Civil War

Early Civilizations

Historical Updates

We all know that common phrase “Women live
longer than Men,” and that is exactly true. But why? Is it because men have a risky
behavior than women, especially in their early teenage years? Several studies
have unveiled that men die earlier than women. In fact, men are more often
susceptible to various health diseases at an earlier age.

Natural selection is sure weird at some
times. Keep in mind that it doesn’t necessarily favor traits associated with
vigor, longevity, and health. What it does is it encourages the reproductive
process to increase a person’s lifespan.

Longevity and reproduction are commonly
seen in women. From pregnancy, they give birth and then goes to a stage of
lactation that can take a toll on their energy and health. Several researchers
have concluded that bearing more children resulted in a higher oxidative stress
in women. This is more prominent in women that are in their post-menopausal
stage. A 2006 study showed that women having more children resulted in a
shorter post-menopausal lifespan. Which means the more you produce, the shorter
your lifespan will get.

However, it’s a different story to men.
Although men don’t bear the cost of pregnancy, they still allocate a great deal
of energy, especially when it comes to the reproductive process. Reproductive
effort in men means involving themselves in situations involving risky
behavior, accumulating a larger body mass, especially in the skeletal muscle
mass. All the spent energy of these activities just to maintain muscle for a
lifetime is equal to women who are on labor and to the breastfeeding stage,
although they are somewhat manageable. Hormones play a vital role in everybody,
no matter if it is a man or woman. Physiological mechanisms also help in
managing the tradeoffs that result from the conflicting needs of the body. Men’s
testosterone levels help on regulating muscle and reproductive behavior, but it
comes with a price you have to pay.

Testosterone is more prominent in men
compared to women. Although women still produce it but only at small amounts. Testosterone
helps men to grow a beard and to change to tone of their voice when they hit
puberty. What we didn’t know is that testosterone is also responsible for the significant
impact on energy consumption in men. There are several other things that
testosterone is responsible off, and these are:

Increases metabolism

Boosts the libido

Helps build muscle

Promote anabolism

As we can see, testosterone is like a main
weapon that man always carry. Although sounding healthy, it can be a win-win
situation where it can make or break you.

Indeed, the less fat you have, the better
you will look in front of the mirror. However, it comes with a price like
making you vulnerable to food shortfalls and various kinds of infection. Acute
rises in testosterone levels can increase men’s reproductive efforts, but it
causes a negative impact on its physiological demands as a result. Male quolls
experience a dramatic one-time rise in testosterone that triggers intense bouts
of mating—and very high mortality due to male/male aggression and fat
depletion. Females are lucky to live up to three years. Meanwhile, men can
barely make it to live more than that.

Testosterone longevity and aging are a bit
vague and pose a challenge, combining that with men’s shorter lifespan, it
resulted in an analogous situation that needs to be further looked upon. Researchers
have gone deep down to historical data to determine the effects of lifespan
into men. During the 19th century, especially in China, men get
their genitals removed for religious purposes. Not to mention, castration as
well. This resulted in a large number of eunuchs during the 17th and
18th century in Asia and Europe. However, this doesn’t show any
longevity changes in men’s lifespan. In a Korean study, however, castrated men
are recorded to live longer from those who aren’t. These historical studies are
not enough to prove such a conclusion.

Scientists have gone far to get a better
picture of the effects of testosterone on men’s longevity. A test was conducted
to birds where researchers have to increase their testosterone levels to see
some effects. And the results are impressive. Birds with high testosterone
levels are more active on building multiple nests, ward off competitors, and
father more offspring than birds that has normal testosterone levels.

Multiple companies have created
testosterone supplements for men to take to ward off the negative effects of
reproductive effort and longevity. There’s still a little amount of evidence to
prove the claim that men taking testosterone has shorter life spans. A 2014
study shows that senior men who take testosterone experienced an acute,
non-fatal myocardial infarction exactly ninety days after taking the
supplements. Although it’s good for muscle growth, their organs couldn’t handle
to tolerate the metabolic burden. Keep in mind that these effects are only
present on older men, which encourages researchers to do further investigation
of the study.

Testosterone also causes significant
immunological effects to a man’s lifespan. Men are even more prone to various
infections than women. Several reasons come into play, including the exposure
of men to infection opportunities compared to women. Testosterone suppresses
immune function. Estradiol, on the other hand, is the primary sex steroid in
women that bolsters immune function.

Not only infection, but cancer is also a
primary concern that men should worry. Most especially prostate cancer. Countries
that have a population of men with high levels of testosterone are known to
exhibit a higher incidence of prostate cancer.

As you can see, natural selection doesn’t
only play a vital role in men’s longevity. In short, shorter lifespans and
health conditions are due to men’s evolutionary history. But keep in mind that
evolution is changing over time. Humans are malleable, and the physiology that
supports such malleability is probably why we had evolved with the traits that
define us. Men have various reproductive strategies, such as paternal care that
contributed to their evolutionary success. But testosterone still plays a
crucial role for men in order to reproduce.

Baseball is a popular international sport
but is mostly played in Canada and the US. The game consists of two teams of
nine players over nine innings. To win the game, one team will be on the field
with one of the players are assigned as a pitcher and the other on the
remainder field. The opposing team carries a bat to hit the ball. As you can
see, baseball has similarities with other bat-sports such as cricket. The
difference lies in the field where baseball has four bases the hitter needs to
pass before getting a score unless there’s a home run.

Even though the game was more dominant in
the US, it didn’t originate in North America. In fact, the sport existed back
in medieval times where other bat games are also invented as well. Bat games
such as Stoolball, rounders, dog and cat, and cricket all existed in the
medieval era. Among all of them, Stoolball is the most popular of them all and
are played by milkmaids using a milk stool as a wicket. The way it’s played is
the ball will be thrown and it needs to be hit using a batter or a small bat to
prevent it from hitting the stool.

