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India's Energy (In) Security

This paper highlights the importance of India’s energy security and the possible repercussions of Government’s policy paralysis, which is hurting the endeavors of energy firms.

India’s energy security is not attributed and confined to just oil & gas industry, whose role cannot be denied in India’s overall growth story. The Government has indeed taken steps in the right direction but now it has become critical for India to introduce policy reforms to secure India’s growing energy needs. Starting from making the present Production Sharing Contract (PSC) structure more remunerative for the investors, to rationalizing the taxation regime for the sector, changes are indispensable. The biggest hurdle currently is the sector’s slow decision-making process. The dwindling interest of foreign investors and their exodus are big concerns, especially at a time when India needs them and the technology they possess. Not to forget, the reforms that India needs in the downstream and midstream sectors and the coordination among various Ministries.

India's Energy (In) Security

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INDIA’S ENERGY (IN) SECURITY White Paper Study

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY• Highlights: ▫ Importance of India’s energy security ▫ Possible repercussions of Government’s policy paralysis, which is hurting the endeavors of energy firms• India’s energy security is not attributed and confined to just oil & gas industry, whose role cannot be denied in India’s overall growth story.• It has become critical for India to introduce policy reforms to secure India’s growing energy needs. Starting from making the present Production Sharing Contract (PSC) structure more remunerative for the investors, to rationalizing the taxation regime for the sector, changes are indispensable.• Biggest hurdle currently: The sector’s slow decision-making process• The dwindling interest of foreign investors and their exodus are big concerns, especially at a time when India needs them and the technology they possess.

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INTRODUCTION• India’s 12th Five Year Plan Economic scenario does not look very encouraging• Fluctuating crude price, on which India’s dependence is precariously high at ~80% currently, is increasing the uncertainties• Despite crude prices showing signs of relief, the depreciation of Indian Rupee vis-à- vis US Dollar is not helping• This also underlines the issue of India’s growing dependence on energy. Analysts believe that situation will not change much, be it high crude prices or lower valuation of Indian currency• Neither of the problems augurs well for Indian economyQUESTION:So, then what are the possible options we have? How do we navigate through the crisis?

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OPTION 2• Maximize self-sufficiency? This perhaps is one of the more sustainable options• Though India has the 4th biggest reserves of coal & is the 2nd biggest coal producer, petroleum sector still continues to play a pre-eminent role in meeting the energy requirements of the country. 45% of the total energy needs are met by oil and gas• With economy expected to grow between 7%-9%, energy consumption is set to increase (see Table 3). Other sources of energy will remain important (see table 2), but Petroleum sector is crucial in determining India’s energy security TABLE 2: Energy Source Mix (%) TABLE 3: Per capita Energy consumption (million tonnes of oil Year Coal Oil Gas Hydel Nuclear equivalent) Country/Region 2010-11 53 30 14 2 1 World 1.5 India 0.4 2024-25 50 25 20 2 3 China 0.9 North America 6.3 Europe 3.3 Russian Federation 3.4 Rest of the World 0.8(Sources: Planning Commission 2012) (Source: BP Energy Statistics 2012)

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OPTION 2 525 MTOE* India’s energy 2nd half of the last decade consumption 382 MTOE*Maximizing self-sufficiency through ▫ Increasing the exploration activity in the country ▫ Bringing in more technology and liaison with mature countries in the oil & gas sector, like Norway ▫ Inviting more foreign investments and making the environment more investor friendlyNeedless to mention, for all these India needs – bureaucracy, polity, tax regime working in tandem to achieve nation’s energy security. *MTOE: Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent

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ACHIEVING ENERGY SECURITY• India’s energy demand is growing by about 7%• Based on the growth rate, International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates India may need to invest $800 billion by 2030 for meeting its demand• What makes this imperative is the fact that India’s annual production is 2.3% of world energy production, but India’s consumption is 3.3% of the world energy supply• The deficit is estimated to surpass Japan and Russia by 2030 placing India in the third position in terms of annual energy consumption.

