Playmaker

In association football, a playmaker is a player who controls the flow of the team's offensive play, and is often involved in passing moves which lead to goals, thanks to their vision, technique, ball control, creativity, and passing ability.[1]

In English football, the term overlaps somewhat with an attacking midfielder, but the two types of midfielders are not necessarily the same, as playmakers are not necessarily constrained to a single position. Several playmakers can also operate on the wings, or as a creative, supporting striker; some can also function in a more central midfield role, alternating between playing in more offensive roles and participating in the build-up plays in the midfield. Other players still function as deep-lying playmakers, in a free role, behind the mid-field line. Playmakers are not usually known for their defensive capabilities, which is why they are often supported by a defensive midfielder. As many midfielders and forwards have the aforementioned creative and technical attributes, they tend to be the playmakers of a team.

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The most complete and versatile playmakers are often known as advanced playmakers, or free role playmakers, as they can operate both in central, attacking midfield positions, as well as in wider positions on the wings. The attacking playmakers are sometimes called the "number 10" of the team, as they often wear the number 10 jersey. The attacking midfield playmaker will sit in a free role between the midfield and the forwards, either in the centre of the pitch or on either flank. These offensive playmakers will often make incisive passes to the wingers or forwards, seeing them through on goal or to deliver killer crosses, as well as scoring goals themselves. They are also usually quick, agile, and highly technical players with good vision, shooting, passing, crossing and dribbling ability, known for scoring goals as well as providing assists, through-balls, and initiating attacking plays. In Italian football, as creative, technical, advanced playmakers are known not to be reserved to a single position, they are often described as "fantasisti" or "trequartisti".[2] In Brazil, the offensive playmaker is known as the "meia atacante",[3] whereas in Argentina, it is known as the "enganche".[4]Diego Maradona was a notable attacking midfield playmaker.[5][6]

The deep-lying playmakers, usually jersey numbers 8, 6 or 5 (in South American football), operate from a deep position, in or even behind the main midfield line in a seemingly defensive midfield role, where they can use space and time on the ball to orchestrate the moves of the whole team, not just attacks on goal. Deep-lying playmakers are often known for their vision, technique and passing. Many are also known for their ability to provide long passes that pick out players making attacking runs. Although several deep-lying playmakers are not known for their tackling and defensive ability, it has become more common for a box-to-box midfielder with good passing, technique, vision and tackling ability to play in this role, since it is in a similar position to that of a defensive midfielder. In Italy, the deep-lying playmaker is known as a "regista",[7] whereas in Brazil, it is known as a "meia-armador".[8]Xavi, Andrea Pirlo, Xabi Alonso, and Josep Guardiola are examples of deep-lying playmakers.[9][10][11]

Playmakers are not necessarily constrained to a single position; many attacking playmakers in modern football play a combination of these different attacking roles, often operating in a free position. Creativity, skill, vision, technique, tactical awareness and good passing ability are the true requirements of a good playmaker.

Advanced playmakers can also operate on the wings, in more of a wide position, as a half-winger, inverted-winger, or also as an outside forward, in a 4-3-3 or a 4-2-3-1 formation. This position has become more common for offensive playmakers to carry out in recent years, as formations that employ a purely attacking playmaker, such as the 4-3-1-2/4-1-2-1-2, can often cause teams defensive problems when possession is lost, as attacking midfielders are not usually renowned for their defensive contribution, although modern playmakers are often more tactically responsible in this respect than classical playmakers. This position also allows players to cut inside with the ball, and shoot with their stronger foot, or to provide in-swinging lobbed passes or crosses.[12][13][14]Lionel Messi, for example, was initially deployed in this position under manager Frank Rijkaard.[15]

There are also other similar variants upon the advanced playmaking role. Other advanced playmakers seemingly operate as a free, creative second striker, or inside-forward, often playing on the wing or down the centre of the pitch, and then falling back to link between the midfield and the attack.[16] Attacking midfielder/playmaker Michel Platini would describe this more advanced and attacking midfielder role (exemplified by Roberto Baggio) as a nine and a half, as it was half way between the role of a forward (shirt number 9) and an attacking midfielder (shirt number 10). This position allowed these technical players to make dribbling runs, and score many goals as well as assisting them. Unlike a pure number ten playmaker, however, the nine and a half/supporting forward does not participate in the build-up play as much as an attacking midfielder. Their role is primarily that of an assist-man, who can play one-twos and lay-off the ball for more offensive team mates; as the supporting forward initially originated from free-role attacking midfielders adapting to a more advanced position in the tactically rigorous 4-4-2 formations of the '90s, their defensive contribution is also usually higher than that of a pure number ten playmaker.[17] In Italy, this role is known as a "rifinitore" or "seconda punta",[18] whereas in Brazil, it is known as a "ponte de lança".[19]

