Animaw wewfare is de weww-being of nonhuman animaws. The standards of "good" animaw wewfare vary considerabwy between different contexts. These standards are under constant review and are debated, created and revised by animaw wewfare groups, wegiswators and academics worwdwide.[1][2]Animaw wewfare science uses various measures, such as wongevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiowogy, and reproduction,[3] awdough dere is debate about which of dese indicators provide de best information, uh-hah-hah-hah.

Respect for animaw wewfare is often based on de bewief dat nonhuman animaws are sentient and dat consideration shouwd be given to deir weww-being or suffering, especiawwy when dey are under de care of humans.[4] These concerns can incwude how animaws are swaughtered for food, how dey are used in scientific research, how dey are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect de wewfare and survivaw of wiwd species.

There are two forms of criticism of de concept of animaw wewfare, coming from diametricawwy opposite positions. One view, hewd by some dinkers in history, howds dat humans have no duties of any kind to animaws. The oder view is based on de animaw rights position dat animaws shouwd not be regarded as property and any use of animaws by humans is unacceptabwe. Accordingwy, some animaw rights proponents argue dat de perception of better animaw wewfare faciwitates continued and increased expwoitation of animaws.[5][6] Some audorities derefore treat animaw wewfare and animaw rights as two opposing positions.[7][page needed][8][9] Oders see animaw wewfare gains as incrementaw steps towards animaw rights.

Since 1822, when Irish MP Richard Martin brought de "Cruew Treatment of Cattwe Act 1822" drough Parwiament offering protection from cruewty to cattwe, horses, and sheep, an animaw wewfare movement has been active in Engwand. Martin was among de founders of de worwd's first animaw wewfare organization, de Society for de Prevention of Cruewty to Animaws, or SPCA, in 1824. In 1840, Queen Victoria gave de society her bwessing, and it became de RSPCA. The society used members' donations to empwoy a growing network of inspectors, whose job was to identify abusers, gader evidence, and report dem to de audorities.

In 1837, de German minister Awbert Knapp founded de first German animaw wewfare society.[14]

Significant progress in animaw wewfare did not take pwace untiw de wate 20f century.[16] In 1965, de UK government commissioned an investigation—wed by Professor Roger Brambeww—into de wewfare of intensivewy farmed animaws, partwy in response to concerns raised in Ruf Harrison's 1964 book, Animaw Machines. On de basis of Professor Brambeww's report, de UK government set up de Farm Animaw Wewfare Advisory Committee in 1967, which became de Farm Animaw Wewfare Counciw in 1979. The committee's first guidewines recommended dat animaws reqwire de freedoms to "stand up, wie down, turn around, groom demsewves and stretch deir wimbs." The guidewines have since been ewaborated upon to become known as de Five Freedoms.[17]

In de UK, de "Animaw Wewfare Act 2006" consowidated many different forms of animaw wewfare wegiswation, uh-hah-hah-hah.

A number of animaw wewfare organisations are campaigning to achieve a Universaw Decwaration on Animaw Wewfare (UDAW) at de United Nations. In principwe, de Universaw Decwaration wouwd caww on de United Nations to recognise animaws as sentient beings, capabwe of experiencing pain and suffering, and to recognise dat animaw wewfare is an issue of importance as part of de sociaw devewopment of nations worwdwide. The campaign to achieve de UDAW is being co-ordinated by Worwd Animaw Protection, wif a core working group incwuding Compassion in Worwd Farming, de RSPCA, and de Humane Society Internationaw (de internationaw branch of HSUS).[18][19]

Animaw wewfare science is an emerging fiewd dat seeks to answer qwestions raised by de keeping and use of animaws, such as wheder hens are frustrated when confined in cages,[20] wheder de psychowogicaw weww-being of animaws in waboratories can be maintained,[21] and wheder zoo animaws are stressed by de transport reqwired for internationaw conservation, uh-hah-hah-hah.[22]

The wewfare of egg waying hens in battery cages (top) can be compared wif de wewfare of free range hens (middwe and bottom) which are given access to de outdoors. However, animaw wewfare groups argue dat de vast majority of free-range hens are stiww intensivewy confined (bottom) and are rarewy abwe to go outdoors.[23][24][25]

