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I received my MA in philosophy of science many years ago and currently reviving my academic interests. I hope to stimulate individuals in the realms of science, philosophy and the arts...to provide as much free information as possible.

Tuesday, March 13, 2012

Deceased--Tom Johnson

Telescope visionary Tom Johnson poses with one of his early Celestron Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes.

Johnson's first really ambitious creation graced the cover of the March 1963 issue of Sky & Telescope.

Tom Johnson, 1923 – 2012

Thomas J. Johnson, the creator of the modern Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope and the founder of Celestron, died early this morning (March 13, 2012), according to Celestron president and CEO Joe Lupica. Johnson was 89.

March 13th, 2012

Sky & Telescope

He ranked among the most important figures shaping the last half century of amateur astronomy.

Johnson was in his early 30s when, in 1955, he used his World War II experience as a radar technician, and postwar employment in the electronics industry, to establish a company called Valor Electronics. Based in Gardena, California, Valor made various components for military and industrial customers, and by the early 1960s it had expanded to roughly 100 employees.

As Valor was growing, so too was Johnson’s own interest in amateur astronomy. After first purchasing 4-inch and later a 10-inch Newtonian reflector, Johnson then headed down a path followed by many amateurs of the day and turned to the hobby of telescope making. The first scope he made was an 8-inch f/4 rich-field Newtonian, soon followed by a 12-inch Cassegrain. Meanwhile, in 1960 he established an "Astro-Optical" division of Valor.

His next telescope project demonstrated that his telescope-making talent and energy would be truly formidable. This scope was a highly unconventional 18¾-inch Cassegrain, made to be transportable. To reduce the weight of the 3-inch-thick primary mirror, Johnson had a ribbed pattern sandblasted into the back of the glass blank. Six months and about $1,000 later, he had a fork-mounted scope that could be disassembled and packed into a car in about 15 minutes.

On July 28, 1962, he hauled the scope to the parking area atop Mount Pinos for its public debut at one of the Los Angeles Astronomical Society’s star parties. It made a big impression among the group’s advanced amateurs, who examined it in detail. The telescope was so noteworthy that it became the cover story of Sky & Telescope's March 1963 issue.

But it was another S&T article that prompted Johnson to change history. As he was finishing the 18¾-inch scope, Donald Willey published a seminal analysis of Cassegrain telescope designs in the April 1962 issue. Johnson was intrigued by the excellent off-axis optical performance of the Schmidt-Cassegrain design. Based on his experience building the 18¾-inch scope and a plan to use optics made to order by Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Johnson took the bold step of advertising a 20-inch multipurpose Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, called the "Celestronic 20," in S&T’s January 1964 issue.

The Astro-Optical Division name quickly morphed to Celestron Pacific, a division of Valor. By December Valor was dropped, and Celestron’s ad introduced pictures of 4-, 6-, 10-, and 22-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes as well as mention of a 36-inch. But most of Celestron’s sales were for the 10-inch, which cost about $2,000 when outfitted with basic accessories.

Despite his initial arrangement with Perkin-Elmer, Johnson was soon making his own Schmidt-Cassegrain optics. A breakthrough came early on when Johnson created a method for mass producing the telescopes’ optically complex corrector plates. For this and other contributions to optics, Johnson was later awarded the Optical Society of America’s David Richardson Medal; he was one of only a few non-Ph.D. optical engineers to ever receive the honor.

In the late 1960s, Johnson and his colleagues speculated that the sweet spot of the market would be for a compact, quality 8-inch portable Schmidt-Cassegrain costing around $1,000. And unlike most telescopes of the day, it should be as photography-friendly as the technology of the time allowed. Johnson returned to the drafting table, and what emerged was the $850 “classic C8,” first advertised in S&T’s June 1970 issue. With a radically new orange and tan motif, the C8 was an overnight hit. It set the pattern for all the amateur Schmidt-Cassegrains that would follow in the coming decades from Celestron, its competitor Meade Instruments, and others.

Writes Celestron's president and CEO Joe Lupica: "Tom's innovative, pioneering spirit created a revolutionary method of mass producing an affordable Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope design, which allowed millions of amateur astronomers to pursue their passion for astronomy. Other notable achievements include a 1978 David Richardson Medal from the Optical Society of America, a 1993 Bruce Blair Medal from the Western Amateur Astronomers, and a 2009 Lifetime Achievement Award by the Small Telescope & Astronomical Society. Our hearts go out to Tom's wife and family and to all who were touched by his achievements and innovation."

For more about Johnson's life and how his optical innovations revolutionized amateur astronomy, see The Path of Light. Produced by Celestron two years ago, this 17½-minute documentary features interviews with Johnson and others who grew up using his telescopes.

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Poet colleague

Annus mirabilis-1905 March is a time of transition winter and spring commence their struggle between moments of ice and mud a robin appears heralding the inevitable life stumbling from its slumber it was in such a period of change in 1905 that the House of Physics would see its Newtonian axioms of an ordered universe collapse into a new frontier where the divisions of time and space matter and energy were to blend as rain and wind in a storm that broke loose within the mind of Albert Einstein where Brownian motion danced seen and unseen, a random walk that became his papers marching through science reshaping the very fabric of the universe we have come to know we all share a common ancestor a star long lost in the eons of memory and yet in that commonality nature demands a permutation a perchance genetic roll of the dice which births a new vision lifting us temporarily from the mystery exposing some of the roots to our existence only to raise a plethora of more questions as did the papers of Einstein in 1905