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the second coalitionwardswarhorsewarming panwatchwatchmakerswealthweaponryweatherby'sweaverswedding cakewedding cake marriage lineswedding ceremonywedding dresswedding ringswedding traditionsweddingswelcoming springwelfarewelsh rebellionwelsh religious historywheelwrightwhiskeywhistwhitesmithwidowwidowerwidowhoodwigmakerswild flowerswild foodswill somerwilliam pitt 1st earl of chathamwilliam wyndham grenvillewinter hagwitanwitch hazelwomen's legal rightswomen's periodicalswomen's propertywooing-by-paintingwool sacksworkerswreck of the Reformationwriters processwriting #amwritingwriting craftwriting historywriting quoteswriting teenage fictionyule logEnglish Historical Fiction Authorshttp://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/noreply@blogger.com (Debra Brown)Blogger2183125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-1173887006943110215Thu, 17 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-17T20:00:00.078-07:007th CenturyAnglo-SaxonBeowulfMaeshoweOrkneyBeowulf: The Mound and the DragonBy Mark Patton.<br /><br />In earlier blog-posts, I explored&nbsp;<a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2016/07/beowulf-miraculous-literary-survival.html">the survival of the Anglo-Saxon poem, Beowulf</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2017/07/beowulf-tales-told-in-mead-halls.html">the likely contexts for the poem's performance</a>&nbsp;in the mead-halls of Anglo-Saxon royal courts. Kim Rendfeld has also discussed&nbsp;<a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2016/04/grendel-pagan-or-christian.html">the origins of the two monsters</a>&nbsp;that the eponymous hero has to defeat in the early stages of the poem, Grendel and his terrifying mother. These early conflicts represent a rite of passage that rulers in the real world of the early Middle Ages had to go through as they came of age. Beowulf is of royal blood, but must prove himself in battle before he can take his rightful place as his father's heir: a king who could not deliver victory in battle was not a king worthy of the title at all.<br /><br />In the final section of the poem, however, Beowulf is, in his own right, King of the Geats (a people who lived in part of what is now Sweden), a successful warrior and respected ruler. One might think that he had nothing more to prove, but that's not how early Medieval kingship worked: a king always had something to prove, and the final proof was that of his own mortality, something that hangs particularly heavily over Beowulf and his people, since he has no son or heir to succeed him.<br /><br />Beowulf's last encounter is with a different sort of monster, a dragon:<br /><br />" <i>... the wide kingdom reverted to Beowulf. He ruled it well</i><br /><i>for fifty winters, grew old and wise</i><br /><i>as warden of the land</i><br /><i>until one began</i><br /><i>to dominate the dark, a dragon on the prowl</i><br /><i>from the steep vaults of a stone-roofed barrow</i><br /><i>where he guarded a hoard; there was a hidden passage,</i><br /><i>unknown to men, but someone managed</i><br /><i>to enter by it and interfere</i><br /><i>with the heathen trove. He had handled and removed</i><br /><i>a gem-studded goblet; it gained him nothing,</i><br /><i>though with a thief's wiles he had outwitted</i><br /><i>the sleeping dragon; that drove him into rage,</i><br /><i>as the people of that country would soon discover</i>."<br />(Translation by Seamus Heaney).<br /><br />The awakened dragon wreaks vengeance on the entire community, and, although he was not the thief, it is Beowulf's duty, as protector of his people, to deal with it, even at the cost of his own life.<br /><br />The "barrow" is recognisable as a burial mound, thousands of years older than the Seventh or Eighth Century poem. Since it is in Scandinavia, it is probably a Neolithic "passage grave," built by early farming people between five and six thousand years ago, but the "long-barrows" of England and Wales are of similar antiquity and significance.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dX4ZibEFMaY/WZLMKoBE_4I/AAAAAAAAFL8/zB0Bfb3ircwWYGPyoIwN3LLCZuT1nx2IwCLcBGAs/s1600/Tustrup_jaettestue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="952" height="168" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dX4ZibEFMaY/WZLMKoBE_4I/AAAAAAAAFL8/zB0Bfb3ircwWYGPyoIwN3LLCZuT1nx2IwCLcBGAs/s320/Tustrup_jaettestue.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "passage grave" of Tustrup, Denmark. Photo: Malene Thyssen (licensed under GNU).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lIoTwC9xPHs/WZLMoecHv_I/AAAAAAAAFMA/V2c07xyZFhkOYUyimbcD2-6YJQWEaTwCACLcBGAs/s1600/Wayland%2527s%2BSmithy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lIoTwC9xPHs/WZLMoecHv_I/AAAAAAAAFMA/V2c07xyZFhkOYUyimbcD2-6YJQWEaTwCACLcBGAs/s320/Wayland%2527s%2BSmithy.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "long barrow" of Wayland's Smithy, Oxfordshire. Photo: Dick Bauch (licensed under CCA). Wayland the Smith is a figure from Anglo-Saxon and Nordic mythology, so the monument must have been known to the contemporaries of the Beowulf poet.&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />Although the Stone Age people who built these monuments had no knowledge of metal-working, objects of bronze and gold were sometimes placed in them by later people, either as ritual offerings or for safekeeping. There are also individual burial mounds, "round barrows," built during the Bronze Age, three to four thousand years ago, both in England and Scandinavia.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H7kbkflF-nc/WZLNexEayrI/AAAAAAAAFMI/FResF-EzFTwEA4nVeGWt16Hs_PUD734zgCLcBGAs/s1600/Round_barrows_on_the_Dorset_Ridgeway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_297723.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-H7kbkflF-nc/WZLNexEayrI/AAAAAAAAFMI/FResF-EzFTwEA4nVeGWt16Hs_PUD734zgCLcBGAs/s320/Round_barrows_on_the_Dorset_Ridgeway_-_geograph.org.uk_-_297723.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Round barrows" on the Dorset Ridgeway. Photo: Jim Champion (licensed under CCA).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />For the people of the Middle Ages, prehistoric burial mounds (whether "passage graves," "long barrows," or "round barrows") were distinctive features of the landscape, places of mystery and fear, but also places where a man, if he were brave enough, might dig in search of treasure.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZVAX1jbyhzY/WZLOF2TzjSI/AAAAAAAAFMQ/NKb1KaWDFsYOxBhvnmYLOW_zpPA0bONGACLcBGAs/s1600/Rillaton_Cup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="912" height="315" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZVAX1jbyhzY/WZLOF2TzjSI/AAAAAAAAFMQ/NKb1KaWDFsYOxBhvnmYLOW_zpPA0bONGACLcBGAs/s320/Rillaton_Cup.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Rillaton gold cup dates to the Bronze Age (1700-1500 BC), and was found in a "round barrow" in Cornwall. Photo: Fae (licensed under CCA).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KYDY6eIR6-M/WZLOsQHeFAI/AAAAAAAAFMY/XeltZdKjtTQh7TdvW7cDF_3ezs8ILFCSgCLcBGAs/s1600/RinglemereCup-BritishMuseum-20070829.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="698" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-KYDY6eIR6-M/WZLOsQHeFAI/AAAAAAAAFMY/XeltZdKjtTQh7TdvW7cDF_3ezs8ILFCSgCLcBGAs/s320/RinglemereCup-BritishMuseum-20070829.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Ringlemere gold cup is of similar antiquity (it may even have been made by the same goldsmith), and was found on a site in Kent where Anglo-Saxon burial mounds sit alongside those of the Bronze Age. Photo: Dominic Coyne (licensed under CCA).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />The "passage grave" of Maes Howe, on the Mainland of Orkney, provides a remarkable parallel to the story of Beowulf. <i>The Orkneyinga Saga</i> tells how, in the year 1153, a party of Norsemen entered the monument, and took refuge there: "<i>On the thirteenth day of Christmas they traveled on foot over to Firth. During a snowstorm they took shelter in Maeshowe, and two of his men went insane, which slowed them down badly, so that, by the time they reached Firth, it was night time</i>."<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-70xLWI1nBt4/WZLPqSXyO8I/AAAAAAAAFMk/d-7tbHq-2ucrN8hsRPRrv2BVLMpK_AUlgCLcBGAs/s1600/Mae%2BHowe%2Bentrance.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-70xLWI1nBt4/WZLPqSXyO8I/AAAAAAAAFMk/d-7tbHq-2ucrN8hsRPRrv2BVLMpK_AUlgCLcBGAs/s320/Mae%2BHowe%2Bentrance.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "passage grave" of Maes Howe. Photo: Tim Bekaert (image is in the Public Domain).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />The archaeological evidence shows that Maes Howe really was entered, on at least one occasion, by Medieval Norsemen, who carved runic inscriptions on the stone walls. Some of these are timeless and predictable graffiti: "<i>Inigerth is the most beautiful of all women ... Thorni f****d, Helgi carved</i>." Others, however, refer to treasure: "<i>Crusaders broke into Maeshowe: Lif, the Earl's cook, carved these runes. To the north-west is a great treasure hidden. It was long ago that a great treasure was hidden here. Happy is he that might find that great treasure. Hakon alone bore treasure from this mound, signed, Simon Sirith</i>."<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg-EK3euAyE/WZLQDQ5MxAI/AAAAAAAAFMo/uFtGOGYvdhU41hE6dqgAbRWR1touutrBACLcBGAs/s1600/Maes%2BHowe%2Brunes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="512" height="269" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gg-EK3euAyE/WZLQDQ5MxAI/AAAAAAAAFMo/uFtGOGYvdhU41hE6dqgAbRWR1touutrBACLcBGAs/s320/Maes%2BHowe%2Brunes.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Runic inscriptions at Maes Howe. Photo: Islandhopper (licensed under GNU).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1Rr9uRp9r-Q/WZLQcdTg1eI/AAAAAAAAFMs/HXieer41UgoqN-X-6RIo2KfYGocaXjZcgCLcBGAs/s1600/Maes%2BHowe%2Bdragon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="180" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1Rr9uRp9r-Q/WZLQcdTg1eI/AAAAAAAAFMs/HXieer41UgoqN-X-6RIo2KfYGocaXjZcgCLcBGAs/s1600/Maes%2BHowe%2Bdragon.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The"dragon" of Maes Howe. Image: Islandhopper (licensed under GNU).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />There is even a picture of a dragon. Was it fear of this that drove later intruders insane? Did Hakon and Simon Sirith really find treasure, or had their imaginations been ignited by an oral performance of <i>Beowulf</i>, or a similar poem? Might it really still have been being performed (almost certainly in another language - Old Norse, rather than Anglo-Saxon), five centuries after it was composed, and one hundred and fifty years after the only written version to have survived was placed in a monastic library? Neither history nor archaeology provide definitive answers to these questions, but fiction can travel where the historian and archaeologist cannot go.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rDGIHUXwlrQ/WZLhriYW_SI/AAAAAAAAFM8/4OLott2TH_EE8YQCHqnRXGU7yrl0YuObQCLcBGAs/s1600/Conversation_with_Smaug%2B%25281%2529.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rDGIHUXwlrQ/WZLhriYW_SI/AAAAAAAAFM8/4OLott2TH_EE8YQCHqnRXGU7yrl0YuObQCLcBGAs/s1600/Conversation_with_Smaug%2B%25281%2529.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Conversation with Smaug," by J.R.R. Tolkien ("The Hobbit"). Tolkien, who taught Anglo-Saxon at Oxford, and translated "Beowulf," drew extensively on the poem, and on the tradition to which it belongs, in his own fictional writing (image reproduced under fair usage protocols).&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />Mark Patton blogs regularly on aspects of history and historical fiction at <a href="http://mark-patton.blogspot.co.uk/">http://mark-patton.blogspot.co.uk</a>. He is a published author of historical fiction and non-fiction, whose books can be purchased from&nbsp;<a href="http://author.to/MarkPatton">Amazon</a>.<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/ZCiA5MiR8PY" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/ZCiA5MiR8PY/beowulf-mound-and-dragon.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Mark Patton)1http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/beowulf-mound-and-dragon.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-333120107605862134Tue, 15 Aug 2017 06:11:00 +00002017-08-14T23:11:17.613-07:0019th Century BritainAbolition of the Slave TradeParliamentWilliam Pitt the YoungerWilliam WilberforceIntroducing that Amazing Man, William Pitt the Younger ~ Part II<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">by Jacqui Reiter</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HOPJ0TQBZws/Uqh4z0rdfuI/AAAAAAAAA44/I_4t3ehVUSw/s1600/pic09.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HOPJ0TQBZws/Uqh4z0rdfuI/AAAAAAAAA44/I_4t3ehVUSw/s320/pic09.jpg" width="250" />&nbsp;&nbsp;</a></div><br />Please cast your minds back to 24 November 2013, when I introduced (or re-introduced) you to the Right Honourable William Pitt the Younger and began explaining to you why you should find him worth the trouble of studying. I have already discussed his youth, his intelligence and his humanity. Today I will bring my explanations to a close.<br /><br /><b>He defied expectations</b><br /><br />Pitt was proverbial for his honesty. This was a time when most politicians were happy to cream off every last financial perk they could, and were indeed half expected to do so. Pitt infused the posts of First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer with a fresh sense of responsibility.<br /><br />One of the first things he did on taking office was to turn down the lucrative sinecure of Clerk of the Pells. He later turned down the Garter as well. He did accept the Lord Wardenship of the Cinque Ports in 1792, but only after the King told him he'd take a refusal as a personal insult.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span><br /><br />This had a lot to do with Pitt's determination not to be anyone's plaything, even the King's. It's no accident that, when Pitt resigned in March 1801, he did so on an issue (extending the political freedoms of Catholics and other non-Anglicans) with which the King vehemently disagreed.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mnqOdGPn9Po/Uqh5CxkgSNI/AAAAAAAAA5E/X7TXvSu2ZJA/s1600/pic10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mnqOdGPn9Po/Uqh5CxkgSNI/AAAAAAAAA5E/X7TXvSu2ZJA/s320/pic10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Pitt was no doctrinaire. He described himself early on as an 'independent Whig'<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2] </span>and showed a lifelong reluctance to commit himself to political absolutes (apart, of course, from the admiration for the Glorious Revolution and its religious and political settlement that was <i>sine qua non</i> for any ambitious 18th century politician).<br /><br />He was an admirer of Adam Smith and formed many of his financial policies on a <i>laissez-faire</i> basis, but when things went wrong he was not afraid to depart from Smith's ideas. In 1800, for example, the harvest failed and Britain was on the brink of famine. Pitt outraged many of his more rigid followers by recommending the importation of grain from abroad to relieve the scarcity.<br /><br />Politically he was creative enough. Many of his more famous ideas were lifted from others, but crucially Pitt made them work. You can blame him for the first Income Tax in 1798, which helped raise much-needed funds for the war with France despite being criticised as an unprecedented attack on personal property. The newest thing about it-- and I'm not sure this happened again until 1992-- was that the monarch was also taxed.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i5qwRntNL1k/Uqh5IdlzXaI/AAAAAAAAA5M/nY9F3En6Fug/s1600/pic11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-i5qwRntNL1k/Uqh5IdlzXaI/AAAAAAAAA5M/nY9F3En6Fug/s320/pic11.jpg" width="242" /></a></div>The forging of the United Kingdom and its new parliament after the union with Ireland in 1801 involved startling corruption but also significant administrative change. Less obvious was Pitt's review of the way government departments were run. These were made more accountable, stripped of excess staff and slim-lined in a way that laid the foundations for 19th century bureaucracy.<br /><br />And of course Pitt was capable of breaking the rules in a literal sense. During a debate in Parliament in 1798 he accused a member of the opposition, George Tierney, of obstructing the defence of the country. Tierney challenged Pitt to a duel, and Pitt accepted. Thankfully both parties emerged unscathed. but it's just another of those unexpected little details that makes Pitt so interesting.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XQMJNlvWwuc/Uqh5OKoPUoI/AAAAAAAAA5U/gEOQ85bPM8I/s1600/pic12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XQMJNlvWwuc/Uqh5OKoPUoI/AAAAAAAAA5U/gEOQ85bPM8I/s320/pic12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><b>He is a mystery</b><br /><br />For someone so famous there is much about Pitt that is simply not known, starting with his own opinions on major matters and working down from there. Like many politicians Pitt was cagey about taking a stand and was rarely categorical on the 'big issues' such as parliamentary reform, abolition of the slave trade, abolition of political restrictions based on religious beliefs, and so on. His political pronouncements were so woolly that, after his death, his heirs could trace arguments for and against all the above issues to him. 19th century Liberals and Conservatives both traced their ancestry to Pitt, and both were in some degree right to do so.<br /><br />Part of the problem is the lack of primary evidence. Some of this is due to Pitt himself. He was a notoriously bad correspondent. His friends despaired of him. 'I called [at Downing Street] in hopes of seeing you, for you are so bad a correspondent that nothing can be made of you by Letter,' one wrote in 1796.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[3] </span>Pitt's own mother complained she had to hear about him from mutual friends.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[4]</span><br /><br />But there is more to it than Pitt's laziness. He certainly left a lot more behind him than now exists. One of his executors was his old friend and former Cambridge tutor George Pretyman-Tomline, Bishop of Lincoln, who later also wrote a (dreadful) biography of Pitt.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1WOeRmQFJX4/Uqh5SfXVZxI/AAAAAAAAA5c/ycSHezneT0k/s1600/pic13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1WOeRmQFJX4/Uqh5SfXVZxI/AAAAAAAAA5c/ycSHezneT0k/s320/pic13.jpg" width="267" /></a></div><br />Pitt was barely cold in the grave before Tomline went through his papers and<i> 'indulged in an orgy of devastation which ensured that nothing of the slightest personal significance ... remained to posterity'</i>.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[5]</span> This is Reason Number 1, and there are more, why Tomline's portrait will always be at the centre of my dartboard.<br /><br />Tomline was not alone; several of Pitt's friends, for example Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth, destroyed material in their possession as well. Quite why is hard to say as the material obviously no longer exists, but it means that much of Pitt's private life and public opinions have to be guessed at from the little that remains.<br /><br />It's really, really annoying for historians, but a perfect boon for novelists. I am surprised so few novelists have taken up the challenge of filling in the blanks. (No, I'm not the first, and I hope I won't be the last either!)<br /><br /><b>He is relevant</b><br /><br />A historical character can be interesting, but in my opinion they only become important historically when what they achieved resonates across the centuries. Pitt, I think, definitely qualifies.<br /><br />If you will pardon the cliché, Pitt lived in turbulent times. He entered Parliament at the end of the war with revolutionary America, when only a quarter of a million adult males had the vote and the movement for Parliamentary Reform was in full swing. He was later prime minister when reform returned to the fore of the agenda in the shadow of the French Revolution.<br /><br />Pitt initially supported reform. He introduced three private reform bills in the early 1780s, one as prime minister. All failed. By the time the French Revolution broke out he'd changed his mind and argued that wartime was not the opportunity for reform. He had never been anything but a cautious reformer and clamped down hard on radicalism. For this reason he is mostly remembered as an enemy of the reform movement.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C-kQEAarDk4/Uqh5Wjy8MsI/AAAAAAAAA5k/HKTKlCOeDnc/s1600/pic14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C-kQEAarDk4/Uqh5Wjy8MsI/AAAAAAAAA5k/HKTKlCOeDnc/s320/pic14.jpg" width="161" /></a></div>His quashing of popular reform movements in the 1790s in particular earned him a fearsome reputation in some 20th century historiographical circles. Some historians still talk about 'Pitt's Terror', and a book was recently published drawing parallels between Pitt's anti-reform measures and post-9/11 American and British intrusions into personal privacy.<span style="font-size: xx-small;">[6]</span><br /><br />This does not make him any the less influential. The fact that his political acts in the 1790s still resonate today suggests the opposite. And in any case Pitt made a more lasting mark in other areas. He was the friend of William Wilberforce, and helped him galvanise the movement for abolishing the slave trade.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HbheccFnvWM/Uqh5apjgCLI/AAAAAAAAA5s/oxdTTgqd3ws/s1600/pic15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HbheccFnvWM/Uqh5apjgCLI/AAAAAAAAA5s/oxdTTgqd3ws/s1600/pic15.jpg" /></a></div>Abolition was not achieved until after Pitt's death, and for a variety of reasons he was not able to make it an official government measure. It was he, however, who first suggested Wilberforce take up the cause in Parliament, and it was Pitt himself who first moved it on Wilberforce's behalf. He continued to support it throughout his life.<br /><br />Others of Pitt's measures were of great practical importance. For better or for worse, the Act of Union with Ireland in 1801-- passed by Pitt's government-- changed the political complexion of the British Isles completely. We are still (... just about!) the United Kingdom today, so it's safe to say Pitt's policy-making had a lasting impact.<br /><br />I have no intention of going into the political complexities of the above-mentioned issues here. Reams have been written on the subject. What I want to say is that Pitt was a leading figure in a time of profound change and his actions mattered. He will always be interesting. Like him or not, I trust you will at least concede his importance.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C80sP0YtYIs/Uqh5e15fdTI/AAAAAAAAA50/9oiJhZCVLcg/s1600/pic16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C80sP0YtYIs/Uqh5e15fdTI/AAAAAAAAA50/9oiJhZCVLcg/s320/pic16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />And finally...So there you have it: six reasons why Pitt the Younger is worth your time of day. I hope that my enthusiasm has been catchy, and that any of you who began reading these entries with questions about who Pitt was, or why he is interesting, have now had those questions answered.<br /><br />I hope, too, that I have whetted your appetite for more. Should you choose to expand your knowledge I would advise you to consult any or all of the following:<br /><br />John Derry,&nbsp;<i>William Pitt&nbsp;</i>(B.T. Batsford, 1962)<br />Michael Duffy,&nbsp;<i>Pitt the Younger</i>&nbsp;(Longmans, 2000)<br />John Ehrman,&nbsp;<i>The Younger Pitt,&nbsp;</i>3 vols (Constable, 1969-96)<br />William Hague,&nbsp;<i>William Pitt, the Younger</i>&nbsp;(Harper Collins, 2004)<br />Robin Reilly,&nbsp;<i>Pitt the Younger</i>&nbsp;(Cassell, 1978)<br />J. H. Rose,&nbsp;<i>William Pitt and National Revival </i>and<i> William Pitt and the Great War</i><br />Lord Rosebery<i>,&nbsp;<i>Pitt</i>&nbsp;(1891)&nbsp;</i><br />Earl Stanhope<i>,&nbsp;<i>Life of William Pitt</i>, </i>4 vols (J. Murray, 1861-2)<i>&nbsp;</i><br />Michael J. Turner,<i>&nbsp;<i>Pitt the Younger: A Life</i>&nbsp;</i>(Hambledon and London, 2003)<i>&nbsp;</i><br /><i><br /></i> References:<i>&nbsp;</i><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[1]</span> Stanhope II, Appendix xv-xvi<br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[2]</span> Ehrman I, 58<br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[3] </span>Lord Mulgrave to Pitt, 14 May 1796, Cambridge University Library Pitt MSS f 1961<br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[4]</span> Holland Rose,<br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[5]</span> Robin Reilly, Pitt the Younger<br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;">[6]</span> Kenneth R. Johnson,&nbsp;<i>Unusual Suspects: Pitt's reign of alarm and the lost generation of the 1790s </i>(OUP 2013)<br /><br /><i><br /></i> <i>An EHFA Editor's Choice, originally published December 11, 2013.</i><br />~~~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S7G8GNL7pEw/WZInZ9y2VII/AAAAAAAADzM/25qaJ-goB34YMPjh2cRCdmCbEshIhmouACEwYBhgL/s1600/jacquelinereiter_bookcover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="295" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S7G8GNL7pEw/WZInZ9y2VII/AAAAAAAADzM/25qaJ-goB34YMPjh2cRCdmCbEshIhmouACEwYBhgL/s200/jacquelinereiter_bookcover.jpg" width="135" /></a> <b>Jacqueline Reiter</b> has a PhD in late 18th century political history from the University of Cambridge. A professional librarian, she lives in Cambridge with her husband and two children. She blogs at <a href="http://www.thelatelord.com/">www.thelatelord.com</a> and you can follow her on Facebook (<a href="http://www.facebook.com/latelordchatham">www.facebook.com/latelordchatham</a>) or Twitter (<a href="https://twitter.com/latelordchatham">https://twitter.com/latelordchatham</a>). Her first book, <a href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Late-Lord-Hardback/p/12682/aid/1174"><i>The Late Lord: the Life of John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham</i></a>, was published by Pen &amp; Sword Books in January 2017.</div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/j-n6J0kM5H4" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/j-n6J0kM5H4/introducing-that-amazing-man-william.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (M.M. Bennetts)3http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/introducing-that-amazing-man-william.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-3678324169543085320Sun, 13 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-13T00:00:05.625-07:00Editor's Weekly Round UpLauren GilbertMaria GraceMimi MatthewsSusan AppleyardEditors Weekly Round-up, August 13, 2017by the EHFA Editors<br /><br />Enjoy this week's articles from the blog.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/the-vulnerable-victorian-governess.html">The Vulnerable Victorian Governess</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Mimi Matthews</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-heBtTgFs8t8/WYuyjU6gceI/AAAAAAAADyg/mdzm3ebmd4gac1H9m5qO75deElYkUCF9ACLcBGAs/s1600/The%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BRebecca%2BSolomon%2B1851.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="400" height="248" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-heBtTgFs8t8/WYuyjU6gceI/AAAAAAAADyg/mdzm3ebmd4gac1H9m5qO75deElYkUCF9ACLcBGAs/s320/The%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BRebecca%2BSolomon%2B1851.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/cheltenham-spa.html"><b>Cheltenham Spa</b></a> </div><div style="text-align: center;">by Lauren Gilbert</div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>(Editor's Choice from the Archives)</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9HlARL-nvxk/WYux06q4aHI/AAAAAAAADyc/nzHwjFp7STEPc5NlAIggqIu1zG7hcqujACLcBGAs/s1600/Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="615" height="249" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9HlARL-nvxk/WYux06q4aHI/AAAAAAAADyc/nzHwjFp7STEPc5NlAIggqIu1zG7hcqujACLcBGAs/s320/Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/08/inheriting-estate.html" target="_blank">Inheriting an Estate</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by Maria Grace</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HrQrBMYRJco/WY9feI0TllI/AAAAAAAABNo/1quWv09CuuctntCx6BO64uCufGQcG5lXQCLcBGAs/s1600/file0002123462909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HrQrBMYRJco/WY9feI0TllI/AAAAAAAABNo/1quWv09CuuctntCx6BO64uCufGQcG5lXQCLcBGAs/s1600/file0002123462909.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/08/organised-crime-in-14th-century.html" target="_blank">Organised Crime in the 14th Century</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Susan Appleyard</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xqRxUpkpnlI/WY9fUccKauI/AAAAAAAABNk/FddTrJqP1lwlrOHgQwNCn8oK575epK5NQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Susan%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xqRxUpkpnlI/WY9fUccKauI/AAAAAAAABNk/FddTrJqP1lwlrOHgQwNCn8oK575epK5NQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Susan%2B1.jpg" /></a></div><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/_a7BNsXMv68" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/_a7BNsXMv68/editors-weekly-round-up-august-13-2017.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Char Newcomb)1http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/editors-weekly-round-up-august-13-2017.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-8183109624057400232Sat, 12 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-12T00:00:02.431-07:00Edward IIEdward IIIEustace FolvilleJames CotterelJohn FolvillePhilippa of HainautRichard FolvilleSusan AppleyardOrganised Crime in the 14th CenturyBy Susan Appleyard<br /><br />When a propertied man died, he usually left the whole kit and kaboodle to his eldest son. Sir John Folville was a respected member of the gentry who had seven sons. The eldest, also Sir John, inherited the property and took little part in his brothers’ nefarious activities. The younger ones had to fend for themselves. There were options, a career in the church being the most popular and one of the brothers, the unlucky Richard, became a member of the clergy. A man who knew how to use a sword – and most of them did – could hire it out; there was always a war going on somewhere in Europe. Another option was outlawry. Like many others of good birth, that was the route to infamy and riches chosen by Eustace Folville and his five brothers.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QHVBHW2Llcg/WXnZW-bLkkI/AAAAAAAAFps/IzsQl95XaxsVDQTloo2Dod0UayiD3n5GACLcBGAs/s1600/Susan%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="color: black;"><img border="0" data-original-height="225" data-original-width="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QHVBHW2Llcg/WXnZW-bLkkI/AAAAAAAAFps/IzsQl95XaxsVDQTloo2Dod0UayiD3n5GACLcBGAs/s1600/Susan%2B1.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">The church at Teigh were Richard Folville was murdered</span></td></tr></tbody></table>The gang’s organisation was not dissimilar to any other business. There was a hierarchy headed by the top man, Eustace, division of labour, recruitment program, maintainers, and laws. Some of the brothers held public office. Richard was the rector of Teigh and the only one to suffer for the gang’s crimes. A local justice of the peace and his officers entered the church, dragged him into the churchyard and beheaded him. Pope Clement ordered the guilty parties to do penance for killing a priest, which involved a whipping at the major churches in the area.<br /><div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qwknnx-geUQ/WXnZz6vzPFI/AAAAAAAAFpw/2gg_LFK0kWc5wADPqMDWA78V8Ue_VHjRwCLcBGAs/s1600/Susan%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="245" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qwknnx-geUQ/WXnZz6vzPFI/AAAAAAAAFpw/2gg_LFK0kWc5wADPqMDWA78V8Ue_VHjRwCLcBGAs/s1600/Susan%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Folville cross marks the place where<br />Roger Bellers was murdered</td></tr></tbody></table><div>When they were not committing crimes on their own behalf the Folvilles were often hired by other men of rank to commit robbery, extortion and murder. They appear to have been hired by members of Sempringham Priory and Haverholm Abbey. One of their most notable crimes was the murder of the corrupt Roger Bellers, a Baron of the Exchequer, who was said to be a henchman of the infamous Hugh Despenser. Arrest warrants were issued naming, among others, four of the brothers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Some of the fugitives, including Eustace, fled to France where they joined Queen Isabella and Sir Roger Mortimer. When the Queen led an invasion to rid the kingdom of Hugh Despenser, it’s likely the Folvilles returned with her.</div></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IwS7YDfhDjw/WXnaM1uv_XI/AAAAAAAAFp0/P5hGY3zg048XYc9HN0n2mIurz1idMq8awCLcBGAs/s1600/Susan%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="220" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IwS7YDfhDjw/WXnaM1uv_XI/AAAAAAAAFp0/P5hGY3zg048XYc9HN0n2mIurz1idMq8awCLcBGAs/s1600/Susan%2B3.