How the story of Christmas saved Islam

As a writer, I have always appreciated how Christmas is a time for great storytelling. Some of the most moving parables ever told have been inspired by this special time of year. A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens continues to touch the heart, 166 years after it was first published. The journey of Ebenezer Scrooge from cruel miser to loving community man strikes a chord in the human spirit, and has led to numerous film adaptations, including the most recent CGI bonanza by Robert Zemeckis.

Other important works that reflect the Christmas message of love and giving are O. Henry’s short story The Gift of the Magi, where a husband and wife each part with their most treasured possessions to give a gift to each other, only to discover that each has given away what was needed to enjoy the other’s present. The husband sold his beloved pocket watch to buy a jeweled comb, only to learn that his wife has cut her luxurious hair and sold it to a wigmaker in order to buy him a watch chain. That story still manages to bring tears to my eyes, which is perhaps the essence of any good Christmas tale.

While those are familiar stories to millions of people, I would like to share a Christmas story that many people today do not know. The true story of how the tale of Jesus and Mary saved the nascent religion of Islam from annihilation.

In my novel, Mother of the Believers, I recount this remarkable story. Six hundred years after the birth of Jesus Christ, the once tiny and persecuted faith founded in his name had become a global power. Christianity had become the official state religion of the Roman Empire and its successor, Byzantium. But as Jesus warned, power corrupts, and his simple message of love for God and humanity had been eclipsed by the cruel politics of governing an empire.

Christianity at the time was threatened by both external enemies and internal division. The Byzantines were locked in a struggle of superpowers with the neighboring Persian Empire, and millions were dying in the never-ending state of war between these two societies. Internally, arguments about theology had split the Church into a variety of factions and sects, each claiming to properly understand the nature of Christ and his teachings. Groups like the Egyptian Copts that failed to follow the “official” theological line coming out of Rome and Byzantium were persecuted by their fellow Christians. Jews were prohibited from living in Jerusalem and suffered mightily under the yoke of their Christian overlords.

Yet in the midst of this turbulent time, something unusual was happening in the desert wastes of Arabia. The Arabs had for centuries lived outside the boundaries of civilization, ignored by the great empires around them as nomadic herders with no government and limited social order based on tribal affiliation. There were no courts of law, and justice was meted out through the tribal principle of retaliation. If a member of a powerful tribe killed someone from another strong clan, a blood feud would ensue between the two groups, continuing sometimes for generations. But if someone came from a poor family, from a weak tribe, there would be no one to come to their aid or avenge any injustice against them. Women were regularly subjected to rape by bandits and raiders, and infant girls were often buried alive by fathers angry that their wives had not given them sons.

Poverty and illiteracy was the norm, and survival of the fittest the only principle of life. Religion had had little to offer to alleviate the suffering of the people; indeed the religious life of Arabia added to its misery. The Arabs worshipped a pantheon of competing gods, nature spirits that they prayed to but which offered little back in terms of spiritual comfort, and no hope for any life past the grave. The profound truths that Jesus Christ had proclaimed of faith being about service and love for mankind had not penetrated into the hearts of these hardened desert survivors, and the idea of religion being the basis for charity and social justice was beyond their comprehension.

The world of 7th century Arabia would have made modern day Afghanistan look like an advanced civilization.

And yet despite its primitive state of affairs, something truly remarkable was happening in Arabia at that time. A man named Muhammad had a vision of the Angel Gabriel telling him that God had sent him as a Prophet to lead the Arabs out of darkness into light. That the time had come that the children of Abraham though his son Ishmael rejoin their father’s community by worshipping the One God, the God of Moses and Jesus. A God of love and justice, who enjoined charity and mercy among mankind. A God who commanded men to treat women with honor and to protect their children, not bury them alive.

The Prophet’s message was met as a new faith always is – with derision and ridicule. The wealthy oligarchs of his city Mecca found his admonitions to give to the poor offensive, his call for an end to the blood feuds and the cruel traditions of their ancestors an insult to their culture. And more importantly, Muhammad’s proclamation of One God was a direct threat to their pocketbooks. Mecca had become the center of trade in the region, as it hosted the Kaaba, an ancient shrine once built by Abraham for his God, but now dedicated to the local tribal deities. The annual pilgrimage when Arabs from all over the peninsula came to worship their gods at the Kaaba brought in huge revenue – and the Prophet’s proclamation that these deities were illusory was a dagger at the heart of Mecca’s wealth.

