Midriff

In fashion, midriff is the human abdomen, the midriff is exposed when wearing a crop top or some forms of swimwear. The cholis worn by Indian women exposes a thin section of midriff, usually 4 to 5 inches.[1]

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"Midriff" is an old term in the English language, coming into use before 1000 AD.[2] In Old English it was written as "midhrif", with the old word "hrif" literally meaning stomach;[3] in Middle English it was "mydryf".[2] The word fell into obsolescence after the 18th century.

The word was revived in 1941 by the fashion industry,[3] partly to avoid use of the word "belly" which genteel women considered undesirable in reference to their bodies, as it has connotations of obesity. ("Belly" was a word which was forbidden to be used in films by the Hays Office censors. In the 1933 film 42nd Street, for instance, in the song Shuffle Off to Buffalo, Una Merkel is about to sing the lyric "with a shotgun at his belly", but stops after the "B" of "belly" and sings "tummy" instead.)

In some cultures, exposure of the midriff is socially discouraged or even banned, and the Western culture has historically been hesitant in the use of midriff-baring styles. Bill Blass commented, "It is too difficult. Women will much more readily wear bare-back or plunging-neckline styles."[4] It was introduced to fashion in 1932 by Madeleine Vionnet when she offered an evening gown with strategically cut openings at the waist. Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public.[5] However, exposure of the female midriff and navel was widely brought into everyday Western women's fashion in the 1960s' sexual revolution and later with the popularity of halters, tube tops and crop tops in the 1970s. The cheerleading style fashions developing largely from the styles originating with the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders in the early 1970s also played a crucial role for the popularity of midriff fashion at middle and high schools.[5][6]

During the 1980s, pop star Madonna appeared in bare midriff looks in her performances and music videos, which helped in spreading this fashion widely,[5][7] the popularity of the bare midriff continued well due to low-rise fashion which started in the early 1990s when the British magazine The Face in its March 1993 issue cover featured Kate Moss in low-rise jeans.[8] At the same time, the wide acceptance of navel display in Western societies, navel piercing[9] and navel tattoos[10] have become more common among young women. This raised the popularity of crop tops that expose the midriff and navel,[11] during the 1990s, many designers adapted to the trend. One way of showing the midriff that has proved popular with designers is simply fastening a jacket or vest at the neckline and letting it fall freely. When the wearer moves there is a flash of skin, but nothing startling. Fashion designer Carolina Herrera told, "the midriff doesn't have to be completely bare; a veil of chiffon over the midriff can look intriguing.".[12]

During the late 1940s, school dress codes in the United States banned bare midriffs.[5] Even today, many American secondary schools have dress codes dating back to the 1970s against attire that leaves the midriff exposed.[16] An example of a test that some schools apply is to have the student raise her arms if it is suspected that her shirt will expose her midriff, although more tolerated with younger girls, older female students, especially those over 18 years of age, can be disciplined for exposing their navels on school campuses. As an example, the dress code of the Sherman Independent School District in Texas requires that "there must be no exposure of the midriff area or undergarments. The midriff area must not be seen while bending over, while standing, raising arms, and stretching."[17]

In 2002, East Valley High School in Spokane Valley, Washington specified guidelines about inappropriate clothing in the school's student planner and handbook which includes "clothing that reveals the midriff";[18] in 2004, the Board of Education of Meriden, Connecticut, brought a dress code that banned shirts, blouses that expose the top of the shoulders, haltertops, spaghetti tops, and any clothing that exposed the waist, midriff or hips.[19]

Indian women have traditionally worn saris that bare the midriff, especially South Indian women,[20][21] the gap on the midriff between sari and the choli presented the elegance of a woman’s graceful sway of her gait.[22] A possible cultural justification is that in ancient Indian tradition, the navel of the God Vishnu the Protector is considered to be the center of the universe and the source of life,[23] from his navel a new world of the future emerges. This has been depicted in many ancient Indian sculptures as a lotus emerging from the navel on which God Brahma the Creator is seated.[24][25] Due to this the midriff is set to be left bare in a sari. Another reason could be the hot tropical climate of India. Rathi Vinay Jha, director general of the Fashion Design Council of India told, "The bare midriff keeps you cool".[26]

The sari adapts to a woman's body, rather than defining it, allowing for pregnancy and otherwise expanding girth. And in a culture where having enough to eat is not a given, rolls of fat around the midriff are a sign of prestige, rather than indulgence.[27] Dr.Torsekar, a paediatrician from India who works in Toledo, Ohio, once told, "It maybe hard for American women to imagine going to work with an exposed midriff, but for Indian women, the midriff is considered no more suggestive than the forearm."[28]

Other Indian communities that take midriff in their stride include the women from Rajasthan who leave the midriff exposed while wearing Ghagra Cholis.[29] However, these women often cover their heads with a Dupatta[30] and even cover their faces in front of strangers, which enforces the belief that midriff-baring in India has a symbolic, almost mystical, association with birth and life and that the display is meant to emphasise the centrality of nature in the nurture role.[31] In spite of it, some Indian philosophers gave opposition to exposing midriff in saris, they considered it to be a symbol of adultery.[32] The only ornament accepted by the Hindu culture that can be worn in the midriff region are the waist chains, they are considered to be a part of bridal jewellery.[33]

Due to modern fashion trends, along with saris, the midriff-revealing ghaghra cholis are also popular. Designer Manish Malhotra's Fashion Week collections regularly highlight low waisted ghaghras accompanied by short cholis, such ghagra cholis are more commonly worn by the Bollywood celebrities in films as well as in real life. For example, actress Malaika Arora Khan featured in midriff revealing ghagra choli without dupatta for the hit songs "Chaiyya Chaiyya" in Dil Se.. (1998)[34] and "Munni Badnam" in Dabangg (2010).[35] Actress Priyanka Chopra featured in a low rise ghagra choli designed by designer Ritu Kumar on the opening show of the HDIL India Couture Week 2008 held in Mumbai.[36][37][38] At the Blenders Pride Fashion Tour 2011, she featured in a low rise ghagra choli designed by Neeta Lulla.[39] Recently, actress Amisha Patel walked the ramp in a low rise green Ghagra Choli designed by Rocky S at Aamby Valley City India Bridal Week 2011.[40][41]

1.
Crop top
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A crop top is a top, the lower part of which is high enough to expose the waist, navel, or some of the midriff. The cropping of a top in this manner is generally limited to female garments, bikinis and sports bras are generally not regarded as crop tops. Crop tops have been worn by men generally during the 1970s, the protective gear of American Football with no shirt resembles a crop top. Eventually cropped jerseys became available which carried over to several 1980s telecasts, men also started to wear crop tops regardless of sport. Because of the acceptance for men wearing no shirt, and due to a change in school dress codes as well as peer pressure. Various crop tops have been worn by rappers as well as American Football athletes, however, in 2015 the NCAA has increased restrictions on men wearing crop tops which also includes rolling up longer jerseys. However, the NFL has permitted to Elliott to wear rolled up jersey until September 2016 and this is an isolated event, as most other sport uniforms require men to wear long shirts. In the 1980s, cutoff crop tops became more common as part of the aerobic craze, singer Madonna wore a mesh crop top in her video for the song Lucky Star. It became common for women to crop sections of workout wear, such as sleeves, collars, Crop tops were also often paired with low-slung belts in the 1980s, angled at the side of the hip. But its popularity embarks on the 1990s, by the mid-1990s, the crop top took on the form of the babydoll shirt, a cropped, tight-fitting T-shirt which often featured graphic logos. Long-sleeved crop tops and even crop turtleneck tops also became fashionable for the first time, by the late 1990s, crop tops had become so mainstream that many schools expressly banned garments that expose the midriff in their dress code. While pop singers such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera popularized the crop top for teeny boppers in the 1990s, certain members of the all-female musical groups All Saints and the Spice Girls wore crop tops on stage during their pregnancies. Since 2000, cropped jackets and blazers have become more popular while the hemlines of shirts have mostly remained longer, in the 2010s, the crop top experienced a revival due to the popularity of 1990s nostalgia fashion. Top Hip-huggers Low-rise pants Dudou and Yếm, East Asian tops that sometimes function as croptops Media related to Crop tops at Wikimedia Commons

2.
Fashion
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Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start

3.
Abdomen
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The abdomen constitutes the part of the body between the thorax and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity, in arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body, it follows the thorax or cephalothorax. The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the joint to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity, the boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. The abdomen contains most of the organs of the digestive tract. Hollow abdominal organs include the stomach, the intestine. Organs such as the liver, its attached gallbladder, and the function in close association with the digestive tract. The spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands also lie within the abdomen, along with blood vessels including the aorta. Anatomists may consider the urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, finally, the abdomen contains an extensive membrane called the peritoneum. A fold of peritoneum may completely cover certain organs, whereas it may only one side of organs that usually lie closer to the abdominal wall. Anatomists call the type of organs retroperitoneal. For example, the stomach of ruminants is divided into four chambers – rumen, in vertebrates, the abdomen is a large cavity enclosed by the abdominal muscles, ventrally and laterally, and by the vertebral column dorsally. Lower ribs can also enclose ventral and lateral walls, the abdominal cavity is upper part of the pelvic cavity. It is attached to the cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus pass through the diaphragm, both the abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by a serous membrane known as the parietal peritoneum. This membrane is continuous with the visceral peritoneum lining the organs, the abdomen in vertebrates contains a number of organs belonging, for instance, to the digestive tract and urinary system. There are three layers of the abdominal wall and they are, from the outside to the inside, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominal

4.
Choli
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A choli is a midriff-baring blouse or upper garment in the Indian sari costume worn in India, southern Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and other countries where the sari is worn. It is also part of the ghagra choli costume of India, the choli evolved from ancient Stanapatta, it was part of three-piece attire worn during ancient period. The Antriya lower garment, Uttariya veil worn over shoulder or head and Stanapatta a chestband, rajatarangini, a tenth-century literary work by Kalhana, states that the Choli from the Deccan was introduced under the royal order in Kashmir. Early cholis were front covering, tied at the back, Choli of this type are still common in state of Rajasthan. Pre-Christian era paintings of Maharashtra and Gujarat are considered the first recorded examples of choli, in parts of Hindi-belt, mostly in Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar pradesh women wore vest-like garment known as Kanchli over choli, this complete attire is known as Poshak. A lady of honour ideally covered her back and upper arms with a made of a thicker fabric. Of course, not every woman followed the norm, in the 1970s and 1980s, the blouses went knotty, criss-crossed with a deep cut, and even shone through the sheer saree. Anupama Raj, a boutique owner commented, There is a real need to re-invent the choli so that it can be worn with a variety of outfits. Just as we see the choli to be a form of the blouse. Only then, will it be acceptable internationally, bobby Malik, an exporter-turned-designer commented, The choli is the most sensuous of all garments created for women. It not only flatters the feminine form, but also brings out the romanticism in a woman, but where Indian designers have failed is at giving it an international look and making it still more beautiful. The late Khushwant Singh in his book Sex Scotch and Scholarship stated, A well-cut blouse worn with the saree elevates the bosom, today the entire approach towards the choli is adventurous. Their metamorphosis has taken cholis from being demure and sedate to daring, with tailoring and innovative necklines, such as halter, tubes. Designer Manish Malhotra said, Since most young people follow a healthy gym routine and are at ease with their bodies, they want to look different and they like to travel and carry a sense of Indianness around them. Designer Vikram Phadnis said, Its also to do with the fact that the new age woman is well-traveled, well-read, sonora Kabir, another Delhi-based designer commented, Normally, the choli is supposed to hover around the navel area. But if you crop the lower edges and combine it with a funky design — beads, cholis can be made from many fabrics. For everyday wear, cotton-based materials such as terry-cot and silk cotton are widely considered the most comfortable, chiffon, silk, crepe and satin are best suited for formal occasions. The ideal fabric for cholis in the summer is chiffon and georgette, sheer and other transparent fabrics are considered to add glamour, provided they come with an opaque lining in the right places

5.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety

6.
Motion Picture Production Code
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The Motion Picture Production Code was the set of industry moral guidelines that was applied to most United States motion pictures released by major studios from 1930 to 1968. It is also known as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays. Under Hays leadership, the MPPDA, later known as the Motion Picture Association of America, adopted the Production Code in 1930, the Production Code spelled out what was acceptable and what was unacceptable content for motion pictures produced for a public audience in the United States. From 1934 to 1954, the code was identified with Joseph Breen. In 1968, after years of minimal enforcement, the Production Code was replaced by the MPAA film rating system. In 1922, after several films and a series of off-screen scandals involving Hollywood stars. Many felt the industry had always been morally questionable. Political pressure was increasing, with legislators in 37 states introducing almost one hundred movie censorship bills in 1921, Hays was paid the then-lavish sum of $100,000 a year. Hays, Postmaster General under Warren G, Virginia followed suit the following year, with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film, but many of these were ineffectual. By the 1920s, the New York stage—a frequent source of subsequent screen material—had topless shows, performances filled with words, mature subject matters. Early in the sound system conversion process, it became apparent that what might be acceptable in New York would not be so in Kansas. Moviemakers were looking at the possibility that many states and cities would adopt their own codes of censorship, in 1927, Hays suggested to studio executives that they form a committee to discuss film censorship. This list consisted of eleven subjects best avoided and twenty-six to be handled very carefully, the list was approved by the Federal Trade Commission, and Hays created the Studio Relations Committee to oversee its implementation, however, there was still no way to enforce tenets. The controversy surrounding film standards came to a head in 1929, the Code enumerated a number of key points known as the Donts and Be Carefuls, In 1929, a Catholic layman, Martin Quigley and the Jesuit priest Father Daniel A. Lord created a code of standards and submitted it to the studios, Lord was particularly concerned with the effects of sound film on children, whom he considered especially susceptible to their allure. In February 1930, several studio heads—including Irving Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer —met with Lord, after some revisions, they agreed to the stipulations of the Code. One of the motivating factors in adopting the Code was to avoid direct government intervention. It was the responsibility of the SRC to supervise film production, on March 31, the MPPDA agreed it would abide by the Code

7.
42nd Street (film)
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42nd Street is a 1933 American pre-Code musical film, directed by Lloyd Bacon. The choreography was staged by Busby Berkeley, the songs were written by Harry Warren and Al Dubin. The script was written by Rian James and James Seymour, with Whitney Bolton and this backstage musical was very successful at the box office and is now considered a classic by many. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, in 1998, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In 2006, it ranked 13th on the American Film Institutes list of best musicals and it is 1932, the depth of the Depression, and noted Broadway producers Jones and Barry are putting on Pretty Lady, a musical starring Dorothy Brock. He must make his last show a hit, in order to have money to retire on. Cast selection and rehearsals begin amidst fierce competition, with not a few casting couch innuendos flying around, lorraine is assured a job because of her relationship with dance director Andy Lee, she also sees to it that Ann and Peggy are chosen. The shows juvenile lead, Billy Lawler, takes a liking to Peggy. When Marsh learns about Dorothys relationship with Pat, he sends some thugs led by his gangster friend Slim Murphy to rough him up. That, plus her realization that their situation is unhealthy, makes Dorothy and Pat agree not to see each other for a while, rehearsals continue for five weeks to Marshs complete dissatisfaction until the night before the shows opening in Philadelphia, when Dorothy breaks her ankle. By the next morning Abner has quarreled with her and wants Julian to replace her with his new girlfriend and she, however, tells him that she cant carry the show, but the inexperienced Peggy can. With 200 jobs and his future riding on the outcome, a desperate Julian rehearses Peggy mercilessly until an hour before the premiere, Billy finally gets up the nerve to tell Peggy he loves her, she enthusiastically kisses him. Then Dorothy shows up and wishes her luck, telling her that she, the show goes on, and the last twenty minutes of the film are devoted to three Busby Berkeley production numbers, Shuffle Off to Buffalo, Young and Healthy, and 42nd Street. As the theater audience comes out Julian stands in the shadows, hearing the comments that Peggy is a star, plot note In the original Bradford Ropes novel Julian and Billy are lovers. Since same-sex relationships were unacceptable in films by the standards of the era. Nugent as Terry, a chorus boy Robert McWade as Jones George E. Dubin and Warren, the film was Ruby Keelers first, and the first time that Berkeley, Warren and Dubin had worked for Warner Bros. Director Lloyd Bacon was not the first choice to direct – he replaced Mervyn LeRoy when LeRoy became ill, LeRoy was dating Ginger Rogers at the time, and had suggested to her that she take the role of Anytime Annie. Stone as Andy, the dance director, the film began production on 5 October 1932

8.
Una Merkel
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Una Merkel was an American stage, film, radio, and television actress. Merkel was born in Kentucky and acted on stage in New York in the 1920s and she went to Hollywood in 1930 and became a popular film actress. Two of her performances are in the films 42nd Street. She won a Tony award in 1956, and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1961, Una Merkel was born in Covington, Kentucky, but in her early childhood, she lived in many of the Southern United States due to her fathers job as a traveling salesman. At the age of 15, her parents and she moved to Philadelphia and they stayed there a year or so before settling in New York City, where she began attending the Alviene School of Dramatic Art. Because of her resemblance to actress Lillian Gish, Merkel was offered a part as Gishs youngest sister in a silent film called World Shadows. Unfortunately, the public never saw the film because funding for it dried up, Merkel went on to appear in a few silent films during the silent era, several of them for the Lee Bradford Corporation. She also appeared in the two-reel Loves Old Sweet Song, which was made by Lee DeForest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process and starred Louis Wolheim and Helen Weir. Not making much of a mark in films, Merkel turned her attention to the theater and her biggest triumph was in Coquette, which starred her idol, Helen Hayes. Invited to Hollywood by famous director D. W. Griffith to play Ann Rutledge in his Abraham Lincoln, with her Kewpie-doll looks, strong Southern accent, and wry line delivery, Merkel enlivened scores of films in the 1930s. She even had the distinction of playing Sam Spades secretary in the original 1931 version of The Maltese Falcon, Merkel was a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player from 1932 to 1938, appearing in as many as 12 films in a year, often on loan-out to other studios. She was also often cast as leading lady to a number of actors in their pictures, including Jack Benny, Harold Lloyd, Franchot Tone. In 42nd Street, Merkel played a show girl who was Ginger Rogers characters buddy. In the famous Shuffle Off to Buffalo number, Merkel and Rogers sang the verse, shell be wanting alimony in a year or so. /Still they go and shuffle, shuffle off to Buffalo. Merkel appeared in both the 1934 and the 1952 film versions of The Merry Widow, playing different roles in each and she played the elder daughter to the W. C. Fields character, Egbert Sousé, in the 1940 film The Bank Dick and her film career went into decline during the 1940s, although she continued working in smaller productions. In 1950, she was leading lady to William Bendix in the baseball comedy Kill the Umpire and she made a comeback as a middle-aged woman playing mothers and maiden aunts, and in 1956 won a Tony Award for her role on Broadway in The Ponder Heart. She had a part in the MGM1959 film The Mating Game as Paul Douglas wife and Debbie Reynoldss mother