A variation upon the Deep lying forward, more commonly known as a "false-9" also shares some similarities with the attacking midfielder role, although the false-9 player appears to be playing as a centre-forward rather than as an attacking midfielder. A false-9 is often a quick, creative technical player, with good vision, positioning and passing ability, with a penchant for scoring goals. The false-9, seemingly playing as a striker, will drop deep into the midfield number 10 role, drawing defenders with them, creating space for other team-mates to make attacking runs, allowing the false-9 to dribble with the ball and score, or provide these players with assists. Examples of deep lying forwards or false-9s are Lionel Messi under Josep Guardiola, Cesc Fàbregas under del Bosque, and Francesco Totti under Luciano Spalletti and Rudi Garcia.[20][21] This position is most common in a 4-6-0 formation disguised as a 4-3-3 formation.[22]

The false-10 (sometimes described as a "central winger") also shares similar attributes to a false-9, and is often used in a 4-2-3-1 formation. A false-10 is also usually a quick, offensive, technical and creative player, who is apparently playing in deeper role than a false-9 however, usually starting in the attacking midfielder position or occasionally as a winger, as the role is often interpreted by players who naturally play in these positions. The false-10 will often surprise defenders by moving out of position, out wide, onto the wing, creating space for other players to make attacking runs. The false-10 will then advance along the flank and provide deliveries into the box for team-mates.[23] The false-10 can also function alongside a false-9 on occasion, in a 4-3-3 (4-6-0) formation, or in a 4-2-3-1 formation. When other forwards or false-9s draw defenders away from the false-10s, creating space in the middle of the pitch, the false-10 will then also surprise defenders by moving out of position once again, often undertaking offensive dribbling runs forward, or running on to passes from false-9s, leading to goals and assists.[24] This role was effectively demonstrated by Wesley Sneijder and Mesut Özil during the 2010 World Cup.[25]

The false-10 (or false attacking-midfielder) description has also been used in a slightly different manner in Italian football. The false attacking-midfielder is usually a technical and creative player with good vision, positioning, ball control and long passing ability, as well as being a player with respectable defensive attributes and good long distance shooting ability. The false-10 performs in a similar manner to the false-9, seemingly playing in the number 10 role, but drawing opposition players back into the midfield, eventually sitting in a central midfield role and functioning as a deep-lying playmaker, and creating space for other players to make attacking runs and receive long passes from the midfield playmakers.[26]

Some playmakers even operate as a wide midfielder, using their vision to find team-mates making runs, to whom they can then deliver long passes and curlingcrosses, although this position of a "pure winger" has become less common in modern formations.[27] Other playmakers can also function in a more central midfield role, alternating between playing in more offensive roles and participating in the build-up plays in the midfield. Furthermore, it is also possible for a sweeper (or "libero", in Italian) to operate as a team's secondary playmaker; this position is often associated with former central defenders, such as Franz Beckenbauer, Franco Baresi, and Gaetano Scirea, who possessed good ball skills, vision, and long passing ability.[28][29][30][31] Although this position has become largely obsolete in modern football formations, due to the use of zonal marking, Leonardo Bonucci and Daniele De Rossi have played a similar role for the Italian national side as a central defender in a 3-5-2 formation.[32] Their technique and ball-playing ability allowed them to advance into midfield and function as a secondary playmaker for the team, in order to create goal-scoring chances when Italy's primary deep-lying midfield playmaker, Andrea Pirlo, was being heavily marked by the opposition.[33][34] To some limited extent, it is also possible for goalkeepers with good ball skills, vision, passing, long-throwing, and kicking ability to launch counter-attacks and create scoring opportunities; goalkeepers such as Fabien Barthez, Edwin Van der Sar, and most recently Manuel Neuer, for example, among others, are known for their adeptness with the ball at their feet, and their long passing accuracy from goal kicks.[35][36]

Perhaps the most important quality of a playmaker is the vision and ability to read the game, and to get into good positions making for effective reception and distribution of the ball. Intuition and creativity are other key elements of a playmaker's game, as they need to know where different players are at different times, without taking too long to dwell on the ball. A good playmaker possesses good ball control, balance, technical ability, and dribbling skills, and will often hold possession, allowing other team members to make attacking runs. The ostensible role of the playmaker is to then provide or facilitate the final pass which leads to a goal.[37] In football terminology this is often known as a killer ball or the final ball and is officially recorded as an assist.