The early followers of Prophet Muhammad were, not surprisingly, from the poor and the weak. Those who had no protection from the ravages of society found hope in the new movement, known as Islam, which meant simply “to surrender oneself to God” – the essential teaching of all of God’s messengers, from Abraham through Jesus Christ. And yet, as persecution worsened, and Meccans began to attack and kill the Muslims (“those who had surrendered to God”), it became clear that the movement had to escape from the clutches of the tribal lords and find safety elsewhere.

Many may be familiar with the “hijrah” or “emigration” – the famous moment in 622 C.E. when Prophet Muhammad escaped from Mecca and established a community in the oasis of Medina to the north. From there, Islam blossomed and become a global religion and civilization within only a few years. The hijrah was the turning point of Islam, and Muslims to this day mark it as Year 1 of their calendar.

Yet the hijrah to Medina was not the first emigration in Islam. It was the second.

And our Christmas story begins with that first emigration, to the Christian kingdom of Abyssinia, in modern day Ethiopia.

In 615 C.E., five years after the prophet’s first vision of Gabriel, persecution of the Muslims had become a life-and-death matter. A Muslim woman named Sumaya, the first martyr of Islam, had been publicly murdered by a Meccan tribal chief. The weakest members of the community, such as the African slave Bilal, were subjected to torture. And the Arab chieftains were coming together to proclaim a ban of trade with the Muslims, prohibiting citizens of Mecca from providing food and medicine to members of the new movement.

Facing the very real possibility of extinction, a small group of Muslims led by the Prophet’s daughter Ruqayya and his son-in-law Uthman, escaped Meccan patrols and managed to get to the Red Sea, where they fled to Abyssinia by boat. They sought the protection of the Negus, the Christian king who had a reputation for justice.

The Meccan chieftains were outraged when they learned of the Muslim escape to Abyssinia. Trade with Africa was important to their economic power, and the arrival of dissident Arabs in the Abyssinian court could create an embarrassing diplomatic problem. The tribal lords dispatched Amr ibn al-As, a respected merchant who had befriended the Negus, to recover the Muslim refugees before they could harm Mecca’s image with its trading partners.

Amr arrived with expensive gifts and honeyed words for the Negus. He advised the king that Muslim refugees were criminals and asked that they be repatriated to Mecca. The Negus was concerned that he could be harboring troublemakers in his kingdom and summoned the Muslim refugees to his court to answer the allegations.

It was a tense moment, as the Muslims were brought before the Negus and the Meccan delegation. If things went badly, they would be handed over to Amr to taken back against their will. In reality, they knew that once they were in Amr’s hands, they would probably never see Mecca. In all likelihood, they would be killed long before they reached their erstwhile home.

When the Muslims responded that they were not criminals but victims of religious persecution, the Negus asked: “What is this religion wherein you have become separate from your people, though you have not entered my religion nor that of any other of the folk that surround us?”

The Prophet’s cousin Ja’far, known for his eloquent speech, stepped forward and said:

“O King, we were people steeped in ignorance, worshiping idols, eating unsacrificed carrion, committing abominations, and the strong would devour the weak. Thus we were, until God sent us a Messenger from out of our midst, one whose lineage we knew, and his veracity and his worthiness of trust and his integrity. He called us unto God, that we should testify to His Oneness and worship Him and renounce what we and our fathers had worshiped in the way of stones and idols; and he commanded us to speak truly, to fulfill our promises, to respect the ties of kinship and the rights of our neighbors, and to refrain from crimes and from bloodshed. So we worship God alone, setting naught beside Him, counting as forbidden what He has forbidden and as licit what He has allowed. For these reasons have our people turned against us, and have persecuted us to make us forsake our religion and revert from the worship of God to the worship of idols. That is why we have come to your country, having chosen you above all others; and we have been happy in thy protection, and it is our hope, O King, that here with you we shall not suffer wrong.”

The Negus, a devout Christian, was intrigued by Ja’far’s words and asked him if this Prophet had brought a scripture like the messengers of old. Ja’far nodded, saying that their Scripture was the Qur’an, which means recitation in Arabic. The Negus asked them to recite from their holy book.

And Ja’far recited for them a verse that had been revealed to the Prophet about the birth of Jesus Christ, who was revered as one of God’s messenger’s by the Muslims.

