Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is the world’s newest
facility for basic research in frontier nuclear physics. It is
designed to study matter as it existed fractions of a second after
the birth of the universe — probably as a plasma of quarks and
gluons, the fundamental components of all matter.

Inside the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

RHIC
is really two accelerators in one — made of crisscrossing rings of
superconducting magnets, enclosed in a tunnel 2.4 miles in
circumference. In the two rings, beams of heavy ions are accelerated
to nearly the speed of light in opposite directions, held in their
orbits by the powerful magnetic fields. The particles collide at six
points around the circles where RHIC’s two rings intersect.

Thousands of collisions take place every second, each producing a
spray of thousands of subatomic particles. Detectors collect and
analyze the collision products, providing physicists worldwide with
data to help them investigate the inner workings of matter and the
birth of the universe.

In
2005, researchers announced that, using RHIC, they had created a new
state of hot, dense matter out of the quarks and gluons that are the
basic particles of atomic nuclei, but in a state quite different and
even more remarkable than had been predicted. In peer-reviewed
papers summarizing the first three years of RHIC findings, the
scientists said that instead of behaving like a gas of free quarks
and gluons, as was expected, the matter created in RHIC’s heavy ion
collisions appears to be more like a liquid. This new state of
matter was dubbed the "perfect" liquid.

The unexpected findings introduced a wide range of opportunity
for new scientific discovery regarding the properties of matter at
extremes of temperature and density previously inaccessible in a
laboratory. See the RHIC website.

Did you know?

To make the superconducting magnets carry electricity without
resistance, RHIC magnets are bathed in liquid helium, at a
temperature only about 4.5 degrees above Absolute Zero, or minus
451.6 Fahrenheit.

RHIC's origin stretches back more than 30 years beginning with an
idea for a machine called the Intersecting Storage Accelerator
(ISA), proposed at Brookhaven but never built.