A follow-up from last year’s inaugural Tech Cities 1.0 report, this year’s research reviewed all major North American markets, and groups the top cities into three categories based on how important the tech sector is to the local economy and real estate market:

As tech companies continue to dominate headlines and grow, a key question is how this affects commercial real estate. Building upon our inaugural Tech Cities report from last year, Tech Cities 2.0 offers new data and a further in-depth analysis of the marketplace.

Tech is no longer limited to just traditional technology companies — media companies, retailers and even law firms are competing for the same spaces and talent as traditional tech companies. While the result can be seen in nationwide trends, we’ve identified key insights that impact companies across every industry.

Ken McCarthy, Cushman & Wakefield’s New York-based principal economist and Applied Research lead for the US, said Tech Cities 2.0 demonstrates the profound impact the tech sector has had on commercial real estate in what appears to be one fell swoop but has been building since the financial crisis of 2008. McCarthy pointed out:

Although we expect established markets like Silicon Valley to see continued investment, new tech hubs are emerging across North America, from Provo to Philadelphia, sustaining a period of tech-driven, economic growth unseen since the dot-com boom of the late 1990s.

McCarthy noted that New York City has seen significant growth in the TAMI sector (Technology, Advertising, Media and Information). He commented:

If Silicon Valley is the brains of the tech sector, then New York City is the creative center. In this cycle, tech has been very important to New York City. TAMI employment growth has been much stronger than many other sectors, and that growth has been centered in that Midtown South of Market, and that market in particular has seen significant growth in terms of both property values and rents.

The tech industry has changed the way its companies and also those traditionally non-tech approach commercial real estate, according to Robert Sammons, Cushman & Wakefield’s senior director, Northern California Research. Sammons said:

Both start-ups and big tech companies have recognized they need a footprint in the central cities to keep attracting Millennial workers, and as a result, they are taking large chunks of high-rise buildings and trophy assets in dense urban areas — in addition to keeping their sprawling campuses in the suburbs.

Sammons added that tech companies are also driving demand as they continue to hunt for space and grab it in certain hot markets when they can find it. He noted:

With unemployment at 4.0% or lower in each of these markets, tech companies of all sizes are in a war for talent and must do their utmost to hold on to and recruit employees — and that means the best salaries, the best incentives, the best space and the best location. That last point has generally meant an urban or even suburban location that is mixed-use, walkable, bikeable and near mass transit.

The trend for the start-ups and tech companies to occupy large spaces in metropolitan areas is occurring all over North America and especially in the cities our report identifies as “Tech is a critical component of the local economy and CRE market.”

Combining employment, occupations, venture capital investment, and demographics statistics, this year’s list from Tech Cities 2.0 is separated into the three major categories listed above:

1/ Tech is a critical component of the local economy and CRE market:

Austin

Boston

Provo, UT

Raleigh/Durham

Salt Lake City

San Diego

San Francisco

Silicon Valley

Seattle

Washington, DC, Metro

2/ Tech is a key driver of the local economy and CRE market:

Atlanta

Dallas/Fort Worth

Denver

Minneapolis/St. Paul

Montreal

Portland, OR

Toronto

Vancouver

3/ Tech is important to the local economy and CRE market, but there are other important sectors as well:

Baltimore

Charlotte

Chicago

Greater Los Angeles

South Florida

New York City

Philadelphia

Key findings from Tech Cities 2.0 include:

In the first of half of last year, 42% of the square footage in the top 100 leases in North America were signed by tech companies.

The fastest-growing tech employment market since 2010 is Provo, Utah. Though a smaller market than the others on the list, the number of people employed by tech companies increased 64.9%, surpassing the 62.7% increase in San Francisco.

Average asking rents in cities such as Atlanta, Austin, Seattle, and San Francisco have increased more than 50% since 2010.

Property prices are skyrocketing. Among the Top 25, property prices have increased on average by 59%, with the greatest increases happening in Austin, Silicon Valley and San Francisco.

Cities that are targets for venture capital funding are the most important tech cities in North America. Among the Top 25, VC funding grew by an average of $2.0 billion compared to $457 million for the top 101 markets.

The top four cities for new construction are all cities where tech is a critical factor in the local real estate market, including: Austin, Raleigh/Durham, Seattle, and San Francisco.