Corporal José María Verdugo (1751–1831), a Spanish soldier who had served with the 1769 Portola-Serra Expedition, received a provisional eight square league grant of the Rancho San Rafael in 1784, from his army commander Governor Pedro Fages, which was confirmed in 1798 by Governor Diego de Borica; in 1798 Verdugo retired from the army to become a full-time rancher. Verdugo died in 1831 and he left his property to his surviving son Julio Antonio Verdugo (1789–1876) and daughter María Catalina Verdugo (1799–1837).

In 1857, Jonathan R. Scott traded Rancho La Cañada to Julio and Catalina Verdugo, heirs of Jose Maria Verdugo, for 4,607 acres (19 km2) acres on the west side of Rancho San Rafael - what is today Burbank. In 1861 Julio and Catalina Verdugo split the rancho between southern (Julio) and northern (Catalina) portions.[7]

In 1861, Julio Verdugo mortgaged a substantial portion of the Rancho to Jacob Elias under terms that he could not afford. By the late 1860s, several parcels of Rancho San Rafael had been either sold, or lost due to foreclosures. Many individuals were claiming ownership to multiple sections of the rancho; in 1871, law partners Alfred Chapman and Andrew Glassell filed a lawsuit, known as "The Great Partition", against thirty-six separate defendants. The plaintiffs contended that there were numerous alleged property owners occupying tracts of land whose boundaries were illegally established. Once the validity of the claims were proven, a partition was demanded. Ultimately, Rancho San Rafael was divided into thirty-one sections given to twenty-eight different people, some of which included members of the Verdugo family.[8]

1.
Ranchos of California
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The Spanish and later Mexican governments encouraged settlement of Alta California by giving prominent men large land grants called ranchos, usually two or more square leagues. Land-grant titles were government-issued, permanent, unencumbered property-ownership rights to land called ranchos, devoted to raising cattle and sheep, the owners of the ranchos attempted to pattern themselves after the landed gentry of Spain. Their workers included Californian Native Americans who had learned to speak Spanish, Spain made about 30 grants between 1784 and 1821, and Mexico granted about 270 more between 1833 and 1846. The ranchos established land-use patterns and place names that are still in use in California today, Rancho boundaries became the basis for Californias land survey system, and can still be found on modern maps and land titles. Ranchos were partially based on geography, such as access to river water, Land development in the 20th and 21st century often follow the boundaries of the ranchos, and often retain the original name. For example, Rancho San Diego, an unincorporated rural-burb east of San Diego, or Rancho Bernardo, during Spanish rule, the ranchos were concessions from the Spanish crown, permitting settlement and granting grazing rights on specific tracts of land, while the crown retained the title. The land concessions were usually measured in leagues, a league of land would encompass a square that is one Spanish league on each side – approximately 4,428 acres. The Spanish and Mexican governments made a number of grants from 1785 to 1846. It was not until the Mexican era that the titles to the plots of land were granted to individuals, in 1821, Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, and California came under control of the Mexican government. The 1824 Mexican Colony Law established rules for petitioning for land grants in California, and by 1828, the Acts sought to break the land monopoly of the missions and also paved the way for luring additional settlers to California by making land grants easier to obtain. Secularization was implemented between 1834 and 1836, the Mexican government allowed the padres to keep only the church, priests quarters and priests garden. The army troops guarding each Mission were dismissed, a commissioner would oversee the missions crops and herds, while the land was divided up as communal pasture, a town plot, and individual plots for each Indian family. The Mission Indians, freed from the missions, often joined other tribes or sought work on the new ranchos along the troops formerly assigned to each mission. The number of Mexican land grants greatly increased after the secularization of the missions in 1834, the Mexican rancho grants were provisional. The boundaries, on paper, had to be surveyed and marked. This produced a diseño, a topological map, to define the area. Since there were very few surveyors this requirement was seldom met, the grantee could not initially subdivide or rent out the land. The land had to be used for grazing or cultivated, some kind of residential house had to be built within a year—most were initially simple adobe walled cabins

2.
San Rafael Hills
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The San Rafael Hills are a mountain range in Los Angeles County, California. They are one of the lower Transverse Ranges, and are parallel to and below the San Gabriel Mountains and they define the valley area of Pasadena and San Marino, and retain a large aquifer on the hills north side, from the San Gabriel Valley. They were the homeland, with settlements, of the Tongva Native American people for over 8,000 years before the Spanish invasion and colonization of the late 18th century. The El Molino Viejo with a zanja was built in the hills in 1816 by the nearby Mission San Gabriel Arcángel and they are named after the Rancho San Rafael, an 1874 Spanish land grant beyond the hills to the west. An 1838 Mexican land grant established the Rancho Huerta de Cuati in the hills in 1838, the rancho was later acquired by Henry E. Huntington for his residence, gardens, and library, and real estate development. The Huntington Hotel was developed in 1914 on the southern side, ernest E. Debs Regional Park is a large nature preserve and regional park in the western section of the hills, with walking and bicycle trails. Verdugo Mountains Chino Hills Puente Hills San Gabriel Mountains

3.
Los Angeles River
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Several tributaries join the once free-flowing and frequently flooding river, forming alluvial flood plains along its banks. It now flows through a channel on a fixed course. Environmental groups and park advocates support the removal of concrete and the restoration of natural vegetation, portions of the river now have earthen bottoms and restored habitat. There are also plans for a series of parks along the rivers city frontage in Los Angeles, the Los Angeles River also flows through several Los Angeles County communities and has been featured in many Hollywood films. Before the opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the river was the source of fresh water for the city. Although the Los Angeles region still gets some of its water from the river and other local sources, the river suffers pollution from agricultural and urban runoff. Fed primarily by rainwater and snowmelt, the Donald C, tillman Water Reclamation Plant in Van Nuys, and urban discharge, it is one of the few low-elevation perennial rivers in Southern California. This is helped by the channel, which limits absorption of water into the earth. Flow, while low in volume, can be extremely brisk even in summer. 1952°N118. 601838°W﻿ /34.1952. Bell Creek flows east from the Simi Hills, and Arroyo Calabasas flows north from the Santa Monica Mountains, from there the river flows east through a concrete flood control channel and very soon receives Browns Canyon Wash, which flows south from the Santa Susana Mountains. The river then bends south and receives Aliso Canyon Wash. The river then flows through the district of Winnetka, then Reseda and enters the Sepulveda Basin, as the river proceeds into the usually-dry reservoir, it spills out into a channel that is similar to its historical, unchannelized form. It crosses under Balboa Boulevard and then passes through the works of Sepulveda Dam,43 miles from the mouth. It flows again into a channel and crosses under Interstate 405 as it passes through Van Nuys, Sherman Oaks. Paralleling U. S. Here, the river begins to flow over a natural riverbed, paralleling Interstate 5 for the next few miles, the river runs by the eastern side of Griffith Park and the Harding-Wilson Golf Course. It passes Silver Lake Reservoir, which is to the right and it then receives the Arroyo Seco, another major tributary, from the left. The river flows south past the Mission Junction, a railroad yard on the left. It then makes a turn east and then turns southeast, flowing a few miles before it begins to parallel Interstate 710 near Maywood, Bell, Cudahy

4.
Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)
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The Arroyo Seco, meaning dry stream in Spanish, is a 24. 9-mile-long seasonal river, canyon, watershed, and cultural area in Los Angeles County, California. The area was explored by Gaspar de Portolà who named the stream Arroyo Seco as this canyon had the least water of any they had seen, during this exploration he met the Chief Hahamog-na of the Tongva Indians. The watershed begins at Red Box Saddle in the Angeles National Forest near Mount Wilson in the San Gabriel Mountains, as it enters the urbanized area of the watershed, the Arroyo Seco stream flows between La Cañada Flintridge on the west and Altadena on the east. Just below Devils Gate Dam, the stream passes underneath the Foothill Freeway, at the north end of Brookside Golf Course the stream becomes channelized into a flood control channel and proceeds southward through the golf course. The Arroyo Seco goes through Pasadena, where it passes the Rose Bowl Stadium as it goes through Brookside Park. The Arroyo Seco stream, which is fed by a watershed of 46.7 square miles, helps to replenish the Raymond Basin, an aquifer underlying Pasadena that provides about half of the local water supply. This arroyo is one of two streams that capture rainfall and storm water in Pasadena, the other being Eaton Wash on the eastern side of the city. The Arroyo Seco then passes under the Ventura Freeway and the Colorado Street Bridge, the channel continues along the western boundary of South Pasadena, then into northeast Los Angeles flowing southeast of the Verdugo Mountains and Mount Washington. The Arroyo Seco then proceeds through the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Highland Park, Hermon, Montecito Heights and it ends at the confluence with the Los Angeles River near Elysian Park, north of Dodger Stadium and Downtown Los Angeles. The Arroyo Seco Parkway, or Pasadena Freeway, runs parallel to the channelized Arroyo Seco from South Pasadena to the Los Angeles River, above Devils Gate, the rapids of the Arroyo Seco are positioned so that the falls make a beating, laughing sound. In Tongva-Gabrieliño traditional narratives, this is attributed to a wager made between the river and the coyote spirit, the Arroyo Seco was one of the Los Angeles River tributaries explored by Gaspar de Portola in the late summer and fall of 1770. He named the stream Arroyo Seco, for of all the canyons he had seen, during this exploration he met the Chief Hahamog-na near Millard Canyon, at the settlement later known as Hahamongna - California. This band of the Tongva Indians would end up gathered into the fold of the San Gabriel Mission and with other bands, the Arroyo Seco region can be considered by historical accounts as the birthplace of Pasadena. After the 1820s secularization of the Missions, the area to the east of the Arroyo was the Mexican land grant of Rancho San Pascual, present-day Pasadena. Manuel Garfias was the grantee of the Rancho and its longest early resident and his adobe house was on the east ridge of the Arroyo, in present-day South Pasadena. However, the deep and seasonally flooded Arroyo presented a barrier to easy travel, stories of four and five hours just crossing the chasm, whether exaggerated or not, abounded in Pasadena history. The first recorded American to live in the Upper Arroyo was simply known as Old Man Brunk, brunks cabin stood at a large bend in the canyon, roughly where the Forest Service housing is today. It was said he left San Francisco for that towns good, dating back to the original Tongva residents of the area, the Arroyo Seco canyon has always served as a major transportation corridor

