Preface

A family history is never quite finished, and we have prepared several
drafts, each with changes and additions. The first draft, completed in
1984 and titled North Norwegian Ancestry, was translated into Norwegian
by Sverre Arneng of Sunndalsøra, and
copies were sent to various family members for their assistance, and in
1986 we produced a new edition and made fifty photocopies which were distributed
to interested parties in the United States and Norway. The 1986 edition
was more biographical than genealogical, and since then we have gathered
new information, corrected errors and expanded the scope of this study.
This 1990 edition takes the family line back to the beginnings of church
records and census reports for people in the far north. Arden Johnson has
provided editorial and word processing assistance, and on his 1987 trip
to Norway he interviewed a number of people and uncovered new sources of
information. We feel that we now have a better understanding of our North
Scandinavian, our Lapland ancestry.

In addition to tracing ancestral lines we have attempted to provide
some geographical and historical information about people and places, and
to identify their cultural and ethnic background. There may be material
here of interest to students of immigration. The history of immigration
has only one single reference to the Sami people, and that a footnote in
Blegen's two volume history, yet there are literally thousands of Americans
who have some Sami (Lapp) ancestry. The literature of immigration is quite
extensive but there are still chapters that need to be written. The indigenous
people of Fenno-Scandinavia have been left out of immigration history.

Many people have been helpful to us, and we would especially like to
thank Hermod Pedersen of Breivika, Hans Hansen of Indre Billefjord, Barbro
Bernestedt of Karesuando, Jenny Drollshammer of Oslo, Marie Eilertsen of
Ålesund, Nelly Henriksen of Honningsvåg, Rolf Jonassen of Elverum,
Mildred Juntunen of Esko, Heidi Mikkelsen of Tromsø, Lillie Laine
of Kettle River, Åsmund Pedersen of Arnøy, Laila Nilsen of
Tromsdalen, Elma DeLacey of Cloquet, Sverre Arneng of Sunndalsøra,
David Tapio of Delano, and Eva and Gunnar Raattamaa of Kiruna.

The Porsanger Line

The Porsanger district of Norway lies in northernmost Finnmark. Beginning
at North Cape in the far north it extends southward to Lakselv and beyond.
This area is the home of Ivar and Sofie, their ancestors and descendents.
Ivar is the father to Rudolph and Sofie
is mother to Solveig. The term Porsanger
has been used from time to time as part of the family name, i.e., John
Iversen Porsanger.

Porsanger is the family name for the ancestors of Ivar and Sofie. Ivar
Johnson (Iver Johnsen) is the father of Rudolph, and his sister Anna Sofie
is the mother of Solveig. Sofie gave Solveig and Rudolph the certificate
of departure ( udflytningsattest) which had belonged to her father,
Jon Iversen. It is a legal document prepared by the pastor of the Kistrand
parish ( sogneprest) dated 12.31.1872, a sort of identity paper
for Jon Iversen who was moving from his birthplace in Karasjok to the Porsanger
district on the coast of North Norway.

Certificate of Departure

Karasjok district churchbook shows that Jon Iversen of
parents Iver Johnsen Porsang and wife Marit Johnsdatter Siri is born the
first of November, 1847, confirmed the 20th of March, 1864, is reported
to be of very good Christian learning, industry, and manners, where I in
my official capacity will add that his conduct is known to me to be absolutely
good and Christian, wherefore I will wish God's blessing to be with him
when he now leaves this congregation where he belonged to settle in the
Kistrand district, or maybe as circumstances will, in the Lebesby district.

Kistrand Parish Pastor's Office 31st December 1872

signed Moe

certificate paid 32 1/2 shillings

registered in the churchbook folio 236

Using this document as a starting point, I consulted a book by Erik
Blix Nesseby og Polmak Selkter (Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1967).
This book does mention an Iver Johnsen Porsanger married to a Marit Johnsdatter
Siri, but several of the statements which follow do not seem to fit, and
while I was in Norway I wrote to the author, Erik Blix, then a church dean
( domprost) in Tromsø, for clarification. He sent me several
pages from a manuscript he was working on which describes the Karasjok
genealogy, and from his notes we can trace the family line back several
generations. Further correspondence was impossible due to his death. His
material was transferred to Hans Hansen in Porsanger who found it to be
somewhat lacking in accuracy. Hans Hansen and his associate have continued
the work, and we include photocopies of their work in progress.

I should explain that Porsanger isn't the family surname but is added
to the name for further identification. A farm place-name ( gårdsnavn)
or even the name of the district from which the family comes, is often
added to the family name so that one could tell exactly which John Johnson
is being talked about. We get the name Porsanger from the area of Finnmark
known as Porsanger where there is a long fjord called Porsanger. The actual
name of the fjord comes from a type of heather called Finnmark's pors which
the natives say grows only in Finnmark. This plant has a very aromatic
white flower, and the leaves from the plant make a good, nutritious herb
tea with a high Vitamin C content. This tea is similar to, or identical
with, Labrador Tea, and Solveig and Rudolph were surprised and pleased
to find it growing in northern Minnesota at Grand Portage. The Porsanger
district has also been called Kistrand, taking its name from the village
of Kistrand where the parish church was located.

We should say something here about ethnicity. North Norway is called
the land where the three tribes meet ( tre stammers møte),
where Norwegian, Sami and Finn live side by side. The Sami were the indigenous
inhabitants who may have dated as far back as the Old Stone Age when a
reindeer people, the Komsa Culture, lived on the coast of Finnmark. The
colonization by Nordic and Germanic types was slow and gradual, and the
Finnish-speaking immigrants moved in during famine years in Sweden/Finland.
This was Lapland, later carved up by the nation states of Norway, Sweden,
Finland, and Russia. The north of Norway was visited over the years by
many hunters, fishermen, whalers, traders and explorers from many lands,
but the settled population was mostly Sami well into historic times. Our
family history goes back to early in the last century and beyond when Finnmark
was thinly settled. Most of the early inhabitants were Sami, and the ethnic
Norwegians, the Norse people who settled there, were traders, merchants,
clergy and government officials. Our Porsanger ancestors were reindeer
Sami ( fjellsamer) who married into several well-known Sami families,
the Joks, Siri, Turi, Porsanger, etc. We know that Rudolph's father, Ivar,
wore the Sami tunic ( kofte) at his confirmation, and his sister,
Kristine, was often seen wearing the kofte. Our Porsanger relatives were
mostly Laestadian Lutherans. It seems that today most of our relatives
think of themselves as Norwegian, but some will say that back in the old
days we were mostly "Lapp".

Porsanger is located in Norway's most northerly county, Finnmark, which
is subartic in climate and thinly populated, even today. In an area larger
than the whole of Denmark, there are only 65,000 inhabitants. One of the
largest towns in Finnmark is Lakselv, located on the southern tip of the
Porsangerfjord, with a population of about 1,500 and it is now a NATO base.
The nearby community of Brennelv, bordering Lakselv, is where the family
of John and Britha Marie established itself. It lies at 70 degrees north
latitude, as far north as northernmost Alaska, and 25 degrees east, in
line with Istanbul. The town of Karasjok, where John Iversen was born,
lies about 75 kilometers south, an inner Finnmark Sami community of about
2,700 inhabitants, where Norway's coldest temperature was recorded, minus
51.4 degrees Celsius, or 60 degrees below zero Fahrenheit.

Hammerfest in Finnmark is known as the world's most northerly city,
and Honningsvåg, which lies even further north, is known as the world's
most northerly village. We have relatives who live in Honningsvåg
and in many of the nearby fishing stations, all in the North Cape district
( Nordkapp kommune). Porsanger has many Sami and Finnish- speaking
people who are mostly farmers, fishermen and reindeer herders, but the
town of Lakselv has become a busy military base for jet aircraft, the Banak
Air Base.

Our Porsanger genealogical line, as described first by Erik Blix of
Tromsø and now by Hans Hansen of Porsanger, begins in the 1700's
when the churchbooks in the far north began recording births, deaths and
marriages. It begins with someone named Niels who had a son named John
Nilsen Porsanger.

We learn from the Porsanger county history that the early inhabitants
paid taxes simultaneously to Norway/Denmark, Sweden and Russia, who all
claimed ownership of the region, and in the years 1664-1667 they even had
to pay an extra tax to the King of Denmark because his daughter in Copenhagen
was getting married!

It should be noted here that by early decree it was forbidden to give
Sami, or "heathen" names to children, and if it appears that the names
of everyone seem uniformly Biblical and Norse, this was for the benefit
of the recordkeepers and were not necessarily the names used everyday.
Many individuals, including a number of our family, have been and are more
easily recognized in Porsanger by their Sami name.

We will list the names of those of our forbearers and their parents
of whom we have specific information.

John was a reindeer owner and was confirmed in Kistrand on 9.7.1766
at age 15, and was also buried there. Karen was confirmed 9.2.1770 in Kistrand
at age 16 and was buried in Karasjok. One of their six children was John
Johnsen Porsanger who married Sara the daughter of reindeer owners:

Iver, also a reindeer nomad, was buried in Kautokeino and Marith was
buried in Lakselv. They lived at Indrebukta, Gåradakt on the Porsangerfjord,
a farm place called Veinesbukt. Their son John Iversen had the old home
place surveyed and appraised in 1874 and we learn something about Veinesbukt.
It was described as lying on the inner side of Gåradaktbukten, and
was overgrown with small trees and had been previously inhabited. The soil
was thin and of poor quality but with careful cultivation could provide
for approximately three cows. The document delineates the land boundaries
and suggests an appraisal value equal to three cows, and is taxed at twenty
specie dollars. According to law nearby state land could also be used for
pasturage, and the farm could provide for five cows. It should be understood
that the farm was on the Porsangerfjord and the principal means of livelihood
was fishing. Iver and Marith had three children, listed below:

Gunnhild Iversdatter Porsanger 2.29.1844 - 6.17.1861

She is listed as being born in the mountains " på fjellet",
where the reindeer were being herded, or during the spring migration, since
they were nomads. She is buried in Kautokeino. Her brother was:

Aslak Iversen Porsanger 1850-1913
Marie Johannesdatter

He was a fisherman who lost his life at sea near Kjelvik. Marie was
from Iggaldas and they lived at Gjerende, Iggaldas on the Porsangerfjord.
His older brother was:

John was the second of the three children, but continues our family.
His Sami name was Jolle Jovna. He was confirmed in Karasjok 3.20.1864 at
age seventeen. We know that the family herded reindeer and that his sister
was born in the mountains during the spring migration. It has been said
that the family lost their herd through some natural disaster, and when
John was twenty five, in the year 1872, he left Karasjok and moved to the
Porsanger region, and three years later married Britha from Lakselv. Sofie
Arneng, mother to Solveig, remembered her
father as a Sami of slight build and kindly disposition, " en liten
og snild Same", and her mother Britha as a tall, stern, squarely-built
Finnish-speaking woman. Family legend has it that her father owned several
pieces of land in the Lakselv area and gave the poorest piece to his daughter
because she married "a poor Lapp". This piece of land is located near Brennelv
and is called Gjerdende in Norwegian or Aidenpää in Finnish,
meaning end of the reindeer fence. Inge, married to a granddaughter of
John and Britha, nicknamed the place "The Little House on the Prairie".
Brennelv is located where the river Brennelv empties into the Porsangerfjord,
ten kilometers east of Lakselv. There is salmon in the river and cod in
the fjord. Where the Brennelv empties into the fjord there are long, shallow
tidal flats making the launching of boats difficult. The farm itself is
a small piece of flat land with soil of poor quality, sandy and covered
with whortleberry bushes and heather and only one corner has soil suitable
for growing potatoes. However there is pasture for sheep, and fishing can
be good in the river and fjord. The property line runs up to a rocky ledge
called Andersfjell after uncle Anders.

We have been led to believe that Britha Marie, born in Lakselv, may
have been of Finnish ancestry since Finnish was spoken in her home and
all of the children could also speak Finnish, including Rudolph's
father Ivar and Solveig's mother Sofie. But we think that Sami may also
have been spoken in the home since the oldest brother, Anders, once composed
a song in the Sami language. We know that many Sami people speak Finnish
as well as the related Sami language, and that Finnish was widely used
in Porsanger.

We now know much more about our Porsanger ancestors since the publication
of the local history, Porsanger Bygdebok in 1986 we have also made
contact with the genealogist Hansen in Porsanger who has compiled a genealogical
table for Britha Marie. The Porsanger Bygdebok begins with the Ice
Age and the Old Stone Age in Porsanger and lets us know that we were, like
everyone else, hunters and gatherers for several millennia.

However, rather than continue with the children of John and Britha,
we may now describe the ancestry of Britha from the genealogical table,
the Claes Jönsson Slekta, supplied by Hans Hansen.

Jöns

Jöns (Jens) born in the mid 1600's, had two sons: Tomas
and Claes. Claes married Margeta, the daughter of:

Erich Matzson

Erich lived in Karasjok and is mentioned in the 1741 census along with
his wife, son, and five children under fifteen.

Claes (Claus) Jönsson 1696 - 5.30.1773 (buried)Margeta Eriksdatter

Claes was born in Muonioniska, a church village on the Muonio River
in the Torneå Valley, a few miles south of Karesuando on what became
the Finnish side of the Swedish-Finnish boundary established in the mid
1800's. This town, now known as Muonio, is mentioned by an early traveller,
Sophus Tromholt in his book Under the Rays of the Aurora Borealis,
published in 1885. The author was very unhappy with all the places he visited
in the region except for Muonioniska which he liked very much. Emil Grym
in his book Från Tornedalen til Nordnorge writes that in the
church book of Karasjok in 1728 three brothers were listed as new settlers,
Mats, Hinrik and Erik Persson, and their brother-in-law Clas Jönsson
from Muonioniska. Claes lived in Karasjok, worked as a salmon fisherman
and farmer, and his brother Tomas worked for him as a hired hand. Claes
and Margeta had several children, one of whom was a son, Erich.

Erich was a salmon fisherman and farmer who lived in Karasjok and is
listed in the 1762 census as being of rather modest means " i middelmodig
stand". Margrethe was born in Avjovarre. They had six children, one
of whom was Claes (Claus) Eriksen.

Claes was born in Karasjok and died in Børselv. He is listed
as a reindeer owner who later became a fisherman and farmer in Børselv.
According to a Hilmar Iversen at Russenes, Claes was the person who led
astray some bandits in the mountains by Skarvberget/Nordmannseth and became
a folk hero. This information comes from the printed genealogical listing,
Claes Jonsson Slekta. There is a recent Sami motion picture made
in Norway titled Veiviseren (The Pathfinder) in which bandits are
led astray to their deaths in a mountain avalanche. The film has been commercially
successful and has won a number of honors including a nomination for the
Best Foreign Film of 1987. The hero of this tale resembles Claus Eriksen,
our Porsanger ancestor.

Maren was confirmed in Kistrand in 1769 and died in Børselv.
Claes and Maren had three children, one of whom was Peder, who married
Ane, the daughter of:

Peder was baptised in Karasjok and died in Børselv where he had
been a farmer and fisherman. Ane was baptised in Kistrand. Peder is mentioned
in Porsanger Bygdebok as a participant in an historic event associated
with the Napoleonic wars. Denmark/Norway was on the side of Napoleon and
the British attempted to blockade the coast of Norway to cut off exports
of fish and the Pomor trade with Russia. In June of 1809 a British warship
headed for the coast of Finnmark and a small Norwegian fishing boat, actually
a Nordlands boat, or fembøring, which used a sail or six
pairs of rowers, set off to round North Cape and warn Norwegian fishing
boats of the approaching danger. One of the crew members aboard was Peder
Claussen. Børselv, where Peder lived, is one of the Stone Age sites
uncovered by Nummedal in 1929. It was once occupied by people of the Komsa
Culture eight or nine thousand years ago, at the close of the Ice Age.
Peder and Ane had twelve children, one of whom was Andreas (Anders) who
married Brita, the daughter of:

Andreas' Sami name was Palun-Antte, and he was born in Børselv,
a boat builder, fisherman and farmer who lived near Dupelv by Brennelv.
Britha's Sami name was Mikon-Brita. It was reported that in 1865 Andreas
owned one horse, eleven, cattle, and fifteen sheep. The use of horses was
rare in Porsanger at that time and the Porsanger Bygdebok mentions
Andreas Pedersen and two other boat builders as owners of horses, which
gave them considerable social prestige. Anders and Britha had eleven children,
and we note that one of them, Peder, whose Sami name was Palun-Piettari,
became a Laestadian lay minister. We are particularly interested in their
daughter, Britha Marie, who became the mother of Rudolph's
father, Ivar, and Solveig's mother, Sofie.
We can understand that Andreas was wealthy enough to give a piece of land
to his daughter upon her marriage, even though, according to family legend,
it was the "poorest piece" since she had married a "poor Lapp". It seems
that Britha Marie was of both Sami and Finnish ancestry.

Since Andreas was a boat builder and not a reindeer herder he had less
need for the Sami language, which was well geared to the needs of reindeer
husbandry, and had more need for Finnish, which gradually became the first
language spoken in the Porsanger area. The family was indeed Sami but Finnish
became the language spoken at home.

We have followed the ancestry of Britha Marie, starting with Jöns,
and his son Claes, born 1696. Britha was confirmed in Kistrand on 6.6.1869.
This is where the two lines join, the ancestor of Brithe and John.

It was at Gjerdende in Brennelv that Britha Marie and John raised their
nine children, a subsistence homestead of modest means, and the children
left home early in life to find work. Britha Marie died in 1908 when her
youngest, John, was only thirteen, but her husband lived on until his eighty-fourth
year and died in 1931. Anders, the firstborn and a bachelor, lived at Gjerdende
all his life and died in 1950 at the age of seventy-three.

During the Second World War Norway was occupied by the Nazis, and when
they began their retreat from Finnmark in 1944 they destroyed all standing
property so that there would be nothing left that might prove useful to
the advancing Russians. Thus the buildings at Gjerdende were burned to
the ground. Anders was evacuated south and returned after the war and the
house was rebuilt just for him. In 1953 it was purchased by his niece,
Jenny, and her husband Inge has given it an English name, "The Little House
on the Prairie". There is no well at the place and no electricity, and
it can be used only as a summer cabin. Jenny, a daughter of Margrethe,
and her husband, Inge, live in Oslo but they visit the Little House on
the Prairie most every summer.

Another cousin, Ingeborg Gustavsen, lived nearby in Lakselv but she
died in 1982. There are three other cousins who live in the area, Nana
and Waldemar Eriksen, and Ingrid Riise. Gjerdende will never be a farm
again but it has many attractions as a summer place. The view over the
fjord toward Lakselv with its snowcapped mountains is splendid, but the
noise from the air traffic of military jet planes stationed at the nearby
Banak Air Base can be disturbing. The view along the Porsangerfjord in
summer with the midnight sun is spectacular, along with a chorus of bird
song from the Oyster Catcher ( tjeld).

We shall continue our genealogical listing with the children of John
and Britha Iversen, listed chronologically, along with their descendants.
They are aunts and uncles of Rudolph and Solveig:

He was known as Jolle Jon Anthe in the Sami language and as Anders in
Norwegian, and the dates are from his tombstone although his identification
card lists his birth date as 1878. He was born at Gåradakt on the
Porsangerfjord and lived all his life at Gjerdende, did not marry, and
worked as a farmer, carpenter, fisherman, shoemaker, etc. He had many friends
in Laestadian circles, and they erected the monument above his grave in
Lakselv. He was attending a religious meeting in Narvik, along with Øyvind
Eriksen, husband to Margrethe, when he died.

Solveig remembers him as slight of build and very quiet. His niece,
Jenny, gave us his identity card ( legitimasjonskort) dated April
4, 1941. He was then sixty-three years old and the photograph shows a person
with lots of black hair and a mustache, and he had tucked a small flower
in his buttonhole. He was identified as a laborer who was born and raised
in Brennelv and was a citizen of Norway. People had to carry an ID during
the years of Nazi occupation and Solveig used his tiny identification photo
to paint an oil portrait of him, which now hangs in his former dwelling
in Brennelv. He is remembered with fondness by nieces and nephews as "our
nice Uncle Anners".

Hans Hansen tells us that Anders had once written a song called Song
of the Alaska Travelers that was moving and exciting and made abundant
use of Sami words. Hansen reported that the people he knew who were familiar
with the lyrics are now deceased, and, in his words, "Anders Johnsen
Porsanger (Jolle Jon Anthe) har forfattet på samisk 'Sangen om Alaska
Farere'. Sangens innhold var meget gripende og spennende med rike forråd
på samisk ord".

Born in Brennelv and died in Honningsvåg. Her listing in the Porsanger
genealogy gives her the Sami name of Jolle-Jon-Maija. Nils was a Sea Sami
of the Boine lineage from Sinkelvik which lies on the eastern side of the
Porsangerfjord in Nordkapp community. He had a son, Johan Ivar, with his
first wife, Elisa Margrethe Iversdatter. He was a farmer and fisherman.
Marie and Nils had the following children:

Johan Arvid Nilsen 11.24.1904 - 2.25.1957. He lived for many
years in Kirkenes and worked as a carpenter. He was single and a close
friend of the Arneng family. During the Thirties he visited in nearby Russia
and learned some Russian, and when the Soviet troops moved into Kirkenes
in 1944 and drove the Germans south, Johan became a member of the local
police force since he knew some Russian. Rudolph remembers him from his
1949 visit when he met him at a birthday party for Olaus
who was seventy. Johan arrived with Pastor Galschoidt, a Lutheran cleric
and conservative who had worked with Johan in the underground during the
occupation, and they were friends. Upon being introduced to his American
cousin, Johan said that he was pleased to meet an American worker, that
he had much respect for the American working class. He did the Arneng family
many favors and Solvieg remembers when he pilfered some German Christmas
tree ornaments from the Nazis during the occupation and gave them to the
Arnengs for their tree.

Marie Bergitte (Johnsen) Lauritzen 9.28.1906. Was born in Sinkelvik,
Porsanger and presently lives in Lakselv. Married with Ludvig Lauritsen
6.6.1906 - 3.13.1980 from Godvika, Laksefjord. They were both 28 years
old when they married in Honningsvåg, and they lived in Godvika.
When the Nazi troops began their withdrawal from Finnmark Marie and Ludvig
refused to evacuate, and hid in a mountain cave until 1945 and then rebuilt
in Godvika. They later moved to Honningsvåg. Children:

Nelly Josefine (Johnsen) Henriksen 6.22.1921. Married
6.12.1946 with Hjalmar Nicolai Henriksen 12.2.1913. Nelly lives in Honningsvåg
and has written to us with information for this family history. Children:

Sofie was born in Brennelv and died in Duluth, Minnesota. Her remains
are buried in the Nordstrand cemetery in Oslo next to those of Olaus. At
age five she left home to tend a neighbor's children. It was believed that
babies needed to be rocked and this was the first job given to the youngest
child servants. Then she became a maid at the house of the pastor at Kistrand.
She later took employment as a hotel maid in Hammerfest, and it was here
that she first met Olaus Isaksen, a handsome young salesman from Oksfjordhamn
in Troms who was to become her husband. Since there were so many with the
family name of Isaksen the young Olaus added the farm place name Arneng
to his surname, and later the Isaksen was dropped altogether.

Olaus once told his daughter how he first met Sofie. He related how
as a young boy on his way to school he saw a beautiful young Sami girl
and very much wanted to play with her. Every time he approached her, however,
she disappeared, to reappear later at a distance. This happened several
times and he was unable to catch up to her. Years later, when he was a
traveling salesman and checked in at a hotel in Hammerfest he saw her,
the same girl he had seen as a young boy. She was now a hotel maid and
he caught a glimpse of her coming down a staircase. This was Sofie, and
this led to dating and marriage; she was 23 and he was 27.

Iron ore had been discovered in Kirkenes early in the century and a
boom town developed. Olaus and Sofie moved to Kirkenes, and in 1907 Olaus
took a job with A/S Sydvaranger as a laborer in the ore processing plant.
The family established itself in Kirkenes and Olaus lived there until his
retirement in 1951. Sofie and Olaus had six children, the first in 1908
and the last in 1925, all born in Kirkenes. The family fortunes varied
with the times and Olaus had some success with his wholesale business ventures.
In 1914 Sofie and Olaus attended the world's fair in Copenhagen.

Sofie as a young lady had wanted to become a midwife, and she always
regretted that she had so little formal schooling. She held education in
high esteem, a view which she passed on to her children. She did learn
to play the piano, took time away from her busy household chores and studied
under a local musician named Svendsen. The story is told that Olaus, who
among other things was a piano salesman, told her that if she learned to
play a Christmas carol on the piano he had just received, they would keep
the instrument for themselves instead of selling it. It soon became a prized
family possession; the boys took up piano and the family enjoyed many musical
evenings at home. Olaus had written to the Norsk Musikforlag for a sample
selection of sheet music and when it arrived he kept the entire collection.
There was Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata and several pieces by the
Finnish composer, Oskar Merikanto. Sofie liked Merikanto, learned several
pieces such as Mustalainen, Tulli Tulli Tei, etc.

Sofie also sang in the church choir and was a member of the Ladies Aid,
and still found time for embroidery, cross stitching and crocheting. For
a number of years in the Twenties and the Thirties she boarded a number
of school teachers in her own home. She was an excellent cook and hired
a maid to help her with the boarders. She had her own political beliefs
and voted Labor Party although her husband belonged to the liberal party,
Venstre. The Arneng home was a happy, busy place and the family took eager
part in the cultural and political activities of their community.

The depression years of the Thirties were difficult for the Arneng family,
and they had to send the boys away to school. WWII brought Nazi occupation.
Kirkenes, only seven miles from the Soviet border, became a German stronghold
for the planned attack upon Murmansk. The German occupying forces soon
outnumbered the Norwegians ten to one, and Kirkenes as a military garrison
became a target for Allied bombing. Daily air raids by British and Soviet
aircraft made life perilous for the local civilian population, and over
one thousand bombings were carried out over Kirkenes before the war ended.
Many people sought shelter in the hinterland, and after suffering two years
of bombing, Sofie and her seventeen-year-old daughter Solveig
fled to Oslo where the boys had been living. Leif and Odd were teaching
school in Oslo, Sverre was a university student,
and Rolf was a TB patient recovering from a lung operation.

In Oslo it was Rolf who searched for housing for his mother and sister.
He learned that some former Kirkenes friends who had been living in Oslo
and taken part in the Resistance were forced to flee to Sweden, and under
considerable risk to himself, since he had to face Nazi interrogation,
Rolf was able to take over their apartment. The family now had a home in
Oslo and Olaus later left Kirkenes and joined them. The evacuees were able
to enjoy a bit of togetherness while the war still raged, and they learned
that the home in Kirkenes had been hit by bombs, and in 1944 it was burned
to the ground by the retreating Germans. Upon the conclusion of the war
Sofie and Olaus returned to the bombed-out town of Kirkenes, and a barrack
was constructed upon their property for temporary housing. Olaus took up
his former job with A/S Sydvaranger where he remained until his seventieth
year.

