Pharyngitis 1. The four signs are pain, redness, heat, and swelling. Redness means vasodilation, Heat is also from vasodilation as excess heat is allowed to dissipate. Pain is from the pain receptors being stimulated and swelling is from the inflammation is resulted from the immune response. 2. Neutrophils attack bacterial and parasitic infections. Chemotaxis attracts neutrophils. CAM molecules help neutrophils stick to the capillary and they squeeze through via diapedesis. Antibodies attach to the antigen via opsonization and allow phagocytes to ingest the bacteria. 3. Lymph nodes filter foreign particles and debris from lymph, produce and house lymphocytes, house macrophages which destroy foreign particles and cellular debris. The lymph nodes are kidney shaped and have afferent and efferent vessels. The hilum is the indented region where afferent vessels attach. Other organs include the thymus, spleen, tonsils, visceral nodes, Peyer’s patches, and lacteals. 4. Tonsils are part of the lymphatic system and house b cells that produce antibodies.

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