5.
Los Angeles County, California
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Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64

6.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565

7.
Glendale, California
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Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its estimated 2014 population was 200,167, making it the third largest city in Los Angeles County and it is located about 8 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Glendale lies on the end of the San Fernando Valley, bisected by the Verdugo Mountains. The Golden State, Ventura, Glendale, and Foothill freeways run through the city, Glendale has one of the largest communities of Armenian descent in the United States. In 2013, Glendale was named LAs Neighborhood of the Year by the readers and editors of Curbed. com, Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery contains the remains of many noted celebrities and local residents. Grand Central Airport was the point for the first commercial west-to-east transcontinental flight flown by Charles Lindbergh. The area was inhabited by the Tongva people, who were later renamed the Gabrieleños by the Spanish missionaries. Rancho San Rafael was a Spanish concession, of which 25 were made in California, unlike the later Mexican land grants, the concessions were similar to grazing permits, with the title remaining with the Spanish crown. In 1860, his grandson Teodoro Verdugo built the Verdugo Adobe, the property is the location of the Oak of Peace, where early Californio leaders including Pio Pico met in 1847 and decided to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel John C. Verdugos descendants sold the ranch in various parcels, some of which are included in present-day Atwater Village, Eagle Rock, in 1884, residents gathered to form a townsite and chose the name Glendale. Residents to the southwest formed Tropico in 1887, the Pacific Electric Railway brought streetcar service in 1904. Glendale incorporated in 1906, and annexed Tropico 12 years later, Brand loved to fly, and built a private airstrip in 1919 and hosted fly-in parties, providing a direct link to the soon-to-be-built nearby Grand Central Airport. The grounds of El Miradero are now city-owned Brand Park and the mansion is the Brand Library, Brand partnered with Henry E. Huntington to bring the Pacific Electric Railway, or the Red Cars, to the area. Today, he is memorialized by one of the main thoroughfares. The citys population rose from 13,756 in 1920 to 62,736 in 1930, the Forest Lawn Cemetery opened in 1906 and was renamed Forest Lawn Memorial-Park in 1917. Pioneering endocrinologist and entrepreneur Henry R. Harrower opened his clinic in Glendale in 1920, the American Green Cross, an early conservation and tree preservation society, was formed in 1926. In 1964, Glendale was selected by George Lincoln Rockwell to be the West Coast headquarters of the American Nazi Party and its offices, on Colorado Street in the downtown section of the city, remained open until the early 1980s. In 1977 and 1978,10 murdered women were found in, the murders were the work of Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, the latter of whom resided at 703 East Colorado Street, where most of the murders took place

8.
La Crescenta-Montrose, California
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La Crescenta-Montrose is a populated place in Los Angeles County, California. Part of the community is an area and census-designated place. According to the United States Census Bureau, the La Crescenta-Montrose CDP measures about 3.4 square miles, only a small portion of La Crescenta-Montrose is unincorporated, while the vast majority of it is within Glendale. The Foothill Freeway runs through the portion of the area. The 2010 United States Census reported that La Crescenta-Montrose had a population of 19,653, the population density was 5,717.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of La Crescenta-Montrose was 12,807 White,142 African American,70 Native American,5,375 Asian,12 Pacific Islander,533 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2,232 persons. The Census reported that 19,652 people lived in households,1 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 212 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 42 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,533 households were made up of individuals and 555 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.77. There were 5,272 families, the family size was 3.26. The median age was 41.6 years, for every 100 females there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males. There were 7,350 housing units at a density of 2,138.4 per square mile, of which 4,568 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0. 6%, the vacancy rate was 4. 1%. 13,478 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 6,174 people lived in housing units. According to the 2010 United States Census, La Crescenta-Montrose had a household income of $89,375. As of the census of 2000, there were 18,532 people,6,945 households, the population density was 5,407.0 people per square mile. There were 7,108 housing units at a density of 2,073.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 72. 93% White,0. 52% African American,0. 36% Native American,18. 68% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 69% from other races, and 4. 78% from two or more races

9.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital

10.
Atwater Village, Los Angeles
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Atwater Village is a highly diverse neighborhood in the 13th district of Los Angeles, California. Much of Atwater Village lies in the fertile Los Angeles River flood plain, located in the northeast region of the city, Atwater borders Griffith Park and Silver Lake to the west, Glendale to the north and east, and Glassell Park to the south. It has three elementary schools—two public and one private, almost half the residents were born abroad, a high percentage for the city of Los Angeles. Much of Northeastern Los Angeles was part of Rancho San Rafael, until 1868, richardson, who renamed it Rancho Santa Eulalia. The entire region was subdivided and sold to builders in 1902. The area was initially named Atwater, while the Village was added in 1986, initial residents included the newly created middle-class workers employed at the nearby DWP substation. Its location between the Los Angeles and Glendale city cores made it a sought after residential neighborhood beginning in the 1920s. Census tracts 1883,1881 and 1871.01 lie wholly within Atwater Village boundaries, and a large portion of census tract 1871.02 is also within Atwater Village. Census tract 1871.01 had an income of $72,526 and was 42. 9% non-Hispanic white,34. 4% Hispanic,21. 2% Asian and 1. 4% black. Census tract 1881 was 60. 3% Hispanic,23. 9% non-Hispanic white,13. 2% Asian, median income for this census tract was $30,996. Census tract 1871.02 was 47. 9% Hispanic,27. 5% non-Hispanic white,13. 9% Asian and 8. 4% black, in 2008, the city estimated that 15,455 people lived in Atwater Village. The neighborhood was considered highly diverse ethnically, with a percentage of Asians. The breakdown was Latinos,51. 3%, whites,22. 2%, Asians,19. 7%, blacks,1. 4%, and others,5. 4%. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 49. 3% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $53,872, an average figure for Los Angeles. The percentages of households that earned $20,000 to $60,000 yearly were high for Los Angeles County, the average household size of 2.7 people was average for Los Angeles. Renters occupied 59. 6% of the stock, and house or apartment owners held 40. 4%. The percentage of never-married women was among the countys highest, much of Atwater lies in the old Los Angeles River flood plain, which resulted in deep, fertile soil. Street and other boundary limits are the Ventura Freeway on the north, San Fernando Boulevard on the east, twenty-two percent of Atwater Park residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree by 2000, an average figure for both the city and the county

11.
Cypress Park, Los Angeles
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Cypress Park is a densely populated,82. 1% Latino neighborhood of 10, 000+ residents in Northeast Los Angeles, California. It is the site of the Rio de Los Angeles State Park and it hosts one private and four public schools. The area was settled as a Spanish rancho which, after the Mexican-American War, after his death, Cypress Park was subdivided and established as a community in 1882. There are four Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments, the 2000 U. S. census counted 9,764 residents in the 0, 72-square-mile Cypress Park neighborhood—or 13,478 people per square mile, among the highest population densities for the city and the county. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 10,854, in 2000 the median age for residents was 27, considered young for city and county neighborhoods. The neighborhood was not especially diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, with the number of Latino people considered to be compared to the city at large—82. 1% of the population. Following were Asians,11. 1%, whites,4. 9%, blacks,0. 6%, and others,1. 3%. Mexico and China were the most common places of birth for the 52. 5% of the residents who were born abroad—which was a high percentage compared to Los Angeles as a whole. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $42,615. Renters occupied 58. 3% of the stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 41. 7%. The average household size of 3.7 people was high for Los Angeles, the percentage of never-married females was among the countys highest. The neighborhood is situated at the confluence of the Los Angeles River and Arroyo Seco and it lies within a historic alluvial floodplain shared with the Elysian Valley neighborhood, which is bounded by Elysian Park and Mt. Washington. Nearby places, not necessarily contiguous, include, The land on which Cypress Park currently occupies was first settled by the Tongva tribe of the Shoshone Native Americans. When Gaspar de Portolà and his expedition first encountered the Los Angeles River in August 1769, the Pueblo de Los Angeles was later founded adjacent to this location. The area was granted as Rancho San Rafael to Jose Maria Verdugo in October 1784. In 1859, Julio Verdugo sold the southern tip of the rancho to Jessie D. Hunter, Hunter had previously acquired the Rancho Cañada de Los Nogales, which contains most of present-day Glassell Park. Hunter had established the first kiln-fired brickyard in Los Angeles, but sold it and it is also served by Metro Local bus lines 28,81,83,90,91,94,251,252,751, and 794. The neighborhoods main thoroughfares are Cypress Ave, San Fernando Rd. and North Figueroa St. and is served by the Golden State Freeway and Arroyo Seco Parkway, also known as the Pasadena Freeway

