2 NICE clinical guideline 115 Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence Ordering information You can download the following documents from The NICE guideline (this document) all the recommendations. A quick reference guide a summary of the recommendations for healthcare professionals. Understanding NICE guidance a summary for patients and carers. The full guideline all the recommendations, details of how they were developed, and reviews of the evidence they were based on. For printed copies of the quick reference guide or Understanding NICE guidance, phone NICE publications on or and quote: N2440 (quick reference guide) N2441 ( Understanding NICE guidance ). NICE clinical guidelines are recommendations about the treatment and care of people with specific diseases and conditions in the NHS in England and Wales. This guidance represents the view of NICE, which was arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. Healthcare professionals are expected to take it fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. However, the guidance does not override the individual responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or guardian or carer, and informed by the summary of product characteristics of any drugs they are considering. Implementation of this guidance is the responsibility of local commissioners and/or providers. Commissioners and providers are reminded that it is their responsibility to implement the guidance, in their local context, in light of their duties to avoid unlawful discrimination and to have regard to promoting equality of opportunity. Nothing in this guidance should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence MidCity Place 71 High Holborn London WC1V 6NA National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, All rights reserved. This material may be freely reproduced for educational and not-for-profit purposes. No reproduction by or for commercial organisations, or for commercial purposes, is allowed without the express written permission of NICE.

3 Contents Introduction... 4 Person-centred care... 8 Key priorities for implementation Guidance Notes on the scope of the guidance Implementation Research recommendations Other versions of this guideline Related NICE guidance Updating the guideline Appendix A: The Guideline Development Group and National Collaborating Centre Appendix B: The Guideline Review Panel... 54

4 Introduction This guideline makes recommendations on the diagnosis, assessment and management of harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in adults and in young people aged years. This is one of three pieces of NICE guidance addressing alcohol-related problems and should be read in conjunction with: Alcohol-use disorders: preventing the development of hazardous and harmful drinking. NICE public health guidance 24 (2010). Available from public health guidance on the price, advertising and availability of alcohol, how best to detect alcohol misuse in and outside primary care, and brief interventions to manage it in these settings. Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis and clinical management of alcoholrelated physical complications. NICE clinical guideline 100 (2010). Available from a clinical guideline covering acute unplanned alcohol withdrawal including delirium tremens, alcohol-related liver damage, alcohol-related pancreatitis and management of Wernicke s encephalopathy. Harmful drinking is defined as a pattern of alcohol consumption causing health problems directly related to alcohol. This could include psychological problems such as depression, alcohol-related accidents or physical illness such as acute pancreatitis. In the longer term, harmful drinkers may go on to develop high blood pressure, cirrhosis, heart disease and some types of cancer, such as mouth, liver, bowel or breast cancer. Alcohol dependence is characterised by craving, tolerance, a preoccupation with alcohol and continued drinking in spite of harmful consequences (for example, liver disease or depression caused by drinking). Alcohol dependence is also associated with increased criminal activity and domestic violence, and an increased rate of significant mental and physical disorders. Although alcohol dependence is defined in ICD-10 and DSM-IV in categorical NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 4

5 terms for diagnostic and statistical purposes as being either present or absent, in reality dependence exists on a continuum of severity. However, it is helpful from a clinical perspective to subdivide dependence into categories of mild, moderate and severe. People with mild dependence (those scoring 15 or less on the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire; SADQ) usually do not need assisted alcohol withdrawal. People with moderate dependence (with a SADQ score of between 15 and 30) usually need assisted alcohol withdrawal, which can typically be managed in a community setting unless there are other risks. People who are severely alcohol dependent (with a SADQ score of more than 30) will need assisted alcohol withdrawal, typically in an inpatient or residential setting. In this guideline these definitions of severity are used to guide selection of appropriate interventions. For convenience this guideline refers to harmful drinking and alcohol dependence as alcohol misuse. When recommendations apply to both people who are dependent on alcohol and harmful drinkers, the terms person who misuses alcohol or service user are used unless the recommendation is specifically referring to either people who are dependent on alcohol or who are harmful drinkers. Alcohol dependence affects 4% of people aged between 16 and 65 in England (6% of men and 2% of women), and over 24% of the English population (33% of men and 16% of women) consume alcohol in a way that is potentially or actually harmful to their health or well-being. Alcohol misuse is also an increasing problem in children and young people, with over 24,000 treated in the NHS for alcohol-related problems in 2008 and Comorbid mental health disorders commonly include depression, anxiety disorders and drug misuse, some of which may remit with abstinence from alcohol but others may persist and need specific treatment. Physical comorbidities are common, including gastrointestinal disorders (in particular liver disease) and neurological and cardiovascular disease. In some people these comorbidities may remit on stopping or reducing alcohol consumption, but many experience long-term consequences of alcohol misuse that may significantly shorten their life. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 5