Next, we have the Rounders, which is a game
that’s similar to baseball than Stoolball. In this game, two opposing teams
filed and bat just like in baseball. The hitter will then pass four bases to
gain a score for the team. A modernized version of Rounders has the ball
thrower bowl underhand to a batsman who must bat using one hand and runs no
matter he hits or misses the ball. However, the traditional Rounders give
players the freedom to create their own rules compared to the modern one.

And then there’s the Town Ball, a game that
shares some similarities with Rounders. The difference? Every region has its
own specific rules of play. Town Ball existed way back in the 1740s in some
parts in the US. It is also sometimes called baseball, round ball, or just
simply “ball.”

Early references about baseball are dated
back in the year 1971, where a group of people at Pittsfield town hall played
the sport within 80 yards of the town meeting house. However, the first
recorded baseball game was dated back in the year 1845. Alexander Cartwright, a
New York firefighter, gathered his men to form a club named the “Knickerbocker
Club.” The club has specific rules of play, and they’re first ever game was
held in the Elysian Fields on June 18, 1846, where they played against the New
York Nine. However, the Knickerbocker Club lost the game with a score of 23-1.
Talk about bad luck at its finest. Since then, various baseball clubs have been
created.

1858

A total of 25 clubs have
gathered together to create the National Association of Base Ball Players
(NABPP).

1869

The Cincinnati Red Stockings
was born and was considered as the first professional baseball team. They won
about six matches which put a name for themselves in the sports industry.

1876

The NABPP become redundant as
the club was deemed for failure. As a result, the National League was born and
continued on up to this day.

The National League was made up of 12
professional teams. However, because of the decline in ticket sales, it forced
the league to cut down their size into eight teams in 1900. This is a good
opportunity for the “Western League” so that they can recruit the cities that
have been dropped by the National League. As the Western League expanded, it
renamed themselves into the “American League.”

There’s a fine line between the difference
of the two leagues. Both of them has the same set of rules except for the
designated hitter rule that’s adopted by the American League. This rule lets
the team nominate a player who bats in the place of the pitcher. The National
League doesn’t have this rule, and they stick to the original rule instead
where the pitcher does all the batting.

In 1994, a huge baseball strike hit the
“Major League Baseball” (MLB) because of the numerous scandals in the field of
baseball that existed in the early 1990s. Declining ticket sales and audience rage
forced the money of the league to be called up. This alarms the MLB to tighten
up anti-drug policies and go into damage control to protect the spirit of the sport.
In 2000, the Commissioners Blue Ribbon Panel report on revenue and payroll
differences between clubs finally showed signs of paying off with attendance
numbers higher than the previous high in 1993. And in 2006, the consolidation
of media management was made into a single corporation.

This resulted in a positive impact on the
MLB in the following years. Who would have thought to create simple changes to
the MLB’s structure, especially in financial matters resulted in several minor
clubs in the league to win in the World Series?

The pain of being stung by a
bee is unbearable. However, you shouldn’t worry. If you have an active sex
life, then being stung by a bee is a miracle. Why? Because a toxin in a bee’s
venom contains melittin that may prevent HIV. What it does is the toxin pokes
holes into the virus’ protective envelope to kill it.

Another thing is that bee
stings can ease the pain of people that are suffering from rheumatoid
arthritis. The molecules found in the bee’s venom is known to increase your
body’s glucocorticoid level to prevent inflammation.

Bees Are Hard Workers

Bees are vastly different from
people when it comes to working. During the winter seasons, bees can live and
work up to nine months. However, it’s a different story during summer as they
last only six weeks until they make their own bed. That said, bees just work
until they die, which is impressive.

Bees Brain Chemistry is Amazing

There are different types of
bees. We have the scout bees, which are the ones who search for food. And then
we have the soldier bees which guards the hive for the rest of their lives.
Finally, we have the undertakers who remove the dead bees out of their hive. But
the spotlight goes to regular honeybees where they can perform multiple jobs
throughout their life. What’s amazing about them is that they can alter their
brain chemistry before tackling another job. Talk about multitasking at its
finest.

Their Brain is Unbelievable

When adult bees do jobs that
are meant for younger bees, their brain stops aging. Meaning, their brain ages
in reverse that will make them think young again. A study conducted by various
scientists shows that this helps the bees to slow the possible onset of
dementia.

Bees Provide Medicine

Bees use a mixture of poplar
and evergreen to create a resin called “propolis” to reinforce their hive. What’s
amazing about this is that propolis can cure various health conditions such as
cold sores, canker sores, herpes, sore throat, eczema, and even cavities.

Bees Can Recognize Humans

Bees eyes are like a multi-camera
system that can combine multiples images into one. That said, whenever they see
a human face, they take parts from the eyebrows, lips, nose, mouth, etc. to
form one big picture of a face. This process is called the “configural
processing,” which can help most tech manufacturers today to improve facial
recognition.

Every Bee Has Different
Personalities

Not all bees are identical to
each other. Sure they do when it comes to appearance, but their personalities
differ from each and one of them. Researchers have found that there are bees who
are adventure-seekers, timid bees, etc. A study conducted in 2011 also showed
that bees also have feelings. It’s like a real-life Disney movie where insects
or animals can talk.

The Effects of Caffeine &
Cocaine to Bees

Caffeine does wonders to bees.
A nectar laced with caffeine can attract pollinators such as bees to keep
coming back for more. However, it’s miles different to cocaine as they turn
bees into pesky little liars. Bees get high when in contact with cocaine, which
makes them dance to communicate with their fellow brethren to indicate there’s
good food nearby even though there are not. What’s worst is that they exaggerate
their moves and overemphasize the food’s quality when they get high too much.

They Can Travel Using Ancient
Navigation Techniques

They say that out with the old,
in with the new. That’s not true for most of the case for bees. They use the
sun as a compass to travel wherever they want to go. And when it’s cloudy, they
navigate by polarized light to find the sun in the sky. This method is
similarly used by Vikings back then where they navigate using the sun by the
help of sundials.

