A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic
drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider. It
is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of
British,[1] Irish,[2] Breton, New Zealand, Canadian, South African and
Australian cultures.[3] In many places, especially in villages, a pub
is the focal point of the community. In his 17th-century diary Samuel
Pepys described the pub as "the heart of England".[4]
Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns,[5] through the Anglo-Saxon
alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th
century. In 1393,
King Richard II of EnglandKing Richard II of England introduced legislation
that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible
for passing ale tasters, who would assess the quality of ale sold.[6]
Most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well,
pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals and snacks. The
owner, tenant or manager (licensee) is known as the pub landlord or
publican. Referred to as their "local" by regulars, pubs are typically
chosen for their proximity to home or work, the availability of a
particular beer or ale or a good selection, good food, a social
atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the
availability of recreational activities such as a darts team, a
skittles team, and a pool or snooker table. The pub quiz was
established in the UK in the 1970s.[7]

1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central
London

The inhabitants of the
British IslesBritish Isles have been drinking ale since the
Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the
Roman EmpireRoman Empire on its
shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road
networks that the first inns, called tabernae,[5] in which travellers
could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman
authority in the 5th
CenturyCentury and the fall of the Romano-British
kingdoms, the
Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of
domestic dwellings, the
Anglo-SaxonAnglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up
on a pole to let people know her brew was ready.[8] These alehouses
quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially
congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities.
Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is
colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the
Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that
there should be no more than one alehouse per village.[citation
needed]

A traveller in the early
Middle AgesMiddle Ages could obtain overnight
accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew
with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of
London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became
the Worshipful Company of Innholders.[9] A survey in 1577 of drinking
establishment in
EnglandEngland and
WalesWales for taxation purposes[10] recorded
14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub
for every 187 people.[11]
Inns[edit]
Main article: Inn

Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually,
food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a
highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans
built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns
in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the
needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering
places.
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation,[12] if anything, that
now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter
tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food),
but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander
establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging,
but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some
roads fresh horses for the mail coach. Famous London inns include The
George,
SouthwarkSouthwark and The Tabard. There is however no longer a formal
distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs
use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established
former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or
in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in "The Welcome
Inn", the name of many pubs in Scotland.
The original services of an inn are now also available at other
establishments, such as hotels, lodges, and motels, which focus more
on lodging customers than on other services, although they usually
provide meals; pubs, which are primarily alcohol-serving
establishments; and restaurants and taverns, which serve food and
drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on
in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that
refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
The
Inns of CourtInns of Court and
Inns of ChanceryInns of Chancery in London started as ordinary
inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of
the legal profession in
EnglandEngland and Wales.
BeerBeer houses and the 1830 Beerhouse Act[edit]
Main article: Beerhouse Act 1830
TraditionalTraditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The
practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the
Netherlands in the early 15th century. Alehouses would each brew their
own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the
late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was
brewed by commercial breweries.
The 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking
establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin.
GinGin was
brought to
EnglandEngland by the Dutch after the
Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution of 1688
and became very popular after the government created a market for
"cuckoo grain" or "cuckoo malt"[13] that was unfit to be used in
brewing and distilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production,
while imposing a heavy duty on all imported spirits. As thousands of
gin-shops sprang up all over England, brewers fought back by
increasing the number of alehouses. By 1740 the production of gin had
increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it
became popular with the poor, leading to the so-called
GinGin Craze. Over
half of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London were gin shops.
The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to
ruination and degradation of the working classes. The different
effects of beer and gin were illustrated by
William HogarthWilliam Hogarth in his
engravings
BeerBeer Street and
GinGin Lane.[14] The
GinGin Act 1736 imposed high
taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive
duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The
GinGin Act
1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to
licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of
local magistrates.
By the early 19th century, encouraged by lower duties on gin, the gin
houses or "
GinGin Palaces" had spread from London to most cities and
towns in Britain, with most of the new establishments illegal and
unlicensed. These bawdy, loud and unruly drinking dens so often
described by
Charles DickensCharles Dickens in his
Sketches by BozSketches by Boz (published
1835–1836) increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of
immorality or crime and the source of much ill-health and alcoholism
among the working classes.[15]
Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the
BeerBeer Act of 1830
introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the
beer houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and
even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as
small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the
local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and
temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much
as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely
available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of
gin, or so the thinking went.[16]

A Victorian beer house, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater
London.

Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a
one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £173
today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour)
and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not
extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house
discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily
fined.
BeerBeer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was
usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden
barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so
high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in,
turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for
customers.
In the first year, 400 beer houses opened and within eight years there
were 46,000[17] across the country, far outnumbering the combined
total of long-established taverns, pubs, inns and hotels. Because it
was so easy to obtain permission and the profits could be huge
compared to the low cost of gaining permission, the number of beer
houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other
house in a street could be a beer house. Finally in 1869 the growth
had to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were
introduced. Only then was it made harder to get a licence, and the
licensing laws which operate today were formulated.
Although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being
created, those already in existence were allowed to continue and many
did not close until nearly the end of the 19th century. A very small
number remained into the 21st century.[18] The vast majority of the
beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs. These
usually small establishments can still be identified in many towns,
seemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing
part way up a street, unlike purpose-built pubs that are usually found
on corners or road junctions. Many of today's respected real ale
micro-brewers in the UK started as home-based beer house brewers under
the 1830 Act.
The beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like The
Crown, The Red Lion, The Royal Oak etc. and, if they did not simply
name their place Smith's
BeerBeer House, they would apply topical pub
names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times.
Licensing laws[edit]
Main article: Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom

There was already regulation on public drinking spaces in the 17th and
18th centuries,[19][20][21][citation needed] and the income earned
from licences was beneficial to the crown.
TavernTavern owners were required
to possess a licence to sell ale, and a separate licence for distilled
spirits.
From the mid-19th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in
the UK were restricted. However licensing was gradually liberalised
after the 1960s, until contested licensing applications became very
rare, and the remaining administrative function was transferred to
Local Authorities in 2005.
The
WineWine and Beerhouse Act 1869 reintroduced the stricter controls of
the previous century. The sale of beers, wines or spirits required a
licence for the premises from the local magistrates. Further
provisions regulated gaming, drunkenness, prostitution and undesirable
conduct on licensed premises, enforceable by prosecution or more
effectively by the landlord under threat of forfeiting his licence.
Licences were only granted, transferred or renewed at special
Licensing Sessions courts, and were limited to respectable
individuals. Often these were ex-servicemen or ex-policemen; retiring
to run a pub was popular amongst military officers at the end of their
service. Licence conditions varied widely, according to local
practice. They would specify permitted hours, which might require
Sunday closing, or conversely permit all-night opening near a market.
Typically they might require opening throughout the permitted hours,
and the provision of food or lavatories. Once obtained, licences were
jealously protected by the licensees (who were expected to be
generally present, not an absentee owner or company), and even
"Occasional Licences" to serve drinks at temporary premises such as
fêtes would usually be granted only to existing licensees. Objections
might be made by the police, rival landlords or anyone else on the
grounds of infractions such as serving drunks, disorderly or dirty
premises, or ignoring permitted hours.
The
Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881Sunday Closing (Wales) Act 1881 required the closure of all public
houses in
WalesWales on Sundays, and was not repealed until 1961.
Detailed licensing records were kept, giving the Public House, its
address, owner, licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees, often
going back for hundreds of years[citation needed]. Many of these
records survive and can be viewed, for example, at the London
Metropolitan Archives centre.
A favourite goal of the
Temperance movementTemperance movement led by Protestant
nonconformists was to sharply reduce the heavy drinking by closing as
many pubs as possible.[22] In 1908 Prime Minister H.H.
Asquith—although a heavy drinker—took the lead by proposing to
close about a third of the 100,000 pubs in
EnglandEngland and Wales, with the
owners compensated through a new tax on surviving pubs.[23] The
brewers controlled the pubs and organized a stiff resistance,
supported by the Conservatives, who repeatedly defeated the proposal
in the House of Lords. However, the "People's Tax" of 1910 included a
stiff tax on pubs.
