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Abstract:

An apparatus, system and method relating to a valve assembly for use in a
subterranean well for oil, gas, or other hydrocarbons. The valve assembly
comprises an engaging element with a resilient portion having a first
shape when a first pressure differential is applied across the engaging
element in a direction and a second shape when a second pressure
differential is applied across the element in the direction; a receiving
element having sealing section; wherein the engaging element is engagable
with the first receiving element to substantially prevent the flow of
fluids through the sealing section a pressure differential is applied to
the engaging element that is less than a first pressure differential;
wherein the engaging element is extrudable through the first receiving
element by applying a second pressure differential that is greater than
the first pressure differential.

Claims:

1. A valve assembly for use in a subterranean well for oil, gas, or other
hydrocarbons, said valve assembly comprising: an engaging element with a
resilient portion having a first shape when no more than a first pressure
differential is applied across said engaging element in a direction and a
second shape when a second pressure differential is applied across the
element in the direction; a receiving element having sealing section;
wherein said engaging element is engagable with the first receiving
element to substantially prevent fluid communication through said sealing
section when a pressure differential is applied to the engaging element
that is less than the first pressure differential; and wherein said
engaging element is extrudable through said first receiving element
without substantial permanent deformation by applying at least the second
pressure differential.

2. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein said engaging element is one of
a ball and a dart and wherein said receiving element is one of a ball
seat and a dart seat.

3. The valve assembly of claim 1 wherein the sealing section is partially
defined by an inlet and an outlet.

4. A system of valve assemblies for use in a subterranean well, for oil,
gas, or other hydrocarbons, said system comprising: an engaging element
formed of a resilient deformable material; a first receiving element
having a sealing section engagable with said engaging element; a second
receiving element having a sealing section engagable with said engaging
element; wherein said engaging element is engagable with the sealing
section of said first receiving element to form a fluid seal having a
first pressure rating, and wherein said engaging element is extrudable
through said first receiving element upon application of a second
pressure differential that exceeds the first pressure rating; and wherein
said engaging element is matable to said second receiving element to form
a fluid said after having passed through said first receiving element.

5. The system of valve assemblies of claim 3 wherein said second
receiving element has substantially the same profile as said first
receiving element.

6. The system of valve assemblies of claim 3 wherein said engaging
element returns to substantially its original size and shape after
passing through said first receiving element.

7. The system of valve assemblies of claim 4 wherein said engaging
element and said second receiving element are configured to form a fluid
seal up to the first pressure differential after the engaging element is
extruded through said first receiving element.

8. A multistage system for a hydrocarbon production well, the system
comprising: a first engaging element having a first compressive strength;
a second engaging element having a second compressive strength greater
than the first compressive strength; a first valve assembly having a
receiving element engagable with said first and second engaging elements
to form a fluid seal, wherein the first valve assembly is mechanically
connected to a first plurality of sacrificial parts having a first
rating; a second valve assembly positioned upwell of the first valve
assembly and having a receiving element engagable with said first and
second engaging element to form a fluid seal, wherein the second valve
assembly is mechanically connected to a second plurality of sacrificial
parts having a second rating greater than the first rating; wherein said
first engaging element is extrudable through the first and second
receiving elements upon application of at least a first pressure
differential; wherein said second engaging element is extrudable through
said first and second receiving elements upon application of at least a
second pressure differential; wherein the first rating is greater than
the first pressure differential and less the second pressure
differential; and wherein the second rating is less than the first and
second pressure differentials.

9. A valve assembly for use in a subterranean well for oil, gas, or other
hydrocarbons, said seal assembly comprising: a receiving element with an
outlet, and an engaging element, configured to engage with said receiving
element, wherein, engagement of the engaging element with the receiving
element inhibits the flow of fluid through the valve assembly up to a
first pressure, the engaging element is configured to pass through the
outlet of said receiving element at a second pressure without deforming
the outlet, and the engaging element comprises a material such that the
engaging element returns to substantially its original size and shape
after the engaging element passes through the receiving element.

10. The valve assembly of claim 9 wherein said engaging element is a
ball.

11. The valve assembly of claim 9 wherein said engaging element is a
dart.

15. The valve assembly of claim 9 wherein the receiving element comprises
a circular outlet deformable to a diameter less than the undeformed
diameter of the engaging element.

16. The valve assembly of claim 9 further comprising a sacrificial part.

17. The valve assembly of claim 9 further comprising a sacrificial part
having a pressure rating higher than the second pressure.

