New challenges/more complex tasks to be solved ? more sophisticated solutions needed

6.Outcome: We need something ”non-classical” - IntentionsWe would like to build MACHINES to be able to do the same as humans do (e.g. autonomous cars driving in heavy traffic).We always would like to find an algorithm leading to an OPTIMUM solution (even when facing too much uncertainty and lack of knowledge)We would like to ensure MAXIMUM performance (usually impossible from every points of view, i.e. some kind of trade-off e.g. between performance and costs)We prefer environmental COMFORT (user friendly machines, easy communication)

7.Need for optimizationTraditionally: optimization = precisionNew definition (L.A. Zadeh): optimization = cost optimizationBut what is cost!?precision and certainty also carry a costL.A. Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets [1965]: “In traditional – hard – computing, the prime desiderata are precision, certainty, and rigor. By contrast, the point of departure of soft computing is the thesis that precision and certainty carry a cost and that computation, reasoning, and decision making should exploit – whenever possible – the tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty.”

8.User’s comfort

9.Communication with machines human-computer communication (HCC) ˜ the efficient transfer of information between humans and machines via various human-like sensors and motors, and with structures that reflect human conceptualizations. (Denning, P.J. et al., ”Computing as a Discipline,” Communication of the ACM 31(1) (1988))