Spectroscopic binary star

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major reference

Spectroscopic binary stars are found from observations of radial velocity. At least the brighter member of such a binary can be seen to have a continuously changing periodic velocity that alters the wavelengths of its spectral lines in a rhythmic way; the velocity…

discovery by Vogel

), German astronomer who discovered spectroscopic binaries—double-star systems that are too close for the individual stars to be discerned by any telescope but, through the analysis of their light, have been found to be two individual stars rapidly revolving around one another.

work of Russell

…had applied his study of binary stars to what they could reveal about the lives and evolution of stars and stellar systems. After choosing stars that might test which of several competing theories of stellar evolution was correct, he used his parallax measurements to determine the intrinsic, or absolute, brightnesses…