Tolkien Biography

Philologist, author, mythmaker and creator of "Middle Earth"
Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University, a brilliant philologist,
and a self-described "hobbit," J.R.R. Tolkien created two of
the best-loved stories of the 20th century, "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", recently made into a multiple award-winning
movie by the director Peter Jackson for New Line Cinema.

Early Life
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in Bloemfontein,
South Africa, to English parents. At the age of three his mother brought
him and his younger brother, Hilary, back to England. Tolkien's father died soon afterwards
in South Africa, so the family stayed in England and by the summer of 1896 his mother found them a home in the hamlet of Sarehole, just outside the city Birmingham.

Tolkien's family lived in genteel poverty, eventually moving to Moseley a
suburb of Birmingham, just north west of Sarehole. When he was 12, Tolkien's
mother died, and he and his brother were made wards of a Catholic priest.
They lived with aunts and in boarding homes thereafter. The dichotomy
between Tolkien's happier days in the rural landscape of Sarehole and
his adolescent years in the industrial centre of Birmingham would be felt
strongly in his later works.

Education
The young Tolkien attended King Edward's School in Birmingham in the years
1910 and 1911, where he excelled in classical and modern languages. There
are six known contributions he made in the King Edward's School Chronicle.
In 1911 he went to Exeter College, Oxford, where he studied Classics,
Old English, Germanic languages, Welsh, and Finnish. He quickly demonstrated
an aptitude for philology and began to create his own languages. In 1913
Tolkien published his very first poem, called 'From the many-willow'd
margin of the immemorial Thames', in the Stapeldon Magazine of Exeter
college.

The Great War
By the time Tolkien had completed his degree at Oxford in 1915, World
War I had erupted across Europe. Tolkien enlisted and was commissioned
in the Lancashire Fusiliers, but he did not see active duty for months.
In this period he wrote the poem 'Gobin Feet' which got published in 'Oxford
Poetry 1915'. When he learned that he would be shipped out in March
1916, he married his longtime friend Edith Bratt, the girl the poem
was written for.

Tolkien was sent to the Western Front and fought in the Somme offensive.
Almost all of his closest friends were killed. After four months in and
out of the trenches, he contracted a typhus-like infection and was sent
back to England, where he served for the rest of the war.

Academic Career
Tolkien's first job was as a lexicographer on the New English Dictionary
(helping to draft the Oxford English Dictionary). Tolkien wrote 'A Middle
English Vocabulary', but it was not published until 1922, but after it
was published some copies were bound with 1st impressions of Sisam’s
book, 'Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose' which was published one year
before. During this time he began serious work on creating languages that
he imagined had been spoken by elves. The languages were based primarily
on Finnish and Welsh. He also began his "Lost Tales" a mythic
history of men, elves, and other creatures he created to provide context
for his "Elvish" languages. He made the first public presentation
of his tales when he read "The Fall of Gondolin" to an appreciative
audience at the Exeter College Essay Club.

Tolkien then became a professor in English Language at the University
of Leeds, where he collaborated with E. V. Gordon on the famous edition
of 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight'. Tolkien remained at Leeds until
1925, when he took a position teaching Anglo-Saxon at Oxford University.
In Leeds Tolkien found the time to make a lot of contributions on various
Magazines and books like, Gryphon Magazine, Microcosm, TLS, Yorkshire
Poetry, Leeds University Verse, e.o.

Tolkien at Oxford
Tolkien spent the rest of his career at Oxford, retiring in 1959. Although
he produced little by today's "publish or perish" standards,
his scholarly writings were of the highest caliber. One of his most influential
works is his lecture "Beowulf, the Monsters and the Critics."

At Oxford Tolkien became a founding member of a loose group of like-minded
Oxford friends "The Inklings" who met for conversation, drinks,
and readings from their works-in-progress. Another prominent member was
C. S. Lewis, who became one of Tolkien's closest friends.

Tolkien, a devout Catholic, and Lewis, an agnostic at the time, frequently
debated religion and the role of mythology. Unlike Lewis, who tended to
dismiss myths and fairy tales, Tolkien firmly believed that they have
moral and spiritual value. Said Tolkien, "The imagined beings have
their inside on the outside; they are visible souls. And Man as a whole,
Man pitted against the Universe, have we seen him at all till we see that
he is like a hero in a fairy tale?"

"In a hole in the ground . . ."
It was also during his years at Oxford that Tolkien would scribble an
inexplicable note in a student's exam book: "In a hole in the ground
there lived a Hobbit." Curious as to what exactly a "Hobbit"
was and why it should live in a hole, he began to build a story about
a short creature who inhabited a world called Middle-earth. This grew
into a story he told his children, and in 1936 a version of it came to
the attention of the publishing firm of George Allen and Unwin (now part
of HarperCollins), who published it as The Hobbit, or There and Back Again,
in 1937. It become an instant and enduring classic.

Lord of the Rings
Stanley Unwin, the publisher, was stunned by The Hobbit's success and
asked for a sequel, which blossomed into a multivolume epic. While The
Hobbit hinted at the history of Middle-earth that Tolkien had created
in his "Lost Tales" (which he was now calling "The Silmarillion"),
the sequel drew heavily upon it. So determined was Tolkien to get every
detail right that it took him more than a decade to complete the 12-book
"Lord of the Rings." He often left off writing the story for
months to hash out a linguistic problem or historical inconsistency.

The Lord of the Rings appeared in 1954-1955 in three parts: The Fellowship
of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King. While the book
was eagerly received by the reading public, critical reviews were everything
but neutral. Some critics, such as Philip Toynbee, deplored its fantasy
setting, archaic language, and utter earnestness. Others, notably W. H.
Auden and C. S. Lewis, lauded it for its straightforward narrative, imagination,
and Tolkien's palpable love of language.

The Lord of the Rings did not reach the height of its popularity until
it finally appeared in paperback. Tolkien disliked paperbacks and hadn't
authorized a paperback edition. In 1965, however, Ace Books exploited
a legal loophole and published an unauthorized paperback version of The
Lord of the Rings. Within months Ballantine published an official version
(with a rather cross note about respecting an author's wishes). The lower
cost of paperbacks and the publicity generated by the copyright dispute
boosted sales of the books considerably, especially in America where it
was quickly embraced by the 60s counterculture.

Nearly 50 years after its publication, Tolkien's epic tale has sold more
than 100 million copies and been translated into more than 25 languages.

Tolkien's Legacy
The Lord of the Rings is a singular, contradictory work. Written in an
almost archaic form, packed with strange words and obsure historical details,
and lacking the modern emphasis on the "inner life," it is unabashedly
antimodern. But at the same time its melancholy environmentalism and fully
realized alternative world are very modern. It has often been read, among
as other things, as an allegory of World War II or the Cold War, but Tolkien
himself denied any such interpretation, maintaining it was simply a story
to be taken on its own terms.

Its enduring appeal, however, lies not in its literary oddness or straightforward
action, but in its beautifully realized world and themes of loss, self-sacrifice,
and friendship. In its wake, Tolkien's work left not only a host of sword-and-sorcery
imitators and devoted fans, but a lasting legacy in the hundreds of virtual
worlds that have come to life in books and films since.
Middle-earth after J.R.R.
J.R.R. Tolkien died on September 2, 1973. His death did not mark the end
of Middle-earth for readers, though. After Tolkien's death his son Christopher
endeavored to complete his father's life work. He edited The Silmarillion
and saw it published in 1977. In 1980 he began to publish the rest of
his father's incomplete writings, culminating in the 12-volume History
of Middle-earth series.