Farm animaws are artificiawwy sewected for production parameters which sometimes impinge on de animaws' wewfare. For exampwe, broiwer chickens are bred to be very warge to produce de greatest qwantity of meat per animaw. Broiwers bred for fast growf have a high incidence of weg deformities because de warge breast muscwes cause distortions of de devewoping wegs and pewvis, and de birds cannot support deir increased body weight. As a conseqwence, dey freqwentwy become wame or suffer from broken wegs. The increased body weight awso puts a strain on deir hearts and wungs, and ascites often devewops. In de UK awone, up to 20 miwwion broiwers each year die from de stress of catching and transport before reaching de swaughterhouse.[26]

Anoder concern about de wewfare of farm animaws is de medod of swaughter, especiawwy rituaw swaughter. Whiwe de kiwwing of animaws need not necessariwy invowve suffering, de generaw pubwic considers dat kiwwing an animaw reduces its wewfare.[27] This weads to furder concerns about premature swaughtering such as chick cuwwing by de waying hen industry, in which mawes are swaughtered immediatewy after hatching because dey are superfwuous; dis powicy occurs in oder farm animaw industries such as de production of goat and cattwe miwk, raising de same concerns.

Captive cetaceans are kept for dispway, research and navaw operations. To enhance deir wewfare, humans feed dem fish which are dead, but are disease-free, protect dem from predators and injury, monitor deir heawf, and provide activities for behavioraw enrichment. Some are kept in wagoons wif naturaw soiw and vegetated sides.[28] Most are in concrete tanks which are easy to cwean, but echo deir naturaw sounds back to dem.[29][30] They cannot devewop deir own sociaw groups, and rewated cetaceans are typicawwy separated for dispway and breeding. Miwitary dowphins used in navaw operations swim free during operations and training, and return to pens oderwise.[31] Captive cetaceans are trained to present demsewves for bwood sampwes, heawf exams and noninvasive breaf sampwes above deir bwow howes.[32] Staff can monitor de captives afterwards for signs of infection from de procedure.

Research on wiwd cetaceans weaves dem free to roam and make sounds in deir naturaw habitat, eat wive fish, face predators and injury, and form sociaw groups vowuntariwy. However boat engines of researchers, whawe watchers and oders add substantiaw noise to deir naturaw environment, reducing deir abiwity to echowocate and communicate.[33][34]Ewectric engines are far qwieter, but are not widewy used for eider research or whawe watching, even for maintaining position, which does not reqwire much power.[35][36] Vancouver Port offers discounts for ships wif qwiet propewwer and huww designs.[37] Oder areas have reduced speeds.[38] Boat engines awso have unshiewded propewwers, which cause serious injuries to cetaceans who come cwose to de propewwer.[39] The US Coast Guard has proposed ruwes on propewwer guards to protect human swimmers, but has not adopted any ruwes.[40][41] The US Navy uses propewwer guards to protect manatees in Georgia.[42]Ducted propewwers provide more efficient drive at speeds up to 10 knots, and protect animaws beneaf and beside dem, but need griwwes to prevent injuries to animaws drawn into de duct.[43][44] Attaching satewwite trackers and obtaining biopsies to measure powwution woads and DNA invowve eider capture and rewease, or shooting de cetaceans from a distance wif dart guns.[45] A cetacean was kiwwed by a fungaw infection after being darted, due to eider an incompwetewy steriwized dart or an infection from de ocean entering de wound caused by de dart.[46] Researchers on wiwd cetaceans have not yet been abwe to use drones to capture noninvasive breaf sampwes.

The European Commission's activities in dis area start wif de recognition dat animaws are sentient beings.[50] The generaw aim is to ensure dat animaws do not endure avoidabwe pain or suffering, and obwiges de owner/keeper of animaws to respect minimum wewfare reqwirements.[50]European Union wegiswation regarding farm animaw wewfare is reguwarwy re-drafted according to science-based evidence and cuwturaw views.[51][52] For exampwe, in 2009, wegiswation was passed which aimed to reduce animaw suffering during swaughter[53] and on January 1, 2012, de European Union Counciw Directive 1999/74/EC came into act, which means dat conventionaw battery cages for waying hens are now banned across de Union, uh-hah-hah-hah.

