For the experiment on the measurement of the electron antineutrinomagneticmoment we suggest a new approach to the tritium source design, namely, a configuration of annular cells filled with TiT{sub 2} that are stacked into a hollow cylinder. Detectors are mounted in the hole inside.We present results of the optimization of geometrical and physical parameters of the source with respect to its experimental effectiveness and safety guaranty at all stages of its lifecycle. We discuss the choice of the construction materials and specify technological issues relevant to radiation purity of the source, being of the special concern in the experiment on the electron antineutrinomagneticmoment measurement.

We present research results of the preparation project for the experimental measurement of the (anti)neutrinomagneticmoment at the level of 10{sup -12} μ{sub B} using an intense tritium source of antineutrinos and a liquid helium scintillation detector. The neutrino detection in the scintillation detector is based on the scattering of neutrinos by the electrons of the helium atoms that produces fast electrons able to ionize and exciting helium atoms. The detection of the atomic radiation emitted during the relaxation process of the helium atoms and the knowledge of its parameters will allow us to conclude on the neutrino properties.

Some low energy neutrino nucleus reactions induced by neutrinos (antineutrinos) having a magneticmoment of the order of 10{sup {minus}9}{minus}10{sup {minus}10} Bohr magneton are studied. It is found that in the case of {sup 4}He, {sup 12}C, and {sup 16}O, the detection of very low energy scalar and isoscalar elastic and inelastic reactions induced by the isoscalar vector currents can provide a better limit on the neutrino magneticmoment.

A toroidal magnet for confining a high magnetic field for use in fusion reactor research and nuclear particle detection. The magnet includes a series of conductor elements arranged about and fixed at its small major radius portion to the outer surface of a central cylindrical support each conductor element having a geometry such as to maintain the conductor elements in pure tension when a high current flows therein, and a support assembly which redistributes all or part of the tension which would otherwise arise in the small major radius portion of each coil element to the large major radius portion thereof.

Multiorbital Hubbard models are shown to exhibit a spatially isotropic spin-triplet superconducting phase, where equal-spin electrons in different local orbitals are paired. This superconducting state is stabilized in the spin-freezing crossover regime, where local moments emerge in the metal phase, and the pairing is substantially assisted by spin anisotropy. The phase diagram features a superconducting dome below a non-Fermi-liquid metallic region and next to a magnetically ordered phase. We suggest that this type of fluctuating-moment-induced superconductivity, which is not originating from fluctuations near a quantum critical point, may be realized in spin-triplet superconductors such as strontium ruthenates and uranium compounds. PMID:26705649

Multiorbital Hubbard models are shown to exhibit a spatially isotropic spin-triplet superconducting phase, where equal-spin electrons in different local orbitals are paired. This superconducting state is stabilized in the spin-freezing crossover regime, where local moments emerge in the metal phase, and the pairing is substantially assisted by spin anisotropy. The phase diagram features a superconducting dome below a non-Fermi-liquid metallic region and next to a magnetically ordered phase. We suggest that this type of fluctuating-moment-induced superconductivity, which is not originating from fluctuations near a quantum critical point, may be realized in spin-triplet superconductors such as strontium ruthenates and uranium compounds.

The first result obtained in the measurements of the neutrino magneticmoment at the Kalinin nuclear power plant with the GEMMA spectrometer is presented. A high-purity germanium detector of mass 1.5 kg placed at a distance of 13.9 m from the reactor core is used in the spectrometer. The antineutrino flux at the detector position is 2.73 x 10{sup 13{nu}}-bar/(cm{sup 2} s). The differential method is used to select events of electromagnetic antineutrino-electron scattering. The spectra taken in the reactor-on and reactor-off modes over 6200 and 2064 h, respectively, are compared. On the basis of a data analysis, an upper limit of 5.8 x 10{sup -11} {mu}B was set on the neutrino magneticmoment {mu}{sub {nu}}at a 90% C.L.

We propose a generalization of the upgraded Karl-Sehgal formula which relates baryon magneticmoments to the spin structure of constituent quarks, by adding anomalous magneticmoments of quarks. We first argue that the relativistic nature of quarks inside baryons requires the introduction of two kinds of magnetisms, one axial and the other tensorial. The first one is associated with integrated quark helicity distributions {delta}{sub i}-{delta}{sub i} (standard) and the second with integrated transversity distributions {delta}{sub i}-{delta}{sub i}. The weight of each contribution is controlled by the combination of two parameters, x{sub i} the ratio of the quark mass to the average kinetic energy and a{sub i} the quark anomalous magneticmoment. The quark anomalous magneticmoment is correlated to transversity, and both are necessary ingredients in describing relativistic quarks. The proposed formula, when confronted with baryon magneticmoments data with reasonable inputs, yields, besides quark magnetic densities, anomalous magneticmoments large enough not to be ignored.

Thin layers of magnetic material surrounded by non-magnetic layers display a reduced moment per atom relative to the bulk magnetic material. Plots of sturation magnetization versus magnetic layer thickness can be explained in terms of magnetically dead layers at interfaces. First principles calculations indicate a more complex distribution of magneticmoments. Moment distributions calculated in the local density approximation restricted to colinear spins and with unrestricted spin orientations will be presented for Cu/Ni/Cu, Cu/permalloy/Cu, and Mo/Ni/Mo structures. Work supported by Division of Materials Science, the Mathematical Information and Computational Science Division of the Office of Computational Technology Research, and by the Assistant Secretary of Defence Programs, Technology Management Group, Technology Transfer Initiative, US DOE under subcontract DEAC05-84OR21400 with Martin-Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.

We show how the concept of the magnetic dipole moment can be introduced in the same way as the concept of the electric dipole moment in introductory courses on electromagnetism. Considering a localized steady current distribution, we make a Taylor expansion directly in the Biot-Savart law to obtain, explicitly, the dominant contribution of the…

The magneticmoment of nanoparticles is an important property for drug targeting and related applications as well as for the simulation thereof. However, the measurement of the magneticmoment of nanoparticles, nanoparticle-virus-complexes or microspheres in solution can be difficult and often yields unsatisfying or incomparable results. To measure the magneticmoment, we designed a custom measurement device including a magnetic set-up to observe nanoparticles indirectly via light transmission in solution. We present a simple, cheap device of manageable size, which can be used in any laboratory as well as a novel evaluation method to determine the magneticmoment of nanoparticles via the change of the optical density of the particle suspension in a well-defined magnetic gradient field. In contrast to many of the established measurement methods, we are able to observe and measure the nanoparticle complexes in their natural state in the respective medium. The nanoparticles move along the magnetic gradient and thereby away from the observation point. Due to this movement, the optical density of the fluid decreases and the transmission increases over time at the measurement location. By comparing the measurement with parametric simulations, we can deduce the magneticmoment from the observed behavior.

The neutron magneticmoment has been measured with an improvement of a factor of 100 over the previous best measurement. Using a magnetic resonance spectrometer of the separated oscillatory field type capable of determining a resonance signal for both neutrons and protons (in flowing H{sub 2}O), we find ..mu..{sub n}/..mu..{sub p} = 0.68497935(17) (0.25 ppM). The neutron magneticmoment can also be expressed without loss of accuracy in a variety of other units.

This paper describes the data analysis technique used for magnetic testing at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Excellent results have been obtained using this technique to convert a spacecraft s measured magnetic field data into its respective magnetic dipole moment model. The model is most accurate with the earth s geomagnetic field cancelled in a spherical region bounded by the measurement magnetometers with a minimum radius large enough to enclose the magnetic source. Considerably enhanced spacecraft magnetic testing is offered by using this technique in conjunction with a computer-controlled magnetic field measurement system. Such a system, with real-time magnetic field display capabilities, has been incorporated into other existing magnetic measurement facilities and is also used at remote locations where transport to a magnetics test facility is impractical.

The photon magneticmoment for radiation propagating in magnetized vacuum is defined as a pseudotensor quantity, proportional to the external electromagnetic field tensor. After expanding the eigenvalues of the polarization operator in powers of , we obtain approximate dispersion equations (cubic in ), and analytic solutions for the photon magneticmoment, valid for low momentum and/or large magnetic field. The paramagnetic photon experiences a redshift, with opposite sign to the gravitational one, which differs for parallel and perpendicular polarizations. It is due to the drain of photon transverse momentum and energy by the external field. By defining an effective transverse momentum, the constancy of the speed of light orthogonal to the field is guaranteed. We conclude that the propagation of the photon non-parallel to the magnetic direction behaves as if there is a quantum compression of the vacuum or a warp of space-time in an amount depending on its angle with regard to the field.

NCI-H1650 lung cancer cell lines labeled with magnetic nanoparticles via the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) antigen were previously shown to be captured at high efficiencies by a microfabricated magnetic sifter. If fine control and optimization of the magnetic separation process is to be achieved, it is vital to be able to characterize the labeled cells’ magneticmoment rapidly. We have thus adapted a rapid prototyping method to obtain the saturation magneticmoment of these cells. This method utilizes a cross-correlation algorithm to analyze the cells’ motion in a simple fluidic channel to obtain their magnetophoretic velocity, and is effective even when the magneticmoments of cells are small. This rapid characterization is proven useful in optimizing our microfabricated magnetic sifter procedures for magnetic cell capture. PMID:24771946

NCI-H1650 lung cancer cell lines labeled with magnetic nanoparticles via the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) antigen were previously shown to be captured at high efficiencies by a microfabricated magnetic sifter. If fine control and optimization of the magnetic separation process is to be achieved, it is vital to be able to characterize the labeled cells' magneticmoment rapidly. We have thus adapted a rapid prototyping method to obtain the saturation magneticmoment of these cells. This method utilizes a cross-correlation algorithm to analyze the cells' motion in a simple fluidic channel to obtain their magnetophoretic velocity, and is effective even when the magneticmoments of cells are small. This rapid characterization is proven useful in optimizing our microfabricated magnetic sifter procedures for magnetic cell capture. PMID:24771946

Basic theoretical and experimental aspects of neutrino magneticmoments are reviewed, including the present best upper bounds from reactor experiments and astrophysics. An interesting effect of neutrino spin precession induced by the background matter transversal current or polarization is also discussed.

The use of the integral moments for interpreting magnetic data is based on a very elegant property of potential fields, but in the past it has not been completely exploited due to problems concerning real data. We describe a new 3-D development of previous 2-D results aimed at determining the magnetization direction, extending the calculation to second-order moments to recover the centre of mass of the magnetization distribution. The method is enhanced to reduce the effects of the regional field that often alters the first-order solutions. Moreover, we introduce an iterative correction to properly assess the errors coming from finite-size surveys or interaction with neighbouring anomalies, which are the most important causes of the failing of the method for real data. We test the method on some synthetic examples, and finally, we show the results obtained by analysing the aeromagnetic anomaly of the Monte Vulture volcano in Southern Italy.

The semi-magic Sn isotopes with Z = 50 are the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical studies. The measured B(E2) values to the 21 + states for the neutron-deficient side of the isotope chain suggest enhanced collectivity when fewer particles are available if the proton shell is not broken. Magneticmoments which are sensitive to proton and neutron contributions to the wave functions of the states could provide critical and relevant information. Magneticmoments were previously measured only for the even stable and a few neutron-rich unstable Sn isotopes. A measurement of the g factors of excited states in 110Sn using the transient field technique was performed at the 88-Inch Cyclotron at the LBNL in Berkeley. The 110Sn nuclei were produced via an α-particle transfer to 106Cd.

A sample of 24 700 Ω- hyperons was produced by a prolarized neutral beam in a spin-transfer reaction. The Ω- polarizations are found to be -0.054+/-0.019 and -0.149+/-0.055 at mean Ω- momenta of 322 and 398 GeV/c, respectively. The directions of these polarizations give an Ω- magneticmoment of -(1.94+/-0.17+/-0.14)μN

We have considered a mechanism for inducing a time-reversal violating electric dipole moment (EDM) in atoms through the interaction of a nuclear EDM d{sub N} with the hyperfine interaction, the ''magneticmoment effect''. We have derived the operator for this interaction and presented analytical formulas for the matrix elements between atomic states. Induced EDMs in the diamagnetic atoms {sup 129}Xe, {sup 171}Yb, {sup 199}Hg, {sup 211}Rn, and {sup 225}Ra have been calculated numerically. From the experimental limits on the atomic EDMs of {sup 129}Xe and {sup 199}Hg we have placed the following constraints on the nuclear EDMs, |d{sub N}({sup 129}Xe)|<1.1x10{sup -21}|e|cm and |d{sub N}({sup 199}Hg)|<2.8x10{sup -24}|e|cm.

In this paper we present the development of a magneticmoment reference material for low momentmagnetic samples. We first conducted an inter-laboratory comparison to determine the most useful sample dimensions and magnetic properties for common instruments such as vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM), SQUIDs, and alternating gradient field magnetometers. The samples were fabricated and then measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Their magneticmoments were calibrated by tracing back to the NIST YIG sphere, SRM 2853. PMID:27096108

In this paper we present the development of a magneticmoment reference material for low momentmagnetic samples. We first conducted an inter-laboratory comparison to determine the most useful sample dimensions and magnetic properties for common instruments such as vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM), SQUIDs, and alternating gradient field magnetometers. The samples were fabricated and then measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Their magneticmoments were calibrated by tracing back to the NIST YIG sphere, SRM 2853. PMID:27096108

We demonstrate a method to manipulate magnetic resonance data such that the moments of the signal spatial distribution are readily accessible. Usually, magnetic resonance imaging relies on data acquired in so-called k-space which is subsequently Fourier transformed to render an image. Here, via analysis of the complex signal in the vicinity of the centre of k-space we are able to access the first three moments of the signal spatial distribution, ultimately in multiple directions. This is demonstrated for biofouling of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane module, rendering unique information and an early warning of the onset of fouling. The analysis is particularly applicable for the use of mobile magnetic resonance spectrometers; here we demonstrate it using an Earth's magnetic field system. PMID:25700116

We demonstrate a method to manipulate magnetic resonance data such that the moments of the signal spatial distribution are readily accessible. Usually, magnetic resonance imaging relies on data acquired in so-called k-space which is subsequently Fourier transformed to render an image. Here, via analysis of the complex signal in the vicinity of the centre of k-space we are able to access the first three moments of the signal spatial distribution, ultimately in multiple directions. This is demonstrated for biofouling of a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane module, rendering unique information and an early warning of the onset of fouling. The analysis is particularly applicable for the use of mobile magnetic resonance spectrometers; here we demonstrate it using an Earth's magnetic field system.

Reduced dimensionality and symmetry breaking at interfaces lead to unusual local magnetic configurations, such as glassy behavior, frustration or increased anisotropy. The interface between a ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet is such an example for enhanced symmetry breaking. Here we present detailed X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray resonant magnetic reflectometry investigations on the spectroscopic nature of uncompensated pinned magneticmoments in the antiferromagnetic layer of a typical exchange bias system. Unexpectedly, the pinned moments exhibit nearly pure orbital moment character. This strong orbital pinning mechanism has not been observed so far and is not discussed in literature regarding any theory for local magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies in magnetic systems. To verify this new phenomenon we investigated the effect at different temperatures. We provide a simple model discussing the observed pure orbital moments, based on rotatable spin magneticmoments and pinned orbital moments on the same atom. This unexpected observation leads to a concept for a new type of anisotropy energy.

We propose an 'ultimate' upgrade of the Karl- Sehgal (KS) formula which relates baryon magneticmoments to the spin structure of constituent quarks, by adding anomalous magneticmoments of quarks. We first argue that relativistic nature of quarks inside baryons requires introduction of two kinds of magnetisms, one axial and the other tensoriel. The first one is associated with integrated quark helicity distributions {delta}i - {delta}i-bar (standard ) and the second with integrated transversity distributions {delta}i - {delta}i-bar. The weight of each contribution is controlled by the combination of two parameters, xi the ratio of the quark mass to the average kinetic energy and ai the quark anomalous magneticmoment. The quark anomalous magneticmoment is thus shown to be correlated to transversity. The proposed formula confirms, with reasonable inputs that anomalous magneticmoments of quarks are unavoidable intrinsic properties.

The surface magnetic anomaly observed in unexploded ordnance (UXO) clearance is mainly dipolar, and consequently, the dipole is the only magneticmoment regularly recovered in UXO discrimination. The dipole moment contains information about the intensity of magnetization but lacks information about the shape of the target. In contrast, higher order moments, such as quadrupole and octupole, encode asymmetry properties of the magnetization distribution within the buried targets. In order to improve our understanding of magnetization distribution within UXO and non-UXO objects and to show its potential utility in UXO clearance, we present a numerical modeling study of UXO and related metallic objects. The tool for the modeling is a nonlinear integral equation describing magnetization within isolated compact objects of high susceptibility. A solution for magnetization distribution then allows us to compute the magnetic multipole moments of the object, analyze their relationships, and provide a depiction of the anomaly produced by different moments within the object. Our modeling results show the presence of significant higher order moments for more asymmetric objects, and the fields of these higher order moments are well above the noise level of magnetic gradient data. The contribution from higher order moments may provide a practical tool for improved UXO discrimination. ?? 2008 IEEE.

We have studied the magnetic layer thickness dependence of the orbital magneticmoment in magnetic heterostructures to identify contributions from interfaces. Three different heterostructures, Ta/CoFeB/MgO, Pt/Co/AlOx and Pt/Co/Pt, which possess significant interface contribution to the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, are studied as model systems. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy is used to evaluate the relative orbital moment, i.e. the ratio of the orbital to spin moments, of the magnetic elements constituting the heterostructures. We find that the relative orbital moment of Co in Pt/Co/Pt remains constant against its thickness whereas the moment increases with decreasing Co layer thickness for Pt/Co/AlOx, suggesting that a non-zero interface orbital moment exists for the latter system. For Ta/CoFeB/MgO, a non-zero interface orbital moment is found only for Fe. X-ray absorption spectra shows that a particular oxidized Co state in Pt/Co/AlOx, absent in other heterosturctures, may give rise to the interface orbital moment in this system. These results show element specific contributions to the interface orbital magneticmoments in ultrathin magnetic heterostructures. PMID:26456454

The surface magnetic anomaly observed in UXO clearance is mainly dipolar and, consequently, the dipole is the only magneticmoment regularly recovered in UXO applications. The dipole moment contains information about intensity of magnetization but lacks information about shape. In contrast, higher-order moments, such as quadrupole and octupole, encode asymmetry properties of the magnetization distribution within the buried targets. In order to improve our understanding of magnetization distribution within UXO and non-UXO objects and its potential utility in UXO clearance, we present a 3D numerical modeling study for highly susceptible metallic objects. The basis for the modeling is the solution of a nonlinear integral equation describing magnetization within isolated objects. A solution for magnetization distribution then allows us to compute magneticmoments of the object, analyze their relationships, and provide a depiction of the surface anomaly produced by different moments within the object. Our modeling results show significant high-order moments for more asymmetric objects situated at depths typical of UXO burial, and suggest that the increased relative contribution to magnetic gradient data from these higher-order moments may provide a practical tool for improved UXO discrimination.

Using generalized Sehgal equations for magneticmoments of baryon octet and taking into account {sigma}{sup 0}-{lambda} mixing and two particle corrections to independent quark contributions we obtain very good fit using experimental values for errors of such moments. We present sum rules for quark magneticmoments ratios and for integrated spin densities ratios. Because of the SU(3) structure of our equations the results for magneticmoments of quarks and their densities depend on two additional parameters. Using information from deep inelastic scattering and baryon {beta}-decays we discuss the dependence of antiquark polarizations on introduced parameters. For some plausible values of these parameters we show that these polarizations are small if we neglect angular momenta of quarks. Our very good fit to magneticmoments of baryon octet can still be improved by using specific model for angular momentum of quarks.

Surface magnetic anomaly observed in UXO clearance is mainly dipolar and, as a result, the dipole is the only moment used regularly in UXO applications. The dipole moment contains intensity of magnetization information but lacks shape information. Unlike dipole, higher-order moments, such as quadrupole and octupole, encode asymmetry properties of magnetization distribution within buried targets. In order to improve our understanding of magnetization distribution within UXO and non-UXO objects and its potential utility in UXO clearance, we present results of a 3D numerical modeling study for highly susceptible metallic objects. The basis for modeling is the solution of a nonlinear integral equation, describing magnetization within isolated objects, allowing us to compute magneticmoments of the object, analyze their relationships, and provide a depiction of the surface anomaly produced by the different moments within the object. Our modeling results show significant high-order moments for more asymmetric objects situated at typical UXO burial depths, and suggest that the increased relative contribution to magnetic gradient data from these higher-order moments may provide a practical tool for improved UXO discrimination. ?? 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

Apollo 15 subsatellite magnetic field observations have been used to measure both the permanent and the induced lunar dipole moments. Although only an upper limit of 1.3 x 10 to the 18th gauss-cubic centimeters has been determined for the permanent dipole moment in the orbital plane, there is a significant induced dipole moment which opposes the applied field, indicating the existence of a weak lunar ionosphere.

We present the results of lattice QCD calculations of the magneticmoments of the lightest nuclei, the deuteron, the triton and 3He, along with those of the neutron and proton. These calculations, performed at quark masses corresponding to mπ ~ 800 MeV, reveal that the structure of these nuclei at unphysically heavy quark masses closely resembles that at the physical quark masses. We find that the magneticmoment of 3He differs only slightly from that of a free neutron, as is the case in nature, indicating that the shell-model configuration of two spin-paired protons and a valence neutron captures itsmore » dominant structure. Similarly a shell-model-like moment is found for the triton, μ3H ~ μp. The deuteron magneticmoment is found to be equal to the nucleon isoscalar moment within the uncertainties of the calculations.« less

In actual implementations of magnetic control laws for spacecraft attitude stabilization, the time in which Earth magnetic field is measured must be separated from the time in which magnetic dipole moment is generated. The latter separation translates into the constraint of being able to genere only piecewise-constant magnetic dipole moment. In this work we present attitude stabilization laws using only magnetic actuators that take into account of the latter aspect. Both a state feedback and an output feedback are presented, and it is shown that the proposed design allows for a systematic selection of the sampling period.

After a few personal recollections on Professor Shoichi Sakata and thetheory group of Nagoya Univiersity, the electric dipole moment of magnetic monopoles is discussed. In the N = 2 supersymmetric gauge model, the explicit calculation shows that the fraction of the fermion contribution to the moment is given by a curious number.

In this paper we will show that purely classical concepts based on a few heuristic considerations about extended field configurations are enough to compute the leptonic magneticmoment with corrections in α-power perturbative expansion.

Describes an experiment suited for use in an advanced laboratory course in particle physics. The magneticmoment of cosmic ray muons which have some polarization is determined with an error of about five percent. (Author/GS)

Reduced dimensionality and symmetry breaking at interfaces lead to unusual local magnetic configurations, such as glassy behavior, frustration or increased anisotropy. The interface between a ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet is such an example for enhanced symmetry breaking. Here we present detailed X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray resonant magnetic reflectometry investigations on the spectroscopic nature of uncompensated pinned magneticmoments in the antiferromagnetic layer of a typical exchange bias system. Unexpectedly, the pinned moments exhibit nearly pure orbital moment character. This strong orbital pinning mechanism has not been observed so far and is not discussed in literature regarding any theory for local magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies in magnetic systems. To verify this new phenomenon we investigated the effect at different temperatures. We provide a simple model discussing the observed pure orbital moments, based on rotatable spin magneticmoments and pinned orbital moments on the same atom. This unexpected observation leads to a concept for a new type of anisotropy energy. PMID:27151436

Reduced dimensionality and symmetry breaking at interfaces lead to unusual local magnetic configurations, such as glassy behavior, frustration or increased anisotropy. The interface between a ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet is such an example for enhanced symmetry breaking. Here we present detailed X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray resonant magnetic reflectometry investigations on the spectroscopic nature of uncompensated pinned magneticmoments in the antiferromagnetic layer of a typical exchange bias system. Unexpectedly, the pinned moments exhibit nearly pure orbital moment character. This strong orbital pinning mechanism has not been observed so far and is not discussed in literature regarding any theory for local magnetocrystalline anisotropy energies in magnetic systems. To verify this new phenomenon we investigated the effect at different temperatures. We provide a simple model discussing the observed pure orbital moments, based on rotatable spin magneticmoments and pinned orbital moments on the same atom. This unexpected observation leads to a concept for a new type of anisotropy energy. PMID:27151436

The four measured planetary magneticmoments combined with a recent theoretical prediction for dynamo magnetic fields suggests that no dynamo exists in the moon's interior today. For the moon to have had a magneticmoment in the past of sufficient strength to account for at least some of the lunar rock magnetism, the rotation would have been about twenty times faster than it is today and the radius of the fluid, conducting core must have been about 750 km. The argument depends on the validity of the Busse solution to the validity of the MHD problem of planetary dynamos.

We address electron spin resonance of single magneticmoments in a tunnel junction using time-dependent electric fields and spin-polarized current. We show that the tunneling current directly depends on the local magneticmoment and that the frequency of the external electric field mixes with the characteristic Larmor frequency of the local spin. The importance of the spin-polarized current induced anisotropy fields acting on the local spin moment is, moreover, demonstrated. Our proposed model thus explains the absence of an electron spin resonance for a half integer spin, in contrast with the strong signal observed for an integer spin. PMID:27156935

We address electron spin resonance of single magneticmoments in a tunnel junction using time-dependent electric fields and spin-polarized current. We show that the tunneling current directly depends on the local magneticmoment and that the frequency of the external electric field mixes with the characteristic Larmor frequency of the local spin. The importance of the spin-polarized current induced anisotropy fields acting on the local spin moment is, moreover, demonstrated. Our proposed model thus explains the absence of an electron spin resonance for a half integer spin, in contrast with the strong signal observed for an integer spin. PMID:27156935

We discuss the phenomenology of the most general effective Lagrangian, up to operators of dimension five, built with standard model fields and interactions including right-handed neutrinos. In particular, we find there is a dimension five electroweak moment operator of right-handed neutrinos, not discussed previously in the literature, which could have interesting phenomenological consequences.

Mn7 cluster on graphene with different structural motifs and magnetic orders are investigated systematically by first-principles calculations. The calculations show that Mn7 on graphene prefers a two-layer motif and exhibits a ferrimagnetic coupling. The magneticmoment of the Mn7 cluster increases from 5.0 μB at its free-standing state to about 6.0 μB upon adsorption on graphene. Mn7 cluster also induces about 0.3 μB of magneticmoment in the graphene layer, leading to an overall enhancement of 1.3 μB magneticmoment for Mn7 on graphene. Detail electron transfer and bonding analysis have been carried out to investigate the origin of the magnetic enhancement.

A method for determining the magneticmoment of a spacecraft from magnetic field data taken in a limited region of space close to the spacecraft. The spacecraft's magnetic field equations are derived from first principles. With measurements of this field restricted to certain points in space, the near-field equations for the spacecraft are derived. These equations are solved for the dipole moment by a least squares procedure. A method by which one can estimate the magnitude of the error in the calculations is also presented. This technique was thoroughly tested on a computer. The test program is described and evaluated, and partial results are presented.

Magnetic field observations with the Apollo 15 subsatellite have been used to deduce the components of both the permanent and induced lunar dipole moments in the orbital plane. The present permanent lunar magnetic dipole moment in the orbital plane is less than 1.3 times ten to the eighteenth power gauss-cu cm. Any uniformly magnetized near surface layer is therefore constrained to have a thickness-magnetization product less than 2.5 emu-cm per g. The induced moment opposes the external field, implying the existence of a substantial lunar ionosphere with a permeability between 0.63 and 0.85. Combining this with recent measures of the ratio of the relative field strength at the ALSEP and Explorer 35 magnetometers indicates that the global lunar permeability relative to the plasma in the geomagnetic tail lobes is between 1.008 and 1.03.

Non-equilibrium properties of a model system comprised of a subsystem of magneticmoments strongly coupled to a selected Bose field mode and weakly coupled to a heat bath made of a plurality of Bose field modes was studied on the basis of non-equilibrium master equation approach combined with the approximating Hamiltonian method. A variational master equation derived within this approach is tractable numerically and can be readily used to derive a set of ordinary differential equations for various relevant physical variables belonging to the subsystem of magneticmoments. Upon further analysis of the thus obtained variational master equation, an influence of the macroscopic filling of the selected Bose field mode at low enough temperatures on the relaxation dynamics of magneticmoments was revealed.

Gas turbines and other large industrial equipment are subjected to high-temperature oxidation and corrosion. Research and development of efficient protective coatings is the main task in the field. Also, knowledge about the depletion state of the coating during the operation time is important. To date, practical nondestructive methods for the measurement of the depletion state do not exist. By integrating magnetic phases into the coating, the condition of the coating can be determined by measuring its magnetic properties. In this paper, a new technique using frequency mixing is proposed to investigate the thickness of the coatings based on their magnetic properties. A sensor system is designed and tested on specific magnetic coatings. New approaches are proposed to overcome the dependency of the measurement on the distance between coil and sample that all noncontact techniques face. The novelty is a low cost sensor with high sensibility and selectivity which can provide very high signal-to-noise ratios. Prospects and limitations are discussed for future use of the sensor in industrial applications. PMID:19947756

We study dilute magnetic impurities and vacancies in two-dimensional frustrated magnets with noncollinear order. Taking the triangular-lattice Heisenberg model as an example, we use quasiclassical methods to determine the impurity contributions to the magnetization and susceptibility. Most importantly, each impurity moment is not quantized but receives nonuniversal screening corrections due to local relief of frustration. At finite temperatures, where bulk long-range order is absent, this implies an impurity-induced magnetic response of Curie form, with a prefactor corresponding to a fractional moment per impurity. We also discuss the behavior in an applied magnetic field, where we find a singular linear-response limit for overcompensated impurities. PMID:22026900

In this study we investigate the magnetic behavior of magnetic multi-core particles and the differences in the magnetic properties of multi-core and single-core nanoparticles and correlate the results with the nanostructure of the different particles as determined from transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also investigate how the effective particle magneticmoment is coupled to the individual moments of the single-domain nanocrystals by using different measurement techniques: DC magnetometry, AC susceptometry, dynamic light scattering and TEM. We have studied two magnetic multi-core particle systems - BNF Starch from Micromod with a median particle diameter of 100 nm and FeraSpin R from nanoPET with a median particle diameter of 70 nm - and one single-core particle system - SHP25 from Ocean NanoTech with a median particle core diameter of 25 nm.

By combining the constraints of charge symmetry with new chiral extrapolation techniques and recent low mass lattice QCD simulations of the individual quark contributions to the magneticmoments of the nucleon octet, we obtain a precise determination of the strange magneticmoment of the proton. The result, namely G{sub M}{sup s} = -0.051 +/- 0.021 mu{sub N}, is consistent with the latest experimental measurements but an order of magnitude more precise. This poses a tremendous challenge for future experiments.

The magneticmoment of the proton drip-line nucleus C-9(I(sup (pi)) = 3/2, T(sub 1/2) = 126 ms) has been measured for the first time, using the beta-NMR detection technique with polarized radioactive beams. The measure value for the magneticmoment is 1mu(C-9)! = 1.3914 +/- 0.0005 (mu)N. The deduced spin expectation value of 1.44 is unusually larger than any other ones of even-odd nuclei.

We revisit the muon magneticmoment (g - 2) in the context of Composite Higgs models and Technicolor, and provide general analytical expressions for computing the muon magneticmoment stemming from new fields such as, neutral gauge bosons, charged gauge bosons, neutral scalar, charged scalars, and exotic charged leptons type of particles. Under general assumptions we assess which particle content could address the g -2μ excess. Moreover, we take a conservative approach and derive stringent limits on the particle masses in case the anomaly is otherwise resolved and comment on electroweak and collider bounds. Lastly, for concreteness we apply our results to a particular Technicolor model.

By combining the constraints of charge symmetry with new chiral extrapolation techniques and recent low mass quenched lattice-QCD simulations of the individual quark contributions to the magneticmoments of the nucleon octet, we obtain a precise determination of the strange magneticmoment of the proton. The result, namely, G{sub M}{sup s}=(-0.046{+-}0.019){mu}{sub N} is consistent with the latest experimental measurements but an order of magnitude more precise. This poses a tremendous challenge for future experiments.

We study photoproduction of {rho} meson in a model of hidden local symmetry. We introduce the {rho} meson on a hidden gauge boson and phenomenological {rho} meson-nucleon Lagrangian is constructed respecting chiral symmetry. It turns out that the {sigma}-exchange interaction plays an important role in neutral {rho} meson photoproduction to reproduce the experimental cross sections. In charged {rho} meson photoproduction, the model takes into account the {rho} meson magneticmoments from the three-point vertex in the kinetic terms. We show that the magneticmoment of the charged {rho} meson has a significant effect on the total cross sections in proportion to the photon energies.

We present the results of lattice QCD calculations of the magneticmoments of the lightest nuclei, the deuteron, the triton and 3He, along with those of the neutron and proton. These calculations, performed at quark masses corresponding to mπ ~ 800 MeV, reveal that the structure of these nuclei at unphysically heavy quark masses closely resembles that at the physical quark masses. We find that the magneticmoment of 3He differs only slightly from that of a free neutron, as is the case in nature, indicating that the shell-model configuration of two spin-paired protons and a valence neutron captures its dominant structure. Similarly a shell-model-like moment is found for the triton, μ3H ~ μp. The deuteron magneticmoment is found to be equal to the nucleon isoscalar moment within the uncertainties of the calculations.

Photospheric magnetic surface diffusion is an important constraint for the solar dynamo. The HMI Active Region Patches (HARPs) program automatically identify all magnetic regions above a certain flux. In our study we measure the moments of ARs that are no longer actively emerging and can thereby give us good statistical constraints on photospheric diffusion. We also present the diffusion properties as a function of latitude, flux density, and single polarity (leading or following) within each HARP.

It is shown that the magneticmoments of baryon multiplet suggest that SU(3) is a correct symmetry scheme but that its extension to SU(6) is not justified. The new spin distribution among the different valence quarks, satisfying the SU(3) constraint, and consistent with the models of deep-inelastic scattering is obtained.

We propose a mechanism which naturally will give rise to a small mass but a large transitional magneticmoment for the neutrino such that the solar-neutrino deficit problem can be explained. The idea is a discrete version of Voloshin's SU(2) mechanism. An example of such a mechanism using the quaternion group is illustrated.

Pulsating white dwarf stars can be used as astrophysical laboratories to constrain the properties of weakly interacting particles. Comparing the cooling rates of these stars with the expected values from theoretical models allows us to search for additional sources of cooling due to the emission of axions, neutralinos, or neutrinos with magnetic dipole moment. In this work, we derive an upper bound to the neutrino magnetic dipole moment (μν) using an estimate of the rate of period change of the pulsating DB white dwarf star PG 1351+489. We employ state-of-the-art evolutionary and pulsational codes which allow us to perform a detailed asteroseismological period fit based on fully DB white dwarf evolutionary sequences. Plasmon neutrino emission is the dominant cooling mechanism for this class of hot pulsating white dwarfs, and so it is the main contributor to the rate of change of period with time (Pi dot) for the DBV class. Thus, the inclusion of an anomalous neutrino emission through a non-vanishing magnetic dipole moment in these sequences notably influences the evolutionary timescales, and also the expected pulsational properties of the DBV stars. By comparing the theoretical Pi dot value with the rate of change of period with time of PG 1351+489, we assess the possible existence of additional cooling by neutrinos with magnetic dipole moment. Our models suggest the existence of some additional cooling in this pulsating DB white dwarf, consistent with a non-zero magnetic dipole moment with an upper limit of μν lesssim 10-11 μB. This bound is somewhat less restrictive than, but still compatible with, other limits inferred from the white dwarf luminosity function or from the color-magnitude diagram of the Globular cluster M5. Further improvements of the measurement of the rate of period change of the dominant pulsation mode of PG 1351+489 will be necessary to confirm our bound.

Pulsating white dwarf stars can be used as astrophysical laboratories to constrain the properties of weakly interacting particles. Comparing the cooling rates of these stars with the expected values from theoretical models allows us to search for additional sources of cooling due to the emission of axions, neutralinos, or neutrinos with magnetic dipole moment. In this work, we derive an upper bound to the neutrino magnetic dipole moment (μ{sub ν}) using an estimate of the rate of period change of the pulsating DB white dwarf star PG 1351+489. We employ state-of-the-art evolutionary and pulsational codes which allow us to perform a detailed asteroseismological period fit based on fully DB white dwarf evolutionary sequences. Plasmon neutrino emission is the dominant cooling mechanism for this class of hot pulsating white dwarfs, and so it is the main contributor to the rate of change of period with time (Pidot) for the DBV class. Thus, the inclusion of an anomalous neutrino emission through a non-vanishing magnetic dipole moment in these sequences notably influences the evolutionary timescales, and also the expected pulsational properties of the DBV stars. By comparing the theoretical Pidot value with the rate of change of period with time of PG 1351+489, we assess the possible existence of additional cooling by neutrinos with magnetic dipole moment. Our models suggest the existence of some additional cooling in this pulsating DB white dwarf, consistent with a non-zero magnetic dipole moment with an upper limit of μ{sub ν} ∼

This thesis presents measurements of the oscillations of muon antineutrinos in the atmospheric sector, where world knowledge of antineutrino oscillations lags well behind the knowledge of neutrinos, as well as a search for vμ → $\\bar{v}$μ transitions. Differences between neutrino and antineutrino oscillations could be a sign of physics beyond the Standard Model, including non-standard matter interactions or the violation of CPT symmetry. These measurements leverage the sign-selecting capabilities of the magnetized steel-scintillator MINOS detectors to analyze antineutrinos from the NuMI beam, both when it is in neutrino-mode and when it is in antineutrino-mode. Antineutrino oscillations are observed at |Δ$\\bar{m}$atm2| = (3.36-0.40+0.46(stat) ± 0.06(syst)) x 10-3 eV2 and sin2(2$\\bar{θ}$23) = 0.860-0.12+0.11(stat) ± 0.01(syst). The oscillation parameters measured for antineutrinos and those measured by MINOS for neutrinos differ by a large enough margin that the chance of obtaining two values as discrepant as those observed is only 2%, assuming the two measurements arise from the same underlying mechanism, with the same parameter values. No evidence is seen for neutrino-to-antineutrino transitions.

If we drop a magnet through a coil, an emf is induced in the coil according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. Here, such an experiment is done using expEYES kit. The plot of emf versus time has a specific shape with two peaks. A theoretical analysis of this graph is discussed here for both short and long cylindrical magnets. Mathematical expressions are derived for both. Knowing this equation, experiments to calculate the moment of a magnet can be devised. If we use a long conducting tube instead of a simple coil in this experiment, it can even help in measuring the eddy current damping coefficient k.

A search of neutrino magneticmoments was carried out at the Kuo-Sheng nuclear power station at a distance of 28 m from the 2.9 GW reactor core. With a high purity germanium detector of mass 1.06 kg surrounded by scintillating NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals as anti-Compton detectors, a detection threshold of 5 keV and a background level of 1 kg{sup -1} keV{sup -1} day{sup -1} near threshold were achieved. Details of the reactor neutrino source, experimental hardware, background understanding, and analysis methods are presented. Based on 570.7 and 127.8 days of Reactor ON and OFF data, respectively, at an average Reactor ON electron antineutrino flux of 6.4x10{sup 12} cm{sup -2} s{sup -1}, the limit on the neutrino magneticmoments of {mu}{sub {nu}{sub e}}<7.4x10{sup -11}{mu}{sub B} at 90% confidence level was derived. Indirect bounds on the {nu}{sub e} radiative decay lifetimes were inferred.

A search of neutrino magneticmoments was carried out at the Kuo-Sheng nuclear power station at a distance of 28 m from the 2.9 GW reactor core. With a high purity germanium detector of mass 1.06 kg surrounded by scintillating NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals as anti-Compton detectors, a detection threshold of 5 keV and a background level of 1kg-1keV-1day-1 near threshold were achieved. Details of the reactor neutrino source, experimental hardware, background understanding, and analysis methods are presented. Based on 570.7 and 127.8 days of Reactor ON and OFF data, respectively, at an average Reactor ON electron antineutrino flux of 6.4×1012cm-2s-1, the limit on the neutrino magneticmoments of μν¯e<7.4×10-11μB at 90% confidence level was derived. Indirect bounds on the ν¯e radiative decay lifetimes were inferred.

We consider collective oscillations of neutrinos, which are emergent nonlinear flavor evolution phenomena instigated by neutrino-neutrino interactions in astrophysical environments with sufficiently high neutrino densities. We investigate the symmetries of the problem in the full three-flavor mixing scheme and in the exact many-body formulation by including the effects of CP violation and the neutrino magneticmoment. We show that, similar to the two-flavor scheme, several dynamical symmetries exist for three flavors in the single-angle approximation if the net electron background in the environment and the effects of the neutrino magneticmoment are negligible. Moreover, we show that these dynamical symmetries are present even when the CP symmetry is violated in neutrino oscillations. We explicitly write down the constants of motion through which these dynamical symmetries manifest themselves in terms of the generators of the SU(3) flavor transformations. We also show that the effects due to the CP-violating Dirac phase factor out of the many-body evolution operator and evolve independently of nonlinear flavor transformations if neutrino electromagnetic interactions are ignored. In the presence of a strong magnetic field, CP-violating effects can still be considered independently provided that an effective definition for the neutrino magneticmoment is used.

This paper investigates the dynamic behavior of the magneticmoment of a particle confined in a magnetic dipole field in the presence of a low-frequency electrostatic wave. It is shown that there exist two kinds of resonances (the bounce-E x B drift resonance and the wave-drift resonance) by which the adiabaticity of the magneticmoment is broken. The unstable conditions obtained by theoretical considerations showed good agreement with the numerical results.

The anomalous magneticmoment of the top quark may be measured during the first run of the LHC at 7 TeV. For these measurements, it will be useful to have available tree amplitudes with t{bar t} and arbitrarily many photons and gluons, including both QED and color anomalous magneticmoments. In this paper, we present a method for computing these amplitudes using the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten recursion formula. Because we deal with an effective theory with higher-dimension couplings, there are roadblocks to a direct computation with the Britto-Cachazo-Feng-Witten method. We evade these by using an auxiliary scalar theory to compute a subset of the amplitudes.

On-Line measurements of magnetic dipole moments of117 122I are interpreted using coupling of the odd particles to a deformed core. The results show interesting effects of g7/2, d5/2 orbital admixtures in the odd-A isotopes, which are close to spherical. The odd-odd isotopes118, 120I show clear examples of shape co-existence.

The nuclear magneticmoment of the ground state of {sup 57}Cu(I{sup {pi}}=3/2{sup -},T{sub 1/2}=196.3 ms) has been measured to be vertical bar {mu}({sup 57}Cu) vertical bar =(2.00{+-}0.05){mu}{sub N} using the {beta}-NMR technique. Together with the known magneticmoment of the mirror partner {sup 57}Ni, the spin expectation value was extracted as =-0.78{+-}0.13. This is the heaviest isospin T=1/2 mirror pair above the {sup 40}Ca region for which both ground state magneticmoments have been determined. The discrepancy between the present results and shell-model calculations in the full fp shell giving {mu}({sup 57}Cu){approx}2.4{mu}{sub N} and {approx}0.5 implies significant shell breaking at {sup 56}Ni with the neutron number N=28.

Motivated by the intrinsic non-Fermi-liquid behavior observed in the heavy-fermion quasicrystal Au51Al34Yb15, we study the low-temperature behavior of dilute magnetic impurities placed in metallic quasicrystals. We find that a large fraction of the magneticmoments are not quenched down to very low temperatures, leading to a power-law distribution of Kondo temperatures, accompanied by a non-Fermi-liquid behavior, in a remarkable similarity to the Kondo-disorder scenario found in disordered heavy-fermion metals. This work was supported by FAPESP (Brazil) Grant No. 2013/00681-8.

We present general expressions for the magnetic transition rates in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments of anisotropic spin systems in the solid state. The expressions apply to general spin centers and arbitrary excitation geometry (Voigt, Faraday, and intermediate). They work for linear and circular polarized as well as unpolarized excitation, and for crystals and powders. The expressions are based on the concept of the (complex) magnetic transition dipole moment vector. Using the new theory, we determine the parities of ground and excited spin states of high-spin (S=5/2) Fe(III) in hemin from the polarization dependence of experimental EPR line intensities. PMID:25615456

A self-consistent spin-polarized band-structure calculation has been performed for the technically important permanent magnet compound Nd2Fe14B. In contrast to earlier calculations, the localized 4f states on the Nd sites are treated in a consistent way. They are not allowed to contribute to the bonding, but they produce a local exchange field, felt by the valence electrons, which is calculated from first-principles local density theory. Assuming a Russel-Saunders coupled Nd 4f moment of 3.3μB/atom, the total magneticmoment is calculated to be 38.1μB/formula unit, to be compared with the experimental value 37.1μB/formula unit [Givord, Li, and Perrier de la Bathie, Solid State Commun. 51, 857 (1984)]. The calculated local Fe moments are quite different on the different crystallographic sites, varying from 2.1μB to 2.9μB/atom.

The apparent anticorrelation of the solar-neutrino signal with the 11-yr sunspot cycle observed by Davis can be understood if the electron neutrino has a large magneticmoment. We discuss extensions of the standard model, where the existence of a leptonic SU(2)H-horizontal symmetry between the electron and muon generations provides a way to understand such a large magneticmoment, while keeping the neutrino mass naturally small. A global le-lμ symmetry (li=ith lepton number) is maintained even after spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking, so that the neutrino is of Zeldovich-Konopinski-Mahmoud type with m2νe-m2νμ=0. This condition automatically guarantees that the neutrino spin precession in the magnetic field of the Sun is not suppressed. Of the two extensions of the standard model that we discuss, the first one is a local SU(2)H model with the horizontal symmetry broken completely at a TeV scale. We show how a global U(1)le-lμ can be maintained although le-lμ is a subgroup of the gauged SU(2)H. The second example is the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model with R-parity-violating [but (le-lμ)-conserving] interactions. An approximate SU(2)H symmetry between the e-μ families is imposed in order to suppress the neutrino mass, but not its magneticmoment. We provide a detailed theoretical and phenomenological investigation of these two models and discuss their tests at the colliders as well as in low-energy experiments. The models generally predict mνe~=1-10 eV and the existence of charged scalar particles in the mass range of 100 GeV.

Data acquired by the Galileo magnetometer on five passes by Ganymede have been used to characterize Ganymede's internal magneticmoments. Three of the five passes were useful for determination of the internal moments through quadrupole order. Models representing the internal field as the sum of dipole and quadrupole terms or as the sum of a permanent dipole field upon which is superimposed an induced magnetic dipole driven by the time varying component of the externally imposed magnetic field of Jupiter's magnetosphere give equally satisfactory fits to the data. The permanent dipole moment has an equatorial field magnitude 719 nT and is tilted by 176 degrees from the spin axis with the pole in the southern hemisphere rotated by 24 degrees from the Jupiter-facing meridian plane towards the trailing hemisphere. The data are consistent with an inductive response of a good electrical conductor of radius approximately 1 Ganymede radius. Although the data do not enable us to establish the presence of an inductive response beyond doubt, we favor the inductive response model because it gives a good fit to the data using only 4 parameters to describe the internal sources of fields, whereas the equally good dipole plus quadrupole fit requires 8 parameters. An inductive response is consistent with a buried conducting shell, probably liquid water with dissolved electrolytes, somewhere in the first few hundred km below Ganymede's surface. The depth at which the ocean is buried beneath the surface is somewhat uncertain, but our favored model suggests a depth of order 150 kilometers. As both temperature and pressure increase with depth and the melting temperature of pure ice decreases to a minimum at approximately 170 kilometer depth, it seems possible that near this location, a layer of water would be sandwiched between layers of ice.

