1.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris is one of twenty-three archdioceses of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The original diocese is thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum. Its suffragan dioceses, created in 1966 and encompassing the region, are in Créteil, Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes, Meaux, Nanterre, Pontoise, Saint-Denis. Its liturgical centre is at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the archbishop resides on rue Barbet de Jouy in the 6th arrondissement, but there are diocesan offices in rue de la Ville-Eveque, rue St. Bernard and in other areas of the city. The archbishop is ordinary for Eastern Catholics in France, the title of Duc de Saint-Cloud was created in 1674 for the archbishops. Prior to 1790 the diocese was divided into three archdeaconries, France, Hurepoix, Brie, until the creation of new dioceses in 1966 there were two archdeaconries, Madeleine and St. Séverin. The churches of the current diocese can be divided into several categories and these are grouped into deaneries and subject to vicars-general who often coincide with auxiliary bishops. Ii) Churches belonging to religious communities, iii) Chapels for various foreign communities using various languages. Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo, ratisbon, Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V. Patavii, Messagero di S. Antonio, hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI. Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series, VII usque ad pontificatum Gregorii PP. Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi, IX usque ad Pontificatum Leonis PP. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi, X usque ad pontificatum Benedictii PP. Fastes épiscopaux de lancienne Gaule, II, le clergé de France, ou tableau historique et chronologique des archevêques, évêques, abbés, abbesses et chefs des chapitres principaux du royaume, depuis la fondation des églises jusquà nos jours. Histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France, les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusquà1801. Lépiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusquà la Séparation, official website Herbermann, Charles, ed. Paris

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris
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Notre-Dame de Paris

2.
Pierre de Marca
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Pierre de Marca was a French bishop and historian, born at Gan in Béarn of a family distinguished in the magistracy. His family was known among judicial circles in the 16th century, after having studied law at the University of Toulouse he practised successfully at Pau. But he was ambitious, and turned to a larger sphere and he was soon rewarded for this service. Although he had not yet even the minor holy orders, he was nominated bishop of Couserans by the king on December 28,1641. It was only after Marca had formally denied those propositions contained in De concordia which were displeasing to Rome that he was proclaimed in the consistory, during this time, and until 1651, he was governor of the province of Catalonia, then occupied by the French. After the Treaty of the Pyrenees, he was sent to direct the conference which had formed to fix the limits of Roussillon. Marca now allied himself to the fortunes of Mazarin, and remained faithful to him even during the Fronde, as a recompense, he was nominated archbishop of Toulouse, but had to wait for the bulls of investiture until March 23,1654. It was difficult for him to please both pope and king and these tactics were successful, and when Retz, weary of a struggle without definite results, resigned the archbishopric, Marca became his successor. He did not derive much profit from this new favor, as he died in Paris on the 29th of June following and his Histoire de Béarn was published at Paris in 1640. It was not so well received as his De concordia, but is appreciated by posterity. A number of chapters end with a collection of charters. It is to be regretted that this work does not go beyond 1300. During his long stay in Catalonia he made preparations for a geographical and historical description, of this province, which was bound to France by so many political and literary associations. Etienne Baluze, who became his secretary in 1656, helped him with the work and finished it, adding clever appendices, Marca married Marguerite de Forgues on June 4,1618, and had one son and three daughters. His son, Galactoire, who was president of the parliament of Navarre and this publication contained four treatises on the Eucharist, the sacrifice of the Mass, the erection of the patriarchate of Constantinople, and the sacrament of the Eucharist. It was supposed to contain heretical propositions and caused a deal of scandal, inciting Baluze against Faget. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles

Pierre de Marca
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Pierre de Marca

3.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services

4.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Rodez
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The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rodez is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The Episcopal seat is in Rodez, the diocese corresponds exactly to the Department of Aveyron. Originally erected in the 5th century, the Diocese of Rodez lost territory when the Diocese of Vabres was created by Pope John XXII on 11 July 1317. In 1801, the diocese was suppressed and its split and merged with the diocese of Cahors. It was suffragan of the archdiocese of Bourges until 1676, then of the archdiocese of Albi, until 2002, when the diocese became a suffragan of the archdiocese of Toulouse. There were evidently bishops of Rodez before 475, since Sidonius Apollinaris, in a letter of AD475, the Benedictine Abbey of Vabres, founded in 862 by Raymond I, Count of Toulouse. The abbey and its territory was raised to rank in 1317. Some scholars hold that within the limits of the modern Diocese of Rodez there existed in Merovingian times the See of Arisitum which, the Diocese of Rodez is famous also through the Abbey of Conques and the cult of Saint Faith. Some Christians, flying from the Saracens about 730, sought a refuge in the Val Rocheux of the Dourdou, in 790 the hermit Dadon made this his abode and aided by Louis the Pious, then King of Aquitaine, founded an abbey, which Louis named Conques. In 838 Pepin, King of Aquitaine, gave the monastery of Figeac to Conques, between 877 and 883 the monks carried off the body of the youthful martyr Faith or Foy from the monastery of Sainte Foy to Conques, where it became the object of a great pilgrimage. Abbot Odolric built the church between 1030 and 1060, on the stonework over the doorway is carved the most artistic representation in France of the Last Judgment. Abbot Begon enriched Conques with a reliquary of beaten gold. Pope Paschal II gave him permission for the name of Sainte-Foy to be inserted in the Canon of the Mass after the names of the Roman virgins. At this time Conques, with Agen and Schelestadt in Alsace, was the centre of the cult of Saint Faith which soon spread to England, Spain, and America. The statue of St. Faith seated, which dates from the century, was originally a small wooden one covered with gold leaf. In time, gems, enamels, and precious stones were added in quantities that it is a living treatise on the history of the goldsmiths art in France between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries. It was known during the Middle Ages as the Majesté de Sainte Foy, the Cistercian Abbeys of Silbanès, Beaulieu, Loc-Dieu, Bonneval, and Bonnecombe were model-farms during the Middle Ages. At Milhau, Rodez, Nazac, and Bozouls, hospitals, styled Commanderies, the Franciscans had four houses, at Rodez, Villefranche, Millau, and Saint-Antonin

5.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town

Paris
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In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
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Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
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The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)

6.
Bishop of Rodez
–
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Rodez is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The Episcopal seat is in Rodez, the diocese corresponds exactly to the Department of Aveyron. Originally erected in the 5th century, the Diocese of Rodez lost territory when the Diocese of Vabres was created by Pope John XXII on 11 July 1317. In 1801, the diocese was suppressed and its split and merged with the diocese of Cahors. It was suffragan of the archdiocese of Bourges until 1676, then of the archdiocese of Albi, until 2002, when the diocese became a suffragan of the archdiocese of Toulouse. There were evidently bishops of Rodez before 475, since Sidonius Apollinaris, in a letter of AD475, the Benedictine Abbey of Vabres, founded in 862 by Raymond I, Count of Toulouse. The abbey and its territory was raised to rank in 1317. Some scholars hold that within the limits of the modern Diocese of Rodez there existed in Merovingian times the See of Arisitum which, the Diocese of Rodez is famous also through the Abbey of Conques and the cult of Saint Faith. Some Christians, flying from the Saracens about 730, sought a refuge in the Val Rocheux of the Dourdou, in 790 the hermit Dadon made this his abode and aided by Louis the Pious, then King of Aquitaine, founded an abbey, which Louis named Conques. In 838 Pepin, King of Aquitaine, gave the monastery of Figeac to Conques, between 877 and 883 the monks carried off the body of the youthful martyr Faith or Foy from the monastery of Sainte Foy to Conques, where it became the object of a great pilgrimage. Abbot Odolric built the church between 1030 and 1060, on the stonework over the doorway is carved the most artistic representation in France of the Last Judgment. Abbot Begon enriched Conques with a reliquary of beaten gold. Pope Paschal II gave him permission for the name of Sainte-Foy to be inserted in the Canon of the Mass after the names of the Roman virgins. At this time Conques, with Agen and Schelestadt in Alsace, was the centre of the cult of Saint Faith which soon spread to England, Spain, and America. The statue of St. Faith seated, which dates from the century, was originally a small wooden one covered with gold leaf. In time, gems, enamels, and precious stones were added in quantities that it is a living treatise on the history of the goldsmiths art in France between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries. It was known during the Middle Ages as the Majesté de Sainte Foy, the Cistercian Abbeys of Silbanès, Beaulieu, Loc-Dieu, Bonneval, and Bonnecombe were model-farms during the Middle Ages. At Milhau, Rodez, Nazac, and Bozouls, hospitals, styled Commanderies, the Franciscans had four houses, at Rodez, Villefranche, Millau, and Saint-Antonin

7.
Archbishop of Paris
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris is one of twenty-three archdioceses of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The original diocese is thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum. Its suffragan dioceses, created in 1966 and encompassing the region, are in Créteil, Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes, Meaux, Nanterre, Pontoise, Saint-Denis. Its liturgical centre is at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the archbishop resides on rue Barbet de Jouy in the 6th arrondissement, but there are diocesan offices in rue de la Ville-Eveque, rue St. Bernard and in other areas of the city. The archbishop is ordinary for Eastern Catholics in France, the title of Duc de Saint-Cloud was created in 1674 for the archbishops. Prior to 1790 the diocese was divided into three archdeaconries, France, Hurepoix, Brie, until the creation of new dioceses in 1966 there were two archdeaconries, Madeleine and St. Séverin. The churches of the current diocese can be divided into several categories and these are grouped into deaneries and subject to vicars-general who often coincide with auxiliary bishops. Ii) Churches belonging to religious communities, iii) Chapels for various foreign communities using various languages. Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo, ratisbon, Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V. Patavii, Messagero di S. Antonio, hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI. Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series, VII usque ad pontificatum Gregorii PP. Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi, IX usque ad Pontificatum Leonis PP. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi, X usque ad pontificatum Benedictii PP. Fastes épiscopaux de lancienne Gaule, II, le clergé de France, ou tableau historique et chronologique des archevêques, évêques, abbés, abbesses et chefs des chapitres principaux du royaume, depuis la fondation des églises jusquà nos jours. Histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France, les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusquà1801. Lépiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusquà la Séparation, List of religious buildings in Paris List of Roman Catholic archdioceses Official website Herbermann, Charles, ed. Paris

Archbishop of Paris
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Notre-Dame de Paris

8.
Naples
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Naples is the capital of the Italian region Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy, after Rome and Milan. In 2015, around 975,260 people lived within the administrative limits. The Metropolitan City of Naples had a population of 3,115,320, Naples is the 9th-most populous urban area in the European Union with a population of between 3 million and 3.7 million. About 4.4 million people live in the Naples metropolitan area, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Bronze Age Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, a larger colony – initially known as Parthenope, Παρθενόπη – developed on the Island of Megaride around the ninth century BC, at the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II, much of the citys 20th-century periphery was constructed under Benito Mussolinis fascist government, and during reconstruction efforts after World War II. The city has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, and unemployment levels in the city, however, Naples still suffers from political and economic corruption, and unemployment levels remain high. Naples has the fourth-largest urban economy in Italy, after Milan, Rome and it is the worlds 103rd-richest city by purchasing power, with an estimated 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe, numerous major Italian companies, such as MSC Cruises Italy S. p. A, are headquartered in Naples. The city also hosts NATOs Allied Joint Force Command Naples, the SRM Institution for Economic Research, Naples is a full member of the Eurocities network of European cities. The city was selected to become the headquarters of the European institution ACP/UE and was named a City of Literature by UNESCOs Creative Cities Network, the Villa Rosebery, one of the three official residences of the President of Italy, is located in the citys Posillipo district. Naples historic city centre is the largest in Europe, covering 1,700 hectares and enclosing 27 centuries of history, Naples has long been a major cultural centre with a global sphere of influence, particularly during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras. In the immediate vicinity of Naples are numerous culturally and historically significant sites, including the Palace of Caserta, culinarily, Naples is synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. Neapolitan music has furthermore been highly influential, credited with the invention of the romantic guitar, according to CNN, the metro stop Toledo is the most beautiful in Europe and it won also the LEAF Award 2013 as Public building of the year. Naples is the Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, Naples sports scene is dominated by football and Serie A club S. S. C. Napoli, two-time Italian champions and winner of European trophies, who play at the San Paolo Stadium in the south-west of the city, the Phlegraean Fields around Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The earliest Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, sailors from the Greek island of Rhodes established a small commercial port called Parthenope on the island of Megaride in the ninth century BC

9.
Cardinal Richelieu
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Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu and Fronsac, commonly referred to as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman. He was consecrated as a bishop in 1607 and was appointed Foreign Secretary in 1616, Richelieu soon rose in both the Catholic Church and the French government, becoming a cardinal in 1622, and King Louis XIIIs chief minister in 1624. He remained in office until his death in 1642, he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin, Cardinal de Richelieu was often known by the title of the kings Chief Minister or First Minister. He sought to consolidate power and crush domestic factions. By restraining the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong and his chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years War that engulfed Europe. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve his goals. While a powerful figure, events like the Day of the Dupes show that in fact he very much depended on the kings confidence to keep this power. As alumnus of the University of Paris and headmaster of the Collège de Sorbonne, Richelieu was also famous for his patronage of the arts, most notably, he founded the Académie Française, the learned society responsible for matters pertaining to the French language. Richelieu is also known by the sobriquet lÉminence rouge, from the red shade of a cardinals clerical dress and this in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America. He is also a character in The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas. Born in Paris, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of five children, at the age of nine, young Richelieu was sent to the College of Navarre in Paris to study philosophy. Thereafter, he began to train for a military career and his private life seems to have been typical of a young officer of the era, in 1605, aged twenty, he was treated by Théodore de Mayerne for gonorrhea. King Henry III had rewarded Richelieus father for his participation in the Wars of Religion by granting his family the bishopric of Luçon. The family appropriated most of the revenues of the bishopric for private use, they were, however, challenged by clergymen, to protect the important source of revenue, Richelieus mother proposed to make her second son, Alphonse, the bishop of Luçon. Alphonse, who had no desire to become a bishop, became instead a Carthusian monk, thus, it became necessary that the younger Richelieu join the clergy. He had strong interests, and threw himself into studying for his new post. In 1606 King Henry IV nominated Richelieu to become Bishop of Luçon, as Richelieu had not yet reached the canonical minimum age, it was necessary that he journey to Rome for a special dispensation from the Pope. This secured, Richelieu was consecrated bishop in April 1607, soon after he returned to his diocese in 1608, Richelieu was heralded as a reformer

10.
University of Paris
–
The University of Paris, metonymically known as the Sorbonne, was a university in Paris, France. Emerging around 1150 as an associated with the cathedral school of Notre Dame de Paris. Vast numbers of popes, royalties, scientists and intellectuals were educated at the University of Paris, following the turbulence of the French Revolution, education was suspended in 1793 whereafter its faculties were partly reorganised by Napoleon as the University of France. In 1896, it was renamed again to the University of Paris, in 1970, following the May 1968 events, the university was divided into 13 autonomous universities. Others, like Panthéon-Sorbonne University, chose to be multidisciplinary, in 1150, the future University of Paris was a student-teacher corporation operating as an annex of the Notre-Dame cathedral school. The university had four faculties, Arts, Medicine, Law, the Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four nationes according to language or regional origin, France, Normandy, Picardy, the last came to be known as the Alemannian nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply, the faculty and nation system of the University of Paris became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure, students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the kings laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, students were often very young, entering the school at age 13 or 14 and staying for 6 to 12 years. Three schools were especially famous in Paris, the palatine or palace school, the school of Notre-Dame, the decline of royalty brought about the decline of the first. The other two were ancient but did not have much visibility in the early centuries, the glory of the palatine school doubtless eclipsed theirs, until it completely gave way to them. These two centres were much frequented and many of their masters were esteemed for their learning, the first renowned professor at the school of Ste-Geneviève was Hubold, who lived in the tenth century. Not content with the courses at Liège, he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching. Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the century include Lambert, disciple of Fulbert of Chartres, Drogo of Paris, Manegold of Germany. Three other men who added prestige to the schools of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève were William of Champeaux, Abélard, humanistic instruction comprised grammar, rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. To the higher instruction belonged dogmatic and moral theology, whose source was the Scriptures and it was completed by the study of Canon law. The School of Saint-Victor arose to rival those of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève and it was founded by William of Champeaux when he withdrew to the Abbey of Saint-Victor

University of Paris
University of Paris
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University of Paris
University of Paris
University of Paris
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The Sorbonne covered by snow.

