NOTE: With thanks to The Charles Darwin Trust and Dr Mary Whitear for use of the Bibliographical Handlist. Copyright. All rights reserved. For private academic use only. Not for republication or reproduction in whole or in part without the prior written consent of The Charles Darwin Trust, 14 Canonbury Park South London N1 2JJ.

CHARLES DARWIN: A COMPANION

Charles Darwin aged 59. Reproduction of a photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, original 13 x 10 inches, taken at Dumbola Lodge, Freshwater, Isle of Wight in July 1869. The original print is signed and authenticated by Mrs Cameron and also signed by Darwin. It bears Colnaghi's blind embossed registration.

CHARLES DARWIN

A Companion

by

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher:

THIS Companion is about Charles Darwin the man: it is not about evolution by natural selection, nor is it about any other of his theoretical or experimental work. A glance will show what it contains, and only a brief introduction is needed. It is intended to make easily available the facts of Darwin's life, his ancestry, collaterals and descendants, his friends and a few enemies, and his scientific correspondents. It covers what he wrote, and where he went, when and why. It also includes some more personal things, such as his appearance, including details of pictures of him, his day to day habits, and a little of his political and social views.

Darwin's name occurs in every relevant work of reference from about the time of his election to the Royal Society in 1839 until his death, and in superabundance from then onwards. In the British Museum's General catalogue of printed books, (1959–1966), the appendix of titles relative to Darwin contains more than 400 entries, whilst that for Galileo has about 150 and that for Newton less than 130. This excess is exacerbated because his name also occurs in every work on evolution and in every student textbook of biology as well as in many works about the religious and social implications of evolutionary theory. It is however ameliorated because the number of works which contain facts about him is small. Basically, there are seven volumes, three of Life and letters, and two each of More letters and Emma Darwin. To these may be added a handful of later books and papers which contain many new facts, and a larger number, mostly biographies of other people and works containing previously unpublished letters, which contain some information.

The basic three works were all edited by two of his children and published within the lifetimes of many people who knew him. Biographies by children of their subject have the advantage that the facts are probably right, but the disadvantage that the children are too close to see what will be of interest to later readers. Life and letters also has the disadvantage of being published within five years of Darwin's death, so

that parts which might have been libellous or caused offence to the living had to be omitted. His autobiography, which is first printed there, has omissions for his widow's sake and its full text did not become available until seventy years later.

All the entries here are degressive. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the further the subject is from Darwin himself, the less need there is for a comprehensive entry. Gladstone, Tennyson and Ruskin met Darwin, and all could have had long entries, but their contact was slight and their entries are therefore brief; his butler, Parslow, and his secretary-servant, Covington, deserve and get longer entries. Similarly, Paris, Dublin and Belfast, each of which he visited once, briefly, get little notice, but Tierra del Fuego, the Galapagos Islands and Glen Roy were much more important to him. The second reason for degression is ignorance. I have used a large number of reference sources and have sought the help of many friends, but there remains information which I would like to have entered which has escaped me. Much of this is about people that Darwin saw almost every day of his life, sometimes for years, such as the domestic staff at Down House, but if Francis Darwin or his sister merely mention Mary or Maryann, it is impossible to go further. There are also a number of villagers in Downe who are in a similar position. Amongst relatives, there are some, particularly women, whose dates of birth are available because these are given in the pedigrees made by people who knew them, but apparently they never die, because they did nothing to rate an entry in standard works of reference. The scientists are usually easy, although there are a few, such as 'old Jones' on page 177, who elude me. The two other main groups of entries, places and Darwin's works, present no difficulties.

About forty per cent of the entries are about people. These I have tried to keep uniform and I have used two conventions: women will be found under their maiden surnames, when these are known to me; even Emma Darwin will be found under Wedgwood: titles, whether of honour or plain Mr, Mrs or Miss, are always given in italic. A full entry for a person starts with forenames followed by dates of birth and death, occupation in general, titles of honour and membership of important learned societies, marriage, children, blood relationship to Darwin if any. This is followed by a brief note of the post or posts which they held, and relevant dated quota-

tions to show Darwin's connection with the subject of the entry. Finally, I have mentioned their more important published works, particularly those which relate to Darwin, and have listed a few biographies for the more important people, although in most cases I have made a reference to the Dictionary of national biography or Who was who suffice. Many of the entries for people are, intentionally, not nearly as full as this.

Darwin's books have been entered under short titles and all editions are listed, although mere reprints are ignored; first editions printed in America and in foreign languages are also listed. Foreign language editions are also entered under the language, so that a complete list is available of those of his works which have been translated into any given language; there is a similar list for English Braille. Almost all his books have appeared in facsimile in recent years and the dates of these are entered. Papers published in periodicals are entered by short title; these are widely scattered and some were not easily accessible until the most useful publication of a complete set by Paul H. Barrett in 1977; the page numbers of Barrett's reprints are given in each case. Much of the material which was left in manuscript by Darwin has also been published; most of it was never intended for publication, being notebooks or rough drafts. The titles of these have been consolidated under the heading 'Darwin, Charles Robert, Manuscripts', but their editors have been entered in the main list.

This work is a compilation, with almost nothing in it that has not appeared in print before. I have tried to stick to facts, although matters of opinion have crept in here and there. Darwin himself, in a letter to Huxley in 1859, said 'The inaccuracy of the blessed band (of which I am one) of compilers passes all bounds, The difficulty is to know what to trust.' I know that there are many omissions here and I am sure that there are errors, but hope that most of the facts are correct.

MY indebtedness to works of reference is large. Many of these are listed below, under Abbreviations, but others are, as usual, taken for granted. I give my thanks to the editors and compilers of hundreds of such works. More personally, I should like to thank the three great Cambridge darwinians, Nora Lady Barlow, Dr Sydney Smith and P. J. Gautrey: all three have answered my questions over the years with unfailing patience, as they have those of so many others. Peter Gautrey, sitting as he does on the Darwin archive in the University Library, has had to bear the brunt. I am indebted to many Librarians in National and University libraries, but especially to Joseph Scott, Librarian of University College London, whose library has been my daily haunt. The excellence of his reference rooms and the learning of his staff has saved me much journeying and letter writing. I would like to thank three of his staff by name: Joan Nash, who has looked after the Biological Sciences Library for many years; Susan Gove, in charge of the Thane Medical Library, who enjoys chasing obscure physicians and surgeons; and John Spiers, in charge of information, who regards chasing people as light relief from on-line reference retrieval.

Atkins Sir Hedley Atkins, Down, the home of the Darwins: the story of a house and the people who lived there, London, Phillimore for the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1974; revised edition 1976 used.

B Paul E. Barrett, editor, The collected papers of Charles Darwin, 2 vols, Chicago, University Press, 1977. Barrett volume and page numbers are given for all Darwin's papers published in serials.

Barlow—Autobiography Nora Barlow, editor, The autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882, with the original omissions restored: edited with appendix and notes by his grand-daughter Nora Barlow, London, Collins, 1958.

Basalla George Basalla, The voyage of the Beagle without Darwin, Mariner's Mirror, 49:42–48, 1963.

Carroll P. Thomas Carroll, An annotated calendar of the letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Wilmington, Scholarly Resources Inc., 1976. Numbers given refer to the numbers of the letters and not to pages.

Climbing plants Charles Darwin, On the movements and habits of climbing plants, J.Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond., 9:1–118; as a book with same title, London, Longman and Williams & Norgate, 1865; 2nd edition, London, John Murray, 1875.

Cross and self fertilisation Charles Darwin, The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, London, John Murray, 1876.

d Daughter.

d.s.p. Decessit sine prole, died without issue.

Darwin-Bates Robert M. Stecher, editor, The Darwin-Bates letters: correspondence between two nineteenth century travellers and naturalists, Part I, Ann.Sci., 25:1–47: Part II, ibid., 25:95–125, 1969.

Desmond, Ray Dictionary of British and Irish botanists and horticulturalists, including plant collectors and botanical artists, London, Taylor and Francis, 1977. This is a 3rd edition of Britten & Boulger, q.v.

EB Encyclopaedia Britannica, London. The 11th–12th edition, 32 vols, 1910–1911, 1922, has been referred to in a few places.

[ED] H. E. Litchfield, editor, Emma Darwin, wife of Charles Darwin: a century of family letters, Cambridge, University Press, privately printed, 1904. This edition has not been quoted from.

ED Used for Emma Darwin, wife of Charles Robert Darwin throughout. Also used, with volume and page reference, for Henrietta E. Litchfield, editor, Emma Darwin, a century of family letters, 1792–1896, London, John Murray, 1915. This, the published edition, is the one quoted from throughout.

Ellegård Alvar Ellegård, Darwin and the general reader: the reception of Darwin's theory of evolution in the British periodical press, 1859–1872, Götesborgs Universitets Arsskrift, 64:1–394; Göthenburg Studies in English, 8.

Expression Charles Darwin, The expression of the emotions in man and animals, London, John Murray, 1872.

F R. B. Freeman, The works of Charles Darwin: an annotated bibliographical handlist, 2nd edition, Folkestone, Wm Dawson, Hamden, Conn., Archon Books, 1977. Freeman numbers are entered, just with the prefix F, for all Darwin's books and publications in serials. In the latter they follow the B of Barrett reprint numbers.

Orchids Charles Darwin, On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing, London, John Murray, 1862.

Origin Charles Darwin, On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the-struggle for life, London, John Murray, 1859. Quotations from later editions are specified in the text.

Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France 1872 CD proposed for Zoologie section, but not elected. 1878 elected in Botanique. CD to Gray 'It is rather a good joke that I should be elected to the botanical section, as the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy is a compositous plant, and a pea a leguminous one'—LLiii 224. 1899 'He was in fact guilty of evolution but with extenuating botanical circumstances'—Francis D, Ann.Bot., 12:xi.

Adventure [2] 1833 Mar. Schooner bought by Fitz-Roy on 2nd voyage of Beagle, from William Law, a sealer, at Port Louis, Falkland Islands, for £1300 & £403 for new equipment; 170 tons, then named Unicorn; originally built at Rochester as a yacht. J. C. Wickham in command. 1834 Oct. Admiralty refused to reimburse Fitz-Roy, so sold at Valparaiso for £1400.

Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe, known as Louis 1807–1873 Ichthyologist & geologist. For. Mem. R.S. 1838. Prof. Natural History Neuchâtel 1832–1847. Prof. Zoology & Geology Harvard 1847–1873. 1841 CD sent J. Researches, 1854 CD sent Living Barnacles, 1859 CD sent Origin. 1849 CD met at British Association, Southampton. 1860 Jan. Gray to CD 'He says it is poor—very poor!! (entre nous). The fact is he is very much annoyed by it'—LLii 268. 1860 Jul. 'I shall therefore consider the transmutation theory as a scientific mistake, untrue in its facts, unscientific in its method, and mischievious in its tendency'—Silliman's J., 143—LLii 184. 1863 CD to Gray 'I enjoy anything that riles Agassiz. He seems to grow bigoted with increasing years. I once saw him years ago and was charmed with him'—Darwin-Gray letters 52. 1866 CD to Gray about an Amazonian glacier 'We [CD & Lyell] were both astonished at the nonsense which Agassiz writes . . . his predetermined wish partly explains what he fancied he observed'—Darwin-Gray letters 56. A continued against CD for the rest of his life and ML contains a number of other examples of his attitude and his absurdity. Biography: 1886 Elizabeth Cabot Agassiz (2nd wife), 2 vols, Boston; 1893 Holder, New York; EB.

Ainstie, Mr Resident at Downe. 1860 Innes was looking for a vicarage. A was perhaps selling his house and wanted £4000—Darwin-Innes letters 205, 207.

Ainsworth, William Francis 1807–1896 Physician, Wernerian geologist & middle-east traveller. CD 'Knew a little about many subjects, but was superficial and very glib with his tongue'—Barlow, Autobiography 48. DNB.

Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie, known as Grant A. 1848–1899 Naturalist and general writer. Chronically sick and often in financial difficulty. 1877 CD to A, thanks for his book Physiological aesthetics, London. 1879 CD to Romanes, A was in some financial difficulty, CD subscribed £25, will send more if needed—Carroll 567, 569. 1881 CD to Romanes relates to A's trouble, acknowledging cheque for £12.10s in 50% repayment of loan, and about giving a present of a microscope to—Carroll 603. 1882 CD to Romanes, CD prefers to give the microscope now, rather than wait for the repayment

of the other half of the loan—Carroll 612, 613. 1885 ED 'I do not like Grant Allen's book about your father. It is prancing and wants simplicity'. Biography: E. Clodd 1900. A was not related to the other Allens. WWH.

Allen, Elizabeth [I] 1764–1846 Mar.31 1c of John Bartlett A. m 1792 Josiah Wedgwood [II]. Known as Bessy. CD's mother-in-law. 1833 early this year had a stroke, damaging a foot, and never walked again.

Allen, Emma 1780–1866 Jun.4. 10c of John Bartlett A. unm. ED's aunt. ED named after her. 1843 moved from Creselly to Heywood Lodge, Heywood Lane, Tenby, on death of her brother John Hensleigh A. 1864 returned to Cresselly with sister Frances after death of brother John's wife.

Allen, Fannysee Frances A.

Allen, Frances 1781–1875 May 6. 11c of John Bartlett A. unm. Known as Fanny. ED's aunt. 1843 moved to Heywood Lodge, Heywood Lane, Tenby on death of her brother John Hensleigh A. 'A little low white house . . . the sleek spaniel Crab, and the well cared for garden'. 1864 returned to Creselly, with sister Emma, on death of brother John's wife. F. A. was last surviving member of her generation.

Allen, John 1810–1886 School Commissioner 1836–1846. Archdeacon of Salop 1847–1883. Friend of Edward Fitzgerald and of Alfred Tennyson. 1847 visited, with Jessie Sismondi and her sister Emma, the school at Caldy Island, which was paid for by Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II]—EDii 107.

Arding, Willoughby 1805–1879. Physician. Ashworth identifies CD's Edinburgh naturalist friend 'Hardie' as A, but CD says that Hardie died early in India. A was at Bombay and then Wallingford, Berkshire.

Ash, Edward John 1799–1851 Bursar of Christ's College Cambridge—Darwin-Henslow 120. 1831 Nov.15 A failed to subtract furniture value from CD's final account with the College—LLi 215. Rector of Brisely and Vicar of Gateley, Yorkshire.

Ashburner, Misses 1871 George D and Francis D stayed with them in USA. Aunts of Sara Sedgwick. Their father was 'the youth beloved' of Mrs John Opie's (née Amelia Alderson) poem 'Forget me not'.

Athenaeum Club Pall Mall, London. 1838, before Aug. CD elected member; one of 40 new members called the 40 thieves; proposed by Marquis of Landsdowne. CD used the Club a lot before marriage. see Barlow Autobiography 35.

Audubon, John James 1780–1851. American ornithologist. FRS 1830. CD met and heard him lecture at Edinburgh. 'Sneering somewhat unjustly at Waterton'—Barlow Autobiography 51.

Australia 1836 Jan.12–Mar.16 Beagle was at. 1839 'Farewell Australia! you are a rising infant and doubtless some day will reign a great princess in the south, but you are too great and ambitious for affection, yet not great enough for respect. I leave your shores without sorrow or regret'—J.Researches 538.

Autobiographical Fragment 1838 this autobiography of CD's early years was written in this year, but printed first in 1903 MLi 1–5. Foreign editions: USA 1903 in stereo edition of ML; Russian, fragment alone 1959.

Autobiography 1876 written between late May and Aug.3 with later additions. Ms title 'Recollections of the development of my mind and character'. Ms at Cambridge. 1887 first printed

Backgammon CD and ED played 2 games every evening when they were at Down House for many years. He won most games, she most gammons. 1876 Jan.28 CD to Gray 'she poor creature has won only 2490 games, whilst I have won, hurrah, hurrah, 2795 games!'—EDii 221.

Bacon Tobacconist of Cambridge. 1828 CD lodged over his shop in Sidney St, 'for a term or two'—LLi 163. The shop is now in the Market.

Bahia Blanca Argentine, a military outpost, known as Fort Antonio, separating the Pampas from Patagonia. 1832 Sep.7–28 Beagle at. 1833 Aug.25–Sep.6 CD passed through on his journey from Rio Negro to Buenos Aires.

deen. 1873 CD to about B's theory of spontaneity. They had met at Moor Park Hydro—LLiii 172.

Baily 'Baily the poulterer'—MLi 139. A seller of fancy pigeons, poultry, rabbits in London. c1851 mentioned several times in LLii. CD arranged tickets for him to attend a lecture by Huxley—MLi 139. He was trying to get a half-lop rabbit for CD—Mli 181.

Balfour, Francis Maitland 1851–1882. Embryologist. FRS 1878. Prof. Animal Morphology Cambridge 1882. Strong personal friend of CD's sons at Cambridge. Killed climbing on the Aiguille Blanche Jul. 1880 Jul. CD lunched with at Cambridge. 1881 Oct. B took tea with CD & ED at Cambridge. 'He has a fair fortune of his own. He is very modest, and very pleasant, and often visits here [Down House] and we like him very much'—LLiii 251. B told George D that he had never seen an experiment carried out except under anaesthesia—LLiii 203. 1882 B was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. A treatise on comparative embryology, 2 vols, 1881.

Barlow, Mrs 'My father used to quote an unanswerable argument by which an old lady, a Mrs Barlow, who suspected him of unorthodoxy, hoped to convert him:—"Doctor, I know that sugar is sweet in my mouth, and I know that my Redeemer liveth"'—Barlow Autobiography 96.

Barmouth Caernarvonshire. 1828 Summer CD went on a coaching holiday under G. A. Butterton. 1829 Jun. CD visited with F. W. Hope to collect beetles, but CD had to return home after 2 days owing to illness. 1831 CD visited alone after geological tour with Sedgwick. 1869 Jun.10–Jul.30 family holiday at Caerdeon, 2 miles E of, on N side of estuary.

Barnacles 'Then where does he do his barnacles?'. This story of a child's misunderstanding is Lubbock's—MLi 38. For CD's work on barnacles see Cirripedia.

Barnard, Annesee Henslow.

Barrande, Joachim 1799–1883. Invertebrate palaeontologist. 1855 CD to Huxley, CD to Lyell, CD had proposed him for Foreign Member of Roy.Soc. He was not elected—MLi 81, MLii 231.

Barrett, Paul E. 1977 editor of The collected papers of Charles Darwin, 2 vols, Chicago. References to entries in this most useful work are given for each paper entered here as B, followed by volume and page number. see also Howard E. Gruber, Darwin's notebooks.

Basket, Fuegia?1821–?1883. Woman of the Yahgan tribe from Tierra del Fuego. 1830 B was taken to England by Fitz-Roy, then aged about 9. 1833 Jan.23 B returned in Beagle and m York Minster. q.v. 1839 Fitz-Roy gives her name in Alikhoolip language (i.e. Yahgan) as Yokcushlu.?1843 'Captain Sulivan . . . heard from a sealer, that . . . he was astonished by a native woman coming on board who could talk some English. Without doubt this was Fuegia Basket. She lived (I fear the term bears a double interpretation) some days on board'—J. Researches, 1845, 229. c1872 T. Bridges saw her, and again in 1883 when she was old and 'nearing her end'.

Bassett North Stoneham, Southampton. Ridgmount, home of William Erasmus D 1862–1902, sold on death of his wife Sarah.

Bassoon FD of CD 'Finding the cotyledons of Biophytum to be highly sensitive to vibrations of the table, he fancied that they might perceive the vibrations of sound, and therefore made me play my bassoon to it'—LLi 149.

Bateman, James 1811–1897 Botanist and plant breeder especially of orchids. Sent CD plants of Anagraecum sesquipedale, a native of Madagascar, which is now known to be fertilized by a sphingid moth, Xanthopan morgani, with proboscis c25 cm. long.

Bates, Henry Walter 1825–1892. Traveller & naturalist. FRS 1881. m 1861 Sarah Ann Mason 3s 2d. Assistant Secretary to Geographical Society 1864–1892. 1863 CD was most impressed by Naturalist on the river Amazons, 'the best work on natural travels ever published in England'—LLii 381. 1863 CD reviewed B's paper on insect fauna of the Amazon valley, which discusses Batesian mimicry, Trans.Linn.Soc.Lond., 23:495–566, in Nat.Hist.Rev., 3:219–224; the review is anonymous and one of only 2 which CD ever wrote. 1863 review of Amazons book, in Nat.Hist.Rev., 3:385–389, is almost certainly not by CD; it is attributed to CD in early printings of Everyman edition of the book and from there by British Museum printed catalogue. 1861 CD sent B 3rd edi-

Beagle [I] His Majesty's Ship, sometimes called by Fitz-Roy His Majesty's Surveying Vessel. 3rd of the name. Sloop brig rigged as a brig. Built at Woolwich on the Thames and launched 1820 May 11; rerigged as a barque 1825. Displacement 235 tons; length of gundeck 90′; extreme breadth 24′6″; keel for tonnage 73′77/8″; light draught 7′7″ forward, 9′5″ aft. No. 41 of a class of 107 ten-gun brigs which were nicknamed coffins, or half-tide rocks, from their ability to go down in severe weather. On second voyage carried 2 91b guns & 4 carronades; special fittings included upper deck raised 8–12″, Lihon's rudder, Harris's conductors on all masts, 24 chronometers. Complement 74; 16 are listed by name in Narrative ii, and without names Acting Boatswain, Sergeant of Marines & 7 privates, 34 seamen & 6 boys. There were 4 supernumeraries who are named, including CD, 3 Fuegians, Fitz-Roy's steward and CD's servant Syms Covington, who started as one of the boys. Much error has appeared in descriptions of Beagle. Revell scale model (x cl/110) 1972. Best contemporary illustrations can be found together in A. Moorehead, Darwin and the Beagle, 1969. see N&R 62, much in error; J. R. Slevin, Occ.Pap.Calif.Acad.Sci., 25:75–88, 1959; K. S. Thomson, Amer.Sci., 63:664–672, 1975.

FIRST SURVEYING VOYAGE To South America 1826–1830, in company with HMS Adventure, Captain P. P. King who commanded the expedition. Beagle commanded by Lieut. Pringle Stokes who committed suicide 1828 Aug.12, thereafter by Fitz-Roy.

SECOND SURVEYING VOYAGE To South America and round the world 1832 Jan.7 to 1836 Oct.2. Total time away from England 1737 days (1835 Nov.15 crossed date line, one day lost). Commanded by Commander Fitz-Roy, Captain 1835 Dec. CD on board as supernumerary, a guest of Fitz-Roy, throughout

tons, whose name is not given, which was at first, 1835 Jun. loaned by Antonio José Vascunan of Coquimbo, when B. J. Sullivan surveyed parts of Chile coast. It was later bought, and A. B. Usborne surveyed the whole coast of Peru after Beagle left for Galápagos Is; finally sold at Paita, Peru—Fitz-Roy, J.R.geogr.Soc., 6: 311–343, 1836.

THIRD SURVEYING VOYAGE To New Zealand & Australia 1837–1843, under command of Captain J. C. Wickham 1837–1841 when he retired through ill-health. 1841–1843 Captain J. L. Stokes. 1843 Oct.20 paid off for the last time.

Later history 1845–1870 Coastguard Watch Vessel on river Roach, nr Pagglesham, Essex, with masts and all gear removed. 1863 name removed and numbered W. V.7. 1870 May 13 sold to Murray & Trainer for scrap and towed to Thames estuary. 1888 Beagle stated in Nature, Lond., 37:443 to have been sold to Japan was not CD's Beagle, but the 4th of the name, a paddle steamer which had seen service in the Crimean war 1854. It is confused with Beagle, 3rd of the name, in de Beer, Notes & Records 62, 1959, and by H. E. L. Mellersh, Fitzroy of the Beagle, 1968.

Beetles CD collected avidly when at Cambridge, encouraged by W. D. Fox. His early collecting records are published in J. F. Stephens, Illustrations of British entomology, 1828–1835, suppl., 1846, about thirty records in first 5 vols of Mandibulata. 1829 Feb.20 F. W. Hope gave CD specimens of c160 species of British beetles in London—LLi 174. 1829 CD went on beetle collecting tour with Hope to Barmouth, but CD was ill and had to return to Shrewsbury after 2 days. 1859 [Records of beetles at Downe], Ent.weekly Intelligencer, 6:99 (Bii 292, F1703), a note signed by Francis, Leonard & Horace D, who were 10, 8 & 7 years old, clearly written by CD—LLii 240.

Bell, Lady Caroline 1836 'Lady Caroline Bell, at whose house I dined at the C. of Good Hope, admired Herschel much, but said that he always came into a room as if he knew that his hands were dirty, and that he knew that his wife knew that they were dirty'—Barlow Autobiography 107.

to Middlesex Hospital 1812–1836. Prof. Surgery Edinburgh 1836–1842. CD had high admiration of his Anatomy and philosophy of expression, 1806, quoting in Expression from 3rd edition 1844 which has B's latest corrections. 'Admirable work on expression'—Barlow Autobiography 138. DNB.

Bell, Thomas 1792–1880. Physician, dental surgeon & zoologist. He was the first dental surgeon to be registered. FRS 1828. Prof. Zoology King's College London. Often at Down House in the early years. 1861 CD dined with at Linnean Club, 'Bell has a real good heart'—MLi 185. Retired to The Wakes, Selbourne, Hampshire, Gilbert White's house. B wrote Reptiles for Zoology of the Beagle, and delayed completion for nearly 2 years through procrastination and ill-health. DNB.

Belt, Thomas 1832–1878. Engineer, geologist & naturalist. 1874 CD to Hooker, refers to Naturalist in Nicaragua 1874, about glacial period—LLii 361. ?1878 CD to Hooker, 'It appears to me the best of all natural history journals which have ever been published', 'untimely death may well be deplored by naturalists'—MLiii 188.

Bemmelen, Prof. J. A. van 1877 B sent album of 217 photographs of Dutch distinguished men for CD's 68th birthday.

Benchuca Bug A large house bug of S. America (Triatoma infestans, Reduviidae). Vector of Chagas' disease q.v. Also lives in burrows of armadilloes. Another name for Barberio.

Bennett, Alfred William 1833–1902. Botanist. 1874 CD to B, when B had ceased to be assistant editor of Nature, asking for return of wood blocks for first edition of Climbing plants, 1865—Carroll 438.

Bennett, James Coxswain of Beagle on first voyage; remained with Fitz-Roy and looked after the four, later after the death of Boat Memory, three, Fuegians when they were in England, 1830–1831.

Bentham, Mr of Holwood, Downe. 1865 Sep. called at Down House. Apparently a new neighbour; ED liked him.

ordered Bentham, for, as—says, it will be very curious to see a Flora written by a man who knows nothing of British plants'—LLii 131. Jul.30 'I have got Bentham and am charmed with it'. These two quotations refer to Handbook to the British flora, 1858, which remained in print for more than 100 years. 1859 B accepted evolution. 1862 B approved of Orchids in his Presidential address to Linnean Society. 1882 B was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. Biography: Jackson 1906, DNB.

Bettany, George Thomas 1850–1892. Botanist. 1887 Life of Charles Darwin, London, Great Writers Series, is the earliest biography of CD other than obituaries and Miall's lecture. Chiefly useful for J. P. Anderson's bibliography pp. i–xxxi.

Biographical Sketch of an Infant 1877 A biographical sketch of an infant, Mind, 2:285–294 (Bii 191, F1305). Observations made by CD 1839–1841 on his first born child William Erasmus D, written as a result of a paper on the same subject by Hippolyte Taine, a translation of which appeared in the previous number of Mind 252. First foreign editions; French (F1311), German (F1312), Russian (F1314) 1877; Armenian (F1310) 1914; USA (F1309) 1956. 1880 [On the bodily and mental development of infants], Nature, Lond., 74: 565 (Bii 732, F1797), report of a letter from CD to a social science meeting at Saratoga, N.Y.

win Memorial meeting, the first such. Proceedings published in Smithson.Misc.Coll., 25.

Bird Talisman A fairy story by Henry Allen Wedgwood. 1. 1852 The Family Tutor, 3: 49–52, 89–92, 108–111, 143–146, 168–171, 208–212, 234–237. 2. 1887 Printed privately as a book, at Cambridge University Press, for CD's grandchildren, at the instigation of and with a 4 line preface by ED. 3, 1939 Only published edition as a book, illustrated by Gwen Raverat, W's great-niece and ED's grand-daughter. No. 2 is the second of ED's only printed works.

Blair, Rev. Robert Hugh Head of Worcester College for the Blind. 1872 B helped CD with observations on expression in the blind—MLii 109.

Blair, Rueben A. of Sedalia, Missouri. 1877 CD to about damaged goose wing and inheritance of similar damage by offspring—Carroll 529 seq. 1881 CD to B about Mastodon remains and B's daughter's love of natural history, 'I hope that the study of natural history may give your daughter a large share of the satisfaction which the study has given me'—Carroll 593.

Bloom 1886 Francis Darwin. On the relation between the 'bloom' on leaves and distribution of the stomata, J.Linn.Soc.Bot., 22:99–116 (F1805). Contains results obtained by Francis D working as research assistant to CD in 1878.

Blyth, Edward 1810–1873. Zoologist. Neglected his druggist business at Tooting in favour of natural history and got into financial difficulties—LLii 315. Zoological Curator of Museum of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 1844–1862. 1855 B drew CD's attention to Wallace's species paper of that year. 1860 May, B wrote to CD in favour of Origin. CD to

Hooker, praising B's knowledge of Indian zoology, 'He is a very clever, odd, wild fellow, who will never do what he could do, from not sticking to any one subject'—MLi 63. Helped greatly with Variation. Biographical note on—MLi 62. Wrote under pseudonyms Zoophilus and Z. DNB.

Boat Memory Man from Tierra del Fuego taken to England by Fitz-Roy in 1830, aged c20. 1830 Nov. died of smallpox in Plymouth Naval Hospital. 'A great favourite with all who knew him . . . a pleasing intelligent appearance . . . quite an exception to the general character of the Fuegians, having good features and a well-proportioned frame'—Fitz-Roy, Narrative 10.

Bobby, Bob A large half-bred black and white dog at Down House 1870. see Expression 64.

Boehm, Sir Joseph Edgar Bart 1834–1890. Sculptor. 1st Bart. RA 1882. 1883 B made statue of CD at British Museum (Natural History); life-size stone, seated in stylized chair. 1885 Jun.9 unveiled by Huxley in presence of Prince of Wales. Admiral Sulivan and Parslow were also present. There is also a half-size copy by the artist. 1887 B carved the deep medallion in Westminster Abbey. B was paid £2,100 for the statue and £150 for the medallion.

Bolton, Thomas Commercial aquarist of 146 High Holborn, London, and of Birmingham. Supplied CD with artificial sea salt for experiments on the longevity of seeds—Allan 152.

Bonn, University of 1868 CD Honorary Doctor of Medicine & Surgery.

Boo 1879 with 'Abbety', 'Mim', 'Lenny' (Leonard D) and 'Dadda' (CD) were Bernard Richard Meirion D's nicknames for the family at Down House. None is ED.

Boole, Mrs 1866 B writes to CD about his views on God and receives a characteristic answer—LLiii 63.

Boott, Dr Francis 1792–1863. American physician & botanist working in England. 1838 Aug. CD dined with at Athenaeum. 1856 Aug.20 Gray to CD 'Boott lately sent me your photograph which (though not a very perfect one) I am well pleased to have'—MLi 428. 1860 Mar.8 CD to Gray, CD has had a long letter from B 'full of the most noble love of truth and

candour. He goes far with me but cannot swallow all. No one could until he had enlarged his gullet by years of practice, as in my own case'—Darwin-Gray 76.

Bosquet, Joseph Augustin Hubert de 1813–1880. Belgian carcinologist of Maestricht. 1854 CD sent him copy of Living Cirripedia—MLi 75. 1856 B named Chthamalus darwini, a fossil barnacle from the Chalk, for CD and sent him specimen—MLi 97. 1856 CD to B who was apparently also interested in carrier pigeons—Carroll 138.

Boucher de Crèvecoeur de Perthes, Jacques 1788–1868. French geologist. 1863 CD complains to Lyell that L had not done B justice in Antiquity of man, B, in Antiquité Celtiques, 1847, had described flint artefacts with bones of rhinoceros and hyaena at Abbeville. 'Must be a very amiable man'—LLiii 13,15–16.

Bournemouth Hampshire. 1862 Sep. 1–27 CD on family holiday after visit to William Erasmus D at Southampton.

Brass Close Darwin family estate at Marton, Lincolnshire. Ann D. nee Waring, bequeathed in her will, dated 1722 May 18, 'the rents from Brass Close for four poor widows' who were to be provided with '4 grey coats' with a badge of red cloth 'cut in the shape of Two Great Roman Letters A.D.'. 1879 Leonard D visited Kirton when the piece of land was known as Darwin's Charity.

Brayley Testimonials 1845 Additional testimonials submitted to the Council of University College, London, By Edward William Brayley . . . a candidate for the Professorship of Geology, London, Richard & John E. Taylor printed (F324). CD's testimonial p. [7]. CD did not contribute to the earlier testimonials, for the same chair, of 1841. The chair was not filled because the College could not find the salary.

Brazil, Emperor of Pedro, II. 1825–1891. 1878 Jun. expressed a wish, whilst in England, to meet CD, but CD was away from home.

Bree, Charles Robert 1811–1886. Naturalist & anti-Darwinian. 1860 Species not transmutable, nor the result of secondary causes, London. CD's comments on—LLii 358. 1860 CD to Hooker, 'You need not attempt Bree', 'He in fact doubts my deliberate word, and that is the act of a man who has not the soul of a gentleman in him'—MLi 174. 1872 An exposition of the fallacies in the hypothesis of Mr. Darwin, London. see Bree on Darwinism, Nature, Lond.,6:279 (F1756).

Brehm, Alfred Edmund 1829–1884. German ornithologist & writer on popular natural history. [1863–]1864–1869 Illustriertes Theirleben, 6 vols, Hildburghausen. 1868 CD to the publishers about an English translation, not recommending it; one never appeared. CD used fourteen illustrations from it in Descent—Carroll 351.

Bridges, Esteban Lucas, christened Stephen 1874–1949. Farmer in Tierra del Fuego. 2nd s of Thomas B. Born at Ushuaia and spent most of his life at Harberton. 1947 Uttermost part of the earth, New York, contains later information on the 3 Fuegians who returned home on 2nd voyage of Beagle. Chapter 1 is about Beagle voyages; also detailed information on Indian tribes, especially Yahgan.

meetings at Birmingham 1839; Southampton 1846; Oxford 1847; Birmingham 1849 (at which he was a Vice-President); Glasgow 1855 (his last). Carroll 32 seems to indicate that he was at Cork in 1843, but there is no other evidence that CD was ever in Ireland except for a brief visit to Belfast & Dublin 1838.

1860 Oxford; details of the Huxley/Wilberforce controversy at this meeting in LLii 320–323, MLi 156. There are many other versions of what was said, none of them verbatim. An excellent one in Life of Newton, 118–121. 1860 'When Professors lose their tempers and solemnly avow they would rather be descended from apes than Bishops; and when pretentious sciolists seriously enunciate follies and platitudes of the most wonderful absurdity and draw upon their heads crushing refutations from the truly learned'—Guardian, Jul.4:593. 1892 Short life of CD, 236–242 gives an extended version. 1900 Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford, 50. 1923 Huxley 'There was inextinguishable laughter among the people, and they listened to the rest of my argument with great attention'—Nature, Lond.,920.

1958 'The Bishop . . . had turned to Huxley and mockingly asked him whether he reckoned his descent from an ape on his grandfather's or on his grandmother's side?—to which Huxley retorted 'If the question is put to me, would I rather have a miserable ape for a grandfather or a man highly endowed by nature and possessing great means and influence, and yet who employs those faculties and that influence for the mere purpose of introducing ridicule into a grave scientific discussion—I unhesitatingly affirm my preference for the ape'—Ellegård, Darwin and the general reader, 68. 1891 Huxley to Francis D 'When he turned to me with his insolent question, I said to Sir Benjamin [Brodie] in an undertone, "The Lord hath delivered him into my hands," '—Short life, 240. Many Presidential Addresses and addresses by Presidents of Section D, after 1860, give an excellent summary of the progress of evolutionary thought.

British Museum, Trustees 1848 Enquiry by the Trustees of the British Museum, (F345), contains letter from CD to R. I. Murchison—MLi 109.

British Museum (Natural History) 1866 Memorial to the Chancellor of the Exchequer [on transfer of natural history collections from British Museum, Bloomsbury, to South Kensington],

Brodie ?–1873. Scottish nurse at Down House 1842–1851. Came from previous service with the Thackerays and Anne Thackeray (Mrs Richmond Ritchie). Left after death of Anne Elizabeth D in 1851 and returned to family home at Portsoy, Scotland. Continued to visit. ED wrote to her often, but she had a monomania that she was forgotten—EDii 214.

Brown, Robert 1773–1858. Botanist. FRS 1811. First Keeper of Botany at British Museum. Von Humboldt called him 'Facile Princeps botanicorum'. Dilatory in describing plants of first voyage of Beagle—MLi 39. 1858 CD to Hooker, 'I am glad to hear that old Brown is dying so easily'—MLi 109. CD 'I saw a good deal of'—Barlow, Autobiography 103. 1858 The Darwin/Wallace paper was read at Linnean Society meeting at which B's death was announced, the fact perhaps overshadowing the importance of the paper. DNB.

Browne, Sir George Buckston 1850–1945. Surgeon. Kt. FRCS 1926. 1922 bought Down House for British Associa-

tion. Brief amusing life of B in Atkins, Down, ch. 13, 1974. Portrait by Sir Robin Darwin at Down House.

Browne, Sir James Crichton 1840–1938. Physician. Kt 1886 FRSE 1870 FRS 1883. Director of West Riding Pauper Lunatic Asylum, Wakefield. Visitor in Lunacy 1875–1922. Gave CD information for Expression. Sent CD Annual Reports of the Asylum, the run now being at Cambridge—Carroll 451.

Browne, William Alexander Francis Browne 1805–1873. Physician of Stirling. 1857 First Commissioner in Lunacy for Scotland. Naturalist friend of CD at Edinburgh.