Olaus and Sofie decided to abandon war-devastated Kirkenes and build
a new family home in Oslo where the boys had more or less settled. Rolf
located a promising lot in the Nordstrand district of Oslo and construction
was begun on a new home. Sofie returned south, and upon completion of the
home in 1951 Olaus retired and moved south into the new family home. The
Arneng family was once again united, except for Leif who had married and
taken a job in Fredrikstad, and Solveig, who had married and emigrated
to the United States. Rolf and his wife Helene occupied a second floor
apartment, Odd had a studio apartment with a skylight since he was a painter,
Sverre moved in an efficiency apartment on the first floor, and Sofie and
Olaus had choice rooms on the first floor with a veranda looking over a
spacious yard with cherry trees.

Sofie and Olaus were able to celebrate their fiftieth wedding anniversary
in their new home in Oslo. They did make one visit back to Kirkenes in
August of 1956, but felt very much at home in Oslo, where they entertained
friends and a growing number of grandchildren. They enjoyed ten retirement
years in Oslo before Olaus passed away, and in 1961 Sofie made her first
trip to the US to visit her daughter Solveig and the three grandchildren.
She stayed in Duluth for a year and then returned to Oslo, along with her
grandson Arden, then thirteen.

It was lonely for Sofie in Oslo after the passing of her husband. Her
daughter visited her in 1964 with grandchildren Kai and Iva, and in 1968
Solveig made another trip to Oslo. In 1969 Sofie and her son Odd traveled
to Duluth for a summer visit and upon their return Odd died suddenly. Sofie
was in her late eighties, getting a bit forgetful and in 1970 she returned
to Duluth, this time to live with her daughter and family. Rudolph's
mother, Albertine, was also living there,
and the two grandmothers enjoyed each others company. They had first become
acquainted in Kirkenes many years earlier, before the first world war.
They spent many happy hours together watching TV, the Soaps, with Albertine
translating. Sofie made a number of friends in Duluth, people who either
spoke Norwegian or Finnish. The grandchildren spoke some Norwegian also.
She died at 89 years and her ashes were sent back to Norway.

The children and descendants of Anna Sofie and her husband Olaus are
listed beginning on Page .??

Margrethe Eriksen 3.12.1885 - 12.9.1970
Hilmar Eivin (Øyvind) Eriksen

Margrethe had a daughter whose father was a German engineer named Neuchel
(Neuser?):

Gretel Ingeborg Gustavsen 10.19.(9.12?)1914 - 3.12.1982. Ingeborg
spent some of her childhood years with her uncle Anders in Brennelv and
some years with the Arneng family in Kirkenes. She was married on 10.16.1937
to Jonas Gustav Gustavsen 6.5.1914 and lived in Lakselv. Children:

Mai Gretel Gustavsen (Pia) 7.25.1952. Married with
Svei Lars Kroken 1.26.1953. They live in Bodø. Child:

Lin Margaret 11.24.1970

Margrethe married Øyvind Eriksen from Porsanger. His father was
a school teacher named Mikkel. Øyvind was a widower and had six
children with his first wife Konstanse Nilsen, who is related to Mai Bye
from Trondheim. Those children are Erling Hilmar, Einar, Ove Kjærbek,
Hagbart Andor, Øifrid and Rolf. His son Hagbart Eriksen is married
to Edel and they live in Kautokeino where she teaches school. Hagbart and
Edel have several children: Reidun, Reidar, and Kari Margrethe. Margrethe
and Øivind had the following children:

Helmer Johannes Eriksen 4.14.1922. Born in Porsanger, Helmer
moved to Moss in 1945. He and his brother Marius escaped from occupied
Norway during the war and walked into Sweden. Helmer is a mason and a building
contractor. He is married to Birgit Møller 4.1.1919 from Moss.
She died in the spring of 2000. Children:

Øivind Marius Eriksen 10.21.1924. Marius
was born in Brennelv. As a teenager he escaped occupied Norway by walking
into Sweden with Helmer and after the war moved to Oslo and became a taxi
driver. Marius was engaged to Ingeborg Shille from Øverbygd in Målselv
who died in childbirth. Their son:

Inge Johan Marius Shille 7.10.1950. He lives with
a woman in Tromsø. Children:ChildChild

Marius married Kari Andresen 7.14.1932 - 1979. Children:

Roger Eriksen 6.27.1961. Single.

Ronald Eriksen 6.14.1963. Single.

Elin Eriksen 2.4.1965. Lives with Tom Hansen in
Drøbak. Children:

Tom Andre 11.30.1983Patrik 10.28.1985

Anne Marie 12.30.1926 - 1928

Jenny Margrethe Drolshammer 2.26.1929 - 12.10.1998.
Born in Brennelv, she
was evacuated to Oslo with her family when she was a teenager, and she
remained there. She married Inge Drolshammer from Krekling, Øvre Eiker born 6.6.1924
who was a sailor as a young man. He was a worker at a shipyard in Oslo.
Children:

Terje Drolshammer 3.4.1955. Unmarried. Lives in Oslo

Grete Drolshammer 10.7.1956. Attended school in
Kautokeino and now lives and works in Oslo. Married Sverre Søtorp.

John Teodor (Teddy) Eriksen 2.18.1931 - 7.20.2000. Born
in Brennelv, he was evacuated with his family during the war. Lived
in Steinkjer where he worked as a building inspector. Teddy married
Herborg Margrethe Hansen 7.15.1931. Herborg had a daughter Ann Karin 1950-1970
who grew up with the family and was the victim of an auto accident. Children:

Håkon Øyvind 1.15.1953. Married first
to Jorum Østeng. Children:HildeØyvind

Ivar was born in Brennelv and died in Duluth at age 34. His remains
are buried in the Oneota Cemetery of West Duluth with those of his wife.
He was born Iver Johnsen and spelled his name that way on his work record
or skudsmaalbog. His sister, Margrete, told that as a young man
he decided to call himself Iver Johnsen Porsang after his grandfather,
but after leaving home decided against it. Albertine gave him a hymn book
for Christmas and wrote on the flyleaf " erindring med julen 1917 fra
din kone til Ivar Johnsen" and she always pronounced his name as though
it were spelled Ivar. His marriage license and tombstone are with Iver,
but his legal name in the US became Ivar Johnson, taken from his first
papers, Declaration of Intention, which starts the naturalization process.
We have a photocopy of this document made from a microfilm housed in the
Interpretative Center in Chisolm, Minnesota, and he had signed it Ivar
Johnson. When his first grandson was born to Kai and Beverly Johnson on
June 28, 1973 in Kirkenes, they chose to call him Ivar Johnson after his
great grandfather.

Albertine always said that her husband was a tall man, almost six feet.
We find that on his citizenship application, made when he was thirty years
old, he is described as a laborer, five feet eight inches tall, 172 pounds,
and this document says that he was born in Sydvaranger, Norway and that
he resides in Proctor, Minnesota, general delivery, and that he emigrated
to the US from Bergen on the Christianafjord, and was married to Albertine
from Skjervøy.

Ivar as a young man worked at various places in the Porsanger district
of Finnmark, and at age 21 was engaged in road construction. His work record
signed by A. Rode in Braendelv on October 22, 1909 states that he was a
good worker, was employed on state road building from September to December
in 1908 and from June to October in 1909. He later moved to Kirkenes and
took employment with A/S Sydvaranger as a machinist in the ore processing
plant where he became foreman of his section. On December 18, 1915 he married
Albertine Svendsen from Arnøy
who had been employed in Kirkenes as a housekeeper for the company chemist.
The wedding was held in the Arneng home where the newlyweds rented rooms,
and a son, Rudolph, was born to them on
March 7, 1916.

While Ivar and Albertine were living in the Arneng house, Hans Isaksen,
brother to Olaus, came for a visit. Hans
and his wife Laura had been living in the US and had glowing stories to
tell about life and conditions in Minnesota. Ivar heard these stories,
caught America Fever and decided that he also wanted to try his luck in
the New World. He decided to travel alone first in order to check things
out before sending for his family, and he sailed from Bergen in September,
1916. When Ivar left, his wife and infant son moved back to Arnøy
where Albertine took a job as manager of a boarding school. Ivar went directly
to Thomson, Minnesota where Hans and Laura Isaksen lived. Hans was a brother
to Olaus but kept the name Isaksen although the rest of the family took
the name Arneng.

With help from a Norwegian-American pastor Ivar obtained a job at the
steel plant in Duluth, where jobs were plentiful since the war was on.
He started working as a machinist but couldn't hold his job because he
knew so little English. Ivar started working on the railroad in Proctor,
a Duluth suburb, then moved to Thomson and started working on the hydroelectric
dam. Here his knowledge of Norwegian and Finnish gained him many friends
since so many immigrants from Norway and Sweden/Finland had settled in
Thomson to work in lumbering. While in Thomson he became acquainted with
Julius Bauman from North Norway who was President of Nordlandslaget, editor
of Nord Norge and a published poet. Mr. Bauman worked as Register
of Deeds for Carlton County and he was also ticket agent for a Norwegian
steamship line. Ivar purchased tickets so that he could send for his wife
and son in Norway, and then set about to purchase a house in Thomson. His
family joined him and they lived in Thomson from 1917 to 1920, through
the years of the Great War, the Armistice, the Flue Epidemic and the Cloquet
Forest Fire. Rudolph has hazy memories of long walks with his father through
the woods, or picking blue berries, and of rides on the handlebars of his
father's bicycle.

Ivar didn't like his work in Thomson, especially disliked his boss,
and in 1920 moved with his family to Duluth where he took employment with
Polaris making concrete blocks. On April 19, 1920 he purchased a house
in West Duluth, 116 North 64th Avenue West, from Henry Antila, a Finnish
immigrant who owned a nearby grocery store. The purchase price was $1,825
with eight hundred dollars down and twenty dollars per month, interest
at six percent. It was a one-story frame house with two bedrooms, water
and electricity, but no plumbing, Years later after Ivar's death, Albertine
had the house remodeled, added plumbing etc., and in 1955 sold it to Mr.
Cassel for $3,500. But when Ivar died in 1921 Albertine could no longer
afford to live in the house and meet mortgage payments, and she rented
it out at $25 per month. Albertine and Rudolph lived in their first home
in Duluth for only short periods of time between renters. But it was a
happy home in a friendly neighborhood where many Scandinavian immigrants
had settled, and nearby was a Norwegian Methodist church. Ivar quit Polaris
and took work with higher wages for a building contractor who was building
in Proctor, and he became foreman of the plastering crew. Each day he climbed
the steep hill to Proctor, a three mile walk to work, and returned home
late in the evening. The family was happily situated in Duluth, and son
Rudolph even found a neighborhood boy would could speak Norwegian, but
Ivar, full of ambition, already had plans for a move to California.

It was a very hot day in July when Ivar decided to go swimming at Park
Point, a popular bathing beach. Minnesota Point extends seven miles out
into cold Lake Superior, and one side faces the bay where the warmer St.
Louis River enters the Lake. Albertine and Rudolph on that Sunday went
to visit some Swedish friends from Thomson who had opened a hotel in West
Duluth, the Tremont Hotel and Boarding House, and Ivar decided first to
seek relief from the heat and swim in Lake Superior. The Duluth News
Tribune reported an official high of 94 degrees, with 98 on Superior
Street. Ivar did not return home that night and the newspapers on the next
morning reported that "Iver Johnson, a swimmer who exchanged his wearing
apparel and valuables for a bathing suit...failed to claim his property
at 2:30 o'clock this morning...(and) a calling card with no address was
found in his coat". Ivar had come down with cramps while swimming and drowned.
A neighbor lady, Mrs. Matt Olsen, read the morning paper, saw the notice,
and rushed over to inform Albertine of the tragedy. Funeral services were
held at Bell Brothers and Ivar was buried at the Oneota Cemetery in West
Duluth. Early in the month Ivar had sent a letter and fifty dollars to
his father in Brennelv, and a thank you note arrived the day after his
funeral.

Rudolph was five years old when his father died, and he has only a few
recollections of him. He remembers that on his fifth birthday, the seventh
of March of 1921, Ivar took his son to school and introduced him to the
teacher. In those days one started school at age five regardless of the
school calendar, and Rudolph was proud to be walking with his father and
starting school. When summer came Rudolph played with a neighbor boy, Waino
Hill, and his father made a device that shot notched arrows into the air.
Rudolph, then five years old, does not remember just how the device was
constructed, but it probably resembed the atlatl, the Aztec name
for a weapon that predates the bow and arrow, and was used to cast spears
and arrows with considerable force. Rudolph and Waino stood on the back
porch and Ivar demonstrated how to use it. He shot an arrow up so high
that it went out of sight, and Waino and Rudolph often speculated how far
it went, and if it still might be going. He has since seen a similar sling
only once, at the Sami Section of a museum in Stockholm.

Kristine Eriksen 12.1.1889 - 6.23.1962
Johan Erik Eriksen

Born in Brennelv and is buried in Lakselv. Her husband was a telephone
linesman, not related to Øyvind, her sister's husband. She is remembered
also as a Laestadian. Children:

Johan Waldemar Eriksen 3.9.1922. He lives in Nedre Smorstad,
Lakselv with his sister in a house he built himself, and works as a house
painter and salmon fisherman. During the war Waldemar took part in the
resistance against the Nazis and was imprisoned in Grini, the concentration
camp in Oslo.

Alethe Sofie (Ally) Johansen 7.16.1924. Married to Tor Johansen
2.22.1930 from Oslo. They live in Ski, a town just a few miles south of
Oslo, and they have a cabin at Vannsjø, near Moss. Children:

Mona 1955. Married to Jan Erik Byhrø. Child:Thomas 1978

Johnny 1958. Married to Unn, they live in Ski.
Child:

Morgan 1979

Simon Peder Johnsen 10.17.1891 - 3.8.1977

Born in Brennelv and died in Oslo. He was known as Peder, and as a young
man he moved to Oslo where he worked as a mason, and for several years
he lived in Hakadal with Thora Skjaermoen, a widow with three children.
She operated a country store called Jappe Landhandel and on the farm they
raised hogs. When Thora died Peder stayed on in Hakadal with Thora's daughter
Gunvor and her husband Hakon. When Peder died his nephew Arne arranged
that Peder should be buried alongside his brother, John, who was Arne's
father. Eva Johnson, wife to Arne, explained in a letter, "you see, both
Arne and I were very fond of Peder, a very kind and unselfish person".

John Johnsen 3.3.1895 - 2.26.1969
Dagny Grønli 9.10.1899 - 2.18.1967

Born in Brennelv and died in Oslo. He moved to Oslo early in life and
served with the King's Palace Guard. He became an electrician, sailed for
several years visiting many lands, and later settled in Oslo to practice
his trade. Children:

Arne Johnsen 5.14.1920 - 10.6.1991. Born in Oslo, Arne married Eva (10.12.1919 - 01.01.2003)
from Oslo. Arne worked for Bladcentralen in Oslo. Eva has done secretarial
work for the Humanetisk Forening, a state organization which serves as
an alternative to the official state church. Children:

Jan Erik 10.29.1939 - 1.10.1995. Worked in advertising. Married Britt in 1959.
Children:Hege 12.7.1959.
She works with the issue of equal opportunities for women.
Local politician for the conservative party.Jan Erik was divorced, and married Elna Seim in 1968.
They lived in Denmark and have two children:Tao 10.30.1969. Tao lives with Hege Tverrfjell in Tromsø. Children:Ida 3.16.1998
Torje 2003Li 6.4.1975

Kirsti 10.19.1945. Married Sigmund Hansen, later divorced.
Married 1971 to Harald Søgstad who owns and
operates a shoe store.
Kirsti is sales manager for a large book publisher in Oslo.
Kirsti and Harals was later divorced. Children:

Gro 1.2.1972. Lives with Ronny Fostervold Johansen. They have a daughter named
Vilde Johansen Søgstad b. 10.18.2000 and a son, Tord born in 2003.Martin 12.20.1977. Married Hege Ravnås (now Søgstad) b. 10.25.1979.
They have a daughter named Anneli Søgstad, b. 7.27.1999.

Roar 1.10.1954. Married to Tove Dreierstad.
Lives in Oslo and works as an IT consultant.

The Haugnes Line

Haugnes is on the island of Arnøy in the Skjervøy parish
of North Troms. This section will deal with the ancestors and descendents
of Petronelle Mortensen, Rudolph's maternal grandmother.

Petronelle was born on the island of Arnøy at a place called
Haugnesodden, but her parents came originally from a neighboring parish.
In Norway the administrative district or commune is called a parish and
takes its name from the place where the church is located. The parish minister
is a state official who has civil as well as religious duties. While records
show that Petronelle's parents came from Helgøy we do not know if
she came from that parish, or from the small island called Helgøy
which was once the parish seat. When the church was moved to the island
called Karlsøy, that became the parish name, and we shall refer
to the parish as Helgøy/Karlsøy, an archipelago of islands.
We know that some members of the family live on Ringvassøy, the
largest island in the archipelago. When Albertine as a child accompanied
her mother on a visit to relatives in Helgøy/Karlsøy they
visited two islands, but she does not know which islands. We have heard
that the family may have originated on the island called Sandøy.
The parish Helgøy/Karlsøy lies along the seventieth parallel
in the North Atlantic a few kilometers west of Arnøy.

The Helgøy/Karlsøy district has been inhabited for several
millennia, and Stone Age finds on these islands date back four thousand
years before Christ, as reported in a University of Tromsø publication,
Helgøys Historie, edited by Helge Wold and published in
1980. This coastal area of North Troms has been the subject of a series
of studies by the University of Tromsø, a research project which
has been called the Helgøy Project which began in 1973/74. The object
was to learn something about the Sami population, the "Sea Lapps", in a
typical north Norwegian coastal community, to learn about inter-ethnic
relationships. The series is summarized in the journal Forskningsnytt,
no. 6, published in 1982 and also in a series of articles in Ottar,
nos. 125-126 published in 1980. We learn that Helgøy/Karlsøy
has been inhabited for six thousand years with many archeological finds
from the Stone and Iron Ages, a few finds from the twelve and thirteen
hundreds and many finds from the Late Middle Ages, both Sami and Norse
artifacts. It is interesting to note that the first historical reference
was in late 1432 and mentions that " Skoogs fiord" belonged to a
Bishop Aslak Bolts. Skogsfjord is where Otto Kræmer, half brother
to Albertine lived, where from time to time her half sister Astrid lived,
and where her mother Petronelle died.

The Haugnes ancestral line comes
from two main sources. First the Rebecca Line; Rebecca was the mother to
Johan Anton, Petronelle's father, as well as the mother to Inger Marthrethe,
whose grandson was Otto Kræmer. The Juditha Line traces the ancestry
of Petronelle's mother.

Morten Heggelund Lorch. Baptised on Karsøy in 1793 and
died the same year.

Wiveke Catarina Figenschov Lorch 1793-1864. She married Johannes
Andersen Kiil 1788-1841 in 1813, a farmer who lived in Svendsby and later
moved to Berg. They had seven children.

Ane Heggelund Eliasdatter Figenschov Lorch 1795-1873. She had
two children with her first husband, Jørgen Christian Olsen Bugge
from Langesund, and three children with her second husband, Christian Andersen
Wang.

Erich was a farmer who lived at Berg on Karlsøy, the son of Johan
Nilssøn "Svenske" who lived at Berg in the years 1714-1738,
and his brother was Niels Johansen Berg. After Wivike died, Erich
married Aleth Mortensdatter Heggelund 1725-1788. Children with Wivike:

Inger Catarina Figenschov Lorch 1740-1799. In 1760 she married
Jørgen Jørgensen Nideros 1724-1798 from Nordeiet and they
had four children.

Hans Juul Figenschov Lorch 1761. Hans was a farmer at Berg on
Karsøy and in 1785 married Maren Kirstina Grabov and they had two
children.

We continue with Wiveke's parents.

Johan Reinertsen Wormhus 1684-1748Catarina Figenschov 1688-1766

The Wormhus line comes from the Hanseatic town of Bremen in Germany
and they settled in Bergen about 1676. Johan was the son of Reinert
Wormhuus who died in Helgøy in 1696 and his grave marker is
preserved in the Lyngen church. Johan moved from Rødgammen in Helgøy
to Kjosen in Lygen where he was killed in an avalanche. Catarina was born
at Kvitnes and was buried in Lyngen. When her husband died she moved to
her daughter's place at Kobbenes in Kjosen.

We continue with Catarina's parents.

Jeremias Eliassen Figenschov 1655-1735Maren Torgersdatter 16..-1715

Jeremias was born in Bergen and lived at Kvitnes on Karsøy where
he was a merchant and skipper. It is reported that he gave a chandelier
to the Karlsøy church which now hangs in the Sørfjord (Ullsfjord)
church at Sjursnes. The inscription reads Anno 1708 er denne Krone forænt
til Karsøoe Kirche af Jeremias Eliasson Figenschow og Maren Taargersdaader.
From another inscription we learn that the chandelier as early as 1652
had been owned by three Hanseatic merchants and hung in one of the buildings
at the Hansa wharf in Bergen. It was saved from the fire of 1702 and purchased
by Jeremias and presented to the Karsøy church. We learn than Jeremias
and Maren in 1714 also presented a huge tiara chandelier to a church in
Tromsø which now hangs in the Elverhøy church in Tromsø.
There is an alter tablet in the Karlsøy church which reads Soli
deo gloria. Jeremias Eliassen Figenschov og Margaretha Pedersdtr. Anno
1728 30 Okt.

Jeremias was married three times, first to Anne Høyer, and they
had one son; then to Maren Torgersdatter, and they had four children; and
finally to Margrethe Pedersdatter 1697-1751 who was born in Bergen and
died on Karsøy. The churchbook in Karsøy records his death
on the fourth Sunday of Advent in 1734 and his burial in the church proper
on 3.5.1735. He was eighty years of age.

We continue with Jeremias' parents.

Elias Figenschov 1599-1660Anne Christensdatter Bloch 1620

Elias was an artist who lived in Bergen. Elias' father was Hans Figenschow,

a royal saddlemaker from Hindelang in southern German who settled in
Copenhagen. Anne's parents were Christen Jenssøn Bloch -1636
and Berte Andersdatter. Christen was a bailiff in Salten.

This is as far back as we can trace Rebecca's father's line. We continue
with Rebecca's mother, Inger Margrethe Mortensdatter Heggelund. Inger's
parents' were:

The father of Anna Grethe was Rasmus Clemmetsen Oderup 1659.
The father to Rasmus was Clemmet Rasmussen Oderup. A census from
1665 lists him as living on Follesøy in Skjervøy. He moved
to Hamnes in 1672 and served as sheriff on Skjervøy from 1665 to
1693. The parents of Søren were Hans Mortensen Heggelund
ca 1631-1700 and Ingeborg Handsdatter from Elvevoll. The parents
of Hans were:

Morten Christensen Heggelund ca 1600-1660

Morten was the bailiff and bishop in Troms from 1630 to 1650. He lived
at Hesfjord in Langsund, and the tax census of 1645 lists him as living
in the Helgøy district. He paid taxes for himself and his wife,
his daughter and one of his three sons. He was also taxed for three laborers
and three maid servants. We continue with Morten's father.

Christen Sørensen Heggelund ca 1570-1620

Was once mayor of the town of Viborg in Jylland, Denmark. Christens'
father was Søren Christensen Heggelund born ca 1540 and served
as a town official in Viborg. Søren's father was Christen Heggelund,
born ca 1500 in Viborg.

We have been following the Rebecca line through the father of her mother
Inger and now continue with Inger's mother's line, starting with Inger's
mother.

They lived first at Brattrein and then at Jegervannet. Morten's father
was Hans Hansen Horsens born in 1646 in Jylland Denmark, died 1720,
a church sexton in Karlsøy. Hans married Rebecca Torbendatter
Gamst, born in Loppen 1648, died 7.25.1736. A painting in the Karlsøy
church has the following inscription: Gud til Erre Karlsøy Kirke
til Zirat Kekaastet af Hans Hansen og Rebekka Torbendtr Anno 1697.
Rebecca was daughter of Torben Reierson, who was bishop ( sogneprest)
in Loppa, married to Gunild Pedersdatter. Torben died in 1695.

Anne was the daughter of Morten Sørensen Heggelund 1660-1732,
a wealthy tradesman whose estate was quoted as en aktiva rdl. 435-2-9
og passiva rdl. 108-2-7 (rdl refers to riksdaler). Morten married Inger
Christendatter Lorch from Reinsvoll who was buried in 1748 at 78 years
of age. They lived at Bakkeby in Ullsfjord. Inger was the daughter of Christen
Knudsen 1633-1712. Christen's parents were Knud Hansen and Trine
Henriksdatter Hofnagel. The 1702 census lists him as living in Nordeiet,
and using the name Lorch. It seems that only one of his sons used the name
Lorch and it may be that his son's wife Alette Madsdatter was a
Lorch.

We have traced the ancestry of Rebecca back to the 1500's. It was her
son Johan Anton who married Juditha Kristine, and they were the parents
to Petronelle. We shall now examine Juditha's ancestry.

Johan and Juditha were the maternal grandparents of Albertine,
and in the local history called Skjervøy by Fugelsøy
Johan is referred to as Anton Johan Mortensen Haugnes 1829, a landowner,
farmer and fisherman, and he and his wife came from Helgøy. It may
be that we was known as Anton Johan Mortensen Haugnes while living on Arnøy,
but Heidi Mikkelsen has researched his ancestral line for us from church
records and census tracts and reports his name and dates somewhat differently.
We shall use his baptismal name with information provided by Heidi. Johans'
father was Morten Hansen Lorch, 1801-1878, and when he was confirmed in
1822 the minister had written that Morten had little knowledge but good
upbringing ( han hadde liten kunnskap men god oppførsel).
Morten died in Brennes in Troms, and there is no information available
about his parents. Morten's wife was Rebecca Margretha Eliasdatter Figenschov
Lorch, 1801-1822. She was confirmed in 1821 and she married Morten in 1828.

Juditha was born on May 26, 1835 and when she died in 1890 her granddaughter
Albertine was only four years old. Albertine remembered Juditha as someone
who held her and sang to her, and that she had a birthmark on her forehead.
Albertine knew nothing about her grandmother's ancestry. Juditha's parents:

Olai was born in Bergen and died in Karlsøy. He came to Karlsøy
as a missionary school teacher, and served as a church sexton there from
1770 to 1805. Children:

Hans Heggelund Leonard 1774-1818. Church sexton in Karsøy
from 1805 to 1818. In 1810 he married the widow Anne Lucia Heggelund 1778.
She was from Russeelv in Nord Lenangen and had previously been married
to Hans Nilsen Dahl 1767 with whom she had several children.

