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Chapter
10
THE
ROMAN EMPIRE
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
Which
of the following describes the Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”
(Temple of Portunus), Rome?
pseudo-peripteral
peripteral
marble
façade
placed
on a stylobate
Which
of the following is uniquely Greek in style and was imported to Rome
in the first century BCE?
rectangular
shaped temples
tholos
style temples
cement
facades
Tuscan
columns
Roman
temple design during the Republican period reflected the colossal
design of the Greek Hellenistic style. This can be seen in which of
the following temples?
Temple
of “Fortuna Virilis” (Portunus), Rome
Temple
of Vesta, Tivoli
Pantheon,
Rome
Sanctuary
of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina
Freed
slaves often ordered portrait reliefs for their tombs. Which of the
following is the best reason for this?
celebrate
their new status as free
reminder
of their former status as slaves
commemorate
their status as Roman citizens
celebrate
their immortality via portraiture
Which
of the following structural materials allowed the architect of the
Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia to raise such a grand and eloquent
expression of Roman power?
concrete
marble
bronze
rebar
metal
armatures
The
Republican portraits are usually of older men. Which of the
following explains the life-like veritism of these portraits?
the
Hellenistic tradition of portraiture
the
Etruscan tradition of funereal sculpture
the
tradition of the treasured household imagines
the
new Republican tradition of portraiture
Which
of the following was the first to break with tradition and use his
portrait on Roman coinage?
Caesar
Augustus
Pompey
Julius
Caesar
Tiberius
Which
of the following would be located in a forum and would house the law
court for the city?
stoa
Capitolium
basilica
arena
The
Arch of Titus shows the military triumphs of Titus, returning after
the successful conclusion of the Jewish Wars in 70 CE. Which of the
following was also included in the sculptural program for the Arch of
Titus?
celebration
of imperial virtues
celebration
of the ancestry of Titus
celebration
of the birthplace of Titus
celebration
of the reign of Nero
Flavian
portraits, unlike Republican portraits, showed people of all ages and
both sexes. Which of the following was one of the purposes of the
portrait bust of the Flavian Woman (probably a Flavian princess)?
show
Republican virtue
show
divinity of the woman
show
her Greek ancestry
show
idealized beauty
Which
of the following would describe the “baroque” style of the 2 nd
century CE tomb nicknamed Al-Khazneh, the Treasury, located at Petra?
studied
disregard for classical rules
studied
regard for classical rules
experimentation
with new architectural rules
standard
use of forms and motifs to reflect Middle Eastern funerary
architecture
The
Pantheon was one of the most influential designs in the history of
architecture. It brought new meaning to the concept of
“architectural space.” Which of the following descriptions
characterize this influential work?
the
design is based on the intersection of two squares
the
design is based on the intersection of two circles
the
design is based on the intersection of two rectangles
the
design is based on the trapezoid
Which
of the following best describes and distinguishes the “First Style”
of Roman painting?
a. Architectural
b. Intricate
c. Masonry
d. Ornate
A large palace/fort
was built at Split in Yugoslavia by _______________.
a. Julius Caesar
b. Trajan
c. Diocletian
d. Constantine
Which of the
following best describes and distinguishes the “Fourth Style” of
Roman painting?
a. Masonry
b. Linear Fantasies
c. Dissolution of
confining walls
d. Architectural
Illusionism
Pompeian wall
paintings of the Second Style are characterized by which of the
following?
a. fantastic
architecture based on the theater
b. painted
copies of inlaid stonework
c. various
sections, some painted decoratively
d. the
wall seemingly opening up into an illusionistic landscape
Where would an
oculus be found?
a. at
the center of a dome
b. in the wall of a
temple
c. as part of a
Roman peristyle
d. in the apse of a
basilica
The Emperor Trajan
commissioned which of the following?
a. the Colosseum
b. an Arch of
Triumph now in Paris
c. the Ara Pacis
d. the
column depicting his victories
The most pronounced
influence of Greek Classical art on Roman art could be seen in work
done for which of the following?
a. the Roman
Republic
b. the
Emperor Augustus
c. Trajan
d. Constantine
The reliefs on the
Column of Trajan are not a reliable chronological account of the
Dacian campaigns; however, they do present an accurate record of the
general character of the campaigns. Which of the following also
describes this narrative?
