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November12-1897 317

India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha and
ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. XIV., No. J 5.
New Series.
November 12th, 1897. PRICE SIXPENCE
A PRACTICAL REVIEW OF THE PROCESSES
OF VULCANISATION OF ELASTIC GUMS,
THEIR COMPOUNDS, AND KINDRED SUB­STANCES.
INCLUDING PARTICULARS OF THEIR INCEPTION AND
THEIR PRESENT , STATE OF ADVANCEMENT. THE
TECHNOLOGY OF VULCANISATION AND THE VARIOUS
INVENTIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THESE BRANCHES.
BY A. CAMILLE.
{Continued from puge 22g.)
RELATIONS OF MOULD CONSTRUCTION TO
SUCCESSFUL VULCANISATION. • •.
kF course, in treating with these points. I go strictly
from the standpoint tliat those who follow these
descriptions appreciate the difference in manufacturing
and manipulating soft and hard rubber. Although
most gums and compounds can be made either into
vulcanite proper or soft rubber bv limiting the use of the
curingagents, and the cure or application of heat itself, and
hard rubber, which still exhibits a spring-like property
under flexure, by increasing the proportion of such addi­tion
and augmenting the cure ; the production of these
seems almost to belong to two distinct industries. Hard
rubber when coloured also goes by the name of
VL'lcanite, but when black it is generally termed ebonite.
Although a detailed description of these processes will
be produced at a later stage of the treatise, a few
allusions may, nevertheless, be desirjb'e at this stage,
and it may be mentioned that the vulcanisation of hard
rubber is accomplished mostly by the "wet" or steam
process. A strong or cylmdiical boiler is employed,
and this is provided with special mechanical contrivances
for hermetically closing up of the end when in use, and
is, besides, furnished with rails for sliding in and out
chafnbers on iron frames, inclining about 40 degrees, and
co-itaining the article intended for, or which have
undergone, vulcanisation or the stoving process. This
degree of incline is applied in order to avoid the possible
running of the substance when softened by heat, and to
permit the egress of condensation moisture.
Moulding combined with pressure is generally effective
for these substances, and they are found to develop after
short exposure to heat, while when taken from the
mould they quickly cool and all impressions previously
formed will be preserved intact after the process.
Continuing my remirks on moulds intended for
rings, tyres, etc., we may he"e mention a useful
arrangement intr iduced by J. K. Haywood a few years
asco. By this the vulcanisation is effected by using a
series of moulds with more uniformity than is usually
the case, and the steam employed to heat the mould is by
tbis system prevented from gaining access to the
substances to be vulcanised. In the said construction
of a series of moulds, several annular hollow boxes are
employed, and each is provided upon each annular face
with a circular groove of a nature corresponding to one
half, or other suitable p .rt, of the ring or tyre to be
vulcanised in the moulds in question.
The interior of each annular box is placed in com­munication
with the interior of each of the boxes
adjacent to it, and the interior of the annular box at
one end of tbe series is jilaced in communication with
the supply of steam to be used in heating the moulds,
and the opening by vvhich the interior of the box at the
other end of the geries could communicate with the
interior of a further box, if there were one, is closed, or,
if desired, may be ieft opcii, or may be connected with
any suitable waste pipe or receptacle for exbausf
steam,

India-Rubber and Gutta-Percha and
ELECTRICAL TRADES JOURNAL.
Vol. XIV., No. J 5.
New Series.
November 12th, 1897. PRICE SIXPENCE
A PRACTICAL REVIEW OF THE PROCESSES
OF VULCANISATION OF ELASTIC GUMS,
THEIR COMPOUNDS, AND KINDRED SUB­STANCES.
INCLUDING PARTICULARS OF THEIR INCEPTION AND
THEIR PRESENT , STATE OF ADVANCEMENT. THE
TECHNOLOGY OF VULCANISATION AND THE VARIOUS
INVENTIONS IN CONNECTION WITH THESE BRANCHES.
BY A. CAMILLE.
{Continued from puge 22g.)
RELATIONS OF MOULD CONSTRUCTION TO
SUCCESSFUL VULCANISATION. • •.
kF course, in treating with these points. I go strictly
from the standpoint tliat those who follow these
descriptions appreciate the difference in manufacturing
and manipulating soft and hard rubber. Although
most gums and compounds can be made either into
vulcanite proper or soft rubber bv limiting the use of the
curingagents, and the cure or application of heat itself, and
hard rubber, which still exhibits a spring-like property
under flexure, by increasing the proportion of such addi­tion
and augmenting the cure ; the production of these
seems almost to belong to two distinct industries. Hard
rubber when coloured also goes by the name of
VL'lcanite, but when black it is generally termed ebonite.
Although a detailed description of these processes will
be produced at a later stage of the treatise, a few
allusions may, nevertheless, be desirjb'e at this stage,
and it may be mentioned that the vulcanisation of hard
rubber is accomplished mostly by the "wet" or steam
process. A strong or cylmdiical boiler is employed,
and this is provided with special mechanical contrivances
for hermetically closing up of the end when in use, and
is, besides, furnished with rails for sliding in and out
chafnbers on iron frames, inclining about 40 degrees, and
co-itaining the article intended for, or which have
undergone, vulcanisation or the stoving process. This
degree of incline is applied in order to avoid the possible
running of the substance when softened by heat, and to
permit the egress of condensation moisture.
Moulding combined with pressure is generally effective
for these substances, and they are found to develop after
short exposure to heat, while when taken from the
mould they quickly cool and all impressions previously
formed will be preserved intact after the process.
Continuing my remirks on moulds intended for
rings, tyres, etc., we may he"e mention a useful
arrangement intr iduced by J. K. Haywood a few years
asco. By this the vulcanisation is effected by using a
series of moulds with more uniformity than is usually
the case, and the steam employed to heat the mould is by
tbis system prevented from gaining access to the
substances to be vulcanised. In the said construction
of a series of moulds, several annular hollow boxes are
employed, and each is provided upon each annular face
with a circular groove of a nature corresponding to one
half, or other suitable p .rt, of the ring or tyre to be
vulcanised in the moulds in question.
The interior of each annular box is placed in com­munication
with the interior of each of the boxes
adjacent to it, and the interior of the annular box at
one end of tbe series is jilaced in communication with
the supply of steam to be used in heating the moulds,
and the opening by vvhich the interior of the box at the
other end of the geries could communicate with the
interior of a further box, if there were one, is closed, or,
if desired, may be ieft opcii, or may be connected with
any suitable waste pipe or receptacle for exbausf
steam,