Estate Planning:
Frequently Asked Questions

1. What lifetime planning documents
are essential or helpful?

A Durable Power of Attorney lets a designated person (or
designated alternate) act on your behalf to manage property,
even if you are legally incapacitated or absent. It may be "general,"
allowing the designated person to do anything you could do, or
"limited" or "special," allowing the designated
person to take only specified actions (such as funding a trust).
Every person should have a Durable Power of Attorney to avoid
the need for a court supervised Guardianship in the case of incapacity.

A Medical Power of Attorney lets a designated person (or designated alternate)
act on your behalf to make health care treatment decisions while you are
incapable of doing so.

A Directive to Physicians under the Texas Natural Death Act
(a "Living Will") expresses your intention that your
life not be artificially prolonged if there is no chance of recovery.

A Designation of Guardian allows you to determine who would
manage your affairs in the event of the need for a Guardianship.
It also allows you to prevent someone from becoming your Guardian.

2. Why have a Will at all?

Lets you decide who gets your property, instead of relying
on state law of descent and distribution

Disposes of particular items

Disposes of residue

Prevents hassling survivors at a time of emotional vulnerability

Helps prevent family wars

Lets you indicate who you want to be Guardian of your children

Lessen expense by avoiding expensive dependent administration
and forced guardianship for minor children or others not able
to manage property

Protects survivors through appropriate trust planning

3. Why not do your own will?

The requirements for a holographic wills in Texas consist
only of that the Will be entirely in handwriting of the Testator
and signed by the Testator. No witnesses are required.

Why you should avoid holographic wills:

Ambiguity

Incompleteness

Additional administrative expense in the course of settling your estate

4. What are the requirements of
a formal written will?

Testator (the person making a Will) must be:

Of sound and disposing mind (have "testamentary capacity")

18 years or over, once married, or have had military or maritime service

Will must:

Be writing

Which disposes of property at death

Be signed by the testator

Be witnessed by two credible witnesses over the age of fourteen,
and signed by them

5. What is a Codicil?

A change to a Will with same requirements as Will. When it
contradicts the Will, the latest Codicil governs.

When a Codicil and Will are read together in court, they
together make one Will.

6. What are some of the features
a Texas will should contain?

Independent Executor

Be sure denominated "Independent"; use magic words
to prevent court supervision of administration and settlement
of estate

Allow payment of a fee to prevent later disinterest or hardship if
unanticipated demands arise in the course of administration and settlement
of the estate

Require no bond

Guardian of Estate of Minor Children

Person who will handle kids' money and other property, under
court supervision

Allow a fee

Required no bond

Guardian of Person of Minor Children

Person who will take care of kids

Does not have to be same person as Guardian of Estate

Allow a fee

Require no bond

A residuary clause, which disposes of property not specifically
devised

Contingent (or alternate) beneficiaries

Directions as to which share will pay debts and be charged
with taxes

Protective trusts for minor or disabled beneficiaries, if needed; almost
every will should have such a trust if "descendants" or "issue"
are contingent beneficiaries

Tax planning trusts, if needed

7. What is a self-proving affidavit?

A self-proving affidavit is a document which allows a notary
to, in effect, take the testimony of the witnesses at the time
of the signing of a Will, ordinarily precluding the need to have
them testify after the death of the person making the Will. It
is usually attached as the last page of the Will. Every Will
should be self-proved.

8. What are some features a Will
should NOT contain?

Appointment of your probate lawyer (You may decide to change
lawyers but not want to change your will, and it's probably not
binding anyway.)

"I hope my son will go to college, so I give him $20,000
to pay for his college education." (He doesn't get it unless
he goes to college.)

"I instruct Jane to keep my shares of AT&T forever."

Times and situations change

This type of direction often isn't legally binding, but the
heirs may feel morally bound to follow instructions, perhaps
even when they need to ignore them in making a sound business
decision.

9. How do I give instructions that
are inappropriate for inclusion in a Will?

Write a secret side letter to be opened by spouse in event
of your death and put it with the Will. It should contain all
the non-binding guidance information you want him or her to have,
for example:

The people you think may be trusted:

Insurance agent

Lawyer

Real estate agent

Banker

Accountant

Stock broker

Business advisors, etc.

