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Index Librorum Prohibitorum

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Prohibited Books) was a list of those books that the Catholic Church considered immoral or theologically erroneous. Over the centuries, from 1559 to 1948, twenty editions of the Index were prepared until, on 14 June 1966, Pope Paul VI officially abolished the Index.

Still, today, any works that address the teachings of the Catholic Church are submitted to a local Ordinary, an officer of the Church who has ordinary power to execute Church laws. The Ordinary submits the work to an expert who evaluates the work and, finding nothing objectionable, the expert provides a nihil obstat, meaning “nothing forbids”. The local Ordinary then grants an imprimatur, meaning “let it be printed”.

Books have been subject to censorship for almost as long as books have existed. If an authority discovered something in a book to which he objected, he might have the book destroyed and the author punished.

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum included a large number of works that expressed views that those charged with its compilation thought were in conflict with the teachings and beliefs of the Catholic Church. From 1571-1917, the duty of compiling the Index was assigned to the Sacred Congregation of the Index. From 1917-1966, the duty fell to The Holy Office. In 1966, with the abolishment of the Index itself, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith announced that, while the Index provided moral guidance for Catholics, it no longer had the force of ecclesiastical positive law and its penalties.

The Index included such books as the Muslim Koran, the Hebrew Talmud, and any works by Protestant theologians Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Philipp Melancthon. Works by astronomers Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei who advocated the theory of heliocentrism were entered into the Index. Works by Francis Bacon who devised what has become known as The Scientific Method, as well as those of Blaise Pascal who stated that scientific theories were characterized by their falsifiability were also added to the list. Surprisingly, Charles Darwin never made the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

Some of the books on the Index were later removed. The Poem of the Man-God by Maria Valtorta reportedly received verbal approval from Pope Pius XII in 1948, but was condemned by Pope John XXII in 1959. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) upheld the condemnation in 1985. However, in 2001, Catholic Bishop Roman Danylak stated that The Poem of the Man-God was “in perfect consonance with the canonical Gospels, with the traditions and magisterium of the Catholic Church”. The Poem of the Man-God has now received the imprimature of both Bishop Roman Danylak and Archbishop Soosa Pakiam.

The works of Maria Faustina Kowalska were placed on the Index by Pope John XXIII in 1959, despite the fact that Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani at the Holy Office had previously failed to convince Pope Pius XII to do so. In 1965, Archbishop Karol Józef Wojtyła (later to become Pope John Paul II) opened the case for the beatification of Maria Faustina Kowalska. Maria Faustina Kowalska was beatified on April 18, 1993 and canonized on April 30, 2000. Even though her works had once been placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, Maria Faustina Kowalska became the first saint in the 21st century.

Today, September 24, 2011, marks the beginning of Banned Books Week sponsored by American Booksellers Association, American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression, American Library Association, American Society of Journalists and Authors, Association of American Publishers, National Association of College Stores, Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, National Coalition Against Censorship, National Council of Teachers of English, and PEN American Center.

Banned Books Week is a celebration of the freedom to read. The books on the list of frequently challenged books include such notables as:

The Lord of the Rings, by J.R.R. Tolkien

For Whom the Bell Tolls, by Ernest Hemingway

Animal Farm, by George Orwell

The Lord of the Flies, by William Golding

To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee

The Color Purple, by Alice Walker

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain

Twilight, by Stephenie Meyer

Harry Potter, by J.K. Rowling

In the Night Kitchen, by Maurice Sendak

The Witches, by Roald Dahl

A Wrinkle in Time, by Madeleine L’Engle

Are You There, God? It’s Me, Margaret, by Judy Blume

The Earth, My Butt, and Other Big, Round Things, by Carolyn Mackler

A Light in the Attic, by Shel Silverstein

Click on the image below to view a reading from A Light in the Attic, by Shel Silverstein for the Banned Books Virtual Read-Out. You can watch other readings from banned books at the Banned Books You Tube Channel.

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About Stephen J. Danko

Steve Danko was born in upstate New York and has lived in New York, Vermont, Oregon, Nebraska, and California. He began seriously researching his family history twelve years ago and, in the course of that research, Steve has studied 20th Century American Records as well as 17th, 18th and 19th Century Polish Records. He has conducted research on location in Poland and Lithuania and has visited the villages in which his immigrant ancestors lived.

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9 thoughts on “Index Librorum Prohibitorum”

Wow, this was a eye opener for me. I had no idea that many of the books I’ve read are commonly challenged. And others I’ve meant to read are on that list too. Hmm. Guess I better make a trip to the library this week and celebrate! Thanks for a great article, Steve.

Thanks, Jasia! Many of my favorite books are on the list of those frequently challenged. To celebrate Banned Books Week I plan to read a challenged book that I’ve never read before. Have fun in the library!

My dad had a friend whose devout Catholic mother would read banned books– just to see why they shouldn’t be read. :-)

HATE Lord of the Flies, couldn’t get into LOTR, but love Harry Potter– it doesn’t seem as if most people who criticize/condemn the HR haven’t actually READ them. I found nothing objectionable, and I was on the alert.

Thanks for your comment, Karen. Lord of the Flies is kind of a guy book, I guess. I, too, found Lord of the Rings a bit difficult to get into at first but, one I got going, the rest fascinated me. Harry Potter had me engrossed from page 1.

Wow . . . one day you’re a condemned author; the next day, you’re a saint! What does that say about our human abilities to perceive the will of God? On the other hand, it shows there’s hope for all of us!

Hi Craig! I think the writings of mystics like Maria Valtorta and Maria Faustina Kowalska present a real problem for the Church hierarchy because they describe miraculous visions and revelations. I can imagine the conflicts of those who have to decide, in the name of the Church, whether those works are true revelations or the ramblings of fools.

Wow, I never knew Tolkien was a “banned” author. He was a devout Catholic and was a good friend of C.S. Lewis, who converted to Christianity in part due to his friendship with Tolkien. Tolkien was also mentored after being orphaned by a priest, a Fr. Murphy who was a friend to his mother. His books always reflected Christian ethics. Maybe part of the banning was due to the fact Tolkien and Fr. Murphy disagreed over the value of myths. Fr. Murphy was convinced a myth was a lie; Tolkien believed it was a way of expressing what was otherwise a way of expressing one’s philosophy and of creating an example of a higher truth.

I read quite a of these books on the list. As a child, A Wrinkle in Time was one of my favorites.

As far as I know Lord of the Rings and other books by Tolkien were on another index – that of English speaking, left wing librarians. And very frequently so. In that sense it is a “banned book”, but when it comes to Index Prohibitorum Librorum, I think it was not so.

If it had been the case, we would have known from his biography, since as a devout Catholic he would have grieved over it.

His priest was probably sceptical to Quenya and Sindarin, and to prove they were not diabolical he translated Our Father and Hail Mary into these languages.