds into worlds—in a one-to-one fashion that leads to contradiction. Yet another family of paradoxes threaten the view that whatever could exist does, in fact, exist, which is in line with modal realism, for example. This article aims to survey and identify the source of each family of paradoxes as well as to outline some responses to them.Reply to Eaton and PickavanceWeatherson, Brian Jameshttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/104562019-04-01T09:23:02Z2016-03-11T00:00:00ZDavid Eaton and Timothy Pickavance argued that interest-relative invariantism has a surprising and interesting consequence. They take this consequence to be so implausible that it refutes interest-relative invariantism. But in fact it is a consequence that any theory of knowledge that has the resources to explain familiar puzzles (such as Gettier cases) must have.
2016-03-11T00:00:00ZWeatherson, Brian JamesDavid Eaton and Timothy Pickavance argued that interest-relative invariantism has a surprising and interesting consequence. They take this consequence to be so implausible that it refutes interest-relative invariantism. But in fact it is a consequence that any theory of knowledge that has the resources to explain familiar puzzles (such as Gettier cases) must have.Being undisciplined : doing justice to the immensity of human experienceRapport, Nigelhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/102992019-04-01T09:27:56Z2017-03-27T00:00:00ZThis monograph has been an appraisal of the anthropology of Britain as a project. In this final piece, the volume is reviewed and an argument is made along Kierkegaardian lines. Human life is an inward, personal adventure, of each in the face of the other: life is individual and possessed of infinite depth. Conducting social-scientific research (whether ‘anthropological’ or ‘sociological’) in a language – verbal, gestural and conventional – with which the researcher is ‘at home’ enables that individual and inward life, and its public and social dimensions, to be apprehended with a subtlety and sophistication far more difficult to acquire in ‘foreign’ settings. Anthropology ‘at home’ is ideally placed to differentiate between the cultural forms of life, the social structures of life, and how these are individually inhabited and personally experienced. To do justice to human life – descriptive, analytic – is to apprehend an immensity – a complexity and contrariety – beyond the delimitings of partial labels and categories, even beyond particular disciplines of study.
2017-03-27T00:00:00ZRapport, NigelThis monograph has been an appraisal of the anthropology of Britain as a project. In this final piece, the volume is reviewed and an argument is made along Kierkegaardian lines. Human life is an inward, personal adventure, of each in the face of the other: life is individual and possessed of infinite depth. Conducting social-scientific research (whether ‘anthropological’ or ‘sociological’) in a language – verbal, gestural and conventional – with which the researcher is ‘at home’ enables that individual and inward life, and its public and social dimensions, to be apprehended with a subtlety and sophistication far more difficult to acquire in ‘foreign’ settings. Anthropology ‘at home’ is ideally placed to differentiate between the cultural forms of life, the social structures of life, and how these are individually inhabited and personally experienced. To do justice to human life – descriptive, analytic – is to apprehend an immensity – a complexity and contrariety – beyond the delimitings of partial labels and categories, even beyond particular disciplines of study.Contextualism about evidential supportBrown, Jessica Annehttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/101042019-04-01T09:22:55Z2016-03-01T00:00:00ZIn this paper, I examine a contextualist thesis that has been little discussed in comparison with contextualism about knowledge, namely contextualism about evidential support. This seems surprising since, prima facie, evidential support statements seem shifty in a way parallel to knowledge ascriptions. I examine but reject the suggestion that contrastivism about evidential support is motivated by arguments analogous to those used to motivate contrastivism about knowledge including sceptical closure arguments, the nature of inquiry, the existence of explicitly contrastive evidential support statements, and the intuitive shiftiness of some binary evidential support statements. I end by discussing the relations between contextualism about evidential support, evidence and knowledge. In particular, I argue that my discussion of contrastivism about evidential support undermines Neta’s contextualist view about evidence, and his broader suggestion that the shiftiness of evidence statements explains the shiftiness of knowledge ascriptions.
