Introduction:Escherichia coli is a bacterium that can affect our health or even kill. Like most bacteria, E. coli is able to change and progress into different forms based on genetic changes that they can go through. One example of this genetic change is shown in the E. coli becoming immune to ampicillin is blood infections. Because ampicillin has been used so frequently to fight the symptoms of an E. coli infection, the bacteria has been able to change itself genetically by producing more of an inhibitor resistant TEM in order to continue it’s genetic line and reproduce causing infections in humans (Walters-Toews, et al. 2011). Another example from the science field would be an experiment that suggests that E. coli is not only becoming resistant to ampicillin, but also other antibiotics including Cotrimoxazole and Cefuroxime (Renal & Urology News, 2007). This experiment is meant to prove that through genetic transfer using plasmid DNA, the E. coli can become bioluminescent and immune to the ampicillin. By adding plasmid DNA to the E. coli cells, the genetic composition of the cells will be different. I predict that the E. coli cells containing no ampicillin will be able to grow colonies. I also predict that the plates with plasmid DNA will show signs of bioluminescence. The plate with ampicillin present with no plasmid DNA will not be able to grow colonies and will not be capable of bioluminescence. Methods:

The following experiment method is based on the procedure given through the Biology Department at UWM (Wimpee, 2006). This experiments started with two tubes of 100 uL E. coli cells, labeled one and two. Tube one just contained normal E. coli cells. Tube two was the tube with the plasmid added to it. The first step in this experiment was to add plasmid DNA, the “mini chromosomes” of the bacteria, to the E. coli cells in order to change the genetic makeup of them. I then added 10 uL of the plasmid to tube two. The next step was to chill both the tubes...

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...﻿Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..2
Background………………………………………………………………………………..2
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………2
Scope………………………………………………………………………………………3
Theory review……………………………………………………………………………………..3
Design of report…………………………………………………………………………………...5
Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………………5
Results……………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………6
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...7
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………….....7
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
ABSTRACT
This experiment introduces the use of dimensionless analysis and conventionally analytical method to survey the performance of centrifugal pump. The end of this experiment points out the benefit of using the “new” method to the conventional in most practical problem, especially in the survey of turbo-machine. Also, through this experiment, students know some basic indexes to assess the efficiency of pumps used. We will that for the specific fan conducting this experiment, the best efficiency point occurs at CQ = 0.2, the specific speed NS ~1.23.
INTRODUCTION
Background
A fan is a turbo-machine in which work is done to increase the total pressure of the fluid leaving the device. This is achieved by a rotor or impeller, which is driven by an external source of power to move a row of blades so as to...

...Daphny Maldonado
Bio Lab 2107
Kiah Britton
W 10-12:30
Is H20 Bad for You?
Abstract:
In the village of Gopher Hollow there’s a cluster of Blue Baby Syndrome. There were
four infants affected by this cluster. The families from the infants would collect their
water from wells. We have to determine what’s the source of the high levels of nitrites in
the water. The four sources that could be the point of contamination are a new
subdivision, textile plant, an organic farm, and a mountain lake. We had to ﬁnd the
concentration of each known standard and unknown standard. We did this by using a
spectrophotometer. The results were the following, the organic farm with a herd of 50
cows and a 10 acre ﬁeld of zucchini had the highest levels of nitrites.
Introduction:
Blue Baby Syndrome is a condition that affects many infants. This condition makes
the baby’s skin turn blue because of the lack of oxygen. This condition can exhibit
lethargy, vomiting and not being able to breathe. It can even lead to death in rare cases.
This condition is caused by the excess amount of nitrate that is then converted into
nitrite by the digestive system. The hemoglobin then reacts with the nitrites to form
Methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is not a problem in adults since they have an enzyme
that converts methemoglobin back to hemoglobin. Infants don’t have many of the
enzyme to convert methemoglobin to hemoglobin, resulting in Blue Baby Syndrome. For
example in Gopher...

...﻿
Introduction
The purpose of this lab was to demonstrate the use of gene therapy on diseases that are caused by a single gene defect. This procedure was demonstrated on two different strains of baker’s yeast, EAY 235 and EAY 431, which both contained mutations in the LEU2 and TRP1 genes. Neither of these strains will grow without a proper medium that would supply both of these essential amino acids. The EAY 431 strain of yeast also contained a Rad 52 deletion, which caused EAY 431 to be a deficient, recombinant strain. The LEU2 gene is a linear fragment that does not contain an Autonomous Replication Sequence, so it could not replicate on its own and needed to be integrated by homologous recombination. The TRP1 gene was a circular plasmid that contained an ARS, which allowed for it to act as an extra chromosome in the gene. The objective was to insert a “wild gene” and replace the defective genes and then grow them on a medium that does not contain TRP1 or LEU2 to prove that the genes had been cured.
To help determine if recombination took place in the LEU2 gene, and to compliment negative data from the 431 LEU2 drop out medium, the “cured” LEU2 gene was compared to the “diseased” LEU2 gene. The expectation was that the “cured” LEU2 gene would be a different size from that of...

