Topographical geological report of the progress of the survey of Kentucky for the years 1858 and 1859 / by Sidney S. Lyon. Lyon, Sidney S. (Sidney Smith), 1808-1872. 400dpi TIFF G4 page images University of Kentucky, Electronic Information Access & Management Center Lexington, Kentucky 2002 b96-11-34702566 Electronic reproduction. 2002. (Beyond the shelf, serving historic Kentuckiana through virtual access (IMLS LG-03-02-0012-02) ; These pages may be freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Topographical geological report of the progress of the survey of Kentucky for the years 1858 and 1859 / by Sidney S. Lyon. Lyon, Sidney S. (Sidney Smith), 1808-1872. Printed at the Yeoman Office, J.B. Major, state printer, [Frankfort : 1861] p. [495]-617 : ill. ; 27 cm. Coleman Includes index. Microfilm. Atlanta, Ga. : SOLINET, 1996. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. (SOLINET/ASERL Cooperative Microfilming Project (NEH PS-21089) ; SOL MN05984.18 KUK) Printing Master B96-11. Errata slip inserted. IMLS This electronic text file was created by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). No corrections have been made to the OCR-ed text and no editing has been done to the content of the original document. Encoding has been done through an automated process using the recommendations for Level 1 of the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Digital page images are linked to the text file. Geology Kentucky. Kentucky Topography. TOPOGRAPHICAL GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF THE PROGRESS OF THE SURVEY OF KENTUCKY, FOR THE YEARS 1SiS AND 1859. BY SIDNEY S. LYON, TOPOGRAPHICAL ASSISTANT. This page in the original text is blank. INTRODUCTORY LETTER. To Dr. D. D. OwnEN, Principa Geologist: Sih: I herewith transmit my Report of the progress of the work of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, made by Corps No. 2, during the year 1858, according to your instructions, a copy of which is hereto annexed. All of which is respectfully submitted. SIDNEY S. LYON. 63 This page in the original text is blank. INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GUEDANCE OF S. S. LYON, TOPOGRAPHICAL ASSISTANT TO THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY, FOR THE YEAR 1858. You will proceed, as soon as possible, to organize the base line party; and, as soon as the weather will permit, take up the line where it was left off last fall, and carry it through, in a due east course, to the Vir- ginia line, with as much dispatch as is consistent with accuracy and permanency. While on that line, wherever a favorable opportunity offers, you wil make accurate and minute geological sections of the strata that present themselves on, or sufficiently adjacent to, the line-not to consume too much time in their construction, or interfere with the main object of the work. You will also make such collections, as opportunity may afford, of all remarkable or interesting soils-i. e., such that can be either defin- itely referred to a particular geological formation for its derivation, or to individual members of any formation-or such as have interest from supporting any particular growth; or such as seem to be deficient in any particular ingredient, from failing to produce certain crops. You will also make collection of such ores, minerals, rocks, or fossils, as may be of practical interest and importance. So soon as the base line is completed, you will disband such members of the corps as may not be required in the prosecution of the topo- graphical work, to be continued through the counties of the western coal field; and then, organize the western corps to proceed with the detailed Topographical Geological Survey of Hancock county, so as to enable you to construct a map of that county on the same scale and style as that of Hopkins county; and carry through said county of Hancock such a system of levels, as will enable you to lay down and report on the relative elevations of the various outcrops of coal, limestone, ore beds, or such beds of rocks as will enable you to identify the horizon of the leading and important membeur of the western coal measure. 500 N5NTRUMONS. When the Survey of Hancock county is completed, you will proceed with the detailed Topographical Geological Survey of Grayson county, on the same plan as that of Hancock. During the month of October, you will take a few weeks to make some special collections, at localities of peculiar interest in the various departments and branches of the Survey. In the latter part of the season, when the weather becomes unfavor- able for field operations, you will, with the aid of your sub-assistant, plat up the work of the season, and construct the maps of the counties sur- vey ed, to be ready as early as possible for the engraver. D. D. OWEN, State Geologist. CHAPTER I. The necessary preparations having been made, the base line party arrived on the ground and began their labors on the 20th day of April. The monuments set up at the terminus of the line at the close of the last season were found undisturbed. No difficulties were encountered not necessarily connected with a work of this character, other than those incident to the organization of a party composed of persons not pre- viously engaged in such work. All parties engaging with a good will, the zeal of those employed soon enabled each to perform his duty, and the work made fair progress. During the early part of the season the work was much retarded by frequent and continued rains. In addition to the observations made on that part of the line pre- viously run-reaching from Uniontown, eastwardly, 376,847 feet, or 71i miles-observations were frequently taken by the barometer to determine the elevations of important points along the base line. The party were kept at work until the 18th day of September, when the field work on the base line was closed for the season, on the waters of Jenney's creek, near the Big Sandy river. The total length of the line up to this point was 1,468,757 feet, or 278 miles 917 feet. The distance accomplished this season being 1,091,910 feet, or 206 miles 8 poles. The season being far advanced, our outfit being insufficient for the residue of the line, the members of the corps being worn out by the length of the time employed, and the mountainous character of the coun- try beyond rendering a different organization of the corps necessary, it was deemed advisable to disband the base line party for this season, espec- ially as one of the wagons and team employed by the base line party was required for the use of corps No. 3 in the operations in the eastern coal field. As soon as the other team was recruited and preparation could be made, I proceeded to make a reconnoissance, preparatory to the work of next season, around the eastern margin of the coal field lying in Grayson, Edmonoon, and Hart counties, which was farther extended 502 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. into Warren, Allen, Larue, Hardin, Nelson, and Bullitt counties, making at the same time the collections as specified in the instructions. The topographical and geological details of the country crossed by the base line will be seen by the accompanying diagram and section. The length of the line run can only be conveniently exhibited on a very reduced scale, viz: of six miles to the inch. It will be seen by the diagram referred to that the line begins at Uniontown-which is situated in a nearly level country, though, geolog- ically, the rocks lie high in the coal measures of the west-and that it crosses successively the coal measures, the millstone grit, and the inter- calated beds of limestone associated with it, the sub-carboniferous beds of limestone, and the sandy mudstones of the beds usually called the knobstone. Descending the sub-carboniferous beds near the valley of Salt river, the line runs on the low valley of the Beech fork of Salt river, on the beds of black slate, the next rock in the descending series, occasionally crossing spurs of the knobstone. The black slate in the vicinity of the line rests on beds of the Upper Silurian rocks of the age of the Niagara group of the New York State Survey. Hills of inconsiderable altitude frequently including the knob- stone, black slate, and considerable masses of the Silurian rocks at the base. As the country becomes higher, toward the east, the black slate forms outliers, capping the hills in the eastern part of Nelson and the western part of Washington county. The shaly limestone beds are cut by the valleys in Nelson county, and form no inconsiderable portion of the surffce rock of the western part of Washington county. After leaving the valley of Cartright's creek, for a short distance the sandy mudstones of the Silurian period occupy the surface. These beds fiequently alternate with a soft friable shell limestone. All the beds are generally soft, and easily cut by running water, thus producing a rolling country-locally quite fertile. One mile west of the last crossing of Salt liver, the base of the sandy or muddy silicious beds come to the surface. From Salt river to the valley of Dick's river the country is elevated, nearly level; and the general surface rock is the cavernous bed of the Lower Silurian period. This bed gradually changes by intercalation of the upper and thin plate-like layers of the bird's-eye limestone. This last rock forms the walls of the gorge in which Dick's rivor flow. Occasional patches of the andy member m TOPOGBAPHICAL REPORT OF eBOLOlICAL SURVEY. seen on the west side of Garrard county. The base line crosses Ken- tucky river near the mouth of Big Hickman creek. The base of the sandy mud beds were not seen at the crossing into Jessamine county. A fault which is coincident with the valley of Hickman creek has carried this rock on the east side of the creek below the surface of the Kentucky river, where the line crosses it. The sandy mud beds are gradually ascended, and are found covered by the yellow magnesian beds of the Upper Silurian group at the crossing of the Lexington and Richmond turnpike, near Richmond. About four miles east of Rich- mond the black slate, which was last seen in Nelson county, is again the surface rock, rising even in elevated positions; the streams cutting into the yellow beds beneath. This alternation continues to the last crossing of the Kentucky river into Estill county. The last portion of the line cutting the Silurian rocks is at White Oak creek, on the east side of the Lone knob. The land now suddenly assumes an elevation above the valleys of about 600 feet, and contains, in sections, sandstones of the millstone grit (), or coal measures, on -the top of which rest the whole body of sub-carboniferous limestone, the black slate, and a few feet of the Silumian rocks at the base, including the horizons of the beds of iron ore of Bullitt and Nelson, as well as the beds, probably, equivalent to those of Lyon and Marshall counties, on the western margin of the western coal fields. Here, in a space of 600 feet, we have rock formations which, in the west, occupy probably 2,700 feet in thickness. The base line from the last crossing of the Kentucky river became very laborious, the country being traversed by deep rocky valleys, from 400 to 500 feet deep, the walls generally vertical, the width varying from 300 to 1,600 feet, while the country is generally heavily timbered and grown up with an under- growth of hickory, oak, red bud, black locust, &c., depending upon the geological member forming the surface rock-the great feature of the country and of the geology being the great sandstone, so well seen at the old furnace, and known as the State House. From the vicinity of the old furnace to the crossing of Swift's Camp creek, this notable sandstone is seen in every valley crossed by the line. After crossing Swift's Camp creek, softer beds of the coal measures form the surface rocks, and continue until the line reaches the ridge at the head of Red river, which divides the waters of the Burning fork of 503 504 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL NURVEY. Licking from the bead waters of Jenney's creek. The heavy sandstone formation of these ridges is probably the geological equivalent of the sandstone at the top of the section, near Mount Savage furnace, and is considered to be the highest member observed in the coal measures of this region. Since the beds are frequently very much modified in a short distance, minute geological sections were incompatible with the objects of the base line survey; and, indeed, are only of local interest. To the foregoing statement of the general features of the country traversed by the base line, I shall add a few details and local sections, taken at different points along the line, with some inferences, along with some other observations made in connection with my field work in other parts of the State during the last five years. The value of the observations made by myself and other members of my corps, is much increased by their continuity, without breaks, over extended tracts of the country; and further, having no special theory to support, I have only followed, or endeavored to follow, the deductions necessarily flowing from the facts themselves. SPECIAL GEOLOGY OF THE BASE LINE IN BRECKINRIDGE COUNTY. The following section, taken near the base line, opposite 378,337 feet post, will serve to show the stratigraphical arrangement of the upper beds of the millstone grit, on the eastern edge of the western coal basin. No. 1. Slection of King's hill, Breckinridge county, east side of Fur fork of Clover creek, the top of the hill being capped with loose blocks of sandstone, which was traced to the yellow sandstone under the "Breckinridge coal," Hancock county, one and a half miles distant: Thicksa. t Elevation. Feet. 'Inches: Feet. Incbhs Blocks of coarse sandstone, marked by bands of feuginons stains 21 344 8 Thin bedded sandstone ------------------_ 63 1- 323 .____ Earthy limestone, on surface -------_-_-_-_-_ 5 4 260 _-_ Steep, covered space, limestone, (1) -___-__ -_- _- __ 10 8 254 --- Slope, covered space, alominous ahsles, (). -_- .- 84 - 244. Beds of limaetone, containing Productos and Crinoide - _- _ 30 ---1-- 0 . __ Limestone, containing great numbera of Belerophon -_-_- 37 _ 134 ._ Covered space, showing occasionally beds of aluminous shale; base of the mass of black shale -_- __-__-__- 53 4 97 Limestone in place, thick beds- -_-_- __-_-__-___-_ 13 51 44 8 Aluminou shale- _------------------------------ 11 31- Thin bedded sandstone -_----_---_-_-_-__-_- _ 10 l------ 20 Ledge of sandstone, "Tar Rock" -_-__-___-__-__-___-__-_ 10 --- 10 ._-_ Top of limestone. I TOPOGRAFHCAL REPORT 01 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. To this may be added the following section, taken immediately north of this locality, and at the Tar Spring. The sections united will form a continuous section. The lower sandstone in section No. 1 is the equiva- lent of the sandstone at the top of the following section, and is here the place of the tar deposit, which flows down through fissures in the inferior beds, and at the Tar Spring flows out at the base of the sandstone first below this bed: No. 2. Section at Tar Sp1rings, Breckinridge county. Thickne. Elarmtiot Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Tar sandstoLe, chin beds _- __.-__-__---- _ --- 16 ---- 90 2 Tar sandstone, thick beds - --------_---------------------l- 14 ' 8 174 2 Yellowish gray thin bedded limestone, containing Retepora,I l p Arcbemides, Pentremites, &c -- _._D__---- __- 32 4 159 6 Whitish limestone, thick beds ---------------- 5 ------ 127 2 Mass of coarse sandstone - _-__-_---_- _---------- 20 ---- 122 2 Four masses of sandstone beds, well defined by the obliqoity ofj the deposition of the different beds ------------- -- 62 2 102 2 ManLy shale, containing lenticalar masses of limestone._ - 3 ---- - 40 ----- Limestone-1' - ---- --- ------------------------- --------- I I 6 l 37 ------ BIleg ray marl-i _ ___-_-_-_-_-__-_-__-_-l - 6 35 6 Covered space, probably limestone _ .-__-- - 35 ---- 35 ----- The Tar Spring sandstone is cut by Clover creek, at the crossing of that creek by the line. In the foregoing sections a thickness of 534 feet 10 inches of the sand and limestones of the millstone grit beds are given, which circum- scribe the coal field of the west on this part of its margin. Before proceeding eastward, a few remarks will be made in reference to the beds lying above the top of the masses in section No. 1. The section given in Vol. 1, Kentucky Geological Reports, diagram No. 4, gives the equivalent of the rocks both above and below sections Nos. 1 and 2 united. On pages 458 and 459, Vol. 3, Kentucky Geological Reports, a section of the masses near the margin of the coal field is given. On the line westward fronl the Tar fork of Clover creek to Knottsville, the measures are undulating, and frequently cut by the head branches of Blackford's creek. It is probable that there are no coal beds of workable thickness on the line east of the Hawesville and Hartford road, in Hancock county. 64 505 506 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The country between Knottsville and Yellow creek exposes only the beds of the Hawesville section, and those of the section given on pages 458, 459, and 461, Vol. 3, Kentucky Geological Reports. The beds associated with the Estis or Lewisport coal, were not recog- nized on the line east of Yellow creek. The line running along the crest of an anticlinal wave, it is probable the Leds last alluded to are masted by denudation in the vicinity of the line, east of Yellow creek; and that they are carried down by rapid dip near the creek, and are lost under the soft beds west of it. West of Yellow creek the country is covered by the silicious quarter- nary marls, and no section could be obtained between the creek and Green liver. West of Green river the upper part of the coal measures, associated with the coal beds worked at Newburg and Evansville, Indiana, come to the surfi-ce. The section of the Holloway borings, in Henderson county, given on pages 32 to 36, Vol. 1, Kentucky Geological Reports, will serve to illustrate the geology of the line from Green river to Uniontown-it need not be repeated here. Returning toward the east we find the great sandstone of the Tar Spring forming the banks of Clover creek; the masses covering the sandstone having suffered considerable alteration. The limestone imme- diately above is semi-oolitic; the upper part of the mass being buff colored, and abounding in Pentremites, Phyriformis, and Retepora Archemides. At the crossing of the Beech fork of Clover creek the great sandstone is beneath the drainage, and is not cut by that creek where we crossed it. The section at Beech fork is identical with the following, taken at Clover creek, except the lime and sandstone masses at the base: No. 3. Section of the millstone grit bed at the crossing of Clover creek. Feet. Iches. Total. Corered spaee- __ __ _ _ _ 41158 Huff Pentremital limestone ---------------------------------- 12 ----- 117 Onliti limestone, (fossils rare----------------------------------I 2 __ 15 Sandstone. single ledge ------- -- ---- 14 93 Heany bedded sandstones, oblique lines of deposition ---_-__-_- 45 _--- 79 Tal us- _----------------------------_-i-20 .34 Dark g-sy -oricretiosary limestone - _ ------ 14 _- - 14 Buttom nut seen. Bed of creek- 4 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGIC.U SURVEY. 507 The creek, where the line crosses it, evidently lies in a synclinal fold, with a rapid dip toward the northwest. Between Clover and Sugar Camp or Doverty's creek the line lies upon an elevated plateau, with no large streams crossing it. The upper part of section No. 3 is cut at Mr. Weatherford's, on the lHardinsburg and Hartford road, a short distance south of Hardinsburg. At Sugar Camp creek the following section is visible: No. 4. Section at Sugar Camp creek. Thickness. Elevation. Feet Inches Feet. Inches. Covered space over liestone-generally flat knolls 25 150 5 Limestone, Pentremites, &c -_------- - 21 ------ 125 5 Covered space, wasted sandy shales _-_- __---- _ 32 _ o 0 Buff limestone beds ---- _-__-__- __--- 5 4 69 5 Oolitic limestone, fossiliferous -- - _- _- 1 5 4 64 1 Onliti limestone, few broken fossils__-__-_- - 5 6 58 9 Whitish beds, limestone Pentmemites abundant _-- 5 4 53 3 Hard bluish limestone 5 3 47 11 Six plates of limestone, the lower three full of segregations of I cbert - ------------------------------- --- 5 4 42 8 Limestone with regular beds of chert-fossils rare 6 -- 37 4 Covered space, waste of limestone -_ -----10 -31 4 Fine grised yellow sandstone...--- 5 4 2 1 4 Bed of sandstone ------------- 16 16 Bed of creek, top of Tar Spring sandstone. After leaving Clover and Sugar Camp creeks the line lies on the south side of the dividing ridge, between the waters of the streams emptying into the Ohio river and those emptying into Rough creek. The head of some of the streams emptying into Rough creek are cut on the 85th and 86th miles. Near the 86th mile post the drainage cuts through the Tar Spring sandstone, the bed of limestone beneath it, and into the lowest and last sandstone of the millstone grit. The following section, taken near the 86th mile post, corresponds very nearly with a section obtained one mile west and two miles south, at Mr. Compton's, on Lost run. Immediately west of the place of this section the sandstone of the Tar Spring rises in a bold precipice, where this rock is seen forming a bluff for the last time along the line: 508 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 4. Section on the farm of the Widow Jlhiteworth. Rounded untier of the Tar Spring sandstone, showing 35 to 40 feet sandstone at the base- _-- -- - Aluminno- and icaeous and shale ---------------------- hard crystalline limestone, thin beds. ___- _-_-___ -_ lard crystalline limestone, containing great numbers of Belero- phon _. __- Earthy limestone, dingy-bhff color, containing few or no fossils_ Line tone, abounding in Pentresites and Crinoides, w ith a few Terebratul-- lim Lstone, whitish colored, fossils rare - _- __-_-_ Covered space, showing occasionally beds of blue aluminous shales Covered space -_-_----_----_------ _------ _- Thin bedded sandstone. . ------------------- Bed of branch, on sandstone. Thicknes. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Incbes. 5(1 151 4 10 8 101 4 5 so 90 8 2 6 85 8 14 6 83 2 4 ...... _ 68 8 10 ------l 64 8 12 e 54 8 16 -_- 42 _-__ 26 - j-- 26 _-_ Eastwardly from the place of this section, the sandstone at the base of the millstone grit to the valley of Sinking are frequently cut through, and the upper beds of the great mass of the sub-carboniferous limestone exposed. The base of the foregoing section, (No. 4,) was obtained on the 87th mile, as follows: No. 5. Section near the farm of Mr. Perin's. Thickness. I Elevation. Feet. Incbes. Feet. Incbes. Sandstone, equivalent to sandstone at 26 feet of section 4 -_ 25 = 99 Sandy and aluminous shale-_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 10 ------ 74 ------ Limestone, descending into the cavernous member of the sub-car-l boniferous limestone -_- 64 64 ------- Half a mile east of Mr. Perin's, on the farm of Mr. Chandoin, the limestone at 68 feet, section 4, is the surfice rock. Near the line, the sandstone at 99 feet, section 5, appears impregnated with desiccated coal tar, and persons have made an effort to trace the tar to the coal bed from which it is supposed it flowed. There is locally a thin bituminous shale at the base of the sandstone, from 4 to 6 inches thick. The sec- tton at Mr. Dent's, two miles cast of Mr. Chandoin's, and one and a half miles north, is the counterpart of that at the latter locality. It would be proper to state that, at the locality of section No. 5, part TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVUT. of the wasted mass of the Tar Springs sandstone is in sight: forming an outlier of that mass, reduced to a few acres in extent. No. 6. Section at Mr. Dent's, west side of Sinking creek. Thicknein. Elevation. Feet. Inches.. FeeL Inches. Tar Spings sandstone _.---.-_-.-_-. -_ 1 4 6 97 2 Limestone - .------------------ 34 82 a Shale and clay bed - 8 48 8 Sandstone.-- 3__ . 49 Limestone_ -_------------ -- I 45_ ----- Sandstone- -- _ 4 44 ' Sub-carboniferos limestone, (7) --------_------------- 41 . 4 Drainage, dry ravine. Sandstone No. 3, or the Tar sandstone of Breckinridge county, forms the surface rock at Mr. Chandoin's, on the 88th mile. On the 89th mile the drains emptying into sinkholes, and those emptying into Sinking creek, cut through the beds lying above the cavernous member of the sub-carboniferous limestone, and down to that member. The dividing ridge between the waters of Sinking and Rough creeks are capped by the lowest sandstone, limestone No. 1, and, on the higher parts of the ridge, by the waste of sandstone No. 2, or the sandstone forming the great bed at the Tar Springs. The dip observed at various points in the vicinity of the head of Sinking creek indicates a dome-like upheaval, somewhat prolonged in the direction of Big Spring; the apparent longer axis of this upheaval from east to west being about eight miles that from north to south about two miles. The territory included within this limit being entirely surrounded by a band of the sandstone beds Nos. 1 and 2, with the included bed of limestone No. 1. Toward the north, in the direction of the mouth of Sinking creek, the dip brings sandstone No. 1 down to the level of the drainage. Still further north the beds of sandstone Nos. 1 and 2 are raised again, and at the Ohio occupy a position from 100 to 150 feet above the river. The sinks and basins at the head of Sinking creek exhibit, in a striking manner, the eroding effiect of rains and frost - some of the sinks, which are from forty to one hundred and ninety feet deep, covering an area of from five acres to two thousand. The rim of sand- 59 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGIAL SUREY. stone surrounding these depressions is, generally, nearly level; the out- cropping rocks within are also nearly horizontal. Near the center there is an opening of from three to fifteen feet in diameter; into this open- ing the water which has fallen within the margin of the basin has been drained sinee the day when the rocks exposed within were raised above the drainage of the country, and thus, by the slow process of washing and weathering, the rocks, which bnce filled these cavities, have been worn and carried down into the subterranean drainage of the country. All this has evidently come to pass in the most quiet and regular man- ner. The size of the central opening is too small to admit extraordi- nary floods; nor is it possible, with the level margin around, to suppose that these cavities were worn by eddies in a current that swept the whole cavernous member of the sub-carboniferous limestone of western Ken- tucky; but the opinion is probable that the upheaving force which raised these beds to their present level, at the same time ruptured and cracked the beds in certain lines; that afterwards the rains were swal- lowed into openings on these fractures, producing, by denudation, the basins of the sinkhole country, and further enlarging the original frac- tures by flowing through them, and thus forming a vast system of caverns, which surrounds the western coal field. The Mammoth Cave is, at present, the best known, and, therefore, the most remarkable. The following section, taken three fourths of a mile north of Mr. Felix Styles', (94th mile,) will carry the sections into the sub-carbon- iferous limestone, and connect that member with the sandstone and limestone beds above it: 510 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 511 No. 7. ! Thickness. Elevation Covered space, wasted sandstone _ ------ Fine grained sandstone --_ - ---- -- Fine grained sandstone, containing round segregations of pyritif-i erous sandstone - _- - - -_- - Coarse sandstone, containing balls of sandsstone Heavy sandstone, ripple marked, with oblique marks of deposition 'lrhi bedded san-dston-e- ----- Co-ered space, shakeo, (7) _I---- ()litic limestones- Bllisls-eartby limestone, with silicious segregation-- Earthy and onlitic limestone, with remains of Crinoide. near top Ledge of compact limestone_ _ -_ Ledge of whitish limestone, earthy near the top -_ - Chert bed _ - - - - White limestone, containing Crinoidea, Dihrinus beds- White limestone, with Crinoidea. White and blue beds limestone, alternating -_ __ -_.-_-_ Blue beds of limestone - _ __ Buff silicious limestone__- ------------- Hard blue-gray limestone, with Productus_-- Ifard gray limestone, with Crinoides-_-_-_-_- liHard gray limestone, with Pentremites ----------------------- Flat at Sinking fork of Sinking creek. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. 15 6 214 4 5 6 198 8 5 .--- 1931 2 5 188 5 2 10 183 2 26 - 173 2 5 4 -147 2 5 4 141 8 5 -- 136 4 21 8 131 4 10i1 119 6 10 108 ' s 1 6 98,- 21 96' 4 1o 8 75! 4 16: ----- 64 6 21 6 48 0 5 4- 5 21 6 5 8 16 6 10 8 10 S About ten feet below the base of the sandstone, the bedding places of the limestone are completely covered with the remains of Pentremites floralis, P. pyriformis, and P. globosus. The rocks are quite hard, and the fossils crystallized carbonate of lime; they are not disintegrated, but weather as fast as the rock in which they are imbedded. About fifty feet from the base of the sandstone the red earth first appears. This is the usual color of the subsoils of the sub-carboniferous rocks below the sandstone. The action of the rains on masses of this rock is remarkable. Rocks which are detached, and stand isolated and unprotected, are weathered into deep fluted furrows by the falling rains, while the extreme upper parts of the ridges between the furrows are kept quite sharp. The same beds have since been seen in the Mammoth Cave, which are readily recognized by the same flute- like grooves produced by water trickling over their exposed faces. This is the more remarkable when the texture of the rock is considered. It is quite fine grained, and compact. The base line, after it crosses Sinking creek, soon ascends a platform of sandstone, lying quite level, and seldom penetrated by the water. 612 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BSURVEY. Here we have surface drainage on the north into the sinks and Sinking fork of Sinking creek, and on the south side into the sinks and Rough creek. This table land extends to the head of May's creek, a tributary of Rough creek. Further eastward, the sandstones between the conglom- erate and the cavernous member of the sub-carboniferous limestone are only seen in isolated patches on the knobs, which stand here and there detached from the main mass of sandstone, which caps their summits, and, from its resisting character, maintains these knolls in their present form. From May's creak to the head of Otter creek, the rocks are nearly level, with a slight dip to the west and southwest. From the one hun- dredth mile to the crossing of Otter creek, the sinks are less numerous, the valley of Otter cutting below the cavernous member, the hills on the east and west sides being capped with it, The drains usually lie on the surface, with occasional large springs breaking into the valleys. A short distance from the eastern edge of the sandstone the chert waste from the sub-carboniferous rocks covers the surface, and is more or less abun- dant from the 100th to the 115th mile; for this distance the chert is quite fossiliferous, and usually cellular. No satisfactory section of the whole mass of the cavernous member could be obtained along the line; it is estimated at about four hundred feet. The rocks at the base of it are earthy, and frequently contain beds of marly clay. The upper part being generally hard and brittle, containing two distinct beds of oolitic limestone. On the 115th mile the line enters the breaks of Muldrough's hill, passing over the crystalline limestone beneath the clay beds, and cuts the head of Otter creek. The line crosses the Louisville and Nashville railroad on the 116th mile, and enters the valley of Clear creek, descending the beds of the knob member of the sub-carboniferous rocks, which are here represented by alternating beds of limestone, chert, and silicious mudstone. Toward the base of the mud beds are a few layers of fine grained sandstone. These last beds are the equivalent of the Waverly sandstone of Ohio, and correspond to the geological horizon of the section taken at the mouth of the Scioto river, and reported on page 371, Vol. 2, Kentucky Reports. Some of the beds of limestones at the top of the mudstones TOPOGRAPHIICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 613 and muddy shale, on Clear creek, abound in Crinoidea, usually silicified and distorted; sonie of these remains are probably new, both in genera and species. The valley of Clear creek, but especially the cut inade by the Louis- ville and Nashville r-ailroad company, alliord fine sections. The line of the road ascending the hill, the entire section cf the hill may be obtained. Here, as has been fiequently observed elsehere, the rockls are inter- rupted by numerous waves, and the dip falls ofl with the line of thle creek, which would reduce the thickness of the rocks to less than the height of the hill. No good section of the base of thle knob member was obtained on the west side of Rolling fork of Salt river, iuhich the line crosses near the mouth of Beech fork, on the 12(Jth mile. The black slate, usually considered of the Devonian period, is first seen on the base line at the crossing of Rolling fork. The level land on Beech fork to the 126th mile lies on the black slate. At this point the drains and branches begin to cut through the slate, and expose, occasionally, the beds beneath it The shales and sandy mudstones at the base of the sub-carboniferous beds form the hills and ridges. Outliers of the black slate are seen occasionally up to the 1 34th mile, beyond which it is no longer seen. The dip to the west, from the 134th mile westward to Rolling fork, is quite gentle and regular. No. S. Tue following section, taken at MlIr. Jonathan AeNwmnan's, on Long run, will serve as a key to tihe arrangemient of the rocky masses of the hills: Thickness.; Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. ]Inches. Top of remains of sandy mnndstone. Warte of knobturoe- --------- . - -- 47 ------ 141 5 Alumialr.iis 1.,dle. - . -.------------------- -- 19 1- . 915 5 71.-d fine grained sandstone _-_-.-_-.-.-.-.- - . i 1 79 5 W',steof bla-ck,1.re -- ------- ------------ 14 -- .-- 7 ' 2 Blac k slare, sLi-ed with oxide of iron-. 