2016-03-01T00:00:00ZBrown, Jessica AnneIn this paper, I examine a contextualist thesis that has been little discussed in comparison with contextualism about knowledge, namely contextualism about evidential support. This seems surprising since, prima facie, evidential support statements seem shifty in a way parallel to knowledge ascriptions. I examine but reject the suggestion that contrastivism about evidential support is motivated by arguments analogous to those used to motivate contrastivism about knowledge including sceptical closure arguments, the nature of inquiry, the existence of explicitly contrastive evidential support statements, and the intuitive shiftiness of some binary evidential support statements. I end by discussing the relations between contextualism about evidential support, evidence and knowledge. In particular, I argue that my discussion of contrastivism about evidential support undermines Neta’s contextualist view about evidence, and his broader suggestion that the shiftiness of evidence statements explains the shiftiness of knowledge ascriptions."Are you proud to be British?" Mobile film shows, local voices and the demise of the British Empire in AfricaRice, Tomhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/99272019-04-01T09:21:56Z2016-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Colonial Film Unit (CFU) (1939–1955) produced over 200 films, which were exhibited non-theatrically to African audiences through its fleet of mobile cinema vans. While the CFU closely monitored, and theorised on, its film texts, the particular ways in which these films were exhibited and received was afforded far less attention and remains critically overlooked by scholars. In this article, I examine the development of the mobile film show across a range of colonial territories. The London-based CFU sought to standardise film exhibition across the empire, imagining these film shows as political events, as a means of monitoring, addressing and homogenising disparate groups of colonial subjects. The regulation of film space can be understood within this context as part of the broader effort to regulate colonial space. Integral to this process was the local commentator, an often-overlooked figure within African cinema. The local commentator would organise the film show, provide additional talks, answer questions, counter unrest and recontextualise the films for local audiences, often without any direct European supervision. In examining government reports, personal interviews and, in particular, a series of audience surveys, the article repositions the commentator as a pivotal presence in the latter years of empire; a rising voice within African cultural and political life.
2016-01-01T00:00:00ZRice, TomThe Colonial Film Unit (CFU) (1939–1955) produced over 200 films, which were exhibited non-theatrically to African audiences through its fleet of mobile cinema vans. While the CFU closely monitored, and theorised on, its film texts, the particular ways in which these films were exhibited and received was afforded far less attention and remains critically overlooked by scholars. In this article, I examine the development of the mobile film show across a range of colonial territories. The London-based CFU sought to standardise film exhibition across the empire, imagining these film shows as political events, as a means of monitoring, addressing and homogenising disparate groups of colonial subjects. The regulation of film space can be understood within this context as part of the broader effort to regulate colonial space. Integral to this process was the local commentator, an often-overlooked figure within African cinema. The local commentator would organise the film show, provide additional talks, answer questions, counter unrest and recontextualise the films for local audiences, often without any direct European supervision. In examining government reports, personal interviews and, in particular, a series of audience surveys, the article repositions the commentator as a pivotal presence in the latter years of empire; a rising voice within African cultural and political life.Debating irony and the ironic as a social phenomenon and a human capacityRapport, Nigel JulianStade, Ronaldhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/97472019-04-01T09:28:07Z2014-11-01T00:00:00ZWhat follows is a set of paired articles, followed by a statement by both authors where they debate their distinct positions. Both articles treat irony, but while Rapport looks to it as a possible liberal virtue, a means of dealing with radical difference in a modern democracy, including the illiberal, Stade approaches irony from an ontological position that considers social relationships and cultural contingencies to be but one facet of human existence and irony and alienation to have an existential depth, the study of which can facilitate a rapprochement between sociocultural and philosophical anthropology. The paired articles are pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, perhaps: irony as world-mocking as well as world-tolerant.
