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Restoring Native Prairie Lands

Students and staff at Sisseton Wahpeton College in South Dakota have re-seeded 100 acres of farmland, restoring a lost prairie.

By Katie Scarlett Brandt

A sea of green grasses swayed across the northern plains 200 years ago. They created a dry, land-locked ocean, filled with bison instead of whales, birds in place of fish.

With European settlement, much of North America’s grasslands were lost by the middle of the twentieth century, largely due to extensive farming. Of the more than 170 million acres of tallgrass prairie that once covered the plains, less than 4 percent remains, according to the National Park Service.

However, Sisseton Wahpeton College in Sisseton, South Dakota is working to bring it back. The tribal college, located in northeastern South Dakota, seeded a 100-acre parcel located behind college’s rural campus in 2009, converting it from farmland after two years of planning. Eight years later, college employees and students work together to eliminate non-native species and restore the prairie grasses, flowers, and shrubs that once occupied the area.

“We wanted to create an outdoor classroom, where we could take students to learn, do research projects, and teach the community about the prairie and different plants—medicinal, cooking, traditional uses,” said Science and Extension Coordinator Dr. Richard (Rick) DeLoughrey.

In the years since the college initiated the Prairie Restoration Project, students have identified between 60 and 70 native species growing in the area. Their log includes:

Switchgrass

Little blue stem

Indian grass

Green needle grass

Echinacea

Prairie onion

Fleabane

Juneberry

Buffalo berry

Black-eyed Susan

A grant from the United States Department of Agriculture primarily funds the project. The Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux tribe donated additional land. That land runs along a main highway, and sits across the street from businesses, a housing development, and tribal administration.

A Community Effort

The prairie’s close proximity to the community makes it easy for residents to stay actively involved in its development. People driving past see the prairie’s tall grasses, and youth venture down the half-mile walking paths after school and during the summer, checking out the growth and the pond where cattails and willows grow. Elders also make the trek into the prairie via a paved path and golf cart.

Students meet weekly with elders in the community to name the plants in the local Dakota language. They record a digital file to match with each plan, and are pooling the information to share with the community in the future.

Looking to the future, DeLoughery said the college would like to hold workshops to teach the public about the prairie. Part of that education will focus on identifying the differences between prairie that animals have grazed and that which has remained untouched.

“The prairie was originally grazed by animals, and that helped its diversity, too,” DeLoughery said. He cited bison as an example, explaining that the weight behind their hooves helped to disturb the surface of the ground and push seeds further into the soil.

However, because bison are wild animals, the college is instead planning to graze the prairie with domesticated cattle or sheep. “Due to the proximity of children and other people, it’s not necessarily safe [to use bison],” DeLoughery said.

In preparation for making the jump to larger grazing animals, the college recently acquired three goats, which consume much of the weed and non-native species growth, leaving the grasses alone. Prairie grasses tend to grow slowly and establish deep roots, DeLoughery said, so it takes time to prepare the land for large animal grazing.

Pocket gophers have started to build their homes in the prairie, pushing up soil into tiny mounds that make walking a challenge. “This was a farmed field, so they couldn’t live here before,” DeLoughery said.

While studies have yet to document the animal and insect populations of the prairie restoration, DeLoughery said that research likely isn’t far off. “If we can, we’ll hire students to do some of those studies—lay out 100-foot tape measures to identify species at each foot mark.”

Every couple of years, researchers will return to those measures to record how the species have evolved and changed over time. With continued effort and engagement, Sisseton’s future may look more like its past—a sea of green grasses in the middle of the plains.