For many years,
Calvinism was at the heart of my belief system. It was unquestionable that
man could not believe the gospel. He had a latent and inborn
aversion to all things spiritual, even the gracious gospel that the common
people heard gladly in Jesus' day (Mark 12:37). Man, I held, was totally
unable even to cry out for mercy.

The Fall had rendered him incapable of receiving its remedy. Even his
best acts were filthy rags, detestable before God. What was needed was a
work of Efficacious Grace - a miracle, in fact - that would remove the
heart of stone and bestow saving faith.

This I deemed "sound doctrine." I elevated above the rabble of
non-Calvinists all writers and theologians who championed it. They were
somehow more worthy of respect. They had an inherently greater demand on
my attention and belief. Clark Pinnock describes a similar attitude he
developed in the course of his faith-journey:

"Certainly most of the authors I was introduced to in those early days
as theologically 'sound' were staunchly Calvinistic....Theirs were the
books that were sold in the Inter-Varsity bookroom I frequented. They were
the ones I was told to listen to; sound theology was what they would teach
me." 1

Any Christian who dissented from my soteriology
was "an Arminian,"
regardless of whether that person subscribed to the issues of the
Remonstrance (or even heard of them). As with many Calvinists, my
spiritual autobiography had two distinct peaks: my conversion to Christ
and my subsequent enlightenment into "sovereign grace."

This faith was highly attractive because of the men who had held it
over the centuries. My spiritual pedigree contained some of the brightest
lights the faith has ever known: Bunyan, Spurgeon, Edwards, Whitefield,
Brainerd and the Puritans. I was in good company. Years later, however, I
seriously re-examined my beloved "five points."

The main point at which I first questioned Calvinism was the nature of
man in his sinful state. To question this point of the system is to
question all of it. The last four points of Calvinism rest squarely upon
the first, Total Inability. Once that dogma is removed, the entire
superstructure crashes under its own weight.

For those unfamiliar with the five points, I will here briefly define
them:

I. Total Inability. Man has sunk so far through the Fall that he
is no longer capable of believing the gospel. He can no more repent and
believe than a dead man can rise up and walk. This is all the result of
the sin of Adam, who communicated th is absolute inability, this loss of
free will, to all his posterity.

II. Unconditional Election. God has, before the creation
of the world, selected a portion of humanity to be saved. This election is
irrespective of any foreseen merits or faith. It is only according to the
good pleasure of His will.

III. Particular Redemption. Jesus on Calvary bore the full
punishment due his elect, ensuring their final salvation. He did not die
for the non-elect, who are excluded and hopelessly reprobated.

IV. Efficacious Grace. God moves upon the helpless sinner before
he has a single thought of responding to the good news. Grace renews the
spiritually dead will, imparts a new nature and infallibly draws the
sinner to Christ. Regeneration, or the new birth, occurs before
belief in Christ. Faith, in fact, is a gift imparted to the sinner, who is
entirely passive in this act.

V. Final Perseverance. Everyone regenerated by God's
grace will persevere and be finally saved. No one who truly begins the
life of faith will ever fall away and perish.

This, I believe, is an accurate portrayal of the system, free of
caricature. Throughout this paper, many quotes from Calvinist authors
should bear this out.

I. Total Inability

As stated earlier, the other points rise and fall with Total
Inability. They are its logical corollary. In fact, one of the attractive
aspects of Calvinism is its remarkable consistency. Each point buttresses
the others. That makes it fairly easy to defend. This is especially true
if one grants the very first point of Total Inability. The Calvinist knows
the battle is nearly won once he establishes this crucial tenet concerning
man's nature. For that reason, I will spend much more time analyzing this
point than the other four.

Total Inability is said to arise out of man's sinful state, his
complete spiritual ruin in Eden. It has left him incapable of doing
anything good, or even desiring it. Hence, he is disabled and can neither
will nor obey any spiritual command - even the invitation to receive
Christ. John Calvin sums this up in stark language:

"Let it stand, therefore, as an indubitable truth, which no engines can
shake, that the mind of man is so entirely alienated from the
righteousness of God, that he cannot conceive, desire, or design anything
but what is wicked, distorted, foul, impure and iniquitous; that his heart
is so thoroughly envenomed by sin, that it can breathe out nothing but
corruption and rottenness; that if some men occasionally make a show of
goodness, their mind is ever interwoven with hypocrisy and deceit, their
soul inwardly bound with fetters of wickedness."2

As for the source of this total corruption of man, there was but
one in the mind of Calvin: "...the corruption by which we are held bound
as with chains originated in the first man's revolt against his
Maker."3 The Fall (not a biblical term for Adam and Eve's sin)
was the cause of man's inability toward all good. Every man, therefore, is
born unable to respond to God. Calvinist theologian Augustus Strong notes:
"Man's present inability is natural, in the sense of being inborn, - it is
not acquired by our personal act, but is congenital."4 As with
our race or eye color, our inability is a state over which we have no
control.

The Calvinist, because of his doctrine of Total Inability, denies that
man has a free will. All sin-born humanity, without exception, has a will
wholly enslaved to always doing what is wrong and unspiritual. Boettner
explains this:

"In matters pertaining to his salvation, the unregenerate man is not at
liberty to choose between good and evil, but only to choose between
greater and lesser evil, which is not properly free will...As the bird
with a broken wing is 'free' to fly but not able, so the natural man is
free to come to God but not able."5

This loss of ability to receive spiritual truth is one of the
consequences of Original Sin, we are told. If this is true, we would
surely expect to find some mention of it in the Genesis account. Yet there
is no record there of God imposing this curse of Total Inability on man's
nature. There are other curses listed. God pronounced the death sentence,
which He defined as a return to the dust (Gen. 3:19). Such language
obviously denotes a physical death, not a loss of spiritual ability or a
death to God.

