Foreign Aid

The Development Dictionary
A Guide to Knowledge as Power
Edited by Wolfgang Sachs
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Zed Books Ltd
London and New Jersey

Development

7

Development
Gustavo Esteva

T a say 'yes', to approve, to accept, the Brazilians say 'no' -: pois nao. But no one gets confused. By culturally rooting their speech, by playong With the words to make them speak in their contexts, the Brazilians ennch theu conversatIOn. In saying 'development', however, most people are now saymg the opposl~e of what they want to convey. Everyone gets confused. By USing uncntlcalty such a loaded word, and one doomed to extinction, they are transforming Its agony into a chronic condition. From the unburied corpse of development, every kind of pest has started to spread. The time has come to unveil the secret of development and see it in all its conceptual starkness.

American-style as a struggle against communism and at the service of the hegemonic design of the United States, succeeded in permeating both the popular and intellectual mind for the rest of the century. Underdevelopment began, then, on January 20, 1949. On that day, two billion people became underdeveloped. In a real sense, from that time on, they ceased being what they were, in all their diversity, and were transmogrified into an inverted mirror of others' reality: a mirror that belittles them and sends them off to the end of the queue, a mirror that defines their identity, which is really that of a heterogeneous and diverse majority, simply in the terms of a homogenizing and narrow minority.

The Invention of UnderdevelopmentAt the end of World War II, the United States was a formidable and incessant productive machine, unprecedented in history. It was indisputedly at the centre of the world. It was the master. All the institutions created In those years recognized that fact: even the United Nations Charter echoed the UOited States Constitution. . But the Americans wanted something more. They needed to make entIrely explicit their new position in the world. And they wanted to consolidate that hegemony and make it permanent. For these purposes, they conceived a political campaign on a global scale that clearly bore theIr seal. They even conceived an appropriate emblem to IdentIfy the campaign. And they carefully chose the opportunity to launch both - January 20,1949. That very day, the day on which President Truman took office, a new era was opened for the world - the era of development. We must embark [President Truman said] on a bold new program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrIal progress . available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas. The old imperialism - exploitation for foreign profit - has no place In our plans. What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing.' By using for the first time in such context the word, 'underdeveloped', Truman changed the meaning of development and created the emblem, a euphemism, used ever since to allude either discreetly or Inadvertently to the era of American hegemony. . Never before had a word been universally accepted on the very day of ItS political coinage. A new perception of one's own self. and of the other,. was suddenly created. Two hundred years of SOCial construction of the hlstoncalpolitical meaning of the term, development, were successfully usurped and transmogrified. A political and philosophical proposItIon of Marx, packaged

Truman was not the first to use the word. Wilfred Benson. a former member of the Secretariat of the International Labour Organization, was probably the person who invented it when he referred to the 'underdeveloped areas' while writing on the economic basis for peace in 1942.' But the expression found no further echo, neither with the public nor with the experts. Two years later, Rosenstein-Rodan continued to speak of 'economically backward areas'. Arthur Lewis, also in...

...The Link and Countries Involved
Australia’s international aid program aims to help reduce poverty and promote economic independence in developing countries. Australia offers two types of aid, bilateral and multilateral aid. Bilateral aid is given directly to the government of the developing country by Australia’s government and is used for health, education and training programs, technology and technical support, community based projects such as building hospitals and schools, and emergency support. Multilateral aid includes all forms of official development assistance. This form of aid is used for large-scale emergency relief projects such as those involving large numbers of refugees, large infrastructure, health, education and training problems, as well as global problems such as global warming and the spread of diseases.
Australia’s primary focus is the Asia–Pacific region, which has the world’s highest concentration of people living in poverty (living on less then $1US a day). Two thirds of the world's poor, around 800 million people, are in the Asia Pacific region yet it receives less than one third of total world aid. The majority of Australia’s Aid is sent to this region and countries such as Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Indonesia.
Government Organizations
Australian Government's overseas aid program is Federal Government funded...

...U.S ForeignAid to Africa
Some people speak against U.S foreignaid being sent to Africa for humanitarian reasons. Others speak out in favor of such actions. All of us have seen the news tickers with vital headlines about “people being devastated by droughts in Zimbabwe and unhygienic water in Sudan”, but what is their government doing about it. Personally, I’ve asked myself several founded inquiries about where is this foreignaid going to and what are some of the achievements being made. I’ve acquired over time well-built knowledge in relation to the United Nations and the work they perform globally to promote stability and development. I will be bringing in several valid arguments to get to the bottom of this controversial subject of U.S foreignaid in Africa. Including but not limited to, the history of U.S Foreignaid in Africa, violence in Africa, corrupted governments and the future commitment of U.S ForeignAid to Africa.
Foreignaid is described as a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another, given at least partly with the objective of benefiting the recipient country. This also includes humanitarian assistance and altruism.
“In total dollars the United States gives a large amount of foreignaid, as a percentage of U.S....