6 Of the 1 million people aged between 16 and 65 who are alcohol dependent in England, only about 6% per year receive treatment. Reasons for this include the often long period between developing alcohol dependence and seeking help, and the limited availability of specialist alcohol treatment services in some parts of England. Additionally, alcohol misuse is under-identified by health and social care professionals, leading to missed opportunities to provide effective interventions. Diagnosis is made on the basis of the symptoms and consequences of alcohol misuse outlined above. Simple biological measures such as liver function tests are poor indicators of the presence of harmful or dependent drinking. Diagnosis and assessment of the severity of alcohol misuse is important because it points to the treatment interventions required. Acute withdrawal from alcohol in the absence of medical management can be hazardous in people with severe alcohol dependence, as it may lead to seizures, delirium tremens and, in some instances, death. Current practice across the country is varied and access to a range of assisted withdrawal and treatment services varies as a consequence. Services for assisted alcohol withdrawal vary considerably in intensity and there is a lack of structured intensive community-based assisted withdrawal programmes. Similarly, there is limited access to psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioural therapies specifically focused on alcohol misuse. In addition, when the alcohol misuse has been effectively treated, many people continue to experience problems in accessing services for comorbid mental and physical health problems. Despite the publication of the Models of Care for Alcohol by the Department of Health in 2007 (National Treatment Agency, 2007), alcohol service structures are poorly developed, with care pathways often ill defined. In order to address this last point the three pieces of NICE guidance are integrated into a care pathway. This guideline will assume that prescribers will use a drug s summary of product characteristics (SPC) to inform their decisions for individual service users. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 6

7 In this guideline, drug names are marked with a footnote if they do not have a UK marketing authorisation for the indication in question at the time of publication. Prescribers should check each drug s SPC for current licensed indications. At the time of publication, no drug recommended in this guideline has a UK marketing authorisation for use in children and young people under the age of 18. However, in 2000, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health issued a policy statement on the use of unlicensed medicines, or the use of licensed medicines for unlicensed applications, in children and young people. This states that such use is necessary in paediatric practice and that doctors are legally allowed to prescribe unlicensed medicines where there are no suitable alternatives and where the use is justified by a responsible body of professional opinion. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 7

8 Person-centred care This guideline offers best practice advice on the care of adults and young people with alcohol dependence or who are harmful drinkers. Treatment and care should take into account people s needs and preferences. Service users should have the opportunity to make informed decisions about their care and treatment, in partnership with their healthcare professionals. If service users do not have the capacity to make decisions, staff should follow the Department of Health s advice on consent (available from and the code of practice that accompanies the Mental Capacity Act (summary available from In Wales, healthcare professionals should follow advice on consent from the Welsh Assembly Government (available from If a service user is under 16, staff should follow the guidelines in Seeking consent: working with children (available from Good communication between staff and service users is essential. It should be supported by evidence-based written information tailored to the service user s needs. Treatment and care, and the information service users are given about it, should be culturally appropriate. It should also be accessible to people with additional needs such as physical, sensory or learning disabilities, and to people who do not speak or read English. If the service user agrees, families and carers should have the opportunity to be involved in decisions about treatment and care. For young people under the age of 16, parents or guardians should be involved in decisions about treatment and care according to best practice. Families and carers should also be given the information and support they need in their own right. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 8

9 Care of young people in transition between paediatric and adult services should be planned and managed according to the best practice guidance described in Transition: getting it right for young people (available from NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 9