God decreed the presence of "thorns and thistles" to make toil more
difficult (v.18). He told the woman that she must endure great pain in
childbearing (v.16). Both of these curses are trivial compared to what
would be the most debilitating curse of all: the removal of all ability to
respond to God. Of this we haven't the slightest mention. George Burnap
comments:

"If this doctrine is true, God did not tell man the true penalty,
neither the truth, nor the whole truth, nor a hundredth part of the truth.
To have told the whole truth, according to this hypothesis, He should have
said, 'Because ye have done this, cursed be that moral nature which I have
given you. Henceforth such is the change I make in your natures: that ye
shall be, and your offspring, infinitely odious and hateful in my sight.
The moment their souls shall go forth from my hand...if they are suffered
to live, such shall be the diseased constitution of their moral natures:
that they shall have no freedom to do one single good action, but
everything they do shall be sin....What an awful blot would such a curse
be on the first pages of Scripture!"6

It is true that death passed upon all men through the First Adam.
His expulsion from the Garden with its Tree of Life removed him from the
source of immortality and made death certain. This is also true of his
posterity. But the transmission of Total Inability toward God is nowhere
conveyed in the text.

Two primary texts adduced to prove the doctrine of Original Sin (Rom.
5; 1 Cor. 15) say nothing about Total Inability. Nowhere are we told that
an invincible tendency to resist God was imparted to the race through the
offense of one. If there were a place we would expect to find the
doctrine, it would be in one of those passages dealing with the
relationship between Adam and his descendants. But there is not a trace of
such teaching there.

The Calvinist doctrine raises a more basic question for our
consideration: Where do the Scriptures teach that man had a holy, pure
nature that became corrupted and transmitted to his posterity? Calvinists,
and most Christians, for that matter, assume that God made Adam morally
perfect. The London Confession of Faith presupposes this when it says that
God "created man after His own Image, filled with all meet perfection of
nature, and free from all sin" (Section IV). But where does the Bible
convey this bit of information?

It is reasonable to affirm that Adam and Eve were created with an
original innocence. This, however, is not the same thing as the
London Confession's reference to "perfection of nature." Our first parents
did lose innocence when they sinned. Their eyes were then opened to good
and evil, prompting them to hide from their Creator (Gen. 3:7,8). But it
is another thing altogether to say that they fell from a state of moral
perfection to total depravity.

Many of the 17th century Polish Brethren denied that God created Adam
either immortal or morally perfect. A document drawn up by Faustus Socinus
and others expresses this thought:

"As to what pertains to the qualities of Adam before the Fall, it may
be asked: (1) Whether or not he was provided with an original justice.
This is to be denied;...For why did Adam sin if it is as they say?...God
created nothing perfect. For if he had created anything perfect, it would
never have been able to sin and the angels themselves, although by far the
most noble of God's creatures, are nevertheless not perfect, because they
[some] sinned."7

The fact that God called His creation "good" does not mean it was
all morally perfect. Barnabas was "a good man" (Acts 11:24), but he
certainly was not a morally perfect man. "Good" can simply mean that it
was complete and suitable for the divine purpose. In Ecclesiastes 7:29, it
says,"God made mankind upright, but men have gone in search of
many schemes." But the word "upright" does not necessarily denote moral
perfection.

It may be argued that the passages dealing with man's extreme
sinfulness from birth prove the Calvinist's point. After all, how could
God create beings who "drink evil like water" (Job 15:16) or who are
"shapen in iniquity" (Psalm 51:5, KJV)?

While there is no denying the universal sinfulness of man, it should be
noted that most of these extreme statements are from prophets and inspired
poets who are expressing either outrage or brokenness of spirit. They are
bold statements underscoring man's tendency to go astray. This tendency,
we believe, was in Adam as well as every man who followed him. There is no
exegetical
reason to suppose otherwise.

The Racovian Catechism notes how the character of people - both good
and bad - is sometimes expressed poetically in extreme speech denoting a
"from the womb" condition:

"David uses a certain hyperbolical exaggeration - of which we have an
example in his own writings (Psalm 58:3), 'The wicked go astray from the
womb: they go astray as soon as they are born, speaking lies.' Similar
instances are found in Isaiah 48:8, 'I knew that thou wouldst deal very
treacherously, and wast called a transgressor from the womb.' John 9:34,
'Thou wast altogether born in sins.' And also, in the opposite case, Job
31:18, 'From my youth he was brought up with me, as with a father and I
have guided her from my mother's womb.'"8

Man is a sinner. Every person has folly bound up in the heart
from earliest days (Prov. 22:15). But was Adam any different? The
burden of proof is on the Calvinists to show that he was. The
Scriptures never say so, and it is not our responsibility to prove a
negative (a logical impossibility).

This is a serious difficulty. The Calvinist's entire system of
soteriology is founded on the grand assumption that Adam was created
morally impeccable. He lost perfection through sin and assumed a nature
totally corrupted and alienated from God, a nature imparted to all mankind
as a curse. But the Scriptural evidence for these contentions is, at best,
scant. For the most part, the doctrine is assumed unquestionably. Adam's
fall from moral perfection was established by Augustine's polemics against
Pelagianism and passed on, without alteration, through the barren
centuries of the Middle Ages. Calvin received it in toto from his
medieval legacy, as has each successive generation of theologians
since.

A doctrine that forms such a colossal foundation-stone for the system
should have unequivocal proof in the Bible. If a theology is based
on an unproven philosophic assumption how can the rest of the system be
trustworthy? The Calvinist cannot expect us to believe him unless the
consistent tenor of Scripture tells us: (1) God made man morally perfect;
(2) Adam's sin immediately corrupted him and rendered him unable to
respond to God; (3) God transmitted this inability to all his
descendants.

The Total Inability passed to us makes it impossible for us to
comply with the command to believe in Christ. The most obvious fault with
this doctrine is that it makes the gospel an unreasonable demand. How can
God, who is perfectly just, "command all men everywhere to repent" (Acts
17:30), knowing the command is impossible to obey?

