To Imagine A Gingrich Presidency, Look To The '90s

In September 1994, then-House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich addressed Republican congressional candidates on Capitol Hill during a rally where they pledged a new "Contract with America." Months later, Republicans gained control of both houses of Congress for the first time in decades, and Gingrich became speaker of the House.

Gingrich stands with then-Republican Rep. John Kasich of Ohio while President Clinton signs the balanced-budget agreement in August 1997.

Paul J. Richards
/ AFP/Getty Images

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Originally published on November 18, 2011 1:54 pm

Newt Gingrich served as speaker of the House of Representatives for four turbulent and productive years.

From 1995 through 1998, Congress forced a government shutdown, overhauled the welfare system, balanced the budget for the first time in decades and impeached a president for the second time in history.

Gingrich was in the middle of those debates, fiery in his rhetoric, yet willing to compromise and work with a Democratic president.

The 104th Congress

The election of 1994 was a watershed moment in U.S. politics. For the first time in four decades, Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives. Leading the charge was Gingrich, a former history professor.

He emerged from the back benches of the House, gaining a reputation as a rhetorical flamethrower, using words like "corrupt" and "pathetic" to denounce his Democratic opponents and the failings of what he tirelessly dismissed as the liberal welfare state.

"I would insist that it is impossible to maintain American civilization with 12-year-olds having babies, 15-year-olds killing each other, 17-year-olds dying of AIDS, and 18-year-olds getting diplomas they can't even read," he said at the time.

As speaker, Gingrich led House Republicans through the planks in the "Contract with America," a campaign document many GOP candidates used as a template in the 1994 election. Among other things, it called for passage of a balanced-budget amendment to the Constitution, term limits and streamlining the operations of the House.

Few of the provisions made it into law. But working with President Clinton, Congress reformed welfare and enacted a balanced budget.

"The kind of speaker that he was, was one that was willing to be a consensus builder," says James Thurber, director of the Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies at American University. "He worked with Clinton. He was a person who got a lot accomplished with the president — the balanced budget, for the first time since 1969; the 100,000 cops bill; welfare reform; and a variety of other things."

"We can make an honest, legitimate claim that this is the most significant Congress in a generation," said Gingrich, "and you have to go back to Lyndon Johnson's 1965-66 efforts to see a comparable scale of change."

A 'Split Political Personality'

But while Gingrich was working with the president on policy, he was working against him politically. House Republicans relentlessly pursued impeachment charges against Clinton for lying to a grand jury over his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

"The impeachment shows the split political personality of Newt Gingrich," says Jack Pitney, a political science professor at Claremont McKenna College.

"On the one hand, just before the impeachment controversy started, he was working privately with Bill Clinton on a grand compromise on entitlements, which would have been the capstone of bipartisanship," Pitney says. "But instead, the House became more polarized than ever. So you have Gingrich the healer, Gingrich the hollerer, Gingrich the thoughtful bipartisan and statesman, and Gingrich the hard-charging partisan."

Gingrich also misstepped. In 1997, he was fined $300,000 for violating House ethics rules relating to a course he taught. He issued an apology on the House floor, acknowledging that his critics might have been right.

"To the degree I was too brash, too self-confident or too pushy, I apologize. To whatever degree in any way that I brought controversy or inappropriate attention to the House, I apologize," he said.

After the 1998 election, in which House Republicans unexpectedly lost seats, Gingrich could see the political writing on the wall. He had already survived an attempted coup by his Republican colleagues. Shortly after the November election, he announced he would relinquish the speaker's gavel and resign from Congress.

Campaigning in Iowa this week, Gingrich was asked about his years as speaker.

"If you look at the totality of what we accomplished, I had a pretty good speakership. I'd rather have done that than been a caretaker," he said. "I did burn out my party. There's no question [that] by the spring of 1998, they were just tired, and they didn't want to fight anymore, and they didn't want to have any new ideas — I actually had a senator say to me, 'We're not doing any ideas this year.' "

Gingrich is still full of ideas and sounds very much the history professor on the stump. In fact, says American University's Thurber, he has much in common with the man he'd like to replace in the White House.

"He may be very similar to President Obama, in the sense that President Obama at times sounds like the professor president, and certainly Newt does — he loves to give long, complex answers and really lectures on issues," Thurber says.

