And so, behind his broad dismissal of late Whitman, a much more subtle story persists as Schmidgall draws out the ghost of what was lingering behind revision, or echoing through the absent space of expurgation.

By reading the Mencian view embodied in the novel against the historical background of the textual expurgation of the Mencius and the abolition of prime-ministership decreed by the Ming founder Zhu Yuanzhang, Ge productively anchors the novel to the specific political context of the early Ming autocracy.

Fauchet, on the other hand, while paying significant attention to a moral lesson, tended to lean back to Gaguin's and Pasquier's reverence towards the Roman past and withheld all comments about expurgation of the "others" from Gaul.

Most tedious is her seeming desire for public expurgation of personal trauma, a self-purging of personal angst to the point of absurd-nauseum that seems more appropriate for clinical examination on the couch of a Shrink, if not otherwise, providing the public an opportunity to engage in the popular American entertainment of voyeurism.

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