Immunotherapy benefits relapsed stem cell transplant recipients

For many patients with advanced blood cancers, a stem-cell transplant can drive the disease into remission.

However, about one-third of these patients experience a relapse and face a very poor prognosis.

But a Dana-Farber Cancer Institute study published in theNew England Journal of Medicine suggests that a new treatment approach, using repeated doses of an immunotherapy drug, can restore a complete remission for some patients in this predicament.

This strategy could potentially prevent such relapses in the future.

An immune checkpoint-blocking drug approved for metastatic melanoma, ipilimumab, was given to patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies in an effort to revive the tumour-fighting powers of the donors' transplanted immune systems.

A weakening of the transplanted immune response over time is believed to allow the cancers to recur.

The patients received varying doses of ipilimumab repeatedly for up to one year.

"We believe the donor immune cells are present but can't recognise the tumour cells because of inhibitory signals that disguise them," said Matthew Davids, MD MMSc, a member of the Division of Hematologic Malignancies at Dana-Farber and first author of the study. "By blocking the checkpoint, you allow the donor cells to see the cancer cells."

A total of 28 patients with relapsed leukaemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic tumours were enrolled in the multicenter phase 1, investigator-initiated trial.

Among the 22 patients who were treated with the highest dose of ipilimumab, five had a complete response, meaning the cancer was undetectable, and two patients had a partial response, with the tumours shrinking.

Six others, who did not qualify as having responses, nevertheless had a decrease in their tumour burden.

Among the complete responders were three patients with a hard-to-treat form of leukaemia that affects the skin.

Such "extramedullary myeloid leukemias," which aren't confined to the bone marrow and typically don't respond to standard therapies, may be particularly sensitive to checkpoint-blocking drugs, the authors noted.

Because checkpoint-blocking drugs like ipilimumab rev up the immune system by releasing molecular brakes that restrain T cells, there was concern that the treatment could stimulate graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious transplant complication, along with its graft-versus-tumour effect.

"But we didn't see that," said Davids.

Only four of 28 patients developed GVHD that prevented further treatment, and they all responded to corticosteroid drugs which controlled the GVHD.

Six other patients had adverse effects typical of ipilimumab treatment, and one patient died from an immune-related adverse event.

The investigators said the encouraging results have set the stage for larger trials of checkpoint blockade in this population of relapsed post-transplant patients.

Further research is planned to determine whether immunotherapy drugs could be given to high-risk patients to prevent relapse.

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