Cryptozoology is the investigation of animals not yet recognized by science, but whose existence is hinted at by eye witness accounts, photos, or traces. I provided a major review of Australian cryptozoology in my 1996 book, "Bunyips and Bigfoots". This blog aims to continue reporting on that research.
However, initially, I intend to provide a service of translating into English a number of foreign language accounts from around the world.

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Tuesday, 8 December 2015

The "Nemesis" Sea Serpent of 1900

In In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents, Bernard Heuvelmans mentioned two alleged sea serpent sightings reported in The Wide World Magazine which he declared to be bogus. One was the Tresco sighting, which I dealt with in my October post. The second was described on p 366 of his book.

I shall therefore deal only very briefly with the dramatic tale of Captain Laurence Thomson of the steamer Nemesis published in Wide World Magazine, which specialized in 'true adventure' stories. In 1900 he saw what he called a sea-serpent off Cape Naturaliste. There is a photograph of the sailor and his ship to convince us they existed - but one still cannot believe in the truth of his story for a moment, nor in the drawing in the magazine. It was a rubbery worm-like animal some 300 feet long and 3 feet in diameter, which rose out of the water in three huge arches in a way that was both mechanically and dynamically utterly impossible. In front of these arches a head rose on the end of a long neck, and on the spine was a sort of high soft fin that could fold up like a parasol.

Let us start with a newspaper report. Although, as we shall see, Captain Thomson claims to have had the experience in August, he appears to laid over in Western Australia for two months, and only announced it as he was about to depart for the eastern states in October. The earliest report therefore appeared in the Coolgardie Miner of Friday 12 October 1900, on page 6.

THE SEA SERPENT

TWO HUNDRED FEET LONG

Perth, October 11

Captain Thompson[sic], of the steamer Nemesis, which is now on its way to the eastern colonies, reported to the harbor master at Bunbury (Captain Abrahams) that on his way from the eastern colonies to Freemantle, and when between Vasse and Cape Naturaliste, he saw a sea serpent, which he described as resembling a huge snake about 200 ft. long. It had a fin about 30 ft. long, with which it lashed the water to and fro. The fin seemed to be very flexible. The monster moved along the surface of the sea as a snake progresses on land. Captain Thompson says he did not get a very clear view of the serpent. It was making in the direction of Cape Naturaliste, and travelling fairly fast. Captain Thompson had an interview with Captain Campbell, of the steamer Perth, who saw a serpent some time ago. Captain Campbell, on being interviewed today, said he and Captain Thompson compared notes, and he concludes that the serpent was the same one that he saw near Fremantle, which was then going in a southerly direction.

I'm surprised at Captain Campbell's endorsement because the thing he saw was quite different, as you will recall if you read last month's post. Perhaps he felt he ought to support a fellow captain regardless.
It was in the March 1901 edition of The Wide World Magazine that Captain Thomson really went to town. He apparently wrote it, or at least mailed it, as soon as he arrived in Sydney, on the other side of the continent. The story was also contained in bound volume no. 6, which can be read here. The article in on pp 566-9, but for those who do not wish to follow the link, here is the full text:

The monster that has so long been familiar under this name, and which has so often been scoffed at,
is, of course, nothing more than the gigantic octopus — a creature now enjoying a well-established
scientific reputation. Our readers are referred to the illustrated narrative of Dr. Harvey, of St. John's,
Newfoundland (see No. 12), dealing with the large octopus which the doctor secured, photographed, and
dissected. In the case here related, captain, officers, and passengers watched the monster for a long
while, and it was even carefully measured by means of the ship itself.

Ss. Nemesis, Sydney, October 25th, 1900.

The Editor of THE WIDE WORLD MAGAZINE,
DEAR SIR, — The inclosed is an exact account of what I saw recently off Cape Naturaliste, West Australia. I am well
aware of what some thoughtless people will think regarding it, and, therefore, give the names of several others who also
saw the monster and discussed it together as it lay beneath their own eyes: Captain Campbell, of the ss. Perth, of the
Melbourne Steamship Company, together with his officers, passengers, and crew, saw the same huge creature next day
off Rottnest Island, near Fremantle. I have not attempted to do more than give the bare, hard facts about the
monster, as I am not used to writing anything other than mere reports for my owners. The facts given, i.e., length,
diameter, movements, and peculiarities, I guarantee absolutely, and have been very careful not to mention anything
that I did not directly see myself; although others on board claim to have seen a few more details. I have sailed on
every sea on this Globe from the Golden Gate, by the East to China again; and from whale fishing almost as near
the North Pole as Nansen was; southwards to the " Icy Barrier" in the Antarctic. I inclose my photograph, some
rough outlines of the serpent as it appeared to me, and a snap-shot of the Nemesis taken by an amateur as she lay in
Grafton Wharf, Sydney.
I remain, faithfully yours, (Signed) LAURENCE THOMSON.
(Home Address) c/o Mrs. Macdonald, Strathtay, Chatswood, Sydney, N.S.W.