This is a vexing problem for Calvinists. They will often assert that a
command does not necessarily imply the ability to keep it. But the
statement is certainly not self-evident. If God gives a command and
threatens to punish as responsible agents those who do not comply, it
certainly does imply the ability to obey. Orville Dewey writes:
"...it would follow that men are commanded, on peril and pain of all
future woes, to love a holiness and a moral perfection of God, which they
are not merely unable to love, but of which, according to the supposition,
they have no conception."9

That puts the Calvinist in a conundrum. Man is so corrupt, he
will not and cannot obey even the slightest spiritual
command - nor can he appreciate or even understand it. Yet, God orders him
to believe; He punishes him for not believing. As Judge of the Universe,
he justly condemns the sinner for not doing what he from birth cannot do.
This seems to many of us to be at loggerheads with God's revealed
character.

The Old Testament demands never seemed to be presented as
impossibilities for the hearers. Moses said, "Now what I am commanding you
today is not too difficult for you or beyond your reach" (Deut. 30:11).
What of Total Inability here? Are we to assume that all of the hearers had
received the miracle of Efficacious Grace? Moses adds, "See, I set before
you today life and prosperity, death and destruction. For I command you
today to love the Lord your God, to walk in his ways and the commands,
decrees and laws..." (v.19).

Moses sets life and death before the Israelites for their
consideration. There is no intimation there that he was speaking to people
utterly incapable of complying with the commands. He presents the
prospects of life and death as genuine options for them to ponder.

Joshua urged the Israelites, "choose for yourselves this day
whom you will serve, whether the gods your forefathers served beyond the
River, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you are living. But as
for me and my household, we will serve the Lord"(Josh. 24:15).
There is nothing in Joshua's entreaty that suggests the Israelites were
all unable to choose the Lord unless they first experienced an inward
miracle.

Joshua did say that the people were "not able to serve the Lord" in
their present sinful state (v.19). Repentance was in order. They were
called upon to make a choice of the heart and turn from their evil ways.
Joshua said,"throw away your foreign gods that are among you and
yield your hearts to the Lord, the God of Israel" (v.23). Nowhere
are we left with the impression that these people were all in a state of
Total Inability from birth, innately incapable of yielding as Joshua
commanded. Such an idea must be read into the text.

The New Testament uses the same language. On the day of Pentecost,
Peter preached before thousands who had gathered in Jerusalem. Luke
writes,"With many other words he warned them; and he pleaded with
them, 'Save yourselves from this corrupt generation'"(Acts 2:40).
Was Peter "pleading" with these people to do something they were impotent
to do? He certainly gives no hint of it. Furthermore, Peter's admonition
"save yourselves" would probably be viewed as less than orthodox by many
Calvinists.

Jesus himself did not seem to have been a believer in Total Inability.
We read in Mark 4:11,12 that he spoke in parables as a judgment against
the obstinate Jews. The purpose of parables was to keep his message from
entering their ears, "otherwise they might turn and be forgiven" (v.12).
Had those stiff-necked people been allowed to hear the truth straight out,
they might have turned to receive it. But how? Calvinism tells us
that no one can turn and receive the forgiveness of sins because of Total
Inability passed from Adam. There must first be an inward miracle of the
heart, an "effectual call."

Calvinist preachers will sometimes say that they can never persuade
natural men of the gospel no matter how openly, clearly and earnestly they
may preach it. It is like presenting a sermon to a corpse - there is no
response. Jesus, however, felt it necessary to obscure his message in
parables to keep certain people from responding to it. Had he preached the
truth openly they would have turned and been forgiven. This fact
alone is fatal to the Calvinist dogma, for it contradicts the notion that
all men have a native inability to believe.

Jesus sometimes "marvelled" at the unbelief of his hearers (Mark 6:6).
But if he subscribed to and taught Total Inability, it would have been no
marvel at all that men would disbelieve God.

Total Inability also seems to oppose the Bible teaching concerning
hardness of heart. The Scriptures warn us that those who repeatedly trifle
with sin may sear their consciences (1 Tim. 4:2), render themselves "past
feeling" (Eph. 4:19) and enter into a hardening of the heart toward God
and His truth. This is not a condition of birth, but seems to be a
consequence of repeated sin.

Isaiah speaks of this condition: "Why, O Lord, do you make us wander
from your ways and harden our hearts so we do not revere you?"
(Isa. 63:17) The hardening of the heart which precludes reverence of God
is here described as a condition that has come upon these people,
probably as a judgment for rebellion. But Calvinists tell us that this
condition - an invincible anti-God bent - is the birth-condition of all
human beings.

In Romans 1, Paul writes of men who are "without excuse" because of the
manifest presence of God in the creation. He says, "For although they knew
God, they neither glorified him as God nor gave thanks to him, but their
thinking became futile and their foolish hearts were darkened" (Rom.
1:21). Here we see men who became futile in their thinking and were
given over to a darkened state of the heart. The apostle is not
speaking of a condition of birth, but a judgment that came upon them
because of willful refusal to acknowledge the Creator.

The Calvinist is hard-pressed to show how this judgment condition of
darkness differs from their notions of Total Inability - a state they deem
universal. Their doctrine states that everyone is born
hardened toward God, unable to believe or take the slightest step toward
Him. But if this is true, why do the Scriptures seem to say this only
about some people?

Again, Zechariah says of rebellious Zion, "They made their hearts as
hard as flint and would not listen to the law or to the words that the
Lord Almighty has sent by his Spirit through the earlier prophets" (Zech.
7:12). Here, people made themselves insensible to the truth of God,
indicating that they were not in this condition from the womb.

There is no denying that all people are born with sinful tendencies and
are apt to go astray. This can be established by Scripture and experience.
But it is one thing to say that all men have such tendencies and quite
another that they are unable to respond to God. General human sinfulness
differs from Total Inability. To prove the first is not necessarily to
prove the second.

There are several passages of Scripture Calvinists employ to
support Total Inability. One of the prominent proof-texts is Romans
3:10-12: "There is no one righteous, not even one; there is no one who
understands, no one who seeks God. All have turned away, they have
together become worthless; there is no one who does good, not even one."
The Calvinist's main emphasis is on the fact that "there is no one who
understands, no one who seeks God." This is supposed to be speaking of
a literal condition in which all human beings are born. They cannot so
much as seek God or understand Him.

