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This study examined the mediating effects of future social expectations and interpersonal distrust on the relationship between individual relative deprivation and intention to rebel. Data were gathered from 807 people from multiple occupational backgrounds in a municipality in southwest China. Structural equation modelling showed that individual relative deprivation predicted intention to rebel directly and also that it predicted intention to rebel indirectly via negative future social expectations, interpersonal distrust, and a chain mediating effect of negative future social expectations and interpersonal distrust. These results highlight the importance of the associations between future social expectations and interpersonal distrust with intention to rebel in people who report relative deprivation. The findings also indicate that prevention and intervention programs related to relative deprivation and intention to rebel in China are worthy of further research.

We consider the second order nonlinear ordinary differential equation u″ (t) = u1+α (α > 0) with positive initial data u(0) = a0, u′(0) = a1, whose solution becomes unbounded in a finite time T. The finite time T is called the blow-up time. Since finite difference schemes with uniform meshes can not reproduce such a phenomenon well, adaptively-defined grids are applied. Convergence with mesh sizes of certain smallness has been considered before. However, more iterations are required to obtain an approximate blow-up time if smaller meshes are applied. As a consequence, we consider in this paper a finite difference scheme with a rather larger grid size and show the convergence of the numerical solution and the numerical blow-up time. Application to the nonlinear wave equation is also discussed.

In the dynamic analysis of discretized elastic bodies with contacts/impacts, the common formulations to model contact force include the penalty method and the Lagrangian method, which are different in the constraint imposition strategies. Traditionally, the Lagrangian method is thought to be less efficient due to additional multipliers and numerical complexity, however, the viewpoint is challenged in this paper. The goal of this paper is to investigate how numerical efficiency and accuracy using the two different methods are influenced by some non-physical chosen parameters such as stiffness coefficient, time step size and spatial discretization. An experimental sphere-rod impact problem and a multi-point impact problem are solved to evaluate certain numerical intricacies of the two implementations. The results show that in dealing with normal impact problems, the choice of penalty factor and time step size using the penalty method is not an omissible act to obtain accuracy and stability, while there are no such manually-defined parameters using the Lagrangian method. Moreover, there seems to be a clear advantage of the Lagrangian method in which much less mesh elements are needed to achieve the same accuracy compared to those of the penalty method.

Pre-Quaternary terrestrial climate variability is less well understood than that during the Quaternary. The continuous eolian Red Clay sequence underlying the well-known Quaternary loess-paleosol sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) provides an opportunity to study pre-Quaternary terrestrial climate variability in East Asia. Here, we present new mineral magnetic records for a recently found Red Clay succession from Shilou area on the eastern CLP, and demonstrate a marked East Asian climate shift across the Miocene-Pliocene boundary (MPB). Pedogenic fine-grained magnetite populations, ranging from superparamagnetic (SP)/single domain (SD) up to small pseudo-single domain (PSD) sizes (i.e., from <30 nm up to ~1000 nm), dominate the magnetic properties. Importantly, our mineral magnetic results indicate that both pedogenic formation of SP grains and transformation of SP grains to SD and small PSD grains accelerated across the MPB in the Shilou Red Clay, which are indicative of enhanced pedogenesis. We relate this enhanced pedogenesis to increased soil moisture availability on the CLP, associated with stronger Asian Summer Monsoon precipitation during an overall period of global cooling. Our study thus provides new insights into the Miocene-Pliocene climate transition in East Asia.

Material mechanical behavior of tube has an essential influence on cross-sectional deformation of rectangular waveguide tube in rotary draw bending (RDB) process. Thus, taking widely used 3A21 aluminum alloy and H96 brass rectangular tubes as research objects, the cross-sectional deformation of these tubes in RDB with and without mandrel was investigated using the reliable three-dimensional finite element models. The results show that when no mandrel is used, compared with 3A21 tube, the position of wrinkle initiation for H96 tube is closer to the final bending section, and the cross-sectional deformation of H96 tube along bending direction is more homogeneous. When a mandrel is used, in bending process, the cross-sectional deformation of 3A21 tube in mandrel support zone (MSZ) is in coincidence with that of H96 tube, and the deformation of 3A21 tube is larger in transition zone (TZ) while smaller in no mandrel affect zone (NMAZ) than that of H96 tube. In retracting mandrel or springback process, the cross-sectional deformation of 3A21 tube in MSZ and TZ is constantly larger than that of H96 tube, while in NMAZ, the deformation of both tubes reverses.