9.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak

10.
Western culture
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The term also applies beyond Europe, to countries and cultures whose histories are strongly connected to Europe by immigration, colonization, or influence. For example, Western Culture includes countries in the Americas and Australasia, whose language, before the Cold War era, the traditional Western viewpoint identified Western Civilization with the Western Christian countries and culture. Ancient Greece is considered the birthplace of Western culture, with the worlds first democratic system of government and major advances in philosophy, science, Greece was followed by Rome, which made key contributions in law, government, engineering and political organization. European culture developed with a range of philosophy, medieval scholasticism, and mysticism. Rational thinking developed through an age of change and formation, with the experiments of the Enlightenment. More often an ideology is what will be used to categorize it as a Western society. There is some disagreement about what nations should or should not be included in the category, many parts of the Eastern Roman Empire are considered Western today but were Eastern in the past. Since the context is highly biased and context-dependent, there is no agreed definition what the West is and it is difficult to determine which individuals fit into which category and the East–West contrast is sometimes criticized as relativistic and arbitrary. Globalism has spread Western ideas so widely that almost all cultures are, to some extent. Stereotyped views of the West have been labeled Occidentalism, paralleling Orientalism—the term for the 19th-century stereotyped views of the East, as Europe discovered the wider world, old concepts adapted. The area that had formerly considered the Orient became the Near East, as the interests of the European powers interfered with Meiji Japan and Qing China for the first time. Thus, the Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 occurred in the Far East, the Greeks contrasted themselves to their Eastern neighbors, such as the Trojans in Iliad, setting an example for later contrasts between east and west. In the Middle Ages, the Near East provided a contrast to the West, concepts of what is the West arose out of legacies of the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. Later, ideas of the west were formed by the concepts of Latin Christendom, Western culture is neither homogeneous nor unchanging. As with all cultures, it has evolved and gradually changed over time. Nevertheless, it is possible to follow the evolution and history of the West, and appreciate its similarities and differences, its borrowings from, and contributions to, other cultures of humanity. Nevertheless, the Greeks felt they were the most civilized and saw themselves as something between the wild barbarians of most of Europe and the soft, slavish Middle-Easterners. In the meantime, however, Greece, under Alexander, had become a capital of the East, the Celts also created some significant literature in the ancient world whenever they were given the opportunity

11.
Bill Blass
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William Ralph Bill Blass was an American fashion designer, born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was the recipient of many awards, including seven Coty Awards. Blass was the son of Ralph Aldrich Blass, a traveling hardware salesman, who committed suicide when his son was five years old, and his wife, the former Ethyl Easter. He had one sister, Virginia Mae, in his autobiography, Blass wrote that the margins in his school books were filled with sketches of Hollywood-inspired fashions instead of notes. At fifteen, he began sewing and selling evening gowns for $25 each to a New York manufacturer. At seventeen, he had saved up money to move to Manhattan and study fashion. He spent his salary of $30 a week on clothing, shoes, in 1942, Blass enlisted in the Army. He was assigned to the 603rd Camouflage Battalion with a group of writers, artists, sound engineers, theater technicians and their mission was to fool the German Army into believing the Allies were positioned in fake locations. They did this by using recordings, dummy tanks, and other false materials and he served in this unit at several major operations including the Battle of the Bulge, the Rhine River crossing, Sicily, the Normandy breakout, and North Africa. Blass began his New York fashion career in 1945 and he was a protégé of Baron de Gunzburg. In 1970, after two decades of success in menswear and womenswear, he bought Maurice Rentner Ltd. which he had joined in 1959, over the next 30 years he expanded his line to include swimwear, furs, luggage, perfume, and chocolate. By 1998, his company had grown to a $700-million-a-year business, beginning in 1976, and continuing until 1992, Blass lent his talents to the Ford Motor Company for an edition of their Continental Mark series of automobiles. In 1976, he shared model configurations with Emilio Pucci, Hubert de Givenchy, each year, as goes true fashion, the interior and exterior color combinations would be updated. One of the most popular was the 1979 edition honoring a nautical theme, small anchors were incorporated into the exterior accent striping and interior accents within the Blass back-to-back B design theme. The 1979 through 1983 Mark series Blass models were available with a carriage roof giving a convertible top look to the cars, after 1983, the Bill Blass edition became a color option with rear quarter window model designations and a few features that were options on the standard model. In 1994, Blass gave $10 million to the New York Public Library, in recognition of the gift, the Public Catalogue Room of the Central Research Library at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street was named the Bill Blass Public Catalogue Room. In 1999, Blass sold Bill Blass Limited for $50 million to Michael Groveman and retired to his home in New Preston, Blass was diagnosed with oral/tongue cancer in 2000, not long after he began writing his memoir. His cancer later developed into throat cancer, resulting in his death on June 12,2002 at age 79

12.
Madeleine Vionnet
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Madeleine Vionnet was a French fashion designer. Born in Loiret, France, Vionnet trained in London before returning to France to establish her first fashion house in Paris in 1912. Although it was forced to close in 1914 at the outbreak of the First World War, it re-opened after the war, Vionnet was forced to close her house in 1939 and retired in 1940. Born on 22 June 1876 into a family in Chilleurs-aux-Bois. Having already left school, Vionnet began her apprenticeship at age twelve as a seamstress alongside members of the garde champêtre. After a brief marriage at age 18 – and the loss of her young child – she left her husband, while in London, Vionnet worked as a fitter for Kate Reily. Vionnet eventually returned to Paris, working for six years in the fashion house Callot Soeurs as a toile maker, after a disagreement with a manager of the house, Vionnet threatened to leave her post. She was convinced to stay by the eldest of the Callot sisters, Vionnet later praised Marie Callot Gerber as a great lady and later remarked that without the example of the Callot Soeurs, I would have continued to make Fords. It is because of them that I have been able to make Rolls Royces and her desire for simplicity was ultimately at odds with the characteristic lacy frills of the fashion house. Vionnet designed for Jacques Doucet between 1907 and 1911, but her use of models and design of loose robes clashed with the style of the house. In 1912 she founded her own house, Vionnet, which closed in 1914 owing to the beginning of the First World War. Re-establishing the house in 1923, Vionnet opened new premises on Avenue Montaigne, in 1925, Vionnets fashion house expanded with premises on Fifth Avenue in New York City. She sold designs purchased off the peg and adapted to the wearer, Vionnets vision of the female form revolutionized modern clothing, and the success of her unique cuts assured her reputation. She fought for laws in fashion. She instituted what, at the time, were considered revolutionary labor practices, paid holidays and maternity leave, day-care, a hall. The onset of World War II forced Vionnet to close her house in 1939. Vionnet created some 12,000 garments over the course of her career, there is something superficial and volatile about the seasonal and elusive whims of fashion which offends my sense of beauty. Vionnet was not concerned with being the designer of the moment, alongside Coco Chanel, Vionnet is credited with a move away from stiff, formalised clothing to sleeker, softer clothes

13.
Swimsuit
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Swimwear is clothing designed to be worn by people engaging in a water-based activity or water sports, such as swimming, diving and surfing, or sun-orientated activities, such as sun bathing. Different types may be worn by men, women, and children, a swimsuit can be worn as an undergarment in sports that require a wetsuit such as water skiing, scuba diving, surfing, and wakeboarding. There is a wide range of styles of modern swimsuits available. The choice of style may depend on community standards of modesty, as well as current fashions, the choice will also consider the occasion, for example whether it is to be worn for a passive occasion such as sunbathing or for an activity such as surfing or competition. Swimwear for men usually exposes the chest, while suits for women usually cover at least the breasts, rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits, but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic, with jersey and silk also sometimes being used. In the 1930s, new materials were being developed and use in swimwear, particularly latex and nylon, while they go through many trends in pattern, length and cut there is not much modification to the original variety of suit. A recent innovation is the burqini, favored by some Muslim women and these are an updated version of full-body swimwear, which has been available for centuries, but conforms with Islams traditional emphasis on modest dress. In Egypt, the term Sharia swimsuit is used to describe full-body swimwear, swimsuits can be skin-tight or loose-fitting. They are often lined with another layer of fabric if the fabric becomes transparent when wet. Swimsuits range from designs that almost completely cover the body to designs that expose almost all of the body, the choice of swimsuit will depend on personal and community standards of modesty and on considerations such as how much or how little sun protection is desired, and prevailing fashions. Almost all swimsuits cover the genitals and pubic hair, while most except thongs or G-string cover much or all of the buttocks, most swimsuits in western culture leave at least the head, shoulders, arms, and lower part of the leg exposed. Womens swimsuits generally cover at least the aereola and bottom half of the breasts, in many countries, young girls and sometimes women choose not to wear a swimsuit top, and this can vary with the occasion, location, age, etc. Both men and women may sometimes wear swimsuits covering more of the body when swimming in cold water, in colder temperatures, the swimwear is needed to conserve body heat and protect the body core from hypothermia. Competitive swimwear generally refers to the swimsuit, clothing, equipment and accessories used in the sports of swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, triathlon. Some swimsuits are designed specifically for swimming competitions where they may be constructed of a low resistance fabric that reduces skin drag. For some kinds of swimming and diving, special bodysuits called diveskins are worn and these suits are made from spandex and provide little thermal protection, but they do protect the skin from stings and abrasion. Most competitive swimmers also wear special swimsuits including partial bodysuits, racerback styles, jammers, unlike regular swimsuits, which are designed mainly for the aesthetic appearances, swimsuits designed to be worn during competitions are manufactured to assist the athlete in swim competitions. They reduce friction and drag in the water, increasing the efficiency of the forward motion

14.
Halterneck
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Halterneck is a style of womens clothing strap that runs from the front of the garment around the back of the neck, and leaving most of the back uncovered. The name comes from livestock halters, the halter style is used with swimsuits, to maximize sun tan exposure on the back and minimize tan lines. It is also used with dresses or shirts, to create a dress or top. The neck strap can itself be covered by the wearers hair, if a bra is worn with a halter top, it is generally either strapless or of halterneck construction itself, so as to avoid exposing the back straps of a typical bra. A halter top is a type of sleeveless shirt similar to a tank top, in another style of the halter top, there is only a narrow strap behind the neck and a narrow strap behind the middle of the back, so that it is mostly backless. This design resembles many bikini tops, although it covers the chest more, décolletage Spaghetti strap Dudou and Yếm, traditional East Asian undershirts incorporating a halterneck