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The return of Isabella to England</td></tr></tbody></table><div><div>King Edward II issued a general pardon to all who would fight for him, with the sole exceptions of Mortimer and the Folville gang. The invasion was an overwhelming success. Despenser and his father were executed and the King fell into the hands of his wife. &nbsp;The Folvilles were pardoned by the new regime.</div><div><br /></div><div>Within a few years of their return, they were up to their old tricks and indictments were issued against them. They did not appear in court to answer the charges but made off to Derbyshire where they rode openly with the Cotterel brothers.</div><div><br /></div><div>Such reprobates were bound to come to a bad end. Right? Well, no. To start with, they really weren’t all that bad. The ones they killed were considered worse than their killers, so the common people regarded them with approval and would not bear witness against them in court, nor help the authorities to apprehend them. Eustace was seen as a hero, an enforcer of God’s law against corrupt government officials, a kind of Robin Hood.</div><div><br /></div><div>And no, they did not come to a bad end. None of them (excluding the unlucky Richard) ever stood trial for their crimes. They were given a pardon by King Edward III in return for military service. Eustace Folville was knighted for exemplary service. He served on commissions and one of his brothers became a member of Parliament. At the end of his life, Eustace was a member of the Abbott of Croyland’s Council. A very upright citizen.</div><div><br /></div><div>Like the Folvilles, the outlaw Cotterel gang held responsible posts at both shire and national levels, as well as attracting influential supporters. James Cotterel managed to obtain the wardship of a rich widow. Nicholas Cotterel was the bailiff of Philippa, Edward III’s queen. A notable supporter of the gang was none other than the Sheriff of Nottingham, Sir Robert Ingram. High born gentry often hired the gang to do their dirty work.</div><div><br /></div><div>They ignored summonses to court and rampaged through the Royal Forest of the Peak. Gradually, however, Crown officers caught members of the gang until the brothers were reduced to wandering through the forest with about 20 followers. Neither of them stood trial. Nicholas was selected to lead 60 men to fight in Scotland, but he absconded with their pay and was never seen again. James, who had some kind of association with Lincoln Cathedral became a Crown administrator!</div><div><br /></div><div>And they say crime doesn’t pay!</div><div><br /></div><div>It’s interesting to note that these gangs and others, were most active during the latter part of the reign of Edward II, a time of unrest when the king was hugely unpopular, his greedy and unscrupulous favourite Hugh Despenser virtually ruling the country and universally hated, and fighting between barons and King was rampant. There was little justice to be had at such times and the poor people suffered.</div><div><br /></div><div>Why did they, and other gangs, manage to stay at large for so long – and in some cases, for the rest of their life – when they were well-known offenders. Why were such reprobates given pardons, even though they were credited with five murders? One of the reasons is that they undoubtedly had far-reaching influence. There is a suggestion that the Folvilles were supporters of Roger Mortimer and benefited from his protection.</div><div><br /></div><div>It wasn’t only a few of the mighty who protected them. Justices of the Peace and other law enforcement officers were dependent on local information and assistance in their operations. Given the powerful hold which the Folvilles held on Leicestershire, and the Cotterels in Derbyshire, it’s not surprising that many people wouldn’t inform on them for fear of retribution. But there was more to it than that.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Folvilles are mentioned by William Langland in Piers Plowman, written at least forty years later and containing the first allusion to Robin Hood.</div><div><br /></div><div>‘..and fechen it for false men</div><div>&nbsp;with Folvyles law…’</div><div><br /></div><div>‘and fix it for false men</div><div>with Folvilles law…’</div><div><br /></div><div>The Folvilles may have been the basis for the Robin Hood legend. They certainly won the approval of the commons. The murder of Bellers, for instance, would have been cheered because he was corrupt and oppressed the poor. In many complaints against the outlaws are suggestions that they were aided and abetted by the local people. They may well have lined their own pockets and perhaps committed crimes of retribution, but it seems they also dispensed vigilante justice.</div><div><br /></div><div>In a time of lawlessness and mayhem, it was perhaps the only form of justice the common people were able to obtain.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>~~~~~~~~~~</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Susan Appleyard</b>&nbsp;is the author of :</div><div><br /></div><div>Queen of Trial and Sorrow, &nbsp;This Sun of York, The Remorseless Queen, The First Plantagenet, In a Gilded Cage, Dark Spirit, and The Forsaken Queen, which is available for pre-order now.</div><div><br /></div><div>Find her on her&nbsp;<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Susan-Appleyard/e/B00UTVMT5Y" target="_blank">Amazon author page</a></div><div>On her&nbsp;<a href="http://www.susanappleyardwriter.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Blog</a></div><div>On&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/susan.appleyard.9" target="_blank">Facebook</a></div><div>On&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/Mexisue1" target="_blank">Twitter</a></div><div>and on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/1283266.Susan_Appleyard" target="_blank">Goodreads</a></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/O94uLkggPG8" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/O94uLkggPG8/organised-crime-in-14th-century.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Annie Whitehead)3http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/organised-crime-in-14th-century.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-3694502020207645947Fri, 11 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-11T00:00:10.470-07:00English EstatesEnglish Regencyentailmentsestatefee tailgentlemangentryinheritancestrict settlementInheriting an Estateby Maria Grace<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mXCwzCauDX4/WXzzGHPPF4I/AAAAAAAABsM/zk6Hf9iFXKclJfk3tNTM6R_VEfPoCLD-wCLcBGAs/s1600/file0002123462909.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="624" height="231" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mXCwzCauDX4/WXzzGHPPF4I/AAAAAAAABsM/zk6Hf9iFXKclJfk3tNTM6R_VEfPoCLD-wCLcBGAs/s320/file0002123462909.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>For most, land ownership came about as the privilege (or right depending on how you looked at it) of being the eldest son (or otherwise designated heir) and inheriting the family holdings. Since, during the era, social standing and power was all about land, those who possessed it enjoyed considerable perks as a result. But there were commensurate responsibilities that went along with those advantages<br /><div><br /><h3>Primogeniture</h3>The law of primogeniture guided most estate inheritance of the era. In short, the law required that a family’s eldest surviving son would inherit the family’s estate in its entirety. Only in the case of a family with no sons, would the estate pass to a daughter or daughters. If there was more than one daughter, the estate would pass to all of them equally, not just the eldest. Since, if any of these daughters married, their share would then belong to their husbands, the ownership of the estate could become very complicated very quickly. So when multiple daughters inherited, the estate was often sold and the money divided equally among the sisters.<br /><br /><h4>What about widows and younger children?</h4><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jGWxIk6q-6s/WJoqV19H28I/AAAAAAAABSA/l6E661y_d8YlEAJwdTQ2DmwI6wCqzWPuwCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Louis_Vigee-Bildnis_einer_jungen%252C_sch%25C3%25B6nen_Witwe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="541" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jGWxIk6q-6s/WJoqV19H28I/AAAAAAAABSA/l6E661y_d8YlEAJwdTQ2DmwI6wCqzWPuwCPcBGAYYCw/s320/Louis_Vigee-Bildnis_einer_jungen%252C_sch%25C3%25B6nen_Witwe.jpg" width="306" /></a></div>Widows did not inherit estates. Instead, marriage settlements would establish a jointure—an allowance normally based on one tenth of the dowry she brought into the marriage—to be paid by the estate annually for the remainder of their lifetime. These arrangements would have been made at the time of the marriage and might or might not permit her to maintain the lifestyle to which she had been accustomed during her married life.<br /><br />Primogeniture did not require any inheritance be passed to younger children. When a man wanted to provide something for his younger children, the total legacy allowable was based on the amount his estate could support without harm to its capital value. In England this sum was calculated customarily by estimating the amount available at twelve and a half per cent of the capital value of the estate. (Copeland, 2006) This total amount could be divided among all the younger children, equally or not, according to the father’s wishes. This amount would usually be separate from the money for daughter’s dowries, which would have been established in the marriage articles.<br /><br />Merchant families were not bound by the constraints of primogeniture and typically left fortunes to all their children, including their daughters.<br /><div><br /><h3> Strict Settlement and Entailment</h3>Since females inheriting estates generally mean the loss of estate to the family line, many—estimates place it at half or more during the eighteenth century—used strict settlement entailment to ensure an estate would pass down a family’s male line, usually for three generations.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ujDql5Emv0E/WL8hTyOFZPI/AAAAAAAABTg/16Kpz7zk0b4p_yF3DXkZ8erWoX6vOI6rACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_Old_Times.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="384" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ujDql5Emv0E/WL8hTyOFZPI/AAAAAAAABTg/16Kpz7zk0b4p_yF3DXkZ8erWoX6vOI6rACPcBGAYYCw/s320/Edmund_Blair_Leighton_-_Old_Times.jpg" width="205" /></a></div>A strict settlement could be done in two ways, each featured in Jane Austen’s writing: a fee tail and a left estate. <i>Sense and Sensibility</i> featured a life estate. The senior Mr. Dashwood inherited the use of Norland estate during his life time, not the actual ownership of the estate. After Mr. Dashwood’s death, the estate would go to the individual designated in the original will, in this case, his son by his first marriage. <br /><br />In <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>, Jane Austen featured a fee tail estate. In the simplest of terms, a fee tail meant that a man would leave his estate not to his heir but to his heir’s heir. The man’s heir would receive a ‘limited life tenancy’ to the estate, after which the estate would pass to the life tenant’s heir. The inheritance could be further limited to male heirs or ‘male heirs of the body’ which would ensure patrilineal inheritance, keeping the estate in the family for two more generation.<br /><br />When a landowner suffered a failure of issue—that is, he failed to produce sons—a paternal nephew would normally be made the sole heir. If he were somehow unavailable, then a descendent would be determined according to ancient heirship rules. (Designations other than ‘male heirs of the body’ could be made. Wills could designate a daughter or daughters as life tenant with the fee tail held for the first (legitimate) male heir produced among them.)<br /><br />A strict settlement of either variety gave the life tenant limited use of the estate during his lifetime. He might enjoy the income of the estate and the responsible use of its facilities. However, he could not dispose of the estate or any part of it. Moreover, he was often limited in the ways he could use the resources of the estate. A life tenant might be prevented from selling timber from the land because it was considered as belonging to fee tail holder of the estate and would deplete the capital value of the estate. Similarly, he might not be able to mine resources on the estate and even if he could, he might not be able to raise the money to do the mining because he could not obtain a mortgage on the land. <br /><br />All of this meant that the life tenant had limited access to capital to repair or improve the estate, leading to estates falling into severe disrepair. To avoid this problem, in many cases, a small portion of the estate was granted outright to the current owner to give him some flexibility to deal with unexpected problems. (Shapard, 2010)<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9Gcs9J7_3lo/WXz0DESpBBI/AAAAAAAABsQ/k_i-7vD-YL82heAoWVVdOBwXYesa9Q9NwCLcBGAs/s1600/Semen_Vorontsov_with_children_by_Ludwig_Guttenbrunn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="400" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9Gcs9J7_3lo/WXz0DESpBBI/AAAAAAAABsQ/k_i-7vD-YL82heAoWVVdOBwXYesa9Q9NwCLcBGAs/s320/Semen_Vorontsov_with_children_by_Ludwig_Guttenbrunn.jpg" width="238" /></a></div>Even with all these difficulties, entailments could continue for many generations through the process of resettlement. Typically, this would occur when the heir or eldest son reached the age of twenty one, or at the time of his marriage. Essentially, the life tenant would offer the fee tail heir—usually a father offering this son—a lump sum of money or an annuity from the estate. In order to acquire the money, they further agreed to end the current entail, fund the amount from the estate, and create a new settlement whereby the land would go to the father for his life, to the heir for his life and then in fee tail to the heir's heir. Thus a new entail would be created, but the estate would now be depleted by the lump sum or encumbered by the annuity pair to the original fee tail heir. <br /><br />So, if the Dashwood family had done this, when Mr. John Dashwood reached twenty one (or married Fanny) he and his father, Henry Dashwood, would have sat down together and decided how much Henry would have to offer John to see the entail continued. Next, they would visit the solicitor to have the original entailment barred (discontinued). A trip to the banker would follow to juggle the finances in whatever way necessary to provide John’s money. The process would end with another visit to the solicitor to redraft a new entail, naming John’s (not yet born) heir as the fee tail heir of Norland. John would have money to fund his lifestyle, Henry would know the estate would be preserved in the family for two more generations, and the heir to be of John Dashwood would have to deal with an estate, now depleted of a possibly significant portion of its capital. The estate might be impoverished, but it would remain in the family, which was after all, the most important thing.<br /><br />This system of inheritance flourished between the mid-seventeenth century to the later part of the nineteenth century, when an act of parliament gave the life tenant greater powers to dispose of the estate. <br /><br /><br /><h3> References</h3><br />Adkins, Roy, and Lesley Adkins. Jane Austen's England. Viking, 2013.<br />Austen, Jane, and David M. Shapard. The Annotated Pride and Prejudice. New York: Anchor Books, 2003.<br />Austen, Jane, and David M. Shapard. The Annotated Sense and Sensibility. New York: Anchor Books, 2011. <br />Austen, Jane, and Edward Copeland. The Cambridge Edition of Sense and Sensibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. <br />Bennetts, M.M., “At the heart of a great estate is… .“ M.M.Bennetts. April 11, 2012. Accessed May 20, 2014. <a href="http://mmbennetts.wordpress.com/2012/04/11/at-the-heart-of-a-great-estate-is/">http://mmbennetts.wordpress.com/2012/04/11/at-the-heart-of-a-great-estate-is/</a> <br />Collins, Irene. Jane Austen and the Clergy. London: Hambledon and London, 2001. <br />Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family fortunes: men and women of the English middle class, 1780-1850. London: Routledge, 2002.<br />Day, Malcom. Voices from the World of Jane Austen. David and Charles, 2006. <br />Ellis, Markman "Trade." In Jane Austen in Context , 269-77. Cambridge: University Press, 2005. <br />Girouard, Mark. Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978. <br />Gornall, J.F.G. "Marriage and Property in Jane Austen’s Novels." History Today 17, no. 12 (December 1967). Accessed May 22, 2017. <a href="http://www.historytoday.com/jfg-gornall/marriage-and-property-jane-austen%E2%80%99s-novels">http://www.historytoday.com/jfg-gornall/marriage-and-property-jane-austen%E2%80%99s-novels</a>. <br />Hitchcock, Tim, Sharon Howard and Robert Shoemaker, "Churchwardens and Overseers of the Poor Account Books", London Lives, 1690-1800 (www.londonlives.org, version, 1.1 17 June 2012). <a href="https://www.londonlives.org/static/AC.jsp">https://www.londonlives.org/static/AC.jsp</a><br />Laudermilk, Sharon H., and Teresa L. Hamlin. The Regency Companion. New York: Garland, 1989.<br />LeFaye, Deirdre. Jane Austen: The World of Her Novels. New York: Abrams, 2002.<br />Martin, Joanna. Wives and Daughters: Women and Children in the Georgian Country House. London: Hambledon and London, 2004. <br />Morris, Diane H. “Mr. Darcy was a Second-Class Citizen.” Moorgate Books. August 10th, 2014. Accessed May 22, 2017. <a href="http://www.moorgatebooks.com/10/a-true-regency-gentleman-had-good-breeding/">http://www.moorgatebooks.com/10/a-true-regency-gentleman-had-good-breeding/</a>.<br />Ray, Joan Klingel. Jane Austen for Dummies. Chichester: John Wiley, 2006.<br />Selwyn, David. Jane Austen and Leisure. London: Hambledon Press, 1999. <br />Seven Trees Farm, “Norfolk four course.” Seven Trees Farm. April 30, 2012. Accessed May 29, 2017. <a href="http://seventreesfarm.wordpress.com/2012/04/30/norfolk-four-course/">http://seventreesfarm.wordpress.com/2012/04/30/norfolk-four-course/</a><br />Sullivan, Margaret C., and Kathryn Rathke. The Jane Austen Handbook: Proper Life Skills from Regency England. Philadelphia, PA: Quirk Books, 2007.<br />Swift, Deborah. “Law &amp; Order - Duties of the Constable in 17th Century England.” English Historical Fiction Authors. May 24, 2017. Accessed May 29, 2017. <a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/05/law-order-duties-of-constable-in-17th.html">http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/05/law-order-duties-of-constable-in-17th.html</a> <br />Trevelyan, George Macaulay. Illustrated English Social History. New York: D. McKay, 1949. <br />Vickery, Amanda. The Gentleman's Daughter: Women's Lives in Georgian England. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998.<br />Watkins, Susan. Jane Austen's Town and Country Style. New York: Rizzoli, 1990. <br />Wilson, Ben. The Making of Victorian Values: Decency and Dissent in Britain, 1789-1837. New York: Penguin Press, 2007. <br /><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="NFicChStart" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WPHOQyHca2k/WMILuIXiEnI/AAAAAAAABBE/g_SCvg_lieQUwhC70w31hPpGmHmraycjwCEw/s1600/Courtship%2Band%2BMarriage6-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WPHOQyHca2k/WMILuIXiEnI/AAAAAAAABBE/g_SCvg_lieQUwhC70w31hPpGmHmraycjwCEw/s320/Courtship%2Band%2BMarriage6-2.jpg" width="220" /></a></div><div>Though&nbsp;<b>Maria Grace</b>&nbsp;has been writing fiction since she was ten years old, those early efforts happily reside in a file drawer and are unlikely to see the light of day again, for which many are grateful.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>After penning five file-drawer novels in high school, she took a break from writing to pursue college and earn her doctorate. After 16 years of university teaching, she returned to her first love, fiction writing.<br /><br /><a href="http://amazon.com/author/mariagrace">Click here</a>&nbsp;to find her books on Amazon. For more on her writing and other&nbsp;<i>Random Bits of Fascination</i>, visit her&nbsp;<a href="http://randombitsoffascination.com/">website</a>. You can also like her on&nbsp;<a href="http://facebook.com/AuthorMariaGrace">Facebook, or&nbsp;</a><a href="https://twitter.com/WriteMariaGrace">follow on Twitter</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"></div></div></div></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/CBBz_uRGB00" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/CBBz_uRGB00/inheriting-estate.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Maria Grace)1http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/inheriting-estate.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6808508557101175430Wed, 09 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-09T00:56:08.226-07:00"a Cheltenham tragedy"18th century EnglandCheltenham SpaDr. JennerDuke of WellingtonGeorge IIIJane AustenRegency architectureRoyal Cheltenham Spasalt springssulphur springsCheltenham Spa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">by Lauren Gilbert<br /><br />The location is excellent.&nbsp; &nbsp;On the edge of the Cotswolds, in a valley with good arable land and water, it is surrounded by defensible hills.&nbsp; Originally an agricultural settlement, the area has been occupied for hundreds of years, with the original settlement taken over by Romans, subsequently Saxon, Norman, etc. &nbsp;Mentioned in the Domesday Book, the town was awarded a market charter in 1226 and was a royal gift for centuries. The excellence of the site was enhanced by the number of roads that went through the area. However, the town remained a fairly small town occupied by and visited by farmers and local gentry for markets and fairs.<br /><br />Salt springs were discovered 1716. People drank the waters for health, found them good, and more came. After a while, the waters were sold. The original site was enclosed in 1721. Then Captain Henry Skillicone, owner of the spring, turned the spring into a well with an avenue of trees leading to the well, a pump room, and assembly rooms between&nbsp; 1738-1742. This is the beginning of the development of Cheltenham as a health center and the growth of the town to a thriving medical and social center. <br /><br />In 1740 a book was written about the healthful qualities of the waters by a Doctor Short. More new spas were built in the area. Gradually the spas were visited by more upper crust and celebrities. Handel and Samuel Johnson visited. However, a visit by George III and the royal family for a month in the summer of 1788 put the town on the map and allowed the appellation “Royal Cheltenham Spa”.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg/615px-Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg/615px-Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg" height="155" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Constitutional Club-satire shows<br />George III&nbsp;with a jug of Cheltenham Water,<br />Constitutional Restorer&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table><br />The Prince of Wales (later George IV) visited in 1806. He gave a ball attended by leading nobility and gentry, one of the largest and most elaborate gatherings. He visited again as George IV in 1821.&nbsp; Other royalty visited. The Duke and Duchess of Angouleme (daughter and son-in-law of late King Louis XVI) visited in 1811 and 1813; Louis XVIII visited in 1813. Visits by aristocracy and royalty continued well into the Victorian era.<br /><br />Education was always a major focus. The city’s motto is “Salubritas et Eruditio” (Health and Education). The Free Grammar School was established in 1574 by Richard Pates and endowed by Queen Elizabeth.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Richard_Pate_in_later_life_by_unknown_artist.jpg/453px-Richard_Pate_in_later_life_by_unknown_artist.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Richard_Pate_in_later_life_by_unknown_artist.jpg/453px-Richard_Pate_in_later_life_by_unknown_artist.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard Pate, later in<br />life by an unknown artist<br />Wikimedia Commons</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Sunday School was established in 1787 at the parish church only 7 years after the first of the nation was established in Gloucester. The Duke of Wellington made donations to the National School and School of Industry during his visit in 1816.<br /><br />During the Georgian/Regency era, the baths were the major draw.&nbsp; The waters were supposedly good for skin ailments and scurvy. &nbsp;The baths included salt baths and hot and cold baths. In 1803, a sulphur spring was discovered by Dr. Thomas Jameson and was supposedly good for jaundice and diseases of the liver, dyspepsia, and conditions resulting from living in a hot climate. The Duke of Wellington took the waters during his visits, and Jane Austen visited Cheltenham Spa for 2 weeks in 1816 with her sister Cassandra. Nearby spas included Montpellier Spa (about ½ mile away) and the Imperial Spa which opened in 1818.&nbsp; Dr. Jenner (of vaccination fame) was a local practitioner for some years. <br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Montpellier_Spa_Rotunda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_288705.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Montpellier_Spa_Rotunda_-_geograph.org.uk_-_288705.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The inside of the rotunda<br />of Montpellier Spa<br />Wikimedia Commons</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Of course, while taking the water people expected to be entertained, especially gentry, aristocracy, and royalty. Although never attaining the status of Bath for its social season, Cheltenham Spa certainly provided entertainment. There was a circulating library: Mr. Harward proprietor of a subscription service also let harpsichords, piano-forte’s, and other instruments and provided people to tune them. The social bustle became significant enough that there were elected masters of ceremonies to regulate amusements. The first one was Simon Moreau, Esq. who greeted George III at his visit and held the position until his death in 1810. He wrote the first guide to Cheltenham.<br /><br />There were assembly rooms used for balls, card parties, and other entertainments.&nbsp; The Long Room was the original and smallest of the rooms. The Upper and Lower Rooms opened in 1791. The Assembly Rooms were opened July 29, 1816, by the Duke and Duchess of Wellington with a ball attended by 1400 of the aristocracy. <br /><br />There is a long history of drama in Cheltenham. The Manor Rolls contain an entry in 1612 regarding the production of a play at the Sign of the Crown. Cheltenham saw performances by Mrs. Siddons, Kemble, Kean, and others.&nbsp; Dramas and tragedies seem to have been especially popular in Cheltenham, particularly works of Shakespeare. &nbsp;The original theatre in the early 18<sup>th</sup> century was located in Coffee House Yard.<br /><br />George III and his family attended the Cheltenham Theatre in 1788, and he constituted it a Theatre Royal by letters patent. Mrs. Jordan performed in “The Merry Wives of Windsor” during the King’s visit. Lord Byron also patronized the Cheltenham Theatre. Nightly performances were held. The professional troupe of actors was considered extremely proficient. Regular amateur performances also held. Could over-wrought amateur performances, especially if in plays or readings of works by local residents be the origin of the use of “a Cheltenham tragedy”? &nbsp;The Sadler’s Wells Puppet Theatre was established in 1795 by Samuel Seward, who made automaton figures and marionettes.<br /><br />Horse racing became established in 1815 with the first organized Flat race held on Notthingham Hill.&nbsp; In 1818, races were held at Cleeve Hill, and the Gold Cup was established.&nbsp; (Racing was extremely popular for the next ten years, until religious objections to the evils of horse racing resulted in the grandstand being burned to the ground, and the racecourse was relocated in 1831.)&nbsp; Other events also were celebrated, such as a balloon ascension in 1813.<br /><br />Cheltenham was known for its elegant buildings and the wide range and quality of its accommodations. Georgian crescents, houses, villas etc. were constructed. (It is today considered a Regency town). Royal Crescent was built between 1806-1810, and the Promenade (a tree-lined walk that was then developed) in 1818. In 1786, the Paving Commissioners were established to pave and light the streets and keep them clean. The Commissioners’ Act of 1786 allowed 120 oil lamps to be established in the streets. In 1818, gas lamps were put in to light the streets. Hotels and inns were constructed to accommodate increasing number of visitors (up to 15,000 during the season).<br /><br />Cheltenham maintained its popularity as a spa well into the Victorian era supported by the growth of the railroad. The popularity of horseracing at the nearby track continued, and a music festival was established in 1902. Visitors continue to have a major impact on the town, thanks to the popularity of the music festival and racetrack.<br /><br />[This post is an Editors' Choice and was originally published on this blog on 29th September, 2014]<br /><br /><a href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50869" target="_blank">British History On Line</a>.&nbsp; <i>A Topographical Dictionary of England</i>, Samuel Lewis, ed. Published 1848. Pages 562-569.<br /><br /><a href="https://archive.org/details/normanshistoryof00godi" target="_blank">Internet Archive</a>.&nbsp; <i>Norman's History of Cheltenham (with Eighty Illustrations)</i> by John Goding.&nbsp; 1863. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts &amp; Green.&nbsp; Cheltenham: Norman.<br /><br /><a href="http://mh.bmj.com/content/31/1/3.full" target="_blank">Medical Humanities</a> website.&nbsp; “Jane Austen’s lifelong health problems and Final Illness: New Evidence points to a fatal Hodgkin’s disease and excludes the widely accepted Addisons.”&nbsp; By A. Upfal.&nbsp; March 1, 2005.<br /><br />Political cartoon from <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg/615px-Constitutional_Club_LCCN2006690504.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a><br /><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Images_from_the_Library_of_Congress" style="text-indent: 0in;" target="_blank" title="Category:Images from the Library of Congress">Images from the Library of Congress</a> <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:PD_1923" style="text-indent: 0in;" target="_blank" title="Category:PD 1923">PD 1923</a><br /><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Files_generated_with_WMUK_equipment" style="text-indent: 0in;" title="Category:Files generated with WMUK equipment">Files generated with WMUK equipment</a><span style="text-indent: 0in;">,&nbsp;<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Content_media_by_years_-_Supported_by_Wikimedia_UK_-_2014" style="text-indent: 0in;" title="Category:Content media by years - Supported by Wikimedia UK - 2014">Content media by years - Supported by Wikimedia UK - 2014</a><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><br /><br />Picture of Richard Pate <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Richard_Pate_in_later_life_by_unknown_artist.jpg/453px-Richard_Pate_in_later_life_by_unknown_artist.jpg" target="_blank">Wikimedia Commons</a> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br /><br />~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br />Lauren Gilbert is the author of HEYERWOOD: A Novel. She lives in Florida with her husband, and is working on another novel which is coming out soon.Visit her website <a href="http://www.lauren-gilbert.com/" target="_blank">HERE</a>.</span></span><br /><br /><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB"></span></span> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FfpRdIIFWhk/WYnlVIfo41I/AAAAAAAAFuc/pcvq9nqqqj8v6zb1HyX4zO0OGUaYxUsjgCLcBGAs/s1600/Front%2BCover%2BProof-E-mail%2Bsize.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="133" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-FfpRdIIFWhk/WYnlVIfo41I/AAAAAAAAFuc/pcvq9nqqqj8v6zb1HyX4zO0OGUaYxUsjgCLcBGAs/s1600/Front%2BCover%2BProof-E-mail%2Bsize.jpg" /></a></span></span></div><span style="text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></span></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/0FJjBi-AEtA" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/0FJjBi-AEtA/cheltenham-spa.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Lauren Gilbert)1http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/cheltenham-spa.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-994243211460977164Mon, 07 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-07T00:09:19.432-07:00Crimefemale servantsgovernessLawVictorianVictorian WomenThe Vulnerable Victorian Governess<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">by Mimi Matthews<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pHhX0m3yG3s/WYK2kK-vMqI/AAAAAAAABO0/NR04wGf21aM-3iLmLiZw8I1inspuFiBxgCLcBGAs/s1600/The%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BRichard%2BRedgrave%2B1844.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1097" height="312" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pHhX0m3yG3s/WYK2kK-vMqI/AAAAAAAABO0/NR04wGf21aM-3iLmLiZw8I1inspuFiBxgCLcBGAs/s400/The%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BRichard%2BRedgrave%2B1844.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Governess by Richard Redgrave, 1844.