Dacians
were depicted as insignificant with poor military skills
Dacians
were never depicted, only Trajan was depicted
no
active battles were depicted
Dacians
were depicted respectfully and their skills as warriors were
acknowledged
Coffering was a
useful architectural device in that it performed what function?
a. helped expand
interior space
b. helped
lighten the weight of a dome or arch
c. supplied an
accurate means of measurement for the Romans
d. enabled
extensive road systems to be built
Which
style of wall painting was least
characteristic of
Roman wall painting?
a. architectural
frames
b. illusionism
c. mathematical
linear perspective
d. eclecticism
The palace at Tivoli
was constructed for which of the following emperors?
a. Augustus
b. Nero
c. Constantine
d. Hadrian
Christianity was
recognized as the official religion of Rome in the early fourth
century CE by which of the following?
a. Diocletian
b. Constantine
c. Marcus Aurelius
d. Trajan
In contrast to a
Greek temple, Roman temples usually were _______________.
a. set on a
stylobate
b. constructed on a
hill
pseudo-peripteral
d. constructed
of wood
Which famous Roman
building included all of the following features: barrel vaults, groin
vaults, and a central dome over an eight-sided room.
a. Pantheon.
b. Basilica Ulpia
c. Colosseum
d. Villa
of Mysteries
SHORT ANSWER
What
is atmospheric perspective?
Depth
is indicated by the increasingly blurred appearance of objects in the
distance.
How
does eclecticism describe the Republican Temple of Fortuna Virilis,
Rome? It was the
primary characteristic of this temple; it takes components from both
the Etruscan and the Greeks and creates a uniquely Roman statement.
It has the high podium and deep porch of the Etruscans and an
imitation of the Greek marble faade it has a stucco faade with an
ionic frieze.
What
are characteristics of concrete and what effect did it have upon
building design?
Concrete
is a building material of great tensile strength that allows for
enormous flexibility in shaping both interior space and exteriors.
How
did the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia at Palestrina reflect Roman
architectural design and expression? The
innovative use of concrete allowed the architects to transform an
entire hillside into a complex symbol of Roman power. It was the
subjugation of nature to the order and rationality of Rome itself and
thus reiterated the Roman imperial spirit.
How
does the equestrian portrait of Marcus Aurelius convey the power of
the emperor? He is
larger than life size in comparison with his horse. He stretches his
arm out as if welcoming or pardoning. The quiet and purposeful stride
of the horse and the size of the emperor meld together to create an
image of awesome power. Marcus Aurelius becomes almost godlike in his
pose as ruler of the world.
How
did the Pax Augusta
(Augustan Peace) or Pax
Romana affect Roman
construction in the Mediterranean? Peace
and prosperity came to the region, which allowed succeeding emperors
to commission ambitious building programs, which molded public
opinion and shaped subsequent generations.
How
do the portraits of Livia reflect Classical Greek sculpture? Her
face remains ageless, corresponding to the Greek tradition of eternal
beauty used for images of their goddesses.
How
did Augustus change the purpose of portrait sculpture? During
the Republican years, portraits of elders were the norm. During the
reign of Augustus, sculptors were called upon to produce youthful
portraits of the head of state. Augustus understood the powerful
political statement a portrait could make and he used this very
effectively during his reign. Subsequent generations learned and
followed his examples.
Chapter
11
LATE
ANTIQUITY
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the Dura
painting, Samuel
Anointing David ,
David is depicted with an Imperial attribute indicating his royalty.
Which of the following is that attribute?
a.
purple toga
b.
laurel-leaf crown
c.
cuirass of Augustus
d.
armor of Hadrian
After Christianity
received acceptance within the Roman Empire, churches were
constructed above the catacombs. Which of the following provides the
most explanation for such churches to be constructed at these sites?
a.
The
pious worshiped openly at the graves of the earliest Christian
martyrs
b.
These were the only sites available for church construction
c.
All churches had to be constructed outside the city’s walls
d.
The catacombs were the holiest sites
How
did one recognize a Christian sarcophagus?
a.
The name of the owner was always carved on the center panel
b.
Only Christians were buried in sarcophagi
c.
It
was decorated with significant Christian subject matter
d.
The Crucifixion was always included as part of the subject matter
In the sarcophagus
of Junius Bassus, a pagan who converted to Christianity, the
sculptors illustrated scenes from the life of Christ. Which of the
following represents the allusion to the Crucifixion?
a.
Entry into Jerusalem
b.
Christ
before Pilate
c.
Christ between Sts. Peter and Paul
d.
Christ enthroned
The Christ
as Good Shepherd
from the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna is said to be deeply
rooted in the classical tradition. Which of the following would
support that belief?
a.
It is a mosaic rather than a fresco
b.
It
is full of Greco-Roman illusionistic devices
c.
It is a fresco rather than a mosaic
d.