Brullé, Gaspard Auguste 1809–1873. Zoologist. Prof. Zoology & Comparative Anatomy Dijon 1840–. 1864 H. Falconer to CD 'He told me in despair that he could not get his pupils to listen to anything from him except à la Darwin'—MLi 257.

Buckle, Henry Thomas 1821–1856. Self-educated historian. c1842 CD met at Hensleigh Wedgwood's and discussed organization of facts. 1858 CD to Hooker 'I was not much struck with the great Buckle'. CD was reading B's History of civilization at the time—LLii 110. 'I doubt whether his generalisations are worth anything'—Barlow, Autobiography 109–110. DNB.

Buckley, Arabella Burton 1840–1929. Natural historian & author. Later, before 1875, Mrs Fisher. Secretary to Lyell. 1871 Mar. visited Down House with the Lyell's—LLiii 137. 1876 Feb.11 CD to B saying that he had enjoyed B's A short history of natural science, London 1871—LLiii 229. 1882 B was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Bull, Mr. A pigeon fancier in the Borough, London. 1859 B had crossed pouters with runts to gain size—LLii 281.

Bulwer, Sir Edward George Earle Lytton, Bart, Baron Lytton. 1803–1873. Novelist & parliamentarian, 1st Baron Lytton 1866 1st Bart 1838. A remote cousin of CD through Erasmus Earle. Added Lytton to his surname in 1843. In 'one of his novels a Professor Long, who had written two huge volumes on limpets' was CD—Autobiography, 81. The novel was What will he do with it?, 4 vols, 1858, under pseudonym Pisistratus Caxton. 'Lecture on conchology to the Gatesboro' Athenaeum', for which he was paid £5.5.0—Vol. 1:284–296. The work was 'Researches into the natural history of limpets, 2 vols, Post octavo'. DNB.

Bulwer, William Earle Gascoyne Lytton 1829–1910. Brigadier-General, late Scots Guards, of Haydon Hall, Norfolk. A remote cousin of CD through Erasmus Earle; nephew of Lord Lytton. 1890 Oct. William Erasmus D & George Howard D went on a visit to 'a beautiful place in Norfolk, to see the picture of Erasmus Earle, an ancestor'.

Busk, George 1807–1886. Surgeon & man of science. FRS 1850. CD to Huxley, 'I have heard that Busk is on our side in regard to species'—MLi 130. 1863 B recommended Dr William Brinton to CD. 1871 CD to B, thanking him for pointing out an error about the supra-condyliod foramen in 1st issue of Descent—Carroll 387.

Butler, Miss 1859 Sep. CD invites to stay with him at Ilkley in Oct. since he might not be able to take his family; 'but if you were there I should feel safe and home-like'. In the end he took his family.

Carroll 581. 1881 Feb. CD to T. R. R. Stebbing thanking S for his letter to Nature, Lond., 23:336 on the controversy. 1881 Apr. CD to Romanes, 'I am extremely glad that you seem to have silenced Butler and his reviewers. But Mr. Butler will turn up again, if I know the man'—Carroll 588. 1881 Krause wrote a strictly accurate letter on the subject, Nature, Lond., 23:288. Barlow, Autobiography gives references and reprints Jones' pamphlet in full. B's copy of Erasmus Darwin, with his mss notes, is in the British Library, B's books on evolution, a subject on which his knowledge was entirely theoretical, were 1879 Evolution old and new, 1880 Unconscious memory, 1887 Luck or cunning. Biography: Jones 1919, DNB.

Butler, Rev. Thomas 1806–1886. s of Samuel B [I], f of Samuel B [II]. Rector of Langar with Bamston, Notts, 1834–1876. Canon of Lincoln 1868. At St John's College, Cambridge, when CD was up. 1828 B was at Barmouth with a reading party in autumn with CD, under G. A. Butterton; B and CD collected beetles together. 1839 B and CD travelled together in a stage coach from Birmingham to Shrewsbury, at end of British Association meeting—Jones, Life of Samuel Butler, i:13; J says that this is the last time that they met. 1872 CD to J. M. Herbert, B has become 'a very unpleasant old man'—Carroll 425.

Butterton 1878 A stray minute female black and tan collie at Bassett, later thought to be a 'special breed of dog from Thibet'—EDii 287, Atkins, Down, 80.

Button, James, Jemmy Boy from Tierra del Fuego, taken to England by Fitz-Roy in 1830, aged about 14. 1833 Jan.23 returned. Fitz-Roy, Narrative, gives his name in Tekeenica (i.e. Yahgan) as Orundellico. Fitz-Roy says that he was bought for one mother-of-pearl button. E. L. Bridges calls him Jimmy. He was alive in 1863 and remained a bad lot; not mentioned later. A son visited England in 1866. Bridges says that the story about the button could not be true.

C

Caddis-Flies 1879 Fritz Müller on a frog having eggs on its back—on the abortion of hairs on the legs of certain caddisflies, etc., Nature, Lond., 19:462–463 (Bii 216, F1784); introducing a letter from M, ibid, 463–464.

Caerdeon 2m east of Barmouth, N. Wales, on N side of Barmouth estuary. 1869 Jun.10–Jul.29 CD had family holiday there.

Caldclough, Alexander ?–1858. Private Secretary to British Ambassador to Chile, later merchant. FRS 1831. 1834 CD stayed with at Valparaiso. 1835 CD to sister Susan D 'the author of some bad travels in S.America . . . took an infinite degree of trouble for me'—Barlow, Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle, 118. Travels in South America, London 1835.

Cambridge Apart from his residence as an undergraduate, for which see Cambridge University, CD was in Cambridge on the following occasions: 1831 Sep.2–4, 19, staying with Henslow when preparing for Beagle voyage; 1836 Dec. 13–1837 Mar.6, staying with Henslow and in Fitzwilliam St, sorting Beagle material; he had 2 short trips to London during this

Cambridge Philosophical Society Founded 1819, Henslow & Sedgwick being the leading instigators. 1835 issued for private circulation CD's Letters on geology, reprinted by them 1960. 1879 The members commissioned portrait of CD by W. B. Richmond, which still hangs in their rooms. CD was never a member.

Cambridge Ray Club Founded in 1837 when Henslow stopped his Friday evenings open house. see Babington, The Cambridge Ray Club, 1887, published on its fiftieth anniversary.

Cambridge University CD entered at Christ's College 1827 Oct.15, but did not come into residence until Lent term; left 1831 Jun. 1830 Dec. CD took degree examinations and kept two terms, leaving at end of May term. 10th in list of candidates who did not seek honours. 1831 Apr.26 CD admitted BA—Cambridge Chronicle Apr.29; he was 'Baccalaureus ad Baptistam' and therefore included in 1832 list—LLi 163. 1837 MA. 1877 Nov.17 Hon.LL.D. Public Orator, J. E. Sandys, ended 'Tu vero, qui leges naturae tam docte illustraveris, legum Doctor nobis esto'—LLiii 222. 1877 Nov.17 ED to William Erasmus D gives description of the scene with a monkey and a missing link lowered from the gallery by undergraduates—EDii 230.

Cameron, Rev. Jonathan Henry Lovett 1807–1888. Cambridge friend of CD, Trinity College; member of Gourmet Club. 1830 C was gulfed [to be in the gulf is said of an honours candidate who fails, but is allowed an ordinary degree]. Rector of Shoreham, Kent 1860–1888.

& Horace D, visited C at Freshwater, Isle of Wight. C photographed CD, EAD & HD, but not ED. 'She came to see us off and loaded us with presents of photographs, and Erasmus called after her "Mrs Cameron, there are six people in this house all in love with you"'—LLiii 102. CD 'I like this photograph very much better than any other which has been taken of me'—LLiii 92. There are 2 versions: a: Profile facing right, which has often been reproduced; b: Half-face facing left, which does not seem to have ever been reproduced. Authentic originals bear Mrs Cameron's signature and Colnaghi's blind authentication stamp. DNB.

Camp Hill House on Maer Heath, Staffs. Home of Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [I] 1823–1847, when she moved to Petley's, Downe.

Campbell, George John Douglas, Duke of Argyll 1830–1900. Statesman & geologist. 8th Duke 1847 FRS 1851. 1862 C reviewed Orchids in Edinb.Rev.—LLiii 274. 1864 C addressed Royal Society of Edinburgh anti-Origin. 1867 CD to Huxley about Reign of law, 'or Dukelet's? how can you speak so of a living real Duke?'—MLi 277. 1867 CD to Kingsley about Reign of law, 'Very well written, very interesting, honest & clever & very arrogant'. 1881 C 'I wish Mr. Darwin's disciples would imitate a little of the dignified reticence of their master. He walks with a patient and a stately step along the paths of conscientious observation'—MLi 396. 1881 Feb. CD called at Argyll House, London. 1882 C was pall-bearer at CD's funeral. Main works relating to evolution: 1867 The reign of law, London; 1884 The unity of nature, London, DNB.

Canary Islands 1831 CD planned a trip there with Kirby & Ramsay, perhaps also Dawes, before Beagle invitation came. see also Tenerife.

Canning Fishmonger at Downe. C went to Billingsgate three times a week. His mother was unqualified midwife at Downe—Atkins, Down 104.

Cape Verde Islands 1832 Jan. 17–Feb.8 Beagle at Porto Praya, Santo Jago. CD landed. 1836 Aug.31–Sep.5 Beagle again at. CD landed. These islands, known as Ilhas do Cabo Verde in Portuguese, derive their name from Cape Verde on the mainland of Africa c300 miles away. It is one of the few differences between 6th edition Origin 1872, 11th thousand, and the altered 6th edition 1876, 18th thousand, that the name is changed from Cape de Verde to Cape Verde.

Carlisle, Sir Anthony 1768–1840. Surgeon. Kt 1820 FRS 1804. 1847 May CD 'Old Sir Anthony Carlisle once said to me gravely that he supposed Megatherium and such cattle were just sent down from heaven to see whether the earth would support them'—MLii 219. DNB.

Carroll, P. Thomas 1976 editor of An annotated calendar of the letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, Wilmington, Delaware. A most important source book of CD reference.

Carus, Julius Victor 1823–1903. German zoologist. 1860 Jun. was at British Association meeting at Oxford. 1866 C translated 3rd German Origin, which was published in 1867, from 4th English. 'The connection was cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides'—LLiii 48. Later translated 12 other of CD's works. 1876 Mar.21 CD to C 'I can assure you that the idea of anyone translating my books better than you never even momentarily crossed my mind'—MLi 146.

Catasetum tridentatum 1861 C.tridentatum, Monacanthus viridis & Myanthus barbatus are male, female and hermaphrodite flowers of the same species of orchid MLii 280. 1862 On the three remarkable sexual forms of Catasetum tridentatum, an orchid in the possession of the Linnean Society, J.Proc.Linn.Soc. Lond, (Bot.), 6:151–157 (Bii 63, F1718). 1863 French translation in Ann.Sci.nat.Bot., 19:204–295, with CD's papers on Primula & Linum.

Caton, John Dean 1812–1895. Chief Justice of Illinois & naturalist. 1868 CD thanks C for a paper on American deer—LLiii 102. 1871 CD to C, George, Howard & Francis D are touring USA, please aid them and show 'famous DeerPark'—Carroll 402. Author of 1877 The antelope and deer of America, New York.

Cerro Perico Flaco Argentine. A hill near river Beguelo, a tributary of Rio Negro. 1833 Nov.22–26 CD visited from estancia of Mr Keen and found skull of 'Megatherium' [actually Toxodon]. The hill now bears an obelisk commemorating CD's visit and a nearby village is called Darwin—J. H. Winslow, J.hist.Geogr., 1:347–360, 1975.

to man by the house bugs Triatoma infestans & Conorhinus magistus. The infective agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, was first described by Carlos Chagas, Nova tripanozomiaze humana, Ueber eine neue Trypanosomiasis des Menschen, Mem.Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 1:159–218, 1909. Often suggested that CD had the disease from being bitten by T.infestans, the benchuca bug, at Luxan, Mendoza Province, Argentine, 1835 Mar.26. Others say that his symptoms were not those typical of the disease. see CD Health.

Chambers, Robert 1802–1883. Edinburgh publisher. Anonymous author of Vestiges of the natural history of creation, 1844, and of Explanations; a sequel, 1845. Public acknowledgement was not made until 12th edition 1884, after C's death. 1844 CD to Hooker, 'have been somewhat less amused at it than you appear to have been'—LLi 333. 1845 CD to Hooker, on Explanations and Kerguelen cabbage—MLi 48. 1847 CD to C on Glen Roy—MLii 177. 1847 CD to Hooker, 'Somehow I feel perfectly convinced he is the author'—LLi 356. 1848 CD to Lyell, 'if he be, as I believe, the Author of Vestiges this book [Ancient sea margins] for poverty of intellect is a literary curiosity'—Carroll 73. c1850 CD to Hooker, CD calls him 'Mr. Vestiges'—LLii 29. 1860 C was at Oxford British Association meeting. 1861 CD called at 'his very nice house in St. John's Wood. He is really a capital fellow'—MLi 186.

Charlesworth, Edward 1813–1893. Geologist. 1838 CD to Lyell, 'Charlesworth is to be pitied for many reasons'—Carroll 11. 1842 CD to Lyell, discussing a controversy between C and Buckland, Lyell and Owen on the Crag, 'it is not the wise who rule the universe, but the active rule the inactive and verily Charlesworth is . . . active'—Carroll 28.

Chester, Mr A friend of Fitz-Roy who was invited to go on Beagle before CD, but could not.

Chester, Colonel Joseph Lemuel 1821–1882. American genealogist. Worked on early history of the Darwin family. 1858 C settled in London. 1879 Henrietta Emma D 'My brothers had been having the pedigree of the Darwins made out by a certain Colonel Chester'—EDii 237. George Howard D's mss notes for C are in the Galton papers at University College London. DNB.

Christ's College Cambridge 1827 Oct.15 CD admitted, 'Admissus est pensionarius minor sub Magistro Shaw', but did not go up until Lent term. Set in front court, G staircase, traditionally the same as those of William Paley. The set now has commemorative Wedgwood plaque.

Coal Club CD was interested in the savings club for Downe villagers—Darwin-Innes 203.

Coal, Origin of 1846 CD to Hooker, 4 letters on the subject—Mlii 217–220.

Cobbe, Miss Frances Power 1822–1904. Antivivisectionist. Editor of The Echo and Zoophilist. Secretary National Anti-Vivisection Society 1875–1884. 1881 C issued antivivisection circular which she sent to CD; letters by C to The Times Apr.19 & 23, by CD Apr.22 & by Romanes Apr.25 relate. CD to Romanes 'with the sweet Miss Cobbe—Good Heavens what a liar she is: did you notice how in her second letter she altered what she quoted from her first letter, trusting to no one

comparing the two'—LLii 203. Reviewed Descent in Theological Rev. 1868 ED to her sister Elizabeth Wedgwood 'I dined over the way [at Hensleigh Wedgwood's] (and Charles also) to meet Miss Cobbe and Miss Lloyd. Miss Cobbe was very agreeable'—EDii 189. 1894 C to ED for permission to publish correspondence from CD which she had altered and printed in The Echo, about what C considered a miscarriage of justice, but was not—EDii 302. 1872 Darwinism in morals and other essays, London. Autobiography 1894. DNB.

Cocos Keeling Islands Indian Ocean. 1836 Apr. 1–12 Beagle at. Apr.2–3 CD ashore on Direction Island, met Captain John Clunies Ross, the owner and his assistant Mr Liesk. They are coral atolls with lagoons and had an important influence on CD's views on the origin of such islands.

Collier, Hon. John 1850–1934. Painter & rationalist. RA. s of Sir Robert Porrett C, Baron Monkswell. m1 1879, Marian Huxley. m2 1889, Ethel Gladys Huxley, both daughters of Huxley. Known as Jack. 1881 C painted CD three quarter length in oils. CD sat for him in Aug.—LLiii 223. 1881 CD thanks for sending copy of 'your Art Primer'. 'Everybody whom I have seen, and who has seen your picture of me is delighted with it. I shall be proud some day to see myself suspended at the Linnean Society [who commissioned it]'—MLi 398. 1887 'Many of those who knew his face most

intimately think that Mr. Collier's picture is the best of the portraits'—LLiii 223. Now at Linnean Society, Burlington House, London. Replica by the artist with the family. Engraved by Leopold Flameng, the prints bearing the signatures of artist and engraver. 1882 C on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. DNB.

Collingwood, Dr Cuthbert 1826–1908. Botanist. 1861 CD to Bates, CD had corresponded with C on mimicry—MLi 197. 1855 On the scope and tendency of botanical study, London. 1868 Rambles of a naturalist on the shores and waters of the Chinese seas, London. DNB.

Colonia del Sacramiento Uraguay. 1833 Nov.17 CD at.

Columbarian Society A society for breeders of domestic pigeons, in which CD was much interested for Variation. 1855 & 1856 CD attended meetings near London Bridge—LLii 51. 1859 CD to Huxley. 'I sat one evening in a gin palace in the Borough amongst a set of pigeon fanciers'—LLii 281. 1859 CD to Huxley, 'I have found it very important associating with fanciers and breeders'—LLii 281. ?1859 CD to Huxley sending him a card to admit him to a pigeon show—MLi 125. see also Philoperistera.

Colon, Archipiélago de Official Ecuadorian name for Galápagos Islands q.v.

Compilers CD considered his evolution books to be compilations. 1859 CD to Huxley, 'The inaccuracy of the blessed band (of which I am one) of compilers passes all bounds, The difficulty is to know what to trust. No one or two statements are worth a farthing'—LLii 281.

Concepcion Chile. 1835 Mar.4–7 Beagle at. Earthquake of Feb.20 had caused almost total destruction of the town and of its port Talcahuano.

Condy's ozonised water 1862 CD took for dyspepsia. CD to Hooker 'with, I think, extraordinary advantage—to comfort, at least'—MLi 472.

Copiapó Chile. 1835 Jun.22 CD reached C on expedition from Valparaiso, via Coquimbo. Jun.26–Jul.1 CD took a short expedition into cordilleras from C. Jul.5 Beagle left C for Iquique.

Coquimbo 1835 May 14–Jun.2 CD visited C on expedition from Valparaiso; met Fitz-Roy there and stayed with Mr Edwards, whose silver mine at Arqueros they visited May 21. Small earthquake whilst they were there.

Cotton, Mr 1822 'An old Mr. Cotton in Shropshire' had pointed out to CD the bell stone, an erratic boulder in Shrewsbury—Barlow—Autobiography 52.

Couper, William 1853–1942. Sculptor of New York. 1909 Bust in bronze by C of CD presented to Christ's College Cambridge by USA delegates to celebrations.

Covington, Syms c1816–1861 Feb.17. 'Fiddler and boy to the poop cabin' on 2nd voyage of Beagle. 1833 May 22 became personal servant to CD at 'under £60 per annum'. Remained in CD's employ as secretary servant until 1839 Feb.25, when CD's accounts show 'Present to Covington on leaving me £2'. 1839 May 29 CD wrote testimonial for. 1842 C rearranged CD's notes on volcanic islands—Journal. ?1843 C went to New South Wales. CD continued to correspond with C until 1859. CD's letters to C published in Sydney Mail, 38:254–255, 1884 Aug.9; 1959 reprinted in Notes & Records Roy.Soc., 14:14–27.

Craik, Georgiana Marion, Mrs May 1831–1895. Novelist. 1858 C was a visitor to Moor Park Hydro. CD to ED 'I like Miss Craik very much though we have some battles'—LLii 114.

Cranworth, Baronsee Rolfe.

Crawfurd, John 1783–1868. Orientalist & Army surgeon. 1856 CD to Hooker mentions C as being on selection committee of Athenaeum when Huxley was up for membership—MLi 89. 1859 C reviewed Origin in Examiner, hostile but free from bigotry—LLii 237. DNB.

Cripps Corner Ashdown Forest, Sussex. 1900 Country home of Leonard D when he married Mildred Massingberd.

Crocker, Charles William 1832–1868. 1862 C had lately retired from being foreman at Kew. He was going to work on varieties of hollyhock—MLi 218. 1862 of Chichester, 'he has the real spirit of an experimentalist, but has not done much this summer'—MLii 261.

Crofton, Amy 1867 C was a family friend who went to May eights at Cambridge with ED and family.

Croll, James 1821–1890. Geologist of Edinburgh. FRS 1876. 1869 CD to Lyell about C's estimates of geological time—Carroll 364. 1869 CD sent him 5th edition of Origin. 1875 Climate and time, London. DNB.

Cupples, George 1822–1865. Popular writer. 1873 CD to C, long letter of general nature about people. CD had recommended Mrs (Anne J) C's book Tappy's chicks and other links between nature and human nature, London 1872, to Josiah Wedgwood's [III] family, with whom CD was staying—Carroll 428.

d'Alton, Josef Wilhelm Eduard 1772–1840. Vertebrate zoologist. Father of J.S.E.d'A. d'A is referred to in historical sketch to Origin as J. S.E.d'A, their names being persistently misprinted Dalton. see Book Collector, 25:257–258, 1976.

Dana, James Dwight 1813–1895. American geologist & zoologist. Foreign Member R.S. 1884, Copley Medal 1877. Silliman Prof. Natural History & Geology Yale 1850–1892. 1849 D sent CD his work on geology of US Expedition—LLi 374. 1849 CD to Lyell, 'Dana is dreadfully hypothetical in many parts, and often as "d—d cocked sure" as Macaulay'—MLii 225. 1854 CD sent D copy of Living Cirripedia. 1859 CD sent D copy of 1st edition of Origin. 1859 Dec. CD to Lyell, CD had had a letter from D saying that he is 'quite disabled in his head' from overwork—Carroll 188. 1860 D to CD, from Florence, saying that his health was poor. 1863 CD to Lyell on D's classification of mammals in Silliman's J., 25:65–71 & Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 12:207–213, 'The whole seems to me to be utterly wild'—MLi 236. 1881 Aug. CD to Hooker, says D was first to argue for permanence of continents—LLiii 247. Biography: Gilman 1899.

Dareste de la Chavanne, Gabriel Madeleine Camille 1822–1899. French biologist. Held various biological chairs in Paris. Specialist on monstrosities. 1863 CD to D, D was pro-Origin—LLiii 7. 1869 CD to D about his application for a chair of physiology in Paris.

Darwin, Family of Burke, 1888, gives by far the most detailed pedigree; he traces the family in the male line back to William D [I] of Marton, Lincolnshire, who died before 1542; the male descendents continue largely in that county. In 1680 William D [VI] married Ann Waring who inherited Elston Hall in the same county. The estate was inherited by their son Robert D and is still held by the senior branch of CD's line of the family. But it passed to a distaff on the marriage of Charlotte Maria Cooper D to Francis Rhodes in 1849. The latter, in 1850, changed his name to Darwin on inheriting Elston under the will of his brother-in-law Robert Alvey D, who had died in 1847. The headship of the family, in the male line, then passed back to the descendents of Erasmus D [I] who was the younger brother of Charlotte D's father William Alvey D. Erasmus's only surviving son Robert Waring D, CD's father, held it briefly in 1847–1848 and, on his death in the latter year, it went to his elder son Erasmus Alvey D, CD's brother. The latter died in August 1881, unmarried, and CD himself held it for a little over 6 months. From him it went to his eldest son William Erasmus D who had no children. CD's second son, Sir George Howard D, had died in 1912 and his eldest son Sir Charles Galton D became head on William Erasmus D's death in 1914. On Sir Charles's death in 1962, it passed to his eldest son George P.D. Less detailed pedigrees are printed in Emma Darwin, i, 1915, and in Life letters and labours of Francis Galton, i, 1914. There is also a brief one in Period piece, 1952, which carries the pedigree one generation further into this century. A pedigree in manuscript, compiled in 1978 by Sir Iain Moncrieffe of that Ilk, Bart, shows the relationship of CD to the present Queen Elizabeth II, through her mother. The common ancestor was Thomas Foley (1617–1677), great-greatgrandfather of Erasmus D's [I] first wife, Mary Howard, whose mother was Penelope Foley. Her Majesty is thus CD's fifth cousin four times removed. Sir Iain also gives a pedigree to King Edward III (1312–1377), in 18 generations, and he suggests a relationship to William Shakespeare, with one doubtful link: both of these are through the Hon. Penelope

Paget, mother of Paul Foley, grandson of Thomas Foley. Finally, there is an absurd single sheet, compiled by Francis Darwin Swift, about 1920, which gives a skeleton pedigree back to Isaac II, Angelus, Eastern Emperor 1185–1204. Three pedigrees are given here: one, abridged from Burke, shows the male Darwin line back to the 16c, as far as he was able to trace it: a second shows CD's children and grandchildren, although the latters' marriages and the CD great-grandchildren are intentionally omitted: and thirdly one to shew CD's relationship to ED. These pedigrees can be expanded, especially to the other 13 children of Erasmus Darwin [I], and to Wedgwoods and Aliens, by reference to the text.

Arms and Crest of Robert Waring Darwin

Darwin, Family of, Arms Burke, 1888, records the arms of William D [IV], c1573–1644, as: Argent, on a bend gules between two cotises vert, three escallops vert. He illustrates the same coat for Robert D of Lincoln's Inn in 1717, with a cadency crescent for 2nd son. Erasmus D [I] used them without cadency, although he was also a second son. His son, Robert Waring D, shows a martlet for 4th son, although the pedigree gives him as 3rd son. There seems to be no record of

CD using arms, although he did use a signet with the crest. Crest in all these examples, a demi-griffin segreant vert, holding between the claws an escallop vert. Motto "E conchis omnia". Burke illustrates the arms of 2 of CD's sons, William Erasmus D & Sir George Howard D in both of which the coat is quartered 2 & 3, vert a chevron argent, between 3 herons heads erased (for Waring of Elston Hall, Lincolnshire); crest the same; motto 'Cave et aude'. Fairburn, for 4 of CD's sons, records the crests as having in front of the griffin three escallops fesseway argent. The senior branch of the family had slightly variant arms: ermine a leopard's face jessant-de-lys between 2 escallops, all within 2 bendlets gules. In 1849 Francis Rhodes married Charlotte Maria Cooper D, heiress of Elston Hall, the family seat. In 1850 he changed his surname to Darwin and was granted in the same year, by Queen Victoria, the Darwin arms quartering 2 & 3 those of Rhodes, per pale argent & azure, on a bend nebuly, a lion passant guardant, between 2 acorns slipped, all countercharged; twin crests, a demi-griffin segreant sable, semée of mascules or, resting the sinister claw upon an escutcheon argent, charged with a leopard's face jessant-de-lys gules (for Darwin), A cubit arm erect, vested of six argent & azure, cuffed gules, the hand holding in saltire an oak branch and a vine branch, both fructed proper (for Rhodes): Motto 'Cave et aude'.

Writer mostly on golf. Only c of Sir Francis D & Amy Richenda. CD's senior grandchild, the 1st of two born in CD's lifetime; his mother died in childbed and he was brought up at Down House until his father married again in 1882. Known as Babsey, Dubba, or Dubsy in infancy. m 1906 Elinor Mary Monsell 1s 2d. 1. Sir Robert Vere, 2. Ursula Francis Elinor, 3. Nicola Mary Elizabeth. Home Gorringes, Downe. Although best known as a writer on golf D also wrote the introduction to the excellent Oxford dictionary of quotations, 1941.

Darwin, Charles Robert Dates of birth, death, marriage and names of children are given first, followed by a few quotations to give some indication of CD's character. Other information is then given under the following heads:

1809 Feb.12 Sun.–1882 Apr.19 Wed.c4 pm. Naturalist. 4c of Robert Waring D. Born The Mount, Shrewsbury; died Down House, Downe, Kent. When CD was born he had only one grandparent living, Sarah Wedgwood his maternal grandmother who was ED's paternal grandmother. She died when CD was 5/6. His mother died when he was 7 and his father when he was 39. He had 1 brother & 4 sisters one of whom, Caroline Sarah D, outlived him. Of his 10 children, 3 died in infancy or childhood, the rest outliving him. He had 4 grandsons & 5 grand-daughters; 2, Bernard Richard Meirion D and Erasmus D [III] were born in his lifetime. m 1839 Jan.29 Emma Wedgwood, by Rev. John Allen Wedgwood at St Peter's Church, Maer, Staffs. 6s 4d. 1. William Erasmus, 2. Anne Elizabeth, 3. Mary Eleanor, 4. Henrietta Emma, 5. George Howard, 6. Elizabeth, 7. Francis, 8. Leonard, 9. Horace, 10. Charles Waring. FRS 1839 JP 1857. 1859 CD's only recorded attendance on the Bench—LLii 225. 1881 CD to Romanes, he was, as a magistrate, giving orders daily to allow pigs to cross roads, at a time of swine fever. Nicknames: Babba (by Bernard Richard Meirion D in infancy), Dear old philosopher (by officers on Beagle), F (by ED in writing to the children when they were grown up), Flycatcher (by all ranks on Beagle), Gas (at Shrewsbury School). 1834 to Emily Catherine D, from E. Falkland I., 'there is nothing like Geology; the pleasure of the first day's partridge shooting or first day's hunting cannot be compared to finding a fine group of fossil bones, which tell their story of former times with almost a living tongue'—Darwin & the Beagle 96. 1844 Aug.29 CD to Horner, 'I always feel as if my books came half out of Lyell's brain'—MLii 117. 1856 CD to Thwaites, asking for information, 'When a beggar once begins to beg he never knows when to stop'—Carroll 125. 1859 CD to Lyell, 'It is a pity he [Fitz-Roy] did not add his theory of the extinction of Mastodon etc., from the door of the Ark being made too small', about 2 letters to The Times signed 'Senex'—MLi 129. 1860 Mar. CD to

Leidy, 'I have never for a moment doubted, that though I cannot see my errors, that much in my book [Origin] will be proved erroneous'—Carroll 202. 1862 Dec. Hooker to B. H. Hodgson of Darjeeling, 'First naturalist in Europe. Indeed I question if he will not be regarded as great as any that ever lived; his powers of observation, memory and judgement seem prodigious, his industry indefatigable and his sagacity in planning experiments, fertility of resources and care in conducting them are unrivalled, and all this with health so detestable that his life is a curse to him'—Allan 209. 1863 CD to Hooker, 'We are degenerate descendants of old Josiah W., for we have not a bit of pretty ware in the house'—LLiii 5. 1863 CD to Gray, 'the Times is getting more detestable (but that is too weak a word) [about slavery] than ever. My good wife wishes me to give it up, but I tell her that is a pitch of heroism to which only a woman is equal. To give up the "Bloody Old Times" as Cobbett used to call it, would be to give up meat, drink and air.'—LLiii 11. 1863 CD to Hooker, 'It is mere rubbish thinking at present of the origin of life; one might as well think of the origin of matter'—LLiii 18. 1869 CD to Bentham, 'How detestable are Roman numerals! Why should not the Presidents' addresses . . . be paged with Christian figures'—MLi 381. 1863 CD to J. Scott, 'Be sparing in publishing theory. It makes people doubt your observation'—MLii 323. 1867 CD to Cannon Farrer, 'I . . . would leave classics to be learnt by those alone who have sufficient zeal and high taste requisite for their appreciation'—MLii 441. ?1869 CD to Wallace, 'It is an aweful stretcher to believe that a peacock's tail was thus formed; but, believing it, I believe in the same principle somewhat modified applied to man'—MLii 90. 1870 CD to Fritz Müller, 'I have not yet met a soul in England who does not rejoice in the splendid triumph of Germany over France: it is a most just retribution against that vainglorious war-liking nation'—MLii 92. 1878 CD to G. A. Gaskell, 'No words can exaggerate the importance, in my opinion, of our colonisation for the future history of the world'—MLii 50. 1881 Jun.15 CD to Hooker, 'So I must look forward to Down graveyard as the sweetest place on earth'—MLii 433.

ANNIVERSARIES The following list contains the main dates which may have been celebrated with pleasure, or remembered with pain, in CD's immediate family circle, from his

APPEARANCE The only full description of CD's physical appearance and of his dress is in Ch.3 of LLi, in Francis D's reminiscences of his father, but he omits much and only treats of CD in his later years. The picture can be amplified from portraits. The only one in his childhood is the pastel by Rolinda Sharples, when he was about 7 years of age. In early manhood, before he grew his beard, there are: a water colour by George Richmond, when he was 31, the earliest photograph, with his son William Erasmus D, when he was 33, the Ipswich engraving by Maguire when he was 40, the chalk drawing by Samuel Laurence when he was 44, and the Maull & Fox photograph, probably taken when he was 45. After he grew his beard, there are one bust and three oils taken from life, as well as numerous photographs, but his beard was so copious that his features were much obscured.

He was about 6 feet tall, sparely built with medium shoulders. In Francis D's recollection he had a tendency to stoop which increased with age; high forehead, much wrinkled in age, but his face otherwise unlined; wide-set eyes, iris bluish-grey according to Francis D but pale brown in the Richmond portrait; eyebrows very bushy in age; nose straight; mouth small; chin neither prominent nor receding. All the portraits show a very youthful face for his age, until he grew his beard, from which time he looked unchangingly old. His hair and side whiskers were light brown and the hair line started to recede before he was 30; by 60 he had only a fringe of hair at the back. He first grew a beard, as did everyone else, when the Beagle left Montevideo for the cold south, 1832 Nov., but they shaved when they returned to temperate waters, 1834 Jul. CD to his sister Emily Catherine 'With my great beard'—LLi 254. 'Whilst we all wore our untrimmed beards'—J.Researches, 1845, 209. CD finally grew beard and moustache in 1864–1865; the beard was copious and the moustache cut square across. 1864 May 28 CD to Gray, on sending a bearded photograph 'Do I not look venerable'—Darwin-Gray letters 54. 1866 Apr. 28 ED to Henrietta Emma D 'He was obliged to name himself to almost all of them [people at a Royal Society soirée], as his beard alters him so'—EDii 185. His complexion was ruddy. 1849 CD to Hooker, 'Everyone tells me that I look quite blooming and beautiful; and most think that I am shamming, but you have never been one of those'—LLi 111. His gait was springing and he always walked

with a stick which he banged on the ground. He used his hands a good deal in conversation, although the crossed arms and legs shown in the 'Ape' cartoon were characteristic. His laugh was a 'free and sounding peal'—LLi 111. The portraits show that CD's dress was usually conventional and that of a man of his position, but in later years it became less so. He gave up wearing a tall hat even in London, wearing a soft black one with a rounded crown in winter and a big straw in summer. His clothes were dark and of a loose and easy fit. Outdoors he wore a short cloak: the cloak and winter hat are well shown in the Elliott & Fry photograph of c1880. Indoors, he normally wore a shawl and 'great loose cloth boots' over his indoor shoes—LLi 112. 1880 Jan. his sons bought him a fur coat. ED to Leonard D 'He has begun wearing it so constantly, that he is afraid it will soon be worn out'—EDii 239. He seems never to have worn spectacles and his hearing was unimpaired.

BOOKS, BY CD. These and his publications in serials, are entered in the main sequence under brief titles. The following list gives full titles of his main books in strict alphabetical order, except for first articles, followed by the date of first appearance under that title and any needed cross reference. Several of his books appeared under more than one title. Works printed from CD's manuscripts since his death have not been included, but will be found under the separate heading 'Manuscripts' and they are also present under abbreviated titles in the main sequence. Works to which he contributed only an article, preface, or letter, have also not been included. CD wrote seventeen works in twenty one volumes, or fifteen if the three volumes of geology of the Beagle are treated as one. They consist of more than 9,000 pages of text with a further 170 pages of preliminary matter. If the papers in serials are added, the total comes to well over 10,000 pages. This rough total does not consider the increase, or rarely decrease, in the length of the text in later editions, and represents about 230 pages a year for forty three years.

1

The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex, 2 vols, 1871 (F937).

2

The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, 1877 (F1277).

3

The effects of cross and se f fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom, 1876 (F1249).

On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing, 1862 (F800).

23

The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, 1872 (F391). 6th edition of No.21.

24

The power of movement in plants, 1880 (F1325).

25

Queries about expression, [1867] (F871, 873).

26

Questions about the breeding of animals, [1839] (F262).

27

The structure and distribution of coral reefs, 1842 (F271).

28

The variation of animals and plants under domestication, 2 vols, 1868 (F877).

29

The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects, 1877 (F801). 2nd edition of No.22.

30

The voyage of the Beagle, 1905 (F106). Unchanged reprint of No.13.

31

The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle . . . during the years 1832 to 1836, 5 parts, 1838–1842 (F8). Edited by CD

BOOKS, AUTOBIOGRAPHIES The original publication of CD's autobiography is in LLi 26–107, but CD's description of his father, which is in the mss, is printed in Ch. 1, 11–20, instead of in its correct place. It was written in 1876, between May 28 and Aug.3, with some additions and alterations in 1878 & 1881. The mss is headed 'Recollections of the development of my mind and character'. This version was bowdlerised by Francis D after consultation with CD's other children—'passages should occur which must have to be omitted'. One omitted passage, about CD's mother, is printed in MLi 30. A further autobiographical fragment of his first ten years, written in 1838, was printed in MLi 1–5. The first full transcription of the original mss appeared in Russian translation by S. L. Sobol' in 1957. Nora Barlow's version of it, which was independently transcribed, appeared in 1958, with an important appendix. In 1974 de Beer edited an edition of the Barlow transcription, with slight modifications after the mss had been re-examined by James Kirsley, in Charles Darwin, Thomas Henry Huxley, autobiographies. This edition also contains the fragment of 1838.

even of the first editions of CD's books. The origin of species has been surveyed in great detail by Morse Peckham in his comparative edition of 1959. He covers all English editions and issues up to 1890, and his descriptions include paper, type and binding cases, as well as summaries of John Murray's accounts. H. D. Horblit, in the Grolier Club volume One hundred books famous in science, 1964, gives another description of the 1st edition. A full description of Living Cirripedia is given in R.Curle, The Ray Society a bibliographical history, 1954, 48–49. There are several handlists: 1883 F.W.True, A darwinian bibliography, Smithson. misc.Coll., 25:92–101. 1887 J.P. Anderson, i–xxxi in G. T. Bettany, Life of Charles Darwin, a good list which also contains list of early darwiniana and of reviews. 1887 Frances D, LLiii, 362–372, not so useful as Anderson. 1977 R. B. Freeman, The works of Charles Darwin, 2nd edition. 1977 P. H. Barrett, The collected papers of Charles Darwin, 2 vols, contains an almost complete collection of CD's works in serials, with their references, and notes.

