FOSSIL FUELS I - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

FOSSIL FUELS I PETROLEUM Approximately 84% of the energy used in the US comes from fossil fuels Oil and Natural Gas (Petroleum) Coal Oil Shale and Tar Sand Nonrenewable Resource (Fuel) Formation Process Formation takes 10’s to 100’s of million years.

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The proportion of hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture is highly variable between different oil fields and ranges from as much as 97% by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50% in the heavier oils and bitumens.

One barrel contains 42 gallons of crude oil. The total volume of products made from crude oil based origins is 48.43 gallons on average - 6.43 gallons greater than the original 42 gallons of crude oil. This represents a "processing gain" due to the additional other petroleum products such as alkylates are added to the refining process to create the final products.

Additionally, California gasoline contains approximately 5.7 percent by volume of ethanol, a non-petroleum-based additive that brings the total processing gain to 7.59 gallons (or 49.59 total gallons).

Using additives we may also produce a fuel with the same level of “engine knock” as a given Octane-Heptane mix. This is given the same octane rating (tetraethyl lead was the old additive… it is now illegal.)

The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (1980) established the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). In section 1002 of that act, Congress deferred a decision regarding future management of the 1.5-million-acre coastal plain in recognition of the area’s potentially enormous oil and gas resources and its importance as wildlife habitat. A report on the resources, including petroleum, of the 1002 area was submitted to Congress in 1987 by the Department of the Interior (DOI). Since completion of that report, numerous wells have been drilled and oil fields discovered near ANWR, new geologic and geophysical data have become available, seismic processing and interpretation capabilities have improved, and the economics of North Slope oil development have changed significantly.

The government estimates up to 16 billion barrels of oil in ANWR are technically recoverable, although much of that would be too expensive to produce at today's prices. With prices were at or above $35 a barrel, energy companies could economically recover an estimated 6 billion barrels of oil from ANWR. Note: the US use about 7.5 billion barrels of oil per year.