They lived at Bakkeby. Hans was the son of Søren Hansen Heggelund
and Anna Grethe Rasmusdatter Oderup, mentioned previously as Morten's
father in the Rebecca line (Page). Inger was the daughter of Hans Hansen
Horsens and Anne Margrethe Mortensdatter Heggelund, mentioned
previously in the Rebecca line.

It was recorded in the Helgøy churchbook at the end of the year
1826 as follows:

This past winter the hunger on many farms was severe, and many would
have perished if it had not been for assistance from the Royal Grain Reserve.
The weather did not permit those who were at home to go to sea for food
until springtime. The summer was not too bad and the fall was fine for
hay. Pollock fishing at the end of summer provided income.

A similar account was made at the end of 1827, but in 1830 the winter
fishing was good and the weather mild. The years following continued good
until 1835, when there was much hunger and illness among the livestock.

She was often called simply "Nelle", and she was born and grew up at
Haugnesodden and at nineteen married Peder Svendsen from Stokkenes on Langfjord,
located two or three miles from Haugnesodden. Peder Svendsen had two children
from a previous marriage, Mekal (Page) and Ludvig (Page), and after the
death of his first wife he married Petronelle in 1884. Peder and Petronelle
had a daughter, Albertine, born in 1886. Peder died in 1888 before his
daughter was two years old. Petronelle and her infant daughter then moved
back to Haugnesodden and lived there for six years, until Albertine was
eight years old. Petronelle then took employment at Rotsund on the mainland,
and Albertine moved back to Stokkenes to live with her half brother Mekal
who had married Elin from Haugnes. Mekal now had two infant daughters and
needed help with the house and the farm chores. Albertine stayed at Stokkenes
until she was nineteen, helping with the house, farm and fishing.

In 1896 a child was born to Petronelle and her cousin, Odin Kræmer.
Since Odin's mother was Inger Margrethe, who was sister to Johan Anton,
and this made Odin and Petronelle first cousins, there were family objections
to their marriage. The child was Otto Kræmer, half brother to Albertine,
and he was born at Stokkenes. It is interesting to note that her half brother
Otto was not related to her half brother Mekal.

Petronelle then married Kristian Johannesen from Akkarvik just across
the fjord from Stokkenes. Kristian was from Rotsund and confirmed in 1859.
He was the son of Johannes Olsen, Rotsund and Johanna Christine Olsdatter.
Kristian's first wife was Marie Andersdatter Sommer from Målselv.
They were married in 1871 and had the following children:

Petronelle and Kristian lived in Akkarvik and in 1906 a daughter was
born to them, Astrid Johannesen. In 1982 Rudolph met Oskar Johannesen from
Akkarvik. Oskar's father, Alfred 1872-1956 was a brother to Kristian, and
Astrid was his aunt. Astrid was also Rudolph's aunt, but Oskar and Rudolph
were not related.

Kristian Johannesen also died at an early age and Petronelle once more
became a widow and had to seek employment. As she approached her sixtieth
birthday Petronelle took ill and her cousin, Odin, made a place for her
at his home in Skogsfjord on Ringvassøy where she remained until
her death. Petronelle's three children:

Otto Kræmer 1896-1972. Son of Odin Kræmer. When he
was eighteen Otto went on a fishing trip to Finnmark with Ludvig Pedersen
and learned about someone on another boat who was said to look very much
like him. It turned out to be his father, Odin. Odin's brother, Hagbart,
who lived in Tromsø and was engaged in polar fishing and hunting,
was persuaded to give Otto a job on his boat. Otto earned quite a bit of
money on these polar trips, returned to Tromsø and married Hanna,
who was twenty years his senior and a dressmaker. Otto and Hanna established
their home at Skogsfjord, and Otto worked at various construction jobs
and continued fishing. Hagbart, uncle to Otto, became quite wealthy and
had two sons, Alfdan and Halfdan.

Astrid Jonette Lydia Semalie Johannesen 8.23.1906 - 2.2.1985.
Daughter of Kristian Johannesen. Kristian did not live long after the birth
of his daughter, and Astrid was adopted by some people in Rotsund named
Mathissen. She grew up in Rotsund and then took employment at various places,
including Skogsfjord. In 1968 she moved to Kvaløyvåg on Kvaløy,
an island near Tromsø and just across the strait from Ringvassøy.
She worked for Egil Nilsen, a farmer and fisherman who had an ailing mother.
His mother died in 1971, and Astrid stayed on as his housekeeper until
she died in 1985. Astrid's children:

Nelle. Married to Karl, they live in Båtsford.

Dagne Benjaminsen. Married to Viktor, they live
in Dåfjord. Children:

HarlaugVigdis

Jensine Larsen. Lives at Hansnes on Ringvassøy.
Former husband is Hans Larsen. Children:

HennieMargithAnniJohn ArildStein-RoaldSynnoveKato

We have followed the Haugnes line back to early in the sixteenth century
and have found much of interest. It seems that Albertine had Norse as well
as Sami ancestors and she always thought of herself as pure Norwegian.
And we learned that life in the far north could be cruel and the class
culture of society was mean an degrading. We see this exemplified in the
life of Astrid.

Albertine was born at Stokkenes on the island of Arnøy in 1886
and she died in Duluth, Minnesota in 1984 at ninety-eight years of age.
Her birth certificate reads " Albertine Josefine av foreldre Peder Andreas
og Petronelle Kristine Antondtr.." Her father, Peder Svendsen, had
two sons from a previous marriage, and they used Pedersen as their surname,
being sons of Peder, but Albertine adopted the newer practice and used
Svendsen as her last name. As we have already seen in this section, her
mother Petronelle was from nearby Haugnesodden on the same island. The
Langfjord section which follows covers her father's line. Albertine was
not quite two years old when her father died, and she moved with her mother
back to Haugnesodden to live with her mother's parents. When Albertine
was eight her mother sought employment on the mainland and Albertine moved
back to Stokkenes to help her half brother Mekal and his growing family.
From three hour-long tape interviews with Albertine we have obtained information
about her childhood in Norway, her emigration to the United States, and
her life in America.

Education: From age seven to fourteen she attended a rural boarding
school located in Grunndfjord (Arnøyhamn) on Arnøy about
eight to ten miles from her home at Stokkenes. The school ran regularly
for three-week sessions and students would attend for three weeks on and
three weeks off three times a year for nine years, and they would return
home on weekends. Because she had so much work at home Albertine missed
much school, to her everlasting regret. According to her school report
card dated May 10, 1902 there were only 44 weeks of school attendance with
28 1/2 days of excused absence and 60 1/2 days of unexcused absence. She
actually had less than one year of schooling. School marks were graded
"1" for very good, "2" for good, etc. down to "5". Albertine for her entire
school career received "2" in written Norwegian, "2" in Christianity, "2"
in arithmetic, "2 1/2" in nature study, "2 1/2" in geography, "2 1/2" in
history, equal to five "B's" and three "B+'s". She also received "1" in
effort, "1" in conduct, "2" in ability, and "2" in progress. This is taken
from her Afgangsvidnesbyrd, or closing school record.

In the United States she attended citizenship classes in 1923 in order
to prepare for naturalization and attended nineteen classes in civics,
English, history, etc. She received her Certificate of Naturalization on
March 2, 1923 when she was thirty-six years old. This document described
her as five feet tall of fair complexion with brown eyes and black hair.
She tells that under examination by the Judge she answered all questions
correctly, but when asked which direction Sweden lay from Duluth, she answered
rather bluntly that she was not a Swede. Over the years she picked up enough
English so that she could read with ease, but she never learned to write
in English. Rudolph recalls being reminded on the street cars to "speak
English or people will think we are foreigners".

Religion: Norway has been a Lutheran country ever since the Reformation
and has a state church, but in North Norway religious people, especially
those of Sami, Finnish, or coastal Sami ancestry, while loyal to the State
Church, adhered to a sect of Lutheranism established by Lars
Levi Laestadius (1800-1865), a dynamic Lutheran pastor who served the
largely Sami congregation in northern Sweden.

Laestadiansim was more fundamentalistic, evangelical, pietistic and
charismatic than mainline Scandinavian Lutheranism. The clergy of the State
Church tended to be elitist, member of the upper class, and services were
more formal and staid, and not in tune with the folk culture of the north.
The Laestadians would beg forgiveness of sins from the actual people they
had sinned against and would then embrace with joy when forgiven, and they
struggled against the evils of alcohol which they claimed came from the
dominant Norse society. Albertine said the "back home we were all Laestadians"
and her husband Ivar had a similarly religious upbringing, but they both
shied away from some of the fanaticism of the early Laestadians. Albertine
told that some people became " religiøs gal", a form of religious
madness.

Church attendance was difficult for the people on Arnøy because
they did not have a church building on their island. They had to row by
boat, and it took four to five hours with two men rowing to reach Skjervøy
where the church was located, and an additional hour to walk across the
island to the church. The sea was often rough and the journey was not attempted
during the long, dark months of arctic winter at seventy degrees North
Latitude. Church for them began in the spring with Pentecost and would
continue until Michaelsmas. They would attend church only about four or
five times a year, bring a tent and extra food and clothing, set up camp
when they reached the island, then change into church clothes and hike
across the island to the church. Church attendance was also a festive occasion
where they might remain a couple of days, visit friends and relatives and
shop the markets set up for the occasion.

Back home there were more frequent religious services held in private
homes with hymn singing, prayers, Bible reading and talks by lay people.
There might also be home baptisms and home funerals which were later formalized
in the church. There was also religious instruction at school. The school
day began with prayers and hymn singing, and then Bible study. Elementary
education was not completed until confirmation. The confirmation classes
were held in Skjervøy, and Albertine was confirmed on September
28, 1902, which marked the end of her formal education.

The Norwegian imagination has been full of other-than-human and subterranean
creatures such as trolls, elves ( nisser), and draugen (a
headless specter who appeared at sea in a half boat and foretold of approaching
death). These beings were just as real as the angels and demons of Christian
mythology, and were very much a part of the everyday world of growing up
in northern Norway. Sea corpses which washed ashore and not given proper
burial became ghosts who haunted during the nights. The elves or pixies
also existed on Arnøy and were thought to have their own farms and
livestock, and on one occasion Albertine thought she saw one of their sheep
while out looking for some of her sheep that had strayed. There were stories
of weird sea creatures, and strange events, such as casting of spells,
and even Satan himself was known to make appearances. The reindeer Sami
were though to have magical powers and weird things were said to happen
on Langfjord when a "Mountain Lapp" moved into one of the neighboring farms.
The children became so fearful that they dreaded to walk past that farm
place at night. Stories about these uncanny events were told and retold
by evening firesides, and some of these stories were brought along to the
New World. American children also shuddered as they heard these stories
from the Old Country, told by immigrant parents. As time went on the immigrants
came to believe that such things could only happen in the Old Country,
and not in America, and that they may even have been a bit superstitious.

Rudolph as a child had often heard the story of the haunted schoolhouse
on Arnøy. His mother had taken a job in 1916-1917 as manager of
the rural boarding school at Haugnes and they lived there during that time.
There were many complaints of strange noises in the building at night,
and it had been inspected by both the local minister and the doctor, who
could offer no explanation. The schoolmaster, however, was so distracted
by these events that he lost his mind and had to be institutionalized.
Albertine told that she personally had neither seen nor heard anything
unusual, and thought that perhaps the schoolmaster was haunted by a sea
ghost. Years later the story appeared in print, published in the 1985 yearbook
from North Troms, Menneske og Miljø i Nord-Troms, Årbok
1985. The story Skrømpt på Internatet was written
by Carl Bentsen, who presently teaches school on the island, and he made
the observation that the school building was set on shallow footings that
didn't reach below frostline, and suggested that it may have moved and
creaked with changing weather.

Albertine always though of herself as a Lutheran, but when she settled
in Duluth, Minnesota, the nearest church was a Dano-Norwegian Evangelical
Methodist Episcopal church, known as Bethany Methodist. Services were held
in the Norwegian language, the minister was from north Norway, and since
many of Albertine's friends belonged, she too began attending. Her son
was enrolled in Sunday School where Bible study was taught in Norwegian,
and he stayed on through confirmation and later attended a Methodist college
in St. Paul, Hamline University. Albertine belonged to Bethany Methodist
for over sixty years but never ceased thinking of herself as Lutheran.
The Norwegian synod of Methodism was revivalist, similar in many ways to
Laestadianism. Albertine was a devout Christian all her life but never
very active in church affairs. Her memorial service was held at Bethany
Methodist.

Work: Like most people of her generation Albertine worked exceedingly
hard all her life. We have described how at eight years of age she left
home and moved to her older brother's house to help with house work and
care for children, and she was also put to the task of cooking fodder for
the livestock. This was done early in the morning over an open peat fire,
and fish heads and sea weed were cooked to feed the cows. At Stokkenes
they made their own butter and cheese, carded wool, spun yarn, knitted
and sewed garments for themselves. There was no time for idle hands and
knitting could be done while in school or tending sheep. There were berries
to pick and the juice was bottled for winter consumption. Bird eggs were
gathered in springtime, and senna grass was collected, dried and woven
into wreaths for boot-stuffing in cold weather. Albertine tended sheep,
helped make hay, hauled water from the creek for the house and barn, milked
cows, and cleaned the barn. All this was considered to be women's work.
She made skaller and kommager for footwear, somewhat similar
to moccasins. She took part in fjord fishing, set her own net and realized
the profit from fish caught in her net. She helped gather peat for fuel
and made candles for house lighting. In the barn they used lamps which
burned fish oil or seal oil. She picked archangel angelica, a nutritious
wild plant which grew in damp places. They baked their own bread in outside
ovens, using wheat traded with the Pomor merchants from Russia. Boats came
from Czarist Russia to trade wheat for fish and Albertine remembered the
Russian sailors who played their balalaikas and danced in a squatting position.
The farm and sea provided all of their needs but had to be harvested by
hand labor. Very little was ever purchased from town markets.

At age nineteen, in the year 1905, Albertine left her brother's place
and took employment on the mainland at Rotsund, working as a servant girl
for the merchant Gamst at an annual salary of twenty-five dollars (one
hundred crowns). Servants were employed on an annual basis, earned board
and room and were paid once a year in the spring. 1905 was the year when
Norway separated from the joint monarchy with Sweden and Haakon VII became
King of Norway. Albertine stayed on at Rotsund for two years, returned
to Stokkenes in 1907, and again in 1909 took employment on the mainland,
at Storneshavn, where she also stayed for two years at an annual salary
of one hundred crowns.

In 1910 Albertine moved to Kirkenes in Finnmark, a town on the Varangerfjord
facing the Barents Sea and seven miles from Russia. Kirkenes was a port
town where an iron industry had recently developed. She became housekeeper
for a merchant, enjoyed town life, and remained for two years with a monthly
salary of twenty-five crowns plus keep. There was no barn work and the
town offered entertainments, a cinema, plays, church, dances and the company
of many young people. She worked as housekeeper for the company chemist
whose wife was ill, and stayed with them for two years. During this time
she struck up an acquaintance with Ivar Johnsen from Porsanger who worked
in the ore- processing factory. In 1914 she returned home to Arnøy
for a visit, returned to Kirkenes in 1915 and married Ivar Johnsen. The
newlyweds rented quarters from the Isaksen-Arneng family. Sofie
Arneng was her husband's sister. Albertine, who was expecting a child,
made lefse for a woman who ran a coffee shop in town, and in March of 1916
her son Rudolph was born.

One of the visitors to the Arneng home was Hans, a brother to Olaus
Arneng. Hans and his wife Laura had emigrated to America and were back
home in Norway on a visit. The stories Hans told about America so impressed
Ivar that he decided to check things out for himself. Ivar left for the
United States in August, 1916, while Albertine and her infant son returned
to Arnøy. Albertine took employment as manager of the boarding school
( internat) at Haugnes, and remained through the school year. In
September of 1917 she left Norway with her son to join her husband in America.
She herself had never caught "America fever" but was willing to travel
and wanted to be with her husband who had found Minnesota much to his liking.

From her petition for naturalization made on November 20, 1922 we learn
that she sailed from Kristiania (Oslo) on September 5, 1917 and arrived
in New York on September 22, 1917 on board a Norwegian ship, the Bergensfjord.
Passage over the Atlantic in 1917, while World War I raged on land and
sea, was fraught with danger from submarines even though Norway was a neutral
country. The Bergensfjord was stopped in mid-Atlantic and searched for
contraband by a British naval vessel and was then forced to put into harbor
in Halifax for a more thorough inspection by British officials before being
given permission to proceed to New York. Albertine related how the sea
was rough and made many passengers ill, but that she and her son were sea-strong
north Norwegians ( sjøsterke nordlendinger) and never missed
a meal. She was processed through Ellis Island and was asked to count backwards
from twenty to one, passing the test with flying colors. She also had to
convince the authorities that she was not a pauper and proudly showed them
a one-hundred dollar bill, US currency, which she had earned herself.

Albertine very much enjoyed the train ride west from New York, with
friendly co-passengers, no class distinction, interesting scenery, and
she immediately fell in love with America. When the train stopped in a
corn field, she went out with other passengers to pick an ear of corn,
but she was puzzled that people would eat such food which she though was
fit only for farm animals. She arrived in Carlton, Minnesota late at night
with no one to meet her, and walked about town and knocked on doors seeking
shelter. A German-American who was married to a Swede and could understand
some Norwegian put her up for the night. In the morning she contacted Julius
Bauman who lived in Carlton and he helped her contact her husband. Bauman,
a native of Hammerfest, was a published poet, editor of Nord-Norge
and President of Nordlandslaget, the north-Norwegian fraternal lodge. It
was he who sold Ivar the ticket for her passage to America. Ivar arranged
for her to stay with Hans and Laura Isaksen in nearby Thomson, and set
about to purchase a house in Thomson, and the family moved into their first
house in America.

Settled in Thomson, the family remained three memorable years and Albertine,
now a housewife, tended to the needs of her family and also took in some
sewing and tailoring work. She volunteered through the Red Cross to do
knitting and bandage wrapping for the soldiers and sailors of the on-going
war, and remembered the Armistice when the trains passing through towns
were full of flag-waving celebrants of peace, and the Flue Epidemic which
followed and took so many lives. She also remembered the Great Cloquet
Forest Fire which raged all about Thomson, and her home gave shelter to
many of the fire victims.

Ivar was not happy with his job in Thomson and disliked his boss. He
decided to sell the house, and the family moved to Duluth where he purchased
a new home for his family. Albertine liked very much living in Duluth.
West Duluth in 1920 was a working-class, immigrant community, and she met
many Scandinavian neighbors, attended the nearby Norwegian Methodist Church,
and along with her husband went to a number of Scandinavian lodge meetings
where recent immigrants could feel at home. She continued with her sewing
and became expert at mending children's clothes. A family of Swedish immigrants
whom she had met in Thomson owned and operated the Tremont Hotel and Boarding
House on Central Avenue, and from time to time she assisted them with food
service.

With the untimely death of her husband in July of 1921 she was left
with no insurance, a mortgage, and a dependent child. She was forced to
seek employment and to had rent out her home so that she could meet mortgage
payments. She took a job with the nearby Klearflax Rug Factory, first in
the shipping department, working a nine-hour day for five and one-half
days a week at thirty cents per hour. She later became a machine operator
at thirty-five cents per hour and loved her job, although she had some
negative feelings about wearing the overalls required of machine operators.
She didn't think that women should wear pants, but soon became one of the
Bloomer Girls and loved the sociability and the many parties with fellow
employees. She had no thought of returning to Norway.

Albertine and her son usually lived in a rented room somewhere near
the factory and Rudolph recalls how they moved from place to place, usually
late at night when no one would see them pulling a wagon with their belongings.
It took more than one trip, and the biggest item was the kerosine stove
used for cooking food. At age seven Rudolph learned how to light the stove
and warm his breakfast coffee since his mother was already at work. She
kept the factory job for four years and then quit in a huff over a labor
dispute. In the mid-Twenties she took a number of temporary jobs keeping
house, usually until the housewife regained her health, and seasonal factory
jobs such as sewing buttons by machine at Patrick Mills, etc. In 1927 she
moved to Montana where she worked for a Norwegian-American wheat farmer
and then for a Danish-American rancher, all at twenty-five dollars per
month, plus keep for herself and son. Wages in the Twenties were modest,
but there was plenty of work and she was gradually being Americanized.

In 1925 Albertine and a girlfriend travelled by Model-T to Minneapolis
to attend the centennial celebration of Norwegian immigration, and to hear
President Coolidge and several Norwegian dignitaries commemorate the event.
Here she met Sigurd Haugen from Madelia, Minnesota, an immigrant from Tofte
in Hurum who owned and operated a small restaurant. They struck up a correspondence
and in the late twenties were married. Albertine moved to join him while
her son stayed in Duluth to complete the school year and his confirmation.
Later he also moved to southern Minnesota. Albertine liked the climate
and the people in this small town, but the marriage wasn't all that happy.
There were several separations and reunions, and in 1934 Albertine returned
to Duluth, this time for good, and filed for divorce.

Albertine had learned something about the restaurant business while
living in Madelia and back in Duluth she rented a small cafe on First Street
and operated it successfully for a season. She then purchased a house in
West Duluth by bid for $500, and had it remodeled so that there would be
a rental unit on the first floor, and she moved into the second floor apartment,
her new home. She still had rental income from her first home in Duluth,
just a block away. She then took employment for a neighborhood family that
needed help with four small children while the husband worked, and his
wife was a TB patient. This job was day labor, paid only one dollar per
day, and her employer was the St. Louis County Welfare Department. She
kept this job during four years of the Great Depression, until her arthritis
made it too difficult for her to continue working outside the home. She
took in sewing, quilt making, etc. and lived in her 63rd Avenue residence
until her eighty-second year, and then moved in with her son and family
who had returned to Duluth.

Despite her arthritis handicap Albertine never looked at herself as
a cripple. She managed to get around quite well, first with one crutch
and later with two crutches. In 1951 she took a trip back to Norway along
with a lady friend to visit relatives and friends of years gone by. She
never regretted leaving Norway where work had kept people poor and downtrodden.
She didn't miss the splendid fjord scenery either, "just piles of rock"
she called them. Conditions in Norway had improved and the fresh fish and
lamb was still the best in the world. Back in Duluth she took many trips
to St. Paul where her son and family were living, and long trips about
the United States with other senior citizens, to Washington D.C., Florida,
Arizona, California, etc. In 1968 when Albertine was eighty-two she moved
in with her son where she lived until her ninety-fourth year, when poor
health and advancing years called for nursing care. Her last four years
were spent in Lake Haven Nursing Home and she died in December of 1984
at ninety-eight years of age.

Albertine was always able to support herself and her son, and even helped
put him through college. She was never in need of any public assistance
until she had a hip operation and had no medical insurance. When her house
was sold she repaid the county $4,762.31 to cover the lien placed on her
home to cover the cost of the operation. In 1967 she became eligible for
supplemental social security, and started receiving $34 dollars per month
which gradually increased to $156.67 per month in 1980. Medicare covered
the costs of the nursing home.

Albertine is remembered as a very active person, full of energy and
zest for living. She always loved to work and kept herself busy with knitting,
embroidery, etc. She took an interest in reading and in watching TV, especially
her favorite soap operas. She also enjoyed singing and on occasion playing
the harmonica. She had many friends, was occasionally shy at social occasions
but loved company and participated in many social events at church and
in the ethnic lodges. Her acquaintances included many people outside the
Scandinavian community and she had close friends who were Catholic, Jewish,
Black, Indian, Slavic, Italian, etc. She took very little interest in politics,
never voted, but admired Franklin Roosevelt, and had negative feelings
towards radicals who were "anti-God". She said that she never wanted a
radio or television, but when these things were added to her household
she enjoyed them very much. She was in love with the automobile and regretted
that the family never owned one.

Albertine died on December 29, 1984. She was able to enjoy her ninety-eighth
birthday on the seventeenth of December and Christmas, with gifts and visits
from friends, and passed away in her sleep. She had been a member of the
Minnesota Memorial Society and her remains were cremated and interred at
the Oneota Cemetery beside the grave of her husband. The memorial service
at Bethany Methodist was well attended by family and friends with gifts
of flowers from home and abroad. At the funeral service the minister read
from a citation she had received from the King of Norway. As World War
II drew to a close she had made a number of piece quilts which were raffled
off to raise funds for war relief, some raffles run by the Norwegian lodges
and some by herself. She raised several hundred dollars to assist people
in Norway recover from the war damage. She had also sent many packages
of clothing to north Norway, things which she had purchased and things
she had collected from neighbors, and they were sent to people who had
been evacuated and their homes and possessions destroyed by the Nazis.
For this effort she received the citation from King Haakon VII dated September
1, 1946, which read "Norway thanks you for your valuable contribution during
the fight for liberation, April 9 - 1940 - May 8, 1945". ( Norge takker
for Deres verdifulle innsats under kampen for landets frigjøring
9 april 1940 - 8 mai 1945. Haakon R). Albertine and Ivar had only one
child.

Born in Kirkenes, he moved with his mother back to her family home on Arnøy
after his father left for America to check things out before sending for
his family. In September of 1917 they joined him in Thomson, Minnesota,
and in 1920 they moved to Duluth. Rudolph started school in 1921 on his
fifth birthday and five months later he lost his father in a tragic swimming
accident. He attended various schools as the family moved about, in Duluth,
Minnesota; Westby, Montana; Madelia, Minnesota, and in 1933 he graduated
from high school in Barnum, Minnesota where he had been employed on a farm
for his room and board. He attended Hamline University, a Methodist denominational
college in St. Paul, Minnesota and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in
1937. During the depression years he wandered about the country, took jobs
in the western harvest fields, worked several seasons in Yellowstone National
Park, and in Rochester, New York. He then attended the Duluth Teachers
College to obtain teacher certification and was drafted into the United
States Army. During World War II he served almost four years in the Army
Air Corps as a radar technician, attained the rank of Staff Sergeant, and
his overseas service was in India with the Twentieth Air Force, the B-29's,
working with airborne navigational radar. After the war, with assistance
from the G.I. Bill he attended Columbia University in New York City and
earned a Masters Degree (M.A.) in history. In 1947-48 he taught high school
in St. Peter, Minnesota, and the following summer he attended the American
Summer School at the University of Oslo in Norway, where he met and married
Solveig Arneng. They stayed in Norway for
the school year 1948-1949 while Rudolph took classes at the University
of Oslo and Solveig continued art studies at the national art academy,
Statens Kunstakademie, and in June of 1949 they left for America. Back
in Duluth Rudolph took employment in a restaurant and in 1950-1951 they
moved to Minneapolis where Rudolph took courses at the University of Minnesota
in Library Science. He worked for one year as a reference librarian on
the Minneapolis Campus of the university, followed by seven years on the
St. Paul Campus as acquisitions librarian in the Agriculture Library. In
1959 he was appointed Assistant Professor and Library Director at the University
of Minnesota, Duluth Campus where he worked until retirement in 1981. During
his tenure on the Duluth Campus he took part in a Ford Foundation library
exchange, 1967, and acted as director of the university library in Concepcion,
Chile. He visited Norway in 1973 to see his first grandchild, Ivar, son
of Kai and Beverly, who were living in Tromsø where they attended
the university. Rudolph visited Norway again in the summer of 1980, and
upon retirement in 1981 Rudolph and Solveig spent an entire year in Norway.
His descendents are listed on Page ??.

