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1 June 26, National Household Survey: Labour Force, Education, Place of Work, Commuting and Mobility On June 26, 2013, Statistics Canada released its second set of data from the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS). These data were collected on May 9, The NHS replaces what was previously known as the long-form Census. The data in this release corresponds to the 2011 Census population totals. According to the 2011 Census, the population of Toronto in 2011 was 2,615,060, an increase of 4.5% since NHS and Census data reported here are not adjusted for undercoverage. The total current population of the City of Toronto is estimated at 2.7 million by Statistics Canada. This release does not compare 2011 NHS results with those from earlier Census releases, because NHS data were collected differently than data in the 2006 (and earlier) Census. For a more detailed discussion of the methodological changes between the 2011 NHS and the 2006 Census, please see the first NHS Backgrounder, at: Key Points City of Toronto residents have a higher unemployment rate than other Canadians (9.3% vs. 7.8%) and have a slightly lower labour force participation rate (64.3% vs. 66.0%). See page 7 for definitions. The City's incidence of part-time employment is slightly lower than the rest of the Greater Toronto Area and Hamilton (GTAH), Ontario and Canada. City of Toronto residents have higher levels of educational attainment than other Canadians. One third (33%) of all Torontonians 15 years and over have a bachelor degree or higher. A larger proportion of City of Toronto residents (19.7%) attended school in 2011 than did residents of the rest of the GTAH, Ontario and Canada. The City of Toronto's resident labour force is concentrated in three economic sectors: Information and Cultural Services, Finance and Insurance and Professional Services, Scientific and Technical Services City of Toronto has the highest proportion of workers that take public transit to work. 36.5% of City residents take public transit to work; the census division with the next highest transit modal split in Canada is Montreal (34.1%). City of Toronto, like other GTA, residents have substantially longer commutes than most Canadians. The median commute duration for City of Toronto residents is 30.4 minutes versus the national average of 20.5 minutes. 1

2 Labour Force According to the NHS, there were 1,399,985 City of Toronto residents aged 15 years and over in the labour force in May City of Toronto residents have a higher unemployment rate (9.3%) than other Canadians (7.8%). See table 1, after the text. Overall, female City of Toronto residents are more likely to be unemployed (9.8%) than men (9.0%). However, men aged and aged are more likely to be unemployed than females of the same age. Unemployment rates tend to decline with age, particularly for men. Unemployment rates are higher for City residents with lower levels of educational attainment. Labour force participation rates for City residents are lower than in the rest of the GTAH except Hamilton. Men 25 years and older living in the City of Toronto are more likely to be participating in the labour force than women 25 years and over. Young women between the ages 15 and 24 are slightly more likely than young men to be in the labour force. Both male and female participation rates peak in the age group. Labour force participation rates also vary with education, particularly for women. Men with a high school diploma are much more likely to be in the labour force (65.5%) than women with the same level of education (52.7%). However, slightly more women (78.1%) than men (75.2%) with earned doctorates are in the labour force. Place of Work 81.5% of Toronto residents had a usual place of work, which mirrors the national average, but is lower than the rest of the GTAH (82.5%) and Ontario (82.1%). See table % of Toronto residents reported no fixed workplace address. Persons with no fixed workplace address are employed, but do not report to the same job site every day. Males are much more likely than females to have no fixed workplace address (15.0 % vs. 7.0%), which is mainly because a large proportion of persons with no fixed workplace address are employed in the construction trades (that are dominated by males). 6.9% of Toronto residents work at home compared to the 6.3% in the rest of the GTAH, 6.7% in Ontario and 6.9% in Canada. Both males and females are roughly as likely to work at home. 2