We investigate the possibility of setting model independent limits for a nonstandard anomalous magneticmoment aτNP of the tau lepton, in future γγ colliders based on Compton backscattering. For a hypothetical collider we find that, at various levels of confidence, the limits for aτNP could be improved, compared to previous studies based on LEP1, LEP2 and SLD data. We show the results for a realistic range of the center of mass energy of the e+e- collider. As a more direct application, we also present the results of the simulation for the photon collider at the TESLA project.

Using the preliminary results for {ital p{bar p}}{r arrow}{ital W}{gamma}{ital X} from the Collider Detector at Fermilab, we obtain information on the magneticmoment of the {ital W} boson. At 90% C.L. we find the bound {minus}9.9{le}{kappa}{le}12.3, which is consistent with the standard model value {kappa}=1. We also consider the radiative decay {ital W}{r arrow}{ital e}{nu}{gamma}.

A unique Dy6 complex with a planar Dy3 + Dy3 structure was assembled by delicately modifying the axial ligands. Single-molecule magnet behavior and meanwhile a toroidal magneticmoment in the ground state have been observed. PMID:27388113

The geometries, binding energies, and magneticmoments of small CoC(N) (N = 1-8) and CO2C(N) (N = 1-6) clusters are studied systematically using all-electron density functional theory (DFT) with the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The results indicate that, for the CoC(N) (N = 1-8) and Co2C(N) (N = 1-6) clusters, the lowest-energy structures are predicted to be linear structures except for CoC2 and CoC7. The ground states of the CoC(N) (N = 1-8) clusters are linear geometries (C(v)) with Co atom at one end. The ground states of the Co2C(N) (N = 1-6) clusters are linear geometries (D(h)) with the two Co atoms located at the two ends. For all the clusters, analysis of the Mülliken population shows that charge transfers from the Co atom(s) to the C atoms. The magneticmoment lies primarily on the Co atom(s). PMID:21125925

The interactions of electronic, spin and lattice degrees of freedom in solids result in complex phase diagrams, new emergent phenomena and technical applications. While electron–phonon coupling is well understood, and interactions between spin and electronic excitations are intensely investigated, only little is known about the dynamic interactions between spin and lattice excitations. Noncentrosymmetric FeSi is known to undergo with increasing temperature a crossover from insulating to metallic behaviour with concomitant magnetic fluctuations, and exhibits strongly temperature-dependent phonon energies. Here we show by detailed inelastic neutron-scattering measurements and ab initio calculations that the phonon renormalization in FeSi is linked to its unconventional magnetic properties. Electronic states mediating conventional electron–phonon coupling are only activated in the presence of strong magnetic fluctuations. Furthermore, phonons entailing strongly varying Fe–Fe distances are damped via dynamic coupling to the temperature-induced magneticmoments, highlighting FeSi as a material with direct spin–phonon coupling and multiple interaction paths. PMID:26611619

The interactions of electronic, spin and lattice degrees of freedom in solids result in complex phase diagrams, new emergent phenomena and technical applications. While electron-phonon coupling is well understood, and interactions between spin and electronic excitations are intensely investigated, only little is known about the dynamic interactions between spin and lattice excitations. Noncentrosymmetric FeSi is known to undergo with increasing temperature a crossover from insulating to metallic behaviour with concomitant magnetic fluctuations, and exhibits strongly temperature-dependent phonon energies. Here we show by detailed inelastic neutron-scattering measurements and ab initio calculations that the phonon renormalization in FeSi is linked to its unconventional magnetic properties. Electronic states mediating conventional electron-phonon coupling are only activated in the presence of strong magnetic fluctuations. Furthermore, phonons entailing strongly varying Fe-Fe distances are damped via dynamic coupling to the temperature-induced magneticmoments, highlighting FeSi as a material with direct spin-phonon coupling and multiple interaction paths. PMID:26611619

In-gas-cell laser spectroscopy of the isotopes {sup 57,58,59,63,65}Cu has been performed at the LISOL facility using the 244.164-nm optical transition from the atomic ground state of copper. A detailed discussion on the hyperfine structure of {sup 63}Cu is presented. The magnetic dipole moments of the isotopes {sup 57,58,59,65}Cu are extracted based on that of {sup 63}Cu. The new value mu=+0.479(13)mu{sub N} is proposed for {sup 58}Cu, consistent with that of a pip{sub 3/2} x nup{sub 3/2} ground-state configuration. Spin assignments for the radioactive isotopes {sup 57,58,59}Cu are confirmed. The isotope shifts between the different isotopes are also given and discussed.

The gyromagnetic factor of the isomeric state of {sup 43}S has been measured using the Time Dependent Perturbed Angular Distribution (TDPAD) technique. The isomer was produced and spin aligned via the fragmentation of a 60 AMeV {sup 48}Ca beam at the GANIL facility. The deduced magneticmoment confirms the 7/2{sup -} spin/parity of the isomeric state and shows, for the first time, the intruder nature of the ground state. Comparison of the experimental values with Shell Model and mean-field based calculations were performed revealing a pronounced ground state deformation and a quasi-spherical isomeric state. A new isomeric state has been observed in the {sup 42}P.

Background: Ground-state spins and magneticmoments are sensitive to the nuclear wave function, thus they are powerful probes to study the nuclear structure of isotopes far from stability. Purpose: Extend our knowledge about the evolution of the 1/2+ and 3/2+ states for K isotopes beyond the N =28 shell gap. Method: High-resolution collinear laser spectroscopy on bunched atomic beams. Results: From measured hyperfine structure spectra of K isotopes, nuclear spins, and magneticmoments of the ground states were obtained for isotopes from N =19 up to N =32. In order to draw conclusions about the composition of the wave functions and the occupation of the levels, the experimental data were compared to shell-model calculations using SDPF-NR and SDPF-U effective interactions. In addition, a detailed discussion about the evolution of the gap between proton 1d3/2 and 2s1/2 in the shell model and ab initio framework is also presented. Conclusions: The dominant component of the wave function for the odd-A isotopes up to K45 is a π1d3/2-1 hole. For K47,49, the main component originates from a π2s1/2-1 hole configuration and it inverts back to the π1d3/2-1 in K51. For all even-A isotopes, the dominant configuration arises from a π1d3/2-1 hole coupled to a neutron in the ν1f7/2 or ν2p3/2 orbitals. Only for K48, a significant amount of mixing with π2s1/2-1⊗ν(pf) is observed leading to a Iπ=1- ground state. For K50, the ground-state spin-parity is 0- with leading configuration π1d3/2-1⊗ν2p3/2-1.

Single trapped ions are ideal systems in which to test atomic physics at high precision, which can in turn be used for searches for violations of fundamental symmetries and physics beyond the standard model, in addition to quantum computation and a number of other applications. The ion is confined in ultra-high vacuum, is laser cooled to mK temperatures, and kept well isolated from the environment which allows these experimental efforts. In this thesis, a few diagnostic techniques will be discussed, covering a method to measure the linewidth of a narrowband laser in the presence of magnetic field noise, as well as a procedure to measure the ion's temperature using such a narrowband laser. This work has led to two precision experiments to measure atomic structure in 138Ba+, and 137Ba+ discussed here. First, employing laser and radio frequency spectroscopy techniques in 138Ba+, we measured the Lande- gJ factor of the 5D5/2 level at the part-per-million level, the highest precision to date. Later, the development of apparatus to efficiently trap and laser cool 137Ba+ has enabled a measurement of the hyperfine splittings of the 5D3/2 manifold, culminating in the observation of the nuclear magnetic octupole moment of 137Ba+.

With the assistance of Gregory Breit, I.I. Rabi, at Columbia University, worked out in 1931 a method to determine the spin (not the magneticmoment) of atomic nuclei by deflecting an atomic beam of the isotope in question in a weak, but long, inhomogeneous magnetic field. Crucial to this method was that it required no exact knowledge of that field. When the sensational result: p = 2.5:_Bohr(m_e/m_p) from Otto Stern's deflection of a beam of hydrogen molecules in a strong magnetic field became known late in 1932, its confirmation by another laboratory, preferably by another method, seemed urgent. No one else had the refined technique to reproduce Stern's experiment. But because the hydrogen electronic wave function was known, the Breit Rabi technique was susceptible of extension in this case to the measurement of the magneticmoment of the proton but only with accurate knowledge of the magnetic field and field gradient traversed by the atomic hydrogen beam. To this end Rabi introduced the '2 wire' magnet, producing a weak field and uniform gradient that could be calculated rather than measured. This field configuration quickly came to be used in all magnetic deflection experiments in Rabi's laboratory, first as produced directly by electric currents, and subsequently as emulated in iron electromagnets in order to achieve the higher magnetic fields required by molecular beam magnetic resonance experiments from 1937 onward.

With the assistance of Gregory Breit, I.I. Rabi, at Columbia University, worked out in 1931 a method to determine the spin (not the magneticmoment) of atomic nuclei by deflecting an atomic beam of the isotope in question in a weak, but long, inhomogeneous magnetic field. Crucial to this method was that it required no exact knowledge of that field. When the sensational result -- µp = 2.5µ_Bohr(m_e/m_p) -- from Otto Stern's deflection of a beam of hydrogen molecules in a strong magnetic field became known late in 1932, its confirmation by another laboratory, preferably by another method, seemed urgent. No one else had the refined technique to reproduce Stern's experiment. But because the hydrogen electronic wave function was known, the Breit-Rabi technique was susceptible of extension in this case to the measurement of the magneticmoment of the proton - - but only with accurate knowledge of the magnetic field and field gradient traversed by the atomic hydrogen beam. To this end Rabi introduced the '2-wire' magnet, producing a weak field and uniform gradient that could be calculated rather than measured. This field configuration quickly came to be used in all magnetic deflection experiments in Rabi's laboratory, first as produced directly by electric currents, and subsequently as emulated in iron electromagnets in order to achieve the higher magnetic fields required by molecular beam magnetic resonance experiments from 1937 onward.

impurities 1/taus and their magnetic cross section sigmas are calculated. We find that single V surface impurities are magnetic while single Mo and Co impurities are non-magnetic. Co surface clusters are magnetic. In chapter 7, thin films of Na, K, Rb and Cs are quench condensed, then covered with 1/100 of a mono-layer of Ti and finally covered with the original host. The magnetization of the films is measured by means of the anomalous Hall effect. An anomalous Hall resistance RAHE is observed for Ti on the surface of K, Rb and Cs and for Ti inside of Cs. Essentially the RAHE varies linearly with the magnetic field and is inversely proportional to the inverse temperature. A small non-linearity of RAHE suggests a Ti moment of about 1microB.

We have performed ab initio density functional theory calculations to investigate the miscibility and magnetic properties of pseudomorphically grown monolayers of Ni xPt 1- x surface alloys on a Rh(111) substrate. We find that the formation of this alloy is energetically favored over phase-segregated forms, and its magneticmoment is also enhanced. A significant contribution to this enhanced magneticmoment is found to come from the induced moments on the otherwise non-magnetic elements Pt and Rh. A low concentration of Ni gives rise to a high magneticmoment per Ni atom. We find that a low effective coordination and a high non-spin-polarized density of states at the Fermi level are responsible for these enhanced moments.

Response of Co/Nb multilayers to external field near the superconducting transition temperature ( TC) was studied. The average moment of Co was suppressed with decreasing Co thickness. At 10 K, for Co thickness larger than 0.5 nm, the multilayers showed hysteresis and ferromagnetism. Some samples showed anomalous field-cooled paramagnetic moments, similar to Paramagnetic Meissner Effect (PME). This is attributed not to the Co moment but to the suppressed surface TC causing PME.

It is shown that addition of a two-body magnetic dipole operator arising from the exchange of the isovector pion and rho meson to the well-known one-body operator can give important corrections to the magnetic dipole moments of the {ital A}=4--16 nuclei. We performed shell-model calculations in complete 0{h bar}{omega} and (0+2){h bar}{omega} model spaces, thus investigating simultaneously the effects of extension of the model space and meson exchange currents on the magneticmoments. In the enlarged model space a significant improvement on the description of the magneticmoments is obtained by including exchange currents.

We propose the first truly directional antineutrino detector for antineutrinos near the threshold for the inverse beta decay (IBD) of hydrogen, with potential applications including the spatial mapping of geo-neutrinos, searches for stellar antineutrinos, and the monitoring of nuclear reactors. The detector consists of adjacent and separated target and neutron-capture layers. The IBD events, which result in a neutron and a positron, take place in the target layers. These layers are thin enough so that the neutrons escape without scattering elastically. The neutrons are detected in the thicker neutron-capture layers. The location of the IBD event is determined from the energy deposited by the positron as it slows in the medium and from the two gamma rays that come from the positron annihilation. Since the neutron recoils in the direction of the antineutrino's motion, a line may then be drawn between the IBD event location and the neutron-capture location to approximate the antineutrino's velocity. In some events, we may even measure the positron's velocity, which further increases our ability to reconstruct the antineutrino's direction of motion. Our method significantly improves upon previous methods by allowing the neutron to freely travel a long distance before diffusing and being captured. Moreover, our design is a straightforward modification of existing antineutrino detectors; a prototype could easily be built with existing technology. We verify our design through Monte Carlo simulations in Geant4, using commercially-available boron-loaded plastic scintillators for the target and neutron-capture layer materials. We are able to discriminate from background using multiple coincidence signatures within a short, ~microsecond time interval. We conclude that the detector could likely operate above ground with minimal shielding.

The magnetic properties of antiferromagnetic nanoparticles of FeOOH · nH2O with sizes of 3-7 nm, which are products of vital functions of Klebsiella oxytoca bacteria, have been studied. Particles exhibit a superparamagnetic behavior. The characteristic blocking temperature is 23 K. Analysis of the magnetization curves shows that the mechanism of the formation of the uncompensated magneticmoment of particles is the random decompensation of magneticmoments of Fe3+ ions both on the surface and in the bulk of the antiferromagnetic particle. In this mechanism, the exchange coupling between the uncompensated magneticmoment of the particle and its antiferromagnetic "core" is implemented. It has been found that the temperature dependence of the uncompensated magneticmoment has the form 1 — const T 2.

The current density j^{B} induced in a clean metal by a slowly-varying magnetic field B is formulated as the low-frequency limit of natural optical activity, or natural gyrotropy. Working with a multiband Pauli Hamiltonian, we obtain from the Kubo formula a simple expression for α_{ij}^{GME}=j_{i}^{B}/B_{j} in terms of the intrinsic magneticmoment (orbital plus spin) of the Bloch electrons on the Fermi surface. An alternate semiclassical derivation provides an intuitive picture of the effect, and takes into account the influence of scattering processes in dirty metals. This "gyrotropic magnetic effect" is fundamentally different from the chiral magnetic effect driven by the chiral anomaly and governed by the Berry curvature on the Fermi surface, and the two effects are compared for a minimal model of a Weyl semimetal. Like the Berry curvature, the intrinsic magneticmoment should be regarded as a basic ingredient in the Fermi-liquid description of transport in broken-symmetry metals. PMID:26943554

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out for magnetite-based fluids over a wide temperature range. The fluids were stabilized with commonly used surfactants (fatty acids) and new surfactants (polypropylene glycol and tallow acids). The coefficients of temperature dependence of the particle magneticmoments were determined by fitting of the measured and calculated values of magnetic susceptibility. The influence of the inter-particle dipole-dipole interaction on the susceptibility was taken into account in the framework of A.O. Ivanov's model. The corrections for thermal expansion were determined by density measurements of the carrier fluid. The obtained values of temperature coefficients correlate to the solidification temperature of the fluid samples. For fluids with a low solidification temperature the value of the temperature coefficient of particle magnetization coincides with its value for bulk magnetite.

Context. In the case of unresolved solar structures or stray light contamination, inversion techniques using four Stokes parameters of Zeeman profiles cannot disentangle the combined contributions of magnetic and nonmagnetic areas to the observed Stokes I. Aims: In the framework of a two-component model atmosphere with filling factor f, we propose an inversion method restricting input data to Q , U, and V profiles, thus overcoming ambiguities from stray light and spatial mixing. Methods: The V-moments inversion (VMI) method uses shifts SV derived from moments of V-profiles and integrals of Q2, U2, and V2 to determine the strength B and inclination ψ of a magnetic field vector through least-squares polynomial fits and with very few iterations. Moment calculations are optimized to reduce data noise effects. To specify the model atmosphere of the magnetic component, an additional parameter δ, deduced from the shape of V-profiles, is used to interpolate between expansions corresponding to two basic models. Results: We perform inversions of HINODE SOT/SP data for inclination ranges 0 Magnetic field strengths and inclinations deduced from VMI inversion are compared with results from the inversion codes UNNOFIT and MERLIN. Conclusions: The VMI inversion method is insensitive to the dependence of Stokes I profiles on the thermodynamic structure in nonmagnetic areas. In the range of Bf products larger than 200 G, mean field strengths exceed 1000 G and there is not a very significant departure from the UNNOFIT results because of differences between magnetic and nonmagnetic model atmospheres. Further improvements might include additional parameters deduced from the shape of Stokes V profiles and from large sets of 3D-MHD simulations, especially for unresolved magnetic flux tubes.

A special electrochemical cell enabling in situ electrodeposition in a SQUID magnetometer is applied to study the magneticmoment of ultrathin Co films during growth on an Au(111) substrate. The in situ electrodeposition approach allows a total elimination of the magnetic background signal of the substrate, thus the magneticmoment which arises exclusively from the deposited Co film could be measured with monolayer sensitivity. The average thickness of the deposited Co films dav as determined from the transferred charge can be adjusted easily by varying the parameters of the electrodeposition. Hence, the magneticmoment of Co thin films could be determined in absolute terms as a function of the film thickness dav. For the first few atomic layers an enhancement of the magneticmoment per Co atom compared to the bulk could be observed, which increases steadily with lowering dav, reaching up to 40%.

We investigate the degradation of the magneticmoment of a 300 nm thick FePt film induced by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. A 1 μm × 8 μm rod is milled out of a film by a FIB process and is attached to a cantilever by electron beam induced deposition. Its magneticmoment is determined by frequency-shift cantilever magnetometry. We find that the magneticmoment of the rod is μ = 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10{sup −12} Am{sup 2}, which implies that 70% of the magneticmoment is preserved during the FIB milling process. This result has important implications for atom trapping and magnetic resonance force microscopy, which are addressed in this paper.

We investigate the degradation of the magneticmoment of a 300 nm thick FePt film induced by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling. A 1 μm × 8 μm rod is milled out of a film by a FIB process and is attached to a cantilever by electron beam induced deposition. Its magneticmoment is determined by frequency-shift cantilever magnetometry. We find that the magneticmoment of the rod is μ = 1.1 ± 0.1 × 10-12 Am2, which implies that 70% of the magneticmoment is preserved during the FIB milling process. This result has important implications for atom trapping and magnetic resonance force microscopy, which are addressed in this paper.

Nucleon properties are investigated in background electric fields. As the magneticmoments of baryons affect their relativistic propagation in constant electric fields, electric polarizabilities cannot be determined without knowledge of magneticmoments. We devise combinations of baryon two-point functions in external electric fields to isolate both observables. Using an ensemble of anisotropic gauge configurations with dynamical clover fermions, we demonstrate how magneticmoments and electric polarizabilities can be determined from lattice QCD simulations in background electric fields. We obtain results for both the neutron and proton. Our study is currently limited to electrically neutral sea quarks.

We have used a MHz lock-in x-ray spectromicroscopy technique to directly detect changes in magneticmoment of Cu due to spin injection from an adjacent Co layer. The elemental and chemical specificity of x rays allows us to distinguish two spin current induced effects. We detect the creation of transient magneticmoments of 3×10–5μB on Cu atoms within the bulk of the 28 nm thick Cu film due to spin accumulation. The moment value is compared to predictions by Mott’s two current model. We also observe that the hybridization induced existing magneticmoments at the Cu interface atoms are transiently increased by about 10% or 4×10–3μB per atom. As a result, this reveals the dominance of spin-torque alignment over Joule heat induced disorder of the interfacial Cu moments during current flow.

We have used a MHz lock-in x-ray spectromicroscopy technique to directly detect changes in magneticmoment of Cu due to spin injection from an adjacent Co layer. The elemental and chemical specificity of x rays allows us to distinguish two spin current induced effects. We detect the creation of transient magneticmoments of 3×10^{-5}μ_{B} on Cu atoms within the bulk of the 28 nm thick Cu film due to spin accumulation. The moment value is compared to predictions by Mott's two current model. We also observe that the hybridization induced existing magneticmoments at the Cu interface atoms are transiently increased by about 10% or 4×10^{-3}μ_{B} per atom. This reveals the dominance of spin-torque alignment over Joule heat induced disorder of the interfacial Cu moments during current flow. PMID:26371670

We have used a MHz lock-in x-ray spectromicroscopy technique to directly detect changes in magneticmoment of Cu due to spin injection from an adjacent Co layer. The elemental and chemical specificity of x rays allows us to distinguish two spin current induced effects. We detect the creation of transient magneticmoments of 3 ×10-5μB on Cu atoms within the bulk of the 28 nm thick Cu film due to spin accumulation. The moment value is compared to predictions by Mott's two current model. We also observe that the hybridization induced existing magneticmoments at the Cu interface atoms are transiently increased by about 10% or 4 ×10-3μB per atom. This reveals the dominance of spin-torque alignment over Joule heat induced disorder of the interfacial Cu moments during current flow.

In 1832, Gauss made the first absolute measurements of magnetic fields and of magneticmoments in experiments that are straightforward and instructive to replicate. We show, using rare-earth permanent magnets and a variation of Gauss's technique, that the horizontal component of the ambient geomagnetic field, as well as the size of the magneticmoments of such magnets, can be found. The method shows the connection between the SI and cgs emu unit systems for these quantities and permits an absolute realization of the Ampere with considerable precision.

We show that the S/F/S Josephson φ0 junction permits detection of macroscopic quantum tunneling and quantum oscillation of the magneticmoment by measuring the ac voltage across the junction. Exact expression for the tunnel splitting renormalized by the interaction with the superconducting order parameter is obtained. It is demonstrated that magnetic tunneling may become frozen at a sufficiently large φ0. The quality factor of quantum oscillations of the magneticmoment due to finite ohmic resistance of the junction is computed. It is shown that magnetic tunneling rate in the φ0 junction can be controlled by the bias current, with no need for the magnetic field.

The {Lambda}{yields}{Sigma}{sup 0} transition magneticmoment is computed in the QCD sum rules approach. Three independent tensor structures are derived in the external-field method using generalized interpolating fields. They are analyzed together with the {Lambda} and {Sigma}{sup 0} mass sum rules using a Monte-Carlo-based analysis, with attention to operator product expansion convergence, ground-state dominance, and the role of the transitions in the intermediate states. Relations between sum rules for magneticmoments of {Lambda} and {Sigma}{sup 0} and sum rules for transition magneticmoment of {Lambda}{yields}{Sigma}{sup 0} are also examined. Our best prediction for the transition magneticmoment is {mu}{sub {Sigma}}{sup 0}{sub {Lambda}=}1.60{+-}0.07{mu}{sub N}. A comparison is made with other calculations in the literature.

This paper deals with situations that illustrate how the violation of Lorentz symmetry in the gauge sector may contribute to magneticmoment generation of massive neutral particles with spin- frac {1}{2} and spin-1. The procedure we adopt here is based on Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. We work out the non-relativistic regime that follows from the wave equation corresponding to a certain particle coupled to an external electromagnetic field and a background that accounts for the Lorentz-symmetry violation, and we thereby read off the magnetic dipole moment operator for the particle under consideration. We keep track of the parameters that govern the non-minimal electromagnetic coupling and the breaking of Lorentz symmetry in the expressions we get for the magneticmoments in the different cases we contemplate. Our claim is that the tiny magnetic dipole moment of truly-elementary neutral particles might signal Lorentz-symmetry violation.

A highly automatic system with a three-angle rotation mechanism has been designed and constructed to measure several thousand permanent magnet blocks. The system's main features include its high speed, highly automatic measurement, and the ease with which the different size magnet blocks can be installed and removed. This system provides precise and accurate measurements of the three orthogonal magneticmoment components to accurately characterize each block, as deemed necessary to assess the field quality of undulators and wigglers. A three-angle in rotation mechanism, together with a simple mathematical algorithm is used to measure and analyze the magneticmoments of the magnet block. The system includes the Helmholtz coil pair, block holder, the three-degree rotation mechanism, and the control and data acquisition system. A power train system consists of one motor coupled with a nonmagnetic stainless steel for 360° rotation and two motors individually coupled with two groups of nonmagnetic time belts for rotation angles of 0°, 180°, 0°, and 90°. The control system uses a microcomputer together with a stepping motor control card and a digital fluxmeter connected by the general purpose interface bus. The measurement speed of this system is 40 blocks per h. One reference magnet was measured, with those results verifying the long term precision of the order of 0.04% for the easy component and 0.02° for two minor components. The coil-pair geometry factor is calibrated via the voltage-field reciprocity principle, indicating that the system absolute accuracy is around 0.43%.

The model (Lagrangian) with a peculiar extra U(1)[S. M. Barr and I. Dorsner, Phys. Rev. D 72, 015011 (2005); S. M. Barr and A. Khan, Phys. Rev. D 74, 085023 (2006)] is clearly presented. The assigned extra U(1) gauge charges give a strong constraint to build Lagrangians. The Z{sup '} discovery limits are estimated and predicted at the Tevatron and the LHC. The new contributions of the muon anomalous magneticmoment are investigated at one and two loops, and we predict that the deviation from the standard model may be explained. The electron electric dipole moment could also be generated because of the explicit CP-violation effect in the Higgs sector, and a sizable contribution is expected for a moderately sized CP phase [argument of the CP-odd Higgs], 0.1{<=}sin{delta}{<=}1[6 deg. {<=}arg(A){<=}90 deg.].

We report on the dynamics of the magneticmoment numerically simulated for a chain of the magnetic nanodots coupled through the dipole-dipole interaction and in the presence of the magnetic anisotropy of various types. It is shown that a static field applied to the system causes specific fluctuations of the transverse components of the magneticmoment leading to a sequence of the oscillation trains observed in the domain wall. Various oscillation modes governed by the external alternating field are revealed. The influence of the unidirectional and uniaxial anisotropy ("easy-plane" and "easy axis" anisotropy) on the system behavior is described.

The experimental study of nuclear magneticmoments, using the Transient Field technique, makes use of spin-orbit hyperfine interactions to generate strong magnetic fields, above the kilo-Tesla regime, capable to create a precession of the nuclear spin. A theoretical description of such magnetic fields is still under theoretical research, and the use of parametrizations is still a common way to address the lack of theoretical information. In this contribution, a review of the main parametrizations utilized in the measurements of Nuclear MagneticMoments will be presented, the challenges to create a theoretical description from first principles will be discussed.

Thermal entanglement, magnetic and quadrupole moments properties of the mixed spin-1/2 and spin-1 Ising-Heisenberg model on a diamond chain are considered. Magnetization and quadrupole moment plateaus are observed for the antiferromagnetic couplings. Thermal negativity as a measure of quantum entanglement of the mixed spin system is calculated. Different behavior for the negativity is obtained for the various values of Heisenberg dipolar and quadrupole couplings. The intermediate plateau of the negativity has been observed at the absence of the single-ion anisotropy and quadrupole interaction term. When dipolar and quadrupole couplings are equal there is a similar behavior of negativity and quadrupole moment.

The role of particle size distribution inherently present in magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) is examined in considerable detail in relation to the measured magnetic properties of oleic acid-coated maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) NPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the sol-gel synthesized γ-Fe2O3 NPs showed a log-normal distribution of sizes with average diameter =7.04 nm and standard deviation σ=0.78 nm. Magnetization, M, vs. temperature (2-350 K) of the NPs was measured in an applied magnetic field H up to 90 kOe along with the temperature dependence of the ac susceptibilities, χ‧ and χ″, at various frequencies, fm, from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. From the shift of the blocking temperature from TB=35 K at 10 Hz to TB=48 K at 10 kHz, the absence of any significant interparticle interaction is inferred and the relaxation frequency fo=2.6×1010 Hz and anisotropy constant Ka=5.48×105 erg/cm3 are determined. For TTB, the data of M vs. H up to 90 kOe at several temperatures are analyzed two different ways: (i) in terms of the modified Langevin function yielding an average magneticmoment per particle μp=7300(500) μB; and (ii) in terms of log-normal distribution of moments yielding =6670 μB at 150 K decreasing to =6100 μB at 300 K with standard deviations σ≃/2. It is argued that the above two approaches yield consistent and physically meaningful results as long as the width parameter, s, of the log-normal distribution is less than 0.83.

We report high-temperature (300-1120 K) magnetic properties of Fe and Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. We unambiguously show that the magneticmoments of Fe and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are seemingly enhanced by a factor of about 3 compared with what they would be expected to have for free (unembedded) magnetic nanoparticles. What is more intriguing is that the enhanced moments were completely lost when the sample was heated up to 1120 K and the lost moments at 1120 K were completely recovered through several thermal cycles below 1020 K. The anomalous thermal hysteresis of the high-field magneticmoments is unlikely to be explained by existing physical models except for the high-field paramagnetic Meissner effect due to the existence of ultrahigh temperature superconductivity in the multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

In this paper we study the effect of well-known higher-order corrections to the allowed {beta}-decay spectrum on the determination of antineutrino spectra resulting from the decays of fission fragments. In particular, we try to estimate the associated theory errors and find that induced currents like weak magnetism may ultimately limit our ability to improve the current accuracy and under certain circumstance could even greatly increase the theoretical errors. We also perform a critical evaluation of the errors associated with our method to extract the antineutrino spectrum using synthetic {beta} spectra. It turns out that a fit using only virtual {beta} branches with a judicious choice of the effective nuclear charge provides results with a minimal bias. We apply this method to actual data for {sup 235}U, {sup 239}Pu, and {sup 241}Pu and confirm, within errors, recent results, which indicate a net 3% upward shift in energy-averaged antineutrino fluxes. However, we also find significant shape differences which can, in principle, be tested by high-statistics antineutrino data samples.

Motivated by recent studies reporting the formation of localized magneticmoments in doped graphene, we investigate the energetic cost for spin polarizing isolated impurities embedded in this material. When a well-known criterion for the formation of local magneticmoments in metals is applied to graphene we are able to predict the existence of magneticmoments in cases that are in clear contrast to previously reported density-functional theory (DFT) results. When generalized to periodically repeated impurities, a geometry so commonly used in most DFT calculations, this criterion shows that the energy balance involved in such calculations contains unavoidable contributions from the long-ranged pairwise magnetic interactions between all impurities. This proves the fundamental inadequacy of the DFT assumption of independent unit cells in the case of magnetically doped low-dimensional graphene-based materials. We show that this can be circumvented if more than one impurity per unit cell is considered, in which case the DFT results agree perfectly well with the criterion-based predictions for the onset of localized magneticmoments in graphene. Furthermore, the existence of such a criterion determining whether or not a magneticmoment is likely to arise within graphene will be instrumental for predicting the ideal materials for future carbon-based spintronic applications.

The dynamics of magnetization in synthetic antiferromagnetic systems with the magnetic dipole coupling in a rapidly oscillating field has been examined. It has been revealed that the system can behave similar to the Kapitza pendulum. It has been shown that an alternating magnetic field can be efficiently used to control the magnetic state of a cell of a synthetic antiferromagnet. Analytical relations have been obtained between the parameters of such an antiferromagnet and an external magnetic field at which certain quasistationary states are implemented.

We present a new approach for calculating vibrational circular dichroism spectra by ab initio molecular dynamics. In the context of molecular dynamics, these spectra are given by the Fourier transform of the cross-correlation function of magnetic dipole moment and electric dipole moment. We obtain the magnetic dipole moment from the electric current density according to the classical definition. The electric current density is computed by solving a partial differential equation derived from the continuity equation and the condition that eddy currents should be absent. In combination with a radical Voronoi tessellation, this yields an individual magnetic dipole moment for each molecule in a bulk phase simulation. Using the chiral alcohol 2-butanol as an example, we show that experimental spectra are reproduced very well. Our approach requires knowing only the electron density in each simulation step, and it is not restricted to any particular electronic structure method. PMID:26771403

The magnetization reversal of uncompensated Fe moments in exchange biased Ni/FeF{sub 2} bilayers was determined using soft x-ray magnetic circular and linear dichroism. The hysteresis loops resulting from the Fe moments are almost identical to those of the ferromagnetic Ni layer. However, a vertical loop shift indicates that some Fe moments are pinned in the antiferromagnetically ordered FeF{sub 2}. The pinned moments are oriented antiparallel to small cooling fields leading to negative exchange bias, but parallel to large cooling fields resulting in positive exchange bias. No indication for the formation of a parallel antiferromagnetic domain wall in the FeF{sub 2} layer upon magnetization reversal in the Ni layer was found.

We use the latest solar neutrino data, combined with the results of the reactor experiment KamLAND, to derive stringent bounds on Majorana neutrino transition moments (TMs). Furthermore, we show how the inclusion of data from the reactor experiments Rovno, MUNU and TEXONO in our analysis improves significantly the current constraints on TMs. Finally, we perform a simulation of the future Borexino experiment and show that it will improve the bounds from today's data by one order of magnitude.

We calculate the magnetic dipole moment of the $\\Delta$ baryon using a background magnetic field on 2+1-flavors of clover fermions on anisotropic lattices. We focus on the finite volume effects that can be significant in background field studies, and thus we use two different spatial volumes in addition to several quark masses.

The quantum dynamics of a moving particle with a magnetic quadrupole moment that interacts with electric and magnetic fields is introduced. By dealing with the interaction between an electric field and the magnetic quadrupole moment, it is shown that an analogue of the Coulomb potential can be generated and bound state solutions can be obtained. Besides, the influence of the Coulomb-type potential on the harmonic oscillator is investigated, where bound state solutions to both repulsive and attractive Coulomb-type potentials are achieved and the arising of a quantum effect characterized by the dependence of the harmonic oscillator frequency on the quantum numbers of the system is discussed.

We examine the physics of the early universe when Majorana neutrinos (νe, νμ, ντ) possess transition magneticmoments. These extra couplings beyond the usual weak interaction couplings alter the way neutrinos decouple from the plasma of electrons/positrons and photons. We calculate how transition magneticmoment couplings modify neutrino decoupling temperatures, and then use a full weak, strong, and electromagnetic reaction network to compute corresponding changes in big bang nucleosynthesis abundance yields. We find that light element abundances and other cosmological parameters are sensitive to magnetic couplings on the order of 1 0-10μB. Given the recent analysis of sub-MeV Borexino data which constrains Majorana moments to the order of 1 0-11μB or less, we find that changes in cosmological parameters from magnetic contributions to neutrino decoupling temperatures are below the level of upcoming precision observations.

We propose the first event-by-event directional antineutrino detector using inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions on hydrogen, with potential applications including monitoring for nuclear nonproliferation, spatially mapping geoneutrinos, characterizing the diffuse supernova neutrino background and searching for new physics in the neutrino sector. The detector consists of adjacent and separated target and capture scintillator planes. IBD events take place in the target layers, which are thin enough to allow the neutrons to escape without scattering elastically. The neutrons are detected in the thicker boron-loaded capture layers. The location of the IBD event and the momentum of the positron are determined by tracking the positron's trajectory through the detector. Our design is a straightforward modification of existing antineutrino detectors; a prototype could be built with existing technology.

We propose the first event-by-event directional antineutrino detector using inverse beta decay (IBD) interactions on hydrogen, with potential applications including monitoring for nuclear nonproliferation, spatially mapping geoneutrinos, characterizing the diffuse supernova neutrino background and searching for new physics in the neutrino sector. The detector consists of adjacent and separated target and capture scintillator planes. IBD events take place in the target layers, which are thin enough to allow the neutrons to escape without scattering elastically. The neutrons are detected in the thicker boron-loaded capture layers. The location of the IBD event and the momentum of the positron are determined by tracking the positron's trajectory through the detector. Our design is a straightforward modification of existing antineutrino detectors; a prototype could be built with existing technology. PMID:25763953

The effect of film thickness on the magnetic properties of ultrathin Fe-doped cobalt ferrite (Co1-xFe2+xO4) grown on MgO (001) substrates is investigated by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism, while the distribution of the Co2+ cations between the octahedral and tetrahedral lattice sites is studied with x-ray absorption spectroscopy. For films thinner than 10 nm, there is a large enhancement of the magneticmoment; conversely, the remanent magnetization and coercive fields both decrease, while the magnetic spin axes of all the cations become less aligned with the [001] crystal direction. In particular, at 300 K the coercive fields of the thinnest films vanish. The spectroscopy data show that no changes occur in the cation distribution as a function of film thickness, ruling this out as the origin of the enhanced magneticmoment. However, the magnetic measurements all support the possibility that these ultrathin Fe-doped CoFe2O4 films are transitioning into a superparamagnetic state, as has been seen in ultrathin Fe3O4. A weakening of the magnetic interactions at the antiphase boundaries, leading to magnetically independent domains within the film, could explain the enhanced magneticmoment in ultrathin Fe-doped CoFe2O4 and the onset of superparamagnetism at room temperature.

Cobalt nitride (Co-N) thin films prepared using a reactive magnetron sputtering process are studied in this work. During the thin film deposition process, the relative nitrogen gas flow (R{sub N{sub 2}}) was varied. As R{sub N{sub 2}} increases, Co(N), Co{sub 4}N, Co{sub 3}N and CoN phases are formed. An incremental increase in R{sub N{sub 2}}, after emergence of Co{sub 4}N phase at R{sub N{sub 2}} = 10%, results in a linear increase of the lattice constant (a) of Co{sub 4}N. For R{sub N{sub 2}} = 30%, a maximizes and becomes comparable to its theoretical value. An expansion in a of Co{sub 4}N, results in an enhancement of the magneticmoment, to the extent that it becomes even larger than pure Co. Such larger than pure metal magneticmoment for tetra-metal nitrides (M{sub 4}N) have been theoretically predicted. Incorporation of N atoms in M{sub 4}N configuration results in an expansion of a (relative to pure metal) and enhances the itinerary of conduction band electrons leading to larger than pure metal magneticmoment for M{sub 4}N compounds. Though a higher (than pure Fe) magneticmoment for Fe{sub 4}N thin films has been evidenced experimentally, higher (than pure Co) magneticmoment is evidenced in this work.

Powder samples of the ferrites MxNi1-xFe2O4 (M = Cr, Co and 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) were prepared using a chemical co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the two series of samples had a single-phase cubic spinel structure. It was found that the magneticmoments (μexp) per formula of samples measured at 10 K decreased when Cr substituted for Ni, but increased when Co substituted for Ni, in spite of the fact that the magneticmoments of Cr2+ (4 μB) and Co2+ (3 μB) are higher than that of Ni2+ (2 μB). With the assumption that the magneticmoments of Cr2+ and Cr3+ lie antiparallel to those of the Fe, Co, and Ni cations in the same sublattices of spinel ferrites, the dependences on the Cr (Co) doping level of the sample magneticmoments at 10 K were fitted successfully, using the quantum-mechanical potential barrier model earlier proposed by our group. For the two series of samples, the fitted magneticmoments are close to the experimental results.

If we drop a magnet through a coil, an emf is induced in the coil according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Here, such an experiment is done using expEYES kit. The plot of emf versus time has a specific shape with two peaks. A theoretical analysis of this graph is discussed here for both short and long cylindrical magnets.…

We study vacuum polarization effects in the model of Dirac fermions with additional interaction of an anomalous magneticmoment with an external magnetic field and fermion interaction with an axial-vector condensate. The proper time method is used to calculate the one-loop vacuum corrections with consideration for different configurations of the characteristic parameters of these interactions.

The advent of milli-kelvin scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) with inbuilt magnetic fields has opened access to the study of magnetic phenomena with atomic resolution at surfaces. In the case of single atoms adsorbed on a surface, the existence of different magnetic energy levels localized on the adsorbate is due to the breaking of the rotational invariance of the adsorbate spin by the interaction with its environment, leading to energy terms in the meV range. These structures were revealed by STM experiments in IBM Almaden in the early 2000s for atomic adsorbates on CuN surfaces. The experiments consisted in the study of the changes in conductance caused by inelastic tunneling of electrons (IETS, inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy). Manganese and Iron adatoms were shown to have different magnetic anisotropies induced by the substrate. More experiments by other groups followed up, showing that magnetic excitations could be detected in a variety of systems: e.g. complex organic molecules showed that their magnetic anisotropy was dependent on the molecular environment, piles of magnetic molecules showed that they interact via intermolecular exchange interaction, spin waves were excited on ferromagnetic surfaces and in Mn chains, and magnetic impurities have been analyzed on semiconductors. These experiments brought up some intriguing questions: the efficiency of magnetic excitations was very high, the excitations could or could not involve spin flip of the exciting electron and singular-like behavior was sometimes found at the excitation thresholds. These facts called for extended theoretical analysis; perturbation theories, sudden-approximation approaches and a strong coupling scheme successfully explained most of the magnetic inelastic processes. In addition, many-body approaches were also used to decipher the interplay between inelastic processes and the Kondo effect. Spin torque transfer has been shown to be effective in changing spin orientations of an

We present a method to evaluate the magneticmoment (m) and the anisotropy energy (E) of magnetic markers, which are the key parameters employed in biosensing applications. The distributions of the m and E values in the marker are evaluated by analyzing the static magnetization (M-H) curve of the suspended markers and the frequency dependence of the AC susceptibility of the immobilized markers, respectively. Then, we obtain the relationship between m and E. In the experiment, four markers made of multicore and single core nanoparticles are examined. We obtain distributions of the m and E values, which show the particular characteristics of each marker. Although the m and E values are widely distributed in the marker, a clear relationship is obtained between the values. Therefore, the obtained m-E curve, as well as the distribution of the m and E values, provides a framework to discuss the dynamic behavior of the immobilized markers. The difference in the estimated m-E curves between the markers is also discussed.

We have used a synthetic diamond with a layer of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres to image the magnetic field distributions of magnetic particles on the surface of the diamond. Magnetic field distributions of 4 µm and 2 µm ferromagnetic and 500 nm diameter superparamagnetic particles were obtained by measuring the position of the optically detected magnetic resonance peak in the fluorescence emitted by the NV centres for each pixel. We fitted the results to a model in order to determine the magneticmoment of the particles from the magnetic field image and compared the results to the measured magneticmoment of the particles. The best-fit magneticmoment differed from the value expected based on measurements by a vibrating sample magnetometer, which implies that further work is necessary to understand the details of magnetic field measurements on the micro scale. However, the measurements of two different types of ferromagnetic particle gave internally consistent results.

We have studied the total cross section, Q{sup 2}, momentum and angular distributions for pions in the {nu}({nu}) induced {pi}{sup 0} production from nucleons. The calculations have been done for the weak production induced by the neutral current in the standard model and the electromagnetic production induced by neutrino magneticmoment. It has been found that with the present experimental limits on the muon neutrino magneticmoment {mu}{sub {nu}{sub {mu}}}, the electromagnetic contribution to the cross section for the {pi}{sup 0} production is small. The neutrino induced neutral current production of {pi}{sup 0}, while giving an alternative method to study the magneticmoment of neutrino {mu}{sub {nu}{sub {mu}}}, does not provide any improvement over the present experimental limit on {mu}{sub {nu}{sub {mu}}} from the observation of this process in future experiments at T2K and NO{nu}A.

After the publication of this work we noticed that the uncertainties in the considered backgrounds in Borexino may affect our reported limit on the neutrino magneticmoment from Borexino data. Indeed, we have found that a more precise treatment of the uncertainties in the total normalization of these backgrounds results in a weaker sensitivity on the neutrino magneticmoment. This point will be hopefully improved in the near future thanks to the purification processes carried out in the second phase of the Borexino experiment. Meanwhile, however, we think it would be more reliable to adopt the bound on the neutrino magneticmoment reported by Borexino: μν < 5.4 ×10-11μB[1].

Magnetic semiconductors with coupled magnetic and electronic properties are of high technological and fundamental importance. Rare-earth elements can be used to introduce magneticmoments associated with the uncompensated spin of 4f-electrons into the semiconductor hosts. The luminescence produced by rare-earth doped semiconductors also attracts considerable interest due to the possibility of electrical excitation of characteristic sharp emission lines from intra 4f-shell transitions. Recently, electroluminescence of Eu-doped GaN in current-injection mode was demonstrated in p-n junction diode structures grown by organometallic vapour phase epitaxy. Unlike most other trivalent rare-earth ions, Eu3+ ions possess no magneticmoment in the ground state. Here we report the detection of an induced magneticmoment of Eu3+ ions in GaN which is associated with the 7F2 final state of 5D0→7F2 optical transitions emitting at 622 nm. The prospect of controlling magneticmoments electrically or optically will lead to the development of novel magneto-optic devices. PMID:23236589

We report the design and construction of a flux extraction device to measure the DC magneticmoment of large samples (i.e., several cm(3)) at cryogenic temperature. The signal is constructed by integrating the electromotive force generated by two coils wound in series-opposition that move around the sample. We show that an octupole expansion of the magnetic vector potential can be used conveniently to treat near-field effects for this geometrical configuration. The resulting expansion is tested for the case of a large, permanently magnetized, type-II superconducting sample. The dimensions of the sensing coils are determined in such a way that the measurement is influenced by the dipole magneticmoment of the sample and not by moments of higher order, within user-determined upper bounds. The device, which is able to measure magneticmoments in excess of 1 A m(2) (1000 emu), is validated by (i) a direct calibration experiment using a small coil driven by a known current and (ii) by comparison with the results of numerical calculations obtained previously using a flux measurement technique. The sensitivity of the device is demonstrated by the measurement of flux-creep relaxation of the magnetization in a large bulk superconductor sample at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). PMID:25725888

We report the design and construction of a flux extraction device to measure the DC magneticmoment of large samples (i.e., several cm3) at cryogenic temperature. The signal is constructed by integrating the electromotive force generated by two coils wound in series-opposition that move around the sample. We show that an octupole expansion of the magnetic vector potential can be used conveniently to treat near-field effects for this geometrical configuration. The resulting expansion is tested for the case of a large, permanently magnetized, type-II superconducting sample. The dimensions of the sensing coils are determined in such a way that the measurement is influenced by the dipole magneticmoment of the sample and not by moments of higher order, within user-determined upper bounds. The device, which is able to measure magneticmoments in excess of 1 A m2 (1000 emu), is validated by (i) a direct calibration experiment using a small coil driven by a known current and (ii) by comparison with the results of numerical calculations obtained previously using a flux measurement technique. The sensitivity of the device is demonstrated by the measurement of flux-creep relaxation of the magnetization in a large bulk superconductor sample at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K).