The Langfjord Line

Langfjord is on the island of Arnøy in the Skjervøy parish
of North Troms. This section will deal with the ancestors and descendents
of Rudolph's maternal grandfather.

This section deals with the ancestors and descendants of Peder Svendsen,
father of Albertine. They lived on the island of Arnøy in North
Troms on an eight kilometer long fjord known as Langfjord. Arnøy
is in the Skjervy parish and lies just above the Seventieth Parallel, as
far north as northernmost Alaska. It is an outer island which faces Lopphavet,
a rough stretch of the North Atlantic. The island itself has a shoreline
of ninety kilometers, about fifty-six miles, and is mountainous with glaciers,
several peaks rising a thousand meters above sea level. The family home
place was named Stokkenes. There is very little farming at this latitude,
mostly sheep and small garden plots, but the sea has cod, herring, salmon,
halibut, etc., and most of the people live by fishing. The island is also
the summer home of several thousand reindeer that pasture on the heights
and belong to two Sami families from Kautokeino.

Bishop Gunnerius wrote in 1770 about the first settlement in North Troms
and said that the Sami were the most numerous inhabitants, then the Finns,
who intermarried with the Sami, plus some Norwegians and a few Swedes.
Archeologists tell us that a Stone-Age people lived in North Troms as far
back as four thousand years before Christ, but no Stone Age finds have
been made on Arnøy. Around 800 AD a Viking named Ottar visited King
Alfred of Britain and gave the first account of the region which came into
print. Ottar claimed that he was the Norwegian who lived farthest north,
and that the other inhabitants were Sami. The origin of the Sami people
is uncertain. Fugelsø in his local history Skjervøy
states that the Sami were the first people to inhabit the northern regions
of Scandinavia, the area called Lapland. Since they were a so-called pagan
people who spoke a strange tongue it was assumed that they came from elsewhere,
a fugitive people who wandered into Norway from somewhere in Central Europe
or Asia. The Sami people claim that they did not come to Norway but that
Norway came to them, the indigenous people. Johan Turi, a Sami author who
wrote about Lapland at the turn of the century told his questioner that
he knew no stories or legends which suggest that his people originated
anywhere outside Lapland. It is probably more correct to look upon the
Sami as part of the indigenous population of northern Scandinavia who gradually
took on the cultural patterns which are now called Sami.

Heidi Mikkelsen of Tromsø, who is related to us and has also
made a study of our ancestry tells us that there is Norwegian, Finnish
and Sami in our background. She says that people will often not admit to
some Sami ancestry because it hasn't been all that prestigious to be Sami.
Albertine always insisted that she was pure Norwegian but Heidi claims
that Svend Andersen, grandfather to Albertine, was of certain Sami origin
and the 1875 census did identify him with the symbol "ln" meaning that
he was a reindeer nomad ( nomadiserende Same).

We are interested in Langfjord on the island of Arnøy, and in
the second volume of Skjervøy we learn that in 1723 there
were still no Norwegian settlements along the fjord, only annual visits
by reindeer Sami, and it seems that some of them eventually took root and
established small farms and engaged in fjord fishing. The culture of the
Sea Sami has developed somewhat differently than that of the Mountain Sami.
Reindeer were hunted until about two hundred years ago when the wild reindeer
disappeared and reindeer husbandry started. Sea Sami culture developed
parallel to mountain Sami culture. Remains can still be seen on Langfjord
of turf huts, early Sami dwellings. Before permanent settlement began there
had been occasional visits by whalers, probably from Holland, who came
ashore to render their whale oil. Fugelsø tells us that by the middle
of the eighteenth century there were six to seven dwellings along the fjord
with such place names as Toften, Monssletta and Storstein. Among the early
settlers on the fjord were several Andersens, Pedersens and Svendsens,
and we have not been sure which of them may have been Albertine's progenitor.
A map prepared by J.S. Friis to indicate settlement and language-use in
the year 1861 identifies four households on Langfjord. Symbols on the map
show that one house was occupied by a Norwegian family where only Norwegian
was spoken, a second Norwegian home where at least one family member spoke
Sami, a third home with a symbol not identifiable, and a fourth home on
a farm called Langfjord where a Sami family lived in a wooden house. The
same map shows that at Haugnes, near to where Albertine's mother was born,
all the homes were marked as Sami.

Our ancestors who first settled on Arnøy may have been Swedish
Sami, and Hermod suggests that they may have come via the Torneå
Valley which straddles the present-day boundary of northern Sweden and
Finland. There had been traffic and trade up this valley into Norway since
the early Middle Ages, and a sizeable folk emigration from northern Sweden
and Finland began during the wars fought between Sweden and Russia, and
continued when a series of cold years in the north brought on famine conditions.
Swedish reindeer Sami had annually visited Arnøy for summer pasture
for their reindeer, and as living conditions deteriorated in northern Sweden,
and this includes Finland, some of them settled on Langfjord.

Those first settlers picked a very advantageous location along the eight-kilometer
fjord called Langfjord. It lies on the inner side of the island, protected
from the sea, and the fjord is shallow and was earlier full of fish, ideal
for the use of small boats. The other side of the island faces the rough
North Atlantic where gales are frequent. This is Lopphavet, a notable fishing
bank. The family took land along the middle of the fjord, such places as
Langfjord, Stokkenes, Monsletta and Toften. Just across the fjord from
Stokkenes lies Akkarvik and the mountain peak called Trolltind, now topped
by a radio and TV tower. When you look down toward the mouth of the fjord
you can see the famous Lyngen alps and the great Blue Glacier.

There is a family legend as to how Stokkenes, which became the family
home, got its name, as told to Hermod by his aunt Selma Høyer. It
was Sven Andersen (Svein Anderson) who first picked the spot. He had been
living on the western side of Arnøy at Bankekeila and decided to
select another location for his home. He made a decision to follow along
the shoreline until he came to a place where a timber had drifted ashore,
and here he would establish a new home. The place then came to be called
Stokkenes, meaning driftwood point. Hermod points out that there was a
Viking legend to that effect. It was Ingolf who in 784 AD sailed to Iceland,
and according to the Saga he cast the timber from the high seat of honor
( høgsetestolpen) into the sea to see where it would drift
ashore, and here he would establish his home. That place was Reykjavik
(smoky inlet), and is now the capital city of Iceland.

With help of Hermod Pedersen, who has sent us several census tracts,
and from Heidi Mikkelsen, we can now trace our ancestry further back on
Langfjord. Before 1800 the census did not report personal names, and the
census, taken 1801 when Norway was part of Denmark, lists the following.
Heidi Mikkelsen identifies them as "of certain Sami origin" ( av sikker
samisk opprinnelse).

Peder Andersen 1726- LangfjordMaren Larsdatter 1736-

In the census of 1801 Peder and Maren are listed as living on the inner
end of the fjord, and they were of advanced age, blind, and in need of
charity. Their children include the following:

Heidi Mikkelsen identifies both Anders and Inger as being of Sami ancestry,
and also Anders father, Peder, and it follows that their children were
also Sami. Anders and Inger appear on the 1801 census when Anders was forty
years of age and his wife thirty-five, and they farmed their own land and
engaged in fishing. They had two sons, Peder who was five and Svend who
was two. This Peder is mentioned in Skjervøy as Peder
Andersen Langfjord, married to Hanna Margrete Sørensdatter.
We shall continue with their son Svend who married Lovise, the daughter
of:

Svend was listed on the 1865 census as being seventy years of age which
would place his birth in 1796 although he was listed on the 1801 census
as being two years old, born in 1799. He was confirmed in 1817. Svend and
Lovise operated three farms under one ownership, nos. 279, 284 and 285.
They had seven cows, sixteen sheep, two goats, and they raised about two
bushels of potatoes. The census lists four of their children, those who
lived at home when the census was taken: Peder, Johan Olai, Severina and
Jørgina. Heidi names several others: Regine, Rakel and Inger. The
census also names a hired hand, Anders Nils who was then twenty-one and
in poor health and his wife Elen Kjerstine Nilsdatter, seventeen, and that
they were Norwegian. Heidi tells us that Svend, who was Rudolph's great
grandfather, was definitely a Sami. The children of Svend and Lovise:

Johan Olai Svendsen 1847. Confirmed in 1861. Remained single
and was co-owner, along with his brother Peder, of Stokkenes on Langfjord,
property no. 283.

Severine Cesilia Svendsdatter 9.3.1843 - 10.11.1900. Confirmed
in 1859. Fugelsø states that both Severine and her mother, Lovise,
lived with Peder Svendsen on Langfjord. She lived at Stokkenes all her
life. Albertine remembered this aunt who remained single and died in her
seventies.

Regine was confirmed in 1852. Regine and Augustinius lived on Langfjord
on property numbered 280-281, engaged in fishing and farming, and they
had one horse, three cows, two calves and ten sheep. Their twelve children:

Lovise Birgitte 7.6.1860. Confirmed in 1877. Married in 1885
to Johan Nikolai Johansen of Strømfjord and they lived in Geitvik
(not to be confused with the Lovise Birgitte mentioned earlier who was
married to Svend Andersen). Children:

Augusta Rikarda Lydia Jonette Alfine Johansen 9.14.1899.
Married Oskar Johannes Dahl. Augusta lived in her own house in Akkarvik
as long as Oskar was alive. After her husband death she moved in with her
brother Peder's daughter Lilly. In 1986 Augusta moved to Skjervøy.

Rakel was confirmed in 1855, Edvard in 1848. They had three sons, listed
below. When Rakel died, Edvard married again in 1868, this time to Johanna
Andersdatter from Oksfjordhamn, born in 1837. Her father was Anders Hansen.
On the 1875 census Edvard and Johanna were listed as living on Langfjord,
property no. 283 and they had one horse, four cows, two calves, 14 sheep
and two goats. The three sons of Edvard also lived with them in 1875, plus
a hired girl Ingeborg Adamsdatter and her daughter Charlotte, and a hired
man Søran Johannessen and his wife Katrine, both from Løksund.
This Edvard Pedersen was the son of Peder Andreas Eriksen, who came from
Røros. His descendants can claim that their family came from Røros,
in South Trøndelag, which lies in south-central Norway. Røros
is known not only for its copper mines, but is also the region where the
South Sami live. We do not know his ethnic identity but this confirms claims
that some of our Langfjord ancestors came from southern Norway. The four
children of Edvard and his first wife Rakel:

Lorents (Lornes) Benjamin Edvartsen 1864-1950.
Confirmed in 1880, Lornes was a farmer and fisherman and married Karen
Hendriksdatter 5.3.1878 - 1947 from Storvik, Nordreisa. They lived in Langfjord
until 1930. Nine children:

Anna Henrietta Larsen 12.31.1897 - 1979. Married
Ole Nikolai Larsen 1890-1976 and they lived first in Akkarvik and in 1964
moved to Skjervøy. This is the Anna Larsen who wrote so many informative
letters to Albertine in America. She had a keen mind and an excellent memory.
Children:Oskar Alvin Larsen 5.1.1922. Married to Sigfrida
Antonsen. They live in Skjervøy. Daughter:Grete. Married to Magnar Isaksen.

Ragna Larine Larsen. 1917-1966. Married Maks Bergeton
Mikkelsen 1918-1942 who was torpedoed near Gibralter during World War II.
Children:

Laila Kristine Nilsen 1933. Married to Ragnar.
Laila has written to us that her mother Rakel was named after her grandmother
Rakel Svendsdatter, and that Rakel's mother's sister, Johanna married Ludvig
Pedersen.

Kåre Leonard 1929-1985. Married Jorunn Mikalsen.Johannes 1930. Married to Aud Andreassen.Rigmor 1932. Married to Omar Hågensen.Liv 1935. Married to Harry Gabrielsen.Aksel 1937. Married to Alice Olsen.Terje 1938Gerd 1941Arvid 1944. Married to Eva Røkenes.

Rollie Elida Nelly 1906. Married in 1944 to Knut
Kristensen of Ringvassøy born in 1944. They live in Dåfjord
which is in the Karlsøy parish.

Haldis Aminda Pedersen 11.4.1909. Married Magnus
Pedersen 1904-1987. Haldis lived with her aunt Hilda in Steinsvik, Nordreisa
from her seventh to her eighteenth year. Hilda was a sister to Karen the
wife of Lornes, and they owned a slate quarry in Nordreisa. Haldis had
a sharp mind and her teachers recommended that she remain in school, but
education in those days, as Hermod tells us, was a privilege for the few,
and was not any more evenly divided among the rich and poor than bread
itself. Haldis is listed further on with her husband Magnus and their descendants
on Page.

Ingeborg Harriet 1941. Married Asle Isak Mikkelsen
1935. Children:Heidi Jenny 1965. This is the Heidi Mikkelsen from
Tromsø who has authored a family history and has been of great assistance
to us in assembling our family history.

Hanne Berit 1966

Kolbjørn J. T. 1968

Ingeborg Alise 1971

Lars Ketil 1974

Laila Karin 1944. Married Leif Gunnar Lien 1940.
Children:

Helge Jonny 1969Egil Gunnar 1971

Jorunn Helene 1949. Married Magne Harald Vaseli
1948. Children:

Jon Helge 1972Maria Hansine 1976Harald Jørgen 1980

Henrik Adrian Edvardsen/Lorentsen 1919-1981. Married
to Torbjørg Edvardsen from Sandneshavn. They live in Akkarvik. Children:

Fugelsø lists Peder and his brother Johan Olai, as co-owners
of the Langfjord land, including Toften and Monssletta, property which
extends all the way to Storstein, plus plots of land further in the fjord
used for hay, timber and peat. Peder appears on the 1875 census as head
of household, a fisherman and the property on which they lived, Stokkenes,
was numbered 279, 284, 285. Ethnicity is indicated on the census by symbols,
and the symbol "ln" after Peder's name identifies himself as a Sami nomad.
Hermod Pedersen, who sent us the census reports, find this is odd since
settled farmers cannot be nomads and Peder had no reindeer. He tells us
that information on census tracts is often misleading, that in 1875 Norway
was part of Sweden, there were language difficulties, and that people would
report whatever information was most advantageous to them for tax purposes.

Peder's first wife, Mikina came from "Reisen S" (Ansjøn, Nordreisa,
on the mainland) and was of mixed ancestry. Mikina's father Mikal Karlsen
was listed on the 1865 census as a Kven and her mother Susanne Margrethe
Petterdatter Høyer, 1821 as Norwegian, and that Mikina spoke Norwegian.
The Kvens were Finnish-speaking immigrants from Kvenland, or northern Sweden,
who were often of mixed Sami, Swedish, and Finnish ancestry.

Peder and Mikina had a foster son, Christian Frederik Wegner born in
Kvenangen in 1865, plus two sons of their own, Mekal, 1872 and Ludvig,
1875 who are listed as of mixed ethnic ancestry. Peder's brother Johan
Olai Svendsen, born in 1845, also lived with them and was listed as a Sami
nomad. Peder's mother Lovise Bergitte, then a widow, also lived in the
same household, and also his sister Severine. Severine was reported as
of Norwegian ancestry and that she did farm chores ( bestyrer i fjøset).
On the farm they had one horse, one cow, four calves, six sheep and two
goats and they raised four bushels of potatoes. Brother Johan Olai on the
same farm had four cows, one calf, ten sheep and one goat.

When Mikina died her infant son Ludvig was adopted by Abraham of Grunnfjord,
now called Arnøyhamn, and Ludvig did not return to Langfjord until
after his marriage. When Mikina died Mekal stayed on at Stokkenes with
his father Peder, and with his aunt and uncle.

Peder remarried, this time to Petronelle from Haugnesodden on Arnøy.
Two years later, in 1886, they had a daughter, Albertine. Her half brothers
Mekal and Ludvig used the surname Pedersen, sons of Peder, as was the custom,
but Albertine followed the new practice and used her father's surname,
Svendsen. The Haugnes section deals with Albertine's and Petronelle's line,
and below we shall list the children and descendants of Peder and Mikina.

Born at Stokkenes on Langfjord. Mekal was still a child when his mother
died, and in 1884 his father married again, to Petronelle Mortensen. Two
years later, in 1886, his half sister Albertine was born, and in 1888,
when he was sixteen his father died. Petronelle and her infant daughter
Albertine moved back to Haugnesodden and Mekal stayed on at Stokkenes with
his aunt and uncle and carried on with fishing and farming and eventually
took over as head of the household.

Mekal married Elin Johansen from Haugnes, also on the island of Arnøy
where Langfjord begins. Elin's brother was father to Helmer Lysaker who
married Anny (Page ). One of Mekal's sons, Erland, remembers his mother
Elin as one who didn't speak Norwegian all that well, said that she was
from the north, nordfra, a euphemism meaning someone of Sami ancestry.
Elin's grandson Hermod has named his daughter after her and tells us that
Elin was a self-taught midwife who was called away to assist with childbirth,
often on neighboring islands, and she could be gone for a week or more,
with never any thought of pay for her services. Haldis and others have
frequently sung her praises for such work done in the 1920's and 30's,
and Hermod can remember older women speaking reverently of "the old woman
from Stokkenes" who gave so much of herself to others in time of need.
The 1900 census reported that Mekal had livestock but no garden, that he
raised neither grain nor potatoes, but as seen below, Albertine remembered
differently. Mekal and Elin had several children, and as the family grew
they found that they needed help, and Albertine, who had been living at
Haugnesodden with her mother and grandparents, returned to Stokkenes when
she was only eight years old to help her brother with the children and
the household chores.

Albertine remembered Mekal as a stern taskmaster, and she worked very
hard at Stokkenes. She rose early in the morning to go out to the barn
to cook fodder for the livestock. Over an open peat fire she cooked fish
heads and fish entrails along with seaweed as winter feed for the animals.
She remembered the house as a log structure with three rooms on the first
floor and three more rooms on the second. One of the rooms on the first
floor was large enough to serve as a schoolroom for the Langfjord children.
In the barn they had about five cows, a bull, about twenty sheep and a
few chickens. As she got older Albertine was permitted to go fishing in
the fjord with Mekal and the fish she caught in her own net became her
property for sale. Erland remembers Mekal and Albertine coming home covered
with ice from fishing in an open boat in bad weather.

Mekal had several small boats for fishing in the nearby fjord waters
where there was lots of fish, several types of cod, halibut, haddock, something
called brosme and occasionally herring. They did not need to travel
great distances to Lofoten or Finnmark to obtain fish. On occasion they
would hunt seal at the end of the fjord. Some of the halibut weighed over
200 pounds. Menfolk would hunt ptarmigan, and would collect bird feathers
for down from a nearby island, Fugelsøy, and Albertine would gather
bird's eggs along the shore in springtime.

Rudolph remembers Mekal from his 1949 visit, living with his son John
and family at Stokkenes, in a temporary barrack since the house had been
burned to the ground by the Nazis.

Hermod Pedersen has related a story told to him by his grandfather Mekal,
told when Hermod was only five or six years old. Mekal on a dark autumn
night had been strolling along Langfjord with his dog when suddenly he
noticed that the sea was on fire. It was burning violently in a specific
area about 200 meters out from land. Mekal whistled to his dog who ran
ahead but the dog had not noticed anything unusual. Then he realized that
it was the moon that cast a trollish beam of light ( sitt trolske lys)
through an opening in the clouds upon the turbulent sea. Hermod tells us
that his grandfather's story gave him a healthy skepticism about things
occult. But Rudolph, who visited Arnøy in the winter of 1981, had
not heard this story, and he experienced something similar. It was a winter
night and he walked along Langfjord to view the Northern Lights when suddenly
he also saw that the sea was on fire. Now he was approaching Haugnesodden
where the notorious haunted schoolhouse once stood, and as a child he heard
many stories from his mother about the sea ghost who had haunted the place
and driven the schoolmaster mad. Sea ghosts had once been sailors or fishermen
who had lost their lives on the sea and never received a Christian burial.
Rudolph was startled to view such a phenomenon but decided to turn back
home. After all, people don't believe in such things anymore, and he knew
it couldn't happen, but he had to admit to himself that he was both frightened
and flabbergasted.

Mekal's Children:

Ragna 1887-1918. Died at 21 from influenza.

Petra Mikalda 1895

Erland Martin Løken Pedersen 1.20.1899 - 1989. Remained
single and lived at Stokkenes until 1984 when he moved to a home for the
elderly in Skjervøy. The family home in Stokkenes, rebuilt after
the war, stood empty but has been purchased by Erling, son of Magnus and
Haldis, and is being restored. Erland and his brother Hjalmar both lived
most of their lives at Stokkenes with their brother John and his family,
and together they engaged in fishing. Erland operated the diesel-driven
fishing boat on long trips to Lofoten and Finnmark where the fishing banks
lay. Rudolph remembers when John and Erland rowed him over to Akkarfjord
to board the fishing boat, a trip which took well over an hour, and they
rowed at a fast pace in perfect rhythm never missing a stroke, experts
in a lost art. After John's death in 1969 Erland and Hjalmar remained at
Stokkenes, and John's wife and children came on summer visits to their
old home. The children were all very fond of their uncle Erland. A staunch
Laestadian Lutheran, he had a good voice and loved to sing the old hymns
at church gatherings.

Hjalmar Jentoft Andreas Pedersen 1900-1976. He remained single
and was shy and only modestly intelligent. Lived all his life at Stokkenes.
Rudolph remembers him as a berry picker, and he came in with pails full
of blueberries and lingonberries. Another major occupation was cutting
wood. He is remembered for being kind and for speaking his mind.

John Adrian Sigurd Pedersen 1.1.1902 - 1969. A fisherman who
lived at Stokkenes, he married Magna 11.13.1898 from Årviksand, a
fishing village across the island and facing the open sea. John died while
working on a breakwater construction at Årviksand. He is remembered
as a first class fellow, kind and good, " en staut kar, snill og god".
Children:

Edith Botevik 4.2.1930. Married to Per from Bergen,
where they presently reside. Children:John Ingve 5.1.1950. Married to Bente, he works
for the city of Bergen. Children:Beathe 11.18.1979Øyvind 9.22.1982

Per Arne 3.13.1952. Married to Vigdis, he is a
teacher. Children:

Anders 8.17.1979Linn-Elisabeth 5.21.1984

Rolf Einar 12.25.1953. Married to Ronnaug Omdal,
he is an engineer in the oil industry. Child:

Thomas 1.7.1985

Marianne 10.11.1957. Married to Jan Midtbø.
Children:

Jannike 4.11.1979Margrethe 2.29.1986Marius 11.25.1983

Ellen 1.29.1963. A technical drawer.

Svein 11.24.1964. An engineering student.

Bjorg Hendriksen 9.15.1935. Married to Ove 1933
from Haugnes, they live in Skjervøy. Magna now lives with this daughter.

Magnus Peder Nikolai Pedersen 6.3.1904 - 1987.
A fisherman and farmer who lived in Langfjord next door to Stokkenes. In
1930 he married Haldis Edvartsen from Langfjord who was mentioned earlier
as the daughter of Lornes and Karen Edvartsen. Magnus built a home for
himself on Langfjord next to Stokkenes. It was all marshland but he turned
the soil over by hand to create a garden. The Nazis burned his home to
the ground in 1944 and after the war he erected a temporary barracks on
his property. The building blew down late one night during a gale and he
had to dig his children out of the timbers. Children:

Åsmund Pedersen 4.23.1932. Departing from
the family tradition of fishing, he became a carpenter and returned to
Langfjord where he also raises sheep. He is married with Astrid Larsen
9.6.1930, a daughter of Martin's wife, Petra, and they live in the house
on Langfjord which had once belonged to Ludvig and then to his son Martin.
Martin presently lives with Åsmund and Astrid. Åsmund has a
large sheep farm and extensive hay meadows and pasture land, a modern barn
and modern farm equipment. Åsmund has been particularly helpful in
compiling this family history. Daughter:Hilde Sofie 11.22.1967. Lives with Karl-Øystein
in Tromsø. Daughter born in 1989.

Erling Pedersen 2.3.1934. Married Herborg from
Vannøy and they live in Langfjord next door to Magnus and Haldis.
Erling is a fisherman. Children:

OdvartHugo 8.18.63Paula 8.18.66Bjørn ErlingRaymondJim

Lothar Pedersen 9.17.1937. Married Jenny Wang from
Øksfjord. They live in Harstad. The children of Magnus and Haldis
visit home almost every summer. We have been told that when Lothar came
for his 1988 visit he caught two halibut weighing 18 and 25 kilos, beheaded
and dressed. Halibut fishing is not only a great sport, but can be very
rewarding. Children:

IngundMagnarInger Johanne. A gymnas student with plans to teach
school.Anita. She has been a student on the Norwegian
training ship the Christian Radich and hopes to become a pilot on ocean
vessels. She also sings with a musical group called Monita & Cruise
and one of their songs Vi Skal Forandre Verden has been recorded
as a single and for several months has been on the very top of the hit
list ( Norske Toppen i NRK) in Norway. An English version of the
song is being produced in London.

Hermod Pedersen 4.14.1941. Married to Solaug Solbakken,
they live in Harstad. Hermod works in an employment office with job placement
and training. His literary and journalistic skills have been very helpful
to us with out family history. Daughter:

Ellen. A gymnas student, sings in a choir, plays
handball and has an interest in writing.

