SOCIETY Joblessness drives the retreat from marriage

by W. Bradford Wilcox

News Weekly, February 14, 2015

The first step required to confront a problem is to get out of denial, and realise that you have a problem.

W. Bradford Wilcox

Thanks to the work of scholars like Sara McLanahan, Isabel Sawhill, June Carbone, Naomi Cahn and Andrew Cherlin, a growing number of family scholars, policy-makers and journalists now realise that we have a family problem in America and it is this: there is a growing marriage divide leaving millions of men, women and children in poor and working-class communities without ready access to the stability, emotional security and financial resources afforded by marriage.

That this is a problem is no longer debatable. The retreat from marriage in working-class and poor communities across the United States hinders educational and economic opportunity, helps drive the crime rate higher in these communities, and exacts a serious social and emotional toll on children. It also — as Robert Lerman and I argue in a new report, For Richer, For Poorer — seems to account for almost one-third of the growth in family income inequality since the late 1970s.

But to understand how to fix America’s family problem, we need an accurate diagnosis of it. Here, Andrew Cherlin’s magisterial Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America provides a cogent, concise and largely compelling account of why marriage is floundering in working-class communities, and flourishing in more affluent, college-educated ones.

His account shows that conservatives “who insist that family changes are wholly a matter of cultural shifts” are as wrong as progressives who insist that America’s family problem is simply a “matter of economics alone”. Instead, Cherlin deftly points out how shifts in the economy and the culture have together combined to undercut the health of marriage and the stability of family life in working-class communities across the country.

Labor’s Love Lost contends that progressives are right to insist that the decline of stable, good-paying jobs among less-educated Americans has played a major role in fuelling the nation’s growing marriage divide.

Andrew A. Cherlin

In particular, I was struck by the close empirical connection Cherlin draws between the parallel fortunes of manufacturing jobs and marriage among the working class; as these jobs have risen and fallen, so too have marriage rates in the working class.

Cherlin also eloquently describes how steady employment has afforded working-class men a sense of dignity and channelled their “behaviour onto constructive paths”. Without access to decent-paying, stable jobs since the 1970s, working-class men are much less likely to be seen as attractive candidates for marriage, to act in ways that make them attractive candidates for marriage, and to stay married. So, score one for the progressive view that “it’s the economy, stupid”.

But Cherlin also suggests that “economic inequality” and “marriage inequality” may be causally linked, and here he is less convincing. That’s because, as he sees it, the nation’s retreat from marriage began in the late 1960s, before income inequality started to surge in the late 1970s.

Let me underline the point here: the causal ordering is off, since the retreat from marriage was well underway before dramatic increases in income inequality began. Indeed, the temporal ordering of these events is more consistent with the idea that the retreat from marriage helped to fuel the upsurge in income inequality in America.

But the story of “labour’s love lost” is not just about money. It’s also about mores. And here Cherlin tells a largely conservative story. He notes that the cultural revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s — i.e., the sexual, feminist and therapeutic revolutions of this tumultuous era — played a key role in making divorce, single parenthood and non-marital childbearing more acceptable to the public at large.

Without the shifts in mores ushered in by these revolutions, the United States might have seen a decline in marriage rates in the last half-century, but it would not have seen the dramatic increase in family instability and single parenthood among the working class that it did.

The Great Depression is instructive here, as Cherlin notes: “Despite a terrible job market in the 1930s, there was no meaningful rise in non-marital childbearing because cultural norms had not changed.” So, America’s family problem is not just about money; it’s about changes in mores that have weakened the links between lifelong marriage and parenthood.

Another argument that is both explicit and implicit in Cherlin’s book — and one that is both economic and cultural — is that the ties between masculinity, marriage, work and providership have remained strong over the last century. Without necessarily endorsing it, Cherlin nods to an argument made by the anthropologist David Gilmore that pro-social masculinity has been connected in many cultures to marriage and providership, and has imposed a valuable “structure and discipline on men’s lives”.

