Turning is performed on a lathe. Lathes are used to perform several operations, almost all of which involve the rotation of the piece part. The piece part is made to rotate while a cutting tool, held in a holder, is moved into the rotating piece part. Some of the operations that can be performed on a lathe include: facing, turning, boring, cutting a taper, and thread cutting.

Abrasive flow machining (AFM) passes a mixture of abrasive grain in a high-viscosity carrier media through the internal diameter (ID) or internal openings of the part. AFM processes are used to deburr, polish and generate controlled-radius geometry in components. Orbital AFM processes are used for external finishing and geometry control. Micro-AFM processes are used to radius, deburr and improve the surface finish of orifices in nozzles, fuel injectors, spray tips or other parts with very small or micro-sized holes.

In abrasive machining, a jet of water and abrasive is directed at the material to be machined. The jet drags the abrasive through the material in a curved path. The resulting centrifugal forces on the particles press them against the workpiece. The cutting action is a grinding process where the forces and motions are provided by water, rather than a solid grinding wheel. The result is a very small width of cut, allowing for precise machining.

Generally, broaching is classified as a planning or shaping process. Broaching equipment uses a cutting tool to remove material and shape a hole or outside surface of a part. Broaching tools are available in a variety of designs and shapes. These tools have equally spaced teeth, with each successive tooth designed to feed deeper into the workpiece. Broaching can be used to enlarge, shape, or smooth a bored or drilled hole, and to remove material between two adjacent drilled holes. For example, a round hole can be broached to a square or other shape.

Several different processes, including trepanning, gun drilling, ejector drilling and other methods, can achieve deep-hole drilling. In the trepanning process, a circular, toothed cutting tool is rotated and fed axially into a workpiece to cut a narrow grooved surface in it. Gun drilling is a quick and efficient method of producing deep or shallow close tolerance holes with smooth surface finishes - usually in one pass. The boring process uses a lathe, boring machine, or boring mill to make or enlarge a cylindrical hole.

Centerless grinding is a machining operation in which an abrasive wheel grinds metal from a bar surface while a regulating wheel forces the bar against the grinding wheel. The term "centerless" indicates that the bar is not placed between any centering devices, but is supported by a blade (situated between the grinding wheel and regulating wheel) and a series of input and output rollers.

Creep feed grinding is a type of plunge grinding that uses specialized grinding equipment. The grinding wheel is fed into the work at very slow infeed rates. The total amount of stock removed is achieved in only one or two passes as opposed to multiple passes.

Disc grinding is used to produce flat, parallel parts in high-volume production. Machines with two independent grinding wheels are called double-disc grinders. With double-disc grinding, the work passes between the faces of the two grinding wheels. Single-disc grinders exist, but are less common than double-disc devices. In a single-disc machine, the grinding wheel is usually mounted to a vertical spindle.

Jig grinding uses very precise machines for locating and generating very accurate holes, contours, and surfaces to tolerances of .0001" or less. Jig grinders are similar to jig borers, but use high-speed spindles and grinding wheels instead of boring tools.

Surface grinders are used to produce flat and parallel surfaces. The work is mounted to a table and fed back and forth under the grinding wheel. Typically, the grinding wheel is mounted to a horizontal spindle and the work is ground with the outside diameter (OD) of the wheel.

Etching is the treatment of a prepared metal surface with acid or other chemical reagent, which, by differential attack, reveals the structure, creating a recessed image. Chemical milling involves the removal of select material by etching, chemical milling etchant, chemical machining, or conversion of the material by some electrochemical reaction.

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Anodizing is a galvanic finishing process well suited to aluminum and its alloys. Anodized finishes can be hard for wear applications, or can include corrosion-resistant properties or a wide variety of colors.

Heat treating is a broad category of processes used to treat metals (e.g., annealing, passivation, hardening, etc.). Stress relieving is used to relieve residual stresses imposed during the stamping process.

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Unlike the other thread-producing processes (e.g., grinding or turning), thread rolling is not a metal-removal process. Instead, it is a forming process which uses rolling dies to rearrange the metal into a mirror image of the die. Thread rolling is used to produce lead screws, ball screws and worms.

