Life of Goya

This essay Life of Goya has a total of 1206 words and 6 pages.
Life of Goya

Life of Goya

With the coronation of the two Catholic rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella in 1479, the country of Spain slowly began to unite. Piece by piece, the King and Queen recaptured once lost lands and built their empire. In 1516 Carlos V rose to power, establishing the Hapsburg reign. The Hapsburg ruled for nearly two hundred years until the death of Charles II. With him died a Golden Age for Spain that the Catholic rulers established. Spain fell into a time of mass poverty, disorganization, and lackadaisical rule. One force that was structured in Spain was the church. Catholicism was not only a religion in Spain but also a significant influence in society. At the time, however, it did little to improve the conditions. Classes were heavily lopsided. The middle class was almost non-existent, and the upper class monopolized agricultural land. The provinces of Aragon, La Mancha, and Castile were where most of the poverty and depression was concentrated. Costal cities like Cadiz and Madrid were where prosperity existed. In the midst of commencing political and aristocratic turmoil, was born one of the most talented and patriotically concerned artists Spain has ever seen.
On March 30, 1745 in the rural town of Fuendetodos, Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes was born. He was born poor and at the fall of the Hapsburg Monarchy. Goya’s father was the son of a notary, or a small time lawyer, and his mother Dona Gracia Lucientes, was a hidalgo. Hidalgos were the lowest order in Spanish nobility. Goya
Pg2

was still a boy when he and his family moved to the city of Saragossa. Saragossa contained more life than the rural city of Fuendetodos. Here he began school, where he barely learned to read and write. After attending elementary school, Francisco went to a Jesuit school or “college”. It was here where the foundation of his career was laid. It was recommended that he develop his natural skills in drawing. A local master painter, named Jose Luzan y Martinez, took Goya under his wing. Martinez was a typical third rank painter of that time, but was well respected in the city. Goya began learning to paint the human figure by copying sculptures and molds. The drawing of naked models was forbidden at that time. By this point Goya showed himself as a fine copyist, and able to adapt quickly to other peoples’ styles. Goya’s first commission was the painting of the church doors at Fuendentodos. This project confirmed his profession. When he saw the painting some 50 years later he exclaimed, “ Don’t say I painted those!” At age 17 Goya went to test himself in a larger and more demanding area, Madrid.
Another individual who had a profound impact on Goya’s life and art was Velazquez. Velazquez was a painter of Spain’s pride and power –a superb realist. Although Velazquez had an influence on Goya’s artistic style, his art is distinctly different from that of his predecessor. Velazquez’s paintings depicted absolute and precise figures. Most of Goya’s work, other than portraits, was noticeably distorted.
These were times of confusion and despair, which would serve as artistic topics for Goya’s work. The other half of his work is strictly his reaction and response to
Pg3
surrounding occurrences. Perhaps nobody depicted mortal’s thoughts and actions better than Goya. He combined his personal thoughts and the thoughts of the character in the painting so they either contrasted or became one. Goya used this devise of altering human characteristics as a way to undermine politicians and aristocrats without confrontation.
A prime example of this is in the portrait of the family of Charles the IV. Charles IV was a Bourbon King who was later deposed by Napoleon. This portrait is at the pivotal point of Goya’s career. The public Goya and the private Goya, usually rigidly separated were briefly allowed to merge. As Goya was at the center of the social scene by this point, he was very aware of the history, people and events of his time. He depicts the characters and family members as he sees them, weak, sheltered, and cocky. The clothing and costumes on the people describe their rank in society, however their faces portray a lack of power and character. As he did in life, the King

Read essay without registering

Donate an essay now and get the full essay emailed you. Upload File
Acceptable files: .txt, .doc, .docx, .rtfEmail Address

Topics Related to Life of Goya

Essays Related to Life of Goya

The People Leisure and Cultures of Blacks During tThe People Leisure and Cultures of Blacks During the HArlem Renaissance The People, Leisure, and Culture of Blacks During the Harlem Renaissance It seems unfair that the pages of our history books or even the lecturers in majority of classrooms speak very little of the accomplishments of blacks. They speak very little of a period within black history in which many of the greatest musicians, writers, painters, and influential paragon\'’ emerged. This significant period in time was known as the Ha