18. A method for treating a well for oil, gas or other hydrocarbons, said
well containing a first receiving element having a first inlet and a
first outlet and a second receiving element having a second inlet and a
second outlet, said method comprising, engaging the first receiving
element with a first engaging element; causing said first engaging
element to pass through said first outlet at a first pressure drop from
the first inlet to the first outlet without substantially changing the
size of the first outlet and without substantially changing the shape of
the first outlet; engaging the second receiving element with the first
engaging element; actuating a tool in communication with the second
receiving element by application of a second pressure drop from the
second inlet to the second outlet.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the first engaging element actuates a
tool in communication with the first receiving element.

20. The method of claim 18 wherein the first engaging element is selected
from balls and darts.

21. The method of claim 18 wherein the first outlet and the second outlet
have substantially the same size and shape.

22. The method of claim 18 wherein the first pressure drop is at least
1800 psi.

23. The method of claim 18 wherein the first pressure drop is less than
the second pressure drop.

24. The method of claim 18 wherein a second engaging element actuates a
tool in communication with the first receiving element.

25. A system of valve assemblies for use in a well for oil, gas or other
hydrocarbons, said system comprising a first receiving element comprising
a first outlet of a first size and a first seating element, a second
receiving element comprising a second outlet of a second size and a
second seating element, a third receiving element with a third outlet of
a third size and a third seating element, a fourth receiving element with
a fourth outlet of a fourth size and a fourth seating element, a first
engaging element configured to engage the first seating element and the
second seating element, a second engaging element configured to engage
the third seating element and the fourth seating element, wherein the
first engaging element is extrudable through the first receiving element,
and the second engaging element is extrudable through the third receiving
element.

26. The system of claim 25 wherein the first engaging element is of
substantially the same size and same shape as the second engaging
element.

27. The system of claim 26 wherein the first engaging element comprises a
different material than the second engaging element.

28. The system of claim 26 wherein the first engaging element is a ball
comprising virgin poly ether ether ketone and the second engaging element
is a ball comprising carbon black.

29. The system of claim 25 wherein the first engaging element has a
maximum diameter substantially the same as a maximum diameter of the
second engaging element.

Description:

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This original nonprovisional application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/453,281, filed Mar. 16, 2011 and
entitled "Multistage Production System Incorporating Downhole Tool With
Deformable Ball," which is incorporated by reference herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY-SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

[0003] 1. Field of the Invention

[0004] The embodiments disclosed herein and the invention as claimed
relate to a valve assembly to prevent the flow of fluids past the
assembly, to systems incorporating such assembly, and to methods for
using the assembly. In one preferred embodiment, the valve assembly is
incorporated into a system of selectively operable frac sleeves for use
in completing a well for oil, gas or other hydrocarbons.

[0005] 2. Background

[0006] In hydrocarbon wells, tools incorporating valve assemblies having
an engaging element, such as a ball or dart, and a receiving element,
such as a ball seat or dart seat, have been used for a number of
different operations. Such valve assemblies prevent the flow of fluid
past the assembly and, with the application of a desired pressure, a well
operator can actuate one or more tools associated with the assembly.

[0007] One use for such remotely operated valve assemblies is in
fracturing (or "fracing"), a technique used by well operators to create
and/or extend one or more cracks, called "fractures" from the wellbore
deeper into the surrounding formation in order to improve the flow of
formation fluids into the wellbore. Fracing is typically accomplished by
injecting fluids from the surface through the wellbore and into the
formation at high pressure to create the fractures and to force them to
both open wider and to extend further. In many case, the injected fluids
contain a granular material, such as sand, which functions to hold the
fracture open after the fluid pressure is reduced.

[0008] Fracing multiple-stage production wells requires selective
actuation of downhole tools, such as fracing sleeves, to control fluid
flow from the tubing string to the formation. For example, U.S. Published
Application No. 2008/0302538, entitled Cemented Open Hole Selective
Fracing System and which is incorporated by reference herein, describes
embodiments which incorporate a shifting tool for selectively actuating a
fracing sleeve.

[0009] That same application also describes a system using multiple valve
assemblies which incorporate ball-and-seat seals, each having a
differently-sized ball seat and corresponding ball. Frac valves connected
to ball-and-seat arrangements do not require the running of a shifting
tool thousands of feet into the tubing string and are simpler to actuate
than frac valves requiring such shifting tools. Such ball-and-seat
arrangements are operated by placing an appropriately sized ball into the
well bore and bringing the ball into contact with a corresponding ball
seat. The ball engages on a section of the ball seat to block the flow of
fluids past the valve assembly. Application of pressure to the valve
assembly causes the valve assembly to "shift," opening the frac sleeve to
the surrounding the formation.