The people never to trust

The location of all records and valuables, including tax
records, bank records, safety deposit boxes, insurance policies,
stocks and bonds, legal papers, jewelry, collections and any
other items of special value, etc.

Which assets to keep, which to sell (but say clearly to disregard
your opinion if in view of the current situation, he or she thinks
differently)

How you feel about religious attendance, funeral arrangements,
and disposition of your body

All pertinent information about the family business

If you want your spouse to remarry or not

10. What is the definition of a
trust?

When one person holds legal title to personal or real property for the
benefit of another, i.e., legal title and beneficial title are separate,
so that one person manages the property for the benefit of himself, herself,
or another

11. What are the types of trusts
that relate to wills and estate planning?

An intervivos trust (also known as "during life"
or "living" trust) is one where the trust is created
by a person during her or his lifetime. An intervivos trust may
be either revocable or irrevocable.

A testamentary trust arises by operation of the a persons
Will at the time the person dies, when legal title passes to
the Trustee, and beneficial title is vested in the beneficiaries.

A revocable trust is an intervivos trust in which the person
creating the trust (called "Grantor," "Settlor,"
or "Trustor"; all mean the same thing) reserves the
right to amend or revoke the trust. Under Texas law (and that
of Oklahoma and California, but no other jurisdiction) any trust
is revocable unless expressly made irrevocable.

An irrevocable trust is any trust for which the Grantor has
no power to amend or revoke. All testamentary trusts are irrevocable
since the person creating the trust has died. In jurisdictions
other than Texas, Oklahoma, and California, a trust is irrevocable
unless expressly made revocable.

12. Why are trusts used in estate
planning?

To distribute benefits over a chosen interval or to multiple
beneficiaries

To protect survivors from others or themselves

To avoid problems in managing property by minors, those who
are disabled, or others without legal capacity to act, avoiding
court supervised guardianship of property

To avoid or minimize transfer taxes

To avoid probate

13. When should a trust be used by a Texas resident
to avoid probate?

When lifetime management is required on a long-term basis
prior to death

When real property is owned in a jurisdiction other than
Texas

When privacy is essential to achieve planning goals

14. What are the basic provisions
a protective trust should contain?

Flexible powers and broad authority for the Trustee in management
of assets, including the power to sell or rearrange assets, to
disburse or withhold income and corpus

Discretion by the Trustee to make appropriate distributions

Designation of at least one alternate or successor Trustee

Waiver of a bond by the Trustee

Authorization for the Trustee to be paid

A spendthrift clause, which can prevent creditors of a beneficiary from
obtaining the trust property prior to distribution to the beneficiary

Provisions providing for flexibility in distribution of Trust
assets as unforeseen events arise after death

Authorization to receive property from other sources

Authorization to merge with other similar trusts to cut administrative
fees

Termination provisions that let each beneficiarys trust
end only when that beneficiary is ready

15. How do I express my general
intentions if I do not include them in the trust provisions?

Write a side letter to Trustee which includes a set of non-binding
general instructions designed to inform him about your preferences
and intentions regarding such things as:

Financial experiments

Car expenses for children

Discretionary distributions for travel, business start-up,
and major personal expenditures

The factors you feel should affect the decision to end the
trust

16. What other matters which should
be considered?

Coordination of life insurance beneficiary designations with will and
intervivos and testamentary trusts so as to avoid giving minor children
or other beneficiaries under legal disability proceeds outright, with resulting
guardianship

Need for transfer tax planning:

Does the total fair market value of property owned by an individual
or a married couple, including life insurance at face value, exceed
approximately $3,500,000.00 (returning to $1,000,000 beginning in 2011)? If so, serious
consideration should be given to whether transfer tax planning is needed.

Probable disposition of property by older generation family memberswill
transfers likely to be received from older family members increase the
value of property owned to more than approximately $3,500,000.00 (returning to $1,000,000
beginning in 2011)? If so, serious consideration should be given to
whether multi-generation transfer tax planning is appropriate.

Coordination of retirement plan beneficiary designations

Need for planning for orderly transfer or disposition of business interests

Need for special dispositive planning arising from complex asset structure,
special assets (such as the family ranch or cabin) which the planning client
desires to stay in the family, special or disparate personal needs of intended
beneficiaries, or the need for asset protection planning on the part of
an intended beneficiary