This poetic "outburst," a quote from the Psalms, has been beaten and
shaped on the anvil of theology to give us a notion of Total Inability.
But what is the point Paul is here making? Is he erecting the doctrine of
human nature and its relation to soteriology? Not at all. His point is
clearly set forth in verse 9: Jews and Gentiles alike are "under
sin." Sin is not peculiar to lowly Gentiles, but also afflicts the favored
Jews. He proves his point by quoting Psalm 14, which at the outset tells
the readers it is dealing with "the fool."

As a poet, the Psalmist frequently bursts into hyperbole, especially
when hot with righteous indignation. David is teaching the sinfulness of
men, but he does so in an extravagant Hebrew idiom to get the point across
powerfully. This is a common poetic device. In verse 4, he says
evildoers"devour my people as men eat bread." That, of course, is
not literal. David is not laying down a metaphysical doctrine that all men
enter this world with a propensity for cannibalism.

This is poetic exaggeration, a common figure of speech not to be read
with a slavish literalism. Other Scriptures tell us there are
righteous men who do good (contrary to a literal reading of Rom. 3:10).
Job is a perfect example: "This man was blameless and upright; he feared
God and shunned evil" (Job 1:1). The Bible also tells us of men who sought
after God and found Him. In 2 Chronicles 11:16, we read: "Those from every
tribe of Israel who set their hearts on seeking the Lord, the God of
Israel, followed the Levites to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices to the Lord,
the God of their fathers."

This is fulfillment of the oft-stated promise that "the Lord is good to
those who hope in him, to the one who seeks him" (Lam. 3:25). The theme
runs through the Bible without the disclaimer that such "seeking" is
impossible without an inner miracle.

1 Corinthians 2:14

Total Inability is supposed to be taught in 1 Corinthians 2:14:
"For the man without the Spirit [or 'natural man'] does not accept the
things that come from the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him
and he cannot understand them, because they are spiritually
discerned."

Calvinists will sometimes say, based on this text, that the
unregenerate cannot even grasp biblical truths. But is that the idea Paul
is articulating? The context does not seem to be dealing with man in his
state of birth, but of the various spiritual obstacles Jews and
Greeks face. It is particularly those who are "natural men," men who
relate to all things outside of a spiritual reference point. The words of
1 Corinthians 2:14 must be understood within the flow of 1:18 through
2:16.

Gentiles esteem the gospel as foolish because of their penchant for
philosophical wisdom (1:22). Jews are repelled by the stumbling block of
the cross and their need for signs (1:22,23). Both groups generally
have problems that render them spiritually obtuse, driving them to the
conclusion that the gospel is foolish.

All of these problems, of course, grow out of human sin. No one would
deny that. But Paul is not here making a sweeping theological statement
about a Total Inability in every human being. He speaking generally of
those "perishing" opposers - both Jews and Greeks - of the message. The
context would certainly favor this interpretation.

Paul in other places makes general statements that we would never make
absolute and theological. For example, he writes to Titus: "Cretans are
always liars, evil brutes, lazy gluttons" (Titus 1:12). The assessment is
a quote from "a prophet of their own," but the apostle concurs in verse
13: "This testimony is true." Is it really the nature of every Cretan who
enters the world? Wouldn't all agree that Paul is speaking generally and
not absolutely about Cretans?

But what of the mention of the term "natural man" (lit. "soulish man")
in 1 Corinthians 2:14? The Calvinist assumes that which remains to be
proved. He insists that Paul means man in his natural-born state. The New
International Version bolsters this view by paraphrasing "natural man" as
"the man without the Spirit." But commentators are not agreed on this.
William Barclay, for example, writes:

"So in verse 14 Paul speaks of the man who is psuchikos. He is
the man who lives as if there was nothing beyond physical life and there
were no needs other than material needs, whose values are all physical and
material. A man like that cannot understand spiritual things. A man who
thinks that nothing is more important than the satisfaction of the sex
urge cannot understand the meaning of chastity; a man who ranks the
amassing of material things as the supreme end of life cannot understand
generosity; and a man who has never a thought beyond this world cannot
understand the things of God. To him they look mere
foolishness."10

"Natural man," then, need not mean "man in his native state." The
Calvinist here allows his theological presuppositions to drive his
exegesis. The term can very easily be understood to mean "that man who
relates to life apart from a spiritual paradigm." Nothing in the text
demands that this is a description of every person who enters the
world.

John 6:44

The words of Jesus in John 6:44 are often appealed to as a
proof of Total Inability: "No one can come to me unless the Father who
sent me draws him." This is supposed to teach that man is in a state of
inability, one that only a miracle can overcome. The "drawing" here is
assumed, without any exegetical necessity, to be the work of Efficacious
Grace renewing the sinner so he can - and ultimately will - believe the
gospel.

Just what is the "drawing" of which Christ speaks? Calvinists make much
of the Greek word, helkuo, which conveys the idea of "dragging."
That seems, however, to run counter to what they often make pains to
teach: that the sinner, once renewed, comes willingly.

John 6:44 must be understood in the light of verse 45: "It is written
in the Prophets, 'They will all be taught by God.' Everyone who listens to
the Father and learns from him comes to me." Here the sinner comes to
Christ by listening to the Father, not by passively experiencing
"Efficacious Grace."

Look for a moment at the parallels in these two verses. Verse 44 says
that no one can come to Christ unless drawn by the Father. Verse 45 says
that all who listen to the Father and learn from Him come to Christ. It
would seem clear that the teaching ministry of God through His gospel and
word is the means by which men are brought to Jesus. There is nothing in
the text that necessitates an "effectual call" on a totally disabled
unbeliever. This is confirmed by Peter (1 Pet. 1:23) and James (James
1:18), both of whom declare that the Word of God is an agency of
the new birth.