[0010] Some valve assemblies are selected for tool actuation by the size
of ball introduced into the well. If the well or tubing string contains
multiple ball seats, the ball must be small enough that it will not seal
against any of the ball seats it encounters prior to reaching the desired
ball seat. For this reason, the smallest ball to be used for the planned
operation is the first ball placed into the well or tubing and the
smallest ball seat is positioned in the well or tubing the furthest from
the wellhead. Thus, these valve assemblies limit the number of valves
that can be used in a given tubing string because each ball size is only
able to actuate a single valve. Further, systems using these valve
assemblies require each ball to be at least 0.125 inches larger than the
immediately preceding ball. Therefore, the size of the liner restricts
the number of valve assemblies with differently-sized ball seats. In
other words, because a ball must be larger than its corresponding ball
seat and smaller than the ball seats of all upwell valves, each ball can
only seal against a single ball seat and, if desired, actuate one tool.

[0011] The embodiments disclosed herein relate to an alternative for
sequentially engaging multiple receiving elements with a single engaging
element and, where desired, actuating tools associated with the valve
assembly. One embodiment of the present invention allows multiple balls
of the same size to actuate tools in sequential stages.

[0012] In fracing operations, the embodiments of the valve assembly
disclosed herein, enable an increase in the number of stages that can be
performed using ball-and-seat or similar valve assemblies. The increase
in frac stages can increase the total number of sleeves that can be
opened for fracture treatments, reduce the number of frac valves that are
opened for each stage, or both. Further, if additional stages are not
needed, the invention valve assembly such as those disclosed herein can
be used to limit the valve assemblies used to those having larger
diameter balls and ball seats, thus enlarging the fluid path in the
wellbore or tubing and improving the flow of fluids form the wellhead to
the formation to be treated.

[0013] In an alternate aspect, valve assemblies such as those disclosed
herein are useful to perform multiple pressure cycles on installed tubing
by using a single engaging element sequentially on multiple receiving
elements or by sequential engagement of a single receiving element with
multiple engaging elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 is a sectional elevation illustrating an embodiment of the
valve assembly of the present invention.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a sectional elevation of an alternative embodiment
receiving element of the present invention.

[0016] FIGS. 3A-3B are partial sectional elevations of the preferred
embodiment of the present invention in a "run-in" state.

[0017] FIG. 4 is a partial sectional elevation of the embodiment shown in
FIG. 3A-3B wherein a ball is engaged with the ball seat.

[0018] FIG. 5 is a partial sectional elevation of the embodiment shown in
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 4 wherein the sleeve has been shifted to a second,
downwell position.

[0019] FIG. 6 shows multiple tools having the features described with
reference to FIGS. 1-5 in use in a three-stage production system.

[0020] FIG. 7 shows multiple tools having the features described with
reference to

[0021] FIGS. 1-5 in use in a six-stage production system.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0022] When used with reference to the figures, unless otherwise
specified, the terms "upwell," "above," "top," "upper," "downwell,"
"below," "bottom," "lower," and like terms are used relative to the
direction of normal production and/or flow of fluids and or gas through
the tool and wellbore. Thus, normal production results in migration
through the wellbore and production string from the downwell to upwell
direction without regard to whether the tubing string is disposed in a
vertical wellbore, a horizontal wellbore, or some combination of both.
Similarly, during the fracturing, or "fracing," process, fracing fluids
and/or gasses move from the surface in the downwell direction to the
portion of the tubing string within the formation.

[0023] FIG. 1 shows an illustrative embodiment of a valve assembly. In
this embodiment, the engaging element 114 is a ball that is engageable
with a receiving element 84, which is in this case a ball seat having a
sealing section 88 partially defined by an inlet 87 on one end and an
opposing outlet 89. Engagement of the engaging element 114 with the
receiving element 84 functions to create a fluid seal that minimizes and
inhibits fluid from flowing through receiving element 84.

[0024] In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the receiving element 84
contains a sealing section 88 with a generally conical profile such that
the inlet 87 of the sealing section 88 has a diameter greater than
diameter of the engaging element 114 and the outlet 89 of sealing section
88 has a diameter smaller than the diameter of engaging element 114. The
distance between the inlet 87 and outlet 89 combined with the difference
between their diameters define an angle of the seating section's 88
generally conical profile.