2014-11-01T00:00:00ZRapport, Nigel JulianStade, RonaldWhat follows is a set of paired articles, followed by a statement by both authors where they debate their distinct positions. Both articles treat irony, but while Rapport looks to it as a possible liberal virtue, a means of dealing with radical difference in a modern democracy, including the illiberal, Stade approaches irony from an ontological position that considers social relationships and cultural contingencies to be but one facet of human existence and irony and alienation to have an existential depth, the study of which can facilitate a rapprochement between sociocultural and philosophical anthropology. The paired articles are pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, perhaps: irony as world-mocking as well as world-tolerant.Schellenberg on the epistemic force of experienceMcGrath, Matthewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/93892019-04-01T09:22:30Z2016-04-01T00:00:00ZAccording to Schellenberg, our perceptual experiences have the epistemic force they do because they are exercises of certain sorts of capacity, namely capacities to discriminate particulars—objects, property-instances and events—in a sensory mode. She calls her account the ‘‘capacity view.’’ In this paper, I will raise three concerns about Schellenberg’s capacity view. The first is whether we might do better to leave capacities out of our epistemology and take content properties as the fundamental epistemically relevant features of experiences. I argue we would. The second is whether Schellenberg’s appeal to factive and phenomenal evidence accommodates the intuitive verdicts about the bad case that she claims it does. I argue it does not. The third is whether Schellenberg’s account of factive evidence is adequate to capture nuances concerning the justification for singular but non demonstrative perceptual beliefs, such as the belief that’s NN, where NN is a proper name. I argue it is not. If I am right, these points suggest a mental-state-first account of perceptual justification, rather than a capacity-first account, and one which treats the good and bad cases alike in respect of justification and complicates the relation between perceptual content and what one is justified in believing.
2016-04-01T00:00:00ZMcGrath, MatthewAccording to Schellenberg, our perceptual experiences have the epistemic force they do because they are exercises of certain sorts of capacity, namely capacities to discriminate particulars—objects, property-instances and events—in a sensory mode. She calls her account the ‘‘capacity view.’’ In this paper, I will raise three concerns about Schellenberg’s capacity view. The first is whether we might do better to leave capacities out of our epistemology and take content properties as the fundamental epistemically relevant features of experiences. I argue we would. The second is whether Schellenberg’s appeal to factive and phenomenal evidence accommodates the intuitive verdicts about the bad case that she claims it does. I argue it does not. The third is whether Schellenberg’s account of factive evidence is adequate to capture nuances concerning the justification for singular but non demonstrative perceptual beliefs, such as the belief that’s NN, where NN is a proper name. I argue it is not. If I am right, these points suggest a mental-state-first account of perceptual justification, rather than a capacity-first account, and one which treats the good and bad cases alike in respect of justification and complicates the relation between perceptual content and what one is justified in believing.Perceptual reasonsComesana, JuanMcGrath, Matthewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/93652019-04-01T09:22:31Z2016-04-01T00:00:00ZThe two main theories of perceptual reasons in contemporary epistemology can be called Phenomenalism and Factualism. According to Phenomenalism, perceptual reasons are facts about experiences conceived of as phenomenal states, i.e., states individuated by phenomenal character, by what it’s like to be in them. According to Factualism, perceptual reasons are instead facts about the external objects perceived. The main problem with Factualism is that it struggles with bad cases: cases where perceived objects are not what they appear (illusions, broadly speaking) or where there is no perceived object at all (hallucinations). The main problem with Phenomenalism is that it struggles with good cases: cases where everything is perfectly normal and the external object is correctly perceived, so that one’s perceptual beliefs are knowledge. In this paper we show that there is a theory of perceptual reasons that avoids the problems for Factualism and Phenomenalism. We call this view Propositionalism. We use ‘proposition’ broadly to mean the entities that are contents of beliefs and other doxastic attitudes. The key to finding a middle ground between Phenomenalism and Factualism, we claim, is to allow our reasons to be false in bad cases. Despite being false, they are about the external world, not our phenomenal states.