“And make mention of Mary in the Book, when she withdrew from her people unto a place towards the east, and secluded herself from them; and We sent unto her Our Spirit, and it appeared unto her in the likeness of a perfect man. She said: I take refuge from you in the Infinitely Good, if any piety you have. He said: I am none other than a messenger from your Lord that I may bestow on you a son most pure. She said: How can there be for me a son, when no man has touched me, nor am I unchaste? He said: Even so shall it be; your Lord says: It is easy for Me. That We may make him a sign for mankind and a mercy from Us; and it is a thing ordained.” (19:16-21)

The Negus was deeply moved to hear the story of Christ’s miraculous conception in the Muslim scripture. He said to his guests:

“This has truly come from the same source as that which Jesus brought.”

The Meccans became alarmed. The shared love for Jesus and Mary had created a bond between the Christians and Muslims that threatened to disrupt the Meccan scheme. Amr, who knew that the Muslims saw Jesus as a human messenger of God rather than a divine being, quickly tried to create rift between the two communities.

“O King, they utter an enormous lie about Jesus the son of Mary. They call him a slave!”

The Abyssinian priests gasped at this apparent blasphemy. The Christian king tensed. He turned to the Muslims with a frown.

“What do you say about Jesus?”

Ja’far could only tell the truth.

“We say of him what our Prophet brought unto us, that he is the servant of God and His Messenger and His Spirit and His Word which He cast unto Mary the blessed virgin.”

A tense silence fell on the crowd. And then the Negus smiled.

For him, the differences between Christian and Muslim visions of Jesus were just semantics. He had tired of the kind of theological disputes that had torn apart his fellow Christians and had led to never-ending accusations of heresy and warfare between competing Christian groups. Arguments over complicated theologies about the nature of Christ were not what mattered to him as a Christian. What mattered was that God had sent Jesus Christ to teach humanity love. And the Muslims clearly loved Jesus Christ.

“Go your ways, for you are safe in my land. Not for mountains of gold would I harm a single man of you.”

And then he sent his attendant to the Meccan envoys.

“Return unto these two men their gifts, for I have no use for them.”

And in that moment, Islam found its first refuge. In a Christian land, under the protection of a Christian king who viewed Muslims as his brothers and sisters.

The history of Christianity’s relationship with Islam has not always been so cordial. From the Crusades to the horrors of September 11th, both communities have committed atrocities against the other.

And yet it was not so at the beginning. And perhaps it will not be so at the end.

For me as a Muslim, this story of how Christians and Muslims could get past theology and see the truth in each other’s hearts is one of the most beautiful tales to unite our communities as we struggle to define faith in the 21st century.

And like the story of Christmas itself, I believe that the tale of the Christian king and the Muslim refugees is not just a memory of a time long past. It is, I hope, a vision of a world still to come. A world that will be built by sincere people of faith, who care more about love for humanity than about the triumph of their own tribe or theology.

It is, God-willing, a prophecy.

On behalf of your Muslim brothers and sisters, I wish you all a joyous Christmas.

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12 Responses to “How the story of Christmas saved Islam”

Your article is worth reading and a timely good piece of work .
It is well recited and excellently written.

The story of the first home of refuge of Islam to be Ethiopia is the most fascinating story which provides a hint as to what the greater equation of peace should be: a wise deliverance of justice instead of protecting friendship.

I really apreciate your article. I know the story before, but the way you presented here is really exceptional.

Even today, there is much more good things in Ethiopia to learn about the peaceful relationship between Islams and Christians. I am not refering to the relation between the young generation, who are western oriented christians and radical Muslim; but the entire standard residents. There is a lot of respect, a lot of love a lot of cooperation in daily life. intermarriage and shifting from one reliogn to the other are common is some places. For people, different religions are not different doors that lead to different directions; bu tdifferent doors to enter a single room- Heaven.
Kind Regards
M.A. Wondem

You have indeed made a great contribution to humanity when you decided to coin your masterly piece. Indeed this part of our history (the first hijra and the years that followed) should be our vision if this choatic world of ours is to enjoy peace and stability. It is for this reason that some intellectuals have sounded the alarm to use the Negashi/Nejashi (Abyssinian) Model to foster interreligious understanding and co-operation around the world.

