Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the impact of routine use of double-J stents on the incidence of urinary tract infection after renal transplantation.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective-comparative single-centre study in 310 consecutive adult deceased donor kidney recipients transplanted from 2002 to 2006. Patients were divided in two groups, with or without urinary stent implantation. To evaluate the predictive factors for UTI, donor and recipients pre- and post-transplantation data were analysed. Early urological complications and renal function within 12 months of transplantation were included as well.

Results

A total of 157 patients were enrolled to a stent (ST) and 153 patients to a no-stent (NST) group. The rate of urinary tract infection at three months was similar between the two groups (43.3% ST vs. 40.1% NST, p = 0.65). Of the identified pathogens Enterococcus and Escherichia coli were the most common species. In multivariate analysis neither age nor immunosuppressive agents, BMI or diabetes seemed to have influence on the rate of UTI. When compared to males, females had a significantly higher risk for UTI (54.0% vs. 33.5%).

Conclusion

Prophylactic stenting of the ureterovesical anastomosis does not increase the risk of urinary tract infection in the early postoperative period.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common infectious complications in patients receiving renal transplantation for end stage kidney disease [1, 2]. UTI could be associated with an increased morbidity and mortality risk, can worsen the graft and patient survival in renal transplant recipient [3, 4]. A significant proportion of kidney transplant recipients with UTIs may develop acute pyelonephritis, which is an independent risk factor for deterioration of graft function [5].

Some recent studies suggest routine prophylactic stenting of ureterovesical anastomosis at the time of graft implantation to reduce the incidence of early postoperative major urologic complications, as urinary leaks and stenosis [6–8]. Others advocate the use of stent only in selective, difficult cases while routine stenting could be associated with specific complications as haematuria, migration, malposition or complications of removal [9, 10].

It has been shown, that urinary stenting could lead to a significant increase of infections of lower and upper urinary tract in immunocompromised patients [11]. Although, whether universal routine stenting of the ureteroneocystostomy is a real risk factor for the development of severe urinary tract infection (UTI) after renal transplantation is still controversial. Therefore, to help further clarify this issue, we compared the frequency of UTI in our cohort of deceased donor kidney transplant recipient transplanted with or without ureteric stent implantation.

Study population

This is a retrospective, observational study of deceased donor renal allograft recipients who were consecutively transplanted at University Hospital Essen, Germany between January 2002 and December 2006 (n = 310). Data for this study were obtained from our transplant database and review of electronic and paper-based medical records. All adult (> 18 years) deceased donor kidney transplantations, except combined multiorgan transplants were considered. Living donor transplantations were not included in the study. Transplant procedures were performed in accordance with standard techniques. Double-J ureteral catheters were placed intraoperatively per the surgeon's discretion based on ureter, bladder and anastomotic characteristics until June 2004 and on routine basis thereafter. 157 patients were enrolled to a stent- (ST) and 153 patients to a no-stent (NST) group. Recipient and donor demographic and laboratory data, at the time of transplantation and afterwards were reviewed.

Urinary tract infection was defined as the patient having one of the following symptoms dysuria, fever, urgency, frequency, suprapubic tenderness, and positive urine culture with ≥ 105 microorganism/cm3 or two of the above signs and pyuria (> WBC/mm3) or < 105 microorganism/cm3 if patient was on antibiotics.

Intravenous cefazoline (2 g) was given once perioperatively within 30 minutes prior to skin incision and repeated once when operation exceeded 3 hours. A dose of single strength trimetoprim/sulfametoxazole (TMP/SMX) was started on day 2 or 3 and continued every second day for four to six months. The Foley catheter was removed on postoperative days 4-7. Urine samples were collected by aseptic technique. All stents were removed by cystoscopy under aseptic conditions 4-6 weeks after transplantation. Antibiotic prophylaxis was not given before removing the stents. The Double-J catheter tips were cultured for bacteria and fungi.

