With India, the European Union, and other major economies ratifying the Paris climate change agreement, the agreement is set to come into force. However, if India, which is one of the world's largest greenhouse emitters, truly wants to meet the targets of the agreement, it will have to incorporate radical and immediate changes in the energy sector.

At present, India accounts for about 4.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The country is now committed to generating forty percent of its electricity from non-fossil sources by 2030, which includes 175 GW renewable energy capacity by 2022.

Before the Paris Climate agreement, India also ratified the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Ending poverty in all forms, hunger and food insecurity remain on top of India's national priorities. This presents India with the dual challenges of cutting it's reliance on coal while reducing poverty drastically.

Research has long held that access to energy is imperative for poverty alleviation, and improving livelihood opportunities in developing countries. It is an enabler in addition to being a human right. For India, with an estimated thirty three percent of the world's poorest 1.2 billion people, reducing energy poverty is likely to remain the number one concern. Essentially, this also means that India will have to be the first country to make an economic transition without fossil fuels.

While the link between energy access and poverty is well recognised, India's energy policies have remained gender-blind. However, now they must also acknowledge that providing access to clean, affordable energy is an auxiliary for women's empowerment — and that is equally important for inclusive sustainable development and climate mitigation.

The interlinkages between energy, gender, and poverty are crucial because women and girls make up a disproportionate number of the world’s poor; and women are also predominantly responsible for fulfilling the energy needs of the household. Research suggests that men and women play distinctly gendered roles with varying degrees of involvement in the production, distribution, and utilisation of energy in households and the market. This tends to leave women time-poor and disproportionately exposed to the health risks associated with some forms of energy production. For instance, when traditional cooking stoves cause indoor air pollution in insufficiently ventilated kitchens. Further, climatic stresses on land and water resources is increasing the burden on many women, forcing them to travel even longer distances — exacerbating time poverty.

The interlinkages between energy, gender, and poverty are crucial because women and girls make up a disproportionate number of the world's poor..

Still, India's energy development planning does not sufficiently address the gender dimensions in access, management, and control of energy sources. This has been attributed to lack of awareness, traditional treatment of gender inequality as an isolated concern, and uncertainties over how to integrate gender in the technically-driven energy sector.

However, in recent years, several technology-driven initiatives have been developed in India to provide renewable, efficient energy options by including women in the design, production, and distribution processes. It has been observed that when new energy options reduce the time and effort put by women, and encourage training, employment and entrepreneurship opportunities — the energy transition is accompanied by a larger social transition. In this way, the integration of gender and energy not only helps reduce energy poverty, but also helps empower women economically while reducing time poverty.

India has demonstrated the ambition and capacity to reach an extremely bold renewable energy target. Already, the average Indian spends much more, as a proportion of income, than the average American on renewable energy. The emerging renewable energy sector in India is likely to present a massive job creation opportunity. It is in these growing solar energy and wind energy sectors that women’s equal participation must be accommodated and institutionalised.

Existing research on the energy-gender-poverty nexus in the country has focused on women mostly as end users of solar and biomass technologies.

However, if India really has a shot at achieving the climate targets and meeting the energy requirements for growth, women must be equipped with skills to join the renewable energy market as entrepreneurs, facilitators, designers, and innovators.

Further, findings indicate that women's access to technology and employment in this sector have been restricted due to societal norms and lack of purchasing power; and their employment can only yield maximum benefit when accompanied by more decision-making powers, gender-sensitive policies, infrastructure, and accessible public services.

At the same time, there is irrefutable evidence of there being tremendous potential to create livelihoods for women at all levels of the energy supply chain. Companies like Barefoot College, involved in the production clean energy, and Frontier Markets, involved in the distribution of clean energy, are both examples of creating opportunities for women in the energy sector while benefiting from their potential and insight. However, in the long run, this last-mile entrepreneurship is simply not enough, and focus should shift towards skilling women to scale up and move up the energy ladder.

Lastly, it is clear that lack of monetary resources may prove to be a major impediment to India achieving its climate targets and the Sustainable Development Goals. India will require over $2.5 trillion (£1.9 trillion) to meet all its targets. Therefore, climate change financing that is targeted at the energy sector must always consider the broader, intermeshed developmental goals of gender equality, poverty eradication and sustainable development.

It has been stated that for climate policies to be truly just and transformational, they have to be people-centric. So far, international processes have done little to replace the existing gender hierarchies. Perhaps it is time to move beyond the traditional narrative of climate justice and view climate change mitigation and adaptation as crucial gender issues. Moving forward from Paris, while India aims to put people first in climate change action, it must ensure that it’s women are not left behind.

Comments

Vidishaji has raised significant factors impacting the triad- energy, gender justice and poverty. The rural economy and informal urban structures have compounding problems and better integration of approaches will be effective. She sets up a provocative agenda for development planners.

People

Vidisha Mishra is a Junior Fellow at ORF. As a technical expert on gender, her primary responsibilities include mainstreaming gender dimensions across ORF's programmes on G20, BRICS and their place in global governance; the impact of digital economy on society; and the India-Africa >>