BeerBeer and liquor consumption fell in half from 1900
to 1920, in part because there were many new leisure
opportunities.[24][25]
The restrictions were tightened by the Defence of the Realm Act[26] of
August 1914, which, along with the introduction of rationing and the
censorship of the press for wartime purposes, restricted pubs' opening
hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm.
Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time
was equally firmly enforced by the police; a landlord might lose his
licence for infractions. Pubs were closed under the Act and
compensation paid, for example in Pembrokeshire.[27][28]
There was a special case established under the State Management
Scheme[29] where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run
by the state until 1973, most notably in Carlisle. During the 20th
century elsewhere, both the licensing laws and enforcement were
progressively relaxed, and there were differences between parishes; in
the 1960s, at closing time in
KensingtonKensington at 10:30 pm, drinkers
would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for "Last
Orders" in
KnightsbridgeKnightsbridge before 11 pm, a practice observed in
many pubs adjoining licensing area boundaries. Some Scottish and Welsh
parishes remained officially "dry" on Sundays (although often this
merely required knocking at the back door of the pub). These
restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock-ins.
However, closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country
pubs. In
EnglandEngland and
WalesWales by 2000 pubs could legally open from
11 am (12 noon on Sundays) through to 11 pm (10:30 pm
on Sundays). That year was also the first to allow continuous opening
for 36 hours from 11 am on New Year's Eve to 11 pm on New
Year's Day. In addition, many cities had by-laws to allow some pubs to
extend opening hours to midnight or 1 am, whilst nightclubs had
long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning.
Pubs near London's Smithfield market,
BillingsgateBillingsgate fish market and
Covent GardenCovent Garden fruit and flower market could stay open 24 hours a day
since Victorian times to provide a service to the shift working
employees of the markets.
Scotland's and Northern Ireland's licensing laws have long been more
flexible, allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing
times. In Scotland, this stemmed out of[clarification needed] a late
repeal of the wartime licensing laws, which stayed in force until
1976.
The Licensing Act 2003,[30] which came into force on 24 November 2005,
consolidated the many laws into a single Act. This allowed pubs in
EnglandEngland and
WalesWales to apply to the local council for the opening hours
of their choice. It was argued that this would end the concentration
of violence around 11.30 pm, when people had to leave the pub,
making policing easier. In practice, alcohol-related hospital
admissions rose following the change in the law, with alcohol involved
in 207,800 admissions in 2006/7.[31] Critics claimed that these laws
would lead to "24-hour drinking". By the time the law came into
effect, 60,326 establishments had applied for longer hours and 1,121
had applied for a licence to sell alcohol 24 hours a day. However nine
months later many pubs had not changed their hours, although some
stayed open longer at the weekend, but rarely beyond 1:00 am.
Lock-in[edit]
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner lets drinkers stay in the pub after
the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked,
it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money
behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks
during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing
time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes
in the licensing laws in
EnglandEngland and Wales, which curtailed opening
hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the
war effort. Since 1915, the UK licensing laws had changed very little,
with comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in
therefore remained. Since the implementation of Licensing Act 2003,
premises in
EnglandEngland and
WalesWales may apply to extend their opening hours
beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much
of the need for lock-ins.[32] Since the smoking ban, some
establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons
could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins,
allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.[33]
Indoor smoking ban[edit]

Tobacco smoke in a pub

Ireland banned smoking in early 2004 in pubs and clubs. In March 2006,
a law was introduced to forbid smoking in all enclosed public places
in Scotland.
WalesWales followed suit in April 2007, with England
introducing the ban in July 2007.[34]
PubPub landlords had raised
concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban
would have a negative impact on sales.[35] After two years, the impact
of the ban was mixed; some pubs suffered declining sales, while others
developed their food sales.[36] The
WetherspoonWetherspoon pub chain reported in
June 2009 that profits were at the top end of expectations;[37]
however, Scottish & Newcastle's takeover by Carlsberg and Heineken
was reported in January 2008 as partly the result of its weakness
following falling sales due to the ban.[38] Similar bans are applied
in
Australian pubsAustralian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areas.
Architecture[edit]
Saloon or lounge[edit]

