One of the authors, Tyler G. Okimoto, told NPR they surveyed nearly 230 Americans and asked them to recall when they did something wrong. They noted the psychological benefits of not apologizing. The ones who refused to apologize felt boosted feelings of integrity and were more empowered.

Okimoto said he didn't feel the research is meant to suggest that people should refuse to apologize. Their results may provide insight on how best to get people to apologize for their actions. While no apology may make an offender feel better, apologizing is a powerful interpersonal skill that can strengthen the bond between people and even countries.