Soft power cold war

Stop at one of the most difficult challenges in the work of a. Svechin, "Strategy", – the cooperation of politicians, diplomats and military. This is dedicated to division of labour "Diplomatic plan". It is necessary, in my opinion, primarily because despite accelerating the agony of a unipolar world order, we continue to see the dominance of the us and its allies in the so-called soft power first and foremost in the organization and conduct political and diplomatic actions.

To neutralize this superiority is the main principle of Russia should be clear and flawless collaboration of Russian politicians, military and diplomats, as in the specific historical examples says a. Svechin. He put forward the idea of the integral military leader in the wars of the twentieth century, in whose hands should be concentrated force and resources of the country, management of all modern fronts of struggle: armed, economic, political. So during the great patriotic war was the state defense committee headed by stalin.

The war confirmed the correctness of this and other svechinskiy ideas. But today, their study and spread of the modern life, no one does. It is time to address this legacy. In domestic practice many bright pages of interaction between military and civilian structures in the system making decisions.

One of them is preparing for negotiations with the USA on the reduction and limitation of armaments and support of the process. In the 70-ies of the policy in this area was formed mainly by a special commission of the politburo. It initially included: ustinov (chairman), andrei gromyko, grechko, and andropov, leonid smirnov, l. Keldysh.

The composition has varied, but among the permanent members has always been secretary of the cpsu central committee in charge of defense issues, head of the foreign ministry and the ministry of defense, the chairman of the kgb, chairman of the council of ministers for military-industrial complex (the so-called big five). The commission has determined the position of the soviet delegation at the talks and control them. Materials, drafts of all documents for the "Big five" was prepared by a permanent working group of overbalances represented in the commission offices (so-called little five). It was headed by first deputy defense minister, chief of staff of the armed forces of the Soviet Union s.

Akhromeev and the first deputy minister of foreign affairs mr. Kornienko. In different years in the "Small five", in addition to s. Akhromeeva and g.

Khromov. The main burden in preparing the negotiations carried the foreign ministry, ministry of defense and the kgb in the person of the first deputies of their leaders (g. Kornienko, n. Ogarkov, b.

Ivanov). They develop positions and draft guidelines prepared other documents, determined the composition of the delegation, who daily watched the progress of the negotiations. Were involved in this work and representatives of other agencies. In those conditions, the system justifies itself, although was too centralized, not flexible enough and operational, require large human resources structural units of the ministry of foreign affairs and ministry of defense.

With the increasing pace and challenges in the negotiation process, she began to slip, especially when the talks abroad were a large number of specialists. In the 80-ies the situation has changed – the foreign ministry and the defense ministry formed a special management. So, the general staff created the legal and treaties department (dpu) under the command of colonel general n. Chervova, which in 1990 was replaced by lieutenant-general fedor ladygin.

After gorbachev put forward zaikova l. In the summer of 1985, the secretaries of the cpsu central committee on defence, he headed the "Big five". All documents related to the position of the ussr on the reduction and limitation of strategic offensive arms in the ongoing soviet-american negotiations were made in the cpsu, signed by l. Zaikova, e.

The interdepartmental commission of the politburo in l. Zykova earned in new ways. The meetings were held according to plan and regularly. Often the chairman of the meeting communicated directly with the secretary general and discussed with him questions.

It was emphasized that the leadership of the state was directly involved in the formation of policy in the field of disarmament. The commission worked closely with the "Small five", which became in fact its working body. After 1990, Mikhail gorbachev was elected president of the ussr, the "Big five" became the commission on the negotiations on arms reduction and security in the defence council under the president of the ussr. From this point on all issues related to disarmament issues, was formally transferred to the president of the ussr.

When formulating positions and directives on the negotiations proceeded from the common political leadership of the country in the field of defense. Initial outline proposals (intent) was done in the bowels of the offices of the foreign ministry and the defense ministry. Often issued at the direction of the first deputy minister of foreign affairs or the chief of staff. In both cases, after receiving their consent, the draft proposals were presented for the discussion of the "Small five".

In turn, the general staff of the drafts of the documents to agree in advance with the commanders of the armed forces, because the needs and requirements of their commanders-in-chief to defense is not always combined with the negotiations. To expertly proportioned to ensure reliable security and foreign policy interests of the state, the general staff was required to exert great efforts in search of mutually acceptable solutions. An agreed position was reported to the minister after which it was carried out for discussion of the working group. Work on the "Small five" representatives of each agency were extremely creative and skilled.

Decisions were made by consensus with the general agreement of all its participants. Naturally, there were disagreements, arguments, discussions. But everything usually ended with peace and the development of an agreed solution. Periodically to work in the "Little five" has attracted decision makers of ministries and departments, as well as the main headquarters of the strategic missile forces, air force and navy.

The group of experts of the gou and the gru, research institutes mo. The advisers were top designers and general strategic systems. It helped qualitative and comprehensive study of the problem, gave confidence to the passage of documents on all levels, including on inter-agency commission (the"Big five") and with the approval of the president of the ussr. Prepared by the "Small five" projects were deep and qualitative study of issues of high culture of design, the deep reasonableness of our position in the negotiations, including meetings at the highest level (in respect of disarmament topics).

"Small five" have always worked quickly and from the point of view of technical support. According to n. Chervova, developed in 80-ies of the mechanism to determine principled positions of the ussr and the preparation of directives for negotiations was justified by the practice of the time. He worked clearly, confidently, competently, completely consistent with the then current state of U.S. -soviet relations and mainly suits the heads of the foreign ministry, defense ministry, kgb and the top political leadership of the country.

Activities of the negotiation process in the centre and abroad is ensured by the selection of qualified negotiators, such as g. Kornienko, v. Sets, yu kvitsinsky, v. Karpov, and a.

Kataev (other departments). The team of negotiators of a single team have become like this. It evolved over the years, carefully grown, tested in practice in the ability to protect the public interest and defend positions in one of the most difficult areas of nuclear disarmament. Despite the difficult, sometimes exhausting and nerve work, the team has withstood many years of testing and proved positive.

In the selection of personnel of the defense ministry was guided by the main requirement: at the talks – the cutting edge. Therefore, there must be sent the most literate in the broadest sense and competent people. No consideration of material interest, familiarity, and nepotism was not here, the chief of the general staff of dpu n. Worm.

Each nominee was considered on all sides. Therefore, in the control there was virtually no errors: all the negotiators were worthy of defense abroad. It was necessary to have skilled workers in the center to not only cope with the large volume of tasks, but to react to everything that happens in the negotiations. However, priority is always given to the selection of the negotiators in the delegation.

Thus it is necessary to emphasize the great help of the soviet delegations had officers of the Russian vehicles attaché defense, military, air and naval. Sometimes in Russia you can hear the criticisms of the soviet delegation regarding concessions on her part. Supposedly, this is "Sold", more "Give". Such statements out of ignorance of the problem.

Without reasonable mutual concessions and compromises of the parties (equally strong) in fact cannot be meaningful negotiations. Even in times of "Psychic" attack reagan and the crisis of the "Euromissiles", when even the desire of Washington to make an agreement for the soviet side the idea of keeping balanced negotiations was maintained. Subsequently it was. But – and this is most important – the delegation compromises not alone, not by his desire, and within the approved guidelines.

The main objective of the delegation – ably to justify their position, to defend and prove their advantage for both contracting parties. The head of the U.S. Delegation – paul nitze, m. Kampelman and others on my own experience, the negotiating skills of such professionals as, for example, yu kvitsinsky and v.

Karpov, f. Ladygin, v. Ku.

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