I AM Captain
Laurence
Thomson, of
the ss. Nemesis,
which is one of
Hubbart, Parker, and
Co.'s line of Intercolonial steamers; she
trades between Sydney,
Melbourne, Adelaide, and
the West Australian ports.
While on our last trip, off
Cape Naturaliste (115deg.
E. and 34deg. 20min. S.)
I was called to the bridge
by my third officer, Mr.
Perry, who was on watch
at the time.
As that part of the world
is considered by all Australian coasting officers to
be the worst on the Continent if not in the whole
world (there are five vessels
going to pieces there just
now), I lost no time in
answering, and in a fraction of a minute stood
by the third on the bridge. He was evidently
restraining his excitement, or trying to; and as
the third is a genuine Australian it is, perhaps, needless to say that he
suffered greatly through
having to restrain himself.
"Look, captain!" he
said. "What sort of craft
is that over there? " I
looked as directed away to
starboard, and then, seizing
my glasses, I looked again.
About half a mile off,
between us and the rocky
shore-line which ran parallel
to our course, and of which
the dreaded Cape Leewin [ie Leeuwin] was the southern boundary
and Cape Naturaliste, round
which our course was, the
northern termination, were
two large objects— or,
rather, I thought they were
two. I took them to be
enormous whales, as that
spot is a great haunt of
theirs during the season.
They did not blow, however, and seemed to move
in a very peculiar manner, the one about 50ft.
behind the other. Suddenly a black, cylindrical
body emerged from the space between the two,
and, with a convulsive jerk, the second, or now, as it appeared,
the third, body
shot forward to wards it.
The middle
section continued rising
above the water
in an ever-extending arch
until, to my
amazement, it
resolved itself
into a connecting
part between
what I had taken
to be two separate bodies, and
I now saw that
the whole was
some enormous
monster, longer
than the Nemesis
herself, and as flexible as a piece of rubber.
Slowly and gracefully the curve was transmitted down its entire length, exactly like a
wave rolling to the shore. I could see through
the arch formed by the strange thing, but just
then did not make any careful observations as
to its size and so on.
Fascinated, I watched the round, glistening
body as it emerged from the sea at the tail-end
and, after traversing the curve like a huge cable
going round a wheel, plunged into the sea only
to come to the surface again a few yards farther
on and add itself to the comparatively straight
"line of life" towards the head.
At length the end appeared and, rising swiftly
on the curve, straightened itself out with a jerk
and fell back in the water again, just as another
spiral formed itself behind where the head
should be, and began receding to the stern as
the former one had done.
A slight wash of foam was evident where the
tail had re-entered the water, but otherwise it
appeared to propel itself without any effort.
The body generally was of a greyish-black
colour; but where the Western sun shone on
the under-side of the moving, dripping arch it
sent out a curious dancing, dazzling reflection.
In serious doubts as to the reliability of my
senses, I struck the rail with my fist to see if
my physical powers still remained.
I turned to my third officer; but from the
remarks he was dropping unconsciously I
gathered that he, too, was thinking hard.
The steersman, like all good sailors, was
looking straight ahead, while I was looking at
him.
"Well, Mr. Perry," I said, "we are unfortunate indeed."
"How so, sir ? " he asked.
"Why, in seeing this monstrous creature
which has all the qualifications necessary for a
sea-serpent and we won't be able to prove it."
"Well, I reckon the man that doubts me had
better for his own good be three or four stone
heavier than I am," said he, resolutely, and I
thought the same.