12.
Eagle Rock, Los Angeles
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Eagle Rock is a neighborhood of Northeast Los Angeles in the San Rafael Hills, Los Angeles County, California. Eagle Rock is named after a rock outcropping, resembling an eagle with its wings outstretched. The land was part of the Rancho San Rafael under Spanish and it was divided into parcels in 1870. It became a city in 1911 and joined Los Angeles in 1923, today it is an ethnically diverse, relatively high-income neighborhood known for being the home of Occidental College and for a counterculture element among its 34, 000+ people. Eagle Rock maintains a number of significant buildings and has a connection with the motion picture industry. There are nine public schools—including two high schools—and six private schools, as well as a public library. A massive boulder at the northern edge contains an indentation which casts a bird-shaped shadow on the rock at certain times of day. These aboriginal inhabitants were displaced by Spanish settlers in the late 18th century, following court battles, the area known as Rancho San Rafael was divided into 31 parcels in 1870. Benjamin Dreyfus was awarded what is now called Eagle Rock, in the 1880s Eagle Rock existed as a farming community. The arrival of American settlers and the growth of Los Angeles resulted in steadily increasing semi-rural development in the region throughout the late 19th century, Eagle Rock was incorporated as an independent city in 1911. Several of the major crime sprees that have become part of Los Angeles late 20th century history have left their mark on the neighborhood, an early victim of the Hillside Strangler was discovered in an Eagle Rock neighborhood on October 31,1977. For women living alone, ours is an actual visceral fear that starts at the feet, then it hits the knees — and finally it grips the mind. Two men, Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, were convicted of the murders. This was the seventh in a string of murders and sexual assaults committed by Ramirez in Los Angeles. In 2002, an effort to designate an area of the community as Philippine Village, the neighborhood is inhabited by a wide variety of ethnic and socioeconomic groups and the creative class. A core of counter-culture writers, artists and filmmakers has existed in Eagle Rock since the 1920s, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 34,466. In 2000 the median age for residents was 35, about average for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered highly diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, with a relatively high percentage of Asian people. The breakdown was Latinos,40. 3%, whites,29. 8%, Asians,23. 9%, blacks,1. 8%, and others,4. 1%

13.
Glassell Park, Los Angeles
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Glassell Park is a moderately diverse neighborhood in Northeast Los Angeles, California, known for its high percentage of Asian and Latino residents. The household size in Glassell Park is larger than in most other parts of Los Angeles, more than half of its over 24,000 residents were born outside the United States. The relatively hilly neighborhood saw an increase in population during the boom of the early 2000s. Most of the lives in rental housing, with homeowners attracted there by the abundance of relatively affordable vitage homes. The neighborhood was first subdivided in 1907, glassel Park is home to one high school and three other schools, as well as Rio de Los Angeles State Park. The 2000 U. S. census counted 23,467 residents in the 2. 75-square-mile Glassell Park neighborhood—or 8,524 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 24,816. The median age for residents was 30, about average for the city and county, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically, with a high percentage of Asians and Latinos. The breakdown was Latinos,66. 1%, whites,13. 7%, Asians,17. 4%, blacks,1. 4%, and others,1. 4%. Mexico and the Philippines were the most common places of birth for the 51. 5% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $50,098, an average figure for Los Angeles. The percentage of households that earned $20,000 to $40,000 yearly was high for Los Angeles County, the average household size of 3.3 people was high for Los Angeles. Renters occupied 56. 2% of the stock and house- or apartment owners held 43. 8%. Today Glassell Park is largely working class, Latino, white, the neighborhood has been significantly affected by the Southern California real estate boom that began in the early 2000s. An influx of families have moved into the neighborhood, attracted by the abundance of Craftsman homes. The neighborhood is located in a hilly region of Los Angeles. In early 2013, a local artist installed large letters spelling Glassellland in the vacant hills above the Glassell Park Recreation Center, the name Glassellland is a reference to Hollywoodland—a real estate development whose promotional sign still stands as the famous Hollywood Sign. Attorney Andrew Glassell received part of Rancho San Rafael from the known as the Great Partition of 1871. Glassell eventually settled in the area with his family, for many streets, including Toland Way, Drew, Andrita. The development of Glassell Park began in the early 20th Century, in 1912, the city of Los Angeles annexed most of Glassell Park, annexing the remainder in 1916

14.
Highland Park, Los Angeles
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Highland Park is a historic neighborhood in Northeast Los Angeles. It is inhabited by a variety of ethnic and socioeconomic groups, the 2000 U. S. census counted 56,566 residents in the 3, 42-square-mile neighborhood—an average of 16,835 people per square mile, one of the highest densities in Los Angeles. In 2008 the city estimated that the population had increased to 60,841, the median age for residents was 28, considered young when compared to the city at large. Highland Park was considered moderately diverse ethnically, the breakdown was Latinos,72. 4%, Asians,11. 2%, blacks,2. 4%, whites,11. 3%, and others,2. 6%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 57. 8% of the residents who were born abroad, a figure that was considered high compared to the city as a whole. The median household income in 2008 dollars was $45,478, about average for Los Angeles, the average household size of 3.3 people was high for the city of Los Angeles. Renters occupied 60. 9% of the units, and house- or apartment owners the rest. The percentage of never-married men was among the countys highest, the 2000 census found 2,705 families headed by single parents, a high rate for both the city and the county. There were 1,942 military veterans in 2000, or 4. 9%, Highland Park is a hilly neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles, located in the San Rafael Hills and along the Arroyo Seco. It is situated within what was once Rancho San Rafael of the Spanish/Mexican era and its boundaries are roughly the Arroyo Seco Parkway on the southeast, the city limits of Pasadena on the northeast, Oak Grove Drive on the north, and Avenue 51 on the west. Primary thoroughfares include York Boulevard and Figueroa Street, Temple Beth Israel of Highland Park and Eagle Rock was founded in Highland Park in 1923 and constructed its building in 1930. It is the second oldest synagogue in Los Angeles still operating in its original location, Highland Park has experienced economic highs and lows during its first 100 years, most recently enjoying a renaissance. After the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, California became part of the United States and Rancho San Rafael was subdivided, in the early 20th century, Highland Park and neighboring Pasadena became havens for artists and intellectuals who led the Arts and Crafts movement. But with the completion of Arroyo Seco Parkway in 1940, Highland Park began to change, by the 1950s, the artsy enclave experienced white flight, losing residents to the Mid-Wilshire district and newer neighborhoods in Temple City and in the San Fernando Valley. By the mid-1960s, it was becoming a largely Latino enclave, at the dawn of the 21st century, the city attorney intensified efforts to rid Highland Park and Glassell Park of the Avenues. In 2006, four members of the gang were convicted of violating federal hate crime laws, in June 2009, police launched a major raid against the gang, rooting out many leaders of the gang with a federal racketeering indictment. By 2009, the city demolished the gangs Glassell Park stronghold, law enforcement, coupled with community awareness efforts such as the annual Peace in the Northeast March, have led to a drastic decrease in violent crime in the 2010s. Starting in the early 2000s, a mix of people began arriving to Highland Park to seek out, buy

15.
Mount Washington, Los Angeles
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Mount Washington is a neighborhood in the San Rafael Hills of Northeast Los Angeles, California. Founded in 1909, it is an area with one high-achieving elementary school within it. It includes the Southwest Museum, the headquarters of the Self-Realization Fellowship. In the 19th century the area was part of Rancho San Rafael, Mount Washington was founded in 1909 as a subdivision laid out by real estate developer Robert Marsh. The railway operated until January 1919, by the late 2000s, the neighborhood attracted middle- and upper-income residents, mostly whites, Latinos, and Asians. The district is considered the most affluent area of the East Side. The beauty and the nature of Mount Washington has inspired songs. In recent years, many homebuyers have become attracted to the area as an affordable alternative to the Westside. The 2000 U. S. census counted 12,728 residents in the 1. 85-square-mile Mount Washington neighborhood—or 6,878 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the resident population had increased to 13,531. In 2008 the median age for residents was 33, about average for the city, the percentage of never-married men was among the countys highest. According to the Mapping L. A. project of the Los Angeles Times, based on the 2000 census, the neighborhood was moderately diverse ethnically, with a high percentage of Latino residents. The breakdown was Latinos,61. 2%, whites,20. 8%, Asians,12. 8%, blacks,2. 6%, and others,2. 7%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 41. 5% of the residents who were born abroad—an average figure for Los Angeles, over the last decade, the demographics have been shifting. As of 2009, Mount Washington has no racial or ethnic group in a majority, according to the American Community Survey, Mount Washington is 33% White, 3% Black, 47% Latino, 9% Asian, and 7% other. The only census tract entirely within Mount Washingtons boundaries is census tract 1851, the 2000 census found that the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $57,725, about average for the city. The average household size of 2.9 people was about the same as Los Angeles as a whole, renters occupied 45. 1% of the housing stock and house- or apartment-owners held 54. 9%. Mount Washington is split between Los Angeles City Council districts 1 and 14 and is part of Californias 31st congressional district, the neighborhood lies mostly within ZIP code 90065, with an eastern portion in 90042, and the area code is 323. Twenty-five percent of Mount Washington residents aged 25 and older had earned a degree by 2000

