B. F.
Skinner (1904–1990) was an American psychologist (
[link] ). Like Watson, Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behavior was affected by its consequences. Therefore, Skinner spoke of reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior. As a part of his research, Skinner developed a chamber that allowed the careful study of the principles of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment. This device, known as an operant conditioning chamber (or more familiarly, a Skinner box), has remained a crucial resource for researchers studying behavior (Thorne&Henley, 2005).

(a) B. F. Skinner is famous for his research on operant conditioning. (b) Modified versions of the operant conditioning chamber, or Skinner box, are still widely used in research settings today. (credit a: modification of work by "Silly rabbit"/Wikimedia Commons)

The
Skinner box is a chamber that isolates the subject from the external environment and has a behavior indicator such as a lever or a button. When the animal pushes the button or lever, the box is able to deliver a positive reinforcement of the behavior (such as food) or a punishment (such as a noise) or a token conditioner (such as a light) that is correlated with either the positive reinforcement or punishment.

Skinner’s focus on positive and negative reinforcement of learned behaviors had a lasting influence in psychology that has waned somewhat since the growth of research in cognitive psychology. Despite this, conditioned learning is still used in human behavioral modification. Skinner’s two widely read and controversial popular science books about the value of operant conditioning for creating happier lives remain as thought-provoking arguments for his approach (Greengrass, 2004).

Maslow, rogers, and humanism

During the early 20th century, American psychology was dominated by behaviorism and psychoanalysis. However, some psychologists were uncomfortable with what they viewed as limited perspectives being so influential to the field. They objected to the pessimism and determinism (all actions driven by the unconscious) of Freud. They also disliked the reductionism, or simplifying nature, of behaviorism. Behaviorism is also deterministic at its core, because it sees human behavior as entirely determined by a combination of genetics and environment. Some psychologists began to form their own ideas that emphasized personal control, intentionality, and a true predisposition for “good” as important for our self-concept and our behavior. Thus, humanism emerged.
Humanism is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. Two of the most well-known proponents of humanistic psychology are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers (O’Hara, n.d.).

Abraham
Maslow (1908–1970) was an American psychologist who is best known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior (
[link] ). Although this concept will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter, a brief overview will be provided here. Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to motivate behavior. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization, a process by which we achieve our full potential. Obviously, the focus on the positive aspects of human nature that are characteristic of the humanistic perspective is evident (Thorne&Henley, 2005). Humanistic psychologists rejected, on principle, the research approach based on reductionist experimentation in the tradition of the physical and biological sciences, because it missed the “whole” human being. Beginning with Maslow and Rogers, there was an insistence on a humanistic research program. This program has been largely qualitative (not measurement-based), but there exist a number of quantitative research strains within humanistic psychology, including research on happiness, self-concept, meditation, and the outcomes of humanistic psychotherapy (Friedman, 2008).

it is the study of human nature. it is the study of man, man as a being living in an over-changing world, responding to things and events and other people.

ayman

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Cognition is more about knowing. Learning, for instance, changes or at least has some effect on cognitive style. And Constructivism is more of a method or way to know and learn.
This is the way I see these concepts. If you may please, tell me, have I got them correct?

Try to remember your first day in college(or anywhere). That is your episodic memory. If we discern its characteristics, then obviously its1) Autobiographical, 2)Explicit, meaning it can be expressed verbally, and 3)Retrievable, you can watch that scene on the screen inside your head anytime.

Vijay

that's interesting

Paveethra

yes it is.

mahendra

like watching a season of a show, except it's the show of your life.

Jonah

I just watched the show of my life!!! With deleted scenes(that helps) 🎃

Which one are you aware of? I'm aware of that psychology is the study of mind and behaviour?

Onesmo

yea thats the only definition that i found

TheReal

really

ravi

"Scientific" study of behaviour & mental processes..

ravi

Yes of course"scientific study" even the first definition is scientific but I'm wondering if "mental process is not included in the mind cause, mind is all about mental processes!

Onesmo

in general and what they teach in PSYC101 yes, psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, but as you go deeper, you will get more detailed definitions, for example cognitive psychology is the same definition plus emphasis in mental processes.

Mohammed

ok thanks guys

TheReal

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Hlw, everyone. Nice to meet you guys. May I know that How to know about the psychological condition of any person ?

basically you have to observe any person is he/she anxious or have any stress. for that you have to talk and make a good positive relation and being comfortable to person. you have to assist her personality. don't be judgemental. try to under stand her environment . don't be a emotional.

Nitin

cool, what if my opposite person acts moody....?

Sayantan

if you observe serious mood swings may be he/she suffer from some neurotic problem like bipolar.or may be some action affects negatively

Nitin

observation is very skilled task you can't just learned from a online platform. i just completed my Post graduation diploma in clinical psychology. but still i can't able to well define the mood of patients

Nitin

what's your opinion about the mood swings...? What are the causes (except periods of girls).

Sayantan

I agee on the bipolar, what kind of Moody?

Tina

moody means, suppose a person is talking softly with me but within a fraction of seconds he is starting reacting...

Sayantan

what type of mood swings anger-happy , normal-anger. extra energetic and low aur any other symptom

Nitin

normal- anger that generally causes due to frustration

Sayantan

and due to frustration emerged aggression

Sahni

How many types of characters, does humans have ?

