An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the type III secretion system used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.MSH

iron binding protein found in the specific granules of neutrophils where it exerts an antimicrobial activity by withholding iron from ingested bacteria and fungi; occurs in many excretions and exudates.CSP

Lactotransferrin (710 aa, ~78 kDa) is encoded by the human LTF gene. This protein is involved in the mediation of both proteolysis and iron transport.NCI

A protein that is found in milk, tears, mucus, bile, and some white blood cells and is being studied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. It is involved in fighting against infection and inflammation and it acts as an antioxidant.NCI

Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.MSH

failure of control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus; it may be either psychogenic or organic in origin.CSP

Inability to control the escape of stool from the rectum.NCI

A disorder characterized by inability to control the escape of stool from the rectum.NCI

Bowel incontinence is the inability to control your bowels. When you feel the urge to have a bowel movement, you may not be able to hold it until you get to a toilet. More than 5.5 million Americans have bowel incontinence. It affects people of all ages – children and adults. It is more common in women and older adults, but it is not a normal part of aging.

A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202)MSH

A benzoxazolone derivative with mild sedative and centrally-acting muscle relaxant activities. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, chlorzoxazone (CZ) appears to act at the spinal cord and subcortical levels of the brain to inhibit multisynaptic reflex arcs involved in producing and maintaining muscle spasms. This agent is extensively hydroxylated by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) to 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (HCZ),11,12 which is subsequently glucuronidated and eliminated renally. Highly selective for CYP2E1, CZ may be used as a selective probe for phenotyping CYP2E1 in humans; the ratio of HCZ-to-CZ plasma concentrations obtained 2 to 4 hours after oral administration of CZ may be used as a phenotypic measure of CYP2E1 enzymatic activity.NCI

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund`s adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.MSH

A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease.NCI

a drug that stimulates the immune systemCHV

A substance that increases the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease.NCI

Substances that stimulate the immune system.NCI

Adjuvants are mostly pharmacological agents of drug or biological origin used to modify the antigenicity of immunization components, i.e., to stimulate, potentiate, or depress the immune response or to inhibit or enhance specific subclasses of immunocytes. Adjuvants augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. Classical agents (Freund`s adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum) contain bacterial antigens. Some adjuvants are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. Since adjuvants enhance the body`s immune response, they can be considered a type of immune modulator.NCI

A plant genus of the family APIACEAE. It contains pungent oils and resins. It is used to flavor curries, as a carminative, and as cat and dog repellent. The occasionally used common name of `giant fennel` should not be confused with true fennel (FOENICULUM).MSH

pathologic condition or abnormal functioning of either or both of the paired glands situated in the retroperitoneal tissues at the superior pole of the kidneys or adrenal glands.CSP

Your adrenal, or suprarenal, glands are located on the top of each kidney. These glands produce hormones that you can`t live without, including sex hormones and cortisol, which helps you respond to stress and has many other functions.

Adrenal disorders can cause your adrenal glands to make too much or not enough hormones. With Cushing`s syndrome, there`s too much cortisol, while with Addison`s disease, there is too little. Some people are born unable to make enough cortisol. Tumors can also cause disorders in your adrenal glands. Bleeding and infection can cause an adrenal gland problem that can be fatal without quick treatment.

Treatment depends on which problem you have. Surgery or medicines can treat many adrenal gland disorders.

Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.MSH

A form contains glucuronic acid, B and C forms contain L-iduronic acid; all are sulfated on their galactosamine residues, B and C differing by the position of sulfation.CSP

The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage.NCI

An autologous or commercial tissue adhesive containing FIBRINOGEN and THROMBIN. The commercial product is a two component system from human plasma that contains more than fibrinogen and thrombin. The first component contains highly concentrated fibrinogen, FACTOR VIII, fibronectin, and traces of other plasma proteins. The second component contains thrombin, calcium chloride, and antifibrinolytic agents such as APROTININ. Mixing of the two components promotes BLOOD CLOTTING and the formation and cross-linking of fibrin. The tissue adhesive is used for tissue sealing, HEMOSTASIS, and WOUND HEALING.MSH

A substance used during surgery to help heal wounds. It contains proteins found in human blood that cause blood to clot. When fibrin sealant is placed on a wound, a clot forms. Fibrin sealant is being studied as a way to improve healing after lymph node removal in patients with cancer. It is a type of surgical glue.NCI

A plasma-derived fibrin biomatrix preparation consisting of two separate solutions that are combined on application. The sealer protein solution contains clottable human fibrinogen and bovine aprotinin, a fibrinolysis inhibitor; the thrombin solution contains human thrombin and calcium chloride. When the solutions are combined, a clot is formed, reproducing the final stages of the coagulation cascade. Check for “http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=38531&idtype=1″ active clinical trials or “http://www.cancer.gov/Search/ClinicalTrialsLink.aspx?id=38531&idtype=1&closed=1″ closed clinical trials using this agent. (“http://nciterms.nci.nih.gov:80/NCIBrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI_Thesaurus&code=C2664″ NCI Thesaurus)PDQ

A plasma-derived fibrin biomatrix preparation consisting of two separate solutions that are combined on application. The sealer protein solution contains clottable human fibrinogen and bovine aprotinin, a fibrinolysis inhibitor; the thrombin solution contains human thrombin and calcium chloride. When the solutions are combined, a clot is formed, reproducing the final stages of the coagulation cascade.NCI

A pyrazine that is used therapeutically as an antitubercular agent.MSH

antibacterial derived from nicotinic acid, used as a tuberculostatic.CSP

A synthetic pyrazinoic acid amide derivative with bactericidal property. Pyrazinamide is particularly active against slowly multiplying intracellular bacilli (unaffected by other drugs) by an unknown mechanism of action. Its bactericidal action is dependent upon the presence of bacterial pyrazinamidase, which removes the amide group to produce active pyrazinoic acid. Pyrazinamide is an important component of multidrug therapy for tuberculosis. (NCI04)NCI

A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals including rodents. The Leishmania mexicana complex causes both cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS) and includes the subspecies amazonensis, garnhami, mexicana, pifanoi, and venezuelensis. L. m. mexicana causes chiclero ulcer, a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) in the New World. The sandfly, Lutzomyia, appears to be the vector.MSH

A republic consisting of an island group in Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific Ocean. Its capital is Suva. It was discovered by Abel Tasman in 1643 and was visited by Captain Cook in 1774. It was used by escaped convicts from Australia as early as 1804. It was annexed by Great Britain in 1874 but achieved independence in 1970. The name Fiji is of uncertain origin. In its present form it may represent that of Viti, the main island in the group. (From Webster`s New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p396 & Room, Brewer`s Dictionary of Names, 1992, p186)MSH

An island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. (NCI)NCI

An island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. (CIA World Factbook 2002)NCI

A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.MSH

A group of enzymes within the class EC 3.6.1.- that catalyze the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates. They may liberate either a mono- or diphosphate. EC 3.6.1.-.MSH

nonEC; catalyses the hydrolysis of diphosphate bonds, chiefly in nucleoside di- and triphosphates.CSP

A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.MSH

The designation for each member of the fourth largest human autosomal chromosome pair. Chromosome 4 spans more than 186 million base pairs and represents between 6 and 6.5% of the total DNA in normal diploid cells.NCI

The levels of excellence which characterize the health service or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality.MSH

activities and programs intended to assure or improve the quality of care in either a defined medical setting or a program; the concept includes the assessment or evaluation of the quality of care; identification of problems or shortcomings in the delivery of care; designing activities to overcome these deficiencies; and follow-up monitoring to ensure effectiveness of corrective steps.CSP