27 iC 65 2 Slic - -k star-e-. -. -. -. -- 2;2 it 6 Yellowish iiid flesh colored linressne. upper surface water worn, Cua'ainingill' re-ntinlSOf en-c-ini-- a. cor- --. &c. - ! ILi-mestone,uff colIred. c-ntuiniiigCariucrin rls Ptau ' ___ ramshbl-ua-, &ic , eluicvaleltato rite Niaara rop e r - - I _____ 11 Bed of Long run. Thin bed of 54 feet, under the black elate, end above tbe Slil.,ia bels, containiug imper- 6 , TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The hills gradually increase in height as the line passes up the river. The black slate has decreased in thickness from the Ohio river. On Long run it is found only 63 feet thick, while at the Ohio it is upwards of a hundred feet. The limestone at 16 feet, 6. is frequently wanting on the line: the slate there resting on the Silurian beds. The Devonian limestones, which are estimated at from 20 to 30 feet at the falls of the Ohio, have entirely disappeared, having thinned out toward the south, or been removed by denudation before the deposition of the black slate. The beds beings thus contracted, hills of inconsiderable height are found containing all the remains of the black slate, the Devonian lime- stone (), and a part of the Silurian rocks; the whole capped by the niudstones of the lower part of the beds of the knobstone. The general direction of Beech fork is from east to west from the 121st to the 141st mile, near Fredericksburg, when the direction is fiom north to south. The base line crosses this river twice on the 121st nile; the 131st mile post fills in it. It is crossed again at the 134th mile and the 136th mile; both posts flling in the river. It is again crossed twice on the 139th mile; and the last and eighth time at the mouth of Cartright creek. At this point the line enters Washington county. The sbaly shell heds of the Silurian date are cut through, and the upper beds of the silicious mudstone are first seen on the slopes of the hill west of the last crossing. The following sections, taken at different points from the crossing of Rolling fork of Salt river to the last crossing of Beech fork, will show the arrangement of some of the beds, and the modifications and changes exhibited in short distances: No. 9. Section on 126th mile. Thickness. + Elevation. Feet. l.est e Feet. Inches. Covered space, waste of knobstone _._-_-_- --_-i- 20 91--- Knobstone in ledges -_ - ------ 40 70 -- Knob shales, (silicious mudstone) __-_-_- - - 30 30 Top of black slate. fectlypreserved Crinoidea, which appear to be allied to eub-carboniferos, forms- Should future reaearcbes determine these fosaila to be analogous to the eub-carboniferous, and not to the Desonian typs, it would be neceeary to Oeqrate the black slate from the UeedUin, Lad JAat it at Obn bae f the sub-cartoniferou. beds. 514 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 515 The 30 feet shale bed is much thicker farther west; and the ledges of knobstone are seen here for the first time on this line. These rocks appear to be solid, and of good quality; they may be wrought, and would, probably, produce a building material equal to the Waverly sand- stone. No. 10. Section on 127/h mile. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Incbes. Feet. Inches. Base of black slates Yellow Crinoidal limestone -------- --- 3 80 Soft earthy limestone- -_-------------_- 5 77 Rough weathering buff limestone - _- _-.-- 15 72 Thin bedded limestone -_--_------------ 14 _ 57 Soft earthy limestone, whitish ---_-. - __------.---- 0- 43 --_ Harder beds limestone - __-_ - .-_- 15 33 Marly () clay shale. -10 -is Clay,white --------------- 8 _ 8 Bed of branch. The soils produced by the disintegration of these beds is of excellent quality. From 20 to 40 feet of the upper part produces cedar, on southern aspects; below the cedar line, buckeye, beech, and hickory; on the lower part, about 40 feet, is mixed poplar, ash, sugar-tree, and beech, with occasionally walnut. No. 10. Section on 131st mile. Thickness. Eleation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Indes. Top ofhill _---- l 21 Covered space, black slate -__ - .- -------.- l 54 Yellowish limestone.- ----_----------- 14 - 156 _ Thin beds limestone, alternating with thin beds of marlite, with -.--- places of soft limestone --- --------- - 15 .-- 142 limestone, solid bed -----------------------------2--------- 71 1 Marli cc, with occasional plates of limestone-_. 26 l tUS Limestone, solid bed _-- ----------------------------------,4 83 Maclite, with plates of limestone ---- .----.--- 20 . 69 . Bench and covered space. --------------- l 15 49 ------ Limestone, solid bed _-_----------------------------------- 10 34 Maclite, with beds of limestone 8 to 10 inches thick 24 24 ----- Bed of Beech fork. 2 _ I I __ I The 131st mile post fills in Beech fork; also the 134th. Between the two crossings of the river the land is spread out into a table, with TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. occasional rocky drains. The land is of excellent quality, produced by the disintegration of the shale Leds at the base of the knobs, the black slate with the beds near the upper part of the Silurian limestone. Its color is dark reddLh brown. No. 11. Section al the crossing of Beech fork, east of St. Thomas' College, JVelson county. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inche,. Black slate, c.apping rirer hills on northeast side or river -_-- 18 i 21 a Top of eeod cliff -_ _ -_-_- 1 49-- 2 1 5 Top o fiest ciff iomposed of two members - - 312 6 141 8 Fist of clff, covered se ------------ 5 10 I11 2 Foot or Steep bhak, covered space -__-__-__-__-__-__-__---- 43 4 143 4 W.,Ler, Beech fork. Between the 134th and 135th mile posts beds of limestone are seen, equivalent to the Crinoidal beds of Guthrie's quarry on Beargrass creek, Jefferson county, Kentucky. In the wasted materials upon the surface the fossils of the sub-carboniferous beds-seen in Mluldrough's hill, 300 feet above the black slate-were in great abundance. The fossils were cherty, and almost indestructible by the weather. Considerable beds of sub-carboniferous chert was also found. This place is notable as the most eastward limit of the remains of sub-carboniferous beds; and also for the appearance of the beds associated with the hydraulic limestone of the falls of the Ohio. The Catenipora and coral beds, equivalent to those at the falls of Ohio, are absent, and the Crinoidal beds rest on Silurian rocks, containing Pentamerus and Eucaliptocrinus. The line on the 136tb, 7th, 8tb, and part of the 139th miles, lies on the north side of the river. On the 139th mile the river is crossed twice. The rocks of section No. 10 are cut as they rise more rapidly than the river; the cuts are becoming gradually deeper into the beds. 516 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 12. The following section shows the modfication of the beds east- wtardly. The section dloes not reach to the horizon of tihe black slate. The distance from the top of section to the slate is only a few feet Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Yellow limestone, 5 feet below slate, () and covered space 16 3 IF6 5 Red subsoil, lower part yellow marlite __-___----_-__- 32 6 170 5 Yellow- marlite, a few beds of yellow rock on top _ .-_-- - 27 5 1:17 9 Covered space, covered with cedar _.-_-_- _.-_----- 27 5 110 4 Yellow limestone, covered with cedar on all patehes of soil _. __ 2- _ .3 4 Yellow lime -----e_ ___.----_-_-__ - 5 _- 55 4 Thin bedded limestone, lower limit of ceda-r.._-_-- - 10 d 50 4 Indurated blue siliciono mod ------------------ 5 4 39 6 Yello drab marliie _- __-_-_-__- - _ 16 2 34 2 Top of beds, containing spherical masses of FAvosites. Fossil bed -------------------------------------------- - 10 _ 18-- Thin bedded gray limeotone - _-__-.___.-__.---__-__-_-_- 8 ------ 8 ------ Bed of Mill creek. Between the place of this section and Bardstown the decomposed lay- ers of the argillaceous beds have been wrought into common earthenware, but the manufactory has been discontinued. The reason of its discon- tinuance I did not learn. The clay seems of good quality; though it may be wanting in silicious earth. As before stated, the yellow limestone terminates on the line on the 140th mile, where the base of it caps the hills. The dip increases and brings up about 100 feet of the shell limestone; in the 139th and 140th miles are also a few feet of the silicious mudstone of the Silurian period, which is cut by the turnpike descending the hill from Bardstown, near Fredericksburg. The belt of the soil which is characterized by the cliff beds of the Upper Silurian, extends along the line from the 124th to the middle of the 140th mile. 16J miles. This belt is probably above the average width. The belt of country particularly marked by the shell beds, silicious mudstones, and marl beds, extends from the middle of the 140th mile to the middle of the 166th mile, or 26 miles. As these beds are variously modified, being layers, alternately, of sandy mudstone, indur- ated aluminous shales, thin beds of shell limestone, or hard, resisting limestone. The outcropping edges of these beds produce, by disintegra- 517 TOPOGRAPHCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. tion, soils differing widely in chemical constitution, which consequently differ greatly in fertility: the character of the soil always correspond- ing in chemical elements to the beds from which it is derived. On the silico-calcareous belt some of the beds coming to the surfice are mostly composed of fine sand and silicious mud; when these cap a ridge, and no calcareous bed lies above them, the soil is quite poor, and the timber invariably oak. The same rock composing these oak ridges, when properly mixed with the waste of the calcareous or marl beds, produces a fertile soil easily cultivated. The first characteristic bed of the silico-calcareous rocks of this part of the base line extends from the west side of Beech fork, from the 140th mile to Little Beech fork, on the 148th mile. This bed is composed of sandy mud shales and friable, irregularly thin bedded limestone, abounding in fossil shells. The most abundant of which are Orthis, and Spirifers, some of the beds being almost entirely made up of the latter genus. These beds are sometimes sufficiently solid to project in cliffs, but usually they are soft; and the country underlaid by these beds is in rounded hills and terraces; the soil almost invariably of a black or dark brown color. The last beds outcrop along the valley of Cartright's creek, and extend to the 147th mile. The beds coming to the surface here are more largely interstratified with beds of marlite. The hills are more rounded, and the soil is not so dark, partaking more of the yellow and whitish color. The bold springs which mark the more open upper part of these beds in the valley of Cartright's creek, have no equivalent at the base of this sub-division of the Silurian rocks, where, the beds being quite close textured, the springs are generally feeble. No good section was obtained of the beds coming to the surflce, from Beech fork to Little Beech-no doubt on account of the softness and easily disintegrating character of the beds; there being in this region some 200 feet, beginning with the upper silicious mudstones at the top and ending with the lower sandy mudstones and sandstones, the edges of which are mostly concealed by debris. The line of Doe creek shows a rapid dip from one to three degrees. From the 144th to the 146th mile the rocks dip nearly due west. This great dip brings up, on the east side of Little Beech fork, beds alternately sandy and calcareous, interstratified with marlite. These 518 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOL40GICAL SURVEY. beds are distinguished by a rolling country; the hills high; drainage cuts deep; and especially marked on the line by a growth of large poplar timber. These strata cover a belt of territory 10 miles wide, from Little Beech to the head of Glen's creek, from 148th to 158th mile. These beds are estimated at 250 feet of limestone and marl in the tipper part, with 490 feet of sandy and muddy members at the base: making the whole mass 740 feet in thickness. The western margin of this zone is somewhat modified by the waste of the beds spoken of as forming the west side of Little Beech fork. The beds become more silicious on the east slopes. At the head of Glen's creek is an oak ridge, covered in some parts by thin, fine-grained sandstones, which have resisted atmospheric action; wbile the softer, and more easily wasted beds, have crumbled and been carried away. Eastward of the divide between Glen's creek and the waters of Chap- lin fork 190 feet of bedls are exposed, immediately under the sandstones of the divide before alluded to. The zone covered by the outcropping edges of these and similar inferior beds crop out east of Chaplin, producing a country of similar soil and timber, extending from the first quarter of the 159th to the 164th mile, the surface gradually becoming more level toward the east. These last beds are composed of marlites, and soft shales, and fossilifer- ous limestone. The land is of superior quality; the hills rounded and short. This zone is particularly distinguished by the red oak timber, mixed with beech, poplar, sugar-tree, hackleberry, &c.-red oak being the most abundant. These beds extend from Chaplin to the dividing ridge west of Salt river, including the sandy beds at the base of this division; and are estimated to be 310 feet in thickness, from 10 to 15 feet at the base; being alternations of sandstone and marl in thin beds. The sandstone at the base is distinguished by producing, on ridges, white oak land. The white oak ridges of Mercer county are all derived from the wasted materials of this bed. The limestone beds seen at the crossing of Salt river are cut in a few places by the branches west of the dividing ridge. The dip is so slight that it is only apparent by levels taken two or three miles apart These comparatively horizontal rocks extend from 165th to 175th mile. The slight westward dip brings, however, west of Harrodsburg, about 240 519 TOPOGRAPEICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. feet of limestone to the surface, from beneath the sandstones of the oak ridges. It is the middle and lower part of this 240 feet of rock which produces the famous blue grass soils of central Kentucky. The masses of these beds are usually thin; the bedding surface generally uneven. The body of the beds being filled with the remains of fossil corals and shells. The action of the air, frost, and water upon these rocks is quite rapid, especially in immediate contact with the soil, and where it is not exposed to the direct rays of the sun. The rapid decomposition of these beds have supplied the waste occasioned by unscientific fairming in the early settlement of the country. Some places have, however, been entirelv denuded of soil, making unsightly spots in this truly beautiful district. The soil may be restored to such spots, if lying on a gentle slope, in a few years, by covering the bare rocks with waste straw, the halm of hemp, in fact, anything to prevent washing, and which will, at the same time, cover the rocks. A thin soil formed of the wasted mass of the rock, united with the covering material, will give sustenance to blue grass, which soon covers and accelerates the decomposition of the rock on which it grows and to which its roots cling. Near the base of this mass of 240 feet are intercalated several beds of chert, seldom regular in thickness, and frequently interrupted. Im- mediately below the chert beds are to be found caverns and underground drains the lines of those drains being marked upon the surface by sinks or depressions. Whenever the drainage of this country cuts below this bed, and the dip is favorable, these underground drains pour forth the water which had entered at some higher point, in many cases several miles distant. The beds are frequently interrupted by cracks and water courses. I have proposed to distinguish them as the cavernous member of the Lower Silurian rocks of Kentucky. It is probable that these are the water-bearing beds reached by boring the Artesian well at Louisville the waters of which are already so celebrated. It had been predicted, before any considerable progress had been made, that the boring would reach upwards of two thousand feet before water would be obtained, the if beds outcropping to the east and south held the same thickness at Louisville which the) had at these outcrop- ping edges. This well of -Messrs. DuPont is probably the deepest boring ever made in rocks of the Silurian period. It certainly is the 520 TOPOGxsAmCAL REPORT OF eOuwICa SURVr. 2 deepest in these beds made in the western States. The register of the materials was carefully kept, as also the coarser parts of the borings pumped up at different depths. The analogy between this record and that of the surface section kept on the base line, is sufficiently close, both as to thickness and the material brought up, to enable an expert to point out at the outcrop of the different beds as they came to surface between Louisville and Dick's river. On Cane creek, one mile west of Dick's river, the rocks are much more disturbed than at any point observed on the base line since the margin of the coal measures was left in Hancock county. The rocks near the top of the Bird's-eye limestone are ruptured and tilted toward the west and northwest-between Cane creek and Dick's river, the angle of dip rising frequently as high as 15' to 18. The gorge in which Dick's river flows is apparently an open fracture, since the rocks generally dip away from this river when the bends in the stream are sudden, except at the points coming forward into the bends, which are long and narrow; in such eases the point fiequently Gills or dips toward the river; but, even then, rocks on the opposite side dip, as usual, away from the stream. It is not probable that the gorges in which Dick's and the Kentucky rivers flow are due to denudation; but it is a legitimate inference, from the arrangement of the rocks forming their sides, that these rivers flow, in the lines of original fractures produced by the upheaving forces ele- vating these rocks from the place in which they were deposited to that which they now occupy. Mr. J. E. Thompson states that the 171st mile post of the base line is near the center of the belt of blue ash, walnut, and sugar-tree land, which extends towards the north and crosses Kentucky liver in the neighborhood of Munday's Landing, having an average width of two and a half miles. On the south side of the line this belt extends toward Danville, gradually spreading or extending in width, at Danville it being from 6 to 8 miles wide. The whole length of this peculiar soil south of Kentucky river being about 20 miles. The same belt of land extends north of the Kentucky river into Nicholas, Woodford, Bourbon counties, &c., expanding in width north of the Kentucky river. This peculiar soil being produced by the decomposition of the lime- stones immediately above the cavernous member of the Silurian rocks, G6 621 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEt. and the deepest seated rock of the upland country of middle Kentucky, its margin indicates precisely the form of the great anticlinal axis which divides the State. If this boundary was correctly defined, it would at once give the key to the dip over a vast extent of country, and deter- mine nearly all questions in relation to Artesian wells. This is becoming a subject of considerable importance, in an economical point of view, in addition to its scientific interestL The Bird's-eye limestone forming the walls of Dick's river is in com- pact thick ledges, from 2 to 6 feet thick, varying little in character for 175 to 200 feet. The deepest cut rocks on the line are seen at the crossing of this river. After crossing Dick's river the line lies for nearly six miles in Gar- rard county - the surf-Ace rock being composed of the beds near the top of the Bird's-eye limestone. On the 180th mile a considerable uplift is crossed. Where it was examined, the rocks on either side dip from a line to the east and west. Three fburths of a mile to the east a branch runs parallel to the Lexington and Danville turnpike. On this branch is seen a reversal of dip for a considerable distance on a west and northwest course. Approaching Kentucky river with the line of the branch the dip is seen gradually to change, and, finally, near the river, the dip is to the southwest and away from the line of the river. The greatest angle of dip observed being nearest to the river: the angle of the dip varying from 1 to 60-. The beds being, moreover, fre- quently fractured and slipped. The line of greatest fracture, or main axis of disturbance, lies on a course north 100 E, South 10 west. The mouth of the branch enters Kentucky river opposite Boon's knob, which is an isolated mass of the Bird's-eye limestone, 210 feet high, separated by the fault before alluded to, which crosses the Kentucky river near this point. The character of this disturbance is considerably changed on the other side of the river; the rocky masses on the west side appear lifted, while those on the east side are fillen foiward and depressed. The axis of the fault on the north side of the river, so fir as examined, coincides with the line of Big Hickman creek. A remarkable disturbance in the rocks was observed on our return from the work of the base line, a few miles east of Winchester. It is not improbable that the fimit at Kentucky liver may be extended into 22 IPoGRAPCAL REPORT OF GEOLOOGCAL EUBv. Clarke county, and this disturbance and that in Clarke may be cotem- poraneons. The rocks disturbed in Clarke county are the yellow magnesian beds of the Upper Silurian date and the beds of black slate. These disturbances, if connected, would determine the geological period in which they occurred, and would doubless throw much light on the ancient coast lines of the different geological epochs ruptured by the fault or by a succession of disturbances. At all events, there is no doubt that the fIult, and the lines of the Kentucky and Dick's rivers, which lie in the deep gorges of the Bird's-eye limestone, are cotem- poraneous and produced by a common cause. On the 181st mile, the line crosses the Kentucky river and enters Jessamine county. On the 182d mile, the line cuts a bend and crosses the river twice. The Bird's-eye limestone is no longer seen after enter- ing Jessamine county, while the sandy and marly beds, equivalent to those on the west side of Salt river, prevail on the 165th mile, making a distance of 16 miles along the base line. The distance between these beds is probably greater both on the north and south side of the line. On the 1805th mile, the Kentucky river is crossed the fourth time. The land between the third and fourth crossing of the river is rolling, the hills rich and rounded, being composed of soft beds consisting of soft muddy sandstones, alternately with thin beds of marly clays and limestone. The mixture of the decomposed materials of these beds forms a soil very rich in all the elements required for farm crops, while it is friable and easily cultivated. The steepest hillsides are culti- vated in corn and other plowed crops; yet such is the softness of the beds composing the bills, that the soil is kept up and restored by fresh disintegration for years on slopes from 300 to 450. From the fourth crossing of the Kentucky river to Richmond, (198th mile of base line,) we passed along a level country. Toward the west the lines of the creeks cut deeply into the soft measures lying between the magnesian limestone of Upper Silurian date, and the Bird's-eye limestone, and the equivalent of the beds spoken of as composing the surface rocks of Nelson, Washington, and Mercer counties. The lower beds of these measures, as seen in Jessamine, Garrard, and the western part of Madison counties, are softer than on the west side of the great anticlinal axis. No positive determination was made of the thickness of the soft measure alluded to, but they are believed to be thicker on 523 TOPOGRAPHICAL REORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the west than on the east side of the axis. What part of the thickness is lost to view by the sinking of these beds on the east side of Big Hick- man has not yet been determined. The rocks are more fossiliferous on the east than on the west side of the axis, and the fossils are less washed and broken. Near the fourth crossing of the Kentucky river a thick bed of red- dish limestone is seen in outcrop, about 70 feet above the river, filled with the remains of Isotelus platycephalus (gigas.) On the 195th mile considerable beds of sandstone are seen in ledges from 20 to 30 feet in thickness; the upper part of these beds having a number of thin beds of limestone intercalated. In some localities the beds are replaced by segregated masses of limestone which occupy their places. The upper part of this member forms the surface rock in the N. E. corner of Garrard county, on the tops of the hills, locally capped by from 10 to 15 feet of marly clay. When this last bed caps the hills, their sides are frequently covered with a fine growth of black locust timber. Under the sandstone beds at the fourth crossing of Kentucky river are about 200 feet of beds of alternations of limestone and marlite. Although the valleys are deep, and the sides abrupt, still accurate minute sections are difficult to obtain on account of the loose debris dis- integrated from the soft materials composing the hillsides concealing the outcropping edges of the strata. East ol Paint Lick creek the line crosses a series of hills capped by wasted fossiliferous sandstone. These beds contain comparatively little lime, hence the soil is inferior to that derived from the decomposition of the beds lying below and farther west. The timber on the sandy beds is principally oak and hickory. On the bottoms and slopes of the low hills on the west side of Silver creek, great quantities of quartz pebbles and geodes were observed cov- ering the land and mixed with the soil. The pebbles were, doubtless, derived from the conglomerate lying farther south. The geodes are from the sub-carboniferous limestone; many of them containing charac- teristic fossils of that formation. The rocks seen on Silver creek dip in the direction of the stream to the northwest, at an angle varying from 4C to 6'. The dip with the line of the branches and creeks from the 187th to the 196th mile is the 524 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. usual arrangement of the rocks. To the north about 10 miles, on the Kentucky river, the dip is reversed, and would form a synclinal Cold, between Richmond and the Kentucky river. On the head of Tate's creek, near the Richmond and Lexington turnpike, (197th mile,) the upper beds of the sandy mudstones dip under the base of the yellow magnesian limestones, equivalent of the beds of Nelson county. Near Owingsville, Bath county, is a point west of which the yellow limestone is not seen. East of Richmond the surface of the country gradually falls off in altitude, from the 198th to the 209th mile, when the Kentucky river is crossed for the fifth time. The valleys of the branches and creeks which cross the line, are not cut so deeply into the rocks between Rich- mond and the Kentucky river on the east, as they are on the west. The lands east are generally level; the rocks on the line have little or no dip, except locally. On the 203d mile the yellow or buff beds are well marked on the plantation of Mr. Peter Todd, where they are capped by sandy shales. On the 204th mile, on the farm of Solomon Turpin, the white earthy beds, recognized as the equivalent of the beds near the flvosites beds of Nelson county, are cut by the drains. The land is level; the soil whit- ish and swampy. On the 20.5th mile the wasted beds of black slate are seen, capping elevated situations. Slips of the beds again bring to view strata which had previously disappeared below the surlice. At the Flatwood's MeetiDg-house the beds lie level. Near the saw- mill of Mr. Henry Moore, search has been made for coal in the black slate beds which have been confounded with the bituminous shale asso- ciated with coal beds. It is quite impossible to obtain coal in the black slates and its inferior beds. The rocks intervening between it and the coal beds observed farther east, are several hundred feet in thickness, burying the black slate under the lowest coal beds to that depth. On the 210th mile, on the north side of Kentucky river, the point in the bend falls forward towards the river, and is capped with the knob- stone, equivalent to the Waverly sandstone of Ohio, and the beds of the knobby country of Nelson, Bullitt, and Jefferson counties. The 212th mile is located on hills covered by the waste of slate beds, and the lower part of the knobstone based on the yellow mag- 525 TOPOOLAPfflCAL REPORT OF EOu rCcAL SUBwn'. nesian limestones, which have considerable quantities of chert inter- calated in beds and segregated masses. Small pieces of crystalized copper pyrites have been found in several places near the line in those beds. Several of the most noted localities of "copper" were visited; nothing was seen which would, in our opinion, justify expensive workings in any of these localities. The 213th mile post would come in the Kentucky iiver, which was crossed here for the seventh and last time. The bank of the river, on the west side, rises into a perpendicular clit, of which the following is a section: No. 12. Section at 213th nile post base line. Thickness. I Elevation. Feet. Inches.' Feet. Inches. Black slate, top beds earthy, probably possessing hydraulic prop- erties- - 130U --1 19 --- Earthy lirnemeone anI chert beds ---_-_-_-__14 1 39, Limestone, grey and yellow ---- - __ _-_- 1 25 , -2a Bed of Kentucky river. The timber has suddenly changed in character. The waste on the hill tops of the knobs is covered by black pine and whortleberry bushes, or chesnut oak and red oak; the sides with laurel and pine. From the 213th mile the " Mountains" are in sight The highest of these mountains are generally from 600 to 650 feet above the drainage at the base. The characteristic features of this formation are well marked here: the hills are steep and rounded; the outliers of the sub-carboniferous limestone and great sandstone at the base of the coal measures standing out in prominent, isolated hills beyond, and as high as the general mass from which they have been disjointed by the same force that elevated the rocks of the surrounding district; subsequently these outliers have been further severed from the parent rock by the action of running water seeking the deepest lines of fracture, and thus wearing away and undermining the softer layers upon which the more massive rocks repose, which, splitting at right angles to the bedding, finally are precipitated into the valley, leaving the remainder of the outlier standing with nearly vertical walls 626 TOPOGRPICAL REPORT 0N GDOLOGICAL SUuvEY. The pebbles of quartz of the conglomerate are strewed miles from the parent rock, having resisted the disintegrating agencies which have car- ried away the finer and more soluble earths. The 213th mile lies on low hills of slate. The 214th mile crosses Calloway's creek. The 215th mile begins at the base of a pine-covered knob on the waste of the knobstone, crossing near the summit and end- ing on the benches at the base of the " Lone knob." The 216th mile rises the Lone knob at the north end, and cuts the summit at the edge of the precipice of sub-carboniferous limestone, which rises nearly to the extreme height at the north end. The summit, at the south, is capped by sub-carbonilbrous limestone; the north end by blocks of the great sandstone near the base of the coal measures. The sides of the knob are precipitous on the northeast and west sides. On the south it rises by a rapid slope. The height above the drainage at the base of it is, by barometer, 623 feet. No. 14. The following section is from the southwest side of the Lone knob, Es6til coundy: I Thickness. Elevation. I- Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches ________ _ Sandstone, in to benches, at north end of knob .--__.___-_-___ 12 623 ----- I.on ore and earth, resting on limestone-o0 _61 Suh-carboniferous limestone, upper beds hard, and in ledges S to 110 feet thick-- __ _ _ _ -._-_ -- 150 60i Knobstone and covered spate, with a few ledges nC hard sandsLone i cropping out_ 410 --_ 1 451 ------ Shile beds, containing kidney-shaped mases of carbonate of iron 15 - _-141 _- Black slate -_--__-_- 26 __._ 261. Branch at foot of knob. I The steepness of the hill being unfavorable to correct results by the Locke's level, the barometrical determination of the height is taken as being more reliable. Subsequently a carefully made detailed section of the sub-carboniferous limestone was obtained at Cottage furnace; by this section the limestones are found to be thicker than at the "Lone knob." I do not infer that the limestones at Cottage furnace were originally thicker than at the knob; but suppose that all the limestone at the knob may not have been included in the section above; the base of the inass was probably hidden from view at the knob. The whole line from the 216th to the 235th mile cro drains which out Into the limestona 527 528 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORLT OF GROLOGICAL SURVEY. The following section obtained on the 218th mile will give the char- acter of the beds cut by the branches of Cow creek, and especially the beds of sub-carboniferous limestone which are cut by all the drains on both sides of the ridge dividing the Kentucky and Red rivers from Cow to Lo Devil creeks, from the 218th to the 235th mile. The character of some of these drains and gorges will be particularly described in a subsequent part of this chapter. No. 12. Section of the limestone of the sub-carboniferous beds, tying between the knobstone beds and the great sandstone at the base of the coal measures of Estill, Powell, Owsley, and Morgan counties: Thickness. Elevation. Feet. -Inche. Feet. Inches. I I .. _ _ _ Thick, irregularly bedded sandstone; fine, sharp grit; remarkable - for obliquity of lines of deposition. produced by currets from the N. E. -- ----------------------------------- 10 -- - 293i _ Thin bedded sandstone, sharp grit -- i l 283 l-. Whitish silicious shales, wheu first opened gray-lead colored, espe- cially near the base __- __- __- __--- _ 2-2 -- 272 ------ Place of ore bea - Gray hales --------------------------------------- 2 _ 250 . Buff thin bedded earthy yellow limestone, contaising a few rusiljs; character not preserved _-- - _8 ----- 248 Thin bedded esrtby limestone, containing Retepora, Archemidee, and Pentremit- - ---_----- _-- _ 2 6 240 Thick bedded gray-drab limetone - - 13 237 4 Cotvered space, with alumino.s and calereois hakle _ _ l: 1 224 4 Whitish olitic limestone, in fiags, containing PFratresites pyrfs-l 10 smo f large size - -- --_----------------------- l 214 4 Buff limestone; upper part earthy and sort, breaking into irregu-l lar angular frnnents-.- 11 --_ 204 4 Semi-ooliic crystalline limestone, producing red earth by disinte- gration -- ---- ------------ - . 1-j 22 93 4 Rough oncrecionary bluisb-gray limestone - -1- 171 4 Gray limestone, with buff colored aegregations a--_-_- _.__ 2 6 161 4 Bright buff colored earthy limestone, non-foeiliferous -.-.-.- 4 6 158 e Irregular thin bedded greenish-gray limestone, non-fossiliferous- I the top of the bed having few beds of chert - _-_-___-_-_ 24 _ _- 154 2 Base of Cottage furnace stack. SEcti lo Ww Furaac'. Thick bedded limestone, semi-oolitic, upper part nost-fo-siliferons, containing beds and secregrtions of green fint, the lower part of the bed containing Penltremites, Crinoidea, Bellerophon, and remnins of fish_----------------------------_- ------- 22 --_ 130 2 Blue earthy limetone and ihales, containing corals, Spirifera, i Penbrmtular, Retepora, and Crinoidea- - 38 6 108 2 Soft earthy yellow limestone -_------_-_-__ -_ 56 60 6 Base of sub-crboniferous limestone. Section sf Kabars hes Cow cQrw ek Soft greenish siliciou hle, (knobuwne)- -_-.__ -_ - _-- 32 --- 64 ._ 6 Hard beds of greenish sandy hle -1-_-_-_-_-_-6 -- - 16_ 32--- lHrd heth of fne grieed sadaone 16 ------ 16 Ibd of Cow rek. TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The sub-carboniferous limestone, by this section, appears to be 186 feet thick. The knobstone is cut by the drainage 64 feet below the limestone, at the place where the section was taken. At the point uhere the base line crosses this branch the knobstone is cut much deeper- about 300 feet. This section, with slight modifications, would apply to the sides of the numerous deep drains which the line crosses to the 23-5th mile; the cutting into the knobstone becoming gradually less and less to the head of Miller's creek, when the knobstone disappears under the superior beds; the head of the section gradually increasing by the additional thickness of coarse sandstone and conglomerate, until the con- glomerate and associated beds attain a thickness or 243 feet-the sec- tional cuts made by the branches being kept up to about 400 feet. All the streams on the line have precipitous banks, either on one or both sides, from the 218th to the 235th mile. The valleys from the summit of one ridge to that of another vary from 1,400 feet to 3,500 feet. Of these drains, no less than forty were crossed in seventeen miles between the points referred to. Our work, in crossing these abrupt valleys, was very laborious. Owing to the precipitous character of the walls of these valleys, it was neces- sary, in crossing them, either to head the valley or to find a break in the wall, on one side, by which to descend; making egiess from the valley by some similar drain on the other side; but, since these drains were neither on the line nor opposite to each other, it was frequently necessary to valk from one to three miles to cross ravines only 2,000 feet wide. In addition to these difficulties, the sides of the drains were frequently grown over with underbrush, matted into a dense mass by vines gro`wing amongst it. The ridge dividing the waters of Kentucky and Red rivers, (the summit of which is also the dividing line between Estill and Powell counties,) and the continuation of the same ridge dividing Morgan and Owsley counties, frequently crosses the base line in its tortuous course towards the heads of the water courses by which it is eroded. At the head of Miller's creek the ridge is interrupted and is no longer continuous. Miller's creek rises north, and the South fork of Red river south of the summit, thus throwing the highest ridge in lines nearly at right angles with the axis of the main ridge, which again assumes a continuous line on the east side of' Miller's ereek. The 67 529o TOPOGR APHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. course of this ridge deviates sometimes several miles from a straight line, the irregularities being sometimes in curves and sometimes forming the sides of an acute angle. The " Old Furnace " of Estill county lies north of the 223d mile. The highest land found in the county lies half a mile west of the furnace, vhere the sub-carboniferous limestone comes nearly to the top of the ridge. The ridge is capped by the ore bed under the great sandstone before alluded to. At this locality the ore is associated with a thin coal from 2 to 6 inches thick. East of the furnace, near the 224th mile post, the coal of this geological horizon has increased in thickness to nearly two feet. It has been opened and wrought; but the supports of the drift haLve fallen in so as to make it at present inaccessible. North of the furnace lies a fine example of the sandstone at the base of the coal mesures. On the north side it is 235 feet in height. The summit of this rock is less elevated than the sub-carboniferous limestone half a mile to the south of the furnace. Between the furnace and the "State House "-a conspicuous clilf of this sandstone the rocks are seen dipping to the north from 50 to 20, with evidence of much slipping towards the north. The ridge along its whole length shows a dip on either side away from the ridge both to the north and to the south. The high land west of the furnace is dome-like, and the dip is also from it in all directions. The materials at the base of the State House sandstone are found to vary remarkably in short distances. The sandstone is usually found resting on beds of silicious shale, with locally thin bedded sandstone, which, when present, are found to be well marked by impressions of fossil plants. Under the sandy shale and sand- stone thick beds of clay are found in certain localities, which is used as a fire clay at the old Furnace, and is reported to be of excellent quality. It is usually under the horizon of the fire clay bed that the ore bed is found. In some localities the clay and sandy shales are absent, and the ore is found resting on the water-worn surface of the sub-carboniferous limestone. The base of the " State House " sandstone, in such cases, is separated from the ore bed by a thin bed of clay or silicious shale. The modifications of these beds are numerous; the above mentioned are the most common. The ores are raised both by stripping and by dilling; the lWd varying in thicknss fronm 3 to 24 inobh. Not having the time 630 TOPOGRAFICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. at command, while carrying the base line through the territory where these beds are most favorably cut, the associate beds have not yet received the examination that their importance demands. The 224th mile post falls near the corner of Powell county, in the Estill county line; the base line crosses to the north side of the ridge, within a few yards of the corner; after crossing one stream the line recrosses the ridge to the south side. The 226th mile post talls on the slope of the hill, on the east side of Miller's creek, having crossed the branch called Lowry's branch of Mil- ler's creek. The 227th mile crosses to the north side of the ridge, and again lies in Powell county. The dividing ridge lies south of the line from the 227th to near the end of the 233d mile, making a great bend to the south between the 231st and 233d mile. From the 233d to the middle of the 236th the line lies in Owsley county. On the 230th mile the conglomerate sandstone attains its maximum thickness, and the hills are capped with soft beds lying above it. The drains and creeks cut the knobstone for the last time on the line on the 229th mile. Eastwardly from the 229th mile the bends of the streams are nearly all at right angles, sharp and abrupt-the valleys walled by the mass of coarse sandstone, which is so prominent a feature on Baker's branch of Little South fork of Red river, Graining Block creek, and numerous nameless branches on the north side of the ridge; and on 'Miller's creek, Low Devil, and smaller streams on the south side of the ridge. Some of the walled sides of the Little South fork are said to be impracticable for seven miles, where it is walled in, nearly perpendicularly, to the height of 200 to 300 feet without a break. The same remark will apply to the valleys of the numerous branches of Graining Block creek. The head of the Hotel branch terminates abruptly against a cliff 250 feet high, the chasm being about the same width. The base of the sandstone is frequently exposed from the 227th to the 234th mile; it was examined carefully on the line for the ore and coal beds of this horizon. The coal was seen in several valleys. The ore bed was not observed east of the 227th mile. North of the line, on the main branch of Graining Block creek, the coal is said to be four feet thick, (on the 233d mile.) On a branch of Red river, north of the 254th mile, three fourths of a mile distant from the line, the coal was 631 532 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. seen well exposed; it was only eighteen inches thick. At this locality no traces of the ore were seen. The rocks begin to dip more rapidly toward the cast on the 236th mile; and at the crossing of Swift's Camp creek the top of the con- glomerate sandstone is seen for the last time, the level being much lower than at the head of Low Devil creek, where it is the surface rock. About 80 feet above the conglomerate is a sandstone, into which is wedged a coal, varying from a line to several inches in thickness. This bed is frequently parted and insinuated between the cracks of the rocks above the place of the bed. The sandstone varies, in diflfient localities, fiom 15 to 35 fiet. It is usually well marked by impressions of plants. The space between the conglomerate and this bed is filled with soft material, mostly covering the outcrop of the strata. The parts exposed were composed of sandy and aluminous shale. When decomposed, these beds form a soil which produces well for a short time, especially in places where the surface is reasonably level. Near the top of the conglomerate, and at the base of the soft beds, is generally a belt of hemlock, and white and yellow pine timber; while the upper part of the soft bed supports a heavy growth of poplar, white oak, black oak, and black gum. At the Spruce gap, at the head of Low Devil creek, the dividing ridge is very much depressed. It was through this ' gap " that the original inhabitants prassed on their journeys between Red and Kentucky rivers. The old Indian trace through Spruce gap is even now considered the best route between the two streams. The soft beds referied to above, as lying above the conglomerate, are probably the equivalent of the shales of Little Sandy river, (see Vol. 2, page 351, Kentucky Reports,) given in the upper part of the section as being 100 feet thick. A more detailed section is now given on page 352. No coal beds were seen in this mass. The cuts on this part of the line are unfavorable for special sections. The hills of soft measures rise as high as three hundred (300) feet above the drainage, marked by two to four benches of harder materials. No beds of coal or iron ore are seen from the 237th to the 243d mile, which reaches and crosses Stillwater, a branch of Red liver. Considerable disturbance is again seen in the rocks on the east side of S6llwater creek On the west side, on the lain of Mr. David Rose, the TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GBOLOGICAL IUVRET. first coal above the conglomerate is again seen-it is only 6 inches; five feet below the coal is a bed of compact silicious rock, containing from 4 to 6 per cent. of iron (). Lithologically it is the exact counter- part of the silicious bed near the road at Star furnace, Carter county. This bed would fall into the section at Star furnace, given on page 353, Vol. 2, Kentucky Geological Reports, immediately above the Star fur- nace sandstone. South of 243d mile post the coal bed above referred to lies in the bed of the creek, at the old mill. The sandstone at the first locality which overlies the coal bed thins out in the disrance of half a mile, and the coal at the second locality is covered by silicious shale. On the farm of Mr. Abraham Swango, eastwardly of the second locality half a mile, the coal and sandstone are brought above the drain- age, to be again carned down by a dip of from 5' to 165. This rapid dip continues a very short distance, and at Mr. Adam HaTmon's we have the coal, seen at Stillwater, again brought down to the level of the drain- age. The hills from Stillwater to Lacey's creek, 243d to 246th mile, rise above the drainage fiom 180 feet to 2.50 feet. The section of the base of these hills, so far as obtained, shows the same measures on both creeks. Ascending the road branch of Stillwater creek one and a half miles, the dividing ridge between Stillwater and Lacey's creek is reached. The elevation above the three vein coal, in section No. 13, is 190 feet, divided into four benches or terraces. The road passing through a gap, the extreme height of the hill is not given. The last section of these beds was obtained near Mr. Harmon's, as follows: 533 534 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVET. No. 13. Section of coal measures on Stillwaler, near the farm of Mr. Adam Harmon. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Indc Feet. Inches. Sandstone bench- -_--_----__--__--_--_---__--_-___-__ 25 -_ 88 10O.; Sandstne..-_ I 6 I 63 10 sdy shale -_------------------------------------------ 3 . 62 4)4 CoI ---- __6 59 4 !4 Sa-dy shale _--_--___--_------_--___-___-_-- - ------- 2 58 104 C - ------------------- - ----------8---- Shale -_--_--_------_-_ -__-_-__ 6 57 11 C a - --- ---- --- - ----- --------- --- -- -- ------ -------- ---- - -- --- 1 i 1 5 7 5 S Bluish aluminous clay _-_-_-__-.__-_-_---_- _.-_-___ 1 4 -_ 57 4 Bluish aluminous clay, with fossils ___-_-_-___-__ - -_ 2 53 4 S-ndy shale- ---- 13 ------ 51 4 Thin bedded sandstone----_----- _ _--- 2n 4 4 Btoe and black shale ------------------------------------ 18 _ 28 4 Sa-datonethick bed-_-__-_-__-___---__-__-__------- 4 ___ 10 4 Col, 4 to 15 inches --------------------------------------- _ _ 4 6 4 Sh.le, 4 to 6 feet- 6 --6 1 6 Sandstone, thin bedded; branch; equivalent of Star furnace stack sandstoLe. On the road line from camp on Stillwater, to Lacey's creek, two exposures of the section at Stillwater was seen on the waters of Lacey's creek. The materials composing the hills between Stillwater and Gilmnore creeks are soft; the hills rounded, and very steep. Immediately south of the line, 247th mile, on Lacey's creek, on the farm of Mr. Jos. Rose, the following section was obtained; it appeats to be the equivalent of section 13 at Mr. Harmon's, with the addition of the masses below, seen at MIr. David Rose's, on Stillwater, (243d mile.) TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 583 No. 14. Section of coal measures on Gilmore's creek, on 2481/h mile, base line. Thicknes. Elevation. Feet. Incebs Feet. 'Inches. I __- __ - _ __ Covered space, occasionally showring beds of sandy shale ---- 60 104 Coarse lose textured sandstone.-H -. _58. - Sandy mic ceous shale, dark-gray and yellow - - .6 Si) Bluish shale... - _-_-- 61 44 Coal. Bitunninsu_ - - --- 6 41 Shale, (ilicious mu.d) _-_-_-.8--- 42 6 Coal Bituminous ---------- - --7 34 6 Aluminous parting, clay - _ __-_- 1 8 33 9 Col. Shaly cannel or splint7 ----__-_-_-_-__-_-_-___--- __ _ 32 1 Aah colored shale --- 15 31 5 Gra sandy shale -_ I 4 l6' 5 PYritilerous sndstone . ---- 2 10 16 I Sandstone, thick masses- _ _----- ----- 1 8 .- 12 3 Shaly sandstone ------- - -- 4] 3 Sandstone -- - -- I _ 2 7 Shale, lead-gray _ ..-_-------I-- -2 1 7 Sandstone ------_- _-_---- _------------------5-------- I 5 5 Branch .l The beds cut by the valley of Gilmore's creek are the same as those of Lacey's creek, Section 14. The section is not exposed quite so low on the latter as the former. The sandy shale and sandstone are ,near the foot of the hills, which receive an additional thickness of shale and sandstone upon the top. All the beds appear to be composed of coarser materials than further west. The hill land is becoming poorer as the materials become coarser. On the 250th mile the hills, in a few places, on the highest points, are capped by a Led of sandstone about 20 feet thick; the ridge north of the 2.5 1st mile, the divide between the head of Johnson fork of Licking and Red river, is capped by this last rock. Immediately beneath the sand- stone capping the ridge is a bed of iron ore; judging from surface indications, the bed is from 18 to 20 inchcs thick; the ore appears to be of good quality. The extent of this ore bed was not ascertained; it appears on most of the ridges between the Road fork and main Red river, above Widow's creek; extending east and northeast, disappearing to the south and southwest; the hills in the latter direction being cap- ped by measures lying beneath the ore bed. Between the first and second branches or Johnson fork of Licking the sandstone oaps the top of the hill; the measures binesth it being 536 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVE. quite soft, while the sandstone is quite bard, it has been undermined, and immense blocks of it are broken and tilted toward the valley. Some of the blocks are from 30 to 40 feet in length, 25 to 30 feet wide, and 20 feet thick-being remarkable objects; capping, as they do, high very steep hills, composed of softer materials, which in many places are not sufficiently wide to receive one of them on the top with- out part of the block projecting over the sloping sides. The valley of Wheelrim fork of Johnson cuts below the tops of the hills from three hundred and forty (340) to three hundred and seventy- five (375) feet. At the crossing of this branch, near Mr. Elam's, the following section is seen: No. 15. Section at the cros8ing of Wheetrim creek, (255th mile.) Thicknes. Elevation. Feet. ches. Feet. Inches. Steep hill, in three terraces, capped by waste of " top hill rock "- 312 - 347 _-_ Co-. Bituminous ------------- _-_ 6 135 Gray sandy shale ---------------------_--------------- 4 __ 34 6 CaI_ _ _ _ --- - 1 30 6 Sandy and aluminous shale -__1---------i 3 29 11 H ald -- - ------------------------------------------------_ __ _ _ -_-_ - 8 28 8 Sandy shale -------------- 7 - 2 Sandstone --- ------ --- ------ --- ------------- I 2 ------ 21 Shale, Sndy --14 --- ------------------- -- 4 - -9 Micaen-us sandstone and shale 5 5 Bed of Wheelriu branch. There can be no doubt as to the equivalency of these with the beds at Lacey's creek. The same beds as those of this section are seen on Johnson's fork for several miles, variously modified in a few feet as to the thickness of the coal and the separating masses. On the face of the same cliff the changes are sufficient to alter every figure in the section. On Johnson's fork, at the " Rock House," the following section is cut: ToPOGRA"mcAL REPRT OF GEOLOGICA SURVEYT. 57 No. 16. Section at "Rock House," on Johnson creek, north of 254th mile, base line. Thicknem. Elevation. Feet. Inches.' Feet. inches. Sandy shaele, d I a ------------------ 25 5 Bituminous shalt.------------------ - - 4 5 4 ;Tdyshaie---------------------- - - I I s 6 --- Btuminous.----------------------.--- - I 8i 4 Bituminous shale -------------------- - - - 5 3 a Coal--------------------------- - - : I:: 51 3 3 Underclsy --------------------- - - 1 7 2 7 Gray sandy shale ------------- ------------- Bed of creek.I The bills south of the place of this section, as determined by barom- eter, are 350 feet in height above the drainage. The tops of some of the ridges receive the ore bed and the sandstone above it. The measures on the east side of Wheelrim creek are divided into three benches, above the top of the shale beds at the top of section 16. The upper of these benches, or terraces, is capped by a slope lying under the top bill sandstone and ore bed. The bill may be divided as follows : No. 17. Section east1 side of Wheelrim, creek, (255th mile.) Thickness. Elevation. Feet Inches. Feet. Inches. Corered spac, principally shalea, with capping or sandstonet__ 58 7 254 16 Covered "e, to top ofterrace, (2d)-------------- 15 166 3 Corered space, sandy shale, with a few plates of sandstone - I12 7 148 3 To fshale in section 16. Saos6. -------------------------25 5 25 a Bed of branch. The dip to the northiwest with the valley in one mile is equal to 95 feetk as the rocks are slipped toward the line of the great streams and from the dividing ridge. No fault was observed after a careful exam- ination; the dip being apparent on Johnson's creek, east of this place, carrying the section at the head of the valley to nealy the same height above the branch for four miles down the stream, which has a rapid fial 68 537 638 OPORPH[CAL REPORT OF GUOWUICAL UDRVEY. The line from the 255th to the 258th mile post lies along the spurs and breaks, into the valley of the Long branch of Johnson fork, lying on the same measures. The 259th mile enters the breaks and crosses the valley of Cow creek. On the 259th and 260th miles the hardening of the measures of section 17 is quite manifest; the slopes beneath the terraces fre- quently present benches of compact, coarse sandstone, from 5 to 10 feet thick. Near the line on the Middle fork of Licking river the beds rise above the creek, and a section was obtained from Middle fork to the top of the ridge east of Cow creek. By barometer the height of the ridge is 314 feet. The thickness of the different members composing it are as follows: No. 18. Section of hil between Middle fork of Licking river and Cow creek. Thcl Feet.I Heavy sandstone, 15 to 25 feet --_-_-_-_-_-_ - 15 Shales and ore bed - _------------ 5 Sandstone and hard sandy shale, from 80 to 100 feet thick.---- 90 Whitish silicious clay- ------------------_ 8 Loose coarse sandy shale -_------ _-- 75 Black bituminous shawe -__----_----- 2 Bituminous coal, 26 to 28 inches ---__ -_-_-__-_ 2 Compact sandy shale -_-- _-- _------_-- 10 Sandstone ------ 30 Sandy shale- ___--------- -- 9 Coal, 4 to 6 incheb thick -_----___--- _-__-__ 4 Sandy shale, 7 to 9 Ieet- -__------ __--_-_- 8 Sandstone, mnarked by fosil plants, thin sbeets of coal injected 6 Coal _ _- - -- - - -- - -- - - -- - _-_ Sandy shale in slope, partly covered -_-_-_-_-_-_-____15 Middle fork. wnes. Ele-vtion. Inches. Feet. Inese 280 ------ 265 _ 260 _ 170 __-_ _ 162 _ 6 87 ._-_ 2 84 6 82 4 -- -- 72 4 _ __ - 42 4 33 4 29 4 _ _ _ 21 4 4 15 4 _ _ 15 = The masses of rock by their united thickness make only 280 fiet; while the height of the hill is three hundred and fourteen (314)-a difference of 34 fet-there being that amount of dip in the length of the section. The direction of the dip is east The west side of the ridge gives nearly the same result; the measures are not quite so well exposed, and the dip, being more rapid, the measures at the base of the section on Middle fork are carried below the drainage on Cow creek. The line between Middle fork and Licking rivers lies over hills which TOPOGRUPHICAL REPORT OP GOWGICAL MSVEY. are not sufficiently high to receive the ore bed and the sandstone over it. At one point on the divide the wasted blocks of the top hill sand- stone was seen. East of Gardiner's branch the hill has lost in altitude and materials. The following section exhibits the characters of the mass of the hill at 263d mile post: No. 19. Tbicknessl Elevation. Feet. Inche, Feet. Inches. Top of hill. I Sandstone, separated into 3 maswa by shale beds, 4 to 6 feet each 88 ------ 145 8 Dark lead-gray and dove colored shale -.---_-_-_------ 57 8 57 d Bed of Gardiners branch on shale bed. To this section, on the 264th mile, near Licking river, the same beds are cut about 30 feet deeper than at Gardiner's branch. In the mass of shales near the top of 57 feet, section 19, a coal is seen on Licking river. Near the water, 71 feet below, a thin coal is seen. The shales below the sandstone, section 19, have increased in thickness regularly, from the west toward the east. On the waters of Licking and Burning fork, they are modified by the intercalation of limestone, either in inter- rupted beds or segregated masses. Occasionally the shale beds are less earthy, and run into sandstone beds of greater or less thickness. The intercalated beds of limestone in the shales at Licking river, and in the valley of Burning fork, produce a corresponding change in the character of the soil and timber-the forest on the wasted shale in limestone beds being beech, sugar-tree, ash, buckeye, linn, &c. The following section is from the north side of the valley of Burning fork, near the house of Mr. John Prather, (267th mile): 539 540 POGRAPHICAL REPORT O GEOLOGICAL SRVffE. No. 20. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Coarse sandstone, usually covered by pine forests - ------ 30 ------ 159 9 Sandy shale, gray and yellow- - _ __- __- _-_-38 --__ 129 9 Black shales, with thin coal, (sugar-tree horizon, limestone) --- 17 91 9 Sandy shale-s - _ _- __-_- __-_- 40 84 9 Heav mes nicaceous sandstone -------------------------- 16 ------ 44 9 Bituminous shale -_--------__ ---- 1 2 281 9 r- -sns- --u- coal- _____11 27 i 7 Siliciois under clay -_-__-_--1 8 26 8 Sandy ahale, with a fewr beds of thin fleecy stones ---__-__ 16 26 Dark-gray shale, (micaceons) - _t _ -----) 10 __-__ Bed of branch, near Camp. The bill is distinctly divided into three terraces, with steep slopes between them. The coal at 27 feet 7 inches is pyritiferous, and entirely useless. The shales at the base of section are doubtless the equivalent of the upper part of the 57 feet 8 inches of the shale bed at the base of section 19. The shale beds at Licking are remarkable for their softness, great thick- ness, and dark color. They are recognized in all the deep valleys from Licking river to the 278th mile, (13 miles.) One and a half miles west of the place of section 20 a coal is in sight, near Adamsville. It is probably the 11 inch coal, at the base of section 20, which is thicker locally than at the place of the section. The dip from the head to the mouth of Burning fork is to the west, and with the line of the stream. The distance is six miles; the same beds being cut the whole length of the valley. The beds of iron ore do not appear in the valley of Licking and Burning fork; occasionally nodules of carbonate of iron are found in the drains, derived, apparently, from the shale beds beneath the coal, at 27 feet 7 inches, section 20. On the 267th mile the line crosses the road from the lower counties to Prestonsburg, and continues north of it to Big Sandy river. The rnad rises the ridge at the head of Burning fork by a gentle slope, crossing through a low gap; the separation between the waters flowing into Licking and Big Sandy is hardly apparent The line lying farther north passes the ridge at a rounded pinnacle in the ridge, at the bead of the Rock Lick branch, a tributary of Burning fork. At the head of TOPOGRAPHCAL EPORT OF GBOLOGCAL SURVEY. Rock Lick the drainage is on the coal, at 91 feet 9 inches, section 20, rising, by a steep grade, a hill 254 feet high, capped by the 20 feet of heavy sandstone seen at the head of Johnson fork of Licking. The ore bed under this rock was not seen at this point. Along the line of Rock Lick the lower coal (at section 20) has a thickness of 20 inches; the coal above, in same section, being represented by from 5 to 6 inches of bituminous shale. On the 247th mile these beds are separated by only a few feet of sandstone. The rock separating these beds here has the same general character of the rock supposed to occupy this horizon, seen on Lacey's creek, Johnson and Wheelrim creeks. If this deduction be the true one, the Licking shale beds are the equivalent of the soft measures seen at Swift's Camp, immediately above the great sandstone. The hill dividing the waters of Licking and Big Sandy becomes much raised, not by the addition of other rocks, but by the local elevation of the whole country. The beds of coal appear gradually to increase in thickness, subject, however, to many local changes. The sandstones are better defined, and it is probable that the shale bed immediately above the great sandstone is thicker than when it is first seen on Trace fork of Stillwater creek. The hill top sandstone, as found at the head of Red river, is a most unmistakable horizon. The rocks lying below it differ widely, both in composition and division, even in quite short distances, rendering sections taken of the same bed in different outcrops, in the same bill, dissimilar in thickness and material. The head branches of Middle creek, Green Rock fork, and South fork of Jenny's creek, falling into Big Sandy, head within a few yards of each other. Rock House fork beads east of the ridge, at the head of Rock Lick creek, and runs toward the north for a mile, when it turns abruptly to the west and passes through a gap in the ridge. On the south of the line the valley of Middle creek, within two miles, is 445 feet below the top of the capping rock, at the bead of Rock Lick. Eastwardly, on the 276th mile, the valley of Jenney's creek is 611 feet below the same point; a very considerable amount of this sum is due to dip. The 30 inch coal seen at A. J. Rice's dips with the line of Jenney's oreek, in half a mile, between Mr. Rice's and Mr. Payne Patrick's, S7 fee, about equal to the fill in the creek between the two points. C41 542 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SRVE1Y. At the 272d mile post the top of the ridge is covered with the iron ores of the bed under the sandstone, equivalent to the sandstone seen at the Red river, Johnson's fork, Middle fork, and the head of Rock Lick creek. This sandstone is, doubtless, the equivalent to the sandstone lying immediately above the Baker bank, Laurel furnace, the coarse sand- stones capping the bead of Cole and Alcorn creeks, the conglomerate lying over the Carrington and Highton banks, near Steam furnace, Greenup county, and the sandstone at the top of section at Clinton fur- nace, (page 362, Vol. 2, Kentucky Geological Reports.) On the 273d mile, near Jenney's creek, we have the follo wing section: No. 21. Section on farm of Mr. A. J. Rice, (273d mile.) Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches Top of low hill. Wasted shale bed __------ .__- __.__-_-- - -- __- 20 ------ 125 6 Sandstone -- 1 35 ----- 105 6 Bituminous shale- -- - - ------------------- 70 6 HIG __ _____L---_.___ ____ 3 _ 69 1 0 Silicions under clay --------------_-_-_-_-__-__-_--- - --- - 11) 66 10 Sandv shale __.----------_--_-_-__--------- ------ is __J 66 Sandstone --------------------------------------- - ------ 8 - 48 Sandy shale -_-- __-_-_-_-__------------_-_-_-___ 6 ------ 40 ___ Sandstone ---------- --- - -------------------- 8 --._ 34 .-____ Gray sandy shale _--_---- __-__-_- __-_-- - -- - is --- 26 Sandstone - _--_--_-------- __-.-__-__-- - _-._- _ 3 _ 8 -- Bituminous shale __--------------_--- __-_-- - -- - - 8 6 I C oal --- ---- ---- --- ---- ---- --- ---- ---- --- ---- -- - --- 1 0 4 1 0 Sandy gry shales ----------- _-----------------------4 4 4 10 Bed of Jenney's creenk. I Ii The shales at the base of the above section and upward, to 69 feet, are doubtless the equivalent of the beds on the east side of the river, at the crossing near Licking Station. The dip at the place of section is eastwardly. There are many changes in the direction of dip, running for short distances. The rocks are laid in waves; the apparent dip is, therefore, in various directions, the general direction being to the east or southeast The shales are probably increased in thickness at the base of the coal measures. The sandstone beds are becoming much better defined, and the coal beds have increased in thickness. The three feet coal (section 21) has a good roof; the face of the coal presented to the eye appears to be free of pyrites, and of excellent quality. TOPOGRAPEiCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURvuT. The line on the 273d, 274th, and 275th miles lays in the valley or on the spurs of main Jenney's creek-the 276th mile ending on the ridge dividing Aiddle creek from the main creek. The 277th mile crosses a high ridge between Middle creek and the East branch. The ridge embraces no new measures. The hills are remarkable only for steepness, and the increased thickness of the shale beds, and for the better definition and less thickness of the beds of sandstone. Half a mile south of the 278th mile, the following section lies near the bed of the creek: No. 22. Section on the east branch of Jenney's creek, south of the line half a mile. Thickness Feet. Inches Sandy shalea _--_------_--_----_,--_---- 45 Sandstone __--------_.--_.