15.
Cheerleading
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Cheerleading ranges from chanting, to intense physical activity for sports team motivation, audience entertainment, or competition based upon organized routines. Competitive routines typically range anywhere from one to three minutes, and contain components of tumbling, dance, jumps, cheers, and stunting, Cheerleading originated in the United States, and remains predominantly in America, with an estimated 1.5 million participants in all-star cheerleading. The global presentation of cheerleading was led by the 1997 broadcast of ESPNs International cheerleading competition, Cheerleading began during the late 18th century with the rebellion of male students. After the American Revolutionary War, students experienced harsh treatment from teachers, in response to facultys abuse, college students violently acted out. The undergraduates began to riot, burn down buildings located on their college campuses, as a more subtle way to gain independence, however, students invented and organized their own extracurricular activities outside their professors control. This brought about American sports, beginning first with collegiate teams, in the 1860s, students from Great Britain began to cheer and chant in unison for their favorite athletes at sporting events. Soon, that gesture of support crossed overseas to America, on November 6,1869, the United States witnessed its first intercollegiate football game. It took place between Princeton and Rutgers University, and marked the day the original Sis Boom Rah. cheer was shouted out by student fans, organized cheerleading started as an all-male activity. As early as 1877, Princeton University had a Princeton Cheer, documented in the February 22,1877, March 12,1880 and this cheer was yelled from the stands by students attending games, as well as by the athletes themselves. Remains in use with modifications today, where it is now referred to as the Locomotive. Princeton class of 1882 graduate Thomas Peebles moved to Minnesota in 1884 and he transplanted the idea of organized crowds cheering at football games to the University of Minnesota. These students would cheer for the team also at football practices and it was not until 1898 that University of Minnesota student Johnny Campbell directed a crowd in cheering Rah, Rah, Rah. Making Campbell the very first cheerleader, November 2,1898 is the official birth date of organized cheerleading. Soon after, the University of Minnesota organized a yell leader squad of six male students, in 1903, the first cheerleading fraternity, Gamma Sigma, was founded. In 1923, at the University of Minnesota, women were permitted to participate in cheerleading, however, it took time for other schools to follow. In the late 1920s, many school manuals and newspapers that were published still referred to cheerleaders as chap, fellow, women cheerleaders were overlooked until the 1940s. In the 1940s, collegiate men were drafted for World War II, as noted by Kieran Scott in Ultimate Cheerleading, Girls really took over for the first time. During the 1950s, cheerleading in America also increased in popularity, by the 1960s, some began to consider cheerleading a feminine extracurricular for boys, and by the 1970s, girls primarily cheered at public school games

16.
Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders
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The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders is the National Football League cheerleading squad representing the Dallas Cowboys. The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders are widely regarded as one of the best cheerleading squads in the NFL, the original cheerleading squad was made up of a male-female group called the CowBelles & Beaux. The group made its sidelines debut in 1960 during the Cowboys inaugural season, local high school students made up the squad, which was typical of high school and college cheerleading squads throughout the 1960s, rarely getting much attention. She became an instant public sensation in Dallas, also gaining attention from Cowboys General Manager Tex Schramm, understanding the importance of the entertainment industry to the Cowboys profitability, Schramm was inspired to form a cheerleading squad dressed in similar fashion to Cash. By 1969, it was decided that the cheerleading squad needed this new image, the male cheerleaders were dropped from the squad, and an all-female squad from local high school cheerleading squads in the Dallas-Fort Worth area was selected. From that point on, the CowBelles & Beaux became the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, preparing for the 1970 season, Schramm decided to change the Cheerleaders image to boost attendance. In 1971, the rules changed to allow not only local female cheerleaders to compete for a spot on the squad. Since the 1972 squad consisted of adults, this allowed the possibility of redesigning the uniforms to introduce a more revealing look. This modified squad first appeared on the sidelines during the Cowboys 1972 season, even greater national attention came in the fall of 1977 when the Cowboys, along with designer and photographer Bob Shaw, produced the first NFL cheerleader poster for the Dallas Cowboys. This, and an Esquire magazine article by Shaw in October 1977, also that year, the DCC produced their own one-hour special, The 36 Most Beautiful Girls in Texas, which aired on ABC prior to the season opener of Monday Night Football. On January 14,1979, the made-for-TV movie The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders aired, starring Bert Convy and Jane Seymour, it had a 48% share of the national television audience. On January 13,1980, a sequel to the original TV movie, The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders II, aired. The Cheerleaders have made many other TV appearances since then, and their likeness has been featured on merchandise, such as posters, T-shirts, trading cards. The DCC has also toured throughout the United States, as well as overseas, included in these tours are regular appearances in United Service Organizations tours, which began during the 1979 holiday season for U. S. troops stationed in South Korea. The DCC releases several calendars every year, more recently, in addition to their annual swimsuit calendar, they also release an annual sideline calendar, featuring photos of the DCC cheering and performing at Cowboys home games. The DCC held a ceremony inaugurating the second game of the 1994 FIFA World Cup between Spain and South Korea, former DCCs Kelli McGonagill Finglass and Judy Trammell are the squads director and choreographer, respectively. Since 2006, the Cheerleaders have produced their own reality series, Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders, Making the Team. The series follows the process of the annual squad

17.
Low-rise (fashion)
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Low-rise is a style of clothing designed to sit low on, or below, the hips. The style can also be called lowcut, hipster, or hip-hugger. the term can be applied to all garments that cover the wearers crotch area, including trousers, jeans, shorts, skirts, panties, briefs, bikinis, pantyhose, and tights. The rise of a garment is measured by the distance between the crotch and the waistline or top of the garment and is usually around 12 inches on regular pants. The average rise of a garment is roughly 8 inches with some as little as 3 to 4 inches. A normal low-rise sits at least 2 to 3 inches below the navel, a super or an ultra low-rise sits at 4 to 5 inches below the navel. The low-rise fashion expanded in the early 1990s after the March 1993 issue of the British magazine The Face which featured Kate Moss in low-rise jeans. Clothing manufacturer Levi Strauss & Co. introduced low-rise jeans in December 2000, backs were also cut low, but not so low that they exposed backside cleavage. It later adopted the style in mens wear, gradually the wide acceptance of low-rise pants by men led to low-rise swimwear and briefs. The trend became so popular that in 2002, a Barbie doll wearing low-rise jeans named My Scene Barbie was introduced in stores, the term is applied to saris and Ghagra cholis in India. Due to migration to different countries, many Indian women began to wear the normal sari below the waistline exposing the navel which is known as Low-rise sari. These type of saris are worn such that the petticoat is tied at some inches below the navel, similarly, the lehengas of ghagra cholis are also worn in low-rise. Designer Manish Malhotras Fashion Week collections regularly highlight low waisted ghaghras accompanied by short cholis and this were made popular by the female celebrities of Bollywood industry and other popular regional film industries like Tamil cinema and Telugu cinema. These are mainly worn by the rich, educated women who consider navel exposure as a fashion. However, sometimes, the navel is covered with the pallu in a low-rise non-transparent sari, vitruvio Pollione Scientific High School, Avezzano, central Italy, asked students to stop wearing low-slung trousers that expose navels, underwear etc. Deputy Principal Nazzareno Desiderio elaborated in an interview, Its a piece of advice. Inspired by the decision in Avezzano, the principal of Romes Visconti High School Antonino Grasso had suggested that students show less skin and proposed a debate on the matter. In an interview he commented, Today, boys are less tickled by such visions, because no more big effect in seeing a girls legs or shoulders, lower back. In some corporations in India, saris are required to be worn in an elegant manner avoiding navel exposure, anita Gupta, Senior Vice-President at JWT Chennai commented, Formal wear for women definitely covers saris without plunging necklines or glimpses of the belly button

18.
The Face (magazine)
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The Face was a British music, fashion and culture monthly magazine started in May 1980 by Nick Logan. The magazine was based in London, Logan had previously created the teen pop magazine Smash Hits, and had been an editor at the New Musical Express in the 1970s before launching The Face in 1980. The magazine was influential in showcasing a number of fashion, music, and style trends of youth culture including New Romantic, from 1981 to 1986, Neville Brody was typographer, graphic designer, and art director of the magazine. In 1992, the magazine ran an article which contained a reference to the sexual orientation of the Australian actor. Donovan sued the magazine for libel in 1992 and won the case, subsequently, the magazine requested donations from readers to pay the substantial libel damages and court costs which came to £300,000. The magazine set up the Lemon Aid fund—supposedly so-called because the article on Donovan had stated that he treated his hair with lemon juice to make it blonder. Donovan reached a settlement with the magazine which allowed it to stay in business and its best selling period was in the mid-1990s, when editor Richard Benson brought in a team that included art director Lee Swillingham. In 1999, Wagadon was sold the title to the publishing company EMAP, by the time of its May 2004 closure, monthly sales had declined and advertising revenues had consequently reduced. Publishers EMAP closed the title to concentrate resources on its more successful magazines, in an ironic twist, Jason Donovan led a consortium that made an abortive approach to EMAP to save the title prior to its closure. In 2011 The Face was added to the permanent collection of the Design Museum, London, and featured in the Postmodernism exhibition, thames & Hudson is to publish a history of The Face 1980-1999 by Paul Gorman in 2015. and the Next Mags Facing the Chop Are

