Religion in the 2010 Elections

Two of the largest religious groups in the electorate followed the same basic voting patterns in the 2010 elections for the U.S. House of Representatives as they have in prior elections: white Protestants voted overwhelmingly Republican and religiously unaffiliated voters cast their ballots overwhelmingly for Democrats. But Catholic voters, who had favored Democratic over Republican candidates by double-digit margins in the last two congressional elections, swung to the GOP in 2010. And within all three of these major religious groups, support for the Republican Party rose this year compared with 2006, effectively matching or exceeding their levels of support for the GOP in any recent election. Republican gains among religious groups parallel the party’s broad-based gains among the overall electorate and white voters in particular.

Analysis by the Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life of National Election Pool (NEP) exit poll data reported by CNN shows that white Protestants,1 a group that has long been one of the key components of the GOP coalition, voted for Republicans over Democrats in their congressional districts by a 69%-to-28% margin. This marks an increase of six points in Republicans’ share of the white Protestant vote compared with 2008, and an eight-point gain for Republicans compared with the last midterm election in 2006.

At the other end of the spectrum, the religiously unaffiliated supported Democrats over Republicans by an overwhelming margin in 2010 (68%-30%). But the exit polls also show that Republicans made gains even within this staunchly Democratic group, picking up eight points compared with 2006. This increase is comparable in size to the GOP’s gains among white Protestants, a traditionally Republican group.

Among all Catholic voters, 54% voted for Republican congressional candidates in 2010, up 12 points compared with 2008. Among white Catholics, nearly six-in-ten (59%) voted Republican in 2010, compared with 39% who voted Democratic. By comparison, 52% of white Catholics voted for Republican congressional candidates in 2008, and 49% voted Republican in 2006.

Initial reports based on exit poll results make it impossible to analyze voting trends of white evangelical Protestants relative to white non-evangelical (or mainline) Protestants. However, among all white voters who describe themselves as born-again or evangelical Christians — a group that includes Catholics and members of other faiths in addition to Protestants — 77% voted Republican in 2010, compared with 70% in the last midterm election.

The overall religious contours of the electorate in 2010 are quite similar to other recent elections. GOP support from white Protestant voters exceeded Republican support among the unaffiliated by 39 points in 2010 (69% of white Protestants voted Republican compared with 30% of the religiously unaffiliated); in 2008, this gap was 38 points and in 2006 it was 39 points.

Similarly, voters who attend religious services regularly continued to support Republicans at much higher rates in 2010 than voters who attend worship services less often. Nearly six-in-ten of those who attend religious services at least weekly voted for the Republican House candidate in their district (58%), compared with 44% Republican support among those who attend religious services less often. Though changes in the exit poll question about religious attendance make direct comparisons with previous years impossible, previous analysis shows that frequency of worship attendance has been a remarkably strong and consistent predictor of the vote.

This analysis was written by Greg Smith, a senior researcher at the Pew Forum, and Scott Clement, a survey research analyst at the Pew Forum. It was orginally published on Nov. 3, 2010 and was updated on Nov. 12 to reflect reweighting of 2010 exit polls by the NEP. The report is based on a preliminary analysis of NEP exit poll results as reported by CNN.com as of 9 a.m. on Nov. 12, 2010. If data are subsequently reweighted by the NEP, the numbers reported here may differ slightly from figures accessible through the websites of NEP member organizations. More comprehensive analyses, including examination of subgroups of major religious traditions, will not be possible until the raw exit poll data are published sometime in 2011.

1. Throughout the report, “Protestant” refers to people who describe themselves as “Protestant,” “Mormon” or “other Christian” in exit polls.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.