3 Class of Worker 81.4% of employed City residents worked full time in 2010 and 18.6% were employed part time. The incidence of part-time employment is slightly lower in the City of Toronto than the rest of the GTAH, Ontario and Canada. Peel Region has the lowest proportion of residents employed part-time (17.1%) and Hamilton has the highest (22.5%). Female residents of the City of Toronto are much more likely to be working parttime than males (23.0% vs. 14.3%). 11.3% of City residents are self-employed. This is higher than the proportion of residents in the rest of the GTAH (10.4%), Ontario (10.6%) and Canada (11.0%). Males are significantly more likely than females to be self-employed (14.1% vs. 8.4%). Commuting to Work City of Toronto residents are much more likely than other Canadians to take public transit to work. 36.5% of City residents take public transit to work; the census division with the next highest transit modal split in Canada is Montreal (34.1%). Other major Canadian cities have considerably lower transit shares: Ottawa(22.5%), Vancouver(19.7%), Calgary(14.9%) and Edmonton(11.0%) Most employed City of Toronto residents (52.9%) commute to work by motor vehicle (car, truck, van). Female City residents are more likely to take transit to work and males are more likely to commute to work by motor vehicle (car, truck, van). Another gender difference in modal choice is that men are more likely to bicycle to work (2.6% vs 1.7%) and women are more likely to walk (8.3% vs. 6.3%). Residents of the rest of the GTAH are significantly more likely to commute to work by motor vehicle and much less likely to take transit than City of Toronto residents. GTA residents have substantially longer commutes than other Canadians. The median commute for City of Toronto residents is 30.4 minutes, which is almost identical to the rest of the GTAH, except Hamilton. Hamilton residents have a median commute of 20.9 minutes, which is almost the same as the median for all Canadians (20.5 minutes). Male and female City residents have the same median commuting times. 17.6% of City residents leave for work before 7 am. This is a substantially lower proportion than other GTAH residents. For example, 30.8% of Durham residents 3

4 leave before 7 am to go to work. Education One third (33%) of all City residents 15 years and over have a bachelor degree or higher. This is a higher percentage than the rest of the GTAH (25%) and Canada overall (21%). 15% of City residents 15 years and over have college certificates or diplomas and 24% have high school diplomas or equivalents. 69% of City residents between the ages of 25 and 64 years have a postsecondary degree. This is the third highest in the GTAH, slightly behind Halton (74%) and York (70%) regions. 11% of City residents aged 25 to 64 years do not have a certificate, diploma or degree, compared to 10% in the rest of the GTAH and 13% in Canada overall. A similar proportion of women and men aged 25 to 64 years in Toronto have graduate degrees (16% and 17%, respectively). One-fifth (19%) of City of Toronto residents received a post-secondary certificate, diploma or degree from outside of Canada, compared to 15% in the rest of the GTAH and 9% in Canada. Only Peel region has a higher percentage (21%). Toronto has the lowest percentage (5%) of people with an apprenticeship, trade certificate or diploma in the GTAH. In comparison, 12% of Canadians have an apprenticeship, trade certificate or diploma. Business, management and public administration was the most prevalent field of study in Toronto (23% of those with a postsecondary degree), followed by architecture, engineering and related technologies (16%), and social and behaviour sciences and law (15%). Business, management and public administration was the most popular field of study for women (25% of females with a postsecondary degree). Architecture, engineering, and related technologies was the most popular field of study for men (29% of males with a postsecondary degree). 19.7% of City of Toronto residents attended school in This is more than residents of the rest of the GTAH, Ontario and Canada. This pattern holds true for all age groups and both for males and females. See table 6. Industry The industry with the largest share of total labour force in Toronto is the Professional, Scientific and Technical Services industry with 11.1% of the total labour force. This is followed by Retail Trade (9.5%) and Health Care and Social Assistance (9.4%). 4

5 Table 7 shows location quotients by industry. A location quotient is a measure of the relative concentration in an industry compared to the national average. The City of Toronto resident labour force is strongly concentrated in three industries: o Information and Cultural Industries o Finance and Insurance o Professional, Scientific and Technical Services City residents are also more likely than other Canadians to work in the following industries: o Management of Companies and Enterprises o Real Estate and Rental and Leasing o Administrative and Support, Waste Mgmt o Arts, Entertainment and Recreation o Other Services (Except Public Administration) Residents of the rest of the GTAH are also concentrated in the high order business services industries, however, to a lesser extent than City residents. Residents of the rest of the GTAH are more likely to work in Finance and Insurance, Wholesale Trade, Management of Companies and Enterprises as well as Manufacturing than other Canadians. What some readers may find surprising is that despite the obvious presence of a large hospital complex downtown, several large universities and Toronto s role as the capital of the second largest government in Canada, the City s labour force is not concentrated in these industries. A significantly smaller proportion of City of Toronto residents work in Public Administration (4.3%) than all Canadians (7.0%). City residents are also less likely to work in Construction and Transportation and Warehousing than other Canadians. A similar share of City of Toronto residents work in Educational Services and Accommodation and Food Services as all Canadians. Occupation The occupation data generally show the same pattern as the industry data. The highest location quotient for City of Toronto residents is Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport. City residents are almost twice as likely to work in these occupations as all Canadians. Other occupations with a relative concentration in Toronto include: Business, finance and administrative occupations; Natural and applied sciences and related occupations; Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services. 5

