2 Definition Sketch for Uniform Flow Conditions that allow uniform flow to develop rarely satisfied in practice. However, concept of great significance in understanding and solving most problems in open-channel hydraulics. Uniform flow occurs in lomg, straight, prismatic channel where a terminal velocity can be achieved. => Balance between head loss due to turbulent flow and reduction in potential energy (Balance between gravity and boundary shear forces) 2

5 General Equation for Uniform Flow Most semi-empirical equation for the average velocity of a uniform flow may be written: u = x y CR S Manning equation most commonly employed equation in open channel flow (x=2/3, y=1/2). Will be used for calculations in the present course. Flow Resistance Coefficients I Difficult to estimate an appropriate value on the resistance coefficient in the Manning or Chezy equations. Should depend on: Reynolds number boundary roughness shape of channel cross section Compare with the Darcy-Weisbach formula for pipe friction: h L = f 2 L u 4R 2g 5

10 Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Method for n Determine a basic n for a uniform, straight, and regular channel, then modify this value by adding correction factors. Each factor is considered and evaluated independently. Channel Characteristics Basic n In earth Cut in rock In fine gravel In coarse gravel Procedure: 1. Select basic n 2. Modify for vegetation 3. Modify for channel irregularity 4. Modify for obstruction 5. Modify for channel alignment 6. Estimate n from step 1 to 5 A total n is obtained as the sum of the different contributions. 10

11 Influence of Vegetation Influence of Cross-Section Size and Shape, and Irregulariy 11

Open Channel Flow - General Hydromechanics VVR090 Open Channel Flow Open channel: a conduit for flow which has a free surface Free surface: interface between two fluids of different density Characteristics

Lesson 6 Review of fundamentals: Fluid flow The specific objective of this lesson is to conduct a brief review of the fundamentals of fluid flow and present: A general equation for conservation of mass

1 7. Basics of Turbulent Flow Whether a flow is laminar or turbulent depends of the relative importance of fluid friction (viscosity) and flow inertia. The ratio of inertial to viscous forces is the Reynolds

Module The Science of Surface and Ground Water Lesson Sediment Dynamics in Alluvial Rivers and Channels Instructional Objectives On completion of this lesson, the student shall be able to learn the following:.

Chapter 7 FLOW THROUGH PIPES 7-1 Friction Losses of Head in Pipes 7-2 Secondary Losses of Head in Pipes 7-3 Flow through Pipe Systems 48 7-1 Friction Losses of Head in Pipes: There are many types of losses

The angular momentum A control volume analysis can be applied to the angular momentum, by letting B equal to angularmomentum vector H. If O is the point about which moments are desired, the angular moment

1.060 Engineering Mechanics II Spring 2006 Due on Monday, May 1st Problem Set 8 Important note: Please start a new sheet of paper for each problem in the problem set. Write the names of the group members

Civil Engineering Hydraulics Mechanics of Fluids Head Loss Calculations Bernoulli and The Bernoulli equation that we worked with was a bit simplistic in the way it looked at a fluid system All real systems

Fluid Statics Pressure acts in all directions, normal to the surrounding surfaces or Whenever a pressure difference is the driving force, use gauge pressure o Bernoulli equation o Momentum balance with

Darcy s Law Last time Groundwater flow is in response to gradients of mechanical energy Three types Potential Kinetic Kinetic energy is usually not important in groundwater Elastic (compressional) Fluid

The Energy Equation PIPE FLOW The first law of thermodynamics for a system is, in words Time rate of increase of the total storage energy of the t Net time rate of energy addition by heat transfer into

Lesson 37 Transmission Of Air In Air Conditioning Ducts Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur 1 The specific objectives of this chapter are to: 1. Describe an Air Handling Unit (AHU) and its functions (Section 37.1).

Understand How Valves & Fittings Affect Head Loss by Ray Hardee (Engineered Software, Inc.) This column discusses valves and fittings and evaluates how these devices affect the operation of piping systems.

Pipe Flow Lecture 7 Pipe Flow and the Energy Equation For pipe flow, the Bernoulli equation alone is not sufficient. Friction loss along the pipe, and momentum loss through diameter changes and corners

Site Investigation and Landfill Construction I Gernot Döberl Vienna University of Technology Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management Contents Site Investigation Base Liners Base Drainage

Tutorial 10 Boundary layer theory 1. If the velocity distribution law in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate is assumes to be of the form, determine the velocity distribution law. At y = 0, u= 0

Fluid Mechanics II Viscosity and shear stresses Shear stresses in a Newtonian fluid A fluid at rest can not resist shearing forces. Under the action of such forces it deforms continuously, however small

13 Permeability and Seepage -2 Conditions favourable for the formation quick sand Quick sand is not a type of sand but a flow condition occurring within a cohesion-less soil when its effective stress is

Flow and Transport 1. The Transport Equation We shall describe the transport of a dissolved chemical by water that is traveling with uniform velocity ν through a long thin tube G with uniform cross section

FRICTION LOSS ALONG A PIPE 1. INTRODUCTION The frictional resistance to which fluid is subjected as it flows along a pipe results in a continuous loss of energy or total head of the fluid. Fig 1 illustrates

Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following We shall summarise the principles used in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It is assumed that the student has already been exposed to courses in

Chapter 6 MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE Review: Last time, we derived the Reynolds Transport Theorem: where B is any extensive property (proportional to mass), and b is the corresponding intensive property (B / m

Calculation of Power and Flow Capacity of Rotor / Stator Devices in VisiMix RSD Program. L.N.Braginsky, D.Sc. (Was invited to be presented on the CHISA 2010-13th Conference on Process Integration, Modelling

Calculation of Stream Discharge Required to Move Bed Material Objective: Students will map two sections of a stream and calculate the depth, velocity, and discharge of flows required to move the stream

Turbulent Boundary Layers & Turbulence Models Lecture 09 The turbulent boundary layer In turbulent flow, the boundary layer is defined as the thin region on the surface of a body in which viscous effects

Post-trenching with a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger Master thesis Hydraulic Engineering Kevin Van de Leur - 1170279 This thesis may not be released before 13-12-2012 Post-trenching with a Trailing Suction

Mass Wasting Revisit: Erosion, Transportation, and Deposition While landslides are a normal part of erosion and surface processes, they can be very destructive to life and property! - Mass wasting: downslope

15. GRIT CHAMBER Grit chamber is the second unit operation used in primary treatment of wastewater and it is intended to remove suspended inorganic particles such as sandy and gritty matter from the wastewater.

Eternal Flos An internal flo is surrounded by solid boundaries that can restrict the development of its boundary layer, for eample, a pipe flo. An eternal flo, on the other hand, are flos over bodies immersed