the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition), a widely used system or classifying psychological disorders. Presently distributed in an updated "text revision" (DSM-IV-TR).

Narcissistic PD prev rates

1 percent

IDEA

Inds with Disabilities Education Act

Simple Phobias

Starts during Childhood

Seek treatment because they realize their fear is irrational

Begins by having fearful experience or seeing parent having fear

Fetishism

6+ months, urges/fantasies involving use of nonliving objects by themselves; not just articles of clothing meant for sexual use (i.e. lingerie)

An involuntary reoccurrence of perceptual distortions can occur weeks or months after taking a particular drug. The phenomenon is called ________; the drug is called ________.

a flashback; LSD

Free Association

involved having patients talk freely about themselves thereby providing info about their feelings, motives, and so forth.

Culture

-plays a large role in determining what is appropriate or acceptable at a given time and place
-culture differes in
-degree of emotional expression
-individualism vs. collectivism

Definition Fear

Immediate alarm reaction to danger
An emotional reaction to a specific perceived danger

Enmeshed family

Families whose members are overly involved in one another's lives

Impulsivity

Children act before they think. Ex: don't wait the ir turn, blurt out answers in class. The motivation behind these actions is innocent. Children w/ impulsivity generally want to be good, not bad, but they seem unable to control their behavior according to situational demands

Case study

detailed description of a person's life or of psychological problem. Little basis for generalization.

cognitive assessment

measurement of thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes that may be associated with emotional problems

Jill did not remember the accident happening, or the following two days. What form of amnesia is this memory loss characteristic of?

localized

Primary Prevention

Consists of efforts to improve community attitudes and policies. It's goal is to prevent psychological disorders althogether

When you have schizophrenic symptoms for only a short time.

Schizo-phrenoform disorder

19th century American advocate of asylum reform

Dix, D.

Stigma

destructive beliefs held by a society that are ascribed to groups considered in some manners, such as mental illness

human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious between the different structures of the personality.
Techniques:
looking for resistance (when client refuses to talk about a certain topic)
providing opportunities for free associations
interpretations
dream analysis
Advantages:

research studies that track rates of occurrence of particular disorders among different population groups

Which of the following disorders was once the most frequently diagnosed disorder amongst soldiers?

conversion disorder

OCD

A disorder in which a person has recurrent and unwanted thoughts, a need to perform repetitive and rigid actions, or both

Cognitive Distortions: Overgeneralization

tendency to draw larger general conclusion from smaller isolated event

frontal lobe

involved in controlling a number of complex functions, including reasoning, planning, emotion, speech, and movement.

treatment of eating disorders

no demonstrated efficacy for AN,

no long terms for bulimia, though antidepresants reduce frequency of binging and purgining

Beck's Cognitive Theory

-Early experiences lead to formation of dysfunctional beliefs
-Late in life current stressors activate dysfunctional beliefs
-Leads to development of negative automatic thoughts centering on the negative cognitive triad
-Leads to symptoms of depression

Neuropsychological testing

measures abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person's performance and the possible existence of brain impairment

Define Personality

Unique and LT pattern of inner experience and outward behavior Tends to be consistent It's flexible

a link (ex. between a stimulus and the resulting behavior); does not make an independent contribution to an outcome, rather its influence is due to another variable related both to it and to the outcome

Concurrent Validity

Criterion available at the time of testing confirms results

12) While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual,

biopsychosocial models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual

a fear of an object or situation that is diproportionate to the threat it poses

Family Intervention in Anorexia

-defuse unproductive blaming and form mutual support
-changes in family function

What are the symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

-excessive uncontrollable anxious aprehension and worry
-coupled with strong and persistant anxiety
-persists for 6 or more months

Dopamine Hypothesis for schizo

function of specific dopamine pathways in the limbic area of the brain; excessive levels of dopaminergic activty

Anorexia Nervosa

Refusal to eat enough to maintain a normal, healthy body weight. Causes an interruption in menstruation for at least 3 months.BMI Fear of becoming fat.

selection factor

a type of bias in which differences between experimental and control groups result from differences in the types of participants in the group, not from the independent variable

General stress level

is inherited (like a vulnerability to stress)

Residual Type

People who have had at least one episode of schizophrenia but no longer manifest major symptoms. May display "leftover symptoms" like negative beliefs or unusual ideas that are not fully delusional.

psychopharmacology

the study of the use of medications to treat psychological disturbances; has been the most promising avenue of biological treatment.

positive and negative punishment

(+) giving something bad (spanking)(-) taking away something good

The Rosenhan Study

The Rosenhan study, while flawed and widely critiqued, raised several important issues

1) Should people who were once diagnosed with a psychological problem carry that dianosis for the rest of their lives?
2) To what extent are disorders the product of a particular environment, and to what extent do they inhere in the individual?
3) What is the level of institutional care available if the imposters could go undetected fro a period of days and, in some cases, weeks?

Peers substance use and you

Alters your PERCEPTION of norms

How do AN feel about food?

Obsessed Reading/thinking about it

Short term effects of alcohol (2)

1. Initially stimulating2. Depressant

Behavior genetics

Study of the processes by which genes affect behaviior and the extent to which personality and abnormality are genetically inherited.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A group of autonomic nervous system fibers that returns heart rate and other body processes to normal.

