Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas

Sophocles J. Orfanidis

This book provides a broad and applications-oriented introduction to
electromagnetic waves and antennas, with MATLAB examples. Current
interest in these areas is driven by the growth in wireless and
fiber-optic communications, information technology, and materials
science.

Communications, antenna, radar, and microwave engineers must deal with
the generation, transmission, and reception of electromagnetic waves.
Device engineers working on ever-smaller integrated circuits and at ever
higher frequencies must take into account wave propagation effects at
the chip and circuit-board levels. Communication and computer network
engineers routinely use waveguiding systems, such as transmission lines
and optical fibers. Novel recent developments in materials, such as
photonic bandgap structures, omnidirectional dielectric mirrors,
birefringent multilayer films, surface plasmons, negative-index
metamaterials, slow and fast light, promise a revolution in the control
and manipulation of light and other applications. These are just some
examples of topics discussed in this book.

The book is organized around three main topic
areas:

The propagation, reflection, and transmission of plane waves, and the analysis
and design of multilayer films.

The text emphasizes connections to other subjects. For example, the
mathematical techniques for analyzing wave propagation in multilayer
structures, multisegment transmission lines, and the design of multilayer
optical filters are the same as those used in DSP, such as the lattice
structures of linear prediction, the analysis and synthesis of speech, and
geophysical signal processing. Similarly, antenna array design is related to
the problem of spectral analysis of sinusoids and to digital filter design, and
Butler beams are equivalent to the FFT.

Please note that the book is now completed and, except for corrections, the August 1, 2016 revision
will be the last one.

The entire book is freely available in PDF 2-up
format, and in PDF 1-up format. The MATLAB
toolbox is available here . The book is also
available in printed form. Individual chapters are
available below in PDF in 2-up format.

Plane-wave spectrum point of view of diffraction and its equivalence to
the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction theory both for scalar and vector
fields, including Smythe diffraction integrals, apertures in conducting
screens, Bethe-Bouwkamp theory of diffraction by small holes, and the
Babinet principle for scalar and vector electromagnetic fields.

Copyright Notice

Copyright (c) 1996-2016 by Sophocles J. Orfanidis, All Rights Reserved. The
book exists in online form through the web page www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/ewa. Links to
this page may be placed on any web site.

Any part of this book may be downloaded and printed for personal or educational
use only, as long as the printed or photocopied pages are not altered in any
way from the original PDF files posted on the book's web page.

No part of this book may be reproduced, altered in any way, or transmitted in
any form for commercial, profit, sale, or marketing purposes.

MATLAB (R) is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

Solutions Manual

I am grateful to Mr. Davide Ramaccia, student of Prof. Alessandro
Toscano, Department of Applied Electronics, University "Roma Tre", Rome,
Italy, for producing very detailed solutions
of the problems of Chapters 1 & 2 , and for allowing me to post them
online. Solutions to the rest of the problems are not yet available.

Citations

A list of citations of the book may be found here, and from Google Scholar, here.

The book is also available in print-on-demand form. Because of printer
limitations, the book has been evenly split into two volumes, each with
its own index, but with the list of references and appendices included
only in volume two. The following versions are available:

The text makes extensive use of MATLAB. We have developed an
"Electromagnetic Waves & Antennas" toolbox containing about 200 MATLAB
functions for carrying out all of the computations and simulation
examples in the text. Code segments illustrating the usage of these
functions are found throughout the book, and serve as a user manual. Our
MATLAB-based numerical solutions are not meant to replace sophisticated
commercial field solvers. The inclusion of numerical methods was
motivated by the desire to provide the reader with some simple tools for
self-study and experimentation. We felt that it would be useful and fun
to be able to quickly carry out the computations illustrating various
waves and antenna applications, and have included enough MATLAB code in
each example (but skipping all figure annotations) that would enable the
reader to reproduce the results. The functions may be grouped into the
following categories:

Numerical methods for solving the Hallen and Pocklington integral equations for
single and coupled antennas and computing self and mutual impedances.

Several functions for making azimuthal and polar plots of antenna and array
gain patterns.

There are also several MATLAB movies showing the propagation of pulses
in media with negative or superluminal group velocities, the propagation
of step signals and pulses on terminated transmission lines, or
propagating on cascaded lines, step signals getting reflected off
reactive terminations, fault location by TDR, propagating crosstalk
signals on coupled lines, and time-evolution of the field lines radiated
by a dipole antenna.

Please read the license agreement before using
the toolbox. The toolbox was developed under MATLAB v5.3, but runs also
under v7.0 and v2013b. The zipped file ewa.zip (last revised on
April 14, 2019) contains all the MATLAB functions. It should be
uncompressed in a directory, say c:\antennas\ewa. To add this
directory to the MATLAB path and to get initial help, use the following
commands:

addpath c:\antennas\ewa;
help ewa;

Note that just typing the name of any function will produce a help/usage
comment for that function. For gain plots that will eventually be exported into
EPS and inserted in LaTeX files, we found it best to add the following lines to
the MATLAB startup.m file: