Understanding Common and Proper Nouns
Common Nouns name any Proper
Nouns
name
special
person, place or thing.
people, places or things. Proper
nouns begin with a capital letter.
friend
city
Charlie Brown
pet
Apple Street
school
Kansas City
teacher
Mr. Smith
Snoopy
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Write the plural of these Nouns in the correct boxes:

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Uncountable Nouns
 Uncountable nouns are those that can‟t be
counted.
bread – two breads
 They don‟t have a plural form. They are always
followed by a verb in the singular.
This butter tastes delicious.

 We can‟t use a / an or numbers
before them.
milk – a milk – ten milks
 We can use some, any, little, much…
before them.

There is some milk in the fridge.

The: definite article used to refer to :
particular things
all people, things, etc of a stated kind
group or nationality
geographical names
Musical instruments

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SOME and ANY:

Use
We use some in affirmative
sentences.
Exm: There is some milk in
the fridge.

We use any in negative sentences.
Exm: There isn't any milk in the
fridge.
We also use any in questions.

Use

Is there any milk in the fridge?
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A LOT OF
“A

lot of” is used with both countable and
uncountable nouns. We normally use it in affirmative
sentences:
I have a lot of friends.
She has a lot of food in the fridge.
We can use “a lot” without a following noun, but
you must remember that in this case we can´t use
the preposition “of”.
COMPARE:
Do you have a lot of friends?
Yes, I have a lot of friends.
Or:
Yes, I have a lot.
NOT: I dont´t have a lot of.

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Use some, any, a lot of:
- There arenÂ´t ______________ oranges in the basket.
- Is there ___________________ cheese on the table?
- There is _____________________ butter on the table.
- There is ______________________ ham on the table.
- There isnÂ´t ____________________ jam on the table.
- There are __________________ apples in the basket.
- Are there __________________ pears in the basket?
- There is ______________________ milk on the table.
- There are ___________________ pears in the basket.
- Is there ____________________ bread on the table?

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I.

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Complete the sentences with some or any.

Is there ...................... meat in the fridge?
Pepe doesn’t have.................... brothers or sisters.
There are .................pencils on the desk.
There is ....................cheese on the table but there isn’t milk.
There are .......................books on the shelf but there aren’t CDs.
I have .....................cake. Here, take a piece.

II.

Circle the correct answer.

There aren’t some / any pears in the refrigerator.
Would you like a / some cereal for breakfast?
I’d like any / a snack, please. I’m hungry!
We don’t have any/ a cheese for the sandwiches. Can you go to the grocery store, please?
Why don’t you have any / a piece of cake for dessert?
I want to lose some / any weight so I’m joining the gym.
III.

1. That is Mike‟s room. That’s _____________________ bedroom.
2. We are children and these are ______________________ toys.
3. Maria is playing with _______________________ cousin.
4. The boy’s playing with _______________________ robot.
5. You have an uncle. ______________ name is Peter.
6. I am a girl and this is ________________________ bathroom.

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PRONOUN OR POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE:

4. Complete with a pronoun or a possessive
adjective:
Hi! ___’m Becky and this is ___ dog, Clay. ___ are in
my room now. ___’m doing ___homework and
Clay is helping ___. Later, ___ are going for a walk
in the park. Clay usually sees ___ best friend there,
and ___ meet ___ friend Anne, who takes ___ dog
for a walk, too. ____ usually tells me about ___ day,
and ___ do the same. ___ both love chatting!
Anne has an older brother, but ___ never brings
___ to the park because ____ is always busy. I
hope to see ___ both today!!

5) ADJECTIVES
Definition: An adjective modifies a noun. It describes the quality, state or
action that a noun refers to.
ADJECTIVE RULES:
1. Adjectives can come before nouns: a new house
2. Adjectives can come after verbs such as be, become, seem, look, etc.: that house
looks new
3. They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive house
4. They can be used as complements to a noun: the extras make the house expensive

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Choose and Complete the following Physical Descriptions:

This is Mary. She is ____________
(thin/fat) and she has ____________
(short/long) legs. Her hair is
____________ (blond/gray) and
______________ (straight/curly). She
has ______________ (blue/brown)
eyes. She is very ______________
(ugly/beautiful).

She is Cynthia. She is ____________
(thin/fat) and she has ____________
(short/long) legs. Her hair is
____________ (blond/brown) and
______________ (straight/curly). She
has ______________ (blue/brown)
eyes. She is very ______________
(ugly/beautiful).

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SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS :
A synonym is a word that means the same as another word, or more or less the
same. If a word is slightly different, it is a near-synonym. Example: “pretty” is a synonym
of “beautiful”; illness – sickness, etc.
An antonym is a word that means the opposite of another. Examples: “new” is an
antonym of “old”; strong – weak, fat – thin, hot – cold.

25. opposite of near
27. synonym of dangerous
29. synonym of organized
31. opposite of same
32. synonym of stupid
33. opposite of good
35. opposite of cold
37. synonym of thin
38. opposite of sharp
39. opposite of short
41. synonym of sad
44. opposite of rich

46. opposite of healthy
47. opposite of late
48. synonym of responsible
49. opposite of successful
52. opposite of old
53. opposite of beautiful
54. opposite of difficult
55. opposite of huge
56. opposite of high
59. synonym of quiet

7) There is / There are
We use there is and there are when we want to say that something
exists (or does not exist):

There are two good reasons to do this.
There isn't any flour in the pantry.
There aren't any seats available.

Note that we often use there is and there are with a/an, some and
any. A/an go with singular, countable nouns. Some and any go with
uncountable and plural nouns. (See more about countable and uncountable
nouns). A/an and some are used in the affirmative. Any is used with
questions and negative statements:

There is a book on the table.
There is an ant on your leg.
There is some tea in the pot.

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7.1) There Is:

There is a little butter

There is some butter

There is a lot of butter

Affirmative

Is there any margerine?

Interrogative

No, there isn´t.

Negative
There isn´t any margarine.

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7.2) There Are:

There are a few beans

There are some beans

There are a lot of beans

Affirmative

Are there any lemons ?