10 Key priorities for implementation Identification and assessment in all settings Staff working in services provided and funded by the NHS who care for people who potentially misuse alcohol should be competent to identify harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. They should be competent to initially assess the need for an intervention or, if they are not competent, they should refer people who misuse alcohol to a service that can provide an assessment of need. Assessment in specialist alcohol services Consider a comprehensive assessment for all adults referred to specialist services who score more than 15 on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). A comprehensive assessment should assess multiple areas of need, be structured in a clinical interview, use relevant and validated clinical tools (see ), and cover the following areas: alcohol use, including: consumption: historical and recent patterns of drinking (using, for example, a retrospective drinking diary), and if possible, additional information (for example, from a family member or carer) dependence (using, for example, SADQ or Leeds Dependence Questionnaire [LDQ]) alcohol-related problems (using, for example, Alcohol Problems Questionnaire [APQ]) other drug misuse, including over-the-counter medication physical health problems psychological and social problems cognitive function (using, for example, the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) readiness and belief in ability to change. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 10

11 General principles for all interventions Consider offering interventions to promote abstinence and prevent relapse as part of an intensive structured community-based intervention for people with moderate and severe alcohol dependence who have: very limited social support (for example, they are living alone or have very little contact with family or friends) or complex physical or psychiatric comorbidities or not responded to initial community-based interventions (see ). All interventions for people who misuse alcohol should be delivered by appropriately trained and competent staff. Pharmacological interventions should be administered by specialist and competent staff 1. Psychological interventions should be based on a relevant evidence-based treatment manual, which should guide the structure and duration of the intervention. Staff should consider using competence frameworks developed from the relevant treatment manuals and for all interventions should: receive regular supervision from individuals competent in both the intervention and supervision routinely use outcome measurements to make sure that the person who misuses alcohol is involved in reviewing the effectiveness of treatment engage in monitoring and evaluation of treatment adherence and practice competence, for example, by using video and audio tapes and external audit and scrutiny if appropriate. Interventions for harmful drinking and mild alcohol dependence For harmful drinkers and people with mild alcohol dependence, offer a psychological intervention (such as cognitive behavioural therapies, behavioural therapies or social network and environment-based therapies) focused specifically on alcohol-related cognitions, behaviour, problems and social networks. 1 If a drug is used at a dose or for an application that does not have UK marketing authorisation, informed consent should be obtained and documented. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 11

12 Assessment for assisted alcohol withdrawal For service users who typically drink over 15 units of alcohol per day, and/or who score 20 or more on the AUDIT, consider offering: an assessment for and delivery of a community-based assisted withdrawal, or assessment and management in specialist alcohol services if there are safety concerns (see ) about a community-based assisted withdrawal. Interventions for moderate and severe alcohol dependence After a successful withdrawal for people with moderate and severe alcohol dependence, consider offering acamprosate or oral naltrexone 2 in combination with an individual psychological intervention (cognitive behavioural therapies, behavioural therapies or social network and environment-based therapies) focused specifically on alcohol misuse (see section 1.3.3). Assessment and interventions for children and young people who misuse alcohol For children and young people aged years who misuse alcohol offer: individual cognitive behavioural therapy for those with limited comorbidities and good social support multicomponent programmes (such as multidimensional family therapy, brief strategic family therapy, functional family therapy or multisystemic therapy) for those with significant comorbidities and/or limited social support. 2 At the time of publication (February 2011), oral naltrexone did not have UK marketing authorisation for this indication. Informed consent should be obtained and documented. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 12

13 Interventions for conditions comorbid with alcohol misuse For people who misuse alcohol and have comorbid depression or anxiety disorders, treat the alcohol misuse first as this may lead to significant improvement in the depression and anxiety. If depression or anxiety continues after 3 to 4 weeks of abstinence from alcohol, assess the depression or anxiety and consider referral and treatment in line with the relevant NICE guideline for the particular disorder 3. 3 See Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults NICE clinical guideline 90 (2009), available from and Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) in adults: management in primary, secondary and community care, NICE clinical guideline 113 (2011), available from NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 13