Sayantan

types of characters or should you personality or temperament?

DHRUV

which one suits best ?

Sayantan

if personality, then how many types of personality are their in human

Sayantan

well there 5 basic types defined by terman
though there are numerous types as per the different theorists over the time
1. Introversion
2. extraversion
3.agreeable
4. concitiousness
5.neuroticism.

hello everyone.. I have completed my master's in clinical psychology and have an internship experience in the field of mental health

Nirali

same here

Hunny

great

Nirali

how r u

Hunny

from where u r?

Hunny

Mumbai, India

Nirali

😯 woow

Khwabeeda

good

Dr

good

Hunny

want to visit india

Hunny

hey there (seniors) ..am an undergraduate student right now

Khwabeeda

oh nice

Nirali

aoa dr azeem

Hunny

from where u r dr azeem?

Hunny

🙂

Hunny

what do I have to do for becoming additional psychologist ? if any of you can suggest some key points

Khwabeeda

I am Ann from Russia. I am 28. :-)
I am learning psychology by myself for prepare to enter at the university as a psychologist. I am looking for somebody who want to learn psychology together and discuss topics :-)

Anna

I am 17

Sai

If someone wants to study together and discuss topics, write briefly about yourself and share yours contacts please :)

Anna

I am 17

Sai

i want

Hunny

I am 17

Sai

hello my people

Samuel

m from pakistan...

Hunny

hey

Kanika

i want 2 learn how 2 deal with mently dsturbd prson

Hunny

anna

Samuel

i m 24

Hunny

hy

Hunny

anna....

Hunny

Yeah i want to learn that too

yaswanti

it's very interesting to see there brain function with their illness compare to a some what sane person 🤔

Gerald

how should i deal with somebody who is already too much disturbed with his past... that he doesn't pay attention to his present

yaswanti

Anna how are you

Samuel

also want to learn about brain parts their function n role of neurotransmitters

Hunny

hii

Yendluri

can anyone teach me human psychology

Yendluri

India Punjab Patiala pursuing MAPC IGNU through cc

rajesh

becoz I am going into that field

Yendluri

have u not any idea about human psychology

Hunny

u should go....

Hunny

what do u want to know about human psychology

yaswanti

yaswanti...how can u xplan it

Hunny

explain what...human psychology?

yaswanti

no no m asking about cognition

Hunny

completly how people judge and how I have to do it criminal psychology behaviour of humans so on,how to attract people towards our side during interview

Yendluri

a lot of it reiterating that things that have happened in the past is in the past and that we can't go back to change it however we can learn from it so we don't make the same mistakes over and the most important you'll have to find different ways of getting your message a cross.

Gerald

if you know iam glad to know

Yendluri

anyboby have mcqs relatd to psychology with answers for the preparation of compition papr

Hunny

Which exam r u preparing for?

yaswanti

is there anyone to help

Yendluri

4 the admission of ms clinical psychology

Hunny

i nd hlp kindly plz

Hunny

hlw

Sayantan

aoa

Hunny

sorry but i don't know have the MCQs

yaswanti

hmm...its ok dear

Hunny

I want to know how to deal with somebody with a horrible past... somebody full of complexes

yaswanti

Yaswanti Bura, horrible past mean ?

Sayantan

with full trust worthy...

Hunny

no dude , only trust is not the solution

Sayantan

hii. i am kanika from india and i am 18. i have opted for computer science course and want to learn psychology in my part time . can anybody help

Kanika

gee from the state's

Gerald

Horrible past here means...pat full of violence, drug addiction, bad company and loneliness

yaswanti

ok cool, first you have to know whether the person is extrovert or introvert.

Sayantan

according to me, generally people who are extrovert ,they suffer from bad company and loneliness while people who are introvert they goes for violence or drug addictions.

Sayantan

He's definitely an introvert...never shares his problems and acts like everything is fine when from inside he is full of complexes and doesn't trust people

yaswanti

he is addicted to drugs ?

Sayantan

I don't think so

Sayantan

Yes...he says it's a distraction but never mentions distraction from what...though i have a good idea what he's running from

yaswanti

What's your relationship with him ?

Sayantan

We know each other from a year and a half... he's my friend though he claims that I'm his best friend and i know more about him than anyone else

yaswanti

Your and his age ?

Sayantan

16 and...17 respectively

yaswanti

You told , you know lots of things about him than others, right ?

Sayantan

M from Nigeria l am undergraduate student

Zainab

aoa zainab...m sana from pakistan

Hunny

how far

Zainab

Yeah that's right i know more about him than others

yaswanti

I am in skull of community health ,I studies little in spychology

Zainab

Hey I am Tanin! From Bangladesh! I am studying Sociology, BSS Honours First Year..Social Pshychology is one of my major course. I am expecting that you guys will help me 🙂

Shanjida

cool, you know almost more than a half year, so when you first became his friend he was like this only ? or he suddenly changed ?

Sayantan

He has changed...remarkably...he loses his temper more, he more alone, sometimes when he is saying something it's like there's something else he wants to tell me from those lines but i can't grasp the idea, he's more lost now than he was when i met him...