Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November of 1969. SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
and an interim agreement between the two powers. Although SALT II
resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify
the treaty in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The US eventually withdrew from SALT II in 1986.

The treaties then led to START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), which consisted of START I (a 1991 agreement between the United States, the Soviet Union) and START II (a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia). These placed specific caps on each side's number of nuclear weapons.

"I Must Study in Princeton University and then Work at CIA"

~Evelyn SALT, on SALT~

SALT I

SALT I is the common name for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Agreement, also known as Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. SALT I froze
the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels,
and provided for the addition of new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) launchers only after the same number of older intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and SLBM launchers had been dismantled.

The strategic nuclear forces of the Soviet Union and the United
States was changing in character in 1968. The U.S.'s total number of
missiles had been static since 1967 at 1,054 ICBMs and 656 SLBMs, but
there was an increasing number of missiles with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) warheads being deployed. MIRV's carried multiple nuclear warheads, often with dummies, to confuse ABM systems, making MIRV defense by ABM systems increasingly difficult and expensive.

One cause of the treaty required both countries to limit the number of sites protected by an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system to two each. The Soviet Union had deployed such a system around Moscow
in 1966 and the United States announced an ABM program to protect
twelve ICBM sites in 1967. A modified two-tier Moscow ABM system is
still used. The U.S. built only one ABM site to protect Minuteman base in North Dakota where the "Safeguard Program" was deployed. Due to the system's expense and limited effectiveness, the Pentagon disbanded "Safeguard" in 1975.

Negotiations lasted from November 17, 1969, until May 1972 in a series of meetings beginning in Helsinki, with the U.S. delegation headed by Gerard C. Smith, director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Subsequent sessions alternated between Vienna
and Helsinki. After a long deadlock, the first results of SALT I came
in May 1971, when an agreement was reached over ABM systems. Further
discussion brought the negotiations to an end on May 26, 1972, in Moscow when Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev signed both the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and the Interim
Agreement Between The United States of America and The Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics on Certain Measures With Respect to the Limitation
of Strategic Offensive Arms. A number of agreed statements were also made. This helped improve relations between the U.S. and the USSR.

SALT II

SALT II was a controversial experiment of negotiations between Jimmy
Carter and Leonid Brezhnev from 1972 to 1979 between the U.S. and the
Soviet Union, which sought to curtail the manufacture of strategic nuclear weapons.
It was a continuation of the progress made during the SALT I talks, led
by representatives from both countries. SALT II was the first nuclear
arms treaty which assumed real reductions in strategic forces to 2,250
of all categories of delivery vehicles on both sides.

SALT II helped the U.S. to discourage the Soviets from arming their third generation ICBMs of SS-17, SS-19 and SS-18 types with many more Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
(MIRVs). In the late 1970s the USSR's missile design bureaus had
developed experimental versions of these missiles equipped with anywhere
from 10 to 38 thermonuclear warheads each. Additionally, the Soviets secretly agreed to reduce Tu-22M
production to thirty aircraft per year and not to give them an
intercontinental range. It was particularly important for the US to
limit Soviet efforts in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) rearmament area.

The SALT II Treaty banned new missile programs (a new missile defined
as one with any key parameter 5% better than in currently deployed
missiles), so both sides were forced to limit their new strategic
missile types development. However, the US preserved their most
essential programs like Trident and cruise missiles,
which President Carter wished to use as his main defensive weapon as
they were too slow to have first strike capability. In return, the USSR
could exclusively retain 308 of its so-called "heavy ICBM" launchers of the SS-18 type.

Six months after the signing, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan,
and in September of the same year, the Soviet combat brigade deployed
to Cuba was discovered. (Although President Carter claimed this Soviet
brigade had only recently been deployed to Cuba, the unit had been
stationed on the island since the Cuban missile crisis of 1962.) In light of these developments, the treaty was never formally ratified by the United States Senate.
Its terms were, nonetheless, honored by both sides until 1986 when the
Reagan Administration withdrew from SALT II after accusing the Soviets
of violating the pact.

Who am I

Indonesia

Mesin Pencari

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

NASA's motto is: "For the benefit of all".

Inspirations Words

Crescat scientia; Vita Excolatur:
"Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched"

"Leadership
is not magnetic personality that can just as well be a glib tongue. It
is not making friends and influencing people that is flattery.
Leadership is lifting a person's vision to higher sights, the raising
of a person's performance to a higher standard, the building of a
personality beyond its normal limitations." ~Anonymous~