[0025] In operation, the diameter of the engaging element contacts sealing
section 88 between inlet 87 and outlet 89. When the pressure at inlet 87
exceeds the pressure at outlet 89, the engaging element begins to
compress or deform, or both, causing the diameter of the engaging element
which is contact with seating section 88 to shrink, allowing the engaging
element to move towards outlet 89. If the pressure differential between
inlet 87 and outlet 89 is sufficiently high, the diameter of the engaging
element 114 which contacts seating section 88 shrinks to the diameter of
the outlet 89, or to a diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of
outlet 89, allowing the engaging element 114 to pass through the outlet
89 and out of the receiving element 84. As appreciated by those of skill
in the art, the passage of engaging element 114 through the outlet 89 of
the receiving element 84 allows the pressure at outlet 89 to equalize
with the pressure at inlet 87.

[0026] In one preferred embodiment, the hardness of the ball seat 84 is
greater than the hardness of the ball 114. Thus, as force is applied to
the ball 114 while in the seating section 88, the ball 114 compresses or
otherwise deforms before the ball seat 84 expands. More particularly, the
ball 114 compresses or deforms sufficiently to pass through the outlet 89
of the ball seat 84 while the diameter of the outlet 89 remains
substantially the same. After passing through the outlet 89, the ball 114
returns substantially back to its original size and shape.

[0027] Although virgin PEEK is preferred, other contemplated materials may
be used provided that they will predictably deform yet are substantially
resilient. For example, one embodiment of the invention contemplates the
use of a "carbon black" ball, or CB ball, which is a PEEK ball to which
carbon fibers have been added to increase compressive strength. CB balls
have a higher pressure limit than the preferred virgin PEEK in a given
size, but are more prone to cracking. Yet another alternative is
polyamide-imides, such as those sold under the trade name TORLON by
Solvay Advanced Polymers of Alpharetta, Ga.

[0028] FIG. 2 shows an alternative ball seat 84' from a preferred
embodiment, which is for use with a ball 114' the diameter of which is
small relative to the outer diameter of the ball seat 84'. Like the ball
seat 84 shown in FIG. 1, the ball seat 84' of FIG. 2 has a sealing
section 88' with an inlet 87' and outlet 89' and the distance between
inlet 87 and outlet 89 defines an angle of the generally conical profile.
The ball seat 84' of FIG. 2 has an "entry section" 83 to funnel the ball
114' into the seating section 88', thereby helping to ensure that a ball
of relatively small diameter will engage with the appropriate seating
section 88'. Such entry section may be present or absent in ball seats or
other receiving elements of the present invention.

[0029] In a preferred embodiment, the fluid pressure that the valve
assembly will hold is determined by the physical properties of the
engaging element, including its size, shape, and material composition,
and the diameter of the outlet 89' of seating section 88'. Specifically,
when the fluid pressure is greater at the inlet 87' than at the outlet
89', the engaging element is forced towards the outlet. If this
difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet (i.e., the "pressure
drop") becomes sufficiently high, the engaging element is forced through
the inlet and can then move down the well or tubing to engage the next
seat. The pressure drop necessary to force the engaging element through
its corresponding seat or other receiving element is a function of the
size of the outlet 89 as well as the size of the engaging element and the
materials used to make the engaging element.

[0030] For example, referring back to FIG. 1, the valve assembly may
comprise a ball seat 84 with an outlet 89' diameter of 3.75 inches for
use with a virgin PEEK ball 114 sized for a one-sixteenth inch
interference fit with the outlet 89. These conditions generally require
application of approximately one thousand pounds per square inch of
pressure differential across the ball 114 to cause the ball to extrude
through seat 84. A CB ball of the same size extrudes through outlet 89 at
approximately two thousand to two thousand two hundred pounds per square
inch.

[0031] Because the force applied to any given ball is a function of the
square of the diameter, the size of the interference fit may be adjusted
with different ball sizes so that the pressure necessary to move the ball
through the seat 84 is the same, regardless of ball size. For example, if
the well operator desires that all balls within a system extrude through
the seat at the same pressure (e.g., 2200 psi), larger balls will require
a tighter interference fit because of the increased force on the ball
resulting from the larger surface area exposed to the tubing pressure.
Similarly, smaller balls will require a smaller interference fit for the
same pressure to be operative.

[0032] The inlet-to-outlet length is preferably one-eighth inch, which
allows the ball to extrude through the outlet nearly immediately upon
application of the target pressure differential. Increasing the length of
the inlet-to-outlet length increases the effect of friction on the ball,
which may increase the required time and/or pressure to move the ball 114
through the outlet 89.

