In North America the golden eagle ranges from central Mexico along the Pacific coast and through the Rocky Mountains as far north as Alaska and Newfoundland. Small numbers range through the Appalachian Mountains as far south as North Carolina. The golden eagle is protected by federal law throughout the United States, but special permits for the shooting of eagles are issued in areas where the birds are believed to kill lambs.

Ornithologists estimate that the world’s population of golden eagles exceeds 160,000 birds. About 80,000 reside in North America, and about 18,000 occur in Europe. Of the roughly 900 in the United Kingdom, almost all reside in Scotland. The species also occurs in northwestern Africa, but it is more common at higher latitudes and eastward—across Russia, including Siberia, and from Asia Minor through Iran and Pakistan to southern China and Japan.

A Steller’s sea eagle and a golden eagle fighting for food on Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula.

Golden eagles nest in cliff caves or in lone trees. There are one to four (usually two) eggs, which vary, within the clutch, from all white to brown blotched. Both parents incubate the eggs, for a total of 40 to 45 days. The young (only one or two usually surviving) fledge in approximately three months.