As important and breath taking your article is, it is being manipulated and misused by some fanatic Ethiopian websites to advance their ill-fated political agenda of intolerance and subjugation. Ethiopian Muslims suffered in unimaginable maginitude under the slogan of Christian Ethiopia and it saddened me to see an article of such lofty purpose is being used for an evil goal.

Negashi, I don’t know how the Ethiopian website used this article for propoganda. They changed the title to attract attention so that people can read this beautiful story. Ethiopia is a nation that people of the three greatest religions live side by side harmoniously despite the current government’s effort to incite inter-ethnic and reliogen war. I don’t know of the evil goal you are implying the Ethiopian website is using this article for. It’s simply this beautiful article posted so that people realize the muslim side of Ethiopia’s magnificent history.

Dear Kamran:

Thank you thank you very much for this article…you have made my christmas brighter.

Thank you for your beautiful telling of this story. May we all put aside theology & the need to feel that we (alone) are right and know all ABOUT God (theology), for the sake of love & faith that teach us to know God in our hearts and live in harmony with God’s will, alongside others whose experience and traditions guide each along their unique path.

It is a breathtaking article which gives thought to the significance of love and justice to mankind over the blind fanatisism and theological pretentiousness. The Abysinian Negus displayed unparalleld wisdom that all human being created in the image of God shall be loved and protected despite our differences in faith, nationality, color, etc.
Thank you for this impressive article that certainly has a positive impact on the way I used to see religious differences.

Mr. Pasha,
You put fire on Ethiopian grounds by calling Ethiopia “christian Ethiopia.” You should have used the old name of Ethiopia which is northern part of present Ethiopia as a christian. These three provinces are mostly coptic christians. They conquered the rest eleven provinces (99% moslems) and called it Ethiopia just a century ago. Ethiopia map just 20 years ago was different forget a century ago.
So called “king Haile Selasie” used to call native moslems as “Moslems who live in Ethiopia.” This means moslems are not even second class citizens but alien. The repression was unparallel. The king tribes will tell you even as witnessed here with above commentators that we live side by side in peace. But they’ve never said we took your land, your identity, we called you aliens, we minimize your population in statistics, etc. There is a say that Ethiopian moslems and Yameni Jewish are the weakest human beings on earth. They don’t stand for their rights in non-violent way. Instead they carry the burdon of pain on their back.
There are two laws in Axum province (northern Ethiopia) who follow Egyptian coptic church. They can build churches and not the moslem. Where on earth you find this law. May be in Vatican or Mecca.
The current government was very fair, just at first. They fought for 17 years to bring freedom for all. They changed a lot except in religion area lately. They return to King Haile’s way of rule. Ethiopia is a christian island means surrounded by enemy moslems. They don’t say it officialy but practically you can see and hear it. Visit Ethiopia.
Moslems in Ethiopia are the most peacefull people on earth. They are majority but few in government post. Very painful to live in Ethiopia because of unjust. I love current government in Ethiopia but those unproductive ramenants of old regime orthodox followers tied the hands of brave heroes in high government positions.
The government call itself a secular but not. No wonder Ethiopia became backward becuase of fanatics ruled the country for a century.
Please address the unequality and subhumane tx of the majority part of the Ethiopian population- the moslems. Please do a research or documentary film so that moslems can raise their head in their own land.
I can send you the article written by Westerners who said current country called Ethiopia is not a christian Island. Those westerns are honest. They don’t lie like those people who prays day and night but do evil things.
I pray that Ethiopia remains one under equal, just and prospority for all of its citizens without bias.
Thank you

As a Christian I thank you for this wonderfully written article. I am also in the middle of reading your wonderfully written book Mother of the Believers. I have been trying to read the Quaran for the last few weeks and have been having a hard time making sense of it. Your book is quite helpful in understanding literally where the Messenger was coming from. Maybe I would fare better if I knew Arabic and could read it in it’s original text but…I will just keep at it.
As the King in the article above I believe that the Messenger was a prophet and meant to bring the Arabs to God. I look forward to learning more about Islam and it’s history. Respectfully yours

[…] 615, when the Muslim community was still a weak and persecuted minority, a small group of believers set out for Abyssinia, where the Prophet told them they would find just treatment and a respite from the […]

[…] 615, when the Muslim community was still a weak and persecuted minority, a small group of believers set out for Abyssinia, where the Prophet told them they would find just treatment and a respite from the cruelty of […]