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40 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2001. Accessed: February 2004.

42 CDC. Health United States, 2003 With Chartbook on Trends in the Health of Americans. (PDF - 119k) Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2003. Accessed: February 2004.

51 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2001. Accessed: February 2004.

55 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2001. Accessed: February 2004.

57 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking—25 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 1989. DHHS Pub. No. (CDC) 89-8411. Accessed: February 2004.

58 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Using Smokeless Tobacco: A Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General, 1986. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. NIH Pub. No. 86-2874. Accessed: February 2004.

64 National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, December 2002. Accessed: February 2004.

66 National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, December 2002. Accessed: February 2004.

69 National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, December 2002. Accessed: February 2004.

71 National Toxicology Program. 10th Report on Carcinogens. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, December 2002. Accessed: February 2004.

74 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001. Accessed: February 2004.

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78 U.S. Surgeon General. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2006/.

79 CDC’s Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.

141 Simmons, M. S., Connett, J. E., Nides, M. A., Lindgren, P. G., Kleerup, E. C., Murray, R. P., Bjornson, W. M., Tashkin, D. P., Smoking reduction and the rate of decline in FEV(1): results from the Lung Health Study. European Respiratory Journal. June 2005;25(6):1011–7. Dr. Tashkin sent me the following summary of the results in an e-mail: “To assess whether partial reduction in smoking short of complete cessation has any benefit in patients with COPD with respect to the subsequent rate of decline in lung function, data were analyzed from 1980 smokers who were participants in the Lung Health Study (an early intervention trial in mild to moderate COPD) but were unable to quit smoking completely at any time during the first year of the trial. Results indicated that only the small minority of smokers who were able to reduce their cigarette smoking by more than 85% below their baseline level (equivalent to three cigarettes per day or less) demonstrated any benefit as measured by a reduced rate of decline in FEV1 after one year. These findings may be related in part to compensatory changes in smoking technique (e.g., greater puff volume, larger number of puffs, etc.) when fewer cigarettes are smoked in an attempt to maintain desired levels of nicotine intake in the face of nicotine addiction. On the other hand, substantial levels of smoking reduction were associated with reductions in phlegm production but not with other chronic pulmonary symptoms.”

142 http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/index.htm. According to the Centers for Disease Control, for adult females one drink per day, but no more, can be healthy, and for adult males one to two drinks per day can be healthy. One standard drink = 12 ounces of regular beer or wine cooler, eight ounces of malt liquor, five ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of eighty-proof distilled spirits or liquor (i.e., gin, rum, vodka, whiskey). Consuming more than that number per day (or higher proof alcohol with those amounts) is associated in the long term with increased psychiatric and medical illness. Drinking alcohol has immediate effects that can increase the risk of many harmful health conditions. Excessive alcohol use, either in the form of heavy drinking (drinking more than two drinks per day on average for men or more than one drink per day on average for women), or binge drinking (drinking more than four drinks during a single occasion for men or more than three drinks during a single occasion for women), can lead to increased risk of health problems such as liver disease or unintentional injuries. According to national surveys, over half of the adult U.S. population drank alcohol in the past thirty days. Approximately, 5% of the total population drank heavily while 15% of the population binge drank. Our national surveys previously defined binge drinking as more than four drinks for both men and women. In 2001, there were approximately 75,000 deaths attributable to excessive alcohol use. In fact, excessive alcohol use is the third leading lifestyle-related cause of death for people in the United States each year. Alcohol use poses additional problems for underage drinkers.