Interrogative

No, there aren´t.

Negative
There aren´t any lemons.
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Are these sentences about the picture TRUE or FALSE?
Look at the picture and check () the correct answer.

TRUE

FALSE

a) There isn´t a beach.





b) There are two churches.





c) There is a hotel.





d) There aren´t any factories.





e) There are some shops.





f) There isn´t a bus station.





g) There aren´t any apartment buildings.





h) There are two schools.





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8) Prepositions
A preposition is a word which shows relationships among other words in
the sentence. The relationships include direction, place, time, cause, manner
and amount.
In the sentence She went to the store, to is a preposition which
shows direction.
In the sentence He came by bus, by is a preposition which shows
manner.

In the sentence They will be here at three o'clock, at is a preposition
which shows time.
In the sentence It is under the table, under is a preposition which
shows place.
SOME EXAMPLES:
Prepositions of time:
at two o'clock
on Wednesday
in an hour, in January; in 1992
for a day
Prepositions of place:
at my house
in New York, in my hand
on the table
near the library
across the street
under the bed
between the books
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PREPOSITIONS:

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Look at the pictures and write the correct preposition on the
line:

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TOPIC

9) TENSES
9.1) Verb to Be

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SUB-TOPIC

STRUCTURE

9.1.1) Simple Present
Vb. To Be
(Is, Am, Are)

Simple Present Vb. To Be
( Is, Am, Are ) :

9.1.1.1) Affirmative

Nick is happy

9.1.1.2) Negative

She isn´t happy

9.1.1.3) Interrogative

Are you sad?

9.1.2) Simple Past Vb.
To Be (Was / Were)

Simple Past Vb. To Be
( Was / Were ) :

9.1.2.1) Affirmative

Nick is happy

9.1.2.2) Negative

She isn´t happy

9.1.2.3) Interrogative

Are you sad?

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9) TENSES
The verb tense shows the time of the action or state. Verbs are conjugated
(inflected) to reflect how they are used.
Conjugation for tense
Conjugation for tense is carried out on all verbs. All conjugations start with the infinitive
form of the verb.
The infinitive is simply the to form of the verb For example, to begin.
The present participle form (the -ing form), is formed by adding ing to the bare infinitive.
For example, to begin - beginning.
There are two other forms that the verb can take, depending on the tense type and time,
the simple past form and the past participle.
The form of the verb or its tense can tell when events take place. For example, the verb
kiss:

3. Change the sentences to the nterrogative
form:
a) Meg is my American girlfriend.
__________________________________________?
b) I am a doctor.
__________________________________________?
c) You two are French.
__________________________________________?
d) She is your mother.
__________________________________________?
e) He is Bob.
______________________________________?

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VERB TO BE SIMPLE PRESENT PRACTICE:

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I was …

I wasn‟t …

Was I… ?

He was …

He wasn‟t …

Was he … ?

She was …

She wasn‟t …

Was she … ?

It was …

It wasn‟t …

Was it …. ?

We were …

We weren‟t …

Were we … ?

You were …

You weren‟t …

Were you … ?

They were …

They weren‟t …

Were they … ?

Fill in the gaps with WAS – WERE / WASN‟T – WEREN‟T :
1. I _________ born in Japan but my brother __________ born there.
He ______________ in England.
2. We _________ at the cinema last night.
3. Susan and Megan _________ hardworking when they _________ at
primary school?
4. Marilyn Monroe _________ a beautiful actress.
5. Mr Brown ________ a rich man when he _______ young but now he
is a rich man.
6. It _______ rainy yesterday but it _______ cloudy.
7. Where _______ your sister yesterday afternoon?
8. I ______ good at football when I _______ little but now I am good at
football.
9. My father _________ at home last night because he _______ at
work.
10. When ______ your parents born?
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A. Now look at the images and complete these sentences and questions with
the correct form of Verb to Be Simple Past:

“__________ you at home

“Where

yesterday at 3:00?”

__________ they yesterday after

“No, we __________ . We

school? They _________ at home

_________ on My grandparents’

because no one answered the

farm. We helped to pick

phone.”

oranges.”

“Yesterday after school? Well,
they __________in the park.”

When I _______ younger I _____
afraid of dogs. But not
anymore!
I L

VE MY DOG!

“Why __________ I so bored yesterday
morning? Can’t you guess it?

“It __________ Ann’s

Where _________ you yesterday?

birthday yesterday! She

__________you at school? Of course
not! Teachers __________ in a
meeting and I ______ at home all day
long.

__________ so pretty in
her pink dress. Well, all girls _________
pretty. They just ___________ very happy
because Sean, Ann’s “handsome”
brother, so they say, __________ at the
party yet!”

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TOPIC

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SUB-TOPIC

STRUCTURE

9.2.1) Affirmative

The catÂ´s sleeping

9.2.2) Negative

He is not swimming

9.2.3) Interrogative

What are you doing?

9.2) Present
Continuous
(Is, am, are +
ING)

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9.2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE:
USES
A) We use the Present Continuous when talking about
actions that are happening at the moment (present or
temporary action).
For example, "Alex is writing a new book" can have one or
two meanings, depending on the situation.
1. He is writing the book at this very moment. (present
acitivity)
2. Alex is in the process of writing a new book. (Even
though he is having a nap at this exact moment.)
We may guess that:
He probably spends a few hours a day working on it.
He plans to finish the book or make a break soon. (temporary
action).
B) We also use the Present Continuous for actions that will
be done in the future. (future arrangement)
I'm flying to Rome next week.

TIME EXPRESSIONS
just now, these days, this afternoon, today, in the
evening, at present, at the moment, look, now, this
month, tomorrow, next week, currently, right now.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS MIND MAP

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9.2.1)

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Present Continuous (Affirmative):

He is playing baseball

He is painting the box

He is walking home

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9.2.2)

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Present Continuous (Negative):

She is not dancing now.
isn´t

He is not reading now.
isn´t

He is not studying now.
isn´t

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9.2.3)

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Present Continuous (Interrogative):

Is she dancing now ?
Yes, she is.

Are they eating dinner now ?
Yes, they are.