16.
Verdugo Mountains
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The Verdugo Mountains is a small, rugged mountain range of the Transverse Ranges system, located just south of the western San Gabriel Mountains in Los Angeles County, Southern California. The range is known as the Verdugo Hills or simply the Verdugos. Surrounded entirely by urban development, the Verdugo Mountains represent an isolated island and are in large part under public ownership in the form of undeveloped parkland. The mountains are used primarily for recreation in the form of hiking and mountain biking, and as the site of communications installations on the highest peaks. The mountains appear to be low-lying to local residents, however, there are a number of rugged sections, the highest summit is the informally named Verdugo Peak, located near the center of the range and rising to approximately 2,200 feet above its southern base. Other peaks include Tongva Peak, recently named in honor of the Tongva people, the inhabitants of much of the Los Angeles Basin, Santa Monica Mountains. Other informally named peaks are Mount La Tuna on the north end, with the exception of Mount La Tuna, all these summits, as well as several others, are occupied by communications towers. The Verdugo Mountains lie within the boundaries of the cities of Glendale, Burbank. The neighborhood of La Crescenta, most of which lies within Glendale, is adjacent to its end, as are the Los Angeles neighborhoods of Tujunga, Sunland, Shadow Hills. The Verdugo Fault lies slightly south of the range front and is completely covered by sediments. Exposed rocks in the Shadow Hills neighborhood at the northwestern end of the Verdugos are typically marine sedimentary rocks of Miocene age, predominantly sandstone. The amount of crustal shortening since the beginning of the Pliocene has been estimated to be on the order of 7 kilometers, the Verdugo Mountains are, therefore, young and rapidly rising, reflected in their steep topography and rapid rates of erosion. The Verdugo Mountains lie almost entirely within the plant community, as defined by Munz and later authors. This dense, shrub-dominated community of the California chaparral and woodlands is more developed on the north-facing slopes than on the drier, hotter south-facing slopes. Among the shrub species that characterize this community, prominent in the Verdugos are laurel sumac, toyon, poison oak, chamise, native trees are restricted to protected canyons and sites along the largely seasonal watercourses. Coast live oak, California bay laurel, California sycamore, California walnut, among the large mammals, coyote and mule deer are the most common, mountain lions and black bears have occasionally been reported. The many rodent species support a population of western rattlesnakes, of the numerous bird species present, the most characteristic of the chaparral here, and throughout California, is the small, seldom seen but often heard wrentit. With its call of three or four chirps followed by a trill, often likened to the sound of a dropped ping-pong ball

17.
Crescenta Valley
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It opens into the San Fernando Valley at the northwest and the San Gabriel Valley at the southeast. It is nearly bisected by the Verdugo Wash, a valley separating the Verdugo Mountains from the San Rafael Hills. Most of the lies at an elevation of over 1,500 feet. Crescenta Valley was a area under the Rancho Tujunga, Rancho San Rafael and Rancho La Canada land grants during the Spanish. The first American settler in the valley was Theodore Pickens, who settled at the top of todays Briggs Avenue in 1871. The western portion of Rancho La Canada, which included the portion of the valley, was subdivided in 1881 into 10-acre parcels by Dr. Benjamin B. Significant suburban residential development began with the opening of the Montrose subdivision in 1913, today, the Crescenta Valley is a mature suburban area. The name Crescenta does not derive from the Spanish word for crescent, Benjamin Briggs coined the name from the English word crescent because he could see three crescent-shaped formations from his home, or because of the shape of the valley. The post office was established in 1888, with the Post Office adding the La to the name to distinguish it from Crescent City, Crescenta Valley Chamber of Commerce Historical Society of Crescenta Valley Crescenta Valley Weekly

18.
Griffith Park
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Griffith Park is a large municipal park at the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The park covers 4,310 acres of land, making it one of the largest urban parks in North America and it is the second-largest city park in California, after Mission Trails Preserve in San Diego, and the 11th largest municipally owned park in the United States. It has also referred to as the Central Park of Los Angeles but is much larger, more untamed. After successfully investing in mining, Griffith J. Griffith purchased Rancho Los Feliz in 1882, after the property rush peaked, Griffith donated 3,015 acres to the city of Los Angeles on December 16,1896. Griffith was tried and convicted for shooting and severely wounding his wife in a 1903 incident, when released from prison, he attempted to fund the construction of an amphitheater, observatory, planetarium, and a girls camp and boys camp in the park. His reputation in the city was tainted by his crime, however, in 1912, Griffith designated 100 acres of the park, at its northeast corner along the Los Angeles River, be used to do something to further aviation. The Griffith Park Aerodrome was the result, aviation pioneers such as Glenn L. Martin and Silas Christoffersen used it, and the aerodrome passed to the National Guard Air Service. The National Guard squadron moved to Van Nuys, and the Aerodrome was demolished, though the rotating beacon, from 1946 until the mid-1950s, Rodger Young Village occupied the area which had formerly been the Aerodrome. Today that site is occupied by the Los Angeles Zoo parking lot, the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum, soccer fields, Griffith set up a trust fund for the improvements he envisioned, and after his death in 1919 the city began to build what Griffith had wanted. The amphitheater, called the Greek Theatre, was completed in 1930, subsequent to Griffiths original gift further donations of land, city purchases, and the reversion of land from private to public have expanded the Park to its present size. In December,1944 the Sherman Company gifted 444 acres of Hollywoodland open space to Griffith Park and this large, passive, eco-sensitive property borders the Lake Hollywood reservoir, the former Hollywoodland sign, and Bronson Canyon where it connects into the original Griffith donation. The Hollywoodland residential community is surrounded by this land, up to 550 Japanese Americans were confined in Griffith Park from 1941 to 1942, all subsequently transferred to Fort Lincoln, Fort Missoula and other DOJ camps. On July 14,1942, the camp became a POW Processing Center for German, Italian and Japanese prisoners of war, operating until August 3,1943. The camp was changed to the Army Western Corps Photographic Center, hired as part of a welfare project,3,780 men were in the park clearing brush on October 3,1933, when a fire broke out in the Mineral Wells area. Many of the workers volunteered or were ordered to fight the fire, in all,29 men were killed and 150 were injured. Professional firefighters arrived and limited the blaze to 47 acres, on May 12,1961 a wildfire on the south side of the park burned 814 acres. It also destroyed eight homes and damaged nine more, chiefly in the Beachwood Canyon area, there was another fire circa 1971 in the Toyon Canyon area. Seeing the devastated area and finding it ugly, Amir Dialameh took it himself to replant a portion of it himself by hand

20.
Pedro Fages
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Fages was born in Guissona, Lérida/Lleida province, Catalonia, Spain. In 1762 he entered the infantry in Catalonia in 1762. In May 1767 Fages, commissioned as a lieutenant in the newly formed Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia, set sail from Cádiz along with a company of light infantry and he and his men served under Domingo Elizondo in Sonora. In 1769, Fages was selected by visitador José de Gálvez to lead the portion of the Gaspar de Portolá-led expedition to found San Diego. Lieutenant Fages sailed from Guaymas to the Baja California port of La Paz, then on January 9,1769, he boarded the galleon San Carlos, captained by Vicente Vila and bound for San Diego. Also on board were Franciscan friar Fernando Parrón, engineer and cartographer Miguel Costansó, surgeon Pedro Prat, after sailing nearly 200 miles beyond San Diego due to cartography errors, the San Carlos doubled back south. It finally arrived in San Diego Bay on April 29, with scurvy-ridden troops, in his letter reporting to Gálvez, Fages observed of the local Kumeyaay Indians, …They appear to be docile and alert. We have made good friends with them and we are never lacking some little rabbits, hares. We give them some glass beads, but they value very highly any kind of cloth — no matter how poor it might be — since in exchange for some that I had, I received some furs and nets. Costansó, while branding the Kumeyaay as lazy idlers, noted that they have bestowed great affection upon Don Pedro Fages and they have invited him at various times to be with their women, an expression of friendship that the rest have not merited. Fages ordered a leather target erected at a practical distance, the Indians fired their arrows, which had only a mild effect on the leather. Fages then ordered his best marksmen to shoot at the same target, upon hearing the noise and seeing the destruction so close at hand, the Indians changed their expressions and some of the more timid ones left, giving very clear signs of their surprise and fear. On July 14,1769, Fages set out from San Diego with a party of 74 men on the Portolá expedition to locate Monterey Bay. The party included Catalonian volunteers, leather-jacketed soldiers, Christian Indians from Baja California, during this time he was promoted to captain. Although the party failed to recognize Monterey Bay as they passed it, the 74 men returned exhausted to San Diego on January 24,1770, having had to slaughter and eat their mules on the return trek south. In March 1770 Felipe de Barri, in Baja California, was governor of both Baja and Alta California. But, since Monterey was far away, Fages had free rein to run Alta as acting governor, taking charge of constructing the Spanish presidio in Monterey, Fages imposed strict discipline on his soldier laborers. He decided the amount of work they had to do in a certain time, heavy rains punctuated the spring and winter of 1770-1, but Fages permitted no let-up in the work