2016-04-01T00:00:00ZComesana, JuanMcGrath, MatthewThe two main theories of perceptual reasons in contemporary epistemology can be called Phenomenalism and Factualism. According to Phenomenalism, perceptual reasons are facts about experiences conceived of as phenomenal states, i.e., states individuated by phenomenal character, by what it’s like to be in them. According to Factualism, perceptual reasons are instead facts about the external objects perceived. The main problem with Factualism is that it struggles with bad cases: cases where perceived objects are not what they appear (illusions, broadly speaking) or where there is no perceived object at all (hallucinations). The main problem with Phenomenalism is that it struggles with good cases: cases where everything is perfectly normal and the external object is correctly perceived, so that one’s perceptual beliefs are knowledge. In this paper we show that there is a theory of perceptual reasons that avoids the problems for Factualism and Phenomenalism. We call this view Propositionalism. We use ‘proposition’ broadly to mean the entities that are contents of beliefs and other doxastic attitudes. The key to finding a middle ground between Phenomenalism and Factualism, we claim, is to allow our reasons to be false in bad cases. Despite being false, they are about the external world, not our phenomenal states.How khipus indicated labour contributions in an Andean village: an explanation of colour banding, seriation and ethnocategoriesHyland, Sabinehttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/92372019-04-01T09:28:30Z2016-12-01T00:00:00ZNew archival and ethnographic evidence reveals that Inka style khipus were used in the Andean community of Santiago de Anchucaya to record contributions to communal labour obligations until the 1940s. Archival testimony from the last khipu specialist in Anchucaya, supplemented by interviews with his grandson, provides the first known expert explanation for how goods, labour obligations, and social groups were indicated on Inka style Andean khipus. This evidence, combined with the analysis of Anchucaya khipus in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología y Historia Peruana, furnishes a local model for the relationship between the two most frequent colour patterns (colour banding and seriation) that occur in khipus. In this model, colour banding is associated with individual data whilst seriation is associated with aggregated data. The archival and ethnographic evidence also explains how labour and goods were categorized in uniquely Andean ways as they were represented on khipus.
This research was supported by a Global Exploration Grant from the National Geographic Society (GEFNE120-14).
2016-12-01T00:00:00ZHyland, SabineNew archival and ethnographic evidence reveals that Inka style khipus were used in the Andean community of Santiago de Anchucaya to record contributions to communal labour obligations until the 1940s. Archival testimony from the last khipu specialist in Anchucaya, supplemented by interviews with his grandson, provides the first known expert explanation for how goods, labour obligations, and social groups were indicated on Inka style Andean khipus. This evidence, combined with the analysis of Anchucaya khipus in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Antropología y Historia Peruana, furnishes a local model for the relationship between the two most frequent colour patterns (colour banding and seriation) that occur in khipus. In this model, colour banding is associated with individual data whilst seriation is associated with aggregated data. The archival and ethnographic evidence also explains how labour and goods were categorized in uniquely Andean ways as they were represented on khipus.Reply to BlacksonWeatherson, Brian Jameshttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/91202019-04-01T09:22:20Z2016-01-01T00:00:00ZThomas Blackson argues that interest-relative epistemologies cannot explain the irrationality of certain choices when the agent has three possible options. I argue that his examples only refute a subclass of interest-relative theories. In particular, they are good objections to theories that say that what an agent knows depends on the stakes involved in the gambles that she faces. But they are not good objections to theories that say that what an agent knows depends on the odds involved in the gambles that she faces. Indeed, the latter class of theories does a better job than interest-invariant epistemologies of explaining the phenomena he describes.
2016-01-01T00:00:00ZWeatherson, Brian JamesThomas Blackson argues that interest-relative epistemologies cannot explain the irrationality of certain choices when the agent has three possible options. I argue that his examples only refute a subclass of interest-relative theories. In particular, they are good objections to theories that say that what an agent knows depends on the stakes involved in the gambles that she faces. But they are not good objections to theories that say that what an agent knows depends on the odds involved in the gambles that she faces. Indeed, the latter class of theories does a better job than interest-invariant epistemologies of explaining the phenomena he describes.Knowing what things look likeMcGrath, Matthewhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/89392019-04-01T09:22:35Z2017-01-01T00:00:00ZWalking through the supermarket, I see the avocados. I know they are avocados. Similarly, if you see a pumpkin on my office desk, you can know it’s a pumpkin from its looks. The phenomenology in such cases is that of “just seeing” that such and such. This phenomenology might suggest that the knowledge gained is immediate. This paper argues, to the contrary, that in these target cases, the knowledge is mediate, depending as it does on one’s knowledge of what the relevant kind of thing looks like. To make the case requires examining the nature of knowing what Fs look like. Is such knowledge to be understood as knowledge of a fact, or rather as a kind of ability? From the conclusion that the knowledge in the target cases is not immediate, the paper concludes that perception does not afford us immediate knowledge concerning objects’ kinds.