Bees Have the Ability to Solve
Math Problems

Picture yourself in a situation
where you have to visit six different stores located at various places in the
city and you must find the shortest distance to travel while visiting the six.
This is what mathematicians call the “traveling salesman problem” which can
really take a toll on your brain. For bees, however, solving this one is as
easy as pie. In fact, bees are the only animals that can solve this problem in
the entire animal species.

Bees Are Efficient Builders

Back then, various
mathematicians and philosophers have proven that honeycombs were the most
practical structures that are built around. Honeycombs use the least amount of
wax, which makes them efficient structures. And what’s even surprising is that
honeycombs are made with perfectly-shaped hexagons where you can say that bees
put too much attention to detail.

Bees Behave Like Serial Killers

Serial killers commit their
crimes close to home but not too near that the neighbors will notice. The same
goes for bees where they collect pollen close to their hive but far enough that
predators can’t spot the hive. Scientists have studied this kind of situation
and have compiled some few algorithms which helped the police to track serial
killers.

Bees are Job Creators

In the US, over 1.51 pounds of
honey are consumed by Americans each year. In addition to that, bees worked
hard to pollinate every single plant or crops each year that they can cover up
to 80% of crops in the entire country.

Ice skating is everywhere, especially in
some colder parts in the world. However, ice skating is now also found on
recreational parks or malls via a man-made ice rink. But there are still some that
do traditional ice skating on frozen lakes and rivers in countries such as
Sweden and Canada.

Archeologists have dug up some information and
found that ice skating has been around in the time of our ancestors. People
back then even use it as a means of transportation where cars are still
non-existent. But there’s more to this story and we are going to tackle that
down below.

Ice Skating in its Early Stages

Our primitive ancestors are one
of the creative kind. They made ice skating devices in the form of bones that
could slide and glide over frozen water. These bones are attached to a flat
surface since shoes are still not invented at that time. In the 13th
century, the Dutch made significant advancement to ice skating by integrating
blades.

The blades are said to be
perfect that it doesn’t even need to undergo any major changes. But as time
goes by, several people have integrated these blades into the sole of a shoe.
And this is the result of the ice skating wearable that we know today.

How Figure Skating Began

Figure skating is a sport that
involves dancing, acrobatics, and swaying majestically while skating. This
sport has been around for hundreds of years but is strictly limited to the
wealthy ones on Europe back then. However, in the mid-19th century, Jackson
Haines has made several improvements to the sport by adding bold and energetic
moves.

Because of this, Haines became
popular and have won myriads of contests that helped him reach the
championships. His improved form of ice skating caught the attention of many
that it became a full-blown sport. As a result, figure skating made its way
back to the US and has been recognized as an international sport.

The Amateur Status in Figure
Skating

In 1995, ice skating was a
strictly amateur discipline with no financial compensation. This has caused a
rage where Olympic ice skaters cut their careers short to join the more
lucrative entertainment industry. The international federation was alarmed about
the situation and as a result, they amend the rules to allow figure skaters to
earn money. Figure skating is now a well-known sport in the Winter Olympics and
remained popular until today.

Because of its popularity,
other types of skating had also joined the Winter Olympics such as speed
skating, short-track speed skating, and ice hockey- a sport that’s popular in
countries such as North America and Scandinavia.

Talking to your loved ones no matter how
far they are is what telephones have bought to our lives. Gone are the days of
using snail mail where it’ll take days before replying to each other. From two
cans tied to each other to electricity-driven ones, telephones have been in our
lives long before. And in this article, we are going to see how the telephone
has developed throughout the years.

The 1800s

In this year, the electric
telegraph was born. It is a piece of tech that can send messages in whatever
telegraph office is nearby. Alexander Graham Bell was inspired by the telegraph,
thinking that he can improve the tech thinking that it can deliver and do more
from what it can do. And this is what driven him to invent the telephone.

1876

During this year, Bell applied
a patent for his telephone. However, Elisha Gray wants to steal the show by
applying a patent for her own invention that’s similarly inspired by Bell. But
what she didn’t know is that Bell’s lawyer and the clerk of the patent office
are good friends with each other. As a result, Bell’s telephone was patented
first, delaying Gray’s caveat until Bell’s application could be presented.

The patent examiner, however,
realized that both Bell and Gray’s applications are similar to each other where
they halt the patent processing until they see a demonstration for both
devices. Bell took the opportunity and demonstrated Gray’s technique. Because
of this, Bell was granted the patent which was then upheld in a court of law.
Historians have studied this scenario and concluded that Gray would have been
the inventor of the telephone not until Bell who demonstrated the technology
first.

1877

Telephones were first installed
in Boston and were the first city to be given the opportunity to do so.
However, the only downside of it is that subscribers were paired and could only
speak to one another, limiting the capability to speak to other people.

1878

Telephone switchboards were
invented that enables subscribers to talk to any phone connected on the same
set of telephone lines. After three years, telephone demand had increased, and
over 50,000 of telephones were installed in the US alone

The birth of telephone
switchboards is like a breath of fresh air for telephone subscribers. But
despite its pros, it has its cons also. The only way to talk to another
subscriber on their own will is by asking the operator to place the call. Once
done, the operator would liaise to the next operator in a sequence to connect
the call. Long distance calls are impossible during this time. As subscribers
were forced to make an appointment to the telephone company to use a
specialized phone booth to make long distance calls.

1900

But the tables have turned this
time around. Electromechanical exchanges were invented, and the birth of the rotary
dial telephone was here. The rotary dial phone allows subscribers to place a
call without human intervention unlike before. The US is one of the first
countries to make use of this technology.

1904

About 3 million subscribers
were connected this time around using manual exchange, which doubles the
employee requirement of about ten thousand operators.

1920

The telephone has undergone a
huge development change as Western Electric developed a phone that included
both earpiece and microphone in one handset. This allows subscribers to move
around almost anywhere in the house while making a call, unlike the earlier
ones where users were fixed into one position. The “Bell Model 102” is the
first telephone to use this kind of tech.

The 1960s

Digital telephones and
exchanges are invented, but subscribers have stick to the old instead of
embracing this tech, making at almost a commercial failure.