6 The occupation with the largest share of total labour force in Toronto is sales and service with 22.6%. This is followed by business, finance and administration (18.3%) and education, law and social, community and government services (12.5%). The most common occupations for female City of Toronto residents aged 15 years and over are: o sales and service (23.8%); o business, finance and administration (24.2%). The most common occupations for male City of Toronto residents aged 15 years and over are: o sales and service (21.0%); o trade, transport and equipment operators (15.9%). Migration and Mobility One in every six immigrants to Canada over the past five years settled in the City of Toronto. 200,600 immigrants came to the City between 2006 and More than half of GTAH s 366,000 recent immigrants make their home in the City (54.8%). One in every 12 residents of the City in 2011 came from outside Canada over the previous five years. The City has the highest proportion of recent immigrants in the GTAH at 8.2%. This is more than twice the national proportion of 3.9%. The next largest proportion of recent immigrants is in Peel Region at 6.9%. Between May 2010 and May 2011, 302,200 people migrated to Canada, and one sixth (50,200) settled in the City of Toronto. Over the past five years, more than one quarter of Torontonians moved within the City (645,000 or 26.5%). In the last year alone, one in 11 residents moved within the City (9.0%) or almost 230,000 people. Both figures are considerably higher than for the rest of the GTAH, Ontario and Canada Youth Unemployment The unemployment rate City residents aged is 30.6%; for residents aged it is 18.7%. However, these figures include students who are at school fulltime. Table 9 shows that there were 148,380 City of Toronto residents aged in 2011 and 12,830 were "unemployed"; however, 86.1% of these unemployed youth (11,045) were going to school. 1,785 City residents aged were unemployed and not at school. In addition, another 10,510 residents aged were not at school and were not looking for 6

7 work in A similar pattern is revealed for residents aged The unemployment rate for residents aged that are not at school is 14.0%, which is significantly lower than the unemployment rate for students aged SELECTED CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS: NHS Reference Week During the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May Labour Force Refers to persons who, during the reference week were either employed or unemployed. Labour force = Employed + Unemployed Unemployment Rate = Unemployed / Labour Force Participation Rate = Labour Force / Population aged 15+ Employed Refers to persons who, during the reference week: (a) did any work at all at a job or business, that is, paid work in the context of an employer-employee relationship, or self-employment. It also includes persons who did unpaid family work, which is defined as unpaid work contributing directly to the operation of a farm, business or professional practice owned and operated by a related member of the same household (b) had a job but were not at work due to factors such as their own illness or disability, personal or family responsibilities, vacation or a labour dispute. This category excludes persons not at work because they were on layoff or between casual jobs, and those who did not then have a job (even if they had a job to start at a future date). Unemployed Refers to persons who, during the week of Sunday, May 1 to Saturday, May 7, 2011, were without paid work or without self-employment work and were available for work and either: (a) had actively looked for paid work in the past four weeks; or (b) were on temporary lay-off and expected to return to their job; or (c) had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less. 7

8 Full-time or part-time weeks worked in 2010 Refers to persons who worked for pay or in self-employment in These persons were asked to report whether the weeks they worked in 2010 were full-time weeks (30 hours or more per week) or not, on the basis of all jobs held. Persons with a parttime job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks. Industry Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked. Occupation Refers to the kind of work performed by persons during the reference week as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. Persons with two or more jobs were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours. Place of work status Classification of respondents according to whether they worked at home, worked outside Canada, had no fixed workplace address or worked at a specific address (usual place of work). Workplace location Refers to the geographic location of the respondent's workplace. Commuters Workers who must travel to get to work. These workers may have a specific work address or may be with no fixed workplace address. Mode of transportation Refers to the main mode of transportation a respondent uses to travel between his or her home and his or her place of work. Time leaving for work Time at which a respondent usually leaves home to go to work. Commuting duration Refers to how many minutes it took for a person to travel from home to work. GTAH The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) and Hamilton, which corresponds to the City of Toronto, the regional municipalities of York, Halton, Durham, and Peel, and the City of Hamilton. 8