2017-01-01T00:00:00ZMcGrath, MatthewWalking through the supermarket, I see the avocados. I know they are avocados. Similarly, if you see a pumpkin on my office desk, you can know it’s a pumpkin from its looks. The phenomenology in such cases is that of “just seeing” that such and such. This phenomenology might suggest that the knowledge gained is immediate. This paper argues, to the contrary, that in these target cases, the knowledge is mediate, depending as it does on one’s knowledge of what the relevant kind of thing looks like. To make the case requires examining the nature of knowing what Fs look like. Is such knowledge to be understood as knowledge of a fact, or rather as a kind of ability? From the conclusion that the knowledge in the target cases is not immediate, the paper concludes that perception does not afford us immediate knowledge concerning objects’ kinds.Games, beliefs and credencesWeatherson, Brian Jameshttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/83092019-04-01T09:22:37Z2016-03-01T00:00:00Z2016-03-01T00:00:00ZWeatherson, Brian JamesGraphic Pluralism: Native American Systems of Inscription and the Colonial Situation : Guest Editors IntroductionSalomon, FrankHyland, Sabine Patriciahttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/78462019-04-01T09:27:53Z2010-01-01T00:00:00ZSalomon and Hyland edited the special issue - Graphic Pluralism: Native American Systems of inscription and the Colonial Situation.
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZSalomon, FrankHyland, Sabine PatriciaChariots of Fire rerun : locating film’s cultural capital on a contemporary stageRice, TomYumibe, Joshuahttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/72842019-04-01T09:21:55Z2015-07-01T00:00:00ZThe title sequence of Chariots of Fire – filmed on the West Sands beach of St Andrews, Scotland – has become one of the most reworked and reinterpreted moments of British cinema, transposed across a variety of places, politics and times. In exploring these moves – from the period of its setting in 1924, through its production in 1980, and to its most recent reworkings in the London 2012 Olympics – the article examines the constantly evolving legacies of the sequence and the cultural capital which it has accrued via these various contexts. By considering the original production and its subsequent multiple receptions, the article positions the sequence at the vanguard of shifts in film production and cultural heritage. Viewed from the vantage point of the 2012 Olympics, the film provides an integral source of cultural capital not just for national but also for local and regional economies as they increasingly target new sources of revenue in a post-industrial age.
2015-07-01T00:00:00ZRice, TomYumibe, JoshuaThe title sequence of Chariots of Fire – filmed on the West Sands beach of St Andrews, Scotland – has become one of the most reworked and reinterpreted moments of British cinema, transposed across a variety of places, politics and times. In exploring these moves – from the period of its setting in 1924, through its production in 1980, and to its most recent reworkings in the London 2012 Olympics – the article examines the constantly evolving legacies of the sequence and the cultural capital which it has accrued via these various contexts. By considering the original production and its subsequent multiple receptions, the article positions the sequence at the vanguard of shifts in film production and cultural heritage. Viewed from the vantage point of the 2012 Olympics, the film provides an integral source of cultural capital not just for national but also for local and regional economies as they increasingly target new sources of revenue in a post-industrial age.Recombination and paradoxUzquiano, Gabrielhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/71392019-05-24T14:45:17Z2015-08-01T00:00:00Z2015-08-01T00:00:00ZUzquiano, GabrielA neglected resolution of Russell's paradox of propositionsUzquiano, Gabrielhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/71362019-04-01T09:22:53Z2015-06-01T00:00:00ZBertrand Russell offered an influential paradox of propositions in Appendix B of "The Principles of Mathematics", but there is little agreement as to what to conclude from it. We suggest that Russell’s paradox is best regarded as a limitative result on propositional granularity. Some propositions are, on pain of contradiction, unable to discriminate between classes with different members: whatever they predicate of one, they predicate of the other. When accepted, this remarkable fact should cast some doubt upon some of the uses to which modern descendants of Russell’s paradox of propositions have been put in recent literature.