1973

Digital telephony was more
prominent in the era of mobile telephones that used radio waves to wirelessly
transmit calls. The first one to use this tech is an engineer that worked for
Motorola during 1973.

The 1980s, 1990s, and Beyond

Mobile phone demand has taken
the world by storm starting from the 1980s, which increased in the 1990s and
continued to go on up to this day where smartphones are now the primary piece
of tech when it comes to virtual communication.

The television we all know and love today
has a sophisticated development in the past. In this article, we are going to
tackle the history of television and how it paved its way to be the most crucial
piece of appliance in our homes today.

1880

Television development was
quite late in the world of technology. Back then, the main purpose of the
television is to be used along with telephones that even Alexander Graham Bell
(the inventor of the telephone) created a working photo phone this year. Also,
this year, several technologies have emerged ranging from electricity, radio
broadcasts, and last but not least, the television.

1876

In this year, the cathode ray
tube was born. It was the first piece of tech for the television where it uses
electricity that’s forced into the vacuum tube to produce light in the front
glass. The cathode ray tube was operated using mechanical structures as
electricity is in its early stages at this time. An image will be transmitted
into the viewer by the use of a rotating metal disk perforated with viewing
holes.

1926

The picture over remote
broadcast first existed in this year where John Logie Baird and Charles Jenkins
broadcasted a series of small moving black and white images using a mechanical
structure. During this time, the signal only consisted of 30 lines, which is
quite low compared to our TVs today.

1927

Philo Farnsworth unveiled the
first electronic system with motion camera. It can transmit a Hollywood film that
had been projected in front of a TV camera. Bell Laboratories partnered with the
Department of Commerce to use Farnsworth’s technology to create the very first
live broadcast of a person. Both picture and sound are broadcasted by the help
of radio waves.

1939

The race was on in the
technology world as Bell Laboratories competed with RCA to develop and improve
the broadcasting and receiving system for commercial uses. RCA came in first as
they unveiled the first major broadcasting breakthrough in the New York World’s
Fair where they showcased a black and white broadcast of the President’s
speech.

1947

During the time of World War
II, the development of the TV has come to a halt. But when the war ended, the
demand for television has flooded the market where people are desperate to get
a hands-on into one. Commercial broadcasting started in this year where
channels such as NBC, CBS, and ABC are competing who will get the most viewers.
All three channels have showcased shows that existed in their radio stations
before, and it’s refreshing to see a visual representation of what people loved
that time.

1950

In the middle of the 1950s,
almost all Americans now have a television in their homes as bigger networks
are starting to show up while radio listeners are dropping in numbers. Not only
the US, countries such as the UK, France, and Germany also seen a growth in
television demand as well. The NTSC was born which was used in the US, Canada,
and Japan. Meanwhile, Europe developed a more modern system called PAL as they
have compatibility issues with NTSC in the country.

1960

The television continued to
grow where it became the number one platform for entertainment and news. John
Kennedy was also elected as president primarily because of his outstanding
television performance. It was indeed a pivotal year for television.

1964

Television color was born in
this year and it was a technological breakthrough that really transformed the
world. This is the first time where viewers saw their favorite shows, musicals,
and news broadcasts in color. Color television took the world by storm as new
shows and channels are starting to emerge, making people have a wide range of
options to choose from.

1975

Cable and satellite television
make their debut in this year, which enables networks to increase their reach
across different countries around the world. An example is Mohammed Ali’s
Thrilla, which was aired live from Manila to US audiences.

The 1980s

High definition television was
created in this year where it has a total of 1125 number of lines. However, it
didn’t gain too much market share because of the rise of Internet TV during the
time.

Talking about wonder nurses, you will
probably love the story of Florence Nightingale. If you don’t know who she is,
then you have come to the right place as we are going to list down fifteen
heroic facts about her. Florence was born on none other than “Florence” in
Italy on May 12, 1820. She left a revolutionary mark on healthcare, sanitation,
and statistics. Below, we are going to explore more about her and how she
became an icon in the field of nursing.

Florence is Fluent in Many
Languages

Florence is fond of the Latin
and Greek language. Her father saw her potential, and through him, she learned
the basics of everything related to mathematics at a young age as well as
philosophy and literature.

She Pursued Nursing at a Young
Age

Back then, nursing is a black
sheep of among all occupations around. It was heavily associated with low
social status as well as alcoholism. Women who pursued nursing have small wages
to the point that they have to enter prostitution to garner extra cash. But
that didn’t stop Florence to pursue her dream career. Even with her parent’s
objections, Florence pushed herself to study nursing because it’s what she
wants. In 1850, she started learning the craft and basics of nursing. And then three
years later, she became the superintendent of a hospital based in London.

Marriage is a big “NO” for Her

Florence is the kind of woman
that can stand on her own without the need of a man. She turned down myriads of
proposals including one from Henry Nicholson.

Florence’ 38 Nurses

During the war between France
and Britain with Russia, this is where Florence turned into a Victorian
celebrity. She had a good connection with UK’s war secretary Sidney Herbert.
Herbert gave her permission to allow 38 volunteers to treat the wounded in the
war. Back then, cleanliness is nowhere to be found. With floors littered with
feces, rats and vermin are running around the hallways, and linens are looking
like they came straight from a horror movie. Because of this, about 42.7% of
patients died, and this is where Florence implemented strict hygiene rules for
the hospital. As a result, the number has gone down to 2% by June 1855.

The Lady with the Lamp

Florence Nightingale became a
huge name in the nursing field. The good news then spread to the entire London where
she was renowned as a “ministering angel” in a London Times article back then.
They also added that she heals the wounded with a little lamp in her hand. And
this is where she was known as the “Lady with the Lamp.”

She Became a Messenger

Florence became the messenger
of the war on behalf of dead soldiers back in 1856.

She Helped Popularized the Pie
Chart

The first pie chart was
unveiled in 1801, but haven’t gained popularity since its release. However,
historians have recognized nurses to be the early adopter and promoter of the
pie chart. Florence is among one of them to utilize this statistical tool.