Immunosuppression consisted of methylprednisolone (500 mg given intraoperatively, followed by sequential tapering to daily oral prednisone 30 mg by one week, 10 mg at one month and 5 mg at 6-12 months), mycophenolate-mofetil (2 g/d postoperatively with dose adjustment for side effects), calcineurininhibitors (tacrolimus or cyclosporin-A started within 24 hours after surgery) and/or IL-2 receptor blockers (basiliximab, daclizumab). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the MDRD formula:eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) = 186 × CrS-1.154 × age-0.203 × 0.742 (if female). "Extra risk" recipients were defined as recipients older than 60 years or older than 50 years with at least one of the following risk factors: coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease (PAD, grade IIa or higher), diabetes mellitus [12]. Patients with findings suggestive of UTI were hospitalized for further work-up and treatment, if necessary.

Ureterovesical implantation

The technique of the ureteroneocystostomy consisted of an end-to-side extravesical implantation of the ureter onto the anterior bladder wall, modified from the Lich-Gregoire procedure. In summary, a cc. 1.5 cm incision of detrusor was made on the posterolateral aspect of bladder, followed by sharp dissection of mucosa. The anastomosis was constructed between the spatulated distal donor ureter and a small bladder mucosal nick made after myotomy incision. A watertight mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis, using 5/0 or 6/0 absorbable running sutures was performed of the spatulated ureter to a distal mucosal opening, followed by the creation of submucosal tunnel by approximation of seromuscular layers using absorbable sutures.

Statistical analysis

Data are given as counts (with percentages) or mean values (with SDs). Medians (with interquartile ranges [IQR]) are reported for non-normally distributed data. For univariate comparisons between the groups, we used chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and by Student's t or Mann Whitney rank sum test for continuous variables. Box plots follow the standard format as used by SPSS (Version 15). P-values less than 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.

We used multivariable analysis in order to adjust for baseline imbalances between the groups. A logistic regression model was developed to predict urinary tract infection, using various demographic and medical variables as covariates. By stepwise backward selection, non-predictive variables were eliminated using a threshold of p < 0.1. The explanatory power of the final model was examined by calculating Nagelkerke's R2 coefficient, which ranges between 0 (no predictive power at all) and 1 (UTI incidence predictable with 100% certainty).

During the study period 310 patients were eligible for analysis. Patient characteristics and transplantation related data are summarized in Table 1. All patients were followed for at least one year. There was no significant difference between the stented (ST) and non-stented (NST) groups with respect to underlying kidney disease, body mass index (BMI), gender or HLA mismatches. The patients from the ST group were older, the cold ischemia time was longer and these patients were dialysed longer before transplantation. Donor characteristics were summarized in Table 2. There was also no significant difference with regard to gender, relevant co-morbidities, cause of death, median length of ICU stay or kidney function. However, donors for stented group were older and their BMI was higher. The mean incidence of diabetes was 12.9%.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the two group of recipients.

ST group

NST group

P value

No. of pts.

157 (50.6%)

153 (49.4%)

-

Mean age (years)

53.0 (12.1)

48.5 (13.7)

0.003

No. of males

94 (59.9%)

92 (60.1%)

1.0

Body mass index (kg/m2)

25.3 (4.3)

24.4 (4.0)

0.07

Primary transplant

123 (78.3%)

114 (74.5%)

0.91

Duration of pretransplant dialysis (months)

79.3 (49.5)

66.2 (34.8)

0.008

Mean cold ischemia time (hrs)

15.6 (6.0)

17.7 (8.3)

0.01

Number of HLA mismatches

0.81

0

21 (13%)

23 (15%)

1

14 (9%)

16 (11%)

2

29 (19%)

32 (21%)

3

35 (22%)

27 (18%)

4

34 (22%)

33 (22%)

5

12 (8%)

15 (10%)

6

12 (8%)

7 (5%)

Gender mismatch

73 (46.5%)

81 (52.9%)

0.55

"Extra risk" recipients

69 (43.9%)

49 (32.0%)

0.035

Table 2

Donor demographics.

