Meet
breakbone feverBreakbone fever is the delightful moniker for dengue
fever, a viral infection that's found in 100 countries and causes half-a-million
hospitalizations and thousands of deaths each year.

Aedes
aegypti in the Pupal stage. These little aliens can grow up to be
adult carriers of the dengue virus.Photo
by CDC, courtesy of NIAID.

Dengue has been causing fever, chills, and skeletal
pain for many years. After World War II, a more serious form of the disease
-- dengue hemorrhagic fever -- emerged in Southeast Asia, where it became
one of the leading causes among morbidity and mortality in children. This
lovely item causes symptoms reminiscent of Ebola
virus infection: bleeding from the nose, mouth, and gums, excessive
thirst and difficulty breathing.

Ominously, in the past decade or so, dengue hemorrhagic
emerged in Latin America, reaching as far north as the Texas border. "What
is happening now in Central and South America mirrors what happened in
Southeast Asia," says Barry Beatty of Colorado State University, meaning
that a new fatal disease is becoming established just south of the U.S.
border.

There is no specific cure for either form of dengue,
nor is a vaccine available.

Why is dengue on the march?

Unprecedented population growth, mostly in developing tropical countries,
has resulted in enormous urban sprawl, and unsanitary housing, water,
sewage and waste systems. The result has been more mosquitoes living
closer to more people.

Pictured here, another member of the Aedes
species, a female Aedes triseriatus, feeding. The CDC states:
"The treehole mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) transmits the
virus that causes La Crosse encephalitis."Courtesy
CDC.

Changing life styles, in particular the spread of non-degradable plastic
packaging, which makes ideal larval habitats for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
Another factor is the dramatic increase in automobiles and discarded
tires, which are equally useful to mosquito larva. These don't have
to be large -- according to James Becnel of the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
a few mosquitoes can breed in a bottle cap!

Increased commercial air travel is ideal for transporting dengue viruses
(they travel inside their human victims) between population centers.

Finally, mosquito control methods used since 1970 have not reduced mosquito
populations enough to control dengue.

"Collectively, these factors have been responsible
for the global emergence of epidemic dengue/DHF [dengue hemorrhagic fever,
the bleeding form of the disease] in the past 15 years," according to
Duane J. Gubler, Director, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases
at the Centers for Disease Control.

Dengue has been reported in 100 countries, among
them the United States (Puerto Rico) and in Mexico, along the U.S. border.
"With such a problem in Puerto Rico, there's a good chance that it could
get here," says Becnel, and thus the need to find ways to reduce mosquito
populations.