We demonstrate the long-range strong coupling of magnetostatic modes in spatially separated ferromagnets mediated by a microwave frequency cavity. Two spheres of yttrium iron garnet are embedded in the cavity and their magnetostatic modes probed using a dispersive measurement technique. We find they are strongly coupled to each other even when detuned from the cavity modes, and investigate the dependence of the magnet-magnet coupling on the cavity detuning. Dark states of the coupled magnetostatic modes of the system are observed, and ascribed to mismatches between the symmetries of the modes and the drive field.

We have studied the possible existence of quasibound states of an electron-positron pair due to their magnetic interaction in the framework of the equations suggested by Barut et al. [5]. We derive radial equations for all angular quantum numbers of the e -- e + system and show, in detail, that Barut's equations doe not give a consistent, physically satisfactory description of positronium, except in the non-relativistic approximation (up to terms of order m α2). Moreover, we do not find evidence that the effective potentials occurring in the radial equations support magnetic resonances of the e-- e + system at short particle distances (“micropositronium”).

The Coleman{endash}Glashow sum-rule for magneticmoments is always fulfilled in the chiral quark model, independently of SU(3) symmetry breaking. This is due to the structure of the wave functions, coming from the non-relativistic quark model. Experimentally, the Coleman{endash}Glashow sum-rule is violated by about ten standard deviations. To overcome this problem, two models of wave functions with configuration mixing are studied. One of these models violates the Coleman{endash}Glashow sum-rule to the right degree and also reproduces the octet baryon magneticmoments rather accurately. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

A great deal of experimental work using perturbed angular correlation has succeed in measuring hyperfine fields in Ce diluted in metallic systems, thus allowing the determination of the local impurity moment at low temperatures. Motivated by such experimental work on C140e placed on a R site of the rare earth (R =Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er) in RCo2, we theoretically discuss, within a simple model, the local magneticmoments and, thereby, calculate the magnetic hyperfine fields. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data. For the sake of comparison we recall our previous results on Ta d-impurity embedded in the same hosts.

Arsenic vacancies in LaFeAsO-derived superconductors are nominally non-magnetic defects. However, we find from a microscopic theory in terms of an appropriately modified Anderson-Wolff model that in their vicinity local magneticmoments form. They can arise because removing an arsenic atom breaks four strong, covalent bonds with the neighboring iron atoms. The moments emerging around an arsenic vacancy orient ferromagnetically and cause a substantial enhancement of the paramagnetic susceptibility in both the normal and superconducting state. The qualitative model description is supported by first principles band structure calculations of the As-vacancy related defect spectrum within a larger supercell. PMID:26169486

A Faraday rotation experiment can set limits on the magneticmoment of a electrically-neutral, dark-matter particle, and the limits increase in stringency as the candidate-particle mass decreases. Consequently, if we assume the dark-matter particle to be a thermal relic, our most stringent constraints emerge at the keV mass scale. We discuss how such an experiment could be realized and determine the limits on the magneticmoment as a function of mass which follow given demonstrated experimental capacities.

Electronic structure and magnetic properties of ZrFe{sub 2} in the cubic Laves phase are investigated by calculations based on density functional theory. The magneticmoment decreases with the increase of the hydrostatic pressure in an unusual way: Two-step magnetic collapse is predicted. The first one is a continuous change from 1.53 μ{sub B}/Fe to 0.63 μ{sub B}/Fe at about 3.6 GPa, and the other is from 0.25 μ{sub B}/Fe to the nonmagnetic state at about 15 GPa in a first order manner under the local spin density approximation of the exchange correlation potential. A metastable state with intermediate spin moment about 0.15 μ{sub B}/Fe may exist before that. We understand this process by the changes of density of states during it. The magneticmoment decreases under the pressure in the vicinity of the experimental lattice constant with dlnm/dp=−0.038 GPa{sup −1}. The spontaneous volume magnetostriction is 3.6%, which is huge enough to find potential applications in magnetostriction actuators and sensors. We suggest that the Invar effect of this compound may be understood when considering the magneticmoment variation according to the magnetostrictive model of Invar.

The most recent tabulations of nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments have been prepared and published by the Nuclear Data Section of the IAEA, Vienna [N. J. Stone, Report No. INDC(NDS)-0650 (2013); Report No. INDC(NDS)-0658 (2014)]. The first of these is a table of recommended quadrupole moments for all isotopes in which all experimental results are made consistent with a limited number of adopted standards for each element; the second is a combined listing of all measurements of both moments. Both tables cover all isotopes and energy levels. In this paper, the considerations relevant to the preparation of both tables are described, together with observations as to the importance and (where appropriate) application of necessary corrections to achieve the “best” values. Some discussion of experimental methods is included with emphasis on their precision. The aim of the published quadrupole moment table is to provide a standard reference in which the value given for each moment is the best available and for which full provenance is given. A table of recommended magnetic dipole moments is in preparation, with the same objective in view.

The Heisenberg-Dirac intra-atomic exchange coupling is responsible for the formation of the atomic spin moment and thus the strongest interaction in magnetism. Therefore, it is generally assumed that intra-atomic exchange leads to a quasi-instantaneous aligning process in the magneticmoment dynamics of spins in separate, on-site atomic orbitals. Following ultrashort optical excitation of gadolinium metal, we concurrently record in photoemission the 4f magnetic linear dichroism and 5d exchange splitting. Their dynamics differ by one order of magnitude, with decay constants of 14 versus 0.8 ps, respectively. Spin dynamics simulations based on an orbital-resolved Heisenberg Hamiltonian combined with first-principles calculations explain the particular dynamics of 5d and 4f spin moments well, and corroborate that the 5d exchange splitting traces closely the 5d spin-moment dynamics. Thus gadolinium shows disparate dynamics of the localized 4f and the itinerant 5d spin moments, demonstrating a breakdown of their intra-atomic exchange alignment on a picosecond timescale. PMID:26355196

The Heisenberg–Dirac intra-atomic exchange coupling is responsible for the formation of the atomic spin moment and thus the strongest interaction in magnetism. Therefore, it is generally assumed that intra-atomic exchange leads to a quasi-instantaneous aligning process in the magneticmoment dynamics of spins in separate, on-site atomic orbitals. Following ultrashort optical excitation of gadolinium metal, we concurrently record in photoemission the 4f magnetic linear dichroism and 5d exchange splitting. Their dynamics differ by one order of magnitude, with decay constants of 14 versus 0.8 ps, respectively. Spin dynamics simulations based on an orbital-resolved Heisenberg Hamiltonian combined with first-principles calculations explain the particular dynamics of 5d and 4f spin moments well, and corroborate that the 5d exchange splitting traces closely the 5d spin-moment dynamics. Thus gadolinium shows disparate dynamics of the localized 4f and the itinerant 5d spin moments, demonstrating a breakdown of their intra-atomic exchange alignment on a picosecond timescale. PMID:26355196

We present an extension of the multi-moment advection scheme [T. Minoshima, Y. Matsumoto, T. Amano, Multi-moment advection scheme for Vlasov simulations, Journal of Computational Physics 230 (2011) 6800–6823] to the three-dimensional case, for full electromagnetic Vlasov simulations of magnetized plasma. The scheme treats not only point values of a profile but also its zeroth to second order piecewise moments as dependent variables, and advances them on the basis of their governing equations. Similar to the two-dimensional scheme, the three-dimensional scheme can accurately solve the solid body rotation problem of a gaussian profile with little numerical dispersion or diffusion. This is a very important property for Vlasov simulations of magnetized plasma. We apply the scheme to electromagnetic Vlasov simulations. Propagation of linear waves and nonlinear evolution of the electron temperature anisotropy instability are successfully simulated with a good accuracy of the energy conservation.

We present a theory and calculations of the nuclear magnetic shielding with finite nuclear mass effects and determine the magneticmoments of deuteron and triton using the known NMR spectra of HD and HT molecules. The results μd=0.857 438 234 6 (53 ) μN and μt=2.978 962 471 (10 ) μN are more accurate and in good agreement with the currently accepted values.

In this paper, we calculate the effective action for neutral particles with anomalous magneticmoment in an external magnetic and electric field. We show that we can take advantage from the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation (FWT) for such systems, determined in our previous works: indeed, by this transformation we have explicitly evaluated the diagonalized Hamiltonian, allowing to present a closed form for the corresponding effective action and for the partition function at finite temperature from which the thermodynamical potentials can be calculated.

First principle calculations are performed to study the longitudinal degree of freedom of the magneticmoment in BCC iron. A model of the Heisenberg type of exchange interaction is proposed, which couples the spin and lattice degrees of freedom. Monte Carlo simulations are then applied to study the effect of thermal displacements on the magnetic phase transition in BCC Iron. The reason for the surprising success of fixed lattice Heisenberg models is explained.

We employ the hyper central approach to study the masses and magneticmoments of the baryons constituting single charm and beauty quark. The confinement potential is assumed in the hyper central co-ordinates of the coulomb plus power potential form.

The half-life and the magneticmoment of the first excited state in ^132I are reported. There have been a long time confusion on the half-life measurements of the first excited state in ^132I. Several groups performed the lifetime measurements, but the reported values range from 1 ns to 7 ns. The only reported value of the magneticmoment for this state was measured by Singh, but their result should be treated as unreliable because the time-integral perturbed angular correlation technique (TIPAC), which requires the life time data of this state, was used in their measurement. From this point of view, the half-life and the magneticmoment of this state were measured. ^132I was obtained as the radioactive beam of ^132Te and ^132Sb from the newly developed RF-IGISOL (Radio Frequency IGISOL system) at Tohoku University. The half-life for this state was determined to be 1.120 ± 0.015 ns by a conventional coincidence technique with a pair of BaF2 detectors. The TDPAC measurement for the ^132I implanted kinematically into nickel was performed with the help of a strong hyperfine field at iodine site in nickel, and the magneticmoment of this state was determined to be μ=+ (2.06 ± 0.18)μN. The configuration of this state based on the present results will be discussed.

We propose a non-abelian extension of a Zeldovich-Konopinski-Mahmoud lepton number symmetry which gives rise to a naturally light Dirac neutrino with a magneticmoment of O(10 -11μB). The neutrino mass appears first at the two-loop level and is well below the experimental upper bound.

NMR spectra of samples containing a mixture of hydrogen deuteride HD with pressure of about 80 atm and helium-3 with partial pressure of about 1 atm are analyzed. The ratio of the resonance frequencies of the nuclei, F({sup 3}He)/F(H{sub 2}), is determined to be 0.761786594(2), which is equal to the magneticmoment of the helion (bound in a helium atom) in the units of the magneticmoment of a proton (bound in molecular hydrogen). The uncertainty of two digits in the last place corresponds to a relative error of {delta}[F({sup 3}He)/F(H{sub 2})] = 2.6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -9}. The use of the known calculated data on the shielding of nuclei in the helium-3 atom ({sigma}({sup 3}He) = 59924(2) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -9}) and on the shielding of protons in hydrogen ({sigma}(H{sub 2}) = 26288(2) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -9}) yields a value of {mu}({sup 3}He)/{mu}{sub p} = -0.761812217(3) for the free magneticmoment of the helion in the units of the proton magneticmoment.

The current denstity generated by electrons in Russell-Saunders states within an l^n manifold comprises only even-parity multipoles: 'magnetic' dipoles, octopoles, etc. (L=1,3,...) and 'electric' quadrupoles, etc. (L=2,4,...). If inversion symmetry is broken, e.g., by an odd-parity order parameter, and hybridization between states of different parity becomes possible, odd-parity terms also emerge in the multipole expansion of the magnetic field. The L=1 'electric' term describes the field of toroidal currents, which can be modeled by a solenoid bent in a circle. The magnetic neutron scattering amplitude due to such toroidal currents (or, equivalently, ring-shaped magnetization patterns), has a distinct angular dependence on the scattering vector q. If data covering a sufficient variety of q vectors and neutron-spin orientations are available, magnetic and toroidal moments can be distinguished unambiguously. However, it can be shown that within a limited set of data, notably within a plane in q space, which contains the magnetic dipole moment that enables a satisfactory interpretation, a toroid moment can be found, which gives an equally satisfactory result. The possible relevance of this finding to the order parameter in URu2Si2 will be discussed.

We propose a new scenario for the magnetic collapse under pressure in ferropericlase (FP) (\\text{F}{{\\text{e}}1/4}\\text{M}{{\\text{g}}3/4} )O without the presence of intermediate spin state, which contradicts the mechanism proposed in (2013 Phys. Rev. B 87 165113). This scenario is supported by results of combined local density approximation + dynamical mean-field theory method calculations for the paramagnetic phase at ambient and high pressures. At ambient pressure, calculation gave (\\text{F}{{\\text{e}}1/4}\\text{M}{{\\text{g}}3/4} )O as an insulator with Fe 3d-shell in high-spin state. Experimentally observed high-spin to low-spin state transition of the \\text{F}{{\\text{e}}2+} ion in the pressure range of 35-75 GPa is successfully reproduced in our calculations. The spin crossover is characterized by coexistence of \\text{F}{{\\text{e}}2+} ions in high and low spin state but intermediate spin state is absent in the whole pressure range. Moreover, the probability of Fe ion {{\\text{d}}7} configuration with S=1 grows with pressure due to shortening of metal-oxygen distance. Also, no metal-insulator transition was obtained up to the pressure 140 GPa in agreement with experiment.

A two-nucleon potential and consistent electromagnetic currents are derived in chiral effective field theory ($\\chi$EFT) at, respectively, $Q^{\\, 2}$ (or N$^2$LO) and $e\\, Q$ (or N$^3$LO), where $Q$ generically denotes the low-momentum scale and $e$ is the electric charge. Dimensional regularization is used to renormalize the pion-loop corrections. A simple expression is derived for the magnetic dipole ($M1$) operator associated with pion loops, consisting of two terms, one of which is determined, uniquely, by the isospin-dependent part of the two-pion-exchange potential. This decomposition is also carried out for the $M1$ operator arising from contact currents, in which the unique term is determined by the contact potential. Finally, the low-energy constants (LEC's) entering the N$^2$LO potential are fixed by fits to the $np$ S- and P-wave phase shifts up to 100 MeV lab energies. Three additional LEC's are needed to completely specify the $M1$ operator at N$^3$L

We use the Higgs coupling and the muon anomalous magneticmoment measurements to constrain the parameter space of the natural supersymmetry in the generalized minimal supergravity (GmSUGRA) model. We scan the parameter space of the GmSUGRA model with small electroweak fine-tuning measure (ΔEW≤100 ). The parameter space after applying various sparticle mass bounds; Higgs mass bounds; B-physics bounds; the muon magneticmoment constraint; and the Higgs coupling constraint from measurements at HL-LHC, ILC, and CEPC is shown in the planes of various interesting model parameters and sparticle masses. Our study indicates that the Higgs coupling and muon anomalous magneticmoment measurements can constrain the parameter space effectively. It is shown that ΔEW˜30 , consistent with all constraints, and having supersymmetric contributions to the muon anomalous magneticmoment within 1 σ can be achieved. The precision of kb and kτ measurements at CEPC can bound mA to be above 1.2 TeV and 1.1 TeV respectively. The combination of the Higgs coupling measurement and muon anomalous magneticmoment measurement constrain the e˜R mass to be in the range from 0.6 TeV to 2 TeV. The range of both e˜L and ν˜e masses is 0.4 TeV-1.2 TeV. In all cases, the χ˜10 mass needs to be small (mostly ≤400 GeV ). The comparison of bounds in the tan β -mA plane shows that the Higgs coupling measurement is complementary to the direct collider searches for heavy Higgs when constraining the natural SUSY. A few mass spectra in the typical region of parameter space after applying all constraints are shown as well.

The Mariner IV spacecraft on 14-15 July 1965 passed within 9850 kilometers of Mars, carrying a solid-state charged-particle telescope which could detect electrons greater than 40 kiloelectron volts and protons greater than 1 million electron volts. The trajectory could have passed through a bow shock, a transition region, and a magnetospheric boundary where particles could be stably trapped for a wide range of Martian magneticmoments. No evidence of charged-particle radiation was found in any of these regions. In view of these results, an upper limit is established for the Martian magneticmoment provided it is assumed that the same physical processes leading to acceleration and trapping of electrons in Earth's magnetic field would be found in a Martian magnetic field. On this basis, the upper limit for the Martian magneticmoment is 0.1 percent that of Earth for a wide range of postulated orientations with respect to the rotational axis of Mars. The implications of these results for the physical and biological environment of Mars are briefly discussed. PMID:17747452

One can determine antiquark polarizations in a proton using the information from deep inelastic scattering, {beta} decays of baryons, orbital angular momenta of quarks, as well as their integrated magnetic distributions. The last quantities were determined previously by us performing a fit to magneticmoments of a baryon octet. However, because of the SU(3) symmetry our results depend on two parameters. The quantity {Gamma}{sub V}, measured recently in a COMPASS experiment, gives the relation between these parameters. We can fix the last unknown parameter using the ratio of up and down quark magneticmoments which one can get from the fit to radiative vector meson decays. We calculate antiquark polarizations with the orbital momenta of valence quarks that follow from lattice calculations. The value of the difference of up and down antiquark polarizations obtained in our calculations is consistent with the result obtained in a HERMES experiment.

The Larmor precession for the 362 keV state in 165Ho( I π = 3/2 + , T 1/2 = 1.512 μs) in Dy2O3 with an external magnetic field of 0.3 T was determined to be - 32.3 ± 0.6 MHz by use of the perturbed angular correlation technique, intending to determine the magneticmoment and apply it to the measurement of the hyperfine field at Ho in Fe. The magneticmoment for this state was tentatively deduced under the assumption that the paramagnetic correction factor for a free Ho3 + ion is applicable to the present case. The independent A 22 measurement for the 633 - 362 keV γ cascade for the sign assignment of the Larmor frequency is inconsistent with that from known multipolarities and mixing ratios for this cascade, implying that the mixing ratios may be different from the reported values.

We calculate the magnetic dipole moment of the Delta(1232) and Omega- baryons with 2+1-flavors of clover fermions on anisotropic lattices using a background magnetic field. This is the first dynamical calculation of these magneticmoments using a background field technique. The calculation for Omega- is done at the physical strange quark mass, with the result in units of the physical nuclear magneton Âµ_(Omega-) = -1.93(8)(12) (where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic) compared to the experimental number: -2.02(5). The Delta has been studied at three unphysical quark masses, corresponding to pion mass 366, 438, and 548 MeV. The pion-mass dependence is compared with the behavior obtained from chiral effective-field theory.

In the moment approach, a parallel heat flux and a viscous stress are derived for arbitrary collisionality, which is becoming increasingly important in emerging concept devices. This derivation improves upon previous derivations by using the full linearized collision operators instead of the pitch-angle scattering operator and also by including the ion-electron collision operator. The parallel viscous stress can be computed by integrating thermodynamic drives along a magnetic field line weighted by kernel functions that are simple linear combinations of exponential functions. The convergence of the ion viscous stress is verified for sinusoidally varying drives with increasing number of moments.

Neutrinos are elementary particles in the standard model of particle physics. There are three flavors of neutrinos that oscillate among themselves. Their oscillation can be described by a 3×3 unitary matrix, containing three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, and one CP phase. Both θ12 and θ23 are known from previous experiments. θ13 was unknown just two years ago. The Daya Bay experiment gave the first definitive non-zero value in 2012. An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin 22(θ 13) = 0.090+0.008-0.009 and the first direct measurement of the \\bar ν e mass-squared difference ∣ Δ m2ee∣ = (2.59+0.19-0.20)× 10-3 eV2 were obtained recently. The large value of θ13 boosts the next generation of reactor antineutrino experiments designed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, such as JUNO and RENO-50.

Due to the quantum evolution of molecular magneticmoments, the magnetic state of nanomagnets can suffer spontaneous changes. This process can be completely quenched by environment-induced decoherence. However, we show that for typical small supported atomic objects, the substrate-induced decoherence does change the magnetic-moment evolution but does not quell it. To be specific and to compare with experiment, we analyze the spontaneous switching between two equivalent magnetization states of atomic structures formed by Fe on Cu2N/Cu (1 0 0), measured by Loth et al (2012 Science 335 196-9). Due to the substrate-induced decoherence, the Rabi oscillations proper to quantum tunneling between magnetic states are replaced by an irreversible decay of long characteristic times leading to the observed stochastic magnetization switching. We show that the corresponding switching rates are small, rapidly decreasing with system’s size, with a 1/T thermal behavior and in good agreement with experiments. Quantum tunneling is recovered as the switching mechanism at extremely low temperatures below the μK range for a six-Fe-atom system and exponentially lower for larger atomic systems. The unexpected conclusion of this work is that experiments could detect the switching of these supported atomic systems because their magnetization evolution is somewhere between complete decoherence-induced stability and unobservably fast quantum-tunneling switching.

Due to the quantum evolution of molecular magneticmoments, the magnetic state of nanomagnets can suffer spontaneous changes. This process can be completely quenched by environment-induced decoherence. However, we show that for typical small supported atomic objects, the substrate-induced decoherence does change the magnetic-moment evolution but does not quell it. To be specific and to compare with experiment, we analyze the spontaneous switching between two equivalent magnetization states of atomic structures formed by Fe on Cu2N/Cu (1 0 0), measured by Loth et al (2012 Science 335 196-9). Due to the substrate-induced decoherence, the Rabi oscillations proper to quantum tunneling between magnetic states are replaced by an irreversible decay of long characteristic times leading to the observed stochastic magnetization switching. We show that the corresponding switching rates are small, rapidly decreasing with system's size, with a 1/T thermal behavior and in good agreement with experiments. Quantum tunneling is recovered as the switching mechanism at extremely low temperatures below the μK range for a six-Fe-atom system and exponentially lower for larger atomic systems. The unexpected conclusion of this work is that experiments could detect the switching of these supported atomic systems because their magnetization evolution is somewhere between complete decoherence-induced stability and unobservably fast quantum-tunneling switching. PMID:26471260

A bremsstrahlung amplitude in the special two-energy-two-angle (TETAS) approximation, which is relativistic, gauge invariant, and consistent with the soft-photon theorem, is derived for the pion-proton bremsstrahlung (π+pγ) process near the Δ++(1232) resonance. In order to take into account bremsstrahlung emission from an internal Δ++ line with both charge and the anomalous magneticmoment λΔ, we have applied a radiation decomposition identity to modify Low's standard prescription for constructing a soft-photon amplitude. This modified procedure is very general; it can be used to derive the TETAS amplitude for any bremsstrahlung process with resonance. The derived TETAS amplitude is applied to calculate all π+pγ cross sections which can be compared with the experimental data. Treating λΔ as a free parameter in these calculations, we extract the ``experimental'' magneticmoment of the Δ++, μΔ, from recent data. The extracted values of μΔ are (3.7-4.2)e/(2mp) from the University of California, Los Angeles data and (4.6-4.9)e/(2mp) from the Paul Scherrer Institute data. Here, mp is the proton mass. These values are smaller than the value 5.58e/(2mp), the ``bare'' magneticmoment predicted by the SU(6) model or the quark model, but they are close to the value 4.25e/(2mp) predicted by the modified SU(6) model of Beg and Pais and to the value (4.41-4.89)e/(2mp) predicted by the corrected bag-model of Brown, Rho, and Vento. Using the extracted μΔ as an input for calculating π+pγ cross sections, we show that the overall agreement between the theoretical predictions calculated with the extracted μΔ and the experimental measurements is excellent. This agreement demonstrates that the TETAS amplitude can be used to describe almost all the available π+pγ data. Finally, we also treat λΔ as a complex quantity, λΔ=λR+iλI, in order to estimate the contribution from the imaginary part λI. The best fit to the data gives λI~=0, independent of the choice

The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and orbital magneticmoment in L10-type transition metal alloys such as FePt, FePd, FeNi, CoPt, CoPd, and MnAl are evaluated while continuously varying the degree of order. The electronic structure with spin--orbit interaction is calculated by employing the tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital method based on the local spin-density approximation. To control the degree of order, we consider a substitutional disorder and then adopt the coherent potential approximation. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy Δ E is roughly proportional to the power of the long-range order parameter S, i.e., Δ E \\propto Sn (n ˜ 1.6{--}2.4). We also discuss the relationship between the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and the orbital magneticmoment. In the same compositional system with different degrees of order, the difference between the orbital magneticmoment in the magnetic easy axis and that in the hard one is proportional to Δ E. However, the coefficient corresponding to the effective spin--orbit coupling is inconsistent with the intrinsic one in some cases.

Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out on single crystals and powders of Yb2Pt2Pb, where Yb moments form two interpenetrating planar sublattices of orthogonal dimers, a geometry known as Shastry-Sutherland lattice, and are stacked along the c axis in a ladder geometry. Yb2Pt2Pb orders antiferromagnetically at TN=2.07K, and the magnetic structure determined from these measurements features the interleaving of two orthogonal sublattices into a 5×5×1 magnetic supercell that is based on stripes with moments perpendicular to the dimer bonds, which are along (110) and (–110). Magnetic fields applied along (110) or (–110) suppress the antiferromagnetic peaks from an individual sublattice, butmore » leave the orthogonal sublattice unaffected, evidence for the Ising character of the Yb moments in Yb2Pt2Pb that is supported by point charge calculations. Furthermore, specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity measurements concur with neutron elastic scattering results that the longitudinal critical fluctuations are gapped with ΔE≃0.07meV.« less

We studied L1(0) ordered Fe50Pt50-xNdx alloy films, which showed a large enhancement (similar to 18.4% at room temperature and similar to 11.7% at 10 K) of magneticmoment with 6 atomic % of Nd. Analysis of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra at the Fe L-3,L-2 edges and Nd M-5,M-4 edges in Fe50Pt44Nd6 films indicated a significant contribution of the Nd orbital moment. The origin of the large enhancement of magneticmoment was attributed to the effect of ferromagnetic coupling of the total magneticmoments between Fe and Nd. Density functional theory based first principles calculations supported the experimental observations of increasing moment due to Nd substitution of Pt.

We studied L10 ordered Fe50Pt50-xNdx alloy films, which showed a large enhancement (~18.4% at room temperature and ~11.7% at 10 K) of magneticmoment with 6 atomic % of Nd. Analysis of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra at the Fe L3,2 edges and Nd M5,4 edges in Fe50Pt44Nd6 films indicated a significant contribution of the Nd orbital moment. The origin of the large enhancement of magneticmoment was attributed to the effect of ferromagnetic coupling of the total magneticmoments between Fe and Nd. Density functional theory based first principles calculations supported the experimental observations of increasing moment due to Nd substitution of Pt.

We present size dependent spin and orbital magneticmoments of cobalt (Con (+), 8 ≤ n ≤ 22), iron (Fen (+), 7 ≤ n ≤ 17), and nickel cluster (Nin (+), 7 ≤ n ≤ 17) cations as obtained by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy of isolated clusters in the gas phase. The spin and orbital magneticmoments range between the corresponding atomic and bulk values in all three cases. We compare our findings to previous XMCD data, Stern-Gerlach data, and computational results. We discuss the application of scaling laws to the size dependent evolution of the spin and orbital magneticmoments per atom in the clusters. We find a spin scaling law "per cluster diameter," ∼n(-1/3), that interpolates between known atomic and bulk values. In remarkable contrast, the orbital moments do likewise only if the atomic asymptote is exempt. A concept of "primary" and "secondary" (induced) orbital moments is invoked for interpretation. PMID:26374030

We study the effect of localized magneticmoments on the conductance of a helical edge. Interaction with a local moment is an effective backscattering mechanism for the edge electrons. We evaluate the resulting differential conductance as a function of temperature T and applied bias V for any value of V /T . Backscattering off magneticmoments, combined with the weak repulsion between the edge electrons, results in a power-law temperature and voltage dependence of the conductance; the corresponding small positive exponent is indicative of insulating behavior. Local moments may naturally appear due to charge disorder in a narrow-gap semiconductor. Our results provide an alternative interpretation of the recent experiment by Li et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 136804 (2015)], 10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.136804 where a power-law suppression of the conductance was attributed to strong electron repulsion within the edge, with the value of Luttinger-liquid parameter K fine tuned close to 1 /4 .

The magnetic dipole moment of the {ital W} boson is given by {mu}={ital e}(1+{kappa}+{lambda})/2{ital M}{sub {ital W}} and its electric quadrupole moment is given by {ital Q}={minus}{ital e}({kappa}{minus}{lambda})/{ital M}{sub {ital W}}{sup 2}. A nonstandard magnetic dipole moment and a nonstandard electric quadrupole moment lead to different differential decay distributions in the radiative decays of {ital W}{sup {plus minus}}, {ital W}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital e}{bar {nu}}{gamma} and {ital W}{sup {minus}}{r arrow}{ital d{bar u}}{gamma}. While hard photons are characteristic signatures of {kappa}{ne}1 there is no such explicit signal for {lambda}{ne}0. We present a technique for the determination of the values of {kappa} and {lambda} by measuring the total number of events in two regions of phase space. This experiment could be done at the CERN {ital e}{sup +}{ital e{minus}} collider LEP II, where a clean source of {ital W} bosons will be available.

Correlated band theory is employed to investigate the magnetic and electronic properties of different arrangements of oxygen di- and tri-vacancy clusters in SrTiO{sub 3}. Hole and electron doping of oxygen deficient SrTiO{sub 3} yields various degrees of magnetization as a result of the interaction between localized magneticmoments at the defect sites. Different kinds of Ti atomic orbital hybridization are described as a function of the doping level and defect geometry. We find that magnetism in SrTiO{sub 3−δ} is sensitive to the arrangement of neighbouring vacancy sites, charge carrier density, and vacancy-vacancy interaction. Permanent magneticmoments in the absence of vacancy doping electrons are observed. Our description of the charged clusters of oxygen vacancies widens the previous descriptions of mono- and multi-vacancies and points out the importance of the controlled formation at the atomic level of defects for the realization of transition metal oxide based devices with a desirable magnetic performance.

Correlated band theory is employed to investigate the magnetic and electronic properties of different arrangements of oxygen di- and tri-vacancy clusters in SrTiO3. Hole and electron doping of oxygen deficient SrTiO3 yields various degrees of magnetization as a result of the interaction between localized magneticmoments at the defect sites. Different kinds of Ti atomic orbital hybridization are described as a function of the doping level and defect geometry. We find that magnetism in SrTiO3-δ is sensitive to the arrangement of neighbouring vacancy sites, charge carrier density, and vacancy-vacancy interaction. Permanent magneticmoments in the absence of vacancy doping electrons are observed. Our description of the charged clusters of oxygen vacancies widens the previous descriptions of mono- and multi-vacancies and points out the importance of the controlled formation at the atomic level of defects for the realization of transition metal oxide based devices with a desirable magnetic performance.

Correlated band theory is employed to investigate the magnetic and electronic properties of different arrangements of oxygen di- and tri-vacancy clusters in SrTiO3. Hole and electron doping of oxygen deficient SrTiO3 yields various degrees of magnetization as a result of the interaction between localized magneticmoments at the defected sites. Different kinds of Ti atomic orbital hybridization are described as a function of the doping level and defect geometry. We find that magnetism in SrTiO3-d is sensitive to the arrangement of neighbouring vacancy sites, charge carrier density, and vacancy-vacancy interaction. Permanent magneticmoments in the absence of vacancy doping electrons are observed. Our description of the charged clusters of oxygen vacancies widens the previous descriptions of mono and multi-vacancies and points out the importance of the controlled formation at the atomic level of defects for the realization of transition metal oxide based devices with a desirable magnetic performance.

MOMENT (Magnetic Observations of Mars Enabled by Nanosatellite Technology) is a nanosatellite that will obtain high-resolution maps of remnant magnetic fields present in the southern highlands of Mars. A European-developed magnetometer accurate to bet- ter than 0.5 nT and employed in a highly elliptical orbit with a relatively low, 100 km night-side, periapsis will provide much greater spatial resolution and delineation of local magnetic anomalies than is available from the initial surveys performed by Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). During the aerobraking phase of the MGS mission, low-altitude measurements were corrupted by solar wind because they were acquired under sunlit conditions where solar winds interacted with the crustal magnetic fields. During the mapping phase of the mission, spatial resolution was limited to about 400 km. Both of these issues will be overcome by MOMENT's low-altitude, night-side, observing strategy. The resulting magnetic-field maps, for the key areas of interest, will allow detailed studies of regional tectonics and the history of the planet's now- inactive core dynamo. MOMENT's design is based on the Space Flight Laboratory's Generic Nanosatellite Bus (GNB), which is also being developed for the BRITE space-astronomy and CanX-4&5 formation- flight missions. Nominally a 30 x 30 x 30 cm cube on the order of 10 kg mass, MOMENT uses as much GNB technology as possible to provide a rapid and cost-effective mission. The implementation of the mission requires payload space on a larger carrier spacecraft and the use of existing and future Martian communication relays for the transfer of information to and from Earth, necessitating a high level of international co-operation. MOMENT is otherwise fully independent and autonomous, even during scientific operations. This paper describes the conceptual (Canadian Space Agency funded) MOMENT mission and presents a strong case for the use of nanosatellite technology as a relatively simple and cost

We investigate finite-volume effects in the hadronic vacuum polarization, with an eye toward the corresponding systematic error in the muon anomalous magneticmoment. We consider both recent lattice data as well as lowest-order, finite-volume chiral perturbation theory, in order to get a quantitative understanding. Even though leading-order chiral perturbation theory does not provide a good description of the hadronic vacuum polarization, it turns out that it gives a good representation of finite-volume effects. We find that finite-volume effects cannot be ignored when the aim is a few percent level accuracy for the leading-order hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magneticmoment, even when using ensembles with mπL ≳4 and mπ˜200 MeV .

The arising of geometric quantum phases in the wave function of a moving particle possessing a magnetic quadrupole moment is investigated. It is shown that an Aharonov-Anandan quantum phase (Aharonov and Anandan, 1987) can be obtained in the quantum dynamics of a moving particle with a magnetic quadrupole moment. In particular, it is obtained as an analogue of the scalar Aharonov-Bohm effect for a neutral particle (Anandan, 1989). Besides, by confining the quantum particle to a hard-wall confining potential, the dependence of the energy levels on the geometric quantum phase is discussed and, as a consequence, persistent currents can arise from this dependence. Finally, an analogue of the Landau quantization is discussed.

An experimental setup has been realized to measure weak magneticmoments which can be modulated at radio frequencies (~1-5 MHz). Using an optimized radio-frequency (RF) pickup coil and lock-in amplifier, an experimental sensitivity of 10(-15) Am(2) corresponding to 10(-18) emu has been demonstrated with a 1 s time constant. The detection limit at room temperature is 9.3 × 10(-16) Am(2)/√Hz limited by Johnson noise of the coil. The setup has been used to directly measure the magneticmoment due to a small number (~7 × 10(8)) of spin polarized electrons generated by polarization modulated optical radiation in GaAs and Ge. PMID:22047310

In this work, disordered-IrMn3/insulating-Y3Fe5O12 exchange-biased bilayers are studied. The behavior of the net magneticmoment ΔmAFM in the antiferromagnet is directly probed by anomalous and planar Hall effects, and anisotropic magnetoresistance. The ΔmAFM is proved to come from the interfacial uncompensated magneticmoment. We demonstrate that the exchange bias and rotational hysteresis loss are induced by partial rotation and irreversible switching of the ΔmAFM. In the athermal training effect, the state of the ΔmAFM cannot be recovered after one cycle of hysteresis loop. This work highlights the fundamental role of the ΔmAFM in the exchange bias and facilitates the manipulation of antiferromagnetic spintronic devices. PMID:25777540

In this work, disordered-IrMn3/insulating-Y3Fe5O12 exchange-biased bilayers are studied. The behavior of the net magneticmoment ΔmAFM in the antiferromagnet is directly probed by anomalous and planar Hall effects, and anisotropic magnetoresistance. The ΔmAFM is proved to come from the interfacial uncompensated magneticmoment. We demonstrate that the exchange bias and rotational hysteresis loss are induced by partial rotation and irreversible switching of the ΔmAFM. In the athermal training effect, the state of the ΔmAFM cannot be recovered after one cycle of hysteresis loop. This work highlights the fundamental role of the ΔmAFM in the exchange bias and facilitates the manipulation of antiferromagnetic spintronic devices.

Based on histological, physiological, and physical evidence, Walker et al (1997) and Diebel et al (2000) have identified distinctive cells in the olfactory epithelium of the rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) that contain magnetite and are closely associated with neurons that respond to changes in magnetic field. To put biophysical constraints on the possible transduction mechanism of magnetic signals, and in particular, to find out if the intracellular magnet is free to rotate or rather firmly anchored within the cell body, we have studied the magneto-mechanical response of isolated candidate receptor cells in suspension using a light microscope equipped with two pairs of Helmholtz coils. From the characteristic re-orientation time of suspended cells after a change in magnetic field direction, we have determined the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of the cells in function of the external field strength (0.4 mT to 3.2 mT) in order to find out whether or not the natural magneticmoment is remanence-based or induced (i.e., single-domain vs. superparamagnetic/multi-domain). Results: 1) The mechanical response of isolated cells to a change in magnetic field direction was always immediate, irrespective of the direction of change, which implies that the intracellular magnet is not free to rotate in the cell, but rather rigidly attached, probably to the plasma membrane, which is also suggested by our confocal fluorescence-microscope studies. 2) The cellular dipole moment turned out to be independent of the external field strength. Thus, the natural magnetic dipole moment is based on magnetic remanence, which points to single-domain particles and corroborates the results by Diebel et al (2000), who obtained switching fields consistent with single-domain magnetite. 3). The magnetic dipole moment is found to be of the order of several tens of fAm2, which greatly exceeds previous estimates (0.5 fAm2), and thus is similar to values reported for the most strongly

The anomalous magneticmoment of the muon is one of the most precisely measured quantities in experimental particle physics. Its latest measurement at Brookhaven National Laboratory deviates from the Standard Model expectation by approximately 3.5 standard deviations. The goal of the new experiment, E989, now under construction at Fermilab, is a fourfold improvement in precision. Furthermore, we discuss the details of the future measurement and its current status.

The anomalous magneticmoment of the muon is one of the most precisely measured quantities in experimental particle physics. Its latest measurement at Brookhaven National Laboratory deviates from the Standard Model expectation by approximately 3.5 standard deviations. The goal of the new experiment, E989, now under construction at Fermilab, is a fourfold improvement in precision. Here, we discuss the details of the future measurement and its current status.

The anomalous magneticmoment of the muon is one of the most precisely measured quantities in experimental particle physics. Its latest measurement at Brookhaven National Laboratory deviates from the Standard Model expectation by approximately 3.5 standard deviations. The goal of the new experiment, E989, now under construction at Fermilab, is a fourfold improvement in precision. Here, we discuss the details of the future measurement and its current status.

The angular distributions of γ rays and α particles from oriented Bk250, Es253,254, and Fm255 nuclei were investigated to extract hyperfine interaction information for these actinide impurities in an iron host lattice. The hyperfine field of einsteinium in iron was found to be |Bhf(EsFe̲|)=396(32) T. With this value the magneticmoment of Es254 was then determined as |μ|=4.35(41)μN.

Using SU(3) symmetry to constrain the $\\pi BB'$ couplings, assuming SU(3) breaking comes only from one-loop pion cloud contributions, and using the the covariant spectator theory to describe the photon coupling to the quark core, we show how the experimental masses and magneticmoments of the baryon octet can be used to set a model independent constraint on the strength of the pion cloud contributions to the octet, and hence the nucleon, form factors at $Q^2=0$.

We have synthesized transparent, conducting, paramagnetic stannate thin films via rare-earth doping of BaSnO3. Gd3+ (4f7) substitution on the Ba2+ site results in optical transparency in the visible regime, low resistivities, and high electron mobilities, along with a significant magneticmoment. Pulsed laser deposition was used to stabilize epitaxial Ba0.96Gd0.04SnO3 thin films on (001) SrTiO3 substrates, and compared with Ba0.96La0.04SnO3 and undoped BaSnO3 thin films. Gd as well as La doping schemes result in electron mobilities at room temperature that exceed those of conventional complex oxides, with values as high as 60 cm2/V.s (n = 2.5 × 1020 cm-3) and 30 cm2/V.s (n = 1 × 1020 cm-3) for La and Gd doping, respectively. The resistivity shows little temperature dependence across a broad temperature range, indicating that in both types of films the transport is not dominated by phonon scattering. Gd-doped BaSnO3 films have a strong magneticmoment of ˜7 μB/Gd ion. Such an optically transparent conductor with localized magneticmoments may unlock opportunities for multifunctional devices in the design of next-generation displays and photovoltaics.

We report on a first measurement of the polarized-target asymmetry of the pion-proton bremsstrahlung cross section ({pi}{sup +}{ital p}{r arrow}{pi}{sup {minus}}{ital p}{gamma}). As in previous cross section measurements the pion energy (298 MeV) and the detector geometry for this experiment was chosen to optimize the sensitivity to the radiation from the magnetic dipole moment of the {Delta}{sup ++}(1232) resonance {mu}{sub {Delta}}. Comparison to a recent isobar model for pion-nucleon bremsstrahlung yields {mu}{sub {Delta}}=(1.62{plus minus}0.18){mu}{sub {ital p}}, where {mu}{sub {ital p}} is the proton magneticmoment. Since the asymmetry depends less than the cross section on the choice of the other input parameters for the model, their uncertainties affect this analysis by less than the experimental error. However the theory fails to represent both the cross section and the asymmetry data at the highest photon energies. Hence further improvements in the calculations are needed before the model dependence of the magneticmoment analysis can be fully assessed. The present result agrees with bag-model corrections to the SU(6) prediction {mu}{sub {Delta}}=2{mu}{sub {ital p}}. As a by-product, the analyzing power for elastic {pi}{sup +}{ital p} scattering at 415 MeV/{ital c} was also measured. This second result is in good agreement with phase shift calculations.

Equilibrium behavior of a single chain of dipolar spheres is investigated by the method of molecular dynamics in a wide range of the dipolar coupling constant λ . Two cases are considered: rodlike and flexible chains. In the first case, particle centers are immovably fixed on one axis, but their magneticmoments retain absolute orientational freedom. It has been found that at λ ≳1.5 particle moments are chiefly aligned parallel to the chain axis, but the total moment of the chain continuously changes its sign with some mean frequency, which exponentially decreases with the growth of λ . Such behavior of the rodlike chain is analogous to the Néel relaxation of a superparamagnetic particle with a finite energy of magnetic anisotropy. In the flexible chain particles are able to move in the three-dimensional space, but the distance between centers of the first-nearest neighbors never exceeds a given limiting value rmax. If rmax≃d (d is the particle diameter) then the most probable shape of the chain of five or more particles at λ ≳6 is that of a ring. The behavior of chains with rmax≥2 d is qualitatively different: At λ ≃4 long chains collapse into dense quasispherical globules and at λ ≳8 these globules take toroidal configuration with a spontaneous azimuthal ordering of magnetic dipoles. With the increase of rmax to larger values (rmax>10 d ) globules expand and break down to form separate rings.

Crystal symmetry governs the nature of electronic Bloch states. For example, in the presence of time-reversal symmetry, the orbital magneticmoment and Berry curvature of the Bloch states must vanish unless inversion symmetry is broken1. In certain two-dimensional electron systems such as bilayer graphene, the intrinsic inversion symmetry can be broken simply by applying a perpendicular electric field2,3. In principle, this offers the possibility of switching on/off and continuously tuning the magneticmoment and Berry curvature near the Dirac valleys by reversible electrical control4,5. Here we investigate this possibility using polarization-resolved photoluminescence of bilayer MoS2, which has the same symmetry as bilayer graphene but has a bandgap in the visible spectrum6,7 allowing direct optical probing5,8 12. We find that in bilayer MoS2 the circularly polarized photoluminescence can be continuously tuned from 15% to 15% as a function of gate voltage, whereas in structurally non-centrosymmetric monolayer MoS2 the photoluminescence polarization is gate independent. The observations are well explained as resulting from the continuous variation of orbital magneticmoments between positive and negative values through symmetry control.

LCO has attracted great attention over the years (>2000 publications) because of its unusual magnetic properties; although in its ground state at low temperatures it is non-magnetic. A recent experiment[1] in pulsed fields to 500T showed a moment of ~1.3μB above 140T, and above ~270T the magnetization rises, reaching ~3.8μB by 500T. We have performed first principles DFT calculations for LCO in high fields. Our earlier calculations[2] explained the importance of a small rhombohedral distortion in the ground state that leads to a suppression of the 1.3μB moment for fields below ~140T. By allowing fairly large atomic displacements in high fields, moments of ~4μB are predicted. This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering Division under Contract No. DE-AC02-07CH11358.

We consider renormalizable theories such that the scattering of dark matter off leptons arises at tree level, but scattering off nuclei only arises at loop. In this framework, the various dark matter candidates can be classified by their spins and by the forms of their interactions with leptons. In this study, we determine the corrections to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon that arise from its interactions with dark matter. We then consider the implications of these results for a set of simplified models of leptophilic dark matter. When a dark matter candidate reduces the existing tension between the standard model prediction of the anomalous magneticmoment and the experimental measurement, the region of parameter space favored to completely remove the discrepancy is highlighted. Conversely, when agreement is worsened, we place limits on the parameters of the corresponding simplified model. These bounds and favored regions are compared against the experimental constraints on the simplified model from direct detection and from collider searches. Although these constraints are severe, we find there do exist limited regions of parameter space in these simple theories that can explain the observed anomaly in the muon magneticmoment while remaining consistent with all experimental bounds.

The hadronic leading-order (hlo) contribution to the lepton anomalous magneticmoments alhlo of the Standard Model leptons still accounts for the dominant source of the uncertainty of the Standard Model estimates. We present the results of an investigation of the hadronic leading order anomalous magneticmoments of the electron, muon and tau lepton from first principles in twisted mass lattice QCD. With lattice data for multiple pion masses in the range 230MeV ≲ mPS ≲ 490 MeV, multiple lattice volumes and three lattice spacings we perform the extrapolation to the continuum and to the physical pion mass and check for all systematic uncertainties in the lattice calculation. As a result we calculate alhlo for the three Standard Model leptons with controlled statistical and systematic error in agreement with phenomenological determinations using dispersion relations and experimental data. In addition, we also give a first estimate of the hadronic leading order anomalous magneticmoments from simulations directly at the physical value of the pion mass.

We consider renormalizable theories such that the scattering of dark matter off leptons arises at tree level, but scattering off nuclei only arises at loop. In this framework, the various dark matter candidates can be classified by their spins and by the forms of their interactions with leptons. In this study, we determine the corrections to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon that arise from its interactions with dark matter. We then consider the implications of these results for a set of simplified models of leptophilic dark matter. When a dark matter candidate reduces the existing tension between themore » standard model prediction of the anomalous magneticmoment and the experimental measurement, the region of parameter space favored to completely remove the discrepancy is highlighted. Conversely, when agreement is worsened, we place limits on the parameters of the corresponding simplified model. These bounds and favored regions are compared against the experimental constraints on the simplified model from direct detection and from collider searches. Although these constraints are severe, we find there do exist limited regions of parameter space in these simple theories that can explain the observed anomaly in the muon magneticmoment while remaining consistent with all experimental bounds.« less

The magnetic fields produced by Pu4 + centers have been measured by 19F NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the Pu-F electronic interactions in polycrystalline PuF4. Spectra acquired at applied fields of 2.35 and 7.05 T reveal a linear scaling of the 19F line shape. A model is presented that treats the line broadening and shifts as due to dipolar fields produced by Pu valence electrons in localized noninteracting orbitals. Alternative explanations for the observed line shape involving covalent Pu-F bonding, superexchange interactions, and electronic configurations with enhanced magneticmoments are considered.