None Provided1None Provided1 Vision and Movement When we discuss our brain, we usually focus on the brains ability to think. That task alone is extremely complex and involved, but the brain also has many other tasks. Most of the time the brain is on autopilot, meaning that most of the activities preformed are just automatic. Our five senses; sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell, are automatically preformed in our brains. We don\'t have to think about how something sounds, we just hear it and we then interpre

Bruce Goffs Bavinger HouseBruce Goffs Bavinger House Introduction: Bruce Goff¡¦s working career spanned sixty-six years, from 1916, when he began working in an architect¡¦s office, until his death in 1982. During that time he received more than 450 commissions for buildings and related designs, resulting in more than 500 proposals of which at least 147 were realized. Bruce Goff occupied a unique place in American architecture. His buildings looked like those of no other architect. His idiosyncratic designs juxtaposed sha

The Duomo of FlorenceThe Duomo of Florence In the Florence Cathedral, Florence, Italy, there is a cathedral church whose octagonal dome, built without the aid of scaffolding, was considered the greatest engineering feat of the early Renaissance. Dedicated to Santa Maria del Fiore, Our Lady of the Flower, it is also known as the Duomo, after the Italian word for cathedral. Created by many great Early Modern artists, this piece of architecture is a perfect example the Renaissance style. We can come to a better underst

A Cultural Experience at the San Diego Museum of AA Cultural Experience at the San Diego Museum of Arts A Cultural Experience At The San Diego Museum of Arts On the 26th of January I decided to visit for the first time the San Diego Museum of Arts. When I came upon the museum which from a view was an astonishing piece of architectural exquisiteness. This extravagant building was amazingly distinguishable from all the other ill-rooted, stucco wall structures surroundings. I arrived at the admission desk and upon purchasing my 6$ ticket the young

Aaron DouglasAaron Douglas Aaron Douglas People may ask, what other than a tornado can come out of Kansas? Well, Aaron Douglas was born of May 26, 1899 in Topeka, Kansas. Aaron Douglas was a Pioneering Africanist artist who led the way in using African- oriented imagery in visual art during the Harlem Renaissance of 1919- 1929. His work has been credited as the catalyst for the genre incorporating themes in form and style that affirm the validity of the black consciousness and experience in America. His pa

Aaron DouglasAaron Douglas Aaron Douglas People may ask, what other than a tornado can come out of Kansas? Well, Aaron Douglas was born of May 26, 1899 in Topeka, Kansas. Aaron Douglas was a Pioneering Africanist artist who led the way in using African- oriented imagery in visual art during the Harlem Renaissance of 1919- 1929. His work has been credited as the catalyst for the genre incorporating themes in form and style that affirm the validity of the black consciousness and experience in America. His pa

African Tifwebe masksAfrican Tifwebe masks Nicholas A. Trifiletti Ideas in the VisualArts I9 1:00 MWF The Songye Masquerade INTRODUCTION When I again entered the Nelson-Atkins Art Museum, I immediately asked the security guards where the African collection was located. I passed through the Chinese and Japanese galleries but nothing drew my attention more than the African mystique. As I entered the room a distinct smell came across my noise, one that suggested undiscovered grounds. This is an art criticism paper, in

Analysis of Albert Bierdstats Among the Sierra NevAnalysis of Albert Bierdstats Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California Albert Bierstadt’s Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California is a scenic canvas oil painting on display at the National Museum of American Art in Washington, DC. Created in 1868, this enormous painting is approximately six by ten feet in size (Honour and Fleming, 2000). The subject matter of this piece is typical of Bierstadt, who is known for his detailed landscapes, especially those of the Rockies and Sierras o

Art as a ScienceArt as a Science As funding for education is decreased in certain areas and put to other uses, classes such as art and music have peen put on the back shelf. The idea is that they are not quite as important to a child\'s education as English, history, math, and science. Obviously, teachers of artistic classes feel that their jobs are important to the learning and development of the children that they work with, but others are quickly realizing the importance of arts in all aspects of human inter

Ayasofyaayasofya Architecture, the practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers only to those designs and structures that are culturally significant. Architecture is to building as literature is to the printed word. Vitruvius, a 1st-century BC Roman, wrote encyclopedically about architecture, and the English poet Sir Henry Wotton was quoting him in his charmingly phrased dictum: Well building hath three conditions: Commoditie, Firmenes, and Delight. More prosaically,