-_---- _- - 30. Sandy shale, I to 2 feet _-_-__-_-___-__---__- 2 Pyrititerous sandstone ---------------------------_-_-_-_-_ Black bituminous shale_ --------_ -_-- -10 Iron ore, 2 to 4 inches _-__- __-___-_--- _,___,___- 1 4 Coa - ----------------------------------------- 2 6 Under CIae-I - --__ I Sandy shafe _ -------------------- 15 - Clay and bituminous shale _-_-_-__- __-_-- _-__- -S 0 -1 ---------------------- --------------------------------_ ------ 6 Shale -__-__------------------------------------------ I Coat______________----------- ______-,____----- _______--- - 6 Sandy shale ------------- __-_-------3- Bed of branch. Elevadon. Feet Inches 111 1 66 1 36 1 34 1 33 5 32 7 32 3 29 9 25 9 13 9 a 6 4 6 3 6 3 -_ The dip is very rapid toward the northeast; rapidly running under the beds at the base of section; the line crowing the branch on the bed near the coal at 32 feet 543 This page in the original text is blank. INSTRUCT IONS FOR SDNEY S. LYON FOR THE PROSEUTION OF THE TOPOGRAPH- ICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY, N THE YEAR 1859. You will complete the base line; running its as heretofore from, your last station near the mouth of Little Paint creek, near the corner of Johnson and Floyd counties, due east to the Virginia line. You will select for this work the part of the season most favorable for your operations on the line-taking advantage of the high water of Big Sandy for the transportation of your supplies and camp equipage up to Prestonsburg, or other point on that river, most convenient to your start- ing station. You will also connect the base line in Hardin county with the surveys in Hopkins county, along the eastern margin of the western coal field, through the counties of Breckinridge, Edmonson, Hart, Butler, Muhlen- burg, Christian, and, probably, Warren, so as to define that boundary line. You will also make such surveys as may be necessary to connect said base line in Hardin county with the surveys in Hancock county, and thence to the Ohio river, so as to complete the eastern outline of the western coal field, from the point of intersection near the confluence of the Ohio river and Tradewater, to near Hawesville, on the Ohio river, in Hancock county, around the circumference of the entire western coal field. If time and means permit, you will also complete the Topographical Geological Survey of Hancock county-so as to construct the map of that county on the same scale and the same plan as that already exe- cuted of Hopkins county. You will bring your field work to a close in time to complete your 69 646 MIwuuMONe. plotting of the Topographieal work, and write up your Report by November, 1859, as well as to finish any other office work connected with your department of the Survey. You will also furnish me, in October, 1859, with a synoptical report of your entire surveys, made during the years 1858 and 1859. D, D. OWEN. CHAPTER II. REPORT OF THE OPERATIONS OF 1859, ON AND6NEAR THE MARGIN OF THE WESTERN COAL FIELD OF KENTUCKY. The work of the season began on the Ohio river, at Stephensport, Breckinridge county, extending into Breckinridge, Grayson, Edmonson, Hart, Warren, Butler, Logan, Todd, Christian, Muhlenburg, Hopkins, Ohio, and Hancock counties. By my instructions, I was required to extend the work of this'season so as to enable me to lay down the margin of the western coal field of Kentucky. The lines have been extended into the counties above enumerated, and a skeleton map is constructed on which is laid down the geological meas- ures, forming the surface rock, when intersected by the line of survey. The party under my direction began its field operations on the 21st of April, and closed on the 12th day of July. During the early part of the season the work was somewhat retarded by continued and heavy rains; notwithstanding which, the party has been able to accomplish during the time they remained in the field, 482 miles of line. A greater part of the region in which this work had to be done is the roughest country in western Kentucky. The margin of the coal field in western Kentucky is, as you are well aware, surrounded by the mill- stone grit sandstones and the intercalated beds of limestone and aluminous shales; usually dipping at a considerable angle. These formations worn into deep ravines, by most of the water courses, produce a broken country, while the interval between the streams is usually filled with steep, rocky hills. Within this margin of mill- stone grit the surface is generally more level, since the beds of the coal measures are spread out with a dip, becoming gradually more gentle from the margin toward the centre of the basin, with which the surfiwe of the country generally conforms. To define the margin of the coal measures, which was the principal object of the work of this season, the surveys were mostly located in or near the belt of the millstone grit, and associated limestones A familiar acquaintance with the several beds of the millstone grit, became of the first consequence to enable me to direct the work in such a manner as to accomplish the immediate object of the work of this 648 TOPOGRAPICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. season as rapidly as possible, and confine it to as narrow a belt of coun- try as practicable. In consequence, however, of the impracticable char- acter of the country, and the want of roads along my line of observation, many considerable divergences became necessary on either side of the exact boundary line to be defined; rendering it frequently necessary to run around a country instead of passing through it; which, if prac- ticable, would more effectually have accomplished the purpose intended, i. e., to define the margin of the western coal field. The surveys previously begun in Union county had been extended into Crittenden, Caldwell, and Christian counties; now it was necessary to extend them through the northern part of Todd, Logan, Butler, Warren, Edmonson, the western part of Hart, the southern and western part of Grayson and Breckinridge, to the Ohio river. The coal measures on the north and east side of Green river were found lying on the tops of the ridges and table-land. The branches and creeks cutting through them have carried portions of them away, leaving occasional patches and outliers on the ridges between the streams. Before entering upon the details of this survey, the following section of the millstone grit, and the limestone intercalated with it, will be given. The beds of this section will be designated in this chapter by the num- bers here severally atttached to them. No cut was found on the mar- gin of the basin which gave the whole section; it has, therefore, been constructed of two or more sections joined together-reference of local- ity being made to the place of each part of the -section: No. 22. Section of the Millstone grit beds, at the margin of the West, ern coal field of Kentucky, in Hancock and Breckinridge counties. Material. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. lInches. 1 6 511 8 Place of Breckinridge coal, Hancock co., under clay and andy shale. 40 510 2 Soft yellow sandstone. ;I _ _ i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL 8URVIY. Section No. 22-Continued. t Thickness. Elevation. F Inche.' Feet. IFnches. - -- - _ 1 470 2 Place of coal, (local.) Upper Tar sandstone, (I local.) Hea"y sandstone. Conglomerate, (local.) equivalent to the "Shot Pouch Sandstone," 2d Vol. p. 88. Place of thin coal, (local,) generallydark shale. 8 420 2 Steep coveredspace,limestone,() See Dia No. 4, Vol. 1, Ky. Geol. Reports, 410 2 Aluminous shale. 02 uz zsS -LtSandstone, thin beds, hard, fossiliferous, - t Lj-' Lfrom 4 to 45 feet thick, (local.) . LL- -' , r Material. 5U 10 d, q I E .4 -5 ti r. 84, 64g S I I7 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Section lNio. 22-Continued. Material. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. z_ z- 30 326 2 37 2961 2 13 11 4 8 259 205 191 16 --180 14 8 164 Limestone, containing Productus and Crinoidea. (Locality, King's Hill. Limestone, containing Beleropbon. e Covered s"ec, occasionally showing al-minous shale. The baaa of the mass aluminous shale. 10 Limestone in thick beds. 2 Aleminoua ihales. 2 Thin bedded sandstone. Tar Sandstone. 2 Thick bedded sandstone, Tar Sandstone. S 3 S e. A7 7. 5aO I ..... . ... -Z-,- --Z' 5651 TOPOGAPImCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SUIIVEY. Sedion No. 22-Continued. Thicknes. I Elevation. Feet. Inche. Feet. IInches 2 21 ,1 Yellowish gray limestone; thin beds. Buff limestone, (local.) Chert beds, (local.) Oolitic, (local.) White limestone. Coarse sandstone. Coarse sandtone; oblique beds of depoui- tion; 4 beds. Lower Tar Sping Sandstone, of Breck- inridge county. Marly shale containing leniucular m_ of limeatone. Limestone. Blue gray marl. FIne grained sandstone, 10 to 35 feet Cavernous member of sub-carboniferous limintone. I 4 149 112 Mderiel. . bg9._iA s,_ t. K.KM A. ,. t ds X,: t. . ebb.._ X; ,4 X ,R .&, L A f-a Ha, . .. ;.. . a. L L . .m L A. L ._.+ .4h C_ L 4X.4wNz L L. t .W_....XM _n_.. i, teXt''n w BS a+A'S _ . .1 FL . ..Wr ,l..Ws.; tt,,Lj g \ 4. W. ..7 +_s == &N; b .._..E P.. t I .L L 1 D _t .P;. v ..447 X= .i. L tt Lk A._ .4.. . : of o' w. ' X 4 .\... DLF ' At 04e y=.. S S A 02 t M 0'i S a, a a M 37 20 62 35 10 92 30 27 25 25 10 I I I 6 - ---I i l f . ; 552 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The Topographical Geological Survey begins at Stephensport, Breck- inridge county, on the Ohio liver, on the cavernous member of the sub- carboniferous limestone, (section 22.) The hills near the Ohio river rise rapidly, and include sandstones and limestones Nos. 1 and 2, the hill being capped by sandstone No. 3 in a few places; the various changes in these beds may be seen by the several sections on the lines traversing Breckinridge, Grayson, and Edmonson counties. On the east side of the mouth of Sinking creek the cavernous mem- ber of the sub-carboniferous limestone is in sight, while the beds on the west side are covered by the wasted materials of the same beds at their outcrop, and those lying above in the hill, concealing the lower part of the section. Half a mile south of Stephensport, the lower part of the hill, on the west side of Sinking creek, is made up of hard and soft material, producing two distinct terraces. From the top of the terraces to the top of the hill, we have the following section: No. 23. Section south of Stephensport, Breciinridge county, half a mile from the Ohio river. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches Top of hill. - Covered pace.------_-_--- - 30 -- 291 2 Yellow sandstone, with yellow alominous spots, in cavities)--__ 22 -- 261 2 Covered space_ --------54 _ 239 2 Limestone, upper part earth _ _ - 15- -185 2 Earthy ash-colored shale --- 16 -- 170 2 Sandstone - --------------------------- 20 ]-- 54 2 Pentr-nitul limestone _-_- __,-_---- ---- 8 _ 134 2 Thin bed of limestone ,-__,__,-_- __----_- ,__ 1 3 126 2 Gray limestone - -------------------------------- 3 - 125 11 Sandy mud bed -_,---_-_-------------------------- 2 11 122 11 Limestone - ,--------_-_-_,---_-_- __ 10 _-_-l-120 _-_ Covered space to bed of Sinking creek -__ 112 - 112 Bed of Sinking creek. - --j The hill is farther increased by the addition of superior beds; and at Mr. Thompson Greene's the hills are, by barometer, 413 feet high, or 122 feet higher than top of section, rising into the shales and limestones of No. 3, equivalent to the beds of Grayson Springs, Falls of Rough creek, and the beds above and at the base of the Nolin furnace. The triangular Bryazoa found in such abundance and perfection at the falls of Rough creek, was recognized here. It has a short, vertical range, and TOPOGRAPHIcAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL EURBVY. 553 has been found only in the upper part of the beds of the 3d limestone. The same beds are seen on the road between Lewi:port and Har- rodsburg; the dip is quite irregular. Though the same beds are seen between these two localities, there are certain modifications of the mate- rials worthy of note. The bed of limestone No. 2, at Mr. John Eider's, receives upon it a thick bed of aluminous shale and marlite. A well having been sunk in these shales at Mr. Elder's, the water was found to be so much impregnated with alumina and sulphate of iron (copperas) as to be unfit for use; even the cattle refuse to drink it. In the waste of the materials dug from this well are to be found crystals of sulphate of lime. The land upon these beds is rolling; generally heavy timbered with white oak, poplar, sugar-tree, gum, &c. The line crosses a ravine at 40,940 feet from Stephensport. in which is exposed a thin plate of Productus limestone, a part of limestone No. 2. This bed is seen at the crossing of Clover creek, and again in Hardin's creek valley. It has been seen in no other part of the millstone grit beds, and is probably quite local. About five miles south of Stephensport the road crosses a deep synclinal fold in the rocks, the deep valley cutting only to the top of the 2d limestone. The following section shows the change in the beds of the 2d lime- stone, as seen in the cut immediately north of Hardinsburg: No. 24. lTickness. Elevation. Feet. Inche.. Feet. Inches. Heavy sandstone, (sandstone No. 3) -- 22 -- 106 1 3 Aluminous sha-e- - _ -_-.-__-_-.-_ 6 !-- 94 3 Semi-oolitic limestone -__-- _--- 10t 4 : 4p 3 Yellow earthy limestone ---------------.-_- 15 8 77 11 C(rys.llized limestone 10 -- 62 3 Covered space, soft sandstone, top of sandstone No. 2 - 48 [ 3 52 3 Sandstone - - _ --------------------------- ------ 4 - 4 ------ Ha-din's creek. i From Hardinsburg southward, toward Winchell's mill, the rocks are quite horizontal; the surface rock generally being beds of sandstone No. 3, with occasional patches of limestone No. 3. These patches of 70 554 TOPOORAPHICAL REPORT O GEOOGIWCAL SURVEY. limestone No. 3 occupy usually only a few acres in extent, presenting the appearance of a flat knoll. The soils surrounding these knolls of limestone are modified by the addition of lime, derived from the beds in the knolls; a change of tim- ber invariably marks the margin of the influence of the lime beds. The upper part of sandstone No. 3, on the line before alluded to, is in thin beds, fine grained, decomposing rapidly. The lower part of the mass being a thick bedded, hard sandstone, resisting atmospheric influ- ence well; it stands out when cut in a bold escarpment. The chemical character of the whole mass is not such as to produce fertile soils by decomposition. The lack of phosphate of lime may he supplied by the fossiliferous limestones lying both above and below it; the lower bed being cut into by nearly all the drains crossing the road. Tewell's branch cuts through limestone No. 2 at the road, and runs on the top bed of sandstone No. 2. On the south side of the branch the dip is strongly marked 3 to 40 to the north. The bed of the North fork of Rough creek, east of the road, presents considerable disturbance. No. 2.5. Section on north side of North fork of Rough creek. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Coarse sandstone, conglomerate, (5th sandstone) -- 30 24- R Sandy shale, wiLk thin coal markings- - 2 - 244 8 Sandy shale --------------------------------- 14 242 8 Earthy yellow limestone - _--- _-_-_-__-__ 1 6 228 8 Cryscalized limestone, Pentnaer, &--__-__ - _ 2 -- 227 2 Limestone, partly covered -_--_ ------ 38 .- 225 2 Covered space _-_----------------------------------------- 74 187 2 Sandstone - ------------------------------------------- 21 1 6 113 2 Pentremital limestone -__ - - - --- 22 -- 91 8 Limestone talus.- _--_-----_-_-_-_-_-__ 2- 8 69 5 Thin bedded sandstone16 43 Heavy sandstone- _--------------- 16 2 27 Covered space- _ _ __ _ __ 10 8 IU 8 Bed of North Cork of Rough creek-l A trough occurs between Tewell and North fork of Rough creek; the hills and table lands are about the same in altitude as the table north of Tewell's creek. The base of the 5th sandstone is first sewn at one and a half miles TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT Of GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. of North fork. The second sandstone lies near the drainage on the south side of North fork, dipping rapidly toward the creek. On the north side of the creek, at the place-of Section 25, the rocks dip to the north as far as they are exposed. The beds of the branches flowing into the North fork show frequent waves and interruptions of dip. The hill on the south side of North fork is ascended on the sloping mass of sandstone No. 2, which becomes the surf-ace rock for some distiance. At the farm of Mr. Spencer the road ascends the 2d limestone and the 3d sandstone, capped by an outlier, or isolated patch, of the 3d limestone. The 3d sandstone then becomes the surface rock to MlcDan- ielsburg; from which point to Rough creek, at Winchell's mWl, the drains and branches lie in beds mostly on limestone No. 2 and the upper beds of sandstone No. 2. Near Rough creek a small patch of lime- stone No. 3 caps the tops of the ridge, on which the road lies. In no part of the route on the south side of the North fork of Rough creek has the waste of the 5th sandstone, or any bed of it, been seen. The beds of limestone Nos. 2 and 3, which are cut by drainage and denudation, near Rough creek, show the action of rapid currents dur- ing their deposition; the fossils are generally washed and broken. The triangular Bryazoa of the fills of Rough was seen in limestone No. 3, three quarters of a mile from the mill. The rocks are much disturbed and fractured near the mill. Imme- diately above the road crossing the rocks are the cavernous beds of the sub-carboniferous limestone. On the north side of the creek they are tilted at an angle of from 8 to 200 toward the northwest This dip continues for some distance up the creek, rapidly bringing to the light the sub-carbonilerous beds. On the south side of the creek the beds, from the sub-carboniferous limestone upward, are well exposed; they exhibit the unmistakable evidence of disturbances in the cavernous member of the sub-carbonif- e-ous limestone previous to the deposition of sandstone No. 1. The limestones of the former bed are cracked and slipped, forming deep notches between the standing and the slipped parts of the bed; the sur- face of the beds is water-worn, and the upper angular corners are rounded. Upon this worn surface, and into the notches, the thin, flag- like beds of sandstone No. 1 are deposited; Several of the first beds 6555 65 6 TOPOGRAPHCAL REPORT Of GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. being required to fill the vacancies occasioned by the sunken part of the limestone. The ends of the first beds abut against a perpendicular wall of it; after the cavities are filled, the beds are continuous over the bed previously deposited and the higher parts of the limestone beneath it. No. 26. Section of sub-carboniferous limestone and millstone grit beds, north side of Rough creek, at Winchell's mill. Thickness. I Elevation. Feet- Inche.s Feet. Inchs Covered space, dark clay shale.1 --_- __- - 21 a 245 a Limestone - _--------_------ 118---_-_ 214 .-__ Thin bedded sandstone, (probably lipped) --_- - 5 --- 196 _-_ Limestone -------------------25 -----1 91 WhiLte cL-y-----------------------------------__- 14 - 166 .-_ Sandstone, in heavy beds __-_-_-_-_-___---_-_-_- _ 60- _ 1152 _-__ Thick bedded limestone, very few, fessils -__-___----_-__ 20 _-__ 9_ ___ Filiciols. clay _-------- __--_-__-__-___-- ---- ___- 12 1-- 72 '-__ Fine grained sandstone __-_-_-__-_-__- - _ 10 --_-_-60 _-__ Three ledges of limestone, (eb-esrb.) --_.____-__-_--50 j--- 50 _-__ Rough creek. l From 50 feet to -bed of creek, belongs to the cavernous member of the sub-carboniferous limestone; 50 to 72, 1st sandstone; 72 to 92, to 1st limestone; 92 to 166, 2d sandstone, equivalent to the lower Tar Spring sandstone of Breckinridge county; 166 to 214, 2d limestone, increased in thickness. The hills near by contain superior beds to those at the top of section; they are not added because they are so much slipped and disturbed that they cannot be satisfactorily measured. The waters of the creek being so much swollen that crossing was not possible, the line was retraced to McDanielsburg, and taken up at-the forks of the road leading toward the Sulphur Springs, on the North fork of Rough creek. From the forks of the road to the Sulphur Springs the land lies level for two miles, when it rapidly falls off toward the creek, carrying down all the measures, in half a mile, about 100 feet. At the foot of this slope, limestone No. 2 is the surface rock. The rocks between this point and the Springs are broken into faults and waves. Near the Spring one of these waves is cut in section by the creek valley. A small branch flows into the North fork in the trough. The dip is from the main creek up the valley of the branch, which flows on the upturned edges of the rocks, which dip rapidly under its TOPOGRIAPICAL REPORT OF GEOOWGICAL UUTRETK. bed. Sandstone No. 1 caps the mouth of the branch valley; the lime- stones beneath are of the cavernous member of the sub-carbonilerous, The Sulphur Spring rises in the bed of the main creek. The strong dip here is nearly south; the direction of the dip at Winchell's mill is northwest; in both instances dipping away from the line of the creeks. The dip at North fork varies from 15 to 350. On the north side of the creek, near the Sulphur Spring, the dip is less rapid; 5 to 15' toward the southeast; and away from the bend below the Spring, and toward the bend above it. The rocks between Rough creek and Eskridge's ferry are all the beds of the millstone grit; the 5th sandstone capping the "Sand knob" near the farm of Mr. Owens. From Eskridge's ferry we have the following section-the thickness of the beds determined by barometer: No. 27. Section from Eskcridge's ferry to top of "Sandstone knob." Horizontal distance, one and a half miles. Thickness. Elevation. I Feet. Incbes. Feet- Inches - I Heavy sandstone. conglomerate in lower beds - -- _ 145 - 427 7 Covered space, showing shales, limestone, and sandstone at thel base - --1 --------- -- ---------------- 134 7 282 7 Sandy hale an.d limestone - _ 94 _- 148 4 . Covered space, heavy bed of limestone on top; part of sandstone showing near middle -__-_-- 54 54 Bed of Roagb creek. Crossing at Eskridge's ferry, the work enters Grayson county. The first elevation after crossing Rough creek is a steep rocky bluff of 45 to 50 feet; the base and middle of the mass consisting of the beds of limestone No. 2; the upper part being the lower beds of sandstone No. 3. Notwithstanding the many reversals of dip the beds are falling toward the southwest; the 3d sandstone being at least 200 feet lower than the equivalent bed at Wincbell's mill and McDanielsburg. The shale beds associated with limestone No. 3 have been found to diminish in thickness from Clover creek eastwardly; they are found to be thickening to the southwest. From the ferry to the falls of Rough and the Litohfield road the land is 657 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. nearly level; one outline of the shale and the limestone beds of No. 3 being encountered near the forks of the road to McGee's ferry. From this point the dip is south; the surface filling with the dip to the Lich- field road, which is entered at the junction of the beds of limestone No. 2 with sandstone No. 3. Towards Litchfield the road lies in the valley, and frequently in the bed of Pleasant run, a creek with a rapid fall. The valley of the branch, for a considerable distance, lies on the top part of limestone No. 2. Near the fCam of Mr. Jas. R. W. Eskridge the rocks dip rapidly to the southwest; the hill tops on the south being capped by a bed of coal; the hill rising above the branch 217 feetL No. 28. Section from Pleasant run to Snzith's bank; coal on hill, south of run. Thicknem. Elevation. Feet. fInches ) Feet. Inches. Covered space, sandy shale, () -- _- __-_-_-__- 30 -.-_- 21 _10 Iron ore bed, 15 L 25 inches- -_- ---_- I 6 1b7 10 Sandy shale - - _-_--_----------------------------- 15 1- 1 186 4 Black bituminous shale ------------------ - --- - 4 ------ 171 4 Bituminous .al ____-- __-- __-- __--__--__--__--____-___-__ 2 167 4 Blck rash, sometimes bituminous shale- 1_-_-__-_-_-_-I- l 4 165 4 Under clay and shaLe - ----------------------15 165 Sandstone, thin beds, (5th sandstone) - - -- 20 1--_150 Steep covered space, top showing coarse sandstone -- - 65 _ 137 _____ Covered space, limestone and shale (i beds _-___-_--_-___-_ 72 72, Pleasan run. The coal of this section is the lowest coal seen on the margin of the basin south of Rough creek and north of Green river. It probably lies above all the heavy beds upon the 5th sandstone. From Pleasant run eastwardly towards Litchfield the road line does not rise above the 4th sandstone. The aluminous shale associated with limestone No. 3 increases rapidly toward the east, especially the beds forming the upper part of this divi- sion. In some localities, the middle part of limestone No. 3 contains Pentremites sulcatus, () Rom. This fossil has a short vertical range, and has not been found in any other bed; it is probably a distinguishing and characteristic fossil form of limestone No. 3. It is a rare form, and is found only in certain localities in this bed. 558 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL UVET. 55 By the line from the Litchfield road to Winchell's wgill, Little Clily is crossed near the Sulphur Springs. The line of Little Clifty pre- sents considerable disturbance, the bed of the creek being on the cavernous member of the sub-carboniferous rocks. Sandstone No. 1 is quite thin. Immediately below the Spring, an enormous mass of sandstone No. 2 has fallen toward the creek, and forms the bank on the west side of it. The exact arrangement of the rocks was not investigated. On Little Clifty, west of the Spring, the superior rocks are much broken, and in many places are cavernous. Between Little Clifty and Alum Cave fork the beds of sandstone No. 2 and limestone No. 2 are the only beds above the drainage. At the crossing of Cave fork, the upper part of limestone No. 1 is nearly even with the water of the creek; the beds exposed are soft and shaly, and contain great numbers of Productus, Terebratula, and comminuted re- mains of Crinoidea. The rocks dip to the west and south, frequently interrupted by small f&ults, by which the rocks are again raised. The point of intersection with the Winchell's mill and Litchfield road (line D) is on sandstone No. 3. The rocks dip towards the north and northwest from this point nearly to the mill, with occasional waves reversing the dip. The waves are generally small; the effect is quite inconsiderable. The following section, taken three miles south of Rough creek, at Winchell's mill, will show some of the changes which are presented in the millstone grit beds, and towards the south and southeast: No. 29. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inhes. Feet. Inches. Bluish-buff sandstone, in thin plates; breaking into rectanglawr_ and parallelograrnic blocks, (4th sandstone,) fossiliferous; the plates searted by aluminous shale --_-__-_-__-__-_ 20 _ __ 243 _ Limestone, buff colored beds - __-__-__-__ _- 18 -- 223-- Shale bed, seen as red aluminons clay- --- _-_-_ 12-- 205-- Gra limesone, thin plates - __-- _--_---_ _12 -- 193. Shale, seen as yellowish clay __-__- __-__-_-__-_-_- 10 --- 1 Limestone _-_-- ---- --1-------- ------------------------ I - 171 Shale bed, seen as black clay -_- --- 8 153. Thin bedded sandstone, impregnated by coal tar, (3d sandstone) - 25 1 145 Limestone, oolitic, 38 to 40 -_- _- _411 i _ 201 __ Sandstone, heavy beds, (2d sandstone) .----_-__-_-__- 75 ------ 75 ----- Lirnesstone, thin beds -_:-- _--_--------_--_-_ 10 - Bed of branch. 569 560 TOGRAsffCAL RoR! OP GEOLOGICAL uRVEY. One mile south of the place of section, sandstone No. 3 is well marked with fossil tar, and measures 30 feet thick. The base of the 2d limestone is well seen; the beds are thicker than at any heretofore observed locality. The summit of the ridge dividing Rough creek and Nolin river, two miles north of Litchfield, has a capping of the wasted beds of the 5th sandstone; some of the localities still preserves the ores equivalent to the bed at the top or Section 28. South of Litchfield, on the Grayson Springs road, the shale beds associated with limestone No. 3 have increased in thickness. In the fol- lowing section, one mile northwest of the Springs, the character of this change is set forth: Thickness. levtion. Feet. Inches Feet. Inches. Top of wasted materials of sandstone No- 5 ----------- 8 -- 123 3 Femiginos sandy shale._ ------------ 20- 112 3 Yellow aluminous shale, containing iron ore- - 2 92 3 Gray aluminous shale. _-_-__-_-_- - 4 90 3 Yellow alunminous 'bale _-___-_--- - 5 86 3 Blue susninous shale -- . _ 3 li 3 Yellow aluminoos shale _-__-_- __-__---- _- __- 2 78 3 Yellow sluminous shale, hard _-_-_-_-__---- _ 5 76 3 Reddish luminous Asble _.--- - 5 4 71 3 Covered space, aluninous shale, with fragments of mandstone No. 4 30 4 65 11 Earthy ferruginous limestone -_-_-----1 5 35 6 Earthy ferrnginoss limestone, shell bed - -_- ._- _ 1 5 34 1 Yellow aluminous limestone, 4 to 6 inches - __- - 6 ---- 32 8 Red alum.inous clay, (Indian red), breaking into angular blocks- 10 8 32 2 Yellow cly shales. in place_ _ ---- _- __-_-_.-__ -: 51 4 21 C Yello and bhie shale __-- - 16l 2 16 2 Bracb, head of Bear creek. The changes in color between the beds of shale are sharply defined; the colors are very bright. The 4th sandstone is represented by a few segregated blocks. Limestone No. 4, if represented at all, is repre- sented by clay shale. On Bear creek, below Grayson Springs, the lower part of limestone No. 3 is seen, represented by 28 feet of limestone, 10 feet of blackish gray shales, above which lies the fossiliferous bed of this locality. I am not able to fill the hiatus at the base of the above section; the yellow and red shales at the base of the section are not seen at the Grayson Springs TOPOGR.PMCAL REPORT OF OlOLOWICAL SURVET. 561 The section continued downward, by adding the members outcropping at the Springs, will be as follows: No. 2 9. Thickness. Elevati. Feet. Inches. Feel. Inches. Break at bess of Wsytion. Tr-p of point below G-rayOn Springs. Co-veredl 'pire. al'lnsinlus -h s l --s- 1P 5-_61 2 Cry-.tlli-ie lime-runfe, rm slits of Crinoides _- - - 3 6 45 2 Thib 1edded lime-sie, Cdino d lie--.-1---------------------- I 41 8 Al--misious shale, di,.cek ad gray earth --10 41) -- Limestose, in solid msses - - -3-- 1 30 'ajp or1 -a nWsdxstone. Remmrkable changes of dip are observed south of Litchfield. The rocks are sometimes disposed in waves which conform to the hills. Descending towards the head of Bear creek the dip is rapid and singu- lar. Near the Spuings it is frequently as high as 250. From the Springsfl, eastwardly, to the Millerstown road, the body of sandstone No. 2 is seen on the north side of the creek, rising in bold cliff5. The surface rocks on the south side, near the stream, being the aluininous shale beds of the top of section 29. brought down, probably, by a fault. The top of the ridge, between Bear and Rock creeks, is capped by shale beds or the waste of the SLth sandstone. The hills along the road affords no well exposed section. The valley of Rock creek is bounded by the 2d sandstone-on the south side of the creek standing in wall-like masses-is here covered with hemlock and laurel. On the east side of the creek the road ascends the masses of sand- stone No. 2, limestone No. 2, sandstone No. 3, and one bed of limestone No. 3, with about 6.5 feet of clay and nmarly shales, to the base of the 5th sandstone, when it ascends the divide between the Hunting branch and Rock creek. This ridge is capped for about a mile with a few feet of the base of the 5th sandstone, from 10 to 50 yards wide, resting on the beds equivalent to the shales at top of Section 28. The saud- stone here is a coarse conglomerate, containing few impressions of fossil plants. At the east end of the ridge the rocks have become thinner. The rocks of section 22 are passed over in descending toward 71 562 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Millerstown, from sandstone No. 5 to the cavernous member of the sub- carboniferous limestone. No exposures are seen upon the road, except at the base of limestone No. 3 and the beds of the cavernous member. The top of these beds is buff; having much the character of the buff beds of limestone No. 3. Sandstone and limestone No. 1 are neither of them seen; they are probably absent. The great faults and disturbances beginning at the end of the depositions of the cavernous member, which were so well exposed at Winchell's mill, directed attention particularly to the lower beds of the millstone grit. To the southwest, down the valley of Nolin river, and along the Hunt- ing branch of Rock creek, we have, on ascending from the river, the following section: No. 30. Section at N1oin rirer, at Millerstowtn, to the N. W. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. ,Inches. Feet. Inches. C r-!--qfIe sapdqone, (5th 5tnddc)e-, Top on n-ti, head.,I Hting branch_________ 20 --- 300. Cl-v ahalea-Il.:, kI11- the head of br-nch, becoming thinner to the west-___ _ ____ __.___ _ 70) __ 250 __ S tr-ds -one -No.3 ---------------------------------------- 27 210 Lsne.tone seen at Hodger'o tan-card ___ -30 - 190 __-__ S-ndstone at top Of hill at Millerotown; sandotone No- 1, or N-t I and 2 together, ()_. __---------------------------- 60- 160 ._____ Gisi clay shale ------------------_-__-__-- - -- 7 ____ 100 Limeotone. containing P-oductut - __-__-__-___-_____ 8 --_-_ 93 Cl-l bhale, -ftz bed ------------- ------------ ------------ 15 -- -- __ _ 5 . _ V'hite and gray :imestoe, sob-carboniferous --------------- 70 ------ 100 ------- Nioln river. lI On the head of Hunting branch sandstone No. 4 appears in consid- erable force, and the shale beds above it are diminished. The dip lies in the direction of the line of Hunting branch, and the r5th sandstone is brought down to the drainage near "Sugar Camp," below which, for a short distance, the dip is interrupted; finally, at the mouth of Hunting branch, the line of the branch becomes a regular IUlt; on the south side sandstone No. 4 is the surface rock; on the north, the base of limestone No. 3 forms the line of the creek, stand- ing in its bed at angles, ranging from 20', 400, or even as high as 700; the bill on the north rising a considerable distance by dip alone; and TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. finally receiving several beds of limestone No. 3, shales, sandstone No. 4, thin shale beds, and sandstone No. 5. On the south side of the creek the rocks are much broken and bent, presenting the faces of the rocks, which dip south and bring the 5th sandstone nearly to the top of the ridge, half a mile distant. One and a half miles south of the mouth of Hunting branch coal has been opened; it lies in the first valley south of the hunting branch, having been brought down to the drainage. The rocks with which it is associ- ated are much bent and disturbed, lying in irregular and broken troughs, nearly parallel to the Hunting branch and Nolin river. The top of the ridge between Rock creek and Nolin river is capped by the 5th sandstone, which dips to the south, bringing the coal bed down to the drainage of the branch. on the south side of the ridge. South of the branch the coal and beds beneath are raised about 50 feet, when the dip is again south for 400 yards; the dip is now changed and rises at the rate of from 50 to 10', which, in a short distance, brings the inferior beds-i. e, limestone Nos. 3 and 2, with the associated sand- stones-into view, high in the hill, half a mile south of the coal opening. The width of the coal bed, as exposed here, is about half a mile, inter- rupted by one fault near the middle. This locality is in the west end of an outlier, lying between Nolin river and Hunting branch, severed from the coal field, which lies west of it, by Rock creek. On the north side of Hunting branch of Rock creek, one mile above its mouth, we have the following section: 563 ToPWOGRAPmCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 31. Section on Hunting branch of Rock creek. Sandy hshle, 4') to 60 feet_ - _-- --_ -_ - _- Shl:e, with thin plates of -andetone --.___-__-___-_____-_-- P tsce ci Gheslin coal, 2 feet C inchtes. (o l h nub, b inche.- ric gdl-r bedded sandstone, ch urged with tar, (conglomerate) -__ Si.t sandstone. _ _ - __ ___-_-___-_____ Thick bedde, hard sandstone. (at Sand knob, 144 feet) .__ Iuiduur ted clay, (slate, Ill -, 1 f`Ieet. __- ____- __- ___ A luninins s.ule, gen-erlI -een as yellow clay _- __-__-__ S.ift mnddv sandstone (4th sausdotouse _ _ . Do.-k lamellar shale, place of coal, (at Horn's old place) . Thin limestone asd marlne .-------- ___- __-__-___-___-__ Alumi.iusshale . __.. ------------- M " lite _ - - - - --- ---------------- Earth - limestone - ___-_____-- __-- ____-- __-- _____-_____ Al-min-s shale. -.___--_----_--_-- ----- - __- __- .__- Thin brdded limestone -_- _-------- __---___-__-_-__-_ M ,y shale, broken shells, and C.inoidea - __..- __-__ Plernotcinnus remains, bed I foot .- Limestone, large Pent-emites solcat-s- ____-___-___-.__-__-_ 1.ineamnne. thick bhllel-_. -__-- - __-__-___ Sandstone, bed of Hunting branh, top of 3d sandstone. Tbick-ess. r Elevation. Feet. inches. Feet Inches. 