The nonlinear dynamic modes of a chain of coupled spherical bodies having dipole magneticmoments that are excited by a homogeneous ac magnetic field are studied using numerical analysis. Bifurcation diagrams are constructed and used to find conditions for the presence of several types of regular, chaotic, and quasi-periodic oscillations. The effect of the coupling of dipoles on the excited dynamics of the system is revealed. The specific features of the Poincare time sections are considered for the cases of synchronous chaos with antiphase synchronization and asynchronous chaos. The spectrum of Lyapunov exponents is calculated for the dynamic modes of an individual dipole.

We measure the hyperfine splitting of the 9S{sub 1/2} level of {sup 210}Fr, and find a magnetic dipole hyperfine constant A=622.25(36) MHz. The theoretical value, obtained using the relativistic all-order method from the electronic wave function at the nucleus, allows us to extract a nuclear magneticmoment of 4.38(5){mu}{sub N} for this isotope, which represents a factor of 2 improvement in precision over previous measurements. The same method can be applied to other rare isotopes and elements.

There have been many published papers related on the orbital characters of band structures in the iron-based superconductors. However, the orbital characters of the Fe magneticmoment still remain unrevealed. By performing first-principles calculations of the electronic and magnetic properties with constraint on the real space shape of Fe magneticmoments, we study the d-orbital characters of the Fe magneticmoment in BaFe2As2. We compare obtained band structures with published angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) result, and propose that the Fe magneticmoment in BaFe2As2 has in-plane dxy character. This work was supported by the NRF of Korea (Grant Nos. 2009-0081204 and 2011-0018306). Computational resources have been provided by KISTI Supercomputing Center (Project No. KSC-2011-C3-05)

Many experimental features in magnetic superconductors are also present when these complex materials are in the normal state. Therefore studies of simpler itinerant magnets may help provide understanding of these phenomena. We chose to study Gd as it is has an ~ 0 . 6μB itinerant moment in addition to a ~ 7 . 0μB localized moment. The SEQUOIA spectrometer, at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was used in fine resolution mode with Ei=50 meV neutrons, to measure the magnetic excitations in a 12 gm 160Gd single crystal. The crystal was mounted with the h 0 l plane horizontal and rotated around the vertical axis to map out the excitations. The measured magnetic structure factor for the acoustic modes in the hh 0 direction has an intensity step at h ~ 0 . 3 . Electronic band structure calculations (W. M. Temmerman and P. A. Sterne, J. Phys: Condes. Matter,2, 5529 (1990)) show this Q position to be near several band crossings of the Fermi surface. A detailed analysis, including instrumental resolution, is presented to clarify any relationship between the magnetic structure factor and the electronic band structure. This work was sponsored by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy.

The structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of transition metal doped platinum clusters MPt6 (M=Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) are systematically studied by using the relativistic all-electron density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation. Most of the doped clusters show larger binding energies than the pure Pt7 cluster, which indicates that the doping of the transition metal atom can stabilize the pure platinum cluster. The results of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)—lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gaps suggest that the doped clusters can have higher chemical activities than the pure Pt7 cluster. The magnetism calculations demonstrate that the variation range of the magneticmoments of the MPt6 clusters is from 0 μB to 7 μB, revealing that the MPt6 clusters have potential utility in designing new spintronic nanomaterials with tunable magnetic properties.

A strong magnetic field significantly affects the intrinsic magneticmoment of fermions. In quantum electrodynamics, it was shown that the anomalous magneticmoment of an electron arises kinematically, while it results from a dynamical interaction with an external magnetic field for hadrons (proton). Taking the anomalous magneticmoment of a fermion into account, we find an exact expression for the boundstate energy and the corresponding eigenfunctions of a two-dimensional nonrelativistic spin-1/2 harmonic oscillator with a centripetal barrier (known as the isotonic oscillator) including an Aharonov-Bohm term in the presence of a strong magnetic field. We use the Laplace transform method in the calculations. We find that the singular solution contributes to the phase of the wave function at the origin and the phase depends on the spin and magnetic flux.

Neutrinos are elementary particles in the standard model of particle physics. There are three flavors of neutrinos that oscillate among themselves. Their oscillation can be described by a 3×3 unitary matrix, containing three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, and one CP phase. Both θ12 and θ23 are known from previous experiments. θ13 was unknown just two years ago. The Daya Bay experiment gave the first definitive nonzero value in 2012. An improved measurement of the oscillation amplitude sin 22(θ 13) = 0.090+0.008-0.009 and the first direct measurement of the \\bar ν e mass-squared difference \\vertΔ m2ee\\vert\\big (2.59+0.19-0.20\\big )×10-3 eV2 were obtained recently. The large value of θ13 boosts the next generation of reactor antineutrino experiments designed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy, such as JUNO and RENO-50.

Power is supplied to a planet's magnetosphere from the kinetic energy of planetary spin and the energy flux of the impinging solar wind. A fraction of this power is available to drive numerous observable phenomena, such as polar auroras and planetary radio emissions. In this report our present understanding of these power transfer mechanisms is applied to Uranus to make specific predictions of the detectability of radio and auroral emissions by the planetary radio astronomy (PRA) and ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) instruments aboard the Voyager spacecraft before its encounter with Uranus at the end of January 1986. The power available for these two phenomena is (among other factors) a function of the magneticmoment of Uranus. The date of earliest detectability also depends on whether the predominant power source for the magnetosphere is planetary spin or solar wind. The magneticmoment of Uranus is derived for each power source as a function of the date of first detection of radio emissions by the PRA instrument or auroral emissions by the UVS instrument. If we accept the interpretation of ultraviolet observations now available from the Earth-orbiting International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite, Uranus has a surface magnetic field of at least 0.6 gauss, and more probably several gauss, making it the largest or second-largest planetary magnetic field in the solar system. PMID:17777779

In this work, we have performed an ab initio theoretical investigation of substitutional cobalt atoms in the graphene bilayer supported on the Cu(111) surface (Co/GBL/Cu). Initially, we examined the separated systems, namely, graphene bilayer adsorbed on Cu(111) (GBL/Cu) and a free standing Co-doped GBL (Co/GBL). In the former system, the GBL becomes n -type doped, where we map the net electronic charge density distribution along the GBL-Cu(111) interface. The substitutional Co atom in Co/GBL lies between the graphene layers, and present a net magneticmoment mostly due to the unpaired Co-3 dz2 electrons. In Co/GBL/Cu, we found that the Cu(111) substrate rules (i) the energetic stability, and (ii) the magnetic properties of substitutional Co atoms in the graphene bilayer. In (i), the substitutional Co atom becomes energetically more stable lying on the GBL surface, and in (ii), the magneticmoment of Co/GBL has been quenched due to the Cu(111) → Co/GBL electronic charge transfer. We verify that such a charge transfer can be tuned upon the application of an external electric field, and thus mediated by a suitable change on the electronic occupation of the Co-dz2 orbitals, we found a way to switch-on and -off the magnetization of the Co-doped GBL adsorbed on the Cu(111) surface.

In this Letter, a tunable valley polarization is investigated for honeycomb systems with broken inversion symmetry such as transition-metal dichalcogenide MX2 (M = Mo, W; X = S, Se) monolayers through elliptical pumping. Compared to circular pumping, elliptical pumping is a more universal and effective method to create coherent valley polarization. When two valleys of MX2 monolayers are doped or polarized, a novel anomalous Hall effect (called valley orbital magneticmoment Hall effect) is predicted. Valley orbital magneticmoment Hall effect can generate an orbital magneticmoment current without the accompaniment of a charge current, which opens a new avenue for exploration of valleytronics and orbitronics. Valley orbital magneticmoment Hall effect is expected to overshadow spin Hall effect and is tunable under elliptical pumping. PMID:26358835

We investigate the influence of itinerant carriers on dynamics and fluctuation of local moments in Fe-based superconductors, via linear spin-wave analysis of a spin-fermion model containing both itinerant and local degrees of freedom. Surprisingly against the common lore, instead of enhancing the (π,0) order, itinerant carriers with well nested Fermi surfaces is found to induce significant amount of spatial and temporal quantum fluctuation that leads to the observed small ordered moment. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism is shown to be intra-pocket nesting-associated long-range coupling, rather than the previously believed ferromagnetic double-exchange effect. This challenges the validity of ferromagnetically compensated first-neighbor couplingmore » reported from short-range fitting to the experimental dispersion, which turns out to result instead from the ferro-orbital order that is also found instrumental in stabilizing the magnetic order.« less

We investigate the influence of itinerant carriers on dynamics and fluctuation of local moments in Fe-based superconductors, via linear spin-wave analysis of a spin-fermion model containing both itinerant and local degrees of freedom. Surprisingly against the common lore, instead of enhancing the (π,0) order, itinerant carriers with well nested Fermi surfaces is found to induce significant amount of spatial and temporal quantum fluctuation that leads to the observed small ordered moment. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism is shown to be intra-pocket nesting-associated long-range coupling, rather than the previously believed ferromagnetic double-exchange effect. This challenges the validity of ferromagnetically compensated first-neighbor coupling reported from short-range fitting to the experimental dispersion, which turns out to result instead from the ferro-orbital order that is also found instrumental in stabilizing the magnetic order.

We investigate the influence of itinerant carriers on the dynamics and fluctuation of local moments in Fe-based superconductors, via linear spin-wave analysis of a spin-fermion model containing both itinerant and local degrees of freedom. Surprisingly, against the common lore, instead of enhancing the (π,0) order, itinerant carriers with well-nested Fermi surfaces are found to induce a significant amount of spatial and temporal quantum fluctuation that leads to the observed small ordered moment. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism is shown to be an intrapocket nesting-associated long-range coupling rather than the previously believed ferromagnetic double-exchange effect. This challenges the validity of ferromagnetically compensated first-neighbor coupling reported from short-range fitting to the experimental dispersion, which turns out to result instead from the ferro-orbital order that is also found instrumental in stabilizing the magnetic order. PMID:26406850

We investigate the influence of itinerant carriers on the dynamics and fluctuation of local moments in Fe-based superconductors, via linear spin-wave analysis of a spin-fermion model containing both itinerant and local degrees of freedom. Surprisingly, against the common lore, instead of enhancing the (π ,0 ) order, itinerant carriers with well-nested Fermi surfaces are found to induce a significant amount of spatial and temporal quantum fluctuation that leads to the observed small ordered moment. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism is shown to be an intrapocket nesting-associated long-range coupling rather than the previously believed ferromagnetic double-exchange effect. This challenges the validity of ferromagnetically compensated first-neighbor coupling reported from short-range fitting to the experimental dispersion, which turns out to result instead from the ferro-orbital order that is also found instrumental in stabilizing the magnetic order.

A systematic investigation of the magnetic properties of amorphous films in ( RE) x Co100 - x binary systems in the ground state with rare-earth elements ( RE) of different types has been performed. The concentration dependences of the average atomic magneticmoments of cobalt ( m Co), gadolinium ( m Gd), and terbium ( m Tb) have been determined from the analysis of the spontaneous magnetization of the films with a nonmagnetic rare-earth element (La), a rare-earth element with a spherical electron shell (Gd), and a rareearth element with a large orbital magneticmoment (Tb). It has been shown that, in the range 0 < x < 50 at %, the magneticmoment m Co decreases from 1.7 μB to zero, the magneticmoment m Gd remains unchanged and almost coincides with the magneticmoment of the free atom (7 μB), and the value of m Tb decreases monotonically, but the rate of decrease depends on the method of the sample preparation. The revealed regularities are associated with the concentration change in the electronic structure of cobalt and with the specificity of the magnetic structure of the films, which has a ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, or sperimagnetic character for samples containing La, Gd, or Tb, respectively.

Spin gapless semiconductors are known to be strongly affected by structural disorder when grown epitaxially as thin films. The magnetic properties of Mn2CoAl thin films grown on GaAs (001) substrates are investigated here as a function of annealing. This study investigates the atomic-specific magneticmoments of Mn and Co atoms measured through X-ray magnetic circular dichroism as a function of annealing and the consequent structural ordering. Results indicate that the structural distortion mainly affects the Mn atoms as seen by the reduction of the magneticmoment from its predicted value.

For the magneticmoment of the 2083 keV level of 140Ce, there are four published data, all obtained by applying an external magnetic field of less than 5 T to a liquid sample containing 140La using the time-differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) technique. Although these four values are consistent within two times their uncertainties (2σ), the range of values in 2σ extends from μ=+3.0 to +5.2 (in units of nuclear magneton, μN). This time, the TDPAC technique was successfully applied to the 2083 keV level of 140Ce implanted in an Fe foil. The magneticmoment of this level was determined to be μ=+4.00(20)μN, employing the known hyperfine field at 141Ce in Fe, -41(2) T, which agrees very well with one of the values, μ=+4.06(15)μN. The present value is compared with two shell-model calculations.

We develop a self-consistent relativistic disordered local moment (RDLM) scheme aimed at describing finite-temperature magnetism of itinerant metals from first principles. Our implementation in terms of the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker multiple-scattering theory and the coherent potential approximation allows us to relate the orientational distribution of the spins to the electronic structure, thus a self-consistent treatment of the distribution is possible. We present applications for bulk bcc Fe, L10-FePt, and FeRh ordered in the CsCl structure. The calculations for Fe show significant variation of the local moments with temperature, whereas according to the mean-field treatment of the spin fluctuations the Curie temperature is overestimated. The magnetic anisotropy of FePt alloys is found to depend strongly on intermixing between nominally Fe and Pt layers, and it shows a power-law behavior as a function of magnetization for a broad range of chemical disorder. In the case of FeRh we construct a lattice constant vs temperature phase diagram and determine the phase line of metamagnetic transitions based on self-consistent RDLM free-energy curves.

An absolute shielding scale is proposed for (207)Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It is based on ab initio calculations performed on an isolated tetramethyllead Pb(CH3)4 molecule and the assignment of the experimental resonance frequency from the gas-phase NMR spectra of Pb(CH3)4, extrapolated to zero density of the buffer gas to obtain the result for an isolated molecule. The computed (207)Pb shielding constant is 10 790 ppm for the isolated molecule, leading to a shielding of 10799.7 ppm for liquid Pb(CH3)4 which is the accepted reference standard for (207)Pb NMR spectra. The new experimental and theoretical data are used to determine μ((207)Pb), the nuclear magnetic dipole moment of (207)Pb, by applying the standard relationship between NMR frequencies, shielding constants and nuclear moments of two nuclei in the same external magnetic field. Using the gas-phase (207)Pb and (reference) proton results and the theoretical value of the Pb shielding in Pb(CH3)4, we find μ((207)Pb) = 0.59064 μN. The analysis of new experimental and theoretical data obtained for the Pb(2+) ion in water solutions provides similar values of μ((207)Pb), in the range of 0.59000-0.59131 μN. PMID:27265668

High resolution NMR spectroscopy was applied to precisely determine the (83)Kr nuclear magnetic dipole moment on the basis of new results available for nuclear magnetic shielding in krypton and helium-3 atoms. Small amounts of (3)He as the solutes and (83)Kr as the buffer gas were observed in (3)He and (83)Kr NMR spectra at the constant external field, B0 = 11.7578 T. In each case, the resonance frequencies (ν(He) and ν(Kr)) were linearly dependent on the density of gaseous solvent. The extrapolation of experimental points to the zero density of gaseous krypton allowed for the evaluation of both resonance frequencies free from intermolecular interactions. By combining these measurements with the recommended (83)Kr chemical shielding value, the nuclear magneticmoment could be determined with much better precision than ever before, μ((83)Kr) = -0.9707297(32)μN, with the improvement due to the greater accuracy of the spectral data. PMID:24842240

We investigate the swimming motion of rod-shaped magnetotactic bacteria affiliated with the Nitrospirae phylum in a viscous liquid under the influence of an externally imposed, time-dependent magnetic field. By assuming that fluid motion driven by the translation and rotation of a swimming bacterium is of the Stokes type and that inertial effects of the motion are negligible, we derive a new system of the twelve coupled equations that govern both the motion and orientation of a swimming rod-shaped magnetotactic bacterium with a growing magneticmoment in the laboratory frame of reference. It is revealed that the initial pattern of swimming motion can be strongly affected by the rate of the growing magneticmoment. It is also revealed, through comparing mathematical solutions of the twelve coupled equations to the swimming motion observed in our laboratory experiments with rod-shaped magnetotactic bacteria, that the laboratory trajectories of the swimming motion can be approximately reproduced using an appropriate set of the parameters in our theoretical model. PMID:24523716

We investigate the swimming motion of rod-shaped magnetotactic bacteria affiliated with the Nitrospirae phylum in a viscous liquid under the influence of an externally imposed, time-dependent magnetic field. By assuming that fluid motion driven by the translation and rotation of a swimming bacterium is of the Stokes type and that inertial effects of the motion are negligible, we derive a new system of the twelve coupled equations that govern both the motion and orientation of a swimming rod-shaped magnetotactic bacterium with a growing magneticmoment in the laboratory frame of reference. It is revealed that the initial pattern of swimming motion can be strongly affected by the rate of the growing magneticmoment. It is also revealed, through comparing mathematical solutions of the twelve coupled equations to the swimming motion observed in our laboratory experiments with rod-shaped magnetotactic bacteria, that the laboratory trajectories of the swimming motion can be approximately reproduced using an appropriate set of the parameters in our theoretical model. PMID:24523716

We study the impact of lattice vibrations on magnetic and electronic properties of paramagnetic bcc and fcc iron at finite temperature, employing the disordered local moments molecular dynamics (DLM-MD) method. Vibrations strongly affect the distribution of local magneticmoments at finite temperature, which in turn correlates with the local atomic volumes. Without the explicit consideration of atomic vibrations, the mean local magneticmoment and mean field derived magnetic entropy of paramagnetic bcc Fe are larger compared to paramagnetic fcc Fe, which would indicate that the magnetic contribution stabilizes the bcc phase at high temperatures. In the present study we show that this assumption is not valid when the coupling between vibrations and magnetism is taken into account. At the γ -δ transition temperature (1662 K), the lattice distortions cause very similar magneticmoments of both bcc and fcc structures and hence magnetic entropy contributions. This finding can be traced back to the electronic densities of states, which also become increasingly similar between bcc and fcc Fe with increasing temperature. Given the sensitive interplay of the different physical excitation mechanisms, our results illustrate the need for an explicit consideration of vibrational disorder and its impact on electronic and magnetic properties to understand paramagnetic Fe. Furthermore, they suggest that at the γ -δ transition temperature electronic and magnetic contributions to the Gibbs free energy are extremely similar in bcc and fcc Fe.

FeVO{sub 4} has been studied by heat capacity, magnetic susceptibility, electric polarization and single-crystal neutron-diffraction experiments. The triclinic crystal structure is made of S-shaped clusters of six Fe{sup 3+} ions, linked by VO{sub 4}{sup 3-} groups. Two long-range magnetic ordering transitions occur at T{sub N1}=22 K and T{sub N2}=15 K. Both magnetic structures are incommensurate and below T{sub N2}, FeVO{sub 4} becomes weakly ferroelectric coincidentally with the loss of the collinearity of the magnetic structure in a very similar fashion than in the classical TbMnO{sub 3} multiferroic material. However we argue that the symmetry considerations and the mechanisms invoked to explain these properties in TbMnO{sub 3} do not straightforwardly apply to FeVO{sub 4}. First, the magnetic structures, even the collinear structure, are all acentric so that ferroelectricity in FeVO{sub 4} is not correlated with the fact magnetic ordering is breaking inversion symmetry. Regarding the mechanism, FeVO{sub 4} has quenched orbital moments that questions the exact role of the spin-orbit interactions.

The magneticmoment of the 10{sup +} isomeric state of {sup 132}Ba at 3115 keV was measured as {ital g}={minus}0.156(11). A 60 MeV {sup 12}C beam from the Koffler Pelletron accelerator at the Weizmann Institute was used in the reaction {sup 124}Sn({sup 12}C,4{ital n}){sup 132}Ba. The measured {ital g} factor confirms the ({nu}{ital h}{sub 11/2}){sup {minus}2} configuration of the level. The result is compared with other {ital g} factors in neighboring {ital N}=76 isotones.

In this study, the structure of the semimagic Sn50 isotopes were previously studied via measurements of B(E2;21+ → 01+) and g factors of 21+ states. The values of the B(E2;21+) in the isotopes below midshell at N = 66 show an enhancement in collectivity, contrary to predictions from shell-model calculations. This work presents the first measurement of the 21+ and 41+ states' magneticmoments in the unstable neutron-deficient 110Sn. The g factors provide complementary structure information to the interpretation of the observed B(E2) values.

We report the first lattice QCD calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) disconnected contribution to the muon anomalous magneticmoment at physical pion mass. The calculation uses a refined noise-reduction technique that enables the control of statistical uncertainties at the desired level with modest computational effort. Measurements were performed on the 483×96 physical-pion-mass lattice generated by the RBC and UKQCD Collaborations. We find the leading-order hadronic vacuum polarization aμHVP (LO )disc=-9.6 (3.3 )(2.3 )×10-10 , where the first error is statistical and the second systematic.

An assessment of the current state of measurements of magneticmoments of ps excited states with low intensity rare isotope beams will be given. ^126Sn was our last experiment before HRIBF/Oak Ridge ceased operation. Results of only a few experiments using the transient field technique and/or recoil in vacuum attenuation have been published. Each experiment posed special challenges and required specific modifications to the setup. The challenges and limitations learned and an outlook for future experiments will be presented.

In this study, using SU(3) symmetry to constrain the $\\pi BB'$ couplings, assuming SU(3) breaking comes only from one-loop pion cloud contributions, and using the the covariant spectator theory to describe the photon coupling to the quark core, we show how the experimental masses and magneticmoments of the baryon octet can be used to set a model independent constraint on the strength of the pion cloud contributions to the octet, and hence the nucleon, form factors at $Q^2=0$.

In this study, using SU(3) symmetry to constrain themore » $$\\pi BB'$$ couplings, assuming SU(3) breaking comes only from one-loop pion cloud contributions, and using the the covariant spectator theory to describe the photon coupling to the quark core, we show how the experimental masses and magneticmoments of the baryon octet can be used to set a model independent constraint on the strength of the pion cloud contributions to the octet, and hence the nucleon, form factors at $Q^2=0$.« less

A general formula for the orbital magneticmoment of interacting electrons in solids is derived using the many-electron Green's function method. The formula factorizes into two parts, a part that contains the information about the one-particle band structure of the system and a part that contains the effects of exchange and correlations carried by the Green's function. The derived formula provides a convenient yet rigorous means of including the effects of exchange and correlations beyond the commonly used local density approximation of density functional theory.

The form factor that yields the light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon anomalous magneticmoment is computed in lattice QCD+QED and QED. A non-perturbative treatment of QED is used and is checked against perturbation theory. The hadronic contribution is calculated for unphysical quark and muon masses, and only the diagram with a single quark loop is computed. Statistically significant signals are obtained. Initial results appear promising, and the prospect for a complete calculation with physical masses and controlled errors is discussed.

The quark-connected part of the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon's anomalous magneticmoment is computed using lattice QCD with chiral fermions. We report several significant algorithmic improvements and demonstrate their effectiveness through specific calculations which show a reduction in statistical errors by more than an order of magnitude. The most realistic of these calculations is performed with a near-physical 171 MeV pion mass on a (4.6 fm )3 spatial volume using the 323×64 Iwasaki +DSDR gauge ensemble of the RBC/UKQCD Collaboration.

Zee-type models with Majorons naturally incorporate the 17 keV neutrino but in their minimal version fail to simultaneously solve the solar neutrino puzzle. If there is a sterile neutrino state, a particularly simple solution is found to the solar neutrino problem, which besides nu(sub 17) predicts a light Zeldovich-Konopinski-Mahmoud neutrino nu(sub light) = nu(sub e) + nu(sub mu)(sup c) with a magneticmoment being easily as large as 10(exp -11)(mu)(sub B) through the Barr-Freire-Zee mechanism.

Zee-type models with majorons naturally incorporate the 17 keV neutrino but in their minimal version fail to simultaneously solve the solar neutrino puzzle. If there is a sterile neutrino state, we find a particularly simple solution to the solar neutrino problem, which besides ν17 predicts a light Zeldovich-Konopinski-Mahmoud neutrino νlight = νe + νcμ with a magneticmoment being easily as large as 10 -11μB through the Barr-Freire-Zee mechanism.

The quark-connected part of the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the muon’s anomalous magneticmoment is computed using lattice QCD with chiral fermions. Here we report several significant algorithmic improvements and demonstrate their effectiveness through specific calculations which show a reduction in statistical errors by more than an order of magnitude. The most realistic of these calculations is performed with a near-physical 171 MeV pion mass on a (4.6 fm)3 spatial volume using the 323×64 Iwasaki+DSDR gauge ensemble of the RBC/UKQCD Collaboration.

Corrections to the neutrino magnetic dipole moment from the singly charged Higgs bosons h{sup ({+-})} and {delta}-tilde{sup (}{+-}) were calculated within the left-right symmetric model involving Majorana neutrinos. It is shown that, if the h{sup ({+-})} and {delta}-tilde{sup (}{+-}) bosons lie at the electroweak scale, the contributions from Higgs sector are commensurate with the contribution of charged gauge bosons or may even exceed it. The behavior of the neutrino flux inmatter and in amagnetic field was studied. It was found that resonance transitions between light and heavy neutrinos are forbidden.

We report the first lattice QCD calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) disconnected contribution to the muon anomalous magneticmoment at physical pion mass. The calculation uses a refined noise-reduction technique that enables the control of statistical uncertainties at the desired level with modest computational effort. Measurements were performed on the 48^{3}×96 physical-pion-mass lattice generated by the RBC and UKQCD Collaborations. We find the leading-order hadronic vacuum polarization a_{μ}^{HVP(LO)disc}=-9.6(3.3)(2.3)×10^{-10}, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. PMID:27341226

The angular distributions of {gamma} rays and {alpha} particles from oriented {sup 250}Bk, {sup 253,254}Es, and {sup 255}Fm nuclei were investigated to extract hyperfine interaction information for these actinide impurities in an iron host lattice. The hyperfine field of einsteinium in iron was found to be |B{sub hf}(EsFe{sub lowbar|})=396(32) T. With this value the magneticmoment of {sup 254}Es was then determined as |{mu}|=4.35(41) {mu}{sub N}.

We apply the Basis Light-Front Quantization (BLFQ) approach to the Hamiltonian field theory of Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) in free space. We solve for the mass eigenstates corresponding to an electron interacting with a single photon in light-front gauge. Based on the resulting non-perturbative ground state light-front amplitude we evaluate the electron anomalous magneticmoment. The numerical results from extrapolating to the infinite basis limit reproduce the perturbative Schwinger result with relative deviation less than 1.2%. We report significant improvements over previous works including the development of analytic methods for evaluating the vertex matrix elements of QED.

The magneticmoment of the 4/sub 1//sup +/ state in /sup 20/Ne was measured by the transient field technique, and the transient field was calibrated in a simultaneous measurement on the 2/sub 1//sup +/ state. The resulting g(4/sub 1//sup +/) = 0.49 +- 0.34 is in agreement with the shell model description of /sup 20/Ne. The magnitude of the transient field measured in previous experiments on O, Ne, and Mg ions traversing iron foils was reexamined and appears to be in good agreement with the results of this experiment.

The current understanding of the power transfer mechanisms by which power is supplied to a planet's magnetosphere by the kinetic energy of planetary spin and the energy flux of the impinging solar wind is applied to the case of Uranus, in order to predict the detectability of radio and auroral emissions by the planetary radio astronomy (PRA) and UV spectrometer (UVS) instruments of the Voyager spacecraft. The power available for the two energy transfer phenomena cited is a function of Uranus' magneticmoment, which is presently derived for each power source as a function of the date of first detection of radio emissions by the PRA or auroral emissions by the UVS.

Recent work shows not only the necessity of a 1/N{sub c} expansion to explain the observed mass spectrum of the lightest baryons, but also that at least two distinct large N{sub c} expansions, in which quarks transform under either the color-fundamental or the two-index antisymmetric representation of SU(N{sub c}), work comparably well. Here we show that the baryon magneticmoments do not support this ambivalence; they strongly prefer the color-fundamental 1/N{sub c} expansion, providing experimental evidence that nature decisively distinguishes among 1/N{sub c} expansions for this observable.

We introduce an extensible multi-fluid moment model in the context of collisionless magnetic reconnection. This model evolves full Maxwell equations and simultaneously moments of the Vlasov-Maxwell equation for each species in the plasma. Effects like electron inertia and pressure gradient are self-consistently embedded in the resulting multi-fluid moment equations, without the need to explicitly solving a generalized Ohm's law. Two limits of the multi-fluid moment model are discussed, namely, the five-moment limit that evolves a scalar pressures for each species and the ten-moment limit that evolves the full anisotropic, non-gyrotropic pressure tensor for each species. We first demonstrate analytically and numerically that the five-moment model reduces to the widely used Hall magnetohydrodynamics (Hall MHD) model under the assumptions of vanishing electron inertia, infinite speed of light, and quasi-neutrality. Then, we compare ten-moment and fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of a large scale Harris sheet reconnection problem, where the ten-moment equations are closed with a local linear collisionless approximation for the heat flux. The ten-moment simulation gives reasonable agreement with the PIC results regarding the structures and magnitudes of the electron flows, the polarities and magnitudes of elements of the electron pressure tensor, and the decomposition of the generalized Ohm's law. Possible ways to improve the simple local closure towards a nonlocal fully three-dimensional closure are also discussed.

We introduce an extensible multi-fluid moment model in the context of collisionless magnetic reconnection. This model evolves full Maxwell equations and simultaneously moments of the Vlasov-Maxwell equation for each species in the plasma. Effects like electron inertia and pressure gradient are self-consistently embedded in the resulting multi-fluid moment equations, without the need to explicitly solving a generalized Ohm's law. Two limits of the multi-fluid moment model are discussed, namely, the five-moment limit that evolves a scalar pressures for each species and the ten-moment limit that evolves the full anisotropic, non-gyrotropic pressure tensor for each species. We first demonstrate analytically and numerically that the five-moment model reduces to the widely used Hall magnetohydrodynamics (Hall MHD) model under the assumptions of vanishing electron inertia, infinite speed of light, and quasi-neutrality. Then, we compare ten-moment and fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of a large scale Harris sheet reconnection problem, where the ten-moment equations are closed with a local linear collisionless approximation for the heat flux. The ten-moment simulation gives reasonable agreement with the PIC results regarding the structures and magnitudes of the electron flows, the polarities and magnitudes of elements of the electron pressure tensor, and the decomposition of the generalized Ohm's law. Possible ways to improve the simple local closure towards a nonlocal fully three-dimensional closure are also discussed.

The acquisition of thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) by a cooling spherical shell is studied for internal magnetizing dipole fields, using Runcorn's (1975) theorems on magnetostatics. If the shell cools progressively inward, inner regions acquire TRM in a net field composed of the dipole source term plus a uniform field due to the outer magnetized layers. In this case, the global dipole moment and external remanent field are nonzero when the whole shell has cooled below the Curie point and the source dipole has disappeared. The remanent field outside the shell is found to depend on the thickness, radii, and cooling rate of the shell, as well as the coefficient of TRM and the intensity of the magnetizing field. Some implications for the moon's remanent dipole moment are discussed.

The experimentally determined magneticmoments/Mn, M, in Mn{sub x}Si{sub 1-x} are considered, with particular attention to the case with 5.0 {micro}{sub B}/Mn, obtained for x = 0.1%. The existing theoretical M values for neutral Mn range from 2.83 to 3.78 {micro}B/Mn. To understand the observed M = 5.0 {micro}{sub B}/Mn, we investigated Mn{sub x}Si{sub 1-x} for a series of Mn concentrations and defect configurations using a first-principles density functional method. We find a structure in which the moment is enhanced. It has 5.0 {micro}B/Mn, the Mn at a substitutional site, and a Si at a second-neighbor interstitial site in a large unit cell. Subsequent analysis shows that the observed large moment can be understood as a consequence of the weakened d-p hybridization resulting from the introduction of the second-neighbor interstitial Si and substantial isolation of the Mn-second-neighbor Si complex at such concentrations.

Recent measurements in paramagnetic molecules improved the limit on the electron electric dipole moment (EDM) by an order of magnitude. Time-reversal (T) and parity (P) symmetry violation in molecules may also come from their nuclei. We point out that nuclear T, P-odd effects are amplified in paramagnetic molecules containing deformed nuclei, where the primary effects arise from the T, P-odd nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment (MQM). We perform calculations of T, P-odd effects in the molecules TaN, ThO, ThF+, HfF+, YbF, HgF, and BaF induced by MQMs. We compare our results with those for the diamagnetic TlF molecule, where the T, P-odd effects are produced by the nuclear Schiff moment. We argue that measurements in molecules with MQMs may provide improved limits on the strength of T, P-odd nuclear forces, on the proton, neutron, and quark EDMs, on quark chromo-EDMs, and on the QCD θ term and CP-violating quark interactions. PMID:25238355

The magneticmoment of a free electron has been measured by observing both its low-energy spin and cyclotron resonances (at νs=ωs/2π and νc=ωc/2π, respectively) by means of a sensitive frequency-shift technique. Using radiation and tuned-circuit damping of a single electron, isolated in a special anharmonicity-compensated Penning trap, also cooled to 4 K, the electron's motion is brought nearly to rest, thus preparing it in a cold quasipermanent state of the geonium ``atom.'' The magnetic-coupling scheme, described as a continuous Stern-Gerlach effect, is made possible through a weak Lawrence magnetic bottle which causes the very narrow axial resonance, at νz=ωz/2π for the harmonically bound electron, to change in frequency by a small fixed amount δ per unit change in magnetic quantum number. Spin flips are indirectly induced by a scheme which weakly drives the axial motion at the νa=ωa/2π spin-cyclotron difference frequency within the inhomogeneous magnetic field, thus yielding a measure of ωa≡ωs-ωc. The magneticmoment μs in terms of the Bohr magneton μB equals (1/2) the spin's g factor, which in turn is described by ωs and ωc: g=2μs/μB=2ωs/ωc. In a Penning trap, however, these resonance frequencies are obtained from the observed cyclotron frequency at ω'c=ωc-δe and the observed anomaly frequency at ω'a=ωs-ω'c, which are related by the small electric shift δe computed using the measured axial frequency and 2δeω'c=ωz 2. This last expression, derived for a perfectly axially symmetric trap, happens to be practically invariant against small imperfections in the electric quadrupole field (error in ωc<10-16). The magnetic-bottle-determined line shapes are analyzed and found to have sharp low-frequency edge features which correspond to the electron being temporarily at the trap center and at the bottom of the magnetic well. Relativistic shifts are considered and found to be <10-11. Our result at the time of submission, g/2=1.001 159

Motivated by the intrinsic non-Fermi-liquid behavior observed in the heavy-fermion quasicrystal Au51Al34Yb15, we study the low-temperature behavior of dilute magnetic impurities placed in metallic quasicrystals. We find that a large fraction of the magneticmoments are not quenched down to very low temperatures T, leading to a power-law distribution of Kondo temperatures P(T(K))∼T(K)(α-1), with a nonuniversal exponent α, in a remarkable similarity to the Kondo-disorder scenario found in disordered heavy-fermion metals. For α<1, the resulting singular P(T(K)) induces non-Fermi-liquid behavior with diverging thermodynamic responses as T→0. PMID:26230810

Motivated by the intrinsic non-Fermi-liquid behavior observed in the heavy-fermion quasicrystal Au51Al34Yb15 , we study the low-temperature behavior of dilute magnetic impurities placed in metallic quasicrystals. We find that a large fraction of the magneticmoments are not quenched down to very low temperatures T , leading to a power-law distribution of Kondo temperatures P (TK)˜TKα -1, with a nonuniversal exponent α , in a remarkable similarity to the Kondo-disorder scenario found in disordered heavy-fermion metals. For α <1 , the resulting singular P (TK) induces non-Fermi-liquid behavior with diverging thermodynamic responses as T →0 .

The muonium atom is a system suitable for precision measurements for determination of muon’s fundamental properties as well as for the test of quantum electrodynamics (QED). A microwave spectroscopy experiment of this exotic atom is being prepared at J-PARC, jointly operated by KEK and JAEA in Japan, aiming at an improved relative precision at a level of 10‑8 in determination of the muonic magneticmoment. A major improvement of statistical uncertainty is expected with the higher muon intensity of the pulsed beam at J-PARC, while reduction of various sources of systematic uncertainties are being studied: those arising from microwave power fluctuations, magnetic field inhomogeneity, muon stopping distribution and atomic collisional shift of resonance frequencies. Experimental strategy and methods are presented in this paper, with an emphasis on our recent development of apparatuses and evaluation of systematic uncertainties.

We have used neutron-diffraction measurements to study the zero-field magnetic structure of the intermetallic compound Yb{sub 3}Pt{sub 4}, which was earlier found to order antiferromagnetically at the Neel temperature T{sub N} = 2.4 K, and displays a field-driven quantum-critical point at 1.6 T. In Yb{sub 3}Pt{sub 4}, the Yb moments sit on a single low-symmetry site in the rhombohedral lattice with space group R{bar 3}. The Yb ions form octahedra with edges that are twisted with respect to the hexagonal unit cell, a twisting that results in every Yb ion having exactly one Yb nearest neighbor. Below T{sub N}, we found new diffracted intensity due to a k=0 magnetic structure. This magnetic structure was compared to all symmetry-allowed magnetic structures and was subsequently refined. The best-fitting magnetic-structure model is antiferromagnetic and involves pairs of Yb nearest neighbors on which the moments point almost exactly toward each other. This structure has moment components within the ab plane as well as parallel to the c axis although the easy magnetization direction lies in the ab plane. Our magnetization results suggest that besides the crystal-electric-field anisotropy, anisotropic exchange favoring alignment along the c axis is responsible for the overall direction of the ordered moments. The magnitude of the ordered Yb moments in Yb{sub 3}Pt{sub 4} is 0.81 {mu}{sub B}/Yb at 1.4 K. The analysis of the bulk properties, the size of the ordered moment, and the observation of well-defined crystal-field levels argue that the Yb moments are spatially localized in zero field.

The very complex optical spectra of the lanthanide monoxides are caused by the insensitivity of the electronic energies to the numerous possible arrangements of the Ln^{2+} electrons in the 4f and 6s orbitals. Disentangling the complex optical spectra may be aided by using simple Ligand Field Theory(LFT) to establish the global electronic structure for the low-lying electronic states. A comparison of experimentally determined permanent electric dipole moments, μ_{el}, and magnetic dipole moments, μ_{m}, is an effective means of sorting this myriad of states and assessing the quality of LFT and other electronic structure methodologies. Here we report on the determination of the permanent electric dipole moments, μ_{el}, and magnetic g{_e}-factors for the X_{2}(Ω = 4.5) and [18.1] (Ω = 5.5) states of PrO from the analysis of the optical Stark and Zeeman spectra. The g_{e}-factors are compared with those computed using wavefunctions predicted from ligand field theory. The μ_{el} value for the X_{2}(Ω = 4.5) state is compared to ab initio, and density functional predictions and with the experimental values of other lanthanide monoxides. A phenomenological fit of μ_{el} for the entire series of LnO is used to predict μ_{el} for the isovalent actinide monoxide series. Carette, P.,; Hocquet,A. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 131 301, 1988. Dolg, M.; Stoll, H. Theor. Chim. Acta. 75,369, 1989. Wu, Z.; Guan, W. Meng, J. Su, Z. J. Cluster Science 18 444, 2007.

We present results for the QED contributions to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon containing closed electron loops. The main focus is on perturbative corrections at four-loop order where the external photon couples to the external muon. Furthermore, all four-loop contributions involving simultaneously a closed electron and tau loop are computed. In combination with our recent results on the light-by-light-type corrections (see Ref. [1]), the complete four-loop electron-loop contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon has been obtained with an independent calculation. Our calculation is based on an asymptotic expansion in the ratio of the electron and the muon mass and shows the importance of higher-order terms in this ratio. We perform a detailed comparison with results available in the literature and find good numerical agreement. As a byproduct, we present analytic results for the on-shell muon mass and wave function renormalization constants at three-loop order including massive closed electron and tau loops, which we also calculated using the method of asymptotic expansion.

We describe the computation of the one-loop muon anomalous magneticmoment and radiative penguin transitions in the minimal and custodially protected Randall-Sundrum model. A fully five-dimensional (5D) framework is employed to match the 5D theory onto the Standard Model extended by dimension-six operators. The additional contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment from the gauge-boson exchange contributions is $Δ aμ ≈ 8.8 (27.2) ḑot 10-11 × (1 TeV/T)2 ,$ where the first (second) number refers to the minimal (custodially-protected) model. Here 1/T denotes the location of the TeV brane in conformal coordinates, and is related to the mass of the lowest gauge-boson KK excitation by MKK≈2.35T. We also determine the Higgs-exchange contribution, which depends on the 5D Yukawa structure and the precise interpretation of the localization of the Higgs field near or at the TeV brane.

A suitable wave function for the baryon decuplet is framed with the inclusion of the sea containing quark-gluon Fock states. Relevant operator formalism is applied to calculate the magneticmoments of J P = {{3}/{2}} + baryon decuplet. The statistical model assumes the decomposition of the baryonic state in various quark-gluon Fock states and is used in combination with the detailed balance principle to find the relative probabilities of these Fock states in flavor, spin and color space. The upper limit to the gluon is restricted to three with the possibility of emission of quark-antiquark pairs. We study the importance of strangeness in the sea (scalar, vector and tensor) and its contribution to the magneticmoments. Our approach has confirmed the scalar-tensor sea dominancy over the vector sea. Various modifications in the model are used to check the validity of the statistical approach. The results are matched with the available theoretical data. A good consistency with the experimental data has been achieved for Δ^{{++}}_{} , Δ^{{+}}_{} and Ω^{{-}}_{}.

A bremsstrahlung amplitude in the special two-energy-two-angle (TETAS) approximation, which is relativistic, gauge invariant, and consistent with the soft-photon theorem, is derived for the pion-proton bremsstrahlung ({pi}{sup +}{ital p}{gamma}) process near the {Delta}{sup ++}(1232) resonance. In order to take into account bremsstrahlung emission from an internal {Delta}{sup ++} line with both charge and the anomalous magneticmoment {lambda}{sub {Delta}}, we have applied a radiation decomposition identity to modify Low's standard prescription for constructing a soft-photon amplitude. This modified procedure is very general; it can be used to derive the TETAS amplitude for any bremsstrahlung process with resonance. The derived TETAS amplitude is applied to calculate all {pi}{sup +}{ital p}{gamma} cross sections which can be compared with the experimental data. Treating {lambda}{sub {Delta}} as a free parameter in these calculations, we extract the experimental'' magneticmoment of the {Delta}{sup ++}, {mu}{sub {Delta}}, from recent data. The extracted values of {mu}{sub {Delta}} are (3.7--4.2){ital e}/(2{ital m}{sub {ital p}}) from the University of California, Los Angeles data and (4.6--4.9){ital e}/(2{ital m}{sub {ital p}}) from the Paul Scherrer Institute data. Here, {ital m}{sub {ital p}} is the proton mass.

A search of neutrino magneticmoment was carried out at the Kuo-Sheng Nuclear Power Station at a distance of 28 m from the 2.9 GW reactor core. With a high purity germanium detector of mass 1.06 kg surrounded by scintillating NaI(Tl) and CsI(Tl) crystals as anti-Compton detectors, a detection threshold of 5 keV and a background level of 1 kg(-1) keV(-1) day(-1) at 12-60 keV were achieved. Based on 4712 and 1250 h of reactor ON and OFF data, respectively, the limit on the neutrino magneticmoment of mu(nu;(e))<1.3x10(-10)mu(B) at 90% confidence level was derived. An indirect bound of the nu;(e) radiative lifetime of m(3)(nu)tau(nu)>2.8x10(18) eV(3) s can be inferred. PMID:12689275

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in Heusler alloy Co2FeAl thin films sharing an interface with a MgO layer is investigated by angular-dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Orbital and spin magneticmoments are deduced separately for Fe and Co 3d electrons. In addition, the PMA energies are estimated using the orbital magneticmoments parallel and perpendicular to the film surfaces. We found that PMA in Co2FeAl is determined mainly by the contribution of Fe atoms with large orbital magneticmoments, which are enhanced at the interface between Co2FeAl and MgO. Furthermore, element specific magnetization curves of Fe and Co are found to be similar, suggesting the existence of ferromagnetic coupling between Fe and Co PMA directions.

We intercalate a van der Waals heterostructure of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride with Au, by encapsulation, and show that the Au at the interface is two dimensional. Charge transfer upon current annealing indicates the redistribution of the Au and induces splitting of the graphene band structure. The effect of an in-plane magnetic field confirms that the splitting is due to spin splitting and that the spin polarization is in the plane, characteristic of a Rashba interaction with a magnitude of approximately 25 meV. Consistent with the presence of an intrinsic interfacial electric field we show that the splitting can be enhanced by an applied displacement field in dual gated samples. A giant negative magnetoresistance, up to 75%, and a field induced anomalous Hall effect at magnetic fields <1 T are observed. These demonstrate that the hybridized Au has a magneticmoment and suggests the proximity to the formation of a collective magnetic phase. These effects persist close to room temperature. PMID:27563982

We intercalate a van der Waals heterostructure of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride with Au, by encapsulation, and show that the Au at the interface is two dimensional. Charge transfer upon current annealing indicates the redistribution of the Au and induces splitting of the graphene band structure. The effect of an in-plane magnetic field confirms that the splitting is due to spin splitting and that the spin polarization is in the plane, characteristic of a Rashba interaction with a magnitude of approximately 25 meV. Consistent with the presence of an intrinsic interfacial electric field we show that the splitting can be enhanced by an applied displacement field in dual gated samples. A giant negative magnetoresistance, up to 75%, and a field induced anomalous Hall effect at magnetic fields <1 T are observed. These demonstrate that the hybridized Au has a magneticmoment and suggests the proximity to the formation of a collective magnetic phase. These effects persist close to room temperature.

The magnetic and transport properties of Fe3O4 films with a series of thicknesses are investigated. For the films with thickness below 15 nm, the saturation magnetization (Ms) increases and the coercivity decreases with the decrease in films' thickness. The Ms of 3 nm Fe3O4 film is dramatically increased to 1017 emu/cm3. As for films' thickness more than 15 nm, Ms is tending to be close to the Fe3O4 bulk value. Furthermore, the Verwey transition temperature (Tv) is visible for all the films, but suppressed for 3 nm film. We also find that the ρ of 3 nm film is the highest of all the films. The suppressed Tv and high ρ may be related to the islands morphology in 3 nm film. To study the structure, magnetic, and transport properties of the Fe3O4 films, we propose that the giant magneticmoment most likely comes from the spin of Fe ions in the tetrahedron site switching parallel to the Fe ions in the octahedron site at the surface, interface, and grain boundaries. The above results are of great significance and also provide a promising future for either device applications or fundamental research.