Is she sleeping now ?
No, she isn´t
She´s skating now.
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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW!

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Complete the sentences using a suitable verb from the
list in the Present Continuous.
CLEAN WORK WASH STUDY WRITE HAVE
SLEEP DO READ GO LISTEN PLAY EAT COOK
DRINK HAVE WATCH BRUSH WORK PLAY
HAVE TAKE PLAY GO

1

2

1. What is Mary doing? She is ____________________ her essay.
2. My grandma ______________ a book at the moment.
3. Their mother________________________ dinner.

14. She isn’t at home right now. She_________________ at her
office.
10

11

12

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14

13

Spelling rule for ING words:
Ing means continuing to; as talking, continuing to talk. The
following words, in taking their suffix, double the final letter. The
last letter is doubled when the word ends with a single
consonant preceded by a single vowel:

3) Look again at the previous pictures and make the correct questions:
a) __________ playing golf ? No, she isn´t. She ______________ swimming.
b) __________ running ? No, he isn´t. He _____________________baseball.
c) __________ playing rugby ? No, she isn´t. She ______________________.
d) __________ playing soccer ? No, he isn´t. He _______________________.
e) ____________________ ? Yes, they are. They _______________ volleyball.
f) __________ playing softball ? Yes, she is. She _______________________.
g) __________ playing basketball ? No, they aren´t. They _________________.
h) __________ swimming ? No, he isn´t. He ____________________________.

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CHALLENGING WRITING ACTIVITY:
I.

You are on holiday. At the moment you are at the park.
Look at the picture and write a letter describing what are
people doing.

Dear Ann:
I’m having a great time here , right now I’m sitting
under a tree and there is / are:
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................

Love
................................

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TOPIC

9.3) Past
Continuous
(Was, were +
When + Simple
Past)

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SUB-TOPIC

STRUCTURE

9.3.1) Affirmative

I was walking down the
street when I saw you

9.3.2) Negative

He wasnÂ´t sleeping when
you called.

9.3.3) Interrogative

Were they eating when you
arrived?

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9.3) PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE:
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE depicts actions in progress at a definite time
in the past.
We use the Past Continuous to say that somebody was in the middle of
doing something before now.
He was working hard at 4 o’clock last Monday.
» WHILE is used for two or more actions that were happening at the same time in
the past
Our mother was doing the housework while we were sleeping.

ACTIONS IN
PROGRESS

SIMULTANEOUS
ACTIONS

The past continuous is also used to
talk about an action that was in
progress in the past and was
interrupted by another past action.
The phone rang when I was having a
shower.
While we were walking home, it
started to rain.

We can use this tense to talk about
two actions that were in progress at
the same time.
While my mother was cooking
lunch, my father was reading the
newspaper.
They were waiting at the station
while their friends were looking for
a taxi.

I was sleeping at 6:30 am. I was… at 8:30 am.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Follow the structure
I ate popcorn while I was watching a movie.

I eat fruit / She eats apples
Eat your lunch!
I don´t like eggs.
Do you like onions?

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9.4) SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

(+)

S + Infinitive *(-s)

(-)

S + don’t / doesn’t + Infinitive

(?)

Do / Does + S + Infinitive?

Uses:

Habits and Routines
Jane always studies in the library

To talk about true facts
Water boils at 100¨C

Permanent situations
They don’t live in London any more.

With State Verbs*
I don’t understand the text

To form the 0 and 1st Conditionals
If she doesn’t come, we won’t go out.

Time expressions:
on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday…
at night, at the weekend
in the evening, in the morning, in the afternoon
every day, week, weekend, month, year, summer, Sunday,
afternoon
once a day, a week, a month, a year

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Frequency Adverbs

Form:

Uses:

Always, usually, often,
sometimes, often,
usually, always.

NEVER

HARDLY EVER

RARELY

SOMETIMES

They
indicate
how
often something occurs
and are generally used
with Present Simple.

OFTEN

USUALLY

ALWAYS

100
%

0%

Position: We usually put these adverbs:
Before full verbs: drive, say, feel.
After the verb be.

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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE STRUCTURE

Positive

+

Negative -

Interrogative ?

I
You

eat
eat

I
You

don’t eat
don’t eat

Do I eat?
Do you eat?

He
She
It

eats
eats
eats

He
She
It

doesn’t eat
doesn’t eat
doesn’t eat

Does he eat?
Does she eat?
Does it eat?

We eat
You eat
They eat

We don’t eat
You don’t eat
They don’t eat

Do we eat?
Do you eat?
Do they eat?

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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE MIND MAP

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9.4.1) Simple Present Tense (Affirmative):

AFFIRMATIVE
I read
You read
He
She

reads

It
We

read

They read

I
We

Complement

You
They
I drive my car to work every day.
We drive my car to work every day.
You drive my car to work every day.
They drive my car to work every day.

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Third Persons

SPELLING RULES TO ADD ( S ):

Spelling rules 3rd person singular

visit – visits

With verbs
endings:
With verbs –s/
-ss/-sh/-ch/ x, add
- es

tell – tells

fish – fishes

write – writes

watch – watches

Most verbs
add - s

dress – dresses

With verbs
endings:
cons. + y

Remember!

- ies

go - goes

fly – flies

do - does

cry – cries

have - has

Exception:
vowel + y
ys
play - plays

The Chef cooks
Italian food.

The dog bites the man.

Cindy dances very
well.
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DAILY ROUTINES

I always get up at 7:00 am.

I go to the bathroom and wash
my face at 7:10 am.

After that, I have breakfast with
my family at 7:30 am.

Finally, I go to school at 8:00 am.

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9.4.2) Simple Present Tense (Imperative):

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9.4.3)

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Simple Present Tense (Negative):

Negative
I don‟t read
You don‟t read
He
She doesn‟t read
It
We don‟t read
They don‟t read

A plumber doesn´t take care of sick people.
He

Doctors don´t fix pipes.
They

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9.4.4)

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Simple Present Tense (Interrogative):

Interrogative
Do I read ?
Do you read ?
he
Does

she

read ?

it
Do we read ?
Do they read ?

