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Overview

We constructed the first two sections, alpha and beta as described below. Alpha and beta contain the first 32 of 73 parts of the T7.1 genome, replacing the left 11,515 base pairs of the wild-type genome with 12,179 base pairs of redesigned DNA, and encoding the entire T7 early region, the primary origins of DNA replication, most of the T7 middle genes, and the control architecture that regulates T7 gene expression. Alpha and beta also contain the highest density of elements across the genome. Sequencing revealed differences between the design of T7.1 and the actual ‘as-built’ sections. Relevant sequence differences in section alpha include a single base deletion in gene 0.4 and in the E. coli terminator TE. Differences in section beta include a single amino acid substitution in both genes 1.8 and 2, a single base deletion in gene 2.5, and an 82-base truncation in gene 2.8. All differences were due to errors or limitations in construction. We are currently working with Codon Devices to construct other sections on the T7.1 genome.

Section Alpha

The design of the scaffold for section alpha included all functional genetic elements from the left end of T7 through R0.3, R0.5, parts 17,19, 21, plus the restriction sites required to add all remaining parts. The section alpha scaffold does not contain any known protein coding domains. We sent the scaffold sequence (1,334 bp) to Blue Heron Biotechnology for synthesis. Blue Heron could not assemble the scaffold using the standard cloning plasmids then in use [we have since worked with Blue Heron to fix this problem – below]. Blue Heron agreed to ship the section alpha scaffold as four fragments with point mutations in each fragment. The point mutations were:

Fragment 1: Single base changes at 89(G-T), 168(A-T), 169(C-A), 245(G-A) and 249(C-A) as well as single base deletions at 138 and 159

Fragment 2: A single base deletion in the -35 box of the A1 promoter

Fragment 3: A four base deletion between the -35 and -10 boxes of the A3 promoter

Fragment 4: A single base deletion in the loop of TE

We decided to discard Fragment 1 but to correct and make use of Fragments 2, 3 and 4. We built a new vector, pREB, to facilitate the assembly of section alpha. pREB (for rebuild) started as a chimera of the inducible copy control system of pSCANS-5 and the insulated multi-cloning site (MCS) of pSB2K3-1. We completed pREB by adding a smaller MCS containing PstI, BstBI and BclI restriction endonuclease sites and by removing nineteen other restriction sites from the plasmid backbone.
To build section alpha we first cloned parts 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 into pSB1A3-1. We cloned part 11 into pSB2K3. We cloned each part with its part-specific bracketing restriction sites surrounded by additional BioBrick restriction sites(Knight, 2002). We used site directed mutagenesis on parts 6, 7, 14 and 20 to introduce the sites U1, U2, U3 and U4 respectively. Our site directed mutagenesis of part 20 failed.

We used site directed mutagenesis to remove a single Eco0109I restriction site from the vector pUB119BHB carrying the scaffold Fragment 4. We cloned part 15 into this modified vector. We then cloned scaffold Fragment 4 into pREB and used serial cloning to add the following parts: 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 and 23. We digested the now-populated scaffold Fragment 4 with NheI and BclI and purified the resulting DNA.

Next, we cloned parts 5 and 6 into pUB119BHB carrying scaffold Fragment 3. We used the resulting DNA for in vitro assembly of a construct spanning from the left end of T7 to part 7. To do this, we cut wild-type T7 genomic DNA with AseI, isolated the 388bp left end fragment, and ligated this DNA to scaffold Fragment 2. We selected the correct ligation product by PCR. We fixed the mutation in part 3 (A1) via a two-step process. First, PCR primers with the corrected sequence for part 3 were used to amplify the two halves of the construct to the left and right ends of part 3. Second, a PCR ligation joined the two constructs. We added scaffold Fragment 3 to the above left-end construct once again by PCR ligation as described above. We repaired the mutation in part 4 (A2, A3 and R0.3) following the same procedure as with part 3. We used a right-end primer containing a MluI site to amplify the entire construct, and used the MluI site to add part 7. We used PCR to select the ligation product, digested the product with NheI and purified the resulting DNA.

We isolated the right arm of a BclI digestion of wild-type T7 genomic DNA and used ligation to add the populated left end construct and the populated Scaffold Fragment 4. We transfected the three-way ligation product into IJ1127. We purified DNA from liquid culture lysates inoculated from single plaques. We used restriction enzymes to digest the DNA and isolate the correct clones.