Braque the Fogotten Cubist MasterBraque the Fogotten Cubist Master Although George Braque (May 13, 1882 - Aug. 31, 1963) was one of the most influential painters of the twentieth century his name is all but forgotten. He has received little credit for his efforts towards the creation of analytic cubism. Many art historians believe that his prestigious role as father of analytic cubism was cut short because of Picassos fame. Many arguments have arisen asking the question: Who is the father of cubism? There is no doubt that Pi

Greek artGreek art Ancient Greece: A Comparative Essay Ancient Greece 950 BCE was a culture that took great pride in perfection, excellence and overall greatness. The people weren’t what today’s society would consider modern, but of their time they were. The Greeks essentially molded the creative world with their intelligence in art, architecture, and astronomy for many cultures to come. The Romans who basically claimed the Greeks developments as their own destroyed many of their ideas and art forms. Eve

Greek artGreek art Ancient Greece: A Comparative Essay Ancient Greece 950 BCE was a culture that took great pride in perfection, excellence and overall greatness. The people weren’t what today’s society would consider modern, but of their time they were. The Greeks essentially molded the creative world with their intelligence in art, architecture, and astronomy for many cultures to come. The Romans who basically claimed the Greeks developments as their own destroyed many of their ideas and art forms. Eve

Japanese Tea CeremonyJapanese Tea Ceremony Japanese Tea Ceremony Tea was first introduced to Japan along with Buddhism from China in the 6th century, but the Emperor Shomu introduced tea drinking to the country. During the Heian period (794-1185), tea was made from steamed and dried tea leaves ground into a powder called macha. In the 15th century, Juro Murata introduced many of the concepts of spirituality into tea ceremony, including the special room only used for the chanoyu. Tea ceremonies were required to follo

Mary CassattMary Cassatt She was a woman who soared to the stars across the firmament of the male-dominated international art world. She was the only American, male or female, to become a member of the French Impressionists. Most women of her time were confined to the circumscribed world of marriage, homemaking and motherhood, but not her. Who is she? She is Mary Cassatt, certainly the greatest American female artist of her time, and arguably the greatest artist produced by any nation. Born in Pittsburgh on

MC EscherMC Escher The Science of Escher Though M.C. Escher contended that he knew virtually nothing about mathematics, even having gone as far as to declare that he was “absolutely innocent of training or knowledge in the exact sciences,” (Schattschneider 67), his art work commonly incorporates the use of many recognized elements of science and mathematics. It has been argued that Escher’s natural accessibility and his popularity with young art patrons is due to the Escher’s use of symmetry, his use of

Nam June Paik Video InnovationsNam June Paik Video Innovations Nam June Paik was born in Seoul, Korea on July 20, 1932. He was the fifth and youngest child of a textile merchant. In 1947, at the age of 14, he studied piano and composition with two of Korea\'s foremost composers. The family moved to Tokyo, Japan in 1950 to avoid the havoc of the Korean War. Paik studied music, history, art history, and philosophy at the University of Tokyo from 1953 to 1956. He did his graduate dissertation on Schoenberg. In 1956, he moved to

Paul CezannePaul Cezanne A Brief on Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne was born in Aix-en-Provence, a small town south of France. As a young boy, Cézanne’s passions lay in his poetry and his friends, including Emile Zola (Preble 402). Cézanne is included in the time of the Post-Impressionists. Cézanne wanted “to make Impressionism into something solid and enduring like the art of museums” (Preble 401). Cézanne did not have a typical, (as I define as friendly), relationship with his father. Cézanne had some problems

Paul kleepaul klee A Swiss-born painter and graphic artist whose personal, often gently humorous works are replete with allusions to dreams, music, and poetry, Paul Klee, b. Dec. 18, 1879, d. June 29, 1940, is difficult to classify. Primitive art, surrealism, cubism, and children\'s art all seem blended into his small-scale, delicate paintings, watercolors, and drawings. His family was very interested in the arts. The jobs that Paul\'s parents had were strange for 1879. His mom helped support the family