[0033] The valve assembly's 84 pressure rating can be adjusted by
changing, the diameter of the outlet 89, the physical properties of the
engaging element 114, or combinations of the above. Changing the angle of
the conical profile of seating section 88 may also increase friction and
thereby increase the pressure rating or the time required for the ball to
extrude in response to its rated pressure. Experiments performed on valve
assemblies 84 comprising spherical engaging elements 114 and ball seat
receiving elements 84 have identified valve assemblies with interference
diameters of 1/16th inch having pressure ratings ranging from less
than 1000 psi using virgin PEEK to over 2200 psi using CB ball. Valve
assemblies 84 comprising balls made from virgin PEEK as the engaging
element 114 have demonstrated pressure ratings of from less than 1000 psi
for interference diameters of 1/16th inch to over 2200 psi for
interference diameters of about 1/8th inch. As used herein, the term
"interference diameter" means the difference between the uncompressed
diameter of the ball--or equivalent cross section of a non-spherical
engaging element--and the diameter of the outlet 89.

[0034] Further, the valve assembly of the present invention encompasses
receiving elements with outlets that can expand due to the application of
pressure on the valve assembly, provided that such receiving element does
not expand to the point that the outlet of the receiving element is as
large as or larger than the uncompressed diameter of the ball or
equivalent cross section of a non-spherical engaging element. Receiving
elements with expandable outlets can be used to create a valve assembly
in which the engaging element passes through the receiving element at
lower pressure than required for valve assemblies with an outlet that
does not expand.

[0035] FIGS. 3A-3B disclose a downhole tool 20 incorporating one
embodiment of the present invention as it could be installed in a
wellbore. Hydrocarbon fluids generally pass through an internal flowpath
from the lower end 22 of the tool 20 to the upper end 24 of the tool
during production, and treating fluids generally pass through the
internal flowpath from the upper end 24 of the tool 20 to the lower end
22 of the tool 20 when the surrounding formation is being treated. The
tool 20 has a top connection 26 with a first cylindrical inner surface
28, a housing assembly 30, and a bottom connection 32 having an annular
upper end surface 33 and a cylindrical inner surface 34. The top
connection 26 and bottom connection 32 are fixed to the housing assembly
30 with upper and lower sets of screws 36, 38 respectively.

[0036] The housing assembly 30 includes an upper housing 40 with a
plurality of radially-directed and circumferentially-aligned ports 42
providing fluid communication paths between the internal flowpath and the
surrounding formation. In the illustrated embodiment, the ports 42 are
generally circular and contain an insert. However, tools incorporating
embodiments of the present invention may have any size or shape, and
either have inserts or be open to the well bore. In some preferred
embodiments, the ports 42 are configured so that flow is prevented
through the port by a sleeve until the valve assembly is activated by a
required pressure. The upper set of screws 36 extends through the upper
housing 40 to engage a lower portion 44 of the top connection 26.

[0037] The housing assembly 30 further includes a lower housing 46. The
lower set of screws 38 extends through the lower housing 46 to engage an
upper portion 48 of the bottom connection 32. The lower housing 46 is
fixed to the lower end of the upper housing 40 with an intermediate set
of screws 50. The lower housing 46 includes an inner cylindrical surface
52 with a locking section 54 having a plurality of radially-inward
directed dogs 56.

[0038] An annular sleeve 58 is positioned downwell of the top connection
26 and radially within the housing assembly 30. The sleeve 58 has a
cylindrical inner surface 60 having the same diameter as the cylindrical
surface 28 of the top connection 26.

[0039] Referring specifically to FIG. 3B, a lower end 62 of the sleeve 58
is fixed to and nested within a generally annularly ball seat carrier 64.
The ball seat carrier 64 has a cylindrical outer surface 66 adjacent to
the inner surface 52 of the lower housing 46.

[0040] The outer surface 66 extends between annular upper and lower end
surfaces 68, 70. A shoulder 72 having upper and lower annular shoulder
surfaces 74, 76 extends radially inward from the inner cylindrical
surface. The outer surface 66 of the ball seat carrier 64 defines a lock
ring groove 78 that is radially aligned and with the shoulder 72. An
annular lock ring 80 having radially-outwardly oriented dogs 82 is
positioned in the lock ring groove 78. The lock ring 80 has normal outer
diameter greater than the inner diameter of the inner surface 52 and is
radially compressed into the lock ring groove 78 and exerts a
radially-outward force against the inner surface 52.

[0041] One embodiment of a receiving element, a ball seat 84, is
positioned between the sleeve 58 and the upper shoulder surface 74 of the
ball seat carrier 64 to hold the ball seat 84 in a fixed position
relative to the sleeve 58 with an upper end surface adjacent to the lower
end surface of the sleeve 58. As described with reference to FIG. 1, the
ball seat 84 has partially-conical seating surface 86, a
partially-conical passage surface 88 defining a ball seat passage 90
through the insert 88. A lower partially-conical surface 92 extends from
the flow path surface to a lower partially cylindrical surface 94.