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1. Growing imports with growingeconomy: Domestic production stagnatesREASON• Delay in approvals to the already discovered fields. ▫ Example: Cairn-ONGC JV in Rajasthan. Indirectly, the bureaucracy & politics held back the decision on allowing ramp up from Barmer oil block, by almost an year. Timely approval for ramp-up in Rajasthan would have reduced oil imports and save forex reserves.• Crucial time and money was lost• Many of the oil blocks await approvals from DGH/Petroleum Ministry/Other Ministries• Exploration in many of the pre-NELP and NELP blocks stopped because of hurdles Annexure 1REMEDY• PMO principal secretary has formed a group to resolve inter-ministerial issues. Annexure 2• The inter-ministerial group is focused on petroleum sector. Steps in such direction would surely help• PMO should make sure that the petroleum ministry will expedite the clearance process

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2. Lower indigenous production and exploration: Fizzling NELP REMEDY • PMO* principal secretary has formed a group to resolve inter-ministerial issues. Annexure 2 • Petroleum Ministry/DGH# should make sure that before the block is offered for NELP** rounds, all the negotiations and clearances are in place • Move towards the Open acreage system • DGH should complete the national data repository soon to make the open acreage bidding possible • Change in the PSC. Annexure 4 • Exploring various contract models with a view to minimize monitoring of expenditure of the contractor without compromising, firstly, on the hydrocarbons output across time, and secondly, on the Government’s take Annexure 4*PMO: Prime Minister’s Office **NELP: New Exploration Licensing Policy (international bidding rounds of oil & gas blocks in India) #DGH: Directorate General ofHydrocarbons (Technical advisory wing of Petroleum Ministry)

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NATIONAL SECURITY vs. ENERGY SECURITY • India’s endeavor to minimize dependence on imported hydrocarbons is facing hurdles from Defence Ministry NEL-IX BLOCKS: MoD in BLOCK: PR-OSN-2004/1 WEST COAST: ALL BLOCKS action (Cairn India bagged the OF MINING MAJOR BHP block under NELP-VI) UNDER THREAT• For the two blocks - MB-DWN- • Defence ministry withheld2010/1 and MB-OSN-2010/2 – • Cairn asked for invoking force clearances for all 10 blocksthat were offered in NELP-IX, majeure operated by BHPMoD is yet to give clearance • After a sunk cost of $30 million, •As per Defence Ministry all 10• Empowered Committee of now 40% of the block falls in a blocks are inside Naval ExerciseSecretaries (ECS) too was prohibited zone (as per MoD) Areahelpless as Ministry of Defence(MoD) clearance for the blocks • The block falls near the missile •GVK Group of India is partner ofhas not come as yet testing range in Sriharikota BHP in these blocks•Offshore Defence AdvisoryGroup (ODAG), under the MoD,is restricting any seismic surveys

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NATIONAL SECURITY vs. ENERGY SECURITY The Blocks in question: • NELP VII Blocks: KK-DWN-2005/1, MB-DWN-2005/2, MB-DWN-2005/2, MB-DWN-2005/3, MB-DWN-2005/4, MB-DWN-2005/5, MB-DWN-2005/7, MB-DWN-2005/9 • NELP VIII Blocks: MB-OSN- 2009/3, MB-OSN- 2009/6 and MB-OSN- 2009/7 EAST COAST: FUTURE OPERATIONS DEFENCE MINISTRY DEFENSIVE HURDLES• Clearances from MoD were • In 16 exploration blocks of • 100 major missions of nationalheld up for four blocks meant Eastern offshore, 60 oil and importance & this work cannot beto be offered under NELP-IX gas discoveries made so far compromised•DRDO says they are in the • 25 major E&P companies • Andaman: ideal missile launch locationrocket flight path from the are operating in themissile test range in Eastern offshore with an • Machlipatnam (AP) is of strategicMachalipatnam exploration commitment of importance Rs 31,500 crore•RESULT: So much so all the •DRDO says it has made it clear that it’sblocks were NOT OFFERED not possible to give long notice period onin the NELP-IX round a missile launch due to technical complexities and secrecy involved

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NATIONAL SECURITY vs. ENERGYSECURITY Exhibit 1EAST COAST: LOST OPPORTUNITY Estimates: Out of 6.40 lakh sq km in Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) off eastern coast, 3.75 lakhsq km is where DRDO is putting hurdles Andaman offshore: Out of 6 lakh sq km (High prospects) DRDO’s restrictions reduced explorationby as much as 1.42 lakh sq km Due to high prospectivity petroleum companies are more keen for East coastHISTORY In 2005, DRDO asked to set up exploitation and extraction equipment at the seabed (rememberthere is no technology in the world that would ensure that all exploration facilities could be seatedat the seabed)