Bjørnar Pedersen 4.16.1944. Married to Anne
Maria Jensen from Denmark. They live in Oslo where Bjørnar works
with the postal service and data processing. Children:

SonjaMorten

Arnfinn Pedersen 7.27.1948. Married to Maud, they
live in Langfjord and share the home with Magnus and Haldis. Maud had a
son, Stig Atle. Arnfinn is a fisherman, and like his brother Erling owns
a modern, fully-equipped fishing boat with all the conveniences. Children:

Susanna Marie

Ragnhild Fredriksen 7.29.1952. Married Jan and
living in Hammerfest, Ragnhild is a nurse. Son:

ØivindSissel

Astrup Perman Pedersen 1907. A fisherman who happened
to be in Lofoten during the war when the British navy came to the Norwegian
coast, Astrup along with many others escaped from occupied Norway to England
where he joined the Royal Norwegian Air Force. He worked as an aircraft
mechanic during the war in England and returned to Oslo where he learned
the upholstery trade. He moved to Trøndelag where he set up an upholstery
business and married Kirstin from Inderøy, Nord Trøndelag.
They live in Hylla, near Steinkjer. Children:

Gerd. Married, a secretary, and living in Trondheim.
Children:Daughter

Ludvig was born at Stokkenes, and when his mother died he was adopted
by Abraham of Grundfjord and did not return to Langfjord until after his
marriage to Johanna Henriksen from Storvik in Nordreisa. Johanna was a
sister to Karen Marie Henriksen, wife to Lorents Edvardsen, and her parents
were Anne Martine Christiansdatter 1852 and Henrik Henriksen 1851. Henrik
was from Storvik but his parents came from Finland. Anne Martine was born
in Oksfjord but both of her parents came from Arnøy. The census
lists both of them as being of mixed ancestry. Ludvig's brother Mekal divided
the land (property nos. 49: 1,2, and 3) so that Ludvig could have a share,
and Ludvig built a house for himself and his family. The 1900 census lists
him as a farmer and fisherman, living with his wife Johanna, a son Henrik
Ludvigsen born in 1900, a foster daughter Hilda Henriks born in 1891 of
mixed ethnic ancestry, and a servant girl Johanne Johannesdatter, born
in 1884 of mixed ancestry. Ludvig lost his life at sea in 1947 during a
storm. His son Martin was on the same boat and managed to hang on to the
keel, but Ludvig and Roald, a son of Martin's wife Petra, were lost. Johanna
died in 1960. Eleven children:

(Henrik) Martin Pedersen 7.11.1900. Now a retired fisherman,
he lives in Langfjord with Astrid, his wife's daughter from a previous
marriage, and her husband Åsmund. Martin in his late eighties still
sets his nets out in the fjord and brings home salmon and cod, but only
as a sports fisherman. He married Petra Johansen from Nordreisa who had
two children from a previous marriage, Astrid and Roald. As a young man
Martin worked as a telegraph linesman in Målselv, along with Carl
Christianson from Storstein. This Carl Christianson later emigrated to
the US and settled in Duluth, Minnesota and became a close neighbor and
friend to Albertine. Martin fished the banks of Lofoten and Finnmark and
the fjords around home. Great for fish stories, he recounts the two hundred
pound halibut he once pulled in. He was twice shipwrecked. He attends conventions
held by the Laestadians, and besides traveling in Norway traveled he took
a trip to the US in 1982 to visit his aunt Albertine.

Lydia. Died of TB.

Ragna. Died of TB in infancy.

Johan Ludvig 4.23.1902 - 5.1.1902. Died in infancy.

Emil Marentius 4.21.1905 - 6.14.1905. Died in infancy.

Child, unnamed. Died in infancy.

Petra Mikalda Alberte Hansen 5.8.1903 - 198? married to Hilmar
Hansen they lived at Storelv on Laukøy where Hilmer engaged in fishing.
In later years they lived on Skjervøy with their son Tormud and
spent summers back on Laukøy. Children:

Helmer Hansen (deceased). Married to Edith, they
lived at Nikkeby and have recently moved to Skjervøy. Many of the
smaller fishing outposts are being vacated, since the sea is fished out.
They call it black sea, and are moving to larger towns or to more southern
cities. Children:JimmyPer Hugo 1967

Johannes Hansen. Married to Alma, they live in
Skjervøy. Children:

SonSon

Alvin Hansen. Separated from Torgun, lives in Skjervøy.
Children:

TommyKent GrodeMay Rita

Tormud Hansen. Married to Dordi, they live on Skjervøy.
Children:

JohnnyAnn MarieDorit

Hildur Nelly Kaspara Brautaset 4.26.1906 Married
to Peter who died in 1977. She lives in Bergen.

Laura Josefin 7.11.1908. Died of TB.

Helga Agnethe Hansen 1910-1978. Married to Fridtjof Hansen 1912-1985,
a brother of the above mentioned Hilmer Hansen, they lived at Storelv on
Laukøy and were also engaged in fishing. Children:

Arvid Hansen. Married to Berit from Kiberg, they
live in Tromsø.

Torbjørn Hansen. Married to Berit, they
live in Drammen. Children:

Tor ArneLars Erik

Rolf Kyrre Hansen. Lives in Bergen.

Liv Johansen. Married to Petter 4.20.1939, son
of Anny and Helmer Lysaker. Lived in Tromsdalen and recently moved to Vettre
in Asker, a suburb of Oslo. Liv is a practical nurse and Petter works in
construction. Children:

Solveig Simonsen. Married to Warner, they lived
in Nikkeby until recently and have moved south to Asker. Children:

Grete LiseBente AliceSven Werner

Anny Lysaker 9.17.1913. Married to Helmer Lysaker
12.15.1908 - 1985 from Haugnes on Arnøy. They lived in Akkarvik
and used the place name Lysaker as a surname although their children use
the name Johansen. Anny lives in Skjervøy and worked at the shrimp
packing plant for 30 years. Helmer was a fisherman and purchased his eleventh
boat in 1982. Children:

Irene Nilsen 9.22.1936. Married to Egil, an Oslo
business executive, she works as a substitute homemaker. Children:Gro Heide Rosmo 7.10.1961. Married to Sverre and
living in Oslo. Children:Nikolai 2.3.1986Daniel 1989

Bente Pedersen 5.11.1958. Married to Morten. Children:

JoakimKristine

Petter Johansen 4.20.1939. Married to Liv, daughter
of Helga and Fridtjof Hansen. Lived in Tromsdalen and recently moved to
Vettre in Asker, a suburb of Oslo. Liv is a practical nurse and Petter
works in construction. Children:

Ragnar Johansen 3.1.1941. Married to Tordis, they
live on Skjervøy. Children:

Ruth Johansen 6,15,1959Bitten Johansen 3.28.1962

Helge Johansen 10.17.1943. Single and living in
Vågadalen, in Skjervøy.

Gunnhild Berg 11.6.1945. Married to Tor, they live
in Oslo. Children:

Andre 2.12.1979Henning 11.12.1982

Tore Johansen 12.31.1948. Married to Diane Moreno,
the live in the Bay Area of San Francisco, in Larkspur. Tore obtained his
degree in electrical engineering in Oslo in 1972 and then sailed for several
years on Norwegian cruise ships as the ships electrician. He has recently
completed further training in electronics and has set up his own business,
Nordic Electric. Diane has been a legal secretary and is now studying to
be a court reporter. Her parents come from Mexico and Columbia.

The fishing stations in North Norway are rapidly being abandoned as
the fish population decreases and the cities and towns are now offering
more attractive opportunities for employment. This is also happening on
Arnøy where the sons and daughters are leaving, some for Skjervøy,
now a bustling town, and others to Tromsø, Bergen or Oslo. Many
of the houses built during the reconstruction period after the war now
stand empty. Several of the children of Magnus and Haldis have moved away,
although Åsmund very successfully operates a sheep ranch on the properties
which have remained in family hands, and two other sons, Arnfinn and Erling,
still live on Langfjord and carry on the family tradition of fishing started
by their ancestors in the early 1700's, by Peder and Maren Andersen. Now
Erling, son of Magnus and Haldis, and his children engage in fishing and
on a recent fishing trip west of Arnøy they caught a halibut which,
when headless and gutted, weighed 285 kilograms, or about 627 pounds.

From newspaper stories which have appeared in Nordlys (April
27, 1987) and from a young people's magazine, Det Nye, we have learned
about two of them who chose to remain behind, Hugo and Paula, children
of Erling, whose choice of fishing as a livelihood is now considered newsworthy
even in Norway. The article from Nordlys is about "Hugo from Arnøy
who has written a lifetime contract with fishing as a way of life". Born
in 1963, this grandson of Magnus and Haldis operates his own fishing boat.
His parents advised him against fishing as a career, and his teachers in
school encouraged him to continue his education and perhaps become a journalist,
but for Hugo there was only fishing and the sea. He told the reporters
that he could never think of leaving Arnøy where he could fish in
the sea and climb in the mountains and shoot ptarmigan from his kitchen
window. "What should I do with school grades", he told his interviewer,
"file them in a dresser drawer? Ever since I was a child I have been on
the sea, just like several generations of my family before me. I have fishing
in my blood." But the fishing life is not for everyone. Of the fifteen
boys in his class, only one choose fishing as a career. Hugo, 24, his sister
Paula, 21, and his brother Bjørn Erling, 17, operate a 35-foot fishing
boat, Havål. Even though Hugo owns the boat, he must make
regular payments while the income from fishing can vary greatly. On a good
day they can pull in two thousand pounds of cod during an eight hour shift,
earning about six or seven hundred dollars per person. Fishing may also
be poor and the weather bad but they love the gamble and keep an optimistic
outlook.

Hugo now lives at Stokkenes, the place where Albertine was born, and
where her brother Mekal had raised his family. When Mekal died three of
his sons stayed at Stokkenes, John and his family, Hjalmar and Erland.
Erland was the last to survive, and when he reached his nineties he sold
the house and moved to a senior residence in Skjervøy. Now Hugo
lives in the old family homeplace, the same Stokkenes where a timber once
drifted ashore over one hundred and fifty years ago.

Paula took a six-month course at a seaman's school in Tromsø
and was one of the few women to work full-time on the larger fishing boats
that go far out at sea. The summer of 1988 she married Geir Sørensen
from Senja who owns his own fishing boat. Both Paula and Hugo still carry
on the family tradition of a life at sea, fishing in the cold stormy waters
of the North Atlantic.

Hermod, who sent us clippings about his niece and nephew, is pessimistic
about the future of Arnøy. He notes that the young people are leaving
and the old people are dying and in a few years there will be no one left.
He tells us that Hugo in the year two thousand may indeed be the last inhabitant
on Arnøy. He reminds us that only five hundred years will have passed
since people first inhabited the island, and that for the mountains that
stand by the fjord, in sunshine or in drifting fog, five hundred years
is but a short time.

The Karesuando Line

This section deals with the ancestors and descendents of Olaus
Arneng, father to Solveig. Olaus was
born in Oksfjord, which is located in the Skjervøy parish of North
Troms, but his family originated in the Karesuando parish of Norrbotten
in northernmost Sweden. This is Swedish Lappland, which borders both Norway
and Finland, and where the Torneå Valley begins its gradual descent
south to the Baltic.

In the far north of Sweden lies Karesuando, a community of about fifteen
hundred inhabitants, making it a large town for Samiland (Lapland). It
is located on the Muonio river which marks the boundary with Finland, and
just across the river lies Karesuvanto, Finland. Just ten miles east of
Karesuando is a small border town called Kuttainen. When the brothers of Isak
Carlsen, father to Olaus, came to America, they wrote their birthplace
as Kuttainen. Kjell Fjortoft in his book Vi Fikk Vår Frihet,
a documentary account of the war in Finnmark in 1944, speaks of Kuttainen
(pp. 168-169) as a small Swedish Samiland town where folk earned their
livelihood through reindeer husbandry and farming, with about two hundred
inhabitants, and it was a market place for the Swedish Sami and a wintering
place for reindeer.

The Torneå river and its tributary the Muonio, which now mark
the Swedish-Finnish boundary, are not large, and it seems that the same
kind of people lived on both sides of the river, mostly Sami, since this
was early in the last century. A recent book by Nils Arell, Arbete och
Liv i Vittangi-Karesuando Omradet, published by the University of Umeå,
Sweden describes the Karesuando region between the years 1750-1950. The
first dwellers were reindeer Sami and by the middle of the nineteenth century
the reindeer herds had grown large and some of the Sami had discontinued
reindeer nomadism and started farming, and a few Swedish and Finnish settlers
had also moved in. The whole area lay along a trade route from the Gulf
of Bothnia along the Torneå River. There was good lake fishing here
during the summer, and fisherman came upriver, but during the winter, reindeer
sleds were the only transport, and travel was westward to coastal Norway
where there were sea ports, markets and ocean fishing.

Isak, the father of Olaus, was born on his
parent's farmstead located about twenty miles southeast of Karesuando and
fifteen miles south of Kuttainen, near to Suijavaara and Luongostontori.
This was the home of Carl and Anna Grethe Eriksson, parents of Isak, and
the farm place name was Marainen. According to Marie Eilertsen, the farm
itself was called Velitalo (Velidalo in Swedish) and we have learned that
talo in Finnish means "house" and velitalo could mean "the in-between
house". There may have been three houses in a row, for example. However,
we have learned from Eva and Gunnar Raattama of Kiruna, Sweden that the
farm plcae was called Marainen, in Sudjavaara, and that people who live
there now are called Maraiset, in the Finnish language. This is probably
the origin of the family name Maranen used by the Carlson brothers who
emigrated from there to Carlton County, Minnesota. Mildred Juntunen of
Esko, Minnesota reports that two of Isak's brothers who came to America
used the name Maranen. The children of Carl and Anna Grethe who moved to
Norway told that they came from Karesuando, Sweden. Karesuando was well
known as a church town where Lars Levi Laestadius
had served as pastor, and it is natural that the family should say that
they came from the parish known as Karesuando. We are not certain of the
ethnic makeup of the ancestors of Olaus. It has been reported that Isak,
son of Carl and Anna Grethe, did on occasion wear a Sami kofte, a garment
made of reindeer hide, but Marie Eilertsen, daughter of Olaus' uncle Henrik,
says that her people were farmers, that they had horses, not reindeer,
and that the garment he wore may have been a pesk, a sheepskin cut like
a kofte to keep out the winter cold. Arden, on a visit to Kirkenes, spoke
to Agnes Laudal, who lived next door to the Arneng family, and asked her
about the ethnic identity of Olaus. She reported that Olaus had once stated,
"You can call me a Lapp, but I'm a Swedish Lapp". Swedes were well thought
of in Kirkenes, an industrial town that attracted people from a wide area,
and those from Sweden were considered to be good workers. His family had
lived in Sweden and used the Finnish language, but it seems that they didn't
refer to themselves as either Swedes, Finns or Sami. We note that Robert
Crottet, in his book Lapland (Oslo, Dreyers Forlag, 1968) writes
"most of the Swedish Lapps speak Finnish".

It seems that there may be Finnish as well as Sami in our family history.
Olaus and Anna Sofie spoke the Finnish language
well. Many people in north Norway can speak Finnish and are descended from
Finnish-speaking immigrants who came from nearby Sweden and Finland. We
should think of this whole region as Samiland, and the national boundaries
which now divide the area into the national states of Norway, Sweden, Finland
and the Soviet Union came rather late in the history of the region. Finland
itself did not become an independent nation until 1917 and had previously
belonged first to Sweden until 1809 and then to Russia. The people in Samiland
were forced to pay tribute, and later taxes to all the states claiming
sovereignty over their homeland. At one time they had to pay taxes simultaneously
to Sweden, Russia and Norway/Denmark.

The original inhabitants of Samiland were semi-nomadic and lived by
fishing, hunting, trapping, and a small amount of reindeer husbandry, but
as the fur-bearing animals, wild reindeer and game populations dwindled,
they were forced to intensify their herding or settle down as farmers and
or fisherfolk. Farming in Samiland was always marginal, at bare subsistence
level. Sweden, Finland and Russia attempted to encourage colonization of
the area in order to strengthen their territorial claims, offered free
land and even exemption from military service to attract settlers.

Beginning in the 1700's colonists started moving up the Torneå
Valley and northern Sweden was occupied by eight to ten thousand Finnish-speaking
immigrants. The newcomers had a lifestyle similar to the indigenous Sami
population, and they could be either Sami, Finn or Swede, or a mixture
of these peoples. There followed a series of cold summers and harsh winters
which brought about famine conditions, and some of the new settlers moved
on into nearby Norway and others emigrated to the US. In Norway these immigrants
and their descendents came to be called Kvens ( Kvaener), and many
districts in north Norway became largely Finnish-speaking Kven settlements.
Some came to escape the famine conditions which prevailed in Sweden and
Finland and others fled from the wars being fought in their territory between
Sweden and Russia.

We learn something about the ethnic compostion of people in Swedish
Lapland during 1861-1870, the famine years, from a table published in a
book by Marie Nelson called Bitter Bread, published in Uppsala in
1988. It reports the distribution of language groups in the Karesuando
parish, quoted in averages for the decade, as follows: Swedes 18 (1.4%),
Finns 343 (25.9%), Sami 965 (72.8%).

A book by Emil Grym, Från Tornedalen til Nordnorge, gives
some historical background. As early as the Ninth Century there was a brisk
fur trade carried on by a people called Birkarls who obtained furs from
the Sami. The Birkarls have been identified as hunters and traders from
Pirkkala, Finland who at an early date dominated the region and later became
tax collectors for the Swedish crown, collecting mostly dried fish from
the coastal population of Norway. The Swedish term Birkarlarna disappeared
after 1660 and they were called Torneå borgere or Swedes.

The Birkarls often came in conflict with the Kvens who superceded them
in the Torneå Valley. Grym writes that the Kven were a Finnic tribe.
The term Kven was used early in Viking times, appears in the Saga literature,
and early maps from the Middle Ages denote the area just above the Baltic
as Kvenland. Ottar, the Norwegian Viking who lived farthest north, told
King Alfred of England, in the 800's AD, about Kvenland or Cwenland (various
spellings). Fridtjof Nansen in his history of arctic exploration In
Northern Mists, written in 1910, speculates about the origin of the
term Kven. He suggests that it may have come from the word for women, Kven
in the sense of wife (in English, queen) and that Kvenland was the mythological
Land of Women, or the Land of the Amazons. Early geographers tried to guess
what lay north of known territory in Europe, and one of them, Adam of Bremen,
a noted geographer of the Middle Ages, placed the Land of the Amazons north
of the Baltic. It has also been suggested that the term Kven may have come
from the name of an ancient Finnic tribe, the Kainu ( Kainulaiset)
of north Ostrobothnia.

The ethnic identity of the Kven, people who came from Kvenland, could
be a mixture of Swedish, Finnish and Sami. Roger Frison-Roche, a French
novelist who has written two novels set in Lapland, mentions in his book
The Last Migration (English edition, 1965, Harper & Row, Page
10) the Kvaens, and in a footnote reference identifies them as "Lapps
who have settled in the Norway-Finland border country". Emil Hansen, writing
in the county history Nordreisa about the Kven who settled in Nordreisa,
quotes a Major Schnitler (1743) and a missionary, Anders Olsen, who describe
the Kven as Finnish-speaking settlers from Sweden who spoke an East Finnish
dialect. Hansen says that in the northernmost part of Swedish Kvenland,
the upper one hundred kilometer district which adjoins Norway, the land
was largely uncultivated and was occupied by Swedish Sami. This is the
Karesuando area, the ancestral homeland of the parents and grandparents
of Olaus. However we have no knowledge that Olaus or Anna Sofie were ever
called Kvens. It has been suggested that Kven is used as an indication
of place of origin rather than an ethnic distinction. Many of the so-called
Finnish-speaking immigrants, the Kven, also spoke Sami, a fact which is
seldom mentioned in the literature. My impression is that the Kven were
mostly Finnocized Sami. When they gave up reindeer husbandry and settled
upon the land they had less use for Sami, a language well suited to reindeer
breeding and nomadism, and had a need for Finnish, which was taught in
the schools in the Torneå Valley. The Kven were a people who spoke
several languages, and it has been said of them that they are not like
the crows that could only say "caw caw".

Barbro Bernestedt is the genealogist in Karesuando who searched the
church records for Carl and Anna Grethe and has added some interesting
notes. She tells us that in Carl and Anna Grethe's day most everyone is
the area spoke Finnish and that only the pastor and sheriff could speak
Swedish. However, the inhabitants of the Karesuando district didn't call
themselves Finns since they lived in Sweden, and didn't calls themselves
Swedes since they spoke Finnish. They learned Finnish in the schools, but
it was often impossible to find a teacher, and many children had to learn
to read and write at home from a family member. The schools of that day
could hardly use Sami in teaching since there were no learning materials
in that language. In this century Sweden established nomad schools where
the Sami language was also taught, but these schools closed in the Sixties
when local children refused to attend them. These schools have now reopened,
and to be Sami now has greater status. In the Sixties and Seventies many
people from the North moved south to Kiruna or Stockholm and thought of
themselves as ethnic Swedes. It was disadvantageous to identify oneself
as Sami from Lappland. Now that the mining activities in Kiruna
have diminished, many young people from Karesuando have returned home.
Sami identity has become almost fashionable and there are new economic
incentives there. Barbro goes on to say that many southern Swedes call
all inhabitants of northern Sweden "Lapps", since that region is known
as Lappland.

Olaus spoke Finnish so well that he was as a court interpreter in Kirkenes.
He also privately acted as an interpreter for Sami and had applied to be
court interpreter in that language also. The Sami language has several
distinct dialects and Finnish was often used as a common tongue, especially
at Laestadian religious services. To the Sami people Finnish is the language
of religion, since Laestadius preached in Finnish;
Norwegian/Swedish the language of law, since they were subject to these
states; and Sami the language of love. When the children of Carl and Anna
Grethe moved into Norway they were rapidly assimilated into the Norwegian
culture. There would have been little to gain if they acknowledged a minority
status of either Finnish or Sami. Today the pluralistic culture of the
North is somewhat more respected, and a few of the younger people will
admit to some Sami or Finnish ancestry.

We have noted that Rudoph's father and both of Solveig's parents spoke
Finnish as well as Norwegian, and even some Sami, but as far as we know
they were never referred to as Kvens. Ethnicity is not a matter of blood
types or cranial measurements but refers to cultural identity. Both Rudoph
and Solveig think of themselves as Norwegian Americans of Sami ancestry,
but they also acknowledge some Finnish heritage.

Before proceeding with the children and descendents of Carl and Anna
Grethe of Karesuando we shall attempt to trace their ancestry. We do have
some information about Carl's parents, lack information about his father's
father, but again do have information about his father's grandparents,
who also happen to be related to Anna Grethe. You will note variant spellings
of names from the past century. Peter Carlson may be spelled Peder Karlsen
or even Per Karlsson. There is an anecdote about one of the early relatives.
According to Olaus this man distinguished himself in a Swedish war with
Russia, perhaps in 1809 or as early as 1735, and received the nickname
Skarpsverdet (sharp sword). Swedish officers often couldn't pronounce the
names of Finnish or Sami soldiers and gave them nicknames such as Stark,
meaning strong, and such names on occasion were adopted as surnames.

We begin this ancestral line with Margareta Clausdotter who was distantly
related to both Carl and Anna Grethe.

Margareta was related to Anna Grethe through her first marriage, to
Anders, and was also related to Carl Alexander through her second marriage,
to Erik. In tracing the ancestors of Carl Alexander Eriksson we start with
his maternal grandparents.

Johan Johansson Gardin 1754-1804
Sigrid Henriksdotter 1759-1832

They were from Kengis near Pajala in Swedish Lapland, and their daughter
Katarina, was Carl's mother. We proceed with Carl's parents and their children.

We do not have the name of Erik's parents but we know that his grandparents
were Margareta Clausdotter and Erik Persson Kyrø Ratama, mentioned
above. According to Eva Raattamaa in Kiruna, Grandfather Erik came from
Ala-Kyrö in Kittilä, Finland. This place, Ala-Kyrö, is now
officially called Raattama. Grandfather Erik's ancestors came from Iso-Kyrö,
near Vaasa in Finland. Two brothers, Olli and Pekka, escaped from the Russians
and became pioneer settlers in "Raattama". Listed below are the children
of Erik and Katarina, brothers and sisters to Carl Alexander.

Isak and Anna Greta were married in 1856 and they settled in Paittasjärvi
which is 30 kilometers south of Karesuando near Sujavaara. We have heard
from Eva, the granddaughter of Johan Erik, and her husband Gunnar, the
grandson of Petter Isaksen, who live in Kiruna, Sweden, and their last
name is also Raattama.

They were married in 1856 in Kautokeino and moved to Northern Finnmark
in 1858.

We note from the church records that one daughter of Erik and Katarina,
Greta Sofia, moved to Bålsfjord in Norway and a son, Johan, had a
daughter who moved to Nordreisa in Norway in 1882, and then emigrated to
Carlton County, Minnesota and died in Moose Lake. Another son, Isak, had
two daughters and one son who emigrated to North America. Their son Zacharias
moved with his whole family to northern Finnmark in Norway, and their son
Olof also moved with his family to Norway. Another son, Gustaf moved with
his wife to northern Finnmark in 1856. And Carl remained in Karesuando,
but five of his offspring moved to Norway and four emigrated to the US.
We can see the push-pull factors of emigration at work here, but when Ivar
Johnson, Olaus' brother-in-law, left Norway
he abandoned a good job. Ole Rølvaag suggests that adventure, "
eventyr", was also a factor in emigration, and Ivar may have left the
old country to seek adventure, but he chose to come to Thomson, Minnesota
because he had acquaintances there, descendents of Erik and Katarina Raattamaa
of Karesuando parish, Sweden.

Barbro, the genealogist from Karesuando who helped us with this history,
informed us that her children are descendents of Johannes, through his
son Carl, who has other family in Kiruna and Stockholm. She has also forwarded
us greetings from a Maja Pesonen, a grandchild of Brita Stina.

On the facing pages are photocopies of church records made by Barbro,
and we learn something about the brothers and sisters of Carl Alexander,
listed above. Johan and Gustaf Elias are listed on a sheet dealing with
Kuttainen and suggests that perhaps they lived there. Carl Alexander is
listed under Sudjavaara, and also his sister Brita Stina. This suggests
that the family home of Carl and Anna Grethe may have been Sudjavaara,
and the farm place itself may have been Velitalo, as suggested by Marie
Eilertsen. Olaf is listed under an unclear name that looks like Maraijarvi,
under a page headed Marainen. Zacharias also has Marainen written above
his name. This may be the source of the Maranen name taken by two of Carl's
children, Peder and Frederick, who emigrated to Carlton County, Minnesota
and were sometimes called Carlson-Maranen.

We have traced the ancestry of Carl Eriksson back to the 1700's and
shall now continue with the ancestors of Anna Grethe, Carl's wife, beginning
with her parents Per and Ella, and tracing her father's line backward,
and then return to her through her mother's line. Her parents were:

We note here that Margareta married twice, and her second husband was
Erik Persson Kyrø. You will also find his name on the ancestral
chart for Carl, and through Margareta he became the great grandfather of
Carl Alexander. We continue with Anne Grethe's mother's line.

It is worth noting that there is a column in the church record for cause
of death, and even though Anders and Ingrid apparently died on the same
day, the cause of death is listed as unknown, " obekant". Their
children:

We are descended from Pehr as well as Anders, because Pehr was related
to Anna Grethe's grandfather on her mother's side, and Anders was related
to Anna Grethe's grandfather on her father's side. Pehr and Anders are
listed on a table from a book Jord och Upbörds, which names
new settler in Torneå Lappmark who paid taxes to the King of Sweden,
"Per Andersson Kuttain of Tulllingsuando and Anders Andersson Kuttain".

Ella 1787-1865, married 1805.
Anna 1790, married 1811.
Pehr 1793-1870, married 1824.
Johan 1796-1873, married 1823.
Isac 1799-1865, married 1830.
Greta 1802, married Johan Lison Wittiko in 1823 and moved to Muonionniska.

