Found: Stars born just after the Big Bang

They had few elements, but exploded to create elements like oxygen, iron

NEW YORK - Astronomers said on Wednesday that they had discovered a lost generation of monster stars that ushered light into the universe after the Big Bang and that jump-started the creation of the elements needed for planets and life before disappearing.

Modern-day stars like our sun have a healthy mix of heavy elements, known as metals, but in the aftermath of the Big Bang, only hydrogen, helium and small traces of lithium were available to make the first stars. Such stars could have been hundreds or thousands of times as massive as the sun, according to calculations, and burning brightly and dying quickly, only 200 million years after the universe began.

Their explosions would have spewed into space the elements that started the chain of thermonuclear reactions by which subsequent generations of stars have gradually enriched the cosmos with elements like oxygen, carbon and iron.

Spotting the older stars in action is one of the prime missions of the James Webb Space Telescope, to be launched by Nasa in 2018.

The discovery of such stars "would be wonderful", Professor James Peebles of Princeton, one of the fathers of modern cosmology, said recently.

Now, in a paper published in The Astrophysical Journal, an international crew of astronomers led by Dr David Sobral of the University of Lisbon, in Portugal, and the Leiden Observatory, in the Netherlands, said they had spotted the signature of these first-generation stars in a recently discovered galaxy that existed when the universe was only about 800 million years old.

Its light has been travelling to us for 12.9 billion years, while succeeding generations of stars have worked their magic to make the universe interesting.

The galaxy, known as CR7, is three times as luminous as any previously found from that time, the authors said.

Within it is a bright blue cloud that seems to contain only hydrogen and helium.

In an e-mail, Dr Sobral called this the first direct evidence of the stars "that ultimately allowed us all to be here by fabricating heavy elements and changing the composition of the universe".

In a statement from the Euro-pean Southern Observatory, he said: "It doesn't really get any more exciting than this."

Dr Sobral and his colleagues were using the Very Large Telescope of the Southern Observatory in Chile and the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii, among other big telescopes, to build on an earlier search for glowing clouds of hydrogen that might represent very early galaxies.

NEW YORK TIMES

A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Straits Times on June 19, 2015, with the headline 'Found: Stars born just after the Big Bang'. Print Edition | Subscribe

The Straits Times

We have been experiencing some problems with subscriber log-ins and apologise for the inconvenience caused. Until we resolve the issues, subscribers need not log in to access ST Digital articles. But a log-in is still required for our PDFs.