...Extended Response
Aid is given to help other countries develop , for humanitarian reasons , and to improve social justice and equity, it is also beneficial to Australia and our future prosperity. Aid strengthens economic , political , strategic and cultural ties between countries and therefore it is In Australia’s national interest to be an Aid donor. Australia's largest regional recipient of aid is Papua New Guinea, with other recipients in the poorest parts of East Asia. Australia also contributes to development needs in South Asian, African and Middle Eastern countries.
Australia places a high foreignaid priority on Asia-Pacific island countries and territories that share historical, political, economic, and community links. Australia devotes substantial resources to developing and maintaining cooperative bilateral partnerships with these countries and territories, and to contributing to the work of Pacific regional organizations.
The main benefits of receiving aid in developing countries are
Economic growth , Better living standards through improved health and education services and infrastructure , the promotion of greater political stability through democracy, sustainable development and improved social justice and equity.
A large amount of Australias aid is tied aid, this is where the nation must spend some of the...

...HIV/AIDS in Human Services
HIV/AIDS in Human Services
HIV/AIDS is a worldwide pandemic that has ravished the lives of countless millions of people, since its discovery, more than 30 years ago. HIV/AIDS can be addressed through all three models of service delivery. Each of the models (Medical Model, Public Health Model and Human Services Model) may approach this issue differently, but they all have the same central focus; which is to combat this, ever evolving, global phenomenon.
The Medical Model is going to address the issue of HIV/AIDS through four elements. First, the Medical Model will indentify symptom that lead to a diagnosis, then treatment of the disease and finally, research for a possible cure (Woodside & McClam, 2011, p. 99).
The first element, of symptoms, is a bit tricky in regards to HIV/AIDS. Symptoms of HIV, which is short for human immunodeficiency virus, may not show up in a positive patient for over a decade ("AIDS Healthcare Foundation | Learn About HIV and AIDS", n.d.). AIDS, which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, develops in the final stages of HIV. Once the patient has reached that point, the immune system is too weak to fight viruses and the body is more susceptible to acquire various cancers ("AIDS Healthcare Foundation | Learn About HIV and...

...World Health Organization
Mali
HIV/AIDS
Mali’s Position and Solutions to HIV/AIDS
1. Background: The acquired immune deficiency (AIDS) is the final stage of a group of symptoms that cause destruction to the immune system cells by a retrovirus. There are a number of retroviruses that can cause AIDS with each affecting different species. The most common among the human population is known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). There are three separate ways of transmitting HIV - through unprotected and unsafe sex; injecting and transfusing infected blood into others, and passing it from a mother to child. In 1985, the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported. Today, it is estimated that about 34 million people around the world are infected with the deadly virus. In addition, 22.9 million of these people, or two thirds of the inflicted population, live in the region known as Sub-Saharan Africa. The average life expectancy of the Sub-Saharan African region has reached as low as fifty-four years of age, and forty-nine in certain countries, such as South Africa. Specifically, in Sub-Saharan Africa, many people don’t know what HIV/AIDS is, how it is transmitted, and that there is treatment for them if they are infected. This enormous increase of HIV/AIDS infection over the past decade has taken a dramatic toll on the economy of Africa as a whole. The epidemic has not only...

...with the HIV/AIDS pandemic, a deadly evil of magnitude proportions with which no refuge exists. The HIV/AIDS pandemic in Botswana has graduated to being a vicious threat against humanity in spite of sexual orientation, age or social status.
“Southern Africa is the epicenter of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. In 2003 Botswana had an HIV/AIDS prevalence estimated at 37.3%, second highest in Southern Africa after Swaziland”. (Barnett & Whiteside, 2006, p. 213)
Having been declared a national disaster Botswana’s National Policy on HIV/AIDS was instituted in a bid to curtail the pandemic. Years on the country still faces mounting infections with mammoth implications on the country’s development. This writing is an analysis of Botswana’s HIV/AIDS policy, it examines the objectives of the policy; the rationale behind policy objectives. It also focuses on the policy actors; politicians, parliamentarians and civil society and the ideas, the interests and resources they bring to the policy. The institutions involved, the relationships and mechanisms driving prevention, support and care initiatives. It explores the successes, challenges and alternative solutions.
INTRODUCTION
THE PROBLEM OF HIV/AIDS IN BOTSWANA
Dubbed the development anti thesis, HIV/AIDS dominates public debate domestically and globally; it is at the center of public policy making, the public...

...Crystal Merritt
English1105
Steven McGinnis
29 November 2011
Increasing ForeignAid
When the average American guesses how much our government’s total budget is spent on foreignaid the common estimate is 25%. In reality it is less than 1% (Worthington). I strongly believe our foreignaid budget should increase immensely. Their legacy of starvation, drought, deadly disease, underdevelopment, corruption, desperate poverty and violence continues to hinder Africa. The nearly 700 million inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa are the poorest in the world. The number of people dying on a daily basis throughout Africa is staggering (Missionaries of Africa). A recent poll found that 59% of Americans want to reduce foreignaid (Worthington). The irony behind the support to trim foreign assistance is that Americans are notoriously proud for their reputation of being generous. For example, more Americans donated to Haiti after the earthquake last year than tuned in to watch the Superbowl (Worthington). African citizens live the same and harsher lives of Haiti earthquake victims every day and are blatantly disregarded and ignored. Because the crisis in the Horn of Africa is so complex, and because the scale is so difficult to comprehend, we have not seen people come together to respond in the same way they did after the earthquake in Haiti. Many who do...