BOOKS, BIOGRAPHIES Biographies of CD are numerous and include DNB. Those listed here all contain general biographical matter as well as considerations of his work and theories. Many more, which are concerned with darwinism from the biological, ethical or sociological viewpoints, contain some facts about his life, but usually nothing new: these have been ignored. The basic biography, on which most of the others draw strongly for facts, is Francis D's Life and letters, 3 vols, 1887. This is supplemented by Francis D & A. C. Seward, More letters, 1903, and, largely for family matters, by H. E. Litchfield, Emma Darwin, 1904. Much information has come to light since these early books which was not available to their editors, but no full scale biography containing it has appeared. The most important will be found under the entries for Barlow, de Beer, Gruber & Stecher.

EPONYMS Gathered under this heading are all objects, names, places in which 'Darwin' referring to CD occurs. In most, the association is obvious and the great majority relate to the Beagle voyage. In a few, particularly amongst the place names, the connection is obscure and may not relate to CD. The only 'Darwin' eponym known to me which does not relate to CD is

the plant genus Darwinia; this relates to Erasmus D [I] q.v. There are doubtless many street names, of which there are five in London alone; these have been ignored. Eponyms in the genitive, e.g. Darwin's bulldog, will be found at the end of the CD entry. Animals named after; the orthography of the specific names has been modernized:

Agonum darwini Van Dyke, a ground beetle.

Alleloplasis darwini Waterhouse, a bug of the family Derbidae.

Amphisbaena darwini Duméril & Bibron, a legless lizard.

Astarte darwini Forbes, a bivalve mollusc.

Attus darwini White, a jumping spider.

Bulimus darwini Pfeiffer, a land snail.

Calosoma darwinia van dyke, a ground beetle.

Carabus darwini Hope, a ground beetle.

Chthamalus darwini Bosquet, a fossil barnacle from the Chalk.

Colymbetes darwini Babington, a water beetle.

Cossyphus darwini Jenyns, a wrasse.

Crocodilus darwini Ludwig, a tertiary fossil crocodile.

Cubinia darwini Gray, a gekko.

Diplolaemus darwini Bell, an iguana.

Docema darwini Mutchler, a beetle of the family Hydrophilidae.

Dorcus darwini Hope, a stag beetle.

Felis darwini Martin=F. yaguarundi Desmarest.

Fissurella darwini Reeve, a keyhole limpet.

Foenus darwini Westwood, an ichneumonid wasp.

Galapagodacnum darwini Blair, a plant beetle of the family Chrysomelidae.

Darwin Memorial Fund: Committee set up 1882 May 16, with W. Spottiswoode PRS in Chair. 1883 Huxley took over the Chair as PRS on S's death. 1888 Printed Report, 12 pp, Spottiswoode, London, lists about 700 subscribers; £5,128 raised; £2,100 paid to Boehm for a statue at British Museum (Natural History), and a further £150 for the relief in Westminster Abbey; £9.0.6 paid to Whymper for a woodcut of a bust which illustrates Report. £2,608.8.8 remained, after expenses, some of which, although the Report does not refer to it, went to funding the Darwin medal, which was first awarded in 1890.

Darwin tulip 1889 J. C. Lenglart of Lille raised the first and named it 'Princesse Aldobrandini'. He sold it to E. H. Krelage of Krelage N.V. of Haarlem who asked Francis D if he might name the strain in honour of CD.

Darwin-Wallace Medal, Linnean Society of London, first struck 1908, designed by Frank Bowcher. Seven were awarded in that year, Wallace, Hooker, Haeckel, Weismann, Strasburger, F.Galton, Ray Lankester, in that order.

FINANCE CD kept detailed accounts from the time of his marriage, as did ED for household expenditure. These, although preserved at Down House, have not been published in full. Extracts are given in Keith, Darwin revalued, 221–223, 1955, and in Atkins, Down the home of the Darwins, 95–100, 1976. Until his father's death in 1848, CD was wholly dependent on him, except for ED's marriage settlement and £150 which he received for the sale of his copyright in J. Researches in 1845. In his early manhood years, he received £400 p.a. which was increased to £500 on marriage. ED's dowry brought £400 p.a. He had saved and invested a little, so that his total income in 1839 was £1,244. His father left him more than £40,000. From 1859 until 1881, his books brought in a total of £10,248, an average of about £465 p.a. His farm, at Beesby, Lincolnshire,

was bought in 1845 for £13,592 borrowed from his father at interest of £461.16s.10d, about 3 per cent. At that time the rent was £377, but by 1877 it had increased to £555.16. In 1854 CD's total income was £4,603; by 1871 it had risen to around £8,000 and it continued at this level until his death. He was able to save a considerable sum each year, the highest being £4,819 in 1873. His investments, which were looked after by his banker son William Erasmus D, were largely in railways and government bonds. On the death of his brother Erasmus Alvey D in 1881, he inherited half of his fortune, perhaps the £9,354.19s.6d shown as extraordinary receipts in his summary of income for 1881. In that year, he had an income of £17,299.1s.4d., a bank balance of £2,968 and £165.19s.4d in hand. His expenses were £4,880.16s.6d; he invested £10,218.6s.6d. and gave £3,000 to his children. Rates and taxes were always small; in the sixties a little over £60 p.a., in the seventies over £70. His highest income tax was £52 in 1872. 1881 Sep.8 William Erasmus D wrote to his father that the total estate was about £282,000 and that, calculated at 7 to 12, his daughters would inherit about £34,000 and sons £53,000.See also Down House, household expenditure.

FUNERAL 1882 Apr.25 Mon., pm. CD's body was carried from Down House, in a hearse drawn by four black horses, accompanied by Francis, Leonard & Horace D. Vigil in St Faith's Chapel, where they were joined by William & George D. The undertakers were T. & W. Banting—The Times, Apr.26. CD was the first and only naturalist to be buried in Westminster Abbey. Apr.26 Wednesday at noon, the mourners invited for 11 am. Apr.21 Letter to the Dean, G. G. Bradley, on House of Commons paper—'Very Rev. Sir, We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we venture to suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of our countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious countryman Mr. Darwin should be buried in Westminster Abbey, We remain your obedient servants', signed by Lubbock and nineteen other MPs. The Dean was abroad and replied by telegram 'Oui sans aucune hésitation regrette mon absence'. Service conducted by Canon George Prothero, Senior Canon. Pall bearers, to left of body, Lubbock, Huxley, J. R. Lowell (as American Ambassador), Duke of Devonshire (as Chancellor of Cambridge), Wallace, to right of body, Canon Farrar (Rector

of St Margaret's Westminster), Hooker, W. Spottiswoode (as President of Royal Society), Earl of Derby, Duke of Argyll. Chief Mourner William Erasmus D, followed by thirtyone relatives, including all surviving children, servants Parslow & Jackson at rear followed by representatives of scientific bodies. ED not present. Queen Victoria in Council was represented by Earl Spencer, the President. Ambassadors of France, Germany, Italy, Russia & Spain were present. There is a printed list of mourners, one copy of which is marked by George Howard D 'very erroneous'. There are manuscript lists by George Howard D at Cambridge including one of 'Personal Friends invited' with 108 names 'and other old servants and inhabitants of Down'. Anthem specially composed by Sir Frederick Bridge 'Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding'—Proverbs iii 13–17. Memorial Service: May 1 Westminster Abbey, sermon by Harvey Goodwin, Bishop of Carlisle. The Archbishop of Canterbury, A. C. Tait, had withdrawn at short notice—H. D. Rawnsley, Harvey Goodwin, 223–225, 1896.

GHOST One of several said to haunt Downe Court, opposite Down House—A. D. H. Coxe, Haunted Britain, 79, 1973, with photograph.

GRAVE Westminster Abbey, 'north-east corner of the nave next to that of Sir John Herschel', 7ft deep in a coffin of white oak—The Times Apr.27 1882. 'A few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton'—LLiii 361. Memorial plaque by Sir Joseph Boehm 1887.

HABITS The only detailed account of CD's day to day pattern of life is in Francis D's reminiscences of his father—LLi 108–160. This stems from his middle and later years when he had developed a rigid pattern, seldom changed even when there were visitors in the house. His own autobiography tells little about his habits, except something of his hobbies and enthusiasms. A typical day at Down House may be summarized as follows:

7 am

Rose and took a short walk.

7.45 am

Breakfast alone.

8–9.30 am

Worked in his study; he considered this his best working time.

9.30–10.30 am

Went to drawing-room and read his letters, followed by reading aloud of family letters.

Light high tea while the family dined. In late years never stayed in the dining room with the men, but retired to the drawing-room with the ladies. If no guests were present, he played two games of backgammon with ED, usually followed by reading to himself, then ED played the piano, followed by reading aloud.

10 pm

Left the drawing-room and usually in bed by 10.30, but slept badly.

Even when guests were present, half an hour of conversation at a time was all that he could stand, because it exhausted him.

Alcohol:

Francis D records that CD 'drank very little wine, but enjoyed and was revived by the little he did drink'—LLi 118. However he admitted to him that 'he had once drunk too much at Cambridge' as his enthusiastic membership of the Gourmet Club perhaps indicates. 'Darwin had once told him [Hooker] that he had got drunk three times in early life, and thought intoxication the greatest of all pleasures'—M. E. Grant Duff, Victorian vintage, 144, 1930. CD's accounts show a considerable consumption of brandy and of beer at Down House, but the former was probably for guests and the latter for growing sons and the staff.

CD's beetle collecting whilst at Cambridge seems to have been little more than collecting, but the techniques learnt were useful on the Beagle voyage. He was not good at ball games, although he records that he enjoyed bat fives whilst at Shrewsbury School. He enjoyed watching his family play lawn tennis and billiards. In his youth, he was an enthusiastic shot, especially when visiting Maer and the Owens at nearby Woodhouse. He shot for the pot and for scientific need during the Beagle voyage, but gave it up entirely on his return. He rode for pleasure in his youth and as the only way of covering ground on inland trips from the Beagle. He took up riding again for health reasons on his quiet cob 'Tommy', on the recommendation of Dr Bence Jones, but gave it up after he had been rolled on in 1869. He played Van John (Vingt-et-un) at Cambridge a lot, but does not seem to have played cards later. His evening recreation, other than reading, being read to and listening to ED play the piano, was backgammon. He and ED played two games every evening when they were alone. He won most games, she most gammons. 1876 Jan.28 CD to Gray records 5285 games played—EDii 221.

Tobacco:

CD started taking snuff when he was a student at Edinburgh and continued to do so, finding it a stimulant. He smoked a few cigarettes when travelling with gauchos in South America, and restarted late in life when he was relaxing.

Charles Darwin's Full Signature 1854

HANDWRITING CD's handwriting, even at its best, is notoriously difficult to read. The specimen given opposite, written in 1860, is typical of his research notes, written for himself. Francis D comments of rough notes such as this that they 'were almost illegible, sometimes even to himself'—LLi 119.

Final manuscript for the press was, for many years, transcribed by the Downe schoolmaster, Ebenezer Norman, and long letters were dictated, often to ED and later to Francis D. He was considerate to foreign correspondents, remarking to Francis D 'You'd better try to write well, as it's to a foreigner'—LLi 119. His formal signature was 'Charles Darwin', as in the example given above, from the Maull and Fox photograph of 1854, but on letters he often signed 'Ch. Darwin'. He seems never to have used his second initial.

HEALTH A great deal has been written on CD's ill-health, but it is all guess-work based on what he himself wrote in his autobiography and on a few remarks by Francis D in LLi ch.3. No case notes from any of the physicians he consulted have ever been published, nor, so far as is recorded, was an autopsy carried out at his death. Barlow, in her edition of the Autobiography, 240–243, 1958, gives an appendix on the subject with the main references. She concludes that the following causes have been suggested 'Appendicitis, a duodenal ulcer, pyorrhea, or the damaging effects of sea-sickness during the voyage; but recent emphasis has been in the direction of neurotic or psychotic causes'. Other suggestions have been Chagas' disease and a toxic state arising from bad medication. de Beer, Charles Darwin, 114–117, 1963, puts most weight on Chagas' disease, but Woodruff, The Times, Dec.17, 1963, refutes this suggestion on the grounds that the symptoms were not at all typical. see 1971 J. H. Winslow, Darwin's Victorian malady, Philadelphia, 1971. R. Colp, To be an invalid: the illness of Charles Darwin, Chicago, 1977.

CD does not refer to any illnesses in childhood or youth and he lived an active and outdoor life. His first entry of illness is for 1831 Oct.–Dec., just before the Beagle sailed 'I was also troubled with palpitation and pain about the heart, and like many a young ignorant man, especially one with a smattering of medical knowledge, was convinced that I had heart disease. I did not consult any doctor'.—LLi 64. During the voyage, apart from a few minor accidents, some mild fever and continuing sea-sickness, he had only one serious illness. This was at Valparaiso, 1834 Sep.19 until the end of October. Sep.19 'During the day I felt very unwell'. He reached Valparaiso on 27th 'with great difficulty', 'and was there confined to my bed till the end of October'. J. Researches, 1845, 268–269. For most

During his residence in London, 1839–1842, 'I did less scientific work', 'This was due to frequent recurring unwellness, and to one long serious illness'—LLi 69. Again he gives no symptoms. When he had moved to Down House, he explained that after entertaining company 'my health almost always suffered from the excitement, violent shivering attacks and vomiting being thus brought on'—LLi 79. This condition continued for the rest of his life, although the attacks seem to have been less frequent or less violent in his later years.

During Dec. 1881 he began to suffer anginal pains which became more frequent in Feb.–Mar.1882. He had a severe attack with fainting on Apr.18. Francis D records his father's last words, on 18th, as 'I am not afraid to die'—LLiii 358.

HOMES CD's home was his father's house, The Mount, Shrewsbury, until after his return from the Beagle voyage in 1836. He was however away for much of the year whilst an undergraduate student at Edinburgh, and Cambridge, and for almost 5 years when on the Beagle. On his return, he stayed in Cambridge with Henslow or in lodgings in Fitzwilliam St, and in London with his brother Erasmus Alvey D at 43 Great Marlborough St. In 1837, Mar. 13, he took furnished rooms at 36 Great Marlborough St with his secretary servant Syms Covington: this house can perhaps be regarded as his first personal home. After his engagement to ED, he rented a furnished house, 12 Upper Gower St, into which he moved in 1838, Dec.31, and where he and his bride took up residence the day after their wedding, 1839, Jan.30. They lived there until 1842, Sep. On 14th ED moved to Down House and CD followed on 17th. There they lived for the rest of their lives, although after 1882 ED spent the winters in Cambridge. The following list summarizes CD's homes and dates:

ICONOGRAPHY Portraits taken from life include one bust, three oils, one each water colour, pastel, chalk, inkwash, and pencil. There is one print, a lithograph, a number of photographs and many caricatures. There are at least fifteen further works in three dimensions ranging from full-scale statues to heads for medallions which were not taken from life, but made between his death and the 1909 celebrations of his birth. These are listed below, but the artists are also entered in the main sequence. The most comprehensive exhibition of portraits and related material was that at Christ's College Cambridge. This was held in the summer of the centenary year, 1909. A similar exhibition, with some of the same material, was held at the British Museum (Natural History) in that autumn. There are printed catalogues of both.

11 1882 Medallion in bronze by Allan Wyon. The Royal Society's Darwin Medal was reduced from this; the die made in 1890. There is an electrotype from the original wax at British Museum (Natural History).

12 1909 or before. Medallion in bronze by Horace Mountford.

13 1909 or before. Medallion in bronze by William Rothenstein.

14 1909 Bust in bronze by William Couper of New York, at Christ's College Cambridge. Presented by USA delegates to 1909 centenary celebrations.

15 n.d. Statue by H. R. Hope-Pinker, at University Museum, Oxford; model for at Down House.

16 n.d. Bust by Charles L. Hartwell, at Down House. Commissioned by Joseph Leidy. Inscription reads 'Presented by Dr. Joseph Leidy II of Philadelphia, to the British Nation in memory of those American naturalists who came to the support of Charles Darwin upon the publication of "The origin of species" in 1859'.

Oils:

17 1875 by Walter William Ouless. CD sat for in Feb.–Mar. In family; copy by the artist at Christ's College Cambridge. Engraved by Paul Rajon, No.29. Francis D's opinion 'Mr.Ouless's portrait is, in my opinion, the finest representation of my father that has been produced'—LLiii 195.

18 1879 by Sir William Blake Richmond. CD sat for in Jun. Copy by the artist in the family. Cambridge Philosophical Society. Subscribed for by members of the University, £400 being raised. CD is in his Hon.LL.D. robes. ED's opinion in 1881 Oct. 'The red picture, and I thought it quite horrid, so fierce and so dirty'. Francis D's opinion 'according to my own view, neither the attitude nor the expression are characteristic of my father'—LLiii 222.

19 1881 by Hon. John Collier. CD sat for in Aug. At Linnean Society and commissioned by them. 1883 copy by the artist, presented 1896 to National Portrait Gallery by William Erasmus D. Francis D's opinion 'many of those who knew his face most intimately think that Mr. Collier's picture is the best of the portraits'—LLiii 223.

Water colours and drawings:

20 1816 Pastel of CD with his sister Emily Catherine. Reproductions always describe it as by 'Sharples', perhaps Rolinda

Sharples (d.1838); not her father James S who died in 1811. In the family.

21?1840 Pencil sketch for No.22 by George Richmond. Found in cellars of Botany School Cambridge in 1929.

22?1840 Water colour by George Richmond. Unsigned but note on back of frame reads March 1840. In the family.

23 1853 Chalk drawing by Samuel Laurence, a sketch for No.24.

24 1853 Chalk drawing by Samuel Laurence. In the family.

25 Between 1873 and 1880 Washed India ink by Louisa Ann Nash. Owned by L.A.N's grand-daughter at Corvallis, Oregon. This is the only picture of CD done in his lifetime which is in USA.

26 1878 Pencil sketch, 7″×5″, by Marian Huxley, in National Portrait Gallery. Signed with a monogram MH.

Prints:

27 ?1850 Lithograph by T. H. Maguire. Printed by M. & N. Hanhart. Ipswich Museum British Association Portraits. Lithograph signature of CD below and blind stamp of Ipswich Museum. CD is seated in a Down study chair. This is the only print in any form from life. See also George Ransome.

36 c1854 Maull & Fox. a. Profile to third waistcoat button or to knees, seated in bentwood chair, check waistcoat and trousers; long available as a commercial photogravure. b. Full face, dark embroidery waistcoat and dark trousers; also available as a commercial photogravure but less often seen. The two versions were probably taken at the same session because the table and drapes are the same.

37 c1864 London Stereoscopic Co. There are at least three versions of these pairs.

38 1868 Aug. Julia Margaret Cameron; taken at Freshwater, Isle of Wight. a. profile, b. almost full face. Authentic copies should be signed by Mrs Cameron and bear Colnaghi's blind authentication stamp. CD's opinion of 'I like this photograph very much better than any other which has been taken of me'—LLiii 92, but he does not say which one.

39 c1868 CD on his cob 'Tommy'.

40 c1870 O. G. Rejlander, a profile facing right. see No.28.

41 c1874 Leonard D, CD sitting in a basket chair on verandah at Down House. A version of this printed on china was shown at Christ's College exhibition of 1909.

42 ?1878 Lock & Whitfield, Men of Mark, 3rd ser., 1878. A half-face head and shoulders; reproduced on free end paper of Eiseley, Darwin's century, 1958. This photograph is not otherwise recorded.

43 c1880 Elliott & Fry. a. On verandah at Down House in cloak and hat with round crown; b. same place but without cloak or hat. British Museum (Natural History) exhibition of 1909 showed four versions of this photographic session. Version a, at least was long available as, a commercial photogravure.

Caricatures:

There are many of these and no list has ever appeared. The best known, and that most often reproduced is 'Natural Selection' by Carlo Pellegrini, 1871, Men of the Day No. 33, Vanity Fair, Sep.30. Pellegrini signed his caricatures 'Ape' from 1869 onwards, but this is not signed. It occurred for sale in two sizes, 31 cm & 18 cm, the former much better coloured. Others which were shown at the Christ's College exhibition of 1909 were 1881 Punch's Fancy Portraits No. 64, after publication of Vegetable mould, Hornet, CD with Monkey body, Simplissimus,

Lalune, La petite Lune, Fun, Once a week, Figaro. There is at least one caricature in pottery, a monkey body with CD's head.

ITINERARY Where CD was at any one time in his life is well documented except for the earliest years. For these the autobiographical fragment, printed in MLi 5, is the most helpful; this was probably written in 1838 when he started his personal journal. The journal contains only a little on the Beagle voyage, but J. Researches and Fitz-Roy's Vol. 2 of the Narrative gives the details; for much of the time CD was ashore whilst the ship was surveying so that his whereabouts are by no means the same as hers. After 1838, all important visits from home are noticed in detail in his journal, except that some brief trips to London for a night or so may be omitted, or else he does not say where he stayed. After his move to Down House in 1842, CD was away from home for a considerable part of each year; much of the time was spent at hydropathic establishments, but there were also holidays and journeys for scientific business. From 1842 to 1881 he was away for a total of about 2000 days, exceeding 50 days in 23 of these 40 years.

1809–1812

No information about his being away from The Mount, Shrewsbury.

1813

Family summer holiday at Gros, Abergele, N. Wales.

1814–1816

No information about his being away from The Mount.

1817

In the spring, CD went with his sister Emily Catherine D to Mr G. Case's day school in Shrewsbury.

1818

In the summer CD went to Shrewsbury School as a boarder, stayed 7 years, Dr Samuel Butler being headmaster all the time. Jul. CD went to Liverpool with his brother Erasmus Alvey D.

1819

Jul. Summer holiday at Plas Edwards, Towyn, N.Wales.

1820

Jul. CD went on riding tour with his brother to Pistyll Rhayader, N.Wales.

Jan. went to Christ's College for Lent term and rest of academic year, lodging above Bacon's, tobacconist, in Sidney St. Summer to Barmouth, N. Wales with J. M. Herbert & T. Butler for private coaching by G. A. Butterton. Sep. at Maer and then at Osmaston Hall, nr Derby, home of William Darwin Fox.

1829

At Cambridge in term time, living in College. Feb.19 2 days in London to talk about beetles with F. W. Hope. Feb.24 to Cambridge. Jun. to Barmouth with F. W. Hope. Jun.–Jul. Shrewsbury. Jul. Maer one week. Oct. Birmingham with Wedgwoods for music meeting. Oct.16 to Cambridge.

1830

At Cambridge in term time, living in College. Aug. to N. Wales collecting beetles and fishing. Nov. Cambridge, passed BA examinations.

MANUSCRIPTS Much material which was left in manuscript at CD's death has been published since. Most of it was never intended for publication and is in note or abbreviated form, although some is from early drafts of what he hoped eventually to prepare for the press. The autobiographical manuscripts have been considered above and published letters will be found in the main sequence. Other mss material which has been published will also be found in the main sequence under brief title, but is summarized here in date order of first publication:

1882 In George J. Romanes, Animal intelligence, contains extracts from CD's notes on behaviour, published with his permission and in press before his death.

1883 In George J. Romanes, Mental evolution in animals, contains an appendix which is from ch.10 of the 2nd part of CD's intended big book on evolution. See also Stauffer, 1975.

1909 The foundations of The origin of species, a sketch written in 1842, transcribed & edited by Francis D. Printed for private distribution.

1909 The foundations of The origin of species, Two essays written in 1843 and 1844, transcribed & edited by Francis D. Published edition. The sketch of 1842 is from the same setting of type as previous entry.

1933 Charles Darwin's diary of the voyage on H.M.S. Beagle, transcribed and edited by Nora Barlow.

1959 Darwin's journal, Bull.Brit.Mus.(nat.Hist.), hist.Ser., 2:1–21. Transcribed by G. R. de Beer. There is a Russian translation of an earlier and independent transcription by S. L. Sobol', 1957.

MEDALS Copley (Royal Society) 1864, CD was proposed in 1862 but failed; Daly (Royal College of Physicians) 1879; Royal (Royal Society) 1853; Wollaston (Geological Society) 1859, which from 1846–1860 was made of palladium.

ORDER Pour la Mérite, Prussia 1867.

PRIZE Bressa, Reale Accademia della Scienze, Turin 1879; 12,000 francs. CD gave £100 from it to the Zoologische Station at Naples.

RELIGION CD's religious views are summarized in LLi –304–317. Francis D states 'My father spoke little on these subjects, and I can contribute nothing from my own recollection'. CD considered religious views to be a deeply personal matter and took great pains not to offend ED. 'Whilst aboard the Beagle I was quite orthodox'. 'But I had gradually come by this time, i.e. 1836–1839, to see that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the Hindoos'. 1879 CD to Fordyce, 'In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind'—Aspects of scepticism, 1883. 1881 CD discussed his views with Aveling who published what he thought CD meant in The religious views of Charles

Darwin, Freethought Publishing Company, 1883: Francis D felt that Aveling had misunderstood. For CD's imaginary deathbed conversion to a fundamentalist orthodoxy see Atkins, 51–52, and for his fictitious book on the subject, My apology for my unformed ideas, see Freeman, 18–19.

SOCIETY MEMBERSHIP As was customary, CD joined those London societies whose meetings might be of interest to him, although, after he left London in 1842, his attendance at their meetings was infrequent. He was a founder member of the Entomological Society in 1831, his beetle collecting days, and joined the Zoological Society as a corresponding member in the same year before the Beagle left England, becoming a Fellow in 1839. As soon as he returned in 1836 he joined the Geological Society and was its Honorary Secretary from 1838 Feb.16 to 1841 Feb.19. He added the Geographical Society in 1838. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1839 Jan.24, at the age of 29, and he served on its Council in 1850–1851 and again in 1855–1856. He did not join the Linnean until 1854, apparently largely so that he could get books by post from its excellent library. Finally he joined the Ethnological Society in 1861. He used the periodical publications of all these societies, except those of the Entomological and Ethnological Societies, for his own papers. His Honorary memberships included the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh of which he was particulary proud for he had been an ordinary member when a medical student there, and the Royal Irish Academy. He was an Honorary of 13 in the Americas and of about 40 in Europe. Of local natural history societies in England, he was elected to only 2, the Watford Natural History Society, later the Hertfordshire, in 1877, and the Epping Field Club, later the Essex, in 1880. Almost all these are listed by countries in LLiii 373–376, but their titles are sometimes translated into English. The following list is in alphabetical order with names in the original languages:

Darwin's bull-dog 'I am Darwin's bull-dog' he once said. 1871 Nov.2 Huxley to Haeckel, 'The dogs have been barking at his heels too much of late'—Life of Huxley, 2nd edition, ii 62.

Darwin's Farm At Beesby, Lincolnshire q.v.

Darwin's Finches The sub-family Geospizinae of the Galápagos Is. Coined1 by Robert T. Orr, Bull.N.Y.zool.Soc., 45:42–45, 1942. Used by David Lack, Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., pt.5, No.53, 49, 1944, and title of his book 1947.

Darwin's Hero CD's name for an exceptionally vigorous plant of morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) in Cross and self fertilisation. Heading ch.15 in Allan.

Darwin's Peak Another name for Angulus woolneri q.v., see also Nature, Lond., Apr.6 1871.

Darwin's True Knight Hooker's description of Wallace.

Darwin's Window A window in Hooker's retirement house at Sunningdale, so-called because CD suggested its insertion on seeing the plans, to improve the view of the garden.

Darwin, Charlotte Maria Cooper 1827–1885. c of William Brown D. m Francis Rhodes, later Darwin. CD's remote cousin. Last of the senior branch of family. Elston Hall, the family seat, was left to her husband.

Darwin, Elizabeth [VI] 1847 Jul.8–1928. 6c of CD. unm. Known as Bessy. 'Very stout and nervous . . . not good at practical things . . . and she could not have managed her own life without a little help and direction . . . but she was shrewd enough . . . and a very good judge of character'—Period Piece, 146–147.

Darwin, Elizabethsee Susan Elizabeth D, CD's sister.

Darwin, Elizabeth Francessee Fraser.

Darwin, Ellen Wordsworthsee Crofts.

Darwin, Emily Catherine 1810 May 10–1866 Feb.2. 6c of Robert Waring D. m Charles Langton as 2nd wife. dsp. CD's sister. Known as Catty. 'Had neither good health nor good spirits'—EDii 180. 'Failed to work out her capabilities either for her own happiness or that of others (perhaps)'—EDii 184.

Darwin, Emmasee Wedgwood.

Emma Darwin 1904 [Mrs] H. E. Litchfield editor, Emma Darwin, wife of Charles Darwin. A century of family letters, 2 vols, Cambridge (F1552), 250 copies printed for family and friends. 1915 Emma Darwin. A century of family letters, 1792–1896, 2 vols, London (F1553), text as 1904 with some alterations. USA 1915 from stereos (F1554).

unrecorded, the Misses Parker. CD's grandfather. FRS 1761. Born at Elston Hall, Lincolnshire; practised at Lichfield 1756–1781; Radburn Hall, Derby 1781–1783; Full St, Derby 1783–1802; Breadsall Priory, Derby 1802, where his relict continued to live until her death 1832. Main works: Botanic garden, 1791, 1790; Zoonomia, 1794, 1796; Phytologia, 1800; Temple of nature, 1803. Biography: DNB; Seward, 1804; Dowson, 1861; Krause & CD, 1879; Pearson, 1930; King-Hele, 1963, 1977. Portraits: two in oils, one by Joseph Wright of Derby in National Portrait Gallery, London, one by Rawlinson of Derby in Derby Museum. Medallion in Lichfield Cathedral after Wright portrait. His commonplace book is now at Down House. The genus Darwinia Rudge, 1813, was named for D, (Myrtaceae) c. twenty-five species of Australian heath-like shrubs. Darwinia Rafinesque 1817 & Darwinia Dennstedt 1818 are junior homonyms.

Erasmus Darwin 1879 Ernst Krause, Erasmus Darwin . . . with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin (F1319), CD's notice, 1–127, is longer than Krause essay on D's scientific work; facsimile 1971 (F1322). 1887 The life of Erasmus Darwin (F1321), sheets of the first edition with new preface. Krause's paper first appeared in German in Kosmos, 3, 1879 Feb., but his text was revised for the translation. This book started the one-sided row with Samuel Butler. B's copy with mss notes is in the British Library. First foreign editions of CD's notice: German 1880 (F1323); Russian 1959 (F1324).

Darwin, Erasmus Alvey 1804 Dec.29–1881 Aug.26. 2c of Robert Waring D. unm. CD's only brother. Known as Ras. Trained as a physician at Edinburgh but never practised. Invalid. Trustee Bedford College, University of London from its foundation, see Bedford Coll. Mag., 1902 Jun. 1859 Nov. D to CD 'In fact the à priori reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me that if the facts won't fit in, why so much worse for the facts is my feeling'—LLii 234. 1881 CD to Sir Thomas Farrer, 'He was not I think a happy man'—MLi 395. 'He had some-

thing of original and sarcastically ingenious in him, one of the sincerest, naturally truest, and most modest of men'—Carlyle, Reminiscences, ii 208. 24 Regent St, 43 Great Marlborough St, 7 Park St, 6 Queen Anne St. His only recorded staff were Surman, his secretary and Pearce his manservant. Buried Sep.1 in Downe Churchyard.

Darwin, Henrietta Emma 1843 Sep.25–1930. 4c of CD. m 1871 Aug.31 R. B. Litchfield dsp. CD's only married daughter. Known as Body, Budgy, Harriot (she tried to use this name in 1865, ED objected 'the pertest of names'), Rhadamanthus minor or just Rhadamanthus (by Huxley), Trotty Veck, Etty. Was sickly as a child. 1856 when ill had breakfast in bed, 'she never got up to breakfast again in all her life'—Period piece, in which ch.7 gives a description of her valetudinarian habits. 1861 CD to Hooker, 'Poor H . . . she has now come up to her old point, and can sometimes get up for an hour or two twice a day'—LLii 360. Helped CD with writing Descent of man—EDii 196. Did some editing of CD's part of Erasmus Darwin—King-Hele 1977. Editor Emma Darwin, 1904 (F1552) & 1915 (F1553). On death of husband 1903 moved to Burrow's Hill, Gomshall, Surrey.

Darwin, Marianne 1798 Apr.7–1858 Jul.18. 1c of Robert Waring D. m 1824 Henry Parker 4s 1d. CD's sister. On her death the grown up family was adopted by her sister Emily Catherine and lived at The Mount, Shrewsbury.

Darwin, Martha Haskinssee Du Puy.

Darwin, Mary [I]see Healey.

Darwin, Mary [II]see Howard.

Darwin, Mary Dorotheasee Wharton.

Darwin, Mary Eleanor 1842 Sep.23–1842 Oct.16. 3c of CD. Born at Down House and died there. ED had moved into Down House on Sep.14.

Darwin, Reginald 1818–? eldest c of Sir Francis Sacheveral D. CD's half first cousin. 1879 lent CD documents, including a commonplace book, on Erasmus D [I], which CD used for his notice in E. Krause's Erasmus Darwin. The commonplace book now at Down House.

Darwin, Richard?–1584. 3c of William D [III]. m before 1580 Margaret? 3s 1d. Inherited Torksey from his uncle and held Marton. 8th generation in male line to CD.

Darwin, Robert Alvey 1826 Apr.17–1847 Dec.7.3c of William Brown D. Of Elston Hall & Exeter College Oxford. Last male in senior branch of family, he left Elston Hall to his sister Charlotte Maria Cooper D.

Darwin, Susan Elizabeth 1803 Oct.3–1866 Oct.3. 3c of Robert Waring D [II]. unm. CD's sister. 'My father [CD] told me that anything in coat and trousers from eight years to eighty was fair game to Susan'—EDi 141. Continued to live at The Mount, Shrewsbury until her death. After the death of her sister Marianne in 1858, she adopted the grown-up Parker children who lived with her. 1836 CD called her Granny.

Darwin, Susanna 1729–1789. 5c of Robert D. unm. CD's great aunt.

Darwin, Susannahsee Wedgwood.

Darwin, Trotty Vecksee Henrietta Emma D.

Darwin, Violettasee Frances Anne Violetta D.

Darwin, William [I] died before 1542. 2s, 1. ?William, 2. John Of Marton, Lincolnshire, Yeoman. The earliest ancestor given by Burke. 10th generation to CD in male line.

Darwin, ?William [II] died before 1542. Eldest s of William [I] 2s 4d. 9th generation to CD in male line. Of Marton, Lincolnshire, Yeoman. Burke is not certain of christian name.

Darwin, William [III]–1580. Eldest son of ?William [II]. m Elizabeth ?, 3s. 8th generation to CD in male line. Inherited Marton from his uncle John D.

Darwin, William [IV] c1573–1644. 3s of Richard D. m as 2nd husband Mary Healey of Cleatham, Lincolnshire. 6th generation to CD in male line. Yeoman of the Royal Armoury, Greenwich. Also held Marton.

Darwin, William [V] 1620–1675. Eldest s of William D [IV]. m 1653 Anne Earle, d of Erasmus Earle 5s 1d. 5th generation in male line to CD. Barrister. Recorder of Lincoln. Royalist. Erasmus became a family name through his wife.

Darwin, William [VI] 1655–1682. Eldest s of William [V]. m 1680 Anne Waring, heiress of Robert Waring of Elston Hall, Newark, Nottinghamshire, 2s. 4th generation in male line to CD. Portrait 'at Elston shows him as a good-looking young man in a full-bottomed wig'—LLi 3. Waring became a family forename through his wife, and Elston Hall the family seat.

Davy, Dr John 1790–1868. Army surgeon. FRS 1834. Brother of Sir Humphry D. Inspector General of Army Hospitals. Friend of Sir James Mackintosh. 1855 CD to D on salmonid eggs; 2 long replies printed in Phil.Trans., 1855 and Proc.Roy.Soc., 1856, as well as in his Physiological Researches, 251–269, 1863. DNB.

Dawkins, Sir William Boyd 1837–1929. Geologist. Kt 1919 FRS 1867. CD was friendly with and 1873 wrote testimonial for an application for Chair of Geology at Cambridge, which D did not get. Prof. Geology Owen's College Manchester 1872–. WWH.

augmented, 12th thousand (F948). First foreign editions: Dutch (F1053), German (F1065), Italian (F1088), Russian (F1107), USA (F941) 1871; French (F1058), Swedish (F1136) 1872; Danish (F1050), Polish (F1101) 1874; Hungarian (F1084) 1884; Spanish (F1123) ?1902; Czech (F1048) 1906; Portuguese (F1104) 1910; Yiddish (F1138) 1921; Bulgarian (F1047) 1927; Japanese (F1100) 1949; Slovene (F1122) 1950; Romanian (F1106) 1967; Turkish (F1137) 1968. The last sentence of the work reads '. . . we must acknowledge, as it seems to me, that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system—with all these exalted powers—Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin'.

Descent of man (paper) 1871 The descent of man, Hardwicke's Science Gossip, 7:112 (Bii 168, F1693). This, the shortest of all CD's writings in serials, contains the essence of the idea given above, in blunter morphological terms, 'The early progenitors of man were no doubt once covered with hair, both sexes having beards; their ears were pointed and capable of movement; and their bodies were provided with a tail, having the proper muscles' etc.

Devonport Town and naval dockyard w of and contiguous with Plymouth, Devon. 1831 Sep.14 CD with Fitz-Roy and Musters arrived after 3 days by packet from London; CD returned to London Sep.17. Oct.30 CD back and stayed at 4 Clarence Baths until Beagle finally sailed Dec.27, after two unsuccessful attempts to put to sea.

Dogs (paper) 1882 On the modification of a race of Syrian street dogs by means of sexual selection, by Dr [W.] Van Dyck, with a preliminary notice by CD, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., No.25:367–370 (Bii 278, F1803). Read Apr.18 by the Secretary: CD died on Apr.19.

Dohrn, Felix Anton 1840–1909. German zoologist. Founder of Zoologische Station at Naples 1873, later Stazione Zoologica. 1870 Sep.26 D visited CD at Down House, and perhaps again later—MLi 323. 1872 Apr.3 CD wrote to D about success of Descent of man in Germany—LLiii 133. 1875 CD wrote to D about Naples station and invited D & wife to visit Down House, 'I have often boasted that I have had a live Uhlan in my house!'—LLiii 198. 1879 CD gave D £100 for the station from his Bressa Prize money—LLiii 225.

