The M42 mount is 42mm in diameter and used on still cameras. The most
common 16mm threaded movie lens mount is the C-mount which is 1 inch in
diameter (about 25mm). There is also a D-mount which is a 1/2 inch
diameter threaded mount used on 8mm movie cameras.

As far as I know C-mount lenses are not practical on 35mm still cameras
as their coverage is too small. However, adapters exist to mount 35mm
still camera lenses on C-mount movie cameras.

I found the lens you mentioned, an M42 thread mount f/1.9 17-69mm Meteor zoom lens on a 16mm Russian-made 16mm key-wind movie camera detailed a bit on page 2 of this fellow's Flickr photostream. The movie camera is the Krasgnogorsk-3.

I'm just guessing, but based on the vintage, and the wide zoom ratio,and the high-speed f/1.9 aperture, my guess would be that this lens can not cover a full-field 24x36mm 35mm film frame; depending on the image circle the lens projects, I suppose it's possible that you could adapt it to an APS-C Pentax or Canon digital body. Why it was made in M42 mount I am not sure.

More research ought to be able to turn up info on the size of the image circle the lens can project.