With seven legions (about 44,000 men) but only 4,000 cavalry, Crassus invaded Mesopotamia, which was defended by the Parthian general Surenas. Learning that Surenas was in the desert east of the Euphrates River, Crassus left the cover of the river and struck out toward Carrhae; that move has been condemned as rash, but, since Seleucia on the Tigris was his ultimate objective, he had to cross open country at some time. Suddenly the Parthians were upon him, with a force of about 1,000 heavy cavalry and nearly 10,000 horse archers. His troops were neither acclimatized nor adapted to desert warfare. While his son Publius in vain launched a covering attack with his cavalry, the main Roman forces formed a square against the encircling Parthians and tried unsuccessfully to cover both body and head with their shields against the showers of Parthian arrows.

Surenas’s provision of a corps of 1,000 Arabian camels, one for every 10 men, enabled the Parthians to retire by sections and replenish their quivers. Crassus, lacking provisions, was compelled by his demoralized men to negotiate but was cut down by the Parthians in the attempt. About 10,000 Romans escaped, but the rest of Crassus’s men were either captured or killed. The Parthians had dealt a stunning blow to Roman prestige in the East, and the death of Crassus had serious repercussions on Roman political life.

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