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />A governess occupied a unique position in a Victorian household. She was neither servant, nor family member. She existed in a sort of in-between world which often left her feeling isolated and alone. To combat this, the young governess was advised to cultivate a tolerance for solitude. Author Susan Ridout addresses this in her somewhat depressing nineteenth century book of advice, <i>Letters to a Young Governess on the Principles of Education and Other Subjects Connected with Her Duties </i>(1840):<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>“Consider therefore, before you enter a family, how far you are able to support the solitude into which you must be thrown, in such a situation. It is not now a separation merely from friends and relations to which you are called; it is a seclusion from society altogether, at least from any which sympathizes with you.”</i></blockquote>Seclusion from society not only left a Victorian governess isolated and alone, it also left her vulnerable to the unwelcome advances of men, both in and out of the household. To that end, Ridout instructs the young governess to be gentle, modest, reserved, and dignified, stating that:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>“If there are young men in the family where you reside, remember that your carriage will generally govern theirs; they will not presume, if you are discreet and unpretending.”</i></blockquote>On occasion, modesty and dignified reserve did not provide enough of a deterrent to gentlemen who were determined to take liberties with an unprotected female. Cases abound of governesses who were kissed, groped, and otherwise assaulted in the course of their employment. On these unfortunate occasions, there was little incentive for the governess to complain to her employer, since, as Ridout implies, gentlemanly presumptions were generally marked down to some lapse in decorum on the part of the governess. If she brought them to the attention of the mistress or master of the household, she risked being let go without a reference.<br /><br />Fortunately, the courts were not always as indifferent to the plight of governesses as the rest of society. Below are just a few instances of advances made toward young governesses, some of which were ultimately dealt with in a Victorian court of law.<br /><br /><h3>Proposals, Elopements, and Bigamy</h3><br />In some cases, the overtures of a gentleman of the household could lead to a marriage proposal. This happened with enough regularity—both in reality and in popular fiction—that the young governess could be forgiven for dreaming that she might, too, meet a wealthy Mr. Rochester during the course of her employment. In reality, however, the man of the house was usually more of a middle-aged fellow in a marital rut than a single, charismatic hero.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xwj7LlnpmbI/WYK4aUxVkbI/AAAAAAAABO8/VD8wJjun-5wQUrX5OciSeMtkRxSQZN1uACLcBGAs/s1600/Arrival%2Bof%2Ba%2BNew%2BGoverness%2Bin%2Ba%2BMerchan%2BHouse%2Bby%2BVasily%2BPerov%2B1866.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="500" height="330" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xwj7LlnpmbI/WYK4aUxVkbI/AAAAAAAABO8/VD8wJjun-5wQUrX5OciSeMtkRxSQZN1uACLcBGAs/s400/Arrival%2Bof%2Ba%2BNew%2BGoverness%2Bin%2Ba%2BMerchan%2BHouse%2Bby%2BVasily%2BPerov%2B1866.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Arrival of a New Governess in a Merchant's House by Vasily Perov 1866.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />The 18 November 1893 edition of the <i>Yorkshire Gazette </i>reports the case of Mr. Hearn, a wealthy, fifty-four year old father who had engaged Miss Crosswell, a governess, to instruct his daughters on the pianoforte. He subsequently fell in love with Miss Crosswell and made her an offer of marriage. Miss Crosswell eagerly accepted, but when Mr. Hearn’s daughters protested the engagement, he broke it off. Miss Crosswell pleaded with Mr. Hearn to stand by her. When he refused, she promptly sued him for breach of promise. According to the <i>Yorkshire Gazette</i>, the jury awarded her £475, a sum which they considered to be “an approximate pecuniary equivalent to her pain and loss.”<br /><br />Often, the master of the house developed a tendre for the governess while still married to his wife. This caused quite a bit of tension in the household. The 17 September 1892 edition of the <i>Dundee Evening Telegraph</i> reports the case of a wealthy farmer who eloped with the family governess while still married. As the newspaper explains:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>“His wife had occasion to remonstrate concerning his marked attentions to the attractive young lady who had for a considerable period acted as governess in the family.”</i></blockquote>When confronted, the governess agreed to find another situation and asked for a leave of absence in order to do so. The husband left the family home at the same time, ostensibly on a business trip. The following day, the pair was spotted “at a junction in England,” after which they were never seen again.<br /><br />A governess and her male employer in 1901 were not so lucky. The <i>Sheffield Independent </i>states that, after ten years of marriage, Leopold Moulton and his wife, Lucy, hired a governess named Miss Robson to teach their children. Less than two years later, Mr. Moulton and Miss Robson departed the family home, intending to elope together to Australia. The pair was “caught together at Marseilles,” at which point they made a full confession. Mrs. Moulton subsequently sued her husband for divorce on the grounds of cruelty and adultery and was granted a dissolution of marriage.<br /><br /><h3>Assault</h3><br />Far more common than marriage proposals and elopements, were the everyday instances of physical encroachments perpetrated against the vulnerable young governess. If committed by a member of the household, these insults were difficult to defend against. However, if an assault was perpetrated by a man outside of the home, a governess sometimes had recourse in the courts—especially if that assault was witnessed by others.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8SwGwDHDNoU/WYK3yYa0WoI/AAAAAAAABO4/7EcRZzM4W74VgvyddMj1KhKPB80RtIEgQCEwYBhgL/s1600/The%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BRebecca%2BSolomon%2B1851.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="1000" height="310" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8SwGwDHDNoU/WYK3yYa0WoI/AAAAAAAABO4/7EcRZzM4W74VgvyddMj1KhKPB80RtIEgQCEwYBhgL/s400/The%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BRebecca%2BSolomon%2B1851.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Governess by Rebecca Solomon, 1851.</td></tr></tbody></table><br />In 1874, while out walking in a field with her three young charges, governess Lydia Jackson crossed paths with Mr. John Bickley, a young gentleman of the neighbourhood who was heir to a great fortune. Mr. Bickley was driving by in a cart when he saw Miss Jackson gathering violets. He made disparaging remarks about the children and, when Miss Jackson did not reply, the 20 May 1874 edition of the Norwich Mercury states that Mr. Bickley “did something to his trowsers; and subsequently tying his horse up, he came towards plaintiff in that position.”<br /><br />Miss Jackson ran. Mr. Bickley followed and soon overtook her, grabbing hold of her jacket. Miss Jackson was able to get free and, along with the children, ran to the cottage of a neighbour. When later confronted in court, Mr. Bickley denied he had ever even seen or spoken to Miss Jackson. He claimed she was either lying or that it was a case of mistaken identity. Fortunately, the children and the neighbour were all able to verify Mr. Bickley’s presence in the field of violets that afternoon. The <i>Norwich Mercury</i> reports that:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>“The jury almost immediately returned a verdict for the plaintiff for the full amount claimed, namely £50, the usual costs following. His Honour, addressing the jury, said that if it was any satisfaction to them to know it, he quite concurred in the decision at which they had arrived.”</i></blockquote>In a similar case from 1881, a governess by the name of Jane Hutton was out walking when Christopher Henderson, a railway worker, grabbed her by the wrist, pulled her close to him, and attempted to kiss her. Miss Hutton ran away, but, as the <i>Dundee Courier</i> relates:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>“He ran after her and overtook her, and again seized hold of her by the wrist and arm, dragged her on to the embankment, pulled her on to his knee, and placed his arm round her waist.”</i></blockquote>What happened next is not entirely clear from the reports, but whatever transpired, it was enough to result in Mr. Henderson being sentenced to thirty days' imprisonment.<br /><br /><h3>Murder</h3><br />Cases of governess murdered by their employer are not as numerous as those involving assault, but they do exist and are, in my opinion, some of the most tragic. Victorian governesses were often alone in the world, without friends or family to inquire after them if they should happen to disappear. With no one to ask questions, a governess’s murder could go undiscovered for years. For example, in 1843, a governess by the name of Miss Crossland was employed by Mr. and Mrs. Clarke at Firth Wood Farm. The 19 August 1893 edition of the <i>Yorkshire Evening Post</i> reports that:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>“Clark became enamoured of her and got rid his wife, to whom he allowed £60 a year, while he retained Miss Crossland as housekeeper.”</i></blockquote>Mr. Clarke was a big man who had been known to participate in prize fights. When Miss Crossland later disappeared, the locals assumed she had either “died in giving birth to a child” or met with foul play.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q2vFEiCSlJ0/WYK4xzNklYI/AAAAAAAABPA/G3Ns3GKBiGYB-VM7S2BnSopta57I4BL2gCLcBGAs/s1600/The%2BNew%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BThomas%2BBallard%2B1836-1908.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="512" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q2vFEiCSlJ0/WYK4xzNklYI/AAAAAAAABPA/G3Ns3GKBiGYB-VM7S2BnSopta57I4BL2gCLcBGAs/s400/The%2BNew%2BGoverness%2Bby%2BThomas%2BBallard%2B1836-1908.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The New Governess by Thomas Ballard, (1836-1908).</td></tr></tbody></table><br />Her ultimate fate was destined to remain a mystery until, forty years later, railway workers excavating a field near Firth Wood found “the remains of a young woman” buried in a shallow grave. The newspaper reports that “the skull was crushed on to the chest, and both jaws wore broken, as well as several ribs.” By this point, Mr. Clarke had long since died himself and, though the remains were widely believed to be those of Miss Crossland, the Coroner in the case declined to hold an inquest.<br /><br /><h3>In Conclusion</h3><br />Not every position held by a Victorian governess was fraught with physical danger. There were many families who were genuinely decent and respectable, allowing the governess to go about her duties without fear of being importuned by the gentlemen of the household. With that being said, it is important to remember just how vulnerable a governess was during the nineteenth century and just how precarious her situation could become if an unscrupulous man should decide to embark on a seduction.<br />________________________________________<br /><b><i>Sources</i></b><br /><i>Dundee Courier</i> (Angus, Scotland), 26 November 1881.<br /><i>Norwich Mercury</i> (Norfolk, England), 20 May 1874.<br />Ridout, Susan. <i>Letters to a Young Governess on the Principles of Education and Other Subjects &nbsp; &nbsp; Connected with her Duties.</i> London: Edmund Fry, 1840.<br /><i>Sheffield Independent </i>(South Yorkshire, England), 05 February 1901.<br /><i>Yorkshire Evening Post </i>(West Yorkshire, England), 19 August 1893.<br /><i>Yorkshire Gazette </i>(North Yorkshire, England), 18 November 1893.<br />________________________________________<br /><b><i><br /></i></b> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><b>Mimi Matthews </b>writes both historical non-fiction and traditional historical romances set in Victorian England. She is the author of <i>The Pug Who Bit Napoleon: Animal Tales of the 18th and 19th Centuries</i> (November 2017) and <i>A Victorian Lady’s Guide to Fashion and Beauty</i> (July 2018).<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lekCaJ8j4nI/WYK2QNwE23I/AAAAAAAABOw/AZOnidmuiwoaNeQNDDYOO_xbd248XLahACEwYBhgL/s1600/MimiMatthews_TheLostLetter200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="200" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lekCaJ8j4nI/WYK2QNwE23I/AAAAAAAABOw/AZOnidmuiwoaNeQNDDYOO_xbd248XLahACEwYBhgL/s200/MimiMatthews_TheLostLetter200.jpg" width="133" /></a></div>Her debut Victorian romance novel&nbsp;<i><b><a href="http://mybook.to/thelostletter" target="_blank">The Lost Letter</a></b></i> will be released on September 19 and is currently available for pre-order.<br /><br />In her other life, Mimi is an attorney with both a Juris Doctor and a Bachelor of Arts in English Literature. She resides in California with her family, which includes an Andalusian dressage horse, two Shelties, and two Siamese cats.<br /><div><br /></div>Website: <a href="http://www.mimimatthews.com/">www.MimiMatthews.com</a><br />Facebook: <a href="http://facebook.com/MimiMatthewsAuthor">Facebook.com/MimiMatthewsAuthor</a><br />Twitter: <a href="http://twitter.com/MimiMatthewsEsq">Twitter.com/MimiMatthewsEsq</a><br /><div><br /></div></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/LvpbqmveocU" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/LvpbqmveocU/the-vulnerable-victorian-governess.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Mimi Matthews)7http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/the-vulnerable-victorian-governess.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-2558574045308190622Sun, 06 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-06T00:00:00.245-07:00Annie WhiteheadCatherine CurzonEditor's Weekly Round UpSamantha WilcoxsonEditors Weekly Round-up, August 6, 2017 #EHFAby the EHFA Editors<br /><br />Enjoy this week's articles from the blog.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-queen-without-crown.html"><b>The Queen Without a Crown</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Catherine Curzon</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iwg4FamzAg8/WYOtiNFB3bI/AAAAAAAADug/SGC24Zmkf14oVUGFEZHPtR9saqfNv_5CgCLcBGAs/s1600/Queen_Caroline_of_Brunswick.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="246" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iwg4FamzAg8/WYOtiNFB3bI/AAAAAAAADug/SGC24Zmkf14oVUGFEZHPtR9saqfNv_5CgCLcBGAs/s1600/Queen_Caroline_of_Brunswick.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/the-evidence-against-elizabeth.html"><b>The Evidence Against Elizabeth</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Samantha Wilcoxson</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GlP9rVyy4VM/WYOtlqJxt5I/AAAAAAAADuk/8msX2FDldLU267LMpr-qZLO2lcMajIZegCEwYBhgL/s1600/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="238" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GlP9rVyy4VM/WYOtlqJxt5I/AAAAAAAADuk/8msX2FDldLU267LMpr-qZLO2lcMajIZegCEwYBhgL/s1600/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/08/the-battle-of-otterburn-5th-august-1388.html" target="_blank">The Battle of Otterburn, 5th August 1388</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by Annie Whitehead</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xg_TYK5Z0zU/WYWd6pmjNII/AAAAAAAABM8/yxz1kKyAYp8g7jUpLxlxsiZG-0jZz_L4gCLcBGAs/s1600/Otterburn_Battle%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="316" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xg_TYK5Z0zU/WYWd6pmjNII/AAAAAAAABM8/yxz1kKyAYp8g7jUpLxlxsiZG-0jZz_L4gCLcBGAs/s1600/Otterburn_Battle%2B%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/0KrU5J8XMjk" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/0KrU5J8XMjk/editors-weekly-round-up-august-6-2017.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Char Newcomb)0http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/editors-weekly-round-up-august-6-2017.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-4869607304658375105Sat, 05 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-05T00:00:01.656-07:00Battle of OtterburnEdward IIIHenry PercyHotspurJames Earl of DouglasKing Robert IIOtterburnScotlandThe Battle of Otterburn, 5th August 1388by Annie Whitehead<br /><br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><i>It fell about the Lammas tide,<br />When the muir-men win their hay,<br />The doughty Earl of Douglas rode<br />Into England, to catch a prey.*</i></blockquote><br />On this day, in 1388 (according to the Scots) the Battle of Otterburn took place, between the forces of the English, led by Harry Hotspur and his brother Sir Ralph Percy, and the Scots, led by James, 2nd Earl of Douglas.<br /><div><br />&nbsp; <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KpkH-QhsL_M/WR7Q-HBcDQI/AAAAAAAAFVE/iC5NAJxkQxkz-ruIXpbkc2027L0WuQqxgCLcB/s1600/Otterburn_Battle%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KpkH-QhsL_M/WR7Q-HBcDQI/AAAAAAAAFVE/iC5NAJxkQxkz-ruIXpbkc2027L0WuQqxgCLcB/s320/Otterburn_Battle%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="316" /></a></div><br />The battle was a famous victory for the Scots in an ongoing series of border disputes and skirmishes. But it had wider implications for Scotland, causing long-lasting political ripples.<br /><br />The king of Scotland at the time of the battle was Robert II. He was fifty-five when he unexpectedly became king, and his rule was undermined by the fact that, like John Balliol before him, he was considered by the Scottish nobles to be only their equal, not their superior.<br /><br />Robert, though, was courageous and ambitious. The expectation was that he would take up the honorary title of High Steward of Scotland, but in 1326 a parliamentary act of succession named him as heir behind prince David and thus the most important magnate in Scotland.<br /><br />When Edward III of England threatened war, Robert, aged just sixteen in 1333, led an army against him at the Battle of Halidon Hill. Then in 1334 he narrowly escaped capture when his lands were overrun by Anglo-Balliol enemies. David was taken into exile, but Robert stayed to fight, and gained many followers. Thus, when David returned to rule, he could never completely shake off the powerful Robert. When David died unexpectedly in 1371 he was succeeded, as per the arrangement, by Robert.<br /><br />England still controlled a large area of Lothian and the border country, so it made sense for Robert to allow his southern earls to agitate to regain their lost territories. He also halted trade with England and renewed treaties with France. By 1384, the Scots had retaken most of occupied lands, but when the English and French began to talk of peace, Robert was reluctant to commit to all-out war and obtained Scottish inclusion in the peace treaty. This peace strategy was a factor in a virtual coup in 1384, when Robert lost control, first to his eldest son, John, earl of Carrick, and then from 1388 onwards, John’s younger brother, Robert, earl of Fife.<br /><br />In a council at Holyrood in November 1384 is was recorded that “because our lord the king, for certain causes, is not able to attend himself personally to the execution of justice and the law of the kingdom, he has willed…that his first-born son and heir…is to administer the common-law everywhere throughout the kingdom."<br /><br />Carrick’s rule brought control of foreign policy to a coalition of powerful magnates headed by James, 2nd earl of Douglas. Robert’s refusal to initiate war led to his removal from power altogether. Carrick, Douglas, and the king’s third son, Robert Stewart, earl of Fife, joined the French on campaign in 1385. The Scots and French quarrelled, the English burned Lothian, including Edinburgh, and the Scots had no choice but to accept truce until 1388. For Robert II, back in his lands in the west, this had little import, but Carrick began to struggle with lawlessness in the north, particularly with the ambition of Alexander Stewart.<br /><br />What has this to do with the battle of Otterburn?<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O9m2wwGXxmU/WR7RMkRr9zI/AAAAAAAAFVI/7pftJ4WVlPI5EMp-PoOFKhN9o93l7v6ygCLcB/s1600/DSCF3631.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O9m2wwGXxmU/WR7RMkRr9zI/AAAAAAAAFVI/7pftJ4WVlPI5EMp-PoOFKhN9o93l7v6ygCLcB/s320/DSCF3631.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The 'modern' Otterburn Castle</td></tr></tbody></table><br />On 5th August, or the 19th, depending on which sources you opt to believe, Douglas decided to lead a raid into England. The earl of Northumberland sent his two sons to engage with Douglas while he himself stayed at Alnwick<br /><br />According to the chronicler Froissart,** the first fighting included a meeting of the earl of Douglas and Henry Percy in hand-to-hand combat, in which Percy's pennon was captured.<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">Froissart ~ &nbsp;<i>There were many proper feats of arms done and achieved: there was fighting hand to hand : among other there fought hand to hand the earl Douglas and sir Henry Percy, and by force of arms the earl Douglas won the pennon of sir Henry Percy's, wherewith he was sore displeased and so were all the Englishmen. And the earl Douglas said to sir Henry Percy: ‘Sir, I shall bear this token of your prowess into Scotland and shall set it on high on my castle of Dalkeith, that it may be seen far off.'</i></blockquote><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-URVf5-HBD5Y/WR7RZ2KX5QI/AAAAAAAAFVM/gNIGxWmdpSIUiC5w3rpD6OeSVnORvqelgCLcB/s1600/Pennon_of_Sir_Henry_%2528Hotspur%2529_Percy%252C_Battle_of_Otterburn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-URVf5-HBD5Y/WR7RZ2KX5QI/AAAAAAAAFVM/gNIGxWmdpSIUiC5w3rpD6OeSVnORvqelgCLcB/s320/Pennon_of_Sir_Henry_%2528Hotspur%2529_Percy%252C_Battle_of_Otterburn.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />Douglas then destroyed the castle at Ponteland and besieged Otterburn Castle (now Otterburn Tower).<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">Froissart ~ <i>from thence the Scots went to the town and castle of Otterburn, an eight English mile from Newcastle*** and there lodged. That day they made none assault, but the next morning they blew their horns and made ready to assail the castle, which was strong, for it stood in the marish.&nbsp;</i></blockquote>Percy attacked Douglas's encampment with a surprise attack in the late afternoon:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">Froissart ~ <i>It was shewed to sir Henry Percy and to his brother and to the other knights and squires that were there, by such as had followed the Scots from Newcastle and had well advised their doing, who said to sir Henry and to sir Ralph : ' Sirs, we have followed the Scots privily and have dis- covered all the country. The Scots be at Pontland and have taken sir Edmund Alphel in his own castle, and from thence they be gone to Otterburn and there they lay this night. What they will do to- morrow we know not : they are ordained to abide there : and, sirs, surely their great host is not with them, for in all they pass not there a three thousand men.' When sir Henry heard that, he was joyful and said : ‘Sirs, let us leap on our horses, for by the faith I owe to God and to my lord my father I will go seek for my pennon and dislodge them this same night.'</i></blockquote>During the battle, Douglas led the left wing, while John Dunbar, earl of Moray, commanded the right. Hotspur’s men, having ridden up from Newcastle, were tired and disorganised as they made their way onto the field. Hotspur was so overly confident that he attacked the Scots while the rest of his force was still marching up through Otterburn.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hr-qMds9Jf0/WR7RjFvO6-I/AAAAAAAAFVQ/Y3HwposKs_E3xFJHo_nGO-1FIAG5zwkMACLcB/s1600/Pennon_of_James_Douglas%252C_Earl_of_Moray_from_Otterburn_001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hr-qMds9Jf0/WR7RjFvO6-I/AAAAAAAAFVQ/Y3HwposKs_E3xFJHo_nGO-1FIAG5zwkMACLcB/s400/Pennon_of_James_Douglas%252C_Earl_of_Moray_from_Otterburn_001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The banner of Douglas</td></tr></tbody></table>Despite Percy's force being around three times the size of the Scottish force, Froissart said that 1040 English were captured and 1860 killed, against the Scottish losses of &nbsp;200 Scots captured and 100 killed. The Westminster Chronicle estimated the Scottish casualties at around 500. When the bishop of Durham advanced from Newcastle with 10,000 men, he was apparently so impressed by the ordered appearance of the Scottish force, the 'din they set up with their horns', and their seemingly unassailable position, that he declined to attack.<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">Froissart ~ <i>The same evening the bishop of Durham came thither with a good company, for he heard at Durham how the Scots were before Newcastle and how that the lord Percy's sons with other lords and knights should fight with the Scots : therefore the bishop of Durham to come to the rescue had assembled up all the country and so was coming to Newcastle. But sir Henry Percy would not abide his coming, for he had with him six hundred spears, knights and squires, and an eight thousand foot- men. They thought that sufficient number to fight with the Scots, if they were not but three hundred spears and three thousand of other.</i></blockquote><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZF1qm5HTgic/WR7RyIptiEI/AAAAAAAAFVU/W16mBP8qa0gVfoDhP1Gd52dpX2xzBajxQCLcB/s1600/DSCF3683.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ZF1qm5HTgic/WR7RyIptiEI/AAAAAAAAFVU/W16mBP8qa0gVfoDhP1Gd52dpX2xzBajxQCLcB/s320/DSCF3683.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">(&nbsp;<span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">the battle site)</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dmwvGH87h5Q/WR7Ry08xLtI/AAAAAAAAFVg/CMe7Ao7vlGUe4NDE04ARbFAXM26-thNDQCLcB/s1600/DSCF3684.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dmwvGH87h5Q/WR7Ry08xLtI/AAAAAAAAFVg/CMe7Ao7vlGUe4NDE04ARbFAXM26-thNDQCLcB/s320/DSCF3684.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />During the battle on a 'moonlit night', Douglas was killed. His death made no difference to the outcome of the battle and was not noticed until much later. It was a victory for the Scots; the Percys were both captured, with the remaining English force retreating to Newcastle.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c36eFK-IPzg/WR7RyD6XP3I/AAAAAAAAFVY/ixTj-5mXjmERK8qzhXa26uKEmTYNjNsRQCEw/s1600/DSCF3681.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c36eFK-IPzg/WR7RyD6XP3I/AAAAAAAAFVY/ixTj-5mXjmERK8qzhXa26uKEmTYNjNsRQCEw/s320/DSCF3681.JPG" width="240" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">&nbsp;(</span>the monument at the battle site - made from a lintel taken from the kitchens at Otterburn Castle (the second picture shows the iron hooks where cooking pots were hung)<br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UzCQTBt-Jpo/WR7RyA5M5XI/AAAAAAAAFVc/yRKzEWyx7FsLkIXVbGqyggdTHNNsOMZuQCEw/s1600/DSCF3682.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UzCQTBt-Jpo/WR7RyA5M5XI/AAAAAAAAFVc/yRKzEWyx7FsLkIXVbGqyggdTHNNsOMZuQCEw/s320/DSCF3682.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />The death of James caused the Douglas inheritance to fall into dispute, Carrick became isolated, and another coup was inevitable. On 1 December Carrick was forced to sign the lieutenancy over to his brother Robert, earl of Fife. Fife vowed to deal harshly with Alexander Stewart in the north, and Robert II was once more under the control of one of his own sons, called upon to appear at council only to confirm grants to Fife and his followers. Robert died in 1387.<br /><br />His reputation has been sullied, by chroniclers who either support David before 1371 or who favoured Carrick and Fife in the later years of the reign. In 1521 John Mair wrote that he could not hold Robert ‘to have been a skilful warrior or wise in counsel.'<br /><br /><br />*&nbsp;<a href="http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/scottish/itfellab.htm" target="_blank">From the Ballad of Otterburn&nbsp;</a><br /><br />** Froissart claimed to have spoken to eye-witnesses:<br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">It was shewed me by such as had been at the same battle, as well by knights and squires of England as of Scotland, at the house of the earl of Foix, — for anon after this battle was done I met at Orthez two squires of England called John of Chateau- neuf and John of Cantiron&nbsp;</blockquote>***The distance is much greater – about 30 miles.<br /><br />[all illustrations - public domain images. Photographs by and copyright of the author]<br /><br />~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WOQMhKsog04/WS2G3ok0lTI/AAAAAAAAFbQ/X3oemeHgXv8sinAGqUzFF0IJuMbREaV9ACLcB/s1600/Both%2Bbooks%2Bwith%2Bawards.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WOQMhKsog04/WS2G3ok0lTI/AAAAAAAAFbQ/X3oemeHgXv8sinAGqUzFF0IJuMbREaV9ACLcB/s200/Both%2Bbooks%2Bwith%2Bawards.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><b>Annie Whitehead </b>is an author and historian, and a member of the Royal Historical Society. Her first two novels are set in tenth-century Mercia, chronicling the lives of Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, who ruled a country in all but name, and Earl Alvar who served King Edgar and his son Æthelred the Unready who were both embroiled in murderous scandals. Her third novel, also set in Mercia, is scheduled for release later this year, and she is currently working on a history of Mercia for Amberley Publishing, to be released in 2018.<br /><a href="http://viewauthor.at/Annie-Whitehead" target="_blank">Amazon Page</a><br /><a href="http://anniewhiteheadauthor.co.uk/" target="_blank">Website</a><br /><a href="http://anniewhitehead2.blogspot.co.uk/" target="_blank">Blog</a></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/8ymrYTw_O9Q" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/8ymrYTw_O9Q/the-battle-of-otterburn-5th-august-1388.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Annie Whitehead)1http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/the-battle-of-otterburn-5th-august-1388.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-7582719921779560395Thu, 03 Aug 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-08-03T00:00:29.532-07:0016th century16th century EnglandEdward CourtenayHenry VIIIQueen Elizabeth IQueen MarySamantha WilcoxsonTreasonWyatt's RebellionThe Evidence Against Elizabethby Samantha Wilcoxson<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pchr5ssCzhE/WXM6_Ce_kbI/AAAAAAAAB0k/BYoV37mygrkWytWSGebLzVHT-wiOvvz-ACLcBGAs/s1600/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1192" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-pchr5ssCzhE/WXM6_Ce_kbI/AAAAAAAAB0k/BYoV37mygrkWytWSGebLzVHT-wiOvvz-ACLcBGAs/s320/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" width="238" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elizabeth I: The Coronation Portrait</td></tr></tbody></table>Queen Elizabeth I has become fabulously more popular in our time than she was in her own, and she is often held up as a shining example of feminism or listed as one of England's greatest monarchs. Whether she was or not is an interesting subject for debate, but we would not be able to have it if Elizabeth's sister, Queen Mary I, had not refused to execute the girl for treason.<br /><br />What evidence was there against the Lady Elizabeth? More than you might think and certainly more than had doomed many others.<br /><br />When Mary became queen, many influential people, Bishop Steven Gardiner and Spanish ambassador Simon Renard chief among them, discouraged Queen Mary's naive trust in her younger sister. Mary did not completely ignore their advice, not keeping a close guard on Elizabeth but also not giving her the type of court position enjoyed by others, such as Margaret Douglas and Jane Dormer. Elizabeth was her heir after all, though Mary hoped to soon remedy that situation by having a child of her own.<br /><br />Elizabeth was in greater danger of losing her position due to charges of treason than by being replaced by a young niece or nephew.<br /><br />The strongest evidence against Lady Elizabeth was Wyatt's Rebellion. In December 1553, Elizabeth requested to leave her sister's court, and that permission was granted, though many advised Mary to keep Elizabeth close enough to monitor her activity. By January, information about the multi-pronged rebellion were being quickly uncovered. Edward Courtenay was involved in the plot with the goal of stopping Queen Mary's marriage to Prince Philip at minimum, with a higher goal of placing himself on the throne as Elizabeth's husband.<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZE3zm0jo2Iw/WJnPdoxfoII/AAAAAAAABhk/hU6tbIv0pyERh1kTmMp-vbD5nWPbrRIYACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Mary_I._Entry_Into_London.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1541" data-original-width="1600" height="308" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ZE3zm0jo2Iw/WJnPdoxfoII/AAAAAAAABhk/hU6tbIv0pyERh1kTmMp-vbD5nWPbrRIYACPcBGAYYCw/s320/Mary_I._Entry_Into_London.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entry of Queen Mary I with Princess Elizabeth<br />into London in 1553<br />by John Byam Liston Shaw, 1910</td></tr></tbody></table>When Elizabeth was summoned to return to court and give testimony regarding her knowledge and possible involvement in the plot, she claimed poor health made it impossible for her to travel. To make matters worse for Elizabeth, a copy of a letter she had written to the queen was found in the possession of a French spy just as Nicholas Carew, a leader in the rebellion, fled to France to avoid arrest.