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Learning Objectives At the end of this lesson students will be able to: Define and describe Black Carbon. Explain the main Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon. Identify Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Black Carbon and name two examples of each. Discover the Technology and Policy that can help mitigate Black Carbon.

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Black Carbon: Product of incomplete combustion consisting of amorphous carbon. Commonly known as soot. Combustion: The process of the burning of fuels in the presence of oxygen. Incomplete Combustion: Occurs when there is not enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely, producing harmful chemicals such as black carbon.

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Black Carbon Curriculum Part 2: Explain the Main Impacts and Effects of Black Carbon

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Albedo Albedo : The amount of energy reflected by a surface, measured on a scale from 0-1. The scale refers to the percent of energy that is reflected, with 0 meaning no energy is reflected and 1 meaning 100% of the energy is reflected. Pure Snow: High Albedo, Reflects Sun and cools air Dirty Snow: Low Albedo, Absorbs sun and and warms air Albedo=Reflectivity

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Melting Ice and Snow The two most sensitive areas for black carbon: Arctic Melting ice sheets in the Arctic. Himalayas Researchers trek high into the Himalayas to collect ice cores that contain soot deposition.

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Policy There are a number of recommended policy actions that would help reduce black carbon emissions, including: Regulating crop burning Banning slash and burn techniques Limiting idling of ships at port Requiring emissions testing for vehicles Adding particle traps for vehicles that filter emissions Requiring the use of cleaner fuels Limiting the use of biomass burning in urban and non-urban areas Requiring permits to operate industrial or power plants that limit black carbon emissions

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Technology Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF): One method for filtering diesel exhaust to reduce black carbon. As the exhaust is forced through the filters cell walls, the soot is trapped. At high temps, the trapped soot is burned up.