Desirous that as many witnesses as possible
should be got, I deliberately rang up the chief
engineer, Mr. Blair, who I knew was utterly
void of imagination. He was Scotch, and
allowed for no laws on earth other than those
of cause and effect.
Just then excited voices from the after-deck
told me that the passengers and all officers
who were not on duty had assembled there and
were watching, with various comments, the
movements of the "Switch-backed Freak,"
while sundry sounds that reached us from
forward, but which, alas, I dare not repeat,
indicated that the crew were intelligently
speculating on the identity of the extraordinary
monster.
"What do you make it to be, Mr. Blair?" I
said.
"A dinna ken; but look ! look at it, noo!"
A very powerful and expressive observation
from Mr. Perry, in conjunction with a still more
forcible and sulphurous remark from the steers man, added emphasis to Mr. Blair's words;
and turning again to starboard— I could indeed
hardly believe my own eyesight.
The creature had reared its head high above the waters, and was gently swaying it backwards,
forwards, and round about, as if its body were
composed of innumerable ball-joints.
A huge fin or flap now shot out from behind
the head, and circling in the air threw itself
over the head and then back at right angles to
the still vertical neck ! An instant later and it
shaped itself into all sorts of fantastic forms, the
under part being almost a pure white in colour.
Soon, however, the tentacle began to beat the
waters and the head to move more violently.
With the glasses I could make out a darker shade of skin about where one would expect to find eyes; but in my opinion the creature had no eyes, and only at that moment had become aware of our presence by some other sense. The stewardess says she heard a sound like stones rattling inside a very resonant wooden box; but Mac says she only heard the pumps drawing air. At any rate, I myself heard nothing, and in another second the enormous monster was down in the water again. Its length became corrugated, and, like a rope when shaken, the corrugations sped to the stern and dissolved.
When the sun did not shine on them the curves looked oily, and suggested, from the semi-transparent skin, that the creature must be built of soft, pulpy material.
It turned to cross our bows and go seawards, so I instantly ordered the Nemesis to be laid round to intercept it. Meanwhile Mr. Blair (whom we call "Mac" for reasons that will be known to most people) had gone below, and soon the funnel belched forth a cloud of heavy smoke, which hung over the deck and made everyone as black as the stokers. A faint vibration now ran through the Nemesis and Mac
came up again, saying, "She's gaun sixty-nine
noo" — referring, of course, to the revolutions of
the engines. The monster, however, was now
just crossing only a short distance ahead ;
and recognising that the Nemesis was not
"Clyde-built " — although her chief engineer was
—and not caring that my owners should think I
altered the ship's course to chase a mysterious
monster of the deep, I turned the ship round to
be parallel once more and then ordered every one to take notes as to the immense creature's
size, etc.
I had only two passengers on board, one a
Mr. Johnston, owner of the Shamrock Hotel, at
Geraldton, West Australia, and the other a Mr.
Macrae, of Sydney. Both were on deck with
the chief officer. Mr. Johnston was greatly
excited, but Mr. Macrae took it all as a matter
of course, and calmly sketched the now swiftly
moving creature whom we had watched so long
and so attentively.
I laid the Nemesis in line myself, the chief
officer and Mr. Johnston "marking off" at the
bows, while Mac, Mr. Macrae, and the third
engineer took their observations at the stern.
The chief steward and an assistant, together
with all the crew, save the firemen on duty, were
also watching.
When the first officer signalled to me that
our bows were abreast I repeated to Mac, who
instantly "sighted," and reported that about
20ft. of the monster still projected past the
Nemesis's stern. The Nemesis is 273ft. in
length.
We all gathered on the forepeak then and
estimated carefully the height of the arches, which was easily proved, as they were short a
foot of the deck on which we stood; and this
was 16ft. above water.
Comparing it, then, with a log of "Jarrah" wood, with which all on board were familiar, we agreed that it was about 3ft. 6in. in diameter, so as the creature was now increasing its speed, and the spirals rolling off quicker than the eye could follow them without getting dazed, I reluctantly ordered our course to be set round Cape Naturaliste, and in due course we entered Vasse Harbour.
Eventually we arrived at Fremantle, where as soon as we got tied up a young fellow from the Perth Morning Herald boarded us and asked: —
"Have you seen anything unusual this side of Leewin, Captain Thomson?"
"Why do you ask?" I said, for I cannot stand chaff, and could not under stand how news could come quicker than we did ourselves.
"Oh, well, you see, Captain Campbell, of the ss. Perth, has just got in, and he reports having seen a sea-serpent, off Rottnest Island, so I thought you
might have seen it too. Of course, it all depends
on what brand of whisky you use on board."
I went over to the Perth, of the Melbourne Steamship Company, and saw my friend
Captain Campbell.
I gradually induced him to talk of what he had seen. To cut it short, we compared notes
and found that our observations agreed in every
detail. He, his officers, passengers, and crew
had also seen the extraordinary monster off
Rottnest Island, about eighty miles north of
Vasse, twelve hours after we had seen it, and
while we were in Vasse Harbour. Captain
Campbell is one of the best-known skippers on
this coast, and, as he sorrowfully told me, his
word had never been doubted before.
He thinks the
creature must have
been thrown up from
some great depth by
one of those sub-marine eruptions
which, round the Leewin," are pretty
frequent — as we
coasters know.
I have not the
ability to handle
words as I should
like — and therefore
request any curious
or doubting ones to
refer to any of the
persons mentioned
in the article.