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Carbides include silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, and titanium carbide as well as other compounds of a metal (Ti, W, Cr, and Zr) or metalloid (B, Si) and carbon. Carbides have excellent wear resistance and high hot-hardness.

The term "cast iron" refers not to a single material, but to a family of materials whose major constituent is iron, with important trace amounts of carbon and silicon. Cast irons are natural composite materials whose properties are determined by their microstructures - the stable and metastable phases formed during solidification or subsequent heat treatment. The major microstructural constituents of cast irons are: the chemical and morphological forms taken by carbon, and the continuous metal matrix in which the carbon and/or carbide are dispersed.

Ceramics are any of various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. Industrial ceramic materials consist of oxides, carbides, nitrides, carbon and other non-metals with high melting points. Ceramic material types include alumina / aluminum oxide (Al2O3), boron nitride (BN), cubic boron nitride (CBN), silicon nitride, zirconia, and many others.

Composites are solid materials that are comprised of two or more substances with distinct properties. When merged, each substance retains its own characteristics while imparting beneficial properties to the entire composition. An example of a composite is a plastic material in which a fibrous framework is embedded for greater structural stability.

Copper is a common reddish metallic element that is ductile and malleable and one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Copper alloys are specified for services where superior corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity and good bearing surface qualities are desired. Casting readily produces irregular and often complex external-internal contours. All copper-base alloys are easily plated, brazed, soldered and machined.

Synthetic diamond is produced synthetically in a high temperature, high pressure process anvil press. Diamond is a superabrasive grain with the highest known hardness and a cubic crystal structure. Diamond is used for grinding nonferrous metals, ceramics, glass, stone, and building materials. Diamond is not useful in grinding steel or ferrous alloys because carbon or diamond readily dissolves or reacts with iron. Diamond pastes are useful in ferrous polishing or lapping applications where heat and reactivity are not a factor. Diamond is susceptible to oxidation at higher temperatures. Industrial diamond grades such as polycrystalline diamond (PCD) are used for very long life, and sometimes for special applications such as very high-speed cutting.

Glass ceramics are ceramics that can be fused and then molded, formed, ground or machined using conventional glass fabrication techniques. After part fabrication, the glass ceramic's structure is transformed from an amorphous glassy state to a crystalline ceramic state. MACOR® is widely applied glass ceramic with a fluorine rich glass composition approaching trisilicic fluorphlogopite mica (KMg3AlSi3O10F2). MACOR® is a trademarked proprietary material of Corning Corporation. Ceran®, Ceramat®, Robax® and Zerodur® are widely applied proprietary glass ceramics from Schott Glass Corporation.

Nickel and nickel alloys include products such as Monel®, Kovar®, Invar®, Inconel®, Incoloy®, and Hastelloy®. Monel, Inconel and Incoloy are registered trademarks of Special Metals Corporation. Kovar and Invar are registered trademarks of Carpenter Technology. Hastelloy is a registered trademark of Haynes International.

Plastics are any of various organic compounds produced by polymerization. They are capable of being molded, extruded, cast into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments and used as textile fibers.

Precious metals are valuable, relatively scarce, highly corrosion-resistant, and found in periods 5 and 6 of the periodic table. They include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold.

Titanium is a hard, lustrous, silvery element that is relatively abundant in the Earth's crust. It is known for its lightness, strength, and corrosion resistance. For this reason it is used widely in the aerospace industry and the medical fields (e.g., replacement joints). When alloyed with other metals, especially steel, titanium adds strength and oxidation resistance.

Stone or rock is concreted earthy or mineral matter. Marble is a metamorphic rock formed by alteration of limestone or dolomite, often irregularly colored by impurities, and used especially in architecture and sculpture. Granite is a common, coarse-grained, light-colored, hard igneous rock consisting chiefly of quartz, orthoclase or microcline, and mica. It is used in monuments and for building.

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Supplier can assist with concepts, manufacturing costs, manufacturing techniques and material considerations. Suppliers may also be able to assist in upgrading or redesigning, re-evaluating or modernizing existing products to increase performance and/or reduce manufacturing costs.

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