11.
Louis XIV
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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIVs France was a leader in the centralization of power. Louis began his rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs, under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg. There were also two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions, warfare defined Louis XIVs foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique, in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military, Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné and bore the title of French heirs apparent. At the time of his birth, his parents had married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631, leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, in defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his sons behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Annes political abilities was his primary rationale and he did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time, contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis journal entries, such as, but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood

12.
Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac
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Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac was a French author, best known for his epistolary essays, which were widely circulated and read in his day. He was one of the members of Académie française. Guez de Balzac was born at Angoulême and he was born in a well off bourgeois family, which also had acquired noble titles. In his youth, he studied at two Jesuit colleges in Angoulême and Poitiers, where he learned Latin well, especially rhetoric, in 1612, he met Théophile de Viau when de Viaus troupe visited Angoulême, and fled from home with the troupe. His letters to his acquaintances and to important courtiers gained him a great reputation, compliments were showered on him, and he became an habitué of the Hotel de Rambouillet. In 1624 a collection of his Lettres was published, and was received with great favour, from Chateau de Balzac, where he had retired, he continued to correspond with Jean Chapelain, Valentin Conrart and others. In 1634 Balzac was elected to the Académie française and he died at Angoulême twenty years later. Guez de Balzacs fame rests chiefly upon the Lettres, a collection of which appeared in 1636. Recueil de nouvelles lettres was printed in the next year, Balzac has thus the credit of executing in French prose a reform parallel to Francois de Malherbes in verse. In 1631 he published a eulogy of King Louis XIII of France entitled Le Prince, in 1652 the Socrate chrétien, since 1962, his name is given to the Lycée Guez-de-Balzac in Angoulême. Works by or about Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac at Internet Archive

Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac
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Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac

13.
Guillaume Dubois
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Guillaume Dubois was a French cardinal and statesman. Dubois, the third of the four great Cardinal-Ministers, was born in Brive-la-Gaillarde and he was educated at the school of the Brothers of the Christian Doctrine at Brive, where he received the tonsure at the age of thirteen. In 1672, having finished his course, he was given a scholarship at the college of St. Michel in Paris by the lieutenant-general of the Limousin. He was present with his pupil at the Battle of Steenkerque, sent to join the French embassy in London, he made himself so active that he was recalled by the request of the ambassador, who feared his intrigues. This, however, tended to raise his credit with the king, when the Duc DOrléans became regent Dubois, who had for some years acted as his secretary, was made councillor of state, and the chief power passed gradually into his hands. Dubois policy was directed towards maintaining the peace of Utrecht. To counteract Alberonis intrigues, he suggested an alliance with Britain and in the face of great difficulties succeeded in negotiating the Triple Alliance, in 1719 he sent armies into Spain as part of the Quadruple Alliance which forced Philip V to dismiss Alberoni. Otherwise his policy remained that of peace, Dubois success strengthened him against the bitter opposition of a large section of the court. Dubois was instrumental during the Cellamare Conspiracy of 1718 and he prayed the regent to give him the archbishopric of Cambrai, the richest in France. This demand was supported by George I and the regent yielded, in one day all the usual orders were conferred upon him, and even the great preacher Massillon consented to take part in the ceremonies. It is estimated that this cardinalate cost France about eight million francs, in the following year he was named first minister of France. He was soon after received at the Académie française, and he was named President of the Assembly of Clergy, when Louis XV attained his majority in 1723 Dubois remained chief minister. He had accumulated an immense private fortune possessing in addition to his see the revenues of seven abbeys and he was, however, a prey to the most terrible pains of body and agony of mind. His health was ruined by his debaucheries, and a surgical operation became necessary and this was almost immediately followed by his death, at Versailles, on 10 August 1723. Dubois portrait was drawn by his long-time rival, the Duc de St Simon, He was a little, pitiful, wizened, herringgutted man, in a flaxen wig, with a weasels face. All the vices - perfidy, avarice, debauchery, ambition and he was so consummate a liar that, when taken in the fact, he could brazenly deny it. Even his wit and knowledge of the world were spoiled, and his affected gaiety was touched with sadness and this famous picture is certainly biased. In 1789 appeared Vie privée du Cardinal Dubois, attributed to one of his secretaries, Mongez, see also A Chéruel, Saint-Simon et labbé Dubois, L Wiesener, Le Régent, labbé Dubois et les Anglais, and memoirs of the time

14.
Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon
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Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon, 2nd Prince of Craon, Marshal of France was a French scholar, nobleman and general. The son of Marc de Beauvau, he was brother of the famous Madame de Boufflers. Charles Juste was born at the Hôtel de Craon, Lunéville in the capital of the Duchy of Lorraine and his family were the most powerful in Lorraine after the ruling Duke of Lorraine. His mother, Anne Marguerite de Ligneville, was the mistress of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine and he was the thirteenth of twenty children. He married twice, firstly on 3 April 1745 to Marie Charlotte de La Tour dAuvergne, daughter of Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour dAuvergne, the couple had one child who married into the Noailles family. His first wife Marie Charlotte died of Smallpox aged 33, the next year, on 14 March, he married again, this time to Marie Charlotte Sylvie de Rohan-Chabot, a cousin of Charles, Prince of Soubise. The couple had no children Marie Charlotte Sylvie outliving her husband till 1807, created a Brigadier on 16 May 1746 he was later created a Field marshal on 10 May 1748. He was later elevated to Lieutenant General on 28 December 1758 and he gained further distinction in 1762 while serving in Spain. He was named the Governor of Languedoc on 12 June 1747, a Grandee of Spain, first class from 11 May 1754, he became a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit, the highest decoration in Ancien régime France. He had dealings with the Académie française and he was created a Marshal of France in 1783. In 1789, he served in the Secretary of State for War for six months, a supporter of reforms, he was untroubled by the French Revolution and died in his bed at the height of the Reign of Terror. The maréchal de Beauvau, died at the hôtel de Beauvau, his Parisian residence on the Place Beauvau, the hôtel was built by the architect Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières around 1770 for Charles Juste. The hôtel de Beauvau has housed the Ministry of the Interior since 1861 and he owned the Château du Val at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a property later acquired by Benjamin Franklin. His nephew Marc Étienne Gabriel de Beauvau became the next Prince of Beauvau, the present Noailles duc de Mouchy is a direct descendant of Charles Juste. Anne Louise Marie de Beauvau, Mademoiselle de Beauvau married Philippe Louis de Noailles and had issue, Charles Juste de Beauvau, Prince of Craon, in Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang, Dictionnaire universel dhistoire et de géographie,1878 Biography on the site of the Académie française

