2. a sparse population of cells that are embedded in in a hard intracellular substance. (osteoblasts make this) Bone is composed of this!

3. They are build bone! They secrete the matrix. (which is made up of polysaccharides)

1. What are polysaccharides?

2. What is ossification?

1. protein and complex carbs

2. How bone is formed and hardened. Osteoblasts harden the matrix. The matrix is filled with calcium and and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals. (gives bone its hardness). Osteoblasts get stuck in lacunae(spaces in ossified matrix). Once the osteoblasts are surrounded by bone, that are now called osteocytes.

What are the 4 functions of bones?

1. Support- (tissues and cells are soft and not strong. By being attached to bones it allows for support)

2. Protection- (bones protect many vital organs)

3. Leverage/Movement- (the attachment of tendons to bones allows the muscles to move to joints)

1. They are joint surfaces. It's where compact bone comes into contact with each other to form joints.

2. a large round articular surface. (on the end of humerus, femur, and rib)

3. the spherical articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone.

4. a flat articular surface. The movement between two facets is a rocking motion. (found on tarsal, carpal, and vertebrae)

1. What are processes?

2. What is a foramen?

3. What is a fossa?

1. all the lumps, bumps, and other projections from bones. They are usually sites where tendons attach.

2. a hole in a bone

3. a sunken area on a surface of a bone.

1. What is the skull?

2. What is the axial skeleton?

3. What is the appendicular skeleton?

1. The most complex part of a skeleton. It consists of 37-38 bones. (it protects the brain)

2. the bones of the head and trunk

3. the bones of the limbs/appendages

1. What is the ethmoid bone?

2. What is the cribiform plate?

1. A skull bone. Located at the rostral end of the sphenoid.(dorso caudal part of nasal cavity) It contains a cribiform plate.

2. Many branches of olfactory nerves pass through here (sense of smell) to the olfactory bulbs of the brain. (upper portion of nasal cavity)

1. What is the vomer bone?
2. What is the nasal septum?
3. What are turbinates (aka nasal conchae) ?

1. a single bone of the midline of the skull. It forms part of the nasal septum.

2. the wall that separates left and right nasal passages.

3. They are scroll like bones that fill the nasal cavity. They warm and humidify air that passes through. They also prevent foriegn material from getting in.

1. What is the hyoid bone? (hyoid apparatus)

2. What is the spinal/vertebral column?

1. Called "bone" but its actually a bunch of small bones. It is located high in the neck, just above the layrnx. Between the caudal ends of the mandible. It supports the base of the tongue and helps the animal swallow.

2. It is made up of a series of vertebrae that extend from to skull to the tip of the tail. 5 categories (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, saccral, and coccygeal)

1. What is the vertebral formula for a cat?

2. What is a vertebral formula for a dog?

3. What is a vertebral formula for a horse?

1. C=7, T=13, L=7, S=3, Cocc=20

2. C=7, T= 13, L=7, S=3, Cocc=20

3. C=7, T=18, L=6, s=5, Cocc=20

1. What is c1 called?

2. What is c2?

1. The atlas (it holds up the head)

2. The axis (it features a large blade-like spinous process that projects up. It also has peg-like dens that fit into the caudal end of the atlas)

1. What is IVDD?

2. What is Wobbler Syndrome?

1. Intervertebral Disk Disease- when the disk degenerates and protrudes into the spinal canal and presses on the spinal chord. This can cause pain, numbness, weakness, and paralysis. **Long backed breeds

2. A narrowing of the spinal canal in the cervical region that compresses the spinal chord. It causes a wobbly, uncoordinated gate. (NUTRITION MAY HAVE A FACTOR. Great danes..basset hounds..Doberman pinschers...thoroughbred horses)

1. What is the Anticlinal vertebrae?

1. A convenient landmark because it projects upward. Vertebra T11.

1. What is the ununited anconeal process in the dog?

2. What is osetoarthritis?

1. The anconeal process is not attached properly due to improper development. It did not form at the correct/secure growth center in the ulnar shaft. IT RUBS IN THE JOINT. Can eventually cause lameness and osteoarthritis. (common in large breed dogs like burmese mountain dog)

2. also known as dengenerative joint disease (DJD). Wear and tear on joints.

What is Navicular disease in horses?

When the navicular (distal sesamoid) begins to chronically degenerate. This is painful!!

It damages the bone itself, damages the bone's blood supply, nearby tendons and ligaments can be destroyed.

-the animal will try to shift weight off the heel affected. It is NOT curable but pain relief can be provided through corrective shoeing & drug therapy.

What is Canine Hip Dysplasia?

The femoral head is loose or unstable in the acetabulum. It can dislocate.

-it may be due to nutrition (too rapid of growth), exercise, or genetics.

1. What is patellar luxation in dogs?

2. What are canine os penis problems?

1. A physical abnormality that causes the 'pull" of the tendon to be off-line. This causes the patella to sometimes dislocate out towards the medial side. Ouch! occurs commonly in small dogs

2. Urinary calculi (stones) lodge in the urethra where it enters the narrow urethral groove at the base of the bone. It can obstruct flow of urine and may have to be surgically removed.

What is the visceral skeleton? Give 3 examples

Bones that form in soft organs.

1. os penis- bone in penis.

2. os rostri- bone in nose of swine (pigs) for digging

3. os cordis- bone in the heart of cattle and sheep to help support valves of the heart.

2) Eccrine glands- coiled tube located in dermis or hypodermis. Mainly used in us..primates. dogs and ect. only have them in deep fat and paw pads. excrete water and salts out through skin...not hair follicles like eccrine.

2. the remains of digits that have regressed in the course of evolution. Front=5 toes back=4 toes

What types of muscle tissue are there? explain them. Very detailed.

1. Skeletal muscle- moves the bones of the skeleton. It is voluntary striated muscle. It also generates heat and has multiple nuclei. The cells are long thin fibers. Nerve supply is necessary for function.

2. Cardiac muscle-

it's the heart. It helps it beat and pump blood. It is involuntary striated muscle. It has a single nuclei structure. Nerve supply is not necessary for function. The cells are branched.

3. Smooth muscle-

it is in internal organ, blood vessels, and the eye. It is involuntary and NOT striated. The cell shape is a spindle. It produces movement in internal organs for ex: the intestines. Nerve supply is not necessary for visceral. other things it is though.

1. What is aponeuroses?

2. What is the origin of the muscle?

3. What is the insertion of the muscle?

1. broad sheets of connective tissue. They attach muscles to bone.

2. the muscles attachment site.

3. The site that undergoes most of the movement when a muscle contracts.

Intramuscular Injection sites in Horses.

1. Where do you inject for the pelvic limb area?

2. Where do you inject in the neck region?
3. Where do you inject in the chest?