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...﻿Fluid Balance
Explain in detail the fluid compartments of the body, including distribution of fluid and electrolytes within each compartment and the movement between compartments.
In the average person water constitutes 60% to the total body weight.: 42L in a 70kg individual.
40% is intracellelular fluid, while remaining 20% is extracellular.
The extracellular fluid can be divided into plasma (from intravascular compartment) and interstitial fluid
intracellular fluid (28 L, about 35% of lean bodyweight)
extracellular - the interstitial fluid that bathes the cells (9.4 L, about 12%)
plasma (also extracellular) (4.6 L, about 4-5%).
Fluid can cross from compartment to compartment by osmosis, which depends on solute gradient, and filtration, which is a result of hydrostatic pressure gradient.
Electrolyte composition:
intracellular- low sodium and high potassium
extracellular- high sodium and low potassium (only 2% of total body potassium is in extracellular fluid)
low protein in interstitial fluid compared to high protein in intravascular compartment.
Describe normal fluid and electrolyte requirements and increased requirements within common surgical problems such as persistent ileus or vomiting
Normal fluid and electrolyte
Water
Evaporative losses from skin and...

...﻿1. Using diagrams and/or graphs, explain the following terms:
a. Pressure Head
pressure head [′presh·ər ‚hed]
(fluid mechanics)
Also known as head.
The height of a column of fluid necessary to develop a specific pressure.
The pressure of water at a given point in a pipe arising from the pressure in it.
b. Total Discharge Head
Total discharge head refers to the actual physical difference in height between the liquid level in the pit and the highest point of the discharge pipe or water level in the outlet.
c. NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH). The measurement of liquid pressure at the pump end of the suction system, including the design of the pump.
d. Suction Lift
Pump Performance Curve
The pump characteristic is normally described graphically by the manufacturer as a pump performance curve. The pump curve describes the relation between flow rate and head for the actual pump. Other important information for proper pump selection is also included – efficiency curves, NPSHr curve, pump curves for several impeller diameters and different speeds, and power consumption.
Increasing the impeller diameter or speed increases the head and flow rate capacity - and the pump curve moves upwards.
The head capacity can be increased by connecting two or more pumps in series, or the flow rate capacity can be increased by connecting two or more
e. Pump Efficiency
Pump Efficiency
The term pump efficiency is used on all types of pumps to...

...1. Identify each of the following statements as either true or false. If false, explain why.
(a) Viscosity is a measure of how easily a fluid flows.
(b) Although important, fluids are not essential to many living things.
(c) A meniscus forms when water particles adhere to the sides of their container.
(d) Buoyancy, like water pressure, acts in all directions.
2. Describe the relationship between mass, volume, and density of matter.
3. Use the particle theory to explain the differences between solids, liquids, and gases.
4. Comment on the accuracy of the statement below. Describe some exceptions to the statement if there are any. In general, solids are denser than liquids, and liquids are denser than gases.
5. Use the particle theory to explain why changing the temperature of a fluid can also change its density.
6. The density of a fluid usually decreases as the temperature rises. Explain how the behaviour of water differs from this pattern.
7. What is a hydrometer and what is it used for? Describe how to use a hydrometer.
8. Do hydrometers float higher in liquids that are denser or less dense? Make a Summary At the start of this unit; you created a table with some classmates to activate your knowledge of fluids (what they are, where they are found, how they are used, and some harmful effects of and to fluids). You have also developed a concept map as you worked through the...

...Experiment 3: Fluid Flow Friction and Fitting Loss
Objective
To determine the pressure or head loss in different diameters pipes, joints and valves
Theory
Pipe flows belong to a broader class of flows, called internal flows, where the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. In contrast, in external flows, such as flow over a flat plate or an airplane wing, only part of the flow is bounded by a solid surface. The term pipe flow is generally used to describe flow through round pipes, ducts, nozzles, sudden expansions and contractions, valves and other fittings. When a gas or a liquid flows through a pipe, there is a loss of pressure in the fluid, because energy is required to overcome the viscous or frictional forces exerted by the walls of the pipe on the moving fluid. In addition to the energy lost due to frictional forces, the flow also loses energy (or pressure) as it goes through fittings, such as valves, elbows, contractions and expansions. This loss in pressure is mainly due to the fact that flow separates locally as it moves through such fittings. The pressure loss in pipe flows is commonly referred to as head loss. When a fluid flows through pipes, energy is lost inevitably due to frictions which occur as a result of viscous drag. Fluid friction produces eddies and turbulence, and these form of kinetic energy are eventually converted into thermal energy. Losses in...