Queen Victoria Was Her Fan

The Queen is one of
Nightingale’s biggest fan and she even sent a special brooch for her as a way
of saying thank you. Florence and Queen Victoria first met at 1856 and
continued to remain contact with each other for decades.

She Worked with the British
Government to Enact Sanitation Laws

Florence used her influence to
enforce sanitation laws in different parts of the UK. Between 1871 and 1875,
she pushed a special legislation that would force extant buildings into
connecting with main drainage. By the year 1935, the result was a 20-year
increase in the life expectancy in the country.

Her Book Became an Inspiration
Until Today

Florence wrote a book which
became a hit in the field of nursing back then. Until today, some pointers in
the book are still being practiced in hospitals.

The American Civil War Followed
Her Advice

The Union and the Confederacy followed
Florence’ advice about proper hygiene to the point they built hospitals under
her theories.

She Became a Teacher

Florence became a teacher to Linda
Richards, America’s first trained nurse. Later on, her focus shifted towards
the field of psychiatry to work with mental health professionals.

She is the First Woman to be
Inducted into the Order of Merit

King Edward VII awarded
Florence because of her various meritorious services, especially in the field
of arts, literature, science, and most especially nursing. Florence got the
award in 1907 where no other woman got the honor. However, the award was passed
on to Dorothy Hodgkin in 1965.

International Nurses Day

Florence’ birthday became an
international nurses’ day, which has been going strong since 1974.

Her Voice is On the Internet

Florence met with Thomas
Edison’s representatives back on July 30, 1980, where they created a brief
recording of her speech. And surprisingly, the recording was passed on from
generations to generations and can be found on YouTube today.

Tennis is well known as a very competitive
sport. The prize money of the sport is just the iceberg of something much
bigger down below. Which means that tennis is just more than what it can be in
terms of money and reputation. Tennis is also perceived as a sport that only
the rich and famous can play just like golf. But when did the sport actually
began and why do people have this kind of perception on it? Diving in its
history is the key to finding the answers. Find out by reading down below.

How Tennis Got its Name

In the 16th and 18th
centuries, the sport was originally called the “Jeu de Paumm” which means the
game of the palm. But when players started playing it, they will often shout
“Tenez!” which means “Play!” during the game. And that’s where the name Tennis
came from. During medieval times, it was called “real tennis” or “royal tennis.”

Tennis is a Favorite Among the
Monks

Back then, it was known that
tennis was loved by the Monks. They often play the sport to pass the time or
just want to have a little bit of exercise.

But the gameplay was different
back then. Monks will use their palms to hit the ball, which resulted in
various accidents. The Monks then came to an idea to use leather gloves while
playing the sport. But this hasn’t stopped the accidents from happening because
the ball was made of wood. So instead of gloves, they created wooden racquets
to serve and hit the ball. During the 16th century, the game was
played in an enclosed area opposed to outdoors, and by this time, a set of
rules have been made. Originating from the Monk’s monastery, the sport had
found its way to the royal courts because of its popularity.

A Favorite Sport of Kings

In the time of Henri II, there
was a book about tennis that’s written by one of their priests. However, two
royals have died because of the sport. Louis X being the first one because of
severe chill and Charles VIII where he was struck by a tennis ball. But their
deaths didn’t stop the royal players from playing the game. King Charles IX even
created the first over pro tennis tour with three ranks. The apprentice,
associate, and master.

How Modern Tennis Began

Tennis became a popular sport
in England because of the Henry’s. Henry VIII was even rumored that he was
playing tennis while his second wife has been arrested and executed (talk about
not giving a damn). When James I was held king, there were 14 courts existed in
London alone.

But the origins of modern
tennis began with two military men named Harry Gem and Walter Clopton
Wingfield. They combined elements of rackets such as the Pelota and Croquet and
based the game on real tennis back in the medieval times.

Wingfield patented the game in
1874 and called it “lawn tennis.” He then released a book that talks about lawn
tennis where the modern terms “deuce” and “love” originated from. The scoring
method of modern tennis was heavily borrowed from the French.

In the past, especially in the time of our
ancestors, deodorants are nowhere to be found. And people are doing creative
ways to shove away that unwanted body odor. In this article, we are going to
tackle the most creative techniques people use back then to eliminate body
odor.

Ostrich Eggs

Egyptians have been the staple
of creating “smell good” products such as perfume and breath mints. In fact,
they were among the first people to invent the deodorant. However, their
deodorant is a tad bit different from what we use today. Their purpose for the
product is to eliminate the smell of sweat by using a formula of ostrich eggs,
nuts, tamarisk, and tortoiseshell ground which is then mixed into fat.

Porridge Balls

Another thing was the porridge
balls. Where the Egyptians create flavored porridge mixed with incense and then
rolled into balls. These balls are then placed beneath the armpits to eliminate
sweat that causes body odor.

Carob

Today, Carob is used as a
chocolate substitute. But before, they are used as a deodorant by our Egyptian
ancestors. The Mediterranean region is rich in Carob trees where Egyptians will
crush the pods and rub them all over their bodies to fight body odor.

Scented Olive Oil

In ancient Greece and Rome,
Olive has been the number one ingredient in perfumes. Back then, where
deodorants and perfumes still haven’t existed yet, they will use leaves, roots,
and flowers pressed in olive and then applied it to their skin to smell good.

Musk

In the Medieval era, people
harvest musk from a small sac in a musk deer’s genitals to use as a perfume
ingredient. Of course, it smells like urine at first. What they did to achieve
that sweet and sensual aroma is they harvested the gland and then left to dry. Because
of this, musk became popular back then to the point where the musk deer have
found a place in the list of endangered animals during the 70s. Today,
musk-scented perfumes are now made from synthetic materials.

Ambergris

Ambergris is a waxy substance
that came from a sperm whale’s intestines. When harvested fresh, it smells like
cow dung. What people do is they left it to age for some time until the smell
turns into a sweet and musky aroma. Fast forward today, ambergris-scented
perfumes are now made from synthetic materials just like musk. However, there
are still some that use natural ambergris but are only reserved for the
high-end ones.

