Arnis: A Question of Origins
by Bot Jocano
Rapid Journal Vol. 2, No. 4
4th Qtr 1997Taichi Works Publications
458 Jaboneros St. Binondo, Manila 1006
Arnis: A Question of Origins
by Bot Jocano
The term arnis evokes a number of reactions from people every time it is mentioned in a conversation. Some people start fanning their hands in the air, imitating the distinctive movements of the two-stick (doble baston) training method. This image of arnis is one of the most popular to the layman. A second reaction, and quite as common as the first, is the question: "Saan ba talaga galing ang arnis?" (Where did arnis really come from?) Alternatively, "Di ba, sa atin nanggaling ang arnis?î (Isn't it that arnis comes from us?) is a question also heard. This article is an attempt to critically examine the roots of one of the martial arts of the Philippines, arnis. It must be noted that in no way does this article claim to be the final say on the origins of arnis. It is actually a preliminary look, a start if you will, into re-examining carefully the origins of an art form.
Arnis, also known as kali, escrima, baston, etc. is a complete martial art system, encompassing weapons training and empty-hand self-defense. It includes training in single stick techniques (solo baston), double stick techniques (doble baston), stick and knife or dagger techniques (espada y daga) and knife techniques (daga). Some styles may include staff and spear (sibat) training in their curriculum. Others will include the practice of medium to long bladed weapons (bolo) in their repertoire. Many styles have some form of empty hand combat, encompassing striking, kicking, locking, throwing and even choking methods. These are usually taught when the practitioner has demonstrated a reasonable degree of proficiency with the weapons of his style of arnis. Different arnis styles, from different parts of the country, may emphasize different areas of the training methods noted above. The term arnis is believed to be a Tagalog corruption of the Spanish term arnes, or harness, a reference to the decorations worn by the early Filipinos. Kali is another term used to refer to the same kind of martial arts. Different provinces may have different names for arnis, such as baston and kaliradman (Ilonggo, Bisaya), pagkalikali (Ibanag) and kalirongan (Pangasinan). These are only a few examples of the terms already recorded in different sources.
With such a comprehensive system of martial arts being taught and promoted in different areas of the country, it is inevitable that people would ask, where did such a complete martial art system come from?
One suggestion is that it originally came from another martial art system, called tjakalele. This is actually the name of a branch of the Indonesian martial art system known as pentjak silat. Another suggestion is that it was brought here from the Southeast Asian mainland, particularly during the Madjapahit and Shri-Visayan empires. Yet another suggestion is that it was propagated by the so-called ten Bornean datus fleeing persecution from their homeland. We shall critically examine these assertions one at a time.
The idea that arnis evolved or was derived from another martial art system, namely tjakalele silat, is due to linguistics. The alternative name for arnis is kali. It is widely held that this is the older term for arnis, and that kali itself emphasizes bladed weaponry apart from practice with the stick. It is not surprising that a connection could be seen between the term kali and tjakalele. However, linguistic similarity alone is not enough ground to assert that kali was indeed derived from tjakalele. There has to be documented proof that one came from the other. What form should this proof take? Authenticated documents certainly are one of the best pieces of evidence - if such could be found, and proven to be genuine. A close and thorough comparison of both styles would help, but it must be remembered that they would have changed over time, reflecting the different changes that have happened in their cultures of origin. On the other hand, one of the local terms for a bladed weapon is kalis. It is also believed that kali is a derived term from kalis. This assertion will require study before it can be validated.
Another oft-quoted idea is that kali was brought here during the Shri-Vishayan (7th -14th centuries and Madjapahit (13th -16th centuries) empires. This reflects the notion that the Philippines then was somehow an integral part of both empires. It must be noted that the archaeological evidence for the role of the Philippines in both empires is very meager. About the best that could be said is that there was commercial contact, but whether such contact also included the spreading of martial arts is circumstantial at best.
A third idea regarding the spreading and propagation of kali in the Philippines is that ten Bornean datus (sometimes nine) fled here and settled in various parts of … [Read more...]

