DICKSON, J.
This is an appeal from the denial of post-conviction relief. In the defendant's first
trial, he was found guilty of murder, robbery, and rape, and the jury recommended the
death penalty. The trial court agreed and ordered a death sentence. On appeal, the judg

ment was reversed and remanded for new trial. Minnick v. State, 467 N.E.2d 754 (Ind.
1984), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1032, 105 S.Ct. 3512, 87 L.Ed.2d 642 (1985) ("Minnick I").
Upon retrial, the defendant was again found guilty of murder, robbery, and rape, but the
jury recommended against the death penalty. Notwithstanding this recommendation, the
trial judge ordered the death penalty imposed. We affirmed on direct appeal. Minnick v.
State, 544 N.E.2d 471 (Ind. 1989) ("Minnick II").See footnote
1 The defendant then filed for post-
conviction relief. After a substantial evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court issued
thorough findings of fact and conclusions of law and denied relief. The defendant now
appeals from this judgment, claiming error related to the following: (1) prosecutorial
misconduct; (2) ineffective assistance of counsel; (3) the trial court's use of non-statutory
aggravators in imposing the death penalty; (4) the trial court's decision not to follow the
jury's recommendation against the death penalty; and (5) various challenges to the facial
validity of the death penalty statute. We affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.
When appealing a negative post-conviction judgment, the defendant must convince
the reviewing court that the evidence is without conflict and, as a whole, leads unerringly
and unmistakably to a decision opposite that reached by the post-conviction court.
Spranger v. State, 650 N.E.2d 1117, 1119 (Ind. 1995); Fleenor v. State, 622 N.E.2d 140,
142 (Ind. 1993), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 999, 115 S.Ct. 507, 130 L.Ed.2d 415 (1994).

Prosecutorial Misconduct

The defendant contends that the post-conviction court erred in rejecting his claim
that he was denied a fair trial by various acts of prosecutorial misconduct, including:
failing to disclose evidence favorable to the defendant; intentionally presenting false
evidence; obtaining blood samples from the defendant without a court order; intentionally
violating a discovery order; and making improper argument to the jury and the court.
The defendant contends that the prosecutor withheld evidence regarding serology
tests known at the time of the defendant's second trial and that there is a reasonable prob
ability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. However, following that trial, further testing erased the value
to the defense of the undisclosed evidence. In spite of this fact, the defendant sought yet
another trial, this time based on newly-discovered evidence. The trial court's denial of
his motion was raised as an issue in the defendant's direct appeal following his second
trial. After hearing oral argument therein, this Court suspended consideration of the ap
peal and remanded to the trial court for a limited hearing regarding the tests. After hear
ing evidence, the trial court found that "the new evidence would not change the outcome
upon retrial." Minnick II, 544 N.E.2d at 474. This Court affirmed, holding that, "The
newly-discovered serological evidence would not, therefore, be likely to produce a differ
ent result upon retrial." Minnick II, 544 N.E.2d at 471.
In his subsequent post-conviction proceeding, from which the present appeal has
been taken, the defendant claimed a failure to disclose exculpatory evidence, the State's

use of false evidence, and prosecutorial misconduct. The post-conviction court rejected
the claim, concluding that "the Brady rule applies to exculpatory evidence" and the defen
dant's direct appeal in Minnick II "has already found such evidence was not
exculpatory." Record at 1360. Invoking res judicata as to the issue of whether the evi
dence was exculpatory and would have caused a different outcome, the post-conviction
court concluded that the defendant was not entitled to a windfall, was not prejudiced by
not being allowed to use information which later proved to be false, and therefore was not
deprived of a trial that was fair and reliable.
The defendant now contends that, in our previous review of his conviction, there
was no issue raised, and thus no judicial review, of a Brady violation, the State's use of
false evidence, or the cumulative effect of prosecutorial misconduct. The State responds
that the defendant has forfeited these issues by not raising them on direct appeal. Issues
available to the defendant on direct appeal which are not raised are generally forfeited.
Spranger v. State, 650 N.E.2d 1117, 1121 (Ind. 1995); Lowery v. State, 640 N.E.2d 1031,
1036-37 (Ind. 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 992, 116 S.Ct. 525, 133 L.Ed.2d 432 (1995).
We agree with the State that forfeiture applies, except to the extent that these claims may
support the defendant's claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, which we
address infra.
In addition to his claim of concealment and wrongful use of serology test
evidence, the defendant asserts that the prosecutor intentionally violated a discovery
order, made improper arguments to the jury and to the court, and improperly obtained the

defendant's blood sample after trial. He argues that these actions constitute prosecutorial
misconduct which require a reversal of his convictions and sentence. Because these other
issues were available on direct appeal but were not raised, the defendant's claims of pros
ecutorial misconduct are forfeited.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

The defendant alleges that he was denied the right to effective assistance of coun
sel by: (1) the trial court's refusal or reluctance to pay defense counsel's fees and neces
sary investigation or expert witness fees; (2) the failure of defense counsel to adequately
prepare for the guilt phase of the trial; (3) the failure to adequately present mitigation in
the sentencing hearing; and (4) the failure of appellate counsel to submit a complete re
cord and to present claims of prosecutorial misconduct, including suppression of evidence
and presentation of false evidence.See footnote
2 The post-conviction court found that defense coun
sel's performance during the guilt phase of the trial was above the minimum standard
required and, thus, the defendant was not denied the effective assistance of counsel.
Although noting a deficiency of counsel during the sentencing phase, the post-conviction
court found that the defendant was not prejudiced by such performance.
In the defendant's first claim of ineffective assistance, he relies on Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 692, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2067, 80 L.Ed.2d 674, 696 (1984),See footnote
3 and
United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659 n.25, 104 S.Ct. 2039, 2047, 80 L.Ed.2d 657,
668 (1984), to support his claim that a denial of effective representation can be presumed
when certain conditions exist.
The Court in Cronic observed that limited circumstances of extreme magnitude
may justify "a presumption of ineffectiveness" and such circumstances are, in and of
themselves, "sufficient without inquiry into counsel's actual performance at trial." Id. at
662, 104 S.Ct. at 2048, 80 L.Ed.2d at 670. Such circumstances "are so likely to prejudice
the accused that the cost of litigating their effect in a particular case is unjustified." Id. at
658, 104 S.Ct. at 2046, 80 L.Ed.2d at 667. As noted by Justice Powell, Cronic stands for
the proposition that, "[i]n such circumstances, the defendant is in effect deprived of coun
sel altogether, and thereby deprived of any meaningful opportunity to subject the State's
evidence to adversarial testing." Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 395 n.2, 106
S.Ct. 2574, 2593-94, 91 L.Ed.2d 305, 333 (1986) (Powell, J., concurring) (emphasis
added).
Cronic provides a narrow "exception" to the traditional Strickland analysis. Under
Cronic, certain circumstances negate the Strickland requirement that a defendant establish
both deficient performance and actual prejudice. However, if the circumstances do not

give rise to a Cronic exception, the defendant must fulfill the individualized requirements
of Strickland. See Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659 n.26, 104 S.Ct. at 2047, 80 L.Ed.2d at 668.
Cronic delineated three circumstances justifying this presumption: (1) the com
plete denial of counsel; (2) situations when counsel entirely fails to subject the State's
case to meaningful adversarial testing; and (3) situations where surrounding
circumstances are such that, "although counsel is available to assist the accused during
trial, the likelihood that any lawyer, even a fully competent one, could provide effective
assistance is so small that a presumption of prejudice is appropriate without inquiry into
the actual conduct of the trial." Id. at 659-60, 104 S.Ct. at 2047, 80 L.Ed.2d at 668. In
the present case, the defendant argues that the trial judge's denial of funding requests for
experts and his extensive delay in paying the public defender fees for the first appeal and
second trial resulted in trial counsel essentially having to try the case without any com
pensation. These circumstances are alleged to have prevented trial counsel from provid
ing counsel as required by the Sixth Amendment. Thus, the defendant is attempting to
prove the third circumstance identified in Cronic to establish that these unfavorable con
ditions justify a presumption of ineffective assistance.
To establish his Cronic claim, the defendant must have proven to the post-convic
tion court that the surrounding circumstances completely deprived the defendant of any
meaningful opportunity to subject the State's evidence to adversarial testing.
Kimmelman, 477 U.S. at 395 n.2, 106 S.Ct. at 2593-94, 91 L.Ed.2d at 333 (Powell, J.,
concurring). As this is an appeal from a post-conviction negative judgment, the defen

dant must now convince this Court that the evidence presented during the post-conviction
proceeding is without conflict and, as a whole, leads unerringly and unmistakably to a
decision opposite the post-conviction court's decision. Spranger, 650 N.E.2d at 1119.
The "surrounding circumstances" claimed by the defendant include the absence of
funds to pay defense counsel and to hire experts. The defendant claims that counsel "was
unable to hire experts because he felt the trial court would not approve his request for
fees." Brief of Petitioner-Appellant at 69. However, absent a request for funds with
which to hire an expert, the defendant cannot show that his request would necessarily
have been denied, and he thus fails to prove this "surrounding circumstance." As to the
lack of funds to pay defense counsel, the defendant does not show how the lack of pay
ment denied him any meaningful opportunity to challenge the State's case. He was in
fact represented throughout the second trial by defense counsel who had previous experi
ence with other serious criminal cases and had served as defense counsel for defendant's
first trial. The defendant has not shown that the post-conviction evidence unequivocally
establishes that the surrounding circumstances completely deprived him of any meaning
ful opportunity to contest the State's case.
As to the remainder of his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant
relies upon allegations of individualized errors. To establish such claims in the post-
conviction proceeding, the defendant was required to show both that counsel's perfor
mance was deficient, making errors so serious that the counsel was not functioning as the
"counsel" guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment, Strickland, 466 U.S. at

687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d at 693, and that, because of such deficient perfor
mance, the result was fundamentally unfair and unreliable. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506
U.S. 364, 369-70, 113 S.Ct. 838, 842-43, 122 L.Ed.2d 180, 189 (1993).
Upon review of the post-conviction court's denial of the defendants claim of inef
fective assistance of counsel, we determine whether the evidence leads unerringly and
unmistakably to an opposite decision. Spranger, 650 N.E.2d at 1119. "[I]t is only where
the evidence is without conflict and leads to but one conclusion, and the [post-conviction]
court has reached an opposite conclusion, that the decision will be disturbed." Fleenor,
622 N.E.2d at 142. Thus, we must determine if the post-conviction evidence unerringly
leads to a conclusion contrary to that of the post-conviction court regarding counsel's
performance or the fundamental fairness or reliability of the result.
As to the defendant's claim that trial counsel did not adequately prepare for the
guilt phase of the trial, the defendant alleges on appeal that trial counsel did not request
funds to hire expert consultants, that he failed to take action when he learned that the
State had initiated further serology tests, and that he conducted an inadequate cross-ex
amination of the State's forensic pathologist. Because the defendant's final amended
post-conviction petition did not claim denial of counsel from the failure to request funds,
this specific claimed failure is not available in this appeal.
The post-conviction court found that defense counsel would have been remiss in
seeking a delay for additional testing which would likely be detrimental to the defendant.
Comparing the post-conviction examination of the State's forensic witness with the cross-

examination conducted by the defense at trial, the post-conviction court found that the
alleged omissions were insignificant and that trial counsel's performance was "certainly
not ineffective." Record at 1373. The defendant has not established that the evidence
compels a conclusion opposite that of the post-conviction court.
The defendant further contends that, in the preparation for the penalty and sentenc
ing phases, his trial attorney did not pursue extensive evidence of the defendant's child
hood, his home situation, or his impaired mental or emotional state. He contends that, in
light of testimony that was available but not presented during the trial court penalty and
sentencing proceedings, his death sentence lacks reliability. However, our task in review
ing this claim is to determine whether the evidence leads unerringly to a decision opposite
that reached by the post-conviction court.
Noting the fact that the jury returned a verdict recommending against imposing the
death penalty, thus rendering any alleged deficiencies of counsel in the penalty phase
devoid of resulting prejudice, the post-conviction court correctly concluded that the focus
must be on the subsequent sentencing hearing. After an extensive review of the evidence,
the post-conviction court found that the defendant's trial counsel was "below standard" in
preparing and presenting evidence for consideration by the trial court at sentencing, but
that "[w]hat little evidence of mitigation there exists is far outweighed by the aggravating
factors." Record at 1396. The post-conviction court's conclusion included the following:
The evidence presented by the Petitioner most often cut both ways. Petitioner
was not from a rich home, but from a lower class working home. His natural par
ents were divorced and during his very early years, the family moved frequently.

However, this family finally settled down early in his school career. He was pro
vided for, kept clean, fed, and clothed. Although his step-father was strict, there
was no abuse except in a few isolated cases, and even that was not proven except
by speculation. He was not sexually abused. Except for being a sad child, no evi
dence of mental defect or disease exists.
The evidence of more serious conflict in the home with parents is in the late
teens. This is after he has been convicted of theft and burglary and sent to the Indi
ana Boys School.
The picture developed by the Petitioner in conjunction with evidence presented
by the State is that the Petitioner is a sociopath with an antisocial personality. A
personality which blames others for his own mistakes, will not learn from punish
ment, and has little concern for others. He is surrounded only with concern for
himself. Experience teaches him little. This is not mitigation evidence.
The Petitioner has had four (4) years to produce mitigating evidence and has
not succeeded. Most of the witnesses were subpoenaed and but for being called as
witnesses and ask[ed] questions, did little if anything to create evidence of mitiga
tion. Minnick was not prejudiced by his attorney not calling witnesses called by
the Petitioner in his PCR hearing, for they provided little if anything that could not
be overcome by the State on rebuttal.