It has a landscape included in the depiction
Which of the
following attributes was used to depict Christ after Christianity was
officially recognized by Roman authorities?
a. laurel
leaf crown
b. Imperial
purple
c. chariot
d. Imperial
armor
What
was the entrance porch of Old St. Peter’s in Rome called?
a. atrium
b. narthex
c. nave
d. bema
Christ as the
Good Shepherd
appears in the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia and uses many iconographic
devices. Which of the following is one of those devices?
a. goats
representing sinners
b. sheep
representing the Faithful
c.
a basin of water
d. a
chalice
The Rossano
Gospels
is the earliest illuminated manuscript that contains illustrations of
which of the following?
a. lives
of the martyrs
b. coronation
of Peter as Pope
c. New
Testament
d. martyrdom
of Paul
The representation
of Nahor seen in the scene of Rebecca and Eliezer at the well from
the Vienna
Genesis
uses which of the following conventions?
a. Early
Christian pictorial convention
b. Roman
pictorial convention
c. Egyptian
pictorial convention
d. Hebrew
pictorial convention
SHORT ANSWER
How
does the painting from Dura Europos reflect Late Antique art? The
important figures are presented as larger than the other characters.
For example the episode of Samuel anointing David, our attention is
focused on Samuel who is larger than the other figures. The purple
toga distinguishes David. It represented the imperial color and a
motif favored by the Romans.
How does the
Christian community house located in Dura-Europas reflect the state
of Christianity within the Roman Empire?
This
house is small and secondhand in contrast to the grand temples the
Empire supported. Without the approval of the Roman state these
communities remained small and attracted the most impoverished. The
Christian appeal centered on the equality of judgment in the
afterlife. The consequence of birth was immaterial. This was
especially important to the converts.
What
is the significance of Old St. Peter’s? Constantine
was both Roman emperor and defender of the Christian faith. In order
to keep the peace between his Christian and pagan constituencies he
order the construction of churches on the citys outskirts. Old St.
Peters was the most magnificent of these Early Christian churches. It
was constructed on the spot of Peters grave, or so it was believed.
This was a decision made by both Constantine and Pope Sylvester. This
church became the visible sign of the acceptance of Christianity by
the Empire. 2
How
does the theme of the “Good Shepherd” reflect the heritage of the
pre-Christian world?
The
first representation of this theme can be found in Greek Archaic
sculpture, the Calf-Bearer. Here the shepherd is bringing the calf as
a sacrifice to the goddess, Athena. In Christian iconography, that
theme has been transformed into Christ as the sacrifice and the sheep
become the faithful, symbolizing their salvation and redemption
through the sacrifice of Christ.
Why
are there very few depictions of the crucifixion in Early Christian
art? This
depiction was unknown prior to the 5th century. Artists emphasized
the divinity of Christ through his life as a teacher and miracle
worker and not his suffering and death at the hands of the Romans.
Allusions were made in a number of works about his death, the
sarcophagus of Junius Bassus has a segment in which Christ appears
before Pilate, the Roman judge and this refers to his coming
crucifixion and death.
Chapter 12
BYZANTIUM
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which of the
following features is of Byzantine origin and was never incorporated
in San Vitale?
a. apse
b. iconostasis
c. ambulatory
d. vault
The dome of the
Hagia Sophia is supported by __________.
a. squinches.
b. pendentives .
c. vaults.
d. bemas.
The
medium used for the icon of the Virgin
and Child between St. Theodore and St. George is
which of the following?
a. encaustic
b. oil on panel
c. mosaic
d. fresco
Theodora’s
presence in the mosaic program of San Vitale indicates her importance
and unique position within the court of Justinian. The representation
of the Three Magi on the border of her robe also suggests she
__________________.
a. belongs here as
Empress
b. belongs
in the elevated company
c. belongs here as
wife to Justinian
d. belongs here
because of her patronage
Justinian’s
position on the north wall of the apse of San Vitale is somewhat
ambiguous. He
appears
to be slightly behind the bishop, yet the paten he carries overlaps
the bishop’s arm. This indicates the ___________________.
a. unimportance of
Bishop Maximianus
b. importance of
the State
c. force of
Justinian’s character
d. balance
between Church and State
What church combines
the intricacies of Greek theology, the ambitious architectural scale
of Rome, the vaulting tradition of the Near East, and the mysticism
of Eastern Christianity in order to create a monument that is the
summation of antiquity and the triumph of Christianity?
a. San Vitale
b. Sts. Sergius and
Bacchus
c. Church of the
Dormition, Daphni
d. Hagia
Sophia
Where would a
squinch most likely be found?
a. as part of a
column
b. supporting
a dome
c. guarding the
entry
d. at the entrance
of a chapel
The seventh and
eighth centuries were a period of turmoil for Byzantium. This period
saw the loss of the Eastern provinces to conquest under the banner of
Islam. These events persuaded Emperor Leo III that God was punishing
the Empire for its idolatrous worship of icons. Based on this what
did Leo III initiate?