2015-06-01T00:00:00ZUzquiano, GabrielBertrand Russell offered an influential paradox of propositions in Appendix B of "The Principles of Mathematics", but there is little agreement as to what to conclude from it. We suggest that Russell’s paradox is best regarded as a limitative result on propositional granularity. Some propositions are, on pain of contradiction, unable to discriminate between classes with different members: whatever they predicate of one, they predicate of the other. When accepted, this remarkable fact should cast some doubt upon some of the uses to which modern descendants of Russell’s paradox of propositions have been put in recent literature.The soft-source impedance of the lip-reed : experimental measurements with an artificial mouthHarrison, ReginaldKemp, Jonathan ANewton, Michaelhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/39882019-05-24T14:51:24Z2013-06-02T00:00:00ZMost theoretical descriptions of the brass instrument lip-reed consider the acoustical condition at the lips to be a closed, rigid termination, corresponding to a unitary reflectance. This assumption is carried through to many computational models as well. In reality, the protrusion of the player's lips into the mouthpiece causes a periodic shortening/extension of the acoustical tube downstream, an effect sometimes but not always incorporated into such models. Of interest here is the absorption properties of the lip termination, the so-called 'soft source impedance'. This provides a further modification to the boundary condition at the lips, since the soft, deformable nature of the lips are likely to cause some extra damping of the acoustic standing wave. Measurements are presented to demonstrate this damping effect using an artificial mouth. This is achieved through measurements of the lip reflectance from downstream of the lips, from where it is shown that the reflectance shows a dip at the peak absorbance frequency of the lips. The frequency of the absorbance is shown to vary as the lip parameters are changed.
2013-06-02T00:00:00ZHarrison, ReginaldKemp, Jonathan ANewton, MichaelMost theoretical descriptions of the brass instrument lip-reed consider the acoustical condition at the lips to be a closed, rigid termination, corresponding to a unitary reflectance. This assumption is carried through to many computational models as well. In reality, the protrusion of the player's lips into the mouthpiece causes a periodic shortening/extension of the acoustical tube downstream, an effect sometimes but not always incorporated into such models. Of interest here is the absorption properties of the lip termination, the so-called 'soft source impedance'. This provides a further modification to the boundary condition at the lips, since the soft, deformable nature of the lips are likely to cause some extra damping of the acoustic standing wave. Measurements are presented to demonstrate this damping effect using an artificial mouth. This is achieved through measurements of the lip reflectance from downstream of the lips, from where it is shown that the reflectance shows a dip at the peak absorbance frequency of the lips. The frequency of the absorbance is shown to vary as the lip parameters are changed.Wave separation in the trumpet under playing conditions and comparison with time domain finite difference simulationKemp, Jonathan ABilbao, StefanMcMaster, JamesSmith, Richardhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/39582019-04-01T09:32:31Z2013-08-01T00:00:00ZWave separation within a trumpet is presented using three high pressure microphones to measure pressure waves within the curved, constant cross-section tuning slide of the instrument while the instrument was being played by a virtuoso trumpet player. A closer inter-microphone spacing was possible in comparison to previous work through the use of time domain windowing on non-causal transfer functions and performing wave separation in the frequency domain. Time domain plots of the experimental wave separation were then compared to simulations using a physical model based on a time domain finite difference simulation of the trumpet bore coupled to a one mass, two degree of freedom lip model. The time domain and frequency spectra of the measured and synthesized sounds showed a similar profile, with the sound produced by the player showing broader spectral peaks in experimental data. Using a quality factor of 5 for the lip model was found to give greater agreement between the simulated and experimental starting transients in comparison to the values in the range 1–3 often assumed. Deviations in the spectral content and wave shape provide insights into the areas where future research may be directed in improving the accuracy of physical modeling synthesis.