Record at 1395-96. When, as here, the post-conviction court finds that, notwithstanding
a claim of attorney deficiency, the resulting judgment was fair and reliable, our focus is
on whether there is evidence supporting the post-conviction court's judgment. Games v.
State, 690 N.E.2d 211, 214 (Ind. 1997), pet. for cert. filed, (May 13, 1998) (No. 97-
9143). The evidence presented amply supports the post-conviction court's finding on this
issue. The defendant has not established that the evidence compels a conclusion opposite
that of the post-conviction court.
The defendant also contends that his appellate counsel was ineffective by failing to
include in the Record of Proceedings a copy of the pre-sentence investigation report and
by failing to raise, during the remand hearing and in his supplemental brief during his
direct appeal, the State's failure to provide exculpatory evidence, the State's presentation

of false witnesses, and prosecutorial misconduct. The post-conviction court rejected the
defendant's claim.
The standard of review for claims of denial of the right to appellate counsel is the
same as that used for trial counsel. Lowery v. State, 640 N.E.2d 1031, 1048 (Ind. 1994),
cert. denied, 516 U.S. 992, 116 S.Ct. 525, 133 L.Ed.2d 432 (1995). We note that "a court
need not determine whether counsel's performance was deficient before examining the
prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies." Strickland,
466 U.S. at 697, 104 S.Ct. at 2069, 80 L.Ed.2d at 699. Stating, "[t]he object of an
ineffectiveness claim is not to grade counsel's performance," the Court instructed that,
"[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient
prejudice, which we expect will often be so, that course should be followed." Id. In our
inquiry into prejudice, we must determine whether the result reached was fundamentally
fair or reliable.
Games, 690 N.E.2d at 214.
The defendant argues that his counsel's failure to include a copy of the pre-
sentence investigation report deprived him of meaningful appellate review of the
appropriateness of his death sentence. The post-conviction court did not address the
merits of this claim, finding it to have been presented upon the defendant's previous
direct appeal and thus barred by the doctrine of res judicata. We find that the issue now
presented was not addressed in our opinion in Minnick II and thus requires consideration.
To prevail on this claim, the defendant must demonstrate both the deficient performance
of counsel and a fundamentally unfair, unreliable result. We find the latter element

determinative. The contents of the pre-sentence report are generally consistent with the
post-conviction court's conclusions quoted above as to available mitigation. The omitted
report does not provide any appreciable degree of further information. In determining the
appropriateness of the death penalty on direct appeal, this Court held:
In the instant case, however, the evidence at trial revealed that appellant shares
his culpability with no one. He alone bears criminal responsibility for this
singularly brutal homicide in the course of which the victim was raped,
sodomized, stabbed, bludgeoned, strangled, and electrocuted. In light of these
circumstances, it seems fair to state that no reasonable person would find a death
sentence inappropriate here.

Minnick II, 544 N.E.2d at 482. We hold that, despite the claimed failure of counsel to
include the pre-sentence investigation report in the Record of Proceedings submitted on
direct appeal, the resulting death sentence is not fundamentally unfair or unreliable.
In his remaining post-conviction allegations of denial of counsel, the defendant
contended that his appellate counsel failed to assert claims related to the State's handling
of certain test results, specifically that the State concealed exculpatory evidence,
presented a false witness, and committed prosecutorial misconduct. The defendant now
asserts that the post-conviction court erred in its denial of this claim.
At trial, the defense argued that the defendant was merely an accomplice under the
substantial domination of another person. At the time of the defendant's first trial, the
State conducted serological tests on a piece of carpet extracted from the victim's home
containing semen samples. These tests showed two different areas of semen, both of
which came from blood-type O secretors. Blood tests revealed that both the defendant

and the victim's husband were blood-type O secretors, thus the defendant was not
excluded as the source of the semen. Prior to the defendant's second trial, the prosecutor
ordered further testing of semen samples taken from carpet at the victim's home, this time
by the Serological Research Institute ("SERI"). This later test contradicted the results of
the first test and revealed that the two sources on the carpet were from a secretor and a
non-secretor. This would have had the tendency to show the presence of an unknown
third-party source, which could have bolstered the defense's theory that the defendant
was merely an accomplice under the substantial domination of another person. However,
the prosecutor never revealed to the defense that he had ordered the tests, nor did he
disclose the results of those tests when they came back prior to the conclusion of the
second trial. Following the trial, however, subsequent blood tests established that the
defendant was in fact a non-secretor and that the blood tests from the first trial were
wrong, thus rendering the previously favorable evidence unfavorable to the defendant.
Thus, where the first tests led to the possibility that the victim's husband was the source
of both semen stains, the results of the later tests demonstrate that the husband is now
excluded as the source of the second stain, while the defendant cannot be excluded as its
source.
In addition to his claims regarding the SERI carpet tests, the defendant also
criticizes the State's failure to disclose SERI vaginal swab tests which failed to show the
presence of any semen. The jury heard both the testimony of Officer Kuhn that in his test
results he had found the presence of semen in the victim and the opposing testimony of

Dr. Pless, a Professor of Pathology at Indiana University who had conducted an autopsy
of the victim and found no evidence of any semen on any of the swabs he received from
the police laboratory.
In Brady v. Maryland, the United States Supreme Court held that "the suppression
by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process
where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good
faith of the prosecution." 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 1196-97, 10 L.Ed.2d 215, 218
(1963). To prevail on a Brady claim, a defendant must establish: (1) that the prosecution
suppressed evidence; (2) that the evidence was favorable to the defense; and (3) that the
evidence was material to an issue at trial. Id.; United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667,
685, 105 S.Ct. 3375, 3385, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). Evidence is "material" only if there
is a "reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the
result of the proceeding would have been different." Bagley, 477 U.S. at 685, 105 S.Ct.
at 3385, 87 L.Ed.2d at 496.
The defendant also claims that, because the prosecutor knowingly elicited the
testimony of police officers contrary to the second test results, he therefore obtained the
conviction through false evidence in violation of due process. Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S.
264, 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 1177, 3 L.Ed.2d 1217, 1221 (1959). The failure to disclose
exculpatory evidence and use of false evidence cases are inextricably intertwined, and
one noted treatise has observed that "the Supreme Court has treated them as based on
similar principles and governed by analogous standards." 2 Wayne R. LaFave and

