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Primate Conservation 2009 (24) Published electronically prior to print publication [May 2009]: A Survey of Millers Grizzled Surili, Presbytis hosei canicrus, in East Kalimantan, IndonesiaArif Setiawan, Tejo Suryo Nugroho, Djuwantoko and Satyawan PudyatmokoWildlife Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaForest Resource Conservation Department, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, IndonesiaAbstract: Millers grizzled surili, Presbytis hosei canicrus, is the rarest of the four hosei subspecies, all endemic to the island of Borneo. From 5 March to 6 April 2008, we carried out a survey to examine the status of this monkey in the eastern part of Bor-neo, most particularly in Kutai National Park. We were unable to fnd any evidence for the continued existence of Presbytis hosei in the park. We were able to locate just one group occupying the riverbank habitat of Baai River, isolated by oil palm plantations in the District of Karangan, East Kalimantan. Forest fres, particularly in 19971998, and hunting for food and for their bezoar stones are probably the main causes of the probable extirpation of P. hosei in the Kutai National Park. Forest loss due to extensive oil palm plantations is the main threat to this species in the areas of Sangkulirang and Karangan.Key words: Presbytis hosei canicrus, east Kalimantan, survey, habitat, forest fres, palm oilIntroductionThe grizzled sureli, Presbytis hosei (Thomas, 1889), is a Bornean endemic consisting of four subspecies (Brandon-Jones et al. 2004). Millers grizzled surili, Presbytis hosei canicrus Miller, 1934, occurs in the northeastern part of Borneo, in Kutai National Park, Mt. Talisayan, and in the Karangan River basin in East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Supri-atna and Wahyono 2000). It is now very rare, and has been listed as one of the worlds 25 most endangered primates (Brandon-Jones 2006). It has been classifed as Endangered by V. Nijman, E. Meijaard and J. Hon (assessors) on the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2008). This assessment was based on an evident decline in the population due to extensive habitat loss, fragmentation and hunting. The assessors indicated, however, that the geographical boundar-ies of the range of P. hosei are unknown, and future surveys could result in it being reclassifed.Its former stronghold, Kutai National Park, has been largely wrecked, and only 5% of its forest remains. Its destruc-tion was largely due to logging concessions, illegal settlement and massive and widespread forest fres. The population of P. h. canicrus believed to occur in this park, however, has never been surveyed (Meijaard and Nijman 2000). Here we report on a survey of this species in the Kutai National Park and other parts of its known geographic distribution.MethodsFrom 5 March 2008 to 6 April 2008, we surveyed three sites in Kutai National Park (created in 1982, 198,629 ha) Prevab (0031'54.6"N, 11727'54.0"E), Mentoko (0034'04.0"N, 11725'53.0"E), and Melawan (0030'17.3"N, 11726'45.5"E). We also traveled along the Sangata River (that forms the northeastern boundary of the park) starting from the town of Sangata lama downstream to the mouth of the river. We surveyed locations outside the Kutai National Park: Baai River from Pengadan village (0115'10.9"N, 11745'20.3"E); Karangan River from Perondongan village (0120'15.1"N, 11742'14.9"E); and another location in a karst area, north-east of Mt. Beriun (0109'00.6"N, 11722'48.8"). These locations are in the Districts of Sangkulirang and Karangan of the East Kutai Regency (Fig. 1). The surveys conducted on foot used line transect methods (Whitesides et. al. 1988). We walked along existing trails (cut by the research station in Kutai National Park), and in some cases we set up new transects where trails were unavailable. Each transect was 2 to 5 km long. We recorded animal-to-observer distances using a laser rangefnder, and noted the number of individu-als, group spread, age-class categories of the individuals seen, their behavior, and their responses to the observer. The sur-veys were begun at about 07:00 and would continue till about 17:30 h.Setiawan et al.2We also surveyed rivers that we presumed passed through areas with habitat suitable for P. hosei. We surveyed from 06:30 to 09:30 and 16:0018:00. Our speed was 23 km/hour, and the surveys were repeated up to three