The semilocal convergence of a third-order Newton-like method for solving nonlinear equations is considered. Under a weak condition (the so-called γ-condition) on the derivative of the nonlinear operator, we establish a new semilocal convergence theorem for the Newton-like method and also provide an error estimate. Some numerical examples show the applicability and efficiency of our result, in comparison to other semilocal convergence theorems.

This paper presents a suite of analytical solutions, for both the free-surface elevation and the flow velocity, for landslide-generated water waves. The one-dimensional (horizontal, 1DH) analytical solutions for water waves generated by a solid landslide moving at a constant speed in constant water depth were obtained for the linear and weakly dispersive wave model as well as the linear and fully dispersive wave model. The area enclosed by the landslide was shown to have stronger lasting effects on the generated water waves than the exact landslide shape. In addition, the resonance solution based on the fully dispersive wave model was examined, and the growth rate was derived. For the 1DH linear shallow water equations (LSWEs) on a constant slope, a closed-form analytical solution, which could serve as a useful benchmark for numerical models, was found for a special landslide forcing function. For the two-dimensional (horizontal, 2DH) LSWEs on a plane beach, we rederived the solutions using the quiescent water initial conditions. The difference between the initial conditions used in the new solutions and those used in previous studies was found to have a permanent effect on the generated waves. We further noted that convergence rate of the 2DH LSWE analytical solutions varies greatly, and advised that case-by-case convergence tests be conducted whenever the modal analytical solutions are numerically evaluated using a finite number of modes.

An international Low Frequency VLBI Network (LFVN) has been organized for observations at 327 MHz and 1665 MHz frequencies with MARK-II and S2 recording terminals. Data on the interplanetary medium and spike-like solar bursts were obtained in first preliminary experiments.

A parallel, high-order direct Discontinuous Galerkin (DDG) method has been developed for solving the three dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations on 3D hybrid grids. The most distinguishing and attractive feature of DDG method lies in its simplicity in formulation and efficiency in computational cost. The formulation of the DDG discretization for 3D Navier-Stokes equations is detailed studied and the definition of characteristic length is also carefully examined and evaluated based on 3D hybrid grids. Accuracy studies are performed to numerically verify the order of accuracy using flow problems with analytical solutions. The capability in handling curved boundary geometry is also demonstrated. Furthermore, an SPMD (single program, multiple data) programming paradigm based on MPI is proposed to achieve parallelism. The numerical results obtained indicate that the DDG method can achieve the designed order of accuracy and is able to deliver comparable results as the widely used BR2 scheme, clearly demonstrating that the DDG method provides an attractive alternative for solving the 3D compressible Navier-Stokes equations.

In this paper we consider new perturbation bounds analysis of a kind of generalized saddle point systems. We provide perturbation upper bounds for the solutions of generalized saddle point systems, which extend the corresponding results in [W.-W. Xu, W. Li, New perturbation analysis for generalized saddle point systems, Calcolo., 46(2009), pp. 25-36] to more general cases.

A mathematical model is proposed to simulate the spatial and temporal variations in snow temperature. The model is based on the non-steady, one-dimensional, heat-conduction equation with internal heat source. It gives the change in time of the internal temperature field of the snow as it responds to varying surface temperature and periodic solar radiation. Verification of the model is accomplished by comparing the calculated results with observed data. The model may serve as a basis for quantitative investigations of snow temperature and temperature gradient, and relevent problems such as energy-mass transfer processes. Moreover, it allows better understanding of the relationship between external atmospheric conditions and the internal thermal regime of dry snow covers in the western Tien Shan mountains.