The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, September 2005

The Clock, Birmingham — an example of a mock Tudor pub. Many were
built between the world wars as part of the "improved" pub movement
and as "roadhouse" inns—with large car parks to attract passing
trade.[39]

Breakfast Creek Hotel, one of Brisbane's most famous pubs

By the end of the 18th century a new room in the pub was established:
the saloon.[citation needed]
BeerBeer establishments had always provided
entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport.[citation
needed] Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment
run by a Mr Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers
could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks.[40] More
common, however, was a card room or a billiard room.[citation needed]
The saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of
drinks, singing, dancing, drama or comedy was performed and drinks
would be served at the table.[citation needed] From this came the
popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a
variety of acts.[citation needed] A most famous London saloon was the
Grecian Saloon in The Eagle, City Road, which is still famous because
of a nursery rhyme: "Up and down the
City RoadCity Road / In and out The Eagle
/ That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel."[41] This meant
that the customer had spent all his money at The Eagle, and needed to
pawn his "weasel" to get some more.[41] The meaning of the "weasel" is
unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for
finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and
stoat).[42]
A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up
comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however juke boxes,
karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced
the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.[citation
needed]
Public bar[edit]
By the 20th century, the saloon, or lounge bar, had become a
middle-class room[citation needed]—carpets on the floor, cushions on
the seats, and a penny or two on the prices,[citation needed] while
the public bar, or tap room, remained working class with bare boards,
sometimes with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as
"spit and sawdust"[43]), hard bench seats, and cheap beer[citation
needed]. This bar was known as the four-ale bar from the days when the
cheapest beer served there cost 4 pence (4d) a quart.[citation needed]
Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the
only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose
between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or
dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in
the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the
saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed]
and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing
wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and
public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and
often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same
throughout the premises,[44] and many pubs now comprise one large
room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some
establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.
Snug[edit]
The "snug", sometimes called the smoke room, was typically a small,
very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass
external window, set above head height. A higher price was paid for
beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. It was
not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms. The snug was
for patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies
would often enjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was
frowned upon for women to be in a pub. The local police officer might
nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or
lovers for a rendezvous.
Campaign for Real
AleAle (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain
and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic
snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can
be preserved.[45]
Counter[edit]
Until the early 19th century, beer establishments used to bring the
beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in beer
gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany.
BeerBeer would
be tapped directly from a barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate
taproom and brought out in jugs.
GinGin houses of this time had developed from gin shops and the serving
counter had stayed, as part of that evolution. The feature was adopted
by public houses and began to appear in them from the 1820's.[46] The
main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the
gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in
the shortest possible time. Other, more private, rooms had no serving
bar and had the beer brought to them from the public bar. There are a
number of pubs in the Midlands or the North which still retain this
set up but these days the beer is fetched by the customer from the
taproom or public bar. One of these is The Vine, known locally as The
Bull and Bladder, in
Brierley HillBrierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock
at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food
by waiting staff.[47] In the
ManchesterManchester district the public bar was
known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual
elsewhere. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one
large drinking room and breweries were eager to invest in interior
design and theming.[48]
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder,
introduced the idea of a circular bar into the
Swindon stationSwindon station pub in
order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains.
These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve
customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.[49][50]
BeerBeer engine[edit]
Main article:
BeerBeer engine
A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually
operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container
in a pub's basement or cellar.
The first beer pump known in
EnglandEngland is believed to have been invented
by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire
1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of
John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended
another invention of his, for a beer pump:
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters
patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine
for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great
encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful
Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from
20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints
and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the
said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St
Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near
Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his
agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun
TavernTavern London."
"Their Majesties" referred to were William and Mary, who had recently
arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs.
A further engine was invented in the late eighteenth century by the
locksmith and hydraulic engineer
Joseph BramahJoseph Bramah (1748–1814).
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally
manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps
are occasionally used.[51] When manually powered, the term "handpump"
is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.
Companies[edit]