21.
Diego de Borica
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Diego de Borica was a Basque Spanish explorer and the seventh governor of Las Californias from 1794 to 1800, and is credited by some authors with defining Alta- and Baja-Californias official borders. Others hold José Joaquín de Arrillaga responsible for designing that territorial division in 1804 and he died on August 19,1800 in Durango, Mexico. Diego de Borica y Retegui was born in Vitoria-Gasteiz to a family holding ties with the one of Fermin Lasuén, in 1780 Diego de Borica married Maria Magdalena de Urquidi, a Mexican-Basque and direct descendant of one of the founders of Durango, Mexico. As the governor, Diego de Borica and Father Fermín Lasuén determined that five more missions were needed in 1795 along El Camino Real, Borica sent expeditions from four different missions to find suitable new settlements that were no more than one days travel as military escorts were necessary. By August 1796, Borica notified Viceroy Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca that no increase in troops was necessary, the first missionary site selected in 1796 was Mission San José near the pueblo of the same name. In 1795, Borica gave José Darío Argüello a Spanish land grant known as Rancho de las Pulgas and this rancho was the largest grant on the San Francisco Peninsula spanning 35,260 acres. In 1797, Borica ordered the construction of a battery to protect the cove east of Point Medanos, the location initially was named Bateria San Jose and was chosen because the promontory overlooked San Francisco Bay and Alcatraz Island. Borica provisioned the unit with five brass cannons, on orders from Viceroy La Grúa Talamanca, Borica established a school grounds at the center of Villa de Branciforte in 1797. Also in 1797, he granted José María Verdugos retirement, verdugo was the grantee of Rancho San Rafael. In 1795 Borica gave a grant of Rancho Nuestra Señora del Refugio, Ranch of Our Lady of Refuge in present day Santa Barbara County. (in 1813 the grant again confirmed by Governor José Joaquín de Arrillaga, before stepping down as governor, Borica recommended reappointing José Joaquín de Arrillaga to organize military defenses for California. Borica was a member of the Royal Basque Society and well under the influence of the Enlightenments ideas of progress and he was successful during his office, but by the time of Californias detachment from Mexico, flocks had diminished significantly. New Spain Las Californias History of California through 1899 List of pre-statehood governors of California List of ranchos of California

22.
Mexican Cession
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The Mexican Cession was the third largest acquisition of territory in US history. The northern boundary of the 42nd parallel north was set by the Adams–Onís Treaty signed by the U. S. and Spain in 1821 and ratified by Mexico in 1831. The eastern boundary of the Mexican Cession was the Texas claim at the Rio Grande and extending north from the headwaters of the Jojo Rivera, not corresponding to Mexican territorial boundaries. The southern boundary was set by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and it was uncertain whether any treaty could be reached. Although Mexico did not overtly cede any land under the treaty, the United States also paid $15,000,000 for the land, and agreed to assume $3.25 million in debts to US citizens. While technically the territory was purchased by the United States, the $15 million payment was simply credited against Mexicos debt to the U. S. at that time. The Mexican Cession as ordinarily understood amounted to 525,000 square miles, if the disputed western Texas claims are also included, that amounts to a total of 750,000 square miles. If all of Texas had been seized, since Mexico had not previously acknowledged the loss of any part of Texas, eventually the Compromise of 1850 preserved the Union, but only for another decade. Passed by the United States House of Representatives in August 1846 and February 1847, later an effort to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo also failed. Failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W, the line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850. Popular sovereignty, developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the eventual Democratic Party position, none of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory, avoiding the question of slavery in the territories. Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850, Texass western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west, Texas dropped its claim to the disputed northwestern areas in return for debt relief, and the areas were divided between the two new territories and unorganized territory. El Paso where Texas had successfully established county government was left in Texas, no southern territory dominated by Southerners was created. Also, the trade was abolished in Washington, D. C. It quickly became apparent that the Mexican Cession did not include a route for a transcontinental railroad connecting to a southern port. The topography of the New Mexico Territory included mountains that naturally directed any railroad extending from the southern Pacific coast northward, to Kansas City, St. Louis, or Chicago. Southerners, anxious for the business such a railroad would bring, agitated for the acquisition of land at the expense of Mexico. A Continent Divided, The U. S. -Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington

23.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital, Mexico entered into negotiations to end the war. The treaty called for the U. S. to pay $15 million to Mexico, Mexicans in those annexed areas had the choice of relocating to within Mexicos new boundaries or receiving American citizenship with full civil rights. Over 90% chose to become U. S. citizens, the U. S. Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty by a vote of 38–14. The opponents of this treaty were led by the Whigs, who had opposed the war and rejected Manifest destiny in general, and rejected this expansion in particular. The peace talks were negotiated by Nicholas Trist, chief clerk of the US State Department, Nicholas Trist negotiated with a special commission representing the collapsed government led by Don José Bernardo Couto, Don Miguel de Atristain, and Don Luis Gonzaga Cuevas of Mexico. Instead, Article V of the treaty simply described the new U. S. –Mexico border. Comparing the boundary in the Adams–Onís Treaty to the Guadalupe Hidalgo boundary, Mexico conceded about 55% of its pre-war, pre-Texas territorial claims, articles VIII and IX ensured safety of existing property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories. Despite assurances to the contrary, the property rights of Mexican citizens were not honored by the U. S. in accordance with modifications to. The U. S. also agreed to assume $3.25 million in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens, the residents had one year to choose whether they wanted American or Mexican citizenship, Over 90% chose American citizenship, which included full voting rights. The others returned to Mexico, or in cases in New Mexico were allowed to remain in place as Mexican citizens. Article XII engaged the United States to pay, In consideration of the acquired,15 million dollars. Article XI of the treaty was important to Mexico. S, would return captives of the Indians to Mexico. Mexicans believed that the United States had encouraged and assisted the Comanche and Apache raids that had devastated northern Mexico in the years before the war and this article promised relief to them Article XI, however, proved unenforceable. Destructive Indian raids continued despite a heavy U. S. presence near the Mexican border, Mexico filed 366 claims with the U. S. government for damages done by Comanche and Apache raids between 1848 and 1853. In 1853, in the Treaty of Mesilla concluding the Gadsden Purchase, the remainder of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully purchased under the Gadsden Purchase, which was carried out in 1853. In this purchase the United States paid an additional $10 million, however, the American Civil War delayed construction of such a route, and it was not until 1881 that the Southern Pacific Railroad finally was completed, fulfilling the purpose of the acquisition. Mexico had claimed the area in question since winning its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. About 80,000 Mexicans lived in the areas of California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas during the period of 1845 to 1850, and far fewer in Nevada, in southern and western Colorado, and in Utah

24.
Land patent
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A land patent is an exclusive land grant made by a sovereign entity with respect to a particular tract of land. To make such a grant “patent”, a sovereign must document the land grant, securely sign and seal the document, an official land patent is the highest evidence of right, title, and interest to a defined area. It is usually granted by a central, federal, or state government to an individual or to a private company, besides patent, other terms for the certificate that grants such rights include first-title deed and final certificate. A land patent is known in law as letters patent, and usually issues to the grantee and to their heirs. Land in the United States of America was acquired by purchase, war, or treaty from the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Mexico, Russia, the Kingdom of Hawaii and the Native American peoples. As Great Britain began to colonize colonial America, the Crown made large grants of territory to individuals, in turn, those companies and colonial governors later made smaller grants of land based on actual surveys of the land. Thus, in colonial America on the Atlantic seaboard, a connection was made between the surveying of a tract and its patenting as private property. Many original colonies land patents came from the country of control. Most such patents were permanently granted and those patents are still in force, the United States government honors those patents by treaty law, and, as with all such land patents, they cannot be changed. After the American Revolution and the ratification of the Constitution of the United States, in 1812, the General Land Office was created to assume that duty. Some of the land so granted had survey or other associated with it. Whatever the method, the General Land Office followed a two-step procedure in granting a patent, first, the private claimant went to the land office in the land district where the public land was located. The claimant filled out entry papers to select the land. The receiver took the payment, because even homesteaders had to pay administrative fees. Next, the land office register and receiver sent the paperwork to the General Land Office in Washington. That office double-checked the accuracy of the claim, its availability, finally, the General Land Office issued a land patent for the claimed public land and sent it on to the President for his signature. The first United States land patent was issued on March 4,1788 and that patent reserves to the United States one third of all gold, silver, lead and copper within the claimed land. Usage restrictions placed on the land are spelled out in the patent, such private property rights can also be thereafter negotiated in accord with the terms of private contracts