[0042] A generally cylindrical lower sleeve 96 extends from the lower
shoulder surface 76 of the ball seat carrier 64 to the interior space of
the bottom connection 32. The lower sleeve 96 is fixed to the ball seat
carrier 64 and moves longitudinally therewith.

[0043] FIGS. 3A-3B show the upper sleeve 58 in an upwell first position
having an upper annular surface 98 contacting the annular lower surface
100 of the top connection 26. In this position, the inner sleeve 58 is
radially between the ports 42 and the center of the flowpath. A plurality
of circumferentially-aligned sacrificial parts (e.g., shear pins 102)
extends through shear pin holes 104 formed through the upper housing 40
and engages with corresponding shear pin slots 106 formed in the outer
surface of the sleeve 58. A torque pin 108 extends through a torque pin
hole 110 formed in the top connection 26 and engages the sleeve 58. A
plurality of upper engaging elements 112 is positioned proximal to the
top connection 26, the sleeve 58, the ports 42, and the upper housing 26
to inhibit unintended fluid flow between the flowpath and the ports 42.

[0044] FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of an engaging element 114, in this case
a ball, seated against the seating surface 86 of the ball seat 84. In
this position, the engaging element 114 blocks fluid flow from inlet 87
to outlet 89, thereby preventing flow through passage 90. This allows the
pressure within the flowpath to be increased at inlet 87 to create a
differential pressure across the engaging element 114. As a result, force
is directed against the engaging element 114, seating section 88, and
other areas of receiving element 84 which lie between the inlet 87 and
outlet 89. The engaging element 114 and receiving element 84, in turn,
exert a downwell-directed pulling force on the ball seat carrier 64 and
the sleeve 58, which force is resisted by the shear pins 102. Despite
creation of such a pressure differential, the ball 114, ball seat 84,
ball seat carrier 64, and inner sleeve 58 are fixed in the position shown
in FIG. 2 until the downwell-directed pulling force on the sleeve 58
exceeds the shear pin rating and is sufficient to fracture the shear pins
102.

[0045] FIG. 5 shows the tool in a second state in which the ball seat
carrier 64, ball seat 84, and sleeve 58 have been shifted from the
position shown in FIG. 2 to a downwell second position. In this second
position, the annular lower end surface 70 of the ball seat carrier 64
contacts the annular upper end surface 33 of the bottom connection 32.
The locking ring 80 is positioned in the locking section 54 of the lower
housing 46. The dogs 82 of the locking ring 80 are engaged with the
inwardly-oriented dogs 56 of the locking section 54, which inhibits
upwell movement of the ball seat carrier 64 relative to the lower housing
46. Because the locking ring 80 is in a compressed state, the locking
ring 80 exerts a radially expansive force against the inner surface 52
(see FIG. 1B) of the lower housing 46 and inhibits inadvertent
disengagement of the ring dogs 82 from the housing dogs 56.

[0046] In the second position, the upper end surface 59 of the sleeve 58
is positioned downwell of the housing ports 42. Thus, when the sleeve 58
is in the second position, fluid flow is permitted between the interior
flowpath and the exterior of the tool through housing ports 42.

[0047] When the sleeve 58 is in the second position shown in FIG. 4, the
well operator may thereafter cause treating fluids to flow through the
flowpath of the well. Flow of such materials will be blocked from
downwell flow by the engaging element 114 positioned against the seating
surface 86, causing flow to be directed to the surrounding formation
through the housing ports 42.

[0048] After fracing, the differential pressure across the ball 114 may be
increased to cause the ball 114 to extrude through the passage 90 of the
ball seat 84 and extrude to the next tool in the tubing string or,
alternatively, the end of the tubing string. The ball seat 84 may then be
milled to remove the passage 90 and increase the flow profile for fluids.

[0049] For any given state, the profile of the flowpath is a function of
the position of the sleeve 58. In FIGS. 3A-3B, the inner surface 26 of
the top connection 26, inner surface 60 of the sleeve 58, surfaces of the
ball seat 84, shoulder 72 of the ball seat carrier 64, and inner surface
97 of the lower sleeve 96, and inner surfaces 34 of the bottom connection
32 define the internal flowpath between the upper end 24 and lower end 22
of the tool 20. In FIG. 3, the interior flowpath of the tool is defined
by the inner surface 28 of the top connection 26, the inner surface 60 of
the sleeve 58, the inner surfaces 86, 88, 92, 94 of the ball seat 84, the
shoulder 72 of the ball seat carrier 64, the cylindrical inner surface 97
of the lower sleeve 96, and the inner surfaces 34 of the bottom
connection 32.