Thin quench-condensed films of Na, K, Rb, and Cs are covered with 1/100 of a monolayer of Vanadium. Then the V impurities are covered with several atomic layers of the host. The magnetization of the sandwiches is measured by means of the anomalous Hall effect. For V impurities on the surface of Na and K, a magneticmoment of 7 Bohr magnetons is observed. After coverage with the host, the V moment became 6.5muB for the Na host. These results contradict the favored atomic model (predicting 0.6muB) and the resonance model. The V moment on the surface and in the bulk of Rb and Cs is about 4muB and considerably smaller than the measured moments of V in Na. Furthermore, the sign of the anomalous Hall resistance changes from negative for the Na host to positive for the Cs host. This indicates a change of the electronic structure of the impurity (plus host environment) when going from Na to Cs hosts. Sandwiches of FeK and FeCs are prepared at helium temperature and under ultra-high vacuum. The mean free path within these sandwiches can exceed the film thickness by a factor of five. This implies almost perfect specular reflection of the electrons at the interfaces. Therefore, the mean free path of the film is strongly dependent on the degree of the specular reflection. Furthermore, the experiments suggest that the specular reflections for spin-up and spin-down electrons are different at the Fe interface, resulting in a spin current in the alkali films. In order to detect this current, dilute Pb impurities are condensed on top of the free surface of the alkali films. Strong spin-orbit scatterers, such as Pb, introduce an anomalous Hall effect in the presence of a spin current, which can be detected through straightforward Hall measurements. The results of the AHE experiments clearly indicate the existence of a local spin current.

Magnetotactic bacteria possess organelles called magnetosomes that confer a magneticmoment on the cells, resulting in their partial alignment with external magnetic fields. Here we show that analysis of the trajectories of cells exposed to an external magnetic field can be used to measure the average magnetic dipole moment of a cell population in at least five different ways. We apply this analysis to movies of Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 cells, and compare the values of the magneticmoment obtained in this way to that obtained by direct measurements of magnetosome dimension from electron micrographs. We find that methods relying on the viscous relaxation of the cell orientation give results comparable to that obtained by magnetosome measurements, whereas methods relying on statistical mechanics assumptions give systematically lower values of the magneticmoment. Since the observed distribution of magneticmoments in the population is not sufficient to explain this discrepancy, our results suggest that non-thermal random noise is present in the system, implying that a magnetotactic bacterial population should not be considered as similar to a paramagnetic material. PMID:24349185

In this work we present an accurate parameterization of the antineutrino flux produced by the isotopes 235U, 239Pu, and 241Pu in nuclear reactors. We determine the coefficients of this parameterization, as well as their covariance matrix, by performing a fit to spectra inferred from experimentally measured beta spectra. Subsequently we show that flux shape uncertainties play only a minor role in the KamLAND experiment, however, we find that future reactor-neutrino experiments to measure the mixing angle θ13 are sensitive to the fine details of the reactor-neutrino spectra. Finally, we investigate the possibility to determine the isotopic composition in nuclear reactors through an antineutrino measurement. We find that with a three month exposure of a 1ton detector the isotope fractions and the thermal reactor power can be determined at a few percent accuracy, which may open the possibility of an application for safeguard or nonproliferation objectives.

A new microscopic method has been developed in the framework of the Quasiparticle-Phonon Nuclear Model (QPNM) in order to investigate spin polarization effects on the magnetic properties such as magneticmoment, intrinsic magneticmoment and effective gs factor of the ground state of odd-mass 157-167Er isotopes. The calculations were performed using both Tamm-Dancoff Approximation (TDA) and Quasiparticle Random-Phase Approximation (QRPA). Reasonably good agreement has been obtained between the QRPA results and the relevant experimental data. Furthermore the variation of the intrinsic magneticmoment gK values with the mass number A exhibits similar behavior for both theoretical and experimental results. From the compression of the calculated intrinsic magneticmoment values with the experimental data the spin-spin interaction parameter has been found as χ=(30/A) MeV for odd-mass 157-167Er isotopes. Our results clarify the possibility of using this new method to describe the magnetic properties of odd-mass deformed nuclei.

Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellite fluxgate magnetometer data have been analyzed for all intervals in which the moon was in the lobes of the geomagnetic tail to obtain an improved estimate of the average magnitude of the induced dipole moment of the moon. The resulting set of estimates yields an induced magneticmoment of -4.23 x 10 to the 22nd Gauss-cu cm per Gauss of applied field, corresponding to a G-factor of -0.008 + or - 0.001. These measurements do not place strong constraints on the conductivity of the lunar core. The observed effects would be detected as long as the core conductivity was greater than about 10 mho/m. If the outer cool layers of the moon that are at temperatures below the effective Curie point contain little or no free iron, then these measurements are consistent with the presence of a conducting core whose radius is slightly larger than 400 km. If these outer layers of the moon contain significant amounts of free iron and hence exhibit the paramagnetism expected in such a situation the core size could be even greater.

We investigate the influence of itinerant carriers on dynamics and fluctuation of local moments in Fe-based superconductors, via linear spin-wave analysis of a spin-fermion model containing both itinerant and local degrees of freedom.Surprisingly against the common lore, instead of enhancing the (π,0) order, itinerant carriers with well nested Fermi surfaces are found to induce a significant amount of spatial and temporal quantum fluctuation that leads to the observed small ordered moment. Interestingly, the underlying mechanism is shown to be intra-pocket nesting-associated long-range coupling rather than the previously believed ferromagnetic double-exchange effect. This challenges the validity of ferromagnetically compensated first-neighbor coupling reported from short-range fitting to the experimental dispersion, which turns out to result instead from the ferro-orbital order that is also found instrumental in stabilizing the magnetic order. *Y.-T. Tam, D.-X. Yao and W. Ku, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 117001 (2015) Work supported by US DOE No.DE-AC02-98CH10886 and CHN No. NBRPC-2012CB821400, No. NSFC-11275279.

The deuteron magneticmoment is calculated using two model wave functions obtained from 2007 high precision fits to $np$ scattering data. Included in the calculation are a new class of isoscalar $np$ interaction currents which are automatically generated by the nuclear force model used in these fits. After normalizing the wave functions, nearly identical predictions are obtained: model WJC-1, with larger relativistic P-state components, gives 0.863(2), while model WJC-2 with very small $P$-state components gives 0.864(2) These are about 1\\% larger than the measured value of the moment, 0.857 n.m., giving a new prediction for the size of the $\\rho\\pi\\gamma$ exchange, and other purely transverse interaction currents that are largely unconstrained by the nuclear dynamics. The physical significance of these results is discussed, and general formulae for the deuteron form factors, expressed in terms of deuteron wave functions and a new class of interaction current wave functions, are given.

We present size dependent spin and orbital magneticmoments of cobalt (Co{sub n}{sup +}, 8 ≤ n ≤ 22), iron (Fe{sub n}{sup +}, 7 ≤ n ≤ 17), and nickel cluster (Ni{sub n}{sup +}, 7 ≤ n ≤ 17) cations as obtained by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy of isolated clusters in the gas phase. The spin and orbital magneticmoments range between the corresponding atomic and bulk values in all three cases. We compare our findings to previous XMCD data, Stern-Gerlach data, and computational results. We discuss the application of scaling laws to the size dependent evolution of the spin and orbital magneticmoments per atom in the clusters. We find a spin scaling law “per cluster diameter,” ∼n{sup −1/3}, that interpolates between known atomic and bulk values. In remarkable contrast, the orbital moments do likewise only if the atomic asymptote is exempt. A concept of “primary” and “secondary” (induced) orbital moments is invoked for interpretation.

The anomalous magneticmoment (g-2) of the muon was measured with a precision of 0.54 ppm in Experiment 821 at Brookhaven National Laboratory. A difference of 3.2 standard deviations between this experimental value and the prediction of the Standard Model has persisted since 2004; in spite of considerable experimental and theoretical effort, there is no consistent explanation for this difference. This comparison hints at physics beyond the Standard Model, but it also imposes strong constraints on those possibilities, which include supersymmetry and extra dimensions. The collaboration is preparing to relocate the experiment to Fermilab to continue towards a proposed precision of 0.14 ppm. This will require 20 times more recorded decays than in the previous measurement, with corresponding improvements in the systematic uncertainties. We describe the theoretical developments and the experimental upgrades that provide a compelling motivation for the new measurement.

Tensorial non-standard neutrino interactions are studied through a combined analysis of nuclear structure calculations and a sensitivity χ2-type of neutrino events expected to be measured at the COHERENT experiment, recently planned to operate at the Spallation Neutron Source (Oak Ridge). Potential sizeable predictions on transition neutrino magneticmoments and other electromagnetic parameters, such as neutrino milli-charges, are also addressed. The non-standard neutrino-nucleus processes, explored from nuclear physics perspectives within the context of quasi-particle random phase approximation, are exploited in order to estimate the expected number of events originating from vector and tensor exotic interactions for the case of reactor neutrinos, studied with TEXONO and GEMMA neutrino detectors.

We present a planar qubit design based on a superconducting circuit that we call concentric transmon. While employing a straightforward fabrication process using Al evaporation and lift-off lithography, we observe qubit lifetimes and coherence times in the order of 10 μ s . We systematically characterize loss channels such as incoherent dielectric loss, Purcell decay and radiative losses. The implementation of a gradiometric SQUID loop allows for a fast tuning of the qubit transition frequency and therefore for full tomographic control of the quantum circuit. Due to the large loop size, the presented qubit architecture features a strongly increased magnetic dipole moment as compared to conventional transmon designs. This renders the concentric transmon a promising candidate to establish a site-selective passive direct Z ̂ coupling between neighboring qubits, being a pending quest in the field of quantum simulation.

We present a four-flavour lattice calculation of the leading-order hadronic vacuum polarisation contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon, aμhvp, arising from quark-connected Feynman graphs. It is based on ensembles featuring Nf=2+1+1 dynamical twisted mass fermions generated by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration (ETMC). Several light quark masses are used in order to yield a controlled extrapolation to the physical pion mass. We employ three lattice spacings to examine lattice artefacts and several different volumes to check for finite-size effects. Including the complete first two generations of quarks allows for a direct comparison with phenomenological determinations of amore » μhvp. The final result involving an estimate of the systematic uncertainty aμhvp=6.74 (21)(18) 10-8 shows a good overall agreement with these computations.« less

The experimental study of magneticmoments for nuclear states near the ground state, I{>=} 2, provides a powerful tool to test nuclear structure models. Traditionally, the use of Coulomb excitation reactions have been utilized to study low spin states, mostly I= 2. The use of alternative reaction channels, such as {alpha} transfer, for the production of radioactive species that, otherwise, will be only produced in future radioactive beam facilities has proved to be an alternative to measure not only excited states with I > 2, but to populate and study long-live radioactive nuclei. This contribution will present the experimental tools and challenges for the use of the transient field technique for the measurement of g factors in nuclear states with I{>=} 2, using Coulomb excitation and {alpha}-transfer reactions. Recent examples of experimental results near the N= 50 shell closure, and the experimental challenges for future implementations with radioactive beams, will be discussed.

Transit observations of HD 209458b in the stellar Lyman-α(Lyα) line revealed strong absorption in both blue and red wings of the line interpreted as hydrogen atoms escaping from the planet’s exosphere at high velocities. The following sources for the absorption were suggested: acceleration by the stellar radiation pressure, natural spectral line broadening, or charge exchange with the stellar wind. We reproduced the observation by means of modeling that includes all aforementioned processes. Our results support a stellar wind with a velocity of ≈400 kilometers per second at the time of the observation and a planetary magneticmoment of ≈1.6 × 1026 amperes per square meter.

Here, we report the tuning of room-temperature magnon frequencies from 473 GHz to 402 GHz (14%) and magneticmoment from 4 to 18 emu∕cm3 at 100 Oe under the application of external electric fields (E) across interdigital electrodes in BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films. A decrease in magnon frequencies and increase in phonon frequencies were observed with Magnon and phonon Raman intensities are asymmetric with polarity, decreasing with positive E (+E) and increasing with negative E (−E) where polarity is with respect to in-plane polarization P. The magnetoelectric coupling (α) is proved to be linear and a rather isotropic α = 8.5 × 10−12 sm−1. PMID:21901050

We present a four-flavour lattice calculation of the leading-order hadronic vacuum polarisation contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon, aμhvp, arising from quark-connected Feynman graphs. It is based on ensembles featuring Nf=2+1+1 dynamical twisted mass fermions generated by the European Twisted Mass Collaboration (ETMC). Several light quark masses are used in order to yield a controlled extrapolation to the physical pion mass. We employ three lattice spacings to examine lattice artefacts and several different volumes to check for finite-size effects. Including the complete first two generations of quarks allows for a direct comparison with phenomenological determinations of a μhvp. The final result involving an estimate of the systematic uncertainty aμhvp=6.74 (21)(18) 10-8 shows a good overall agreement with these computations.

This is the first in a series of papers dealing with four-dimensional quantum electrodynamics on a finite-element lattice. We begin by studying the canonical structure of the theory without interactions. This tells us how to construct momentum expansions for the field operators. Next we examine the interaction term in the Dirac equation. We construct the transfer matrix explicitly in the temporal gauge, and show that it is unitary. Therefore, fermion canonical anticommutation relations hold at each lattice site. Finally, we expand the interaction term to second order in the temporal-lattice spacing and deduce the magneticmoment of the electron in a background field, consistent with the continuum value of {ital g}=2.

FeN materials exhibiting high moment, low coercivity and small magnetostriction have previously been reported. Zr has been known to reduce the magnetostriction in other Fe alloys. The criteria for an ideal recording head pole material as well as shields for magnetroresistive sensors include high moment, low coercivity, high permeability, and zero magnetostriction. We present here the properties of half micrometer thick rf sputtered FeZrN films on glass coupons. The films were deposited at a pressure of 3 mTorr using a Perkin{endash}Elmer sputtering system. The target was composed of Fe with Zr chips covering approximately 2{percent} of the surface area. The properties were measured as a function of the N{sub 2} partial pressure. The saturation magnetization of the as-sputtered films was approximately 20 kG. The easy axis and the hard axis coercivities show minima at approximately 7{percent}{endash}10{percent} N{sub 2} partial pressure of approximately 1.8 and 0.6 G, respectively. The magnetic anisotropy is approximately 5 G yielding a dc permeability of approximately 4000 along the hard axis. X-ray data reveal a systematic change in the ratio of {alpha}-Fe and {gamma}-Fe{sub 4}N; the amount of the {gamma}-Fe{sub 4}N phase increases with increasing N{sub 2} flow rate. The magnetostriction increases with increasing N{sub 2} content crossing zero at approximately 6{percent}. The grain size as probed by atomic force microscopy is an increasing function of the N{sub 2} partial pressure, from a few nm for a N{sub 2} partial pressure of 5{percent} to as large as 50 nm for a N{sub 2} partial pressure of 15{percent}. {copyright} {ital 1996 American Institute of Physics.}

Phonon coupling (PC) corrections to magneticmoments of odd neighbors of magic and semimagic nuclei are analyzed within the self-consistent Theory of Finite Fermi Systems (TFFS) based on the Energy Density Functional by S. A. Fayans et al. The perturbation theory in g {/L 2} is used where g L is the phonon-particle coupling vertex. A model is developed with separating non-regular PC contributions, the rest is supposed to be regular and included into the standard TFFS parameters. An ansatz is proposed to take into account the so-called tadpole term which ensures the total angular momentum conservation with g {/L 2} accuracy. An approximate method is suggested to take into account higher-order terms in g {/L 2}. Calculations are carried out for four odd-proton chains, the odd Tl, Bi, In, and Sb ones. Different PC corrections strongly cancel each other. In the result, the total PC correction to the magneticmoment in magic nuclei is, as a rule, negligible. In non-magic nuclei considered it is noticeable and, with only one exception, negative. On average it is of the order of -(0.1-0.5) µ N and improves the agreement of the theory with the data. Simultaneously we calculated the gyromagnetic ratios g {/L ph} of all low-lying phonons in 208Pb. For the 3{1/-} state it is rather close to the Bohr-Mottelson model prediction whereas for other L phonons, two 5- and six positive parity states, the difference from the Bohr-Mottelson values is significant.

Measurements of electric fields and the composition of upward flowing ionospheric ions by the Viking spacecraft have provided further insight into the mass dependent plasma escape process taking place in the upper ionosphere. The Viking results of the temperature and mass-composition of individual ion beams suggest that upward flowing ion beams can be generated by a magneticmoment ''pumping'' mechanism caused by low-frequency transverse electric field fluctuations, in addition to a field aligned ''quasi-electrostatic'' acceleration process. Magneticmoment ''pumping'' within transverse electric field gradients can be described as a conversion of electric drift velocity to cyclotron velocity by the inertial drift in time-dependent electric field. This gives an equal cyclotron velocity gain for all plasma species, irrespective of mass. Oxygen ions thus gain 16 times as much transverse energy as protons. In addition to a transverse energy gain above the escape energy, a field-aligned quasi-electrostatic acceleration is considered primarily responsible for the collimated upward flow of ions. The field-aligned acceleration adds a constant parallel energy to escaping ionospheric ions. Thus, ion beams at high altitudes can be explained by a bimodal acceleration from both a transverse (equal velocity) and a parallel (equal energy) acceleration process. The Viking observations also show that the thermal energy of ion beams, and the ion beam width are mass dependent. The average O/sup +//H/sup +/ ''temperature ratio has been found to be 4.0 from the Viking observations. This is less than the factor of 16 anticipated from a coherent transverse electric field acceleration but greater than the factor of 1 (or even less than 1) expected from a turbulent acceleration process. /copyright/ American Geophysical Union 1989

We report the physical properties of single crystals of the compounds CeT2Cd20 (T = Ni, Pd) that were grown in a molten Cd flux. Large separations of ˜6.7-6.8 Å between Ce ions favor the localized magneticmoments that are observed in measurements of the magnetization. The strength of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida magnetic exchange interaction between the localized moments is severely limited by the large Ce-Ce separations and by weak hybridization between localized Ce 4 f and itinerant electron states. Measurements of electrical resistivity performed down to 0.138 K were unable to observe evidence for the emergence of magnetic order; however, magnetically-ordered ground states with very low transition temperatures are still expected in these compounds despite the isolated nature of the localized magneticmoments. Such a fragile magnetic order could be highly susceptible to tuning via applied pressure, but evidence for the emergence of magnetic order has not been observed so far in our measurements up to 2.5 GPa.

Here, we report the physical properties of single crystals of the compounds CeT2Cd20 (T = Ni, Pd) that were grown in a molten Cd flux. Large separations of ~6.7- 6.8 Å between Ce ions favor the localized magneticmoments that are observed in measurements of the magnetization. The strength of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya- Yosida magnetic exchange interaction between the localized moments is severely limited by the large Ce-Ce separations and by weak hybridization between localized Ce 4f and itinerant electron states. Measurements of electrical resistivity performed down to 0.138 K were unable to observe evidence for the emergence of magnetic order;more » however, magnetically-ordered ground states with very low transition temperatures are still expected in these compounds despite the isolated nature of the localized magneticmoments. Such a fragile magnetic order could be highly susceptible to tuning via applied pressure, but evidence for the emergence of magnetic order has not been observed so far in our measurements up to 2.5 GPa.« less

We report the physical properties of single crystals of the compounds CeT2Cd20 (T = Ni, Pd) that were grown in a molten Cd flux. Large separations of ∼6.7-6.8 Å between Ce ions favor the localized magneticmoments that are observed in measurements of the magnetization. The strength of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida magnetic exchange interaction between the localized moments is severely limited by the large Ce-Ce separations and by weak hybridization between localized Ce 4 f and itinerant electron states. Measurements of electrical resistivity performed down to 0.138 K were unable to observe evidence for the emergence of magnetic order; however, magnetically-ordered ground states with very low transition temperatures are still expected in these compounds despite the isolated nature of the localized magneticmoments. Such a fragile magnetic order could be highly susceptible to tuning via applied pressure, but evidence for the emergence of magnetic order has not been observed so far in our measurements up to 2.5 GPa. PMID:26189502

The search for materials or systems exhibiting a high magnetic saturation has been of longstanding importance. It has been suggested that increased saturation could be achieved by coupling a transition metal via a spacer to a rare earth. We report Gd/Cr/Fe70Co30 multilayer stacks and find reduced yet modulating magneticmoment as a function of Cr thickness. Through a micro structural analysis, the lowered moment is indicated by the nucleation of the ultrathin Gd films into a face-centered cubic (fcc) phase. We discuss the possible solution in terms of quasi-perfect lattice match seed material to promote growth of hcp Gd.

Fe60Co40 alloy nanoparticles with an average particle size of 30 nm were successfully synthesized in gram scale batches using the modified polyol process. The X-ray diffraction and microstructure studies clearly show the formation of the alloy nanoparticles. The saturation magnetization for the gram scale synthesized Fe60Co40 alloy nanoparticles is in the range of 190-205 emu/g at room temperature. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were used to fabricate transmission lines on FR4 substrate to perform radio frequency (RF) characterization of the nanoparticles at ISM RF bands of interest (all in GHz range). The complex permeability extraction of composite Fe60Co40 nanoparticles were performed using perturbation technique applied to microstrip transmission lines by relative measurement of full two port scattering parameter with respect to a baseline FR4 substrate. The extracted results show attractive characteristics for small size antennas and filters.

Based on experimental Co59 -NMR data in the temperature range between 0.1 and 300K , we address the problem of the character of the Co 3d -electron based magnetism in Na0.7CoO2 . Temperature-dependent Co59 -NMR spectra reveal different Co environments below 300K and their differentiation increases with decreasing temperature. We show that the Na23 - and Co59 -NMR data may consistently be interpreted by assuming that below room temperature the Co 3d electrons are itinerant. We also argue that the Co59 -NMR response is inconsistent with well-defined local magneticmoments on the Co sites. We identify a substantial orbital contribution χorb to the d -electron susceptibility. At low temperatures χorb seems to acquire some temperature dependence, suggesting an increasing influence of spin-orbit coupling. The temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate T1-1(T) confirms significant variations in the dynamics of this electronic subsystem between 250 and 300K , as previously suggested. Below 100K , Na0.7CoO2 may be viewed as a weak antiferromagnet with TN below 1K , but this scenario still leaves a number of open questions.

The quark-line disconnected diagram is a potentially important ingredient in lattice QCD calculations of the hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon. It is also a notoriously difficult one to evaluate. Here, for the first time, we give an estimate of this contribution based on lattice QCD results that have a statistically significant signal, albeit at one value of the lattice spacing and an unphysically heavy value of the u /d quark mass. We use HPQCD's method of determining the anomalous magneticmoment by reconstructing the Adler function from time moments of the current-current correlator at zero spatial momentum. Our results lead to a total (including u , d and s quarks) quark-line disconnected contribution to aμ of -0.15 % of the u /d hadronic vacuum polarization contribution with an uncertainty which is 1% of that contribution.

Every second greater than 10(25) antineutrinos radiate to space from Earth, shining like a faint antineutrino star. Underground antineutrino detectors have revealed the rapidly decaying fission products inside nuclear reactors, verified the long-lived radioactivity inside our planet, and informed sensitive experiments for probing fundamental physics. Mapping the anisotropic antineutrino flux and energy spectrum advance geoscience by defining the amount and distribution of radioactive power within Earth while critically evaluating competing compositional models of the planet. We present the Antineutrino Global Map 2015 (AGM2015), an experimentally informed model of Earth's surface antineutrino flux over the 0 to 11 MeV energy spectrum, along with an assessment of systematic errors. The open source AGM2015 provides fundamental predictions for experiments, assists in strategic detector placement to determine neutrino mass hierarchy, and aids in identifying undeclared nuclear reactors. We use cosmochemically and seismologically informed models of the radiogenic lithosphere/mantle combined with the estimated antineutrino flux, as measured by KamLAND and Borexino, to determine the Earth's total antineutrino luminosity at . We find a dominant flux of geo-neutrinos, predict sub-equal crust and mantle contributions, with ~1% of the total flux from man-made nuclear reactors. PMID:26323507

Every second greater than 1025 antineutrinos radiate to space from Earth, shining like a faint antineutrino star. Underground antineutrino detectors have revealed the rapidly decaying fission products inside nuclear reactors, verified the long-lived radioactivity inside our planet, and informed sensitive experiments for probing fundamental physics. Mapping the anisotropic antineutrino flux and energy spectrum advance geoscience by defining the amount and distribution of radioactive power within Earth while critically evaluating competing compositional models of the planet. We present the Antineutrino Global Map 2015 (AGM2015), an experimentally informed model of Earth’s surface antineutrino flux over the 0 to 11 MeV energy spectrum, along with an assessment of systematic errors. The open source AGM2015 provides fundamental predictions for experiments, assists in strategic detector placement to determine neutrino mass hierarchy, and aids in identifying undeclared nuclear reactors. We use cosmochemically and seismologically informed models of the radiogenic lithosphere/mantle combined with the estimated antineutrino flux, as measured by KamLAND and Borexino, to determine the Earth’s total antineutrino luminosity at . We find a dominant flux of geo-neutrinos, predict sub-equal crust and mantle contributions, with ~1% of the total flux from man-made nuclear reactors.

Every second greater than 1025 antineutrinos radiate to space from Earth, shining like a faint antineutrino star. Underground antineutrino detectors have revealed the rapidly decaying fission products inside nuclear reactors, verified the long-lived radioactivity inside our planet, and informed sensitive experiments for probing fundamental physics. Mapping the anisotropic antineutrino flux and energy spectrum advance geoscience by defining the amount and distribution of radioactive power within Earth while critically evaluating competing compositional models of the planet. We present the Antineutrino Global Map 2015 (AGM2015), an experimentally informed model of Earth’s surface antineutrino flux over the 0 to 11 MeV energy spectrum, along with an assessment of systematic errors. The open source AGM2015 provides fundamental predictions for experiments, assists in strategic detector placement to determine neutrino mass hierarchy, and aids in identifying undeclared nuclear reactors. We use cosmochemically and seismologically informed models of the radiogenic lithosphere/mantle combined with the estimated antineutrino flux, as measured by KamLAND and Borexino, to determine the Earth’s total antineutrino luminosity at . We find a dominant flux of geo-neutrinos, predict sub-equal crust and mantle contributions, with ~1% of the total flux from man-made nuclear reactors. PMID:26323507

We present first principles calculations of electronic structure and magnetic properties of dilute transition metal (3d, 4d and 5d) impurities in a Gd host. The calculations have been performed within the density functional theory using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave technique and the GGA+U method. The spin and orbital contributions to the magneticmoment and the hyperfine fields have been computed. We find large magneticmoments for 3d (Ti-Co), 4d (Nb-Ru) and 5d (Ta-Os) impurities with magnitudes significantly different from the values estimated from earlier mean field calculation [J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320 (2008) e446-e449]. The exchange interaction between the impurity and host Gd moments is found to be positive for early 3d elements (Sc-V) while in all other cases an anti-ferromagnetic coupling is observed. The trends for the magneticmoment and hyperfine field of d-impurities in Gd show qualitative difference with respect to their behavior in Fe, Co and Ni. The calculated total hyperfine field, in most cases, shows excellent agreement with the experimental results. A detailed analysis of the Fermi contact hyperfine field has been made, revealing striking differences for impurities having less or more than half filled d-shell. The impurity induced perturbations in host moments and the change in the global magnetization of the unit cell have also been computed. The variation within each of the d-series is found to correlate with the d-d hybridization strength between the impurity and host atoms.

The fundamental knowledge on neutrino properties acquired in recent years as well as the great experimental progress made on neutrino detection open nowadays the possibility of applied neutrino physics. Among it, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) asked to its member states to study the possibility of nuclear reactor monitoring applications, such as the thermal power measurement or the fuel composition bookkeeping. In this context, we report studies aiming at a better determination of the antineutrino energy spectrum emitted by nuclear power plants, necessary for reactor monitoring applications, but also for experiments studying the ground properties of these particles. (authors)

This dissertation presents the first measurement of the muon antineutrino charged current quasi-elastic double-differential cross section. These data significantly extend the knowledge of neutrino and antineutrino interactions in the GeV range, a region that has recently come under scrutiny due to a number of conflicting experimental results. To maximize the precision of this measurement, three novel techniques were employed to measure the neutrino background component of the data set. Representing the first measurements of the neutrino contribution to an accelerator-based antineutrino beam in the absence of a magnetic field, the successful execution of these techniques carry implications for current and future neutrino experiments.

We calculate the magnetic dipole moment of the {delta}(1232) and {omega}{sup -} baryons with 2+1 flavors of clover fermions on anisotropic lattices using a background magnetic field. This is the first dynamical calculation of these magneticmoments using a background field technique. The calculation for {omega}{sup -} is done at the physical strange quark mass, with the result in units of the physical nuclear magneton {mu}{sub {omega}{sup -}}=-1.93{+-}0.08{+-}0.12 (where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic) compared to the experimental number: -2.02{+-}0.05. The {delta} has been studied at three unphysical quark masses, corresponding to pion mass m{sub {pi}}=366, 438, and 548 MeV. The pion mass dependence is compared with the behavior obtained from chiral effective field theory.

We investigate the form factors of the chiral-odd nucleon matrix element of the tensor current. In particular, we aim at the anomalous tensor magnetic form factors of the nucleon within the framework of the SU(3) and SU(2) chiral quark-soliton model. We consider 1/Nc rotational corrections and linear effects of SU(3) symmetry breaking with the symmetry-conserving quantization employed. We first obtain the results of the anomalous tensor magneticmoments for the up and down quarks: κTu=3.56 and κTd=1.83, respectively. The strange anomalous tensor magneticmoment is yielded to be κTs=0.2˜-0.2, that is compatible with zero. We also calculate the corresponding form factors κTq(Q2) up to a momentum transfer Q2≤1GeV2 at a renormalization scale of 0.36GeV2.

Highly (111)-textured ZnxFe3-xO4 thin films were grown by pulsed laser deposition on silicon substrates. The spin and orbital magneticmoments of the ZnxFe3-xO4 thin films have been obtained by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and sum rule analysis. The total magneticmoments thus extracted are in good agreement with the values obtained by vibrating sample magnetometer. Both the unquenched orbital moment and the ratio of orbital-to-spin moment first increase significantly with increasing Zn substitution at a low concentration range ( 0 ≤x ≤0.1 ), and then decrease at a higher concentration (x = 0.3). The underlying site-specific doping mechanisms involved here have been elucidated by detailed analysis of the XMCD of ZnxFe3-xO4 films. Our work demonstrates a practical means to manipulate the spin-orbit coupling in the ZnxFe3-xO4 thin films via Zn impurity doping.

Investigations of CP violation in the hadron sector may be done using measurements in the ThO molecule. Recent measurements in this molecule improved the limit on the electron electric dipole moment (EDM) by an order of magnitude. Another time-reversal (T) and parity (P)-violating effect in 229ThO is induced by the nuclear magnetic quadrupole moment. We perform nuclear and molecular calculations to express this effect in terms of the strength constants of T, P-odd nuclear forces, neutron EDM, QCD vacuum angle θ, quark EDM, and chromo-EDM. PMID:25615324

Three cationic [Ln4 ] squares (Ln=lanthanide) were isolated as single crystals and their structures solved as [Dy4 (μ4 -OH)(HL)(H2 L)3 (H2 O)4 ]Cl2 ⋅(CH3 OH)4 ⋅(H2 O)8 (1), [Tb4 (μ4 -OH)(HL)(H2 L)3 (MeOH)4 ]Cl2 ⋅(CH3 OH)4 ⋅(H2 O)4 (2) and [Gd4 (μ4 -OH)(HL)(H2 L)3 (H2 O)2 (MeOH)2 ]Br2 ⋅(CH3 OH)4 ⋅(H2 O)3 (3). The structures are described as hydroxo-centered squares of lanthanide ions, with each edge of the square bridged by a doubly deprotonated H2 L(2-) ligand. Alternating current magnetic susceptibility measurements show frequency-dependent out-of-phase signals with two different thermally assisted relaxation processes for 1, whereas no maxima in χM " appears above 2.0 K for complex 2. For 1, the estimated effective energy barrier for these two relaxation processes is 29 and 100 K. Detailed ab initio studies reveal that complex 1 possesses a toroidal magneticmoment. The ab initio calculated anisotropies of the metal ions in complex 1 were employed to simulate the magnetic susceptibility by using the Lines model (POLY_ANISO) and this procedure yields J1 =+0.01 and J2 =-0.01 cm(-1) for 1 as the two distinct exchange interactions between the Dy(III) ions. Similar parameters are also obtained for complex 1 (and 2) from specific heat measurements. A very weak antiferromagnetic super-exchange interaction (J1 =-0.043 cm(-1) and g=1.99) is observed between the metal centers in 3. The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was estimated by using field-dependent magnetization and temperature-dependent heat-capacity measurements. An excellent agreement is found for the -ΔSm values extracted from these two measurements for all three complexes. As expected, 3 shows the largest -ΔSm variation (23 J Kg(-1) K(-1) ) among the three complexes. The negligible magnetic anisotropy of Gd indeed ensures near degeneracy in the (2S+1) ground state microstates, and the weak super-exchange interaction facilitates dense population of low-lying excited states, all of

The average magneticmoments of high spin states in Hf isotopes were determined in a transient field measurement at the 14 MV Koffler accelerator of the Weizmann Institute. The reaction {sup 130}Te({sup 40}Ca,{ital xn}){sup 166,165}Hf at beam energies from 167 to 182.5 MeV was used to populate different high spin regions and provide the recoiling Hf nuclei with sufficient velocity to traverse the 2.9 mg/cm{sup 2} Gd ferromagnetic layer. Standard double ratios and angular distributions for various low level transitions were measured to determine precession angles. These carry information regarding the average {ital g} factor of unobservable transitions at medium excitation. To obtain a more quantitative analysis regarding the time-decay history of the {gamma} cascade, Monte Carlo simulations of the cascade were carried out. The significance of the results for understanding the single particle nature of these pre-yrast levels is discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}

Recent measurements of hyperfine structure in the cesium-133 atom resolved a nuclear magnetic octupole moment φ much larger than expected from the nuclear shell model[1]. To explore this issue further, we are undertaking an experiment to measure the hyperfine structure in the 5D manifold of a single trapped barium-137 ion which, together with reliable calculations in alkali-like Ba^+, should resolve φ with sensitivity better than the shell model value [2]. We use a TmHo:YLF laser tuned to 2051 nm and a fiber laser tuned to 1762 nm to drive the 6S1/2 to 5D3/2 and 6S1/2 to 5D5/2 electric quadrupole transitions. These lasers allow us to selectively populate any hyperfine sub-level in the 5D manifold. We will then perform RF spectroscopy on the 5D states to make a precision measurement of the hyperfine frequency intervals. We report on the development of the laser and RF spectroscopy systems. [1] V. Gerginov, A. Derevianko, and C. E. Tanner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 072501 [2] K. Beloy, A. Derevianko, V. A. Dzuba, G. T. Howell, B. B. Blinov, E. N. Fortson, arXiv:0804.4317v1 [physics.atom-ph] 28 Apr 2008

The structure of the Sn isotopes has been studied via measurements of B(E2;21+->01+) transition rates and g factors of 21+ states. Values of B(E2)'s in the lighter isotopes show an increase in collectivity below midshell, contrary to predictions from shell model calculations. In order to better establish the structure of these neutron-deficient isotopes, measurements of g factors in 110Sn, where the neutrons might occupy both the g7 / 2 and d5 / 2 orbitals, have been carried out. The states of interest were populated in the reaction 12C(106Cd, 2 α)110Sn, at the LBNL 88 inch cyclotron. The γ rays were detected in ORNL and LBNL clover detectors. The transient field technique was used to obtain magneticmoments. The details of the experiment and the results will be presented. The authors acknowledge support from the US NSF and DoE, the Colombia Colciencias and the German DFG.

We study the interplay between a soft muon Yukawa coupling generated radiatively with the trilinear A-terms of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) and the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon. In the absence of a tree-level muon Yukawa coupling the lightest smuon mass is predicted to be in the range between 600 GeV and 2200 GeV at 2{sigma}, if the bino mass M{sub 1} is below 1 TeV. Therefore, a detection of a smuon (in conjunction with a sub-TeV bino) at the LHC would directly imply a nonzero muon Yukawa coupling in the MSSM superpotential. Inclusion of slepton flavor mixing could in principle lower the mass of one smuonlike slepton below 600 GeV. However, the experimental bounds on radiative lepton decays instead strengthen the lower mass bound, with larger effects for smaller M{sub 1}, We also extend the analysis to the electron case and find that a light selectron close to the current experimental search limit may prove the MSSM electron Yukawa coupling to be nonzero.

The perturbed angular correlation transient field technique is used to measure the precession of nuclear magneticmoments of low lying excited states in isotopes of silver, neodymium, samarium, and gadolinium. The precession measurements are used to explore three main areas of study. First, from the measurements made on /sup 150/Sm transversing gadolinium targets, the temperature dependence of the transient hyperfine field is deduced at /sup 150/Sm nuclei traveling at 2 < v/v/sub 0/ < 4. These are compared with similar measurements made using iron targets. Second, the deduced values of the g-factors of the 2/sub 1/ + states in even neodymium, samarium and gadolinium isotopes are discussed in connection with a possible proton shell closure at Z = 64. Third, the deduced values of the g-factors of the 3/2/sub 1/- and 5/2/sub 1/- states of /sup 107,109/Ag are compared to various theoretical predictions in order to explore any simple relationships that may exist between these states and the first 2/sub 1/+ states of neighboring even-even nuclei.

Dehmelt and VanDyck's famous 1987 measurement of the electron and positron g-factor is still the most precise g-factor comparison in the lepton sector, and a sensitive test of possible CPT violation. A complementary g-factor comparison between the proton and the antiproton is highly desirable to test CPT symmetry in the baryon sector. Current experiments, based on Dehmelt's continuous Stern-Gerlach effect and the double Penning-trap technique, are making rapid progress. They are, however, extremely difficult to carry out because ground state cooling using cryogenic techniques is virtually impossible for heavy baryons, and because the continous Stern-Gerlach effect scales as μ/m, where m is the mass of the particle and μ its magneticmoment. Both difficulties will ultimately limit the accuracy. We discuss experimental prospects of realizing an alternative approach to a g-factor comparison with single (anti)protons, based on quantum logic techniques proposed by Heinzen and Wineland and by Wineland et al. The basic idea is to cool, control and measure single (anti)protons through interaction with a well-controlled atomic ion.

The hypothesis of Fischbach and Jenkins that neutrinos emitted from the sun accelerate radioactive decay is noted. It is thought that neutrinos accelerate beta decay by reacting with neutron-rich nuclides to form a beta particle and a daughter product, with no antineutrino emitted. Conversely, it is proposed that antineutrinos can react with proton-rich nuclides to cause positron decay, with no neutrino emitted. It is also proposed that the nuclear fusion of the hydrogen bomb is triggered not only by the energy of the igniting fission bomb, but by the antineutrinos created by the rapid beta decay of the daughter products in the fission process. The contemplated mechanism for antineutrino initiated fusion is the following: 1. The antineutrinos from the fission daughter products cause positron decay of deuterium by the process outlined above. 2. In a later fusion step, these positrons subsequently react with neutrons in deuterium to create antineutrinos. Electrons are unavailable to annihilate positrons in the plasma of the hydrogen bomb. 3. These antineutrinos thereafter react with more deuterium to form positrons, thereby propagating a chain reaction. )

Nuclear reactors have served as the antineutrino source for many fundamental physics experiments. The techniques developed by these experiments make it possible to use these very weakly interacting particles for a practical purpose. The large flux of antineutrinos that leaves a reactor carries information about two quantities of interest for safeguards: the reactor power and fissile inventory. Measurements made with antineutrino detectors could therefore orer an alternative means for verifying the power history and fissile inventory of a reactors, as part of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other reactor safeguards regimes. Several erorts to develop this monitoring technique are underway across the globe.

The geometric, electronic, and magnetic structures of a manganese phthalocyanine (MnPc) molecule on an antiferromagnetic IrMn(100) surface are studied by density functional theory calculations. Two kinds of orientation of the adsorbed MnPc molecule are predicted to coexist due to molecular self-assembly on the surface—a top-site geometry with the Mn–N bonds aligned along the 〈100〉 direction, and a hollow-site orientation in which the Mn–N bonds are parallel to the 〈110〉 direction. The MnPc molecule is antiferromagnetically coupled to the substrate at the top site with a slight reduction in the magneticmoment of the Mn atom of the MnPc molecule (Mn{sub mol}). In contrast, the magneticmoment of the Mn{sub mol} is enhanced to 4.28 μB at the hollow site, a value larger than that in the free MnPc molecule (3.51 μB). Molecular distortion induced by adsorption is revealed to be responsible for the enhancement of the magneticmoment. Furthermore, the spin polarization of the Mn{sub mol} atom at around the Fermi level is found to change from negative to positive through an elongation of the Mn–N bonds of the MnPc. We propose that a reversible switch of the low/high magneticmoment and negative/positive spin polarization might be realized through some mechanical engineering methods.

Epitaxial thin films of the half-metallic X{sub a}-compound Mn{sub 2}CoGa (Hg{sub 2}CuTi prototype) were prepared by dc magnetron co-sputtering with different heat treatments on MgO (001) substrates. High-quality #12;lms with a bulk magnetization of 1.95(5) {mu}{sub #22;}B per unit cell were obtained. The average Mn magneticmoment and the Co moment are parallel, in agreement with theory. The x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra agree with calculations based on density functional theory and reveal the antiparallel alignment of the two inequivalent Mn moments. X-ray magnetic linear dichroism allows to distinguish between itinerant and localized Mn moments. It is shown that one of the two Mn moments has localized character, whereas the other Mn moment and the Co moment are itinerant.

We report on the measurement of a Larmor frequency shift proportional to the electric-field strength for 199Hg atoms contained in a volume permeated with aligned magnetic and electric fields. This shift arises from the interplay between the inevitable magnetic field gradients and the motional magnetic field. The proportionality to electric-field strength makes it apparently similar to an electric dipole moment (EDM) signal, although unlike an EDM this effect is P- and T-conserving. We have used a neutron magnetic resonance EDM spectrometer, featuring a mercury co-magnetometer and an array of external cesium magnetometers, to measure the shift as a function of the applied magnetic field gradient. Our results are in good agreement with theoretical expectations.

Green's function Monte Carlo calculations of magneticmoments and M1 transitions including two-body meson-exchange current (MEC) contributions are reported for A{<=}7 nuclei. The realistic Argonne v{sub 18} two-nucleon and Illinois-2 three-nucleon potentials are used to generate the nuclear wave functions. The two-body meson-exchange operators are constructed to satisfy the continuity equation with the Argonne v{sub 18} potential. The MEC contributions increase the A=3,7 isovector magneticmoments by 16% and the A=6,7 M1 transition rates by 17-34%, bringing them into very good agreement with the experimental data.

The quenching phenomena on the magneticmoments of odd A nuclei have been studied by assuming the shell model configuration of nucleons and SU_{2} quantum universal enveloping (QUE) algebra. In order to test a q deformation observed from this analysis is universal or not, we have analyzed the magneticmoments of odd-odd nuclei in the same approach, by taking the experimental data of relevant pair of odd A nuclei close in nature as inputs for the chosen odd-odd one. The additional and reasonable values of q deformation found there clearly indicate that the QUE-algebraic angular-momentum coupling rule is realized in nature at least for the composite system. It is pointed out that the Delta (1232) will contribute so as to smooth out the q to a common finite-ranged value of it.

We present a reliable nonperturbative calculation of the QCD correction, at leading-order in the electromagnetic coupling, to the anomalous magneticmoment of the electron, muon and tau leptons using two-flavor lattice QCD. We use multiple lattice spacings, multiple volumes and a broad range of quark masses to control the continuum, infinite-volume and chiral limits. We examine the impact of the commonly ignored disconnected diagrams and introduce a modification to the previously used method that results in a well-controlled lattice calculation. We obtain 1.513 (43) 10^-12, 5.72 (16) 10^-8 and 2.650 (54) 10^-6 for the leading-order QCD correction to the anomalous magneticmoment of the electron, muon and tau respectively, each accurate to better than 3%.

The Cd isotopes are well studied, but experimental data for the rare isotopes are sparse. At energies above the Coulomb barrier, higher states become accessible. Remeasure and supplement existing lifetimes and magneticmoments of low-lying states in 106Cd. Methods: In an inverse kinematics reaction, a 106Cd beam impinging on a 12C target was used to Coulomb excite the projectiles. The high recoil velocities provide a unique opportunity to measure g factors with the transient-field technique and to determine lifetimes from lineshapes by using the Doppler-shift-attenuation method. Large-scale shell-model calculations were carried out for 106Cd. As a result, the g factorsmore » of the 2+1 and 4+1 states in 106Cd were measured to be g(2+1) = +0.398(22) and g(4+1) = +0.23(5). A lineshape analysis yielded lifetimes in disagreement with published values. The new results are τ(106Cd; 2+1) = 7.0(3) ps and τ(106Cd; 4+1) = 2.5(2) ps. The mean life τ(106Cd; 2+2) = 0.28(2) ps was determined from the fully-Doppler-shifted γ line. Mean lives of τ(106Cd; 4+3) = 1.1(1) ps and τ(106Cd; 3–1) = 0.16(1) ps were determined for the first time. In conclusion, the newly measured g(4+1) of 106Cd is found to be only 59% of the g(2+1). This difference cannot be explained by either shell-model or collective-model calculations.« less

Background: The structure of the semimagic 50Sn isotopes were previously studied via measurements of B (E 2 ;21+→01+ ) and g factors of 21+ states. The values of the B (E 2 ;21+ ) in the isotopes below midshell at N = 66 show an enhancement in collectivity, contrary to predictions from shell-model calculations. Purpose: This work presents the first measurement of the 2 1+ and 4 1+ states' magneticmoments in the unstable neutron-deficient 110Sn. The g factors provide complementary structure information to the interpretation of the observed B (E 2 ) values. Methods: The 110Sn nuclei have been produced in inverse kinematics in an α -particle transfer reaction from 12C to 106Cd projectiles at 390, 400, and 410 MeV. The g factors have been measured with the transient field technique. Lifetimes have been determined from line shapes using the Doppler-shift attenuation method. Results: The g factors of the 21+ and 41+ states in 110Sn are g (21+) = +0.29(11) and g (41+) = +0.05(14), respectively. In addition, the g (41+) = +0.27(6) in 106Cd has been measured for the first time. A line-shape analysis yielded τ (110Sn ; 21+) = 0.81(10) ps and a lifetime of τ (110Sn ; 31-) = 0.25(5) ps was calculated from the fully Doppler-shifted γ line. Conclusions: No evidence has been found in 110Sn that would require excitation of protons from the closed Z =50 core.