He
formally prohibited the use of images.
He
formally petitioned prayers from the Patriarch.
He
formally charged the Imperial workshops to increase production of
images.
He
formally charged the population to increase their worship of images.
The Middle Byzantine
artist assimilated classicism’s simplicity, dignity, and grace and
synthesized it with Byzantine piety and pathos. Which of the
following follows this formula?
Virgin
and Child Enthroned ,
Hagia Sophia
Virgin
and Child between Sts. Theodore and George ,
Monastery St. Catherine
Anicia
Juliana, Vienna
Dioskorides
Crucifixion ,
Church of the Dormition, Daphni
The interior mosaic
program for St. Mark’s has explanatory labels written in both Greek
and Latin. What accounts for this?
It
accommodates the needs of Venice’s diverse population.
It
reflects the political ambitions of the bishop of Venice.
It
reflects Venice’s position as a link between East and West.
It
accommodates the needs of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
In the semi-dome of
the apse, the architectural focus of the cathedral of Monreale is
another allusion to William’s right to rule. Which of the following
figures would support that allusion?
the
enthroned Theotokos
the
archangels
the
Twelve Apostles
the
Pantokrator
What
accounts for the fragmentary knowledge of Byzantine art prior to the
ninth century?
The
Ottoman Turks invasion of Constantinople
The
Second Crusade
The
Iconoclasm
The
Seljuk Turks capture of Anatolia
SHORT
ANSWER
The
phrase “consequences of iconoclasm” has significant meaning for
the history of Byzantine art. Explain the Iconoclasm and its
subsequent impact on Byzantine art.
It
cannot be overstated the damage this period (726-843) had on the art
of Byzantium. For 117 years no depictions of Christ, the Virgin, or
the saints were allowed. Even more damaging was the concerted effort
made by the iconoclasts to destroy countless works from the Early
Byzantine period, hence the fragmentary knowledge of this early
artistic period.
Describe
the contributions of Justinian during the Early Byzantine period. His
reign marks the end of the Late Roman Empire and the beginning of the
Byzantine Empire. He briefly restored the Roman Empires power and
extent by driving the Ostrogoths from Italy and the Vandals from
North Africa. He contained the Bulgars on the northern frontier and
checked the Sasanians on the eastern borders. He ambitiously set
forth a building program, which defined the Byzantine architectural
style henceforth. He supervised the codification of Roman law.
Describe
the mosaic, Theodora
and Attendants from
San Vitale, and explain its symbolism. Theodoras
presence in the apse marks her position within the Empire and her
importance to Justinian. Her very presence and participation in the
celebration of the Eucharist ceremony marks her position in the
ceremonial protocol. Not equal to Justinian, but important enough to
him to be elevated to role of active participant (only the emperor
was permitted in the nave), she carries the chalice. She is depicted
with the same hieratic formality and solemnity as Justinian.
EARLY
MEDIEVAL EUROPE
Scholars
thought of the long interval from classical antiquity to the
beginning of the modern European world as ________________________.
rough
and uncivilized
polished
and sophisticated
rigid
and dogmatic
formal
and polite
The
Ostrogoth, Theodoric, established his kingdom in ___________.
Italy
Germany
Yugoslavia
Italy
Elaborately
decorated Merovingian fibulae have been excavated from graves. Based
on this it can be said these small objects are __________________.
emblems
of prestige
simple
jewelry
strictly
utilitarian
holy
objects
Two silver spoons,
“Saulos” and “Paulos,” Paul’s names before and after
baptism, were discovered as part of the Sutton Hoo burial. What might
be alluded from these spoons?
They
were part of the ritual burial ceremony.
The
owner ‘s conversion to Christianity.
The
owner’s need for utilitarian objects.
They
were left as gifts.
The Sutton Hoo purse
has two groupings each of a man standing between two lions. This can
also be found in what earlier culture?
Sumer
Classical
Greece
Etruscans
Late
Roman Empire
In
the later Middle Ages religious books were created for the private
devotions of the laity.