What do positive symptoms of schizophrenia refer to?

behavior, thought, or mood

Major Depressive Episode

-a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
-this becomes MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER when multiple episodes are experienced with an interval of at least two months between episodes during which the individual does not meet the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode

PTSD: Prolonged Exposure (PE)

-taking about hte traumatic event in first person as if it were happening in the moment. Record this narrative for daily playbakc In vio expsure is similar but in safe locations

How does CBT contribute to recovery/remission?

Identifies situtions where heavy drinking might occur

Separation anxiety disorder

children who show much more than the usual anxiety when separated from caregivers

3% of kids under 11 years of age

Cognitive Distortions: Mind reading

tendency to assume what others think instead of clarifying

what is behavior genetics

is the study of how individual differences in genetic makeup contribute to differences in behavior

Why is OCPD not OCD?

Lack of true obsessions and compulsions OCPD inflexibility is more limited

Paranoid Personality Disorder: Treatment

Treatment- Need to gain trust in treatment

Monozygotic (MZ) Twins

Twins who share 100% of their genes because the developed from a from a single fertilized eggs

27) Clinical assessments for outcome evaluation may be repeated over time during treatment in order to

evaluate progress and assess for treatment termination.

Behaviorism: Skinner

- Observables and not the past: if you want to increase a behavior, reinforce it.
- This approach uses more problem-specific therapies.
- The behaviorist ideas make sense in terms of the human tendency of seeking positive appraisals and avoiding punishment.
- The &ldquo;Second Wave&rdquo; of psychology

Dependent Personality Disorder Definition

A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care o that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation

What are the findings from Functional Brain Imaging (PET, fMRI) for schizo?

Dysfunctions in various neural networks, including some regions of prefrontal cortex and several regions of temporal lobes; structural and functional irregularities in frontal cortex and limbic areas of temporal lobes

Over the past two years, Kelly has experienced depressive episodes three different times. Two of the three episodes occurred in the winter and the third occurring last spring. It is now winter and Kelly's depressive symptoms once again are consistent with

recurrent major depressive disorder

What are cultural bound syndromes

These are patterns of symptoms that are unique to one specific group of people in the world and almost never seen anywhere else

Social selection theory

Tendency to fall into lower SES due to impairments assoc. w/schizophrenia

Describe the Psychoanalytic Theory of Depression

According to Freud, depression is created in early childhood. During the oral period, child's needs are insufficiently or over-sufficiently gratified, causing fixations in this stage

Cognitive behavior therapy, compared to operant bx treatments, has been found to be:
a. less effective across most dx categories
b. superior with more intelligent clients
c. approx equally effective with all types of disorders

c. approx equally effective with all types of disorders

123) Genetically speaking, if both parents are diagnosed with schizophrenia, there is a

50% chance of their child also developing the disorder

Individuals with personality disorders generally

are unable to live up to societal expectations.

How is ODD different from ADHD?

Current concensus is that the 2 disorders are separate but overlapping problems and frequently comorid. Issues focused on learning rather than behavior control.

what psychological factors buffer the effects of stress

-a good social support system, coping styles, self-efficacy expectancies, and psychological hardiness

38) The categorical model of classification used by the DSM-IV-TR implies what about how disorders are classified

must meet a certain number of symptoms to be classified.

What are the five major DSM-IV symptoms of bulimia?

1. Recurrent episodes of binge eating over which ind feels a lack of control 2. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior 3. Ave frequency of at least 2 episodes per week over a pd of at least 3 months 4. Undue influence of weight and body shape on self-evaluation 5. Disturbance doesn't soley occur during anorexia

Three Sub-types of Bipolar Disorder

-Bipolar 1 --Episodes of both MDD and Major Mania-Bipolar 2 -- MDD and Hypomania-Cyclothymia -- Mild Depressive Dissorder and hypomania

Criteria/Symptoms of a Panic Attack

Four or more of the following during a specific period of time: Sweating, Trembling, Shortness of breath, Feeling of choking, Chest pain, Nausea or abdominal distress, Feeling dizzy, Derealization(unreality), Depersonalization(detached from oneself), Fear of losing control, Fear of dying, Paresthesias(numbness), Chills or hot flushes.

In order to make a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa, the client must

not meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa.

A diagnosis of bipolar II disorder indicates that the person has experienced

an episode of hypomania and an episode of major depression.

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement:
a. a truck driver stops speeding after rec her third ticket for driving fast
b. a child keeps whining bec of the negative attention she rec whenever she does so
c. a college student's fear of

C. a college student's fear of flunking out of college ensures that she studies for at least twenty hours a week - negative reinforcement is occurring when a bx is performed in order to escape or avoid a stimulus Negative reinforcement, like positive reinforcement, results in an increase in a behavior

Most PD are high on which of the 5 factors?High E is tied to:Low E is tied to:

An anxiety disorder that develops after a traumatic event, with symptoms such as depersonalization, numbing, dissociative amnesia, intense anxiety, hypervigilance, and impairment of everyday functioning. People with this disorder may reexperience the event and desperately avoid reminders of the trauma. These symptoms arise within the month following the trauma and last from 2 days to 4 weeks.definition