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NATIONAL SECURITY vs. ENERGYSECURITY Exhibit 1IMPACT DRDO’s "danger corridor" covers virtually the entire East Coast, leaving little scope for carryingout exploration activities Major international E&P companies such as ENI, NIKO, BHP Billiton, Cairn Energy, British Gas,British Petroleum have entered India through liberal Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in NELP(New Exploration Licensing Policy), but are now finding it difficultFINANCES - Estimates show that earnings of about Rs.8.55 lakh crore (at $80/barrel) in next 15-20 years is at stake. Plus nine new oil & gas fields are being developed in this area with anexpenditure of $16,275 million and likely to generate revenue of Rs.9.69 lakh crores in the next 20yearsONGOING OPERATIONS• Existing field: Ravva, PY-1, PY-3 and KG-D6 is being continuously bullied from Defence Ministry• These fields currently produce60.68 MMSCM of gas per day out of India’s present production of140 MMSCMD of gas• These fields have estimated hydrocarbon reserve of 693.12 MMT (recoverable reserves of 337.023MMT

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STEP ON GASMore than 30% of India’s Domestic production has not delivered Situation getting grimmergas demand not fulfilled as per expectations• Other problems include : ▫ Delayed/failed negotiations for international pipelines (IPI: Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline) ▫ Problems in sourcing long term LNG ▫ Competition from China, Japan and South Korea that have smoother decision making process compared to India ▫ Diplomatic & bureaucratic failures in Qatar and even IPI ▫ Even price issues delayed TAPI (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India) pipeline ▫ Limited LNG import infrastructure in the country and concentrated only in western IndiaGoldman Sachs study shows increase of $10/barrel can lower the GDP growth by 0.4%. Also higher oil prices result in outgo of forex reserves impacting India’s trade deficit.REMEDY• Petroleum ministry’s “International Cooperation” wing should be strengthened• At the time of Mani Shankar Aiyar’s tenure as minister, a special wing focused just on international opportunities was created. It should be revived (under an IFS officer)• REGULATED domestic gas prices acts as a major deterrent

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FOCUS ON OVERSEAS M&A India’s overall Will not able to hydrocarbon OPTION support future reserves are needs limited Look for assets in oil & gas rich countries, apart from diversifying import sourcing countriesREMEDY• Petroleum ministry’s “International Cooperation” wing should be strengthened• At the time of Mani Shankar Aiyar’s tenure as minister, a special wing focused just on international opportunities was created. It should be revived (under an IFS officer)• Create a sovereign fund or consolidated war chest for acquiring assets overseas• Promote public private partnership for overseas M&A

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BITTER EXPERIENCE: CHINESE AGGRESSION Exhibit 4• 2005: OVL lost out on acquiring 45% in the giant Akpo oilfield in Angola vs. China’s CNOOC (for $2.268 billion)• 2009: OVL lost out to Sinopec, that acquired Swiss oil exploration firm Addax Petroleum for $7.2 bn 2009: CNPC-CNOOC outbid ONGC for 75% stake in YPF, the Argentine unit of Repsol, Spain ($13-14 billion)• 2011:OVL lost bid to buy Exxon Mobil’s 25% stake at a deep-sea oil block in Angola (Bid $2.1-2.2 billion) vs. Chinese and Korean• 2010: ONGC lost out in Algerian oilfield to a consortium led by a Chinese oil firm• 2010: OVL lost bid for Halfaya oilfield in Iraq to CNPC and Petronas (remuneration five times higher) 2009: OVL lost the Zubair oil field in the first Iraqi round

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RATIONALISE TAXATION: GIVE AND TAKE FOR ENERGY SECURITY • In India, the revenue collection is a hybrid system. It is a system where the petroleum companies contribute to government coffers through royalty payment and also through profit petroleum. Royalties Income Tax SHALLOW Domestic Companies Foreign Companies ONSHORE DEEPWATER WATERS 30% +surcharge* 5% on tax + 40% + surcharge* 2% on tax + Crude 12.50% 10% 5-10%* 3% education cess 3% education cessNatural Gas 10% 10% 5-10%**Royalty on deepwater production is 5% for the first seven years *Surcharge is applicable when income is more than Rs.1 cr and 10% thereafter (Source: Petroleum Ministry, 2012) (Source: Petroleum Ministry, 2012) Taxing times • Cess increased by Rs.2000/tonne to Rs 4,500 • Service related to oil and gas production brought under service tax net