1 4------ 209 8 8 1 69 8 151_l161 a 21 ------ 1 46 8 10---- 125 H 12----- 115 H 4(1l_ - 1111 8 3 _ _ 63 5 10 60 8 2 541 8 5 4 4ss 8 H ! _--- 41 4 2 6 42 8 I 411 2 21 6 3e 6 5 ---- - 36 ! I ----- 31i 3 -_ - 34 _ 27 ------ 27 The coal () at 60 feet 8 :nches has been seen at two localities. The first, at the Horn old farm, 5 miles east of Grayson Springs; the other, in a ravine, three miles N. W. or Alillerstown. At both localities, the coal is found under limestone; first, a thin bed of shale, over this about foui feet of limestone, upon -bhich rests a sandstone, from 5 to 10 feet thick. The coal at Horn's is 8 inches thick, Pentremites and Retepora Archemides were sought for in the limestone above the coal at both localities, but none were found. This horizon is probably the eqinivalent of that of the 10 inch coal reported in d agram No. 4, Vol. 1, Kentucky Reports, as being found on Shot Pouch creek, under Pentremital limestone. The dividing ridge between Rock creek and the head of Conoloway creek receives the coal above the conglomerate. (See map for northern limit ) The 36 feet of sandstone beneath the coal bed on Section 31, was not ieeognized on Conoloway and Rock creeks. The 4th sandstone has increased in thickness, and the coal appears to rest on the shale bed at the top of the 4th limestone, vhich is represented here by a few thin plates, and 6 to 8 feet of narlite. The drains east and north of the 564 l TOPOGRAPHICAL RkANORT OF GWLOGUIAL dURVEY. bank cut into the bed beneath the coal, and show a remarkable change to have taken pbtce in these beds. Between the bed here and those seen on Hunting branch, the 4th sandstone has increased in thickness to 10 feet of hard quartzite sandstone. All the beds dip toward Rock creek. On the slope of the bill the measures on top of the ridge are nearly level, or dip very little toward the south. Crossing the ridge toward Bear creek, several drains are crossed, lying high on the ridge. These drains all cut into the clay shaies under the coal bed. The capping of coal measures is from 10 to 50 feet thick.l In the valley of Bear creek, 3 miles south of Grayson Springs, the base of the banded clays of Section 28 is seen at the glade on the road, the lower part exposed: No. 32. Section on Brownsville road, 1tree miles south of Crayseo Springs. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. 'Inches. Feet. Inches nurraee sil .-_-------------------------- 4 !--- 39 8 Yellow gray ihale, sluminous - - -- -- 2 - 35 _ I) vi esilorel shale, aliaminous - ------- --------------- 31 Purple-red ohile, luminous - _ -- - --.---- 3 ---- 29 5 Bie-red ohule, aluin -u- _________________________________-- - I j 9 2 Ye low gray salmae, aluminloits _ ___ 4 24 II Yellow, deeper colored, aLumninous -- __ __ 201 l 11 G-iv shale - -2 19 3 Y.Ilowr dle _ _ _ _ _ _ __1 3 317 Gray shaly siandtone...--2 16 Grav sh.lv.sandstone - _-- - 8 - 14 ---- H. md rosoiliferous sandstone, (4th sandstone) - - 6 6 Bran.h. These banded clays are equivalent to the beds of Section 28; the shades of color distinctly separate the beds by a sharp line; the red band of Section 32 is on the geological horizon of the red band Section 28, at 32 feet 2 inches. Section 32 is 134 feet below Section 28; difference of level deduced b- barometer. The dividing ridge between Bear and Conoloway creeks, on the line of the Grayson Springs and Brownsville road, is ascended about 4 niiles south of the Spring. Where the ridge is ascended by the road, the base 666 TOPOGRAPECAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVET. of the 5th sandstone caps the hill. No outcrop of the coal bed was seen on the line north of the head of Saltsman's branch, about 4 miles from Nolin river. The ridge has the measures containing the place of the coal from the forks of the Mammoth Cave and Brownsville road. The ore beds above the 5th sandstone, which had been opened by the managers of Nolin furnace, are first seen about two miles north of the head of Saltsman's branch. Occasional patches of the measures con- taining the ores cap the hills nearly to Nolin river. The knolls contain- ing the ores lie on the 5th sandstone, about 50 feet above it, and contain an area from a few rods square to 50 acres and upwards; the beds are easily entered in outcrop. The deepest stripping would prob- ably be 25 feet; the average thickness of the whole ore territory, between Davis' branch and Nolin, would be about 5 feet. The ore beds are seen frequently north of the head of Dismal creek, and on the high ridges 3 miles north of Green river, on the Brownsville and Litchfield road; surface ores were frequently seen in the road cuts from 40 to 50 feet above the 5th sandstone. While in the neighborhood of Davis' branch and the furnace, several sections were made of the best outcrops; but it will require very minute surveys satisfactorily to connect the different sections in such a manner as to form an unbroken geological column. The weight of evidence would direct certain connections; but with the facts in my possession, there is so much doubt that I refrain from making any. I will, however, express the opinion I have derived from the facts now in possession. No. 33. Section on head of North fork of Dismal creek. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Top of hill, covered space ---------------- 26 146 4 Sandstone, hard firm blocks -.-___-_-__.-__-_-__-_ 5 4 120 4 Covered space, 1aurelhorizon-I34 ----115. Heavy sandstone- ---------------- 10 ! 1 _------ Soft shale- ------------------------------------------------ 2 ------ 71 ------ Ledge of -andsLone, partly covered_ ---------- ---- I I ----- 69 _ Covered space- ------------------54 5l Coal in bed of branch, containing several thin beds of black shales and clay ------------------------------------------- 4 4 ------ The lower part of this space is black bituminous shale. TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVET. Under the coal are coal rash and black earthy shales, from three to six feet thick. This coal is about thirty-five feet above the limestone first seen beneath it. The following section is at the coal opened on the east side of Davis' branch, half a mile northeast of the furnace: No. 34. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Iuches. Yellow thick bedded sandstone, (5th sandstone) ---------- 55 ---16 6 Covered space, terace _- ------------15 1 I13 6 Steep covered space, andstone (laurel horizo-' 45 98 6 Thin, bedded sandy shale, irregular- - _-_-_,--10 53 6 Thin bedded sandy sbhle, regular -3 - 43 6 Pvritiferous sha-le-._ -_., -_-_-_-_-__.-_ 2 39 8 Coal. Bituminous_ _-. . _- _-_-_- _ 4 ------ 40 ------ PYritifewus band_ _-- _.--------------------------------i 2 --_- 391 8 Cson and shale -_ - ----------- 6 39 6 Coal and clay shale, the latter predominating - 2 39 I Pvritirerouscoal _ --_----------- _.---_- i I 37 Silici;ou under clay -.-_-_-_-_- _-- __.-_----------- 3 - 36 Sa.ndy shale, 7 to 10 feet- - 10 33 Shale and sandstone - __--- ------------------------- 2I 23 !-.-_ Limestone 2 ,. 2' 1 . Bed of branch- - One fourth of a mile to the northeast a bed of iron ore has been opened, locally containing great numbers of fossils, principally chambered shells, the forms perfectly preserved as -iron ore. The top covering of the bed, where best seen, for 5 feet was of thin beds, alternately of sandy and aluminous shale; the sandy shale is very soft, composed of coarse sand, charged with fragments of plants. The upper part of the ore bed consists of thin ocherous layers, separated by shale similar to the covering; this bed is very irregular, in thickness from one to three feet. In the lower part of this last bed are deposited. in masses from 10 to 100 pounds, a shelly ore, almost entirely composed of Goniatites Nolinenses, Nautilus ferratus, N. canaliculatus, Orthoceratiti, several species of univalve and bivalve shells, filled and surrounded by ferruginous sand, small fragments of reedy coal, nearly all squarely broken across the length of the plants. Beneath this bed is about ten inches of blocks and irregular formed masses of ore, the whole resting on a thin bedded, coarse sand shales. 567 568 TOPWGEAPMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOICAL 8URVEY. The beauty and abundance of fossils, especially the association of shells and plants, render this locality one of no ordinary interest, aside from the value of the ore beds. This bed was not traced to its position in the geological column. It has been located 29 feet above the coal bed of Section 34, (see section page 164, VoL 1, Kentucky Geological Reports.) At the head of Saltsman's branch the coal was opened immediately under the 5th sandstone, probably the exact equivalent of the bed at 40 feet at section 34; the sandstone is better exposed here than at any locality visited in this section of the country. It is about 100 feet thick, formed of coarse sand, with some small pebbles on the bedding faces of the rocks. The base of the sandstone is separated from the coal by firomi five to ten feet of soft materials, principally black bitu- minous shale. Where opened the coal appears to be of excellent quality, 2 leet 9 inches thick, with 3 to 4 inches of coal rash at the base, on white under clay. The materials associated with the coal at this locality are apparently very different from those in section 34. There can be no doubt, however, that they are part of the same bed. Beneath the sandstone (-th) which caps the hill near the furnace, we have the following arrangement of the beds: No. 35. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inche. Feet. lIndeha Covered space, sandy shale and s Tone - - 25 -- 258 6 sUllly shale, or decvmpsing sandstone -- 43 2 233 6 Yellowv sndstone, soft -__-_- __- __-_-----.-_-_- 21 6 191 4 Carbonaceous band, place of coal __-___-_-_--_- _- _ 5 4 168 10 .imeso--e--_---------------------- ----------- 10 8 163 6 Or-e bed Buff limestone, uted as flux at furnace - __-_--- _-__- 5 4 152 10 Co ered space, yellow mud reddih cly - - 37 5 146 6 Stbaly limettone, Ccllnl -r cher-.'-- 2 8 II'H 10 G-v limestone, in thick beds, raed in conytrcetion of slack.e . 16 H 1 06 2 aloe alolminous slAde, place o.f Crinidea beds - - 5 __ 89 6 .ofr limestone, with sandv shale.- - 4 84 6 Co.,ered space, aluminous shale I 16 ___ 72 9 Limestone, No3 -43 2 6: 2 Smndt.one, No. 3 -_----_--__-______-__---------------- 21 21 __ Dave's branch. l South of Nolin liver the 5Lh sandstone increases rapidly in thickness to Bilen creek. On the north side of the river there is also a greab TOPOGRAPICAL REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 569 increase of this bed toward Dismal creek; near the mouth of the creek it appears to attain its maximum thickness, becoming much thinner toward Brownsville, where the rocks are represented in the following section: No. 36. Section of 5t/s sandstone and some of ti/e inferior beds,frons Green river toward the top of the kills to northwvest. 'Thickne- Elevation. Feet. Inches) FeetL Inches. Coase white and brown sandstone ------------- -------- -- 35 __ 272 8 Sandstone, large pebbles __-___-_-_- __-- -- - - - 5 -1237 5 8andlstone, smll pebbles -------------------------- --------- 5 _--- 232 a Corse ellow sandstone, go pebbles --_--- - - 15 ---- 2-27 8 C., space, gray and black shales, aluminous_ --- I _ 20 222 8 Coerned space, blue shale in cuts----------------- - ----------- 15 i- 202 B Bluck and dove colored shale- -_ __---6-!_____187 a Blue muddy shale - -- _----- - - 12 182 8 Aluminous sbale, with 14 inches plate of limestone at top. Aluminoos shale _-__-_-__--- - ---- --- 10 --- 165 r Limestone, 3d limestone -_--r 3S ------ 155 8 Sandsto0ne, (3d limestone,) bed thin on top, tbin below----- 37 8 117 8 Limestone, upper part nolitic -------------- 32 4 CO Waste of sandstone, 2d limestone - ----- - 10) 8 47 B Cov enmMpaee---- -------- ---- --- 37 j 1 0 37 Water, Gee river, at ferry. - One mile north of this section 8-i feet of this bed of sandstoue is seen in a perpendicular cut, where it has no division. At no locality south and west of the mouth of Dismal creek has the coal at the base of the 5th sandstone been opened. Several good expo- sures were seen at the base of the sandstone which exhibited no coal. The place of coal at 168 feet 10 inches (Section 35) was seen as dark, earthy, aluminous shale. Toward the north and west, on the heads of the streams emptying into Bear creek, a bed of coal has been opened, which appears to be the exact equivalent of the Davis' branch coal, Sec- tion 34. It is about 28 inches thick, and has been used for smith's work. and is generally approved. The only mining has been performed by stripping the outcrop. South of the head of Dismal creek, and between Bear creek and Green liver, the hills are again capped by the equivalent of the measures containing the ore beds, between Conoloway creek and Davis' branch. Should the ore beds here prove to be equal in thickness to those on Davis' branch, and north of it, there is ore territory sufficient for sev- 72 670 TOPOORAPfflCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGCAL SUIBEX. oral furnace south of Dismal creek, all of which eould be sufficiently near Green river to reaeb navigation at a small expense. On the road from Brownsville to Clovel port the line of Bear creek is crossed at a fault or slip in the rocks, from the west and northwest side, dipping to the southeast by a constant but wavy dip. for over a mile, b'inging the 5th sandstone () flown to the bed of the creek. On the soitheast side of the creek the rocks are apparently raised about 90 feet. In the neighborhood of Little mountain the ore measures again cap the hills. Satisfactory sections cannot be obtained in the neighborhood of Little mountain; but sufficient may be learned from natural outcrop to show that valuable iron ores mny be obtained in vast abundance, over a large district lying between Bear creek and along the dividing ridge between Green river and the waters of Rough mleek. The following section from Little mountain, near the farm of Mr. Robinson, appears to contain beds not found further west; they prob- ably thin out to the west and southwest: No- 37. Section at Little mountain. Thickness. Elevation. ' Feet. inches. Feet. Inches Coarse mandsaoe, no pebbles -_-_-_-__-_-__- - - -_ ____ 192. Fine grilled sandstone _ -- 7 _ 4 --4 Iro- ore () bed -------------- ---_-_-___- - - 7 () 177 __-__ Sihales, mostly covered --- : _ .. __ __......36_17_ Blmk ore, 2 to 4 feet - -- 4 13 _ _ Shales, uzoisly co-erid- 55 ----- 130. Shale, bottom carbunaces - ---_ _ ______ -_-__-__-___- 21- 75 ____ Segregations ol carbonate of iron -_----_-___.-___-_____ 4 _- 54 ____ Black bituminou, shale, 6 to II feet _-__---__ 5(1 Coal, 12 to 30 incbes, equivalent to Nelson and Smith banks 2 42 Under clay and coal rashab_ _ __ __ _ -__ -_ -_ __ ___ 4f _- 411 _ Sandy shale, yellor in exposed Srntuatio -------------------- - 12-- 36 e-__ Gray mud shale -_ _............ __ ____ ._______..---------------------- 4 -_ _ -- Dakgriy shahs, 2 to 6 feet_ --___.__-_ --_---- 4 .-___ 4 ------ The Ofift sanmdeonoe. i The top of the 5th sandstone is frequently exposed in the deep drains. In several localities the shale at 75 feet in the above section, lying immediately above the ore bed, is marked by fossil plants and smaHl fiagments of reedy coal. TOPOEAPHICAL REPORT OF OGOLOGICAL SURVmY. For several miles toward the northwest the line of the road has cut in'o tlhia sinristone, which, if fo!'owed, will soon lead to a cut exposing tihe oie bed benteath it. At the interseotion of the Litbhfield and Morgantown with the Brownsvil'e and Cloverport road 'Mr. William Nelson has opened and worked a coal- bed at 42 lbet, in Section 37. The following is the arrangement of the materials of the measures at Mr. Nelson's coal bank: Sarfice soil, broken sandy shale, , -se -andstone __- ._--- Bli nk earthy shale- Black bitaminons ,hele C -- . _ - _- - - - -_.- E Lrthy band -- C -al-_ -_-_-_ Unider .lay, thickneas not seen- No. 38. 'I'ickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inchem. rith a few loose blocks of quartz- --- - -- - -- - -- - -- - - - - - - - 5 -- - - U _ _ . _ _ 5 . 6 -------------- - ;----4 - -- 9 -_ _ . _ _. _ . _ i32 3 -_ _ _ _ _ 2j.. 2... _--- No remains of the ore bed were seen near the Nelson " bank ;" it is probable that the ore is separated by a greater interval than that given in Section 37. Between the road above referred to and the crossing of Short creek the coal measures cap the hills in diminished quantities. The ridge south of the crossing of Caney creek has, probably, the greatest thick- ness. Near Camp No. 17 the shales and Nelson coal () are seen in a deep valley, the hill to the east and west is capped by a sandstone, the equiv- alent of the Little mountain sandstone. At the crossing of Caney creek, near the farm of Mr. George House, the rocks dip to the south and southwest at an angle of 5 or 60. The bed of the creek at the crossing is the upper part of the limestone of No. -3, above which we have the following section: 571 TOPOGRAPIECAL REPORT OF GIOLOGICAL suKIN. No. 39. Section at the crossing of Caney creek. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. jInches. Feet. 'Inches Coarse sandstone, top of hill, (5th sandstone) ----------------- 15 ------- 140 10 Yellow or buff limestone and shale_ --_-_-___----_-__ 33 .-__-125 10 Yellow silicious murl-tone. (4th sandstone) .1 - - Ii 4 92 10 1isb-yalnminoua shale --------------------------- 26 ___ 75 2 llimestone --------------------------------- - -- 4 49 2 B l'e-zrav shale ----____- __-_-___----- ____-___-__-__- 16 6 48 10 Elue-g-y sbale -----------------------------_---- 26 ____ 32 4 CiEer beds -_ ------ ----------------------------- 5 4 6 4 Drk shale --------------------------------------__-_I I ____ 1 ------ Lintone, bed of Caney creek. On Bennet's creek, 2 miles north, the 4th sandstone is seen in great perlection; it lies in blocks from 1 to 8 inches thick. breaking at right aLngles and perpendicularly to the bed faces of the rocks; many of the difibrent layers are fossiliFerous. It is a drab gray quartzose sandstone; inaintaining its peculiar litbological character over a large district of country; the bed is, however, frequently interrupted and wanting. It is occasionally seen in every part of the country, on the margin of the coal measures, from Grayson to Christian counties. The dividing ridge between Bennet's creek and Short creek has been denuded of all, or nearly all, of the coal measures. The road lies in many places on limestone, at Section 39. On the north side of the valley of Lost creek the sub-carboniferous rocks are brought above the drainage; the dip from this axis of disturb- ance is toward the north and northwest from 250 to 30, diminishing the angle of the dip toward the north. The upturned edges of sand- stone No. 2 and limestone No. 2 form the first hill, which, on its western slope, is capped by sandstone No. 3, which underruns limestone No. 3, at Mr. Tilford's-the bill north of his house being composed of the limestone and shales of No. 3, capped by the waste of sandy shales at the base of the 5th sandstone. The dip has changed at Mr. Tilford's, and lies toward the southwest. From the bill near Tilford's to the falls of Rough creek the surface falls about 310 feet, The base of the 5th sandstone is reached on only one hill between the two points. Great masses are seen on the ridge Wuth of the road; probably 65 ht of it ejw the billB. At the falls 572 TOPOGxAPmcaL RORT 01 GEOLGICAL SUIRVEY. of Rough creek, the measures seen at Mr. T'llford's, and frequently between the two points high on the hills, form the surfice rocks in the bed of the creek; much changed, however, in lithological character. The exact counterpart of limestone No. 3 is seen below the dam at the mill. It has not been mriet in any part of the margin of the coal field. No. 40. Section at the Falls of Rough creek. iThickness. Elevation. FeeL. Ilches FeeL Inches Surface soil_ 3 1 ' 22 5 S Alaminos shale - ------------------ ----------------- 2----- I- Black alumisous shale, 8 to 14 inches, non-fossiliferou_ _- l 8 17 a Thvin flags. lime-tone . __-_-_-_---- __-_-_-_-,- 6 3 17 l-_-__ Manly shale. Spirifer and Produets -- ------. 1_ _I 5 16 i Hard sandy porous bed, containing Agassizocrinus; no other fos-: ail. observed 14 Il4 10 C;rbonaceous aluminoss shale, nnn-fsiliferou _____ 3 _ 13 j Hard limestone, containing Crinoide -_ 1------------------l I 10 1Ii Calcareons shaly bed. containing Bryazon and Cdinoidea; Pe- l tremites rare .-_-- - 3 -- 9 10 Cdlcareous shale, Br-y.an bed _-_--- - 2 .- 65 10 Silicious culcareous bed, yellow Crinoidea .nd Pentremites- I 6 4 10 Limsest.,ne,. ;ray, Crioidn and Pentremites - 6 3 4 Yellow sli-eous bed, segregated chert, containing Pentremites_ I IUi 1 t1 Thick bedded limeustone, bed of creek. l The water of the creek has washed the soft shaly beds, undermniniDg the hard bed from 6 to 8 feet, thus giving a perfect exposure of the character of the several beds. Above the bed of above section the hill on the north side of the creek rises from 200 to 275 feet, formed of the shales and limestone (No. 3), of sandstone No. 4, and limestone No. 4, all capped near the creek by the base of the 5th sandstone. The road from the falls of Rough creek to Cloverport lies nearly with the line of strike, the branches and creeks indenting the margin of the coal field, leaving narrow bands of the coal measures upon the ridges between them. The ore beds near the top of the 5th sandstone are seen occasionally on this line. At Mr. Wm. H. Howard's the ore beds are cut by the wear of the road. The ore is about 2 feet 6 inches thick, apparently of good qual- ity. It lies in blocks, in a regular bed. The shales of the 2d limestone are thicker here than farther east; the beds of limestone are also more compact and in thicker ledges, while the whole mass of the bed is less taiock 57 3 574 TOPoORAPHCAL EPOT 01 AOuoroca UnVn. The Beleropbon bed at 296 feet 2 indhes (section 22) is recognizable in all the valleys between thb falls of Roqgh and the OYvensboro road, 5 miles south of Cloverport. The measures on the line of the road to Cloverport are all beneath the sandstone at 420 feet 2 inches, Section 22. The following line crosses part of Breckinridge, the corner of Han- cock, into Ohio, and closes on the last line on Bennet's creek (See map.) The river hills to the southwest of Cloverport are capped by the base of 5th sandstone. Below the sandstone the 4th limestone is a thin bed, 6 to 8 feet thick, containing Bryazoa. The shales of the 3d limestone are marked by three yellow or buff beds, separated by from 8 to 10 feet of gray or dove colored shale. The O.vensboro road was crossed near Mr. Newton's farm. The ridge dividing Clover creek and the head waters of Panther creek receives a few Ilet of the shales under the "BJreckini idge coal." The ore bed was seen in a few places on the line; it is sandy, and thinner than trtber to the south, east, and southeast and south. On reachiug the head of Panther creek the rocks aie seen dipping to the south and southwest, the 4th limestone being the surface rock in the bed of' the branches. The hills rise firom 80 to 150 feet high above the drainage, and are made up of the bed of the 4th sandstone, shales, 5tb sandstone, and a thin capping of coal measures above it. These patches are outliers of small aiea, and are not known to contain a work- able coal. On the Sugar Camp branch of Panther, about 21 miles south of the dividing ridge, the coal measures are brought to the drainage. Between Sugar Camp creek and Rough creek, at Nine's mill, the hills contain the measures of the Hawesville section up to the Lewisport coal. The limestone of the coal measures beneath the Lewisport coal bed forms the bed of Adam's fork of Rough creek for a considerable distance, tha rocks dipping at the same nite as the fall of the creek Near Fordsville iron ore beds are exposed in natural outcrop in the road; the ore is sandy; it lies in sandy shale, 25 feet above limestone, which is probably the equivalent of the limestone under the Lewisport coal of Hancock county. Between Fordaville and Hines' mill the bills are low; occasionally TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SfYREY. fragments of coal may be found in the bninches; none of the coal beds of this part of the county have been opined. On the north side of Rough creek the country, for a considerable distance, is flat, and over- flowed by the creek during its floods. On the south side of the creek the lands are rather higher, but quite flat; the low ridge on the north- east side of the road being soit sandy shales. About a mile south of Hines' mill a bold sulphur spring rises in the flat. One quarter of a rmile south of the spring the rocks are found. disturbed, and dipping to the northwest; the Ilult or disturbance having brought up the limestones of the millstone grit. High bills of soit measures lie toward the east and southeast, containing thin eoal beds. The 5th sandstone has become soft, and inuch thinner than it is eastwardly; no pebbles were seen in any part of this bed between Caney creek and Green river. The lower part of the bed is represented by thin, ash-colored, sandy shales; the 4th limestone has an earthy fincture, and may, possibly, possess bydraulic cement properties. The drains and creeks frequently cut through the coal measues between Hines' mill and Caneyville. On the Caneyville road toward Litchfield the hills are capped by about 80 feet of coal measures, containing the coal measures and ore bed in Section 28 at 187 feet. The ore bed is seen denuded near Caneyville, on the property of S. W. Bond. An opening has recently been made in the bed, which is five feet thick, consisting of blocks of ore and ocherous earth. The cuts made by the branebes and creeks are quite favorable for sections east and north of Caneyville as far as Bennet's creek. The ore bed exposed is not so thick as the equivalent bed seen west of Caneyville. It is, probably, not so thick as it is to the south and east. The 5th sandstone between Caneyville and Bennet's creek is quite thin. It is represented by about 25 feet of soft sandstone, in thick beds, and about 55 feet of sandy shale, beneath which the 4th lime- stone has a thickness of about 25 feet-the thickest mass of this bed seen. Two miles to the north, at Mr. Howe's, (see Section No. 39,) it is entirely absent, its place being occupied by aluminous shale. The only coal opened near the line of our work was that opened by Mr. Win. Miller, southeast of the road, 11 miles from Caneyville. The opening is made on the south side of a ravine. The coal is covered by 18 fibt of sandstone and 5 feet of black bituminous shale, whicb is 575i 576 TOPOGRAHCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL URVEY. sometimes changed to gray sandy shale. The coal, where seen, meas- ures 20 to 22 inches; it lies on 3 to 4 inches of coal rash, under clay, and sandy shale; 18 feet to limestone in bed of drain. On the north side of the drain the limestone in the bed of the creek on the south side is lifted about 22 feet above the coal, the slip being 30 feet. The cover- ing above the coal is about 45 feet thick. From Caneyville to Morgantown the hills rise higher above the drain- age, and are composed of vast beds of sandy and aluminous shale. At Dog creek the cuts reach the base of the 5tb sandstone. South of the creek the land becomes level, with occasional knolls of the softer shale beds above the 5th sandstone, which sometimes rise from 80 to 100 feet above the general level of the country. The head of Welch's creek cuts through the shale bed and into the 5tb sandstone. From Welch's creek to Green river the road rises to the soft beds above the sandstone. One mile north of Green river the Yellow rock over the Roberts coal (Muddy river) is first recognized. At Green river the 5tb sandstone lies even with the pooL On the south side of the river the rocks rise in the direction of Morgantown, and again dip rapidly toward the valley of Renfro's creek and Wood- berry. At the top of the ridge, east of the mouth of Big Barren river, the pebbles and small patches of the 5th sandstone are occasionally seen. Returning to Morgantown and taking the line of the road to Rus- sellville, the land soon becomes level or gently undulating; the valley of Renfro's creek is wide and flat; evidently underlaid, for a great part, by the rocks of the section taken at the coal bank opened by Mr. Moses Shearer, one and a half mile to the southwest of Morgantown. TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 47. Section of coal opened by Mr. Moses Shearer, near Morgan- town. Tlickne.. Elevation. Feet Inches. Feet. fInches. Top or hill sandstone.A-_._ _. __ 10 ' _ SC i 9 Covered space., auminoos shale -_-_- _10 - -- II; 9 Limestone and aluminous shale _----- _-_-_-_ 4 ' 66 9 Alumioo.s clafand shale - - --._. __ _ _--62 9 Aisminous shale, segregitio of limestone and msrly ohale, fos- i ssi lli Nero u s. _-.l._ _ _ _ 1 0. 41 9 Carbincei,,s cly, pieces of coal in some localities - - 1 6 24 9 Drilb s-l-imir- - --l--l-e__-_ -- 10 ------I 33 3 Black bituniinno 1 l _-_- __-__-_---- _ 8 23 3 C.,;, I- -- -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- - -- - -- - -----------l 3 ' 7 2 22 7 Under clay, dark sicaceou- _-1-- --- _--- 5- _-- 19 - Covered space..-'-------------------- 14-----14 _ _ Botom of drain. To the southwest from the Shearer coal locality, better known as the "Limestone hills," two and a half miles, the margin of the coal measures are reached, on the dividing ridge between Renfro's and Sandy creeks. The valleys of Sandy, Big Muddy creek, and Muddy river cut into the millstone grit beds nearly to the mouth of all these water courEes. The coal measures are again seen on the dividing ridge between Big Muddy and Muddy river, north of McCoy's mill. The Shearer coal has been opened and worked at several localities on this ridge. It is very unequal in thickness, varying from eighteen inches to three and a half feet. The termination of the coal to the southwest, between Muddy river and Big Muddy creek, is near the forks of the Elkton and Russellville road. The work was extended toward Elkton, in the expectation of finding outliers of coal measures, to Haroldsville. At Rock Spring meeting- house, 45 feet of the 5th sandstone is found. It is here a coarse con- glomerate, resting on the 4th limestone, which has the appearance of being water-worn previous to the deposition of the 5tb sandstone. The line was continued to within 8 miles of Russellville, when the 2d limestone was reached. It is oolitic, and greatly increased in volume, about 60 feet being in sight., and the bottom concealed below the drainage. From the last point toward Greenville, by the Rusellville and Green- vs F577 TOPO(IRAPfflCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. vile road, the rocks are found nearly level, or dipping slightly to the northeast. The country is level and rich; the soil being mostly com- posed of the waste of the 4th limestone, and the shades of the 3d lime- stone; the 4th sandstone is absent on the line of this road. or it is not recognizable. The 5th sandstone is reached at the head of the Little Rawhide creek, a branch of Wolf Lick creek. It is a coarse conglomerate, 40 to 55 feet thick; the upper part of the mass is coarse, hard sandstone. The dip of the rocks is to the southeast on the Wolf Lick side of the ridge and to the northwest, and occasionally the dip is seen lying toward the southwest. Several patches or outliers of coal measures are seen on the hills between the northern branches of Muddy river and Clifty creek, rarely over sixty or seventy feet thick, above the 5th sandstone. One outcrop of ore was observed between the points above alluded to. Near the crossing of Clifty creek the 5th sandstone is seen in heavy masses, 25 to 30 feet thick. North of Clifty the coal measures are reached at the Dug hill, half a mile southeast of the Rochester and Elkton road, where the following section is seen in the road: No. 42. Section at Dug hill, Muhlenbury county. Thicknes. e Elevation. Feet. Incbes. Feet. Inche Sandy shale, 90 to 0 feet -- - 90-- 169 6 Sandstone. -------------------- 1 i 79 6 Aliminous shale _-----_-_-__-_-------38 - 68 6 Iron ore ------- - 6 30 6 Sandy shale -------------------------- 30 ___ 30 Top of 5th sandstone. The whole mass of sandstone at the base of the above section is about 80 feet. From the intersection of the Russellville and Greenville with the Elkton and Rochester roads, to the narrows, the road lies on the upper part of the section above; near the narrows the road suddenly descends to the 5th sandstonei. e., the margin of the coal measures. The 5th sandstone dips to both sides of the road from the ridge, (narrows,) which is probably an anticlinal wave; the synclibal on either 578 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVET. side being in the beds of Clifty creek, on the east and eastern branches of Pond river, on the west side of the ridge. South of the narrows the 4th limestone and the 4th sandstone are dipping rapidly toward the northeast, and are raised a considerable dis- tance above the horizontal position of the 5th sandstone at the narrows. The narrow part of the ridge is about 60 yards wide, being, in fact, only a huge mass of the 5th sandstone, 80 feet thick, which is little else than a loose mass of quartz pebbles about the size of marbles, through which the water percolates. Being arrested by the clay shales at the base of the sandstone, it breaks out in bold springs on the east side of the ridge, which is doubtless the direction of the greatest dip of this locality. About one mile south of the narrows the road has descended to the 3d sandstone, and the rocks are quite level, or are dipping gently to the southwest with the line of the branches to Pond river. The coal meas- ures lying between the head of Pond river and Clifty are only a few feet thick, (80 to 110 feet,) from one to two miles wide, deeply indented by the streams, especially on the west or Pond river side of the ridge. The work having been extended from the narrows to the intersection of the "Old Highland lick" and Elkton road-sandstone NQ. 3 forming the surface rock-the Lick road was taken, and the line run to Bennet's mill, on Pond river. On descending the first hill limestone No. 2 is reached, which con- tinues to be the surface rock for about three miles; the direction of the road being to the northwest. Near the East fork of Pond river the dip becomes quite rapid, and brings down the mass of limestone No. 3, with its associated shale beds, to the East fork, in a few places covered by fallen masses of the pebbly part of the 5th sandstone. West of the East fork the dip is to the northeastb meeting the dip from the opposite direction near or at the line of the river. The 3d sandstone has become quite yellow, and in the valley of the East fork forms the surface rock on the west side of the stream. The north side of the road is skirted by a low range of hills, composed of the 3d and 4th limestones, with a thin bed of the 4th sandstone; the whole mass 94 to 110 feet thick. Between the East fork and Bennet's mill, on West fork of Pond river, the ridge is composed of the millstone grit bed, from the 3d