This paper presents a detailed account of the evaluation of the electron anomalous magneticmoment ae which arises from a gauge-invariant set, called Set V, consisting of 6354 tenth-order Feynman diagrams without closed lepton loops. The latest value of the sum of Set V diagrams evaluated by the Monte Carlo integration routine VEGAS is 8.726 (336 )(α /π )5 , which replaces the very preliminary value reported in 2012. Combining it with 6318 previously published tenth-order diagrams, we obtain 7.795 (336 )(α /π )5 as the complete mass-independent tenth-order term. Together with the improved value of the eighth-order term this leads to ae(theory)=1 159 652 181.643 (25 )(23 )(16 )(763 )×1 0-12 , where the first three uncertainties are from the eighth-order, tenth-order, and hadronic and elecroweak terms. The fourth and largest uncertainty is from α-1=137.035 999 049 (90 ) , the fine-structure constant derived from the rubidium recoil measurement. Thus, ae(experiment)-ae(theory)=-0.91 (0.82 )×1 0-12 . Assuming the validity of the standard model, we obtain the fine-structure constant α-1(ae)=137.035 999 1570 (29 )(27 )(18 )(331 ) , where uncertainties are from the eighth-order, tenth-order, and hadronic and electroweak terms, and the measurement of ae. This is the most precise value of α available at present and provides a stringent constraint on possible theories beyond the standard model.

The magneticmoment of the Λ →Σ0 transition between negative parity baryons is calculated in framework of the QCD sum rules approach by using the general form of the interpolating currents. The pollution arising from the positive-to-positive, and positive-to-negative parity baryons is eliminated by constructing the sum rules for different Lorentz structures. A comparison of our result with the predictions of the results of other approaches for the positive parity baryons is presented.

The polarization of Ξ¯ + hyperons produced by 800-GeV/c protons in the inclusive reaction p+Be-->Ξ¯ ++X has been measured. The average polarization of the Ξ¯ +, at a mean xF=0.39 and pt=0.76 GeV/c, is -0.097+/-0.012+/-0.009. The magneticmoment of the Ξ¯ + is 0.657+/-0.028+/-0.020 nuclear magneton.

Online measurements of the magnetic dipole moments and isotope shifts of {sup 58}Cu and {sup 59}Cu by the in-source laser spectroscopy method are reported. The results for the magneticmoments are {mu} ({sup 58}Cu) =+0.52(8) {mu}{sub N},{mu}({sup 59}Cu) =+1.84(3) {mu}{sub N} and for the isotope shifts {delta}{nu}{sup 59,65}=1.72(22) GHz and {delta}{nu}{sup 58,65}=1.99(30) GHz in the transition from the 3d{sup 10}4s {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} ground state to the 3d{sup 10}4p {sup 2}P{sub 1/2} state in Cu I. The magneticmoment of {sup 58}Cu is discussed in the context of the strength of the subshell closure at {sup 56}Ni, additivity rules and large-scale shell model calculations.

We report a time-resolved study of the ultrafast dynamics of the magneticmoments formed by the [Formula: see text] states in Sr2IrO4 by directly probing the localized iridium 5d magnetic state through resonant x-ray diffraction. Using optical pump-hard x-ray probe measurements, two relaxation time scales were determined: a fast fluence-independent relaxation is found to take place on a time scale of 1.5 ps, followed by a slower relaxation on a time scale of 500 ps-1.5 ns. PMID:27310659

We report a time-resolved study of the ultrafast dynamics of the magneticmoments formed by the {{J}\\text{eff}}=1/2 states in Sr2IrO4 by directly probing the localized iridium 5d magnetic state through resonant x-ray diffraction. Using optical pump–hard x-ray probe measurements, two relaxation time scales were determined: a fast fluence-independent relaxation is found to take place on a time scale of 1.5 ps, followed by a slower relaxation on a time scale of 500 ps–1.5 ns.

The motion of a neutral atom endowed with a magneticmoment interacting with the magnetic field is determined from the Ehrenfest-like equations of motion. These equations for the average values of the translational and spin degrees of freedom are derived from the Schrödinger-Pauli wave equation, and they form a set of nine coupled nonlinear evolution equations. The numerical and analytic solutions of these equations are obtained for the combination of the rotating magnetic field of a wave carrying orbital angular momentum and a static magnetic field. The running wave traps the atom only in the transverse direction, while the standing wave traps the atom also in the direction of the beam.

RENO is the reactor experiment to measure the neutrino mixing angle θ1 3 by observing the disappearance of the reactor antineutrino. Antineutrinos from six reactors at Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, are detected and compared by two identical detectors located at 294 m and 1383 m, respectively, from the center of the reactor array. The far (near) detector observes 73 (780) electron antineutrino candidate events per day after background subtraction with the precise measurement of reactor antineutrino flux. In this paper, an updated result is presented about the energy spectra of antineutrino signals in RENO detectors. A precise measurement of reactor antineutrino flux is also presented in comparison with expectations.

The Surrounding Field Compensation (SFC) system described in this work is installed around the four-layer Mu-metal magnetic shield of the neutron electric dipole moment spectrometer located at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The SFC system reduces the DC component of the external magnetic field by a factor of about 20. Within a control volume of approximately 2.5 m × 2.5 m × 3 m, disturbances of the magnetic field are attenuated by factors of 5–50 at a bandwidth from 10{sup −3} Hz up to 0.5 Hz, which corresponds to integration times longer than several hundreds of seconds and represent the important timescale for the neutron electric dipole moment measurement. These shielding factors apply to random environmental noise from arbitrary sources. This is achieved via a proportional-integral feedback stabilization system that includes a regularized pseudoinverse matrix of proportionality factors which correlates magnetic field changes at all sensor positions to current changes in the SFC coils.

The electronic and magnetic properties of Fe atoms in the ferromagnetic semiconductor (In,Fe)As codoped with Be have been studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) at the Fe L{sub 2,3} edge. The XAS and XMCD spectra showed simple spectral line shapes similar to Fe metal, but the ratio of the orbital and spin magneticmoments (M{sub orb}/M{sub spin}) estimated using the XMCD sum rules was significantly larger than that of Fe metal, indicating a significant orbital moment of Fe 3d electrons in (In,Fe)As:Be. The positive value of M{sub orb}/M{sub spin} implies that the Fe 3d shell is more than half-filled, which arises from the hybridization of the Fe{sup 3+} (d{sup 5}) state with the charge-transfer d{sup 6}L{sub ¯} states, where L{sub ¯} is a ligand hole in the host valence band. The XMCD intensity as a function of magnetic field indicated hysteretic behavior of the superparamagnetic-like component due to discrete ferromagnetic domains.

Electronic and magnetic properties of T/Aun, T/Agn (T=Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni), Fe/Pdn and Fe/Ptn multilayers and sandwiches have been computed using the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (LKKR) band-structure technique. Enhanced (as compared with bulk) 2D T magnetism is observed in all Cr, Mn, and Fe/host configurations, consistent with weak coupling between Cr, Mn, and Fe d bands and those of the noble metal (NM) hosts and consequently d bandwidths which are exceeded by the exchange splitting. Fe and Cr moments vary systematically with the number of mediating Ag or Au planes and the Fermi energy of the system. These systematics are explained by considering the variation of the Fermi energy (EF) with composition as well as constraints of charge neutrality and strong (single-band) ferromagnetism. For Fe in Pt and Pd hosts, d-d hybridization leads to a nearly invariant Fe moment as a function of the number of mediating Pd or Pt planes but with large induced moments on the host.

The orbital and spin contributions to the magneticmoment of Fe in Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles were measured using X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Nanoparticles of different sizes, ranging from 5 to 11 nm, were fabricated via organic methods and their magnetic behavior was characterized by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). An XMCD signal was measured for three different samples at 300 K and 80 K. The extracted values for the orbital and spin contributions to the magneticmoment showed a quenching of the orbital moment and a large spin moment. The calculated spin moments appear somewhat reduced compared to the value expected for bulk Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}. The spin moments measured at 80 K are larger than at 300 K for all the samples, revealing significant thermal fluctuations effects in the nanoparticle assemblies. The measured spin moment is reduced for the smallest nanoparticles, suggesting that the magnetic properties of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles could be altered when their size reaches a few nanometers.

Our previous paper (Machavariani and Faessler 2010 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 37 075004) is generalized within the field-theoretical formulation with the quark-gluon degrees of freedom (Huang and Weldon 1975 Phys. Rev. D11 257; Haag 1958 Phys. Rev. 112 669; Nishijima 1958 Phys. Rev. 111 995; Zimmermann 1958 Nuovo Cimento 10 598), where pions and nucleons are treated as the bound (cluster) systems of quarks. It is shown that current conservation for the on-shell πN bremsstrahlung amplitude with the composite nucleons and pions has the same form as in the usual quantum field theory (Itzykson and Zuber 1980 Quantum Field Theory (New York: McGraw-Hill); Bjorken and Drell 1965 Relativistic Quantum Fields (New York: McGraw-Hill)) without quark-gluon degrees of freedom (Machavariani and Faessler 2010). The model-independent representation of the Δ - γ'Δ vertex through the π - γ'π', N - γ'N', Δ - πN vertices remain the same in the quantum field theory with the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. Correspondingly, the magnetic dipole moments of the Δ+ and Δ++ resonances in the field-theoretical formulations with and without quark-gluons are identical. These results are extended for the magnetic dipole moments of the Δo and Δ- resonances which are determined via the anomalous magneticmoment of the neutron μn as \\mu _{\\Delta ^o}={ {M_{\\Delta }}\\over {m_p}} \\mu _n and \\mu _{\\Delta ^{-}}={3\\over 2}\\mu _{\\Delta ^o}.

From x-ray magnetic circular dichroism experiments performed at low temperature on Cr2AlC and Cr2GeC thin films, it is evidenced that Cr atoms carry a net magneticmoment in these ternary phases. It is shown that the Cr magnetization of the Al-based compound nearly vanished at 100 K in agreement with what has been recently observed on bulk. X-ray linear dichroism measurements performed at various angles of incidence and temperatures clearly demonstrate the existence of a charge ordering along the c axis of the structure of Cr2AlC. All these experimental observations support, in part, theoretical calculations claiming that Cr dd correlations have to be considered to correctly describe the structure and properties of these Cr-based ternary phases. PMID:24721758

We developed a highly sensitive AC/DC magnetometer using a high-temperature superconductor superconducting quantum interference device for the evaluation of magnetic nanoparticles in solutions. Using the developed system, we investigated the distribution of magneticmoments of iron oxide multi-core particles of 100 nm at various iron concentrations that are lower than 96 μg/ml by analyzing the measured magnetization curves. Singular value decomposition and non-regularized non-negative least-squares methods were used during the reconstruction of the distribution. Similar distributions were obtained for all concentrations, and the iron concentration could be determined from the measured magnetization curves. The measured harmonics upon the excitation of AC and DC magnetic fields curves agreed well with the harmonics simulated based on the reconstructed magnetization curves, implying that the magnetization curves of magnetic nanoparticles were successfully obtained as we will show in the article. We compared the magnetization curves between multi-core particles of 100 nm and 130 nm, composed of 12-nm iron oxide nanoparticles. A distinctive magnetic property between the 100 nm and 130 nm particles in low-concentration solutions was successfully characterized. The distribution characteristic of magneticmoments suggests that the net magneticmoment in a multi-core particle is affected by the size of the magnetic cores and their degree of aggregation. Exploration of magnetic properties with high sensitivity can be expected using the developed system.

Photomagnetism in three-dimensional Co/Fe Prussian blue analogues is a complex phenomenon, whose detailed mechanism is not yet fully understood. Recently, researchers have been able to prepare molecular fragments of these networks using a building block synthetic approach from mononuclear precursors. The main objective in this strategy is to isolate the smallest units that show an intramolecular electron transfer to have a better understanding of the electronic processes. A prior requirement to the development of this kind of system is to understand to what extent electronic and magnetic properties are inherited from the corresponding precursors. In this work, we investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of the FeTp precursor (N(C4H9)4)[TpFe(III)(CN)3], (Tp being tris-pyrazolyl borate) of a recently reported binuclear cyanido-bridged Fe/Co complex. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements at the Fe L2,3 edges (2p → 3d) supported by ligand field multiplet calculations have allowed to determine the spin and orbit magneticmoments. Inaccuracy of the spin sum rule in the case of low-spin Fe(III) ion was demonstrated. An exceptionally large value of the orbital magneticmoment is found (0.9 μB at T = 2 K and B = 6.5 T) that is likely to play an important role in the magnetic and photomagnetic properties of molecular Fe/Co Prussian blue analogues. PMID:27385292

Spin gapless semiconductors are known to be strongly affected by structural disorder when grown epitaxially as thin films. The magnetic properties of Mn2CoAl thin films grown on GaAs (001) substrates are investigated here as a function of annealing. This study investigates the atomic-specific magneticmoments of Mn and Co atoms measured through X-ray magnetic circular dichroism as a function of annealing and the consequent structural ordering. Results indicate that the structural distortion mainly affects the Mn atoms as seen by the reduction of the magneticmoment from its predicted value.

The Earth is an abundant source of antineutrinos coming from the decay of radioactive elements in the mantle and crust. Detecting these antineutrinos is a challenge due to their small cross section and low energies. The Borexino solar neutrino experiment will also be an excellent detector for barν_e. With 300 tons of ultra-low-background liquid scintillator, surrounded by an efficient muon veto, the inverse-β-decay reaction: barνe + p arrow e^+ + n (Q = 1.8 MeV), can be exploited to detect terrestrial antineutrinos from the uranium and thorium decay chains, with little background. A direct measurement of the total uranium and thorium abundance would establish important geophysical constraints on the heat generation and thermal history of the Earth. Starting with the most recent uranium and thorium distribution and abundance data, and employing a global map of crustal type and thickness, we calculated the antineutrino fluxes for several sites. We estimate a terrestrial antineutrino event rate in Borexino of 10 events per year. This small signal can be distinguished over the neutrino background from the world's nuclear power reactors by measuring the positron energy spectrum from the barνe events. The possibility to perform a long-baseline oscillation experiment, reaching Δ m^2 ≈ 10-6 eV^2, using the nuclear reactors in Europe will also be discussed.

The Daya Bay Antineutrino Detector gas system is designed to protect the liquid scintillator targets of the antineutrino detectors against degradation and contamination from exposure to ambient laboratory air. The gas system is also used to monitor the leak tightness of the antineutrino detector assembly. The cover gas system constantly flushes the gas volumes above the liquid scintillator with dry nitrogen to minimize oxidation of the scintillator over the five year lifetime of the experiment. This constant flush also prevents the infiltration of radon or other contaminants into these detecting liquids keeping the internal backgrounds low. Since the Daya Bay antineutrino detectors are immersed in the large water pools of the muon veto system, other gas volumes are needed to protect vital detector cables or gas lines. These volumes are also purged with dry gas. Return gas is monitored for oxygen content and humidity to provide early warning of potentially damaging leaks. The design and performance of the Daya Bay Antineutrino Detector gas system is described.

The ground state magneticmoments and the low-lying magnetic dipole (Ml) transitions from the ground to excited states in heavy deformed odd-mass 181Ta have been microscopically investigated on the basis of the quasiparticle-phonon nuclear model (QPNM). The problem of the spurious state mixing in M1 excitations is overcome by a restoration method allowing a self-consistent determination of the separable effective restoration forces. Due to the self-consistency of the method, these effective forces contain no arbitrary parameters. The results of calculations are compared with the available experimental data, the agreement being reasonably satisfactory.

Fe3O4 has been known to have attractive physical properties for spintronic applications such as half-metallicity, however, its complicated magnetism has yet to be elucidated fully. We investigated the sputtered polycrystalline Fe3O4 thin film in which Ge was added for stabilization of the spinal structure. From X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies, major part of added Ge is found to be quadrivalent and considered to be incorporated in the spinel structure. Out-of-plane alignment of the local moment was confirmed by conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements with an applied field up to 70 kOe also support it. The Pawley refinement of the X-ray diffraction profile with a series of possible space groups in the spinel structure suggests that the crystal symmetry is reduced from cubic to tetragonal or orthorhombic spinels with (100) or (010) strains up to -0.231%. The uniaxial anisotropy constants K(u) for the tetragonally distorted cases estimated from the evaluated strains and the ab-initio calculation were found to be around 1.05 x 10(6) erg/cm3. We consider that the magnetic anisotropy induced by the lattice distortion contributes to the out-of-plane alignment of local moments in addition to the previously reported effect by the exchange coupling across crystallographic defects of the antiphase boundaries. PMID:27455663

A search for the muon neutrino magneticmoment was conducted using the Mini-BooNE low energy neutrino data. The analysis was performed by analyzing the elastic scattering interactions of muon neutrinos on electrons. The analysis looked for an excess of elastic scattering events above the Standard Model prediction from which a limit on the neutrino magnetic could be set. In this thesis, we report an excess of 15.3 ± 6.6(stat)±4.1(syst) vμe events above the expected background. At 90% C.L., we derived a limit on the muon neutrino magneticmoment of 12.7 x 10-10 μB. The other analysis reported in this thesis is a measurement of charged current single pion production (CCπ+) to charged current quasi elastic (CCQE) interactions cross sections ratio. This measurement was performed with two different fitting algorithms and the results from both fitters are consistent with each other.

A modular design is proposed for an electron antineutrino detector based on boron-doped liquid scintillator. Tests have been carried out on small detector systems using neutrons to simulate the antineutrino detection signature. Results from these tests are reported, and the possibility of using a larger system of similar design to detect reactor antineutrinos is discussed.

A modular design is proposed for an electron antineutrino detector based on boron-doped liquid scintillator. Tests have been carried out on small detector systems using neutrons to simulate the antineutrino detection signature. Results from these tests are reported, and the possibility of using a larger system of similar design to detect reactor antineutrinos is discussed.

Co-doped SnO2 thin films were grown by sputtering technique on SiO2/Si(001) substrates at room temperature, and then, thermal treatments with and without an applied magnetic field (HTT) were performed in vacuum at 600°C for 20 min. HTT was applied parallel and perpendicular to the substrate surface. Magnetic M(H) measurements reveal the coexistence of a strong antiferromagnetic (AFM) signal and a ferromagnetic (FM) component. The AFM component has a Néel temperature higher than room temperature, the spin axis lies parallel to the substrate surface, and the highest magneticmoment m =7 μB/Co at. is obtained when HTT is applied parallel to the substrate surface. Our results show an enhancement of FM moment per Co(+2) from 0.06 to 0.42 μB/Co at. for the sample on which HTT was applied perpendicular to the surface. The FM order is attributed to the coupling of Co(+2) ions through electrons trapped at the site of oxygen vacancies, as described by the bound magnetic polaron model. Our results suggest that FM order is aligned along [101] direction of Co-doped SnO2 nanocrystals, which is proposed to be the easy magnetization axis. PMID:25489286

Co-doped SnO2 thin films were grown by sputtering technique on SiO2/Si(001) substrates at room temperature, and then, thermal treatments with and without an applied magnetic field (HTT) were performed in vacuum at 600°C for 20 min. HTT was applied parallel and perpendicular to the substrate surface. Magnetic M(H) measurements reveal the coexistence of a strong antiferromagnetic (AFM) signal and a ferromagnetic (FM) component. The AFM component has a Néel temperature higher than room temperature, the spin axis lies parallel to the substrate surface, and the highest magneticmoment m =7 μB/Co at. is obtained when HTT is applied parallel to the substrate surface. Our results show an enhancement of FM moment per Co+2 from 0.06 to 0.42 μB/Co at. for the sample on which HTT was applied perpendicular to the surface. The FM order is attributed to the coupling of Co+2 ions through electrons trapped at the site of oxygen vacancies, as described by the bound magnetic polaron model. Our results suggest that FM order is aligned along [101] direction of Co-doped SnO2 nanocrystals, which is proposed to be the easy magnetization axis. PMID:25489286

Magneticmoments of the low lying and charmed spin (1/2){sup +} and spin (3/2){sup +} baryons have been calculated in the SU(4) chiral constituent quark model ({chi}CQM) by including the contribution from cc fluctuations. Explicit calculations have been carried out for the contribution coming from the valence quarks, ''quark sea'' polarizations and their orbital angular momentum. The implications of such a model have also been studied for magneticmoments of the low lying spin (3/2){sup +{yields}}(1/2){sup +} and (1/2){sup +{yields}}(1/2){sup +} transitions as well as the transitions involving charmed baryons. The predictions of {chi}CQM not only give a satisfactory fit for the baryons where experimental data is available but also show improvement over the other models. In particular, for the case of {mu}(p), {mu}({Sigma}{sup +}), {mu}({Xi}{sup 0}), {mu}({Lambda}), Coleman-Glashow sum rule for the low lying spin (1/2){sup +} baryons and {mu}({Delta}{sup +}), {mu}({Omega}{sup -}) for the low lying spin (3/2){sup +} baryons, we are able to achieve an excellent agreement with data. For the spin (1/2){sup +} and spin (3/2){sup +} charmed baryon magneticmoments, our results are consistent with the predictions of the QCD sum rules, light cone sum rules and spectral sum rules. For the cases where light quarks dominate in the valence structure, the sea and orbital contributions are found to be fairly significant however, they cancel in the right direction to give the correct magnitude of the total magneticmoment. On the other hand, when there is an excess of heavy quarks, the contribution of the quark sea is almost negligible, for example, {mu}({Omega}{sub c}{sup 0}), {mu}({Lambda}{sub c}{sup +}), {mu}({Xi}{sub c}{sup +}), {mu}({Xi}{sub c}{sup 0}), {mu}({Omega}{sub cc}{sup +}), {mu}({Omega}{sup -}), {mu}({Omega}{sub c}*{sup 0}), {mu}({Omega}{sub cc}*{sup +}), and {mu}({Omega}{sub ccc}*{sup ++}). The effects of configuration mixing and quark masses have also been

In this Letter we discuss the potential application of antineutrino monitoring to the Iranian heavy water reactor at Arak, the IR-40, as a nonproliferation measure. An above ground detector positioned right outside the IR-40 reactor building could meet IAEA verification goals for reactor plutonium inventories. While detectors with the needed spectral sensitivity have been demonstrated below ground, additional research and development is needed to demonstrate an above-ground detector with this same level of sensitivity. In addition to monitoring the reactor during operation, observing antineutrino emissions from long-lived fission products could also allow monitoring the reactor when it is shut down, provided very low detector backgrounds can be achieved. Antineutrino monitoring could also be used to distinguish different levels of fuel enrichment. Most importantly, these capabilities would not require a complete reactor operational history and could provide a means to reestablish continuity of knowledge in safeguards conclusions should this become necessary.

The problem of determining the forces and moments acting on a wind tunnel model suspended in a Magnetic Suspension and Balance System is addressed. Two calibration methods were investigated for three types of model cores, i.e., Alnico, Samarium-Cobalt, and a superconducting solenoid. Both methods involve calibrating the currents in the electromagnetic array against known forces and moments. The first is a static calibration method using calibration weights and a system of pulleys. The other method, dynamic calibration, involves oscillating the model and using its inertia to provide calibration forces and moments. Static calibration data, found to produce the most reliable results, is presented for three degrees of freedom at 0, 15, and -10 deg angle of attack. Theoretical calculations are hampered by the inability to represent iron-cored electromagnets. Dynamic calibrations, despite being quicker and easier to perform, are not as accurate as static calibrations. Data for dynamic calibrations at 0 and 15 deg is compared with the relevant static data acquired. Distortion of oscillation traces is cited as a major source of error in dynamic calibrations.

Understanding the ramifications of reduced crystalline symmetry on magnetic behavior is a critical step in improving our understanding of nanoscale and interfacial magnetism. However, investigations of such effects are often controversial largely due to the challenges inherent in directly correlating nanoscale stoichiometry and structure to magnetic behavior. Here, we describe how to use Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to obtain Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) signals as a function of scattering angle to locally probe the magnetic behavior of thin oxide layers grown on an Fe (1 1 0) surface. Experiments and simulations both reveal a strong dependence of the magnetic orbital to spin ratio on its scattering vector in reciprocal space. We exploit this variation to extract the magnetic properties of the oxide cladding layer, showing that it locally may exhibit an enhanced orbital to spin moment ratio. This finding is supported here by both spatially and angularly resolved EMCD measurements, opening up the way for compelling investigations into how magnetic properties are affected by nanoscale features.

Understanding the ramifications of reduced crystalline symmetry on magnetic behavior is a critical step in improving our understanding of nanoscale and interfacial magnetism. However, investigations of such effects are often controversial largely due to the challenges inherent in directly correlating nanoscale stoichiometry and structure to magnetic behavior. Here, we describe how to use Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to obtain Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) signals as a function of scattering angle to locally probe the magnetic behavior of thin oxide layers grown on an Fe (1 1 0) surface. Experiments and simulations both reveal a strong dependence of the magnetic orbital to spin ratio on its scattering vector in reciprocal space. We exploit this variation to extract the magnetic properties of the oxide cladding layer, showing that it locally may exhibit an enhanced orbital to spin moment ratio. This finding is supported here by both spatially and angularly resolved EMCD measurements, opening up the way for compelling investigations into how magnetic properties are affected by nanoscale features. PMID:26278134

The magnetization reversal of a ferromagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticle with a volume of the order of several thousands of cubic nanometers under the influence of spin-polarized current has been investigated on a high-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope, where one of the electrodes is a magnetized iron wire needle and the second electrode is a ferromagnetic nanoparticle on a graphite substrate. The measured threshold current of magnetization reversal, i.e., the lowest value of the current corresponding to the magnetization reversal, is found to be I thresh ≈ 9 nA. A change in the magnetization of a nanoparticle is revealed using the giant magnetoresistance effect, i.e., the dependence of the weak polarized current ( I < I thresh) on the relative orientation of the magnetizations of the electrodes.

We report the first-principles study of the correlated behavior of the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and orbital moment anisotropy (OMA) as the functions of the thickness N of the Fe film. The work is motivated by recent experimental studies combining photoemission, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, and magnetic anisotropy measurements. In agreement with experiment, the correlated oscillations of MAE (N ) and OMA (N ) are obtained that have their origin in the formation of the 3d quantum well states (QWS) confined in the films. The main contribution to the oscillation amplitude comes from the surface layer. This is an interesting feature of the phenomenon consisting in the peculiar dependence of the physical quantities on the thickness of the film. We demonstrate that the band structure of the bulk Fe does not reflect adequately the properties of the 3d QWS in thin films and, therefore, does not provide the basis for understanding the oscillations of MAE (N ) and OMA (N ) . A detailed point-by-point analysis in the two-dimensional (2D) Brillouin zone (BZ) of the film shows that the contribution of the Γ point, contrary to a rather common expectation, does not play an important role in the formation of the oscillations. Instead, the most important contributions come from a broad region of the 2D BZ distant from the center of the BZ. Combining symmetry arguments and direct calculations we show that orbital moments of the electronic states possess nonzero transverse components orthogonal to the direction of the spin magnetization. The account for this feature is crucial in the point-by-point analysis of the OMA. On the basis of the calculations for noncollinear spin configurations we suggest interpretations of two interesting experimental findings: fast temperature decay of the oscillation amplitude in MAE (N ) and unexpectedly strong spin mixing of the initial states of the photoemission process.

Buffer-free and epitaxial α-Fe and α′-Fe{sub 8}N{sub x} thin films have been grown by RF magnetron sputtering onto MgO (100) substrates. The film thicknesses were determined with high accuracy by evaluating the Kiessig fringes of X-ray reflectometry measurements allowing a precise volume estimation. A gradual increase of the nitrogen content in the plasma led to an expansion of the iron bcc unit cell along the [001] direction resulting finally in a tetragonal distortion of about 10% corresponding to the formation of α′-Fe{sub 8}N. The α-Fe lattice expansion was accompanied by an increase in magneticmoment to 2.61 ± 0.06μ{sub B} per Fe atom and a considerable increase in anisotropy. These experiments show that—without requiring any additional ordering of the nitrogen atoms—the lattice expansion of α-Fe itself is the origin of the increased magneticmoment in α′-Fe{sub 8}N.

Understanding the ramifications of reduced crystalline symmetry on magnetic behavior is a critical step in improving our understanding of nanoscale and interfacial magnetism. However, investigations of such effects are often controversial largely due to the challenges inherent in directly correlating nanoscale stoichiometry and structure to magnetic behavior. Here, we describe how to use Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) to obtain Electron Magnetic Circular Dichroism (EMCD) signals as a function of scattering angle to locally probe the magnetic behavior of thin oxide layers grown on an Fe (1 1 0) surface. Experiments and simulations both reveal a strong dependence of the magneticmore » orbital to spin ratio on its scattering vector in reciprocal space. We exploit this variation to extract the magnetic properties of the oxide cladding layer, showing that it locally may exhibit an enhanced orbital to spin moment ratio. This finding is supported here by both spatially and angularly resolved EMCD measurements, opening up the way for compelling investigations into how magnetic properties are affected by nanoscale features.« less

We have used inelastic neutron scattering to measure the dynamic spin susceptibility in optimally-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Tc = 91 K). Four crystals with a total mass of 19 g were measured on the MAPS spectrometer at ISIS for temperatures of 10 K and 100 K. We have been able to identify the magnetic excitations in the energy range 20-90 meV. The magnetic nature of the scattering has been confirmed with spin-polarization analysis on IN22 at the ILL. While we see temperature-dependent changes for energies around 40 meV that are consistent with earlier studies, we find that the Q-integrated signal shows a much weaker variation with temperature. The absolute magnetic cross section is quite comparable to that of spin fluctuations in stripe ordered La1.875Ba0.125CuO4. As the magnetism in the latter system has been shown to have a dominant contribution from local moments [1], we argue that the same must be true for Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ. [1] M. Huecker et al., Phys. Rev. B (accepted); cond-mat/0503417v3.

The mechanisms that give rise to the sun's large-scale poloidal magnetic field are explored in the framework of the Babcock-Leighton (BL) model. It is shown that there are in general two quite distinct contributions to the generation of the 'alpha effect': the first is associated with the axial tilts of the bipolar magnetic regions as they erupt at the surface, while the second arises through the interaction between diffusion and flow as the magnetic flux is dispersed over the surface. The general relationship between flux transport and the BL dynamo is discussed.

In this contribution we describe the current understanding of reactor antineutrino fluxes and point out some recent developments. This is not intended to be a complete review of this vast topic but merely a selection of observations and remarks, which despite their incompleteness, will highlight the status and the challenges of this field.

Antineutrinos produced at nuclear reactors constitute a severe source of background for the detection of geoneutrinos, which bring to the Earth's surface information about natural radioactivity in the whole planet. In this framework, we provide a reference worldwide model for antineutrinos from reactors, in view of reactors operational records yearly published by the International Atomic Energy Agency. We evaluate the expected signal from commercial reactors for ongoing (KamLAND and Borexino), planned (SNO +), and proposed (Juno, RENO-50, LENA, and Hanohano) experimental sites. Uncertainties related to reactor antineutrino production, propagation, and detection processes are estimated using a Monte Carlo-based approach, which provides an overall site-dependent uncertainty on the signal in the geoneutrino energy window on the order of 3%. We also implement the off-equilibrium correction to the reference reactor spectra associated with the long-lived isotopes, and we estimate a 2.4% increase of the unoscillated event rate in the geoneutrino energy window due to the storage of spent nuclear fuels in the cooling pools. We predict that the research reactors contribute to less than 0.2% to the commercial reactor signal in the investigated 14 sites. We perform a multitemporal analysis of the expected reactor signal over a time lapse of ten years using reactor operational records collected in a comprehensive database published at www.fe.infn.it/antineutrino.

Stellar collapse is accompanied by emission of E sub neutrino approximately 10 MeV neutrinos and antineutrinos with the energy output W sub neutrino approximately 10 to the 53rd power to 10 to the 54th power erg. Annihilation of these particles in the vicinity of collapsar is considered. The physical consequences are discussed.

The determination of the most appropriate starting point for the theoretical description of Fe-based materials hosting high-temperature superconductivity remains among the most important unsolved problem in this relatively new field. Most of the work to date has focused on the pnictides, with LaFeAsO, BaFe(2)As(2) and LiFeAs being representative parent compounds of three families known as 1111, 122 and 111, respectively. This topical review examines recent progress in this area, with particular emphasis on the implication of experimental data which have provided evidence for the presence of electron itinerancy and the detection of local spin moments. In light of the results presented, the necessity of a theoretical framework contemplating the presence and the interplay between itinerant electrons and large spin moments is discussed. It is argued that the physics at the heart of the macroscopic properties of pnictides Fe-based high-temperature superconductors appears to be far more complex and interesting than initially predicted. PMID:25352180

The determination of the most appropriate starting point for the theoretical description of Fe-based materials hosting high-temperature superconductivity remains among the most important unsolved problem in this relatively new field. Most of the work to date has focused on the pnictides, with LaFeAsO, BaFe2As2 and LiFeAs being representative parent compounds of three families known as 1111, 122 and 111, respectively. This topical review examines recent progress in this area, with particular emphasis on the implication of experimental data which have provided evidence for the presence of electron itinerancy and the detection of local spin moments. In light of the results presented, the necessity of a theoretical framework contemplating the presence and the interplay between itinerant electrons and large spin moments is discussed. It is argued that the physics at the heart of the macroscopic properties of pnictides Fe-based high-temperature superconductors appears to be far more complex and interesting than initially predicted.

We report on the magnetic properties of individual Fe atoms deposited on MgO(100) thin films probed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. We show that the Fe atoms have strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy with a zero-field splitting of 14.0±0.3 meV/atom. This is a factor of 10 larger than the interface anisotropy of epitaxial Fe layers on MgO and the largest value reported for Fe atoms adsorbed on surfaces. The interplay between the ligand field at the O adsorption sites and spin-orbit coupling is analyzed by density functional theory and multiplet calculations, providing a comprehensive model of the magnetic properties of Fe atoms in a low-symmetry bonding environment. PMID:26684139

A new determination of the magneticmoment of the positive muon in units of the magneticmoment of the proton is presented. The Larmor precession of positive muons in liquid bromine was observed by a stroboscopic technique in a field of 0.75 T and combined with concomitant proton NMR measurements in the same chemical environment. The stroboscopic method allows use of the full muon stopping rate available at the Schweizerisches Institut fuer Nuklearforschung (SIN) muon channel. Moreover, it permits an intrinsically precise determination of muon Larmor frequency and proton NMR frequency measuring the magnetic field by comparison with the stable reference frequency of the SIN accelerator (..delta cap omega../..cap omega..roughly-equal10/sup -8/). Two different bromine targets were used which allowed an unambiguous determination of the chemical field shift experienced by the muons. One target contained pure and water-free liquid bromine (Br/sub 2/), where stopped muons form (..mu../sup +/e/sup -/)Br molecules. The other target was slightly contaminated with water; there a chemical reaction chain places the muons into (..mu../sup +/e/sup -/)HO molecules. The diamagnetic shielding of protons in the analogous molecules HBr and H/sub 2/O in liquid bromine was measured by high-resolution NMR. Values for the isotopic shift of the diamagnetic shielding, when protons are replaced by muons, are available from quantum chemical calculations. After application of the chemical-shift corrections, the results from the two different bromine targets are consistent. The final result is ..mu../sub ..mu..//..mu../sub p/ = 3.183 344 1(17) (or +- 0.53 ppm). This value agrees with other recent precision determinations of ..mu../sub ..mu..//..mu../sub p/. For the muon mass the present result implies m/sub ..mu..//m/sub e/ = 206.768 35(11) ( +- 0.53 ppm).

In order to resolve a discrepancy of the magneticmoment on Fe between the experimental and calculation results, we perform first-principle electronic structure calculations for iron-based superconductors LaFeAsO1-x and LiFeAs also show similar SDW. So far, the first-principle calculations on LaFeAsO actually predicted the SDW state as a ground state. However, the predicted magneticmoment (∼2 μB) per an Fe atom is much larger than the observed one (∼0.35 μB) in experiments [2,4]. The authors suggested that the discrepancy can be resolved by expanding U into a negative U range within LSDA + U framework. In this paper, we revisit the discrepancy and clarify why the negative correction is essential in these compounds. See Ref. [5] for the details of calculation data by LSDA + negative U. In the first-principle calculation on compounds including transition metals, the total energy is frequently corrected by “LSDA + U” approach. The parameter U is theoretically re-expressed as U(≡U-J), where U is the on-site Coulomb repulsion (Hubbard U) and J is the atomic-orbital intra-exchange energy (Hund’s coupling parameter) [6]. The parameter U employed in the electronic structure calculations is usually positive. The positivity promotes the localized character of d-electrons and enhances the magneticmoment in the cases of magnetically ordered compounds. Normally, this positive correction successfully works. In choosing the parameter, one can principally extend the parameter U range to a negative region. The negative case [7] is not popular, but it can occur in the following two cases [8]: (i) the Hubbard U becomes negative and (ii) the intra-exchange J is effectively larger than the Hubbard U. The case (i) has been suggested by many authors based on various theoretical considerations. Here, we note that U should be estimated once screening effects on the long-range Coulomb interaction are taken into account. In fact, small U has been reported [9]. Thus, when the

Nano-sized magnesium ferrite particles were prepared by sol gel combustion synthesis and were either furnace cooled or quenched after calcining at various temperatures ranging from 300 to 800 °C. A magnetisation value of 61 emu/g was obtained at 5 K for sample calcined at 800 °C and quenched in liquid nitrogen temperature. This is one of the highest reported values of magnetisation obtained from quenching at such a lower temperature. An estimate of the number of Fe3+ ions on A and B sites was made after applying Néel Model on the magnetisation values measured at 5 K. It was estimated that Fe3+ ions segregates out from both sites disproportionately so as to cause a net decrease in the overall moment. The resultant cation distribution is found to be consistent with the coercivity data.

We have investigated the effect of epitaxial strain on the magnetic properties and B -site cation ordering in multiferroic Bi2FeCrO6 (001) thin films using a density-functional theory approach. We find that in thin films with rock-salt ordering of Fe and Cr the ground state is characterized by C-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) order. This is in contrast to the bulk form of the material, which was predicted to be a ferrimagnet with G-type AFM order. Furthermore, the cation-ordered thin films undergo a transition with epitaxial strain from C- to A-type AFM order. Other magnetic orders appear as thermally accessible excited states. We also find that B -site cation-disordered structures are more stable in coherent epitaxial strains, thereby explaining the lowered magneticmoments observed in these samples at room temperature. Strain varies both the sign and strength of the Fe-Cr superexchange coupling, resulting in a very interesting phase diagram for Bi2FeCrO6 thin films.

Large Ce-Ce distances of 6.7-6.8 Åand weak hybridization between Ce 4 f and itinerant electron states act to promote stable localized magneticmoments in the compounds CeT2Cd20 (T = Ni, Pd), but also conspire to severely limit the strength of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) magnetic exchange interaction that couples them. As a consequence, measurements of electrical resistivity, performed on single-crystalline samples of these new Cd-based compounds down to 0.138 K, were unable to resolve any evidence for magnetic order. In this presentation, we will compare measurements of the physical properties of CeT2Cd20 (T = Ni, Pd) under ambient and applied pressures with the reported properties of the isostructural compounds CeT2X20 (T = transition metal; X = Al, Zn). We will use these comparisons to discuss the interplay of unit cell volume, hybridization, and the RKKY interaction and its role in establishing the ground states of the Ce-based ``1-2-20'' compounds. Sample synthesis and physical properties measurements were supported by the U.S. DOE under Grant No. DE-FG02-04-ER46105. Measurements of electrical resistivity below 1 K were supported by the NSF under Grants No. DMR-1206553 and No. DMR-1104544.

Complex ac susceptibility, χ =χ'-iχ'', measurements of the clathrate compound Pr3Pd20Ge6 were performed in static fields up to 10 mT for H ∥[001] and at temperatures down to 500 μK. Praseodymium (Pr) nuclear magneticmoments at the 8c site, where quadrupole moments of 4f electrons order at TQ1=250 mK, were found to order antiferromagnetically at 9 mK, as shown by a peak in χ' and a substantial increase in thermal relaxation time. The large enhancement factor (1+K8c) obtained by calculation of the hyperfine-enhanced nuclear susceptibility of Pr at the 8c site accounts for the high transition temperature of Pr nuclear magneticmoments and the large χ' below 30 mK. From analysis of the crystalline electric field and the mean-field approximation, we conclude that a χ peak at 77 mK can be ascribed to an antiferromagnetic ordering of magneticmoments of 4f electrons at the 4a site. We found that nuclear and f-electron moments order separately on two sublattices in this compound. The temperature and magnetic field dependence of χ' and χ'' between 30 and 60 mK are discussed in terms of dissipation phenomena.

The scattering of a nonrelativistic neutral massive fermion having the anomalous magneticmoment (AMM) in an electric field of a uniformly charged long conducting thread aligned perpendicularly to the fermion motion is considered to study the so-called Aharonov-Casher (AC) effect by taking into account the particle spin. For this solution, the nonrelativistic Dirac-Pauli equation for a neutral massive fermion with AMM in (3+1) dimensions is found, which takes into account explicitly the particle spin and interaction between AMM of moving fermion and the electric field. Expressions for the scattering amplitude and the cross-section are obtained for spin-polarized massive neutral fermion scattered off the above conducting thread. We conclude that the scattering amplitude and cross-section of spin-polarized massive neutral fermions are influenced by the interaction of AMM of moving neutral fermions with the electric field as well as by the polarization of fermion beam in the initial state.

The magneticmoments of JP=3/2+ decuplet baryons have been calculated in the chiral constituent quark model (χ CQM ) with explicit results for the contribution coming from the valence quark polarizations, sea quark polarizations, and their orbital angular momentum. Since the JP=3/2+ decuplet baryons have short lifetimes, the experimental information about them is limited. The χ CQM has important implications for chiral symmetry breaking as well as SU(3) symmetry breaking since it works in the region between the QCD confinement scale and the chiral symmetry breaking scale. The predictions in the model not only give a satisfactory fit when compared with the experimental data but also show improvement over the other models. The effect of the confinement on quark masses has also been discussed in detail and the results of χ CQM are found to improve further with the inclusion of effective quark masses.

In this paper we consider the contribution of the anomalous magneticmoments of protons and neutrons to the nuclear charge density. We show that the spin-orbit contribution to the mean-square charge radius, which has been neglected in recent nuclear calculations, can be important in light halonuclei. We estimate the size of the effect in helium, lithium, and beryllium nuclei. It is found that the spin-orbit contribution represents a approx2% correction to the charge density at the center of the {sup 7}Be nucleus. We derive a simple expression for the correction to the mean-square charge radius due to the spin-orbit term and find that in light halonuclei it may be larger than the Darwin-Foldy term and comparable to finite size corrections. A comparison of experimental and theoretical mean-square radii including the spin-orbit contribution is presented.

The behavior of electron energy levels in hydrogen-like atoms is studied while taking into account the nonperturbative interaction between the radiative component of the magneticmoment of a free electron Δ g free and the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus with charge Z, including those with Z > 137. It is shown that for Zα ≪ 1 the energy-level shift is rather effectively determined through the matrix elements of the corresponding Dirac-Pauli operator with relativistic Coulomb wave functions. At the same time, for superheavy nuclei with Z ˜ 170, this shift, generated by Δ g free, is genuinely nonperturbative, behaves like ˜ Z 5 near the threshold of negative continuum, exceeds all the estimates of radiative corrections coming from vacuum polarization and electron self-energy known so far, and turns out to be at least of the same order as the effects of nuclear charge screening by filled electron shells.

The polarization of Ξ¯ + hyperons produced by 800-GeV/c protons in the inclusive reaction p+Be-->Ξ¯ ++X has been measured using a sample of 70 000 Ξ¯ + decays. The average polarization of the Ξ¯ +, at a mean xF=0.39 and pt=0.76 GeV/c, is -0.097+/-0.012+/-0.009, compared to -0.102+/-0.012+/-0.010 for the Ξ-. The large polarization found for the Ξ¯ + is not expected in any model for polarization of inclusively produced hyperons. The magneticmoment of the Ξ¯ + was measured to be 0.657+/-0.028+/-0.020 nuclear magnetons (μN), compared to (-0.674+/-0.021+/-0.020)μN for the Ξ-, in good agreement with CPT invariance.

In this work, we use models constructed with the Eggleton code for stellar evolution, along with the photometric data of the super-rich globular cluster ω-Centauri (Sollima et al., 2004), to put a constraint on the magnetic dipole moment of neutrinos. We begin with a review of the idea proposed by Raffelt and Dearborn (1988), in which, as a consequence of a non-zero magnetic dipole moment, the tip-RGB luminosity of low mass stars gets increased over its standard value. First, we measure the dependence of the He-core mass and bolometric luminosity, at the tip-RGB, on the existing fits to characterize plasmon decay into neutrinos, namely those from Itoh et al. (1992), Haft et al. (1994), and the more recent results from Kantor and Gushakov (2007). Then, stating our definition of the tip-RGB, we revise multiple theoretical aspects: the consequences of non-standard neutrino emission on the internal structure of stellar models, its impact on the calibration of the Reimers mass-loss rate and later evolutionary phases and the influence of initial Helium abundance, metallicity, convection theory and opacities. Finally, we consider the specific case of ω-Cen. Using our tip-RGB models, and the bolometric correction obtained by the PHOENIX code for stellar atmospheres, to estimate the luminosity for canonical and non-standard evolution, also measuring the impact of the reported chemical spread in ω-Cen on our results. We find that the upper limit μν ≤ 2.2 ×10-12μB is already well constrained by observations. This result compares with the one obtained by Viaux et al. (2013), μν ≤ 2.6 ×10-12μB , from photometric study of the globular cluster M5.

Here, we report the physical properties of single crystals of the compounds CeT2Cd20 (T = Ni, Pd) that were grown in a molten Cd flux. Large separations of ~6.7- 6.8 Å between Ce ions favor the localized magneticmoments that are observed in measurements of the magnetization. The strength of the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya- Yosida magnetic exchange interaction between the localized moments is severely limited by the large Ce-Ce separations and by weak hybridization between localized Ce 4f and itinerant electron states. Measurements of electrical resistivity performed down to 0.138 K were unable to observe evidence for the emergence of magnetic order; however, magnetically-ordered ground states with very low transition temperatures are still expected in these compounds despite the isolated nature of the localized magneticmoments. Such a fragile magnetic order could be highly susceptible to tuning via applied pressure, but evidence for the emergence of magnetic order has not been observed so far in our measurements up to 2.5 GPa.

Green's function Monte Carlo calculations of magneticmoments and $M1$ transitions including two-body meson-exchange current (MEC) contributions are reported for $A\\leq7$ nuclei. The realistic Argonne $v_{18}$ two-nucleon and Illinois-2 three-nucleon potentials are used to generate the nuclear wave functions. The two-body meson-exchange operators are constructed to satisfy the continuity equation with the Argonne $v_{18}$ potential. The MEC contributions increase the $A$=3,7 isovector magneticmoments by 16\\% and the $A$=6,7 transition rates by 17--34\\%, bringing them into very good agreement with the experimental data.

Motivated by the indications of a possible deficit of muon tracks in the first three-year equivalent data set of IceCube we investigate the possibility that the astrophysical (anti)neutrino flux (in the PeV energy range) could originate from β -decay of relativistic neutrons. We show that to accommodate IceCube observations it is necessary that only about 1% to 10% of the emitted cosmic rays in the energy decade 108.5≲ECR/GeV ≲109.5 , yielding antineutrinos on Earth (1 05.5≲Eν ¯/GeV ≲1 06.5 ), are observed. Such a strong suppression can be explained assuming magnetic shielding of the secondary protons which diffuse in extragalactic magnetic fields of strength 10 ≲B /nG ≲100 and coherence length ≲Mpc .