<br /><br />The truth of Elizabeth's involvement in Wyatt's Rebellion is one of history's great mysteries, but there is little doubt that she had knowledge that she did not share with her sister, the queen. For her part, Mary rallied the people of London to stand in her defense against the rebels in a speech that proved she was her father's daughter. It was a resounding success, and Wyatt's forces found that their entrance to the city was denied.<br /><br />The rebellion quelled, several executions took place, including that of Wyatt himself along with Henry Grey and his daughter the 'nine day queen', but Mary hesitated to take such a severe step against her sister and heir. Elizabeth continued to ignore summons to London, and Wyatt testified that he had communicated with Elizabeth through servant William St Loe, though he admitted that Elizabeth's reply had been characteristically noncommittal. Elizabeth denied any connection with Wyatt or the French, but Mary sent an escort to put an end to her sister's excuses to avoid court.<br /><br />When questioned, Elizabeth gave the sort of evasive and clever responses she has become well known for, at one point even claiming she could not recall if she owned a certain estate. Yet, more concrete evidence of her involvement could not be established, and Mary could not be persuaded to bring charges against her without greater certainty. Mary would not continue the sorts of executions that her predecessors had signed off on against the likes of Edward of Warwick, Edward Stafford, and Margaret Pole. Instead, Elizabeth was left in gilded captivity for two months before being moved to house arrest at Woodstock until she was brought to Hampton Court to wait upon the queen in April 1555.<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hvizA-3oseQ/WJnPdcEU8SI/AAAAAAAABhs/IiphZ2Bfytcnyp0W0jC9wvfdszeZhd8sACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="526" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hvizA-3oseQ/WJnPdcEU8SI/AAAAAAAABhs/IiphZ2Bfytcnyp0W0jC9wvfdszeZhd8sACPcBGAYYCw/s320/Mary1_by_Eworth_2.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary I of England<br />by Hans Eworth, 1554</td></tr></tbody></table>In 1556, Elizabeth's name was tied to rebellion once again. This time, it was Sir Henry Dudley who led the scheming to place Elizabeth and Edward Courtenay on the throne in Mary's place. The conspiracy was found out before it could come to fruition, and servants of Elizabeth were arrested for having knowledge of it. But did Elizabeth herself know of the plot and support it? Once again, Mary could not be convinced with certainty, so Elizabeth remained free though the relationship between the sisters was more strained than ever.<br /><br />Not only could Elizabeth easily have been charged with treason, she also left herself open to conviction for heresy. In Henry VIII's England, the two crimes were closely tied, but Mary chose to have patience with her sister in this arena as well. Hoping that Elizabeth could be converted to the Catholic faith, the queen brought her sister to mass only to hear her "complain loudly all the way" and make no commitments beyond exploring the faith to determine "if her conscience could allow her to be persuaded" to convert.<br /><br />Any one of these incidents would have been enough for charges of treason to be brought up against a subject of King Henry VIII. Therefore, we have the mercy of Queen Mary to thank for the reign of Queen Elizabeth.<br /><br /><b>Additional Reading</b><br /><i>Mary Tudor: Princess, Bastard, Queen</i>&nbsp;by Anna Whitelock<br /><i>The First Queen of England</i>&nbsp;by Linda Porter<br /><i>The Children of Henry VIII&nbsp;</i>by Alison Weir<br /><br />All images in the public domain through Wikimedia Commons<br />~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ImMQZx0EU64/WAURixeV-bI/AAAAAAAABSY/1Ksex4VasGMIduyRxybMcaGdGUmE4UMuACPcB/s1600/Plantagenet%2BEmbers.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ImMQZx0EU64/WAURixeV-bI/AAAAAAAABSY/1Ksex4VasGMIduyRxybMcaGdGUmE4UMuACPcB/s320/Plantagenet%2BEmbers.png" width="320" /></a></div><b>Samantha Wilcoxson</b>&nbsp;is the author of the Plantagenet Embers Trilogy featuring women of Tudor England.<br /><br />An incurable bibliophile and sufferer of wanderlust, Samantha lives in Michigan with her husband and three teenagers. You can connect with her on&nbsp;<a href="https://samanthawilcoxson.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">her blog</a>&nbsp;or on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/PlantagenetEmbers/" target="_blank">Facebook</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/carpe_librum" target="_blank">Twitter</a>, <a href="https://www.instagram.com/samantha_wilcoxson/" target="_blank">Instagram</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/samanthajw" target="_blank">Goodreads</a>.<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/6ZU2WhEjZVQ" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/6ZU2WhEjZVQ/the-evidence-against-elizabeth.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Samantha Wilcoxson)5http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/08/the-evidence-against-elizabeth.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-4037737510267524553Tue, 01 Aug 2017 06:50:00 +00002017-07-31T23:59:00.384-07:0018th century british royalty18th century royal historyCaroline of BrunswickGeorge IVwestminster abbeyThe Queen Without a Crown<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">by Catherine Curzon</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Caroline of Brunswick lived a life of drama, scandal and excitement. From her sheltered early days in Brunswick to a disastrous marriage to George IV (at the time </span><i style="letter-spacing: 0px;">merely</i><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"> the Prince of Wales) and a fling with an Italian chamberlain, she did nothing by halves. She had already survived George’s attempts to blacken her name, strip her of her titles and even divorce her, and through it all, the doughty lady emerged unscathed. Darling of the people, favourite of the radicals and rallying point for those who loathed her husband, she simply refused to bend, let alone break.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Yet even the strongest bough must eventually fall.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uGSdwp1pxq4/WXYPx7AAOyI/AAAAAAAAJvA/8HTGEDGEbHsWClc46ukPkJHTWSS69d0bwCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/Queen_Caroline_of_Brunswick.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uGSdwp1pxq4/WXYPx7AAOyI/AAAAAAAAJvA/8HTGEDGEbHsWClc46ukPkJHTWSS69d0bwCK4BGAYYCw/s320/Queen_Caroline_of_Brunswick.jpg" width="245" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: x-small;">Caroline of Brunswick by Samuel Lane</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Having survived a trial in the House of Lords that threatened to end her marriage and leave her in disgrace, without rank, title or privilege, in 1821 Caroline felt unstoppable. So unstoppable, in fact, that she decided to join the estranged husband who hated her at his Westminster Abbey coronation. Here the queen would be crowned, the crowd would cheer and Caroline would once and for all trounce George IV on his biggest of big days.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">The whole of Great Britain knew that George was due to be crowned at Westminster Abbey on 19th July 1821, and it was going to be the biggest party the country had ever seen. He was determined that Caroline would <i>not </i>be there; she was determined that she would. Whether he liked it or not, she was set on having her moment in the spotlight.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Caroline, or rather her advisors, had always been masters of judging the public mood. Yet this time, the queen misread the atmosphere in the streets catastrophically. Though the public had always supported her in her battles with George, her victory in the Lords was old news by now. Instead, as the people of Britain weathered the long, cold winter and waited keenly for the summer to come, they were looking forward to the Coronation party, which promised to be the knees up to end all knees ups. As far as they were concerned, she had a home in Italy and with her husband’s efforts to divorce her exhausted, they began to wonder why she simply didn’t just go home and enjoy the £50,000 annuity Parliament had granted her. Could it be, the people wondered, that Caroline liked the limelight a little too much?</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">As the king’s Carlton House team went on the PR offensive, Caroline’s own advisors began to distance themselves from what was becoming a toxic situation. Lord Brougham, her chief advisor, told Caroline that she must not go to Westminster Abbey at any cost. He warned her that the public didn’t want it, and that, if she wanted to stay in their favour, the best approach was one of humility.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Caroline was having none of it.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Instead, she wrote to George IV to tell him that she would be there for her crowning. She requested that he let her know what he would like her to wear and asked for a retinue of ladies to assist her in preparing for the big day.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.3px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">“The Queen from circumstances being obliged to remain in England, she requests the King will be pleased to command those Ladies of the first Rank his Majesty may think most proper in this Realms, to attend the Queen on the day of the Coronation, of which her Majesty is informed is now fixed, and also to name such Ladies which will be required to bear her Majesty's Train on that day.&nbsp;</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.3px; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The Queen being particularly anxious to submit to the good Taste of his Majesty most earnestly entreats the King to inform the Queen in what Dress the King wishes the Queen to appear in, on that day, at the Coronation. Caroline R.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>1</sup></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Needless to say, George didn’t reply. Instead, he passed the letter to Lord Liverpool, the prime minster who was no fan of Caroline. He informed the hopeful lady that she wasn't welcome and should keep her distance. With Liverpool’s warning echoing his own, Brougham redoubled his efforts to keep her from the Coronation. Even the press joined in the chorus of disapproval and begged Caroline to heed the words of the politician who had, so far, not failed her. Brougham’s sound guidance in the Lords had saved her from divorce and disgrace, could he now save her from national embarrassment?</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Alas, no.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YyFdpIq4dD8/WXYP4sKnnUI/AAAAAAAAJvI/dXL3XHeVVQ8tt_sgCq3_aNrQKfx3LbJkQCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/Henry_Brougham23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YyFdpIq4dD8/WXYP4sKnnUI/AAAAAAAAJvI/dXL3XHeVVQ8tt_sgCq3_aNrQKfx3LbJkQCK4BGAYYCw/s320/Henry_Brougham23.jpg" width="228" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: x-small;">Henry Brougham by Thomas Lawrence</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Brougham knew from the start that Caroline wouldn’t be dissuaded from her planned path, it meant so much to her to score a victory over George. Still, Brougham did all he could to dissuade her, yet she refused to accept that “the public feeling would not go along with her”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>2</sup></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span> Still, he wrote with an almost audible sigh, “having an order, she could not be stopt when she insisted upon it”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>3</sup></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">. So on 19th July 1821, Caroline sallied forth at six o’clock in the morning, determined to get into the Coronation.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Accompanied by the gallant and well-meaning Lord Hood, Caroline strode from door to door at Westminster Abbey attempting to gain admission. At each door she was turned away until, finally, one of the doors was literally slammed shut in her face. It was a humiliation like she had never known before, and as the crowd that had once cheered her now booed and jeered, one can only imagine what must have been going through Caroline’s head.&nbsp;</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Still she persisted until one of the exasperated doorkeepers told her that admission was by ticket only, regardless of who she was, queen or no queen. Trying to make the best of a bad situation Lord Hood offered Caroline his own ticket so that she might at least see the procession, but she declined, unable to bear such a humiliation. When he made the kind offer Lord Hood heard, “some persons within the porch of the Abbey laughed, and uttered some expressions of disrespect.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>4</sup></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">. He was mortified and Caroline, plunged into despair, had no choice but to flee.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">“She flinched,” wrote Brougham, “for the first time in her life”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>5</sup></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span> and it was the beginning of a swift end for Caroline of Brunswick.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">From her rooms in Brandenburgh House the crownless queen Caroline continued to stir up trouble, but to no avail. A letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury requesting “to be crowned some days after the King, and before the arrangements were done away with, so that there might be no additional expense”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>6</sup></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> was met with a polite but firm rebuttal and one by one, her remaining allies deserted her.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G-YvFXxU5V4/WXYP8zOnREI/AAAAAAAAJvQ/1jVhI5Tt-Sk_ScW_fvx_WV_8AU7ROqI7ACK4BGAYYCw/s1600/800px-George_IV_1821_color.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G-YvFXxU5V4/WXYP8zOnREI/AAAAAAAAJvQ/1jVhI5Tt-Sk_ScW_fvx_WV_8AU7ROqI7ACK4BGAYYCw/s320/800px-George_IV_1821_color.jpg" width="219" /></span></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: x-small;">George IV by Thomas Lawrence</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Caroline fell ill with stomach pains in late July and her doctors diagnosed an obstruction of the bowel. Her attempts to self-medicate with opiates made matters worse and as the days passed, her condition grew ever weaker. She became convinced that her death was drawing near and requested one final meeting with Brougham, at which she told him,“I shall not recover; and I am much better dead, for I be tired of this life”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>7</sup></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Caroline of Brunswick, the uncrowned queen, died just after ten o’clock on the evening of 7th August 1821.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 28.3px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">“Yesterday evening, at twenty-five minutes after ten o’clock, the QUEEN departed this life after a short but painful illness, at Brandenburgh House, at Hammersmith.”</span><span style="font-size: x-small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: normal;"><sup>8</sup></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Her last wish was to be taken back to her homeland of Brunswick and buried alongside her family. She envisaged a coffin bearing a plate that stated this was the last resting place of the <i>injured queen of England</i>. George IV ordered the minimum period of mourning possible for his late wife, and though he was happy to see her body leave England for Brunswick, her coffin was notably free of the plate she had requested. Enormous crowds turned out to watch her final journey to the coast, mourning the death of the woman who had always provided them with entertainment, if nothing else.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">In fact, when the party paused for a rest at Colchester Caroline’s supporters succeeded in fastening the controversial plate to her coffin. The triumph was short lived, and when the procession began again, the official plate was in place once more.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Lord Brougham wrote that the crowds who gathered to watch the procession pass moved him deeply. Though her final weeks had been unhappy, Caroline had not been deserted by her public after all. Mourned, celebrated and notorious, Caroline of Brunswick might be dead, but she would never, ever be forgotten.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Footnotes</span></b></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">1. Melville, Lewis (1912), <i>An Injured Queen, Caroline of Brunswick: Vol I</i>. London: Hutchinson &amp; Co, p.542.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">2. Brougham, Henry (1871), <i>The Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham, Vol II</i>. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, p.422.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">3. Ibid.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">4. Urban, Sylvanus (1821). <i>The Gentleman's Magazine: 1821, Volume 91, Part 2</i>. London: John Nichols and Son, p.74.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">5. Brougham, Henry (1871), <i>The Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham, Vol II</i>. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, p.422.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">6. Nightingale, Joseph (1822). <i>Memoirs of the Last Days of Her Late Most Gracious Majesty Caroline, Queen of Great Britain</i>. London: J Robins &amp; Co, p.516.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">7. Brougham, Henry (1871), <i>The Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham, Vol II</i>. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, p.423.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">8. <i>The Morning Post</i>&nbsp;(London, England), Thursday, August 09, 1821; Issue 15725, p.3.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span>All images courtesy Wikipedia</span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 12px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Further reading</span></b></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Anonymous. <i>A Brief Account of the Coronation of His Majesty, George IV</i>. London: D Walther, 1821.&nbsp;</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Brougham, Henry. <i>The Critical and Miscellaneous Writings of Henry Lord Brougham</i>. London: Lea &amp; Blanchard, 1841.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Brougham, Henry. <i>The Life and Times of Henry, Lord Brougham, Vol II</i>. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1871.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Chapman, Frederic (trans.). <i>A Queen of Indiscretions, The Tragedy of Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of England</i>. London: John Lane, 1897.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Chapman, Hester W. <i>Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark, 1751-75</i>. London: Cape, 1971.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">David, Saul. <i>Prince of Pleasure</i>. New York: Grove Press, 2000.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Fraser, Flora. <i>The Unruly Queen: The Life of Queen Caroline</i>. Edinburgh: A&amp;C Black, 2012.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Gossip, Giles. <i>Coronation Anecdotes</i>. London: Robert Jennings, 1828.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Hibbert, Christopher. <i>George IV</i>. London: Penguin, 1998.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Huish, Robert. <i>Memoirs of George the Fourth: Vol I</i>. London: Thomas Kelly, 1830.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Huish, Robert. <i>Memoirs of Her Late Majesty Caroline, Queen of Great Britain</i>. London: T Kelly, 1821.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Melville, Lewis, <i>An Injured Queen, Caroline of Brunswick: Vol I</i>. London: Hutchinson &amp; Co, 1912.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Nightingale, Joseph, <i>Memoirs of Her Late Majesty Queen Caroline</i>. London: J Robins and Company, 1821.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Nightingale, Joseph. <i>Memoirs of the Last Days of Her Late Most Gracious Majesty Caroline, Queen of Great Britain, and Consort of King George the Fourth</i>. London: J Robins and Company, 1822.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Nightingale, Joseph. <i>Memoirs of the Public and Private Life of Her Most Gracious Majesty Caroline, Queen of Great Britain</i>. London: J Robins &amp; Co, 1820.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Richardson, Joanne. <i>The Disastrous Marriage</i>. London: Jonathan Cape, 1960.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Robins, Jane. <i>The Trial of Queen Caroline: The Scandalous Affair that Nearly Ended a Monarchy</i>. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Smith, EA. <i>George IV</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Wilkins, William Henry. <i>The Love of an Uncrowned Queen</i>. London: Hutchinson &amp; Co, 1900.</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QhZg98syqcY/WXYRRNk-HkI/AAAAAAAAJvc/ebYtQbasw4QxNtbghaKnnUDhvdOmp033wCK4BGAYYCw/s1600/51bia6lt6qL._SX345_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QhZg98syqcY/WXYRRNk-HkI/AAAAAAAAJvc/ebYtQbasw4QxNtbghaKnnUDhvdOmp033wCK4BGAYYCw/s200/51bia6lt6qL._SX345_BO1%252C204%252C203%252C200_.jpg" width="138" /></a></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><b>Catherine Curzon</b> is a royal historian. She is the author of <i><a href="https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Life-in-the-Georgian-Court-Hardback/p/12109">Life in the Georgian Court</a></i>, <i><a href="https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Kings-of-Georgian-Britain-Hardback/p/12904">Kings of Georgian Britain</a></i>, and <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Queens-Georgian-Britian-Catherine-Curzon/dp/1473858526/ref=zg_bsnr_271346_1?_encoding=UTF8&amp;psc=1&amp;refRID=6N3NDH5NMK7BS64H10G4"><i>Queens of Georgian Britain</i> </a>(October 2017).&nbsp;</span></span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Her work has been featured online by&nbsp;<i>BBC History Magazine</i> and in <i>Explore History</i>, <i>All About History</i>, <i>History of Royals</i> and <i>Jane Austen’s Regency World</i>. She has provided research for <i>An Evening with Jane Austen</i> at the V&amp;A and spoken at venues&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">including the Royal Pavilion, Lichfield Guildhall, Greenwich National Maritime Museum and Dr Johnson’s House. This year she will speak at the Stamford Georgian Festival, the Jane Austen Festival, Kenwood House and Godmersham Park.&nbsp;</span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">Her novels, </span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://www.endeavourpress.com/books/crown-spire-catherine-curzon-willow-winshaw/">The Crown Spire</a></i><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">, </span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://www.pride-publishing.com/book/the-star-of-versailles">The Star of Versailles</a></i><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">, and </span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://www.endeavourpress.com/books/mistress-blackstairs-catherine-curzon/">The Mistress of Blackstairs</a></i><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; letter-spacing: 0px;">, are available now.</span></div><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 15px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: normal;"></div><div style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">Catherine holds a Master’s degree in Film and&nbsp;</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">lives in Yorkshire atop a ludicrously steep hill.</span></span></div><br /><div style="line-height: normal; min-height: 14px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"></span><br /></span></div><div style="color: #1254cb; line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="http://www.madamegilflurt.com/"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">http://www.madamegilflurt.com</span></a></span></div><div style="color: #1254cb; line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Madame-Gilflurt/583720364984695?ref=br_rs"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">https://www.facebook.com/pages/Madame-Gilflurt/583720364984695?ref=br_rs</span></a></span></div><div style="color: #1254cb; line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://twitter.com/madamegilflurt"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">https://twitter.com/madamegilflurt</span></a></span></div><div style="color: #1254cb; line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://plus.google.com/+MadameGilflurt"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">https://plus.google.com/+MadameGilflurt</span></a></span></div><div style="color: #1254cb; line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://uk.pinterest.com/madamegilflurt/"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">https://uk.pinterest.com/madamegilflurt/</span></a></span></div><div style="color: #1254cb; line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/catherinecurzon/"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;">https://www.instagram.com/catherinecurzon/</span></a></span></div><div><br /></div></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/VzYiAWnsN54" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/VzYiAWnsN54/the-queen-without-crown.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Catherine Curzon)5http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-queen-without-crown.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-8253681680886345481Sun, 30 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-30T00:00:22.845-07:00Anna BelfrageEditor's Weekly Round UpEHFA weekly roundupHunter S. JonesLinda RootMark PattonEditors Weekly Round-up, July 30, 2017 #EHFAby the EHFA editors<br /><br />Enjoy this week's round up of articles from the blog.<div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/07/lady-spy.html" target="_blank">Lady Spy</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Linda Fetterly Root</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k81sOHKp-Cg/WXvxOZ8M9YI/AAAAAAAABMc/PgCQCqbmzcsTzzoeZfX3wpDX8CZH6dKuQCLcBGAs/s1600/lady-jean-ker-nee-drummond%2B%25281%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="299" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-k81sOHKp-Cg/WXvxOZ8M9YI/AAAAAAAABMc/PgCQCqbmzcsTzzoeZfX3wpDX8CZH6dKuQCLcBGAs/s320/lady-jean-ker-nee-drummond%2B%25281%2529.jpeg" width="239" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/07/beowulf-tales-told-in-mead-halls.html" target="_blank">Beowulf: Tales Told in Mead-Halls</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by Mark Patton</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LNsTR50TUfc/WXvxRnIH39I/AAAAAAAABMg/vzAwmPfLR-UFoyKKEat0as12VeUgyX0CACEwYBhgL/s1600/Fyrkat_Krig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LNsTR50TUfc/WXvxRnIH39I/AAAAAAAABMg/vzAwmPfLR-UFoyKKEat0as12VeUgyX0CACEwYBhgL/s1600/Fyrkat_Krig.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/07/make-me-immortal-with-kiss.html" target="_blank">Make Me Immortal with a Kiss</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by Hunter S. Jones</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zCroaLxMMFE/WXvxRwTicnI/AAAAAAAABMo/1CTvHtfs0d4sRdMTXja-scIWafkY9YxawCEwYBhgL/s1600/Christopher_Marlowe%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="252" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zCroaLxMMFE/WXvxRwTicnI/AAAAAAAABMo/1CTvHtfs0d4sRdMTXja-scIWafkY9YxawCEwYBhgL/s1600/Christopher_Marlowe%2B%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/07/the-overshadowed-brother.html" target="_blank">The Overshadowed Brother</a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">by Anna Belfrage</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZVRDf_HPJ8A/WXvxR3wfX6I/AAAAAAAABMk/jhvDcDkJkVMoBo78ciAX8h4h3xmxmlAvACEwYBhgL/s1600/EHFA%2BMaurice%2Bstudio_of_gerrit_van_honthorst_portrait_of_prince_maurice_of_the_palat_d5851077g.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="939" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZVRDf_HPJ8A/WXvxR3wfX6I/AAAAAAAABMk/jhvDcDkJkVMoBo78ciAX8h4h3xmxmlAvACEwYBhgL/s320/EHFA%2BMaurice%2Bstudio_of_gerrit_van_honthorst_portrait_of_prince_maurice_of_the_palat_d5851077g.jpg" width="293" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/lr5gV6sVSoI" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/lr5gV6sVSoI/editors-weekly-round-up-july-30-2017.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Cryssa Bazos)0http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/editors-weekly-round-up-july-30-2017.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-7970123364611543878Fri, 28 Jul 2017 07:01:00 +00002017-07-28T00:01:11.016-07:00"17th century England"Charles IEnglish Civil WarMaurice of the PalatinateRupert of the RhineThe overshadowed brotherby Anna Belfrage<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EkQIhe7GSVs/WXnI6IcQoXI/AAAAAAAAEmU/OTBmkJyT58En_kw0jL9Jy1isfQp9RHvogCEwYBhgL/s1600/Rupert%2B800px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_058.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1296" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-EkQIhe7GSVs/WXnI6IcQoXI/AAAAAAAAEmU/OTBmkJyT58En_kw0jL9Jy1isfQp9RHvogCEwYBhgL/s320/Rupert%2B800px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_058.jpg" width="197" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rupert&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>It is difficult to study the period of the English Civil War without encountering Prince Rupert of the Rhine. This handsome nephew to King Charles pops up here, he pops up there, one of his uncle’s most loyal and competent commanders. So often does Rupert appear one could be forgiven for believing he was King Charles’ only loyal nephew. That, however, is not true. Rupert had an equally dashing and loyal brother, Maurice.<br /><br />Rupert and Maurice came from a large family. Their mother, Princess Elizabeth Stuart, had wed Frederick of the Palatinate back in 1613 and for a little while the newlyweds had also been King and Queen of Bohemia, a venture that ended rather disastrously when the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, decided to oust the Protestant pretender from Prague. Whatever hopes Frederick and Elizabeth may have had of remaining on the Bohemian throne were ground to dust at the Battle of the White Mountain in November of 1620. (Read more about Elizabeth <a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.se/2015/11/from-major-to-minor-bohemian-rhapsody.html" target="_blank">here</a>)<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vfB1pqlT_XY/WXnIpUeD35I/AAAAAAAAEmQ/aMiEmODptow8tQJSjgwPj7ztlJXddzayQCEwYBhgL/s1600/EHFA%2BMaurice%2BElisabeth_Stuart_Winterkoenigin_1613_von_Anonymus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="944" data-original-width="711" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vfB1pqlT_XY/WXnIpUeD35I/AAAAAAAAEmQ/aMiEmODptow8tQJSjgwPj7ztlJXddzayQCEwYBhgL/s200/EHFA%2BMaurice%2BElisabeth_Stuart_Winterkoenigin_1613_von_Anonymus.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Elizabeth</td></tr></tbody></table>In effect, Frederick and Elizabeth thereby became homeless, a royal couple without a throne. Catholic forces had invaded Frederick’s hereditary lands so they really had nowhere to go. Must have caused some concern, especially as Elizabeth was a most fertile lady. Baby Maurice was born in 1621, the fifth of thirteen children. By then, the family was installed in The Hague, which is probably why the baby was named after the then Prince of Orange. &nbsp;Some say Elizabeth named her fourth son after the brave and ferocious Prince of Orange because he too would have to grow up to be a soldier and fight for what he wanted.<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gpgYZ-yt16g/WXnIpHO7UAI/AAAAAAAAEmE/GxdVonKB2uUdjl5i3Ii7aw17Ab3G3YthQCEwYBhgL/s1600/EHFA%2BMAurice%2BDer_junge_Friedrich_V._C-B_011%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="996" data-original-width="800" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gpgYZ-yt16g/WXnIpHO7UAI/AAAAAAAAEmE/GxdVonKB2uUdjl5i3Ii7aw17Ab3G3YthQCEwYBhgL/s200/EHFA%2BMAurice%2BDer_junge_Friedrich_V._C-B_011%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="160" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A very young Frederick</td></tr></tbody></table>In 1632 Frederick rode off to join the Swedish warrior king Gustavus Adolphus on the battlefield, hoping to enlist his help in regaining his hereditary lands. A not-so-successful meeting ended with Frederick deciding to return to The Hague, but along the way he sickened and died. Elizabeth was left with a huge brood (albeit somewhat decimated: three had already died) to raise. By all accounts, she was utterly devastated by the loss of her husband. Her brother, Charles I, offered her a home in England but Elizabeth refused. She had to stay on the continent and fight for the rights of her eldest surviving son, Charles Louis.