Donders, Frans Cornelius 1818–1889. Physiologist. Prof. Physiology Utrecht. 1871 D gave CD information for Expression of the emotions—LLiii 134. 1872 Apr. D wrote to CD to tell him of his election to Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen—LLiii 163. 1874 CD wrote to D, to thank him for entertaining his son George Howard D—LLiii 325.

Jul.22 CD & ED first saw. Bought from Rev. J.Drummond, Vicar of Downe, for £2020 with 18 acres of which 12 were then the paddock. ED moved in Sep.14; CD moved in Sep.17. Ordnance datum 565 ft, the well is 325 ft deep, to the clay below the chalk of the North Downs.

ALTERATIONS TO LAND: 1844 New garden wall built; 1845 Mound under yews on W side removed, mound added at E side as wind protection; 1846 Sandwalk wood planted on land rented from Sir John William Lubbock; 1862 Feb. New greenhouse completed, superintended by Horwood, Sir John W. Lubbock's gardener; 1874 Sandwalk wood exchanged for a piece of pasture with Sir John Lubbock; 1881 Bought strip of field beyond orchard from Sydney Sales for hard tennis court, new wall built.

FURNISHINGS In the present shrine, the old study and the new drawingroom are furnished, as nearly as possible, as they were when CD was alive; this includes the original study chairs, the portrait of Lyell given to CD by Lady Lyell in 1847, the portrait of Hooker given to CD by Julia Cameron, the photographer of it, and the print of Josiah Wedgwood II given back by Francis D in 1927. The drawingroom piano, bought in 1839, was bought back from the Positivist Society for £20 in 1929.

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE: CD & ED kept detailed accounts from the date of their marriage. These, although preserved at

Down House, have not been published in full. Keith, 221–232, and Atkins, 95–100, give extracts. The latter gives a detailed breakdown for 1867–1881. In 1867, when there were four dependent sons and two daughters, only the eldest son being away and employed, probably eight indoor servants and the garden staff, expenditure was as follows: meat £250, butter £5, cheese £18, candles £16, oil £7, bacon £10, soap £10, grocery £53, sugar £16, bread £63, fish & game £20, servants £71, poultry £38, tea £27, coffee £11, washing £6, dresses for ED & the girls £28, gifts £79, miscellaneous £75, dripping £3. These figures do not include those expenses which CD paid for himself, menservants wages, alcohol, snuff and later cigarettes and the clothing of the boys. See also entry under CD finance.

be known except that he owned the first motor car in Downe; 1907–1922 rented by Downe House School q.v.; 1924–1927 run as an unsuccessful girl's school by a Miss Ram; 1927 bought from the Darwin heirs by Sir George Buckston Browne for £4,250; after spending c£10,000 on repairs and giving £20,000 as an endowment, he handed it over to the British Association in 1929; it was formally opened at a tea on Jun.7. 1953 given free to Royal College of Surgeons of England who have administered it since, although they attempted to transfer it to the National Trust in 1958. The Surgeons' research establishment marches with the grounds to the sw.

VISITORS: ED entertained considerably at Down House, although seldom large gatherings. Casual calling, which was customary in cities, was confined to near neighbours; John Lubbock, who was 8 years old when CD came to Downe, was the most frequent. Visitors from London and elsewhere came for weekends, or for Sunday lunch. The following list omits relatives and neighbours and it is probably far from complete. The numbers of visitors increase in later years when the children were grown up and brought their own friends and when CD's health had improved. The following were frequent visitors: F. M. Balfour (in 1870–1880), T. Bell (early), Hugh Falconer (after his return to England), E. Forbes (before 1854), J. D. Hooker, T. H. Huxley, C. Lyell, G. J. Romanes (after 1874), Margaret J. Shaen, S. W. Strickland (after c1860), A. R. Wallace & G. R. Waterhouse.

J. Collier, Laura M. Forster, Marianne North, H. Richter; 1882 A. H. Haig, Countess of Derby (both after CD's death). The following are recorded without date: J. W. Judd, K. Ludwig, W. Ogle. The following groups of people visited: 1873 onwards Working Men's College, groups of fifty or sixty for the day; 1881 onwards J. W. C. Feegan's street boys from his homes, for the day or camping; 1882 onwards 'Sunday tramps', led by L. Stephen, came for the day.

Downe Village, Orpington, Kent, BR6 Post Office spelling was Down before 1842. Census of 1841 total population 444; of 1881 555. Postal addresses, nr Bromley in 1845, nr Farnborough 1845–early 1855, nr Bromley late 1855–late 1869, nr Beckenham 1869 Sep. Present address is in the Bromley postal code. Church; St Mary the virgin, illustration 1786, before drastic restoration—Atkins 25. Inn; The George; 1842 Jul. CD to his sister Catherine, 'The little pot-house where we slept is a grocer's shop and the landlord there is the carpenter . . . there is one butcher and baker and the post-Office. A carrier goes weekly to London and calls anywhere for anything in London and takes anything anywhere'—MLi 31–36. Schoolmasters; Norman, Skinner. Physician: Engleheart. Vicars: Drummond, Innes, ffinden. Curates: Hoole, Horsman, Humphreys, Powell, Robinson, Salin, Stephens. Churchwarden: Lovegrove. 1933 Howarth & Howarth give a detailed description of the village and its history. Newman, in Pevsner's Buildings of England, West Kent, 251, 1969, describes the architecturally worthwhile buildings.

Downe Court Original manor house of Downe, opposite E side of Down House, dated 1690. 1842 Jul. CD to his sister Catherine, 'There is a most beautiful old farm-house with great thatched barns and old stumps of oak trees . . . one field off—MLi 31–36. 1973 A. D. H. Coxe, Haunted Britain, 79; CD's ghost is one of the several said to haunt it.

Downe Friendly Club CD helped to found, probably in 1852, and acted as its Treasurer for 30 years—LLi 142. 1852 Mar. Rules for the Club printed at CD's expense—CD's mss accounts. 1877 To members of the Down Friendly Club, a single sheet printed for CD to dissuade members from disbanding (F1303). The annual general meeting was held at Down House every year, usually on Whit Monday.

Downe House School Always spelt with an 'e'. Occupied Down House 1907 Feb.–1922 Apr.1. Headmistress Olive

Margaret Willis was co-founder with her friend Alice Carver; started with one girl and 5 mistresses, but was at once successful. 1922 moved to larger premises Hermitage Rd, Cold Ash, Newbury, where it flourishes.

Downes, John 1810–1890. Cambridge friend of CD. Vicar of Horton & Piddington, Northants 1834–1863. 1831 Jul.11 CD to Henslow, 'Do you by any chance recollect the name of a fly that Mr. Bird sent through Downe—Darwin-Henslow 27.

Downton Wiltshire. 1822 Jun. CD had a holiday there with his sister Caroline Sarah D.

Dumbola Lodge Freshwater, Isle of Wight, a house owned by Julia Cameron. 1868 CD & Family stayed there in summer. CD was photographed by Mrs Cameron on this visit.

Duncan, Andrew 1773–1832. Prof. Materia Medica Edinburgh. FRS 1798. 1826 CD to his sister Catherine D, 'is so very learned that his wisdom has left no room for his senses. His lectures begin at eight in the morning'—MLi 7. 1847 CD to Hooker, 'a whole cold breakfastless hour on the properties of rhubarb'—LLi 355.

Duncan, Ethel d of Andrew Duncan of Liverpool. m G. J. Romanes. 1879 CD to Romanes, Mrs R is right to forbid the monkey from the nursery—Carroll 576.

Duncan, Peter Martin 1824–1891. Invertebrate palaeontologist & writer of popular natural history. c1869 CD to D, will send coral specimens from Keeling Islands—Carroll 272. 1876 CD to D, CD will return an overlooked coral and mss by William Lonsdale—Carroll 498.

Earle, Erasmus 1590–1667. Serjeant-at-Law. CD's maternal 6th generation ancestor. Father of Anne Earle. Origin of name Erasmus in D family. MP for Norwich, Recorder of Lincoln. 1890 Oct. William Erasmus D & George Howard D went on a visit to 'General Bulwer, a beautiful place in Norfolk [Heydon Hall], to see the picture of Erasmus Earle, an ancestor'. Also a monument to E in Sts Peter & Paul Church. DNB.

Eddowes' Newspaper Shrewsbury. 1880 Mrs Haliburton [Sarah Owen of Woodhouse] had reminded CD of his saying as a boy that if Eddowes' Newspaper ever alluded to him as 'our deserving fellow townsman' he would be amply gratified—LLiii 335. Opening sentence of a leading article of 1880 is given.

Edmonston, John 'A negro lived in Edinburgh, who had travelled with Waterton, and gained his livelyhood by stuffing birds . . . he gave me lessons for payment'—LLi 40. Waterton, Wanderings in South America, 153, 1825 identifies him as John, a slave of Charles Edmonston of Demerara. On coming to Scotland and being freed, he took the surname of Edmonston or Edmonstone. E lived at 37 Lothian St; CD lived at No.11. see Freeman, Notes & Records Roy.Soc., 33:83–86, 1978.

The education of Darwin 1908 The education of Darwin, the first section of Darwin's autobiography, written in 1876, Boston, Directors of the Old South Works Leaflets, 8, No.194 (F1478). Extracts from earlier part of CD's autobiography.

Edward A manservant at 12 Upper Gower St. 1839 Feb.3 'Edward is such a perfect Adonis in his best livery, that he is quite a sight'—EDii 33. 1839 May, E occurs in CD's accounts. 1840 E had left and Parslow had arrived.

Edward VII 1841–1910. King of Great Britain etc 1901–1910. 1866 Apr.27 CD presented to when Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, at Royal Society Soirée. CD said nothing because he could not hear what the Prince said, 'A nice good-natured youth'.

ish parents, he also used Henri as first name. FRS 1845. Prof. Zoology Paris 1841–. Frequent correspondent. 1854 CD sent Living Cirripedia to.

Egan, James Hungarian agriculturist of Budapest. 1858 CD corresponded with on colour of horses—Carroll 160, 161.

Egerton St Westminster, London. No. 12 home of Leonard D 1882–1900. No. 10 or No. 14 home of William Erasmus D after death of wife in 1902, 1902–1914. Gwendolen Mary D lived with him there when she was a student at Slade School of fine Art.

Electric fish 1881 CD to Romanes, parable about evolution of electric organs to get rid of parasites—Life of Romanes 106.

Elephant 1836 May 5 CD rode one in Mauritius from Capt. Lloyd's country house half way to Port Louis, 'The circumstance which surprised me most was its quite noiseless step'—J. Researches 1845, 486. It was the only one in the island.

Elephant Tree Large beech on the sandwalk at Down House, also known as Bismarck and the rhinoceros. Cut down almost dead in 1969, but main trunk preserved.

Elevation and Subsidence in the Pacific and Indian Oceans 1837 On certain areas of elevation and subsidence in the Pacific and Indian Oceans Proc.geol.Soc., 2:552–554 (Bi 46, F1647).

Elevation on the Coast of Chile 1837 Observations of proofs of recent elevations on the coast of Chile, made during the survey of His Majesty's Ship Beagle, commanded by Capt. Fitzroy R.N., Proc.geol.Soc., 2:446–449 (Bi 42, F1645).

Élie de Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Léonce 1798–1874. French geologist. Perpetual Secretary of the Académie des Sciences 1853→. Influentially anti-Origin. 'Damned himself to everlasting fame' by coining the term 'la science moussante' for evolutionism—LLii 185. 1870 CD to Quatrefages, É calls CD's science 'frothy', his own bubbles first of craters of elevation and second of direction of mountain chains according to age have 'burst and vanished into thin air' everywhere but France—Carroll 382.

Elliott and Fry Commercial photographers of London, later incorporated in Bassano & Vandyck Studios, now Bassano's Ltd. c1880 photographed CD on verandah at Down House: a. standing by pillar in cloak and hat. b. head and shoulders without cloak or hat. c. seated on verandah in tightly wrapped cloak and with hat. d. head and shoulders from same negative as a. All, especially a., have been often reproduced and a. was long available as a commercial photograph. 1909 Brit. Mus.(Nat.Hist.) exhibition showed four different E & F photographs, dating them 1882.

Elliott, Mary 1887 ED to Henrietta Emma D, a villager at Downe.

Elston nr Newark, Notts. Elston Hall, seat of William Darwin VI whose wife, Anne Waring, had inherited from her mother, and present seat of senior branch of D family. Many early Ds are buried in All Saints' churchyard. Erasmus D [I] was born there.

Entomological Society of London (Royal 1933) CD Fellow (founder member) 1931. 1867 'No body of men were at first so much opposed to my views as the members of the London Entomological Society'—LLiii 69. 1856 CD to Mrs Lyell, 'You might trust Mr. Waterhouse implicitly, which I fear as [illegible] goes, is more than can be said for all entomologists'—MLi 85.

Eozoon A supposed fossil protozoan described by J. W. Dawson, Quart.J.geol.Soc., 15:54. Later shown not to be of organic origin, but still described as a foraminiferan by A. Sedgwick, Student's textbook of zoology, 1:15, 1898. 1882 CD to D. Mackintosh, 'As far as external form is concerned, Eozoon shows how difficult it is to distinguish between organised and inorganised bodies'—MLii 171.

Epping Field Club 1880 Jan. CD to William Cole, declining joining at foundation, but sending a guinea 'in aid of your preliminary expenses'. Feb. CD to same, accepting Honorary Membership—Essex Nat., 21:14,1927. Later Essex Field Club.

Errera, Léo Abram 1858–1905. Belgian botanist. 1877 CD to and from on heterostyly especially in Primula elatior—Carroll 520–524. 1878 CD to and from, E had visited Down House, but CD was away—Carroll 544, 545. 1879 CD thanks for offprint on heterostyly—Carroll 563. 1879 E to CD sending photograph which CD had asked for; E asks for one in return—Carroll 563.

Erratic Boulders of South America 1841 On the distribution of erratic boulders and on the contemporaneous unstratified deposits of South America, Proc.geol.Soc., 3:425–430 (Bi 145, F1657); Trans.geol.Soc., 415–431 (F661).

Erratic Boulders, Transportal of 1848 On the transportal of erratic boulders from a lower to a higher level, Quart. J.geol.Soc.(Proc.), 4:315–323 (Bi 218,F1677).

Evans, Mrs Nurse to Leonard D then cook at Down House 1871–1882. The Mrs is honorary, but E married later. 1881 wages were £36 p.a. 1882 E attended CD's funeral; had a ticket for Jerusalem Chamber, but was asked to join family mourners in the Choir.

Evolution First use of the word in CD's sense is in Descent of man, 1871. First use in Origin is in 6th edition, 1872, 201 twice & 424 three times. Evolved is the last word in all editions of Origin. Geological use 1832, Lyell, Principles 2:11.

Ewart, James Cossor 1851–1933. Zoologist. FRS 1893. Prof. Zoology Edinburgh 1882–1927. 1881 CD to Romanes, unable to give E a testimonial [for Edinburgh chair] because he has already given one for E. R. Lankester; thinks that E is fit for the appointment; remembers interesting interview with E on bacteria at University College London laboratory—Carroll 604, 614. Pennycuik experiments, 1899, on telegony in horses, a theory in which CD once believed.

Expression of the Emotions 1872 The expression of the emotions in man and animals. First issue has last signature 2B22C3 (F1141); second issue 2B12C4 (F1142). First issue has plates numbered in Arabic; second issue, sometimes Arabic, some-

Eyton, Thomas Campbell 1809–1880. Ornithologist & specialist in skeletal variation. At Cambridge with CD and shot with him in vacations. Donnerville House, Wellington, Shropshire; 23rd heir of the Eytons of Eyton. Anti-Origin. 1839 E examined birds from Beagle voyage for Zoology of Beagle, and wrote appendix to Pt III, 147–156. Much correspondence with CD on skeletal variation. 1868 E sent CD his Osteologia avium, Wellington 1867. CD remembers hunting and fishing with him in their youth—Carroll 353. DNB.

Falconer, Hugh 1808–1865. Physician & palaeontologist. FRS 1845. 1830 went to India as Assistant Surgeon, Bengal. 1832 Superintendant of Botanic Garden, Saharunpur; 1848 Superintendant of Botanic Garden, Calcutta. 1859 was living at Torquay for his health—MLi 455. 1861 F offered a live Proteus anguinus to CD. 1864 F proposed CD for Copley Medal of Royal Society. Often at Down House on his return from India. 1868 Palaeontological memoirs, 2 vols.

Falkland Islands British colony in S Atlantic. 1834 Mar.16 Beagle at Berkeley Sound in E Falkland, Port Louis at head of sound. CD explored and returned Mar.19. Port Darwin, at head of Choiseul Sound, named after CD; he crossed the isthmus near to it on Mar.17.

Fawcett, Henry 1833–1884. Political economist & statesman. FRS 1882. Blind. Prof. Political Economy Cambridge 1863–1884. Postmaster General 1880–1884. 1860 F was present at Oxford British Association meeting. 1861 F was at Manchester British Association meeting and spoke in defence of Origin. 1861 F to CD, on J. S. Mill's opinion of the logic of Origin—MLi 189. 1862 On the method of Mr. Darwin in his treatise on the origin of species, Rep.Brit.Assoc.Adv.Sci., for 1861, 141. Biography: Leslie Stephen, 1885. DNB.

Fegan, James William Condell 1852–1925. Evangelical worker amongst poor boys in South London, founder of Fegan's Homes, Deptford 1872. 1880 his parents moved to Downe on retirement; CD lent him the village Reading Room, which he called the Gospel Room. 1881 and later years F brought boys from his home to camp at Downe; they sang for CD who gave them 6d each. F also reclaimed drunks in the village and 'did much good there'—EDii 244, Atkins 52. Biography: W. Y. Fullerton [1930], contains letter from CD to F about the Reading Room.

ffinden, George Skertchley Anglican priest. 1871–1911 ff was Vicar of Downe; he was generally disliked. 1896 Mrs ffinden is mentioned with nursemaid and baby in an elegant goat-carriage—ED. Olive Willis described him as 'that wicked man'—Atkins 48.

Fife, George 1807–1857. Physician of Newcastle-on-Tyne. Naturalist friend of CD at Edinburgh.

Fine Dust Which Falls on Vessels in the Atlantic 1846 An account of the fine dust which often falls on vessels in the Atlantic ocean, Quart.J.geol.Soc.(Proc.), 2:26–30 (Bi 199, F1672). The dust was analysed for protozoan content by Ehrenberg q.v.

Fiske, John 1842–1901. American evolutionist & theoretical biologist. 1871 CD to F, with invitation to visit Down House when he came to England—LLiii 193. 1874 F sent CD Outlines of cosmic philosophy, 2 vols, 'I never in my life read so lucid an exposition'—MLi 333. 1879 Darwinism and other essays, London. 1884 Excursions of an evolutionist, London. 1884 The destiny of man viewed in the light of his origin, Boston. 1885 The idea of God as affected by modern knowledge, London.

Fitz-Roy, Robert 1805–1865. R.N., hydrographer & meteorologist. s of Lord Charles Fitz-Roy, 2nd s of 3rd Duke of Grafton, bastard descendent of Charles II. FRS 1851. 1828 Nov. 13–1830 Nov. F was in command of Beagle from death of Commander Stokes until end of 1st voyage. 1831 Sep.–1836 Nov. in command of Beagle for whole of 2nd voyage. Commander 1828, Captain 1835 Dec. Rear Admiral 1857, Vice Admiral 1863. 1843–1845 Governor-General New Zealand. 1854 Chief of Meteorological Department, Board of Trade. 1857 F visited Down House, the last time he and CD met. 1859 Dec. CD to Lyell, enclosing a letter printed in The Times signed Senex, 'It is I am sure by Fitz-Roy . . . It is a pity he did not add his theory of the extinction of Mastodon, etc., from the door of the Ark being made too small'—MLi 129. 'What a mixture of conceit and folly, and the greatest newspaper in the world inserts it'—Carroll 182. 1860 F was at Oxford meeting of British Association; strongly anti-Origin, he is said to have walked out of the lecture room holding a bible over his head and exclaiming 'The Book! the Book!'; the story comes from George Griffith and A. G Vernon Harcourt, who were both present—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin, 66. 1865 Apr.30 F committed suicide at his home at Norwood, Surrey. CD's opinion of his character 'Fitz-Roy's character was a very singular one, with many noble features: he was devoted to his duty, generous to a fault, bold, determined, indomitably energetic, and an ardent friend to all under his sway': 'Fitz-Roy's temper was a most unfortunate one'—Barlow, Autobiography 72–73. DNB EB. F's name is variously spelt; I have used that given in DNB. F's opinions of CD's character are given in his letters to Beaufort, 1832 Apr.28 'Darwin is a regular trump'. Aug.15 'He has a mixture of necessary qualities which make him feel at home, and happy, and makes everyone his friend'—Francis D, Nature, Lond., 88:547–548, 1912; Barlow, Cornhill, 72: 493–510, 1932, which also contains the best account of CD's relationship with F. F edited Narrative of the surveying voyages of . . . Adventure and Beagle, 1839, and also wrote an earlier brief account of the 2nd voyage, with a little on the 1st, J.R.geogr.Soc., 6:311–343, 1836.

Flameng, Leopold 1831–1911. French engraver. 1881 F engraved the John Collier oil portrait of CD; copies are signed by artist and engraver.

Forbes, Edward 1815–1854. Naturalist. FRS 1845. m 1848 Emily Ashworth 2s 1d 1. Edward b 1849 died at birth, 2. Edward b 1850, 3. Jane Teare b 1852. Prof. Botany King's College London 1843–1854. Prof. Natural History Edinburgh 1854. A brilliant natural historian, but less sound on theoretical matters. Founder and moving spirit of the Red Lion Club, a convivial group of the British Association. Died prematurely of kidney failure. b of David F. Often at Down House. 1849 Nov.20 CD to Lyell, 'after more doubt and misgiving than I almost ever felt, I voted to recommend Forbes for Royal Medal, and that was carried, Sedgwick taking the lead—MLii

Fox, William Darwin 1805–1880. s of Samuel F. m 1834 & had 11 children by 1853. CD's second cousin. Vicar of Delamere, Cheshire 1838–1873. At Christ's College, Cambridge, with CD and kept up correspondence. 1827 'became acquainted with Fox & Way and so commenced Entomology'—Journal. 1828 CD stayed at family home, Osmaston nr Derby. 1859 CD sent 1st edition of Origin. 1868 CD thanks F for a return on sheep and cattle—Carroll 357. 1870 Nov. CD to F, will send copy of Descent when published. 'It is very delightful to me to hear that you, my very old friend, like my other books'—Carroll 385.

1977; Humble bees; Queries about expression; Questions about the breeding of animals.

Freke, Henry ?–1888 Irish eccentric theoretical evolutionist. 1860 CD to Henslow, 'Dr Freke has sent me his paper, which is far beyond my scope'—MLi 175. 1861 CD to Hooker, his results have been arrived at by 'induction', whereas all my results are arrived at only by 'analogy'—LLii 359. 1860 Origin of species by means of natural affinity.

Frog 1879 Fritz Müller on a frog having eggs on its back—on the abortion of hairs on the legs of certain caddis-flies, etc., Nature, Lond., 19:462–463; introducing a letter from Müller, ibid., 19:463–464 (Bii 216, F1784).

Fuegians The Indian tribes of Tierra del Fuego. The best account of those encountered by the crew of the Beagle as well as the history of Fuegia Basket, Jemmy Button, Boat Memory and York Minster, the Fuegians brought to England on the first voyage, 3 returned on the second, is in Fitz-Roy's Narrative, 2, esp. 1–16, 119–227. Their later history and that of Fuegians in general is in E. L. Bridges, Uttermost part of the earth, 1947.

136, 138. 'Charles Darwin landed on the Galapagos Islands in 1835 and his studies of the distribution of animals and plants thereon led him for the first time to consider the problem of organic evolution. Thus was started the revolution in thought on this subject which has since taken place'.

Galápagos Islands Research Station Built by Charles Darwin Foundation at Academy Bay, Indefatigable I.; dedicated 1964.

Galileo Galilei 1564–1642. The comparison of CD with Galileo, so often made, stems from Asa Gray's obituary notice, 1882 Apr., Amer.J.Sci & May, Proc.Amer.Acad., 'What Galileo was to physical science in his time, Darwin is to biological science in ours'.

Geological Notes on Coasts of South America 1836 Geological notes made during a survey of the east and west coasts of South America, in the years 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835, with an account of a transverse section of the cordilleras of the Andes between Valparaiso and Mendoza, Proc.geol.Soc., 2:210–212 (Bi 16, F1642); CD's first paper under his own name alone.

Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands and Coral Formations 1838 advertised as a book, but title abandoned and work issued as two books, Coral reefs & Volcanic islands qqv.

Geology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Intended as one volume in 3 parts, but issued as 3 books, Coral reefs, 1842, Volcanic islands, 1844 & South America, 1846 qqv. 1851 First appearance of the three bound in one volume, a remainder from unsold sheets (F274). 1890 Ward Lock edition of the three parts printed together (F279).

Georgian First edition in: Journal of researches 1951 (F187).

Geospiza, Camarhynchus, Cactornis and Certhidea of Gould 1837 Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., pt 5:46 (Bi 40, F1644). CD's notes on habits of Darwin's finches, following John Gould's descriptions of CD's specimens from Galápagos Islands. There are four other papers by Gould in part 5 on CD's South American birds, but without notes by CD.

German CD had great difficulty in understanding the German language. 1880 CD to R. L. Tait, 'German, which to almost all Englishmen is a great trouble and sorrow'—N&R 81. Also CD to Hooker 'I have begun German'; Hooker to CD 'I have begun it many times'. see also Wien. First editions in: Letters on geology 1891 (F6); Journal of researches 1844 (F188); Coral reefs 1876 (F311); Volcanic islands 1877 (F312); South America 1878 (F313); On the tendency of species to form varieties 1870 (F365); Origin of species 1860 (F672); Fertilisation of orchids 1862 (F820): Climbing plants 1876 (F860); Variation under domestication 1868 (F914); Descent of man 1871–1872 (F1065); Expression of the emotions 1872 (F1187); Insectivorous plants 1876 (F1238); Cross and self fertilisation 1877 (F1266); Different forms of flowers 1877 (F1297); Biographical sketch of an infant 1877 (F1343); Erasmus Darwin 1880 (F1323); Movement in plants 1881 (F1343); Vegetable mould and worms 1882 (F1404); Essay on instinct 1885 (F1443); Life and letters 1887–1888 (F1515).

Gibbs, George 1815–1873. Ethnologist of Smithsonian Institution. 1867 Mar. G wrote to CD about Queries about expression, which S. F. Baird had shown him.

Glen Roy Lochaber, Inverness-shire. 1838 end of Jun. CD spent '8 good days there'—LLi 290. 1839 Observations on the parallel roads of Glenroy, and of other parts of Lochaber, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine origin, Phil. Trans., 129:39–81 (Bi 89, F 1653). 1841–1880 Full discussion and letters about—MLii 171–193. 1861 'my paper was one long gigantic blunder from beginning to end. Eheu! Eheu!'—MLi 188. 1861 'I do believe every word in my Glen Roy paper is false'—MLii 192. 1876 'A good lesson never to trust in science to the principle of exclusion. A great failure'—LLi 69. 1880 CD to Prestwich 'I gave up the ghost with more sighs and groans than on almost any other occasion in my life'—Life of Prestwich 300.

Gourmet Club Formed by CD and friends at Cambridge, nicknamed Glutton Club. CD was at one time President. Members included Blane, Lovett Cameron, Heaviside, Herbert, Lowe, Watkins & Whitley qq.v.—N&R 65.

Gower Street No.110 see Upper Gower St No.12.

Graham, John 1794–1865. 1829 G was an examiner for Little-go at Cambridge. Master of Christ's College 1830–1848.

Grant & Maddison Bankers, Southampton. William Erasmus D a partner 1862–1902. Looked after CD's investments. Taken over by Lloyd's in 1902.

Grant, Miss 1857 Governess at Down House for 6 months.

Grant, Robert Edmond 1793–1874. Zoologist & physician. FRS 1836. Prof. Zoology & Comparative Anatomy University College London 1827–1874. G was with CD at Edinburgh and they collected on the sea-shore together. 1836 G was willing to examine Beagle corallines. 1861 G dedicated his Tabular view of the primary divisions of the animal kingdom to CD, with a long letter about G's early views on evolution. G is mentioned in the historical sketch of 1861, but not in the USA & German versions of 1860. 1876 'He did nothing more in science, a fact which has always been inexplicable to me'—Autobiography. Huxley of G 'I met nobody, except Dr.Grant, of University College, who had a word to say for Evolution—and his advocacy was not calculated to advance the cause—LLii 188. Biography: Freeman 1964. DNB.

Grasmere Westmorland. 1879 Aug. CD visited on day trip from Coniston.

Gray, Asa 1810–1888. American botanist. For.Mem.RS 1873. Fisher Prof. Natural History Harvard 1842–. Intimate friend and correspondent of CD. 1855 or before CD met at Kew. 1859 CD sent 1st edition Origin. 1861 Natural selection not inconsistent with natural theology, Atlantic Monthly, Jul., Aug., Oct. Later in same year produced in London as a pamphlet at CD's expense. Letters on its distribution; CD presented thirtytwo copies—Darwin-Gray 92–93. 1868 Oct.24 dined at Down House and stayed. 1877 Forms of flowers is dedicated to G. 1876 Darwiniana, New York. Biography: Jane Loring Gray (wife), 2 vols, 1894. Correspondence with CD calendared by Historical Records Survey with introduction by Bert Loewenberg 1939, reprint 1973. Letters are at Gray Herbarium, Harvard. EB.

Gray, George Robert 1808–1872. Zoologist. FRS 1866. Assistant Natural History Department, Bristish Museum. 1839–1841 G wrote much of the text for J. Gould's Birds, pt III of Zoology of Beagle, when Gould was in Australia. 1869 CD refused to write testimonial for G on grounds that he did not know enough of G's work—Ful 90–93. DNB.

Green, Rev. John Richard 1837–1883. Historian. Librarian at Lambeth Palace 1869–. 1860 G was present, as an undergraduate student, at British Association Oxford meeting; he described the scene to Boyd Dawkins, then a fellow student—LLii. 322. DNB.

Greg, William Rathbone 1809–1881. Social essayist. 1878 CD to G, on G's son's views on and objections to CD's views on evolution—Carroll 557.

Grove, The Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge. 1882–1896 ED moved there for the winters and died there.

Grove, Sir William Robert 1811–1896. Physicist & barrister. Kt 1871 FRS 1840 Judge 1880. 1866 CD to Hooker, G as President of British Association, Nottingham, 'disappointed in the part about Species; it dealt in such generalities that it would apply to any view or no view in particular'—LLiii 48.

Hague, Duncan James 1836–1908. USA geologist. 1871 Feb. visited Down House. 1884 H wrote reminiscences of visit in Harper's Mag.; concerning Descent, 'everybody is writing about it without being shocked'—LLiii 133.

Hancock, Albany 1806–1873. Invertebrate zoologist, of Newcastle-on-Tyne. 1849 On the occurrence on the British coast of a burrowing barnacle, being a type of a new order of the class Cirripedia, Athenaeum, No. 1143: 966 (Bi 250, F1678), with notes by CD, read to British Association meeting 1849. 1855 CD thought him a 'higher class of labourer than J. O. Westwood'; and suggested him for a Royal Medal of Royal Society, which he received in 1858—MLi 80. 1886 CD's letters to H published in Trans.nat.Hist. Soc.Northumberland, Durham & Newcastle, 8:263–265. DNB.

Hanley, Dr 1825 CD & Erasmus Alvey D called on him on their arrival in Edinburgh, Oct.26.

Harbour, Mr A man employed by CD to collect beetles for him around Cambridge. 1829 CD to Fox, 'I have caught Mr. Harbour letting_____have the first pick of the beetles; accordingly we have made our final adieus'—LLi 177.

Hardie Physician, Friend of CD at Edinburgh when a student, went on natural history trips together. Ashworth, Proc.Roy. Soc. Edinb., 55:112, 1934, identifies him as Willoughby Arding q.v., but CD says that he died young in India.

family spent a holiday there. The house belonged to Henry Drummond an Irvingite.

Harley, Agnes m 1907 Rowland Wedgwood as 2nd wife.

Harris A gentleman farmer of Orange Court, Downe.

Harris, Sir William Snow 1791–1867. Electrical engineer. Kt 1848 FRS 1831. 1831 H's type of lightning conductor was fitted to all masts of Beagle, long before they were adopted by the navy for all ships. CD met at Plymouth. Known as 'Thunder and lightning Harris'. DNB.

Hartfield Village in E. Sussex. In biography usually means The Ridge, Hartfield, home of Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II], built for her 1847, left 1868. 1855 George Howard D, aged 10, was allowed to ride the 20 miles from Downe alone—Atkins 41. Also means Hartfield Grove, a quarter of a mile from The Ridge, home of Charles Langton & family ?1840–1863. The houses are on the edge of Ashdown Forest.

Harvey, William Henry 1811–1866. Algologist. FRS 1858. Prof. Botany Trinity College Dublin 1856– . CD was a friendly correspondent with from at least 1858. 1860 Feb.17 H read a 'serio-comic squib' to Dublin University Zoological & Botanical Association—LLii 314. This was published as a pamphlet An inquiry into the probable origin of the human animal etc., Dublin; CD's copy, at Cambridge, is marked 'With the author's repentance, Oct.1860'. 1860 H wrote courteous but anti-Origin review in Edinb.Rev. 1860 Aug. CD to H about Whale-bear story, 'I struck it out in the second edition'—MLi 162. 1860 CD to Gray, 'Even [H] . . . is not nearly so savage against me as . . . when he published his foolish pamphlet'—Darwin-Gray 90. 1861 H wrote another review in Dublin Hosp.Gaz., May 15. DNB.

1858. Prof. Geology Trinity College Dublin 1851–1881. 1858 Feb.9 H's address to Geological Society of Dublin is the first comment on the CD & Wallace statement to Linnean Society 'If it means what it says it is a truism; if it means anything more, it is contrary to fact'—LLii 157. 1860 CD to Gray, with footnote CD to Hooker, 'A review in the last Dublin Nat.Hist.Review is the most unfair thing which has appeared—one mass of misrepresentations', 'Do you know whether there are two Rev. Prof. Haughtons at Dublin', 'Can it be my dear friend?'—MLi 153. DNB.

Henslow, Anne d of J. S. Henslow. m–Barnard. 1871 H to CD, telling him of a visit to Colchester mental asylum, seeing a girl with pointed ears—Carroll 389. 1871 CD to H, thanking her for information and praising John Stevens H—Carroll 390.

Henslow, Frances ?–1874. d of John Stevens H. m 1851 as his 1st wife Hooker. 1856 CD to Hooker, on her 'pedestrian feats'—MLii 209. 1874 Dec.25 CD to Gray, 'The death of Mrs Hooker has indeed been a terrible blow. Poor Hooker came here [Down House] directly after the funeral and bore up manfully'—Darwin-Gray 62.

Henslow, Rev. George 1835–1925, Botanist. Only s of John Stevens H. Hon. Prof. to Royal Horticultural Society. 1882H was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. 1873 The theory of evolution of living things, London.

Henslow, Rev. John Stevens 1796–1861. m 1s 3d. Father-in-law of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. FRS 1818. Prof. Mineralogy Cambridge 1822–1827, Botany 1827–1861. Vicar of Hitcham, Suffolk 1837–1861. CD, when at Cambridge, was known as 'the man who walked with Henslow'. CD regularly attended his Friday evening gatherings, which continued every week in term until 1836 and were the forerunners of the Cambridge Ray Club 1837–. H became a strong personal friend of CD and

looked after specimens sent back from Beagle voyage. 1835 H edited CD's letters to him as Letters on geology, privately printed for members of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (Bi 3, Fl). 1830 CD to Fox, of Mrs H, 'she is a devilish odd woman, I am always frightened whenever I speak to her, yet I cannot help liking her'. 1836 CD at Sydney to H, 'my master in natural history'—LLi 264. 1854 H visited Down House when Hooker was staying for a fortnight. 1855 CD paid little girls in H's parish to collect seeds of Lychnis etc.—MLi 419. 1859 CD sent 1st edition of Origin to. 1860 Jun.30 Sat. H was in the chair of Section D at British Association Oxford scene. 1861 CD to Hooker, on H's death and the question of a biography, 'The equability and perfection of Henslow's whole character'—MLi 188. 'His judgement was excellent and his whole mind well-balanced; but I do not suppose that anyone would say that he possessed much original genius'—Barlow, Autobiography 64. 1871 CD to Anne Barnard (H's daughter), 'To the last day of my life I shall think of your father with the deepest respect and affection, and gratitude for his invariable kindness towards me'—Carroll 390. Biography: 1862 Leonard Jenyns, with recollections by CD, 51–55 (F130); 1967 Barlow, Darwin and Henslow (F1598). DNB.

Herbert, John Maurice 1808–1882. County Court judge on Monmouth & Cardiff circuit. Cousin of C. T. Whitley. Close friend of CD at Cambridge and member of Gourmet Club. Nicknamed Cherbury, from Lord Herbert of Cherbury. 1828 CD collected beetles with H at Barmouth, N. Wales. 1839 H sent CD a silver forficula, i.e. asparagus tongs, as a wedding present—EDii 24. 1856 CD to H, thanking him for a book of poetry, 'I shall keep to my dying day an unfading remembrance of the many pleasant hours, (especially at Barmouth) which we have spent together'—Carroll 121. 1867 May, CD invites H to Down House—Carroll 327. 1868 H had given CD his old microscope—Carroll 344. 1872 CD sent H 1st edition of Emotions—Carroll 425.

Hero CD's name for a plant of morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea, of exceptional vigour—Cross and self, Allan 252.

Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, Bart 1792–1871. Astronomer & chemist. 1st Bart 1838 FRS 1813. Master of the Mint 1850–1855. 1836 Jun. CD dined with at Cape of Good Hope, at Lady Caroline Bell's house. Her comment on him 'he always came into a room as if he knew that his hands were dirty, and that his wife knew that they were dirty'—Barlow, Autobiography 107. CD also dined with him in London. 1849 H edited Manual of scientific enquiry, to which CD contributed the geology (F325). 1859 CD sent H copy of 1st edition of Origin. 1861 CD to Gray, on evolution as stated in H's Physical geography of the globe, 1861—LLii 373. DNB.

