OverviewCavus foot is a condition where the arches in the foot are significantly higher than a normal arch. This causes the heel to point inward and the toes to flex. Children with this condition typically develop it slowly from the time they begin to walk until 10 years old. Most often this condition occurs in conjunction with another musculoskeletal or nervous system disorder.

CausesPes cavus may be hereditary or acquired, and the underlying cause may be neurological, orthopedic or neuromuscular. Pes cavus is sometimes, but not always connected through Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathy Type 1 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) and Friedreich's Ataxia; many other cases of pes cavus are natural.

SymptomsIf you are standing, the instep looks hollow and most of the weight is on the back and balls of the foot (metatarsals head).Your high arches can be either rigid (the arch does not move to a lower height) or flexible, (the arch can move to a lower height)If you are sitting on the edge of table with your feet hanging in the air, the front half of the foot (forefoot) will appear to be dropped below the level of the heel.Your foot pain guide [http://tobiBrushwood.jimdo.com/] may be in a supinated position (feet will roll outwards or the heel will tilt inwards from behind)

DiagnosisExamination of the muscle groups and muscle strength is important. Furthermore, pain along the peroneal tendons may be a sign of a peroneal tendon tear. This may result in a cavus foot much like a posterior tibial tendon dysfunction may result in flatfoot. Instability of the lateral ankle may also lead to a cavus foot position as the talus deviates into a varus position due to the laxity of the lateral ankle ligaments.

Non Surgical TreatmentNon-surgical treatment should be instituted early by orthotists and podiatrists. Physiotherapy to loosen tight muscles and improve strength of weak ones. Padding and orthotic shoes. Splints or appliances may be necessary for some patients. A caliper may be given to patients with very severe deformity and refractory ankle instability. Botulinum toxin type A injections into the peroneus longus and tibialis posterior have been trialled in patients with CMT, without success.

OverviewThe Achilles tendon is the largest tendon in the body. It connects the calf muscles to the heel and is active during almost all activities including walking, jumping, and swimming. This dense tendon can withstand large forces, but can become inflamed and painful during periods of overuse. Pain results from inflammation (tendonitis) or a degenerating tendon (tendinosis). Achilles tendon pathologies include rupture and tendonitis. Many experts now believe, however, that tendonitis is a misleading term that should no longer be used, because signs of true inflammation are almost never present on histologic examination. Instead, the following histopathologically determined nomenclature has evolved. Paratenonitis: Characterized by paratenon inflammation and thickening, as well as fibrin adhesions. Tendinosis: Characterized by intrasubstance disarray and degeneration of the tendon.

CausesTendons are the tough fibres that connect muscle to bone. Most tendon injuries occur near joints, such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, and ankle. A tendon injury may seem to happen suddenly, but usually it is the result of many tiny tears to the tendon that have happened over time. Health professionals may use different terms to describe a tendon injury. You may hear, Tendonitis (or Tendinitis): This actually means "inflammation of the tendon," but inflammation is rarely the cause of your tendon pain.

SymptomsSigns and symptoms of Achilles Tendinitis generally include pain and stiffness along your achilles tendon, especially in the morning. Pain in the back of your heel that gets worse with activity. Severe pain the day after exercising. Swelling that gets worse with activity. If you feel a pop in the back of your heel or bottom of you calf, you may have ruptured or torn you achilles tendon.

DiagnosisOn examination, an inflamed or partially torn Achilles tendon is tender when squeezed between the fingers. Complete tears are differentiated by sudden, severe pain and inability to walk on the extremity. A palpable defect along the course of the tendon. A positive Thompson test (while the patient lies prone on the examination table, the examiner squeezes the calf muscle; this maneuver by the examiner does not cause the normally expected plantar flexion of the foot pain in the arch; comfortableband48.snack.ws,).

Nonsurgical TreatmentTreating Achilles tendinitis rarely requires much professional intervention. Ease the pain with OTC pain killers. Stretch and strengthen the Achilles tendon. Stop the condition from happening again. Doctors treating Achilles tendinitis will recommend the following options for accomplishing this. Pain Killers - Generally ibuprofen (Advil) or naproxen (Aleve) will ease the mild pain. Physical Therapy, Stretches and exercises devised to lengthen and strengthen the Achilles tendon will help reduce pain and prevent future recurrence. Orthopedic Supports, Heel-elevating insoles or other orthotic devices can reduce the strain on the Achilles tendon, helping ease the inflammation and pain.

Surgical TreatmentSurgical treatment for tendons that fail to respond to conservative treatment can involve several procedures, all of which are designed to irritate the tendon and initiate a chemically mediated healing response. These procedures range from more simple procedures such as percutaneous tenotomy61 to open procedures and removal of tendon pathology. Percutaneous tenotomy resulted in 75% of patients reporting good or excellent results after 18 months. Open surgery for Achilles tendinopathy has shown that the outcomes are better for those tendons without a focal lesion compared with those with a focal area of tendinopathy.62 At 7 months after surgery, 67% had returned to physical activity, 88% from the no-lesion group and 50% from the group with a focal lesion.