Ephesians 2:1

Another classic proof-text is Ephesians 2:1, where Paul says
that we were "dead in transgressions and sins." The reasoning goes like
this: Man is born spiritually dead. He, accordingly, cannot receive
spiritual truth. Calvinists frequently will refer to man as a "walking
spiritual corpse." You can no more get a spiritually dead man to respond
to the gospel than you can get a literal corpse to learn Euclidian
geometry. One Calvinist author writes about Ephesians 2:1: "Now it will
surely be admitted that to be dead, and to be dead in sin, is clear and
positive evidence that there is neither aptitude nor power remaining for
the performance of any spiritual action."11

But Paul is not necessarily speaking of "spiritual death" in
Ephesians 2:1. Edward White makes an excellent observation:

"An almost universal custom has affixed to these expressions what is
termed a spiritual sense; namely, that of alienation from God, who is the
highest life of the soul, 'the strength of our life, and our portion for
ever.' Hence have arisen the phrases, 'spiritual death,' and the
'spiritually dead,' both of them without example in apostolic usage.

"For there seems little doubt that the mode in which the Scripture
terms here referred to are handled in the 'apostolic fathers,' more fully
represents their real meaning than the modern application. That there is a
figure in the Scripture use of the term the dead, cannot be
disputed. But the question is: Are we to trace the figure in the
tense, or in the radical signification of the terms? We
submit that the figure is in the tense. The unregenerate men are described
as the dead, and dead in sins, because they are certain
to die, because they are under sentence of destruction, as men of mere
soul. Thus the figure of prolepsis is employed in Gen. xx.
3: 'God said to Abimelech, Thou art a dead man, for Sarah,
Abraham's wife.' 'The Egyptians said, We be all dead men' (Exod.
xii. 33). 'All my father's house were dead men before the king' (2
Sam. xix. 28). The figure in each of these instances is that of using the
present instead of the future tense. The unregenerate are 'as good as
dead.'"12

One great exegetical fault of Calvinism is its tendency to take
specific applications of Scripture and make them universal. For example,
Isaiah says, "Your whole head is injured, your whole heart afflicted. From
the sole of your foot to the top of your head there is no soundness - only
wounds..." But the prophet is addressing apostate Israel, not making a
theological statement about all men everywhere.

The same is true of the reference to "filthy rags" (Isa. 64:6), the
"leopard" incapable of changing its spots (Jer. 13:23) and the
antediluvians whose hearts were "only evil all the time" (Gen. 6:5). To
take these texts out of their specific, contextual application and make
them props for Reformed theology is proof-texting of the worst sort - an
unworthy hermeneutic.

The doctrine of Total Inability is not necessitated by the Scripture
and should be discarded. Any tenet that portrays God as exacting
impossible demands of His creatures and punishing them for not complying
is a slander against heaven. William Ellery Channing notes: "It will be
asked with astonishment, How is it possible that men can hold these
doctrines and yet maintain God's goodness and equity? What principles can
be more contradictory?"13

It is this obvious contradiction between God's just character and
revealed principles of justice that forced me to abandon Calvinism.

The Calvinist tells us that man has no ability at all to cry out to
God for His mercy. All humanity, therefore, will certainly perish apart
from a forceful intervention from heaven. There is no hope whatsoever that
man's will, ever at enmity with his Maker, can avail him to the gospel.
God must reach out and change the man into a new creature who can will to
do right. And there is no necessity laid upon God that He must thus
intervene in the lives of all of humanity, the Calvinist reasons.

God has decided, before the beginning of time, whom He will save with
this "effectual call" and whom He will leave to suffer ruin. This is the
doctrine commonly called Unconditional Election. The teaching has a
"flip-side," Reprobation, which holds that God also foreordains the
damnation of the non-elect.

There are many texts which speak of God's choice of His people. Here
lies the strength of Calvinism. God chose Israel, irrespective of merit or
status (Deut. 7:7,8). He chose Jacob over Esau before either "had done
anything good or bad" (Rom. 9:11-13).

When the apostles preached to the Gentiles, we read that "all who were
appointed for eternal life believed" (Acts 13:48). Paul said that God
"chose us in him before the creation of the world" and "predestined us to
be adopted as his sons" (Eph. 1:4,5). In the garden, Jesus did not pray
for the world, "but for those you [the Father] have given me, for they are
yours" (John 17:9).

Classical Arminianism tends to base God's selection of His people
upon foreseen faith. He looks down the corridors of time, sees who will
believe the gospel, and chooses them. I have never been satisfied with
this view. Scripture does not say that God chose us because He knew we
would choose Him. That would certainly be no choice at all on the part of
God.

The biblical term "foreknowledge" offers no support to the "foreseen
faith" view. While it is clear that God knew us and loved us before the
world was, it in no way means that He noted our future faith and chose us
because of it. The Scriptures never tell us such things and we should not
assume them simply to get rid of Calvinism.

Another attempt to explain election is by asserting a kind of vague,
"corporate" election. In other words, God chose to have a people, a
church, but has not chosen the individuals who are to compose that
company. That seems to be a very stilted and unsatisfactory approach. In
Romans 9, God's choice of Jacob over Esau was very personal. In Revelation
17:8, there is mention of specific names "written in the book of
life from the creation of the world" (Rev. 17:8). There is nothing
nebulous or "nameless" about election.

Others say that God only elects us to special service, as Christ chose
his twelve apostles. Election, they say, does not pertain to salvation per
se. But Paul, writing to the Thessalonians, told them that God had chosen
them "to be saved through the sanctifying work of the Spirit and through
belief in the truth" (2 Thess. 2:13). Evidently, election is unto
salvation, not just to specific ministries.

Divine election is clearly a Bible doctrine. It no more belongs to
the Calvinist than to anyone else. It is really a part of the larger
Scriptural theme of the Sovereignty of God, found everywhere in both
Testaments. God sets up and deposes rulers (Ps. 75:6,7), operates the
forces of nature (Job 37), overrules evil for good (Gen. 50:20) and has
"determined the times set for them [the nations of men] and the exact
places where they should live" (Acts 17:26).

Dewey makes no metaphysical distinction between the election of grace
and the election of mundane affairs of life. All are the result of divine
sovereignty, which is past finding out.

