3 Reptile Info.From million years ago, various reptiles were dominant marine predators.Reptiles originated on land, and were less well suited to live in the water.They can’t expel salt thru their kidneys, have salt glands in their head to “spit” out salt!6,000 species of Reptile remain, 80 are marine, 70 are snakes.

4 More Reptile info.2 Species live in brackish water, the remaining species live in freshwater.Only 1 species of lizard is truly Marine- Marine Iguanas.7 Species of Turtles are Marine. All lay their eggs on the land and have long migratory patterns.About 60 species of Snake are Marine. Many have small mouths and inject highly venomous to immobilize their prey.

10 Marine Birds Sea and shore provide a haven for many species of birds.Birds that depend on the sea for their survival are called Seabirds.There are nearly 9,000 species of birds.Not all birds fly, but they all share some important characteristics.

11 Bird Adaptations All birds have feathersThere are 2 types of feathers; Down, and contour.Down feathers are for warmth.Contour feathers cover the body and are used in flight.Powder feathers waterproof .Light, hollow bones.4 chambered heart, warm bloodedSexual reproduction, lay eggs

12 Marine Bird AdaptationsTrue seabirds have salt secreting glands.Seabirds have webbed feet.Shore dwelling birds are not considered seabirds.Seabirds require a land base on which they can lay their eggs.Of the 9000 species of birds, only 350 are true seabirds.

19 Penguins All 17 species of Penguin live in the southern hemisphere.They are the best adapted for swimming, because their wings have evolved to become flippers.Penguins mate for life.The fathers hatch the chicks, while the mothers leave in search of food to bring back to the chick.Penguins have adapted special feathers to help them withstand the cold waters, and the freezing cold temps.

20 Did you Know ? Penguins are birds.- Their name is derived from Welsh terms ‘pen’, meaning head and ‘Gwyn’, meaning white.- Penguins do not live at the North Pole.- Penguins can fly!!!!• Their average lifespan is years.- Penguins have insulating layers of air, skin, and blubber.- Penguins like to slide across the ice on their big stomachs.- Most penguins can swim about 15 miles per hour.- There may be as many as 100 million penguins in the world.Macaroni penguins got their name because of the feathers on their head, which make them look like the well-dressed men of eighteenth-century London who were the focus of the song "Yankee Doodle Dandy."

22 Physical characteristicsThe emperor penguin is the largest of all living penguins, standing 3.7 ft and weighing lbs.The smallest of the penguins is the fairy penguin, standing just 16 in and weighing about 2.2 lbs.The penguin’s body is adapted for swimming. Its body is tapered at both ends and streamlined. A penguin has a large head, short neck, and elongated body.The tail is short and wedge-shaped.The legs and webbed feet are set far back on the body, which causes penguins to stand upright when on land.Wings are modified into paddlelike flippers. The bones are much flattened and, broadened, with the joint of elbow and wrist almost fused. This forms a rigid, tapered, and flat flipper for swimming. Each flipper is covered with short, scale-like feathers. The long wing feathers typical of most birds would be too flexible for swimming through water.

30 HabitatAll 17 species of penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere; on every continent.Penguins are abundant on many temperate and sub Antarctic islands.Penguins generally live on islands and remote conditional regions free from land predators, where their inability to fly isn’t detrimental to their survival.Although many people make the connection from penguin to cold weather.. They are not only found in cold climates such as Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of penguin live so far south. Several species live in the temperate zone, and one species, the Galapagos Penguin, live near the equator.

35 FoodPenguins feed on a range of sea creatures: fish, squid, sardines, anchovies, but most of all, especially the smaller penguins, on krill, a small shrimp.Antarctic penguins also eat a lot of krill.Species found a little north, eat mostly fish.Some penguins chase after rock crabs.Various species of penguins have slightly different food preferences.Dailies feed primarily on small krill, while chinstraps forage for large krill .Emperors and kings primarily eat fishes and squids.Intake varies with the quantity and variety of food available from different areas at different times of the year.The location of prey can vary seasonally and even dailyPenguins primarily rely on their vision while huntingPenguins catch prey with their bills and swallow it whole while swimmingPenguins have a spiny tongue and powerful jaws to grip slippery prey

39 ReproductionWith some of the smaller species, breeding may begin at three or four years, but most larger species are not accomplished breeders until much later. On average, breeding does not begin until the fifth year, and a few males do not breed until the eighth yearMost species have an annual breeding season - spring through summerThe king penguin has the longest breeding cycle of all the penguin species, lasting 14 to 16 months. A female king penguin may produce a chick twice in every three breeding seasonsBoth parents take turns incubating the egg. The incubation period lasts from 4 weeks to 66 days.Depending on the species, penguins lay one to three eggs.

46 Special AdaptationsHeavy solid bones act like a diver’s weight belt, allowing them to stay underwater.Their wings, shaped like flippers, help them “fly” underwater at speeds up to 15 mph. A streamlined body, paddle-like feet, insulating blubber, and watertight feathers all add to their efficiency and comfort underwater.They also have a remarkable deep-diving ability.In addition to blubber for insulating warmth, penguins have stiff, tightly packed feathers that overlap to provide waterproof.They coat their feathers with oil from a gland near the tail to increase impermeability.Black and white counter shading makes them nearly invisible to predators above and below.Penguins have little or no sense of smell. Like other birds, their sense of taste is limited. Their vision appears to be better when they are underwater.Most species of penguins build nests, consist of only a pile of rock or dirt. Emperor penguins build no nests; they hold their eggs on top of their feet under a loose fold of skin called the brood patch.