<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xS3ftX_eIU4/WXnIpJ6YDfI/AAAAAAAAEmI/YOI8mMm6kT0vB3yH1bP6MBJzaY9iD1SzQCEwYBhgL/s1600/EHFA%2BMaurice%2BCharles_Louis%252C_Elector_Palatine_and_his_Brother%252C_Rupert%252C_Prince_of_the_Palatinate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="400" height="288" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-xS3ftX_eIU4/WXnIpJ6YDfI/AAAAAAAAEmI/YOI8mMm6kT0vB3yH1bP6MBJzaY9iD1SzQCEwYBhgL/s320/EHFA%2BMaurice%2BCharles_Louis%252C_Elector_Palatine_and_his_Brother%252C_Rupert%252C_Prince_of_the_Palatinate.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Louis and Rupert</td></tr></tbody></table>Our Maurice grew up in The Hague. Where Charles Louis and Rupert were shipped off to their English royal uncle for extended visits, Maurice was mostly kept at home by his doting mama. Maurice had a habit of partying too hard which did not please the upright citizens of The Hague, even less so when on one occasion Maurice ended up fighting a duel which led to the death of one of his assailants. Elizabeth decided it was time her son learnt manners and sent him off to Paris to study at the University. I’m not all that sure this worked – partying in Paris must have been much more fun than in The Hague- and two years later Maurice decided he wasn’t cut out for studies and went to join the Swedish Army instead.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>Over the coming years, Maurice saw a lot of action. He distinguished himself on the field, was considered a brave and competent leader of men. He was only seventeen when he served at the Siege of Breda, a resounding triumph for the Protestant forces. He fought for years under the Swedish Field Marshal Johan Banér. By the time the English Civil War began, our Maurice was a very young but battle-hardened warrior, as competent as his much more famous older brother.<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QJXfMsyTrh8/WXnIpiaQDSI/AAAAAAAAEmM/7V_aUkxgaYoFqCSctY0TD2UV5T9OSS9gwCEwYBhgL/s1600/EHFA%2BMaurice%2Bstudio_of_gerrit_van_honthorst_portrait_of_prince_maurice_of_the_palat_d5851077g.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="939" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QJXfMsyTrh8/WXnIpiaQDSI/AAAAAAAAEmM/7V_aUkxgaYoFqCSctY0TD2UV5T9OSS9gwCEwYBhgL/s320/EHFA%2BMaurice%2Bstudio_of_gerrit_van_honthorst_portrait_of_prince_maurice_of_the_palat_d5851077g.jpg" width="293" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maurice</td></tr></tbody></table>King Charles welcomed Maurice to England with open arms. He needed commanders – loyal commanders – and in Rupert and Maurice he had two such men, experienced enough to be able to face the Parliamentarian forces. The older brother, Charles Louis, was, however, <i>persona non grata</i> at the English Court. Where both Rupert and Maurice were royalists to their core, Charles Louis found much merit in the Parliamentarian cause, going so far as to sign the Solemn league and Covenant in 1644. (As to why he did this, I imagine Charles Louis had his eyes on the bigger prize, hoping the Parliamentarians might enthrone him instead of his uncle. To give Charles Louis his due, though, he was utterly shocked when Charles was executed in 1649)<br /><br />Maurice served his king capably and loyally. Often in the company of Rupert, he was dismissed as being nothing but his older brother’s shadow, a good-for-nothing that lacked the skills to act independently. This was not the case, and there are various occasions during the Civil War when Maurice’s command and personal bravery resulted in won battles.<br /><br />No matter how bravely and effectively Maurice fought, his reputation in England was destroyed by the debacle of the Siege of Lyme in 1644. Prince Maurice had been in the west for some time, successfully regaining ground from the Parliamentarian forces until only Plymouth, Poole and Lyme remained under Parliamentarian control.<br /><br />Maurice was ordered to besiege and take Lyme – a walk in the park according to the other royalist officers. Turns out it wasn’t. Not only was Lyme kept in food and water by Parliamentarian ships sneaking into its harbour, but it was defended by men who fervently believed in the Parliamentarian cause. Maurice’s mercenaries were not as passionate, and things weren’t helped by nature itself, steep cliffs making it difficult for Maurice to deploy his artillery. In desperation, Maurice ordered the town to be stormed. Didn’t work. He did it again. Didn’t work. By now, Maurice’s men were less than enthusiastic about the whole thing and when they had news of the Earl of Essex advancing to relieve the town, Maurice had no choice but to pull back.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GTmEShVgzn4/WXnKYhMkjpI/AAAAAAAAEmk/aB8ndFtP-OgAv05xuu3oKReQrx0uhS-jwCLcBGAs/s1600/EHFA%2BMaurice%2BBattle_of_Naseby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="550" height="251" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GTmEShVgzn4/WXnKYhMkjpI/AAAAAAAAEmk/aB8ndFtP-OgAv05xuu3oKReQrx0uhS-jwCLcBGAs/s320/EHFA%2BMaurice%2BBattle_of_Naseby.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Demoted and humiliated, Maurice still continued to fight for his uncle, now mostly under the command of his brother, like at the Battle of Naseby. &nbsp;He was also with Rupert at the disastrous Siege of Bristol where Rupert had to give up. King Charles angrily accused his nephew of cowardice and borderline treason and ordered Rupert to leave his service—immediately.<br /><br />Rupert wasn’t having it. Neither was Maurice. Somehow they made their way back to the king where Rupert demanded he be court-martialled for the events at Bristol. He was cleared of any duplicitous behaviour but the relationship between the king and his fiery nephew was permanently damaged – even more so when both Rupert and Maurice tried to make King Charles see he had no choice but to negotiate with the Parliamentarians.<br />“Over my dead body,” Charles likely said (most unfortunately, given how things turned out) but he grudgingly allowed the brothers to remain in his service which they did until they were exiled by the Parliamentary forces in 1646.<br /><br />Maurice didn’t exactly twiddle his thumbs once he’d left England. He found a new army to serve, new battles to fight, joining the French in Flanders. But when big brother Rupert suggested he return to serve under him in 1648, Maurice eagerly did so, enamoured, no doubt, by Rupert’s plans to crush the Parliamentarian forces at sea now that most of the Parliamentarian vessels had defected to the royalist cause.<br /><br />Things didn’t work out quite as intended, mainly because fighting at sea was a totally different animal than fighting on land, and neither Rupert nor Maurice had any experience in managing naval forces. Plus, of course, the Parliamentarian navy had one of the better admirals around, a Robert Blake who soon enough had Rupert’s fleet fleeing for its life, away from England, away from Europe.<br /><br />By the time 1650 rolled in, Rupert and Maurice were down to six ships or so but determined to regroup and return in force to England, there to push the claim of their young cousin, Charles II. Their uncle was dead, beheaded no less, and the royalist cause had little going for it. There was no money, no men, no leadership. It was Rupert’s hope that his ships would be able to sort the money issue by resorting to piracy, and for a while there things went rather well. Until a storm sank one of the ships and most of the treasure. Maurice almost drowned in the debacle but was pulled to safety at the last moment.<br />&nbsp;<br />A short-lived reprieve as it would turn out. In 1652, the little fleet was hit by a hurricane in the West indies and one of the ships went down. This time, Maurice went down with it and no matter how his brother searched for him, he was never found. A devastated Rupert returned home to Europe. For years, he held out hope that Maurice had somehow survived, but Maurice never did reappear, stuck no doubt in a very watery grave somewhere in the Caribbean.<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uJqN-LLxRfU/WXnI6ckGL4I/AAAAAAAAEmY/zwj3cElEavwSzuuh7rBHRo7IlpKSu96hwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Maurice.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1007" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-uJqN-LLxRfU/WXnI6ckGL4I/AAAAAAAAEmY/zwj3cElEavwSzuuh7rBHRo7IlpKSu96hwCEwYBhgL/s320/Maurice.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maurice</td></tr></tbody></table>Maurice was thirty-one when he died, a veteran of military campaigns on the Continent, in England and at sea. He never married, left no children, and in the history books his life is forever overshadowed by that of the gallant and charming Prince Rupert. But Maurice was more than a shadow, as gallant and brave as his brother. And in my opinion he was also by far the handsomest of the two – but that is neither here nor there.<br /><br /><i>All pictures in public domain and/or licensed under Wikimedia Creative Commons</i><br /><i><br /></i>~~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br />Had&nbsp;<b>Anna Belfrage</b>&nbsp;been allowed to choose, she’d have become a professional time-traveller. As such a profession does not exist, she became a financial professional with two absorbing interests, namely history and writing.<br /><br />Presently, Anna is hard at work with&nbsp;<b><i>The King’s Greatest Enemy</i></b>, a series set in the 1320s featuring Adam de Guirande, his wife Kit, and their adventures and misfortunes in connection with Roger Mortimer’s rise to power. And yes, Edmund of Woodstock appears quite frequently. The first book,&nbsp;<b><i><a href="http://mybook.to/ISOTS" target="_blank">In The Shadow of the Storm</a></i></b>&nbsp;was published in 2015, the second,&nbsp;<b><i><a href="http://mybook.to/DOSG" target="_blank">Days of Sun and Glory</a></i></b>, was published in July 2016, and the third,&nbsp;<a href="http://mybook.to/UTADpo" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;"><i><b>Under the Approaching Dark</b></i></span></a>, was published in April 2017.<br /><div><br />When Anna is not stuck in the 14th century, she's probably visiting in the 17th century, specifically with Alex(andra) and Matthew Graham, the protagonists of the acclaimed&nbsp;<a href="http://mybook.to/TGS" target="_blank"><b><i>The Graham Saga</i></b></a>. This is the story of two people who should never have met – not when she was born three centuries after him.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qRKXkyX-q5c/WXnJGLap3CI/AAAAAAAAEmc/2VJwWFI1cMEE9CqfAft1cy-XNtWoQSG6wCEwYBhgL/s1600/Slide2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qRKXkyX-q5c/WXnJGLap3CI/AAAAAAAAEmc/2VJwWFI1cMEE9CqfAft1cy-XNtWoQSG6wCEwYBhgL/s400/Slide2.JPG" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;;">More about Anna on her&nbsp;</span><a href="http://www.annabelfrage.com/" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;;" target="_blank">website</a><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;;">&nbsp;or&nbsp;on her&nbsp;</span><a href="https://annabelfrage.wordpress.com/" style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;;" target="_blank">blog</a><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot;;">!</span></div><div><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/wIsm9JxTDV0" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/wIsm9JxTDV0/the-overshadowed-brother.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Anna Belfrage)4http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-overshadowed-brother.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-993535067348572461Thu, 27 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-27T01:08:28.691-07:00Christopher MarloweDoctor FaustusElizabeth IElizabethan magicElizabethan theatreEnglish poetsespionagehistoryHistory RocksHunter S. JoneskissmagicsexualityTalismanWilliam ShakespeareMake Me Immortal with a Kissby&nbsp;Hunter S. Jones<br /><br />Christopher Marlowe, 1564–1593, was an English playwright, poet and spy during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He was considered the foremost Elizabethan dramatist of the era. His influence is evidenced in the writings of William Shakespeare, who was born in the same year as Marlowe. As with any number of writers during the period, little is known about Marlowe’s actual life, the legend remains to confuse us. What evidence there is regarding his life is found in legal records and documents. Yet, the ‘Marlowe Myth’ sets his character as a brawler, and a heretic, magician, rakehell and even a “tobacco user" and some say he was Shakespeare. <br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; line-height: 107%; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NMvrMhsR7yE/WXlQHhBqFUI/AAAAAAAAD5g/a8Y_ANJ2jFMD8AWi0GBK4s3HER_Q9uyhACLcBGAs/s1600/Christopher_Marlowe%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="631" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NMvrMhsR7yE/WXlQHhBqFUI/AAAAAAAAD5g/a8Y_ANJ2jFMD8AWi0GBK4s3HER_Q9uyhACLcBGAs/s320/Christopher_Marlowe%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anonymous portrait in&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Cambridge" style="background: none rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #0b0080;" target="_blank" title="Corpus Christi College, Cambridge">Corpus Christi College, Cambridge</a><span style="background-color: #f8f9fa;">, <br />believed to beChristopher Marlowe.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div>What we do know is that Marlowe was born in Canterbury, England, the son of John Marlowe and his wife Catherine. He was baptized on February 26, 1564, exactly two months before Shakespeare, who was baptized in Stratford-upon-Avon.<br /><br />Marlowe attended The King's School in Canterbury and attended Cambridge University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1584. In 1587, he received a Master of Arts degree when the Privy Council cited his "good service" to the Queen. <br /><br /><i>Dido, Queen of Carthage</i> is the first production where Marlowe is credited on the title page. Marlowe's first work performed on the stage in London was <i>Tamburlaine the Great</i>. It is one of the first English plays in blank verse--poetry written with regular metrical patterns but unrhymed lines which are in iambic pentameter. The performance was successful, and <i>Tamburlaine the Great, Part II</i> followed. The two Tamburlaine’s were published in 1590; the remainder of Marlowe's works were published after his death.<br /><br />His four other plays dealt with controversial themes. <i>The Jew of Malta</i> is about revenge against city authorities, and the prologue is given by a very Machiavellian character. <i>Edward the Second</i> is an English history play about the deposition of King Edward II by his barons and his Queen. It has an underlying sympathy for homosexuality and the relationship of the King and his favorite, Piers Gaveston. <i>The Massacre at Paris</i> is considered his most dangerous play due to its themes of religion and espionage.<br /><br />His last known play is <i>Doctor Faustus</i>. Public stories of a Devil's Pact existed, but this play has been interpreted with numerous literary and religious agendas. For this article, we need to know that in one scene Faustus summons Helen of Troy in order to receive a kiss. Ravished by magic, Faustus turns to the supernatural when laws he believes such as logic, science, and theology, fail him. <br /><br />The nature of Marlowe's service to his Queen was never revealed by the Council, but its letter to the Cambridge authorities has enhanced a theory that Marlowe operated as a secret agent for Sir Francis Walsingham's spy service. No direct evidence supports this concept, but the letter to Cambridge is evidence that Marlowe served the government in some unknown role. Rumors of his death include:<br /><div><ul><li>a jealous husband&nbsp;</li><li>a jealous wife&nbsp;</li><li>Elizabeth I’s great spy Walsingham arranged the murder&nbsp;</li><li>Sir Walter Raleigh arranged the murder&nbsp;</li><li>he was killed on the orders of father and son Lord Burghley and Sir Robert Cecil&nbsp;</li><li>he was accidentally killed&nbsp;</li><li>the Privy Council had him killed&nbsp;</li></ul>There are more, but you can see how controversial Marlowe was during his short life.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>Following the death of Marlowe, Shakespeare became the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright. Like Marlowe, his plays are known for the usage of blank verse and overly ambitious protagonists. There’s volumes of Marlovian Theories regarding Shakespeare! I would love to share some of them with you at a future date.<br /><br />So, where does this lead, and what brought it about? This month, I’ve been joining in on #shayverlee6wordstory on Instagram by authors Beverley Lee and James Fahy. Each day, we are given a word from which to share a six-word sentence. Today’s word is talisman. <br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M_0n6G4qxRI/WXlRIoAQjcI/AAAAAAAAD5k/PENnjNxdgGEhAYcgogSQqYeZL6tpFYxJgCLcBGAs/s1600/John_William_Waterhouse_-_La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci_%2528study%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="528" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-M_0n6G4qxRI/WXlRIoAQjcI/AAAAAAAAD5k/PENnjNxdgGEhAYcgogSQqYeZL6tpFYxJgCLcBGAs/s320/John_William_Waterhouse_-_La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci_%2528study%2529.jpg" width="251" /></span></a></div><i>Make me immortal with a kiss... </i><br />Six words, sublimely crafted, in one sentence. They shimmer as beautifully today as they did over 400 years ago. The images they convey and the symbolism remain relevant and iconic. A few images come quickly to mind…<i>La Belle Dame sans Merci</i> in art and literature, the World War II victory kiss in Times Square, the DiMaggio-Monroe wedding kiss. </div><div>Talisman in defined as an object held or worn which acts as a charm to avert evil and bring good fortune; something producing magical or miraculous effects. Likewise, the meaning of kiss varies, depending on culture and context. It can express so much: love, passion, romance, affection, respect, greeting, peace, and/or good luck. It has been used as a ritual or sacramental gesture, as in sealed with a kiss.<br /><br />With Marlowe’s very possible dealings as a spy, and knowing that he had a love of word games and codes, did his line to Helen in Faustus contain a deeper, more symbolic meaning? While the word talisman usually refers to an object, a person can be considered a talisman. The word derives from a single Arabic word ~ tilsam ~ which is based on the ancient Greek words telein &amp; telesmas: to initiate into the mysteries; complete.<br /><br />And so, the mystery in the art of Christopher Marlowe continues.<br /><br /><br /><b>SOURCES:</b><br />Honan, Park.&nbsp;<i>Christopher Marlowe Poet and Spy</i>. Oxford University Press, 2005.<br /><br />Hutchinson, Robert.&nbsp;<i>Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the Secret War that Saved England</i>. London: Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, 2006.<br /><br />Kuriyama, Constance.&nbsp;<i>Christopher Marlowe: A Renaissance Life</i>. Cornell University Press, 2002.<br /><br />Logan, Robert A.&nbsp;<i>Shakespeare's Marlowe: The Influence of Christopher Marlowe on Shakespeare's Artistry</i>. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2007.<br /><br />Marlowe, Christopher.&nbsp;<i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.<br /><br />Nicholl, Charles.&nbsp;<i>Faustus' and the Politics of Magic</i>. London Review of Books,1990.<br /><br />White, Paul Whitfield, ed. Marlowe,&nbsp;<i>History and Sexuality: New Critical Essays on Christopher Marlowe</i>. New York: AMS Press, 1998.<br /><br />Images are Public Domain for non-commercial usage, or owned by the author.<br /><div><br /></div>~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><b>Hunter S. Jones</b> is passionate about the history of romance, science and music, a.k.a. sex, drugs and rock &amp; roll. She has a popular history blog, and is the author of the best-selling Anne Boleyn story, <i>Phoenix Rising</i>. When she isn’t writing, talking or tweeting about kings, queens and rock stars, she’s living the dream in Atlanta, Georgia with her Scottish born husband. You can follow her on social media:<br /><br /><a href="http://www.facebook.com/HunterSJonesPR" target="_blank">www.Facebook.com/HunterSJonesPR</a><br /><a href="http://www.twitter.com/HunterS_Jones" target="_blank">www.Twitter.com/HunterS_Jones</a><br /><a href="http://www.instagram.com/HunterS.Jones" target="_blank">www.Instagram.com/HunterS.Jones</a><br /><a href="http://www.huntersjones.com/" target="_blank">www.huntersjones.com</a><br /><br /><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/DJ0PO8VEH4k" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/DJ0PO8VEH4k/make-me-immortal-with-kiss.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Hunter S. Jones)21http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/make-me-immortal-with-kiss.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-5699491642846461619Wed, 26 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-26T05:00:59.980-07:007th Century England8th century EnglandAnglo-SaxonBeowulfBeowulf: Tales Told in Mead-HallsBy Mark Patton.<br /><br />In an&nbsp;<a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2016/07/beowulf-miraculous-literary-survival.html" target="_blank">earlier blog-post</a>, I looked at the remarkable survival, in a single manuscript copy of the Tenth or Eleventh Century, of the epic Anglo-Saxon poem, <i>Beowulf</i>. This manuscript was probably produced by Christian monks, perhaps at Malmesbury Abbey, but the poem itself is much earlier (perhaps Seventh or Eighth Century), and its context Pagan. The original poets (we don't know if there was one, or if there were many) were almost certainly illiterate, and their words memorised, handed down, and modified over several centuries in an oral tradition, much like that of Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i>.<br /><br />The language of the poem is an early form of English, but the story that it tells takes place in Scandinavia. Neither England, Denmark, or Sweden were unified countries at the time the poem was composed. The king at whose court <i>Beowulf </i>was first performed (possibly Raedwald of East Anglia) may have ruled in England, but his ancestors probably came from the Nordic lands, perhaps even Geatland (part of modern Sweden), the home of the poem's hero.<br /><br />The poet even tells us something about the sort of hall in which he would have performed his poems:<br /><br />"<i>The fortunes of war favoured Hrothgar.</i><br /><i>Friends and kinsmen flocked to his ranks,</i><br /><i>young followers, a force that grew</i><br /><i>to be a mighty army. So his mind turned</i><br /><i>to hall-building:he handed down orders</i><br /><i>for men to work on a great mead-hall</i><br /><i>meant to be a wonder of the world forever;</i><br /><i>it would be his throne-room an there he would dispense</i><br /><i>his God-given goods to young and old ...&nbsp;</i><br /><i>&nbsp;... And soon it stood there,</i><br /><i>finished and ready, in full view,</i><br /><i>the hall of halls. Heorot was the name</i><br /><i>he had settled on it, whose utterance was law ...&nbsp;</i><br /><i>... The hall towered,</i><br /><i>its gables high and wide and awaiting</i><br /><i>a barbarous burning. That doom abided,</i><br /><i>but in time it would come: the killer instinct</i><br /><i>unleashed among in-laws, the blood-lust rampant</i>."<br />(Translation by Seamus Heaney).<br /><br />No such hall has survived, but archaeologists believe that they have located Hrothgar's Heorot, including the post-holes of his mead-hall, and of its surrounding buildings, at Lejre in Denmark. King Raedwald's mead-hall has not yet been found, but it was probably close to the burial-ground of his dynasty, which archaeologists have discovered, at Sutton Hoo, in Suffolk. <a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/the-new-anglo-saxon-room-at-british.html" target="_blank">Richard Denning</a>&nbsp;has, on another post on this site, described some of the artefacts found there: some of these probably belonged to Raedwald himself, and they include fragments of a lyre which the <i>Beowulf</i>-poet may have used in the performance of his works.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AdmqbSyImU0/WWtctBMfcjI/AAAAAAAAFFs/Y0hTkoloqlQdLaf7A0-wlSWAvpMD_5KcgCLcBGAs/s1600/Fyrkat_Krig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="1199" height="212" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AdmqbSyImU0/WWtctBMfcjI/AAAAAAAAFFs/Y0hTkoloqlQdLaf7A0-wlSWAvpMD_5KcgCLcBGAs/s320/Fyrkat_Krig.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The reconstructed great hall of Fyrkat, Denmark, some centuries later than that in which the Beowulf-poet performed. Photo: Maik Meid (licensed under CCA).&nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zqC3OKsp5-0/WWtd5q-OB_I/AAAAAAAAFF0/L9BV27vy9q8NA9v_UULwFQj-B-zjRJBPwCLcBGAs/s1600/Sutton%2BHoo%2BMound%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zqC3OKsp5-0/WWtd5q-OB_I/AAAAAAAAFF0/L9BV27vy9q8NA9v_UULwFQj-B-zjRJBPwCLcBGAs/s320/Sutton%2BHoo%2BMound%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the burial mounds at Sutton Hoo. Photo: Geoff Dallimore (licensed under GNU).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />We will never know quite what such a performance would have sounded like, but here are two recordings that may give an intimation. In the first,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzmmPRG4smU" target="_blank">Benjamin Bagby</a>&nbsp;recites the opening verses of <i>Beowulf</i> itself; whilst, in the second,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3ZvjTHpb1A" target="_blank">Will Rowan</a>&nbsp;sings part of another Anglo-Saxon poem, <i>Deor</i> (a poem about a poet), to the accompaniment of a lyre similar to that found at Sutton Hoo. An epic poem such as <i>Beowulf </i>&nbsp;typically includes tales within tales, so there would be plenty of scope for a bard to perform the various sections in different ways.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6btedrowAu0/WWtdYVv9t0I/AAAAAAAAFFw/5Sswjw9eW4k6QCIHMVWw_0DECKrMSqDbgCLcBGAs/s1600/Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_fragments_BM_1939_1010_203.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="603" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6btedrowAu0/WWtdYVv9t0I/AAAAAAAAFFw/5Sswjw9eW4k6QCIHMVWw_0DECKrMSqDbgCLcBGAs/s320/Sutton_Hoo_Lyre_fragments_BM_1939_1010_203.jpg" width="214" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lyre fragments from Sutton Hoo. Photo: Andreas Praefcke (image is in the Public Domain).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />When archaeologists excavate the remains of a wooden building, such as the mead-hall at Lejre, or a similar structure at Yeavering in northern England, what they see, in effect, is the bare bones of a once great hall, and, if they then go on to reconstruct it (whether physically or digitally), this is generally what we ourselves see. Making things up is no part of the job-description of the archaeologist or historian.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-93o3MR-nVs4/WWteUwFRhEI/AAAAAAAAFF4/Cn3km1QP4l09JeNhyXRipsgwHqk4xSU0gCLcBGAs/s1600/Yeavering_Digital_Image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="365" height="239" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-93o3MR-nVs4/WWteUwFRhEI/AAAAAAAAFF4/Cn3km1QP4l09JeNhyXRipsgwHqk4xSU0gCLcBGAs/s320/Yeavering_Digital_Image.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Digital image of a great hall and associated buildings at Yeavering. Photo: Past Perfect (reproduced under Fair Use Protocols).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />As historical fiction writers, however, it is fundamentally a part of our job-description to make up those aspects of the past for which evidence has not survived. In imagining a Saxon, or Danish, or Geatish mead-hall, I would look to the later Medieval wooden "stave-churches" of Norway, built and decorated, almost certainly, by the Christian descendants of the carpenters and carvers who laboured on the Pagan mead-halls.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--WjsMO4n-90/WWte5OdzShI/AAAAAAAAFF8/Jpb2AsnmFmoaiSjvd0fdwMbaLzYaMa34gCLcBGAs/s1600/Stave_church_Heddal_-_interior_view.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="898" data-original-width="624" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--WjsMO4n-90/WWte5OdzShI/AAAAAAAAFF8/Jpb2AsnmFmoaiSjvd0fdwMbaLzYaMa34gCLcBGAs/s320/Stave_church_Heddal_-_interior_view.jpg" width="222" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The stave-church of Heddal, Norway. Photo: Christian Bartis (licensed under CCA).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vERLCuLYIi4/WWtfSds415I/AAAAAAAAFGA/QlPzjlu0wkoMazT2pQhc2DTI8b_U0s9EgCLcBGAs/s1600/Lomen.5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="800" height="168" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vERLCuLYIi4/WWtfSds415I/AAAAAAAAFGA/QlPzjlu0wkoMazT2pQhc2DTI8b_U0s9EgCLcBGAs/s320/Lomen.5.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The stave-church of Lomen, Norway. Photo: Nina Aldin Thune (licensed under GNU).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-epcGgUUn8sE/WWtgeuAqK5I/AAAAAAAAFGI/x7rrEbg8yVUKz9j6M4CCGmUZw0ua-SoHgCLcBGAs/s1600/Urnes_animals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="899" data-original-width="573" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-epcGgUUn8sE/WWtgeuAqK5I/AAAAAAAAFGI/x7rrEbg8yVUKz9j6M4CCGmUZw0ua-SoHgCLcBGAs/s320/Urnes_animals.jpg" width="203" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail of the carving in the stave-church of Urnes, Norway. Photo: Nina Aldin Thune (licensed under CCA).</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />As for the mead that was served, it is unlikely to have had much in common with the refined liqueur that can be purchased today at heritage sites. The mead drunk by hordes of warriors, to drown their fears on the eve of battle, was a form of ale (it was not "beer," which is flavoured with hops, not used for this purpose until a much later date). Most ale was flavoured with something - often herbs picked from hedgerows: meadowsweet, dandelion, burdock; but mead was flavoured, far more expensively, with honey, which a king such as Hrothgar or Raedwald served only to his elite warriors, his bards, his queen and her ladies.<br /><br />~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><b>Mark Patton</b> is a published author of historical fiction and non-fiction, whose books can be purchased from&nbsp;<a href="http://author.to/MarkPatton" target="_blank">Amazon</a>.<img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/EcPEfCFna7E" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/EcPEfCFna7E/beowulf-tales-told-in-mead-halls.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Mark Patton)4http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/beowulf-tales-told-in-mead-halls.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-8172873709420772050Tue, 25 Jul 2017 06:00:00 +00002017-07-25T08:06:03.464-07:001604Anne of DenmarkCatholic spiesCharles ICountess of RoxburgheCountess of SuffolkHenrietta MarieJames IJane DrummondStuart SpiesLady Spy <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">by Linda Fetterly Root<br /><div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5-WhZdF1h1g/WXAhQzsmkSI/AAAAAAAANCo/UqQE0DTx-Q4hGuPBsZjocy2jxHipWw2TwCLcBGAs/s1600/lady-jean-ker-nee-drummond%2B%25281%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="444" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5-WhZdF1h1g/WXAhQzsmkSI/AAAAAAAANCo/UqQE0DTx-Q4hGuPBsZjocy2jxHipWw2TwCLcBGAs/s400/lady-jean-ker-nee-drummond%2B%25281%2529.jpeg" width="298" /></a></div><br />When the new Spanish ambassador Don Pedro de Zuniga arrived in London in the early autumn of 1605, he was given the names of seven individuals who were 'pensioners' of the King of Spain, presumably aristocrats who had rendered service to the Hapsburgs. The names were not made public nor were they presumed to have been revealed to King James.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><h3>THE LIST OF SEVEN&nbsp;</h3><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton&nbsp;</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Charles Blount, Earl of Devonshire&nbsp;</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorset&nbsp;</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, the king's First Minister.&nbsp;</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Catherine Howard, Countess of Suffolk, Chief Lady-in-Waiting to the queen; wife of a principal peer.</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sir William Monson, Diplomat</span></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Jean Drummond, first lady of the Queen's Bedchamber</span></h4><div><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left;">This was a time in English history when aligning with the Spanish was a precarious course of action. The years between the appearance of the Armada off the Lizard in 1588 and the peace overtures of 1604 were not nearly enough to erase the terrors of the Armada years from the collective English memory. And if that were not concern enough, two months after the list came into the ambassador's hands, &nbsp;the Spanish threat emerged again in the wake of the Gunpowder Treason. Anti-Spanish sentiment was again stoked and the new ambassador was forced into self-imposed house arrest at Spanish Place, guarded by a cordon of English soldiers. It would not have served the fragile peace had it become know that seven strategically-placed personalities at the Stuart court were &nbsp;in the pocket of the Spanish.