They
were based on readers used by the monks. These books contained
prayers to be
read
at specific times during the day, they were popularly known as
_________________.
Books
of Devotions
Books
of Sacramentaries
Books
of Hours
Books
of Benedictionals
The
symbol of Matthew from the Book
of Durrow
shows frontal head, profile feet, and a cloak and frame that resemble
contemporaneous cloisonné metalwork. Which of the following
statements explains this work?
wedding
the abstraction of Late Roman adornment and Early Christian
pictorial
imagery
wedding
the abstraction of Early Medieval adornment and Early Christian
pictorial
imagery
wedding
the abstraction of Early Christian adornment and Late Roman
pictorial
imagery
wedding
the abstraction of Byzantine adornment and Early Christian pictorial
imagery
What
manuscript is commonly considered the greatest achievement in
Hiberno-Saxon art?
a. Book
of Durrow
b.
Book of Lindisfarne
c.
Book of Alciun
d.
Book of Kells
The
Ebbo
Gospels represent
a new Carolingian vernacular. Which of the following describes the
new Carolingian style?
a. translated
a classical prototype
translated
a Byzantine prototype
translated
a Hiberno-Saxon prototype
d.
translated a Merovingian prototype
What
church plan was used as the model for the palace chapel at Aachen?
Old
St. Peter’s
Santa
Sabina
Hagia
Sophia
San
Vitale
What
do the doors of St. Michael at Hildesheim illustrate?
a the
Old Testament
b the
New Testament
c Original
Sin and Redemption
d The
Passion
Irish
or Celtic stone crosses are identifiable by which of the following?
a. four arms of
equal length
b. a
circle intersecting the cross arms
c. extra top
slanting bar
d. combination
swastika symbolizing the four directions
Who
was a major force in the revival of the Classical style in early
medieval times?
a. Louis the Pious
b. Bernward of
Hildesheim
Charlemagne
d. Otto
III
_________________
was a possible model for Bernward’s column because the narrative
reads from top to bottom.
a. Marcus
Aurelius’s Column
b. Justinian’s
Column
c. Trajan’s
Column
d. Constantine’s
Column
In which way did the
three-aisled basilica for the Monastery of St. Gall differ from its
Early Christian prototypes?
a. It
had a second apse on the west end
b. It had a choir
between crossing and apse
c. It had
integrated towers
d. It had
procession of transepts
Early
Medieval burial traditions were recorded in the __________________.
a. Book
of Durrow
b. Lindisfarne
Gospels
c. Book
of Doom
d. Saga
of Beowulf
The abbey church at
Hildesheim has a double-transept plan that creates eastern and
western centers of gravity. The lateral entrances on the north and
south aisles further disrupt the traditional basilican plan. What
model might have been used for this church?
a. Basilica of
Constantine
b. Basilica
Ulpia
c. Aula Palatina
Basilica
d. Basilica Trajan
Which
of the following manuscripts showed the greatest influence of Roman
illusionism?
a. Utrecht
Psalter
b. Coronation
Gospels
c. Lindisfarne
Gospels
d. Gospel
Book of Otto III
The
style of the Gospel
Book of Otto III
can best be described as ________________.
a. abstract
interlace
b. antique
illusionism
c. Byzantine
formalism
d. Carolingian
formalism
It has been said
that Charlemagne was a man of great energy and learning, a strong
patron of the arts, and a sincere admirer of classical culture. Which
of the following do later generations owe to Charlemagne’s
patronage?
a. the restoration
of the classical sculptural tradition
b. the copying of
important Early Christian texts
c. the restoration
of the Late Imperial Roman Empire
the
copying of important classical texts
Later church
architecture adopted heavy square piers alternating with columns,
dividing the nave into vertical units and mitigating the tunnel-like
horizontality of Early Christian basilicas. This system is known as
_________________.
a. revived Romanism
b. modular
c. alternate
support
d. Middle Byzantine
The
Carolingian architectural plan that demonstrated the beginnings of
the modular system was found in ___________.
a. the
Monastery of St. Gall
b. the abbey church
of Centula
c. Saint Michael’s
at Hildesheim
d. St.-Riquier
Chapter 17
ROMANESQUE
EUROPE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Which
of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?
a
sharp increase in trade
the
pilgrimage routes
a
consolidation of power within the papacy
the
end of the power of the Vikings
There
is a diversity of regional styles in Romanesque church architecture.
Which of the
following
is characteristic of the Northern French style found in St.-Étienne
at Vignory?
It
used small brick-like stones.
It
used poured cement.
It
used large sawn blocks of stone.
It
used a wooden superstructure.
St.-Sernin at
Toulouse has been called a “pilgrimage” type church. Which of the
following accounts for this designation?
It
added perimeter buildings to house pilgrims.
It
attached the ambulatory to the nave.
It
had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.
It
narrowed the main aisle to create a dignified progress for viewing
the relics.