sandstone to the coal measures, including, on the 579 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. top of the most elevated points, from 115 to 30 feet of the soft bed above the 5tb sandstone; the members, from base to top of the hill, being probably less than 200 feet thick. The hills are broken; the dip irregular and wavy, falling from the summit of the hills to the streams on the east and west side; the height of the divide by barometer being 426 feet; 226 feet being due to the dip. The 3d sandstone is the surface rock in the valley of both the East and West forks when intersected by this line. Line A extends from Bennet's mill to Petersburg, by the way of White Plains. On this line, which lies outside ol the coal measures nearly its ihole length, it was observed that the clay shales, associated with limestone beds Nos. 2, 3, and 4, are replaced, either in part or altogether, by sandy or micaceous shale. The mass of the 3d sandstone is also much expanded near Front Hill post-office; being there about 65 feet thick. Plates and segregated masses of chert are associated with the 3d and 4th limestones. The higher beds are strewed with blocks of sandstone No. 4, and pebbles deiived from sandstone No. a. The ridge dividing the valley of McFarland's creek and West fork of Pond river is capped by heavy masses of the 5th sandstone, (coarse conglomerate.) From the top of this ridge toward the northwest the dip is rapid, bringing the 5th sandstone to the valley. In about one and a half miles the dip is then interrupted and increased from 1[5 to 20. This rate of the dip soon brings the 5th sandstone under the drainage, when it is brought up again by a slip of from 75 to 80 feet, and again dips below the drainage, to be again brought up by a similar fault-tbis arrangement being repeated four several times, gradually diminishing, and finally, the sandstone disappears under the soft shale bed of coal measures, to be again brought up two and a half miles dis- tant, on the Madisonville and Ilopkinsville road, at Mr. Brazier's, when the dip is fiom 8' to 1j5 to the northeast, marking the western margin of the synclinal fold. At 254 north a bed of coal, one foot thick, is seen in outcrop, with under clay 6 inches beneath the coal; there is probably 65 to 80 feet of &a-ndy shale, with one or two interrupted beds of sandstone. The meas- ures from the conglomerate (5th S. S.) to the coal were not satisfactorily made out; the bed being so frequently slipped in this locality; it is not 580 TOPOGRAPRIGAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. improbable that some of them have been duplicated in the measurement between the 5th sandstone and coal. Southwardly from Mr. Brazier's, at the margin of the coal field, toward Hopkinsville, the conglomerate beds are about 80 feet thick, resting on sandy shale. The measures lie in waves from three to four miles wide, with a gentle dip from i4 to 240. The synclinal fold is here first encountered. Its apparent depth is somewhat increased by denudation, which reaches the top of the 2d limestone. The western margin of the first anticliwal shows sandstone No. 3 near its base, dip- ping westwardly at 301 to 4. The banded shale beds and 4th sand- stone are occasionally seen nearly to the sub-carboniferous limestone, which appears to abut abruptly against the shales above the 4th sand- stone. The 1st and 2d sandstones are not seen east of the margin of the coal measures, in the edge of Christian county; nor is the 3d sandstone seen east of the 2d synclinal fold. The 4th sandstone and the banded shales are recognizable nearly to the margin of the sub- carboniferous limestone, 4 miles west of Hopkinsville. The indicationc are that the beds of millstone grit below the 3d sandstone have thinned out toward the east; or else, that they have been carried away before the deposition of the 2d limestone. The 4th sandstone, although very small, is so strongly marked by its distinguishing characteristics, that it is a reliable horizon whenever it is present. It is the only sandstone bed of the milLstone grit beds now known containing fossil shells. It may be known by its lithological character alone. The lines in Hopkins county were taken up at Clark's mill on Pond river, and carried to Greenville. connecting the work previously done in Hopkins and Muhlenburg counties with the survey of the margin of the coal field made this summer. The work taken up on Pond river begins at a point high in the coal measures. The clear coal of the Hunting branch of Clark's creek is seen in outcrop near the mill, on the northeast side of the river, (see section, page 136, Vol. 1, Kentucky Geological Reports.) The coal dips rapidly about 440 to northeast, away from the river. The beds forming the hill above the coal consist of from 50 to 60 feet of sandy and aluminous shale, 30 to 35, space covered, the whole capped by a very coarse-grained loose-textured sandstone. The waste of the beds forming the covering of the coal beds forms a warm productive soil, 581 TOPOGRAPHICAL EXPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. and distinguishes the country between Pond river. At Mr. John Oats', six miles southwest of Greenville, two wells have been dug by Mr. Oats, both of which reach a bed of coal said to be five feet thick. This is probably the equivalent of the upper bed at Clark's mill. The meas- ures change between Mr. Oats' and Greenville. The reason of the change is not apparent on the line. The shales are evidently thicker; the coarse sandstone has disappeared; the soil and timber are changed. The measures between Pond river and Mr. Oats' are again recognized near Pond creek, five miles south of Greenville. It is highly probable that the measures lying north of a line from Mr. John Oats' to Pond creek are higher than in the hills above the coal near Pond river; and that they correspond to the shales above the equivalent of the Anvil Rock at Providence. At Mr. G. Leigh's, on the southeast side of Pond creek, a fault was encountered on the ioad. The rocks on the line dip to the northeast, at an angle from 45 to 50g. The millstone grit beds are raised high in the hills, and extend to Clark's mill, on Clifty creek, as surface rocks. The dip is quite incon- stant, varying both in quantity and direction. The line between Clifty creek and Muddy river lies almost directly on the margin of the most southwardly outcrop of the 5th sandstone, and about two and one half miles south of the Roberts coal banks, on Muddy river. On the northwest side of Muddy river the 5th sandstone is a coarse conglomerate. The masses of this rock lying near the river occupy a lower level than the equivalent bed toward the divide between the two streams. The bed is well exposed near the center of the divide, where it is a coarse sandstone without pebbles. On Clifty, 24 miles to the northwest it is strangely marked by pebbles, some of which are of large size, from 1I to 2 inches in diameter. To the southeast of Muddy river, the line was connected with the Rochester and Russellville road, and carried toward Rochester, (see mar.) The hills toward Rochester are millstone grit. Deer Lick cuts into the 3d limestone. The 4th limestone and the 4th sandstone are both seen on the south side of Deer Lick. On the northeast side of Deer Lick creek the line rises a hill, the whole mass of which, from top to bottom, is composed of coarse sandstone (5th S. S.) without pebble. 582 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The country above this sandstone is nearly a plain, on which rounded knolls of coal measures are seen from 80 to 150 fieet high; these measures continue to the Russeliville and Morgantown road wikh the road to'Rochester. From this point to Morgantown the line crosses a synclinal, the coal measures extending nearly to Morgantown. Southwest of Morgantown the coal measures of Renfro's creek are no doubt connected with the equivalent beds lying in the valley of Big Muddy and Hickory Camp creeks. The dividing ridge between Big Muddy and Renfro's creek, at the "Sand lill," receives the coal measures as high as the equivalent of the sandstone at the top or the Little Mountain section of Edmonson county, (Sec. No. 37.) The difference of level from Big 5fuddy to top of the "Sand Hill " being 163 feet. Between Morgantown and Woodbury the country is level and gently rolling; the creek valleys wide. At 'Morgantown the rocks dip to the southeast, bringing the measures of the hill below the valley of Renfro's creek in a short distance. The shale beds above the Morgantown sand- stone being the surface material nearly to the mouth of Big Barren river. Sandstone 37 feet thick, in section, page 161, Vol. 1, Kentucky Geological Reports, is no doubt the equivalent of the sandstone at the top of the hill at Morgantown. On the east side of Big Barren, as before stated, the conglomerate caps the hill-tops 175 feet above the river; the direction of dip was not satisfactorily observed. Toward the east, on the Glasgow road to Mr. J. M. Young's farm, 3 miles from the mouth of Big Barren, the bills do not contain coal measures. The well at Mr. Young's being sunk into the sandy micaceous shales at the base of the 5th sandstone. Southeast- wardly from Mr. Young's, the country rises by a gentle slope about 100 feet in two miles; the measures rise with the bill, and only a few feet of the masses of the 5th sandstone, 30 feet above the horizon at Mr. Young's, cap the highest point of the ridge. Descending the ridge toward the south appeared considerable masses of brecciated limestone, composed of limestone No. 4 (), cemented by a silicious paste, containing small fragments of chert. The breccia occupies the horizon of the 4th limestone in a bed of aluminous shale. At the base of the shale the rocks are nearly level. The valleys are expanded, and, for several miles, the road lies either on the 3d lime. 583 TOPOOGUPeCAL REPRT 6r mOwmCAL suKAv. stone or the 3d sandstone. Five miles to the northwest of Bowling- Green the road descends to the cavernous limestone. The hill bound- ing the valley on the north is capped by sandstone No. 2. The south side of the valley is partially bounded by isolated hills, which are capped by the 2d sandstone. The first sandstone was not recognized in War- ren county. The base of the sandstone rests on Dichocrinus beds, doubtless the equivalent of the beds of Grayson county, 60 feet below the base of the 1st sandstone. The general trend of the southern margin of the 2d sandstone is nearly east and west; Do roads are made parallel to and south of Green river, north of the sub-carboniferous limestone. Between the lines -of the Bowling-Green aind the Woodbury, and the Bowling-Green and Browns- town roads, Line R was carried up the valley above referred to, to the Bowling-Green and Brownsville road, and by the last road to Browns- ville. After taking the road toward Brownsville, in two miles we reached the base of sandstone No. 2. The top of the ridge or table land is capped by about 65 ifet of sandstone. On ascending the hill it turns toward the coast, and for two miles lies nearly on the strike. At 304, Line RI, the road reaches a disturbed territory; the rocks dip to the northeast, at from 5' to 35. Here the road makes a sudden bend toward the north, and runs over the upturned edges of the 3d sandstone for half a mile, to the hill on the south side of Alexander creek; here the 3d limestone is first seen on this road, unless the limestone seen at the last bend of the road be this bed. From Alexander creek to Chameleon Springs the rocks are disturbed. The greatest disturbance appears to be east of the road. From the Springs to Brownsville the road lies on the beds below the 5th sandstone; rarely cutting below the 3d, even in the deepest valleys; reaching the 5th sandstone only once or twice. On this line, from the mouth of Barren river to Brownsville, there are only one or two small patches of coal measures above the 5th sandstone. No indications of workable beds were seen or heard of near the line. Between the line and Green river a coal is said to exist in good workable beds, probably the coal equivalent to that at Nolin furnace, Edmonson county. It was desirable that the territory near Green river should have been examimd for the iron ore equivalent to the Nolin beds, but the 584 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. difficulties of the country were such that with one camp arrangement we were not able to travel it. It is known that outliers of the coal meas- ures exist on the south side of Green river, east of the mouth of Big Barren. Of their value and extent nothing is certainly known. The ore bed found on the Rudy's and Sunfish creeks may possibly extend with the measures across the river; should they do so, and have the thickness and quality of the beds north of the river, their vicinity to navigation would render these ores of great value, especially as furnace rock, limestone, and wood are here in the immediate vicinity of the ores. Having closed the line from Morgantown, on the lines formerly car- ried to Brownsville, the work was carried from the latter place to the Mammoth Cave; when Green river was crossed, and the line carried to Millerstown, through Edmonson and Hart counties. From the forks of the Brownsville road to Bowling-Green and Mun- fordsville, by the road to the latter place to the Mammoth Cave, the 4th limestone and the 4th sandstone are absent; the shale beds of the third limestones are very thick, and form with the 3d limestone the surface rock for several miles. Near the " Turn-bole," the 2d limestone and 2d sandstone are surface rocks. Between the " Turn-bole " and the cave the 2d sandstone is the surface rock for two and a half miles, when the surface becomes broken by deep sink holes for three quarters of a mile. The flat table land near the cave lies on a mass of the 2d sandstone, which has a slight dip to the southeast. The Cave House is situated about 285 feet above Green river. The cavernous limestone is cut by the valley of Green river 213 feet. The hills on the north side of the river are capped by the 2d sand- stone which lies lower than the same bed on the south side of the river. About four miles north of the river, at Mr. P. P. Pace's farm, the road ascends the bed of the 5th sandstone, which is a coarse conglomerate, lying, by barometer, 329 feet above Green river. For several miles to the northeast, the 5th sandstone is capped by occasional knolls of coal measures from 50 to 75 feet higher. At the head of Belew's creek and Dog creek, the coal measures rise sufficiently high to receive the ore beds. It is not known that they exist here, nor can the question be answered except by digging. After crossing Dog creek, the measures do not rise high enough 74 585 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. above the 5th sandstone to receive the ore beds. At the crossing of the Bacon creek the cavernous beds of the sub-carboniferous limestone are reached; these beds extend to Wheeler's mill, on Nolin river. As soon as the river is crossed the beds of the millstone grit are reached, which are the surface rocks nearly to Millerstown. Crossing the river at Millerstown, the cavernous member of the sub- carboniferous beds form the surface rocks, with occasional patches of sandstone on the highest knolls, probably the waste of the 2d sandstone, which is seen in bold outliers toward the west. It forms the first sand- stone hill west of Stephensburg. These patches of sandstone occupy quite a limited territory, the last seen are about six miles northeast of Millerstown. The accompanying map is constructed from the lines actually run, from which it will be seen that a large portion of the margin of the coal measures are only approximately determined, as only that part absolute- ly determined is marked by solid lines, and all parts not so determined indicated by dotted lines. The interior of polygons made, in which ore beds are known to exist, must be surveyed in detail to give an approximate determination of the extent and value. The margin of the coal field extending from Clover creek. through Grayson, Edmonson, Butler, and part of Warren, will no doubt afford a territory rich in iron beds. The marginal coal beds are generally too thin to be of great value. In many localities they are found in sufficient thickness to be profitably wrought The broad territory on the eastern margin of the coal field, which is thinly overlaid with the lowest coal measures, will give greater facility in reaching the iron ores, which have been sufficiently stripped by denudation to render them accessible at a moderate cost. The ores, coal, rocks, soils, &c., collected during the surveys of this season, have been forwarded to the Geological Laboratory. Many of them probably cannot be reached by the chemist in time for analysis during the present season. During the last two years, our parties have been treated with great kindness, and have received every flcility required in the prosecution of the survey. To all those to whom I have been indebted, I take this public method of acknowledging my obligations. They have my thanks. SIDNEY S. LYON, ASaiutani Geolfiat. 586 TOPOGRAPHIOAL REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Since the foregoing part of this chapter was written, the work of the base line has been carried forward, and the work terminated on Tug river, which forms the eastern boundary of the State. It will be necessary to add a brief description of that part lying between the termination of the work of last year and the end of the line. The total length of the base line is three hundred and six miles, eighteen hundred and thirty-two feet. It lies in the following counties: Union, Henderson, McLean, Daviess, Hancock, Breckinridge, Hardin, Nelson, Washington, Mercer, Garrard, Jessamine, Madison, Estill, Pow- ell, Owsley, Morgan, Breathitt, Floyd, Johnson, Lawrence, and Pike. Twenty-two counties are intersected by it. Nine of the counties enumerated are in the eastern coal field, either wholly or in part; the first five being in the western coal field. The work on the line this year has been in the counties of Johnson, Floyd, Lawrence, and Pike. The country traversed in these counties is rough, rising into narrow, steep ridges, which ascend above the drain- age of the country from two to six hundred and sixty-one feet, and is usually divided into terraces, or benches, caused by the unequal decay of the hard and soft beds composing the coal measures. The soil in the valleys is generally sandy. The sides of the bills are covered by small pieces of shale or blocks of coarse sandstone. The farms are generally quite small, lying in the narrow valleys extending along the streams; sometimes embracing the sloping land at the foot of the hills. The valley land is estimated at about ten dollars per acre, that of the hills at from fifty cents to one dollar. Procuring and rafting saw logs is extensively carried on in many places. Wagon roads are almost unknown, yet the country could be traversed in many directions by roads which could be made at a small cost. Salt making has been carried on for a short time at Warfield, on Tug river, from which point the salt is distributed either by pack horses through the country, or in canoes on the river. The rocky masses lying above the drainage, from Jenney's creek eastwardly, consist of the beds lying above the Licking shales. Some few cuts are made by the streams, from thirty to fifty feet below the 587 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. coal, which has been variously designated as the Adamsville coal, Jack- son Rice coal, &c. At the last crossing of Jenney's creek, on the 279th mile, the coal bed above referred to lies a few feet below the bed of the creek. It has been traced up the creek about two miles. Sometimes it is above the creek bed, and sometimes below it. This bed here dips with the line of the stream, but it is irregular and full of waves. The bed of coal is also quite irregular. It is sometimes seen as one bed; at other places near by it is divided into two beds, the separation being from half an inch to four feet thick. The upper part of the bed affords as much as two feet thick of workable coal; the lower division being from one foot to two and a half feet thick. On the east side of Jenney's creek, the hill rises above the creek 661 feet, (barometer,) and is divided by the hard and soft measures into six terraces, or benches, composed alternately of sandstone and shale beds, the capping mass of the hill being a heavy sandstone, the lower part of which is locally a conglomerate, thickly charged with water-worn white quartz pebbles. The measures above enumerated are found in part in every hill between Jenney's creek and Tug river-no hill ever rising geologically higher than the great sandstone which caps the hill at Jenney's creek The coal beds which are found high in these measures (to be hereafter noted) do not extend to the west of Big Sandy river on this line as good workable beds. The place of the beds found in some localities west of Big Sandy river is indicated by a streak of carbonaceous clay, above a bed of white silicious or aluminous clay; or by a bed of car- bonaceous shale, with thin seams of coal interstratified. The highest hills west of Big Sandy (near the base line) exhibit the following section: 588 TOPOGRAPHCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 589 No. 23. Section between Jenney's creek and Big Sandy. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches. Heavr sandstone, coarse grained near the base. Congiomerate, filled with white quartz pebbles, ------ - 626 l 100 Covered space above sandstone --_- -- 526 15 ._-. Coarse sandstone_, _ _ _ _. _ - j G 511 - 64 . Aluminoas chile, place of ore bed at the head of Red river, on " State road," (no ore seen east of Jenney's creek) - 447 ------ 15 Coarse sandstone.--_- _------------------- --- 432 _ . -- 32 Covered space -------- --------------------- 401 ---i 10 ------ Fine greined sandstone, in thick beds -__-__-_-_-__- 3P9 - _ 37 Covered space, with sandstone at the bottom _i- - 352 ,--- _ 49 Sandstone snd sandv shale -.---------__-.-.-_-.-_ 303 - 94 -. Alternate beds of sandstone and dark sandy shale - -_-_.-_-.__ 209 209 . Bed of Jenney'. creek. I Shales and sandstone_. _-.----------------------- 15 . 15 Coal, equivalent of the Adansvile and Jackson Rice coal bed..... 113 ---- 3 On Little Paint creek, two miles further east, an opportunity was offered to fill a portion of the space near the base of Section 23 with a more detailed statement of the materials of that portion of the section, a mass of rock having fallen, leaving a clean cut, of which the following is a section: No. 24. Section near Big Sandy, on the east side of Little Paint creek. Covered space divided into terraces, the topof the hill being cov- end by the lower part of the sandstone at 511 feet, Section 23. Thin bedded sandstone _. ------------------- Sandy shale --_-- _--_-- __-- __-- __-- _-- __-- __-_-___ Sandstone --- - -- ------------------------------------ Sandy shale .-_--------------------------------------- Sandstone ------------------------------------------------ Sandy shale ___--- -_-- -- _- -_--_ - ---__ - -- --- Lu.'py sandstone ._-_- __------------------------------- Bituminous coal.. ___--_ --_ --_ --_ --_--__ Under clay- -_-------- _------------_--_- Sandy shale.. - ---- ---------------------------------- i Sandy shale and lumpy sandstone -_-_-_-.___- __-_- _ Sandy shale running into sandstone ------------------ I Bituminous shaleI ----- ---------I--------------- l Bituminous c-eal-I --.--_-----.__ ----__ --_-_-- Under clay ----------------------------------------------- Dark gray sandy shale. _- __-__-.__------------------- Bed of Little Paint cree. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches., Feet. Inches. 4 _- 90 2 8 86 2 6 3 78 2 4 6 71 15 2 1 67l 5 3 2 65 4 2' 6 62 2 2 _-- 59, 8 2, 4 57 8 5 55 4 22 5') 4 5 ------ 28 4 2 K------ 23 4 2: 6 21 4 2 --- i- 18 10 16 10 16 10 A: - 590 TOPOGRAPMCAL REPORT OP GBOLOGICAL WRAdY. The coal at 21 feet 4 inches above, is the equivalent of the coal at the base of Section No. 23. On Big Sandy river, half a mile above the mouth of Little Paint creek, a bed of bituminous shale is seen, interstratified in the sandy shale, ten feet below the coal. At this point shales, similar in character to those at the base of the section above, extend downward to the bed of the river, 28 feet below the coal. In the shales, beneath the coal above alluded to, are remarkable sandy segregations, which are generally symmetrical, and circular. One of the largest observed measured 6 feet in its greatest diameter, and four feet thick. The mass was separated into several beds by lines of stratifica- tion; at which lines the masses separate, forming circular blocks about six inches thick, the upper and lower portions forming sections of an ellipse. The blocks from the middle of the mass resemble huge unfinish- ed grindstones. These segregations are valuable as a mark indicating the geological horizon of the Jackson Rice, Adamsville, and Warfield bed of coal; especially as no similar masses have been found in any other horizon than that immediately below this coal bed. The first of these segregations on our line are found on Stillwater creek, but they are seen on the line in all the valleys which are sufficient- ly deep, from that point to Tug river. Great numbers of these masses are seen wasted from the shales under the coal at Warfield, lying along the margin of the river, and many partially exposed in the shale beds forming the river bank immediately under the coal bed. At the mouth of John's creek, on the east side of Big Sandy river, the coal bed at the base of section 24, lies a few feet above the bed of Sandy river. From this point toward the north we have the following section: TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 25. Section from the mouth of John's creek to the coal opened by Mr. Samuel Auzier. Covered space, sndstone (C)_ __-_- _ Sandy shale, 10 to 14 _-_--------------------------------- Sandstone --- -------------------------------- Bituminous ase, (Ausier coal) _--- _-_- __-_-_ Parting clany - _.--_- Bituminous shale - ----- --------------------------------- Bituminous shale, earthy -.----------- _ Bitum-inous -as, (Auzier coal) _ ---- .---- Shale and under clay_ ._ _____ Sandy shale- - --.------------------------------- Bituminous coal -- _- ------- ---------------- Under clay () Sandatone ------- --- ----------------------------- Place of coal on Daniel's creek. Sandstone and sandy shale - _----. Place of coal on Long branch. Sandstone end covered space ._----_.-_-.-__ Top of coal on John's creek. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inche. 50 -----285 2 10 ---235 2 14 225 2 2 4 2t1 2 . . -- 4 208 III 1 4 208 6 --_ 6 207 2 .2 ! _ _ 206 8 I 2- 0 8 . -18 - 203 S 8 185 8 50 _-185- 36 105 69 : 69 1- _ It is not improbable that the true thickness of the measures, between the Sam'1 Auxier coal and the coal at the mouth of John's creek, is not given in the above section. At the opening made by Mr. Auxier, the dip is found to be towards the northwest, the direction in which the sec- tion was measured. If the dip lies regularly in that direction, between the two points measured, the thickness of the measures will be too small in the above section by a quantity equal to the amount of the dip between the two points. The remarkable bends of John's creek from its mouth to where the line crosses it, about four miles from Sandy river, would indicate consid- erable disturbance in the measures, even if no rocks were visible. The outcrop in a few places exposes the rocks, which exhibit considerable disturbance and wrinkling; probably the effect of thrust. Two miles above the mouth of the creek a bed of coal has been opened, in a point of a ridge projecting into one of the bends of the creek. Where opened the bed in four feet thick; which is probably above its average thickness, as the opening is immediately at the axis of a synclinal fold. A short distance down the creek from the opening the unwrougbt outcrop is seen on antielinal fold, where the coal is not 591 TOPOGRAPHICAL REPORT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. more than two feet thick. This bed is probably the equivalent of the upper bed exposed at Little Paint creek, given in Section 24. A careful examination of the country in the vicinity of the line on John's creek and Daniel's creek, did not result in the discovery of any workable beds of coal between the horizon of the Auxier coal and that opened on John's creek by Mr. Delong, (equivalent to the upper bed at Little Paint.) Two or three thin beds of coal were found in the space between these beds, but none of them attained a greater thickness than from fifteen to thirty inches, if, indeed, the latter figures are not too high. The coal beds opened by Mr. Delong, at the base of the section, as well as the equivalent of that opened by Mr. Auxier, are accessible the entire distance between Big Sandy and Tug river, in the immediate vicinity of the line. On Tug river, at Warfield, the lowest bed in Section 24 is opened about forty feet above the bed of the river. It is about four feet thick, where it was seen near the town, on the southwest side of Warfield, where it occupies a position a little lower than at the works on the river. This indicates a slight dip to the northwest, and with the line of the river at this place. The base line from the valley of John's creek crosses obliquely the ridges dividing the streams flowing into Tug river, and those flowing into John's creek and Big Sandy. The line crosses this ridge on the 288th mile, six miles east of the mouth of John's creek. The line from the 288th to the 292d mile lies across the head branches of Rockcastle creek. The Beech fork is the first branch crossed; then Stonecoal fork, Scaffold fork, main Rockeastle, Lick fork, Laurel fork, and many small nameless branches. On the 292d mile, the line enters the "breaks," and crosses the ridge dividing Rockcastle and the Panther fork of Wolf creek. The 295th mile enters the White Cabin fork of Wolf creek. The 297th mile crosses main Wolf creek. On the 298th mile, Peter Cave creek, a large branch of Wolf, is crossed. Pigeon Roost fork is crossed on the 299th mile, the mile post falling on the summit of the ridge, on the east side of it, and the dividing ridge between White Oak fork of Emily's creek and Pigeon Roost. The 301st mile crosses White Oak. The 303d mile post is erected on the terraces on the east side of Emily's creek. The 30-5th mile reacbes and crosses the head of several small branches of Big 692 TDPOGRAPMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL HURVET. creek. These branches run south from the line, which now enters the breaks of Tug river, at the head of Mt. Sterling branch. It will be seen, by the foregoing summary, that the creeks crossed by the line are very numerous The small nameless drains are nearly as deep as the valleys of the main creeks. The spurs from the main ridges between the drains are generally as high as the dividing ridges themselves. In almost every instance the hills between the creeks, branches, and drains are capped by the heavy sandstone associated with the upper conglomerate bed, the valleys being from 300 to 500 feet deep, the drainage cutting into the measures nearly down to the Jackson Rice, Little Paint creek coal, frequently below it. Practically the line lies on the strike line of the measures, which is modified locally by waves, wrinkles, and a few inconsiderable faults or breaks, the latter being readily recognized by the low gaps breaking the main ridges. On the Stonecoal fork of Rockcastle creek, a bed of coal is exposed in outcrop, 244 feet below the " Bear Wallow Gap." On the ridge south- east of the gap, the great sandstone, which caps the hills, rises about 100 feet above the gap. This coal is probably the equivalent of the Samuel Auxier bed of coal heretofore alluded to, and has been so considered. The following section begins at the top of the ridge, and extends down Stonecoal fork about a mile, crossing to the north side of the base line, nearly at the middle of the distance. No. 26. Section on Stonecoal fork of Rockcastle creek. Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inch. Feet. Inches. esvy mass of sandstone ---- -- --' 100 -- 431 1 Covered spae.shale,sandstone, &c. _- 244 _ _ 331 1 Bituminous---l-_ _ __ _____- - --__-_-__-__--- 7 ___ 87 1 Parting, clay-.------------------------- ___-__-_-- - --5 80 I Bright, bard bony coal ____-_-__-__-__-_-- --_-_- 3 3 79 8 Dark siicioa shale --------------------.--------------- 10 76 8 Coarse sandstone ---_-----_--_---_----------- - -------- 35_ 66 8 Dark sandy shale 15 to 20 feet ___-__-__-_-.-__-- -__-_-_-_- 15 31 8 Bituminous ca--- ---------------------------------------- 1 3 1 6 8 Under clay -------------------- __-___.-- -- __-__-__ 2 15 5 Bituminous foWiliferoua limestone .-._-_-_-_-___-- - ---- 1 5 13 5 Sandy -ale - --________- --- - ----------_ 12- 12 -_ Rockeastle creek, (andtona.) 7X 593 594 TOPOGRAPHICAL BEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BURVEY. The bituminous limestone is a most remarkable bed; it lies in blocks nearly square, from 15 to 18 inches thick. The dividing ridge between main Rockcastle creek, and the head of Lick fork, is capped by a portion of the sandstone associated with the conglomerate beds which are seen in considerable force at the " Piney G;Lp." AU the drains and branches are strewn with white quartz peb- bles wasted from this top hill sandstone. The following section, obtained at the divide separating Laurel fork of Rockeastle creek from the Panther fork of Wolf creek, will serve to give more in detail the measures in the covered space of 244 feet in Section 26: No. 27. Section of the ridge between Laurel fork of Rockcastle and Panther fork of Wolf creek. Thickness. Elevation. FeeL Incha Feet. winche. Sandstone, wit, large blocks of conglomerete near the base Of-,- the mass --------------_------- 50 -----297 8 Sandy slope, (sandstone) _-------------___-__.-__-__ 30 --- 247 8 Sandtone, bed soft at top ------------------ ----- ---- 38 _--I217 8 Covered space, sloping, (shales) --_-__-__-__-___-___-__ 25 - 179 a S -nd-stone_- - - ----- --------------------- ----- 35 _ 154 8 Coerned space, shboing sbAles, (coal at top) -_-_-_-_ 25 -_ 119 8 Hard sandstone (Rock Alasss) -----_-___-_-_- _ 1 is - 94 5 SaDndy shale -_ 20 76 8 Bituminous coal, 18 to 20 inches -_-_-_-_-_- __-_- I 55 56 5 Dark sandy shale --------- --- 25 5_I 55 --- Bitumino-s coal, size not seen; dark sandy sbales. - 15 _. 