19.
Kate Moss
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Kate Moss is an English model. Born in Croydon, Surrey, she was discovered in 1988 at age 14 by Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management, arriving at the end of the supermodel era, Moss rose to fame in the early 1990s as part of the heroin chic fashion trend. Her collaborations with Calvin Klein brought her to fashion icon status and she is known for her waifish figure, and role in size zero fashion. She received an award at the 2013 British Fashion Awards to acknowledge her contribution to fashion over 25 years, Moss is also a contributing fashion editor for British Vogue. Moss has had her own clothing range and has involved in musical projects. She has won accolades for modelling, in 2007, TIME named her one of the worlds 100 most influential people. She has inspired cultural depictions including a £1. 5m 18 carat gold statue of her and she began dating Jefferson Hack in the early 2000s and they have a daughter. She later dated musician Pete Doherty and she is married to Jamie Hince, guitarist for the Kills. She received media scrutiny for her party lifestyle and drug use, drug allegations beginning in late 2005 led to her being dropped from fashion campaigns. She was cleared of charges and resumed modelling, in 2012, she came second on the Forbes top-earning models list, with estimated earnings of $9.2 million in one year. Moss was born in Croydon, Greater London, the daughter of Linda Rosina, a barmaid, and Peter Edward Moss, an airline employee and she has a younger brother, Nick, and a half-sister named Lottie. Mosss parents divorced when she was 13 and she attended Ridgeway Primary School and Riddlesdown Collegiate, formerly known as Riddlesdown High School, in Purley. Moss was discovered in 1988 at 14 by Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management, at JFK Airport in New York, after a holiday in the Bahamas. Corinne Day shot black-and-white photographs of her, styled by Melanie Ward, for The Face when she was 16, Day discovered Moss when she was a young and unknown and described the pictures as dirty realism or grunge. Moss then featured in the Levis campaign Levis for Girls, with success, set up by The Design Corporation. Moss featured in the fashion look heroin chic in 1996 with a campaign for Calvin Klein, bill Clinton spoke out against the trend. Moss said, It was just the time and it was a swing from more buxom girls like Cindy Crawford and people were shocked to see what they called a waif. How many times can you say Im not anorexic, on 20 September 2005, the Swedish fashion retailer H&M dropped her from its campaign of autumn clothes designed by Stella McCartney because of drug allegations

20.
Low-rise pants
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Low-rise pants are pants that sit low on, or below, the hips, usually at least 8 centimetres lower than the navel. They are also called lowcut jeans, hipster jeans, and lowriders, low-rise pants have been available since the 1900s, in styles for both men and women, with popularity increasing in the 2000s. The rise of any bottom apparel is determined by the distance between the crotch and the waist and is usually around 30 cm on regular pants. In comparison, the measurement of low-rise trousers is roughly 20 cm. The latter can also be classified as ultra low-rise jeans, and the small zipper no longer has its traditional function, but is rather a display of fashion. Hip-huggers, the precursor to low-rise pants, rose to popularity during the mid 1960s due to the mod subculture, later, hip-huggers became a staple of popular culture and were incorporated into the disco scene of the 1970s. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, however, waistlines moved higher as wide, flared, the 1990s revival of low-rise jeans can be credited to British fashion designer Alexander McQueen, who first showed his famous low-rise bumster trousers in his 1996 Taxi Driver collection show. One commentator observed, The bumster for me is what defined McQueen, for me it was the look that put him on the map because it was controversial. Those little bumsters were in his first shows and it was like 20 people in England were wearing them back then. Following McQueens lead, the fashion of low-rise pants gradually spread, the late 90s jeans and trousers peeked just about 1-2 inches below the belly button for both sexes. The iconic low-rise fashion emerged in 2000, particularly among youth, most American teenage and twenty-something-oriented retail stores that carry jeans only or mostly carry low-rise jeans. Low-rise jeans are manufactured in many styles, including boot-cut, flared, loose, straight, baggy, skinny, boyfriend, due to the popularity of low-rise jeans, manufacturers have also begun making low-rise styles of other kinds of pants, such as cargo pants and dress pants. Low-rise jeans may be worn to display more skin at the waist, torso, accordingly, they are sometimes worn in combination with crop tops, giving a glimpse of skin between the jeans and the top, or showing their entire midriff including the navel. From 2000 to 2007, the low rise style frequently revealed the thong or G-string underneath, when the wearer sits down or bends forward, sometimes cleavage is visible. When a thong is exposed above a pair of low-rise jeans on the back, it is referred to as a whale tail. When boxer shorts become visible this is known as sagging, because underwear was no longer always hidden, more men and women choose their underwear to function with their low-rise jeans. People spotted with their tail or boxers showing would have been fined $500 if the bill had become law. The bill, HB1703, was rejected by the Louisiana House of Representatives, a similar statewide bill was rejected in February 2005 in Virginia, and would have levied a $50 fine for anyone deliberately showing their underwear

21.
Tattoo
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A tattoo is a form of body modification, where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. The word tattoo, or tattow in the 18th century, is a loanword from the Polynesian word tatau, the Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. Before the importation of the Polynesian word, the practice of tattooing had been described in the West as painting, scarring and this is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat or performance — see military tattoo. In this case, the English word tattoo is derived from the Dutch word taptoe, the word tattoo was brought to Europe by the explorer James Cook, when he returned in 1769 from his first voyage to Tahiti and New Zealand. In his narrative of the voyage, he refers to an operation called tattaw, mainstream art galleries hold exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs such as Beyond Skin, at the Museum of Croydon. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as flash, flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers. The most common used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is Horimono. Japanese may use the word tattoo to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing, anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names tatu, moko, cicatrix, and keloid. According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds and this can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several layers of skin, the symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative or about an unrelated person, some Māori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, the tattoo is used for protection against evil. Text-based tattoos including quotes, lyrics, personal mottos or scripture are popular in western culture, as an example some Christians might have a Psalm or verse from the Bible tattooed on their body. Popular verses include John 3,16, Philippians 4,13, in the Philippines certain tribal groups believe tattoos have magical qualities, and help to protect their bearers. Most traditional tattooing in the Philippines is related to the accomplishments in life or rank in the tribe. Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows, people have also been forcibly tattooed. During registration, the Nazis would pierce the outlines of the serial-number digits onto the prisoners arms, only Auschwitz put tattoos on inmates, of all the Nazi concentration camps

22.
Carolina Herrera (fashion designer)
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Her socialite grandmother introduced her to the world of fashion, taking young Carolina to shows by Balenciaga and buying her outfits at Lanvin and Dior. She has said My eye was accustomed to see pretty things, in 1957, at the age of 18, she married Guillermo Behrens Tello, a Venezuelan landowner, with whom she had two daughters, Mercedes and Ana Luisa. In 1968, in Caracas, she married Reinaldo Herrera Guevara, therefore, by marriage, Carolina held the title The Marquise consort of Torre Casa, until it was retracted in 1992, as Reinaldo had issued no son. Her husband is an editor of Vanity Fair magazine. In 2009, Herrera became a naturalized United States citizen, in 1965, Herrera began her career working as a publicist for Emilio Pucci, a Florentine Marquis himself and a close family friend. She began working at Puccis Caracas boutique, and moved to New York in 1980, frequently associating with Mick and Bianca Jagger and Andy Warhol, at Studio 54, she became well known for her dramatic style. She first appeared on the International Best Dressed List in 1972, in 1981, her friend Diana Vreeland, then Editor-in-Chief of Vogue suggested that Carolina design a clothing line. Upon this initial success, she returned to Caracas and raised capital to fund a more formal launch and her first runway show in 1980 included future supermodel Iman. Carolina Herrera presents her Ready-to-Wear Collection semiannually at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in New York, in the late 1980s, Spanish fragrance company Puig licensed the Carolina Herrera name to develop and market a line of perfumes. In 1995, the acquired the Carolina Herrera fashion business. As of 2011, her daughters Carolina Jr. and Patricia Lansing participated in the creative direction and design. In February 2016, it was reported by WWD that the side of the business had more than 25,000 points of sale across the globe while the CH brand included 129 freestanding stores. In 2015, the first advert for the brand was released, featuring models Elisabeth Erm, in July 2016 Herrera announced the release of her new womens fragrance to be available for purchase in September, her biggest fragrance launch in 14 years. The scent is called Good Girl and Karlie Kloss is the face of the fragrance, in 2008, she was awarded the Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, and Womenswear Designer of the Year in 2004. Herrera is a recipient of The International Center in New Yorks Award of Excellence as well as Spains Gold Medal for Merit in the Fine Arts and she was awarded the Gold Medal of the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute in 1997. She received the Fashion Group International Superstar Award, the Style Awards Designer of the Year in 2012 and she has been on the cover of Vogue seven times. Since 2004, she has been a member of the board of directors of jewelry designer Mimi So, in 2014, she earned the 2014 Couture Council Award for Artistry of Fashion. Carolina Herrera Spring 2014 Ready-to-Wear Collection Carolina Herrera runway shows and fashion collections Carolina Herrera

