Candidates

Edward de Vere

17th Earl of Oxford

Dates:
1550 - 1604

Background:
Aristocratic, educated first privately, then at Cambridge and Gray's Inn.
Two of his uncles, Lords Sheffield and Surrey, were influential poets; a
third, Arthur Golding, was responsible for the translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses
that was “Shakespeare's favourite book.” A prominent courtier,
he toured the Continent in 1575-6, principally France and Italy, and is
said to have had a house in Venice. In 1586 until his death in 1604 Oxford
received a grant of £1000 a year from the Crown. His final years were
spent in relative seclusion at King's Place in Hackney.

Famous for:
De Vere was known as a poet and playwright of excellence, as well as a patron
of authors and acting companies. He was a champion jouster and sometime
favourite of the Queen, but fell from grace. He married Lord Burghley's
daughter Anne Cecil, and was ridiculed as a cuckold.
His second daughter by her, Susan, was said to have been
born by means of a “bed trick”, whereby Oxford was brought to
sleep with his wife thinking she was his mistress. In 1579 his celebrated
quarrel with Sir Philip Sidney over a game of tennis was very nearly the
subject of a duel, while in 1581 his affair with Anne Vavasour, one of the
Queen's maids of honour by whom he had a son, created a scandal at court.
King James referred to him as “Great Oxford.”

The Case:
De Vere possessed the classical learning and knowledge of the law, music,
Italian culture and aristocratic sports that feature so prominently in the
Shakespeare canon. The poetry that has survived under his own name, as well
as his letters, both collaborate the case for his authorship. The Shakespeare
plays are replete with references to his career at Court and subsequent
fall from grace, in particular his relationship with Queen Elizabeth and
her chief minister Lord Burghley, who is believed to have been satirised
as Polonius in Hamlet. Under his authorship the plays become political
satires of Court life and powerful critiques of the government, hence his
anonymity. Shortly before his death in 1604, the flow of new Shakespearean
publications ceased. In 1623 his family financed the First Folio of Shakespeare's
works, one of the dedicatees being Oxford's son-in-law Philip Herbert, Earl
of Montgomery. Oxford was lost to public consciousness for over three hundred
years until the publication of Shakespeare Identified in 1920.

Edward De Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. Private collection; on loan to the National Portrait Gallery, London