"...the apostle says, that Christians are 'predestinated according to
the purpose of him, who worketh all things, after the counsel of his
own will.' If this be true, then everything is a matter of
divine counsel; everything is disposed of by election. And men are
as much elected to be philosophers, merchants, or inhabitants of this
country or that country, as they are elected to be Christians. If this is
election, I believe there will be found no difficulty in it; save what
exists in that inscrutableness of the subject, which must forbid our
expecting ever to fathom it."14

Election is true, but is shrouded in deep mystery. It is one of
the secret things that belong to the Lord our God (Deut. 29:29).
Calvinists and Arminians both err when they make precise statements about
the nature of election. God has not told us whether or not there are
conditions attached to it and we should not venture into it with such bold
assertions.

The Calvinist, however, does need to temper his view of election with
the clearly revealed truth in Ezekiel 18:23: "Do I take any pleasure in
the death of the wicked? declares the Sovereign Lord. Rather, am I not
pleased when they turn from their ways and live?" Too often, we hear
Calvinists say that the damnation of the non-elect is "the good pleasure
of His will." But here, God states explicitly that He takes no pleasure in
damning anyone but prefers that they turn from sin and live. How
this idea fits into the Calvinist scheme is not at all clear.

Nor is it clear, from a Calvinistic standpoint, why Jesus should weep
over Jerusalem in Matthew 23:37: "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the
prophets and stone those sent to you, how often I have longed to gather
your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but
you were not willing."

This poses a thorny difficulty for the Calvinist. First of all, he must
assume that the reprobation of Jerusalem was "the good pleasure" of the
Father. If that is so, why was it so displeasing and heart-rending to
Jesus, who was always in agreement with the divine will? Shouldn't Jesus
have also been "pleased" with the Father's reprobation of these
people?

Secondly, Jesus is here attributing the lost condition of Jerusalem to
her own unwillingness, not the want of election. Jesus was willing
to receive them but they were unwilling. This seems to contradict the
confident assertions of Calvinists about Unconditional Election.

So what doctrine do we put in the place of the Calvinist's
Unconditional Election? Do we opt for one of the many Arminian forms of
election? Tempting as that may be, I must now settle on the mysterious
Biblical Election, the details of which have not been fully disclosed as
we look into our "glass, darkly." Perhaps further theological works by
thoughtful Christians will reveal a more satisfactory resting place for
our convictions.

This title is to be preferred to the often-used "limited
atonement." In fairness to Calvinists, they usually do not place the
emphasis on a limitation of the atonement, but on its power to save
infallibly all who are comprehended by it. The idea is this: If Jesus died
for you, you will be saved. There is no chance that you will not be saved.
Berkhof writes:

"The atonement not only made salvation possible for the sinner, but
actually secured it...the Calvinist teaches that the atonement
meritoriously secured the application of the work of redemption to those
for whom it was intended and this rendered their complete salvation
certain."15

But the Scriptures do mention certain people who are in danger of
perishing, even though Christ died for them. Peter wrote of false
teachers who were "even denying that sovereign Lord who bought them -
bringing swift destruction on themselves" (2 Pet. 2:1,2). Here were men
"bought" who, nevertheless, had made shipwreck of their faith.

Paul urges the Romans, "Do not by your eating destroy your
brother for whom Christ died" (Rom. 14:15). This does not seem to fit the
Calvinist view of redemption, which makes destruction impossible for all
objects of Christ's cross-work.

Still, the main point of contention for many is the scope of Calvary,
the individuals for whom it was intended. Calvinists say Jesus made a
vicarious atonement for the elect and the elect only. Arminians claim that
Christ died to make full atonement for every human being on the earth. The
debate over universal and limited atonement has been hot for
centuries.

Some Calvinists will argue that a universal principle does exist in
the atonement. The death of Christ, they say, has secured many
non-redemptive benefits for mankind in general. This they frequently sum
up under the heading of "common grace." Boettner writes:

"God makes His sun to shine on the evil and the good, and sends rain on
the just and the unjust. Many temporal blessings are thus secured for all
men, although these fall short of being sufficient to insure
salvation."16

Where do the Scriptures ever state that temporal blessings in the
natural realm - sunshine, rain, etc. - were secured for mankind by
Christ's death? There is not a shred of evidence for this idea; it is
entirely philosophical and conjectural.

In the debate over the extent of the atonement, Calvinists will point
to Scriptures connecting Christ's death to a specific people: his sheep
(John 10:11); his friends (John 15:13); "many" (Heb. 9:28). Arminians will
produce passages indicating that Jesus died for the "whole world" (1 John
2:2); "all" (2 Cor. 5:15); "every man" (Heb. 2:9).

These texts can be harmonized when we consider that the redemptive
benefits of Christ's death are both specific and universal.
God has placed the life-giving fountain of Christ's blood in His
Church. Our Lord "loved the church and gave himself up for her" (Eph.
5:25). The Church was "bought with his own blood" (Acts 20:28). That makes
the atonement of Christ specific; it was for His Church.

But the atonement is universal in the sense that the Church's gates are
wide open to "everyone who calls" (Rom. 10:13), to "him who is thirsty"
(Rev. 21:6), to "all you who are weary and burdened" (Matt. 11:28). The
invitation to believe, be baptized and enter the Church extends to "every
tribe and language and people and nation" (Rev. 5:9). In that sense, the
atonement is universal and available to all.

Or, looking at in another way, Christ's blood is "the blood of the
covenant" (Matt. 26:28). Jesus died for those in the covenant of
grace, not for those outside of it. Is that fatalism? Not at all.
Anyone may enter that covenant by becoming a Christian. It is open-ended.
The atonement, therefore, is both limited and universal. It is both
specific and general.

Few Christians would deny the work of the Holy Spirit in
conversion. The sweet influences of God upon sinners are sometimes sudden.
A text of Scripture, a gospel sermon, an act of kindness can come alive at
once to melt the heart with supernatural force. We read in Scripture of
God giving people new hearts to serve Him, or turning people to Himself.
He opens eyes and ears. Lydia had her heart "opened" by the Lord to give
heed to Paul's message (Acts 16:14).

However, the Calvinistic doctrine of Efficacious Grace stretches far
beyond the figures of speech in Scripture. Efficacious Grace, we are told,
is an immediate, miraculous transformation of a man's nature. In an
instant, the totally depraved sinner - who has been unable and unwilling
to make the slightest move toward God - is given a new nature. He is born
again unto a life he never sought and never desired.