times on different days. Vegetation types were recorded along the transects, as were any signs of disturbance or sources of threat to the mon-keys. We interviewed local people so as to obtain informa-tion on the occurrence of P. hosei, the peoples impressions of their abundance, and to gauge the situation concerning hunt-ing and the threats that the species is facing.Results and DiscussionKutai National ParkRodman (1978) carried out primate surveys in the Kutai National Park (then the Kutai Nature Reserve) in 19701971 (1 May 1970 to 31 July 1971) and 1975 (1 July to 24 August). His study site was on the Mentoko River, just south of the Sengata River in the northeast corner of the park (Fig. 1; loca-tion 2 in Table 1). In the 1971 study, Rodman (1978) recorded seven P. hosei groups (then referred to as P. aygula, following Napier and Napier [1967]) in an area of 2.74 km, estimating a density 2.6 groups/km. From this, and based on a group size of eight, Rodman calculated a density of 20.4 individuals/km. Berenstain (1986) reported on the aftermath of forest fres in 19821983; fres that destroyed 3.5 million ha of mainly for-ested land in East Kalimantan. Only one-quarter of the 3 km forest at Mentoko remained, but there were still six groups of P. hosei there. Azuma (1988) also reported that the species could still be found in Kutai National Park. Fires again rav-aged East Kalimantans forests in 1991/1992 and 1993/1994, and the El Nio-related fres of 19971998 destroyed a total of 5.2 0.3 million ha in the region (Siegert et al. 2001). Of this about 2.6 million ha of forest was burned, with varying degrees of damage but primarily affecting recently logged forests. By the time the rains started at the beginning of May 1998 almost the entire basin area in the Kutai district had been burned (Hoffmann et al. 1999; Siegert et al. 2001) and only 5% of the national park remained forested (Meijaard and Nijman 2000). Nijman (2001) failed to locate any P. hosei groups in a survey in the eastern part of the Kutai National Park in 2000.Table.1. Results of the survey for Presbytis hosei canicrus in the 9 localities in the districts of Sangkulirang and Karangan in eastern Borneo: 5 March 2008 to 6 April 2008. Also listed are other primates recorded: slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), pig-tailed macaque (M. nemes-trina), proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), the silvery leaf monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus), Mllers grey gibbon (Hylobates muelleri), and the Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus).LocationsTransect lengthCoordinatesP. hosei Threats/disturbance Other primates1 Kutai National Park - Prefab5.5 km0031'54.6"N, 11727'54.0"ENoForest fres, coal mining, encroachment, illegal logging, settlements, hunting, tourismM. fascicularis (3 groups)H. muelleri (2 groups seen, 6 groups by calls)P. pygmaeus (9 individuals, 28 nests)2 Kutai National Park - Mentoko5.5 km 0034'04.0"N,11725'53.0"ENoForest fres, coal mining, encroachment, illegal logging, settlements, hunting, tourismM. fascicularis (1 group)H. muelleri (5 groups by calls)P. pygmaeus (2 individuals, 17 nests)3 Kutai National Park - Melawan10 km0030'17.3"N, 11726'45.5"ENoForest fres, coal mining, encroachment, hunting, illegal loggingM. fascicularis (1 group)M. nemestrina (1 group)H. muelleri (2 group seen)P. pygmaeus (2 individuals)4Kutai National Park - Sangata River 16.69 km, by boat0026'16.1"N, 11736'46.0"E 0029'50.5"N, 11731'37.4"ENoFish/shrimp farming, mining, settlements, huntingM. fascicularis (7 groups)N. larvatus (5 groups)T. cristatus (2 groups)P. pygmaeus (7 nests)5Karangan River - Perondongan village27.8 km, by boat0120'15.1"N, 11742'14.9"ENoOil palm plantations, hunting, illegal logging, settlementsM. fascicularis (9 groups)M. nemestrina (4 groups)N. larvatus (9 groups)T. cristatus (2 groups)H. muelleri (1 group by call)6 Baai River - Pengadan village35.67 km, by boat0115'10.9"N, 11745'20.3"EYes(5 ind.)Oil palm plantations, hunting, illegal logging, settlementsN. coucang (1 pet)M. fascicularis (9 groups & 2 pets)M. nemestrina (3 groups)N. larvatus (7 groups)H. muelleri (2 groups by call and 1 pet)P. pygmaeus (1 individual,11 nests)7 Muara Bulan 0115'37.2"N, 11740'39.5"E NoOil palm plantations, hunting, illegal logging, settlementsM. fascicularis (3 pets)P. pygmaeus (2 pets)8 Muara Entaik 0111'44.9"N, 11730'03.8"E NoOil palm plantations, hunting, illegal