[0050] Differently-sized balls and tools may be used within a single
tubing string to actuate a series of tools within stages of the well,
with tools requiring a smaller ball size being located downwell of tools
requiring larger ball sizes. For example, a 1.5-inch diameter ball may be
extruded through one or more tools with seats having a 1.4-inch diameter,
and then rest against a "static" seat positioned between stages and
designed to hold the ball and not allow it to deform or pass
therethrough.

[0051] FIG. 6 shows a hydrocarbon producing formation 200 and a system
comprising incorporating one or more valve assemblies of the present
invention. An upper set of tools 202 is positioned in an upper stage 204
of the formation 200, an intermediate set of tools 206 positioned in an
intermediate stage 208, and a lower set of tools 210 positioned within a
lower stage 212. An upper static-seat tool 214 is positioned between the
upper set of tools 202 and the intermediate set of tools 206 and has an
internal ball seat with an outlet diameter smaller than the outlet
diameters of the upper set of tools. An intermediate static-seat tool 216
is positioned between the intermediate set of tools 206 and the lower set
of tools 210 and has an internal ball seat with an outlet diameter
smaller than the outlet diameters of the intermediate set of tools. A
lower static-seat tool 218 is positioned downwell of the lower set of
tools and has an internal ball seat with an outlet diameter smaller than
the outlet diameters of the lower set of tools. The static-seat tools
214, 216, 218 have ball seats designed to allow fluid flow therethrough
in either the upwell or downwell direction, but the ball seats are not
connected to sleeves or other movable components. Further, the outlet
diameters of the static-seat tools are configured such that a ball used
to activate the sleeves of the stages down well of the static-seat will
pass through the static-seat tool and remain able to seal against the its
corresponding set of tools. However, the outlet diameter of the
static-seat is small enough that the valve formed by engagement of the
static seat with the ball used to activate an upwell set of tools will
hold sufficient pressure to perform a desired treatment, (e.g. will hold
pressure up to at least the desired maximum fracture treatment pressure).

[0052] Each tool of the sets of the tools 202, 206, 210 has the features
described with reference to FIGS. 1-5. Each tool within the upper set of
tools 202 has a ball seat sized to be actuated by the associated
upper-stage ball. Each tool within the intermediate set of tools 206 has
ball seat sized to be actuated by an associated intermediate ball smaller
than the upper-stage ball. Each tool within the lower set of tools 210
has a ball seat sized to be actuated by an associated lower-stage ball,
which is smaller than the upper ball, and the intermediate-stage ball.

[0053] To actuate the lower set of tools 210, the lower-stage ball is
caused to move through the tubing string and upper and intermediate sets
of tools 202, 206. The lower-stage ball is sized to pass through the
upper and intermediate sets of tools 202, 206 without being inhibited
from further downwell flow by the corresponding ball seats.

[0054] Upon reaching the upwell tool 210a of the lower set of tools 210,
the lower-stage ball seats against the ball seat of the tool. The well
operator can then increase the pressure within the tubing string to
overcome the resistance of the shear pins (e.g., 1800 psi) and shift the
sleeve to the second position described with reference to FIG. 3. When
desired, the pressure within the flowpath may be increased further to
extrude the lower-stage ball through the ball seat passage as described
supra. After extruding the lower-stage ball through the passage, the
pressure may be decreased to cause the lower-stage ball to seat against
the lower tool 210b of the lower set of tools 210. While the lower set of
tools 210 only shows two tools 210a, 210b, any number of similar tools
may compose this stage. After moving through all of such tools, the
lower-stage ball seals against the lower static seat, which is sized to
prevent extrusion of the ball therethrough regardless of the pressure
within the tubing string. This process may then be repeated, first with
the intermediate stage 208 using the intermediate-stage ball with the
intermediate sets of tools 206 and the intermediate static-seat tool 216,
and second with the upper stage 204 using the upper-stage ball with the
upper sets of tools 202 and upper static seat tool 214.

[0055] While the lower set of tools is shown comprising only three stages
of tools, the process could be repeated for any number of tools within
this stage. In addition, the same process described above with respect to
the lower set of tools is repeatable in similar fashion for the
intermediate and upper sets of tools 202, 206. After performing these
steps on the intermediate set of tools, the intermediate ball will flow
to and seat against the ball seat of the first tool of the lower set of
tools. Likewise, after performing these steps on the upper set of tools,
the upper ball will flow to and seat against the ball seat of the first
tool of the intermediate set of tools.