Giving the Right Credits By Punong Guro Edgar G. Sulite
This article was first published in VORTEX (Volume 4, Number 1) in 1995. A quarterly newsletter of Lameco Eskrima International, the publisher was the late Punong Guro Edgar G. Sulite who passed away on April 10, 1997. The editor was Arnold A. Noche.
Giving the Right Credits
By Punong Guro Edgar G. Sulite
In today’s society, martial arts practitioners are constantly bombarded by the knowledge and techniques of various martial arts arriving from all four corners of the world. These are the same exact techniques that were once forbidden to be taught outside the family circle by the very same people who created it and used it. Those people dedicated their lives in the laboratory of the battlefield just to experiment whether their techniques would work or not. Many lives had been wasted before the techniques were ever refined. The masters from the different martial arts devoted their time, energy and, above all, their life in the development of their fierce combat techniques. The Filipino martial arts (Eskrima, Kali, Arnis), Kung-Fu, Thai Boxing, Karate, Indonesian Silat, Jiu-Jitsu, Western Boxing, Tai-Chi, Judo, Savate and other martial arts are just a mere phone call away. In our generation today, we are extremely fortunate to have these different types of martial arts available within our grasp.
I remember Grandmaster Jose D. Caballero who was my teacher in the De Campo Uno-Dos-Tres Orihinal System. It took me more than one year to court him, bringing him food each day on every visit as a means of a gift, just for him to accept me as a student. It was primarily because I was an outsider, one who didn’t belong to their family, that I was not accepted right away. It was also because of my perseverance, that I never stopped coming to his house to ask him to teach me, that I was finally accepted to become one of his disciples.
Nowadays, you can study any and all kinds of martial arts as you wish, because they are available within your reach, for as long as you have the determination to learn. Due to the abundance of these martial arts that we study, we somehow consciously or subconsciously mix it together as one. This bring us now to the big problem that evolves due to the fact that some martial arts teachers, as well as some students, are not honest enough in giving the right credits to where they have gotten the knowledge from or where they have attained the techniques from.
One afternoon in Manila, Philippines, during our Sunday sessions with Grandmaster Antonio Ilustrisimo in Luneta Park, we noticed two bystanders carefully observing our training with extremely watchful eyes. I, being one of the spokesmen of the Kali Ilustrisimo System, approached the two men and asked them if they knew Eskrima, Kali or Arnis. I also asked them if they would show us some of their moves. The demonstration that they performed for us was quite impressive. Grandmaster Ilustrisimo, who does not impress easily at all especially if you are from another style of Kali, was astounded. After their demonstration we asked immediately who their teacher was. One of the young men replied that they did not have a teacher that they just went to the mountains and meditated to formulate the techniques, which they had just performed. We
did not believe him nor them. Master Tony Diego said to me that it was such a pity to their teacher, whoever it was, that these two men would turn out to be so disrespectful. Less than a year later, during our meeting with the different grandmasters of Arnis Philippines, I met an old master that demonstrated the same techniques that I saw earlier from the two men. When I asked the master if he knew of the two, he replied that they were his students.
The truth will always come out. Giving the right credits to where we have learned the techniques from pays a lot of respect to the people who invented it and devoted their life in battle just to prove that it works. It is their pride that their names are being remembered and honored by us who are now practicing or who have practiced their once called forbidden art. … [Read more...]

‘Arnis’ can now be seen on Philippine stamps
QUEZON CITY, METRO MANILA- The Philippine Postal Corporation (PhilPost) recently released stamps featuring ‘arnis,’ a Filipino martial arts and the country’s national sport.
This is part of efforts to promote the sport throughout the world, the PhilPost said. The special ‘arnis’ stamps capture the unique movement and artistry of this Filipino sport, said PhilPost Postage and Philatelic department manager Lenie San Diego. … [Read more...]

Justiniano Asuncion, “A Guardia de Vino: An Officer to Look After the Government Monopolies,
Such as Arrack and Tobacco,” c 1841, New York Public Library.
Courtesy of http://pupuplatter.tumblr.com … [Read more...]

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