Jerold H. Israel, Criminal Procedure § 19.5, at 531 (1984). The United States
Supreme Court frequently cites the two lines of cases together. See, e.g., Albright v.
Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 274 n.6, 114 S.Ct. 807, 813, 127 L.Ed.2d 114, 124 (1994) (stating
that both sets of cases collectively "deal[] with the defendant's right to a fair trial
mandated by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment" (citations omitted));
California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485, 104 S.Ct. 2528, 2531, 81 L.Ed.2d 413, 420
(1984) (characterizing both lines of cases as a "group of constitutional privileges"); Smith
v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 220 and n.10, 102 S.Ct. 940, 947, 71 L.Ed.2d 78, 88 (1982)
(noting that both lines of cases contain the same basic materiality requirement). We will
therefore treat these claims together.
Citing United States v. Dimas, 3 F.3d 1015 (7th Cir. 1993), and United States v.
Veras, 51 F.3d 1365 (7th Cir. 1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 999, 116 S.Ct. 540, 133
L.Ed.2d 444,See footnote
4 the defendant contends that we should not take into consideration any facts
which were discovered after his trial. He seeks to exclude consideration of the fact that
he is a non-secretor, which fact renders the undisclosed test results favorable to the State

and, thus, precludes a Brady violation.
In Dimas, the Seventh Circuit considered an alleged Brady violation. Remanding
for a hearing, the court noted that "the question is whether the result would have changed
if the prosecutors disclosed the evidence at the time [of the trial], not whether the
outcome would differ if the case were tried today." Id. at n.3. In Veras, the defendant
also claimed a Brady violation. The Seventh Circuit found no Brady violation because
the suppressed evidence was not material. In so holding, the court rejected the
defendant's attempts to use evidence which emerged after he had been convicted, stating
that "the Brady analysis was limited to the evidence known at the time of trial." Veras,
51 F.2d at 1375 (citing the above-quoted language from Dimas).
Notwithstanding Dimas and Veras
,
the State argues that, to avoid giving a windfall
to the defendant,
we should take
into account the evidence discovered after the second
trial under the authority of the Court's decision in Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364,
113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180 (1993)
. In his reply brief, the defendant challenges the
application of Fretwell, claiming that "Fretwell is an ineffective assistance of counsel
case and it has no application to a Brady analysis." Reply Brief of Appellant at 5 n.2. To
the extent that the defendant presents a Brady/Bagley claim in this appeal, however, it
arises within the context of his claim that his appellate counsel should have raised the
issue on direct appeal. Thus, the Fretwell standard is precisely applicable in our review
of the post-conviction court's consideration of the defendant's claim of ineffective
assistance.

Furthermore, even if a Brady/Bagley claim were being directly presented, rather
than in the context of a denial of appellate counsel claim, the evidence discovered after
the second trial would nevertheless properly be considered. The "windfall" application in
Fretwell is in the Court's discussion of the reasonable probability analysis under the
prejudice prong of Strickland. Significantly, the Court in Bagley specifically adopted this
same reasonable probability/prejudice prong analysis for its Brady materiality/reasonable
probability tests:
[I]nStrickland, the Court held that a new trial must be granted when
evidence is not introduced because of the incompetence of counsel only if
"there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's unprofessional
errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." TheStrickland Court defined a "reasonable probability" as "a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome."
We find theStrickland formulation . . . sufficiently flexible to cover .
. . cases of prosecutorial failure to disclose evidence favorable to the
accused: The evidence is material only if there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. A "reasonable probability" is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.

Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S.Ct. at 3384, 87 L.Ed.2d at 494 (citations and footnote
omitted). Accord Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 434, 115 S.Ct. 1555, 1566, 131
L.Ed.2d 490, 506 (1995) (noting that the Bagley Court "adopt[ed] [the] formulation
announced in Strickland v. Washington"). Because the Strickland prejudice formulation
has since been refined in Fretwell, which specifically rejected a "reasonable probability"
analysis that would have restricted its review to the time of the trial, we believe that the
time-restrictive holdings of Dimas and Veras are not applicable here.

In Fretwell, the defendant's counsel failed to make an objection that would have
been sustained under the law as it existed at the time of trial. The law later changed and,
at the time of the defendant's appeal, the objection would have been properly overruled.
Similar to the defendant's argument in the present case, the defendant in Fretwell argued
that the Court should look only to what happened at trial, contending that the "use of
hindsight is inappropriate in determining 'prejudice' under Strickland, and that this
element should be determined under the laws existing at the time of trial."
Fretwell, 506
U.S. at 371, 113 S.Ct. at 844, 122 L.Ed.2d at 190. However, the Court rejected this
argument, stating that the question was whether "the result of the trial [was] unreliable or
the proceeding fundamentally unfair." Id.
at 372,
113 S.Ct. at 844, 122 L.Ed.2d at 191.
The Court held that reversing the defendant's conviction would "grant the defendant a
windfall to which the law does not entitle him." Id. at 370,
113 S.Ct. at 843, 122 L.Ed.2d
at 189.
In addition, we note that both Dimas and Veras were based upon the Seventh
Circuit's interpretation of the "reasonable probability" standard from Bagley and Brady.
However, following these decisions, the United States Supreme Court further refined this
standard in Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S.Ct. at 1566, 131 L.Ed.2d at 506. Kyles
requires that the review of a Brady/Bagley claim be governed by whether, considering the
absence of the suppressed evidence, the defendant "received a fair trial, understood as a
trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence." Id. Upon the direct review of a
Brady/Bagley claim, "[t]he question is not whether the defendant would more likely than

not have received a different verdict with the [suppressed] evidence . . . . " Id. Rather,
the defendant must demonstrate that the suppressed evidence "could reasonably be taken
to put the whole case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict."
Id. at 435, 115 S.Ct. at 1566, 131 L.Ed.2d at 506.
The issue before this Court, however, is whether the post-conviction court erred in
rejecting the defendant's claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel for failure to
claim violation of Brady and Napue. Resolution of this issue rests upon whether the
evidence necessarily leads to a conclusion opposite that reached by the post-conviction
court. To have found for the defendant, it would have been necessary for the post-
conviction court to find both that appellate counsel was deficient and that, because of the
deficiencies, the result was fundamentally fair and unreliable. The defendant fails to
establish both prongs of this standard. The blood serology evidence, when including the
post-trial blood test, clearly disfavors the defendant. The SERI vaginal swab test results
are merely cumulative. Because the new evidence does not put the whole case in such a
different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict, the defendant's Brady claim
would not have been successful had it been raised on appeal. Appellate counsel was not
deficient for failing to raise such a claim.
Wallace v. State, 640 N.E.2d 374, 376 (Ind.
1994), cert. denied, 514 U.S. 1115, 115 S.Ct. 1972, 131 L.Ed.2d 861 (1995); Ingram v.
State, 508 N.E.2d 805, 808-09 (Ind. 1987).
In addition, there is no resulting prejudice
because it is clear that the result reached was fundamentally fair and reliable. Fretwell,
506 U.S. at 369-70, 113 S.Ct. at 842-43, 122 L.Ed.2d at 189; Games, 690 N.E.2d at 214.

We strongly disapprove of the State's failure to disclose the serology test results. In
another case, without the strange evidentiary metamorphosis present here, a Brady
violation would almost certainly be found. However, because the post-conviction
evidence does not lead to a result opposite that reached by the post-conviction court, we
find no error on this issue.
The defendant also contends that the post-conviction court erred in rejecting his
claim of denial of appellate counsel for failing to raise the issue of prosecutorial
misconduct arising out of these facts. The test for whether prosecutorial misconduct
occurred asks: (1) whether the State engaged in misconduct; and (2) whether the
misconduct had a probable persuasive effect on the jury's decision. Cox v. State, 1998
WL 340696, *4 and n.6 (Ind. June 26, 1998). As repeatedly noted above, however, a
constitutional claim of denial of counsel requires proof not only of attorney deficiency
but also of fundamentally unfair and unreliable result. Because the alleged prosecutorial
misconduct in failing to disclose the serology evidence, when considered in light of the
subsequent blood testing, does not present significant evidence in favor of the defendant,
the result was not unfair and unreliable. The post-conviction court did not err in rejecting
the claim of denial of appellate counsel in failing to assert prosecutorial misconduct.

