Black cotton soils and oher expansive soils have typical characteristics of shrinkage and swelling due to moisture movement through them. During rainy season, moisture penetrates into these soils, due to which they swell. Most of the fine grained clays, including black cotton soils have their grains which are more or less in the form of platelets or sheets (just like leafs of a book), and their grains are not round. When moisture enter betwecn the platelets under some hydrostatic pressure, the particles separare out, resulting in increase in the volume. This increase in volume is commonly known as swelling. If this swelling is checked or restricted (due to the construction of footings over it), high sweiling pressure, acting in the upward direction, wilI be induced. This would result in severe cracks in the walls etc. and may some times damage the structural units, such as lintels, beams slabs etc. During summer season, moisture moves out of the soil and consequently, the soil shrinks. Shrinkage cracks are formed on the ground surface. These shrinkage cracks somo times also known as tension cracks, may be 10 to 15 cm wide on the ground surface and may be ½ to 2 m deep (Fig. 3.30).

In fat clays, having angle of internal friction Ø = 0, the depth z of tension cracks is found to be equal 2c/y, where c is the unit cohesion an y is the unit weight of the soil. These cracks result in loss of support beneath the footings, resulting in high settlements. Some expansive and shrinkable soils stick to the footing base and

pull the footing down when they shrink. Thís results in horizontal cracks in the walls and oher flexible units of the structrure.

Black cotton soils and other expansive soils are dangerous due to their shrinkage and swelling characteristics. In addition to this, these soils have very poor bearing capacity, ranging from 5 t/m2 to 10 t/m2. In designing footings on these solis, the following points should be keept in mind:

1. The safe bearing capacity should be properly determined, taking into account Ihe effect of susained loading. The long term effect of loading results in slow consolidation. In absence of tests, the bearing capacity of these soils may be limited to 5 to 10 t/m2.

2. The foundation should be taken at Ieast 50 cm lower than the depth of moisture movement. This depth should also be much more than depth of tension cracks.

3. Where this soil occurs only in top layer, and where the thickness of this layer does fol exceed 1 to 1.5 m, the entire layer of black cotton soil (or other expansive soil) should be removed, and the foundation should be laid on non-shrinkable non- expansive soil.

4. Where the depth of clay layer is large, the foundation or footing should be prevented from coming in contact with the soil. This can be done by excavating wider and deeper foundation trench and interposing layer of sand/mooram around and beneath the footing.

5. Where the soil is highly expansive, it is very essential to have minimum contact between the soil and the footing. This can be best achieved by transmitting the loads through deep piles or piers and by supporting wall loads on capping beams which are kept some distance (5 to 15 cm) above the ground surface, to permit free expansion of the soil.

6. Where the bearing capacity of soil is poor, or soil is very soft, the bed of the foundation trench should be made firm or hard by ramming mooram and ballast mio it.

7. The foundations should be constructed during dry season. Also suilable plinth protection around the external wall should be made on the ground surface, with its slope away from the wall, so that moisture does not penetrate the foundation during rainy season.

Types of foundation in black cotton soils.

Foundation in black cotton soils may be of the following types:

1. Strip or pad foundatíon.For medium loads, strip foundation (for walls) and pad foundation (for
columns) may be provided, along with special design features discussed
above. Fig. 3.31 shows some typical section of shallow footings sutable
for black cotton and other expansive soils....

2. Pier foundationFig. 3.32 shows a typical pier foundation for a wall carrying heavy
loads. Piers are dug at regular interval and filled with cement
concrete. The piers may rest on good bearing strata. These piers are be
connected by....

3. Under-reamed pile foundation.An under-reamed pile is a pile of shallow depth (1 to 6 m) having one
bulb a its lower end. If this bulb is taken or provided at a level lower
than the critical depth of moisture movement in expansive solis, the
foundation will be....