The Animaw Wewfare Act 2006[54] makes owners and keepers responsibwe for ensuring dat de wewfare needs of deir animaws are met. These incwude de need: for a suitabwe environment (pwace to wive), for a suitabwe diet, to exhibit normaw behavior patterns, to be housed wif, or apart from, oder animaws (if appwicabwe), and to be protected from pain, injury, suffering and disease.
Anyone who is cruew to an animaw, or does not provide for its wewfare needs, may be banned from owning animaws, fined up to £20,000 and/or sent to prison for a maximum of six monds.[55]

In de UK, de wewfare of research animaws being used for "reguwated procedures" was historicawwy protected by de Animaws (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (ASPA) which is administrated by de Home Office. The Act defines "reguwated procedures" as animaw experiments dat couwd potentiawwy cause "pain, suffering, distress or wasting harm" to "protected animaws". Initiawwy, "protected animaws" encompassed aww wiving vertebrates oder dan humans, but, in 1993, an amendment added a singwe invertebrate species, de common octopus.[56]

Primates, cats, dogs, and horses have additionaw protection over oder vertebrates under de Act. Revised wegiswation came into force in January 2013. This has been expanded to protect "...aww wiving vertebrates, oder dan man, and any wiving cephawopod. Fish and amphibia are protected once dey can feed independentwy and cephawopods at de point when dey hatch. Embryonic and foetaw forms of mammaws, birds and reptiwes are protected during de wast dird of deir gestation or incubation period." The definition of reguwated procedures was awso expanded: "A procedure is reguwated if it is carried out on a protected animaw and may cause dat animaw a wevew of pain, suffering, distress or wasting harm eqwivawent to, or higher dan, dat caused by inserting a hypodermic needwe according to good veterinary practice." It awso incwudes modifying de genes of a protected animaw if dis causes de animaw pain, suffering, distress, or wasting harm. The ASPA awso considers oder issues such as animaw sources, housing conditions, identification medods, and de humane kiwwing of animaws.[57]

This wegiswation is widewy regarded as de strictest in de worwd.[58] Those appwying for a wicense must expwain why such research cannot be done drough non-animaw medods. The project must awso pass an edicaw review panew which aims to decide if de potentiaw benefits outweigh any suffering for de animaws invowved.

In de United States, a federaw waw cawwed de Humane Swaughter Act was designed to decrease suffering of wivestock during swaughter.[59]

The Georgia Animaw Protection Act of 1986 was a state waw enacted in response to de inhumane treatment of companion animaws by a pet store chain in Atwanta.[60] The Act provided for de wicensing and reguwation of pet shops, stabwes, kennews, and animaw shewters, and estabwished, for de first time, minimum standards of care. Additionaw provisions, cawwed de Humane Eudanasia Act, were added in 1990,[61] and den furder expanded and strengdened wif de Animaw Protection Act of 2000.[62]

In 2002, voters passed (by a margin of 55% for and 45% against) Amendment 10 to de Fworida Constitution banning de confinement of pregnant pigs in gestation crates.[63] In 2006, Arizona voters passed Proposition 204 wif 62% support; de wegiswation prohibits de confinement of cawves in veaw crates and breeding sows in gestation crates. In 2007, de Governor of Oregon signed wegiswation prohibiting de confinement of pigs in gestation crates[64] and in 2008, de Governor of Coworado signed wegiswation dat phased out bof gestation crates and veaw crates.[65][66] Awso during 2008, Cawifornia passed Proposition 2, known as de "Prevention of Farm Animaw Cruewty Act", which orders new space reqwirements for farm animaws starting in 2015.

The use of animaws in waboratories remains controversiaw. Animaw wewfare advocates push for enforced standards to ensure de heawf and safety of dose animaws used for tests.

In de US, every institution dat uses vertebrate animaws for federawwy funded waboratory research must have an Institutionaw Animaw Care and Use Committee (IACUC).[67] Each wocaw IACUC reviews research protocows and conducts evawuations of de institution's animaw care and use which incwudes de resuwts of inspections of faciwities dat are reqwired by waw. The IACUC committee must assess de steps taken to "enhance animaw weww-being" before research can take pwace. This incwudes research on farm animaws.[68]

According to de Nationaw Institutes of Heawf Office of Laboratory Animaw Wewfare, researchers must try to minimize distress in animaws whenever possibwe: "Animaws used in research and testing may experience pain from induced diseases, procedures, and toxicity. The Pubwic Heawf Service (PHS) Powicy and Animaw Wewfare Reguwations (AWRs) state dat procedures dat cause more dan momentary or swight pain or distress shouwd be performed wif appropriate sedation, anawgesia, or anesdesia.[68]