23.
Chanel
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Chanel S. A. is a French, privately held company owned by Alain and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the couturière Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S. A. is a fashion house that specializes in haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname Coco from her time as a chanteuse, the House of Chanel is known for the little black dress, the perfume No.5 de Chanel, and the Chanel Suit. Chanel’s use of jersey fabric produced garments that were comfortable and affordable, Chanel used colors traditionally associated with masculinity in Europe, such as grey and navy blue, to denote feminine boldness of character. An example of haute couture techniques is the woolen Chanel suit — a knee-length skirt. The complementary accessories were two-tone pump shoes and jewellry, usually a necklace of pearls, Coco Chanel thus could sell to them the hats she designed and made, she thus earned a living, independent of her financial sponsor, the socialite Balsan. Despite that social circumstance, Boy Capel perceived the businesswoman innate to Coco Chanel, because that locale already housed a dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture. The First World War affected European fashion through scarcity of materials, in 1915 and in 1917, Harper’s Bazaar magazine reported that the garments of the House of Chanel were on the list of every buyer for the clothing factories of Europe. After the First World War, the House of Chanel, following the trends of the 1920s, produced beaded dresses. Originally, a bottle of No.5 de Chanel was a gift to clients of Chanel, the popularity of the perfume prompted the House of Chanel to offer it for retail sale in 1922. In 1923, to explain the success of her clothes, Coco Chanel told Harper’s Bazaar magazine that design simplicity is the keynote of all true elegance, business partners — late 1920s The success of the No. To that end, the businessman Théophile Bader introduced the venture capitalist Pierre Wertheimer to Coco Chanel, moreover, by 1937, the House of Chanel had expanded the range of its clothes to more women, and presented prêt-à-porter clothes designed and cut for the petite woman. Among fashion designers only the clothes created by Elsa Schiaparelli could compete with the clothes of Chanel. A. at 31 rue Cambon, meanwhile, because of the Nazi occupation’s official anti-Semitism, Pierre Wertheimer and family, had fled France to the U. S. in mid-1940. Later, in 1941, Coco Chanel attempted to assume control of Parfums Chanel. Occupied France abounded with rumours that Coco Chanel was a Nazi collaborator, her identity was secret agent 7124 of the Abwehr. At War’s end, upon the Allied liberation of France, Chanel was arrested for having collaborated with the Nazis, in Switzerland, the news revived Coco Chanel’s resentment at having been exploited by her business partner, for only ten per cent of the money. So she established a rival Swiss parfumerie to create, produce, in exchange Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss parfumerie enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name Coco Chanel. As a post–War fashion that used some 20 yards of fabric, having decided to do business with Coco Chanel, Wertheimer’s negotiations to fund the resurgence of the House of Chanel, granted him commercial rights to all Chanel-brand products

24.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

25.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination

26.
Spokane Valley, Washington
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Spokane Valley is a city in Spokane County, Washington, United States, and the largest suburb of Spokane. It is located east of Spokane, west of Coeur dAlene, Idaho, the city incorporated as the City of Spokane Valley on March 31,2003. The Washington State Office of Financial Management estimates the population as 94,919 as of 2015. Spokane Valley is named after the valley of the Spokane River, before becoming an incorporated city, the area was and still is referred to as The Valley by residents of the Spokane Metro Area. For thousands of years, the Spokane Valley area was populated by members of the Upper Band of the Interior Salish Indians, calling themselves “Sn-tutuul-i”, in about 1783, fur traders from the North West Company began traveling through the area. They called these Indians the “Spokanes” which has interpreted as meaning “Children of the Sun. ”The Spokanes were a peaceful people, on friendly terms with neighboring tribes and later the fur traders. They fished salmon, hunted game, and ate camassia roots, despite their many years of acceptance of the white settlers, and the calming influence of Chief Garry, the Spokanes protested the loss of their lands by joining in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The final battle, in 1858, culminated in the Spokane Valley with the destruction of over 800 of their horses, their food, the Spokanes were eventually forced from the lands of their ancestors to a reservation north of the Spokane River, just west of the Spokane area. The first permanent white settler in the Spokane Valley was a retired French-Canadian trapper, Antoine Plante, Plante ran a small Hudsons Bay Company trading post in the home he shared with his American Indian wife and family. In 1850, Plante constructed and operated the first ferry across the Spokane River and it was used for transportation across the river by Fort Colville military personnel, U. S. Army surveyors, and miners traveling to western Montana and southeastern British Columbia. Charley Kendall established a store on the side of the Spokane River. A bridge to cross the river at Kendalls store was built by Joe Herring, Timothy Lee. A small community, known as Spokane Bridge, began to build up near the bridge, M. M. Cowley took over the holdings of Charley Kendall in 1872, including the bridge, a trading post and a log hotel. Interestingly, the history of the settlement of the Spokane Valley predates the history of the city of Spokane, Spokane Valley holds many of the “firsts” for the Spokane area. All these firsts occurred before the 1873 arrival of James N. Glover, considered the founding father of Spokane. Before the turn of the century, early pioneers, many of them silver miners, arrived from the East by way of the Northern Pacific and Great Northern railroads, by 1883, the first transcontinental rail was established. The railroad activity created support for extensive shops and facilities, within a few years, Spokane was tied to the outside world by five transcontinental railroads, making it the hub of commerce it remains today. Irrigation efforts stimulated population growth in the Spokane Valley significantly in the part of the 20th century

27.
Meriden, Connecticut
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Meriden is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States, located halfway between the regional cities of New Haven and Hartford. In 2010, the population of the city was 60,868, Meriden was originally a part of the neighboring town of Wallingford. It was granted a separate meetinghouse in 1727, became a town in 1806 with over 1000 residents and it was once proposed as the Connecticut state capital. It was named for the town of Meriden, West Midlands, England, popular myth also states that it is named after the Merry Den tavern that may have been located near present-day U. S. Route 5. The oldest house in town still standing, built by Solomon Goffe in 1711, became a museum in 1986, the Solomon Goffe House. The grave of Winston Churchills great-great-great maternal grandfather, Timothy Jerome, can be seen today at what is now called Burying Ground 1720 at the juncture of Dexter Avenue and Lydale Place. At the time the location was known as Buckwheat Hill, Timothy Jeromes son, Samuel, is the great-great grandfather of Jennie Jerome, Winston Churchills mother. Meriden earned the nickname Silver City, due to the number of silver manufacturers. In addition to hollowware, Meriden was also a significant center of cutlery production (various silver companies, Meriden Cutlery, the small city is also for the historical production of glass and lamps. During this time, several mansions and houses of note were built, Charles Parker and his younger brother opened their first factory in Meriden in 1832, with a capital outlay of $70.00. Over the years they manufactured a variety of products‚ from steam engines, train wheels. During the Civil War, Parkers Meriden Machine Company was under Union contract to produce 10,000 repeating rifles and 15,000 Springfield rifles, Parker began producing his own shotgun, referred to as The Gun of 1866. On March 7,1860, Abraham Lincoln spoke in Meriden seeking the Republican presidential nomination, Meriden also was an important site for graphic arts innovation. In 1888, the Meriden Gravure Company was founded by Charles Parker and James F. Allen, the company developed an expertise in high quality image reproduction, which initially was driven by the needs of the silver industry. Hubbard Park in the Hanging Hills was financed by Walter Hubbard, the design for the park was originally conceived by Hubbard in consultation with the Olmsted Brothers, sons of Frederick Law Olmsted, America’s foremost landscape architect. In 1900, Castle Craig on a peak was dedicated in the park, the Curtis Memorial Library opened in 1903. The Meriden Firearms Co. manufactured small arms from 1905 to 1918, the stock was owned by Sears, Roebuck & Company. From 1937 until 1947, the International Silver Company sponsored the Silver Theater, the radio program featured many Hollywood actors and actresses of the time like Jimmy Stewart and Rosalind Russell

28.
Sherlyn Chopra
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Sherlyn Chopra is an Indian model and actress known for her works in Bollywood and Playboy. In July 2012, Chopra announced that she would part of Playboy magazine. Subsequently, she became the first Indian woman posing nude for the official Playboy magazine and she was then selected to host the sixth season of the show MTV Splitsvilla. In December 2013, she released her single titled Bad Girl. Sherlyn Chopras father was a doctor and she attended Stanley Girls High School and Saint Anns College for Women in Secunderabad. In 1999 she was crowned Miss Andhra, Chopras early acting career consisted of roles in few Bollywood films. She appeared in such as Time Pass, Red Swastik. She made her Telugu film debut in A film By Aravind, Chopra was also a contestant on Bigg Boss. She was evicted from the show on Day 27, from 2013 on, she filmed as the lead protagonist in Kamasutra 3D directed by Rupesh Paul and she also appeared in the trailer which was released at the 66th Cannes International Film Festival. It went silent around the production after that for a while, list of people in Playboy 2010–19 Official website Sherlyn Chopra at the Internet Movie Database Playboy edition

29.
Sari
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There are various styles of sari draping, the most common being the Nivi style, which originated in Andhra Pradesh. The sari is worn over a petticoat, with a fitted upper garment commonly called a blouse. The blouse has short sleeves and is cropped at the midriff. The sari is associated with grace and is regarded as a symbol of grace in cultures of the Indian subcontinent. The word sari described in Sanskrit शाटी śāṭī which means strip of cloth and शाडी śāḍī or साडी sāḍī in Pali, the word Sattika is mentioned as describing womens attire in ancient India in Sanskrit literature and Buddhist literature called Jatakas. This could be equivalent to modern day Sari, the term for female bodice, the choli evolved from ancient Stanapatta. Rajatarangini, a literary work by Kalhana, states that the choli from the Deccan was introduced under the royal order in Kashmir. In the history of Indian clothing the sari is traced back to the Indus Valley Civilisation, cotton was first cultivated and woven in Indian subcontinent around 5th millennium BC. Dyes used during this period are still in use, particularly indigo, lac, red madder, silk was woven around 2450 BC and 2000 BC. The earliest known depiction of the sari in the Indian subcontinent is the statue of an Indus Valley priest wearing a drape. The sari evolved from an ensemble comprising the Antariya, the lower garment, the Uttariya, a veil worn over the shoulder or the head, and the Stanapatta. This ensemble is mentioned in Sanskrit literature and Buddhist Pali literature during the 6th century B. C and this complete three-piece dress was known as Poshak, generic term for costume. Ancient Antariya closely resembled dothi wrap in the version which was passed through legs, covered the legs loosely and then flowed into a long. It further evolved into Bhairnivasani skirt, today known as ghagri, Uttariya was a shawl-like veil worn over the shoulder or head, it evolved into what is known today known as dupatta and ghoongat. Likewise, Stanapatta evolved into choli by 1st century A. D. Between 2nd century B. C to 1st century A. D, Antariya and Uttariya was merged to form a single garment known as sari mentioned in Pali literature, which served the purpose of two garments in one-piece. The ancient Sanskrit work, Kadambari by Banabhatta and ancient Tamil poetry, such as the Silappadhikaram, in ancient India, although women wore saris that bared the midriff, the Dharmasastra writers stated that women should be dressed such that the navel would never become visible. By which for some time the navel became a taboo

