Cost

There are warnings that digital monographs are
not cheaper to produce than books. Clifford Lynch points outelectronic monographs displace costs from the publishers to the
scholar and site manager: "the economic dilemma of the monographhas not been solved, but only rearranged."

The maturing
of technology and software, the refinement of authoring tools andimage viewers, and the development of other scalable models promise
to reduce costs. Art history stands to benefit from thetrailblazing organizations that found a sustainable e-publishingmodel by using a subscription-based distribution system and
aggregating related material.

Preservation

The permanent preservation and access to
digital materials is a major concern of scholars who regularlyexperience the complications of upgrading software and migrating
data to new formats. The launch of Portico, an electronic archivingservice supported by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Itkaka, the
Library of Congress and JSTOR, in 2005 offers a large-scalesolution to this structural problem. As news of Portico’s work
permeates the scholarly community, the question of preservation andpermanent access will retreat, and migrating data will become a
standard operation of cyberinfrastructure.

See
(External Link) . Defunct
links remain another problem, but software tools are available andwill presumably evolve to clean up link-rot, William J. Mitchell’s
colorful word. Also see the
Draft Report of the ACLS Commission on
Cyberinfrastructure for the Humanities and Social Sciences ,
November 5, 2005, at
(External Link) .

Versioning and the historiographic record

Wikipedia ’s model of collective authorship
combined with the ease of revising digital files gives rise to afear that the updating of content, or versioning, will blur the
historiographic record and obscure the stance of a scholar at agiven moment in time. Claims that electronic publication will
nullify the concept of the author and integrity of the text, in anextreme variant of intertextuality, have a futuristic quality and
suppose that technology determines outcomes. It is the case thatscholars can determine applications of the medium that best serve
their goals if they take charge of such efforts. Hypertext, as anexample, is well suited to capture historiographical shifts and
register disputes over dates, attributions, and interpretations.

ARTstor is developing a capacity to update
image cataloguing information and track what James Shulman callsthe "archaeology" of the image. On the use of hypertext in
presenting literary variants, see Luca Toschi, "Hypertext andAuthorship," in
The Future of the Book , ed. by Geoffrey Nunberg
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996),169-207.

It is instructive to recall the contested
authority of printed books in early modern Europe. As Adrian Johnselaborates in his study of seventeenth-century England, books
originally had weak claims on truth in part because of themulti-step publishing process, which subjected the author’s
manuscript to manipulation by type setters, printers, binders andother players.

Adrian Johns,
The Nature of the Book. Print
and Knowledge in the Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1998).

A print culture was formed that regulated a
potentially permissive process and established the authority of thetext and credibility of the author—a project so effective that
teachers must now teach students to question the truth of theprinted word. The early modern history of print culture underscores
the power of social structures to shape new forms of communicationand suggests that scholars have an important role to play in the
still formative phase of electronic publication.

Questions & Answers

Is there any normative that regulates the use of silver nanoparticles?

fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.

Tarell

what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?

Damian

That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.

Tarell

Join the discussion...

what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry

Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.