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root anatomy

Roots grow in length only from their ends. The very tip of the root is covered by a protective, thimble-shaped root cap. Just behind the root cap lies the
apical meristem, a tissue of actively dividing cells. Some of the cells produced by the
apical meristem are added to the root cap, but most of them are added to the region of elongation, which lies just above the meristematic region. It is in...

growth and development

Since 1950, a theory of angiosperm apical zonation developed by French and Belgian botanists has been gaining support. This theory proposes that the central region of the apical dome constitutes a mass of cells with relatively low division rates, the
méristème d’attente, or “waiting meristem.” Surrounding this region is an annular zone of cells with higher...

location and function

Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as apical (located at root and shoot tips), lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyledons—
e.g., grasses). Apical meristems are also known as primary meristems because they give rise to...

tissue formation

In vascular plants, such as angiosperms and gymnosperms, cell division takes place almost exclusively in specific tissues known as meristems. Apical meristems, which are located at the tips of shoots and roots in all vascular plants, give rise to three types of primary meristems, which in turn produce the mature primary tissues of the plant. The three kinds of mature tissues are dermal,...

roots and shoots

angiosperms

...of dividing cells, essentially permanently embryonic tissue, are called meristems, and their cells are termed initials. In the embryo they are found at either end of the bipolar axis and are called
apical meristems. As the plant matures,
apical meristems in the shoots produce new buds and leaves, and
apical meristems in the roots are the points of active growth for roots (Figure 3). All growth...

The root
apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apex is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap. As the cells of the root cap are destroyed and sloughed off, new parenchyma cells are...

The development of monocotyledonous leaves after initiation of cell division on the shoot
apical meristem is different from that of dicotyledons and results in leaves with different morphologies from those of dicotyledons. Leaves in monocotyledons have either a radial leaf tip or are expanded in the same plane as the stems instead of at a right angle to the stem, as in dicotyledons. The leaf...

At this time, the prospective future of each of the zones of the embryo can be specified. Four cells of the octant group will ultimately produce the seed leaves (cotyledons) and the shoot apex; the other four will form the hypocotyl, the part of the embryo between the cotyledons and the primary root (radicle). The hypophysis will give rise to the radicle and the root cap; the cells of the...

...of determinate growth, with the lateral members occupying the sites of leaves differentiating as floral organs—sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. In the transition to flowering, the stem apex undergoes distinctive changes, the most conspicuous of which is in the shape of the apical region, which is related to the kind of structure to be formed, whether a single flower, as in the...

cycadophytes

...appears partitioned horizontally at intervals by vascular tissue. Each cone dome represents the displacement of a cone axis to one side as a result of the initiation and growth of the new vegetative apex.

trees

As is true of other higher vascular plants, all the branches and the central stem of trees (the trunk or bole) terminate in growing points called shoot
apical meristems. These are centres of potentially indefinite growth and development, annually producing the leaves as well as a bud in the axis of most leaves that has the potential to grow out as a branch. These shoot apical growing centres...