..It has been proposed that dopamine (DA) sustains up states in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN). Testing this hypothesis requires an in vitro preparation, but up states are typically only observed in vivo...

..Thus, the modulatory actions of D1 and D2 receptors on PFC pyramidal cell excitability are mediated by multiple intracellular mechanisms and by activation of GABA(A) receptors, depending on the glutamate receptor subtypes involved...