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RATIONALISE TAXATION: GIVE AND TAKE FOR ENERGY SECURITY• Discoveries in KG-D6 (for gas) and Barmer block (for oil) revived the investment hopes. However, higher cess on crude production, bringing upstream activities under service tax and taking away tax holiday on gas production certainly are not going to negatively impact the investment sentiments. Exploration is a high-risk activity and it needs sufficient incentive to attract investments.REMEDY• Income tax should be levied on all E&P companies uniformly• Service tax on E&P services may continue (move towards GST) but the cess on crude should be reduced• India’s present form of PSC regime has attracted lot of criticism, especially from CAG, which suggested royalty based contracts• Seeing India’s need for more investment in the sector the present form of profit sharing under PSC should not be tinkered• Allow tax benefit uniformly on LNG imports (presently LNG meant for power sector is exempted)

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NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW FORM OF ENERGY (CBM, Shale Gas, Oil Sands, etc.) Interrelated Policy • After the traditional form of oil and natural gas, the other form that has Framework for Upstream, taken some shape in India is CBM Midstream & Downstream • DGH is working on data and policy framework for auctioning shale gas assets •Insufficient oilfield technology • National program on gas hydrate is being conducted with US and services companies • Problems with pipeline • Coal blocks for Coal to Liquid has been allocated to Tata and JSPL in infrastructure OrissaNon-commercialization of discovery: Inadequate E&P infrastructure• Lower investment in the past has resulted in inadequate E&P infrastructure in India• India’s gas pipeline density (per sq. km) is one of the lowest leading to lower share of natural gas in the overall energy mix (10% vs. global average of 24%)• Production of oil and gas remained stagnant (Table 4)• Limited participation from foreign players in NELP rounds• Inadequate infrastructure leading to non-commercialization of discoveries• Out of 60 discoveries in nine NELP rounds since 1999, only two have entered production phase• Shortage of oil rigs too has played spoilsport

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SUBDUED GAS PRICING: GOVERNMENT REGULATION KILLING SENTIMENTS• NELP has provision for charging market discovered price for gas• However, operators have to follow the government determined price• Even under regulation: No uniformity in pricing of domestic gas Foreign firms participation in NELP NELP-VII NELP-VIII NELP-IX 21 10 8REMEDY• Let the market decide the gas prices• Expedite the national gas grid program (as announced in the Budget) to enhance infrastructure• The natural gas infrastructure in the country needs an overhaul• Promote more CITY GAS DISTRIBUTION projects and allow market-driven pricing• More LNG terminals, especially in the East Coast, need to be promoted

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CONCLUSION…Though hydrocarbon will remain one of the key sources for India’s energy security, policy makers, however, can’t ignore the other sources – viz coal, hydro power, nuclear, and solar.• In fact, coal is going to play a significant role in India’s energy security. Not just as a big source of fuel (50%), but also because India has huge reserves of coal.• Within hydrocarbon sector prospect of shale gas and natural gas needs to be identified as soon as possible.• As far as the present form of allocation and contracts of oil & gas blocks are concerned, India needs lot of changes. It should be appreciated that Rangarajan committee is looking at overhauling the present format of PSC. One big move that India needs to make is the shift from annual auctioning of oil & gas blocks under NELP to open acreage. ▫ For open acreage, DGH needs to finalize the national data repository, so that companies can visit the always open data rooms and can bid whenever they want. This will keep the competition alive and also allow speedy exploration program in the country. ▫ DGH/Government also needs to finalize the terms for shale gas block bidding, so that India can take advantage of the development in the rest of the world.

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CONCLUSION… On regulation front: • Government needs to stop regulating gas prices and let the market decide the prices. This will make the market more competitive and more remunerative for the investors. Also this will give the much needed impetus to the gas retail sector in the country, which ultimately has the potential to lower the dependence on imports of liquid fuel. • Focus also needs to be given to the PSU oil companies, who for all these years have contributed to the growth of Energy security of the country.Overall, India’s energy sector needs a concerted coordination between the departments, andmore public-private partnership will do the trick. We should also ensure that foreigncompanies, such as ENI and mining major BHP Billiton, having deep pockets should get theright platform to drill deep for ensuring India’s energy security.