..Protection can also be obtained by NK T cell stimulation. Administration of beta cell antigens or CD3 antibodies is now being tested in clinical trials in prediabetics and/or recently diagnosed diabetes...

..Lipopolysaccharide is excluded, but other Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists could be involved because OM-85 stimulated dendritic cells and induced TGF-beta production by splenocytes in a TLR-2-, TLR-4-, and MyD88-dependent fashion...

..These data explain the intriguing tolerogenic effect of CD3-specific antibodies and position them as the first clinically applicable pharmacological stimulant of TGF-beta-producing regulatory CD4+ T cells...

..Herein we discuss these results and the working hypothesis they evoke in the context of the present literature, where the role of TGF-beta-dependent T-cell-mediated immunoregulation is still debated...

Key role of the GITR/GITRLigand pathway in the development of murine autoimmune diabetes: a potential therapeutic target

..These findings support the potential application of G-CSF in the treatment of human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, taking advantage of the wide clinical favorable experience with this molecule...

..It is thus unlikely that all CD4+ CD25hi Foxp3+ Tregs are generated as a separate lineage in the thymus. The authors propose that during adulthood, Tregs essentially emerge at the periphery from the memory T cell pool...

..Based on these considerations, we contend that the mimicry concept remains largely hypothetical, and that novel carefully designed animal models are needed to make a convincing case for a role of mimicry in autoimmune diseases...

The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes