Angiosperms
sweet bayScientific classificationKingdom:
PlantaeSubkingdom:
Embryophyta(unranked):
Spermatophyta(unranked):
AngiospermsGroups (APG IV)[1]Basal angiospermsAmborellales
Nymphaeales
AustrobaileyalesCore angiospermsmagnoliids
Chloranthales
monocots
Ceratophyllales
eudicotsSynonyms
Anthophyta Cronquist[2]
Angiospermae Lindl.
Magnoliophyta Cronquist,
Takht.Takht. & W.Zimm.[3]
Magnolicae Takht.[4]The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae[5][6] or
Magnoliophyta,[7] are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416
families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known
species.[8] Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants.
However, they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics
including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of
fruits that contain the seeds
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John LindleyJohn LindleyJohn Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English
botanist, gardener and orchidologist.Contents1 Early years
2 Career2.1
Horticultural Society of London3 Middle years
4 Later years
5 Selected writings5.1 Taxonomic works
5.2 Edited works6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External linksEarly years[edit]
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England,
John LindleyJohn Lindley was one of four
children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman
and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden. Although he had
great horticultural knowledge, the undertaking was not profitable and
George lived in a state of indebtedness. As a boy he would assist in
the garden and also collected wild flowers he found growing in the
Norfolk countryside
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Synonym (taxonomy)
In scientific nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that
applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name,[1]
although the term is used somewhat differently in the zoological code
of nomenclature.[2] For example, Linnaeus was the first to give a
scientific name (under the currently used system of scientific
nomenclature) to the Norway spruce, which he called Pinus abies. This
name is no longer in use: it is now a synonym of the current
scientific name which is Picea abies.
Unlike synonyms in other contexts, in taxonomy a synonym is not
interchangeable with the name of which it is a synonym. In taxonomy,
synonyms are not equals, but have a different status. For any taxon
with a particular circumscription, position, and rank, only one
scientific name is considered to be the correct one at any given time
(this correct name is to be determined by applying the relevant code
of nomenclature)
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Arthur J. Cronquist
Arthur John Cronquist (March 19, 1919 – March 22, 1992) was a United
States biologist, botanist and a specialist on Compositae. He is
considered one of the most influential botanists of the 20th century,
largely due to his formulation of the
Cronquist systemCronquist system as well as
being the primary co-author to the Flora of the Pacific Northwest,
still the most up to date flora for three northwest U.S. States to
date. Two plant genera in the aster family have been named in his
honor. These are Cronquistia, a possible synonym of Carphochaete, and
Cronquistianthus, which is sometimes included as a group within
Eupatorium. The former was applied by R.M. King and the latter by him
and Harold E
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Takht.
Armen Leonovich
TakhtajanTakhtajan or Takhtajian (Armenian: Արմեն
Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; Russian: Армен Леонович
Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan,
Takhtadzhi︠a︡nTakhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced TAHK-tuh-jahn) (June
10, 1910 – November 13, 2009), was a Soviet-Armenian botanist, one
of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution and
systematics and biogeography. His other interests included morphology
of flowering plants, paleobotany, and the flora of the Caucasus. He
was born in Shusha
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W.Zimm.Walter Max Zimmermann (May 9, 1892 – June 30, 1980) was a German
botanist and systematist. Zimmernann’s notions of classifying life
objectively based on phylogenetic methods and on evolutionarily
important characters were foundational for modern phylogenetics.
Though they were later implemented by
Willi HennigWilli Hennig in his fundamental
work on phylogenetic systematics, Zimmermann's contributions to this
field have largely been overlooked. Zimmermann also made several
significant developments in the field of plant systematics such as the
discovery of the telome theory. The standard botanical author
abbreviation W.Zimm
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Holocene
The
HoloceneHolocene ( /ˈhɒləˌsiːn, ˈhoʊ-/)[2][3] is the current
geological epoch. It began after the Pleistocene[4], approximately
11,650 cal years before present.[5] The
HoloceneHolocene is part of the
QuaternaryQuaternary period. Its name comes from the
Ancient GreekAncient Greek words
ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new),
meaning "entirely recent".[6] It has been identified with the current
warm period, known as MIS 1, and is considered by some to be an
interglacial period.
