See also

References

Lifetime risk estimates calculated by the Statistical Information Team at Cancer Research UK. Based on Office for National Statistics (ONS) 2016-based Life expectancies and population projections. Accessed December 2017, and Smittenaar CR, Petersen KA, Stewart K, Moitt N. Cancer Incidence and Mortality Projections in the UK Until 2035. Brit J Cancer 2016.

About this data

Data is for UK, past and projected cancer incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality rates for those born in 1961, ICD-10 C67.

The calculations used past and projected cancer incidence and mortality and all-cause mortality rates for those born in 1961 to project risk over the lifetime of those born in 1961 (cohort method).[1] Projections are based on observed incidence and mortality rates and therefore implicitly include changes in cancer risk factors, diagnosis and treatment.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[1] 45% of bladder cancer cases in the UK are caused by smoking.[2]

Bladder cancer risk is around 2-4 times higher in current smokers compared with never-smokers, meta-analyses have shown.[3-5] Bladder cancer risk increases with amount and duration of smoking, a meta-analysis and pooled analyses of case-control studies have shown.[6-8]

Aromatic amines

Aromatic amines are used in production of dyes, rubber, and textiles; they are also found in pesticides.[3]

An estimated 1% of bladder cancers in males and females in Britain are linked to aromatic amines.[3] An estimated 0.1% of bladder cancers in males and 0.3% in females in Britain are linked to working as a hairdresser/barber.[3]

Bladder cancer risk is 29% higher in rubber workers compared with the general population, a meta-analysis showed.[5]

Bladder cancer risk is 30-35% higher in hairdressers compared with the general public, meta-analyses have shown; however it remains unclear whether this is limited to hairdressers working before some carcinogenic chemicals were banned from hair dyes in the 1970s.[6,7] This is distinct from domestic personal hair dye use.

Bladder cancer risk is 27% higher in leather workers compared with the general population, a meta-analysis showed.[5]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during combustion of fossil and carbon-containing fuels such as wood, coal, diesel, and fat.[3]

An estimated 0.1% of bladder cancers in males and 0.04% in females in Britain are linked to PAHs.[3] An estimated 1% of bladder cancers in males and 0.2% in females in Britain are linked to diesel engine exhaust.[3]

Bladder cancer risk is not associated with working in aluminium or iron and steel production, a meta-analysis showed; however there was a suggestion of increased risk.[8]

Bladder cancer risk is 8% higher among professional drivers and railroad workers, a meta-analysis of cohort studies showed.[9] Case-control studies indicate a higher risk increase, but also that this risk increase has lessened over time.[5,9]

Bladder cancer risk is 31% higher in miners compared with the general population, a meta-analysis showed.[5]

Bladder cancer risk is 21-27% higher in mechanics compared with the general population, a meta-analysis showed.[5]

Working as a painter

An estimated 1% of bladder cancers in males and 0.1% in females in Britain are linked to working as a painter.[3]

Bladder cancer risk is 28% higher in painters compared with the general population, a meta-analysis showed.[10]

Mineral oils

Mineral oils are not specifically classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a cause of bladder cancer, however aluminium production is classified as a cause of bladder cancer,[1] and this, along with other metalworking, may involve exposure to mineral oils.[3]

An estimated 4% of bladder cancers in males and 0.7% in females in Britain are linked to mineral oils.[3]

Bladder cancer risk is 1.8 times higher in people with a first-degree relative (parent, sibling, child) with the disease, compared with the general population, a cohort study showed.[1] Shared smoking habits are thought to explain much of this association; bladder cancer risk is also higher in spouses of people with the disease, and people with a family history of other smoking-related cancers.[1,2]

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) classify the role of this risk factor in cancer development.[1,2]

Bladder cancer risk is higher in people with 10μg/L or higher arsenic concentration in their drinking water, a meta-analysis showed; risk increases with higher concentrations.[3] Bladder cancer risk is only increased with high-level, long-term arsenic exposure;[4] an interaction with tobacco use is possible.[5]

Cancer stats explained

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