Carbolic Acid

During the time of the early 19th
and 20th hundreds, perfume brands will trick customers by telling
them they stink so that they will buy their products. However, the products
used before contains carbolic acid which is a harmful substance that can damage
the skin. There was a home recipe for a perfume back in 1903 where it contained
carbolic acid which caused a rage.

Perfume Baths

Ancient Greeks have found a way
to smell good throughout the day, and this is by constantly bathing. Even in
the high society before, people will do scented baths before applying perfume
into their armpits to feel and smell fresh.

Today, we are going to talk about the
history of cellphones. Cellphones have originated first in 1910, created by
Lars Magnus Ericsson where he installed a telephone in his car. Whenever he
sees a place where phone lines are accessible, he would connect them using a
pair of long electric wires. But phone had gone through a long phase of
development before it became to what we have known today. Let’s talk more about
that down below.

1946

Soviet Engineers Shapiro and
Zaharchenko installed a mobile phone in a car and succeeded. It has a feature
that can connect to a local telephone network that’s about 20 kilometers in
range. One year later, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young proposed a
revolutionary hexagonal cell to be installed on car mobile phones via a
three-directional antenna that can receive signals. But this kind of technology
still didn’t exist at that time.

1956

In this year, the Mobile
Telephone System A (MTA) was released by Ericsson. It is a fully automatic
mobile phone system that requires manual control to operate. The only downside
of it is its weight that bears 40 kilograms, which is kind of heavy for regular
usage.

1957

Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich
followed Ericsson’s footsteps and created the portable mobile phone. This is
where the “radiophone” was born. This phone is equipped with an antenna and a
rotary dial that can connect to base stations with the ability to connect to a
local telephone network. The best part? The phone only weighs 3 kilograms and
could operate for up to 30 kilometers. It also has an insane 30 hours of
battery life which is a big deal during that time.

1958

The following year, Kupriyanovich
released a “pocket” version of his radiophone. This time, the phone weighed
about 500 grams with improved features from its predecessor. Also during this
time, Russia continued to develop mobile phone systems that can connect to base
stations which could cater up to six customers. The only problem with this is
that calls will be interrupted when the phone went through several base
stations. The only possible solution for this is that the user will stay on
that specific base to get a smooth call.

1965

Remember the MTA phone in 1956?
It got a newer version with MTB transistors and DTMF signaling. This time the
phone only weighed 9 kilograms, a huge leap from the 40-kilogram one on the
original.

1970

The signal problem in 1958 is
addressed in this year, where Amos E. Joel Jr. invented an automatic “call
handoff” system. The function of this system is to give mobile phones the freedom
to move into several cell areas without their calls being interrupted.

1973

First generation networks were
released in this era. It started with the Motorola DynaTAC which was released
in April 1973.

1990

In this era, the second
generation network (2G) phones started to emerge. As well as GSM, CDMA, and
iDEN.

Today, 3G then followed with a much faster
EDGE and GRPS features as 2G phones have been phased out in the phone industry.
Although some still use 2G networks, but they are reserved for basic phones for
calls and texts only. Smartphones have been the staple of the tech industry
today where they use 3G and 4G networks as a means of communication. There are
also companies who have built 5G chips to be used for the future smartphone
generation to come.

Football, or American Football whatever you
call it is a popular sport that involves two teams of players competing for
territory using a ball and using several tactics to get the ball to the goal
line of the opposing team’s goal. It’s just like soccer, but the only
difference is that football doesn’t have a goal defender. Football is more
inclined to Rugby and Australian Rules Football where all team members play a
defensive or offensive role in the game. In this article, we’re going to
explore the brief history of football and how it became the sport we know and
love today.

The 1800s

American Football is considered
indigenous in North America, and older versions of the sport were played in
several countries this year. Before it got its name, the sport is called
“ballown” which involves passing and punching the ball across the field pass
the opposing team to score a goal. Several years later, the sport is renamed to
football but its rules are changing from time to time when new students get a
hands-on the sport.

Students at Harvard University
played a similar sport on the first Monday of the academic year. The sport was
called “Bloody Monday” and was played as an ice breaker for new students to get
to know each other. Its objective is to score goals as much as possible.

The 1860s

Before Football, there was
Rugby which was invented in England in the 1860s. Rugby is a bit similar to
soccer and this play style dates back to the middle ages where groups of rival
villages would compete to score a goal. Their ball was a bit different though.
Instead of using an actual ball, they use inflated pig bladders instead that were
held and run until the player was tackled to let go of the pig bladder. A score
will be recorded if the ball (or bladder) will be picked and carried thru a
designated point in the village.

During this time, several
schools and universities had partnered together to form a set of rules for the
said sport. When the rules have been laid out, the result is teams from
different schools and universities can now play against each other or teams
from another district.

However, not all are happy with
the rules. Some teams created their own code instead known as rugby which
involves picking up the ball and tackling opponents.

1869

Rutgers and Princeton created
their own rules of play where on November 6, 1869, the first ever
intercollegiate game of football was held. Rutgers won the game with a score of
six goals compared to Princeton, who only scored four goals.

1873

Representatives from Princeton,
Rutgers, Yale, and Columbia have teamed up together to create another set of
rules for the sport to be used in their own intercollegiate games. The rules
were inspired by rugby, with one rule reducing the number of players from
twenty down to fifteen.

Walter Camp of Yale saw the
rules and want to change it even more. From a shorter playing field and lesser
players as well. Camp was the senior member of the IFA rules committee, and a
few days later, his own rules were granted. This year is the birth of American
style football where it became popular among American players compared to the
older rugby-style game. Several colleges in the US adopted Camps football rules
as well.

1882

Camp and the rules committee
brought in the new system of three downs, a further change from rugby that
allowed the team with possession of the ball to retain possession until the
completion of their set play.

The 1890s

Lots of colleges banned the
sport because of safety concerns. The sport is called to be “too rough and
brutal” were lots of reports involving injuries were on the rise. Over 60
colleges have partnered up to ban the game but that didn’t stop President
Roosevelt to let the game live on. He was an avid fan of the game and what he
did is he eliminated rules that contain brutality in the game.

