Terrorism

In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror. In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.

Origin of term

"Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the 1793–1794 Reign of Terror. The French word terrorisme in turn derives from the Latin verbterrere (e, terreo) meaning "to frighten". The terror cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BCE that the Jacobins cited as a precedent when imposing the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. After the Jacobins lost power, the word "terrorist" became a term of abuse.

Definitions of terrorism

There is neither an academic nor an accurate legal consensus regarding the definition of terrorism. Various legal systems and government agencies use different definitions. Moreover, governments have been reluctant to formulate an agreed upon, legally binding definition. These difficulties arise from the fact that the term is politically and emotionally charged.

Angus Martyn in a briefing paper for the Australian Parliament has stated that "The international community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism. During the 1970s and 1980s, the United Nations attempts to define the term foundered mainly due to differences of opinion between various members about the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and self-determination." These divergences have made it impossible to conclude a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism that incorporates a single, all-encompassing, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism.

Raw data, i.e. unprocessed data, is a collection of numbers, characters; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. Field data is raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental data is data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording.

The Latin word "data" is the plural of "datum", and still may be used as a plural noun in this sense. Nowadays, though, "data" is most commonly used in the singular, as a mass noun (like "information", "sand" or "rain").

The data segment is read-write, since the values of variables can be altered at run time. This is in contrast to the read-only data segment (rodata segment or .rodata), which contains static constants rather than variables; it also contrasts to the code segment, also known as the text segment, which is read-only on many architectures. Uninitialized data, both variables and constants, is instead in the BSS segment.

Historically, to be able to support memory address spaces larger than the native size of the internal address register would allow, early CPUs implemented a system of segmentation whereby they would store a small set of indexes to use as offsets to certain areas. The Intel 8086 family of CPUs provided four segments: the code segment, the data segment, the stack segment and the extra segment. Each segment was placed at a specific location in memory by the software being executed and all instructions that operated on the data within those segments were performed relative to the start of that segment. This allowed a 16-bit address register, which would normally provide 64KiB (65536 bytes) of memory space, to access a 1MiB (1048576 bytes) address space.

Terrorism

In its broadest sense, terrorism is any act designed to cause terror. In a narrower sense, terrorism can be understood to feature a political objective. The word terrorism is politically loaded and emotionally charged.

Origin of term

"Terrorism" comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the 1793–1794 Reign of Terror. The French word terrorisme in turn derives from the Latin verbterrere (e, terreo) meaning "to frighten". The terror cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BCE that the Jacobins cited as a precedent when imposing the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. After the Jacobins lost power, the word "terrorist" became a term of abuse.

Latest News for: Data terrorism

What Facebook, Twitter and YouTube can do now to stop terrorism and hate online. Artificial Intelligence systems rely on "training data," in which Facebook and other companies feed their software examples of content to take down. Facebook uses such systems to help catch and take down content like nudity and terrorism....

citizens, Justice Departmentdata released late Friday showed ... The data show that U.S. authorities are in some cases escalating their use of anti-terrorism statutes ... They said it raised concerns about whether investigators were being sensitive to the rights of citizens caught in terrorism-related probes....

"This disclosure of data has been undertaken on the grounds of counter-terrorism, though once in US territory authorities would be at liberty to use the information in whatever way they see fit ...Privacy International has lodged complaints with data protection and privacy regulators in numerous countries....

Ashcroft, to characterize the government's efforts against terrorism... Two others convicted of terrorism-related crimes face life sentences ... The patterns discovered by The Post are similar to findings in studies of Justice Departmentterrorism cases by New York University and Syracuse University, each of which examined more limited sets of data....

04/23/05 "The Guardian" - - A state department report which showed an increase in terrorism incidents around the world in 2004 was altered to strip it of its pessimistic statistics, it emerged yesterday.&nbsp; ... "There appears to be a pattern in the administration's approach to terrorismdata....

It’s time to review the data and make a conscious policy shift ... In a separate paper, Kearns showed that giving people more data about terrorism doesn’t necessarily change their minds about its prevalence and nature ... Anti-terror policies should be based on that fact and be equally tough on every kind of murderous radicalism....

A broad misunderstanding of the issue, he said, is taking the U.S.-led war on terrorism in the wrong direction and could in fact be fueling an increase in suicide terrorism... government had only "a partial understanding" of what has been driving suicide terrorism because it did not begin collecting data until 2000, Pape said....

Terrorism has been spoken of, and engaged with almost exclusively as a brown people’s problem. In most western societies, the so called war on terror has inadvertently become a war waged against a specific religion and region ...We can see this in the ‘politics of naming’, and in the institutional response to acts of terrorism committed by whites....