The
HoloceneHolocene encompasses the growth and impacts of the human species
worldwide, including all its written history, development of major
civilizations, and overall significant transition toward urban living
in the present
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Family (biology)
In biological classification, family (Latin: familia, plural familiae)
is one of the eight major taxonomic ranks; it is classified between
order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are
intermediate ranks above the rank of genus. In vernacular usage, a
family may be named after one of its common members; for example,
walnuts and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, commonly
known as the walnut family.
What does or does not belong to a family—or whether a described
family should be recognized at all—are proposed and determined by
practicing taxonomists. There are no hard rules for describing or
recognizing a family, or any taxa. Taxonomists often take different
positions about descriptions of taxa, and there may be no broad
consensus across the scientific community for some time
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Genera
A genus (/ˈdʒiːnəs/, pl. genera /ˈdʒɛnərə/) is a
taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and
fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological
classification, genus comes above species and below family. In
binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the
binomial species name for each species within the genus.E.g.
Felis catusFelis catus and
Felis silvestrisFelis silvestris are two species within the genus
Felis.
FelisFelis is a genus within the family Felidae.The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist. The
standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so
different authorities often produce different classifications for
genera
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a
taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven
difficult to find a satisfactory definition. Scientists and
conservationists need a species definition which allows them to work,
regardless of the theoretical difficulties. If as
LinnaeusLinnaeus thought,
species were fixed, there would be no problem, but evolutionary
processes cause species to change continually, and to grade into one
another. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms
in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by
sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, when
looked at more closely it is problematic. For example, with
hybridisation, in a species complex of hundreds of similar
microspecies, or in a ring species, the boundaries between closely
related species become unclear
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Endosperm
The endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the
flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and
provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain
oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in the
human diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for
bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat
flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer
production
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Seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering.
The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in
seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and
angiosperm plants.
Seeds are the product of the ripened ovule, after fertilization by
pollen and some growth within the mother plant. The embryo is
developed from the zygote and the seed coat from the integuments of
the ovule.
Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and
success of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants, relative to more
primitive plants such as ferns, mosses and liverworts, which do not
have seeds and use water-dependent means to propagate themselves. Seed
plants now dominate biological niches on land, from forests to
grasslands both in hot and cold climates.
The term "seed" also has a general meaning that antedates the
above—anything that can be sown, e.g. "seed" potatoes, "seeds" of
corn or sunflower "seeds"
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Fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants
(also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. Edible
fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans
and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal
and nutrition; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent
on fruits as a source of food.[1] Accordingly, fruits account for a
substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some
(such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive
cultural and symbolic meanings.
In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the fleshy
seed-associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour, and
edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons,
oranges, and strawberries
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις (taxis), meaning
'arrangement', and -νομία (-nomia), meaning 'method') is the
science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the
basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into
taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank;
groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of
higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks
in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used
in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus and
species
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Reproductive Organ
A sex organ (or reproductive organ) is any part of an animal's body
that is involved in sexual reproduction. The reproductive organs
together constitute the reproductive system. The testis in the male,
and the ovary in the female, are called the primary sex organs.[1] The
external sex organs – the genitals or genitalia, visible at birth in
both sexes, and the internal sex organs are called the secondary sex
organs.[1]
Mosses, ferns, and some similar plants have gametangia for
reproductive organs, which are part of the gametophyte.[2] The flowers
of flowering plants produce pollen and egg cells, but the sex organs
themselves are inside the gametophytes within the pollen and the
ovule.[3] Coniferous plants likewise produce their sexually
reproductive structures within the gametophytes contained within the
cones and pollen
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