It's impossible to predict what kind of president Gingrich would make, but if his speakership is any guide, it seems safe to assume a Gingrich White House would be one of bold ideas and polarizing politics.

Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:

Presidential candidate Newt Gingrich served as Speaker of the House for four turbulent and productive years. After Gingrich became speaker in 1995, Congress forced a government shutdown, overhauled the welfare system, balanced the budget for the first time in decades and impeached a president for the second time in history.

Newt Gingrich was in the middle of those debates, fiery in his rhetoric, yet willing to compromise and work with a Democratic president. NPR's Brian Naylor reports on the lessons of Speaker Gingrich.

BRIAN NAYLOR, BYLINE: The election of 1994 was a watershed moment in American politics. For the first time in four decades, Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives. And leading the charge, was former history professor Newt Gingrich. Gingrich emerged from the back benches of the House, gaining a reputation as a rhetorical flame thrower, using words like corrupt and pathetic to denounce his Democratic opponents and the failings of what he tirelessly dismissed as the liberal welfare state.

NEWT GINGRICH: I would insist that it is impossible to maintain American civilization with 12-year-olds having babies, 15-year-olds killing each other, 17-year-olds dying of AIDS, and 18-year-olds getting diplomas they can't even read.

NAYLOR: As speaker, Gingrich led House Republicans through the planks in the Contract with America, a campaign document many GOP candidates used as a template in the 1994 election. Among other things, it called for passage of a balanced budget amendment to the constitution, term limits and streamlining the operations of the House. Few of the provisions made it into law. But working with President Bill Clinton, Congress reformed welfare and enacted a balanced budget.

James Thurber is director of the Center for Congressional and Presidential Studies at American University.

PROFESSOR JAMES THURBER: The kind of speaker he was was one that was willing to be a consensus builder; he worked with Clinton. He was a person who got a lot accomplished with the president; the balanced budget for the first time since 1969, the 100,000 Cops Bill, welfare reform and a variety of other things.

GINGRICH: We can make an honest, legitimate claim that this is the most significant Congress in a generation. And you have to go back to Lyndon Johnson's 1965-66 efforts to see a comparable scale of change.

NAYLOR: But while Gingrich was working with the president on policy, he was working against him politically. House Republicans relentlessly pursued impeachment charges against Mr. Clinton for lying to a grand jury over his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

Claremont-McKenna Political Science Professor Jack Pitney.

PROFESSOR JACK PITNEY: The impeachment shows the split political personality of Newt Gingrich. On the one hand, just before the impeachment controversy started he was working privately with Bill Clinton on a grand compromise on entitlements, which would have been the capstone of bipartisanship. But instead, the House became more polarized than ever.

So you have Gingrich the healer, Gingrich the hollerer, Gingrich the thoughtful bipartisan statesman, and Gingrich the hard-charging partisan.

NAYLOR: Gingrich also misstepped. In 1997 he was fined $300,000 for violating House ethics rules relating to a course he taught. He issued an apology on the House floor acknowledging his critics may have been right.

GINGRICH: To the degree I was too brash, too self-confident, or too pushy, I apologize. To whatever degree in any way that I brought controversy or inappropriate attention to the House, I apologize.

NAYLOR: After the 1998 election, in which House Republicans unexpectedly lost seats, Gingrich could see the political writing on the wall. He had already survived an attempted coup by his Republican colleagues. And shortly after the November election, he announced he would relinquish the speakers gavel and resign from Congress.

Campaigning in Iowa this week, Gingrich was asked about his years as speaker.

GINGRICH: If you look at the totality of what we accomplished, I had a pretty good speakership. I'd rather have done that then been a caretaker. I did burn out my party, there's no question. By the spring of 1998, they were just tired and they didn't want to fight anymore and they didn't want to have any new ideas. I actually had a senator say to me, we're not doing any ideas this year.

NAYLOR: Gingrich is still full of ideas and sounds very much the history professor on the stump. In fact, says American University's James Thurber, he has a lot in common with the man he'd like to replace in the White House.

THURBER: He may be very similar to President Obama, in the sense that President Obama at times sounds like the professor-president, and certainly Newt does. He loves to give long complex answers and really lectures on issues.

NAYLOR: It's impossible to predict what kind of president Gingrich would make. But if his speakership is any guide, it seems safe to assume a Gingrich White House would be one of bold ideas and polarizing politics.