Medieval Geography and Politics Research Papers

Medieval Geography and Politics Research Papers look at the different empires that existed during the middle ages, and their leaders.

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The Medieval period, often called the Middles Ages, is the middle period of history between classical civilization and modern times. The early medieval centuries were a time of migration, warfare, social upheaval, and the cessation of learning. The later portion of the period saw advances in agriculture, a rebirth of learning, and sociopolitical changes that laid the foundation for the modern era.

The Church system provided some stability and structure, but priests were often illiterate and learning practically ceased.

In 687, Arab Muslims invaded Spain from Africa and destroyed the Visigothic kingdom there. Christianity and Western Europe were threatened, but a Frankish nobleman, Charles Martel, defeated the Arabs at Poitiers in 732 when they attempted to invade France. His grandson, Charlemagne, became the King of the Franks and was, arguably, the greatest ruler of the medieval period. Charlemagne conquered the Germans and converted them to Christianity while also extending his control to central Italy. Charlemagne also streamlined the government while encouraging learning. In 800, he was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope. Unfortunately, his successors were less capable than he was, and his empire was divided into three parts, forming the basis of the modern nations of France, Italy, and Germany.

Shortly after Charlemagne’s death, pagan Viking raiders from Scandinavia began pillaging the British Isles, France, and Northern Germany. They would remain an important force until about 1100. Descendants of some Vikings who settled in Normandy, in France, conquered England in 1066. Their leader, William the Conqueror, became King of England and introduced the French feudal system to the country. Between 1100 and 1200, agriculture underwent a revolution in Europe as crop rotation was introduced. The manufacturing of textiles, beer, and iron increased as well, greatly boosting Europe’s economy. The economy continued to expand until 1347 when the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague, struck Europe.

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