30 __ Hard sandetone-__ ___ _ __ _ _ _ -- _ _ -- -_--- 15. - 15 Coal in bed of Laurel fork. l Descending the valley of Panther fork of Wolf creek, the only line of travel practicable was in the bed of the branch. The rocks dip with the line of the stream nearly as rapidly as the fall of the branch itself Two thin beds of coal were cut and brought to light by the branch; these should be placed in the upper part of the section. One bed is about 15 inches tWick, and probably occupies a place in the section above at 179 feet 8 inches; the other, about 2 feet thick, at 119.8. From lIockeastle creek eastwardly to Tug river the upper sandstone, which caps the hills so frequently referred to, caps the points and ridges as naked masses, which, seen from a distance, might readily be taken for eastles or artificial structures. TOPOGRAPMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The valley of Wolf creek, which is quite a large stream, is generally only a few feet wide. In many places the abrupt ascent of the hills begins at the wa'er's edge on both sides of the stream; at all such places the only road lies in the bed of the creek. The lower part of the hills are wooded with beech, poplar, ash, sugar- tree, gum, sour wood, and oak; the sides higher up with ditibrent species of oak; the gaps, cave.s, and top of the ridges are clothed with chestnut- oak, and pine. A bed of coal, 7 feet thick, has been seen one mile south of the line, at the head of White Cabin branch of Wolf creek. I was not able to visit the locality of this coal. It is probably the upper part of the great bed seen on Stonecoal fork of Rockcastle, four miles further to the west. At Mr. Samuel 3Moore's mill, three quarters of a mile south of the line, a bed of coal outcrops in the bed of the creek; it is about 20 inches thick. This bed must lie below the 7 feet coal above referred to. These beds are referred to as being equivalent to the upper part of the great coal of Rockoastle creek, and the first coal below it given in Section 26. If this reference be correct, then there are four horizons of coal in the first 350 feet below the conglomerate, which here Caps the hills. On our return from Tug river, a thin cannel coal was obEerved in several hills; it is the first coal under the conglomerate. No satisfactory exhibition of the cannel coal bed was obtained. It is probably not over 18 inches thick, where it was crossed by the road from Warfield to the mouth of John's creek. The base line crossed the Pigeon Roost fork'of Wolf creek, half a mile north of James Howard's mill; near the mil there is a perfect exhibi- tion of the following section: 695 596 TOPOGRAPHICA REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL sRVnT. No 28. Section of coal, k-c., at Howards mill, Pigeon Roost fork of Wolf creek. I Thickness. Elevation. Feet. Inches. Feet. Inches ! - -__ __ _ Heavy sandstone, south of gap_ -__-___-___-__-__-_ O 429 6 Covered space -----------------------------------__,45 ----- 349 6 Covered space, divided into three terraces -241 --I--- 304 6 Sandstone. thick beds-------------- 25 __ 63 6 Sandy shale -__ - _-__-- __--_-- __--_--_-- __-___1- 15 ._ _ 38 6 Bituminous c ---- __- __-_---- _ 2 - 23 6 Sandy shale -_-__-_ ---------------------------------- 15 -- 21 6 Bu..y bituminous coal- __ __ _____-______-__-___-___-__- 4 _ _ 6 6 Unfder clay _-.-_ _ _ _ 2 6 2 6 Dark sandy shale, bed of Pigeon Roost fork of Wolf creek- White Oak fork of Emily's creek exhibits the upper part of section imperfectly. Although White Oak creek was traced to its junction with Emily's fork, and the latter stream carefully examined for four miles above the mouth of White Oak, no section could be obtained which would add any information to that already given. The shale beds have probably increased in thickness east of Rock- castle creek. The rocky masses are softer east of Wolf creek than the equivalent beds are at the west. The hills are covered by the debris of rocks and shales, notwithstanding their sides form angles with the horizon ranging from 25 to G00. No further sections of the measures outcropping on the line were obtained. The tops of thye hills are always capped by the heavy sand- stone and its associated conglomerate beds, giving assurance that no new measures were to be examined, and that additional sections would be the equivalent of those already given, variously modified. The unsettled and variable state of the weather since the passage of Jenney's creek has rendered the barometrical observations quite unreli- able. No confidence has been given to observations taken at intervals longer than from fifteen to twenty minutes apart. The observations by barometer between Jenney's creek and Tug river consist of a series of one hundred and seventy-six observations, besides twenty-four observations between Tug river and John's creek, on our return. TOPOGRAPHCAL REPORT 01 GEOLOGICAL SURVE. 5 By the observations made on the road between Warfield and John's creek, the place of the cannel coal is set down at 97 feet below the gap at the head of Buck creek, or about 120 feet below the conglomerate, on the hill tops, and 94 feet below the ridge east of Mr. Cassiday's, on Rockcastle creek. From John's creek, our route, returning, was down Big Sandy to the mouth of Big Paint creek, up this to the divide separating Little Paint fork of Big Paint from the latter; across this ridge to Little Paint fork, which was traced to its head, crossing the ridge, and descending the Road fork of the Burning fork of Licking river to Adamnsville. The road lies near the top of the Licking shales, sometimes sinking a little below the Adamsville coal, sometimes rising 75 to 80 feet above it. To the northwest of Paintville, considerable disturbance was observed in the rocks under the Adarnsville coal. The measures being thrown into waves, the axis of which is northeast and southwest, subsequently these troughs have been filled by deposits lying non-conformable. It will be seen by what has been stated in this chapter that the coal beds increase in thickness and number east of Big Sandy; and, as far as can be seen in unwrought outcrop, the coal appears to be of excellent quality. On the west side of Big Sandy near our line, the coal beds are thinner and frequently separated by clay partings. The beds of iron ore cease and are not seen east of the head of the Green Rock fork of Jenney's creek. The horizon of the ore beds was frequently exposed eastwardly of this point, but no ore beds were seen. By reference to Vol. 3, Kentucky Geological Reports, sec. 3, pages 330, 331, it will be seen that a ferruginous conglomerate occurs at 311 feet. The same geological horizon is in the succeeding sections, viz: Section 4, at 220 feet; section 5, at 396 feet; section 8, at 256 feet; section 9, at 360 feet; and in section 10, at 244 feet 10 inches. These sections are all taken near the margin of the coal field in Greenup and Carter counties; in all the conglomerate is found. In the last section the whole thickness of the coal measures lying between this remarkable bed of conglomerate and the sandy beds beneath the sub-carboniferous limestone, and including what remains of that division, is only 244 feet 10 inches. The dividing ridge between Little Sandy and Tygert's creek carries the conglomerate bed to the vicinity of Laurel furnace. It is seen 597 TOrOetPmCAL RPORT 0O GEOLOGICAL AdVE. again on the east side of Little Sandy, at Steam furnace, above the Carrington and Heighton ore banks. It occurs at the head of Indian creek, and follows the line of the ridge to the ore diggings of Caroline furnace, further to the southeast. It is seen again at Clinton furnace; the same bed at Mt. Savage furnace, (sec. 9,) twenty miles to the south, persistently capping the highest hills in the coal measures in Greenup and Carter counties. The column of the coal measures steadily increas- ing in height to the southeast, is always capped with this pebbly bed, except in the neighborhood of Amanda furnace, where a thin patch of the coal measures rise above it. (See page 453, vol. 3, Ky. Reports.) To the horizon of the conglomerate bed mentioned above is referred the great sandstone mass, which so persistently occupies the head of the section on the base line east of the head of Red river. A line of sec- tions across the country from Mt. Savage furnace to the head of Jenney's creek would place this question at rest, and, at the same time, determine the margin of the iron ores toward the southeast from NIL Savage furnace, thus connecting the observations of the base line with the work of Greenup, Carter, &c., on the north. The thickening of the coal measures toward the south and southeast has been satisfactorily established. At Jenney's creek we have above the Adamsville coal over 600 feet of shale, sandstone, and coal; below the Adamsville coal the Licking shales are from 160 to 200 feet thick, to which should be added the great sandstone at the base of the coal measures lying above the coal and iron ore beds of Estill county; this latter mass is about 240 feet, making together over 1,000 feet of meas- ures on Sandy river, (supposing the lower measures, which are concealed, retain the thickness they have at the west,) against 244 feet 10 inches, as per sections on Smith's and Coal creeks, near the margin of the coal measures west of Little Sandy river in Greenup county. After entering the coal measures, the general dip is to the south, frequently reversed by waves and a few minor faults. The small streams are generally in the line of the synclinal and the ridges the anticlinal waves. The main anticlinals are remarkably serpentine, and throw off second- ary anticlinals, into spurs to the right and left, direct and obliquely toward the east and west. The hills rise toward the head of the simma or main dividing ridgeM 698 TOPOGRAPMiCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SUVREY. 599 as much, frequently more, by the dip lying with the downward course of the streams, than by the addition of measures toward the great dividing ridges; both causes are generally combined; especially when the remains of the great upper conglomerate sandstone are still in place. The hills at the head of Red river, Burning fork of Licking, Rock- castle, and Wolf creek, are nearly on the same horizon. The accompanying diagram of the base line will probably explain the character and elevation of the measures and the country better than anything I could add to what has already bken said. This page in the original text is blank. INDEX. Acid in wines, proportions of _- - __-__- _- _ page 312 Agriculture, theory and practice of_ _-- -- 33, 48, 53, 54, 56 Agriculture in Kentucky_ --- -46 Alcohol, proportion of, in wines _-------------_----- 311 Alkalies, separation of, from magnesia, in analyses __-_-_-- - 59 Alum, native, Morgan county _---- 228 Alumina, influence of, in removal of phosphoric acid from iron - -_-_-_-_- 44, 138 Ammonia in soils - --------------------------------------- 49, 54 Amanda furnace, Greenup county, section at _-_-_-_-_-_-- _ _, 409 Analysis of soils, remarks on - -_- _ --------------------- 26, 54, 56 Analysis of tobacco ash, method of _------- 298 Anvil rock sandstone -__- _--------------------.--------------------------- 10 Appendix to Dr. Peter's Chemical Report _-__-_--- - 291 Area of Eastern Kentucky coal measures _-_-_--- - 13 Artesian well, Doponts', at Louiavillc _-_-_-_-__--- 2.1, 24, 520 Ash analyses, tobacco, corn, wheat, &c .-_-_-__-_-__- - 45 Ash of stalks and branches of the vine _-_-_--- - 314 Ash of wines, analyses of _-_-__-_-_-_---- 313 Ashes, coal, analyses of, 81, 82, 95, 96, 110, 111, 113, 114, 148, 177, 178 188, 225, 226, 230, ,243, 248, 249, 252, 267, 268, 269 Ashes of clover, composition of _--------_------_--_---_---- 9 Ashes of Indian corn, of the cob, and of wheat --- __-_- _-_-__315-321 Ashes of the sap of the vine, analysis of -__--_- _-_-_-_314 Ashes of Kentucky tobacco, chemical investigation of- -_ 293-309 Atmospheric elements of plants, &c . _------------_-__-_-__-50, 51 Barrens, in Waynoecounty - 492 Base line, east and west, Dr. Owen's report on the -_-_-__ -_-_-__-_ 7 Base line survey, report on - _------- - _---- 501 Base line survey, conclusion of_ _ ------------------567 Bath county iron ores, limestones, waters, soils, &c. _ -- -61-82 Bath county, survey of - 465 Besrgrass lands of Jefferson county - 192-195 Bench marks, in eastern coal fields, made by Jos Lesley- - _-_-_-_-_-__444 Bellefonte furnace, rejected ore, Greenup county _- _-_ __ _- __-168 Bird's-eye coal, Union conuty, analysis of -_- _ -_ -- 268 Bird's-eye limestone, on Dick's river - 529 Black band ore of Curlew mines, Union county- - 265 Black band (so called) of Hopkins county - __ 379 Black band iron ore in Christian atd Mublenburg counties - - 400, 402 Black ferruginous limestone of Hopkins county -_-__-_ -_-_- 12 Black slate, Madison county, analysis of --------_ --- - 212 Bleeding. of the vine s--------------------------------.-_-------_-.--------- 314 7T 602 ISDEX. Blue grass land of Franklin county, composition of __-_-_-_-_-_-_- - -- 155 Bog iron ore, Campbell county _--_-__-_-_-_-__-__- __-__-__--- - --_-_ 105 B,-es and teeth of masoLdon, Henry county, analysesuf _-_-- - - 182, 183 Bourbon county limestone, anldysis oi - -----------6-3 Bracken county salt water, nuils, limnatones, &c -__ _ _-- --------------- 83-94 Breathitt county coals, &c _-----_-_-_--- - -- -------- 94, 419 Breathitt and Morgan counties, section of _-_-_-_-_- __-_-__--- - - 416 Breckinridge county, geology of the base line in _-__-__-___-__-_-- -- ---- 504 Breckinridge county, sandstone, limestone, and soils __-_____-_-_-- - --__- 97-101 Building stone, sandstone, Wayne county _-_-___-_-_-__-__-__-_-- -_-____ 491 Buffalo furnace, section on the land of, Greenup county __ -- - - 412 Bullitt county sandstone, limestones, soils, and shale ---------------- - - - 101-105 Butler county, coal measures in._. -_- 399 Campbell county, iron ore __--_-------__-__-__-- -- 105 Caney creek, Morgan county, coal on _- __- __-_-_-_-__-- -_ 416 Cannel coal, Breathitt county, analyses of _-_--- - ----------- - -------- 95 Cannel coal, Col. Bradford's, Greeniup county _-_-_-_-_- __-- - - 171 Cannel coal, Carter county, composition of, &-c _. _ __ __-_-_-- - 111-114 Cannel coal, Sneed's, Crittenden rounty_ _-_-__-_-__-__-____-- - 133 Cannel coal, Tar Kiln branch of Stinson creek -_-__-__ -_ -- 11,, 111, 113 Cannel coal, in eastern and western Kentucky -- _ -- - - 11 Cannel coal, Union county, analyses of __-_-_-...._-__-_-_-- -- __ 267, 268 Caroline furnace, Greenup county, iron ore and slag _-_-___-_-_- __-- - _ 167 Carter and Greenup counties, coal measures-- - - - - -_ ___ - - -406 Carter county, iron ores, iron, limestones, and coals -_---- ---- 10J-114 Carter county, section across _-------------_-_------ 460 Carter county, Surrey of ----------------------- 457 Center furnace ores, slag, flux, iron, &c., Trigg county _-_-_-__-- - -- __ 257-261 Cement, hydraulic, Louisville, analysis of _-_-_-__-_-_-_-___-- - - - 190 Chalybeate Springs, Estill county -- - ------ 473 Chalybeate springs of Kentucky, horizon of __ ------ -------- 451 Chaplin fork. Salt river, lands and lumber of _-_-_- __-_-_-___----- 519 Chemical and agricultural geology _-_-_-___-__-_-___- __-- - - - 26 Chemical examination of native wrines -_-__- ____-_-_-_-_-_-_--- - - -- 310 Chemical investigation of ash of wheat and corn, and proportions of oil __- __-----__-315 Chemical Report, fourth_ -__ _ __ ____-_-_-_-_-__- _---- - - - - 38 Chinch creek, between Steam furnace and old Fulton forge, section at ------- 409 Christian county, coal measures in - _-__-_-__-__-__-_- __-_-__-__-- - - - _- _399 Chlorine in tobacco ashes -----------------------_-- - - -- 91 Cinder, Centre furnace, Trigg county, analysis of ---------------------------- 259 Cinder, Cottage furnace, Estill county __-__-_- __-__-____-_-__-_-- - - -- 137 Cinder, Empire furnace, Trigg county _-__-_-_-__-__-_-__-_-____-- - - -- 256 Cinder, Fulton furnace, Trigg county, analyses of. ___-__-__-_-___-_-_------- 263 Cinder, iron furnace _-- _----_-- __----------- - - - 43 Cinder, iron furnace, Crittenden furnace. __-___-_-___- __-_-_---- - - 126 Cinder, iron furnace, Hurricane furnace, Crittenden county _-__- __-___-__------ 131 Cinder, iron furnace, Suwan-ce furnace, Lyon county. ___-_-_------ 210 Cinder, Mammoth furnace, Lyon county --- - --- 208 Cinder, Ozeora furnace, Livingston county ___-_- _-__-- - - 213, 204 Clarke county limestones, soils, iron ores, kc - _-__-__-_-_-__-- - __ 114-120 Clay from Bracken county, analysis of_ ___-__-__-_-___-___-__-__--- - --92 Clay, Crittenden county _----_---------------__-_-_-__-_-_---- - -- 132 Clay from Estill county _--___--_-_____-__-__-_-_-___-- -- . _.___._ _ 140 Clay, marly, Fayette county, ummpoution Of - - - - 150 INDEX. 603 Clay from mastodon bed, Henry county, composition of - .-_---------__ - 183 Clay, Nelson county, analysis of -_------_-------------__-_- _- 238 Clay from near Iaco, Madison counts, analysis of -_-.-.-_-. 211 Cli rotone, fen-uginous, Kenton furnace, Greenup county -_-_----- -163, 164 Clear Creek furnace ores, &c., &c., Bias county - _.-__-_-.- _63-68 Clear Cretk, vralley of- - __---------- _---------_513 Clinton county, survey of - 493 Clover, action on soil, &c ----------- ------ 89 Coal, Arnold's, Hopkins county, snalynis ofr -_ - _-_ -_-_-_-_ lb5 Coal ashes, analyses of, 81, 82, 95, 96, 110, 111, 113, 114, 149, 177, 178, tOS, 225, 226, 230 243, 24z, 249, 252, 267, 268, 269 Cool from Butler co-nty, analyses of __--- ---- -- - _- _- _- __- 81 Coal in Batl county - _-- -.--- - - - 65 Coal in heads of streams emptying into Bear creek - 569 Coal on Big Sandy- -5-------------------------------------9-7------------- - Coals, Breathitt county, analyses oLf _---- --------_ - 95 Coal, Col Bradford's, Greenup county ------------ _-__-__171 Coal, near Caney-ille- . -__- 575 Coals, from Carter county, composition of -_-_-_-__ -_-.- _-_- _410-114 Coal in Carter county _---------------------------45-461 Coal in Clinton cosn.ty -_ __----___,----___,--------_,-__-__-__493 Coal in Estill county - __ _-_-_-_-_-.-_-.-_.-471 Coals, from Escill county, composition of - .- .-_-_-.-__ -_147, 148 Coal field, eastern, general geological description of- - 450 Coal field, easter,., Joseph LeAley's report on--_-_-_ -_-.- __- __ 439 Coal, fossil, Nelson county, composition of _ _----- 232 Coals of Hancock county, composition of --_-_ -_-.-_ -.-.- 177, 178 Coal in Jackson cosn.- _- _ --- --- __ 480 Coal, Mr. Isaac's, Jackson county, analysis of - _-_-_-_- _- __-__188 Coal in Montgomery county - .-------------- _-__-467 Coals, of Montgomery county, analysea ofL -_- __-_- _-_- __225 Coal at Sam'l Moore's m.i - 595 Coal, Morgan county, analysis of_ _- _-_-_-_.-_-_ 229 Coal oil, manufacture of -_-------------------- .44 Coal oil, i-c -- - - - - - - - -- 95, 96, 111, 114 Coal oil, crude -_--------_---- ---- 171, 267, 268 Coals, from Ohio county, analye of of------------- __-_- 243 Coals, Owoley c-uty, analyses of- - 247 Coal il -Pow-ell counity -__ ___. . _ _ __ _ __ __ __ ______ -_-_-_-468 Coal in Pulaki county - _---- _---------------- 484 Coals, Rockcastle county - _ 251, 252, 482, 483 Coal in Rowan county - _- - - 462 Coal, Suead's, Critteniden county - _ 133 Coal strata, between bhe conglomerate and the Malhoning sandstone_ -347 Coal, ub-conglomerte - _ _ 10, 338 Coals of Union coun ty, analyses of - 266-269 Coal in Wsane county- -_- - -- - - 4b7 Coal at head of White Cabin branch of Wolfe creek - 593 Coal 1 A. Palmeontology, stratigraphy, and distribution of_ 11. 12, 340, 408, 410, 412, 416, 421, 422, 498 Coat I B. Stratigraphy and general distribution of_.--_ 352, 355, 388, 411, 413, 417, 421, 422 Coal I C. Palronsology and general distribution Of - 361, 40-, 413, 414, 42:1 Coal 2. Palmontology, stratigraphy, and general distribution -- 365, :is, 414, 420, 423 Coal 3. Palawontlogy, stratigraphy, and general distribution. ---- 368, 388, 399, 401, 415, 420 804 minn Coal 4. Paleontology, stratigraphy, and general characters and distribution, 374, 399, 402, 415 Coal 5 _----- -- - _---- _--- -- --- - -- - --_-_-- 377, 389, 390, 404 Coals 6 and 7 -__------ _------ ___-- ___----------_378, 389, 390, 404 Coal 8 _--------------------------- __-___-379, 389, 392, 405 Coal 9 -__------_--_--_--_--------_-- __--_--_ 380, 388, 390, 39:2, 415 Coals 10, 11, and 12 _..------------------------- 382. 385, 394, 397, 405 Coal 11 -_----_------_--_----------_---- __--_--_--_--_384, 389, 390, 395, 405 Coal No. 11 __-- ____-- _---- __--_-__-___---_-_-_-_-___-_-__12 Coal measures of British islands, statistics of -- ----------------- -- 15 Coal measures, below the conglomerate, general distribution ---__-_-__-_-_-___.____338 Coal measures, comparative sections of _-__- __-_-_..-_-__-__--- __-__-__-__423 Coal measures in Daviesa, Hancock, Ohio, and Breckinridge counties ---__-___-_-___398 Coal measures, eastern, area of _-_-_- __-__-__-_-__-_-_---_-___-_-___-____13 Coal measures, formation in eastern Kentucky _-__-_-___-___---- ___-_-_-_-_- 456 Coal measures, fossil plants, description of species of --.------------- - 433 Coal measures in Greenup and Carter counties ----_-_-_-____-__-_-__-__-___-_406 Coal measures in Hopkins county ---_--_--_----_--__- __- ___-__-__-___-___-__390 Coal measures of Kentucky, area of ___-_-.-_- __-__-___.---- __-__-___-__-_- 18 Coal measures of Kentucky, compared with British -_.___- __-_-_--_- __-___-__-_13 Coal measures of Kentucky, sub-division of __-___-__-___---__-___- ____-.____-10 Coal measures in Lawrence, Johnson, and Floyd counties -___ -------------------421 Coal measures between the Mahoniog and Anvil Rock Sandstones ----------- - 376 Coal measures in Morgan and Breathitt counties -_-__.___-___-___-__.___416, 463, 465 Coals, Muhlenburg county, composition of. __-__-_- __-___-_-_--__-_- __-__- 230 Coal measures in Muhlenburg, Hopkins, Christian, and Butler counties -------------- 399 Coal measures, natural division of, by L-squereu - _-___-__-_--_-__-__-__-_-_-337 Coal measures in Owaley county _-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_----_-__-_- 474 Coal measures in Union, Livingston, and Crittenden counties -------------------- 387 Coal measures, western, thickness of _-_-_-__-_-__-_-___---- ___-___-___- 12 Cold short iron- - _---------- __-- __-------- _-- ____-__44, 125, 138 Comparative sections of coal measures __-.-_-.-__-_- _.----__-___-___-___-_-___423 Conglomerate or millstone grit formation in eastern Kentucky -------------------- 453 Conglomerate __--_----------_---_-__-_-_----_-__-__-_-___-___- 345 Cottage furnace ores, slag, iron, &c., Estill county -__-____-__-__-___135-139, 472, 527 Copper pyrites, &cl--..--- ------------------------ 526 Counties in eastern and western coal fields yet to be surveyed --------------------- 21 Cow's milk, composition of ashes of ------------------------ 153 Cranberry, proposed cultivation of, in Carter county --------------------------- 461 Crittenden county iron ores, iron, limestones, slags, &c. ------------- ------120-134 Crittenden, Livingston, Union counties, &c., section of _- ____-__-----------------387,388 Crittenden furnace ores, limestones, iron, slag, hearthstone, &c. ------------ 120-127 Curlew sandstone ___--_----_------_-- _--_-- __------ _-- _--_---- 0 Dairy farm soils, Fleming county _ ------------1--------------------- 52,153 Daviesa, Hancock, Ohio, and Breckinridge counties, coal measures in - __-__---__-__-__398 Daviess county, hydraulic limestone_. _____-_-_-.-_-__----__-_-_-_-__ -_-_134 Deductions, Jos. Lesley's, from survey of eastern coal field ___-_-__-_-_-__- __-- 456 Determination of phosphoric acid --------------------- __-___-___-__ 59 Devonian shale, Bullitt county, composition of .___-_-_.-_-__-- - -------------104 "Dick', Jumps," in Wayne county _-_- __-__-_- __-___--- _- __-__- 490 Disintegrated limestone, Brerkinridge county --_ -------------------------- 97 DuPont's Artesian well at L-ui.ville, asalvis of water, &c. - -___-_-__ -23, 24, 5S0 Eastern coal field, counties in, yet to be nor-ve-ed _ _ _ __ . _- - 21 Eastern Kentucky coal measures --___-__- _.-_- __-___----___-__-___-_-__-___ 13 Eastern coal field, general deductions from survey of ----------------- - 456 UDMA 605 Eastern coal field, general geological description of .- . ---- ---.450 Eastern coal field of Kentucky, Jos. Lesley's Report o- ---------------------------- 439 Elementary composition of plilnts and animals -_-_ - ----------------------- 50 Empire furnace ores, iron, slag, & ---------_----- 254-258 Essential materials of the soil -_--_---- __-- _-- _------ _-_-_49 Estill county iron ores, iron, ciay, limestones, mineral waters, soil, and coal -_ 135-148 Estill county, survey of -_-_--- __------------------------------- 471 Estill steam furnace and forge - _ __ - -472 Etill springs waters, Estill county --1---- 142 Exhaustion of lands- -__--__------ _---- __---- __.--.---- ___--_46, 48 Explanation of plates, Lesquereux's Report - ___- __-_ -_ -- 433 Fatty matter in Indian corn, proportion of-. _315 Fault, near boundary of MWwison, Garrard, and Jesaamine counties -_ - -- - 24 Fayette county, mineral water, limestones, and clay -_-__-_-.-_-_ -_-_148-150 Ferruginous clay, mastodon bed, Henry county, analysis of - _.-_-_- __.-_183 Ferruginous claystone, Kenton furnace, Greemup county - .-_-__ -_ 163, 164 Ferruginous limestone, steam furnace, Greenup county - _-__-_ -_-_ 166 Ferruginous limestone, Bath county- --__ __ - __-_ - _- __ 6 Fereuginous limestone, Lewis county, analysis of -_ -_-----_-- 197 Ferruginous limestone, Undon county, analysis of - 269 Fertility of a soil, conditions of. __-- 54, 56, 76 Fleming county, marl, limestones, and soils - 150-156 Floyd, Johnson, and Lawrence counties, section of - _- _- _- _- __421 Fossil coral, Nelson county, analysis of - 232 Fossil shells, Trimble county, analysis of-. . - 264 Franklin county limestone and soils - 155 Fulton furnace, ores, slag, iron, &c.- _ 262, 264 GaLrrard county, limestone and soils -_--- --------- 156 Geine - ------ ------------------------------------- -- 55 General Geological Report, Dr- Ow-en's - _ _ _ __- - 7 Geological map of the State cannot yet be constructed -_-_-__ -_ - __22 Glycerine in ines-_311 Gorges of Dick's and Kentucky rirers- - _-_-_-_-__-_ -_-_-521 Grant county, marl and shale-. _- _ 158 Grape sugar, proportion of, in wines ----------__- -- 311 Grayson, Carter county, section - __ 459 Grayson county limestone._-- -159 Greenup and Carter counties, coal measures -- _ 406 Greenup county iron ores, pig iron, limestones, &c., &c. -_ -_ -- - 160-172 Hancock county, iron ores, soils, and coal- ----------------------172-178 Hardin county, limestones and soils -_--------- 178-182 Hle-.arthstone sandstone, Crittenden furnace- -_ 123, 124 Hearthstone used at Empire furnace, from Union county- - 265 Heathbstone from Illinois Ozeora furnace, Livingston county - 202 Hearthstone sandstone, Hurricane furnace, Crittenden county. _ _-_- __-__-_-_-129 Henderson county, limestone, composition ofr - _ __-_-.-_-._-__ Ir2 Henry county, mastodon remains and clays -18_- 102, 183 Hoed cr-ps, deteriorate the soil __-- - - - - - - - - - 3f1 liopewell (Ozeora) furnace, Livingston county, ores, iron slag, &c -_ . _ 201, 204 Hopkins county, coal measures in - .------------- _-_390, 399 Hopkins county, soils and coal -__------------__-- I E4, l&5 list-short ir--n _109 Humus -,_ Hurricane furnace ores, pig iron, slag, &c -_-_-_ -_-.-_127, 128 608 Hydraulic limestones - _ __--____-_____-______-_-___ - -____-__.-___-___ 43 Hydraulic limestone, Barth county _-_-__-_------------------------------- 68 Hydraulic limestone, Clarke county, composition of _-_-___-_____-_-_-__-_ 119 Hydraulic limestones, Crittenden county _-_-_-_-__--- _- _------_------- 123 Hydraulic limestone, D.viess county -__-_-.-_-___- _.-__-__-_-- - --___-_- 134 Hydraulic limestones, Eqtili county __-_-_-_-_- __-___-_-_-_-- -- __-__. 140, 141 Hydraulic limestone, of Garrard county, analysis of _____-___-___-_-_-- - --__-_ 156 Hydraulic limestones, Jefferson county __-_-_-____- ___-_- __-- - -- __- 189-191 Hydraulic limestone Madison county -__-______-____-_-_-_- __-- - --_-___-__ 212 Hydraulic limestones, Meade county, analysis of.- - - _ _-_-__-_-__- __-_-_219 Hydraulic limestones, Nelson county _-_- __-__- __-_-_-_-- - --_231, 234 Hydraulic limestones, Oldham county, analysis of _-___-_-_-__-_-__-__--- - 241 Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa soils, analysis of -------------- -- - 291, 293 Indian corn and wheat, composition of ashes of _ ----------- -------- 315 Indian corn, proportion of oil in _-__-__-___-_-_-__-__-___-- - __-__- 315 In dian trace, old .---------------------- _-_-_-- - - 532 I,,strulctinns to S. S. Lyon, by Dr. Ow-en __ __-_- __-__-_-_-_-- - _ 499, 545 Iron, cold-short _--_----_----_-----_-_-_-.-- - -- _- _ 44, 125, 138 Iron gravel, Clarke county _----_-----_-___-_-_.-__-__-_-- - __-_-__ 119 Iron -hot-ehort" ---- __-_----_--------_- __-__-_-- - ------109 Iron furnace slag, Caroline furnace, Greenup county, ___-__-_- __-_- __-_-- -_ _- 167 Iron furnace slags, Center furnace, Trigg county _-__-__-__-__-- --_- _-_-_- 259 Iron furnace slags, Cottage furnace, Estill county _-__-___-__-_-_- __-- --_-__ 157 Iron furnace slags, Crittenden furnace, Crittenden county __-___-__-___-- - --___- 126 Iron furnace slag, Empire furnace, Trigg county -_- __-_-_-_-__-__-- - 256 Iron furnace slag, Fulton furnace, Trigg county, analysis of -- --- ----- 263 Iron furnace slag, Hurricane furnace, Crittenden county_____ 131 Iron furnace slag, Mammoth furnace, Lyon county, analyses of ------------- ----- 208 Iron furnace slag, Ozeorm furnace, Livingston county. __-_-.- __-___-- - --_ 203, 204 Iron furnace slag, Suwannee furnace, Lyon county __-___-_____-_-___-- - --__-__-_210 Iron ores on 251st mile, base line __- __-__-_-__-_-__-__- ___-- -- _-- ------- 535 Iron ore beds, at 272d mile of base line __-__-__-_- __-__-__-___-- - -- ___-__-_ 542 Iron ores in Bath county _--_--_--_-__-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-- -- ___- _ 466 Iron ores, limonite, Lc., Bath county ----_-_-__-__-_-_-_-_-___-___-- - --- 61 Iron ore, Bellefonte, (rejected,) Greenup county _-_- __- __-_-__-__-- - -- __ 168 Iron ore, 'bog,) Campbell coul ty, composition of __-_-_-___-__-_-_-- -_ ----105 Iron ore, near Caneyville _----___---___-_-- ------_ 575 Iron ore, Carolitte furnace, Greenup county _-_- __-__-___-___-___-_-- -- __-__- 167 Iron ores, limonite and carbonate, Carter county, composition of ------------- - 106-109 Iron ore, limonite, Clarke county _-__- __-_-_- ____-__-__-_-_--- - __-_- 119 Iron ores, Clinton county __--__--_-__-_-_____-_-___-__-_-_-- ---_-_-_-__-__ 493 Iron ores, Crittenden county ._--- ___-__-_- ___-___._____-_-- - _-_______ 12U-129 Iron ores, position of, in coal measures -- __-___-_-_-__-__-_-- - _ 19, 211 Iron ore, limonlite, Edmouson county, (Nautilus Sp ) _____-__-_----_-_-_134 Iron ores, Eatill county - ---__-____-__- __-___-_-_-- - _-_.-_- _135,139, 141 Iron ore in Estill county -----------__-___-___-___-__- - ----_-___471 Iron ores, old furnace ore banks, Estill county _-_-_-_-_-_- ____-__-- --_-__-_-_139 Iron ore, old furnace, E,till county - _-_-_-_-___-____-__-__-- --__-__ - 530 Iron ore, ncar Ford.ville Iron Woiks _- ___-__-_- ____-___-____- __-- - -- 574 Iron ores, Greenup county, composition of_ __-_-_- __-__-__-_-- - --_- _ 160-172 Iron ores, Hancock county, composition of. _ _ _ _ ------------ - 172 Iron ore in Jackson county_ -_ -- ---- ------------------------- 4g1 Iron ore, from Laurel county, analysis of __-_-_-___-__-__-_-_-_-_-- -_-___-__196 Iron ores, Livingston county, composition of_ _____-___-___-__-- -- - _____-_____-__-201 INDEX 607 Iren ores, Lyon county _-__._-_-_-_-__---- - __ 204-210 Iron ores, Morgan county _-__-_-_-__-__-__-__---__-_-__- _226-228 Iron ore, Morgan coun.t, sub conglomerate _-__-___-__-_-__- -4_-_-__-_--- 4 65 Iron ore, Montgomery en soty, analysis of __ - _ -__ -_ - 224 Iron ore, Middy river, Muxhlenburg county _-_-_-_-_---- - 229 Iron ore bedsl, Nulin furnace --_-_-_-_-- - 566, 567 Iron ores, Owutey county, analysis of _-_-_-__-__-- - - 246 Iron ore in Owsley county 475, 477 Iron ore, knob iron ore, Powell county _-_-__-_-_-__--- - 249 Iron ore, in Powell county_ _-------__-_-_---- - 470 Iron ore, Pennsylvania furnace, Greenup county, iron ore _-__.-_-_- ___-- - 171 Iron ore in Pulaski county _--------_-- - 486 Iron ore, COumberland Coal Company, Pulaski county_ 251 Iron ores, Racoon furnace, Greetiup county--_ -169, 170 Iron ores, Trigg county, anal roes of - - _ - _ -_ _ 254-265 Iron ore, Union county, anal-sis of _-_- __-_- _--- - 265 Iron ore on eastern limits of western coal field __-_-_--- - 19 Iron ore, in Wayne county ---------- __-__-__-_-___-_-_-- -- __-_- _491 Iron, (salamander,) BaLh county -_-_-_ ___ _ . _ 67 Iron, pig, Buth county_ _------_-----_------ 67 Iron, pig, Carter county, composition of ---_-__---- ---- 109 Iron, rig, Centre furnace, Trigg county, analysis of _-_-__-___-- - 259-260 Iron, pig, Cottage furnace, Estill county, composition of _-_-_-_-_-_-- -- 1318 Iron, pig, Crittenden furnace - _ _ ____-_-_----__-_- _-124, 125 Iron, pig, Empire furnace, Trigg county, analysis of __-_--- - 256 Iron, pig, Fulton furnace, T'igg county, naalysis of _-_-_-- - 2G4 Ironi, pig, Kenton furnace, Green.up county -__ - - - -_ 165 Iron, pig, Hurricane furnace, composition of _-_-_,-- - - 130 Iron, pig, Ma1.,mmoth furnace, Lyon county, analysis of _-_-_ ---- 207 Iron, pig, Ozeora furnace, Livingston county, analysis of - - -- 202, 203 Iron, pig, Slate furnace, Bath county __-_-_-__-_-__-__-- - 61 Iron, pig, Suwannee furnace, Lyon county _-_-__-_-_-__-_-_-- -_ 210 Introductory letter of Dr. Peter __- __-_-_-_-_-_- __-- - 39 J-ckson county, survey of _----_--_-_-_-_---- - -- 479 Jackson county, wils and coal _ -_-_ - ------------------_186, lb8 Jefferson county, toils and limestoneu-s_ _ _ _ __-__-__ -__ - _-_- _- IS9196 Johnson, Lawrence, and Floyd counties, section of- _--__-_-_-__ 421 Jumps," in Wayne county- - -----------------_490 Kelly & Co., iron works, ores, iron, slag, kc -_-----_-__-__-_-__-_ 209-211 Kenton furnace, Greenup county, ores, iron, slag, &c-, &c- ---__-_-_-__-__-_160-165 Kentucky coal measures compared with British -_-_-__-_-___-_-_-_-_13 Kentucky lands _- 20, 42 Kentucky marble, Fayette county, composition of -__-_- _-_-_-___149, 150 Knobs in Kentucky - -- 450 Knobstone formation ---------------- 451 Lund, exhausted by culture -- _-._-_-_-- 46, 48 Laurel county, iron ore --------------------------------------__-- - 196 Lawrence, Johnson, and Floyd counties, section of - __- __-_ - __ -_ -__ -421 Lead ore. in aub-carbonirernus limetstnet --_-_-_- _-_ - _- __-_-452, 461 Lesley's, Jo., survey and report, remarks on --__- --_---_ -_ -_- _- _-_- __-19, 21 Lesle,'u, Jo.-, Topographical and Geological Report, on eastern coal field of Kentucky_ - C9 Lesquereauc's, Leo, report, remarks on -_- ------_ -_ 18, 21 Lesquereau's., Leo, report on the Kentucky coal fields- _- a 608 xwx. Lewis county, limestones, sandstones, and soils -___ _ ___. _ __ ___ __-_-197-200 Limestone, black ferruginous, of Hopkins county -___- ____-__-__-__-_-__-__12 Lime-tone, fro-n Bracken county, analysis of -__-_-__-__-__-___-_-__-_-_-__84 L mestones, Breckinridge county, composition of - _-_-_-_-_-_-__ 97 Limestone, Carter county, composition of -_-_-___- __-_-_-_-_-_-__1119 Limestones, from Clarke county, composition of -__-_-____-__-_114, 115, 119, 120 Limestones, Crittenden furnace, Crittenden county -__-__-__-__-_-__-___-__-_123 Limestones, Estill county -_----__---- _-- _-- __------_-_136,140,141 Limestones, Fayette county, composition of ___-- ___-_-____-_- __-_-__14t-150 Limestone, ferruginous, Union county, analysis of-----. ______--- - ------__-__269 Limestone, ferruginou., Steam furnace, Greenup county _-_-___-__-__-_-- --.