Pop artpop art Pop Art, visualarts movement of the 1950s and 1960s, principally in the United States and Britain. The images of pop art (shortened from popular art) were taken from mass culture. Some artists duplicated beer bottles, soup, cans, comic strips, road signs and similar objects in paintings, collages, and sculptures. Others incorporated the objects themselves into their paintings or sculptures, sometimes in startlingly modified from. Materials of modern technology, such as plastic, uretha

Pop artpop art Pop Art, visualarts movement of the 1950s and 1960s, principally in the United States and Britain. The images of pop art (shortened from popular art) were taken from mass culture. Some artists duplicated beer bottles, soup, cans, comic strips, road signs and similar objects in paintings, collages, and sculptures. Others incorporated the objects themselves into their paintings or sculptures, sometimes in startlingly modified from. Materials of modern technology, such as plastic, uretha

Report from Los Angels County Museum of ArtReport from Los Angels County Museum of Art Report from Los Angels County Museum of Art “Lady” The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is the premier visualarts museum in the Western United States. Its holdings include more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. Moreover, the museum has seasonal exhibitions, which focus on many different types of artists every month. The variety of artwork fascinates visitors and never bores them. I am a frequent visitor

Resurrection and ChristResurrection and Christ Resurrection & Christ. Extended Written Response. For many centuries, artists throughout the world have aimed to capture and portray a particular theme or subject in accordance to their religious beliefs, personal influences, and mood, or based entirely upon societal influences. The figure of Christ and the manner in which he has been depicted has varied immensely over the years, which is highly indicative of changing social attitudes. Piero della Francesca’s Resurrection

Should Frank Lloyd WrightShould Frank Lloyd Wright Natalie DeFrancesco Class 02 Frank Lloyd Wright 12/4/1999 Bibliography Frank Lloyd Wright was born on June 8th, 1867 in Wisconsin. His heritage was Welsh. His father’s name was William Carey Wright; his occupation was a musician and a preacher of his faith, Unitarian. His mother’s name was Anna Lloyd Jones; her occupation was a schoolteacher. It was said that his mother placed pictures of great buildings on the walls of his nursery in order to train him to become an arc

Social ContextsSocial Contexts Art in Canada FFAR 250 Social Contexts presented to Mark Mullin on December 3, 1999 written by Marguerite Gravelle 4320662 1. When analysing an artwork what is to be gained from considering the social context in which it was created? Are there possible drawbacks to this methodology? Provide clear examples to substantiate your argument. When analysing artwork, in any form, there are often times social contexts in which can be interpreted. Not always does the history behind the pai

The Next Millennium of Graphic DesignThe Next Millennium of Graphic Design A career in graphic design is perfect for a creative individual who has a sense of design. A graphic designer is one who creates ideas that are expressed in words and/or pictures, and generally solves problems of visual communication, says Paul Rand, a professional designer (23). Employment in this profession is projected to increase 29% by the year 2006, which is the highest of any career according to a study done by the American Institute of the Graphic

The shackles of socialist realismthe shackles of socialist realism The civil strife and chaos that had torn Russia limb from limb in the early 20th Century, although brutally devastating, did not hail the end of the stability and power that had characterized the massive country for so much of history. The continuing strength of what was now the Soviet Union lay in the newly formed support structure provided by Socialist Realism, a force that directed the awareness of, and the arts produced by, the Soviet people. The ideals of S

Isabel Archers Downfall in Henry James The PortraiIsabel Archers Downfall in Henry James The Portrait of a Lady It is an unquestionable fact of life that human nature is flawed. Human beings have a variety of weaknesses that may differ from one person to the next. How one deals with this ultimately determines whether it will or will not destroy the person. The faults that humans possess stem from an open field of possibilities that they are able to choose from as they build their own character. However, as much as individual free will is desira

Their Eyes Were Watching God Character AnalysisTheir Eyes Were Watching God Character Analysis I enjoyed Their Eyes Were Watching God\'s grasp on imagination, imagery and phrasing. Janie\'s dialogue and vernacular managed to carry me along, slipping pieces of wisdom to me in such a manner that I hardly realize they are ingesting something deep and true. Their Eyes Were Watching God recognizes that there are problems to the human condition, such as the need to possess, the fear of the unknown and resulting stagnation. The book does not leave