logging, settlementsP. pygmaeus (2 nests)M. nemestrina (1 group)M. fascicularis (4 groups)9 NE Mt. Beriun2.5 km0109'00.6"N, 11722'48.8"ENoOil palm plantations, hunting, illegal logging, settlementsP. pygmaeus (3 individuals)H. muelleri (4 groups by call)Survey of Presbytis hosei canicrus3We surveyed three sites in Kutai National Park (Men-toko, Prefab, Melawan) and conducted a river-boat survey along the Sangata River over 20 days. We were unable to fnd any evidence that P. hosei could still be found there. In Men-toko the forests were entirely secondary, recovering after the forest fres. They were dominated mostly by species of Maca-ranga (Euphorbiaceae, and typically pioneer) and shrubs, and showed extensive and frequent clearings. The forests of Prefab and Melawan were also largely destroyed, although small primary forest patches remained, some not entirely burned and some relatively intact. These forest patches still supported other primates such as orangutans, Mllers gib-bons, and pigtail macaques (Table 1). Besides the major loss of forest, there was signifcant disturbance from hunting, as well as forest degradation resulting from mining activities (the biggest coal mining corporation in east Kutai) close to Mentoko. Encroachment, illegal logging, hunting and illegal settlement are serious threats to Kutai National Parks future.Berangat is the local vernacular name of Presbytis hosei, although our interviews showed that they can confuse them with other langur species. People we interviewed in Kabojaya village reported that P. hosei was frequently hunted until the late 1990s. They would hunt them for food and espe-cially bezoar stones or batu geliga (intestinal concretions valued for traditional medicine, see Nijman 2004). The price of these stones can reach US$2030 per gram. The Sangata River, a refuge for wildlife since the forest fre (Berenstain 1986), has also been largely devastated. There are many illegal settlements and the riparian forest and man-groves along the Sangata River, from the town of Sangata lama to the mouth, have been converted for fsh and shrimp farming and for agriculture. We found fve groups of Bekan-tan (Nasalis larvatus) and also, in felds and plantations even, the silvery leaf monkey (Trachypithecus cristatus). Although sparse, vegetation in some areas would appear to still provide suffcient habitat for primates; orangutan nests were found in some places.Hunting by immigrants that arrived with the logging, oil and coal companies undoubtedly contributed to the rarity of P. hosei in the Kutai region towards the end of the 1990s, but we believe that the massive forest fres of 19971998 were the main cause of the extirpation of the species in the areas of Kutai National Park that we surveyed. At 198,629 ha, the park is very large (Tresina et al. 2005) and of course more surveys are needed, and it is possible that P. hosei is still surviving in more remote forest patches.Figure 1. Survey sites for Presbytis hosei canicrus in the districts of Sangkulirang and Karangan in eastern Borneo.Setiawan et al.4Sangkulirang and KaranganThese areas are more than 100 km to the northeast of Kutai National Park. The occurrence of Presbytis hosei canicrus there was reported by Supriatna and Wahyono (2000). We were unable to fnd any forest along the road from Sangata (Kutai National Park) to Sangkulirang bay: the area was dominated by grassland, there is coal mining in the area, and also burgeoning oil palm plantations. Upstream of Sang-kulirang River there are two major rivers, the Karangan River and Baai River (also called Pangadan River because it fows through the village of Pangadan). Karst mountains comprise the catchment area of these rivers. We took at least ten days to travel the Baai River (35.67 km), a portion of the Karan-gan River (27.8 km), and the area in the interior northeast of Gunung Beriun along a logging road belonging to PT. Penam-bangan logging company.We found just one group of P. hosei canicrus. It was on the banks of the Baai River (0115'10.9"N, 11745'20.3"E), near the village of Pengadan. It was composed of fve indi-viduals (four adults and a juvenile). They were predominantly grey on the back and whitish on the ventral surface of the tail, on the abdomen and chest up to the neck, and lower face. Black hairs on the upper part of the cheeks and white hairs from the lower lips to the ears give the appearance of two angled lines