ST group

NST group

P value

Mean age (years)

52.3 (16.3)

46.8 (15.9)

0.003

No. of males

81 (52.3%)

78 (51.3%)

0.91

Body mass index (kg/m2)

26.2 (4.8)

25.0 (4.9)

0.033

Any relevant comorbidity

79 (51.0%)

82 (53.9%)

0.65

Cause of death

0.28

Intracerebral bleeding

93 (59%)

74 (48%)

Hypoxia

27 (17%)

30 (20%)

Cardiovascular

17 (11%)

21 (14%)

Trauma

13 (8%)

24 (16%)

Other

7 (4%)

4 (3%)

Median length of ICU stay before explantation (days)

4 (IQR 2 to 8)

3 (IQR 2 to 8)

0.99

Median donor serum

0.90

0.90

0.96

creatinin (umol/l) at explantation

(IQR 0.63 to 1.30)

(IQR 0.70 to 1.25)

One hundred twenty-nine infection episodes of urinary tract infections were diagnosed in 310 (41.6%) recipients. The rate of UTI at three months was similar in the ST group compared to NST group (43.3% vs. 40.1%), but without reaching significance (p = 0.65). There was no graft loss as a result of stent-related infectious complications. Figure 1 depicts the causative pathogens of UTI.

Figure 1

Microbial species cultures from 129 recipients having clinical symptoms of UTI.

The overall rate of urinary tract complications in the two groups were also summarized in Table 3. Anastomotic stenosis rate (1.3%) was similar in the NST versus the ST group, urinary leakage occurred in 6.8% of all recipients, 8.3% in ST- vs. 5.9% in NST group, respectively. We observed fewer episodes of acute rejection in ST group (22.9% vs. 34.6%, p = 0.024). Wound infection occurred in 7% vs. 11.2% of patients (ns). In multivariate analysis (Table 4) the following categorical variables had no impact on the rate of UTI: age at transplantation, diabetes mellitus, BMI, duration of pretransplant dialysis, duration of surgery and cold ischemia time. However, female gender significantly (p < 0.001) affected the incidence of urinary tract infection (54.0% vs. 33.5%, relative risk 1.4, 95%-CI 1.2 to 1.8). Graft function did not differ significantly between the two groups of recipients (Figure 2).

Table 3

Clinical results in the two groups.

ST group

(n = 157)

NST group

(n = 153)

P value

Urinary tract infection

68 (43.3%)

61 (40.1%)

0.65

Ureteric leakage

13 (8.3%)

9 (5.9%)

0.51

Ureteric stenosis

2 (1.3%)

2 (1.3%)

1.0

Hematoma

9 (5.7%)

11 (7.2%)

0.65

Wound infection

11 (7.0%)

17 (11.2%)

0.24

Acute Rejection

36 (22.9%)

53 (34.6%)

0.024

Table 4

Results of multivariate regression analyses of predictors for UTI.

Variable

Coefficient in Initial regression model

P value

Coefficient in final regression model (with 95%-CI)

P value

Age (per year increase)

0.998

0.93

-

Gender (male vs. female)

0.395

0.002

0.40 (0.23 to 0.70)

0.001

BMI (per kg/m2)

1.005

0.88

-

Diabetes

1.0

1.0

-

"Extra risk" recipients

1.625

0.33

1.68 (0.95 to 2.97)

0.077

Duration of pretrans-plant dialysis (per month increase)

0.998

0.59

-

Duration of surgery (per minute increase)

1.001

0.75

-

Urinary stenting

1.169

0.62

-

Tacrolimus

0.986

0.964

-

Cold ischemia time (per minute increase)

0.980

0.307

-

Explanatory power of the final model was limited, as Nagelkerke's R2 was 0.08.

Figure 2

Recipient eGFR (in ml/1.73 m2) at transplantation and after 1, 4 and 52 weeks in the two groups.

Renal transplantation is a widely accepted treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Despite of well established surgical technique and a continuous improvements in patient and graft survival over the past two decades, the rate of urinary tract complications remains still considerable common and may vary between 2-15% [12, 13]. These include urinary leak, obstruction, stenosis, necrosis and vesicoureteral re-flux. These complications increase morbidity, delay graft function, and occasionally may lead to graft and/or patient loss [14].