</span></div></div></div><br />Of the seven on the list, two were women. Six were either participants or, as was the case with the Duchess of Suffolk, closely associated with principals in the negotiations of the Treaty of London of 1603, an instrument that ended hundreds of years of hostilities and decades of actual war between the English and the Spanish. If the seven names were to be made public, the first six could stand behind an argument that King Philip III was merely thanking them for the successful conclusion of an enterprise as beneficial to England as it was to Spain. <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-THK0DKL7kNQ/WXF23jGhrgI/AAAAAAAAND4/gu2iSzrcfm8cYDlFUVI3JIhMBjTE7DgxQCLcBGAs/s1600/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1206" data-original-width="1600" height="241" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-THK0DKL7kNQ/WXF23jGhrgI/AAAAAAAAND4/gu2iSzrcfm8cYDlFUVI3JIhMBjTE7DgxQCLcBGAs/s320/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-family: &quot;georgia&quot; , &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif;"><br /></span> Seated at the English side of the negotiating table at Somerset House where the Treaty of London was signed were Thomas Sackville, Charles Blount, Henry Howard and none other than Sir Robert Cecil, who was considered one of England's vociferous critics of the Spanish. The only male of the seven missing from the table was Sir William Monson, who had gone to Flanders as escort to the retiring leader of the Spanish-Hapsburg delegation, Don Juan de Velasco, Duke of Frias, who while in the portrait, was too ill to participate in the negotiations. Monson had strong personal ties to the Hapsburgs and his status as a pensioner should come as no surprise. Nor is Catherine Howard's inclusion a puzzle. Long before the autumn of 1605, she was a well known conniver with a propensity to assert herself into most matters of consequence, a Howard, and the wife of one of England's highest ranking peers. Sir Thomas had the title but his Countess had the brains.<br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span> <b>BUT, WHO WAS JANE DRUMMOND?</b><br /><b><br /></b> <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aitsrJrra0Q/WXEPBfIlM7I/AAAAAAAANC8/U0HchbKjaaw4JP6ySMx_6GMiw82iPyEtQCLcBGAs/s1600/lady-jean-ker-nee-drummond%2B%25281%2529.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="330" data-original-width="248" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aitsrJrra0Q/WXEPBfIlM7I/AAAAAAAANC8/U0HchbKjaaw4JP6ySMx_6GMiw82iPyEtQCLcBGAs/s400/lady-jean-ker-nee-drummond%2B%25281%2529.jpeg" width="298" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">To the casual historian, there is no plausible explanation for the inclusion of the last name on the list unless she was a spy. Jane (Jean) Drummond, the only Scot on King Philip's secret list was an unmarried woman and the third child of a well regarded but remote Scottish Earl. What prestige she may have acquired as sister-in-law of Alexander Seton, the powerful Scottish Chancellor, faded when Seton set aside Lilias Drummond for the same reason Henry Tudor discarded Queen Catherine for Anne Boleyn. Yet, while Lady Jane seemed the least likely to be of value to the Hapsburgs, hers was among the largest grants. The grants were given at a time when Philip III was nearly bankrupt, which begs the question: what services did Lady Drummond perform to warrant extravagant gifts and an annual stipend of 2000 Felipes?<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><br />Unfortunately, one of the most comprehensive sources of information regarding the influence of Queen Anne's ladies, <i>The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-in-waiting across Early Modern Europe</i>, (an anthology edited by Nadine Akkerman and Birgit Houben) is priced out of the budget of most researchers. Also, as pointed out by Linda Porter in her journal article, <i>The Politics of Female Households</i>, (History Today, Vol. 64, Issue 6, June 2014), the anthology has the weaknesses of having been written by graduate students of varying talents and being poorly edited. However, the portion dealing with the household of Anne of Denmark has much to offer about Lady Jane which is not found elsewhere.</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">Nevertheless, it includes little of her history before Lady Jane Drummond accompanied Anne to England in 1603. For that, one must delve into the Scottish history of the years from the time of the King's marriage to Anne of Denmark and his ascension to the English crown when Elizabeth Tudor died in 1603. By then, Anne had already shown a preference for staffing her household with Catholics. Some modern historians argue that she did so with the king's knowledge and half-hearted consent. The popular opinion is he advised her to be discreet about it and agreed to look through his fingers if she kept her Catholic leanings in the closet. <br /><br />The king's ambivalence toward his wife's Catholicism raises the question of just whose agent Lady Drummond may have been. Recent research suggests if not an agent, she was at least a conduit for exchanges between the Stuart monarchy and the Catholic kings of early modern Europe which James wished to seduce to the peace table.<br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span> Those who follow the politics of James Stuart's last few years as Scotland's resident king will recall he often lived apart from his Danish bride, Anne, whose sons were expected to live in separate households, a tradition which the queen found abhorrent and which caused an estrangement between the royals. When she was separated from her firstborn, Prince Henry Frederick, she launched an aborted attempt to kidnap him while James was occupied elsewhere. As was his nature, the king forgave her, but their relationship was never quite the same. As a part of her dowry, she had an entitlement to lands at Dunfermline and established a residence in the Abbey Palace where her second son, Charles I, was born. He was a sickly child, and thus there was no pressure from the Scottish lords to separate him from his mother. There was no political advantage and considerable risk in obtaining guardianship of a child who would likely die.</div><br />At the time of Charles Stuart's birth, the king's Scottish counselor and confidante, Alexander Seton, was still married to his first wife Lilias Drummond. They, too, had established a palatial residence at Dunfermline. It was likely during her confinement before the birth of her second son that the Queen met Lilias's sister Jane. At any rate, a few months after James Stuart's arrival in England to ascend the English throne in the spring of 1603, His Majesty ordered his consort to gather up their remarkable son Prince Henry Frederick and travel south, leaving unappealing, crippled Charles behind with his Chancellor and his second wife, Grizel Leslie. Queen Anne selected Jane Drummond to accompany her to Stirling to collect Prince Henry Frederick, heir-apparent to three kingdoms and a well-known crowd-pleaser.<br /><br /><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nAKog9OsO44/U4Pc5EmqR_I/AAAAAAAACRo/EIomSYdGiog1BeSrVEPrYuAW4kF_lB7YACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Henry_Frederick_Prince_of_Wales_on_Horseback.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nAKog9OsO44/U4Pc5EmqR_I/AAAAAAAACRo/EIomSYdGiog1BeSrVEPrYuAW4kF_lB7YACPcBGAYYCw/s320/Henry_Frederick_Prince_of_Wales_on_Horseback.jpg" width="313" /></a></span></div><br />By then she and Lady Jane were fast friends and co-conspirators. In the autumn of 1603 when the Queen arrived in London, one of Jane's first assigned duties was to staff the queen’s household with priests disguised as servants, with the queen’s confessor posing as her Majesty’s falconer.<br />&nbsp; <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span>According to research contained in the book edited by Nadine Akkerman, Lady Jane Drummond’s activities on behalf of the Hapsburgs and the Vatican were likely instigated by the queen and possibly sanctioned by the king, who possibly used them as a conduit to the Catholic kings with whom he wished to reconcile. This viewpoint is consistent with recent research indicating James I aspired to a legacy as the monarch who brought peace to the modern states of Europe by minimizing the religious differences between Protestant rulers and the Catholic kings.&nbsp;(see<span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span><i>King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom</i><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">, </span>W. B. Patterson, Cambridge Studies in Earl Modern British History, Cambridge University Press, 1997).<br /><br />Jane’s relationship with the Spanish and likely, the Pope, were not the least bit casual. She had even been assigned the code name&nbsp;<i>Amadis</i><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><i>,&nbsp;</i></span>from a character in a medieval romance novel. She was a single woman and could not have gained her pension as a means of exerting pressure on a well-placed husband, for she did not marry reformed Scottish reiver-cum-courtier, Lord Robert Kerr (later Earl of Roxburgh) until 1614, after his first wife died. Her stock in trade was her actual or perceived influence over the queen. Before he was replaced by Don Pedro Zuniga in 1605, the Spanish ambassador Don Juan de Taxis, Count of Villa Medina, personally requested Philip III to grant a stipend to Lady Drummond, citing the numerous times she had passed on valuable secret information. While the extent of her disclosures are not known, it is likely she was also used to pass messages to the Spanish from James I when he himself could not. <br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br /></span> <br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kc6pqbS35aM/VdoQumbYV0I/AAAAAAAAHgA/JeG97iabF-M8iI4EGDGob2THsVRNdxliACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Attributed_to_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_Anne_of_Denmark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="512" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kc6pqbS35aM/VdoQumbYV0I/AAAAAAAAHgA/JeG97iabF-M8iI4EGDGob2THsVRNdxliACPcBGAYYCw/s320/Attributed_to_Marcus_Gheeraerts_the_Younger_Anne_of_Denmark.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Anne of Denmark</td></tr></tbody></table>After the discovery of the Gunpowder Treason in November 1604, the queen found it politically astute to cut back on her Catholic leanings, which made Jane’s position critical insofar as it provided an avenue for the queen to maintain a clandestine contact with the Catholic European monarchies and the Vatican. However, the Queen and Jane had a a falling out in 1617 when Jane's husband, who was by then the Earl of Roxburghe, attempted to obtain the guardianship of Charles without first consulting either the king or the queen. The popular Henry Frederick had died in 1612, apparently of typhus, and control of adolescent Charles was indeed a power play characteristic of Lord Roxburghe. When Jane was expelled from the royal bedchamber, the Spanish discontinued the stipend, a rather clear statement of why it had been awarded in the first place. <br /><br />Logically, this should be the end of the story, but it is not. Jane Drummond did not disappear from the world of power politics when her relationship with Anne ended. By then, she had already gained the favor of the heir-apparent Charles. When he married the Catholic French princess Henrietta Maria, Jane's stars were in ascendance. She remained an important figure in the Court of Charles I until her death. The circumstances of her last mission were not fully known until last year when its details were reported in <i>The Guardian</i>.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2456802468539868519" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div><b>THE DRESS</b>:<br /><br /></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">The year 1642 found Jane Drummond, Countess of Roxburghe, in the household of yet another Stuart consort, Henrietta Maria, wife of ill-fated Charles I. She had known Charles since he was an infant in the Scottish household of Alexander Seton. Between the Setons and his mother, he had spent most of his early life in the care of Catholics, until he was placed in the care of Sir Robert Carey and his wife, Dame Robert. At some point after his marriage, Charles I wished to make the Countess of Roxburghe governess of his heir, the future Charles II, but the anti-Catholic faction at the English court balked. Nevertheless, Jane Drummond was appointed governess of his other children. Charles and Henrietta Maria's marriage is said to have become a love match, and the royal household, however stressed, was a happy one. Unfortunately, domestic harmony did not save Charles I from his shortcomings or his inability to adapt to change. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iat5EMDlOrM/WXF6x6PycBI/AAAAAAAANEM/rump98ocYacRhGY9znxCO2wkGtDzdLPXQCLcBGAs/s1600/1024px-Henrietta_Maria_and_Charles_I.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="font-size: 13.5pt; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1211" data-original-width="1024" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Iat5EMDlOrM/WXF6x6PycBI/AAAAAAAANEM/rump98ocYacRhGY9znxCO2wkGtDzdLPXQCLcBGAs/s400/1024px-Henrietta_Maria_and_Charles_I.jpg" width="337" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King Charles, his consort and his children</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oi46fp8t0zs/WXF0KShbjsI/AAAAAAAANDo/0NP7PC__8QYydxNfOXQYu390OqL5Q2FtwCLcBGAs/s1600/King_Charles_I_and_his_adherents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="318" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Oi46fp8t0zs/WXF0KShbjsI/AAAAAAAANDo/0NP7PC__8QYydxNfOXQYu390OqL5Q2FtwCLcBGAs/s400/King_Charles_I_and_his_adherents.jpg" width="253" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles I and his allies (PD Art)</td></tr></tbody></table>A scant few months before the outbreak of what became the English Civil War, the king's consort and a few of her most trusted ladies sailed from Dover to the Netherlands, ostensibly to deliver the princess Mary, who was five, to the protection of her betrothed, William of Orange. But that was not the true reason for the trip. Henrietta Marie was traveling to Europe to pawn the Crown Jewels, in order to finance a Royalist army. It was a highly dangerous mission, both practically and politically. Many of Charles's failings had been attributed to his Catholic consort. While the details of the mission are unclear, the fleet of twelve ships in the Consort's convoy was shipwrecked off the Dutch Island of Texel. The royal party either survived or was not at sea when the storm hit. Reports of the shipwreck are vague. With England soon to be at war, the event was overshadowed. However, in 2014, Dutch divers found the wreckage of one of the ships and among the items salvaged was an elegant dress, heavily embroidered in gold and silver threads and wonderfully preserved.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4p9ykqLGwag/WXFiHBBRpNI/AAAAAAAANDQ/AQ0gbyxOGR0Kuoe75QKcoBjPdZQrE7NlQCLcBGAs/s1600/33530AD700000578-3547510-image-m-7_1461062103361.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="475" data-original-width="634" height="239" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4p9ykqLGwag/WXFiHBBRpNI/AAAAAAAANDQ/AQ0gbyxOGR0Kuoe75QKcoBjPdZQrE7NlQCLcBGAs/s320/33530AD700000578-3547510-image-m-7_1461062103361.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courtesy of the Texil Museum</td></tr></tbody></table>The discovery was not widely publicized until the origin of the items could be researched, but thanks to circumstantial evidence, a newly discovered letter from Charles I's sister Elizabeth of Bohemia, the Winter Queen, and the research of Nadine Akkerman and her colleague Helmer Helmers, the dress is accepted by most historians as a gown belonging to Jane Drummond, Countess of Roxburghe. The claim is largely based upon its <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">dated style and large size. &nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">At the time of the shipwreck, the Countess was 46 years old, stout, and no longer a fashion trend-setter. &nbsp;Her inclusion on the mission is a testimony to the degree of trust and high esteem in which she was held by the Queen Consort and by King Charles, who sought to entrust her with his children. &nbsp;If the mission to &nbsp;pawn the Crown Jewels had been exposed, more than just gowns and trinkets would have been sacrificed.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; text-indent: 0in;">Jane Drummond, Countess of Roxburghe, died the following year. &nbsp;King Charles was beheaded at Westminster on January 31, 1649.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><br /><b>~~~~~~~~~~ </b><br /><b><br /></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle"><b><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Linda-Root/e/B0053DIGM8/ref=sr_ntt_srch_lnk_6?qid=1500966039&amp;sr=8-6" target="_blank">Linda Fetterly Root</a> </b>is the author of seven novels set in Marie Stuart's Scotland and early modern Britain. She lives in the Southern California high desert and is a retired major crimes prosecutor. She is a member of the Marie Stuart Society, the California Bar and the Bar of the Supreme Court.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/sY2CpV37HZA" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/sY2CpV37HZA/lady-spy.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Linda Root)6http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/lady-spy.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-8224690127601489109Sun, 23 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-23T00:00:16.944-07:00Editor's Weekly Round UpElizabeth AshworthKarlieKim RendfeldEditors Weekly Round-up, July 23, 2017 #EHFAby the EHFA Editors<br /><br />Enjoy our round-up from the blog this week.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-kings-son-short-life-of-edward-of_17.html"><b>The King’s Son:</b></a><b style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-kings-son-short-life-of-edward-of_17.html">The Short Life of Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Karlie aka History Gal</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nXEy4ImRz_0/WXKMI3H5bAI/AAAAAAAADtE/cjA-hcxMr5cQGoeRemkkvOIE074JDPocQCLcBGAs/s1600/anne_neville_richard_3.jpg" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><b></b><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/dinas-powys-hillfort-dark-ages-trading.html">Dinas Powys Hillfort: A Dark Ages Trading Cente</a></b></b><br />by Kim Rendfeld</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sYZJ8nt95ys/WXKMI5_0apI/AAAAAAAADtA/0o6xgtkjIGM80bbhg5Zqhpp1a4pi9K8YQCLcBGAs/s320/Downstream_along_the_Cadoxton_River%252C_Dinas_Powys_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5080967.jpg" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.ca/2017/07/whalley-abbey.html" target="_blank">Whalley Abbey</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Elizabeth Ashworth</div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>an Editor's Choice from the Archives</i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><br /></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OyZfkvYqap8/VCLVcpXnpQI/AAAAAAAAG2A/VMAHAAdM1Ok/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B105.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OyZfkvYqap8/VCLVcpXnpQI/AAAAAAAAG2A/VMAHAAdM1Ok/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B105.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/iXPz3crZ0kE" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/iXPz3crZ0kE/editors-weekly-round-up-july-23-2017.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Char Newcomb)0http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/editors-weekly-round-up-july-23-2017.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-7802772041922875107Sat, 22 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-22T00:00:01.096-07:00AbbeysAbbot Paslewde LacyEditor's ChoiceHenry de LacyMonasteryWhalley AbbeyWhalley Abbey<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">by Elizabeth Ashworth<br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OyZfkvYqap8/VCLVcpXnpQI/AAAAAAAAG2A/VMAHAAdM1Ok/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B105.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OyZfkvYqap8/VCLVcpXnpQI/AAAAAAAAG2A/VMAHAAdM1Ok/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B105.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>The Cistercian monks of Whalley originally had an abbey at Stanlaw in Cheshire, founded by John FitzEustace, constable of Chester on the eve of his departure for the Holy Land in 1178. It was built on a sandstone outcrop at the confluence of the rivers Mersey and Gowy, and was surrounded by low-lying marshland. In 1279, a great storm flooded much of the abbey and representation was made to the Pope for permission to leave and build a new monastery on another site.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MuCVQW6XrOE/VCGaYcPbRXI/AAAAAAAAG0c/Qew0HhJYfR8/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B098.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MuCVQW6XrOE/VCGaYcPbRXI/AAAAAAAAG0c/Qew0HhJYfR8/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B098.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Whalley Abbey</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">When John FitzEustace’s son, Roger, had inherited the Honour of Clitheroe from his grandmother and taken the de Lacy name, he had granted the valuable rectory of Rochdale to Stanlaw Abbey. Roger’s son, John de Lacy, who became the Earl of Lincoln, also granted various lands in Lancashire to the abbey, including the rectory of Blackburn. So it wasn’t surprising that the monks looked to Henry de Lacy (the great, great grandson of the original founder) when seeking a new home. Neither Rochdale nor Blackburn was deemed suitable, but when the site at Whalley, on the banks of the River Calder, was offered the monks agreed to migrate to there.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Henry de Lacy agreed to give the land at Whalley on certain conditions: the remains of his ancestors and others buried at Stanlaw would be reburied at Whalley, and the name of the abbey would continue to be Locus Benedictus (the blessed place). On 23<sup>rd</sup> July 1289, Pope Nicholas IV granted a licence for the translation of the abbey and the appropriation of the church at Whalley on the resignation or death of its aged rector, Peter de Cestria (Peter of Chester), who had held the benefice for 54 years. But he was so long-lived that the monks had to wait until January 1295 before the move to Whalley could begin, leaving behind a cell of four monks at Stanlaw.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">On the 4<sup>th</sup> April 1296, St Ambrose Day, a small group of monks took possession of the land. The monks lived in Peter de Cestria’s manor house whilst building work began. It progressed slowly owing to financial difficulties, changes of abbot, problems with the weather and a lack of wood for buildings and fires, and it was not until June 1308 that Henry de Lacy laid the foundation stone for the new abbey church. Even then, the monks were not entirely happy at Whalley and after the death of Henry de Lacy in 1311, they asked Thomas of Lancaster for an alternative site, but in the end nothing came of it and under the leadership of Abbot Robert de Toppecliffe serious building work began in 1330.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AIU-E8imyPE/VCGbM67onzI/AAAAAAAAG0k/0_t2SeoEJyk/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B117.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AIU-E8imyPE/VCGbM67onzI/AAAAAAAAG0k/0_t2SeoEJyk/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B117.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Peter de Cestria's chapel.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">Around this time the monks moved out of Peter de Cestria’s house into temporary accommodation, probably a collection of wooden huts in the midst of a busy building site. But their religious life would not have been neglected. Prayers would have offered and mass said every day in Peter de Cestria’s small chapel, which pre-dates the other abbey buildings.&nbsp;</div><br /><div class="MsoNormal">The chancel of the church must have been complete by 1345 when the burial of John of Cuerdale, a benefactor of the abbey, is recorded. This calls into question the re-interment of Henry de Lacy’s ancestors. He may not have lived to see the remains of his ancestors brought from Stanlaw and there is, in fact, no record of this happening, but I doubt the monks did not carry out the full terms of their licence. Henry de Lacy’s daughter, Alice did not die until 1348 and would have been eager to see her father’s wishes for her own ancestors fulfilled. And in the ruins of what would have been the chancel of the church there is a broken gravestone that clearly shows the de Lacy lion. I believe that this is the site of the burial of Roger de Lacy, John de Lacy, Edmund de Lacy and maybe their wives and other family members.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X-kB-0ICi8c/VCGbxweT5tI/AAAAAAAAG0s/jE18mOMpN78/s1600/Whalley%2BAbbey.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X-kB-0ICi8c/VCGbxweT5tI/AAAAAAAAG0s/jE18mOMpN78/s1600/Whalley%2BAbbey.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">This gravestone shows the<br />engraving of the de Lacy lion.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">In 1348, the Black Death came to England and this seems to have interrupted the work on the church as permission was given to build a crenelated wall around the outer precincts of the abbey, probably to guard against the plague being brought in by casual visitors. When the sickness passed work began again on the central tower of the church, which was built in a plainer style than the chancel. It held a bell and a lantern and would have been three times the height of the present gatehouse. Work must have been well advanced by 1356, when Brother Ralph of Pontefract was killed by a falling stone.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5PZ-t2rqysw/VCGe3Hl3goI/AAAAAAAAG1E/OgbynZtPOpU/s1600/whalley-church-st-marys1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5PZ-t2rqysw/VCGe3Hl3goI/AAAAAAAAG1E/OgbynZtPOpU/s1600/whalley-church-st-marys1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Whalley Parish Church</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">After Henry de Lacy's death, his lands had passed to his son-in-law Thomas of Lancaster and after Thomas's execution for his rebellion against Edward II, to his younger brother Henry. In December 1360, Henry Duke of Lancaster gave land at Ramsgreave and Standen for the maintenance of a recluse or anchoress to live in a hermitage in the churchyard at Whalley. However, it seems that many of the recluses were somewhat reluctant and in 1437, a widow, Isolde Heaton, ran away from the hermitage. You can read more about it in my blogpost here: <a href="http://elizabethashworth.com/2010/12/01/reluctant-recluses/" target="_blank">Reluctant Recluses</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">By 1425, the Chapter House was brought into use when William of Whalley was the abbot and an account of the dedication of the Dormitory records: <i>Lord William, the Abbot, and the whole Convent standing in processional order sang the hymn ‘Te Deum Laudamus’. Then the Abbot, clothed in a cope and carrying his pastoral staff, sprinkled all the beds with holy water…</i></div><div class="MsoNormal"><i><br /></i></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BlFFVy0albg/VCLLnOQAMHI/AAAAAAAAG1U/GuiLDrLs4I4/s1600/photos%2B2011%2B714.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-BlFFVy0albg/VCLLnOQAMHI/AAAAAAAAG1U/GuiLDrLs4I4/s1600/photos%2B2011%2B714.JPG" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The north east gatehouse.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">The last building that completed the abbey was the North East Gatehouse and this remains today with its original great oak doors and the heavy bolt with which they can be secured. In all it took until 1444, which was 136 years after Henry de Lacy laid the foundation stone, for the abbey to be completed and even after that new buildings were added.</div><br /><div class="MsoNormal">Life at Whalley Abbey settled into a routine of prayer, care for the sick and poor, and sheep farming. Abbot followed abbot until John Paslew entered the Novices' Cell at Whalley on St Matthew's Day 1487. His father is listed as a gentleman from Wiswell, although the family were originally from Yorkshire and had connections with East Riddlesden Hall. He became the abbot and built what seems to have been a spectacular Lady Chapel to attract both pilgrims and income, although no trace of it remains. It was during the time that John Paslew was abbot that Henry VIII decided to close down the monasteries and use their wealth for his own purposes. It was not a popular decision and throughout the north of England there was rebellion, culminating in the Pilgrimage of Grace.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oRIto5HuC5k/VCGds_tce9I/AAAAAAAAG04/PcaSfFGYrKY/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B123.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oRIto5HuC5k/VCGds_tce9I/AAAAAAAAG04/PcaSfFGYrKY/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B123.JPG" width="320" /></a>Although Abbot Paslew seems to have taken no active part in the uprisings, other than giving sanctuary to a monk from nearby Sawley Abbey after it was closed, he was arrested and taken to Lancaster for trial on five counts of treason. For an inexplicable reason he pleaded guilty and at the age of 70 was hanged as a traitor. Local legend says that he was hanged outside the abbey, but as there are no records it is impossible to verify whether he was killed at Lancaster or Whalley.&nbsp;</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">After the dissolution, the site was stripped of its valuables: lead from the roof, books, plate and embroideries were taken away on carts by Thomas Cromwell's men, although some of the vestments were saved by the Towneley family of Burnley.&nbsp;</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The remains of the abbey were bought by Ralph Assheton who made his home in the abbot’s lodgings. The ruins of the abbey and its church remained until Mary Tudor came to the throne and brought back the Catholic faith. The families who were now living on former abbey lands became concerned that Mary would reinstate the monasteries and so Assheton, like many others, set about destroying what was left so that it was beyond use and would not be reclaimed for the church.&nbsp;</div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zoo2AuD9Vhk/VCLSShp1zQI/AAAAAAAAG1s/WOn7kKB8NTY/s1600/St%2BLeonard's%2BLangho%2B-%2Bold%2Band%2Bnew%2B009.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zoo2AuD9Vhk/VCLSShp1zQI/AAAAAAAAG1s/WOn7kKB8NTY/s1600/St%2BLeonard's%2BLangho%2B-%2Bold%2Band%2Bnew%2B009.JPG" style="cursor: move;" width="240" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The church windows were 1<br />probably taken from Whalley Abbey.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">Windows from the abbey were taken away to be used in other places. They can be seen in the chapel of Samlesbury Hall, for example, where the Southworth family remained Catholic, and it seems that the church of St Leonard at Old Langho, one of only a handful of Catholic churches built during Mary's reign, was constructed using stones and timbers from the abbey.&nbsp;</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="background-color: white;"></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UcXthjp6LW8/VCLSJvZIGsI/AAAAAAAAG1k/vnrsfyb2zPM/s1600/St%2BLeonard's%2BLangho%2B-%2Bold%2Band%2Bnew%2B003.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UcXthjp6LW8/VCLSJvZIGsI/AAAAAAAAG1k/vnrsfyb2zPM/s1600/St%2BLeonard's%2BLangho%2B-%2Bold%2Band%2Bnew%2B003.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St Leonard's Old Langho</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white;"></span><br /><span style="background: white;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">The Assheton family continued to live at Whalley Abbey until they ran out of male heirs. The house was sold to John Taylor, who in turn bequeathed it to Colonel John Hargreaves, but after the upheavals of the First World War, the role of country houses was declining and many owners found their upkeep too expensive. Colonel Hargreaves put the house up for sale in 1923 and its function was brought full circle when it was purchased by the Diocese of Manchester for use as a training college and conference centre. When the diocese was split up and the Diocese of Blackburn created the abbey came into its care and remains so.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S5incx7bz8M/VCLU7ENXrYI/AAAAAAAAG14/PDWv7dS5-nI/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B086.