Comment: If the sighting took place on the same day as that of the Perth, it would have been on 15 August. (See my previous post.)
This is a good example of what happens when journalists don't do their duty. In those days, it seems, when sea serpents were reported, the newspapermen printed only what the witness said, without asking further questions. It should have been obvious that there must have been more than one witness. The journalist could have asked for their names, and then interviewed them while their memories were still fresh - assuming that it really happened. Passengers would have been particularly useful, because of their independence from the captain. Even so, it would have been interesting if any reader of this article had thought to write to Mr Johnston at the Shamrock Hotel. As it is, we shall simply have to analyse the account by itself.
Once more, I need to remind you that the illustration was drawn by an artist who had never seen the animal. Although it appears to be reasonably consistent with the description, we can rely only on the text. What on earth could it have been?
First of all, we can dispose of the editor's misidentification as a "giant octopus" ie a giant squid. Giant squids possess a bullet-shaped body with eight tentacles, plus two sessile arms as long as the rest of the body and tentacles combined, but even in the largest specimens no thicker than a man's arm. The longest recorded was 57 feet [17.4 m]. Now, birds and mammals are exceptional in that they cease growing at maturity. Most other animals continue to grow, albeit very slowly, throughout life. Nevertheless, adults normally settle down somewhere around what might be called a typical adult size. However, giant squid are an exception. There does not appear to be any typical adult size, and the vast majority of those measured have been much smaller than the maximum. Also, giant squid live hundreds of feet down, in the semidarkness, and normally appear on the surface only when dying. Yes, there is reason to believe in the existence of squid much bigger than the recorded maximum, but the idea of one six times as long, with arms 3½ feet [a metre] thick, coming to the surface and waving one of these arms in the fashion described, without any other part of the body being visible (Captain Thomson said that the "tail-end" came out of the water) is too ridiculous to consider. Also, the end of a squid's arm bears no "fin" or "flap" as described.
So what was it? Many readers will remember Heuvelmans' dictum that only mammals undulate vertically, but probably do not know why. It is Zoology 101. All of us are evolved from worm-like creatures which lived on the bottom of the sea or river. Lateral undulations are the natural method of propulsion for such animals, and when they took to swimming, it was natural that the same method would continue. The basic vertebrate shape is an elongated form with vertical bands of muscles called "myotomes" which pull against each other. This is still the case in the human embryo. Indeed, our ribs mark the spaces between the original myotomes.
When vertebrates took to the land, they continued this body plan. If you watch a lizard walking, you will see that it swings its body laterally, with its legs sprawled out at right angles to the body. This is a very inefficient mode of locomotion. Therefore, two groups - the dinosaurs and the mammals - managed to tuck their legs in under the body. A mammal moves its legs directly forwards, and flexes its spine vertically. When mammals swim, they therefore flex their bodies vertically. Thus, a whale has a horizontal tail fluke, while a fish has a vertical one. Most of the spinal flexibility remains in the tail, and in the lumbar region ie between the ribs and pelvis. With a whale's pelvis being vestigial, an elongated whale would have much scope for vertical undulations.
Nevertheless, undulations such as described would be out of the question for anything with a backbone. Also, it would be physically impossible to raise the loops 15 feet [4½ metres] out of the waters. Besides which, a mammal as long and as thin as that would be extraordinary, to say the least.
An invertebrate? Like what? It doesn't appear to fit any known group of invertebrates, and the enormous length would be hard to manage without a backbone. And the problem of lifting the loops 4½ metres out of the water still applies.
Finally, nothing like this has ever been reported before or since.
I have to agree with Heuvelmans; it's a load of old rubbish. Captain Thomson was probably inspired to make it all up by the young reporter asking what he had seen. He had a good imagination, but not much knowledge of zoology.

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The Possum Book

I am pleased to provide a link to a website of a friend of mine, Robyn Tracey, who has written a fascinating story about her dealings with brush-tailed possums in the outer suburbs of Sydney. You can download the book for free, or read it on the site. Go to: The Possum Book.