15.
Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
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Philippe-Antoine Merlin, known as Merlin de Douai was a French politician and lawyer. Merlin de Douai was born at Arleux, Nord, and was called to the Flemish bar association in 1775 and he collaborated in the Répertoire de jurisprudence, the later editions of which appeared under Merlins superintendence, and contributed to other important legal compilations. In 1782 he purchased a position as secretary at the chancellery of the Flanders parlement. His reputation spread to Paris and he was consulted by leading magistrates, the Duke of Orléans selected him to be a member of his privy council. He carried legislation for the abolition of primogeniture, secured equality of inheritance between relatives of the degree, and between men and women. He also prepared the report for the Assembly which argued that no compensation should be paid to the German princes whose lands in Alsace were forfeit when France incorporated them and his numerous reports were supplemented by popular exposition of current legislation in the Journal de legislation. On the dissolution of the Assembly, he became judge of the court at Douai. He exercised missions in his region, and accused General Charles François Dumouriez of having betrayed the country during the Campaign of the Low Countries. His efforts were directed to the prevention of any new gathering of powers by the Jacobin Club, the Commune. Merlin de Douai convinced the Committee of Public Safety to agree with the closing of the Jacobin Club, Merlins code abolished confiscation, branding, and life imprisonment, and was based chiefly on the penal code drawn up in September 1791. He was made Minister of Justice and later Minister of the General Police under the Directory, after the coup détat known as 18 Fructidor, he became one of the five Directors on 5 September 1797. He was accused of the bankruptcy and various other failures of the government and was forced to retire into private life during the Coup of 30 Prairial VII on 18 June 1799, Merlin de Douai had no share in Napoleon Bonapartes 18 Brumaire coup. Under the Consulate, Merlin de Douai accepted a position in the Cour de cassation. Although he had no share in drawing up the Napoleonic code and he became a member of the Conseil dÉtat, Count of the Empire, and Grand Officier de la Légion dhonneur. Having resumed his functions during the Hundred Days, he was one of those banished on the Second Bourbon Restoration, the years of Merlin de Douais exile were devoted to his Répertoire de jurisprudence and to his Recueil alphabétique des questions de droit. Merlin de Douai died in Paris, Merlin de Douais son, Antoine François Eugène Merlin, was a well-known general in the French army, and served through most of the Napoleonic Wars. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Merlin, Philippe Antoine. In turn, it gives the reference, François Auguste Alexis Mignet, Portraits et notices historiques

16.
Casimir Delavigne
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Jean-François Casimir Delavigne was a French poet and dramatist. Delavigne was born at Le Havre, but was sent to Paris to be educated at the Lycée Napoleon, about this time he competed twice for an academy prize, but without success. A third, less successful poem, Sur le besoin de sunir après le départ des étrangers, was afterwards added and these stirring pieces, termed by him Messéniennes, found an echo in the hearts of the French people. Twenty-five thousand copies were sold, Delavigne was famous and he was appointed to an honorary librarianship, with no duties to discharge. In 1819 his play Les Vêpres Siciliennes was performed at the Odéon, then just rebuilt, on the night of the first representation, which was warmly received, Picard, the manager, is said to have exclaimed, You have saved us. You are the founder of the second French Theatre and this success was followed up by the production of the Comédiens, an inferior play, with little plot, and the Paria, which contained some well-written choruses. Accordingly, Delavigne became librarian at the Palais Royal, a position he retained for the rest of his life and it was here that he wrote the École des vieillards, his best comedy, which gained his election to the Académie française in 1825. To this period also belong La Princesse Aurilie, and Marino Faliero, for his success as a writer Delavigne was largely indebted to the nature of the times in which he lived. The Messéniennes had their origin in the excitement resulting from the occupation of France by the allies in 1815, another crisis in his life and in the history of his country, the revolution of 1830, stimulated him to the production of a second masterpiece, La Parisienne. This song, set to music by Daniel Auber, was on the lips of every Frenchman and it was the French national anthem during the July Monarchy. A companion piece, La Varsovienne, was written for the Poles, at Lyons his strength altogether gave way, and he died on 11 December. His Poèsies and his Théâtre were published in 1863 and his Œuvres completes contains a biographical notice by his brother, Germain Delavigne, who is best known as a librettist in opera. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, By many of his own time Delavigne was looked upon as unsurpassed, every one bought and read his works. But the applause of the moment was gained at the sacrifice of lasting fame, as a writer he had many excellences. He expressed himself in a terse and vigorous style, the poet of reason rather than of imagination, he recognized his own province, and was rarely tempted to flights of fancy beyond his powers. He wrote always as he would have spoken, from sincere conviction, don John of Austria, opera by Isaac Nathan Les Enfants dÉdouard at the Internet Movie Database Marino Faliero, 3-act opera by Gaetano Donizetti Robertson, Eric S. Delavigne, Jean François Casimir

Casimir Delavigne
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Casimir Delavigne.

17.
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
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Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve was a literary critic of French literature. He was born in Boulogne, educated there, and studied medicine at the Collège Charlemagne in Paris, in 1828, he served in the St Louis Hospital. Sainte-Beuve became friendly with Hugo after publishing a review of the authors work but later had an affair with Hugos wife. His articles and essays were collected the volumes Port-Royal and Portraits littéraires, during the rebellions of 1848 in Europe, he lectured at Liège on Chateaubriand and his literary circle. He returned to Paris in 1849 and began his series of columns, Causeries du lundi in the newspaper. When Louis Napoleon became Emperor, he made Sainte-Beuve professor of Latin poetry at the Collège de France, but anti-Imperialist students hissed him, and he resigned. After several books of poetry and a couple of failed novels, Sainte-Beuve began to do literary research and he continued to contribute to La Revue contemporaine. Port-Royal, probably Sainte-Beuves masterpiece, is an history of the Jansenist abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs. It not only influenced the historiography of religious belief, i. e. the method of research, but also the philosophy of history. He was made Senator in 1865, in which capacity he distinguished himself by his pleas for freedom of speech, according to Jules Amédée Barbey dAurevilly, Sainte-Beuve was a clever man with the temper of a turkey. In his last years, he was a sufferer and lived much in retirement. One of Sainte-Beuves critical contentions was that, in order to understand an artist and his work, marcel Proust took issue with this notion and refuted it in a set of essays, Contre Sainte-Beuve. Proust developed the ideas first voiced in those essays in À la recherche du temps perdu, friedrich Nietzsche, actually an avowed opponent of Sainte-Beuve, prompted in 1880 the wife of his friend Franz Overbeck, Ida Overbeck, to translate the Causeries du lundi into German. Until then, Sainte-Beuve was never published in German despite his great importance in France, since it was considered representative of a French way of thinking detested in Germany, Ida Overbecks translation appeared in 1880 under the title Die Menschen des XVIII. Nietzsche wrote to Ida Overbeck on August 18,1880, An hour ago I received the Die Menschen des XVIII, jahrhunderts, It is just a marvellous book. Ida Overbecks translation is an important document of the transfer between Germany and France in a period of strong tension, but it was largely ignored. It was not until 2014 that a critical and annotated edition of this appeared in print. Non-fiction Tableau Historique et Critique de la Poésie Française et du Théâtre Français au XVIe Siècle, poetry Vie, Poésies et Pensées de Joseph Delorme

18.
Jules Janin
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Jules Gabriel Janin was a French writer and critic. Born in Saint-Étienne, Janins father was a lawyer, and he was educated first at St. Étienne, and then at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He involved himself in journalism from a date, and worked on the Figaro. Long before, however, he had made a reputation for himself. La Confession followed, and then in Barnave, he attacked the Orléans family, from the day, however, when Janin became the theatrical critic of the Débats, though he continued to write books, he was most notable in France as a dramatic critic. Janin authored the text for the song Chant des chemins de fer by Hector Berlioz, after many years of feuilleton writing he collected some of his articles in the work called Histoire de la littérature dramatique en France. In 1865 he made his first attempt upon the Academy, but was not successful till five years later, meanwhile, he had not been content with his feuilletons, written persistently about all manner of things. No one was more in request with the Paris publishers for prefaces, letterpress to illustrated books and he was accused of taking bribes for favourable reviews, reputedly earning 6,000 to 8,000 francs from fearful playwrights on a premier. In the early part of his career he had many quarrels, notably one with Felix Pyat, for the most part his work was improvisation, noted for its light and vivid style. His Œuvres choisies were edited by Albert Patin de La Fizelière, a study on Janin with a bibliography was published by Auguste Piédagnel in 1874. See also Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, ii. and v. and Gustave Planche, the Dead Donkey and the Guillotined Woman This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Works by Jules Janin at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Jules Janin at Internet Archive Works by Jules Janin at LibriVox