Advanced playmakers are often known for their ability to score goals as well as their technical skills, passing and chance creation ability. They are often quick, agile, and mobile players, with good tactical intelligence; their movement off the ball is just as important as their movement on the ball, as they must create space for further attacking plays. Many playmakers are also free-kick, penalty, and dead-ball specialists, who are also capable of curling the ball into the box from set pieces, providing further deliveries for team-mates, although this is not necessarily a trait that is required to be a playmaker.[38]

Classical number 10 playmakers are not often renowned for their tackling or defensive capabilities, hence English commentators often see them as a luxury in a football team, but they retain their places due to their ability to change games. Because of this, it has become more common for box to box midfielders with good vision, tackling, tactical, passing and technical ability to play in the playmaker role, as is shown by various coaches employing Paul Scholes, Steven Gerrard, Yaya Touré and Xabi Alonso in this position.[39] In a 4–4–2 formation, a playmaker will usually play alongside a defensive midfield player to ensure that the team is not vulnerable to attack. With different formations, however, a team may play with multiple playmakers. Most English teams usually use only one playmaker to minimize defensive frailties and also because using more than one may inhibit each playmaker's playing style. The downside to this approach is that a team lacks the necessary creativity when faced with a defensive opponent. Some contemporary teams using formations such as 4–2–3–1, 4–4–1–1, 4–5–1, and 4-1-2-1-2, have multiple playmakers.

During his spell at FC Barcelona, where he was able to win 14 titles, Josep Guardiola was able to incorporate several skillful players with playmaker qualities into his team, such as Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, Cesc Fàbregas, and Lionel Messi through the use of his personal variation on tiki-taka tactics, allowing the team to move the ball around, switch positions, creating attacking runs, and retain possession. His use of heavy pressing in his 4-3-3 formation gave each player defensive responsibilities when possession was lost.[46] Guardiola also frequently deployed Messi in the false-9 role, which has particularly effective due to the frequency of attacking runs made by the Barcelona players, as well as their disciplined positioning, team-work, vision, technical and passing ability, which allowed Messi to create and score several goals.[47] Vicente del Bosque also incorporated similar tactics (such as the use of tiki-taka, heavy pressing and the false-9 in a 4-3-3 or 4-6-0 formation) during his successful run of reaching three consecutive international finals as Spain's manager, between 2010 and 2013, winning the 2010 World Cup and Euro 2012. His tactics allowed several playmaking midfielders, such as Xabi Alonso, Xavi, Iniesta, David Silva, Juan Mata, and Cesc Fàbregas to function together effectively.[48]

On the other hand, former Italy manager Ferruccio Valcareggi devised a different strategy altogether, which allowed him to use two playmakers during his run to the 1970 World Cup final, where Italy would be heavily defeated by Brazil, however. Due to his focus on defensive stability, as well as the presence of two pure, prolific goalscoring strikers, Riva and Boninsegna, Valcareggi felt that it would not be possible to field Italy's two most revered advanced playmakers at the time, Gianni Rivera, and Sandro Mazzola, alongside each other. He believed the two creative players to be incompatible with each other, due to the rivalry between their respective clubs, and as he felt that deploying both players alongside the forwards would offset the balance within the starting line-up, in particular as Rivera, unlike Mazzola, was not renowned for his athleticism or defensive work-rate. He therefore conceived the infamous "staffetta" (relay) game-plan, which essentially consisted of Mazzola playing the first half of each match, whilst Rivera would play the second half; during Valcareggi's eight-year tenure with Italy, the national side only lost six matches. Despite Italy's victory at the 1968 European Championship and their second place finish at the 1970 World Cup, the tactic was widely criticised by the media, in particular due to Italy's negative performance during the group-stage and in the final, despite demonstrating their ability to successfully apply a more offensive, exciting style of play with Rivera in the semi-final against West Germany.[49] During the 1998 FIFA World Cup, Italy's manager Cesare Maldini underwent similar widespread media criticism for employing a strategy reminiscent of the 1970 "staffetta" between Roberto Baggio and Alessandro Del Piero;[50] manager Giovanni Trapattoni was also initially condemned for not fielding Francesco Totti and Del Piero alongside each other during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[51]