This is a logical necessity of Total Inability. Man cannot believe;
therefore, God must act upon him and bestow a new capacity. God must
regenerate the passive, spiritually oblivious man before he can even
accept the gospel. The Westminster Confession defines it:

"All those whom God has predestined unto life, and those only, He is
pleased in His appointed and accepted time, effectually to call, by His
Word and Spirit, out of that state of death, in which they are by nature,
to grace and salvation by Jesus Christ; enlightening their minds
spiritually and savingly, to understand the things of God; taking away
their heart of stone and giving them a heart of flesh; renewing their
wills, and by His almighty power determining them to that which is good;
and effectually drawing them to Jesus Christ, yet so as they come most
freely, being made willing by His grace" (Chapter X, Section
1,2).

Boettner believes the "inner call" is so swift that the sinner is not
even aware of this miraculous change.

"It is an instantaneous change from spiritual death to spiritual life.
It is not even a thing of which we are conscious at the moment it occurs,
but rather something which lies lower than consciousness."17

The Calvinistic doctrine leaves many questions unanswered. First
of all, we must ask where the Scriptures ever teach that God must
regenerate a man's nature before he can believe. While this is consistent
with Total Inability, it does not seem to be a truth revealed in the Bible
with any consistency. Did God have to grant Abraham a new nature before he
could make the decision to leave Ur of the Chaldees? Was the call to faith
"irresistible?" If so, it seems peculiar that the Bible would praise his
faith. Abraham could certainly not be commended for something in which he
was wholly passive.

The authors of Scripture attribute the new birth to the hearing of
the Word, not by an instantaneous act that precedes faith: "He chose to
give us birth through the word of truth, that we might be a kind of
firstfruits of his creatures" (James 1:18). "For you have been born again,
not of perishable seed, but of imperishable, through the living and
enduring word of God" (1 Pet. 1:23).

Jesus spoke of being "born from above" or "born again" in John 3.
Speaking to Nicodemus, he said, "I tell you the truth, no one can see the
kingdom of God unless he is born again" (v.3). Calvinists will tell us
that man is as passive in the new birth as an infant is in literal birth.
Charles Hodge writes, "At birth the child enters upon a new state of
existence. Birth is not its own act. It is born....The Scriptures teach
that it is thus in regeneration."18 But figures of speech
should not be pressed into the service of theology in this way. The
context of John 3 would indicate that man is not passive in the new
birth.

In verse 5, still on the subject, Jesus says, "no one can enter the
kingdom of God unless he is born of water and the Spirit." Evidently,
being "born of water and the Spirit" is the same thing as being "born
again." Birth of water seems to indicate Christian baptism (alternative
interpretations here are extremely tenuous). But a person entering into
New Testament baptism is anything but passive.

The new birth, then, is the transformation of a person's status through
the hearing of the word, the reception of the Spirit and submission to
Christian baptism. These things usher the believer into the Christian
community and give him a new beginning, a new identity. He is no longer
who he used to be. He is born anew.

The conversion of Lydia (Acts 16:14) does not prove the Calvinist's
point. God was not here opening the heart of a totally depraved rebel. She
was already "a worshipper of God," not a so-called "spiritual corpse."

Passages that speak of God changing a man's heart or giving a new one
do not necessarily teach the Calvinist doctrine. It is not uncommon for
the Scripture to speak of man's inability to do things without the divine
influence; yet, this does not make man wholly passive. For example, in
Psalm 127:1, we read: "Unless the Lord builds the house, its builders
labor in vain. Unless the Lord watches over the city the watchmen guard in
vain."

Solomon is not here saying that man is passive and cannot erect a house
until God supernaturally removes an inability toward building. This is
figurative speech conveying man's dependence upon his God in all things.
No one would think of contriving a metaphysical dogma that man is dead to
building homes or guarding cities.

Man needs a heart toward God and righteousness. Sometimes the Bible
tells us that God changes the heart, sometimes that man must change it.
Both things are true. One text is looking at conversion from the divine
perspective, the other, from the human.

The Calvinist may find support in Deuteronomy 30:6: "The Lord your God
will circumcise your hearts and the hearts of your descendants, so
that you may love him with all your heart and with all your soul and
live." But in Jeremiah 4:4 we read: "Circumcise yourselves to the Lord,
circumcise your hearts, you men of Judah and people of
Jerusalem...." One text speaks from the divine side, the other, the
human.

Accordingly, the Psalmist asks that his heart might be inclined by God
toward keeping the commandments (Psalm 119:36). Later on in the same
Psalm, the writer says that he had inclined his own heart to do this (v.
112). Neither statement was intended to formulate a tenet of theology.
They are simply two perspectives on the same subject.

The Calvinist believes that once quickened by Efficacious Grace,
the believer can never fall away. The change effected on the sinner is
permanent. The Westminster Confession says, "They whom God hath accepted
in His Beloved, effectually called and sanctified by His Spirit, can
neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace; but shall
certainly persevere therein to the end, and be eternally saved" (Chapter
XVII, Section 1).

This is one of the most passionately debated of the Five Points. The
various arguments for and against this view are many and would take us far
beyond the scope of this article.

One hinderance to seeing the issue clearly is the tendency of many
Christians to see salvation primarily as a past event. Hence, it is common
to hear people ask, "When were you saved?" Scripture sometimes puts
salvation in the past tense (Luke 7:50). Usually, however, it is viewed as
an eschatological event. "Through faith [you] are shielded by God's power
until the coming of the salvation ready to be revealed in the last time"
(1 Peter 1:5).

If the New Testament authors saw salvation as a future event, then it
is not productive to any discussion to ask whether a man "can lose his
salvation." None of us fully possesses salvation as yet, except for
the "earnest" or our inheritance (2 Cor. 1:22).

The apostles expected to pass through a judgment according to works
before they would fully enjoy salvation (Rom. 2:6). Paul did not see
himself as already having attained it (Phil. 3:10-12) and so he pressed
forward. In the meantime, he recognized that he was to keep control of his
body, lest he himself should be disqualified (1 Cor. 9:27).