Next, we added part 11 via three-way ligation and transfection. Because the restriction sites that bracket part 9 (RsrII) also cut wild-type T7 DNA, we needed to use in vitro assembly to add this part to a subsection of section alpha. To do this, we used PCR to amplify the region spanning parts 5 through 12 from the refactored genome. We cut the PCR product with RsrII and ligated part 9. We used PCR to select the correct ligation product; this PCR reaction also added a SacII site to the fragment. We digested the PCR product with SacI and SacII and cloned onto the otherwise wild-type phage. Lastly, we used the SacII site to clone part 10 onto the phage.

Errors in synthesis & construction of section alpha

Location on T7.1 (Genome Position)

Nature of Difference

Probable Reason for Difference

Expected Outcome

D1L (164-170), D1R & D2L (338-350)

Restriction sites were not added in construction

Difficulties in manipulating left end of genome resulted in using wild-type

Loss of manipulability in part 1 (containing A0)

gene 0.4 (1418)

Single base deletion

Unknown

Frameshift after 27th amino acid followed by early termination of gene 0.4

D6L (1304-1310) & D6R (1494-1500)

Restriction sites appear twice

Inefficiency of digestion of scaffold

No expected change

gene 0.6B

Single base addition

Error is now known to be in stock of wild-type genome

Dependent upon nature of putative translational slippage in formation of gene 0.6B

D11L (3302-3307)

Restriction site appears twice

Ineffeciency of digestion of scaffold

No expected change

gene 1 (4877,5159,5399)

Single base mutation

Error in PCR or within wild-type genome

Silent mutation, no expected change

D14R (6591-6597)

Restriction site appears twice

Ineffeciency of digestion of scaffold

No expected change

TE (7827)

Single base deletion

Primer synthesis error

Possible loss of function of transcriptional terminator

D20L (8082-8086)

Restriction site appears twice

Ineffeciency of digestion of scaffold

No expected change

U4 (8153-8159)

Restriction site site was not added in construction

Failure in site-directed mutagenesis

Loss of manipulability of overlap in parts 18 and 19

D22L (8247-8253)

Restriction site appears twice

Ineffeciency of digestion of scaffold

No expected change

Section Beta

We constructed section beta using a process similar to that used with alpha. A scaffold with all restriction sites as well as part 26 was made by Klenow extension of overlapping primers. We digested this DNA with BstBI and cloned it onto pREB. We then added the following parts: 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, 31 and 32. We had to clone part 32 (containing gene 3.8) as a truncation since we were unable to clone the full-length part, probably due to the apparent toxicity of gene 3.8 product. The truncated version of part 32 still included the BglII site to allow for assembly of section beta onto phage. We added parts 25 and 29, also previously reported to be toxic, in vitro. To insert part 25, we amplified a region spanning part 23 through part 27 by PCR. We cut this fragment with BsiWI. Part 25 was then ligated to each of these fragments separately and selected for by PCR. We cut both PCR products with DraIII, a restriction site internal to part 25, ligated and then selected for full length part 25 by PCR. We cut part 25 with BclI and MluI, purified, and ligated it to wild-type fragments. We used a similar approach to insert part 29 (using the EcoO109I site internal to this part). Lastly, we cut both phage genomes with MluI; we ligated the left fragment of the genome containing the refactored region spanning parts 23 through 27 to the right fragment of a genome containing the refactored region spanning from parts 27 through 32.

Errors in synthesis & construction of section beta

Location on T7.1 (Genome Position)

Nature of Difference

Probable Reason for Difference

Expected Outcome

gene 1.7 (8794)

Single base silent mutation

Error during PCR or within wild-type genome

No expected change

gene 1.8 (9245)

Single base mutation

Error during PCR or within wild-type genome

Amino acid change in gene 1.8 from Asp to Gly

gene 2 (9447)

Single base mutation

Error during PCR or within wild-type genome

Amino acid change in gene 2 from Glu to Val

gene 2.5 (10351)

Single base deletion

Error during primer synthesis

Deletion in stop codon; read-through adding on 8AA

gene 2.8 (10627)

Single base mutation

Error during PCR

Amino acid change in gene 2.8 from Asp to Gly

gene 2.8 (10771-10803)

82 base deletion

Error in cloning of part

Loss of function in gene 2.8 in addition to unknown effect on translation of 3.0 due to ribosome read-through.

gene 3 (1418)

Single base silent mutation

Error during PCR or within wild-type genome

No expected change

Sequences

Sequences for the as-built sections can be found on GenBank.
Section Alpha -- DQ100054
Section Beta -- DQ100055