Barbro informs us that nearly everyone who lives in Karesuando is related
to the Niva's in Karesuando. The name has evolved to Nilimaa, Tuoremaa,
Niila, etc. but is still traced to Niva. The originator took it from his
place name. When Olaus Arneng sent his
daughter in America a picture of his parents, he wrote their names on the
photo as we have listed above. There has been some speculation as to where
the name Grape has come from. We learn from a Swedish encyclopedia that
Grape is a well known family name in northern Sweden and that it originated
in Lübeck, Germany.

Fugelsøy in his book Skjervøy, the county history,
wrote that Isak Carlsen who moved to Norway was the son of "Carl of Karesuando",
and that later other members of the family joined him. Family legend has
it that when Carl was born, two famous prices were visiting in the region,
Prince Karl of Sweden and Prince Alexander of Russia, and that the child
was named after these two princes. There was a Prince Karl of Sweden, the
Bernadotte who took part in the French Revolution, was made a Prince of
Ponte-Corvo by Napoleon, later became Crown Prince of Sweden, and in 1810
ascended the throne as King Karl Johan of Sweden/Norway. There was also
a Prince Alexander of Russia who became Czar and Emperor in 1801. The princes
did meet three times, once at the Czar's hunting lodge in Över Torneå,
a border town a little further south from Carl's birthpalce on the Swedish/Finnish
border. It is interesting to note that Olaus
was named Olaus Aleksander after his grandfather and that his grandson
Arden also has the same middle name, Alexander. Eva Raattamaa tells us
that Carl was born in Kuttainen and became a settler in Sudjavaara.

Anna Grethe Petersdatter was born on April 25, 1825 according to the
church record, although Nordreisa, the county history, lists her
birth as 1824. They were married in 1841. We have learned that this Anna
Grethe once worked as a maid at the home of Lars
Levi Laestadius when he served as pastor in Karesuando, sometime between
the years 1826-1849. According to church records it was in 1841, during
her stay with Laestadius, that she married Carl. Family legend has it that
it was the wife of Laestadius who assisted her with her trousseau to prepare
for her wedding, " pyntet henne til bryllup". Years later when a
son was born to Olaus and Sofie in Kirkenes they decided to call him Leif,
even though grandfather Isak in Oksfjordhamn very much wanted his grandson
to be called Lars Levi after the famous pastor.

Anna Grethe's granddaughter Elida remembers, as a young girl between
10 and 14, rowing over the fjord with her father twice a year to visit
her uncle Isak and grandmother Anna Grethe. She recalls Anna Grethe helping
her mother set up a wool weave, and that Anna Grethe was good at handiwork,
a "clever and good woman". She also says that Anna Grethe was quite attractive,
had dark hair with a little red in it.

Their children, all of whom were born on the Marainen farm place in
Karesuando parish, follow:

We know that the times were always difficult for people who lived in
the far northern regions, and that in the 1860's there were several years
of harsh climate followed by a famine in 1867, and that many families were
forced to leave their land for non-payment of taxes. Marie Eilertsen tells
us that the family in Karesuando had to resort to bark bread made from
flour ground from the inner bark of fir trees, mixed with a little wheat
or rye, to sustain themselves. The children left home early and Henrik,
who was five when his father died, was placed for adoption. Isak moved
to Norway and was later joined by other family members. After Carl died
12.4.1868, Anna Grethe moved to Oksfjord in 1874 with her daughters Maria
Kristina and Sofie who were approximately ages thirteen and six. She remained
with her son Isak in Oksfjordhamn until her 92nd year, and died in 1916.
Most of the children of Carl and Anna Grethe left Sweden to escape famine
conditions. Peter, Fredrik and Marie emigrated to the United States, and
Erik also made a trip to Minnesota but then returned to Norway and settled
in Nordreisa. In 1888 the youngest sister Sophia also emigrated to the
States. The story continues as each in turn leaves Sweden, and we are surprised
to learn that for some the family scene shifted from Karesuando, Sweden
to Carlton County, Minnesota.

Marie C. Nelson reported on these events in a 1988 doctoral dissertation
from Uppsala titled Bitter Bread: the Famine in Norrbotten in 1867-1868.
The prolonged cold spell resulted in crop failures, sale of land, bankruptcies,
foreclosures, emigration and even the sale of children. The surrogate foods
included lichens, straw mixed with flour, the inner bark of trees, mushrooms,
ground pond lilly roots, etc.

The stories of these children of Carl and Anna Grethe follow.

Brita Kajsa Karlsdatter 12.21.1843

Brita was called "Brido" which is the Finnish pronunciation of her name.
She was lame in one leg, and as an adult moved to Røyeln in Reisadalen
and lived with a Swede named Brändström. It is also known that
she once received a dress from her niece Marie who lived in America.

Isak was born in the Karesuando parish of northern Sweden, the eldest
of Carl and Anna Grethe's children, and father to Olaus. As a young man
he moved to coastal Norway to escape poverty in northern Sweden where several
years of harsh climate brought on famine conditions. He moved to Oksfjordhamn
in North Troms, a fishing community in the Skjervøy parish and purchased
farm land by the sea, the gård known as Arneng. The country
history, Skjervøy, records him as Isak Carlsen, landowner
and farmer who also engaged in fishing. We don't know when Isak arrived
in Norway. The Swedish church record has them all leaving in 1874, but
we know Isak and Oldine's first child was born in 1873 and since they were
married in Norway, it was most likely that they left early in the 1870's.
Oldine was born in the Helgøy parish of north Norway.

According to Skjervøy, the farm called Arneng had been
established in 1723, before there were church records, by someone named
probably Aren or Arent since the oldest written form was Arnteng ( eng
means field). The ocean was rich with cod, and across the fjord rose several
majestic mountain peaks. All the original farm buildings were razed by
the Nazis in 1944 and Arneng now stands empty, but several members of the
family have adopted Arneng as their surname. Isak's mother Anna Grethe
joined him in Arneng in 1874 after the death of Carl in 1868, and brought
along her youngest children, Christine and Sofie. Isak's brother Frederick
came to Arneng in 1870 and took part in fishing for a few years before
emigrating to the US. We know that another brother Henrik also spent some
time at Arneng before he purchased his farm in Hamneidet. Anna Grethe is
remembered as a strong minded woman who spoke Finnish while her daughter-in-law
at Arneng spoke Norwegian. The story is told that Anna Greta loved to have
the Bible read to her in Finnish and would ask her grandson, Olaus,
to do it since he read Finnish so well. The young Olaus would chose selections
from the Song of Solomon, the most erotic passages from the Bible, and
this made her furious, but it was Scripture. When her son Isak returned
from long fishing trips to Lofoten or Finnmark, Anna Grethe would report
all of the children's misdoings so that they might be properly punished.

Elida tells us that Oldine was from Ringvassøy, and that she
was Norwegian, or at least spoke Norwegian. She says that Isak and Oldine
met at Lauksund, that they were both there in connection with fishing,
and that Oldine may have been a cook. Elida tells us that Oldine was a
cozy lady. The children of Isak and Oldine were:

A fisherman, he is remembered as handsome with jet black hair, and
that he was good at singing. Elida tells us that at one time Bernhard was
half-engaged to a sister of her husband, Helmer. Helmer was young, however,
and when he came across some love letters sent to his sister, he used them
as sails on his toy sailboats. She implied that was enough for Bernhard,
who remained single. He died of appendicitis while at sea.

Carl Edvard Isaksen 1873
Amanda Birgithe Larsen Dyrnes 1878

Carl was born in Oksfjordhamn on the Arneng farm, and he later dropped
the name Arneng. On July 28, 1904 Carl and Amanda were married. Amanda
was from Dyrnes in Oksfjordhamn. Carl Edvard was lost at sea when his children
were still very young, and we have very little information about him. Amanda
moved back to her family in Kjøllefjord after his death. Their Children
were:

Alfhild Ottelie Isaksen 1905-1973
Gudrunn Nilsen -1974
Karl Isaksen

Their family information follows:

Alfhild Ottelie Isaksen 9.3.1905 - 9.16.1973. Born at Arneng
in Oksfjordhamn. Her father was lost at sea when she was still a child
and there were few opportunities for fatherless children to get an education
early in the century. She began working as a seamstress and at age nineteen
her first son Rolf was born. She was engaged to be married, but her fiancee
was lost at sea. In 1940 a second son, Lars Kåre was born and his
father was also lost at sea. This was all too common a tragedy among fisherfolk
in the far north.

Alfhild continued in the dressmaking trade, became skilled as a fashion
designer, worked in the construction of women's apparel, and also taught
courses in tailoring. In later years she took employment in women's garment
factories in Drøbakk and Oslo as an inspector of the finished product.
Alfhild was a rather tall woman with black hair and dark complexion who
was admired for her forthrightness and independence. An active Laestadian
in later years, she was buried in Kjøllefjord beside her mother.
Children:

Rolf Arne Jonassen 1924
Lars Kåre Isaksen 1940Rolf Arne Jonassen 12.24.1924. His father was lost
at sea. Rolf studied baking but quit because of an allergy and returned
to school to take business courses and was later admitted to the air force
administration school, Flyvåpnets Administrasjonsskole, and
graduated in 1953. He first worked in Bodø at the air base until
1957, and then worked at various military bases from Kirkenes in the north
to Rygge (Østfold) in the south and advanced to the rank of captain.
In 1976 he took semi-retirement because of an injury, moved to Elverum,
worked as an economic consultant until 1986 when he retired at age 60.
He lives in Elverum and has a second winter home in Spain. Rolf is married
to Aud Støver, who also has a business education, and has worked
as a business manager at various military canteens, and then at the folk
high school in Elverum. Children:Robert Johan 1955. Born in Bodø, he was
awarded a scholarship by the Foreign Office to study at the Lysée
Cornel in Rouen, France, an arrangement from 1918 whereby six young Norwegians
each year could study in France. After completing courses at the Lysée
he entered the university in the same city in France to study psychology,
and after one year had to return to Norway to perform his military service.
He began directly in the air academy ( Luftforsvarets Befalsskole)
where, after completing his courses he continued on as an instructor. While
in France he had met Eliane, a French woman whom he married in 1978. Eliane
is a professional chemist and works with a chemical firm in Bergen. After
Robert finished his military duty he attended business college, Norges
Handelhøgskole at the University of Bergen where he obtained a degree
in economics. He is economic director of a Norwegian firm in Lome, Togo
in Africa. Child:Veronique 12.24.1982

Alf Arne 5.7.1958. Born in Bodø, attended
the gymnas in Lørenskog. He began working in an psychiatric clinic
for children, took nursing assistant training, and eventually decided to
study medicine. He took the necessary courses at the adult gymnas in Oslo
and then entered the university medical school in Tromsø. He is
a medical doctor in Rjukan. In 1982 he married Kirsten Sannes from Rjukan.
Kirsten has completed her Master's Degree ( Lektor Grad). Children:

Audun 6.16.1983Eirik 6.24.1986

Nils Petter 9.24.1962. Born in Bodø, has
studied to become a power plant electrician. In 1984 he made an extensive
trip throughout the US. He is an engineer and lives in Oslo.

Aud Benthe 5.17.1968. Born in Hammerfest, is a
student at the Ullevål hospital in Oslo. She has traveled in England,
France and Spain and is considering attending engineering school.

Lars Kåre Isaksen 11.22.1940 - 4.21.1971.
Married in 2.1964 with Elisabeth Nordli, 5.26.1943. Lars Kåre was
educated in the military, and after military academy, Krigsskole, he served
with the North Norwegian brigade. He died in an automobile accident at
age 31. After his death Elisabeth returned to her childhood home on Snarøya
in Bærum near Oslo, and now is employed in SAS Service Partner, Offshore
& Catering as a divisional secretary. Remarried to Jan Annerløv.
Children of Lars and Elisabeth:

Annecke Nordlie Isaksen 7.7.1964. Employed as a
supervisor in the Sheraton Hotel, Oslofjord.

Arthur Arneng 1902-1959. Married to Christine from Nikkeby. They
lived in Skjervøy where Arthur, a fisherman, also served in local
government, including the office of Vice Mayor. Christine died in 1983.

Fredrik Andreasen 7.24.1945. Married to Lisbeth
from Kirkenes. They live in Krisiansand. Children:Trond Haakon 12.28.1981Kjetil 11.2.1983Kaia 9.31.1985

Othelie Arneng Skattør 10.14.1912.
Married Ragnvald Skattør, a sailor. Othelie lives in Asker and she
also sailed for many years and her ships touched many ports, including
the port of Duluth. Children:

Hans 1939. Married to Rita, and is a sailor. They
live in Asker. Children:

Son (Rita's).Monika 1987

Ingvald Arneng 1915-1983. Ingvald had a daughter with Marie Eilertsen:

Aud 10.18.1936, married to Oddvar Buschmann 4.22.1927
from Vesterålen, an officer in the merchant marine. Aud and Oddvar
sailed for several years and on two occasions entered the port of Duluth.
They now live in Spjelkavik near Ålesund and have a daughter:Greta 7.27.1968. A business college graduate.

Ingvald married Therese Konst from Akkarvik and they lived in Horten.
Ingvald was a sea captain and a fisherman. Children:

Margit 1949. Married and living in Östersund,
Sweden. Children:Veronika 1977Helena 1979

Knut Arvid 1962. Attending school in Sweden.

Ingvald was a great story teller. During the war he was skipper of his
own boat and would pick up corpses of German soldiers and sailors along
the coast of Finnmark. He would often find them washed ashore and would
turn them over to the Nazi authorities so that the death could be registered
and the body buried. For this he would receive a fee, a modest amount for
enlisted men and a great deal more for officers. At times there were many
such corpses, and when they found an officer corpse, they would have to
hide it so that it wouldn't be stolen by body snatchers.

Hans was born in Oksfjordhamn and died in Maursund. In 1904 he married
Laura from Hamneidet. Her mother, Dorotea, was from Hammerfest, and her
father, Olaus, was from Rotsund. In 1907 they emigrated the United States
where Hans had several aunts and uncles who had emigrated earlier to Carlton
County, Minnesota. They settled in the town of Thomson. Hans was then thirty
and Laura twenty-seven. According to the federal census of 1910 they both
spoke English, owned their own home in Thomson, and Hans worked at "odd
jobs". Hans reported his father's birthplace as Finland and his mother's
birthplace as Norway. Albertine Johnson
said that when she came to Thomson in 1917 Hans had a good job with the
hydroelectric plant.

Hans and Laura made a visit back to Norway just before the first World
War and visited relatives and friends, including Hans' brother Olaus in
Kirkenes. At his brother's house he told of the good times in America,
how jobs were plentiful and wages high. One of the people who heard these
stories was Ivar Johnson, father to Rudolph.
Ivar was so impressed that he caught "America fever" and decided to also
try his luck in the New World. In 1916 Ivar made the crossing and came
to Thomson where Hans and Laura lived, and in the following year his wife
and son joined him.

Hans and Laura learned about the West Coast of America, where there
was lots of sunshine plus good jobs, and early in the 1920's they moved
to Portland, Oregon. Here they found employment, established a home and
very much enjoyed the climate, but as Hans got older and developed health
problems, he decided that he wanted to spend his final years back in Norway.
They built a new retirement house in Maursund by the sea. Hans died in
1938, just before the onset of the second World War. They had arranged
that a niece of Laura should inherit the house provided that she would
permit Laura to live out her days there. Laura remained in Maursund through
the war years until she was evacuated, and the house was burned to the
ground by the Nazis. She returned to Maursund after the war, the house
was rebuilt and her niece and family continued to live there. When her
niece died, the husband remarried. Laura lost the property but continued
to live with this new family until advancing years and poor health forced
her to enter a nursing home in Skjervøy where she died.

Rudolph visited Laura in Maursund in 1949, ferried there by John and
Erland Pedersen, and he wrote several letters for Laura in English to her
friends back in Portland. Laura was a Laestadian and enjoyed being back
in Norway, but she very much missed the States. It was said that no one
knew the art of drinking coffee quite like Laura Isaksen.

Hans is remembered as tall and genial with red hair. Rudolph remembers
him from his childhood years in Thomson, called him uncle, but he was actually
uncle to Rudolph's future wife, Solveig. In Norway he is remembered for
his stories about America. In one such, he was the foreman of a road crew
of so many different nationalities that he had to yell "dynamite" in 22
languages, and there would still be a couple of guys not taking cover.
Hans kept the name Isaksen although his brother took the name Arneng.

Olaus was fifth of the seven children of Isak and Oldine. Both Norwegian
and Finnish was spoken in his childhood home since his mother spoke Norwegian
and grandmother Anna Grethe spoke only Finnish. As a young man he took
employment in Nordreisa, first for the merchant Gjaever in Hamnes and then
for the merchant Hansen in Storneshavn. Instead of carrying on the family
tradition of farming and fishing, he attended the county school ( amtskole)
in Nordreisa where he studied business. He became a traveling salesman
and business agent on the wholesale level, and worked for a Johan Isaksen
of Kiberg and helped him manage his business.

It was while he was on a business trip to Hammerfest that he met the
hotel employee who was to become his wife. When Olaus and Sofie were married
in Hammerfest, Olaus was twenty-eight, and Sofie twenty-three. That same
year they moved to Kirkenes where iron ore had been discovered and jobs
were plentiful.

Kirkenes, a port on the Barents Sea and seven miles from Russia, was
a boom town with iron mining and ore processing. Olaus took a job with
the company A/S Sydvaranger, first as a laborer and then with the office
staff. Low-grade ore was mined in nearby Bjørnevatn and hauled by
train to Kirkenes where it was crushed. The iron was magnetically separated,
a pioneer taconite process, and then loaded into boats in the harbor. They
did not at that time pelletize the ore such as has been done in Minnesota.
Olaus worked for the firm for forty-four years until 1951, but he also
continued with his sales work and at various times sold pianos, insurance,
margarine, etc. He also did bookkeeping for the weekly newspaper Røsten.
The family fortunes varied along with the economy and they enjoyed some
affluence in the earlier years when the Pomor trade was being carried on
with Czarist Russia before the revolution. In the Russian language the
pomorets were coastal dwellers, and they carried on a brisk trade with
North Norway, exchanging grain and lumber for fish, which carried on until
1917. In 1914 Olaus and Sofie took a trip to Oslo, then called Kristiania,
to attend festivities for the Centennial of Norway's Constitution, and
then traveled to Malmö, Sweden and Copenhagen, and returned just before
the outbreak of the first World War.

Olaus was also employed as an interpreter for the Finnish language in
the courts and he subscribed to some Finnish language professional journals
to improve his legal Finnish. He also applied for the job as interpreter
for Sami but he did not get the position. Privately he did some translating
in Sami, especially when people had to conduct official business by phone.

The 20's and 30's were difficult times in the north of Norway with unemployment,
labor unrest, strikes, etc., and the 40's brought war and German occupation,
but Olaus and Sofie successfully raised their family in Kirkenes where
six children were born to them. The long years of the second World War
brought difficult times for the Arneng family in Kirkenes. Several thousand
German soldiers turned the town into a military stronghold for a planned
attack upon Murmansk, just across the Soviet border, and Kirkenes became
a base for the harassment of Allied shipping to the Soviets. The Germans
soon outnumbered the Norwegian population ten to one, and there was also
an influx of Russian prisoners who were used as slave labor in arctic weather
conditions building roads, barracks, and an air field. Kirkenes also became
a concentration camp for Norwegian school teachers who refused to collaborate
with Nazi curriculum.

German troops took over much of the Arneng home for their own use. One
of the first floor rooms was occupied by two junior German officers and
another was used as a tailor shop by German enlisted men who "borrowed"
Sofie's sewing machine. At times a second floor bedroom was also occupied.
There were constant air raids, weather permitting, and Kirkenes suffered
over one thousand bombings by Allied aircraft, second only to Malta as
the most bombed town in Europe. But Olaus stayed on with A/S Sydvaranger,
and his teenage daughter Solveig attended
school. The sons had left before the war started and were living in Oslo.
After enduring two years of constant air attacks, his daughter Solveig
and her mother moved south to where the boys were living. Late in 1943
Olaus joined them in Oslo and the family was reunited. At the end of the
war Olaus returned to Kirkenes and took up his former job, and Sofie joined
him. The town had been burned to the ground by the retreating Nazis, and
they moved into a temporary barrack which had been erected upon their property,
and this served as their home until Olaus retired. They decided not to
rebuild in Kirkenes and a new home for the family was planned in Oslo.
Olaus continued working in Kirkenes well into his seventieth year and moved
south only when the new house was completed in Oslo in 1951. He was able
to enjoy ten retirement years, with one brief visit back to Kirkenes. In
1957 Olaus and Sofie celebrated their Golden Wedding anniversary. He died
in 1961.

His son Leif recalls receiving a telegram from his father during the
occupation: "Have you kneeled before Baal? Greetings, father." He was inquiring
if Leif had joined the Nazi's teaching organization, and the negative response
was encouraging to the imprisoned teachers in Kirkenes who were isolated
and needed encouraging news from the south.

Olaus was also a great story teller. When he was a travelling salesman
he often travelled in his own boat in all kinds of weather, and on land
he would go by reindeer to visit clients. On one of those occasions when
he drove his own animal, the frisky thing turned on him and Olaus had to
turn over his sleigh ( pulk) and hide under it. He had to wait until
it calmed down before he could proceed on his journey.

Trygve Laudal, a long time friend of Olaus for many years who taught
school in Kirkenes, wrote a tribute for him in a Kirkenes newspaper, the
Sørvaranger Avis, May 31, 1961, which reads as follows, freely
translated:

This short, round, brisk and always active man, who spent
his last remaining years in Oslo in a house built by his wife and sons,
is at age 82 no longer with us, although he did from time to time long
for the far north where he spent his youth and most of his adulthood. It
was here in Kirkenes that he established his home known for its cozy atmosphere
of warmth, cheerfulness, and open hospitality.

I remember how he, who could at times be a bit short tempered,
remained very calm and collected during the frequent air raids of the long
war years.

Characteristic of him was a strong interest in knowledge,
a love of reading, an involvement in social concerns and a dedication to
education. He served for many years on the school board. He and Sofie worked
hard to give their children a good education, with considerable success.
His political views were always straightforward, a liberal democrat (
Venstre) with his whole heart, as it should be.

He often served the local court as interpreter of Finnish,
and was for a while business manager of the newspaper Røsten. While
working for A/S Sydvaranger he was also in the wholesale business, and
even ran a store of his own. He had worked at the control gate out of A/S
Sydvaranger, and after the war he worked in the office, continuing into
his seventieth year.

His first school years were in Kirkenes where he was outstanding in
math and science. Along with some schoolmates he studied at home to save
a year of school expenses, and in 1924 he entered the second year of gymnas
in Tromsø. He passed his exams in 1926 and moved south to Oslo to
study for acceptance at the Royal Frederiks University, which later became
known as the University of Oslo. He was admitted but found it necessary
to work and study alternately to meet school expenses. He taught at Bokfjord
school in Jakobsnes in Finnmark and he also took a job in the taconite
plant in Kirkenes as a sheet metal worker, among other things. His undergraduate
studies were completed in 1933 and he pursued graduate courses in physics,
along with teaching stints at a military academy, and in Kongsberg. In
1941 he graduated and was able to teach at the post-secondary level.

Through a personal contact he acquired a job at the Cathedral School,
a private school in Oslo. During the military occupation the department
of education was Nazified and teachers would replace each other unofficially.
He remained there through the teaching year 1946. It was during this time
Karin and he were married. She had graduated from Horten Technical School
in engineering and was employed by Vulkan, an Oslo engineering firm. Karin
was interested in voice and she studied with Bokken Lasson, a cabaret star
from Oslo in the Twenties and also a noted teacher. One of her classmates
was her cousin Eva Gustafson who went on to perform at La Scala and the
Met and to teach voice at the University of California, Los Angeles.

In 1947 they moved to Fredrikstad, a culturally rich milieu. Karin became
a member of the Cecilia Society which performed major religious choral
works such as Bach's Christmas Oratorio. Leif taught mathematics and physics
at the gymnas. In 1953 they moved to Horten where they presently reside.
Leif taught physics at the Horten Gymnas and retired in 1976. He is an
eager pianist. In the summer of 1989 he visited his sister and family in
the United States.

Children:

Elisabeth Arneng Varsi 11.25.1945. Born in Oslo,
Lisa graduated from teacher's college in Oslo and took a job in Seida in
the Tana district of Finnmark, a predominantly Sami community. She and
Johannes Varsi of Sirma were married 12.29.76. They now live in Sirma in
a house they built themselves. Lisa teaches school in Sirma and Johannes
works as a carpenter, as well as salmon fishing and raising a few sheep.
Children:Leif Erik Varsi 1977Martin Arneng Varsi 1980Ida Elisabeth Varsi 1983

Ingrid Arneng 8.12.1948. Born in Fredrikstad, Ingrid
became an agricultural agent specializing in animal husbandry. She worked
for two years in Telemark at Vinje and then on Frøya, an island
in Trøndelag. She and Harald Lund, were married 6.20.80.
They now have their own farm named Skjel in Vestre Slidre which is in Valdres.
The farm is ecologically run, and they have 5 sheep, around 80 goats,
horse, dog and cat. The nuclear accident in Chernobyl in 1986 still influence on their farming.
They have to use Berlin blue in the grain feed and salt lick to limit the takeup of
radioactive caesium in the animals (sheep and goats). They produce some "geitespekepølse",
which is cured sausage from goat meat. In summer they receive guests on their mountain farm.
Children:

Gro Arneng 1981Liv Arneng 1985

Kirsten Arneng Holmstedt 6.19.1954. Born in Horten,
Kirsten is a special education teacher. She married Viggo Holmstedt who
was a classmate at Halden Teacher's College. They both work at Solbo Sentralhjem,
a school for developmentally disabled. Kirsten is interested in voice,
sings in a choir and has performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London.
They live in Horten. She is divorced, and is working at the Norskskolen school in Horten. Children:

Jon Arneng Holmstedt 1977Håkon Holmstedt 1980

Odd Arneng 3.22.1913 - 10.2.1969

Odd attended teacher's college in Tromsø and taught at various
places in Finnmark before continuing his education at the National Art
Academy in Oslo, studying under Reidar Revold. As an artist he did portraits
and landscapes, using oils, water colors and graphics. Also an amateur
violinist, he played with musical groups. He taught drawing at the technical
high school in Oslo and at Grorud Gymnas. His home was a studio at the
family home at Nordstrand. He made several trips abroad, including a trip
to the US in 1969, and was active in the cultural life of Oslo. He died
at age 56 years and is buried in the Nordstrand cemetery.

Rolf was born and raised in Kirkenes, and after Middle School he worked
for the town of Kirkenes and later moved to Oslo to study business at the
Treider Handelskole, and he became a partner in a company making steel
products. While in Oslo he contracted tuberculosis and spent years in a
sanatorium. Rolf was primarily responsible for buying the lot, acquiring
the then scarce building materials, and supervising construction for the
Arneng Oslo home.