Recently, many studies, including a prospective randomized trial, advocate stenting of the ureterovesical anastomosis to reduce the rate of these complication [15–18]. Opponents counter that the stent can migrate, could have bad permeability, could contribute to postoperative pain and stone formation [19, 20]. Others advocate that stent can increase postoperative infection risk, can erode the lumen, can exacerbate long-term stricturing of the anastomosis and the use of stenting should be restricted to difficult ureterovesical anastomosis [21].

Currently, no controlled randomized study evaluated the rate of urinary tract infections with and without ureteral stent implantation, and there is no clearly defined consensus among transplant surgeons with regard to routine stenting of the vesicoureteral anastomosis during renal transplantation. Therefore, to further evaluate this issue we conducted a comparative-retrospective study to analyse the frequency of UTI in a cohort of deceased donor kidney transplant recipients who were operated either with or without Double-J placement in our center. We also investigated the influence of stenting on renal function and major ureteric complications (leakage, obstruction).

Urinary tract infection (UTI) occurred in 41.6% of our patients. The reported frequency of UTI may vary from 18% to 79% [1, 22]. Differences in the definition, follow-up period, immunosuppression and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis could explain this wide range. A recent report showed that stenting of the vesicoureteral anastomosis is a predictor factor for UTI after kidney transplantation [6]. Others could not identify such an association [7–9]. Our study has also failed to demonstrate an increased risk of UTI in stented recipients.

Other factors that have been also associated with a higher risk of UTI in renal transplant recipients include female gender, age, diabetes mellitus the function of the transplanted kidney and prolonged dialysis pre-transplantation [10]. However, except female gender, none of them was independently associated with a higher risk of UTI in our study. We did also not find that advanced age would increase the risk of UTI in our renal transplant recipients. Although earlier reports have noted a higher incidence of UTI-related complications such as pyelonephritis and urosepsis [5], we did also not observe such an increase. We observed a significant decrease in acute rejection rate in the stented patient group (22.9% vs 34.6%). One speculative explanation could be that stenting allows early decompression of the anastomosis to ensure free drainage despite mucosal oedema, although auxiliary studies could further evaluate this issue.

Previous published studies report conflicting results whether a history of diabetes increases or does not influence the renal transplant patient's risk of developing a UTI [11, 12]. Diabetic patients have been shown to have a higher incidence of significant bacteriuria therefore we expected this trend to continue after renal transplantation. However, we did not find pre-transplant diabetes to be associated with an increased incidence of UTI in our renal transplant population. The lack of impact may be due to the overall low incidence of diabetic recipients (12.9%) in our study population.

The pathogens isolated from renal transplant recipients with UTI have been previously reported to be similar to those causing UTI in the general population [23]. A renal transplant series reported recently, that Escherichia coli would be the most common uropathogen (32%) and Enterococcus isolated in 18% [24, 25]. Our study identified Enterococcus spp. as leading uropathogen causing UTI after renal transplantation. These observations are in correlation with the data of Alangaden et al. identifying first that Enterococcus spp. could be the predominant pathogens in UTIs in kidney allograft recipients [1].

There are some limitations of our study. First, due to retrospective comparative data analyses and relatively small number of patients we hesitate to draw firm conclusion from the observed associations. Secondary, in the first study period ureterovesical stent were rather implanted on a subjective basis when the transplant surgeon experienced an unfavourable anatomy and expected complications.

Despite these biases, we would conclude that routine use of Double-J stents for prophylactic stenting of the ureteroneocystostomy does not affect significantly the rate of urinary tract infection in deceased donor renal transplant recipient population. Whether longer duration of stenting, immunosuppression with induction therapy by multiple transplants or living donor transplantation has a further influence on incidence of UTI is still unclear. It is therefore prudent to continue monitoring possible relationship between Double-J implantation and UTI in renal transplant recipients.