Cents and Ratios

When you have scales in
other temperaments and tunings then the notation of note names
and numbers of semitones is no longer adequate to describe a
scale. The most common notations used are cents and ratios. So
here is an introduction for those who may be familiar with
semitones, herz, and so forth, but not know much about cents or
ratios.

100 cents = 1 semitone.
Ratio = ratio between the frequencies of two notes in herz.

Here is a script to convert
ratios to cents:

Ratio = /

The thing that can confuse
is that you add cents, and multiply ratios.

So, a fifth on the piano is
seven semitones, made up of a major third of four semitiones and
a minor third of three. As cents, it's 700 cents, made up of a
major third of 400 cents, and a minor third of 300.

So you just add the cents as
300 + 400 = 700.

A bit like using percentages
- it's easier to say 30 percent of a semitone rather than 0.3
semitones.

To go up an octave you add
1200 cents, i.e. 12 semitones.

Now, to go up an octave from
any frequency in ratio notation, you multiply by 2.

To go down, divide by 2.

E.g. when you go up from a
at 440 hz to a' at 880 hz, you multiply by 2. a'' is at 1760 hz,
so one keeps on multiplying by 2 for each new octave, rather than
adding.

So, 13/1, 13/2, 13/4 and 13/8
are all the same note, in different octaves. One can get used to
looking at the powers of 2 in a ratio and thinking of them as
octaves.

where the ones in brackets
are in the cracks between the keys of a keyboard.

The a''' flat is the 13th
harmonic 13/1.

Dropping it down to an a flat, and you need to go down three
octaves,

= divide by 8, 13/8.

The e'' is the fifth
overtone 5/1, which drops down to e = 5/4.

The third overtone g' drops
down to g = 3/2.

So, to go up by a major
third from any frequency, such as from c to e, you multiply by 5/4.
This is pretty close to the 400 cents major third, a little
flatter, and for those who get used to it, the interval has a
particularly sweet feeling to it in harmonic timbres. A harmonic
timbre is one such as voice, strings, etc, which has a 1 2 3 4 5,...
type overtone series.

Now to find the minor third,
one looks at the interval from the e'' to the g''. That is
between the 5th and the 6th overtones. The ratio between these is
6/5, which is how one does it with ratios - instead of
subtracting, you divide, just as you multiply instead of adding.

So, to go up a minor third
from any frequency, you multiply it by 6/5.

E.g. to go up a minor third
from 440 hz, it's 440*6/5 = 528 hz.

So, in fact if one is
working with herz, then ratios notation is actually easier to use
than semitones or cents - it's much harder to work out what note
is exactly three semitones above 440 hz.

So to go up by a major third
followed by a minor third you multiply first by 5/4, then by 6/5,
and (5/4)*(6/5) = 3/2

so you end up with a fifth,
as one expects.

Notes from the overtone
series sound especially good in harmonic timbres.

When one goes to inharmonic
timbres - bells, various types of percussion, specially
constructed timbres, or whatever, all the rules change completely.
You can make almost any notes sound good together using a
suitable timbre. E.g. 11 equally spaced notes to an octave, as in
a clip Bill Sethares posted recently to the MakeMicroMusic group.
Also some timbres just work well for some reason - I find that 13
equally spaced notes to an octave sounds great on the sitar voice
of the SB Live!, even though that is a harmonic timbre, possibly
something to do with it having lots of high overtones in it.

Also, one might want to have
some beating of notes etc for whatever reason, can sound great
too. That seems to work in 12 tone equal temperament - we get
some beating, e.g. of major thirds especially, but they sound
okay in the music written for the idiom.