15 Table 6: Attendance at School City of Toronto Rest of GTAH Ontario Canada Total population aged 15 years+ 19.7% 19.4% 18.0% 17.3% 15 to 19 years 88.8% 88.2% 86.5% 84.3% 20 to 24 years 62.9% 60.7% 57.5% 53.7% 25 to 44 years 16.9% 13.0% 13.7% 14.1% 45 to 64 years 5.9% 5.0% 4.7% 4.5% 65 years and over 1.9% 1.6% 1.5% 1.6% Table 7: Location Quotients by Industry (Canada = 1) City of Toronto Rest of GTAH Ontario 11 - Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale trade Retail trade Transportation and warehousing Information and cultural industries Finance and insurance Real estate and rental and leasing Professional, scientific and technical services Management of companies and enterprises Administrative and support, waste management and rem Educational services Health care and social assistance Arts, entertainment and recreation Accommodation and food services Other services (except public administration) Public administration Table 8: Location Quotients by Occupation (Canada = 1) City of Toronto Rest of GTAH Ontario Management occupations Business, finance and administration occupations Natural and applied sciences and related occupations Health occupations Occupations in educ, law and social, community & gov't Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport Sales and service occupations Trades, transport and equipment operators and related Natural resources, agriculture and related production occs Occupations in manufacturing and utilities *Location quotients measure how specialized a geographic area is in a particular industry/occupation. The location quotient is defined as the ratio of an industry s share of the local economy to that industry s share of the Canadian economy. A location quotient near 1 indicates an average level of specialization, below 1 is below average, and above 1 is above average. Table 9: City of Toronto Youth Employed Unemploy Not in LF Total Age At school 24,735 11,045 95, ,710 Not at School 4,365 1,785 10,510 16,660 Total 29,105 12, , ,380 Age At school 53,510 15,465 45, ,125 Not at School 46,460 7,535 13,335 67,330 Total 99,970 23,005 58, ,465

21 Taking Public Transportation to Work: Employed Population Aged 15 Years and Over By Census Tract Percentage of Labour Force Taking Public Transportation to Work 0-10 (19) (119) (176) (117) (107) No data available 0 2 kilometers 4 Source: City of Toronto; City Planning Division, Strategic Initiatives, Policy & Analysis Copyright (c) 2013 City of Toronto. All Rights Reserved. Published: June 26, 2013 Prepared by: Research & Information Contact:

22 People Cycling to Work: Employed Population Aged 15 Years and Over By Census Tract Total Population Cycling to Work by Census Tract 0-10 (30) (53) (54) (93) 200+ (314) No data available 0 2 kilometers 4 Source: City of Toronto; City Planning Division, Strategic Initiatives, Policy & Analysis Copyright (c) 2013 City of Toronto. All Rights Reserved. Published: June 26, 2013 Prepared by: Research & Information Contact:

23 Percentage of the Population that Moved since 1 Year Ago By Census Tract Percentage of the Population that Moved since 1 Year Ago (2010) 0.0 to < 7.5 (64) 7.5 to < 10.0 (119) 10.0 to < 12.5 (108) 12.5 to < 15.0 (78) 15.0 to < 20.0 (81) 20.0 and above (88) No data available 0 2 kilometers 4 Source: City of Toronto; City Planning Division, Strategic Initiatives, Policy & Analysis Copyright (c) 2013 City of Toronto. All Rights Reserved. Published: June 26, 2013 Prepared by: Research & Information Contact:

24 Percentage of the Population that Moved since 5 Years Ago By census tract Percentage of the Population that Moved since 5 Years Ago (2006) 15 to < 30 (87) 30 to < 35 (108) 35 to < 40 (106) 40 to < 50 (124) 50 and above (113) No data available 0 2 kilometers 4 Source: City of Toronto; City Planning Division, Strategic Initiatives, Policy & Analysis Copyright (c) 2013 City of Toronto. All Rights Reserved. Published: July 8, 2013 Prepared by: Research & Information Contact:

25 Percentage of the Population that is External Migrants Over the Past 5 Years By census tract Percentage of Population that is External Migrants Over the Past 5 Years 0.0 to < 2.5 (48) 2.5 to < 5.0 (136) 5.0 to < 7.5 (131) 7.5 to < 10.0 (92) 10.0 to < 12.5 (72) 12.5 and above (59) No data available 0 2 kilometers 4 Source: City of Toronto; City Planning Division, Strategic Initiatives, Policy & Analysis Copyright (c) 2013 City of Toronto. All Rights Reserved. Published: July 8, 2013 Prepared by: Research & Information Contact:

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