Does a baker build houses ?
No, he doesn´t.

Do architects put out fires ?

He bakes bread.

They build houses.

No, they don´t.

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Open Questions (Wh?) and The Simple Present Tense:

What do they like for dinner ?
They like coffe and cake for
dinner.

What does he like to eat ?
He likes pizza, hamburgers,
and lemonade.

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW!!!

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MATCH THE SENTENCES WITH THE RIGHT
PICTURES:
1. My father usually wakes me up at a quarter
past seven.
2. I get up and I go to the bathroom.
3. I wash my face.
4. Then I brush my teeth.
5. I go back to my bedroom and I get dressed.
6. It’s time to have breakfast. I go to the
kitchen and I eat breakfast. I often eat cereal
and drink a glass of orange juice.
7.I start school at half past eight.
8. When I arrive home, I do my homework.
9. Then, I listen to some music.
10. At five o’clock, I go to my bedroom and I
study my lessons for the next day.
11. Before dinner, I have a bath.
12. Mom serves dinner at half past eight.
13. Then I watch TV.
14. I usually go to bed at ten o’clock and my
father reads for me. I love listening to
stories.

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Choose the correct option to complete each sentence about Nathan’s routine.

1

Nathan usually
………. at seven
o’clock on weekdays.

a) wakes up
b) gets up
c) gets dressed

4

Next, he ……….

a) gets on the bus.
b) combs his hair.
c) brushes his teeth.

7

From eight till half
past noon he ……….

a) eats lunch.
b) rides his bike.
c) has classes.

10

Next he ………. and
studies his lessons.

a) eats lunch.
b) rides his bike.
c) does his homework.

2

Then he goes to the
bathroom and
………..

a) eats breakfast.
b) goes to school.
c) takes a shower.

5

At about half past
seven he goes to the
kitchen and ……….

a) eats breakfast.
b) watches TV.
c) studies.

8

Then he goes to the
school canteen and
……….

a) goes home.
b) has lunch.
c) plays with his friends.

11

At seven o’clock he
………. with his
family.

a) goes to sleep.
b) eats dinner.
a) rides his bike.

3

After that he goes
back to his room and
……….

a) gets dressed.
b) combs his hair.
c) does his homework.

6

At a quarter to eight
he ………. by bike.

a) eats dinner.
b) goes to school.
c) goes to bed.

9

At half past three he
……….

a) goes back home.
b) listens to music.
c) takes a shower.

12

At half past nine he
……….

a) goes to sleep.
b) listens to music.
c) prepares his supper.

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SIMPLE PRESENT AND FREQUENCY ADVERBS
ALWAYS √√√√√
USUALLY √√√√
OFTEN √√√
SOMETIMES √√
RARELY √
NEVER X
I always play football on Mondays. Do you always play football on
Mondays?
I never play football on Mondays.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
form:
1. I ……………... ( play) football every
day.
2. We ………….…. (like) ice cream.
3. She ………….…. (swim) in the pool in
the evening.
4. My friends ……………… (go) to the
cinema on Sundays.
5. My father …………….. (come) home
at seven o’clock.

Complete the sentences with don‟t
or doesn‟t:
1. I ………… go to bed at ten
o’clock.
2. Tom ………. tidy his room on
Fridays.
3. Alice …….... have lunch at 12
o’clock.
4. Jack and Dan …….…. play
computer games in the afternoon.
5. Children ………… go to school on
Sundays.

Complete the sentences
with do or does:
1. ……. they play football
every day?
2. What time …... you get
up?
3. What …… he do at five
o’clock?
4. When …… Bob have a
shower?
5. Where …… you go after
classes?

How many true sentences can you
make:
sometimes … in the morning
I
usually
… in the afternoon
always
… in the evening
never
... at night

A) Fill in the correct form of
the
verbs in brackets (use the Present
Simple).
B) Match the texts to pictures

2. This (be) _____ Adam. He (live) _____ in a cave with his wife Eve. He (have)
_____ two children. Every morning he (go) _____ to the woods and fields and
(hunt) _____ animals for his family. He (not cook) _____, his wife (do) _____ this
job. They (like) _____ living in Eden.
3. I (love) _____ climbing trees! I (do) ____ it very often. Sometimes, I just (sit)
_____ there and (enjoy) _____ the view. But in most cases, I (look for) _____ nice,
fresh leaves to eat. Eating leaves (give) _____ me the energy I (need) _____ to
survive.
4. Look at Jane! She (be) _____ so happy! She (be) _____ engaged to be married.
She (have) _____ lots of plans for the wedding. She (want) _____ a fancy white
dress to match the fancy diamond ring she (love) _____ so much. Oh! She also
(like) _____ her future husband. I hope...
5. Lisa (be) _____ very talented. She (work) _____ hard because she (want) _____
to be a ballerina. She (look) _____ beautiful when she (dance) _____. Some people
(say) _____ that dancing (not be) _____ a real job. But Lisa (not listen) _____ to
them. She (love) _____ it!
6. Hi! I (be) _____ Tom. I (be) _____ 11 years old and I (live) _____ in New York. I
(have) _____ many dreams for the future. (you, know) __________ what's my
biggest dream? I (want) _____ to win a gold medal in the Olympics for the 100
meter sprint. I (love) _____ running!
7. You (not want) _____ to mess with me! I (not be) _____ afraid of anything! They
(call) _____ me Jack the Dreadful Pirate because everybody (scream) _____ when
they (see) _____me. Hey! Don't tell anyone, I (not kill) _____ people, I just (make)
_____ a lot of noiseâ&#x20AC;Ś
8. Rosie (live) _____ in a farm. She (not like) _____ the city life. She (prefer) _____
quiet places. Every morning she (wake up) _____ at 6 o'clock and (go) _____ to the
chicken coop. After she (gather) _____ the eggs, she (rush) _____ back home and
(cook) ____ breakfast.
9. Susie (not have) _____ too much free time. She (work) _____ every day because
she (be) _____ very popular. She (know) _____ how to cut hair and people (like)
_____ her because she (be) _____ friendly. She always (tell) _____ me I (have)
____ great hair. I (like) _____ her too.
10. Whenever I (feel) _____ down or worried, I (climb) _____ a tree, (sit) _____ on
a branch and (calm down) _____. I (close) _____ my eyes and (try) _____ to clean
my head. If I (not fall) _____ from the tree, it (work) _____. I (feel) _____ lighter
and happier. Crazy, ha?!

