There is a widespread consensus that a commodification of body parts is to be prevented. Numerous policy papers by international organizations extend this view to the blood supply and recommend a system of uncompensated volunteers in this area-often, however, without making the arguments for this view explicit. This situation seems ...

Risk assessments for transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease predicted that leukocyte reduction would be inefficient at preventing transmission of the disease by blood transfusion. Nevertheless, approximately 14 years ago, a significant proportion of European countries decided to implement leukocyte reduction treatment within their human blood supplies in order to mitigate ...

Lithium is an important psychopharmacological agent for the treatment of unipolar as well as bipolar affective disorders. Lithium has a number of side effects such as hypothyroidism and aggravation of psoriasis. On the other hand, lithium has pro-inflammatory effects, which appear beneficial in some disorders associated with immunological deficits, such ...

Surgeons dealing with an adult refusing a blood transfusion find themselves in an unenviable position, torn between wishing to preserve the patient's life while also respecting his or her wishes. This article looks at the legal framework for such circumstances as set out in the Mental Capacity Act 2005.

The world is regularly exposed to emerging infections with the potential to burst into a pandemic. One possible way to treat patients, when no other treatment is yet developed, is passive immunization performed by transfusing blood, plasma or plasma immunoglobulin fractions obtained from convalescent donors who have recovered from the ...

Ageing populations may demand more blood transfusions, but the blood supply could be limited by difficulties in attracting and retaining a decreasing pool of younger donors. One approach to increase blood supply is to collect blood more frequently from existing donors. If more donations could be safely collected in this ...

Bacterial contamination of blood and its cellular components remains the most common microbiological cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality, even in developed countries. This yet unresolved complication is seen more often in platelet transfusions, as platelet concentrates are stored at room temperature, in gas permeable containers with constant agitation, ...

As populations in the developed world shift toward an older and more ethnically diverse population, the challenges of recruiting and retaining sufficient donors to secure an adequate, safe supply of blood in the future will increase. The study population included all first-time (n = 348,740) and repeat (n = 1,805,255) blood donors and their ...

Lam Hilton Y HY Institute of Health Policy and Development Studies, National Institutes of Health University of the Philippines Manila ; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health University of the Philippines - - 2014

Due to a USAID-funded study on blood banks, a national policy was instituted in 1994 that set standards for Philippine blood services, promoted voluntary donation, and led to a ban on commercial blood banks. In this follow-up study, we assess the safety of the supply by determining the residual risk ...

The elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) of primary open-angle glaucoma is caused by impaired outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork. Within the juxtacanalicular region, alterations of both extracellular matrix homeostasis and the cellular tone of trabecular meshwork endothelial and the inner wall of Schlemm canal cells affect outflow. Newer ...

Shi Ling L Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, - - 2014

Despite a steady increase in total blood collections and voluntary non-remunerated blood donors, China continues to have many challenges with its blood donation system. The country's donation rate remains low at 9%o, with over 60% of donors being first-time donors. Generally there is a lack of adequate public awareness about ...

Nowadays patients receiving blood components are exposed to much less transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases than three decades before when among others HIV was identified as causative agent for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the transmission by blood or coagulation factors became evident. Since that time the implementation of measures for risk ...

To examine the relationship between change in optic nerve head (ONH) morphology and retinal blood flow in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) of African (AD) and European descent (ED) over 3 years. 112 patients with OAG (29 AD; 83 ED) underwent assessment of ONH morphology using Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT-III), and ...

Abstract Gender medicine has been a major focus of research in recent years. The present review focuses on gender differences in the epidemiology of the most frequent ocular diseases that have been found to be associated with impaired ocular blood flow, such as age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. ...

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and retinal hemodynamics and predicts how arterial blood pressure (BP) and blood flow autoregulation (AR) influence this relationship. Methods: A mathematical model is developed to simulate blood flow in the central retinal vessels and retinal microvasculature as current flowing through ...

To overcome problems and delays of the preparation of autologous serum eye drops, a production line of ABO-specific allogeneic serum eye drops from male blood donors was set up in a blood bank. Feasibility, clinical routine, safety and efficacy were evaluated in a cohort of patients with severe ocular surface ...

The pathogenesis of the glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) is an ongoing bone of contention. While the role of intraocular pressure (IOP) is well known, it is also clear that a variety of other factors, particularly those of a vascular nature, are involved as well. In contrast to other eye diseases, ...