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Main articles:
Tied houseTied house and
PubPub chain
After the development of the large London Porter breweries in the 18th
century, the trend grew for pubs to become tied houses which could
only sell beer from one brewery (a pub not tied in this way was called
a Free house). The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the pub
was owned by the brewery but rented out to a private individual
(landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted
to buy the beer from the brewery). Another very common arrangement was
(and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or
leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage
loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub
initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan
to observe the solus tie.
A trend in the late 20th century was for breweries to run their pubs
directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries,
such as the regional brewery
Shepherd NeameShepherd Neame in
KentKent and Young's and
Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of
the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The
landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which
case he/she would be a manager of a managed house, or a self-employed
tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery, a
condition of which is the legal obligation (trade tie) only to
purchase that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to
beers brewed by that particular company. The
BeerBeer Orders,[52] passed
in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one
alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This
law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered
the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of
guest beers.
Organisations such as Wetherspoons,
Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were
formed in the UK in the wake of the
BeerBeer Orders. A PubCo is a company
involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while
a
Pub chainPub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery.
Pubs within a chain will usually have items in common, such as
fittings, promotions, ambience and range of food and drink on offer. A
pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target
audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different
segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in
large units, often from regional breweries which are then closed down.
Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many
people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their
favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.
In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub
companies.[53]
Brewery tap[edit]
A brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. This is
usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, though the name may be
applied to the nearest pub. The term is not applied to a brewpub which
brews and sells its beer on the same premises.
Particular kinds[edit]
Country pubs[edit]

A "country pub" by tradition is a rural public house. However, the
distinctive culture surrounding country pubs, that of functioning as a
social centre for a village and rural community, has been changing
over the last thirty or so years. In the past, many rural pubs
provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange (often
local) news, while others—especially those away from village
centres—existed for the general purpose, before the advent of motor
transport, of serving travellers as coaching inns.[54]
In more recent years, however, many country pubs have either closed
down, or have been converted to establishments intent on providing
seating facilities for the consumption of food, rather than a venue
for members of the local community meeting and convivially
drinking.[55]
Roadhouses[edit]

The Dutch House, a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in
Eltham, Greater London.

The term "roadhouse" was originally applied to a coaching inn, but
with the advent of popular travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s
in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located
on the newly constructed arterial roads and bypasses. They were large
establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to
motorists and parties travelling by charabanc. The largest roadhouses
boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their
popularity ended with the outbreak of the
Second World WarSecond World War when
recreational road travel became impossible, and the advent of post-war
drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery.[56] Many of
these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food
outlets.
Theme pubs[edit]
Pubs that cater for a niche clientele, such as sports fans or people
of certain nationalities are known as theme pubs. Examples of theme
pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker pubs, Goth pubs, strip
pubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
Micropubs[edit]
The micropub movement in Britain was started by Martyn Hiller.
Micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours, and
focus strongly on local cask ale.[57] It became easier to start a
small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became
effective in 2005.[58]
Signs[edit]

In 1393,
King Richard II of EnglandKing Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs
outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew
ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign,
otherwise he shall forfeit his ale."[6] This was to make alehouses
easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would
decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's
father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
Another important factor was that during the
Middle AgesMiddle Ages a large
proportion of the population would have been illiterate and so
pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of
identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason
to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without
a formal written name, the name being derived later from the
illustration on the pub's sign.

The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example,
of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of
hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the
pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used.
Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or
religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were
incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate
elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords
who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin
inscriptions.

The
Penny BlackPenny Black pub in Oxfordshire, depicting the first postage stamp
which featured a profile of Queen Victoria

Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the
name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables,
discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub
signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub
in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate has an image of a
crow with gates as wings. A British Pathe News film of 1956 shows
artist
Michael Farrar-Bell at work producing inn signs.[59]
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors,
and these retain their original function of enabling the
identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the
name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The
more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing
potential customers to their door.
Names[edit]
Main article:
PubPub names
Pub namesPub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern
names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand
awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable,
Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins
are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their
origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.
As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were
unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when
lettering and words could not be read.[60]
Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of
Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby,
who was the son of
John Manners, 3rd Duke of RutlandJohn Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in
the 18th century British Army. He showed a great concern for the
welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many
of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him.
All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal
George[citation needed], after King George III, and the twentieth
anniversary of his coronation.
Many names for pubs that appear[who?] nonsensical may[clarification
needed] have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as
"The Bag o'Nails" (Bacchanals), "The Goat and Compasses" (God
Encompasseth Us),[61] "The Cat and the Fiddle" (Chaton Fidèle:
Faithful Kitten) and "The Bull and Bush", which purportedly celebrates
the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer
Harbour.[62][63]
Entertainment[edit]
See also:
PubPub games

Indoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire.

TraditionalTraditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known
darts,[64] skittles,[65] dominoes,[66] cards and bar billiards,[67] to
the more obscure Aunt Sally,[68] Nine Men's Morris[69] and ringing the
bull.[70] In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such
as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades
the game of pool[71] (both the British and American versions) has
increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as
snooker[72] or table football becoming common.
Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines
are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the
aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop
music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big
screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny[73] and Bat and
trap[74] were also popular in pubs south of London.
Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular
customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on
Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football".
BowlingBowling is found in
association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team
will play matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's
bowling green.
Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs
provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High
Roads, Dr. Feelgood and The Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre
called
PubPub rock that was a precursor to Punk music.
Food[edit]

Further information: English cuisine
Some pubs have a long tradition of serving food, dating back to their
historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay.
Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed
on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "bar snacks", such
as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts which
helped to increase beer sales.[75] In South East
EnglandEngland (especially
London) it was common until recent times for vendors selling cockles,
whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell to customers during the
evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up
near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise,
pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or
packets.
In the 1950s some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with
hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the
proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours.[75] The
ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s.[75] In the late
1960s "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips,
served on a napkin, in a wicker basket became popular due to its
convenience.[75]
Family chain pubs which served food in the evenings gained popularity
in the 1970s, and included Berni
InnInn and Beefeater.[75]
Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of
microwave ovens and freezer food. "
PubPub grub" expanded to include
British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and
chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties.
In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli
con carne are often served.[76][77] Some pubs offer elaborate hot and
cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them
getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.
Since the 1990s food has become a more important part of a pub's
trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in
addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have
a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to
match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed
gastropubs.
Gastropub[edit]

The Listers Arms, a gastropub in Malham, North Yorkshire

Main article: Gastropub
A gastropub concentrates on quality food. The name is a portmanteau of
gastronomy and pub, and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike
Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London.[78] The concept
of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British
dining,[79] though has occasionally attracted criticism for
potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.[80]
In 2011 The Good Food Guide suggested that the term has become
irrelevant.[81]
Listed[edit]
CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of
architecturally and decoratively notable pubs.[82] The National Trust
owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the
George Inn, Southwark, London and The Crown
LiquorLiquor Saloon, Belfast,
Northern Ireland.[83][84]
Records[edit]

The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubs

'The Crooked House', Himley, is known for the extreme lean of the
building, caused by subsidence produced by mining

Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton

Highest and remotest[edit]
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, Yorkshire,
at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the
British mainland is The Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber,
Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an
18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea
crossing.[85]
Smallest[edit]
Contenders for the smallest public house in the UK include:[84]

The list includes a small number of parlour pubs, one of which is the
Sun
InnInn in Leintwardine, Herefordshire.
Largest[edit]
The largest pub in the UK is The Moon Under Water, Manchester; as are
many
WetherspoonsWetherspoons pubs it is in a converted cinema.
Oldest[edit]
A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the
United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been
demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings
that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their
history.
Ye Olde Fighting CocksYe Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, holds the
Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England, as it is an
11th-century structure on an 8th-century site. Ye Olde Trip to
Jerusalem in
NottinghamNottingham is claimed to be the "oldest inn in England".
It has a claimed date of 1189, based on the fact it is constructed on
the site of the
NottinghamNottingham Castle brewhouse; the present building
dates from around 1650.[87] Likewise, The Nags Head in Burntwood,
StaffordshireStaffordshire only dates back to the 16th century, but there has been
a pub on the site since at least 1086, as it is mentioned in the
Domesday Book.
There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of The
Old Ferryboat
InnInn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is
evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560.[88]
The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to
905 AD. Ye Olde Salutation
InnInn in
NottinghamNottingham dates from 1240,
although the building served as a tannery and a private residence
before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War. The Adam
and Eve in
NorwichNorwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse
for the workers constructing nearby
NorwichNorwich Cathedral.[89] Ye Olde Man
& Scythe in Bolton, Greater Manchester, is mentioned by name in a
charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars
are the only surviving part of the older structure.
Longest and shortest name[edit]
The town of
StalybridgeStalybridge in Greater
ManchesterManchester is thought to have the
pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom
— The Old 13th Cheshire Rifleman Corps
InnInn and the Q Inn.[90]
Statistics[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]