Hewitt, Mr A pheasant and poultry breeder of Birmingham. 1868 Mar. CD to J. J. Weir on sexual preferences of pheasant cocks when crossed with poultry hens—MLii 69. 1868 Apr. CD to the same, H says 'the common hen prefers a salacious cock, but is quite indifferent to colour'. H is much quoted in Descent.

Hewitt, Ginette m Sir Robert Vere Darwin as 2nd wife.

Heywood Lodge Heywood Lane, Tenby, S.Wales. 1843–1864 Emma Allen and her sister Frances lived here after the death of their brother John Hensleigh A.

Higginson, Colonel Thomas Wentworth 1823–1911. 1873 CD to H, he had enjoyed his Life with a black regiment, 1870, and also had his Atlantic essays, 1871. Of Newport, Rhode Island, USA.

High Elms Home of, and rebuilt by, c1842 Sir John William Lubbock, and then of his son Sir John L, Baron Avebury. Estate of c3000 acres marched with Down House grounds.

'High Elms' Pseudonym of Edward Darwin [II] as an author.

Hildebrand, Friedrich Hermann Gustav 1835–1915. Prof. Botany Frieburg. CD often praised H for writing German which was as clear as French. 1866 CD to H, on his papers on fertilisation of Fumariaceae and Salvia—LLiii 280. 1868 CD to H, on graft hybrids—MLi 285.

Hill, Major Richard Noel 1800–1861. 5th Baron Berwick 1848. A cousin of Capt. Owen of Woodhouse. A shooting companion of CD in the 1820s; took part in a shooting joke at CD's expense—Barlow, Autobiography 54.

Historical sketch Of previous studies and ideas on evolution. First added to 3rd English edition of Origin, 1861, in answer to criticisms by reviewers. It had previously appeared in a shorter version, written before Feb.20, in 1st German edition and 4th USA printing, both 1860.

Holland 1877 [letter of thanks by CD] in P. Harting, Testimonial to Mr Darwin—Evolution in the Netherlands, Nature, Lond., 15:410–412 (F1776). CD had received an album of portrait photographs for his 68th birthday.

Holland, Mr 1857 CD to James Buckman, CD had asked 'my cousin Mr. Holland of Dumpleton to make the enquiries, but as he is not on the spot, I have ventured to ask you'. The enquiry was about a rare breed of pigeon—Letter from CD, unpublished.

Holland, Sir Henry, Bart. 1788–1873. 1st Bart 1853 FRS 1815. Physician to Queen Victoria. Constantly kind to the D family in their illnesses. 1859 CD to W. B. Carpenter, 'I do not think (privately I say it) that the great man has knowledge enough to enter on the subject [evolution]'—LLii 223. 1859 Oct. CD to Lyell, CD hopes that H will not review Origin in Quart.Rev. because he 'is so presumptuous & knows so little'. 1859 Dec. CD to Lyell, CD had 'found him going an immense way with us (i.e. all Birds from one)—good'—Carroll 184. DNB.

Holmgren, Frithiof 1831–1897. Prof. Physiology Uppsala. 1881 CD letter to H on vivisection, The Times, Apr.18; Nature, Lond.,Apr.21; Brit.med.J., 1:660; also in a pamphlet by George Jesse and several times in Sweden. Also in LLiii 208 and Bettany 160–162, both 1887. (F1352–1356).

Holmwood House 1½ miles from Downe. 1865 home of Robert Rolfe, Baron Cranworth. George Bentham visited Down House from—LLiii 39. Atkins 103 says that the estate belonged to Earl of Derby.

Home, David Milnesee Milne.

Homefield A small house 400 yards NW of Down House. On 2 acres originally part of little Pucklands field. Bought by the Ds and in the Downe House School period a convalescent dormitory. Leased and added to by Sir Arthur Keith, 1930 until his death.

Hoole, Rev. 1877 curate at Downe church, presumably as a locum for ffinden, then the vicar. H's wife Alice 'poor Mrs Hoole' was an invalid—Darwin-Innes 243.

Hope, Lady 'of Northfield' H was involved in CD's so-called death-bed conversion, see Atkins 51–52. Alive in 1992 when a Mr Tucker, of the Salvation Army asked her for details. Perhaps is Lady [Elizabeth Reid] Hope, widow of Admiral of

the Fleet Sir James Hope, writer of evangelical tracts and on temperance.

Hope, Rev. Frederick William 1797–1862. Entomologist & print collector. FRS 1834. Founder of Hope Chair of Zoology (Entomology) Oxford. 1829 Feb. H gave CD specimens of c160 species of beetles in London—LLi 174. 1829 Jun. CD visited Barmouth with H to collect beetles, but CD was ill and had to return to Shrewsbury after 2 days. 1837 CD to H, about Australian insects. CD gave him many which are now in Hope collection, Oxford—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin, 202. 1838 CD to Lyell, 'How much I disliked the manner [Hope] referred to his other works, as much as to say 'you must . . . buy everything I have written'—LLi 292, Carroll 10. DNB.

Howarth, Osbert John Radcliffe 1878–1954. Secretary British Association for the Advancement of Science 1909–1946. Curator Down House 1929–1954. H & Eleanor K. H. (wife), A history of Darwin's parish, Southampton 1933.

Hubbersty, Nathan 1803–1881. Assistant master Shrewsbury School 1826–1828. Headmaster Wirksworth Grammar School 1832–1851. 1826 CD went on walking tour in N.Wales with H. 1839 CD suggested to H that he should do some plant breeding experiments—4th notebook on transmutation.

breakdown. All H's children were looked after by ED at Down House whilst he was away—MLi 72.

1875 H was member of Vivisection Commission; he saw and agreed to Litchfield's draft for bill—LLiii 204. 1880 H lectured to Royal Institution on The coming of age of the Origin, published in Nature, Lond. & in Science & Culture. CD sorry that he could not attend—LLiii 240. 1882 CD left him £1000 in his will—MLi 72. 1882 H was Pall Bearer at CD's funeral. 1887 H on the reception of Origin in 1859–1860, 'How extremely stupid of me not to have thought of that'—LLii 179–204. 1890 H retired to Hodslea (a name which he invented and believed related to the origin of his surname), Stavely Rd, Eastbourne, Sussex, which he designed and had built. 1891 Anthony Rich left H his house, Chapel Croft, Heene, Worthing, Sussex, and contents. H sold house for £2800. 1908 E. R. Lankester of H 'the great and beloved teacher, the unequalled orator, the brilliant essayist, the unconquerable champion and literary swordsman'—Darwin-Wallace celebrations at Linnean Society 29. 1909 E. B. Poulton of H 'the illustrious comparative anatomist, Huxley, Darwin's great general in the battles that had to be fought, but not a naturalist, far less a student of living nature'—Darwin and the Origin 58. Main works: 1863 Evidence as to man's place in nature; 1863 On our knowledge of the causes of the phenomena of organic nature; 1873 Lay sermons, addresses and reviews; 1873 Critiques and addresses; 1881 Science and culture and other essays; 1893–1894 Collected essays, 9 vols. Biography: L. Huxley (son) 1900; F. Chalmers Mitchell 1900. DNB. EB.

Huxley Testimonials [1851] Testimonials for Thomas H. Huxley, F.R.S., candidate for the Chair of Natural History at the University of Toronto. London, Richard Taylor printed. CD's letter at p.4 (F344). The Chair went to William Hincks, brother of Sir Francis Hincks, then Prime Minister of Upper Canada.

Hyatt, Alpheus 1838–1902. Palaeontologist. 1881 Curator of Museum of Boston Natural History Society. H worked especially on fossil cephalopods. Pupil of L. Agassiz and friend of Cope. 1872 CD to H about H's and Cope's ideas on acceleration and retardation in evolution. CD wrote on the back of one of H's papers 'I cannot avoid thinking this paper fanciful'—LLiii 154, MLi 338. 1877 CD to H on inheritance of acquired characters—LLiii 232.

Impey CD's gyp (servant) at Christ's College, Cambridge. 1858 I was still there when William Erasmus D went up to Christ's.

Index Kewensis 1892–1895, 4 vols, with 12 subsequent supplements to 1959, and a supplement since quinquennially. List of plant genera and their contained species, with relevant literature. Wording of announcement in Vol.4 'The expense of preparing the work has been entirely defrayed by the members of the family of the late Charles Darwin'. 1882 Jan. CD sent a first £250 and left a letter desiring that his children should send a similar sum for 4 or 5 years. Originally supervised by Hooker and carried out by B. Daydon Jackson—LLiii 352, Kew Bull., 29, 1896.

Innes, Rev. John Brodie Curate of Farnborough, Kent, 1842. Vicar of Downe 1846–1869. 1862 I retired to his ancestral home Milton Brodie, Forres; Downe was served by curates until G. S. ffinden became Vicar in 1871. ?1860 CD to I, 'I do not attack Moses, and I think Moses can take care of himself.'

'Brodie Innes and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we have never thoroughly agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at each other, and thought one of us must be very ill'—LLii 288. 1859 CD sent 1st edition Origin to. Letters to and from CD edited by R. M. Stecher, Ann. Sci., 17:201–258 (F1597); they contain a lot of information about people at Downe not contained in other sources. 1882 I was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Innes, John William Brodie 1848–1923. s of J. B. Innes. Barrister & novelist. I occurs in letters between CD and his father, as a child and young man.

Instinct 1873 [letter] Inherited instinct, Nature, Lond., 7:281, introducing a letter without title from William Huggins, ibid., 7:281–282 (Bii 170, F1757). 1873 Origin of certain instincts, Nature, Lond., 7:417–418 (Bii 172, F1760). 1883 The late Mr. Darwin on instinct, Nature, Lond., 29:128–129 (F1804), summary, with last 3 paragraphs in full, of a communication by Romanes to Linnean Society of London, published in full in Mental evolution in animals, 1883 q.v.

Institucion Libre de Ensenanza, Madrid CD Honorary Professor 1877.

Institutsee Académie des Sciences.

Ipswich Museum portraits Set of 60 lithographs of distinguished scientists prepared 1850, for British Association meeting at Ipswich 1851. Paid for by G. Ransome, agricultural instrument maker. Portrait of CD is by T. H. Maguire, dated 1849, printed by M. & N. Hanhart. CD is seated in a Down House study chair. This is the only engraving of CD from life. Copies should carry a facsimile signature 'Charles Darwin' centre and a raised blind Ipswich Museum stamp with arms bottom right.

J

Jackson, Benjamin Daydon 1846–1927. Botanist on staff at Kew, in charge of Index Kewensis. Secretary to Linnean Society. Darwiniana, 1910, contains three essays published elsewhere, 1909, republished as a pamphlet with alterations; one gives a list of plants named after CD.

Jackson, William 1875 J was a manservant at Down House, succeeded Parslow as butler in that year. Retired c1882. 1882J attended CD's funeral, walking in procession with Parslow behind the family mourners, but ahead of the official representatives. J made model of Down House in cork, once in Galton Collection at University College London, now at Down House.

Jenkin, Henry Charles Fleeming 1833–1885. Electrician & engineer. FRS 1865. Prof. Engineering University College London 1865, Edinburgh 1868. 1867 CD to Kingsley, the review is telling and hostile, but lacking in knowledge. 1869 Francis D, 'my father, as I believe, felt the review to be the most valuable ever made on his views'—LLiii 107. 1869 CD to Hooker, 'Fleeming Jenkins [sic] has given me much trouble, but has been of more real use to me than any other essay or review'—MLii 379. DNB.

Jenyns, Leonard, laterBlomefield 1800–1893. Anglican priest & naturalist. Vicar of Swaffham Bulbeck, Cambridgeshire. J changed his surname on inheritance, when he moved to Bath c1845. Henslow's brother-in-law. 1845 CD about J 'At first I disliked him, from his somewhat grim and sarcastic expression . . . but I was completely mistaken, and found him very kind-hearted and with a good stock of humour'. Also a biographical note—MLi 49. 1859 CD sent J 1st edition of Origin. 1862 J wrote Memoir of John Stevens Henslow, with recollections by CD 51–55 (F830). 1887 Chapters in my life, for private circulation, Bath; reprint with additions 1889, Bath.

Lychnos, 159–167. A useful source of information on CD's time at Edinburgh University.

Jesse, George Anti-vivisectionist. 1881 J had written, very politely, to CD on the subject. 1881 J's pamphlet (F1356) reprints CD's letter to FrithiofHolmgren, which had appeared in The Times, Apr.18 (Bii 226, F1352).

Johnson, Henry Physician. 1826 J was at Edinburgh with CD. CD to his sister Caroline, saying that J had changed his lodgings for the 3rd time. 1880 CD to J about excavations at Wroxeter and about worms—N&R 74. J was still on Medical Register in 1883.

Jones 1838 CD to Lyell, 'old Jones' was going to quarrel at the Newcastle meeting of British Association, and an anecdote about J's liking for a lot of wine. CD dined with.—LLi 295, Carroll 10.

Journal of Researches CD's first published book and probably his most read. He sold the copyright of the 2nd edition to John Murray in 1845 for 150 and so made no profit from it or from its many subsequent printings or translations. GB editions: 1839 as Vol.3 of R. Fitz-Roy, editor, Narrative of . . . H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle, sub-title Journal and Remarks (F10), CD's text was completed and printed in 1838; 1839 Independent issue of same text, Journal of researches into the geology and

Justice of the Peace 1857 CD appointed; his only recorded attendance on bench 1859—LLii 225. 1881 CD to Romanes, he was, as a magistrate giving orders daily to allow pigs to cross roads, at a time of swine fever

Keith, Sir Arthur 1866–1955. Surgeon, anthropologist & darwinian. Kt 1921 FRS 1913. K was much involved in the purchase of Down House for the British Association and its later acquisition by the Royal College of Surgeons. K retired to Homefield, a small house on the w side of the Down House estate. 1942 A postscript to Darwin's Vegetable mould through the action of worms, Nature, Lond., 149:716. 1955 Darwin revalued, which contains a last chapter on the later history of Down House, as well as much other information which is not available elsewhere.

Kelvin, Baronsee Sir William Thomson.

Kemp, William Scottish amateur geologist of Galashiels, Selkirk. 'Almost a working man', 'partially educated', 'a most careful and ingenious observer'. 1843 K sent CD seeds from a sandpit near Melrose, found under 25′ of white sand, which

germinated into a common Rumex, an unrecognized species of Atriplex and two species of Polygonum. The case in the end not proven—MLii 243–244, Darwin-Henslow 151.

Kempson, Louisa Francessee Wedgwood.

Kempson, William John m 1864 Louisa Frances Wedgwood and had offspring.

Kendall, Thomas Early missionary for Church Missionary Society in New Zealand, arriving 1814. Not in holy orders but a schoolmaster. 1823 K was dismissed for living with a Maori girl and then went native. Author of the first book published in New Zealand, The New Zealander's first book, 1815, Sydney printed. 1835 CD mentions K (spelling Kendal) in Moral state of Tahiti, New Zealand etc., 1836, q.v. in company with John King, but CD did not meet.

King, John First missionary for Church Missionary Society in New Zealand, arrived 1810. Not in holy orders, a shoemaker by trade. 1835 Dec. CD met Mrs K and their son, but K was away—Moral state of Tahiti, New Zealand etc., 231.

King, Philip Gidley 1817–1904. Naval officer. Midshipman on 1st & 2nd voyages of Beagle. s of Philip Parker K. CD very friendly with. 1836 Feb. K left Beagle to remain with his father at Sydney. 1880– K was a member of Legislative Council of Sydney—LLi 221. K drew the diagrammatic layout of Beagle which first appeared in Journal of researches 1890; a photograph of the original with mss caption is at Down House.

Kingsley, Charles 1819–1875. Anglican clergyman, author & naturalist. Curate and later Rector of Eversleigh, Hants; Canon of Westminster 1873. 1859 CD sent 1st edition Origin to, 'That the Naturalist . . . should have sent a scientist like me his book . . .'—LLii 287. 1860 CD to Henslow telling him that the 'celebrated author and divine' who is quoted in 2nd edition Origin was K—MLi 174. 1867 CD to K about Duke of Argyll's Reign of law and Fleeming Jenkin's review of Origin. Sent K 4th edition Origin—Carroll 330. EB DNB.

Kinnordy nr Kirriemuir, Forfarshire. Home of Sir Charles Lyell's father and later his.

Kovalevskĭi, Vladimir Onufrievich 1842–1883. Brother of A.O.K. Committed suicide. 1867 visited Down House and again in 1870. 1867–1868 K translated Variation into Russian.

Krause, Ernst 1839–1903. German botanist. 1879 Feb. K's biography of Erasmus Darwin [I] appeared in Kosmos, the number being a Gratulationsheft for CD's 70th birthday. 1879 An English translation, with introductory matter by CD had K's own alterations to his part (F1319). It was this edition which so offended Samuel Butler. Butler's copy with his mss notes is in the British Library. 1880 German translation of the 1879 English edition (F1323). 1885 Charles Darwin und sein Verhältniss zu Deutschland, Leipzig. 1885 Gesammelte kleinere Schriften, Bd I contains Humble bees, translated from CD's unpublished mss (F1584).

Krohn, August David 1804–1891. Invertebrate anatomist of Bonn. 1860 CD to Lyell, K had pointed out errors in interpretation of CD's anatomy of cirripedes 'with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness' in Wiegmann's Archiv, 25 & 26—LLii 345. CD's recanting of his views is in Nat.Hist. Rev., 3:115 (F1722)—LLiii 2.

L

Lacaze-Duthiers, Felix Joseph Henri de 1821–1901. French invertebrate zoologist. 1872 CD to Quatrefages, 'I am gratified to hear that M. Lacaze-Duthiers will vote for me [for Académie des Sciences] for I have long honoured his name'—LLiii 155. The election was for the zoology section. CD did not get in, but was elected for the botany section in 1878.

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de 1744–1829. French naturalist & evolutionist. 1861 CD discusses L's views in para.2 and footnote of Historical sketch, 'This justly celebrated naturalist'. 'He first did the eminent service of arousing the attention to the probability of all change . . . being the result of law, and not of miraculous interposition'. 1844 CD to Hooker, 'Heaven forfend me from Lamarck's nonsense of a "tendency to progression", "adaptations for the slow willing of animals", &c.!'—LLii 23. 1844 CD to Hooker, 'Lamarck's [book] which is veritable rubbish'—LLii 29. c1850 L 'In his absurd though clever work has done the subject much harm, as has Mr Vestiges'—LLii 29. L's main work, Philosophie zoologique, Paris 1809.

Langdon, Miss Governess to the Wedgwoods at Maer. 1854 L was taken in by Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II] at The Ridge, Hartfield. 'The most unattractive old lady I ever saw, nearly stone deaf, with a harsh countenance, and a voice like a parrot's'—EDii 155.

British Museum (Natural History) 1898–1907. 1872 CD to L, about reproduction of elephants 'I can clearly see that you will some day become our first star in Natural History'—MLi 336. 1875 CD to?, about L being blackballed for election to Linnean Society, 'he is not a personal friend only an acquaintance'—FUL 114. 1879 CD to L, CD is glad that L is to spend more time on original research, does 'splendid work'—Carroll 565. 1880 Degeneration: a chapter on Darwinism. 1881 CD wrote a testimonial for L's application for Edinburgh Chair, ?printed. L held it briefly in plurality—Carroll 604. DNB.

Larson, Dr Assistant to W. H. Flower at Royal College of Surgeons, although never on the official staff. 1878 Flower to CD, on deformity in goose wings, gives L's report—Carroll 551 & p.209. See R. A. Blair.

Lecoq, Henri 1802–1871. French botanist. 1862 CD to Hooker, 'Here is a good joke: I saw an extract from Lecoq "Géograph.Bot." and ordered it and hoped it was a good sized pamphlet, and nine thick volumes have arrived'. The work is Études sur la géographie botanique de l'Europe, 9 vols, Paris 1854–1858—LLiii 301. 1863 CD to Hooker, L is a believer in change of species—LLiii 26.

Lehr, Christian Wilhelm Jacob 1856–?1898. Sculptor. Bust, not from life but before 1887, listed in LLiii without whereabouts. At Oxford University Museum.

Leidy, Joseph 1823–1891. American zoologist. Prof. Anatomy Pennsylvania 1853–. 1860 Feb. CD to L, welcoming L's partial acceptance of CD's views on evolution, 'I have never for a moment doubted, that though I cannot see my errors, that much in my book will be proved erroneous'—Carroll 202.

Letters at American Philosophical Society, calendared by P. T. Carroll.

Letters on Geology Extracts from letters sent to Henslow by CD when on the Beagle voyage were read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 1835 these extracts were printed, without CD's knowledge, for private circulation amongst members of the Society, by Cambridge University Press. The pamphlet is not dated, although the preface is dated Nov.16, 1835 (F1). A type facsimile, also for private distribution, was issued in 1960 (F4). The letters are printed in full in Darwin & Henslow (F5, F1598), 1967. Foreign editions: German (F6) 1891; Russian (F7) 1959.

Lettington Gardener at Down House 1854–1872. Alive 1895 Jul. L of CD 'He moons about in the garden, and I have seen him standing doing nothing before a flower for ten minutes at a time. If only he had something to do I believe he would be better'—Lubbock, Darwin-Wallace celebrations of the Linnean Society of London, 57–58, 1908. 1882 L was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Life and letters 1887 Francis D, editor, The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter, 3 vols, London; three other printings in 1887 and one in 1888 have small corrections (F1452–1457). Contains CD's autobiography in Vol.1, 26–160. Facsimile (F1507) 1969. Foreign editions of whole work: USA (F1456) 1887: German (F1515) 1887–1888; French (F1514) 1888; Norwegian (F1528) 1889. See also Charles Darwin: his life, 1892, which is largely, but not entirely an abridged version.

Lindley, John 1799–1865. Botanist FRS 1828. Prof. Botany University College London 1829–1860. 1843 CD sent L some seeds which had been found by W. Kemp under 25′ of white sand—MLii 243. 1853 L was in competition with CD for award of Royal Medal of Royal Society. 1856 CD to Hooker, suggesting that L was worth a Copley Medal. L got a Royal in 1857, never a Copley—MLi 88. DNB.

Linnean Club Dining club of Linnean Society, 1861 CD dined at with Thomas Bell.

Linnean Society of London CD Fellow 1854–. He used the Library a great deal. 1856 CD sent £20 for some special purpose 'with heavy groans'—MLi 94. 1881 The Society commissioned John Collier's oil portrait of CD. It hangs in their rooms at Burlington House.

Linum 1863 On the existence of two forms, and on their reciprocal sexual relation in several species of the genus Linum, J.Proc.Linn.Soc.(Bot.), 7:69–83 (Bii 93, F1723). French translation 1863 Ann.Sci.nat.Bot., 19:204–295, with CD's 1862 papers on Primula & Catasetum.

Lion, The Inn, Wyle Cop, Shrewsbury. 1835 CD to his sister Susan, CD considered staying there when he got back from Beagle voyage, travelling by coach from Falmouth, to avoid waking family in middle of the night; in the event he reached Shrewsbury in the early morning. It is still there as an hotel.

Lloyd, Capt. John Augustus 1800–1884. FRS 1830. Surveyor General Mauritius 1831–1849. 1836 May 3 L entertained CD 'So well known from his examination of the Isthmus of Panama'—J.Researches, 1845, 485. See also Elephant. DNB.

Loch Leven Argyllshire. 1838 Jun. CD visited on way to Glen Roy.

Lock & Whitfield Commercial photographers of London. 1958 L. Eiseley, Darwin's century, has on front free end paper an oval photograph, from Men of mark, 3rd ser., 1878, attributed to this firm. It looks like a Julia Cameron rephotographed. No other evidence that they photographed CD.

London Stereoscopic Company Three photographs of CD were shown at British Museum (Natural History) memorial exhibition, 1909; said to have been taken c1864. See also Stereoscopic Company.

Long, Professor Character in E. G. E. Bulwer Lytton's novel What will he do with it, 4 vols, 1858, Vol.1; 284–296. CD says, in Autobiography 81, that the character was modelled on him. 'Lecture on conchology to the Gatesboro' Athenæum and Literary Institute' for which the fee was £5.5.0. He had written

Longley, Dr ?–1868. Resident at Downe. 1868 CD to Innes, 'I was sorry to lose'—Darwin-Innes 227. L is not on physicians register.

Longueville, Cecile m 1860 Henry Parker.

Lonsdale, William 1794–1871. Soldier & geologist. L served at Waterloo. 1829–1842 Curator & Librarian Geological Society of London. 1842 CD to Lyell, CD 'had a long talk with Lonsdale, who was cheerful for the first time in his life because of a gift, which he will use on coral work'. The gift was a moiety from the Wollaston Fund—Carroll 28.

Lothian St Edinburgh. No. 11 CD lodged there when a medical student 1825 Oct.–1827 Apr. In the first year his brother Erasmus Alvey D was also there. Mrs Mackay charged £1.16.0 per week for two bedrooms and a sitting room. She regularly let to medical students, including earlier Edward Forbes. 1888 A tablet was put up on the house commemorating CD's stay, at suggestion of Francis D. Ashworth, 1935, wrongly, numbers the house 21. John Edmonston q.v.lived at No.37 during CD's time.

Lovegrove, Mr Churchwarden at Downe Church; he and Mrs L are mentioned in Darwin-Innes 220,231.

Lowe, Rev. Richard Thomas 1802–1874. Anglican clergyman & botanist. Chaplain at Madeira. 1866 Hooker to CD, H had a letter from L on distribution of plants in Atlantic islands which was of interest to CD. DNB.

Lowe, Robert 1811–1892. Statesman. Viscount Sherbrooke 1880. Liberal MP for Kidderminster, later for University of London. Chancellor of the Exchequer 1868–1873. Said by Allan to have been on Barmouth reading party with CD 1828, perhaps in confusion with his b Henry; R. L. was at Oxford. L visited Down House from High Elms with Lubbock, Huxley & M. E. G. Duff 1871. DNB.

Lyell, Sir Charles [II], Bart 1797 Nov.14–1875 Feb.22. Geologist. Kt 1848 1st Bart 1864 FRS 1826 Copley Medal 1858. 1st s of Charles Lyell [I]. m 1832 Mary Elizabeth Horner d.s.p. Family home Kinnordy, Kirriemuir, Forfarshire; in London 16 Hart St, Bloomsbury Square, later 53 Harley St. Called to the Bar and practised until 1827. Prof. Geology King's College London 1831–1833. L was of independent means and worked as a geologist, the most distinguished of his age. L was a close

friend and correspondent of CD, but never on the same comfortable terms as Hooker, and never stated unequivocally in print his views on CD's position in regard to evolution. Blind in old age. 1836 Oct.29 CD first met at L's house in London. 1839 ED to her sister Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II], 'Mr Lyell is enough to flatten a party, as he never speaks above his breath, so that everybody keeps lowering their tone to his'—EDii 40. 1845 CD dedicated 2nd edition of Journal of researches to L. 1844 CD to Hooker, 'I always feel as if my books [the geologies] came half out of Lyell's brain'—MLii 117. 1858 CD to Hooker, sending H notes on L's excellence to help him award Copley Medal—MLi 445. 1859 CD sent L 1st edition of Origin, copy now at Down House, presented by Sir George Buxton Browne. 1863 CD to Hooker, 'The Lyells are coming here . . . I dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not spoken out on species, still less on man'—LLiii 9. 1865 Feb. CD broke 6th edition of Elements of geology into two halves in his dislike of fat books—LLiii 35. 1874 Sep.23 CD's last letter to Lyell about Judd's views on volcanoes—LLiii 190. 1875 CD was asked by Mrs Henry Lyell to be a Pall Bearer at L's funeral; CD declined on grounds of ill health. L's secretary for many years was Arabella Burton Buckley q.v. Most of CD's correspondence with L is at American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, with Calendar 1976 by P. T. Carroll. L's seven notebooks on the species problem, at Kinnordy, edited by L. G. Wilson, Yale University Press 1970. Main works: Principles of geology, three vols, London 1830–1833; CD's copy of Vol.1 was presented to him by Fitz-Roy; Vol.2 reached him in S. America. Elements of geology, London 1838, The geological evidence of the antiquity of man, London 1863. Biography: Mrs K. M. Lyell (sister-in-law), 2 vols 1881; F. D. Adams 1933; E. Bailey 1962; L. G. Wilson 1972. EB DNB.

M'Donnell, Robert 1828–1889. Comparative anatomist of Dublin. FRS 1865. 1860, CD to Lyell, 'a first rate man', M had written to CD about the difficulties of electric organs in evolutionary theory—LLii 352. M's observations on homologous structures in skate and torpedo published in Nat.Hist.Rev., 57, 1861.

Macgillivray, William 1796–1852. Ornithologist & fine field naturalist. Conservator of Museum of Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 1831–1841. 1841–1852 Prof. Natural History Aberdeen. CD knew him in Edinburgh and later met in London. DNB.

Mackintosh, Daniel 1815–1891. Geologist. M earned his living by tuition and lecturing. 1879 CD praises his work under difficulties and writes to on erratics—LLiii 235, MLii 166, 170. Author of The scenery of England and Wales, London 1869. Biography: Geol.Mag., 432, 1891.

Mackintosh, Robert 1806–1864. 3c of Sir James & Catherine Allen. m Mary Appleton 2s 1d. 1846 ED called on M at a cottage near The Grange, Lord Ashburton's house, when CD went to British Association meeting at Southampton. 1836 M wrote biography of his father.

Mackintosh (M'Intosh), William Carmichael 1838–1931. Invertebrate zoologist. FRS 1877. Director of Gatty Marine Laboratory, St Andrew's University. 1881 CD to M 'of whose work I have a very high opinion'. CD refused to give a testimonial to M for the Edinburgh Chair of Natural History, on the grounds that he had already given one for E. R. Lankester—Carroll 604.

Macleay, William Sharp 1792–1865. Cabinet naturalist. M invented the quinary system of classification. 1839 M emigrated to New South Wales. 1859 CD to Owen, 'I have thought that perhaps my book [sc. Origin] might be a case like Macleay's Quinarian system [i.e. laughed at]—FUL 104. DNB.

Maer Hall Maer, Staffordshire, 7 miles from Stoke-on-Trent. Home of Josiah Wedgwood [II], bought 1802, moved in 1807, left 1846, on death of his wife Bessy Allen. ED born there and married at St Peter's church from there. CD was a frequent visitor there in his youth especially for the shooting, and after his return from Beagle voyage, for his courting.

Magendie, François 1783–1855. Physiologist. Prof. Medicine Collège de France 1831–1855. 1881 Apr.22 CD in letter to The Times refers to the cruelty of his experiments 'some half a century ago'.

Maguire, Thomas Herbert 1821–1895. Irish lithographer. 1849 Portrait of CD drawn and put on stone by M, printed by M. & N. Hanhart. The only engraving in CD's lifetime. One of the Ipswich British Association portraits q.v.

Maldonado Uraguay. 1832 Jul.–Oct. CD stayed at; he used the mouth of La Plata River as base for inland expeditions.

Malin, Harrietsee Darwin.

Malin, Thomas James Naval Officer. m 1881 Harriet Darwin d.s.p.

Malthus, Rev. Thomas Robert 1766–1834. Prof. Modern History & Political Economy, East India Company College Haileybury 1805–1834. 1838 Sep.13 CD started to read An essay on the principle of population, 1798, in the enlarged edition of 1803. M's statements on the geometrical increase in population and its relation to the availability of resources were extremely important in CD's formulation of the idea of natural selection. EB DNB.

Malvern Wells Herefordshire & Worcestershire. A spa town where Dr J. M. Gully had his water cure establishment at The Lodge. 1848 summer CD stayed for 'some months'—LLi 81. 1849 Mar. 10–Jun.30 CD again had water cure there. 1849 Sep. CD visited for day from British Association meeting at Birmingham. 1851 Anne Elizabeth D, suffering from a fever, with Henrietta Emma D arrived there; Miss Thorley governess arrived a few days later; CD arrived on Apr.17; Anne died on Apr.23—EDii 132. 1863 CD took a house for whole family Sep.–Oct.—EDii 180.

Manual of Scientific Enquiry 1849 CD's article on geology is Section VI in A manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general, edited by Sir John F. W. Herschel Bart, CD's article 156–195; early copies have a serious transposition of text 178–190 (F325); later

tion of races of human lice—Descent i 219, where he is not named. 'Worthless and slightly educated'—Carroll 45.

Martha Sister of Mrs Morrey. Servant to Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood at Petleys, Downe, until the latter's death 1856.

Martin, John Royle 1871 CD to R, asking for ten shares in Artisan's Dwelling Company for £100—Carroll 403.

Martin, Septimus Son of the Rector of an adjoining parish to Downe. 1853 M dined at Down House. M had emigrated to Melbourne before this and was visiting—N&R 22.

Martineau, Harriet 1802–1876. Feminist & author. 1833 CD met M at Hensleigh Wedgwood's in London, 'She is so happy, good-humoured and conceited that she will not much mind what people say of her'—EDi 257. 1841 Erasmus Alvey D tried to help her when she was ill and poor—EDii 58. CD's father Robert did not like her—EDi 776. EB DNB.

Marx, Heinrich Karl 1818–1883. German communist, living in London from 1848. CD never met, and some doubt has been thrown on the authenticity of M's letters to CD, see L. S. Feuer, Ann.Sci., 32:1–12. Copy of 2nd edition of Das Kapital, Vol.1, 1873, inscribed to CD 'On the part of his sincere admirer' is at Down House. 1880 Oct.13 M wanted to dedicate the English translation of Das Kapital to CD; CD declined. See also E. B. Aveling.

Mary CD's children's nurse 1841.

Maryanne 1877 nurse to Bernard Richard Meirion D at Down House.

Mason, P. B. of Burton-on-Trent. 1871 CD to M, thanking for information about growth of hair on human back.

1870. s of William M. Editor Gdnr's Chronicle 1865–. 1860 CD to about evolution, mentioning that he had written to his father who was ill—MLi 147. 1860 CD to M, on papilionaceous flowers—MLii 256. ?1860 CD to M, about peloric flowers and referring to M's father's plant breeding—N&R 76. 1862 CD to M, about M's approval of Origin. 1869 Plant Teratology, Ray Society, London.

Matthew ?Frederick Hoskyns Matthews, so identified by de Beer in FUL, but seems much too old, b 1778. 1834 CD to Whitley, M is mentioned amongst other Cambridge friends. 1836 CD saw a Cambridge friend of this name—LLi 256.

Matthew, Patrick 1790–1874. Author on political & agricultural subjects. Of Gourdiehill, Errol, Scotland. His surname is sometimes misspelt Mathew or Matthews. One of CD's predecessors in the idea of natural selection. The main statement is in an appendix to his Naval timber and arboriculture, London 1831, and there are further remarks in Emigration fields, London 1839. 1860 M drew attention to his priority in Gdnr's Chronicle, Apr.7, with an extract from Naval timber, and reinforced it in Saturday Analyst & Leader, Nov.24. CD's reply to 1st paper is in Gdnr's Chronicle, Apr.21:362–363. 1865 CD to Hooker, about W. C. Wells' work, 'So poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not to put on his title pages 'Discoverer of the principle of Natural Selection'—LLiii 41. ?No copies of M's books known with this on title pages. 1912 Miss Euphemia M, daughter, visited W. T. Calman at British Museum (Natural History) with copies of CD-M correspondence; copies are in the Museum. see Calman, J.Bot.Brit.foreign, 192–194, with portrait of M. de Beer prints the letters—N&R 39–43.

Matthews, Frederick Hoskyns 1778–? de Beer FUL 111, identifies a Cambridge friend of CD named Matthew as M. This man was of Shrewsbury School & Trinity, but seems too old—LLi 256.

Matthews, Richard Missionary from Church Missionary Society to Fuegians. Carried there on 2nd voyage of Beagle. 1834 Jan.23 M landed at Woollya. Feb.6 M was taken off again because his life was in danger; finally landed at New Zealand where his brother was a missionary—J.Researches, 1845, 207.

Mauritius Indian Ocean. 1836 Apr.29–May 9 Beagle at Port Louis; CD made several inland trips including one to Captain J. A. Lloyd's house May 4; CD returned part of the way on an elephant, the only one in the island.

Mayor, Mrs 1882 Jan. Headmistress of Greville House School, Paddington, London, where ED was for a year.

Mays, J. Aldous 1862 M took shorthand notes of Huxley's six lectures to working men, delivered at the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn St, London. These were used for the six blue pamphlets, issued at 4d each. 1863 they were published as a book, On our knowledge of the causes of organic nature, London; the spine title was On the origin of species.

Melostomaceae This group of flowering plants has, in some species, two forms of stigmata. CD worked on them 1862–1881, but never published his results. MLii 292–302 summarizes his work.

Memorial to the Chancellor of the Exchequer 1866 Memorial to the Chancellor of the Exchequer [on transfer of natural history section of British Museum to South Kensington], May 14, signed by CD & twentyfour others (F869). The Chancellor was Benjamin Disraeli. 1873 [Letter from P. L. Sclater containing the text], Nature, Lond., 9:41 (F370).

Mendel, Johann Gregor 1822–1884. Johann was his baptismal name; Gregor was taken with his monk's vows. Augustinian monk at Brno, Moravia, Abbot 1868–. CD had never heard of M and, although his famous paper on inheritance in peas, 1865, Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden, Verh.naturforsch.Verein Brünn, 4, was available at the Royal Society and at the Entomological Society, it was ignored until 1900.

Mendoza Argentine. 1835 Mar.27 CD visited from Valparaiso, crossing the Andes by the southern, Portillo, pass; Mar.29 returned by northern, Uspallata or Aconcagua, pass, crossing the Incas' bridge on Apr.4.

Meteyard, Miss Elizabeth 1816–1879. Biographer of the Wedgwoods. 1871 A group of Englishmen (1795–1815) being records of the younger Wedgwoods and their friends, London, is an important sourcebook, including information about CD's mother and of Darwins and Allens.

Miall, Louis Compton 1842–1921. Zoologist. FRS 1892. Prof. Zoology Leeds 1876–1907. 1883 The life and works of Charles Darwin; a lecture delivered to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society on February 6th, 1883, Leeds; the first biography after the obituaries. WWH.