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BIG
CHALLENGE
ACTVITY !!!

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AT THE RAILWAY STATION
Proffesor Roberts and his wife are at the station at last.His wife is not travelling,she is
seeing her husband off. The Proffesor is nervous,becouse there were no taxi and
they were almost late. This train does not usually arrive on time, but today it is
already waiting at platform four.There are many passengers on the platform and in
the train. While the Proffesor is checking once more his passport, railway ticket and
money, his wife is telling him to be careful and the ticket-collector is telling him to
get on. Proffesor Roberts kisses his wife good-bye, gets on the train and it starts to
pull out of the station. Proffesor Roberts is now on his way to Britain.
-

When does the next train for London leave?
At 7:45 p.m. You’ve got plenty of time.
I’d like to buy two return tickets for this train.
For which class?
First class,non-smokers, please.
Here you are, sir! The train leaves from platform № 3.
Translate to your
language

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

A passenger………………..
A seat………………………
A ticket……………………
A stop…………………….
A delay……………………
A timetable……………….
first class……………….
second class……………
non-smokers…………….
Return ticket…………….
Passenger train…………..
Express train……………..
Waiting room……………
A carriage………………..
A sleeper…………………
A dining-car……………..
A compartment………….

COMPLETE
THE
FOLLOWING
USING THE RIGHT FORM OF THE
VERBS:

TERMS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

A railway system
A railway line
A railway junction
Railway transport
Railway=railroad
Anarrow-gauge line
A broad-gauge line
A railwayman =
a railroader

Mr.Black and his wife\ be\ ….. at the Heathrow Airport.
They\expect\…….. their friend Professor Roberts from
Sweden.They\ get\……. his telegramme a couple of days ago and
they\ know\………. the date and the hour of his arrival.The plane
from Sweden\land\………. on time. The passengers\come\……..out
but the Proffesor\be\…… not among them.So they\ go\……….. to the
Information desk to ask about him. They\look\…….around once
more and then\drive\……… .home. To their surprise,when
they\get\……..back home they\ find\………Professor Roberts with his
luggage
in
front
of
their
house.
The
Professor
usually\travel\……………to
Britain
by
plane,but
this
time\decide\……….to travel by train. So, as usual, his friends\
go\………..to meet him at the airport, but naturally, he \
be\………..not there.
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TOPIC

SUB-TOPIC

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STRUCTURE

10.1) Can ( for ability ) The baby can wave.
10) Can

10.2) Can ( for request Can I have some birthday
or permission )
cake?
11.1) and

I´ve got a pen and a pencil

11.2) but

She likes it, but I don´t

11.3) or

Do you want baskets or
boxes?

11) Conjunctions

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10)

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CAN

Can is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We use can to:




talk about possibility and ability
make requests
ask for or give permission

Structure of Can

subject + can + main verb
The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").

Form Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb

Comp.

+

I

can

play

tennis.

-

He

cannot

play

tennis.

play

tennis?

can't
?

Can

you

Notice that:



Can is invariable. There is only one form of can.
The main verb is always the bare infinitive.

It´s impossible to say: He can to eat.
He can eat is good enough to understand the meaning.

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10.1)

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Can (Possibility and Ability)

We use can to talk about what is possible, what we are able or free to do:
 She

can drive a car.
 John can speak Spanish.
 I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.)
 Can you hear me?
Normally, we use can for the present. But it is possible to use can when
we make present decisions about future ability.
a) Can you help me with my homework? (present)
b) Sorry. I'm busy today. But I can help you tomorrow. (future)

He can read very well.

He can´t sing very well.

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10.2)

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Can (Request or Permission)

can: Requests and Orders
We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not a real
question - we do not really want to know if the person is able to do something, we want
them to do it! The use of can in this way is informal (mainly between friends and family):




Can you make a cup of coffee, please.
Can you come here a minute.
Can you be quiet!

Can you put the TV on ?

can: Permission
We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something:
A. Can I smoke in this room?
B. You can't smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.
(Note that we also use could, may, might for permission. The use of can for permission is
informal.)

Can I swim with you ?

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW !!!

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I.

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Tell me more about yourself. If you are not sure, try it.

Can you whistle ?
_______________

Can you touch your
nose with your
tongue ?

Can you sing ?
_______________

_______________

Can you dance ?
_______________

Can you jump on
one leg ?

Can you bake a
cake ?

_______________

_______________

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II.

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Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with
Can or Can´t.

√

√

×

Maria can ______________ and she _______ dive, but she ___________ ride a bike.

help me, please?
6. An ostrich is a bird but it ________ fly.
7. I ________ hear you, there is a lot of noise in the
room.
8. If it is sunny tomorrow, we ________ go to the
beach.
9. The baby is only six months, so he ________ walk.
10. I’ve got two tickets for the cinema, you ________
come with me if you want.

5. Mary and Tom can’t use a computer.
____________________________________
____________________________________

11.

How many languages ________ you speak?

12. We are late for school. The door is closed, so we
________ come in.

______________________________________
10. study / you / ten hours a day



______________________________________

3

9. Can Sammy play chess?

4

________________________________________
10. Can Elisa swim?

5

6
________________________________________
7

8
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PLAY THE TRUMPET

PLAY DRUMS

DRIVE A CAR

DANCE

FLY

PLAY THE COMPUTER

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PLAY THE GUITAR

SING

COOK
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11)

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CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. They may join
single words or groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g.
subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence.

For

So
And

Nor

But

Yet

Or

EXAMPLES:
We have tickets for the
concert and the movies.

My husband works full time,
but I have a part-time job.
Have you heard or seen a
ghost before?