-_ 166 Limestone, from Franklin county, analysis of _ --------------- -- - - 155 Limestones, from Fleming county, analysis of __-__-_-_- __-_-_-_-- -- _ 151 Limestone, Grayson county, analysis of ._--. ---------------- -- - 159 Limestone-, Hardin county, composition of _-__- __-_-_-_-_-___-- - --,-_- 178 Limestone, Henderson county, analysis of _- __-_-_- __-__-_-___-- --_182 Limestone, Hurricane furnace, Critteuder. county _-___-_-_-_-__-_-_-- -- ___- 129 Limestones, hydraulic and ferruginou., B,,th county. .- --- - -------------68 Limestone, hydraulic, D.viess county --_-_- __-__--- - - 134 Limestone, hydraulic,7 of Garrard county, analysis of .-_-_-_-___-- - 156 Limestones, hydraulic, Meade county, a-sithsis of__ _- __-_-__- __-_-_---- - --_ 219 Limestones, hydraulic _---- .----- - -- 4j Limestones of Jefferson county __-_-_-_-_-_-_-- - --1---196 Limestone used as flux, Kenton furnace, Greenup county - -164 Limestones, Lewis county, analyses of _-_- __-__-_-_---- __- _ 197, 198 Limestone, Livingston county, analysis of _-_--- - - 201 Limestone, Lyon county __----_---__-_-_-___-- - 206, 209 Limestone, magnesian, Madison county, analysis of_ _-_-_- __-_-_-- - --212 Limestones, Mason county, analyses of __-_____-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-- -___-_-_ 216 Limestones, magnesian __------_--__--_-__-_- __-- - - 43 Limestones, magnesian, &c., Bulhitt county, composition of ----------------- 104, 105 Limestone, maguesian, Bourbon county _--_----_-_-_-__ -__--- - 3 Limestone, Mercer county, analysis of_ _- ____-___-_- __-___-_-- -_- _- 221 Limestones of Nelson county -_------_--_--__--_---__-__-___-__231, 234,235 Limestones, Oldham county, analyses of __-_-____-_-_-_-__-_-- --_- __- 244 Limestone in Pulaski county. __--_-_- __-__- __-__-_-_-__-- -- _- __ 487 Limestone, sub-carboniferous, in Rockcastle county _-__-_-_-__- __-- - . 482 Limestones, Trigg county, analyses of ___-_-_-__-_--_ 255, 258, 262 Limonite iron ores. --- - 43 Lincoln county, mineral water __---_-__-_--- - -- 200 Lithographic limestone, Hardin county, analysis of .__-__-__-__- __-__-- - --___- 178 Livingston, Crittenden. Union counties, &c., section of __-_- __-_---- _-__ 387, 388 Livingston county, irno ores, limestone, pig iron, slag, &c. ------------------ - 201, 204 LA ..l.d's coal bank, Hopkins county, section at ._.-__-_-_-.-_-_- __-___-_-- -_ 395 Lone knob, Estill county _-- - -- 527 Lyon county, iron ores, pig iron, slag, lImestones, &c._-. --_ - ___ ___------ 204-210 Ly-o's, S. S., Topographical Report, &c. _ ------------- -------- 495 Msdison c(ouats, ciay, limestone, shale, and soils -- __ 211-216 AMltgnesia- li-esto-es_ _ _ __-- - - 43 Mtgnei-an limnstones, Bu.litt c,,unty, composition of _-_-_-_-_--_-_- _104, 105 MXageiaa limstone, Bourbon county _--------- _-_-___- __-- -- 83 MXageaiaa limstones, Crittenden county _- ___-_-__-.-__-_-.-.__-- -_.-___ 123 MpesQaian limOStone, Fayette County, oomposition of ---------------------------149, 150 INDEX. 609 Mngsesian limestone, from Fleming county, analysis of -__-.-__-.-_-__-_- 151 Magnesian limestone, Lewis county .-- _.----- .--------- _- _-_-.-_ 198 Magnesian limestone, M1dison county _- ------- 212 Magne-ien limestones, Nelson county - 231, 214 Magresian limestones, Oldhsm county, an lyses of _-- - 244 Magnesia, eparation from the alkalie in ansaiyis - -- 59 Mammoth Cave ---------------- ------------------------- 510 Mammoth farnace ores, iron, slag, flax, &c. - -_ 204-209 Manures - -_ 49, 53, 90 Maps of eastern coal field, J. Leile'o _-_-_-_----------- -------------- 439 Map of Hopkins county -----------------_------- 9 Marly clay, Fayette county, composition of __-.-_.-.-._----_ 150 Manly clay, Nelson county, analysis of _-_-.-_--- - 238 Marl, from Fleming county, analysis of . _-_-_-.-.-_-- - 150 Marl, from Grant county, composition of __.-- - 158 Marl, Jefferson county .----.-_---- 194 Marl, Mason counny, sno-lysis of _-.--- - 216 Marl, from milk-sick region, Oldham csunty -- ____-_-__-__-._-- __-_________-___244 Mason county, limestones, marl, and soils .--- - 216-219 Mastodon bons and teeth, anatyses of, Henry county _-.-.-_--- - 182, 183 Morgan co-nty iron ore, wits, coals, &c - -_-_-_- _-.- _226-229 Meade county limestones ----_2--919 Mercer county wails and limeotones -.---- - 220-223 Milk, cows, composition of saline prtion of _-_-_-_--- - 153 Milk-silk region, Grant county, shale from, asslyai of _--- - 158 Milk-sick region. water and marl from, snalysi of _--- - 241, 244, 254 Millstone grit formation in eastern coal field. -- __-_-_-_- - 453 Mineral elements of plants, &c - _.-_-_-_-_--- 51, 52 Mineral ingredients of crops and manures -- 49 Mineral resource of Kentucky, value of .- -- - 18, 20 Mineral springs _--- --- 451, 468, 473 Mineral waters, Estill Springs, &c _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- - 142, 143 Mineral water, Madison county, analysis of _-_-_-_-_-.--- - 214 Mineral waters, Olympian Sprin-gs, Bath county _-_--- - 69 Mineral water. sulphur water, Lincoln county _-_-__-_-_-_- - 200 Mineral water, Walnut Hill, Fayette county, analysis of_ -- .- __- - 148 Mineral waters, Woodford county, analysis of _-_-.-.-__-.- - 270 Mineral wealth in eastern coal field - _ _-_.-- - 457 Montgomery county, wits, iron ore, and coala _-_-_-_-_-_-- - 223-226 Montgomery county. survey of _-_-_-_-_-_-__-.--- 467 Morgan and Bresthitt counties, section of _.-_-_-_-_-__-- - 416 Morgan county, survey and section of_ _-_-_-__-.-_- - 463 Mountains" in Kentucky - _-_-_-_-.-_-_-_-__---.-._- 526 Mudstone, Brsckrn county, analysis of _ _ -.-_- __-- -- 83 Mudut.ne and shale, from milk-sick district, Scott county, analysis of .-.-_- - 254 Muhllenbung county, iron ores and coals _-_-_-.-_-__-_-- - 2, 230 Mullenburg couty, &c-, section of _---- 3911 N -utilus p. li-nouite ore, Edmononn county __-_-_-_-_-_--_ 134 Nelson county, limestones, marl, soils, &rc _-_-_- - 231-241 Nicholas county, water and soils -_---- 241, 242 Nigges -hesds,E Wayne county .-_-_-_-_- - 492 Nolin Furnace, ore beds _ ----------------------566, 567 Nitre, Naed as a manure for tobacco -------------_-_-_o- -9) PiTg i plants, L,- - . .-_-.-_--- 4, 51, 94 77 610 INDIM Obituar' Notice of David Dale Owen, M. D._ __-___-_______-___-_-___-____-___-__ 323 0olitic limestone, Hardin county, composition of _- ------------------------- 178 "Old furnace," Estill cunt -_------ __--------_---- _-___-___-___ 530 Old furnace ore banks iron ore, Estill county __- ___-__-___.-__-__-- - --___-_- 139 Ohio county, coals _----_--_--------_--_-_-_-- - 243 Oil, proportion of, in Indian corn _--_ ----- ------------------- 315 Oldham county limestonea __ __-_-__-__-_-__-_.-__-_-- - --_- __- _244 Olympian Springs, mineral waters, Bath county. ------------------------------- - --- 69 Outcrop base line, J. Lesley's _------_--_----_--_-_-_-_-- - -- 447 Owen county, -narl and soils -- _-_-_- __-____-__-_-- -- _ 244, 245 Owen"', Dr. D. D., remarks on oil analysis, &c. _-_-_-_- __-_-___-- - 26 Owen':,, Dr., General Report _----_-- _-- __---- _--_-_-___-_-- - -- 7 Owen, Dr. D. D., Obituary Notice of _-__----_-_-_-_- __-__-__-.-_-- - - 323 Owsley county, iron ores, coals, &c .------------- ___-_- __-___-__.-_246-249 Owsley county, surrey of -_------ _---- __-- _-- _-- _--_-- _--__--_474 Oaera (Hopewell) furnace, Livingston county, ores, pig iron, slag, &c._.- __-__.___201, 204 Paleositology applied to the identification of the coal strata _-_-__-__-_-_..__--- _- 335 Paiwo.tology of the lowest coal measures- ---_-_-_-_-___-_-_- ---------- 339 Peach Orchard coal mines, Lawrence county. -_-._-.-__-___-__-__-___-___421, 426, 431 Peach Orchard. Lawrence county, coal mines, sections at -_-__-_- __.___.-__-__-.___367 Pennsylvania furnace, Greenup county, section on land of -_-_-___-__-__-___-___-___412 Pennsylvania furnace, Greevup cou-ty, iron ore -__-_-_-__-__-_-__-_-.-_171 Peter, Dr. Robert, Chemical Report. .------------------_-.-_-.__.-_38 Peter, Dr. Robert, Dr. Owen's rem.rks on his Report -__-_-__-___-__-__-_-__-__26 Phosphoric acid, in cinder of iron furnace, &c.-..-_-__-_- __-_-_-.-_-_-- 44, 138 Phosphoric acid, determination of. __.------------------__-___-___-_-___-_59 Phosphoric acid in iron furnace slag. .--------------_.-____.___-_-_-__-_-_137 Phosphates, earthy . _-- __- __---- __-- _- 49, 51, 52, 55, 90, 153, 321 Phosphates, earthy, useful in dairy farming _- ___-___-__-___-__-___--- - __ 153 Phosphates in grain crops __------ _-- _---- __-- __-- __-- _-- __-- _- __- __- __-321 Pig iron, Bath county .._------_--_--_-.-__-__-__.-_-- - _-__- _ 67 P g iron, Carter county, composition of __-_-__-__-__,-__-__.-_--- --_-__.-.- 109 Pig irons, Center furnace, Trigg county, analyses of ------------------ -- 259, 260 Pig irons, composition of, Crittenden furnace _-__.___-__-.-__-__-- -_-__-__-_-_124, 125 Pig iron, Cottage furnace, Estill county, composition of __-___-___-__-_-- - --_-_ 138 Pig iron, Empire furnace, Trigg county, analyses of ------------------- -- ----- 256 Pig iron, Fulton furnace, Trigg county, analyses of ___-_-___-_-_-__-- - --_-__-_264 Pig irons, Hurricane furnace, composition of __-__.___-__-____-_.___-______-_--- - 130 Pig iron, Kenton furnace, Greenup county _-__-____-___- __-.__-__-- --__-__-__-__165 Pig iron, Suwannee furnace, Lvon county _-_-__-_- ___-___-__-__-- - - 210 Pig iron, Mammoth furnace, Lyon county, analyses of -------------------- -----___ 207 Pig iron, from Ozeora furnace, Livingston county, analyses of --------------------- 202, 203 Pig iron, Slate furnace, Bath county ------------------------------ -- 61 Pittsburg bed of coal, identification of ___-_-_- ___-___-_-_-___-- - --__-_-_ 385 Plants, fossil, of coal measures, description of species of ---------------- -- 433 Potush in tobacco ashes .---------------------------- -4 Pot ore, water and sediment from interior of, analyses of _-_-_-_-__-.-- - __ 260, 261 Powell c runty, survey of _--_------- __-__-_- __.-__-_-- - - .-_ 468 P-well county, iron ore and soils ----------------------------- ------------ 249, 250 Proctor, "main coal" __ _--_--_--_-___-_-__-_-___-- - 474 Pulaski county, iron ore _------ __-- ___-___.-_-._-___-___-- -- __-___.-_..- 251 Palaski county, survey of __------_-____-_- __-__-..-__.-_.-- -__-.___.-__-_ 4S4 Raccoon furnace, Grednup county, section on lands of -__ ----------------------- 412 Raccoon furnace iron ores., Grednup county ... - - Jo, _._ UMMs 611 Red bud soils, Madison county, analyses of __-_____-_-__-__-____-___.___.___ __-__-__ 214 Rejected iron ore, Bellefonte furnace, Greenup county -_-_-_-_-__-__-_-_ 165 Rockcastle county co-l -- -- ____-_-- - - - 251, 252 Ruckcastle county, surveyof 481-- - - -- - - - - - ---- -- 481 Route of the surrey in easlens coal field by I. Lesley____. ---------------- 447 Rowan county sa-dstone and soils _ _-.....----------- -_---_-_------------------- 252, 253 Row.county, surey of _-_-_-_-__-_- __-_-__--- _-_- _- 462 Salamander, from iron formce, Bath county -- 67 Saline efflorescence, Lewis county, analysis of._ --- ----.------ - -- --- 197 Saline effilorecence, Owsley county -_-_ --_ --------_ 247 Saline incrustation, Breathitt county -91----------------------------------------- 94 Salt manufacture, at Warfield- -_---- _------_ ------- 587 Salt water, from Bracken creek, Bracken county -_ _3 Salt water, most favorable places I _- - _ -- - - --_- --_-_ - 23 Sandstone, hearthstone, Union county _-_-_-_-_-_-_-- 265 Sandstone, used at Ozeora furnace, Livingston county 202 Sandstone, used at Lawrence furnace .-_- ___-_-_-_-__- - 210 Sandstone, Ballitt county, composition of _- __-_--- - 101 Sandstone, Critt-nden furnace, Crittenden county -_- __-_-_-_-_-123, 124 Sandstones, Hurricane lurnace, Critenden countyv __-- - 129 Sandstone, kisb budiding atone, R.w..n county _-_-_-_- __- - 252 Sandstone, from Lewis county. analysis of _-_-_--- - 198 Sandstone, mudatone, Bracken county _-_-__-_-_-_-_-_-- 83 Sandy soils --------------------80 Scott county, habae and mud-tone _ __ _ _ _ _ __ --_ 254 Section at Amanda furnace, Greenop county -- __-_-_-___--- 419 Section, at Ashland Oil Company mines, Greenop county _-_-_-- - 358 Sections on 126th, 127th, and 131st miles of base line -_-_- __-_- _514, 515 Section, hill at 263d mile post, base line .. _ _-_--- - 539 Section in Bath ounty _-----__-_-__-_-_-- 466 Section, on Beech fork, Salt river, east of St. Thomas' College, Nelson county. _----- 516 Section, near Big Sandy, on east aide of Little Paint creek . _-_- __-_--- -- 569 Section, near Bell's mine, on creek running into Tradewater river _-_- __- - 344 Section, at the "Black band." near A. Towns', Hopkins county __-_- __---- __ 380 Section, 8 miles above mouth of Blackeater creek, Morgan county _--- - 362 Section, on Bro-nsville road, 3 miles south of Gr,.yson Springs - ___--_ 565 Section, on land of Bufalo furnace, Greenup county __-_-_-_-_---- _ 412 Section, north side of Burning fork, 267th mile of base line _-- - 539 Section on main left fork of Cane creek --_-----_-__-_-_-_-_ 357 Section, at crossing of Caney creek _--- 572 Section, across Carter county --- 460 Sections at and near Chinch creek, Greenup county 358, 409 Section, near Clark's mill, Pond river --__-_-_-_-_-__-- 382 Section, at Clinton furnace, Greenup county _-_-_-_- __-- 358 Section of coal measures, on Stiliwater _-_--- - 534 Sections, comparative, of coal measure- ----------_-_-_-_-_-_____-_- 423 Section, east side, Davis' branch -- _---- 567 Section at Mr. Dent's, west side of Sinking creek _-_- - 5U9 Section, bead of north fork of Dismal creek __._-- - - 56 Section, mouth of Ist bh-nch of Dry Fork of Highland creek, Union county ----- 383 Section at Dug Hill, Moihleoiburg county _-_-_--- 57d Section, on head waters of Emmet'- fork of Indian creek _-_-- 34-2 Section, from Etharidge's ferry to top of Sandstone knob _--- - 557 Section, Flint ridge, Licking county, Ohio_ -- ------ __- __----- -. j 612 INDIL Section of coal measures, on Gilmore's creek, 248tb mi le- - - _ -____ -___ -_ - 535 Section, top of hills above Gr-yson -_--_--_--_--_--- __-__-_-_-__-__-_372 Sections, one mile northwest of Grayson Springs- - __-_-_-__- __560, 561 Section about Grayson, C.,rter county ---------------------------------------------- 459 Section, from Green river Iow.a d northwest - 569 Section for Greeup and C .rter cuntie,- _- 407 Section, Haddock's cool mines, BreaLhitt county -_-_-___-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_372 Section, north of -l--edin-b--rg--_ _ __ _ _ _-_-__-_ -_-_-553 Section, Howard's mill, Wolf creek -_------------ _-_-_-___-_-__ 596 Section, north side of HuLting branch of Rock creek -__- _-__- __-__-_-.__563 Section, profile, of Jackson county -_--_--_--------__-__-__-_-_-_-__-_-_460 Section, three miles above Jackson, Breatbitt county - ------------_357 Sections on and near Jenny's creek -_-- __-- _-- .___-_-_-_-_-___543, 569 Section on John's creek - _--_ ------ _-- __-- _-_-__-___-591 Section, King's Hill, Breckinridge county -_---_- __-__-__-__-_-_ 504 Section of Lawrence, Johnson, and Floyd counties -__-_-_-__-__-___-__-_-___-__421 Section, near mouth of Lick brooch of Quicksand, few miles south of Jackson - 351 Section, bill, between Middle fink of Lieking and Cow creek -_-_-___-_-__-_538 Section, of limestone of sub-carboniferous beds, &c --_-_-_-_-___ -_- 520 Section at Little mountain -5_------ _---- _---- _---- _-- __--_-70 Section at Lofl-nd' Coil batik, Hopkins county_ _- _-- 395 Section, Lone knob, Estill county - _-- _---- _------ __-__-_-_-__-__527 Section on Long run ------5-1-3-------- Section on Louisa river, 6 miles below Louisa --_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-_- 359 Section of coal near Morgantowns -__ -______-__-_-_-__-_-___-__ -_ 577 Section acroms the west boundary of Morgan county. .-----__.-_-__-__ -__-_ 463 Section of Morgan and Breathitt countes. -- _-_-_-_-__ -_-_ 416 Section at 213th mile post, base line _-_---------__-_-_-__-_-__-__ -_ - 526 Section of milastone grit beds, Clover creek-- _-_-__-_- __-_-__-_-_ 506 Section of millstone grit beds, Hancock and Breckinridge counties 548 Section near Mordecti creek, Morgan county ---__-_-_-__-_-_-_-_- ___-___355 Section of Muhlenborg county, &c - _ - ___- __-__-_- __- __399 Section, showing modification of beds eastwardly, Nelson county - _-__ -_-_517 Section, at NeLonville, Ohio _---------------------------- _-___360 Section, at Mr. Nelso.'s coal batik -----------------_ -_571 Section, at Col. El. Nigh's, Ironton- - __--_ --__---_-__ - 368 Section, at Nolin river __._ -- 566 Section, near N On f-r ---- __--_----_-- __--_----_ 56 Section, at Mr Felig Syl-es_- _ _-_-_----- __-_-- 511 Seckion, on branch of Stillwater, five miles from Hszlegreen, Morgan county - - 357 Section, at Stin.ou hill, Mt. Savage furnace, Greenup county - _-___.-__- _-__-_-372 Sections, in Owoley county -_----_--_----_--_---- __--_--_.-__-___476, 477 Section, profile, in Ow-ley and EStill counties ---_-_-__-__-_-__-_- _-___471 Section, at Mr. Gen. Payne's boring, Union county - ----------- 384 Sections, at Peach Orchard coal mines, Lowrence county- -_-_- __-___-_-_367 Section, at farm of Mr. Perin n------- ------ 508 Section, on land of Pennayl.ani.i furnace, Greenup county _-_- __-_-_- __--- 412 Section, one mile S. W of old Pennsylvania furnace, Mublenburg county -_-___-__-__402 Section, from Plessatit Run to Smith's bank - _-_-_-_-_-__-__-_-__558 Section, in Powell cot-nty --_ _ .___ __ __ .___ __ __.-__-469, 470 Section, at Providen-e, 11 pkhis county -_------_-__-_-_- _-__-_- __396 Section, profile, in Pola-ki co.unty- -_---- _--------- __-_-__-_- 487 Section, on lands of Racco-n furnace, Greenup county --__-_-___-__-__-_ - 412 Soetion, on farm of A. J. Rime, 273d mile of bess lin. - - ENDEX. 613 Section, at Rock House, on Johnson creek, 254th mile base line -__-__-_-__.-_- 537 Section. on Stonecoal fork of Rockcastle creek _- __-_- __-__-_-_-- - 593 Section of the ridge between Rockcastle and Wolf creeks __-.__- - -- 594 Sectiouos, on north bide of Rough creek. --__-_.-- 554, 556 Section, at the Falls of Rough creek __-_-._- ___-_-_-__-_-- --- 573 Section, 3 miles south of Rough creek ------------------- ---_---------------- 559 Section in Rowan county _ _----_--_--_--_-- __----- __-__- _--- - - 463 Seclion, south side of Stephensport, Breckinridge county --.-_- _---- - 552 Section on Stinson creek, Carter county - - -- ----------__- -------------------- 459 Section at Sugar Camp creek --_------------------------------- 507 Section at Tar Springs, Breckinridge county --_-_-__-_-_-__-_-.-_- - - -505 Section of Union county, kc. .---__-_- __-__- __-_-__-_-_-- ----_387 Section opposite Uniontown -_-_--------- ----------------------- 384 Section on Main ad Second streets, Uniontow ----_-_-_-_-_---- - -- 383 Section, profile, in Wayne county. --492 Seetiou, crossing or Weeelrim creek, 255th mile - __ __ _-_-_-- -- _- 5:16 Section, east side of Wheeirim creek, 255tb mile, base line _-_-_-- - - 537 Section at farm of Widow Whitworth. --- _- __-___-____-___-__--- - --_-_- 508 Section behind the bridge, Williams' creek, Greenup county _-_---- --- 359 Section, three miles from Kilgore's, Williams' creek, Greenup county __-_----- 359 Section, Williams' boring, on Green rirer - __- _ --- - - 403 Segregation,, singular sandy ----__-_-_-__-_-_---- - - 596 Shale, black, from Bullitt county, composition of ._-__- __-_- __-__-_-- -_- __ 104 Shale, black slate, from Madison county, analysis of _-__-_-_- __-- - _ 212 Shale from milk-sick region, Grant county, composition of -_-_- __-__-_-_-- --- 158 Shale and mnadatone fr-m milk-sick district, Scott county, anslysis of ----- 254 Silicio.s concretion, Crittenden county ------------------------------------------- 133 Sink-holes, Eutill county -----------__-___-____- - -__ 471 Siks, kc-, Sinking creek _--_--_---- __.-__-___-__-__-- -- __- 501 Sink-h .es, ill sub-c-Lrboierons limestone _-_-_-__-_-_-_-.-_-_-- - - _-_-_- 452 Sink-holes, Wa-ne county _---- _-----_-_-__-_--- - - 492 Slag, iron furnace, Center furnace, Trigg county, analyses of _-_-_-_-_-_-- -- 259 Slug, iron funrace, Empire funtace, Trigg county - _.___-__-_-- - 256 Slag, iron fur-ce, Fulton funace, Trigg county, nlyais of_ _-__-_-.-_-- - --. 263 SLag, iron furnace, Croline furace, Greesup county _-__-__-_-___-__-- --__- 167 Slugs, iron furnace, Cottage furnace, Estill county _-_-_-_-.__-_-_-.-- -- __137 Slag, iron furnace, Crittenden furnace __-- _-- _-_-_-_-__- __- __-126 Slag, iron furnace, Hurricane furnace, Crittenden county _-_-__.__-.-- - __ 131 Slag, iron furnace, Mammoth ur-nace, Lyon county -_-__-_-.-_-._-_-.-____.--- - 208 Slag, iron furnace, Ozeor furnace, Livingston coul.ty _-___-_-- - _ 203, 204 Slag, iron funa-ce, Suwannee furnace, Lyon county _.__-_- __-__-___-- - --_-__.210 Slate furnace ore, Ac.. Bath county _-_-_-_-_-__-.-_-___-- - -- __61, 62 Smith's, Prof. J. L, analysis of DuPont's Artesian well water 23 Soil, and its analysis, remarks on -__--------_-__-_-.-_-_26, 54. 56 Soil anslyses, comprative _ _ - _-_- __-_- _.-_-_-__-- - _- 30, 42, 58 Soils and sub-soils, from Bath county, analyzes of _-__-__-__-._-.-.-_-.-2-- - 72 Soils and sub-soils, from Clark county. composition ofr _-__-- - - 115-118 Soil and timber of true coal measures formation in east Kentucky --------- 4516, 457 Soil, esuentail materials of_. _ .___-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-- -_ 49 Soil and timber in Estill county _-_-_-___.-__-_-- - - 471 Soils from Fleming county, nalyse of .-_-_-_-_-__-__-- -_-:52, 153 Soils from Franklin county, analyse Of of __-___-_-_-_-_-__-- - 155 Soils of Garrard county, analyse of __.-_-.- ___-_- _.-__.-_.-- - --_-__.__ 157 oi of Hancock en-my, BaSly of . .._- .- 172-177 614 abet Soils of Hgrdin county, analyses off__ __- ---------------------_179-182 Soils from Hopkins county, analyses of _--_-_-__ -_-_-_-__ - _ 184-185 Soils from Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and lowa, analyses of -_- _- _- _ 291-293 Soil, influence of hoed crops upon_ - _ __ 8 Soib, Jackson county, analyses of - _ _ _ _-- -_-_-_ - _ 1806, 18 Soil ill JI -k-on county - - 419 Soils of Jefferson county, snalyses of _-------_-___ -_ -__ - _-_- ___192-195 Soil, &c., in Johnson, Floyd, Lawrence, and Pike conoties -_-___ -__ -_-_-_-__ 557 Soils from Lewvis county, analyses of -_------- __-_-__- _-_-_- _198-200 Soil and timber of sub-carboniferous limestone in east Kentucky-_. _-_-_-_- __-453 Soils from Madison county, analyses of -__--_ -_ -_-_-_-_-_- _213-216 So.is, Mason county, analyse of -__--_----__ -----_-_-__ -_- __- __216-219 Soil may be exhausted by cultivation- - _------ _--- _- __-_-___-_- __46, 49 Soils of Morgan county, analyses of - _--- ----- _- __- __-226 Soils of Montgomery county, analyses of - _--___ -__ -__-__ -_ -_ -_223 Soils of Mercer county, analyses of-_ - _-------__ - _-_-_ 220-223 Soil and timber of millstone grit, or conglomerate, in eastern Kentucky_ __-- -_ 455 Soils, Nelson county, unalyses of -__---------_-_ - __232, 235, 239 Soils from Nicholas county - _ ---------__-__-_-_-__-__-241, 242 Soils from Oldham county, analyses of -_-___----_--_-_-__-_-___-_ 245 Soil and timber in Owsley county -__---_---------------------------- 479 Soils from Powell county, analyses of, &c. -_- _- _-_-_-__-_- _249, 250, 470 Soil and timber in Pulaski county -_----------------- ___-_- 487 Soil and timber in Rockcsstle county -__------_--__-_- ___- __- ____-___-___-__ 484 Soil sod timber in Rowran county- - _------ _-- _--_-_-_- 462, 463 Soils from Rowan county, composition of -_-_-_-__ -__ - __253, 254, 462, 463 Soils, sub-soils, and clay from Bracken county -_ __-__ -_-_-_-_ -_-__-__-4-94 Soils and sub-soils, Breckiuridge county, composition of _-__ -_-___-___- -99 Soils and sub-soils, Bullitt county, composition of -_- _-__-__-_-__ -_102-It 4 Soils and sub-soils from Estill county, composition of. __- __- __- __-___---_ 144-147 Soil, tobacco soil, virgin and exhausted, Bracken county ------------------------ 4, 93 Soil and timber in Wayne county- -__---- _------ _---- __-_- ____- __ 492 Soil, from vineyard, Bracken county, analysis of _-----_-_-__ -__ - _- __91 Springs, Black Sulphur, in Montgomery county- - _-_-_- __- __-_- __-_468 Springs of the sinking country _-_-_-__-_-__-_-- 474 Springs in Rockcastle county- - _ _ -_-_-_-_-_-_- 452, 443 State House rock, Powell county- --------- ------_-_ - 489, 470 State House sandstone ------------------------------------------------------ 503, 530 Steam furnace, Greenup county, limestone _-__-_- __--- - __ 166 Stinson creek, Carter county, section on --_-__-_-_---- --------------------- 459 Sub-carbonifernus or mountain limestone, in Kentucky --_-__-__ - ___- __452, 516 Sub-conglomeratic coal, general distribution of ___-__-_-_-_-_-- _ 338 Sub-conglomeratic coal, palteontology of _-_- ___-_-_-_-_---_- __- 339 Sub-conglomeratic coal measures, stratigraphy of _-_- __-__-__-- _ 341 Sulphur in iron and iron ore _-_-_- ___- __- __-_-_---- _-_- _- _ 109 Sulphur Springs, Estill county _------ _-- _----- _-_-_-_-_--- 473 Sulphur Spritgs, in Montgomery county _-_-_-_-_-__-_--- -- _-468 Suwannee furnace, Lyon county, ores, iron, slag, Ae _- __-_-_- __-- -- _- 209-211 Table of average composition of the ashes of thirty samples of tobacco -------- 307 Tatble of composition of ashes oF Cuba and Florida leaf tobacco __-- - 299 Table of composition of ashes of tobacco produced on Lower Silurian soils ----- 30t5 Table of composition of ashe of tobacco produced on siiiious mudtone soil ----- 303 Table of composition of aobes of tobacco produced on sub-crboniferous soils -_ - 305 Table of composition of aobes of tobacco produced on coal zA dw soils,,- - ------ - 36 TIMM 615 Table of bench marks in eastern coal field of Kentucky- - 444 Table of composition of carbonate of iron ores - - __-.-_-_- __-_-. -283 Table of composition of coals- -__-_-_-_-_-_ - __-_-_284, 285 Table of composition of iron furnace slagstag-..----.-_-__-_-_-_-_-__ 288 Table of composition of limintones _------------ _-_-_- 27T, 279 Table of composition of limonite iron ores -_-_-__-_-_-.-_-_- 280, 281, 23 Table of mineral ingredients of soil in wheat, corn, tobacco, and wine crop -_-_-.-_-_321 Table of composition of pig iron - _ 2r9 T.ble of composition of sandstones, shales, clays, &kc. -- - ----_-_ - 2d6, 287 Table of composition of soils, sub-sois, and marls, (coal measures)--_-_.-__-_-_271 Table of composition of soils, sob-soils, and macis, (sub-cerboniferous group) - 272, 273 Table of composition of soils, sub-soils, and macis, (Devonian formation) - 274 Table of composition of soils, nob-soils, and marls, (Upper Silurian) -_-_-_-__-_275 Table of composition of soils, sub-soils, and sarls, ( Lower Silurisnj ----_- _-276, 277 T able of composition in 100 parts and peopoefion of oxygen in bases, of the tobacco ashes.._- 308 Table of Dr. Chs. T. Ja-kson's analyses of tobacco ashbes _-__-_--- - 309 Tar-kiln branch of Sti.son creek cannel coal __-_- __-_-_-_--- _-_- _ 11, 44 Tar spring sasn-stone-. _ _ __ ___ --505, 506 Thickness of geological formations _-_-__-_-_-_-__-_-- 24 Tillage not a substitute for manure _-__-__.-_-.-__-__---_-.-_- _33 Timber in Bath county _-------------_---- 466 Timber and soil of true coal measures formation, in Eastern Kentucky -_-.-__-_456, 457 Timber and soil in Estill county _-_-_-_-.-_-_-.__.---__.-_- 471 Timber in Jackson county - _---- __------_ --- ____ 480, 481 Timber and soil on knob stonq forwatio- - - - ---__-_-___ -_-_-_-_-_ 452 Timber and soil on millstone grit or coaglwnercst fottortiom , in east Kentucky ----- 455 Timber in MAontgomery county - -- ---------------- 468 Timber in Morgan county - _--_--_-- ___-_-_- __-___-_-_---- --465 Timber and land in Owsley county _.-_-_-_-_-__-__-----.-479 Timber and soil in Pulaski county ---- - - -------------------------------------- 47 Timber and soil in Rockcastle couity ----------------- ________---- --____-___-_-_484 Timber and soil in Rowan county_ _----------------_-_-_-_ 462, 463 Timber and soil on sub-cerboniferous limestone formation --__ _ _ __ __ __ _ . 453 Timber and soil in Wayne county. __-_-__-_-_--- 492 Tobacco, chemical investigation into the composition of ashes of - - _ 47, 87, 293t309 Tobacco soil of Mason county _-_- __-_-_-___-_----- _-_-216419 Tobacco culture, influence of on the soil __- __-__-.___-_--- --_-_-.__. 84-91 Tobacco soil, virgin and exhausted ------------------------ ---------- 84-91 Topographical and Geological Report on eastern coal field, Lesley' ----------------- 439 Trimble county, fossil shells, analysis of_ ---_- __-_-_-_- __-_-_-_- __ 2(4 Ti-igg county, iron ore, limestones, slags, iron, &e ------------------------- 254-265 Union county icon ore, sandstone, coals, and lianetone _- __- _.-_-_-- 265-270 Union county, &c, section of- -_- 387, 388 Vine, bleedings of . -----_ -__-___-_- ___--- _- __- ___-_- 314 Vine culture_ _ - ----- --------------------------------------- 45 Vegetsble mould -- _ -__-- 55 Walnut Hill, Fayette county, mineral water _-_- __-__-_-.-- - 148 Water and sediment from interior of pot ore, Trigg county, analyses of --------- 260, 261 Water from pond in milk-sick region, Nicholas county _-_.--_- 241 Water reservoirs in the geological formations of Kentucky - 22, 23, 25 Wayne county, survey of _--_--_ ---------_---- 487 Western coal field, counties is, yet to he surveyed _-_-__-__-__----_-.- 21 Western coal field, exploration of margin of _.__-.-_-_-__.___- ._---- - 547 Western coal measures.........._...- -. -.. .- ._._-- 818 n. White shy beds _ ___ _ ____ ___ ___ __ __ _ _ ___ -__ -__-__-___-_-525 Wheat, diminished production of, in Ohio _-_-_-_-__-___- 47 Wheat, moisture in -_ -- __-_-_----_------ 319 Wheat, white, analysis of the ashes of - _-- - -_ - --_- __319 White iron, Criltenden furnace- --------------------- 121 Woodford county, mineral waters- --------- ------------ 270 Wines, native, chemical examination of- -_--_---___ -__ -__-__ -_-_310 ERRATA, &c. Page 241, 6th line from top, ' NeELso. Cowna n" should be NiCHOLas COMITY. Page 248, under 9d line, add Composition ef the Ash. Page 324, for `Catherine Neef'" read Caroline Neef. P.ge 338, (foot note,) for my Report read Firnt Report. Page 355, line 19, for corifolius read ceifolius. Page 357, line 17, for Fine clay read Fire clay. Page 370, line 5, for setopteridius read oreopteridius. Pare 374, line 12, for Schizopteris reid SAi,ptris. N. B. In the section on pege 587, as welt a in the others in M Lesquerens's Report, the din. tance between the strata is ,ot piinted exaetly according to the scale laid down, viz: I inch to 200 feet, although the nueal s-I a--ccurtselY peiitedl Page 399, in the Secti.., 3d coal right hind, tbe place of Cotl A 8th should be 20 feet below that of C. 9th. Page 414, line 2, for page 40 real 1. Pige 428. These printed tables of eemparpti-e sections are not accurate according to the scale laid dowrn, although the numerals are correct; they hare, consequently, been accurately repeated in the lithographic plate inserted here. Page 431, at the base of the Watfield section, read, at 125 feet, first brine, and at 525 feet, stron9 brine. Page 433, line 3d, foe Alethrspteris read Alethopteris. At the bottom of the page, add: I rvy sbusdssz eith coal No. 4th. Page 448, 9th line from the bottom, for town branch read Town branch. Page 448, 13th line from the bottom, for Mine'a read Miers. NOTE. The Geological Survey of Kentucky-which sustained such a heavy loss. in November last, in the death of our distinguished Chief Geologist, David Dale Owen, M. D.-was brought to a pause by the failure of the Legislature, at its next follwing session, to mike the nece-sary appropriat on for its continuance. This, with the lreseat distracced state of the country, may postpone its completion for an indefinite period. The present volume embodies most of the materials, ready for publicstlion, which had been reported to Dr. Owen before his death-and its general arrangement for the press was made by him; but it is proper to state that a large and valuable mass of mttter still remains, in field notes end in other forms, in the hands of the various members of the late Geological Corps, which, should the Survey not be resumed at some not distant day, may be lonst to the Bt.o an to Geological ScIence. INDEX. ERRATA TO S. S. LYON'S REPORT. Page 503, line 18 from top, read I on the top of the whole body," &c., for "on the top of which rests the whole body.' Page 504, line 22 from top, for F.r fork read T.r fork. Page 506, line 23 from top, for Phyriformis read pyriformis. Page 507, line 3 from top, for Durerly's creek read D-rerty' creek. Page 508, 3d and 9th lines from bottom of page, for Chtsdsin read Ch.udsin. Page 509, 23d line from bottom, for Chssdsin read Chasdois. Page 511, 17th line from bottom, for places read frces. Page 515, 15th line from bottom, for 21 read 210. Page 516, 23d line from bottom, for 21 read 218. Page 516, 22d line from bottom, for 20 read 200. Page 516, 21st line from bottom, for 141 read 151. Page 519, 13th line from bottom, for haeklebry read hackherry. Page 528, 8th line from bottom, for Penbratulae read Terebratuls. Page 558, 3d line from top, for Lichleld read Litchfield. Page 558, add 7 feet to each sum shore 3d line from base of Section No. 28. Page 562, 8th line from base of Section 30, for lodger's read Hudge's. Page 564, 4th line from base of Section 31, for Plerotocrinus read Pterotocrinus. Page 567, 8th line from base of Section 34, for 6 feet read 6 inches. Page 567, 9th line from base of Section 34, for 2 feet read 2 inches. Page 517, 10th line from base of Section 34, for 4 feet read 4 i-ches. Page 567, 11th line from base of Section 34, for 2 feet read 6 inches And extend the sum 40 feet 6 inches, instead of 39 feet 8 inches. Page 567, 6th line from bottom, fir Orthoceratiti read Orthoceratite. Page 567, bottom line, for Balen read Baleu. Page 572, 8th line from bottom of Section 39, for 92 feet read 91 feet. Page 572, 9th line from bottom of Section 39, for 125 feet read 124 feet. Page 572, 10th line from bottom of Section 39, for 140 feet read 139 feet. Page 573, 4th line from top, for "is een " read "as seen." Page 580, 8th line from top, for , when intersected " read "' where intersected." Page 580, 9th line, for line A read line N. Page 581, 8th line from bottom, for " the clear coal of the Hunting branch of Clear creek read " the twin coal," &c. Page 585, 5th line from top, for Rudy's read Reedy's. Page 589, let line top of Section 23'1, for "I Thickness " read 1" Elevation," and for " Eleva- tion " read is Tbickness." Tbia sbsuld be 43. 78