Computer GraphicsComputer Graphics Computer Graphics Table of Contents Introduction 3 How It Was 3 How It All Began 4 Times Were Changing 6 Industry\'s First Attempts 7 The Second Wave 10 How the Magic is Made 11 Modeling 12 Animation 13 Rendering 13 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction Hollywood has gone digital, and the old ways of doing things are dying. Animation and special effects created with computers have been embraced by television networks, advertisers, and movie studios alike. Film editors, who

Getting paid to hackGetting paid to hack Many of the products we buy today are no more than large collections of zeroes and ones. High-priced software, high-quality music, and valuable reference material such as computerized databases or CD-Rom encyclopedias are commercial products like any other, but the media of their transmission makes them different in at least one aspect: it is possible to copy them freely, or at least extremely cheaply. A compact disc of Elvis Costello and the Attractions is different from, s

Learning Styles and MILearning Styles and MI Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligence’s Throughout our lives, we are faced with many different learning experiences. Some of these experiences have made a better impact than others. We can attribute this to our learning style. A person’s learning style is the method through which they gain information about their environment. Research is going on all over the world to help explain learning styles. As teachers, it is our responsibility to learn about these different lea

Multiple IntelligenceMultiple Intelligence Harold Gardner (1983) of Harvard University has identified several kinds of intelligence people possess. Particularly, this finding poses significant implications in classroom instructions. More often than not, children and even adults (who are grown up children) are labeled negatively if and when they manifest either a very fast, slow or no understanding at the entire subject matter. Identifying children’s various strengths among these intelligences will direct the teacher

Multiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences Journal Article Review The article that is to be reviewed is Identification of giftedness in culturally diverse groups by Wilma Vialle in Gifted Education International, 1999, Vol 13, pp 250 -257. In this article Vialle (1999) recognises the under representation of disadvantaged students in educationally gifted programs. Vialle identifies the disadvantaged students as being children from ...non-English-speaking backgrounds, indigenous children and economically disadvant

My philosophy on educationmy philosophy on education Education is inevitable. It is all around us because we can learn from virtually anything. When you are cooking, dancing, talking or any other activity you have actually had to learn several things to be able to do them. In the educational perspective, I am a pragmatist and I tend to follow after Deweys footsteps. The concept of Pragmatism is one that developed in the 20th century. My philosophy is based on the idea that learning should involve real-life situations. L

Anton ChekhovAnton Chekhov Anton Chekhov Life and Influences Anton Chekhov was born on January 29, 1860 in Taganrog, Russia, the third of six children. His father, Pavel, was a grocer and his mother, Yevgeniya, was the daughter of a cloth merchant. In1875 Pavel\'s business failed and, threatened with imprisonment, he fled to Moscow. Yevgeniya remained behind with Anton and his younger siblings, but soon lost the house to a local bureaucrat. At this point, she joined Pavel in Moscow taking all the children, w

Architectural InfluenceArchitectural Influence The Elizabethan Age was an innovative and unique period in history. In this period architecture was more than a profession, it was an art, and an influence on the people. Architects in this period made historical differences, the styles of architecture transitioned greatness, and the homes created an individual standing. Elizabethan architecture was an influential trend in which the competition for social division began, and architects attempted to replicate Italian R

AutoethnographyAutoethnography Autoethnography In Arts of the Contact Zone, Mary Louise Pratt introduces a term very unfamiliar to many people. This term, autoethnography, means the way in which subordinate peoples present themselves in ways that their dominants have represented them. Therefore, autoethnography is not self-representation, but a collaboration of mixed ideas and values form both the dominant and subordinate cultures. They are meant to address the speaker\'s own community as well as the conquer

Good Man is Hard to FindGood Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’Connor “A Good Man Is Hard To Find” A Southern American novelist and short story writer, Miss O’ Connor’s career spanned the 1950s and early ‘60s, a time when the South was dominated by Protestant Christians. O’Connor was born and raised Catholic. She was a fundamentalist and a Christian moralist whose powerful apocalyptic fiction is focused in the South. Flannery O’Connor was born March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia. O’ Connor grew up on a farm with her pare