The average retail price of a pint of beer is £3.23 of which 45p is
duty and 54p is VAT (2014).
26.9 million barrels of beer are sold annually (Jan–Dec 2013).
There were 48,000 pubs in 2013, compared with 67,800 in 1982 and
60,100 in 2002.[91]

Decline[edit]

The currently closed "The First and Last" Pub, next to the closed
Omagh railway station, in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since
1982.[91] Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the
failure of some establishments to keep up with customer
requirements.[92] Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense
competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in
supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or
are factors in the decline.[93] Changes in demographics may be an
additional factor.[94]
In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament
in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between
owners and tenants.[95] The Lost Pubs Project listed 31,301 closed
English pubs on 19 July 2016, with photographs of over 16,000.[96]
In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of London's pubs have closed.
The closures have been ascribed to factors such as changing tastes,
rise in the cost of beer due to applied taxes and the increase in the
Muslim population.[97]
Cultural associations[edit]
See also: List of pubs in the United Kingdom
Inns and taverns feature throughout English literature and poetry,
from
The TabardThe TabardInnInn in Chaucer's
Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales onwards.[98]

The highwayman
Dick TurpinDick Turpin used the Swan
InnInn at Woughton-on-the-Green
in Buckinghamshire as his base.[99] Jamaica
InnInn near
BolventorBolventor in
CornwallCornwall gave its name to a 1936 novel by
Daphne du MaurierDaphne du Maurier and a 1939
film directed by Alfred Hitchcock.[100] In the 1920s John Fothergill
(1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame,
Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary
(London: Chatto & Windus, 1931).[101] During his idiosyncratic
occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United
States president
George W. BushGeorge W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of
visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit
to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush
being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister
Tony BlairTony Blair at the Dun
Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham in Blair's home
constituency.[102] There were approximately 53,500 public houses in
2009 in the United Kingdom.[103] This number has been declining every
year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a
local pub.[104]
London[edit]
Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people,
but in some cases, such as the association between
Samuel JohnsonSamuel Johnson and
Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more
than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However,
Charles DickensCharles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the
Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock
TavernTavern and many others. Samuel Pepys
is also associated with the
Prospect of WhitbyProspect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.
The Fitzroy Tavern[105] is a pub situated at 16
Charlotte StreetCharlotte Street in
the
FitzroviaFitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous
(or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s
to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists,
intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and
George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have
associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures,
including the Pillars of Hercules,
The Colony RoomThe Colony Room and the Coach and
Horses. The
CanonburyCanonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for
Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.

The Red Lion in
WhitehallWhitehall is close to the
Palace of WestminsterPalace of Westminster and is
consequently used by political journalists and Members of Parliament.
The pub is equipped with a
Division bellDivision bell that summons MPs back to the
chamber when they are required to take part in a vote.[106] The Punch
Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy
Ritchie.[107] The
Coleherne public houseColeherne public house in
Earls CourtEarls Court was a
well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known
patrons, such as Freddie Mercury,
Kenny EverettKenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev.
It was used by the serial-killer
Colin Ireland to pick up victims.
Jack Straw's Castle was a pub named after Jack Straw, one of the three
leaders of Peasants' Revolt, the pub was active since 14th Century
until its destruction by
The BlitzThe Blitz during second world war.
In 1966
The Blind BeggarThe Blind Beggar in
WhitechapelWhitechapel became infamous as the scene
of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray.[108] The Ten Bells is
associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955,
Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David
Blakely as he emerged from The Magdala in South Hill Park,
Hampstead,[109] the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls
outside. It is said that
Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin and a young
Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin met
in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as The Crown Tavern) on
ClerkenwellClerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.[110]
The Angel, IslingtonThe Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the
Great North Road, the main route northwards out of London, where
Thomas PaineThomas Paine is believed to have written much of The Rights of Man. It
was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is
now a Co-operative Bank.
Oxford and Cambridge[edit]
The Eagle and ChildThe Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular
meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group which included J. R.
R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis
Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce
that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after
they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA.[111]
The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix.[112] and
commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.
Fictional pubs[edit]
See also: List of fictional bars and pubs
Soap operas[edit]