Microscopes 1863 CD to I. A. Henry, 'I have, as yet, found no exception to the rule, that when a man has told me he works with the compound alone his work is valueless'. 'Experience, however, has fully convinced me that the use of the compound without the simple microscope is absolutely injurious to progress of N[atural] History (excepting, of course, with

Mill, John Stuart 1806–1873. Philosopher. In service of East India Company 1823–1858, until dissolution. 1865–1868 whig MP for Westminster. 1861 H. Fawcett to CD, 'He considers that your reasoning throughout is in the most exact accordance with the strict principles of logic. He also says that the method of investigation which you have followed is the only one proper to such a subject'—MLi 189. EB DNB.

Miller, Hugh 1802–1859. Geologist, stonemason & author. CD never knew this remarkable man, but he borrowed Lady Lyell's copy of Footsteps of the Creator, 1849, and then bought one himself—MLii 125.

Moggridge, John Traherne 1842–1874. Naturalist. M was tubercular and lived in S France. 1865 CD to M, about fertilisation of bee orchis—LLiii 276. M sent orchis Neotina intacta to CD—Allan. 1871 CD to M, about habits of ants and about orchids—Carroll 399. 1872 CD to M, about trap-door spiders—MLi 337. 1874 CD describes M as 'One of our most promising young naturalists'—Nature, Lond., 11:114. Author of Harvesting ants and trap-door spiders, London 1873[–1874], which rediscovered the habits of Atta, described in Proverbs vi.6.

Prof Anatomy Edinburgh, in succession to his father & grandfather. M is said to have lectured from his grandfather's notes. 1826 CD to sister Caroline Sarah, 'I dislike him and his lectures so much, that I cannot speak with decency about them'—MLi 7. 'Made his lectures on human anatomy as dull as he was himself, and the subject disgusted me'—Barlow, Autobiography 47. DNB.

Moore, Aubrey Lackington 1848–1890. Anglican clergyman. Rector of Frenchay, Bristol 1876–1881. Fellow of Keble College Oxford 1881–. 'The clergyman who more than any other man was responsible for breaking down the antagonism towards evolution then widely felt in the English Church'—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin, 11. DNB.

Moore, Sir Norman, Bart 1847–1922. Physician & antiquary. 1st Bart 1919. Of St Bartholomew's Hospital; M attended CD in his last illness. Atkins says that CD had no confidence in him—Atkins 38. 'He [CD] once remarked to Dr. Norman Moore that one of the things that made him wish to live a few thousand years, was his desire to see the extinction of the Bee-orchis'—LLiii 276. 1882 M was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. DNB.

More letters 1903 Francis Darwin & A. C. Seward editors, More letters of Charles Darwin. A record of his work in a series of hitherto unpublished letters, 2 vols, London (F1548); facsimile 1972 (F1550). Foreign editions: USA (F1549) 1903; Russian, autobiographical fragment and account of Down House only (F1551) 1959.

Morris, Francis Orpen 1810–1893. Anglican clergyman & naturalist. This good field naturalist was stridently anti-evolution, in a series of pamphlets; 1869 The difficulties of darwinism, London; [1870] A double dilemma in darwinism, London; 1875 All the articles of the Darwin faith, London; 1880 The Darwin craze, London; [1890] The cui bono of hereditism, London; [1890] The demands of darwinism on credulity, London. M seems never to have been mentioned by CD.

Motley, John Lathrop 1814–1877. American historian. 1840's CD met M at Lord Stanhope's house. Author of History of the Dutch Republic, 1856. EB.

Mould 1838 On the formation of mould, Proc.geol. Soc., 2:574–576 (Bi 49, F1648); 1840 On the formation of mould, Trans.geol.Soc., 5:505–509 (F1655); 1844 On the origin of mould, Gdnr's Chronicle, No.23:380 (Bi 195, F1665); 1869 The formation of mould by worms, Gdnr's Chronicle, No.20:500 (Bi195, F1745). 1881 The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms see Vegetable mould and worms.

Mount, The Parish of St Chad, Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Home of Dr Robert Waring D [II]; built by him c1800; late Georgian, red brick, 5 bays and 2½ storeys, quite plain, deep Tuscan porch; lower wings of different length and height, that on the left of four bays, one-storeyed with windows in blank arches—Pevsner, Buildings of England, Shropshire, 289, 1958. S face looks down Frankwell which comes up from Welch bridge; N face looks down steeply over the river Severn. Photographs of S face and view from terrace of N face in Keith, Darwin revalued, 46, 1955. CD was born there. After CD's father's death, Susan Elizabeth D lived there until her death 1866. 1869 CD visited, then owned by Spencer Phillips—LLi 11.

Mountford, Horace Sculptor. ?1909 M carved statue of CD in stone, seated, outside old school Shrewsbury, now public library, also a plaster cast for it. There is also a bust, 1905, and a statuette copy in bronze of which copies were available for sale in 1909. M also made a medallion in bronze. The usual photograph of the school statue is by W. W. Naunton.

Müller, Johann Friederich Theodor known as and writing as Fritz. 1822–1897. German schoolmaster in Brazil & naturalist. Elder b of Hermann M. m with at least one d, Rosa who observed circumnutation in Linum usitatissimum—MLii 345. Teacher of mathematics at Gymnasium, Blumenae, S. Catherina 1852–. CD and M never met, but 'of all his unseen friends Fritz Müller was the one for whom he had the strongest regard'—LLiii 37. 'Uninterrupted friendship and scientific comradeship'—MLii 344. 'He had for Müller a stronger personal regard than that which bound him to his other unseen friends'—Francis D, Ann.Bot., 13:xiii, 1899. CD to Hermann M, 'One of the most able naturalists living'.

ments for Darwin, London; it contains one of the earliest statements of the recapitulation theory and Haeckel took the theory from here without acknowledgement; it also contains a joke classification of the Crustacea. CD thought so highly of it that he got Murray to have the copies cased in the same binding style as Origin eds. 1–3, and later casings as edition 5—LLiii 86, MLii 92. Many letters, to and from M, first 1865 Aug.10, last 1881 Dec.19—MLii 370. 1880 M was nearly drowned in a flood of the Hajahy river; CD to Hermann M, offering financial help to replace books etc. (£100), but not needed—LLiii 242, MLii 363, 369. CD wrote introductory notes to six short papers by M in Nature Lond., 1874–1881. Photograph MLii 344. Biography MLi 382.

Muñiz, Francisco Javier of Luxan, Argentina. 1845 M had discussed Niata cattle, the pug-faced breed, with CD—J.Researches, 145. 1845 CD to Owen on bones of Machairodus sp. which M offered for sale and which British Museum bought—FUL 101. 1845 M described it as Muñi-Felis bonarensis in Le Gaceta Mercantil, Oct.9.

Nancy CD's nurse at Shrewsbury. CD sent greetings to her in Beagle letters to his sisters—LLi 254.

Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle 3 vols & appendix to Vol.2, edited by Robert Fitz-Roy, 1839. Vol.1 is narrative of 1st voyage, 1826–1830, under Captain P. P. King; Vol.2 is narrative of 2nd voyage, 1831–1835, under Fitz-Roy, with tables of data in the appendix; Vol.3, entitled Journal & remarks, is by CD and is 1st issue of Journal of researches, which was issued separately at the same time; (F10) facsimile 1972 (F166). The whole work has never been translated. An earlier and brief narrative by Fitz-Roy is in J.R.Geogr.Soc., 6:311–343, 1836.

Nash, Louisa Ann Wife of Wallis N q.v. c1875 N drew fine head and shoulders of CD in brushed india ink; it has never been reproduced and is still in the N family. 1910 N gave reminiscences of CD in Overland monthly, San Francisco, 404–408.

Nash, Wallis 1873–1926. Lawyer, later one of the founding fathers of the State of Oregon. 1873–?1880 N took George Wood's house, The Rookery, at Downe and became friendly with the D's. One of his four sons named L. Darwin Nash. Wife Louisa Ann N q.v. 1919 A lawyers life on two continents, Boston, has reminiscences of CD, 130–138. see K. G. V. Smith & R. E. Dimick, J.Soc.Biblphy nat.Hist., 78–82, 1976.

Natural History Collections 1858 Public natural history collections. Copy of a memorial addressed to the Right Honourable the Chancellor of the Exchequer, [?London], signed by CD & eight others (F371); reprinted in Gdnr's Chronicle, No.48:861 (F372).

Natural History Review Founded 1860 largely by Huxley. 1860 CD to Huxley, warning him not waste his energies editing a review, but to get on with original work; a warning which Huxley did not heed—MLi 157.

Natural Selection 1859 phrase first used in title of Origin; ch.3 'I have called this principle, by which each slight variation, if useful, is preserved, by the term Natural Selection'. 1860 Natural selection, Gdnr's Chronicle, No.16:362–363 (Bii 32, F1705); in this paper CD recognizes Patrick Matthew's claim to priority in the idea, but not the expression. 1873 Natural selection, Spectator, 46:76 (Bii 169, F1758). 1880 Sir Wyville Thomson and natural selection, Nature, Lond., 23:32 (Bii 223, F1789). 1860 CD to Lyell, 'I doubt whether I use the term Natural Selection more as a Person, than writers use Attraction of Gravity as governing the movements of Planets &c but I suppose I could have avoided the ambiguity'—Carroll 198.

Naturalist on the River Amazons 1863, by H. W. Bates, review of in Nat.Hist.Rev., 3:385–389, is attributed to CD in Dent's Everyman edition 1910 and later printings, also in British Museum, Catalogue of printed books; it is almost certainly not by CD. see Amazon valley fauna.

Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle CD Member 1879.

Naudin, Charles Victor 1815–1899. French botanist. 1861 CD to Gray, N writes to say that he is going to publish on peloric flowers in Pelargonium—Darwin-Gray 84. 1864 CD to N, about N's work on Cucurbitaceae. 1868 Variation refers to N's work. 1880 CD to Romanes, 'Naudin, who is often quoted, I have much less confidence in', about plant hybrids—Life of Romanes 102. 1861 N is referred to in Historical sketch in Origin. CD says that he is unable to follow his arguments in Rév.Horticole, 1852—LLii 246, MLi 187.

Neale, Edward Vansittart 1810–1892. Co-operative reformer. 1861 CD to Hooker, 'a Mr. Neale has read a paper before the Zoological Society on "Typical Selection"; what it means I know not'—LLii 359. Paper in Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., for 1861:1–11.

New Forest Hampshire. 1847 Jul. CD & family visited on return from holiday at Swanage.

New York Academy of Sciences 1879 CD Honorary Member.

New Zealand 1835 Dec.21–30 Beagle at Bay of Islands, North Island. CD landed and was entertained especially by missionaries. Dec.30 Beagle left for Sydney, 'I believe we were all glad to leave New Zealand. It is not a pleasant place'—J. Researches 1845, 430. 1836 Fitz-Roy, 'An Englishman may now walk alone . . . where, ten years ago, such an attempt would have been a rash braving of the club and the oven'—J.R.geogr.Soc., 6:334. 1836 A letter, containing remarks on the moral state of Tahiti, New Zealand &c, S.Afr.Christian Recorder, 2:231–238 (Bi 19, F1640), by CD & Fitz-Roy, CD's contribution bear the suffix 'D'. This was CD's first publication except for beetle records in Stephens. 1843–1845 Fitz-Roy was Governor-General.

New Zealand Institute 1872 CD Honorary Member.

Newnham Courtney Oxfordshire. 1847 Jun. CD visited on day trip from British Association meeting at Oxford.

Newnham Grange House in Silver St, Cambridge, named by Sir George Howard D when he bought it in 1885. Now part of Darwin College q.v.

Norman, Ebenezer Village schoolmaster at Downe from 1854; for many years copyist for the press of CD's mss. 1857 CD to Hooker, 'I am employing a laboriously careful schoolmaster'—MLi 99. 1858 CD to Hooker, 'I can get the Down schoolmaster to do it [i.e. transcribe] on my return'—LLii 128.

Norman, George Warde 1793–1882. Writer on finance. Resident at Bromley Common nr Downe. 1860 CD to Hooker, 'My clever neighbour, Mr. Norman, says the article [Edinb.Rev., on Origin] is so badly written, with no definite object, that no one will read it'—LLii 304. 1874 CD on increase of numbers of starlings 'Mr.Norman a well-known man in Kent'. 1876 CD to N, thanking for condolences on death of Amy Richenda D—Carroll 497. 1881 Romanes to his sister, recounts an episode about CD and N's liking for snuff—Life of Romanes 129. 1882 N was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for

Norton, Charles Elliot 1827–1908. Prof. Italian Harvard. s of Andrews N, Prof. Theology Harvard. m Theodora Sedgwick, sister of Sara Sedgwick who married William Alvey D. 1868 N spent 4 months staying at Keston Rectory nr Downe, in summer. 1876 CD to Gray, two detachments of Nortons had visited Down House, 'I then verified a grand generalisation, which I once propounded to you, that all persons from the U States are perfectly charming'—Darwin-Gray 94.

Ogle, William 1827–1912. Physician & naturalist. Superintendant of Statistics to the Registrar General. 1865 CD advised O on experiments on fertilisation of flowers—LLiii 277. 1868 O to CD on Hippocrates' views on pangenesis—LLiii 82. 1878 O translated A. Kerner Flowers and their unbidden guests, London. 1882 O sent CD his translation of Aristotle on the parts of animals. n.d. CD to O, CD had called on him in London, invites him to lunch—Carroll 460. 1882 O was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. n.d. O visited Down House—Nineteenth Century, 106:118–123, 1929.

Ogleby 1849 W. Thompson, author of Natural history of Ireland, 1849–1856, had written to CD stating that O had views on the use of authors' names in nomenclature similar to those of CD, i.e. that they should not be used—MLi 68.

Oldfield, Henry Ambrose 1856 CD to O on breeds of dogs—Carroll 128. Author of Sketches of Nepal, London 1880.

Olindasee Pernambuco.

Oliver, Daniel 1830–1916. Botanist. FRS 1863. On staff at Kew. Prof. Botany University College London 1861–1888. ?1860 CD to Hooker, 'Remember me kindly to Oliver. He must be astonished at not getting a string of questions'—LLiii 299. 1861 CD to Hooker, 'How capitally Oliver has done the résumé of botanical books. Good heavens how he must have read'—LLii 358. 1862 CD to Hooker, 'the all-knowing Oliver'—MLii 290. 1862 CD to Hooker, 'Oliver the omniscient'—LLiii 307. O provided material for CD's botanical work and was a long-standing and important correspondent.

Onibury nr Ludlow, Shropshire. Family home of the Langtons. 1837 ED stayed there.

Orange Court A house in Downe. Mr Harris owned it, a gentleman farmer.

Orchard, The A house in Cambridge, built in 1884 by Horace D on part of the Grove field.

Orchids 1860 CD to Lyell, 'I showed the case [of Orchids] to Elizabeth Wedgwood, and her remark was "Now you have upset your own book, for you won't persuade me that this could be effected by Natural Selection"'—MLi 156. 1869 CD to Gray, 'It really seems to me incredibly monstrous to look at an orchid as created as we now see it. Every part reveals modification on modification'—Darwin-Gray 94.

Orchids, Fertilisation of [book] 1862 On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects, and on the good effects of intercrossing, London (F800); 2nd edition 1877 The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilised by insects (F801). First foreign editions: German (F820) 1862; French (F818) 1870 (see papers below 1869); USA (F802) 1877; Italian (F823) 1883; Russian (F825) 1900; Romanian (F824) 1964. 1861 Sep.24 CD to John Murray, 'I think this little volume will do good to the "Origin" as it will show that I have worked hard at details'—LLiii 254. 1862 Discussion in reviews of the book included the idea that, if it had appeared before Origin, the author would have been canonized rather than anathematized by the natural theologians. A reviewer in Literary Churchman, Oct. found only one fault, that Mr Darwin's expression of admiration at the contrivances of orchids is too indirect a way of saying 'O! Lord, how manifold are thy works'. Review by Duke of Argyll, Edinb.Rev., Oct., is in much the same vein.

Origin of species (book) The text of each of the 1st six editions is much altered; the changes are given in detail in the variorum edition, 1959, listed below. 1859 Nov.24 On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life, London, John Murray, 1250 copies (F373); facsimile 1964 (F602); facsimile 1969 (F614). This is the only one of CD's books for which details of author's presentation copies are available. At least twenty-four, perhaps more than thirtyfive, were sent out inscribed by one of Murray's clerks; no copy inscribed by CD himself is known. The whereabouts of the following copies is known: Agassiz (Harvard); Butler (St John's College, Cambridge); Dana (Yale); Horner (British Museum (Natural History) ); Herschel (Texas); Innes (University of London); Jenyns (in the family); Lyell (Down House); Owen (Shrewsbury School); Prestwich (University Library, Cambridge); Sedgwick (Trinity College, Cambridge); Wallace (Sir Geoffrey Keynes), Linnean Society of London, Royal Society. Copies were sent to the following, but their present whereabouts are unknown: Bunbury, de Candolle, Milne Edwards, Falconer, Fox, Gray, Henslow, Hooker, Huxley, Kingsley, Lubbock, Ramsay. Galton's copy, at University College London, is said to be author's presentation, but is not inscribed. CD's own copy is in University Library, Cambridge. The print run was 1250 without overs; CD had twelve free copies, five were for copyright and forty-one were sent out for review. If CD bought another twenty-four for presentation, then the number available for purchase, was 1167. The story that the book sold out on publication day stems from a letter from CD to Huxley on Nov.24, 'I have heard from Murray today that he sold whole edition of my book the first day & he wants another instantly'—Science, 64:476, 1926. CD's diary entry for Oct.1 reads 'all copies sold first day'. It is clear that CD made this entry on or after Nov.24. These statements have often been construed as meaning that all copies were bought by the public on the first day. What they do mean is that the booksellers took up the whole printing available to them as soon as it was offered by John Murray.

The whole of LLii is devoted to the preparation, publishing and reception of Origin. The best source of reference to reviews is J. P. Anderson in Bettany, Life of Darwin, 1887, xxvi–xxvii. A. Ellegård, Gothenburg Studies in English, 8:1–394, 1958, covers reviews in popular journals in detail. 1880 Apr.9 Huxley address to Royal Institution 'On the coming of age of The origin of species', printed in Nature, Lond., 22:1–4; Pop.Sci.Monthly, 17:337–344. 1862 CD to John Scott, 'The majority of the criticisms on the Origin are, in my opinion, not worth the paper they are printed on'—MLii 311. 1868 CD to W. D. Fox, 'I must prepare a new edition of that everlasting Origin. I am sick and tired of correcting'—Carroll 357.

Ouless, Walter William 1848–1933. Painter. RA 1875. 1875 Feb.–Mar. O painted CD in oils, the earliest portrait in oils. Original in family, copy at Christ's College, Cambridge. O also painted ED. FD 'Mr. Ouless's portrait is, in my opinion, the finest representation of my father that has been produced'—LLiii 95. CD 'I look a very venerable, acute, melancholy old dog; whether I really look so I do not know'. Engraved by Paul Adolphe Rajon. DNB.

Owen, Major of Woodhouse, Shropshire. eldest s of William Mostyn Owen. 1820s, then Captain, shooting companion of CD who records in Autobiography how O helped to play a trick on him, preventing CD from knowing how many birds he had shot—LLi 43. 1865 and again in 1881 CD's accounts show interest on a mortgage to Major O (?the same man)—Atkins 96. 1882 O was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Owen, Edward Mostyn s of William Mostyn O. m 1866 Susan Parker. 5c.

Owen, Frances d of William Mostyn O, sister of Sarah O. 1830 belle of the ball at Woodhouse—Keith, Darwin revalued, 6. 0 married a Mr Biddulph. Barlow calls her 'poor dear Fanny'—Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle, 63.

Owen, Sir Richard 1804–1892. Zoologist. KCB 1884 FRS 1834. m 1835 d of William Clift. Conservator & Hunterian Prof. Royal College of Surgeons of England 1836–1856. First Director of British Museum (Natural History) 1881. The most distinguished vertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist of Victorian England, but a most deceitful and odious man. CD was on friendly terms with O until the publication of the Origin; after that, O was probably the only man that CD hated, if he could hate. When Life and letters was published in 1887 O was alive and very little was printed on the matter; More letters, 1903, contains a lot, and more recent publications have added to it. 1836 Oct.29 CD and O first met at Lyell's house in London. 1859 Nov.11 CD to O and O's reply on sending a presentation copy of Origin, both in friendly manner—N&R 76. 1859 Dec.10 CD to Lyell' 'REPEAT NOTHING. Under garb of great civility, he was inclined to be most bitter and sneering against me'. 'He was quite savage and crimson at me'. 'A degree of arrogance I never saw approached'. 'He is the most

astounding creature I ever encountered'—Carroll 184. 1859 Dec.13 CD to O, before O had shown his hand in public, 'I should be a dolt not to value your scientific opinion very highly'—FUL 104.

1860 Apr. O reviewed Origin, anonymously, in Edinb. Rev., 487–532. 1860 Apr. CD to Lyell, 'It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which —— hates me'—LLii 300. 1860 May, CD to Hooker, 'Owen is indeed very spiteful'. 'The Londoners say that he is mad with envy because my book has been talked about; what a strange man to be envious of a naturalist like myself, immeasurably his inferior'—MLi 149. 1860 Jun. CD to Gray, 'No one fact tells so strongly against Owen . . . that he has never reared one pupil or follower'—MLi 153. 1863 The editors discuss CD's relationship with O and instance his conduct in relation of Falconer's fossil elephants—MLi 226.

1863 CD to Hooker, 'There is an Italian edition of the Origin preparing ... Owen will not be right in telling Longmans that the book would be utterly forgotten in ten years. Hurrah!'—MLii 338. 1863 CD to Lyell, 'He ought to be ostracised by every naturalist in England'—Carroll 287. 1867 CD to Trimen, about O's review in Edinb.Rev. 'The internal evidence made me almost sure that only Owen could have written it: but when I taxed him with the authorship and he absolutely denied it—then I was quite certain'. Trimen told the story to Poulton—Quart. Rev, 1909:4–6. 1868 CD to Hooker, 'Owen pitches into me and Lyell in grand style in the last chapter of Vol.3 of Anat. of Vertebrates. He is a cool hand. He puts words from me in inverted commas and alters them'—MLii 377. 1887 'Mrs Carlyle said that Owen's sweetness reminded her of sugar of lead'—Huxley to Tyndall, Huxley's Life ii:167, MLi 309. 1897 Huxley to Flower, 'Gladstone, Samuel [Wilberforce] of Oxford, and Owen belong to a very curious type of humanity, with many excellent and even great qualities and one fatal defect—utter untrustworthiness'—Life of Huxley iii:274. Biography: Rev. R. Owen (grandson) 1894. DNB.

Owen, Sarah d of William Mostyn O, sister of Frances O. m T. C. Haliburton. O was a strong personal friend of CD's before Beagle voyage. 1872 CD to O, 'for old times sake', sending photograph and copy of Expression—LLiii 173. 1880 CD to O, 'My dear Sarah, see how audaciously I begin'. 'I have always loved and shall ever love this name'. O had reminded him of

Oxford University 1870 CD declined Hon.D.C.L. on grounds of ill-health—Oxford Univ.Gaz., Jun.17—LLiii 126. It was offered at the instigation of the Marquis of Salisbury on his installation as Chancellor; his list was opposed by Hebdomadal Council. 1909 Feb.12 The University celebrated the centenary of CD's birth; William, Erasmus [III], George, Francis & Leonard D were present. Main speeches were by George & Francis D and by Poulton—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin, 78–83, 1909.

Paine, or PayneSir Thomas Farrer's gardener, trained at Kew. P helped CD on Mimosa. ?1873 CD to Farrer, 'As he is so acute a man, I should very much like to hear his opinion' on water damage to leaves—LLiii 340.

Paley, William 1743–1805. Theologian. DD. 1763 Senior Wrangler, Cambridge. Traditionally CD & P had the same set at Christ's College. Archdeacon of Carlisle 1782. Author of Natural theology, London 1802, which is largely a crib from John Ray's Wisdom of God, London 1691. 'The logic of this book [Evidences of christianity] and as I may add of his Natural Theology gave me as much delight as did Euclid'. 'I did not at this time trouble myself about Paley's premises'—Barlow, Autobiography 59. DNB.

No.47:705–706 (Bii 161, F1750). The last sentence in this paper reads 'I should be loath to think that there are many naturalists who, without any evidence, would accuse a fellow-worker of telling a deliberate falsehood to prove his theory'. This refers to remarks by W. H. Hudson in the previous number of Proc.zool.Soc.Lond. 1872 in 6th edition of Origin, CD writes 'in certain large districts it does not climb trees'—LLiii 153.

Pangenesis 1867 CD to Gray, sending clean sheets of Variation, 'What I call Pangenesis will be called a mad dream . . . I think it contains a great truth'—Darwin-Gray 58. 1868 The term was coined by CD and first appears in print in Variation. He thought that the idea was new although it was not. 1868 CD to Hooker, 'You will think me very self-sufficient, when I declare that I feel sure if Pangenesis is now stillborn it will, thank God, at some future time reappear, begotten by some other father, and christened by some other name'—LLiii 78. 1868 CD to Wallace, 'It is a relief to have some feasible explanation of the various facts, which can be given up as soon as any better hypothesis is found'. 'I had given up the great god Pan as a stillborn deity'—LLiii 80. 1869 CD to Hooker, 'You will be surely haunted on your deathbed for not honouring the great god Pan'—MLi 303. 1868 CD to Lyell, 'An untried hypothesis is always dangerous ground'—Carroll 349. 1880 CD to Paget, 'To anyone believing in my pangenesis (if such a man exists)'—MLii 427. 1860 Jul. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem first published, 'What was he doing the great god Pan, Down in the reeds by the river'. 1871 Pangenesis, Nature, Lond., 3:502–503, a letter criticising a paper by Francis Galton, Proc.Roy.Soc., 19:393–410 (Bii 165, F1751). See also Charles Darwin's manuscript of pangenesis.

Panteague Home of Elizabeth Hensleigh in second half of 18c.

Papilionaceous Flowers 1858 On the agency of bees in the fertilisation of papilionaceous flowers, and on the crossing of kidney beans, Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 2:459–465, Gdnr's Chronicle, No.46:828–829 (Bii 19, F1701).

roads of Glen Roy, and of other parts of Lochaber in Scotland, with an attempt to prove that they are of marine origin, Phil. Trans., 129:39–81, two plates, (Bi 89, F1653). CD's only contribution to Phil. Trans. For CD's later opinions of this paper see Glen Roy.

Parker, The Misses 7 illegitimate daughters of Erasmus Darwin [I], ?by a Miss Parker, CD's great aunts. Erasmus D set up a school for them at Ashbourne, Derbyshire, in the 1790s. His A plan for the conduct of female education in boarding schools, London 1797, Dublin 1798, Cincinnati 1798, relates.

Parslow, Joseph 1809/1810–1898. Manservant at 12 Upper Gower St c1840 and Butler at Down House until 1875. Hooker described him as 'an integral part of the family, and felt to be such by all visitors to the house'—LLi 318. Known by the family as 'the venerable P' after 'the aged Parslow' in Dickens' Great expectations. P was living out by 1871, at Home Cottage, Back Lane, Downe. Wages 1841–1842 £25 p.a. all found; 1881 £60; after CD's death P had a pension of £50 p.a. and the rent of his house. Mrs P was ED's personal maid before marriage; later she ran a dress making school; she died 1881. They had one son who 'married comfortably'—Darwin-Innes 251. 1882 P was at CD's funeral, walking in procession with Jackson, behind the family mourners, then seated in Jerusalem Chamber. 1885 P went to unveiling of CD statue at British Museum (Natural History). 1893 'The little Parslows came to tea', presumably grandchildren. Interview in D. S. Jordan, The days of a man, i:273–274, New York 1922.

Pellegrini, Carlo 1839–1889. Caricaturist. P signed most of his work 'Ape' from 1869. 1871 Caricature of CD called 'Natural selection', Men of the Day, No.33, Vanity Fair, Sep.10, not signed 'Ape'. It occurred for commercial sale in two sizes 31 cm & 18 cm, the former better coloured. DNB.

Pepper A dog belonging to George Howard D which bit gardeners. P was taken over by William Erasmus D but bit gardener again; then to Sir Leslie Stephen in London, where it bit children; finally to Archbishop A. C. Tait at Addington Palace, Surrey—Atkins 80.

by Gwendolen Mary Raverat (née Darwin). The most important source of information on CD's children in their adult day to day lives, and on ED in old age, written as through the eyes of G.M.R. as a child; a most interesting and amusing book.

Pernambuco Brazil. 1836 Aug.6–19 Beagle at. CD visited old city of Olinda and studied the sandstone bar off the harbour; now called Recife. see 1841 Bar of sandstone off Pernambuco, Phil.Mag., 19:257–260 (Bi 139, F1659).

Perristone, or Perrystone Nr Ross, Herefordshire. Home of William Clifford, family friend of Wedgwood. Several family letters 1824–1848 are addressed from there.

Pertz, Miss Ann 1856–? d of George P. 1877 Aug. when visiting Down House, P drew a leaf of Trifolium resupinatum for CD to send to Dyer—MLii 412 (with drawing).

Phillips 1860 Mrs P a resident at Downe. 1868 'Old Phillips' would not sell land to Innes to build a vicarage on, ? a farmer. Phillips of Orange Court, perhaps the son, would not either. Orange Court seems to have been owned by a Mr Harris—Darwin-Innes 205, 227.

Phillips, John 1800–1874. Geologist. FRS 1834. Keeper of Ashmolean Museum Oxford 1854–1870. ?1856 CD to P on foliation and offers copies of three vols of geology of Beagle—Carroll 122. 1858 P to CD, to tell him of award of Wollaston Medal of Geological Society. 1859 CD sent 1st edition of Origin to—Sollas, The age of the earth, 251–253, 1905, J. M. Edmonds, Proc.Ashmol.nat.Hist.Soc., for 1948–1950, 25–29, 1951. 1859 P to CD, 'the only true definition of a

species, any form which has ever had a specific name'—MLi 127. 1860 P gave Rede lectures at Cambridge, anti-Origin, but very fair. Life on earth, Cambridge 1860, contains substance of Rede lectures, CD wrote that they were 'unreadably dull'—LLii 385. 1869 P sent CD his Vesuvius, Oxford 1869—Carroll 360. 1870 CD to Herschel, recommending that P be asked to revise 4th edition of Manual of scientific enquiry, 1871, which he did—Carroll 384.

Philoperistera Club 1855 A pigeon fancy club of which CD was a member—LLi 51. see also Columbarian.

Philos CD's nickname for his brother Erasmus Alvey D.

Philosophical Club of Royal Society Founded 1847. 1854 CD elected. A dining club of fortyseven members. It met on Thursdays at 6pm and chair quitted at 8.15pm for members to attend meetings of the Society. 1855 Dec.20 CD attended. 1864 CD resigned.

Phisty see Mephistopheles.

Physiological Society Founded 1876, partly as a result of the anti-vivisection movement. 1876 Jun.1 CD elected the first, and at that time the only, Honorary Member—MLii 436.

Piano 1839 ED was given a piano from Broadwoods by her father, shortly after her marriage. It had belonged to Rev. Thomas Stevens, who had married Caroline Tollett. 1929 It was bought for Down House, for £20, from the Positivist Society—Atkins 116.

Pigeons The races of domestic pigeon, Columba livia, are extensively drawn on in Variation and CD kept stocks himself as well as getting material from other breeders. 1855 CD to Hooker, 'I love them to that extent that I cannot bear to kill and skeletonize them'—MLi 87. 1859 CD to Huxley, offering drawings of pigeons from his portfolio—MLi 130. CD was a member of the Columbarian & Philoperistera Societies qq.v.

Plinian Society of Edinburgh 1823 A student society founded by R. Jameson, ended c1848. 1826 R. E. Grant Secretary. 1826 Nov.28 CD elected; he attended eighteen out of a possible nineteen meetings up until 1827 Apr.3. 1827 Mar. 27 CD made a communication to it, not 'at beginning of the year 1826' as stated in Autobiography 39. Title was 1 That the ova of Flustra possess organs of locomotion. 2 That the small black globular body hitherto mistaken for the young of Fucus loreus is in reality the ovum of Pontobdella muricata. CD was wrong in both these assertions; the 'ova of Flustra' were pilidium larvae, and the 'ovum of Pontobdella' was an egg case full of eggs. Barrett 1977 ii:285 gives a full transcript of CD's original notes, now at Cambridge. 1873 Title of communication first printed in W. Elliot, Trans.bot.Soc.Edinb., 11:1–42, p.17 footnote (F1764); also in Nature, Lond., 9:38. see also 1888 Edinburgh weekly Dispatch, May 22; J. H. Ashworth, Proc.Roy.Soc.Edinb., 55:97–113; 1949, P. H. Jesperson, Lychnos, 159–167.

Polly A white rough-haired female fox terrier, which belonged to Henrietta Emma D and attached herself to CD when H.E.D. married in 1871. 1870 ED to H.E.D. description of behaviour after her litter of puppies had been removed and illustration of Haeckelian joke phylogeny—EDii 198. 1882 P was put down shortly after CD's death and buried under the Kentish beauty apple tree in the orchard. 1927 A stuffed replica was placed in the reconstructed old study by Buckston

almost the earliest piece of special work based on Origin—LLiii 16. 1868 Mar.31 CD to P, that he is glad to hear that P is pro-Origin—LLiii 88. 1879 Feb. P compiled a list of darwinian papers in Gratulationsheft number of Kosmos for CD's 70th birthday.

Primula 1862 On the two forms, or dimorphic condition, in the species of Primula, and on their remarkable sexual relations, J.Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Bot.), 6:77–96 (Bii 45, F1717); French translation of this paper with CD's on Catasetum and on Linum, Ann.Sci.nat.Bot., 19:204–295 (F1723). 1868 On the specific differences between Primula veris, Brit.Fl. (var. officinalis of Linn.), P.vulgaris Brit.Fl. (var. acaulis, Linn.) and P. elatier Jacq.; and on the hybrid nature of the common oxslip. With supplementary remarks on naturally produced hybrids in the genus Verbascum, J.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Bot.), 10:437–454 (F1744). 1874 Flowers of the primrose destroyed by birds, Nature, Lond., 9:482, 10:24–25 (Bii 183, 184, F1770, 1771).

Public natural history collections 1858 Public natural history collections. Copy of a memorial addressed to the Right Honourable the Chancellor of the Exchequer [Benjamin Disraeli], no place, no publisher; signed by CD & eight others (F371).

Pucklands, Great & Little Two fields to W of Down House, bought by Buckston Browne 1931, 19½ acres together. Royal College of Surgeons research station built on Little P; B gave £100,000, of which £83,000 was invested after purchase and building. Great Pucklands was known as 'Stoney field' by the Ds.

Pugh, Miss Governess at Down House for about a year 1856–1857. P later went mad and was in an asylum, paid for by Sir John Hawkshaw whose children she had taught. CD paid £30 a year for her to have a holiday. 1866 ED visited P—EDii 185. P was alive in 1885.

Queries about expression These queries were distributed by CD, probably originally in mss to people in contact with primitive races, to discover what expressions were used in different circumstances. They were printed as follows: 1. 1867 [No copy known], title probably Queries about expression for anthropological enquiry, Cambridge or Boston, Mass., printed for Asa Gray before Mar.26, fifty copies (F871); this was the first edition anywhere, see No.4. 2. 1867 Signs of emotion among the Chinese, Notes & Records for China & Japan, 1:105, Aug.31, anonymous, submitted by Robert Swinhoe from mss received from CD (F872). 3. 1867 Queries about expression, single sheet, [?London], printed for CD late in the year (F873). 4. 1868 Queries about expression for anthropological enquiry, Rep.Smithson.Instn, for 1867; [324], text perhaps that of No.1 and perhaps printed from a copy (F874). No.3 is printed in all editions of Expression, 1873–, in which the answers are analysed. See also 1972 Bull.Brit.Mus. (nat.Hist.), hist.Ser., 4:205–219: 1975 J.Soc.Biblphy nat.Hist., 7:259–263.

Query to Army Surgeons 1862 CD circulated a questionnaire to army surgeons about health of troops in the tropics. No copy known (F799), but text is printed in Descent, i:244–245.

R

Rade, Emil of Münster. 1877 R sent CD a photographic album of 154 German scientists for his 68th birthday. R originated the idea. The album is finely bound and t.p. decorated by A. Fitger who also contributed a dedicatory poem. Feb.16 CD thanks R and writes to Haeckel on the subject—LLiii 225–226.

portraits for British Association meeting there in 1851. CD to R, happy to promote R's project and subscribes £1 towards portrait of 'the Bishop'. There are 2 bishops in the set, both of Norwich, Edward Stanley, died Sep.1849, and Samuel Hinds, appointed Oct.1849—Carroll 81. 1850 R gave CD a set which includes CD by T. H. Maguire.

Ray Society Instituted 1844, for the publication of biological monographs. 1851, 1854 published CD's Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia, two vols. 1856 CD to Hooker, 'I profited so enormously by its publishing my Cirripedia, that I cannot quite agree with you on confining it to translations'—MLi 94.

Rayleigh, Baronsee Strutt.

Reader, Thomas Mellard 1832–1909. Geologist. 1881 R wrote to CD about the success of Worms—LLiii 217. 1881 CD to Hooker, about R's views on permanence of continents—LLiii 247.

Reviews The best list of reviews of CD's works is that of J. P. Anderson, 1887 q.v. A. Ellegård 1958, surveys reviews in the press, in relation to popular rather than scientific opinion, in great detail with full reference. No collection of reviews has yet been published.

Rhadamanthus Minor 1863 Nickname for Henrietta Emma D, given by Huxley. 'Mr. Huxley used to laugh at for the severity of her criticisms'—MLi 238. R son of Zeus and Europa, one of the judges of the underworld.

Rhodes, Francis, later Darwin 1825–1920. m 1849 Charlotte Maria Cooper D. R inherited Elston under will of his brother-in-law, Robert Alvey D, and changed his name in 1850. 1882 R was present at CD's funeral as head of the senior branch of D family.

