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The following table shows the brain regions from the cortex to the brain stem
with their functions and associated disorders in English, German
and Latin. All references (mainly links
to abstracts) are only given in place of many other studies that point towards the same function
or disorder. Neither do they represent the first nor the only or most important or valid
finding in this area. Their main purpose is to encourage further study on these subjects.
Our selection of a specific reference does not represent an evaluation of the respective study or
finding per se or in comparison with other studies.
If you feel that we have omitted an important study, function or disorder
that should definitely be included in the relevant section, or if you have any questions, comments,
additions or objections, please feel free to send us an
e-mail. Thank you for your interest!

Please click on the little pictures or links to learn more about a specific brain region (BA=Brodmann
Area). One click on 'S' will lead you to the source (this will open a new tab or window).
Please excuse any potential mistakes in spelling or grammar. This site was developed by a
German who then translated it into (hopefully readable) American English.

Please note that the execution of a certain function is never bound to one region alone
but requires complex neural conduction along several pathways connecting
those brain regions that are specialized in this function or contribute to it in any way
(previous knowledge, flight instinct, anticipation of outcomes...)

Selection, comparison, and evaluation of stimuli; prediction error signaling (mOFC,
S)
and the detection of contingency change; important for outcome-guided behavior:
error detection, evaluation of expected outcomes, rapid recognition of unexpected outcomes,
and the change of behavior that's called for ("reversal learning"
S),
learning by mistakes and unexpected outcomes
S

* Anterior: visualization of emotional events in the far future (q.v.:
caudate nucleus),
and assignment of emotional values to mental representations of future events that pertain to long-term goals
S

Social cognition
S
(Reasoning about the minds and motivation of other people, compassion to the suffering opponent
S,
empathy/ friendship
S,
self-referential thinking while mentalizing about similar others
S,
S,
self-relatedness S

Functions: Planning and creation of motion sequences and coordination with both
the cerebellum
and the basal ganglia
using visuospatial
S
as well as sensory information that define parameters such as the appropriate scope of the movement

Movement plannning and execution as well as observation of the same movement/ action
in others (via mirror neurons)
S

Functions: Part of the Association cortex: Recognition of complex non-spatial auditory
and visual
stimuli (body parts, faces, food...) by means of interconnection of different sensory
modalities to one unified impression; hallucinations

Functions: Encoding, retention and retrieval of spatial and episodic experiences
S;
memory S,
above all episodic and autobiographic
S,
but not procedural, and only in part semantic (controversial,
S,
S,
S);
learning, recognition
S

Functions: Motor skills; motion selection, initiation and control:
information transfer from the (P)FC and the
parietal cortex via the
basal ganglia and the thalamus up to the
SMA (part of the motor cortex);
above all inhibition of unwanted/ inappropriate movements but also
coordination of volitional movements, postures
S

* Ventral: Preparation, initiation and execution of reward-related
behavior as a result of successful integration of (relevant) emotional
and cognitive information (strong connections to the OFC
and the ACC)
S
even when rewards were cued but omitted
S

Language control (left: changes in the language or the meaning of words)
S;
Speech processing (e.g. ambivalence)
S

Perceptual skill learning
S;
Reaction to positive and negative feedback during learning
S,
left hemisphere: detection of a change in the 'context' and the subsequent formulation of a new 'rule'
S;
the linking of action to outcome
S

Functions: Motion facilitation (lateral segment) and motion inhibition (medial segment);
acts as an "antagonist" of the Striatum; sends inhibiting impulses
to the Thalamus and the Nucleus subthalamicus

1.2. Diencephalon

DiE, Diencephalon

Zwischenhirn

Functions: Control of the visceral functions and the autonomic nervous system;
immune system modulation; "switch point" for information transfers between different brain regions;
motor function amongst others

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