Non-Statutory Aggravators

The defendant claims post-conviction error in rejecting his claim that in sentencing
the defendant to death, the trial court improperly considered aggravating circumstances

not specified in the death penalty statute and based its decision on matters which the jury
was not permitted to consider.
In the defendant's brief in support of his final amended petition for post-conviction
relief, he argued that the trial judge considered aggravating circumstances beyond those
enumerated in the death penalty statute, contrary to Bivins v. State, 642 N.E.2d 928 (Ind.
1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S.Ct. 783, 133 L.Ed.2d 734 (1996), and Bellmore
v. State, 602 N.E.2d 111 (Ind. 1992). He also contended that the court violated the
provision in the death penalty statute that requires the court to base its sentence on "the
same standards that the jury was required to consider." Record at 996-98. See Ind. Code
§ 35-50-2-9(b) (1993). The post-conviction court found that the defendant's claims
regarding the use of non-statutory aggravators were barred by res judicata.
In his direct appeal in Minnick II, the defendant claimed that the sentencing judge
"used improper criteria for finding aggravating and mitigating circumstances which were
taken from [the general felony sentencing statutory provisions] which she confused with
the aggravating circumstances stated in [the death penalty sentencing provisions]."
Appellant's Brief in Minnick II at 190-91. We rejected his contention and held that, "as
long as at least one of the aggravating circumstances from the death penalty statute is
proven and set forth in the sentencing statement, a trial court may find the existence of
other statutory aggravators and consider them in regard to capital sentencing." Minnick
II, 544 N.E.2d at 482.
Later, in Bivins, we revisited the issue and announced a new rule: "When the

death sentence is sought, courts must henceforth limit the aggravating circumstances
eligible for consideration to those specified in the death penalty statute." 642 N.E.2d at
955. We expressly cautioned, however, that "this new constitutional rule will not be
applicable on collateral review to cases which have become final, including those on
direct appeal, before the rule was announced." Id. at 956. See Daniels v. State, 561
N.E.2d 487, 489 (Ind. 1990).
The defendant concedes that the Bivins rule is not retroactive to his present appeal
from the denial of post-conviction relief. Brief of Petitioner-Appellant at 141, n.46. He
argues, however, that his claim presents a basis independent from the new Bivins rule.
Distinguishing the general felony statute's "specified aggravators," from its "catch-all" or
"open-ended" aggravator, (compare Ind. Code § 35-38-1-7.1(b) with § 35-38-1-7.1(d)
(1993)), the defendant asserts that the trial court considered various open-ended non-
death penalty aggravators (the defendant lists "the decedent's right to be safe in her own
home, post-mortem mutilation, the violence of the attempted electrocution, and the
strangling and knifing in imposing the death sentence." Brief of Petitioner-Appellant at
142). Citing Bellmore, he contends that the capital sentencing court's use of aggravators
that fall within the open-ended aggravator of the general felony sentencing statute is
unconstitutionally vague. 602 N.E.2d at 129. He urges that Bellmore applies
retroactively to this collateral proceeding because it did not state a new constitutional rule
but was based upon precedent existing when his case became final upon direct appeal.
The post-conviction court was correct in denying relief on this claim. To the

extent that the defendant seeks the retroactive application of a new constitutional rule of
criminal proceedings, it is not available to these collateral proceedings. Bivins, 642
N.E.2d at 956; Daniels, 561 N.E.2d at 489. To the extent that the issue is not governed
by such a new rule, it is forfeited by reason of the defendant's failure to raise it in
Minnick II.
The defendant also asserts that, by including non-statutory aggravating
considerations in its decision, the trial court improperly based its decision on matters that
the jury was not permitted to consider. Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(e) (1993); Thompson v.
State, 492 N.E.2d 264 (Ind. 1986). Because this specific claim was available but not
raised on direct appeal, the defendant claims fundamental error, citing Lowery v. State,
640 N.E.2d 1031 (Ind. 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 992, 116 S.Ct. 525, 133 L.Ed.2d 432
(1995), to avoid procedural default.
In Lowery, the defendant was charged with two murders, and the death penalty
count as to each asserted as one of the aggravating circumstances that the defendant had
committed another murder, referring to the other victim. The jury was so instructed.
However, in announcing his findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial judge found
as an aggravating circumstance that the defendant had been convicted of another murder.
In addressing this claim, we summarily recited that "due to the fundamental nature of the
error, we will review this issue." Id. at 1046. Proceeding to the merits, we denied the
claim because we were convinced that the trial judge did apply the same aggravator as
had the jury, but simply misspoke, accidentally substituting "convicted" for "committed."

Id. In the absence of any discussion of fundamental error in Lowery, we do not find any
binding authority from its election to address the merits of the claim after invoking the
phrase "fundamental nature."
As we recently noted, the "fundamental error" exception to the waiver rule is
available only when the record reveals clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary
principles of due process, and the harm or potential for harm cannot be denied. Canaan
v. State, 683 N.E.2d 227, 235-36 n.6 (Ind. 1997), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 118 S.Ct.
2064, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (1998). Furthermore, application of this exception in post-
conviction proceedings is generally limited to instances of deprivation of Sixth
Amendment right to counsel or to an issue demonstrably unavailable to the petitioner in
prior proceedings. Id. As to the defendant's claim of error here, we decline to find any
fundamental error. We find this claim forfeited by the failure to raise it on direct appeal.
The post-conviction court did not err in rejecting the defendant's claim on this issue.