25.
Burbank, California
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Burbank is a city in Los Angeles County in Southern California, United States,12 miles northwest of downtown Los Angeles. The population at the 2010 census was 103,340, Entertainment, Nickelodeon Animation Studios, NBC, Cartoon Network Studios with the West Coast branch of Cartoon Network, and Insomniac Games. The city is home to Bob Hope Airport. Burbank consists of two areas, a downtown/foothill section, in the foothills of the Verdugo Mountains. Burbank is the easternmost city in the San Fernando Valley, Burbanks neighbor, Glendale, is the westernmost city in the San Gabriel Valley. The city was referred to as Beautiful Downtown Burbank on Laugh-In, the city was named after David Burbank, a New Hampshire-born dentist and entrepreneur who established a sheep ranch there in 1867. Historically, this area was the scene of a skirmish which resulted in the unseating of the Spanish Governor of California. Remnants of the battle reportedly were found many years later in the vicinity of Warner Bros. Studio when residents dug up cannonballs, by 1876, the San Fernando Valley became the largest wheat-raising area in Los Angeles County. But the droughts of the 1860s and 1870s underlined the need for water supplies. A professionally trained dentist, Dr. Burbank began his career in Waterville and he joined the great migration westward in the early 1850s and, by 1853 was living in San Francisco. At the time the American Civil War broke out he was well established in his profession as a dentist in Pueblo de Los Angeles. In 1867, he purchased Rancho La Providencia from David W. Alexander and Francis Mellus, Dr. Burbanks property reached nearly 9,200 acres at a cost of $9,000. Dr. Burbank wouldnt acquire full titles to both properties until after a decision known as the Great Partition was made in 1871 dissolving the Rancho San Rafael. Dr. Burbank also later owned the Burbank Theatre, which opened on November 27,1893, though the theater was intended to be an opera house, instead it staged plays and became known nationally. The theatre featured famous actors of the time including Fay Bainter and Marjorie Rambeau, when the area that became Burbank was settled in the 1870s and 1880s, the streets were aligned along what is now Olive Avenue, the road to the Cahuenga Pass and downtown Los Angeles. These were largely the roads the Indians traveled and the settlers took their produce down to Los Angeles to sell. At the time, the primary long-distance transportation methods available to San Fernando Valley residents were stagecoach, stagecoaching between Los Angeles and San Francisco through the Valley began in 1858

26.
Alfred Chapman
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Alfred Beck Chapman was a Los Angeles real estate attorney and investor. He was one of the founders of the city of Orange, Chapman was born on September 6,1829, in Greensboro, Alabama. His father attended the University of North Carolina, Chapman was a Cadet at the Military Academy at West Point, from September 1,1850, to July 1,1854, when he was graduated 29th in his class. He was promoted to Brevet Second Lieutenant Of Artillery, July 1,1854, serving first in Florida in the early part of the Third Seminole War, 1854-55 during which he was promoted Second Lieutenant, U. S. 3rd Artillery Regiment. On February 15,1855, he became a Second Lieutenant, U. S. 1st Dragoon Regiment, March 3,1855 being ordered on frontier duty, at Albuquerque, there he was on Escort duty and at Albuquerque, and Camp Moore. At Fort Buchanan, in 1857-1858, he participated in the 1857 Gila Expedition, while at Fort Buchanan, he also made the first census for the United States of the Pima, Papago and Maricopa peoples of Arizona. Later in 1858 he was sent to Fort Tejon, California serving there from 1858 into 1859, there he was involved in the Mohave War scouting against the Mohave people, and was engaged in a Skirmish at Bealls Crossing of the Colorado River, January 9,1859. Following his resignation Chapman moved to Los Angeles, in Southern California where he took up the practice of Law in 1862, Chapman married Mary Scott, the daughter of Los Angeles attorney Jonathan R. Scott, with whom he studied law. In 1861 he set up a partnership with Cameron E. Thom, in 1863 Chapman became city attorney of Los Angeles, replacing Myer J. Newmark, who resigned, and in 1868 he was elected district attorney of Los Angeles County. He went into partnership with a friend, Andrew Glassell. Colonel George H. Smith, a former Confederate Army officer and brother-in-law of Glassell and their law practice was confined chiefly to real estate transactions, and they made their fortunes by handling the large partition suits. Chapman was the businessman of the firm and he took his compensation in land, and nearly every final decree in partition would find that Glassell & Chapman had acquired more property. Chapman and Glassell are best known in Orange County for being founders of Orange and he joined with one of his partners, Andrew Glassell, to develop a new community, Richland. They hired the land surveyor, Frank Lecouvrier of Los Angeles, to map this tract, Richland was originally the name of the Virginia plantation owned by the father of Andrew Glassell in the 1830s. The legal fees were paid in substantial land transfers. He at one time also owned all the land where Glendale, California. Chapman continued to practice law until 1880, after retirement, he devoted full-time to managing his 700-acre rancho in the upper San Gabriel Valley, a portion of the Rancho Santa Anita grant, and became involved in citrus production. Chapman had six children by his first marriage to Mary Scott and he married again after her death in 1883, and had one child by his second marriage to Mary L. Stephens, daughter of a pioneer California attorney and judge

27.
Andrew Glassell
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Andrew Glassell was a Los Angeles real estate attorney and investor. He may be best known as one of the founders of the city of Orange, Andrew Glassell was born in Orange County, Virginia, the son of Andrew Glassell and Susanna Thorton. In 1834 his family moved to Greensboro, Alabama, where his father engaged in cotton planting, Andrew was educated in the University of Alabama, from which he graduated in 1848. He came to San Francisco in 1853 and established a law practice and his appointment as the United States attorney at Sacramento, California soon followed. During the Civil War his sympathies were with the South, and he left his public office and quit the practice of law and operated a lumber mill near Santa Cruz. After the war Glassell came to Los Angeles in 1865 and he formed a partnership with Alfred Chapman and Colonel George H. Smith, the firm becoming known as Glassell, Chapman & Smith. Their law practice was confined chiefly to real estate transactions and they made their fortunes by being retailed in the large partition suits. When Glassell first came to California, he had worked with the land commission that reviewed all the old Mexican Rancho grants. Chapman was the businessman of the firm and they would take their compensation in land, and nearly every final decree in partition would find that Glassell and Chapman had quite an area of land in severalty. Glassell was involved in the legal suit known as The Great Partition of 1871 brought against the Rancho San Rafael property in the eastern San Fernando Valley, the section he and Chapman were awarded later became the community of Glassell Park, Los Angeles. In 1875 Andrew Glassell purchased Rancho Tujunga, the adjacent northern rancho in the Valley, Andrew Glassell was one of the incorporators of and attorney for the Farmers and Merchants Bank. He was the first president of the Los Angeles County bar association in 1878 -1880 and he incorporated the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad, and was prominent in its management until it was absorbed by the Southern Pacific Railroad. When this transfer was made he became chief counsel of the S. P. railroad company in Southern California, in 1878, Glassell served as the first president of the Los Angeles County Bar Association. Reluctantly a few acres of land were taken in payment. In 1872, the Richland Farm Tract subdivision was placed on the market by Andrew Glassell, Glassell and Chapman employed the formers younger brother, Captain William T. Glassell to plot the town site. Captain Glassell surveyed a section of land for his brother and Chapman in 1871 and he divided the tract into 60 10-acre lots surrounding a 40-acre town site, which he called Richland after his fathers plantations name, and served as sales agent for the property. In 1873, when a post office was sought for the village it was discovered there was a town in Sacramento County by the name of Richland. As an alternative, Orange was chosen in honor of Andrew Glassells home county, Andrew Glassells widowed sister Susan Thornton Glassell came to live with him in Los Angeles

28.
Prudent Beaudry
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Prudent Beaudry served as the 13th mayor of Los Angeles, California, from 1874 to 1876. A native of Quebec, he was the second French Canadian, Beaudry was born into a wealthy French Canadian family. After studying in Montreal, he went to New York City to pursue studies in business school. In the aftermath of the Rebellions of 1837 that shook the province of Quebec, he travelled in the United States, around 1840, he settled in New Orleans where he gained additional experience in commercial activities. In 1842, he returned to Montreal and created a business with his brothers. Because he was responsible for buying stock, Prudent Beaudry frequently needed to travel to Europe, two fires and insufficient insurance left the retail enterprise with only $1,000 left of its stock. In 1853 Prudent moved alone to Los Angeles, and succeeded in regaining a respectable amount of floating capital, in 1854 Prudent decided to invest in capital assets in addition to his retail store. He bought different tracts of land, which constituted the Beaudry Blocks, the rents he earned from his real estate assets yielded him $1,000 per month. In 1855 after Victor rejoined him, Prudent Beaudry left for Europe in order to consult a Parisian ophthalmologist for eyesight problems and he rested in Montreal for five years, limiting his activity. In 1861, Victor received an offer to furnish the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. This offer obliged Prudent to return to Los Angeles and take charge again of his business and his profits by that time amounted to a few thousand dollars per year, a considerable amount for the time. Beaudry decided to invest in a mine, but this investment failed after the mine was completely destroyed when a Californian Indian tribe retaliated against European massacres in the area. Beaudry then decided to use his savings to buy inexpensive undeveloped parcels of land on Bunker Hill above central Los Angeles, which featured views of the city at its base and the Pacific Ocean. He also bought property near the Sierra Nevada, and built an aqueduct to redirect several mountain streams to his properties. He owned a great deal of real estate in Downtown Los Angeles, located for the most part around Temple Street, Bunker Hill, Bellevue Road, Beaudry also became interested in architecture and urbanization, and so decided to get involved in city planning. Notably, he planted many new trees and made plans for mansions, the quality of his work was rapidly recognized, and the upgraded lands were sold at a very high profit. Most of his time was dedicated to architecture. Beaudry was elected to three terms in the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of the city—in 1871,1872 and 1873