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11.1)

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Conjunctions (And)

We use “AND” to join
two or more things together.
When we use “AND” to join
two things together, the verb

We may use “AND” to
speak of one person or thing
with two qualities.

must be plural.

Examples:

Examples:

 The

- John and Mary are friends.
- The elephant and tiger are

policeman

is

brave and kind.
 The soldier is tall and
young.

large animals.

These apples are red and sweet.

Mr. Stone´s hair is short and curly.

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11.2)

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Conjunctions (But)
BUT
It is used to join two contrasting ideas.
Ex: My father is Spanish, but my mother is French.
The subject can also be omitted if it is the same as
in the previous sentence.
Ex :I like the cinema, but don´t often go.

They are sisters, but they hate
each other.

11.3)

Conjunctions (Or)
We use “OR” to show that there
are two things, but we can choose
only one of the two things.
Examples:
- You can have roast chicken or
fried fish.
- Which toys do you want, the plastic gun or
the wooden train?

Are they friends or sisters ?

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW !!!

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I.

Read each sentence and circle the best option:

II.

Fill in the blanks with the correct word using : “and” / “or”

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III.

1.

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FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH: AND, BUT, OR

Why don't you phone Sue .....................

find out what time

she's coming over tonight?
2.

Secretary to Boss : Do you want anything else .....................

can I go home now?
3.

I love to travel ..................... I hate travelling by bus.

4.

I like living in the city ..................... my brother prefers living in

the country.
5.

I want to go to the party ..................... dance with my friends.

6.

I really hate to have to sell my car ..................... I need the

money.
7.

Are you busy this weekend ..................... do you have some

free time. I need some help!
8.

Is the Empire State Building in New York ..................... London?

9.

We can go by bus ................ we can walk.

10. Mindy

and John are visiting the Eiffel Tower .......... the L`ouvre

today.

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TOPIC

12) Adverbs

SUB-TOPIC

12.1) Common Adverbs

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STRUCTURE

again, now, there,
today, too, very

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12) Adverbs
An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase,
or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and
answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much".

We form most of adverbs (especially adverbs of manner) by
adding –ly to their corresponding adjectives.
wonderful – wonderfully
kind – kindly
slow – slowly
nice – nicely
BUT
But there are some rules:

Adverbs of frequency answer the questions beginning with How often…?
How often do you go to the theatre? I rarely go to the theatre.

100%

75%

50%

25%

10%

never

hardly ever

seldom

rarely

occasionally

sometimes

often

frequently

always

usually

These are the most common frequency adverbs:

0%

Position
These adverbs are placed:


before the main verb.
I usually go out on Saturday nights.
I don’t often eat meat.



after the verb to be or auxiliary verbs.
She is always late for school.
He has never seen that film.

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They tell us how somebody
does something. We make
them by adding –ly to the
adjective (slowly)

They tell us when things
happen:

Position:

*I came back last Monday.

-after the verb

Position:

*She dances well
or whole expression
*Maria dances „tango‟ well

*He replied immediately

-after the verb
*She
starts
Monday.

work

next

-whole expression
*She‟s coming back from
France next Monday

They tell us where things or people are.
Position: after the verb if there isn‟t an
object: Peter ran away.
After verb+object or
verb+preposition+object
*I saw Mandy outside the house.
*I looked for Mandy outside the house.

They tell us how much
something is done.
Position:
Before the adverb or
adjective they modify.
*She‟s a very honest
person. If they modify a
verb, before the main
verb:
*I ran but almost missed
the train

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW !!!

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I.

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Choose an appropriate adverb from the box and complete the
sentences.
dangerously, carefully, quickly, sleepily,

beautifully, hungrily, slowly, happily

He is driving ___________________________________ .

He is walking ___________________________ .

The turtle walks _________________________________ .

She is walking on the line ____________________________ .

They are dancing _____________________________________.

He is eating _____________________________________ .

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Write the words in brackets in the correct place.

1. I have cereal for breakfast. (usually)
__________________________________________
2. Sandra is going to participate in the competition.
(definitely)
__________________________________________
3. I was glad to see Mary after so many years. (really)
__________________________________________
4. We go to the cinema on Saturdays. (hardly ever)
__________________________________________
5. The two girls were talking when I arrived. (happily)
__________________________________________
6. My mother felt tired this morning. (extremely)
__________________________________________
7. I have an appointment with the doctor. (tomorrow)
__________________________________________
8. My brother is complaining about everything. (always)
__________________________________________

9. The children played in the afternoon. (upstairs)
_________________________________________
10. Andrew ate his sandwich. (quickly)
_________________________________________
11. The football match had started when we arrived at
the stadium. (already)
________________________________________
12. My sister will go to Egypt in summer. (probably)
________________________________________
13. Peter and Sam meet every day. (here)
________________________________________
14. It is impossible that Ann arrives on time. (almost)
________________________________________
15. The factory workers are on strike. (still)
________________________________________
16. Karen opened her presents on her birthday.
(eagerly)
________________________________________

EXERCISE 5
Replace the underlined part of each sentence with one of the following
comment adverbs:
Frankly / personally / unbelievably / sadly / luckily / generally /
hopefully / apparently
1-In my opinion, I think people should work less hours.
2-It is extremely surprising, but I passed my driving test.
3-It’s fortunate that Peter didn’t break his leg when he fell down.
4-To be honest I think you should give up smoking. It’s bad for your
health.
5-It is regrettable that we can’t keep you working here due to the
economical crisis.
6-It is supposed to be true that you can find a job easily but in
practice it is hard.
7-I wish it becomes true that you will win the contest.
8-On average, it takes four or five months to get a driving license.

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TOPIC

SUB-TOPIC

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STRUCTURE

Have + Object + Infinitive

I have a car to paint.

Has + Object + Infinitive

She has a book to read.

13) Have and Has

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13) Have / Has
Have is one of the most common verbs in the English language. It functions in
various ways.
A. To have as a main verb
The verb “to have” implies the meaning of possession.
The forms of the verb “to have” are have and has (3rd persons- present singular) and had
for the past.

Have is often used to indicate possession (I have) or (I have got).
Examples

FORM

Have

Question - ?