Disregard of the Jury's Recommendation

The defendant urges that the post-conviction court erroneously refused his claim
that the trial court erred in disregarding the jury's recommendation and ordering a death
sentence. The post-conviction court held that this issue was also barred by res judicata.
In Minnick II, the defendant argued that the trial court failed to consider the jury's
recommendation against the death penalty. 544 N.E.2d at 481. After discussing our
standard of review in cases where the trial court imposes a death sentence

notwithstanding a contrary jury recommendation, we affirmed the sentence, concluding
that the trial court did not fail to consider the jury recommendation. Id. at 482. The
defendant presents two arguments to avoid the doctrine of res judicata. First, he argues
that it should not apply because the issue was addressed in his direct appeal sua sponte by
the court, without his having raised it and, thus, without the court having the benefit of a
full adversarial briefing. Second, he argues that we incorrectly decided the issue in his
direct appeal, resulting in manifest injustice.
This Court has noted that, "where an issue, although differently designated, was
previously considered and determined upon a criminal defendant's direct appeal," res
judicata is applicable to bar its consideration in post-conviction relief proceeding.
Cambridge v. State, 468 N.E.2d 1047, 1049 (Ind. 1984) (emphasis in original). The
defendant has cited us to no authority holding the doctrine of res judicata to be
inapplicable when a court's prior decision decides an issue sua sponte. We have
recognized that, despite claims of res judicata, a court may correct an error in its prior
holding, but only in extraordinary circumstances such as where the initial decision was
"clearly erroneous and would work manifest injustice." Arthur v. State, 663 N.E.2d 529,
531 (Ind. 1996), quoting State v. Lewis, 543 N.E.2d 1116 (Ind. 1989).
Notwithstanding this Court's prior evaluation of the trial court's death sentence
contrary to the jury's recommendation, applying Martinez-Chavez v. State, 534 N.E.2d
731 (Ind. 1989), the defendant asks that we now provide independent reconsideration of
the death sentence, alleging that our current appellate standard of review is prescribed in

Roark v. State, 644 N.E.2d 565 (Ind. 1994), which modified Martinez-Chavez. More
recently, in Peterson v. State, 674 N.E.2d 528, 539-40 (Ind. 1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S.
___, 118 S.Ct. 858, 139 L.Ed.2d 757 (1998), we reexamined our standard of review,
including our developing jurisprudence in Martinez-Chavez, Roark, and other capital
cases. To resolve possible inconsistencies, we declared the following as the standard for
appellate review in those cases where a death sentence is ordered notwithstanding a
contrary jury recommendation:
As part of our death penalty review, we will independently consider the jury
recommendation against death and determine whether the death penalty is
appropriate. However, we will not employ a standard that requires the facts in the
record to so clearly point to the imposition of the death penalty that the jury's
recommendation is unreasonable.

Id. at 540.
When we affirmed the defendant's death sentence in Minnick II, we expressly
noted the jury's recommendation and discussed the attendant circumstances of the crime
and the defendant's culpability. It is clear that we found the death penalty appropriate.
Because our decision in Minnick II was not clearly erroneous and does not work a
manifest injustice, the post-conviction court was correct to find this claim barred by res
judicata.

Facial Validity of the Death Penalty Statute

The final allegation of error raised by the defendant is that Indiana's death penalty
statute is unconstitutional under the federal and state constitutions. The defendant makes

three arguments in this regard: (1) the death penalty statute does not adequately restrict
the discretion of the prosecutor in deciding in which cases to pursue the death penalty; (2)
the statute does not adequately channel the discretion of the jury and judge (which claim
includes several arguments); and (3) the statute fails to provide meaningful standards for
appellate proportionality review. As the defendant notes, this Court has frequently
upheld the constitutionality of the Indiana death penalty statute, rejecting many of the
claims which he raises. See, e.g., Harrison v. State, 644 N.E.2d 1243, 1259 n.28 (Ind.
1995) (rejecting the defendant's claim that the jury should make written findings); Bivins
v. State, 642 N.E.2d 928, 946-48 (Ind. 1994), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1077, 116 S.Ct. 783,
133 L.Ed.2d 734 (1996) (citing to several cases in the course of rejecting both the first
and third claims made by the defendant in this case and also rejecting the defendant's
claim that the jury's recommendation must be unanimous); Miller v. State, 623 N.E.2d
403, 409-10 (Ind. 1993) (rejecting the defendant's burden of proof argument on the
second claim); Fleenor v. State, 514 N.E.2d 80, 91-92 (Ind. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S.
872, 109 S.Ct. 189, 102 L.Ed.2d 158 (1988) (rejecting the defendant's claim that the
requirements for specificity in the judge's findings upon imposing the death penalty are
insufficient); McNary v. State, 428 N.E.2d 1248, 1252 (Ind. 1981) (holding that juries
need not be instructed on words which can be understood by their common meanings,
thus rejecting the defendant's contention that factors such as "significant criminal
history," "substantially impaired," and "extreme emotional distress," need to be defined).
We decline the defendant's request to depart from this established precedent.

As to the claim that the statute does not adequately channel the discretion of the
judge and jury, the defendant contends that the Indiana death penalty statute's catch-all
mitigator, "any other circumstances appropriate for consideration,"See footnote
5 unconstitutionally
dilutes the significance or persuasiveness of a myriad of mitigating circumstances.
However, the defendant has presented no evidence whatsoever that such dilution actually
occurred in this case. Additionally, it is apparent that the legislature's choice to allow
death penalty defendants to present every conceivable mitigator is in compliance with
Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 98 S.Ct. 2954, 57 L.Ed.2d 973 (1978), which requires that
"the sentencer . . . not be precluded from considering as a mitigating factor, any aspect of
a defendant's character or record and any of the circumstances of the offense that the
defendant proffers as a basis for a sentence less than death." Id. at 604, 98 S.Ct. at 2964-
65, 57 L.Ed.2d at 990 (emphasis in original). We hold that the statutory "catch-all"
mitigator does not violate constitutional requirements.

I respectfully dissent. Justice Dickson's opinion uses procedural grounds to dispose of
Minnick's two most substantial claims to post-conviction relief: that in imposing the death penalty
the trial court (1) improperly invoked non-statutory aggravating circumstances and (2) improperly

overrode a jury recommendation against death. I believe that we should examine the merits of
both claims. And I would resolve the merits of both claims in Minnick's favor.

I

I readily acknowledge that many claims _ perhaps the vast majority of claims _ for post-
conviction relief are properly resolved on procedural grounds. This is as it should be because, as
we often say, post-conviction proceedings are not appeals but specialized, quasi-civil actions in
which only narrowly circumscribed claims are available. Ind.Post-Conviction Rule 1(1); see
Lowery v. State, 640 N.E.2d 1031, 1036 (Ind.1994) (the post-conviction remedy is not a substi
tute for an appeal), cert. denied 516 U.S. 992 (1995); Weatherford v. State, 619 N.E.2d 915, 916
(Ind.1993) (post-conviction procedures do not provide a "super appeal"). In the most general of
terms, claims for post-conviction relief are limited to those demonstrably unavailable at the time
of trial and direct appeal and those of deprivation of the constitutional right to effective assistance
of counsel. See Canaan v. State, 683 N.E.2d 227, 235 n.6 (Ind. 1997), reh'g denied, cert. denied
118 S.Ct. 2064 (1998). Both of Minnick's principal claims _ improper trial court invocation of
non-statutory aggravating circumstances and override of the jury's recommendation against death
_ were addressed in Minnick's direct appeal and resolved against him. Minnick v. State, 544
N.E.2d 471, 482 (Ind. 1989). In almost all circumstances, the doctrine of res judicata proscribes
relitigation of such claims in post-conviction proceedings. But I believe that circumstances of
these two claims unique to this case place them outside the res judicata bar.