Sussex. Honorary Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge. 1878 Dec. R made a will leaving nearly all his property to CD, on death of himself, then 74, and his sister; at that time it included some property in Cornhill, London, with income above £1000. 1879 May 6 and 1881 Sep.8 CD visited R at Worthing. 1882 CD to R about success of Worms. 1882 After CD's death R left his estate to the children, except house and contents which went to Huxley who immediately sold it. Final value of estate c£3000. R was no relation and the gift was in recognition of CD's contribution to science.

Richmond, George 1809–1896. Artist. RA. Especially portrait painter in water colour. 1839 Mar. water colour by R, unsigned, of CD, painted in London, note on back says 1840 Mar. Pencil sketch for this found in Botany School Cambridge 1929. 1839 Water colour of ED—EDii 31,33 refer.

Richmond, Sir William Blake 1842–1921 Artist. KCB 1897 RA 1895. s of George R. 1879 Jun. CD sat for him in LL.D. robes, exhibited RA 1881. £400 subscribed by members of Cambridge Philosophical Society, in whose rooms it now is. 1881 CD & ED went to see it in the Society's Library, 'the red picture, and I thought it quite horrid, so fierce and so dirty'—EDii 248. Francis D 'according to my own view, neither the attitude nor the expression are characteristic of my father'—LLiii 222. DNB.

Ridge, The House at Hartfield, nr Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, on border of Ashdown Forest. Home of Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II] 1849–1868. Quarter of a mile from Hartfield Grove, home of Charles Langton.

Ridgemount House at Bassett, N. Stoneham, Southampton, Hampshire. Home of William Erasmus D 1862–1892.

Ridley, C. 1878 CD to R, about Dr E. B. Pusey and evolution, a stern letter 'Dr. Pusey's attack will be as powerless to retard by

Rivers, Thomas 1798–1877. Nurseryman, of Sawbridgeworth, Herts. ?1866 CD to R, on bud variation—MLi 275. ?1866 CD to R, on plant variation in general—LLiii 57. 1874 CD to Newton, R had reported great increase in number of birds in his garden—N&R 47. R is repeatedly referred to in Variation. DNB.

Robertson, George Croom 1842–1892. Philosopher. Prof. Mental Philosophy University College London 1866– . 1877 Apr. CD sent R his mss Biographical sketch of an infant, as editor of Mind, with explanatory letter—LLiii 234. 1882 Jan. CD to Romanes, indicating that R was involved in helping Grant Allen in his financial difficulties—Carroll 612.

Robinson 1868 Curate at Downe, unsatisfactory and walking with village girls at night. 1870 R was Curate at Bearstead, Kent—Darwin-Innes 223, 226.

Robinson, Harold & Samuel Picture framers and restorers of St John's Wood, London; worked for Sir George Buxton Browne. 1929 Rs moved into Down House as assistants.

Rock seen on an iceberg 1839 Note on a rock seen on an iceberg in 61° South latitude, J.geogr.Soc., 9:528–529 (Bi 137, F1652).

Rodwell, John Meadows 1808–1900. Orientalist. Rector of St Ethelburga's Bishopsgate, London 1843. R was nephew of William Kirby, entomologist. Cambridge contemporary of CD. 1860 R to CD, about Origin. Francis D footnote 'My father remembers him saying "It strikes me that all our knowledge about the structure of our earth is very much like what an old hen would know about a hundred acre field, in a corner of which she is scratching"'—LLii 348. DNB.

Romanes, George John 1848–1894. Biologist. FRS 1879. m 1879 Ethel Duncan 5s 1d. R worked at University College London and later at Oxford. R was the most important of CD's younger biological friends, frequent correspondent and more than once at Down House. Francis D records a conversation with R telling of a discussion with CD about recognition of natural beauty and its relation to natural selection—LLiii 54. 1873 Dec.7 CD would like to meet R and asks to lunch—Carroll 453, 454 (dated ?1874). 1874 CD first met R in London this

year—Life of Romanes 13. 1874 CD to R, 'How glad I am that you are so young'—Life of Romanes 14. 1874 CD introduces R to Hooker—Carroll 456, 457. 1874 R to CD, on disuse of organs—MLi 352. 1877 CD to R, pleased to propose R for Royal Society—Carroll 503. 1877 CD to R, astonished that R has not been elected—Carroll 509. 1878 CD to R, 'Frank says you ought to keep an idiot, a deaf mute, a monkey, and a baby in your house'—MLii 49. 1880 Dec.17 'I have now got a monkey. Sclater let me choose one from the Zoo'—Life of Romanes 105. 1881 Apr. CD to R, about letter from Frances Cobbe on vivisection in The Times—LLiii 206. 1882 R was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. 1882 Animal intelligence, London (F1416), contains many extracts from CD's notes; 1883 Mental evolution in animals, London (F1434), contains CD's essay on instinct, 355–384; 1892–1897 Darwin and after Darwin, 3 vols, London; 1893 An examination of Weismannism, London. Biography: Ethel Romanes (wife) 1896. DNB. Most R letters are at American Philosophical Society and printed in Carroll.

Roots 1882 The action of carbonate of ammonia on the roots of certain plants, J.Linn.Soc.Lond.(Bot.),19:239–261 (Bii 236, F1800).

Rorison, Gilbert 1821–1861. Episcopalian clergyman of Peterhead, Aberdeenshire. Anonymous author of The three barriers: notes on Mr. Darwin's 'Origin of species', Aberdeen 1861, preface signed G.R., anti-evolution. The barriers are the breast, the backbone and the brain. 1862 CD to Huxley, '(a theological hash of the old abuse of me), Owen gives the author a new resume of his brain doctrine'—MLii 341.

Rothrock, Joseph Trimble 1839–1922. American botanist. R answered CD's queries for Expression on American Indians. 1862 CD to Gray, refers to R's work on Houstonia—Darwin-Gray 43.

Roux, Wilhelm 1850–1934. German embryologist. 1881 R sent CD a copy of his Der Kampf der Thiele, 1881. CD to Romanes, thought the book important, especially on the struggle of cell against cell within the body—LLiii 244.

Rowlands, Moelwyn Jonessee Darwin's notebooks.

Rowlett, George ?–1834. Purser on 2nd voyage of Beagle; he was, in his late 30s, the oldest man aboard. 1834 Jun. R died at sea.

Royal Botanic Garden Kew, Surrey. Developed as a personal estate around Kew Palace by George III, was taken over as the National botanic garden, research centre and herbarium in 1840. First Director Sir William Jackson Hooker; 2nd Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, his son; 3rd Sir William Turner Thiselton-Dyer, J. D. H.'s son-in-law. CD visited and received much plant material from, for his botanical work.

Royal College of Physicians of England CD awarded Baly Medal 1879.

Royal College of Surgeons of England 1953 took over Down House and have administered it since. Their research station, on Little Pucklands field, marches with the Down House estate to the south. 1974 published, under Phillimore imprint, Atkins, Down, The home of the Darwins.

Royal Geographical Society CD Fellow 1838.

Royal Institution Albemarle St, London. 1880 Apr.9 Huxley gave address to on 'The coming of age of The origin of

species', published in Nature, Lond., 22:1–4, and in Science & culture, 310. 'In the above-mentioned lecture Mr Huxley made a strong point of the accumulation of palaeontological evidence which the years 1859 to 1880 have given us in favour of evolution'—LLiii 240.

Royal Irish Academy Dublin. CD Honorary Member 1866.

Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh CD Member 1826–1827 whilst a medical student. Honorary Member 1866.

Royal Society The D family is the only one in the history of the Society to have had a continuous succession from father to son of Fellows, with no year without at least one fellow, from Erasmus D [I], elected 1761, to Sir Charles Galton D, died 1962. The succession continues, through the female line, to Richard Darwin Keynes, elected 1959. There were three living Fellows briefly in the spring of 1882 and again 1903–1912. CD was elected Fellow 1839 Jan.24; member of Council 1849–1850, 1855–1856; Royal Medal 1853; Copley Medal 1864. 1877 CD to Romanes, who had failed to be elected in that year; Hooker (then President) had implied that age and position in scientific society weighed heavily, as did having been proposed many times; youth is a disqualification—Carroll 509. 1890 Darwin Medal instituted, with residual funds from Darwin Memorial appeal; the effigy of CD is reduced from medallion by Allen Wyon. see also Philosophical Club, X Club.

Royal Society of Edinburgh CD Fellow 1865.

Royal Society of New South Wales Sydney. CD Honorary Member 1879.

Royer, Mlle Clémence-August 1830–1902. 1862 R translated Origin into French, adding her own footnotes. 1862 CD to Gray, R 'must be one of the cleverest and oddest women in Europe' LLii 387. 1862 CD to Quatrefages, 'I wish the translator had known more natural history'—MLi 202. 1867 CD to Lyell, about the translation, 'Nevertheless with all its bad judgement & taste it shows, I think, that the woman is uncommonly clever'—LLiii 73, Carroll 332.

Royle, John Forbes 1799–1858. Surgeon & naturalist. FRS 1837. Originally in Medical Service in India. Prof. Materia Medica & Therapeutics King's College London 1836–1858. Secretary of Geological Society before CD. ?1840 CD to R, thanking for a book, perhaps Illustrations of the botany . . . of the Himalayan mountains, [1833–]1839[–1840]; 'Long may our rule

Ruskin, John 1819–1900. Poet & social reformer. 1879 CD met and made friends with in the Lake District; visited his home, Brantwood, Coniston, but could not understand the Turner's in R's bedroom. CD considered R's mind clouded—EDii 238. 1879 CD to Romanes, 'We saw Ruskin several times, and he was uncommonly pleasant'—Life of Romanes 98. DNB.

S

Sabine, Sir Edward 1788–1883. Astronomer & physicist. KCB 1869 FRS 1818 PRS 1861–1871. General R.A., saw little action, but went on several expeditions as scientist. S was anti-darwinian. 1849 CD to Hooker, CD had travelled with S to British Association meeting at Birmingham, comments about Mrs S 'A very nice woman she is, and so is her sharp and sagacious mother'—LLi 378. 1864 S to CD, asking him to attend Royal Society to receive Copley Medal; CD did not go—MLi 257. 1864 S's Presidential address to Royal Society about CD's Copley Medal, 'Speaking generally and collectively, we have expressly omitted it [Origin] from the grounds of our award': a remark which caused much offence—MLiii 28. DNB.

Sales, Sydney Landowner at Downe, W & N of Down House. 1843 CD bought an acre and a bit from him. 1872 'Mr.Sales would be sure to build some more ugly houses on it if he got the land'. 1881 CD bought a strip of field on W side of Down House, beyond orchard, for a hard tennis court.

Sandwalk Path in grounds of Down House, used regularly by CD for constitutional walk. 1846 S was laid down around woodland planted from pasture rented from Sir John William Lubbock. 1874 It was bought from Sir John L. Sandpit at S end was used for dressing the path; there was a summer-house at far SE end—EDii 76.

Saporta, Louis Charles Joseph Gaston, Marquis de 1823–1995. French palaeobotanist. 1863 CD to Lyell, S was pro-Origin—LLiii 17. 1868 CD to S, about the growth of belief in evolution in France—LLiii 103. 1878 CD to S, about his election to Académie des Sciences—MLi 376. S was a fairly frequent correspondent on botanical matters.

Sara 1881 Nurse to Bernard Richard Meirion D—EDii 246, 247.

Sarcey, Francisque 1827–1899. French dramatic critic. 1880 S lunched at Down House in summer with Édmond Barbier.

Schomburk, Sir Robert Hermann 1804–1865. Kt 1844. Naturalist in West Indies. c1850 S visited Down House for weekend—Carroll 69. c1862 S told CD about the three forms of Catasetum tridentatum which had been described as belonging to three different genera—J.Linn.Soc. (Bot.), 6:151–157. DNB.

Schweizerbart'sche Verlag Publisher of Stuttgart, Germany. 1860–1882 S published 1st German editions of eleven of CD's books, as well as 2nd edition of Journal of researches 1875 and Life and letters 1887–1888.

Science Defence Association 1881 was formed as a result of prosecution of David Ferrier. CD's name was put forward as President, but he declined—MLii 439.

Scientifics 1880 fifty members visited Down House and were entertained with claret-cup, wine and biscuits. Francis D talked to them, but CD did not appear. Perhaps a working mens' club—Atkins 85.

Scotland Apart from his time at Edinburgh University, 1825 Oct.22–1827 Apr.c24, CD made 2 tours in Scotland. 1827 Apr.–May, on leaving University, Dundee, St Andrews, Stirling, Glasgow and from there to Belfast. 1838 Jun. by boat from London to Leith, Edinburgh. Loch Leven, Glen Roy, Glasgow on a geological trip. 1855 CD & ED went to British Association meeting at Glasgow.

Scott, John 1838–1880. Botanist. On staff at Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 1859–1864. Curator Botanic Garden Calcutta 1864–. 'The only naturalist who can be described as a

pupil of Darwin's' [sic]—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin 53. 1861 CD to Hooker, 'I have been corresponding largely with him; he is no common man'—LLiii 300. 1867 Brief biography by Sir George King, 'shy and modest almost to being apologetic', 'almost morbidly modest'—MLi 217. 1863 CD to S, 'I cannot help doubting . . . whether you fully comprehend what is meant by natural selection'—MLi 239. 1864 CD to Hooker, 'I have paid the poor fellow's passage out to India'; CD had thought of employing him at Down House, and suggested that Hooker take him on at Kew. He left Edinburgh 'at what . . . he considered discouragement and slight'. CD met S once, between Mar. and May 1864. 1867 CD to Hooker, he had had a nice letter from S on acclimatization—MLii 3. 1871 S offers to repay his fare; CD replies strongly that he 'a rich man' had given it as a present, not as a loan—MLii 331. 1873 S helped with Expression, p.21 'The habit of accurate observation, gained by his botanical studies, has been brought to bear on our present subject'.

Sedgwick, Rev. Adam 1785–1873. Geologist. FRS 1830. Fellow of Trinity College & Woodwardian Prof. Geology Cambridge 1818–1873. 1831 Aug. CD made geological tour in N. Wales with S. 1859 CD sent S 1st edition of Origin. 1859 S to CD, 'I have read your book with more pain than pleasure . . . You have deserted—after a start in that tram-road of all solid physical truth—the true method of induction, and started us in machinery as wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkin's locomotive that was to sail with us to the moon'—LLii 248. 1859 CD to Huxley, S 'has laughed till his sides ached at by book'—MLi 130. 1860 S spoke to Cambridge Philosophical Society, reported in Cambridge Chronicle, May 19, 'Darwin's theory may help to simplify our classifications . . . but he has not undermined any grand truth in the constancy of natural laws, and the continuity of true species'—MLi 149. 1870 CD & family called on S at Cambridge in May. Fine friendly letter from S, 'I was overflowing with joy when I saw you'—MLii 236. Biography: Clark & Hughes 1890. DNB.

Seward, Anna 1747–1809. Poet & author. The Swan of Lichfield; lived there 1754–1809. S was author of Memoirs of the life of Dr. Darwin, London 1804. 1879 CD to Reginald D, he had written his introduction to Krause's biography of Erasmus D [I] 'to contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward'—LLiii 219. Generally considered that S wanted to marry Erasmus D after death of his 1st wife and was chagrined when he married Elizabeth Chandos Pole. DNB.

Sharples, Rolinda?–1838. 1816 Pastel of CD with sister Emily Catherine is always said to be by 'Sharples'. Rolinda d of James S (?1750–1811) is the only S who fits for date. The earliest portrait of CD.

Shrewsbury School 1818 Summer term—1825 Jun.17 CD there; he boarded even though the school was hardly more than a mile from The Mount, his home. Samuel Butler [I] was Headmaster 1798–1836. The old school, which CD attended, is now the borough library, with the large seated statue of CD,

Simon's Bay Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. 1836 May 31 Beagle anchored at. see also Cape Town.

Simonde de Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonard 1773–1842. Swiss historian. m 1816 Jessie Allen d.s.p. Home Chene, nr Vevey. Switzerland. 1837 Emma Allen to Elizabeth Wedgwood, 'I feel it is hard on him to see so much of people he could never get a taste for, no more than they could for him'; 'Not even infant schools and savings banks escape his condemnation, while beggary meets with his strenuous support'—EDi 280. 1840 Jun. S & Mrs S stayed at 12 Upper Gower St, CD & ED away most of the time—EDii 54. 1887 ED 'I should not have patience with his foibles, he would always go against my taste as wanting manliness'—EDi 279.

Simonde de Sismondi, Jessiesee Allen.

Simpson, James Crawford 1876–1944.1909 S, with A. E. Shipley, prepared the Christ's College exhibition of Darwiniana and initialed the catalogue. 1907–1909 S was at Emmanuel College as an advanced student; a Canadian from McGill University, Montreal, Professor of Embryology.

Sismondi, Jean Charles Léonardsee Simonde de Sismondi. S de S is always referred to as S in family letters.

Skertchly, Sydney Barber Josiah 1850–1926. Naturalist. 1878 CD may have sent S some of his works 'with my autograph'—MLii 240.

nary views. Neither was published in his lifetime. Sketch of 1842 was not known to Francis D when he edited Life and letters, 1887; it was found in a staircase cupboard after his mother's death, 1896. 1. 1909 Francis D, editor, The foundations of The origin of species, a sketch written in 1842, Cambridge University Press, not published, issued to delegates to the anniversary celebrations at Cambridge (F1555); facsimile 1969 (1559); 2. 1909 Francis D, editor, The foundations of The origin of species, two essays written in 1842 and 1844, Cambridge, University Press, pp.1–53 from same setting of type as No.1 (F1556); 1958 G. R. de Beer, editor, Evolution by natural selection, Cambridge, University Press, contains both drafts (F1557), issued for the XVth International Congress of Zoology (Darwin Centenary); facsimile 1871 (F1560). First foreign editions: German (F1561) 1911; French 1925 (not in F); Italian (F1562) 1960; Russian (F1564) 1932.

Slavery CD, like his grandfather Erasmus D [I] and all educated whigs, was against slavery; CD especially so from his experience of it in S. America. 1791 Josiah Wedgwood's cameo of a kneeling slave in chains, with inscription 'Am I not a man and a brother' is illustrated in Erasmus D [I], The botanic garden, Pt.1, facing p 87, with note 'a Slave in chains, of which he distributed many hundreds, to excite the humane to attend to and to assist in the abolition of the detestable traffic in human creatures'. 1826 Anti-slavery agitation by Josiah Wedgwood [II] and his family detailed—EDi 181. 1833 CD to his sister Caroline Sarah, 'What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it'—LLi 246. 1833 CD to Herbert, 'Hurrah for the honest Whigs! I trust they will soon attack that monstrous stain on our boasted liberty, Colonial Slavery'—LLi 248. 1833 CD at Rio de Janeiro, 'On such fazêndas as these, I have no doubt the slaves pass happy and contented lives'—J. Researches 1845 24. 'This man had been trained to a degradation lower than the slavery of the most helpless animal'—ibid. 'I thank God, I shall never again visit a slave country', followed by two pages of description of its horrors—ibid. 499. 1845 CD to Lyell, 'this odious deadly

subject'—LLi 342. Many of CD's letters to Gray refer to slavery in relation to the American civil war, e.g. 1861 'If abolition does follow with your victory the whole world will look brighter in my eyes and in many eyes'—LLii 169, Darwin-Gray letters 37.

Sleeper, George Washington 1826–1903. Teashop proprietor of Boston, Mass. Putative author of Shall we have common sense: some recent lectures, Boston 1849. This purports to precede CD's views on the origin of man. The work is a forgery, probably by his son John F. Sleeper, and probably printed between 1903 and 1912. see Poulton, Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond., 1912–1913:26–45, 1913 and ibid., 1913–1914:23–44, 1914, with full facsimile of text. These 2 presidential addresses appeared together, as an offprint, 1914.

Smith, Albert George Dew, né Dew 1848–1903. Physiologist of Trinity College Cambridge. Skilled photographer and collector of jewels. Friend of Horace D and Director of Cambridge Instrument Company. ?1874 CD to S, about physiology of Dionaea; CD had given all his best specimens to J. S. B. Sanderson—Carroll 434. 1882 S was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Smith Elder & Co. Publishers of London. 1838–1843 S published Zoology of the Beagle, edited by CD. 1842–1844–1846 S published the three parts of CD's Geology of the voyage of the Beagle, and later editions.

Smith, Goldwin 1823–1910. Historian & journalist. 1868 S had lunched at Down House with the Nortons. S was of the opinion that an article in Pall Mall Gazette, Aug.22, on science and religion was a mistake—MLi 309. WWH.

South America, Part 3 of Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle 1846 Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitz-Roy, R.N., during the years 1832–1836, London (F273); contains descriptions of tertiary fossil shells by G. B. Sowerby, and descriptions of secondary fossil shells by Edward Forbes. 1851 combined edition with the two other parts from unsold sheets (F274). 1876 2nd edition, combined with Volcanic islands (F276). 1891 3rd edition (F282), only a reprint of 2nd edition; facsimile 1972 from USA edition of 1896 (F307). First foreign editions: German (F312) 1878; USA

South American Missionary Society 1885 Apr.24 Admiral Sulivan, to Daily News, CD subscribed to their orphanage at the Mission Station, Tierra del Fuego, 1867–1881 and saw the Missionary Journal for 1867, although he had at first regarded the task as hopeless. The mission stems from the station on Keppel Island, W Falkland Is.—LLiii 127. see also Thomas Bridges.

Southey, Robert 1774–1843. Poet. 1839 CD met S with Thomas Butler on a stage coach from Birmingham to Shrewsbury, after British Association meeting—Jones, Life of Samuel Butler, i, 13. DNB.

Sowerby, George Brettingham [I] 1778–1854. Biological artist & author. s of James S, the first of the S dynasty. 1836 CD to Henslow, 'Also about fossil shells. Is Sowerby a good man? I understand his assistance can be purchased'—Darwin-Henslow 120. 1844 S wrote appendix to CD's Volcanic islands. 1846 S wrote appendix to CD's South America.

Sowerby, George Brettingham [II] 1812–1844. s of George Brettingham S [I]. 1851–1854 S drew illustrations for all CD's work on cirripedes. 1861 Oct.5–6 S was at Down House drawing orchids for Fertilisation of orchids 1862.

Spencer, Herbert 1820–1903. Engineer & philosopher. 1c of William George S & Harriet Homes, eight other children all died in infancy. unm. 1860 CD to Lyell, CD had read S's essay on population, Westminster Rev., 57:468–501, 'such dreadful hypothetical rubbish'—Carroll 201. 1865 CD to Lyell, 'somehow I never feel any wiser after reading him, but often feel mistified [sic.]'—Carroll 307. 1866 CD to Hooker, 'If he had trained himself to observe more, even at the expense . . . of

some loss of thinking power he would have been a wonderful man'—LLiii 56. 1870 CD to Lankester, 'I suspect that hereafter he will be looked at as by far the greatest living philosopher in England'—LLiii 120. 1873 CD to S, on receiving S's The study of sociology, 1873, 'Those were splendid hits about the Prince of Wales and Gladstone. I never before read a good defence of Toryism'—MLi 351. 1874 CD to Romanes, 'I have so poor a metaphysical head that Mr. Spencer's terms of equilibration &c. always bother me and make everything less clear'—Carroll 446. 1874 CD to Fiske, 'with the exception of special points I did not even understand H. Spencer's general doctrine; for his style is too hard for me'—LLiii 193. 1882 S was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. Works: 1862 First principles, London; 1864 The principles of biology, London; the whole body of his work in The synthetic philosophy, 9 vols, London 1862–1893. Autobiography: 1889 (privately printed), 1894 (published). Biography: Duncan 1908; Medawar 1964, Encounter, 21:35–43. DNB.

Spencer, John Poyntz 1835–1910. Whig statesman. 5th Earl Spencer of Althorp. 1882 S, as Lord President of the Council, represented the Queen in Council at CD's funeral. DNB.

Sprengel, Christian Konrad 1750–1816. Botanist. Rector of Spandau, but dismissed for neglecting his duties; see J. C. Willis, Nat.Sci., 2, 1893. S's book, Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen, Berlin 1793, although neglected at the time, was seen by CD as being most important. 1841 CD read the book on Robert Brown's recommendation; 'full of truth' although 'with some little nonsense'; 'It may be doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more fruitful seed than in putting such a book into such hands'—LLiii 258. 1873 CD to H. Müller, 'it is a great satisfaction to me to believe that I have aided in making his excellent book more generally known'—LLiii 281. 'Wonder-

Springfield House in Cambridge, home of Sir Richard Jebb. 1883 Feb. ED writes from there—EDii 261.

Squirrels The story of young red squirrels mistaking CD for a tree on one of his rounds of the sandwalk is given in Francis D's reminiscences of his father, 'their mother barked at them in agony from a tree'—LLi 115. An American illustration for the episode, entirely imaginary, is reproduced in Atkins, pl.4, 41.

Stafford Staffordshire. 1869 Jun.30 CD stopped at on way back from Barmouth holiday.

Stainton, Henry Tibbats 1822–1892. Entomologist, especially of the micro-lepidoptera. FRS 1867. 1855–1881 CD to and from S, a series of letters on entomological subjects—FUL 106–109. DNB.

Stanhope, Philip Henry [I] 1781–1855. 4th Earl. Eccentric, chiefly known for his involvement with the psychotic youth Kaspar Hauser. 1849 'Long ago I dined occasionally with the old Earl. He said one day to me "Why don't you give up your fiddle-faddle of geology and zoology, and turn to the occult sciences"'—LLi 283. DNB.

Stauffer, Robert Clinton Zoologist of University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1975 S edited and transcribed CD's Charles Darwin's Natural Selection, being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858, Cambridge (F1583).

Stebbing, George James Instrument maker, eldest son of an instrument maker of Portsmouth. S was a supernumerary, at Fitz-Roy's expense, on second voyage of Beagle.

Stebbing, Rev. Thomas Roscoe Rede 1835–1925. Anglican clergyman & naturalist. FRS 1896. S was one of the most distinguished of Victorian marine naturalists. Schoolmaster at Wellington College. 1869 Feb.1 S lectured on Darwinism to Torquay Natural History Society. Mar.3 CD wrote to thank S, 'but a clergyman in delivering such an address does . . . much more good by his power to shake ignorant prejudices'—LLiii 111. 1870 S lectured to same society on Darwinism and the noachian flood. 1870 CD to S, thanking him for a copy of Essays on darwinism, London—Carroll 338. 1881 CD to S, thanking him for a letter on S. Butler affair, Nature, Lond., 23:336.

Stephens, James Francis 1792–1852. Entomologist. Author of Illustrations of British entomology, [1827–]1828–1835[–1845], supplement 1846, London, which contains a number of beetle records, and one of a moth, bearing CD's name, mostly from Cambridge and N Wales. 1829 Feb.23, CD took tea with S, 'he appears to be a very good-humoured pleasant little man'—LLi 175. 1832 S sued James Rennie for infringement of copyright; his legal costs of £400 were raised by friends—Darwin-Henslow 79. 1880 CD to Sarah Haliburton (née Owen), 'I remember the pride which I felt when I saw in a book about

Stephens, Thomas Selwood Curate at Downe 1859–1867. Innes to CD mentions him in relation to Tegetmeier's design for beehives—Darwin-Innes 210. 1865 S is mentioned about children beating their parents at billiards—EDii 182.

Stereoscopic Company c1881 This company photographed CD, see H. & M. S. J. Engel, Janus, 49:53–66. A copy of one of the pair is in Arten-Bibliothek, University of Amsterdam.

Stokes, John Lort 1812–1885. Naval Officer. Admiral 1877. S served on all three voyages of Beagle; was mate & Assistant Surveyor on 2nd voyage and commanded at end of 3rd. 1838 CD saw in London. 1882 Apr.27 S letter in The Times, printed immediately after report on CD's funeral, about CD's seasickness. CD would say 'Old fellow I must take the horizontal for it'. 'It was distressing to witness this early sacrifice of Mr. Darwin's health, who ever afterwards seriously felt the ill-effects of the Beagle's voyage'. 1883 Apr.25 S letter in The Times on CD—LLi 224. Author of Discoveries in Australia, 1846. DNB.

Stonehenge Wiltshire. 1877 Jun. CD visited from Southampton.

Stoney field Great Pucklands was so-called by the Ds because of the large number of surface flints, due to recent ploughing. see Pucklands.

Strickland, Hugh Edwin 1811–1853. Naturalist. FRS 1852. Author of Strickland code of zoological nomenclature, 1863, published by British Association. 1849 CD to S, on difficulties in nomenclature in relation to his barnacle work—LLi 372, MLi 68. S was killed by a train. DNB.

Strickland, Sefton West 1839–1910. Barrister. Cambridge friend of William Erasmus D. S was often at Down House. 1882 S was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Struggle for Existence 1859 'We will now discuss in a little more detail the struggle for existence'—Origin, ch.3. The phrase was used by Malthus in relation to social competition.

Strzelecki, Count Paul Edmund 1796–1873. Australian explorer. KCMG 1869. The title was from his Polish ancestry. 1856 CD to Hooker, S was on election committee of Athenæum, and CD proposed to speak to him about election of Huxley—MLi 89 (misspelt Strezlecki). DNB.

the Sunday Walking Club organized by Leslie Stephen. 1882 They dined at Down House, and perhaps other occasions.

Surman, F. W. 1881 Secretary to Erasmus Alvey D. After EAD's death, Aug.26, CD wrote to about some post at British Museum (Natural History)—Carroll 607, 608.

Surtees, Harrietsee Allen.

Surtees, Rev. Matthew ?–1877. m 1799 Harriet Allen d.s.p. Rector of North Cerney, Wilts. 'The family greatly disliked Mr. Surtees, and he appears to have been jealous, ill-tempered, and tyrannical'—EDi 4. 1816 Mrs Josiah Wedgwood to her sister Frances Allen 'the most incomparably disagreeable man I ever saw'—EDi 86. 1824 Mrs Josiah Wedgwood to her sister Mdme Sismondi, 'Harriet is positively very much attached to him incredible as it may seem, . . . he is a dying man'—EDi 158.

Survival of the Fittest 1859 'The expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the survival of the fittest is more accurate and is sometimes equally convenient'—Origin, ch.3.

Sutton ?1871 CD to A. D. Bartlett, S was a keeper at the Zoological Society of London's Gardens, Regent's Park, who made many observations on monkeys for Expression.

Swainson, William 1789–1855. Cabinet naturalist. FRS 1820. S was a proponent of the quinary system of Macleay in classification. 1844 CD to Hooker, 'I feel a laudable doubt and disinclination to believe any statement of Swainson'—MLi 403. DNB.

T

Tahiti Society Islands, British Colony, later French. 1835 Nov. 15/16 Beagle arrived, having crossed the date line as it was then and lost a day; anchored in Matuvai Bay. Nov.18 CD landed at Papeete and had a short inland expedition, returned Nov.20. Missionaries were most hospitable. Nov.25 Queen Pomare IV entertained on board. Nov.26 Beagle sailed for New Zealand. 1836 A letter containing remarks on the moral state of Tahiti, New Zealand &c., S.Afr.Christian Recorder, 2:221–238 (F1640); CD's first publication, except for beetle records in Stephens.

Tait, Robert Lawson 1845–1899. Surgeon & gynaecologist at Hospital for diseases of women, Birmingham 1871–1893. 1875 CD to T, about use of tails for sensory purposes by mice—MLi 358. 1875 Apr.18 T stayed at Down House—Carroll 465. 1876 T reviewed 2nd edition of Variation in Spectator, Mar.4—MLi 363. 1880 Jul.19 CD sent T £25 'for your scientific fund in Birmingham'—N&R 82. 1881 T to CD, T had spoken strongly in favour of Origin in his physiology lectures at Midland Institute, and inviting CD to visit Birmingham—unpublished letter. There are eight letters from CD to T at Shrewsbury School—N&R 79–82.

Tait, William Chaster 1844–1921. Botanist. T was resident at Oporto; he provided CD with specimens of Drosophylum for Insectivorous plants, after Hooker had been unable to get them. CD wrote to thank T—MLii 381.

Teesdale, Mr 1880 T took Down Hall—Darwin-Innes 248. 1880 Romanes to CD mentions him twice in relation to death of Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood—Life of Romanes 99, 100. 1881 Jul.23 Romanes spent day with T at Down Hall and called on CD, the last time they met. 1887 T was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Tegetmeier, William Bernhard 1816–1917. Ornithologist & poultry fancier. T helped CD extensively with information for Variation. 'Correspondence began in 1855, and lasted to 1881'—LLii 57. 1887 T called on ED at Down House.

Tenby S Wales. South Cliff House; home of Harriet Surtees after death of husband 1827; also of Jessie Sismondi after death of husband 1842, and of Emma and Frances Allen after death of John Hensleigh Allen 1843, four sisters.

Tendency of Species to Form varieties 1858 On the tendency of species to form varieties, and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection, by Charles Darwin . . . and Alfred Wallace, J.Proc.Linn. Soc. Lond., 3, No.9:1–62 (Bii 3, F1699). Communicated by Lyell and Hooker, Tuesday Jul.1. The details of the preparation and publication of this fundamental paper are given in LLi 115–138. First foreign editions: German (F365) 1870; Russian (F370) 1939; Italian (F368) 1960. see also Zoologist, 16:6263–6308 (F349).

Teneriffe Canary Islands. 1832 Jan.7 Beagle anchored there, but CD could not land there because of quarantine regulations. see also Canary Islands.

Tennyson, Alfred, Baron 1809–1892. Poet. 1st Baron 1884. 1868 Summer T called on CD several times at Freshwater, I.O.W. T 'did not greatly charm or interest either my father or mother'—EDii 190. c1885 T to Dr Grove, 'I don't want you to go away with a wrong impression. The fact is that long before Darwin's work appeared these ideas were known and talked about'—Poulton, Darwin & the Origin 9. In memoriam, 1849, contains the idea of a struggle for existence. EB DNB.

Theory of Descent 1882 August Weismann, Studies in the theory of descent, 2 vols, London; prefatory notice by CD v–vi (F1414); translated from German by Raphael Meldola, with notes and additions by the author, the original, Studien zur Descendenz-Theorie, Leipzig 1875–1876, does not contain CD's notice. Foreign edition, of CD's notice only: Russian (F1415) 1939.

Thiel, Dr Hugo 1839–1918. 1869 CD to T, thanking for pamphlet Über einige Formen der Landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften. T was at Agricultural Station, Poppelsdorf. 'You apply to moral and social questions analogous views to those which I have used in regard to modification of species'—LLiii 112.

Thierry, Charles Philip Hippolytus, Baron de 1793–1864. French refugee & colonist. 1845 CD to Henslow on T's death, 'King of Nukahiva and Sovereign Chief of New Zealand. I wonder what has become of his wretched wife'—Darwin-Henslow 154. The date of the letter is correct but DNB states that T died in 1864.

This is the Question 1838 CD's notes on whether or not to marry. Mss at Cambridge University Library is so headed. Written at 36 Great Marlborough St. Text printed in Barlow, Autobiography, 231–234. Sydney Smith [II] has suggested that they were scribbled down in ED's presence, whilst flirting; if so, before Nov.12, when they became engaged.

Thompson 1858 'Thompson of Calcutta'—LLii 113 see Thomas Thomson.

Thompson, Mr 1880 A resident at Downe, 'affected by the creeping palsy'—Darwin-Innes 248.

Thompson, Mr 1881 CD to Thiselton-Dyer, on plants with different coloured anthers. CD had written to T for seed of

Thompson William 1805–1852. Naturalist & linen draper of Belfast. 1849 CD to H. Strickland, T 'who is fierce for the law of priority'—LLi 370. 1851 CD in introduction to Living Cirripedia, 'The distinguished Natural Historian of Ireland'. DNB.

Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville 1830–1882. Biologist. Kt 1876 FRS 1869. T held several chairs in Ireland and Prof. Natural History Edinburgh 1870↑. 1872 Director of scientific staff on the Challenger and edited results. 1880 T wrote anti–evolution introduction to them, 'The character of the abyssal fauna refuses to give the least support to the theory which refers the evolution of species to extreme variation guided only by Natural Selection'—MLi 388. 1880 Letter by CD, Sir Wyville Thomson and natural selection, Nature, Lond., 23:32 (Bii 223, F1789), in which CD severely castigates T, 'standard of criticism not uncommonly reached by theologians and metaphysicians', see also MLi 388. CD omitted, on advice from Huxley, 'for, as Prof. Sedgwick remarked many years ago, in reference to the poor old Dean of York, who was never weary of enveighing against geologists, a man who talks about what he does not in the least understand is invulnerable'. DNB.

inheritance of acquired characters; CD wrote on 'foreign paper' for forwarding—MLi 233.

Thomson, Sir William, Baron Kelvin 1824–1907. Physicist. Kt 1866 1st Baron Kelvin of Largs 1892 FRS 1851 PRS 1890 OM 1902. Prof. Natural Philosophy Glasgow 1846–1899. K was amongst the most distinguished astronomical physicists of his day, but was quite wrong about the age of the earth. 1869 CD to Hooker, 'I feel a conviction that the world will be found rather older than Thomson makes it'—MLi 314. EB DNB.

Thorley, Miss Governess at Down House 'for many years', certainly from 1850–1856, when she was replaced by Miss Pugh. 1851 T was present at Malvern when Anne Elizabeth D died. 1855 T helped CD with studies of wild plants—Allan 154. 1882 T was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral.

Times, The London Newspaper, founded 1785 Jan.1 as Daily Universal Register. 1859 CD to Lyell, 'the greatest newspaper in the world'—Carroll 182. 1863 CD to Gray, 'The Times is getting more detestable (but that is too weak a word) than ever [on slavery]. My good wife wishes to give it up, but I tell her that is a pitch of heroism to which only a woman is equal. To give up the 'Bloody Old Times', as Cobbett used to call it, would be to give up meat, drink and air'—LLiii 11.

Times Mail coach from London to Cambridge. 1829 CD to W. D. Fox, CD had travelled by—LLi 174.

Timirazev, Kliment Arkadeevich Botanist. Prof. Botany Moscow. 1877 T visited Down House and had a two hour talk

with CD. 1878 CD to Dyer, suggesting that D should get in touch with T about equipping physiological laboratories 'who seemed so good a fellow'—MLii 417. T wrote several books on darwinism and published memories of his visit, 1920 U. Darvina v Daune, Nauka demokratiia, 105, see J. A. Rogers, Isis, 64:498–501, 1973.