2013-08-01T00:00:00ZKemp, Jonathan ABilbao, StefanMcMaster, JamesSmith, RichardWave separation within a trumpet is presented using three high pressure microphones to measure pressure waves within the curved, constant cross-section tuning slide of the instrument while the instrument was being played by a virtuoso trumpet player. A closer inter-microphone spacing was possible in comparison to previous work through the use of time domain windowing on non-causal transfer functions and performing wave separation in the frequency domain. Time domain plots of the experimental wave separation were then compared to simulations using a physical model based on a time domain finite difference simulation of the trumpet bore coupled to a one mass, two degree of freedom lip model. The time domain and frequency spectra of the measured and synthesized sounds showed a similar profile, with the sound produced by the player showing broader spectral peaks in experimental data. Using a quality factor of 5 for the lip model was found to give greater agreement between the simulated and experimental starting transients in comparison to the values in the range 1–3 often assumed. Deviations in the spectral content and wave shape provide insights into the areas where future research may be directed in improving the accuracy of physical modeling synthesis.Modeling pulse-like lip vibrations in brass instrumentsKemp, Jonathan ASmith, Richardhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/39572019-03-03T12:41:52Z2013-06-02T00:00:00ZDuring the starting transient of a note on a brass instrument it can take several cycles of lip vibration before acoustics reflections from the end of the instrument can influence the lip frequency. Under certain conditions the lip may fail to oscillate at the pitch of the air column resulting in an unwanted pulse-like waveform with relatively low repetition rates (similar to the vocal fry register of phonation in the human voice). This is often observed in the playing of beginners if the lips are insufficiently tense or if the top and bottom lips overlap to a large extent. In this study the reasons for this behavior will be investigated using modeling techniques with the aim of improving the agreement between physical models and measured transients by including the forces responsible for this effect.
2013-06-02T00:00:00ZKemp, Jonathan ASmith, RichardDuring the starting transient of a note on a brass instrument it can take several cycles of lip vibration before acoustics reflections from the end of the instrument can influence the lip frequency. Under certain conditions the lip may fail to oscillate at the pitch of the air column resulting in an unwanted pulse-like waveform with relatively low repetition rates (similar to the vocal fry register of phonation in the human voice). This is often observed in the playing of beginners if the lips are insufficiently tense or if the top and bottom lips overlap to a large extent. In this study the reasons for this behavior will be investigated using modeling techniques with the aim of improving the agreement between physical models and measured transients by including the forces responsible for this effect.Time domain wave separation using multiple microphonesKemp, Jonathan Avan Walstijn, MaartenCampbell, MurrayChick, JohnSmith, Richardhttp://hdl.handle.net/10023/39562019-04-01T09:32:31Z2010-07-01T00:00:00ZMethods of measuring the acoustic behavior of tubular systems can be broadly characterized as steady state measurements, where the measured signals are analyzed in terms of infinite duration sinusoids, and reflectometry measurements which exploit causality to separate the forward and backward going waves in a duct. This paper sets out a multiple microphone reflectometry technique which performs wave separation by using time domain convolution to track the forward and backward going waves in a cylindrical source tube. The current work uses two calibration runs one for forward going waves and one for backward going waves to measure the time domain transfer functions for each pair of microphones. These time domain transfer functions encode the time delay, frequency dependent losses and microphone gain ratios for travel between microphones. This approach is applied to the measurement of wave separation, bore profile and input impedance. The work differs from existing frequency domain methods in that it combines the information of multiple microphones within a time domain algorithm, and differs from existing time domain methods in its inclusion of the effect of losses and gain ratios in intermicrophone transfer functions.
2010-07-01T00:00:00ZKemp, Jonathan Avan Walstijn, MaartenCampbell, MurrayChick, JohnSmith, RichardMethods of measuring the acoustic behavior of tubular systems can be broadly characterized as steady state measurements, where the measured signals are analyzed in terms of infinite duration sinusoids, and reflectometry measurements which exploit causality to separate the forward and backward going waves in a duct. This paper sets out a multiple microphone reflectometry technique which performs wave separation by using time domain convolution to track the forward and backward going waves in a cylindrical source tube. The current work uses two calibration runs one for forward going waves and one for backward going waves to measure the time domain transfer functions for each pair of microphones. These time domain transfer functions encode the time delay, frequency dependent losses and microphone gain ratios for travel between microphones. This approach is applied to the measurement of wave separation, bore profile and input impedance. The work differs from existing frequency domain methods in that it combines the information of multiple microphones within a time domain algorithm, and differs from existing time domain methods in its inclusion of the effect of losses and gain ratios in intermicrophone transfer functions.