Intelligence : From Secrets to Policy

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Mark M. Lowenthal has twenty-seven years of experience as an intelligence official in the executive and legislative branches of government and in the private sector. He returned to government service in 2002, concurrently performing the duties of the assistant director of central intelligence for analysis and production, and serving as vice chairman of the National Intelligence Council for Evaluation. Dr. Lowenthal is also an adjunct professor at Columbia University

Figures and Boxes

ix

Preface

xi

Introduction-What? is ``Intelligence?''

1

(9)

Why Do We Have Intelligence Agencies?

2

(3)

What Is Intelligence About?

5

(5)

The Development of U.S. Intelligence

10

(15)

Major Themes

11

(6)

Major Historical Developments

17

(6)

A Final Note

23

(2)

The U.S. Intelligence Community

25

(16)

Alternative Ways of Looking at the Intelligence Community

26

(2)

The Many Different Intelligence Communities

28

(2)

Intelligence Community Relationships that Matter

30

(6)

The Intelligence Budget Process

36

(5)

The Intelligence Process-A Macro Look: Who Does What for Whom?

41

(13)

Requirements

42

(3)

Collection

45

(1)

Processing and Exploitation

45

(2)

Analysis and Production

47

(1)

Dissemination and Consumption

48

(2)

Feedback

50

(1)

Thinking About the Intelligence Process

51

(3)

Collection and the Collection Disciplines

54

(33)

Overarching Themes

54

(9)

The Collection Disciplines: Strengths and Weaknesses

63

(20)

Collection-Conclusion

83

(4)

Analysis

87

(26)

Major Themes

88

(10)

Analytical Issues

98

(9)

Intelligence Analysis: An Assessment

107

(6)

Counterintelligence

113

(11)

Internal Safeguards

114

(3)

External Indicators and Counterespionage

117

(1)

Problems in Counterintelligence

118

(6)

Covert Action

124

(15)

The Decision-making Process

125

(4)

The Range of Covert Actions

129

(2)

Issues in Covert Action

131

(5)

Assessing Covert Action

136

(3)

The Role of the Policymaker

139

(14)

The Nature of the National Security Policy Process in the U.S. Government