A

In his direct appeal, Minnick argued that non-statutory aggravators were improperly used
to sentence him to death. This court, by a vote of 3-2, explicitly rejected Minnick's claim.
Minnick, 544 N.E.2d at 482. Minnick held that "in a capital sentencing the trial court may
consider other general felony statutory aggravators even if not included among the death penalty
statutory aggravators, as long as at least one of the capital statutory aggravators is proven."
Bellmore v. State, 602 N.E.2d 111, 128 (Ind. 1992) (footnote omitted).

Bivins v. State, 642 N.E.2d 928 (Ind. 1994), overruled the holding in Minnick. In Bivins,
we held that "[w]hen the death sentence is sought, courts must henceforth limit the aggravating
circumstances eligible for consideration to those specified in the death penalty statute." Id. at
955. The question then is whether the Bivins rule should be applied retroactively to Minnick's
case. As Justice Dickson's opinion points out, there is language in Bivins itself to the effect that it
should not be applied retroactively. The Bivins opinion pronounces that it is a new rule of
constitutional law, id. at 956; that it is not available to petitioners whose cases have became final
before the rule was announced, id. at 956 (citing Daniels v. State, 561 N.E.2d 487, 489 (Ind.
1990)); and that it did not "fall within either of the two narrow exceptions to the non-retroactivity
of new rules on collateral review," id. at 956 n.12 (citing Daniels, 561 N.E.2d at 490). But Bivins
was before us on direct appeal and so the court's pronouncements on retroactivity were obiter

dicta.See footnote
6 I fully subscribe to the doctrine of non-retroactivity announced in Daniels. See, e.g.,
Mohler v. State, 694 N.E.2d 1129 (Ind. 1998). And while I believe that in most circumstances
the Bivins rule should be subject to the Daniels bar, I would not so hold here.

In Daniels, we adopted as our state retroactivity rule the same retroactivity rule used by
the U.S. Supreme Court for reviewing habeas corpus petitions for relief from state judgments.
Daniels, 561 N.E.2d at 489 (citing Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), and Penry v. Lynaugh,
492 U.S. 302 (1989)). In support of our decision to follow the federal rule, we observed that the
purposes for which Indiana affords the remedy of post-conviction relief are substantially similar to
those for which the federal writ of habeas corpus is made available _ finality and the efficient
administration of justice. Mohler, 694 N.E.2d at 1132; Daniels, 561 N.E.2d at 489. This is cer
tainly true. But the federal rule is also grounded in principles of comity _ federalism's interest in
respecting state court judgments. See Teague, 489 U.S. at 308, 309. As Professor Hutton has
noted, the absence of the interest in comity differentiates the constraints on federal and state
retroactivity rules. Mary C. Hutton, Retroactivity in the States: The Impact of Teague v. Lane on
State Post-Conviction Remedies, 44 Ala. L. Rev. 421, 436-37 (1993).

In sum, a state's retroactivity rule need not be the same as the federal and, because the
constraints on the federal and state systems differ, there may be situations where they should not
be the same. I think this case is an example of the latter. I would hold that in Indiana, the rule of

non-retroactivity should not apply to claims for post-conviction relief in cases in which a sentence
of death has been imposed and the petitioner who seeks retroactive application of this court's new
rule raised precisely the same claim in his or her direct appeal and had it rejected by this court.
That is, where this court adopts a new rule which overrules the explicit prior adverse determina
tion of this court in a particular defendant's death penalty case, that new rule ought to be retroac
tive to that particular litigant. I view this as an extremely narrow exception which would not
apply to those petitioners who did not explicitly raise the issue in their direct appeal. These liti
gants never felt the impingement of the old rule and so there is no injustice in denying application
of the new rule to them. But I cannot justify on grounds of either finality or efficient administra
tion of justice the refusal to allow a capital litigant the benefit of a rule that that very litigant
timely raised and argued to us on direct appeal.

B

I also believe Justice Dickson's opinion gives inappropriately abrupt treatment to
Minnick's claim that the trial court erred in disregarding the jury's recommendation that he not be
sentenced to death. At the time Minnick filed his direct appeal with us, the state of the law was
that neither the trial court nor the court on appeal had any obligation to give deference or special
consideration to a jury recommendation against death. Schiro v. State, 451 N.E.2d 1047, 1054
(Ind. 1983). However, subsequent to the docketing of Minnick's appeal but before it was
decided, this court decided Martinez Chavez v. State, 534 N.E.2d 731 (Ind. 1989). Martinez
Chavez articulated a new standard of review for cases where the trial court imposes a death

sentence notwithstanding the jury's unanimous recommendation against death.See footnote
7 Despite the fact
that Minnick had not briefed the Martinez Chavez issue, the majority addressed it sua sponte and
held that Minnick was not entitled to relief under the new Martinez Chavez rule. Justice Dick
son's opinion today finds this determination to be res judicata, barring our consideration of it.

Because we applied Martinez Chavez adversely to Minnick on direct appeal without his
having the opportunity to present an argument in his own behalf, I believe that we should proceed
to the merits of his claim and not bar it on procedural grounds.See footnote
8

II

Proceeding to the merits of Minnick's Bivins claim, it is clear that the trial court in deter
mining Minnick's sentence considered aggravating circumstances not designated by our legisla
ture as appropriate for the death sentence.See footnote
9 The sentencing court in a death penalty case must
limit the aggravating circumstances eligible for consideration in death penalty cases to those speci
fied in the death penalty statute. Bivins, 642 N.E.2d at 955.

As to the merits of Minnick's jury recommendation claim, we should employ the review
methodology most recently articulated in Peterson v. State:

During appellate review of a death sentence where the jury has
recommended against death, two separate and distinct issues are always presented
for our consideration: (i) whether the trial court sentencing statement demonstrates
due consideration of the jury recommendation; and (ii) whether this Court, upon
independent reconsideration of a jury recommendation against death, nevertheless
concludes that the death penalty is appropriate.

Here it cannot be fairly said that the trial court sentencing statement demonstrates due
consideration of the jury recommendation. There is no mention of the jury recommendation in the
sentencing order. (R. at 306-307.) The trial court's oral sentencing statement was prefaced by

the single sentence: "The record should show then that the court, as required by statute, has con
sidered the jury's recommendation." (R. at 370.) This single sentence was not elaborated upon
and there is no further oral or written reference to the jury's recommendation or the trial court's
reasons for declining to follow the jury's recommendation. Cf. Saylor v. State, 686 N.E.2d 80, 87
(Ind. 1997) (where, "as in Peterson, [674 N.E.2d at 542,] the trial court gave careful and exten
sive consideration to the jury's recommendation and articulated reasons for not following it"),
reh'g denied, petition for cert. filed (May 1, 1998) (No. 97-8913)..