The impact of the fluorine-based reactive ion etch (RIE) process on the structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of NiFe and CoNiFe-plated materials was investigated. Several techniques, including X-ray fluorescence, 4-point-probe, BH looper, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), were utilized to characterize both bulk film properties such as thickness, average composition, Rs, ρ, Bs, Ms, and surface magnetic “dead” layers' properties such as thickness and element concentration. Experimental data showed that the majority of Rs and Bs changes of these bulk films were due to thickness reduction during exposure to the RIE process. ρ and Ms change after taking thickness reduction into account were negligible. The composition of the bulk films, which were not sensitive to surface magnetic dead layers with nano-meter scale, showed minimum change as well. It was found by TEM and EELS analysis that although both before and after RIE there were magnetic dead layers on the top surface of these materials, the thickness and element concentration of the layers were quite different. Prior to RIE, dead layer was actually native oxidation layers (about 2 nm thick), while after RIE dead layer consisted of two sub-layers that were about 6 nm thick in total. Sub-layer on the top was native oxidation layer, while the bottom layer was RIE “damaged” layer with very high fluorine concentration. Two in-situ RIE approaches were also proposed and tested to remove such damaged sub-layers.

Antineutrino detectors could provide a valuable addition to current safeguards regimes. Antineutrinos are an attractive emission to monitor due to their low interaction cross-section that prevents them from being shielded and the dependence of their spectrum on the power level and isotopic content of a reactor core. While there are antineutrino detectors currently deployed at an operational reactor, such observations cannot predict the effect of the diversion of nuclear material on the antineutrino emissions. Utilizing simulation tools, one can predict the antineutrino signatures of such abnormal operations and other reactor types that have not been experimentally measured. This study simulates reactor cores with assembly-level resolution for both baseline and diversion cases in order to predict the properties of a detector for measuring the differences in the antineutrino signatures.

RENO is the reactor experiment to measure the neutrino mixing angle θ{sub 1}3 by observing the disappearance of the reactor antineutrino. Antineutrinos from six reactors at Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, are detected and compared by two identical detectors located at 294 m and 1383 m, respectively, from the center of the reactor array. The far (near) detector observes 73 (780) electron antineutrino candidate events per day after background subtraction with the precise measurement of reactor antineutrino flux. In this paper, an updated result is presented about the energy spectra of antineutrino signals in RENO detectors. A precise measurement of reactor antineutrino flux is also presented in comparison with expectations.

The MiniBooNE experiment has reported a number of high statistics neutrino and anti-neutrino cross sections -among which are the charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) and neutral current elastic (NCE) neutrino scattering on mineral oil (CH2). Recently a study of the neutrino contamination of the anti-neutrino beam has concluded and the analysis of the anti-neutrino CCQE and NCE scattering is ongoing.

The current state-of-the-art in antineutrino detection is such that it is now possible to monitor the operational status, power levels and fissile content of nuclear reactors in real-time at standoff distances of a few tens of meters, well outside of the reactor containment. This has been demonstrated at civilian power reactors in both Russia and the United States. In the last few years, the International Atomic Energy Agency has begun to consider the potential of this technology for its reactor safeguards regime. In this talk, I describe the state of the art for this application, and emphasize the natural overlap with ongoing efforts in fundamental physics to measure the oscillations of antineutrinos using reactor sources.

In order to perform reactor experiments aimed at studying the nature of the neutrino and measurements in the realms of geo- and astrophysical neutrinos and to meet practical requirements in this field, it is highly desirable to obtain deeper insight into the operation of nuclear reactors as a source of antineutrinos. The fluxes and spectra of neutrinos from a reactor in the on and off modes and from a reservoir intended for storing a spent reactor fuel and situated near the reactor being considered are calculated. Features that are peculiar to the flux and spectrum of reactor antineutrinos and which are of importance for implementing and interpreting experiments, but which were disregarded previously, are analyzed here.

Using radiative events collected with the OPAL detector at LEP at during 1990-95, a direct study of the electromagnetic current at the vertex has been performed in terms of the anomalous magnetic form factor of the lepton. The analysis is based on a data sample of 1429 events which are examined for a deviation from the expectation with . From the non-observation of anomalous production a limit ofis obtained. This can also be interpreted as a limit on the electric dipole form factor asThe above ranges are valid at the confidence level.

Precise predictions of the antineutrino spectra emitted by nuclear reactors is a key ingredient in measurements of reactor neutrino oscillations as well as in recent applications to the surveillance of power plants in the context of nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. We report new calculations including the latest information from nuclear databases and a detailed error budget. The first part of this work is the so-called ab initio approach where the total antineutrino spectrum is built from the sum of all β branches of all fission products predicted by an evolution code. Systematic effects and missing information in nuclear databases lead to final relative uncertainties in the 10-20% range. A prediction of the antineutrino spectrum associated with the fission of U238 is given based on this ab initio method. For the dominant isotopes we developed a more accurate approach combining information from nuclear databases and reference electron spectra associated with the fission of U235, Pu239, and Pu241, measured at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in the 1980s. We show how the anchor point of the measured total β spectra can be used to suppress the uncertainty in nuclear databases while taking advantage of all the information they contain. We provide new reference antineutrino spectra for U235, Pu239, and Pu241 isotopes in the 2-8 MeV range. While the shapes of the spectra and their uncertainties are comparable to those of the previous analysis of the ILL data, the normalization is shifted by about +3% on average. In the perspective of the reanalysis of past experiments and direct use of these results by upcoming oscillation experiments, we discuss the various sources of errors and their correlations as well as the corrections induced by off-equilibrium effects.

Precise predictions of the antineutrino spectra emitted by nuclear reactors is a key ingredient in measurements of reactor neutrino oscillations as well as in recent applications to the surveillance of power plants in the context of nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. We report new calculations including the latest information from nuclear databases and a detailed error budget. The first part of this work is the so-called ab initio approach where the total antineutrino spectrum is built from the sum of all {beta} branches of all fission products predicted by an evolution code. Systematic effects and missing information in nuclear databases lead to final relative uncertainties in the 10-20% range. A prediction of the antineutrino spectrum associated with the fission of {sup 238}U is given based on this ab initio method. For the dominant isotopes we developed a more accurate approach combining information from nuclear databases and reference electron spectra associated with the fission of {sup 235}U, {sup 239}Pu, and {sup 241}Pu, measured at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in the 1980s. We show how the anchor point of the measured total {beta} spectra can be used to suppress the uncertainty in nuclear databases while taking advantage of all the information they contain. We provide new reference antineutrino spectra for {sup 235}U, {sup 239}Pu, and {sup 241}Pu isotopes in the 2-8 MeV range. While the shapes of the spectra and their uncertainties are comparable to those of the previous analysis of the ILL data, the normalization is shifted by about +3% on average. In the perspective of the reanalysis of past experiments and direct use of these results by upcoming oscillation experiments, we discuss the various sources of errors and their correlations as well as the corrections induced by off-equilibrium effects.

Integrating the advantage of magnetic bearings with a double gimble control moment gyroscope (DGCMG), a magnetically suspended DGCMG (MSDGCMG) is an ideal actuator in high-precision, long life, and rapid maneuver attitude control systems. The work presented here mainly focuses on performance testing of a MSDGCMG independently developed by Beihang University, based on the single axis air bearing table. In this paper, taking into sufficient consideration to the moving-gimbal effects and the response bandwidth limit of the gimbal, a special MSDGCMG steering law is proposed subject to the limits of gimbal angle rate and angle acceleration. Finally, multiple experiments are carried out, with different MSDGCMG angular momenta as well as different desired attitude angles. The experimental results indicate that the MSDGCMG has a good gimbal angle rate and output torque tracking capabilities, and that the attitude stability with MSDGCMG as actuator is superior to 10−3°/s. The MSDGCMG performance testing in this paper, carried out under moving-base condition, will offer a technique base for the future research and application of MSDGCMGs. PMID:23012536

Integrating the advantage of magnetic bearings with a double gimble control moment gyroscope (DGCMG), a magnetically suspended DGCMG (MSDGCMG) is an ideal actuator in high-precision, long life, and rapid maneuver attitude control systems. The work presented here mainly focuses on performance testing of a MSDGCMG independently developed by Beihang University, based on the single axis air bearing table. In this paper, taking into sufficient consideration to the moving-gimbal effects and the response bandwidth limit of the gimbal, a special MSDGCMG steering law is proposed subject to the limits of gimbal angle rate and angle acceleration. Finally, multiple experiments are carried out, with different MSDGCMG angular momenta as well as different desired attitude angles. The experimental results indicate that the MSDGCMG has a good gimbal angle rate and output torque tracking capabilities, and that the attitude stability with MSDGCMG as actuator is superior to 10(-3)°/s. The MSDGCMG performance testing in this paper, carried out under moving-base condition, will offer a technique base for the future research and application of MSDGCMGs. PMID:23012536

The relaxation of magnetization in MnAs nanomagnets fabricated on GaAs(001) substrates consists of three exponential decays that are associated with the first-order phase transition between the ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic phases of MnAs and fast and slow flipping processes of magneticmoments. Not only the phase-transition component but also the fast-relaxation component become appreciable in the narrow temperature range of the thermal hysteresis of the phase transition. The magneticmoments are suggested to be rotated by virtual phase-transition processes. A brief expansion of the lattice constants of MnAs through the magnetic-field-induced phase transition is found to generate a memory effect and permanently elongate the decay times.

LLNL and SNL have been exploiting the unique characteristics of reactor antineutrinos for nearly a decade in an effort to develop an independent means of monitoring fissile material diversion for reactor safeguard programs. The current capabilities of antineutrino detectors used in a non-proliferation regime are such that the operational status, power levels and fissile content of the nuclear reactor can be determined in real-time. These experiments were performed at stand-off distances of a few tens of meters. In the last few years, the International Atomic Energy Agency has begun to consider the potential of this technology for its reactor safeguards regime. In this talk, I describe the state of the art for this application, and emphasize the natural overlap with ongoing efforts in fundamental physics to measure the oscillations of antineutrinos using nuclear reactors as sources. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.

A direct and element-specific measurement of the local Fe spin moment has been provided by analyzing the Fe 3s core level photoemission spectra in the parent and optimally doped CeFeAsO₁₋xFx (x = 0, 0.11) and Sr(Fe₁₋xCox)2As2 (x = 0, 0.10) pnictides. The rapid time scales of the photoemission process allowed the detection of large local spin moments fluctuating on a 10⁻¹⁵ s time scale in the paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and superconducting phases, indicative of the occurrence of ubiquitous strong Hund's magnetic correlations. The magnitude of the spin moment is found to vary significantly among different families, 1.3μB in CeFeAsO and 2.1μBmore » in SrFe₂As₂. Surprisingly, the spin moment is found to decrease considerably in the optimally doped samples, 0.9μB in CeFeAsO₀.₈₉F₀.₁₁ and 1.3μB in Sr(Fe₀.₉Co₀.₁)₂As₂. The strong variation of the spin moment against doping and material type indicates that the spin moments and the motion of itinerant electrons are influenced reciprocally in a self-consistent fashion, reflecting the strong competition between the antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction among the spin moments and the kinetic energy gain of the itinerant electrons in the presence of a strong Hund's coupling. By describing the evolution of the magnetic correlations concomitant with the appearance of superconductivity, these results constitute a fundamental step toward attaining a correct description of the microscopic mechanisms shaping the electronic properties in the pnictides, including magnetism and high-temperature superconductivity.« less

Oscillations with a period equal to the normal or superconducting flux quantum occur in the current density and the orbital parts of the energy and the magneticmoment in cyclic systems. Transitions between these regimes can be induced by changing the number of electrons or by switching between states with different energies.

Nanostructured FeCo thin films are interesting for magnetic recording applications due to their high saturation magnetization, high Curie temperature and low magnetocrystalline anisotropy. It is desirable to know how the magnetism is modified by the nanostructrure. We report Fe L 2 , 3 edge and Co L2 , 3 edge x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) investigations of element specific spin and orbital magnetism of Fe and Co in two multilayer samples: (S1) Si/SiO2/[Co 0.8 nm/Fe 1.6 nm]x32/W (2nm) and (S2) Si/SiO2/[Co 1.6 nm/Fe 0.8 nm]x32/W (2nm) thin films at room temperature. Sum rule analysis of XMCD at Fe L2 , 3 edge in sample S1 shows that the orbital moment of Fe is strongly enhanced and the spin moment is strongly reduced as compared to the values found in bulk Fe. Details of sum rule analysis will be presented to compare and contrast spin magneticmoments and orbital magneticmoments of Fe and Co in the two multilayer samples. This research used resources of the Advanced Photon Source, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Clarification of the role of magnetic ordering and scattering in two-dimensional electron gas has become increasingly important to understand the transport and magnetic behavior in the LaAlO3 (LAO)/SrTiO3 (STO) heterostructures. In this work, we report the sheet resistance of the LAO/STO heterostructures as functions of temperature, magnetic field, and field orientation. An unexpected resistance minimum was discovered at ∼10 K under a sufficiently high in-plane magnetic field. An anisotropic magnetoresistance (MR) is clearly identified, indicating the presence of magnetic scattering which may be related to the interaction between itinerant electrons and localized magneticmoments in the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures. It is believed that the high concentration of oxygen vacancies induced by the ultralow oxygen partial pressure during the deposition process plays a predominant role in the occurrence of the anisotropic MR. PMID:27186855

Most of tight-binding studies of transition metal based systems deviating from perfect bulk (surfaces, nanoparticles, alloys) are based on local charge neutrality rules per site, per valence orbital and per element. Unfortunately, such rules do not hold per spin when interested in magnetic elements. We present here a simple way to characterize the variation of the magneticmoment with the environment and to generalize the tight-binding expression of the energy to account for magnetism. This is illustrated in the particular case of cobalt, going from perfect pure bulk to surface, nanoparticles and then CoPt alloy.

We analyse the low energy predictions of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) arising from a GUT scale Pati-Salam gauge group further constrained by an A 4 × Z 5 family symmetry, resulting in four soft scalar masses at the GUT scale: one left-handed soft mass m 0 and three right-handed soft masses m 1 , m 2 , m 3, one for each generation. We demonstrate that this model, which was initially developed to describe the neutrino sector, can explain collider and non-collider measurements such as the dark matter relic density, the Higgs boson mass and, in particular, the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon ( g - 2) μ . Since about two decades, ( g - 2) μ suffers a puzzling about 3 σ excessoftheexperimentallymeasuredvalueoverthetheoreticalprediction,whichour model is able to fully resolve. As the consequence of this resolution, our model predicts specific regions of the parameter space with the specific properties including light smuons and neutralinos, which could also potentially explain di-lepton excesses observed by CMS and ATLAS.

We investigate whether models with flat extra dimensions in which SM fields propagate can give a significant contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon (MMM). In models with only SM gauge and Higgs fields in the bulk, the contribution to the MMM from Kaluza-Klein (KK) excitations of gauge bosons is very small. This is due to the constraint on the size of the extra dimensions from tree-level effects of KK excitations of gauge bosons on precision electroweak observables such as Fermi constant. If the quarks and leptons are also allowed to propagate in the (same) bulk (``universal'' extra dimensions), then there are no contributions to precision electroweak observables at tree-level. However, in this case, the constraint from one-loop contribution of KK excitations of (mainly) the top quark to /T parameter again implies that the contribution to the MMM is small. We show that in models with leptons, electroweak gauge and Higgs fields propagating in the (same) bulk, but with quarks and gluon propagating in a sub-space of this bulk, both the above constraints can be relaxed. However, with only one Higgs doublet, the constraint from the process /b-->sγ requires the contribution to the MMM to be smaller than the SM electroweak correction. This constraint can be relaxed in models with more than one Higgs doublet.

This paper focuses on the attitude control problem of small agile satellites using single-gimbal control moment gyros (CMG) and magnetic torquers (MTQ). CMGs are regarded as effective torque generators for agile satellites because of their torque amplification capability. However, they are vulnerable to failure due to their complex inner mechanism. In this paper, different failure cases of CMGs are analyzed. A flexible failure-tolerant control strategy is developed by automatically redistributing the required control torque among the operating CMGs and MTQs, with a variable limiter to accommodate the actuator dynamics changes introduced by CMG failures. The performances of maneuvers about different directions under different failure cases are also discussed and examined. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed strategy maintains certain agility in the cases of one or two CMGs failing. Moreover, a survival strategy with only one CMG left is also verified. Both sun-pointing stabilization and earth-pointing stabilization can be achieved in this case, which fulfill some basic mission requirements.

The Daya Bay reactor antineutrino experiment is designed to make a precision measurement of the neutrino mixing angle θ13, and recently made the definitive discovery of its non-zero value. It utilizes a set of eight, functionally identical antineutrino detectors to measure the reactor flux and spectrum at baselines of ~ 300-2000 m from the Daya Bay and Ling Ao Nuclear Power Plants. The Daya Bay antineutrino detectors were built in an above-ground facility and deployed side-by-side at three underground experimental sites near and far from the nuclear reactors. This configuration allows the experiment to make a precision measurement of reactor antineutrino disappearance over km-long baselines and reduces relative systematic uncertainties between detectors and nuclear reactors. This paper describes the assembly and installation of the Daya Bay antineutrino detectors.

Reactor simulation is an important source of uncertainties for a reactor neutrino experiment. Therefore, how to evaluate the antineutrino flux uncertainty results from reactor simulation is an important question. In this study, a method of the antineutrino flux uncertainty result from reactor simulation was proposed by considering the correlation coefficient. In order to use this method in the Daya Bay antineutrino experiment, the open source code DRAGON was improved and used for obtaining the fission fraction and correlation coefficient. The average fission fraction between DRAGON and SCIENCE code was compared and the difference was less than 5% for all the four isotopes. The uncertainty of fission fraction was evaluated by comparing simulation atomic density of four main isotopes with Takahama-3 experiment measurement. After that, the uncertainty of the antineutrino flux results from reactor simulation was evaluated as 0.6% per core for Daya Bay antineutrino experiment.

The informatics moment is the moment when a person seeks help in using some digital technology that is new to him or her. This article examines the informatics moment in people's everyday lives as they sought help at a branch public library. Four types of literacy were involved: basic literacy (reading and writing), computer literacy (use of a…

We propose modifying large water C erenkov detectors by the addition of 0.2% gadolinium trichloride, which is highly soluble, newly inexpensive, and transparent in solution. Since Gd has an enormous cross section for radiative neutron capture, with summation operatorE(gamma)=8 MeV, this would make neutrons visible for the first time in such detectors, allowing antineutrino tagging by the coincidence detection reaction nu (e)+p-->e(+)+n (similarly for nu (mu)). Taking Super-Kamiokande as a working example, dramatic consequences for reactor neutrino measurements, first observation of the diffuse supernova neutrino background, galactic supernova detection, and other topics are discussed. PMID:15525063

The local magneticmoments and the valence contribution to the crystal-field parameter A02 at the rare-earth sites are calculated for scrR2Fe14B with scrR=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er within the framework of the linear-muffin-tin-orbital theory and the local-spin-density approximation. Thereby, the 4f moments of scrR are calculated by the Russel-Saunders scheme, but the radial 4f spin density was part of the self-consistent density-functional calculation. The local moments as well as A02 averaged over the two crystallographically inequivalent scrR sites remain remarkably constant across the series.

Sr2IrO4 is a prototype of the class of Mott insulators in the strong spin-orbit interaction (SOI) limit described by a Jeff = 1/2 ground state. In Sr2IrO4, the strong SOI is predicted to manifest itself in the locking of the canting of the magneticmoments to the correlated rotation by 11.8(1)° of the oxygen octahedra that characterizes its distorted layered perovskite structure. Using x-ray resonant scattering at the Ir L3 edge we have measured accurately the intensities of Bragg peaks arising from different components of the magnetic structure. From a careful comparison of integrated intensities of peaks due to basal-plane antiferromagnetism, with those due to b-axis ferromagnetism, we deduce a canting of the magneticmoments of 12.2(8)°. We thus confirm that in Sr2IrO4 the magneticmoments rigidly follow the rotation of the oxygen octahedra, indicating that, even in the presence of significant non-cubic structural distortions, it is a close realization of the Jeff = 1/2 state. PMID:24067396

We report a combination of Fe Kβ x-ray emission spectroscopy and density functional reduced Stoner theory calculations to investigate the correlation between structural and magnetic degrees of freedom in CaFe2(As1-xPx)2. The puzzling temperature behavior of the local moment found in rare earth-doped CaFe2As2 [H. Gretarsson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 047003 (2013)] is also observed in CaFe2(As1-xPx)2. We explain this phenomenon based on first-principles calculations with scaled magnetic interaction. One scaling parameter is sufficient to describe quantitatively the magneticmoments in both CaFe2(As1-xPx)2 (x=0.055) and Ca0.78La0.22Fe2As2 at all temperatures. The anomalous growth of the local moments with increasing temperature can be understood from the observed large thermal expansion of the c-axis lattice parameter combined with strong magnetoelastic coupling. These effects originate from the strong tendency to form As-As dimers across the Ca layer in the CaFe2As2 family of materials. Our results emphasize the dual local-itinerant character of magnetism in Fe pnictides. PMID:25679903

We report a combination of Fe K β x-ray emission spectroscopy and density functional reduced Stoner theory calculations to investigate the correlation between structural and magnetic degrees of freedom in CaFe2(As1-xPx) 2 . The puzzling temperature behavior of the local moment found in rare earth-doped CaFe2As2 [H. Gretarsson et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 047003 (2013)] is also observed in CaFe2(As1-xPx) 2 . We explain this phenomenon based on first-principles calculations with scaled magnetic interaction. One scaling parameter is sufficient to describe quantitatively the magneticmoments in both CaFe2(As1-xPx) 2 (x =0.055 ) and Ca0.78La0.22Fe2As2 at all temperatures. The anomalous growth of the local moments with increasing temperature can be understood from the observed large thermal expansion of the c -axis lattice parameter combined with strong magnetoelastic coupling. These effects originate from the strong tendency to form As-As dimers across the Ca layer in the CaFe2As2 family of materials. Our results emphasize the dual local-itinerant character of magnetism in Fe pnictides.

Self-consistent ab initio calculations based on density-functional theory and using both full potential linearized augmented plane wave and Korring-Kohn-Rostoker-coherent potential approximation methods, are performed to investigate both electronic and magnetic properties of the Ga1-xMnxN system. Magneticmoments considered to lie along (001) axes are computed. Obtained data from ab initio calculations are used as input for the high temperature series expansions (HTSEs) calculations to compute other magnetic parameters such as the magnetic phase diagram and the critical exponent. The increasing of the dilution x in this system has allowed to verify a series of HTSEs predictions on the possibility of ferromagnetism in dilute magnetic insulators and to demonstrate that the interaction changes from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic passing through the spins glace phase.

The Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement between the United States and Russia makes arrangements for the disposal of 34 metric tons of excess weapon-grade plutonium. Under this agreement Russia plans to dispose of its excess stocks by processing the plutonium into fuel for fast breeder reactors. To meet the disposition requirements this fuel would be burned while the fast reactors are run as burners, i.e., without a natural uranium blanket that can be used to breed plutonium surrounding the core. This talk discusses the potential application of antineutrino monitoring to the verification of the presence or absence of a breeding blanket. It is found that a 36 kg antineutrino detector, exploiting coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering and made of silicon, could determine the presence of a breeding blanket at a liquid sodium cooled fast reactor at the 95% confidence level within 90 days. Such a detector would be a novel non-intrusive verification tool and could present a first application of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering to a real-world challenge.

The Reactor Safeguards regime is the name given to a set of protocols and technologies used to monitor the consumption and production of fissile materials in nuclear reactors. The Safeguards regime is administered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and is an essential component of the global Treaty on Nuclear Nonproliferation, recently renewed by its 189 remaining signators. (The 190th, North Korea, withdrew from the Treaty in 2003). Beginning in Russia in the 1980s, a number of researchers worldwide have experimentally demonstrated the potential of cubic meter scale antineutrino detectors for non-intrusive real-time monitoring of fissile inventories and power output of reactors. The detectors built so far have operated tens of meters from a reactor core, outside of the containment dome, largely unattended and with remote data acquisition for an entire 1.5 year reactor cycle, and have achieved levels of sensitivity to fissile content of potential interest for the IAEA safeguards regime. In this article, I will describe the unique advantages of antineutrino detectors for cooperative monitoring, consider the prospects and benefits of increasing the range of detectability for small reactors, and provide a partial survey of ongoing global research aimed at improving near-field and far field monitoring and discovery of nuclear reactors.

The feasibility of antineutrino detection as an unambiguous and unshieldable way to detect the presence of distant nuclear reactors has been studied. While KamLAND provided a proof of concept for long distance antineutrino detection, the feasibility of detecting single reactors at distances greater than 100 km has not yet been established. Even larger detectors than KamLAND would be required for such a project. Considerations such as light attenuation, environmental impact and cost, which favor water as a detection medium, become more important as detectors get larger. We have studied both the sensitivity of water based detection media as a monitoring tool, and the scientific impact such detectors might provide. A next generation water based detector may be able to contribute to important questions in neutrino physics, such as supernova neutrinos, sterile neutrino oscillations, and non standard electroweak interactions (using a nearby compact accelerator source), while also providing a highly sensitive, and inherently unshieldable reactor monitoring tool to the non proliferation community. In this talk I will present the predicted performance of an experimental non proliferation and high-energy physics program. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Release number LLNL-ABS-674192.

Green's function Monte Carlo calculations of magneticmoments and M1 transitions including two-body meson-exchange current (MEC) contributions are reported for A 7 nuclei. The realistic Argonne v{sub 18} two-nucleon and Illinois-2 three-nucleon potentials are used to generate the nuclear wave functions. The two-body meson-exchange operators are constructed to satisfy the continuity equation with the Argonne v{sub 18} potential. The MEC contributions increase the A = 3,7 isovector magneticmoments by 16% and the A = 6,7 M1 transition rates by 17-34%, bringing them into very good agreement with the experimental data.

We discuss the arising of bound states solutions of the Schrödinger equation due to the presence of a Coulomb-type potential induced by the interaction between a moving electric quadrupole moment and a magnetic field. Furthermore, we study the influence of the Coulomb-type potential on the harmonic oscillator by showing a quantum effect characterized by the dependence of the angular frequency on the quantum numbers of the system, whose meaning is that not all values of the angular frequency are allowed. -- Highlights: • Interaction between a moving electric quadrupole moment and a magnetic field. • Arising of bound states solutions due to the presence of a Coulomb-type potential. • Influence of the Coulomb-type potential on the harmonic oscillator. • Dependence of the angular frequency on the quantum numbers of the system.

In-gas-cell laser ionization spectroscopy studies on the neutron deficient 97-101Ag isotopes have been performed with the LISOL setup. Magnetic dipole moments and mean-square charge radii have been determined for the first time with the exception of 101Ag, which was found in good agreement with previous experimental values. The reported results allow tentatively assigning the spin of 97,99Ag to 9/2 and confirming the presence of an isomeric state in these two isotopes, whose collapsed hyperfine structure suggests a spin of 1/2 >. The effect of the N=50 shell closure is not only manifested in the magneticmoments but also in the evolution of the mean-square charge radii of the isotopes investigated, in accordance with the spherical droplet model predictions.

We present a lattice calculation of the hadronic vacuum polarization and the lowest order hadronic contribution (HLO) to the muon anomalous magneticmoment, a{sub {mu}}=(g-2)/2, using 2+1 flavors of improved staggered fermions. A precise fit to the low-q{sup 2} region of the vacuum polarization is necessary to accurately extract the muon g-2. To obtain this fit, we use staggered chiral perturbation theory, including a model to incorporate the vector particles as resonances, and compare these to polynomial fits to the lattice data. We discuss the fit results and associated systematic uncertainties, paying particular attention to the relative contributions of the pions and vector mesons. Using a single lattice spacing ensemble generated by the MILC Collaboration (a=0.086 fm), light quark masses as small as roughly one-tenth the strange quark mass, and volumes as large as (3.4 fm){sup 3}, we find a{sub {mu}}{sup HLO}=(713{+-}15)x10{sup -10} and (748{+-}21)x10{sup -10} where the error is statistical only and the two values correspond to linear and quadratic extrapolations in the light quark mass, respectively. Considering various systematic uncertainties not eliminated in this study (including a model of vector resonances used to fit the lattice data and the omission of disconnected quark contractions in the vector-vector correlation function), we view this as agreement with the current best calculations using the experimental cross section for e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation to hadrons (692.4{+-}5.9{+-}2.4)x10{sup -10}, and including the experimental decay rate of the tau lepton to hadrons (711.0{+-}5.0{+-}0.8{+-}2.8)x10{sup -10}. We discuss several ways to improve the current lattice calculation.

The relativistic interacting quark-diquark model of baryons, recently developed, is here extended introducing in the mass operator a spin-isospin transition interaction. This refined version of the model is used to calculate the non-strange baryon spectrum. The results are compared to the present experimental data. A preliminary calculation of the magneticmoments of the proton and neutron is also presented.

The muon contribution to the anomalous magneticmoment from light-by-light scattering diagrams with pion participation is calculated for a nonlocal chiral quark model. For various nonlocal model parameterizations, the contribution makes a μ Had,LbL = 5.1(0.2) 10-10. Later on, we plan to calculate contributions from diagrams with an intermediate scalar meson and quark boxing.

Radiative pion photoproduction in the {Delta}(1232) resonance region is studied with the aim to access the {Delta}{sup +}(1232) magnetic dipole moment. We present a unitary model of the {gamma}p {yields} {gamma}{pi}N ({pi}N) = ({pi}{sup 0}p, {pi}{sup +}n) reactions, where the {pi}N rescattering is included in an on-shell approximation. In this model, the low energy theorem which couples the {gamma}p {yields} {gamma}{pi}N process in the limit of a soft final photon to the {gamma}p {yields} {pi}N process is exactly satisfied. We study the sensitivity of the {gamma}p {yields} {gamma}{pi}{sup 0}p process at higher values of the final photon energy to the {Delta}{sup +}(1232) magnetic dipole moment. We compare our results with existing data and give predictions for forthcoming measurements of angular and energy distributions. It is found that the photon asymmetry and a helicity cross section are particularly sensitive to the {Delta}{sup +} magnetic dipole moment.

Based on low-temperature resistivity, heat capacity, and magnetization investigations, we show that the unusually strong suppression of superconductivity in LuxZr1 -xB12 (x <8 % ) BCS-type superconductors is caused by the emergence of static spin polarization in the vicinity of nonmagnetic lutetium impurities. The analysis of the obtained results points to a formation of static magneticmoments with μeff≈6 μB per Lu3 + ion (1S0 ground state, 4 f14 configuration) incorporated in the superconducting ZrB12 matrix. The size of these spin-polarized nanodomains was estimated to be about 5 Å.

The use of spin rotation effect in bent crystals for measuring the magneticmoment of short-lived particles in the range of LHC and FCC energies is considered. It is shown that the estimated number of produced baryons that are captured into a bent crystal grows as ∼γ 3 / 2 with increasing particle energy. Hence it may be concluded that the experimental measurement of magneticmoments of short-lived particles using the spin rotation effect is feasible at LHC and higher energies (for LHC energies, e.g., the running time required for measuring the magneticmoment of Λc+is 2 ÷ 16 hours).

The use of spin rotation effect in bent crystals for measuring the magneticmoment of short-lived particles in the range of LHC and FCC energies is considered. It is shown that the estimated number of produced baryons that are captured into a bent crystal grows as ∼γ 3 / 2 with increasing particle energy. Hence it may be concluded that the experimental measurement of magneticmoments of short-lived particles using the spin rotation effect is feasible at LHC and higher energies (for LHC energies, e.g., the running time required for measuring the magneticmoment of Λc+ is 2 ÷ 16 hours).

In the heart of the Creighton Mine near Sudbury (Canada), the SNO+ detector is foreseen to observe almost in equal proportion electron antineutrinos produced by U and Th in the Earth and by nuclear reactors. SNO+ will be the first long baseline experiment to measure a reactor signal dominated by CANDU cores (~55% of the total reactor signal), which generally burn natural uranium. Approximately 18% of the total geoneutrino signal is generated by the U and Th present in the rocks of the Huronian Supergroup-Sudbury Basin: the 60% uncertainty on the signal produced by this lithologic unit plays a crucial role on the discrimination power on the mantle signal as well as on the geoneutrino spectral shape reconstruction, which can in principle provide a direct measurement of the Th/U ratio in the Earth.

Uranium and thorium within the Earth produce a major portion of terrestrial heat along with a measurable flux of electron antineutrinos. These elements are key components in geophysical and geochemical models. Their quantity and distribution drive the dynamics, define the thermal history, and are a consequence of the differentiation of the Earth. Knowledge of uranium and thorium concentrations in geological reservoirs relies largely on geochemical model calculations. This article describes the methods and criteria to experimentally determine average concentrations of uranium and thorium in the continental crust and in the mantle by using site-specific measurements of the terrestrial antineutrino flux. Optimal, model-independent determinations involve significant exposures of antineutrino detectors remote from nuclear reactors at both a midcontinental and a midoceanic site. This would require major, new antineutrino detection projects. The results of such projects could yield a greatly improved understanding of the deep interior of the Earth. PMID:18172211

The RENO experiment has observed the disappearance of reactor electron antineutrinos, consistent with neutrino oscillations, with a significance of 4.9 standard deviations. Antineutrinos from six 2.8 GW(th) reactors at the Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, are detected by two identical detectors located at 294 and 1383 m, respectively, from the reactor array center. In the 229 d data-taking period between 11 August 2011 and 26 March 2012, the far (near) detector observed 17102 (154088) electron antineutrino candidate events with a background fraction of 5.5% (2.7%). The ratio of observed to expected numbers of antineutrinos in the far detector is 0.920±0.009(stat)±0.014(syst). From this deficit, we determine sin(2)2θ(13)=0.113±0.013(stat)±0.019(syst) based on a rate-only analysis. PMID:23003027

Anti-neutrino emission rates from nuclear reactors are determined from thermal power measurements and fission rate calculations. The uncertainties in these quantities for commercial power plants and their impact on the calculated interaction rates in \\bar{\

We propose to measure the muon anomalous magneticmoment, a{sub {mu}}, to 0.14 ppm-a fourfold improvement over the 0.54 ppm precision obtained in the BNL experiment E821. The muon anomaly is a fundamental quantity and its precise determination will have lasting value. The current measurement was statistics limited, suggesting that greater precision can be obtained in a higher-rate, next-generation experiment. We outline a plan to use the unique FNAL complex of proton accelerators and rings to produce high-intensity bunches of muons, which will be directed into the relocated BNL muon storage ring. The physics goal of our experiment is a precision on the muon anomaly of 16 x 10{sup -11}, which will require 21 times the statistics of the BNL measurement, as well a factor of 3 reduction in the overall systematic error. Our goal is well matched to anticipated advances in the worldwide effort to determine the standard model (SM) value of the anomaly. The present comparison, {Delta}a{sub {mu}} (Expt: -SM) = (295 {+-} 81) x 10{sup -11}, is already suggestive of possible new physics contributions to the muon anomaly. Assuming that the current theory error of 51 x 10{sup -11} is reduced to 30 x 10{sup -11} on the time scale of the completion of our experiment, a future {Delta}a{sub {mu}} comparison would have a combined uncertainty of {approx} 34 x 10{sup -11}, which will be a sensitive and complementary benchmark for proposed standard model extensions. The experimental data will also be used to improve the muon EDM limit by up to a factor of 100 and make a higher-precision test of Lorentz and CPT violation. We describe in this Proposal why the FNAL complex provides a uniquely ideal facility for a next-generation (g-2) experiment. The experiment is compatible with the fixed-target neutrino program; indeed, it requires only the unused Booster batch cycles and can acquire the desired statistics in less than two years of running. The proton beam preparations are largely aligned

(A)[B]2O4 ferrite samples with the composition Co1-xCrxFe2O4 (0.0 <= x <= 1.0) are prepared using a hydrothermal method, and subjected to calcining in atube furnace with an argon-flow at 1673 K for 2 h. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that each of all the samples has a single phase cubic spinel structure with a space group of Fd3¯m. Magnetic measurements show that the saturation magnetization decreases with as the Cr content x increases. The cation distribution of the samples is estimated by fitting the dependence of the magneticmoments on x at 10 K, using the quantum mechanical model previously proposed by our group. The calculated sum of the content values of the Cr3+ and Cr2+ cations occupying the (A) sites increases as the value of x increases. In the fitting process, the magneticmoment directions of the Cr3+ and Cr2+ cations are assumed to be antiparallel to those of the Fe and Co cations, respectively, which is in accordance with Hund's rules.

Collinear laser spectroscopy is performed on the 30,79Zn49 isotope at ISOLDE-CERN. The existence of a long-lived isomer with a few hundred milliseconds half-life is confirmed, and the nuclear spins and moments of the ground and isomeric states in 79Zn as well as the isomer shift are measured. From the observed hyperfine structures, spins I =9 /2 and I =1 /2 are firmly assigned to the ground and isomeric states. The magneticmoment μ (79Zn)=-1.1866 (10 )μN , confirms the spin-parity 9 /2+ with a ν g9/2 -1 shell-model configuration, in excellent agreement with the prediction from large scale shell-model theories. The magneticmoment μ (Znm79)=-1.0180 (12 )μN supports a positive parity for the isomer, with a wave function dominated by a 2 h -1 p neutron excitation across the N =50 shell gap. The large isomer shift reveals an increase of the intruder isomer mean square charge radius with respect to that of the ground state, δ ⟨rc2⟩79 ,79 m=+0.204 (6 ) fm2 , providing first evidence of shape coexistence.

Collinear laser spectroscopy is performed on the _{30}^{79}Zn_{49} isotope at ISOLDE-CERN. The existence of a long-lived isomer with a few hundred milliseconds half-life is confirmed, and the nuclear spins and moments of the ground and isomeric states in ^{79}Zn as well as the isomer shift are measured. From the observed hyperfine structures, spins I=9/2 and I=1/2 are firmly assigned to the ground and isomeric states. The magneticmoment μ (^{79}Zn)=-1.1866(10)μ_{N}, confirms the spin-parity 9/2^{+} with a νg_{9/2}^{-1} shell-model configuration, in excellent agreement with the prediction from large scale shell-model theories. The magneticmoment μ (^{79m}Zn)=-1.0180(12)μ_{N} supports a positive parity for the isomer, with a wave function dominated by a 2h-1p neutron excitation across the N=50 shell gap. The large isomer shift reveals an increase of the intruder isomer mean square charge radius with respect to that of the ground state, δ⟨r_{c}^{2}⟩^{79,79m}=+0.204(6) fm^{2}, providing first evidence of shape coexistence. PMID:27203317

This paper explores the various contributors to uncertainty on predictions of the antineutrino source term which is used for reactor antineutrino experiments and is proposed as a safeguard mechanism for future reactor installations. The errors introduced during simulation of the reactor burnup cycle from variation in nuclear reaction cross sections, operating power, and other factors are combined with those from experimental and predicted antineutrino yields, resulting from fissions, evaluated, and compared. The most significant contributor to uncertainty on the reactor antineutrino source term when the reactor was modeled in 3D fidelity with assembly-level heterogeneity was found to be the uncertainty on the antineutrino yields. Using the reactor simulation uncertainty data, the dedicated observation of a rigorously modeled small, fast reactor by a few-ton near-field detector was estimated to offer reduction of uncertainty on antineutrino yields in the 3.0–6.5 MeV range to a few percent for the primary power-producing fuel isotopes, even with zero prior knowledge of the yields.

This paper explores the various contributors to uncertainty on predictions of the antineutrino source term which is used for reactor antineutrino experiments and is proposed as a safeguard mechanism for future reactor installations. The errors introduced during simulation of the reactor burnup cycle from variation in nuclear reaction cross sections, operating power, and other factors are combined with those from experimental and predicted antineutrino yields, resulting from fissions, evaluated, and compared. The most significant contributor to uncertainty on the reactor antineutrino source term when the reactor was modeled in 3D fidelity with assembly-level heterogeneity was found to be the uncertainty on the antineutrino yields. Using the reactor simulation uncertainty data, the dedicated observation of a rigorously modeled small, fast reactor by a few-ton near-field detector was estimated to offer reduction of uncertainty on antineutrino yields in the 3.0-6.5 MeV range to a few percent for the primary power-producing fuel isotopes, even with zero prior knowledge of the yields.

Background: Antineutrino monitoring of reactors is an enhanced nuclear safeguard that is being explored by several international groups. A key question is whether such a scheme could be used to verify the destruction of plutonium loaded in a reactor as mixed oxide (MOX) fuel.Purpose: To explore the effectiveness of antineutrino monitoring for the purposes of nuclear accountability and safeguarding of MOX plutonium, we examine the magnitude and temporal variation in the antineutrino signals expected for different loadings of MOX fuels.Methods: Reactor burn simulations are carried out for four different MOX fuel loadings and the antineutrino signals as a function of fuel burnup are computed and compared.Results: The antineutrino signals from reactor-grade and weapons-grade MOX are shown to be distinct from those from burning low enriched uranium, and this signal difference increases as the MOX plutonium fraction of the reactor core increases.Conclusion: Antineutrino monitoring could be used to verify the destruction of plutonium in reactors, although verifying the grade of the plutonium being burned is found to be more challenging.

We consider a Dirac one-electron atom placed in a weak, static, uniform magnetic field. We show that, to the first order in the strength B of the external field, the only electric multipole moments, which are induced by the perturbation in the atom, are those of an even order. Using the Sturmian expansion of the generalized Dirac-Coulomb Green function [R. Szmytkowski, J. Phys. B 30, 825 (1997), 10.1088/0953-4075/30/4/007; J. Phys. B 30, 2747 (1997), 10.1088/0953-4075/30/11/023], We derive a closed-form expression for the electric quadrupole moment induced in the atom in an arbitrary discrete energy eigenstate. The result, which has the form of a double finite sum involving the generalized hypergeometric functions 3F2 of the unit argument, agrees with the earlier relativistic formula for that quantity, obtained by us for the ground state of the atom.

Polarized neutron diffraction investigations of a paramagnetic molecular dinuclear Co{sup 2+} complex, using the local site susceptibility method, show that the Co{sup 2+} ions carry opposite magneticmoments of 3.1(1) and 3.2(1) {mu}{sub B}, making an angle of 37(1) deg. which is in agreement with the value (39 deg.) provided by the theoretical analysis of the magnetic susceptibility using the model of effective spin 1/2. Polarized neutron diffraction (PND) shows that this dinuclear Co{sup 2+} complex behaves more like a system of two antiferromagnetically coupled ions with spin 3/2, the directions of which are imposed by the distortion axis of the octahedra around each Co{sup 2+} ion due to ligand field. This first application of the local susceptibility tensor method to a molecular compound demonstrates the efficiency of the PND method as a tool for exploring magnetic anisotropy in molecular paramagnets.

Powder samples of the spinel ferrites MxNi0.7-xFe2.3O4 (M = Cr, Co and 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) and CrxNi0.7Fe2.3-xO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) were synthesized using the chemical co-precipitation method. The XRD spectra confirmed that the samples had a single-phase cubic spinel structure. Magnetic measurements showed that the magneticmoments (μexp) per formula both at 10 K and 300 K increased with Co substitution, while the values of μexp decreased with Cr substitution. Applying the assumption that the magneticmoments of Cr2+ and Cr3+ lie antiparallel to those of the divalent and trivalent Fe, Co, and Ni cations in the same sublattice of spinel ferrites, these interesting behaviors could be easily interpreted. The cation distributions of the three series of samples were estimated successfully by fitting the dependences of μexp, measured at 10 K, on the doping level x, using a quantum-mechanical potential barrier model earlier proposed by our group. The results obtained for the Cr cation distributions at the (A) and [B] sites are very close to those obtained elsewhere using neutron diffraction.

Due to their similarities to metastable zinc-blende half-metals, we systematically examined the half-Heusler compounds β -LiMnZ (Z =N,P and Si) for their electronic, magnetic, and stability properties at optimized lattice constants and strained lattice constants that exhibit half-metallic properties. We also report the other phases of the half-Heusler structure (α and γ phases), but they are unlikely to be grown. The magneticmoments of these stable Li-based compounds are expected to reach as high as 4 μB per unit cell when Z =Si and 5 μB per unit cell when Z =N and P; however, the antiferromagnetic spin configuration is energetically favored when Z is a pnictogen. β -LiMnSi at a lattice constant 14% larger than its equilibrium lattice constant is a promising half-metal due to its large magneticmoment, large gap, and vibrational stability. The modified Slater-Pauling rule for these compounds is determined. Finally, we investigated a plausible method for developing half-metallic Li xMn Z at equilibrium by tuning x , but this type of alloying introduces local structural changes that preclude half-metallicity.

We present results for the leading order QCD correction to the anomalous magneticmoment of the muon including the first two generations of quarks as dynamical degrees of freedom. Several light quark masses are examined in order to yield a controlled extrapolation to the physical pion mass. We analyse ensembles for three different lattice spacings and several volumes in order to investigate lattice artefacts and finite-size effects, respectively. We also provide preliminary results for this quantity for two flavours of mass-degenerate quarks at the physical value of the pion mass.

Fission yields form an integral part of the prediction of antineutrino spectra generated by nuclear reactors, but little attention has been paid to the quality and reliability of the data used in current calculations. Following a critical review of the thermal and fast ENDF/B-VII.1 ^{235}U fission yields, deficiencies are identified and improved yields are obtained, based on corrections of erroneous yields, consistency between decay and fission yield data, and updated isomeric ratios. These corrected yields are used to calculate antineutrino spectra using the summation method. An anomalous value for the thermal fission yield of ^{86}Ge generates an excess of antineutrinos at 5-7 MeV, a feature which is no longer present when the corrected yields are used. Thermal spectra calculated with two distinct fission yield libraries (corrected ENDF/B and JEFF) differ by up to 6% in the 0-7 MeV energy window, allowing for a basic estimate of the uncertainty involved in the fission yield component of summation calculations. Finally, the fast neutron antineutrino spectrum is calculated, which at the moment can only be obtained with the summation method and may be relevant for short baseline reactor experiments using highly enriched uranium fuel. PMID:27081973

Fission yields form an integral part of the prediction of antineutrino spectra generated by nuclear reactors, but little attention has been paid to the quality and reliability of the data used in current calculations. Following a critical review of the thermal and fast ENDF/B-VII.1 235U 235 fission yields, deficiencies are identified and improved yields are obtained, based on corrections of erroneous yields, consistency between decay and fission yield data, and updated isomeric ratios. These corrected yields are used to calculate antineutrino spectra using the summation method. An anomalous value for the thermal fission yield of 86Ge generates an excess of antineutrinos at 5-7 MeV, a feature which is no longer present when the corrected yields are used. Thermal spectra calculated with two distinct fission yield libraries (corrected ENDF/B and JEFF) differ by up to 6% in the 0-7 MeV energy window, allowing for a basic estimate of the uncertainty involved in the fission yield component of summation calculations. Finally, the fast neutron antineutrino spectrum is calculated, which at the moment can only be obtained with the summation method and may be relevant for short baseline reactor experiments using highly enriched uranium fuel.