The major soap operas on British television each feature a pub, and
these pubs have become household names.[113] The
Rovers ReturnRovers Return is the
pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen
Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major
soap on BBC One and the
WoolpackWoolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each
of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of
the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The
centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers,[114] the Queen
Vic,[115] or the
WoolpackWoolpack to be offered a drink.[116] The Bull in the
BBC Radio 4 soap opera
The ArchersThe Archers is an important meeting point.
Outside Great Britain[edit]
See also:
Public houses in IrelandPublic houses in Ireland and Australian pubs

A Swedish pub

A pub in Russia

Although "British" pubs found outside of Britain and its former
colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British
pub, a number of "true" pubs may be found around the world.
In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs have opened which
eschew "theming", and which instead focus on the business of providing
carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular
brewery or chain, in an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a
British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in
kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their
customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer
and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56
British cask beers were available at the 2008 European
BeerBeer Festival
in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.
In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic".[117] In
Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ("tavernhouse") or
teach óil ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of
traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is
frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland
are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland
except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of "The Troubles"
was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion
of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub
interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand
sports a number of Irish pubs.[118]
The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking
establishment was "tavern", until the 1970s when the term "bar" became
widespread as in the United States. In the 1800s the term used was
"public house" as in England. A fake "English looking" pub trend
started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, like regular
bars. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs which are central
to student life, as it would be bad form just to serve alcohol to
students without providing some type of basic food. Often these pubs
are run by the student's union. The gastropub concept has caught on,
as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian
dishes. On 16 March 2012,
Malcolm McDowellMalcolm McDowell (with fellow English actor
Gary OldmanGary Oldman in attendance to pay tribute) received a star on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame, aptly outside the Pig n’ Whistle British pub
on Hollywood Boulevard.[119]
See also[edit]

Tavern
Bar
Campaign for Real Ale
PubPub crawl
Public houses in Ireland
List of award-winning pubs in London
List of microbreweries
List of public house topics
List of public houses in Australia

Christy, Miller (1887). "Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of
the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or
formerly found in the county of Essex". Chelmsford: Edmund Durrant
& Co.
Cornell, Martyn (2003). Beer: the story of the pint. London: Headline.
ISBN 978-0-7553-1165-1.
Haydon, Peter (2001).
BeerBeer and Britannia: an inebriated history of
Britain. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2748-2.
Jackson, Michael & Smyth, Frank (1976). The English Pub. London:
Collins. ISBN 0-00-216210-5.
www.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists
InnInn Sign
studio

Further reading[edit]

Burke, Thomas (1927). The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures
of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the
railway hotel; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable.
Burke, Thomas (1930). The English Inn. (English Heritage.) London:
Herbert Jenkins.
Burke, Thomas (1947). The English
InnInn (Revised ed.). (The Country
Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins.
Clark, Peter (1983). The English Alehouse: a social history,
1200–1830. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50835-5.
Clark, Peter (1978). "The
AlehouseAlehouse and the Alternative Society", in:
Puritans and Revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history
presented to Christopher Hill; ed. D. H. Pennington & Keith
Thomas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; pp. 47–72.
Douch, H. L. (1966). Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social
history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.
Everitt, Alan. "The English Urban
InnInn 1560–1760." Perspectives in
English urban history (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973) pp. 91–137.
(The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (ed. David Hey),
1996, describes this as "the starting point for modern studies [of
inns]"; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic
as "a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and
irritating errors".)
Gutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House
in England, 1896-1960(Northern Illinois University Press, 2006).
Hackwood, Frederick W. (1910). Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old
England. London: T. Fisher Unwin.