In my ranked games, I often see people saying in champion select that Talon is such a great counter to [insert powerful mid champion here]. I don't particularly understand the rationale behind this. The champion I specifically remember him supposedly countering is Morgana, but there have been others as well.

4 Answers
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A Talon vs an AP champion looks pretty good on paper. Let's break it down.

Abilities

WRake: Deals AOE physical damage to a wide area in front of him and slows enemies. The popular AP mids have good creep clearing abilities that could push a traditional ranged AD back to the tower, which then allows the AP champ to gank side lanes. Rake checks this. Although Talon is melee, Rake allows him to safely clear the creep wave when needed. The slow is also nice for ganking and chasing.

ECutthroat: Instantly appears behind a unit and silences it for 1 second and amplifies subsequent damage dealt to it. This is the key for applying pressures on AP champs. A silenced AP champ feels like a sitting duck and an inexperienced player will try to run, giving Talon a free auto-attack. Cutthroat also resets the auto-attack timer, so you can actually hit twice. Although the silence can be blocked by spell shields, the ability is instantaneous, which makes it very difficult to react against it.

RShadow Assault: Becomes invisible for 2.5 seconds + 40% movement speed buff (Ghost is only 35% with the mastery); his blades deal physical damage in an area around him. Great ult for a mid laner to have. It makes him extremely difficult to gank, gives him a great chasing mechanic and is a great ganking ability. Plus that 2.07 bonus AD ratio if you Cutthroat them first - ouch.

Talon's design is based on countering AP characters, who themselves are frequently midding. He has an insta-gap closer (Noxian Diplomacy) that also silences, and while it's not a long silence it's long enough for him to drop a large burst of physical damage on enemy champs. He has a very good slow.

Morgana's Black Shield only blocks magic damage. While it also blocks disables, I believe it's hard to use to counter Talon's Noxian Diplomacy.

Historically, the best counters to an AP Burster have been AD Casters, such as Talon, Pantheon, and at times even Lee Sin. The reason for this is that most Mids get MR runes and masteries to better deal with their counterpart, and as such have next to no resistance to AD, and as such when they're slowed and silenced (Talon) or stunned (Pantheon) or slowed and kicked around the lane (Lee Sin) they have very little time to react and try to burst down this menace.

Talon has two skills that help him counter most mages: a silence and high AD burst damage. Early to mid game, he can trade with most mages and suffer little damage (by silencing the mage) and deal great damage (his ad burst).

The idea behind Talon mid is to cripple the opponents mage and prevent them from reaching a strong late game.