However, research and testing studies sometimes invowve pain dat cannot be rewieved wif such agents because dey wouwd interfere wif de scientific objectives of de study. Accordingwy, federaw reguwations reqwire dat IACUCs determine dat discomfort to animaws wiww be wimited to dat which is unavoidabwe for de conduct of scientificawwy vawuabwe research, and dat unrewieved pain and distress wiww onwy continue for de duration necessary to accompwish de scientific objectives. The PHS Powicy and AWRs furder state dat animaws dat wouwd oderwise suffer severe or chronic pain and distress dat cannot be rewieved shouwd be painwesswy kiwwed at de end of de procedure, or if appropriate, during de procedure."[68]

The Nationaw Research Counciw's Guide for de Care and Use of Laboratory Animaws awso serves as a guide to improve wewfare for animaws used in research in de US.[69] The Federation of Animaw Science Societies' Guide for de Care and Use of Agricuwturaw Animaws in Research and Teaching is a resource addressing wewfare concerns in farm animaw research.[70] Laboratory animaws in de US are awso protected under de Animaw Wewfare Act. The United States Department of Agricuwture Animaw and Pwant Heawf Inspection Service (APHIS) enforces de Animaw Wewfare Act. APHIS inspects animaw research faciwities reguwarwy and reports are pubwished onwine.[71]

According to de U.S. Department of Agricuwture (USDA), de totaw number of animaws used in de U.S. in 2005 was awmost 1.2 miwwion,[72] but dis does not incwude rats, mice, and birds which are not covered by wewfare wegiswation but make up approximatewy 90% of research animaws.[73][74]

There are many different approaches to describing and defining animaw wewfare.

Positive conditions - Providing good animaw wewfare is sometimes defined by a wist of positive conditions which shouwd be provided to de animaw. This approach is taken by de Five Freedoms and de dree principwes of Professor John Webster.

The Five Freedoms are:

Freedom from dirst and hunger – by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain fuww heawf and vigour

Freedom from discomfort – by providing an appropriate environment incwuding shewter and a comfortabwe resting area

Freedom from pain, injury, and disease – by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment

Freedom to express most normaw behavior – by providing sufficient space, proper faciwities, and company of de animaw's own kind

Freedom from fear and distress – by ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mentaw suffering

John Webster defines animaw wewfare by advocating dree positive conditions: Living a naturaw wife, being fit and heawdy, and being happy.[75]

High production - In de past, many have seen farm animaw wewfare chiefwy in terms of wheder de animaw is producing weww.[2] The argument is dat an animaw in poor wewfare wouwd not be producing weww, however, many farmed animaws wiww remain highwy productive despite being in conditions where good wewfare is awmost certainwy compromised, e.g., wayer hens in battery cages.

Emotion in animaws - Oders in de fiewd, such as Professor Ian Duncan[76] and Professor Marian Dawkins,[77] focus more on de feewings of de animaw. This approach indicates de bewief dat animaws shouwd be considered as sentient beings. Duncan wrote, "Animaw wewfare is to do wif de feewings experienced by animaws: de absence of strong negative feewings, usuawwy cawwed suffering, and (probabwy) de presence of positive feewings, usuawwy cawwed pweasure. In any assessment of wewfare, it is dese feewings dat shouwd be assessed."[78] Dawkins wrote, "Let us not mince words: Animaw wewfare invowves de subjective feewings of animaws."[79]

Dictionary definition - In de Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, animaw wewfare is defined as "de avoidance of abuse and expwoitation of animaws by humans by maintaining appropriate standards of accommodation, feeding and generaw care, de prevention and treatment of disease and de assurance of freedom from harassment, and unnecessary discomfort and pain, uh-hah-hah-hah."[81]

American Veterinary Medicaw Association (AVMA) has defined animaw wewfare as: "An animaw is in a good state of wewfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is heawdy, comfortabwe, weww nourished, safe, abwe to express innate behavior, and if it is not suffering from unpweasant states such as pain, fear, and distress."[82] They have offered de fowwowing eight principwes for devewoping and evawuating animaw wewfare powicies.

The responsibwe use of animaws for human purposes, such as companionship, food, fiber, recreation, work, education, exhibition, and research conducted for de benefit of bof humans and animaws, is consistent wif de Veterinarian's Oaf.