Rules such as the forward pass
were immediately eliminated as this is the one that causes the injuries. The
number of downs also increased to four and the distance of play between downs
have increased to ten yards compared to five from before.

1920

In this year, the National
Football League (NFL) was born. The rules of play are just the same for college
football. Players are now called professional which enables them not to find a
separate job anymore.

1950

NFL and professional football
dominated the television industry where it saw an increase in viewer numbers. The
American Football League (AFL) also appeared in the scene to rival NFL where it
aired in areas the NFL channel can’t reach.

1970

From rivals to friends, both
NFL and AFL partnered together to form a team franchise that defined the
history of American Football. A stronger league had emerged, and thus the Super
Bowl was born, which is the championship game of football as a whole.

The Segway Human Transport (HT) vehicle was
invented by Dean Kamen as a means of portable transportation. It is a two-wheel
vehicle that has a self-balancing design but a tad bit different to modern
motorcycles. It got its name from an Italian homophone “segues” which means “to
move smoothly” from one state or condition.

Dean Kamen’s Innovations

Dean not only invented the
Segway but also myriads of other devices as well, especially for medical
purposes. As an undergraduate student, he invented the first wearable infusion
pump for chemotherapy, neonatology, and endocrinology. In 1976, Dean
established his first ever company the “AutoSyringe Inc..” However, he sold the
company in 1982 and established another one called DEKA Research and
Development Corporation, where he conducts and invents innovative products for
his clients.

The Birth of the IBOT and Segway HT

The development of IBOT was
inspired by handicapped people who are struggling to get their wheelchair around
everyday objects. He then came to a solution of making a six-wheeled motorized
wheelchair that lets handicapped people climb stairs with ease.

Dean started to create a
concept of Segway in the mid-1990s, where the development of the device took
approximately $100 million. The Segway was inspired by his IBOT device in terms
of balance and used the technology once again. The Segway used multiple
microprocessors and solid-state gyro sensors to balance itself. There are
handlebars for the driver to use. Its brake system is a bit different from what
we know today. Conventional brakes don’t work because it needed the wheels to
balance the weight. The braking process only works when the device stops moving
where the energy exerted by the Segway will be transferred back to the
batteries.

The Segway became Dean’s
revolutionary inventions and garnered popularity compared to IBOT. It can be
maneuvered easily and works on both pedestrian sidewalks and crosswalks. What’s
even better is that the device has zero emissions.

Consumers First Ride of the Segway HT

In December 2001, the Segway found its way to national television as several news reports have featured the device because of its brand new innovative experience. The hit sitcom “Frasier” even featured the Segway in a single episode.

In February 2002, legislation was passed that allows the Segway to be operated on the public, especially sidewalks. A year later, the legislation was passed on to thirty more states which for Segway’s public operation.

November 18, 2022, is the debut of the Segway to consumers. It was sold on Amazon for about $3000. However, it was a commercial failure and only sold 50,000 units as of March 2009. What’s even worst is the device itself has software issues that cause safety issues.

However, Special police forces took advantage of the devices’ capability and used it to train their men for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Since then, the Segway has been used by police and security agencies for patrolling operations.

Personal trainers really are a dime a dozen, and also in case you have never ever worked with them, you might end up getting a personal trainer that is not ideal for you. In this post, I am going to outline several criteria by which to assess a personal trainer that you are contemplating working with.

What exactly are the results like?

By exploring your prospective personal trainer in Irvine and their customers, find out whether he gets results with them. What types of outcomes? Are these the exact same results you are looking for? Put simply, in case the personal trainer of yours has received many individuals to operate a marathon, but not so many individuals to slim down, is usually that a trainer you will wish to remain with?

Is your instructor educated?

Additional letters after your name are wonderful, but as a fellow with letters after the name of his (EX: BA, etc.), CSCS, MS, CK, Ph.D., I can say it is not every thing it is cracked up to be. You will find extraordinary personal trainers around with no letters after the name of theirs. The very best training is often self-education, real-world experience and. Does your prospective trainer invest considerable amounts of time on commercial development?

Are your workouts individualized?

You’re special, therefore need to your workouts be. Do you see that all of a specific trainer ‘s clients are teaching with exactly the same style, regardless of the goals? Goals that are Different call for various methods, as do various people with the same goals. A trainer must take time to understand you, the unique situation of yours, the goals of yours, the health of yours and physical exercise history, your weaknesses and strengths, along with a ton of various other elements.

Is the instructor passionate?

A trainer doesn’t have to be outgoing or flamboyant to be passionate, though those qualities allow it to be easy to see the passion of his. Nevertheless, a trainer has to enjoy constant learning, and reaching individuals.

Does the trainer ‘s persona match yours?

When you are likely to be investing 2 to 4 hours each week with someone for months or even perhaps years, you need to ensure you are investing that time with someone you want. Naturally, this’s last, because to a few people, personality really does not matter. They are really pragmatic, and outcomes are that matter. Absolutely nothing wrong with that, so long as you’ve established criteria.

And that is that. Ideally, this enables you select a fitness instructor which is best for you. And in case you are currently dealing with a personal trainer, which can provide you with a measuring stick by which to assess your very own trainer.

Truth be told, planning a party is often a good experience. Wedding planning might look like an overwhelming job when you first begin to think about it. Nevertheless, you have to breakdown items that you want to accomplish in more manageable tasks. Since in the end, it is all about the specifics.

Wedding planning might be hectic, and it is usually easier said than done. This is among the primary reasons planner has turned into an extremely well-liked work from home business opportunity. As a result, you can find a lot of folks out there vying for the business of yours. Let us face it, the last things you need are family and friends letting you know what you should do, and what to avoid. This is a precious and wonderful event of a lifetime as well as several couples these days are opting to utilize a wedding planning program to stay away from such conflicts.