Final salvation is conditioned upon continuing in the way of faith and
bringing forth the "fruit" of Christian living. Jesus said, "I am the
vine; you are the branches. If a man remains in me and I in him, he
will bear much fruit" (John 15:5). Those unfruitful ones who do not remain
in Christ (presented here as a real possibility, if words have meaning)
are "picked up, thrown into the fire and burned" (15:6).

Paul told the Colossians they were reconciled by Christ "holy in his
sight, without blemish and free from accusation" (Col. 1:22). But he was
careful to qualify that statement: "If you continue in your faith,
established and firm, not moved from the hope held out in the gospel"
(v.23).

The glorious promises of the Scripture are always conditioned upon
perseverance in the faith, even when this is not expressly stated. We
believe perseverance is an unspoken condition in all the passages
adduced to prove a rigid notion of "once-saved-always-saved." This
includes John 10:27,28. Here Jesus says, "My sheep listen to my voice; I
know them, and they follow me. I give them eternal life, and they shall
never perish; no one can snatch them out of my hand."

Calvinists and other believers in "eternal security" argue that real
apostasy of a born-again person is an impossibility because Christ said
that his sheep "shall never perish." This does not follow. God makes
promises both with and without expressly mentioning conditions. In
Deuteronomy 33:27,28, God says to the people of Asher, "The eternal
God...will drive out your enemy before you, saying, Destroy him! So Israel
will live in safety alone; Jacob's spring is secure in a land of grain and
new wine where the heavens drop dew." The promise is presented as if there
were no strings attached. Earlier in the book, however, God lays down
stringent conditions for receiving such blessing and protection
(28:15-68). There is no contradiction here. The promises are to be
understood in the light of conditions, even in those places where the
conditions go unmentioned.

The passages that warn Christians against falling away give no end
of trouble to Calvinists. On the one hand, they must affirm the threats
are real and to be taken seriously. On the other, they are forced to
confess that there is something hypothetical about them - that they will
never truly come to pass for the "saved" person.

"It is impossible," wrote the author of Hebrews, "for those who have
once been enlightened, who have tasted the heavenly gift, who have shared
in the Holy Spirit, who have tasted the goodness of the word of God and
the powers of the coming age, if they fall away, to be brought back to
repentance, because to their loss they are crucifying the Son of God all
over again and subjecting him to public disgrace" (Heb. 6:4-6).

The usual way out of this knotty problem is to say that these are not
truly born-again disciples. They are false professors, tares among the
wheat. J. C. Ryle, for example, writes, "The person here described as
falling away has no characteristics which may not be discovered in
unconverted men, while it is not said that he possesses saving faith and
charity, and is elect."19 But the text does say these people
have "shared in the Holy Spirit," which certainly sounds as if they were
Christians. Besides that, these warnings are against "falling away," a
misnomer if they never attained the position from which to fall.

In chapter 10 of Hebrews, we read a similar warning: "Anyone who
rejected the law of Moses died without mercy on the testimony of two or
three witnesses. How much more severely do you think a man deserves to be
punished who has trampled the Son of God under foot, who has treated as an
unholy thing the blood of the covenant that sanctified him, and who has
insulted the Spirit of grace?" (vv.28,29).

For years, I tried to read this passage in a way that would make these
people false Christians who never experienced regenerating grace. That is
a difficult task, however. The text declares that someone can be
"sanctified" by "the blood of the covenant" and still fall from the
faith.

This does not mean I believe that Christians are in constant peril of
apostasy. While we are called to vigilance, we ought not to go through the
life of faith in a fearful state. We have been delivered from that (Rom.
8:15). God is faithful. The Hebrew Christians to whom these warnings were
written were in danger of giving up the faith utterly and
retreating back into Judaism.

For the most part, it seems likely that Christians will persevere in
their faith until the end. But that does not preclude the possibility of
forsaking that narrow way leading to life. We must be on guard, as the
Scriptures warn us repeatedly, but we have ample reason to be hopeful if
we are following Christ. Dewey writes;

"We believe, that a man, who has become thoroughly and heartily
interested in the true gospel, doctrine and character and glory of Jesus
Christ, is very likely to persevere and grow in that interest....I
can hardly conceive, how a man, who has once fully opened his eyes upon
that Light, should ever be willing to close them. And I believe that in
proportion as the Gospel is understood and felt, felt in all its deep
fountains of peace and consolation, understood in all its revelations and
unfoldings of purity and moral beauty; that in proportion to this, the
instances of falling away, whether into infidelity or worldliness, will be
more and more rare."20

Calvinism is one more illustration of the futility of systematic
theology. God's truths, particularly relating to soteriology, are too
lofty to be put into concise formulae. The Five Points of Calvinism
oversimplify the profound truths of God. They derive their force from
proof-texts rather than the general tenor of Scripture.

More than that, the doctrines frequently create a spirit of division,
elitism and theological snobbery. The system erects walls between
believers. It creates a class of Christians within the church general who
are supposedly part of a worthy "inner circle."

Many Calvinists read nothing but Reformed titles, hence these brethren
seldom learn new perspectives. On the contrary, they are continually
reaffirming their own "theological correctness." Such authors such as A.
W. Pink, the Puritans, John Murray and such publishing companies as Banner
of Truth become the sole staple for many. I say without intending offense
that such exclusiveness differs little from that of Jehovah's Witnesses or
other authoritarian groups.

Of course, I do not intend to paint all Calvinists with this brush.
Many are thinkers who read outside literature, even Arminian literature.
But the overarching trend in this tradition - a tradition of which I was
once a part - is often one of narrow-mindedness and doctrinal superiority.
As we have seen, the Scriptures give no warrant for such bigotry. The
average Calvinist may be amazed at just how weak his system is when
scrutinized in the light of revealed truth.

May our brethren see fit to adopt a Berean spirit (Acts 17:11) and
honestly rethink their Calvinism. We would urge them to, for a time, lay
aside the commentaries of Calvin and Gill, the theology of Warfield and
Hodge. With an open Bible and mind, may they take a second look at the
so-called "doctrines of grace" to see if they truly are the doctrines of
Christ.