"Do you have a car

Positive Answer -

Have got
"Have you got a
car?"

"Yes I have a car."

"Yes I've got a car."

Negative Answer -

"No I don't have a

"No I haven't got a

No

car."

car."

Yes

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HAVE / HAS GRAMMAR CHART

AFFIRMATIVE

NEGATIVE

SHORT ANSWERS

LONG
FORM

SHORT
FORM

LONG
FORM

SHORT
FORM

INTERROGATIVE

I have

I’ve
you’ve

I
haven’t
you
haven’t

Have I ?

you
have
he has

he’s

she has

she’s

it has

it’s

we
have

we’ve

you
have

you’ve

they
have

they’ve

I have
not
you
have
not
he has
not
she has
not
it has
not
we
have
not
you
have
not
They
have
not

he
hasn’t
she
hasn’t
it hasn’t

Have you ?
Has he ?
Has she ?
Has it ?

Yes, I
have
Yes, you
have

No, I
haven’t
No, you
haven’t

Yes, he
has
Yes, she
has
Yes, it
has.
Yes, we
have

No, he
hasn’t
No, she
hasn’t
No, it
hasn’t
No, we
haven’t

we
haven’t

Have we ?

you
haven’t

Have you ?

Yes, you
have

No, you
haven’t

they
haven’t

Have they?

Yes, they
have.

No, they
haven’t

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW !!!

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I.

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WRITE ‘has’ or ‘have’ ON THE BLANKS AND THEN READ THE SENTENCES.

My sister __________ a small lamp.

The elephant __________ a long trunk.

She _________ a cake.

They ___________ umbrellas.

Tom ___________ many presents.

My dad and I _________ a pet dog.

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I.- Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb “to have”.
1. My brothers all _________ nice cars
2. My friend ________a red dress
3. My father________ a great job.
4. Does he ________ a pet?
5. They are poor,they don't ________ a house
6. My uncle and his wife ________ five children.
7. Does your cousin________a brother?
8. Yes, my cousin ________ a brother
9. My teacher________ an e_mail address
10. They don’t ________ time to waste in playing chess
II. Change the sentences to the negative form

1. Samantha has a beautiful cat. ………………………………………………………………
2.Bob’s teacher has a nice car………………………………………………………………………
3.We have a lot of friends………………………………………………………………………………
4.I have a big house……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.You have a small schoolbag…………………………………………………………………………………
III.- Change the sentences to the interrogative form

1. Meg has two sisters…………………………………………………………………………?
2.You have a lot of friends…………………………………………………………………?
3.Samantha has three children…………………………………………………………..?
4.He has a dog…………………………………………………………………………………………?
5.Ann has nice shoes……………………………………………………………………………..?
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IV.- Fill in the blanks with Have or Has as it belongs:

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TOPIC

SUB-TOPIC

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STRUCTURE

Swimming is good.
14) ING forms as
14.1) For descriptions
Nouns
I like swimming.

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14.1)

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-ING Forms as Nouns (Descriptions):

Gerund as subject:


Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (Traveling is the
gerund.)

When a verb ends in -ing, it may be a gerund or a present participle. It is
important to understand that they are not the same.
When we use a verb in -ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund:


Fishing is fun.

When we use a verb in -ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually
a present participle:



Anthony is fishing.
I have a boring teacher.

EXAMPLES:

Swimming is the best exercise.

Nothing compares to reading.

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SPELLING RULES TO FORM GERUNDS

If there is more than one consonant, just add ING:
think + ing

thinking

If there is more than one vowel, just add ING:
beat + ing

beating

If there is one vowel and one consonant, and the syllable is
stressed, double the consonant and add ING:
hit + t + ing

hitting

If there are one or more consonants and E, remove the E and
add ING:
take + ing

taking

In most other cases, just add ING:
study + ing
see + ing

studying
seeing

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I.

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LOOK AT THE CHART AND MAKE SENTENCES USING LIKE AND
DON´T LIKE + ing:

skating
Kelly
Tom
Sarah
Ben

v
x
x
v

Playing
games
x
v
v
x

dancing

singing

v
x
x
v

x
v
v
x

EXAMPLE:
KELLY

I LIKE DANCING AND SKATING, BUT I
DON’T LIKE SINGING OR PLAYING GAMES.

TOM

SARAH

BEN

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I.

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Choose the suitable form of the verb:

1. You should try ________ (talk) to your
boss personally. It would be the most
efficient thing to do.
2. Why don’t you try ________ (remove)
this stain from the carpet ?
3. After long talks the medical staff stopped ________(protest)
4. I regret ________(inform) you that there had been an accident.
5. I really regret not ________ (join) the sport club.
6. She is a very active person. When she finishes doing her homework she goes on
________ (visit) her friends
7. I would prefer ________(visit) my parents than yours.
8. Can you imagine ________ (be) a totally different person?
9. I cannot miss ________(see) the national championships
10. I love ________(ski)
11. Don’t interrupt me. I’m very busy ________ (finish) the project.
12. Unfortunately he has difficulty in ________ (be) honest.
13. I look forward to ________ (see) you again.
14. In addition to ________ (be) very smart he is also very friendly.
15. I insist on ________(choose) the new president of our club.
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II.

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Choose AND Circle the suitable form of the verb: GERUND OR INFINITIVE
1. ______ fresh bread every morning is
his job.

4. We forced her ______ the medicine.

(A) take
(A) Baking
(B) To baked
(C) Bake

(B) taking
(C) to take
(D) took

(D) Bakes
5. You had better ______ now.
2. He made a lot of money ______ and
______ houses.
(A) to leave
(A) buy, sell

(B) leave

(B) buying, selling

(C) leaving

(C) to buy, to sell

(D) to leaving

(D) to buy, selling
6. ______ the burglar, the policeman
radioed for help.
3. He is not used ______ on a boat.
(A) Watch
(A) sail
(B) to sail
(C) sailing

(D) to preferring
12. Everyone is eager ______ the class.
9. We hurried there only ______
everyone gone.

A) to attend

(A) find

(B) attending

(B) to find

(C) attend

(C) finding

(D) attended

(D) found

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15) Let´s

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15.1) For expressions

Let´s go to the zoo!