The
plan of St.-Sernin is extremely regular and geometrically precise. It
is based on a module seen in earlier church architecture. Which of
the following churches is the prototype for this refined and rational
structural approach?
St.
Michael, Hildesheim
Monastery
Church, St. Gall
Sta.
Maria Maggiore, Rome
St.
Cyriakus, Gernode
Which
of the following churches was the largest in Europe until the new St.
Peter’s in Rome was constructed in the 17 th
century?
Third
Church at Cluny (Cluny III)
St.-Sernin,
Toulouse
Speyer
Cathedral
Sant’Ambrogio,
Milan
Church
interiors now became impressive acoustical settings for church
services. Which of the following architectural elements allowed for
the excellent acoustics?
the
radiating chapels of the ambulatory
the
upper galleries or tribunes along the nave
the
radiating chapels attached to the transepts
the
continuous barrel-vaulted naves
The
one important requirement often missing from these church interiors
is light. Which of the following did not allow for interior lighting?
Barrel-vaults
exerted great outward thrust making a clerestory difficult to
construct
Light
not considered an important spiritual ingredient for church services
The
massive walls would not support a tribune and clerestory
It
was considered too expensive to fund the construction of a
clerestory
How did 11 th
century Romanesque masons construct monumental groin vaults?
By
using ashlar blocks joined by mortar
By
using ashlar blocks
By
using concrete
By
using rubble blocks jointed by mortar
A more complex and
efficient type of vaulting was needed that would admit light and at
the same time be aesthetically pleasing. Which of the following
systems would allow this adoption?
By
elevating the side walls with additional buttressing
By
eliminating the upper galleries or tribunes
By
covering the nave with groin vaults
By
eliminating the ambulatory from the apse
Of the following
characteristics, which is not relevant to Italian church
architecture?
verticality
thick,
massive walls
continuous
barrel-vaulting
groin-vaulting
St. Trophîme at
Arles has a rich Roman heritage. Which of the following most
accurately describes the frieze above the freestanding columns of the
portal?
It
recalls the medallions from the Arch of Constantine.
It
recalls the sculptured fronts of late antique sarcophagi.
It
recalls the narrative bands from the Column of Trajan.
It
recalls the panels from the Arch of Titus.
The Bayeux
Tapestry is unique in Romanesque art. Which
of the following supports this claim?
It
depicted an actual event in full detail shortly after it occurred.
It
depicted a tale from the First Crusade.
It
depicted the Mission of the Apostles in full detail.
It
depicted the clash between the Knights Templar and the Saracens.
Which of the
architectural elements below was used for the exterior supports on
Romanesque buildings?
a. pendentives
b. flying
buttresses
c. buttresses
d. diaphragm
buttresses
Tall towers are
integrated into the west front of which of the following?
a. Pisa Cathedral
b. St.-Étienne,
Caen
c. St.-Sernin,
Toulouse
d. Sant’Ambrogio,
Milan
The intersection of
two barrel vaults creates which of the following?
a. groin
vault
b. pendentive
c. buttress
d. rib vault
An
important aspect of Romanesque manuscript illumination was based on
which of the following?
a. the
subordination of the figure to the frame
b. the
aggrandizement of man
c. Polykleitos’
canon of proportions
d. the techniques
used in metalwork
One suggestion for
the resurgence of stone sculpture on churches was the changing role
of churches. Now due to the pilgrimage routes, the churches served an
increasingly large lay public. Which of the following supports this
suggestion?
a.
Churches
served a largely illiterate audience and needed visual Christian
symbols and stories.
b. Strong Muslim
influences provided symbols and stories.
c. A large group
of Byzantine artists were now being employed creating church
programs.
d.
Bernard of Clairvaux supported the use of stone sculpture to convey
the Christian stories and symbols.
Which architectural
device was not used by Romanesque architects?
a. domes
b. flying
buttresses
c. ribbed vaults
d. clustered piers
During the
Romanesque period the vision of Christ’s Second Coming was often
depicted on which of the following?
a. jambs
b. the tribune
c. the
tympanum
d. the trumeau
SHORT ANSWER
Contrast
the focus of life in the early Early Medieval period with the focus
during the Romanesque period. In
the early Early Medieval period the focus was on the manor or estate
of the landholding lord. This lord might grant a portion of his land
to his vassals, who, in turn, swore their allegiance to him. They
provided military service to this lord not only for their land but
also for the promise of protection. During the Romanesque period a
sharp increase in trade encouraged the growth of towns and cities.
This growth gradually displaced feudalism as the form of governance.
The feudal lords granted these towns and communities their
independence, when economic circumstances dictated such, via a
charter with their rights and obligations enumerated.