...• Understand and observe the concept of Heat Transfer, by measuring the temperature distribution for steady state conduction of energy through a specific efficient unit.
• Understand the Fourier Law of heat conduction and the usage of its equation in determining the rate of heat flow via solid materials.
II. Theory :
The Fourier Rate Equation:
When a plane section of ∆x and a constant area A maintains a temperature difference ∆T, then the heattransfer rate per unit time by conduction through the wall is found to be:
Q α A ∆T/∆x where ∆x = (xb – xa )
And the electrical heating Q = V.I
If the material of the wall is homogeneous and has a thermal conductivity C (the constant of
proportionality) then:
Q = C ∆T/∆x where ∆T = (Ta – Tb )
If the surfaces of the heated and cooled sections are attached tightly together, and are in good thermal contact, then the 2 sections can be considered as a continuous homogenous composite sample of uniform cross section of material.
Q = A.Khot.∆Thot/∆xhot = A.Kcold.∆Tcold/∆xcold
III. Tools (Equipments) :
• The heated section is manufactured from 25 mm diameter cylindrical brass bar with an electric heating element installed at one end.
• The cooled section is manufactured from 25 mm diameter cylindrical brass bar to match the heating section and cooled at one end by water passing through in and out the...

...﻿
Banana Oil LabReport
Jesse Bradford
7/10/14
MTWR Section
Introduction
In the banana oil lab we began with isopentyl alcohol + acetic acid  isopentyl acetate + Water. We needed for this experiment a hot plate, clamps, pipette, 5mL vial, caps, hoses and a thermometer. Upon starting, our group set up an open system experiment that allowed gases to be released to avoid pressure build up. We mixed together to molecules, 1.0mL of isopentyl alcohol, 1.5mL of acetic acid and added three drops of sulphuric acid. The acetic acid was used as a catalyst to speed up the reaction. Once all the needed chemicals were added we waited for about 70-75mintues for the reaction to take place. The desired temperature for the reaction was 150oC. We also had the solution at a constant stir.
After the reaction was done taking place, we began to purification process. We used a pipette to remove the excess water and impurities that were underneath the banana oil. We removed all that was available and then began to add sodium carbonate to help wash and dry the mixture. Slowly shaking the banana oil inside the 5mL side to side, allowing CO2 to escape the 5mL vial. We did this twice making sure all the excess impurities were removed. As we had our final solution of banana oil, we used the I.R. spectra to conclude our results. The I.R. spectra showed us that the compound we produced had no peak at 3300cm-1. The...

...﻿HISTOLOGY
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this exercise is to be able to identify and correctly name the major tissue types in the body, as well as identifying the subcatergories of tissue types while observing them through the microscope and diagrams, and be able to explain the location and function of the tissue types in the body.
There are not any real safety concerns for this lab other than making sure correct use and care of the microscope is used.
EXERCISE 1: EPITHEILIAL TISSUE
Epithelial Tissue Observations
Tissue Type
Observations
Simple Squamous
Single layer of cells, flat in appearance
Simple Cuboidal
Cells appear to be squarelike, nuclei are in the middle of each cell, basement membrane, connective tissues
Simple Columnar (stomach)
Tall (like a column), elongated nuclei, there are gastric pits visible, basement membrane, microvilli, connective tissue
Simple Columnar (duodenum)
Columnar in appearance, microvilli are present as well as Brunner’s glands
Stratified Squamous (non-keratinized)
Appear to have a mix of cuboidal and columnar cells in the basal layers, with squamous cells at the top.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Appears to have more than one layer of column of cells, but the cells appear to be resting on the basal lamina. Cilia are on the top of the cells.
Transitional
Top cells appear to be larger, round, and have 2 nuclei. Connective tissue and a basement membrane
Stratified Cuboidal (online)
Double layer of squarelike cells, each having...

...solution with small amounts of H30+ and A- because only a small amount of base has been added therefore a small amount of ionization has occurred. As we added more base, more HA is ionized and more salt formation occurs meaning the concentration of HA will decrease while the concentration of A- will increase. The pH rises above the equivalence point because we are adding base to a solution with a relatively large volume. At the end of the titration the ratio of [A-]/[HA] goes from low to high. This means that all of the HA will be neutralized, causing the pH to change. Because of the rapid pH change around the equivalence point, the titrant has to be added in lesser and lesser amounts as we approach the equivalence point.
Procedure:
CHM 113 Lab Manual, 2014, Determination of : Titration of a Weak Acid, pgs.89-96
Equations/Experimental Equipment and Apparatus:
LoggerPro, LabPro, pH probe, drop counter, 60 mL reagent reservoir, stir station
=p
Data and Observations:
Data:
Original pH=3.23
Equivalence volume = 50.51 mL at pH of 8.58
Drop rate: 1 drop every 2 seconds
Observations:
In the beginning of the titration the solution was made up of mostly acetic acid with a small amount of and because ionization was starting to occur. As the titration progressed, we watched the graph on the computer and saw the pH increase and then rise very slowly. This slow rise continued for a long period of time. After this portion of the graph, the pH increased...

...role on the wide variety of cheese. Lactic acid bacteria(LAB), a bacteria that can be found in the production of cheese, its stress gene was investigated in the experiment by using various biochemical and genetic techniques to identify and extract.
The characterisation of the strain illustrates how identification of strains differ using different methods, such as gram stain and 16s rRNA screening. After the characterisation, the stress gene isolation assist the further understanding of the gene on LAB be giving different stress in future work.
Aims
Whole experiment can be separated into two parts
(I) The characterisation of the isolate(lactococcal species) given by
* Using simple biochemical tests
* Using genetic tests by extraction of total genomic DNA
* Amplifying the gene encoding for the 16s rRNA by PCR
* Understanding the fermentation growth kinetics in controlled liquid media to know the capability of organisms
* The investigation of the digestion of the 16s rDNA amplicon with Hinf1 on 16s rDNA strains
(II) The amplification and cloning of a specific stress gene given by
* Designing primers for cloning
* cloning stress gene into cloning vector (pGEM-T)
* cloning stress gene into expression plasmid(pET23b) – not done
Literature Review
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
LAB...