Scope, scale, intricacy of Gaza tunnels vexing problem for Israel

Originally published July 31, 2014 at 9:34 pm

Updated August 1, 2014 at 6:52 pm

An Israeli army officer is in one of the tunnels allegedly used by Palestinian fighters. Concrete-lined, with electricity and metal tracks for transport, the carefully ventilated passageways appear to have been designed as the conduit for large-scale assaults and clandestine abductions.

Beneath the wheat and watermelon fields surrounding the farm community of Kibbutz Erez just outside the Gaza Strip lies a threat that helps explain the overwhelming public support in Israel for the war against the Palestinian group Hamas.

About a week ago, assailants dressed in Israeli military uniforms clambered out of an underground passageway about halfway between this hamlet of 400 or so people and a neighboring kibbutz, Nir Am. Israeli troops killed nine, but not before the attackers killed four soldiers.

The specter of such assaults via a large and sophisticated network of tunnels has shaken Israelis long accustomed to a different threat from the coastal strip, that of rocket and mortar fire. Four such infiltrations have taken place since the start of the Gaza offensive, killing at least 11 Israeli soldiers and haunting the collective psyche.

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“From this, you can’t protect yourself,” said Ruti Sheves, 64, who has lived in Kibbutz Erez for 40 years. “You don’t have a shelter where you can run and be safe. You can’t be safe from this.”

Troops operating in and near Gaza have tracked 36 tunnels with dozens of access points, Deputy Foreign Minister Tzachi Hanegbi said Wednesday, as the Israeli offensive in Gaza entered its fourth week. Miles of passageways, many stocked with weapons and reinforced against explosions from above, pass near or directly beneath schools, mosques and hospitals, threading their way under some of the most densely populated terrain on Earth.

“We already finished destroying more than 22, and it’s going on day and night,” Hanegbi said. “We want to go as fast as possible.”

Hamas for years has boasted that tunnels are an equalizer in an asymmetric battle. This week, Israelis were horrified by video Hamas released of an attack outside Nahal Oz, another farming community just outside the Gaza boundary, that left five Israeli soldiers dead.

Grainy but gripping, the attacker’s-eye images begin underground, emerging to open fields and blue sky. Lasting nearly four minutes, the video shows the assailants — faces blurred to prevent identification — exchanging fire with Israeli soldiers. They stand over one body and fire repeatedly at close range. One attacker triumphantly displays a seized machine gun.

The Israeli army has countered with its own brand of tunnel video, releasing almost daily images of specially trained troops gingerly dismantling booby traps and uncovering dark passageways.

“Kidnap kits”

The presence of the tunnel network has long been known to Israel; one was used to stage the 2006 attack that resulted in the kidnapping of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. He was held captive in Gaza for five years before being freed in a massive prisoner exchange.

But the underground grid’s scope, scale and sophistication have caught many by surprise. Concrete-lined, with electricity and metal tracks for transport, the carefully ventilated passageways appear to have been designed as the conduit for large-scale assaults and clandestine abductions. Israel says it has found “kidnap kits” consisting of handcuffs and tranquilizers in some tunnels.

In the rhetoric surrounding the fighting in Gaza, which has killed more than 1,400 Palestinians, many of them women and children, and 59 Israelis, the tunnels have emerged as the key Israeli rationale for keeping up the fight. The tunnels are also cited as the principal reason for military operations taking place in the heart of jampacked Palestinian residential neighborhoods, which have exacted a heavy civilian toll.

“We will not complete the mission, we will not complete the operation, without neutralizing the tunnels, the sole purpose of which is the destruction of our civilians and the killing of our children,” Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said.

Fueling the anxiety among Israelis, the Maariv newspaper cited intelligence sources as saying that Palestinian rebels had planned to use the tunnels to infiltrate Israel with a force consisting of hundreds of fighters disguised as Israeli soldiers, in an assault timed to the Jewish New Year, Rosh Hashana, in late September.

Under heavy international pressure as the bloodletting mounts in Gaza, Israel appears to be trying to buy time to continue destroying the tunnel network.

“We are only a few days away from destroying the attack tunnels,” said Maj. Gen. Sami Turjeman, head of Israel’s southern command, said in a televised briefing late Wednesday. He repeated a phrase often echoed by Israeli officialdom: Hamas could have built “two hospitals, 20 schools, 20 clinics and 100 kindergartens” with the concrete and other materials used to construct the tunnels.

Engineering challenge

Attention to the tunnel network has supplanted even alarm over the more than 2,500 rockets and missiles fired at Israel by Hamas during the offensive. Debate about whether the discovery of the scope of the problem represents an intelligence failure has been muted by reluctance to criticize the army at what is seen as a time of crisis.

How best to deal with the threat in the long term has been dissected and discussed by a parade of technical experts. Destroying the tunnels is almost as much of an engineering challenge as constructing them must have been, military officials say.

Although technology plays a role in uncovering the passageways, Reserve Brig. Gen. Shimon Daniel, a former head of the army’s combat engineering corps, said intelligence and surveillance collected over a long period played an equally important role.

Like other officers who have been immersed in tunnel tracking, he cited the unnerving psychological dimension of the tunnels in the eyes of the Israeli public.

“Most threats you hear and see,” he said. “But this has the element of surprise, of the unknown, and that’s very frightening to people.”

At Kibbutz Erez, residents set up a 24-hour “war room” in one of its bomb shelters. It was here that they gathered to monitor events during the July 21 alert while soldiers were battling the tunnel-borne assailants.

After Israeli spotters detected the assailants’ presence, there was hasty and frantic debate about whether they might be Israeli forces. So convincing were the attackers’ counterfeit uniforms that they even had regulation-style bands to keep pant legs from bunching when tucked into boots.

It was only after drone surveillance revealed that the men who mysteriously appeared in the fields at dawn were carrying Kalashnikov assault rifles, which are not used by the Israeli military, that troops moved definitively against them, Israeli news reports said later.

Kibbutzniks expressed sympathy for the suffering of Palestinian civilians in Gaza. But like Israelis as a whole, according to a series of public surveys, most felt there was no choice but to uproot the tunnels by whatever means necessary.

“This is our home, and we’re not leaving,” said Orna Naim, 52, who together with her husband had raised three children at Kibbutz Erez. “We wish we could live as neighbors, in peace. But this has to stop.”

Special correspondent Batsheva Sobelman in Jerusalem contributed to this report.