19.
John Lemoinne
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John-Marguerite-Émile Lemoinne was a French journalist. Lemoinne was born of French parents in London and he was educated first at an English school and then in France. In 1875 Lemoinne was elected to the Académie française, and in 1880 he was nominated a life senator and he was a frequent contributor to the Revue des deux mondes, and published several books, the best known of which is his Études critiques et biographiques. Lemoinne died in Paris in 1892, Les Élections en Angleterre, lettres publiées dans le Journal des débats. Paris, J. Hetzel,1841 Les Anglais dans le Caboul, Paris, au bureau de la Revue des deux mondes,1842 Affaires de Rome. Paris, E. Blanchard,1850 Letters of John Lemoinne, in, Lardner, Dionysius The Great Exhibition, etc.1852 Études critiques et biographiques, Études critiques, Shakspeare, labbé Prévost, Goethe. Études biographiques, Brummel, OConnel, Robert Peel, Haydon, Paris,1852 De lintégrité de lempire ottoman. Paris, M. Lévy frères,1853 Le Passage du Nord, strasbourg, Treuttel et Würtz,1854 Nouvelles études critiques et biographiques. Paris, Michel Lévy frères,1863 La colonie anglaise, in, Paris Guide,1868, Foreigners in Paris, Berlin, Readux Books,2016 Histoire de Manon Lescaut et du chevalier DesGrieux par l’abbé Prévost. éd. précédée d’une étude par John Lemoinne, Paris, Levy,1900 Eugène Labiche, John Lemoinee, Discours de réception de M. E. Labiche. Séance de lAcadémie française du 25 novembre 1880, ludwig Spach, Zur Geschichte der modernen französischen Literatur. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh

John Lemoinne
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John Lemoinne

20.
Louis Barthou
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Jean Louis Barthou was a French politician of the Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913. In social policy, Barthous time as Prime Minister saw the introduction of allowances to families with children, Louis Barthou was born on August 25,1862 in Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. He served as Deputy from his home constituency and he was an authority on trade union history and law. He was Prime Minister from March 22,1913 to December 9,1913 and he also held ministerial office thirteen other times. He served as Foreign Minister in 1934 and he was the primary figure behind the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance of 1935, though it was signed by his successor, Pierre Laval. As a national World War I hero and a recognized author and he succeeded in obtaining entry of the Soviet Union into the League of Nations in September 1934. As Foreign Minister, Barthou met King Alexander I of Yugoslavia during his visit to Marseille in October 1934. On 9 October, the King and Barthou were assassinated by Velicko Kerin, one of the bullets struck Barthou in the arm, passing though and fatally severing an artery. He died of blood loss less than an hour later. The assassination was planned in Rome by Ante Pavelić, head of the Croatian Ustaše, Pavelić was assisted by Georg Percevic, a former Austro-Hungarian military officer. France unsuccessfully requested extradition of Percevic and Pavelić and this assassination ended the careers of the Bouches-du-Rhone prefect, Pierre Jouhannaud, and the director of the Surete Nationale, Jean Berthoin. The assassination of Barthou and the King led to the Convention for the Prevention, the Convention was signed by 25 nations, ratified only by India. Barthou was granted a state funeral four days after his demise, Louis Barthou at Find a Grave The King is Dead, Long Live the Balkans. Watching the Marseilles Murders of 1934 The Watson Institute

22.
Jean-Christophe Rufin
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Jean-Christophe Rufin is a French doctor, diplomat, historian, globetrotter and novelist. He is the president of Action Against Hunger, one of the earliest members of Médecins Sans Frontières, and he was Ambassador of France in Senegal from 2007 to June 2010. Rufin was born in Bourges, Cher in 1952, an only child, he was raised by his grandparents as his father had left the family and his mother worked in Paris. His grandfather, a doctor and member of the French Resistance during World War II had been imprisoned for two years at Buchenwald, in 1977, after medical school, Rufin went to Tunisia as a volunteer doctor. He led his first humanitarian mission in Eritrea, where he met Azeb, as a doctor, he is one of the pioneers of humanitarian movement without borders, for which he has led numerous missions in eastern Africa and Latin America. A former vice-president of Médecins Sans Frontières and former president of the non-governmental organization Action Against Hunger, in 2003, Rufin was commissioned by French Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin to write an in-depth report on the upsurge of anti-Semitism in France. He presented the report on October 19,2004. The Rufin report, as described by the US State Department, concluded the following, radical anti-Zionists who question Israels right to exist were dangerous. The report, as described by the US State Department, recommended the following actions and that the French press law of 1881, designed to guarantee freedom of the press, is too unwieldy to adequately address the issues of racism. That intolerance be countered in primary schools and by the education of new immigrants about the fight against racism and anti-Semitism and that an observation system to monitor racist and anti-Semitic websites be created and that it work closely with authorities to prosecute offenders. The report was criticised by Michel Tubiana of the Ligue des droits de lhomme, ISBN 2-84186-142-2 Jean-Christophe Rufin, Writing without borders, Profile in Paris Voice, accessed June 26,2006. Books and reviews, Économie des guerres civiles, François Grunewald, International Review of the Red Cross, December 31,1997, accessed June 26,2006

Jean-Christophe Rufin
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Jean-Christophe Rufin, June 2013

23.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records

Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012

24.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format

Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot

25.
Union List of Artist Names
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The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN, in the database, each artist record is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, the temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. The ULAN includes proper names and associated information about artists, artists may be either individuals or groups of individuals working together. Artists in the ULAN generally represent creators involved in the conception or production of visual arts, repositories and some donors are included as well. Work on the ULAN began in 1984, when the Getty decided to merge, in 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community, although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as firms and repositories of art. The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink, the ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy and machine-readable files, given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing, final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees, there may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent. Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well

Union List of Artist Names
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Contents

26.
Louis-Antoine de Noailles
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Louis-Antoine de Noailles, second son of Anne, 1st duc de Noailles, was a French bishop and cardinal. Noailles received his doctorate in theology from the Sorbonne on 14 March 1676, on 19 August 1695, in recognition of Noailless family connections, King Louis XIV made him archbishop of Paris and duc de Saint-Cloud, and in 1700 Pope Innocent XII made him a cardinal. Lacking in brilliant qualities, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he was possessed of piety, zeal, and activity. He is noted for having raised money to feed famine victims by selling his silver tableware in 1709, Noailles was a friend of François Fénelon, with whom he had studied at the Collège du Plessis before entering the Sorbonne. Nonetheless, he was among the bishops who condemned Fénelons Maximes des Saints, Noailles came to know the controversial young Lutheran Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf in 1719 during the young mans Grand Tour. The two found great spiritual connection despite their historic denominational differences, the Cardinal also served as Godfather to Zinzendorfs son Christian Renatus. Despite all the pleas of the Regent, Noailles refused categorically to overturn the decisions of the parish priest. His position on Pope Clement XIs 1713 bull Unigenitus was also controversial, he opposed it, despite papal disapproval, up to 1728 and he was succeeded as archbishop of Paris and duc de Saint-Cloud by Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc

Louis-Antoine de Noailles
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Louis-Antoine de Noailles bearing the cross of the Order Spiritus.

27.
Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc
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Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc was Bishop of Marseilles from 1692 to 1708 and Archbishop of Aix from 1708 to 1729, from 1729 to 1746 he was the Archbishop of Paris. Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc was born in Le Luc on November 15,1655, the son of François de Vintimille, Seigneur du Luc, as a youngest son, Charles-Gaspard was groomed for a life in the church. In 1692, he became Bishop of Marseilles and he served there until 1708, when he became Archbishop of Aix. During this time, Aix-en-Provence, and Provence generally, were ravaged by plague, on May 10,1729, he was appointed Archbishop of Paris, becoming Duke of Saint-Cloud as well as a result. He died in Paris on March 13,1746 and this page is based on this page on French Wikipedia

28.
Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds
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Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds was a French prelate who was Archbishop of Arles from 1741 to 1746. Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds was born at the Château de Montifray, near Beaumont-la-Ronce and he was appointed Bishop of Bayonne on 8 October 1735. Pope Clement XII confirmed this appointment on 27 February 1736 and Cardinal Melchior de Polignac, Archbishop of Auch, on 20 August 1741 he was appointed Archbishop of Arles, with Pope Benedict XIV confirming the appointment on 20 December 1741. Jacques Bonne-Gigault de Bellefonds was appointed Archbishop of Paris on 4 March 1746 and he died in Paris of smallpox only months after becoming Archbishop, on 20 July 1746. His career was marked by his opposition to Jansenism within the Catholic Church in France, shortly before his death from smallpox, he had denounced the Pensées philosophiques by Denis Diderot. This page is based on this page from French Wikipedia