30.
Ameesha Patel
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Ameesha Patel is an Indian actress and model who predominantly appears in Bollywood films. She has also appeared in a few Telugu and Tamil films, making her acting debut in the 2000 romantic thriller film, Kaho Naa. Her performance in the 2002 film Humraaz received critical acclaim and it was one of the biggest hits of the year receiving her a nomination for Best Actress and her performance in the 2006 film Ankahee, received critical recognition. In 2007, she appeared in a role in Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. Rediff featured Patel as one of the top Bollywood actresses of 2001, Patel is frequently cited as one of the sexiest Bollywood actresses of all time. In 2011, she founded her own production company Ameesha Patel Productions, in 2013, she made an extended special appearance in Race 2. Patel was born in Gujarati family to Amit Patel and Asha Patel and she is sister of Ashmit Patel and the granddaughter of the famous lawyer-politician Barrister Rajni Patel who was the Congress Pradesh Committee President of Mumbai. She was born in the Breach Candy Hospital in Mumbai and is a trained Bharatnatyam dancer since the age of five and her birth name is a blend of the first three letters of her fathers name Amit and the last three letters of her mothers name Asha. She graduated with a gold medal, Patels career began as an economic analyst at Khandwala Securities Limited after graduation. Later on, she received an offer from Morgan Stanley but turned it down, at the same time she plunged into modelling appearing in several commercial campaigns. Patel has also modelled for well-known Indian brands like Bajaj Sevashram, Fair & Lovely, Cadburys Jai Lime, Fem, Lux and many more. Patels first opportunity for acting came in the form of an offer from her fathers schoolmate, Rakesh Roshan, to star opposite his son, Hrithik Roshan, in Kaho Naa. The offer came immediately after she graduated high school but she refused the project because she wanted to continue her education in USA. Afterward, Kareena Kapoor replaced her but luckily, Kapoor dropped out a few days into principal photography and she readily agreed to do the project this time. The role of an exuberant college girl in love, undergoing a time at losing her lover. The film was a success and established Patel as a rising star. In her second film, the Telugu language drama Badri, she starred opposite Pawan Kalyan, the film was a major success, grossing more than Rs 120 million in India. 2001 saw her appearing in Anil Sharmas cross-border romance, Gadar, Ek Prem Katha, Patel signed on much before she shot into the limelight with Kaho Naa

31.
Gagra choli
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As well in Hindi speaking regions of Nepal. In Punjab it was worn with the kurti and salwar. It is an outfit of a Lehenga, tight Choli. A choli, is a blouse shell garment in the Indian and Nepalese sari costume worn in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh. The choli is cut to fit tightly to the body and has short sleeves, the choli is usually cropped, allowing exposure of the navel, the cropped design is particularly well-suited for wear in the hot South Asian summers. It is also worn with a dupatta or long shawl Lehenga, Chaniya, or Ghagra is a form of skirt which is long and it is worn as the bottom portion of a Gagra choli. It is secured at the waist or hips and leaves the lower back and this was one of the earliest forms of a clumsily stitched skirt. It was worn using drawstring or nada, the ghagri was a narrow skirt six feet long the same length as original antariya. This style can still be worn by Jain nuns in India. Until the early 20th century, women irrespective of class largely wore gagras which reached down to ankles and this was largely due to jeweled toes showed marital status of women as both married and unmarried women observed Ghoonghat. Most commonly used dyes were Indigo, Lac and Haldi and this style can still be seen in rural areas of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh & Madhya Pradesh particularly during folk festivals. This reflects simplistic early style of unstitched gagras worn in ancient times, the Dupatta is a shawl or large scarf that is worn together with the lehenga and the choli. Until the early 21st century dupatta was the most decorative part of gagra choli, while rest of the garment was more simplistic, Dupatta is worn in many regional styles across India. While women who worked in the farms tucked both ends of dupatta into their choli and it is worn as a symbol of modesty. There is no way of wearing the dupatta, and as time evolves and fashion modernizes. The lehengas are made of a number of such as Silk, Cotton, Khadi, Georgette, Crape, Net, Satin, Brocade. Even though designers have used the various kinds of fabrics for making the lehenga. Apart from the fabric, decorative stitching patterns also play a role, lehengas come with a wide variety of decoration and embroidery work like Gota, Phulkari, Shisha, Chikankari, Zari, Zardozi, Nakshi, Kundan, etc

32.
South India
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The region occupies 19. 31% of Indias land area. Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse, with two ranges, the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. The Godavari River, Krishna River, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas. Majority of the people in South India speak one of the four major Dravidian languages, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam. During its history, a number of kingdoms ruled over parts of South India whose invasions across southern and southeastern Asia impacted the history. Major dynasties that were established in South India include the Cheras, Cholas, Pandyas, Pallavas, Satavahanas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, european countries entered India through Kerala and the region was colonised by Britain and other nations. HDI in the states is high and the economy has undergone growth at a faster rate than most northern states. Literacy rates in the states are higher than the national average with approximately 80% of the population capable of reading and writing. The fertility rate in South India is 1.9, the lowest of all regions in India, South India also known as Peninsular India has been known by several other names. Carnatic derived from Karnād or Karunād meaning high country has also associated with South India. Carbon dating on ash mounds associated with Neolithic cultures in South India date back to 8000 BCE, artefacts such as ground stone axes, and minor copper objects have been found in the region. Towards the beginning of 1000 BCE, iron technology spread through the region, however, the region was in the middle of a trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu linking the Mediterranean and East Asia. Trade with Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Syrians, Jews, the region was part of the ancient Silk Road connecting the Asian continent in the East and the West. C. to 14th century A. D. The Vijayanagara Empire, founded in 14th century A. D. was the last Indian dynasty that ruled over the region. The Europeans arrived in the 15th century and by the middle of the 18th century, the French, the British Empire took control of the region from the British East India Company in 1857. During the British colonial rule, the region was divided into the Madras Presidency, Hyderabad state, Mysore, Travancore, Kochi, Vizianagaram and a number of other minor princely states. After the independence of India in 1947, the region was organised into four states, Madras State, Mysore State, Hyderabad State and Travancore-Cochin

33.
Gait (human)
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Human gait refers to locomotion achieved through the movement of human limbs. Different gait patterns are characterized by differences in limb movement patterns, overall velocity, forces, kinetic and potential energy cycles, human gaits are the various ways in which a human can move, either naturally or as a result of specialized training. Human gaits are classified in various ways, every gait can be generally categorized as either natural or trained. Examples of the latter include hand walking and specialized gaits used in martial arts, gaits can also be categorized according to whether the person remains in continuous contact with the ground. The so-called natural gaits, in increasing order of speed, are the walk, jog, skip, run, while other intermediate speed gaits may occur naturally to some people, these five basic gaits occur naturally across almost all cultures. All natural gaits are designed to propel a person forward, as natural gaits all have the same purpose, they are mostly distinguished by when the leg muscles are used during the gait cycle. The walk is a gait which keeps at least one foot in contact with the ground at all times, skipping is a gait children display when they are about four- to five-years-old. While a jog is similar to a horses trot, the skip is closer to the equivalent of a horses canter. The results reveal skipping as more efficient and less fatiguing than walking or running, antalgic gait, limping caused by pain that appears or worsens when bearing weight on one limb, due to injury, disease, or other painful conditions Charlie Chaplin gait, occurs in tibial torsion. For example, the nucleus is a nucleus of the brainstem that helps to control the planning. The PPN is connected extensively with other parts of the brain, including the spinal cord, cortex, and basal ganglia, these work together to plan, initiate. Some researchers classify foot strike by the center of pressure. In this classification, a strike has the initial center of pressure in the rear third of the shoe, a midfoot strike is in the middle third. Foot strike varies to some degree between strides, and between individuals and it varies significantly and notably between walking and running, and between wearing shoes and not wearing shoes. Typically, barefoot walking features heel or midfoot strike, while barefoot running features midfoot or forefoot strike, barefoot running rarely features heel strike because the impact can be painful, the human heel pad not absorbing much of the force of impact. The cause of change in gait in shoe running is unknown. In other cases, it is conjectured that the padding of the heel softens the impact and this was the first study that investigated the link between foot strike and injury rates. However, earlier studies have shown that smaller collision forces were generated when running forefoot strike compared to rear-foot strike and this may protect the ankle joints and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries experienced by rear-foot strikers

34.
Tropics
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The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the equator. The tropics are also referred to as the zone and the torrid zone. The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun is at a point directly overhead at least once during the solar year. The tropics are distinguished from the climatic and biomatic regions of Earth, which are the middle latitudes. Tropical is sometimes used in a sense for a tropical climate to mean warm to hot and moist year-round. Many tropical areas have a dry and wet season, the wet season, rainy season or green season, is the time of year, ranging from one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls. Areas with wet seasons are disseminated across portions of the tropics and subtropics, under the Köppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres or more. Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is distributed through the year. When the wet season occurs during the season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon. The wet season is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves and vegetation grows significantly, floods cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases, the incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime, unfortunately, the previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate, there are alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mount Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the tropics is classed not as tropical but as dry including the Sahara Desert. Tropical plants and animals are those native to the tropics. Tropical ecosystems may consist of rainforests, dry forests, spiny forests, desert. There are often significant areas of biodiversity, and species present, particularly in rainforests. In biogeography, the tropics are divided into Paleotropics and Neotropics, together, they are sometimes referred to as the Pantropic