The energy-balance approach was used to calculate snowmelt at a site in the mid-mountain zone of the western Tien Shan mountains. During a 19-day snowmelt period, the results showed that net radiation and sensible heat fluxes accounted for 76.9 and 23.1% of the incoming energy, while snowmelt and evaporation consumed 97.1 and 2.9% of the energy, respectively. Snowmelt calculated from the energy balance compares favourably with measured values, indicating the suitability of the energy-balance approach for estimating the rate of snowmelt in the mountain environment of the western Tien Shan.

Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) has been described as a potential vaccine candidate in apicomplexan parasites. Here we characterize the ama-1 gene. The full-length ama-1 gene of Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) (BLTAMA-1) is 1785 bp, which contains an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 65-kDa protein of 594 amino acid residues; by definition, the 5′ UTR precedes the first methionine of the ORF. Phylogenetic analysis based on AMA-1 amino acid sequences clearly separated Piroplasmida from other Apicomplexa parasites. The Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) AMA-1 sequence is most closely associated with that of B. ovata and B. bigemina, with high bootstrap value. A recombinant protein encoding a conserved region and containing ectodomains I and II of BLTAMA-1 was constructed. BLTrAMA-1-DI/DII proteins were tested for reactivity with sera from sheep infected by Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan). In Western-blot analysis, native Babesia sp. BQ1 (Lintan) AMA-1 proteins were recognized by antibodies raised in rabbits against BLTrAMA-1 in vitro. The results of this study are discussed in terms of gene characterization, taxonomy and antigenicity.

The present study aims to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of active components from Cynanchum paniculatum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. The antiparasitic activities of two bioassay-guided fractionationated compounds from C. paniculatum identified as Cynatratoside-A and Cynanversicoside C, by comparing spectral data (NMR and ESI-MS) with literature values, were evaluated by in vitro assay. These showed that both could kill theronts of I. multifiliis at a concentration of 10·0 mg L−1, with the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 4·6 mg L−1 and 5·2 mg L−1 for Cynatratoside-A and Cynanversicoside C, respectively. Encysted tomonts were killed at concentrations of 8·0 mg L−1 with both compounds. In vivo experiments demonstrated that fish treated with both compounds at 15·0 mg L−1 carried significantly fewer parasites than controls (P < 0·05). There were no mortalities among treated fish group compared with 75% mortality of untreated fish. Cynatratoside-A and Cynanversicoside C are therefore potential candidate drugs for use against I. multifiliis.

Given a graph F, let st(F) be the number of subdivisions of F, each with a different vertex set, which one can guarantee in a graph G in which every edge lies in at least t copies of F. In 1990, Tuza asked for which graphs F and large t, one has that st(F) is exponential in a power of t. We show that, somewhat surprisingly, the only such F are complete graphs, and for every F which is not complete, st(F) is polynomial in t. Further, for a natural strengthening of the local condition above, we also characterize those F for which st(F) is exponential in a power of t.

Ovine babesiosis is one of the most important tick-borne haemoparasitic diseases of small ruminants. The ovine parasite Babesia sp. Xinjiang is widespread in China. In this study, recombinant full-length XJrRAP-1aα2 (rhoptry-associated protein 1aα2) and C-terminal XJrRAP-1aα2 CT of Babesia sp. Xinjiang were expressed and used to evaluate their diagnostic potential for Babesia sp. Xinjiang infections by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Purified XJrRAP-1aα2 was tested for reactivity with sera from animals experimentally infected with Babesia sp. Xinjiang and other haemoparasites using Western blotting and ELISA. The results showed no cross-reactivities between XJrRAP-1aα2 CT and sera from animals infected by other pathogens. High level of antibodies against RAP-1a usually lasted 10 weeks post-infection (wpi). A total of 3690 serum samples from small ruminants in 23 provinces located in 59 different regions of China were tested by ELISA. The results indicated that the average positive rate was 30·43%, and the infections were found in all of the investigated provinces. This is the first report on the expression and potential use of a recombinant XJrRAP-1aα2 CT antigen for the development of serological assays for the diagnosis of ovine babesiosis, caused by Babesia sp. Xinjiang.