29.
Christophe de Beaumont
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Christophe de Beaumont du Repaire, French ecclesiastic and archbishop of Paris, was a cadet of the Les Adrets and Saint-Quentin branch of the illustrious Dauphin family of Beaumont. He became bishop of Bayonne in 1741, then archbishop of Vienne in 1745, an austere man with no wish for glory, had to be summoned three times by Louis XV before he would leave his diocese of Vienne and move to Paris. Beaumont is noted for his struggle with the Jansenists, while other bishops sent Beaumont their adhesion to his crusade, the Parlement of Paris threatened to confiscate his temporalities. Louis XV of France forbade the Parlement to interfere in these spiritual questions, efforts were made to induce him to resign the active duties of his see to a coadjutor, he refused despite the most tempting offers - including a cardinals hat. As the dispute between the king and the Parlements continued, de Beaumont was exiled from Paris a second time and he eventually returned, having conceded none of his principles. Let them erect a scaffold in the midst of the court he said, I would ascend it to maintain my rights, fulfil my duties, to his polemic against the Jansenists he added an attack on the philosophes, and issued a formal mandatory letter condemning Rousseaus Émile. Rousseau replied in his masterly Lettre a M. de Beaumont, Archbishop de Beaumont was a forthright and powerful voice in defence of Church authority and an opponent of anything that he saw as undermining it. This often put him at odds with statesmen and thinkers alike, at de Beaumonts request, volume 2 of the Encyclopédie was banned in 1752 because it contained material deemed to be heretical. He was so opposed to Madame de Pompadour that he said he should like to see her burned. In 1762 the Society of Jesus was suppressed in France, and de Beaumont realised that if the king, in October 1763 he published a pastoral instruction condemning the encroachment of civil authority upon the spiritual. The Parlement of Paris responded by ordering the public hangman to burn the book, Louis XV, anxious to avoid a major confrontation, once again banished de Beaumont from his diocese. On 21 July 1773 the international campaign against the Jesuit Order reached the point where Pope Clement XIV issued the brief Dominus ac Redemptor which formally abolished the Order around the world. The brief was explicitly indicated that the reason for the abolition was to satisfy the King of France, holy Father, it is not possible for me to commit the Clergy to the acceptance of the said brief. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Beaumont, Christophe de

Christophe de Beaumont
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Christophe de Beaumont

30.
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
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Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel was a French Roman Catholic cleric and politician of the Revolution. He was executed during the Reign of Terror, Gobel was born in the town of Thann in Alsace to a lawyer to the Sovereign Council of Alsace and tax collector for the Seigneury of Thann. After outstanding success in his schooling in Porrentruy, he studied at the Jesuit college in Colmar, then theology in the German College in Rome. He consecrated the next Prince-Bishop, Friedrich Ludwig Franz von Wangen zu Geroldseck, found to have been living beyond his means, he was relieved of his duties by Wangen zu Geroldsecks successor, Franz Joseph Sigismund von Roggenbach, in 1782. After this he began to espouse reformist ideas and his political life began when he was elected deputy to the Estates-General of 1789 by the clergy of the Bailiwick of Huningue. The turning-point of his life was Gobels action in taking the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, in favour of which he had declared himself since 5 May 1790. The document gave the appointment of priests to the electoral assemblies, on 8 November 1792, Gobel was appointed administrator of Paris. His public display of anti-clericalism was most likely a careful tactic to ensure the sympathy of politicians, among other things, he declared himself opposed to clerical celibacy. The previous night, a delegation from the Commune led by Hébert, Chaumette, the followers of Jacques Hébert, who were then pursuing their anti-Christian policy, claimed Gobel as their representative. At the same time, Héberts rival Maximilien Robespierre viewed Gobel as an atheist - although he was not accused of apostasy, robespierres vision of a deist Cult of the Supreme Being was threatened by the opposition of atheist Hébertists, and Gobel shared the fate of the latter. All of the conspirators were sentenced to death on the morning of 13 April. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. In turn, it cites as references, François Victor Alphonse Aulard, Étienne Charavay, Assemble electorale de Paris. H. Monin, La Chanson et lEglise sous la Révolution, episcopat de Gobel in vol. iii. of Jean Maurice Tourneux, Bibliographie de lhistoire de Paris pendant la Rév

Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
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Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel

31.
French Revolution
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Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history, the causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years War and the American Revolutionary War, the French government was deeply in debt, Years of bad harvests leading up to the Revolution also inflamed popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the aristocracy. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789, a central event of the first stage, in August 1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime. The next few years featured political struggles between various liberal assemblies and right-wing supporters of the intent on thwarting major reforms. The Republic was proclaimed in September 1792 after the French victory at Valmy, in a momentous event that led to international condemnation, Louis XVI was executed in January 1793. External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution, internally, popular agitation radicalised the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins. Large numbers of civilians were executed by revolutionary tribunals during the Terror, after the Thermidorian Reaction, an executive council known as the Directory assumed control of the French state in 1795. The rule of the Directory was characterised by suspended elections, debt repudiations, financial instability, persecutions against the Catholic clergy, dogged by charges of corruption, the Directory collapsed in a coup led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution, almost all future revolutionary movements looked back to the Revolution as their predecessor. The values and institutions of the Revolution dominate French politics to this day, the French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national, for it aimed at benefiting all humanity. Globally, the Revolution accelerated the rise of republics and democracies and it became the focal point for the development of all modern political ideologies, leading to the spread of liberalism, radicalism, nationalism, socialism, feminism, and secularism, among many others. The Revolution also witnessed the birth of total war by organising the resources of France, historians have pointed to many events and factors within the Ancien Régime that led to the Revolution. Over the course of the 18th century, there emerged what the philosopher Jürgen Habermas called the idea of the sphere in France. A perfect example would be the Palace of Versailles which was meant to overwhelm the senses of the visitor and convince one of the greatness of the French state and Louis XIV. Starting in the early 18th century saw the appearance of the sphere which was critical in that both sides were active. In France, the emergence of the public sphere outside of the control of the saw the shift from Versailles to Paris as the cultural capital of France. In the 1750s, during the querelle des bouffons over the question of the quality of Italian vs, in 1782, Louis-Sébastien Mercier wrote, The word court no longer inspires awe amongst us as in the time of Louis XIV

French Revolution
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The August Insurrection in 1792 precipitated the last days of the monarchy.
French Revolution
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The French government faced a fiscal crisis in the 1780s, and King Louis XVI was blamed for mishandling these affairs.
French Revolution
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Caricature of the Third Estate carrying the First Estate (clergy) and the Second Estate (nobility) on its back.
French Revolution
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The meeting of the Estates General on 5 May 1789 at Versailles.

32.
Jean Baptiste de Belloy-Morangle
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Jean-Baptiste de Belloy was an Archbishop of Paris and cardinal of the Catholic Church. In the ministry he shone more by his virtue than by his learning, the Bishop of Bourges, Cardinal Léon Potier de Gesvres, appointed him Vicar General of the diocese and archdeacon of his cathedral. In 1751 he was appointed as the Bishop of Glandeves, at the famous Assembly of the French Clergy of 1755, he took sides with the moderate party and contributed to the restoration of tranquility in the Church of France. Belloy was transferred to see, he gained the confidence of both parties and restored peace. In July 1790, the National Assembly decreed the suppression of the Diocese of Marseilles, Belloy withdrew, but sent to the assembly a letter of protest against the suppression of one of the oldest episcopal sees of France. He retired to Chambly, a town near his native place. Napoleon, highly pleased with this act of devotion to Church and State, notwithstanding his extreme age he governed his new diocese with astonishing vigour and intelligence, reorganized the parishes, provided them with good pastors, and visited his flock in person. He restored the Crown of Thorns to its place of honour in the Sainte Chapelle, Napoleon was so well satisfied that he asked and readily obtained for him the cardinals hat, which Pius VII placed on the prelates head in a consistory held in Paris,1 February 1805. Belloy was buried in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris, honoré Fisquet, La France pontificale, I, 542-556 François-Xavier de Feller, Biographie Universelle, II,199. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles

Jean Baptiste de Belloy-Morangle
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Cardinal de Belloy
Jean Baptiste de Belloy-Morangle
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Archbishop de Belloy at a younger age

33.
Jean-Sifrein Maury
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Jean-Sifrein Maury was a French cardinal, archbishop, and bishop of Montefiascone. The son of a poor cobbler, he was born on at Valréas in the Comtat-Venaissin. His acuteness was observed by the priests of the seminary at Avignon and he tried his fortune by writing éloges of famous persons, then a favorite practice, in 1771, his Éloge on Fénelon was pronounced by the French Academy as second only to that by La Harpe. The real foundation of his fortunes was the success of a panegyric on Saint Louis delivered before the Académie française in 1772, the book was often reprinted as Principes de léloquence. In 1781, he obtained the priory of Lyons, near Pronne. His morals were as loose as those of his great rival Mirabeau and he was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789 by the clergy of the bailliage of Péronne, proving from the first to be the most able and persevering defender of the ancien régime. It is said that he attempted to both in July and in October 1789, but after that time, deserted by nearly all his friends. In the National Constituent Assembly he took a part in every important debate. His life was often in danger, but his ready wit always saved it and it was said that one bon mot would preserve him for a month. He was finally made bishop of Montefiascone in Italy, where he settled briefly, but in 1798 the French drove him from his retreat. Next year he returned to Rome as ambassador of the exiled Louis XVIII at the papal court, in 1804, he began to prepare his return to France by a well-turned letter to Napoleon, congratulating him on restoring religion to France once more. In 1806 he did return and in 1807 was again received into the Academy and he was presently ordered by the pope to surrender his functions as archbishop, but refused. On the Bourbon restoration toward the end of 1814, he was expelled from the Academy. Maury retired to Rome, where he was imprisoned in the Castel SantAngelo for six months for his disobedience to the papal orders and he died in 1817, a year or two after his release, primarily from disease contracted in prison. As a politician, his wit and eloquence made him a rival of Mirabeau. As a critic, he was and is considered an able writer. Sainte-Beuve gives him the credit of discovering Father Jacques Bridayne and of giving Bossuet his rightful place as a preacher above Massillon and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Louis-Siffrein Maury, Vie du Cardinal Maury, jean Poujoulat, Cardinal Maury, sa vie et ses œuvres

Jean-Sifrein Maury
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Maury, Predicateur du Roi de France, 1789.

34.
Denis Auguste Affre
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Denis-Auguste Affre was Archbishop of Paris from 1840 to 1848. He was killed trying to negotiate peace during the June Days uprising of 1848. His cause of canonization has commenced and he is titled as a Servant of God, Affre was born at Saint-Rome-de-Tarn, in the department of Aveyron. At the age of 14, he began to study for the priesthood at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice, Paris, which was under the direction of his uncle, the Abbé Denis Boyer, S. S. He was an excellent student, and, while still a seminarian, in 1818, he was ordained as a Catholic priest. From 1823 to 1833 he served as the Vicar General, first of the Diocese of Luçon, in 1839, he was appointed as coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Strasbourg. Affre was elevated to the post of Archbishop of Paris in 1840 and he opened new parishes in the working-class neighborhoods of the city. Among them were Ménilmontant, Plaisance, Petit-Montrouge, Maison-Blanche, Petit-Gentilly, Notre-Dame de la Gare, Billancourt, Affre was passionate in his determination to improve the study of theology in order to form clergy needed in the challenges which the Catholic Church faced at the time. He also was insistent on education as a human right and he opened a new seminary in Paris, called the St. Joseph of the Carmelites Seminary, on the site of a former Carmelite priory, and a school of theology at the Sorbonne. Affres episcopate, however, is chiefly remembered owing to its close during the insurrection of June 1848. Seeing the carnage caused among the population caused by this campaign, Frederic Ozanam. The archbishop was led to believe that by his personal involvement peace might be restored between the military and the insurgents. He had spoken only a few words, however, when the insurgents, hearing some shots, Affre fell, struck by a stray bullet. He was taken to his palace, where he died on 27 June, the crowd following his cortege was estimated to have numbered about 200,000 people. Affre was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Denis in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris and his heart was removed and preserved in the chapel of the Carmelite Seminary, which he had founded. The pectoral cross which he was wearing when he was shot—seen in his portrait—is preserved by the Archdiocese of Paris as a relic, a street in the 18th arrondissement of Paris is named in his honor. Affre wrote several articles for a newspaper called La France chrétienne and he also wrote a guide to studying the Christian faith, Une Introduction philosophique à létude du christianisme

35.
Marie Dominique Auguste Sibour
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Marie-Dominique-Auguste Sibour was the French Catholic Archbishop of Paris from 1848 to 1857. Sibor was born at Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux in Drôme in 1792, after his ordination to the priesthood at Rome in 1818, he was assigned to the Archdiocese of Paris. He was named canon of the cathedral of Nîmes in 1822, became known as a preacher, in 1837, during a vacancy, he was chosen administrator of the Diocese of Nîmes, and two years later was made bishop of the Diocese of Digne. The same principles actuated him in his rule of the Archdiocese of Paris, Sibour was part of the ministerial commission which prepared the draft project for the Falloux Laws on education, which highly increased the clergys influence in schools. He held in 1849 a provincial council in Paris, and in 1850 a diocesan synod, in 1853 he officiated at the marriage of Napoleon III, who had named him senator the previous year. The benevolent co-operation of the government enabled him to provide for the needs of the poor churches in his diocese. He also aimed at introducing the Roman Rite in Paris and was progressing favorably in this direction at the time of his death, Sibour was assassinated at the church of St. Etienne du Mont by an interdicted priest named Jean-Louis Verger, who openly admitted to the crime. Archbishop Sibour may be the only cleric murdered in modern times due to his assassins views on papal doctrine, Verger was an opponent of the newly defined doctrine of immaculate conception as well as celibacy for the clergy. However he was a troublemaker, frequently complaining of the jobs he was assigned to. The trial became a board for his notions. He was found guilty the day of the trial and sentenced to death, to the end Verger had convinced himself that the Emperor Napoleon III would pardon him. When he was executed at La Roquette Prisons on 30 January 1857 he was in a state of panic and fear at the failure of the pardon to come. Lepiscopat francais, 1802–1905, 215–16, 460–61, passim McCaffrey, Lawrence, History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century, I,63,236,241, 243–4. Catholic Encyclopedia This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles

Marie Dominique Auguste Sibour
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Archbishop Sibour

36.
Georges Darboy
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Georges Darboy was a French Catholic priest, later bishop of Nancy then archbishop of Paris. He was among a group of prominent hostages executed as the Paris Commune of 1871 was about to be overthrown, Darboy was born in Fayl-Billot, Haute-Marne in north-east France. He studied with distinction at the seminary at Langres, and was ordained priest in 1836, transferred to Paris as almoner of the college of Henry IV, and honorary canon of Notre Dame, he became the close friend of Archbishop Affre and of his successor Archbishop Sibour. He was appointed bishop of Nancy in 1859, and in January 1863 was raised to the archbishopric of Paris, pope Pius IX refused him the cardinals hat, and rebuked him for his liberalism in a letter which was probably not intended for publication. At the First Vatican Council he vigorously maintained the rights of the bishops, when the dogma had been finally adopted, however, he was one of the first to set the example of submission. On 4 April 1871, he was arrested by the communards as a hostage and confined in the prison at Mazas, on 24 May he was shot within the prison along with several other prominent hostages. The execution was ordered by Théophile Ferré, who was executed by firing squad by the French government after the fall of the Commune. Darboy died in the attitude of blessing and uttering words of forgiveness and his body was recovered with difficulty, and, having been embalmed, was buried with imposing ceremony at public expense on 7 June. He was the archbishop of Paris to die violently between 1848 and 1871. Statistique Religieuse du Diocèse de Paris, list of works by Eugène Guillaume Horvath-Peterson, Sandra. Abbé Georges Darboys Statistique Religieuse du Diocèse de Paris, The Catholic Historical Review, Vol.68, katz, Philip M. Lessons from Paris, The American Clergy Responds to the Paris Commune, Church History, Vol.63, No. The Clerical Victims of the Commune of 1871, in, Studies in Church History, Vol. VI. Archbishop Darboy and Some French Tragedies, 1813-1871 and my Adventures in the Commune, Paris,1871. Works by or about Georges Darboy at Internet Archive Works by Georges Darboy, at Hathi Trust

Georges Darboy
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Georges Darboy in 1865.