16.1) for an action

Would you like to color
that ball?

16.2) polite offering

Would you like some
grapes?

16) Would like +
Vb. Or Noun

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15) Let´s
LET´S
We use “let’s” followed by the base form of the
verb (infinitive without “to”) when you want to
say what you and somebody else can or
should do. It´s a way of suggesting things.
Let‟s play in the park.
The negative is “Let‟s not…”
Let‟s not argue about this.

LET ME
We use “let me” followed by the base form of
the verb (infinitive without “to”):
-To make an offer:
Let me show you how to do it.
Let me help you with the exercises.
-To allow somebody to do something:
Let Karen come with us this evening.
Let your brother wear your jeans today.

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15.1)

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Let´s (Expression):

I´m starving
Let´s start eating !

Let´s not fight today!
Ok, Fred ?

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW !!!

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Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with
the affirmative or negative imperative form of the
verbs in brackets or “let´s / let” + the verb in brackets.
1.

“______ (do) your exercises________ (waste) your time!”

2.

“_________ (forget) to water the plants or they will dry.”

3.

“_________ (take) your medicine and ________ (get up) till

you get well.”
4.

“I feel like dancing tonight. __________ (go) to the disco.” –

“O.K.”
5.

“Children, please __________ (make) so much noise. The

baby is sleeping.”
6.

“Ana, _______ (eat) the cake. ______ (wait) until dinner.”

7.

“It´s a nice day today. ________ (have) a barbecue in the

garden.”
8.

“Never _________ (leave) a fire on at night. __________

(remember) to put it out.”
9.

“It´s Mark’s birthday next Sunday.” “–Oh, __________ (buy)

him some presents.”
10.

“_________ (call) me at 7. I’ll be studying for my exam and I

don´t want anybody to interrupt me.”
11.

“I know something about Peter, but _________ (tell)

anybody. It´s a secret.”
12.

“Tim looks sad. “ “-Yes, you are right.” - _________ (ask)

him to come with us to the funfair.
13.

“I don´t understand the lesson very well. ” _______ (worry).

______ (open)your book and ______ me know where you have
problems.
14.

“___________ (stop) fighting, please and _______ (go ) into

the classroom.”
15.

____________ (leave) that snake immediately! ________

___________ (touch) it. It might be dangerous.

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I.

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Read the expressions, choose from the box
corresponding verb and write it on the dotted line:

the

go play speak have drink clean sing get up
wash

set listen to read look swim call

1. Let’s ………. home.

2. Let’s ………. the piano.

3. Let’s ………. dinner.

4. Let’s ………. milk.

5. Let’s ………. cartoons.

6. Let’s ………. the car.

7. Let’s ………. the dishes.

8. Let’s ………. the table.

9. Let’s ………. at the
blackboard.

10. Let’s ………….. the radio.

11. Let’s ………. a song.

12. Let’s ………. him.

13. Let’s ………. early.

14. Let’s ………. English.

15. Let’s ………. in the pool.

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16) Would like + Verb or Noun
Would is a modal verb and like all others of its kind is followed by the
infinitive without 'to' (Note: we consider that the modal verb 'ought to' is a
single item, as the word 'ought' does not exist without the word 'to'):
Would is often contracted in spoken English to 'd.
I'd like to come with you, but I'm busy.
He'd sit all day watching the people go by.
Would is a very flexible word and has many uses.
In Grammar definitions would is briefly mentioned under conditionals and
reported speech.
In our Grammar Archive see the use of used to and would for expressing
habitual actions in the past.

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16.1)

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Would like + Verb or Noun (Common Expressions ):

Common expressions
Would + like:
This structure is used to talk about things that we want or don't want to do:
Yes, I'd like to go with you.
I wouldn't like to be outside now.
Would rather
This structure is used to express preferences:
What would you rather do: go to the cinema or stay at home for the evening?
I'd rather be poor and happy than rich and sad.

IÂ´d like to go fishing !
Would you like to come?
IÂ´d rather staying at home !

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16.2)

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Would like + Verb or Noun (Polite Offering):
Requests and offers

You can use would to ask people to do things:
Would you do me a favour?
Would you mind opening the window?
To offer or invite you can use Would you like â&#x20AC;Ś?
Would you like me to get you something while I'm at the shop?
Would you like to come with me to the cinema?

Would you like some coffee?

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LET´S
PRACTICE
NOW !!!

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I.

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Read the sentences, identify the verb and complete the
sentences with Let´s:

Would you like to study English?

Let’s study English.

Would you like to do homework?

Let’s …………………….. .

Would you like to cook breakfast?

Let’s …………………….. .

Would you like to drink coffee?

Let’s ……………………..

Would you like to play table tennis? Let’s …………………….. .
Would you like to sing a song?

Let’s …………………….. .

Would you like to wait here?

Let’s …………………….. .

Would you like to swim in the pool? Let’s …………………….. .
Would you like to color the picture? Let’s …………………….. .
Would you like to watch television? Let’s …………………….. .
Would you like to go to the party?

Let’s …………………….. .

Would you like to wear jeans?

Let’s …………………….. .

Would you like to walk to the park? Let’s …………………….. .
Would you like to read some comics? Let’s …………………….. .

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I.- Fill in the blanks with would or wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t + a verb from the
box below. Use short forms wherever you can:

be

buy

enjoy

help

mend

obey

open

start

stop

work

1. I switched on the computer but it .....wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t work....
2. Mum said she ................................me with my spelling.
3. Dad promised he ...................... my bike.
4. Mrs Smith was angry with Betty because she ................
talking.
5. I thought I .....................................late so I began to run.
6. We got into the car but it ...................................
7. George.................................his dad, so he was punished.
8. We turned the handle, but the door................................
9. I asked Peter and Susan if ......................the drinks for the
party.
10. I knew you ...........................your holiday in Australia.

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II.- Below are some answers, but the questions are missing. Can
you complete the questions using would you like + one of the
phrases from the box?
a cup of tea
ice cream for dessert
to come shopping
to rest