Briefly
describe the impact pilgrimage routes had on Romanesque Europe. These
routes provided increased funding via the pilgrims to the monasteries
and churches that held the venerated relics of saints. This increased
funding also sparked an enormous investment in ecclesiastical
buildings and furnishings in order to reflect glory of God. It also
reflected the competition among the monasteries to provide the most
magnificent settings for the displays of the relics.
Chapter 18
THE AGE OF GREAT
CATHEDRALS
Gothic
Art
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Who
of the following coined the term “Gothic”?
Giorgio
Vasari
Lorenzo
Ghiberti
Abbot
Suger
Louis
IX
The
focus of both the intellectual and religious life changed from
monasteries in the countryside and pilgrimage churches to cathedrals
in expanding cities. Which of the following would account for this
change?
It
was a time of great prosperity.
It
illustrated the growing power of city mayors.
It
was the period of the destruction of monasteries.
It
represented the closure of the pilgrimage routes.
Speyer
Cathedral was considered the burial church of the emperors of the
Holy Roman Empire. Which of the following churches was the burial
church for the kings of France?
Notre-Dame,
Paris
Notre-Dame,
Reims
St-Denis
Ste-Chapelle
Which
of the following best describes a characteristic of Gothic
architecture?
Its
rounded arches allowed for greater height.
Its
interior is permeated with light.
Its
interior is narrow and long windows are eliminated.
Its
side aisles are now included in order to broaden the interior.
Which
of the following became a standard feature of French Gothic
architecture?
fan
vaulting
Perpendicular
style
rose
window
rounded
arches
The
tympanum from the right portal of Chartres depicts the Virgin and
Child that hearkens back to the Romanesque portrayals of this theme
as the Throne of Wisdom. Which of the following is the source for
this depiction?
Byzantine
Theotokos
Early
Christina Madonna and Child
Carolingian
Virgin and Child
Hiberno-Saxon
Madonna and Child
The
portal sculptural program for Chartres Cathedral is distinctly
different from its Romanesque counterparts. Which of the following
accounts for this distinction?
the
exclusion of scenes from the Passion
the
inclusion of the Old Testament Kings
the
prominence of Mary in the portal program
the
inclusion of scenes from the life of Christ
Which
of the following is considered a masterpiece of the Rayonnant style?
Reims
Cathedral
Ste-Chapelle
St-Denis
Amiens
Cathedral
Fan vaulting was
most common in which of the following?
a. Thirteenth-century
Germany
b. Early Gothic
France
c. High Gothic
France
d. Late Gothic
England
Abbot
Suger is credited with creating which of the following churches?
a. St.-Sernin
b. St.-Denis
c. St.-Chapelle
d. Notre-Dame,
Paris
The
fourteenth-century German sculptures of Ekkehard and Uta at Naumburg
are particularly significant because these sculptures used which of
the following?
a. the S-shaped
curve
b. the damp-fold
style of drapery
c. specific
individuals
d. the Virtues
What pose developed
by the “court” style had a strong influence on Late Gothic
sculpture?
a. contrapposto
b. rigidly frontal
c. equestrian form
d. S-shaped curve
Indicate which of
the following is not a characterization of the changing social
conditions in the Gothic period.
a. new importance
of women
b. rise of the
middle class
c. interest in
Scholasticism
d. barbarian
migrations
The Gothic style is
said to have first appeared in which of the following areas?
a. Lombardy
b. Ile de France
c. Milan
d. Burgundy
Flying buttresses
eliminated which of the following?
a. nave
b. tribune gallery
c. arches
d. vaults
Many Gothic
cathedrals were dedicated to which of the following?
a. the Virgin Mary
(Notre-Dame)
b. the Holy Spirit
c. The Trinity
d. Christ the Judge
What innovation did
hall churches incorporate?
a. They became
pilgrimage churches.
b. They placed new
emphasis on preaching and the pulpit.
c. They were
connected to monasteries.
d. They contained a
profusion of relics.
Which of these
churches embodies the essential characteristics of English Gothic
architecture?
Wells
Cathedral
Ely
Cathedral
Salisbury
Cathedral
York
Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
retains many of its Romanesque features. Which of the following is
one such feature?
pointed
arches
sexpartite
rib vaults
triforium
flying
buttress
The elevation of
Laon Cathedral differs from that of Chartres in what important
respect?
a. absence of a
triforium
b. absence of a
gallery
c. absence of rose
windows
d. absence of nave
arcade
The development of
the Rayonnant style is connected with which of the following?
a. the court of
Louis IX
b. Abbot Suger of
St.-Denis
c. Order of Bernard
of Clairvaux
d. the Second
Crusade
SHORT
ANSWER
How
did the cult of the Virgin impact Gothic society?