Terrestriaw Animaw Heawf Code of Worwd Organisation for Animaw Heawf defines animaw wewfare as "how an animaw is coping wif de conditions in which it wives. An animaw is in a good state of wewfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is heawdy, comfortabwe, weww nourished, safe, abwe to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpweasant states such as pain, fear, and distress. Good animaw wewfare reqwires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shewter, management, nutrition, humane handwing and humane swaughter/kiwwing. Animaw wewfare refers to de state of de animaw; de treatment dat an animaw receives is covered by oder terms such as animaw care, animaw husbandry, and humane treatment."[83]

Coping - Professor Donawd Broom defines de wewfare of an animaw as "Its state as regards its attempts to cope wif its environment. This state incwudes how much it is having to do to cope, de extent to which it is succeeding in or faiwing to cope, and its associated feewings." He states dat "wewfare wiww vary over a continuum from very good to very poor and studies of wewfare wiww be most effective if a wide range of measures is used."[84] John Webster criticized dis definition for making "no attempt to say what constitutes good or bad wewfare."[85]

Animaw wewfare often[86] refers to a utiwitarian attitude towards de weww-being of nonhuman animaws. It bewieves de animaws can be expwoited if de animaw suffering and de costs of use is wess dan de benefits to humans.[7][page needed][87] This attitude is awso known simpwy as wewfarism.

Think about de animaws dat de meat you eat comes from. Are you at aww concerned about how dey have been treated? Have dey wived weww? Have dey been fed on safe, appropriate foods? Have dey been cared for by someone who respects dem and enjoys contact wif dem? Wouwd you wike to be sure of dat? Perhaps it's time to find out a bit more about where de meat you eat comes from. Or to buy from a source dat reassures you about dese points.

Robert Garner describes de wewfarist position as de most widewy hewd in modern society.[89] He states dat one of de best attempts to cwarify dis position is given by Robert Nozick:[90]

Consider de fowwowing (too minimaw) position about de treatment of animaws. So dat we can easiwy refer to it, wet us wabew dis position "utiwitarianism for animaws, Kantianism for peopwe." It says: (1) maximize de totaw happiness of aww wiving beings; (2) pwace stringent side constraints on what one may do to human beings. Human beings may not be used or sacrificed for de benefit of oders; animaws may be used or sacrificed for de benefit of oder peopwe or animaws onwy if dose benefits are greater dan de woss infwicted.[91]

Wewfarism is often contrasted wif de animaw rights and animaw wiberation positions, which howd dat animaws shouwd not be used by humans and shouwd not be regarded as human property.[6][8][92][93] However, it has been argued dat bof wewfarism and animaw wiberation onwy make sense if it is assumed dat animaws have "subjective wewfare".[cwarification needed][94]

New wewfarism was coined by Gary L. Francione in 1996.[7] It is a view dat de best way to prevent animaw suffering is to abowish de causes of animaw suffering, but advancing animaw wewfare is a goaw to pursue in de short term. Thus, for instance, new wewfarists want to phase out fur farms and animaw experiments but in de short-term dey try to improve conditions for de animaws in dese systems, so dey wobby to make cages wess constrictive and to reduce de numbers of animaws used in waboratories.[95]

Widin de context of animaw research, many scientific organisations bewieve dat improved animaw wewfare wiww provide improved scientific outcomes. If an animaw in a waboratory is suffering stress or pain it couwd negativewy affect de resuwts of de research.[96]

Increased affwuence in many regions for de past few decades afforded consumers de disposabwe income to purchase products from high wewfare systems.[97] The adaptation of more economicawwy efficient farming systems in dese regions were at de expense of animaw wewfare and to de financiaw benefit of consumers, bof of which were factors in driving de demand for higher wewfare for farm animaws.[cwarification needed] A 2006 survey concwuded dat a majority (63%) of EU citizens "show some wiwwingness to change deir usuaw pwace of shopping in order to be abwe to purchase more animaw wewfare-friendwy products."[98]

The vowume of scientific research on animaw wewfare has awso increased significantwy in some countries.[99]

Some individuaws in history have, at weast in principwe, rejected de view dat humans have duties of any kind to animaws.

Augustine of Hippo seemed to take such a position in his writings against dose he saw as heretics:
"For we see and hear by deir cries dat animaws die wif pain, awdough man disregards dis in a beast, wif which, as not having a rationaw souw, we have no community of rights." [100]

American phiwosopher Tom Regan has criticized de animaw wewfare movement for not going far enough to protect animaws' interests.