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S5incx7bz8M/VCLU7ENXrYI/AAAAAAAAG14/PDWv7dS5-nI/s1600/Dunham%2BMassey%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bspring%2B086.JPG" width="320" /></a>In the 1930s, when Canon J R Lumb became the Warden of Whalley Abbey, he suggested that work could be created for the large numbers of unemployed men in the area by beginning an excavation of the gardens to see what traces of the abbey remained there. By 1936, the foundations of the church had been uncovered and on 14<sup>th</sup> June that year, the site was rededicated as a place of worship, with an altar placed on the site of the original one in the chancel of the church. Today the abbey is used as a conference centre. The grounds are open to the public for a small fee and if you are ever in the area, it is well worth a visit.<o:p></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><br /><i>An Editor's Choice from the EHFA Archives. Originally published on 21 October 2014.&nbsp;</i><br />~~~~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Elizabeth Ashworth </b>lives in Lancashire close to Whalley Abbey and has traced her ancestors in the village back to the 1600s. She has a particular interest in the history of the de Lacy family and they feature in several of her historical novels: <i>The de Lacy Inheritance</i>, <i>Favoured Beyond Fortune</i>, and <i>The Circle of Fortune</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.elizabethashworth.com/">www.elizabethashworth.com</a></div><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/_fKh4Z47uzY" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/_fKh4Z47uzY/whalley-abbey.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Elizabeth Ashworth)6http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/whalley-abbey.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-3966827057434769900Wed, 19 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-19T00:00:14.990-07:00Arthurian Britaindark agesDinas PowyswalesDinas Powys Hillfort: A Dark Ages Trading CenterBy Kim Rendfeld<br /><br />When the Romans abandoned Britain around 410, an economy based on mass production and export collapsed. But international trade did not die. From the 5th through 7th centuries, the inhabitants of Dinas Powys hillfort might have enjoyed olive oil, spices, and other imports.<br /><br />Southwest of today’s Cardiff, Wales, the hillfort is a treasure trove for anyone interested in post-Roman Celtic life. Anglo-Saxons (a catchall term for Germanic tribes who migrated to England) didn’t conquer Wales. The site probably was abandoned around 700, but a nearby village of the same name exists today.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Downstream_along_the_Cadoxton_River%2C_Dinas_Powys_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5080967.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Downstream_along_the_Cadoxton_River%2C_Dinas_Powys_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5080967.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Cadoxton River, near Dinas Powys hillfort <br />(by Jaggery <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons)</td></tr></tbody></table><br />In 410, Britons might have thought themselves freed from Roman occupation. Still, they needed to rely on resources close to home for survival, and they faced the constant threat of invasion from opportunistic Irish, Picts, and Anglo-Saxons.<br /><br />When Dinas Powys was thriving, it was home to a petty king and his family, along with household servants, weavers, and metalsmiths. The property is about one-fourth of an acre, about the size of a good-sized lot in the United States. <br /><br />Two stone buildings apparently sat at right angles to each other. One was a 600-square-foot hall, a place for feasting. The meals often included meat, particularly pork, but the livestock was likely raised elsewhere and bought into the fortress. The second structure, about half the size of the first, might have been used for storage or slave sleeping quarters. I can imagine it as a treasury. <br /><br />The hillfort was in a forested area about 1.5 miles from the sea, a good location to trade with merchants who sailed from far-away lands.<br /><br />Whoever chose the hillfort’s site had defense in mind. The fortress was on a ridge, with steep slopes to the north and west. Over ensuing decades, its rulers constructed a series of ramparts and ditches on the southern part of the area, and they employed smiths to smelt and craft iron, essential for armor and weapons. <br /><br />The defenses served other purposes. Commoners did the actual building, probably as a service to their king. This reinforced the social order—peasants served their lord, and their lord protected them from enemies. Bulwarks and ditches were also a show of wealth—that the family had possessions worth guarding. <br /><br />The kings were indeed protecting their source of wealth, much of it not from Britain. Archeologists have found North African and Mediterranean amphorae that could have contained olive oil or wine. The family might have also bought spices, dried foods that didn’t grow in their climate, or textiles.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-thlYcuY1x1g/WWvPoUbgQtI/AAAAAAAAAyo/kehLnMUvfHwnW68I8KwT1_63Qu_4qgZ_gCLcBGAs/s1600/Amphorae%2BDetail%2BDinas%2BPowys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="197" data-original-width="103" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-thlYcuY1x1g/WWvPoUbgQtI/AAAAAAAAAyo/kehLnMUvfHwnW68I8KwT1_63Qu_4qgZ_gCLcBGAs/s1600/Amphorae%2BDetail%2BDinas%2BPowys.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Detail from illustration <br />by&nbsp;S. Martin-Kilcher<br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 4.0</a><br />via Wikimedia Commons</td></tr></tbody></table>In the kitchen, servants used unglazed, undecorated, and unpainted course ware from western Gaul. Made on a wheel, jugs, jars, and bowls were light brown to grey but could also be red, black, or cream. Hard and gritty, the surface looks like someone had wiped or sponged it while it was still wet.<br /><br />At the table, visitors would have seen imported pottery, a better quality than vessels made by Britons. Plates, bowls, cups, and mortaria (bowls with flanges and embedded with sand or grit to pound and mix food) from the Bordeaux region would have greyish-black slip, and the bowls featured rouletting and stamp decorations. <br /><br />Host and guests might have drunk that imported wine from a Kentish blue-glass squat beaker, similar to one in an Anglo-Saxon princely burial, or glass bowls. Apparently, the Celts and Anglo-Saxons weren’t always fighting. <br /><br />What the kings at Dinas Powys traded for these goods is open to speculation. <br /><br />They probably didn’t pay with money. The system of exchanging coins for products went away with the Romans. <br /><br />So the kings needed commodities worth a long and hazardous voyage from the Mediterranean. The fortress could produce cloth, furs, and leather, and it had hearths for melting copper-alloy, silver, gold, and glass, and making the materials into jewelry. Bronze Roman coins might be worth more if they were melted and shaped into a brooch.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Romano-celtic_penannular_brooch_with_rolled_terminals_(FindID_186222).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="800" height="158" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Romano-celtic_penannular_brooch_with_rolled_terminals_(FindID_186222).jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">From The Portable Antiquities Scheme/<br />The Trustees of the British Museum <br /><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br />The kings might have been something of middlemen, too, trading goods made elsewhere in Britain with merchants from overseas. At their feasts, they would give and receive presents. Perhaps, they exchanged some of those gifts—say an Anglo-Saxon glass claw beaker—a few amphorae of wine.<br /><br />The finds at Dinas Powys show us Britain was not completely isolated from the rest of the world after the Romans left. Those discoveries also cut into a few stereotypes about the Dark Ages. Although life in early medieval times was far from ideal by 21st century Western standards, it was not all poverty and war.<br /><br /><b>Sources</b><br /><br /><i>Dinas Powys in Context: Settlement and Society in Post-Roman Wales</i> by Andrew Seaman<br /><br /><i>Daily Life in Arthurian Britain</i> by Deborah J. Shepherd<br /><br /><i>The Quest for Arthur's Britain</i>, by Geoffrey Ashe<br /><br />“Early Medieval E Ware Potter: An Unassuming but Enigmatic Kitchen Ware?” by Ian W Doyle, <i>Fragments of Lives Past: Archeological objects from the Irish road schemes</i><br /><br />“Mediterranean and Frankish pottery imports in early medieval Ireland” by Ian W. Doyle, <i>The Journal of Irish Archaeology</i>, Vol. 18 (2009)<br /><br />~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /><b>Kim Rendfeld</b>’s work in progress—“Betrothed to the Red Dragon,” a short story about Guinevere’s decision to marry Arthur—is set in Dinas Powys, and in her versions of events, the ruler is a queen. If you’d like to get an email when it’s published, email Kim at kim [at] kimrendfeld [dot] com.<br /><br />If you want read what Kim has already written, check out her two novels set in 8th century Europe.<br /><br /><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmqVk8ECCfc/V4k7Ru9FP4I/AAAAAAAAAtY/HsN0E_sLdQwXMgrGpNK6NPRnPMmLQrMGACPcB/s1600/TCATD_FINAL_SMALL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmqVk8ECCfc/V4k7Ru9FP4I/AAAAAAAAAtY/HsN0E_sLdQwXMgrGpNK6NPRnPMmLQrMGACPcB/s200/TCATD_FINAL_SMALL.jpg" width="131" /></a>Kim's first novel,&nbsp;<i>The Cross and the Dragon,</i>&nbsp;in which a Frankish noblewoman must contend with a jilted suitor and the fear of losing her husband, is available at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.rpbook.co.uk/B01HAT4APY?v=amz" target="_blank">Amazon</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://store.kobobooks.com/en-us/ebook/the-cross-and-the-dragon-1" target="_blank">Kobo</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.rpbook.co.uk/9780997569520?v=apl" target="_blank">iTunes</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-cross-and-the-dragon-kim-rendfeld/1111971855?ean=2940153033730#productInfoTabs" target="_blank">Barnes &amp; Noble</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/637788" target="_blank">Smashwords</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.createspace.com/6337457" target="_blank">CreateSpace</a>, and other vendors.You can order <i>The Ashes of Heaven's Pillar,&nbsp;</i>about a Saxon peasant who will fight for her children after losing everything else, at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.rpbook.co.uk/B01LWWRAUO?v=amz" target="_blank">Amazon</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://store.kobobooks.com/en-us/ebook/the-ashes-of-heaven-s-pillar-1" target="_blank">Kobo</a>,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-ashes-of-heavens-pillar-kim-rendfeld/1120209842?ean=2940153042886" target="_blank">Barnes &amp; Noble</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.rpbook.co.uk/9780997569551?v=apl" target="_blank">iTunes</a>.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-71KeWd10p1Y/V-B7qpFD3pI/AAAAAAAAAus/neLhHrGQGWIwd5OrEjc2hxUoKs2uPQ8cACPcB/s1600/AHP_FINAL_SMALL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-71KeWd10p1Y/V-B7qpFD3pI/AAAAAAAAAus/neLhHrGQGWIwd5OrEjc2hxUoKs2uPQ8cACPcB/s200/AHP_FINAL_SMALL.jpg" width="132" /></a><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmqVk8ECCfc/V4k7Ru9FP4I/AAAAAAAAAtY/HsN0E_sLdQwXMgrGpNK6NPRnPMmLQrMGACPcB/s1600/TCATD_FINAL_SMALL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a></div><br />Connect with Kim at on her website <a href="http://kimrendfeld.com/" target="_blank">kimrendfeld.com</a>, her blog, <i>Outtakes of a Historical Novelist</i> at <a href="http://kimrendfeld.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">kimrendfeld.wordpress.com</a>, on Facebook at <a href="http://facebook.com/authorkimrendfeld" target="_blank">facebook.com/authorkimrendfeld</a>, or follow her on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/kimrendfeld" target="_blank">@kimrendfeld</a>.<br /><br /><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/HD1MPKVCTWU" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/HD1MPKVCTWU/dinas-powys-hillfort-dark-ages-trading.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Kim Rendfeld)5http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/dinas-powys-hillfort-dark-ages-trading.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-2488741716902463071Mon, 17 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-17T00:00:18.301-07:00Anne NevilleEdward of MiddlehamHenry VIIHistory GalKarlieRichard IIIThe King’s Son: The Short Life of Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">by Karlie aka History Gal<br /><br />In April 1484 King Richard III and his wife Anne Neville were enjoying a respite from their royal progress. They were lodging at Nottingham Castle when they received the devastating news that their son Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales was dead.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4G336wDOdFM/WWu1aMdBE-I/AAAAAAAAFlE/Tr1NggfsIfMKee7FIva_ESfhV_lO9kt7wCLcBGAs/s1600/anne_neville_richard_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="433" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-4G336wDOdFM/WWu1aMdBE-I/AAAAAAAAFlE/Tr1NggfsIfMKee7FIva_ESfhV_lO9kt7wCLcBGAs/s320/anne_neville_richard_3.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Richard and Anne Neville - <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ryszard_III_i_Anna_Neville.JPG" target="_blank">Attribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />The Croyland Chronicler recorded that King Richard and Queen Anne were <i>“in a state almost bordering madness, by reason of their sudden grief.”</i> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span><br /><br />Prince Edward’s death would have profound consequences in Richard and Anne’s personal and political lives. It would also herald in the beginning of the end of the Plantagenet’s reign.<br /><br />&nbsp;Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, had taken his last breath at the same place in which he was born: Middleham Castle in North Yorkshire. Edward’s nursery, located in the west wing of the Castle, was adjacent to the south wing known as the ‘Prince’s Tower’ (where Anne is said to have given birth to him).<br /><br />The precise date and year of Prince Edward’s birth is unknown. Various historians have estimated that he was born within the years of 1473 to 1477; this would have made Edward 11 to 7 years old at the time of his death in 1484. According to “the Tewkesbury chronicler,” it’s likely that Edward <i>“was born…in 1476 – an old style year that continued until 25 March 1477...”</i>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: x-small;">2&nbsp;</span><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5y0jLvoPEX8/WWu14EwueCI/AAAAAAAAFlI/DUiBgyFalKYfFOUHu1WGDoo0mvArAFGPQCLcBGAs/s1600/middleham%2Bcastle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="1024" height="195" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5y0jLvoPEX8/WWu14EwueCI/AAAAAAAAFlI/DUiBgyFalKYfFOUHu1WGDoo0mvArAFGPQCLcBGAs/s320/middleham%2Bcastle.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Middleham Castle - <a href="https://visualhunt.com/f/photo/34470112365/29b9bc3da4/" target="_blank">Attribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Few records survive of Edward’s life both before and after his father, Richard, became King of England in June 1483. The first official record we have of him was written on 10 April 1477 when the priests at York Cathedral were asked to <i>“pray for the good estate of the King and his consort (Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville) and the King’s brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester (the future Richard III) and Anne his consort and Edward their son...”</i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">3</span><br /><br />As the nephew of the King, the son of a Duke, and an Earl in his own right, Edward was cared for and tutored as befitting his high status. The woman employed as his wet nurse was Isabel Burgh: wife to one of King Richard’s favorite courtiers.<br /><br />The mistress of the nursery was Anne Idley: the widow of <i>“Peter Idley, author of a book of manners, or education, for the rearing of boys, called Instructions to His Son.</i>” <span style="font-size: x-small;">4</span> Edward’s parents must have been happy with Anne Idley’s services, because Richard penned a letter (to William Stoner) praising Idley, referring to her as “<i>our right well beloved servant.</i>” <span style="font-size: x-small;">5</span> In Edward’s later years, a lady by the name of Jane Collins was employed as his caretaker and Master Richard Bernall was assigned as his tutor.<br /><br />Even with his exemplary upbringing, the prospect of Edward ever becoming King seemed less likely to occur during the early years of his life. At that time, Richard’s eldest brother –and Edward of Middleham’s uncle, (possible) god father and namesake—Edward IV was King of England. Edward IV’s son: Edward, Prince of Wales (the future Edward V) was the next in line to the throne, followed by his other son Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XCkbiGQrpK0/WWu2vA7wGeI/AAAAAAAAFlM/YMicS4YWJ3cP-QSAcH-7CB20mv42sGVHwCLcBGAs/s1600/Edward%2BIV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="415" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XCkbiGQrpK0/WWu2vA7wGeI/AAAAAAAAFlM/YMicS4YWJ3cP-QSAcH-7CB20mv42sGVHwCLcBGAs/s320/Edward%2BIV.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward IV - <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_IV_Plantagenet.jpg" target="_blank">Atribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Things changed after the deaths of Richard’s other elder brother George, Duke of Clarence in 1478, Edward IV’s death in 1483 and subsequently the latter’s sons’ disappearance in 1483. These series of events made it possible for Richard to assume the role as King of England.<br /><br />In early 1484 parliament declared King Edward IV and Queen Elizabeth’s marriage invalid due to an alleged pre contract of marriage between King Edward to Lady Eleanor Butler. This proclamation made all of the late King’s offspring with Queen Elizabeth illegitimate, thus forfeiting their right to the crown.<br /><br />As the new heir to the throne, King Richard’s son inherited grand titles. On 26 June 1483 Edward of Middleham became the Duke of Cornwall, a month later he was given the honorary title of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. On 24 August 1483 he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester. The following month he was formally invested as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in an extravagant ceremony held at York Minster. The venue was chosen as the place for his investiture instead of <i>“Westminster Abbey as was customary…because the boy’s fragile health made distant travel ill advised.”</i><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 6 </span>Edward was supposedly too weak to ride on horseback for the ceremony, and had to be carted from and back to Middleham Castle in a litter. Nonetheless, this was a proud moment for the young Prince’s parents to have witnessed, particularly since Edward was not in attendance for their joint coronation.<br /><br />Although there is very little contemporary evidence to prove that Prince Edward suffered from a frail constitution throughout his entire life, it seems that he did spend the majority of his time in the confines of Middleham Castle. The scant records that exist of his life, show that he was able to live a fairly normal existence.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WlIEvbk1oO8/WWu3CqMfHoI/AAAAAAAAFlQ/KuXgtL68ge0w_11_EoQ086jOG2v4X0L1QCLcBGAs/s1600/Edward%252C%2BPrince%2Bof%2BWales%252C%2Bson%2Bof%2BKing%2BRichard%2BIII%2Band%2Bhis%2B%2BQueen%2Bconsort%252C%2BAnne%2BNeville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="260" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WlIEvbk1oO8/WWu3CqMfHoI/AAAAAAAAFlQ/KuXgtL68ge0w_11_EoQ086jOG2v4X0L1QCLcBGAs/s320/Edward%252C%2BPrince%2Bof%2BWales%252C%2Bson%2Bof%2BKing%2BRichard%2BIII%2Band%2Bhis%2B%2BQueen%2Bconsort%252C%2BAnne%2BNeville.jpg" width="182" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward Prince of Wales - <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rous_Roll_-_Edward,_Prince_of_Wales.jpg" target="_blank">Attribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />At Middleham, <i>“Edward would have spent his days playing in the court yard watching mummeries (elaborate plays) in the Great Hall and spending time with his parents when they were at the keep.”</i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">7</span> He also had a fool (a court jester) named Martyn who no doubt provided him with hours of entertainment. <i>“Edward’s leisurely activities may have included watching the hounds”</i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">8</span>, as part of his inventory shows that during a visit to Pontefract Castle, he had in his possession “a pack of hounds…” He also occasionally traveled with his retinue to the <i>“religious houses of Coverham, Fountains and Jervaulx.”</i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">9</span><br /><br />In the spring of 1484 Prince Edward was curiously absent during his parent’s royal progress. It’s possible that his father <i>“left him behind in the north, as a symbol to his most loyal adherents of the new regime to which they owed allegiance, but it was likely that (his son) was also too ill to travel.”</i> <span style="font-size: x-small;">10</span> What is certain is that neither King Richard nor Queen Anne expected their son to die during their absence.<br /><br />In this age of superstition, it did not go unnoticed that Richard’s heir died in April 1484,<i> “on a date not very far distant from the anniversary” </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">11</span> of King Edward IV’s death. This gave way to malicious gossip at court that Prince Edward’s death was just punishment because his father had been responsible for the deaths of the Prince’s in the Tower: Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York.<br /><br />There has been much speculation regarding the cause of Edward of Middleham’s death. One theory is that he died from tuberculosis: a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. Whatever the true cause was, the Croyland Chronicler notes that his illness mercifully lasted but a “short duration.”<br /><br />There can be no doubt that King Richard and Queen Anne genuinely loved their son. The “maddening grief” that they displayed shows that they were not as cold hearted as history has portrayed them. And that they didn’t just see their son as another pawn in their dynastic ambitions.<br /><br />There is a lot of speculation concerning the whereabouts of Prince Edward’s remains, as no surviving record exists of his burial place. The Church of St Mary and St Alkelda in Middleham, Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton, Coverham Abbey in Coverdale, and the Church of St Helen and Holy Cross in Sherriff Hutton, are locations speculated as being Edward’s final resting place. At the Church of St Helen and Holy Cross, there is an alabaster cenotaph depicting a young boy dressed in fine robes. However, “<i>recent research has proved that it dates from the first half of the 15th century” </i><span style="font-size: x-small;">12</span>; thus the cenotaph is likely that of a Neville family relation.<br /><br />A few months after Prince Edward’s death, King Richard traveled to North Yorkshire to pay off the remainder of his son’s expenses. The document he signed (detailing Edward’s expenditure) included the words “most dear son” and following that <i>“in his own handwriting [Richard] added 'Whom God has pardoned'”</i>.<span style="font-size: x-small;">13</span><br /><br />With his heir gone, the question arose about who Richard’s successor would be. The latter fathered two (perhaps three) illegitimate children with an unidentified woman, prior to his marriage to Anne Neville. King Richard’s other son, John of Gloucester, was knighted at York Minster on the same day that Edward of Middleham’s investiture as Prince of Wales took place. &nbsp;Because bastards could not inherit the throne, John could not become King of England. The next obvious successors were Richard’s two nephews: John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln (son of Richard’s sister: Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk) and Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of Richard’s late brother George, Duke of Clarence). However, an Act of Attainder, issued by Edward IV against George, Duke of Clarence, prevented the latter’s offspring from inheriting the throne. This fact was further cemented in a statute, issued by parliament in 1484, called Titulus Regius (a statute essentially stipulating that Richard was the rightful King of England). Other than the contemporary English historian John Rous writing that King Richard named Edward, Earl of Warwick as his successor, there is no other evidence to support this. Although John de la Pole was never formally confirmed as such, Richard appears to have accepted him as his successor.<br /><br />King Richard’s hopes of producing another heir were dashed when his wife became ill during the winter season of 1484. Tragically, 11 months after the death of her son, Anne died at the Palace of Westminster on 16 March 1485. She was only 28 years old and had been Queen Consort of England for almost 2 years. The general consensus among modern scholars is that the most likely cause of her death was either tuberculosis or some form of cancer.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eVhUG4vAK9w/WWu3pxdGgTI/AAAAAAAAFlU/KVWeCM3MsAEUAomJexXymcJgPdCTO-8lQCLcBGAs/s1600/Cenotaph%2Bonce%2Balleged%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bof%2BEdward%2Bof%2BMiddleham%252C%2BPrince%2B%2Bof%2BWales.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="738" data-original-width="1024" height="230" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eVhUG4vAK9w/WWu3pxdGgTI/AAAAAAAAFlU/KVWeCM3MsAEUAomJexXymcJgPdCTO-8lQCLcBGAs/s320/Cenotaph%2Bonce%2Balleged%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bof%2BEdward%2Bof%2BMiddleham%252C%2BPrince%2B%2Bof%2BWales.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/href=%22https://www.flickr.com/photos/belowred/1071796889/%22%3Enick.garrod%3C/a%3E%20via%20%3Ca%20href=%22https://visualhunt.com/re/044802%22%3EVisualHunt.com%3C/a%3E%20/%20%3Ca%20href=%22http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/%22%3E%20CC%20BY-NC-ND%3C/a%3E" target="_blank">Cenotaph once alleged to be that of Edward of Middleham</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />After the death of his wife, King Richard’s reign became blighted by political and domestic turmoil and scandals. The gossip at the English court and abroad was that Richard had poisoned his wife so that he could marry his young and attractive niece Elizabeth of York. The marriage never came to be, and for a time he made negotiations to marry Princess Joanna of Portugal, but that union never came to pass.<br /><br />King Richard also had to contend with the hostile Lancastrian faction and their figurehead Henry Tudor. Henry had been living in exile in Brittany for over a decade, until he landed on the shores of Mill Bay in Wales on 7 August 1485. His mission: to become the new King of England.<br /><br />The fight for dynastic supremacy, known as the Wars of the Roses, reached its crescendo at the Battle of Bosworth Field, on 22 August 1485. King Richard and his army put up a valiant fight but were ultimately defeated by Lancastrian forces.<br /><br />Richard died on the battlefield after sustaining several blows to his head by <i>“possibly four assailants armed with halberds, swords, and heavy-bladed daggers”</i>&nbsp;.<span style="font-size: x-small;">14</span> Henry VII became King and his family, the Tudors, ruled England for the next 118 years.<br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Qt2c5-UGZ3I/WWu4kzuvL4I/AAAAAAAAFlc/WL6-2Bv_7ekAIOa2cZzNAJX-yC-SnjaAwCLcBGAs/s1600/Portrait%2Bof%2BKing%2BHenry%2BVII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="487" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Qt2c5-UGZ3I/WWu4kzuvL4I/AAAAAAAAFlc/WL6-2Bv_7ekAIOa2cZzNAJX-yC-SnjaAwCLcBGAs/s320/Portrait%2Bof%2BKing%2BHenry%2BVII.jpg" width="259" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait of King Henry VII - <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1457_Henry_VII.jpg" target="_blank">Attribution</a></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Edward of Middleham’s legacy, much like his life, was short lived. He is a footnote in history, overshadowed by the political climate of his time, and the character and reign of Richard III. A sad state of affairs for a Prince whom—had he outlived his father—could have gone down in history as a famous Yorkist King, prisoner, martyr and or soldier.<br /><br />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;References<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br />1.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>11. “Richard, The Man behind the Myth” by Andrea Willers<br />2.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“Anne Neville: Queen to Richard III” by Michael Hicks<br />3.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“Calendar of the Patent Rolls: Edward IV-Richard III.” by Great Britain. Public Record Office<br />4.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://authorherstorianparent.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://authorherstorianparent.blogspot.com</a>/2013/04/educating-edward-what-sort-of-king.html<br />5.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“The Contemporary Review, Volume 3” by A. Strahan, 1866<br />6.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“Lives of England's Reigning and Consort Queens” by H. Eugene Lehman<br />7.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“The World of Richard III” by Kristie Dean<br />8.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://nerdalicious.com.au/history/a-glimpse-of-edward-of-middleham-prince-of-" target="_blank">http://nerdalicious.com.au/history/a-glimpse-of-edward-of-middleham-prince-of-</a> http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140917-richard-cause-death-helmet-forensic-science/ wales/<br />9.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“Richard III: England's Black Legend” by Desmond Seward<br />10.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Elizabeth of York” by Lisa Hilton<br />12.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://www.richardiii.net/richards_world.php" target="_blank">http://www.richardiii.net/richards_world.php</a><br />13.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>“Memoirs of King Richard the Third and Some of His Contemporaries, Volume 1”by John Heneage Jesse<br />14.<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140917-richard-cause-death-helmet-forensic-science/" target="_blank">http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140917-richard-cause-death-helmet-forensic-science/</a><br /><br /><div style="text-align: left;">~~~~~~~~~~</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>I’m Karlie (also known as History Gal on Twitter)! I have many interests including reading, writing, drawing and painting but my passion is history. I have read and love to read just about every period in history but I am most interested in the Plantagenet and Tudor eras. I’m intrigued, not just by their dynasties, but also the world in which they lived i.e.: the people, the religion, the politics, the conflicts, the events, the castles, the beautiful clothes, just overall their way of life.<br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span><br /><br /><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/iHYScWEXyec" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/iHYScWEXyec/the-kings-son-short-life-of-edward-of_17.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Annie Whitehead)3http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-kings-son-short-life-of-edward-of_17.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-1518023715125973255Sun, 16 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-16T00:00:34.836-07:00Barbara KyleEditor's Weekly Round UpMaria GraceRichard DenningEditors Weekly Round-up, July 16, 2017 #EHFA by the EHFA Editors<br /><br />Enjoy this week's round up of articles from the blog.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/joining-gentry.html"><b>Joining the Gentry</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Maria Grace</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O_a0lMGVh1c/WWpv1ChWWdI/AAAAAAAADsY/uVFEpSXg_lIDIEtgQ-vGJyo3DhqgCGrqACLcBGAs/s1600/3790994971_25f60063d7_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O_a0lMGVh1c/WWpv1ChWWdI/AAAAAAAADsY/uVFEpSXg_lIDIEtgQ-vGJyo3DhqgCGrqACLcBGAs/s1600/3790994971_25f60063d7_b.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>photo credit:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pikerslanefarm/3790994971/">amandabhslater</a>&nbsp;via&nbsp;<a href="https://visualhunt.com/re/07ceaf">Visualhunt</a>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">CC BY-SA</a></i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-kinwarton-dovecote.html">The Kinwarto</a><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-kinwarton-dovecote.html">n Dovecote</a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Richard Denning</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3vRw-zEZ7rQ/WWpom_FkgQI/AAAAAAAADsI/OEob1nuB6hEQOQNCvNB9B1sN264APH1KgCLcBGAs/s1600/004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3vRw-zEZ7rQ/WWpom_FkgQI/AAAAAAAADsI/OEob1nuB6hEQOQNCvNB9B1sN264APH1KgCLcBGAs/s1600/004.jpg" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/did-queen-kill-her-husband-first-trial.html"><b>Did the Queen Kill Her Husband?