[0056] FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of a six-stage system that
includes three sets of tools. The system comprises an upper set of tools
302 positioned in an upper stage 204 of the formation 200 described with
reference to FIG. 6, an intermediate set of tools 306 positioned in the
intermediate stage 208, and a lower set of tools 310 positioned within
the lower stage 212.

[0057] Each tool of the sets of the tools 302, 306, 310 has the features
described with reference to FIGS. 1-5. Each tool 302a, 302b within the
upper set of tools 302 has a ball seat sized to be actuated by an
associated upper-stage ball. Each tool 306a, 306b within the intermediate
set of tools 306 has ball seat sized to be actuated by an associated
intermediate-stage ball smaller than the upper-stage ball. Each tool
310a, 310b within the lower set of tools 310 has a ball seat sized to be
actuated by an associated lower-stage ball, which is smaller than the
upper-stage ball, and the intermediate-stage ball.

[0058] In addition, each tool 302a, 302b, 306a, 306b, 310a, 310b of the
stages has one or more retention elements which prevent the tool from
actuating until the fluid pressure meets a desired minimum. In one
preferred embodiment, the retention element comprises one or more shear
pins. However, any device, assembly, or mechanism that prevents the tools
from actuating until a certain minimum pressure is reach may serve as the
retention element.

[0059] To fully actuate the system embodied in FIG. 7, three ball
sizes--upper-stage, intermediate-stage and lower-stage--and two different
ball types are used: The "a" ball seats, found in tools 302a, 306a and
310a, have an interference diameter of 0.0625 inches in relation to the
ball size used to activate the tools associated with those seats. The "b"
ball seats, found in tools 302b, 306b, and 310b, have an interference
diameter of 0.125 inches in relation to the ball size used to activate
the tools associated with those seats. The first ball, made of a
sufficiently resilient and compressible material, such as virgin PEEK
(VP), and sized to activate tool 310b passes through upper tool set 302
and intermediate tool set 306 and engages tool 310a. Pressure is applied
to the first ball which extrudes through the seat at a pressure less than
pressure required to activate the tool. For balls made of VP, the
pressure required to extrude is about 1000 psi. The first ball then
engages tool 310b and pressure is applied to this valve assembly. The
0.125 inch interference diameter prevents the ball from extruding through
the seat of tool 310b until after the pressure rating of the shear pins,
is exceeded and the tool is activated. In one preferred embodiment, the
shear pins have a pressure rating of about 1800 psi. Upon application of
additional pressure, the ball is extruded through tool 310b and
subsequently engaged on the seat of static seat tool 218.

[0060] A second ball having the same diameter as the first ball, and
comprising a second, less compressible material is then introduced into
the well. One example of a suitable second material is carbon black, that
is PEEK into which carbon fibers have been introduced. The second ball
passes through upper tool set 302 and the intermediate tool set 306 and
engages tool 310a Pressure is applied to the valve assembly until the
pressure exceeds the rating of the shear pins or other retaining
elements, actuating the tool. Additional pressure is applied to extrude
the second through the seat of tool 310a and the second ball engages a
second static-seat tool 217, positioned between tool 310a and 310b.

[0061] This process may then be repeated, first with the intermediate
stage 208 using the VP and CB intermediate-stage balls with the
intermediate sets of tools 206 and the intermediate static-seat tool 216,
and second with the upper stage 204 using VP and CB upper-stage ball with
the upper sets of tools 202 and upper static seat tool 214.

[0062] The pressures and materials used to describe operation of the
system of FIG. 7 are examples only, and are not intended to limit the
materials or pressures which be used for the system's operation. A ball
is used in the preferred embodiments but it should be understood that the
use of the term ball or sphere is not limiting and the engaging element
can be any geometric shape that is capable of engaging a seat to inhibit
flow through the seat. Moreover, the present invention is described in
terms of preferred embodiments in which specific systems, tools, and
methods are described. Those skilled in the art will recognize that
alternative embodiments of such systems and tools, and alternative
applications of the methods, can be used in carrying out the present
invention. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention may be
obtained from a study of this disclosure and the drawings, along with the
appended claims. Moreover, the recited order of the steps of the method
described herein is not meant to limit the order in which those steps may
be performed.

Patent applications by Raymond Hofman, Midland, TX US

Patent applications by William Sloane Muscroft, Midland, TX US

Patent applications in class Operating valve, closure, or changeable restrictor in a well

Patent applications in all subclasses Operating valve, closure, or changeable restrictor in a well