Create a PWM Output

Since we're using the onboard LED, we'll call the object led, use pulseio.PWMOut to create the output and pass in the D13 LED pin to use.

Main Loop

The main loop uses range() to cycle through the loop. When the range is below 50, it PWMs the LED brightness up, and when the range is above 50, it PWMs the brightness down. This is how it fades the LED brighter and dimmer!

The time.sleep() is needed to allow the PWM process to occur over a period of time. Otherwise it happens too quickly for you to see!

PWM Output with Variable Frequency

Fixed frequency outputs are great for pulsing LEDs or controlling servos. But if you want to make some beeps with a piezo, you'll need to vary the frequency.

The following example uses pulseio to make a series of tones on a piezo.

To use with any of the M0 boards, no changes to the following code are needed.

To use with the Metro M4 Express, ItsyBitsy M4 Express or the Feather M4 Express, you must comment out the piezo = pulseio.PWMOut(board.A2, duty_cycle=0, frequency=440, variable_frequency=True)line and uncomment the piezo = pulseio.PWMOut(board.A1, duty_cycle=0, frequency=440, variable_frequency=True) line. A2 is not a supported PWM pin on the M4 boards!

Remember: To "comment out" a line, put a # and a space before it. To "uncomment" a line, remove the # + space from the beginning of the line.

If you have simpleio library loaded into your /lib folder on your board, we have a nice little helper that makes a tone for you on a piezo with a single command.

To use with any of the M0 boards, no changes to the following code are needed.

To use with the Metro M4 Express, ItsyBitsy M4 Express or the Feather M4 Express, you must comment out the simpleio.tone(board.A2, f, 0.25)line and uncomment the simpleio.tone(board.A1, f, 0.25) line. A2 is not a supported PWM pin on the M4 boards!

Wire it up

Use the diagrams below to help you wire up your piezo. Attach one leg of the piezo to pin A2 on the M0 boards or A1 on the M4 boards, and the other leg to ground. It doesn't matter which leg is connected to which pin. They're interchangeable!

Circuit Playground Express

Use alligator clips to attach A2 and any one of the GND to different legs of the piezo.

Where's My PWM?

Want to check to see which pins have PWM yourself? We've written this handy script! It attempts to setup PWM on every pin available, and lets you know which ones work and which ones don't. Check it out!

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