29.
Cameron E. Thom
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Cameron E. Thom was a lawyer, a legislator, a Confederate officer in the Civil War and the 16th mayor of Los Angeles, California, from 1882 to 1884. Thom was born in Culpeper County, Virginia, or in Richmond, Virginia, on June 20,1825, the son of John Thom, Cameron was educated in private schools in Virginia and was graduated from the University of Virginia, where he earned a law degree. After university, Thom traveled west in a caravan of some 40 young men and he gathered gold on the South Fork of the American River, in Amador County, then settled in Sacramento to open a law office. Thom served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War and he was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg and ended the war as a captain. Thom was married twice, first in 1858 to Susan Henrietta Hathwell and he had four children, Cameron DeHart, Charles Catesby, Erskine Pembroke and Belle. Thom died on February 2,1915, at the age of 89, interment was in Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles. Thom arrived in California in 1849 during the rush and after a few years of successful mining. In fall 1853 he moved to San Francisco, where he worked as a deputy agent for the United States Land Commission, and then to Los Angeles, shortly after arriving, he was appointed Los Angeles County district attorney, and he later won the office in an election. He was also elected Los Angeles city attorney for the 1856-58 term, in 1859–60 Thom was |state senator from Californias 1st State Senate district, and he was Los Angeles County district attorney from 1854 to 1857, from 1869 to 1873 and from 1877 to 1879. He was mayor of Los Angeles from 1882 to 1884, the land belonging to Prudent Beaudry, Alfred Chapman, Andrew Glassell and Thom evolved into Glendale. Thom, Harry J. Crow, and Thoms nephew, Erskin B, ross, along with B. F. Patterson and B. T. Byram, were responsible for the creation of the city of Glendale in 1887

30.
Tomas Avila Sanchez
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Sanchez was baptized José Tomas Tadeo Sanchez y Avila as the son of Pedro Antonio Jose Sanchez and Maria Ascension Josefa Avila. His grandfather, Vicente Anastacio Sanchez, was mayor of Los Angeles in 1831-1832 and 1845, in 1867, Sanchez married Maria Sepulveda and lived in an adobe home on Rancho San Rafael. He died at the age of 56 in 1882, leaving his wife, nineteen sons, Sanchez was the tax collector for Los Angeles in 1843, during the period of Mexican government of California. He served as a soldier in the Mexican forces during the Mexican-American War, Sanchez remained in the area after the war and remained active in politics under the new California government as a Democrat. Workman who was running for county clerk and who swung them over to vote for the Democratic candidate instead of for Workman and these were the methods then in vogue, Newmark wrote. Sanchezs Los Angeles County biography states that in the 1850s Sanchez was a staunch Democrat and strongly favored the Confederacy. Sanchez was elected to a term on the Los Angeles Common Council. It was the election for municipal officers after the reorganization of the city following the Mexican War. During the insurrection of Juan Flores after the murder of Los Angeles County Sheriff James R, barton in January 1857, Sanchez, who had a reputation for physical courage and prowess took the lead in the pursuit and capture of the Flores gang. In 1860, Sanchez was elected the sheriff of Los Angeles County since the county was organized in 1850. He became a member and lieutenant in the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles in March 1861. Despite the suspicion of him by Federal officials during the American Civil War, the result was a gunfight at the Bella Union Hotel in which two men were killed and a bystander was wounded. The Sanchez family is remembered in their home in the western foothills of the Verdugo Mountains. After Tomas died in 1882, his wife, Maria Sepulveda, sold 100 acres, including the structure, to Andrew Glassel for $12,000, the City of Glendale bought the historic structure in 1932, giving it the address of 1330 Dorothy Drive. Sanchez inherited Rancho La Cienega o Paso de la Tijera from his grandfather in 1846, after the death of Tomas, a patent was granted his estate for four thousand or more acres at Rancho Cienega y Paso de la Tijera. The land was mostly marshy meadows and rolling hills and very fertile, Gold Dust and Gunsmoke, Tales of Gold Rush Outlaws, Gunfighters, Lawmen, and Vigilantes by John Boessenecker

31.
Mormon Battalion
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The Mormon Battalion, the only religiously based unit in United States military history, served from July 1846 to July 1847 during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. The battalion was a unit of between 534 and 559 Latter-day Saints men, led by Mormon company officers commanded by regular U. S. Army officers. During its service, the made a grueling march of nearly 2,000 miles from Council Bluffs, Iowa. The march also opened a wagon route to California. Veterans of the battalion played significant roles in Americas westward expansion in California, Utah, Arizona, under continued religious persecution, they had fled Nauvoo, Illinois, on February 4,1846 across the Mississippi River. They camped among the Potawatomi Indians near present-day Council Bluffs, Iowa, Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, sent Elder Jesse C. Little to Washington, D. C. to seek assistance from the government for the Mormon Pioneers fleeing from the Illinois mobs. Little arrived in Washington D. C. on May 21,1846, pennsylvania Army officer and attorney Thomas L. Kane offered the Mormons his advice and assistance. Politically well connected through his jurist father, Kane provided letters of recommendation and joined Little in Washington, the two called on the secretary of state, secretary of war, and President James K. Polk. After several interviews in early June 1846, President Polk agreed to Littles offer if a few hundred men enlisted, on June 2,1846, President Polk wrote in his diary, Col. Kearny was. On July 1,1846 Captain James Allen, dispatched by Colonel Stephen W. Kearny and he carried President Polks request for a battalion of 500 volunteers to fight in the Mexican War. Most members of the Church were suspicious of the request, as the Federal government had ignored the persecutions they suffered and they were concerned about facing discrimination by the government, as they had from both the state and federal government in the past. Kane obtained U. S. government permission for the refugee Mormons to occupy Pottawattamie, after carrying dispatches relating to the land agreements and battalion criteria to Fort Leavenworth, Kane sought out Little in the Mormon encampments on the Missouri. On July 17,1846, he held a meeting with church leaders, Brigham Young had planned on moving the Mormons west that summer, but circumstances were against his plan. He saw several possible advantages to the Saints in the federal service. Their enlistment would be a public relations victory for the church, as the men were given a uniform allowance at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. These funds were used to purchase wagons, teams, and other necessities for the American exodus, having been forced to leave farms and homes in Nauvoo, the Latter-day Saints were going to spend the winter on the banks of the Missouri River. Raising a group of able-bodied men would be difficult, many men had already scattered to outlying areas where they sought jobs with wages to help support the group

32.
Californio
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The Californio era was from the first Spanish presence established by the Portolá expedition in 1769 until the regions cession to the United States of America in 1848. Non-Spanish-speaking immigrants who 1) became naturalized Mexican citizens, 2) married Californios, such residents, by these actions, became eligible to own land and receive rancho grants from the Mexican government. Most such grants occurred after mission secularization in the 1830s, an even looser definition may include descendants of Californios, especially those who married other Californio descendants. The much larger population of non-Spanish-speaking indigenous peoples of California who lived in the prior to. Many Californios, however, were the California-born children of non-Spanish speakers who married Spanish speakers, such spouses usually also converted to the Catholic faith and, after Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821, often became naturalized Mexican citizens. The military, religious and civil components of pre-1848 Californio society were embodied in the presidios, missions. After secularization, the Mexican authorities divided most of the lands into new ranchos. The Spanish colonial and later Mexican national governments encouraged settlers from the northern and western provinces of Mexico, People from other parts of Latin America did settle in California. However, only a few official colonization efforts were ever undertaken—notably the second expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza, children of those few early settlers and retired soldiers became the first Californios. Sporadic colonization efforts continued under Mexican rule, including the Hijar-Padres group of 1834, One genealogist estimated that, by 2004, between 300,000 and 500,000 Californians were descendants of Californios. Alta California was nominally controlled by a national-government appointed governor, the governors of California were at first appointed by the Viceroy, and after 1821 by the approximate 40 Mexican Presidents from 1821 to 1846. The costs of the minimum Alta California government were paid by means of a roughly 40–100% import tariff collected at the entry port of Monterey. The other center of Spanish power in Alta California was the Franciscan friars who, as heads of the 21 missions, none of the Franciscan friars were Californios, however, and their influence rapidly waned after the secularization of the missions in the 1830s. Governors had little support from far-away Mexico to deal with Alta Californians. Mexico-born governor Manuel Victoria was forced to flee in 1831, after losing a fight against an uprising at the Battle of Cahuenga Pass. As Californios matured to adulthood and increasingly assumed positions of power in the Alta California government, several times, Californio leaders attempted to break away from Mexico, most notably Juan Bautista Alvarado in 1836. Southern regional leaders, led by Pio Pico, made attempts to relocate the capital from Monterey to the more populated Los Angeles. Alvarado recruited a company of Tennessean riflemen, many of them former trappers who had settled in the Monterey Bay area, the company was led by another American, Isaac Graham, the Americans refused to fight against fellow Americans