During his run to the Euro 2012 final and the 2013 Confederations Cup semi-finals, the former Italy coach Cesare Prandelli also used several playmakers in his squad; he often deployed either Montolivo, Aquilani, Daniele De Rossi, or Thiago Motta in the false 10 playmaking role, as well as in other midfield positions, in his 4-3-1-2 formation, which was devoid of an authentic attacking midfielder, and which was centred on the midfielders constantly switching positions. Prandelli's midfield was focussed on the creative playmaking of Andrea Pirlo and Riccardo Montolivo in their deep-lying playmaker and false attacking midfield roles, with Pirlo seemingly being deployed as a defensive midfielder in front of the defense, in order to be left with more time on the ball, in an "inverted" midfield diamond (4-1-3-2). Pirlo was supported defensively by dynamic box-to-box midfielders, such as Marchisio and De Rossi, due to his lack of pace or notable defensive ability. The space created by the movement of Montolivo as the false 10 allowed quicker, more offensive minded midfielders, such as Marchisio, to make attacking runs in order to receive Pirlo and Montolivo's long passes from the midfield, whilst the second striker Antonio Cassano would drop out wide onto the wing or into the attacking midfielder position behind Balotelli to link up the play between the attack and midfield. As well as functioning as a playmaker, and creating space, in the false 10 role, Montolivo was also able to alleviate the pressure placed upon Pirlo in the deep lying playmaker role, by supporting him defensively and providing Pirlo and the team with a secondary creative option.[52]

Although Helenio Herrera's infamous catenaccio tactics during the years of "La Grande Inter" in the 60s were primarily thought to be associated with defensive yet effective football,[53] creative playmakers played a fundamental part in Inter's success during this period. Herrera and former Grande Inter players, including Mazzola and Facchetti, would state that they felt the Grande Inter side to be more offensive than it was often made out to be, and that imitators of Herrera's catenaccio tactics had often replicated his pragmatic style of football imperfectly.[54]Luis Suárez Miramontes (formerly an offensive playmaker, who had first flourished under Herrera's more fluid, offensive tactics at Barcelona) was the primary creative force of Herrera's Inter side, functioning as a deep-lying playmaker, due to his ball skills, vision, and passing range.[55]Sandro Mazzola, in the role of a winger, attacking midfielder, inside-right, or supporting striker, and Armando Picchi in the Libero or sweeper position, would also function as secondary playmakers, as well as left-winger Mario Corso. Aside from the strength of the almost impenetrable defence, some of the key elements of Herrera's Inter side were the use of vertical football and very quick, efficient and spectacular counter-attacks, which would lead to goals being scored with very few touches and passes.[56] This was made possible due to Herrera's use of very quick, energetic, offensive, two-way full-backs to launch counter-attacks, such as Giacinto Facchetti, and Tarcisio Burgnich.[57] The quick, energetic technical tornante wingers (Jair and Mario Corso) and offensive midfielder/supporting striker (Mazzola), would also occasionally move into deeper positions to support the midfield creatively and defensively, leaving the fullbacks with space to attack, which frequently caught the opposing teams by surprise. In Herrera's flexible 5-3-2 formation at Inter, four man-marking defenders were tightly assigned to each opposing attacker while an extra sweeper would recover loose balls and double mark when necessary.[58] Under Herrera, most frequently during away matches in Europe, the highly organised and disciplined Inter players would usually defend by sitting patiently behind the ball, often leading to very closely contested victories. Upon winning back possession, Picchi would often advance into the midfield and play long balls to the forwards, or, more frequently, carry the ball and play it towards Luis Suárez, whose playmaking ability played a crucial role in Inter's adeptness at counter-attacking football. Due to Suárez's outstanding vision and passing ability, he could quickly launch the forwards or full-backs on counter-attacks with long passes once he had received the ball, usually allowing the fullbacks to advance towards goal and score, or to help create goal-scoring chances.[59] Under Herrera, Inter won 3 Serie A titles (2 of them won consecutively), 2 consecutive European Cups, and 2 consecutive Intercontinental Cups, also reaching a Coppa Italia final, and another European Cup final. Herrera was given the nickname "Il Mago" due to his success and tactical prowess.[60]