35.
Paediatrician
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Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18-21 years of age. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, the word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children, they derive from two Greek words, παῖς and ἰατρός. Pediatricians work both in hospitals, particularly working in its specialized subfields such as neonatology, and as primary care physicians. Pediatrics is known as a new modern medicine in the society today, hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Soranus, and Galen, understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment, Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent. Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in Ancient India where childrens doctors were called kumara bhrtya, sushruta Samhita an ayurvedic text, composed during the sixth century BC contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is Kashyapa Samhita, a second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist Soranus of Ephesus dealt with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine physicians Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Alexander Trallianus, islamic writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially Haly Abbas, Serapion, Avicenna, and Averroes. The Persian scholar and doctor al-Razi published a treatise on diseases among children. The first book about pediatrics was Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium 1472 and he was born in Germany, where he received his medical training, but later practiced in New York City. The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the Hôpital des Enfants Malades, in 1852 Britains first pediatric hospital, the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Streets. The first Childrens hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in Edinburgh, in the US, the first similar institutions were the Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia, which opened in 1855, and then Boston Childrens Hospital. The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes, the smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply little adults, the clinician must take into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses. A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most jurisdictions and with certain exceptions, the issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world, depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years, and has been usual in the Commonwealth, entrants to graduate-entry courses, usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences

36.
Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and it was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly and it has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams. The citys glass industry has earned it the nickname, The Glass City, the population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of Ohio after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years, when the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades. One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the bank of Swan Creek. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples and this region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires. The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, the French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French and they settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth and they served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas, the area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and after. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and this loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, according to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Maumee about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its history there. The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans, in the Treaty of Detroit, the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River

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Dupatta
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Dupatta is a long, multi-purpose scarf that is essential to many South Asian womens suits and matches the womans garments. The dupatta is most commonly used with shalwar kameez and the kurta, the dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. The word dupatta is a combination of du- meaning two, and patta meaning strip of cloth, originally from Sanskrit, Dupatta veil is believed to have evolved from ancient Uttariya veil, worn by women in ancient period as part of three-piece attire. Dupatta is worn in many regional styles across South Asia, originally, it was worn as a symbol of modesty. While that symbolism still continues, many today wear it as just a decorative accessory, there is no single way of wearing the dupatta, and as time evolves and fashion modernizes, the style of the dupatta has also evolved. A dupatta is worn across both shoulders and around head. However, the dupatta can be worn like a cape around the entire torso, the material for the dupatta varies according to the suit. There are various modes of wearing dupatta, when not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with the ends thrown over each shoulder. When the dupatta is worn with the salwar-kameez it is allowed to flow down the front. In current fashions, the dupatta is draped over one shoulder. Another recent trend is the dupatta, which is more a scarf or a stole, often worn with kurtas. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion, when entering a mosque, dargah, church, gurdwara or mandir, it is the habit in the Indian subcontinent for women to cover their head with a dupatta. Indian Dupatta From Behind the Veil, an article about the dupatta

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Belly chain
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A belly chain or waist chain are the popular English terms for the Kamarband/Udiyanam, which is a type of body jewelry worn around the waist. Some belly chains attach to a piercing, these are also called pierced belly chains. They are often made of silver or gold, sometimes a thread is used around the waist instead of a chain. A belly chain is an adornment for belly dancers. Historically, waist chains have used in Eastern countries, specifically India, by men and women, as ornaments and as part of religious ceremonies, as accessories. Many ancient sculptures and paintings from locations in India, dating back to the Indus Valley civilization, around the world, an increasing number of women including celebrities are wearing waist ornaments. In Maldives, it was reported that scholars, magistrates and other influential people wore silver chains around their waists before the 1680s, sayyid Mohammed arrived in Male’ when he heard that Maldives was filled with what he called forbidden practices. He banned men from wearing waist chains as part of his effort to remove superstition, some men complied, in other cases chains were forcibly removed. Many deities in the Hindu religion, such as Lord Krishna, a waistband called cummerbund or patka was a part of the medieval upper class costume of Rajasthanis. A 14th century poetry indicates that the waist chain has been a fashion for men in parts, The golden waist chain. Belly chains are common among women in India, in some regions waist chains are common among men as well. Namboothri men generally wear waist strings even as adults, in some aristocratic families, Namboothiri men wore a flattened triple gold string around the waist. As a Hindu custom newborns get a waist chain on the 28th day after their birth, in Kerala, a state in India, almost all newborns irrespective of the religious affiliation get a waist chain. Although many boys generally abandon waist chains during their years, a large fraction of the girls. A follower of Lord Siva is expected to wear a chain, with Rudrakshas strung in a chain with one hundred beads. In Lakshdweep a silver thread is worn by men and women. Dhodia and Kathodis are Katkari men use ornaments around the waist, for cultural reasons, waist chains became a fashion accessory for women and men in many parts of the world. Patent was issued for using waist chain as a monitoring device to facilitate weight loss

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Jewellery
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Jewellery or jewelry consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes, for many centuries metal, often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used. It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact – with 100, historically, the most widespread influence on jewellery in terms of design and style have come from Asia. Jewellery may be made from a range of materials. Gemstones and similar such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely used. In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a symbol, for its material properties, its patterns. Jewellery has been made to nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings. The word jewellery itself is derived from the jewel, which was anglicised from the Old French jouel. In British English, Indian English, New Zealand English, Hiberno-English, Australian English, both are used in Canadian English, though jewelry prevails by a two to one margin. Numerous cultures store wedding dowries in the form of jewellery or make jewellery as a means to store or display coins, alternatively, jewellery has been used as a currency or trade good, an example being the use of slave beads. Many items of jewellery, such as brooches and buckles, originated as functional items. Jewellery can also symbolise group membership or status, wearing of amulets and devotional medals to provide protection or ward off evil is common in some cultures. These may take the form of symbols, stones, plants, animals, body parts, in creating jewellery, gemstones, coins, or other precious items are often used, and they are typically set into precious metals. Alloys of nearly every metal known have been encountered in jewellery, bronze, for example, was common in Roman times. Modern fine jewellery usually includes gold, white gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, most contemporary gold jewellery is made of an alloy of gold, the purity of which is stated in karats, indicated by a number followed by the letter K. American gold jewellery must be of at least 10K purity, many whimsical fashions were introduced in the extravagant eighteenth century. Cameos that were used in connection with jewellery were the attractive trinkets along with many of the objects such as brooches, ear-rings. Some of the necklets were made of pieces joined with the gold chains were in and bracelets were also made sometimes to match the necklet

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Manish Malhotra
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Manish Malhotra is an Indian fashion designer. Malhotra has designed for many leading actresses in Bollywood and he is known in the Indian film industry for his different style and his ability to envision a look for the character. He is known for designing the costumes for Urmila Matondkar in the film Rangeela, although he usually designs for men, he designed for Shahrukh Khan in Mohabbatein and Imran Khan in I Hate Luv Storys. He was also asked to design clothes for Michael Jackson when he visited India for a Bollywood show and his designs have been seen in films such as Dil To Pagal Hai, Dil Se. Raja Hindustani, Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge, Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, Dhadkan, Manish has trained fellow designer Surily Goel, who made her debut at Lakme Fashion Week 2006. In 2005, he began a show named The Manish Malhotra Show. He also did the makeover of actress Neha Bamb in the serial Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai His designs were worn by Kareena Kapoor in the film Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham. He designed for Sushmita Sen in Main Hoon Na, Kajol in Fanaa and he has designed for Preity Zinta and he showcased his new collection in April 2006 at Lakme Fashion Week in Mumbai. Kajol and Preity Zinta, actresses who are friends of the designer and he also has designed Kareena Kapoors wedding outfits. He recently designed clothes for Bajrangi Bhaijaan,2 States, Once Upon A Time in Mumbai Dobaara, yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Agent Vinod, Agneepath and Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu. Official Site Manish Malhotra at the Internet Movie Database

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Waistline (clothing)
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The waistline of a garment is often used to accentuate different features. The waistline is also important as a boundary at which shaping darts can be ended, similar to necklines, waistlines may be grouped by their shape, depth, and location of the body. None, The princess seams style of dress needs no waistline at all, since it does its shaping without darts, the resulting princess seams typically run vertically from the shoulder over the bust point and down to the lower hem. This creates a long, slimming look, often seen in dresses with an A-line silhouette, diagonal, An asymmetrical waistline that runs across the body diagonally. Usually the highest point is below the natural waistline, drop waist, A low, horizontal waistline that usually falls near the level of the upper hips. Balances the upper and lower bodies, and adds to the impression of height by lengthening the torso. Empire, A high waistline that cuts horizontally across the body and this waistline gives a long, slender look and excellent fabric drape in the skirt and allows for short, inconspicuous shaping darts. This waistline was popular in Jane Austens time, see Empire silhouette, raised, A horizontal waistline that falls significantly above the natural waist. Natural, A horizontal waistline that falls at the natural waist, V-shaped, A generally flattering waistline, especially for figures with notable curvature. Also known as the Basque waistline or the Antebellum waistline, U-shaped, A softer, less pronounced version of the Basque waistline. Inverted V-shaped, Starts high in the center and drops at the sides and can fall as high as the bustline, inverted U-shaped, A softer, less pronounced version of the inverted-V waistline, usually a gentle downwards curve. Waistlines can be secured with a variety of methods, Button Clasp Drawstring Elastic Knot Zipper Neckline Hemline