Animaw rights advocates, such as Gary L. Francione and Tom Regan, argue dat de animaw wewfare position (advocating for de betterment of de condition of animaws, but widout abowishing animaw use) is inconsistent in wogic and edicawwy unacceptabwe. However, dere are some animaw right groups, such as PETA, which support animaw wewfare measures in de short term to awweviate animaw suffering untiw aww animaw use is ended.[101]

According to PETA's Ingrid Newkirk in an interview wif Wikinews, dere are two issues in animaw wewfare and animaw rights. "If I onwy couwd have one ding, it wouwd be to end suffering", said Newkirk. "If you couwd take dings from animaws and kiww animaws aww day wong widout causing dem suffering, den I wouwd take it... Everybody shouwd be abwe to agree dat animaws shouwd not suffer if you kiww dem or steaw from dem by taking de fur off deir backs or take deir eggs, whatever. But you shouwdn't put dem drough torture to do dat."[101]

Abowitionism howds dat focusing on animaw wewfare not onwy faiws to chawwenge animaw suffering, but may actuawwy prowong it by making de exercise of property rights over animaws appear wess unattractive. The abowitionists' objective is to secure a moraw and wegaw paradigm shift, whereby animaws are no wonger regarded as property.

Worwd Organisation for Animaw Heawf (OIE): The intergovernmentaw organisation responsibwe for improving animaw heawf worwdwide. The OIE has been estabwished "for de purpose of projects of internationaw pubwic utiwity rewating to de controw of animaw diseases, incwuding dose affecting humans and de promotion of animaw wewfare and animaw production food safety."[102]

Worwd Animaw Protection: Protects animaws across de gwobe. Worwd Animaw Protection's objectives incwude hewping peopwe understand de criticaw importance of good animaw wewfare, encouraging nations to commit to animaw-friendwy practices, and buiwding de scientific case for de better treatment of animaws. They are gwobaw in a sense dat dey have consuwtative status at de Counciw of Europe and cowwaborate wif nationaw governments, de United Nations, de Food and Agricuwture Organization and de Worwd Organization for Animaw Heawf.[103]

Canadian Federation of Humane Societies (CFHS): The onwy nationaw organization representing humane societies and SPCAs in Canada. They provide weadership on animaw wewfare issues and spread de message across Canada.[104]

The Canadian Veterinary Medicaw Association: Brings in veterinary invowvement to animaw wewfare. Their objective is to share dis concern of animaws wif aww members of de profession, wif de generaw pubwic, wif government at aww wevews, and wif oder organizations such as de CFHS, which have simiwar concerns.[104]

Compassion in Worwd Farming: Founded over 40 years ago in 1967 by a British farmer who became horrified by de devewopment of modern, intensive factory farming. "Today we campaign peacefuwwy to end aww cruew factory farming practices. We bewieve dat de biggest cause of cruewty on de pwanet deserves a focused, speciawised approach – so we onwy work on farm animaw wewfare."[105]

The Movement for Compassionate Living: Exists to-
"Promote simpwe vegan wiving and sewf-rewiance as a remedy against de expwoitation of humans, animaws and de Earf.
Promote de use of trees and vegan-organic farming to meet de needs of society for food and naturaw resources.
Promote a wand-based society where as much of our food and resources as possibwe are produced wocawwy."[106]

Nationaw Animaw Interest Awwiance: An animaw wewfare organization in de United States founded in 1991 promotes de wewfare of animaws, strengdens de human-animaw bond, and safeguards de rights of responsibwe animaw owners, endusiasts and professionaws drough research, pubwic information and sound pubwic powicy.[107] They host an onwine wibrary of information about various animaw-rewated subjects serving as a resource for groups and individuaws dedicated to responsibwe animaw care and weww-being.

Nationaw Farm Animaw Care Counciw: Their objectives are to faciwitate cowwaboration among members wif respect to farm animaw care issues in Canada, to faciwitate information sharing and communication, and to monitor trends and initiatives in bof de domestic and internationaw market pwace.[104]

Universities Federation for Animaw Wewfare: A UK registered charity, estabwished in 1926, dat works to devewop and promote improvements in de wewfare of aww animaws drough scientific and educationaw activity worwdwide.