In 1945 he and Helene Hornæs of Oslo became engaged. Helene grew
up during the Depression and after one year of post-elementary education
began working in a clothing factory for two dollars a week. Later she worked
as a seamstress doing contract work, but with bad working conditions, she
also fell ill with TB and spent time in a sanatorium. Helene then worked
as a seamstress in her sister's dress shop, and sewed costumes for one
of Norway's national theaters, Oslo Nye Teater.

Rolf worked for nearly thirty years for the Norwegian trade union of
woodworkers as an accountant, treasurer, assisted them in the publishing
of their journal and arranging annual conventions. Rolf and Helene have
also read proof for an Oslo publisher, Tiden Forlag. They purchased the
family home on Nordstrand, and have redesigned the second floor as their
home. Their primary avocation is travel and they have made numerous trips
throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Twice they have visited the United
States in 1975 and 1984, Rolf traveling here a third time in 1986.

Rolf and Helene are avid vintners, using the usually abundant cherry
crop from their garden. Rolf is a serious student of Hamsun and other Norwegian
authors. Helene has been active in a number of community organizations
and does volunteer work with the elderly.

Besides taking care of Olaus and Sofie
in their final years, Rolf and Helene also provided hospitality for Arden,
Kai, and their mates who spent several of the Vietnam War years in Oslo.

Sverre Arneng 5.23.1922

Ingrid Nerås 1.17.1934

married 3.1958

Sverre received his primary education in Kirkenes, and after beginning
gymnas in Tromsø, he moved to Oslo in 1940 to complete school at
Aars and Voss in 1941. He studied at the university in Oslo and supported
himself with a number of student jobs including hospital porter, shop assistant,
waiter, community education teacher, city hall guide, office clerk, ski
instructor, and cocktail pianist. He worked for six months in Paris as
a messenger for the Norwegian embassy, and also for a British firm conducting
tours of Europe.

Completing his studies, he moved to Sunndalsøra in 1956 and began
working as director of community education. In 1958 he was employed by
the local junior high school and in March of that year married Ingrid Nerås.
Sverre has taught English, French, Geography, Social Studies and from time
to time piano. He has chaired the regional community education board and
has been school librarian. Ingrid works for Social Services. They have
a cabin in Skaret near Oppdal. Sverre retired in 1989 and along with his
wife visited his sister and family in the United States. Children:

Terje Arneng 10.16.1958. With a degree in computer
science from the university in Trondheim, he is employed by Norsk Hydro
as a computer analyst. Lives with (Evelyn) Margrethe Mikalsen from Kristiansand.
They live in Porsgrunn.
Child:Sofie, 05.02.97

Trine Arneng 11.9.1965. Completed gymnas and is
presently studying marketing in Oslo. Married 1992 to Wegard Kalmo,
lives in Drammen. Wegard works as a consultant in an advertising agency.
Trine works as a freelance drawer, for newspapers and graphic design companies.
Children:

Solveig was born in Kirkenes and lived there during the depression and
war years. In Oslo she attended the Foss High School and then enrolled
in an underground art school, Bjarne Engebrekk Malerskole, while the war
was on. She was admitted to the school of arts and crafts, and later transferred
to the national art academy where she studied for three years under Jan
Heiberg, a protege of Matisse.

Solveig was an art student at the Academy when she first met Rudolph,
who attended the International Summer School at the University of Oslo.
They were married in Fredrikstad where Leif was teaching school. After
a ski trip to Hadeland they travelled north to Kirkenes to visit Olaus
and Sofie. That spring they took a boat to Rotterdam,
visited cities and art galleries in Holland and Belgium, and spent ten
days in Paris. They sailed on the Queen Elizabeth to New York City and
continued honeymooning in New York and Chicago before arriving in Duluth.

Their first child, Arden, was born in Duluth in 1950. The family then
moved to Minneapolis where Rudolph enrolled in the University of Minnesota
Library School. His first employment as librarian was at the university,
and later he transferred to the St. Paul campus where he was acquisitions
librarian. They purchased a home at 2340 Gordon Avenue in St. Anthony Park,
St. Paul, where Kai was born in 1952 and Iva in 1954. Solvieg, who became
known to her friends in America as Sally, continued her art studies taking
classes from Yasuo Kunioshi in Duluth, and Walter Quirt at the University
of Minnesota. She also exhibited at the Minnesota State Fair.

In 1958 they moved to Duluth where Rudolph worked as Library Director
at the Duluth campus of the University. Sally continued painting, exhibiting
several times at the Duluth Art Institute and the Superior Public Library.
In 1976 she exhibited fifty paintings at the University's Tweed Gallery
along with her friend Viola Hart. Sally's most recent exhibit was a one-person
show at the Duluth Heritage and Arts Center in 1986.

When Rudolph's mother reached eighty-three, she began staying with him
and in 1970 Solveig's mother Sofie also joined
them, staying for three years until her death. The home in Duluth was a
haven both for the grandmothers and for many of the Flower Children of
the 60's. They all shared in the political and social struggles of the
day.

When Rudolph retired in 1981 he and Solveig took a year-long trip to
Europe and visited Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Germany and Yugoslavia as
well as Norway. They particularly enjoyed their visit to north Finland
and the boat trip to the island of Ukonkivi on Lake Inari under the midnight
sun. They say that they felt a spiritual blessing from their native haunts,
and were surprised to find so many people who resembled them.

Now in retirement, they take time to paint and contemplate their roots.
Children:

Arden Alexander Johnson 6.4.1950. Arden was born
in Duluth, Minnesota and moved to St. Paul where he attended elementary
school through his eighth year before the family moved back to Duluth.
In 1963 at age thirteen he visited Norway with his grandmother Anna
Sofie Arneng . When he was a high school student in Duluth he spent
a summer in Chile with his father, and he graduated from East High School
in 1968. He became a college student at the University of Minnesota, first
for two years on the Duluth Campus and then on the Minneapolis Campus,
and in 1970 he attended the International Summer School at the University
of Oslo in Norway. Arden was opposed to the Vietnam war and as a conscientious
objected performed his alternative service with the International Peace
Research Institute in Oslo Norway, and then at the Department of Peace
and Conflict Research at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. Norway as a
NATO partner became concerned with encouraging Vietnam war resistance and
expelled him from the country even though he had permission from the United
States to do his alternative service in Norway, and he completed his duty
in Sweden. Arden has contributed editorial and word processing skills
in the preparation of this family history.

Kai Mark Johnson 10.7.1952. Kai was born in Minneapolis,
Minnesota, and was baptized at Bethany Methodist church while on a visit
with him grandmother, Albertine. His
first school years were at the St. Anthony Park School in St. Paul, Minnesota,
and in 1959 the family moved to Duluth where he continued his education,
and he graduated from East High School in 1970 when he was seventeen years
old. Kai has also visited Norway, first in 1970 when he was twelve years
old. Kai was opposed to the war in Vietnam and upon finishing school in
1970 he went to Norway, along with his friend Beverly Welo. Kai and Beverly
were married in Oslo in 1971. He worked at various jobs in Oslo including
that of welder, courier, and mail carrier with the Norwegian postal service
while Beverly worked with the costume department of a theater, Det Norske
Teater, where Kai played a non-speaking role in one of the productions.
Kai and Bev also played bit parts in an American film Call of the Wild
produced in Norway starring Charlton Heston. On a vacation trip north they
decided that they would like to live in Finnmark, and Kai took a job with
a fish factory in Vadsø, and later became a library assistant in
the county library at Seida. On June 18, 1973 their son Ivar was born in
Kirkenes, the same town where his grandparents Rudolph and Solveig had
been born. Kai and family then moved to Tromsø where Kai attended
a teachers college, with plans to teach school in Finnmark. Kai had received
conscientious objector status with the American war draft, and the mandatory
draft eneded a month before he was to report to Germany for his physical.
In 1974 Kai and family returned to the United States where Kai and Beverly
were divorced in November of 1975, and Kai retained custody of their son,
Ivar.

In 1977 Kai married Kelene Koval of Duluth. She had been
previously married to John Sarette and had a daughter, Jonnia, born in
1968. Kai continued his education at the University of Minnesota, Duluth
and obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in psychology. He worked
for a year as a school counselor assistant at a Duluth high school and
then took a job as a chemical dependency counselor for Douglas County in
Alexandria, Minnesota, where the family lived for several years. He left
county employment and took a job in Alexandria with a private treatment
center, Hazelden, which had started in Minneapolis and is now world-wide
with its clinics and services. The Hazelden Foundation moved him and his
family to Palm Beach Gardens where he works as Out-Patient Supervisor.
His wife Kelene is a writer and her daughter Jonnia plans to enter the
nursing profession. Ivar was confirmed in 1988 at age fourteen and now
attends high school. Kai's religious upbringing was Unitarian and he and
his family now belong to the Holy Spirit Lutheran Church in Florida. Child:

Ivar Aslak Johnson 6.28.1973. Ivar was born in
Kirkenes, Norway and moved with his family to Duluth in 1974. He has attended
school in Duluth and Alexandria, Minnesota and attends high school in Palm
Beach Gardens, Florida.

Iva Liv Arneng 10.4.1954. Iva was born in St. Paul,
Minnesota and moved with her family to Duluth in 1959. Her public eduction
was in Duluth and she completed high school in two years and graduated
in 1972. She attended college at the University of Minnesota, Duluth for
three years and then transferred to the Minneapolis Campus but did not
quite complete her degree requirements after her marriage and pregnancy.
Iva first visited Norway in 1964 when she was ten years old, and again
in 1970, this time by herself. In 1967 she toured Yellowstone Park with
her mother and brother, also Seattle, Vancouver and San Francisco. Her
third trip to Norway was in 1973. Her first job was with the Community
Theater in Duluth, and various plays were presented in park and playgrounds
for young audiences. She has also done waitressing, worked as a salad chef
and as a bakery sales clerk. In 1976 she joined a Christian organization
called the Christian Fellowship Workers and lived and worked for a while
at the Solid Rock Mission in Superior, Wisconsin. While a student at the
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where she was working towards a degree
in Black Studies, she met Lynn Savage. They were married in Duluth on December
15, 1979. Lynn was from Benton Harbor, Michigan. He is employed as an electronics
engineer and designs control circuits on a computer and installs them at
various locations in the United States. Iva and Lynn live in St. Louis
Park, a suburb of

Minneapolis and continue to be actively involved with
their Christian faith. Children:

Lila Anne 8.20.1980Robin James 11.18.1982Hanna Rose 1989

August Isaksen 4.15.1884 - 11.10.1961
Indiana

August was a fisherman and farmer, remained in Okfjordhamn and married
Indiana from Lyngen who was his housekeeper. He was a Laestadian, took
part in meetings and occasionally acted as a lay preacher. He took care
of his father in his last years. Daughter:

Helga Knutson -1984. Lived in Strømfjordness in Nordreisa.
Son:

Jon. From Oksfjord.

Anna Sofie Olsen 3.22.1890 - 11.26.1963
Johan Ingvald Olsen 1889-1960

Johan was from Oksfjordhamn and was well known as a healer. People would
come to him when they had pains, tooth aches, and blood poisoning. He was
also able to stop blood from flowing. Other stories celebrate his psychic
powers. Children:

George Johansen, who lived on Svalbard for many
years, is not married and lives in Tromsø.

Ågot is married to Trygve Nordmo. Trygve is a dairy farmer in
Rundhage, Målselv and he died in 1989. Children:

Per Steinar, married to Anita and they live in
Andselv. Daughter:Silja

Helge, married to Anne Lise. Son:

Kjetil

Åge, living with his parents in Rundhagen.

Johannes Olsen 3.26.1917 - 197?

Hartvik Olsen 1919. Married to Marie, they live in Tromsø
where he works as a building contractor. Children:

Knut, married and living in Oslo.

Lillian, living in Tromsø.

Andreas Olsen 1919. Married to Randi, a
sister to Marie, wife of Hartvik. They live in Oksfjordhamn. Children:

Rangveig, a pharmacist in Skjervøy.

A son

Ole Olsen 1926-1978. Married to Kaia from Laksefjord and they
lived in Horten. Children:

Venke, who was an AFS student in the US.

Gunn-Lise, married to Steinar Bardset. Children:

MonikaOle Kristian

Ivar Olsen 4.19.1926 - 1987. Twin brother to Ole, married to
Hansine Johnsen from Oksfjord. Their home is in Oksfjordhamn. Children:

Marianne 4.16.1970. Lives in Tromsø.Howard 11.26.1964. Works as the SAS Hotel in Trondheim.Walter 1.11.1962. Attends school in Tronheim.Geir 3.27.1956. A nurse, married. Children:Ove 1.26.1976Lene Marie 3.6.1982

Carl Bergetson Olsen 1928-1960

Øivind Nikolai Olsen 1931-1975. Married to Asbjørg
from Nordreisa, and she lives in Oksfjordhamn. Twin children.

This is the last of Isak and Oldine's descendant's. We now continue
with the other children of Carl and Anna Grethe.

Erik Karlsen 1.22.1849
Britha Salamonsdatter Rautila 1853

Erik's birth was reported on the Karesuando church record as being January
22, 1849 although in Nordreisa, the county history, it stated that
he was born in Kuttainen, Finland in 1850. Erik married Britha Salamonsdatter
Rautila and they made their first home in Tommernes, in the Nordreisa district
of Norway. According to Hansen in Nordreisa they found conditions
there less than satisfactory, and in 1884 they took a trip to the United
States where some of Erik's brothers had settled, and after a stay of two
years they returned to the Nordreisa district of Norway. They may have
intended only a short visit, like other so-called immigrants, who sought
only temporary employment to pick up some cash and then return to Norway.
Nordreisa describes the poverty which the family had faced in Sweden,
that Erik was both talented and energetic, used his eyes to good advantage
during his stay in Minnesota and later put his observations to good use
when he returned home.

Upon his return in 1886 he purchased land in Bakkeby which Marie Eilertsen
describes as a large property. Although it lay by the sea, he was not interested
in fishing as a livelihood. He developed his land for farming, engaged
in lumbering, started a slate quarry, and prospered. He served his community
in a number of ways, including local government. Erik regretted that he
had so little formal education and saw to it that his children took full
advantage of schools offered, even though they had to walk long distances
in all kinds of weather to obtain the twelve weeks of school offered each
year. Erik and Britha had the following children:

Karl Eriksen, married to Ilise Abrahamsdatter, no children. Records
show that Karl and his wife moved to America, but it seems that they returned
to Norway and settled in Bakkeby. Ilise wrote several letters from Bakkeby
to her aunt Sophia who in her advanced years had moved to Kettle River
to live with her sister Maria and husband Lars Johnson. The letters were
given to us by Elma DeLacey of Cloquet, Maria's granddaughter, and Sophia
was her great aunt. In her letters Ilise also mentions Laura Isaksen and
other common acquantances from Minnesota and Norway.

Anny Mary Eriksen 1884, emigrated to North Dakota in 1902, married
a Dane in the hotel business. Died young.

Peder Eriksen 1889, married Helga Bjørnstad from Målselv.
Peder worked as a hotel employee, first in Tromsø during the years
1909-1912, then in Hammerfest in 1913-1916, and in 1920 he opened his own
hotel in Sørkjosen, which grew and prospered. He also became involved
in banking, served on the school board and with city government and became
Vice Mayor. He was Liberal Party ( Venstre) in politics, and he
collected books: technical and business and a number of literary classics.
Children:

Ester Lilieng 1917. Married first to Lilieng. Then
to Akk, a dentist. Children:BjarnePaula. Children:RuneEndreElin. Married to Reidar Lyse.

Britha Jensberg 1918, married to Ole Jensberg who
operated the hotel in Sørkjosen for many years, but which has now
been sold and is no longer in family hands. Children:

Helen. Married Arvid Nilsen from Strømfjord.
Children:DaughterDaughterMay. Married Almar Leirbekk from Rotsundelv. Children:CicilieMarieTove. Married Sture Hansen from Skjervøy.
Child:BørgeBørge

Olav Eriksen 1922-43, a promising accordion player
who was killed in an auto accident with a German Nazi vehicle.

Åge Eriksen 1893, married to Karoline
Aslaksdatter. Age worked for a while in the iron mines near Kirkenes. Children:

Astrup. Lives in Storslett, Nordreisa.Åsmund. Engineer in Oslo.Ragnar. Married Alberte Knutsen. Live in Bakkeby.
Child:EvaBorghild. Lives in Kirkvik, Tromsø.Helge. NurseHaraldArnulf

Ida Emilie Eriksdatter 1896

Peter Carlson 8.4.1854
Christine 1851
married 1881

Listed in the Karesuando church records as Per Karlsen, he reported
his birthplace to the US Census of 1910 as Sweden/Finland. Since he was
born in Sweden and spoke Finnish, he may have wanted to distinguish himself
from Finland which was then a Grand Duchy of Russia. In the 1905 Minnesota
census his wife spelled her name Kristiina and also reported her birthplace
as Sweden/Finland. A year after their first son was born they emigrated
to the US when Peter was 32 and his wife 36. They farmed their own land
in Thomson township of Carlton County, Minnesota and Peter became a naturalized
citizen. In Juhannusjuhla, a short history of Esko, Minnesota published
in 1966, Peter and his brother Frederick are listed as pioneers, and the
surname Maranen appeared in parentheses, which we understand is a place-name
from the region of their birth. Children:

John Even Carlson 1881, born in Nordreisa and his birth was reported
on the census as Norway/Finland.

Luvi Carlson 1883, born in Minnesota. His name was spelled Levi
on the 1895 Minnesota census. Married Anna Pekala who had two sons and
a daughter from a previous marriage.

Alfred Carlson 1887, born in Minnesota.

In 1950 Solveig and Rudolph visited Thomson to see if they could locate
any of the relatives of Solveig's father who had emigrated to the United
States. They knew that Olaus had an aunt
Sofie who had lived in the village of Thomson, and hoped to find someone
who had known her. They heard about John and Luvi Carlson, two brothers
who farmed near Esko and paid them a visit. The Carlson brothers were then
in their late Sixties, retired and living on their modest farm. Luvi was
married, with no children, and they met his wife who spoke only Finnish.

They didn't seen to know much about the older generation and said that
most of their relatives had moved west to the Red River Valley and that
they had lost contact with them.

They did tell about a young Carlson couple who owned a hotel in Carlton.
She was Alice Solberg, born Carlson, daughter of Frederick and Mary, who
appear in the next chapter. In this 1950 visit they did not learn how this
Solberg couple may have been related to Solveig. When Solveig wrote to
her father in Norway about this visit he wrote back that he remembered
that John Carlson was born in Nordreisa and moved to Arneng in Oksfjordhamn
when he was only one year old. He remembered that he had cried bitterly
when John at five years of age was about to leave Norway.

Frederick Carlson 11.28.1856
Mary Holm

Frederick reported his birthplace, and that of his parents, as Sweden/Finland
on the 1910 census. He is mentioned in Skjervøy as being
born in Karesuando and moving in 1870 to Oksfjordhamn in Norway where his
brother had settled at Arneng, and that he hired out on fishing boats,
" løskar og fisker". In 1882 at age 26 he emigrated, along
with his brother Peter, to the US. At age 29 he married Mary, who was 35.
Mary had emigrated from Finland in 1883 and spoke only Finnish. Frederick
and Mary farmed their own land in Harney, Minnesota and Frederick became
a naturalized citizen. He, like his brother, used the surname Maranen.
Their children's names on the census show Americanization:

Carolyn (Michaelson) Droogsma. Lives in Gulf Breeze,
Florida.Richard Michaelson III. Married Arlene Hongisto.
Live in Esko, Minnesota.Merle Michaelson Stowell. Divorced, living in Chicago.Tim Michaelson. Married Michelle Piette, they live
in Esko.

Maria, listed as Mary in the 1905 Minnesota census and as Maria in the
1910 census, was known as Marja and was born in the Karesuando parish of
northern Sweden. Her parents were listed in the 1905 census as born in
Sweden and in 1910 as born in Sweden/Finland. Lars was born in Pajala,
Sweden, and we know that according to his grandson Walter Johnson, he spoke
at least some Sami and Norwegian besides Finnish. It seems Lars and Maria
emigrated to Norway, possibly Nordreisa, since their uncle Johan had a
daughter Eva Stiine 1851-1932 who moved to Nordreisa in 1882 and died in
Moose Lake, Minnesota. According to her obituary, as reported by her granddaughter,
Maria and Lars emigrated to the US in 1889 and lived in Thomson for two
years before settling on their homestead in Kalevala township of Carlton
County in 1891. Marie Sofie Eilertsen tells us that she was named after
these two aunts who emigrated to the US, Maria and Sofie. She also told
us that she received a letter from her aunt Sofie from Thomson dated August
11, 1933 written in very poor Norwegian (Page ). It relates a visit she
had from her sister Maria and Maria's son and daughter-in-law, all visiting
from "takuta." Mrs. Harold (Elma) DeLacey of Cloquet, Minnesota, Maria's
granddaughter, tells us that the son was Henry, and that he returned to
Carlton County from South Dakota shortly thereafter.

Elma also believes that Eva Stiina was the person they called Tiina
who her parents would visit, a relative of her grandmothers (cousin) and
who would come in a model T coupe with her husband Carl Peterson, or Töyran
Kalle. She recalls Tiina dressing like her grandmother, in a gathered ankle
length skirt and blouse. Besides raising her own twelve children, Elma
tells us her grandmother Maria also raised three of her grandchildren,
Martha Barney and Irene and Lillie Palola who had lost their mothers as
babes. She reports also that both Sophia and Maria spent their final days
at her parent's home, there being no nursing homes in those days. The following
is taken from a genealogy written by Elma:

The following is information which I obtained from the
obituary on Grandma that Phyllis had saved which was written up in the
Star Gazette at the time of her death.

Maria Kristina Carlson-Maranen was born in Kaaresuanto,
Sweden, March 25th, 1860. She later moved to live in Norway and was married
there at Kiruna, Sept. 20, 1885 to Lars Johnson (Vaara). Mr. Johnson had
moved to Norway from Pajala, Sweden, where he was born. They came to America
in 1889, and lived in the town of Thomson in Carlton Co. two years, and
moved to live on their homestead in the northern part of Kalevala township
in 1891 and lived in this community to the time of their death. Mr Johnson
died on Oct. 10, 1940.

Burial from the Eagle Apostolic Lutheran Church was on
April 12th, with Reverend Rudolph North officiating. Children who survive
are four sons, three daughters (and the article lists them) and 24 grandchildren.
Son Frank came from Brush Prairie to attend the funeral.

Mrs. Johnson and her husband were charter members of the
Apostolic Lutheran Church of north Kalevala and Eagle townships and were
respected pioneer citizens of this community.

Sophia Barney 9.20.1886 - 4.15.1910. Born in Norway and emigrated with
her parents at age three. Married Henry Barney. Child:

Martha Granlund 11.4.1909 - 9.16.1954. Married Alvin Granlund.

Anna Johnson 12.15.1888 - 10.15.1905. Born in Norway.

Minda (Hanna) Salo 9.19.1890 - 8.31.1930. Listed in the 1905 census
as Hanna M. Johnson, sixteen years old and born in Norway although the
1910 census lists her as Minda J. nineteen years old and born in Minnesota.
Married Emil Salo 1893-1956. Children:

Frank Salo 1922-1944

Tauno Salo. Married Helen Weber. Children:

Jan SaloJoanne SaloJune SaloHenry Salo 1.21.1969 - 1.21.1969

Mary Rebekah Palola 6.3.1892 - 10.16.1926. Born in Minnesota. The 1910
census lists her as being 17 and working as a servant for a family. Married
Charles Palola 11.5.1884 - 1.22.1939, born in Kalvia Finland. Children:

George Palola 4.13.1919 - 10.5.1944. Killed in Italy during
WWII.

Irene Juola. Married Eino Juola. Children:

George Juola Married Kathleen. Child:Brian James 3.7.1989John Juola. Married Judy. Child:Kathleen Carol 8.14.1978

Henrik ? was only five years old when his father died, and he was placed
for adoption in Vittangi, Sweden approximately 40 miles south of Karesuando.
He lived in Vittangi, moving around as needed by various farmers, until
confirmation, and in 1880 moved to Jukkasjärvi. Even though he only
had a few weeks in school he was good at reading and figures. At age 18
while taking care of some farm animals, a fire started in the barn. He
dared not return home and fled with some Sami to Skibotn, Norway wearing
mismatched shoes, a winter shoe with reindeer fur and a summer shoe of
hide. He cut wood for the merchant Robertson in Skibotn until he learned
the whereabouts of his family. Early in the 1890's he bought some land
in Hamneidet on the Norwegian mainland in the parish of Skjervøy.
It was a big farm in Eidet Indre and was called Gjøvaren after a
nearby mountain peak of that name. Marie said that her father Henrik purchased
their farm at auction for 1200 crowns.

Marie also relates an incident which tells us which languages were spoken
at Oksfjord. It seems Sami was also spoken, as well as Finnish and Norwegian.
Once two girls were talking confidentially about Henrik, not realising
that he was within earshot and could understand the Sami language, said
in Sami that he was very handsome and they would like him for a lover.
Her father spoke mostly Finnish when he came to Oksfjord and he did learn
to speak Norwegian, but never very fluently.

When his two brothers and one sister emigrated to America Henrik was
invited to join them but he refused, telling them that there was only lumberjack
work in Minnesota and that he had enough of that work in Sweden. He wanted
to be a farmer/fisherman. Henrik farmed and fished, and also worked for
a while in the iron mines of Bjørnevatn in the Twenties, staying
with the Arneng family.

His wife Anne-Martine was the eldest of eight children to Ane Grete
and Eljas Mikkelsen, Ansjøn, Nordreisa. Marie tells us that her
father had coal black hair, blue eyes and a reddish-brown beard. Solveig's
brother Odd made a pencil sketch of him during an Easter visit when Odd
was a student in Tromsø, and Solveig used the sketch to make an
oil portrait. Marie relates that her father was never registered as a citizen
of Norway and that he joshingly told the sheriff that he was born in Sweden
at a time when Sweden and Norway were one nation, and didn't need to register.
Henrik's daughter Elida remembers her father as very capable and independent.
He built his own baking oven and successfully grew grain for fodder as
well as potatoes, both difficult and unusual crops at that time for the
climate. Henrik had a son with a women named Maren:

Henrik Marinius Noreng 1895 - 12.31.1968. Born in Oksfjordhamn, in 1940
he came to Kvenangen a widower, and married Nanna Nilsen from Sørstraumen.
They lived at Naviteidet, Kvenangen, had their farm and did fishing, and
he also worked on Svalbard. After the evacuation they returned and rebuilt,
and continued farming and harvested timber off their land. Henrik also
built a campground for tourists on his land. Elida, his half sister, remembers
him as very like her father and a very good-humored man. Children with
his first wife:

Elida Margrethe Johannessen 11.15.1900. Married 7.21.192 to Helmer Even
Bernhard Johannessen 7.4.1888 - 8.20.1962. They moved to Helmer's home
place since his parents were deceased. Helmer fished during the winter,
and had a farm with timberland. During the Thirties he became partner and
eventual owner of a boat, MK Rolf of Skjervøy. Children:

Astrid Karlsen 1927
Georg Johannessen 1931
Ellen Tretten 1941

Elida and Helmer also had two stepsons:

Gunnar Johansen Mobakk. 1911 - ?. A son of Elida's aunt,
Marie Mikkelsen from Ansjøn. She was married with Adolf Johansen
Snemyr. They had twelve children. Gunnar arrived in 1922 and lived with
the family for 21 years. Married, two adopted children.