33.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough

34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

35.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

36.
History of California
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California was settled from the North by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years. It was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America, after contact with Spanish explorers, most of the Native Americans died out from European diseases. After the Portolà expedition of 1769–70, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta California, during the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts and three small towns. Two of the pueblos would eventually grow into the cities of Los Angeles, after Mexican Independence was won in 1821, California fell under the jurisdiction of the First Mexican Empire. Fearing the influence of the Roman Catholic church over their newly independent nation and they left behind a small Californio population of several thousand families, with a few small military garrisons. After the Mexican–American War of 1846-48, Mexico was forced to relinquish any claim to California to the United States, the unexpected discovery of gold in 1849 produced a spectacular gold rush in Northern California, attracting hundreds of thousand of ambitious young men from around the world. Only a few struck it rich, and many returned home disappointed, most appreciated the other economic opportunities in California, especially in agriculture, and brought their families to join them. California became the 31st US state in 1850 and played a role in the American Civil War. Chinese immigrants increasingly came under attack from nativists, they were forced out of industry and agriculture, as gold petered out, California increasingly became a highly productive agricultural society. The coming of the railroads in 1869 linked its rich economy with the rest of the nation, in the late 19th century, Southern California, especially Los Angeles, started to grow rapidly. Different tribes of Native Americans lived in the area that is now California for an estimated 13,000 to 15,000 years, over 100 tribes and bands inhabited the area. Various estimates of the Native American population in California during the period range from 100,000 to 300,000. Californias population held about one-third of all Native Americans in what is now the United States and this popular Spanish fantasy was printed in several editions with the earliest surviving edition published about 1510. In exploring Baja California the earliest explorers thought the Baja California peninsula was an island, mapmakers started using the name California to label the unexplored territory on the North American west coast. European explorers flying the flags of Spain and of England explored the Pacific Coast of California beginning in the mid-16th century, the first European to explore the California coast was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, working for Spain. He died in California, and his expedition found no wealth, no advanced Indian civilization, no apparent agriculture, California was of little further interest. They depicted the Indians as living at a subsistence level. They had no apparent agriculture, no domesticated animals except dogs, no pottery, and their only tools were made out of wood, leather, woven baskets and netting, stones and horns

37.
History of California before 1900
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Human history in California begins with indigenous Americans first arriving in California some 13, 000–15,000 years ago. Exploration and settlement by Europeans along the coasts and in the valleys began in the 16th century. California was acquired by the United States under the terms of the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the defeat of Mexico in the Mexican–American War, American westward expansion intensified with the California Gold Rush, beginning in 1849. California joined the Union as a state in 1850, due to the Compromise of 1850. By the end of the 19th century, California was still rural and agricultural. The most commonly accepted model of migration to the New World is that peoples from Asia crossed the Bering land bridge to the Americas some 16,500 years ago. The remains of Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island are among the traces of an early habitation. In all, some 30 tribes or culture groups lived in what is now California and these groups included the early-arriving Hokan family and the recently arrived Uto-Aztecan of the desert southeast. This cultural diversity was among the densest in North America, and was likely the result of a series of migrations and invasions during the last 10, 000–15,000 years. At the time of the first European contact, Native American tribes included the Chumash, Maidu, Miwok, Modoc, Mohave, Ohlone, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, Tataviam, Tongva, Wintu, tribes adapted to Californias many climates. Coastal tribes were a source of trading beads, produced from mussel shells using stone tools. Tribes in Californias broad Central Valley and the surrounding foothills developed an early agriculture, burning the grasslands to encourage growth of wild plants. The acorns from these trees were pounded into a powder, tribes living in the mountains of the north and east relied heavily on salmon and game hunting, and used Californias volcanic legacy by collecting and shaping obsidian for themselves and for trade. The deserts of the southeast were home to tribes who learned to thrive in harsh environment by making careful use of local plants and living in oases. The indigenous people practiced various forms of forest gardening in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, by burning underbrush and grass, the Native Americans revitalized patches of land whose regrowth provided fresh shoots to attract food animals. A form of farming was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle. The relative strength of the tribes was dynamic, as the more successful expanded their territories, slave-trading and war among tribes alternated with periods of relative peace. The total population of Native California is estimated, by the time of extensive European contact in the 18th century, before Europeans landed in North America, about one-third of all natives in what is now the United States were living in the area that is now California

38.
Indigenous peoples of California
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With over forty groups seeking to be federally recognized tribes, California has the second largest Native American population. The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of Californias boundaries, many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes, and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes. Tribes in Baja California who do not cross into California are classified as Indigenous peoples of Mexico, before European contact, native Californians spoke over 300 dialects of approximately 100 distinct languages. The majority of California Indian language belong either to highly localized language families with two or three members or are language isolates, of the remainder, most are Uto-Aztecan or Athapaskan languages. The Hokan superstock has the greatest time depth and has been most difficult to demonstrate, wiyot and Yurok are distantly related to Algonquian languages in a larger grouping called Algic. The several Athapaskan languages are relatively recent arrivals, no more recent than about 2000 years ago, evidence of human occupation of California dates from at least 19,000 years ago. Prior to European contact, California Indians had 500 distinct sub-tribes or groups, the size of California tribes today are small compared to tribes in other regions of the United States. Prior to contact with Europeans, the California region contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico. Because of the climate and easy access to food sources. Early Native Californians were hunter-gatherers, with seed collection becoming widespread around 9,000 BCE, due to the local abundance of food, tribes never developed agriculture or tilled the soil. Two early southern California cultural traditions include the La Jolla Complex, from 3000 to 2000 BCE, regional diversity developed, with the peoples making fine-tuned adaptations to local environments. Traits recognizable to historic tribes were developed by approximately 500 BCE, the indigenous people practiced various forms of sophisticated forest gardening in the forests, grasslands, mixed woodlands, and wetlands to ensure availability of food and medicine plants. They controlled fire on a scale to create a low-intensity fire ecology. By burning underbrush and grass, the natives revitalized patches of land, a form of fire-stick farming was used to clear areas of old growth to encourage new in a repeated cycle, a primitive permaculture. Different tribes encountered non-native European explorers and settlers at widely different times, the southern and central coastal tribes encountered Spanish and British explorers in the mid-16th century. Tribes such as the Quechan or Yuman Indians in present-day southeast California, tribes on the coast of northwest California, like the Miwok, Yurok, and Yokut, had contact with Russian explorers and seafarers in the late 18th century. In remote interior regions, some tribes did not meet non-natives until the mid-19th century, the Spanish began their long-term occupation in California in 1769 with the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcalá in San Diego. The Spanish built 20 additional missions in California and their introduction of European invasive plant species and non-native diseases resulted in unintended havoc and high fatalities for the Native populations

39.
California Trail
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The California Trail was an emigrant trail of about 3,000 miles across the western half of the North American continent from Missouri River towns to what is now the state of California. In the present states of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah, by 1847, two former fur trading frontier forts marked trailheads for major alternative routes through Utah and Wyoming to Northern California. The first was Jim Bridgers Fort Bridger in present-day Wyoming on the Green River, from Salt Lake the Salt Lake Cutoff went north and west of the Great Salt Lake and rejoined the California Trail in the City of Rocks in present-day Idaho. From Fort Hall the Oregon and California trails went about 50 miles southwest along the Snake River Valley to another parting of the trail junction at the junction of the Raft. The California Trail from the junction followed the Raft River to the City of Rocks in Idaho near the present Nevada-Idaho-Utah tripoint, the Salt Lake and Fort Hall routes were about the same length, about 190 miles. From the City of Rocks the trail went into the present state of Utah following the South Fork of the Junction Creek. By following the crooked, meandering Humboldt River Valley west across the arid Great Basin, emigrants were able to get the water, grass, the water turned increasingly alkaline as they progressed down the Humboldt, and there were almost no trees. Firewood usually consisted of broken brush, and the grass was sparse, few travelers liked the Humboldt River Valley passage. Humboldt is not good for man nor beast, an alternative route across the present states of Utah and Nevada that bypassed both Fort Hall and the Humboldt River trails was developed in 1859. In addition to immigrants and migrants from the East, after 1859 the Pony Express, Overland stages, the main routes initially were the Truckee Trail to the Sacramento Valley and after about 1849 the Carson Trail route to the American River and the Placerville, California gold digging region. Starting about 1859 the Johnson Cutoff and the Henness Pass Route across the Sierras were greatly improved and developed and these main roads across the Sierras were both toll roads so there were funds to pay for maintenance and upkeep on the roads. The Johnson Cutoff, from Placerville to Carson City along todays U. S. Route 50 in California, was used by the Pony Express year-round and in the summer by the stage lines. It was the overland route from the East to California that could be kept partially open for at least horse traffic in the winter. After about 1848 the most popular route was the Carson Route which, while rugged, was easier than most others. The trail was used in the summers until the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 by the Union Pacific. Trail traffic rapidly fell off as the trip was much quicker and easier by train—about seven days. The economy class fare across the western United States of about $69 was affordable by most California-bound travelers, the trail was used by about 2,700 settlers from 1846 up to 1849. These settlers were instrumental in helping convert California to a U. S. possession, fremonts California Battalion assisted the Pacific Squadrons sailors and marines in 1846 and 1847 in conquering California in the Mexican–American War

Aftermath of the 2007 fire. Both visible and infra-red wavelengths of light have been used to make this satellite image. Vegetation appears in various shades of green, while the burned areas appear charcoal.

A drawing of Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo prepared by Captain George Vancouver depicts the grounds as they appeared in November, 1792. From A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World.

A view of the Catalan forges at Mission San Juan Capistrano, the oldest existing facilities (circa 1790s) of their kind in the State of California. The sign at the lower right-hand corner proclaims the site as being "...part of Orange County's first industrial complex."

A special "fast fruit" train of the Central Pacific Railroad prepares to head eastward on June 24, 1886.

Restored Southern Pacific Lines No. 2353, a 4-6-0 oil-burning steam locomotive built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1912. The cylindrical tender, specifically designed to carry fuel oil, was a signature feature of the railroad.