Abstract Purpose: To analyze the hemodynamic features of orbital blood flow velocities using Doppler ultrasonography in ankylosing spondiylitis (AS) patients, as well as to compare these results with those of healthy controls. Methods: 33 AS patients and 32 healthy controls were consecutively included in the study groups. The same radiologist ...

Blood products infusions are often administrated to graft recipients. Post-transfusion reactions of anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies (anti-HLA) are responsible for transfusion-related acute lung injury, but cases of graft rejection after blood product infusions were recently also proven. The aim of this study was to assess, with the use of the ...

<p><bold>Purpose:</bold> To evaluate the impact of retinal blood flow on optic nerve head (ONH) morphology in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).</p><p><bold>Methods:</bold> A total of 66 patients with OAG (14 with DM, 52 without DM) were assessed at baseline and 3-year follow-up for retinal capillary ...

Several factors besides high intraocular pressure assumed to be associated with the development and progression of glaucoma, and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have been an anticipated option for glaucoma treatment by improving ocular perfusion and/or exerting neuroprotective effects on retinal ganglion cells with safety established in wide and long-term usage. ...

To investigate the relationship between optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and retrobulbar blood flow velocities, as measured by color Doppler imaging (CDI) in glaucoma patients. We performed a prospective, randomized, observer-masked study involving a total of 197 subjects. Once enrolled, they were divided by three groups: healthy controls (n = 51), normal-tension ...

Retinal function is known to be more resistant than blood flow to acute reduction of ocular perfusion pressure (OPP). To understand the mechanisms underlying the disconnect between blood flow and neural function, a mathematical model is developed in this study, which proposes that increased oxygen extraction ratio compensates for relative ...

The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis; OCT may be active from blood-to-vitreous for the uptake of its substrates. Ocular uptake of Tetraethylammonium (TEA) across blood ocular barriers and the tissue distribution was evaluated invivo in New Zealand albino rabbits after intravenous administration. Quinidine (blocker) pretreatment resulted in ...

To investigate differences in ocular blood flow in individuals of African descent (AD) and European descent (ED) with open angle glaucoma (OAG). A retrospective data analysis was performed on OAG patients of AD and ED who were previously examined for ocular blood flow within the Department of Ophthalmology at Indiana ...

OBJECTIVE: To examine the blood supply to the eyes of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), spotted seal (Phoca largha), and California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Emphasis is placed on exploring the anatomic function in the context of aquatic life. PROCEDURE: Methyl methacrylate casts were prepared and studied using a scanning electron ...

Glaucomatous damage has been described as a slowly progressive neuronal degenerative process along the visual pathway. Decreased cerebral and ocular blood flow as well as impaired vascular autoregulation has been identified in glaucoma and have been shown to correlate with visual field loss. In low-tension glaucoma patients, diffuse cerebral ischemic ...

Carotid Doppler measures blood flow velocity and vascular resistance index in the central retinal arteries and short posterior ciliary arteries. The blood flow profile of the optic nerve in chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG), however, has not been well documented. We report a 48-year-old female patient who presented with grossly asymmetric ...

ABSTRACT. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements in vivo recorded from rabbits' ocular fundus are presented. Despite the complexity of these ocular tissues, we provide a clear and simple demonstration of the DCS abilities to analyze variations in physiological quantities of clinical interest. Indeed, the reported experimental activities demonstrate that DCS ...

A clear correlation between vascular deficits and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in glaucoma has not yet been established. The question arose as to whether there is loss of inner retinal vessels following intraocular pressure (IOP) increase and, if so, whether it occurs prior to, concomitantly with, or after RGC ...

Purpose: To discuss the techniques and mechanisms of retinal oximetry with a focus on utilization of retinal oximetry in the assessment of retinal oxygen saturation in glaucoma. Methods: We reviewed recent literature found by searching combinations of the following search terms: glaucoma, retinal oximetry, ocular blood flow, retinal blood flow, oxygen ...

An association between glaucoma development or progression and compromised ocular blood flow has been postulated as a result of population-based studies and prospective cohort studies. Blood flow in the optic nerve head (ONH) is of primary importance in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The potential to modify the blood flow in ...

To characterize the hemodynamic features and the association with structural damage in the optic nerve head (ONH) of idiopathic bilateral optic atrophy (BOA) in rhesus macaque monkeys. In five animals with BOA and nine healthy animals under general anesthesia (pentobarbital), intraocular pressure (IOP) was manometrically controlled. ONH blood flow was ...