Olaf Benjaminsen Pramli. From Skjervøy, he was
approximately 16 when he arrived, one of six children. He stayed with his
step family 18 years. Married and has a home in Hamneidet. He has been
a fisherman and is presently a lighthouse keeper in Vardø, Finnmark.
Five children.

Astrid Karlsen 3.18.1927. Married 1946 to Ingval Karlsen
5.7.1920, from Skjervøy. Ingval worked in a shop in his youth, and
has been a cook on several boats. He was custodian at the Skjervøy
primary school for 24 years, and more recently at the Skjervøy nursing
facility. He retired early in 1985 and is presently building a cabin at
Gjøvaren. Astrid has worked at the Skjervøy Hotel, Kåre
Renø's shrimp factory, in the nursing facility's kitchen, and as
substitute home economics teacher at the Skjervøy secondary school.
Children:

Sten Olav Karlsen 12.23.1946, a policeman in Alta, Finnmark.
Married Toril Solheim 12.19.1947 from Skervøy. Toril teaches home
economics, nutrition, education, and family psychology at Alta community
college. They own a home in Alta. Children:Eirin 6.4.1966Tonje 4.20.1972Silje 2.26.1976

Elna Irene Evensen 10.16.1953. Married Torleif Evensen
12.8.1948 from Lillesand in southern Norway. She is a seamstress and he
is mason and cement contractor. Elna works with children, teaching arts
and crafts as leader of the housewife association. They live in Lillesand,
near Kristiansand. Children:

Charles 5.22.1975Thore 8.25.1982

Karl Helmer 1.7.1963. Teaches driving in Oslo and rides
a motorcycle.

Georg Johannessen 10.16.1931, married to Kristine Wilhelmine
Johansen 8.21.1932 from Skjervøy. Kristine has worked as a substitute
homemaker for the city of Skjervøy, and in the shrimp factory and
presently works in the kitchen of the nursing facility. Georg worked on
his father's boat and took it over when his father retired. A shrimp fisherman,
he also owned the boat Bremsnes. He sold his boat, and as a teacher helped
develop the shrimp fishing industry in Angola and Canada. Presently a lighthouse
keeper at Torbjørnskjaer in southern Norway. They have built a home
on Skjervøy and have taken over Georg's childhood home in Gjøvaren
as a cabin. Children:

Margrethe Odine 2.6.1956. First attended the folk high
school in Svanvik, near Kirkenes, and then two years at the Gibostad agricultural
college in Finnsnes, becoming an agronomist. She has worked as an agronomist
and in the fishing industry. She has two children from an earlier marriage:Karine 5.13.1975Rikke 9.28.1979For the last 4 years she has been living with Jens Thyrhaug,
a carpenter, in Stockholm and has worked for the postal service. They have
a daughter:Jenny Martine 8.19.1985

Elisabeth 4.11.1957. Married Hermod Gustavsen, 5.2.1952,
from Oslo. He works as a machinist in a factory and she is a factory seamstress.
They own a house in Lillesand and Elisabeth plans a furniture restoration
business on their basement level. Children:

Andreas 3.8.1978Jørgen 4.18.1982

Solveig 9.30.1960. Lives with Charles Fondevik from Skjervøy.
Charles works as an auto mechanic and Solveig works in a restaurant and
has studied to be a hairstylist. They have built their own home in Lillesand.

Hans Jacob 10.8.1965. He has studied mechanics and mechanical
engineering at the Skjervøy secondary school for three years and
acquired his license. Having spent a year in the military and a year working
in his field he now studies at the Institute of Technology in Stockholm.
A member of the Skjervøy diving club, he is an active diver.

Ellen Tretten 9.12.1941. Born at Hamneidet. Married 7.31.1965
to Alfred Johan Tretten 11.6.1941, also from Hamneidet. They have lived
in Skjervøy since their marriage. Alfred is a machine fitter and
has worked in the merchant marine and on the fishing fleet since he was
15. He now is a fitter on the MF Kvaløy which sails between Flåten
and Hamneidet. Ellen has one year at a folkhighshool and a year studying
tailoring. She worked in a clothing studio in Tromsø for a year
and besides working in the shrimp industry, she has been a substitute teacher
in the Skjervøy elementary and middle school. For the last eight
years she has been activity director at the Skjervøy nursing facility,
a half-time position. Alfred has built a cabin at Gjøvaren. Coincidentally,
Alfred appears in another part of this family history. Alfred's mother,
Laura Hansine, who died when he was two, was the niece of Laura Isaksen,
wife of Hans, Olaus' brother. Alfred, his
sister, and his father Tormod lived with Laura even after Tormod married
a second time with Signe. Son:

Øystein 11.5.1973.

(Henry) Mikal Klaus Karlsen 1903-1984. He married
Emma 9.23.1907 - 2.10.1978, from Hamneidet. Henry worked some years in
Kirkenes/Bjørnevatn as a locomotive engineer. He also had a farm
and fished shrimp with his sons as a crew on his boat, the Polar of Skjervøy.
Children:

Laila Karlsen 6.24.1932. Works as a hairstylist and has
a house in Hamneidet. Divorced from Einar Alexandersen from Berlevg, Finnmark.
Daughter:Elin Strøm 11.9.1956. Also works as a hairstylist
and lives with Ronald Strøm from Skervøy in Nesodden on the
Oslofjord. Children:Bård Alexandersen 5.3.1975Ronja Alexandersen 12.24.1985Kristian 2.6.1987

Leif Karlsen 7.14.1934. A first engineer, he has sailed
throughout the world and worked in shipbuilding. Owns a house in Bakkeby,
Nordreisa. Married Brita. Son:

Arthur Karlsen 8.25.1936. Independent taxi owner-chauffeur
in Skjervøy where he owns a home. Married Laila.

Fridtjof Karlsen 8.21.1947. Has purchased the family place
at Hamneidet and raises dairy goats. Married Britt. Son:

Frode 8.17.1973

Reidar Karlsen 1.1.1951. Works as an occupational therapist
at Rotsund. Married Signy. Daughter:

Renate 22.20.1976

Elias Bernhardt Karlsen 8.1.1905 - 7.1962. Worked as a fisherman on
his father's boat and on the farm. Handicapped from birth due to rickets
he completed grammar school. A good swimmer, he had a good singing voice,
and loved children.

Karl Albert Karlsen 1907-1907. Died of whooping cough at eight months,
a serious childhood disease at that time.

Marie Sofie (Karlsen) Eilertsen 9.25.1911 - 1988. This is Marie who
has contributed so much to the family history. Marie and Ingvald Arneng
had one child:

Aud 10.18.1936, married to Oddvar Buschmann 4.22.1927
from Vesterålen, an officer in the merchant marine. Aud and Oddvar
sailed for several years and on two occasions entered the port of Duluth.
They now live in Spjelkavik near Ålesund and have a daughter:Greta 7.27.1968. A business college graduate.

In 9.5.1939 Marie married Åge Martin Bertinius Eilertsen 10.27.1904
- 9.17.1980, from Rakto in Bakkeby. The lived in Rakto from 6.4.1939 for
two years and then moved to Leiros by Gjøvaren which was inherited
from her father, part of Eidet Indre. After the war they evacuated to Sunnmøre
and then in 1959 moved to Ålesund. After Åge died Marie moved
to Spjelkavik to be with her daughter Aud. Children:

Åsmund 1941, living in Godøy, married to
Ingeborg Marie 3.7.1938, and is a fisherman with his own modern fishing
boat. As well as their personal car, they have two taxis which they chauffeur
with their children who also have a car each. Children:Birger 4.25.1966. Student.Åge Magne 10.2.1968. Gymnas graduate.

Harald 9.10.1946, married to Eva Tone and living in Sogn.
An engineer by trade, he teaches construction at a vocational school. Children:

Also related in some way to Henrik and the Karlsen family is a man named
Karl Karlsson Vellidalo, with the Finnish nickname of Pitkä Kalle
(long Karl), who once served in the Swedish Rikstag and who died in 1966.
We are not sure of the relationship but Marie thinks that he was a cousin
of her father. He has a sister, Anne Grethe Vellidalo, who came to Norway
in 1890 and was the first wife of Johan P. Tretten 1866-1927. They had
a daughter Petra 1897-1926 who married Ludvig Gamst from Rotsund. The grandchildren
of Anne Grethe are heirs to the Karlsson estate.

Sophia Anderson 7.13.1868 - 194?
Ole Anderson 1849
married 1888

Sofia listed her birthplace on the US census as Sweden/Finland. Only
a few months old when her father died, she probably moved with her mother
and sister to Oksfjordhamn where her brother Isak lived. Church records
have her moving to Reisen in 1878 at age ten. She was only fourteen when
her two brothers and sister emigrated to America. Marie Eilertsen thinks
that Sophia probably spent her teen years in Reisadalen with her sister
"Brido", and emigrated to the US at age twenty.

The story is told that an Ole Anderson, who had emigrated from Kildal
in Nordreisa in 1882 and started farming in Carlton County, Minnesota,
sent a ticket back home so that his sister might join him and keep house.
At the last minute his sister decided not to go and gave her ticket to
Sophia, her girlfriend.

In 1888 Sophia left for America and married the 39 year old farmer.
Marie thinks that Sophia might have known him, or at least heard of him,
back in Nordreisa, and tells us that Ole was the son of her mother's cousin.
We know that Ole was Norwegian of Norse ancestry and spoke Norwegian with
his wife who also spoke Finnish and English. Census records tell us that
Ole Anderson was born in Norway in 1849 and emigrated to the US in 1882,
purchased land in Carlton County and began farming near Esko. They were
married in 1888 and both became naturalized citizens.

Ole and Sophia had no children and adopted a young boy, William listed
as 14 years old on the 1910 census, who died at age 20 of TB. When Ole
died Sophia left the farm and purchased a house in Thomson from her nephew,
Hans Isaksen of Oksfjordhamn who was a brother to Olaus
Arneng. Hans and his wife Laura had decided to move west, to Portland
Oregon. Thomson was a logging and lumbering center and the site of a new
power dam and hydroelectric development, then under construction. Thomson
was very much a pioneer Finnish-American community with lumbering, saw
milling, railroad building, and a hydroelectric development and is today
a small village with fewer than one hundred inhabitants. Thomson lies on
the St. Louis River about ten miles south of Duluth, next to Jay Cooke
State Park. When Hans and Laura Isaksen first came to Thomson, Laura learned
to speak Finnish before she learned any English since her husband spoke
Finnish and most of the townspeople spoke only Finnish.

When Rudolph came with his family from
Norway to the town of Thomson in the summer of 1917, he probably met both
Ole and Sophia, but he was then under two years of age and doesn't remember
them from these early years. Rudolph and his parents did live in Thomson
for three years, and later after moving to Duluth made many visits back
to Thomson to visit old friends. On occasion they would spend a whole week
in Thomson, in summer months, and these were memorable visits. They would
take a train from the railroad station in West Duluth directly to Thomson,
a distance of about twenty miles, and Rudy would stay on with Mrs. Anderson
when his mother went back to her factory work. He remembers her good homemade
bread, and the stereopticon pictures she had, mostly mountain scenes from
Norway. He carried in wood and water, and helped her pick potato bugs off
her garden. He was particularly impressed with the way she simply crushed
the bugs between her fingers, while he would have to brush them off into
a can of water. He also remembers how she dressed, with long skirts, and
always a shawl and kerchief. She spoke Norwegian with a Finnish accent,
but she also spoke some English. Rudy remembers how they picked blueberries
up by the power dam and she would warn him about falling into the water.

On one occasion he attended church with her in nearby Esko, a Finnish
Lutheran church. They walked the three or four miles to Esko and the service
was always in Finnish which he did not understand. Sophia was a Laestadian
Lutheran and the services in Esko were of the revivalist type where people
became very agitated, spoke in tongues and acted out religious ecstasy
in ways similar to the Sami liikutukset, all very frightening to
a small boy. Most impressive was the worshiper who climbed the pole in
the middle of the church and howled like a dog, and with the ladies who
would roll on the floor and wail. In those days the charismatics were called
"holy rollers". Sophie Anderson died sometime during the 1940's. Elida,
her niece in Norway, inherited one third of her estate, 16,700 Norwegian
crowns.

The church in Esko is called the Apostolic Lutheran Church and observed
its one hundredth anniversary in 1895. The church historian, Ray Mattinen,
reports that they do have Laestadian roots.

Marie Eilertsen has written to us about her aunt Sophia who lived in
Thomson and the letters her aunt wrote back home in her poor Norwegian.
She often substituted "b" for "p" and wrote the name August as Aykysd.
Marie said that her aunt used the old Finnish alphabet such as was used
in northern Sweden during the 19th century, as follows:

A P C T E F K H I J G L M N A B Q R S D Y V W X U Z Ö O

Marie copied for us a letter she received from Sophia dated August 11,
1933, and translated as follows:

Thanks for the letter I received from you quite some time
ago and I have been late in answering since I really don't write Norwegian.
I am well and we have had a good summer, but it has been very dry where
my sister Marie lives. She visited me in Thomson, along with her son and
daughter-in-law. They live in "takuta" where it is so dry that they have
no hay or potatoes, but where Marie lives they had a little bit of rain.
Greetings from me, and reply if you can read my letter. Greet your mother
and all our relatives.

signed: Mrs. Sophia Anderson, Thomson

Carlton County, Minnesota

U.S. Amerika

The letter was written during the years of drought, the so-called Dust
Bowl Years. Sophia spent her final years in Kettle River in the home of
her nephew Carl, in the company of her sister Maria.

Lars Levi Laestadius

Many references to Laestadianism appear in this family history, and
something should be said of its origins. The people of Samiland, like other
circumpolar people in pre-Christian times, were shamanistic and they also
were acquainted with elements of Norse mythology. There were early missionary
attempts by Russian monks to christianize them and royal decrees issued
by Swedish monarchs to convert them. In Norway King Kristian IV ordered
that all Sami be converted to Christianity or suffer the death penalty.
The old folk religion was banned and outlawed, the shaman drums burned
and the joik, the traditional song-chant, was forbidden. This process was
first carried out by the official Catholic church, and later by the state
Lutheran church.

Lars Levi Laestadius 1800-1861, a Swedish Lutheran pastor of Sami ancestry,
adapted the Lutheranism of the state church to better fit the folk culture
and psyche of the people of Samiland. Laestadius was born on a poor, new-settler
farm in Arjeploug in northern Sweden. His father provided for the family
by hunting, fishing, tar-making, and they also had a farm and a few reindeer.
The family lived in poverty, but with help from a half-brother who was
a pastor at Qvickjock, Lars Levi was able to enter the university at Uppsala
in 1820, and he proved to be a brilliant student. Because of his interest
in botany he was made assistant in the Botany Department while he pursued
studies in theology, and he was ordained a Lutheran cleric in 1825. His
first parish was at Arjeplog, and he became the regional missionary for
Pitalappmark. In 1826 he was made pastor at Karesuando, the most northerly
parish in Sweden, where he served until 1849. In addition to his pastoral
duties he continued his interest in botany, authored a number of articles
on plant life in Samiland and served as botanist to a French research expedition
to Samiland, 1838-40. One of the plant forms which he first identified
bears his name Papaver Laestadianum, which he discovered in the
region where the boundaries of Sweden, Finland and Norway come together,
Treriks-Röysa.

While in Karesuando he learned to speak both Finnish and the North Sami
dialect so that he could deliver his sermons in these languages although
his mother tongue was Luleå Sami and his books and articles were
written in Swedish.

Laestadius married a local Sami woman, Britta Catarina, and together
they raised a family of twelve children. It was while Laestadius was pastor
at Karesuando that Carl and Anna Grethe also raised their family in the
same parish. Family legend has it that Anna Grethe once worked as a maid
in the Laestadius household and that the wife of Laestadius assisted her
with her bridal trousseau. Laestadius himself may have conducted the wedding
ceremony.

For the first eighteen years of his ministry in Karesuando, Laestadius
was quite an ordinary country pastor, except for his interest in botany.
Then, on a pastoral visit to Åse Lappmark in 1844 he met a Sami woman
named Maria who had sought his religious counsel. She was very sincere
and sensitive, but troubled in her spiritual development, and together
they explored the problem and experienced a Great Awakening, a sort of
born-again experience which changed their lives. Laestadius became a dynamic
and charismatic evangelist who started a religious revival that spread
throughout Samiland and even reached the sons and daughters of Samiland
who had emigrated to the United States.

Laestadius was critical of the elitism and worldliness of the state
church and preached a Christianity more in tune with the folk culture of
the north. He spoke with great force and his language was very blunt and
earthy, appropriate to the audience of his day. His sermons have since
been collected and published in several languages, including English.

One of his parishioners, Juhani Raattamaa 1811-1899, who was his confirmation
school pupil and later taught at various mission schools, became his successor.
Raattamaa, born in Kuttainen the son of a Finnish settler, became a catechist,
and together they examined the Bible and the works of Martin Luther and
developed a body of doctrine known as Laestadianism. Central to their doctrine
was a concept of sin and salvation, and they preached eloquently against
the evils of liquor and immorality and set up a temperance society. Upon
the death of Laestadius Raattamaa carried on his work for forty years and
is known as the second father of Laestadianism. According to Olaus
Arneng this Raattamaa was a family relative although we have not established
the lineage. It seems that Raattamaa, like many other dwellers in the upper
Tornio Valley, was a Sami Finn who lived in Sweden. The Apostolic Lutherans
of the United States have published a number of church history papers,
and one of them "The Second Leader of the Northern Revival" is about Raattamaa.
When asked how the people should live and dress, he was quoted as saying
"Should the people of Rovaniemi (a large central town in Finland, now considered
the capitol of Finnish Lapland) live as we Lapps?" It seems that he thought
of himself as a Sami.

Laestadianism can be thought of as a sort of pentecostal revival movement,
charismatic and fundamentalistic, also pietistic and evangelical, and one
of its distinctive features was the liikutukset, an intense emotional
religious ecstasy with speaking in tongues. His message spread throughout
Samiland and was taken up by various lay preachers. Laestadius felt the
need for a larger parish to help support his growing family and in 1849
he left Karesuando and moved a bit south to Pajala where he carried on
with his evangelism. He preached against liquor, immorality and vanity
(fine clothing, ornaments, etc.) but he suffered from health problems and
died in 1861. The work that he started was carried on by many others including
Juhani Raattamaa. We should note that in Samiland the Laestadians remained
within the state Lutheran churches whereas in far-off American they established
their own denomination, the Apostolic Lutheran. A Swedish encyclopedia,
Bonniers Lexicon (1961) numbers Laestadians as 30,000 in Finland; 30, 500
in the US; 20,000 in Sweden; and 18,000 in Norway.

There have been many books and doctoral dissertations, novels and plays
written about the Laestadian movement, and some historians note that Laestadianism
also had political overtones. Samiland was then being colonized by neighboring
powers with attractive offers of free land and exemption from taxes and
military service. The reindeer pasturage was shrinking and in 1851 the
Russia/Finland boundary with neighboring states was closed to nomads, resulting
in economic hardships for the reindeer Sami. In southern Norway there was
labor unrest and the beginning of a labor movement under Marcus Thrane.
There were revolutions in Britain and France. In Kautokeino in 1852 there
was an open rebellion by fanatical Laestadians who assaulted the Norwegian
pastor and murdered the local liquor dealer and the sheriff. This provoked
a military occupation by Norwegian army troops, the execution of several
participants by beheading and life sentences for many others. This was
the November Revolution of 1852 in Kautokeino, and some see Laestadianism
as part of the social unrest in Europe in the middle of the last century.

A recent book by Ivar Bjørklund called Fjordfolket i Kvænangen
(Tromsø, Universitetsforlaget, 1985) presents an interesting interpretation
of the Laestadian movement. He sees it as a reaction against the on-going
Norwegianization process and the beginning of ethnic consciousness among
the Sami people. They had been driven to abandon their own language and
culture, forget their history, their ethnic identity. The officials of
the state church forced state Lutheranism upon them and they had to stand
hat-in-hand and listen while the official version of religion was preached
and interpreted for them. They organized a Sami movement against the cultural
oppression of the Norwegian state. They called the dominant society the
unspiritual, unconverted power structure, " den uåndelig, uomvendte
øvrighed". and the called the state church a stinking cadaver,
" et stinkende kadaver". They discovered that they did not need
to live by Norse standards, that the Sami and Finnish languages were also
sacred, and that their ancient life-style had dignity and merit. Laestadianism
became an organized religious movement through which they could assert
their own unique identity. And in later years they organized politically
and economically through the labor movement to advance local interests
against Norse colonialism. They called the fjord merchants children of
the devil " djevelens barn" who should burn in hell " breene
i Helevete". The church authorities can no longer call the parishioner
dirty and stupid and today they have to ask permission from the Laestadians
before they appoint a pastor or bishop in the north.

Emigration from Samiland in the nineteenth century brought many Laestadians
to the US, and several of the children on Carl and Anna Grethe of Karesuando
went first to Norway and then to Carlton County, Minnesota. Pioneer conditions
still prevailed when they arrived in the 1880's, but they came to already
established Finnish-speaking Laestadian communities. Some of the first
Laestadian immigrants to arrive in the US were Finns and Sami from the
Alta region of Norway who moved to the copper country of Michigan when
the copper mines in Finnmark were nearing depletion. These immigrants first
joined regular established Lutheran churches but they did not feel at home
and on occasion were even expelled from these churches because of their
unrestrained emotionalism which upset the more sedate Scandinavian congregations.

May Lunde of Oslo made a study of the Laestadians of Calumet, Michigan,
which was later published in a book Essays on Norwegian-American Literature
and History (Oslo, 1986). She found that the Laestadians were excommunicated
from the church in Calumet in 1872 and had to establish their own church
under the leadership of Salomon Kortetniemi of Hammerfest. As the number
of such churches grew there developed schisms and she counted at least
seven sects of Laestadians in the US, each with its own name. This also
happened in Samiland after the death of Laestadius.

A history of the Laestadian movement in the US has been published in
Finnish, and a shorter English version by Uuras Saarnivaara, The History
of the Laestadian or Apostolic Lutheran Movement in America, has been
published in Ironwood, Michigan in 1947. We learn from this book that a
number of immigrant Laestadian communities were springing up in the copper
country of Michigan, some as early as 1864, and in such Minnesota towns
as Red Wing, St. Peter, and Cokato. A book edited by Hans Wasastjerna,
History of the Finns in Minnesota, published in 1957, also lists
several such communities in Brainerd, New York Mills, Holmes City, Minneapolis
and Thomson. We find that in Holmes City in 1883 there were already 133
immigrant Finns and that they built a Laestadian church in 1887. Most of
these so-called Northern Finns came from northern Sweden and Norway, and
some were Laestadian Finns.

We have learned that Laestadius had a sister who emigrated to Minnesota.
She was Angelica Charlotte (1842-1900) who had lived for a while in Kittila,
Finland where she married Mikko Jokela, and together they emigrated to
central Minnesota and settled in Franklin. It has been told that Angelica
attempted to mediate between two rival Laestadian sects that sprang up
in Homes City. Mikko and Angelica had no children, but a granddaughter
of Laestadius, Selma Makitalo (1858-1930) married Henrik Makitalo of Pajala,
andthey emigrated to Minnesota and now have many descendents in central
Minnesota. One of them, a prominent attorney in Cokato, has made a study
of the life of his great great grandfather, Lars Levi Laestadius. Central
Minnesota has several thousand inhabitants who are descendents of the Sami
Finns who settled here one hundred years ago. There are several other centers
that have come to our attention: Iron River, Michigan; Carlton County,
Minnesota; several in the state of Washington; and in Thunder Bay, Ontario,
Canada.

It seems that Laestadians in American had many contacts with their co-religionists
back home in Samiland, and we learn that Peter Raattamaa, a son of the
famous Juhani Raattamaa, became pastor of a church in New York Mills. The
Laestadian churches, now mostly known as Apostolic Lutheran, number about
150, and they have set up their own seminary, although many churches are
served by lay ministers. They have published a hymnal, a newspaper, several
newsletters, and collections of sermons by Laestadius and others, both
in English and in Finnish. We have also learned of other Sami Finns who
emigrated to Minnesota. Elmer Josephs of Minneapolis published a family
newsletter, Staar Light, a biannual now in volume six which is distributed
to over 300 family members in 21 states, all descendents of a Sami Finn
from Kuusamo, Finnland. David Tapio of Delano, Minnesota has also made
a study of his Laestadian ancestorss from the Torneå Valley. He sees
the Laestadians as largely people of Sami ancestry and writes in one of
his letters the following: It is hard to explain how the truths of the
Laestadian visitation carry such enormous trust of conviction to Sami,
Pirkkalaiset, Kainulaiset and their descendents and hit a wall with other
Finns and Swedes. They all have Sami blood.

We trace our family history back to these Laestadian pioneers, and our
settlement in the New World was part of the historic movement of Samiland
immigrants to the Lake Superior region in the latter half of the Nineteenth
century. Two of the sons of Carl and Anna Grethe settled near Esko and
are mentioned in a short history of that community, Juhannusjuhla,
published in 1966, as pioneers and founders of the Apostolic Lutheran Church
of Esko. They are listed as "Fred Carlson (Maranen) and Peter Carlson (Maranen)".
This church now has a membership of 450 and celebrated its one hundredth
anniversary in 1985. Maria, a daughter of Carl and Anna Grethe, married
Lars Johnsen, Vaara, and lived in the Kalevala township of Carlton County
in 1891 and were charter members of the Eagle Apostolic Church in their
community. Another daughter of Carl and Anna Grethe, Sofie Anderson, lived
in Thomson and belonged to the Laestadian church in that community.

We learn from the Wasastjerna book on the history of Finns in Minnesota
that the first Finns came to Thomson in 1873 and that by 1885 there were
over one hundred Finns in Thomson and two rival Laestadian churches. Hans
Isaksen, an immigrant grandson of Carl and Anna Grethe, lived in Thomson
and we do not know if he though of himself as a Laestadian, but his wife
was very much so, at least in later years. Solveig
Arneng's future mother-in-law lived in Thomson but did not attend the
Laestadian church because the services were conducted in the Finnish language.
It is certainly true that the ancestors of our families included in this
history were very much influenced by Lars Levi Laestadius of Karesuando.