As noted supra, we independently consider a jury recommendation against death and
determine whether the death penalty is appropriate. Saylor, 686 N.E.2d at 88 (citing Peterson,
674 N.E.2d at 540). Here the following factors lead me to the conclusion that the death penalty is
not appropriate. First, there was no finding by the trial court that the murder of which Minnick
was convicted was intentional.See footnote
10 Neither the trial court's oral statement at sentencingSee footnote
11 nor its
sentencing orderSee footnote
12 makes the requisite finding of intentionality. Second, there are two mitigating
circumstances, each of which I would place in the moderate range _ Minnick's age at the time of

the crime and his lack of significant criminal history. Minnick was 18 at the time of the crime, a
factor the trial court recognized as mitigating. He did have a record of offenses committed as a
juvenile (for which he had been incarcerated at the Indiana Boys' School) but none of the offenses
were violent.See footnote
13 Third, as discussed, the jury recommended that the death penalty not be imposed.
This is particularly significant because this is the same jury that unanimously found the defendant
guilty of murder and was prepared to accept its role as the "conscience of the community" in
rejecting the State's request for the death penalty. Saylor, 686 N.E.2d at 87 (quoting Peterson,
674 N.E.2d at 543).

Unlike the Saylor and Peterson cases where I joined the majority in affirming death sen
tences notwithstanding jury recommendations against death, here (i) the trial court improperly
relied upon non-statutory aggravating circumstances, (ii) there was no finding by the trial court of
the requisite intentionality necessary to support statutory aggravating circumstance relied upon,
and (iii) there are two mitigating circumstances, each of medium weight. When these three con
siderations are juxtaposed with the unanimous rejection by the jury of the State's death penalty
request, with all that such rejection imports, I cannot conclude that the death penalty is appropri
ate. At a minimum, I would remand for new judicial sentencing.

Footnote: 1
The details of Minnick's crimes are fully discussed in Minnick II.Footnote: 2
The defendant also claims in a footnote that his attorney's failure to object to certain
arguments of the prosecutor is error. Brief of Petitioner-Appellant at 58 n.19. However, he presents
no substantial support or argument on this point and it is thus forfeited. Ind.Appellate Rule
8.3(A)(7); Hebel v. Conrail, Inc., 475 N.E.2d 652, 659 (Ind. 1985).Footnote: 3
As to the denial of funds, the defendant cites Strickland only for its reference to the pre
sumption of prejudice found in Cronic, not for its holding regarding particular errors of trial counsel.
Thus, we will not engage in a separate analysis of individualized error regarding the denial of funds.Footnote: 4
The defendant also cites United States v. Oxman, 740 F.2d 1298 (3rd Cir. 1984) for "an
excellent discussion of the prospective analysis of Brady." Brief of Appellant at 38. Citation to
Oxman, however, is unfounded. This case was vacated and remanded by the United States Supreme
Court for reconsideration in light of Bagley. Id. (vacated and remanded sub nom., United States v.
Pflaumer, 473 U.S. 922, 105 S.Ct. 3550, 87 L.Ed.2d 673 (1985)). On remand, the Third Circuit
noted that the Bagley materiality standard was "significantly different" than the prospective analysis
they used to determine materiality in Oxman. United States v. Pflaumer, 774 F.2d 1224, 1226 (3rd
Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1046, 106 S.Ct. 1263, 89 L.Ed.2d 572 (1986). Further, the
"prospective analysis" used in the original Oxman is distinctly different from the analysis the
defendant wishes this Court to employ.Footnote: 5Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(c)(8) (1993).Footnote: 6
I expressed my reservations about the inclusion of this language in my separate opinion in
Bivins v. State, 642 N.E.2d 928, 960 (Ind. 1994) (Sullivan, J., concurring in part and concurring in
result).Footnote: 7
In order to impose a death sentence in such circumstances, we held that "the facts justifying
a death sentence should be so clear and convincing that virtually no reasonable person could disagree
that death was appropriate in light of the offender and his crime." Martinez Chavez v. State, 534
N.E.2d 731, 735 (Ind. 1989); see also Martinez Chavez v. State, 539 N.E.2d 4, 5 (Ind. 1989)
(opinion on reh'g) ("A trial judge can proceed to impose a penalty of death [when the jury has
unanimously recommended against death] only . . . when all the facts available to the court point so
clearly to the imposition of the death penalty that the jury's recommendation is unreasonable.")
Minnick was entitled to the benefit of the Martinez Chavez rule because his direct appeal was
pending at the time Martinez Chavez was decided. See Daniels v. State, 561 N.E.2d 487, 488 (Ind.
1990).
We have subsequently modified our standard for reviewing the propriety of a death sentence
where the jury has unanimously recommended against death. See generally Peterson v. State, 674
N.E.2d 528, 543 (Ind. 1996) (Sullivan, J., concurring), reh'g denied, cert. denied 118 S.Ct. 858.
This standard will be utilized in part II, infra, of this dissent. Footnote: 8
Cf. Kennedy v. State, 578 N.E.2d 633 (Ind. 1991). The Kennedy direct appeal came to this
court in the same procedural posture as Minnick's. Each appellant had been sentenced to death by
the respective trial court notwithstanding the respective jury's unanimous recommendations against
death. Martinez Chavez was decided while each case was pending on direct appeal. The Kennedy
case was remanded to the trial court for reconsideration of the sentence in light of Martinez Chavez.
Id., 578 N.E.2d 637. As noted, the Minnick case was not remanded; this Court proceeded to the
merits sua sponte. Minnick, 544 N.E.2d at 482. Footnote: 9
The trial court's sentencing order listed the following aggravating circumstances not
specified in the death penalty statute: (1) that "the decedent was in her own home where she had
every right to be secure from William Minnick;" (2) that "the crime mutilated her body and defiled
her even after death;" (3) that "the crime was the kind of horrendous crime that the legislature
anticipated when it listed rape or robbery as aggravating circumstances and, therefore, . . . that the
circumstances of the crime, the violence of the attempted electrocution, the strangling and the knifing
are those kinds of aggravating circumstances; and (4) the rape and after death violation of Martha
Payne's body." (R. at 306.)Footnote: 10
The statutory aggravating circumstance relied upon by the trial court and the State requires
a finding that "[t]he defendant committed the murder by intentionally killing the victim while
committing or attempting to commit . . . rape, or robbery." Ind. Code § 35-50-2-9(B)(1) (1982)
(emphasis added).Footnote: 11
"Pursuant to Indiana Code § 35-50-2-9 I find beyond a reasonable doubt, based on the
evidence presented at the trial, that William A. Minnick murdered Martha Payne while committing
rape and robbery." (R. at 370-71.)Footnote: 12
"Pursuant to Indiana Code § 35-50-2-9 the court finds beyond a reasonable doubt, based
on the evidence presented at the trial, that William A. Minnick murdered Martha Payne while
committing rape and robbery." (R. at 306.)Footnote: 13
The probation officer's testimony at sentencing suggests an adjudication of delinquency
with respect to a charge of burglary and theft and additional charges that were never adjudicated on
three separate occasions of (i) theft and forgery; (ii) three counts of theft; and (iii) burglary. The
probation officer also testified that Minnick had once escaped from the Boys' School and once from
the county jail. (R. at 344.) The probation officer testified on cross-examination that in her investi
gation of Minnick, she was "unable to find any matters where he had committed any type of alleged
criminal offense involving any crimes of violence." (R. at 345.)