14 1 Guidance The following guidance is based on the best available evidence. The full guideline (see gives details of the methods and the evidence used to develop the guidance. 1.1 Principles of care Building a trusting relationship and providing information When working with people who misuse alcohol: build a trusting relationship and work in a supportive, empathic and non-judgmental manner take into account that stigma and discrimination are often associated with alcohol misuse and that minimising the problem may be part of the service user s presentation make sure that discussions take place in settings in which confidentiality, privacy and dignity are respected When working with people who misuse alcohol: provide information appropriate to their level of understanding about the nature and treatment of alcohol misuse to support choice from a range of evidence-based treatments avoid clinical language without explanation make sure that comprehensive written information is available in an appropriate language or, for those who cannot use written text, in an accessible format provide independent interpreters (that is, someone who is not known to the service user) if needed Working with and supporting families and carers Encourage families and carers to be involved in the treatment and care of people who misuse alcohol to help support and maintain positive change. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 14

15 When families and carers are involved in supporting a person who misuses alcohol, discuss concerns about the impact of alcohol misuse on themselves and other family members, and: provide written and verbal information on alcohol misuse and its management, including how families and carers can support the service user offer a carer s assessment where necessary negotiate with the service user and their family or carer about the family or carer s involvement in their care and the sharing of information; make sure the service user s, family s and carer s right to confidentiality is respected When the needs of families and carers of people who misuse alcohol have been identified: offer guided self-help, usually consisting of a single session, with the provision of written materials provide information about, and facilitate contact with, support groups (such as self-help groups specifically focused on addressing the needs of families and carers) If the families and carers of people who misuse alcohol have not benefited, or are not likely to benefit, from guided self-help and/or support groups and continue to have significant problems, consider offering family meetings. These should: provide information and education about alcohol misuse help to identify sources of stress related to alcohol misuse explore and promote effective coping behaviours usually consist of at least five weekly sessions. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 15

16 All staff in contact with parents who misuse alcohol and who have care of or regular contact with their children, should: take account of the impact of the parent s drinking on the parent child relationship and the child s development, education, mental and physical health, own alcohol use, safety, and social network be aware of and comply with the requirements of the Children Act (2004). 1.2 Identification and assessment General principles Make sure that assessment of risk is part of any assessment, that it informs the development of the overall care plan, and that it covers risk to self (including unplanned withdrawal, suicidality and neglect) and risk to others Staff working in services provided and funded by the NHS who care for people who potentially misuse alcohol should be competent to identify harmful drinking and alcohol dependence. They should be competent to initially assess the need for an intervention or, if they are not competent, they should refer people who misuse alcohol to a service that can provide an assessment of need When conducting an initial assessment, as well as assessing alcohol misuse, the severity of dependence and risk, consider the: extent of any associated health and social problems need for assisted alcohol withdrawal. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 16

17 Use formal assessment tools to assess the nature and severity of alcohol misuse, including the: AUDIT for identification and as a routine outcome measure SADQ or LDQ for severity of dependence Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, revised (CIWA-Ar) for severity of withdrawal APQ for the nature and extent of the problems arising from alcohol misuse When assessing the severity of alcohol dependence and determining the need for assisted withdrawal, adjust the criteria for women, older people, children and young people 4, and people with established liver disease who may have problems with the metabolism of alcohol Staff responsible for assessing and managing assisted alcohol withdrawal (see 1.3.4) should be competent in the diagnosis and assessment of alcohol dependence and withdrawal symptoms and the use of drug regimens appropriate to the settings (for example, inpatient or community) in which the withdrawal is managed Staff treating people with alcohol dependence presenting with an acute unplanned alcohol withdrawal should refer to Alcohol-use disorders: diagnosis and clinical management of alcohol-related physical complications (NICE clinical guideline 100) Assessment in specialist alcohol services Treatment goals In the initial assessment in specialist alcohol services of all people who misuse alcohol, agree the goal of treatment with the service user. Abstinence is the appropriate goal for most people with alcohol dependence, and people who misuse alcohol and have significant psychiatric or physical comorbidity (for example, 4 See section for assessment of children and young people. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 17