Utilizing a Wedding Planner

A wedding planner is a specialist at weddings, and because most regular folks just get married twice or once in a lifetime, they are not experts at planning their weddings. Consider hiring a wedding planner in Miami, they can work in several capacities from concierge to coordinator, then everything in between. Because they often cope with wedding suppliers, they can suggest to you the most effective and most cost-effective services for your wants and needs. They can almost surely point you within the right path for your wedding needs.

Setting up your wedding plan can mean hours of research, lots of running around and being stressed out in addition to the party jitters all newlyweds experience. A wedding may be one of the most enjoyable, but times that are difficult in a young female’s life. Though a party planner’s tasks are never easy, several have suggested they get the reward of theirs by helping couples get ready for probably the most eventful day of the lives of theirs. A planner is a facilitator, money manager, mediator, and then the constructor of dreams. An assortment of specifics is juggled by them, frequently involving numerous vendors and parties.

A wedding planner is going to take the reigns of the groom and the bride to enjoy their big day how a bride and groom are advertised to. The planner of yours is going to be actively involved in website location, vendor option and can assist the bride, groom and their families produce a range of choices. A planner does not include only bargain prices.

Doing It Yourself

Remember, wedding planning is an “optional” service, not an absolute necessity. Regardless of what the bridal magazines are now thinking. While a party planner is generally advised for big affairs, those planning a smaller wedding might choose to get it done by themselves. With the information and resources on the Internet today, an increasing number of couples are selecting this option.

A “do-it-yourself” wedding is equally as attractive and fulfilling as one organized by an experienced planner so long as preparations are going long enough ahead of time to permit the learning curve all self-planners are certain to encounter.

While sorting out an occasion, you are faced by numerous choices. Picking a venue is the one choice that will have the biggest effect on your event. The date of the event, providing food alternatives, and participants’ wonderful encounter, all are mostly influenced by which place you select. It likewise has the ability to characterize the achievement of your occasion. It’s imperative to give careful consideration to the venue setting in light of the fact that whatever remains of your arranging will nearly identify with the scene.

What is the occasion?

The kind of occasion that you’re arranging ought to be one of the principal things that you consider while picking your venue. Certain kinds of occasions, similar to public interviews, investor gatherings, executive gatherings, and other formal issues will require an alternate sort of room than more easy-going social occasions like subject gatherings and systems administration sessions.

In any case, you ought to likewise remember that viewpoints like diverse stylistic layout and lighting can radically impact the general feel and tone of the space itself, so you will have some space to redo your occasion involvement.

Number of footfalls:

This may appear to be clear, yet we needed to incorporate it as the measure of room that you and your participants have extensively influences your occasion’s general feel. On the off chance that your venue is too little, visitors will be swarmed and awkward, and may not stick around to encounter everything that you bring to the table. Then again, having excessively additional space can influence your occasion to feel betrayed and under went to, which could have a comparable impact. Having a strong gauge of your normal number of participants will enable you to pick a space that is perfect.

Cost-calculation:

Before arranging any occasion, it’s vital to take a seat and plan a spending you can stick to. All things considered, the cost of the setting is imperative to focus on with the goal that you can guarantee you have enough cash for nourishment, diversion, and enhancements. While us as a whole need to book the most captivating venue, it’s occasionally important to bargain and be adaptable. For instance, in case you’re not strict on date, certain days of the week are less expensive to book.

Food and refreshments:

Now, you have to choose if you are searching for a setting that has a kitchen on location that can give providing food administrations to your occasion, and in addition in the event that they have an alcohol permit to serve mixed drinks. If so, you should check whether the event will forgo the office expense, maybe picking rather than a store and sustenance and drink least. If not, ask about any associations with nourishment and drink merchants, or check whether you’re allowed to work with organization of your picking. Sometimes, the setting may charge extra expenses to work with merchants outside of their favoured system, or may have elite connections that would keep you from doing as such. Know More

There are stadiums which each game fan longs for going to. Spots where individuals would do anything to watch one match. Spots where you can see the history overflowing from the dividers. These are the stadiums where at some time something extraordinary occurred, the stadiums that emerge from the rest. They are the most notable scenes in sports, and everybody needs to visit them.

Wimbledon Stadium:

It might be the focal point of the tennis world for just two weeks of the year however there’s no tennis setting like Wimbledon. Its name originates from its area – Wimbledon, a region of southwest London. Initially it was based off Worple Road, however it moved to its present area Church Road in 1922.

Roger Federer, John McEnroe, and Rafael Nada – all have shone here. The All England Lawn Tennis Club at Wimbledon has everything.

The tickets of the tournament are secured generally through vote; be that as it may you may line for tickets on the D-day also.

Notre Dame Stadium:

There’s no school football program that has as devoted a following as Notre Dame. There is additionally no school football program as notable as The Fighting Irish.

Until you’ve really observed it in person you’ll never comprehend what’s so incredible about Notre Dame Stadium, so take the trip.

State Roland Garros:

Effectively a standout amongst the most notable tennis settings on the planet, Roland Garros has the French Open yearly. It opened in 1928, and all the tennis greats have won there at some time. It is a standout amongst the most well-known wearing settings on the planet.

Estadio Azteca:

The Azteca Stadium, situated in Mexico City, is a football (soccer) stadium with an official limit of 114,465 individuals. It facilitated football tournament in the 1968 Olympics. In the 1986 World Cup quarterfinal amongst Argentina and England, Diego Maradona scored two historic goals here. Estadio Azteca draws out the best and the most exceedingly bad on the planet’s best football players. The buzz here, particularly when Mexico are playing, is electric.

Circuit de Monaco:

There are many Formula One Grand Prix circuits far and wide, however there’s not at all like Monaco. This isn’t a circuit, this is a Grand Prix adequately occurring in the city of an entire nation. Monaco is a small city state on the French Riviera and the GP is hung on a restricted course with numerous rise changes and tight corners, and in addition a passage, making it a standout amongst the most requesting tracks in Formula One. Notwithstanding the moderately low normal speeds, it’s a hazardous place to race and is typically won by the absolute best drivers.