Harlem Renaissance1Harlem Renaissance1 The Harlem Renaissance Or the New Negro Movement The dawn of the 1920’s ushered in an African American artistic and cultural movement, the likes of which have never and will likely never be seen again. Beginning as a series of literary discussions in Greenwich Village and Harlem, the “New Negro Movement” (later dubbed the Harlem Renaissance by Alain Locke) came to exalt the unique culture of African Americans and redefine African American expression. The movement spread throu

Looking at PicturesBergerLooking at PicturesBerger Looking at Pictures (Berger) Final Draft Upon receiving the assignment to visit the Museum of Fine Arts and pick a painting that “seems silent and still yet invites conversation” I was originally frustrated and wanted to just get it over with and pick out the first painting I saw. However, once I entered the museum my stress and frustration decreased and I wanted to take the time to appreciate the artwork and find a piece that thoroughly grabbed my attention. The classi

Romantic vs NeoclassicRomantic vs Neoclassic Throughout history, the arts and literature have been a form of rationalization of the minds and thoughts of an artist or writer. The progression or regression of knowledge over a period of time can be chronicled or mapped with the use of the literature and arts of these artists. More specifically, the major shift in thinking from 18th-century Neoclassicism to 19th-century Romanticism can be seen in the works of Alexander Pope and William Wordsworth. A deliberation on the

The human and the divinethe human and the divine 1) Introduction Through out history, as man progressed from a primitive animal to a human being capable of thought and reason, mankind has had to throw questions about the meaning of our own existence to ourselves. Out of those trail of thoughts appeared religion, art, and philosophy, the fundamental process of questioning about existence. Who we are, how we came to be, where we are going, what the most ideal state is....... All these questions had to be asked and if n

TS EliotTS Eliot T.S. Eliot was a very influential pessimist, always and constantly thriving on his hatred of little things and his love life. Eliot was born in St. Louis Missouri - 1888 ad. His parents were both writers and loved the arts, most effectively passing on the genes to their son. While growing up he learned many things, his parents were extremely social and intellectual and they pushed him to achieve the highest of statuses. He went to college at Harvard University and then moved to London t

Artistic Innovations of Renaissance Florentine PaiArtistic Innovations of Renaissance Florentine Painters Charlotte Dean H2G-06/pd. 3 Mr. Valentin April 10, 2000 Artistic Innovations of Renaissance Florentine Painters During the Renaissance, many new, different styles of painting were developed. Many of these techniques were perfected by Florentine painters. Some of these styles techniques include perspective, life-like human forms, realistic looking objects and chiaroscuro. These developments began to form in the early Quattrocento and were sl

The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi TakeoverThe Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover The Role of Propaganda in the Nazi Takeover When one thinks of the term propaganda, what comes to mind? Would it bring a positive response? Would it bring a negative response? When one thinks of propaganda in association with the Holocaust, what comes to mind? A positive response or a negative response? Most likely a negative response. Why is propaganda any different from what any political party or regime does, namely to disseminate its views? I

ReflexologyReflexology The origins of Reflexology evidently reach back to ancient Egypt as evidenced by inscriptions found in the physician’s tomb at Saqqara in Egypt. The translation of the hieroglyphics are as follows: Don’t hurt me. The practitioner’s reply:- I shall act so you praise me. We cannot determine the exact relationship between the ancient art as practiced by the early Egyptians and Reflexology as we know it today. Different forms of working the feet to effect health have been used all

Adolf Hitlers affect on the worldAdolf Hitlers affect on the world Joe Ciano Mrs. Colford Global History 9 January 1999 Adolf Hitler’s Influence on the World Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria.(Dorpalen Microsoft Encarta 98) Eighteen ninety-nine was the year of his birth. He was a poor boy and a high school dropout. He was rejected twice from the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna for lack of talent.(The Volume Library 2 Pg. 1745) At age 25, Hitler eagerly volunteered to serve in W.W.I. His fellow soldiers were unlike

ModernismModernism . Introduction [ ] Print section [ ] Modern Art , painting, sculpture, and other forms of 20th-century art. Although scholars disagree as to precisely when the modern period began, they mostly use the term modern art to refer to art of the 20th century in Europe and the Americas, as well as in other regions under Western influence. The modern period has been a particularly innovative one. Among the 20th century\'s most important contributions to the history of art are the invention of