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For bugs in Firefox Desktop, the Mozilla Foundation's web browser. For Firefox user interface issues in menus, developer tools, bookmarks, location bar, and preferences. Many Firefox bugs will either be filed here or in the Core product. (more info)

I still see this effect (in the PDF linked above) in the current ESR, 45.1.1.
Additionally, a very similar (the same?) issue can be seen in some standalone JPEGs on Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Versorgung_eines_Notfallpatienten.jpg
On that page, the original image (in resolution 1606 × 1205) is fine, but all of the smaller versions generated by MediaWiki appear in distorted colours – mostly pink, cyan, and white.
Chromium displays the images correctly, as does (after downloading) ImageMagick.