37.
Louis-Ernest Dubois
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Louis-Ernest Dubois was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Paris. He played a role in the period of adjustment to the separation of Church. He was born in Saint-Calais to a family from the adjacent commune of St. Gervais and he was educated at the Seminary of Le Mans. He was ordained on 20 September 1879, after his ordination he worked in the diocese of Le Mans from 1879 until 1898. He was editor of Semaine du fidèle in 1888 and he served as Vicar general of the diocese of Le Mans from 1898 until 1901. Pope Leo XIII appointed him Bishop of Verdun on 18 April 1901, Verdun was one of only two French cities where the bishop was not obliged to leave his palace in 1905. He was promoted to the see of Bourges in 1909. He spent until 1916 in Bourges until he was transferred to see of Rouen on 13 March 1916. He was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Aquiro in the consistory of December 4,1916 and he was transferred to become Archbishop of Paris on 13 December 1920. He took part in the conclave of 1922 that electe Pope Pius XI, Dubois played a conciliatory role in relations with French authorities. He established an ordinariate to co-ordinate, thereby increasing French clerical control of the work of foreign language Catholic chaplaincies in Paris) and he remained as Archbishop of Paris until his death in 1929. He is buried in Notre-Dame de Paris, the British reacted to this incident by sending a naval squadron, thus giving rise to the Perote saying les Anglais ont envoyé de lacier et les Français Dubois

Louis-Ernest Dubois
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Cardinal Dubois, the new archbishop of Paris, in front of Notre Dame in 1920

38.
Jean Verdier
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Jean Verdier, PSS was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 1929 until his death, jean Verdier was born to a modest family in Lacroix-Barrez, Aveyron, and studied at the seminary in Rodez before entering the Society of Saint-Sulpice in 1886. He was ordained to the priesthood on 9 April 1887 and then taught at the seminary of Périgueux until 1898, from 1912 to 1920, Verdier served as a professor and the superior of the Seminary Des Carmes in Paris. He became a canon of the metropolitan cathedral of Paris in 1923. During that same year, he was vicar general of Paris. On 18 November 1929, Verdier was appointed Archbishop of Paris by Pope Pius XI, early in his tenure as Archbishop, he ordered all French priests to conduct an extensive survey into any alcoholism existing in their parishes. Pius XI created him Cardinal Priest of Santa Balbina in the consistory of 16 December 1929 and he served as Special Legate to several events between 1930 and 1939, and was one of the cardinals who participated in the 1939 papal conclave that elected Pope Pius XII. No other war has had aims that are spiritual, moral. Besides his native French, he was fluent in German and Italian, the Cardinal died in Paris, at the age of 76. He is buried in Notre-Dame Cathedral, Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Jean Verdier
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His Eminence Jean Verdier P.S.S.

39.
Maurice Feltin
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Maurice Feltin was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 1949 to 1966, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1953 by Pope Pius XII, born in Delle, Territoire-de-Belfort, Maurice Feltin studied at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in Paris before being ordained a priest on 3 July 1909. He then did work in Besançon until 1914, at which time he was made an officer in the French Army during World War I. For his work, he was awarded with the Croix-de-Guerre, the Médaille militaire, on 19 December 1927, Feltin was appointed Bishop of Troyes by Pope Pius XI. He received his consecration on 11 March 1928 from Cardinal Henri-Charles-Joseph Binet, with Bishops Paul-Jules-Narcisse Rémond. Feltin was promoted to Archbishop of Sens on 16 August 1932, on 15 August 1949, he became the twenty-third Archbishop of Paris. The French prelate was created Cardinal Priest of Santa Maria della Pace by Pope Pius XII in the consistory of 12 January 1953 and he was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1958 papal conclave and the 1963 papal conclave. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 and he resigned as Paris archbishop on 21 December 1966. He died in Thiais, outside Paris, at age 92, Feltin condemned the legend of Santa Claus, claiming that it debased the Christian significance of Christmas. In 1959, Feltin requested of the Holy Office that the Worker-Priest movement be revived, albeit under strict controls, his request, in 1963, Feltin denied Édith Piaf a religious funeral due to her controversial life. However, on 10 October 2013, fifty years after her death, the Roman Catholic Church gave Piaf a memorial Mass in the St. Jean-Baptiste Church in Belleville, Paris, catholic-Hierarchy Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Maurice Feltin
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His Eminence Maurice Feltin

40.
Pierre Veuillot
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Pierre Marie Joseph Veuillot was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Paris. He was ordained on 26 March 1939 in Paris and he served as a member of the parochial clergy until 1942, when he went to work in the Vatican Secretariat of State. In 1959 Pope John XXIII appointed him Bishop of Angers and he remained in Angers until 12 June 1961, when he was appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Paris with the titular see of Constantia in Thracia. He succeeded as Archbishop of Paris on 1 December 1966 and he was created and proclaimed Cardinal-Priest of San Luigi dei Francesi by Pope Paul VI on 26 June 1967. He died suddenly of leukemia on 14 February 1968 at the age of 55, having been a cardinal for only 6 months

Pierre Veuillot
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Styles of Pierre Veuillot

41.
Jean-Marie Lustiger
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Aaron Jean-Marie Lustiger was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Paris from 1981 until his resignation in 2005 and he was created cardinal in 1983 by Pope John Paul II. His life is depicted in the 2013 film Le métis de Dieu, Lustiger was born Aaron Lustiger in Paris to a Jewish family. His parents, Charles and Gisèle Lustiger, were Ashkenazi Jews from Będzin, Poland, Lustigers father ran a hosiery shop. Aaron Lustiger studied at the Lycée Montaigne in Paris, where he first encountered anti-Semitism, visiting Germany in 1937, he was hosted by an anti-Nazi Protestant family whose children had been required to join the Hitler Youth. Sometime between the ages of ten and twelve, Lustiger came across a Protestant Bible and felt inexplicably attracted to it, on the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the family moved to Orléans. In March 1940, during Holy Week, the 13-year-old Lustiger decided to convert to Roman Catholicism, on 21 August he was baptized as Aaron Jean-Marie by the Bishop of Orléans, Jules Marie Courcoux. In October 1940, the Vichy regime passed the first Statute on Jews, although Jean-Marie Lustiger lived hidden in Orléans, his parents had to wear the badge. Lustiger, his father and sister sought refuge in unoccupied southern France, in September 1942, his mother was deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp where she was murdered the following year. The surviving family returned to Paris at the end of the war, Lustigers father tried unsuccessfully to have his sons baptism annulled, and even sought the help of the chief rabbi of Paris. Lustiger graduated from the Sorbonne with a degree in 1946. He entered the seminary of the Carmelite fathers in Paris, and he first visited Israel in 1951. On 17 April 1954 he was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Émile-Arsène Blanchet, from 1954 to 1959, he was a chaplain at the Sorbonne. From 1969 to 1979, Lustiger was vicar of the Parish of Sainte-Jeanne-de-Chantal and his parochial vicar was André Vingt-Trois, who years later succeeded him as Archbishop of Paris. On 10 November 1979, Lustiger was appointed Bishop of Orléans by Pope John Paul II after a 15-month vacancy. John Paul had been advised by Cardinal Paolo Bertoli, who was displeased with a new illustrated Catechism for French urban youth and was on bad terms with most of the French clergy. Lustiger received his consecration on 8 December 1979 from Cardinal François Marty, with Archbishop Eugène Ernoult of Sens. When installed as bishop, Lustiger avoided all reference to his liberal predecessor Guy-Marie Riobé, on 31 January 1981 he was named Archbishop of Paris, succeeding Cardinal Marty