</b></a><br /><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/did-queen-kill-her-husband-first-trial.html"><b>The First Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Barbara Kyle</div><div style="text-align: center;"><i>an Editor's Choice from the EHFA Archives</i><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vQjl9LygDz8/WWpo36kHCHI/AAAAAAAADsM/fp1kb9fsG0g61R1tV2k0O-tTPFTFoFv-QCLcBGAs/s1600/mary-queen-of-scots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="150" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vQjl9LygDz8/WWpo36kHCHI/AAAAAAAADsM/fp1kb9fsG0g61R1tV2k0O-tTPFTFoFv-QCLcBGAs/s1600/mary-queen-of-scots.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/ERcJDmJhNbc" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/ERcJDmJhNbc/editors-weekly-round-up-july-16-2017.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Char Newcomb)0http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/editors-weekly-round-up-july-16-2017.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-7121289624106242556Fri, 14 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-14T00:00:19.208-07:0016th centuryEarl of BothwellEditor's ChoiceElizabeth ILord DarnleyMary Queen of ScotsDid the Queen Kill Her Husband? The First Trial of Mary, Queen of Scots<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h4><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">by Barbara Kyle</span></h4><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qvyQJvF4rwA/UXsZ_ir1DMI/AAAAAAAAAUo/waLz0euv8D4/s1600/mary-queen-of-scots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qvyQJvF4rwA/UXsZ_ir1DMI/AAAAAAAAAUo/waLz0euv8D4/s200/mary-queen-of-scots.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary, Queen of Scots</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">The news&nbsp;that reached London astonished Queen Elizabeth and all her court.&nbsp;Her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, had been defeated on the battlefield near Glasgow and in&nbsp;terror&nbsp;had fled to England. She had arrived in a fishing boat&nbsp;on the coast of Cumbria&nbsp;with nothing but the clothes she stood up in. It was May 1568.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Mary instantly wrote to her "dear cousin" Elizabeth asking for her protection and her support. Eager for revenge,&nbsp;Mary wanted to&nbsp;rage back to Scotland at the head of an army&nbsp;and vanquish her enemies. Those enemies&nbsp;were led by&nbsp;her own&nbsp;half-brother, the Earl of Moray.&nbsp;</span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">The year before, Moray and his confederates had forced her (she said at knife-point) to abdicate and had taken over the government. He had also accused her of adultery and conspiring with her lover to murder her husband, Lord Darnley. </span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Welcome to the shark-infested waters of 16th-century Scottish politics.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zrzGSBjE8Lc/UXsZySVATHI/AAAAAAAAAUg/FkfEcRW68Iw/s1600/MaryAndDarnley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zrzGSBjE8Lc/UXsZySVATHI/AAAAAAAAAUg/FkfEcRW68Iw/s200/MaryAndDarnley.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mary and Darnley</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Darnley had indeed been murdered - the house he was staying in near Edinburgh was blown up. It had been undermined with kegs of gunpowder. Charges for masterminding the crime were laid against the Earl of Bothwell, the tough military man Mary had turned to when her marriage had soured<b>. </b>Many believed their relationship was adulterous. At his trial Bothwell was acquitted, thanks to Mary's support, and three months after Darnley's death she took Bothwell as her new husband. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Moray then accused Mary herself of the murder and imprisoned her. Bothwell fled to Denmark. Mary escaped, raised an army, and that's when she&nbsp;came up&nbsp;against Moray's&nbsp;army&nbsp;on the Glasgow battlefield. She lost, losing her kingdom for a second time. She was twenty-six years old.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Arriving in England as a royal refugee, Mary fully expected the support of her cousin Elizabeth. Mary was often blind to reality when she had a passionate stake in a situation, and never was she more blind than when she asked Elizabeth for help. </span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DEPiQO0DEU0/UXvLJqHrKiI/AAAAAAAAAV4/tQrzFLBrmDc/s1600/Elizabeth+1+ermine+portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DEPiQO0DEU0/UXvLJqHrKiI/AAAAAAAAAV4/tQrzFLBrmDc/s200/Elizabeth+1+ermine+portrait.jpg" width="163" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">That's because Mary's arrival in England created a terrible quandary for Elizabeth. England was </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Protestant, but a large,&nbsp;disgruntled portion of its people were Catholics who believed that Mary, a pious Catholic, should be on the throne,&nbsp;since&nbsp;they regarded Elizabeth as illegitimate and a heretic. Both queens had Tudor blood. (Elizabeth was the granddaughter of the first Tudor monarch, Henry VII; Mary was his great-granddaughter.)&nbsp;</span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth, unmarried at thirty-five, had no children, and Mary had the best claim to succeed her. Elizabeth feared that Mary would be a lightning rod for these disaffected Catholics to rise up&nbsp;to depose her. If they tried, Mary could expect the backing of the mightiest power in Europe, Catholic Spain. &nbsp;</span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0cm;">Elizabeth's councillors were appalled at the thought of Mary moving freely&nbsp;about England to draw Catholics to her cause, and they advised&nbsp;her to imprison Mary. Elizabeth recoiled at that, for she took her cousin's royal status very seriously. However, she&nbsp;knew that Mary was a dangerous&nbsp;threat to her throne. So, crafty ruler that she was, she&nbsp;found a way forward.&nbsp;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Her solution was Machiavellian - and pure Elizabeth. She let it be know that, much as she sympathized with her fellow queen, she could not support her if Mary was, indeed, an adulteress and a murderer.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">To&nbsp;discover the truth, she proclaimed,&nbsp;she would&nbsp;hold an inquiry into the charges against Mary. &nbsp;</span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 0cm;">In soothing letters to her cousin she assured her that if the charges proved unfounded, as Mary vehemently insisted, Elizabeth would wholeheartedly back her in restoring her to her Scottish throne. Elizabeth's tactic was one that modern-day crafters of smear campaigns would appreciate. Dirt, once it is hurled, tends to stick. If it did, Elizabeth would be free to abandon Mary and uphold the alliance she wanted with Moray's Protestant government in Scotland. Mary, at this point, was notorious for the scandals that had swirled around her,&nbsp;so at&nbsp;the&nbsp;news&nbsp;that there would be&nbsp;an&nbsp;inquiry all of Europe waited, agog, for the outcome.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">It was not called a trial, since English courts had no jurisdiction over foreign rulers, but for all intents and purposes, a trial is what it was. Elizabeth set the venue; the proceedings would take place at York, then move to Westminster. She invited the Earl of Moray to come and argue his case before her commissioners. He eagerly agreed, and set out from Edinburgh with a rookery of lawyers.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3sjL3_9d-Ls/UXsbWQzPK-I/AAAAAAAAAU8/D_ZfzUa9PA8/s1600/Tudor-Westminster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3sjL3_9d-Ls/UXsbWQzPK-I/AAAAAAAAAU8/D_ZfzUa9PA8/s200/Tudor-Westminster.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Westminster</td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Mary was furious. She said there was&nbsp;only one way she would appear&nbsp;to answer charges made by her subjects: if they were brought before her in chains. She refused to attend the inquiry. It was one of the many impetuous decisions she made that doomed her, for by all accounts she had extraordinary charm and had she attended she might very possibly have won the commissioners' sympathy. Instead, she appointed commissioners to act in her name, Lord Herries and the Bishop of Ross. These men&nbsp;were staunchly loyal to her, but they did not have her "star" power.</span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yo-AW4HCvm8/UXvNjItefAI/AAAAAAAAAWI/kXWP8YphMQM/s1600/crown.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Yo-AW4HCvm8/UXvNjItefAI/AAAAAAAAAWI/kXWP8YphMQM/s200/crown.jpg" width="153" /></a><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth appointed the Duke of Norfolk, the premier peer of her realm,&nbsp;to preside. But Norfolk, like just about everyone involved in this intricate piece of political theater, including Elizabeth, had a </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">hidden agenda. Mary, ever seeking to enhance her power base in England, had made Norfolk an offer he could not resist: marriage. Secretly, in letters, the two formed a marriage plan. For Norfolk, it was the brass ring. Mary had the best claim to be Elizabeth's heir, and if she came to the throne, then he, as her husband, would be king. Norfolk, therefore, was secretly predisposed to find Mary innocent.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">But then something happened that changed the course of the proceedings, and of history. Moray presented evidence to the English commissioners: eight letters written by Mary to the Earl of Bothwell while she was married to Darnley. These have become known as the "casket letters," so named because, Moray said, they were found in a small silver casket in Bothwell's house after he had fled the country. Found under a bed!</span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">How convenient, Mary raged. She had good reason to rage, for she only heard&nbsp;of this development from leaks. Moray had presented the&nbsp;letters&nbsp;to Elizabeth's commissioners alone, in secret. Mary was not allowed to see the evidence that was to damn her.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">And damning it was. The letters were the intimate words of a woman to her lover. She called herself&nbsp;"the most faithful&nbsp;lover that ever you had or shall have" and "I end, after kissing your hands...your humble and faithful lover who hopeth shortly to be another thing unto you for my&nbsp;pains...Love me always, as I shall love you."&nbsp;"I remit myself wholly unto your will." Worse, they indicated that Mary and Bothwell had indeed been plotting to kill Darnley. "Burn this letter, for it&nbsp;is too dangerous." News of the letters, carefully leaked, shocked all of Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3RNc8IxHFRg/UXvF0vzKcWI/AAAAAAAAAVo/ASjxoEHvq-I/s1600/mary_queen_of_scots_costume.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3RNc8IxHFRg/UXvF0vzKcWI/AAAAAAAAAVo/ASjxoEHvq-I/s200/mary_queen_of_scots_costume.jpg" width="152" /></a><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Mary swore to her dying day that the letters were forged. And the fact that she was allowed no rebuttal at the inquiry was such a miscarriage of justice, her furious commissioners withdrew in protest.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth gave Mary one last chance to come before the inquiry and defend herself. Mary refused, sure that such a desperate move would be a virtual confession of guilt. But the damage had already been done. Mary's reputation was in tatters. Even many of her Catholic followers turned away from her. </span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Elizabeth was satisfied. She wrapped up the inquiry without even proclaiming a verdict. She didn't need to. <o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Did Mary plot with Bothwell to murder her husband? We may never know. The casket letters no longer exist. Moray took them back to Scotland where they eventually ended up in the possession of Mary's son, James. He became king, and the letters were never seen again.<o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Mary never regained her freedom.&nbsp;Elizabeth kept her under house arrest for the next nineteen years. Hers was a comfortable captivity, spent&nbsp;in a series of old castles with a small retinue to serve her, but it was captivity nonetheless. During those nineteen years she plotted ceaselessly to take Elizabeth's crown.&nbsp;</span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aqChJMksDzs/UXsdLDnfJ2I/AAAAAAAAAVQ/Gr-DGiYdaO8/s1600/executioner-with-axe.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aqChJMksDzs/UXsdLDnfJ2I/AAAAAAAAAVQ/Gr-DGiYdaO8/s200/executioner-with-axe.jpg" width="141" /></a><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">Eventually, she was part of a plot in which&nbsp;her own writings - irrefutable this time - proved her guilt. Elizabeth had had enough. Charged with conspiring to murder Elizabeth, Mary came to&nbsp;trial in October 1586. This time, it was not her reputation that was in jeopardy, it was her life.&nbsp;</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , serif; font-size: 12pt;">The trial was a mere formality, its outcome never in question. Three months later Mary was executed, beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.</span></div><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">The famous rivalry between these two queens has enthralled the world for over&nbsp;four hundred years. It enthralls us still.</span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><i><br /></i></span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;"><i>An Editor's Choice, originally published 29 April 2013.</i></span><br /><span style="font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xZ40z2i4760/WWhBFgBqOoI/AAAAAAAADrY/HrDpMC6Rs4Ebgx_R0Qfb2loy6biFyMIpgCEwYBhgL/s1600/617tJiwO9AL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="331" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-xZ40z2i4760/WWhBFgBqOoI/AAAAAAAADrY/HrDpMC6Rs4Ebgx_R0Qfb2loy6biFyMIpgCEwYBhgL/s200/617tJiwO9AL.jpg" width="132" /></a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><b>Barbara Kyle</b> is the author of the Tudor-era "Thornleigh" novels including, &nbsp;<i>The Queen's Gamble, The Queen's Captive, The King's Daughter</i>,&nbsp;<i>The Queen's Lady, </i>and<i> Blood Between Queens.</i><br /><br />Website: <a href="http://www.barbarakyle.com/">www.BarbaraKyle.com</a><br />Facebook: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Barbara-Kyle-Author-Page/228029367210934">Barbara Kyle Author Page </a><br />Twitter: <a href="http://twitter.com/BKyleAuthor">BKyleAuthor</a><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/ai5iBZbQ1jY" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/ai5iBZbQ1jY/did-queen-kill-her-husband-first-trial.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Barbara Kyle)9http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/did-queen-kill-her-husband-first-trial.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-4747034207832519613Wed, 12 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-12T00:00:17.878-07:00The Kinwarton DovecoteBy Richard Denning<br /><br />On a recent trip to Evesham I stopped at this National Trust Property. The Kinwarton Dovecote is a (fairly rare in the UK) surviving circular 14th-century dovecote situated in Kinwarton, near Alcester in Warwickshire. The dovecot is the only remaining structure from a moated grange that belonged to the Abbey of Evesham, which was close by. (A grange is an outlying farm with tithe barns belonging to a monastery or feudal lord.)<br /><br />The right to own and use a dovecote was a 'perk' of being a Lord of the Manor.<br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u-b1uqLV-Hs/WVklJ9H7V5I/AAAAAAAAg0U/ckHU8P5lMVclDEOq9nwDiNvoPOZqSqVpACLcBGAs/s1600/001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-u-b1uqLV-Hs/WVklJ9H7V5I/AAAAAAAAg0U/ckHU8P5lMVclDEOq9nwDiNvoPOZqSqVpACLcBGAs/s320/001.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>There is evidence of a certain Robert Green gifting a dovecote to Abbot William de Boys of Evesham. There is no specific evidence that this is that dovecot but its the right age so it could well be.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rB5UPE6Um9Y/WVklKPLO8cI/AAAAAAAAg0Y/Rkw28Qa5ZckoGfQD0gp1O2iOarCZAQc-wCEwYBhgL/s1600/004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rB5UPE6Um9Y/WVklKPLO8cI/AAAAAAAAg0Y/Rkw28Qa5ZckoGfQD0gp1O2iOarCZAQc-wCEwYBhgL/s320/004.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>The dating of the dovecot is based on the style of the doorway which is called a ‘ogee’ arch which have a sort of double S shape. The walls which are over 3 feet thick are built of rubble with plaster rendering.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JX097Dm9Zzw/WVklK1iwfUI/AAAAAAAAg0o/RDOdJdHMgcA-UAl7CfsU2LIyzK-JAUFpACEwYBhgL/s1600/007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JX097Dm9Zzw/WVklK1iwfUI/AAAAAAAAg0o/RDOdJdHMgcA-UAl7CfsU2LIyzK-JAUFpACEwYBhgL/s320/007.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>The interior is lined with over 580 nesting boxes arranged in 17 layers. Access to the boxes was made possible due to the installation of a ‘potence’; a ladder which is made to pivot around a central post.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JolCCUHB8c8/WVklLGtIE9I/AAAAAAAAg0w/H4B1Umex5oIawQB93MIYKnHMrWh5bhwOwCEwYBhgL/s1600/009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JolCCUHB8c8/WVklLGtIE9I/AAAAAAAAg0w/H4B1Umex5oIawQB93MIYKnHMrWh5bhwOwCEwYBhgL/s320/009.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Above you can see the timbered roof and below an idea of the thickness of the walls can be gauged from this shot of the door way from inside the dovecote.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fxdx5EWMwg0/WVklKuMkh4I/AAAAAAAAg0k/s2z1cgPuD44Oi2ASBfiZudzhyotx0pcSACEwYBhgL/s1600/006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fxdx5EWMwg0/WVklKuMkh4I/AAAAAAAAg0k/s2z1cgPuD44Oi2ASBfiZudzhyotx0pcSACEwYBhgL/s320/006.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 15px; padding: 0px;">------------------------------------------------------------</div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.richarddenning.co.uk/northerncrown.html" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="250" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L_f7p7UwKxY/WUt0cXZGDiI/AAAAAAAAgqs/PRrjo_eWA9cXGZffRNLypXA7110YQJScQCLcBGAs/s200/9780956810311_covs.jpg" width="128" /></a></div><b>Richard Denning</b>&nbsp;is an historical fiction author whose main period of interest is the Early Anglo-Saxon Era. His <a href="http://www.richarddenning.co.uk/northerncrown.html" target="_blank">Northern Crown series</a> explores the late 6th and early 7th centuries through the eyes of a young Saxon lord.&nbsp;<i>Explore the darkest years of the dark ages with Cerdic.</i></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/yZFJ6E1r3xo" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/yZFJ6E1r3xo/the-kinwarton-dovecote.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Richard Denning)0http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/the-kinwarton-dovecote.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-6205086411818807031Tue, 11 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-11T00:00:02.335-07:00English EstatesEnglish RegencyGeorgian eraland ownersLanded GentryMaria GraceJoining the Gentry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">by Maria Grace <br /><br />The Regency era gentleman was a fairly rare bird. During the era, the gentry class only made up about one and one half percent of the British population. When the rising merchant class had the means to join the elite group, they jumped at the chance. Still, the process was not as easy as simply buying their way in. The transition into the gentry class could take several generations to complete since inherited wealth, especially that related to land ownership, still offered higher social standing than earned wealth.<br /><br /><b>The Pathway to Gentry Standing</b><br /><br />For those not gently born, the pathway to gentry status began with earning money, ideally a very great deal of it. However, wealth alone did not offer real status. It had to be turned into the trappings of the gentry: land, education, and connections.<br /><br />Arguably, the most significant of these was the purchase of land. And by land, not just a small parcel would do. A yeoman farmer’s plot of fifty acres or so would only grant the status of a “respectable farmer”, not a gentleman. To be part of the gentry, a man needed at least three hundred acres, preferably already fashioned into an estate.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rYVdbhPAAwo/WTve9jEN1YI/AAAAAAAABJE/5Cb-OyEIe0sUntqYoJg_NbkJaH30I4FgQCLcB/s1600/3790994971_25f60063d7_b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rYVdbhPAAwo/WTve9jEN1YI/AAAAAAAABJE/5Cb-OyEIe0sUntqYoJg_NbkJaH30I4FgQCLcB/s320/3790994971_25f60063d7_b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo credit: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pikerslanefarm/3790994971/">amandabhslater</a> via <a href="https://visualhunt.com/re/07ceaf">Visualhunt</a> / <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"> CC BY-SA</a></span></div><b><br /></b><b>What is an Estate? </b><br /><br />Through the Georgian era, estates were largely self-sustaining economic entities. The most obvious feature of an estate was the grand house where the master of the estate and his family lived and conducted their business. Houses might stand for generations, but changes in fashion, architecture, and gardening meant an estate owner might spend a great deal on bringing the house and grounds up to modern, fashionable standards.<br /><br />While the house might be the most obvious feature, the more significant ones were those that provided income and sustenance to the owner. A home farm provided food and necessities for the family in residence, as well as the servants who lived with them. Tenant farms and rental properties provided the majority of a gentleman’s income. Natural land resources like trees (lumber), coal, fishing, etc. could supplement incomes. These passive forms of income separated the gentleman from the working class whose hands were soiled by paid work.<br /><br /><b>Acquiring an Estate</b><br /><br />Large land owners were a very exclusive group. By the end of the eighteenth century, half the farm land of Britain belonged to only about five thousand families. (Lane, 2005)<br /><br />How much did it take to acquire an estate?<br /><br />In 1801, a one hundred acre estate (not enough to make one part of the gentry, though) in Sussex sold for £3,500. (Donnelly, 2012). In general, an estate would be priced at about thirty times the income it produced. So, an estate producing £1000 a year would sell for approximately £30,000.<br /><br />To put these numbers in perspective, during the era, the edge of poverty was approximately £50 a year. A shopkeeper might make £150 a year. A comfortable middle class income was £250 while just a quarter million families made a very comfortable £700 pounds or more per year. In 1801, only the top one percent of the population made more than £800 a year. (Morris, 2014)So, it was just a very small fragment of the population who could aspire to land ownership.<br /><br /><b>Land Ownership was not Enough</b><br /><br />Simply owning an estate was not sufficient to grant entry into the upper classes. A family was not part of the gentry until members of the gentry accepted them as part of their social equals. Socializing together was important, but intermarriage was the surest sign of acceptance. Before that could happen, all financial ties with the business that brought in the wealth—commerce, colonial endeavors, manufacturing, military, finance—had to be severed and the family seen to live in a “good sort of way.”<br /><br />A man aspiring to the gentry class would ensure his sons, especially the eldest, received a gentleman’s education. At Cambridge or Oxford he would be taught the classics, at the not insubstantial sum of £300 a year. Perhaps more significant, the exposure to his social betters would allow him to develop the necessary social graces to mingle with the upper crust.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-019WqQZxEeA/WTvgCaLgD2I/AAAAAAAABJM/aKR1MZewekAFNKPKDnDceDjB103ISebjQCLcB/s1600/oxford-england-building-architecture-university.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-019WqQZxEeA/WTvgCaLgD2I/AAAAAAAABJM/aKR1MZewekAFNKPKDnDceDjB103ISebjQCLcB/s320/oxford-england-building-architecture-university.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo via <a href="https://visualhunt.com/re/98cc45">Visualhunt.com</a></span></div><br />While his expensive education would not actually provide useful instruction in how to manage an estate, it would afford him the opportunity to rub shoulders with others sons of the gentry, establishing connections that could serve him well throughout his life.<br /><br />Not surprisingly, a daughter’s education was secondary, but if there was money available, she might be sent to a “finishing school,” &nbsp;or girl’s seminary, to complete the education her mother would have begun at home. Training in French and Italian, dance, music, and deportment would be aimed at making her a “social asset” for her future husband—a man whom she might well meet through a brother’s connections. For a daughter, good manners and an excellent dowry were even more important than a pretty face and figure for social mobility.<br /><br />Once the next generation was sufficiently acceptable to be marriageable to the gentry class, and an estate (and hopefully fortune to go with it) were inherited, the transition to gentry class could be considered complete.<br /><br /><b>The Importance of Owning Land </b><br /><br />To the modern perspective, the emphasis on land over actual wealth seems perplexing. What made land so significant?<br /><br />In the centuries leading up to the Regency era, people existed in a largely subsistence economy. Crops were difficult to grow and, for most, producing enough for personal use was an achievement. To grow more than one needed was truly a show of success and required a significant amount of land.<br /><br />Growing crops for market helped shift the economy from a subsistence to a market economy, and helped solidify the mystique of land ownership. Land ownership became a prerequisite for social power. Only land owners could vote. Masters of large estates often served as local magistrates, presiding over civil and certain criminal complaints. They also frequently served as church wardens managing tithes to the local rector and maintaining the parish church.<br /><br />Thus, land afforded not only economic power, but social standing and influence as well, making it the natural vehicle of the upwardly mobile nouveaux riche to make their impact upon society.<br /><br /><b>References </b><br /><br />Colburn, Henry. A new system of practical domestic economy: founded on modern discoveries and the private communications of persons of experience.<i> </i>London: Printed for Henry Colburn and Co., 1823.<br /><br /><div>Davidoff, Leonore, and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. <br /><br />Donnelly, Shannon. "Regency Coin — What Did it Cost?" Shannon Donnelly's Fresh Ink. January 14, 2012. Accessed March 2, 2017. https://shannondonnelly.com/2012/01/14/regency-coin-what-did-it-cost/. <br /><br />Jones, Chris. "Land Ownership." In Jane Austen in Context , 269-77. Cambridge: University Press, 2005. <br /><br />Lane, Maggie. Jane Austen's World: The Life and times of England's Most Popular Novelist. 2nd ed. London: Carlton Books, 2005.<br /><br />Morris, Diane. "Mr. Darcy Was a Second-Class Citizen." Moorgate Books. August 10, 2014. Accessed March 20, 2017. http://www.moorgatebooks.com/08/mr-darcy-was-a-second-class-citizen/.<br /><br />Savage, William. "The Path to Landed Gentry Status." Pen and Pension. October 05, 2016. Accessed March 10, 2017. https://penandpension.com/2016/10/05/the-path-to-landed-gentry-status/.<br /><br />Sullivan, Margaret C., and Kathryn Rathke. The Jane Austen Handbook: Proper Life Skills from Regency England. Philadelphia, PA: Quirk Books, 2007.<br /><br />Wilson, Richard, and Alan Mackley. "Founding a landed dynasty, building a country house: the Rolfes of Heacham in the eighteenth century." In Counties and Communities: Essays on East Anglian History: Presented to Hassell Smith. University of East Anglia: Norwich: Centre of East Anglian Studies, 1996.<br /><div><br /></div><div><div><div class="NFicChStart" style="margin-bottom: 6pt;">~~~~~~~~~~<br /><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WPHOQyHca2k/WMILuIXiEnI/AAAAAAAABBE/g_SCvg_lieQUwhC70w31hPpGmHmraycjwCEw/s1600/Courtship%2Band%2BMarriage6-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WPHOQyHca2k/WMILuIXiEnI/AAAAAAAABBE/g_SCvg_lieQUwhC70w31hPpGmHmraycjwCEw/s320/Courtship%2Band%2BMarriage6-2.jpg" width="220" /></a></div>Though Maria Grace has been writing fiction since she was ten years old, those early efforts happily reside in a file drawer and are unlikely to see the light of day again, for which many are grateful. <br /><br />After penning five file-drawer novels in high school, she took a break from writing to pursue college and earn her doctorate. After 16 years of university teaching, she returned to her first love, fiction writing.<br /><br /><a href="http://amazon.com/author/mariagrace">Click here</a> to find her books on Amazon. For more on her writing and other <i>Random Bits of Fascination</i>, visit her <a href="http://randombitsoffascination.com/">website</a>. You can also like her on <a href="http://facebook.com/AuthorMariaGrace">Facebook, or </a><a href="https://twitter.com/WriteMariaGrace">follow on Twitter</a>.<br /><div><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></div></div></div></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/P8tpBQMUMP4" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/P8tpBQMUMP4/joining-gentry.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Maria Grace)2http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/joining-gentry.htmltag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2456802468539868519.post-2627817515849345254Sun, 09 Jul 2017 07:00:00 +00002017-07-09T00:00:39.782-07:00Annie WhiteheadCryssa BazosEditor's Weekly Round UpLauren GilbertEditors Weekly Round-up, July 9, 2017by the EHFA Editors<br /><br />Enjoy these great articles from the blog, and don't forget to sign up for the Giveaway before tonight's deadline.<div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/a-royalist-highwayman.html"><b>A Royalist Highwayman</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Cryssa Bazos</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mRN7gDQ539I/WWEaVZjfo0I/AAAAAAAADq8/Pqv7zE0skZwFN4oTX_2Tb-abNfZeg_AyQCLcBGAs/s1600/James%2BHind%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="160" data-original-width="205" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mRN7gDQ539I/WWEaVZjfo0I/AAAAAAAADq8/Pqv7zE0skZwFN4oTX_2Tb-abNfZeg_AyQCLcBGAs/s1600/James%2BHind%2B2.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/barnstaple-and-john-delbridge.html"><b>Barnstaple and John Delbridge&nbsp;</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Lauren Gilbert</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-V8nC-gDdMV4/WWEaVVa6bSI/AAAAAAAADq4/sInQfQTfboU0kMiZA4xeeLnpj0AZkRLwQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Alfred_the_Great.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="234" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-V8nC-gDdMV4/WWEaVVa6bSI/AAAAAAAADq4/sInQfQTfboU0kMiZA4xeeLnpj0AZkRLwQCEwYBhgL/s320/Alfred_the_Great.jpg" width="183" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/escomb-church-anglo-saxon-rarity.html"><b>Escomb Church - Anglo-Saxon Rarity</b></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">by Annie Whitehead</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pTQvCWMnJl8/WWEbUrs_w4I/AAAAAAAADrA/Gpv9-ZZ7ewgcAjiTDJf8U1f7c1NXYTcugCLcBGAs/s1600/DSCF3701.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pTQvCWMnJl8/WWEbUrs_w4I/AAAAAAAADrA/Gpv9-ZZ7ewgcAjiTDJf8U1f7c1NXYTcugCLcBGAs/s1600/DSCF3701.JPG" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />And don't forget to sign up for the Giveaway before midnight (Pacific) tonight.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/giveaway-traitors-knot-by-cryssa-bazos.html">Giveaway: Traitor's Knot by Cryssa Bazos</a></b></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TsjDuTj7u2Q/WWEbj9tkf5I/AAAAAAAADrE/hkSqKHUfJpED_V_4bkkezYiU1ZGT24FmwCLcBGAs/s1600/Traitors_Knot_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TsjDuTj7u2Q/WWEbj9tkf5I/AAAAAAAADrE/hkSqKHUfJpED_V_4bkkezYiU1ZGT24FmwCLcBGAs/s1600/Traitors_Knot_4.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><img src="http://feeds.feedburner.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~4/nKBOYFZLQfs" height="1" width="1" alt=""/>http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/EnglishHistoricalFictionAuthors/~3/nKBOYFZLQfs/editors-weekly-round-up-july-9-2017.htmlnoreply@blogger.com (Char Newcomb)0http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com/2017/07/editors-weekly-round-up-july-9-2017.html