For working-class men in the United States, the routines and responsibilities of work and marriage, and the status of being a breadwinner, have afforded them an important sense of identity as men.

By contrast, denied access to work that allows them to be good providers, men have often fallen prey to a kind of toxic masculinity — on full display in Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas’ book, Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage — that is marked by behaviours like infidelity, substance abuse or violence.

What’s more: I think the value of breadwinning continues to be salient for men and women down and up the class ladder in ways that stand in tension with another idea advanced by Cherlin, as well as by Carbone and Cahn, that one reason better-educated Americans are doing better is that they embrace a more egalitarian approach to life. Because, in spite of the fact that college-educated Americans are more likely to embrace egalitarian family ideas in theory, in practice they typically live what might be called neo-traditional family lives that are about as gendered as those of their less-educated fellow citizens.

Take breadwinning. In married families, in 2012, college-educated men with children in the home earned 70 per cent of their family’s income, on average. In less-educated homes, married men with children earned 72 per cent of the income — not much of a difference in practical terms.

Of course, in actual dollars, college-educated men bring a lot more to the family than do their less-educated peers: in 2012, on average they earned about $US90,000, compared to the $US41,000 that less educated men earned. And in both cases, in the average married family, men typically take the lead when it comes to providing for their families.

Furthermore, even today, a recent study tells us that within “marriage markets, when a randomly chosen woman becomes more likely to earn more than a randomly chosen man, marriage rates decline”. All this suggests marriage remains quite connected to gendered patterns of breadwinning, down and up the social ladder.

From all this, I draw three important conclusions about the “fall of the working-class family” chronicled in Labor’s Love Lost: this fall has been driven by declines in stable, decent-paying work for less-educated men, larger cultural shifts away from a kind of marriage-centred familism, and the erosion of a kind of working-class pro-social masculinity connected to providership.

This diagnosis, in turn, suggests the need for a range of policy and cultural initiatives to renew the fortunes of working-class family life in the 21st century.

On the policy front, the federal government should reinforce work and marriage in at least four ways, all of which would strengthen the economic foundations of marriage and family life in working-class communities:

1)It should subsidise wages (through the earned income tax credit or a new approach not connected to household size) to boost the returns to work for less-educated Americans;

2)It should eliminate the marriage penalties embedded in many of our transfer programs;

3)It should boost the child tax-credit to $US3,000 per child and make it applicable to income and payroll taxes; and

4)Along with state governments, it should increase funding for vocational and apprenticeship education — such as career academies — that raise adolescents’ and young adults’ odds of finding good-paying, middle-skilled jobs.

But, given the cultural character of the problem, we cannot limit our thinking to government solutions. On the cultural front, civic, religious and cultural leaders and opinion-makers should seek to renew marriage and family life in working-class America in the following three ways:

1. Launch a civic campaign — modelled on the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s successful effort to reduce teen pregnancy — to encourage working-class young adults to put marriage before parenthood, to value fatherhood and to slow down their romantic lives, both for their sake and especially the sake of their children;

2. Encourage secular and religious civic organisations — from soccer leagues to churches — to actively engage less-educated Americans, who are now much less likely to be involved in such groups than are college-educated Americans; and

3. Forge a new model of masculinity that encompasses not just breadwinning but also fatherhood and civic engagement — e.g., coaching — in ways that are attractive to ordinary men, especially working-class men, and draw them into the lives of their families and communities.

Efforts like these may seem quixotic. But without them, the possibility of reviving lifelong love in the labouring classes will be lost.

W. Bradford Wilcox (Princeton University, PhD) is a senior fellow at the Institute for Family Studies (IFS) in Charlottesville, Virginia; director of the National Marriage Project at the University of Virginia; and a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, where he directs the Home Economics Project. He conducts research on marriage, cohabitation, fatherhood and the welfare of children. His article above emerged from a symposium, sponsored by the Washington Center for Equitable Growth, on Andrew Cherlin’s new book, Labor’s Love Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Working-Class Family in America, and is reprinted with permission from Family Studies (December 11, 2014), the blog of the IFS.