This report presents experimental research at the intensity frontier of particle physics with particular focus on the study of reactor antineutrinos and the precision measurement of neutrino oscillations. The experimental neutrino physics group of Professor Heeger and Senior Scientist Band at Yale University has had leading responsibilities in the construction and operation of the Daya Bay Reactor Antineutrino Experiment and made critical contributions to the discovery of non-zero$\\theta_{13}$. Heeger and Band led the Daya Bay detector management team and are now overseeing the operations of the antineutrino detectors. Postdoctoral researchers and students in this group have made leading contributions to the Daya Bay analysis including the prediction of the reactor antineutrino flux and spectrum, the analysis of the oscillation signal, and the precision determination of the target mass yielding unprecedented precision in the relative detector uncertainty. Heeger's group is now leading an R\\&D effort towards a short-baseline oscillation experiment, called PROSPECT, at a US research reactor and the development of antineutrino detectors with advanced background discrimination.

Fission reactors emit large numbers of antineutrinos and this flux may be useful for the measurement of two quantities of interest for reactor safeguards: the reactor's power and plutonium inventory throughout its cycle. The high antineutrino flux and relatively low background rates means that simple cubic meter scale detectors at tens of meters standoff can record hundreds or thousands of antineutrino events per day. Such antineutrino detectors would add online, quasi-real-time bulk material accountancy to the set of reactor monitoring tools available to the IAEA and other safeguards agencies with minimal impact on reactor operations. Between 2003 and 2008, our LLNL/SNL collaboration successfully deployed several prototype safeguards detectors at a commercial reactor in order to test both the method and the practicality of its implementation in the field. Partially on the strength of the results obtained from these deployments, an Experts Meeting was convened by the IAEA Novel Technologies Group in 2008 to assess current antineutrino detection technology and examine how it might be incorporated into the safeguards regime. Here we present a summary of our previous deployments and discuss current work that seeks to provide expanded capabilities suggested by the Experts Panel, in particular aboveground detector operation.

The opening of a spin gap in the orthorhombic compounds Ce T2Al10 (T =Ru andOs ) is followed by antiferromagnetic ordering at TN=27 and 28.5 K, respectively, with a small ordered moment (0.29 -0.34 μB ) along the c axis, which is not an easy axis of the crystal field (CEF). In order to investigate how the moment direction and the spin gap energy change with La doping in Ce1 -xLaxT2Al10 (T = Ru and Os) and also to understand the microscopic nature of the magnetic ground state, we here report on magnetic, transport, and thermal properties, neutron diffraction (ND), and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) investigations on these compounds. Our INS study reveals the persistence of spin gaps of 7 and 10 meV in the 10% La-doped T = Ru and Os compounds, respectively. More interestingly our ND study shows a very small ordered moment of 0.18 μB along the b axis in Ce0.9La0.1Ru2Al10 , however a moment of 0.23 μB still along the c axis in Ce0.9La0.1Os2Al10 . This contrasting behavior can be explained by a different degree of hybridization in CeRu2Al10 and CeOs2Al10 , being stronger in the latter than in the former. Muon spin rotation (μ SR ) studies on Ce1 -xLaxRu2Al10 (x =0 , 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7), reveal the presence of coherent frequency oscillations indicating a long-range magnetically ordered ground state for x =0 to 0.5, but an almost temperature independent Kubo-Toyabe response between 45 mK and 4 K for x =0.7 . We compare the results of the present investigations with those reported on the electron and hole doping in Ce T2Al10 .

The geometries, electronic structures, spin magneticmoments (SMMs), orbital magneticmoments (OMMs) and spin anisotropy energies (SAEs) of light rare earth atoms (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd) embedded in graphene were studied by using first-principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). The spin-orbital coupling effect was taken into account and GGA+U method was adopted to describe the strongly localized and correlated 4f electrons. There is a significant deformation of the graphene plane after doping and optimization. The deformation of Gd doped graphene is the largest, while Eu the smallest. The results show that the valence is +3 for La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm and Gd, and +2 for Eu. Except Eu and Gd, there are obvious OMMs. When the spin is in the Z direction, the OMMs are -0.941 μB, -1.663 μB, -3.239 μB, -3.276 μB and -3.337 μB for Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm and Sm, respectively, and point the opposite direction of SMMs. All the doped systems except Gd show considerable SAEs. For Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, and Eu, the SAEs are -0.928 meV, 20.941 meV, -8.848 meV, 7.855 meV, 75.070 meV and 0.810 meV, respectively. When the spin orientation is different, different orbital angular moments lead to apparent charge density difference of the 4f atoms, which can also explain the origin of SAEs.

Remarkably, the famous UW measurement of the electron magneticmoment has stood since 1987. With QED theory, this measurement has determined the accepted value of the fine structure constant. This colloquium is about a new Harvard measurement of these fundamental constants. The new measurement has an uncertainty that is about six times smaller, and it shifts the values by 1.7 standard deviations. One electron suspended in a Penning trap is used for the new measurement, like in the old measurement. What is different is that the lowest quantum levels of the spin and cyclotron motion are resolved, and the cyclotron as well as spin frequencies are determined using quantum jump spectroscopy. In addition, a 0.1 mK Penning trap that is also a cylindrical microwave cavity is used to control the radiation field, to suppress spontaneous emission by more than a factor of 100, to control cavity shifts, and to eliminate the blackbody photons that otherwise stimulate excitations from the cyclotron ground state. Finally, great signal-to-noise for one-quantum transitions is obtained using electronic feedback to realize the first one-particle self-excited oscillator. The new methods may also allow a million times improved measurement of the 500 times small antiproton magneticmoment.

We consider the dark matter model with radiative neutrino mass generation where the Standard Model is extended with three right-handed singlet neutrinos ( N 1, N 2 and N 3) and one additional SU(2) L doublet scalar η. One of the right-handed neutrinos ( N 1), being lightest among them, is a leptophilic fermionic dark matter candidate whose stability is ensured by the imposed symmetry on this model. The second lightest right-handed neutrino ( N 2) is assumed to be nearly degenerated in mass with the lightest one enhancing the co-annihilation between them. The effective interaction term among the lightest, second lightest right-handed neutrinos and photon containing transition magneticmoment is responsible for the decay of heavier right-handed neutrino to the lightest one and a photon ( N 2 → N 1 + γ). This radiative decay of heavier right-handed neutrino with charged scalar and leptons in internal lines could explain the X-ray line signal ˜ 3 .5 keV recently claimed by XMM-Newton X-ray observatory from different galaxy clusters and Andromeda galaxy (M31). The value of the transition magneticmoment is computed and found to be several orders of magnitude below the current reach of various direct dark matter searches. The other parameter space in this framework in the light of the observed signal is further investigated.

The electronic structures of four Laves phase iron compounds (e.g. YFe2, ZrFe2, LuFe2 and HfFe2) have been calculated with a state-of-the-art full potential electronic structure code. Our theoretical work predicted that the magneticmoments collapse under hydrostatic pressure. This feature is found to be universal in these materials. Its electronic origin is provided by the sharp peaks in the density of states near the Fermi level. It is shown that a first order quantum phase transition can be expected under pressure in Y(Zr, or Lu)Fe2, while a second order one in HfFe2. The bonding characteristics are discussed to elucidate the equilibrium lattice constant variation. The large spontaneous volume magnetostriction gives one of the most important characteristics of these compounds. Invar anomalies in these compounds can be partly explained by the current work when the fast continuous magneticmoment decrease with the decrease of the lattice constant was properly considered. This work may be as a first insight into the rich world of quantum phase transition and Invar mechanism in these Laves phase compounds.

We present the status of the Angra Neutrino project, describing the development of an antineutrino detector aimed at monitoring nuclear reactor activity. The experiment will take place at the Brazilian nuclear power plant located in Angra dos Reis. The Angra II reactor, with 4 GW of thermal power, will be used as a source of antineutrinos. A water Cherenkov detector will be placed above ground in a commercial container outside the reactor containment, about 30 m from the reactor core. With a detector of one ton scale a few thousand antineutrino interactions per day are expected. We intend, in a first step, to use the measured neutrino event rate to monitor the on—off status and the thermal power delivered by the reactor. In addition to the safeguards issues the project will provide an alternative tool to have an independent measurement of the reactor power.

Preventing nuclear proliferation is a high priority for the international community. Monitoring of nuclear facilities to detect unauthorised removal of fissile materials from operational cores is central to this. Neutrino detection devices can be used to remotely monitor the core of operating reactors in a safe, reliable manner. Technology developed for the T2K experiment can be adapted to make a small footprint, reliable, anti-neutrino detector. Through, characterisation of the anti-neutrino spectrum there is a possibility to provide core material accountancy. A prototype of such a device has been developed and demonstrated at the University of Liverpool. Based on the design of the T2K Near Detector Calorimeter, the device will detect anti-neutrinos through the distinctive delayed coincidence signal of inverse beta decay interactions. This poster presented data from detector commissioning. The detector is currently deployed at Wylfa power station, UK for field testing.

Effect of reactive gas (oxygen/chlorine/fluorine) etching on NiFe magnetic properties was investigated. Experimental data showed 40% magnetic property degradation for F-containing gas etching, 10% degradation for O-containing gas etching, and 5% degradation for Cl-containing gas etching processes. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the crystallographic orientation remained the same upon the reactive gas etching, which is due to the low ion energy in plasma etching process as opposed to ion milling process with high input energy. It is proposed that the reported magnetic property degradation was mainly caused by the nonmagnetic dead layer formation, rather than the changes in the crystallographic orientation. The dead layer was determined by the NiFe thickness dependence of remnant magnetic flux variations between pre-etched and postetched samples. The dead layer remained nearly constant for O-containing gas etching process with increasing plasma processing time. The nonmagnetic dead layer of {approx}40-50 A formed in O-containing etching gas was observed in transmission electron microscopy cross-sectional image and was in very good agreement with the calculated value based on magnetic flux measurements. Combined magnetic and physical characterizations suggest that the dead layer thickness saturates at the initial stage of the plasma etching and magnetic property remained unchanged with increasing etching duration upon formation of the dead layer.

Gilbert damping in metallic ferromagnets is mainly governed by the exchange coupling between the electrons and the magnetic degree of freedom, where the time dependent evolution of the magnetization leads to the excitation of electrons and loss of energy as a result of flow of spin and charge currents. However, it turns out that when the magnetization evolves slowly in time, in the presence of spin-orbit interaction (SOI), the resonant electronic excitations has a major contribution to the damping which leads to infinite result in ballistic regime. In this work we consider the inelastic spin-flip scattering of electrons from the magneticmoments and show that in the presence of SOI it leads to the relaxation of the excited electrons. We show that in the case of clean crystal systems such scattering leads to a linear dependence of the Gilbert on the SOI strength and in the limit of diffusive systems we get the Gilbert damping expression obtained from Kambersky's Fermi breathing approach. This research was supported by NSF-PREM Grant No. DMR-1205734

The fact that neutrinos may have mass has attracted considerable attention in recent years both on the theoretical and experimental forefronts. The advent of Grand Unified Theories, the candidacy of neutrinos as dark matter, the proposed neutrino oscillation (and MSW effect) solution to the Solar Neutrino Puzzle and the observance of neutrinos from Supernova 1987A have further stimulated experimental efforts to directly probe neutrino masses by looking for dynamical effects. The technique of examining the end -point spectrum of Tritium beta-decay has long been used in this vein. The recent report of a positive electron antineutrino mass of 30 +/- 2 ev by the ITEP group in Moscow and the subsequent results from Los Alamos, Zurich and Japan which are in conflict with this value have stirred some controversy in this field. The present experiment uses a technique which is different from the usual magnetic-electrostatic analysis of the beta-spectrum employed by most groups--that of sperical electrostatic retarding field analysis. This method yields an integrated spectrum of the source and because of this and the large solid angle of acceptance of the spectrometer, the experiment yields very good statistics. Also the proposed source in this case is frozen T_2 for which the various correction factors can be estimated very accurately. The design, construction and testing of the spectrometer is described in detail in this dissertation as is the procedure used for fitting the data and calculating the correction factors to be applied to it. Due to a series of unfortunate accidents, the experiment has not yet been completed, but having proved that the intrinsic (point source) resolution is only 5 to 10 ev, the total efficiency about 2% and the background count rate about 20 counts per second, the experiment is expected to yield a mass limit of the order of 20 ev when run with a source of strength of about 30 milliCurie for a few days in the very near future.

A zero-signal sample holder is proposed for the measurement of weak magnetic signals with vibrating sample magnetometers. With proper shape of the support rod, a nearly vanishing signal can be obtained as a function of the magnetic field and the temperature. In particular, it is shown that the addition of an extra part to a standard glass sample holder can reduce the diamagnetic signal by more than three orders of magnitude with no noise increase. The proposed method is applicable to field, temperature, and angular measurements; it is also ideally suited to direct measurement of nanometer thick magnetic layers deposited on much thicker diamagnetic substrates. PMID:18377045

We present an x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study performed at both the Co K edge and the Lu L{sub 2,3} edges on (Y{sub y}Lu{sub 1-y})(Co{sub 1-x}Al{sub x}){sub 2} systems. The XMCD spectra reflect the different magnetic character of these systems, allowing us to monitor the transition from weak to strong ferromagnetism. The XMCD at the Lu L{sub 2,3} edges indicates the existence of an ordered 5d moment at the lutetium sites that is coupled antiparallel to the Co moment. Estimates of the magneticmoment of Lu have been obtained by applying the XMCD sum rules. Our results show that there is a correlation between the Lu 5d-induced magneticmoment and the magnetic character of the (Y{sub y}Lu{sub 1-y})(Co{sub 1-x}Al{sub x}){sub 2} compounds. These results suggest that the developing of the Lu moment plays an important role in reinforcing the magnetic interactions and favoring the ferromagnetic character of the Lu-rich compounds.

Recent measurements of the positron energy spectrum obtained from inverse beta decay interactions of reactor electron antineutrinos show an excess in the 4 to 6 MeV region relative to current predictions. First-principles calculations of fission and beta decay processes within a typical pressurized water reactor core identify prominent fission daughter isotopes as a possible origin for this excess. These calculations also predict percent-level substructures in the antineutrino spectrum due to Coulomb effects in beta decay. Precise measurement of these substructures can elucidate the nuclear processes occurring within reactors. These substructures can be a systematic issue for measurements utilizing the detailed spectral shape. PMID:25615462

The Weinberg-Salam model is applied to quantify the energy loss of antineutrinos and neutrinos encountering polymers. The scattering cross-sectional energy due to encounters with electrons is calculated, along with the probability that an antineutrino will remain the same particle. The energy loss reaches a maximum, i.e., stopping occurs, when the probability is unity. The technique is applied to study the energy losses in kapton, a solid organic insulator used for antennas on spacecraft exposed to solar neutrinos with energies ranging from 0.5-10 MeV. The energy loss is found to be negligible.

The Weinberg-Salam model is applied to quantify the energy loss of antineutrinos and neutrinos encountering polymers. The scattering cross-sectional energy due to encounters with electrons is calculated, along with the probability that an antineutrino will remain the same particle. The energy loss reaches a maximum, i.e., stopping occurs, when the probability is unity. The technique is applied to study the energy losses in kapton, a solid organic insulator used for antennas on spacecraft exposed to solar neutrinos with energies ranging from 0.5-10 MeV. The energy loss is found to be negligible.

The structural and magnetic properties of Bi1-xNdxFe1-xMnxO3 ceramics prepared by the tartaric acid modified sol-gel technique have been studied to understand the effect of structural modification on the magnetic Properties of BiFeO3. The co-substitution of Nd and Mn at Bi and Fe sites respectively in BiFeO3 significantly suppress the impurity phases (Bi25FeO40, Bi2Fe4O9 etc.). The Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicates the existence of compositional driven crystal structure transformation from rhombohederal (R3c space group, higher crystal symmetry) to the orthorhombic (Pbnm space group, lower crystal symmetry) with the increase in substitution concentration due to excess chemical pressure (lattice strain). The quantitative crystallographic phase analysis has been carried out by Rietveld analysis of all the XRD patterns. Magnetic measurements reveal that co-substituted BiFeO3 nanoparticles for x=0.050 have enhanced remnant magnetization about 21 times as compared to pure one. The remnant magnetization reaches a maximum value at the morphological phase boundary (x=0.050) and further increase (x>0.050) in substitution concentration results in the reduction of remnant magnetization due to the appearance of complete antiferromagnetic ordering in the orthorhombic structure because of the significant contribution from the crystallographic phase of Pbnm space group (as obtained from the quantitative crystallographic phase contribution by the Rietveld analysis).

We report the measurement of the flux-averaged antineutrino neutral current elastic scattering cross section (dσν-barN→ν-barN/dQ2) on CH2 by the MiniBooNE experiment using the largest sample of antineutrino neutral current elastic candidate events ever collected. The ratio of the antineutrino to neutrino neutral current elastic scattering cross sections and a ratio of the antineutrino neutral current elastic to antineutrino charged current quasi elastic cross sections are also presented.

We report the measurement of the flux-averaged antineutrino neutral current elastic scattering cross section (dσν-barN→ν-barN/dQ2) on CH2 by the MiniBooNE experiment using the largest sample of antineutrino neutral current elastic candidate events ever collected. The ratio of the antineutrino to neutrino neutral current elastic scattering cross sections and a ratio of the antineutrino neutral current elastic to antineutrino charged current quasi elastic cross sections are also presented.

A hallmark of the crystallin proteins is their exceptionally high solubility, which is vital for maintaining the high refractive index of the eye lens. Human γC-crystallin is a major γ-crystallin whose mutant forms are associated with congenital cataracts but whose three-dimensional structure is not known. An earlier study of a homology model concluded that human γC-crystallin has low intrinsic solubility, mainly because of the atypical magnitude and fluctuations of its dipole moment. On the contrary, the high-resolution tertiary structure of human γC-crystallin determined here shows unequivocally that it is a highly soluble, monomeric molecule in solution. Notable differences between the orientations and interactions of several side chains are observed upon comparison to those in the model. No evidence of the pivotal role ascribed to the effect of dipole moment on protein solubility was found. The nuclear magnetic resonance structure should facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the deleterious effects of cataract-associated mutations in human γC-crystallin. PMID:27187112

We have measured the cross section from the bremsstrahlung process ..pi../sup +/p ..-->.. ..pi../sup +/p..gamma.. for incident pions of energy 299 MeV. We detected the out going pion in the angular range from 55 to 95/sup 0/ in the lab, and photons were detected near 240/sup 0/ in the lab. We compare this measured cross-section to the MIT theory in order to extract a measurement of the magnetic dipole moment of the ..delta../sup + +/(1232), ..mu../sub ..delta../. In order to compare our results with the MIT theory, we have folded the MIT theory into the acceptance of our apparatus. We find that for pion angles between 55 and 75/sup 0/ the theory gives us a dipole moment of: 2.3..mu../sub p/ < ..mu../sub ..delta../ < 3.3..mu../sup p/ where the quoted error arises from an experimental uncertainty of +-0.25..mu../sub p/ and from theoretical uncertainties of +-0.25 ..mu../sub p/. However, for pion angles between 75 and 95/sup 0/ we find that the MIT theory predicts a cross-section which is larger than our measured cross-section, and makes it difficult to extract a value of ..mu../sub ..delta../. This over prediction is not understood, but consistent with a similar effect when the MIT theory is fit to previous data. 78 figs., 29 tabs.

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) is a long baseline experiment that was built for studying the neutrino oscillation phenomena. The MINOS experiment uses high intensity muon neutrino and antineutrino beams created by Neutrinos at the Main Injector facility (NuMI) at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab). Neutrino interactions are recorded by two sampling steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters: 0.98\\,kton Near Detector at Fermilab, IL and 5.4\\,kton Far Detector at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, MN. These two detectors are functionally identical, which helps to reduce the systematic uncertainties in the muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance measurements. The Near Detector, located 1.04\\,km from the neutrino production target, is used to measure the initial beam composition and neutrino energy proximal to the neutrino source. The collected data at the Near Detector is then used to predict energy spectrum in the Far Detector. By comparing this prediction to collected data at the Far Detector, which is 735\\,km away from the target, it enables a measurement of a set of parameters that govern the neutrino oscillation phenomenon. \\\\ \\indent The flexibility of the NuMI beam configuration and the magnetization of the MINOS detectors facilitate the identification of $\

Recent progresses on microscopic and self-consistent description of the nuclear moments in covariant density functional theory based on a point-coupling interaction are briefly reviewed. In particular, the electric quadrupole moments of Cd isotopes and the magneticmoments of Pb isotopes are discussed.

The effect of the electron's anomalous magneticmoment on the relativistic electronic dressing for the process of electron-hydrogen atom elastic collisions is investigated. We consider a laser field with circular polarization and various electric field strengths. The Dirac-Volkov states taking into account this anomaly are used to describe the process in the first order of perturbation theory. The correlation between the terms coming from this anomaly and the electric field strength gives rise to the strong dependence of the spinor part of the differential cross section (DCS) with respect to these terms. A detailed study has been devoted to the nonrelativistic regime as well as the moderate relativistic regime. Some aspects of this dependence as well as the dynamical behavior of the DCS in the relativistic regime have been addressed.

The BABAR collaboration has an extensive program of studying hadronic cross sections in low-energy e+e- collisions, accessible via initial-state radiation. Our measurements allow significant improvements in the precision of the predicted value of the muon anomalous magneticmoment. These improvements are necessary for illuminating the current 3.6 sigma difference between the predicted and the experimental values. We have published results on a number of processes with two to six hadrons in the final state. We report here the results of recent studies with final states that constitute the main contribution to the hadronic cross section in the energy region between 1 and 3 GeV, as e+e- → K+K-, π+π-, and e+e- → 4 hadrons

MINOS is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. A manmade beam of predominantly muon neutrinos is detected both 1 km and 735 km from the production point by two functionally identical detectors. A comparison of the energy spectra measured by the two detectors shows the energy-dependent disappearance of muon neutrinos characteristic of oscillations and allows a measurement of the parameters governing the oscillations. This thesis presents work leading to measurements of disappearance in the 6% $\\bar{v}$μ background in that beam. A calibration is developed to correct for time-dependent changes in the responses of both detectors, reducing the corresponding uncertainty on hadronic energy measurements from 1.8% to 0.4% in the near detector and from 0.8% to 0.4% in the far detector. A method of selecting charged current $\\bar{v}$μ events is developed, with purities (efficiencies) of 96.5% (74.4%) at the near detector, and 98.8% (70.9%) at the far detector in the region below 10 GeV reconstructed antineutrino energy. A method of using the measured near detector neutrino energy spectrum to predict that expected at the far detector is discussed, and developed for use in the $\\bar{v}$μ analysis. Sources of systematic uncertainty contributing to the oscillation measurements are discussed. In the far detector, 32 charged current $\\bar{v}$μ events are observed below a reconstructed energy of 30 GeV, compared to an expectation of 47.8 for Δ$\\bar{m}$atm2 = Δ$\\bar{m}$atm2, sin2(2$\\bar{θ}$23) = sin2(2θ23). This deficit, in such a low-statistics sample, makes the result difficult to interpret in the context of an oscillation parameter measurement. Possible sources for the discrepancy are discussed, concluding that considerably more data are required for a definitive solution. Running MINOS with a dedicated $\\bar

We identify a new, flux-dependent correction to the antineutrino spectrum as produced in nuclear reactors. The abundance of certain nuclides, whose decay chains produce antineutrinos above the threshold for inverse beta decay, has a nonlinear dependence on the neutron flux, unlike the vast majority of antineutrino producing nuclides, whose decay rate is directly related to the fission rate. We have identified four of these so-called nonlinear nuclides and determined that they result in an antineutrino excess at low energies below 3.2 MeV, dependent on the reactor thermal neutron flux. We develop an analytic model for the size of the correction and compare it to the results of detailed reactor simulations for various real existing reactors, spanning 3 orders of magnitude in neutron flux. In a typical pressurized water reactor the resulting correction can reach ∼0.9% of the low energy flux which is comparable in size to other, known low-energy corrections from spent nuclear fuel and the nonequilibrium correction. For naval reactors the nonlinear correction may reach the 5% level by the end of cycle. PMID:27058075

We identify a new, flux-dependent correction to the antineutrino spectrum as produced in nuclear reactors. The abundance of certain nuclides, whose decay chains produce antineutrinos above the threshold for inverse beta decay, has a nonlinear dependence on the neutron flux, unlike the vast majority of antineutrino producing nuclides, whose decay rate is directly related to the fission rate. We have identified four of these so-called nonlinear nuclides and determined that they result in an antineutrino excess at low energies below 3.2 MeV, dependent on the reactor thermal neutron flux. We develop an analytic model for the size of the correction and compare it to the results of detailed reactor simulations for various real existing reactors, spanning 3 orders of magnitude in neutron flux. In a typical pressurized water reactor the resulting correction can reach ˜0.9 % of the low energy flux which is comparable in size to other, known low-energy corrections from spent nuclear fuel and the nonequilibrium correction. For naval reactors the nonlinear correction may reach the 5% level by the end of cycle.

The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) is a long-baseline neutrino experiment that utilizes a particle beam and two steel-scintillator calorimeters designed to determine the parameters associated with muon neutrino disappearance. Analysis methods developed by the MINOS νe group have facilitated the placement of limits upon the mixing angle associated with νμ → νe oscillations. Since the polarity of the focusing horns can be switched, we can perform a similar analysis with an antineutrino-enriched beam to select electron antineutrino appearance candidates. Using 3.34e20 POT (protons on target) in the antineutrino mode, we exclude θ13 = 0 at the 80% C.L. A joint fit of the 3.34e20 POT antineutrino and 10.6e20 POT neutrino samples excluded θ13 = 0 at the 96% C.L. In addition, the combined data were used to produce exclusions regarding the CP-violating phase.

STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study, longitudinal design. OBJECTIVE To examine whether baseline knee flexion moment or impulse during walking is associated with the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) with magnetic resonance imaging of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) at 1 year. BACKGROUND Patellofemoral joint OA is highly prevalent and a major source of pain and dysfunction. The biomechanical factors associated with the progression of PFJ OA remain unclear. METHODS Three-dimensional gait analyses were performed at baseline. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee (high-resolution, 3-D, fast spin-echo sequence) was used to identify PFJ cartilage and bone marrow edema–like lesions at baseline and a 1-year follow-up. The severity of PFJ OA progression was defined using the modified Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score when new or increased cartilage or bone marrow edema–like lesions were observed at 1 year. Peak external knee flexion moment and flexion moment impulse during the first and second halves of the stance phase of gait were compared between progressors and nonprogressors, and used to predict progression after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and presence of baseline PFJ OA. RESULTS Sixty-one participants with no knee OA or isolated PFJ OA were included. Patellofemoral joint OA progressors (n = 10) demonstrated significantly higher peak knee flexion moment (P = .01) and flexion moment impulse (P = .04) during the second half of stance at baseline compared to nonprogressors. Logistic regression showed that higher peak knee flexion moment during the second half of the stance phase was significantly associated with progression at 1 year (adjusted odds ratio = 3.3, P = .01). CONCLUSION Peak knee flexion moment and flexion moment impulse during the second half of stance are related to the progression of PFJ OA and may need to be considered when treating individuals who are at risk of or who have PFJ OA. PMID:26161626

The development of a powerful method of magnetic roll torque generation is essential before construction of a large magnetic suspension and balance system (LMSBS) can be undertaken. Some preliminary computed data concerning a relatively new dc scheme, referred to as the spanwise iron magnet scheme are presented. Computations made using the finite element computer program 'GFUN' indicate that adequate torque is available for at least a first generation LMSBS. Torque capability appears limited principally by current electromagnet technology.

Neutrino experiments at nuclear reactors are currently vital to the study of neutrino oscillations. The observed antineutrino rates at reactors are typically lower than model expectations. This observed deficit is called the “reactor neutrino anomaly”. A new understanding of neutrino physics may be required to explain this deficit, though model estimation uncertainties may also play a role in the apparent discrepancy. PNNL is currently investigating an experimental technique that promises reduced uncertainties for measured data to support these hypotheses and interpret reactor antineutrino measurements. The experimental approach is to 1) direct a proton accelerator beam on a metal target to produce a source of neutrons, 2) use spectral tailoring to modify the neutron spectrum to closely simulate the energy distribution of a power reactor neutron spectrum, 3) irradiate isotopic fission foils (235U, 238U, 239Pu, 241Pu) in this neutron spectrum so that fissions occur at energies representative of a reactor, 4) transport the beta particles released by the fission products in the foils to a beta spectrometer, 5) measure the beta energy spectrum, and 6) invert the measured beta energy spectrum to an antineutrino energy spectrum. A similar technique using a beta spectrometer and isotopic fission foils was pioneered in the 1980’s at the ILL thermal reactor. Those measurements have been the basis for interpreting all subsequent antineutrino measurements at reactors. A basic constraint in efforts to reduce uncertainties in predicting the antineutrino emission from reactor cores is any underlying limitation of the original measurements. This may include beta spectrum energy resolution, the absolute normalization of beta emission to number of fission, statistical counting uncertainties, lack of 238U data, the purely thermal nature of the IIL reactor neutrons used, etc. An accelerator-based neutron source that can be tailored to match various reactor neutron spectra

Powder neutron diffraction measurements have been performed on ferromagnetic (Er/sub 1-//sub x/Ho/sub x/)Rh/sub 4/B/sub 4/ for concentrations x = 1.0, 0.89, 0.84, and 0.75 to determine the ordered magneticmoment and form factor for holmium. The magnetic scattering intensities have been put on an absolute basis by comparison with pure copper-powder Bragg peaks in order to avoid systematic errors that might be associated with the evaluation of the nuclear structure factors of the samples themselves. For HoRh/sub 4/B/sub 4/ the saturated magneticmoment was determined to be = (8.61 +- 0.06)..mu../sub B/, which is in good agreement with our previous determination. The measurements on the alloys gave the same holmium moment within experimental error. This value is considerably smaller than the prediction of 10..mu../sub B/ based on a single-ion crystal-field model. The magnetic form factor for the pure holmium compound has also been determined as a function of sin(theta)/lambda, and is found to be in good agreement with the calculated form factor for Ho/sup 3+/. Thus any rhodium moment which contributes to the ferromagnetic component of the magnetization must be less than 0.07..mu../sub B/.

A direct and element-specific measurement of the local Fe spin moment has been provided by analyzing the Fe 3s core level photoemission spectra in the parent and optimally doped CeFeAsO₁₋xFx (x = 0, 0.11) and Sr(Fe₁₋xCox)2As2 (x = 0, 0.10) pnictides. The rapid time scales of the photoemission process allowed the detection of large local spin moments fluctuating on a 10⁻¹⁵ s time scale in the paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and superconducting phases, indicative of the occurrence of ubiquitous strong Hund's magnetic correlations. The magnitude of the spin moment is found to vary significantly among different families, 1.3μB in CeFeAsO and 2.1μB in SrFe₂As₂. Surprisingly, the spin moment is found to decrease considerably in the optimally doped samples, 0.9μB in CeFeAsO₀.₈₉F₀.₁₁ and 1.3μB in Sr(Fe₀.₉Co₀.₁)₂As₂. The strong variation of the spin moment against doping and material type indicates that the spin moments and the motion of itinerant electrons are influenced reciprocally in a self-consistent fashion, reflecting the strong competition between the antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction among the spin moments and the kinetic energy gain of the itinerant electrons in the presence of a strong Hund's coupling. By describing the evolution of the magnetic correlations concomitant with the appearance of superconductivity, these results constitute a fundamental step toward attaining a correct description of the microscopic mechanisms shaping the electronic properties in the pnictides, including magnetism and high-temperature superconductivity.

This dissertation presents a search for antineutrinos in all three phases of data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. This work presents a new method for detecting time correlated coincidences in water detectors. There are two separate searches: an outside search for the inverse beta decay of antineutrinos on protons and an inside search for the inverse beta decay of antineutrinos on deuterons. The inside search found 3 antineutrino candidates in Phase I with an expected background of 3.83+0.71-0.72 events, 28 antineutrino candidates in Phase II with an expected background of 21.25+3.72-3.75 events, 4 antineutrino candidates in Phase III with an expected background of 6.06 +/- 1.14 events. The outside search found 4 antineutrino candidates in Phase I with an expected background of 1.21+0.14-0.17 events, 8 antineutrino candidates in Phase II with an expected background of 9.77+1.06-1.34 events, 0 antineutrino candidates in Phase III with an expected background of 0.46 +/- 0.29 events. Including the expected contribution of antineutrinos from nuclear reactors after oscillations, a limit on the solar antineutrino flux is computed to be F8Bn¯ ≤ 2.5 x 103 cm-2s -1. Taking the flux limit and the measured 8B solar neutrino flux, a limit on the neutrino to antineutrino conversion probability of P(nu → nu) ≤ 5.0 x 10-4. These limits are the best limits from a water detector.

The MiniBooNE experiment has reported a number of high statistics neutrino and anti-neutrino cross sections -among which are the charged current quasi-elastic (CCQE) and neutral current elastic (NCE) neutrino scattering on mineral oil (CH{sub 2}). Recently a study of the neutrino contamination of the anti-neutrino beam has concluded and the analysis of the anti-neutrino CCQE and NCE scattering is ongoing.

The direct measuring method is considered to get nuclear reactor antineutrino spectrum. We suppose to isolate partial spectra of the fissile isotopes by using the method of antineutrino spectrum extraction from the inverse beta-decay reaction positron spectrum applied at Rovno experiment. This admits to increase the accuracy of partial antineutrino spectra forming the total nuclear reactor spectrum. It is important for the analysis of the reactor core fuel composition and could be applied for non-proliferation purposes.

Here we present the development of a compact antineutrino detector for the purpose of nuclear reactor monitoring, improving upon a previously successful design. This paper will describe the design improvements of the detector which increases the antineutrino detection efficiency threefold over the previous effort. There are two main design improvements over previous generations of detectors for nuclear reactor monitoring: dual-ended optical readout and single volume detection mass. The dual-ended optical readout eliminates the need for fiducialization and increases the uniformity of the detector's optical response. The containment of the detection mass in a single active volume provides more target mass per detector footprint, a key design criteria for operating within a nuclear power plant. This technology could allow for real-time monitoring of the evolution of a nuclear reactor core, independent of reactor operator declarations of fuel inventories, and may be of interest to the safeguards community.

Anti-neutrino emission rates from nuclear reactors are determined from thermal power measurements and fission rate calculations. The uncertainties in these quantities for commercial power plants and their impact on the calculated interaction rates in {bar {nu}}{sub e} detectors is examined. We discuss reactor-to-reactor correlations between the leading uncertainties, and their relevance to reactor {bar {nu}}{sub e} experiments.

A search for short baseline muon antineutrino disappearance with the SciBooNE and MiniBooNE experiments at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois is presented. Short baseline muon antineutrino disappearance measurements help constrain sterile neutrino models. The two detectors observe muon antineutrinos from the same beam, therefore the combined analysis of their data sets serves to partially constrain some of the flux and cross section uncertainties. A likelihood ratio method was used to set a 90% confidence level upper limit on muon antineutrino disappearance that dramatically improves upon prior sterile neutrino oscillation limits in the Deltam 2=0.1--100 eV2 region.

The detection of electron antineutrinos produced by natural radioactivity in the Earth could yield important geophysical information. The Kamioka liquid scintillator antineutrino detector (KamLAND) has the sensitivity to detect electron antineutrinos produced by the decay of 238U and 232Th within the Earth. Earth composition models suggest that the radiogenic power from these isotope decays is 16 TW, approximately half of the total measured heat dissipation rate from the Earth. Here we present results from a search for geoneutrinos with KamLAND. Assuming a Th/U mass concentration ratio of 3.9, the 90 per cent confidence interval for the total number of geoneutrinos detected is 4.5 to 54.2. This result is consistent with the central value of 19 predicted by geophysical models. Although our present data have limited statistical power, they nevertheless provide by direct means an upper limit (60 TW) for the radiogenic power of U and Th in the Earth, a quantity that is currently poorly constrained. PMID:16049478

In this paper we study the generally unknown characteristics of toroids, magnets without magnetic poles. Toroids have never seemed interesting enough to be studied for their physical features in labs due to the fact that they have no magnetic fields on the outside, but rather a very strong magnetic field trapped inside. Toroidal solenoids or magnets (rings magnetized circumferentially) interact with the external magnetic field only through its curl, which can be created either by an electric current, or by a time-dependent electric flux. We confirmed a theoretical prediction, that a toroid would not interact with the curl-less magnetic field of a current-carrying wire running outside of the torus's hole. We used our toroids as magnetic curlmeters, measuring the torque on the toroid, when the current-carrying wire runs through the toroid. From this torque we found the toroidal dipole moment. We are experimenting on detecting the escape of the inner magnetic field of the toroid outside of it, when magnetic toroid rotates or when electric toroid is driven by AC voltage. We also will discuss toroidal (or anapole) moments of fundamental particles, nuclei and atoms, and toroids' applications in metamaterials.

There are classes of materials that are important to DOE and to the science and technology community, generically referred to as strongly correlated electron systems (SCES), which have proven very difficult to understand and to simulate in a material-specific manner. These range from actinides, which are central to the DOE mission, to transition metal oxides, which include the most promising components of new spin electronics applications as well as the high temperature superconductors, to intermetallic compounds whose heavy fermion characteristics and quantum critical behavior has given rise to some of the most active areas in condensed matter theory. The objective of the CMSN cooperative research team was to focus on the application of these new methodologies to the specific issue of Mott transitions, multi-electron magneticmoments, and dynamical properties correlated materials. Working towards this goal, the W&M team extended its first-principles phaseless auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) method to accurately calculate structural phase transitions and excited states.

The ratios of g factors of the first excited states of the /sup 107,109/Ag isotopes, g((3/2))/g((5/2)) = 1.5(3) and 2.3(5), respectively, have been measured by the perturbed angular correlation transient field technique. The absolute magnitudes of the g factors have been obtained through a calibration procedure that makes use of the magnetic dipole moments of the first 2/sup +/ states of /sup 106/Pd and /sup 110/Cd and are /sup 107/Ag: g((3/2)/sub 1//sup -/) = 0.61(12), g((5/2)/sub 1//sup -/) = 0.41(7) and /sup 109/Ag: g((3/2)/sub 1//sup -/) = 0.66(10), g((5/2)/sub 1//sup -/) = 0.29(6). These results are compared with weak coupling calculations as well as with Nilsson models with symmetric or triaxial cores. The latter reveal a sensitive dependence of the g factors on the deformation parameter ..gamma... .AE

Defect-induced magneticmoments are at the center of the research effort on spintronic applications of graphene. Here, we study the problem of a nonmagnetic impurity in graphene with a new theoretical method, inhomogeneous cluster dynamical mean-field theory (I-CDMFT), which takes into account interaction-induced short-range correlations while allowing long-range inhomogeneities. The system is described by a Hubbard model on the honeycomb lattice. The impurity is modeled by a local potential. For a large enough potential, interactions induce local antiferromagnetic correlations around the impurity and a net total spin 1/2 appears, in agreement with Lieb's theorem. Bound states caused by the impurity are visible in the local density of states (LDOS) and have their energies shifted by interactions in a spin-dependent way, leading to the antiferromagnetic correlations. Our results take into account dynamical correlations; nevertheless they qualitatively agree with previous mean-field and density functional theory (DFT) studies. Moreover, they provide a relation between impurity potential and on-site repulsion U that could in principle be used to determine experimentally the value of U .

This dissertation reports the antineutrino-nucleus neutral current elastic scattering cross section on CH2 measured by the MiniBooNE experiment located in Batavia, IL. The data set consists of 60,605 events passing the selection cuts corresponding to 10.1×1020 POT, which represents the world’s largest sample of antineutrino neutral current elastic scattering events. The final sample is more than one order of magnitude lager that the previous antineutrino NCE scattering cross section measurement reported by the BNL E734 experiment. The measurement presented in this dissertation also spans a wider range in Q2, including the low-Q2 regime where the cross section rollover is clearly visible. A X2-based minimization was performed to determine the best value of the axial mass, MA and the Pauli blocking scaling function, that matches the antineutrino NCE scattering data. However, the best fit values of MA=1.29 GeV and K=1.026 still give a relatively poor X2, which suggests that the underlying nuclear model (based largely on the relativistic Fermi gas model) may not be an accurate representation for this particular interaction. Additionally, we present a measurement of the antineutrino/neutrino-nucleus NCE scattering cross section ratio. The neutrino mode NCE sample used in this study, corresponding to 6.4 × 1020 POT, is also the world’s largest sample (also by an order of magnitude). We have demonstrated that the ratio measurement is robust, as most of the correlated errors cancel, as expected. Furthermore, this ratio also proves to be rather insensitive to variations in the axial mass and the Pauli blocking parameter. This is the first time that this ratio has been experimentally reported. We believe this measurement will aid the theoretical physics community to test various model predictions of neutrino-nucleon/nucleus interactions.

MINOS searches for neutrino oscillations using the disappearance of muon neutrinos from the NuMI beam at Fermilab between two detectors. The Near Detector, located near the source, measures the beam composition before flavor change occurs. The energy spectrum is measured again at the Far Detector after neutrinos travel a distance. The mixing angle and mass splitting between the second and third mass states are extracted from the energy dependent difference between the spectra at the two detectors. NuMI is able to produce an antineutrino-enhanced beam as well as a neutrino-enhanced beam. Collecting data in antineutrino-mode allows the direct measurement of antineutrino oscillation parameters. From the analysis of the antineutrino mode data we measure $|\\Delta\\bar{m}^{2}_{\\text{atm}}| = 2.62^{+0.31}_{-0.28}\\times10^{-3}\\text{eV}^{2}$ and $\\sin^{2}(2\\bar{\\theta})_{23} = 0.95^{+0.10}_{-0.11}$, which is the most precise measurement of antineutrino oscillation parameters to date. A difference between neutrino and antineutrino oscillation parameters may indicate new physics involving interactions that are not part of the Standard Model, called non-standard interactions, that alter the apparent disappearance probability. Collecting data in neutrino and antineutrino mode independently allows a direct search for non-standard interactions. In this dissertation non-standard interactions are constrained by a combined analysis of neutrino and antineutrino datasets and no evidence of such interactions is found.

We developed a segmented reactor-antineutrino detector made of plastic scintillators for application as a tool in nuclear safeguards inspection and performed mostly unmanned field operations at a commercial power plant reactor. At a position outside the reactor building, we measured the difference in reactor antineutrino flux above the ground when the reactor was active and inactive.

There have been new developments in the field of applied neutrino physics during the last decade. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has expressed interest in the potentialities of antineutrino detection as a new tool for reactor monitoring and has created an ad hoc Working Group in late 2010 to follow the associated research and development. Several research projects are ongoing around the world to build antineutrino detectors dedicated to reactor monitoring, to search for and develop innovative detection techniques, or to simulate and study the characteristics of the antineutrino emission of actual and innovative nuclear reactor designs. We give, in these proceedings, an overview of the relevant properties of antineutrinos, the possibilities of and limitations on their detection, and the status of the development of a variety of compact antineutrino detectors for reactor monitoring.

Searching for an accurate optical clock which can serve as a better time standard than the present-day atomic clock is highly demanding from several areas of science and technology. Several attempts have been made to build more accurate clocks with different ion species. In this paper, we discuss the electric quadrupole and hyperfine shifts in the 5d{sup 9}6s{sup 2} {sup 2}D{sub 5/2}(F=0,m{sub F}=0){r_reversible}5d{sup 10}6s {sup 2}S{sub 1/2}(F=2,m{sub F}=0) clock transition in {sup 199}Hg{sup +}, one of the most promising candidates for next-generation optical clocks. We have applied Fock-space unitary coupled-cluster theory to study the electric quadrupole moment of the 5d{sup 9}6s{sup 2} {sup 2}D{sub 5/2} state and magnetic dipole hyperfine constants of 5d{sup 9}6s{sup 2} {sup 2}D{sub 3/2,5/2} and 5d{sup 10}6s{sup 1} {sup 2}S{sub 1/2} states, respectively, of {sup 199}Hg{sup +}. We have also compared our results with available data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a variant of coupled-cluster theories has been applied to study these kinds of properties of Hg{sup +} and is the most accurate estimate of these quantities to date.

This paper reports the tenth-order contributions to the g-2 of the electron a{sub e} and those of the muon a{sub {mu}} from the gauge-invariant Set II(c), which consists of 36 Feynman diagrams, and Set II(d), which consists of 180 Feynman diagrams. Both sets are obtained by insertion of sixth-order vacuum-polarization diagrams in the fourth-order anomalous magneticmoment. The mass-independent contributions from Set II(c) and Set II(d) are -0.116 489 (32)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} and -0.243 00 (29)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5}, respectively. The leading contributions to a{sub {mu}}, which involve electron loops only, are -3.888 27 (90)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} and 0.4972 (65)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} for Set II(c) and Set II(d), respectively. The total contributions of the electron, muon, and tau-lepton loops to a{sub e} are -0.116 874 (32)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} for the Set II(c), and -0.243 10 (29)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} for the Set II(d), respectively. The contributions of the electron, muon, and tau-lepton loop to a{sub {mu}} are -5.5594 (11)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} for the Set II(c) and 0.2465 (65)({alpha}/{pi}){sup 5} for the Set II(d), respectively.

The symmetry of the superconducting order parameter reflects the symmetries in the underlying mechanism of electron pairing, such as 's-wave ' symmetry for conventional BCS superconductors with a phonon mediated pairing mechanism. The High-Tc superconductors are widely believed to be unconventional, inasmuch the conventional BCS theory fails to describe their physical properties. Amongst the proposed theories for describing these novel superconductors, the leading candidate for the pairing state symmetry is dx2-y2 or 'd-wave'. This state has a lower symmetry than the underlying Fermi surface, has nodes where the order parameter changes sign and the gap goes to zero on the Fermi surface, with a finite density of states for the lowest lying excitations. In order to study the pairing symmetry, we have developed a technique that uses the nonlinear Meissner effect in the transverse magneticmoment (NLTM) as a probe of the low energy excitations, below 1 meV. The predictions for this effect are known from exact numerical calculations based on the ideas of Yip and Sauls. In this thesis, our experiment is motivated with a brief overview of the pairing state problem. Techniques for sample preparation as also the development of various instrumentation techniques to study the angular dependence of the NLTM are described, and the results of our experiments are presented. Our data on high quality single crystals of YBa2Cu3O6.95 support a minimum gap of 0.5--0.75 meV in the quasiparticle excitation spectrum at all points on the Fermi surface. This is contrary to pure ' d-wave' symmetry, but does not rule out gap functions with deep minima or 'quasinode'.

A sample of over 25,000 fully measured neutrino and antineutrino charged current interactions in BEBC includes 192 dilepton candidates. The prompt signal after subtraction of background is 41 ±7µ+ e -, 35±7µ+µ- events frombar v interactions, and 32±7µ-µ+ events from ν interactions. There are 2 trileptons, µ-µ- e + and µ-µ-µ+. Results are compared with other experimental data and with the standard model. Limits to prompt like sign µ+ e +, µ+µ+ and µ-µ- signals are given and compared with other experiments and with theoretical calculations.