How
do stained glass windows function within the context of a cathedral?
How does the Porch
of the Confessors from Chartres Cathedral reflect the High Gothic
style?
What are the statues
on the jambs of the Royal Portal at Chartres thought to represent?
What Gothic
cathedral was finished in the nineteenth century according to the
original thirteenth-century plans?
Chapter
19
Italy,
1200 To 1400
MULTIPLE CHOICE
The word Renaissance
means rebirth. Which of the following was a revived interest during
this time?
a.
Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts
b.
Classical culture
c.
Islamic culture
d.
Platonic interpretation of Christianity
The most devastating
natural disaster in Europe during the late 1300s was which of the
following?
a.
mad cow disease
b.
the collapse of the linen market
c.
the failure of the Medici banks
d.
the Black Death
Which of the
following cities was considered the rightful capital of the Roman
Catholic Church?
a.
Rome
b.
Avignon
c.
Florence
d.
Paris
The frontality,
stiff poses, and lack of modeling as seen in Berlinghieri’s Saint
Francis Altarpiece
can be said to be which of the following?
a.
fundamentally medieval
b.
merging with classical traditions
c.
reflects the “new” Italo-Byzantine style
d.
directly influenced by Platonic philosophy
Which of the
following works describes the Roman school of painting that replaced
Byzantine stylized dignity with the careful depiction of light?
a.
Seated
Apostles
b.
Betrayal
of Jesus
( Maestà )
c.
Annunciation
d.
Madonna
Enthroned with Angels and Prophets
Giotto’s Enthroned
Madonna
reflected the new trend toward naturalism and classical modeling of
the figures. Which of the following describes this new trend?
a.
The Virgin is slender and fragile
b.
Her cloak is heavily patterned with gold threads
c.
The Virgin is solid and has mass
d.
The figures float as if in the spiritual realm
The Triumph
of Death
is a powerful depiction of death and the folly of pleasure and the
inevitability of death. The Dominicans, an order committed to a life
of poverty, participated in the design of this work. Based on this
which of the following groups would be portrayed in a negative light?
a.
the hermits
b.
the young aristocrats
c.
St. Macarius
d.
the coffin-encased corpses
What
did the humanist cult of fame emphasize?
a.
the importance of creative individuals
b.
the importance of a superior government
c.
the importance of strong leadership
d.
the importance of a good university system
What
are confraternities?
a. political
action groups
b. lay
people dedicated to strict religious observance
c. protectors
of the king
d. papal
guards
This
artist projected on a flat surface the illusion of space. He also
projected the illusion of solid bodies moving though that space. This
description describes which of the following artists?
a.
Duccio
b.
Pietro Cavallini
c.
Simone Martini
d.
Giotto
Which
of the following was characteristic of the work of Simone Martini?
a. use
of elegant flowing contour
b. emphasis
on drama
c. bold
modeling of the figures
d. emphasis
on delineation of three-dimensional space
The International
Style illustrated rich color, intricate patterns, and weightless
figures. Which of the following works depicts this style?
a.
Lamentation
b.
Virgin
and Child Enthroned with Saints ( Maestà )
c.
Seated
Apostles ( Last
Judgment )
d.
Annunciation
Which of the
following is the monastic order that influenced art through its
stress on nature and the primacy of personal experience?
a. Dominican
b. Benedictine
c. Cistercian
d. Franciscan
What
element did Duccio bring to the Maestà ?
a. the
modeled figures
b. his
personal experience
c. his
experience as a sculptor
d. the
influence of Giotto his teacher
Who
most strongly influenced the art of Pietro Lorenzetti?
a. Duccio
b. Simone
Martini
c. Cimabue
d. Giotto
He restored the
naturalistic approach to painting as practiced in Antiquity. He
inaugurated a method of pictorial expression based on observation. He
revealed nature and its visible order. This describes which of the
following artists?
a.
Duccio
b.
Pietro Cavallini
c.
Cimabue
d.
Giotto
The
Roman fresco tradition can best be seen in the work of which of the
following artists?
a. Cimabue
b. Cavallini
c. Duccio
d. Giotto
SHORT
ANSWER
Briefly
describe humanism.
How
did the Antique past or the classical past impact the humanists of
14 th
century Italy?
Why
were so many Italian church facades left uncompleted?
How
does Florence reflect the idea of the dominant city-state?
Briefly
describe the impact of the Black Death in Europe.
Briefly
describe the economic status of Italy during the 14 th
century.