Tineina 1860 Do the Tineina or other small moths suck flowers, and if so what flowers?, Ent.weekly Intelligencer, 8:103 (Bii 35, F1708).

Tollet, Caroline ?–1840. d of George T. m 1839 Thomas Stevens.

Tollet, Charles s of George T. T changed his name to Wicksted on inheriting Shakenhurst, Worcestershire. Sporting and family friend of CD.

Tollet, Ellen ?1890 Jan. d of George T. 1883 ED visited. She was a life-long friend, 'this death cuts off my last link with past life'—EDii 287.

Tollet, George, né Embury 1767–1855. Agricultural reformer of Betley Hall, Staffs, close friend of Josiah Wedgwood [II]. T assumed the surname on inheriting Betley from his cousin Charles T. T's wife was a very strict calvinist, 3 or more ds 1s. The children were personal friends of ED & CD from childhood. 1816 John Wedgwood lost his fortune in a crisis at Davison's Bank, of which he was a partner. T let him have a house on his estate at a low rate 'for the pleasure of their society'—EDi 102. 1839 T answered Questions about the breeding of animals—J.Soc.Biblphy.nat.Hist., 5:220–225, 1969.

Tollet, Georgine d of George T. 1859 CD asked John Murray to send mss of chs 1–3 of Origin for her to read; she finally read whole mss. T was then of 14 Queen Anne St, London. 'The lady, being an excellent judge of style, is going to look out for errors for me'—LLii 156. 'One lady who has read all my MS, has found only two or three obscure sentences'—LLii 157. 1881 T wrote Country conversations, London privately printed.

Tommy A quiet cob which CD rode for his health on Bence Jones's recommendation. 1868 CD took T to Isle of Wight by train—Nature, Lond., 7:360, 1873. 1869 Apr. T stumbled and rolled on CD on Keston Common, bruising him badly. He had been riding when Anton Dohra visited Down House on 26 September.—EDii 195, Carroll 369.

Tony A male dog owned by Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II]. 1880, when she died, he was taken over by CD.

Trowmers House at Downe, N of Down House, earlier known as Trowmer or Trowmer Lodge, and later as Tower House, named after original family who owned it. 1868 taken by Sarah Elizabeth Wedgwood [II] and where she died in 1880.

Trotty, or Trotty Veck Childhood nickname of Henrietta Emma D.

Truelove, Edward 1809–1899. Publisher & socialist. 1878 T was convicted in High Court for publishing R. D. Owen's Moral physiology, London ? edition of 1871, on contraception. 1878 CD to a son of T, unable to sign a memorial against the conviction because he had not heard of T before the trial—Carroll 539.

Tyndall, John 1820–1893. Physicist. FRS 1852. Superintendent of Royal Institution 1867–1887. T was a distinguished scientific popularizer. 1864 CD to Hooker, 'I am sorry to hear that Tyndall has grown dogmatic. H. Wedgwood was saying the other day that T's writing and speaking gave him the idea of intense conceit. I hope it is not so for he is a grand man of science'—MLii 155. 1868 Oct.24 T stayed the night at Down House with Gray and the Hookers. 1874 Lyell to CD, congratulating him of T's Presidential Address to British Association at Belfast, 'you and your theory of evolution may be fairly said to have had an ovation'—LLii 455. The Address with

Upper Gower Street London. No.12, later 110 Gower St., first home of CD & ED on marriage. 1838 Dec.31 CD moved in. 1839 Jan.29 ED moved in. They called it Macaw Cottage from the gaudy curtains. It was rented furnished, with a long thin garden backing on to Gower Mews North, later Malet Place. 1842 Sep.14 ED left for Down House; Sep.16 CD left. William Erasmus D and Anne Elizabeth D were born there. For many years the house was part of Messrs Schoolbred's warehouse system. It was bombed 1941 and not repaired. Site now part of Biological Sciences building of University College London, which bears the London County Council blue plaque to 'Charles Darwin Naturalist', which was originally on the house. Garden now part of Foster Court car park. Staff: Gardener, Williams; Menservants, Edward, Jordan, Parslow.

Ur-hundsee Polly.

Usborne, Alexander Burns Master's Assistant on 2nd voyage of Beagle. 1835 U took command of a small schooner and

surveyed the whole coast of Peru, after Beagle had left for Galápagos Islands. The boat was then sold and U returned to England via Cape Horn, before 1836 Nov.—Fitz-Roy, J.R.Geogr.Soc., 6:311–343, 1836. Captain 1867. 1887 U was alive—LLi 221.

Valparaiso Chile. 1834 Jul.23 Beagle arrived at. CD stayed ashore and made expedition inland Aug.14–Sep.27; CD then ill until end Oct., when Beagle returned and set out for Chiloe. 1835 Mar.11 Beagle at again.

Van John 1829 CD to W. D. Fox, from Cambridge, 'A little of Gibbon's History in the morning, and a good deal of Van John in the evening'—LLi 176. 1880 CD to J. M. Herbert mentions V, again in italic—Notes & Records, 23:73. University slang for vingt-et-un, a card game.

Variation Under Domestication 1867–1869. Title in Russian [On the origin of species. Section I. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. The domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants], St Petersburg, translated from English corrected proofs by V. O. Kovalevskĭi; issued in 7 parts, of which 1–4 appeared in 1867, preceeding the 1st English edition (F925). 1868 The variation of animals and plants under domestication, 2 vols, London (F877), 1st issue Jan., 4 lines errata in Vol.1, 7 in Vol.2; 2nd issue with corrections (F878), 1 line erratum in Vol.1; 1875 2nd edition (F880). First foreign editions: French (F912), German (F914), USA (F879) 1868; Italian (F920) 1876; Dutch (F912) 1889; Hungarian (F919) 1959; Romanian (F924) 1963. Facsimile of 2nd issue (F908) 1969.

Vestiges 1844 Vestiges of the natural history of creation, London. An anonymous work on evolution, by Robert Chambers q.v. c1850 CD to Hooker, calls the author 'Mr Vestiges', although he had identified the author correctly.

Vierweg, Friedrich, und Sohn Publisher of Brunswick, Germany. 1844 published Journal of researches, the 1st translation or printing abroad of any of CD's books, and the only translation of the 1st edition.

Villa Franca, Baron de 1881 CD to Romanes, V 'wrote to me from Brazil about two years ago' on sugar-cane varieties—MLi 390. 1887 CD to Romanes, R would prepare paper on sugar-cane hybrids for the press, see V & Glass, Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond.,80–81—Carroll 611.

Vivisection CD's part in the agitation and Commission on this subject are considered in LLiii 199–221 & MLii 435–441. 1875 CD to Romanes, warns R not to discuss experiments on animals in front of Darwin women, since it would horrify them—Carroll 465. 1881 CD letter to Frithiof Holmgren, The Times, Apr.18, Brit.med.J., 1:660, Nature, Lond., 23:583 (F1792); also in anti-Vivisection pamphlet by George Jesse (F1356), all 1881, also in LLiii 205–206, and in Sweden. 1881 Darwin on vivisection, The Times, Apr.22 (F1793). 1881 CD to Romanes, about The Times letter, 'I thought it fair to bear my share of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists'—Life of Romanes 116. see also David Ferrier.

Volcanic Islands 1844 Geological observations on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices of the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitz-Roy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836, London (F272), appendices by G. B. Sowerby [I] and W. Lonsdale. 1851 combined edition of the 3 parts from unsold sheets, with new preliminaries (F274). 1876 2nd edition, combined with Part 3 South America (F276). 1891 3rd edition, combined as 2nd edition (F282). 1972 facsimile of an 1896 issue (F307). First foreign editions: German (F312) 1877; USA (F283) 1891; French (F310) 1902; Russian (F323) 1936.

Volcanic Phaenomena and Mountain Chains 1838 On the connexion of certain volcanic phaenomena, and on the formation of mountain chains and volcanoes as the effect of continental elevations, Proc.geol.Soc., 2:654–660 (Bi 53, F1649). 1840 On the connection of certain volcanic phaenomena in South America; and on the formation of mountain chains and volcanoes as the effect of the same powers by which continents are elevated, Trans.geol.Soc., 5:601–631 (Bi 54, F1656).

Volcanic Rocks and Glaciers 1845 Extracts from letters to the General Secretary, on the analogy of the structure of some volcanic rocks with that of glaciers, Proc.Roy.Soc.Edinb., 2:17–18 (Bi 193, F1670); letters from CD to E. Forbes.

Voyage of the Beaglesee Journal of researches. This title was first used in Harmsworth Library edition, 1905 (F106).

On his return to England, his only income until 1881 was from sale of specimens and from authorship. In 1881 he was granted a civil list pension of £200 p.a., Jan.7. 1879 Dec.17 CD & Hooker first raised the matter—LLiii 228. Although CD and W were always on friendly terms and W often visited Down House, there was never the intimacy that there was with Hooker, Falconer or Huxley; nor did they fully understand each other's scientific views. 1855 On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species, Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 16:184–196.

1857 CD to W, 'You say that you have been somewhat surprised at no notice having been taken of your paper in the Annals. I cannot say that I am, for so very few naturalists care for anything beyond the mere description of species'—LLii 108. 1858 Jun.18 Fri. CD received letter from W, written at Ternate, Mollucas, enclosing his paper 'On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type' in mss. CD wrote to Lyell the same day 'Your words have come true with a vengeance—that I should be forestalled'—LLii 116.

1858 Jul. 1 Tues. Hooker and Lyell communicated CD & W's joint paper to Linnean Society, On the tendency of species to form varieties and species by natural means of selection, J.Proc.Linn.Soc.Lond., Zool., 3:45–62 (F346), W's paper 54–62. 1858 Jul.25 CD sent 'Some half dozen copies' of the offprint to W and 'I have may other copies at your disposal'. Oct.12 CD

to Hooker, 'I have sent eight copies by post to Wallace, and will keep others for him'—LLii 138. The whole episode is considered in detail in LLii 115–140. 1860 Dec.24 W to Bates, 'I do honestly believe that with however much patience I had worked and experimented on the subject, I could never have approached the completeness of his book—its vast accumulation of evidence, its overwhelming argument, and its admirable tone and spirit'. 1870 CD to W, 'I fear we shall never quite understand each other'—LLiii 125. 1871 'I then applied to Mr Wallace, who has an innate genius for solving difficulties'—Descent i 416. W was Pall Bearer at CD's funeral. W moved house often and had four houses built to his own design, the last at Wimborne, Dorset, where he died. Main works: 1853 Palm trees of the Amazons [50 copies]; 1853 Travels on the Amazons; 1869 Malay Archipelago; 1870 Contributions to the theory of natural selection; 1876 Geographical distribution of animals; 1882 Island life; 1889 Darwinism. Autobiography: My life, 2 vols, 1908. Biography: Marchant 1916; George 1964. Bibliography: in Marchant 1916. 1966 H. L. MacKinney, Alfred Russel Wallace and the discovery of natural selection, J.Hist.Med., 21:333–357, discusses the development of W's views and its relationship to those of CD. DNB.

Wallich, George Charles 1815–1899. Physician & marine biologist. Naturalist on H.M.S Bulldog 1859–1860. Army surgeon and botanist in India. 1860 W sent CD a copy of his pamphlet Notes on the presence of animal life at vast depths in the sea, London, for private circulation. CD thanks W for—N&R 58. 1861 CD met W at Linnean Society—MLi 184. 1882 Mar.28 CD to W, on deep water organisms and asking for a copy of his lecture on Protista; CD's last recorded letter—N&R 59. DNB.

Walpole, Lady Dorothy Frances 1826–1913. Elder daughter of Horatio W, 3rd Earl of Orford. m 1848 Reginald Henry Nevill. W was an enthusiastic gardener at Dangstein, Rogate, Hants, 1851–1878. 1861 W helped CD with Orchids, 'responded in a wonderfully kind manner, and has sent a lot of treasures'—MLii 278. 1874 CD to W, thanking her for providing plants for Insectivorous plants, especially Utricularia montana, which lives in moss on trees, unlike the usual species which are aquatic—LLiii 327, Carroll 449. W called on CD at Down House but he was ill. CD called on W several times in London. Autobiography: Under five reigns, London 1910, 106–112, has

reminiscences of CD and five letters from. Biography: R. Nevill (son), London 1919, 56–58, has reminiscences and one letter. CD signed W's birthday book, which was illustrated by Kate Greenaway.

Walsh, Benjamin Dann 1808–1869. Entomologist. W was contemporary with CD at Cambridge; Fellow of Trinity 1838. W emigrated to USA and was State Entomologist of Illinois 1868–1869, when he was killed in a railway accident. b of J. H. Walsh. 1864 W to CD, reintroducing himself; they had met in CD's rooms at Cambridge. W comments on Origin, 'The first perusal staggered me, the second convinced me, and the oftener I read it the more convinced I am of the general' soundness of your theory'—MLi 249. C. V. Riley described W as 'one of the ablest and most thorough entomologists of our time'—MLi 248. 1868 CD to W, on 13 and 17 year cycles in cicadas—MLii 89. 1868 W to CD, he could not answer CD's Queries about expression.

Walsh, John Henry 1810–1888. Naturalist. b of Benjamin Dann W. W wrote under pseudonym of 'Stonehenge'.

Wareham Dorset. 1847 Jul. CD & family visited on way to holiday at Swanage.

Waring, Anne 1662–1722. d of Robert W. m 1680 William Darwin [II]. CD's great great grandmother. W inherited manor and hall of Elston, nr Newark, Staffs, from George Lassels or Lascelles, her mother's 2nd husband. See also Brass Close.

Waring, Robert?–1662. f of Anne W and origin of the forename Waring in the Darwin family. CD's great great great grandfather.

Warren, Mr 1853 CD to Henslow. W had written to CD from Brighton; the matter concerned some speculative investment; but Barlow was unable to trace further—Darwin-Henslow 169.

Warrington, Robert 1807–1867. Chemist and one of the earliest liest popularizers of the marine aquarium. 1867 CD to Wallace, 'Mr Warrington has lately read an excellent and spirited

abstract of the "Origin" before the Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has gained the name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion which followed . . . is very rich from the nonsense talked'—LLiii 69. Identification uncertain.

Waterhouse, Alfred 1830–1905. Architect. 1865 W designed British Museum (Natural History). Atkins 89 suggests that W visited Down House, but in error for George Robert W. q.v.

Waterhouse, George Robert 1810–1888. Mammalogist & entomologist. Keeper of Mineralogy & Geology at British Museum (Natural History). A friend of CD and often at Down House. 1838–1839 W wrote Zoology of the voyage of the Beagle, Part II, Living Mammalia. 1843 CD to Lyell, 'if Waterhouse is hired he will enjoy his seven shillings a day from the British Museum, as much as most men would ten times the sum!'—LLi 344. 1843 CD to W, 'I believe . . . that if every organism which ever had lived or does live were collected together . . . a perfect series would be presented, linking all . . . into one great quite indivisible group'—Memorials of Charles Darwin, 8, 1909. 1847 CD reviewed W's A natural history of the Mammalia Vol. 1, Marsupialia, 1846, in Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 19:53–56, unsigned, (Bi 214, F1675); CD's only book review. DNB.

Waterton, Charles 1782–1865. Naturalist & traveller, of Walton Hall, nr Pontefract, Yorkshire. ?1826 CD met W in Edinburgh with J. Edmonston who had been trained as a bird skinner by W. 1845 CD visited W at Walton Hall. 1845 CD to Lyell, 'He is an amusing strange fellow; at our early dinner, our party consisted of two catholic priests and two Mulatresses' [W's sisters-in-law]—LLi 344. W was author of Wanderings in South America, London 1825. EB, DNB.

Watford Natural History Society, later Hertfordshire. CD Honorary Member 1877.

Watkins, Frederick 1808–1888. Archdeacon of York 1874–1888. Cambridge friend of CD, member of the Gourmet Club. 1860 CD to W on evolution, 'I think the arguments are valid, showing that all animals have descended from four or five primordial forms; and that analogy and weak reasons go to show that all have descended from some single prototype'—LLii 328. 1887 W gives memories of CD collecting beetles and talking of the beauty of the Brazilian forests—LLi 168.

Watson, Hewett Cottrell 1804–1881. Botanist & phrenologist, specialist in distribution of British plants. 1857 CD to Hooker, W had marked up a Flora for CD to show which he considered to be good species. 1859 CD sent W 1st edition of Origin. W accepted evolution by natural selection. 1861 CD to Hooker, W accuses CD of egotism, 'In the first four paragraphs of the introduction, the words "I", "me", "my", occur forty-three times'—LLii 362.

Way, Albert 1805–1874. Antiquary. Cambridge friend of CD; they collected beetles together. 1827 'Became acquainted with Fox & Way & so commenced Entomology'—Journal. 1860 Apr. CD to W about antiquarian information on breeds of horses, 'Eheu, Eheu, the old Crux Major days are long past' [Panagaeus crux-major, a beetle collected by CD and Way at Cambridge]—Carroll 205. W edited Promptorium parvulorum, 1843–1865. DNB.

Weale, James Philip Mansel South African naturalist. 1867 CD to Hooker, W had sent seeds from locust dung from Natal—MLii 4. 1868 CD to Hooker, the grasses from the seeds had flowered—MLi 303. see Origin, 5th edition, 439, 1869.

uncommonly'—EDi 273. 1838 Nov.11 CD proposed, at Maer, and was accepted. After marriage ED devoted her life to CD and to bringing up the children. After CD's death she spent the summers at Down House and the winters at The Grove, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge. ED is buried in Downe churchyard. 'A beautiful needlewoman, a good archer, and she rode, danced and skated'. 'She played delightfully on the piano'. 'She had lessons from Maschelas and a few from Chopin'—LLi 62. She read French, German and Italian. 'Her brown hair kept its warm tint almost to the end of her life with hardly a grey hair in it.' 'In 1824 she could sit on her hair'—EDi 155. ED was sometimes known as Mammy by the children. CD's opinion of ED is omitted from LLi 69, which was published whilst she was alive. 'You all well know your mother, and what a good mother she has ever been to all of you. She has been my greatest blessing, and I can declare that in my whole life I have never heard her utter one word which I had rather had been unsaid. She has never failed in the kindest sympathy towards me, and has borne with the utmost patience my frequent complaints from ill-health and discomfort. I do not believe she has ever missed an opportunity of doing a kind action to anyone near her. I marvel at my good fortune that she, so infinitely my superior in every single moral quality, consented to be my wife. She has been my wise adviser and cheerful comforter throughout life, which without her would have been during a very long period a miserable one from ill-health. She has earned the love and admiration of every soul near her'—MLi 30, Barlow, Autobiography 96.

On her religious views, 'In our childhood and youth she was not only sincerely religious—this she always was in the true sense of the word—but definite in her beliefs. She went regularly to Church and took the Sacrament. She read the Bible with us and taught us a simple Unitarian Creed, though we were baptised and confirmed in the Church of England'—EDii 173, Barlow, Autobiography 238. ED's religious views are stated in 2 letters to CD. 1. ?1839, soon after marriage. CD appended a note 'When I am dead, know that many times, I have kissed and cryed over this C.D.'—EDii 173 omitting note, Barlow, Autobiography 237. 2. 1861 Jun., CD appends a note 'God bless you'—EDii 175, Barlow, Autobiography 238.

ICONOGRAPHY 1 1839 Water colour by George Richmond, done at the same time as that of CD, now in the family. 2 c1853 Photograph by Maull & Fox, with Leonard D at Down House. 3 1881 Photograph by Barrand. 4 Pastel by Fairfax Murray, now in the family. 5 1895 Photograph by Miss M. J. Shaen at Down House.

PRINTED WORKS c1825 ED wrote a reading book for her Sunday School class at Maer; the class was taught by the family and held in the laundry; 'these she had printed in large type; the book contained four little stories, one about a "plumb pie" [sic]. We, her own children were taught to read out of this little book, and were fond of these stories'—EDi 142. 1887 ED wrote a 4 line preface to the 1st edition in book form of Henry Allen W's The bird talisman, which she had printed for the benefit of her grandchildren. Biography: 1904 Henrietta Litchfield (daughter), privately printed, Cambridge; the same, published edition, 1915 London. 1952 Gwen Raverat (granddaughter), Period piece, ch.8.

Wedgwood, Frances Julia 1833–1913. 1c Hensleigh W. unm. CD's 1st cousin once removed. Known as Snow. 1861 The boundaries of science, a dialogue, Macmillan's Mag., Jul. CD's comments on, 'I could not clearly follow you in some parts, which is in main part due to my not being at all accustomed to metaphysical trains of thought'—LLi 313. 1867 'I do find myself so wicked for finding Snow such a dreadful bore . . . begging to discuss fate and free will . . . so tactless a woman I never came near and gets worse'—E. M. Forster, Marianne Thornton, 223.

Wedgwood, Sarah Elizabeth [I] 1778–1856 Nov.6. 7c of Josiah W [I]. unm. Known as Sarah. CD's aunt. 1823, on death of her sister Catherine, W moved from Parkfields to Camp Hill on Maer Heath. 1847 W moved to Petleys, Downe, and died at Down House. W was popular with CD's children and at Down House almost every day.

Wedgwood, Sarah Elizabeth [II] 1793–1880 Nov.7. 1c of Josiah W [II]. unm. Known as Elizabeth or Bessy; often called Miss Wedgwood, as eldest unmarried daughter. CD's 1st cousin. c1847 W moved from Staffordshire and built The Ridge, Hartfield, on borders of Ashdown forest and near the Langtons. Earlier in her life she had built a school on Caldy Island, nr Tenby and she also built one at Hartfield. 1868 W moved to Trowmer Lodge, Downe. 1860 CD to Lyell, 'I showed the case [of orchids] to Elizabeth Wedgwood, and her remark was 'Now you have upset your own book, for you won't persuade me that this could be effected by Natural Selection'—MLi 156. 'The last twelve years of her life, happy with her garden, her little dog Tony, her devoted servants'—EDii 106. 1880 CD to Romanes, 'As good and generous a woman as ever walked this earth'—Life of Romanes 101. 'I think none of us felt quite at ease with our aunt'. Description of this awesome woman—EDii 105.

Wedgwood, Susannah 1765 Jan.3–1817 Jul.15. 1c of Josiah W [I]. m 1796 Apr.18 Robert Waring Darwin. Known as Sukey. CD's mother, ED's aunt. 'My mother died in July 1817, when I was a little over eight years old, and it is odd that I can hardly remember anything about her except her deathbed, her black velvet gown, and her curiously constructed work-table'—LLi 27. 1807 W to her brother Josiah W [II], 'Everyone seems young but me'. 'She seems never to have been very strong'—Meteyard 357. W buried St Chad, Montford, Shropshire, in chancel; called Susan on husband's tombstone.

Wedgwood, Thomas [I] ?–1739. Potter. W had 13 children of which Josiah W [I] was the last. CD's maternal great-

grandfather. Although there were many W potters before T.W., he was amongst the best of them.

Wedgwood, Thomas [II] 1771–1805. 5c of Josiah [I]. unm. CD's uncle. W was an invalid. Has been described as the first photographer. EB—'To England belongs the honour of first producing a photograph'. see T. W., An account of the method of copying paintings upon glass and of making profiles by the agency of light upon nitrate of silver, with observations by H. Davy, J.Roy.Instn., Jun., 1807.

Weir, John Jenner 1822–1894. Naturalist & accountant. Controller General H.M. Customs. 1868 Sep.12 Sat. W stayed at Down House, with Wallace and Mrs W, and Blyth; Bates was hoped for but probably not; Hookers came for Sunday lunch; 'A very good man'—MLi 309. 1868 CD to W, 'I read over your last ten (!) letters this morning, and made an index of their contents for easy reference; and what a mine of wealth you have bestowed on me' [the letters on selection especially in caterpillars]—MLii 71. 1875 CD to Weismann, on W's work on selection in caterpillars—MLi 357.

Wells, Leonard Henry ?–1903. W drew pictures of fowls for CD through Tegetmeier—de Beer, Introduction vii to facsimile of Questions about the breeding of animals, 1968.

Wells, William Charles 1757–1817. Physician & scientist. FRS 1793. Born Charleston, S. Carolina, settled in London 1785. Author of Two essays, 1818, a posthumous work which contains reprints of his two previously published and fundamental papers on dew and on binocular vision, with an appendix about a black and white woman, Harriet Trets, which contains the rudiments of the idea of natural selection. There is an excellent summary by Thomas Thomson, Ann.Philosophy, 1:383, May 1813, of the paper as read to the Royal Society, Apr. 1 & 8, 1813. The matter is referred to in historical sketch in 3rd edition Origin, 1861. 1865 CD to Hooker, 'a Yankee has called my attention to a paper attached to Dr. Wells' famous "Essay on Dew", which was read in 1813 to the Royal Soc., but not [then] printed, in which he applies most distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the Races of Man. So poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first'. see K. W. Wells, Isis, 64:215–225, 1973.

Werner, Abraham Gottlob 1749–1817. German geologist. Proponent of the neptunian theory that all rocks were deposited as precipitation from water.

Wernerian Natural History Society Edinburgh. 1808–1839. The Society was active during CD's time at Edinburgh University and published Memoirs, Vols I–VIII, 1811–[1839]. CD does not seem to have been a member.

West Hackhurst House at Abinger, Surrey. 1879 Jul. CD & ED were lent the house from Saturday to Tuesday.

ist. 1st Hope Prof. Zoology (Entomology) Oxford 1861–1891. 1855 CD proposed W for Royal Medal of Royal Society—N&R 65. 1860 W's anti-evolutionary views discussed—LLii 267. W 'proposed to the last University Commission the permanent endowment of a lecturer to combat the errors of Darwinism'—Darwin and the 'Origin' 15. DNB.

Whale-Bear Story Occurs in its full form at p.184 of 1st edition of Origin 1859; also in 1st 4 USA printings 1860, and in J. Lamont, Seasons with the sea-horses 1861. 'In North America the black bear was seen by Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, like a whale, insects in the water. Even in so extreme a case as this, if the supply of insects were constant, but if better adapted competitors did not already exist in the country, I can see no difficulty in a race of bears being rendered, by natural selection, more and more aquatic in their structure and habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a creature was produced as monstrous as a whale'. The reference is to Samuel Hearne, A journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean . . . 1769–72, London 1795. 1860 edition reads '. . . swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, almost like a whale, insects in the water.' The rest is omitted. 1881 CD to R. G. Whiteman, 'This sentence was omitted in the subsequent editions, owing to the advice of Prof. Owen, as it was liable to be misinterpreted; but I have always regretted that I followed this advice, for I still think the view quite reasonable'—MLi 393. 1860 CD to W. H. Harvey, 'As it offended persons, I struck it out in the second edition; but I still maintain that there is no special difficulty in a bear's mouth being enlarged to any degree useful to its changing habits'—MLi 162.

Wharton, Mr Headmaster of William Erasmus D's preparatory school. 1852 CD to W.E.D., telling him to write to W—EDii 145.

Whewell, William 1794–1866. Astronomer & philosopher. FRS 1820. Master of Trinity College Cambridge 1841–1866. 1860 W to CD, 'I cannot, yet at least, become a convert. But there is so much of thought and of fact in what you have written that it is not to be contradicted without careful selection of the ground and manner of the dissent'. W refused, for some years, to allow a copy of the Origin into the Library of

White, Adam 1817–1879. Assistant in the Zoology Department of British Museum 1835–1863. Copious writer on natural history topics, including popular books. 1854 W applied for Chair of Natural History Edinburgh with printed testimonials, one by CD, but withdrew them on hearing that E. Forbes had applied. 1863 W retired from British Museum with mental illness. 1864 W reprinted testimonials, including CD's, with additions, to obtain paid lecturing in Edinburgh, his native town to which he had retired. 1859 R. Trimen's reminiscences to Poulton, 'I was at work in the next compartment to that in which Adam White sat, and heard someone come in and a cheery mellow voice say "Good-morning Mr. White;—I am afraid you won't speak to me any more". . . Ah, Sir! if ye had only stopped with the Voyage of the Beagle!'—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin, 214. 1877 CD to Günther, 'that poor mad creature'—FUL 96.

Whitehead, Mr The first tenant of Down House after ED's death, leasing it 1900–1906. W owned the first motor car in Downe. 'Shadowy figure'—Atkins 102.

Whiteman, R. G. 1881 CD to W, explaining why he omitted the whale-bear story from 2nd and subsequent editions of Origin—MLi 392.

Wickham, John Clements 1798–1864. Naval Officer. W was on all three voyages of Beagle. 1st Lieutenant on 2nd voyage. Captain commanding on 3rd voyage. W was first Government Resident at Moreton Bay (now Brisbane), Queensland 1853–1860. CD got on better with W than with any other officer. 1832 'Wickham is a glorious fine fellow'. 1834 'Although Wickham always was growling at my bringing

more dirt on board than any ten men, he is a great loss to me in the Beagle. He is by far the most conversible being on board'—Barlow, CD and the voyage of the Beagle, 59, 103.

Wickstead, Charlessee Tollet.

Wien 1856 There is a tradition that CD once asked Hooker where 'this place Wien is, where they publish so many books'; it is substantiated by CD to Hooker, 'to write to "Wien" (that unknown place)'—MLi 93.

Wilberforce, Rev. Samuel 1805–1873. 3rd s of William Wilberforce. Known as Soapy Sam from his habit of 'washing his hands', whilst preaching or talking. Bishop of Oxford 1845–1869, Winchester 1869–1873. FRS 1845. 1860 Jun.30Sat. W spoke anti-Origin at British Association meeting Oxford. 1860 Jul. W reviewed Origin in Quart.Rev., primed by Owen. Jul.20 CD to Huxley, 'I would give five shillings to know what tremendous blunder the Bishop made; for I see that a page has been cancelled and a new page gummed in' [pp.251–252]—MLi 156. W of Origin, 'the most unphilosophical work he ever read'—LLii 285; another version 'the most illogical book ever written'—Lyell, Life ii, 358. 1860 CD to Innes, 'Did you see the Quarterly Review, the B. of Oxford made really splendid fun of me and my grandfather'—Darwin-Innes 207. 1874 Essays contributed to the Quarterly Review, 2 vols, London, review of Origin, i, 23–85. DNB.

Wilkes, Lieut. Charles 1798–1877. USA Naval Officer. 1836 W was in London fitting out US Exploration Expedition of 1838–1842; CD called on W—Carroll 6.

Williams, Henry 1792–1867. Missionary in New Zealand, formerly a Naval Officer. W arrived at Waimate, Bay of Islands, N. Island in 1822. 1835 Dec. CD stayed at his house, 'He is considered the leading person among the missionary body'—S.Afr.Christian Recorder, 231, J.Researches, 1845, 426. DNB.

Williams, Margaret Susansee Wedgwood.

Willis, Olive Margaret 1877–1964. Founder & Headmistress of Downe House School, which was at Down House 1907–1922; at Cold Ash, Newbury, Berks 1922–. see Anne Ridler, Olive Willis and Downe House, London 1967.

Wills, William Petty Officer Armourer on 2nd voyage of Beagle, on Adventure on 1st voyage.

Wilmot, Rev. Darwin 1845–1935. W's mother was 2nd d of Sir Francis Sacheveral D, CD's half 2nd cousin. W was Headmaster of Macclesfield Grammar School. 1930 W had Erasmus D's [I] commonplace book which he lent to Hesketh Pearson for Doctor Darwin, 225, 1930. It is now at Down House.

Wilson A missionary in Tahiti for more than 30 years, except for a short period when the missionaries had to flee to New South Wales. W arrived on mission ship Duff in 1797. 1835 Nov. CD met at Matavi.

Wilson, Edmund Beecher 1856–1939. Cytologist. Prof. Zoology Columbia 1909–1928. 1881 CD to W, thanking him for information of Scyllaea, a nudibranch mollusc found on Sargassum which it closely mimics. W to Poulton, 'His extraordinary kindness and friendliness towards an obscure youngster who had of course absolutely no claim on his time or attention'—Poulton, Darwin and the Origin, 107–108.

Wilson, Edward 1814–1878. Australian politician. W first went to Australia in 1842; later of Hayes Place, Kent. 1873 'Owing to the great kindness and powerful influence of Mr Wilson . . . I have received from Australia no less than thirteen sets of answers to my queries'. This refers to CD's leaflet Queries about expression, 1867. These included one from Dyson Lacy in Queensland, who was a relative of W—Expression 19. DNB.

Wollaston, Thomas Vernon 1822–1878. Naturalist. W wintered in Madeira and other Atlantic islands, due to ill-health, and was a specialist in their invertebrate fauna, especially beetles. 1855 CD to Hooker, 'Wollaston's "Insecta Maderensia": it is an admirable work'—LLii 44. 1860 W wrote hostile review of Origin in Ann.Mag.nat.Hist., 5:132. 1868 CD to Stainton, 'I have been sincerely grieved to hear about poor Wollaston's affairs, in which, I am told, you have taken so kind an interest'—N&R 57. DNB.

Woodhouse Shropshire. Home of W. M. Owen and his children. CD was often there for shooting and social occasions, both before Beagle voyage and on his return.

Woodward, Samuel Pickworth 1821–1865. Malacologist. Assistant Department of Geology & Mineralogy British Museum 1848–1865. 1856 Jun. CD to W, had read his Manual of the Mollusca, 1851–1856, with 'much solid instruction & interest'. CD hoped to see him in London in about a fort-

Woolner, Thomas 1825–1892. Sculptor. 1868 CD sat to W for bust which was finished in 1869; now in Botany School Cambridge. 'It has a certain air of pomposity, which seems to me foreign to my father's expression'—Francis D LLiii 106. Carroll 194, says that the Wedgwood relief in CD's set at Christ's College Cambridge is by W; another copy, which C illustrates, is at American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. 1871 CD to W, 'One reviewer ("Nature") says that they ought to be called, as I suggested in joke, Angulus Woolnerianus'—LLiii 140. Nature, Lond., Apr. has Angulus Woolnerii. W had discovered this small cartilaginous lobe in the human pinna, which is more usually called Darwin's peak; it is referred to in Descent i 22, with woodcut. 1877 May, W visited Down House. 1882 W was on 'Personal Friends invited' list for CD's funeral. DNB.

Working Men's College London, later Birkbeck College. R. B. Litchfield was one of the founders. 1873 Henrietta Litchfield—'Several times after my marriage, my father and mother invited the party to Down. The first time was in the summer of 1873 . . . often as many as sixty or seventy'—EDii 213.

Worms 1869 The formation of mould by worms, Gdnr's Chronicle, No.20:530 (Bii 137, F1745). 1880 CD to H. Johnson, 'My heart & soul care for worms & nothing else in the world just at present'—N&R 74. 'Darwin had none but kindly feelings for worms'—L. Stephen, Biography of Swift see also Vegetable mould and worms.

Wormstone The original stone was used by CD to measure the movement of soil due to earthworms. The stone now at Down House was reconstructed by the Cambridge Instrument Company, Horace D's firm, in 1929—Atkins 118.

Wright, Chauncey 1830–1875. Computor in National Almanac Office, Cambridge, Mass. c1860 CD corresponded with on phyllotaxy after he had read W's papers in Astronomical J., No. 99, 1856 and Math.Monthly, 1859—LLiii 52. 1871 W reviewed Mivart's The genesis of species in N.Amer.Rev., Jul. Oct.23, CD arranged to have it published as a pamphlet, with additions, Darwinism: being an examination of Mr St George Mivart's Genesis of species, London. 1871 Sep. CD to Hooker, describes W's review as 'a very clever, but ill-written review'—MLi 332. 1872 W wrote in N.Amer. Rev. in reply to an article by Mivart in ibid., Apr. 1872 Sep. W stayed at Down House. W to Sarah Sedgwick, 'I was never so worked up in my life, and did not sleep many hours under the hospitable roof—LLiii 165, also in Letters of Chauncey Wright, 246–248.

Wynne, Mr Before 1839 CD addressed some questions on animal breeding to W. A rough copy in CD's hand was transcribed by P. H. Barrett in H. E. Gruber, Darwin on man, 423–426, 1974 (F265). W was a friend of CD's father and bred Malay fowl, otherwise not traced.

Wyon, Allan 1843–1907. Sculptor and medallist. Chief engraver of H.M. seals. 1882 W made bronze medallion of CD. Royal Society Darwin Medal was reduced from this. An electrotype from original wax is at British Museum (Natural History).

XYZ

X Club A small scientific dining club in London. Founded 1864 and met regularly until 1892, then sporadically until 1911 on Hooker's death; last surviving member was Lubbock, died 1913. Members were Busk, Hooker, Spencer, E. Frankland, Huxley, Spottiswoode, T. A. Hirst & Lubbock. All, except Spencer, were FRS and they dined before RS meetings, discussing its business affairs. CD was not a member and appears never to have dined with them, but he was on intimate terms with several. see J. V. Jensen, Brit.J.Hist.Sci., 5:63–72, 1970.

Yahgan Indian tribe of eastern Tierra del Fuego, to which the four Indians taken to England by Fitz-Roy on 1st voyage of Beagle belonged. Full name Yahgashagalumoala (the people from the mountain channel), shortened by T. Bridges.

Yarrell, William 1784–1856. London stationer & naturalist. 1831 CD to Susan D, Y had helped with buying equipment for Beagle voyage. 'But one friend is quite invaluable . . . he goes to the shops with me and bullies about prices'—LLi 208.

Yiddish First edition in: Descent of man (F1138), 1921.

York Minster Fuegian man, taken to England by Fitz-Roy on 1st voyage of Beagle; returned on 2nd voyage. Named after an islet near Cape Horn Island. Name in Alikhoolip language Elleparu. Y was aged c26 in 1830; he was killed in a quarrel before 1872.

York Place No.27, Baker St, London. 1855 CD rented this house for Jan. & Feb.; returned to Down House Feb.15—MLii 205, 207.

Young, George 1819–1907. Lord Advocate of Scotland. Judge of the Court of Session, with title Lord Young, 1874–1905. 1875 Y lunched at Down House—Darwin-Innes 242. DNB.

ZseeEdward Blyth.

Zacharias, Emil Otto 1846–1916. German freshwater biologist of Geestemünde. 1877 CD to Z, had sent him a pig's foot with an extra digit, which W. H. Flower examined—Carroll 511, 512. 1877 CD to Z, on the development of his belief in evolu-