The study was set to investigate on the factors that affect primary education quality in developing countries. It was motivated by the availability of a huge data set from South and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality (SACMEQ). Using data on Malawi in a Multilevel regression analysis the study discovered both school and student level factors that can be considered in an effort to improve education quality measured by student test scores. It is my hope that the book will inspire a debate on education quality around the discovered factors and offer a basis for policy consideration in an effort to change the direction of education in Africa.