18 depression or alcohol-related liver disease). When a service user prefers a goal of moderation but there are considerable risks, advise strongly that abstinence is most appropriate, but do not refuse treatment to service users who do not agree to a goal of abstinence For harmful drinking or mild dependence, without significant comorbidity, and if there is adequate social support, consider a moderate level of drinking as the goal of treatment unless the service user prefers abstinence or there are other reasons for advising abstinence For people with severe alcohol dependence, or those who misuse alcohol and have significant psychiatric or physical comorbidity, but who are unwilling to consider a goal of abstinence or engage in structured treatment, consider a harm reduction programme of care. However, ultimately the service user should be encouraged to aim for a goal of abstinence When developing treatment goals, consider that some people who misuse alcohol may be required to abstain from alcohol as part of a court order or sentence. Brief triage assessment All adults who misuse alcohol who are referred to specialist alcohol services should have a brief triage assessment to assess: the pattern and severity of the alcohol misuse (using AUDIT) and severity of dependence (using SADQ) the need for urgent treatment including assisted withdrawal any associated risks to self or others the presence of any comorbidities or other factors that may need further specialist assessment or intervention. Agree the initial treatment plan, taking into account the service user s preferences and outcomes of any previous treatment. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 18

19 Comprehensive assessment Consider a comprehensive assessment for all adults referred to specialist alcohol services who score more than 15 on the AUDIT. A comprehensive assessment should assess multiple areas of need, be structured in a clinical interview, use relevant and validated clinical tools (see ), and cover the following areas: alcohol use, including: consumption: historical and recent patterns of drinking (using, for example, a retrospective drinking diary), and if possible, additional information (for example, from a family member or carer) dependence (using, for example, SADQ or LDQ) alcohol-related problems (using, for example, APQ) other drug misuse, including over-the-counter medication physical health problems psychological and social problems cognitive function (using, for example, the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) readiness and belief in ability to change Assess comorbid mental health problems as part of any comprehensive assessment, and throughout care for the alcohol misuse, because many comorbid problems (though not all) will improve with treatment for alcohol misuse. Use the assessment of comorbid mental health problems to inform the development of the overall care plan For service users whose comorbid mental health problems do not significantly improve after abstinence from alcohol (typically after 3 4 weeks), consider providing or referring for specific treatment (see the relevant NICE guideline for the particular disorder) Consider measuring breath alcohol as part of the management of assisted withdrawal. However, breath alcohol should not usually be NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 19

20 measured for routine assessment and monitoring in alcohol treatment programmes Consider blood tests to help identify physical health needs, but do not use blood tests routinely for the identification and diagnosis of alcohol use disorders Consider brief measures of cognitive functioning (for example, MMSE) to help with treatment planning. Formal measures of cognitive functioning should usually only be performed if impairment persists after a period of abstinence or a significant reduction in alcohol intake. 1.3 Interventions for alcohol misuse General principles for all interventions For all people who misuse alcohol, carry out a motivational intervention as part of the initial assessment. The intervention should contain the key elements of motivational interviewing including: helping people to recognise problems or potential problems related to their drinking helping to resolve ambivalence and encourage positive change and belief in the ability to change adopting a persuasive and supportive rather than an argumentative and confrontational position For all people who misuse alcohol, offer interventions to promote abstinence or moderate drinking as appropriate (see ) and prevent relapse, in community-based settings. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 20

21 Consider offering interventions to promote abstinence and prevent relapse as part of an intensive structured community-based intervention for people with moderate and severe alcohol dependence who have: very limited social support (for example, they are living alone or have very little contact with family or friends) or complex physical or psychiatric comorbidities or not responded to initial community-based interventions (see ) For people with alcohol dependence who are homeless, consider offering residential rehabilitation for a maximum of 3 months. Help the service user find stable accommodation before discharge All interventions for people who misuse alcohol should be delivered by appropriately trained and competent staff. Pharmacological interventions should be administered by specialist and competent staff 5. Psychological interventions should be based on a relevant evidence-based treatment manual, which should guide the structure and duration of the intervention. Staff should consider using competence frameworks developed from the relevant treatment manuals and for all interventions should: receive regular supervision from individuals competent in both the intervention and supervision routinely use outcome measurements to make sure that the person who misuses alcohol is involved in reviewing the effectiveness of treatment engage in monitoring and evaluation of treatment adherence and practice competence, for example, by using video and audio tapes and external audit and scrutiny if appropriate. 5 If a drug is used at a dose or for an application that does not have UK marketing authorisation, informed consent should be obtained and documented. NICE clinical guideline 115 alcohol dependence 21

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