...Benefits of Hydration
The body is made up of around 75% water. Keeping the body adequately hydrated is a must to ensure good health especially in athletes. Sometimes proper hydration is difficult for people if they do not prefer the taste of water. This can lead to serious problems with their health.
Determining your hydration can be simply done in two ways. One way to determine your hydration is to examine your urine. If you are properly hydrated it will appear pale yellow or sometimes clear, however it appears dark in color, this indicates dehydration. For regularly active individuals, an alternative way to determine hydration levels is by weighing pre and post workout. If you weigh less after your workout (due to excessive sweating), you are probably dehydrated. It is recommended to drink 16 ounces of water per pound lost (during exercise) to replace fluids in the body. There is some controversy on sports drinks versus water. Though sports drinks can replace salts in the body to reduce leg cramps, etc… Water is always the best solution for rehydrating.
We have always been taught to drink 8 glasses of water a day. Medicinenet.com provides an actual formula showing daily fluid requirements:
Body weight Daily fluid requirements (approximate)
10 pounds 15 ounces
20 pounds 30 ounces
30 pounds 40 ounces
40 pounds 45 ounces
50 pounds 50 ounces
75 pounds...

...﻿Hydration
Super Hydration
Super hydration is an approach to fluid intake to enhance fat loss through drinking ice cold water, and is flavoured by some body builders and people on rapid fat loss diets. There is currently no sound scientific evidence to prove that drinking ice cold water has any major effect on fat loss through increased kilocalorie use.
Symptoms of super hydration include:
Controlled appetite
Clear skin
Increased alertness
Regular bowl movements
It has been suggested that exercising in a super hydration state encourages weight loss during an exercise programme, as it influences fat loss from your body exercising more due to being alert and strong, maintaining a balanced body temperature, absorbing minerals, vitamins, amino acids and glucose and increasing digestion. It is believed that the large amount of water triggers fat loss, as it aids the kidney and liver function of metabolising stored fat into energy.
The World Health Organisation recommends that a person drinks a least eight glasses of water a day, which is the equivalent of about 2 litres of fluid a day and extra for any fluid loss as sweat during activity. This figure might be considerably higher for a sports performer, with fluid loss for some high intensity sports in hot climates being as high as 4 litres per hour.
To be effectively hydrated, most...

...Advanced Pathophysiology &amp; Health Assessment NUR5703 2011
Pre-course Learning Objectives:
Fluids and Electrolytes:
1. Identify and describe the composition of the fluid compartments within the body
Either Intracellular fluid (ICF- 2/3 of the body’s water) or extracellular fluid (ECF -one third of the body’s water). The two main extracellular fluid compartments are the interstitial fluid and the intravascular fluid, which is the blood plasma. Other ECF compartments include the lymph and the transcellular fluids such as the synovial , intestinal, bilary, hepatic, pancreatic, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and intraocular fluids.
2. Discuss the function of the following electrolytes within the body and identify the normal ranges:
* Sodium: Na+ 136- 145 mmol/L: sodium is the most abundant ECF ion (cation- positively charged ion)(90%) and is responsible for the osmotic balance of the ECF space by regulating osmotic forces and therefore regulating water balance (interstitial and intravascular fluid volume). Other function include: working with potassium and calcium to maintain neuromuscular irritability for conduction of nerve impulses, regulation of acid-base balance (through sodium bicarbonate and sodium phosphate), participation in cellular chemical reactions and membrane transport.
*...

...Boundary conditions in super-critical flow ..........................................................................................................18
1 The derivation of the continuity equation
Consider a short length, ∆x, of channel
h
Surface
Q1
z
Q2
φ
bed
∆x
Datum
Figure 1 - Short length of channel
1
The following symbols are used in this derivation:
A = the cross-sectional area of the section
h = depth of flow at the section
z = elevation of surface above a datum at the section
v = mean velocity at the section
Q = discharge at the section
b = width of the top of the section
x = position of the section measured from the upstream end
t = time
g = acceleration due to gravity
ρ = mass density of the fluid
Others symbols are defined in the text at the point when they are introduced.
Assuming that there is no lateral inflow, then
∂Q
Q2 − Q1 =
∆x
∂x
This has the partial derivative since Q is changing with both x and time, t.
Now the volume of water between the sections 1 and 2 is increasing as a rate of
∂h
b ∆x
∂t
where b is the top width,
As cross-sectional area A = bh then this is equivalent to
∂A
∆x
∂t
The terms are equal in magnitude but of opposite sign, so
∂Q
∂h
∆x + b ∆x = 0
∂x
∂t
as
∂Q ∂ (Av )
=
then
∂x
∂x
v
∂A
∂v
∂h
+ A +b
=0
∂x
∂x
∂t
(1)
This is the continuity equation
2 The derivation of the dynamic or momentum equation.
By applying Newton’s 2nd law to our...