of long black and white hairs extending back along the side of the face from the mouth to the ears. Their calls are grunt-like and distinct from other members of the genus Presbytis in the region (P. fredericae and P. rubicunda). Presbytis hosei canicrus was seen in a small patch of man-grove at the river edge. The vegetation included such as Rhi-zopora apiculata, Nypa sp. and Bruguiera parvifora near the water, and Macaranga sp., Ficus sp., and planted mango trees behind the mangrove. There was widespread clearance for oil palm cultivation in the area, and the group was surrounded by plantations. The chances of survival for the group seemed slim. They would evidently need to travel along the ground to reach other forest patches, and in doing so would be suscep-tible to dogs or to capture for their bezoar stones.Deforestation is not limited to the lowlands, and extends to the higher elevations such as Gunung Beriun. There the for-ests have been replaced by Acacia and Gmelina plantations, and there is legal and illegal logging, and also clear cutting for oil palm plantations. These forests have no protected status, but it is possible that P. hosei still exists in remnant patches there. Hunting is evident in this area judging by the number of pets we found (orangutan, gibbon, macaque, and slow loris) (Table 1). Muarabulan villagers informed us that hunting for bezoar stones occurred in the distant past before they became Moslem, but that now the stone monkey (P. hosei) is so very rare that they believed it could no longer be found in the forests there.ConclusionIt is quite probable that Presbytis hosei canicrus is already locally extinct in Kutai National Park due to the forest fres and hunting. Our surveys in the park and in Sangkuli-rang and Karangan lead us to conclude that the natural habitat of Presbytis hosei canicrus is also disappearing very rapidly due to the expansion of oil palm plantations. Surveys of the remaining areas where it may still occur in east Kalimantan are urgently needed in order to provide for a true assess-ment of this species which we now believe to be extremely endangered. AcknowledgmentsWe thank Primate Conservation Inc., and the Wild-life Laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, who gave their full support for this survey. Idea Wild kindly provided us with equipment. In Kutai National Park, we are most grateful to the staff and feld guides in Prefab (pak Wilis, pak Supiani, pak Udin and pak Yunus), and especially to mas Eko and family for allowing us to stay with them during our survey in Sangkulirang.Literature citedAzuma, S. 1988. Distribution and abundance of primates after the forest fre in the lowland forest of East Kalimantan 19831986. In: A Research on the Process of Earlier Recovery of Tropical Rain Forest After a Large-scale Fire in Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia, H. Tagawa and N. Wirawan (eds.), pp.94116. Occasional Papers (14). Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.Berenstain, L. 1986. Responses of long-tailed macaques to drought and fre in Eastern Borneo: a preliminary report. Biotropica 18: 257262. 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Increased damage from fres in logged forests during droughts caused by El Nio. Nature, Lond. 414, 437440.Supriatna, J. and E. H. Wahyono. 2000. Panduan Lapangan Primata Indonesia. Yayasan Obor, Indonesia.Tresina, S. B, D. Hadriani, Z. Nisaa and S. Djumadi. 2005. Data Dasar Taman Nasional Kutai, Balai Taman Nasio-nal Kutai, Samarinda.Whitesides, G. H., J. F. Oates, S. M. Green and R. P. Kluber-dans. 1988. Estimating primate densities from transects in a West African rain forest: a comparison of techniques. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 345367.Authors addresses:Arif Setiawan, Wildlife Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Jl.agro bulaksumur no1, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. E-mail: <wawan5361@yahoo.com>.Tejo Suryo Nugroho, Forest Resource Conservation Depart-ment, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogya-karta, Indonesia.Djuwantoko, Wildlife Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Jl.agro bulaksumur no1, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Wildlife Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Jl.agro bulaksumur no1, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Received for publication: 23 July 2008Revised: 21 April 2009